jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Nucleocapsid Protein of Coronaviruses Acts as a Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing in Mammalian Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of eukaryotic posttranscriptional gene silencing that functions in antiviral immunity in plants, nematodes, and insects. However, recent studies provided strong supports that RNAi also plays a role in antiviral mechanism in mammalian cells. To combat RNAi-mediated antiviral responses, many viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR) to facilitate their replication. VSRs have been widely studied for plant and insect viruses, but only a few have been defined for mammalian viruses currently. We identified a novel VSR from coronaviruses, a group of medically important mammalian viruses including Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and showed that the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of coronaviruses suppresses RNAi triggered by either short hairpin RNAs or small interfering RNAs in mammalian cells. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is closely related to SARS-CoV in the family Coronaviridae and was used as a coronavirus replication model. The replication of MHV increased when the N proteins were expressed in trans , while knockdown of Dicer1 or Ago2 transcripts facilitated the MHV replication in mammalian cells. These results support the hypothesis that RNAi is a part of the antiviral immunity responses in mammalian cells. IMPORTANCE RNAi has been well known to play important antiviral roles from plants to invertebrates. However, recent studies provided strong supports that RNAi is also involved in antiviral response in mammalian cells. An important indication for RNAi-mediated antiviral activity in mammals is the fact that a number of mammalian viruses encode potent suppressors of RNA silencing. Our results demonstrate that coronavirus N protein could function as a VSR through its double-stranded RNA binding activity. Mutational analysis of N protein allowed us to find out the critical residues for the VSR activity. Using the MHV-A59 as the coronavirus replication model, we showed that ectopic expression of SARS-CoV N protein could promote MHV replication in RNAi-active cells but not in RNAi-depleted cells. These results indicate that coronaviruses encode a VSR that functions in the replication cycle and provide further evidence to support that RNAi-mediated antiviral response exists in mammalian cells.
Zouglou Music and Youth in Urban Burkina Faso

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyzes the practices and aspirations of young Burkinabe migrants arriving as refugees in Burkina Faso for the first time during the Ivorian crisis, usually accompanying their parents, who had been forced to abandon their migrant careers in Cote d'Ivoire. One of the most striking consequences of the recent armed conflict in Cote d'Ivoire is the forced displacement of Burkinabe labor migrants and their families from Cote d'Ivoire to Burkina Faso over the decade 2000–10. In exploring the meanings and uses of Zouglou music in this context, the analysis suggests that this particular musical style served to articulate multiple modes of hope. As noted by most scholars reflecting on hope, the notion is difficult to pin down and therefore challenging to use as an analytical concept. The ambiguity entailed by displacement leads us back to the relation between hope and uncertainty.
Partial laparoscopic adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma: our experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Since its first description in 1992, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of most adrenal conditions. We demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the laparoscopic technique in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism caused by solitary aldosteronoma treated by laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy. Aim: To demonstrate safety and feasibility of laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Materials and methods: From 1992. to the present time, 13 patients presented with hyperaldosteronism and a single adrenal adenoma (Conn’s syndrome) and were treated with laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy. The mean age was 65 years, and the average tumor size was 1.35 cm in diameter. The mean follow-up of our patients for hypertension and local reccurence was 36 months (range 6 – 72 months). A transperitoneal approach was used in all patients, tumors were resected with safety margins by ultrasonic device. Results: All procedures were finished laparoscopically, and no conversion was necessary. The mean duration of the operations was 65 minutes, with a mean bleeding rate of 40 ml. No major intraoperative or postoperative complication was observed. Postoperative mean hospital stay was 4 days. In all the cases, hypertension improved totally or partially, and no local recurrence was observed. Conclusion: Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenomas is a minimally invasive procedure with a low complication rate. This procedure can be performed with good results for patients with small aldosteronomas of the adrenal gland, even with a healthy contralateral adrenal gland.
A Roentgenographic Technique to Evaluate and Document Hindfoot Position

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The position of the posterior portion of the foot is difficult to evaluate and document on the basis of clinical examination. Conventional roentgenographic techniques also do not allow objective determination of hindfoot position. A new roentgenographic technique utilizing a double-exposure has been developed to allow accurate documentation of the position of the calcaneus relative to the ankle. Normal adult values for this technique have been determined from 60 normal feet.
IFN-γ-Inducible Protein-10 (CXCL10) Is Hepatoprotective During Acute Liver Injury Through the Induction of CXCR2 on Hepatocytes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) is a non-ELR-CXC chemokine that is present during various forms of acute and chronic liver injury. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of IP-10 during acute liver injury induced by acetaminophen (APAP). After a 400 mg/kg APAP challenge in fasted CD-1 mice, immunoreactive levels of IP-10 were dramatically elevated in the serum within 8 h. CXCR3, the receptor for IP-10, was up-regulated in the liver. Mice that received an i.v. injection of rIP-10 10 h after APAP challenge exhibited a dramatic reduction in alanine aminotransferase 8 h later. Histologic analysis confirmed that the delayed IP-10 therapy dramatically improved the appearance of the liver when examined 48 h after APAP. The therapeutic effect of IP-10 was associated with a marked increase in CXCR2 expression on hepatocytes. Neutralization of CXCR2 during IP-10 therapy resulted in an abrogation of the hepatoprotective effect of IP-10. Furthermore, IP-10 treatment of cultured hepatocytes stimulated a CXCR2-dependent proliferative response. In conclusion, IP-10 has a hepatoregenerative effect in a murine model of acute liver injury that is dependent on its up-regulation of CXCR2 on hepatocytes.
LncRNA PCGsEM1 Contributes to the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via acting as a Sponge for miR-152-3p

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play important roles in cellular biological function. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been found to be related to the progression of various diseases. LncRNA prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the initiation and progression of human cancers. However, to date, the clinical and functional significance of PCGEM1 expression in NSCLC progression remains unknown. Methods: The expression of LncRNA PCGEM1 and miR-152-3p in NSCLC tissues and cells was analyzed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Experiments using NSCLC cells were conducted to explore the influence of PCGEM1 on tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Results: Increased expression of PCGEM1 was observed in NSCLC tissues and cells compared with the corresponding controls (all P <0.001). PCGEM1 expression was associated with NSCLC patients’ lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (all P <0.05), and the knockdown of PCGEM1 in NSCLC cells led to inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The further luciferase reporter assay and expression results showed that miR-152-3p might be a target gene of PCGEM1 and mediate the effects of PCGEM1 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC. Conclusion: Thus, the findings from the present study indicate that the NSCLC patients have significantly increased PCGEM1 and decreased miR-152-3p expression and that the knockdown of PCGEM1 may inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by sponging miR-152-3p. The PCGEM1/miR-152-3p axis may provide novel therapeutic targets for NSCLC treatment.
Effect of Low and High Doses of Vitamin D on Sreptozotocin-induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological and Immunohistochemical Sudy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is an important instigate of persistent kidney ailment problem and irrevocably renal catastrophe.Vitamin D (VD) insufficiency is documented as a worldwide health delinquent and lately pondered as a conscientious factor in the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus (DM).Aim: This research paper was premeditated to explore the probable upshot of low and high doses of vitamin D on a rat model of diabetic nephropathy.Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were segregated into four groups: Group I (control group).Group II (the diabetic nephropathy group): given streptozotocin intraperitoneal.Group III (the low dose VD group): rats were given streptozotocin then vitamin D orally as 8000 IU/kg/day.Group IV (the high dose VD group): rats were given streptozotocin then vitamin D orally as 20,000 IU/kg/day.After complete12 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, rats were sacrificed.Kidney specimens were handled and assayed by histological and Immunohistochemical procedures. Results:The diabetic nephr0pathy group revealed distortion of glomeruli, tubular distortion.mononuclear permeation and epithelial desquamation.Congested dilated glomeruli, peritubular blood vessels and interstitial outpouring of blood were also noticed.EM examination of proximal and distal c0nv0luted tubules exhibited multiple vacuoles.thickening of basement membrane and destructed mitochondria were also seen.Group III showed improvement of these changes and Group IV showed amelioration of most of these changes.Conclusion: High dose of vitamin D ameliorates experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy.
Characterization of Methotrexate Loaded Fucoidan/Chitosan Nanoparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Methotrexate is one of the most popular and safe anti-inflammatory drugs which is an antifolate-type antimetabolite and is used as an anticancer drug. In this study, oppositely charged chitosan and fucoidan have been non-covalently bonded using their electrostatic interactions with the methotrexate drug loaded into these nanoparticles. Fucoidan is obtained from marine algae which are composed of l-fucose and sulfate groups in various types of brown seaweeds; whereas chitosan is a naturally occurring biopolymer obtained through the N-deacetylation of chitin. Depending on the fucoidan / chitosan (F / C) weight ratio, three distinct nanoparticles (1F / 1C; 3F / 1C; 5F / 1C) are synthesized and characterized. Nanoparticles were prepared using cross linkers EDC and NHS at a constant pH to reduce the conjugate size. The prepared conjugates were characterized for their size and zeta potential using DLS analysis and the functional groups were analysed using FTIR. DLS results proclaimed that there was size reduction in particle size with cross linker and without the drug methotrexate. The 5:1 F/C nanoparticles was seen to be 441.5 nm, the difference being considerable larger in the 5:1 formulation. Hence for further analysis 5:1 F/C nanoparticles were preferred. Maximum entrapment efficiency was observed in 5:1 F/C nanoparticle with and without cross linkers. To understand the structural morphology of nanoparticles electromagnetic magnification like SEM and TEM were taken in account.
Pupillary Responses To Offset And Onset Of Isolated Rod And Cone Stimuli Using A 4-Primary Photostimulating Method

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

• The pupil paradoxically constricts at light offset in some patients with achromatopsia and complete congenital stationary night blindness.(1) Transient pupil constrictions to overall light decrement can be elicited in subjects with normal vision viewing chromatic stimuli.(2) • Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells provide afferent input for the pupillary light reflex and depolarize at light onset.(3,4) Along with their intrinsic photosensitivity, ipRGCs receive input from rods and cones via bipolar and amacrine cells.
Exogenous administration of visfatin affects cytokine secretion and increases oxidative stress in human malignant melanoma Me45 cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Visfatin has recently been established as a novel adipokine that is predominantly expressed in visceral fat. Recombinant visfatin has immunomodulating properties, which can activate human leukocytes in vitro to induce cytokine production (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). Only few studies have investigated the effect of visfatin on prostate, breast, ovarian cancer as well as astrocytoma cell biology. There have been no studies on the cytokine secretion in human melanoma cells in response to visfatin stimulation along with intracellular protein kinases inhibitors. ELISA assay was performed in supernatants of Me45 cells stimulated with visfatin in the presence or the absence of specific pharmacological inhibitors of the indicated protein kinases (p38, MEK 1, PI3k and JAK kinase) and nuclear factor kappa B (NK-κB) inhibitor. Intracellular reactive oxygen species level was measured in 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA)-loaded cells using a fluorescent measurement system. For determination of NF-κB activation, activated NF-κB p65 subunit was determined using an EZ-TFA-detect chemiluminescent transcription factor assay. We report that visfatin led to the significant increase in IL-6 and IL-8 level in culture supernatants of human malignant melanoma Me45 cells. Additionally visfatin resulted in the increase of the intracellular reactive oxygen species level. PI3k and NF-κB pathways were activated upon visfatin stimulation. The results may reflect the fact that PI3k pathway stimulation by visfatin may further lead to NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory response.
Novel Approach and Cloud Point Extraction Method for Determination of Acetazolamide Drug

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Acetazolamide was hydrolyzed to primary aromatic amine by using (0.4) M NaOH under reflux. The product was evaluated by two a ways. The first way, Diazotization coupling reaction (approach) as simple, sensitive, rapid and selective Spectrophotometric method, using 8-hydroxyquinoline as Chromogenic reagent to give Azo dye (red) in basic medium. The second way involves applying Cloud point extraction, using Triton-x114 as surfactant. The Azo dye was diagnosed by FT-IR, 1HNMR and UV-Visible technique. The analytical data for Approach and Cloud point extraction method, involve concentration rang (5-150), (0.5-6) ?g.mL-1, molar absorptivity (2.3×103), (1.3×104) L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandall’s sensitivity (0.096) ?g.cm-2 (0.017) ?g.cm-2 and detection limits (0.952) ?g.mL-1 and (0.043) ?g.mL-1 respectively. In addition the measurement enrichment factor (100) and preconcentration factor (6.30), The proposed methods don’t affect by the existence of excipients so the methods were applied successfully in determining Acetazolamide in pharmaceutical preparations.
Individuals with Diabetes Have an Increased Risk of Colon Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To assess the risk of colon cancer among individuals with diabetes within a nationally representative population. Previous studies have yielded evidence that diabetes mellitus may be a risk factor for colon cancer. Both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia have been noted in vitro to be promoters of colon cancer growth. Furthermore, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors have been found on colon cancer tissue. Also, high levels of circulating IGF-1 are associated with an elevated risk of colorectal adenomas and cancer. This study further considers the relationship between diabetes mellitus and colon cancer. Methods: Data collected by the 1997–2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was analyzed to assess the risk of colon cancer among individuals with diabetes. The NHIS is a comprehensive nationally representative survey weighted to represent the U.S. adult population. There were 226,953 subjects represented in the combined seven years of the NHIS, of which 161,235 had complete and comparable data which could be evaluated. Multiple logistic regression was performed probing the relationship between diabetes mellitus and colon cancer while controlling for age, race, gender, obesity, alcohol use, tobacco use, and physical activity. SAS statistical software was used to account for the complex survey design of the NHIS. Results: Among the 161,235 subjects in this study, 16,664 (10.3%) revealed a history of diabetes mellitus. Adjusted for potential confounders, individuals with diabetes were siginficantly more likely to have colon cancer than persons without diabetes (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.3 to 1.9). Age > 50 years (OR = 14.48, 95% CI = 10.8 to 19.4), caucasians (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.2) and smokers (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.2 to 2.0) were also revealed to be significant risk factors. Conclusions: Caution should be taken with interpretation of this analysis, given the cross-sectional nature of this design. Commonly accepted risk factors for colon cancer including inflammatory bowel disease and family history were not clearly defined in the database. Furthermore, methods of treatment or duration of diabetes were not included in this analysis. Nevertheless, the results from this large cross-sectional survey analysis confirm and expand on previous research which indicates that diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for colon cancer.
Influence of various elements of cultivation technology on the chlorophyll content in winter wheat plants and its yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract. The chlorophyll content is the most important factor that determines the intensity of photosynthesis and the overall biological productivity of plants. Therefore, the search for mechanisms that allow you to manage the production process is an important task, the solution of which will allow you to improve the technological methods of growing crops to obtain high yields. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of various elements of cultivation technology on the chlorophyll content in plants and the yield of winter wheat. Methods. The objects of research were winter wheat crops of various varieties. The chlorophyll content was determined by the method of Ya. I. Milaeva and N. P. Primak. Crop accounting was performed using the combine method. Results. The relative chlorophyll content in winter wheat plants: lea predecessor on average 9,4 % higher than for cereals; the use of mineral fertilizers in a few increased this figure by 38,0 %, wheat ‒ 14,0 %; in the later sowing time the amount of green pigments in plants on average more than early and optimum of 10,5 and 4,0 %, respectively; in more thickened crops, the chlorophyll content in plants is lower than in sparse ones (by 13,0 %). The absolute chlorophyll content (g/m2) in winter wheat plants: in a few in an average of 45,0 % higher than for cereals; the use of mineral fertilizers in a few increased this figure at 73,4 %, for winter wheat ‒ 76,8 %; number of green pigments in plants at the optimum sowing time is on average higher than in the early (29,6 %) and late (15,2 %); at the optimal seeding rate accumulates more chlorophyll than the minimum (by 33,4 %) and the maximum (24,2 %). On average, for all cultivation technologies, the variety Stat' contains the largest amount of chlorophyll in plants, and Zustrich – the smallest. The yield of winter wheat for the lea precursor was 4,9 t/ha, for winter wheat – 3,3 t/ha. Use of mineral fertilizers on couple increased this indicator on average by 44,1 %, and on the cereal predecessor ‒ by 55,3 %. At the optimal time of sowing, the highest yield was formed, and on average it was 5,1 t/ha for varieties. seeding Rates did not have provable differences on the yield of winter wheat. The highest yield was obtained in the Rate variety on the predecessor of pairs on a fertilized background – 7,5 t/ha. Scientific novelty. The features of the influence of various precursors, the level of mineral nutrition, timing and seeding rates on the content of chlorophyll in plants and the yield of winter wheat crops of new varieties of selection of the North Caucasian FSAC were revealed. The correlation between the relative and absolute content of chlorophyll in winter wheat plants and its yield for these varieties in the zone of unstable moisture in the Stavropol territory was determined.
Israel as an American Non-NATO Ally : parameters of defense-industrial cooperation in a Post-Cold war relationship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Part 1 Defining the interests of the parties: Israel's search for an American defence industrial partner evolving US policy toward the defence trade relationship, 1979-1989 defence-industrial co-operation in practice. Part 2 Factors affecting the relationship trends in the US defence procurement system technology transfer considerations in US defence-industrial relations future security needs and trends in the US defence policy US defence trade trends - implications for Israel.