jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Venous Size Discrepancy Is a Critical Factor When Using Superficial Temporal Vessels as Recipient Vessels for Free Flaps

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Superficial temporal vessels have been used successfully as recipient vessels for head and neck reconstruction. This study evaluates the impact of several treatment variables on flap failure and take-back rate when using these recipient vessels. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of all microsurgical reconstructions using superficial temporal vessels as recipient vessels in a period of 10 years. Variables collected included previous treatments (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, neck dissection, free flap reconstruction), type of flaps used (soft tissue, osteocutaneous), and vessel size discrepancy between donor and recipient vessels. Results A total of 132 patients were included in the study. The flap success rate was 98.5%. The take-back rate was 10.6%. The most frequent reason for take-back was venous congestion secondary to thrombosis. None of the studied variables was associated with flap failure. Reconstructions using osteocutaneous flaps and vein diameter discrepancy (ratio ≥ 2:1) had significantly higher take-back rates. Conclusion Flaps with a significant size discrepancy between donor and recipient veins (ratio ≥ 2:1) and fibula flaps (compared with soft tissue flaps) were associated with a higher risk of take-back. It is crucial to minimize venous engorgement during flap harvest and anastomosis, and limit vein redundancy during flap in-setting.
Barriers to Transportation: A Study on Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Receiving in-Center Hemodialysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Without kidney transplant, treatment for end-stage renal disease is considered lifelong. Non-emergency medical transportation through Medicaid and the complementary paratransit services under the Americans with Disabilities Act 1990, were identified as the two major sources of transportation services for end-stage renal disease patients. The purpose of the study was to explore barriers to transportation experienced by dialysis patients using transportation services for in-center dialysis and transplant related medical appointments. The study used a non-experimental quantitative research design to explore the barriers and used web-based survey to collect the data. The link to the web-based survey was disseminated on National Kidney Foundation’s Facebook and online forum and the survey collected 231 responses. The results of the study indicated prevalence of barriers to transportation for patients with end-stage renal disease. The barriers pose a risk for shortening or missing dialysis appointments affecting dialysis patient’s health, leading to an increase in hospitalization and mortality rates. The findings of the study provided foundations for interventions and policy implications to diminish barriers to transportation for patients with end-stage renal disease. Future studies may address barriers to transportation based on end-stage disease patients’ physical limitations and at different geographic settings.
Echoes from the Himalayas: the quest of Ma Lihua, a Chinese intellectual in Tibet

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A long-time Han resident and a prominent writer in Tibet, Ma Lihua embodies a myriad of contradictions and dilemmas of Han Chinese intellectuals in Tibet. Her deep love of Tibetans and their rich culture coexists with her old-fashioned revolutionary idealism. Her cultural relativism enables her to understand the traditions and conditions of Tibet while her very work is part of the Chinese cultural mission to incorporate Tibet into the nation-state of the PRC. With a view to the political and social environment in which she writes, this essay provides a descriptive and sympathetic reading of her work on modern Tibetan literature and her encounters with, and reflections upon, modern Tibetan society.
What is orthopaedic triage? A systematic review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Rationale, aims and objectives Complex and chronic disease is placing significant pressure on hospital outpatient departments. Novel ways of delivering care have been developed recently and are often described as ‘triage’ services. This paper reviews the literature pertaining to definitions and descriptions of orthopaedic/musculoskeletal triage processes, in order to provide information on ‘best practice’ to assist health care facilities. Method A comprehensive open‐ended search was conducted using electronic databases to identify studies describing models of triage clinics for patients with a musculoskeletal/orthopaedic complaint, who have been referred to hospital outpatient clinics for a surgical consultation. Studies were critically appraised using the McM aster quality appraisal tool and ranked using the N ational H ealth and M edical R esearch C ouncil hierarchy of evidence. A thematic analysis of the definitions, processes and procedures of triage described within the literature was undertaken. Results 1930 studies were identified and 45 were included in the review (including diagnostic and evaluative research). The hierarchy of evidence ranged from I to IV ; however, the majority were at low levels of evidence and scored poorly on the critical appraisal tool. Three broad themes of triage were identified: presence of a referral, configuration of the triage (who, how and where) and the aim of triage. However, there were significant inconsistencies across these themes. Conclusions This systematic review highlighted the need for standardization of the definition of triage, the procedures of assessment and management and measures of outcome used in orthopaedic/musculoskeletal triage to ensure best‐practice processes, procedures and outcomes for triage clinics.
A Comparative Study of Forecasted Benefits from Historical and Current Street-Trees in Downtown Oslo. Implications for Management

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Urban trees and forests provide environmental, economic, social, and human health benefits collectively known as ecosystem services. Todays’ climate crisis and urbanization is linked to multiple challenges within cities and green infrastructure. Urban trees can help counteract these problems but must first be recognized as a part of the planning process. Across Europe, tree inventories are increasingly becoming younger and smaller as large trees are removed due to the potential risks they pose to public safety and infrastructure. The new area zoning plan for downtown Oslo (2019) attempts to protect and further develop the city’s current green infrastructure. If managers and urban planners alike are to effectively work towards the “protection and further development” of the green infrastructure in downtown Oslo, it necessitates having a baseline on which to assess what such a development entails. \n\nThis study investigates such a baseline by comparing historical and current tree populations for six different sites in downtown Oslo, and their respective benefits after a 50-year forecast run in i-Tree Eco. The overall benefits provided by the current sites after the forecast were 25 %, 33% and 50% for pollution removal, carbon storage and carbon sequestration when compared to the historical trees under a hypothetical scenario of zero mortality. These results were found, despite the existing tree population being 16% larger and not accounting for the high mortalities of 18-40% associated with the establishment of street-trees. These results highlight the importance of preserving large trees. \n\nManagers and urban planners are encouraged to have a holistic approach with target goals that better account for the higher benefits of incorporating larger trees in the municipality’s tree inventory when planning future projects.
Min-max economic MPC of networked control systems with transmission delays

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we consider a min-max economic model predictive control (EMPC) for nonlinear networked control systems (NCSs) subject to external disturbances and transmission delays in both sensor-to-controller and controller-to-actuator channels. The min-max EMPC scheme incorporates the disturbances within the design of the model predictive controller by optimizing the input for the worst case along the predictions, and thus can achieve better performance than the normal EMPC scheme. The semi-feedback min-max optimization algorithm is used to generate the control sequence to compensate for delayed control input. Simulation results of a numerical example and a CSTR process example are provided to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of our approach.
compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of implant (JADELLE) and IUCD (COPPER T)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aims to compare the performance and side effects of the subdermal implant JADELLE and intrauterine contraceptive device Copper-T as long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. The study design involved a comparative analysis of Jadelle and Copper-T contraceptives, assessing clinical performance and side effects. Sample data from 336 participants was collected using stratified random sampling, with standardized instruments for demographic information, clinical assessment, and contraceptive side effects. Inclusion criteria were reproductive-age multipara women, while exclusion criteria included primary para, preexisting medical disorders, nullipara, and other contraceptive use. Ethical guidelines were followed, ensuring informed consent, privacy, and the right to withdraw. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. SPSS (version 23.0) was used for analysis. The comparison between Group A (Jadelle) and Group B (Copper-T) reveals interesting findings. Group A has a higher mean age, but no significant differences in parity, blood pressure, or weight. Group B has more total and ongoing pregnancies. Group A experiences higher prevalence of side effects, including expulsion, infection, severe menstrual changes, pain or discomfort, and mood swings. Blood parameters show no significant differences. Variations exist in follow-up rates, informed consent, and privacy maintenance.
Virus-like Particle Display of the α‑Gal\nCarbohydrate for Vaccination against <i>Leishmania</i> Infection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Secreted\nand surface-displayed carbohydrates are essential for\nvirulence and viability of many parasites, including for immune system\nevasion. We have identified the α-Gal trisaccharide epitope\non the surface of the protozoan parasites <i>Leishmania infantum</i> and <i>Leishmania amazonensis</i>, the etiological agents\nof visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, with the latter\nbearing larger amounts of α-Gal than the former. A polyvalent\nα-Gal conjugate on the immunogenic Qβ virus-like particle\nwas tested as a vaccine against <i>Leishmania</i> infection\nin a C57BL/6 α-galactosyltransferase knockout mouse model, which\nmimics human hosts in producing high titers of anti-α-Gal antibodies.\nAs expected, α-Gal-T knockout mice infected with promastigotes\nof both <i>Leishmania</i> species showed significantly lower\nparasite load in the liver and slightly decreased levels in the spleen,\ncompared with wild-type mice. Vaccination with Qβ–α-Gal\nnanoparticles protected the knockout mice against <i>Leishmania</i> challenge, eliminating the infection and proliferation of parasites\nin the liver and spleen as probed by qPCR. The α-Gal epitope\nmay therefore be considered as a vaccine candidate to block human\ncutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.
A comprehensive study of charge transport in Au-contacted graphene on Ge/Si(001)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the electronic transport properties of Au-contacted graphene on Ge/Si(001). Kelvin probe force microscopy at room temperature with an additionally applied electric transport field is used to gain a comprehensive understanding of macroscopic transport measurements. In particular, we analyze the contact pads including the transition region, perform local transport measurements in pristine graphene/Germanium, and explore the role of the semiconducting Germanium substrate. We connect the results from these local scale measurements with the macroscopic performance of the device. We find that a graphene sheet on a 2 μm Ge film carries approximately 10% of the current flowing through the device. Moreover, we show that an electronic transition region forms directly adjacent to the contact pads. This transition region is characterized by a width of &gt;100 μm and a strongly increased sheet resistance acting as the bottleneck for charge transport. Based on Rutherford backscattering of the contact pads, we suggest that the formation of this transition region is caused by diffusion.
Relationships between Insensible Perspiration and Thermo Physiological Factors during Wearing Seasonal Clothing Ensembles in Comfort

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

본 연구의 목적은 계절별 의복을 착용하고 쾌적한 상태를 유지하는 동안 불감체중손실과 온열 생리적 요소들간의 관련성을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 한국의 계절별 실내 환경이 인공기후실에 조성되었고 (봄/가을 환경 기온 평균 22.5, 여름 24.7, 겨울 16.8), 설문조사를 바탕으로 총 26 종의 계절별 한벌의복이 선정되었다(봄/가을 옷 8종, 여름 옷 7종, 겨울 옷 11종). 다섯 명의 젊은 여성이 피험자로 참여하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같다: 1) 불감체중손실(IL)은 봄/가을 의복을 착용한 경우 $19{\pm}5g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$, 여름 옷 $21{\pm}5g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$, 겨울 옷 $18{\pm}6g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$으로, 겨울 환경보다 여름 환경에서 더 컸다(p<.001). 2) 호흡기를 통한 불감수분손실(IWR)은 불감체중손실과 반대의 경향을 보여 주어, 겨울옷을 입은 경우 $6{\pm}1g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$, 여름 옷을 입은 경우 $5{\pm}1g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ 였다(p<.001). 3) 불감수분손실 (IW)에서 호흡기를 통한 불감수분손실이 차지하는 비중은 여름 옷을 착용한 경우 평균 28%, 겨울 의복의 경우 38%였다(p<.001). 4) 쾌적한 상태에서, 산열량 중 불감수분손실이 차지하는 비율은 봄/가을 의복을 착용한 경우 25%, 여름옷의 경우 27%, 겨울옷의 경우 23%였다. 5) 불감체중손실과 의복의 보온력 간, 그리고 불감체중손실과 피복면적 간에는 모두 약한 역상관 관계가 관찰되었다. 6) 불감체중손실은 기온, 기습, 에너지 대사, 환기량, 평균피부온도, 의복내 습도 등의 요소와 유의한 상관을 보였으나, 상관계수들은 모두 0.5 이하였다. 결론적으로, 불감체중손실과 온열 생리 요인들 간에는 약한 상관이 존재했으나, 피험자들이 온열 쾌적을 유지하는 경우 착용한 의복 종류 및 노출 기온에 상관없이 불감체중손실량은 좁은 범위를 유지했다. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between thermo-physiological factors and the insensible loss of body weight(IL) of resting women wearing seasonal comfortable clothing. Air temperature was maintained at a mean of 22.5, 24.7, and 16.8 for spring/fall, summer and winter, respectively. We selected a total of 26 clothing ensembles(8 ensembles for spring/fall, 7 ensembles for summer, and 11 ensembles for winter). The results showed that 1) IL was $19{\pm}5g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for spring/fall environment, $21{\pm}5g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for summer, $18{\pm}6{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for winter(p<.001). 2) Insensible water loss through respiratory passage(IWR) showed the reverse tendency to IL. IWR was $6{\pm}1g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for winter and $5{\pm}1g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for summer. This difference was significant(p<.001). 3) The proportion of IWR out of whole insensible water loss(IW), had a mean of the mean 28% for summer and 38% for winter(p<.001). 4) In comfort, the heat loss by IW out of heat production had a mean of 25% for spring/fall, 27% for summer, and 23% for winter. 5) There was a weak negative correlation between It and clothing insulation/body surface area covered by clothing. 6) There were significant correlations between IL and air temperature$(T_a)$, air humidity$(H_a)$, energy metabolism, ventilation, mean skin temperature $\={T}_{sk})$ and clothing microclimate humidity$(H_{clo})$. However, the coefficients were less than 0.5. In conclusion, there were weak relationships between the IL and thermo-physiological factors. However, when subjects rested in thermal comfort, the IL was maintained in a narrow range even though the clothing insulation and air temperature were diverse.
Using Authentic Online Resources in Russian for STEM Coursework for Novice through Superior Level Learners

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article makes a case for incorporating STEM content into Russian language courses at the Novice through Superior levels of proficiency. The author presents models of asynchronous learning activities based on authentic online resources developed for a Russian for STEM pilot course taught during the COVID-19 pandemic. These lessons can be employed in online or face-to-face courses to prepare students to speak, read, write, and understand the language of STEM fields in Russian.
Genotypic and Environmental Variation for Degree of Cross‐Fertilization in Faba Bean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is a partially allogamous grain legume. Its degree of cross‐fertilization (C) is influenced by genetic and environmental effects. Both sources of variation for this trait were investigated in two experiments using black seed color as a morphological marker. Genotypic variation for C among 48 inbred lines derived from the small‐seeded European faba bean gene pool was evaluated at one location in Germany for 3 yr (Exp. 1). Environmental variation was evaluated with a subset of four inbred lines grown at 17 European locations, with eight locations evaluated for 2 yr (Exp. 2). Mean values for C of genotypes in Exp. 1 ranged from 38.4 to 72.5% and averaged 53.7%. The estimate of the genotypic standard deviation was 7.5% and for heritability it was 0.75. Environmental means of C in Exp. 2 ranged from 42.7 to 73.6% and averaged 53.9%. The standard deviation among locations was 6.3%. In conclusion, selection among genotypes and locations is promising to promote outcrossing in faba beans to better exploit heterosis in the breeding of cultivars.
Fluvial carbon flux from headwater peatland streams: significance of particulate carbon flux

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The extensive blanket peatlands of the UK uplands account for almost half of total national terrestrial carbon storage. However, much of the blanket peat is severely eroded so that the contemporary role of the peatland system in carbon sequestration is compromised by losses of organic carbon in dissolved (DOC) and particulate (POC) form in the fluvial system. This paper presents the first detailed assessment of dissolved and organic carbon losses from a severely eroded headwater peatland (River Ashop, South Pennines, UK). Total annual fluvial organic carbon losses range from 29–106 Mg C km, ‐2 decreasing from the headwaters to the main catchment outlet. In contrast to less eroded systems fluvial organic carbon flux is dominated by POC. POC:DOC ratios decrease from values of 4 in the headwaters to close to unity at the catchment outlet. These results demonstrate the importance of eroding headwater sites as sources of POC to the fluvial system. Comparison with a range of catchment characteristics reveals that drainage density is the best predictor of POC:DOC but there is scatter in the relation in the headwaters. Steep declines in specific POC yield from headwater catchments are consistent with storage of POC within the fluvial system. Key to the significance of fluvial carbon flux in greenhouse gas budgets is understanding the fate of fluvial carbon. Further work on the fate of POC and the role of floodplains in fluvial carbon cycling is urgently required. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and Oxidation of Phenylacetylene and Phenylmethylacetylene on Oxygen-Precovered Cu(111): Effects of Terminal Hydrogen and Atomic Oxygen Coverage

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Adsorption and oxidation of phenylacetylene (PA) and phenylmethylacetylene (PMA) on atomic oxygen (O(a))-precovered Cu(111) have been studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Oxidation products commonly include H2O, CO, and CO2, and their yields strongly depend on the O(a) coverage. The desorption profile of parent PA with O(a) coverage is markedly different from that of parent PMA, which is mainly due to that the terminal C−H bond of the acetylene group of PA is more vulnerable to be attacked by the O(a) than the hydrogen of the methyl group of PMA. The reactivity of O(a) is dependent on the O(a) coverage: it decreases with the increase of the coverage. With the increase of O(a) coverage, the H2O desorption temperature shifts to a higher temperature. The more active O(a) at low coverage is mainly used for forming H2O by cleaving the ≡C−H (or −CH3) hydrogen; the less active O(a) at high coverage is mainly consumed for CO2. The study of these model molecules would be valuable for further understanding of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and oxidation reactions of unsaturated organic molecules on O(a)-precovered metal surfaces.
Clozapine Treatment for Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Case Series

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Impulse control disorders ( ICD s) are nonmotor complications of dopaminergic medications characterized by problems in behavioral self‐control. Common management involves discontinuing or lowering dopaminergic medication, often producing motor worsening. We performed a retrospective chart review of Parkinson's disease ( PD ) patients treated with clozapine for ICD s. Four patients treated with clozapine for ICD were identified. Three patients were men. All 4 took dopaminergic medications at the time that ICDs developed; all received dopamine agonist therapy. ICD s included compulsive shopping, binge drinking, and hypersexuality. All 4 patients had complete resolution of symptoms while taking clozapine (12.5–37.5 mg). Two patients discontinued clozapine because of side effects. Larger studies are needed to further evaluate clozapine's role in treating PD patients with ICD .
[Research on the extracorporeal cytocompatibility of a composite of HA, carbon fiber and polyetheretherket-one].

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The present research was to study the biocompatibility of a composite of hydroxyapatite (HA), carbon fiber (CF) and polyetheretherket-one (PEEK) by co-culturing with the osteoblasts in vitro. Cell relative growth (RGR) was used as a quantitative assessment for cytotoxicity of the biomaterials by CCK-8. The proliferation index of the co-cultured cells and ALP activity was measured to study the effect of PEEK-HA-CF composites. Morphological properties of the osteoblast cells in vitro were observed by scanning electro-microscopy (SEM). The PEEK-HA-CF materials have no cytotoxicity to osteoblasts. The proliferation index of PEEK-HA-CF was higher than that of Ti alloy group, but these was no significant difference compared to that of control group. The ALP activity was the highest on PEEK-HA-CF composites surface after 7 days. The osteoblast cells co-cultured with the PEEK-HA-CF composite were adhered well to the biomaterial as observed under the SEM. The results suggested that the PEEK-HA-CF composites had good biocompatibility in vitro and might be a novel orthopedic implanted material.