jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
High pulse radiating power excilamps

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given as follows. This paper reports on the pulse sources of spontaneous UV and VUV radiation with high power, developed on the basis of volume pulse high-current discharges at high specific power of excitation (~100 MW/cm 3 ) and pressures (up to 12 atm) in inert gases and their mixtures with halides. In the experiments, we used a set-up, forming a volume discharge without preionization. The set-up included a primary capacitive store, a pulse transformer, a coaxial line with a wave impedance of 10 or 20 Omega, a peaking spark gap, a gas diode, and a system for working gas mixture preparation and evacuation. First developed set-up presents by itself a source with emitting area of a radiator of greater than 20 cm 2 . The duration of a generator voltage pulse at a matched load is ~50 ns. The discharge shape was like a truncated cone with a base on the anode. The diameter of the emitting area of the near-cathode discharge plasma was ~6 cm, and ~8 cm near the grid anode; the interelectrode distance was 4.5 cm. The maximum radiating power on Xe 2 * dimmers at 140-200 nm to the full spatial angle was obtained at the pressure of Xe of 760 torr amounting ~8 MW. The radiation pulse FWHM was of no greater than ~100 ns, and the power density at excitation pulse duration of tens ns was ~2times10 4 W/cm 2 . The investigations exhibit that the Xe dimmers radiating power obtained by using the above-mentioned set-up increases with the growth of pressure of Xe until the value of 1 atm. The characteristics of radiant emittance of the volume high-current discharge plasma in inert gases at pressure greater than 1 atm was investigated by using a RADAN-220 pulser with the voltage pulse amplitude of 220 kV and pulse duration at a matched load of ~2 ns. The width of the pulse leading edge was ~0.5 ns. A flat anode and a cathode with a small-curvature radius provided the electric field gain in the near-cathode region. Interelectrode distance ranged as 4-16 mm. The most homogeneous discharge was obtained in the high-pressure He. For the first time, a subnanosecond electron beam of fast electrons was registered in He at the pressure of 12 atm. The beam current pulse duration at a half-height was no greater than 100 ps. At Xe pressures greater than 3-4 atm there were observed the discharge contraction channels. At the same time, the high-power radiation of Xe dimmer band was recorded at the pressures less than 12 atm. Though having as a bit decreased radiant energy, the radiating power increased with the growth of Xe pressure, comprising ~1 MW/cm 3 at the pressure of 12 atm. In this case, the radiation pulse FWHM was eight ns.
At the Dawn of Existence: Aspects of Liminality in Sulayman Al Bassam’s Petrol Station

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores the temporal and the spatial aspects of liminality in Sulayman Al Bassam’s play, Petrol Station (2017). Drawing on the theory of liminality, the paper investigates how liminality informed characterization, identity formation, the evasive concept of truth, and the characters’ absurd existence in Al Bassam’s work. It also shows how the author skillfully projects the liminality of geographical locations on the erratic boundaries between the personal and the collective, the literal and the symbolic, identity and loss of identity, faith and atheism, order and chaos, meaning and futility, tragedy and humor, and life and death. Accordingly, the play provides a proficient dramatization of how geographical liminality directly affects subjectivity and creates an apt environment where liminal identities can develop. The article concludes that the characters who managed to overcome their in-betweeness in the play achieved this through their individual determination to transcend the different aspects of liminality. Keywords: Sulayman Al Bassam, liminality, Temporal, Spatial, Absurdity, Identity.
Transmission gratings: an extension of the Marechal and Stroke condition

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The possibility of concentrating all the transmitted energy into one spectral order is established for a triangular groove dielectric grating for which a thin layer of per fectly conducting metal is evaporated on the small facet. The reflected energy is then only equal to the Fresnel reflectance (i. e. " 4 ). When an antireflection coating is evaporated on the large facet the transmitted efficiency can reach 100 into the first order.
Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Iran

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important causes of infection worldwide, especially in low income countries. Socio-demographic disparities are obvious in prevalence of this disease. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was designed and new cases of smear positive TB were included to determine the incidence and relapse rate, with access to health records of TB patients in a provincial health center in south of Iran. Results: In our study, new cases of smear positive TB were observed in foreigners than Iranians (68.9 vs. 8%) and so was the relapse rate (14.5 vs. 0.5%). Incidence rate was higher in men compared with women (11.2 vs. 7.4%), and so was the rate in urban dwellers (11.6%) compared with rural population (7.2%). New cases were seen in 24.6% of people aged over 50 years and relapse rate was 1.8% in this age group. We conclude that relapse of smear positive TB and incidence of new cases is more prevalent in immigrants, and above the age of 50 years. Conclusion: It is suggested that the Iranian National Health Policy should be guided by these socio-demographic factors while designing and implementing programs aimed at controlling TB transmission. Although the DOTS system is precisely followed up, there are some pitfalls in managing urban patients.
First-PrinciplesStatistical Mechanics Study of MagneticFluctuations and Order–Disorder in the Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

While significant magnetic interactions exist in lithium transition metal oxides, commonly used as Li-ion cathodes, the interplay between magnetic couplings, disorder, and redox processes remains poorly understood. In this work, we focus on the high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode as a model system on which to apply a computational framework that uses first principles-based statistical mechanics methods to predict the finite temperature magnetic properties of materials and provide insights into the complex interplay between magnetic and chemical degrees of freedom. Density functional theory calculations on multiple distinct Ni–Mn orderings within the LNMO system, including the ordered ground-state structure (space group P4332), reveal a preference for a ferrimagnetic arrangement of the Ni and Mn sublattices due to strong antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions between neighboring Mn4+ and Ni2+ ions and ferromagnetic Mn–Mn and Ni–Ni couplings, as revealed by magnetic cluster expansions. These results are consistent with qualitative predictions using the Goodenough-Kanamori-Anderson rules. Simulations of the finite temperature magnetic properties of LNMO are conducted using Metropolis Monte Carlo. We find that a “semiclassical” Monte Carlo sampling method based on the Heisenberg Hamiltonian accurately predicts experimental magnetic transition temperatures observed in magnetometry measurements. This study highlights the importance of a robust computational toolkit that accurately captures the complex chemomagnetic interactions and predicts finite temperature magnetic behavior to help analyze experimental magnetic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy data acquired ex situ and operando.
Occurrence and Some Properties of Two Types of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase in a Facultative Methylotroph, Protaminobacter ruber

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In addition to the α-ALA synthase already reported (Fraction I: molecular weight, 100,000; optimal pH, ca. 8.0), an isozyme (Fraction II: molecular weight, 64,000; optimal pH, ca. 6.4) was found in Protaminobacter ruber grown in the dark after an initial light period (20~30hr). The fraction I- and II-enzymes were separable by gel-filtration through Sepharose 6B. While the former was formed constitutively, the latter was formed inducibly under the conditions for bacteriochlo-rophyll formation. Therefore, the fraction II-isozyme seems to be responsible for the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll.
Neuroethics: Should We Rethink Free Will and Criminal Responsibility?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p><b>Applied ethics issue:</b> Since most neuroscientists support neurobiological determinism, does it entail the end of free will or even criminal responsibility?</p><p><b>Methods:</b> We explore whether the notion of neurobiological determinism is compatible with the concept of criminal responsibility. Based on this exploration, we analyse the notions of free will, determinism and responsibility. Our central goal is to confront common philosophical arguments about free will with neurobiological evidence. We try to find whether responsibility is necessarily linked to free will, and if not, we examine whether this should imply the end of responsibility.</p><p><b>Results:</b> We propose to liberate ethical debate from a traditional libertarian conception of free will, according to which a person could have decided to act differently given the same initial conditions. Our purpose is to argue that, although criminals are somehow determined by known or unknown neurobiological causes, administering the appropriate treatment to them based on their choices and decisions is still justified on consequentialist grounds.
FULL SIZE SEMI-FRONTAL CRASH SIMULATIONS WITH PASSENGER CARS AT 55 KM/H

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Beginning April 1990, frontal collision simulations with middle- and compact-class cars have been performed. For these crash tests a new experimental technique was developed using Electronically Controlled Vehicles. All tests were conducted at a collision velocity of 55 km/h and 50% offset against a rigid barrier. The main task of this test series was to achieve an estimation on the vehicle-specific injury potential (crashworthiness). In the vehicles, dummies of type Hybrid II/50% male were positioned on the driver's and co-driver's seats. The measured vehicle and dummy data (accelerations, forces, deformations) and injury criteria were used to calculate this injury potential. The results of both the high-speed films, and of the vehicles' structure behaviour gave further basic data. Finally, results of Heidelberg long-term investigations gave basic knowledge for the injury mechanisms. Another future aim of this collision series is to discuss the problems of rating individual passive safety levels of different vehicles in accordance with realistic main accident types, and with respect to optimized injury criteria in dummies. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606.
Road Map "TechNet" National Technological Platform

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In the article, for a visual representation of the scientific and methodological approach, as a process of strategic development, a model is used that together can solve all the tasks of an organization for the production of household appliances at the stage of strategic development. The roadmap "TechNet" of the national technology platform, the purpose of its creation and the tasks that it performs have been studied. From the whole variety of strategic alternatives, the choice of the most preferred option was made. It was found that the choice of strategy is influenced by many factors that were considered in the work. It was concluded that the information contained in the roadmap is of a reference nature, cannot be considered as a description of directly implemented activities and is not the basis for the allocation of state support funds in any form.
Role of miR-155 in the regulation of MMP-16 expression in intervertebral disc degeneration

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The molecular mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remain elusive. We found that miR-155 is down-regulated in degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP), and more severe degeneration is correlated with higher matrix metallopeptidase 16 (MMP-16) expression. MMP-16 also degraded matrix aggrecan. Here, we addressed the in vivo miR-155-mediated pathological impact on IDD using a classic puncture mouse model. Lentiviral upregulated-miR-155 or downregulated-miR-155 was transduced into the discs of C57 mice, which was validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting revealed that up-regulation of miR-155 resulted in down-regulation of MMP-16 and an increase in aggrecan and collagen type II in mouse NP; whereas, down-regulation of miR-155 resulted in up-regulation of MMP-16 and a decrease in aggrecan in mouse NP. Radiographic and histological analysis showed that the up-regulation of miR-155 attenuated IDD, while down-regulation of miR-155 resulted in the deterioration of IDD. These findings indicate that decreased miR-155 contributed to the up-regulation of MMP-16 in vivo, and MMP-16 further degraded aggrecan and collagen type II, leading to the dehydration and degeneration of discs. Our findings revealed a therapeutic role for miR-155 in IDD. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:1323-1334, 2017.
The Art of Memory Copied by Johannes de Fredelant in 1461

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The study presents a so far overlooked treatise on the art of memory preserved in a copy made in 1461 by a certain Johannes de Fredelant, today MS Prague, National library, I G 11a, fol. 31 r –41 v . As the analysis of the treatise shows, it is based on the anonymous art of memory treatise Memoria fecunda written in Bologna in 1425, although it omits its specific features and seems to be both more traditional and simple practice-oriented. The copy was included in one of the miscellanies of Crux de Telcz (1434–1504), preceded by three other treatises on the art of memory, as well as several mnemonic verses, thus forming part of a specific collection focused on memory.
The microbiota of the human genitourinary tract: trying to see the forest through the trees.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Based on traditional microbiological methods, namely cultivation and microscopic analyses, the vaginal microbiota (VMB) has been defined as healthy when it is predominated by hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus spp., most prominently Lactobacillis crispatus. Similarly, the VMB has been defined as bacterial vaginosis (BV) when it is predominated by Gardnerella vaginalis as well as a number of other anaerobic bacterial species. BV is associated with a distinct vaginal discharge syndrome, poor pregnancy outcomes, pelvic inflammatory disease, post-operative wound infections, and endometritis after elective abortions. Additionally, BV predisposes women to infection by HIV as well as other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The application of molecular techniques over the last decade to studies of the VMB has significantly advanced our understanding of its structure and variation. It is now clear that the diversity of the VMB is far more complex than previously recognized; it is comprised of many heretofore unknown bacteria in addition to those previously identified by culture. Here we describe the application of 454 pyrosequencing technology to a study of vaginal specimens from 92 women attending the New Orleans STD clinic in an effort to obtain a more precise view of how different types of "trees" (bacteria) assemble to form a recognizable "forest" (VMB). This knowledge will be useful in the design of future clinical studies that investigate the mechanisms by which the vaginal microbiome influences human health and disease.
On the Genus of the Star Graph

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The star graph Sn is a graph with Sn the set of all permutations over {1,...,n} as its vertex set; two vertices π1 and π2 are connected if π1 can be obtained form π2 by swapping the first element of π1 with one of the other n-1 elements. In this paper we establish the genus of the star graph. We show that the genus, gn of Sn , is exactly equal to n!(n-4)/6+ 1 by establishing a lower bound and inductively giving a drawing on a surface of appropriate genus
Contribution of synaptic inhibition to the control of inspiratory hypoglossal motoneuronal (IHMN) activity in vivo

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We examine the role of endogenous γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glycinergic inputs on IHMN discharge activity in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated dogs during hypercapnic hyperoxia. The GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline (BIC) (200 μM), the GABA A receptor antagonist picrotoxin (PIC) (5 mM), or the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (STR) (200 μM) was picoejected onto extracellularly‐recorded single IHMNs using multibarrel micropipettes at increasing dose‐rates until no further change in neuronal discharge frequency was observed. Presence of GABA A and glycine receptors and effectiveness of the antagonist doses were confirmed by picoejection of GABA (2 mM) or glycine (2mM) with subsequent block by the respective antagonists. At maximally effective BIC dose‐rates, the peak frequency of 20 IHMNs increased by 29 ± 30%. BIC also increased the slope of the control inspiratory phase discharge pattern by 25 ± 28%. Neither PIC (n=17, 5 ± 19%), nor STR (n =24, 3 ± 15%) had a significant effect on discharge activity. These data suggest that the basal activity of IHMNs is attenuated by a BIC‐sensitive tonic GABAergic inhibition, but phasic GABAergic inhibition and glycine receptors, although present, are not involved in controlling the activity of these neurons. Support: VA Medical Research Funds & NIH R01 GM59234.
Pitfalls for the characterization of self-heating effect in nano-scaled devices

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The self-heating effect (SHE) becomes a significant issue from device to circuit level. The accurate assessment of the SHE-induced temperature rise can be critical for future reliability modelling. Although a number of advanced characterization techniques have been proposed, in this study, we identified that all the techniques based on single transistor can lead to serious overestimation due to the low via and interconnect density in back end of line (BEOL). The impact of new materials potentially to be used for the vias and interconnects is further explored.
Susan Carson in conversation with Donna Lee Brien on research higher degree examination administration

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper is the edited transcript of a conversation between Susan Carson and Donna Lee Brien about an administrator’s perspective of the process of examining doctoral theses in the creative industries. Susan was central to the process in the Faculty of Creative Industries from 2008 to 2012, and has overseen the carriage of examination for creative arts theses in the creative industries disciplines of creative writing, performance studies, media and communication, journalism, film and television, visual arts, and interaction and visual design.
UPb age constraints on arenaceous and volcanic rocks of the Wakeham Group, eastern Grenville Province

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Combined sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) UPb zircon data from a tightly constrained stratigraphic context of the Wakeham Group provide a precise depositional age for sedimentation within this extensive basin of the Grenville Province. Metavolcanic rocks at the eastern exposure of the Wakeham Group yield ages of 1511 ± 13, 1506 ± 11, 1502 ± 9, and 1491 ± 7 Ma. A crosscutting 1493 ± 10 Ma porphyry vein marks the end of volcanism. The older two volcanic rocks rest stratigraphically above metasediments, with a 1517 ± 20 Ma maximum age of sedimentation derived from the youngest detrital zircons of an arenite. Five 1.611.55 Ga inherited zircons in the volcanics, reinforced by coeval inheritance in nearby plutons, indicate a Labradorian basement source to the supracrustals. The predominant arenite detrital zircons dates are in the 1.951.75 Ga range, however, and feature both trace element and morphological evidence for metamorphism in the source terrane. Together with zircons as old as 2.95 Ga, the detrital age spectrum is consistent with a circum-Superior provenance. The ages obtained imply that Wakeham Group volcanism and sedimentation were, at least in part, coeval with the onset of 1.521.46 Ga Pinwarian plutonism along the southeastern margin of Laurentia. UPb zircon analyses record a late Grenvillian metamorphic event around 1019 Ma. UPb monazite analyses from one sample yield 10101000 Ma ages, and the end of Grenvillian metamorphism is marked by 990 Ma UPb titanite ages.
PONS-MOLL ET AL.: METRIC REGRESSION FORESTS FOR HUMAN POSE ESTIMATION 1 Metric Regression Forests for Human Pose Estimation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a new method for inferring dense data to model correspondences, fo-cusing on the application of human pose estimation from depth images. Recent work proposed the use of regression forests to quickly predict correspondences between depth pixels and points on a 3D human mesh model. That work, however, used a proxy forest training objective based on the classification of depth pixels to body parts. In contrast, we introduce Metric Space Information Gain (MSIG), a new decision forest training ob-jective designed to directly optimize the entropy of distributions in a metric space. When applied to a model surface, viewed as a metric space defined by geodesic distances, MSIG aims to minimize image-to-model correspondence uncertainty. A naïve implementation of MSIG would scale quadratically with the number of training examples. As this is in-tractable for large datasets, we propose a method to compute MSIG in linear time. Our method is a principled generalization of the proxy classification objective, and does not require an extrinsic isometric embedding of the model surface in Euclidean space. Our experiments demonstrate that this leads to correspondences that are considerably more accurate than state of the art, using far fewer training images. 1
A Novel 4.25kb Deletion in PAX6 in A Chinese Han Family with Congenital Aniridia Combined with Cataract and Nystagmus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: The aim of this study is to identify the genetic defect in a Chinese family with congenital aniridia combined with cataract and nystagmus. Methods: Complete ophthalmic examinations, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, dilatedindirect ophthalmoscopy, anterior segment photography, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed. Blood samples were collected from all family members and genomic DNA was extracted. Genome sequencing was performed in all family members and Sanger sequencing was used to verify variant breakpoints. Results: All the thirteen members in this Chinese family, including seven patients and six normal people, were recruited in this study. The ophthalmic examination of affected patients in this family was consistent with congenital aniridia combined with cataract and nystagmus. A novel heterozygous deletion (NC_000011.10:g.31802307_31806556del) containing the 5’ region of PAX6 gene was detected that segregated with the disease. Conclusion: We detected a novel deletion in PAX6 responsible for congenital aniridia in the affected individuals of this Chinese family. The novel 4.25kb deletion in PAX6 gene of our study would further broaden the genetic defects of PAX6 associated with congenital aniridia.