jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The amazing innate immune response to influenza A virus infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a major health threat and a prime example of the significance of innate immunity. Our understanding of innate immunity to IAV has grown dramatically, yielding new concepts that change the way we view innate immunity as a whole. Examples include the role of p53, autophagy, microRNA, innate lymphocytes, endothelial cells and gut commensal bacteria in pulmonary innate immunity. Although the innate response is largely beneficial, it also contributes to major complications of IAV, including lung injury, bacterial super-infection and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. Research is beginning to dissect out which components of the innate response are helpful or harmful. IAV uses its limited genetic complement to maximum effect. Several viral proteins are dedicated to combating innate responses, while other viral structural or replication proteins multitask as host immune modulators. Many host innate immune proteins also multitask, having roles in cell cycle, signaling or normal lung biology. We summarize the plethora of new findings and attempt to integrate them into the larger picture of how humans have adapted to the threat posed by this remarkable virus. We explore how our expanded knowledge suggests ways to modulate helpful and harmful inflammatory responses, and develop novel treatments.
The Impact of Balanced Scorecard on Improving the Performance and Profitability of the Implementing Companies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research attempts to assess the impact of balanced scorecard on improving the performance and the profitability of the implementing companies. Research has been carried out using secondary data; narrative analysis has been adopted for this study. This research concludes that balanced scorecard has contributed to improve the performance and profitability for the businesses that have adopted the model. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p60
Preservation of the lung: comparison of flush perfusion with cold modified blood and core cooling by cardiopulmonary bypass.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinically applied techniques for lung preservation of flush perfusion with cold modified blood and core cooling by means of cardiopulmonary bypass were compared in a canine model of single left lung transplantation with immediate ligation of the contralateral bronchus and pulmonary artery. In the cold modified blood group (n = 5), after pretreatment with the synthetic prostacyclin analogue iloprost (20 ng/kg/min), lung preservation was achieved by pulmonary artery perfusion with a solution of autologous donor blood, albumin, and mannitol. In the cardiopulmonary bypass group (n = 7), donors were cooled to an esophageal temperature of 10 degrees C before harvest of the heart-lung bloc. Donor organs were stored at 4 degrees C for 6 hours. After transplantation, artificial ventilation at a fixed oxygen concentration was continued until death or until animals were killed at 24 hours. Assessment of lung preservation was by recipient survival, blood gas analyses, and measurement of total lung water content. All cold modified blood recipients survived for 24 hours; four of seven bypass recipients died within 7 hours of operation. There was no change in oxygenation in the cold modified blood group at 1 hour after contralateral ligation: paO2, 212.2 mm Hg +/- 8.5 preligation; 227.2 mm Hg +/- 11.5 postligation. Oxygenation in the bypass group was reduced at 1 hour (paO2, 182.6 +/- 7.6 mm Hg preligation; 139.8 +/- 32.1 mm Hg postligation), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The difference between groups at 1 hour was significant (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
COPD subtypes at greatest risk of pneumonia: Cluster analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rationale: This analysis identifies COPD patient characteristics associated with greater risk of pneumonia with the aim to improve risk management and patient outcomes. Methods: Using two, pooled 1-year randomized trials (HZC102871, HZC102970) of 3,255 subjects with prior COPD exacerbations randomized to fluticasone furoate (FF)/vilanterol (VI) or VI, cluster analysis of baseline clinical and demographic data identified groups at greatest risk of a pneumonia or serious pneumonia event (e.g, hospitalization or death). A Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for study, smoking status, treatment, and region (random effect) was applied. Results: Five distinct COPD clusters were identified, with risk of first pneumonia and serious pneumonia generally increasing from left to right across clusters. Patients at greater risk of first pneumonia had FEV 1 /FVC Conclusions: Cluster analysis identified COPD subject attributes associated with greater risk of pneumonia, including combinations of known risk factors. Cluster analysis can efficiently identify high-risk subgroups for serious safety outcomes and inform risk management strategies to optimize patient outcomes. (GSK-funded, WEUKBRE6624).
Uncovering Rural Employee Performance through Insights from Indonesia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study examines the impact of work environment, leadership, and compensation on the performance of office employees in Karang Jati Village, Kec. Pandaan District, Pasuruan. Using a quantitative associative approach, data were collected from 52 village officials through a census sampling technique and analyzed with SPSS version 22. The results indicate that work environment, leadership, and compensation each have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing workplace conditions, leadership quality, and compensation to improve employee performance in village offices. Future research should explore additional factors and larger samples for broader insights. Highlights: 1. Positive impact of work environment, leadership, and compensation on performance.2. Census sampling of 52 village officials.3. Improve workplace, leadership, and compensation to boost performance. Keywords: Employee Performance, Work Environment, Leadership, Compensation, Village Officials
Emerging issues for auditing in Islamic Financial Institutions: Empirical evidence from Malaysia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The study examines the perspective of practitioners who are involved directly and/or indirectly with the process of shariah compliance/auditing from Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in Malaysia on the issues of standards for shariah auditing, auditors qualifications and independence.The paper examines 77 selfdeveloped questionnaires applicable to the main issues focused by this study.The survey questionnaires are distributed by mail or delivered in person to 85 respondents in 21 Malaysian Islamic financial institutions.It is found that Malaysian IFIs are in need of properly guided shariah standards for shariah auditing practices.The scarce resourceful auditors with both shariah and accounting/auditing qualifications and the issue of self review threat to independence may affect the reputable image of Islamic financial institutions.The findings reinforce the importance of auditors' qualification and independence as currently there is no mandatory regulated professional shariah auditor code to be in tandem with drastic growth of the IFIs.The paper offers practical implication to regulators in providing a direction to revise the existing standards for shariah auditing practices and to formulate a mandatory professional governance structure for shariah auditors.
Sexual dimorphism of hyoid bone morphology and position from third cervical vertebrae

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Sexual dimorphism of hyoid bone morphology and position from third cervical vertebrae - IJODR- Print ISSN No: - 2581-9356 Online ISSN No:- 2581-9364 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijodr.2019.006, IP Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research-IP Indian J Orthod Dentofacial Res
Help or Hinder? Evaluating the Impact of Fairness Metrics and Algorithms in Visualizations for Consensus Ranking

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For applications where multiple stakeholders provide recommendations, a fair\nconsensus ranking must not only ensure that the preferences of rankers are well\nrepresented, but must also mitigate disadvantages among socio-demographic\ngroups in the final result. However, there is little empirical guidance on the\nvalue or challenges of visualizing and integrating fairness metrics and\nalgorithms into human-in-the-loop systems to aid decision-makers. In this work,\nwe design a study to analyze the effectiveness of integrating such fairness\nmetrics-based visualization and algorithms. We explore this through a\ntask-based crowdsourced experiment comparing an interactive visualization\nsystem for constructing consensus rankings, ConsensusFuse, with a similar\nsystem that includes visual encodings of fairness metrics and fair-rank\ngeneration algorithms, FairFuse. We analyze the measure of fairness, agreement\nof rankers' decisions, and user interactions in constructing the fair consensus\nranking across these two systems. In our study with 200 participants, results\nsuggest that providing these fairness-oriented support features nudges users to\nalign their decision with the fairness metrics while minimizing the tedious\nprocess of manually having to amend the consensus ranking. We discuss the\nimplications of these results for the design of next-generation fairness\noriented-systems and along with emerging directions for future research.\n
The Optimization of Export Geographic Concentration of China’s Corn

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

如果以稳定商品出口为目标，出口地理集中度的优化至少应考虑每个出口市场的波动风险。马科维茨的均值–方差方法为此问题提供了一条解决途径。自2005年以来，中国玉米的出口数量总体上趋于快速下降。为了降低中国玉米出口增长率的波动水平，可以借鉴马科维茨模型的方法，同时使用相对方差衡量波动风险并构建出口市场组合模型。根据该模型和2005~2011年的中国玉米出口数据，本文计算了玉米出口市场的有效组合，以及对应于不同预期出口增长率的地理集中度。地理集中度与市场风险之间不存在简单的线性关系。而最优地理集中度的选择，取决于政策制定者的风险偏好。Taking stabilizing exports as a goal, in order to optimize export geographic concentration, we should consider volatility risk in each export market. The method of Mean-variance of Markowitz provides a solution for this problem. Since 2005, export volume of China’s corn has showed a falling tendency and obvious volatility. This paper learns from Markowitz model and then constructs an export market mix model available to stabilize export growth rate. According to this model and the data on China’s export between 2005 and 2011, we calculated the effective mixes of China's corn export markets and further obtained the varied geographic concentration corresponding to different expected growth rates of exports. The policy makers will select the optimal geographic concentration in the light of their attitude towards risk.
Cryo‐Electrochemical Deposition of Gold Single Atoms on G‐C3N4 for Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The pursuit of sustainable energy has intensified the exploration of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, with photoelectrocatalytic water reduction emerging as a green approach to harness solar energy. Graphitic carbon nitride ( g ‐C 3 N 4 ), recognized for its stability and non‐toxicity, presents limitations in photoconversion efficiency due to rapid electron‐hole recombination and narrow light absorption range. To address these challenges, herein, a cryo‐electrochemical deposition strategy is introduced to synthesize g ‐C 3 N 4 loaded with gold single‐atom catalysts (Au 1 ), enhancing charge separation and light absorption. The atomic dispersion of Au 1 on g ‐C 3 N 4 significantly elevates photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production, achieving a record yield rate on the Au 1 (14.5%)/ g ‐C 3 N 4 sample. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and comprehensive characterizations reveal the role of Au 1 in modulating the electronic structure and improving charge carrier dynamics. The findings underscore the potential of single‐atom catalysis in advancing photoelectrocatalytic water reduction systems for solar energy conversion and clean energy production.
Association between health information literacy and oral health-related indicators in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study using data from the 2023 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy and oral health-related indicators in Korean adults. Methods: We used data from 2023, the second year of the 9th period when health information literacy was newly introduced during the National Health and Nutrition Survey, and grouped it using measurement tools of health information literacy. Results: In model 2, which was corrected for sociodemographic characteristics, the number of units required for a fixed prosthesis increased by 0.098 and difficulties with speaking function increased by 0.138 (p<0.05) in the incorrect answer group compared with that of the correct answer group. Conclusions: The ability to understand health information correlated with oral health-related indicators. Therefore, future policies and educational interventions should focus on simultaneously improving health information comprehension and oral health.
Exploring Disparities in Modern Spacing Contraceptive Use among Tribal and Non-Tribal Women in India: Evidence from NFHS-5

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Girls in tribal communities get married immediately after attaining menarche in India. Most tribal women do not opt for modern spacing contraceptive use, as there is a lack of adequate knowledge and awareness to make an informed choice regarding the same. As a consequence of this, tribal women often face several problems related to their reproductive health. The present study examin the use of modern spacing contraceptive with socio-demographic factors affecting its usage among tribal and non-tribal and spatial variance at state and district level in India Methods:We included 5,12,408 married women (tribal and non-tribal) in the 15 to 49 years from National Family Health Survey -5, which was conducted during the years 2019 to 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the prevalence of modern spacing contraceptive use along with a 95% confidence interval (CI) as a measure. The association between various socio-demographic predictors and modern spacing contraceptive usage was assessed by logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of modern spacing contraceptive practices was found to be low among tribal compared to non-tribal women, which was below the national average. Age of the respondent, level of education, religion, number of children, exposure to media, place of residence and regions were significantly associated with the use of modern spacing methods among tribal women in India. Across regions, the usage of modern methods for tribal women tends to be higher in the northeastern and western states of India, with Sikkim being the highest. Conclusion: There is an immediate need to improve access to modern spacing contraceptive methods and reduce unmet needs for contraceptives among tribal women. There is a requirement for sustained and targeted efforts from healthcare workers towards tribal communities to create awareness and better access to modern spacing methods. Key words: Modern Spacing Method, Tribal and Non-tribal, Socio-economic
Single photon optical bistability

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the bistability in a small Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) with the optical wavelength size cavity, the nonlinear Kerr medium and only a few photons, on average, excited by the external quantum field. Analytical expressions for the stationary mean photon number, the bistability domain, the field and the photon number fluctuation spectra are obtained. Multiple stationary states of the FPI cavity field with different spectra are possible at realistic conditions, for example, in the FPI with the photonic crystal cavity and the semiconductor-doped glass nonlinear medium.
In Vitro Evaluation of pH-Sensitive Polymer/Niosome Complexes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Large unilamellar niosome and control liposome vesicles were rendered pH-sensitive by complexation with a hydrophobically modified pH-responsive copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide, N-glycidylacrylamide, and N-octadecylacrylamide at a copolymer/lipid mass ratio of 0.3. The vesicles were characterized and tested for their stability and pH-sensitivity in buffer and human serum. Their in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated as well as their ability to mediate cytoplasmic delivery of encapsulated fluorescent probe using J774 murine macrophage-like cells. At pH 7.2, vesicles were found to be stable over 90 days at 4 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, the polymer destabilized the vesicles under weakly acidic conditions. However, niosomes but not liposomes were partly destabilized in human serum at 37 degrees C. Premature leakage of niosomal contents in serum was attributed to the polymer collapse which is favored in the presence of multivalent cations. On the cellular level, niosomes were cytotoxic above 0.075 mM while no appreciable decrease in cell viability was shown for the liposomes and copolymer alone at short incubation times (< 2 days). Finally, only liposomes and not niosomes were able to release their contents in the cytoplasm after internalization by phagocytosis.
Fresh and Mechanical Characteristics of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Slag Concrete Activated with Neutral Grade Liquid Glass

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: The development and use of geopolymer concrete continues to evolve as researchers and engineers refine mix designs, develop standardized guidelines, and explore new applications. One of the key benefits of geopolymer concrete is its lower carbon footprint compared to traditional Portland cement concrete. This reduction in carbon emissions is due to the elimination of clinker production, which is energy intensive and emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide. This sustainable alternative to Portland cement concrete plays an important role in reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry. Many prior studies on fly ash-slag based geopolymers have primarily focused on the characteristics of concrete that has undergone heat curing. This approach is seen as a constraint when it comes to in-situ casting applications in ambient conditions. Ambient curing of geopolymer concrete is a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly option compared to heat curing, as it doesn't require the use of specialized curing chambers or high temperatures. However, it may require longer curing times to achieve the desired strength and making it important to plan the construction schedule accordingly. An experimental study was carried out using neutral grade liquid glass with a silica modulus (SiO2/Na2O) of 2.92 coupled with combinations of fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in proportions of 30:70, 50:50. The primary aim is to explore how altering the ratios of fly ash and GGBS impacts the mechanical characteristics of the resultant concrete for different solution/ binder ratios (0.6, 0.65 and 0.7) with a fixed binder quantity of 400 and 500 Kg/m3 under ambient curing conditions. The experimental program employed the fractional factorial method of experimentation to minimize the number of mix variations. In general, the findings indicated that higher levels of neutral-grade sodium silicate led to improvements in all mechanical properties. Conversely, an increase in the alkaline solution-to- binder ratio and curing temperature had a detrimental impact on the alkaliactivated slag concrete. Optimal results for hardening of concrete for demolding were obtained after two days of casting. The implications of this research could lead to the development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives in the field of construction materials.
Was Weber Right? City Autonomy, Political Oligarchy, and the Rise of Europe

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

What are the implications of an oligarchic political regime for economic development? This is a question of current relevance, and it is also one where historical precedent may provide important insight. Since at least the time of Max Weber, scholars have claimed that the presence of politically autonomous cities, controlled by merchant oligarchies, helped lead to Europes economic rise. But others suggest that autonomous cities were a hindrance to growth because oligarchic rule resulted in restrictions that stied innovation and trade. These contrasting views mirror the positions in more general debates about oligarchy and growth. I present new evidence and a new interpretation that reconcile the two opposing views of city autonomy. I show that politically autonomous cities tended to initially have higher population growth rates than non-autonomous cities, but over time this situation reversed itself as politically autonomous cities became stagnant. This may have important implications for the time path for growth in oligarchies more generally. My evidence also suggests why autonomous cities eventually died out as a form of political organization. Instead of military weakness, it may have been their oligarchic governance that condemned them to become obsolete. JEL Codes: H11, N43, 040, P48
Evaluating consumer incentives: the Italian case of building renovations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The goal of this paper is to assess the impact of consumers' incentives to building renovations - introduced in Italy in 1997 by means of tax reimbursements - on construction sector's economic activity. Our analysis - which absent any sectional variability in the policy under scrutiny, identifies its impact by taking advantage of a longitudinal variation in its generosity within a context of no variation in the remainder of the relevant legislation and of no autonomous trends in the dependent variable - proves that reducing the number of installments of the reimbursement plans enhanced in 2003 the number of renovations by 0.026 squared meters per inhabitant. Based on this result, the recent changes occurred in the relevant legislation, which were expected to have a stimulus impact on Italian economy, can be more easily interpreted as a "restrictive" policy, thus casting serious doubts on the extremely positive comments which have been put forward at the institutional level.