jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Citizen-Centric E-Government

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Electronic government or e-government in this chapter can be defined as the delivery of government information and services to citizens through the Internet 24 hours a day, seven days per week. This definition has been used in other empirical studies of e-government adoption (Moon and Norris, 2005a). This chapter adds to this definition Grant and Chau’s (2005) interpretation of e-government as a broad-based transformative initiative, which is consistent with creating more citizen-centric government. Gronlund (2005) reviews the various definitions of e-government and has found they share a common theme of the need for organizational transformation through technological implementation. Citizen-centric e-government is the delivery of government services continuously to citizens, businesses, and other government agencies through the Internet (Seifert and Relyea, 2004). Citizen-centric government through e-government acts as a transformational tool that provides a new government model based on being citizen focused (Schelin, 2003). Some scholars have argued that for e-government to fully realize its capabilities, it must transform government from agency-centric to citizen-centric (Seifert and Relyea, 2004). The term e-government emerged in the late 1990s. It was born out of the Internet boom. The literature on information technology (IT) use within government is different from e-government because it more often focuses on external use, such as services to citizens’ and organizational change (Gronlund and Horan, 2004). Definitions of e-government that focus exclusively on service delivery components fail to capture the more complex aspects of government transformation because of IT (Grant and Chau, 2005). The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the e-government literature with a focus on how it influences citizens. In order to understand some of the issues associated with Homeland Security Information Systems (HSIS), we need to provide information on e-government and its impact on government. There is a discussion in this chapter of the evolution of the roles and responsibilities of federal CIOs. There also is a description of how the public sector CIO’s environment is uniquely different from what can be found in private sector. In this chapter, we identify what it means to create a more citizen-centric government through e-government. A conceptual framework is outlined explaining what factors one would expect to be associated with creating a more citizen-centric government. This chapter articulates how these findings can be used to move e-government to higher stages of development. There also are examples of HSIS creating more citizen-centric government towards the end of the chapter.
Statistically Based Decompression Tables. 7. Selection and Treatment of Primary Air and N sub 2 O sub 2 Data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Probabilistic models of decompression sickness (DCS) require high quality data of diving profiles and DCS occurrence to get reliable predictions of the probability of DCS, P(DCS). Over 400 experimental dives performed since 1977 in the U.S., U.K., and Canada were collected, verified, and formatted for use in probabilistic models. In most cases the dive profile precision is within 1 fsw in depth, 30 sec in time, and 0.1 ATA in PO2. DCS outcome and other medical records are of the high quality expected for test dives done in military laboratories. This report describes the data sources, steps used in the review and formatting process, and summaries of the data collection.... Decompression sickness, Hyperbaric, Diving, Data base.
Agricultural trade reform and poverty reduction in developing countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The author offers an economic assessment \n of the opportunities and challenges provided by the World \n Trade Organization's Doha Development Agenda, \n particularly through agricultural trade liberalization, for \n low-income countries seeking to trade their way out of \n poverty. After discussing links between poverty, economic \n growth, and trade, he reports modeling results showing that \n farm product markets remain the most costly of all goods \n market distortions in world trade. The author focuses on \n what such reform might mean for developing countries both \n with and without their involvement in the multilateral trade \n negotiations. What becomes clear is that if those countries \n want to maximize their benefits from the Doha round, they \n need also to free up their own domestic product and factor \n markets so their farmers are better able to take advantage \n of new market opportunities abroad. The author also \n addresses other concerns of low-income countries about farm \n trade reform: whether there would be losses associated with \n tariff preference erosion, whether food-importing countries \n would suffer from higher food prices in international \n markets, whether China's WTO accession will provide an \n example of trade reform aggravating poverty by way of cuts \n in prices received by Chinese farmers, and the impact on \n food security and poverty alleviation.
Efficient Error-Correcting Codes for Sliding Windows

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider the task of communicating an (infinite) data stream in the sliding window model, where communication takes place over a noisy channel with an adversarial substitution noise rate up to 1. Specifically, for any noise level p < 1 and any small ϵ > 0, we design an efficient coding scheme, such that as long as the effective noise level in the sliding window is below p, the receiver decodes at least a (1- p -ϵ)-prefix of the current window. We prove that it is impossible to decode more than a (1- p)-prefix of the window in the worst case, which makes our scheme optimal in this sense. Our scheme runs in polylogarithmic time in the size of the window (per transmitted element), causes constant communication overhead, and succeeds with overwhelming probability. The scheme assumes the parties preshare a long random string unknown to the channel. When the noisy channel is additive, we lift the shared randomness assumption and design a scheme that is resilient to levels of noise below p < 1/2.
Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Department of Biochemistry, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK Correspondence to Marek H. Dominiczak, Department of Biochemistry, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK. Tel. +44 141 211 2788; fax +44 141 211 3452; e-mail: [email protected] Abbreviation RLP: remnant lipoprotein particle
Single-Embryo Transfer Should Be Performed in All IVF Cycles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Implementation of single embryo transfers in IVF has helped to reduce number of multiple pregnancies and the risks inherent with these conceptions. However, employing a blanket policy for all patients to have a single embryo transfer is inappropriate. In those with good prognosis single embryo transfers should be common practice, however those with a poorer prognosis may benefit from a double embryo transfer, such as those with advanced maternal age and recurrent implantation failure. Denying patients this option can be detrimental to their success rates, going against their patient autonomy and could be deemed unethical. There is conflicting evidence regarding cost-effectiveness between double embryo transfer and single embryo transfer and further studies are required to evaluate the true cost-effectiveness. A shared decision-making approach needs to be employed between Clinicians and patients, with both sides taking responsibility. With the question for debate being, should we consider multiple pregnancies an adverse outcome?
Significance of joint‐spike events based on trial‐shuffling by efficient combinatorial methods

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The assembly hypothesis suggests that information processing in the cortex is mediated by groups of neurons expressed by their coordinated spiking activity. Thus, the unitary events analysis was designed to detect the presence of conspicuous joint‐spike events in multiple single‐unit recordings and to evaluate their statistical significance. The null hypothesis of the associated test assumes independent Poisson processes and leads to parametric significance estimation. In order to allow for arbitrary processes here we suggest to base the significance estimation on trial shuffling and resampling. In this scheme the null hypothesis is implemented by combining spike trains from nonsimultaneous trials and counting the joint‐spike events. The coincidence distribution serving for the significance estimation is generated by repetitive resampling. The number of all possible recombinations, however, grows dramatically with the number of trials and neurons and thus is not practical for a user‐interactive implementation of the analysis. We have suggested a Monte‐Carlo‐based resampling procedure and demonstrated that the procedure yields an appropriate estimate of the distribution and reliable significance estimation. In contrast, here, we present an exact solution. Rewriting the statistical problem in terms of certain macrostates, we are able to systematically sample the coincidence counts from all trial combinations. In addition we restrict the generating process to those counts forming the relevant tail of the distribution. The computationally effective implementation uses the concept of partitions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distance-based representation learning for recognizing emotions via EEG data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

(AC) is a field of biomedical research that builds an "affect model" by analyzing physiological signals. These models can be used to support therapeutic treatments for psychological disorders.\nMost approaches involving affective computing are based on the analysis of EEG signals.\nThe multimodal nature of emotional expressions motivates the use of continuous representations in affective computing.\nThe representation of features extracted in latent space contains all the important information needed to capture the behavior of the original data; if the latent space is ordered, it is more interpretable.\nThis thesis focuses on designing and testing a new loss function that maps label ordering to the feature space of representation learning in order to understand whether feature ordering within the latent space is related to the ordering of the original data space.\nIn this thesis, we use EEG signals from the well-known DEAP and MAHNOB datasets to perform multiclass emotion classification.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 29356 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "HasCoordinate is true", "Country is one of (United States of America, Mexico, Canada)", "Year is greater than 1978", "Year is less than 2014", "HasGeospatialIssue is false", "TaxonKey is Empidonax wrightii S.F.Baird, 1858" ] } The dataset includes 29356 records from 49 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0095120-230224095556074/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Filthy Casual: a statistical analysis of online video gaming trends in male NEETs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Oppgaven undersøker hvordan norske arbeidsløse og NEET - gamere bruker online gaming som en simulering av arbeidslivet. Statistikken i denne oppgaven belyses av Marx' teori om fremmedgjøring, samt Maroney et.als artikkel om gaming som en mestringsstrategi.
Magellan radar to reveal secrets of enshrouded Venus.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Imaging Venus with a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with 70 percent global coverage at 1-km optical line-pair resolution to provide a detailed global characterization of the volcanic land-forms on Venus by an integration of image data with altimetry is discussed. The Magellan radar system uses navigation predictions to preset the radar data collection parameters. The data are collected in such a way as to preserve the Doppler signature of surface elements and later they are transmitted to the earth for processing into high-resolution radar images. To maintain high accuracy, a complex on-board filter algorithm allows the altitude control logic to respond only to a narrow range of expected photon intensity levels and only to signals that occur within a small predicted interval of time. Each mapping pass images a swath of the planet that varies in width from 20 to 25 km. Since the orbital plane of the spacecraft remains fixed in the inertial space, the slow rotation of Venus continually brings new areas into view of the spacecraft.
Identification of novel molecular determinants of co-receptor usage in HIV-1 subtype F V3 envelope sequences

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

HIV-1 determinants of coreceptor usage within the gp120 V3 loop have been broadly studied over the past years. This information has led to the development of state-of the-art bioinformatic tools that are useful to predict co-receptor usage based on the V3 loop sequence mainly of subtypes B, C and A. However, these methods show a poor performance for subtype F V3 loops, which are found in an increasing number of HIV-1 strains worldwide. In the present work we investigated determinants of viral tropisms in the understudied subtype F by looking at genotypic and structural information of coreceptor:V3 loop interactions in a novel group of 40 subtype F V3 loops obtained from HIV-1 strains phenotypically characterized either as syncytium inducing or non-syncytium inducing by the MT-2 assay. We provide novel information about estimated interactions energies between a set of V3 loops with known tropism in subtype F, that allowed us to improve predictions of the coreceptor usage for this subtype. Understanding genetic and structural features underlying HIV coreceptor usage across different subtypes is relevant for the rational design of preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at limiting the HIV-1 epidemic worldwide.
The solution of Liouville's equation (1850, 1853) and its impact

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Liouville's 1853 paper, in which he derived in closed form the general local solution of equation $u_{z\bar z}=\exp(u)$, is one of the few papers from the 19th century that 21st century mathematicians routinely quote as motivation for their work. We try and understand the reasons for the enduring importance of this paper. Our conclusions are the following: 1. Mathematics is not cumulative, but lost material may be recovered through examination of ancient works. 2. An apparent paradox is that the degree of dissemination of ideas and concepts among mathematicians is not determined only by geographic or social affiliation (countries, cities, scientific schools, etc.). On the contrary, the existence of common scientific goals makes it possible to transfer and use these concepts. 3. Older papers, because they are not influenced by modern classifications, can help generate ideas that do not arise naturally in a modern framework. Thus, a historical perspective can help bring about new mathematics and indeed, is a necessary dimension of mathematical research.
FREQUENCY OF FACTORS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MELASMA IN FEMALE PATIENTS AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adult women often develop melasma, an acquired symmetrical dyschromia affecting photo exposed areas. Dermatology clinics see it often, and its lesions affect patient quality of life. Objective: To assess the frequency of factors leading to the melasma development in female patients at tertiary care hospital, Karachi. Place and Duration: This Descriptive Cross-Sectional study was held at the Dermatology Department, Dr. Ruth K.M Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi - Pakistan for Six months from May 31, 2021 to November 30, 2021. Methods: Every patient who met the requirements and visited Civil Hospital, Karachi was studied. After discussing the study's process, hazards, and benefits, informed consent was obtained. Brief history about demographic information and duration of melasma was taken. The researcher asked the patients about the factors leading to melasma. The designed proforma was used for data collection and entered electronically for research purpose. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 45 years with a median of 31 with interquartile range 14. In distribution of factors leading to melasma, pregnancy was noted in 25 (19.7%), oral contraceptive 18 (14.2%), sunlight exposure 31 (24.4%) while family history of melasma was noted in 44 (34.6%) patients. Conclusion: It is to be concluded that family history of melasma was found noted as most common factor leading to melasma followed by sunlight exposure and pregnancy. More well-controlled and prospective trials are required to authenticate the current results.
Indole alkaloids from Ervatamia orientalis . I. Isolation of alkaloids and structural identification of two dimers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ethanol extracts of Ervatamia orientalis have yielded the following known alkaloids: ibogaine, iboxygaine, voacristine, vobasine, dregamine, tabernaemontanine, apparicine, voacamine and 16- demethoxycarbonylvoacamine. In addition, two new dimeric alkaloids of the voacamine group and the novel 2-acylindoles ervatamine, 20- epiervatamine and 19-dehydroervatamine have been isolated from the extracts. The two new dimeric compounds have been identified by physical and chemical methods as 16-demethoxycarbonyldihydrovoacamine and 16-demethoxycarbonyl-20?-epi-dihydrovoacamine.
Distinction between esterases and lipases: A kinetic study with vinyl esters and TAG

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The better to characterize enzymes hydrolyzing carboxyl ester bonds (carboxyl ester hydrolases), we have compared the kinetic behavior of various lipases and esterases against solutions and emulsions of vinyl esters and TAG. Shortchain vinyl esters are hydrolyzed at comparable rates by esterases and lipases and have higher limits of solubility in water than corresponding TAG. Therefore, they are suited to study the influence of the physical state of the substrate on carboxyl ester hydrolase activity within a large concentration range. Enzymes used in this study are TAG lipases from microorganisms, lipases from human and guinea pig pancreas, pig liver esterase, and acetylcholinesterase. This study also includes cutinase, a fungal enzyme that displays functional properties between esterases and lipases. Esterases display maximal activity against solutions of short‐chain vinyl esters (vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl butyrate) and TAG (triacetin, tripropionin, and tributyrin). Half‐maximal activity is reached at ester concentrations far below the solubility limit. The transition from solution to emulsion at substrate concentrations exceeding the solubility limit has no effect on esterase activity. Lipases are active on solutions of short‐chain vinyl esters and TAG but, in contrast to esterases, they all display maximal activity against emulsified substrates and half‐maximal activity is reached at substrate concentrations near the solubility limit of the esters. The kinetics of hydrolysis of soluble substrates by lipases are either hyperbolic or deviate from the Michaelis‐Menten model and show no or weak interfacial activation. The presence of molecular aggregates in solutions of short‐chain substrates, as evidenced by a spectral dye method, likely accounts for the activity of lipases against soluble esters. Unlike esterases, lipases hydrolyze emulsions of water‐insoluble medium‐ and long‐chain vinyl esters and IAG such as vinyl laurate, trioctanoin, and olive oil. In conclusion, comparisons of the kinetic behavior of carboxyl ester hydrolases against solutions and emulsions of vinyl esters and TAG allows the distinction between lipases and esterases. In this respect, it clearly appears that guinea pig pancreatic lipase and cutinase are unambiguously classified as lipases.
The diet and trophic ecology of non-nativeMicropterus salmoidesin two South African impoundments

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides is a highly successful predator that preys on fish and invertebrates. Highly popular with anglers, it is one of the most introduced and invasive fish globally, with strong potential to alter ecosystem structure and functioning. A better understanding of the trophic dynamics of M. salmoides populations is critical for effective management of its ecological impacts in their invasive range. This study investigated the diets and dietary ontogenetic shifts of M. salmoides in two South African dams along with its trophic positioning relative to other fish community members, through stomach content and stable isotope analyses. Micropterus salmoides was a top predator in both dams. In the Mankazana Dam, it depended predominately on insect prey, demonstrating a generalised feeding strategy, with shifts to include increasing proportions of fish prey with increasing size. Contrastingly, in the Wriggleswade Dam, M. salmoides displayed no ontogenetic shifts and preferred Gilchristella aestuaria, likely indicating a shift to a predominantly fish-based diet at smaller sizes, in the presence of small pelagic fish prey. Overall, M. salmoides diet was opportunistic, likely associated with prey morphology and behaviour (associated with refuge availability) and therefore directly linked to prey abundance and availability, which consequently dictated feeding strategy.
Prevention of Typhoid Fever by Existing Improvements in Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and the Use of the Vi Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine in Poor Urban Slums: Results from a Cluster-Randomized Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT. Modest improvements in household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and typhoid vaccination can reduce typhoid risk in endemic settings. However, empiric evaluation of their combined impact is lacking. A total of 62,756 persons residing in 80 clusters in a Kolkata slum were allocated randomly 1:1 to either the typhoid Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) vaccine or hepatitis A (Hep A) vaccine. Surveillance was conducted for 2 years before and 2 years after vaccination. We classified households as having “better” or “not better” WASH, and calculated the prevalence of better WASH households in clusters using previously validated criteria. We evaluated the protection by better household WASH, better household WASH prevalence, and ViPS vaccination against typhoid in all cluster members present at baseline using Cox proportional hazard models. Overall, ViPS vaccination was associated with a 55% ( P < 0.001; 95% CI, 35–69) reduction of typhoid risk and was similar regardless of better WASH in the residence. Living in a better WASH household was associated with a typhoid risk reduction of 31% ( P = 0.16; 95% CI, –16 to 59) overall. The reduction was 48% ( P = 0.05; 95% CI, –1 to 73) in Hep A clusters, 6% ( P = 0.85; 95% CI, –82 to 51) in ViPS clusters, and 57% ( P < 0.05; 95% CI, 15–78) in the population during the 2 years preceding the trial. These findings demonstrate a preventive association of better household WASH in the non-ViPS population, but, unexpectedly, an absence of additional protection from ViPS by better WASH in the ViPS population. This analysis highlights the importance of assessing the combination of WASH in conjunction with typhoid vaccines, and has implications for the evaluation of new-generation typhoid conjugate vaccines.