jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parameters of an effective SPOC in Russian as a foreign language and a lesson as a structural unit of an online course in the context of the development of the “golden pool” of resources in the Chinese educational space

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of the study is to identify the optimal parameters of the open online course (SPOC) “Basic Russian” and a lesson as its structural unit in relation to the conditions of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) hybrid teaching in a Chinese university. The paper briefly outlines the features of the higher education reform in China due to the development of society digitalization and the introduction of the concept of creating a national base of high-quality educational resources. As exemplified by analyzing the experience of implementing the specific SPOC in Russian as a foreign language (levels A1-A2), an attempt is made to describe the most important characteristics of the SPOC and the lessons included in this online course, to justify the expediency of identifying parameters that determine the effectiveness of the online course in general and individual lessons in particular. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a set of certain parameters has been formulated and substantiated. Based on these parameters, it is possible to assess the effectiveness of the RFL SPOC as a whole, as well as its structural components, i.e. lessons, and their potential in the organization of hybrid learning. As a result of the study, the specifics of RFL hybrid learning in the conditions of a Chinese university have been determined. It has been proved that the optimal parameters of the online RFL course and each lesson as its structural unit include: 1) the variety of means of involving students in educational activities presented in each lesson of the online course and the degree of their effectiveness; 2) the depth and diversity of the content of each lesson of the online course, as well as the clear structuring of the course in general and its structural components in particular; 3) the correlation of the course content with traditional textbooks and programs; 4) the presence of intellectually stimulating and/or advanced content and expanded task banks to ensure individualization of learning; 5) a parameter that determines the characteristics of the assessment system and the forms of reflexive response for students in each lesson.
Acute and Protracted Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs after Subcutaneous Eliciting Injection of Antigen,

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary and Conclusions Guinea pigs actively sensitized with chicken egg albumin, sheep erythrocytes or rat erythrocytes combined with paraffin oil adjuvants, reacted to the subcutaneous injection of the homologous antigen with a protracted systemic anaphylactic shock. The symptoms of systemic protracted shock followed this sequence: Pruritus, dyspnea, erection of the papillae of the skin, hypothermia, collapse. The temperature may fall to 33–35°C after an hour. Death may occur from 1–30 hr after the eliciting dose. At necropsy, the most striking observation was stasis and/or hemorrhages of the stomach and intestinal walls. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with rabbit or guinea pig antibody 19–20 hr prior to subcutaneous challenge died in acute or protracted shock, depending upon the amount of passively transferred antiserum. Within certain limits the speed of death increases with decreases in the quantity of antibody injected indicating that “excess” antiserum presumably free in the circulation, acts to prolong the syndrome. Actively sensitized guinea pigs immunized without paraffin oil adjuvants suffered a more acute shock after subcutaneous challenge than did animals immunized with incomplete adjuvants. Pyribenzamine and Phenergan injected intraperitoneally in actively or passively sensitized guinea pigs prior to a subcutaneous eliciting injection protected against the respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, a severe or lethal protracted anaphylactic shock occurred in antihistamine treated animals. In these guinea pigs, necropsy revealed little if any lung involvement.
A Study on the Characteristics and Changing Patterns of Bronze Culture during Early Shang Dynasty

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

商代前期是青铜文化的勃兴期，该阶段的铜器墓以郑州商城和盘龙城数量为最多。郑州对各地的青铜文化产生了极其重要的影响，但目前对分布在其周边地区铜器的系统研究还比较缺乏。其中盘龙城深受中原郑州二里岗文化影响并表现出与郑州高度的一致性已为研究者所共知，而长江流域是否曾带给中原影响则较少为人注意。 长江中游盘龙城青铜器是商代前期青铜文化的重要组成部分，是这一阶段礼仪制度和政治制度的集中体现，也是该时期社会生产力发展水平的重要标志。 本文在对以往成果详细梳理的基础上，对盘龙城商代前期铜器进行年代排序，并判断各期相对年代。根据铜器风格的演变规律，将盘龙城铜器的发展历程分为三期。 通过对盘龙城和郑州青铜礼器的对比发现，本文所说的第一、二期墓葬中随葬的铜器与郑州同类器没有明显差别。但第三期(指郑州白庄期至殷墟一期早段)铜器风格上出现了异于郑州的现象，例如新出现了管状流爵、扁足鼎、扁足斝、罍(尊)和扉棱装饰，以及槽状流爵和罍(尊)的足部比例发生了改变——这些变化体现了南方土著因素和中原郑州因素的共同影响。 总的来看，商代前期青铜礼器最初是以郑州为发展中心，之后逐渐向外传播。盘龙城深受中原影响，此后在土著化过程中发展出自身的特点，其中部分因素反向影响中原。 本文试图对长江中游地区的盘龙城和中原郑州二里岗商代前期铜器文化的相互关系进行再解释，重新考察两地区青铜文化发展和变化面貌，或将有利于探明商代前期青铜文化发展过程。
[Objective evaluation of nuclear grade in preoperative aspiration materials from breast cancers--special reference to the relationship of coefficiency variant of nuclear area with pathological prognostic features].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prognostic significance of cytomorphometry was investigated in 84 invasive ductal breast cancer patients. All patients were clinically followed for at least 5 years after radical mastectomy. The value of coefficiency variant of nuclear area (NA.CV) calculated from morphometor had good correlation with nuclear grade determined subjectively by cytologist on optical microscope. NA.CV in patients who had metachronous metastases (39.0 +/- 7.5%) was significantly higher than that in recurrence free cases (26.8 +/- 4.9%). The recurrence free period was also related to the value of NA.CV. In 39 cases (90.7%) out of 43 recurrence free survivors, the value of NA.CV was less than 30%, whereas it was over 40% in 11 (45.8%) out of 24 cases with short time (less than two years post operatively) metastases. NA.CV was the most variable, independent prognostic factor among several pathological prognostic features. The data assessed in this study showed that the value of NA.CV on cytological materials as the objective evaluation of nuclear grade may provide clinically relevant information with respect to the degree of malignancy and prognosis of patients with breast cancer at preoperative period.
The Phantom Defense: America's Pursuit of the Star Wars Illusion. By Craig Eisendrath, Melvin A. Goodman, and Gerald E. Marsh. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 216p. $24.95. Ballistic Missile Defense and the Future of American Security: Agendas, Perceptions, Technology, and Policy. By Roger Handberg. Praeger, 2001. 264p. $62.00. Rockets' Red Glare: Missile Defenses and the Future of World Politics. Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001. 368p. $28.50.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As Michael O'Hanlon concludes in his excellent contribution to Rockets' Red Glare : “We should…get used to the debate over ballistic missile defenses. It has been around a long time, and no final resolution is imminent” (p. 132). In one sense, a review of these three recent books makes clear that many analysts had grown a bit too used to positioning themselves in terms of the 1972 ABM Treaty. Preoccupied with arguments over whether the treaty should be preserved, modified, or rewritten in light of a changing strategic and technological context, no one seemed to have anticipated that President George W. Bush would simply withdraw from it, invoking Article XV's provision that either party could withdraw if “extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests.” Even many strategic defense supporters who deemed the treaty obsolete (as Robert Joseph persuasively maintains in his contribution to Rockets' Red Glare ) generally believed that it should only—and would only—be scrapped if negotiations over U.S.-proposed changes broke down. (“The Bush Administration,” surmises O'Hanlon, “will surely try very hard to amend it before going to such an extreme”) (p. 112). In the event, the president's team disavowed even the word “negotiation,” saying they were willing only to “consult” the Russians regarding the treaty's impending demise.
212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Over the last decade, targeted alpha therapy has demonstrated its high effectiveness in treating various oncological diseases. Lead-212, with a convenient half-life of 10.64 h, and daughter alpha-emitter short-lived 212Bi (T1/2 = 1 h), provides the possibility for the synthesis and purification of complex radiopharmaceuticals with minimum loss of radioactivity during preparation. As a benefit for clinical implementation, it can be milked from a radionuclide generator in different ways. The main approaches applied for these purposes are considered and described in this review, including chromatographic, solution, and other techniques to isolate 212Pb from its parent radionuclide. Furthermore, molecules used for lead’s binding and radiochemical features of preparation and stability of compounds labeled with 212Pb are discussed. The results of preclinical studies with an estimation of therapeutic and tolerant doses as well as recently initiated clinical trials of targeted radiopharmaceuticals are presented.
Pathological Video Game Use Among Youths: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to measure the prevalence and length of the problem of pathological video gaming or Internet use, to identify risk and protective factors, to determine whether pathological gaming is a primary or secondary problem, and to identify outcomes for individuals who become or stop being pathological gamers. METHODS: A 2-year, longitudinal, panel study was performed with a general elementary and secondary school population in Singapore, including 3034 children in grades 3 (N = 743), 4 (N = 711), 7 (N = 916), and 8 (N = 664). Several hypothesized risk and protective factors for developing or overcoming pathological gaming were measured, including weekly amount of game play, impulsivity, social competence, depression, social phobia, anxiety, and school performance. RESULTS: The prevalence of pathological gaming was similar to that in other countries (∼9%). Greater amounts of gaming, lower social competence, and greater impulsivity seemed to act as risk factors for becoming pathological gamers, whereas depression, anxiety, social phobias, and lower school performance seemed to act as outcomes of pathological gaming. CONCLUSION: This study adds important information to the discussion about whether video game “addiction” is similar to other addictive behaviors, demonstrating that it can last for years and is not solely a symptom of comorbid disorders.
Tubulin post-translational modifications and the construction of microtubular organelles in Trypanosoma brucei.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have used specific monoclonal antibodies to facilitate a study of acetylated and tyrosinated alpha-tubulin in the microtubule (MT) arrays in the Trypanosoma brucei cell. Acetylated alpha-tubulin is not solely located in the stable microtubular arrays but is present even in the ephemeral microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Moreover, there is a uniform distribution of this isoform in all arrays. Studies of flagella complexes show that acetylation is concomitant with assembly of MTs. There is no subsequent major modulation in the content of acetylated alpha-tubulin in MTs. Conversely, polymerizing flagellar MTs have a high tyrosinated alpha-tubulin content, which is subsequently reduced to a basal level at a discrete point in the cell cycle. The MTs of the intranuclear mitotic spindle appear never to contain tyrosinated alpha-tubulin, suggesting that they are actually constructed of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin or that detyrosination is extremely rapid at this time in the cell cycle. T. brucei therefore, represents a cell type with extremely active mechanisms for the post-translational modification of alpha-tubulin. Our analyses of the timing of acquisition and modulation in relation to MT construction in T. brucei, suggest that acetylation and detyrosination of alpha-tubulin are two independently regulated post-translational modifications, that are not uniquely associated with particular subsets of MTs of defined lability, position or function. Post-assembly detyrosination of alpha-tubulin may provide a mechanism whereby the cell could discriminate between new and old MTs, during construction of the cytoskeleton through the cell cycle. However, we also suggest that continuation of detyrosination, allows the cell, at cell division, to partition into daughter cells two equivalent sets of cytoskeletal MTs.
A Mutation in the Putative Mg2+-Binding Site of Gs α Prevents Its Activation by Receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The properties of a Gs alpha mutant with an Asn substituted for Ser at position 54, designated mutant 54Asn alpha s, were studied after expression in S49 alpha s-deficient (cyc-) cells. Ser-54 in alpha s is comparable to Ser-17 in Ras, which is involved in binding Mg2+ associated with bound nucleotide. 54Asn alpha s did not restore either hormone-induced cyclic AMP production in intact cyc- cells or hormone-induced adenylyl cyclase activation in membranes isolated from these cells. The defect was a failure of ligand-bound receptor to activate 54Asn alpha s, since the mutant protein retained the ability to activate adenylyl cyclase in isolated membranes in the presence of GTP or GTP gamma S. Guanine nucleotide regulation of mutant alpha s suggested that it has increased guanine nucleotide exchange rates and an increased preference for diphosphates over triphosphates. Hormone stimulation magnified the preference of 54Asn alpha s for diphosphates, which could account for its inability to be activated by receptor. The properties of this mutant are discussed in terms of similarities to and differences with the analogous RasH mutant, which has been shown to interfere with endogenous Ras function in cells.
Comparison of the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Rayleigh Distribution for Right Censored Survival Data Type II

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we used maximum likelihood and Bayes method to estimate parameter of Rayleigh distribution for right censored survival data type II to know the best method. The prior knowledge which used in Bayes method is Invers Gamma prior. Maximum likelihood and Bayes method under Square Error Loss Function will be compared. We compare these methods by Mean Squared Error (MSE) value using R program. After that, the result will be displayed in tables to facilitate the comparisons.
Tetrapod extinctions during the Late Triassic: evidence from the western United States

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Most recent workers have identified a major extinction of nonmarine tetrapods during the Late Triassic at the Carnian-Norian boundary. However, this identification is based principally on the stratigraphic distribution of tetrapods where there either is a major facies change at the Carnian-Norian boundary (Germany) or a significant unconformity that spans much of the early Norian (Argentina). Instead, we have examined the stratigraphic record of tetrapods in the western United States (Chinle Group) where there is a relatively continuous, nonmarine depositional and fossil record across the Carnian-Norian boundary that does not encompass major facies changes. The Chinle Group, because of its great area of exposure, more than one century of extensive collection and relatively complete publication, contains the world's best record of tetrapods across the Carnian-Norian boundary. The tetrapod record from the Chinle Group does not record a significant tetrapod extinction at the Carnian-Norian boundary. Instead, it documents a staggered extinction of some taxa during the late Carnian and the persistence of most taxa across the Carnian-Norian boundary. Thus, rhynchosaurs become extinct at the end of the early-late Carnian, whereas dicynodonts become extinct somewhat later, during the latest Carnian. Among metoposaurids, only the large taxa ( Buettneria ) disappear at the end of the Carnian. Other groups - phytosaurs, aetosaurs, rauisuchians, trilophosaurs, etc. - only exhibit some generic turnover at the Carnian-Norian boundary. The first appearance of dinosaurs, linked by some to a Carnian-Norian tetrapod extinction, is well in advance of the end of the Carnian. Thus, we conclude that the highest resolution tetrapod record of the late Carnian and early Norian does not document a significant tetrapod extinction at the end of the Carnian.
Metallothermic reduction of yttrium halides

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An investigation was made of methods to prepare highpurity yttrium metal. Various methods were used to prepare pure intermediate compounds, primarily cblorides, bromides, and iodides, which were subsequently reduced to metal. The process found most suitable for the preparation of pure anhydrous yttrium chloride involved thermal dehydration of a mixture of hydrated yttrium chloride and ammonium chloride while under vacuum. Yttrium bromide and iodide were prepared most effectively by the direct halogenation of yttrium carbide. Yttrium carbide was obtained by reacting and melting yttrium oxide-- carbon mixtures in a carbon-arc furnace. Yttrium halides were purified by vacuum distillation and reduced by alkali or alkaline-earth metals. Lithium and sodium proved to be the best reductants from the standpoint of yield ()96%) and purity ()99.8%) of the yttrium. The product of the reduction step was sponge metal, which was consolidated readily by conventional cold-mold, arc-melting procedure. The purest yttrium obtained in laboratory scale work was prepared by sodium reduction of yttrium cbloride and contained only 125 ppm oxygen; other imparities did not exceed 1,660 ppm. In larger scale tests ytirium containing ouly 800 to 1,000 ppm total impurities was obtained by lithium reduction of yttrium chloride. The tensile properties of high-purity yttriummore » were determined. Mechanical tests showed that yttrium can be forged, extuded, rolled, spot welded, and deep drawn. (auth)« less
Closure of dirty and untidy wounds

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

of an acute episode of abdominal pain and pre- sented the findings at the meeting of the British Paediatric Association in 1975.Briefly, we found that the 235 admissions with acute abdominal pain accounted for 9-4% of nonwaiting-list admissions in that 12-month period.Thirty-one admissions were for chronic or recurrent pain and 204 for acute pain.A breakdown of diagnoses followed the same general pattern as found by Mr Jones and was as follows: Unexplained.360% Appendicitis .28%oUpper respiratory infection (including 7 cases of influenza B) .11Constipation with soiling or urinary retention 3% Gastroenteritis.30 Urinary infection.3,, Mesenteric adenitis .30Major psychological problems 3%' Pneumonia on chest x-ray. . .2% Miscellaneous (including 5 admissions with duodenal ulcer pain) . .8
Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Canada.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present data on 5 aspects of the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Canada: (a) the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in those under 15 years of age. The 2 Canadian centres that participated in the Diabetes Epidemiology Research International study had different incidence rates in IDDM:25.5/100,000 in Prince Edward Island (PEI) and 9.2/100,000 in Montreal. The reasons for this difference are not yet established. Studies on incidence of IDDM over a decade in PEI showed an apparent epidemic of the disease; (b) the prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus in Canadian adults. The overall prevalence of self-reported diabetes in Canadian adults (18-74 y) was 5.1% in the Canadian Heart Health Survey. There were no significant regional differences in prevalence of diabetes across Canada. The prevalence rates increased with age; (c) mortality data in people with diabetes mellitus. In PEI, 321 persons with diabetes died between January 1, 1982 and December 31, 1984, accounting for about 2% of all deaths. Diabetes was listed as the underlying cause in 16.8% of the deaths, as a contributing cause of death in 41.7%, and not mentioned at all in 41.1% of the deaths. Irrespective of whether diabetes was mentioned or not, myocardial infarction and cerebral vascular disease were the 2 major causes of deaths in these 321 persons with diabetes; (d) the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Canadian adults with diabetes mellitus. In the Canadian Heart Health Survey, the prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, and hypercholesterolemia were higher in the diabetic group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Platelet aggregation in children with end-stage kidney disease in relation to level of L-arginine as a risk factor for vascular thrombosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the level of L‑arginine in patients of end‑stage kidney disease (ESKD) under regular hemodialysis and to determine its relation to platelet aggregation as a risk factor for vascular thrombosis which is a very important complication that affects the life span of those patients. In addition, we also tried to establish the relationship between L‑arginine, platelet aggregation, and nutritional state of patients with ESKD. s ubjects and Methods: Our study was “a case‑control study”, comparing data between 30 patients with ESKD under treatment with regular hemodialysis‑group (A); group A1 (16)‑patients with ESKD on regular hemodialysis with malnutrition, group A2 (14)‑patients with ESKD on regular hemodialysis with normal nutrition state, and group B 10 subjects as healthy control group, each patient was evaluated for serum arginine level by high‑performance liquid chromatography, and platelet aggregation, as well as other routine investigations. A thorough clinical history and examination were performed for all the patients. results: Our study shows significant higher level of platelet aggregation to ADP in group A than group B (119±11.9% and 81.1±6.5% respectively, P<0.05), a lower level of serum arginine in group A (71±45.3 μg/L) than in group B (120.5±14.6 μg/L) with P<0.05. Also our study shows a lower level of serum arginine in group A1 (60.5±12.3 μg/L) than group A2 (83±27 μg/L) and a lower level in group A2 than group B (120.5±14.6 μg//l), and we found a negative correlation between serum arginine level and platelet aggregation expressing a more risk for thrombosis in patients with ESKD specially those with malnutrition. conclusions: We concluded that patients with ESKD has a low level of L‑arginine specially in those with malnutrition and this leads to increase in platelet aggregation and may increase the possibility of thrombus formation in malnourished patients with ESKD. We suggest the use of nutritional supplementation of L‑arginine to suppress this process of atherothrombosis.