jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Network for Iterative Reconstruction of CT Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Computed tomography (CT) uses X-ray measurements taken from sensors around the body to generate tomographic images of the human body. Conventional reconstruction algorithms can be used if the X-ray data are adequately sampled and of high quality; however, concerns such as reducing dose to the patient, or geometric limitations on data acquisition, may result in low quality or incomplete data. Images reconstructed from these data using conventional methods are of poor quality, due to noise and other artifacts. The aim of this study is to train a single neural network to reconstruct high-quality CT images from noisy or incomplete CT scan data, including low-dose, sparse-view, and limited-angle scenarios. To accomplish this task, we train a generative adversarial network (GAN) as a signal prior, to be used in conjunction with the iterative simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) for CT data. The network includes a self-attention block to model long-range dependencies in the data. We compare our Self-Attention GAN for CT image reconstruction with several state-of-the-art approaches, including denoising cycle GAN, CIRCLE GAN, and a total variation superiorized algorithm. Our approach is shown to have comparable overall performance to CIRCLE GAN, while outperforming the other two approaches.
Amelioration of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by sodium butyrate is linked to the modulation of intestinal tight junctions in db/db mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

T2DM–induced intestinal HG and intestinal barrier damage could co-inhibit GLP–1 secretion via suppressing intestinal TGR5 expression. Butyric acid secretes GLP–1 through the increase of TGR5 protein expression mediated by intestinal TJs and relieves inflammation.
The Perfect Match? Correlates of Job Placement Among PhD Earners

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Earning a doctorate in a field implies a strong desire to stay in that field, yet not all who earn a PhD do stay in their field. Therefore this study assumes that those who leave their chosen field do so either involuntarily or because of strong “pull” factors. Using the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (2015), this study examines a variety of factors that affect job placement among PhD recipients, specifically efforts to “match” doctoral field credentials with occupational outcomes. Analyses explicitly test classic assumptions underlying Human Capital Theory, while also taking into account demographic characteristics social capital differences. Findings indicate that demographic characteristics (such as gender, age and citizenship), human capital (including doctoral and bachelor field type) and social capital influence job placement. Institutional context also plays a role. Perhaps the most surprising finding is that approximately 40-45% of respondents find a job outside of their doctorate field of study, specifically those with doctorates in Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Physical and Related Sciences, Social and Related Sciences and Engineering. Identifying these individual- and institutional-level factors helps understand both who is finding a job credential match and whether or not that match is a lucrative one. Advisor: Regina Werum
Additional file 1 of Appropriate follow-up period for odontogenic keratocyst: a retrospective study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Additional file 1: Supplemental Table 1. Distribution of occurrence and recurrence site of odontogenic keratocyst. Supplemental Table 2. Recurrence rate according to size and radiographic patterns. Supplemental Table 3. Recurrence rate according to radiographic patterns and treatment modalities.
Comparison of Discipleship Attitudes and Practices among Members of the Baptist Missionary Association of America between 2010 and 2023

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article reports the findings and analysis of data collected in a 2010 research study by comparing them with data collected in a replicated study conducted in 2023. Both surveys produced descriptive data from a membership sampling of churches affiliated with the Baptist Missionary Association of America (BMAA) regarding members’ attitudes and practices of discipleship. Leadership of the BMAA responded to findings of the 2010 study by introducing a formal discipleship strategy (DiscipleWay) in hopes that it would increase members’ practice of discipleship. The replicated study in 2023 was conducted to determine if members’ attitudes and practices changed between 2010 and 2023. Analysis of the 2023 data revealed two negative conclusions of the 2010 survey was less true based on the 2023 responses. Two other conclusions of the 2010 survey were not challenged. Implications for practitioners and educators are discussed in the article.
Controlling Lipids AIDS in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Abnormal lipid profiles are a characteristic feature of persons with chronic conditions in which the diabetic populations are recognized as the dominant group, regardless of gender and ethnicity worldwide. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the abnormalities of serum lipid profiles in both nondiabetic and diabetic persons. Methods: This study was a case–control investigation conducted between 2013 and 2015. The study enrolled 266 patients from the North Central and South West Regional Health Authorities of Trinidad. Of the 266 patients recruited, 126 were diabetic and 140 were nondiabetic. Results: Our study observed that dyslipidemia was present among the nondiabetic populations as the nondiabetics had 55 women and 20 men with high cholesterol, 22 women and 14 men with high triglyceride (TG), 30 women and 25 men with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 42 women and 21 men with high low-density level-cholesterol (LDL-C), 13 women and 8 men with high very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and also 30 women and 11 men with body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m 2 . We also observed that diabetic women had significantly lower TGs ( P = 0.019) and higher HDL-C ( P = 0.001) and LDL ( P = 0.003) when compared with the diabetic men. In addition, the nondiabetic females also had higher HDL-C ( P = 0.045) when compared to their male counterparts. Both diabetic and nondiabetic women exhibited significantly higher BMI of P = 0.000. A negative correlation was obtained among TGs and HDL ( r = −0.356, n = 83, P = 0.001) and a positive correlation was observed among LDL and HDL ( r = 0.230, n = 86, P = 0.035). Conclusions: This study observed the incidences in the abnormalities of serum lipid profiles in both nondiabetic and diabetic persons. It also presents the high occurrence of nondiabetic women with dyslipidemia as they presented with high cholesterol, high TG, low HDL-C, and high VLD-L with BMI over 30 kg/m 2 .
Influence of hypercapnia on the effect of non invasive ventilation during exercise in COPD patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is only little evidence on the acute effect of ventilatory pressure support (PS) during cycling exercise in hypercanic COPD patients. We evaluated whether PS could reduce arterial PCO2 during exercise. Methods: We studied 33 moderate to severe COPD patients (age: 62±xyears old, FEV1=37± 17% predicted). Thirteen presented with resting hypercapnia (HCO2 group) and 20 with normocapnia (NCO2 group). They performed two constant workrate tests (CWT) on a cycloergometer at 70% of maximal workrate in ambient air and with PS (stopped at isotime). PS was set during a habituation test in order to decrease dyspnea and increase exercise tolerance (mean PS 13±2 cmH2O). Transcutaneous PCO2 (tcPCO2) was monitored continuously during both tests and its change with exercise was calculated from the end of the warm-up period to the end of the test. Results: Resting tcPCO2 was 37.6±4.8 in NCO2 group and 48.4±2.3 mmHg (p<0.0001) in HCO2 group. In NCO2 group, PS did not influence the tcPCO2 change during exercise (+0.6 and +0.4mmHg, without and with PS respectively). In the HCO2 group, tcPCO2 decreased significantly during exercise with PS (-2.5mmHg, p = 0.01) while it was not changed without PS (-1mmHg, NS). The variation of tcPCO2 change with PS tended to be significant (p=0.06). Conclusion: the influence of PS applied during exercise on tcPCO2 was modest and observed only in hypercapnic patients.
A 1.0 V 10.2 GHz CMOS frequency divider with differential injection locking

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Improving the performance of the frequency synthesizer is indispensable for improving the performance of RF transceiver circuits. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a frequency divider (FD) operating at full speed are key components for improving frequency synthesizer performance. We have fabricated a high-speed FD using newly proposed differential injection locking. Differential injection locking is a circuit that locks the phase of the differential output of an oscillator to be synchronized with the input signal. Differential injection locking is explained and the experimental results for the proposed FD are discussed. As a result of applying differential injection locking to a three-stage ring oscillator, a maximum dividing frequency of 10.2 GHz was achieved at a supply voltage of 1 V. Since it is theoretically independent of the oscillator topology, differential injection locking can also be applied to an LC oscillator and a differential ring oscillator when differential outputs are necessary. It will be possible to demonstrate the validity of differential injection locking for any kind of oscillator.
Rare Organism Uncommon Disease Case Vignette of Guillain–Barré Syndrome Induced by Fusobacterium nucleatum Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this case report, we describe an unusual pathogen F. nucleatum-induced empyema, followed by the development of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). Although many pathogens have been associated with GBS, this may be one of the few in the literature to describe an association with F. nucleatum infection.
Comparison of Physiological Characteristice between the Leaves with Different Colors of Cotinus coggygria 'Royal Purple'

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The paper studied the physiological characteristics of the leaves of Cotinus coggygria 'Royal Purple' with different colors in autumn.Three kinds of leaf colors were selected to measure the contents of chlorophyll,anthocyanin,phenylalanin ammo-nialyase(PAL) activity and the water content in the leaves.The results showed that the leaves exhibited red if it had lower chlorophyll content,higher activities of PAL and higher content of anthocyanin.The green leaves had higher chlorophyll content,lower activity of PAL,less content of anthocyanin.The content of total water and the free water was relatively low in red leaves,faworable to the syrcthesis of anthocyanin.
Birth rates in post-socialist Serbia, Slovenia and North Macedonia - spatial differentiation and recent trends

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research paper focuses on the temporal and spatial variations of birth rates in Serbia, Slovenia, and North Macedonia from 2000 to 2022. One of the main objectives is to identify the factors that have led to differences among these three former Yugoslav republics, taking into account their specific demographic characteristics, levels of economic development after the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and the influence of historical events on demographic processes. National-level data and data at the NUTS 3 statistical regional level were used to accurately capture regional disparities within each country. Data from population censuses conducted by national statistical institutes, as well as Eurostat data, serve as the basis for the analysis of these processes. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the demographic landscape in the region, a range of factors were considered. Factors such as inherited demographic conditions, migrations, economic influences, population policy measures, and the impacts of war events in the former Yugoslavia are of crucial importance for a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics of shaping long-term birth rate trends in the region. The research pays special attention to spatial differences in terms of heterogeneity in birth rates both between the countries and within each country at the regional level. Furthermore, the study examines the dynamics of the demographic transition process in the previously mentioned countries. The selection of Serbia, Slovenia, and North Macedonia for this research is motivated by their specific demographic characteristics and varying levels of economic development following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By focusing on these three countries, the study tends to contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between demographic trends, economic factors, and socio-historical context in the region.
ANTHRANILIC DIAMIDE WORM CONTROL IN ROMAINE LETTUCE, 2010

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of new anthranilic diamide insecticides for worm pest control on romaine lettuce under desert growing conditions. Romaine lettuce (SUNBELT, MI) was direct seeded on 3 Sep 2010 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, El Centro, CA into double row beds on 40 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were four beds wide by 50 ft long and bordered by one untreated bed. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Foliar sprays were applied on 21 Oct with a tractor mounted spray boom covering all four beds with three TJ-6
Adhesion Improvement between Conductor and Insulation Layer with Electroless Copper Plating Using Hypophosphite as a Reducing Agent.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In electroless copper plating using hypophosphite as a reducing agent, nickel ions are generally added to the electroless copper plating bath to initiate the auto catalytic reaction, because catalytic activity for anodic oxidation of hypophosphite on copper is low. If nickel ions are excluded from the plating bath, the plating reaction is be initiated only at palladium-catalyzed sites on resin and reaction finally terminates on deposited copper.Adhesion strength between roughened epoxy resin and deposited copper by electroless copper plating using hypophosphite was studied. The plating reaction on palladium-catalyzed epoxy resin initiated and terminated when copper is deposited about 0.3μm. Accordingly, the amount and activity of adsorbed Pd on resin are influenced by the following plating reaction. Adsorbed Pd was increased by immersion in 0.3g/dm3-PdCl2 solution followed by immersion in 0.25mol/dm3-NaH2PO2 solution after conventional mixed catalyst processing. Adhesion strength between epoxy resin and deposited copper is about 1.53kgf/cm. Adhesion strength is higher than that in the plating using formaldehyde since deposited copper reaches small complicated etched pits.
Triple-deck theory in transonic flows and boundary layer stability

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

An analysis of the lower branch of the neutral curve for the Blasius boundary layer leads to a perturbed velocity field with a triple-deck structure, which is a rather unexpected result. It is the asymptotic treatment of the stability problem that has a rational basis, since it is in the limit of high Reynolds numbers that the basic flow has the form of a boundary layer. The principles for constructing a boundary layer stability theory based on the triple-deck theory are proposed. Although most attention is focused on transonic outer flows, a comparative analysis with the asymptotic theory of boundary layer stability in subsonic flows is given. The parameters of internal waves near the lower branch of the neutral curve are associated with a certain perturbation field pattern. These parameters satisfy dispersion relations derived by solving eigenvalue problems. The dispersion relations are investigated in complex planes.
Multiscale Modeling and Coarse Graining of Polymer Dynamics: Simulations Guided by Statistical Beyond-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We review some recent coarse-graining and multi-scale methods, but also put forward some new ideas for addressing such issues. We find that, if one is guided by nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, it is possible to design well-founded multi-scale modeling tools that can link microscopic models with macroscopic constitutive equations. Such multi-scale modeling tools benefit from recently proposed approaches for static coarse graining which are mainly built on potentials of mean force. For dynamical properties, however, coarse-grained models need to account for dissipative effects that arise due to fast degrees of freedom that are eliminated in favor of the remaining slowly varying ones. The proper definition of the set of the state variables, effectively representing the nonequilibrium states is the first key to the success of such an approach. Linking the microscopic model with a macroscopic model built on these slowly relaxing variables is the second key. We illustrate the new approach for a flowing, low-molecular polymer melt.
Uhrf1-Mediated Tnf-α Gene Methylation Controls Proinflammatory Macrophages in Experimental Colitis Resembling Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Macrophages drive the pathological process of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) mostly by secreting proinflammatory cytokines, such as Tnf-α. Recent studies have indicated the association between epigenetic modifications and macrophage functions. However, epigenetic mechanisms regulating macrophages’ functional involvement in IBD remain unknown. In this study, we investigated whether the epigenetic regulator Uhrf1 plays a role in innate immunity by functionally regulating macrophages in intestines. We employed two transgenic strains of mice (one with Uhrf1 deficiency in macrophages [Uhrf1fl/flLyz2-Cre mice] and the other with the two mutations at Uhrf1’s DNA methylation regulatory site [Uhrf1YP187/188AA mice]) to assess their susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis. We examined the cytokines derived from Uhrf1fl/flLyz2-Cre and Uhrf1YP187/188AA macrophages in response to LPS stimulation. We also analyzed the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on Uhrf1 expression in macrophages. The data demonstrated that Uhrf1 deficiency and Uhrf1YP187/188AA mutation resulted in severe colitis in the dextran sodium sulfate–treated mice. In vitro analysis revealed the hypomethylation of Tnf-α promoter and the increased Tnf-α expression in Uhrf1fl/flLyz2-Cre and Uhrf1YP187/188AA macrophages in response to LPS stimulation, and anti–Tnf-α therapy implied the key role of Tnf-α to the aggravated colitis in Uhrf1-deficient mice. Exogenous Tnf-α destabilized Uhrf1 protein through ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation, triggering macrophage activation. In conclusion, we identified that Uhrf1-mediated DNA methylation controls Tnf-α expression of macrophages in the experimental colitis resembling IBD. The epigenetic mechanisms that activate macrophages may provide new therapeutic targets for IBD treatment.
Autoregulated Expression of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Meiosis-Specific Transcription Factor Mei4 and a Genome-Wide Search for Its Target Genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The Schizosaccharomyces pombe mei4+ gene encoding a forkhead transcription factor is necessary for the progression of meiosis and sporulation. We searched for novel meiotic genes, the expression of which is dependent on Mei4p, since only the spo6+ gene has been assigned to its targets. Six known genes responsible for meiotic recombination were examined by Northern blotting, but none were Mei4 dependent for transcription. We determined the important cis-acting element, designated FLEX, to which Mei4p can bind. The S. pombe genome sequence database (The Sanger Centre, UK) was scanned for the central core heptamer and its flanking 3′ sequence of FLEX composed of 17 nucleotides, and 10 candidate targets of Mei4 were selected. These contained a FLEX-like sequence in the 5′ upstream nontranslatable region within 1 kb of the initiation codon. Northern blotting confirmed that 9 of them, named mde1+ to mde9+, were transcriptionally induced during meiosis and were dependent on mei4+. Most mde genes have not been genetically defined yet, except for mde9+, which is identical to spn5+, which encodes one of the septin family of proteins. mde3+ and a related gene pit1+ encode proteins related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ime2. The double disruptant frequently produced asci having an abnormal number and size of spores, although it completed meiosis. We also found that the forkhead DNA-binding domain of Mei4p binds to the FLEX-like element in the putative promoter region of mei4 and that the maximum induction level of mei4 mRNA required functional mei4 activity. Furthermore, expression of a reporter gene driven by the authentic mei4 promoter was induced in vegetative cells by ectopic overproduction of Mei4p. These results suggest that mei4 transcription is positively autoregulated.
Adaptive Copy Number Evolution in Malaria Parasites

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Copy number polymorphism (CNP) is ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes, but the degree to which this reflects the action of positive selection is poorly understood. The first gene in the Plasmodium folate biosynthesis pathway, GTP-cyclohydrolase I (gch1), shows extensive CNP. We provide compelling evidence that gch1 CNP is an adaptive consequence of selection by antifolate drugs, which target enzymes downstream in this pathway. (1) We compared gch1 CNP in parasites from Thailand (strong historical antifolate selection) with those from neighboring Laos (weak antifolate selection). Two percent of chromosomes had amplified copy number in Laos, while 72% carried multiple (2-11) copies in Thailand, and differentiation exceeded that observed at 73 synonymous SNPs. (2) We found five amplicon types containing one to greater than six genes and spanning 1 to >11 kb, consistent with parallel evolution and strong selection for this gene amplification. gch1 was the only gene occurring in all amplicons suggesting that this locus is the target of selection. (3) We observed reduced microsatellite variation and increased linkage disequilibrium (LD) in a 900-kb region flanking gch1 in parasites from Thailand, consistent with rapid recent spread of chromosomes carrying multiple copies of gch1. (4) We found that parasites bearing dhfr-164L, which causes high-level resistance to antifolate drugs, carry significantly (p = 0.00003) higher copy numbers of gch1 than parasites bearing 164I, indicating functional association between genes located on different chromosomes but linked in the same biochemical pathway. These results demonstrate that CNP at gch1 is adaptive and the associations with dhfr-164L strongly suggest a compensatory function. More generally, these data demonstrate how selection affects multiple enzymes in a single biochemical pathway, and suggest that investigation of structural variation may provide a fast-track to locating genes underlying adaptation.