jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Impulse Activity in a Sensory Neuron by an Electrogenic Pump

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The crayfish tonic stretch receptor neuron manifests three phenomena: (a) Impulse frequency in response to a depolarizing current decays exponentially to half the initial rate with a time constant of about 4 sec. (b) One or more extra impulses superimposed on steady activity result in a lengthening of the interspike interval immediately following the last extra impulse which is proportional to the number of extra impulses. However, above a "threshold' number of impulses the proportionality constant becomes abruptly larger. (c) Following trains of impulses, the resting potential of the cell is hyperpolarized by an amount proportional to impulse number. Such posttetanic hyperpolarization (PTH) decays approximately exponentially with a time constant of 11 sec, but this varies with membrane potential. These effects are attributed to the incremental increase of an inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) current with a long (relative to interspike interval) decay constant. We suggest that this inhibitory current is the result of increased electrogenic Na pumping stimulated by Na entering with each impulse. Evidence is presented that the three effects are reversibly inhibited by conditions which depress active Na transport: (a) Li substituted for Na in the bath; (b) application of strophanthidin; (c) K removal; (d) treatment with cyanide; (e) cooling. We conclude that a single process is responsible for the three responses described above and identify that process as electrogenic Na pumping. Our observations also indicate that electrogenic pumping contributes to this neuron's resting potential.
ChemBridge: A major force in building blocks

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTChemBridge: A major force in building blocksCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2015, 93, 10, 2Publication Date (Print):March 9, 2015Publication History Published online30 March 2016Published inissue 9 March 2015https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09310-ad02Copyright © 2015 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts
Some Islamic Education Institutions in Deli Kingdom in 1912-1942, Medan, Indonesia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In East Sumatra, in the beginning of 20th century Islamic School (madrasah) is established. The \nislamic is established both by sultan and society. In 1912 Sultan Abdul Aziz Abdul Jalil Rahmatsyah finds an \norganization called Jam'iyah Maḥmudiyah li Ṭalabil Khairiyah. In that year also the board establishes Islamic \nschool on level of kindergarten (tajhiziyah) ,primary school (ibtidaiyah), junior high school (ṡanawiyah), and \nsenior high school (al-qismul 'ali) in Tanjung Pura. In 1918, the Mandailing community in Medan establishes an \nIslamic school (madrasah) named Maktab Islamiyah Tapanuli where this education also manages kindergarten \n(tajhiziyah) until senior high school (al-qismul 'ali). The Moslem in Medan in 1930 finds an organization called \nAl Jam'iyatul Washliyah, and in 1935 the Al Ittihadiyah organization is established. Organizations founded by \nMoslems in Medan in the beginning of the 20th century also establishe Islamic school (madrasah). The Al \nJam'iyatul Washliyah organization begins opening the Islamic school in 1932. Al Ittihadiyah begins to open the \nIslamic school in 1935. \nMeanwhile Sultan Sulaiman Syariful Alamsyah who rules in Serdang Sultanate also finds a school \nnamed Sairus Sulaiman. In Tanjung Balai in the beginning of the 20th century there is also an Islamic school \nestablished by H.M. Isa, Arabiyah Islamic school while Sheikh Ismail bin Abdul Wahab finds the Islamic school \nof Gubahan Islam. Regarding education in the Japanese era called "Hakko Ichiu", invites the Indonesian people \nto work together to achieve prosperity with Asia Raya. The schools that exists in the Dutch period are replaced \nby the Japanese system. Therefore the students every day especially in the morning must always swear \nallegiance to the Emperor of Japan, and they are trained military. The school system of the Japanese era is quite \ndifferent of the Dutch. There is a fundamental change in the field of education for the Indonesian nation at the \ntime, which is the elimination of the dualism of teaching and use of Indonesian language. Nevertheless, the \nattitude of the Japanese colonist to Islamic education is softer, so the space for Islamic education is more free. \nJapan is not so concerned about religious interests, what is important to them is how to win the war. Japan even \ngives freedom for religious leaders to develop their education. At the time of the Japanese occupation there is a \nprivilege in the field of education found by the Indonesian nation, ie schools have been uniformed and legal. \nAlthough private schools like Muhammadiyah, Taman Siswa and other schools are allowed to continue to be \ndeveloped with the regulation and implementation undertaken by the Japanese. Islamic school is built \ncountinually, this case can be seen in Sumatra that is famous for Madrasah Awaliyah inspired by Majelis Islam \nTinggi
Motor perceptive abilities and speech and language skills in childrenwith mild deficits in neuromotor development

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Fifteen children aged between 4 and 7 with mild deficits in neuromotor development participated in this study. Regarding the observed developmental delays, all of the children were first observed before the age of 6 months, and if necessary included in the habilitation programme. The main focus of this research is on the quality of perceptive abilities and speech and language skills. These skills were evaluated by: 1.Choice of Perceptive Motor Tasks for Testing Learning Readiness, 2.Articulation Test, and 3.Diagnostic Tool for Testing Language, Speech, Reading and Writing Readiness in Children. Due to the fact that the tested abilities are basic for successful learning in schools, the results of these tests point directly to the areas that need to be further stimulated and developed.
Relationship between Fasting Insulin Concentration as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between fasting insulin concentration—as a cardiovascular risk factor—and the high density lipoprotein level (HDL-c) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, were included 171 patients from Bucharest, to which were followed anthropometric indexes. Biochemical parameters followed were glucose fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, liver profile, blood counts. The 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) was calculated for each patient using the UKPDS risk engine. Results: The mean age of patients was evaluated 53.14 ± 8.3 years, females representing 53.8% (n=92) of total. Using the UKPDS score 24% (n=41) and 20.5% (n=44) presented moderate and high risk of cardiovascular disease. Levels of fasting insulinemia was significantly high in patients with increase (12.2 uUI/ml) and moderate risk (16.4 uUI/ml) of cardiovascular disease (p&lt;0.001). Level of HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in patients with increase cardiovascular risk (34.41 mg/dl) vs. patients with reduce (43.03 mg/dl) or moderate cardiovascular risk (39.59 mg/dl) (p&lt;0.001). UKPDS score was positively correlated with age (r=0.62, p=0.001), Forns index (r=0.55, p=0.001), BMI (r=0.39, p=0.001), smoking status (r=0.52, p=0.001), HbA1c (r=0.41, p=0.001), triglycerides (r=0.43, p=0.001), LDL-c (r=0.43, p=0.001), AST (r=0.33, p=0.001), ALT (r=0.26, p=0.001) and GGT (r=0.31, p=0.001) and negative with HDL-c (r=-0.44, p=0.001) and albumin (r=-0.29, p=0.001). Conclusions: A higher fasting insulin concentration or hyperinsulinemia was significantly associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. This study suggests that early fasting insulin ascertainment in the patients with HCV may help clinicians identify those who are potentially at high risk of CVD. Disclosure R. Dragut: None. E. Rusu: None. R. Cursaru: None. F. Rusu: None. A. Cursaru: None. H. Popescu: None. G. Radulian: None.
Prevalence of Uropathogens in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Urinary tract infections that erupt as a result of microbial presence and growth in the urinary tract accounts for significant annual hospital visit in Nigeria, creating gross economic burden on the populace. This study evaluated the prevalence of uropathogens in 4 hospitals using simple random sampling method for the period of 6 months (April – September, 2015) in Zaria, Nigeria. The result showed that 26.5% (795) of the total samples submitted (3003) for urinalysis had uropathogens ranging from E. coli (57.6%), Klebsiella spp. (19%), Staph. spp. (9.2%), Candida spp. (5.3%), Proteus mirabilis (3.5%), Streptococci spp. (2.2%), Pseudomonas spp. (1.9%) to Citrobacter spp. (1.3%). High percentage of uropathogens were observed in female patients (71.2%) compared to their male counterpart (28.8%) and age group 18-44years had the highest incidence (73.7%) followed by the elderly ≥45years (17.6%), while the toddlers (age group 0-5 years) and the teens (6-17 years) had the least incidence (5.3% and 3.7% respectively). This study showed that E. coli is the most common bacteria associated with UTI and the possibility of other clinical pathogenic organisms manifesting in UTI patients are possible. Therefore, rapid microbial identification techniques, antibiotic surveillance and management of UTI are recommended in the management of UTIs in order to curb the widespread of resistance traits among uropathogens in Zaria, Nigeria.
The Application of the Fuzzy Self-Adaptive PID Controller to the Automatic Operation Control of Water Transfer Canal System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The PID controller is widely used in the automatic water conveyance system of canal. However, the conventional PID controller has poor adaptability to canal operating conditions, and along with the variation of canal operating conditions, we must continuously adjust the PID control parameters, it brings some difficulties to the practical operation. And the online self-adapting of PID parameters is also the problem difficult to solve of conventional PID controller, so we combined the fuzzy control with the PID control, designed the fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller, and applied it to the automatic control system of canal operation. When canal operates, according to actual response conditions, the computer uses fuzzy reasoning, and the optimal adjustment of PID parameters can be automatically realized. The simulation results show that this controller can remarkably improve the control effects of canal automatic operation.
Improved Crashworthiness of Automotive A-Pillars Through Hybrid Composite Reinforcement: An Experimental Study on Tensile and Compressive Performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study investigates the structural enhancement of automotive A-pillars using a hybrid composite filler composed of epoxy resin, hardener, crushed wood, and glass fibre. The research compares the mechanical performance of hollow mild steel tubes with their composite-filled counterparts through rigorous tensile and compression testing. The Result demonstrated a 23.6% improvement in tensile strength and a 25.6% increase in compressive load capacity for the composite-filled specimens, along with superior energy absorption and controlled deformation. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid composites to optimize crashworthiness while maintaining lightweight design principles, offering significant implications for automotive safety engineering.
Mixture Experiments: Geometry and Pseudocomponents

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Constraints, in the form of upper and lower bounds, are often placed on the components of mixtures. These constraints restrict the size of the experimental region and may alter its shape. A transformation from the original components to new variables, called pseudocomponents, is typically used to reduce the ill conditioning created by the restricted size of the experimental region. If the experimental region is a simplex, the pseudocomponent transformation is also used to adapt standard designs to the experimental region. A new pseudocomponent transformation is introduced, and the conditions under which it is preferable to the usual pseudocomponent transformation are given. The effect of changing the constraints on both the size and shape of the experimental region is discussed.
Vesicular trafficking in Toxoplasma gondii

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with a worldwide prevalence. Together with the causative agent of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and other medically important pathogenic parasites it belongs to the phylum of the Apicomplexa. Besides identifiable eukaryotic organelles, apicomplexan parasites differ from other eukaryotic cells by an extra set of specialised secretory organelles (micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules), that are sequentially secreted during invasion of the host cell. Upon host cell contact the apically located micronemes are the first organelles to be released and contain crucial virulence factors that are secreted.
In order to systematically analyse vesicular traffic with a special focus on the secretory pathway of rhoptry and microneme proteins the ddFKBP system was used to perform a systematic analysis of Rab proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Rab proteins are small GTP- binding proteins that are involved in targeting and fusion of vesicles from a donor to an acceptor membrane. Whereas higher eukaryotes like human cells encode more than 60 different Rab proteins apicomplexan parasites possess only a reduced core set of Rab proteins.
Performing co-localisation studies with generated parasite lines expressing ddFKBPmyc-tagged versions of Rab1A, 1B, 2, 4, 5A, 5C, 7, 18 and Rab5B-ddFKBPHA revealed, that all these Rabs localise to the early secretory pathway (Rab1B, 2 and 18), the Golgi (Rab4), or the late secretory pathway (Rab5A, Rab5B, Rab5C and Rab7). No exact localisation could be defined for Rab1A.
Rab5A and Rab5C, normally involved in endocytic uptake, were identified as important regulators of traffic to micronemes and rhoptries in Toxoplasma gondii, using an overexpression screen of Rabs and the analysis of trans-dominant mutants of promising candidates.
Intriguingly, some microneme proteins could be found to traffic independently on functional Rab5A and Rab5C, indicating the existence of independent transport routes to micronemes, which again indicates that apicomplexans have remodelled Rab5-mediated vesicular traffic into a secretory system that is essential for host cell invasion.

By using two-colour super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, distinct localisations of independent microneme proteins could be verified. This demonstrated that micronemal organelles are organised in distinct subsets or subcompartments.
Given these results, it can be assumed that apicomplexan parasites modify classic regulators of the endocytic system to carry out essential parasite-specific roles in the biogenesis of their unique secretory organelles.
Muslim piety and food of the gods

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper explores a central concept in the Islamic tradition, namely 'piety' {taqwā) as it appears in the Qur'an and certain early commentaries. Problems arise, however, when approaching the concept through translations of the Qur'an into European languages (in this paper, examples are drawn from English and Spanish) which frequently convey the equivalence of taqwā with 'fear'. By examining a key Qur'anic passage (Q 2:177) the paper leads to a discussion by the commentators al-Tabarī and Ibn Kathīr of rituals related to food taboos, as a means of illuminating a fuller meaning of the Islamic notion of «piety».
Phytoplankton dynamics in estuary areas of northern seas in the polar night period

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data on phytoplankton maintaining a high degree of activity in the polar night period in non-freezing estuaries of the Barents Sea were provided. It was proved that vegetation capacity of autotrophic microalgae during a whole winter season is a distinguishing feature of estuary pelagian ecosystems and it determines their high biological productivity.
Fracture frequency in mudrocks: an example from the Queenston Formation of southern Ontario

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In weathered surface exposures of the Queenston Formation (a red mudrock of Upper Ordovician age), an important fracture type appears as curved partings of generally low dip. Excavation of these fractures shows them to be continuous (for many metres), contorted, ranging in orientation from horizontal to vertical, and to be closely associated with small-scale slickensided surfaces. Evidence of water movement along these fractures is present. They are considered to be large soft sediment deformation shears, their present aperture being due to stress release.Detailed examination of core samples of the formation reveals numerous small slickensided shears, present throughout the unit but sometimes only revealed by core breakage. The frequency of these slickensides correlates directly with clay content and inversely with calcite content. In addition, their frequency is inversely correlated with point load strength index. Engineering geologists normally would not advocate the prediction of fracture frequency of a geological material from a strength index test or a compositional parameter. However, evidence presented here suggests that such a prediction is possible for certain fracture types in this, and perhaps other, red mudrocks. Key words: red mudrock, slickensided fracture frequency, point load test, calcite content.
El profesorado en formación de Ciencias Sociales y las TICs: situación y perspectivas

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is focused on the description of the future teachers of Social Sciences\n(Geography and History) in Secondary Schools situation concerning their knowledge level\non informatics and as users of the ICT in the context of the current Knowledge-based\nSociety. This will help to fix strategies regarding teachers training and education for future\nteachers and for their future students at schools.\nThe research is based on a questionnaire filled in by nearly a hundred of university\nstudents of the subject Didactics on Social Sciences, Geography and History within the\nCurso de Aptitud Pedagógica (Course for teachers training and education) of the Alicante\nUniversity (Spain) in 2004. The results are not as good as expected regarding the university\nstudents¿ previous knowledge on the research issues but at least their attitude concerning the\nICT possibilities for teachers training in Social Sciences are quite encouraging.
Levels of Distress in Women at Risk for Ovarian Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract : The overall goal of this study was to determine the levels of distress in women with a family history of ovarian cancer and to identify the mediating factors between risk of developing ovarian cancer and distress. One hundred and eleven women completed a mailed questionnaire about their subjective risk status, their knowledge of ovarian cancer and risk factors, uncertainty about ovarian cancer, levels of anxiety and depression, personality traits, and their interest in genetic testing. We received IRB approval in August 2004 and Human Subjects approval from the DoD on May 31, 2005. The grant was transferred from Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City to Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia on March 15, 2005. The age range was from 24 to 69 (M = 44, std. dev. = 10.41); 59% were married; 68% were Caucasian; 16% were Hispanic; 48% had a college or higher degree; and 59% worked full time. They reported a total of 73 relatives with ovarian cancer and 185 relatives with breast cancer. The mean of their levels of ovarian cancer anxiety (M = 12.43, std. dev. = 6.04) was in the middle range (0-24) and the mean of cancer worry (M = 5.13, std. dev.= .87) was at the lower end of the range (3-12). Data analyses are being completed and a manuscript prepared.
The political and social context of the development of social entrepreneurship in the Republic of Moldova

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article provides a detailed analysis of the political and social context of social entrepreneurship development in the Republic of Moldova. The authors emphasize the importance of this type of entrepreneurship in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through innovative approaches to social and environmental challenges. Major constraints to entrepreneurship development are highlighted, such as the undeveloped policy framework, limited access to finance and low human resource capacities. The population's positive perceptions of social enterprises are also mentioned, although knowledge about the products and services offered by them remains low. The existing legal framework, although it regulates the activity of social enterprises, is considered incomplete and inconsistent. Social entrepreneurship is seen as a solution to social and environmental problems, contributing to the creation of quality jobs and social cohesion. Although there are multiple challenges, the opportunities offered by social entrepreneurship for sustainable development and social innovation are significant. The authors suggest the need for increased support from the authorities and better public information in order to fully harness the potential of social entrepreneurship in Moldova.
Mg Dissolution in Phosphate and Chloride Electrolytes: Insight into the Mechanism of the Negative Difference Effect

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Magnesium (Mg) dissolution was investigated using an online measurement of dissolved Mg and simultaneous time-resolved volumetric analysis of hydrogen gas evolution. Testing was performed at open-circuit potential and under anodic polarization in neutral, unbuffered chloride and buffered phosphate solution. In the unbuffered chloride electrolyte, electrochemical dissolution occurs with a stoichiometry of n = 2, and a significant enhancement of the corrosion rate at open-circuit dissolution rate was observed following anodic polarization. The extent of the enhancement increased with anodic polarization time requiring at least 500 s to become detectable. In a phosphate buffer solution, neither the corrosion rate enhancement nor the negative difference effect (NDE) were observed. The kinetics of hydrogen evolution in nonbuffered solutions tends to support a mechanism involving the activation of the cathodic reaction related to the disruption of a protective surface film.