jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of egg size on the growth rate and survival of wild walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus larvae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract To clarify the survival process of walleye pollock larvae of the Japan Pacific stock in relation to the individual egg size, we estimated the original relative egg diameter from the diameter of the hatch check formed on larval sagittal otoliths. Significant positive correlations were obtained between egg diameter and embryonic body length, yolk sac volume, and lapillar otolith diameter in 3‐year groups (2013–2015 year classes) collected with a plankton net in Funka Bay. Embryos before hatching were without a check; however, checks were observed on all larval otoliths just after hatching. The check diameters showed significant positive regressions to age at collection (days after hatching) in 2014 and 2015 year classes, however not in the 2013 year class. Diameters of eggs collected with a ring net in Funka Bay gradually increased from 2013 to 2015 year classes. During the 2013–2015 spawning seasons, the proportion of adult females of the 2007 and 2009 year classes, which had relatively high abundances, gradually increased to higher proportions with age (43%, 57%, and <73%, respectively), indicating that the mechanism by which the eggs gradually became larger. The low water temperature experienced by the spawners ca. 2 months earlier, advancement in spawner age, and increase of repeat spawners (at least twice in their life time) would contribute to the increase in egg size and growth and survival rate of walleye pollock larvae.
Measurement of the strain-induced coefficient of permittivity of sapphire using whispering gallery modes excited in a high-Qacoustic sapphire oscillator

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A low-loss monolithic sapphire has been developed for use as a novel transducer via the interaction between the electrical and mechanical resonances, with the intent of measuring the standard quantum limit in a macroscopic mass. This work has investigated the transductance mechanism due to the interaction between electrical and mechanical resonances in a low-loss electrical and acoustic resonator, which operates in the regime where parametric interactions dominate. High electrical and mechanical quality factors (Q-factors) are obtained at low temperatures (4.2 K) using high purity sapphire and single loop suspension vibration isolation. In deriving the displacement sensitivity of the monolithic sapphire transducer (MST), the acoustic mode shape and electromagnetic field distribution must be taken into account rather than the use of a simple mass–spring model. With the aid of this model we determine for the first time the strain-induced coefficient of permittivity for sapphire, both perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis. By comparison with other work, it has been determined that changes in the dielectric constant due to strain are approximately eight times smaller than changes caused by thermal expansion.
Influence of social entrepreneurs on community development in Enugu west senatorial district of Enugu state, Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social entrepreneurship is not a new-fangled observable fact in Nigeria. Though the practice has constantly existed, for countless reasons, the concept is gaining reputation in current years. Although the focus has been on business entrepreneurship as a tool for economic development, the light is now on social entrepreneurship, which entails attempting to serious social issues for sustainable community development. Community development efforts have met with diverse challenges that hamper sustainability of the society. The appearance of social entrepreneurship as a cross move towards positive force for transforming communities put forwards the prospects of dealing with the key challenges of lack of support by government, deficiency of financial assistant, changing environment, out of pocket work, domination by wealthy founders and philanthropists, lack of skilled manpower, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, climate changes, health care challenges, insecurity and other social and economic issues. This paper throws light on who social entrepreneurs are what they do and the role they play in achieving sustainable community development. Using a conceptual framework defined social entrepreneurs, characteristics, principles and role of social entrepreneurs towards community development process. The paper concludes with suggestive principles that could provide an enhanced insight on the role of social entrepreneurs in community development. To enhance their impact, social entrepreneurs should involve beneficiaries trapped within socio-economic problems in the process of community development.
A pilot study on interactive decision trees

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Dutch share of the company, Wolters Kluwer Nederland B.V, makes use
of an online information portal called Navigator to provide information and
functionality to primarily law and tax professionals. The company is focussed
on digitizing information and believes publishing a book online is not the
same as being an online publisher. A new customer need was identified
to provide users with practical content that helps the user get to the right
information efficiently. The company’s attention was drawn to a solution
called interactive decision trees. A pilot study is performed to identify what is
needed to incorporate interactive decision trees in the Navigator and how the
decision trees can be visually presented to the user.
The identified customer needs include the ability to find the trees and
favourite the trees in the Navigator. It should be possible to print the
interactive decision tree and to save it to the computer. The user wants to
be able to go back to previous answers and be able to change the answers.
Design principles defined based on a broad analysis of interactive decision
trees include guidelines about the overview, progress indication, consistency,
scalability, accessible for everyone, flexibility and attention.
Ideas and concepts are generated and tested with users in a user test. The
perspective of an author, publisher and manager is also gathered. The
result of this test phase is recommendations for the final visual design of an
interactive decision tree page in the Navigator based on the earlier defined
design principles. The most important recommendations include show all the
answers of previous questions, incorporate a categorisation of the questions,
integrate the trees in the Navigator, add an elaborated explanation (in-text or
in a separate window) and the recommended elements to include on the first
page are a title, a short description and the first question.
The implementation plan is about aspects to think of when integrating
interactive decision trees in the Navigator. First the real need of the customer
need and the result of a decision tree should be defined. For the business
perspective outsource options should be investigated and data control needs
to be assigned. An input environment needs to be created for the author and
a template for writing interactive decision trees is recommended. The authors
need to be prepared for this different way of writing. Also important is the
terminology used in both the title as the content of the decision tree. The new
functionality ‘decision trees’ should be communicated to the user and it is
important to make sure the user trusts the system.
The user is interested in this new functionality meaning further research and
detailed plans, continuing on the information presented in this report, should
be carried out to start the process of integrating interactive decision trees in
the Navigator.
Revisiting border conflicts between FrameNet and Construction Grammar

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper proposes three policies for the annotation of constructions in FrameNet Brasil, and, potentially, in other FrameNets. Annotation policies are defined so as to both avoid uncontrolled redundancy in the database and respect the theoretical and methodological foundations of Frame Semantics and Construction Grammar. The first policy is concerned with the task of deciding whether a given piece of language should be analyzed as an instance of a construction, or as a valence pattern of a lexical unit; the second specifies criteria for the definition of Construct Elements; finally, the third policy regulates the interconnections between constructions and frames in the database.
Arterial gas tensions and hemoglobin concentrations of the freely diving Weddell seal.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Heart rate, body temperature, arterial blood gas tensions, pHa and hemoglobin concentrations were measured during and after free diving of the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), beneath the fast ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. To examine arterial nitrogen tensions (PaN2), 47 samples of arterial blood were obtained from 4 seals diving up to 23 min to depths of 230 m. Peak arterial nitrogen tensions between 2000 and 2500 mmHg were recorded at depths of 40-80 m during descent, indicating that the seal's lung collapses by 25-50 m. Then arterial blood nitrogen tensions slowly decreased to about 1500 mmHg near surfacing. Thus during diving alveolar collapse and redistribution of blood nitrogen allow the seal to avoid nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness. The arterial PO2 (PaO2) at rest (78 +/- 13 mmHg, mean +/- SD) increased with diving compression to a maximum measured value of 232 mmHg and then rapidly decreased to 25-35 mmHg. The lowest diving PaO2 was 18 mmHg just before the seal surfaced from a 27-min dive. A consistent increase of arterial hemoglobin concentrations occurred during each dive. We suggest that an extension of the sympathetic outflow of the diving reflex caused profound contraction of the Weddell seal's spleen.
Effects of aging and exercise training on the mechanisms of Angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in rat skeletal muscle arterioles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aging is associated with increases in regional and systemic vascular resistance and impaired ability to increase blood flow to active muscles during exercise. Aging enhances vasoconstrictor responsiveness in both humans and animals, and an increase in Angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction is one possible mechanism for old age-associated increase in muscle vascular resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine 1) whether aging alters Ang II-induced vasoconstriction, 2) whether exercise training attenuates the age-associated alteration in Ang II-mediated vasoconstriction, and 3) the mechanism(s) through which aging and exercise training alter Ang II-induced vasoconstriction in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Male Fischer 344 rats were assigned to 4 groups: Young sedentary (YS; 4 months), old sedentary (OS; 24 months), young trained (YT) and old trained (OT). Exercise-trained groups performed treadmill exercises for 60 min/day at 15 m/min, on a 15º incline for 5 days/week for 10-12 weeks. First-order (1A) arterioles were isolated from soleus and gastrocnemius muscles for in vitro experimentation. Intraluminal diameter changes were determined in response to the cumulative addition of Ang II (3×10-11 - 3×10-5 M). Ang II dose responses were then determined following the removal of endothelium and treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10-5 M), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Ang II-induced vasoconstriction was augmented in the aged skeletal muscle arterioles, both in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, and age-associated increases in Ang II-induced vasoconstriction were abolished with the removal of endothelium and with L-NAME. Exercise training ameliorated the age-induced increase in Ang II-vasoconstriction, and this alteration was eliminated by the removal of endothelium and with NOS inhibition. These findings suggest that aging enhances Ang II-induced vasoconstrictor responses in the arterioles from both soleus, high oxidative, and white portion of gastrocnemius, low oxidative glycolytic muscles, and this age-associated change occurs through an endothelium-dependent NOS signaling pathway. These results also demonstrated that exercise training can ameliorate the age-associated increase in Ang II vasoconstriction in the arterioles from both high oxidative and low oxidative glycolytic muscles through an endothelium-mediated NOS mechanism.
Post-Irradiation Examination to Quantify Irradiation-Induced Bowing of SiGA® Silicon Carbide Composite Structures (Final CRADA Report – NFE-23-09937)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

As part of the SiC-based material development at General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (GA-EMS), this project involved the first-of-a-kind experimental post-irradiation examination of the irradiation-induced bowing response in SiC composite structures under a neutron flux gradient. The SiC composite miniature channel specimen was provided by GA-EMS for the irradiation experiment. To quantify the irradiation-induced bowing of the channel specimen, a series of visual and dimensional inspections were conducted using the unique capabilities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), including a custom profilometry rig. The post-irradiation examination results of this project will assist GA-EMS in validating their fuel performance model for SiC-based core structures in neutron irradiation environments.
An Observational Study to Evaluate the Haemodynamic Changes between Endotracheal Intubation and Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Airway management is a crucial skill for the clinical anaesthesiologist.It is an integral part of general anesthesia, allowing ventilation and oxygenation as well as a mode for anesthetic gas delivery.The laryngeal mask airways(LMA) have become popular in airway management as a missing link between facemask and tracheal tube in terms of both anatomical position and degree of invasiveness.Haemodynamic stability is an important aspect to the anaesthesiologist for the benefit of the patients especially during intubations, laryngeal mask insertion.Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation can cause striking changes in Haemodynamics as result of intense stimulation of sympathetic nervous system.The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic changes between endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway insertion. Material and Methods:This was a prospective observational study on 46 patients of ASA I-II status divided into 2 groups of 23 each.In the ETT (Endotracheal tube) group endotracheal intubation was done using Macintosh laryngoscope by using portex cuffed endotracheal while in LMA (Laryngeal mask airway) group laryngeal mask airway was inserted according to the standard recommendation.Heart rate, Systolic, Diastolic and Mean arterial pressure and dysrhythmias were monitored. Results:The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic data as there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, sex, duration of surgery, ASA grades and MPC classification.Heart rate (HR), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure(DBP), Mean arterial pressure (MAP) remains on higher side in ETT group than LMA group which was statistically significant.P<0.05.Dysrhythmias were noted in 2 patients of ETT group while LMA group did not notice any dysrhythmias. Conclusion:This study demonstrated that there is a haemodynamic response consisting of an increase in Heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP that comes with ETT insertion as well as with LMA insertion.However, the response caused by ETT insertion is significantly greater than that caused by LMA insertion.
GM FOOD PRODUCTS AND TOWARD CHALLENGES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BIOETHICS AND RIGHT TO FOOD

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the framework of international human rights, the« right to adequate food» is a fundamental right of everyone to access to food which is safe and Nutrient. Risks which associated with GM food products for consumers and full control of biotech companies on the research process of safety of these foods, has been arisen concerns of human right activists. These companies on the base of art 15 of (ICSESC) consider that, any type of intervention and supervision of the public sector in the process of their investigations as a violation of the international obligations of states. They avoid to disclose the results of scientific research conducted in laboratories under their control and always claim that GM foods are no different from conventional foods. The situation that not only violated the « right to adequate food » but also is contrary to the « principle of non malfeasance». But, the main question, which is our major concern, is about the conflict created between the « right to adequate food » and principles of « Bioethics» on the one hand and the «right to freedom of scientific research and creative activity» on the other hand. It is obvious that the recent procedures are not enough good for respond to the need to secure the « right to adequate food » and « Bioethics». So that governments and biotechnology companies are required to modify their existing practices and balance different interests to adhere the fundamental principles of human rights and principles of Bioethics.
Critical Connectivity and Fastest Convergence Rates of Distributed Consensus With Switching Topologies and Additive Noises

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Consensus conditions and convergence speeds are crucial for distributed consensus algorithms of networked systems. Based on a basic first-order average-consensus protocol with time-varying topologies and additive noises, this paper first investigates its critical consensus condition on network topology by stochastic approximation frameworks. A new joint-connectivity condition called extensible joint-connectivity that contains a parameter δ (termed the extensible exponent) is proposed. With this and a balanced topology condition, we show that a critical value of δ for consensus is 1/2. Optimization on convergence rate of this protocol is further investigated. It is proved that the fastest convergence rate, which is the theoretic optimal rate among all controls, is of the order 1/t for the best topologies, and is of the order 1/t 1-2δ for the worst topologies, which are balanced and satisfy the extensible joint-connectivity condition. For practical implementation, certain open-loop control strategies are introduced to achieve consensus with a convergence rate of the same order as the fastest convergence rate. Furthermore, a consensus condition is derived for nonstationary and strongly correlated random topologies. The algorithms and consensus conditions are applied to distributed consensus computation of mobile ad-hoc networks; and their related critical exponents are derived from relative velocities of mobile agents for guaranteeing consensus.
THE IMPACT OF ROTATING SHIFT DUTIES ON JOB SATISFACTION, FATIGUE AND SLEEP DISORDERS AMONG NURSES IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS OF LAHORE PAKISTAN

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: With the advancement of various industries, different types of shift work are being implemented throughout the world. Shift work is considered necessary to ensure continuity of care in hospitals and residential facilities. In particular, the night shift is one of the most frequent reasons for the disruption of circadian rhythms, causing significant alterations of sleep and biological functions that can affect physical and psychological well-being and negatively impact work performance. The aim of this study was to compare between fatigue, sleep disturbance and job satisfaction among nursing staff working in shift duties and day work in tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A quantitative analytical cross-sectional study was conducted to compare fatigue, sleep disturbance and job satisfaction among shift duties and day work among nurses in tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The descriptive statistics include the demographic data, factors and represented using the frequencies and percentage. To find out the relationship between the factors Pearson correlation was applied. Population of the study was nurses and sample size is 350 participants. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the level of fatigue and the levels of anxiety and depression. In our study; the findings indicated that the level of job stress is moderate among day rotation nurses whereas it was severe. There is a positive relationship between marital life and fatigue and sleep disorders. Conclusion: In this study it was identified that nurses working in the shift duties have poor sleep quality. Whereas the nurses working in the day shifts have good sleep quality. Participants also reported that harsh interactions with other interdisciplinary team members worsen the fatigue and job satisfaction among the nurses. Key words: Shift Duties, Job Satisfaction, Fatigue, Sleep Disorder.
The Power of Narrative

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Narrative is the stuff of community. The Power of Narrative embarks on a quest to understand how narrative works in taking an inchoate group of individuals and turning it into a powerful social movement. To understand the force of narrative, the authors examine the particular phenomenon of climate skepticism. Somehow, the narrative of climate skepticism has been able to forge a movement and stake a challenge to the hegemony of the larger community of scientists on what is ostensibly a matter of science. The book asks: How is this achieved? What is the narrative of climate skepticism, and how has it evolved over time and diffused from place to place? Is it possible that this narrative shares with other issue narratives an underlying genetic code of sorts, a story that is more fundamental than all of these? How has the climate skeptical narrative contended with its other, which is the narrative-network of climate change science, and forged its own social movement? The outcome of this struggle between climate science and its denial has implications for society that go far beyond climatology. Using narrative and discourse analysis, the authors demonstrate how the narrative lens allows us unique insights into these questions. The book takes the reader on a journey, across times and places and social realms; throughout, we see the power of narrative at work, making believers, or skeptics, of us all.
Distinct effects of prefrontal and parietal cortex inactivations on an accumulation of evidence task in the rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Numerous brain regions have been shown to have neural correlates of gradually accumulating evidence for decision-making, but the causal roles of these regions in decisions driven by accumulation of evidence have yet to be determined. Here, in rats performing an auditory evidence accumulation task, we inactivated the frontal orienting fields (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), two rat cortical regions that have neural correlates of accumulating evidence and that have been proposed as central to decision-making. We used a detailed model of the decision process to analyze the effect of inactivations. Inactivation of the FOF induced substantial performance impairments that were quantitatively best described as an impairment in the output pathway of an evidence accumulator with a long integration time constant (>240 ms). In contrast, we found a minimal role for PPC in decisions guided by accumulating auditory evidence, even while finding a strong role for PPC in internally-guided decisions.