jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Banana peduncle: to waste or not to waste?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Banana peduncle from Musa cavendishii was studied for its components and utilization into high value added products. Fiber and juice were found to be the main components and these were extracted by means of retting and by mechanical press, respectively. The cell length of peduncle fiber is longer than those from other non-wood materials and classifies it as a long fiber. The tensile strength of the inner fiber (5.18 kg f/gm) is comparable to water lily fiber. Peduncle fiber has high holocellulose content (approximately 75.0%), alpha cellulose (51.72-58.90%) and hemicelluloses (15.92-16.77%). Peduncle juice was found to be 80% by fresh weight, has high total Polyphenol content (342.89 micro g GAE/mL) and high contents of potassium (425.80 mg/100 mL) and sodium (455.20 mg/100 mL). Peduncle juice showed no adverse effects in acute oral toxicity tests in mice. Dried fiber was utilized for dietary fiber enrichment of meat products, in addition to some identified functional properties, for manufacture of fiber boards, for pulp and paper, for micro cellulose production and for compost. The juice was added to ready-to-drink calamansi for potassium ion and Polyphenol fortification, used as potassium supplement in hydroponics of various salad greens, as liquid potassium fertilizer for banana and other high value crops. Based on the limited fertilization experiments, peduncle juice plus a nitrogen source like urea gives more biomass and higher marketable yield. From all these results, banana peduncle should not be left to waste. The various products shown to be derived from this material can supplement income of farmers and create new enterprises using simple technologies.
Spectral dimension of a wire network

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

By a rigorous analysis for diffusion on a wire network the spectral dimension of a fractal is shown to be independent of the local structure. It is discussed that diffusion does not occur when the lattice spacing tends to zero on such a fractal that the spectral dimension is less than the Hausdorff dimension if a free field on the fractal exhibits a certain long distance behaviour. For a Sierpinski carpet, the spectral dimension is evaluated within bond-moving approximation (Migdal-Kadanov renormalisation). As a result, the author obtains a value smaller than the Hausdorff dimension.
The Effects of Path Dependence and Economy of Scale in Russian legislature

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

He paper presents the results of the regular monitoring of the legislative process in the Russian Federation, which is carried out at the Institute of Economics, RAS since 2008. An original database of Russian federal (federal constitutional) laws' attributes 'LAWSTREAM.RU' (open access www.inecon. ru & www.kirdina.ru) is used. The database is formed on the basis of two open sources: the official website of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the online version of the legal system 'ConsultantPlus'. It covers the period from 1994 to 2014. The average term from initiating a bill to its enactment, the type of activities that laws regulate, the structure of actors who initiated laws, the ratio of new laws and amendments to existing legislation are analyzed. Increasing returns and path dependence effects in the legislative sphere of modern Russia are presented.
Reversal of narcotic depression in the neonate by nalozone.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Naloxone 40 mug was administered intravenously one minute after birth to 20 out of 44 neonates whose mother had been given pethidine in labour. These neonates were compared with 20 others whose mothers had had only lumbar epidural block. Alveolar PCO2, alveolar ventilation, and ventilatory rate were measured 10 and 30 minutes after birth. The untreated neonates of mothers who had had pethidine showed significant ventilatory depression compared with infants in the epidural and naloxone-treated groups. The naloxone-treated neonates were comparable with the epidural group, although the effects of naloxone were diminishing at 30 minutes. Naloxone is an effective narcotic antagonist which should be considered to be the drug of choice for treating narcotic depression in the neonate.
Examining the Linkage of Academic Performance and Attention by Uddin's Numeral Finding and Typo Revealing Tests: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in Undergraduate Students of Bangladesh

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background: Attention is the state of applying the concentration to something and it's strongly linked to academic performance. The drive of this study was to analyze the academic performance and attention of undergraduate students. Methods: The study was implemented on 139 undergraduate students of Bangladesh selected from 9 universities from April to August 2018. In this study to investigate the attention of the students, the Uddin’s Numeral Finding (NF) and Typo Revealing (TR) tests were used. Results: In the NF test male students with last semester cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of 3.47 (highest) exerted the maximum 40% attention but female students exerted only 33.3% attention and their last semester CGPA was 3. Students with age > 22 years exerted maximum, 70.55%, and 35.2% attention in NF and TR tests respectively with last semester CGPA of 3.56 (maximum). In the NF and TR tests, highest, 89.73%, and 50.33% attention respectively were reported by 1st-year students with last semester CGPA of only 3.70. High-socioeconomic status students with last semester CGPA of 3.43 (lowest) exerted maximum 75.30% attention in NF test. There were no significant associations between variables. Conclusion: Attention is a very rudimentary function that often is a forerunner to cognitive functions. Individual differences in academic performance have been linked to differences in attention and intelligence.
Mobile Multimedia for Speech and Language Therapy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aphasia is a speech disorder usually caused by stroke or head injury (Armstrong, 1993). Related communication difficulties can include word finding, speaking, listening, writing, and using numbers (FAST, 2004). It is most commonly acquired by people at middle age or older, as a result of stroke or other brain injury. Speech and language therapy is “the process of enabling people to communicate to the best of their ability” (RCSLT, 2004). Treatment, advice, and support are provided based on assessment and monitoring activities that conventionally are carried out in face-to-face sessions. This chapter considers issues in providing technology to continue to support aphasic patients between therapy sessions, through multimedia applications for drill-and-practice in vocalizing speech sounds. Existing paper therapy aids are generally designed to be used under the guidance of a therapist. Multimedia applications enable people with aphasia to practise spoken language skills independently between sessions, and mobile multimedia speech and language therapy devices offer still greater promise for blending treatment and support into an aphasic person’s daily life.
Developing a national emergency department data reference set based on SNOMED CT

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Emergency departments around Australia use a range of software to capture data on patients' reason for encounter, presenting problem and diagnosis. The data collected are mainly based on descriptions and codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Australian modification (ICD-10-AM), with each emergency department having a tailored list of terms. The National E-Health Transition Authority is introducing a standard clinical terminology, the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), as one of the building blocks of an e-health infrastructure in Australia. The Australian e-Health Research Centre has developed a software platform, Snapper, which facilitates mapping of existing clinical terms to the SNOMED CT terminology. Using the Snapper software, reference sets of terms for emergency departments are being developed, based on the Australian version of SNOMED CT (SNOMED CT-AU). Existing software systems need to be able to implement these reference sets to support standardised recording of data at the point of care. As the terms collected will be part of a larger terminology, they will be useful for patients' admission and discharge summaries and for computerised clinical decision making. Mapping existing sets of clinical terms to a national emergency department SNOMED CT reference set will facilitate consistency between emergency department data collections and improve the usefulness of the data for clinical and analytical purposes.
Interpreting sea surface temperature from strontium/calcium ratios in Montastrea corals: Link with growth rate and implications for proxy reconstructions

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We analyzed strontium/calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) in four colonies of the Atlantic coral genus Montastrea with growth rates ranging from 2.3 to 12.6 mm a −1 . Derived Sr/Ca–sea surface temperature (SST) calibrations exhibit significant differences among the four colonies that cannot be explained by variations in SST or seawater Sr/Ca. For a single coral Sr/Ca ratio of 8.8 mmol mol −1 , the four calibrations predict SSTs ranging from 24.0° to 30.9°C. We find that differences in the Sr/Ca–SST relationships are correlated systematically with the average annual extension rate (ext) of each colony such that Sr/Ca (mmol mol −1 ) = 11.82 (±0.13) – 0.058 (±0.004) × ext (mm a −1 ) – 0.092 (±0.005) × SST (°C). This observation is consistent with previous reports of a link between coral Sr/Ca and growth rate. Verification of our growth‐dependent Sr/Ca–SST calibration using a coral excluded from the calibration reconstructs the mean and seasonal amplitude of the actual recorded SST to within 0.3°C. Applying a traditional, nongrowth‐dependent Sr/Ca–SST calibration derived from a modern Montastrea to the Sr/Ca ratios of a conspecific coral that grew during the early Little Ice Age (LIA) (400 years B.P.) suggests that Caribbean SSTs were >5°C cooler than today. Conversely, application of our growth‐dependent Sr/Ca–SST calibration to Sr/Ca ratios derived from the LIA coral indicates that SSTs during the 5‐year period analyzed were within error (±1.4°C) of modern values.
ICS Software Protection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Industrial Control System (ICS) cyber security is weak and exploitable. As evidenced by STUXNET’s attack on the Iranian Natanz1 nuclear facility in 2010 and others since global critical infrastructure is in danger of cyber attack. The problem stems from the growth of industrial management systems over three distinct generations that moved process management systems from manual to fully networked controls and sensors. In many cases the transition has been poorly managed and proper IT management techniques were not employed. In others, the software and hardware systems are so fragile that any change or unexpected access can crash or otherwise render them useless. These instabilities, both caused by poor management and weak equipment open large security holes that allow hackers to exploit critical systems with potentially disastrous results. For example, a petroleum distillery could be made to vent and burn excess gas at a time where it could potentially destroy the facility or perhaps take down entire electrical grids, inconveniencing and possibly causing significant harm.
In Situ Spectroscopic Probing of Polarity and Molecular Configuration at Aerosol Particle Surfaces

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The growth of aerosol particles in the atmosphere is related to chemical reactions in the gas and particle phases and at aerosol particle surfaces. While research regarding the gas and particle phases of aerosols is well-documented, physical properties and chemical reactivities at aerosol particle surfaces have not been studied extensively but have long been recognized. In particular, in situ measurements of aerosol particle surfaces are just emerging. The main reason is a lack of suitable surface-specific analytical techniques for direct measurements of aerosol particles under ambient conditions. Here we develop in situ surface-specific electronic sum frequency scattering (ESFS) to directly identify spectroscopic behaviors of molecules at aerosol particle surfaces. As an example, we applied an ESFS probe, malachite green (MG). We examined electronic spectra of MG at aerosol particle surfaces and found that the polarity of the surfaces is less polar than that in bulk. Our quantitative orientational analysis shows that MG is orientated with a polar angle of 25°-35° at the spherical particle surfaces of aerosols. The adsorption free energy of MG at the aerosol surfaces was found to be -20.75 ± 0.32 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that at the air/water interface. These results provide new insights into aerosol particle surfaces for further understanding the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere.
ARCHAEOLOGY AND COMMUNITY IN JORDAN AND GREATER SYRIA: Traditional Patterns and New Directions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From its inception, archaeology was perceived as the domain of expert practitioners of the scientific method. The history of disjuncture between archaeological site research and local community development springs from the myths of Western scientific superior knowledge. The archaeologist-scientist-expert came armed with scientific method to excavate samples and take his reports back to Europe/America for fellow scholars. This early stereotype of the negative relationship between archaeology and community was passed on from the colonial period to the era of nationalization. The new national antiquities authorities inherited the disconnection between archaeology and local communities as the status quo. Though treated in a global context, this paper focuses on the history of this stereotype in the Levant, but gives an optimistic view of the present and future trend towards greater inclusion, using the Umm el-Jimal Project as a case in point.
Lower responsiveness of canopy evapotranspiration rate than of leaf stomatal conductance to open‐air CO2 elevation in rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract An elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([ CO 2 ]) can reduce stomatal conductance of leaves for most plant species, including rice ( O ryza sativa L.). However, few studies have quantified seasonal changes in the effects of elevated [ CO 2 ] on canopy evapotranspiration, which integrates the response of stomatal conductance of individual leaves with other responses, such as leaf area expansion, changes in leaf surface temperature, and changes in developmental stages, in field conditions. We conducted a field experiment to measure seasonal changes in stomatal conductance of the uppermost leaves and in the evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation rates using a lysimeter method. The study was conducted for flooded rice under open‐air CO 2 elevation. Stomatal conductance decreased by 27% under elevated [ CO 2 ], averaged throughout the growing season, and evapotranspiration decreased by an average of 5% during the same period. The decrease in daily evapotranspiration caused by elevated [ CO 2 ] was more significantly correlated with air temperature and leaf area index (LAI) rather than with other parameters of solar radiation, days after transplanting, vapor‐pressure deficit and FAO reference evapotranspiration. This indicates that higher air temperatures, within the range from 16 to 27 °C, and a larger LAI, within the range from 0 to 4 m 2 m −2 , can increase the magnitude of the decrease in evapotranspiration rate caused by elevated [ CO 2 ]. The crop coefficient (i.e. the evapotranspiration rate divided by the FAO reference evapotranspiration rate) was 1.24 at ambient [ CO 2 ] and 1.17 at elevated [ CO 2 ]. This study provides the first direct measurement of the effects of elevated [ CO 2 ] on rice canopy evapotranspiration under open‐air conditions using the lysimeter method, and the results will improve future predictions of water use in rice fields.
On Primitive Covering Numbers

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In 2007, Zhi-Wei Sun defined a \emph{covering number} to be a positive integer $L$ such that there exists a covering system of the integers where the moduli are distinct divisors of $L$ greater than 1. A covering number $L$ is called \emph{primitive} if no proper divisor of $L$ is a covering number. Sun constructed an infinite set $\mathcal L$ of primitive covering numbers, and he conjectured that every primitive covering number must satisfy a certain condition. In this paper, for a given $L\in \mathcal L$, we derive a formula that gives the exact number of coverings that have $L$ as the least common multiple of the set $M$ of moduli, under certain restrictions on $M$. Additionally, we disprove Sun's conjecture by constructing an infinite set of primitive covering numbers that do not satisfy his primitive covering number condition.
Conformational and immunochemical analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragments of thermolysin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational and immunochemical analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragments of thermolysinClaudio Vita, Angelo Fontana, Jonathan R. Seeman, and Irwin M. ChaikenCite this: Biochemistry 1979, 18, 14, 3023–3031Publication Date (Print):July 10, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 10 July 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00581a018https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00581a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views16Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Peak effect in the superconducting mixed state of bulk Mo-Re alloys: A dc magnetization study

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We have observed, in our dc magnetization studies, the peak effect (PE) in the superconducting mixed state of two compositions, Mo0.825Re0.175 and Mo0.8Re0.2, of the binary alloy system Mo1−xRex. The PE occurs close to the H c2(T) line at temperatures below T C, similar to the well studied compound CeRu2. A detailed investigation of the various characteristics of this peak effect and a comparison with other superconductors of current interest show that the observed behaviour can be explained within the realm of critical state models of hard type-II superconductors. Our results show that the anomalies reported in CeRu2 and NbSe2 are not universal to materials showing a PE close to the H c2(T) line and may, therefore, have an important bearing on the phenomenology of type-II superconductors.
Identification of Novel Clinical Factors Associated with Hepatic Fat Accumulation in Extreme Obesity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives. The accumulation of lipids stored as excess triglycerides in the liver (steatosis) is highly prevalent in obesity and has been associated with several clinical characteristics, but most studies have been based on relatively small sample sizes using a limited set of variables. We sought to identify clinical factors associated with liver fat accumulation in a large cohort of patients with extreme obesity. Methods. We analyzed 2929 patients undergoing intraoperative liver biopsy during a primary bariatric surgery. Univariate and multivariate regression modeling was used to identify associations with over 200 clinical variables with the presence of any fat in the liver and with moderate to severe versus mild fat accumulation. Results. A total of 19 data elements were associated with the presence of liver fat and 11 with severity of liver fat including ALT and AST, plasma lipid, glucose, and iron metabolism variables, several medications and laboratory measures, and sleep apnea. The accuracy of a multiple logistic regression model for presence of liver fat was 81% and for severity of liver fat accumulation was 77%. Conclusions. A limited set of clinical factors can be used to model hepatic fat accumulation with moderate accuracy and may provide potential mechanistic insights in the setting of extreme obesity.
Subtilisin-Catalyzed Synthesis of Amino Acid and Peptide Esters. Application in a Two-Step Enzymatic Ligation Strategy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We describe an efficient enzymatic approach to the synthesis of amino acid and peptide esters. The serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg (EC 3.4.21.62) was found to efficiently catalyze the specific formation of C(alpha)-carboxyl 3-hydroxypropyl or 4-hydroxybutyl esters of certain Boc-amino acids and peptides in high-content 1,3-propanediol or 1,4-butanediol solution, with substrate specificity parallel to that of the normal hydrolytic reaction. This approach can be coupled with kinetic-control reverse proteolysis in a two-step enzymatic peptide ligation scheme. [reaction: see text]