jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The End of Rebel Autonomy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The armed forces that fought against the Caste War rebels were a heterogeneous mix, including regular government units. The majority of those who fought against Caste War rebels, however, were drafted to the militia (or National Guard) battalions established in major Yucatecan towns. Furthermore, local vecino or Indian men waged their own war against the rebels. The coexistence of a variety of armed forces, the strong reliance on draftees, the presence of volunteers in military units and the participation of people who fought the rebels on their own led to several problems and became an obstacle to central strategic planning and the enforcement of military discipline. The role of Indians in the struggle against Caste War rebels has been consistently neglected or played down in much of the literature, possibly for its potential to question interpretations of the conflict as a racial or ethnic struggle. However, as the chapter shows, Indians, identified by their Maya surname, made up a substantial part of the army and National Guard units. Indian participation in the war was not limited to individual regions or a specific point in time.
A genome-wide MAGIC kit for recombinase-independent mosaic analysis in Drosophila

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mosaic analysis has been instrumental in advancing developmental and cell biology. Most current mosaic techniques rely on exogenous site-specific recombination sequences that need to be introduced into the genome, limiting their application. Mosaic analysis by gRNA-induced crossing-over (MAGIC) was recently developed in Drosophila to eliminate this requirement by inducing somatic recombination through CRISPR/Cas9-generated DNA double-strand breaks. However, MAGIC has not been widely adopted because gRNA-markers, a required component for this technique, are not yet available for most chromosomes. Here, we present a complete, genome-wide gRNA-marker kit that incorporates optimized designs for enhanced clone induction and more effective clone labeling in both positive MAGIC (pMAGIC) and negative MAGIC (nMAGIC). With this kit, we demonstrate clonal analysis in a broad range of Drosophila tissues, including cell types that have been difficult to analyze using recombinase-based systems. Notably, MAGIC enables clonal analysis of pericentromeric genes and deficiency chromosomes and in interspecific hybrid animals, opening new avenues for gene function study, rapid gene discovery, and understanding cellular basis of speciation. This MAGIC kit complements existing systems and makes mosaic analysis accessible to address a wider range of biological questions.
Spelling reform in America

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Spelling reform in America Get access E. E. E. E. E. E. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 172, Issue 12, 20 March 1937, Pages 213–214, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/172.12.213e Published: 20 March 1937
Exploring relationships between goal setting, goal pursuit and depression: a review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The following paper offers a new theory of conditional goal setting within a comprehensive overview of the literature on goals and depression. The past decade has seen a growing interest in the relationships between goals and depression. Several researchers have suggested that the content and framing of important goals are indicative of vulnerability to depression. For example, individuals valuing relationship goals above achievement oriented goals have been found to have a greater sense of wellbeing than individuals placing achievement goals above relationship goals. Other researchers have focused on the processes of goal pursuit. They have identified relationships between actual/ideal discrepancies, perceived progress to goal achievement and levels of depression. Reactions to goal loss and goal failure have also been an important topic of goals and depression research with a focus on the vulnerable individual's inability disengage from important failed goals. Although many of the goal theories examine what goals depressed individuals have set and how they are pursued, little research has examined why certain goals are made important. Conditional Goal Setting offers an explanation for the motivations controlling the setting of important goals in the individual vulnerable to depression. It is significant in that it describes a relationship between goal setting and depression that exists irrespective of goal success or failure.
Burst Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A burst fracture may be defined as an unstable compression fracture of the posterior wall of the vertebral body that allows fragments to be retropulsed into the spinal canal. Computerized axial tomography evaluation of these injuries often reveals posterior element fracture heretofore not stressed in the literature. In surgical treatment for these injuries four important considerations must be met; (1) the coronal and sagittal alignment of the spine; (2) patency of the neural canal; (3) the two-column concept of spinal stability; and (4) bony vertebral body reconstitution. An algorithm for treatment may be developed with the aid of these principles. Distraction and the creation of spinal lordosis are necessary for reduction.
Motivated Cognition: Effects of Reward, Emotion, and Other Motivational Factors Across a Variety of Cognitive Domains

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that motivation influences cognitive processing. The breadth of these effects is extensive and span influences of reward, emotion, and other motivational processes across all cognitive domains. As examples, this scope includes studies of emotional memory, value-based attentional capture, emotion effects on semantic processing, reward-related biases in decision making, and the role of approach/avoidance motivation on cognitive scope. Additionally, other less common forms of motivation–cognition interactions, such as self-referential and motoric processing can also be considered instances of motivated cognition. Here I outline some of the evidence indicating the generality and pervasiveness of these motivation influences on cognition, and introduce the associated ‘research nexus’ at Collabra: Psychology.
Composition Profile of the Human Genome at the Chromosome Level

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The compositional properties of the human genome have been extensively studied. These analyses focused mainly in isochores. With the availability of the human genome and several molecular techniques, new studies were performed, showing that nucleotide composition is related to three processes: gene expression, replication and recombination. Nevertheless, these studies usually focused on regions at the sub-chromosomal level. Here we study the compositional differences among chromosomes, considering structural and functional aspects using the chromosomes as the units of analysis. We show that: i) chromosomes are compositionally consistent units; ii) there exists a correlation between their GC content and size and location within the nucleus, and iii) the three processes mentioned above are linked to compositional properties at the chromosomal level. These results support the existence of a link between composition and spatial/structural/functional features of entire chromosomes. The Evolutionary mechanisms and forces underlying these patterns remain open questions.
Design and analysis of ultra-robust analog library cells for aerospace applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ionizing radiation, such as high energy electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation, has an impact to the integrated circuit using commercial CMOS process which is susceptible to damage or malfunction caused by radiation effects. This makes it very challenging for integrated circuit design applied to the outer space, nuclear reactor or other radiation environment. However, due to the development of the CMOS technology, deep submicron device with ultra-thin silicon oxide has a great resistance towards the ionizing radiation. Moreover, Radiation Hardened techniques such as shielding, using insulating substrate instead of usual semiconductor wafers, are applied to enhance robustness under the radiation effect. Radiation Hardened by design, in another way, provides the solution through circuit schematic design which will be the main concern in this work. Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is a device that converts digital signal to analog signal and widely used in the generation of audio/video signals. DAC is an essential block for building the integrated circuit. Under radiation environment, the performance of the DAC is affected and output signal suffers continuous or transient distortion. Thus a RHDB DAC is required in order to be used in the radiation environment. In this project, a RHDB DAC topology is proposed. The circuit is designed using 65nm GlobalFoundries with low power supply of 1.2V. Two essential building blocks of DAC, bandgap reference and amplifier, are designed with radiation tolerance and ability to work under large temperature variation. The bandgap reference has a temperature coefficient less than 50ppm/ ˚C within 40 ˚C to 125 ˚C, a Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) higher than 60dB at DC condition and power consumption less than 150μW. The amplifier has an open loop gain of 78dB, a bandwidth of 80MHz and phase margin more than 70 degree. In conclusion, the performance and features of the proposed design fulfill the requirement of the aerospace application.
Identification and Quantification\nof Phytochemical\nComposition and Anti-inflammatory and Radical Scavenging Properties\nof Methanolic Extracts of Chinese Propolis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fifteen propolis samples collected from different regions\nof China\nwere investigated and compared for their phytochemical composition\nand anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging properties. Eleven compounds\nincluding caffeic, <i>p</i>-coumaric, ferulic, isoferulic,\nand 3,4-dimethylcaffeic acids, pinobanksin, chrysin, pinocembrin,\ngalangin, pinobanksin 3-acetate, and caffeic acid phenylethyl ester\nwere quantified for the 15 propolis samples using a UHPLC method,\nwhereas 38 compounds were identified by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. The 15 propolis\nsamples significantly differed in their total phenolic and total flavonoid\ncontents, as well as their phytochemical profiles. The methanol extracts\nof propolis also showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated\nRAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells at 10 μg propolis extract/mL\nconcentration. Additionally, the propolis samples differed in their\nDPPH, ABTS cation, hydroxyl, and peroxide radical scavenging capacities\nand ferric reducing abilities. The results from this study may be\nused to improve the commercial production and consumption of Chinese\npropolis products.
Conclusion and agenda for action and research

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this book we have analysed five case studies to understand the opportunities and challenges of origin-based labelling of food products for smallholder producers in the developing world. The cases cover very diverse experiences with origin-based labelling. They present products in different types of markets (local, national, international) and different levels of formality, legal protection, and degrees of horizontal organization and vertical coordination. While they do not offer an exhaustive view, they do give rise to a number of conclusions to help focus future action and research.
Studies in Batch and Continuous Solvent Sublation. III. Solubility of Pentachlorophenol in Alcohol–Water Mixtures and its Effects on Solvent Sublation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The solubility of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in pure water and alcohol–water mixtures at pH = 2.5 and 5.0 at 25°C are reported. The use of the two-suffix Margules equation and UNIFAC to predict these effects is ascertained. The implications of these observations with respect to the solvent sublation of PCP in the presence of alcohol resulting from the redissolution of the organic solvent is also described.
Dynamically Evolving Annotation-Based Variability for Runtime Adaptation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Software applications are increasingly desirable to adapt to varying execution environments and diverse user requirements to support runtime adaptation. Behavioral variations are generally modularized to handle variability. Depending on activating or deactivating relevant variations dynamically due to continuous context changes, a required behavioral variant specific to contexts is subsequently generated and has to evolve over time, to remain higher availability. However, since the potential amount of behavioral variants to be formed is huge, it is substantially unlikely to ensure all of them are type safe due to the unnecessary variants which are not used at all. To address this problem, we propose an annotation-based approach to variability. It can type check the entire program consisting of base program and many variations only once, without resulting from each variant individually. We extend the Featherweight Java to formally prove that all the expected variants are still well typed. Moreover, the type system guarantees type safety of the updated program as one variant evolves to another and type correctness that no run-time errors occur.
On problems of context and attribution in verbal reasoning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Investigated the effect of the verb on inferences in reasoning tasks with conditionals. Subjects were 60 pupils, both male and female, aged 17 to 18 years. Six verbs (buy, have, understand, ignore, hate, avoid) served as independent variables in conditional tasks consisting of two premises. The results which are statistically, highly significant, show an effect due to the verb depending upon the logical form of the task (2Î = 86.1, df= 30). indicate that certain semantic characteristics implicit in verbs determine the way in which a reasoning task is interpreted. A second experiment investigated why verbs differ in this way. Interviews were carried out with subjects using the verbs ‘buy’ and ‘ignore’. It is suggested that implicit meanings acquired through processes of social attribution play an essential role in verbal reasoning. In the present case, such attributions concern the depositional and episodic character of verbs and appear to be responsible for the interpretation of the premises of our tasks. It is concluded that any logical model aiming at an adequate representation of language in reasoning must take these implicit social attributions into account.
Unraveling the regulatory role of endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation in tumor immunity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

During malignant transformation and cancer progression, tumor cells face both intrinsic and extrinsic stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in particular. To survive and proliferate, tumor cells use multiple stress response pathways to mitigate ER stress, promoting disease aggression and treatment resistance. Among the stress response pathways is ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which consists of multiple components and steps working together to ensure protein quality and quantity. In addition to its established role in stress responses and tumor cell survival, ERAD has recently been shown to regulate tumor immunity. Here we summarize current knowledge on how ERAD promotes protein degradation, regulates immune cell development and function, participates in antigen presentation, exerts paradoxical roles on tumorigenesis and immunity, and thus impacts current cancer therapy. Collectively, ERAD is a critical protein homeostasis pathway intertwined with cancer development and tumor immunity. Of particular importance is the need to further unveil ERAD's enigmatic roles in tumor immunity to develop effective targeted and combination therapy for successful treatment of cancer.
The Urgency of Understanding the Verses of Mutasyabihat Lafdziyyah for Learning Tahfidz Al-Quran

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mutasyabihat lafdziyyah verses are verses that are similar to lafadz used in the Quran. Students usually have difficulty in memorizing and reciting the mutasyabihat lafdziyyah verses which are characterized by a fall in the voice and several doubts faced by students during the recitation or when jumping between the poems or letters. Understanding the mutasyabihat lafdziyyah verses in the juz 30 of the Qur’an directly impacts students learning ability of the juz 30 of the tahfidz al-Quran. The purpose of this study was to (i) understand the verses of mutasyabihat lafdziyyah in the juz 30 of the Qur’an and (ii) minimize students’ mistakes and doubts when reciting or memorizing the juz 30 of the Qur’an, especially when encountering mutasyabihat lafdziyyah. The study used a systematic literature review design by documenting and reviewing articles related to mutasyabihat lafdziyyah verses, the problems of the tahfidz al-Quran, and the tahfidz method. All articles used in the study were published during 2012–2021 and accessed from lens.org, DOAJ, and Google Scholar. It was found that understanding the verses of mutasyabihat lafdziyyah had a direct effect on the quality of student memorization. By understanding the mutasyabihat lafdziyyah verses in the juz 30, students memorized better and mistakes and doubts were increasingly minimized when reciting or during the examinations. Keywords: Mutasyabihat Lafdziyyah verses, the problems of Tahfidz al-Quran, Tahfidz method
MULTIPLE SCATTERING OF WAVES BY A PAIR OF GRAVITATIONALLY STRATIFIED FLUX TUBES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the near-field coupling of a pair of flux tubes embedded in a gravitationally stratified environment. The mutual induction of the near-field jackets of the two flux tubes can considerably alter the scattering properties of the system, resulting in sizable changes in the magnitudes of scattering coefficients and bizarre trends in the phases. The dominant length scale governing the induction zone turns out to be approximately half the horizontal wave length of the incident mode, a result that fits in quite pleasantly with extant theories of scattering. Higher-β flux tubes are more strongly coupled than weaker ones, a consequence of the greater role that the nearfield jacket modes play in the such tubes. We also comment on the importance of incorporating the effects of multiple scattering when studying the effects of mode absorption in plage and interpreting related scattering measurements. That the near-field plays such an important role in the scattering process lends encouragement to the eventual goal of observationally resolving sub-wavelength features of flux tubes using techniques of helioseismology.
Possibility of installing a data acquisition system in a pedestrian headform impactor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The accelerometers in a conventional headform impactor are connected by cables to a data acquisition system placed on the ground. Recently, a portable small-sized data acquisition system was newly developed such that it could be installed inside a headform impactor. As a result, the headform impactor can work without a cable (an uncabled headform impactor). The present study showed that the specifications of uncabled child and adult pedestrian headform impactors meet the requirements of the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism regulation. It was found that the resultant accelerations measured with the uncabled headform impactors were similar to those measured with currently used headform impactors in drop certification tests. Additionally, the head injury criterion measured with the uncabled headform impactors was remarkably similar to that measured with the cabled headform impactors in impact tests against bonnets of vehicles. Acceleration measured by uncabled headform impactors did not include any of the noise that is often observed in tests using cabled headform impactors.
CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS Computed Tomographic Angiography for the Evaluation of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Computed tomography (CT) followed by lumbar puncture (LP) is currently the criterion stan-dard for diagnosing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the emergency department (ED); however, this is based on studies involving a limited number of patients. The authors sought to assess the ability of CT angiography (CTA), a new diagnostic modality, in conjunction with CT/LP to detect SAH. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting to the ED with symptoms concerning for SAH were ap-proached. All patients had an intravenous catheter placed and underwent a noncontrast head CT followed by CTA. Patients whose CT did not reveal evidence of SAH or other pathology underwent LP in the ED. CTAs were read within 24 hours by a neuroradiologist blinded to the patient’s history. Results: A total of 131 patients were approached, 116 were enrolled, and 106 completed the study. In six of 116 patients (5.1%), aneurysm was found on CTA with normal CT and positive findings on LP; three had a positive CTA with normal CT and LP findings (one of which had a negative cerebral angiogram), and there was one false-positive CTA. Follow-up of all 131 patients showed no previously undiagnosed intracranial pathology. In this patient population, 4.3 % (5/116) were ultimately found to have an SAH and/or aneurysm. Conclusions: In this pilot study, CTA was found to be useful in the detection of cerebral aneurysms and may be useful in the diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH. A larger multicenter study would be useful to confirm these results.
Multiresolution Perceptual Hash Scheme

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A perceptual image hashing scheme based on security of authentication is proposed.The relationship between robustness and authentication set is analyzed,and the necessity of using multiresolution in perceptual image Hash scheme is proved.The false negative probability and false positive probability can be balanced in authentication with multiresolution. A novel perceptual image Hash algorithm is designed based on tree structure decomposition.Image blocks with various resolutions are quantified to extract the robust features,and the precise Hash algorithm is used to generate the authentication Hash.Experimental results show that,with a Hash bit error rate less than 0.15,the proposed scheme is robust against JPEG compression,filtering,noise,etc.And it is highly sensitive to malicious tamper and can be used in multimedia content authentication.