jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gibbsite and Goethite Solubility

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2‐Ketogluconate (kG) is a microbial byproduct that has been isolated from the rhizosphere of several plants and has been found to accumulate around bacteria adhering to rock surfaces. It has long been suspected that kG may play a role in enhancing the bioavailability of soil nutrients. However, quantitative information relevant to its behavior in soils, its reactions with mineral surfaces, and its aqueous complexation of metal cations is unavailable. The objectives of this research were to examine the influence of kG on gibbsite and goethite solubility and to describe these effects by considering the aqueous complexation of Al 3+ and Fe 3+ by kG. Secondary to this was to compare the impact of kG on mineral solubility to that of citrate. The equilibrium solubility of gibbsite and goethite was examined at ambient (20–22°C) or controlled (25°C) temperatures as a function of pH, ionic strength, and kG or citrate concentration. Both ligands were observed to significantly enhance mineral solubility (as determined by the total soluble concentrations of Al and Fe), with kG and citrate having similar impacts on gibbsite solubility, but with kG having a lesser impact than citrate on goethite solubility. The solubility data were employed to characterize the aqueous complexation chemistry of Al– and Fe(III)–kG and citrate. In the 4 < pH < 8.5 range, the mononuclear species AlkG 2+ (aq), Al(OH) 2 kG 0 (aq), and Al(OH) 3 kG − (aq) describe Al–kG speciation, with the latter two species mechanistically described by the bidentate complexation of AlOH 2+ (aq) and Al(OH) + 2 aq [also written as AlOH(H −1 kG) 0 (aq) and Al(OH) 2 (H −1 kG) − (aq)]. Iron(III)–kG complexation is described by the FekG 2+ (aq) and Fe(OH) 3 kG 2 2− aq or FeOHH −1 kG 2 2− aq species. For the citrate systems, the chemical models required to describe metal speciation differed from those reported in the literature: Alcit 0 (aq), Al(OH) 2 cit 2− (aq), and Al(OH) 3 cit 3− (aq) for Al–citrate speciation and Fecit 0 (aq), Fe(OH) 2 cit 2− (aq), and Fe(OH) 3 cit 3− (aq) for Fe(III)–citrate.
HypperSteer: Hypothetical Steering and Data Perturbation in Sequence Prediction with Deep Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) continues to find success in predictive decision-making with temporal event sequences. Recent studies have shown the importance and practicality of visual analytics in interpreting deep learning models for real-world applications. However, very limited work enables interactions with deep learning models and guides practitioners to form hypotheticals towards the desired prediction outcomes, especially for sequence prediction. Specifically, no existing work has addressed the what-if analysis and value perturbation along different time-steps for sequence outcome prediction. We present a model-agnostic visual analytics tool, HypperSteer, that steers hypothetical testing and allows users to perturb data for sequence predictions interactively. We showcase how HypperSteer helps in steering patient data to achieve desired treatment outcomes and discuss how HypperSteer can serve as a comprehensive solution for other practical scenarios.
Rho-family GTPases: it's not only Rac and Rho (and I like it)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Rho-family proteins make up a major branch of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. To date, 22 human genes encoding at least 25 proteins have been described. The best known `classical' members are RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Highly related isoforms of these three proteins have not been studied as intensively, in part because it has been assumed that they are functionally identical to their better-studied counterparts. This now appears not to be the case. Variations in C-terminal-signaled modifications and subcellular targeting cause otherwise highly biochemically related isoforms (e.g. RhoA, RhoB and RhoC) to exhibit surprisingly divergent biological activities. Whereas the classical Rho GTPases are regulated by GDP/GTP cycling, other Rho GTPases are also regulated by other mechanisms, particularly by transcriptional regulation. Newer members of the family possess additional sequence elements beyond the GTPase domain, which suggests they exhibit yet other mechanisms of regulation.
Pattern-matching track reconstruction for the BES III main Drift Chamber

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The tracking algorithm, MdcPatRec, is developed for the Drift Chamber of the BES III detector using C++ language and object-oriented techniques. This algorithm uses a pattern matching method to find track segments and then combine them into track candidates followed by a least square fit. With the simulation data, the tracking performances such as efficiencies and momentum resolution have been studied and results are consistent with parameters from detector design. The algorithm is also proved to be robust enough to process data with severe background expected by the BES III experiment.
A multivariate Gaussian random field prior against spatial confounding

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Spatial models are used in a variety research areas, such as environmental sciences, epidemiology, or physics. A common phenomenon in many spatial regression models is spatial confounding. This phenomenon takes place when spatially indexed covariates modeling the mean of the response are correlated with the spatial random effect. As a result, estimates for regression coefficients of the covariates can be severely biased and interpretation of these is no longer valid. Recent literature has shown that typical solutions for reducing spatial confounding can lead to misleading and counterintuitive results. In this paper, we develop a computationally efficient spatial model in a Bayesian framework integrating novel prior structure that reduces spatial confounding. Starting from the univariate case, we extend our prior structure to case of multiple spatially confounded covariates. In a simulation study, we show that our novel model flexibly detects and reduces spatial confounding in spatial datasets, and it performs better than typically used methods such as restricted spatial regression. These results are promising for any applied researcher who wishes to interpret covariate effects in spatial regression models. As a real data illustration, we study the effect of elevation and temperature on the mean of daily precipitation in Germany.
Investigations on Designing of Adders, Multiplexers and Flip-Flops for Fast Memories Development in QCA Technology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

VLSI technology led the electronics industry for many decades with advancement through continuous miniaturization and increasing device density. It followed Moore's law for more than five decades, but, now the CMOS based VLSI industry has reached a saturation and further miniaturization leads to so many challenges. Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata is an emerging and suitable technology which has potential to replace CMOS technology. The circuits with higher density, faster, and reduced size can be designed with QCA technology. This paper presents an extensive review and analysis on the designing of adders, multiplexers and flip-flops on the basis of performance parameters. The aim is to find the optimized ways to develop fast and efficient memories for nanotechnologies of the future.
The Effects of Racial Categorization Struggle

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Foundational social psychologists (e.g., Allport, 1954; Tajfel, 1969; Sherif, 1948) viewed categorization as an inevitability that eases the cognitive demands of encountering other people. However, there is limited evidence that perceivers struggle to categorize racially ambiguous targets (Molden & Higgins, 2004; Halberstadt & Winkielman, 2014)—i.e., persons that display features of multiple racial groups and/or whose features do not clearly signal any racial group—suggesting that racial ambiguity burdens, rather than eases, the demand of perceiving others. I explore the nature and extent of these burdens in the present research. I conduct 3 studies that test the downstream consequences of the struggle that monoracial White Americans experience when attempting to categorize racially ambiguous Black/White faces. Specifically, I first examine whether racially ambiguous (vs. unambiguous) faces (1) are difficult to categorize, (2) result in observers being uncertain of their category belonging, and (3) take more time to categorize (Study 1). I also test whether observers become consciously aware of this experience via self-reports of this challenging process (Study 1) and therefore attempt to resolve the categorization decision by asking specific questions about the target’s background (Study 2). Finally, I examine the consequences of this categorization struggle, for the extent to which observers experience negative affect and engage in racial stereotyping (Study 3). With this research, I challenge the dominant approach to examining racial categorization by recognizing a fact that is grossly understudied and under-acknowledged—namely, that race and racial categories are not static and that a growing, critical mass of people do not fit easily into the dominant racial categories commonly used in the United States. Broadly, this research will also add to understanding of social categorization processes by examining when social categorization and its downstream processes may burden rather than ease the demands of perceiving others. Implications for perceptions and experiences of Multiracial people, who often appear racially ambiguous, are discussed.
Etiology, epidemiology, strategies and reasons of low efficiency of treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. Numerous genetic alterations that are currently incurable are the cause of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). studying the genetic profile of ccRCC and biomolecules involved in the execution of genetic modifications is pertinent because of this fact, as it may serve as the foundation for the creation of targeted therapeutic approaches. The aim of the study was to analyze and summarize the most recent scientific literature outlining contemporary therapy options for RCC treatment as well as the causes of the low efficacy of biological treatment methods. Material and Methods. Key words and phrases such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), molecular biomarkers and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, multi-omic profiling and renal cell carcinoma, signaling pathway and renal cell carcinoma, stem cell subtypes and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, treatment strategies and renal cell carcinoma were searched for and analyzed in PubMed and elibrary.ru databases from 2020 to 2025. We used reviews and original research, primarily from 2020 to 2025, as the primary reference sources for each theme area, while papers with redundant or excessively overlapping content were disregarded. From 2020 to 2025, we chose 79 pertinent works by both domestic and foreign authors. Results. The VHl and BaP1 suppressor genes are the most extensively researched genetic alterations in RCC, including ccRCC. In addition to the utilization of critical immunological points and different tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the search for new points (genes, signaling molecules, and proteins) as possible solutions for novel treatment approaches is still ongoing. Conclusion. Genomic abnormalities are considered to have an important role in the pathophysiology of RCCs, particularly ccRCC. The effectiveness of biological treatment methods based on retrospective studies, the influence of the tumor's immune microenvironment, and the expression of molecules on the tumor cell surface that can decrease the effectiveness of medications must all be taken into consideration when selecting a therapeutic approach for patients with RCCs.
Impact of Foliar Nutrient Application on Quality Attributes and Leaf Nutrient Composition in Kinnow Mandarin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The quality of Kinnow mandarins (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is significantly influenced by the application of micronutrients, which play a crucial role in enhancing fruit attributes. This study evaluated the effect of foliar applications of 1.5% zinc sulfate, 0.6% boric acid and 0.5% potassium sulfate on various quality parameters of Kinnow mandarins cultivated in North India. Key quality metrics analyzed included juice content, peel content, rag content, peel thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, ascorbic acid and the TSS/acid ratio. Foliar nutrient treatments resulted in an increase in juice content and a reduction in peel and rag content, thereby improving the edible portion of the fruit. Peel thickness was minimized, contributing to better consumer acceptance. Additionally, significant improvements were observed in biochemical parameters: TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid levels and the TSS/acid ratio, enhancing the overall flavor and nutritional profile of the fruit. The study also examined leaf nutrient status (N, P, K, Zn and B), confirming improved uptake and utilization of essential nutrients under the foliar treatments. These findings underscore the importance of precise micronutrient management for achieving superior fruit quality in Kinnow mandarins.
Risk of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants born to advanced maternal age pregnancies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Little is known about the effect of advanced maternal age on preterm morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between maternal age and morbidity and mortality in premature infants born at a gestational age ≤32 weeks.Methods: Premature infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were divided into three groups by maternal age: &lt;35, 35-39, and ≥40 years. Infant and maternal demographic and clinical characteristics, and preterm morbidity and mortality were compared between the groups.Results: A total of 827 preterm infants were included. Their distribution by maternal age was as follows: 659 infants in the &lt;35 years group, 120 in the 35-39 years group, and 48 in the ≥40 years age group. Older maternal age was associated with higher gravidity, frequency of assisted reproductive technology use, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and caesarean delivery (P=0.004, P&lt;0.001, P=0.007, P=0.004, and P&lt;0.001, respectively). Respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, and necrotising enterocolitis were significantly more frequent in preterm infants aged ≥35 years (P=0.014, P=0.029, and P&lt;0.001, respectively).Conclusions: In addition to the maternal risks associated with pregnancy at older ages, some prematurity morbidities may also increase in frequency. Although this novel study presents important results, further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between advanced maternal age and preterm morbidity.
Educación en derechos humanos en universidades públicas costarricenses: posibilidades y necesidades

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article addresses the inconsistencies in the State’s obligation to provide and promote human rights education, specifically analyzing the Costa Rican public universities? role. Part of the most important conclusions are the scarcity of formal and non formal educational programs in Human Rights, as well as deficiencies in Human Rights organizations, particularly related to the professionalization on Human Rights, and the expectations of high school students facing a new career on Human Rights. Its main reference is the data provided by the research project “Social needs of university education on promotion and protection of Human Rights” by Latin American Institute of the National University of Costa Rica (May 2011 - May 2012). With the participation of multiple institutions involved in the issue, the project mentioned above analyzed social needs of university education on Human Rights.
Fifteen-minute consultation: a structured approach to the management of a child or adolescent with back pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Back pain in childhood is relatively unusual, although as a child matures through adolescence it becomes much more common. At any age, potentially serious illnesses need to be excluded. There are some useful red flags to be aware of when taking a history and performing an examination. We outline a systematic approach when faced with this clinical presentation in a general paediatric setting, with suggestions for initial investigations and when to consider referral to a specialist. Objective To provide a structured approach for the paediatrician to appropriately manage a child or adolescent who presents with back pain. Method Review of the literature and description of the approach commonly adopted in a paediatric setting. Extended matching case questions are used to help the reader test their understanding. Conclusions A focused history, specifically asking about red flags, and a careful examination are essential to reach an appropriate differential diagnosis and management plan. Onward referral to a specialist may be required.
THE PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF AN EARTHQUAKE ON THE ELDERLY

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The psychosocial effects of an earthquake which occurred in Newcastle, Australia in 1989 are the focus of the Quake Impact Study, a four-phase community survey conducted over 2 years. Comparisons were made between adults aged less than 65 years (N=2371) and those aged 65 years and older (N=636). Results revealed that older subjects reported fewer threat and disruption experiences and used fewer general and disaster-related support services. However, older subjects reported higher overall levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms on the Impact of Event Scale (IES) compared with younger subjects. On both the IES and a general measure of morbidity (General Health Questionnaire: GHQ-12) the effects of earthquake exposure were more marked among the elderly. Within the older group, subjects who had high levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms (IES>25,N=117) were more likely to be female, report higher levels of exposure and use behavioural and avoidance coping styles. Although psychological distress declined with time, post-traumatic stress symptoms remained higher for the high exposure group throughout the study. We conclude that older people may be more at risk for experiencing post-traumatic stress reactions despite having fewer disaster-related experiences. They may also underutilize support services following a disaster. Older women in particular and people with an avoidance coping style appear to be most vulnerable.
Isolation of nucleotide activated amino acid and peptide precursors of the pseudomurein ofMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The following putative precursors of the pseudomurein were isolated from trichloroacetic acid extracts of Methanobacterium thermoanutotrophicum: a uridine diphosphate activated derivative of glutamic acid and the uridine diphosphate activated peptides The activated glutamic acid residue and the three activated peptides lack the glycan components N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid present in the intact pseudomurien. In this case uridine diphosphate should be directly linked to the amino group of a glutamic acid residue, which represents a new mode of amino acid and peptide activation.
Erratum: Funding Acknowledgment

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To the Editor:

We found an error in our published article:

Mi Ja Chung, Jeong-Mi Kim, Sangchul Lee, Taewoo Kim, Daejung Kim, Jongmi Baek, Taehyuk Kim, Jaesung Lee, Kyoungkon Kim, Jin A Yoon, Myeon Choe. Suppressive effects of Schizandra chinensis Baillon water extract on allergy-related cytokine generation and degranulation in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2012;6:97-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.97

The funding acknowledgment in this article was omitted as published.

Additional acknowledgment is as follow:

The work was supported by the Corporate-affiliated Research Institute of Academic-Industrial-Institutional Cooperation Establishment Business and Well-being Bioproducts Regional Innovation Center.

The authors apologize for any inconvenience this mistake have caused.
Solving the statistical test selection problem in hypothesis testing / Foo Kien-Kheng... [et al.]

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Hypothesis testing is widely regarded as a valuable tool for data analysis but it is conceptually difficult to understand and even more difficult to carry out the procedure.
Even so, interpretation of the results is often littered with mistakes and misuses. This paper proposes an approach through the use of STestMAP. It is a tool resembling a concept map designed to assist researchers in identifying relevant univariate statistical tests to match their research objectives. An earlier study in the efficacy of this approach as a tool to acquire selection skills has shown STestMAP provides a flexible structure in assisting users to successfully identify the statistical test but further research is needed to confirm the usefulness of STestMAP.
Model of a satellite-based earthquake precursor recognition system

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this paper the attempt to work out the model of the satellite based earthquake precursors recognition system is presented. The system relies on the satellite based multichannel very low frequency (VLF) radiospectrograph. The comparison of simultaneously observed by spectrograph signals of different nature and properties is presented. Based on available VLF precursor data, the model of earthquake recognition system is worked out. The model is grounded on multivariate Gaussian estimator for signs generated by the multichannel spectrograph. The computer simulation of the model is presented.
SNR-calibrated Type Ia supernova models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Current Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) models can reproduce most visible+IR + UV observations. In the X-ray band, the determination of elemental abundance ratios in supernova remnants (SNRs) through their spectra has reached enough precision to constrain SN Ia models. Martínez-Rodríguez et al have shown that the Ca/S mass ratio in SNRs cannot be reproduced with the standard nuclear reaction rates for a wide variety of SN Ia models, and suggested that the 12C+16O reaction rate could be overestimated by a factor as high as ten. We show that the same Ca/S ratio can be obtained by simultaneously varying the rates of the reactions 12C + 16O, 12C + 12C, 16O + 16O, and 16O(¿, a)12C within the reported uncertainties. We also show that the yields of the main products of SN Ia nucleosynthesis do not depend on the details of which rates are modified, but can be parametrized by an observational quantity such as Ca/S. Using this SNR-calibrated approach, we then proceed to compute a new set of SN Ia models and nucleosynthesis for both Chandrasekhar and sub-Chandrasekhar mass progenitors with a 1D hydrodynamics and nucleosynthesis code. We discuss the nucleosynthesis of the models as a function of progenitor metallicity, mass, and deflagration-to-detonation transition density. The yields of each model are almost independent on the reaction rates modified for a common Ca/S ratio.