jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tailoring an Interpretable Neural Language Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Neural networks have shown great potential in language modeling. Currently, the dominant approach to language modeling is based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Nonetheless, it is not clear why RNNs and CNNs are suitable for the language modeling task since these neural models are lack of interpretability. The goal of this paper is to tailor an interpretable neural model as an alternative to RNNs and CNNs for the language modeling task. This paper proposes a unified framework for language modeling, which can partly interpret the rationales behind existing language models (LMs). Based on the proposed framework, an interpretable neural language model (INLM) is proposed, including a tailored architectural structure and a tailored learning method for the language modeling task. The proposed INLM can be approximated as a parameterized auto-regressive moving average model and provides interpretability in two aspects: component interpretability and prediction interpretability. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed INLM outperforms some typical neural LMs on several language modeling datasets and on the switchboard speech recognition task. Further experiments also show that the proposed INLM is competitive with the state-of-the-art long short-term memory LMs on the Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 datasets.
Enzymatic Treatment of Spent Green Tea Leaves and Their Use in High-Fibre Cookie Production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Research background. By-products of food industry have been studied as sources of high fibre and antioxidant ingredients for healthy food products, because of their economic and environmental benefits. However, the soluble dietary fibre content of these materials is usually lower than the recommended value that is claimed to bring positive health effects. Enzymatic treatment could be an efficient method for modifying insoluble and soluble dietary fibre contents of these materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of enzymatic treatment conditions on soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre mass fractions in spent green tea leaves, and evaluate the quality of dough and cookies when different mass fractions of untreated and treated leaves were added to the recipe. \nExperimental approach. The mass fractions of soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre in spent tea leaf powder was evaluated after the leaves were treated with cellulase amount of 0−25 U/g for 0 to 2 h. Wheat flour was replaced by untreated and treated spent tea leaf powder at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in cookie formulation. Textural properties of dough, proximate composition, physical properties and overall acceptability of cookies were analysed. \nResults and conclusions. The appropriate conditions for enzymatic treatment were enzyme loading of 20 U/g and biocatalytic time of 1.5 h, under which the mass fraction of soluble dietary fibre in spent tea leaves increased by 144.5% compared to that of the control sample. The addition of spent tea leaves led to the increase in dough hardness. Increase in the spent tea leaf amount also enhanced fibre mass fraction, antioxidant activity and hardness of cookies but reduced their overall acceptability. Moreover, the enzymatic treatment of spent tea leaves improved the soluble to total dietary fibre ratio of the cookies, which influenced their textural properties and health benefits. The cookies with added 20% untreated or treated spent tea leaves were overall accepted by the panel. \nNovelty and scientific contribution. For the first time, spent tea leaves have been treated with enzymes to improve their soluble to total dietary fibre ratio. The treated spent tea leaves are a new promising high-fibre antioxidant ingredient for cookie preparation.
[A case of cardioembolic brain infarction in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a 45-year-old woman with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). Because of congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation, she underwent tricuspid valvular replacement and warfarin was prescribed. She suddenly had dysarthria, left hemiparesis and left hemispatial neglect. After brain CT examination, and cerebral angiography, she was diagnosed as cardiogenic brain embolism and infusion of low molecular heparin was started. On day 25, she suddenly had ventricular tachycardia and died in spite of treatment for arrhythmia. This is the first report of the case of cardiogenic brain embolism following ARVD. In this type of case, we must take care of arrhythmia besides the management of atrial fibrillation and brain infarction.
Managing Abnormal Cervical Cytology and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

About 70% of the nearly 60 million women who undergo Papanicolaou (Pap) testing each year in the United States will be told they have abnormal results. In the past, deciding who gets a colposcopy, when to repeat the Pap test, and which patients should be treated has been both confusing and controversial. The publication of two sets of guidelines from the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) has greatly clarified these issues. These new evidence-supported consensus-based guidelines provide algorithms for managing cervical cytological abnormalities and histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). They were developed out of a consensus workshop convened by ASCCP in 2001 and subsequently published in JAMA and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. These new guidelines were preceded by revisions to the Bethesda System of nomenclature for cervical cytology. This updated terminology, as well as advances in the understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a cervical cancer precursor and the increased use of advanced technologies like liquid-based cervical cytology and HPV-DNA typing, were key in developing these guidelines.
104 Evaluation of Pre-Weaning and Grazing Performance of Terminal Sire Breeds for Hair Sheep Production Systems

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Profitability of hair sheep enterprises may be enhanced with the use of terminal sires which improve growth performance while maintaining parasite tolerance in crossbred progeny. Katahdin (KT, n = 2), Suffolk (SU, n = 2), and Texel (TX, n = 2) rams were randomly mated to KT ewes (n = 82) at the Virginia Tech Southwest Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Post– lambing until weaning (80-d age), ewes and lambs were managed on fescue pasture. At weaning, lambs were moved to an ungrazed fescue pasture and provided a concentrate pellet (13% CP, 75% TDN) at 2.0% BW as fed daily for an 84-d summer grazing trial. During this summer grazing trial, BW, strongylid egg count (FEC), FAMACHA scores and packed cell volume (PCV) were collected every 14-d. FAMACHA score ≥ 3 was utilized as the basis for deworming. All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) PROC mixed for repeated measures analysis and PROC GLM. Tukey's test was used for comparative means analysis. Adjusted (birth type, dam age, sex) BW at birth was greater for SU– sired lambs (5.4 kg) than KT– sired (4.8 kg, P < 0.01) and TX– sired (5.0 kg, P < 0.05). There were no differences in adjusted (dam age) number of lambs born or weaned per ewe. Adjusted (birth/rear type, dam/lamb age, sex) BW at weaning was lightest for KT– sired lambs (20.3 kg, n = 71) compared to both SU–sired (22.7 kg, P < 0.01, n = 35) and TX–sired (21.9 kg, P < 0.05, n = 43). BW, ADG, FEC, FAMACHA and PCV varied over time (P < 0.01) during the summer grazing trial with no sire breed effects for ADG, FEC or PCV. BW and FAMACHA tended to be affected by sire breed. SU– sired lambs tended to require fewer days until first deworming than TX–sired lambs (28 vs. 50 d, P = 0.051). At the time of deworming, SU– sired had the lowest FEC (1,726 egg/g) compared to both KT– sired (3,578 eggs/g, P < 0.05) and TX– sired lambs (3,690 eggs/g, P < 0.05). These results indicate the potential of TX–sired lambs to increase preweaning BW while maintaining parasite resistance similar to the KT–sired lambs through a summer grazing trial.
Innovation-oriented makerspaces in academic libraries: A systematic literature review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Makerspaces in academic libraries are increasingly recognized for fostering innovation and creativity in higher education. However, the research domain lacks a comprehensive examination of their role in advancing organizational innovation. This study addresses this gap by conducting a systematic literature review, analyzing 47 carefully selected papers from a pool of 3537 publications focused on academic library makerspaces. The review highlights key themes and methodologies in existing research, with a special focus on the functions, services, and collaborative innovation aspects of these spaces. The study advocates expanding research on innovation-centered makerspaces in academic libraries to better understand their current state, thereby enriching the scholarly literature and guiding future research. The review provides a foundational understanding of the research landscape surrounding academic library makerspaces. It reveals that these spaces serve multiple roles, such as exploration and training hub for emerging technologies, cultivation and research incubation center for innovative literacy, innovation platform, component of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, and acting as space arrangements, guidance with new technologies, teaching and services design, consultation on entrepreneurship and intellectual property rights. Additionally, the research explores key collaborative innovation factors within these spaces, including governance, compactness, reliability, and institutionalization. By consolidating various themes and evaluating the current state of research, this study offers a comprehensive insight into the innovative roles, services, and collaborative innovation dynamics within academic library makerspaces as emerging innovation centers. It introduces a theoretical framework to investigate ongoing research, aiming to improve collaborative innovation efficiency in these spaces.
Italian economic papers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Introduction On the Concept of Taxable Income and a System of Taxation on Consumption Long-term Movements of Discount and Prices Some Notes on an Aspect of the Theory of Fiscal Illusion The Elasticity of Demand of Substitute Goods Economic Theory and Industrial Syndicates On a Principle of Indetermination in Economic Dynamics Considerations on the Theory of Demand An Outline of a Theory of Economic Policy Sterile Profits and Productive Profit Elements of a Mathematical Theory of Dynamic Economic Equilibrium Problems of Constrained 'Optimum' Production and Working Population in a Free Market and in a Controlled Market Economic Institutional Systems: The Particular Case of Free Competition On the Relations between Cost and Quantity Produced Piero Sraffa: An Italian Economist at Cambridge
PTU-124 Low fodmaps diet significantly improves ibs symptoms: an irish retrospective cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Introduction</st> Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder, which can be debilitating and difficult to treat. There is growing evidence that a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs), improves symptoms in IBS. We aimed to retrospectively investigate the effects of a low FODMAPs diet in addition to traditional dietary advice, in patients with IBS symptoms. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the symptom response during long-term follow up including after gradual re-introduction of high FODMAPs foods. </sec> <sec><st>Method</st> All the tertiary referrals seen by a FODMAPs trained dietitian were reviewed (2013–2016). Patients with IBS symptoms, regardless of underlying medical or surgical conditions were included (however those with concomitant active IBD and coeliac disease were excluded). At the initial dietetic consultation, patients were evaluated for IBS symptoms by a questionnaire (4-point Likert scale). Subsequently, advice regarding low FODMAPs diet as well as traditional dietary advice was given. Symptom response was assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months follow up, by use of the same questionnaire. Gradual re-introduction of high FODMAPs foods was aimed to commence at the initial follow up. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> A total of 164 patients were reviewed. Thirty-seven patients were excluded due to failure to attend the initial follow up, and we have deemed them to be a treatment failure. Hundred and twenty seven patients (77% patients, with 85% were female) completed the initial 3 months follow up. Forty-five percent (74/164) and twenty-five percent (41/164) of the patients had continued follow up at 6 and 12 months respectively. Of the 127 patients who returned for follow up, their baseline symptoms were as following: abdominal pain (89%), bloating (91%), flatulence (91%), faecal urgency (76%), incomplete evacuation (79%), nausea (54%), heartburn (50%), regurgitation (57%) and lethargy (92%). All symptoms were significantly improved at the initial follow up (p<0.0001 for all). Most patients (66%) were satisfied with their symptoms. In patients who had longer follow up duration, all symptoms remained significantly improved compared to the baseline (p<0.0001 for composite symptom at 6 and 12 months). After re-introduction of high FODMAPs foods, patients maintained their symptomatic response (p<0.0001 for composite symptom). The best symptom improvement was seen in those who were fully adherent to the FODMAPs diet (p<0.0001 for all symptoms). </sec> <sec><st>Conclusion</st> In this retrospective cohort study, low FODMAPs diet in addition to traditional dietary advice, significantly improved all IBS symptoms, with 77.5% of patients compliant with diet. Patients were able to maintain symptomatic response beyond 3 months and after re-introduction of high FODMAPs foods. </sec> <sec><st>Disclosure of Interest</st> None Declared </sec>
Outboard Onset of Ross Orogen Magmatism and Subsequent Igneous and Metamorphic Cooling Linked to Slab Rollback during Late-Stage Gondwana Assembly

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Changes in magmatism and sedimentation along the late Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic Ross orogenic belt in Antarctica have been linked to the cessation of convergence along the Mozambique belt during the assembly of East-West Gondwana. However, these interpretations are non-unique and are based, in part, on limited thermochronological data sets spread out along large sectors of the East Antarctic margin. We report new 40Ar/39Ar hornblende, muscovite, and biotite age data for plutonic (n = 13) and metasedimentary (n = 3) samples from the Shackleton–Liv Glacier sector of the Queen Maud Mountains in Antarctica. Cumulative 40Ar/39Ar age data show polymodal age peaks (510 Ma, 491 Ma, 475 Ma) that lag peaks in U-Pb igneous crystallization ages, suggesting igneous and metamorphic cooling following magmatism within the region. The 40Ar/39Ar ages are similar to ages in other sectors of the Ross orogen, but younger than detrital mineral 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages indicative of older magmatism and cooling of unexposed inboard areas along the margin. Detrital zircon trace element abundances suggest that the widespread onset of magmatism in outboard localities of the orogen correlates with a ~560–530 Ma decrease in crustal thickness. The timing of crustal thinning recorded by zircon in magmas overlaps with other evidence for the timing of crustal extension, suggesting that the regional onset of magmatism with subsequent igneous and metamorphic cooling probably reflects slab rollback that coincided with possible global plate motion changes induced during the final assembly of Gondwana.
The Ability to Normalise Energy Metabolism in Advanced COVID-19 Disease Seems to Be One of the Key Factors Determining the Disease Progression—A Metabolomic NMR Study on Blood Plasma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: COVID-19 represents a severe inflammatory condition. Our work was designed to monitor the longitudinal dynamics of the metabolomic response of blood plasma and to reveal presumable discrimination in patients with positive and negative outcomes of COVID-19 respiratory symptoms. Methods: Blood plasma from patients, divided into subgroups with positive (survivors) and negative (worsening condition, non-survivors) outcomes, on Days 1, 3, and 7 after admission to hospital, was measured by NMR spectroscopy. Results: We observed changes in energy metabolism in both groups of COVID-19 patients; initial hyperglycaemia, indicating lowered glucose utilisation, was balanced with increased production of 3-hydroxybutyrate as an alternative energy source and accompanied by accelerated protein catabolism manifested by an increase in BCAA levels. These changes were normalised in patients with positive outcome by the seventh day, but still persisted one week after hospitalisation in patients with negative outcome. The initially decreased glutamine plasma level normalised faster in patients with positive outcome. Patients with negative outcome showed a more pronounced Phe/Tyr ratio, which is related to exacerbated and generalised inflammatory processes. Almost ideal discrimination from controls was proved. Conclusions: Distinct metabolomic responses to severe inflammation initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection may serve towards complementary personalised pharmacological and nutritional support to improve patient outcomes.
Can the availability of informal loans be detrimental to microloan repayment?: Some empirical evidence from Bangladesh

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Prior to the introduction of microcredit system, informal loans were the major sources of credit for the poor. Even after the introduction of microfinance institutions, informal loans have been playing a significant role in credit market for the poor in developing countries. Household level micro data from Bangladesh shows that currently the major sources of informal credit are relatives, neighbors, and Mahajans, who are non-institutional professional money lenders. Mahajans are much more powerful in the society than the poor borrowers. While interest rates are relatively low for loans from relatives and neighbors, they are much higher for loans from Mahajans. This study explores whether or not the availability of informal loans has any effect on the repayment of microloans. In order to test the impact of multiple informal loans on the microloan repayment by a client, this study uses household level micro data from Bangladesh. The data shows that about twenty percent of the micro-borrowers borrowed at least once from the relatives and about thirty percent of the micro-borrowers borrowed at least once from the neighbors. This study uses gender, age, and education of the borrowers along with reasons for borrowing as control variables. By using an ordered logit model, this study finds that a micro-borrower’s access to low-interest informal loans, such as loans from relatives or neighbors, does not significantly deter them from repaying microloan. Taking high-interest informal loans such as the Mahajan loan, which may be indicative of financial trouble of the micro-borrower, however, lowers the probability of microloan repayment. This study finds that giving further microloan during the financial trouble of a microborrower can increase the probability of loan repayment. This study also finds that the probability of microloan repayment is higher for women, more educated individuals, relatively older people, and for borrowers with small amount of loans. These are significant findings, because loan recovery is important for the sustainability of microfinance institutions. In future, if the informal loans become almost non-existent, which is unlikely in Bangladesh context, the microfinance institutions will have to be less concerned about the impact of informal loans on them as the number of such borrowers will be very small. Until then, the findings of this study will remain significant for Bangladesh. Furthermore, the conclusions based on this data may be applicable to many other countries with similar institutional environment. This paper may help microfinance institutions in designing the optimal microloan contracts and improving loan recovery rates by taking into account the role of various types of informal lenders that exist in all developing countries.
Tarracoblaniulus phantasmanus Enghoff, Serra & Martinez 2009

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

47. Tarracoblaniulus phantasmanus Enghoff, Serra & Martínez, 2009 Distribution ES-SPA (Tarragona Province). Habitat Mountain oak wood (Quercetum mediterraneomontanum), sclerophyllous forest consisting mainly of Quercus ilex. A soil species. Remarks Postembryonic development and life cycle were studied by Enghoff et al. (2009).
Inter-state differences in caste-specific risks for child deprivation in India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The issue of caste has long been an important structural cause of poverty in India, with certain groups and communities socially and physically excluded from the benefits of national economic and social development. While differences between groups are often explained at national and state levels, this paper focuses instead on the issue of inter-state caste-specific risks of child poverty and basic needs deprivation. We show that while children from schedule caste and tribe (SC/ST) communities fare poorly at the national level, it need not be so given some states manage to protect SC/ST children, ensuring outcomes for them are on a par or better than for children from higher caste groups. Caste and tribe status need not condemn children to lives of poverty, and this paper identifies for policy makers where caste and tribe status remain important drivers of poverty and disparities for children. Tackling these would be a start for making India a more equitable society in coming decades.
Yield and nutrient uptake of summer green gram [Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek] under different levels of phosphorus and Sulphur fertilizations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dungarpur (Rajasthan) during summer seasons of 2010 and 2011 on sandy clay loam soil to investigate the effect of phosphorus (control, 10, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and sulphur (control, 15, 30 and 45 kg S ha-1) application on NPK and S uptake by green gram [Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek]. Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in significantly higher grain (745 kg ha-1) and stover (1245 kg ha-1) yields and uptake of NPK and S by grain, stover and the whole plant over lower levels of phosphorus during both the years of the study as well as on pooled basis. But it was at par with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 in respect to S uptake by grain during 2011, S uptake by stover during both the years and total S uptake during 2011. 45 kg S ha-1 produced significantly higher grain (743 kg ha-1) and stover (12264 kg ha-1) yields and uptake of NPK and S by grain, stover as well as total uptake over lower levels of sulphur during both the years of the investigation and on pooled basis. Interaction effect was significant in respect to total NPK and S uptake on pooled basis. Combined application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 45 kg S ha-1 resulted in significantly higher uptake of total NPK and S by summer green gram DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i1.21122 SAARC J. Agri., 12(1): 162-172 (2014)