jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From 2D to 3D: Computational Methods for Analyzing Porous Electrode Structures in Fuel Cells

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy and heat. It occurs through a controlled chemical reaction. Among its essential components are the porous electrodes, which play a pivotal role in the operation of the fuel cells. These electrodes are crucial because they facilitate the efficient flow of reactants to the reaction sites, thereby driving the energy conversion process. The electrodes are made of porous materials characterized by intricate and varied microstructures. Given the complexity of these structures and the significant cost associated with experimental equipment, it is highly beneficial to perform computational studies as a preliminary step. This study focuses on reconstructing a reliable three-dimensional (3D) volume of porous electrodes from two-dimensional (2D) images. Such a reconstruction is essential for conducting predictive analyses of the electrodes' experimental performance and behavior. The study examines key microstructural parameters, including porosity, tortuosity, and diffusivity. The results of employing advanced computational techniques illustrate that the proposed methodology is highly effective and robust for generating accurate 3D reconstructions from 2D images. This capability offers significant advantages for understanding and optimizing the performance of fuel cell electrodes before embarking on costly experimental trials.
Purification of the receptor for nerve growth factor from A875 melanoma cells by affinity chromatography.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been purified to near homogeneity from octylglucoside extracts of A875 melanoma cell membranes by the use of repetitive affinity chromatography on NGF-Sepharose. Elution of purified receptor (NGF receptor) was accomplished with 0.15 M NaCl, pH 11.0, containing phosphatidylcholine and octylglucoside. Chromatography on two columns of NGF-Sepharose yielded a 1500-fold purification of the receptor, as assessed by 125I-NGF binding, and permitted recovery of 9% of the total binding activity in the soluble extract. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding of 125I-NGF provided similar Kd values for NGF receptors in soluble extracts of A875 membranes (2.2 nM) and with purified NGF receptor (3.1 nM). Examination of NGF receptor after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of two major peptides, of Mr = 85,000 and Mr = 200,000. Affinity labeling experiments, done with 125I-NGF and A875 cells, soluble extracts of A875 cell membranes, and purified receptor, show that both of these components of the NGF receptor can be specifically cross-linked to 125I-NGF.
Proposed WFQ Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for Mobile Wimax Application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this project, we proposed a framework to support heterogenous traffic with different QoS demand in WiMAX.This framework dynamically changes the bandwidth allocation (BA) for ongoing and new arrival connections based on network condition and service demand.The objective is to efficiently use the available bandwidth and provide QoS support in a fair manner.Dynamic allocation of spectrum prior to transmission can mitigate the starvation problem of Non Real time application.The WFQ based dynamic bandwidth allocation framework uses architecture that has packet scheduler scheme (PS), call admission policy and a dynamic bandwidth allocation mechanism.By the simulation result we have showed that this architecture could provide QoS support by being fair to all classes of services.
Traditional Soap and detergents yielding plants and animal materials of Himachal Himalaya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Traditional use of organic materials as soaps and detergents indicates the wisdom of people about utilization of biodiversity in their surroundings. Himachal Himalaya represents a wide range of agro-ecological conditions where altitude varies from 900m to over 3000 m. The three districts included in the study represent almost all conditions. A total of 23 plant species and two animal byproducts had been used by the people as soaps and detergents. The processing techniques and chemical basis of some 17 materials have been mentioned. These materials may find way to develop skin- and environment- friendly natural products in future.
Lung Cancer Among White South Africans

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MEDIALORThis patient, a woman 20 years old, pre- sented at this Department on 20 July 1964 with a lesion on the left cheek below the left eye.This was erythematous, slightly scaly, somewhat raised, and circumscribed by a ring of vesicles.It measured 4.25 cm. in diameter, and was of six weeks' duration.The patient's history was not contributory.Scrapings from the lesion revealed mycelium, and on culture yielded T. megninii.The maproscopical and microscopical morphology was typical of the species.Further- more, this strain demonstrated clearly, in two successive cultural tests, its absolute requirement for histidine on the synthetic basal medium de- vised by Georg for this purpose.'On this medium it is unable to produce any growth in the absence of histidine, whereas T. rubrum, which in many other respects it resembles, is able to grow well on this medium, irrespective of the presence or absence of histidine.This strain of T. megninii was sensitive in vitro at 27' C.to 10 jug./ml. of griseofulvin in Sabouraud glucose broth.For comparison with this strain, one of the isolates of T. megninii obtained by Dr. I. Sarkany and his colleagues at the Royal Free Hospital, London, was used in parallel series in these tests, and they were found to be similar in all respects.Treatment of the patient was begun with fine- particle griseofulvin, in the dosage of 125 mg.four times daily.-The lesion responded well at first to this drug, which was stopped only when the erythematous reaction had almost cleared, and scrapings were microscopically negative.Instead, ung.betnovate was prescribed.One week later, on 11 August 1964, the patient re- turned with three discrete circumscribed lesions within the area of the initial lesion (see Fig. ) and scrapings from them were not only positive microscopically, but also on culture yielded T. megmnii for the second time.Accordingly, fear- ing that the ung.bemnovate had been responsible for its exacerbation, this drug was promptly withdrawn and griseofulvin prescribed again twice daily.However, despite these measures, the lesion remained active for another 22 weeks, during which period T. megnrnii was isolated from it for the third, fourth, and fifth times, respectively on 29 September and 30 November 1964, and on 26 January 1965.Then at three subsequent examinations, the last on 16 March 1965, scrapings were negative microscopically and on culture.By this date also, about eight months after the patient's first visit to this clinic, the lesion had completely cleared and she was accordingly discharged.
The impact of terrorism on civil servants: Longitudinal evidence from the July 22, 2011 attack in Norway

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Building on a growing literature assessing the societal impact of terrorism, this article analyzes whether and how a terror attack targeting public institutions affects civil servants in their day‐to‐day work. This is an important question to enhance our understanding of how terrorism can (or cannot) affect the operation of core government functions. Theoretically, the study contributes to a broader account of the political consequences of terrorism by combining insights from social identity and organization theory. Empirically, we exploit a two‐wave survey fielded before and after the 2011 terror attack in Norway, which allows us to study the same civil servants ( N = 186) before and after this event. While terrorists wish to disrupt public institutions, our findings indicate that a terror attack targeting core government institutions strengthens internal cohesion and increases attention to political signals in work tasks. We discuss implications of these effects for the functioning of democratic government.
The Efficiency of Receivers Used in Hearing Aid Devices

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Current drain is one of the most important considerations in the hearing aid design. It is determined mainly by the receiver impedance. Recently, many additional features and technologies such as wireless are used in the hearing aid devices. These capabilities increase the current drain further. Efficiency evaluation becomes an important step in the receiver selection for hearing aid devices. Balanced armature receivers are widely used in hearing aids. In comparison with the moving-coil loudspeakers, these receivers are designed for better efficiency in closed acoustical loads found in different hearing aid styles. However, the receiver efficiency for hearing aid applications is not well defined, evaluated, or reported. In this paper, the receiver efficiency including the effect of the receiver size, impedance, and acoustical load is discussed. The evaluation of the receiver efficiency is revisited and a new approach is suggested. The simulation and the measurement results are presented.
Genetics of a multifactorial disease: Autoimmune type I diabetes mellitus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

1. Three non-major histocompatability complex genes, Idd-3, Idd-4 and Idd-5, that influence the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse have been located on chromosomes 3, 11 and 1. 2. In undertaking this study, a new map of the mouse genome has been created from polymerase chain reaction-analysable mouse microsatellite markers. 3. The homologues of these genes may reside on human chromosomes 1 or 4 (Idd-3), 17 (Idd-4) and 2q (Idd-5).
Engineering a vascularized bone tissue construct via transgenic angiogenic induction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stromal cell-derived factor 1á (SDF-1á) serves as chemoattractant that direct the migration of stem cells such as hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the injury site, where the level of SDF-1á is increased. This SDF-1á-induced migration of MSCs are necessary for tissue regeneration. For example, SDF-1á promotes bone healing by recruiting the MSCs to the bone injury site. Besides, the increase in the SDF-1á level will also recruit endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) that will promote vascularization, which is a crucial step in bone formation. In this study, we transfected the living hyaline cartilage graft (LhCG) with adenoviral vector that contain SDF-1á transgene to forcefully express the transgenic chemoattractant, SDF-1á. We attempted to study the role of SDF-1á in bone formation. The LhCG constructs were cultured in different medium, such as osteogenic (OG) medium, chondrocytes culture (CC) medium and MCDB. The results indicated that the LhCG construct cultured in OG medium highly express the Col I and Col X, followed by MCDB and CC medium. These 2 collagens are the biomarkers for bone formation. With the supply of OG medium, enhanced bone formation was observed.
Two new iridal-type triterpenoids from Iris forrestii

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two new iridal-type triterpenoids, named forrestins A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from Iris forrestii Dykes by comprehensive chromatographic methods. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by interpretation of extensive spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS.
Prototype Design of Hornet Cloud using Virtual Honeypot Technique

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

최근 클라우드 컴퓨팅이 새로운 공격 대상으로 부상하기 시작했으며, 클라우드의 다양한 서비스를 지연 및 방해하기 위한 악의적인 DDoS 공격이 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 허니팟 보안 기술과 클라우드 컴퓨팅의 자원을 이용한 호넷 클라우드를 제안하며, 간략하게 능동 상호동작의 개념과 보안 기능들을 설계한다. Cloud Computing has recently begun to emerge as a new attack target. The malice DDoS attacks are ongoing to delay and disturb the various services of the Cloud Computing. In this paper, we propose the Hornet-Cloud using security Honeypot technique and resources of Cloud Computing, and design the concept of active-interaction and security functions of Hornet-Cloud simply.
ALDH1 and SALL4 Expression in Cell Block Samples from Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma and Malignant Pleural Effusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) can accompany advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Recent studies suggest that MPE could contain a heterogeneous subpopulation of cells with stem-like properties, such as tumorigenicity and self-renewal, indicating that they could be the source of metastasis. Although previous studies analyzed the correlation between cancer stem cell (CSC) marker expression and clinical outcomes using lung cancer tissues, investigations regarding the association of MPE with CSC marker expression are limited. We performed immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and Sal-like 4 (SALL4) in 46 cell block samples of MPE from patients with lung adenocarcinoma. ALDH1-positive and SALL4-positive cancer cells in MPE were detected in 30 (65.2%) and 21 samples (45.7%), respectively. Cluster formation was detected in 26 samples (56.5%). The number of clusters was significantly higher in ALDH1-positive/SALL4-negative samples. SALL4 expression was inversely correlated with the cluster ratio (r = −0.356) and positively associated with the Ki-67 index (r = 0.326), suggesting that MPE cells with high SALL4 expression comprised the proliferative subpopulation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MPE contains an ALDH1-positive/SALL4-negative subpopulation exhibiting cluster formation and a SALL4-positive proliferative subpopulation.
Ascorbic acid and development of xylem and phloem cells in the pine trunk

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Changes in the levels of ascorbic acid (AA), its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), and uronic acids as initial precursors for the AA synthesis were studied as related to the degree of xylem and phloem cell development in the course of early and late wood formation in the trunks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The cells of mature and conducting phloem, cambial zone, differently developed cells in the zones of cell enlargement and maturation were obtained by successive scraping tissue layers from trunk segments of 20–25-year-old trees; tissue identification was checked anatomically and histochemically. The contents of compounds tested were calculated per dry weight and per cell basis. We found great differences in the contents of AA and DHA and also in their ratio in dependence of the wood type developing in the pine trunks during growth period and on the stage of differentiation of xylem and phloem cells. Changes in the AA content during xylem cell differentiation were accompanied by changes in the content of uronic acids. The amounts of AA, DHA, and uronic acids were the highest at the stage of early lignification and reduced with tracheid maturation. The AA to DHA ratio changed differently in the course of early and late xylem lignification. It reduced from the start of lignification to the formation of early mature xylem and, in contrast, increased in mature late wood; this indicates a difference in the level of redox processes in these tissues.
Effects of body weight at hatching and water temperature on development of the yolk-sac larvae of six species of salmonids, including grayling

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of larval weight on survival and growth were studied at a range of temperatures for four species of fish that are native to Austria, and two introduced species. Spawning times differ, and the thermal requirements for embryos and larvae reflect the temperatures of adaptation to their habitats. Optimum temperatures for hatching success are compared with optima for larval survival; the ranges of temperatures at which at least 50 % of larvae survived are wider than those for hatching, suggesting that temperature requirements can alter in different life-stages. Most of the variation in larval fresh weight with time was attributed to temperature, although size at hatching can also have an effect. In the temperature range 4 °C to 20 °C, the overall weight gains of the six species differed between 3.7 mg to 52.6 mg, with growth rates of 17 % to 431 % and maximum body weights between 16.3 mg and 118.4 mg. A series of relatively simple models can be used for predicting parts of the life-spans, e.g. length of the embryonic development and yolk-sac larval stages, and mean weights of each species, from fertilization of the egg to the end of the larval stage. Studies of early life stages are becoming increasingly important in forecasting recruitment of wild fish. In cultured fish the yolk-feeding stages are central to success or failure of larviculture.
Mostly Useless Econometrics?Assessing the Causal Effect of Econometric Theory

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Economics is highly invested in sophisticated mathematics and empirical methodologies. Yet the payoff to these investments in terms of uncontroverted empirical knowledge is much less clear. I argue that leading economics journals err by imposing an unrealistic burden of proof on empirical work: there is an obsession with establishing causal relationships that must be proven beyond the shadow of a doubt. It is far easier to publish theoretical econometrics, an increasingly arid subject that meets the burden of mathematical proof. But the overabundance of econometric theory has not paid off in terms of empirical knowledge, and may paradoxically hinder empirical work by obligating empirical researchers to employ the latest methods that are often difficult to understand and use and fail to address the problems that researchers actually confront. I argue that a change in the profession l culture and incentives can help econometrics from losing its empirical relevance. Econometric theory needs to be more empirically motivated and problem-driven. Economics journals should lower the burden of proof for empirical work and raise the burden of proof for econometric theory. Specifically, there should be more room for descriptive empirical work in our journals. It should not be necessary to establish a causal mechanism or a non-parametrically identified structural model that provides an unambiguous explanation of empirical phenomena as a litmus test for publication. On the other hand, journals should increase the burden on econometric theory by requiring more of them to show how the new methods they propose are likely to be used and be useful for generating new empirical knowledge.
New nanoforms of carbon and boron nitride

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Data on new carbon nanostructures including those based on fullerenes, nanotubes as well monolithic diamond-like nanoparticles, nanofibres, various nanocomposites, etc., published in the last decade are generalised. The experimental and theoretical data on their atomic and electronic structures, the nature of chemical bonds and physicochemical properties are discussed. These data are compared with the results obtained in studies of nanoforms of boron nitride, an isoelectronic analogue of carbon. Potential fields of applications of the new nanostructures are considered.
Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Flax Fibres Reinforced Composites with Epoxy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The term Natural Fiber Reinforced composites is now being applied to a surprising range of materials derived wholly or in part from renewable resources. Keeping up with the developments in technology, it is necessary to stop developing materials, which are environmentally insecure. This concept of renewable materials has now become of key importance due to the need to protect our environment. Bio-fibres like flax, coir, bamboo, jute, cotton and so on are now finding applications in a wide range of industries. The field of bio-mass based research has experienced an explosion of interest, mainly with regard to its comparable properties to synthetic fibers within polymer composites. The major area of increasing usage of these composites is the automotive industry, mainly in interior applications. Some of the potential applications of natural fiber reinforced composites are door and instrument panels, package trays, glove boxes, arm rests, and seat backs
Distinctive Scale Invariant Image Watermarking using Hermite Splines

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper we present a robust non blind watermarking scheme. The proposed scheme embeds the watermark into the color image. This watermarking scheme based on a sample spline approach by extracting distinctive invariant features from images. It can be used to perform reliable matching between different views of an object. This paper also describes an approach for object recognition using these invariant features. The recognition can be performed by matching individual features to a database of known features of objects using a fast nearest neighbour algorithm. In this paper we use the low frequency components of image blocks for data hiding to obtain high robustness against attacks. We take four samples of the approximation coefficients of the image blocks to construct a spline curve in the 2-D space. Here the slope of this spline curve is invariant to the gain factor, which is used for watermarking purpose. We embed the watermarking code by constructing a spline curve according to watermarking bits. We compute the distribution of the slope of the embedding spline curve for designing a maximum likelihood decoder.
The Relationship Between Perceived and Measured Walkability, Travel Satisfaction, and Attitudes: An Exploratory Study in Columbus, Ohio

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The global climate is increasingly stressed by emissions from human activity, many of which are produced by automobile transportation. It is therefore critical to consider ways to rapidly shift travel behavior to more sustainable modes of transportation like walking, biking, and public transportation, which produce much lower greenhouse gas emissions than car travel. This research focuses on walkability, which is considered a key determinant of whether urban travelers engage in walking and are willing to shift from car travel to walking. It is broadly assumed that an urban environment that scores high on “objective” walkability metrics leads to more walking. However, the strength of this link is influenced by a range of different factors, including attitudes, travel satisfaction, current mode choices, and the traveler’s own perception of the walkability. Using data from an empirical study of travelers in Columbus, this research examines two overall questions: First, how the relationship between a common walkability measure and perceived walkability is moderated by the traveler’s mode use and attitudes, and second, how the effect of walkability on satisfaction differs by mode use and attitudes. These findings contribute to the understanding of the role walkability plays in travel mode choice and satisfaction and offer insights for urban planning and sustainable transportation initiatives.