jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The endothelin‐1 system among high‐risk pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with gestational hypertension. Elevated endothelin‐1 is a proposed factor in the pathogenesis of gestational hypertension. However, the association between endothelin‐1 and obstructive sleep apnea complicating pregnancy is unknown. In a prospective cohort of 60 pregnant patients with obesity but without confounding comorbid conditions (i.e. cardiac/pulmonary disease), plasma and placental samples were collected at delivery in 30 women with obstructive sleep apnea and 30 without. Endothelin‐1 concentrations were evaluated using Western blot, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariable analyses were conducted comparing endothelin‐1 levels between obstructive sleep apnea and non‐obstructive sleep apnea groups. There was no significant difference in band intensity or quantitative densitometric evaluation when comparing obstructive sleep apnea‐positive and ‐negative groups ( p = 0.42). mRNA expression of endothelin‐1 did not differ in placental tissues between groups ( p = 0.73). There was no significant difference in endothelin‐1 median plasma concentrations between groups ( p = 0.95). However, there was a significant sixfold increase in the rate of endothelin‐1 elevation > 90th percentile (adjusted odds ratio 5.9, 95% confidence interval 1.05–32.7) after adjusting for confounding by body mass index. Additionally, lower pre‐pregnancy body mass index (< 32 kg m −2 ) was associated with plasma endothelin‐1 > 11 at delivery ( p < 0.01), and class 3 obesity appeared protective for having elevated plasma endothelin‐1 > 90th percentile ( p = 0.03). Overall, in this prospective cohort of high‐risk pregnant patients, obstructive sleep apnea was associated with an increased rate of markedly elevated (> 90th percentile) endothelin‐1 plasma levels. Lower pre‐pregnancy body mass index among patients with obesity was associated with elevated endothelin‐1 plasma levels. Obstructive sleep apnea screening questionnaires focused on high body mass index may result in underestimated risk.
Impact of digital media marketing on purchasing behavior in the low hill urban areas of Himachal Pradesh

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research is to investigate from a societal standpoint that factors influencing digital media advertising on the purchasing decisions of FMCG consumers. The primary data were collected from 500 beneficiaries of Low Hills (Urban) areas, northern states of India, i.e., Himachal Pradesh using purposive sampling during July 2018 to Jan 2019. Factor analysis was used for data analysis. The findings of the analysis lead one to the conclusion that many of the respondents watch digital advertisements to gather information. Their livesrevolve around sitting in front of the television and, more specifically, watching advertisements in hilly areas.
Event-Based Nonsingular Fixed-Time Tracking Control of an Uncertain Manipulator System Subject to Full-State Static Constraints

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article centers around investigating the event-triggered nonsingular fixed-time tracking issue for an n -link rigid robot manipulator with full-state constraints, external disturbances, and model uncertainties. We propose the definition of the constrainedly practically fixed-time stability (CPFTS) and provide a sufficient condition for CPFTS. A novel auxiliary function is developed to address the singularity issue caused by repeated differentiation in achieving the fixed-time tracking control. The uncertain parameters are approximated using the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). This study proposes the model-based and the neutral network-based tracking control approaches, designed using the scaling function technique and the barrier Lyapunov function, respectively, to ensure that the tracking error systems are CPFTS and the full-state constraints comply. Moreover, the communication transmission load is reduced using the relative threshold event-triggered control strategy. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed tracking control algorithms.
Efficacy of Nasogastric and Nasojejunal Enteral Feeding in the Early Phase of Acute Pacreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Enteral nutrition in the early phase of predicted severe acute pancreatitis can be administered via a nasogastric or nasojejunal tube. Finding the most effective method in terms of daily balance, the volume of feeding and residual gastric volume in the early period of moderate and severe acute pancreatitis is a current challenge. The aim of the study was to estimate the efficacy of nasogastric and nasojejunal early enteral feeding duringthe early phase of predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Material and methods. The study was prospective, single-center, and randomized. The data were collected from November 2012 to October 2018. The study included 64 ICU patients in the early period of acute pancreatitis exhibiting predictors of severity. During randomization, the patients were assigned to either nasogastric (group 1) or nasojejunal (group 2) feeding for the next four days. The volume of enteral feeding on Day 1 was 250 ml/day, and on each successive day it was increased by 250 ml/day. During group allocation, the disease severity and the way of nutrient administration were taken into account. Daily balance was calculated using the difference between enterally administered and residual gastric volume. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.23 software package. The null hypothesis was rejected at P 0.05. Results. The volume of enteral nutrition administered over 4 days did not differ between the study groups. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis had significantly better nutrient absorption over 4 days when the postpyloric route was used (1.63±0.98 l/d) vs the nasogastric one (0.55±0.29 l/d) ( P =0.001). In moderate pancreatitis, the enteral nutrition absorption over 4 days did not differ ( P =0.107) between the groups with nasogastric (2.06±0.87 l/day) and nasojejunal (2.6±0.45 l/day) feeding. Conclusion. Nasojejunal route is the preferred way to start enteral feeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. In moderate acute pancreatitis, feeding can be initiated via the gastric route and only in case of intolerance it should be switched to the nasojejunal one.
The level of organisational identification amongst students at a post-merged South African university

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Orientation: Organisational identification (OI) refers to individuals perceiving that they belong to and are one with their organisation. Limited research has been conducted on university students’ levels of OI within the South African context.Research purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the level of OI amongst students at a post-merged university in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Motivation for the study: Levels of OI amongst students at a post-merged university could be low, as a result of students not yet adopting the values of the merged university. Yet, no such study has been undertaken at this university since the merger.Research design, approach and method: Mixed methods were used in this study, consisting of qualitative research (N = 16) for which focus group discussions were used, as well as quantitative research (N = 603) for which an online questionnaire was sent to the student sample.Main findings: The level of OI amongst the students was found to be high. Furthermore, students’ race, campus, university tenure and residence have a significant influence on students’ levels of OI. Black students identified more with the university than other races and students who studied longer at this university had lower levels of OI. Residence students had a greater level of OI than those who stayed off-campus.Practical/managerial implications: Students should be encouraged to adopt the core values of this university to ensure that OI levels increase. In order to improve OI, university management should implement action plans for those student segments who have exhibited low levels of OI.Contribution/value-add: This research contributes to the current body of knowledge concerning OI which is under-researched within a post-merged university context.
Diffusive KPP Equations with Free Boundaries in Time Almost Periodic Environments: I. Spreading and Vanishing Dichotomy

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this series of papers, we investigate the spreading and vanishing dynamics of time almost periodic diffusive KPP equations with free boundaries. Such equations are used to characterize the spreading of a new species in time almost periodic environments with free boundaries representing the spreading fronts. In this first part, we show that a spreading-vanishing dichotomy occurs for such free boundary problems, that is, the species either successfully spreads to all the new environment and stabilizes at a time almost periodic positive solution, or it fails to establish and dies out eventually. The results of this part extend the existing results on spreading-vanishing dichotomy for time and space independent, or time periodic and space independent, or time independent and space periodic diffusive KPP equations with free boundaries. The extension is nontrivial and is ever done for the first time.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Lithuania once and now: testing for sex differences, relations with eye and hair color, and a possible secular change.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic somatic trait and has been proposed as a biomarker for the organizational, i.e., permanent, effects of prenatal testosterone on the human brain. Accordingly, recent research has related 2D:4D to a variety of sex-dependent, hormonally influenced traits and phenotypes. The geographical variation in typical 2D:4D is marked and presently poorly understood. This study presents the first investigation into the 2D:4D ratio in a Baltic country. A contemporary sample of 109 Lithuanian men and women was compared with data from a historical sample of 100 Lithuanian men and women, collected and published in the 1880s and rediscovered only now. The findings included the following lines of evidence: (i) seen in an international perspective, the average 2D:4D in Lithuania is low; (ii) there was a sex difference in 2D:4D in the expected direction in both samples; (iii) a previously adduced hypothesis of an association of lighter eye and hair color with higher, i.e., more feminized, 2D:4D received no support in both samples; and (iv) the average 2D:4D in the contemporary sample was higher than in the historical sample. In view of a hypothesized increase in 2D:4D in modern populations, owing to increased environmental levels of endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, this latter finding appears to be of particular notice. However, because finger-length measurement methods differed across the samples, it cannot be safely ruled out that the apparent time trend in Lithuanian 2D:4D in truth is an artifact. The puzzling geographical pattern seen in the 2D:4D ratio and the question of possible time trends therein deserve further investigations.
Camera security network design and realization based on PCA facial recognition algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Single-Camera Video Surveillance (SCVS) has mainly been applied in the passive monitoring. Video surveillance covers small area, the video information is not sufficient without the joint tracking capability. Currently poor performance in most similar networks is mainly due to unintelligence and low real-time. In this paper we proposed a distributed smart multi-eyes camera network by utilizing smart phones, which presents not only the schemes but also its concrete realization. Using the smart camera network with good self-organization in time, the target would be captured and tracked in good manner and the running track for the target can be restored and recovered anytime. This work is aimed at utilizing unused mobile phones to form a security network. The contribution is aimed at improving the accuracy stranger invasion detection. In order to finish the task of recognizing faces of distant targets, we use PCA-based facial recognition algorithm to enhance the effective resolution. We category different approaches of increasing the resolution and use the best approach to handle different situation. In the mean time we designed and realized the overall structure of the security network including database module design, client terminal design and monitoring node design, forming a robust and energy saving network. This paper can provide valuable reference for the design of the practical security network which is currently in high social demand.
A SOLID SUPPORTED REAGENT FOR INTERNUCLEOSIDE H-PHOSPHONATE LINKAGE FORMATION

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A fast and convenient procedure for synthesis of dinucleoside H-phosphonates is obtained through use of the novel polystyrene supported 5-carboxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-2-chloro-1,3,2-diaoxaphosphorinane reagent. Virtually quantitative H-phosphonate condensations are obtained leading to excellent isolatedyields and with only a simple filtration as the purification procedure. This provides for a convenient and high-yielding procedure that should be suited for solution-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES' BEHAVIOR UNDER PRACTICAL ENERGY SAVING DRIVES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

エコドライブによるCO2削減効果は既に多くの研究により確認されているが,エコドライブが交通の円滑性にどの様な影響を及ぼすかについては定量的に示した研究は少ない.エコドライブ実施車の車両挙動が,非実施車のそれと異なるならば,エコドライブ車が交通流の中に存在することによって交通特性が変化し,交通運用の上でこれまでの知見が当てはまらない可能性も考えられる.そこで本研究では,エコドライブ実施時と通常運転時とで,交通の円滑性に関係する車両挙動がどの様に異なるかを走行実験によって検討した.その結果,エコドライブ中は加速時・減速時ともに加速度の絶対値が小さくなること,巡航時の車間距離が伸びることが確認された.それに対し,発進時の反応時間と停止時の車間距離については通常運転中と変わらないと考えられた.
Epicuticular Wax Rice Mutants Show Reduced Resistance to Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plant structural traits can act as barriers for herbivore attachment, feeding, and oviposition. In particular, epicuticular waxes (EWs) on the aerial surfaces of many land plants offer protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), mutations that reduce EWs have been previously reported. However, whether such mutations affect rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) performance has not been investigated yet. These pests cause significant economic problems in important rice-producing areas of the United States. The aim of our study was to characterize the EWs of EW mutants and wild-type rice plants by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and compare the resistance of mutant and wild-type plants against rice water weevil and fall armyworm. We hypothesized that mutants with reduced EWs would have weaker resistance to pests than wild-type plants. Three mutant lines (6-1A, 7-17A, and 11-39A) and their wild-type parent (cv. ‘Sabine’) were used to test this hypothesis. Levels of EWs were significantly lower in mutant lines than in the wild-type, and qualitative differences in EW composition were also observed. Reduction in EWs significantly affected performance of insects in experiments conducted under greenhouse conditions. Experiments with rice water weevils were conducted in arenas in which females were given a choice of the mutants and the wild-type for oviposition. Number of first instars emerging from the three EW mutants (an indication of oviposition preference) was higher on the three EW mutants than on wild-type plants with normal wax levels. Similarly, in no-choice experiments using whole plants or detached leaves, weight gains of armyworms on leaves were higher on the mutant lines than on the wild-type. These results indicate that EW traits are involved in rice resistance to weevils and armyworms. Understanding the plant traits that contribute to resistance to rice pests will be helpful for the development of resistant varieties for reducing pest insect damage.
Ciprofloxacin Metal Complexes–Silica Nanoparticles: Characterization, Spectroscopic Study, DNA Interaction and Biological Activity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Ciprofloxacin (CIPH) was classified as one of the most effective quinolone antibiotics, which is commonly used to cure a wide range of infections resulting from Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The complexes which formed due to the interaction of Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Gd(III) and Sm(III) with ciprofloxacin were characterized by CHN% analysis, conductivity, FTIR, electronic spectra, fluorescence measurements, and magnetic susceptibility, besides studying the complex–DNA interaction. Meanwhile, the molar conductance values (0.001 mol·L −1 in DMSO) revealed the electrolytic behavior of the complexes and could be designated with the A − B + formula. In addition, the geometry of the compounds was confirmed from the electronic transitions as well as the μ eff values as octahedral for all complexes. The postulated formula could be generally assigned as [M(CIP) a (CIPH) b (H 2 O) c ](NO 3 )(H 2 O) n (C 2 H 5 OH) m . Moreover, the interaction between metal complexes and DNA revealed that the Cu complex had the highest binding constant. Nanotechnology was applied to synthesized compounds using silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), which were prepared using a sol–gel process. The silica nanoparticles were chemically functionalized for binding the ligand and its metal complexes; this enables the as-prepared compounds to enhance their features as a drug delivery platform. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial activity was tested for the free complexes and SiNPs composites. Collectively, Sm complex gave the largest zone of inhibition, while the Cu(II)–SiNPs composite showed the strongest potential to reduce the bacterial activity. Furthermore, the fluorescence data of CIPH, ligand–metal mixture and the effect of silica nanoparticles on them were studied.
Planetary systems : detection, formation and habitability of extrasolar planets

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Are we alone in the Universe? Or are there myriads of other habitable worlds teeming with life and intelligence? These are questions of long standing, going back at least to the ancient Greeks, e.g. Epicurus (341–270 BC) who opined: ‘There are infinite worlds similar to and different from our own’. Until the end of the twentieth century, however, all was speculation because the necessary observational techniques did not exist. It is only very recently, in the last decade, that the situation has started to change. Although we still cannot answer the questions about life, there has been an avalanche of evidence pointing to the existence of exoplanets, i.e. extra-solar planets in orbits around other stars. The authors have set out to provide a detailed snapshot of this rapidly developing research field at a particularly exciting moment in its evolution.
Regulation of isoprenoid metabolism and Hass avocado fruit: An overview

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studies have shown that isoprenoid metabolism plays an essential role in normal fruit growth and development. Thus in an attempt to examine the metabolic events that contribute to the appearance of the Hass small-fruit phenotype, isoprenoid metabolism has been studied in detail in both normal and small-fruit phenotypes. 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC 1.1.1.34) catalyses the formation of mevalonic acid (MVA) from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), which is the committed step in isoprenoid biosynthesis. The small-fruit phenotype is characterised by reduced HMGR and cell division cycle activity, and increased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) metabolic activity (which is associated with increased active oxygen species (AOS) production). The small-fruit phenotype also has reduced total C6 soluble sugar content and increased glucose content. Work carried out thus far shows a relationship between HMGR activity, isoprenoid biosynthesis, sugar metabolism of both C6 and C7 sugars, and AOS production. Results are concluded in the form of an hypothesis/scheme in an attempt to show the relationship between these various factors.
Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

“Cadres decide everything,” Stalin proclaimed in 1935. The slogan is familiar, as is the image of Stalin as a politician skilled in the selection and deployment of personnel. But who were his cadres? The literature on the prewar Stalin period tells us little even about his closest political associates, let alone those one step down the political hierarchy—Central Committee members, people's commissars and their deputies, obkom secretaries—or in key industrial posts. Only the Old Bolsheviks and the military leaders seem to emerge as individuals. The rest are relegated to that servile and faceless bureaucracy about which Trotsky wrote from afar. Their very anonymity (which might also be described as our —and Trotsky's—ignorance) has become part of a sociological generalization.
Entropy in Multiple Equilibria, Systems with Two Different Sites

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The influence of entropy in multiple chemical equilibria is investigated for systems with two different types of sites for Langmuir’s condition, which means that the binding enthalpy of the species is the same for each type of sites and independent of those that are already bonded and that this holds for both types of sites independently. The analysis makes use of the particle distribution theory which holds for each type of sites separately. We provide physical insight by discussing an Xm{AB}Xn system with m = 0, 1, …, M and n = 0, 1, …, N in detail. The procedure and results are exemplified for an Xm{AB}Xn system with M = 3 and N = 2. A satisfactory consequence of the results is that the eleven equilibrium constants needed to describe such a system can be expressed as a function of two constants only. This is generally valid for any Xm{AB}Xn system where the [(M + 1)(N + 1) − 1] equilibrium constants can be expressed as a function of 2 constants only. This has also implication for quantum-theoretical studies in the sense that it is sufficient to model only two reactions instead of many in order to describe the system. We have observed that it is sufficient to have two different sites in a multiple equilibrium in order to observe a characteristic of isotherms that cannot be described by Langmuir’s equation. This is a result that may be useful for explaining experimental data which otherwise have not been explained satisfactory so far. Instead of inventing adsorption models it might often make sense of describing the system in terms of multiple equilibria.