jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antioxidants for liver disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sirs, We have read with interest the meta-analysis by Bjelakovic et al.1 where they conclude that no evidence exists to support or refute antioxidant supplements in patients with liver disease. These findings most probably constitute a frustrating reality as, in clinical practice, liver disease patients are frequently supplemented with antioxidants. Based on experimental studies and isolated clinical data, attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress could be beneficial in liver injury, ultimately improving inflammation and fibrosis progression.2 As examples, it has been recently shown that oxidative stress and insulin resistance contribute to steatosis, accelerating the progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients infected by non-3 genotype;3 moreover, administration of the glutathione precursor S-adenosyl-methionine to patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis showed beneficial effects,4 possibly acting as a methyl donor compound contributing to restoration of mitochondrial glutathione content and attenuating the hepatic production of nitric oxide through the modulation of nitric oxide synthase-2.5 Nitric oxide has deleterious effects in the presence of reactive oxygen species, as peroxynitrites are formed contributing to the pathophysiology of viral and autoimmune liver diseases.6, 7N-acetyl-cysteine modulates the expression of iNOS in human hepatocytes stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines; this effect occurs through the blockade of the activation of the iNOS promoter and is associated with modulation of NF-κB activity, a central transcription factor for induction of iNOS expression.8 Incomplete evidence suggesting that antioxidants could be effective in the attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress in liver injury exists.1 Surprisingly, substantial information is lacking on antioxidant therapy in a very prevalent disease as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), although N-acetyl-cysteine appears to improve histological steatosis and fibrosis in patients with NASH9 and melatonin is able to diminish oxidative stress in a rat model of bile-duct obstruction.10 It could be worth testing these drugs in multicentre randomized clinical trials,1 including patients with diverse liver diseases, and importantly, identifying biomarkers for the evaluation of oxidative stress degree and the efficacy and safety of antioxidant therapies. Declaration of personal and funding interests: None.
Discrimination Cases Part 2

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

An employee does not have the right to go directly to court without first stopping off at the appropriate state or federal agency. So on either track, agency or court, the employee must first file an administrative charge. After that, the employee has a choice. The first option is to follow the agency track that I laid out in Chapter 11. The second is to withdraw the case from the agency (we call it "pulling" the case), and then file a lawsuit in court.KeywordsFederal CourtAlternative Dispute ResolutionState CourtPunitive DamageFederal JudgeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Evaluating Simulated Annealing for the Weighted-Region Path-Planning Problem

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an efficient stochastic algorithm for planning near-optimal paths for a point agent moving through two-dimensional weighted-region terrain from a specified start point to a specified goal point. Weighted-region terrain consists of polygonal regions with a constant traversal cost within each region, and models differences in vegetation and terrain that affect traversal. Our algorithm combines heuristic search with probabilistic optimization by simulated annealing. A key advantage of our approach is that it can be more easily implemented efficiently by distributed processing than other algorithms. It finds constrained random perturbations to the sequence of region edges that a class of paths cross, and for each sequence, optimizes a convex function to find the locally-optimal path. Test results show an implementation of our algorithm even on a single processor runs faster than representative implementations of the three major algorithms for this problem, with similar space requirements and a minimal penalty in optimality.
Image-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping in Horticultural Crops

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant phenotyping is the primary task of any plant breeding program, and accurate measurement of plant traits is essential to select genotypes with better quality, high yield, and climate resilience. The majority of currently used phenotyping techniques are destructive and time-consuming. Recently, the development of various sensors and imaging platforms for rapid and efficient quantitative measurement of plant traits has become the mainstream approach in plant phenotyping studies. Here, we reviewed the trends of image-based high-throughput phenotyping methods applied to horticultural crops. High-throughput phenotyping is carried out using various types of imaging platforms developed for indoor or field conditions. We highlighted the applications of different imaging platforms in the horticulture sector with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the principles and applications of commonly used imaging techniques, visible light (RGB) imaging, thermal imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence, hyperspectral imaging, and tomographic imaging for high-throughput plant phenotyping, are discussed. High-throughput phenotyping has been widely used for phenotyping various horticultural traits, which can be morphological, physiological, biochemical, yield, biotic, and abiotic stress responses. Moreover, the ability of high-throughput phenotyping with the help of various optical sensors will lead to the discovery of new phenotypic traits which need to be explored in the future. We summarized the applications of image analysis for the quantitative evaluation of various traits with several examples of horticultural crops in the literature. Finally, we summarized the current trend of high-throughput phenotyping in horticultural crops and highlighted future perspectives.
Vibration—Rotation Spectra and Structures of Germyl Halides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rotational constants A″ and ζ values have been determined by the analysis of the rotational structure of the perpendicular bands of GeH3F, GeH3Cl, GeH3Br, and GeH3I. By combining the microwave and the infrared data, the structural parameters of some of the germyl halide molecules have been refined. A strong rotational perturbation was observed in the GeH3 deformation fundamental v5 of GeH3Br which has been interpreted as a second-order Coriolis interaction between two fundamental vibrations (v2 and v5) of different symmetry.
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION OF NORADRENALINE RELEASE AND END ORGAN RESPONSES DURING NERVE STIMULATION

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

LD 3098 (cirazoline) is an imidazoline derivative, possessing agonist properties at α‐adrenoceptor sites. When transmitter release was measured directly as tritium overflow from perfused cat spleen preparations, prelabelled with [ 3 H]‐noradrenaline, LD 3098 was found to be 10 times more selective for presynaptic than for postsynaptic α‐adrenoceptors. In addition, in this preparation, LD 3098 appears to induce a postsynaptic sensitization to the transmitter released by nerve depolarization because under conditions in which [ 3 H]‐noradrenaline overflow decreased, there was a paradoxical potentiation in the response to nerve stimulation. This potentiation also occurred with a concentration of LD 3098 that did not per se affect stimulation‐evoked [ 3 H]‐noradrenaline release or the basal perfusion pressure of the spleen. Both the reduction in 3 H‐transmitter release induced through activation of α‐presynaptic adrenoceptors and the potentiation of the responses to nerve stimulation were concentration‐dependent phenomena. In pentobarbitone anaesthetized dogs, the heart rate response to low frequency ansa‐subclavia stimulation was not affected by LD 3098. Whilst the α 1 mediated increase in blood pressure responses to injected noradrenaline and tyramine was significantly potentiated by LD 3098, the β 1 ‐mediated heart rate responses to these injected amines were not modified in the presence of LD 3098. Thus it is possible that the failure to detect any presynaptic effects with LD 3098 when transmitter release is measured indirectly at the level of the postsynaptic responses is due to end organ sensitivity changes. These findings emphasize that caution is necessary when assessing presynaptic α‐adrenoceptor effects through end organ responses to nerve stimulation both in vitro and in vivo and the need for measurements of transmitter overflow as well as adequate postsynaptic controls in such experiments.
Computer simulation of stone falls and rockfalls

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The paper gives an overview of the literature on available computer (simulation) models of stone falls and rockfalls, divided into 2D and 3D models. 2D models consider single blocks in the rock-fall mass as lumped mass or a rigid body, and are used to assess the single rockfall runout distance. Opposed to the 2D models, 3D models are composed not only of a dispositional model (depicting rockfall source areas) and friction model (determination of deposition areas and maximum runout distances), but also from a trajectory model (determination of travel areas).
Test Structures for the Characterization of the Gate Resistance in 16 nm FinFET RF Transistors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The gate resistance is a parasitic element in transistors for RF and millimeter-wave circuits that can negatively impact power gain and noise figure. To develop accurate device models, a reliable measurement methodology is crucial. This article reviews the standard measurement methodology used in the literature and proposes also an additional method, which is evaluated using suitable test structures in a 16 nm FinFET process. The advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed along with their respective application scenarios.
Vaccines Give Events Industry a Shot in the Arm

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The events industry remains hopeful of as the first wave of vaccine recipients, first responders, receive their COVID-19 vaccination. This comes at a time were many planners and suppliers have grown frustrated with the virtual events platform and are desperately ready to get back to in-person meetings. However, even if the vaccine is distributed quicker than expected, planners will still be facing travel restrictions, state mandates, and corporate travel bands for their attendees.
Effects of crosslinking agents on the physical properties of polyimide/amino‐functionalized graphene oxide hybrid films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The effects of crosslinking agents (crosslinkers) on polyimide (PI)/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid films were extensively investigated. The surface of GO was modified with amino groups using 4‐aminobenzylamine to improve compatibility with pyromellitic dianhydride/4,4′‐oxydianiline PI, and two kinds of crosslinkers were used: tris(4‐aminophenyl)amine and 1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triamine (melamine). The mechanical, thermal and optical properties of the PI hybrid films were investigated. In particular, the transparency and physical properties of the PI hybrid films containing amino‐functionalized GO with homogeneous dispersion were improved. As the content of the crosslinker increased, a crosslinking network was formed between the PI chains, and the stiffness of the hybrid films was increased. The glass transition temperature, heat resistance and mechanical properties were also enhanced. The PI hybrids prepared with a rigid crosslinker exhibited higher optical transparency due to the reduction of the intermolecular charge transfer interactions with increasing interchain spacing between the PI chains. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

iii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my mother, Elizabeth H. Tracy. You never let me forget how truly beautiful and wondrous the universe is. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many friends, relatives, and supporters who have made this project successful. Also, Drs. Parsons, Sklarew, and Peters, the members of my committee, who were of invaluable help. Thank you for your guidance and continued input. Thank you to the County and the School of focus in this study. Without your help, I would not have had the venue in which to conduct my research. And finally, very special thanks to all of the students who volunteered to participate; thank you for taking part in my experiment.
Effects of Annealing on Proton-Exchanged LiNbO3 Waveguides Fabricated Using Octanoic Acid

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Annealing properties of proton-exchanged optical planar waveguides in z-cut LiNbO 3 fabricated using octanoic acid have been studied systematically. Waveguide propagation losses decrease with annealing time, and variations in the surface refractive index and waveguide depth with annealing time follow a power law relationship. The annealing process is shown to be an effective means of improving and modifying waveguide properties.
Residual effect of zinc applied to rice on zinc nutrition of succeeding wheat crop inoculated with zinc solubilizing microbial consortium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Large scale deficiency of Zn results in low crops yields and the problem of Zn malnutrition in humans and livestock. To economize crop production on Zn deficient soils, two-year field experiments were undertaken with two wheat varieties to evaluate the performance of seed inoculation with a consortium of three bacterial strains in combination with varying doses of Zn fertilizer applied to 1 year rice crop on yields, Zn concentration and Zn uptake of wheat. Seed coating of wheat with bacterial consortium significantly increased grain yields, Zn concentration and uptake in grains and straw and total Zn uptake over the control. It also helped to increase the apparent recoveries of soil applied Zn fertilizer to 1 year rice by succeeding wheat crops and DTPA extractable Zn in soil after 2 year wheat in comparison to the control. Seed inoculation in combination with low dosage of Zn also significantly decreased phytic acid: Zn ratio but increased methionine concentration in wheat grains.
Non-canonical two-field inflation to order $ξ^2$

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In non-canonical two-field inflation models, deviations from the canonical model can be captured by a parameter $ξ$. We show this parameter is usually one half of the slow-roll order and analytically calculate the primordial power spectra accurate to order $ξ^2$. The super-horizon perturbations are studied with an improved method, which gives a correction of order $ξ^2$. Three typical examples demonstrate that our analytical formulae of power spectra fit well with numerical simulation.
The Impact of the Demand for Clinical Productivity on Student Teaching in Academic Emergency Departments

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Because many emergency medicine (EM) attending physicians believe the time demands of clinical productivity limit their ability to effectively teach medical students in the emergency department (ED), the purpose of this study was to determine if there is an inverse relationship between clinical productivity and teaching evaluations. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, observational, double-blind study. They asked senior medical students enrolled in their EM clerkship to evaluate each EM attending physician who precepted them at three academic EDs. After each shift, students anonymously evaluated 10 characteristics of clinical teaching by their supervising attending physician. Each attending physician's clinical productivity was measured by calculating their total relative value units per hour (RVUs/hr) during the nine-month study interval. The authors compared the total RVUs/hr for each attending physician to the medians of their teaching evaluation scores at each ED using a Spearman rank correlation test. Results: Seventy of 92 students returned surveys, evaluating 580 shifts taught by 53 EM attending physicians. Each attending physician received an average of 11 evaluations (median score, 5 of 6) and generated a mean of 5.68 RVUs/hr during the study period. The correlation between evaluation median scores and RVUs/hr was −0.08 (p = 0.44). Conclusions: The authors found no statistically significant relationship between clinical productivity and teaching evaluations. While many EM attending physicians perceive patient care responsibilities to be too time consuming to allow them to be good teachers, the authors found that a subset of our more productive attending physicians are also highly rated teachers. Determining what characteristics distinguish faculty who are both clinically productive and highly rated teachers should help drive objectives for faculty development programs.
Fabrication of CNT/PVDF Composite Film and Its Electrical Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The carbon nanotube / poly-vinylidene fluoride (CNT/PVDF) composite films for the nano-generator devices were fabricated by spray coating method using the CNT/PVDF solution, which was prepared by adding PVDF pellets into the CNT dispersed N-Methyl-2-pyrroli-done (NMP) solution. The flexible CNT/PVDF composite films were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy, which revealed that the CNTs were uniformly dispersed in the PVDF matrix and thickness of the films was approximately $20{\mu}m$. Fourier transform infra-red spectra were used to investigate crystal structure of the as-spray-coated CNT/PVDF films, and we found that they revealed extremely large portion of the ${\beta}$ phase PVDF. The capacitance of the CNT/PVDF films increased by adding CNTs into the PVDF matrix, and finally saturated. However, the resistance didn't show any saturation effect in the CNT concentration range of 0~4 wt%. Finally, the resulting nano-generator devices revealed reasonable current output after given mechanical stress.
How many patients are eligible for disease-modifying treatment in Alzheimer’s disease? A French national observational study over 5 years

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We aimed to study the epidemiology of the prodromal and mild stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients who are eligible for clinical trials with disease-modifying therapies. Settings We analysed two large complementary databases to study the incidence and characteristics of this population on a nationwide scope in France from 2014 to 2018. The National Alzheimer Database contains data from 357 memory centres and 90 private neurologists. Data from 2014 to 2018 have been analysed. Participants Patients, 50–85 years old, diagnosed with AD who had an Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score of ≥20 were included. We excluded patients with mixed and non-AD neurocognitive disorders. Primary outcome measure Descriptive statistics of the population of interest was the primary measure. Results In the National Alzheimer Database, 550 198 patients were assessed. Among them, 72 174 (13.1%) were diagnosed with AD and had an MMSE ≥20. Using corrections for specificity of clinical diagnosis of AD, we estimated that about 50 000 (9.1%) had a prodromal or mild AD. In the combined electronic clinical records database of 11 French expert memory centres, a diagnosis of prodromal or mild AD, certified by the use of cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarkers, could be established in 195 (1.3%) out of 14 596 patients. Conclusions AD was not frequently diagnosed at a prodromal or mild dementia stage in France in 2014 to 2018. Diagnosis rarely relied on a pathophysiological marker even in expert memory centres. National databases will be valuable to monitor early stage AD diagnosis efficacy in memory centres when a disease-modifying treatment becomes available.
The effects of Moringa stenopetala on blood parameters and histopathology of liver and kidney in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Moringa stenopetala and related species are commonly used in folk medicine for various human diseases such as antimalarial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and as antispasmodic. Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of M. stenopetala on blood parameters, and histopathology of liver and kidney in experimental mice. Methods: Fresh leaves of M. stenopetala were collected from Arbaminch area, Southwest Ethiopia, in November 2005. The leaves were dried and extracted with water. Three month-old Swiss albino male mice, which were kept under uniform laboratory conditions, were randomly divided into four groups (one group of controls and three experimental). (The control group was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water, and groups II, III and IV were given the aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala using intragastric tube to achieve the required doses of 600, 750 and 900 mg/kg body weight, respectively once a day at 24 hours intervals for six weeks and then sacrificed). Blood sample was collected from each mouse and examined for hematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and kidney were removed, stained and examined for histopathological profiles. The effects of treatment with aqueous extract of M. stenopetala on hematological, biochemical and histopathology features were compared with control group following standard procedures. Results: Mice treated with 900 mg/kg of the extract per kg of body weight showed a significant increase in body weight compared to the controls (P=0.014). Neither a significant change in the weight nor in histopathology of liver and kidney were observed in the animals treated with aqueous extract of M. stenopetala compared to those of the controls. Serum glucose level (P=0.034) and serum cholesterol level (P=0.016) decreased significantly after six weeks treatment. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala is shown to increase body weight and reduce serum glucose and cholesterol level in mice. This indicates nutritional and medicinal values, but we cannot yet recommend its therapeutic use before more and complete studies are done.
Model America - Arizona extract from ORNL's AutoBEM - (Archetypes with simulation results)

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed the Automatic Building Energy Modeling (AutoBEM) software suite to process multiple types of data, extract building-specific descriptors, generate building energy models, and simulate them on High Performance Computing (HPC) resources. For more information, see AutoBEM-related publications (bit.ly/AutoBEM). Two sets of data are provided for 2,555,153 buildings located within the boundary of Arizona in the United States: Data (420KB *.csv) - Arizona 527 building archetypes based on different Climate Zones (2B-136, 3B-133, 4B-128, 5B-130) with simulation results. Models (38.8MB *.zip by Climate Zone) – OpenStudio and EnergyPlus building energy models named according to ID. This data is made free and openly available in hopes of stimulating any simulation-informed use case. Data is provided as-is with no warranties, express or implied, regarding fitness for a particular purpose. We wish to thank our sponsors which include Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), U.S. Dept. of Energy’s (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO), Office of Electricity (OE), and Biological and Environmental Research (BER).