jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vertical transmission may play a greater role in the spread of Leishmania infantum in synanthropic Mus musculus rodents than previously believed

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Vertical transmission of Leishmania infantum was demonstrated in domestic mice captured close to the home of a patient with leishmaniasis. Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in 88.9% of synanthropic Mus musculus adult rodents and 29.2% of their unborn foetuses. Mother-to-infant transmission was observed in all females whose gestational stage was sufficiently advanced to allow foetal analysis (foetal length 2-2.5 cm). The infection rate in foetal samples ranged from 11.1% to 50.0%, with parasite loads of up to 6,481 parasites/5 mg tissue. A low density of Phlebotomus perniciosus was also found (0.2 specimen/CDC trap). Six infected mice captured in March were only 1.5 months old and could thus not have had contact with the vector. Vertical transmission thus appears to play a greater role in the spread of leishmaniasis than previously thought, particularly since rodents are natural hosts for the parasite and are prolific in nature.
Retention modeling and simultaneous optimization of pH value and gradient steepness in RP‐HPLC using feed‐forward neural networks

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel approach is proposed for the simultaneous optimization of mobile phase pH and gradient steepness in RP‐HPLC using artificial neural networks. By presetting the initial and final concentration of the organic solvent, a limited number of experiments with different gradient time and pH value of mobile phase are arranged in the two‐dimensional space of mobile phase parameters. The retention behavior of each solute is modeled using an individual artificial neural network. An “early stopping” strategy is adopted to ensure the predicting capability of neural networks. The trained neural networks can be used to predict the retention time of solutes under arbitrary mobile phase conditions in the optimization region. Finally, the optimal separation conditions can be found according to a global resolution function. The effectiveness of this method is validated by optimization of separation conditions for amino acids derivatised by a new fluorescent reagent.
Populism som idé

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, populism is approached as a political alternative that has to be taken seriously. This implies going beyond socio-economic or cultural explanations for populism’s growing popularity. The aim is to understand the reasoning in populist thought, the populist idea. Starting from a simple definition of populism, I then relate to populism as a ‘thin ideology’ or as a ‘political style’. While interesting, such approaches tend to overlook the fact that populism may be about the very framework for politics – for how a society should be governed – rather than about political style or content. Understanding populism in this way helps understanding how parts of populist thought can be integrated in programmes of parties and movements that are otherwise typically not perceived as populist. The article ends with a discussion concerning important watershed moments between populism and what is often labelled ‘liberal democracy’. Some tentative conclusions are drawn for understanding today’s situation.
A first approach to the closed-form specification and analysis of an autonomic control system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Control systems must increasingly be designed to involve collections of hardware and software components, both of which may evolve over the lifetime of the system, and which are expected to provide self-managing, adaptive, autonomic behaviour. Understanding the behaviour such a system will exhibit under any specific conditions is a significant design challenge. We present a model derived from approaches to modelling dynamical systems in which the adaptive behaviour of an autonomic system may be described and analysed as a whole. We explain our ideas with reference to a hybrid hardware/software system, and argue that it generalises to other classes of autonomic systems.
Explosions in Virginia coal mines, 1893--1933

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The history of explosions in Virginia coal mines is reviewed virtually as far back as authentic records exist. In that period 29 explosions took 531 lives, worst disaster being in 1884, with 112 lives lost, and second worst in 1867, with 69 lives lost. Possible means of prevention are suggested and Mine Safety Board recommendations are quoted.
ThePseudomonas syringaetypeIIIeffectorHopD1 suppresses effector‐triggered immunity, localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, and targets theArabidopsis transcription factorNTL9

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary P seudomonas syringae type III effectors are known to suppress plant immunity to promote bacterial virulence. However, the activities and targets of these effectors are not well understood. We used genetic, molecular, and cell biology methods to characterize the activities, localization, and target of the H op D 1 type III effector in A rabidopsis. H op D 1 contributes to P . syringae virulence in A rabidopsis and reduces effector‐triggered immunity ( ETI ) responses but not pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity ( PTI ) responses. Plants expressing H op D 1 supported increased growth of ETI ‐inducing P . syringae strains compared with wild‐type A rabidopsis. We show that H op D 1 interacts with the membrane‐tethered A rabidopsis transcription factor NTL 9 and demonstrate that this interaction occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ). A P . syringae hop D 1 mutant and ETI ‐inducing P . syringae strains exhibited enhanced growth on A rabidopsis ntl9 mutant plants. Conversely, growth of P . syringae strains was reduced in plants expressing a constitutively active NTL 9 derivative, indicating that NTL 9 is a positive regulator of plant immunity. Furthermore, H op D 1 inhibited the induction of NTL 9‐regulated genes during ETI but not PTI . H op D 1 contributes to P . syringae virulence in part by targeting NTL 9, resulting in the suppression of ETI responses but not PTI responses and the promotion of plant pathogenicity.
Characterization and mapping of sensilla on the head appendages of noterid larvae (Coleoptera: Noteridae), and development of a preliminary biometric method for taxa delimitation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Larvae of the burrowing water beetle family Noteridae are distributed worldwide and are often abundant in a broad range of aquatic habitats, playing an important role in structuring freshwater communities, yet they have remained among the most poorly studied groups of aquatic beetles. Studies on sensillar equipment of aquatic insect larvae are largely lacking, despite their potential use in phylogeny and biometric identification methods. In this article, the external morphology and distribution of sensilla on the head appendages of first instar larvae of selected genera of Noteridae were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Seven main types were distinguished based on their morphological structure: basiconica (3 subtypes), campaniformia (2 subtypes), chaetica (7 subtypes), coeloconica (6 subtypes), coniform complex (2 subtypes), placodea, and styloconica (3 subtypes). The apex of the labial palpus was found to be the most variable and informative region in regard to the number, relative position, and topology of sensilla. Fingerprint models were, therefore, generated for this region in each of the studied genera, allowing their identification.
Exploring the Effects of Contextual Elements on Memory Specificity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Regions of the brain, such as the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus and the adjacent MTL cortex, facilitate recognition memory performance (Squire, Stark, & Clark, 2004). The hippocampus is known for its ability to encode and retrieve memories through two processes called pattern separation and pattern completion (Mcclelland, Mcnaughton, & Oreilly, 1995). Pattern separation is a computational process in which the memory representations of similar stimuli are made as dissimilar as possible. This allows one to recall differences between old stimuli and similar, but novel stimuli. Pattern completion is a computational process where a memory representation is retrieved by a degraded or partial cue. This process may result in an old stimulus being recalled but the differences between the old and similar not being registered.
PERIPHERAL CONJUGATE SYSTEMS 1. CYCLOADDITION OF INDOLIZINE TO ELECTRON-DEFICIENT OLEFIN

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Indolizines reacted with esters of maleic and acrylic acid to give 1,2,5,7a-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine derivatives which would be presumably derived from [8+2] cycloaddition and subsequent 1,5-hydrogen shift, while with maleimide and maleic anhydride were obtained Michael adducts as main products. The stereochemistry and mechanism of the reactions were also discussed.
Ruxolitinib and Polycation Combination Treatment Overcomes Multiple Mechanisms of Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus (OV). Although VSV is effective against a majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell (PDAC) cell lines, some PDAC cell lines are highly resistant to VSV, and the mechanisms of resistance are still unclear. JAK1/2 inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib and JAK inhibitor I) strongly stimulate VSV replication and oncolysis in all resistant cell lines but only partially improve the susceptibility of resistant PDACs to VSV. VSV tumor tropism is generally dependent on the permissiveness of malignant cells to viral replication rather than on receptor specificity, with several ubiquitously expressed cell surface molecules playing a role in VSV attachment to host cells. However, as VSV attachment to PDAC cells has never been tested before, here we examined if it was possibly inhibited in resistant PDAC cells. Our data show a dramatically weaker attachment of VSV to HPAF-II cells, the most resistant human PDAC cell line. Although sequence analysis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) mRNA did not reveal any amino acid substitutions in this cell line, HPAF-II cells displayed the lowest level of LDLR expression and dramatically lower LDL uptake. Treatment of cells with various statins strongly increased LDLR expression levels but did not improve VSV attachment or LDL uptake in HPAF-II cells. However, LDLR-independent attachment of VSV to HPAF-II cells was dramatically improved by treating cells with Polybrene or DEAE-dextran. Moreover, combining VSV with ruxolitinib and Polybrene or DEAE-dextran successfully broke the resistance of HPAF-II cells to VSV by simultaneously improving VSV attachment and replication. IMPORTANCE Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anticancer approach that uses viruses that selectively infect and kill cancer cells. This study focuses on oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Although VSV is effective against most PDAC cells, some are highly resistant to VSV, and the mechanisms are still unclear. Here we examined if VSV attachment to cells was inhibited in resistant PDAC cells. Our data show very inefficient attachment of VSV to the most resistant human PDAC cell line, HPAF-II. However, VSV attachment to HPAF-II cells was dramatically improved by treating cells with polycations. Moreover, combining VSV with polycations and ruxolitinib (which inhibits antiviral signaling) successfully broke the resistance of HPAF-II cells to VSV by simultaneously improving VSV attachment and replication. We envision that this novel triple-combination approach could be used in the future to treat PDAC tumors that are highly resistant to OV therapy.
Trends in Earnings Inequality and Earnings Instability among U.S. Couples: How Important Is Assortative Matching?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We examine changes in inequality and instability of the combined earnings of married couples over the 1980-2009 period using two U.S. panel data sets: Social Security earnings data matched to Survey of Income and Program Participation panels (SIPP-SSA) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Relative to male earnings inequality, the inequality of couples' earnings is both lower in levels and rises by a smaller amount. We also find that couples' earnings instability is lower in levels compared to male earnings instability and actually declines in the SIPP-SSA data. While wives' earnings played an important role in dampening the rise in inequality and year-to-year variation in resources at the family level, we find that marital sorting and coordination of labor supply decisions at the family level played a minor role. Comparing actual couples to randomly paired simulated couples, we find very similar trends in earnings inequality and instability.
Modeling Profitability-Influencing Risk Factors for Construction Projects: A System Dynamics Approach

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study addressed the complexity involved in integrating the causative risk factors influencing construction profitability. Most of the existing studies cover the individual effects of profitability influencing factors. Very few focus on the systematic impact without incorporating the complexity and associated dynamics, presenting a gap targeted by the current study. The current study aimed to assess causative interrelations and interdependencies between profitability influencing risk factors (PIRF), through systems thinking (ST) and system dynamics (SD) modeling. The SD approach was used to evaluate the integrated impacts on profitability-influencing risk categories (PIRC) in construction projects. The causative influencing factors affecting construction profitability were identified through a comprehensive literature review. These were ranked using content analysis, and categorized into significant issues. Through 250 structured surveys and 15 expert opinion meetings, the path for quantitative and qualitative evaluations was prepared. Following these investigations, a causal loop diagram (CLD) was established using the ST technique, and the integrated effect was quantified using SD modeling. The study finds the rising cost of material, supply chain process, payment issues, planning and scheduling problems, financial difficulties, and effective control of manpower and equipment resources as the most critical PIRFs. The integrated effects of PIRFs on PIRC were quantified using SD modeling. This study helps field professionals with profitability-influencing factors, diagnosing issues, and integrating impacts regarding decision-making and policy formulation. For researchers, it presents a list of factors that can be investigated in detail, and the holistic interrelationships established.
C3-Selective Trifluoromethylthiolation and Difluoromethylthiolation of Pyridines and Pyridine Drugs via Dihydropyridine Intermediates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Herein, we report a method for C3-selective C-H tri- and difluoromethylthiolation of pyridines. The method relies on borane-catalyzed pyridine hydroboration for generation of nucleophilic dihydropyridines; these intermediates react with trifluoromethylthio and difluoromethylthio electrophiles to form functionalized dihydropyridines, which then undergo oxidative aromatization. The method can be used for late-stage functionalization of pyridine drugs for the generation of new drug candidates.
Large bilateral adrenal incidentalomas complicating untreated 11B hydroxylase deficiency in the third decade of life. A case report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The occurrence of bilateral giant adrenal incidentalomas is reported in a 22-year-old man who was evaluated for urinary tract infection. The right gland measured 16 cm, the left one 6 cm at computed tomography. Height was 145 cm, blood pressure 190/100 mm Hg. Testes were not palpable. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated levels of 17 hydroxyprogesterone:>50 ng/ml (n<1,1); 11 desoxycortisol: 919 nmol/l (n<30); testosterone: 19 ng/ml (n<0.7) and ACTH: 1 402 ng/l (n<48). Karyotype was 46 XX. The patient was a female pseudohermaphrodite with congenital adrenal 11 B hydroxylase deficiency. Adrenal masses responded to glucocorticoid therapy with marked reduction of their size after six months. We confirm previous recommendations that patients with adrenal incidentaloma should be checked for congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Cross‐linking of Histone H1 in Chromatin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Arrays of neighbouring histone H1 molecules are present in rat liver chromatin, and can be cross‐linked to each other by bisimidoesters. The product, poly(H1), can be extracted from crosslinked chromatin in high yield with 5% perchloric acid and thus distinguished from cross‐linked oligomers of the core histones. On analysis in dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels poly(H1) gives a striking pattern of alternating strong and weak bands which have been shown, by the use of cleavable cross‐linked reagents and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, to arise respectively from H1 homopolymers and H1 polymers linked to the nucleosome core histones. H1‐H1 proximities as measured by cross‐linking exist both at low ionic strength where the nucleosome filament is extended, and at higher ionic strengths at which it is folded into a 30‐nm‐diameter fibre, probably in the form of a solenoid, although some additional H1‐H1 contacts seem to occur in the folded form. A similar pattern of H1‐H1 cross‐linking is observed for nucleosome oligomers too short to form a complete turn of a solenoid. The lack of any strong dependence of the H1 cross‐linking pattern on ionic strength, and the results for short oligomers, suggest that in a soleniud the major H1‐H1 interactions are lateral (i.e. they occur between neighbouring nucleosomes along a turn) although additional vertical contacts (between successive turns) are not excluded. For a short nucleosome oligomer containing n nucleosomes, the number of H1 molecules that may be cross‐linked into an array at low ionic strength (∼ 15 mM) is n , consistent with the presence of one H1 per nucleosome. H1‐H1 cross‐linking occurs only within the chromatin framework; when cross‐linking is carried out in 0.5 M NaCl so that H1 is dissociated from chromatin, no poly(H1) is formed. When H1 which has been dissociated in 0.5 M NaCl is allowed to reassociate by gradual lowering of the ionic strength, the poiy(H1) is identical with that in native chromatin, suggesting faithful rebinding of H1 molecules. H1‐H1 proximities do not seem to be mediated by the presence of bound high‐mobility‐group non‐histone proteins because the poly(H1) pattern persists when cross‐linking is carried out at 365 mM ionic strength, when these high‐mobility‐group proteins are dissociated from chromatin. The H1 cross‐linking pattern described here could prove to be a useful assay for the native arrangement of H1 molecules in reconstituted chromatin and for changes in H1‐H1 contacts that might result from cell‐cycle modifications (e.g. phosphorylation) of H1. It may not prove a good assay for higher‐of der structure because of the relative insensitivity to ionic strength of the poly(H1) pattern as studied here. A detailed analysis will be necessary to determine whether there are any subtle differences in the interactions between H1 molecules in the folded and extended nucleosome filament.
ENUMERATING THE PRIME ALTERNATING KNOTS, PART II

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In [1], we described an efficient inductive scheme which uses a total of four operators to generate all prime alternating knots of a given minimal crossing size. The process is carried out in two steps, where in the first step, two of the four operators are applied to the prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n to produce approximately 98% of the prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n+1, while in the second step, the remaining two operators are applied to these newly constructed knots, thereby producing the remaining prime alternating knots of crossing size n+1. The process begins with the prime alternating knot of four crossings, the figure eight knot. In this paper, we provide an actual implementation of our procedure, wherein we spend considerable effort to make the procedure efficient. One very important aspect of the implementation is a new way of encoding a knot. We are able to assign an integer array (which we call the master array) to a prime alternating knot in such a way that each regular diagram of the knot can be constructed from the data in the array. Moreover, two knots are equivalent if and only if their master arrays are identical. We have used this generation scheme to enumerate the prime alternating knots up to and including those of 19 crossings. The knots up to and including 17 crossings produced by our generation scheme concurred with those found by M. Thistlethwaite, J. Hoste and J. Weeks (see [3]). The current implementation of the algorithms involved in the generation scheme allowed us to produce the 1,769,979 prime alternating knots of 17 crossings on a five node beowulf cluster in approximately 2.3 hours, while the time to produce the prime alternating knots up to and including those of 16 crossings totalled approximately 45 minutes. The prime alternating knots at 18 and 19 crossings were enumerated using the 48 node Compaq ES-40 beowulf cluster at the University of Western Ontario (we also received generous support from Compaq at the SC 99 conference). The cluster was shared with other users and so an accurate estimate of the running time is not available, but the generation of the 8,400,285 knots at 18 crossings was completed in 17 hours, and the generation of the 40,619,385 prime alternating knots at 19 crossings took approximately 72 hours. With the improvements that are described in the sequel, we anticipate that the knots at 19 crossings will be generated in not more than 10 hours on a current Pentium III personal computer equipped with 256 megabytes of main memory.
Urban Leadership during Change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Bosses, and their followers and apologists, peren nially inquire how alternative sources for leadership may be developed in lieu of a boss. A boss is the principal but not the sole leader of a political clique or faction at the top of a monolithic power structure in a community with a monopolistic political style. Alternatives to a boss are a clique or faction, a popularly elected mayor, a city manager, or a political party. Some Florida communities exhibit a monopolistic political style; others, a competitive style. Towns with a monopolistic style show a narrow set of economic interests; the entrance of competing economic interests leads to competitive politics. Ruling cliques are of varying kinds and can exist in either a monopolistic or competitive situation. A popularly elected mayor also can function as the leader in either situation. A manager is a source of policy leadership, but several factors condition his leadership. The elected mayor often inhibits the manager. The manager's scope may also be greatly restricted in a monopolistic setting, for he usually has no political base of his own in such a situation. He will often have more scope when competition is the style. A few managers succeed by forming their own bases, as, for example, that composed of city employees. Party participation is a concomitant of competi tive politics in a few Florida cities, but the rise of the Republi cans may lead to some local monopolies. Alternative sources of leadership are enhanced by competition.