jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Temporal approach to the TMJ, the orbit, and the retromaxillary–infracranial region

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Anatomical and surgical details of the author's temporal approach to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the orbit, and the retromaxillary–infratemporal space are described using drawings and photographs taken during surgery. The approach is advocated because it gives any desirable access to the operating fields without leaving a visible scar in the face and because it preserves the condyle and, thereby, the integrity of the TMJ.
Light Induced Fragmentation of Polyfunctional Carboxylated Compounds on Hydrated Metal Oxide Particles: From Simple Organic Acids to Peptides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Light induced reactions of carboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic, and aminocarboxylic acids, carboxylated aromatics, and α-amino acids and peptides adsorbed on hydrated anatase (TiO<sub>2</sub>), goethite (α-FeOOH), and hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) have been studied at low temperature (77−200 K), by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and at 295 K, by means of transient absorption spectroscopy. In the room-temperature solution, the photocatalytic decomposition of carboxylated molecules, in the absence of synergistic adsorption by hydroxyl groups (e.g., in serine), is inefficient due to weak surface binding. The yield of radical formation increases significantly at low temperature, as the carboxylated molecules adsorb on the surface. The main photodegradation path is decarboxylation initiated by charge transfer from the metal oxide to the adsorbate. Below 120 K, for carboxylic acids and nonaromatic amino acids and peptides, the decarboxylation is the only reaction pathway, yielding the corresponding C-centered radicals. At higher temperature these radicals become mobile and abstract H from the parent molecules. For aromatic amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) charge transfer followed by deprotonation is the predominant photoreaction. For polycarboxylated aromatics, the outcome of the charge transfer is determined by the stability of the trapped-hole species. In addition to trapping holes, some adsorbates, such as mellitic acid, trap surface electrons. The photocatalytic activity of the anatase, goethite, and hematite are similar for aromatic, carboxylic, and hydroxycarboxylic acids; for hematite, this activity reduces markedly for α-amino acids and peptides. The rutile is inactive toward these carboxylated molecules. These findings are related to martian soil chemistry, biomedical chemistry, and photocatalysis.
Beyond Warsaw and Łódź: The Importance of Social Ties for Coping with Nazi Oppression in Three Smaller Polish Ghettos: Piotrkow, Tranow and Lachwa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This essay develops a narrative of survival and resistance in three smaller Polish ghettos, Pitrokow, Tarnow and Lachwa. Drawing from archival sources and new interviews, it asserts that residents of the Jewish ghettos were obliged to marshal a full range of creative responses. Survival depended on success as an economic, political and social actor. Evidence for this adaptability supports Yehuda Bauer’s emphasis on ‘amidah’ and confirms his assertion that Holocaust victims did not meet their fate passively. As the survivors from Tarnow and Piotrokow attest, ghetto residents formed strong dyadic social bonds that functioned to guarantee physical and emotional survival. By extending this initial analysis through comparison with Lachwa, one of the few ghettos that saw collective resistance, we can observe how individual survival mechanisms interacted with leadership and community variables. The Jews of Lachwa pursued strategies similar to those seen in Tarnow and Piotrokow. The unique variable at Lachwa which led to broad-based resistance was the structural advantage of a small, easily manageable village which facilitated the transition from individual survival strategies to collective action at a crucial moment.
Inhibition of ALK mutated neuroblastomas by the selective inhibitor PF-02341066

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

10008b Background: Mutations in the ALK oncogene are the major cause of hereditary neuroblastoma (NB), and may offer a tractable therapeutic target. Methods: We resequenced the ALK tyrosine kinase domain in 496 primary NBs. We integrated data from 76 primary tumors analyzed using Illumina HumanHap550 SNP and Human-6 mRNA expression arrays. We stained a tissue microarray (TMA) of 134 NBs with anti-ALK and anti-pALK antibodies. We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of PF-02341066, a small molecule inhibitor of ALK. Computational chemistry was used to homology map ALK interaction with PF-02341066. Results: Mutations were discovered in 38/496 NBs (8%), across the spectrum of phenotypes. R1275Q substitutions were most common (45%), followed by F1174L (15%). Evaluation of matched constitutional DNAs demonstrated 10% carried occult germline mutations. Integration of primary tumor microarrays from 76 samples showed that ALK mRNA expression was highly correlated with ALK DNA copy number (p=0.0005). ALK protein was nearly universally expressed (129/134; 93%), and there was evidence for ALK activation in 15% of tumors (pALK moderate or strong staining in 20/134), suggesting an additional and alternative pathway to ALK activation. A panel of 18 NB cell lines showed differential in vitro sensitivity to PF-2341066 dependent on ALK mutation and copy number status. A wild type (WT) amplified line and 2 lines harboring R1275Q mutations were sensitive (IC50 145 - 301 nM). Lines harboring F1174L mutations were more resistant (IC50 >950nM) as were lines with no ALK aberrations. Inhibition of proliferation was associated with abolishing phosphorylation of ALK, STAT3 and AKT. PF-02341066 caused complete regression of R1275Q xenografts, but caused only minimal growth delay in F1174L and WT xenografts. Based on homology mapping to a crystal structure of PF-02341066 bound to c-Met, the F1174L mutation is predicted to destabilize the specific conformation of the kinase activation loop required for binding PF-02341066. Conclusions: ALK pathway activation occurs in at least 15% of human neuroblastomas. PF-02341066 is a potent inhibitor of the most common ALK mutation, but there is a structural basis for resistance to F1174L mutations. Co-crystallization studies are ongoing and a phase 1 study is planned. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
106 Lack of Insurance Leads to Increased Mortality After Craniotomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Socioeconomic status directly impacts outcomes in healthcare. Prior studies have demonstrated the impact of insurance type and status on postoperative outcomes in subspecialty populations, including peripheral tumor and spine. There is a paucity of literature addressing the impact of socioeconomic status on neurosurgical outcomes. This study seeks to investigate socioeconomic factors, namely insurance status, and their impact on adverse events and outcomes in patients undergoing a craniotomy. METHODS: A single center, retrospective cohort study was conducted on neurosurgical patients undergoing a craniotomy from 2013-2018. Preoperative demographics, comorbidities, surgical variables, postoperative adverse events, and mortality within 90-days of surgery were collected. Socioeconomic variables include insurance, employment, and disability statuses. Statistical analysis utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test, independent sample t-test and multivariate logistic regression analyses with an alpha of 0.05 were used to compare differences in demographic baseline, adverse event rates and outcomes between patients with and without insurance. RESULTS: 2445 patients who underwent a craniotomy were included in the analysis with 5.4% being uninsured. Baseline demographic analysis found an increased prevalence of unemployment among uninsured patients (38.3% v 50.0%, p = 0.007). Uninsured patients were significantly younger (p < 0.001) and had higher prevalence of non-opioid substance use (p = 0.027). Adverse events were higher in uninsured patients, including higher rate of acute respiratory insufficiency (p=0.002), delirium (p=0.039) and non-surgical site related infections (p=0.001) compared to insured patients. After controlling for confounders (including age, sex, employment status, disability, substance use, tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, supratentorial patholoy, surgical time), uninsured patients had higher odds of 90-day mortality (OR 2.393, 95% CI 1.321 – 4.334, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Lower socioeconomic status negatively impact postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing craniotomy. Namely, uninsured patients experienced significantly increased 90-day mortality following craniotomy. It is imperative that insurance status be considered in developing comprehensive treatment plans for each patient in order to minimize the risk of disparate outcomes after undergoing a craniotomy.
Obstetrical anesthesia in myocardial infarction and complete heart block

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To our knowledge, no case of pregnancy complicated by complete heart block and old myocardial infarction has been reported. In this communication, we shall describe the obstetrical course and anesthetic management of a pregnant patient with these unusual complications.

Report of a Case

A 35-year-old woman was admitted to Metropolitan Hospital in December 1960 with an acute myocardial infarction of the anterior wall, complete heart block, and syphilitic aortitis. Before this admission, she had delivered four children uneventfully, the last child having been born in May 1960. After treatment of the acute episode, she was followed up by the Home Care Service as a class 3-C cardiac (as defined by the New York Heart Association). She received pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 10 mg four times a day, and her physical activities were restricted because of easy fatiguability and angina pectoris. At age 40, the patient again became pregnant. Her expected date of
Implementing sustainability in Taipei with transdisciplinarity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Taiwan, the Ministry of Science and Technology has begun recently to advocate transdisciplinary research in urban sustainability research. Researchers are encouraged to work with multiple stakeholders and conduct knowledge co-production. However, this approach is still in its infancy locally, with insufficient institutional support, academic consensus, and operational experiences. This chapter examines the context and development of transdisciplinarity in Taiwan. At the same time, we analyze the execution experience of our team to see how it enhance capacity and negotiate uncertainty during the process. In knowledge integration, researchers face multiple challenges intertwined with urban complexity and transdisciplinary communication. We identify five key challenges including: (1) leadership and organizational culture, (2) individual scope and motivation, (3) team accommodation, (4) language translation and bridging, and (5) dynamic program management and digital tools, to be crucial for enhancing a positive sense of teamwork and to enabling knowledge integration. Lastly, we propose suggestions for the current institutional environment for transdisciplinary research in Taiwan.
Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura after Measles Immunization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A threeyear‐old boy developed Henoch‐Schonlein purpura after measles immunization. To our knowledge Henoch‐Schonlein purpura in this setting has not been previously reported. This case illustrates that measles vaccine can act as an inducing factor Henoch‐Schanlein purpura.
MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITIES, HYDROGEN- AND NITROGEN- BROADENED LINE WIDTHS OF $CH_{3}D$ AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Supported by the Planetary Atmospheres Branch of the Solar System Exploration Division of NASA under Grant-in-Aid No. 33-015-139. Address of the authors: Laboratory for Planetary Atmospheres Research, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2300
The incommensurate phase in tetramethylammonium tetrachloromanganate

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Highly accurate specific heat capacity measurements were used in order to study the phase transition sequence of tetramethylammonium tetrachloromanganate (TMATC-Mn) between 50 and 330 K. This study allowed the authors to confirm that the incommensurate phase that had been previously found at pressures higher than 38 MPa is also present at atmospheric pressure. At this pressure the phase transition sequence is given by I-(292.6 K)-II-(292.2 K)-III-(267.0 K)-IV-(175.0 K)-V, where phase II is incommensurate and covers a very narrow temperature interval. Heating and cooling measurements allowed them to study the thermal hysteresis associated with the lock-in (II-III) phase transition. The other phase transitions were also characterised within the authors' general calorimetric study. The position of the compounds of the general family (N(CH3)4)2MX4 in its common pressure-temperature phase diagram could be related to the thermodynamic function values of their phase transition sequences.
American Strangle Options

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we show that the double optimal stopping boundaries for American strangle options with finite horizon can be characterized as the unique pair of solution to a system of two nonlinear integral equations arising from the early exercise premium (EEP) representation. The proof of EEP representation is based on the change-of-variable formula with local time on curves. After comparing the return of the alternative portfolio including an American call and an American put option, we find that it is more preferable for an investor to select American strangle options to hedge an underlying asset with high volatility.
Sir Walter Scott, Queen Victoria, the railways, and Scottish Romanticism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This work examines the role Sir Walter Scott, Queen Victoria, and the railways played in the rise and popularization of a romantic, mythic Scotland. Scott's works captured the imagination and were used as guidebooks when traveling in the northern kingdom. Victoria grew up reading Scott's works, and his romantic ideals of a mythic Scotland shaped her views of Scotland. The royal family visited Scotland three times before they leased the Balmoral estate. With the acquisition of this estate, the royal family had a Highland home. Railways facilitated the monarch's travel to Scotland and allowed others a relatively cheap method of visiting the romantic wilds of the country.
Nursing Preceptors and Meaning Making

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

This exploratory qualitative study was performed in order to identify the potentially transformative learning experiences of nurse preceptors. Semi-structured in depth interviews with nurse preceptors revealed how the experiences of acting as a teacher, trainer, and coach to new nurses bridges the gap between formal education and nursing practice. The lived experiences and the reflections on those experiences were examined in order to identify how the preceptor derived meaning from assisting new nurses into the profession. Such critical reflection revealed how these experiences resulted in new meaning schemes as well as identified some barriers to performing the receptor role.
Printed Proliferation: The Implications of Additive Manufacturing and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The growth of additive manufacturing as a disruptive technology poses nuclear proliferation concerns worthy of serious consideration. Additive manufacturing began in the early 1980s with technological advances in polymer manipulation, computer capabilities, and computer-aided design (CAD) modeling. It was originally limited to rapid prototyping; however, it eventually developed into a complete means of production that has slowly penetrated the consumer market. Today, additive manufacturing machines can produce complex and unique items in a vast array of materials including plastics, metals, and ceramics. These capabilities have democratized the manufacturing industry, allowing almost anyone to produce items as simple as cup holders or as complex as jet fuel nozzles. Additive manufacturing, or three-dimensional (3D) printing as it is commonly called, relies on CAD files created or shared by individuals with additive manufacturing machines to produce a 3D object from a digital model. This sharing of files means that a 3D object can be scanned or rendered as a CAD model in one country, and then downloaded and printed in another country, allowing items to be shared globally without physically crossing borders. The sharing of CAD files online has been a challenging task for the export controls regime to manage over the years, and additive manufacturing could make these transfers more common. In this sense, additive manufacturing is a disruptive technology not only within the manufacturing industry but also within the nuclear nonproliferation world. This paper provides an overview of additive manufacturing concerns of proliferation.
Long‐term outcome of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with elective nodal irradiation for inoperable esophageal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Elective nodal irradiation ( ENI ) might improve overall survival in patients with inoperable esophageal cancer. We conducted a retrospective analysis to assess the long‐term survival and toxicity of esophageal cancer patients treated with ENI versus conventional‐field irradiation ( CFI ). All data in the present study were based on our institutional experience from 2000 to 2005 of patients with inoperable esophageal cancer treated with ENI or CFI plus two concurrent cycles of paclitaxel/cisplatin. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 89 patients were included in the analysis. Of these patients, 51 were treated with ENI , whereas 38 were treated with CFI . For the per‐protocol population, the patients in the ENI group significantly improved in terms of their 10‐year disease‐specific overall survival (43.1% vs 10.5%, P = 0.019), 10‐year disease‐free survival (36.7% vs 10.2%, P = 0.040) and 10‐year local recurrence‐free survival (47.2% vs 17.2%, P = 0.018) compared with the CFI group. Aside from radiation esophagitis, the incidence of grade 3 or greater acute toxicities did not differ between the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that radiation field, tumor length and clinical stage were independent prognostic factors associated with OS . Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with ENI improves both disease‐specific overall survival and loco‐regional control in patients with inoperable esophageal cancer receiving per‐protocol treatment. The regimen has a manageable tolerability profile.
Intermittent Hypoxia and Metabolic Adaptions of Skeletal Muscle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recently, IHT(intermittent hypoxia training)has been a highlight in the international academia of sports medicine.Hypoxia can be divided into two sorts in terms of the damage.One is dysoxia and the other is adapted cell hypoxia. Furthermore,IHT can also be defined as chronic hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia according to the training time .We introduce a variety of hypoxia training models and the hypoxia adaption of skeletal muscle and draw the conclusion that the cell signaling mechanisms in adaptions in IH is the future direction of research.
Grand Bargain or Grand Strategy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Several years into their "reset," U.S.-Russian relations include discontinuous and continuous policy elements. What is new is that the Obama administration, unlike its predecessor, has put relations with Russia back on the list of central foreign policy issues for the United States. The Obama administration has clearly moved to surmount the "toxic narrative of grievances" building up between the two over the last decade (Deudney and Ikenberry 2010, 57).KeywordsEuropean UnionUnited NationsBush AdministrationSoft PowerNorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Identifying hubs and spokes in global supply chains using redirected trade in value added

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The increasing importance of global supply chains has prompted the use of analytical tools based on trade in value added - instead of traditional measures in gross value. We use this analytical framework to develop indicators that identify production hubs and supply spokes in global supply chains. Using these indicators and the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database, we quantify the relative importance of redirected value-added trade and the hub and spoke relationships at the aggregate level and for specific highly integrated industries.
A Modeling Approach of System Reliability Based on Statecharts

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper puts forward a modeling approach of system reliability based on statecharts. Firstly, it analyzes the limitation of current reliability modeling approach, and introduces the elements and characters of statecharts. Then, it sets forth reliability modeling approach of state-independent system and state-dependent system. In the end, it reviews the modeling approach of system reliability based on statecharts. System reliability model based on statecharts is a universal modeling approach which can resolves the system reliability dynamics, depict the system reliability vividly combining the other reliability modeling methods.
Grid Computing Distribution Using Network Processors

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper suggests a new Grid computing architecture using programmable routers with network processors to distribute computing tasks at wire speed in a grid. Task Message datagrams containing code and data, but without explicit destination addresses are sent across the network, e.g. the Internet, and are immediately routed to the most appropriate computer by the network processors. Only a return IP address specifying where to send the resulting data is supplied. Ideally, the routers communicate with each other and with the computers according to our Grid Protocol, but a solution also exists for building a similar architecture on top of TCP/IP. Routers keep information of the workload and/or the availability of the connected computers, and the aggregated capacity of the rest of the Grid, as seen through the nearest routers. The purpose is to efficiently utlilize and load balance all computers on the Grid in a truly distibuted fashion, creating a highly scalable Grid and performance enhancements. The vision at hand is the Great Global Grid, “GGG”, where Internet computers around the world cooperate to form one gigantic virtual computer providing processing power in a manner similar to the power grid’s electrical supply. If the GGG could become reality, the compute time of unused desktops
Theoretical\nStudy on Amino Acid-Based Ionic Pairs and Their Interaction with Carbon\nNanostructures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Quantum chemistry\nmethods were used to analyze the properties of ionic pairs formed\nby combination of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with anions\nderived from alanine, glycine, serine, and phenylalanine amino acids,\nwhich appear in the corresponding ionic liquids. Anion–cation\npairs were studied from structural and energetic viewpoints using\ndensity functional theory together with the use of natural bond orbital\nand atoms in a molecule approaches. Interactions of the mentioned\nionic pairs with carbon nanostructures carried out with graphene sheets\nand single-walled carbon nanotubes, with ions placed on the outer\nsurface and when confined inside the nanotube, were analyzed from\nfirst principles. Interaction energies, density of states, and charge\ndensity allow inferring the mechanism of interaction between the ion\npairs and graphene or carbon nanotubes.