jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ADMINISTRATION OF ACTH ON INCORPORATION OF P32 INTO INORGANIC PHOSPHATE

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In confirmation of the work of others, the concentration of inorganic phosphate (P) in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats was found to be less than that in the plasma of control animals. Hypophysectomy caused no significant change in the concentration of inorganic P in the adrenal gland or liver. A single intraperitoneal injection of each of two preparations of ACTH failed to cause any significant change in the concentrations of inorganic P in plasma, adrenal, or liver.The specific activity of the inorganic P in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats after an intraperitoneal injection of inorganic P labelled with P 32 was greater than that in the control animals. Hypophysectomy caused a decrease in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenal gland relative to that of the inorganic P of the plasma. Each of the two preparations of ACTH, given to the hypophysectomized animals as a single intraperitoneal injection 20 hr. before killing, restored the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenals to normal values. When the ACTH was administered six hours before killing, one of the preparations (ACTH A) caused an increase in the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenals, but a second preparation (ACTH C) was without significant effect.The increase in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma comes on slowly (quite small two days after hypophysectomy), whereas the decrease in the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenal gland comes on rapidly (maximal two days after hypophysectomy). For this reason, at longer time intervals after hypophysectomy (greater than six days) the absolute activity of the acid-soluble P of the adrenal, i.e. the activity not referred to that of the inorganic P of the plasma, was greater in hypophysectomized animals, and not less, as reported by other workers. The activity of this fraction is less in hypophysectomized animals only if the observations are made at short time intervals after removal of the pituitary. Evidence is presented for the view that the increase in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma is the result of changes brought about by a deficiency of growth hormone, whereas the decrease in the relative specific activity of the adrenal is due to a deficiency of ACTH.
Rates of Agricultural Gypsum in Soil Under No-tillage System With Surface Lime in the Southern of Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

At the no-tillage system, the surface liming is a good environmental practice, which aims to maintain the physical structure and stocks of carbon in the soil. However, the acidity amelioration is restricted to the surface layer and the use of the gypsum can be an alternative to improve the chemical conditions in subsurface without the soil revolving. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different rates of gypsum, estimated by different methods, in acid soils with application of superficial limestone since the beginning of the implementation of the no-tillage system. The experiment was conduct at a commercial cropping field located at the municipally of Muitos Cap&otilde;es, RS, Southern Brazil in a Red Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in randomized completely blocks design (RCBD), with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the superficial application of gypsum in the rates: 0, 3100, 6014, 7875, 9750 and 12400 kg ha-1. At this area, soybean and corn were cultivated and have their productivity evaluated. After 4 and 16 months of the experiment, Ca, Mg and K levels were evaluated at different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm). The results showed an increase in Ca contents to the depth of 10 cm at 4 months after application and at all depths evaluated at 16 months after their application. The application of gypsum decreases the Mg contents to the depth of 20 cm and of potassium at all the depths after 16 months of their application. The effects on soil chemical properties with increasing rate of applied gypsum resulted in higher maize grain yield. So, agricultural gypsum applied in the soil with surface liming is efficient in improving soil chemical conditions in deeper layers in a no-tillage system.
Maternal and Developmental Toxicity of Chronic Aluminum Exposure in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Maternal and Developmental Toxicity of Chronic Aluminum Exposure in Mice. GOLUB, M. S., GERSHWIN, M. E., DONALD, J. M., NEGRI, S., AND KEEN, C. L. (1987). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 8, 346–357. The present study demonstrated aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in mouse dams and developmental retardation in their offspring following oral exposure to several dose levels during gestation and lactation. Female mice fed aluminum lactate (AL) at levels of 500 or 1000 ppm in their diet from Day 0 gestation to Day 21 postpartum were compared to mice which received a 100 ppm aluminum diet either ad libitum or pair-fed to the 1000 ppm AL group. Dams receiving the 500 and 1000 ppm AL diets showed signs of neurotoxicity beginning at Days 12–15 postpartum and showed significant weight loss. Offspring showed dose-dependent decreases in body weight (F = 6.47, p < 0.001), crown-rump length (F = 1.11, p < 0.0001), and ponderal index (F = 6.90, p < 0.0002), at birth and preweaning. Absolute and relative liver and spleen weights were lower in pups from the high AL groups compared to controls (F = 3.34, p < 0.025 and F = 15.54, p < 0.001, respectively). Neurobehavioral development was somewhat delayed in aluminum-treated pups, but not in their pair-fed controls (F = 5.52, p < 0.005). In addition to showing oral toxicity of excess AL during development dose-dependent toxic effects of parenteral aluminum exposure were demonstrated in pregnant mice which were injected subcutaneously with aluminum lactate solution at 10, 20, or 40 mg Al/kg body wt on Days 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, and 15 of gestation. Maternal spleen and liver weights were significantly increased in aluminum treated animals (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Fetal crown-rump lengths were significantly reduced in the 20 mg/kg aluminum group (F = 9.79, p < 0.001).
Pressure-dependent flow enhancement in carbon nanotubes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

It is a known and experimentally verified fact that the flow of pressure-driven nanoconfined fluids cannot be accurately described by the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations with non-slip boundary conditions, and the measured volumetric flow rates are much higher than those predicted by macroscopical continuum models. In particular, the flow enhancement factors (the ratio between the flow rates directly measured by experiments or simulations and those predicted by the non-slip NS equation) reported by previous studies have more than five orders of magnitude differences. We showcased an anomalous phenomenon in which the flow enhancement exhibits a non-monotonic correlation with fluid pressure within the carbon nanotube with a diameter of 2 nm. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the inconsistency of flow behaviors is attributed to the phase transition of nanoconfined fluid induced by fluid pressures. The nanomechanical mechanisms are contributed by complex hydrogen-bonding interactions and regulated water orientations. This study suggests a method for explaining the inconsistency of flow enhancements by considering the pressure-dependent molecular structures.
Lactation management education for physicians.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

All health professional groups support breastfeeding as the ideal way to nourish an infant, but numerous surveys have shown that, in general, even perinatal health professionals are not prepared to provide lactation management as part of routine care. Integration of lactation topics into current medical curriculum, whether traditional or problem-based, is the ideal and is possible. Faculty are encouraged to assess the current program for signs of "curriculosclerosis," a prevalent disease characterized by Abrahamson as "hardening of the categories," to look for ways to elasticize the relevant departments, and to integrate lactation management topics at the appropriate place in the larger educational plan. Faculty leadership is crucial. Remedial work, in terms of continuing education, will be necessary for perinatal health professionals until the curriculum model has been in place in preservice and postgraduate programs sufficiently long. Breastfeeding as a primary health care strategy, with its clear health and economic benefits, must be a part of any health care reform and, as such, will be a service expected to be provided by perinatal health professionals.
Plasticity of Extracellular Space

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The extracellular space (ECS) of the nervous tissue is a microenvironment for nerve cells, and an important communication channel (1–4). It includes ions, transmitters, metabolites, peptides, neurohormones, other neuroactive substances, and molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and directly or indirectly affects neuronal and glial cell functions. Neuroactive substances, released into the ECS by neurons and glia, diffuse via the ECS to their targets, located on nerve as well as glial cells, frequently distant from the release sites. Since glial cells do not have synapses, their communication with neurons is mediated only by the diffusion of ions and neuroactive substances in the ECS.
How musical are primary generalist student teachers?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Current inclusive pedagogical thinking advocates that learning should begin with what the learner can already do. As children bring rich musical experiences with them into school, primary generalist student teachers also bring rich experiences of music and music-making into their initial teacher education programmes. Yet debate still continues as to whether primary generalists can teach music. The research reported in this paper originated from the reflective practice of a primary generalist teacher educator. Through anecdotal evidence in her teaching, she found that the musical profiles of students undertaking a one-year postgraduate primary teacher education programme were changing. Younger students were beginning to discuss experiences of widening participation opportunities when reflecting on their own musical learning journeys. Moreover, the richness of musical experiences reported by the primary generalist student teachers each year was consistent. The current research resulted from a desire to document these experiences, and also to find a way to gather this information prior to the students starting their course in order to improve teaching; by finding out what the students could already do, teaching could be planned so as to practise and model effective inclusive pedagogy and use the allocated time for music in the best possible way. The paper opens with a review of recent research, raising new research questions as a result of a potentially changing student musical profile. The integration of reflective practice and research to form a research methodology is discussed, and a theoretical framework of what is meant by musical is given. The initial findings of the research are presented and discussed; the paper closes with an overview of the next stages of the research project and the implications for initial teacher education are identified.
The effect of different guide wires on the trackability of coronary stent delivery systems

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The trackability is an essential property for determining the handling characteristics of coronary stent systems. It depends on the friction properties and flexibility of the stent system, the constitution of the vessel, but also on the properties of the guide wire used for the intervention. The influence of five commercially available coronary workhorse guide wires of different manufactures (Abbott, BIOTRONIK, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Terumo) on trackability of two different stent systems was tested. Proximal shaft force was measured while moving a stent system over the guide wire to be tested into an in vitro vessel model. The trackability of the stent systems was best with BIOTRONIK Galeo Hydro and worst with Boston Scientific Luge™. The trackability of stent systems does not only depend on the properties of the stent system itself, but also on the guide wire used. The trackability properties could be improved by using an appropriate combination of stent system and guide wire.
The Potential of Endophyte Bacteria Isolated from Zea mays L. as Phytase Producers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was aimed at isolating endophytic bacteria from Zea mays L. that have potential as phytase enzyme producers. Isolation and screening were performed using the Phytase Selective Media (PSM) medium. Bacteria that grew and formed a clear zone around the colony on the media were indicated as phytase-producer bacteria. The isolates with the highest phytanic index were further characterized based on morphology and physiological properties, then molecularly identified based on a 16S-rRNA analysis. Based on the results of Zea mays L. endophytic bacterial screening, bacterial isolate HF.7, was shown to be qualitatively able to produce phytase and can be developed as a phytase producer. Based on morphological and biochemical characterization, HF.7 belonged to the Burkholderia genus. Further molecular identification with 16S-rRNA analysis revealed that HF.7 isolate had 99% similarity with Burkholderia lata.
Thermal conductivity prediction of nanofluids containing SiC particles by using artificial neural network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Heat transfer improvement has gained significant importance in the recent decades. In this regard, it is preferred to enhance the thermophysical properties of the fluids that affecting the heat transfer characteristics. To reach this goal, nanofluids have been introduced to be applied in thermal devices due to their relatively higher thermal conductivity that can cause remarkable augmentation in convective heat transfer. Thermal conductivity of these types of fluids is influenced by some elements including the temperature and volume fraction. Considering this fact, these factors must be considered for modeling this property of nanofluids. In the present article, thermal conductivity of the nanofluids with SiC particles is modeled by using artificial neural network as an intelligent method. It is observed that thermal conductivity of the nanofluids is forecasted with high precision. Mean Squared Error (MSE) of the model in optimal architecture was around 2.65× 10−5, for this network the R2 is 0.9986 revealing significant closeness of the forecasted data and corresponding experimental values.
Lung Involvement in Children with Hereditary Autoinflammatory Disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Short-lived systemic inflammatory reactions arising from disrupted rules in the innate immune system are the operating platforms of hereditary autoinflammatory disorders (HAIDs). Multiple organs may be involved and aseptic inflammation leading to disease-specific phenotypes defines most HAIDs. Lungs are infrequently involved in children with HAIDs: the most common pulmonary manifestation is pleuritis in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), respectively caused by mutations in the MEFV and TNFRSF1A genes, while interstitial lung disease can be observed in STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI), caused by mutations in the TMEM173 gene. The specific pleuropulmonary diseases may range from sub-clinical abnormalities during inflammatory flares of FMF and TRAPS to a severe life-threatening disorder in children with SAVI.
PANCREATITIS SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Pancreatitis in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is rare (4-6%). In 2007, we described that mutations in the SPINK1 and CFTR genes co-exist in a cohort of patients with pHPT and pancreatitis. Since then, more pancreatitis-associtated mutations in the Chymotrypsin C gene (CTRC) and protective genetic variants in the anionic trypsinogen gene (PRSS2) were identified. We sought to explore if those genetic factors exist in a large cohort of pHPT patients. Methods: Among 826 patients with pHPT, 38 patients were identified with pancreatitis (4.6%). DNA was available from 31 patients. These individuals and 100 patients with pHPT without pancreatitis were analysed for CTRC (p.R254W and p.K247_R254del) and PRSS2 (p.G191R) mutations using melting curve analysis and DNA sequencing. Results: 2 of 31 patients with pHPT and pancreatitis carried the CTRC p.R254W missense mutation (6.5%), none of the 100 pHPT controls (p = 0.055). 1 patient was trans-heterozygous (SPINK1: N34S/ CTRC p.R254W). CTRC p.K247_R254del was not detected in both groups. PRSS2 (p.G191R) mutation was present in 1 patient with pancreatitis and in 6 pHPT controls (6%) (p = 1). Either a p.N34S SPINK1, CTRC p.R254W mutation or both were present in 5 out of 31 patients (p = 0.001 versus controls). Conclusion: This study underlines the relevance of genetic risk factors in pHPT related pancreatitis. It demonstrates that the CTRC (p.R254W) mutation adds to the formerly reported genetic background in pHPT related pancreatitis. Besides it indicates that protective genetic variants co-pexist and may contribute to the low prevalence of pancreatitis in other pHPT cohorts.
“We’re Just Not Blended Yet”: The Case of Latino Day Labor in Prince William County

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When communities enact bans or tighten restrictions, and increase the level of enforcement against their local immigrant population, it becomes increasingly risky for immigrant day laborers to make themselves visible in public settings (Claffey 2006; Cleaveland & Pierson 2008; Jonas 2006). This report examines how jornaleros, as legally vulnerable labor market participants and socially marginalized residents of Prince William County (PWC), strive to attract gainful employment and economic advantage for the families they have left behind. The principal research question asks the following: Constrained by their dialectical relationship with anti-immigrant communities, how do we begin to understand the social role that jornaleros play in their struggles to publicly engage juridically private space? Based on my past year of ethnographic fieldwork among both native citizens and immigrant day laborers in PWC, I describe in this paper how the hostility of nativist, anti-immigrant sentiments transitions into active aggression against Prince William’s jornalero community. I then show how these jornaleros, many of whom are undocumented, develop nuanced tactics (De Certeau 1984), sometimes working collectively, for balancing the opportunities and threats that their visibility generates within this social context.
Preparation of Single-Oriented (111)VN Film with Low-Resistivity and Its Application as Diffusion Barrier between Cu and Si

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have investigated the optimum conditions for preparing single-oriented (111)VN film with low-resistivity by reactive sputtering and prepared a Cu/VN/Si contact system to apply the (111)VN film as a diffusion barrier used in the Cu metallization technology of Si-LSI. Then, influences of various sputtering conditions on the film quality of VN were investigated, and the thermal stability of the contact system was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analyses. As a result, it is revealed that a nearly stoichiometric single-oriented (111)VN film with a resistivity of 57 µΩ cm can be prepared under the optimum sputtering conditions, and the Cu/VN/Si contact system is satisfactorily stable up to 700°C, even when the thickness of the VN diffusion barrier is reduced to 30 nm.
Biocontrol efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana conidia against agricultural insect pests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Insect pests are serious threats to agriculture, forestry, and human health because they damage crops and trees and spread diseases. Chemical insecticides control insect pests quickly and effectively, protecting crops. Environmental and health concerns arise from their use. Long‐term exposure can cause pesticide‐resistant insects, requiring stronger chemicals. Beneficial insects and wildlife may be harmed. Some chemical insecticides persist in the environment, causing long‐term ecological damage. The present study was to isolate, identify, and characterize entomopathogenic fungi from the soil, evaluate their pathogenicity against major insect species, and evaluate the non‐target effect on soil bioindicator species. Bioassay results show that Beauveria bassiana conidia are more pathogenic to all three species at 10 days after treatment, causing 100% mortality in Halyomorpha halys and Tenebrio molitor within 10 days. The lethal concentration showed lower LC50 values of 9.5 × 103 conidia/mL in H. halys , 2.6 × 103 conidia/mL in T. molitor , and 8.3×104 conidia/mL in P. japonica , B. bassiana treatment results showed a shortened insect life time LT50 of H. halys (6.0 days), T. molitor (5.3 days), and P. japonica (6.9 days). The present study concluded that B. bassiana fungi conidia are more efficient against three major insect pests.
Designing and assessing weather-based financial hedging contracts to mitigate water conflicts at the river basin scale. A case study in the Italian Alps

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Growing water demands and more frequent and severe droughts are increasingly challenging water management in many regions worldwide, exacerbating water disputes and reducing the space for negotiated agreements at the catchment scale. In the lack of a centralized controller, the design and deployment of coordination and/or regulatory mechanisms is a way to improve system-wide efficiency while preserving the distributed nature of the decision making setting, and facilitating cooperation among institutionally independent decision-makers. Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in index-based insurance contracts as mechanisms for sharing hydro-meteorological risk in complex and heterogeneous decision making context (e.g. multiple stakeholders and institutionally independent decision makers). In this study, we explore the potential for index-based insurance contracts to mitigate the conflict in a water system characterized by (political) power asymmetry between hydropower companies upstream and farmers downstream. The Lake Como basin in the Italian Alps is considered as a case study. We generated alternative regulatory mechanisms in the form of minimum release constraints to the hydropower facilities, and designed an insurance contract for hedging against hydropower relative revenue losses. The fundamental step in designing this type of insurance contracts is the identification of a suitable index, which triggers the payouts as well as the payout function, defined by strike level and slope (e.g., euros/index unit). A portfolio of index-based contracts was designed for the case study and evaluated in terms of revenue floor, basis risk and revenue fluctuation around the mean, both with and without insurance. Over the long term, the insurance proved to be capable to keep the minimum revenue above a specified level while providing a greater certainty on the revenue trend. This result shows the possibility to augment farmer's supply with little loss for hydropower companies, thus helping in mitigating the conflict between the stakeholders.