jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Positivism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

propositions which can serve as an inducement to raise the level of abstraction of empiricallv laden statements. Conversely, middle range theories can potentially be one vehicle by which more abstract propositions-say, on conflict processes-are attached to specific empirical issues, such as ethnic conflict. Thus, middle range theories can become part of the deductive calculus of a formal theoretical system. Finally, research generalizations and causal modeling of empirical variables can help test the implications of formal theories. They become the lowest order generalizations in the deductive system of formal theory. They might also stimulate inductive efforts to develop more abstract propositions of greater scope, but as I indicated earlier, I have my doubts if this will occur. In sum, I think that sociology has avoided the one kind of theorizing that can cumulate knowledge. We have either retreated up into the meta-theoretical stratosphere or buried ourselves under mounds of raw data. We have, in other words, avoided being positivists. We have collected myriads of facts and i terpretations of them, and we have created numerous grand schemes and typologies. Robert Merton (1968) saw this some time ago in his advocacy for 29 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.17 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 05:41:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms theories of one middle range, but he loaded the dice toward more data collection. I think that we ought to go back to Comte, get comfortable in our armchairs once again, and start theorizing. For only when theorists begin to develop abstract principles and analytical models about invariant and timeless properties of the social universe can sociology hope to cumulate knowledge about human action, interaction, and organization.
Antral Gastrin Cell Proliferation after Vagotomy in Rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The total number of antral gastrin cells, the antral surface area and the serum gastrin concentration were determined in two groups of rats. The animals had been submitted at random either to vagotomy and pyloroplasty or to pyloroplasty alone 3 weeks before. The indirect immunoperoxidase reaction and a direct quantitative histological method were used to count the gastrin cells. Radioimmunoassay was used to estimate the serum gastrin concentration. The total number of gastrin cells in the stomach was 52% (p less than 0.01) more elevated in the vagotomized animals. Both antral mucosal surface and calculated concentration of gastrin cells per square millimeter of mucosa were significantly higher (0.01 less than p less than 0.05) in this group of animals. The serum gastrin values were significantly (p less than 0.01) more elevated after vagotomy. These observations indicate that vagotomy may induce an antral gastrin cell hyperplasia which could explain in part the hypergastrinemia observed after this surgical procedure.
Reconciling Rewards with Predictive State Representations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Predictive state representations (PSRs) are models of controlled non-Markov observation sequences which exhibit the same generative process governing POMDP observations without relying on an underlying latent state. In that respect, a PSR is indistinguishable from the corresponding POMDP. However, PSRs notoriously ignore the notion of rewards, which undermines the general utility of PSR models for control, planning, or reinforcement learning. Therefore, we describe a sufficient and necessary accuracy condition which determines whether a PSR is able to accurately model POMDP rewards, we show that rewards can be approximated even when the accuracy condition is not satisfied, and we find that a non-trivial number of POMDPs taken from a well-known third-party repository do not satisfy the accuracy condition. We propose reward-predictive state representations (R-PSRs), a generalization of PSRs which accurately models both observations and rewards, and develop value iteration for R-PSRs. We show that there is a mismatch between optimal POMDP policies and the optimal PSR policies derived from approximate rewards. On the other hand, optimal R-PSR policies perfectly match optimal POMDP policies, reconfirming R-PSRs as accurate state-less generative models of observations and rewards.
Research on Key Security Strategies of Cloud Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

More and more organizations and individuals outsource their storage and computing business into cloud computing, which is a representation of a movement towards the intensive, large scale specialization and economy. Cloud computing brings about convenience and efficiency, but challenges in the areas of data security and privacy protection. This paper identifies the most vulnerable security threats in cloud computing, which will enable both end users and vendors to know about the key security threats associated with cloud computing, and to know about critical analysis about the different security models and tools proposed. Key security strategies from the infrastructure, operation and security incident response relieve the common security issues of cloud computing.
Single-operator Multi-vehicle Human-Automation Interface Study dataset

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The presented data contain 100 data sets collected from 25 participants (each doing 4 scenarios) in a human subject study to evaluate the interface and a provided aid in a single-operator, multi-vehiclce simulation of a human-automation team. Each set contains 4 screen capture videos of the scenarios, 4 responses from a post-scenario questionnaire, and the answers from a single post-experiment questionnaire. The files are packaged in a zipped file, and they must be extracted before they can be used.
ONGOING POLYMERASE CHAIN RESPONSE ON BLOOD TESTS TO ANALYZE AND SEROTYPE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The point of this examination was to utilize ongoing polymerase chain response on blood tests to analyze and serotype pneumococcal disease in the huge partner of Pakistani youngsters hospitalized for community learned pneumonia. Methods: Authors directed an observational examination from April 2018 through June 2019 at BVH Bahawalpur of youngsters matured 0–17 a long time with a conclusion of network procured pneumonia admitted to 84 pediatric emergency hospitals in Pakistan. Results. 700 fifty-four kids were examined. RT-PCR discovered pneumococcal contamination in 85 (12.7%) of 759 cases. In 294 cases, culture and RT-PCR remained all the while achieved. Streptococcus pneumoniae remained distinguished in 49 of 294 cases; 46 (16.5%) tried positive by RT-PCR and 12 (4.9%) tried positive by culture. RT-PCR remained altogether more delicate than culture in uncovering bacteremia pneumonia (chances proportion, 31.7; 96% certainty span, 6.9–98.6; P! .002). Muddled pneumonia was found in 165 (22.6%) of 756 kids; 155 (94.9%) of those 166 had parapneumonic radiation, and 52 (34.7%) had empyema. Youngsters with convoluted pneumonia remained essentially more seasoned. Pneumococcal bacteremia was found by RT-PCR to happen fundamentally more habitually in kids through confusions (38 [24.6%] of 165) than in youngsters through simple pneumonia (45 [8.5%] of 593; chances proportion, 4.9; 96% certainty stretch, 3.31–7.31; P! .002). RT-PCR permitted serotyping from blood in 93.6% of patients. More than 66% of the pneumonia cases were expected to nonpneumococcal conjugate antibody 8 serotypes. Serotype 1 was the most regular serotype (26 [32.5%] of 80) and was essentially related with difficulties (50.0% in patients with convoluted pneumonia versus 18.2% in patients with simple pneumonia; chances proportion, 5.6, 96% certainty span, 2.49–16.05; Pp.006) and more established age. Serotype 21 A was second in recurrence (16.1%) and was altogether connected with more youthful age. Conclusion: RT-PCR permits analysis and serotyping of pneumococcal bacteremia network obtained pneumonia in youngsters and is a significant device for assessing serotype dissemination in culture-negative examples. Keywords: Polymerase Chain Response, Pneumonia Disease.
Managing Landmine Casualty Data: Designing and Developing the Data Structures and Models Necessary to Track and Manage Landmine Casualty Data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Mine Action Information Center (MAIC) at James Madison University, through a grant from the US Department of State via RONCO Consulting Corporation, implemented this project to develop a framework for the systematic collection and management of landmine casualty data. This report focuses on Phase II of the project, with Phase I already completed and Phase III to build on the results of Phase II. The project was premised on the lack of an adequate system for collecting and managing landmine casualty data on a global basis. Data on landmine and UXO casualties is being collected in a systematic manner in some countries, but worldwide, it is not being collected in a comprehensive or consistent manner that allows it to be compared cross-nationally and aggregated globally. The lack of an adequate system hampers the ability of mine action decision makers to effectively design and implement programs and allocate scarce resources. The Casualty Database Project has two principal goals: 1. To assess existing methods of landmine and UXO casualty data collection, analysis and dissemination 2. To formulate courses of action for the systematic and accurate collection and processing of casualty-related data. Related to these goals are some core questions that the project seeks to answer: 1. Who is collecting casualty data? 2. What information about landmine casualties do the different systems collect? 3. How effectively and reliably is it being collected? 4. For what purposes is it being collected? 5. How can we improve the collection of casualty data globally?
Feature-Based Domain Modeling of Mobile Data Service Management Platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To improve the efficiency and quality of the Mobile Data Service Management Platform updating and maintaining,this paper analyses the defect of the traditional domain model and combining the theory of domain project,build the feature-based domain model.It introduces the function entity to optimize the process of the component extracting.The experiment indicates this new domain model and the component extracting method strengthens the traceability between featrue and component and they are propitious to improve and maintain the platform.
OED Sources

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract One of the many ways in which the OED differed from its predecessors was in the attitude it took towards its sources, both in selecting and in recording them. The earliest English monolingual dictionaries, from Cawdrey (1604) onwards, had taken lists of words and of definitions, without acknowledgement, from preceding dictionaries (mono- and bilingual) and from glossaries to printed works (see Starnes and Noyes (1946) and Schafer (1989) ). But no hint of this was to be found in their texts, which printed definitions only, without supporting quotations. It is clear from both the title-pages and the prefaces to these works that they were initially conceived as ‘hard-word’ dictionaries, designed to help women, boys, and less-well educated men to improve their use and understanding of the English language; consequently the range of words was limited. By the early eighteenth century, dictionaries had become far more comprehensive works, vying with each other in their boasts of including vast numbers of words which were drawn from a much wider range of registers. But not until Johnson’s dictionary of 1755 did a lexicographer substantiate definitions with quotations from (mostly) documented sources, and this development brought about a profound change in lexicographical principle and practice. Johnson’s ‘chief intent’, as stated in his Plan of a Dictionary (1747), was to ‘preserve the purity and ascertain the meaning of our English idiom’ by registering the usage of writers from the golden age of Elizabeth to the best usage of his own day.
Elastic Plasma-Protein-Film Blended with Platelet-Releasate Accelerates Healing of Diabetic Mouse Skin Wounds.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Numerous plasma proteins and cytokines derived from platelets mediate wound healing process that is characterized by the migration and differentiation of several cell populations that give rise to angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, wound contraction and re-epithelialization. To evaluate the efficacy of the blood derived factors in wound healing, we have exploited a novel wound dressing consisting of human plasma proteins and platelet-releasate. Human blood unit was drawn into a bag containing ACD after obtaining informed consent from healthy donors. Platelet-rich plasma was separated and the plasma proteins were concentrated together with platelets using cold ethanol precipitation method. The thrombin activity from the same unit was added to the concentrate, thereby leading to emergence of elastic soft layer consisting of the concentrated plasma proteins with platelet-relaseate (CPPP). The CPPP has enough strength to dress cutaneous wounds and contains considerable amount of cytokines and fibronectin (Table). We applied the CPPP to excisional skin wound in db/db mouse: a well-known animal model of impaired wound healing. Full-thickness skin defects were created on the mice symmetrically on both sides. One side of the wound was covered with the CPPP and the fresh clot from the same blood donor was applied to the other side as a control. Both of the wounds were then covered with polyurethane film. These wounds were evaluated 10 days after wounding. Bioactive factors for wound healing in the Serum and CPPP Serum CPPP (Day 0) CPPP (Day 7) ND = non-detectable, NE = not evaluated bFGF (pg/mL) ND 106 (75-150) 43 (21-72) VEGF (pg/mL) 172 (20-405) 870 (500-1125) 706 (550-1100) PDGF-AB (ng/mL) 30 (20-40) 68 (25-1670) 116 (100-140) TGF β1 (ng/mL) 43 (34-48) 218 (110-415) >250 Fibronectin (mg/mL) 0.6 (0.2-0.8) 13 (8-20) NE CPPP sustains these cytokines at substantial level on Day 7 (Table), suggesting that these growth factors are delivered continuously to the wound. Every wound edge was traced and the area was measured. Skin sections were stained with anti-CD31 antibody to visualize the blood vessels and determined its density (i.e., number of blood vessels/mm2 in the section). The area of CPPP treated wounds significantly decreased compared with that of the control (65% vs. 94% of the original size, respectively, p=.032). The immunostained section revealed the striking effect of CPPP on vasculalization. The mean vascular density of CPPP treated wounds was 13.2/mm2. In contrast, that of the control wounds was 2.7/mm2 (p=.013). Our results suggest that CPPP is a promising bioactive dressing for the treatment of full-thickness skin wound. Every biological component of CPPP is from a unit of collected blood; namely, CPPP can be an entirely autologous biological dressing, suggesting that CPPP is free from the risk of transmission of pathogens through blood products. Taken together, we may be able to design and conduct a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of CPPP for patients with non-healing wound.
Interpretation Imam IBN Katsir and Imam Fakhruddin Ar-Razi About Jilbab

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research is entitled "Interpretation of Hijab According to Mufassir Mazhab Shafi'i (Tafsir Imam Ibn Katsir and Imam Fakhruddin ar-Razi)". The purpose of writing is to evaluate the extent of the use of hijab in Indonesia in accordance with the interpretation of the mufassir of madhhab Shafi'i. This study uses two mufassirs who follow the Shafi'i madhhab, namely Imam Ibn Katsir and Imam Fakhruddin ar-Razi. The research method used is a literature study, where data is obtained from various books, books, and other sources, then analyzed thematically using a content analysis approach. This approach is used to examine the contents of documents, such as books, manuscripts, or books. The results of the research on the verses analyzed by Mufassir Imam Ibn Katsir and Imam Fakhruddin ar-Razi concluded the following: 1) Wearing the hijab is mandatory based on Allah's command. 2) Hijab is interpreted as loose clothing that covers the entire aura of a woman, except for the face and palms which are not required to be covered. 3) The context of the use of hijab in Indonesia society is still far different from the views of Imam Ibn Katsir and Imam Fakhruddin ar-Razi.
Home use of misoprostol: is it really safe and appreciated?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Regarding the Scottish decision on home abortion of 26 October 2017, Lord J, Regan L, Kasliwal A, et al claim that “Home use of misoprostol in Scotland is relatively new. The larger abortion services in Scotland report widescale uptake of home use of misoprostol among women and that it is highly appreciated with no negative impact on services”. The Scottish ‘abortion services’ consulted are not named and the reference for the bold claim that home use of misoprostol is ‘highly appreciated’ is ‘S Cameron (co-author), personal communication 2018’. Such statements do not inspire confidence.

In response to some other claims made in the article: women having better control over timing in practice will mean less precision in timing, since medical supervision is supposed to guarantee ‘correct’ time between drugs and a ‘correct’ route of administration, whether sublingual, buccal or vaginal. If these are departed from, the effectiveness goes down, and the complications go up. This is well known.

As regards travel and onset of bleeding, the Creinin et al paper1 referred to by the authors had a bleeding onset …
Ozone pretreatment of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous stream from municipal sludge for enhanced biological degradation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) face challenges in managing mixed sludge due to its high volume and range of organic and inorganic contaminants. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) emerges as a promising alternative of commonly adopted anaerobic digestion (AD), offering resource recovery and the potential to convert sludge into biocrude oil. However, HTL technology for sludge management is hindered by the generation of HTL aqueous which constitutes of complex soluble compounds that are inhibitory for biological treatment within WWTPs. This necessitates pretreatment of HTL aqueous for onsite biological treatment. This study explores the efficacy of ozone (O₃) pretreatment of HTL aqueous in enhancing its biodegradability. This study evaluated the effects of ozonation on HTL aqueous phase derived from dewatered mixed sludge, employing dissolved ozone doses ranging from 0.03 to 0.18 g O₃/g chemical oxygen demand (COD) of HTL aqueous phase. The HTL process was conducted at 350°C with a 15-minute residence time, and the resulting aqueous phase was diluted tenfold prior to ozone pretreatment. At the maximum ozone dose, substantial reductions of 43%, 69%, and 72% in COD, Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (both 2-Methylpyridine and 2,6-Lutidine), and total phenolics of HTL aqueous were observed, respectively. Concurrently, total volatile fatty acids exhibited an increase, plateauing at doses between 0.14 and 0.18 g O₃/g COD. The pH stabilized at 5.3 for doses ranging from 0.12 to 0.18 g O₃/g COD from an initial value of 8.0 in HTL aqueous. Subsequent biodegradability assessments for pretreated HTL aqueous by mesophilic and thermophilic biochemical methane potential assays revealed enhancements of 98% and 89%, compared to non-pretreated (control) samples, in specific cumulative methane yields, respectively, at an optimal dose of 0.14 g O₃/g COD. The ratio of 28-day ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (UBOD₂₈)/COD, known as aerobic biodegradability index, increased from 0.54 to 0.95 at the highest ozone dose of 0.18 g O₃/g COD. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant positive impact of ozonation on both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of HTL aqueous. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of ozonation as a pretreatment strategy for enhancing the biological treatability of HTL aqueous, potentially facilitating more efficient downstream biological processes in WWTPs.
EPBs Reading in Experiential Philosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Experiential philosophy is the philosophical basis of cognitive linguistics, emphasizing the result of the interaction between the subject and object in practice.The mind is experiential, which is the core of experiential philosophy.Experiential learning emphasizes the learners, and attaches more importance to the active relationship between experience and experience in the learning process, which provides a theoretical basis for the reading and learning of English picture books (EPBs for short).This paper discusses the theoretical origin and function of EPBs reading from three aspects, the experiential mind, the unconsciousness of cognition and the metaphorical thinking.Some suggestions for reading EPBs are put forward as well.
Source Criticism of the Observation Section in the Astronomical Treatise of Yeolryosilgisul

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We have performed philological analyses and source criticism on the section of astronomical observations in the astronomical treatise in Yeolryosilgisul. The section contains four paragraphs as follows. The first paragraph describes the establishment of the royal astronomical bureau, the construction of an observational station, and the recruits of astronomers. The second paragraph describes an episode where King Sejong regarded the earthquake and comet as portents from the Heaven and while he himself observed the comet as careful responses, he understood the efforts of the astronomers to appoint them as provincial governors of the provinces near to Seoul. The third paragraph states that King Sejong sent them to Ming China to get information on the calendar-making methods and astronomical instruments. The fourth paragraph describes a fact that astronomers were dispatched to the southern and northern ends of the territory to observe the star Canopus. However, our analyses demonstrate that these paragraphs do not agree with historical facts when being compared with authentic historical sources such as the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Hence, we conclude that it may be improper to adopt these statements as historical facts, so that we propose to verify previous historical descriptions made by adopting the statements.
The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History, ed. Alvin Jackson

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is no shortage of surveys of modern Irish history—some of the most respected historians of Ireland have offered such studies, including Roy Foster, J.C. Beckett, Tom Bartlett, F.S.L. Lyons, T.W. Moody and F.X. Martin, Richard English and W.E. Vaughan. So why is there a need for yet another? Notwithstanding previous studies’ achievements, what Alvin Jackson has done with this contribution is provide one of the most extensive overviews of 400 years of Irish history, calling on thirty-six leading scholars from a wide range of scholarly disciplines. Not only that, but, instead of following a well-worn chronological approach, Jackson has included an important ‘thematic’ section in the book, which highlights new approaches and methods of investigation. As such, this is very much a handbook that should be in the possession of anyone studying and researching Irish history—not only does it offer a useful introduction to Irish history and historiography, but it is also a crucial reference work.