jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Monkeys in the Middle: Modeling ecological flexibility and niche construction in African cercopithecid primates

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Niche construction is broadly defined as an organism’s influence over its environment, ranging from the depletion of local resources to the intentional modification of landscapes and ecosystems. While modern humans excel at the latter, the exact timing and nature of our transition to being complex cultural niche constructors remains to be determined. Here I use methods taken from community ecology to develop a baseline model of minimal niche construction within a group of primate generalists. This serves as an important comparison for interpretations of the hominin fossil record and broader paleontological record to determine when and how our hominin ancestors began to diverge from this pattern. Dental metric data were used in principal components analysis to reconstruct the dietary ecomorphological niches of a sample African cercopithecid primates from the Plio-Pleistocene to today. Potential niche construction is identified through the displacement of co-occurring species indicating that the focal taxon has excluded potential competitors through resource depletion. Overall, fossil taxa are shown to occupy a more restricted niche than their extant relatives, but otherwise exhibit similar patterns of dispersion and overlap within and across communities. The lack of consistent trends within the Plio-Pleistocene sample — either through time or in response to potential confamilial competition — supports the idea that these generalized primates are not exerting a significant influence over their local environments. I conclude with some suggestions on expanding these analyses to look for evidence of niche construction in other paleontological and paleoanthropological contexts.
Fast minimum variance deconvolution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Deconvolution is an ill-posed problem and it is well known that a stochastic extension of this otherwise deterministic problem can solve this difficulty. To avoid direct inversion of huge matrices, the signal restoration may be carried out recursively by viewing the estimation problem as a degenerate case of a Kalman filter applied to a static system with time varying measurements. The major problem remaining to be solved is that of finding a practical algorithm for implementing the minimum variance estimator. A new fast algorithm of the Chandrasekhar-type is developed for a non-constant state space model and is shown to be very efficient. We also describe an application of the method to improve the range resolution of ultrasound signals.
A Study on Three-story Stone Pagoda’s Design at Mujang-sa Site in Gyeongju and Stone pagodas affiliated with it

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

신라시대 조성된 일반형 석탑은 이중기단에 方形의 탑신부를 갖는 典型樣式의 석탑이 대표적이다. 이런 석탑의 경우 외형적으로 보이는 모습이 유사하지만 최근 조영계획에 따라 석탑끼리 구분·계열화될 수 있음이 확인되었다. 본고에서는 경주 무장사지 석탑을 비롯하여 이 탑의 조영원리로 제작된 석탑에 대해 고찰하였다. 먼저, 경주 무장사지 계열의 조영계획은 기본적으로 경주 원원사지 계열의 기단부 조영원리와 동일하였다. 그러나 탑신부의 조영계획이 달랐다. 두 계열의 석탑은 8세기 후기-9세기 전기경에 조성되었으나 경주 원원사지 계열은 8세기 후기-말기에 집중적으로 제작, 경주 무장사지 계열은 8세기 말기-9세기 전기에 집중적으로 조성되었다. 따라서 경주 무장사지 계열에서 사용된 탑의 조영원리가 다소 늦은 시기에 나타난 방식임이 확인되었다. 그리고 무장사지 계열에서 사용한 조영원리는 원원사지 계열의 것에서 탑신부의 원리를 변화시켜 파생된 또 다른 계열임을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 조영계획을 통해 확인된 무장사지 계열에 속하는 탑들은 이전 시기에 보이지 않았던 양식과 형식적 특징 몇 가지가 확인된다. 상층기단에 眼象紋의 등장과 이로 인한 탱주와 우주의 생략, 상층기단의 탱주가 1개로 감소하며 팔부중상이 부조되는 방식, 하층기단을 장대석 4매로 결구하는 구조의 변화, 옥개석 하단에 마련된 물끊기홈 등이 있다. 그리고 이러한 특징을 통해 석탑들 간의 상관관계를 유추할 수 있다. 셋째, 무장사지 계열의 탑이 집중적으로 제작되었던 8세기 말기-9세기 전기는 경주에서 지방으로 불교문화가 전파되는 시점이기도 하다. 따라서 이 계열의 석탑들이 분포하는 지역을 통해 불교문화가 확산되는 주된 경로를 유추할 수 있다. 원원사지 계열의 탑이 지방에 조성되었던 선행 지역으로 청도와 창녕이 있는데, 무장사지 계열의 탑 역시 두 지역에서 확인된다. 그런데 무장사지 계열은 이외에도 경산, 칠곡, 성주, 합천 등의 또 다른 지역에서도 보인다. 전자에서 확인되는 무장사지 계열의 탑은 이 계열의 조영계획을 그대로 수용하여 조영하는 반면, 후자는 조영계획을 기본적으로 활용하되, 양식적인 면에서 다소 변화를 가하는 모습이 관찰된다. 그리고 칠곡과 합천 등지에서는 塔材 일부에서 보다 간편한 방식으로 조영계획을 부분적으로 변용시키는 특징도 보인다. 한편 무장사지 계열의 탑들이 조성된 곳들은 당시의 행정구역인 양주 그리고 양주의 경계 지역인 강주를 중심으로 확인된다. 그리고 경주를 중심으로 서남쪽에 해당하는 청도-창녕-산청, 서북쪽 방향인 경산-칠곡-성주-합천 등지의 경로로 확산되었음을 알 수 있다. 마지막으로 도괴되거나 일부 탑재를 결실한 석탑 중, 경주 傳 인용사지 석탑, 숭복사지 동서탑, 천관사지 석탑이 이 조영계획으로 복원 가능하였다. 특히 천관사지 석탑의 경우 조영계획을 통해 원 자재에 대한 논란의 여지가 있었던 국립경주박물관 소장 팔각연화문옥개석이 천관사지 석탑의 탑재가 아님을 확인하였고, 동국대학교 경주캠퍼스 박물관 소장 팔각탑신석은 3층탑신석이 아닌 2층탑신석임을 알 수 있었다.
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ADVANCING GENDER EQUALITY UNDER THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the role of international law in advancing gender equality under the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5). SDG 5, which aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, is a critical component of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. International law plays a pivotal role in promoting and enforcing gender equality through various treaties, conventions, and human rights instruments, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This paper explores how these legal frameworks, combined with international bodies like the United Nations and regional institutions, contribute to setting normative standards, influencing national legislation, and driving global policy changes. Additionally, it assesses the progress and challenges faced by countries, with a particular focus on the Indian legal landscape, in implementing international commitments to gender equality. By analyzing current legal developments, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of how international law has both shaped and is being shaped by the pursuit of gender equality in line with SDG 5, offering insights into potential pathways for future advancements.
CNDs and RTOKs: are we addressing these problems correctly?

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High rates of Cannot Duplicates (CNDs) and Retest OKs (RTOKs) in aircraft avionics has led to excessive line and shop maintenance times and maintenance loading. This, in turn, results in decreased sortie rates, long logistic tails, and higher life-cycle cost. Grumman has been addressing these problems, via the development of smart BIT (built-in test) technology. This paper discusses this work and provides strong evidence that intermittent faults may be a major cause of many of the CNDs and RTOKs referred to above. The unique environmental testing that led to this conclusion will be described. Data from the environmental testing led to a rethinking of some of the original smart BIT techniques, resulting in an improved smart BIT implementation. The new integrated approach has two key components: A temporal monitor (TM) that replaces conventional BIT filtering and properly classifies fault behavior; A system level fault correlator (FC) that correlates fault behavior to environmental stress when applicable.< >
Stable Tuple Embeddings for Dynamic Databases

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study the problem of computing an embedding of the tuples of a relational database in a manner that is extensible to dynamic changes of the database. In this problem, the embedding should be stable in the sense that it should not change on the existing tuples due to the embedding of newly inserted tuples (as database applications might already rely on existing embeddings); at the same time, the embedding of all tuples, old and new, should retain high quality. This task is challenging since inter-dependencies among the embeddings of different entities are inherent in state-of-the-art embedding techniques for structured data.We study two approaches to solving the problem. The first is an adaptation of Node2Vec to dynamic databases. The second is the FoRWaRD algorithm (Foreign Key Random Walk Embeddings for Relational Databases) that draws from embedding techniques for general graphs and knowledge graphs, and is inherently utilizing the schema and its key and foreign-key constraints. We evaluate the embedding algorithms using a collection of downstream tasks of column prediction over geographical and biological domains. We find that in the traditional static setting, our two embedding methods achieve comparable results that are compatible with the state-of-the-art for the specific applications. In the dynamic setting, we find that the FoRWaRD algorithm generally outperforms and runs faster than the alternatives, and moreover, it features only a mild reduction of quality even when the database consists of more than half newly inserted tuples after the initial training of the embedding.
UniMix: Towards Domain Adaptive and Generalizable LiDAR Semantic Segmentation in Adverse Weather

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

LiDAR semantic segmentation (LSS) is a critical task in autonomous driving and has achieved promising progress. However, prior LSS methods are conventionally investigated and evaluated on datasets within the same domain in clear weather. The robustness of LSS models in unseen scenes and all weather conditions is crucial for ensuring safety and reliability in real applications. To this end, we propose UniMix, a universal method that enhances the adaptability and generalizability of LSS models. UniMix first leverages physically valid adverse weather simulation to construct a Bridge Domain, which serves to bridge the domain gap between the clear weather scenes and the adverse weather scenes. Then, a Universal Mixing operator is defined regarding spatial, intensity, and semantic distributions to create the intermediate domain with mixed samples from given domains. Integrating the proposed two techniques into a teacher-student framework, UniMix efficiently mitigates the domain gap and enables LSS models to learn weather-robust and domain-invariant representations. We devote UniMix to two main setups: 1) unsupervised domain adaption, adapting the model from the clear weather source domain to the adverse weather target domain; 2) domain generalization, learning a model that generalizes well to unseen scenes in adverse weather. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of UniMix across different tasks and datasets, all achieving superior performance over state-of-the-art methods. The code will be released.
We do it Ourselves: Nijera Kori and the Struggle for Economic and Gender Justice in Bangladesh

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Deep-rooted patriarchal systems uphold gender and class-based inequalities in Bangladesh, within which the issue of land distribution and use remains integral to the transformation of poverty for a large number of women and men. Nijera Kori is a national social movement organising landless people to claim their rights and challenge the discrimination that constrains their agency and development. Through qualitative research, backed up by an extensive secondary literature, this study explores how and why men and women are working together for the gender equality objectives of this movement, and how these relate to wider economic justice goals. Across two sites in Northern Bangladesh the qualitative research engaged men and women from landless groups, Nijera Kori staff, and stakeholder groups. \n \nThe data indicates that by working to raise the consciousness of, and bridge relationships between men and women, Nijera Kori’s approach reflects differential entry points for analysing gendered power and the importance of synchronising work between men and women for gender equality. Furthermore, a commitment to democratic practice in the movement helps realise shared commitments to gender equity. This approach has enabled men and women to address women’s rights issues, tackle corruption in public service provision and claim land rights. Domains for change reach family and community, breaking down barriers to women’s participation in public life. At the household level the redistribution of caring roles among men and women has emerged and the community collective agreements on dowry and early marriage suggests a degree of normative change. This report makes recommendations that men and women’s shared claims for interpersonal and political accountability through collective action are critical in enabling gender equitable pathways for economic justice.
Comparative study of topical 0.1% tazarotene cream versus calcipotriol 0.005% ointment in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Palmoplantar psoriasis is classified into two types based on morphology- hyperkeratotic palmoplantar psoriasis and pustular palmoplantar psoriasis. Hyperkeratotic palmoplantar psoriasis presents with well deﬁned erythematous scaly plaques with overlying hyperkeratosis without the presence of sterile pustules, predominantly at the palms and/or soles. There is greater physical and functional disability in patients of palmoplantar psoriasis. Patients with palmoplantar disease are more likely to suffer from a significant impact on skin-related QoL, have problems with activities of daily living, and rely on topical prescription medications than patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. These differences are important while creating therapeutic strategies and in understanding patients’ expectations of the treatment. Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and study the adverse effects of topical 0.1% tazarotene cream and 0.005% calcipotriol ointment in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis. A total of 82 palmoplantar psoriasis cases who attended the OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Northern India for a period of two years formed the study group. The study group was randomized into Group A and Group B. Group A participants were instructed to apply a liquid paraffin-based emollient in night, followed by 0.1 % tazarotene cream under occlusion for 12 weeks. Group B patients were instructed to apply calcipotriol ointment 0.005% twice daily on lesions and a liquid-paraffin based emollient in night daily for 12 weeks. The response to treatment was evaluated by improvement in PPPASI at 2-week interval up to 12 weeks. At 12 weeks of follow-up 42.9% patients showed an excellent response, 31.4% showed a clear response in group A. In group B 25% patients had an excellent response and 10% patients showed complete clearance. Adverse effects were seen more in group A. Topical treatment modalities for palmoplantar psoriasis are effective and have a low risk for adverse effects. Both topical calcipotriol 0.005% and tazarotene 0.1% cream are effective in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis. While topical tazarotene 0.1% cream showed an excellent clinical response among patients, it was associated commonly with adverse effects such as local irritation and itching in initial weeks of the treatment. Usage of topical 0.005% calcipotriol ointment showed a good clinical response among the patients, with mild side effects of local irritation and itching which resolved on subsequent treatment.
ROLE OF MICRO INSURANCE FOR UPLIFTMENT OF RURAL POPULATION

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT
Micro insurance has a significant importance for protecting poor lives against accidents, threats and other types of risks. Micro insurance has been dominated by non-government organizations (NGOs) and by Insurance development regulatory authority (IRDA) in India; however, with the liberalization of Indian economy, private sector entered and Micro insurance has got momentum. The public sector Insurance Companies has emphasized on exploiting the potential of rural India as it provides immense opportunity in the globalization era. This paper highlights the role of micro insurance for the up liftmen of rural poor population and also focuses on the initiatives taken by private and public insurance companies in the growth of rural sectors and also helps to understand how micro insurance is helpful in alleviation of poverty.
Women in South Korea, Japan, and Singapore.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

East Asia has achieved remarkable economic growth in the past few decades. Coupled with an influx of western liberal views, this growth has brought about a dramatic change in economic and educational opportunities for women. This paper will explore women‟s movements in three East Asian societies: Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. All three societies have traditionally been strongly male-dominated and women adhere to strict Confucian ideals of female behaviour and obligations. In light of this, what kind of changes have economic progress brought about for women‟s issues? As these societies transit from tradition to modernity, how have society‟s demands on women changed? Have women achieved a stronger status in their respective societies, or do they continue to be oppressed by social expectations? In this paper, I will argue that there is an insufficient level of gender equality in the three societies. The freedom of choice continues to elude many women in their societies. There is also a need to question whether society is entirely to be blamed for women‟s continual oppression. Do women themselves perpetuate stereotypes and entrench themselves in passive acceptance of their status? To this end, I will explore Shin Kyung-Sook‟s Please Look after Mom, Banana Yoshimoto‟s Kitchen, and Suchen Christine Lim‟s Fistful of Colours, and analyse the complexity of women‟s desires and the relationships they form with both men and women.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Organo‐Tin Compounds with tert‐Butyl Groups at the Tin Atom Using a Magnesium‐Organic Synthesis.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Treatment of the halostannanes (I), (V), (VIII), (IX), and (XIIb) with the Grignard reagents (II) or (VI) gives the alkylation products (VII), (X), or (XI), the distannanes (III) and (XIII) or the transhalogenation products (XV) and (XIIc), depending on the nature and the number of the halogen atoms at the tin atom.
[Suicide by means of a charcoal grill. Casuistic report with review of the literature].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Due to the conversion of the gas supply from city gas to CO-free natural gas and the introduction of the catalytic converter technology for motor vehicles the number of suicides by CO poisoning has decreased considerably. Nevertheless suicides by CO poisoning are still committed once in a while. In the described case from the autopsy material of the Institute of Legal Medicine at Münster, the suicide used a charcoal grill as the source of carbon monoxide.
Preparation and properties of rigid polyurethane foams added with graphene oxide-hollow glass microspheres hybrid

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) as a filling material that can enhance the crashworthiness of thin-walled tubes. GO-HGMS hybrid was prepared by solution blending of graphene oxide (GO) and hollow glass microspheres (HGMS). The effect of the composite on the compression properties of RPUF was investigated. The GO-HGMS hybrid was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compression test and microstructure results show that the best compression performance and the largest apparent density of the composite foam were obtained when the hybrid content was 4 wt %. In addition, the compression test results of empty tubes (ET) and foam-filled tubes (FFT) under lateral load indicate that the combination of lightweight foamed material and thin-walled tube improves the stability of thin-walled tube deformation and the ability of the structure to resist deformation. GO-HGMS/RPUF as the filling material of thin-walled tube structure greatly improves the bearing capacity and energy absorption level of ET.
Caustic Ingestions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

More than 5,000 caustic ingestions are estimated to occur each year. Liquid lye is associated with the greatest morbidity. Endoscopy is the only method for evaluating the extent of the injury; clinical signs and symptoms (e.g., vomiting, dysphagia, abdominal pain, oral burns, leukocytosis) are not reliable. In less severe burns (involving only mucosal irritation or ulceration), current therapy with antibiotics and steroids results in a very favorable prognosis. Circumferential or very deep burns have a much poorer outcome, with a greatly increased risk of stricture formation and/ or perforation. The risk of developing esophageal carcinoma may be 1,000 times greater for individuals who have had a lye burn than in the general population. It cannot be overemphasized that prevention is still the key to decreasing this morbidity.
Validation Study of Wave Breaking Influence in a Coupled Wave Model for Hurricane Wind Conditions

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

As marine winds strengthen, wave breaking becomes increasingly widespread with potentially important consequences for offshore operations. Wave breaking is not included in present marine forecasts. This project addressed the incorporation of wave breaking physics into coupled sea state marine weather forecasting models, with aim of adding accurate wave breaking forecasts to the standard sea state variables. Our approach combined observational and modeling efforts. New results from our field data analyses were synthesized into accurate parameterizations for wave breaking occurrence and strength. The wind input source term was modified for compatibility with the other source terms and physical constraints. These refinements were incorporated in the dissipation and wind input source terms in the spectral wave evolution models used to generate forecasts. The model output results were evaluated critically in systematic tests from moderate to severe wind speeds. After extensive iterations, the model framework is ready for implementation and further testing in operational prototype models.
Optimization of Temperature Sensitivity Using the Optically Detected Magnetic-Resonance Spectrum of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Ensemble

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Temperature sensing with nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers using quantum techniques is very promising and further development is expected. Recently, the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectrum of a high-density ensemble of the NV centers was reproduced with noise parameters [inhomogeneous magnetic field, inhomogeneous strain (electric field) distribution, and homogeneous broadening] of the NV center ensemble. In this study, we use ODMR to estimate the noise parameters of the NV centers in several diamonds. These parameters strongly depend on the spin concentration. This knowledge is then applied to theoretically predict the temperature sensitivity. Using the diffraction-limited volume of 0.1 micron^3, which is the typical limit in confocal microscopy, the optimal sensitivity is estimated to be around 0.76 mK/Hz^(1/2) with an NV center concentration of 5.0e10^17/cm^3. This sensitivity is much higher than previously reported sensitivities, demonstrating the excellent potential of temperature sensing with NV centers.
High-Speed Ultra Low-Power One-Bit Hybrid Full Adder Circuit

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper designs a low-power hybrid 1-bit full adder circuit . A new XNOR logic is designed using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) logic and pass transistor logic. CMOS weak inverters improve the power consumption. Carry logic is designed using transmission gates which reduces the carry propagation path. The proposed full adder is designed in 180 nm technology and post-layout simulations are done using Cadence Virtuoso. Power consumption and delay are performance parameters of the proposed full adder calculated and showed superiority over existing technology.