jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Freedom of Speech in International Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter traces the broad contours of the right to freedom of speech as it has evolved in international law, principally under Article 19(2) of the 1996 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR or ‘the Covenant’). Any speech protective principles deriving from the international jurisprudence are qualified by the following factors: the contextual contingency of the value of speech, the inherently limited reach of international scrutiny, the changing nature of the marketplace, and emerging forms of censorship. The chapter then outlines the key human rights treaty protections for freedom of speech, before further exploring the scope of the right. It examines the permissible grounds for speech restriction, highlighting two contested categories of speech—namely, incitement to hatred and glorification of terrorism—where international law not only concedes the low value of such speech, but specifically mandates its prohibition in domestic law. States that introduce broadly framed speech restrictions may claim to be acting in satisfaction of this prohibitory requirement. In consequence, the intensity of any ensuing international scrutiny will inevitably be substantially reduced.
Influence of isothermal solidification on microstructural development in Ni–Si–B filler metals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

AbstractAbstractAn examination is reported of the microstructure of joints between nickel substrates fabricated using Ni–Si–B filler metal (AWS classification BNi-3). This investigation was undertaken because the presence of residual boride and silicide phases after joining can affect the subsequent mechanical properties of the joint. The microstructures developed in the joints are compared with those formed in similarly heat treated filler metal. Various models of the transient liquid phase process are also considered and predicted times to complete isothermal solidification are compared with experimental values. An initial examination of the influence on filler metal microstructure of a ternary addition (chromium) to the substrate is included.MST/1506
Understanding Similarities in Performance on Different Orientation Tasks: Strategy Adaptation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Spatial orientation is involved in a variety of common tasks, which are often difficult for individuals to perform. In this paper, a model is used to demonstrate that a general strategy may be adapted for use in different spatial orientation tasks. The predictions of the model, which was adapted from a model for another orientation task, closely match human performance on the target task. More importantly, the model provides insights into how individuals solve these sorts of tasks, and supports the conclusion that similar strategies can be adapted and used in different tasks.
[HPLC characteristic fingerprints of Xinshenghua Keli].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Xinshenghua Keli is known as the "preferred prescription of postpartum", with large demand in the field of gynecologic medicine. However, the quality of the preparation is uneven in the market, so its clinical efficacy cannot be guaranteed. In order to improve and establish its quality control standard, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to establish the fingerprint of Xinshenghua Keli. The detection was performed on Agilent 5 HC-C₁₈ (2) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 microns) with methanol-0.1% formic acid solution as mobile phase for gradient elution, at a flow rate of 1 mL·min⁻¹ with column temperature of 25 °C. The injection volume was 10 μL and detection wavelength was set at the maximum value between 210.0 nm and 400.0 nm by Photo-Diode Array (PDA) detector. The fingerprint of 12 batches of high-quality Xinshenghua Keli was established and 43 common peaks were identified. The similarities of crowned products, 10 batches of ordinary ones made by Jiangsu Rongyu Pharmaceutical and 10 batches produced by different manufacturers were evaluated. The composition identification and source analysis for the common peaks were performed by comparing the retention time of herbal medicines and ultraviolet absorption spectrum, along with high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) technology. The established fingerprint of Xinshenghua Keli, has proven to have good precision, stability and repeatability through the methodology validation, so it can be used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Xinshenghua Keli.
Correlation of serum GH and IGF-1 with satellite cell responsiveness in Targhee rams

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study was performed to assess the relationship between serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, slaughter weight, and myogenic satellite cell growth kinetics of Targhee rams. Serum was collected from 19 rams at 15-min intervals over a period of 4h. Radioimmunoassays of serum samples for GH revealed considerable variation (within individual rams) over the sampling period, with mean values ranging from 0·63 to 4·88 μg/l (mean overall 2·3 (s.e. 0·33) μg/l; no. = 19). There was no significant correlation between GH levels and slaughter weight (r = −0·11; P > 0·05) at 155 (s.e. 1·08) days. Serum IGF-1 levels of (individual) rams were invariant over the sampling period, with individual means ranging from 62 to 233 μg/l (mean overall of 117 (s.e. 45·6) ugll; no. = 19). IGF-1 was not strongly correlated with slaughter weight (r = +0·35; P > 0·05). Satellite cells were isolated from the left m. semimembranosus of all rams at slaughter and grown in culture to evaluate proliferation amount and differentiation extent. The correlations between serum GH levels and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro were r = −0·53 (P < 0·05) and r = −0·52 (P < 0·05), respectively. Serum IGF-1 showed no significant correlations to proliferation (r = +0·07; P > 0·05) or to differentiation (r = −0·07; P > 0·05) of the satellite cells. These data suggest that serum GH levels in Targhee rams may not reflect muscle growth potential if correlated to body weight of 155 days. Furthermore, as IGF-1 was not correlated significantly with slaughter weight or to variables of satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, another mode of satellite cell regulation (possibly paracrine controllers) is more likely at play to coordinate the satellite cell involvement in muscle growth in Targhee rams at 155 days.
The impact of selective logging and clearcutting on forest structure, tree diversity and above‐ground biomass of African tropical forests

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tropical deforestation is well known to have serious negative consequences for biodiversity, terrestrial carbon sinks and the balance of atmospheric greenhouse gases. By contrast, selective logging of tropical forests is often regarded as having a lesser impact on the ecosystem particularly in long terms, even though there have been few critical evaluations of the practice, particularly in Africa. We compared field data from 511 plots in the tropical forest of Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon and Gabon. These plots were subject to different forest management practices: no recent logging (primary forests), selective logging (up to 30 years old) and re‐grown secondary forests post clear‐cutting (at least 20 years ago). Our findings suggest that the vertical structure and plant richness of the selectively logged and secondary forests change in different amplitude from those of primary forests, but stem density and the prevalence of vine and weed species differ greatly. We show that the effects of selective logging are greater than those expected simply from the removal of commercial species, and can persist for decades. Selective logging, unless it is practiced at very low harvest intensities, can significantly reduce the biomass of a tropical forest for many decades, seriously diminishing aboveground carbon storage capacity, and create opportunities for weeds and vines to spread and slow down the ecological succession.
SiamDSA: Dual-Branch Self-Attention Siamese Network for Visual Object Tracking

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, object tracking is studied and applied widely in human activity recognition. In object tracking scenarios, the object appearance changes significantly due to various factors, such as scale changes and deformation, which will drastically affect the robustness of the object tracking. To deal with the above issues, we propose a DSA module that integrates the siamese tracking network to implement the siamese network tracking methods based on the dual-branch self-attention (SiamDSA). It fuses object features of different scales to greatly enhance the target information and establish a better target appearance model for improving object tracking robustness. Specifically, a novel DSA module based on self-attention mechanism boosts the feature representation of objects from channel and spatial perspectives. And it is responsible for better focusing on the features of the target. We conduct experiments on GOT-IOK, OTB100 and VOT2018 datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that SiamDSA achieves superior performances and runs at 65 FPS, it further shows strong effectiveness and efficiency in object tracking.
Cytotoxic Activity, Cell Migration and Apoptosis Effects of Uncaria nervosa Elmer Leaf Fractions on MCF-7 HER 2 Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Uncaria nervosa Elmer is a medicinal plant distributed in Indonesia, New Guinea and the Western Pacific. Traditionally, this plant is used for cancer treatment. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity, cell migration and apoptosis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions in MCF-7 HER 2 breast cancer cells. The ethanol extract of U. nervosa Elmer leaves was fractionated using a separating funnel. Fractionation used solvents with varying polarities, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. The three fractions were tested for their cytotoxic activity by the MTT assay method. The concentrations of the fractions were 100, 10 and 1 µg/ml. The effect of inhibiting cell migration on the fractions using the scratch wound healing assay was observed at 0, 24 and 48 hours and the apoptosis effect was observed using the double staining assay at 48 hours. The results showed that n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions had IC50 values31,44 and 16,422 µg/ml, respectively and the butanol fraction had no activity on MCF-7 HER 2cells at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. Wound healing assays explained the potency of fraction to decrease the cell migration after 24 hours. Apoptosis effect of the fraction of the double staining test results showed MCF-7 HER 2 cells experiencing yellow and orange fluorescence. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions having moderate and strong cytotoxic activity and were able to inhibit cell migration as well as caused death of MCF-7 HER 2 breast cancer cells by apoptosis.
Some Observations on the Lack of a Specific Diminished Responsibility Defence under the ICC Statute

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Investigating the nature of criminality, particularly in the context of ICC core crimes, seems fundamental in a quest to discover the truth and produce an accurate historical record; both of these aims are in the long term interests of justice, the inter-national as well as local communities. Whilst the ICC is based on strong punitive ideals, similar to those endorsed by ICTY and ICTR in particular, the ICC is in a unique position to depart from a merely pragmatic/administrative exploration of facts and history. In fact, in recent prosecutions rehabilitation aims have frequently been substituted with an “attempt to stigmatise the most serious violations of international humanitarian law.”1 The results orientated approach of ICTY/ICTR, which includes, inter alia, charge bargaining in alleged genocide cases, should be departed from in ICC proceedings in favour of more holistic and interdisciplinary justice methods which strive to not only achieve punitive goals but also promote rehabilitation of of-fenders and ultimately reconciliation.
Optimized Turning Basin Design for Inland Waterways

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Concept design guidelines for ship turning basins are often not met in practice due to environmental, economic, or geotechnical restrictions. In these cases, a detailed design procedure is followed to develop an optimized turning basin geometry within the environmental constraints. Then, real-time ship maneuvering simulations are used to evaluate the maneuvers in the proposed geometry. However, such a detailed design procedure is costly, especially if a large number of simulations are required. To restrict the number of simulations, the waterway authority [Voies navigables de France (VNF)] ordered a study to find a generic and optimal design for a turning basin which could be suitable for the upgrade in the northern part of their inland waterway network. Therefore, the turning maneuvers for two typical inland navigation vessels were simulated in real time under different hydrometeorological conditions. This study was conducted in three stages. First, maneuvers in traditional circular and trapezoidal turning basins of different sizes were executed and analyzed. Second, optimized turning basin geometries were developed. Finally, the turning maneuvers in those optimized geometries were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, a stepwise approach was proposed to select an optimized turning basin geometry that was based on the conditions present on site. This stepwise approach for the design of turning basins could reduce the real-time simulations that are required when upgrading a waterway network.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Tertiary-Level Electrophysiology Laboratory in Italy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ver the past 3 months, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread from China to Europe and the rest of the world.The pandemic severely hit the central part of Italy, with almost 6000 confirmed cases out of 1.5 million inhabitants in the Marche region as of April 24, 2020. 1 Among the common, highly heterogeneous and deadly cardiovascular complications of COVID-19, 2 arrhythmias represent a frequent occurrence. 3Furthermore, even during the pandemic, arrhythmias, or device-related issues in patients with heart disease and without COVID-19 are continuing to require evaluation by electrophysiologists. Therefore, electrophysiology laboratories have continued providing highly needed services while adapting to this unprecedented health crisis. 3,4Recently, consensus recommendations for the management of electrophysiology procedures were provided, mandating the cancellation or postponement of elective cases. 4However, little is known about the real-world impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on high-volume electrophysiology laboratories.We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational study.We enrolled patients undergoing electrophysiology procedures at the University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti" in Ancona, Italy, a tertiary-level referral center.Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.We included all consecutive patients who underwent electrophysiology procedures since March 9, 2020, when novel health care measures were taken in the cardiology department due to the COVID-19 outbreak, until April 26, 2020.These patients were compared with those undergoing electrophysiology procedures in the preceding 6 months (September 9, Downloaded from http://ahajournals.org
Nonreciprocal thermal radiation of nanoparticles via spin-directional coupling with reciprocal surface modes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate nonreciprocal far-field thermal emission and nonreciprocal near-field radiative heat transfer of Weyl semimetal nanoparticles when the circular thermal emission of the particles directionally couples with the spin of the surface modes supported by a reciprocal substrate. Our work can be applied to the development of nonreciprocal and directional thermal emitters and to the nanoscale routing of a radiative heat flux.
Transfusion-Associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

FEORINO, P. M.; JAFFE, H. W.; PALMER, E.; PETERMAN, T. A.; FRANCIS, D. P.; KALYANARAMAN, V. S.; WEINSTEIN, R. A.; STONEBURNER, R. L.; ALEXANDER, W. J.; RAEVSKY, C.; GETCHELL, J. P.; WARFIELD, D.; HAVERKOS, H. W.; KILBOURNE, B. W.; NICHOLSON, J. K. A.; CURRAN, J. W. Author Information
Inorganic Fe2+ formation upon Fe‐S protein thermodestruction in the membranes of thermophilic cyanobacteria: Mössbauer spectroscopy study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A model description of the Mössbauer spectrum (80 K) of native membranes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is suggested on the basis of the known values of quadrupole splitting (Δ E Q ) and isomer shift ( δ Fe ) for the iron‐containing components of the photosynthetic apparatus. Using this approach, we found that heating the membranes at 70–80 K results in a decrease of doublet amplitudes belonging to F X , F A , F B and ferredoxin and simultaneous formation of a new doublet with Δ E Q =3.10 mm/s and δ Fe =1.28 mm/s, typical of inorganic hydrated forms of Fe 2+ . The inhibition of electron transfer via photosystem I to oxygen, catalyzed by ferredoxin, occurs within the same range of temperatures. The data demonstrate that the processes of thermoinduced Fe 2+ formation and distortions in the photosystem I electron transport in the membranes are interrelated and caused mainly by the degradation of ferredoxin. The possible role of Fe 2+ formation in the damage of the photosynthetic apparatus resulting from heating and the action of other extreme factors is discussed.
Local Knowledge and Conservation Priorities of Medicinal Plants near a Protected Area in Brazil

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors (age, gender, and occupation) on the local knowledge of medicinal plants in the Araripe National Forest, Brazil, and the priority of conservation of the species as perceived by people. Additionally, priority species for in situ conservation were identified by calculating conservation priority (CP). Initially, free lists were developed with 152 informants in order to identify the plants known and used by them. Based on the most cited plants in these lists, a salience analysis was performed to identify the ten most prominent tree species. In a second moment, through a participatory workshop, these ten species were classified by the perception of local experts as to their environmental availability and intensity of exploitation. Then, the population size of the forest plant species was quantified through a phytosociological sampling and the conservation priority index (CP) of the species was calculated. A total of 214 ethnospecies were cited by the informants, which were identified in 167 species. Local knowledge was influenced by socioeconomic factors, with positive correlation between age and local knowledge and difference in knowledge among professions. Among the ten most prominent tree species in terms of their medicinal importance, Hancornia speciosa was highlighted as a priority for conservation in the experts’ perception because it has low environmental availability and a high exploitation rate. The ten species were ordered by the CP differently from the ordering made by the local experts’ perception, indicating that people’s perception of species conservation status may not correspond to the actual situation in which they are found in the forests. Conservationist measures based on the perception of informants need complementary ecological studies on the species accessed.
“REGULAR” OR “IRREGULAR”: POPE'S DESCRIPTION OF THE GROVES AT SHERBORNE CASTLE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“REGULAR” OR “IRREGULAR”: POPE'S DESCRIPTION OF THE GROVES AT SHERBORNE CASTLE Get access PETER E. MARTIN PETER E. MARTIN New England CollegeArundel, Sussex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 22, Issue 11, November 1975, Pages 490–491, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/22-11-490 Published: 01 November 1975
Predicting Growth Quantitatively Through Proximal Tibia Radiograph Markers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The creation of accurate markers for skeletal maturity has been of significant interest to orthopaedic surgeons. They guide the management of diverse disorders such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, leg length discrepancy, cruciate ligament injuries, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Multiple systems have been described to predict growth using radiographic skeletal markers; however, no such system has yet been developed for the proximal tibia. The purpose of this study was to establish quantitative radiographic parameters within the proximal tibia that can be used to assess degree of skeletal maturity. Methods: From the Bolton Brush collection, 94 children, consisting of 49 girls and 4 boys between the ages of 3 and 18 years old, were followed annually throughout growth with serial radiographs and physical examinations. Final height at maturity was used to calculate the growth remaining at each visit. Multiple measurements for each knee radiograph were performed and correlated with the percentage of growth remaining. Tibial epiphysis width, tibial metaphysis width, and height of the lateral tibial epiphysis were measured on each film and the composite ratios between each of these sets of variables along with their respective accuracy and reliability were calculated. Single and multiple linear regression models were constructed to determine accuracy of prediction. Interobserver and intraobserver studies were performed with 4 investigators ranging from medical student to senior attending and calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. All 4 examiners measured all of the subjects and the ratios created were averaged. Results: Tibial epiphysis width, tibial metaphysis width, and height of the lateral tibial epiphysis were all found to be strongly correlated with growth remaining with R 2 values ranging from 0.57 to 0.84. In addition, all 3 ratios were found to be reliable with intraobserver and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 0.94 and 0.80 to 0.94, respectively. A multiple linear regression model demonstrated that combining these 3 ratios allows for a predictive R 2 value of 0.917, showing that these ratios when combined were highly predictive of growth remaining. All findings were independent of sex ( P =0.996). Conclusions: We describe 3 measurements that can easily be obtained on an anteroposterior radiograph of the knee. We demonstrate that ratios of these variables can be measured reliably and correlate closely with remaining growth, independent of sex. Together, we believe that these factors will improve the accuracy of determining growth from lower extremity radiographs that include the proximal tibia. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a new quantitative technique to evaluate growth in the lower extremity, which can inform a range of conditions including adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, leg length discrepancy, cruciate ligament injury, and slipped capital femoral epiphyses.