jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cryptic Species of Parasitoids Attacking the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Asia: Binodoxys communis and Binodoxys koreanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Collections of parasitoids attacking the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in South Korea yielded specimens that were originally identified as Binodoxys communis (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We report here on laboratory studies indicating that this population is actually a previously unknown species of Binodoxys. Four classes of comparisons were made between the Korean population and a Chinese population that also had been identified as B. communis. The comparisons included 1) mating trials coupled with behavioral observations and spermathecal examinations, 2) assessment of nucleotide divergence at two mitochondrial and two nuclear gene loci, 3) patterns of host use, and 4) reassessment of morphological characters. These studies revealed premating reproductive isolation of the two populations and minor nucleotide differences in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences and nuclear internal transcriber spacer 1 sequences, providing strong indications that they are different species. Subtle morphological differences also were discovered that confirmed that the Chinese population corresponds to B. communis, whereas the Korean population does not. We propose the name Binodoxys koreanus StarÝ, sp. n. for the Korean population. The two species exhibited similar host ranges in the laboratory, the most notable exception being that B. koreanus, sp. n. is better able to develop in a population of Aphis craccivora Koch that harbors the bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa Moran, which seems to strongly interfere with the development of B. communis. We discuss the implications of our results for biological control introductions against the soybean aphid in North America.
Reactivity and Kinetics of Vinyl Sulfone-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers for Bioactive Ligand Immobilization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new vinyl sulfone (VS) disulfide, 1,2-bis(11-(vinyl sulfonyl)undecyl)disulfane, was synthesized to enable the preparation of VS-presenting self-assembled monolayers (VS SAMs) on Au substrates. The VS SAMs were used as a model system to assess the reaction kinetics of bioactive ligands, i.e., glutathione (GSH), N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid (ab-NTA), and mannose, toward the VS groups on the SAM surface. The VS SAMs and the ligand immobilization were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle goniometry, and protein-binding experiments using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Kinetic studies showed that the surface VS groups undergo pseudo-first-order reactions with various ligands, with the observed rate constant being 0.057 min(-1) for GSH at pH 7.5, 0.011 min(-1) for ab-NTA at pH 8.5, and 0.009 min(-1) for mannose at pH 10.5. This work advanced our understanding of the reactivity of VS-bearing functional surfaces and further demonstrated the versatile potential of VS chemistry to prepare ligand-immobilized bioactive surfaces.
Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions among Romanian Doctoral Students and Postdoctoral Researchers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In the context of the intensely debated topic of the impact of entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial intentions, the current paper presents findings of the entrepreneurial intentions of a group of doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers from different fields of study enrolled in the SmartDoct project—an entrepreneurship education project co-financed through the European Social Fund and implemented by the University of Oradea, Romania, between 2019 and 2022. Our paper investigates individual-level determinants of the intention to become an entrepreneur, grounding in the social-cognitive, planned behaviour, and human capital theories. Using content analysis of semi-structured interviews, the paper offers insights into the narratives related to the entrepreneurial intentions of doctoral and postdoctoral researchers, including relevant suggestions regarding the impact of gender, field of study, perceived influence of behavioural control, social norms concerning social support, and of the role models. Our results document the capacity of entrepreneurial programmes to encourage business initiation via stimulating entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the importance of perceived behavioural control on explaining entrepreneurial intention, and the value of social support and of role models, as well as the salience of the gender and field of study in explaining the net effect of entrepreneurial training in the case of students enrolled in advanced research programmes.
Targeted splice sequencing reveals RNA toxicity and therapeutic response in myotonic dystrophy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Biomarker-driven trials hold promise for therapeutic development in chronic diseases, such as muscular dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) involves RNA toxicity, where transcripts containing expanded CUG-repeats (CUGexp) accumulate in nuclear foci and sequester splicing factors in the Muscleblind-like (Mbnl) family. Oligonucleotide therapies to mitigate RNA toxicity have emerged but reliable measures of target engagement are needed. Here we examined muscle transcriptomes in mouse models of DM1 and found that CUGexp expression or Mbnl gene deletion cause similar dysregulation of alternative splicing. We selected 35 dysregulated exons for further study by targeted RNA sequencing. Across a spectrum of mouse models, the individual splice events and a composite index derived from all events showed a graded response to decrements of Mbnl or increments of CUGexp. Antisense oligonucleotides caused prompt reduction of CUGexp RNA and parallel correction of the splicing index, followed by subsequent elimination of myotonia. These results suggest that targeted splice sequencing may provide a sensitive and reliable way to assess therapeutic impact in DM1.
The impact of COVID-19 on liver transplantation: challenges and perspectives

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented unique challenges to patients with decompensated cirrhosis awaiting transplant, with respect to accessing medical facilities for routine clinic visits, imaging, laboratory workup, or endoscopies. There was a delay in organ procurement that led to a decrease in the number of liver transplants (LTs) and an increase in the morality of waitlisted patients at the beginning of the pandemic. LT numbers later equalized to pre-pandemic numbers due to combined efforts and adaptability of transplant centers as well as dynamic guidelines. Due to being immunosuppressed, the demographics of LT patients were at an increased risk of infection. Although there is a higher rate of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic liver disease, LT itself is not a risk factor for mortality in COVID-19. There was no difference in overall mortality in LT patients compared to non-LT patients, and mortality risk factors were the same: age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and chronic kidney disease. The most common causes of death were respiratory complications. Liver-related deaths were reported in 1.6% of patients. The optimal timing of liver transplantation post-infection depends on various factors, such as the severity of liver injury, the presence of comorbidities, and the progression of the underlying liver disease. There is not enough data available on COVID-19 cholangiopathy and the number of cases that will be seen in the future that will require LT. There are some concerns of lower immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in LT patients but available evidence suggests that the vaccines are safe and well-tolerated.
Engaging Students In and Out of the Classroom: The R.R. Moton Museum Project

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Through an interdisciplinary project to engage students, young adolescents learned about one of the “separate-but-equal” cases that fell under the landmark lawsuit called Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954). By reading a young adult book about segregation/desegregation of American public schools, researching websites and doing interviews with African-American elders who attended such schools, students created presentations to show the role that one educational institution played in the Civil Rights Movement. The project showcased the need to engage and motivate middle school students by supporting the 21 st century curriculum with
Exploring Inpatient Hospitalizations and Morbidity in Patients With Adrenal Insufficiency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) (primary AI [PAI], secondary AI due to a pituitary disorder [PIT] and congenital adrenal hyperplasia [CAH]) have reduced life expectancy; however, the underlying explanation remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate characteristics, comorbidities, and hospitalizations in AI patients. Design: Retrospective observational. Setting and Population: Using a United States-based national payer database comprising of more than 108 million members, strict inclusion criteria including diagnostic codes and steroid prescription records were used to identify 10 383 adults with AI; 1014 with PAI, 8818 with PIT, and 551 with CAH. Patients were matched 1:1 to controls, based on age (±5 y), gender, insurance, and region and followed for more than 12 months. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: Demographic variables, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus [DM] types 1 and 2, depression, anxiety, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) and hospitalization incidence. Results: Compared with controls, patients with AI had higher odds of DM, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, depression, and anxiety, ranging from an odds ratio (OR) of 1.51 for hyperlipidaemia in PAI to 3.85 for DM in CAH. Odds of having DM (OR, 3.85; 95% confidence interval, 2.52–5.90) or anxiety (OR, 2.99; 95% confidence interval, 2.02–4.42) compared with controls were highest in CAH, whereas depression was highest in PAI and PIT (OR, 2.40 and 2.55). ORs of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension (OR, 1.98 and 2.24) were highest in the PIT cohort. Inpatient admissions were more frequent in PAI (4.64:1; P &lt; .0001) and PIT (4.00:1; P &lt; .0001) than controls; infection was the most common cause for admission. Conclusion: Patients with AI carry a significant metabolic and psychiatric burden, with higher risk of comorbidities and hospital admissions than matched controls.
Titanocene(III)‐Catalyzed Precision Deuteration of Epoxides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We describe a titanocene(III)‐catalyzed deuterosilylation of epoxides that provides β‐deuterated anti‐Markovnikov alcohols with excellent D‐incorporation, in high yield, and often excellent diastereoselectivity after desilylation. The key to the success of the reaction is a novel activation method of Cp 2 TiCl 2 and ( t BuC 5 H 4 ) 2 TiCl 2 with BnMgBr and PhSiD 3 to provide [(RC 5 H 4 ) 2 Ti(III)D] without isotope scrambling. It was developed after discovering an off‐cycle scrambling with the previously described method. Our precision deuteration can be applied to the synthesis of drug precursors and highlights the power of combining radical chemistry with organometallic catalysis.
Conformational interactions between α and β subunits in the F1 ATPase of Escherichia coli as shown by chemical modification of uncA401 and uncD412 mutant enzymes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In contrast to wild‐type F 1 adenosine triphosphatase, the β subunits of soluble ATPases from Escherichia coli mutant strains AN120 ( uncA401 ) and AN939 ( uncD412 ) were not labeled by the fluorescent thiol‐specific reagents 5‐iodoacetamidofluorescein, 2‐(4′‐iodoacetamidoanilino)naphthalene‐6‐sulfonic acid or 4‐[ N ‐(iodoacetoxy)ethyl‐ N ‐methyl]amino‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐ diazole. The mutation in the α subunit ( uncA401 ) of F 1 ATPase thus influences the accessibility of the single cysteinyl residue in the β subunit. Following reaction of ATPase with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole or N,N′ ‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, the α and β subunits of the uncA401 , but not of the uncD412 mutant F 1 ATPase were intensely labeled by a fluorescent thiol reagent. The mutation in the β subunit ( uncD412 ) thus influences the accessibility of the cysteinyl residues in the α subunit. In other work [Stan‐Lotter, H. and Bragg, P. D. (1986) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248 ] we have shown that 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole and 2‐(4′‐iodoacetamidoanilino)naphthalene‐6‐sulfonic acid react with a different β subunit from that labeled by N,N′ ‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This asymmetry with respect to modification by 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole and N,N′ ‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was seen in both mutant enzymes. In addition, the modification of one β subunit of the uncA401 F 1 ATPase induced the previously unreactive sulfhydryl group of another β subunit to react with 2‐(4′‐iodoacetamidoanilino‐naphthalene‐6‐sulfonic acid. These results provide evidence for at least three types of conformational interactions of the major subunits of F 1 ATPase: from α to β, from β to α, and from β to β. As in wild‐type ATPase, labeling of membrane‐bound unc mutant ATPase by a fluorescent thiol reagent modified the α subunits. This suggests that a conformational change of yet a different type occurs when the enzyme binds to the membrane.
Development of a Subunit Vaccine Against Bovine Diarrhea Caused by K99 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bovine diarrhea is economically one of the most important problems in cattle industry. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), particularly strains expressing K99 (F5) fimbriae and heat-stable type I (STa) enterotoxin is the predominant bacterial cause of diarrhea in calves; whereas bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes diarrhea and other illness to cattle at all ages. A vaccine that prevents against both K99 fimbrial ETEC and BVDV could benefit greatly to cattle producers worldwide. We hypothesized that a novel multivalent vaccine composed of K99, STa and BVDV E2 antigens could induce immunity for broad protection against bovine diarrhea. In this study we applied FanC, the major fimbrial subunit of K99, as a backbone to have a STa toxoid and the most immunogenic E2 epitopes embedded to construct ‘FanC-STa-E2’ fusion antigen, and examined this ‘FanC-STa-E2’ fusion antigen for immunity against ETEC and BVDV in a murine model for vaccine potential assessment. Adult female BALB/C mouse intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunized with 200 μg purified antigen with equal volume of adjuvant. Developed systemic and mucosal immune responses to K99, STa, and BVDV E2. Moreover, those antibodies showed abilities to block the E. coli K99 bacterial adhesion by K99-receptor positive INT-407 and IPEC-J1 cells, neutralized the STa enterotoxin, and also neutralized the BVDV infection. This suggests that this fusion antigen has the potential to be developed as a broadly protective vaccine against bovine diarrhea.
COMPARING THE REFERENCE LEVELS OF LEXIS IN THE SLOVAK STATE EDUCATION PROGRAM WITH THE LEVELS ASSIGNED IN THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY PROFILE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Lexis, understood as a system of word units, represents one of the fundamental constituents of foreign language acquisition (FLA) and foreign language teaching (FLT). Although the coursebook remains the principal source of linguistic and lexical knowledge in the Slovak FLT classroom, the domestic pedagogical documentation sets education performance and content standards for the students to achieve at each CEF level of reference. Concerning the development of lexical competence, the State Educational Program for the English Language specifies the lists of recommended lexis categorized according to reference levels and school-leaving exam topics. However, our previous research indicates the existence of discrepancies between the reference levels of lexical units recommended in the national curriculum and reference levels assigned in the English Vocabulary Profile (EVP). The presented study aimed to analyze the state-recommended lexis for the reference levels A1 – B2 and identified to what extent the documents correspond with the international standards specified in the EVP. To attain the set objective, the study employed the EVP functionality of the lexical analyzer, Text Inspector, and the comparative tool Text Lex Compare provided by LexTutor.com. The research discusses the suitability of examined lexical units and aids foreign language teachers in adjusting and modifying the language instruction in the classrooms.
Hospital-wide reactive scheduling of nurses with preference considerations

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a new methodology for reactively scheduling nurses in light of shift-by-shift imbalances in supply and demand. In most hospitals, the nursing staff is given a midterm schedule that specifies their work assignments for up to 6 weeks at a time. However, emergencies, call-outs, and normal fluctuations in personnel requirements can play havoc with the schedule. As a result, it is necessary to make short-term adjustments, either by reallocating resources when shortages exist or by cancelling assignments when demand drops. The need to take into account individual preferences further complicates the process. The problem associated with making the daily adjustments is formulated as an Integer Program (IP) and solved within a rolling horizon framework. The idea is to consider 24 hours at a time, but to only implement the results for the first 8 hours. The IP is then re-solved for the next 24 hours after several hours have elapsed and new data are available, and so on. Initial attempts to solve 50-nurse problems with a commercial code proved to be unsuccessful and led to the development of a branch-and-price algorithm. Included in the algorithm are a feasibility heuristic to find the upper bounds and a cut generation procedure to improve the lower bound computations. A set-covering-type IP was used to find upper bounds and mixed-integer rounding cuts were used to tighten the relaxed feasible region. Although the effectiveness of all but the set covering heuristic proved to be marginal, most problem instances with up to 200 nurses were solved within 10 minutes.
Commodity risk assessment of Acer campestre plants from the UK

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by plants of Acer campestre imported from the UK as: (a) 1- to 7-year-old bare root plants for planting, (b) 1- to 15-year-old plants in pots and (c) bundles of 1- to 2-year-old whips and seedlings, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the UK. All pests associated with the commodity were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. Six EU quarantine pests and four pests not regulated in the EU fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For the selected pests, the risk mitigation measures implemented in the technical dossier from the UK were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. In the assessment of risk, the age of the plants was considered, reasoning that older trees are more likely to be infested mainly due to longer exposure time and larger size. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Phytophthora ramorum being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that 9,757 or more 1- to 15-year-old plants in pots per 10,000 will be free from P. ramorum.
Methodological Problems in Empirical Logic (1989)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What I plan to do in this chapter is to elaborate a definition of empirical logic, and then to discuss a number of resulting methodological problems. These involve questions about the relationship among empirical logic so conceived and other orientations in logic, other approaches to the study of reasoning, and different conceptions of the empirical approach. One of the most fundamental of these problems is that of the relationship between empirical logic and the experimental psychology of reasoning, and so I shall focus on that, though not limit myself to it. To be more exact, I should speak of their lack of relationship, for it turns out that the laboratory experiments performed by cognitive psychologists are not really tests of reasoning; consequently, the experimental method will emerge as being of dubious value in empirical logic. If such a logic is to be feasible, it must follow some other approach. The one I find most fruitful is the historical-observational approach.
Introduction: Childhood and Nation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At the various intersections of academic disciplines, a rich body of work has been produced about the manifold ways that the notions of childhood and nation interweave. Nation and childhood provide frames of reference for societies, subject formation, actions, and particular morals and ethics. Representations, ideals, and futures associated with nation and childhood intensively shape the everyday realities of people. This fertile theme earned its first concerted exploration with Sharon Stephen's book titled Children and the Politics of Culture, published in 1995, and the special issue she edited in the journal of Childhood (1997) that examined the relationship between conceptualizations of childhood and projects of nation. Stephen's project was one of the first that theorized childhood as cultural and political constructions and focused on the dynamisms between these two modern inventions: childhood and nation. Her book published 20 years ago provided the initial inspiration for this project.KeywordsNational IdentityAsylum SeekerEarly Childhood SettingNational DiscoursePuerto Rican WomanThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Ozone groups and centers of skew polynomial rings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We introduce the ozone group of a noncommutative algebra $A$, defined as the group of automorphisms of $A$ which fix every element of its center. In order to initiate the study of ozone groups, we study PI skew polynomial rings, which have long proved to be a fertile testing ground in noncommutative algebra. Using the ozone group and other invariants defined herein, we give explicit conditions for the center of a PI skew polynomial to be Gorenstein (resp. regular) in low dimension.
Studies on Formaldehyde-Condensation Resin. VII. Isolation of Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Tetramethylolacetoguanamines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The reaction of acetoguanamine with formaldehyde was carried out in the presence of basic catalyst under various conditions, and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramethylol derivatives of acetoguanamine were purely isolated. Their structures were identified by elemental analyses, infrared absorption spectra, NMR spectra, and chemical analyses of methylol groups.