jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Third-Generation High-Vision Ultrathin Endoscopy Using Texture and Color Enhancement Imaging and Narrow-Band Imaging to Evaluate Barrett’s Esophagus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It remains unclear whether texture- and color-enhancement imaging (TXI) and narrow-band imaging (NBI) provide an advantage over white-light imaging (WLI) in Barrett’s esophagus. We compared endoscopic findings and color differences between WLI and image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) using a third-generation ultrathin endoscope. We retrospectively enrolled 40 patients who evaluated Barrett’s esophagus using WLI, TXI, and NBI. Color differences determined using the International Commission on Illumination 1976 (L∗, a∗, b∗) color space among Barrett’s epithelium, esophageal, and gastric mucosa were compared among the endoscopic findings. As the secondary outcome, we assessed the subjective visibility score among three kinds of endoscopic findings. The prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in WLI was 82.5% and 47.5%, respectively, and similar among WLI, TXI, and NBI. Color differences between Barrett’s epithelium and esophageal or gastric mucosa on NBI were significantly greater than on WLI (all p < 0.05). However, the color difference between Barrett’s epithelium and esophageal mucosa was significantly greater on NBI than TXI (p < 0.001), and the visibility score of Barrett’s epithelium detection was significantly greater on TXI than NBI (p = 0.022), and WLI (p = 0.016). High-vision, third-generation ultrathin endoscopy using NBI and TXI is useful for evaluating Barrett’s epithelium and GERD compared with WLI alone.
On the comaximal graph of a ring

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we prove that the study of the comaximal graph of a finite commutative ring with identity is the same as the study of the zero-divisor graph of the specially constructed lattice. Also, we introduce the blow-up of a Boolean lattice using finite chains. Furthermore, we prove that in the case of a reduced ring, the comaximal graph and the co-annihilating graph coincide. In the last section, we study the perfectness of the comaximal graphs and characterize the Hamiltonian property of the complement of a comaximal graph.
A bladder cancer multi-institutional experience with total cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a multicenter setting, prognostically relevant T categorization of operable muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer can be based on the palpability of the primary tumor. Approximately 50% of favorably selected patients with operable T2-T4 bladder cancer survived for at least 5 years independent of whether the operation was done at a large uro-oncologic unit or a smaller urologic section. In this retrospective review, chemotherapy seemed to improve the survival in patients with deeply infiltrating (greater than or equal to T3) bladder cancer but appeared to represent an overtreatment in patients with T2 tumors.
On the millipede genus Antheromorpha Jeekel, 1968 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Vietnam, with a description of a new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nguyen, Anh D., Nguyen, Son G., Le, Son X. (2018): On the millipede genus Antheromorpha Jeekel, 1968 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Vietnam, with a description of a new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 96-109, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4503276
New method of evaluating spatial quality for innovation districts: A case study of Haidian and Chaoyang districts, Beijing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Science and technology innovation has become the core driving force of urban development, and innovation spaces as the carriers of innovation activities have evolved continuously, forming the emerging model of innovation districts in recent years. However, the evaluation standard of innovation spaces has not changed with the evolution of the model, and the evaluation method that focuses on economic benefits still dominates the mainstream. As a result, the construction of innovation spaces around these indicators and guidelines lags behind the advanced level.In this paper, we have systematically sorted out the relevant research progress of innovation districts, established a set of cases with global typicality, combined the dual attributes of “innovation characteristics + urban characteristics,” constructed a research framework for the spatial quality of innovation districts based on the dual perspectives of “innovation space,” and summarized the spatial quality evaluation model through analysis. We do an empirical study on Haidian District to find out how well innovation districts work in terms of space, find typical clusters, and come up with the most important aspects of their space quality. In order to observe the applicability of this method, it is also applied to the urban health check-up in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Through the expert seminar, the evaluation and analysis method of spatial quality of innovative urban areas is further verified and discussed. The results show that the integration of innovative urban areas and urban structures, and the collaborative development of innovative industries and high-quality spaces are the keys to promote the common development of innovative economy and cities. The new evaluation method can effectively measure the quality of innovation spaces, and has certain transferability.
Intrapuparial Development and Age Estimation of Calliphora grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for Postmortem Interval Estimation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Calliphora grahami (Aldrich, 1930) (Diptera: calliphoridae) is a forensically important blow fly that is widely distributed across Asia, North America, Russia, and Mexico. Calliphora grahami is frequently found on corpses during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons. It is among the early colonizers of cadavers during the cold season, and sometimes, the only necrophagous blow fly on cadavers. Therefore, this species is of forensic significance, although very few studies have explored the application of its intrapuparial age for PMI estimation. This study aimed to examine the intrapuparial development of C. grahami and establish a method for estimating its intrapuparial age. Herein, the C. grahami puparia were studied under six different temperatures (13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C) for the intrapuparial age estimation, and a total of 5776 puparia were sampled. The morphological changes were divided into 11 stages based on the 1) development of legs and wings, 2) differentiation of the head, thorax, and abdomen, 3) growth and color of the bristles, and 4) color changes of the compound eyes. The corresponding time of each stage was determined. Moreover, the observation and classification of individual morphological features, including compound eyes, antennae, mouthparts, thorax, abdomen, legs, and wings was used to improve the precision of intrapuparial age estimation. The findings of this study provide important information on the use of C. grahami intrapuparia to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin).
Electron, Hydride, and Fluoride Affinities of Silicon-Containing Species:  Computational Studies

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The distance dependence of silicon substitution on the electron affinity (EA) of carbon radicals has been studied using computational methods in SiH3(CH2)nCH2 (A) and SiH2F(CH2)nCH2 (B). Large EAs result when n = 0 for both A and B. The result for A is compared with the experimental EA value of (CH3)3SiCH2. Similar comparisons with known EAs (CH3 and SiH3) establish the validity of the computational approach. Fluorine substitution in SiH2FCH2 is consistent with other fluorine substitution effects. When n > 1, the anions of both A and B cyclize to pentacoordinate structures in which silicon has trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The corresponding EA values raise important questions about computed EAs that result from profound geometry changes between radicals and anions. Anions that have not cyclized give rise to EA values more easily interpreted. Such results, combined with computations of vertical attachment energies, indicate that the EA values of A and B attenuate rapidly for n > 1, quickly approaching that of CH3. Pentacoordination effects of silicon anions were also studied for SiH4, (CH3)2SiH2, 1-silacyclopropane, 1-silacyclobutane, and 1-silacyclopentane.
Non-coding and epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Seed germination as a developmental process has been extensively studied using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Its seed biology is generally well understood, from the regulation of seed maturation and dormancy to germination and the post-germinative transition. These events are the result of extensive transcriptional reprogramming mediated by essential epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, different histone variants and modifications, and non-coding regulatory RNAs. Studying these mechanisms is essential for understanding the regulation of gene expression during germination. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating seed biology in Arabidopsis and discuss aspects requiring further study.
Narrow Rings, Gaps, and Sharp Edges

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Although Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings epitomize the concept of "planetary rings" in the minds of most people, much of our detailed knowledge of ring dynamics has come from the investigation of smaller-scale features such as density and bending waves, the numerous narrow gaps and their embedded ringlets, and the sharp edges which often demarcate various ring regions. In the case of Uranus, almost all of the ring mass is in the form of narrow rings. Narrow ringlets and gaps, and their associated sharp edges (including those of broad rings) form the subject of this chapter, along with the dynamical theories their study has spawned and the puzzles that continue to surround them.
Generalized electron emission model for field, thermal, and photoemission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Analysis of electron emission from photocathodes, field emitters under extreme fields, or thermionic emitters operated at reduced temperature, utilize thermionic (Richardson) or field emission (Fowler–Nordheim) approximations which become inaccurate for such atypical conditions. The computational overhead of advanced numerical transport models make them ill-suited for data analysis or simulations of extended areas of photocathode and thermionic emitters, or for nonplanar field emitters. In this letter, an analytic thermal-field emission equation is given for which the Fowler–Nordheim and Richardson–Laue–Dushman equations are asymptotic limits. The methodology can analytically address “warm” field and “cool” thermionic emission, photoemission, and electron transport between interfaces (e.g., Schottky barriers). The approximations developed are compared to an exact evaluation (the modified airy function approach).
Discrete light localization in one dimensional nonlinear lattices with arbitrary non locality

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We model discrete spatial solitons in a periodic nonlinear medium encompassing any degree of transverse non locality. Making a convenient reference to a widely used material -nematic liquid crystals-, we derive a new form of the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation and find a novel family of discrete solitons. Such self-localized solutions in optical lattices can exist with an arbitrary degree of imprinted chirp and a have breathing character. We verify numerically that both local and non local discrete light propagation and solitons can be observed in liquid crystalline arrays.
Competition between 20th-order rational harmonic mode-locking and gain-switching in inverse optical comb injected semiconductor optical amplifier fiber ring laser

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

20th-order rational harmonic mode-locked (RHML) pulses are demonstrated by using 1 GHz backward dark-optical comb injection semiconductor optical amplifier. A less pronounced high-order RHML mechanism than gain-switching is observed from red-shifted wavelength and reduced linewidth.
The nature of sleep and how to improve it

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Sleep is an essential aspect of human functioning that we cannot live without. Despite this, it can be easy to develop patterns of behaviour that prevent us from sleeping well, and from responding to bodily cues that we are ready to sleep, or to wake. In this article, we outline the components of sleep and how they change as we develop from infancy to early adulthood, and present an overview of the ways in which we can support the development of healthy sleep behaviours. We argue that sleep health should be considered a public health priority, as important for children's healthy development as nutrition and physical activity.
Mechanical Behavior of Human Trabecular Bone after Overloading

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With the etiology of osteoporotic fractures as motivation, the goal of this study was to characterize the mechanical behavior of human trabecular bone after overloading. Specifically, we quantified the reductions in modulus and strength and the development of residual deformations and determined the dependence of these parameters on the applied strain and apparent density. Forty cylindrical specimens of human L1 vertebral trabecular bone were destructively loaded in compression at 0.5% strain per second to strains of up to 3.0% and then immediately unloaded to zero stress and reloaded. (An ancillary experiment on more readily available bovine bone had been performed previously to develop this testing protocol.) In general, the reloading stress-strain curve had a short initial nonlinear region with a tangent modulus similar to Young's modulus. This was followed by an approximately linear region spanning to 0.7% strain, with a reduced residual modulus. The reloading curve always approached the extrapolated envelope of the original loading curve. Percent modulus reduction (between Young's and residual), a quantitative measure of mechanical damage, ranged from 5.2 to 91.0% across the specimens. It increased with increasing plastic strain (r2 = 0.97) but was not related to modulus or apparent density. Percent strength reduction, in the range of 3.6–63.8%, increased with increasing plastic strain (r2 = 0.61) and decreasing apparent density (r2 = 0.23). The residual strains of up to 1.05% depended strongly on applied strain (r2 = 0.96). Statistical comparisons with previous data for bovine tibial bone lend substantial generality to these trends and provide an envelope of expected behavior for other sites. In addition to providing a basis for biomechanical analysis of the effects of damage in trabecular bone at the organ level, these findings support the concept that occasional overloads may increase the risk of fracture by substantially degrading the mechanical properties of the underlying trabecular bone.
Asymptotic Behavior of Inter-Event Times in Planar Systems under Event-Triggered Control

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper analyzes the asymptotic behavior of inter-event times in planar linear systems, under event-triggered control with a general class of scale-invariant event triggering rules. In this setting, the inter-event time is a function of the angle of the state at an event. This viewpoint allows us to analyze the inter-event times by studying the fixed points of the angle map, which represents the evolution of the angle of the state from one event to the next. We provide a sufficient condition for the convergence or non-convergence of inter-event times to a steady state value under a scale-invariant event-triggering rule. Following up on this, we further analyze the inter-event time behavior in the special case of threshold based event-triggering rule and we provide various conditions for convergence or non-convergence of inter-event times to a constant. We also analyze the asymptotic average inter-event time as a function of the angle of the initial state of the system. With the help of ergodic theory, we provide a sufficient condition for the asymptotic average inter-event time to be a constant for all non-zero initial states of the system. Then, we consider a special case where the angle map is an orientation-preserving homeomorphism. Using rotation theory, we comment on the asymptotic behavior of the inter-event times, including on whether the inter-event times converge to a periodic sequence. We illustrate the proposed results through numerical simulations.
FastIsostasy - An accelerated regional GIA model for coupled ice-sheet/solid-Earth simulations with laterally-variable solid-Earth structures

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The vast majority of ice-sheet modelling studies rely on simplified representations of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), which, among other limitations, do not account for lateral variations of the lithospheric thickness and upper-mantle viscosity. In studies using 3D GIA models, this has however been shown to have major impacts on the dynamics of marine-based sectors of Antarctica, which are likely to be the greatest contributors to sea-level rise in the coming centuries. This gap in comprehensiveness is explained by the fact that 3D GIA models are computationally expensive, seldomly open-source and require the implementation of an iterative coupling scheme to converge with the history of the ice-sheet model. To close this gap between "best" and "tractable" GIA models, we here propose FastIsostasy, a regional GIA model capturing lateral variations of the lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity. By means of Fast-Fourier transforms and a hybrid collocation scheme to solve its underlying partial differential equation, FastIsostasy can simulate 100,000 years of high-resolution bedrock displacement in only minutes of single-CPU computation, including the changes in sea-surface height due to mass redistribution. Despite its 2D grid, FastIsostasy parametrises the depth-dependent viscosity in a physically meaningful way and therefore represents the depth dimension to a certain extent. FastIsostasy is here benchmarked against analytical, 1D and 3D GIA solutions and shows very good agreement with them. It is fully open-source, documented with many examples and provides a straight-forward interface for coupling to an ice-sheet model. The model is benchmarked here based on its implementation in Julia, while a Fortran version is also provided to allow for compatibility with most existing ice-sheet models. The Julia version provides additional features, including a vast library of time-stepping methods and GPU support.
Climate change effects on desert date Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile in Benin: Implications for conservation and domestication

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Effectiveness of Balanites aegyptiaca conservation and sustainable exploitation requires a better knowledge of the intrinsic environmental factors linked with its current and future geographic distribution. This study aimed to map suitable areas for the conservation and domestication of B. aegyptiaca under present‐day and future climate conditions in Benin. A total of 424 occurrence records of B. aegyptiaca were combined with the environmental variables of two climatic scenarios (optimistic RCP 4.5 and pessimistic RCP 8.5) following the biodiversity modeling approach (biomod2). Findings were that under current and future climate conditions (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), almost one‐third of the country's area (protected and non‐protected areas), mainly located in the semiarid zone, presents a high probability of suitable areas for the conservation and domestication of B. aegyptiaca by 2055 time horizon. Exceptionally, a fine portion of medium suitable area for its distribution was found in the coastal area. Whatever the future climatic scenarios, a probable potential extension of the suitable areas (2.52% for RCP 4.5 and 0.43% for RCP 8.5) will be noted, thus emphasizing a positive impact of climate changes on the species. These findings are timely and could be used for setting appropriate management policies targeting the species in Benin.
The Correlation of Families Role and the Quality of Life (QOL) of Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that not only requires treatment but also lifestyle changes, so that often patients tend to despair with a long therapy program that will have an impact on the quality of life of patients. This study aimed to determine the correlation of family roles and the quality of life (QOL) of patients with Diabetes Mellitus. The design of this study was cross sectional analytic type. The population was all patients with diabetes mellitus and family on May-July 2018 at Dr Wahidin Sudiro Husodo General Hospital in Mojokerto as many as 96 people. The sample was 57 respondents taken by purposive sampling. The independent variable was family roles. The dependent variable was the quality of life. The instrument used a questionnaire of family roles and the quality of life. The data analysis used the Spearman statistical test. The results showed that 32 respondents (56.7%) or almost half of the respondents had enough family roles, almost all of the respondents or 38 respondents (66.7%) had a high quality of life of, and the results of p <Î± = 0.05 was 0.046 <0.05. There was a correlation between the role of family and the quality of life of patient with diabetes mellitus. The role of a good family can improve the quality of life of patients with Diabetes Mellitus. The better the role of the family, the higher the level of quality of life of the sufferer. Therefore the family can play a role in improving the quality of life Diabetes Mellitus sufferers.
Inhibition of peptidases potentiates enkephalin-stimulated contraction of gastric muscle cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cell surface peptidases degrade enkephalins and thereby restrict the number of molecules available to activate receptors. The effects of peptidase inhibitors on degradation of enkephalins and on enkephalin-stimulated contraction of gastric smooth muscle cells were examined. Muscle cells dispersed from the guinea pig stomach degraded [Tyr1-3H] [Leu5]enkephalin (41.6 +/- 9.0% degradation at 60 min incubation, mean +/- SD, n = 4 animals). Amastatin (10 microM, an aminopeptidase inhibitor) inhibited degradation by 72.1 +/- 1.5% The residual peptidase activity was inhibited by phosphoramidon (1 microM, an endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11 inhibitor) by 58.0 +/- 11.0%. [Tyr1-125I] [Met5]enkephalin was similarly degraded. Phosphoramidon (1 microM) inhibited the degradation of the aminopeptidase-resistant peptide [Tyr1-3H] [D-Ala2]-[Leu5]enkephalin by greater than 95%. [Met5]enkephalin, incubated with cells for 30 s, stimulated contraction [50% maximal contraction (EC50) 120 +/- 50 nM, n = 6]. Pretreatment of cells with phosphoramidon alone, amastatin alone, or phosphoramidon plus amastatin, caused 20-fold (EC50 6.5 +/- 1.1 nM), 2-fold (EC50 63 +/- 23 nM), and 100-fold (EC50 1.1 +/- 0.3 nM) increase in potency of [Met5]enkephalin, respectively. The results show that endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11 and aminopeptidases contribute to degradation of enkephalins by gastric muscle cells. The rapidity and magnitude of the potentiating effects of the inhibitors on enkephalin-stimulated contraction suggest a close physical relationship between the peptidases and the enkephalin receptors.