jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fitting models to inadequate data by enforcing spatial and temporal smoothness

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

When observations are too sparse to determine the state of a dynamical model, it is necessary to make use of prior knowledge or prejudice. The approach discussed here is to require that the model state be the best smooth fit to the sparse data. The requirement of smoothness is enforced by introducing bogus data, which correspond to hypothetical observations that properties such as slope, curvature, or temporal tendency of model fields have zero values within some specified accuracy. The bogus data serve to increase the effective ratio of data to model degrees of freedom. The concept of bogus data allows a bias toward smoothness to be incorporated easily into the adjoint method for fitting time‐dependent models to asynoptic data. Computational examples using a simple three‐wave model show that reasonable fits can be obtained even when the number of real data is considerably less than the number of model degrees of freedom.
Native Advertising on News Websites: The Impacts of Media Organizational Factors on Disclosure Clarity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractAbstractBuilding on the field theory, this study examined how disclosure of native advertising at popular U.S. news websites may relate to their organizations' positions in the journalistic field. The study found divergent disclosure practices across websites, between language and visual disclosures, and between native ad links on the homepage and native ad posts on story pages within a website. Overall, older organizations with more Pulitzer awards and younger organizations with relatively more Pulitzer awards and social media followers seemed to execute clearer disclosure. Moreover, the organizations with more Pulitzer awards seemed to impose a clearer disclosure language on native ad links at gateway locations than those with fewer awards but lessened disclosure of native ad posts on the landing pages. The older news websites with more social media followers adopted an obscurer disclosure language of native ad links but distinguished native ad posts more once audiences landed on the content page. This study recommends media effect scholars take a holistic approach to assess ad recognition and suggest publishers build on cultural capital as an ultimate defense against heteronomous forces.Keywords: Native advertisingsponsored contentdisclosurethe news-advertising boundaryfield theorycontent analysis Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Transient neurological attacks. Neuroimaging, etiology, and cognitive consequences

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) is often difficult to establish. Early diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) may show signs of recent ischemia. In the absence of focal neurological symptoms, an attack of short-lasting neurological symptoms is often referred to as a transient neurological attack (TNA). Although both TIA and TNA harbor the term transient, many patients report cognitive and other complaints well beyond the point of initial symptom resolution.

This thesis was dedicated to TIA and TNA and aimed to unravel the etiology and prognosis of this spectrum of transient episodes of neurological dysfunction. In the first part we showed that clinically diagnosing TIA fails to adequately identify those patients with proven cerebral ischemia. In the second part we focused on possible lasting cognitive effects of TIA or TNA and found that cognitive impairment was present in more than a third of patients and mostly affected the cognitive domain of executive function. An initial DWI lesion, but not other markers for cerebrovascular macrostructural damage, was associated with worse cognitive function in the first 6 months after TIA or TNA. Also, fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment increased in severity after TIA or TNA, but only in those individuals with an initial DWI lesion. As a first step in establishing a ground for the hypothesis that microstructural damage after TIA or TNA may cause lasting cognitive symptoms afterwards, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the third part of this thesis. We identified marginal but significant differences suggesting a worse cerebral microstructure in DWI-positive patients >6 months after the initial event.

The studies in this thesis show that the diagnosis of TIA remains difficult, and distinguishing vascular form nonvascular events seems most important. Neuroimaging, especially DWI, can help in determining which patients deserve vascular work-up and secondary prevention. Finally, although the word transient is incorporated in both TIA and TNA, many patients experience symptoms that are far from transient and deserve further attention.
Are Marine-protected Areas Sheltered from Plastic Pollution?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Philippines is one of the top three major contributors of plastic marine debris in the world. Despite this, microplastic pollution remains understudied in the Philippines. This Policy Note looks into microplastics as the culmination of larger plastics often used and discarded in the marine environment. It specifically focused on the Tañon Strait, the country’s largest marine protected area located between Cebu and Negros Islands. The study found a relatively high microplastic occurrence in Tañon Strait. This proves that the Philippines has been contributing a substantial volume of plastic debris into the marine ecosystem. To address this, the study calls for proper waste disposal to mitigate the problem of plastic pollution. It also suggests that these pollutants are most likely generated from single-use plastic items, hence the need to shift from the current throw-away society.
Different regions of aminoacyl-tRNA regulate the function of elongation factor Tu.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In this work we show that intact aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) and its 3' half-molecule, but not its 3' C-C-A-aa fragment, require selective ionic conditions for stimulating the mRNA-independent GTPase of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in the presence of ribosomes.l Stimulation by aa-tRNA and its 3' half-molecule is only observed at 20 and 30 mM Mg2+ and not at 10 mM, where they exert inhibitory activity; by contrast, C-C-A-aa enhances the GTPase activity at all three of these Mg2+ concentrations. Ammonium ion is needed for stimulation by C-C-A-aa, whereas it inhibits the stimulation by aa-tRNA and its 3' half-molecule. The concentration of aminoacylated fragments needed for half-maximum stimulation follows this order: A-Val much greater than C-A-Val greater than C-C-A-Val much greater than 3' Val-tRNA1Val half-molecule greater than Val-tRNA1Val. The extent of maximum stimulation of the EF-Tu GTPase in the presence of ribosomes varies moderately depending on the aa-tRNA species; a clear dependence on the nature of the aminoacyl side chain is observed in the effects of their respective C-C-A-aa fragments tested (C-C-A-Arg, C-C-A-Val, C-C-A-Phe, C-C-A-Met, C-C-A-Lys). In the absence of ribosomes and at low [Mg2+], the one-round GTP hydrolysis by EF-Tu is enhanced by C-C-A-aa fragments, whereas it is inhibited by the corresponding aa-tRNAs. Our results suggest that besides the 3' aminoacylated extremity another region(s) of the aa-tRNA molecule controls the GTPase of EF-Tu. The "unspecific" stimulation by C-C-A-aa and the "specific," aa-tRNA-like effect of the 3' aa-tRNA half-molecule point to the importance of the T chi C loop and stem, as well as of the adjacent regions for the regulation of this function.
[Inheritance instability of chromosome 6q in patients with gastric cancer].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The existence of MSI and/or LOH on 6q in 80% gastric carcinoma suggests that the genetic instability of 6q plays an important role in Chinese gastric cancer. The frequency of MSI and LOH has no significant relationship to clinicopathologic features such as age, gender, histological grade of differentiation and stages of tumor. The critical region of allelic deletion on 6q in Chinese gastric cancer is similar to those in other countries, and further confirms the presence of a putative tumor suppressor gene in this region.
Reply on RC1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) in the free troposphere (FT) is thought to be a significant source of particles over the oceans. The entrainment of particles initially formed in the marine FT is further suspected to be a major contributor to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations in the marine boundary layer (BL). Yet, little is known about the process, and more broadly about the composition of the marine FT, which remains poorly explored due to access difficulties. Here we report measurements performed in April 2018 at the Maïdo observatory with a nitrate based chemical ionisation atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer, which have allowed the first molecular-level characterisation of the clusters present in the remote marine FT. A number of clusters were identified and classified into 9 groups according to their chemical composition, among which the groups containing methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and C2 amines, which show signals that are on average significantly higher when the site is under conditions representative of the marine FT (compared to the BL). The correlation analysis revealed apparent connections between the signals of the identified compounds and several variables concurrently measured at the site (under FT conditions) or related to air mass history, suggesting that oxalic acid, malonic acid and observed C2 and C4 amines could be of terrestrial origin, with, in addition, a possible marine source for oxalic acid and amines, while iodic acid, sulfur species and maleic acid have a dominant marine origin. Identification of FT conditions at the site was based on the analysis of the standard deviation of the wind direction; this parameter, which can easily be derived from continuous measurements at the site, is shown in the first part of the study to be a relevant tracer when compared to predictions from the Meso-NH atmospheric model. Similar to other high altitude sites, FT conditions are mainly encountered at night at Maïdo and therefore the link to NPF could not be established, and further research is needed to assess the composition of precursors to nanoparticle formation in the marine FT.
2Environmental and Health Benefits of Hunting Lifestyles and Diets for the Innu of Labrador Summary

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Innu of Northern Labrador, Canada have undergone profound transitions in recent decades with important implications for conservation and health policy. The change from permanent nomadic hunting, gathering and trapping in `the country ’ (nutshimit) to sedentary village life (known as ‘sedentarisation’) has been associated with a marked decline in physical and mental health. The overarching response of the national government has been to emphasize village-based and institutional solutions. We show that changing the balance back to country-based activities would address both the primary causes of the crisis and improve the health and well-being of the Innu. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, interviews with Innu older people (Tshenut), empirical data on nutrition and activity, and comparative data from the experiences of other indigenous peoples, we identify pertinent biological and environmental transitions of significance to the current plight of the Innu. We show that nutrition and physical activity transitions have had major negative impacts on individual and community health. However, hunting and its associated social and cultural forms is still a viable option as part of a mixed livelihood and economy in the environmentally-significant boreal forests and tundra of Northern Labrador. Cultural continuity through Innu hunting activities is a means to decelerate, and possibly reverse, their decline. We suggest four new policy areas to help restore country-based activities: i) a food policy for country food; ii) an outpost programme; iii) ecotourism; and iv) an amended school calendar. Finally, we indicate the implications of our analysis for people in other countries.
Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Multi-Virtual Synchronous Generator Systems Considering Line Impedance in Multi-Node Microgrid

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the increasing integration of distributed energy resources into modern power systems, virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) have been a promising approach to imitate the inertial response of synchronous generators, thereby enhancing microgrid stability in a dynamic state. When many VSGs are integrated into microgrids, the dynamic characteristics of the system become increasingly complex. Current studies typically assume that different VSGs are connected to a common coupling point, focusing on analyzing the interaction characteristics, which may overlook the widely distributed line impedances in microgrids with distance between different facilities. This may lead to incomplete understanding of the interaction dynamics when VSGs are distributed over long feeder lines. Therefore, this paper proposes and investigates a multi-node, multi-VSG model incorporating line impedances among different nodes, establishing transfer function models for multi-node load disturbances and the frequency responses of individual VSGs. The study explores the dynamic response characteristics of VSGs under varying parameter influences and proposes principles for designing VSG port impedance and inertia parameters to optimize system dynamic frequency characteristics. The findings, validated through simulations in PSCAD v46, provide insights for enhancing the flexibility and reliability of grids incorporating VSGs.
The Fairy Council of Ireland at the River Boyne

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article uses a decolonial climate imaginary to experiment with alternative approaches to heritage scholarship while analysing uses of intangible heritage within an environmental campaign in Ireland. A decolonial approach is used to examine the Save the Boyne campaign, contrasting the scientistic-materialist basis of the authorised heritage discourse with the relational heritage ontology centred on the myths which activists have deployed. A coalition including the Fairy Council of Ireland is objecting to a treated wastewater pipeline in County Meath that, if constructed, would reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of a slaughterhouse yet discharge treated wastewater into the River Boyne. This article considers how a relational ontology might provoke a broadening of heritage conceptualisations and purposes in this time of planetary crisis.
Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis that Ambient Temperature and Dietary Composition Influence the Relative Efficacy of Methionine and Its Hydroxy Analogues for Broilers: A Review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many comparisons have been made between DL-methionine (DLM) and various methionine hydroxy analogues (MHA) as sources of dietary methionine activity for broilers, with conflicting results between studies often reported. A review revealed that certain dietary factors may influence the outcome of such efficacy studies. Purified crystalline amino acid diets, which are generally characterized by a low Arg:Lys ratio of 1.07 or less and high levels of dietary salt (NaCl or NaHCO3), typically have shown better growth performance with DLM than with MHA supplements. When practical or when semipurified diets that contain intact proteins were fed under thermoneutral conditions, the advantages observed, when using DLM in purified crystalline amino acid diets, were greatly reduced. Indeed, in many cases the differences in biological performance between the 2 sources of methionine activity were often not significant. These latter diets generally have had Arg:Lys ratios of 1.05 and greater and much lower concentrations of NaCl than the purified crystalline amino acid diets. With practical diets under heat stress conditions, the MHA supplements appeared to perform statistically as well as, or better than, DLM supplements as long as the Arg:Lys ratio was approximately 1.20 or greater. Thus, data exist that demonstrate that particular dietary factors and ambient temperature could inadvertently influence the outcome of efficacy studies. Further, these data suggest that the selection of methionine activity source in practical conditions should be tempered by knowledge of the prevailing Arg:Lys ratio, dietary salt inclusion levels, and the thermal environment.
Primary Cervical Choriocarcinoma: Case Report and the Review of Literatures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Primary choriocarcinoma of the cervix is a very rare entity. Case: A 35-year-old patient had been admitted to our hospital with vaginal bleeding for 7 months. A cervical mass measured 4 × 4 cm was palpated on the anterior surface of the cervix. Biopsy of the lesion demonstrated extensive necrosis and was in favor of squamous cell carcinoma. Patient was accepted as FIGO stage Ib1-2 and underwent type II hysterectomy with bilateral salpingoopherectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection was carried out. Post operative pathologic evaluation of the surgical specimen evinced that the case was primary cervical choriocarcinoma. Conclusion: Primary choriocarcinoma of the cervix should be considered in patients in their reproductive years with cervical lesion and negative cervical cytology. Beta-hCG assay and transvaginal color Doppler sonography are useful for early diagnosis.
Forceps: towards obsolescence or revival?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Cesarean section rates have become a political issue, attracting the attention of governments, health bureaucrats and professional organizations. In some instances this has led to a renewed interest in forceps delivery, even Kielland's rotational forceps. It is suggested that calls for a greater use of forceps, especially rotational forceps, are ill‐advised and commonly based on ignorance of recent urogynecological and imaging literature. Forceps use is associated with a much higher likelihood of major maternal trauma, especially to the anal sphincter and levator ani muscles, which may result in substantial future morbidity. Hence, its use should be avoided whenever possible. This is particularly obvious for rotational forceps.
Accelerated Fat Bloom in Chocolate Model Systems: Solid Fat Content and Temperature Fluctuation Frequency

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Chocolate model systems were designed with high‐melting fat (cocoa butter stearin, CB‐S) mixed with low‐melting fats (sunflower oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil) to give 45, 55, and 65 % solid fat content (SFC). Defatted cocoa powder provided a 50 % particulate level in the model chocolates. The effects of SFC, low‐melting fat type and storage temperature fluctuation frequency on bloom whiteness were investigated. Both SFC and storage condition had significant influences on bloom whiteness ( p < 0.0001), although the type of low‐melting fat did not ( p = 0.1223). Increasing the SFC significantly reduced bloom formation, as did more rapid temperature fluctuations.
Some invariant properties of linear electrical circuits.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Linear n-ports are examined, at a single frequency, in the light of a method based on invariance principles, with regard to various physical properties including activity, non-reciprocity, transfer activity and absolute stability. For each particular property, the method leads to characteristic invariants, which form the basis for appropriate equivalent circuits. The method rests on the construction of an equivalence class of n-ports, which are all equivalent with respect to the physical property chosen for consideration. Provided the physical operations (2n-port imbeddings) inter-relating the n-ports form a group, invariants of the n-port descriptions can be determined. If the invariants form a necessary and sufficient set for equivalence, then they will represent measures, discrete or continuous, of the physical properties held in common by the n-ports. The chosen property will therefore be describable in terms of one or more of the invariants. The use of the method allows n-ports to be partitioned into separate equivalence sub-classes by arithmetic invariants, and ordered within the classes by algebraic invariants. It is thus shown that activity and nonreciprocity are essentially discontinuous properties, while transfer activity and absolute stability admit continuous measures. Other properties of lesser engineering interest are treated briefly. The general results are applied specifically to two-ports, and a systematic account of two-port invariants is given, illustrated by logic diagrams. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence of two-ports under lossless reciprocal imbedding are found, corresponding to transfer activity, and canonical equivalent circuits are discussed. A similar treatment is given for absolute stability, and the invariant absolute stability factor is derived in a generalized form. Measurement methods for the more important two-port invariants are described, and applied to high-frequency transistors. The work as a whole shows that the invariance method is a valuable technique in the fundamental study of n-ports.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Angiopoietin-2 Functions as a Tie2 Agonist in Tumor Models, Where It Limits the Effects of VEGF Inhibition

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>PDF file - 292K, Histological analysis of the effect of REGN910 + ZALTRAP� combination treatment on endothelial cell death</p>
A FRONTAL BONE SWELLING GUIDED TO REACH THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PRESENTATION OF CASE \nA 59 year male presented to Urology Outpatient Department \n(OPD) with a painless forehead swelling. He was operated \nfor the same swelling two times within last three months by \nan orthopaedic surgeon initially and then by a neurosurgeon. \nIn the last 3 weeks, the swelling has recurred and increased \nin size to attain a dimension of 4 cm x 3 cm currently. The \ninitial histopathological (HP) finding of the excised lesion \nshowed fibrocollagenous stroma, and small to large lumina \nwith lobules of polygonal clear cells having distinct \ncytoplasmic membrane and small dark round to slightly \nirregular nuclei suggestive of clear cell Hidradenoma. (Figure \n1). The histopathological findings of the same lesion after \nre-excision revealed vascular network interspersed within \nhomogeneous nests of cells with clear cytoplasm suggestive \nof metastatic Clear Cell Carcinoma (mccRCC). Based on \nsecond HP report, patient was referred to us to rule out \nmccRCC. \n
Some strong coupled coincidence and coupled best proximity results on complete metric spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, the concept of Wardowski’s class of contraction is integrated with that of g-coupling to define some F-contractive type g-couplings. We establish existence results for a coupled coincidence point, a strong coupled coincidence point, and a coupled best proximity point for these couplings within the framework of complete metric space. Additionally, we establish the existence of a coupled coincidence point for multivalued F-contractive type g $\mathfrak{g}$ -coupling. Further, an application of our result with regard to the existence of a system of nonlinear integral equations is discussed.