jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of botanicals and synthetic insecticides on Pieris brassicae (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae(L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), is one of the severe insect pests ofcabbage crop which causes remarkable quantitative or qualitative crop losses.The effect of different new chemistry insecticides (thiamethoxam 25% SP,acetamiprid 20% SP and pyriproxyfen 10.8% EC) and four botanical extracts, Aloevera (L.) Burm. f. leaves, grapefruit (Citrus × paradisiMacfad.) bark, spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves and neem (Azadirachtaindica A. Juss.) leaves, on the feeding behavior, larval growth andmortality of P. brassicae was studied at University of Sargodha(Pakistan). The study showed that neem extracts at 7% had a significant effecton growth parameters of P. brassicae. The relative growth rate was thelowest (3.05±0.27 mg/mg/d) when neem extract was applied at 7% and higher(8.59±1.38 mg/mg/d) when grapefruit extract was applied at 5% after the controltreatment. In comparison to control treatment, relative feed consumption rateof P. brassicae and the efficiency of conversion of ingested fooddecreased to 66 and 58%, respectively, after the application of neem extract at7%. Neem extracts at 7% caused up to 65% larval mortality. The neem extract(7%) in combination with pyriproxyfen also caused the significant stress on thelarvae. So, neem extracts at 7% alone or in combination with insecticides canbe used for control of P. brassicae in vegetable crops for a safer foodsupply.
A Cosmos beyond Space and Area Studies: Toward Comparative Political Thought as Political Thought

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While there appears to be a gathering consensus about the need to be less ethnocentric and exclusive in the composition of academic fields in the contemporary university, there remains significant anxiety about how previously excluded voices might be included (and even whether their inclusion might really be of substantive interest rather than only of ethical merit). Hence, as a response to accusations that mainstream political theory remains staunchly Eurocentric, the emerging field of comparative political thought (CPT) is anxious about its appropriate range of activity: it aims to broaden the theoretical base of political inquiry by being as culturally inclusive as possible; it seeks to transcend national boundaries and build a body of theory that is somehow “global.” However, CPT must also be sensitive to the ways that “comparison” can function to separate (rather than include), and thus should be anxious that it may actually reinforce the problem that it seeks to overcome. This article aims to propose a way of understanding and practicing CPT that resolves the field's anxieties about its ostensible obsession with origination, spatial differentiations, and area studies, which are invariably emblematized by the field's apparent (and false) “non-Western” focus. It concludes that for CPT to be a meaningful field in its own right it must be concerned with metaphysical and cosmological discontinuities rather than spatial, geographic, or cultural differences per se; this will require a radical rethinking of the dimensions of political thought as a whole and the recovery of metaphysics as central to the endeavor.
Specification for Diesel Fuel

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are: Grade No. 1-D S15; Grade No. 1-D S500; Grade No. 1-D S5000; Grade No. 2-D S15; Grade No. 2-D S500; Grade No. 2-D S5000; and Grade No. 4-D. The requirements specified for diesel fuel oils shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: flash point; cloud point; water and sediment; carbon residue; ash; distillation; viscosity; sulfur; copper corrosion; cetane number; cetane index; aromaticity; lubricity; and conductivity.
Relationship between the Cyclization and Conformation of Pentapeptide Active Esters Related to Gramicidin S Having No Protecting Group on the Side Chain of the Ornithine Residue

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To investigate the contribution of the d-Phe–Pro–Val sequence in the direct formation of gramicidin S (GS) by the dimerization–cyclization of pentapeptide-active esters having no protecting group on the side chain of the Orn residue, the cyclization of four H–X–Pro–Y–Orn–Leu–ONSu’s (X = l- or d-Phe, Y = l- or d-Val, –ONSu = succinimide ester) was examined. Only H–d-Phe–Pro–Val–Orn–Leu–ONSu gave semi-GS (cyclic monomer) and GS (cyclic dimer) in yields of 15 and 38%, respectively. The active ester with a d-Phe–Pro–d-Val sequence produced exclusively [d-Val]–semi-GS in 58% yield. On the other hand, the active esters having Phe–Pro–Val and Phe–Pro–d-Val sequences did not yield any amount of cyclic monomer and cyclic dimer. The change in the configurations of the Phe and Val residues around the Pro residue greatly affected the CD spectra in ethanol and the 1H NMR spectra in DMSO-d6 of the pentapeptide ethyl esters corresponding to four H–X–Pro–Y–Orn–Leu–ONSu’s. A good correlation among the CD spectra, NMR spectra of the pentapeptide ethyl esters, and the main products in the cyclization of the active esters was found.
Eicosapentaenoic acid protects against palmitate induced cell death of h9c2 cardiomyoblasts

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Intracellular accumulation of fatty acid metabolites in non-adipose tissues has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, lipotoxicity may contribute to cell death and cardiac dysfunction. Evidence is emerging that saturated fatty acids induce cell death through apoptosis and this effect is specific for palmitate and stearate. On the other hand, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been implicated in the protection against cardiovascular diseases, cardiac ischemic damage and myocardial dysfunction. In the present study we show- that supplementation with the n-3 PUFA- eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- to culture medium of H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts protects cells against palmitate-induced apoptosis.\nExperiments were performed by using H9c2 rat ventricular cardiomyoblasts. Apoptosis was detected by trypan blue exclusion, MTT or caspase activity assays. Gene expression was investigated by Real Time PCR. Signal transduction pathways were investigated by western blotting.\nOur results indicate that palmitate induces apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. In particular, an approximately 4-fold increase in caspase activity was observed after 24 h of treatment with 500 M palmitate. The incubation with 60 M EPA inhibited palmitate-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells. Preliminary results indicate that the anti-apoptotic effect of EPA could be mediated by the modulation of the transcriptional peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor  coactivator-1 considered a master regulator of myocardial energy metabolism in diverse pathophysiological conditions, and may involve the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Rictor), a key member of mTOR complex-2 that promotes cellular survival.
Administrasi Pendidikan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Administration is a process of collaboration between two or more people to achieve the objectives in carrying out activities that are planned, organized, and lead. Educational administration aims to achieve the goals of education or as a tool to achieve educational goals. The process of education administration consists of planning, organizing, coordinating, communicating, monitoring, staffing, financing, and evaluating. Educational administration is very important in the world of education. Because without administration, a large or small plan, will not run smoothly. The education administration learns all the effective and efficient ways of organizing and administering to achieve maximum results.
Collective Actions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This volume of essays draws together research on different types of collective actions: group actions, representative actions, test case procedures, derivative actions and class actions. The main focus is on how these actions can enhance access to justice and on how to balance the interests of private actors in protecting their rights with the interests of society as a whole. Rather than focusing on collective actions only as a procedural device per se, the contributors to this book also examine how these mechanisms relate to their broader social context. Bringing together a broad range of scholarship from the areas of competition, consumer, environmental, company and securities law, the book includes contributions from Asian, European and North American scholars and therefore expands the scope of the traditional European and/or American debate.
Trends in Contemporary Lithuanian Children’s Folklore Research

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Contemporary children’s folklore is interesting and dynamic as it covers both traditional and new genres and reflects present-day realia as well as younger children’s and adolescents’ psychological world. The aim of this article is to discuss major stages and trends in contemporary Lithuanian children’s folklore research. The present study is based on analytical descriptive, and comparative methods. In Lithuania, the research into children’s folklore was started quite late in comparison to many other countries. The first scholarly studies on traditional children’s folklore were published by Pranė Jokimaitienė in the second half of the 20th century, whereas the research into contemporary children’s folklore was undertaken only in the last decade of the 20th century on the initiative of the folklorist Gražina Skabeikytė-Kazlauskienė. After 1990, when folklore material’s collection from children and adolescents was started, the Archive of Ethnology and Folklore at the Department of Cultural studies at Vytautas Magnus University enlarged by many examples of contemporary Lithuanian folklore. At the beginning of the 21st century, the material’s systematisation, analysis, and publication started; a few dissertations on children’s and youth folklore were successfully defended. In 2013, the monograph Contemporary Schoolchildren’s Folklore (Šiuolaikinis moksleivių folkloras) was published.
New Trends in Unmanned Aerial Systems as Remote Measurement Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The application fields of modern Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), such as light Remotely-Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), are moving from military fields to a wide range of civilian applications. These platforms embed several sensors that enable the use of RPASs as mobile remote measurement systems. This chapter deals with a survey of measurement applications based on RPAS. In the first part, an overview of the architecture of a RPAS is given. Then, a review of sensors used for RPAS flight and for mission tasks is discussed. Attention is paid to measurement uncertainty sources. Therefore, RPAS as a mobile remote measurement system is analyzed and a design guideline is described. Several examples of embedded measurement systems included in RPAS are described. A review of civilian applications using the RPAS as a remote measurement system is presented and discussed. Issues concerning RPAS safety and testing are analyzed. The new trend in the field of insurance for RPAS users is discussed. Finally, RPAS security is introduced. Conclusions and future trends end the chapter.
FT-IR spectra of APPL obtained from control wheat straw and transformed in SSF conditions by wild-type (SilA) and laccase-negative mutant (SilA<sup>−</sup>) strains.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

<p>Labels on the peaks corresponds to wavenumber of peaks in cm<sup>-1</sup> followed by assignation as ester; amide I (Am I); amide II (Am II); lignin and polyphenols (Lg); polysaccharides (Ps).</p>
A comparative study of the effect of O+7ion beam on polypyrrole and CR-39 (DOP) polymers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polypyrrole thin films doped with para-toluene sulphonic acid were prepared by the electrochemical process. High-energy ion beam irradiation of the polymers is an effective technique to enhance the electrical conductivity, structural property and mechanical properties. So polypyrrole and allyl diglycol carbonate (CR-39 (DOP)) films were irradiated by oxygen ions (energy 100 MeV, charge state O+7) with fluence varying from 1 × 1010 to 1 × 1013 ions cm−2. The effects of swift heavy ions (SHI) on the structural, optical and surface properties of polypyrrole (Ppy) and CR-39 (DOP) polymers were studied in this work using x-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns of the pristine and irradiated polymer show that the crystallinity improved after the irradiation with SHI. At the low fluence, crystallinity was found to increase but at high fluence, it decreases which could be attributed to cross-linking and degradation mechanism. The UV–visible spectra show a shift in the absorbance edge towards higher wavelength, which can be correlated with the transition involved in the polymer and variation in the band gap using Tauc's expression. The band gap of polypyrrole was found to decrease from 3.4 to 3.0 eV after irradiation. CR-39 (DOP), however, showed a very large change in the band gap from 4.8 to 3.4 eV. The SEM study shows a systematic change in the surface morphology of the polymers with increasing ion fluence.
Demographic Characteristics, Fire Experiences, and Distress of Residential Fire Survivors

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The United States has one of the highest per capita fire death rates in the world. Death rates alone, however, fail to reflect the breadth of loss experienced by residential fire survivors. Despite the frequency of home fires and the potential for loss, little is known about this vulnerable population. Interviews were conducted with 440 fire survivors 14 weeks after fires. Demographic characteristics of residential fire survivors, survivors' fire experiences, psychological distress after fires and the interrelationships among these variables were examined. This sample of urban fire survivors largely comprised poor, middle-aged African American women. Psychological distress was measured by the General Severity Index of the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the results showed that survivors were highly distressed, even in the absence of fire-related death or physical injury.
Involvement of prelimbic 5-HT7 receptors in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors in hemiparkinsonian rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective: At present, little is known about the role of serotonin7 (5-HT7) receptor in anxiety, particularly in Parkinson’s disease-related anxiety. Here, we tested whether 5-HT7 receptors in the prelimbic (PrL) cortex are involved in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors in sham-operated rats and rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Methods: The open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests were performed to study the influence of MFB lesion and intra-PrL injection of 5-HT7 agonist AS19 (0.5, 1 or 2 μg/rat) and antagonist SB269970 (1.5, 3 or 6 μg/rat) on anxiety-like behaviors. Additionally, changes in monoamine levels in limbic and limbic-related brain regions were observed after intra-PrL injection of AS19 (2 μg/rat) and SB269970 (6 μg/rat). Results: The MFB lesion induced anxiety-like behaviors compared to sham-operated rats. Intra-PrL injection of AS19 showed anxiolytic effects by the open field and EPM tests in two groups of rats, and administration of SB269970 showed anxiogenic responses. However, the doses producing these effects in the lesioned rats were higher than those in sham-operated rats. Neurochemical results showed that intra-PrL injection of AS19 increased dopamine, 5-HT and noradrenaline (NA) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, ventral hippocampus and amygdala in two groups of rats, whereas SB269970 decreased 5-HT and NA levels in these brain regions. Discussion: 5-HT7 receptors in the PrL are involved in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors, which is attributable to changes in dopamine, 5-HT and NA levels in the limbic and limbic-related brain regions after activation and blockade of 5-HT7 receptors. Abbreviations: 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DA: dopamine; EPM: elevated plus maze; MFB: medial forebrain bundlem; PFC: medial prefrontal cortex; NA: noradrenaline; PD: Pakinson's disease; PrL: prelimbic; 5-HT: serotonin; vHip: ventral hippocampus
The impact of distance education on nursing students course performance in a Sino-foreign cooperative program during the onset of COVID-19: a quasi-experimental study

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 changed many studies’ teaching mode in higher education profoundly, including nursing. This study evaluated the impact of distance education on the course performance of nursing students in a nursing fundamentals course during the epidemic of COVID-19. Methods: This is a comparative prospective and retrospective quasi-experimental study. Nursing students in a Sino-foreign cooperative program were allocated to either an intervention group (distance education, n=48) or control group (face-to-face teaching, n=36). Academic performance, academic self-efficacy, and academic engagement were evaluated for three aspects of learning. Results: Students experiencing distance teaching had worse academic performance (p=0.001) and lower levels of learning behavior self-efficacy (p﹤0.05). The total score of academic engagement (p=0.04) for students experiencing distance teaching were significantly lower than the scores of those students in the control group. Conclusions: In the context of COVID-19, nursing students conducted using distance education had poor course performance.
Activation of a GPCR, ORL1 receptor: A novel therapy to prevent heart failure progression

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Purpose The number of ischemic heart failure (HF) patients is growing dramatically worldwide. However, there are at present no preventive treatments for HF. Our previous study showed that Gata4 overexpression improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in the rat heart. We also found that Gata4 overexpression significantly increased a Pnoc gene expression, an endogenous ligand for cell membrane receptor, ORL1. We hypothesized that an activation of ORL1 receptor would suppress HF in a rat ischemic heart model. Method Adult Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks old, 6 males and 6 females) underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Three weeks later, normal saline or MCOPPB (ORL1 activator, 2.5mg/kg/day) intraperitoneal injection was started, and continued 5 days a week, for 3 months. Echocardiography was performed six times, pre-operative, 3 days after coronary artery ligation, pre-MCOPPB or saline injection, and 1, 2, and 3 months after saline or MCOPPB injection started. Animals were euthanized after 3 months follow up and the heart was harvested for histological analysis. Results ORL1 activator, MCOPPB, significantly improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rat (Ejection fraction, MCOPPB vs saline at euthanasia, 67 ± 3 vs 43 ± 2, p < 0.001). MCOPPB also decreased fibrosis and induced angiogenesis. Conclusion ORL1 activator, MCOPPB, may be a novel treatment for preventing HF progression.
Infrared Spectrum of CF3SF5

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The infrared spectrum of CF3SF5 has been measured and analyzed between 30 and 4000 cm−1. A band found at 218.5 cm−1 is believed responsible for satellite lines observed previously in the microwave spectrum; the barrier to internal rotation might then be much lower than obtained previously by assuming these satellites were due to torsional oscillation. Twelve of the seventeen fundamentals were assigned in the infrared spectrum and estimates are given for the others. A plausible assignment is given for the overtone and combination bands also observed; this gives no evidence for any of the inactive fundamentals.
Metatarsalgia: diagnosis and treatment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metatarsalgia is a symptom, not a diagnosis. A careful study of ninety-eight patients who had complaints of pain in the fore part of the foot revealed twenty-three distinct diagnoses. These diagnoses were grouped as primary metatarsalgia, secondary metatarsalgia, and pain under the fore part of the foot. This division assisted in determining the form of nonoperative or operative treatment. The use of a pressure-sensitive cholesterol-crystal force-plate analysis or intra-articular or digital nerve blocks was helpful both in accurately pinpointing abnormal pressures and in determining whether operative treatment had been effective. Unexpected problems occurring after metatarsal surgery may be preventable in the future.
Decoding Radiologists’ Intentions: A Novel System for Accurate Region Identification in Chest X-Ray Image Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the realm of chest X-ray (CXR) image analysis, radiologists meticulously examine various regions, documenting their observations in reports. The prevalence of errors in CXR diagnoses, particularly among inexperienced radiologists and hospital residents, underscores the importance of understanding radiologists' intentions and the corresponding regions of interest. This understanding is crucial for correcting mistakes by guiding radiologists to the accurate regions of interest, especially in the diagnosis of chest radiograph abnormalities. In response to this imperative, we propose a novel system designed to identify the primary intentions articulated by radiologists in their reports and the corresponding regions of interest in CXR images. This system seeks to elucidate the visual context underlying radiologists' textual findings, with the potential to rectify errors made by less experienced practitioners and direct them to precise regions of interest. Importantly, the proposed system can be instrumental in providing constructive feedback to inexperienced radiologists or junior residents in the hospital, bridging the gap in face-to-face communication. The system represents a valuable tool for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and fostering continuous learning within the medical community.