jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluating covariance matrix forecasts in a value-at-risk framework

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

: Covariance matrix forecasts of financial asset returns are an important component of current practice in financial risk management. A wide variety of models are available for generating such forecasts. In this paper, we evaluate the relative performance of different covariance matrix forecasts using standard statistical loss functions and a value-at-risk (VaR) framework. Using a foreign exchange portfolio, we find covariance matrix forecasts generated from option prices perform best under statistical loss functions, such as mean-squared error. Within a VaR framework, the relative performance of covariance matrix forecasts depends greatly on the VaR models&apos; distributional assumptions. Of the forecasts examined, simple specifications, such as exponentially-weighted moving averages of past observations, perform best with regard to the magnitude of VaR exceptions and regulatory capital requirements. Our results provide empirical support for the commonly-used VaR models based on simple c...
The chemistry and crystal structure of ferrites and other magnetic oxides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A brief review is given of magnetic oxides of the principal structure types, and of the chemical techniques used in their synthesis. Fields are indicated in which further chemical and crystal-structure investigations are needed. Recent work at Imperial College (on spinel solid-solutions, gamma ferric oxide, cadmium ferrite, lead ferrites, and strontium ‘ferrate’) is summarized, and the preparation of small single crystals of nickel and nickel–zinc ferrites is described.
A Social Security Forecasting and Simulation Model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper presents and validates a multiregional neoclassical economic- demographic growth model developed by the IIASA Social Security Reform Project. This model is intended to study linkages between population age distribution, the macroeconomy, the nature of pension arrangements, the intergenerational distribution of income and wealth, and international capital flows. In this paper, we concentrate on the model in single-region form, showing that: (i) reasonable exogenous assumptions give rise to a reasonable long-run model solution; (ii) when exogenous assumptions or model parameters are changed, the model performs sensibly on a baseline-vs.-alternative basis; and (iii) model projection results are reasonably robust to selection of demographic scenario and exogenous assumptions regarding household saving and labor supply; they are sensitive, however, to the selection of the parameters of the core production function.
Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A typing enzyme immunoassay (TYPE-EIA) was used to determine the antigenic types of 64 astrovirus-positive specimens from nine collections from seven countries. Six of the seven known astrovirus types were detected in the collections, with HAstV-1 predominating in all collections for one from the United Kingdom. Selected specimens were analyzed further by reverse transcriptase PCR and nucleotide sequencing of 348 bp within the capsid protein precursor region of the genome. The phylogenetic groupings (genotypes) determined from the sequences were entirely consistent with the antigenic groupings (serotypes) of isolates obtained by using the TYPE-EIA. The genetic variation within genotypes was small compared with the variation between genotypes, allowing unambiguous categorization of all specimens. Although some strains from widely separated geographic areas had identical sequences, in general, within a region most strains of the same type were identical. The TYPE-EIA may help further our understanding of the epidemiology of astrovirus and the possible role of serotype-specific immunity, while further knowledge of sequences could facilitate the development of simpler molecular methods of typing astrovirus strains.
THE EFFECTIVESS OF EVALUATION OF OSTEOPATHIC SUPPORT OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM THE DISTURBED OCCLUSION AT THE DENTAL ALVEOLAR LEVEL

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The eff ectiveness of simultaneous use of braces and methods of osteopathic correction was evaluated while treating 48 patients suff ering from occlusion disorders at the dental alveolar level. The indicators of osteopathic status, situational anxiety, and satisfaction with the aesthetic result of treatment were studied. It was found that the most typical somatic dysfunctions were the dysfunctions of the bones of the skull base, facial skull, cervical spine, chest, and of internal organs of the chest and neck. The inclusion of methods of osteopathic correction in the comprehensive treatment resulted in the better mobility of the structures of the skull, cervical spine, and chest, a decreased anxiety level and, consequently, an increased satisfaction with the aesthetic result of treatment.
Protection from ink disease of Castanea sativa orchards: first steps of INKAS Project, the Rural Development Program for Marche region (central-eastern Italy)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) is a multifunctional species which plays a key role in the economy of mountainous areas of Marche region (central-eastern Italy). More than 4,000 ha are covered with chestnut and about 1,000 ha are cultivated for fruit production, with more than 500 farms involved. Since some decades, there has been a gradual increase of chestnut orchards left without any cultivation for economic and social reasons as well as phytosanitary problems. At the beginning of 21st century, the introduction of Asian chestnut gall wasp had an important and negative impact on the vigor and on the production of plants, with the recrudescence of ink disease, caused by Phytophthora spp., which from restricted areas step by step is undermining the chestnut regional heritage. At the end of 2022, rural development program founded INKAS Project, whose main objective is the protection of the existing regional chestnut heritage, from the relentless advance of ink disease, through a multidisciplinary approach.
An Efficient Adaptive Load Balancing Service for CORBA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

CORBA is increasingly popular as distributed object computing middleware for systems with stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements, including scalability and dependability. One way to improve the scalability and dependability of CORBA-based applications is to balance system processing load among multiple server hosts. Load balancing can help improve system scalability by ensuring that client application requests are distributed and processed equitably across a group of servers. Likewise, it can help improve system dependability by adapting dynamically to system configuration changes that arise from hardware or software failures. This paper presents three contributions to research on CORBA-based load balancing. First, we describe deficiencies with common load-balancing techniques, such as introducing unnecessary overhead or not adapting dynamically to changing load conditions. Second, we present a novel adaptive load balancing service that can be implemented efficiently using standard CORBA features. Finally, we present the results of benchmark experiments that evaluate the pros and cons of different load balancing strategies empirically by measuring the overhead of each strategy and showing how well each strategy balances system load. Keywords: Middleware, patterns, CORBA, load balancing. 1
Sexual behaviour of the genus Equisetum, subgenus Hippochaete

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When grown for long periods in axenic single spore cultures, gametophytes of the four European species of subgenus Hippochaete are initially male or female. Females invariably produce antheridia as they get older, but archegonium formation by males is a much rarer event and was only observed in E. hyemale and E. scirpoides. Male gametophytes are smaller, grow more slowly than the females and in E. hyemale and E. variegatum are often short-lived. The proportions of male and bisexual individuals are relatively constant within each species but vary between species. Likewise species differ in the rate at which females later produce antheridia. Gametophytes grow in three ways: activity of antheridial meristems which are totally committed to the formation of male tissues, activity of cushion meristems which may produce archegonia for an indefinite period or switch to antheridium formation, and proliferation from lamellae. Either archegonia or antheridia may arise on the adventitious branches resulting from lamellar proliferation, but the type of sex organ produced is strongly influenced by the culture medium, the sex and age of the parent tissue and the particular species in question. Only by this means are archegonia formed on initially male individuals. The sexual behaviour of the subgenus Hippochaete is compared in some detail with that of the subgenus Equisetum and several subgeneric characteristics are outlined.
Identification of R Plasmids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from clinical sources by recombinant DNA techniques

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The R-plasmids, which transfer resistance to p. aeruginosa strains agaiiıst generally used antibiotics in the treatmet of the infections caıısed by this gram (-) bacteria were investigated. The P. aeruginosa samples used in this study were isolat-ed from the clinical cases of Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GATA), such as throat, ear and urinary tract infections. Those clinical specimens of P. aeruginosa were tested far their sensitivities to fourteen different antibiotics that are used against P. aeurigonosa infec-tions in hospitals. It was found that ampicillin was the only antibiotic that all of the P. aerugi,nosa samples were resistant to. Using ampicillin as a selectable agent, plasmid isolations were done from all of the P. aeruginosa isolates. The isolated plasmids were then digested by the restric-tion endonuclease Bam HI. The agarose gel electropho-retic analysis showed that ali of the plasmids had only two and the same Bam HI sites. By the fragment size analysis of the Bam HI cut plas-mids, it was det~rmined that all of the P. aeruginosa iso-lates, that were resistant to ampicillin, contained identi-cal plasmids of 6 .25 kb. This result indicated that the P. aeruginosa samples used in this study carry an R-plasmid of 6.25 kb, which is not similar to those generally foun_d R-plasmids in this species.
Abstract 1617: Erianin induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Novel effective drugs are still urgently needed in the prevention and treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Erianin, a natural product isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl., is often used as an anti-pyretic and an analgesic in traditional Chinese medicine. Herein, we have assesed the antitumor potential and molecular mechanisms of erianin on the Hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cancer cells in vitro. The results shows that erianin could significantly inhibit the cell proliferation of HepG2 cells in dose- and time- dependent manners that were associated with induced apoptosis and cell cycle G2-M arrest. The IC50 of erianin for 48 h was estimated to be 11.4 nmol/L. Mechanistically, erianin could induce the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, and activate the cleavage of Caspase-9, -7, -3 and eventually the PARP in a dose-dependent manner, leading to marked apoptotic effect of HepG2 cells. The apoptotic action of erianian was associated with the increased expression of proapoptotic proteins: Bax, Bad, Bik and PUMA and decreased expression of Mcl-1 and Survivin. Taken together, these results suggest the potential usefulness of erianin for prevention and treatment of HCC. References 1. Gomaa AI, Khan SA, Toledano MB, Waked I, Taylor-Robinson SD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol, 2008, 14 2. 2. Tang Y, Simoneau AR, Xie J, Shahandeh B, Zi X. Effects of the Kava Chalcone Flavokawain A Differ in Bladder Cancer Cells with Wild-type versus Mutant p53. Cancer Prevention Research 2008, 1(6):439-51. 3. Tang Y, Simoneau AR, Liao W, Guo Y, Hoang BH, Hope C, Liu F, Li S, Xie J, Holcombe RF, Jurnak FA, Mercola D, Zi X. WIF1, a Wnt pathway inhibitor, regulates SKP2 and c-myc expression leading to G1 arrest and growth inhibition of human invasive urinary bladder cancer cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2009, 8(2): 458-68. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1617. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1617
Field Evaluation of Plant Extracts for the Control of Diamond Moth (<i>Plutella xylostella</i> Linnaeus) Infesting Cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> Linn)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) is one of the important vegetables grown worldwide. Insect pests have been a major constraint to its production with some reported to have developed resistance to commonly available synthetic insecticides. In order to find alternative control for these pests, field experiments were conducted in the early seasons of 2011 and 2012, to evaluate the efficacy of three plant extracts, Tephrosia vogelli Hooks, Zingiber officinales Rosh and Lantana camara Spanish flag, applied at 5, 10 and 25 % w/v concentrations Delthamethrin (a synthethic insecticide) and an unsprayed plot were included as positive and negative controls respectively. Plots were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications. Mean Data over the two planting seasons were subjected to the analysis of variance and significant means were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D) at P < 0.05. Z. officinales extract effectively control P. xylostella larvae at all concentrations with 25 % w/v gave the best yield of 0.50 kg/ha while T. vogelii and L. camara extracts were as effective as Deltamethrin at different concentrations and hours on diamondback-moth (P. xylostella) adult The present findings indicated that effective botanicals against Diamondback moth adult and larvae of cabbage can be formulated from extract of T. vogelii, L. camara and Z. officinales at 25 % concentration respectively.
Spray Pyrolyzed CIS Thin Film Solar Cells Using Sandwich Structured TCO Layer

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, thin film solar cells having Mo/CIS/Ag-InS/ZnO/AZO/Ag/AZO/Ni/Al structure were fabricated. Structural, optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolyzed copper indium sulfide (CIS) and silver doped indium sulfide (Ag-InS) films with various thicknesses were investigated. Moreover, photovoltaic device performances were analyzed as a function of the buffer layer thickness. With this study for the first time, we have introduced a new sandwich structured transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer for inorganic solar cells. The maximum photo conversion efficiency, which was 1.16 %, obtained in our study was very promising among the thin film solar cells deposited via wet chemical methods.
ISDN: the multi-media enabling technology for Europe

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ISDN has now reached a level of technical maturity at which it can no longer be regarded as a future technology'. The paper reviews the present status of ISDN, particularly in the UK, and explores the factors influencing its rate of adsorption by users. It then outlines the experience of some researchers in multimedia applications in UK and European programmes, suggesting some of the ways in which ISDN is likely to change the way people live and work.<
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Deploying artificial intelligence in the detection of adult appendicular and pelvic fractures in the Singapore emergency department after hours: efficacy, cost savings and non-monetary benefits

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: Radiology plays an integral role in fracture detection in the emergency department (ED). After hours, when there are fewer reporting radiologists, most radiographs are interpreted by ED physicians. A minority of these interpretations may miss diagnoses, which later require the callback of patients for further management. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been viewed as a potential solution to augment the shortage of radiologists after hours. We explored the efficacy of an AI solution in the detection of appendicular and pelvic fractures for adult radiographs performed after hours at a general hospital ED in Singapore, and estimated the potential monetary and non-monetary benefits. Methods: One hundred and fifty anonymised abnormal radiographs were retrospectively collected and fed through an AI fracture detection solution. The radiographs were re-read by two radiologist reviewers and their consensus was established as the reference standard. Cases were stratified based on the concordance between the AI solution and the reviewers’ findings. Discordant cases were further analysed based on the nature of the discrepancy into overcall and undercall subgroups. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity and inter-rater reliability of the AI solution. Results: Ninety-two examinations were included in the final study radiograph set. The AI solution had a sensitivity of 98.9%, an accuracy of 85.9% and an almost perfect agreement with the reference standard. Conclusion: An AI fracture detection solution has similar sensitivity to human radiologists in the detection of fractures on ED appendicular and pelvic radiographs. Its implementation offers significant potential measurable cost, manpower and time savings.
Recent Changes in Hemispheric Asymmetry of Stratospheric Water Vapor

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Stratospheric moistening after 2000, with a more pronounced trend in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), has been detected through satellite, in situ observations, and model simulations. This study aims to provide an updated analysis of the hemispheric asymmetry of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) for the period from 2000 to 2020 based on merged satellite data set and Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulations driven by ERA5. Over post‐2000 decades, significant changes were identified in comparison to the pre‐2000 period, notably a reversal in the SWV difference between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, particularly in the midlatitudes. This shift is largely attributed to a slowdown in the deep branch of Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) in the Northern Hemisphere relative to the Southern Hemisphere after about year 2000. The cooling‐induced dehydration is the primary driver of the significantly lower SWV values in the Antarctic stratosphere than the Arctic stratosphere. This asymmetry increased before 2000 at a rate of 0.1–0.2 ppmv per decade. After 2000, however, this difference has decreased, primarily due to ozone recovery in the Southern Hemisphere, despite the enhanced northward transport of water vapor driven by the changes in the BDC. The study emphasizes the growing need for long‐term SWV monitoring in the Southern Hemisphere to better understand global water vapor dynamics.
Surgical treatment of T3 lung cancer invading the chest wall.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung tumors invading the chest wall are classed as belonging to the T3 group and are considered potentially resectable. Their management, however, is controversial, and extrapleural resection, when possible, is preferred to en bloc resection which is regarded as a far more invasive and dangerous operation. Five year survival rates for completely resected cases range in the literature from 25 to 35%, but survival rates are much worse if lymph node metastases are present. These poor outcomes have prompted the development of combined surgical approaches: preoperative radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, has been used with an improvement in resectability rates, but only modest results in terms of median survival; in a number of case series, increased operative morbidity and mortality have been reported with this approach. The present report relates to 122 patients treated by en bloc (20 cases) or extrapleural (102 cases) resection, 31 of whom also received neoadjuvant treatment. The operative mortality was 4.6%. Median survival was 17 months after en bloc resection and 19 months after extrapleural resection. Though no statistically significant difference was found, extrapleural resection would appear to yield better results than the en bloc procedure.
Electron barrier study of mid-wave infrared interband cascade photodetectors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we report our experimental investigation on the influence of electron barrier (eB) in mid-infrared interband cascade photodetectors. Even though earlier theoretical projection indicates that an eB with 2-pairs GaSb/AlSb quantum wells (QWs) is sufficient to block electrons direct tunneling between stages, our experimental results show that a thicker (with 6-pairs of GaSb/AlSb QWs) electron barrier could significantly reduce the device dark current, with little influence on the optical performance. The 5-stage devices have demonstrated a dark current density of 1.10 × 10−7 A/cm2 (at −5 mV) and a Johnson-limited D* of 1.81 × 1011 cmHz1/2/W (at 3.8 μm) at 150 K, respectively.
Effect of silicone oil on gibberellic acid production by Gibberella fujikuroi and Aspergillus niger

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of silicone oil on gibberellic acid production was investigated using Gibberella fujikuroi and Aspergillus niger fungi. Silicone oil was used as an oxygen vector in the gibberellic acid production process. When silicone oil was used, gibberellic acid concentration increased with respect to the control run having A. niger and G. fujikuroi microorganisms 4.6 and 6.7 times, respectively.