jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On submersible water-quality monitoring systems based on spectral ultraviolet method

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper is aimed to make a research advance review on the submersible water-quality monitoring systems on the basis of the spectral ultraviolet principle.As is known,water pollution control and prevention has been more and more demanding to call for real-time,online and portability in testing and controlling the water quality.Online monitoring in this way even asks for providing such parameters as chemical oxygen demand(COD)and nitrate nitrogen,which used to be gained in the laboratory through chemical experiments with the help of valves and pipes,and,therefore,ask for a longer analysis time and chemical reagents and waste recycling.To overcome such inconveniences and meet the above,we are inclined to introduce an online testing technology of direct determination of COD and nitrate nitrogen content based on the ultraviolet absorption,which is by nature a kind of online detection technology without chemical reagents and pre-treatment samples.We have also introduced in this paper a novel water quality monitoring system for COD and nitrate nitrogen based on UV-visible spectrometry,consisting of a pulsed xenon lamp,concave holographic grating and a spectral scanning structure,which is capable to determine any spectrum of water in the 200-720 nm range.By using a rod-like instrument that can be put into the water to do the testing directly,detecting the COD and nitrate nitrogen concentration in the water by testing the UV absorbance.In so doing,the above mentioned methods can be adopted to classify the samples through a series of experiments with standard solution of the potassium hydrogen phthalate and standard solution of the Potassium nitrate.In addition,we have also found a suitable mathematical model to test water for its contaminants from the database so as to enhance the ability of the UV water testing technology and gain other water quality indices.Besides the above review,we have also done some water samples experiments ourselves to raise the availability and feasibility of the instruments under test by means of actual water samples of COD and nitrate nitrogen content prepared by ourselves.Thus,it can be seen that the above technical review and our own research activities are expected to provide a new kind of green detection technology for surveying the pollution sources and monitoring of surface water origins such as that in lakes,rivers and so on.
Triplet-state detection of labeled proteins using fluorescence recovery spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The experimental procedures for detecting the triplet states of chromophores in solutions (cuvettes) by fluorescence recovery spectroscopy (FRS) are described in detail, together with applications in studies of protein structure and protein-cell interactions in the microsecond to millisecond time domain. The experimental configuration has been characterized by measuring the emission intensities and anisotropies of eosin and erythrosin immobilized in poly(methyl methacrylate). The fluorescence data are compared with those from phosphorescence emission measurements and with theoretical predictions. Triplet-state lifetimes were obtained in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, of concanavalin A labeled with eosin, tetramethylrhodamine, and fluorescein and of alpha 2-macroglobulin labeled with the first two probes. In the case of labeled concanavalin A, iodide quenching measurements gave bimolecular rate constants of approximately 10(9) M-1 s-1. The usefulness of FRS for studying protein-cell interactions is exemplified with eosin-labeled concanavalin A bound to living A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the technique are compared to those of the alternative phosphorescence emission method.
Multifunctional microbubbles and nanobubbles for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We develop a novel dual-modal contrast agent-encapsulated-ink poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microbubbles and nanobubbles-for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. Soft gelatin phantoms with embedded tumor simulators of encapsulated-ink PLGA microbubbles and nanobubbles in various concentrations are clearly shown in both photoacoustic and ultrasound images. In addition, using photoacoustic imaging, we successfully image the samples positioned below 1.8-cm-thick chicken breast tissues. Potentially, simultaneous photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging enhanced by encapsulated-dye PLGA microbubbles or nanobubbles can be a valuable tool for intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries and therapeutic margins.
Addressing the Needs of Doctoral Students as Academic Practitioners: A Collaborative Inquiry on Teaching in Higher Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents preliminary findings from a pilot study whose purpose was to explore how we, a tenure-track faculty member and a doctoral student, understood and developed our teaching practice when engaged in a formal faculty–student relationship. Using a hybrid of collaborative inquiry and collaborative self-study—which included verbal and written dialogue, interrogation, as well as observation—we sought to understand how that formal faculty–student relationship promoted the development of strong teaching pedagogy. The motivation for this study was a commitment to fostering high-quality teaching in undergraduate courses in our faculty of education. Driving this study was the research question: How are we investigating and improving upon our practices as teachers in post-secondary education?
On Flame Stretch

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A general invariant expression is derived for the stretch experienced by a flame due either to its motion or to the nonuniform flow of the gas through it. This expression is given in terms of the local fluid velocity and the shape of the flame front. Specific examples in which the flame stretch takes a simplified form are discussed. Some remarks are made regarding the relation between the three distinct properties of flames: stretch, speed and temperature.
A New Method for the Preparation of 17(α)-Hydroxy-20-ketopregnanes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Method for the Preparation of 17(α)-Hydroxy-20-ketopregnanesLewis H. SarettCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 4, 1454–1458Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01184a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01184a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views237Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Milton Friedman, the Statistical Methodologist

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Research Article| September 01 2007 Milton Friedman, the Statistical Methodologist David Teira David Teira Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2007) 39 (3): 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2007-020 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation David Teira; Milton Friedman, the Statistical Methodologist. History of Political Economy 1 September 2007; 39 (3): 511–527. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2007-020 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsHistory of Political Economy Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Duke University Press2007 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.
Abstract 105: The Therapeutic Efficacy of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Postinfarction Myocardial Repair and Regeneration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great promise for regeneration of the heart post myocardial infarction (MI) due to their pluripotent potential, it is this same potential that poses risk for the formation of teratomas. Lately there have been reports that exosomes, 30-100nm membrane bound vesicles, are not simply used by the cell to exocytose unwanted material, but contain intact protein, mRNA, and miRNA important for intercellular communication. Here we hypothesize that ESC derived exosomes can be used to exploit an already established mechanism to shuttle ESC content intercellularly in a cell free system for physiological and anatomical repair of the myocardium following acute myocardial infarction. To test our hypothesis exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation from equal numbers of murine ESCs or primary embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). ESC exosomes had intact pluripotent transcripts similar to their parent cells in contrast the MEF exosomes. Using a double blinded acute myocardial infarction model, immediately after permanent ligation of the coronary artery, mice were injected with saline, ESC exosomes, or MEF exosomes at 3 locations in the border-zone of the left ventricle (LV). To assess the functional recovery of the LV, echocardiographical analysis was performed at Day 7, 14, and 28 following the AMI. Mice were sacrificed at D28 for histological assessments. LV fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and end systolic diameter measurements demonstrate that mice treated with ESC exosomes have improved LV function compared to mice treated with control MEF exosomes or saline alone (P<.05 for all functional parameters). Mice treated with ESC exosomes show less infarct size and apoptosis, greater capillary density, and greater cycling of both cardiomyocytes and ckit+ stem cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate a novel cell free system in which ESC exosomes can exploit regenerative capabilities of ESCs while bypassing the risk of teratoma formation and hold great promise for cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
CHEWING RATE IS LINKED TO APPETITE AND HUNGER

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Energy balance is vital for the prevention and treatment of the obesity. In this context, the controlling of appetite has a critical role for both energy balance and obesity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of chewing rate on appetite and hunger. Methods This study was conducted to the healthy adults (n=36) aged 18–28 years. The dietary manipulation started after a standard breakfast. Then, lunch was served ad libitum consisting of standard mini pizza with balanced macronutrient and micronutrient content. During the study, while the number and the duration of chewing (second) were recorded, visual analog scale (VAS) was filled by subjects at 0., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25., 30., 45., 60. minutes and at the end of the study. Chewing rate was calculated by dividing the number of chewing by duration of the chewing (chew/second). One day 24 h dietary recall was recorded. The manipulation period was repeated three times in two weeks intervals. Results This study showed that, the higher chewing rate was associated with the feeling of hunger at 0 th , 5 th , 10 th and 15 th minutes significantly (p<0.05). In parallel, increased chewing rate was significantly related to the formation of the desire to eat more at the 5 th and 10 th minutes (p<0.05). Between chewing rate and energy intake was a positive correlation, but this was not significant. However, chewing rate did not affect the feeling of fullness and the opinion about the taste of meal. Conclusion The results reveal that the higher chewing rate caused delay in suppression of appetite and hunger, especially at the first 15 minutes after the meal started. Therefore, decreasing chewing rate may be a strategy to develop the feeling of satiety, daily energy intake and thus controlling the obesity.
A Comprehensive Approach to Addressing Gender Equity in STEM Subjects at Four-Year Universities in England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

England is among the many nations aspiring to increase highly qualified and diversified human resources in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Gender disparities in enrollment and persistence in STEM undergraduate education in England are replicated internationally. Despite the expansion of higher education in England, women remain underrepresented in STEM subjects. Politicians have voiced their worries over the economy's overall health and security due to the inadequate number of women in STEM fields in England. While numerous studies have documented gender disparities in STEM subjects in England, there is still a need for better understanding about how to promote gender equity in STEM from early childhood to higher education. In this chapter, we examine the difference in early educational achievement in mathematics and science subjects and students' plan to study STEM subjects by gender. We also examine women's odds of studying STEM subjects in England after controlling for academic performance and social class characteristics. We particularly test gendered differences in studying STEM at prestigious Russell Group universities. We analyze data from the British Department of Education's Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (also known as Next Steps). Finally, we highlight factors that policy makers, researchers, instructors, and STEM workforce members should consider to close gender gaps in STEM undergraduate education.
Prospects of Developing Novel Genetic Resources by Chemical and Physical Mutagenesis to Enlarge the Genetic Window in Bread Wheat Varieties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sustainable production and improved genetic gains can be achieved by broadening the genetic window of elite wheat germplasm. Here, we induced mutations in two spring wheat varieties, viz., NN-Gandum-1 (NN-1) and Punjab-11 (Pb-11), by exposing their seeds to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and γ-rays, respectively. We characterized >3500 lines of each NN-1 and Pb-11 derived population in three consecutive generations, viz., M5, M6, and M7, for important traits, e.g., plant height, heading date, spike morphology and rust resistance. We observed significant genetic variation and correlations in both populations for all investigated traits. We observed differences in terms of number of mutants between NN-1 (22.76%) and Pb-11 (26.18%) which could be ascribed to the genotype-by-mutagen interaction. High broad-sense heritability (H2) estimates, that are vital for higher genetic gains, were observed for all of the investigated traits in both populations (H2 = 0.69–0.91 in NN-1 and 0.84–0.98 in Pb-11). Particularly, to breed for rust resistance, we selected a subset (n = 239) of M7 lines that also showed phenotypic variation for other traits. Our studies (1) show the relevance to artificial mutagenesis to create genetic variation in elite germplasm for their immediate use in current breeding programs, and (2) provide material for downstream identification of genes associated with traits of high agronomic importance.
Choosing oncology: A cross-sectional study of Caribbean medical students’ fourth-year elective rotation preferences.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e21035 Background: The rising global burden of cancer underscores the need to attract medical students to oncology. Caribbean medical schools play a pivotal role in training future physicians who often pursue residency opportunities in America, thereby influencing the global oncology workforce. However, little is known about factors influencing fourth-year Caribbean medical students’ interest in choosing oncology during their elective rotations. This gap in understanding their preferences and motivations may hinder effective recruitment strategies to bolster the future oncologist workforce. Methods: An anonymous 20 question, skip logic, survey was distributed online to 4 th year medical students of 4 Caribbean schools. The survey included Likert-style questions, closed ended responses, as well as free-response text. Questions about student’s likelihood of pursing an oncology rotation (n = 2), overall confidence for success (n = 4), general views about oncology rotations (n = 5), anticipated emotional challenges (n = 4), alignment with desired career specialty (n = 2), and factors that would change current choices (n = 3) were asked. Chi-square tests to compare the proportion of students with strong interest (Likert ≥4) in an oncology rotation across intended specialties (e.g., internal medicine vs. surgical fields vs. others). For Likert-scale questions such as emotional burden and confidence, Mann-Whitney U was used to compare mean/median scores between students with strong interest (≥4) versus lower interest ( < 4). Results: Of the 112 respondents, 28% indicated strong interest (Likert ≥4) in pursuing an oncology rotation; 9.8% had completed or scheduled one. A Chi-square test demonstrated that students intending to enter internal medicine were more likely to show strong interest (36%) compared to those pursuing surgical fields (14%), p = 0.031. Students intending to enter general medicine were more likely to show interest (36%) than those pursuing surgery (14%). Reported barriers included limited oncology exposure (58%), fear of emotional burden (72%), and uncertainty about mentorship (38%). Free‐text responses emphasized personal cancer experiences (n = 66), concerns about medical students’ role in oncology settings (n = 37), and lack of knowledge of cancer drugs (n = 32). Mann-Whitney U tests indicate that students reporting greater fear of emotional burden scored significantly lower on interest in pursuing an oncology rotation (p = 0.045). Conclusions: Key barriers to oncology rotations included limited exposure, emotional toll, and uncertain mentorship, with heightened emotional burden linked to lower interest. However, most respondents indicated that better research and clinical opportunities could increase interest. Strengthening oncology curriculum, mentorship, and research support may help increase oncology elective enrollment.
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL RANKING AND LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Contemporary issues of anthroposociogenesis are inextricably linked to the profound aspects of building hierarchical relationships and leadership in human communities.The deepening of social problems can threaten humanity's existence as a species and have unpredictable consequences for future generations.That is why it is extremely important to understand the biological factors of social ranking in order to create progressive principles for humanity's development.The study aims to analyse the current literature and systematise and summarise the main biological determinants in the formation of hierarchical relations and leadership behaviour in human society and the animal world.The biological basis of social behaviour of human communities formed the basis for the creation of biopolitics, which, based on knowledge of the regulatory principles of the natural world and the biological basis of leadership, creates principles of optimal political life.Such biological determinants of social ranking include genetic and neurophysiological features, related innate properties of the brain and psyche, dominance and hierarchy, adaptation, instincts, etc. Genetic determination of the anatomical and physiological features of neural and hormonal systems largely determines the properties of higher nervous activity, including developing strategies and tactics for social behaviour and the desire for power or its absence.The formation of human society's social structure is largely determined by genetic, anatomical, physiological, behavioural, and other factors.Power mechanisms are necessary evolutionary tools for humanity's survival as a species.Accordingly, knowledge of the biological foundations of power, leadership, and social ranking will help create optimal principles of political management.
Sci-tech Finance, Industrial Structure Upgrading and Coordinated Regional Economic Development

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As the global economy enters the era of knowledge economy, the crucial role of science and sci-tech finance in promoting regional economic development and industrial structure upgrading has become increasingly prominent. Using science and sci-tech finance as an entry point, this study aims to explore its impact mechanism on industrial structure upgrading and coordinated regional economic development, revealing the intrinsic relationship among these three factors. Based on panel data from 30 Chinese provinces during 2010-2022, this research employs literature review methodology, theoretical model analysis, and empirical regression models. The main findings indicate that science and sci-tech finance significantly accelerates industrial structure upgrading through optimizing resource allocation and promoting innovation; meanwhile, by alleviating financing constraints and enhancing capital efficiency, science and sci-tech finance plays a significant role in narrowing regional economic disparities and promoting coordinated development. Regional difference analysis demonstrates that the effects of science and sci-tech finance vary significantly across eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions. The research concludes that science and sci-tech finance policies should be further optimized to promote coordinated regional economic development according to local conditions, while enhancing the risk resistance capacity of industrial structure upgrading to achieve high-quality development.
Taking the Temperature of Past Ocean Surfaces

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Accurate reconstructions of past climatic conditions on Earth are important for modeling future climate change. Researchers use climate "proxies" from deep-sea sediments, corals, or ice cores to reconstruct these past climatic conditions, but as Nürnberg explains in this Perspective, different techniques often give different answers. A relatively new technique, Mg/Ca paleothermometry, is a particularly promising tool, especially in conjunction with oxygen isotope measurements on the same planktonic foraminiferal specimens. The power of this method is exemplified by the study by Lea et al.