jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling native phonology and non-native speech perception using electroencephalography signals

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Studies of language learning in adulthood show that learners’ native language phonologies shape their non-native perception and production abilities. Nonetheless, listeners are able to learn to perceive new speech sound contrasts given training. The present study attempts to model how foreign consonants are perceived prior to training or second language study. Brain responses were recorded during passive listening using electroencephalography (EEG), using twelve monolingual English-native listeners and isolated consonant-vowel (CV) syllables read by speakers of several languages (Dutch, English, Hungarian, Hindi, Swahili). To model native-language phonology, EEG responses to native (English) syllables were used to train classifiers based on phonological feature labels for the consonants in each syllable. The trained classifiers were then applied to the EEG responses to foreign syllables, and the classifier outputs used to generate confusion probabilities between each pair of foreign and native consonants for each of the four foreign languages. Confusion matrices based on the EEG classifiers compare favorably to confusion matrices based solely on number of phonological feature mismatches. Ongoing work investigates whether optimal phonological features can be learned from the EEG data using clustering algorithms.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Rethinking the Lower Bound on Aerosol Radiative Forcing’”

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Kretzschmar et al., in a comment in 2017, use the spread in the output of aerosol–climate models to argue that the models refute the hypothesis (presented in a paper by Stevens in 2015) that for the mid-twentieth-century warming to be consistent with observations, then the present-day aerosol forcing, [Formula: see text] must be less negative than −1 W m −2 . The main point of contention is the nature of the relationship between global SO 2 emissions and [Formula: see text] In contrast to the concave (log-linear) relationship used by Stevens and in earlier studies, whereby [Formula: see text] becomes progressively less sensitive to SO 2 emissions, some models suggest a convex relationship, which would imply a less negative lower bound. The model that best exemplifies this difference, and that is most clearly in conflict with the hypothesis of Stevens, does so because of an implausible aerosol response to the initial rise in anthropogenic aerosol precursor emissions in East and South Asia—already in 1975 this model’s clear-sky reflectance from anthropogenic aerosol over the North Pacific exceeds present-day estimates of the clear-sky reflectance by the total aerosol. The authors perform experiments using a new (observationally constrained) climatology of anthropogenic aerosols to further show that the effects of changing patterns of aerosol and aerosol precursor emissions during the late twentieth century have, for the same global emissions, relatively little effect on [Formula: see text] These findings suggest that the behavior Kretzschmar et al. identify as being in conflict with the lower bound in Stevens arises from an implausible relationship between SO 2 emissions and [Formula: see text] and thus provides little basis for revising this lower bound.
Congestion-Mitigating Spatiotemporal Routing in Road Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Vehicular traffic congestion is a recurring and widespread societal phenomenon. Since drivers increasingly rely on routing services, we consider how to enhance such services to provide routes that mitigate congestion. Specifically, we propose the Congestion-mitigating Spatiotemporal Routing (CSR) problem that considers the congestion caused by vehicles following the routes provided. This problem is challenging because vehicles that follow recommended routes appear on different road segments at different times. We propose two solutions, Spatiotemporal Oblivious Routing (SOR) and Spatiotemporal Routing with History (SRH), which return routes based on the current and anticipated future traffic statuses, respectively, while offering theoretical guarantees. We also propose an update procedure for handling traffic dynamics. Extensive evaluations on real data provide insight into the properties of the solutions, indicating that SRH can reduce the number of vehicles on the most congested road segments by nearly 33 % and can process a query in less than 10 ms.
Applications of QCD to the Production of Mesons and Jets in Hadron-Hadron Collisions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Applications of the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with asymptotic freedom to processes involving large momentum transfers are examined. The theory describes correctly many features of the lepton initiated processes eN, μN, vN, vN as well as large-mass muon-pair production and the production of mesons and jets at large p⊥ in hadron-hadron collisons. Some predictions are made for future large p⊥ meson and jet experiments. The preliminary conclusion is that QCD might well be the correct theory behind all these phenomena, although a definitive test has not yet been made.
Linear-scaling three-dimensional fragment method for large-scale electronic structure calculations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a novel linear scaling ab initio total energy electronic structure calculation method, which is simple to implement, easily to parallelize, and produces essentially the same results as the direct ab initio method, while it could be thousands of times faster. Using this method, we have studied the dipole moments of CdSe quantum dots, and found both significant bulk and surface contributions. The bulk dipole contribution cannot simply be estimated from the bulk spontaneous polarization value by a proportional volume factor. Instead it has a geometry dependent screening effect. The dipole moment also produces a strong internal electric field which induces a strong electron hole separation.
Chapter Two. The History Of Gessner’s Library

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Conrad Gessner died of the plague on December 13th 1565. His estate went to Caspar Wolf (1525?1601), who succeeded him as town physician. In March 1566 Wolf promised to finish Gessner?s ?Historia plantarum?, and also noted that he owned his predecessor?s library. He had bought the papers and books from Gessner for a fair price before the latter deceased. In 1719 Johannes Scheuchzer (1684?1738), town physician in Zurich, wrote that the relics of Gessner?s library fell into his hands, but unfortunately, he doesn?t mention any titles. Scheuchzer helped Cardinal Domenico Passionei (1682?1761), who was the papal legate in Switzerland from 1721 to 1730 to acquire 15 titles from Gessner?s library. There was another 18th century scholar who took a special interest in books formerly belonging to Gessner: the famous Zurich archaeologist Johann Caspar Hagenbuch. He collected more than 30 titles from Gessners? library.Keywords: Caspar Wolf; Conrad Gessner; Gessner?s library; Johannes Scheuchzer; Zurich
Possible role for a human adenovirus in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Celiac disease in humans is activated by the dietary ingestion of wheat, rye, triticale, barley, and possibly oats. Gliadins in wheat and similar proteins in the other grains are known to activate disease in susceptible individuals. There is a striking association between celiac disease and HLA-B8, -DR3 and/or -DR7, and -DC3. Nonetheless, less than 0.2% of individuals with those serologic HLA specificities develop celiac disease and disease is not always concordant among monozygotic twins. We propose that additional environmental factors may be important in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. To investigate that possibility, we examined a data bank of protein sequences for other proteins that might share amino acid sequence homologies with A-gliadin, an alpha-gliadin component known to activate celiac disease and whose complete primary amino acid sequence is known. These studies demonstrate that A-gliadin shares a region of amino acid sequence homology with the 54-kD E1b protein of human adenovirus type 12 (Ad12), an adenovirus usually isolated from the intestinal tract. The region spans 12 amino acid residues, includes 8 residue identities and an identical pentapeptide, and is hydrophilic in both proteins. Antibody reactive with the 54-kD Ad12 E1b protein cross-reacts with A-gliadin, a 119 amino acid cyanogen bromide peptide of A-gliadin that spans the region of homology and a synthetic heptapeptide of A-gliadin from within the region of homology. We suggest that an encounter of the immune system with antigenic determinants produced during intestinal viral infection may be important in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
Chromogen-based Immunohistochemical Method for Elucidation of the Coexpression of Two Antigens Using Antibodies from the Same Species

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The authors established a chromogen-based, double immunolabeling method using antibodies from the same species without any unwanted cross-reactivity. In addition, time-consuming staining steps were shortened by using polymer-based secondary antibodies. Taking advantage of the nature of the chromogen 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC), which is used as a horseradish peroxidase substrate for antibody detection, the AEC-derived signals in the first color development were easily eliminated by alcohol treatment. Therefore, the signals from the first staining did not interfere with those from the subsequent second staining, which used the chromogen 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. The co-localization of antigens within the same cell could be confirmed using this method, because cell images of the individual dye staining steps could be obtained and developed. The images from each step could be expressed in pseudo-colors in a dark field by using a computer. As a result, merged images could be constructed that resembled the images acquired by the fluorescent immunolabeling technique. The resolution of this method enabled analysis of the coexpression of two antigens in the same cell in the same section. The authors have named this staining technique the elucidation of the coexpression of two antigens in a cell using antibodies from the same species (ECSS).
Collaborative Dynamic Virtual Network Embedding Algorithm Based on Resource Importance Measures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many existing virtual network embedding (VNE) algorithms adopt the greedy embedding strategies, which embed the in-progress virtual network requests (VNRs) onto the substrate nodes and links with more residual resources. However, the previous VNRs may overconsume the critical substrate resources and lead to the resource fragmentation problem in the substrate networks, thus reducing the acceptance ratio of the latter VNRs. To address this problem, we propose a novel collaborative VNE algorithm based on resource importance measures, RIM-ViNE, in which the global node importance and link importance in the initial substrate network are measured using multiple topological attributes and are used to set the embedding cost of VNRs. Then, the VNE problem is defined as a linear programming model and is solved by minimizing the total embedding cost, which could bring about the coordinative embedding between different VNRs, and thus preventing the critical resources from being over occupied by the previous VNRs with small requirements and improving the resource fragmentation problem. Moreover, we propose a dynamic reconfiguration mechanism based on critical nodes protection (CNP-Re) to improve the resource fragmentation problem further. Extensive experiments are conducted under two network scenarios, and the results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the VNE algorithms that only consider the coordination between node mapping and link mapping or only measure the node importance in the residual substrate network, and the average VNR acceptance ratio, average revenue, and average resource utilization ratio are effectively improved.
Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) rates vary considerably depending on the method used to calculate them: a retrospective observational population-based study of PCCRC in the English National Health Service

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) is a key quality indicator of colonoscopy. This study compares methods for defining PCCRC rates, proposes a new method of calculating them and quantifies them across the English National Health Service (NHS). Design This retrospective observational population-based study involved all individuals with a first primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer made between 2001 and 2010 and treated in the English NHS. Previously published methods for deriving PCCRC rates were applied to the linked routine health data for this population to investigate the effect on the rate. A new method, based on the year of the colonoscopy rather than colorectal cancer diagnosis, was then used to calculate PCCRC rates. Results Of 297 956 individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer, a total of 94 648 underwent a colonoscopy in the 3 years prior to their diagnosis. The application of the published methods and exclusion criteria to the dataset produced significantly different PCCRC rates from 2.5% to 7.7%. The new method demonstrates that PCCRC rates within 3 years of colonoscopy (without exclusions) decreased in the English NHS over 8 years, falling from 10.6% to 7.3% for colonoscopies performed in 2001 and 2007 respectively. Conclusions The method used to determine PCCRC rates significantly affects findings with potential to substantially underestimate rates. To enable international benchmarking there needs to be a standardised method for defining PCCRC. This study proposes a new methodology using colonoscopy as a denominator and between 2001 and 2007 this method indicated an 8.6% PCCRC rate across the English NHS. It also demonstrated PCCRC rates have fallen over time.
New Antifungal Compound, 6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone, against the Maize Late Wilt Pathogen, Magnaporthiopsis maydis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) is a powerful Magnaporthiopsis maydis antifungal compound, recently discovered when the potent growth medium of Trichoderma asperellum was analyzed. Despite its high potential in plate assay, it was not inspected for plant treatment prevention. Late wilt disease, caused by the fungus M. maydis, threatens commercial maize production in high-risk areas. Thus, the search for control options against the pathogen is one of the top priorities in Israel, Egypt, and other countries. Disease-resistant maize genotypes can reduce the damages. Yet, aggressive variants of the fungus can overcome host resistance. The current study aimed at inspecting T. asperellum and its secreted metabolite, pure 6-PP, against the pathogen in plants over a full growth period. First, adding T. asperellum directly to seeds with sowing provides significant protection to sprouts (up to 42 days) in a growth room, with more than two-fold growth promotion and reduced pathogen root infection (detected by real-time PCR). The same procedure applied in a commercial field was less beneficial in rescuing the plants’ growth and yield. Still, it reduced the cobs’ symptoms by 11% and resulted in nine-fold lower levels of the pathogen’s DNA in the stem tissue. Second, the T. asperellum purified 6-PP compound (30 µg/seed) was used in seed coating and tested against the T. asperellum secretory metabolites’ crude (diluted to 50%). At the season’s end, these treatments improved plant biomass by 90–120% and cob weight by 60%. Moreover, the treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the symptoms (up to 20%) and pathogen infection (94–98%). The current study’s results reveal the potential of 6-PP as a new fungicide against M. maydis. Such a treatment may protect maize plants from other soil diseases.
Effect of Supplementation of Indigofera zollingeriana Top Leaf Meal in the Diets to the Slaughter Weight and Carcass of Pegagan Ducks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study was aimed at determining effect of supplementation of Indigofera zollingeriana top leaf meal in the diets to the slaughter weight, carcass percentage, and commercial carcass slice percentage of Pegagan ducks. The method used was Completely Randomized Design consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4, that are rations with supplementation of Indigofera zollingeriana top leaf meal of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. Parameters observed were: slaughter weight, carcass percentage, and commercial carcass slice percentage. The findings indicated that the supplementation of Indigofera zollingeriana top leaf meal in the diets had not significantly (P>0.05) to slaughter weight, carcass percentage, and commercial carcass slices of Pegagan ducks. The conclusion showed that the supplementation of Indigofera zollingeriana top leaf meal up to 4% can be used in the diets, cause does not negative affect to slaughter weight, carcass percentage, and commercial carcass slices percentage of Pegagan ducks.
Applying BPEL to Chemical Research on Grid

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Chemical research is an exploring and improving process to obtain the preferable experiment result. The complex and frequently changing research in traditional way is time-consuming, expending energy and repetitive work. The emergence of scientific workflow congregating orchestrating distributed resources and scientific instruments on the Grid environment possibly solves these problems in chemical research by automating experiment process. BPEL as the de-facto workflow language standard provides the standardized environment to perform chemical research on scientific workflow by utilizing distributed resources on Grid in parallel. This paper discusses requirements of chemical research of scientific workflow on Grid and analyses the features of BPEL. The features conduce to the workflow fulfilling the optimizing chemical experiment effectively by satisfying the scalability and reliability requirements of chemical research on scientific workflows. Finally, the case study demonstrates feasibility of BPEL applied on chemical research, which proves that BPEL is exactly suitable for chemical research on Grid.
Prevalence of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in an Iranian hospital

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

This study was designed to determine the molecular characteristic and antimicrobial resistance of enterococcal strains isolated from patients in an Iranian Hospital. Enterococcal strains were isolated from the burn patients. All strains were screened for genes encoding resistance to aminoglycoside [ aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph (3'), ant (4')], resistance to vancomycin (vanA, vanB), resistance to tetracycline (tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO), and resistance to erythromycin (ermA, ermB, ermC) by PCR and multiplex PCRâbased methods. Genetic diversity was evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. All enterococcal isolates showed complete sensitivity to vancomycin with MIC ≤ 0.5Âµg/ml. Resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin or quinopristin-dalfopristin was detected, whilst more than 96.2% of isolates were high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) and multiresistant. The most prevalent aminoglycoside resistance gene was aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, found in 96.2% (26/27) of the isolates. The most prevalent tetracycline resistance gene was tetM, found in 85.1% (23/27) of the isolates followed by tetL and tetO found in 7.4% (2/27) of the isolates. The ermA and ermB genes were detected in 33.3% (9/27) and 44.4% (12/27) of the isolates respectively. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis yielded 17 distinct profiles among 27 investigated isolates. One clusters of isolates shared the same RAPD patterns, while 16 isolates had unique RAPD patterns. we found that over the examined time period one RAPD genotype were common type and were disseminated among patients in the burn unit. Interestingly, most of these strains had an identical or very similar antibiotic and gene resistance pattern.
Efficient charging and discharging of a superconducting quantum battery through frequency-modulated driving

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The quantum battery (QB), which can potentially store or dispatch energy more efficiently with quantum advantage, has attracted considerable attention lately in the field of quantum thermodynamics. With its quantum advantage, a QB could be charged more efficiently than the classical battery. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally exploit the frequency-modulated stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (fmod-STIRAP) technique to improve the charging (discharging) efficiency of a cascaded three-level QB that is constituted by a superconducting transmon qutrit. The evolution of the qutrit and its thermodynamic properties are analyzed by carrying out the three-level quantum state tomography on the device. Our experimental results, which are confirmed by numerical simulations, show that the fmod-STIRAP technique yields remarkable advantages in population, ergotropy, and power in the charging (discharging) process.
Motion-Based Ground Reaction Forces and Moments Prediction Method for Interaction With a Moving and/or Non-Horizontal Structure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Inverse dynamics methods are commonly used for the biomechanical analysis of human motion. External forces applied on the subject are required as an input data to solve the dynamic equilibrium of the subject. Force platforms measure ground reaction forces and moments (GRF&Ms) but they limit the ecological aspect of experimental conditions. Motion-based GRF&Ms prediction may circumvent this limitation. The current study aims at evaluating the accuracy of an optimization-based GRF&Ms prediction method modified to be applied to the interaction with a moving and/or nonhorizontal structure (MNHS). The main improvement of the method deals with contact detection in such a MNHS. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, 20 subjects performed squats and steps on an instrumented moving structure, measuring both motion and GRF&Ms. The comparison of the root-mean-square error between the predicted and measured GFR&Ms divided by the subjects mass showed a similar order of magnitude than those from the method without the studied modification (0.14 N/kg for antero-posterior forces, 0.29 N/kg for medio lateral forces, 0.61 N/kg for longitudinal forces, 0.06 Nm/kg for frontal moments, 0.13 Nm/kg for sagittal moments, and 0.03 Nm/kg for transverse moments). The results showed the suitability of the method to study human motions for tasks performed on a MNHS.