jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Intelligent Forecasting Method for Near-Surface Extreme Wind Speed Based on K-Nearest Neighbor Mutual Information Feature Selection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study focused on predicting the near-surface maximum wind speed using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model based on k-nearest neighbor mutual information feature selection. The data from 93 meteorological stations in Guangxi Province, with a temporal resolution of 3 h, were used for the prediction. By examining the effects of various dynamic and thermal factors, such as high altitudes and surface variables, on the prediction of maximum wind speed, a novel XGBoost-based prediction model for maximum wind speed was proposed. The model incorporates the k-nearest neighbor mutual information feature selection algorithm to choose the most relevant factors for accurate wind speed prediction. In the design of the prediction model, there are two main areas of improvement. First, a stepwise variable selection algorithm based on k-nearest neighbor mutual information estimation was employed, which selects relevant variables and removes weakly relevant variables through two steps, effectively eliminating redundant prediction characteristics that affect accuracy by screening the primary predictors and retaining important forecasting factors. Second, the Bayesian optimization algorithm was used to optimize the parameters in the XGBoost model, significantly enhancing the model's generalizability. The optimized and improved prediction model was utilized to model and research the near-surface maximum wind speed for 6 forecast lead times (12-72 h) at 93 meteorological stations. Comparative results of various forecast experiments using independent prediction samples from 2020 to 2021 demonstrated that the new model reduced the average mean absolute error (MAE) evaluation metric by 18.9% to 30.06% for the prediction results of the 93 stations. The root mean square error (RMSE) metric decreased by 40.18% to 65.83%. For the prediction of maximum wind speeds exceeding level 6, the MAE was reduced by 40.41%, 25.93%, 19.96%, 21.39%, 12.39%, and 8.55% for the 6 forecast lead times, respectively. The RMSE evaluation metric also decreased by 30.92%, 18.67%, 12.29%, 12.21%, 7.92%, and 2.39% for the respective lead times.
Effect of stress on turbine fish passage mortality estimates

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Problems associated with fish passage (upstream and downstream) at hydroelectric developments are well known. Research has been ongoing for years but has failed to identify mitigation that. is 100% effective. Due to the controversial nature of this subject, the Science Branch of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Newfoundland Region) convened a 3 day workshop to examine the available and emerging technology in fish passage at hydroelectric sites. In an effort to properly address the problem, the workshop covered a variety of relevant topics including turbine technology, sampling methodologies, salmonid biology, as well as passage technology.The consensus of the participants was that hydroelectric developments and fish do not mix. The complex mixture of biotic and abiotic factors that must be taken into account in designing mitigations has precluded the general acceptance of anyone method and highlights the need to evaluate mitigations on a case-by-case basis. Proponents of hydroelectric projects should be made aware of the various forms of mitigation early in the planning stages of the hydroelectric project development.
Mobility analysis of an NS5A–GFP fusion protein in cells actively replicating hepatitis C virus subgenomic RNA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We have introduced GFP and photoactivatable GFP into the NS5A coding region of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon that gives efficient transient replication. NS5A–GFP, expressed by the replicon, could be detected in cytoplasmic fluorescent foci as early as 4 h after RNA was introduced into cells. The fluorescent foci are likely to be sites where RNA synthesis could occur, although their production was not dependent on prior replication. Photobleaching studies demonstrated that the fluorescent proteins were relatively immobile upon expression from replicon RNAs. By contrast, an NS5A–GFP chimera produced in the absence of other viral proteins was mobile. Hence, interactions in cells expressing HCV replication proteins limit NS5A mobility, and transfer of viral proteins between foci is either slow or does not occur. Thus, the sites of HCV RNA replication possibly have a fixed complement of proteins that may act as discrete factories for producing viral RNA.
Effect of early and advanced atherosclerosis on vascular responses to serotonin, thromboxane A2, and ADP.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In monkeys with early and advanced atherosclerosis, we examined responses to the three major vasoactive agonists that are released when platelets aggregate. Measurements were obtained in normal cynomolgus monkeys and in monkeys fed an atherogenic diet for 4 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1, and 19 +/- 1 months (mean +/- SEM). Morphometry of femoral and iliac arteries indicated that 4 months of atherogenic diet produced only slight intimal thickening, 9 months produced early lesions, and 19 months produced approximately 5-10 fold greater intimal proliferation than did 9 months of atherogenic diet. Serotonin and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), which are endothelium-dependent agonists, and adenosine and phenylephrine, which are endothelium-independent agonists, were injected intra-arterially into the perfused hind limb. Thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 also was studied. Vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin were potentiated, and vasodilator responses to ADP were impaired by early and advanced atherosclerosis. In contrast, vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine and vasodilator responses to adenosine were similar in all groups. Vasoconstrictor responses to U46619 were potentiated by advanced atherosclerosis. Thus, vascular responses to serotonin, ADP, and thromboxane A2 are altered by atherosclerosis in a direction that would favor vasoconstriction when platelets aggregate. Furthermore, because responses to endothelium-dependent agonists are altered, these data suggest that endothelium is dysfunctional in early atherosclerosis. These findings may explain, in part, the propensity for exaggerated vasoconstriction even in arteries with minimal atherosclerotic lesions.
Phytosterols

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Phytosterols (PSs) are naturally occurring compounds with numerous uses in functional foods, supplements, and herbal treatments. They are a crucial part of the diet. PSs are used in pharmaceutical products to enhance human health since they demonstrate a wide spectrum of biological activity. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in phytosterol applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, in addition to their natural sources, contents, extraction, analysis, biosynthesis, bioavailability, biotransformation, absorption, pharmacological effects, and related molecular mechanisms. Plants contain more than 200 sterols; the most common are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Animals, plants, and microbes all contain sterols. Only through diet can humans get phytosterols because they are not capable of producing them. The highest concentration of phytosterols is found in vegetable oils, followed by nuts and seeds. Between 160 and 400 mg of plant sterols are thought to be consumed daily by various cultures. PSs are mostly extracted via supercritical CO2 extraction and solvent extraction, and they are analyzed using GC and/or HPLC. Numerous pharmacological actions of phytosterols, including hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and hormone-like properties, have been reported. In conclusion, phytosterols are interesting bioactive compounds that have potential for use in medicine or as food additives.
Development of international market information in emerging economy family SMEs: The role of participative governance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Emerging economy family SMEs pursuing internationalization have to develop international market information acquisition capability. However, there is limited knowledge about how to develop and utilize this capability. We investigate the role of participative governance and the extent to which participation of board and family members enhances this capability. We also examine the mediating role of this capability in the relationship of participative governance and international firm performance. Our analysis of 192 Turkish firms corroborates the role of participative governance. However, we find that this capability plays a partial mediating role only when family firms measure their performance subjectively but not objectively.
[The shh promoter of zebrafish directs the expression of GFP in notochord].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In vitro experiment showed that HNF3beta was the direct regulator of sonic hedgehog (shh) promoter. To investigate the activity of zebrafish shh promoter in vivo, we constructed the expression vector pShh-EGFP with ligating a 538 bp zebrafish shh promoter,which contained two HNF3beta binding sites, to EGFP. The pShh-EGFP DNA was microinjected into one-cell stage embryos of the zebrafish and the embryos were observed for GFP expression with fluorescent microscopy. GFP expression started during gastrulation in the axial hypoblast layer. During segmentation, GFP was detected in the notochord but not in the foor plate. Our experiment demonstrated that the 538 bp shh promoter containing two HNF3beta binding sites is able to confer the notochord-expressing activity.
Genome-wide chromatin accessibility and transcriptome profiling show minimal epigenome changes and coordinated transcriptional dysregulation of hedgehog signaling in Danforth’s short tail mice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Danforth's short tail (Sd) mice provide an excellent model for investigating the underlying etiology of human caudal birth defects, which affect 1 in 10 000 live births. Sd animals exhibit aberrant axial skeleton, urogenital and gastrointestinal development similar to human caudal malformation syndromes including urorectal septum malformation, caudal regression, vertebral-anal-cardiac-tracheo-esophageal fistula-renal-limb (VACTERL) association and persistent cloaca. Previous studies have shown that the Sd mutation results from an endogenous retroviral (ERV) insertion upstream of the Ptf1a gene resulting in its ectopic expression at E9.5. Though the genetic lesion has been determined, the resulting epigenomic and transcriptomic changes driving the phenotype have not been investigated. Here, we performed ATAC-seq experiments on isolated E9.5 tailbud tissue, which revealed minimal changes in chromatin accessibility in Sd/Sd mutant embryos. Interestingly, chromatin changes were localized to a small interval adjacent to the Sd ERV insertion overlapping a known Ptf1a enhancer region, which is conserved in mice and humans. Furthermore, mRNA-seq experiments revealed increased transcription of Ptf1a target genes and, importantly, downregulation of hedgehog pathway genes. Reduced sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling was confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence suggesting that the Sd phenotype results, in part, from downregulated SHH signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrate substantial transcriptome changes in the Sd mouse, and indicate that the effect of the ERV insertion on Ptf1a expression may be mediated by increased chromatin accessibility at a conserved Ptf1a enhancer. We propose that human caudal dysgenesis disorders may result from dysregulation of hedgehog signaling pathways.
Difference in Binding of Long- and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids with Serum Albumin: The Role of Macromolecular Crowding Effect

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fatty acids (FAs) are transported by serum albumin in plasma. Studies have been undertaken to address the binding of MCFAs or LCFAs to human plasma albumin (HPA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by characterizing the binding affinities. Previous research on FA binding to serum albumin was usually performed in dilute solutions that are not sufficiently concentrated for the interpretation of the significance of the results under normal physiological conditions. How macromolecular crowded media affect fatty acids and bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding remains unknown. In this article, we investigated the mechanism of FA-BSA binding in a polyethylene glycol crowding environment by using thermodynamic and spectroscopic methods. Molecular crowding increased the binding constant for saturated medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) but significantly decreased the binding constant for unsaturated long-chain FAs. The binding sites tended to increase in all the cases. Further investigation revealed that crowding media might loosen the structure of BSA, facilitating MCFA-BSA binding. This research is useful for understanding the transportation of FAs by BSA under physiological conditions and may also help to control digestion by the eventual incorporation of macromolecular crowding agents into food formulations.
COMPARISON OF BARTIN FORESTRY FACULTY WITH OTHER FORESTRY FACULTIES UNDER SOME CRITERIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this study, comparison of Bartın Faculty of Forestry with other forestry faculties was carried out. There are 9 forestry faculties in Turkey. Number of total students and academic staff, total student to academic staff ratio, and student qualification exam (OSS) scores were compared. It was found that Bartın Faculty of Forestry’s status with respect to factors mentioned above is on increased trend for the last 5 years.
Dickens’ Illustrators

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the past few years there has been a considerable amount of attention paid to the original illustrations of Dickens’ novels and stories — as Philip Collins says, ‘More work of high quality on Dickens and his illustrators has been produced in the past decade [to 1978] than in the century preceding’ — and a radical readjustment has taken place in our understanding of their function and their relationship to the text. F. G. Kitton’s pioneering study Dickens and his Illustrators (1899) has now been superseded by Jane R. Cohen’s Charles Dickens and his Original Illustrators (1980), a comprehensive study of all eighteen artists who at various times worked for, and with, Dickens. Other significant work includes John Harvey’s Victorian Novelists and their Illustrators (1970), Q. D. Leavis’s essay ‘The Dickens Illustrations: Their Function’ (in F. R. and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist), and Michael Steig’s major study of Dickens’ most important collaborator, Dickens and Phiz (1978). Important shorter discussions are: J. Hillis Miller’s ‘The Fiction of Realism: Sketches by Boz, Oliver Twist, and Cruikshank’s Illustrations’, in Dickens Centennial Essays, ed. Ada Nisbet and Blake Nevius (1971); George Cruikshank: A Revaluation, a symposium edited by Robert L. Patten (Princeton University Library Chronicle, xxxv, 1973–4); and various essays by Patten (English Literary History, 1967 and 1969; Dickensian, 1970) and Joan Stevens (Studies in Bibliography, 1967). There is a useful annotated bibliography, Victorian Novel Illustration: A Selected Checklist 1900–1976 (1979) by John Olmsted and Jeffrey Welch.
Diploid Derivatives of Ustilago violacea with Altered Mating-Type Activity. II. Polyploid Segregations and Mechanism of Origin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Diploid strains of Ustilago violacea, heterozygous for mating-type alleles a1 and a2 and neutral in phenotype, spontaneously produce frequent derivative types termed "opaques." Two of the four types of opaques that have been described mate as either a1 or a2 cells and are termed op-a1 and op-a2, respectively. These opaque derivatives are still diploid and unchanged in genotype from the original a1a2 diploid at all chromosomes except the one carrying the mating-type locus. Crosses of these opaque strains clearly show that op-a1 and op-a2 have become homozygous for one mating-type allele. Thus, op-a1 crossed with haploid a2 cells yielded teliospores (brandspores) which showed classical triploid segregation of all markers, including mating type. Similarly op-a1 crossed with op-a2 gave classical tetraploid segregation ratios of all markers. As ultraviolet light induces opaque formation to the same extent as it does mitotic crossing-over near other markers, opaques probably arise as a result of frequent mitotic crossing-over (or gene transpositions) near the mating-type locus to yield homozygous a1a1 or a2a2 types. Haploid-diploid dikaryons and diploid-diploid dikaryons of U. violacea were found to be strongly virulent, unlike diploid homokaryotic infections, and yield triploid and tetraploid teliospores, respectively. The volume of the teliospores increased more or less linearly with ploidy although there were interesting differences between spores derived from diploid monokaryons and those from haploid-haploid dikaryons.
Post-traumatic growth and perceived social support in young adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objectives: Pandemics would certainly have a negative impact on mental health. Positive modifications as well as negative alterations have been documented in earlier viral pandemic according to previous investigations. Teenagers face a variety of challenges during adolescence. Adolescents may become more concerned if this time coincides with other worries. This study aims to investigate the positive changes that occur in a young adolescent’s life after COVID-19 pandemic, and to see how they relate to perceived social support. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on adolescents who were randomly selected from high schools in Kerman, Iran 2020 during the COVID-19. the sample size was 108 and for sampling wes used multi-stage random sampling at the end the data was analyzed by Pearson correlation test. Demographic information, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory short form (PTGI-SF) were used to collect data. The data were subjected to descriptive and analytical statistical tests (Pearson correlation) using SPSS software version 24. Results: Statistically a positive correlation was found between the PTG total score and young homeschooled adolescents, parents working remotely, income loss and COVID-19 experience. Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a positive association was found between perceived social support and PTG total scores in young adolescents. There were also substantial positive connections between the MSPSS subscales and the PTGI overall score. Conclusion: Based on the findings, an overall growth in all areas of PTG was observed during the COVID-19 among young adolescents. Perceived social support scores have a positive and significant relationship with COVID-19 effects. In the crises we face throughout life, intimate family members and friends play a significant supporting role in adapting to these situations.
Spin injection and detection in Fe/GaAs hybrid lateral spin-valve structure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Spintronics devices are the future of the electronics industry. One of the most attractive proposed spintronics devices is Spin field effect transistor by Datta and Das, which has not been fabricated yet due to the fundamental three problems of spintronics: spin injection, manipulation of spin degree of freedom of electron and spin detection. In this thesis, electrical injection and detection of spin in lateral Fe/GaAs structures has been demonstrated. Spin polarization in GaAs is created by spin injection at reverse biased Fe/GaAs Schottky tunneling barrier. Using the advanced device fabrication techniques, lateral Fe/GaAs devices are fabricated. Interface between layer of Fe and GaAs is Schottky tunnel barrier created by heavily doping GaAs surface.
Characterization of Boolean Networks with Single or Bistable States

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many biological systems, such as metabolic pathways, exhibit bistability behavior: these biological systems exhibit two distinct stable states with switching between the two stable states controlled by certain conditions. Since understanding bistability is key for understanding these biological systems, mathematical modeling of the bistability phenomenon has been at the focus of researches in quantitative and system biology. Recent study shows that Boolean networks offer relative simple mathematical models that are capable of capturing these essential information. Thus a better understanding of the Boolean networks with bistability property is desirable for both theoretical and application purposes. In this paper, we describe an algebraic condition for the number of stable states (fixed points) of a Boolean network based on its polynomial representation, and derive algorithms for a Boolean network to have a single stable state or two stable states. As an example, we also construct a Boolean network with exactly two stable states for the lac operon's $β$-galactosidase regulatory pathway when glucose is absent based on a delay differential equation model
MIBG and somatostatin receptor analogs in children: current concepts on diagnostic and therapeutic use.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nuclear imaging techniques such as bone scans, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scans, and (111)In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-octreotide scans have greatly increased the sensitivity and specificity of both diagnostic and follow-up protocols for pediatric solid tumors. Molecular targets that are specific for certain pediatric tumors are now being developed. Targets include cell membrane receptors targeted by specific ligands, subcellular organelles targeted by false transmitters, and cellular proteins targeted by antibodies. This review focuses on the use of MIBG (which is a false transmitter) and octreotide (which is a ligand for G protein receptor) in the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumors that affect children and young adults.
Diel Vertical Distribution of Atlantic Croaker, <i>Micropogonias undulatus</i>, Larvae in the Northcentral Gulf of Mexico With Comparisons to Red Drum, <i>Sciaenops ocellatus</i>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulates (Linnaeus, 1766) larvae < 6 mm showed a distinct pattern of vertical stratification in inner-shelf waters (< 25 m depth) of the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Discrete-depth plankton collections were taken at night, early morning after daylight, and at mid-day or early afternoon at 1, 5, and 11–16 m. No consistent pattern among cruises was evident in the vertical stratification of Atlantic croaker larvae found in mid-day and afternoon collections, but at night the highest abundances were observed at the deepest depths sampled. Atlantic croaker larvae were least abundant in surface waters (1 m) at night. Of the 66,913 Atlantic croaker larvae collected, only 346 specimens (< 1%) were found in 1 m collections at night, and 266 of these larvae were from a single collection of large specimens (mean = 6.7 mm). By morning the vertical distribution of larvae suggested that Atlantic croaker had moved up in the water column, and highest abundances were usually found at 5 m. There was no indication that patterns of larval distribution reflected hydrographic stratification within the water column, prey availability, size of larvae, or moonlight intensity.