jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Automatization in second language sentence processing: A partial, conceptual replication of Hulstijn, Van Gelderen, and Schoonen's 2009 study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This study investigates the automatization of sentence processing using the coefficient of variation (CV), a measure of intraindividual processing stability (Segalowitz & Segalowitz, 1993). A smaller CV (i.e., standard deviation to reaction time [RT] ratio) and a positive CV-RT correlation are taken to index increased automatization. Hulstijn, Van Gelderen, and Schoonen (2009) were the first to try to validate the use of CV at the sentence level; however, they did not find any evidence for automatization in their CV analyses. Forty Korean English as a second language students (20 intermediate, 20 advanced) and 20 native speakers performed three speeded tasks in English: a semantic classification task, a sentence verification task, and a sentence construction task. The results revealed that, consistent with findings from previous word recognition studies, the CV in the sentence-level tasks decreased as participants’ proficiency level increased. Although the CV-RT correlation in the sentence verification task was not always significant, no counterevidence against Segalowitz and Segalowitz’ (1993) hypothesis was found. The sentence construction task discriminated better between groups than the sentence verification task. We argue that the CV may be a valid measure of automatization at the sentence level, provided the tasks used target lower-level processes such as word recognition, parsing, and semantic proposition formation.
Determination of the Chronic Mammalian Toxicological Effects of TNT. Twenty-Six Week Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the Beagle Dog.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the munitions compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT; CAS Reg. No. 118-96-7) in beagle dogs when administered daily for 26 weeks by capsule. Groups of six dogs per sex received TNT at doses of 0 (vehicle controls), 0.5, 2, 8, or 32 mg/kg/day. Toxicologic endpoints included clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, clinical chemistry, hematology, urinalyses, organ weights, and gross and tissue morphology. The major toxic effects following the oral administration of TNT to dogs included hemolytic anemia, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly with accompanying histologic lesions, and death. Only the highest dose given (32 mg/kg/day) proved to be lethal. Hepatic cloudy swelling and hepatocytomegalia were apparent at all doses tested, thus a no observable effect level was not established in the present study. (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF THE CHANGE IN WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT ON THE GERMINATION RATE OF Lactuca Sativa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The main idea of this extended essay is to investigate the rate of germination of the specialized seeds (Lactuca Sativa) with the change of wavelength of the light. My research question is “How does different wavelengths of light affect the rate of germination as measured by observing number of sucessfully germinated seed of Lactuca Sativa under the influence of the same temperature, volume of water, time of enlightening ?” and my hypothesis for this extended essay is ” It can therefore be hypothesized that as we increase the wavelength of the light germination rate of Lactuca Sativa will be increase.” With these ideas I have planned and designed my own method in order to answer my research question and prove my hypothesis. While doing this experiment I have used a germination pot, led lights and lettuce seeds. The setup was planned as; each trial poured with water at first day(30ml) and the fifth day(10ml). Also in order to decrease the errors I have used same brands seeds because it decreases the variety between each seed. I put 50 seeds to each trial and enlightened them with different wavelengths of light; red, green, yellow, blue, violet. At the end of collection of datas I compared them with each other, however I have seen that, an error occurred during the germination process of seeds. If we compare the data ignoring the errors caused by several external factors, I can conclude that as the wavelength of light increases germination rate will increase. Moreover, according to ANOVA test there was a significant mean difference between the number of germinated seeds. I have used lettuce seeds because these seeds are photo dormant seeds and I can obtain observable results.
The Loss and Efficiency Analysis and Research of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Traction Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An IPMSM with I2V type rotor topology structure is proposed, its loss, efficiency and torque are analyzed and compared with V and IV type. Firstly, the optimized rotor topology structures are used to analyze the no-load air-gap flux density waveform and harmonic contents of the IPMSM. The results show that the THD of the no-load air-gap flux density with the I2V type is the smallest and the sinusoidal degree of the waveform is the highest. Secondly, the loss of the IPMSM with optimized rotor topology structures are analyzed and compared. Compared with the other two rotors, the results show that the iron loss of the IPMSM with the I2V type is the smallest. The iron loss of the IPMSM with I2V type is significantly less than that of the other two rotors especially under the deep flux weakening conditions. The output torque of the IPMSM under different current angles, current densities and speed are analyzed and compared. The results show that the torque performance of the IPMSM with I2V type is better than the other two rotors. this paper proposes a simple and effective method to optimize the position and diameter of the magnetic isolation holes by establishing a parameterized model. The results show that the torque ripple and cogging torque with the further optimized I2V type rotor topology structure are greatly reduced, the iron loss and magnet loss are also effectively reduced. Finally, the von Mises stress and the total displacement of the rotor deformation of the IPMSM with the further optimized I2V type under different working conditions are verified by finite element analysis. The results show that the rotor will not rupture, the displacement is small enough to avoid the touch between stator and rotor.
Additional file 5 of Loss of tumor-derived SMAD4 enhances primary tumor growth but not metastasis following BMP4 signalling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure 5. Confirmation of RNA sequencing results by RT-PCR. RT-qPCR analysis of BMP4-regulated genes that were identified in the RNA sequencing analysis. RNA extracted from in vitro cultured 231-HM cells. n = 3/group, mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was completed by Student’s t test. ns, not significant; *, p <0.05; **, p <0.01; ***, p <0.001; ****, p <0.0001.
Multiple-set resistance exercise in essential arterial hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim. To assess the effects of the multiple-set resistance exercise on the functional status of patients with Stage II essential arterial hypertension (EAH). Material and methods. In total, 40 patients with Stage II EAH, aged 45-55 years, took part in the physical rehabilitation programme, including exercise training on the resistance exercise machine. In the control group, weight lifting was followed by the complete relaxation of involved muscle groups and, therefore, a fast weight lowering. In the main group, the muscle relaxation after weight lifting was only partial, with a slower weight lowering, which resulted in increased lactate production and muscle ache. Ergospirometry, volumetric compression oscillometry, and resistance tests were used. Results. Blood pressure normalization, myocardial contractility increase, and exercise capacity improvement were more pronounced in the main group (p<0,05), as a greater extent of neuromuscular strain stimulates the hormone production both during and after the exercise session. Conclusion. The complex multiple-set resistance exercise programme demonstrated a marked beneficial effect in patients with Stage II EAH.
CCR2: holding B cells back

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Comment on Flaishon et al, page [933][1]

In this issue, Flaishon et al describe a novel role for the chemokine receptor CCR2 and its ligand CCL2/JE in inhibiting the chemotactic response of immature B cells to the chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1.

Although best known for their chemoattractant properties,
Numerical study of dense particle flows under planar shear

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this thesis I conducted numerical simulations to study the flow behavior of dense particle flows composed of hard particles under planar shear using the discrete element method. The simulations were carried out in two dimensional systems, where the particles are modelled as circular discs. The discs are non-Brownian and neutrally buoyant. The granular flows can be either dry or immersed in a Newtonian fluid, where the fluid is treated in a mean field manner and represented by a velocity profile. The works that are included in this thesis can be divided into two parts. The first (Paper I+II) focus on the rheology of discontinuous shear thickening (DST) granular flows under steady planar shear (i.e.~with a constant shear-rate). The DST behavior is reproduced using the critical load model (CLM), where a threshold force is introduced for determining whether there is friction between the discs at contact. A contact is frictional if the normal force between the discs is larger than the threshold. It is found that a key parameter that controls the rheology of such flow is the fraction of frictional contacts, defined as the ratio of the number of frictional contacts to the total number of contacts. By performing simulations under controlled imposed pressure, we are able to investigate behaviors of suspensions close to shear jamming points as well as suspensions with intermediate fraction of frictional contacts. The constitutive laws are then presented, which are used to predict rheology of discontinuous shear thickening particle flows under various shear protocols. The types of particle flows range from viscous suspensions where the particles are strictly overdamped so that the particle inertia are negligible to dry granular flows where the particle inertia are dominant, as well as suspensions where both particle inertia and viscous drag is important. The second part (Paper III and IV) focuses on the behaviors of dense viscous suspensions under oscillatory planar shear. The simulations wereconducted both with constant packing fraction and constant imposed pressure. The oscillatory shear is either a pure oscillation or with an extra oscillatory shear parallel to a primary shear. It is found that by having an oscillatory shear parallel to the primary shear, the viscosity of the suspensions decreased. Furthermore, the shear jamming packing fractions for the suspensions composed of frictional particles are found to be increased under oscillation conditions, possibly due to the microstructure of the suspensions.
Magnetometric study of the γ → α’ martensite transformation in a neutron-irradiated 12Kh18N10T steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The α′-martensite formation in the corrosion-resistant 12Kh18N10T steel unirradiated and irradiated by neutrons (to a dose of 5 × 1018 cm−2) is studied by magnetometric measurements during its static deformation in the course of repeated unloading-loading cycles. Kinetic curves are plotted, and the parameters of the variation in the α′-martensite content in deformed samples are determined for the following two types of measurements: under loading (dynamic curve of α′-martensite accumulation) and unloading (static curve). The nature of the complex change in the magnetization of the deformed steel samples during unloading, which manifests itself in detecting the so-called elastic martensite, is discussed.
Detection of Trichinella spp. in free-ranging carnivores and wild boars in Switzerland.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Wolves (Canis lupus lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx) are officially monitored species in Switzerland. Deceased individuals are subjected to post-mortem examination and collection of baseline health data. The procedure includes an assessment of different infectious agents, including Trichinella spp., the cause of a notifiable zoonotic infection. Between May 2009 and May 2023, a total of 100 wolves and 250 lynx were tested at the National Reference Laboratory for Trichinellosis by the artificial digestion method. Additionally, muscle samples from 8838 wild boars (Sus scrofa), 27 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and 23 European badgers (Meles meles), mainly submitted by Swiss hunters, were also analysed for Trichinella infection. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in 16/100 (16 %) wolves, 41/250 (16.4 %) lynx, 2/27 (7.4 %) red foxes, 0/23 (0 %) badgers, and 1/8838 (0.01 %) wild boars. All positive samples were further tested by multiplex PCR to identify the parasite at the species/genotype level. Two species were detected: T. britovi (in 14 wolves, 33 lynx, 2 red foxes and 1 wild boar) and T. spiralis (in one lynx). In nine cases, the molecular identification was not possible. Although no cases of Trichinella spp. infection in domestic swine and horses were detected in the last decades in Switzerland, we revealed that these parasites, most frequently T. britovi, are still present in Swiss wildlife. Therefore, inspection of game meat remains very important, and the occurrence of sporadic infection in domestic animals cannot be excluded.
Association between a promoter polymorphism of the paraoxonase PON1 gene and pathologically verified idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Exposure to pesticide is associated with an elevated risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Oxidative stress is also implicated in the etiology of PD. Paraoxonase (PON1) detoxifies organophosphates and exhibits antioxidant properties. It was postulated that polymorphisms of the PON1 gene lead to increased risk of PD. Methods: The seven polymorphisms of the PON1 gene were typed and neuropathologic examination performed in 360 Japanese people (191 men and 169 women) consecutively autopsied at a general hospital. Results: Thirty‐three patients (18 men and 15 women) were diagnosed with pathologically verified idiopathic PD (pviPD). The proportion of male patients with pviPD was highest in the AA genotype (29.4%) of the G(−824)A polymorphism, followed by the GA genotype (9.3%), and least in the GG genotype (6.0%). These genotypic distributions and allele frequency were significantly different between male patients with and without pviPD ( P = 0.021 and P = 0.012, respectively). The odds ratio for the −824 A allele versus the −824G allele was 2.47 (95% CI 1.23–4.96). No association between pviPD and the PON1 polymorphisms was found in the female patients. Conclusion: Possession of the −824A allele may increase the risk of PD in Japanese men.
Northern Ireland as a problem in the economic war 1932–1938

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In an article published in 1970 Professor Harkness has examined in some detail the negotiations between Britain and the Irish Free State during the economic war, particularly as they affected the relationships of Britain and the Commonwealth. This article discusses an aspect of the dispute not covered in his paper, the part Northern Ireland played in the quarrel, and in particular its role in making a final settlement more difficult. It also examines how the economic war affected relations between Britain and the province. Although in the end the dispute proved, at least to Malcolm Macdonald’s satisfaction, that ‘the difficulty between North and South still lies at the root of the Anglo-Irish problem’, this was not evident when it began. In 1932, at the outbreak of the war, the question of partition did not arise. As Professor Mansergh has pointed out ‘the coin of contemporary political controversy in Ireland’ concerned the oath of allegiance, the position of the Governor-General, the question ofthe treaty ports and even the right of Ireland to secede from the Commonwealth.
The Determinants of Sovereign Sukuk Issuance from Organization of Islamic Cooperation Members

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study is to analyze the factor of uncertain macroeconomics condition on the issuance of sovereign using four indicators, economic growth, inflation, exchange rate, and the money supply. The data is analyzed using the Fixed Effect Panel Regression Model. The finding of this study shows that partially, economic growth, exchange rate, and money supply have a positive and significant effect on the issuance of sovereign sukuk. However, only inflation shows a negative and significant effect on the issuance of sovereign sukuk. This means that inflation is inversely proportional to the issuance of sovereign sukuk. The increase in inflation will lower the issuance of sovereign sukuk and vice versa. The result of F-test finds that simultaneously economic growth, inflation, exchange rate, and money supply have a significant effect on the issuance of sovereign sukuk.
Analysis of contexts and conceptual variables for a sustainable approach into systemic model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The research deals with an approximation to systemic design focused on sustainability, analyzing \nissues affecting the conceptualization of a product-system or service, in the initial stages of the \ndesign process, determining from a qualitative perspective on this phase of the project, a set of \nvariables that are articulated both from basic design criteria as well as from sustainability criteria. \nFor it, one resorts to the use of a multiobjective design model, in order to manage data, information \nand knowledge as well as its networks of relationships. It starts from the consideration of multiple \nsources of uncertainty that are reduced by a filtering process of the outer system, from an approach \nproposed for such purposes. Similarly, is raised the highlighting of variables that contribute to \ncomplement the emotional aspects, spiritual and scale of values related to users or consumers, as a \nstrategy to assist in the process of providing a new pillar to the triad of sustainability, traditionally \nsupported by environmental, economic and social pillars. For the description of procedures, \nstructures and functions, a case study is presented in which are outlined the intrinsic qualities of a \nreference system and their interaction networks, starting with the filtering process of the outer \nsystem, till the obtaining of the key variables that have greater impact on the definition of formal, \nfunctional and ergonomic objectives in the inner subsystems.
Applications of Concentrating Photothermal Reactor in Coal Combustion Research

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract High temperature, rapid heating rate and application potential of special reaction conditions (high pressure, high humidity, corrosive atmosphere) made the concentrating photothermal reactor (CPR) become a hot spot in the thermal experimental research. By the 1930s, the concepts of radical reactions and thermal equilibrium concepts had contributed to the formation of theoretical basis of coal combustion. The application of concentrating photothermal reactor in coal combustion research had provided a new perspective for this traditional subject. This paper introduced the structure and characteristics of concentrating photothermal reactor, and summarized the latest research results on the influence of heating rate, oxygen concentration and biomass addition on coal combustion. A potential frontier research direction - pressurized combustion based on concentrating photothermal reactor was also proposed.
SIL Attachment Paradigm from the Perspective of Quantitative Hazard Rates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Safety requirements aim avoidance and control of systematic faults as well as control of random faults. For demonstrating that random faults are kept under the tolerable rates, quantitative hazard analyses are performed. Paramount importance shall be attached to the definition of tolerable hazard rates (THR) since the definition of what the hazard rate is allocated to influences the expected outcomes and the correct operation of the safety-critical system. In this paper, two approaches used in railway industry are discussed by mentioning technical specifications and referencing railway standards. It is found that there are misinterpretations for the quantitative hazard rates and use cases are provided to show the results of different approaches. Moreover, safety integrity level (SIL) of the human-machine interface (HMI) related functions for on-board and trackside applications are investigated, and their drawbacks are explained for the mission-critical systems. Finally, some findings of tool usage for fulfilling SIL requirements are detailed. Beside theoretical information, this paper includes field experiences gained during the development of safety-critical on-board and trackside interlocking (IXL) projects.