jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Distinct molecular features facilitating ice-binding mechanisms in hyperactive antifreeze proteins closely related to an Antarctic sea ice bacterium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Antifreeze proteins or ice-binding proteins (IBPs) facilitate the survival of certain cellular organisms in freezing environment by inhibiting the growth of ice crystals in solution. Present study identifies orthologs of the IBP of Colwellia sp. SLW05, which were obtained from a wide range of taxa. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of conserved regions (predicted as the ‘ice-binding domain’ [IBD]) present in all the orthologs, separates the bacterial and archaeal orthologs from that of the eukaryotes’. Correspondence analysis pointed out that the bacterial and archaeal IBDs have relatively higher average hydrophobicity than the eukaryotic members. IBDs belonging to bacterial as well as archaeal AFPs contain comparatively more strands, and therefore are revealed to be under higher evolutionary selection pressure. Molecular docking studies prove that the ice crystals form more stable complex with the bacterial as well as archaeal proteins than the eukaryotic orthologs. Analysis of the docked structures have traced out the ice-binding sites (IBSs) in all the orthologs which continue to facilitate ice-binding activity even after getting mutated with respect to the well-studied IBSs of Typhula ishikariensis and notably, all these mutations performing ice-binding using ‘anchored clathrate mechanism’ have been found to prefer polar and hydrophilic amino acids. Horizontal gene transfer studies point toward a strong selection pressure favoring independent evolution of the IBPs in some polar organisms including prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes because these proteins facilitate the polar organisms to acclimatize to the adversities in their niche, thus safeguarding their existence.
Dens invaginatus as is a malformation of the tooth. An example of a diagnostic pattern on the basis of a clinical case, treatment

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Dens invaginatus (dens in dente) is a frequent malformation of the hard tissues of the tooth the maxilar permanent lateral incisors. This anomaly is often not identified by the dentist during examinations and are not correctly diagnosed in the treatment. On the basis of a clinical case of chronic periodontitis of the tooth 1.2, which was specified malformation in combination with the wrong early diagnosis, developed perspective of the phenomenon in relation to the upper second incisors. Recommended x-ray diagnostics of all lateral upper incisors, visually discovered a blind fissure. Also discusses the use of the material Biodentine as an alternative to endodontic treatment in the case of extensive destruction of dens invaginatus malformation.
Explaining Ships Dynamic and Handling Using MATLAB & SIMULINK as Simulation Tool in Teaching Maritime Students

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The understanding of basic mechanical problems is vital to form a sound basis for maritime students to be prepared for the specific parts of the syllabus in later semesters in order to explain Ships Dynamic and Handling. Normally simulators are used for familiarisation with the practical aspect of ship manoeuvrability. However, for providing knowledge on university level it is necessary to explain the dynamics of ship motion characteristic in more detail and based on the mathematical equation of ships motion. In the paper and presentation some examples will be given on how to use the software package MATLAB & SIMULINK as simulation Tool in teaching maritime students and even to build up more sophisticated programs for use in teaching, simulation and on board ships. The introduction starts with a simplified approach of the Equations of ships motion and samples for manoeuvres on straight track like coasting from full ahead to stop. Extending the equation for steering forces gives access to discuss steering motion of ships. Simplified Modelling of ships forces acting on the vessel like thrust and steering forces complete the set of equations. The graphical representation of the dynamic system by blocks in SIMULINK allows for an overview easy to understand to students as a sort of flow diagram. Results from fast time simulation of several manoeuvres using a more enhanced program version SIMOPT allow for a discussion of yaw stability of ships and its impact on steering quality. A simplified model for rolling motion of ships is given and some examples are simulated to explain the general effects of stability and wave parameters. The relation of these results to the more practical use for decision making to avoid resonance effects of ships in waves by loading operations or speed/course changes is demonstrated by means of a sophisticated software tool ARROW interfaced to a voyage planning program.
Statistical Data Analysis and Inference

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prologue. C. Radhakrishna Rao's Contributions to Statistics (Y. Dodge). Nonlinear Estimation in Linear Models (F. Hampel). On the Maximum Number of Factors in Two Construction Methods for Orthogonal Arrays (A.S. Hedayat, J. Stufken). Some Geometrical Aspects of Data Analysis and Statistics (J.M. Oller). Inferences and Test of Hypotheses. On Bayes and Empirical Bayes Two-Stage Allocation Procedures for Selection Problems (S.S. Gupta, T.C. Liang). Multi-Sample Functional Statistical Data Analysis (E. Parzen). Discussing Truth or Falsity by Computing a Q-Value (W. Schaafsma, J. Tolboom, B. van der Meulen). Linear Pivotals and the Bayes-Non Bayes Compromise (G.A. Barnard). Bayes Modified Minimax Experimental Design (R.V. Canfield). A Simple Class of Tests Locally Better than the Score Test (T.K. Chandra). Comparison of Tests in the Presence of a Nuisance Parameter (R. Mukerjee). Tests for Redundancy of Some Variables in Multivariate Analysis (Y. Fujikoshi). Model Choice in the Context of Simultaneous Inference (T. Havranek, O. Soudsky). First Zeros of Empirical Characteristic Functions and Extreme Values of Gaussian Processes (J. Husler). Parameter and Variance Estimation. Comparison of Experiments with Weighted Distributions (M.J. Bayarri, M.H. De Groot). Optimal Estimation for Weighted Distributions: Semi-Parametric Models (V.P. Godambe, M.B. Rajarshi). On Efficiency for Quasi-Likelihood and Composite Quasi-Likelihood Methods (C.C. Heyde). Improved Estimators of Dispersion of an Inverse Gaussian Distribution (N.Pal, B.K. Sinha). Applications of Edgeworth Expansions to Bootstrap - A Review (G.J. Babu). Dual Poincare- Type Inequalities via the Cramer-Rao and the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequalities and Related Characterizations (Th. Cacoullos). Some Optimality Results on Stein's Two-Stage Sampling (J.K. Ghosh, R. Mukerjee). The Cramer-Frechet-Rao Inequality for Sequential Estimation in Non-Regular Case (Z. Govindarajulu, I. Vincze). Whither Delete-K Jackknifing for Smooth Statistical Functionals? (P.K. Sen). Distributions, Weighted Distributions and Characterization. Three Useful Expressions for Expectations Involving a Wishart Matrix and its Inverse (G.P.H. Styan). Characterizations of Distributions via Moments of Order Statistics: A Survey and Comparison of Methods (G.D. Lin). Constancy of Regression of a Polynomial of Sample Average of Positive Random Variables on their Ratios Characterizes Gamma Distribution (A. Kagan). Probing Encountered Data, Meta Analysis and Weighted Distribution Methods (G.P. Patil, C. Taillie). Further Results on Identification when the Parameters are Partially Unknown (S. El Khattabi, F. Streit). Linear Models and Matrices . Weighted-Least-Squares Estimation in the General Gauss-Markov Model (J.K. Baksalary, S. Puntanen). Evaluating Pre-Test Predictors of Success in Linear Regression Models (A. Cohen, H.B. Sackrowitz). Optimum Invariant Tests in Mixed Linear Models with Two Variance Components (Th. Mathew).
Effects of Cerebral Ischemia on Neuronal Hemoglobin

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study examined whether neuronal hemoglobin (Hb) is present in rats. It then examined whether cerebral ischemia or ischemic preconditioning (IPC) affects neuronal Hb levels in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either 15 mins of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with 24 h of reperfusion, an IPC stimulus, or 24 h of permanent MCAO (pMCAO), or IPC followed 3 days later by 24 h of pMCAO. In vitro, primary cultured neurons were exposed to 2 h of oxygen—glucose deprivation (OGD) with 22 h of reoxygenation. Results showed that Hb is widely expressed in rat cerebral neurons but not astrocytes. Hemoglobin expression was significantly upregulated in the ipsilateral caudate and the cortical core of the middle cerebral artery territory after IPC. Hemoglobin levels also increased more in the penumbral cortex and the contralateral hemisphere 24 h after pMCAO, but expressions in the ipsilateral caudate and the cortical core area were decreased. Ischemic preconditioning modified pMCAO-induced brain Hb changes. Neuronal Hb levels in vitro were increased by 2 h of OGD and 22 h of reoxygenation. These results indicate that Hb is synthesized in neurons and can be upregulated by ischemia.
Synthesis of (+)-brefeldin-A

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two routes to (+)-brefeldin A have been investigated. In one the bicyclic ketone 2 was transformed into the hydroxy lactone 7. Subsequent reduction, opening of the heterocyclic ring and epimerization furnished the aldehyde 13. Further steps towards the natural product from this late stage intermediate 13 were not investigated. In the second route, the readily available hydroxy lactone 17 was converted into the enone 22. Conjugate addition of the requisite cuprate reagent to this enone afforded the 3,4-disubstituted cyclopentanone 24 which was converted into brefeldin-A 29 in five steps.
Radiofrequency ultrasound data acquisition with a 640-element array transducer for strain imaging: Experimental results with phantoms and biological tissue samples

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper presents ultrasound elastography results obtained with a 640-element array transducer we have recently developed. This probe allows the acquisition of series of three adjacent imaging planes over time and therefore makes possible the computation of 2-D elastograms, with consideration of out-of-plane motion. In this study, elastography experiments were conducted on phantoms and bovine tissue samples, and compression was manually applied to the media via the hand-held ultrasound transducer. The results obtained with the proposed data acquisition and 3-D processing are presented and compared to those from a classical 2-D approach.
Ellipso-polarimetric schemes for improved surface plasmon resonance detection

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The majority of commercially available surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors rely solely on the detection of the intensity minimum of the reflected signal avoiding the extraction of the polarization properties. Such properties, i.e. the phase difference between polarization components and the azimuthal angle of the polarization ellipse, give sharper responses than the intensity which lead to a better measurement accuracy. Therefore, the lack of extraction of polarization properties in such devices significantly limits their performance. In this work we suggest different configurations of multifunctioning SPR sensing systems that can extract both the normalized reflectivity and the polarization properties simultaneously in the angular and spectral modes. This leads to a significant boost in the performance of existing SPR sensors as multi-parametric functioning systems.
The Embassy as an Extension of the Diplomatic Persona

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary Built by the architect Louis Montoyer in Vienna between 1803 and 1808 for the Russian ambassador to Austria, Andrey Razumovsky, the famous Razumovsky Palace would become the centre of anti-Napoleonic diplomacy in the early nineteenth century and a fixture in Vienna’s lively cultural scene. This article first discusses how the ambassador used his embassy as a meeting place for formal and informal diplomacy that contributed to Russia’s positioning against Napoleon long before the Grande Armée invaded the empire. Secondly, the architectural outline of the Razumovsky Palace is linked to the different cultural functions of the embassy that underpinned and strengthened Razumovsky’s diplomatic network. The final section of the article explores the role of the Razumovsky Palace as a determinant factor in the ambassador’s decision to leave diplomatic service and remain in Vienna until his death in 1836.
Geophysical logging for groundwater investigations in Southern Thailand

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In Thailand the Department of Groundwater Resources is drilling to find vital aquifers. Sometimes groundwater formations cannot be identified clearly during drilling; therefore, geophysical logging was applied after drilling and before casing.The tool used here is measuring nine parameters in one run, natural gamma ray, spontaneous potential, single point resistance, normal resistivity (AM 8’’, 16’’, 32’’, and 64’’), mud temperature and resistivity. Cutting was used to support the geophysical interpretations. In many cases the groundwater bearing zones could be clearly identified. The combination of andthe possibility choosing from nine parameters measured provided the necessary data base to identify groundwater bearingzones in different environments. It has been demonstrated that in different wells different tools are favorable than others.Based on the conclusions of this study geophysical logging in groundwater exploration is recommended as a normalstandard technique that should be applied in every new well drilled.
Effects of copper on Allium sativum and accumulation of Cu~(2+) by its roots,bulbs and shoots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of different concentrations of copper sulfate on roots,bulbs and shoots of Allium sativum L.,and accumulation of Cu 2+ by its roots bulbs and shoots investigated in the present study.The concentrations of copper sulfate (CuSO 4·5H 2O) used were in the range of 10 -6 ~10 -4 mol/L.The results from this investigation indicated that the seedlings of A.sativum exposed to 10 -5 ~10 -4 mol/L Cu 2+ exhibited substantial growth reduction.The leaves treated with the same Cu 2+ concentrations were also obviously inhibited. A.sativum has potential ability to accumulate Cu 2+ it.The Cu content in roots increased with increasing solution concentration of Cu 2+ .The roots in plants exposed to 10 -4 mol/L Cu 2+ accumulated large amounts of Cu 2+ .The Cu ions accumulated mainly in the roots,and small amounts of Cu 2+ were translocated to the bulbs and leaves at concentration of 10 -4 ~10 -5 mol/L Cu 2+ .
Screening for psychosis risk among adolescents in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: a description of the first step with the 16‐item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim Although the 16‐item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire ( PQ ‐16) is used as a screener in the early detection of psychosis risk, little is known about PQ ‐16 scores among adolescents referred to the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. We assessed such scores in adolescents referred to these services in the Netherlands, and also their associations with age, gender, diagnosis and level of functioning. Methods The PQ ‐16 was added to regular intake procedures. Results The PQ ‐16 was completed by 176 adolescents (mean age 14.58 years; standard deviation = 1.50; 55.1% females), 34.7% of whom scored above the current cut‐off score of ≥6 items. Positive item scores with the highest odds ratio for scoring above the cut‐off were related to tasting or smelling things, seeing things and hearing thoughts out aloud. There were no age‐, gender‐ or disorder‐related differences in total scores on the PQ ‐16. Lower Global Assessment of Functioning scores were associated with higher total scores on the PQ ‐16. Conclusions The PQ ‐16 is easy to implement in routine assessment and can be useful to bring up potential psychotic symptoms for further exploration in an early stage, especially in adolescents with low Global Assessment of Functioning scores. The PQ ‐16 total scores were not confounded by differences in age, gender or disorder. Future research should investigate the true nature of PQ ‐16 items and whether the item scores and cut‐off scores of the PQ ‐16 in adolescence have any predictive value regarding the development of an ultra high‐risk status, a psychotic disorder or other mental disorders.
Drug information for the community: type and source.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Patients' failure to adhere to a well-founded drug regimen is a recognised source of failure to treatment. This may be a result of a deliberate action by the patient or a misinterpretation or inadequate provision of information. By and large, live information sources tend to behave in a reactive fashion; they answer specific questions which patients ask. Similar to individualised drug dosages, information and subsequent communication need tailoring according to wide range of premises related to human beings. The present study on what type of information on drugs, people required, reports some thought provoking findings, for instance, a major fraction of people (70 pc) in the rural areas studied, did not request any information on their medication because health care providers had generally no time to discuss with their patients. Even worse others were thought to be extremely rude. Health care will continue to be inappropriate unless the care providers, at all levels, are able to understand their patients perceptions, by asking how they care about health and disease in general; whether they agree with the diagnosis and the need for the intervention recommended; and finally whether compliance with drug regimen is feasible.
Coded modulation in the block-fading channel: coding theorems and code construction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider coded modulation schemes for the block-fading channel. In the setting where a codeword spans a finite number N of fading degrees of freedom, we show that coded modulations of rate R bit per complex dimension, over a finite signal set /spl chi//spl sube//spl Copf/ of size 2/sup M/, achieve the optimal rate-diversity tradeoff given by the Singleton bound /spl delta/(N,M,R)=1+/spl lfloor/N(1-R/M)/spl rfloor/, for R/spl isin/(0,M/spl rfloor/. Furthermore, we show also that the popular bit-interleaved coded modulation achieves the same optimal rate-diversity tradeoff. We present a novel coded modulation construction based on blockwise concatenation that systematically yields Singleton-bound achieving turbo-like codes defined over an arbitrary signal set /spl chi//spl sub//spl Copf/. The proposed blockwise concatenation significantly outperforms conventional serial and parallel turbo codes in the block-fading channel. We analyze the ensemble average performance under maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of the proposed codes by means of upper bounds and tight approximations. We show that, differently from the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fully interleaved fading cases, belief-propagation iterative decoding performs very close to ML on the block-fading channel for any signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and even for relatively short block lengths. We also show that, at constant decoding complexity per information bit, the proposed codes perform close to the information outage probability for any block length, while standard block codes (e.g., obtained by trellis termination of convolutional codes) have a gap from outage that increases with the block length: this is a different and more subtle manifestation of the so-called "interleaving gain" of turbo codes.
Oxygenated Sesquiterpenoids from a Nonpoisonous Sardinian Chemotype of\nGiant Fennel (<i>Ferula </i><i>c</i><i>ommunis</i>)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The roots of the nonpoisonous chemotype of giant fennel (<i>Ferula </i><i>communis)</i> from Sardinia afforded a\nnovel cadinanetriol (<b>1</b>), whose structure was established by spectroscopic data and confirmed by synthesis\nfrom the <i>E,E</i>-Δ <sup>1(10),5</sup> germacradiene allohedycariol. A number of known compounds were also identified.\nDespite the lack of morphological differences, a broad chemical diversity exists within giant fennel,\nunderlying the contrasting data on its poisonous properties.
Species Effect on the Ecohydrology of a Floodplain Forest in the Upper Mississippi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The primary objective of this study is to understand how soil moisture is depleted underneath native and non-native Minnesotan tree species following a rain event. It is hypothesized that soil moisture will deplete more significantly and faster underneath drought intolerant, shallow rooted species native to Minnesota. This study also focuses on utilizing remote sensing techniques to calculate the soil moisture availability across a floodplain forest using Landsat 8 images to compare satellite-derived and field-recorded soil moisture values to assess the potential of these images to remotely estimate soil moisture in floodplains.
Knowledge for better health: a conceptual framework and foundation for health research systems.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Health research generates knowledge that can be utilized to improve health system performance and, ultimately, health and health equity. We propose a conceptual framework for health research systems (HRSs) that defines their boundaries, components, goals, and functions. The framework adopts a systems perspective towards HRSs and serves as a foundation for constructing a practical approach to describe and analyse HRSs. The analysis of HRSs should, in turn, provide a better understanding of how research contributes to gains in health and health equity. In this framework, the intrinsic goals of the HRS are the advancement of scientific knowledge and the utilization of knowledge to improve health and health equity. Its four principal functions are stewardship, financing, creating and sustaining resources, and producing and using research. The framework, as it is applied in consultation with countries, will provide countries and donor agencies with relevant inputs to policies and strategies for strengthening HRSs and using knowledge for better health.