jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An empirical likelihood approach for detecting spatial clusters of continuous data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Spatial scan statistics are an important tool for detecting and evaluating the statistical significance of spatial clusters and have widespread applications in various fields. The study proposes a new nonparametric spatial scan statistic based on the empirical likelihood method as an alternative to existing methods, for detecting clusters for continuous outcomes from unknown or skewed probability distributions. The existing methods are either based on distribution-free methods or likelihood ratio tests assuming a probability distribution. The proposed spatial scan statistic is based on the empirical likelihood method which remains distribution-free while allowing the use of likelihood methods. The performance of the proposed method was compared to the Mann–Whitney-based nonparametric scan statistic and the normal model-based scan statistic through a simulation study under varied scenarios as well as application on a real data. The proposed method had better positive predictive value compared to the Mann–Whitney-based scan statistic, and better sensitivity than the normal-based scan statistic. The methods had little to no difference in terms of power, with the proposed method performing much better in most scenarios. The number, order, location, and extent of the potential clusters detected from the rape crime data from India for the year 2011 varied across methods with certain similarities and differences. The Mann–Whitney and normal scan statistics detected more clusters in common with the proposed method than with each other. The proposed method serves as a good alternative and/or complementary method to existing spatial scan statistics for continuous outcomes when the underlying distribution is unknown or asymmetric.
SH231708.07FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Aphid Alarm Pheromone Mimics: Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Aphid Alarm Pheromone Mimics: Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons Get access Chikao Nishino, Chikao Nishino Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, U. S. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar William S Bowers, William S Bowers Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, U. S. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Michael E Montgomery, Michael E Montgomery Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Lowell R Nault Lowell R Nault Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 40, Issue 11, 1 November 1976, Pages 2303–2304, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1976.10862399 Published: 01 November 1976 Article history Received: 19 July 1976 Published: 01 November 1976
Wave Functions Derived by Quantum Modeling of the Electron Density from Coherent X-Ray Diffraction: Beryllium Metal

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A single-determinant experimental Be hybrid-atom wave function is obtained by the quantum formalism of Clinton and Massa, from Larsen and Hansen's single-crystal x-ray diffraction data. Physical properties calculable from this wave function are unobtainable from current methods of diffraction analysis. The least-squares fit using all experimental data gives an $R$ factor of 0.0018, and quantitatively describes charge redistribution due to crystal bonding in agreement with ab initio calculations.
Diarrhoeal diseases. Gastroenteritis and cholera epidemic, 1991.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In summary, during 1991, a substantial cholera outbreak occurred in Nepal. It presented as one of the causes of a multicausal gastroenteritis epidemic which reportedly resulted in nearly 92,000 cases and 1,800 deaths. The 1991 epidemic appeared to have been more severe with a longer duration than the epidemic which occurred in 1990. The overall case-fatality rate was 2.0%. Cholera was confirmed in 63% of faecal specimens processed, compared with 46% during the 1990 epidemic. Specimens from the first and last laboratory-confirmed cases were collected on 14 June and 26 September 1991, respectively. The presence of cholera was confirmed in all 5 development regions in the country. Contaminated public water supplies probably contributed to sustaining disease transmission, at least in urban areas.
Optimized current-density reconstruction from wide-field quantum diamond magnetic field maps

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Quantum diamond microscopy using nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}$-V) defects in diamond crystals has enabled the magnetic field imaging of a wide variety of nanoscale current profiles. Intimately linked with the imaging process is the problem of reconstructing the current density, which provides critical insight into the structure under study. This manifests as a nontrivial inverse problem of current reconstruction from noisy data, typically conducted via Fourier-based approaches. Learning algorithms and Bayesian methods have been proposed as novel alternatives for inference-based reconstructions. We study the applicability of Fourier-based and Bayesian methods for reconstructing two-dimensional current density maps from magnetic field images obtained from $\mathrm{N}$-V imaging. We discuss extensive numerical simulations to elucidate the performance of the reconstruction algorithms in various parameter regimes, and further validate our analysis by performing reconstructions on experimental data. Finally, we examine parameter regimes that favor specific reconstruction algorithms and provide an empirical approach for selecting regularization in Bayesian methods.
Nematicidal Metabolites From Higher Fungi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The adverse effects on human health and well being and the high economic losses inflicted by pathogenic nematodes are important stimulants for the search of new, safe and effective nematicides and anthelminthics. The pool of natural products is an important source for such compounds, and several of the most potent nematicides used today originate from streptomycetes. Higher fungi have an extensive secondary metabolism at their disposal, and obviously some benefit from the capability to kill nematodes. Surprisingly little is known about the production of nematicidal metabolites by fungi. Examples of compounds isolated from ascomycetes are the cochlioquinones and the mycorrhizins, which are strongly active against the saprophytic Caenorhabditis elegans but not towards the economically important plant pathogen Meloidogyne incognita. From basidiomycetes, the cyclic dodecapeptide omphalotin was obtained which seems to be highly selective for M. incognita. Compounds with good activity against a abomasum nematode in vivo are the macrodiolides clonostachydiol and helminidiol. When screening for nematicidal activity, it is important to use the proper test system as the sensitivity of different nematodes may vary considerably. Consequently, the search for agents active against M. incognita may be futile, if saprophytic nematodes are used as test organisms. The importance to develop relevant screening systems that are easy to use and have an acceptable capacity is therefore emphasized.
Star Studies: A Critical Guide

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Acknowledgments Introduction Star Studies: Mapping Out the Field of Star Scholarship within Film Studies Methods: Ways of Analysing Screen Studies Star Quality: In Search of the Prerequisites for Stardom Star Systems: The Mechanics of Star Production Star Identities: From Image to Persona and Publicity to Gossip Unstable Symbols: On the Representativeness of Film Stars Conclusion Notes References Index
A Modal Analysis of Neutron-Flux Spatial Oscillation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The stability of flux-shaped spatial modes is studied in a Calder Hall type reactor in three dimensions using the homogeneous boundary condition of the reactivity with the following three results: 1) the modal interaction due to coolant flow is also a second-order term in the three-dimensional modal analysis and can be ignored as the first approximation; 2) the Nyquist criterion should be applied to the expression containing the involved transcendental function in the transfer function of the thermal system; and 3) the simple thermal model, which treats only the fuel, moderator, and coolant, is adequate to judge the stability of the mode.The effects of flattening the radius on the threshold value of the moderator reactivity temperature coefficient and on the period of the sustained oscillation have been studied by this method as a function of the eigenvalue, and it has been shown that: 1) the modes with the same order in axial and radial direction form a group; and 2) the modes with the second order in axial direction are more stable than the modes with the first order in axial direction.
THE NEED FOR SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) IN REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: THE CASE STUDY OF SELECTED SIA PROJECTS IN KENYA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The greatest social impact of many real estate development projects, particularly those planned for community benefits, is the stress that results from the uncertainty associated with it. Stakeholder involvement through social impact assessment during the development process has been ignored, yet it is crucial to directly involve locals in planning teams in real estate development. Understanding the social conditions of the site surroundings in terms of demographic composition, cultural, religious and social behaviours, is important to establish the potential social impact of any real estate development project. This paper will be based on reviews of related literature on social impact assessments (SIA). It will further endeavour to establish the need of SIA’s based on its importance and highlight potential setbacks that are likely to befall any real estate developments that does not incorporate the SIA process. The potential gains from SIA will be explained including but not limited to: reduced uncertainty of potential project impacts, enhanced legitimacy of the development project, increased accuracy of the SIA report through community participation, and potential maximisation of the capacity to mitigate impacts. The paper will conclude with the summary of a review of selected recent SIA reports of major projects in Kenya, and a brief assessment of how such SIA reports have significantly enhanced the space for stakeholder acceptance of projects with minimum conflicts.
Making the virtual tangible: using visual thinking to enhance online transnational learning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Tangible visual thinking activities can enrich long-distance intercultural learning experiences by improving realism, respect, and equity. This occurs through the creation of boundary objects, which can be physical objects that generate shared understanding across diverse teams and disciplinary boundaries. In the case of this study, visual thinking activities produce boundary objects in the form of visual creations – such as sketches, photographs, collages, and data visualizations. Used strategically in conjunction with Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) curricula in any academic discipline, these activities cultivate self-reflection, communication, mutual understanding, cultural learning, and cooperative work. The benefits of visual thinking enrich and enhance transnational learning, as illustrated and observed in the course of the authors’ ongoing nine-year study of Virtual Exchanges (VEs) between learners situated in the Middle East and North America. The visual thinking activities in this study complement and work in parallel with COIL curricula or existing courses that instructors have already planned. They can also occur in conjunction with regular course activities leading up to and throughout a collaboration to enhance relationship-building and trust. Visual thinking activities offer ways for learners to understand and appreciate their collaborative partnerships beyond the screen. In the context of long-distance intercultural experiences, the tangible and tactile nature of these activities reinforces the verisimilitude of the collaboration and its participants. After completing these preliminary activities, the study findings indicate an increase in the quality of projects that students produce together.
Osteosarcoma of the maxilla treated with radiation therapy and surgery.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) presumably arises from mesenchyme and is characterized by the production of malignant osteoid by the sarcomatous stroma. When all cases are considered, osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in the younger age group (peak range of 10 to 25 years of age) and commonly involves extremity bones, particularly the lower. Osteogenic sarcoma rarely arises in the maxilla. The usual treatment is radical maxillectomy, postoperative radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Results usually are very poor.A case is presented of a 33-year-old man in whom a diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla was made eight years previously. The treatment was unusual. Preoperative radiation therapy was accomplished by drilling holes in the tumor and adjacent maxilla into which were implanted high-dose radium needles. This was followed by a left radical maxillectomy. The patient is cured and is without functional deficiencies up to the present time.
Biological evaluation of phytoconstituents from Polygonum hydropiper

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fourteen compounds including vanicoside B (1), vanicoside F (2), vanicoside E (3) and 5,6-dehydrokawain (4), aniba-dimer-A (5), 6,6'-((1α,2α,3β,4β)-2,4-diphenylcyclobutane-1,3-diyl)bis(4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one) (6), (+)-ketopinoresinol (7), isorhamnetin (8), 3,7-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-flavone (9), isalpinin (10), cardamomin (11), pinosylvin (12), 2-desoxy-4-epi-pulchellin (13) and β-sitosterol (14) were isolated from dichloromethane-soluble portion of Polygonum hydropiper. By using Alamar blue assay, compounds 2, 7, 8, 11 and 12 were found to be active against Trypanosoma brucei with IC50 values in the range of 0.49-7.77 μg/mL. Cardamomin (11) had most significant activity against T. brucei with IC50/IC90 values of 0.49/0.81 μg/mL compared to the positive control DFMO (IC50/IC90: 3.02/8.05 μg/mL). Furthermore, in antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, PPAR and cytotoxic assays, some compounds have demonstrated moderate inhibitory potentials.
Erbium-doped fluoride fibre optical amplifier operating around 2.75 μm

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An optical gain of 18.3 dB at a signal wavelength of 2.707 μm is obtained in an Er3+ doped fluorozirconate fibre pumped at 0.647 μm. The saturation power of the amplifier is estimated to be around 2 mW.
Observation of tide from X-band marine radar image sequences

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Tide has been monitored by tide-gauge stations and spaceborne radar altimeters. A new method to estimate the characteristics of coastal tide from X-band marine radar image sequences is proposed. The significant wave height (SWH) is firstly retrieved from X-band marine radar image sequence, and then filtered to remove the influences of noises. The main tide period is retrieved by analyzing the spectrum of the time series of filtered SWH. The change rate of the tide elevation can be obtained from the change rate of the amplitude of filtered SWH. The method is validated by comparing with the predictions from an ocean tide model.
Familial combined cellular and humoral immune defect with multisystem granulomata.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An all-optical set-reset flip-flop is presented that is based on two coupled lasers with separate cavities and lasing at different wavelengths. The lasers are coupled so that lasing in one of the lasers quenches lasing in the other laser. The flip-flop state is determined by the laser that is currently lasing. A rate-equation based model for the flip-flop is developed and used to obtain steady-state characteristics. Important properties of the system, such as the minimum coupling between lasers and the optical power required for switching, are derived from the model. These properties are primarily dependent on the laser mirror reflectivity, the inter-laser coupling, and the power emitted from one of the component lasers, affording the designer great control over the flip-flop properties. The flip-flop is experimentally demonstrated with two lasers constructed from identical semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and fiber Bragg gratings of different wavelengths. Good agreement between the theory and experiment is obtained. Furthermore, switching over a wide range of input wavelengths is shown; however, increased switching power is required for wavelengths far from the SOA gain peak.
Marketing of Pesticides: Innovative Marketing Strategies Adopted by Pesticides Companies in Nagpur District (2000-2006)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Marketing of pesticides is dynamic and responsive to market conditions, competitive products, and other factors. Manufacturers rely extensively on market research, past experience, and knowledge of competitors marketing strategy to assess and forecast demand conditions. Marketing strategies are many times altered in season to respond to competition (i.e. competitor marketing programs, product introductions etc.) and changing markets (i.e. due to weather, crop planting intentions, late planting etc.). The conventional methods are not sufficient to implement rural marketing. Rural Marketing has always been complex to forecast as compared to urban marketing. However there are many pesticide companies who were successful in entering the rural markets of Nagpur district. Innovative marketing strategies, makes it is possible to tap the rural markets.
The study focuses on different Rural Marketing Strategies Adopted by pesticide companies and highlights the significance and challenges of rural marketing in Nagpur district.
Calibration of a Passive Sampler for Both Gaseous and Particulate Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A novel passive air sampler was designed and tested that individually collects the gaseous and particulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air. The sampler was calibrated against a conventional active sampler in an indoor environment. A PUF (polyurethane foam) disk and a piece of GFF (glass fiber filter) were installed in a sampling shelter for collecting gaseous and particulate phase PAHs, respectively. The passive samplers were deployed in seven indoor locations for 86 days. Six times during this period, 24-h conventional active sampling was conducted for calibration at an average interval of 17-days. Principle component analysis showed that the measured congener profile compositions were totally different between the gaseous and particulate phase PAHs, but similar between the passive and the active samples. This suggested that gaseous and particulate phase PAHs were primarily trapped by the PUF disk and GFF, respectively. Linear relationships between the passively and the actively measured and log-transformed concentrations were derived for calibration of both gaseous and particulate phase PAHs. The uptake rates of the sampler were 0.10 +/- 0.014 m3/d and 0.007 +/- 0.001 m3/d for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs, respectively. The rates were significantly lower than those reported in the literature using similar PUF samplers, mainly because of the special design with limited air circulation.
Achieving high-throughput distributed, graph-based multi-stage stream processing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Processing complex computations on high volume streaming data in real time is a challenge for many organizational data processing systems. Such systems should produce results with low latency while processing billions of messages daily. In order to address these requirements distributed stream processing systems have been developed. Although high performance is one of the main goals of these systems, there is less attention has been paid for inter node communication performance which is a key aspect to achieve overall system performance. In this thesis we describe a framework for enhancing inter node communication efficiency. We compare performance of our system with Twitter Storm and Yahoo S4 using an implementation of Pan Tompkins algorithm which is used to detect QRS complexities of an ECG signal using a 2 node graph. Our results show our solution performs 4 times better than other systems. We also use four level node graph which is used to process smart plug data to test the performance of our system for a complex graph. Finally we demonstrate how our system is scalable and resilient to faults.
5′-Guanosine Monophosphate Mediated Biocompatible Porous Hydrogel of β-FeOOH—Viscoelastic Behavior, Loading, and Release Capabilities of Freeze-Dried Gel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The present manuscript reports the characterization, optimization of rheological properties, and loading and release capabilities of 5'-GMP mediated β-FeOOH hydrogel. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis indicates it to contain mainly the left-handed helix similar to that of Z-DNA. The highest viscosity (>300 cP) corresponds to the sample containing 2.5 × 10(-3) mol dm(-3) of 5'-GMP (SP2H). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies indicate the freeze-dried (FD) SP2H to be porous in nature, which is also supported by its high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 226 m(2)/g as compared to that of SP3H (75 m(2)/g). Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis and Raman spectroscopy show it to contain β-FeOOH phase. The FD SP2H exhibits the high swelling ratio (326%) and loading capacity for methylene blue (MB) dye. It displays a controlled and efficient release (>90%) for optimized [MB] (2.5 × 10(-4) mol dm(-3)) in 48 h. The low toxicity of as synthesized FD SP2H nanostructures against MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cells) up to 100 μg/mL suggests its biocompatible nature. The high porosity, surface area, % swelling, and loading and release performance of the hydrogel indicate its potential for drug delivery and other biological applications.