jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modulation of muscle phosphofructokinase at physiological concentration of enzyme.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Two approaches have been used to study the allosteric modulation of phosphofructokinase at physiological concentration of enzyme; a "slow motion" approach based on the use of a very low Mg2+/ATP ratio to conveniently lower Vmax, and the addition of polyethylene glycol as a "crowding" agent to favor aggregation of diluted enzyme. At 0.6 mg/ml muscle phosphofructokinase exhibited a drastic decrease in the ATP inhibition and the concomitant increase in the apparent affinity for fructose-6-P, as compared to a 100-fold diluted enzyme. Similar results were obtained with diluted enzyme in the presence of 10% polyethylene glycol (Mr = 6000). Results with these two approaches in vitro were essentially similar to those previously observed in situ (Aragón, J. J., Felíu, F. E., Frenkel, R., and Sols, A. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 6324-6328), indicating that the enzyme is strongly dependent on homologous interactions at physiological concentrations. With polyethylene glycol it was observed that within the physiological range of concentration of substrates and the other positive effectors, fructose-2,6-P2 still activates the liver phosphofructokinase although it no longer significantly affects the muscle isozyme. In the presence of polyethylene glycol, muscle phosphofructokinase can approach its maximal rate even in the presence of physiologically high concentrations of ATP. Three minor activities of muscle phosphofructokinase have been studied at high enzyme concentration: the hydrolysis of MgATP (ATPase) and fructose-1,6-P2 (FBPase), produced in the absence of the other substrate, and the reverse reaction from MgADP and fructose-1,6-P2. The kinetic study of these activities has allowed a new insight into the mechanisms involved in the modulation of phosphofructokinase activity. The binding of (Mg)ATP at its regulatory site reduces the ability of the enzyme to cleave the bond of the terminal phosphate of MgATP at the substrate site. The positive effectors (Pi, cAMP, NH+4, fructose-1,6-P2, and fructose-2,6-P2) decrease the inhibitory effect of MgATP. Citrate and fructose-2,6-P2 both act as mechanistically "secondary" effectors in the sense that citrate does not inhibit and fructose-2,6-P2 does not activate the FBPase activity, requiring both the presence of ATP to affect the enzyme activity. In conclusion it appears that the regulatory behavior of mammalian phosphofructokinases is utterly dependent on the fact of their high concentrations in vivo.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF DAN KEMANDIRIAN SISWA TERHADAP PENYELESAIAN MASALAH INTEGRAL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ability to think creatively is important for students to have in the mathematics learning process. However, the fact is that students still have difficulty creating novelty when given a problem. This research analyzes students' creative thinking abilities regarding high, medium, and low learning independence in mathematics. This research is a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-pottest design. The subjects of this research were 20 grade 12 students at an Ira College Foundation High School in Medan. The research instruments used were mathematical thinking tests, scales, and attitudes about high, medium, and low learning independence. Data was collected using questionnaires, tests, and interviews. This research shows that subjects with high learning independence can fulfill the creative thinking indicators of fluency, micro, and novelty aspects so they are classified as very creative. Subjects with learning independence are meeting the creative thinking indicators, aspects of fluency, and desire to be creative. Meanwhile, subjects with low learning independence only meet the creative thinking indicators for the fluency aspect and are therefore classified as less creative. These findings complement research related to the importance of independent learning in explaining variations in students' creative thinking abilities
Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Relevance of Genetic Heterogeneity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite advances in biomedicine, the incidence and the mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain high. The majority of HCC cases are diagnosed in later stages leading to the less than optimal outcome of the treatments. Molecular targeted therapy with sorafenib, a dual-target inhibitor targeting the serine-threonine kinase Raf and the tyrosine kinases VEGFR/PDGFR, is at present the main treatment for advanced-stage HCC, either in a single or combinatory regimen. However, it was observed in a large number of patients that its effectiveness is hampered by drug resistance. HCC is highly heterogeneous, within the tumor and among individuals, and this influences disease progression, classification, prognosis, and naturally cellular susceptibility to drug resistance. This review aims to provide an insight on how HCC heterogeneity influences the different primary mechanisms of chemoresistance against sorafenib including reduced drug intake, enhanced drug efflux, intracellular drug metabolism, alteration of molecular targets, activation/inactivation of signaling pathways, changes in the DNA repair machinery, and negative balance between apoptosis and survival of the cancer cells. The diverse variants, mutations, and polymorphisms in molecules and their association with drug response can be a helpful tool in treatment decision making. Accordingly, the existence of heterogeneous biomarkers in the tumor must be considered to strengthen multi-target strategies in patient-tailored treatment.
A Validated LC–MS/MS Method for the Low-Level Determination of Pemafibrate, a Novel SPPARMα, in Plasma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α modulator, is prescribed for patients with dyslipidemia. To investigate other potential nonlipid-related effects of pemafibrate, the sensitive and rapid quantitation method for pemafibrate was required. Results: The developed LC-MS/MS assay method exhibited excellent accuracy, precision, sensitivity, stability, no matrix effect and high recovery. The LOQ (0.05 ng/ml) and run time (6.0 min) were superior to previous reports. The calibration curve showed good linearity over the wide concentration range (0.05-100.00 ng/ml). This validated method was successfully applied in a rat pharmacokinetic study using lower doses (0.02 or 0.10 mg/kg) than have been previously reported. Conclusion: This method can support gathering data for the evaluation of pemafibrate in future studies.
Effects of 4 Weeks of Creatine Supplementation in Junior Swimmers on Freestyle Sprint and Swim Bench Performance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To determine whether 4 weeks of oral creatine (Cr) supplementation could enhance single freestyle sprint and swim bench performance in experienced competitive junior swimmers, 10 young men and 10 young women (x age = 16.4 ± 1.8 years) participated in a 27-day supplementation period and pre- and posttesting sessions. In session 1 (presupple-mentation testing), subjects swam one 50-m freestyle and then (after 5 minutes of active recovery) one 100-m freestyle at maximum speed. Blood lactate was measured before and 1 minute after each swim trial. Forty-eight hours later, height, mass, and the sum of 6 skinfolds were recorded, and a Biokinetic Swim Bench total work output test (2 × 30-sec-ond trials, with a 10-minute passive recovery in between) was undertaken. After the pretests were completed, participants were divided into 2 groups (n = 10, Cr; and n = 10, placebo) by means of matched pairs on the basis of gender and 50-m swim times. A Cr loading phase of 20 g·−1 for 5 days was then instituted, followed by a maintenance phase of 5 g·−1 for 22 days. Postsupplementation testing replicated the presupplementation tests. Four weeks of Cr supplementation did not influence single sprint performance in the pool or body mass and composition. However, 30-second swim bench total work scores for trial 1 and trial 2 increased after Cr (p < 0.05) but not placebo ingestion. Postexercise blood lactate values were not different after supplementation for the 50- and 100-m sprint trials either within or between groups. It was concluded that 4 weeks of Cr supplementation did not significantly improve single sprint performance in competitive junior swimmers, but it did enhance swim bench test performance.
MANAGEMENT FACTORS AND GRASS TETANY IN DAIRY CATTLE

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY The relationship between intensity of production and the occurrence of hypomagnesaemia and grass tetany in dairy cattle was investigated from 1966–1970 at the Ellinbank Dairy Research Station, Warragul, Victoria. Hypomagnesaemla and/or grass tetany occurred in cows grazing at both high (3.2 cows/hectare) and low (2.2 cows/hectare) stocking rates over the four‐year period. Pasture Mg concentrations remained relatively high (0.2% dry matter) throughout this period, except in the low stocking rate pastures in one year, 1967. It is concluded that hypomagnesaemia and grass tetany was precipitated by a combination of low dry matter intake in winter and the effects of a gradual increase in K concentration in autumn and winter pastures, following the heavy application of K fertilizer. Under these conditions, MgO supplementation was inadequate to prevant grass tetany occurring in some animals.
Successful Correction of Velopharyngeal Stress Incompetence in Musicians Playing Wind Instruments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two professional musicians who played wind instruments developed velopharyngeal stress incompetence which prevented them from generating the high intraoral pressures required to play their instruments. In both cases, we did a V-Y pushback with a superiorly-based pharyngeal flap. At 1 1/2 and two years postoperatively, both patients remain free of velopharyngeal incompetence and are actively engaged in their musical careers.
Sub-clinical levels of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder are associated with tobacco consumption in male but not in female smokers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

An abudance of evidence has demonstrated an association between symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tobacco consumption. However, previous research has focused solely on populations meeting full diagnostic criteria for ADHD, despite evidence suggesting that symptoms below diagnostic threshold can be associated with impairment. Furthermore, the role of gender in the relationship between ADHD symptoms and tobacco consumption has not been determined. To examine the relationship between ADHD symptoms, tobacco use, and gender in a non-clinical population, symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity were assessed in 230 undergraduate students (22 male and 45 female smokers, and 66 male and 97 female nonsmokers). Overall, relative to nonsmokers, the smoking subjects reported significantly higher levels of inattention and hyperactivity. In male smokers, both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked daily. This relationship did not hold for female smokers, for whom no association was found between symptoms and nicotine consumption. Findings imply that even sub-clinical levels of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity are related to indices of tobacco use in males, and support previous research suggesting that significant gender differences may exist in tobacco smoking motives. Results also have potential implications for tobacco cessation programs, which may require more individual tailoring.l glutamic pyruvic transaminase is identified in an elderly subject.
Dairy Industry in Ukraine: Evaluation of Business Efficiency

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The paper considers the problem of maintaining priority development of milk processing plants, emphasizing great importance of the formation of evaluation system.The overview of scientific approaches to the definition of the operation of enterprises is done.The importance of the distinction between the effectiveness and efficiency is substantiated.The evaluation of performance on key indicators is developed regarding the main activities of milk processing enterprises in Ukraine, requirements and standards.The areas of company's management to operate successfully under the market conditions are identified.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of the Tubular Secretion Process of Cimetidine in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

At a dose of 100 mg/kg of cimetidine, the area under the plasma concentration per unit dose (AUC/D) was somewhat larger than those of other doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) following bolus intravenous injection in rats. To clarify this phenomenon, the maximum velocity of secretion (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km) for renal excretion were estimated by use of the standard renal clearance method. On the basis of these parameters, the disposition of cimetidine was analyzed by the non-linear 2-compartment model including the tubular secretion process. The observed values of the plasma concentration profile and urinary excretion rate agreed well with the calculated values. Vmax (588.2μg/min/kg) and Km (39.21μg/ml) obtained by the standard renal clearance method were not greatly different from Vmax (397.8μg/min/kg) and Km (62.12μg/ml) obtained by the nonlinear compartment analysis, and the reliability of the model was confirmed. The simulated plasma concentrations based on the linear 2-compartment model agreed well with the values which were simulated based on the non-linear model at doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg. Consequently, it is obvious that the disposition of cimetidine following intravenous injection can be approximated as a linear process under the doses of 50 mg/kg. However, at the dose of 100 mg/kg the simulated values based on the linear model were underestimated for the values obtained from non-linear model, and in these cases the approximation of disposition of cimetidine as a linear process will produce an error.
Structure conformation of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl isoxazole

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, biosynthetically interesting and structurally diverse terpenederived cytotoxic tetrahydropyrans have been isolated from marine organisms.Based on these observations, the synthesis of terpene-derived tetrahydropyrans, such as aplysiapyranoid A have attracted our attention.In the course of our work, however, significant difficulties have been encountered in preparing heterocyclic cores of aplysiapyranoids from δ-unsaturated alkenols.Our data showed, that results from ring closure reactions could not be interpreted in terms of polar effects alone.Therefore, we have focused on an analysis of strain, for instance in heterocycle, as major contribution to the observed experimental difficulties.In principle, strain is caused by distortion.Analysis and quantification of strain therefore should be feasible, if strained.Since tetrahydropyran is the reference of choice for our purposes, but its solid state geometry has until today not been reported, we have carried out a combined crystallographic and computational study in order to analyze and quantify strain in substituted tetrahydropyrans.Thus, eight hexasubstituted tetrahydropyrans were synthesized and subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis to provide data which in turn were used to establish a computational method for satisfactory reproduction of results from X-ray diffraction studies.Next, 23 different methylsubstituted tetrahydropyrans were optimized using molecular orbital calculations.A parameter was defined for quantification and analysis of distortions of the heterocyclic core and axially arranged substituents from the reference values in tetrahydropyran itself.Fundamentals, scope and limitations of this analysis and its implications on the total synthesis of the aplysiapyranoids are discussed in detail in the present contribution.
[The low-amplitude elements of the ECG in diabetic patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To estimate the rate of changes in low-amplitude elements of the ECG (P wave greater than or equal to 120 ms, distance between its bifurcate peaks greater than 30 ms, P of the terminal index greater than 1.5 microV/s, corrected according to Bazett's formula, PQ interval greater than 200.0 ms, T-U segment displaced downwards from the isoline, negative, biphasic U wave), the additionally enhanced ECGs (1 mV = 50 mm) were recorded in 137 patients suffering from type I diabetes mellitus (DM) without the clinical signs of heart damage (CSHD), in 35 patients with type II DM, in 83 with diabetic myocardiodystrophy (DMD) associated with type I DM and 115 in association with type II DM, in 19 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the presence of type I DM, and in 83 patients suffering from CHD and type II DM. It has been established that changes in low-amplitude elements of the ECG may occur in 55-60% of patients suffering from DM without CSHD, 79-80% of patients with DMD, and in 90-100% of patients with CHD in the presence of DM versus 18.2% in the control group of normals (110 test subjects). In most cases, the changes in the atrial complex of the ECG are not coupled with those seen in the TU-U complex in patients suffering from DM without CSHD and DMD and may be coupled in patients suffering from CHD and DM. The increasing rate of the changes in the P complex together with those in TU-U was ascertained in patients suffering from DM without CSHD, DMD, CHD in the presence of both type I and type II DM. The DM type did not exert any appreciable effect on the characteristics or the rate of changes in low-amplitude elements of the ECG.
Whooping-cough: Difficulties in Diagnosis and Ineffectiveness of Immunization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 1964, in general practice in Peeblesshire, we found that a type of paroxysmal cough had spread widely among the older children at one village school before a diagnosis of whooping cough was made. Very few of the children were seen by their doctors in the earliest phase of this epidemic. Those affected were in the 8 to 12 age group and had not been immunized against pertussis. In the children below the age of 8 years pertussis immuniza tion was at this time believed by us to be virtually complete. (We subsequently discovered that 7 children out of 108 in this age group had had no immunization whatever against pertussis.) Because of this high immunization rate and because of the large proportion of older children already showing symptoms, the medical officer of health permitted cases and suspect cases to continue attending school unless the severity of their illness made it necessary for them to be absent. When one or two of the immunized children developed similar coughs we saw an opportunity to study the effectiveness of the protection given by immunization. We therefore charted the subsequent spread of the infection through the families of the village. Advantage was taken of the fact that at this particular time a trainee assistant was attached to each of the two practices which provided medical services for this village. The object of the study was to find out if the immunization which the family doctors had given prevented attacks of pertussis and limited its spread. Subsidiary objects were to act as a training exercise in the planning of research in general practice for the benefit of the trainee assistants and to assess the diagnostic value of pernasal swabs, since it was necessary to confirm that the causal organism was Bordetella pertussis.
The Analysis and Research for the Laser Beam through Random Atmosphere Channel

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In free space optical communication system, the characteristics of atmosphere affect laser transmission. These effects include absorption and dispersion of aerosol, dust, frog, rain, haze when laser beam through atmosphere. The laser power attenuation of the absorption and dispersion is introduced. Then the turbulence and its influence of flicker, bend and abruption are analyzed. At last the experiment research system and the test method are given. The experiments are carried out at the different air condition at the same time, in the different time at the same day and in the different visibility condition. The results are in accordance with theoretical analysis
Collaboration and informal hierarchy in innovation teams: Product introductions in entrepreneurial ventures

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Research Summary Although stars may be particularly innovative, building teams to collaborate with them can be difficult. Coordinating efforts between stars and non‐stars may be especially complex in new venture, which rely on informal hierarchy to manage organizational tasks. We investigate how a venture's success at introducing new products may be influenced by the extent to which company founders and star performers are involved in co‐developing new technologies. By analyzing innovation teams within a sector of the medical device industry from 1986 to 2007, we find that combining both star inventors and founder‐inventors on a venture's innovation team may limit product introductions. Our results highlight the importance of organizational design in managing coordination and resource allocation in a venture setting and suggest important boundary conditions when stars may impede, rather than benefit, innovation. Managerial Summary Designing an innovation team can be challenging for new ventures. While the presence of a technologically proficient founder or highly accomplished inventor can significantly bolster a new venture's innovation efforts, our results indicate that these roles must be carefully managed to prevent conflicts between them. Our findings suggest that founders who hire star inventors should establish a clear hierarchy of decision‐making within innovation teams, while also offering greater autonomy to the star inventor in matters concerning innovation leadership and product development. We also suggest that it may be advantageous for founders to hire star inventors with prior experience working in new ventures as opposed to older, established organizations. Overall, our study indicates that new ventures need to exercise caution in hiring and managing star employees.
Coleus vettiveroides K.C. Jacob; Botany and Pharmacognosy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Coleus vettiveroides K.C. Jacob (Lamiaceae) is an important drug in the indigenous systems of medicine. Its roots are included in the single drug list of the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, as Hrivera in Sanskrit and in the Siddha Formulary as Kuruver in Tamil. Coleus vettiveroides is not widely distributed in India, but is endemic to Tamil Nadu, and under cul tivation in certain places of Tamil Nadu. Since not much information is available on this plant, both the botanical and the pharmacognostical aspects have been studied along with microscopical characteristics of the roots, which would be useful for authentication.