jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
C–H Functionalization Catalysis via Transition Metal Stabilized Ligand-Based Radicals

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two catalytic systems exploiting the capability of introducing functionalities into C–H bonds using transition metal stabilized ligand-based radicals were explored. The first system utilizes sterically accessible bidentate LX-type ligand platforms (dipyrrin: AdFL: 1,9-di-adamantyl-5-(perfluorophenyl)-dipyrromethene; anionic bisoxazoline: TrHBOX: bis((S)-4-trityl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)methane) featuring a compressed ligand field that engenders a N-based iminyl radical broken-symmetry formulation when supporting Ni–N multiply bonded units. The proposed electronic structure is corroborated by electron paramagnetic and N K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopies in conjunction to density functional theory calculations. The catalytic pyrrolidine formation via single-electron intramolecular C–H bond amination capitalizing the high reactivity of these iminyl radicals were probed both synthetically and mechanistically. The BOX variant further unlocks our ability to impart enantioselectivity to the catalytic scheme. The mechanistic evaluation suggests a radical recombination step with comparable rate to that of carboradical rotation, suggesting both the H-atom abstraction and radical capture as enantio-determining steps. In addition to pyrrolidine synthesis, intramolecular catalytic C–H alkoxylation mediated by Fe-stabilized vinyl carboradicals for O-heterocycle preparations was investigated. The transformation features commercially available ferrous acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)2] as the active catalyst and readily preparable ɑ-diazo-β-keto esters as the substrate to stereoselectively yield (Z)-2-alkylidene dihydrofuran derivatives. Mechanism of the reaction is probed using isotopic labelling study, ring-opening of radical clock substrate, Hammett analysis, and further corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Heightened reactivity is observed for electron-rich C–H bonds (tertiary, ethereal), while greater catalyst loadings or elevated reaction temperatures are required for fully converting substrates with benzylic, secondary, and primary C–H bonds. The transformation is highly functional group tolerant and operates under mild reaction conditions to provide rapid access to complex structures such as spiro and fused bi/tricyclic O-heterocycles from readily available precursors.
FLEUR-DE-SEINE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Performer: YVES MONTAND; Bob Castella et ses Rythmes Writer: Emile Spencer; Disle et E. Jouillot Accompagnement. Digitized at 78 revolutions per minute. Four stylii were used to transfer this record. They are 3.5mil truncated eliptical, 2.3mil truncated conical, 2.8mil truncated conical, 3.3mil truncated conical. These were recorded flat and then also equalized with Turnover: 300.0, Rolloff: -10.0. The preferred versions suggested by an audio engineer at George Blood, L.P. have been copied to have the more friendly filenames. Matrix number: KI 10995 Catalog number: DO 2035 Other IDs from the record include: KI 10995
Implementation of extension services for children in Malaysian’s public libraries: a case study / Mohd Shamsul Daud and Noryana Ahmad Khusaini

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Libraries are one of the best places to be visited by children during their leisure time. It is a place where they can get new information and knowledge through reading activity and to be seen as one excellent stop centre for children. But there will be very big challenges for library itself on how to maintain and ensure that the first time they came will never be the last one. This can be guaranteed by having extension services which will promise them with many exciting activities in library other than just reading activity. Implementing library extension services in Malaysia however is still not so huge in its practices. However, this could be very important issue to be discussed when the effectiveness of having those services will benefit many people. This research was done based on three (3) main objectives: (1) To Identify to what extent the implementation of the extension services at public libraries of northern region in Malaysia; (2) Seek factors that motivate and inhibit public library in providing extension services to the public and; {3} To identify the types of extension services suitable for children's mind development. This study uses qualitative methods, where four {4} directors of the public libraries in Northern region of Malaysia were interviewed to get their point of view towards this issue. Data obtained from this study had been analyzed using Atlas.ti software and three models were developed.
Operation, Calibration, Georectification, and Reflectance Inversion of NASA&apos;s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Four- and Two-Meter Data Acquired from a Low-Altitude Platform

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In late 1997, NASA approved a demonstration plan to collect high-spatial-resolution AVIRIS spectral images from a low-altitude airborne platform. The objective of this effort was to explore the different, and perhaps higher, information content of AVIRIS spectra at the 4-meter spatial scale for science research and applications. Strict requirements were placed on the effort to control risks to the AVIRIS instrument and maintain continued operational capability on the nominal ER-2 high-altitude airborne platform. Components of the effort included aircraft selection as well as development of new mechanical, electrical, navigation, ground support, installation, operations, and software subsystems for the low-altitude demonstration. On 28 September 1998 AVIRIS flew on a Twin Otter aircraft, measuring spectral images with 4-meter spatial resolution. In the following 7 weeks, AVIRIS operated on this low altitude platform measuring data for a range of investigation across the United States. This paper presents key aspects of the implementation, operation, calibration, georectification, and validation of AVIRIS on a low-altitude platform in the Autumn of 1998.
An automatic image processing algorithm for initiating and terminating intracoronary  OFDI pullback

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intracoronary optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) provides high resolution, three-dimensional views of coronary artery microstructure, but requires a non-occlusive saline/contrast purge to displace blood for clear artery views. Recent studies utilized manual pullback initiation/termination based on real-time image observation. Automated pullback initiation/termination by real-time OFDI signal analysis would enable more efficient data acquisition. We evaluate the use of simple imaging parameters to automatically and robustly differentiate between diagnostic-quality clear artery wall (CAW) versus blood-obstructed fields (BOF). Algorithms are tested using intracoronary OCT human data retrospectively and intracoronary OFDI swine and human data prospectively. In prospective analysis of OFDI swine data, the sensitivity and specificity of the ratio of second and first moments (contrast parameter) were 99.6% and 97.2%, respectively. In prospective analysis of OFDI clinical data, the contrast parameter yielded 96.0% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity. Accuracy improved further by analyzing sequential frames. These results indicate the algorithm may be utilized with intracoronary OFDI for initiating and terminating automated pullback and digital data recording.
Nest protection and foraging behaviour in solitary and social nests of the socially polymorphic orchid bee Euglossa viridissima

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Natural enemies impose a selective pressure on solitary insects that may favour the evolution of sociality. In the socially polymorphic orchid bee Euglossa viridissima, females found nests solitarily and provision a first batch of brood. After brood maturity, a nest can remain solitary (all offspring disperse) or become social, when one or more subordinate daughters forage for nesting material and brood provisions for the dominant mother. Solitary females leave their nest unguarded when foraging whilst a female in a social nest can guard the nest while nestmates are foraging. By observing solitary and social nests, we found that subordinate foragers in social nests undertook longer provisioning trips than solitary females. The presence of a guarding female in a social nest protected the nest against intrusion, possibly favouring longer provisioning trips. Moreover, the frequency of successful attempts by intruders to enter nests was significantly lower in social nests. Our results provide strong support for the parasite defence hypothesis for the evolution of social behaviour.
Cerambycidae collection of Karaganda Buketov University Museum of Nature

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Entomological Cerambycidae collection of the KarU Nature Museum were supplemented for 50 years by materials of students summer field practices. The collection work began under the guidance of professor N.P. Shlykov, and later professor N.G. Skopin and professor B.N. Mukhachev. Some of the species were obtained as a result of the exchange of collection samples with other entomologists. At the present here are 80 species of longhorn beetles in collection , among which there are pest species, species of aesthetic significance, endemics of Central Kazakhstan and rare species from other regions of the planet.
Ultra-Processed Food Environments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Why is finding solutions to combat the increasing access to affordable ultra-processed foods so controversial and what strategies are necessary for policy change? To address this question, this chapter applies a political economy analysis of coalitions and policy beliefs in the ultra-processed food environment in Ghana. By combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework with the discourse analysis approach and factor analysis, the chapter reveals a trichotomy of coalitions in the food environment, consisting of state, market, and civil society actors. The discourses reveal shared policy beliefs among these coalitions on the need for more regulation, independent beliefs on production incentives, and divergent beliefs on public awareness. The evidence highlights entry points for policy-oriented learning and policy change, including subsidies to support access to healthy foods, a prohibitive tax on ultra-processed foods, voluntary regulations, labeling and advertisement bans, and regulatory instruments.
Clorgyline Inhibits Orexin-A-Induced Arousal in Layer-Type Chicks

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We previously demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of orexin-A induces arousal and increased metabolic turnover rates of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in layer (egg-type) chicks. Because monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) is a potent degrading enzyme of these monoamines, we hypothesized that orexin-A may mediate its arousal-inducing effects through MAO-A. Therefore, we simultaneously injected clorgyline, a specific inhibitor of MAO-A, with orexin-A and examined behavior of chicks. Behaviors associated with arousal were attenuated in the group of chicks that received clorgyline and orexin-A compared with those that received orexin-A alone. For the monoamine turnover rate, enhancement of the turnover rate of serotonin by orexin-A was attenuated by clorgyline. Therefore, we conclude that orexin-A-induced arousal is dependent upon monoamine neural activities stimulated by MAO-A in chicks.
Further investigation of the mass fragmentation of dinucleotide analogues containing the 6‐azauracil moiety

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The mass fragmentation of four dinucleotide analogues in which uracil and 6‐azauracil derivatives are connected by a trimethylene bridge is discussed. The fragmentation pathways have been proposed on the basis of high resolution data and metastable transitions. The distinct influence of alkyl substituents in the 5‐position of the uracil moiety on the fragmentation pathway has been observed and a novel fragmentation of 6‐azapyrimidine ring noted.
The Warburg Effect and lactate signaling augment Fgf-MAPK to promote sensory-neural development in the otic vesicle

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Recent studies indicate that many developing tissues modify glycolysis to favor lactate synthesis (Agathocleous et al., 2012; Bulusu et al., 2017; Gu et al., 2016; Oginuma et al., 2017; Sá et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2014; Zheng et al., 2016), but how this promotes development is unclear. Using forward and reverse genetics in zebrafish, we show that disrupting the glycolytic gene phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (pgk1) impairs Fgf-dependent development of hair cells and neurons in the otic vesicle and other neurons in the CNS/PNS. Fgf-MAPK signaling underperforms in pgk1- / - mutants even when Fgf is transiently overexpressed. Wild-type embryos treated with drugs that block synthesis or secretion of lactate mimic the pgk1- / - phenotype, whereas pgk1- / - mutants are rescued by treatment with exogenous lactate. Lactate treatment of wild-type embryos elevates expression of Etv5b/Erm even when Fgf signaling is blocked. However, lactate’s ability to stimulate neurogenesis is reversed by blocking MAPK. Thus, lactate raises basal levels of MAPK and Etv5b (a critical effector of the Fgf pathway), rendering cells more responsive to dynamic changes in Fgf signaling required by many developing tissues.
P10.13.A DEMOCRATIZING QUALITY: A STRATEGY TO MAKE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE ASSESSMENTS QUICK, EASY, AND ACCESSIBLE TO ALL

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Advances in clinical care depend decisively on evidence from high-quality clinical trials. EANO and other international societies have established systematic and transparent methodologies for assessing the quality of clinical trials, but the process is time-consuming and challenging to master. Using advanced computational strategies, we have developed three novel models—an Excel-based calculator, a machine learning (ML) model, and a permutation-based decision tree—designed to facilitate this assessment and make it easily accessible to clinicians and researchers. METHODS AND MATERIALS A PRISMA-compliant literature review was conducted to identify all therapeutic human trials involving adult neuro-oncology patients published in the last 12 months in high-impact journals. Articles fulfilling pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and a level of evidence was assigned independently by two investigators, with differences resolved by consensus. Simultaneously, an advanced ML model was created, employing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm renowned for its efficacy in classification tasks. The SVM model was configured with a 0.2 train-test split to validate its predictive accuracy and recursive feature elimination to evaluate the significance of input features, confirming their equal importance. Additionally, a permutation-based decision tree was developed, where a collaborative team analyzed all possible permutations of questionnaire responses to assign explicit quality ratings through a data-driven decision framework. Finally, an Excel-based tool was developed to calculate the level of evidence. The results of all four assessment strategies were statistically compared. RESULTS The ML model was developed and trained on a dataset of 225 categorized research papers and achieved a classification accuracy of 97%. The permutation-based decision tree tool was designed to map all possible questionnaire response permutations to specific trial quality levels, with 11,521 independently graded permutation response pathways. The Excel-based tool was programmed to use a phrase-matching algorithm to identify an evidence level based on a user’s provided answers. The permutation and Excel-based strategies provided excellent classification accuracy but were inferior to the ML model. As we will demonstrate, all three models were easy to use and provided rapid and reliable levels of evidence assessments. CONCLUSION By providing open access to these tools to clinicians and researchers and making the level of evidence assessments efficient, consistent, and transparent, we hope to democratize the ability to evaluate published trials, thereby improving the quality of clinical care. We also hope that clinical researchers will utilize these tools to enhance the quality of their clinical trials at the design stage.
Effect of public insurance and socioeconomic status on delay of care in patients with post-operative anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Clinical Scenario: There are many disparities within healthcare, specifically in relation to socioeconomic status, leading to delay of care and treatment. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are highly prevalent and can lead to secondary complications if treatment is delayed. Public health insurance can contribute to the delay of care in patients recovering from Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR).
“Blitzkrieg” or Total War?: War Preparations in Nazi Germany

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

No satisfying and convincing answer to the question posed in the title of this chapter can be offered without reference to World War I. For the military leadership of the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht, this war posed the basis for analyzing all questions of their military craft, and it dominated all their plans and preparations for a future war. Friedrich von Bernhardi, whose provocative and influential book, Deutschland und der nächste Krieg (Germany and the Next War), had appeared in 1913, turned shortly after the end of the Great War to the military consequences of this conflict. In a work that was published in 1920, Vom Kriege der Zukunft (On War in the Future), he took it as self-evident that a future war would be fought between mass armies. However, he also adopted the eccentric idea that “the troops” must be separated “inwardly from the home front,” in order to avoid a repetition of the situation that arose in Germany at the conclusion of World War I, which Bernhardi interpreted in the light of the “stab-in-the-back” legend. Like all his successors in the interwar period, this conservative cavalryman was preoccupied with World War I, an industrialized people's war, as the model of future warfare.
EFFECTS OF EMPHASIZING DECOUPLED VERSUS COUPLED POLICY TOOLS IN THE 2002 FARM BILL

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The 1996 and 2002 farm bills moved government support toward decoupled tools rather than support coupled to production and/or prices. This paper analyzes whether areas with more production risk would prefer decoupled or coupled support. The results indicate areas with more yield risk would prefer decoupled payments and vice versa.
Sudden Shortness of Breath and Anxiety

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Scenario: An 86-year-old female was admitted to a medical-surgical unit from an extended care facility with complaints of abdominal pain and vomiting. She remained on complete bed rest due to severe pain and was ultimately diagnosed with acute sigmoid diverticulitis. After 4 days, an ECG (below) was obtained when she suddenly became anxious, short of breath, and hypoxic. On admission, her ECG showed normal sinus rhythm (76/min) with a right bundle branch block (RBBB).Sinus tachycardia with an RBBB (criteria: QRSd > 120 milliseconds, slurred S wave in leads I and V6, rSR′ pattern in V1, where R′ > R) and ECG criteria suggestive of pulmonary embolism (PE)A PE is an unpredictable condition associated with high morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients.Following a PE, acute hypoxia develops and fluid volume overload in the right ventricle (acute core pulmonale) occurs. Key ECG features include tachycardia, RBBB (complete or incomplete) and a classic ECG pattern known by the acronym S1Q3T3. These ECG changes result from repolarization abnormalities due to increased right ventricular pressure and volume overload, which in turn lead to right ventricular conduction delay and a QRS axis shift. S1 refers to an S wave in lead I, as seen in this example. Q3 refers to a Q wave in lead III and T3 refers to an inverted T wave in this same lead.In some patients, as is seen in this example, there is T wave inversion in the anterior leads, and this is often considered a late sign. Importantly, the presence of S1Q3T3 on an ECG can occur from any cause of acute cor pulmonale (eg, pneumothorax, acute bronchospasm) therefore these findings are not specific for PE. A lung scan or computed tomography angiography should be done to confirm the diagnosis. However, immediately available information that includes a patient’s clinical history, as well as the S1Q3T3 ECG pattern can be helpful in determining the cause of acute changes in a patient’s condition.Prevention measures consist of routine anticoagulation therapy or an intermittent pneumatic compression device to the lower extremities, and ambulation. Management of PE is typically anticoagulant therapy such as heparin and, eventually, long term warfarin. In severe cases, thrombolysis or pulmonary thrombectomy may be used. This patient had been administered subcutaneous enoxaparin once daily but still developed a PE, which demonstrates that patients are at risk for this complication despite preventive pharmacological measures.
Photovoltaic Performance of Spherical TiO2 Nanoparticles Derived from Titanium Hydroxide Ti(OH)4: Role of Annealing Varying Temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High-quality titanium dioxide (TiO2 or titania) nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) with tailored morphologies are desirable for efficient photovoltaic applications. In this view, some thin films containing spherical TiO2NPs were prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) and silicon (Si) substrates from titanium hydroxide Ti(OH)4 using the unified sol-gel, spray and spin coating method followed by thermal annealing at different temperatures (in the range of 200–650 °C). Samples were characterized using various analytical tools to determine the influence of annealing temperatures on their structures, morphologies, and optical and photovoltaic characteristics. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) images of the annealed films displayed the existence of spherical TiO2NPs of average size in the range of 3.2 to 33.94 nm. XRD analysis of the films showed their amorphous nature with anatase and rutile phase. Optical UV-Vis spectral analysis of the annealed films exhibited a decrease in the bandgap energy from 3.84 to 3.24 eV with the corresponding increase of annealing temperature from 200 to 650 °C. The optimum films obtained at 500 and 600 °C were utilized as electron transport layers to fabricate the metal-insulator-semiconductor solar cells. The cells’ power conversion efficiency assembled with the spherical TiO2NPs-enclosed thin films annealed at 500 and 600 °C were 1.02 and 0.28%, respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that the overall properties and photovoltaic performance of the TiO2NPs-based thin films could be improved via thermal annealing.