jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Data from Nonclinical Evaluation of the Serum Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers HGF and Shed MET following Dosing with the Anti-MET Monovalent Monoclonal Antibody Onartuzumab

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Onartuzumab, a humanized, monovalent monoclonal anti-MET antibody, antagonizes MET signaling by inhibiting binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We investigated the effects of onartuzumab on cell-associated and circulating (shed) MET (sMET) and circulating HGF <i>in vitro</i> and nonclinically to determine their utility as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for onartuzumab. Effects of onartuzumab on cell-associated MET were assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. sMET and HGF were measured in cell supernatants and in serum or plasma from multiple species (mouse, cynomolgus monkey, and human) using plate-based immunoassays. Unlike bivalent anti-MET antibodies, onartuzumab stably associates with MET on the surface of cells without inducing MET internalization or shedding. Onartuzumab delayed the clearance of human xenograft tumor-produced sMET from the circulation of mice, and endogenous sMET in cynomolgus monkeys. In mice harboring MET-expressing xenograft tumors, in the absence of onartuzumab, levels of human sMET correlated with tumor size, and may be predictive of MET-expressing tumor burden. Because binding of sMET to onartuzumab in circulation resulted in increasing sMET serum concentrations due to reduced clearance, this likely renders sMET unsuitable as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for onartuzumab. There was no observed effect of onartuzumab on circulating HGF levels in xenograft tumor-bearing mice or endogenous HGF in cynomolgus monkeys. Although sMET and HGF may serve as predictive biomarkers for MET therapeutics, these data do not support their use as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for onartuzumab. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 13(2); 540–52. ©2013 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Landmark representation in 3-D nautical charts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

EmailPrintRequest PermissionsSave to Project This work first presents an overview of a research project in the field of information design concerning a new 3-D decision support system for nautical navigation, a 3-D cart. The paper then discusses landmark representation in the virtual environment of the chart; particularly the representation of forested islands and coasts where the tree canopy is an important feature in the silhouette. Experiment with removing certain parts of laser scanned data, shows promising results when it comes to recreating the silhouette of islands with forests or groves of trees in the virtual environment.
A Novel Locus for Autosomal Dominant Cone and Cone–Rod Dystrophies Maps to the 6p Gene Cluster of Retinal Dystrophies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The significant lod scores obtained and the absence of mutations in RDS, GUCA1A, and GUCA1B support the existence of a novel, yet unidentified gene responsible for retinal dystrophy within the chromosome 6 cluster.
Grasshopper Destruction of Rangeland Grasses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Utilization of leaf material from cool and warm season grasses by grasshoppers was determined in 1987 and 1988. The study was conducted on a Mixed Grass Prairie site in western South Dakota near the town of Belle Fourche. The principal cool season grass was western wheatgrass and the warm season grasses were blue grama and buffalograss. Utilization of these grasses was evaluated for two grasshopper species, Melanoplus sanguinipes in 1987 and Aulocara elliotti in 1988. Grasshoppers were stocked in 0.25 m2 caged plots at a rate of 20/m2 (5 per cage) for the grazing treatments. Caged plots with no grasshopper grazing were the controls. Melanoplus destroyed (consumed + waste) 24% of its body weight daily and Aulocara destroyed approximately 18%. Forage losses on rangelands having a grasshopper density of 20/m2 would be approximately 134.6 Ib/ac/month for Melanoplus and 1 17.3 Ib/ac/month for Aulocara. When calculated based on the Soil Conservation Service recommended livestock stocking rate of approximately 2.7 ac/AUM (0.37 AUM/ac), Melanoplus consumed (at a grasshopper density of 20/m2) 47% (363.6 ibl2.7 ac/month) and Aulocara 41 % (316.7 lb12.7 ac/month) of the forage required for one animal unit on 2.7 ac for 1 month.
THE MATERNITY WARD AT ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, AND ITS WORK DURING 1911

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

after Her Majesty the Quieen, was opened in St. Thomas's Ilospital for the reception of lying-in patients in October, 1910, and the report of the work donie there during the year 1911 has julst been com- pleted.It seemed to us that this was a suitable occasion to give an account of the ward and its ork.As the conversion of a large 28-bed ward into a small lyiug-in lhospital is a problem wlhich presents manay (liffi- ctilties, we liave thoughit it would be of interest to describe in detail the alterations and furnishing of this small lios- pital witliin a lhospital, and we also purpose giving a sketch of tlle way in which the ward has been brought into the teaching work of the lhospital in accordance with the recent recommendations of the General MedicalCouncil as adopted by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.Even before the committee of the General MedicalCouncil had issued its report on the teaching of obstetrics thle opening of a ward for lying-in patients lead been before the minds of the staff and governors.The late Dr. Cldlingworth had urged the advantages to the hospital and medhical school which suchi a ward would bring, and largely through his representations the governors decided to convert one of the wards of St. Thomas's Home into a Lnaternity ward after the removal of the Home from the clharitable part of the hospital.This, lhowever, did not take place till some time after Dr. Cullingwortli had retired from the staff, and thouglh lie knew that the governors lhad decided to carry out tlhe project he lhad so strongly advocated lie did not live to see its realization.If a ward of this kind is to take an important place in the training of students a number of beds sufficient to allow of a steady supply of cases is essential.One delivery a day was taken as the average to be aimed at, and it was calculated that 20 beds would give tllis.Reckoning t,hie stay of eaclh patient at an average of 14 days, it would mean 40 patients a month if the ward were worked continuously at its full capacity.Thlis, lhowever, is obviously impssible witlh maternity cases, and lhence not more than 15 of the 20 beds could be looked on as in constant use, thus giving 30 deliveries a month, or about 1 a day.It will be seen that the acttual nuimber of confinements in 1911 was 364.The ward selected was not one of the Home wardls, but the ward at the top of No. 2 block (formnerly Florence Ward), as it is further from the main corridols and more isolated than the old Home wards lower down.Having in imiind the lying-in hospital s stem of small wards df 8 to 10 beds whliclh are emptied and cleaned after eaclh batcl of
Reduction of plasma levels of betathromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 during hemodialysis: a possible role for a short acting inhibitor of platelet aggregation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Plasma levels of the platelet markers betathromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 are elevated in patients with chronic renal failure, and their levels in hemodialysis patients increase further during exposure to the dialysis membrane. The effectiveness of a short acting inhibitor of platelet aggregation in reducing the blood levels of betathromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 was assessed by means of a double blind cross over study. A statistically significant reduction of betathromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels was observed during treatment with the platelet inhibitor.
Microscopic study of human spleen in different age groups

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The microscopic structure of spleen is variable depending on the developmental stage of the organ, and the age and immune status of the individual. The aim of the investigation was to study the microscopic structure of human spleen in different age groups, starting from a six month old foetus up to the eighth decade of life. Methods: Seventy formalin fixed human spleens obtained postmortem, were included in the study. They were classified into different age groups, in both sexes, for a detailed study of the microscopic details. Results: The white pulp of spleen showed peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) and lymphatic follicles. The corona or mantle zone and the germinal centre were discernible in many of the Malpighian bodies. The marginal zone separating the red pulp from the white pulp also could be clearly demarcated. The marginal sinus and peri-follicular zone could be seen in some sections only. The capsule thickness, trabecular network, cellularity of white pulp and red pulp, the connective tissue framework seen in the red pulp etc., showed variations in the different age groups. Conclusion: The microscopic structure of spleen varies in different age groups, with the PALS and the white pulp showing scanty cellularity in the six month foetus, and almost uniform cellularity in all areas of spleen at full term. Thereafter the follicles showed increase in its cellularity up to the third decade, and then seemed becoming progressively atrophic. Further studies are required on age related changes in the cellular architecture of this organ correlating with its functions.
Understanding Persistence in Engineering Education through a Comprehensive Survey Tool

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

© 2024 American Society for Engineering Education. This paper was originally published as: Dick, B., Rivera, K., Sjoerdsma, M. (2024). Understanding persistence in engineering education through a comprehensive survey tool [Paper presentation]. 2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. https://peer.asee.org/48194\n\nConference paper: 2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. Location: Portland, Oregon. Conference dates: June 23-26, 2024.
The Maqasid, Reform and Renewal

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the first interview in this chapter, Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali provides a thorough history and discussion of Maqasid al-Shari'ah. After describing their scriptural origins, Kamali turns to discuss how classical Islamic jurists further developed the theory. He gives a detailed explanation of the development of each maqsad and the three levels of necessity within the elements of each. The primary level, which refers to the goals that are central to the survival of society, are the daruriyyat (necessities), while hajiyyat (needs) are important in making life easier and relieving burdens, and tahsiniyyat (refinements) include the goals leading to the perfection and beautification of the social order and of human behavior. He concludes by discussing the contemporary implications of the Maqasid theory for governance and public policy.
Reshuffling Ethnic Composition of Cities by Migration in Syria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the literature, it is argued that the Arab Spring increased the motivation for democracy. According to those who support this idea, the Arab Spring started a conflict between the regimes and the citizens to bring democracy to the country. This expectation has turned into a Civil War in Syria, the conflicts that have been going on since 2011 have caused physical destruction in the country's cities, half of the population has become immigrants, and it has emerged as a result of the emergence of alternative governments to the regime and their taking certain cities and regions under local control. In this study, attention is drawn to the potential of a crisis in the Middle East that causes significant changes in almost every century, and the Arab Spring is considered to be a "trigger" rather than an "influencing". The trend of change triggered by the Arab Spring is the aim of ensuring the federalization of Syria on the scale of cities and regions. This hypothesis is examined in the context of urban forcibly displaced persons (IDP) mobility and the change in the population profiles of their cities.
Orexin-CRF Receptor Heteromers in the Ventral Tegmental Area as Targets for Cocaine

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Release of the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and orexin-A in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play an important role in stress-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. We provide evidence for pharmacologically significant interactions between CRF and orexin-A that depend on oligomerization of CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) and orexin OX1 receptors (OX1R). CRF1R–OX1R heteromers are the conduits of a negative crosstalk between orexin-A and CRF as demonstrated in transfected cells and rat VTA, in which they significantly modulate dendritic dopamine release. The cocaine target σ1 receptor (σ1R) also associates with the CRF1R–OX1R heteromer. Cocaine binding to the σ1R–CRF1R–OX1R complex promotes a long-term disruption of the orexin-A–CRF negative crosstalk. Through this mechanism, cocaine sensitizes VTA cells to the excitatory effects of both CRF and orexin-A, thus providing a mechanism by which stress induces cocaine seeking.
Customer Behaviour Analysis and Segmentation in E-commerce using Clustering Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding customer behavior is crucial for e-commerce businesses to enhance customer satisfaction and optimize marketing strategies. This study employs clustering techniques to analyze e-commerce customer data, focusing on K-Means clustering, hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN, and Gaussian Mixture Models. The analysis includes data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and the application of clustering algorithms to identify distinct customer segments. The study reveals key insights into customer purchasing patterns and behaviors, leading to actionable recommendations for targeted marketing strategies. The findings highlight the effectiveness of clustering techniques in segmenting customers and improving business decision-making in the e-commerce sector.
Relative Labor Market Utility Perceptions and Offending: A Rational Choice Perspective on the Benefits of Licit and Illicit Work

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study evaluates the relationship between relative employment perceptions within licit and illicit markets and offending. Relative labor market utility (RLMU) accounts for the importance and perceived quality of work characteristics within each market. Ordered-logistic regression models evaluate the association between RLMU and willingness to commit crime amongst a nationwide (U.S.) sample. Analyses also consider mean differences in work characteristics’ importance and relative quality to identify which characteristics most incentivize crime. Findings suggest that RLMU is negatively associated with offending and improves upon a precedent measure. Several work characteristics also more strongly incentivize offending. Those interested in reducing crime through employment should focus on improving RLMU perceptions. Suggestions for doing this in practice and recommendations for future research are provided.
Determining effectiveness of visual disability guidelines presented on a multimedia workbench

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The research was conducted using a 2 x 2 between subjects design to compare the effectiveness of two methods of instructional training. The first factor was gender of the subjects. The second factor was presentation. A printed text presentation (control condition) was compared to a computer based multimedia presentation with redundant audio (experimental treatment). The experimental treatment was set up as a workbench to present guidelines to developers of computer equipment and software for the visually impaired. The guidelines were presented and then illustrated through pictures, sound, animation, and quicktime video. Each condition was measured for its effectiveness in increasing knowledge in the subject area and positively influencing attitudes toward the blind and disabled. The experiment was conducted as follows. To counter any possible gender/computer variables, forty subjects of similar knowledge, skills, and computer abilities were recruited. Subjects received three pretests in the order listed; an Attitude Toward Blindness (ABS) questionnaire, an Attitude Toward Disabled People (ATDP) questionnaire, and a pretest on the research material. Training subjects then completed either the printed text or the multimedia with redundant audio presentation. Following the presentation of the study material the subjects completed three posttests in the order listed; a posttest on the research material, an ATDP questionnaire, and an ABS questionnaire. It was hypothesized that subjects would spend a significantly longer time studying the multimedia material because of interest and motivation. It was also hypothesized that the multimedia condition would produce significantly higher results in the knowledge test and significantly improve attitudes toward the visually impaired and disabled. The knowledge scores and the study times were recorded, analysis of variance was used to analyze the results. The analysis showed that there were no significant effects for either gender or presentation for knowledge posttest scores, although the difference between pretest and posttest for all groups was significant, indicating effective training. Females took significantly less time to complete the second attitude pretest and two attitude posttest questionnaires. Subjects who were exposed to the multimedia presentation finished the posttest significantly faster. And multimedia subjects spent significantly longer studying the material and completing the experiment. The attitude questionnaires were scored, treated as nonparametric data, and analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test. No significant pretest to posttest changes in attitude resulted, although both groups of females (printed text and multimedia) held more favorable posttest attitudes toward the disabled in general than did males exposed to the printed text presentation.
Optimizing Threatened Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) Environmental DNA Surveillance with Experimental Control Standardization

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Turtles are experiencing declines global while their distributions are poorly understood by modern science. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has proven to be a valuable tool in rapid species detection. However, in such a rapidly growing field, standardized practices have not yet taken hold, and rigorous comparisons among methodologies have not been evaluated. This thesis consists of two chapters that seek to answer questions facing eDNA methodologies used for monitoring of cryptic and endangered turtles. Chapter 1 is a literature review developed to provide comparisons on the current methods used for turtle eDNA research. Among current literature, turtles represent the most well-represented group of reptiles to date and most studies have been conducted in the global north with slow growth in the number of publications conducted south of the equator which includes several areas of high turtle diversity. Taxonomic representation of eDNA work is also disproportionate with the family Emydidae being the focus of more than 53% of the studies found in the literature to date. There is also a wide diversity of approaches in experimental design and the implementation of laboratory and field protocols. Factors such as sample type, genetic marker selection, and implementation of experimental controls are also highly variable between publications. Chapter 2 is a research chapter focusing on a threatened North American species. Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) is one of many turtle species currently experiencing declines across their range. However, their species status is still not fully understood. eDNA has been demonstrated to be an effective and sensitive noninvasive surveillance approach for detecting turtles that can provide rapid information on detection and occupancy for conservation monitoring and management. The field of eDNA requires dealing with several challenges as it relies on rigorous validation of the results by carefully assessing the sources of error that produce false results (false positives and false negatives) when conducting work to determine species presence. This chapter focuses on the ongoing issue involving field blank false positive amplifications which led to the development of a new standardized protocol. This new protocol has led to a reduction in false positives in field blanks showcasing the importance of standard eDNA practices concerning control usage at every stage of sampling.
Feature-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Approach to Android Malware Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The development of signature-based methods or Machine Learning (ML) techniques on static data has dominated automated malware detection on android platforms. However, these techniques may not detect dangerous activities that only manifest during runtime. Furthermore, there is already a significant volume of unlabeled malware data available, making the production of datasets through supervised ML approach of manual labelling expensive. For anti-virus researchers, the process of malware development poses a significant engineering challenge because they lack an effective method for capturing potentially new harmful files while removing clean and well-known files. In this research, we propose a semi-supervised ML technique to detect android malware from android permissions and Application Programmer Interface (API) call logs. The ML technique is incorporated into an android application to scan the installed applications and detect the corresponding levels of maliciousness with success. The results depict the feasibility of our proposed method and application.
A French cipher from the late 19th century

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Franco-Prussian war (1870–1871) was the first major European conflict during which extensive telegraph use enabled fast communication across large distances. Field officers would therefore have to learn how to use secret codes. But training officers also raises the probability that defectors would reveal these codes to the enemy. Practically all known secret codes at the time could be broken if the enemy knew how they worked. Under Kerckhoffs’ impulsion, the French military thus developed new codes, meant to resist even if the adversary knew the encoding and decoding algorithms, that were simple enough to be explained and taught to military personnel. Many of these codes were lost to history. One of the designs however, due to Major H. D. Josse, has been recovered and this article describes the features, history, and role of this particular construction. Josse’s code was considered for field deployment and underwent some experimental tests in the late 1800 s, the result of which were condensed in a short handwritten report. During World War II, German forces got hold of documents describing Josse’s work, and brought them to Berlin to be analyzed. A few years later these documents moved to Russia, where they have resided since.