jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Case of Giant Neurofibroma Arising from the Scalp

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder arising from the chromosome 17q with a prevalence of one in 4,000. Neurofibroma, Cafe-au-lait spots, freckles in axilla, Lisch nodule and bony dysplasia are features of NF-1. It is diagnosed preoperatively by history taking, physical examination, CT, MRI and intraoperatively by tissue biopsy. Scalp neurofibroma accompanying pain, motor disturbance, rapid growth, and suspicious of malignancy are indications for surgical removal. We present a case of NF-1 with two giant neurofibromas (1574 cm, 352 cm) on the left scalp in a patient suffering from a head injury after falling down. The neurofibromas were successfully removed after diagnosed by MRI and histology.
Virtual reality: a railroad for structural bioinformatics towards advanced cancer research

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Technology has been a part of everyone’s life for decades now, and its impact on our lifestyle only seems to increase with time. Considering applications in the field of scientific research till date, it has made exponential advancements and created a new hallmark. ‘Virtual Reality’ is one of the most applicable, impressive and recently uplifted technologies that has been implemented in numerous approaches already. In the light of structural biological studies, virtual reality technology enables immersive 3D visualization of molecular structures, interactions, mechanisms etc., and molecular modelling at the atomic level facilitating a better understanding of the ‘science behind the scene’. In molecular cancer studies, this helps peruse and diagnose defective root causes and unveil effective therapeutic approaches. Although this technology has primarily interested a huge number of researchers and institutes performing structural bioinformatics studies, many researchers across the globe and a large section of the public are still in the dark about its practicality and benefits, some of the main reasons being lack of exposure and the issue with affordability. Thus, besides shedding light on the various ways in which virtual reality has been lately implied to cancer research and therapy, this article aims to promote and encourage usage of a simple, cost-effective platform for 3D immersive visualization of molecular structures for the insufficiently funded community to begin with experiencing molecular virtual reality. It also intends to propose a new permutation of concepts to contribute to an advanced approach in structural cancer studies where scientists can superlatively immerse into the cellular environments and seek answers by virtually communicating with the entities in the microscopic realm. This versatile technology has thus far inevitably proven to possess an enormous potential and is already underway in revolutionizing education, training, scientific research and medical therapy. This article aims to educate more people about prevailing VR technologies and primarily to help accelerate this futuristic technique in cancer research and therapeutics. Albeit leading to a progress in scientific exploration, it could also spread hope and soon assist in upgrading the quality of living especially for cancer victims.
The surgical treatment of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The results of surgery in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head are analysed and discussed. Medullary decompression by the forage biopsy technique in the early stage facilitates normalisation of the intramedullary pressure and breaks the vicious circle constituted by ischaemia-oedema-increased medullary pressure-ischaemia which eventually produces bone death. Flexion osteotomy is indicated in the advanced stage (Ficat stage 3) provided certain parameters are respected such as the age of the patient, the stage of the lesion, the extent of the necrosis and the absence of secondary arthritis. For cases classified as Ficat stage 4, the only solution is total arthroprosthesis.
Carbamazepine treatment of myotonia congenita in a cat

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Case summary A 2-year-old female intact domestic shorthair cat was referred to the neurology service at the Foster Hospital for Small Animals as a result of lifelong weakness, seizure-like episodes after excitement, muscle spasms, stiffness of the limbs and shortness of breath. A diagnosis of myotonia congenita (MC) was made based on compatible history, clinical signs and electromyography findings, and excluding other causes of muscle weakness using muscle biopsy, baseline bloodwork and echocardiography. Initial treatment with procainamide had overall low efficacy. The cat was then switched to carbamazepine, which provided long-term improvement in clinical signs at a dosage of 7.4 mg/kg PO q12h with no observed clinical side effects. Relevance and novel information To date, there is only a single case report describing the successful treatment of MC in cats, and no report describing the use of carbamazepine to treat this condition in this species. This anti-convulsant medication was shown to be anecdotally effective in the case reported. Further research is needed to categorize the metabolism, pharmacokinetics, tolerance, dose range and efficacy of carbamazepine in cats with and without MC.
Determinants of sales performance in insurance industry:a cross-cultural comparison between the UK and Malaysia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This thesis is concerned with an empirical investigation of the factors that predict a successful salesperson, using a cross-cultural comparison of two countries: the UK and Malaysia. Besides collecting quantitative data, qualitative data on organisational, environmental and cultural factors were also collected through interviews, personal and case observations. The quantitative data consist of sixteen independent factors and three dependent factors. The independent variables include self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, self-monitoring, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, experience, training perception, role ambiguity, role conflict, role inaccuracy, gender, age, education, race and religion. The dependent variables are performance target achieved, performance earnings and performance ratings. Questionnaires were distributed to about 500 salespersons in each country, from three insurance companies in the UK and two insurance companies in Malaysia. Response rates were 75 and 50 percent from the UK and Malaysia respectively. The survey results indicated that a salesperson's performance in the UK is predicted by self-efficacy, internal locus of control, self-esteem, extrinsic motivation, experience, training perceptions, role conflict and gender. In Malaysia, a salesperson's performance is predicted by self-efficacy, self-monitoring, experience, role conflict, role ambiguity, education, gender, race and religion. Self-efficacy, experience, role conflict and gender are common predictors of salespersons' performance in both cultures. The likely explanation for these results is culture differences, i.e. UK has a homogeneous culture, while Malaysia has a heterogeneous one. Results from the case observations, such as organisational and environmental factors, give supporting evidence in explaining the empirical results. Implications from the findings are discussed from two aspects: (1) theoretical implications for divergence/convergence theory, Hofstede's model, Churchill's model, and (2) managerial implications for selection, training, motivation and appraisal.
Are all stereotypes created equal? Examining gender as a moderator of event-related potentials evoked during schema violation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Schema violation has been shown to have an impact on cognition. Previous research using reading tasks has shown that the impact is not the same across male and female characters, and research has shown that men and women hold different view of schemas. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used as a method to investigate schema violation, but no study has effectively investigated gender differences. Therefore, this study specifically investigates the factors of participant and character gender on schema violation during the IAT. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the cognitive impact of schema violation while participants completed gender and sexuality IATs. Significant effects were found for participant gender and character gender in several ERP components (N100, P200, N400, and LPP), but only for the gender-career IAT. This suggests that on a basic cognitive level ERP activity is influenced by gender.
He C (2010) Effector-triggered innate immunity contributes Arabidopsis resistance to Xanthomonas campestris. Mol Plant Pathol 11: 783–793

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease, depends on its type III secretion system (TTSS) to infect cruciferous plants, including Brassica oleracea, B. napus and Arabidopsis. Previous studies on the Arabidopsis– Pseudomonas syringae model pathosystem have indicated that a major function of TTSS from virulent bacteria is to suppress host defences triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Similar analyses have not been made for the Arabidopsis–X. campestris pv. campestris pathosystem. In this study, we report that X. campestris pv. campestris strain 8004, which is modestly pathogenic on Arabidopsis, induces strong defence responses in Arabidopsis in a TTSS-dependent manner. Furthermore, the induction of defence responses and disease resistance to X. campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 requires NDR1 (NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1), RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance) and SGT1b (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1), suggesting that effector-triggered immunity plays a large role in resistance to this strain. Consistent with this notion, AvrXccC, an X. campestris pv. campestris TTSS effector protein, induces PR1 expression and confers resistance in Arabidopsis in a RAR1- and SGT1b-dependent manner. In rar1 and sgt1b mutants, AvrXccC acts as a virulence factor, presumably because of impaired resistance gene function.mpp_642 783..794
Assessment of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and COPD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ergospirometry is gold standard for assessing cardiopulmonary adaptation to exercise. Exercise tolerance is prognostic factor heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE: Compare exercise capacity in patients with COPD/CHF and CHF patients only. METHODS: Prospective study 122 patients with CHF. Spirometry and Ergospirometry were performed with analysis of expired gases, up to the anaerobic threshold. Underlying heart disease, diagnosis of COPD, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, oxygen consumption, carbon production, ventilation, and heart rate test time and met Bruce stage were assesed. RESULTS: The mean age was 59 + 8 years. 78% male. The 27% have a diagnosis of COPD. The 29% are obese. Table I shows GOLD classification and type of heart disease. In Table II shows VO2 ml / kg / min and the EqCO2. Bruce reached the stage for COPD / CHF: I 7% II 35% 27% III, IV 31% and for the CHF group: I 17% II 14% 34% III, IV 30% V 6%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Patients diagnosed with COPD and CHF have higher exercise limitation evidenced by early completion in the stress test, lower oxygen consumption and ventilatory equivalent of CO2 increased. 2. Functional assessment of patients with CHF should also include the assessment of lung function.
Trade and Environment Negotiations: A South American Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the 1990s, few topics provoked as much controversy in the area of trade negotiations as the convenience, or inconvenience, of expanding the multilateral agenda to include the relationship between international trade, on the one hand, and environmental and labor norms, on the other. This controversy took the form of a strong North-South polarization that placed in opposition the governments of developed and developing countries and also has heavily involved civil society in both the North and the South.
Prevalence of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older people of Mexico City using the EGWSOP (European WorkingGroup on Sarcopenia in Older People) diagnostic criteria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people living in Mexico City using the EGWSOP (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People) diagnostic criteria that include muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance.
Methods: The sample population was based on older people (≥60 years) affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Mexico City. Data were derived from the database of the “Cohort of Obesity, Sarcopenia and Frailty of Older Mexican Adults” (COSFOMA). Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the EGWSOP criteria: gait speed (4 m) <0.8 m/s; handgrip strength (using a dynamometer) <20 kg in females or <30 kg in males, and muscle mass index (MMI) <6.1 kg/m2 in females or <8.5 kg/m2 in males (using bioimpedance analysis).
Results: Thousand hundred seventy-seven subjects were included (median age 68.4 years, 60.2% females). 20.5% had low gait speed (19.1% females and 22.6% males); 62.4% had low handgrip strength (69.9% females and 51.2% males) and 12.3% had low muscle mass (9.9% females and 16.0% males). Only 9.9% of older people with sarcopenia (9.0% females and 11.1% males): 1.9% with severe sarcopenia (1.4% females and 2.6% males) and 8.0% with moderate sarcopenia (7.6% females and 8.5% males).
Conclusions: Sarcopenia is present in one of ten community-dwelling older people residing in Mexico City. According to what has been reported in the literature, the prevalence of sarcopenia in older Mexican adults is similar to the community-dwelling population.
Distributive Justice and Contract

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents and rejects three arguments against incorporating concerns of distributive justice into contract. First, private law theorists have worried that it is arbitrary to impose the burden of redistribution on a party to contract when the underlying injustice is systemic. The chapter shows that distributive concerns inform the content of interpersonal duties that traditionally underwrite private law. Second, disadvantaged parties consent to the terms of their agreements and we might worry that these terms exhaust obligations between the parties with respect to those transactions. That is, even if a disadvantaged party had any claims arising from distributive injustice, she waives them vis a vis particular individuals by agreeing to contract on particular terms. The chapter argues that consent to contract does not obviate the other party’s moral responsibility for losses resulting from exchange, though in the ordinary case it may justify the state allocating losses to the party who consented to bear them. The chapter also argues that, where the terms of agreement are ambiguous – i.e., where the terms to which parties have consented is unclear – we should avoid reading contracts in ways that compromise distributive justice. Finally, many scholars fret that any attempt to correct distributions through contract adjudication or even regulation of classes of contract is futile, or worse, counter-productive. The chapter suggests that these concerns are contingent and of more limited scope than we normally take them to be.
Double modulation techniques in ESR and slow rotations of nitroxide spin labels

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have examined the potential of double modulation electron spin resonance in the studies of slow rotation and tumbling of nitroxide radicals. Contributions to the homogeneous broadening of electron spin packets, due to several distinct processes, could be analyzed separately. The system used throughout the present work was TANOL in glycerol–water matrix. In a radical concentration study at 77 K, we could analyze the homogeneous broadening due to electron spin flip–flop processes. It has been found that the rate of this process increases linearly with the radical concentration. The temperature dependence of spin packet linewidths has shown to be a good indicator of slow rotations and tumbling of nitroxide radicals. Assuming the jump diffusional model, we have determined that the rotational correlation time varied from 2×10−4 s at 150 K to about 4×10−5 s at 200 K. Electron dipolar interactions were found to contribute to the spin packet broadening when the tumbling rate was very low, while, at higher tumbling rates, these interactions were averaged out gradually. The broadening of spin packets was also found to depend on the water content in the matrix. OFF
SEX HORMONES – EFFECTS ON PROLACTIN CELLS IN THE RAT, DOG, MONKEY AND MAN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Histomorphological and immunocytochemical methods were used to study the effect of either physiological and pathological endogenous production or long-term exogenous application of high doses of sex (steroid) hormones on the prolactin cells in the anterior pituitary of experimental animals and man. Using these methods it was shown that enhanced endogenous secretion of sex hormones, mainly of oestrogens, seems to produce nearly the same morphological changes in the anterior pituitary of the rat, dog and man. It was also possible to show that long term exogenous application of high doses of oestrogens or oestrogens and progestagens can stimulate prolactin cells in some experimental animals. The demonstration of similar mechanisms in man calls for more extensive investigations on the possible role of the sex hormones on prolactin secretion.
Rational and Non-rational Cognitive Faculties

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract It is argued that the non-rational part of the soul is richer, cognitively, than one might initially think. It can grasp means-ends relations, as well as some generalisations. Hence, it is able to guide goal-directed behaviour on its own. Conversely, only the rational part can calculate and grasp universal explanatory accounts. This sheds light on the cognitive abilities characteristic of practical wisdom as a strictly rational excellence and on the limits of the communication between parts of the soul.
Mania Negative symptoms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit:
Intraoperative complications in vitreoretinal surgery.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pars plana vitrectomy is a well developed and widespread used surgical technique with several instruments and special tools for selected vitreoretinal cases. Knowledge of complications during the various steps of the surgical procedure make easier to avoid them. Most important is first to collect experiences with simple cases and to get accustomed to the otherwise special surgical technique that needs good cooperation of the surgeons two hands, two feet and needs steady attention on the tips of the intraocular instruments. However, after certain experience complications will occur because of the complicated cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy or other vitreoretinal diseases.
NDUFV1 mutations in complex I deficiency: Case reports and review of symptoms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mitochondrial complex I (CI) deficiency is the most common oxidative phosphorylation disorder described. It shows a wide range of phenotypes with poor correlation within genotypes. Herein we expand the clinics and genetics of CI deficiency in the brazilian population by reporting three patients with pathogenic (c.640G>A, c.1268C>T, c.1207dupG) and likely pathogenic (c.766C>T) variants in the NDUFV1 gene. We show the mutation c.766C>T associated with a childhood onset phenotype of hypotonia, muscle weakness, psychomotor regression, lethargy, dysphagia, and strabismus. Additionally, this mutation was found to be associated with headaches and exercise intolerance in adulthood. We also review reported pathogenic variants in NDUFV1 highlighting the wide phenotypic heterogeneity in CI deficiency.
Value of CT-Textural Features and Volume-Based PET Parameters in Comparison to Serologic Markers for Response Prediction in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Undergoing CD19-CAR-T Cell Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The goal of this study was to investigate the value of CT-textural features and volume-based PET parameters in comparison to serologic markers for response prediction in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) undergoing cluster of differentiation (CD19)-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. We retrospectively analyzed the whole-body (WB)-metabolic tumor volume (MTV), the WB-total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and first order textural features derived from 18F-FDG-PET/CT, as well as serologic parameters (C-reactive protein [CRP] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], leucocytes) prior and after CAR-T cell therapy in 21 patients with DLBCL (57.7 ± 14.7 year; 7 female). Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-2 receptor peaks were monitored after treatment onset and compared with patient outcome judged by follow-up 18F-FDG-PET/CT. In 12/21 patients (57%), complete remission (CR) was observed, whereas 9/21 patients (43%) showed partial remission (PR). At baseline, WB-MTV and WB-TLG were lower in patients achieving CR (35 ± 38 mL and 319 ± 362) compared to patients achieving PR (88 ± 110 mL and 1487 ± 2254; p < 0.05). The “entropy” proved lower (1.81 ± 0.09) and “uniformity” higher (0.33 ± 0.02) in patients with CR compared to PR (2.08 ± 0.22 and 0.28 ± 0.47; p < 0.05). Patients achieving CR had lower levels of CRP, LDH and leucocytes at baseline compared to patients achieving PR (p < 0.05). In the entire cohort, WB-MTV and WB-TLG decreased after therapy onset (p < 0.01) becoming not measurable in the CR-group. Leucocytes and CRP significantly dropped after therapy (p < 0.01). The IL-6 and IL-2R peaks after therapy were lower in patients with CR compared to PR (p > 0.05). In conclusion, volume-based PET parameters derived from PET/CT and CT-textural features have the potential to predict therapy response in patients with DLBCL undergoing CAR-T cell therapy.
Prevalence of the Major Mental Disorders among the Korean Elderly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With a rapidly aging society, geriatric mental health is emerging as important public health concern. Despite the short history of psychiatric epidemiology in Korea, recently, epidemiologic data regarding geriatric psychiatric problems has started to accumulate. In the current study, we reviewed epidemiological findings regarding geriatric mental health in Korea. It was found that up to 10% of the elderly suffer from dementia, and 10% to 20% from depressive disorder. Further, prevalence estimates of Alzheimer's disease ranged from 4.2% to 9.0%, and vascular dementia from 1.0% to 4.8%. Annual incidence rates for Alzheimer's were 2.7% to 3.4% whereas that for vascular dementia was found to be as low as 0.3%. The prevalence of major depressive disorder was 4.2% to 9.1%, while that of clinically significant depressive symptom was between 9.1% and 33.0%. Finally, those with alcohol use disorders were found to comprise up to 13.6% of elderly population and additionally, 22% to 58% of the elderly were found to have sleep difficulties. Thus major mental disorders are already prevalent among the Korean elderly and are likely to increase rapidly.