jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Incremental Learning of YOLOv3 Without Catastrophic Forgetting for Smart City Applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep learning models have revealed outstanding performance on image classification and object detection tasks. However, there is a crucial drop in performance when they are subject to learn new data incrementally in the absence of previous training data. They suffer from catastrophic forgetting—abrupt drop in performance. This phenomenon affects the implementation of artificial intelligence in practical scenarios. To overcome catastrophic forgetting, the previous method has either saved previous data in memory or generated the previous data. However, these methods are computationally complex and infeasible for real-time applications. In this article, we proposed the YOLOv3 as an object detection framework for incremental learning. A knowledge distillation loss is introduced for the prediction of previously learned knowledge without utilizing previous training data. Consequently, these predictions are updated while learning the current model. Experimental results on the Pascal VOC2007 indicate that the proposed method significantly improved the mean average precision up to 74% for two classes in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods.
Void formation during early stages of passivation: Initial oxidation of iron nanoparticles at room temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The examination of nanoparticles allows study of some processes and mechanisms that are not as easily observed for films or other types of studies in which sample preparation artifacts have been the cause of some uncertainties. Microstructure of iron nanoparticles passivated with iron oxide shell was studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field imaging in aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Voids were readily observed on both small single-crystal α-Fe nanoparticles formed in a sputtering process and the more complex particles created by reduction of an oxide by hydrogen. Although the formation of hollow spheres of nanoparticles has been engineered for Co at higher temperatures [Y. Yin, R. M. Riou, C. K. Erdonmez, S. Hughes, G. A. Somorjari, and A. P. Alivisatos, Science 304, 711 (2004)], they occur for iron at room temperature and provide insight into the initial oxidation processes of iron. There exists a critical size of ∼8nm for which the iron has been fully oxidized, leading to a hollow iron-oxide nanoparticle. For particles larger than the critical size, an iron/iron-oxide core-shell structure was formed and voids reside at the interface between the oxide shell and the iron core. The present observation provides new insight for tailoring of metal/metal-oxide core-shell structured nanoparticles for applications related to optics, magnetism, and nanoelectronics.
Determining the Mechanisms of Resistance to Drug Combinations and their Fitness Effects in Candida albicans

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The evolution of drug resistance is occurring rapidly and threatening our arsenal of antimicrobials. This is a poignant issue with antifungals, whose targets are limited due to conservation between fungi and the human host. A promising strategy is to enhance effectiveness of our current antifungals using combination therapy. Adding an inhibitor of one of the key stress response proteins, Hsp90 or calcineurin, to an antifungal azole renders the activity of the azole fungicidal and abrogates azole resistance. However, evidence from clinical isolates indicates that resistance to the drug combination can still arise. Determining the mechanisms of resistance to these drug combinations and their fitness effects will provide information about how resistance can occur and whether it is likely to spread in a population. To address what mechanisms of resistance can arise to drug combinations, I evolved strains of the leading fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, and its genetically tractable relative Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the presence of an azole and the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GdA) or the calcineurin inhibitor FK506. The vast majority of strains (286) went extinct, however, I identified and validated mechanisms of resistance in 13 strains. A variety of resistance mechanisms were found, from well-established resistance mechanisms to novel ones. To address the fitness effects of resistance to an azole in combination with GdA or FK506, I took advantage of these C. albicans in vitro evolved strains and a series of C. albicans clinical isolates that transition to Hsp90- and calcineurin-independent azole resistance. I determined that resistance to the drug combination is often but not universally costly in the absence of drug and in novel, clinically relevant stress environments. Together these results provide a basis for our understanding of key parameters for the evolution of resistance to drug combinations: the variety of mechanisms that encompass resistance, and their fitness costs.
Current status of nerve growth factor antibodies for the treatment of osteoarthritis pain.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF) with antibodies is a promising strategy for treatment of chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA). This narrative review describes the current status of NGF-blockade for the treatment of OA pain. We summarise briefly current evidence for the efficacy and risks of anti-NGF blockade. Two anti-NGF antibodies, tanuzemab and fasinumab, are in active development, with tanuzemabclose to completing Phase 3 trials in preparation for an application for approval for clinical use.
“I Am Still a Refugee!” Displacement and Transnational Activism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter explores the trajectory and experience of a refugee profoundly shaped by the interplay between human agency and shifting geopolitical configurations and refugee/migration regimes in various historical contexts. Drawing upon materials from a life history project about Father Nguyễn Văn Hùng, this chapter centres on his personal journey as one of the Vietnamese “boat people” in the late 1970s, who later became a migrant rights advocate in Taiwan for over three decades. Father Nguyễn’s life history serves as a testimony to the impact of colonialism, the entanglement of the civil war and the Cold War, and the subsequent era of globalisation on the lives of ordinary Vietnamese. Simultaneously, it demonstrates his enduring aspiration for freedom and his identity as both a Vietnamese refugee and a dedicated human rights advocate. Through a nuanced analysis of Father Nguyễn’s life history, this chapter sheds light on the politics of humanitarianism and the varied approaches adopted by different countries, such as Japan, Australia, and Taiwan, in addressing Vietnamese refugees. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into the multifaceted forms of Vietnamese community building and transnational activism that have emerged and evolved in response to the changing patterns and dynamics of migration.
Inhibitors of the IMPDH Enzyme as Potential Anti-Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Agents

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ribavirin and mycophenolic acid (MPA) are known inhibitors of the IMPDH enzyme (E.C. 1.1.1.205). This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthine monophosphate, leading eventually to a decrease in the intracellular level of GTP and dGTP. The antiviral effect against bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) of 15 analogues related to MPA was determined. MDBK cells were infected with the cytopathic strain of BVDV in presence or absence of test compounds. Viral RNA was extracted from the cell supernatant fluids and quantified by RT-PCR. Ribavirin showed a potent antiviral effect against BVDV with 90% effective concentration (EC 90 ) of 4 μM. MPA along with several analogues, including both its corresponding aldehyde and alcohol, and modifications in the length of the side chain (C2- and C4-derivatives) were tested. We have identified previously unreported IMPDH inhibitors that have potent anti-BVDV activity, namely: C6-MPAlc (5), C6-MPA-Me (7), C4-MPAlc (8), C4-MPA (10) and C2-MAD (20). Most of these compounds inhibited the IMPDH enzyme in the nanomolar range (4–800 nM) in cell-free assays. Some compounds, such as mizoribine, which is a potent inhibitor of IMPDH in vitro (enzyme 50% inhibitory concentration IC 50 =4 nM), had no detectable anti-BVDV activity up to 100 μM. The compounds were essentially non-toxic to a confluent monolayer of MDBK cells. However, in exponentially growing cells, they showed minimal toxicity at 100 μM over a 24 h period, but the toxicity was more pronounced after 3 days [50% cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) value ranged from 5 to 30 μM].
Prediction of prostate tumor aggressiveness by DCE-MRI perfusion biomarkers and latent variables estimation methods

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Poster: ECR 2018 / C-0452 / Prediction of prostate tumor aggressiveness by DCE-MRI perfusion biomarkers and latent variables estimation methods by: E. Aguado-Sarrio, R. Sanz-Requena, L. Marti-Bonmati , J. M. Prats-Montalban, A. Ferrer-Riquelme; Valencia/ES
State of Utah v. Dan Appis : Brief of Appellee

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

APPEAL FROM A SENTENCE ENTERED ON A GUILTY PLEA TO THEFT, A THIRD DEGREE FELONY, IN VIOLATION OF UTAH CODE ANN. § 76-6-404 (1973), IN THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF GRAND COUNTY, STATE OF UTAH, THE HONORABLE LYLE R. ANDERSON, PRESIDING
Imagen, conocimiento y uso de la jurisdicción de paz en la ciudad de Barranquilla en el año 2010

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

La resolución de los conflictos que se suscitan en la sociedad es uno de los temas centrales de la organización y funcionamiento de todos los estados. Consciente de este panorama el constituyente de 1991 incluyó, en la Constitución Nacional, la jurisdicción de paz con el fin de ampliar el abanico de posibilidades de la comunidad para solucionar sus diferencias. Así este tipo de justicia tiene por rasgo principal solucionar los conflictos comunitarios a través de la equidad, y por intermedio de una persona elegida popularmente para el efecto. A pesar que esta figura fue introducida en 1991, en Barranquilla comenzó a funcionar hasta el año 2005. Así las cosas, este artículo tiene por objetivo principal: determinar la imagen, conocimiento y uso de la jurisdicción de paz en Barranquilla en el año 2010, y de este modo comprender la manera como esta forma de administrar justicia es percibida por la ciudadanos que habitan en la ciudad.
Survey of Needle-stick Injuries in Pharmacies Sustained in Collection of Medical Waste from Patient Homes and Its Disposal

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Increasing numbers of patients are receiving medical care at home and as a result,pharmacists are involved in the collection and disposal of more infectious medical waste from patients’homes than ever before.This puts them at risk of needlestick injuries.In this study,we evaluated the current practices of community pharmacies for collecting and disposing of infectious medical waste as well as the current rates of pharmacist needle-stick injuries due to improper separation of infectious medical waste.We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 1,111 pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Hiroshima Prefecture and 482 provided responses.Infectious medical waste was collected in original sterile containers by 183 pharmacies,whereas it was not by 12 pharmacies.More than 70% of the pharmacists indicated that instructions regarding proper methods of collecting and disposing of such waste were needed.Respondents also said that instructions on first aid for needlestick injuries were needed but such instructions were only provided in 5 pharmacies.To prevent needle-stick injuries and the related infections,detailed instructions regarding the handling of infectious medical waste and needle-stick injuries should be immediately provided and they should be complied with.In addition,patients and their caregivers should be instructed on how to deal with infectious medical waste properly and prevent needle-stick injuries.
Teaching Scottish medical students about global health in partnership with LMIC institutions. Does it change their views on volunteering in LMIC settings?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Context An elective placement is a core part of most United Kingdom (UK) medical degrees, and a significant proportion of students choose to pursue their elective in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). There is a risk that students are ill-prepared for some of the ethical challenges that they will face during these placements, and that they have little appreciation for some of the negative effects that their placement can have on the host healthcare system. This study sought to address some of these negative consequences by exploring the preparation of medical students for these experiences, and the effect of including the LMIC perspective in preparation materials. Methods This qualitative study used thematic analysis to explore the attitudes of final year medical students at a Scottish medical school to international volunteering, after completing a module on global health. This module was designed and delivered in partnership with academics from Malawi, Rwanda and Zambia, thus incorporating a strong LMIC perspective. Findings This study demonstrated the ability of a global health module with a strong LMIC perspective to influence the attitudes of final year medical students in the following ways: 1) Challenging assumptions around international volunteering and, in particular, around some of the negative effects of international volunteering that had not previously been considered. 2) Changing future practice around international volunteering. Implications This study provides good evidence that having a strong LMIC voice in preparation materials for medical students embarking on LMIC electives has the ability to increase awareness of some of the potential harms, and to positively influence how they plan to have discussions around and approach such experiences in the future.
Co‐designing a research study with people affected by dementia: the conceptualisation and development of the ActivDem study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Maintaining physical activity(PA) following dementia diagnosis may decelerate decline to disability and dependency. It is unclear which socio‐ecological factors influence PA participation in people with dementia(PwD) and therefore may be effective interventional components for promotion of PA. To address this research gap, the ActivDem study was designed(see Table 1 for initial research aims). To ensure ActivDem met the needs of PwD, we aimed to co‐design the research aims, methodology and grant application with public patient involvement contributors. Method A call for contributors (i.e. people with cognitive impairment/dementia carers, current and former/dementia care professionals) was advertised via dementia research networks, dementia care facilities (e.g. daycares, memory cafés), charities (e.g. Alzheimer’s Society Research Network Volunteers) and social media. Interested contributors were invited to participate in either participatory workshops held on Zoom or a one‐to‐one phone call. Contributors were asked four broad questions(Table 2). Initial study aims and methods were discussed with contributors. Aims and methods were refined based on contributors’ feedback and themes raised during the discussion. Ten contributors reviewed the grant application to ensure aims, methodology and public patient involvement/engagement plans met the priorities of people affected by dementia. Result Thirty contributors participated in workshops/phonecalls. Contributors described experiences of PA decline in PwD post‐diagnosis; common themes expressed included loss of independence and confidence, increased feeling of burden, greater fall risk, frailty, and worse mental health. They identified potential facilitators/barriers for maintaining PA following dementia diagnosis(Table 2). They highlighted the role carers play in facilitating PA by supporting and motivating PwD to stay active and advocated for inclusion of carer‐focused investigations. Contributors felt that PA research for PwD should be prioritised and findings linked in to information/support services for carers. The study’s aims and methods were adapted to include an exploration of carers’ psychosocial wellbeing and care management strategies(Table 1). Scales relating to proposed facilitators/barriers of PA were identified, approved by contributors and implemented in the methods. Conclusion This work supported the conceptualisation and development of the ActivDem study. Ten contributors formed the ActivDem Public Patient Advisory Group, advising and supporting study management, data collection and interpretation, and dissemination of results.
Küresel Ekonomik Sistemde Türk Tekstil Sektörünün Ürün Haritalaması Modeliyle Analizi(Analysis of Turkish Textile Sector in The Global Economic System with Product Mapping Model)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study examines the foreign trade of the Turkish textile industry with the world. The textile industry in the global economic system continues to change after China's membership in the World Trade Organization. World textile industry dominated by China and EU’s members. Revealed Comperative Advantage” (RCA), “Revealed Symmetric Conperative Advantage” (RSCA), and “Trade Balance Index” (TBI) methods have been used in the study to explain textile sector’s competition structure. We also use The Product Mapping Analyse to determine the competitiveness of the Turkish textile sector. This analyse determined leading sub textile sector. The product mapping uses two analysis tools. First tool is comparative advantage and the second one is TBI. Competitiveness has been examined in terms of US Dollar for the period of 2001-2016. 15 subgroups of items in the Turkish textile sector analysed. Foreign trade data are compiled from ITC statistics.
High performance control technique for boost-derived converters: the natural switching surface

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Boost-derived topologies play a critical role in many applications such as battery charging systems, bidirectional power flow (electric vehicles), and active power factor correction of grid-connected systems. Fast transient behavior is a fundamental performance requirement in power conversion systems. By improving the dynamics of converters, a number of important advantages can be obtained, including reduction of passive components in the system, increase in power density, cost reduction, and enhanced power quality. The work presented in this thesis provides two key contributions to the field: 1) the development of a theoretical framework to identify and characterize the natural trajectories of boost-derived converters, and 2) the formulation of a control law to operate the converters at the physical performance limit. As a result, the boost-derived converters achieve unprecedented dynamic response. The thesis provides the theoretical derivation, simulation, and experimental validation of a high-performance control scheme referred to as the Natural Switching Surface.
Civil society as a guarantor of religious freedom and inter-confessional tolerance (based on sociological research materials)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Civil society, as indicated by the sociological encyclopedia, is a sphere of spontaneous realization of people (or in the hypostasis of free individuals or in the form of their voluntary associations as citizens), protected by relevant norms from any manifestations of arbitrary unilateral regulation of their activities on the part of the state and its organs.
Digital Diplomacy and Non-Governmental and Transnational Organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter considers how digital diplomacy is being reworked by three kinds of ‘new’ diplomatic actors: non-governmental organizations (NGOs), transnational advocacy networks (TANs), and diaspora organizations. In doing so, the chapter advances the following four arguments. First, the digitalization of diplomacy is inextricably tied to the pluralization of diplomacy, such that digital technologies have facilitated an expansion in the number of non-state actors operating at a global level and offer new opportunities for the forging of polylateral diplomatic relationships. Second, without the same codes of conduct to adhere to as state diplomats, these actors are often more flexible, creative, and innovative in their use of digital technologies and must therefore be taken seriously as pioneers in digital diplomacy. Third, the digital diplomatic sphere is also increasingly riven with hierarchies and inequalities. Non-governmental and transnational organizations face significant cybersecurity risks and reduced access to digital connectivity, technology, and support. Thus, the shift to online modes of diplomacy should not be celebrated uncritically. Fourth, focusing on non-state actors requires alternative conceptual lenses to those currently employed in scholarship on digital diplomacy. In particular, scholarship from digital geography which advocates for the use of a spatial lens, in addition to theoretical approaches which are attentive to everyday performances and encounters, are well-placed to analyse how non-governmental and transnational organizations navigate both the challenges and opportunities of digital diplomacy.
Jet Noise from a Low-Bypass Confluent Nozzle: Mixing Length and Extraction Ratio Effects

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Model-scale jet-noise experiments using a dual-stream, axisymmetric confluent nozzle with an area ratio of about 0.62 were conducted. Farfield acoustic measurements acquired with an extraction ratio (the bypass stream's total pressure divided by the core stream's total pressure) of unity and above unity are discussed – both in terms of spectral noise characteristics and OASPL directivity. A mixing-length dependence of the farfield noise is measured with both streams unheated and operating at the same pressure ratio – revealing a subtle high-frequency noise reduction with increased mixing length that is more substantial at larger angles from the downstream jet axis. At heated-core, unity-extraction-ratio operating conditions, there is much less sensitivity to mixing length evident. As the extraction ratio is increased at a given core pressure ratio, there is an appreciable noise increase relative to unity-extraction-ratio operating conditions that is more significant when the core flow is unheated. This increase is, of course, expected due to an increase in velocity as the bypass pressure ratio is increased. Emphasis is placed on the mixing length's role in this increase. When the flows are unheated, this noise increase is greatest at high frequencies with the shortest mixing length but is more uniform in frequency with the longest mixing length. When the core flow is heated, the high-frequency noise increase relative to unity-extraction-ratio operating conditions becomes less significant as the mixing length is increased. Both the heated and unheated operating conditions reflect that the extraction-ratio-associated OASPL increase is biased toward the forward arc with the shortest mixing length, and is more uniformly directed to all measured angles with the longest mixing length. Limited velocity-field measurements acquired at unheated operating conditions using particle image velocimetry are presented, showing that the changing character of the extraction-ratio-associated noise increase between the shortest and longest mixing lengths with the core flow unheated may be due to a failure of the shortest mixing length to mix the core and bypass streams inside the nozzle.