jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Consumer-Patient in the Growth of a Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Unit

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The most efficient means for dealing with the myriad problems of hemophilia is through a comprehensive hemophilia care center involving medical and paramedical personnel, as well as numerous non-medical supportive services. As in all consumer services, however, problems arise when the care center team and the individuals who comprise it are unaware of the true needs of the patients they serve. To reduce such problems, an active and vocal group of hemophilia families and friends can provide insights otherwise unattainable. Working in cooperation with the center, they can provide guidance and seek funding to reduce the cost paid by the patient. We describe the role of consumer-patients in the initiation and development of New Jersey’s first and only comprehensive care center for hemophilia. We also present a detailed examination of the kinds of assistance which has been provided and which is being provided in the growth and expansion of the center’s team and its activities. A plan for a statewide treatment network centered around this treatment facility will be presented.
The pleiotropic physiological effects of relaxin are determined by the signalling pathway profile activated in target cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Relaxin is a two‐chain hormone, related to insulin, that mediates pleiotropic effects in physiological systems. The relaxin receptor RXFP1, is a G‐protein coupled receptor that increases cAMP accumulation via a biphasic pathway when expressed in HEK293T cells: initially RXFP1 couples to Gα s and Gα oB , to increase and modulate cAMP respectively, but with time recruits coupling to Gα i3 and activates a Gβγ‐PI3K‐PKCζ pathway to further increase cAMP. However, the signalling transduction mechanisms activated by this hormone in physiological target cells and tissues are unclear. This study examines the signalling pathways activated by relaxin in cells that endogenously express RXFP1 using an α‐screen cAMP accumulation assay. RXFP1 expression was identified in three cell lines and two primary cell cultures: THP‐1, T‐47D, Colo16, rat cardiac fibroblasts and rat renal fibroblasts from obstructed kidneys. Only in THP‐1 cells and rat cardiac fibroblasts was there activation of the delayed Gα i3 pathway. In all other cells there was activation of a combination of the initial pathways. T‐47D cells could only activate Gα s , whereas Colo16 and rat renal fibroblasts could activate both Gα s and Gα oB . Thus the signalling pathways activated by relaxin are highly dependent upon the cell under investigation, and may help explain the varied physiological responses exerted by relaxin in different target tissues. This research was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grants 436713 and 454375.
The association between diet estrogenicity in exotic felids and poor spermatozoa quality in tigers (Panthera tigris)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract A high incidence of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa has been observed in felid species including snow leopard (SL), Sumatran tiger (ST), and cheetah (CH). In managed settings, these species consume diets different than their wild counterparts, which can contain soy products with detectable levels of phytoestrogens. Previous work has demonstrated that estrogenic diets can interfere with endocrine function and may be associated with reproductive failure. We evaluated the relationship between diet and poor spermatozoa quality in felids by quantifying the estrogenicity of commercial felid diets that were collected from facilities at the time of semen analysis on individual tigers consuming that diet. In vitro estrogen receptor activity was characterized for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) of each species by treating with purified estrogens, phytoestrogens, and diet extracts. Phytoestrogens activated all receptors, which were more sensitive to coumestrol and genistein than daidzein or equol at lower concentrations. ST ERβ was the most sensitive to coumestrol and genistein (P &lt; 0.05). Of the seven diets tested, three resulted in significant activation of ERβ, two of which contained soy products. The highest levels of activation from each diet occurred on ST ERβ (P &lt; 0.05). Significant correlations were found between three tiger spermatozoa defects and diet estrogenicity: bent midpiece (R2 = 0.2794, P = 0.0079), bent midpiece with cytoplasmic droplet (R2 = 0.1776, P = 0.040), and bent tail (R2 = 0.280, P = 0.0078). The potential for dietary estrogenic compounds to contribute to decreased sperm quality may provide novel insight into one reason why morphological abnormalities persist in captive exotic felid spermatozoa.
Benefits and Costs of Social Pensions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The lack of efficient social security systems, the presence of large informal sectors, and the pace at which the population is aging in some Sub-Saharan African countries are red flags warning of a potential long-term problem: that is, the inability of countries to provide oldage income security to all.Many adults in the region have difficulties accessing health care and other essential services, increasing their vulnerability and their likelihood of becoming impoverished as they age.Since the coverage of contribution-based pension schemes has remained low for decades, direct cash grants (henceforth, universal social pensions) are increasingly proposed as a way to address the coverage gap and to fight poverty among the elderly.This paper explores the role of universal social pensions in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries, showing that they may be part of the answer to the coverage gap in pensions and may be important from a human rights lens.However, they have limited impact on poverty because a significant share of the elderly population is found not to fall into the poorest and most vulnerable segments of society.Universal social pensions can also be quite costly, difficult to sustain in low-income settings, and less cost-effective at fighting poverty compared to poverty-targeted cash transfer programs.Implementation errors are quite prevalent in universal social pension schemes, contradicting the apparent simplicity of identifying program beneficiaries.The report's main findings are that a discussion of poverty targeted programs vis-à-vis universal programs is less relevant for policymakers than how to design and implement a policy or a mix of coordinated and harmonized policies under a robust system that allows governments to reach their main objectives of meeting the basic needs of their most vulnerable citizens.
Automated Traffic Surveillance Using Existing Cameras on Transit Buses

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Millions of commuters face congestion as a part of their daily routines. Mitigating traffic congestion requires effective transportation planning, design, and management. Accurate traffic data are needed for informed decision making. As such, operating agencies deploy fixed-location and often temporary detectors on public roads to count passing vehicles. This traffic flow measurement is key to estimating demand throughout the network. However, fixed-location detectors are spatially sparse and do not cover the entirety of the road network, and temporary detectors are temporally sparse, providing often only a few days of measurements every few years. Against this backdrop, previous studies proposed that public transit bus fleets could be used as surveillance agents if additional sensors were installed, and the viability and accuracy of this methodology was established by manually processing video imagery recorded by cameras mounted on transit buses. In this paper, we propose to operationalize this traffic surveillance methodology for practical applications, leveraging the perception and localization sensors already deployed on these vehicles. We present an automatic, vision-based vehicle counting method applied to the video imagery recorded by cameras mounted on transit buses. First, a state-of-the-art 2D deep learning model detects objects frame by frame. Then, detected objects are tracked with the commonly used SORT method. The proposed counting logic converts tracking results to vehicle counts and real-world bird’s-eye-view trajectories. Using multiple hours of real-world video imagery obtained from in-service transit buses, we demonstrate that the proposed system can detect and track vehicles, distinguish parked vehicles from traffic participants, and count vehicles bidirectionally. Through an exhaustive ablation study and analysis under various weather conditions, it is shown that the proposed method can achieve high-accuracy vehicle counts.
Latent <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> Infection Moderates the Association Between the C677T MTHFR Polymorphism and Cognitive Function in U.S. Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sufficient blood concentrations of folate and the products from its metabolism are necessary for several cellular functions. The C677T MTHFR polymorphism, present in over half of the U.S. population, reduces the efficiency of folate metabolism and has been linked to the onset of multiple psychiatric disorders and cognitive decline. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii can infect the human brain and is associated with increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders and cognitive decline. In vitro studies have found that Toxoplasma gondii may salvage unmetabolized folate from host cells. Since the C677T MTHFR polymorphism and infection by Toxoplasma gondii both affect folate metabolism or availability, I used data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to test the hypothesis that latent toxoplasmosis and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism interact to predict worse cognitive functioning in U.S. adults. I found a statistically significant interaction effect between Toxoplasma gondii infection and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism in predicting performance on a test of reaction time. Subjects who were not infected with Toxoplasma gondii experienced declines in reaction time with the presence of one or two alleles for the C677T MTHFR polymorphism. However, this association was reversed for subjects who were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii. No interaction effects were observed when predicting performance on a test of processing speed or a test of short term memory. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the co-occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism maybe associated with improved reaction time.
Novel application of a calcium silicate‒based cement and platelet-rich fibrin in complex endodontic cases: a case series.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Three-dimensional sealing of root canals is essential for long-term endodontic success. It is sometimes difficult to achieve a fluid-tight seal in cases such as furcation defects, resorption lesions, open apices, and root fractures. Such cases require restorative materials that not only are biocompatible and well accepted by the surrounding periodontium but also will set in the wet oral environment without losing their properties. This case series describes management of an open apex, a furcal perforation, and a horizontal root fracture with a bioactive calcium silicate‒based cement (Biodentine) as root repair material. To prevent extrusion of the cement, platelet-rich fibrin was used as an external matrix. The patients were followed for 2-3 years, and the teeth demonstrated remarkable healing.
Electromagnetic physics of the MPA: comprehensive review of applications, design, and analysis of microstrip patch antenas for 5G-technologies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work presents a study focused on the electromagnetic evaluation of Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) through electromagnetic simulation for 5G technology applications. The paper addresses two commonly used feeding structures – coaxial probe and transmission line. In our analysis, we observed the scattering and impedance matrices concerning feeding point variations. Additionally, a parametric study explored the impact of relative permittivity, length, width, and height on MPA electromagnetic performance for 5G frequency operation, understanding the physics of these antennas. The results revealed the following: varying the relative permittivity shifted the resonance frequencies and reduced gain; changing the patch length slightly shifted the resonance to lower frequencies without significant changes in the radiation pattern; adjusting the patch width maintained the resonance while increasing matching levels without significant radiation changes; and altering the substrate height shifted the resonance to lower frequencies.
BACE1 expression in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Beta‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) was first identified as the rate limiting enzyme of amyloid‐β‐peptide (Aβ) production. The catalytic activity of BACE1 favors the generation of Aβ peptides and overproduction and accumulation of Aβ in the brain triggers downstream neurotoxic events that pertain to the amyloid cascade, leading to the formation of neuritic plaques. Furthermore BACE1 acts in the synapse through processing substrates such as APP‐like proteins, Neuregulin‐1 (Nrg 1), and β2 and β4 subunits of voltage‐gated Na+ channels. Nrg1 is a major physiological substrate of BACE1 during early postnatal development and one of the most important proteins in myelin formation. The cleavage of Nrg1 by BACE1 is essential for synapse development, cell survival and remyelination. However, BACE1 knockout animals have many subtle phenotypic alterations, including deficits in long‐term potentiation, increased seizure susceptibility, and schizophrenic behavior. It is well known that elderly individuals with Down syndrome (SD) develop amyloid plaques similar to those found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method Taking this into account our objective was to confirm the BACE1 role in neurodegenerative diseases (23 AD), in 46 DS and 51 individuals with schizophenia (SCZ) and compare them to 79 healthy controls (HC). The enzyme BACE1 expression were determined by western blotting. Result The Kruskal‐wallis analysis show that AD patients present an increase in BACE1 in relation to the other groups (HC, DS and SCZ) (p<0.001). The DSCF pairwise comparasion show that SCZ present a decrease in BACE1 expression compared to HC (p=<0.001). SD present no diference related to HC and SCZ (p=0.515 and p=0.09 respectively) and no differences were observed in BACE1 between DS with cognitive decline and without cognitive decline. As well as no difference between SCZ resistant or not to treatment were noted. Conclusion Our hypothesis is that the amyloidogenesis observed in DS is not derived from the proteolytic action of BACE1 and that possibly the phisiological process of DS is closer to a neurodevelopmental disease as SCZ.
Prophet: A Parallel Instruction-Oriented Many-Core Simulator

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Most existing computer architecture simulators are cycle oriented, i.e., they are driven cycle by cycle. However, frequent switches among simulation contexts, excessive buffer accesses and tightly coupled manner often make such an architecture simulator slow, difficult to parallelize and hard to scale to large-scale many-core systems. In this paper, we propose Prophet, a parallel instruction-oriented simulation framework for many-cores. Prophet adopts a general instruction-oriented model to simulate processor cores, in which a simulator is built from the perspective of each simulated instruction impacting a small number of relevant processor components, as opposed to that of a large number of processor components executing many instructions in each cycle as in the cycle-oriented approach. Prophet determines the execution cycle of a simulated instruction based on the states of the relevant components impacted by the instruction, and update the components states after the execution of the instruction. Prophet also adopts a speculative model to decouple private resources from the shared resources (e.g., shared cache), which avoids unnecessary interactions between them and only pays a penalty upon a rare mis-speculation. We have designed and implemented a prototype of Prophet that supports both user-level and full-system simulation. Experimental results show Prophet can scale up to simulate thousands of simulated cores (4,096 cores in the current implementation) with good performance and small accuracy loss. It achieves average simulation speeds of about 98 and 235 MIPS (millions of simulated instructions per second) for full-system and user-level simulation, respectively, with only 3 percent IPC error rate and negligible deviation in cache simulation results. When run on a many-core platform (i.e., Intel Xeon Phi), it achieved an average simulation speed of about 413 MIPS.
Scleroderma-like renal crisis in a patient with anti-threonyl-tRNA synthetase-associated antisynthetase syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

__SIR,__
Renal crisis is a major complication in patients with SSc but so far has not been described in other systemic autoimmune diseases.
Here we describe the first case of a scleroderma-like renal crisis in a patient with anti-threonyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-PL7)-associated antisynthetase
syndrome. [...]
[Influence of ecological restoration of riparian zone on water quality of Zhuanhe River in Beijing].

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The ecological effects of restoration of flood lands and banks in the Zhuanhe River of Beijing are discussed. From July to September in 2009, water samples were periodically collected in the 13 chosen sample sites, and the concentrations of nutrients and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured and analyzed. The results showed that there were obvious seasonal variations in the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH4(+) -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3(-) -N), total phosphorus (TP), and DO in the Zhuanhe River. The increase of domestic sewage with rising water consumption in mid and late July and early August resulted in the great increase of NH4(+) -N and TP concentrations. The NO3(-) -N concentration was controlled by the seasonal variations of precipitation and surface runoff. In the higher precipitation seasons, it depended on the interval time between two rainfalls just before the sample; in the lower precipitation seasons, it depended on the time from last rainfall or the interval time between two rainfalls just before the sample. DO concentration was due to the relationship between oxygen release in photosynthesis and oxygen consumption in decomposition of organic matter in the river, which was controlled by phenological periods of hydrophytes. It also served to slight changes of NO3(-) -N and NH4(+) -N concentration. As a whole, the Zhuanhe River was not eutrophicated, but reducing the concentration of NH4(+) -N in early August and that of NO3(-) -N in the wet seasons was still the key to improve water quality. The NO3(-) -N and NH4(+) -N concentrations were lower where the amount of hydrophytes was relatively large. In the growing seasons, the stronger growth and larger coverage of hydrophytes led to the lower TP and higher DO concentration in the river; while in the late growing period, much more litters contributed to the higher TP and lower DO concentration. In both periods, Calamus affected more than Scirpus tabernaemontani. Concentrations of NO3(-) -N, NH4(+) -N and TP near vertical cement banks were generally higher than those near stone banks blended with clay. The curved river bank could enhance the DO concentration, and reduce the NO3(-) -N and NH4(+) -N concentrations within a certain range. Moreover, land use types surrounding the river also greatly affected the water quality. In brief, besides human activities, such factors as existence, type, abundance and biomass of hydrophytes, bank material, and shape of river banks (curved or straight) had great effects on water quality in the Zhuanhe River.
Expansion, differentiation, and the persistence of social class inequalities in British higher education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Conventional political wisdom has it that educational expansion helps to reduce socioeconomic inequalities of access to education by increasing equality of educational opportunity. The counterarguments of Maximally Maintained Inequality (MMI) and Effectively Maintained Inequality (EMI), in contrast, contend that educational inequalities tend to persist despite expansion because those from more advantaged social class backgrounds are better placed to take up the new educational opportunities that expansion affords (MMI) and to secure for themselves qualitatively better kinds of education at any given level (EMI). This paper sets out to test the predictions of the MMI and EMI hypotheses against empirical data for the case of Britain where higher education expanded dramatically during the 1960s and again during the early 1990s. The results show that quantitative inequalities between social classes in the odds of higher education enrolment proved remarkably persistent for much of the period between 1960 and 1995, and began to decline only during the early 1990s, after the enrolment rate for the most advantaged social class had reached saturation point. Throughout this same 35 year period, qualitative inequalities between social classes in the odds of enrolment on more traditional and higher status degree programmes and at ‘Old’ universities remained fundamentally unchanged. In short, social class inequalities in British higher education have been both maximally and effectively maintained.
The conscious and the unconscious sacrifice: Kierkegaard on art, suffering and religion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

‘When Christians are exposed to public insult, when they suffer and die for his sake, Christ takes on visible form in his Church.’ These words of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (i959, 273) reflect an approach to Christian life and witness which had all but disappeared from mainstream Protestantism by the late eighteenth century but which was then rediscovered in the wake of the Romantic movement. One of the main contributors to this rediscovery was Soren Kierkegaard (1813–55) whose late diaries and (simultaneous) polemics against the established Church return again and again to the question of what it means to be a witness to Christ. Kierkegaard's answer to this question was that a true witness did not testify by preaching from a well-endowed and socially respected pulpit but by suffering for and because of the gospel. A true witness is a blood-witness, a martyr in what Kierkegaard, rightly or wrongly, took to be the universal and undisputed sense of the early Church. Such witnesses are ‘the sacrificed ones’ (Kierkegaard 1967-78, vol.iv, 562).