jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Victim Reparation under the Ius Post Bellum

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Victim Reparation under the Ius Post Bellum fills an enormous gap in international legal scholarship. It questions the paradigmatic shift of rights to reparation towards a morality-based theory of international law. At a time when international law has a tendency to take a purely positivistic and international approach, Shavana Musa questions whether an embrace of an evaluative approach alongside the politics of war and peace is more practical and effective for war victims. Musa provides a never-before-conducted contextual insight into how the issue has been handled historically, analysing case studies from major wars from the seventeenth century to the modern day. She uses as-yet untouched archival documentation from these periods, which uncovers unique data and information on international peacemaking, and actually demonstrates more effective practices of reparation provisions compared with today. This book combines historical analysis with modern day developments to provide normative assertions for a future reparation system.
Acoustic Simulation of a Special Switched Reluctance Drive by Means of Field&#x2013;Circuit Coupling and Multiphysics Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The approach presented in this paper consists of an energy-based field-circuit coupling in combination with multi-physics simulation of the acoustic radiation of electrical machines. The proposed method is applied to a special switched reluctance motor with asymmetric pole geometry to improve the start-up torque. The pole shape has been optimized, subject to low torque ripple, in a previous study. The proposed approach here is used to analyze the impact of the optimization on the overall acoustic behavior. The field-circuit coupling is based on a temporary lumped-parameter model of the magnetic part incorporated into a circuit simulation based on the modified nodal analysis. The harmonic force excitation is calculated by means of stress tensor computation, and it is transformed to a mechanical mesh by mapping techniques. The structural dynamic problem is solved in the frequency domain using a finite-element modal analysis and superposition. The radiation characteristic is obtained from boundary element acoustic simulation. Simulation results of both rotor types are compared, and measurements of the drive are presented.
On the coalition number of trees

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $G$ be a graph with vertex set $V$ and of order $n = |V|$, and let $δ(G)$ and $Δ(G)$ be the minimum and maximum degree of $G$, respectively. Two disjoint sets $V_1, V_2 \subseteq V$ form a coalition in $G$ if none of them is a dominating set of $G$ but their union $V_1\cup V_2$ is. A vertex partition $Ψ=\{V_1,\ldots, V_k\}$ of $V$ is a coalition partition of $G$ if every set $V_i\in Ψ$ is either a dominating set of $G$ with the cardinality $|V_i|=1$, or is not a dominating set but for some $V_j\in Ψ$, $V_i$ and $V_j$ form a coalition. The maximum cardinality of a coalition partition of $G$ is the coalition number $\mathcal{C}(G)$ of $G$. Given a coalition partition $Ψ= \{V_1, \ldots, V_k\}$ of $G$, a coalition graph $\CG(G, Ψ)$ is associated on $Ψ$ such that there is a one-to-one correspondence between its vertices and the members of $Ψ$, where two vertices of $\CG(G, Ψ)$ are adjacent if and only if the corresponding sets form a coalition in $G$. In this paper, we partially solve one of the open problems posed in Haynes et al. \cite{coal0} and we solve two open problems posed by Haynes et al. \cite{coal1}. We characterize all graphs $G$ with $δ(G) \le 1$ and $\mathcal{C}(G)=n$, and we characterize all trees $T$ with $\mathcal{C}(T)=n-1$. We determine the number of coalition graphs that can be defined by all coalition partitions of a given path. Furthermore, we show that there is no universal coalition path, a path whose coalition partitions defines all possible coalition graphs.
Causes of Landscape-Scale Rarity in Cobble Beach Plant Communities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In most communities, a considerable number of the constituent species will only occupy a small percentage of sites or habitat patches. However, the factors that limit the distribution and abundance of rare species are seldom examined and are poorly understood. I tested several explanations of landscape-scale rarity in the New England cobble beach plant community, an assemblage of halophytic forbs associated with fringing beds of the marine intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora. Spartina reduces flow velocity and stabilizes the cobble substrate, thereby reducing the burial of seeds and seedlings of other species. Frequencies of the presence of forb species behind 387 sampled Spartina beds distributed along 120 km of shoreline in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, ranged from 0.005 to 0.382. Both the whole forb assemblage and individual species were strongly nested with respect to patch size and species richness. Species that were rare on a landscape scale were generally only found behind the longest beds, and bed length was positively related to species diversity. Experimental seed additions to 40 beds ranging in length from 8 to 688 m indicated that intermediate-sized beds often occupied by common species are not habitable by three rare forbs. When present behind the longest beds, these rare species are always associated with a microhabitat characterized by a relatively fine-grained and highly stable substrate. A series of substrate manipulations combined with experimental seed additions indicated that the rare annuals Spergularia marina, Salicornia biglovii, and Atriplex arenaria are restricted to the longest Spartina beds because smaller beds lack suitable substrate. These experiments also suggest that seed supply, competitors, and herbivores are not the proximate causes of the absence of these species from smaller beds, although dispersal limitation may prevent the colonization of many larger habitable patches. The microhabitat required by the rare forbs appears to be generated by the deposition of fine-grained particles behind the center of the longest Spartina beds. Consequently, bed length is causally related to the distribution of populations at a landscape scale and to species richness and composition at the scale of a whole habitat patch.
Optimization of Seebeck nanoantenna-based infrared harvesters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this letter, the authors develop an optimized Seebeck nanoantenna design suitable for IR harvesting applications. The design is optimized via the so-called particle-swarm-optimization algorithm (PSO), an evolutionary algorithm able to drive the morphology of a nano-object towards an optimum. Along with the so-called nanoloading technique, efforts are subsequently addressed to understand the physical mechanisms behind the wave energy to voltage conversion, from both numerical and theoretical perspectives. In particular, the thermal and intrinsic impedance are considered to be the key issues beneath the device’s response.
LHD NB3arm #103775.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel.
Systematic Planning of Quality Inspection Strategies in Manufacturing Systems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Quality inspection planning is an integral part of the production planning process. It is often derived from the experience of the planner. Despite the increasing availability of data during the manufacturing phase and the emergence of data analytics tools to transform these data into valuable information, there is a lack of revising existing inspection activities as part of quality control. In order to adopt the quality inspection strategies with regard to specific intermediate product characteristics, this paper enables the systematic planning of quality inspection strategies based on the current state of individual products within the manufacturing system. The generated strategies are evaluated based on the expected value of strategy-specific costs. To integrate conditional probabilities of arising uncertainties Bayesian Networks are utilized.
Experimental electrical impedance tomography (EIT)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a type of imaging technique where the impedance, permittivity, and electrical conductivity of a part of an object is taken from surface electrode measurements and used to form a tomographic image. This project focuses on crack detection in a tank, where electrodes are placed around the tank to monitor and detect if there is a crack inside the tank. There are a few problems in this system. One problem is that when the material used is too conductive, the voltage level obtained will be very low, therefore the differential values between homogeneous and inhomogeneous will be too insignificant to produce the tomographic image. Another problem is the system’s ability to detect faults, especially minor ones. For example, if a crack in the tank is very thin, or very far from the electrodes, the electrodes might not be sensitive enough to detect it. Therefore, the aim of this study is to improve upon the existing EIT technology in terms of its ability to generate the correct image and to detect minor faults. To achieve this, several experiments will be done with several different variables such as using materials of different conductivity, crack designs of different shapes and sizes, or changing the position of electrodes. Additional circuits such as op-amp and band pass filter circuits are implemented into the system to amplify the signal and eliminate noise.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel Bis(dithiocarbamate) Derivatives of Glycerol

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Three bis(dithiocarbamate) derivatives of glycerol were obtained in 30−95% yields by reaction of a dithiocarbamic acid salt with 1,3-dichloro-1,3-dideoxyglycerol. The in vitro antifungal activity of the new compounds was evaluated against Alternaria brassicae, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Septoria nodorum, and Phytophtora cinnamomi. Some of the compounds displayed greater activity than commercial fungicides. Bis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamoyl)-1,3-dideoxyglycerol (4) was found to maintain its pesticidal activity up to 24 days in open field tests against A. brassicae. Keywords: Fungicides; bis(1,3-dithiocarbamoyl)-1,3-dideoxyglycerol; in vitro antifungal activity; in vivo antifungal activity; open field test
An Unfolded Protein Response-Related mRNA Signature Predicting theSurvival and Therapeutic Effect of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Tumorigenesis, metastasis, and treatment response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are regulated by unfolded protein responses (UPR) signaling pathways, including IRE1a, PERK, and ATF6, but little is known about UPR related genes with HCC prognosis and therapeutic indicators. Objective: We aimed to identify a UPR related prognostic signature (UPRRPS) for HCC and explore the potential effect of the current signature on the existing molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods: We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to screen candidate UPR genes (UPRGs), which are expressed differentially between hepatocellular carcinoma and normal liver tissue and associated with prognosis. A gene risk score for overall survival prediction was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, which was validated using data from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database and evaluated by the C-index. Then immune and molecular characteristics stratified by the current UPRRPS were analyzed, and the corresponding drug sensitivity was conducted. Results: Initially, 42 UPRGs from the TCGA database were screened as differentially expressed genes, which were also associated with HCC prognosis. Using the LASSO regression analysis, nine UPRGs (EXTL3, PPP2R5B, ZBTB17, EIF2S2, EIF2S3, HDGF, SRPRB, EXTL2, and TPP1) were used to develop a UPRRPS to predict the OS of HCC patients in the TCGA set with the Cindex of 0.763. The current UPRRPS was also well-validated in the ICGC set with the C-index of 0.700. Multivariate Cox regression analyses also confirmed that the risk score was an independent risk factor for HCC in both the TCGA and ICGC sets (both P<0.05). Functional analyses showed that low-risk score was associated with increased natural killer cells, T helpers, tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion score, microsatellite instability expression, and more benefit from ICIs; the high-risk score was associated with increased active dendritic cells, Tregs, T-cell exclusion score, and less benefit from ICIs. Gene set enrichment analyses showed that the signaling pathways of VEGF, MAPK, and mTOR were enriched in high UPRRPS, and the drug sensitivities of the corresponding inhibitors were all significantly higher in the high UPRRPS subgroup (all P<0.001). Conclusion: With the current findings, UPRRPS was a promising biomarker for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients. UPRRPS might also be taken as a potential indicator to guide the management of immune checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted agents.
Mechanism of reservoir testing

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In evaluating geothermal resources we are primarily interested in data on the distribution of temperature and fluid conductivity within the reservoir, the total volume of the productive formations, recharge characteristics and chemical quality of the thermal fluids. While geophysical exploration by surface methods may furnish some data on the temperature field and give indications as to the reservoir volume, they furnish practically no information on the fluid conductivity and production characteristics. Such information will generally have to be obtained by tests performed within the reservoir, primarily by production tests on sufficiently deep wells. Reservoir testing is therefore one of the most important tasks in a general exploration program. In principal, reservoir testing has much in common with conventional geophysical exploration. Although the physical fields applied are to some extent different, they face the same type of selection between controlled and natural drives, forward and inverse problem setting, etc. The basic philosophy (Bodvarsson, 1966) is quite similar. In the present paper, they discuss some fundamentals of the theory of reservoir testing where the fluid conductivity field is the primary target. The emphasis is on local and global aspects of the forward approach to the case of liquid saturated (dominated) Darcy type formations. Both controlled and natural driving pressure or strain fields are to be considered and particular emphasis is placed on the situation resulting from the effects of a free liquid surface at the top of the reservoir.
Centre-surround Suppression of Contrast through the Form and Motion Pathways

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Centre-surround suppression of contrast is the phenomenon where the perceived contrast of a central stimulus is reduced when presented with a surround. A number of stimulus features influence the amount of suppression the surround induces on the perceived contrast of the centre, with the focus of this study being on the orientation and direction of motion of the surround relative to the centre. Suppression declines as the similarity between centre and surround stimulus properties increases and this decline is thought to reflect multiple mechanisms of centre-surround suppression. However, this is yet to be established in the motion pathway in human participants. A two-mechanism model has been proposed involving a narrowly-tuned process, requiring very similar stimuli in the centre and surround, and a weaker, broadly-tuned process unselective for stimulus features. Five participants completed a two-interval forced choice contrast discrimination task relative to a 40% reference. Stimuli included both static and moving Gabor grating patterns whose high contrast (95%) surrounds had either parallel or orthogonal (90°) orientations relative to the centre. The motion manipulation included surrounds drifting in either the same or opposite direction to the centre. The results with static stimuli showed contrast suppression when surrounds were present and replicated the more substantial suppression when the centre and surround had the same orientation than when they were orthogonal. With motion stimuli all surround conditions were significantly more suppressed than the no-surround condition and the surround condition with the same orientation and direction of motion as the centre was significantly more suppressed than either the opposite direction of motion conditions or the orthogonal orientation conditions. There was no difference between the orthogonal orientation conditions and the opposite direction of motion conditions. These findings support the extension of the two mechanism model of contrast suppression to the motion pathways.
SONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THYROID NODULES AND ESTIMATED RISK OF MALIGNANCY: A COMMENT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

I found that the publication on “Ultrasound (US) Features and Estimated Risk of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules” is very interesting indicated that US has become an indispensable tool in the evaluation and risk assessment of thyroid nodules, certain high-risk features merit [1] more workup than others.
Dangers of tinted glasses for driving.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

suggested by Mr Pearson and Miss Weaver, record many fewer movements per unit time than when they record for shorter periods.Presumably this is an effect of fatigue and reduced alertness.Recording during meals, conversation, reading, listening to music, etc, is not reliable.We instruct the women to assess and record each fetal movement for periods of 30-60 min three times a day.If the number of movements is less than three per hour the recording is continued for 6-12 hours in the day.From the sum of the movements recorded the rate per 12 hours-daily fetal movement recording (DFMR)-is calculated.Employing this method for a total of 1 5-3 hours a day the computed DFMR in 114 women with a normal outcome varied between 4 and 1440 per 12 hours.The majority of DFMRs were between 200 and 600 per 12 hours.In addition, the number of fetal movements recorded by an electromagnetic device' varied between 25 and 235 per hour.The patients recorded 87'. of
Isocyanide complexes of rhodium and iridium. Part I. Tetrakisisocyanide species, their oxidative addition reactions, and some allyl complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rhodium(I) and iridium(I) isocyanide complexes [M(CNR)4]Z (M = Rh, Z = PF6, R = Me, Pri. cyclohexyl, But, p-MeOC6H4, p-MeC6H4, or p-ClC6H4; M = Rh, Z = Cl, R = But or p-ClC6H4; M = Ir, Z = PF6, R = But or p-ClC6H4) have been prepared. These undergo oxidative addition reactions giving trans-[M(CNR)4XY]+(various R; X = Cl, Y = Cl, PhCH2, C3H5, C3H4Me, MeCO, HgCl, or SnCl3; X = Br, Y = Br, CN, PhCH2, or C3H5; X = I, Y = I, Me, CF3, or C3F7). Addition of NO+, p-MeC6H4N2+, or SO2 afforded [Rh(NO)(CNR)4][PF6]2(R = Pri, cyclohexyl, or But), [Rh{N2(p-MeC6H4)}(CNBut)4][PF6]2 and [Rh(SO2)(CNR)4][PF6](R = Pri or p-MeC6H4), respectively. Treatment of [Rh(π-C3H6)2Cl]2 with one or two moles of RNC (R =p-MeC6H4), afforded either [Rh(π-C3H5)2(CNR)Cl] or [Rh(π-C3H5)(σ-C3H5)(CNR)2Cl].
Late antique mosaic and their archaeological context

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The late antique mosaic floor can be used as an emblematic example for the analysis and understanding of ancient artefacts in relation to the historical and social framework. Many aspects must be considered: archaeological methods, recording systems, investigation of materials and technical qualities, iconographic and stylistic studies, all of which could be useful in an interpretation of the monuments and social classes which generate this type of decoration. It is part of the archaeological process which also concerns, in a sense, the ‘future’ of mosaic, not only within the projects of restoration and conservation, but also the proper planning and extensive use of the object in a cultural project with broad implications. These issues are analysed through some famous and significant Italian examples: Piazza Armerina (Villa del Casale), Faenza (Domus di via Dogana), Rimini (Piazza Ferrari, Domus di Palazzo Gioia) and Ravenna (Palazzo di Teoderico, Domus di via d’Azeglio).
VELOCITY PROFILE AND TURBULENCE INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE TA-2 WIND TUNNEL

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Aerospace Technical Center (CTA) Aerodynamical Wind tunnel, TA-2, is going through modernization process, what has been possible through a partnership project in which CTA, EMBRAER, USP-EESC and FAPESP foundation are participants. The purpose of this paper is to present results of background turbulence measurements in the TA-2 wind tunnel, and also flow measurements carried out with Pitot tubes rake along vertical lines. These experiments has been conducted in order to evaluate the improvements in TA-2 test section flowconditions. The results of measurements in the empty wind tunnel showed a uniform velocity field and low intensities turbulence values.
Peer Review #2 of "Chemodiversity of Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil bioactive components related to their specific geographical distribution in the South Pacific region (v0.1)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background.Different parts of the tree Calophyllum inophyllum L. (nuts, leaves, roots, bark, fruits, nut oil and resin) are used as traditional medicines and cosmetics in most of the Pacific Islands.The oil efficiency as a natural cure and in traditional cosmetics has been largely described throughout the South Pacific, which led us to investigate C. inophyllum's chemical and genetic diversity.A correlative study of the nut resin and leaf DNA from three distinct archipelagos in the South Pacific was carried out in order to identify diversity patterns in C. inophyllum across the South Pacific. Methods.C. inophyllum plants were sampled from French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Fiji.We extracted tamanu oil (nut oil) resin for chemo-diversity studies and sampled leaf tissues for genetic studies.We applied an analysis method designed for small quantities (at a microscale level), and used HPLC to establish the chemo-diversity of tamanu oil resin.In-house standards were co-eluted for qualitative determination.Genetic diversity was assessed using chloroplast barcoding markers (the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (accD) gene and the psaA-ycf3 intergenicspacer region). Results.Our HPLC analysis revealed 11 previously known tamanu oil constituents, with variability among plant samples.We also isolated and characterized two new neoflavonoids from tamanu oil resin namely, tamanolide E1 and E2 which are diastereoisomers.Although genetic analysis revealed low genetic variation, our multivariate analysis (PCA) of the tamanu oil resin chemical profiles revealed differentiation among geographic regions. Conclusion.We showed here that chromatographic analysis using formalized in-house standards of oil resin compounds for co-elution studies against oil resin samples could identify patterns of variation among samples of C. inophyllum, and discriminate samples from different geographical origins.