jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Salicylic acid Estimation in Wheat leaves treated with Salicylic acid and infected with Alternaria triticina

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was aime to measure the accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid, as indicator for systemic acquired re-sistance of wheat plants of “Utique” variety. The plant was sprayed with salicylic acid (SA) or water as control, at the five-leaf stage, later infected with leaf blight caused by Alternaria triticina. Leaf samples were removed after 10, 20, and 30 days of inoculation to test their endogenous content of salicylic acid as it is the primary internal signal indicating the emergence of systemic acquired resistance in plants, by the spectrophotometer measuring. Endogenous SA values were ascending dramatically from 10 days to 20 days and maximum with 30th day significantly, while control plants exhibit lower values in all day periods, insignificantly. SA treatments proved reduction in disease incidence after 10 days with 54% and after 20 days with 64%, while after 30 days the reduction recorded high percentage of 80%. In comparison between the time intervals, disease severity was clearly reduction and reached to 83% after 10 days of inoculation then decreased to 72% for both 20th and maintained its stability on the 30th day of inoculation by 72%. This study was proved the reduction of wheat leaf blight incidence and disease severity as a result of treatment by using 1Millimolar (mM) of SA was leading to accumulation of significant levels of endogenous SA as indicator for internal induced resistance in plant.
Mapping the Conditions of Penal Hope

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the conditions of penal optimism behind suggestions that the penal expansionism of the last three decades may be at a ‘turning point’. The article proceeds by outlining David Green’s suggested catalysts of penal reform and considers how applicable they are in the Australian context. Green’s suggested catalysts are: the cycles and saturation thesis; shifts in the dominant conception of the offender; the GFC and budgetary constraints; the drop in crime; the emergence of the prisoner re-entry movement; apparent shifts in public opinion; the influence of evangelical Christian ideas and the Right on Crime initiative. The article then considers a number of other possible catalysts or forces: the role of trade unions; the role of courts; the emergence of recidivism as a political issue; the influence of ’evidence based’/’what works’’ discourse; and the emergence of justice reinvestment (JR). The article concludes with some comments about the capacity of criminology and criminologists to contribute to penal reductionism, offering an optimistic assessment for the prospects of a reflexive criminology that engages in and engenders a wider politics around criminal justice issues.
Multimorbidity in South Africa: a systematic review of prevalence studies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives To review prevalence studies of multimorbidity in South Africa to identify prevalence estimates, common disease clusters and factors associated with multimorbidity. Design Systematic review. Setting South Africa (general community and healthcare facilities). Data sources Articles were retrieved from electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct and JSTOR). Eligibility criteria Studies addressing the prevalence of multimorbidity in South Africa were eligible for inclusion. A systematic search was done in various databases up to December 2020. A risk of bias assessment was conducted for each article using a modified checklist. Study selection Two researchers independently screened titles and abstracts; assessed the risk of bias of each study and extracted data. Included studies were described using a narrative synthesis. Results In total, 1407 titles were retrieved; of which 10 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. Six studies had a low risk of bias and three had a moderate risk of bias. One study was not assessed for risk of bias, because there was no criteria that apply to routine health information systems. Three of the included studies were population-based surveys, four were community-based cohorts and three cross-sectional studies of health facility data. The prevalence of multimorbidity was low to moderate (3%–23%) in studies that included younger people or had a wide range of selected age groups; and moderate to high (30%–87%) in studies of older adults. The common disease clusters were hypertension and diabetes, hypertension and HIV, and TB and HIV. Conclusion All studies indicated that multimorbidity is a norm in South Africa, especially among older adults. Hypertension is the main driver of multimorbidity. Research on multimorbidity in South Africa needs to be strengthened with high-quality study designs. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020196895.
Pymetrozine, a Fast-Acting and Selective Inhibitor of Aphid Feeding.In-situStudies with Electronic Monitoring of Feeding Behaviour

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pymetrozine, a pyridine azomethine compound, represents a novel insecticide with a selective activity against homopteran insects. It acts in a unique way: aphids are not knocked down on contact but seem to die of starvation. This implies an effect of pymetrozine on feeding behaviour. The aim of the present work was to elucidate how and at which step pymetrozine interferes with the complex mechanisms underlying phloem feeding. The effect of pymetrozine, applied in various ways, on different phases of stylet penetration and feeding activity of individual aphids was studied using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique (EPG). Initial choice experiments indicated that pymetrozine does not have a deterrent or antifeedant action. Topical application (150 ng pymetrozine mg-1 fresh weight) inhibited stylet insertion into the plant. When injected, less than 30 ng mg-1 was sufficient to produce the same effect. When pymetrozine was systemically applied via plant spraying or root uptake, aphids started feeding normally. After some time, however, they withdrew their stylets from the phloem and walked around with unaffected locomotion. At low doses aphids eventually recovered and resumed feeding. High doses, however, irreversibly disrupted feeding and prevented stylet reinsertion. Aphid motility was not affected up to an estimated haemolymph concentration of 1 mM pymetrozine. Aphids which eventually stopped feeding on pymetrozine-treated plants showed EPGs with distorted salivation/ingestion patterns. It is concluded that pymetrozine does not have a general toxic effect on aphids but selectively interferes with the nervous regulation of feeding behaviour which consequently results in death due to starvation after a few days. © 1997 SCI.
Programmable and Thermally Hardening Composite Yarn Actuators with a Wide Range of Operating Temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Actuators have wide applications in intelligent robots, deformable textiles, and wearable devices, wherein the fiber‐based coiled linear actuators are particularly advantageous due to their good flexibility, high stress, and strain. However, their performances have been limited by the employed materials, whose microstructures are not easily designed and controlled. This article proposes a new approach of engineered composite yarns for the actuators. It leads to novel solutions to overcome these difficulties by offering wide design options in material properties and device structures. Here, an engineering design of programmable and thermally‐hardening helical composite yarn actuators (HCYAs) with a wide range of operating temperature is exemplified. Polyimide (PI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are selected to fabricate HCYAs, achieving tensile actuation of 20.7% under 1.2 MPa from −50 °C to 160 °C and competitive specific work (158.9 J kg ‐1 , four times of natural muscle). With constant tensile deformation, PI/PDMS HCYA nearly tripled the stress from 20 °C to 100 °C. Moreover, it is surprisingly observed an unusual thermal‐hardening phenomenon that the tensile stiffness of the PI/PDMS HCYAs increases with the rise of temperature. Equipped by electrothermally powered PI/Cu/PDMS HCYAs, robotic hands and pressure‐tunable compressive bandage are demonstrated for their potential applications in robots and wearable devices.
Lung volume: a principle determinant of airway smooth muscle function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A total of 104 eyes and 43 resected corneal discs from patients with failed intraocular lens implants (IOL) received over a period of 35 years were subjected to histopathological analysis. Eyes collected at necropsy from 18 people with clinically successful implants were also examined. Corneal decompensation leading to bullous keratopathy was the most frequent reason for failure, followed by glaucoma and intraocular inflammation. Of 18 cases in which inflammation was the principal clinical cause of failure 12 presented as infectious endophthalmitis, but minor degrees of sterile uveitis were fairly common. Retinal detachment was seen in seven cases. The interval between IOL implantation and the onset of serious complications varied from one month to 29 years, indicating that the presence of prosthesis will always entail a latent risk of an adverse tissue response, albeit slight.
Advances in the methodology of a multicomponent synthesis of arylnaphthalene lactones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Material and energy inefficiencies in total synthesis can arise from a lack of step economy. Multicomponent syntheses have the potential to optimize step economy and, in turn, to minimize not only waste, but also exposure to hazardous chemicals. Therefore, multicomponent syntheses are of immense interest to the field of Green Chemistry. Herein is described a multicomponent synthesis of arylnaphthalene lignan lactones, which are valuable natural products with promising anticancer and antiviral properties. In an effort to improve our previously reported one-pot, multicomponent synthesis an approach using phenylacetylene, phenylpropargyl chloride, carbon dioxide, catalytic silver iodide, and catalytic 18-crown-6 ether was developed. This methodology was then successfully applied to the preparation of dehydrodimethylconidendrin and its regioisomer, dehydrodimethylretroconidendrin.
Comparative analysis of faculties’ websites accessibility based on an automatic evaluation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the digital age, websites constitute an important source of gathering information. The website owners are responsible for providing the accessibility of their websites to all target groups of end users. This means that all web users can perceive, understand, navigate, interact and contribute to the Web. To ensure web accessibility, many concepts, guidelines and standards have been proposed, such as Section 508, Design for all, ISO/IEC 40500:2012, and others. This paper focuses on Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) and includes a comparative analysis of the accessibility of faculties' websites between 2018 and 2019. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the WCAG 2.0 compliance level of faculties' websites in this time period. Web accessibility was assessed using an automatic evaluation tool, called the Web Accessibility Checker. Based on the results, recommendations for improving web accessibility are presented here.
A Plurilateral E-Commerce Agreement: Skirting the Doha Impasse

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Increased discussions at the WTO on E-commerce demonstrate a strong interest amongst many WTO Members to introduce new rules to regulate digital trade. However, these discussions have primarily been exploratory; substantive discussions under a formal mechanism have not yet been initiated. Moreover, several legal and political challenges present themselves as potential obstacles to the on-going discussion. Given these circumstances, this article argues that a ‘ critical mass ’ based-plurilateral agreement approach amongst ‘ like-minded ’ WTO Members, with extension of benefits on Most Favoured Nation basis, can result in the establishment of global E-commerce rules.
The Sheep of the Fold: The Audience and Origin of the Gospel of John

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The last generation of gospel scholarship has considered the reconstruction and analysis of the audience behind the gospels as paradigmatic. The key hermeneutical template for reading the gospels has been the quest for the community that each gospel represents. This scholarly consensus regarding the audience of the gospels has been reconsidered. Using as a test case one of the most entrenched gospels, Edward Klink explores the evidence for the audience behind the Gospel of John. This study challenges the prevailing gospel paradigm by examining the community construct and its functional potential in early Christianity, the appropriation of a gospel text and J. L. Martyn's two-level reading of John, and the implied reader located within the narrative. The study concludes by proposing a more appropriate audience model for reading John, as well as some implications for the function of the gospel in early Christianity
Effect of medium properties on the transport of cadmium in saturated porous medium

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The presence of different soils composition complicates the transport behaviors of Cd(II) and thus makes it challenging to predict Cd(II) fate and transport. In this study, montmorillonite modified sand, humic acid modified sand and ferrihydrite modified sand were used as medium to explore the effect of modified sand content, pH and ionic strength (IS) on Cd(II) transport. The results revealed that the adsorption capacity of modified sand for Cd(II) was montmorillonite-coated sand>humic acid-coated sand>ferrihydrite-coated sand>quartz sand. While the increase of the coated sand content limited the transport ability of Cd(II) in sand columns. In addition, high IS and low pH promoted the mobility of Cd(II). The specific surface area, surface charge and adsorption sites of coated sand were the factors affecting the transport of Cd(II). This work provides new information on the transport and spread of Cd(II) in the soil and thus to better prevent Cd(II) from polluting the environment.
RNAs Extracted from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Virions: Apparent Selectivity of Viral but Not Cellular RNAs Packaged in Virions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Following the lead of recent studies on the presence of RNA in virions of human cytomegalovirus, we investigated the presence and identity of RNAs from purified virions of herpes simple virus 1. To facilitate these studies, we designed primers for all known open reading frames (ORFs) and also constructed cDNA arrays containing probes designed to detect all known transcripts. In the first series of experiments, labeled DNA made by reverse transcription of poly(A) + RNA extracted from infected HEp-2 or rabbit skin cells hybridized to all but two of the probes in the cDNA array. A similar analysis of the RNA extracted from purified extracellular virions derived from infected HEp-2 cells hybridized to probes representing 24 of the ORFs. In the second series of analyses, we reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR RNAs from purified intracellular or extracellular virions derived from infected HEp-2 or Vero cell lines. The positive RNAs were retested by PCR with and without prior reverse transcription to ensure that the samples tested were free of contaminating DNA. The results were as follows. (i) Only a fraction of viral ORF transcripts were represented in virion RNA, and only nine RNAs (U L 10, U L 34/U L 35, U L 36, U L 42, U L 48, U L 51, U S 1/U S 1.5, U S 8.5, and U S 10/U S 11) were positive in all RT PCR assays. Of these, seven were positive by hybridization to cDNA arrays. (ii) RNA extracted from cells infected with a mutant virus lacking the U S 8 to U S 12 genes yielded results similar to those described above, indicating that U S 11, a known RNA binding protein, does not play a role in packaging RNA in virions. (iii) Cellular RNAs detected in virions were representative of the abundant cellular RNAs. Last, RNA extracted from virions was translated in vitro and the translation products were reacted with antibody to αTIF (VIP16). The immune precipitate contained a labeled protein with the apparent molcular weight of αTIF, indicating that at least one mRNA packaged in virions was intact and capable of being translated. The basis for the apparent selectivity in the packaging of the viral RNAs packaged in virions is unknown.
Deformable and Robust Core–Shell Protein Microcapsules Templated by Liquid–Liquid Phase‐Separated Microdroplets

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Microcapsules are a key class of microscale materials with applications in areas ranging from personal care to biomedicine, and with increasing potential to act as extracellular matrix (ECM) models of hollow organs, tissues, or biomolecular condensates. Such capsules are conventionally generated from non‐ECM materials including synthetic polymers. Here, robust microcapsules with controllable shell thickness from physically‐ and enzymatically‐crosslinked gelatin are fabricated, and a core–shell architecture is achieved by exploiting a liquid–liquid phase‐separated aqueous system in a one‐step microfluidic process. Microfluidic mechanical testing reveals that the mechanical robustness of thicker‐shell capsules could be controlled through modulation of the shell thickness. Furthermore, the microcapsules demonstrate environmentally‐responsive deformation, including buckling driven by osmosis and external mechanical forces. A sequential release of cargo species is obtained through the degradation of the capsules. Stability measurements show the capsules are stable at 37 °C for more than 2 weeks. Finally, through gel–sol transition, microgels function as precursors for the formation of all‐aqueous liquid–liquid phase‐separated systems that are two‐phase or multiphase. These smart capsules that can undergo phase transition are promising models of hollow biostructures, microscale drug carriers, and building blocks or compartments for active soft materials and robots.
Mammography facility trends across Wisconsin.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper summarizes the survey results obtained from the University of Wisconsin Mammography Update CME conference. This survey queried participants regarding the breast imaging services they offer. From 147 questionnaires distributed, 110 were returned. The majority of sites were in Wisconsin and were hospital based (57%). Thirty three percent were in clinic settings and 11 percent were "other" settings-clinics specializing in women's health and breast imaging. The survey addressed coordinated breast physical examinations, prior mammographic studies, self-referral, communication of mammographic results, patient call-backs for additional studies, breast compression, breast implants, scheduling, definitions of screening and diagnostic mammograms, presence of an on-site radiologist, and time allotted for the examinations. This survey attempted to gather useful information about the trends and practices of multiple diverse mammography facilities across Wisconsin and in surrounding states.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Serum Cardiac Troponin-I is Superior to Troponin-T as a Marker for Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Clinically Stable Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Serum troponin assays, widely used to detect acute cardiac ischemia, might be useful bio-markers to detect chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiac-specific troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT) generally detect myocardial necrosis equally well. In dialysis patients however, serum cTnT levels are often elevated, unlike cTnI levels. The present study aims to elucidate the associations of cTnI and cTnT with CVD in clinically stable dialysis patients. Methods Troponin levels were measured using 5th generation hs-cTnT assays (Roche) and STAT hs-cTnI assays (Abbott) in a cohort of dialysis patients. Serum troponin levels were divided into tertiles with the lowest tertile as a reference value. Serum troponins were associated with indicators of CVD such as left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Associations were explored using regression analysis. Results
Left Atrial Coupling Index Predicts Heart Failure in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives: We aimed to ascertain the predictive power of the left atrial coupling index (LACI) in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study including 100 subjects between 18 and 65 years of age with ESRD and not on dialysis treatment. Patients were divided into groups with and without HFpEF. The LACI was defined as the ratio of the left atrial volume index (LAVI) to the a′ wave in tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Statistical analyses were performed, including univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: The mean age of the participants was 47 ± 13.3 years. Individuals with HFpEF exhibited a higher LACI. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that the predictive capacity of the LACI for HFpEF was considerably higher than that of the LAVI and other echocardiographic parameters. Conclusions: Higher LACI levels were consistently related to the presence of HFpEF in ESRD patients. The LACI can be easily obtained in daily practice using conventional Doppler echocardiographic measurements during left atrial functional assessments.
Expression of Recombinant Human Tropoelastin inSaccharomyces cerevisiae Containing a Synthetic Gene with a High Codon Adaptation Index Coupled to theSUC2 Invertase Signal Sequence

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tropoelastin is the soluble precursor of vertebrate elastin,but the gene is absent in lower eukaryotes, which are not organized into complex multicellular arrays. A synthetic gene encoding human tropoelastin with a high codon adaptation index was examined for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of tropoelastin transcript increased. ∼20-fold following induction. The native cytoplasm-expressed form of tropoelastin was not detected. In contrast, N-terminal fusion of the SUC2 invertase signal sequence of the yeast to tropoelastin led to the production of intracellular full-length protein and enhanced its stability in vivo. There was no evidence of extracellular secretion of the protein.We conclude that eukaryotic cells are capable of expressing and retaining undegraded tropoelastin in the absence of a vertebrate-specific protein partner. Tropoelastin was directed to the yeast endoplasmic reticulum through the interim presence of the SUC2 signal peptide sequence.