jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Taiwanese science and life technology curriculum standards and earth systems education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In the past several years, curriculum reform has received increasing attention from educators in many countries around the world. Recently, Taiwan has developed new Science and Life Technology Curriculum Standards (SaLTS) for grades 1–9. SaLTS features a systematic way for developing students' understanding and appreciation of individual–society–nature interactions, which are well aligned with the philosophical essence and foundations of Earth Systems Education (ESE). Implementation of several ESE‐inspired curricula or instructional modules in the secondary schools of Taiwan have all demonstrated promise in improving students' abilities both in their cognitive and affective domains. Moreover, several empirical studies suggest that implementing the Earth‐system integrated theme has the potential to serve as a model for future development of an integrated science curriculum and instruction, not only in Taiwan but also worldwide. Acknowledgements The foundation for the ideas in this paper was established in part while the author was a visiting research scholar at The University of Texas at Austin, Science Education Center, USA in 2001. The author wishes to thank the National Science Council (NSC) of Taiwan, the Republic of China for financing this short‐term visiting scholar project (grant number 39059F) and a 3‐year special grant TMD‐ESIT project (grant numbers NSC 89‐2511‐S‐003‐144, NSC 90‐2511‐S‐003‐028, NSC 91‐2514‐S‐003‐004). The data presented, the statements made and the views expressed are solely the responsibility of the author. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Li‐Chin Lai, Wan‐Yun Tsai, Hsiu‐Ru Lan, Chien‐Hua Hsiao, Yu‐Hua Weng, Jing‐Wen Hsu and Chia‐Chu Tung. Special gratitude goes to Jean Curran of the Academic Paper Editing Clinic, National Taiwan Normal University, for providing useful English editing of this paper. The author thanks two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their insightful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
Beyond Funding: How Organizational Resources Support Science Professional Learning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Instructional reform in the United States is often accompanied by financial investment. Recent evidence suggests that such funding can improve educational outcomes; however, unexplained heterogeneity in the relationship between resources and outcomes has led to calls for research on the processes by which resources translate into instructional improvement. In responding to this call, this case study unmasks the complex processes by which funding and other resources are translated into opportunities for science-specific professional learning and the intervening resources that mediate that translation. Results reveal that organizational structures and policies, including aligned schedules, cored math and science teachers, substitute teacher availability, and initiative alignment, played a central role in facilitating or impeding professional learning opportunities. However, each of these organizational structures was in turn facilitated by other elements of capacity, including external funding and resources in the cultural (e.g., shared vision) and social (e.g., relationships) dimensions.
Strategic and operational management in irrigation systems

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In FAO. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA); Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Irrigation-water management for sustainable agricultural development: report of the Expert Consultation of the Asian Network on Irrigation-Water Management, Bangkok, Thailand, 25-28 August 1992. Bangkok, Thailand: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); FAO. RAPA
Effect of Dietary Protein on the Response of Rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) to Aflatoxin B 1 2 3

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Diets containing either 49.5% or 32% casein or fish protein concentrate (FPC) were fed to young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 12 months. Five levels [0, 2, 6, 18, and 54 parts per billion (ppb)] of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were given in each of four different diets. A 30-fish sample was taken at 6, 9, and 12 months to determine the influence of diet on the carcinogenicity of AFB1. Both levels of casein produced similar hepatoma incidences at each level of AFB1. The diet high in FPC produced more tumours than did the casein diets at 2, 6, and 18 ppb AFB1, whereas fish fed the diet low in FPC had a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower hepatoma incidence than did the other three groups. The liver size (percent body wt) was smaller at higher toxin levels in all instances. The growth of fish given 32% casein was less than that of the other groups.
Minimum Cooking Time for Potato Strip Frying

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The maximum force for shearing was used as texture parameter for raw and cooked potato strips. The force was satisfactorily correlated with the cook value C (equivalent cooking time at 100°C) showing complete cooking for C ≥ 300 sec. Thermal histories measured at the center of strips fried under different oil temperatures suggested the heat and mass transfer mechanisms involved in the frying process and allowed the calculation of the minimum frying time to assure cooking at the strip center. This time was independent of the oil temperature and slightly dependent on the strip size.
Effects of Design Parameters on the Sensitivity of a Micro-Cantilever Based Biosensor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Piezo-resistive actuation of a microcantilever induced by biomolecular binding such as DNA hybridization and antibody-antigen binding is an important principle useful in biosensing applications. As the magnitude of the forces exerted is small, increasing the sensitivity of the microcantilever becomes critical. In this paper, we are considering to achieve this by geometric variation of the cantilever. The sensitivity of the cantilever was improved so that the device can sense the presence of antigen even if the magnitude of surface-stresses over the microcantilever was very small. We consider a `T-shaped' cantilver that eliminates the disadvantages while improving the sensitivity simultaneously. Simulations for validation have been performed using Intellisuite software (a MEMS design and simulation package). The simulations reveal that the T-shaped microcantilver is almost as sensitive as a thin cantilever and has relatively very low buckling effect. Simulations also reveal that with an increase in thickness of the cantilever, there is a proportional decrease in the sensitivity. This paper presents an analytical modeling and simulation studies of a piezoresistive cantilever used as MEMS based biosensor for the detection of cardiac markers. Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction was achieved by the nanomechanical deflection of the microcantilever due to adsorption of the Troponin I complex. The deflection of the microcantilever was measured in terms of the piezoresistive changes by implanting boron at the anchor point where there is maximum strain due to the adsorption of the analyte molecules. The biochemical interactions between the Cardiac Troponin I (cTnl) complex and the immobilized antibodies would cause change in resistance of the piezoresistor integrated at the anchor point. A ‘T’ shaped microcantilever design was proposed for the study. The distal end of the device was coated with gold. The sensitivity of the cantilever was improved so that the device can sense the presence of antigen even if the magnitude of surface-stresses over the microcantilever was very small. To obtain an application specific optimum design parameter and predict the cantilever performance. The miniaturization of the cantilever-based biosensor leads to significant advantages in the absolute device sensitivity.
Mobility Across the Post-imperial Space: Struggles Among Sakhalin Koreans and Their Japanese Wives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

본고는 사할린 한인의 회고록과 그 일본인 처들의 기관지를 통해 일본 제국 해체 후 소련령 사할린에서 일본으로 ‘귀국’한 한인 남성과 일본인 여성 부부들이 겪었던 갈등을 고찰하고자 하였다. 1956년 일본과 소련의 국교 수립을 계기로 사할린 한인과 일본인 처는 일본으로 ‘귀국’하게 되었는데, 이때 제국 해체 후에도 존재하였던 제국의 질서 속에서 이동이 진행되었다. 아울러 그들은 일본에 정착 직후 사할린 한인을 위한 가족상봉과 귀환운동을 전개하였지만 그들의 운동은 일본사회 내부의 복잡한 냉전 상황으로 인하여 크게 관심을 받지 못하였다. 이러한 맥락에서 한인 남편의 운동에 협력하고자 했던 일본인 처들은 ‘외국인’ 남편을 둔 가정의 아내, 어머니로서 갈등을 겪으면서도 일본인으로서의 지위를 하나의 문화 자원으로 활용하면서 귀환운동에 참여하였다. 본고는 사할린 한인문제가 오랫동안 해결되지 않았던 배경으로서 1960년대 일본사회 내부의 냉전 상황을 재고하고, 비가시화된 일본인 처들이 귀환운동을 통해 국가 경계를 가로지르면서도 강화하는 양상을 조명하였다.
Strengthening parent well‐being at the work—family interface: A German trial on workplace Triple P

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study examines the efficacy of a parenting training ( Workplace Triple P (WPTP)) especially designed for the needs of employed parents. The program aims to reduce stress at the work–parenting interface by targeting family risk and protective factors and assisting parents to manage competing work and family demands. Ninety‐seven part‐ and full‐time working parents (74 mothers and 23 fathers; intervention group: n = 42 parents; waitlist‐control group n = 55 parents) from multiple organizations and multiple occupations with children between 2 and 10 years were randomly assigned to an intervention and a waitlist‐control condition. After the training, parents from the intervention condition, compared to those from the waitlist‐control condition, reported a significant reduction in individual and work‐related stress. Additionally, they reported a significant reduction in dysfunctional parenting and significant higher levels of parental and occupational self‐efficacy. Within the intervention condition all effects were maintained at the 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up examinations. The findings support the notion that WPTP promotes parental well‐being and reduces stress at the work–parenting interface. Given that strengthening parenting skills has the potential to strengthen work, strategies to implement WPTP in organizational resources and community‐based services are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orientation Behavior of Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin) Under Monochromatic Light of Various Wavelengths

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A little more than 30 years ago, a study revealed that migratory European Robins (Erithacus rubecula) could use the earth’s magnetic field for directional orientation (Merkel and Wiltschko 1965, W. Wiltschko 1968). Today, magnetic compass orientation has been demonstrated in more than 15 other species of migratory birds and in homing pigeons, and it seems to be a rather widespread mechanism among birds (R. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1995). Yet, it is still unclear how birds perceive the geomagnetic field and obtain directional information. One hypothesis under investigation is that magnetoreception occurs via light-dependent processes parallel to the processes of vision in the avian eye (Leask 1977, 1978; Schulten and Windemuth 1986). This hypothesis assumes that incident light elevates certain macromolecules into an excited state, where they may be transferred to an excited triplet state and where further reactions are determined by the direction of the ambient magnetic field. This would mean that light is essential for magnetoreception. Results from early experiments with homing pigeons are in agreement with this prediction. Inexperienced young pigeons derive their home direction from information obtained with their magnetic compass during the outward journey (R. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1978); pigeons transported to the release site in total darkness respond like birds transported without meaningful magnetic information, which indicates that light is indeed necessary for magnetic compass orientation (W. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1981). Similar experiments with migratory birds in total darkness proved impossible. Directional tendencies of migrants can be recorded only when the birds show a certain amount of activity, but Zugunruhe (i.e. migratory activity) is suppressed by darkness (Gwinner 1974). However, another approach allows testing the hypothesis of light-dependent magnetoreception in migrants. Leask (1977) suggested that exposing birds to monochromatic light at various wavelengths might modify the excitation transfer probability to the excited triplet state, allowing one
Genomic characterization of colistin resistance in Klebsiella spp. under the pressure of colistin

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Introduction. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has become a serious threat to global public health. Colistin is regarded as the last-resort antibiotic for CRKP infections, but colistin resistance among CRKP is increasingly being reported, making clinical treatment for CRKP infections more difficult. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Klebsiella spp. under the pressure of colistin have not been fully investigated. Aim. We aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genetic variation in two colistin-susceptible Klebsiella spp. strains under selective pressure of colistin. Methodology. One hundred microlitres of overnight cultures of the CRKP clinical strain CRKP12-130 and of ATCC 700603 was spread on five Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) plates with colistin concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 µg ml −1 , and growth of colonies was observed for five consecutive days. Colonies collected from plates were passaged daily for 10 days on MHA plates without colistin and susceptibility testing of colistin was performed by broth microdilution. Thirty-four colistin-resistant strains randomly selected were submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS). Transcriptional levels of genes involved in colistin resistance ( mgrB , phoP , phoQ , pmrA , pmrB , pmrD , pmrE and pmrK ) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Results. A total of 114 and 119 colistin-resistant colonies were obtained from CRKP12-130 and ATCC 700603 in this study, among which 16 and 18 colonies were submitted to WGS, respectively. Among these 34 sequenced isolates, mutation in phoQ (13/16, 81.25 %) was the main genetic factor mediating colistin resistance in strains from CRKP12-130, while for strains from ATCC 700603, mutation associated with mgrB (8/18, 44.44 %) was found to be the commonest. Mutation of mgrB led to a significant increase in the MIC for colistin (from 64 to >128 µg ml −1 ), and a novel mutation C28R in mgrB was first reported in this study. Conclusion. Colistin-resistant Klebsiella spp. could be easily selected under pressure of different concentrations of colistin. Mutations of mgrB , phoP , phoQ and pmrB genes were the main mechanisms leading to chromosomally mediated colistin resistance in Klebsiella spp.
Test Accuracy of Informant-Based Cognitive Screening Tests for Diagnosis of Dementia and Multidomain Cognitive Impairment in Stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— Poststroke cognitive assessment can be performed using standardized questionnaires designed for family or care givers. We sought to describe the test accuracy of such informant-based assessments for diagnosis of dementia/multidomain cognitive impairment in stroke. Methods— We performed a systematic review using a sensitive search strategy across multidisciplinary electronic databases. We created summary test accuracy metrics and described reporting and quality using STARDdem and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tools, respectively. Results— From 1432 titles, we included 11 studies. Ten papers used the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Four studies described IQCODE for diagnosis of poststroke dementia (n=1197); summary sensitivity: 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.93); summary specificty: 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.93). Five studies described IQCODE as tool for predicting future dementia (n=837); summary sensitivity: 0.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.83); summary specificity: 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.70–1.00). All papers had issues with at least 1 aspect of study reporting or quality. Conclusions— There is a limited literature on informant cognitive assessments in stroke. IQCODE as a diagnostic tool has test properties similar to other screening tools, IQCODE as a prognostic tool is specific but insensitive. We found no papers describing test accuracy of informant tests for diagnosis of prestroke cognitive decline, few papers on poststroke dementia and all included papers had issues with potential bias.
Techniques for impact evaluation of performance measurement systems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose Organizations often introduce performance measurement systems (PMSs) in order to evaluate the level of their performance, make comparison with competitors, and plan their future activities. Since indicators may affect the behaviour of the monitored system, the design and implementation of a PMS should always include the analysis of the impact it may exert on the organization itself. The aim of this paper is to suggest a methodology to evaluate this impact. Design/methodology/approach The proposed approach is based on an impact reference model derived from the balanced scorecard (BSC) framework. The different perspectives of the BSC are interpreted as areas of impact within an organization. Structured steps for impact evaluation are described and specific techniques of analysis are introduced. Findings A series of case studies, together with an analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method, are presented. Results show that, although many sets of indicators are usually able to meet the role of a PMS, they may exert a different impact on the context they are applied. The proposed methodology results to be a useful instrument for choosing the right set of indicators from the impact point of view. Finally, possible research paths to be undertaken for further developments of the proposed methodology are traced. Research limitations/implications The application of the method is based on the assumption that managers charged with the analysis have a profound understanding of the specific contextual factors which may determine a reaction of the organization to a performance indicator or a PMS. Furthermore, at the moment, the methodology does not consider the possibility of interaction among different indicators in producing the impact. Practical implications This paper may be used to guide the selection of the most appropriate PMS from the impact point of view. The proposed methodology can be very helpful instrument for an organization involved in the design of new PMSs. It guides the decision maker through the various phases: indicators definition, analysis of their properties, impact analysis, and choice of the set with the preferable impact profile. Originality/value The issue of impact has been long debated in literature. Many articles try to analyse the operative and strategic consequences of the introduction of a PMS in an organization. This paper proposes a methodology for a more structured and objective evaluation of the impact of new PMS before introducing it in a firm. This can result in a significant help for manager who have to find the best set of indicators for the performance evaluation of their organization or have to choose between two or more sets of indicator satisfying, in principle, the same representation objective.
Cumulants associated with geometric phases

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Berry phase can be obtained by taking the continuous limit of a cyclic product -Im ln ΠM-1 I=0 〈ψ0(ξ I)|ψ0(ξI+1)〉, resulting in the circuit integral i dξ · 〈0(ξ) |∇ξ|ψ0(ξ〉. Considering a parametrized curve ξ(X) we show that a set of cumulants can be obtained from the product ΠM-1 I=0 〈ψ0(XI)|ψ0(XI+1)〉. The first cumulant corresponds to the Berry phase itself, the others turn out to be the associated spread, skew, kurtosis, etc. The cumulants are shown to be gauge invariant. Then the spread formula from the modern theory of polarization is shown to correspond to the second cumulant of our expansion. It is also shown that the cumulants can be expressed in terms of the expectation value of an operator. An example of the spin- 1 2 particle in a precessing magnetic field is analyzed.
Improved Charge Recombination Efficiency in Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors via Luminescent Radicals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Luminescent radicals are attracting attention as emitters in electroluminescent devices thanks to the exploitation of doublet excitons. Recent studies reveal that exciton formation in radical organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) primarily occurs through a charge trapping mechanism. Although typically detrimental for OLEDs, this might be a key process to elucidate light emission in organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs). Here, a unipolar n‐type architecture suitable for the implementation of radical emitters is introduced, designed based on computational calculations. The operation of the as‐realized devices incorporating the newly synthesized [2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl)phenyl](3,5‐dichloro‐4‐pyridyl) (2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)methyl radical is investigated via transient electroluminescence measurements to demonstrate the occurrence of long‐living emission ascribed to the charge trapping mechanisms. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the processes governing radical‐OLET is obtained by recording complete 2D maps of both optical and electrical response of the device as a function of applied voltages. Notably, the trapping of electrons by radical moieties is demonstrated to generate a negative charge density in the emissive layer that facilitates holes to be injected: increasing the balance of opposite charge carriers, a tenfold enhancement of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) at the proper source‐drain and source‐gate voltage conditions is reported to reach a maximum EQE value of 0.2%.
[The role and clinical significance of 12-LOX passway in arachidonic acid metabolism induced by phospholipase Cgamma-2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PLCgamma-2, AA and 12-LOX play important roles in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. It may be meaningful to the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma by suppressing this passway.
In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of mace from Myristica Fragrans houtt

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This research investigated the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of mace from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) using in vitro experiments. The nutmeg samples, including distilled water extract (EA), methanol extract (EM), methanol fraction (FM), hexane fraction (FH), and chloroform fraction (FC), were analysed for yield, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity-DPPH RSA and ferric reducing antioxidant power-FRAP), and α-amylase inhibitory activity. The highest yield was found in EM (25.39±0.62% db), while the highest phenolic content was achieved in FC (127.18±3.64 mg GAE/g dry fraction). In terms of antioxidant, the highest activity by DPPH assay was found in FM phenolic (IC50=2.56±0.02 mg/L) and FC phenolic (IC50=2.79±0.05 mg/L), while EA phenolic demonstrated the highest activity using FRAP assay (9.16±0.86 g TE/100 g phenolic). The EA phenolic also showed the greatest inhibition against α-amylase (IC50=360.18±6.83 mg/L). A positive correlation was found between the ability to reduce the ferric ion of mace samples and its α-amylase inhibitory activity. The results suggest that phenolic from nutmeg mace extract/fraction of obviously exerted antioxidant activity (4.9 times higher than ascorbic acid) and antidiabetic activity (4.2 times higher than acarbose). For this reason, the mace of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) can be a considerable source of natural antioxidants and antidiabetic.