jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Intranasal Decolonization with Topical Povidone-Iodine Antiseptic and the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection: A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Surgical site infection (SSI) occurs at the incisional site of a surgical procedure and usually involves the skin. The use of antibacterial courses to manage SSIs is still very challenging in clinical settings. When not used appropriately, antibacterial agents can lead to increased rates of adverse events. However, various antibacterial agents that can destroy the growth of bacteria are now available. This article aims to discuss the role of preoperative intranasal decolonization with topical povidone-iodine antiseptic in the incidence of SSI based on a review of the literature. Topical bactericidal agents can be administered intranasally before surgery to eliminate potentially harmful bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Therefore, a few studies have recommended the use of intranasal povidone-iodine solution in the clinical setting; however, it also appears to be a promising antiseptic regimen for preoperative decontamination in patients planned to undergo surgery. Povidone-iodine is a commonly used medical antiseptic agent that is used by surgeons to promote wound healing and prevent postoperative bacterial infections. Chlorhexidine gluconate is both an antiseptic and a disinfectant, which is used to clean the skin and surgical instruments. Our review of the literature on studies on the effectiveness of intranasal povidone-iodine in the reduction of intranasal bacterial colonization and the prevention of SSI identified only 5 controlled clinical studies. One study, however, showed increased effectiveness in preventing SSI when topical intranasal povidone-iodine was combined with the use of chlorhexidine gluconate washcloths. Further large-scale controlled clinical studies are needed before proper guidelines can be made.
Ethical Dilemmas of Confidentiality With Adolescent Clients: Case Studies From Psychologists

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Navigating limits to confidentiality with adolescent clients can be ethically and professionally challenging. This study follows on from a previous quantitative survey of psychologists about confidentiality dilemmas with adolescents. The current study used qualitative methods to explore such dilemmas in greater depth. Twenty Australian psychologists were interviewed and asked to describe an ethically challenging past case. Cases were then used to facilitate discussion about the decision-making process and outcomes. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using interpretive content and thematic analysis. Three key findings are discussed. First, it is of little use to perceive confidentiality dilemmas as binary choices (breach/don't breach) because psychologists described 5 distinct options. These can be conceptualized on a spectrum of varying degrees of client autonomy, ranging from 'no disclosure' (highest client autonomy) to 'disclosure without the client's knowledge or consent' (lowest client autonomy). Second, confidentiality dilemmas often involve balancing multiple and conflicting risks regarding both immediate and future harm. Third, a range of strategies are employed by psychologists to minimize potential harms when disclosing information. These are primarily aimed at maintaining the therapeutic relationship and empowering clients. These findings and the case studies described provide a valuable resource for teaching and professional development.
Effects of Nitro Humic Acid Natrium Extracted from Lignite on Growth Performance of Fattening Pig and Digestibility of Feedstuff

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studied the effects of nitro humic acid natrium extracted from lignite on growth performance of fattening pig,harmful gas content in shed and digestibility of feedstuff.The results indicated that the promotion effect of nitro humic acid natrium extracted from lignite on growth performance of fattening pig was equal with that of antibiotics,and the effect was better when addition amount of nitro humic acid natrium was 1%.And the harmful gas content in shed of pig could be decreased by feeding the nitro humic acid natrium.
Association between physical activity level and consumption of fruit and vegetables among adolescents in northeast Brazil

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To determine the association between low levels of physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 2,057 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years from the city of Aracaju, Northeastern Brazil. We analyzed the level of physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables by standardized and validated questionnaires. The control variables were sex, age, socioeconomic status, maternal education, alcohol consumption and smoking. For data analysis, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used, with a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of low levels of physical activity was 81.9%; the inadequate consumption of fruits ocurred in 79.1% and the inadequate consumption of vegetables in 90.6%. Adolescents who consumed few fruits daily had an increase in 40% of chance of being insufficiently active and, for those who consumed few vegetable's the likelihood of being insufficiently active was 50% higher, compared to those who had adequate intake of these foods. Low levels of physical activity were associated with inadequate fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents in a city in northeastern Brazil. These findings suggest that insufficiently active adolescents have other unhealthy behaviors that may increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. Verificar se há associação entre baixos níveis de atividade física e consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes em adolescentes. Estudo transversal, com 2.057 adolescentes na faixa de 13 a 18 anos, estudantes de escolas públicas de Aracaju (SE) e região metropolitana. Analisou-se o nível de atividade física e o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes por meio de questionários padronizados e validados. As variáveis de controle foram: sexo, idade, nível econômico, escolaridade materna, consumo de álcool e tabagismo. Para a análise dos dados usou-se a regressão logística uni e multivariável, com nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de baixo nível de atividade física foi de 81,9%, a de consumo inadequado de frutas foi de 79,1% e a de consumo inadequado de verduras e legumes foi de 90,6%. Adolescentes que consumiam poucas porções de frutas no dia apresentaram 40% mais chances de ser pouco ativos fisicamente e aqueles que consumiam poucas porções de verduras e legumes apresentaram 50% mais chances de ser pouco ativos fisicamente, comparados aos que apresentavam consumo adequado. Baixos níveis de atividade física se associaram com o consumo inadequado de frutas, verduras e legumes em adolescentes de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. Esses achados sugerem que adolescentes pouco ativos apresentam outros comportamentos não saudáveis que podem aumentar o risco na vida adulta de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.
Prevalence and risk factors of type II diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Texas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among people living with HIV (PLWH). Cross-sectional data of 989 PLWH in Texas obtained from the 2015-2017 Texas and Houston Medical Monitoring Project were examined. T2DM was identified by formal medical chart diagnosis, insulin/oral hypoglycemic prescriptions, or most recent fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL. T2DM adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression. Participants were mostly male (72%), ≥40 years (68%), overweight (31%) or obese (28%) and virally suppressed (62%). T2DM prevalence was 15% with variations by age, body mass index, education and health insurance (p < 0.05 for all). Compared to PLWH ≥60 years, 18-39-year-olds had significantly lower likelihood of T2DM (p < 0.001). Overweight and obese PLWH were 2.11 (95% CI: 1.23-3.63) and 3.89 times (95% CI: 2.30-6.56) more likely to have T2DM compared to normal weight PLWH. Over 1 in 6 PLWH in Texas had T2DM, with age and BMI as significant predictors. Since DM is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and PLWH are living longer, increased education and lifestyle modification interventions are warranted to prevent T2DM development among PLWH.
Value of Combined Cytomorphological Parameters in Improving Diagnostic Accuracy of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma on Cytology - The Five Dependable Features

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology remains the preliminary test for diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Numerous features are established to arrive at the diagnosis. However, few cases pose a challenge to correctly diagnose PTC. Our study aims to elicit the combination of features to aid in the diagnosis of such cases. Materials and Methods: Cytology smears of histologically proven cases of PTC and benign diagnoses were included as case (n = 36) and control group (n = 38), respectively. Features including papillae with cores, 3-D caps, nuclear grooves (NG), intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions (INCI), giant cells, macrophages, cellular swirls, psammoma bodies, pale chromatin, nuclear overlapping, nuclear enlargement, and metaplastic cells were assessed. Statistic tests including Independent t test/Mann–Whitney Test and Chi-Square test/Fisher's Exact test were used. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the cut-off point of many cytological features to predict PTC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of cytological features was calculated to predict PTC. Results: Presence of five or more cytological features (papillae with cores, cellular swirls, NG, INCI, and psammoma bodies) together could diagnose PTC (PPV) in 78.95% of the cases, with a NPV of 83.33%. Diagnostic accuracy of these five features combined was 81.08%. Papillae with cores and nuclear grooving were the most sensitive cytological features, whereas INCI followed by cellular swirls and NG were the most specific features. Conclusion: Relying on a combination of the most sensitive and specific features rather than any one cytological feature can help reduce the misdiagnoses in PTC.
Supplementary Figures 1-11 from Diverse <i>BRAF</i> Gene Fusions Confer Resistance to EGFR-Targeted Therapy via Differential Modulation of BRAF Activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>S1. Impact of BRAF (fusion) gene expression on phosphorylation of AKT. S2. BRAF (fusion) gene mRNA and protein expression levels. S3. Phosphoproteomics screen in HEK293 cells reveals that BRAF fusions and BRAFV600E activate similar signaling pathways. S4. BRAF (fusion) gene expression and MAPK pathway activation in HEK293 cells. S5. BRAF (fusion) protein localization in HEK293 cells. S6. Establishment of optimal duration of dox induction for BRAF (fusion) protein expression. S7. Validation of phospho-proteins and transcriptomic analysis of BRAF (fusion) gene expressing P18T CRC organoid lines. S8. Expression of most differentially expressed genes in DLG1-BRAF expressing P18T organoids and CRC patients. S9. BRAF (fusion) genes confer resistance to EGFR inhibition. S10. Impact of afatinib exposure on pAKT levels in BRAF (fusion) gene expressing CRC organoids. S11. Differential sensitivities of BRAF (fusion) genes to combinatorial targeting of EGFR and MEK.</p>
Systematic Optimization and Modification of a DNA Aptamer with 2’‐O‐Methyl RNA Analogues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Nucleic acid aptamers (NAAs) are short synthetic DNA or RNA molecules that specifically fold into distinct three‐dimensional structures able to specifically recognize a target. While NAAs show unprecedented promise in a variety of applications, including sensing, therapeutics and diagnostics, one major limitation involves the lack of stability towards omnipresent nucleases. Therefore, we herein report a systematic truncation and incorporation of 2’‐O‐methyl bases to a DNA aptamer, which results in increased stability without affecting affinity. One of the newly designed analogues is stable up to 24 hours, demonstrating that 2’‐O‐methyl RNA is an attractive modification to DNA aptamers, especially when theranostic applications are intended.
The image of Industrial Life and Vocational Training: Scouting as Liminal Learning Space (Luxembourg, 1920s)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While there is a large body of research on corporate photography, little has been written about the visualisation of young workers. This paper looks at a specific set of corporate images, namely photographs of apprentices of the Luxembourg steel-manufacturing conglomerate ARBED, and analyses how these young workers were visualised. The paper draws on a collection of approximately 2,250 glass plate negatives of ARBED’s industrial cosmos, originally stored at the company’s vocational school, the Institut Emile Metz, and now archived at Luxembourg’s Centre national de l’audivisuel (CNA). The roughly 160 images of young apprentices contained in the collection put on display the apprentices’ bodies and activities in various contexts and environments – in the classroom, the school yard, and the gym; in workshops and the institute’s psychophysiological laboratory; at the Belgian coast, in Luxembourg’s forests, and in urban spaces like London. A selected number of images were published in promotional brochures, showcasing these places, spaces, and activities and their different levels of “cultured” and “natural” properties. Thematically, the paper concentrates on (1) corporate photography as a means of identity formation by depicting apprentices in various places and spaces; (2) the creation of workers as cultured men and ideally educated workers through a diversity of recreational activities; and, most importantly, (3) the question of how leisure activities served as liminal spaces to stabilise the work sphere and how social and cultural belonging was visually forged between urban and natural landscapes, between industrialisation and ‘nature’ in order to make apprentices fit for Western industrialised societies. The images and their contents testify to a constant mix and re-mix of different learning environments intended to educate the natural, urban, mobile, and communal future worker in order to achieve societal harmony – also by including pre-industrial spaces and open-air activities as liminal spaces for experimentation that were set apart from the profane while mitigating the risks of industrialisation.
Pharmacogenetic (PGx) guided cancer pain management in an oncology palliative medicine (PM) clinic.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

117 Background: About 30% of cancer patients presenting with pain have symptomatic improvement using conventional strategies within one month. PGx may help personalize opioid selection and improve cancer pain management. Methods: This is a pragmatic pilot trial investigating the feasibility and application of PGx testing to improve pain management in adults with uncontrolled cancer pain referred to an oncology PM clinic. PM providers assessed patients using Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale at baseline and opioid therapy was initiated or modified. A buccal swab was obtained for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in: COMT, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and OPRM1. The first assessment occurred within one week of baseline and a second within another week if intervention was required. PGx results were available before the first assessment and utilized, if applicable, throughout the one-month study period. Pain improvement rate (≥ 2-point reduction on a 0-10 scale) from baseline to final visit, was compared to historical control data by a one-sided exact binomial test of proportions. Results: Of 75 undergoing PGx testing, 52 were evaluable for the primary endpoint (54% female, 81% white, 17% black, median age 63, 75% stage 3 or 4 disease, median personalized pain goal 3 [0-6]). 56% had pain improvement compared to 30% in historical controls (p < 0.001). At final assessment, 35% met their personalized pain goal. Of 26 (50%) requiring opioid adjustments, 18 (69%) had an actionable genotype with a 61% pain improvement rate. The two most common genes for opioid adjustment were CYP2D6 (16/18; 89%) and COMT (8/18; 44%). The most common PGx-guided modification involved switching from a CYP2D6-metabolized drug (hydrocodone, oxycodone, tramadol) to a non-CYP2D6-metabolized drug (fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine). Conclusions: PGx implementation in an oncology PM clinic was feasible and improved pain management. Half of those requiring opioid adjustments had an actionable genotype, with the largest impact from CYP2D6 polymorphisms. Future studies should focus on preemptive PGx testing to guide initial drug selection and confirm clinical utility in a randomized trial. Clinical trial information: NCT02542397.
In-Situ Fish Heart-Rate Estimation and Feeding Event Detection Using an Implantable Biologger

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Monitoring of physiology and behavior of marine animals living undisturbed in their natural habitats can provide valuable information about their well-being and response to environmental stressors. We focus on detecting the feeding behavior in predatory fish using implantable biologgers that record and analyze electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. We propose a novel processing pipeline for resource-constrained embedded systems that can infer higher-level information, such as heart-rate and feeding events, from the ECG signals in situ. Our main contributions are in proposing efficient event detection algorithms that can reliably detect fish feeding events from noisy heart-rate data based on the unique statistical properties of feeding-induced changes in the heart-rate. We evaluate our approaches using an in-house biologger that we surgically implant in twelve coral trout fish and use to collect data during an experiment for a period of ten weeks and show that our signal processing pipeline performs well with noisy ECG signals overall. Specifically, our heart-rate estimation algorithm achieves errors of less than one beat per minute even in scenarios where popular algorithms used by domain specialists perform poorly. Furthermore, our feeding detection algorithms offer improved accuracy compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms while requiring significantly reduced computational and energy resources. We implement the proposed heart-rate estimation and feeding detection algorithms on the biologger and evaluate the associated system overhead. The results show that our proposed heart-rate estimation and feeding detection algorithms can run in-situ on the biologger as they demand rather small computational and energy resources that can conveniently be provisioned. This work is an important first step towards developing effective tools for long-term monitoring of high-level parameters pertaining to the health and behavior of marine animals in the wild.
Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA gene of human myostatin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To clone the cDNA gene of human myostatin. Methods Human MSTN mRNA was extracted from human muscle tissue, and reversely transcripted to cDNA. The recycled PCR products were inserted into plasmid pGEM-T to construct the recombinant vector pGEM-T-MSTN. The recombinant vector pGEM-T-MSTN was identified by sequencing analysis and blast analysis. Results The homogenity is 100% of the cloned cDNA gene with human MSTN gene in Genebank. Conclusions It is suggested that the MSTN gene of limb-girdle muscular dystrophies patients have not gene mutation. The cloned MSTN cDNA can be used for further research of MSTN.
Influence of bottom ash as a sand replacement material on durability of self-compacting concrete exposed to seawater

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Concrete strength and durability performance under marine environment have been considered as challenging issue for many decades because seawater contains aggressive salts and it could affect the service life of concrete structure that is expected for the marine environment, such as offshore, harbour and coastal structures. Therefore, this study investigated the strength and durability
performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing Bottom Ash (BA) exposed to seawater under wetting-drying cycles. The exposure period for seawater was considered up to 180 days. Concrete mix incorporated BA from 10% to 30% by weight of sand with fixed water to binder ratio 0.4 with superplasticizer to produce 40 MPa concrete at 28 days. The performance of SCC was evaluated based on compressive strength, rapid migration test and depth of carbonation test. SCC with 10% BA gives satisfactory compressive strength and exhibits good resistance to chloride migration rate and it gives around 4.5% reduction in carbonation depth as compared to control mix at 180 days. The microstructural study also indicated that 10% BA form well shape calcium
silicate hydrate gel, which delivers adequate compressive strength development. It was concluded that 10% BA as a sand replacement was found to be optimum, provides satisfactory strength and durability performance.
Mechanistic Effects of Erythrocytes on Platelet Deposition in Coronary Thrombosis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A new lattice-Boltzmann finite-element method is used to simulate large numbers of deformable red blood cells and platelets in suspension for the investigation of stress-mediated platelet-deposition mechanisms in blood. The coupled lattice-Boltzmann finite-element method provides the novel ability to simulate hundreds of realistic and deformable red blood cells and produce continuum-scale physics at physiologic hematocrit and low arterial-shear rates. The new method is developed and shown to produce single red blood cell deformation consistent with experimental results in flow chambers. Simulations of 77 to 216 cells in unbounded shear flow produce bulk and micro-rheological behavior consistent with experimental results in viscometers and tubes, including shear-thinning behavior at various shear rates. Investigation of the local stress environment in blood indicates that, although the majority of platelets experience a time-averaged shear stress equal to the suspension stress, 25% of platelets experience a localized shear stress greater than twice the suspension stress. \nThe lattice-Boltzmann finite-element method developed in this work has been shown capable of investigating the fundamental gap between cell-level processes and continuum-level function. The complex stress environment in whole blood has been described for simple shear flow and the methodology may be extended to more complex flow geometries and incorporate platelet-adhesion models for adhesion studies. Thus, this research fits into the greater objective of prediction and control of platelet deposition in clinical and engineering applications. Furthermore, the ability to bridge the gap between cell-level processes and continuum-level function is useful in other important cardiovascular areas including leukocyte adhesion, platelet aggregate embolization, and artheriogenesis.