jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Health in Health Polices of Punjab Province: Gaps and Challenges

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Pakistan has to place a strong emphasis on reproduction as part of an inclusive healthcare strategy that would improve the general health of its population. The aim of this paper is to analyze the health policies of the Punjab Province post-18th Amendment by focusing on the area of reproductive health. For this purpose, health policies were analyzed thematically. After reviewing and analyzing policies, we identified areas of concern about reproductive health care, including the lack of infrastructure and human resources and the lack of evidence-based health-related data and research to respond to or design need-based initiatives. Additionally, reproductive health seems to revolve around special issues and target communities by taking international commitments to the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals as a guideline (maternal and child health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases). It is also found that significant donor funds are only related to family planning and maternal and child care services. These findings indicate that reproductive health measures regulate the fertility and sexual behavior of the target community, along with focusing more on maternal health, which somehow reveals the prevailing gender norms regarding roles in society. Reproductive health issues among men, transgender people, and non-parents are ignored. It is hoped that the identified gaps might be helpful in planning and ensuring access, quality, and equity in reproductive health services.
VARIABILITY IN RESEARCH FIELDS OF QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES TO EXPLAIN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIETY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The principal goal is to analyze the variability of research topics in technologies to explain science dynamics and causes of the patterns of technological evolution. The study analyzes the variability of research topics within specific homogenous groups in quantum technologies (quantum optics, metrology, imaging and sensing) to explain characteristics and causes of the variation within and between research and technological fields that guide evolutionary pathways. Statistical methods based on entropy, measures of dispersion and variance decomposition show vital findings: quantum optics, originated in 1958, ha a lower relative entropy of 0.827, indicating a lower heterogeneity and higher concentrations of occurrences in specific research topics (Standard Deviation, SD=4,330.3), whereas quantum sensing originated in the year 2000 has a higher entropy of 0.925 suggesting a higher heterogeneity of occurrences evolutionary pathways of technologies (SD=49.6). Moreover, quantum optics (having lower entropy) has 66% of occurrences in the first 40 research topics, 8.66% in the last 40 ones, whereas quantum sensing with the highest entropy has only 59% of occurrences in the first 40 research topics, whereas 9.94% is in the last 40 research topics, suggesting emerging technological trajectories. Variance decomposition considering the four groups of quantum technologies reveals that 91.7% of variability is within groups, whereas 8.3% is between groups, implying the diversity in technological evolution. ANOVA, based on F-test= 18.29 (p-value=0.001), confirms that occurrences in research topics between technologies under study have a significant diversity that affects the evolution of the technologies. The statistical evidence here seems in general to support that science dynamics and the evolution of technologies can be explained by the level of variation in occurrences between research topics, suggesting the following properties: a) the growth of heterogeneity in research topics, driving the technological evolution, is inversely proportional to the age of research fields: recent research fields have a higher heterogeneity between topics during evolutionary dynamics, whereas older research fields have a lower heterogeneity and more concentration in vital research topics, proposing a stable evolution towards clear directions ; b) the nature of research fields has a systematic effects in driving the evolution of specific technology. These findings clarify main characteristics and causes of the evolution of science and technologies considering the underlying homogeneity or heterogeneity of occurrences in research topics, providing main implications to improve the scientific and technological forecasting that may support appropriate R&amp;D investments towards promising research fields and technologies.
Research on Improving Traffic Planning Control in Jinan City, Shandong Province Based on Big Data Urban Planning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As the urban population gradually increases, the scale of urban planning is also growing, and the strain on the transportation infrastructure is increasing as well. In this regard, it is crucial to figure out how to maximize local traffic in Jinan City, Shandong Province without destroying the local ecological environment. How to better utilize big data to local urban planning and traffic control is a crucial problem given the history of contemporary big data and Jinan's natural and social surroundings. In this paper, this research will analyse the reasons behind Jinan's traffic jams, and from the standpoint of urban planning and by utilizing the superior expertise of other nations, this paper will discuss the solution to the problem of urban traffic planning in Jinan, Shandong Province. Therefore, this research analyzes the functions of big data to integrate Jinan's transport resources, through the use of various modes of transport data such as the transaction records of public transport cards, the trip data of taxis and online taxis, and the use of shared bicycles, which can make better use of urban transport planning in Jinan. Especially the public transport can be arranged and optimized according to the passenger's trip data especially during peak travelling hours on weekdays. At the same time, big data can also be utilized to support and encourage green travel among the general public.
The effect of vagotomy on human gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the resting state and following increases in intra-abdominal pressure.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of surgical isolation and extrinsic denervation of the distal 5 to 7 cm of the human esophagus on resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and its response to graded increases of external abdominal compression was determined in 89 patients with duodenal ulcer. Fasting serum gastrin concentration also was measured. No significant changes in resting sphincter pressure were obtained before and after vagotomy of various types: parietal cell vagotomy, selective gastric vagotomy plus drainage, and selective gastric vagotomy plus precise antrectomy. No correlation between resting sphincter pressure and fasting serum gastrin concentration was found in any of the groups studied. The increase in gastroesophageal sphincter pressure was similar to the increase in intragastric pressure after 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg of external abdominal compression and was unchanged after all types of vagotomies. These results suggest that (1) extrinsic innervation of the lower esophageal sphincter in humans does not regulate the resting tone of the sphincter; (2) extrinsic "mechanical" influence does not play any role in the maintenance of resting pressure; (3) the effect of increased abdominal pressure is a pure mechanical effect, is unchanged after vagotomy, and therefore is not regulated by external neural reflex.
Serum creatinine is an unreliable marker of renal function in patients undergoing heart transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Renal dysfunction is a common complication after heart transplantation (Htx). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be assessed by various estimating equations (eGFR). We evaluated the correlation, agreement, and accuracy between eGFR and mGFR and the ability of eGFR to track changes in mGFR early after Htx. Methods A single‐center prospective observational study on 55 patients undergoing Htx. Serum creatinine and mGFR (plasma clearance of Cr 51 ‐EDTA or iohexol) were measured preoperatively and on the fourth postoperative day. The accuracy of eGFR to predict true mGFR was calculated as the percentage of patients with an eGFR within 30% of mGFR (P30). The agreement between eGFR and mGFR was assessed according to Bland and Altman. A four‐quadrant plot was made to evaluate the ability of eGFR to track changes in mGFR. Results The accuracy of eGFR to assess mGFR was 52%. The bias was 11.2 ± 17.4 mL/min/1.72 m 2 . The limits of agreement were −23.0 to 45.4 mL/min/1.72 m 2 and the error 58%. The concordance rate between eGFR and mGFR was 72%. Conclusions eGFR underestimated mGFR and the agreement between eGFR and mGFR was low with an unacceptably large between‐group error and low accuracy. Furthermore, the ability of eGFR to assess changes in mGFR, postoperatively, was poor. Thus, the use of estimating equations from serum creatinine will not adequately assess renal function early after major heart surgery. To gain adequate information on renal function early after Htx, GFR needs to be measured, not estimated.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems with Multiple Representations and Self-Explanation Prompts Support Learning of Fractions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Although a solid understanding of fractions is foundational in mathematics, the concept of fractions remains a challenging one. Previous research suggests that multiple graphical representations (MGRs) may promote learning of fractions. Specifically, we hypothesized that providing students with MGRs of fractions, in addition to the conventional symbolic notation, leads to better learning outcomes as compared to instruction incorporating only one graphical representation. We anticipated, however, that MGRs would make the students' task more challenging, since they must link the representations and distill from them a common concept or principle. Therefore, we hypothesized further that self-explanation prompts would help students benefit from working with MGRs. To investigate these hypotheses, we conducted a classroom study in which 112 6th-grade students used intelligent tutors for fraction conversion and fraction addition. The results of the study show that students learned more with MGRs of fractions than with a single representation, but only when prompted to self-explain how the graphics relate to the symbolic fraction representations.
Linking population genetics and tree height growth models to predict impacts of climate change on forest production

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Changes to forest growth models used widely in global change research and sustainable forest management are needed to account for expected climate change impacts. We provide a new approach that dynamically merges height–age functions prevalent in forest growth models with transfer functions prevalent in population adaptation research to better represent changes to forest productivity as climates gradually change. Our simulations with data from an extensive provenance test of lodgepole pine ( P inus contorta ) in B ritish C olumbia, C anada, suggest that climate change will reduce production in lodgepole pine forests established today by at least 7–13% at the end of this century – considerably less than most predictions based solely on transfer or response functions, which do not integrate impacts as climate gradually changes. This work illustrates the need for forest productivity models to consider the changing climate in which a population is growing relative to the static climate of its origin. It also demonstrates the value of long‐term provenance trials in assessing the dynamic impact of climate change on forest productivity, and serves as an example of how provenance trials may be exploited in other forest productivity models or other research fields to assess plant responses to climate.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF FISH IN LOW TENSIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The resistance to low tensions of dissolved oxygen over periods ranging from less than a day to a week was determined for rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdnerii Richardson), perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.), roach ( Rutilus rutilus (L.)), and mirror carp, a domestic form of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) at 10°, 16° and 20°C., tench ( Tinea tinea (L.)) at 10° and 16°C., dace ( Leuciscus leuciscus (L.)) at 16° and 20°C., chub ( Squalius cephalus (L.)) at 20°C., and bleak ( Alburnus alburnus (L.)) at 16°C. At each temperature period of survival decreased with fall in oxygen tension. Rise in temperature between 10° and 20°C. reduced resistance to lack of oxygen of all species except rainbow trout, in which there was no significant difference between resistance at 16° and 20°C. Rise in temperature between 10° and 16°C. did, however, lower resistance considerably. Tench were the most resistant to lack of oxygen and, in general, trout were the most susceptible. At 20°C. mirror carp required a higher tension of oxygen to enable them to survive for a week than did rainbow trout, but for shorter periods could withstand much lower tensions than rainbow trout; at 10° and 16°C. their resistance was intermediate between that of tench and rainbow trout.
Construction of a mouse model of factor VIII deficiency by gene targeting

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To develop a small animal model of hemophilia A for gene therapy experiments, we set out to construct a mouse model for factor VIII deficiency by gene targeting. First, we screened a mouse liver cDNA library using a human FVIII cDNA probe. We cloned a 2.6 Kb partial mouse factor VIII cDNA which extends from 800 base pairs of the 3{prime} end of exon 14 to the 5{prime} end of exon 26. A mouse genomic library made from strain 129 was then screened to obtain genomic fragments covering the exons desired for homologous recombination. Two genomic clones were obtained, and one covering exon 15 through 22 was used for gene targeting. To make gene targeting constructs, a 5.8 Kb genomic DNA fragment covering exons 15 to 19 of the mouse FVIII gene was subcloned, and the neo expression cassette was inserted into exons 16 and 17 separately by different strategies. These two constructs were named MFVIIIC-16 and MFVIIIC-17. The constructs were linearized and transfected into strain 129 mouse ES cells by electroporation. Factor VIII gene-knockout ES cell lines were selected by G-418 and screened by genomic Southern blots. Eight exon 16 targeted cell lines and five exon 17 targeted cell more » lines were obtained. Three cell lines from each construct were injected into blastocysts and surgically transferred into foster mothers. Multiple chimeric mice with 70-90% hair color derived from the ES-cell genotype were seen with both constructs. Germ line transmission of the ES-cell genotype has been obtained for the MFVIIIC-16 construct, and multiple hemophilia A carrier females have been identified. Factor VIII-deficient males will be conceived soon. « less
Parametric Study of UWB Biconical Antenna for Wide-band Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents Ansoft HFSS based parametric analysis and design of UWB bicone antenna. The design frequency of proposed antenna is 2.4 GHz. This antenna covers the 1.3 ~ 17.5 GHz frequency band with Return loss less than -10 dB. The bandwidth has been achieved by making a simple and easy modification in the design parameter of the bicone antenna. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2 within the frequency range of 1.3 GHz ~ 17.5 GHz of this antenna is noticed. This antenna can be used in S (2 GHz to 4 GHz), C (4 GHz to 8 GHz), ext. C (3.4 GHz to 6.725 GHz) and X (8 GHz to 12 GHz) band frequencies and all three frequency band of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM), which are reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for purposes other than communications. Examples of applications in these bands include radio-frequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines.
Open Access Insulation of a synthetic hydrogen metabolism circuit in bacteria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: The engineering of metabolism holds tremendous promise for the production of desirable metabolites, particularly alternative fuels and other highly reduced molecules. Engineering approaches must redirect the transfer of chemical reducing equivalents, preventing these electrons from being lost to general cellular metabolism. This is especially the case for high energy electrons stored in iron-sulfur clusters within proteins, which are readily transferred when two such clusters are brought in close proximity. Iron sulfur proteins therefore require mechanisms to ensure interaction between proper partners, analogous to many signal transduction proteins. While there has been progress in the isolation of engineered metabolic pathways in recent years, the design of insulated electron metabolism circuits in vivo has not been pursued. Results: Here we show that a synthetic hydrogen-producing electron transfer circuit in Escherichia coli can be insulated from existing cellular metabolism via multiple approaches, in many cases improving the function of the pathway. Our circuit is composed of heterologously expressed [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase, ferredoxin, and pyruvateferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), allowing the production of hydrogen gas to be coupled to the breakdown of glucose. We show that this synthetic pathway can be insulated through the deletion of competing reactions, rational engineering of protein interaction surfaces, direct protein fusion of interacting partners, and co-localization
Crystallographic Characterization of 12-Helical Secondary Structure in β-Peptides Containing Side Chain Groups

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Helices are the most extensively studied secondary structures formed by β-peptide foldamers. Among the five known β-peptide helices, the 12-helix is particularly interesting because the internal hydrogen bond orientation and macrodipole are analogous to those of α-peptide helices (α-helix and 3(10)-helix). The β-peptide 12-helix is defined by i, i+3 C═O···H-N backbone hydrogen bonds and promoted by β-residues with a five-membered ring constraint. The 12-helical scaffold has been used to generate β-peptides with specific biological functions, for which diverse side chains must be properly placed along the backbone and, upon folding, properly arranged in space. Only two crystal structures of 12-helical β-peptides have previously been reported, both for homooligomers of trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC). Here we report five additional crystal structures of 12-helical β-peptides, all containing residues that bear side chains. Four of the crystallized β-peptides include trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (dm-ACPC) residues, and the fifth contains a β(3)-hPhe residue. These five β-peptides adopt fully folded 12-helical conformations in the solid state. The new crystal structures, along with previously reported data, allow a detailed characterization of the 12-helical conformation; average backbone torsion angles of β-residues and helical parameters are derived. These structural parameters are found to be similar to those for i, i+3 C═O···H-N hydrogen-bonded helices formed by other peptide backbones generated from α- and/or β-amino acids. The similarity between the conformational behavior of dm-ACPC and ACPC is consistent with previous NMR-based conclusions that 4,4-disubstituted ACPC derivatives are compatible with 12-helical folding. In addition, our data show how a β(3)-residue is accommodated in the 12-helix, thus enhancing understanding of the diverse conformational behavior of this flexible class of β-amino acids.
Reduction of titanium and other metal oxides using electrodeoxidation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

AbstractAbstractMany reactive and refractory metals are currently produced industrially by reducing their compounds, including oxides, using a more reactive metal. In some cases, where there is substantial oxygen solubility in the metal, the oxygen is first removed by carbochlorination followed by reduction. Titanium and zirconium are made by reduction of the volatile tetrachlorides by magnesium. The processes consist essentially of two reduction steps: reducing magnesium chloride to magnesium metal and then reduction of the metal compound; this makes the overall reduction process relatively expensive. Electrodeoxidation is very simple in that the oxide to be reduced is rendered cathodic in molten alkaline earth chloride. By applying a voltage below the decomposition potential of the salt, it has been found that ionisation of oxygen is the dominant cathode reaction, rather than alkaline earth metal deposition. In the laboratory, this technique has been applied to reduce a large number of metal oxides to the metals, including titanium, zirconium, chromium, niobium, tantalum, uranium and nickel. Furthermore, when mixed oxides are used as the cathode, alloys or intermetallic compounds of uniform composition are obtained. This may offer advantages over conventional technology for those alloys that are difficult to prepare at present, owing to differences in either density or vapour pressure.Keywords: TITANIUMMOLTEN SALTSELECTRODEOXIDATION
Identification and Host Range of anErwiniaPathogen Causing Stem Rots on Hydroponically Grown Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A bacterium pathogen causing stem rot and vascular wilt symptoms on hydroponically grown vegetables was identified by biochemical tests and cellular fatty acid compositions as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Eighteen different plant hosts were screened for resistance to the pathogen. Stems of hydroponically grown plants were inoculated (with a micropipette technique) with 100-μl bacterium suspensions at several dosage levels between 3.4×10 4 and 3.4×10 8 cfu/ml (.)
The Ethical Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas: A Phenomenological Approach to Cormac McCarthy’s The Road

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Contents: Chapter 1: Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and the Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas Chapter 2: Proximity, Justice, and Memory: Elements to Rebuild an Ethical Society Chapter 3: Violence in The Road: The Face, Killing, and Freedom Chapter 4: Investigating God and the Other in McCarthy’s The Road Chapter 5: Engaging the Other: Exploring Language in The Road