jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Different Levels of Chromatin Condensation in <b><i>Partamona chapadicola</i></b> and <b><i>Partamona nhambiquara</i></b> (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Studies in several organisms have contributed to the understanding of heterochromatin and its biological importance. In bees of the tribe Meliponini, the presence of chromosomes with totally heterochromatic arms has been attributed to the mechanism of karyotype evolution in which this group accumulated heterochromatin to maintain telomere stability after centric fission events. In the present study, the use of classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques as well as automated image analysis software for the description of the karyotypes of <i>Partamona</i><i>chapadicola</i> and <i>P. nhambiquara</i> bee species revealed variability in the compaction and patterns of chromatin structure. Although both species have the same chromosome number as other species in the genus <i>Partamona</i> (2n = 34), C-banding and image analyses indicated the existence of chromosomes with 3 regions of different staining intensities, suggesting a chromatin structure with distinct patterns and characteristics. Repetitive DNA probes hybridized only in the euchromatic regions, whereas the regions with intermediate staining intensity did not show any hybridization signals. This suggests that these regions present features more similar to heterochromatin. Evidence of the existence of a chromatin class with intermediate condensation compared to euchromatin and heterochromatin indicates a potential mechanism for heterochromatin amplification and demonstrates the need for further studies on this topic. This previously unrecognized class of chromatin should be taken into account in the study of all Meliponini chromosomes.
Mycoplasma and bacterial proteins resembling contractile proteins: a review.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The basis of gliding motility in prokaryotes including certain mycoplasmas and the ability of mycoplasmas to retain their characteristic cell shapes in the absence of a supporting cell wall is unexplained. This review examines the available studies describing proteins resembling contractile proteins and cytoskeletal proteins in prokaryotes. Proteins with a significant degree of amino acid sequence homology to the myofibrillar proteins actin and myosin Al light chain and to tropomyosin have been described in prokaryotes. In addition, protein preparations from Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been shown to bind heavy meromyosin fragments, anti-actin antibody, and phalloidin; however, it remains to be proved that proteins in these preparations sharing properties with actin are synthesized by the mycoplasma.
American data refute ultraviolet hypothesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

incidence of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in people with pigmented skin is several times lower than that in people with less pigmented skin.2How do the authors explain an apparent lack of association of lymphoma and leukaemia with skin colour?The authors' reasoning is based on two assump- tions: that the incidence of skin cancer can be used as a marker of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and that immunosuppression has a dominant role in the pathogenesis of cancer induced by ultraviolet radiation.Both assumptions may be false.Al- though ultraviolet radiation has an unequivocal role in the development of skin cancer, the patho- genesis of skin neoplasms is multifactorial.This is shown by the fact that exposure to the sun increases the relative risk of melanoma by only a factor of two to five, which is not impressive in comparison with the 85-1269 times higher risk in people with two family members with melanoma.'Moreover, recent evidence suggests that, in the pathogenesis of skin cancer, mechanisms other than immunosuppression are relevant, such as mutagenesis and suppression of apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation.Factors other than expo- sure to ultraviolet radiation-for example, genetic predisposition-probably better explain the association between skin cancer and the occurrence oflymphoma and leukaemia.
Colorectal cancer: implications of mass screening for public health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The faecal occult blood test (FOBT) for colorectal cancer has a place in clinical practice in case finding, and, perhaps, in screening high-risk groups, but is it a worthwhile screening test when applied to the general population? This question is important and topical: there is increasing interest in Australia in screening by FOBT, but such a programme would be neither free of risk, nor inexpensive. We argue that there is not yet satisfactory evidence that screening by FOBT reduces mortality from colorectal cancer. There is no quicker way of learning whether FOBT saves lives than to wait for the results of the major overseas trials, the first of which should become available in the next three to five years. Until this evidence becomes available, Australia should not proceed with mass screening for colorectal cancer by FOBT. Sporadic and haphazard screening should be discouraged. What we can, and should, do now is find out more about the attitudes and behaviour of consumers and providers of screening by FOBT, the infrastructure that would be required to promote and sustain an effective mass screening programme, the total costs of colorectal cancer screening, and the performance in representative populations of new screening technologies.
Dynamic instability of nanocomposite piezoelectric‐leptadenia pyrotechnica rheological elastomer‐porous functionally graded materials micro viscoelastic beams at various strain gradient higher‐order theories

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The dynamic stability response of a micro sandwich beam with leptadenia pyrotechnica rheological elastomer (LPRE) core is studied. The top and bottom layers respectively are assumed as piezoelectric reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and porous functionally graded materials (FGM). The core and top layers are affected by magnetic and electric fields for the magnetic and piezoelectric characteristics of the layers, respectively. The Halpin‐Tsai micromechanics theory for obtaining the effective material properties of the nanocomposite layer is utilized. On the basis of Kelvin‐Voigt model, the structural damping of the smart micro beam is assumed. The microstructure is located on the viscoelastic model which is simulated using Visco‐Pasternak platform. The size effects are assumed according to the theory of strain gradient including three‐length scale constants. The various theories of first‐order shear deformation beam theory (FSDBT), third‐order shear deformation beam theory (TSDBT), parabolic shear deformation beam theory (PSDBT), and exponential shear deformation beam theory (ESDBT) are utilized for driving the governing equations according to the Hamilton's principle. The motion final relations are solved by the differential quadrature method (DQM) for presenting the dynamic buckling area. The effects of different components such as volume percentage and distribution of GPLs, porosities, magnetic field of LPRE, applied voltage, FG index, structural damping, and geometric components of the micro sandwich beam on the dynamic stability reign (DIR) of the system are shown. The results with other researcher papers are compared. The results show that the DIR increases by applying a magnetic field to the LPRE layer.
Trends towards evidence-based policy formulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the past 20 years, evidence-based policy has become a common expectation of policy makers worldwide. There seems to be an international interest in assessing the effectiveness of public policies and in making well-informed decisions about policy programmes and instruments on the basis of expert knowledge, scientific research, evaluations and statistical modelling. The rise of evidence-based policy has, however, also been countered by critics, pointing to the risk that evidence might be used selectively, thus increasing the influence of policy elites and experts in the definition of social problems and solutions. The chapter gives an overview of recent debates on the role of evidence and 'sound science' in policy formulation, concerning both praise and criticism. Firstly, it can be shown that – partly due to the international impact of behavioural economics – evidence is increasingly incorporated into earlier stages of the policy process. In the European Union and beyond, experimental studies and randomized controlled trials are becoming more important, changing the very conception of both structure and timing of policy processes. Secondly, in order to get a systematic understanding of the policy-driven use of evidence especially in the early stages of the policy process, the mechanisms of evidence-based policy turning into 'policy-based evidence' are identified. The chapter ends by arguing for a more comparative approach towards evidence-based policy formulation, highlighting the institutional and cultural contexts of science-policy relations.
Optimizing VM checkpointing for restore performance in VMware ESXi

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cloud providers are increasingly looking to use virtual machine checkpointing for new applications beyond fault tolerance. Existing checkpointing systems designed for fault tolerance only optimize for saving checkpointed state, so they cannot support these new applications, which require better restore performance. Improving restore performance requires a predictive technique to reduce the number of disk accesses to bring in the VM's memory on restore. However, complex VM workloads can diverge at any time due to external inputs, background processes, and timing variation, so predicting which pages the VM will access on restore to reduce faults to disk is impossible. Instead, we focus on predicting which pages the VM will access together on restore to improve the efficiency of disk accesses.

To reduce the number of faults to disk on restore, we group memory pages likely to be accessed together into locality blocks. On each fault, we can load a block of pages that are likely to be accessed with the faulting page, eliminating future faults and increasing disk efficiency. We implement support for locality blocks, along with several other optimizations, in a new checkpointing system for VMware ESXi Server called Halite. Our experiments show that Halite reduces restore overhead by up to 94% for a range of workloads.
Eosinophilic Fasciitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eosinophilic fasciitis is a rare entity characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, fasciitis and “groove sign”. The characteristic features of this inflammatory disease include scleroderma-like skin indurations, predominantly on the extremities, and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Systemic organs are generally not affected. In this paper, we present the clinical characteristics of a 35-year-old male patient who could not be diagnosed for a long period and was diagnosed as eosinophilic fasciitis following muscle biopsy. We also include herein the results of our literature survey regarding this disease. (Turk J Rheumatol 2010; 25: 208-13)
Touchpoint Management and Interpersonal Communication

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A touchpoint is anything in time and space with the purpose to temporarily enable sharing of information and minds to be connected. Since we in our time have many ways to get in touch we are starting to pay more attention on how to manage our available touchpoints for the benefit or our relationships and communicative goals. An interpersonal theory of touchpoint management is outlined based on six basic communication premises. Several parameters are described to distinguish between different touchpoints and what they can afford in communicative situations. Touchpoints can be managed in kind and degree. To optimize the choice and use of touchpoints we have to take a lot of factors into consideration. The suggested factors are collected in nine dimensions and three of them are seen as more important: Accessibility (preference and skills), relations and effectiveness (goals). Related theories are discussed and compared in terms of similarities and differences.
A Guide to Planting Wildflower Enhancements in Florida

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The establishment of native wildflower plantings in Florida can benefit agricultural producers as well as native pollinators and other beneficial insects (predators and parasitoids). The plantings do this by: providing forage and nesting sites for bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, increasing wild bee numbers possibly across the farm, and increasing natural enemies of insect pests (that also depend on forage and nesting sites). This document discusses choosing the right mix of native plant species to benefit many pollinator species, as well as proper site selection, planting practices, and weed control techniques. Wildflower plots should be practical to manage, maximize benefits to wildlife, and fit into the overall management practices of the property.
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN DAIRY FARMERS IN KURUNEGALA DISTRICT: STOCHASTIC FRONTIER PRODUCTION FUNCTION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The objectives of this study are to estimate the technical efficiency and examine the impact of demographic and farming characteristics on technical efficiency among smallholder dairy farmers in Maho Divisional Secretariat in Kurunegala district during 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about milk production inputs and outputs, as well as other pertinent data, from 150 dairy farmers through convenience sampling. Maximum likelihood estimates of a stochastic production function were employed in the study and its results revealed that milk output was positively influenced by the number of milking cows and negatively influenced by the expenditure on veterinary at a 1% significant level. The average technical efficiency of the selected milk production farmers given by the Cobb – Douglas production function was 91% with minimum and maximum efficiency levels of about 73% and 96% respectively. This indicates that there is a scope and exists room for improving the existing level of milk production through enhancing the level of technical efficiency by 9% without increasing the level of input. In order to identify the impact of demographic and farming characteristics on technical efficiency, the Tobit model was applied. The results showed that age, sex, family size, and the number of milking times positively influenced the technical efficiency of milk production while access to credit marginally and positively influenced the efficiency of milk production in the study.
Clinical Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of SAM486A, a Novel Polyamine Biosynthesis Inhibitor, in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: SAM486A is a new inhibitor of S-adenosyl-methionine-decarboxylase, a key enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis. It is more potent than the first generation S-adenosyl-methionine-decarboxylase inhibitor methylglyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone. This Phase IIa study reports the findings of SAM486A monotherapy in patients with refractory or relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods: Forty-one previously treated patients with either diffuse large cell, follicular, or peripheral T-cell NHL were treated i.v. with 100 mg/m2 SAM486A as a daily 1-h infusion for 5 days repeated every 3 weeks. Treatment was continued for a total of eight cycles or until disease progression. Results: Two patients, both with large B-cell lymphoma, showed a complete response at cycle 3 that was maintained for ≥13 and ≥28 months. Five patients had a partial response, and 3 had stable disease at last follow-up. The overall response rate (complete response plus partial response) was 18.9% for evaluable patients (7 patients). Anemia was the primary hematological toxicity and observed in 7 (17.1%) patients. Five patients experienced grade 3/4 anemia. Four patients (9.8%) experienced grade 3/4 febrile neutropenia and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, respectively. Nonhematological toxicities were mild to moderate in intensity. The most frequent side effects were nausea (39%), vomiting (22%), diarrhea (19.5%), asthenia (17.1%), abdominal pain (14.6%), and flushing (9.8%). Conclusion: SAM486A has a promising clinical activity in patients with poor prognosis NHL and manageable safety profile. To further define the role of SAM486A, in the treatment of NHL, additional studies are warranted.
Self-Reported Stuttering Severity Is Accurate: Informing Methods for Large-Scale Data Collection in Stuttering

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To our knowledge, there are no data examining the agreement between self-reported and clinician-rated stuttering severity. In the era of big data, self-reported ratings have great potential utility for large-scale data collection, where cost and time preclude in-depth assessment by a clinician. Equally, there is increasing emphasis on the need to recognize an individual's experience of their own condition. Here, we examined the agreement between self-reported stuttering severity compared to clinician ratings during a speech assessment. As a secondary objective, we determined whether self-reported stuttering severity correlated with an individual's subjective impact of stuttering. Method: Speech-language pathologists conducted face-to-face speech assessments with 195 participants (137 males) aged 5–84 years, recruited from a cohort of people with self-reported stuttering. Stuttering severity was rated on a 10-point scale by the participant and by two speech-language pathologists. Participants also completed the Overall Assessment of the Subjective Experience of Stuttering (OASES). Clinician and participant ratings were compared. The association between stuttering severity and the OASES scores was examined. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between speech-language pathologist and participant-reported ratings of stuttering severity. Participant-reported stuttering severity correlated weakly with the four OASES domains and with the OASES overall impact score. Conclusions: Participants were able to accurately rate their stuttering severity during a speech assessment using a simple one-item question. This finding indicates that self-report stuttering severity is a suitable method for large-scale data collection. Findings also support the collection of self-report subjective experience data using questionnaires, such as the OASES, which add vital information about the participants' experience of stuttering that is not captured by overt speech severity ratings alone.
Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During August-September 2007, a salvage excavation was conducted in Qibbuz Mishmar Ha-'Emeq (Permit No. A-5188; map ref. 2138/7237), prior to construction. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, was directed by O. Barzilai and N. Getzov, with the assistance of O. Marder (scientific consultation and trial probes), Y. Lavan (administration), V. Essman, T. Meltzen and R. Mishayev (surveying), A. Shapiro (GPS), H. Smithline (field photography), Y. Barzilai (physical anthropology), L. Zeiger (drawing of flint implements), N. Marom (archaeozoology), O. Ackermann (geomorphology), H. Shechter, N. Raban-Gerstel, D. Hadash, L. Weisbrod, Y. Hijazi and Y. Virba (volunteers) and a team of skilled excavators from the Israel Antiquities Authority. Special thanks to M. Linn who provided the excavators with much information about the antiquities in the region and to the cordial members of Qibbuz Mishmar Ha-'Emeq who were of assistance throughout the excavation.
www.ijstr.org Cooling Load Temperature Differential Values For

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Wrong sizing of equipment is often the result of inaccurate procedures employed to estimate the cooling load of the air conditioned space. Long term weather information was used to develop cooling load temperature differential (CLTD) values made of materials commonly used in Ghana. The CLTD are produced from ASHRAE mathematical models and weather information of Accra, Ghana. The CLTD was obtained for each wall and roof type after dividing the results from the Transfer Function Method, TFM by the overall heat transfer coefficient of the envelope material. This method makes hand calculation of cooling load possible and gives satisfactory results when compared with complex cooling load tools.
Nuclear envelope signaling-role of phospholipid metabolism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Since the early 1980’s, there has been an explosion of research in an area often described as “signal transduction”. Loosely defined, signal transduction refers to the communication of a signal initiated by an extracellular agonist to the cell interior. Clearly, such a process is central to the growth, development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Indeed, many extracellular agonists induce the stimulation of cell growth, differentiation, or the expression of specific genes required for selected responses. As a result, one of the primary intracellular targets of this communication is the cell nucleus. Signal transduction pathways must, therefore, include mechanisms for the initiation of signals at the plasma membrane, a mechanism by which these signals traverse the cytoplasm, and influence, finally, a nuclear response.
Government Intervention in OECD Member Countries: Equity at the Expense of Efficiency?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article examines the presumption that equity considerations prevalent in some of the so‐called welfare states of Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD), and associated with substantial government intervention in the economy, come at the expense of economic efficiency. To verify this presumption, the article selects the OECD’s five highest spending countries, in terms of government expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product, as well as the five lowest spending countries in the OECD’s upper median income group. The performance of eight economic indicators, representative of both equity considerations and economic efficiency, is then evaluated with respect to each group of countries. The article concludes that while high‐spending countries largely outperform low‐spending countries with regard to equity considerations (such as a more equal income distribution, lower child poverty rate and more generous social benefits), evidence of greater economic efficiency by the low‐spending countries is not apparent, with productivity and inflation rates being even between the two groups, and difference in unemployment rates being challenged by the large incidence of part‐time and casual employment in low‐spending countries.
Effective bandwidth utilization in IEEE 802.11e

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

IEEE 802.11e standard develops a reference design for a sample scheduler and admission control unit to support the contention-free access. However, the reference design can not effectively utilize the bandwidth. This paper proposes an equal-spacing-based (equal-SP) design to address the problem. In the equal-SP design, which generalizes the reference design, each stream is scheduled with equal-spacing and different streams are scheduled with different equal-spacings. The equal-SP design not only keeps all advantages of the reference design, but it can also utilize the bandwidth effectively.