jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In silico Prediction and Diversity Analysis of Corazonin Neuropeptides in Hymenoptera Species

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Corazonin is a peptidergic neurohormone of insects that has a variety of physiological roles, it is associated with the control of heartbeat, ecdysis behavior initiation, and cuticle coloration. Corazonine (CRZ) sequences are usually highly conserved throughout those insects studied so far. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of CRZ isoforms in different insect groups using in silico prediction based on publicly accessible transcriptomic databases. A phylogenetic analysis based on CRZ precursors from 23 insect species of six orders suggests that the evolution of insect CRZ precursors might not concord with the traditional taxonomic classification. Comparative analyses of the CRZ peptide sequences shows that CRZ sequence is well conversed in Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, while different CRZ isoforms occur in Diptera, and high diversity of CRZ isoforms is present in Hymenoptera. In order to describe the high diversity of Hymenoptera CRZ, a total of 29 Hymenoptera pro-CRZ sequences were obtained or in silico predicted. It was found that nine different isoforms of CRZ peptides are present in Hymenoptera, of which six novel isoforms, are first reported here. High diversities of CRZ were found in Apoidea and parasitoid wasps, and three modifications were found in members of Apis, Bombus and Diachasma. The present study will be helpful for further investigate the function of highly diverse CRZs in hymenopterans.
Precipitation, soils, NPP, and biodiversity: resurrection of Albrecht's curve

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Climate and soils are widely recognized as major drivers of virtually all properties of ecosystems and communities. However, despite major advances in the understanding of soil formation and ecosystem dynamics, the effects of climate on soil properties are not widely appreciated. Understanding the effects of water availability on the rates of chemical and biological processes that affect soil formation can help clarify the global patterns of soil fertility, which affect agricultural and forest productivity, as well as biodiversity. Empirical tests of Albrecht's conceptual model of soil development and degradation using global climate and soil data sets and soil chronosequences confirm that soil total exchangeable bases (TEB), phosphorus, nitrogen, and other components of soil fertility, along with plant productivity generally decline on older soils and under wetter conditions as precipitation exceeds potential evapotranspiration. The basic pattern of soil fertility in relation to water availability is a unimodal curve, with a maximum near or below a water balance of zero (annual precipitation minus annual potential evapotranspiration). Analysis of global data by subregions reveals significant differences between temperate and tropical soil fertility distributions, as well as significant differences between continents. The low levels of soil nutrients (e.g., TEB, P, N) and plant productivity found on ancient soils or highly weathered soils in regions with high precipitation suggest that the positive effects of low productivity on plant diversity that have been observed at local and regional scales may also occur at the global scale.
Low-Frequency Intracortical Electrical Stimulation Decreases Sensorimotor Cortex Hyperexcitability in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Ischemic stroke causes a series of complex pathophysiological events in the brain. Electrical stimulation of the brain has been considered as a novel neuroprotection intervention to save the penumbra. However, the effect on the cells' responsiveness and their ability to survive has yet to be established. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of low-frequency intracortical electrical stimulation (lf-ICES) applied to the ischemia-affected sensorimotor cortex immediately following ischemic stroke. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with an intracortical microelectrode array (IC MEA) and a cuff-electrode around the sciatic nerve. Photothrombosis intervention was performed within the sensorimotor cortex and the electrophysiological changes were assessed by analysis of the neural responses to stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Neuroprotection intervention consisted of eight 23 min lf-ICES blocks applied to the IC MEA during the initial 4 h following photothrombosis. Our results revealed that the area and magnitude of the sensorimotor cortex response significantly increased if ischemic stroke was allowed to progress uninterrupted, whereas this was not observed for the group of rats subjected to lf-ICES. Our findings indicate that low-frequency electrical stimulation is able to minimize hyperexcitability and may therefore be a candidate as neuroprotection intervention in the future.
First record of a homolid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Homoloidea) from the early Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We describe a new species of homolid crab from the Ypresian (early Eocene) Roda Formation of Huesca province (Aragon, Spain). In spite of the fragmentary condition of the sole specimen, some preserved frontal elements, and in particular the complete left cheliped, allow inclusion it within the genus Paromola Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason and Alcock, 1891, based on morphological similarities with the extant species of this genus. Direct comparison with specimens of the extant Paromola cuvieri (Risso, 1815) confirms this systematic assignment. Paromola bretoni n. sp. is the first homolid reported in the Cenozoic of the Iberian Peninsula, and expands the rich decapod fossil record of the Eocene basins of southern Pyrenees.
An Evaluation of Irrigation Water Use Efficiency in Crop Production Using a Data Envelopment Analysis Approach: A Case of Louisiana, USA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The primary objective of this study is to estimate and evaluate the technical efficiency of irrigation water use in soybean (Glycine max L.) production in Louisiana, USA. We conducted a farm-level survey to assess information regarding irrigation cost, the volume of water application, and crop yield per acre during the crop year 2016. We use smoothed heterogeneous bootstrapping procedures in conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) and supplement it with a nonradial measure of efficiency known as the Russell measure. The irrigation efficiency scores obtained from both an input- and an output-based DEA approach indicate that producers are over-applying irrigation water by approximately 37 percent. The results provide evidence that an improvement in water management practices can optimize irrigation efficiency, leading to higher profits for the farmers by lowering the other input prices in the production process. The findings should provide a benchmarking tool to formulate an appropriate irrigation policy that enhances water conservation in crop production in regions with similar environmental conditions and soil characteristics.
Using the Classical Rhetorical Concept of “Ethos” to Solve Online Collaboration Problems of Trust and Presence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter shows how ethos continues to play an important role in contemporary online collaboration and can be applied as a methodology to those leading or even engaging in such collaborative projects. First articulated by Aristotle as a combination of the traits of phronesis (practical wisdom), aretae (virtuous character), and eunoia (goodwill), the concept of ethos is a central aspect of public communication. This chapter discusses how applying this classical concept to one's online communication in collaborative projects can solve the difficulties of presence and trust. Furthermore, the concept when applied to electronic communication goes a long way toward establishing an e-ethic. In order to accomplish this, this chapter specifically looks at the application Slack. Slack is an online collaborative tool that is built on top of the IRC framework. This chapter takes the concept of ethos and shows how it can be practically integrated into Slack communication.
Defining $\mathbb Z$ using unit groups

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider first-order definability and decidability questions over rings of integers of algebraic extensions of Q, paying attention to the uniformity of definitions.The uniformity follows from the simplicity of our first-order definition of Z. Namely, we prove that for a large collection of algebraic extensions K/Q,where O K denotes the ring of integers of K.One of the corollaries of our results is undecidability of the field of constructible numbers, a question posed by Tarski in 1948.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PORTFOLIO SELECTION: A SIMPLE MODEL

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper an effort is made to pull together different strands of thinking on the subject of portfolio selection in recent literature. In order to make explicit relationships which are difficult to state verbally a simple model is set up which accounts for a number of factors influencing portfolio selection. The model is a certainty-equivalence type model as developed by Tobin and by Markowitz. With its aide it is possible to indicate the general directions of shifts in portfolio composition if there are changes in the market rate of interest (effect stressed by the so-called ‘New Theory of Credit Control’), a change in the yield differential between á low-yield, low-risk security and a high-yield, high-risk security (effect investigated by Warren L. Smith), a change in risk aversion (effect investigated by D. E. Farrar and others) and a change in total loanable funds available (effect investigated by B. G. Malkiel and J. Kane). In addition, the effect of a proportionate income tax with and without loss-offset provisions on portfolio composition is shown.
Transcription analysis of Pinus sylvestris during ectomycorrhizal development

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ectomycorrhizal associations of fungi with forest trees play an important role in the nutrition, growth and health of temperate and boreal forests. The ecology and physiology of ectomycorrhizal associations with Pinus spp are well documented but little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind these mutualistic interactions with gymnosperms compared to angiosperms. Through a complex and finely tuned molecular cross-talk between the two organisms, new lateral roots are initiated and new structures formed. The outcome is a symbiotic organ capable of exchanging nutrients essential for the survival of both partners. The main aim of this thesis was to identify the genes involved in the early stages of ectomycorrhizal development using Pinus sylvestris as a gymnosperm and Laccaria bicolor as the ectomycorrhizal fungus. Micro-array transcript profiling was used to ascertain the specificity in the response of conifer tissues to ectomycorrhizal fungi, using pathogenic (Heterobasidion annosum) and saprotrophic (Trichoderma aureoviride) fungi as non-mututalistic models. The profiles revealed differential responses of P. sylvestris roots to pathogenic, saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi within 24 h. We identified 236 differentially expressed genes potentially important for the initiation and regulation of biochemical, physiological and morphological changes during ectomycorrhizal establishment. The molecular regulation of ectomycorrhizal development appears largely comparable to that in angiosperm hosts, but differences exist in the timing and spatial scale of gene regulation. Of particular interest is the regulatory pattern of genes encoding stress related and also cell wall modification proteins whose down-regulation presumably enabled the development of the fungus within root tissues. Additionally, the expression and regulatory pattern of a subset of four symbiosis associated genes identified in the micro-array study was characterised in seedling roots; after exposure to exogenous auxin (indole-3-butyric acid) alone, L. bicolor alone, or L. bicolor in combination with the auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Knowledge of the genes regulated by auxin and involved in initiation of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is scarce. The results identified a homolog to the receptor-like kinase Clavata1-like gene, two genes homologous to nodulin-21 and a gene of unknown function named Auxin-Induced1. This study is the first attempt to characterize the plant transcriptome in the Pinus sylvestris - Laccaria bicolor model system.
Application of Quantum Scattering Theory in Calculation of the Simplest Chemical Reactions (Dissociative Attachment, Dissociation, and Recombination)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Several parameters (cross section, reaction rate, etc.) of various processes in laser, atomic, and chemical physics are calculated using quantum scattering theory for a system of a few particles. Results of the study of electronic and atomic collisions with diatomic molecules and collisions of diatomic molecules in excited rovibrational states are discussed. Several approximations needed for calculations of real physical systems consisting of several bodies are analyzed. Such approximations can be used for simulation of direct reactions and reactions that yield intermediate transient complexes. Calculated cross sections of electronic and atomic collisions with diatomic molecules and collisions of diatomic molecules are compared with experimental data and results of alternative calculations.
Reversible Hematologic Sequelae of Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seven patients with diabetes mellitus were hospitalized and their blood sugar concentrations regulated as a result of fasting blood sugar, sugar around meals, urinary sugar, and hemoglobin AIC assays. Erythrocyte half-life as measured by 51 Cr increased in all patients from a mean of 27 days to 31 days, while hemoglobin AIC levels decreased from a mean of 10.1% to 5.6%. Leukocyte adherence increased in all patients from a mean of 28% to 51%. Most striking were the changes observed in platelet function in response to epinephrine. The length of the secondary lag phase of platelet aggregation, after a stimulus with final concentration of 70 muM of epinephrine, increased from a mean of 19 seconds to 65 seconds. Studies in additional patients confirmed an inverse correlation between hemoglobin AIC concentration and the secondary lag phase (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). These studies found that certain secondary sequelas of diabetes can be corrected by strict carbohydrate control and confirmed that hemoglobin AIC assays provide a useful means of showing the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients.
Transitional Zone Index and Intravesical Prostatic Protrusion in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients: Correlations according to Treatment Received and Other Clinical Data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The results demonstrated that both TZI and IPP had favorable value for assessing severity and progression in patients with BPH. Further studies are needed to confirm whether the two parameters have predictive value in the efficacy of BPH treatment and could be considered as factors in the selection of therapy.
VariantBam: filtering and profiling of next-generational sequencing data using region-specific rules

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We developed VariantBam, a C ++ read filtering and profiling tool for use with BAM, CRAM and SAM sequencing files. VariantBam provides a flexible framework for extracting sequencing reads or read-pairs that satisfy combinations of rules, defined by any number of genomic intervals or variant sites. We have implemented filters based on alignment data, sequence motifs, regional coverage and base quality. For example, VariantBam achieved a median size reduction ratio of 3.1:1 when applied to 10 lung cancer whole genome BAMs by removing large tags and selecting for only high-quality variant-supporting reads and reads matching a large dictionary of sequence motifs. Thus VariantBam enables efficient storage of sequencing data while preserving the most relevant information for downstream analysis. Availability and implementation: VariantBam and full documentation are available at github.com/jwalabroad/VariantBam. Contact: rameen@broadinstitute.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Isolation and characterization of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II complex from the economical red alga Bangia fusco-purpurea

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The highly pure and active photosystem II (PSII) complex was isolated from Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillw) Lyngb., an important economic red alga in China, through two steps of sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and characterized by the room absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) reduction, and oxygen evolution rates. The PSII complex from B. fusco-purpurea had the characteristic absorption peaks of chlorophyll (Chl) a (436 and 676 nm) and typical fluorescence emission peak at 685 nm (Ex = 436 nm). Moreover, the acquired PSII complex displayed high oxygen evolution (139 μmol O2/(mg Chl h) in the presence of 2.5 mM 2,6-dimethybenzoqinone as an artificial acceptor and was active in photoreduction of DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) by DPC (1,5-diphenylcarbazide) at 163 U/(mg Chl a h). SDS-PAGE also suggested that the purified PSII complex contained four intrinsic proteins (D1, D2, CP43, and CP47) and four extrinsic proteins (33-kD protein, 20-kD protein, cyt c-550, and 14-kD protein).
The Empirical Study on Factors Influencing Consumer Trust in Online Trading

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In China e-commerce is developing rapidly, but the lack of trust becomes the main obstacle to consumer intention in online trading.This paper summarized seven factors affecting the online trading trust level firstly, and made some scientific hypotheses.Then it examined the influence of seven factors such as personal trust tendency, trading platform, communication between the seller and the buyer, payment service, feedback system, trading turnover, and laws on consumer trust in online trading.In this paper, the questionnaire data used the factor analysis method, the results showed that among the factors affecting the consumer online trust level, in addition to the "third party payment service", "trust of transaction objects", "laws and regulations", "trading turnover", "personal propensity to trust", "trading platforms" and other factors all had a significant influence on consumer trust in online transactions.Finally, it gave some suggestions about increasing consumer trust in online trading.This paper is intending to be able to make progress on the progress of building consumer online trust.
“Locker Room (Rape) Culture” and Male Athletes’ Attitudes Toward Sexual Violence: Exploring Psychosocial Dimensions of Masculinity in Sport

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The issue of sexual violence perpetrated by male athletes has garnered increased scholarly attention over the last three decades. Existing research, however, has focused largely on whether athletes are more prone to sexually violent attitudes or behavior than other groups, devoting minimal attention toward psychosocial factors within sport that actually underlie this issue. Even fewer studies have situated the problem of male athlete-perpetrated sexual violence (MASV) within the psychology of men and masculinities. To address some of these gaps, the current study explored how male athletes’ sexist and sexually violent attitudes toward women are influenced by their masculine norm conformity and exposure to vignettes depicting violent hazing practices. Two hundred and four NCAA Division I male athletes completed a measure of masculine norm conformity. Participants were then randomized into experimental conditions, exposing them to either one of three experimental vignettes depicting a violent or abusive hazing scenario (e.g., forced nudity, forced touch, or forced binge drinking) or a control vignette depicting a prosocial team-building activity. Results revealed no significant differences across conditions in subsequent reports of rape myth acceptance or sexism, and conformity to masculine norms mostly did not moderate relationships between hazing exposure and outcomes. However, for the full sample (i.e., controlling for hazing condition), greater conformity to the masculine norms of violence, power over women, being a sexual playboy, and heterosexual self-presentation all predicted higher levels of rape myth acceptance and sexism. Furthermore, exploratory analyses revealed that hazing conditions did have an impact on participants’ subsequent levels of state affect. Finally, noteworthy differences emerged across types of sport, whereby athletes participating in team and contact sports endorsed greater masculine norm adherence and higher levels of sexism than their counterparts. Limitations, future research directions, and implications for practice are discussed.
First record of two Copepoda species parasitizing Colomesus tocantinensis (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin, Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Considering the lack of studies on freshwater fishes of the genus Colomesus, we conducted a survey the parasite fauna of Colomesus tocantinensis collected from the Tocantins River, Brazil. We first recorded the presence of the ectoparasites Ergasilus colomesus and Lernaea sp. where 96.77% of the fish were parasitized.