jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of Sustainable Environmental Expenditures Policy on Air Pollution Reduction, During European Integration Framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Pursuant to the growth of society, against the boosting of scientific and technological progress, also arises the negative effect of pollution acceleration. In this context, we relate to risks that imply the growth of pollution, especially against nuisance air pollution increase (CO, SO2, NO etc.) with major implications on the growth of greenhouse effect, the melting of the ice fields, respectively the pollution of the soil with nitrates from fertilizers intensively used in agriculture. Our study is up-to-date, as pursuant to the ONU Conference from Paris (France 2015, Conference on Climate Changes), they reached an agreement and the adopted text admits the menace of climate modifications is far more important than previously acknowledged and engages the participants to reduce their pollutant emissions. The researchers' current concerns focus on studying the effects of the redistribution of financial resources obtained by practising the ‘green' fiscal policy on dependent variables. Observing them, we integrate the respective variables into complex models analysed by multiple regression (both standard and robust) and the fixed effects panel on 20 European countries which also reflect the different effects on the environmental policy and the expenses it incurred. The main purpose of the analysis we aim to accomplish is the impact of the policy for environment expenditure tenable within the European framework on against nuisance air pollution attenuation. The statistical analysis aims at identifying these effects by means of regression equations (OLS), robust regression (M method), fixed and random effects, using panel data from 18 EU countries, as well as Switzerland and Turkey due to their position in relation to the community block; we will analyse the period between 1995-2013. Further to the application of multiple regression statistical methods (OLS and robust M), our results show that teimiqgdp expenses played a major role in the reduction of carbon monoxide. These are the total investments made in the mining sector; when these expenses were raised by 1% of the GDP value, there was a decrease of 11 628.3 thousand tons Cot at the level of the European countries analysed, according to the result of the OLS analysis, based on the robust M estimation.
Pollen quantity and quality as explanations for low seed set in small populations exemplified byEupatorium (Asteraceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

As plant populations decrease in size, reduced seed set may contribute to their ultimate extirpation. In this study, effects of pollen quantity and compatibility relationships (quality) on seed set were investigated in a rare species ( Eupatorium resinosum ) and a closely related common species ( E. perfoliatum ). The impact of pollen quantity was studied through pollen supplementation experiments in two populations of each species. Addition of pollen increased seed set only in the smaller population of E. resinosum. Compatibility relationships (pollen quality) were investigated in a diallel crossing experiment using ten genotypes from the same populations. Plants from the smaller population of E. resinosum were found to be 40% cross‐incompatible, which was higher than the larger population of E. resinosum and the two populations of E. perfoliatum , the latter showing signs of self‐compatibility in some individuals. In addition the variance in number of compatible matings per individual was higher in the smaller population of E. resinosum. These results are consistent with a computer simulation model that investigated the effect of small population size on S‐allele diversity. Sufficient pollination accompanied by a partial breakdown of the incompatibility system may account, in part, for the relative success of E. perfoliatum.
BCG SCAR; FACTORS AFFECTING ITS FORMATION IN INFANTS ATTENDING IMMUNIZATION CENTRE AT A DISTRICT HOSPITAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BCG vaccination may cause scar formation but it does not occur in 100% children.Objectives: To know the frequency of BCG scar in the infants 9-11months of age and its relationwith sex, gestational age, weight at birth, the timing of vaccination and the pattern of feeding inthe first month of life. Setting: Immunization Center of Department of Pediatrics, Civil HospitalBahawalpur. Period: 1st June 2015 to 15th August 2015. Subjects and Material: The infants 9 to11 months of age coming for measles vaccination and having record of BCG immunization bythe single vaccinator done at the same centre were included for the study. The scar on the rightarm was observed at the time of measles vaccination. Result: There were 500 infants includedin the study. The BCG scar was absent in 55 cases giving absent scar rate of 11%. There was nostatistically significant difference among different sexes, birth weights, gestational ages, timingsof BCG vaccination and patterns of feeding in the first month of life. Conclusion: Absent BCGscar is not an uncommon feature and is independent of sexe, birth weight, gestational age, andtiming of BCG vaccination and pattern of feeding in the first month of life.
Action of Spontaneously Produced Beta Interferon in Differentiation of Embryonal Carcinoma Cells through an Autoinduction Mechanism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the current study, we have addressed the role of interferons (IFNs) in controlling the differentiation of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Blocking IFN activity in the culture medium of differentiating cells with antibodies leads to a strong decrease in the degree of differentiation. The antibodies are active for a relatively short time. During this time, IFN-beta mRNA can be detected in the differentiating cells, as can increases of IFN stimulation response element-binding activity and NF-KB. The timing of IFN action also coincides with the accumulation of cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and with a drop in dsRNA unwindase-modificase activity. A model for the involvement of autoinduction of IFN by intracellular dsRNA in the control of differentiation in this system is presented.
Development of a corrosion-resistant light-weight faster by fiber hybrid resin rivet

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The corrosion-resistant light-weight faster was developed using carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic (GFRTP). Two commingled yarns were made using carbon fiber and PA66 fiber (CF/PA66 yarn), and glass fiber and PA66 fiber (GF/PA66 yarn), respectively. A braided yarn was made using the commingled yarns, in which GF/PA66 yarns were wrapped on the central CF/PA66 yarns. Then, the braided yarn was consolidated by pultrusion method to form rivet after cutting into appropriate length. Quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced thermoset plastic (CFRP) laminates were joined by the rivet by hot press molding method. Tensile tests of the joined CFRP laminate were performed. The joint strength increased with increase of fiber volume fraction of the rivet. The experimental results showed that replacement of metal faster by the rivet could reduce weight of joint.
Doing Gender, Class, and Nation in Northern India: Student Aspirations and the New Middle Class

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

India’s new middle class is important in establishing a hegemonic culture and structure that legitimizes what it means to be a successful, modern Indian man or woman. This study examines the extent to which, and how, the aspirations of educated, non-cosmopolitan young people in the Garhwali hills of northern India reflect and embody these hegemonic ideals. These questions are important because these ideal constructs, largely based in the realities of elite, transnational middle-class lives, are held up to be the legitimate ones that reflect a vision of India as a modern nation. My findings draw from 38 in-depth interviews conducted with students at five colleges in the Garhwali area of Uttarakhand. The aspirations and expectations of college students in this area largely reflect, and thus reinforce and legitimize, dominant constructs of gender, class, and nation. This is the case even though the chances of obtaining a position in the transnational middle class are relatively low for young people in this area. Moreover, the particular constraints faced by female students make it especially unlikely that they will ever reach new-middle-class status. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pentacyclic Triterpene Derivatives: Optimization of Anti-ABL Kinase Activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Imatinib, an Abelson (ABL) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a lead molecular-targeted drug against chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). To overcome its resistance and adverse effects, new inhibitors of ABL kinase are needed. Our previous study showed that the benzyl ester of gypsogenin (1c), a pentacyclic triterpene, has anti-ABL kinase and a subsequent anti-CML activity. To optimize its activities, benzyl esters of carefully selected triterpenes (PT1–PT6), from different classes comprising oleanane, ursane and lupane, and new substituted benzyl esters of gypsogenin (GP1–GP5) were synthesized. All of the synthesized compounds were purified and charachterized by different spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxicity of the parent triterpenes and the synthesized compounds against CML cell line K562 was examined; revealing three promising compounds PT5, GP2 and GP5 (IC50 5.46, 4.78 and 3.19 μM, respectively). These compounds were shown to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) downstream signaling, and induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Among them, PT5 was identified to have in vitro activity (IC50 = 1.44 μM) against ABL1 kinase, about sixfold of 1c, which was justified by molecular docking. The in vitro activities of GP2 and GP5 are less than PT5, hence they were supposed to possess other more mechanisms of cytotoxicity. In general, our design and derivatizations resulted in enhancing the activity against ABL1 kinase and CML cells.
[Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

H. pylori has been included as a definite biological carcinogen by WHO/ IARC. H. pylori is thought to play a role in the gastritis-metaplasia-carcinoma sequence by inducing atrophic gastritis. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown a close association between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer. Yet, experimental evidence is equivocal. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that there are significant variable(s) other than H. pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis. Clearly many questions regarding the role of H. pylori in gastric carcinogenesis have been left for further study. The authors have summarized these aspects together with their experimental results.
Self-Potential Studies in Volcanic Areas (5)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We performed self-potential (SP) profiling or mapping in three volcanic fields, Rishiri (northern Hokkaido), Kusatsu-Shirane (central Honshu) and White Island (northern New Zealand). The SP profile on the western flank of Rishiri volcano showed a remarkable high in the summit side, which is similar to many other active volcanoes. Assuming a negative ζ-potential, it is likely that Rishiri volcano has a large hydrothermal circulation system, and therefore still has enough thermal energy to maintain this circulation. Kusatsu-Shirane volcano inversely showed a decreasing trend toward the summit. It is a contradictive result to the previous knowledge that a volcano with remarkable hydrothermal system shows negative SP on the top. We suspect that the low pH of ground water in this area makes ζ-potential null or positive, resulting in the reversed surface SP profile to ordinary cases. This idea should be examined by laboratory experiments in the future. In the Main Crater of White Island volcano, we found some small-scale anomalous patches associated with fumaroles and steaming ground. The small variability of SP is probably attributed to the very low resistivity of the ground.
Supporting artifact-mediated discourses through a recursive annotation tool

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper focuses on tight communities and specifically on the distributed, mediated discourses that their members articulate around documents and inscribed material artifacts. The paper presents a prototype-based design experience toward the definition of a collaborative annotation tool that is endowed with discourse oriented functionalities whose main characteristics have emerged from case studies we undertook in the healthcare and agricultural domains. In latter domain an initial prototype was proposed and progressively tuned to help users propose modifications to an institutional document through the expression of comments gathered around and about a common artifact, and then build a representative summary of the opinions emerging within the community as a result of this distributed discussion. In light of the reported case study, we discuss a new perspective on this class of annotating applications and the related functionalities that could realize a new simplified model of discourse and foster its adoption in distributed settings and communities of practice
Impact of Bran Addition on Water Properties and Gluten Secondary Structure in Wheat Flour Doughs Studied by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to elucidate the underlying physical mechanism(s) by which bran influences whole grain dough properties by monitoring the state of water and gluten secondary structure in wheat flour and bran doughs containing 35–50% moisture and 0–10% added bran. The system was studied with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy. Comparison of the OH stretch band of water in flour dough with that in H 2 O‐D 2 O mixtures having the same water content revealed the formation of two distinct water populations in flour dough corresponding to IR absorption frequencies at 3,600 and 3,200 cm –1 . The band intensity at 3,200 cm –1 , which is related to water bound to the dough matrix, decreased and shifted to lower frequencies with increasing moisture content of the dough. Addition of bran to the dough caused redistribution of water in the flour and bran dough system, as evidenced by shifts in OH stretch frequency in the 3,200 cm –1 region to higher frequencies and a reduction in monomeric water (free water). This water redistribution affected the secondary structure of gluten in the dough, as evidenced by changes in the second‐derivative ATR‐FTIR difference spectra in the amide I region. Bran addition caused an increase in β‐sheet content and a decrease in β‐turn (β‐spiral) content. However, this bran‐induced transconformational change in gluten was more significant in the 2137 flour dough than in Overley flour dough. This study revealed that when bran is added to flour dough, water redistribution among dough components promotes partial dehydration of gluten and collapse of β‐spirals into β‐sheet structures. This transconformational change may be the physical basis for the poor quality of bread containing added bran.
Non-uniform attenuation and scatter correction in SPECT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using a large test object containing an asymmetrical distribution of Tc-99m activity and having nonuniform attenuation, techniques have been developed and evaluated to correct for attenuation and scatter in the object in conjunction with a filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm. A weighted-backprojection approach whereby corrections are applied to each pixel from each angle of view was used to correct for attenuation. Using a germanium detector to sample the energy spectrum of emitted radiation, an optimal method was devised to subtract scatter counts from the photopeak counts of a scintillation camera before reconstruction. SPECT (single-photon-emission computed tomography) images of the test object were evaluated to validate the correction approaches.< >
Electrophoretic Analysis of SBTI‐A2 in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds from 1,595 plant introductions were analyzed for the presence or absence of electrophoretic forms of SBTI‐A 2 . Seed of all accessions tested had SBTI‐A 2 . The frequency of Rf 0.79 and Rf 0.75 electrophoretic bands in the population was 0.79 and 0.21, respectively. An electrophoretic variant was located in seed protein of two plant introductions at Rf 0.83. The frequency of Rf 0.75 among soybean introductions from northeast China, south and central China,Indonesia, Japan, and Korea was .09, .08, .03, .37, and .30, respectively.
Cortical morphology in patients with transient global amnesia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Objective This study evaluated alterations in cortical morphology in patients with transient global amnesia (TGA). Materials and Methods Diagnoses of TGA occurred at our hospital. Evaluation involved a structured interview to obtain clinical information and a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan. We analyzed whole‐brain T1‐weighted MRI data using FreeSurfer 5.1. Measures of cortical morphology, such as thickness, surface area, volume, and curvature were compared between patients with TGA and healthy controls. We also quantified the correlations between clinical variables and each measure of abnormal cortical morphology. Results Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria. Compared to healthy controls, patients with TGA had significant alterations in cortical thickness in several regions of bilateral hemisphere. Moreover, several regions of cortical volumes in left hemisphere were significantly different between patients with TGA and healthy controls. In addition, there were significant correlations between the durations of episodes and cortical thickness, especially in the parietal cortex. However, there were no differences between groups in other measures of cortical morphology, including surface area and curvatures. Conclusions We observed significant alterations in cortical morphology in patients with TGA; these alterations are implicated in the pathogenesis of TGA.
Ensuring that COVID-19 research is inclusive: guidance from the NIHR INCLUDE project

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To provide guidance to researchers, funders, regulators and study delivery teams to ensure that research on COVID-19 is inclusive, particularly of groups disproportionately affected by COVID-19 and who may have been historically under-served by research. Summary of key points Groups who are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 include (but are not limited to) older people, people with multiple long-term conditions, people with disabilities, people from Black, Asian and Ethnic minority groups, people living with obesity, people who are socioeconomically deprived and people living in care homes. All these groups are under-served by clinical research, and there is an urgent need to rectify this if COVID-19 research is to deliver relevant evidence for these groups who are most in need. We provide a framework and checklists for addressing key issues when designing and delivering inclusive COVID-19 research, based on the National Institute for Health Research INnovations in CLinical trial design and delivery for the UnDEr-served project roadmap. Strong community engagement, codevelopment and prioritisation of research questions and interventions are essential. Under-served groups should be represented on funding panels and ethics committees, who should insist on the removal of barriers to participation. Exclusion criteria should be kept to a minimum; intervention delivery and outcome measurement should be simple, flexible and tailored to the needs of different groups, and local advice on the best way to reach and engage with under-served communities should be taken by study delivery teams. Data on characteristics that allow identification of under-served groups must be collected, analyses should include these data to enable subgroup comparisons and results should be shared with under-served groups at an early stage. Conclusion Inclusive COVID-19 research is a necessity, not a luxury, if research is to benefit all the communities it seeks to serve. It requires close engagement with under-served groups and attention to aspects of study topic, design, delivery, analysis and dissemination across the research life cycle.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter argues that the team teaching is reconceptualized so that collaboration improves by making adjustments in conventional team-teaching pedagogy. It explores the nature of team teaching, with a specific focus on Japan that gives its relatively long history in team-teaching practice and the substantial body of reports and analyses of these team-teaching experiences in the literature. In the typical current practice of team teaching, there is a restriction to the teachers in the team membership. Furthermore, there is a limit in the collaboration between the Japanese teacher of English (JTE) and the assistant language teacher (ALT) in lesson planning, teaching and lesson evaluation. The chapter proposes moving beyond conventional forms of team teaching to team learning, a more collaborative and inclusive approach to classroom language teaching and learning. To support this proposal, the author describes some team-learning patterns and present a value-centred team-learning model that promotes collaboration among the students and teachers of a learning community.
Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Three Drying Methods on the Properties of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dahongpao Powder and Solid Drinks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dahongpao is a traditional Chinese citrus variety. Due to the high investment in storage and transport of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dahongpao and the lack of market demand, the fresh fruit is wasted. The processing of fresh fruit into fruit drinks can solve the problem of storage and transport difficulties and open up new markets. Investigating the effects of different drying processes (hot air, freeze, and spray drying) on fruit powders is a crucial step in identifying a suitable production process. The experiment measured the effects of different drying methods (hot air drying, freeze drying, and spray drying) on the nutrient, bioactive substance, and physical characteristics of fruit powder. This study measured the influence of three different drying methods (hot air, freeze, and spray drying) on the nutritional, bioactive substance, and physical characteristics of fruit powder. The results showed that compared to vacuum freeze-drying at low temperature (−60 °C) and spray-drying at high temperatures (150 °C), hot air drying at 50 °C produced fruit powder with superior nutritional quality, higher levels of active substances, and better physical properties. Hot air drying produced fruit powder that had the highest content of amino acids (11.48 ± 0.08 mg/g DW), vitamin C (112.09 ± 2.86 μg/g DW), total phenols (14.78 ± 0.30 mg/g GAE DW), total flavonoids (6.45 ± 0.11 mg/g RE DW), organic acids, and antioxidant activity capacity. Additionally, this method yielded the highest amounts of zinc (8.88 ± 0.03 mg/Kg DW) and soluble sugars, low water content, high solubility, and brown coloration of the fruit powder and juice. Therefore, hot air drying is one of the best production methods for producing high-quality fruit powder in factory production.