jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Lack of Association of Cytomegalovirus Antibody Level with Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serum samples were collected from 199 patients attending a gynaecological clinic, colposcopy specimens being taken at the same time for routine pathology of paraffin sections which ranged from normal, through the degrees of dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. Other parameters noted were age, number of pregnancies and time since last pregnancy. When level of antibody to cytomegalovirus in each serum sample was tested by ELISA, anti-complement immunofluorescence and neutralisation, no correlation was found between antibody titre and pathological diagnosis. The only interdependence seen was that, as the age of the patients increased, so did the frequency of sero-positivity to cytomegalovirus. Also in the group studied the frequency of carcinoma in situ was not age dependent.
Evaluation of Soil Erosion and Soil Erodibility Factors for Composted Organics on Highway Right-of-Ways

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Runoff and interrill erosion were measured on three composted organics applied at 5-cmand 10-cm depths, a topsoil treatment (15-cm application), and the existing soil on a highwayembankment with a 3 to 1 slope. Treatments were tested immediately after preparation and sixweeks later to allow for the vegetative cover crop to grow. Rainfall simulations were conducted at anaverage intensity of 95 mm/hr. The depth of compost application was a significant factor for runoffrates and infiltration rates of the un-vegetated plots. Compost application depth was not animportant factor in measured interrill erosion rates or calculated interrill erodibility factors for unvegetatedplots. The depth of compost application was not a significant factor on the vegetatedplots. Vegetated compost treatments were effective at reducing runoff rates and interrill erosionrates compared to the topsoil and control treatments. Compost treatments had significantly lowerinterrill erosion rates and interrill erodibility factors compared to topsoil and control treatments on unvegetatedplots.
Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a phase 2 trial involving participants with cutaneous lupus erythematosus, treatment with litifilimab was superior to placebo with regard to a measure of skin disease activity over a period of 16 weeks. Larger and longer trials are needed to determine the effect and safety of litifilimab for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. (Funded by Biogen; LILAC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02847598.).
Quantitative Ratio of Primer Pairs and Annealing Temperature Affecting PCR Products in Duplex Amplification

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The quantity of PCR products that are simultaneously amplified from two different loci in a duplex amplification (DA) are significantly lower for one of the loci, as compared to identical PCR amplification in separate single-band amplifications (SBA). This difference in amplification probably occurs already after the second cycle of amplification. To further analyze this phenomenon, we tested different reaction conditions, including annealing times, a wide range of temperatures, various quantities of the template, several nucleotide concentrations, different amounts of TaqI DNA Polymerase, number of amplification cycles and various amounts of primers and primers ratio. Changing the ratio between the sets of primers in DA had the most significant effect on the relative levels of amplification of the loci with an optimal ratio of 4:1 in favor of the set of primers used to amplify the underrepresented fragment. The optimal annealing temperatures for the tested sets of primers were identical in SBA and different in DA. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
Cytotoxicity of an unprecedented brominated oleanolide and a new furoceramide from the Cameroonian spice, Echinops giganteus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A preliminary study on Echinops giganteus (Asteraceae) showed that the methanolic extract has interesting cytotoxicities against a panel of cancer cell lines. From this extract, a lignan, a flavonoid and a polyacetylenic thiophene identified were three times less cytotoxic than the extract. In the search of the metabolites responsible for the bioactivity, a new harvested E. giganteus was subjected to a phytochemical study using chromatographic methods. In the course of the work, two new compounds: a brominated oleanolide (1) and a tetrahydrofurano-ceramide (2) were obtained along with β-amyrin acetate (3), 2-(penta-1,3-diynyl)-5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-thiophene (4), 2-(penta-1,3-diynyl)-5-(3,4-dihydroxybut-1-ynyl)-thiophene (5) and 4-hydroxy-2,6-di-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-(3.3.0)octane (6). Their structures were determined on the basis of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data in conjunction with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity of 1, 2 and 5 was evaluated by employing resazurin assay against a panel of cancer cell lines with IC50 values in range 6.12 ± 0.46-46.96 ± 3.61 μM.
Comparison of Single and Boosted Protease Inhibitor Versus Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor–Containing cART Regimens in Antiretroviral-Naïve Patients Starting cART After January 1, 2000

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Compared to patients starting an NNRTI-based regimen, patients starting a single-PI regimen were less likely to be virologically suppressed at 3 years after starting cART. These results should be interpreted with caution, because of the potential biases associated with observational studies. Ultimately, clinical outcomes, such as new AIDS diagnoses or deaths, will be the measure of efficacy of cART regimens, which requires the follow-up of a very large number of patients over many years.
A strategy for memory traffic management of bitmap fonts for text visualization in mobile devices

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Document viewer and browser applications have gained attention in the mobile scenario due to the improvement on accessibility and portability of different kinds of information. However, mobile devices are still limited in relation to memory size, processing capacity and battery. Due to these limitations, software engineers that develop mobile applications must find ways to adequate them to the available. In this paper, we describe a strategy to safely manage memory traffic for mobile applications that intensively use bitmap font files, such as a document viewer.
Comparative in Vivo Study on Quality Analysis on Bisacodyl of Different Brands

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Bisacodyl is an organic chemical belongs to the diphenylmethane family that is utilised as a laxative stimulant. To induce a bowel movement, it acts directly on the colon. It is commonly used to treat episodic and chronic constipation, as well as neurogenic bowel dysfunction, and as part of bowel preparation before medical procedures such as a colonoscopy. It has a dual prokinetic and secretory activity and must be converted in the stomach into the active metabolite bis-( p-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridyl2-methane (BHPM) to generate the intended laxative effect. Bisacodyl operates locally in the large bowel by directly improving motility, decreasing transit time, and raising stool water content. The tablets available on the market from various popular brands were chosen for the evaluation based on different quality control tests such as physical appearance, hardness, friability, disintegration time, weight variations, dissolution rate, and potency. The test will be implement of the certain kind of available product such as DULCOFLEX, BISOWEX, BISFLOW and BYLAX-5 which has active contain of 10mg/each respectively. This study is likely to be a point of appreciation in raising awareness among the people and prescriber communities about the importance of having a higher surplus of medicines by selecting the suitable medication from among some sorts of commercial brands which is available in market formulation.
JAK2 V617F down-modulates MPL

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Decreased expression of the thrombopoietin receptor (TPOR or MPL) on the cell surface of platelets and megakaryocytes is an established feature of and myelofibrosis; however, the exact mechanism responsible for this phenomenon has gone largely unexplained. In this issue of Blood, Pecquet and colleagues publish an excellent study revealing that MPL expression is downregulated in the context of the mutant protein, JAK2V617F.
Paired pulse depression of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in rat hippocampal neurons in low-density tissue culture

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Most rapid synaptic inhibition in the vertebrate forebrain is mediated by $\\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting via GABA$\\sb{\\rm A}$ and GABA$\\sb{\\rm B}$ receptors. Regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission is critical for both normal information transfer within the central nervous system and for synaptic plasticity, such as that occurring during learning (including long term potentiation). Modulation of inhibitory neurotransmission is also associated with pathophysiological events, where decreased inhibition can result in hyperexcitability. Synaptic inhibition is very labile and sequential inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 25 msec and 4 seconds routinely demonstrate paired-pulse depression (PPD). The mechanism underlying PPD at inhibitory synapses is presently unknown. However, before the mechanism may be determined, it is first necessary to determine whether PPD is mediated by the presynaptic or postsynaptic cell. The experiments performed in this study were designed to directly determine the location of the mechanism underlying PPD. Evoked IPSCs were recorded between pairs of hippocampal neurons that were simultaneously being recorded with the whole cell patch clamp technique. The neurons were maintained in a low density tissue culture, and isolated pairs of neurons were routinely observed. Therefore, it was possible to measure miniature IPSCs (mIPSCS) originating from the same presynaptic terminals that were being stimulated during evoked release. Robust PPD occurred routinely in this system, but the amplitudes of mIPSCS following IPSCs were unchanged. This direct test of the elemental units of neurotransmission revealed that the mechanism of PPD is located presynaptically. The inability of GABA$\\sb{\\rm B}$ receptor antagonists to block PPD revealed that this form of presynaptic plasticity was not due to autoinhibition of transmitter release via activation of presynaptic GABA$\\sb{\\rm B}$ receptors. However, manipulations which significantly lowered the probability of release of neurotransmitter during the first action potential of a trial, (e.g. lower calcium or baclofen), prevented the development of the PPD routinely observed. Thus, under baseline conditions, inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a relatively high probability of release following a single action potential, but the probability rapidly falls such that subsequent action potentials consistently release much less transmitter for periods as long as 4 seconds.
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ti<SUB>3</SUB>Al Compact Produced by Hot Pressing of Mechanically Alloyed Powder

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The mixture of elemental powder of Ti(70 at%) and Al(30 at%) was offered to a mechanical alloying process. The processed powder was vacuum hot pressed at 1173 K for 3.6 ks under 100 MPa. The compact having relative density of approximately 100% was obtained.The results of X-ray diffraction, TEM observation and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that the compact has an ultra-fine grain (average grain diameter=1.5 μm) structure consisting of Ti3Al intermetallic compound.The compact showed a noticeable high compressive strength (0.2% proof stress=2065 MPa). However, its ductility was rather low (compressive fracture strain was about 5%).During compressive deformation of the compact at 1173 K, a typical dynamic recrystallization which introduce a some extent of grain refinement was observed.Moreover, the compact showed a very large m-value of 0.44 at 1173 K. Then, the compressive deformation of the compact at this temperature was presumably proceeded by superplastic flow which closely related to the dynamic recrystallization behavior.
Valuing Attribution and Publication in Intellectual Property (with C. Sprigman and Z. Burns)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This is the third in a series of articles focusing on the experimental economics of intellectual property. In earlier work, we have experimentally studied the ways in which creators assign monetary value to the things that they create. That research has suggested that creators are subject to a systematic bias that leads them to overvalue their work. This bias, which we have called the 'creativity effect,' potentially results in inefficient markets in IP, because creators may be unwilling to license their works for rational amounts.\nOur prior research, however, like American IP law itself, focused exclusively on the monetary value that creators derive from their work. In this set of experiments, we expand that focus. The same methods used in our previous studies enable us to test the proposition that creators value opportunities for publication and attribution separately from the opportunity for financial remuneration. Although some previous scholarship has provided strong qualitative evidence for the notion that creators value attribution, it has made no effort to quantify that value. The experiments reported in this latest article attempt to do just that.\nThe results reported here suggest that creators are willing to significantly reduce the amount of money they demand to license their IP rights in exchange for the opportunity to receive attribution for their work. These findings shed important light on emerging debates over whether and how American IP law should adopt attribution rights. Perhaps counterintuitively, for reasons explained in the article, our results suggest that adding a default right to attribution to American IP law would more likely worsen, rather than improve, inefficiencies in IP licensing markets. For this reason, we believe that the U.S. should hesitate to adopt an attribution right.
Synthesis and function of 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss Ceratodon purpureus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biosynthesis of all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, was studied using protonemata cultures with labeled 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic) and 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acids as substrates. Both acids were efficiently converted into the acetylenic and into 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Accordingly, the introduction of a triple bond in position 6 of linolenic acid involves formation of a double bond as a discrete step. Acetylenic acid triglycerides are reserve lipids in the moss. Under suitable growth conditions the acetylenic acids are catabolized and partly reused via acetate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. They are not used for more direct syntheses of the common polyunsaturated fatty acids.
A Review of Functional Motifs Utilized by Viruses

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Short linear motifs (SLiM) are short peptides that facilitate protein function and protein-protein interactions. Viruses utilize these motifs to enter into the host, interact with cellular proteins, or egress from host cells. Studying functional motifs may help to predict protein characteristics, interactions, or the putative cellular role of a protein. In virology, it may reveal aspects of the virus tropism and help find antiviral therapeutics. This review highlights the recent understanding of functional motifs utilized by viruses. Special attention was paid to the function of proteins harboring these motifs, and viruses encoding these proteins. The review highlights motifs involved in (i) immune response and post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation, SUMOylation or ISGylation); (ii) virus-host cell interactions, including virus attachment, entry, fusion, egress and nuclear trafficking; (iii) virulence and antiviral activities; (iv) virion structure; and (v) low-complexity regions (LCRs) or motifs enriched with residues (Xaa-rich motifs).
A Modified Forward-Backward Splitting Method for Maximal Monotone Mappings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the forward-backward splitting method for finding a zero of the sum of two maximal monotone mappings. This method is known to converge when the inverse of the forward mapping is strongly monotone. We propose a modification to this method, in the spirit of the extragradient method for monotone variational inequalities, under which the method converges assuming only the forward mapping is (Lipschitz) continuous on some closed convex subset of its domain. The modification entails an additional forward step and a projection step at each iteration. Applications of the modified method to decomposition in convex programming and monotone variational inequalities are discussed.
Mistreatment in Australian medical education: a student-led scoping of experiences

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Evidence of bullying and harassment of medical students and junior doctors has existed for over 30 years. However, there has been little attempt to explore the dimensions of this issue in Australia to date. Given the evidence which indicates that experiencing abusive behaviour has a detrimental effect on professional identity formation and on mental health, the Australian Medical Students’ Association (AMSA) undertook a national scoping study to better understand the experiences of Australian medical students. Methods: We conducted a mixed methods survey of the 16,959 students enrolled in a medical degree at an Australian university in 2015. An anonymous, voluntary online questionnaire was distributed through AMSA’s social media, email newsletter and website, and medical students’ societies. Results: We received 519 responses, including 194 (37%) detailing at least one incident of bullying or harassment. 335 (65%) survey respondents were women and 345 (67%) were in the clinical years of their training. 60% of all respondents reported experiencing or witnessing mistreatment during their medical education. The most common theme in the free text was belittlement of the student’s competence and capacity to be a good doctor. Some gave details about how universities failed to prevent or appropriately respond to students’ experiences of bullying and harassment. Conclusion: In line with international data, this study shows that many Australian medical students perceive mistreatment as an important problem that is not always managed well by faculties. Multi-pronged policy and practice responses are needed to instigate cultural change in Australian medical education.
Barriers to Knowledge for Practice: The Casework Effectiveness Dilemma

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Within the social work community there exists an acknowledged need for evaluating the effectiveness of casework services. This need developed and was sustained over time because of pressure exerted by the profession for internal accountability: understanding practice to improve intervention and insure professional growth. But more recently, evaluation endeavors arose from pressure to demonstrate external accountability: the need to prove the validity of casework services. This shift was produced by the change in casework financing from private voluntary contributions to public tax dollars. Claims made in the early 1960's that expansion of casework services could reduce existing, and prevent future, social problems brought governmental funding of service delivery. But, at the same time, receipt of public tax dollars necessitated verification of those claims to justify the increased support. To this end, the number of casework evaluation studies undertaken since 1962 provides evidence of the field's commitment to answering the basic accountability question, "is casework effective?".\nDespite the field's apparent commitment and increased use of evaluation research, there has been little impact on our understanding of casework effectiveness. Briar identifies four reasons to explain this phenomenon: .. .to ignore the research on effectiveness and try to preserve the faith and confidence that once prevailed .. .that the problem itself is not important .. .to recognize the research findings but then try to explain them away ...cynicism and despair associated with a feeling that social workers are useless \nIn his analysis, Briar correctly describes the field's response to evaluation efforts. However, his analysis (as well as others') fails to identify those dilemmas which help create and maintain the profession's stance toward casework evaluation. To date, no systematic ana!ysis of these dilemmas exists. This article is devoted to that task. While there are no guarantees that identification will lead to eliminating the barriers that prevent adequate evaluation, it seems a necessary first step toward this goal.
Haemoglobinuria in a Case of Cholera

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

RETRODISPLACEMENT OF THE UTERUS Bmorn (e) The various laboratory methods for detecting the function of the liver and bile can be either positive or nega- tive in the presence of the hepatogenic syndrome, and they may or may not correspond to the clinical picture, which aiso may or may not be quite evident.(f) In cases where the above laboratory tests are positive, they may become negative after ventrofixation.(g) Where a retrodisplacement is associated with a hepato- genic syndrome clinically evident and proved by laboratory tests, mastopathy may often be present, the content of oestro- gens is usually above normal, and endometrial biopsy mainly reveals metropathia.These conditions disappear in most cases after ventrofixation with no additional treatment.(h) In our experience the incidence of retrodisplacement is very high among patients suffering from hepatocholecystopathy.(i) The hepatogenic syndrome may or may not be associ- ated with retrodisplacement, and vice versa; also, retrodis- placement, as known, does not necessarily always cause back- ache, lower abdominal pains, and menstrual disorders. ConclusionsRetrodisplacement may very often cause the hepato- genic syndrome.Ventrofixation will in most cases cure the hepatogenic syndrome if this is due only to retro- displacement.If retrodisplacement is not associated with the hepatogenic syndrome ventrofixation alone will either restore periods to normal or assist in the subse- quent treatment with oestrogens.Clinical symptoms are to our knowledge more demon- strative than laboratory tests, which, besides endometrial biopsy, cannot safely assist the diagnosis.