jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stress, Burden, and Well-Being in Dementia and Nondementia Caregivers: Insights From the Caregiving Transitions Study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background and Objectives Few population-based studies have directly compared caregivers of persons with dementia to caregivers of persons with other disabilities (nondementia caregivers). We enrolled dementia and nondementia caregivers who were providing substantial and sustained care and compared these groups on measures of caregiver stressors, appraisals of burden, and well-being. Research Design and Methods Caregivers (N = 251) who provided continuous care for at least 1 year and at least 5 h per week were recruited from the population-based REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Caregivers reported on dementia caregiving status, stressors, burden, and well-being. Results Forty-seven percent (n = 117) reported caring for a person with dementia. Dementia caregivers reported more stressors, providing more care for self-care and behavioral problems than nondementia caregivers. Dementia caregivers also reported higher appraisals of stress and burden, and more depressive symptoms, but did not differ from nondementia caregivers on mental and physical health quality of life. In multivariable-adjusted models, adjustment for the total number of care recipient problems attenuated differences between dementia and nondementia caregivers on burden and depression measures. Discussion and Implications Dementia and nondementia caregivers showed relatively few differences in indicators of overall well-being in this population-based sample, perhaps because both groups of caregivers in this study were providing substantial care. Dementia caregivers may require special assistance with dementia-specific problems such as behavioral problems. Clinical interventions and policy changes targeting highly burdened caregivers are needed to support them in allowing their care recipients to age in place at home.
Data from A Proangiogenic Signature Is Revealed in FGF-Mediated Bevacizumab-Resistant Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Resistance to antiangiogenic therapies is a critical problem that has limited the utility of antiangiogenic agents in clinical settings. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we established a novel xenograft model of acquired resistance to bevacizumab. To identify molecular changes initiated by the tumor cells, we performed human-specific microarray analysis on bevacizumab-sensitive and -resistant tumors. Efficiency analysis identified 150 genes upregulated and 31 genes downregulated in the resistant tumors. Among angiogenesis-related genes, we found upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) in the resistant tumors. Inhibition of the FGFR in the resistant tumors led to the restoration of sensitivity to bevacizumab. Furthermore, increased FGF2 production in the resistant cells was found to be mediated by overexpression of upstream genes phospholipase C (PLCg2), frizzled receptor-4 (FZD4), chemokine [C-X3-C motif] (CX3CL1), and chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 5 (CCL5) via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In summary, our work has identified an upregulation of a proangiogenic signature in bevacizumab-refractory HNSCC tumors that converges on ERK signaling to upregulate FGF2, which then mediates evasion of anti-VEGF therapy. These findings provide a new strategy on how to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy.</p><p><b>Implications:</b> Novel xenograft model leads to the discovery of FGF as a promising therapeutic target in overcoming the resistance of antiangiogenic therapy in HNSCC. <i>Mol Cancer Res; 11(12); 1585–96. ©2013 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Fatal cardiomyopathy after revision total hip replacement for fracture of a ceramic liner

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Symptomatic cobalt toxicity from a failed total hip replacement is a rare but devastating complication. It has been reported following revision of fractured ceramic components, as well as in patients with failed metal-on-metal articulations. Potential clinical findings include fatigue, weakness, hypothyroidism, cardiomyopathy, polycythaemia, visual and hearing impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and neuropathy. We report a case of an otherwise healthy 46-year-old patient, who developed progressively worsening symptoms of cobalt toxicity beginning approximately six months following synovectomy and revision of a fractured ceramic-on-ceramic total hip replacement to a metal-on-polyethylene bearing. The whole blood cobalt levels peaked at 6521 µg/l. The patient died from cobalt-induced cardiomyopathy. Implant retrieval analysis confirmed a loss of 28.3 g mass of the cobalt–chromium femoral head as a result of severe abrasive wear by ceramic particles embedded in the revision polyethylene liner. Autopsy findings were consistent with heavy metal-induced cardiomyopathy. We recommend using new ceramics at revision to minimise the risk of wear-related cobalt toxicity following breakage of ceramic components. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:31–7.
Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For the purpose of global sustainability the long life of structures is essential and the durability performance of reinforced concrete structures is one of the key issues to be resolved. This paper reports the results of a series of long term corrosion tests on fiber reinforced cementitious composites containing polyethylene (PE) alone and hybrid steel cord (SC) and PE fibers. The results are also compared with ordinary mortar. The specimens are subjected to accelerated corrosion for one year by applying external potential to the steel bar anode and a cathode made out of a steel wire mesh placed outside the concrete. Durability performances of the specimens are examined through regular monitoring of the time to initiate corrosion, the corrosion area ratio, corrosion depth, and the amount of steel loss. Results show that the hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HFRCC) containing hybrid SC and PE fibers exhibited excellent performance compared to mortar and fiber reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) containing PE fiber. The order of the durability performance is HFRCC, FRCC, and Mortar. It is observed that the sacrificial corrosion of some of the SC fibers in the HFRCC specimen played an important role in the significant reduction of steel bar corrosion in the specimen.
Supportive cycling environments for women

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cycling is recognized as an important mode of transportation. It is affordable, produces no greenhouse gases, provides a form of exercise, and requires infrastructure that is cheaper to build and maintain compared to personal vehicles. However, in low-cycling countries like Canada, women comprise a disproportionate share of total cyclists, between 20-30%, which has implications for equity, and the health of the population and environment. The academic literature offers few, and only theoretical, solutions to improve the gender disparity, all of which are theoretical. This practicum fills a portion of this gap by identifying real world interventions that assist women to cycle and asking how these could be implemented in Winnipeg. A precedent review returned ten interventions including women-specific cycling courses, events, rides, and mentorship programs. Key informant interviews with Winnipeg cycling advocates provided a better understanding of Winnipeg’s cycling environment, and how the interventions could be implemented in the city. Some were considered feasible to implement while other interventions were too context specific. Two barriers hindering efforts to adopt interventions supportive of women who cycle or wish to, are the continued emphasis on physical bicycle infrastructure and the belief that programming targeted to the general population is sufficient. The findings provide several opportunities for further research including: completing the precedent review in additional languages and conducting a focus group with municipal transportation planners and bicycle advocates to better understanding the barriers identified in this practicum and determine the next steps for reducing the gender disparity in Winnipeg.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy assessment of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives The purpose of this study was to validate the hypothesis high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) can observe that atherosclerotic (AS) progression of invivo mice can be suppressed by IL-1Ra. Methods Two different age groups (16 and 32 weeks) of IL-1Ra+/-/ApoE-/- mice and IL-1Ra+/+/ApoE-/- mice were used as atherosclerotic models. Other groups of age-matched ApoE +/+IL-1Ra +/+ mice were used as normal control groups. They were imaged at the level of the aorta by UBM. The intima-media thickness (IMT) or Plaque thickness was delineated in the ascending aorta (AAO) short-axis images, and compared with corresponding histological measurements in the same vascular section. Results (1) No atherosclerotic lesions were found in control mice. Plaque thickness in the ascending aorta of IL-1Ra+/-/ApoE-/- mice at age 16 weeks was significantly increased compared with IL-1Ra+/+/ApoE-/-mice measured by UBM and histology (p<0.05). At 32 weeks, the differences of plaque thickness and plaque area between IL-1Ra+/-/ApoE-/- mice and IL-1Ra+/+/ApoE-/-mice failed to achieve statistical significance by UBM and histology (p>0.05). (2) Plaque thickness in the ascending aorta measured by UBM in IL-1Ra+/-/ApoE-/- mice and IL-1Ra+/+/ApoE-/- mice were correlated with histological measurements from the same vascular region. Conclusion (1) By measuring maximum IMT in the ascending aorta, UBM was capable of following progression of atherosclerosis in AS models mice. (2) Our results suggest an important role of IL-1Ra in the suppression of lesion development during early atherogenesis.
Mass Immunization in East Asia and Global Health, 1960–80

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter investigates the role of mass immunization in Chinese medical diplomacy programs during the 1960s and 1970s. While most scholarship has stressed the influence of barefoot doctor and other paraprofessional training programs in the emergence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a global model for rural health services, mass immunization programs in China had measurable results—in terms of lowered incidence of disease—that helped legitimize these training efforts and the nation's program of rural health care more broadly. Ultimately, the global popularization of Chinese public health was a consequence of regional competition within East Asia. During the Cold War era, the PRC used medical aid to foreign countries to compete for power and influence with the Republic of China on Taiwan, where institutions and personnel that the Nationalist Party brought to the island after 1948 built upon practices established during the period of Japanese colonial rule (1895–1945). The involvement of Taiwan in medical diplomacy reflected the expansionist agendas of its Western allies in the Cold War as well as competition with the PRC for recognition as the legitimate government of mainland China.
Distributed ODD Awareness for Connected and Automated Driving

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Connected & Automated Driving (CAD) systems can experience a wide variety of situations during their lifetimes. However, the situations experienced could be contextualised to their Operational Design Domain (ODD). Defining the ODD of a CAD system is a key step in ensuring its safety. However, the CAD system also needs to monitor or be aware of its local conditions in real-time and compare them to its designed ODD in order to ensure it is within its safe operating envelope. The ability to measure all attributes that are included in ODD through onboard sensing remains a challenge for current CAD systems. This paper discusses the concept of Distributed ODD Awareness (DOA) which enables ODD awareness via infrastructure supported sensing or other offboard sensing means. Furthermore, we discuss the role of Traffic Management systems in increasing ODD awareness enabling CAD system deployment.
Genotoxicity in Pesticide Workers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pesticides are chemicals used to control agricultural pests. Though use of pesticides improves the magnitude of agricultural products, yet it severely affects the quality of the crop. In order to assess the genetic risk, arising out of the integrated exposure of composite pesticide, the geno-toxicological biomonitoring in human populations can serve as a useful device. Cytogenetic disfigurement in the flowing lymphocytes of the exposed individuals has been widely employed as a biomarker. It’s a quick and reliable test that detects the damage caused to DNA by different dosages of pesticide in question.A positive correlation has been observed between pesticide exposure and chromosomal aberrations (CA), micro-nuclei (MN) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the cultured lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of the exposed individuals.
Precursors of short GRBs

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We carried out a systematic search of precursors on the sample of short GRBs observed by Swift. We found that ∼8–10% of short GRBs display such early episode of emission. One burst (GRB 090510) shows two precursor events, the former ∼13 s and the latter ∼0.5 s before the GRB. We discuss possible mechanisms to reproduce the observed precursor emission within the scenario of compact object mergers.
Serogroup B meningococcal disease--Oregon, 1994.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Oregon, the incidence of meningococcal disease has increased substantially, more than doubling from 2.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1992 to 4.6 per 100,000 in 1994--the highest incidence in Oregon since 1943. This incidence was almost fivefold higher than recent estimates for the United States during 1989-1991 (approximately one case per 100,000 persons annually) (1). This report describes meningococcal disease surveillance data from 1994 and summarizes epidemiologic and laboratory data on serogroup B meningococcal disease in Oregon during 1987-1994.
Supplementary Figure S5 from FGF19 Protects Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Activation of FGFR4–GSK3β–Nrf2 Signaling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>FGF19/FGFR4 axis is essential for the effects of H2O2 in HCC cells. (A, B) FGFR4 knockout (FGFR4 KO) and wildtype (WT) MHCC97L cells were treated with 50 ÃŽÂ¼M of H2O2 for 24 hours. Cell viability was determined by MTS assays (A), and cellular release of O2Ã¢Â,¬Â¢- was determined by electrochemical analysis (B). (C, D) FGFR4 knockout MHCC97L cells were transfected with empty vector (EV) or vector containing full-length of FGF19 (FGF19 O/E), followed by treatment with 1 ÃŽÂ¼M of TG for 24 hours. Cell viability was determined by MTS assays (C), and cellular release of O2Ã¢Â,¬Â¢- was determined by electrochemical analysis (D). *P<0.05, N.S. indicates no significant difference.</p>
An Examination of Risk Perceptions and Allocation Preferences in Public-Private Partnerships in Nigeria

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Risk perceptions and allocation preferences are important elements of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP); as the fundamental tension in any negotiation between the public and private sector in PPPs usually comes down to the question: who is responsible for managing a particular risk? Yet research literature suggests that these phenomena have not been adequately studied; hence they remained poorly understood. Particularly within the context of a developing country such as Nigeria: a complex country characterised by shifting socio-political and economic systems, yet bedevilled with huge infrastructure gap. This gap keeps widening especially with Nigeria’s burgeoning population, rapid urbanization, dysfunctional institutions and increasing fiscal pressures. This certainly makes the poignant case for a PPP as an alternative procurement method. To shed light on these phenomena, the research expedition in this thesis empirically answers the following interrelated questions: How do private and public sector partner prefer risks to be shared (or allocated) in PPPs in Nigeria? Second, given that the initial disposition towards risk is the starting point for risk allocation in PPPs, are there significant differences in risk perceptions of different stakeholder groups involved in PPPs in Nigeria? Research participants (spanning banking, construction, and public sector groups who were selected through a convenience sampling method) completed an online survey with Likert-type items within six months (i.e. between June and November 2011) to gauge probabilities of occurrence, risk impact and risk significance of 46 risk factors pertaining to PPP projects. As data did not meet the assumptions for parametric statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to evaluate the ranked differences in the variables (i.e. 46 risk factors) between private and public sector groups. This study dissects empirically the risk perceptions of stakeholders, confirming homogeneity in risk perceptions contrary to the heterogeneity prediction of agency theory. It was established that there were no significant ranked differences for perceptions of risk significance among various stakeholder groups. Therefore, with homogeneity in risk perceptions among PPP stakeholders (contrary to the theoretical heterogeneity prediction) it was argued that risks are likely to be allocated to the party best capable of managing them in Nigeria; thus PPPs could have a chance to succeed in the country in spite of its weak institutional conditions. The iii results further show that the three most important risk factors in Nigeria are: excessive contract variation, construction time delay and construction cost overrun. Lastly, on risk allocation preferences, this study shows that 27 (59%) out of the 46 risk factors are preferred to be allocated to the private sector, while 8 (17%) risk factors are to be allocated to the public sector and 11 (24%) of the risk factors are to be equally shared between the private and public sectors.
Obstructive sleep apnea is a determinant of asthma control independent of smoking, reflux, and rhinitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Asthma control is defined as to what extent manifestations of asthma can be observed in a patient or have been reduced or removed by treatment. Regular use of asthma treatments, correct inhaler technique, adequate information provided about the patient's diseases and medicines, and patient‐clinician collaboration aid asthma control. Asthma shares risk factors and links in the pathogenesis with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and OSA may aggravate asthma symptoms. Objective: To assess the risk of OSA for asthma control. Methods: The study was carried out in subjects with asthma who were followed up at specific time points and who used asthma medication regularly and with an appropriate inhaler technique. An asthma control test and a questionnaire were used to determine the asthma control levels and OSA risk of the subjects. Results: With regard to the questionnaire scoring, 77 of 137 subjects with asthma had a low OSA risk and 60 had a high OSA risk. The proportion of the subjects with a high OSA risk (p < 0.001) and were smokers (p = 0.020) were significantly higher in the subjects with uncontrolled asthma than in those with controlled asthma. Logistic regression analysis showed that the variables that affect asthma control status were the risk of OSA and obesity. The subjects with a low OSA risk were more likely to have controlled asthma than those with a high OSA risk (odds ratio 7.896 [95% confidence interval, 2.902‐21.487]; p < 0.001). Conclusion: In the subjects with asthma and who adhered to therapy and used inhalers with the correct technique, a high risk of OSA was associated with poor control of their asthma. This association was independent of other factors, including rhinitis, gastroesophageal reflux, and smoking.
Constituents of Tinospora sinensis and their nitric oxide inhibitory activities

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

One new phenylpropanoid glycoside, tinosinen A (1) and 13 known compounds, tinosinen (2), citrusin B (3), picraquassioside C (4), erythro-guaiacylglycerol-β-O-4′-coniferyl alcohol (5), erythro-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (6), erythro-syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (7), seco-isolariciresinol 9-O-D-β-glucopyranoside (8), tinosposide A (9), pinoresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), syringaresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), pinoresinol (12), syringaresinol (13), and lirioresino-β-dimethyl ether (14) were isolated from the stems of Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Their structures were established by detailed spectroscopic studies and comparisons with those reported in the literature. Compound 13 showed significant inhibitory NO production (IC50 value of 38.53 ± 1.90 μM) in RAW264.7 macrophages, LPS-stimulated. Compounds 3–7, 11, 12, and 14 inhibited NO production with IC50 values ranging from 38.53 to 99.07 μM.
Neutralization epitope in the envelope glycoprotein of simian retrovirus‐1 (SRV‐1) and identification of the virus receptor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We previously demonstrated that the area encompassing residues 147–162 of the envelope protein of simian retrovirus serotype‐1 (SRV‐1) is the target for rhesus anti‐SRV‐1 neutralizing antibodies. A peptide representing amino acids 142–167 of envelope protein (gp70) is capable of inducing virus‐neutralizing antibodies in mice. The virus receptor was immunoprecipitated from Raji cells using gp70 as the ligand. Antibodies to peptide 142–167 inhibit the immunoprecipitation, indicating that the receptor recognizes residues 142–167 of the viral envelope protein.