jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Case of Hypersensitivity to Mosquito Bites with Type III Latency of EB Virus Infection in NK Cells with Prolonged Survival Due to Induction of Specific CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB) is a rare disease classified into chronic active EB Virus (EBV) infection (CAEBV), characterized by clonal expansion of EBV-infected NK cells. The immunological background of the disease has not been elucidated yet. In this report we extensively studied EBV infected NK cells of a patient with HMB in view of several aspects, including latency, usage of promoter Cp/Wp and Qp of EBNAs, and induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to peptide antigens in order to know the relation between latency of EBV infected NK cells and induction of CTL. Case report: A female patient aged 19 complained of skin symptoms after a mosquito bite. A blister developed at the bite site that subsequently transformed into ulcer. The patient also had general fever and liver dysfunction. Past medical history showed that she suffered from HMB when she was 7 years old. The titers of serum antibodies to EBV were as follows: viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG, 1280X; IgA, 80X; IgM, 10X; EBNA, 20X; EA DR IgG, 160X and IgA, 10X. These data strongly indicated lytic type of EBV infection. Subset analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed CD3+ lymphocytes, 50.2%; CD4+, 34.2%; CD8+, 12.7%; CD19, 10.0% and CD56/16+, 22.6%. Real time polymerase chain analysis of her peripheral mononuclear cells showed markedly increased copy number of EBV genome (5 x 10^5 copies/μgDNA). Purification of each lymphocyte fraction by immunomagnetic beads and subsequent PCR analysis showed that EBV infected lymphocytes were NK cells. Latency and Cp and Qp of EBNA promoter usage analyses: In order to determine the latency of EBV infected NK cells RT-PCR was carried out. EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, LMP2A, and EBER1 were positive and BZLF was negative. These results indicated that EBV infection in NK cells is associated with type III latency. RT-PCR analyses confirmed that both promoters Cp/Wp and Qp were involved in this disease. Through bisulfite PCR analysis, eighty four % of Cp was found to be methylated, on the other hand, only 6% of Qp was methylated. These methylation patterns were similar to those of hemophagocytic syndrome with latency III, also known in a few patients with CAEBV. Detection and expansion of EBV specific CD8+ CTL: We used HLA-A24 restricted BRLF1, EBNA3A, EBNA3B and LMP2 tetramers for quantification of specific CTL and we found 0.48% of BRLF1 and 0.15% of EBNA3 peptide-specific CTL among CD8+ cells. These cells could be expanded to 6.6% for BRLF1 and 0.22% for EBNA3A peptide-specific CTL after stimulation with an autologous lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) for 10 days and then with LCL and IL-2 for 7 days. Conclusion: In this study we reported a long-term survivor of HMB with EBV infected NK cell proliferation. Promoter usage of EBNA genes and their methylation patterns might be important to determine latency and host immune responses against EBV infected cells.
Advancing the science of health research capacity strengthening in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the published literature, 2000–2016

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives Substantial development assistance and research funding are invested in health research capacity strengthening (HRCS) interventions in low-income and middle-income countries, yet the effectiveness, impact and value for money of these investments are not well understood. A major constraint to evidence-informed HRCS intervention has been the disparate nature of the research effort to date. This review aims to map and critically analyse the existing HRCS effort to better understand the level, type, cohesion and conceptual sophistication of the current evidence base. The overall goal of this article is to advance the development of a unified, implementation-focused HRCS science. Methods We used a scoping review methodology to identify peer-reviewed HRCS literature within the following databases: PubMed, Global Health and Scopus. HRCS publications available in English between the period 2000 and 2016 were included. 1195 articles were retrieved of which 172 met the final inclusion criteria. A priori thematic analysis of all included articles was completed. Content analysis of identified HRCS definitions was conducted. Results The number of HRCS publications increased exponentially between 2000 and 2016. Most publications during this period were perspective, opinion or commentary pieces; however, original research publications were the primary publication type since 2013. Twenty-five different definitions of research capacity strengthening were identified, of which three aligned with current HRCS guidelines. Conclusions The review findings indicate that an HRCS research field with a focus on implementation science is emerging, although the conceptual and empirical bases are not yet sufficiently advanced to effectively inform HRCS programme planning. Consolidating an HRCS implementation science therefore presents as a viable option that may accelerate the development of a useful evidence base to inform HRCS programme planning. Identifying an agreed operational definition of HRCS, standardising HRCS-related terminology, developing a needs-based HRCS-specific research agenda and synthesising currently available evidence may be useful first steps.
40 What’s in a name? The intensive and palliative care unit

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Death in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is common (Angus 2004) and critical care admissions in the last month of life are becoming more frequent. (Teno 2013) Traditional views on the ICU as a place to only support 'good candidates' with deranged physiology while awaiting resolution of underlying pathology appear to be changing. An ageing and increasingly co-morbid population, alongside medical and surgical advances, have seen ICUs admit older and sicker patients year on year. Determining which patients are likely to die or to survive can be fraught with difficulty, especially early into admissions. Prognostic models, using population-level data, are fallible and reduce poorly to the individual level. As admissions progress clinical opinion constellates on clearer views of patients' trajectories however it is likely that most will have been experiencing severe and distressing symptoms for some time.(Puntillo 2010) Relatives are also profoundly affected and represent a major area of clinical interaction and discussion.(McAdam 2010). While it may initially appear that Intensive Care and Palliative Care clinicians have divergent aims, the amelioration of distressing symptoms and focus on quality of life are in fact shared goals. What is lacking is a truly shared space to address these aims. It is time to formally acknowledge the value of bringing the Hospice to the ICU, grasping the value overlapping skillsets can bring, and anchoring the goal of bringing quality to life and dignity to death in a new name: The Intensive and Palliative Care Unit.
Spatial justice, relationality and the right to family life : a discussion of Hattingh v Juta 2013 3 SA 275 (CC)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Hattingh v Juta case raised the question of the right to family life in the context of Extension of \nSecurity of Tenure Act 62 of 1997 (“ESTA”). This contribution considers the judgments that decided \nthis case from a spatial justice perspective. In particular, it follows a feminist approach to spatial \njustice. As such, the notions of rights as relational, relational space and nested relations of belonging \nstand central to the considerations in the article. These concepts are explored with reliance on the \nwork of Jennifer Nedelsky, Doreen Massey and Sarah Keenan. The central argument entails that the \ncourts failed to fully acknowledge the relationality of both space and rights and accordingly the nested \npower relation of ownership took preference over that of family life. It looks critically at how space \nand belonging are produced and reproduced through rights.
The Relationships among Environmental Training, Environmental Attitude of Employee, Environmental Behavior of Employee and Environmental Orientation of Organization: A Review of Literature

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper reviews the relationships among environmental training, environmental attitude of employee, environmental behavior of employee and environmental orientation of organization. In order to achieve the review objectives, a systematic review of literature was conducted by using an archival method. This review process has used more than 70 research papers which are relevant to reviewed concepts. Findings of the review suggest that there are positive relationships among the reviewed concepts. Further, the relationship between environmental training (independent variable-IV) and environmental orientation of organization (dependent variable-DV) is mediated by environmental attitude of employee (mediating variable-M1). Similarly, environmental behavior of employee (mediating variable-M2) mediates the relationship between environmental training and environmental orientation of organization. Moreover, the environmental attitude of employee (M1) and environmental behavior of employee (M2) sequentially mediate the relationship between the environmental training and environmental orientation of organization (IV M1 M2  DV). Finally, this review proposes a three path mediation model which is useful to test and understand the relationships among the reviewed concepts empirically in the future. Keywords: Environmental Attitude of Employee, Environmental Behavior of Employee, Environmental Orientation of Organization, Environmental Training,
Does State Street Lead to Europe? The Case of Financial Exchange Innovations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We study whether and to what extent financial exchange innovations are patentable in Europe. We find that exchange-related applications surged after the State Street decision, but subsequently decreased. The majority (65-75%, depending on calculation method) of applications come from the U.S., investment banks and exchanges being among the most active innovators. Only 3-11 % of the applications have resulted in a valid patent, and the post-grant opposition rate is very high (41%). The evidence, augmented by case studies, suggests that patentability standards for financial methods have not weakened in Europe in the aftermath of the State Street decision and that the combination of inventive step and technical contribution requirements constitute a major obstacle for applicants seeking financial patents in Europe.
Management of 141 cases of non-parasitic hepatic cysts under the guidance of ultrasonic examination

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To analyse the effectiveness of injection of pure ethanol into the cystic lumen under the guidance of ultrasonic examination.Methods:141 cases of non-parasitic hepatic cysts were treated with injection of pure ethanol into the cystic lumen under the guidance of ultrasonic examination.Among this patients,77 cases had solitary cyst and 64 cases had multiple cysts ,36 cases in the left lobe of the liver and 105 cases in the right lobe,the diameter of the biggest lesion was 24cm.The once largest amount of aspirated fluid in a single cyst was 2200ml.Results:There was an obvious relationship between the diameter of cyst and the effectietness.The effective is better if the diameter of the cyst is lower than 6cm.Conclusion:Patients should be treated timely if he had any symptoms or the diameter of the cyst was larger than 6cm.
Iraq and the centrality of policing to state formation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although saying so makes me feel like the protagonist at the end of a poorly written teen romantic comedy, I have to admit this all started as a joke. Like so many of my (mis)adventures during graduate school, this project found its genesis during a long, rambling conversation in Chris Uggen’s office. Needing a dissertation topic, we were spit-balling ideas in between complaining about various roster issues on the Twins (I assume). While much of my past work focused on the development of police forces historically, we agreed years of archival work was just not for me. Instead, wouldn’t it be a lot more interesting to view the process as it happens? Of course, the only problem being every place you look, there’s already a well-established police force. At some point, Uggen said something to the effect of “well, they’re building a new force in Iraq. Why don’t you just head there? ” after which we both shared a hearty laugh and then more-or-less forgot about it. But as luck would have it, Gabrielle Ferrales joined our department shortly after that and had some connections to folks working in Iraq. After a few years of phone calls, e-mails, and begging people for money, I eventually found myself standing on a concrete training course in the middle of
Photorefractive filament array formed in PDMs by fs pulse laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrated experimentally the formation of the photorefractive filament array in PDMs by a femtosecond pulse laser. Using an optical microscopy and a fast CCD camera, we recorded the formation processes. The results showed that, by special design of the femtosecond laser parameters and the optical configurations, filaments can be placed in an orderly 1D or 2D arrangement array, and be reflected. Based on these observations, we have established a theoretical model to simulate the filaments.
Performance Analysis Stability Of Speed Control Of BLDC Motor Using PID-BAT Algorithm In Electric Vehicle

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The research on the development of electric vehicles includes such as power electronics, energy storage capability that the higher the battery, reducing fuel emissions, and the motor efficiency. The electric motor efficiency requires the automatic control on the main parameters such as speed, position, and acceleration. The performance setting of speed Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor can be improved by using the controller Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), a combination of PID using nature inspired optimization algorithms such as Bat Algorithm (BA). BA is one of the optimization algorithm that mimics the behavior of bats on the move using a vibration or sound pulses emitted a very loud (echolocation) and listen to the echoes that bounce back from the object to determine the circumstances surrounding vicinity In this paper, simulate of Bat Algorithm to find the best value PID controller parameter to speed control BLDC motor and analyze performance such as the value of overshoot, steady state. The result simulation shows that values for the PID parameters without using algorithm bat is Kp = 208.1177, Ki = 1767, and Kd = -8.6025. While using the algorithm bat got value Kp = 5.4303e+04, Ki = -1.3059e+06, and Kd = 3.0193e+04. The performance of the motor obtained through value rise time of 0. 282, settling time of 1.5, overshoot value of 20.5% and the peak value of 1.21.
Occlusive Syndrome Revealing a Nonseminoma Germ Cell Tumor Metastatic Testicular

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Testicular cancer is rare. The authors report the case of a young Senegalese 21, who has consulted for an occlusive syndrome evolving for 48 hours that prompted his hospitalization. Note that the patient has consulted several times to persistent inguinal scrotal pain, a big right purse with chronic analgesic requirements and anti-inflammatory. Occlusive before this table, abdominal pelvic CT was performed and highlighted the presence of lung metastases, a large pelvic lymph node casting bridging the inter vesico-rectal space and responsible for extrinsic compression of the small intestine, lymph node inter casting aorto-cellar and latero aortic liver and multiple secondary locations. Faced with this bundle of arguments, clinical and laboratory, metastatic testicular tumor was raised and measured tumor markers. A right orchiectomy by inguinal was made with histology: A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor stage III. After orchiectomy germinal markers were still high and there was the problem of persistent occlusive syndrome despite resuscitation. A chemotherapy regimen was initiated with 4 cycles of chemotherapy according to the protocol BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin). A significant regression of occlusive syndrome with a decline in clinical symptoms was noted. The revaluation at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year were highlighted: A normal clinical examination associated with a persistent correction rate of germline markers and lack of active lesion at thoraco-abdominopelvic CT.
The Incidence and Control of Technical Change in the Australian Printing Industry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article uses union survey data to examine the incidence and work- related consequences of technical change in the Australian printing industry during the mid-1980s. It attempts to explain inter-plant variations in the incidence of technical change and differences in union influence on technical-change issues. The finding that the union has not given technical change a great deal of attention is explained by the incremental and mainly benign effects that new technology has had on existing printing industry employees. However, this approach is questionable and is changing in the light of strategies developed by the Australian union movement in response to emerging problems.
Mannanase A from Pseudomonas fluorescens ssp. cellulosa Is a Retaining Glycosyl Hydrolase in Which E212 and E320 Are the Putative Catalytic Residues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mannanase A (MANA) from Pseudomonas fluorescens, a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 26, was hyperexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Analysis of the stereochemical course of mannotetraose hydrolysis by purified MANA showed that the configuration of the anomeric carbon was retained on cleavage of the middle glycosidic bond. These data suggest that the mannanase hydrolyzes mannooligosaccharides by a double-displacement general acid-base mechanism. By hydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA), two glutamate and two aspartate residues were shown to be conserved in all of the glycosyl hydrolase family 26 enzymes analyzed. In addition, HCA suggested that family 26 was related to the GH-A clan (families 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 35, 39, and 42) of (alpha/beta)8-barrel glycosyl hydrolases, which led to the prediction that E320 and E212 constitute the catalytic nucleophile and acid-base residues, respectively. To investigate the role of these amino acids, site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace the two aspartates with alanine and glutamate, while the two conserved glutamates were changed to alanine and aspartate. The mutant enzymes were purified and their biochemical properties were analyzed. The data showed that neither the D-->A nor the D-->E mutation resulted in a dramatic decrease in enzyme activity, suggesting that the two aspartate residues did not play a pivotal role in catalysis. In contrast, modification of either of the glutamate residues to alanine caused a dramatic decrease in kcat against carob galactomannan, azo-carob galactomannan, mannotetraose and 2,4-dinitrophenyl beta-mannobioside (2,4-DNPM). The E320A mutation did not alter the apparent K(m) (K(m)) of MANA against these substrates, while E212A resulted in a 27-fold decrease in K(m) against 2,4-DNPM. Pre-steady-state kinetics of 2,4-DNPM hydrolysis by E212A showed that there was a rapid burst of 2,4-dinitrophenol release. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that there were no significant differences between the structures of the mutant and wild-type forms of MANA. These data are consistent with E212 and E320 constituting the catalytic acid-base and nucleophile residues of MANA, respectively.
Evolution or revolution in therapy of acquired corneal limbal stem insufficiency: Holoclar® – a new medicine containing corneal epithelium stem cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Treatment of corneal limbal insufficiency has entered a new stage. The cells from the culture were used in the therapy. The tissue produced in the laboratory contains stem cells of the corneal epithelium obtained from the limbal zone. With this technology, replacing the pathological tissue with the cultured epithelium gives its constant renewal, as it happens under physiological conditions. Only 2 mm2 of the corneal limbus is needed to initiate the culture, the harvested cells produce a normal multilamellar, stratified epithelium, that also contains a population of stem cells. Long-term observations confirm that this method can permanently maintain the epithelial surface of the cornea.
SHORT TREATMENT WITH ETHYLENE AND 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE IN COMBINATION PRIOR TO STORAGE IS SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE SPROUT GROWTH IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To eliminate the use of chemical sprout suppressants such as maleic hydrazide, onions intended for long term storage in the UK are held in continuous ethylene (10 µl L-1). That said, short treatments for 24 h with ethylene or the ethylene binding site inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene, have both been found to reduce sprout growth compared with onions stored in air. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of ethylene (10 µl L-1) and 1-MCP (1 µl L-1) in combination for 24 h before or after curing would suppress sprout growth of ‘Sherpa’ onions following long term storage at 1°C in 2008-2009 and at 1 or 6°C in 2009-2010. In both years, treatment with ethylene and 1-MCP before curing resulted in an increase in respiration rate whereas the same treatment applied after curing resulted in no significant change in respiration rate. In 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, onions treated with ethylene and 1-MCP in combination after curing had significantly shorter sprouts 25 and 19 weeks after harvest, respectively, compared with the control bulbs. Previously, studies have shown that ethylene and 1-MCP applied individually before curing were more successful at reducing sprout growth compared with application after curing possibly due to the a change in the skin composition following curing. Yet, results herein suggest that when used in combination, application after curing resulted in significantly shorter sprout growth compared with the control bulbs and those treated with both ethylene and 1-MCP before curing. It is possible that when applied in combination, lower concentrations of each treatment are more successful at reducing onion sprout growth hence when treated after curing the difference in skin composition may provide a greater barrier allowing a lower influx of ethylene and 1-MCP and therefore resulting in no increase in respiration rate compared with the control. In conclusion, providing 1-MCP is approved for use on onions, the application of ethylene and 1-MCP in combination to onions post-curing could provide a safer and cheaper alternative to current onion sprouting suppressants.