jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SOVEREIGN ACTORS IN AFGHANISTAN: THE STRATEGIC CALCULUS 2001-2021

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Afghanistan is considered the entry point for interventions and an important basis for the strategic objectives of sovereign actors. Due to the lack of national sovereignty, the inefficient political system and its fragile legal system regarding ethnic-tribal crises have created strategic depths for global and regional actors, which they can pursue and implement their objectives. While Afghanistan is a focal point in expanding political, military, and economic exchanges and transactions in its peripheral areas, it has suffered from deep ethnic divisions to the same extent. This major weakness is the basis for interventions by regional actors. This article does not deal with Afghanistan's internal weaknesses and problems but focuses on the strategic goals of sovereign actors in Afghanistan. War on terror, invasion, and creation of military bases in Afghanistan by the US and NATO to control and monitor China, Russia, Iran, and Central Asian countries, have been pursued during the past 20 years. It shows the importance of Afghanistan’s geo-strategic position in western policies, especially for the United States of America.
ARCHETYPAL CHARACTERS IN BEAUTIFUL BOXER AND WHITE CHICKS FILMS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The concern of this study was about the archetypal characters of men characters who transformed into women as portrayed by Toom of Beautiful Boxer and Kevin & Marcus of White Chicks films. This study used Jung’s four major archetypes to find out the types of archetype portrayed by the three men characters and their similarities and differences toward each other. Qualitative research was the research design of this study. The data used in this study were words (narrations and dialogues) related to Toom character taken from the English Subtitle of Beautiful Boxer film and Kevin & Marcus characters of White Chicks film script. This study found the archetypes portrayed by Toom of Beautiful Boxer film were persona, shadow, and anima. Meanwhile, the archetypes of persona and anima were portrayed by Kevin and Marcus of White Chicks film. The similarity of archetype portrayed by Toom, Kevin, and Marcus was that their anima archetype existing from another archetype which led to the difference among the three of them. Toom’s anima was the result of his growing shadow containing his oppressed desire of becoming a real woman, while Kevin and Marcus’ anima came from their persona archetype related to their mission of pretending as women. Based on these findings, this study concluded that shadow archetype affected Toom’s decision of transforming into woman, while persona affected Kevin and Marcus’.
Testing the hypothesis of “translation as a catalyst for plain legislation” on the syntactic level: a comparison of different varieties of legislative Italian

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Translation is often considered as an ally of plain legal language. This corpus-based study sets out to provide empirical support for this hypothesis by comparing different varieties of legislative Italian used in a monolingual context (Italy) and in two multilingual settings (Switzerland and the European Union). The investigation relies primarily on a quantitative analysis of syntax informed by natural language processing (NLP) methods. The results suggest that translated legislation features shorter sentences, fewer nominalizations, an underuse of the passive voice, fewer non-finite clauses, less deep syntactic trees, shorter dependency links, and a preference for the SVO order with an explicit subject. Among the two multilingual contexts, Swiss legislation shows a slightly higher level of accessibility compared to EU directives. A complementary analysis using readability metrics confirms these trends. Nevertheless, in addition to the translation process in multilingual contexts, other latent external variables may have a (hardly quantifiable) impact on the level of accessibility, such as institutional language policies, legal traditions, drafting guidelines, and training programs for translators and language experts.
Mass movements, geotechnical properties, and slope stability in the outer shelf—Upper slope, northwestern Aegean sea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Subbottom profiling (3.5 kHz) in the uppermost slope of the outer shelf of the northwestern Aegean Sea has shown downslope slumping and intense sediment deformation as well as a succession of microslumping within the Late Pleistocene delta sequences. Postdeposition bottom erosion by currents and the overconsolidated sediments (Cu/Po > 1) indicate the termination of deformations a long time ago. Deformation processes are estimated to have been active 18,000–10,000 B.P. Large‐scale active downslope deformations with clockwise sediment block rotation have affected the area as well. These longer‐period deformations are associated with regional neotectonics and older unconformities (i. e., Plio‐Pleistocene) as potential slide planes. Geotechnical properties reflect mainly textural variations and locally (within sapropelic layers) high organic matter content. Relatively high values of shear strength were measured (5–29 kPa) with intermediate sensitivities (2–5), whereas relatively low values of water content (33–81%) were found along the five selective sediment cores. Infinity slope stability analysis revealed that the slopes in the study area are most stable, although theoretical evaluations (Cu estimated from linear regression analysis) indicate relative instability for the potential glide plane at 20 m depth. The outer shelf is covered by compact relict sands, and their gentle and low‐angle (<0.2°) slopes are the most stable region of the investigated area.
Comparative Action of E.C.T. and of Pituitary Anterior Lobe Hormones on Thyroid Function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pickford, M., and Vogt, M. (1951). J. Physiol, 112, 133. Popa, G. T., and Fielding U. (1930). /. Anat., Lond., 65, 88. -(1933). Ibid., 67, 227. Richter, C. P. (1933). Amer. J. Physiol, 106, 80. Sawyer, C. H., Everett, J. W., and Markee, J. E. (1949). Endo crinology, 44, 218. Markee, J. E., and Townsend, B. F. (1949). Ibid., 44, 18. Sayers, G. (1950). Physiol. Rev., 30, 241. and Sayers, M. A. (1947). Endocrinology, 40, 265. -(1948). Rec. Progr. Horm. Res., 2, 81. Vogt, M. (1944). J. Physiol, 103, 317. (1951). Ibid. In press. Westman, A., and Jacobsohn, D. (1938a). Acta path, microbio!, scand., 15, 301. -(1938b). Acta obstet, gynec. scand., 18, 109. Wislocki, G. B. (1937). Anat. Rec, 69, 361. (1938). Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis., 17, 48. and King, L. S. (1936). Amer. J. Anat., 58, 421.
Serum gastrin and its response to secretin in hyperparathyroid patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 36 patients with verified hyperparathyroidism (HPT), serum gastrin and its response to secretin was studied before and after parathyroidectomy. In most of the patients gastric secretion-basal acid output (BAO) and maximal acid output (MAO)--was also studied. Seventeen patients had increased serum gastrin values preoperatively and/or postoperatively. Most of the serum gastrin increases were moderate and all but one of the patients with values above 250 pmol/l had hypochlorhydria. Nine patients had a positive secretin test according to conventional criteria preoperatively or postoperatively, but showed no other signs suggestive of a gastrin-producing tumour. Most of the patients with a serum gastrin increase after injection of secretin had hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria. The BAO/MAO ratio was less than 0.6 in all patients. The results of this study do not support the view that primary HPT is often associated with a gastrin-producing tumour as part of a multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA type I), but indicate that the observed hypergastrinemia in HPT is almost exclusively related to hypo- or achlorhydria. The findings also give reason to doubt the value of the secretin test.
Description of Pallisentis (Pallisentis) Paranandai n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from the Intestine of the Great SNakehead Channa marulius (Hamilton) (Channidae) in the Ganga River, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pallisentis (Pallisentis) paranandai n. sp. is a freshwater fish parasite in the intestine of Channa marulius (Hamilton) (Actinopterygii: Anabantiformes: Channidae) from the Ganga River and its tributaries, the Indian Subcontinent.Our specimens were somewhat similar to those of Pallisentis nandai Sarkar, 1953 originally described from the liver of the leaffish, Nandus nandus (Hamilton) (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Nandidae) from the Ganga River delta at Calcutta.Our description of P.paranandai n. sp.includes morphological, chemical, and molecular information distinguishing it from Pallisentis nandai.Both species, P. paranandai n. sp. and P. nandai, have similar anatomical organization but specimens of P. paranandi n. sp.lack proboscis bumps and undulating membrane lining of the proboscis receptacle found in P. nandai, have larger organs, sensory pores and discs on the proboscis, neck, and trunk not found in P. nandai.They also have different hook and spine chemistry (using EDXA) showing much higher levels of Calcium and Phosphorous and considerably lower levels of Sulfur compared to P. nandai.A comparison with the EDXA pattern of another species of Pallisentis, P. indica Mital and Lal, 1976 showed a distinctly different pattern.The sequencing and analysis of 18S region of ribosomal DNA sequences evaluate the relationship between the new species and other species of Pallisentis in the family Quadrigyridae.The phylogenetic tree of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) were implemented allowing us to validate P. paranandai n. sp. and to suggest that Pallisentis is a monophyletic group.
A compact rational Krylov method for large-scale rational eigenvalue\n problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we propose a new method, termed as R-CORK, for the numerical\nsolution of large-scale rational eigenvalue problems, which is based on a\nlinearization and on a compact decomposition of the rational Krylov subspaces\ncorresponding to this linearization. R-CORK is an extension of the compact\nrational Krylov method (CORK) introduced very recently by Van Beeumen et al. to\nsolve a family of non-linear eigenvalue problems that can be expressed and\nlinearized in certain particular ways and which include arbitrary polynomial\neigenvalue problems, but not arbitrary rational eigenvalue problems. The R-CORK\nmethod exploits the structure of the linearized problem by representing the\nKrylov vectors in a compact form in order to reduce the cost of storage,\nresulting in a method with two levels of orthogonalization. The first level of\northogonalization works with vectors of the same size that the original\nproblem, and the second level works with vectors of size much smaller than the\noriginal problem. Since vectors of the size of the linearization are never\nstored or orthogonalized, R-CORK is more efficient from the point of views of\nmemory and orthogonalization than the classical rational Krylov method applied\ndirectly to the linearization. Taking into account that the R-CORK method is\nbased on a classical rational Krylov method, to implement implicit restarting\nis also possible and we show how to do it in a memory efficient way. Finally,\nsome numerical examples are included in order to show that the R-CORK method\nperforms satisfactorily in practice.\n
Good index behaviour of $θ$-representations, I

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $Q$ be an algebraic group with $q=\Lie Q$ and $V$ a $Q$-module. The index of $V$ is the minimal codimension of the $Q$-orbits in the dual space $V^*$. There is a general inequality, due to Vinberg, relating the index of $V$ and the index of a $Q_v$-module $V/q.v$ for $v\in V$. A pair $(Q,V)$ is said to have GIB if Vinberg's inequality turns into an equality for all $v\in V$. In this article, we are interested in the GIB property of $θ$-representations, where $θ$ is a finite order automorphism of a simple Lie algebra $g$. An automorphism of order $m$ defines a $Z/mZ$-grading $g=g_0+g_1+...+g_{m-1}$. If $G_0$ is the identity component of $G^θ$, then it acts on $\gt g_1$ and this action is called a $θ$-representation. We classify inner automorphisms of $gl_n$ and all finite order autmorphisms of the exceptional Lie algebras such that $(G_0,g_1)$ has GIB and $g_1$ contains a semisimple element.
Prototype 3D-Printed Traps Capture Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Directly into Preservative for Improved Detection of “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum”

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a key pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and other solanaceous crops (Solanales: Solanaceae) as a vector of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" (Lso), the pathogen associated with zebra chip disease of potato. Potato psyllid populations typically are monitored using sticky card traps, and psyllids collected from sticky traps often are subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to monitor the incidence of Lso within psyllid populations. Psyllids collected from sticky traps are often mangled, desiccated, and coated with sticky residue, which may interfere with detection of Lso by PCR. A recently developed prototype 3-dimensional-printed trap that captures insects directly into a preservative (70% ethanol) was previously tested for monitoring psyllid populations. The capture of psyllids directly into a preservative may reduce degradation of DNA or protect specimens from PCR-inhibiting contaminants, thus improving the detection of Lso by PCR. Our goal was to compare the detectability of Lso in psyllids captured into preservative (prototype trap) to that in psyllids removed from sticky card traps. Overall, detection rates were higher in psyllids from the prototype trap than from sticky card traps. This improvement in Lso detection appeared to be partly due to the specimens yielding more DNA of higher quality. Results of this study demonstrate that compared with sticky card traps, a trap that captures psyllids directly into a preservative provides higher quality specimens for collection of molecular data, including pathogen diagnosis, population genetics, and molecular gut content analysis.
The Implementation of a Renewal-Limits Policy at University Libraries, Northern Illinois University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In 1991, the University Libraries of Northern Illinois University implemented a revised policy for renewals of library materials. Various system, staff, and patronrelated concerns required the access services department to adapt to immediate demands, then to seek longterm solutions. This case study examines the initial impact of the new policy, corrections, and new procedures that were adopted over time. It also examines ongoing issues related to renewals policy.
Fiberscope-Based Measurement of Coaptation Height for Intraoperative Assessment of Mitral Valve Repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Restoring adequate coaptation height is a key principle of mitral valve (MV) repair. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of fiberscope (FS) technology to assess MV coaptation height for intraoperative use. Methods Ex-vivo testing was performed on five adult porcine hearts. The left atrium (LA) was resected, and the left ventricle (LV) was pressurized retrograde to 27 ± 1mm Hg. An endoscope was inserted into the LV apex, centered under the MV orifice. An FS system (Milliscope II camera, LED light source, and 0.7 mm diameter × 15 cm long) 90° semirigid scope with 1.2 mm focal length) was mounted above the MV annulus in a custom alignment and measuring fixture. Three blinded measurements were taken at two locations on each MV, A2 and P2 segment, from the top of coaptation to the leaflet edge identified by the FS. Accurate positioning was verified using the LV endoscope. A control (metal rod of similar thickness) was used for comparison, with coaptation height recorded when the control was seen via the endoscope. Results Coaptation heights were similar for the control and FS methods across all hearts at A2 (11.6 ± 2.6 mm control vs 11.8 ± 2.2 mm FS) and P2 (13.3 ± 2.6 mm control vs 13.4 ± 2.9 mm FS) segments, with similar measurement variability (control SD 0.1-1.0 mm; FS SD 0.1-0.9 mm). One outlier was excluded from analysis (n = 19/20). The maximum absolute difference and percent error between measurement methods were less than 1.1 mm (median [IQR], 0.6 [0.3-0.9] mm) and less than 14% (4.1 [2.2-7.6]%). Conclusions Utilization of a miniaturized FS enabled precise and accurate quantification of MV coaptation. This technique is promising for evaluating post-repair valve competence and coaptation height.
A MODIFIED PINHOLE CAMERA MODEL FOR AUTOMATIC SPEED DETECTION OF DIAGONALLY MOVING VEHICLE

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This research applies the Pinhole (PH) Camera Model method to calculate car speed in a video sequence by taking object displacement distance in the frame. The main contribution in this paper is the new calculation method called Diagonal Pinhole (Diagonal-PH). It has a capability in measuring diagonal and zigzag movement. This research considers three scenarios, i.e. overtaking motion, lane changing path and straight-line movement. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results show that the diagonal-PH method provides smaller RMSE than a vertical-PH method for each scenario. This proves that the modified pinhole has better accuracy for car speed detection in all scenarios.
Production of Extracellular Glycogen by Pseudomonas fluorescens: Spectroscopic Evidence and Conformational Analysis by Biomolecular Recognition

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Glycogen is mainly found as the principal storage form of glucose in cells. Many bacteria are able to synthesize large amounts of glycogen under unfavorable life conditions. By combining infrared spectroscopy, single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and immuno-staining technique, we evidenced that planktonic P. fluorescens (Pf) cells are also able to produce glycogen as an extracellular polymeric substance. For this purpose, Pf suspensions were examined at 3 and 21 h of growth in nutritive medium (LB, 0.5 g/L). The conformation of the extracellular glycogen, revealed through its infrared spectral signature, has been investigated by SMFS measurements using Freely Jointed Chain model. The analysis of force versus distance curves showed over growth time that the increase of glycogen production was accompanied by an increase in glycogen contour lengths and ramifications. These results demonstrated that the production of extracellular bacterial glycogen can occur even if the cells are not subjected to unfavorable life conditions.
The priming effect of creativity improves veridical memory in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The priming effect on creativity refers to the more effective creation of new uses for the second (vs. first) object in a two-item task. This, along with veridical memory loss in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm, is related to mental fixation, and both can be improved when attention is given to item-specific features. We studied the cognitive mechanism of this priming effect by utilizing the DRM paradigm with a sample of 91 undergraduates recruited from a university in China. We used a two-item task and the DRM paradigm under rapid and slow presentation conditions to verify our hypotheses by dividing words into high false memory (HFM) and low false memory (LFM) lists. The results showed that the veridical memory of the HFM lists was improved under the slow (vs. rapid) condition for individuals in the high priming effect group, but not for those in the low priming effect group. Implications are discussed.
A density functional theory computational study of the role of ligand on the stability of CuI and CuII species associated with ATRP and SET‐LRP

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and single electron‐transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) both utilize copper complexes of various oxidation states with N‐ligands to perform their respective activation and deactivation steps. Herein, we utilize DFT (B3YLP) methods to determine the preferred ligand‐binding geometries for Cu/N‐ligand complexes related to ATRP and SET‐LRP. We find that those ligands capable of achieving tetrahedral complexes with Cu I and trigonal bipyramidal with axial halide complexes with [Cu II X] + have higher energies of stabilization. We were able to correlate calculated preferential stabilization of [Cu II X] + with those ligands that perform best in SET‐LRP. A crude calculation of energy of disproportionation revealed that the same preferential binding of [Cu II X] + results in increased propensity for disproportionation. Finally, by examining the relative energies of the basic steps of ATRP and SET‐LRP, we were able to rationalize the transition from the ATRP mechanism to the SET‐LRP mechanism as we transition from typical nonpolar ATRP solvents to polar SET‐LRP solvents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4950–4964, 2007
LAND OWNERSHIP: NEW DEMOGRAPHICS, NEW INFORMATION SYSTEM (APPLICATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP STUDIES TO KENT COUNTY, MICHIGAN)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Land use policy unquestionably requires information about land ownership. During the Congressional debate on the Land Use Policy and Planning Assistance Act of 1972, Senator Henry Jackson of Washington recognized the need for land ownership information when he said: "Rational land use planning would be impossible without knowledge of patterns of land ownership within a given area." (1) Yet this information is not generally available for the planning process. Senator Jackson also said: "It seems not only probable, but inevitable that, among the many other benefits of this legislation, the country may expect to obtain fairly soon a system of identifying and classifying the ownership and control of land..." (2) His prediction has not come to pass. This report is essentially a paper on rural land ownership information. It describes the need for land ownership information, specifies the elements of land ownership that are essential to a land ownership study, and proposes a land ownership information system for Kent County, Michigan as a example of its application. The objectives of this report are: (1) To provide the rationale for studies of land ownership; and (2) To provide a systematic approach for gathering data on land ownership.
A public health decision support system framework using approximate reasoning methods

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We describe a comprehensive framework to evaluate infectious disease mitigation strategies. Specifically, this framework is used to design, develop, validate and rapidly deploy a decision support system that can be used by public health experts to identify effective mitigation strategies for an infectious disease outbreak. An outbreak-specific decision support system must satisfy three criteria: reliability (validity of generated results based upon initial conditions), computational efficiency, and adaptability to practical considerations and changes to fundamental knowledge. An important analysis component of this framework is its approximate reasoning methods including soft computing approaches to deal with imprecise modelling data and parameters. This analysis component aids in making the modelling assumptions explicit, improving the understanding of disease mechanisms, and providing sound and timely predictions.