jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Data for: Convenient preparation of sagittatoside B, a rare bioactive secondary flavonol glycoside, by recyclable and integrated biphase enzymatic hydrolysis

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Sagittatoside B, a rare secondary flavonol glycoside in Epimedii Folium, has much better in vivo bioactivities than its original glycoside epimedin B. Its preparation methods, such as acidic hydrolysis, are of low efficiency, with byproducts generated. The objective of this study was to establish a novel catalysis system for convenient preparation of this compound based on recyclable and integrated biphase enzymatic hydrolysis. β-dextranase was selected from five commercial enzymes due to the best catalysis performance. After optimization of conditions, the biphase system was constructed with propyl acetate and HAc-NaAc buffer (pH 4.5) (1:1, v/v) containing β-dextranase/epimedin B (1:2, w/w), and the hydrolysis was performed at 60°C for 1 h. Consequently, epimedin B was completely hydrolyzed to sagittatoside B, and 95.69% of the product has been transferred into organic phase, moreover a high conversion rate had been achieved at 93.98% even after the enzyme solution was used for six cycles. Additionally, the procedure was much simplified compared with conventional enzymatic hydrolysis. The newly proposed strategy is an efficient and promising approach for the preparation of sagittatoside B in industrial application.
Study on Supercooling of Flower Buds of Camellia yuhsienensis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1 Introduction Since differential thermal analysis(DTA) was used to detect a specific exothermic event associated with cold injury, organic supercooling has been reported in over 240 species of 33 angiospermous families and one gymnospermous family. Several hypotheses about the mechanism of the supercooling of flower buds have been proposed, e.g. lower water potential, tissue compactness, ice nucleation factors and the tissue barrier against ice
Epidemiology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of UI in women increases with age. A postal survey was conducted by Thomas et al. ( 4 ) to selected health districts in the London boroughs and neighboring health districts in the late 1970s. In that survey, incontinence was defined as involuntary excretion or leakage of urine in inappropriate places or at inappropriate times twice or more a month, regardless of the quantity of urine lost. Incontinence was further subdivided into regular UI for a loss twice or more per month, and occasional for less than twice per month. The response rate was excellent at 89%. Table 2.1 shows the prevalence rates for regular and occasional incontinence in women aged 15 to more than 85 years. Three age tiers to the prevalence of regular incontinence in women were noted: the first level, 15 to 34 years (prevalence 4-5.5%); the second tier, 35 to 74 years (prevalence 8.8-11.9%); the third, 75 years and older (prevalence 16-16.2%).
Does Higher Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels will harm Bone Mineral Density ?: a Cross-sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Objective: Vitamin D has long been acknowledged as vital in preventing and managing osteoporosis. However, there is controversy over which vitamin D supplementation strategies are best for maintaining optimal bone mineral density levels for adults. This study aimed to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels and total bone mineral density. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2008 cycles. The primary exposures were 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Bone Mineral Density. A multivariable logistic regression approach was used to model and adjust the variables relevant to the associations. Results: There is a U-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels and bone mineral density among adults, and the concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 81.1 nmol/L. Among males, those below 84.5 nmol/L showed a significant positive association (p= 0.0012), whereas above this threshold, the association was non-significant and slightly negative (p=0.0001). For females, those below 31.4 nmol/L exhibited a significant positive association (p=0.0034), whereas above this threshold, the association remained positive but weaker and marginally significant (p= 0.0002). Conclusions: The optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level for adult males is 84.5 nmol/L. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are not conducive to increased bone mineral density for males. For adult females, setting the threshold for vitamin D deficiency above 31.4 nmol/L is crucial, as higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are more beneficial for increasing bone density.
Comfort and Accessibility Evaluation of Light Rail Vehicles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A quantitative evaluation method for passenger rooms of light rail vehicles from viewpoint of comfort and accessibility is proposed as the result of physical modeling of in-vehicle behavior of passengers upon Gibson's ecological psychology approach. The model parameters are identified from experiments at real vehicles at the depot of Kumamoto municipal transport and at the full-scale mockup of the University of Tokyo. The developed model has realized quantitative evaluation of floor lowering effects by abolishing internal steps at passenger doorways and door usage restriction scenarios from viewpoint of both passengers and operators in comparison to commuter railway vehicles.
Peer Review #1 of "The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): utility in college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (v0.2)"

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): utility in college students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Background.The number of students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) enrolled in colleges and universities has increased markedly over the past few decades, giving rise to questions about how best to document symptoms and impairment in the postsecondary setting.The aim of the present study was to investigate the utility and psychometric properties of a widely-used rating scale for adults with ADHD, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-V1.1), in a sample of post-secondary students with ADHD.Methods.A total of 135 college students (mean age = 24, 42% males) with ADHD were recruited from Student Disability Services in post-secondary institutions.We compared informant responses on the ASRS administered via different modalities.First, student's selfreport was ascertained using the ASRS Screener administered via telephone interview, in which they were asked to provide real-life examples of behavior for each of the six items.Next, students self-reported symptoms on the 18-item paper version of the ASRS Symptom Checklist administered about 1 to 2 weeks later, and a collateral report using an online version of the 18-item ASRS Symptom Checklist.Students also completed self-report measures of everyday cognitive failure (CFQ) and executive functioning (BDEFS).Results.Results revealed moderate to good congruency between the 18-item ASRS-Self and ASRS-Collateral reports (correlation = .47),and between student self-report on the 6-item telephone-based and paper-versions of the ASRS, with the paper-version administered two weeks later (correlation = .66).The full ASRS self-report was related to impairment, such as in executive functioning (correlation = .63)and everyday cognitive failure (correlation = .74).Executive functioning was the only significant predictor of ASRS total scores.Discussion.Current findings suggest that the ASRS provides an easy-to-use, reliable, and cost-effective approach for gathering information about current symptoms of ADHD in college and university students.Collateral reports were moderately related to self-reports, although we note the difficulty in obtaining informant reports for this population.Use of a telephone
Convergence time in VPNs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Convergence time for a network is the time it needs to adapt to a new situation. This new situation can appear in a number of way but in this thesis only two possible changes are looked upon, when a link in the network fails and when a link recovers again. Today, convergence time is an important issue for network service providers since they want to give their customers access to the best network available. This means that the network convergence should be as fast as possible. For the Virtual Private Network (VPN) service, it is crucial that the convergence time is low since the VPN service gives the customer the impression that he is working on a Local Area Network between the company's offices and not through a service provider backbone. The VPN services looked upon in this thesis use an Multi Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) core network which uses label switching to forward the packets. To make this possible, a few protocols are used. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used on the access links between the core network and the customers and between different autonomous systems in the core network for distributing and receiving reachability information about the VPN. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) or sometimes even ReSource reserVation Protocol - Traffic Extension (RSVP-TE) is used for distributing labels and enabling label switching in the core. In this thesis, these protocols are looked upon and the relevant parameters are extracted. These parameters are theoretically looked upon and optimizations are then proved by practical testing. From the results it is concluded that BGP has the worst convergence time, both in access and peering links. LDP and RSVP-TE could both be improved from their default configuration.
The Applicability of Soil Density Gauge in The Detection of Non-Cohesive Soil

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the needs of engineering construction, non-cohesive soil has been widely used in important fields such as dams and roadbed filling. The strength and compressibility of non-cohesive soil mainly depend on the compactness.However, it has so far been difficult to find a method for determining the compactness of non-cohesive soil quickly, accurately and safely.In order to cope with this problem, this paper focuses on the working principle and operation process of the SDG200 soil densitometer.At the same time, on the basis of summarizing the previous research, it is pointed out that the difference between the operation of clay soil and non-cohesive soil density is tested by SDG soil densitometer, and the parameter setting problem in the non-cohesive soil compactness test is solved.Therefore, it can be predicted that the SDG soil densitometer will have a good application prospect in the detection of non-cohesive soil compactness.
BROILER´S ROSS 308 MEAT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AFTER ADDITION OF BEE POLLEN AS A SUPPLEMENT IN THEIR FEED MIXTURES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the meat chemical composition of broiler chicken Ross 308. In the experiment, totally 200 one-day-old chicks were divided into 4 groups (n=50) for 42 days. Bee pollen was added to feed mixtures in doses 0; 2,500; 3,500 and 4,500 mg.kg-1. The findings found the moisture content of breast and thigh muscles were higher in the experimental groups compared to the control except E3 in thigh muscle, but in protein content were higher in the control group. On the other hand the fat content and energy value in the control group were higher comparison to experimental groups except E1. There are no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) among the experimental groups. From the current study they conclude the bee pollen has a positive effect on the broiler Ross 308 chemical composition because the increase of moisture content and decrease the fat content which may be acceptable for several special human diets.
Diaphragm muscle function following midcervical contusion injury in rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Midcervical spinal cord contusion injury results in tissue damage, disruption of spinal pathways, and motor neuron loss. Unilateral C4 contusion results in loss of 40%–50% of phrenic motor neurons ipsilateral to the injury (~25% of the total phrenic motor neuron pool). Over time after unilateral C4 contusion injury, diaphragm muscle (DIAm) electromyogram activity increases both contralateral and ipsilateral to the side of injury in rats, suggesting compensation because of increased activation of the surviving motor neurons. However, the impact of contusion injury on DIAm force generation is less clear. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was measured across motor behaviors over time after unilateral C4 contusion injury in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Maximum Pdi (Pdi max ) was elicited by bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation at 7 days postinjury. We hypothesized that Pdi max is reduced following unilateral C4 contusion injury, whereas ventilatory behaviors of the DIAm are unimpaired. In support of our hypothesis, Pdi max was reduced by ~25% after unilateral C4 contusion, consistent with the extent of phrenic motor neuron loss following contusion injury. One day after contusion injury, the Pdi amplitude during airway occlusion was reduced from ~30 to ~20 cmH 2 O, but this reduction was completely reversed by 7 days postinjury. Ventilatory behaviors (~10 cmH 2 O), DIAm-specific force, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area did not differ between the laminectomy and contusion groups. These results indicate that the large reserve capacity for DIAm force generation allows for higher-force motor behaviors to be accomplished despite motor neuron loss, likely reflecting changes in motor unit recruitment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Respiratory muscles such as the diaphragm generate the pressures necessary to accomplish a variety of motor behaviors ranging from ventilation to near-maximal expulsive behaviors. However, the impact of contusion injury on diaphragm pressure generation across behaviors is not clear. The present study shows that contusion injury impairs maximal pressure generation while preserving the ability of the diaphragm to accomplish lower-force motor behaviors, likely reflecting changes in diaphragm motor unit recruitment.
Participatory Methods in the Georgian Caucasus: Understanding Vulnerability and Response to Debrisflow Hazards

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Assessment and emergency planning to cope with disaster risks are usually founded primarily on expert evaluations, in part because local governments and public bodies mainly finance the recovery activities. Local communities affected by disasters are scarcely really involved in the processes of information collection, problem analysis, or design of emergency plans.However, the development of good practices for incorporating local people’s knowledge into disaster risk management, known as Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM), is becoming more common. Scientific communities increasingly realize the importance of local knowledge, though in Georgia this is still uncommon. Georgia faces frequent natural disasters and threats to its fragile ecosystems caused by unsustainable natural resource management and agricultural practices, improper infrastructure and urban development, as well as by innate geological and climatic factors. In this context, the lack of communication between local communities and public administrations is absolutely deleterious. The article analyzes the effectiveness of participatory methods and tools for better comprehension of people’s vulnerability and responses. Fieldwork in mountain areas of Caucasus involved local communities to investigate the direct participation of local people in Disaster Risk Management and assess their availability and interest to engage in hazard mapping and risk responses.
Effects of straw returning and nitrogen addition on soil quality of a coastal saline soil: A field study of four consecutive wheat‐maize cycles

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The effects of different straw returning and nitrogen addition levels on soil quality are important for proper coastal saline soil remediation. However, relatively little is understood concerning the remediation effects, especially, on long‐term effects and mineral composition and microstructures of coastal saline soil. Two maize/wheat straw returning levels [1.0 × 10 4 kg ha −1 (2S) and 5.0 × 10 3 kg ha −1 (S)] and three inorganic nitrogen addition levels [300 kg ha −1 (N2), 150 kg ha −1 (N) and 75 kg ha −1 (N1/2)]—were studied, with 150 kg ha −1 inorganic nitrogen and without straw addition treatment as the control (CK), to elucidate the response of soil physical and chemical properties to the two factors. After four consecutive wheat‐maize cycles, different straw and N fertilizer treatments obviously decreased the salinity contents, increased the total nutrient contents, and optimized the soil structure of the saline soil. The saline soil reclamation effects showed significant distinctions among the different straw and N fertilizer treatments. The 2SN2 treatment displayed the greatest effects in regard to reducing salinity, increasing the total soil nutrient contents and optimizing the soil structure, which resulted in the best remediation effect. Straw returning plays a major role in decreasing soil salinity and enhancing saline soil aggregate formation. N fertilizer addition supplies rich nutrients for straw decomposition, and promotes soil microbial growth and reproduction, which brought about C sequestration in coastal saline soil. During the coastal saline soil remediation process in the Yellow River Delta, it is suggested to prioritize straw returning and moderate N fertilizer addition, and live together with moderate P fertilizer application.
Adsorption desalination employing silica gel-water system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Adsorption desalination, known as AD in short, is considered to be one of the promising solutions to the water shortage in many water stressed countries which has been proven to be a low cost process. Nowadays, the adsorption desalination is usually combined with cooling technology which utilize waste heat or recycle energy to achieve cooling effect. Since this kind of combine technology is able to achieve dual benefits and does not require the use of environmentally harmful refrigerants, it gains attentions for researches. This report will begin with the introduction of different types of desalination, which is then followed by a literature review for the earlier researches. The author also studied previous Past Year Report on the design of intermittent silica gel water adsorption system in order to have a better understanding of the process. Furthermore, this report elaborates the operation process of existing AD plant in Nanyang Technological University and investigates experimentally the performance of the adsorption chiller in terms of COP and SCP under various conditions. Subsequently, the water production rate is being calculated to identify the efficiency or reliability of the desalination method. Lastly, a review of the existing system such as problems occurred during the experiments and the possible reasons will be discussed, followed by certain recommendations for future work.
SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT IN ARABIC LANGUAGE (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON DIWAN ABI TAMMAM) / Ïº┘äÏ¬ÏÀ┘êÏ▒ Ïº┘äÏ»┘äÏº┘ä┘è ┘ü┘ë Ïº┘ä┘äÏ║Ï® Ïº┘äÏ╣Ï▒Ï¿┘èÏ® (Ï»Ï▒ÏºÏ│Ï® Ï¬Ï¡┘ä┘è┘ä┘èÏ® Ï╣┘å Ï»┘è┘êÏº┘å ÏúÏ¿┘è Ï¬┘àÏº┘à)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the development of Arabic semantics in Diwan Abi Tammam book. Abu Tammam is a modern Arabic poet. He has poetry books which have been printed several times and all of his poetry is collected in a book that is known as Diwan Abi Tammam. This research is limited to the types of semantic development. The method used was content analysis. This study begins with an analysis of semantic development in Arabic and then its application in the Diwan Abi Tammam book. The results of this study indicate that the types of semantic development in Diwan Abi Tammam are grammatical and phonemic semantics. The grammatical semantic elements include the meaning of a sentence based on the elements of imagination, aesthetics, stylistic and rhetoric. Whereas, the semantic phonemic elements include the meaning of characteristics of several composed sounds and these sounds have a meaning role in a word such as the differences in the use of halqi, raÔÇÖ, and sin, and their influence on the meaning of the target object.
Changes in Parvovirus B19 positivity rates in plasma units for fractionation: An unexpected effect of non‐pharmaceutical interventions against COVID‐19?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Parvovirus B19 (B19) is a small non-enveloped DNA virus, discovered in 1975 by Yvonne Cossart in the blood of a healthy blood donor. Although B19 infection is usually mild in children and adults, some subjects can develop severe arthropathy and transient aplastic crisis that, in immunodeficient patients, can evolve to persistent red cell aplasia requiring transfusion. Respiratory droplets spread B19, and it is highly infectious [1]. B19 DNA copy-number is often higher than 1010 copies/ml, and transmission through blood components and plasma-derived medicinal products has also been documented [2]. The European Pharmacopoeia stipulates that B19 concentration in manufacturing plasma pools should not exceed a concentration of 104 IU/ml [3]. In our Regional Blood Bank in Catalonia (Spain), plasma units obtained from whole blood donations and plasma apheresis are sent to the fractionation industry, where units are tested for B19 DNA. B19 infections follow a seasonal pattern in plasma donors, most positive plasma units corresponding to donations obtained between March and July [1]. From 2014 to 2019, we have been informed of 256 plasma units positive for B19 (Figure 1). However, between January 2020 and July 2021, the plasma fractionator has reported only three plasma units positive for B19, from three whole blood donors, one male and two females that donated on 18 January, and 17 and 28 February 2020. In the following 16 months, no more B19 infections have been reported among the 314,898 plasma units sent for fractionation. There are significant differences when comparing B19 yearly positivity rates between 2014–2019 and 2020–2021 (Figure 1). The plasma fractionator confirms that there have not been any changes in the B19 screening policy. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and a few days later, the lockdown was implemented in Spain until the end of May 2020. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), such as social distance and mandatory facemask outdoors and indoors have been maintained until very recently. Facemask wearing is still mandatory indoors of public buildings, including schools, public transportation and outdoors when physical distance is not possible. Although plasma donors with low viral load might have been missed by B19 screening, the continuous absence of high viral load infections in plasma donors for more than one year supports an association to the use of NPI. In Europe, seasonal influenza activity in 2020 was very low, also probably due to the extended use of NPI [4]. In conclusion, we describe here an unexpected but not surprising effect of strict and sustained NPI in decreasing B19 infection among plasma donors in Catalonia. B19 is unusual inasmuch as it is transmitted both by droplets and by transfusion, therefore, this finding may reinforce the usefulness of NPI if a future pandemic agent emerges. The authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest.