jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons I. The kinetics and mechanism of toluene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The kinetics of toluene and xylene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen have been investigated under two sets of conditions: 500–600°/250 atm. and 700–950°/atmospheric pressure. The reaction is thermal and homogeneous and leads to simple products under these conditions provided that excess hydrogen is initially present. The kinetics are then of order 1.5: first‐order with respect to toluene and order 0.5 with respect to hydrogen. In presence of excess hydrogen, the reaction is straightforward with the formation of benzene and methane. In the absence of excess hydrogen the kinetics and product compositions become complex and variable. Some possible mechanisms for the principal reaction (demethylation) in presence of hydrogen are discussed and attempts are made to explain qualitatively the effect of increased conversion on the reaction sequence postulated by Szwarc for decomposition in the absence of added hydrogen.
Evidence for adhesin activity in the acid-stable moiety of the phosphomannoprotein cell wall complex of Candida albicans

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Previously, we showed that Candida albicans hydrophilic yeast cells adhere specifically to mouse splenic marginal-zone macrophages. The adhesins are part of the yeast cell wall phosphomannoprotein complex, and one adhesin site, which reacts with the monoclonal antibody 10G, was identified as a beta-1,2-linked tetramannose in the acid-labile portion of the complex. We report here that the acid-stable part of the complex, which has not been reported previously to have adhesin activity, is in large part responsible for yeast cell binding to the splenic marginal zone. The phosphomannoprotein complex, termed Fr.II, was isolated from C. albicans serotype B yeast cells by beta-mercaptoethanol extraction and concanavalin A-agarose affinity chromatography. Fr.II is devoid of the serotype A-specific antigen factor 6, which functions in yeast cell attachment to epithelial cells. The acid-stable part of Fr.II (i.e., Fr.IIS) was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis and size exclusion fractionation. Fr.IIS was further fractionated into four fractions, Fr.IIS1, Fr.IIS2, Fr.IIS3, and Fr.IIS4, by concanavalin A-agarose column chromatography and elution with a linear gradient of alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside. Adhesin activity of these fractions was determined by their ability to block yeast cell binding to the splenic marginal zone. Fr.IIS1 and Fr.IIS2 yielded more material and stronger adhesin activity than either Fr.IIS3 or Fr.IIS4. Only Fr.IIS1 did not react with antibodies (anti-factor 5 and monoclonal antibody 10G) specific for the acid-labile beta-1,2-linked oligosaccharides. Fr.IIS1-coated latex beads attached specifically to the marginal zone in a pattern identical to that of yeast cell binding. Furthermore, Fr.IIS1-latex bead attachment was inhibited by soluble Fr.II or Fr.IIS. Initial chemical analyses indicate that the adhesin site on Fr.IIS1 is a carbohydrate because adhesin activity was destroyed by periodate oxidation but not by proteinase K digestion.
Multi-cell Active Acoustic Metamaterial with Programmable Bulk Modulus

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Considerable interest has been devoted to the development of various classes of acoustic metamaterials that can control the propagation of acoustical wave energy through these materials. However, all the currently exerted efforts are focused on studying passive metamaterials with fixed material properties. In this article, the emphasis is placed on the development of a new class of composite acoustic metamaterials with effective bulk moduli that are programmed to vary according to any prescribed pattern along the volume of the metamaterial. The composite consists of an acoustic cavity, which is coupled with an array of actively controlled Helmholtz resonator to enable the control of the effective bulk modulus distribution along the cavity. The theoretical analysis of this class of multi-cell composite active acoustic metamaterials (CAAMM) is presented and the theoretical predictions are determined when the Helmholtz resonators are provided with piezoelectric boundaries. These smart boundaries are used to control the overall bulk modulus of the cavity/resonator assembly through direct acoustic pressure feedback. The interaction between the neighboring cells of the composite metamaterial is modeled using a lumped-parameter approach. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the proposed CAAMM and its potential for generating prescribed spatial and spectral patterns of bulk modulus variation.
Optimum circular interpolation for plane curve contours

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In NC manufacturing of curve contours, the circular interpolation is widely used. It has not been completely resolved of how to determine the parameters of circular arcs satisfying the desired interpolation accuracy and how to make the arc number minimum, simultaneously. This paper describes a new circular interpolation algorithm for a continuous curve contour. The method is based on the principle of minimax approximation and has two features: 1) the interpolation error is uniform and smooth in any monotone interval of the radius of curvature of profile curve, continuous at the connecting points between two monotone intervals and less than or equal to the specified accuracy value; and 2) the parameters of the circular arcs are determined dependent on the desired interpolation accuracy and the arc number is minimum. The algorithm is simple and convenient to apply to NC contour manufacturing. As an example, the interpolation results for the profile of a plane cam are shown.
Skin/bulk nanostructure and corrosion of SiC‐based fibres: a surface Rayleigh and Raman study

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract SiC‐based fibres are complex systems of nanophases. Raman imaging of polished Tyranno SA3 fibre (UBE Industry) sections indicated that carbon species have different concentrations, natures and short‐range order on the fibre core and surface, which results from the production process. The monitoring of the fibre's skin/bulk nanostructure, composition and geometry was performed on sections by Raman and Rayleigh microspectrometry. Owing to the weak light penetration in these materials, Rayleigh diffusion can map the surface geometry. The spatial correlation model applied to the LO SiC Raman mode at ca 969 cm −1 allowed us to estimate the size variation of the small SiC crystallites across the fibre. A model based on the I D / I G Raman peak ratio was used to calculate and map the size distribution of the carbon moieties. The position of the D′ Raman peak at ca 1620 cm −1 , which is correlated with the graphite in‐plane lattice contraction or expansion, allowed us to identify the intercalant ions. The fibre's core, which contains non‐aromatic carbon moieties, is corroded much faster than the periphery under an alkaline and oxidative environment (modelled by molten NaNO 3 and LiNO 3 ). This is considered to be linked to the nature of these carbon moieties and to their location (at triple points and grain boundaries), which constitutes a direct diffusion pathway. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Different Binder on the TiC Reinforced Steel Matrix Surface Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, TiC reinforced steel matrix surface composites were prepared by vacuum evaporative casting infiltration process and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The effect of original composition, binder types and original coating density on the hardness, wear resistance and microstructure of the coating were also studied. The results showed that the Ti and C content was 80% while added 3% PVA, by pressed at 200MPa pressure leading optimal coating quality. Meanwhile the average hardness was 62.5HRC and the wear rate was 22 % of high manganese steel.
Caustic Lesions of Esophagus in Rats and Therapy with Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aim We focused on caustic lesions of the esophagus in rat and therapy with the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Caustic lesions of the esophagus are one of the life‐threatening morbidities after ingestion of acid or alkali, as an accidental ingestion affecting mostly children. BPC 157 is an anti‐ulcer peptide, stable in human gastric juice, and shown as a novel mediator of Robert's cytoprotection with the beneficial effect in the whole gastrointestinal tract (Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(27):4012–4028; Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(7):1126–35; Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(10):1224–34). Providing a direct cytoprotective effect of BPC 157 therapy on esophagus as well (Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(10):1224–34), we assume its beneficial effect when given after caustic substance ingestion. Methods Deeply anesthetized Albino Wistar rats, 200 g b.w., received directly 0.5 mL of the caustic substance (10% NaOH or 20% HCl respectively) at the proximal part of the esophagus with the free passage to the stomach, and immediately thereafter, BPC 157 10 μg/kg or saline (5 mL/kg) intraperitoneally. Assessment (macro/microscopy), was at the sacrifice, at 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes. At 1 and 10 minutes, in proximal, middle and distal esophagus tissue samples, oxidative stress assessment was by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactivity as malondialdehyde equivalents (MDA). Likewise, at 1 and 10 minutes post‐injury, we determined nitric oxide (NO) levels in proximal, middle and distal esophagus tissue samples using the Griess reaction (Griess Reagent System, Promega, USA). Results Gross assessment at all time intervals revealed a marked reduction of the lesions induced by both caustics in rats that received BPC 157 therapy. Microscopic examination was along with macroscopic evaluation. Thus, BPC 157‐rats exhibited markedly less damage in the proximal, middle and distal esophagus when challenged with caustics. Of note, in addition to the extensive esophageal caustic lesions, controls exhibited a huge increase of the oxidative stress and NO‐levels following caustic application. By contrast, rats damaged by caustic that subsequently received BPC 157 therapy had markedly less MDA and NO‐tissue level, even close to those values noted in the healthy tissue samples. Conclusion BPC 157 has a cytoprotective effect on the esophagus. Likewise, of particular importance is the evidence that this beneficial effect is obtained when the BPC 157 therapy is given after caustic ingestion. Thus, a practical importance of these findings should be emphasized. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Multi-View 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography Registration and Volume Compounding for Mitral Valve Procedure Planning

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Three-dimensional ultrasound mosaicing can increase image quality and expand the field of view. However, limited work has been done applying these compounded approaches for cardiac procedures focused on the mitral valve. For procedures targeting the mitral valve, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the primary imaging modality used as it provides clear 3D images of the valve and surrounding tissues. However, TEE suffers from image artefacts and signal dropout, particularly for structures lying below the valve, including chordae tendineae, making it necessary to acquire alternative echo views to visualize these structures. Due to the limited field of view obtainable, the entire ventricle cannot be directly visualized in sufficient detail from a single image acquisition in 3D. We propose applying an image compounding technique to TEE volumes acquired from a mid-esophageal position and several transgastric positions in order to reconstruct a high-detail volume of the mitral valve and sub-valvular structures. This compounding technique utilizes both fully and semi-simultaneous group-wise registration to align the multiple 3D volumes, followed by a weighted intensity compounding step based on the monogenic signal. This compounding technique is validated using images acquired from two excised porcine mitral valve units and three patient data sets. We demonstrate that this compounding technique accurately captures the physical structures present, including the mitral valve, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. The chordae length measurement error between the compounded ultrasound and ground-truth CT for two porcine valves is reported as 0.7 ± 0.6 mm and 0.6 ± 0.6 mm.
Adli Rapor İstenen Olguda Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme ile Kas Kesisinin Tespiti

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cases where stab wounds are sutured with no detailed description of the wound features are common in practice and therefore problems regarding judicial reports arise in such cases. In this case report, it was aimed to point out the importance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in terms of medicolegal evaluation due to its employment in a case evaluated for judicial report where wound characteristics were poorly described at an outside center and muscle injury findings were noted on MRI. Male patient aged 21 was sent for evaluation approximately 2.5 months after injury, due to lack of information on muscle injury, conclusion on whether the injury was “treatable with simple medical intervention or not” could not be reached. An MRI scan following Orthopedics & Traumatology consultation revealed muscle injury and the judicial report was prepared accordingly. Although MRI is a useful tool in detection of the wound characteristics, when its cost is considered, it becomes evident that detailed and accurate description of the wound features by the first physician examining the case is crucial for judicial report process.
Error analysis for satellite gravity field determination based on two-dimensional Fourier methods

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The time-wise and space-wise approaches are generally applied to data processing and error analysis for satellite gravimetry missions. But both the approaches, which are based on least-squares collocation, address the whole effect of measurement errors and estimate the resolution of gravity field models mainly from a numerical point of indirect view. Moreover, requirement for higher accuracy and resolution gravity field models could make the computation more difficult, and serious numerical instabilities arise. In order to overcome the problems, this study focuses on constructing a direct relationship between power spectral density of the satellite gravimetry measurements and coefficients of the Earth's gravity potential. Based on two-dimensional Fourier transform, the relationship is analytically concluded. By taking advantage of the analytical expression, it is efficient and distinct for parameter estimation and error analysis of missions. From the relationship and the simulations, it is analytically confirmed that the low-frequency noise affects the gravity field recovery in all degrees for the instance of satellite gradiometer recovery mission. Furthermore, some other results and suggestions are also described.
Peripheral Intravenous Access Rates Obtained by Emergency Medical Services in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous (IV) access is a fundamental pre-hospital procedure performed by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel and remains the primary route for drug administration. Pediatric IV cannulation is often challenging in out-of-hospital settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of peripheral intravenous access being established in pre-hospital settings by EMS staff in pediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 6331 records of emergency medical services (EMS) dispatches involving patients under 18 years of age between 2020 and 2022. The study protocol included an assessment of cannulation rate depending on the patient's age, case characteristics, ICD 10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) diagnosis and whether the patient required transport to a hospital. RESULTS Peripheral intravenous access was established in 1073 of 6331 pediatric patients (16.94%). The cannulation rate increased significantly with age, from 1.03% in infants (<1 year) to 75.12% in adolescents (12-18 years) (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified age, trauma (OR=1.96), poisoning (OR=3.88), and transfer by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) (OR=5.86) as predictors of IV cannulation (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The overall rate of peripheral intravenous access establishment in pediatric patients in pre-hospital settings is relatively low, with the lowest rates observed in children under 1 year of age. Age, trauma, poisoning, and referral to HEMS teams significantly increased the likelihood of cannulation. It is essential to develop evidence-based algorithms and targeted training to support EMS personnel in managing vascular access in critically ill children.
Mechanical work of breathing derived from rib cage and abdominal V-P partitioning

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Estimates of the mechanical work of breathing derived from measurements of separate rib cage and abdominal volume displacements, each plotted against transthoracic pressure, include the elastic cost of chest wall distortion which may occur during breathing. Inspiratory work is partitioned between the diaphragm and the rib cage musculature by adding measurements of transabdominal pressure. The mechanical work of breathing derived from separate rib cage and abdominal volume-pressure (V-P) tracings (the sum of work done by the diaphragm, rib cage, and abdominal musculature) is compared with ventilatory work estimated from the Campbell diagram (which does not include any distortional work). During resting breathing the two estimates are closely comparable, consistent with little or no distortion of the chest wall during quiet breathing. As ventilation increases, the estimate developed from rib cage and abdominal tracings reveals systematically greater mechanical work than is estimated from the Campbell diagram, consistent with distortion of the chest wall from the relaxed thoracoabdominal configuration at higher levels of ventilation. At ventilations achieved during exercise, the Campbell diagram may underestimate the work of breathing by up to 25%.
Gastric secretion, continuously recorded blood sugar, and plasma steroids after insulin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gastric secretory response to insulin hypoglycemia (1.5 U/kg) was studied in ten experiments in four beagle dogs fitted with gastric fistulas. Blood sugar reduction was recorded continuously by means of an autoanalyzer. Plasma steroid concentrations were measured at hourly intervals. In seven of ten experiments gastric acid output was maximum 30–60 min after insulin was given. The onset of gastric secretion occurred 30–35 min after insulin, and the nadir of the blood sugar occurred 37 ± 4 min after insulin. Biphasic responses were seen only in two experiments. There was a delay of 13 ± 2 min before hypoglycemia began. The mean value of the lowest blood sugar was 28 ± 2 mg/100 ml. Plasma hydrocortisone concentrations increased to maximum values at 2 hr and then fell to control levels within 6 hr. In most experiments gastric secretion decreased as blood sugar levels returned to fasting values. Late phases could not be correlated with hypoglycemia or elevated plasma steroid concentrations.
The impact of scholarly podcasts on research distribution and uptake in oncology.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

423 Background: Scholarly podcasts have grown in number and popularity in the post-COVID era. While such podcasts aim to increase research readership and understanding, their impact on these areas has not been quantitatively established. We assessed the relationship between Oncology research podcasts and various research distribution metrics. Methods: All research articles published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO) from January 2023 to December 2023 were reviewed. Published research articles in the JCO not discussed on the JCO or ASCO Clinical Guidelines podcast were used as controls. Google Scholar citations, Dimensions citations, Mendeley readership, News and Blog shares, Altmetric Attention Score (AAS), social media uptake (i.e., twitter shares), and article downloads were gathered, as well as podcast release dates and the presence of editorial(s) associated with the research article. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare the medians of distribution metrics across podcast and control groups. A multivariate regression analysis incorporating confounding variables (accompanying editorial, subject of research, type of research) was completed. All non-research articles published during the inclusion period were removed from both control and podcast groups. Results: 421 research articles were published during the inclusion period, 57 of which were featured on featured in JCO or ASCO Clinical Guidelines Podcast. The median downloads (p < 0.02), AAS (p < 0.001), and Twitter shares (p <0.001) were significantly higher in the podcast group. Median Twitter shares were 2.3x greater in the podcast group, the largest difference for any metric between podcast and control groups. Median Google Scholar citations, Mendeley readership, News shares, and Dimensions citations were not significantly different between podcast and non-podcast groups. Upon multivariable regression analysis, only Twitter shares were significantly greater in the podcast group (β =22.0; 95% CI: 0.4 – 43.7; p=0.046). Similarly, only Twitter shares were significantly affected by the delay (in days) between podcast release and online publishing of the article (r = -0.284, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Of all distribution metrics, Twitter shares were most positively affected by the association of scholarly podcasts with research published in the JCO, while academic measures (i.e., citations) were unaffected by an association with a podcast. These findings can inform the application of podcasts to increase research uptake amongst target audiences.
Evolution of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) over Multiple Seasons in New South Wales, Australia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is an ongoing global pandemic of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection that results in substantial annual morbidity and mortality. In Australia, RSV is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). Nevertheless, little is known about the extent and origins of genetic diversity of RSV in Australia, nor the factors that shape this diversity. We conducted a genome-scale analysis of RSV infections in New South Wales (NSW). RSV genomes were successfully sequenced for 144 specimens collected between 2010-2016. Of these, 64 belonged to the RSVA and 80 to the RSVB subtype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a wide diversity of RSV lineages within NSW and that both subtypes evolved rapidly in a strongly clock-like manner, with mean rates of approximately 6-8 x 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. There was only weak evidence for geographic clustering of sequences, indicative of fluid patterns of transmission within the infected population, and no evidence of any clustering by patient age such that viruses in the same lineages circulate through the entire host population. Importantly, we show that both subtypes circulated concurrently in NSW with multiple introductions into the Australian population in each year, and only limited evidence for multi-year persistence.