jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of NADP derivatives alkylated at 2′‐phosphate and 6‐amino groups

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Reaction of NADP with 3‐propiolactone at pH 6 gave new NADP derivatives carboxyethylated at the 2′‐phosphate or 6‐amino group, or both: 2′‐ O ‐(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphono‐NAD (I), N 6 ‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐NADP (II), and 2′‐ O ‐(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphono‐ N 6 ‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐NAD (III). Their structures were assigned on the basis of ultraviolet, 1 H‐NMR and 31 P‐NMR spectra, and also treatment with nucleotide pyrophosphatase or alkaline phosphatase. Carbodiimide‐promoted reaction of derivative I with 1,2‐diaminoethane gave 2′‐ O ‐[ N ‐(2‐aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]phosphono‐NAD (IV); derivative III gave 2′‐ O [ N ‐(2‐aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]phosphono‐ N 6 ‐[ N ‐(2‐aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]‐NAD (VI). The same reaction of derivative II, on the other hand, gave a mixture of N 6 ‐[ N ‐[ N ‐(2‐aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]‐NADP (Va) and its 3′‐phosphate isomer (Vb). The mixture was converted to Va via the 2′,3′‐cyclic derivative (Vc). Their structures were assigned on the basis of ultraviolet and 1 H‐NMR spectra, and also treatment with alkaline phosphatase or 3′‐nucleotidase. All the NADP derivatives obtained in this work could be reduced with yeast glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase.
Redefining Arabic Poetry: Descriptive Historical Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Poetry has captivated people from ancient times to the modern era, sparking numerous debates, conflicts, and rivalries. This phenomenon has led to the creation of many books, anthologies, newspapers, and magazines. Countless debates have ensued, news and stories have proliferated, and numerous studies have been conducted on this subject from various perspectives and with different objectives. This research examines poetry from the standpoint of its intrinsic values. The article investigates and analyzes the wisdom of studying poetry, its virtues, and its diverse benefits. The aim of this study is to explore the implications of studying and reading poetry, as well as its merits and advantages. The method used is descriptive-historical, based on the selection of relevant events and facts, and the collection of data pertinent to the research objectives. This article begins with an introduction followed by three main sections: first, the virtues of poetry and the wisdom of studying it; second, the benefits of poetry; and third, the appreciation and rewards for poets and their work. The research findings lead to several significant conclusions: high-quality poetry possesses many virtues and benefits, both in terms of human relationships with the divine and with fellow human beings. These include the promise of paradise and receiving prayers and praise from Allah's beloved, Prophet Muhammad SAW. Poetry serves as a means of expressing gratitude to Allah, enhancing understanding of the Quran, and appreciating its eloquence. It brings joy and longing to the hearts of Muslims, inspires courage in the brave, elevates the spirit, comforts the soul, and bolsters moral fortitude. Such aspects of poetry contribute to spiritual well-being, foster acceptance and openness in social life, and serve as a source of great reward and appreciation.
Additional file 1: of Genome rearrangements in Escherichia coli during de novo acquisition of resistance to a single antibiotic or two antibiotics successively

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Table S1. Overview of genomic rearrangement occurring in different samples. Contains information on the combinations of genome rearrangements that appear in samples, as well as correlation with the number of point mutations also identified. (XLSX 19 kb)
Study on genetic variability parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Thirty-two soybean genotypes were assessed to estimate genetic variability parameters in RBD design with three replications during 2021. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variation across the genotypes for each trait studied which showed high variability in experimental material. The higher magnitude (>20%) of GCV and PCV were exhibited by seed yield per plant (33.71% and 35.60%) followed by biological yield per plant (26.64% and 28.47%), number of pods per plant (24.56% and 25.13%) and number of branches per plant (20.24% and 20.75%), respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance showed by seed yield, biological yield, number of pods, number of branches per plant, harvest index, 100-seed weight and plant height, indicating additive gene action and provides the chance for selection-based development of these traits. In this study, higher yield was reported for AUKS 213 (12.44 g) followed by AUKS 259 (11.14 g), AUKS 263 (10.82 g), AUKS 262 (10.44 g) and AUKS 264 (9.99 g) genotypes as per their mean values.
Homoeopathy: medicine or magic?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

guidelines laid down for the profession to follow, and this certainly is an area where public participation and debate must be provided.Nor may the cost-benefit ratio be the only test that is relevant.Some may want to consider the age of the patient, as is done with renal dialysis in Britain.Others may attach weight to the contribution patients make to society or the degree to which they were responsible for their illness.Should haemophiliacs with HIV infection and AIDS be treated any differently from others with the conditions?Should confirmed alcoholics be given an expensive liver transplant if they refuse to give up drink?In Oregon the public expressed interest in 13 social values, but only a few will be incorporated in the process and no one knows yet how it will be done.There remains the problem of deciding how resources should be allocated.Professor Klein is right to stress the need for public and professional involvement, but this will not make the decision process any easier.Many views will be expressed and health authorities will still have the task of reconciling conflicting priorities.Nor can they ignore political realities.Internal market or not, the acute sector is likely to retain the lion's share of funds with the largest amounts still going to the most powerful specialties-those producing the most revenue.If groups like the mentally ill are to be justly treated then central direction combined with ring fenced financing will be needed.Butthe whole process would be greatly facilitated if the NHS were adequately funded.Rationing and resource allocation will be seen to be fair only when Britain devotes as much of its gross national product to health care as does the rest of the European Community.
Perceptual adaptation by normal listeners to upward shifts of spectral information in speech and its relevance for users of cochlear implants

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Multi-channel cochlear implants typically present spectral information to the wrong 'place' in the auditory nerve array, because electrodes can only be inserted part of the way into the cochlea. In effect, the spectral information has been shifted to nerves that typically carry higher frequency information. Simulations indicate that such spectral shifts cause large initial decrements in performance (Dorman et al., 1997; Shannon et al., 1997). However, the extent to which listeners can adapt to such shifts has yet to be investigated. Here, we have simulated the effects of a four- channel implant in normal listeners, using four band-pass noises amplitude-modulated with envelopes derived from the band-pass filtered input signal. We tested performance both with unshifted spectral information and with the equivalent of a 6.5 mm basalward shift on the basilar membrane (corresponding to frequency shifts of 1.3-2.9 octaves, depending on frequency). Three speech identification tests were employed, involving vowels, consonants and sentences. As expected, the unshifted simulation led to relatively high levels of performance (e.g. 64% mean words in sentences correct) whereas the shifted simulation led to very poor results (e.g. 1% mean words in sentences correct). However, performance improved significantly with even small amounts of experience with the shifted signals. After just nine 20-min sessions of connected discourse tracking (3 hours of experience), performance on the intervocalic consonant test had increased to be statistically indistinguishable from performance with unshifted (but still processed) speech. Vowel performance increased significantly, although shifted performance did not reach that obtained with the unshifted speech. The performance on sentences had increased to 30% correct, and listeners were able to track connected discourse of shifted signals without lipreading at rates up to 40 words per minute. Although we do not know if a complete adaptation to the shifted signals is possible, it is clear that short-term experiments seriously exaggerate the long-term consequences of such spectral shifts.
Time‐course of uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon through willow roots in light and in darkness

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from a nutrient solution by willow roots was measured in light and darkness and the distribution in the plant of DIC taken up by the roots was determined. It was also studied whether the transport system could be activated by preincubation with dissolved inorganic carbon. Willow plants ( Salix cv. Aquatica gigantea) grown in hydroponic culture media were preincubated for 2 days with or without 0.74 mM NaHCO 3 . After preincubation, either unlabelled or [ 14 C]‐labelled NaHCO 3 was injected into the media and after 1, 5, 10 and 24 h either in light or in darkness the plants were harvested in pieces into liquid nitrogen, lyophilized and burned in a combustion chamber. 14 C was transported through the roots to the shoots and leaves both in light and in darkness, although incorporation of 14 C in darkness was only half of that in light at the end of the 24‐h feeding period. Both in light and in darkness the amount of 14 C increased in all parts of willow plants with time. In light the rate of labelling was highest into cuttings and shoots. In darkness more than half of the total label was detected in cuttings of both the non‐activated and the activated treatments. In the shoots the middle part was most strongly labelled after 5 and 10 h, but after 24 h 14 C moved towards the base of the shoot. In the leaves at all feeding times most radioactivity was incorporated into the young, fully open leaves on the upper part of the shoots. Preincubation of plants with unlabelled NaHCO 3 in growth media had no clear effect on the rate of DIC uptake either in light or in darkness.
Ultrashort electrical pulses open a new gateway into biological cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Electrical models for biological cells predict that reducing the duration of applied electrical pulses to values below the charging time of the outer membrane causes a strong increase in the probability for electric field interactions with intracellular structures. For electric field amplitudes exceeding MV/m, such pulses are expected to cause electroporation of cell organelles, with the required electric field amplitude scaling linearly with the inverse of pulse duration. Experimental studies, where human cells were exposed to pulsed electric field of up to 300 kV/cm amplitude with duration as short as 10 ns, have confirmed this hypothesis. The observed effects include the breaching of intracellular granule membranes without permanent damage to the cell membrane, abrupt rises in intracellular free calcium levels, and enhanced expression of genes. At increased electric fields, the application of nanosecond pulses induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in biological cells, an effect that has been shown to reduce the growth of tumors. The experimental studies require the use of nanosecond pulse generators with impedances in the range from 10 to 100Omega. Two typical bioelectrics pulse power sources are described
An Experimental Study of Particle Damping for Beams and Plates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an experimental investigation of a particle damping method for a beam and a plate. Tungsten carbide particles are embedded within longitudinal (and latitudinal) holes drilled in the structure, as a simple and passive means for vibration suppression. Unlike in traditional damping materials, mechanisms of energy dissipation of particle damping are highly nonlinear and primarily related to friction and impact phenomena. Experiments are conducted with a number of arrangements of the packed particles including different particle sizes and volumetric packing ratios. The results show that the particle damping is remarkably effective and that strong attenuations are achieved within a broad frequency range. The effects of the system parameters including particle size, packing ratio and particle material are studied by broadband and narrowband random excitations. The experimental results confirm a numerical prediction that shear friction in the longitudinal (and the latitudinal) directions is effective as the major contributing mechanism of damping in the case. Another unique feature of linear decay in free vibrations is also observed in this case of particle damping.
Genetic diversity in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris): influence of historical and prehistorical events

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Genetic diversity of allozymes at 24 loci was studied in 23 populations of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), including three seed orchard populations and an old-growth stand. Overall, the mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus was 2.9, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 92%, and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.105. These values are comparable with diversity measures found in a similar loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) study. Diversity measures of the seed orchard sources and the old-growth stand were similar to those in the other natural seed sources. F statistics indicate very little inbreeding overall (F IS = -0.002) and low differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.041). All measures of genetic diversity were significantly related to longitude; western sources tended to have more allozyme diversity. Since growth or survival are not related to longitude, and no important climatic variables are related to longitude within the natural range of longleaf, it is proposed that the east-west variation in longleaf pine is a result of migration from a single refugium in the west (south Texas or northeastern Mexico) after the Pleistocene.
Isolation of a Peptidyl Factor, α Substance-IA, Inducing Sexual Agglutinability inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

After a eleven-steps purification, a peptidyl factor named α substance-Ia was isolated in pure form from a culture filtrate of α type cells of the heterothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The substance induced the sexual agglutinability in a haploid cells belonging to the opposite mating type at concentrations from 0.4 to 0.8 ng/ml.
[Relative growth of the pancreas in the human fetus].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The relative growth of the pancreas was studied in 30 human fresh fetuses of known age (ranging from 2nd to 3rd trimesters) by using of the allometric method (Y = a X b). The weight of the pancreas (in grams) was correlated to the fetal parameters of maturity: age (in weeks), crown-rump length (in millimeters) and fetus weight (in grams). The growth of the weight of the pancreas presented positive allometry relative to gestational age and C-R length (b = 4.16 and 3.90 respectively), and light positive allometry relative to the weight of the fetuses (b = 1.15). These data are important today because non invasive methods like ultrasonography make possible to investigate the normal prenatal growth of several organs.
Human factors engineering for clinical applications.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This position paper advocates the necessity for promoting a Human Factors Engineering (HFE) approach to new clinical applications in the medical informatics domain. We first describe the negative consequences of NOT using HFE methods for such sensitive applications as medication Computerized Physicians Order Entry systems. We then describe rapidly the HF technology and how it would apply to the healthcare domain. The specific and complex problem of the necessary re-engineering of existing applications is then addressed. We conclude on the mandatory cooperative characteristic of any practical HFE project for designing or re-engineering safety-sensitive clinical applications.
Multiple Spherical Arrays Design for Acoustic Source Localization

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper considers the design and analysis of distributed multiple spherical arrays for acoustic source localization. The proposed multiple spherical array structures are based on the spherical harmonic multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm for multiple acoustic sources localization. The new structures consist of several identical spheres with uniform placement of microphones on each sphere. In this paper, the influence of the size and the distributions of the multiple spheres have been evaluated by using the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method for multiple sources in order to obtain some rules about the spherical array design.
Adhesion of Fusarium oxysporum conidia to tomato roots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The occurence of a binding process between Fusarium oxysporum conidia and the surface of tomato roots was demonstrated in vitro by using a quantitative assay and a serial washing procedure. The number of conidia bound per root unit increased with increasing the concentration of the spores in solution until binding reached saturation. The attachment could be described accurately in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating the existence of a single class of specific, high‐affinity adherence sites on the root surface. No differences were detected in the extent of binding of several strains of F. oxysporum differing either in pathogenicity or in host range. Site‐specific binding of F. oxysporum conidia may be important in securing the fungal spores at the root surface, after which germination and other processes required for colonization can proceed.
Limits to scaling relations between adsorption energies?

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Linear scaling relations have led to an understanding of trends in catalytic activity and selectivity of many reactions in heterogeneous and electro-catalysis. However, linear scaling between the chemisorption energies of any two small molecule adsorbates is not guaranteed. A prominent example is the lack of scaling between the chemisorption energies of carbon and oxygen on transition metal surfaces. In this work, we show that this lack of scaling originates from different re-normalized adsorbate valence energies of lower-lying oxygen vs higher-lying carbon. We develop a model for chemisorption of small molecule adsorbates within the d-band model by combining a modified form of the Newns–Anderson hybridization energy with an effective orthogonalization term. We develop a general descriptor to a priori determine if two adsorbates are likely to scale with each other.
Quantifiers, Knowledge, and Counterfactuals

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many of the motivations in favor of contextualism about knowledge apply also to a contextualist approach to counterfactuals. I motivate and articulate such an approach, in terms of the context‐sensitive ‘all cases’, in the spirit of David Lewis’s contextualist view about knowledge. The resulting view explains intuitive data, resolves a puzzle parallel to the skeptical paradox, and renders safety and sensitivity, construed as counterfactuals, necessary conditions on knowledge.
The Hematopoietic Expression Viewer: expanding mobile apps as a scientific tool

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Summary: Many important data in current biological science comprise hundreds, thousands or more individual results. These massive data require computational tools to navigate results and effectively interact with the content. Mobile device apps are an increasingly important tool in the everyday lives of scientists and non-scientists alike. These software present individuals with compact and efficient tools to interact with complex data at meetings or other locations remote from their main computing environment. We believe that apps will be important tools for biologists, geneticists and physicians to review content while participating in biomedical research or practicing medicine. We have developed a prototype app for displaying gene expression data using the iOS platform. To present the software engineering requirements, we review the model-view-controller schema for Apple's iOS. We apply this schema to a simple app for querying locally developed microarray gene expression data. The challenge of this application is to balance between storing content locally within the app versus obtaining it dynamically via a network connection. Availability: The Hematopoietic Expression Viewer is available at http://www.shawlab.org/he_viewer. The source code for this project and any future information on how to obtain the app can be accessed at http://www.shawlab.org/he_viewer. Contact: cashaw@bcm.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Trifluoroacetic Anhydride Promoted Fragmentation of a γ,γ,γ‐Trifluoro‐β‐(p‐methoxyphenylamino) Sulfoxide.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.