jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Supracapsular phacoemulsification

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since Kelman1-8 first introduced phacoemulsification improvements have been made not only with the instruments9-11 but in the technique also.12-21 Phacoemulsification is now the preferred choice of surgery for all types of cataracts, even the ones previously considered to be pure extracapsular cataract extraction cases (ECCE). Divide and conquer20 is still the favored technique for most of the phaco surgeons, as it is quite comfortable to perform if the cataract is straightforward, but becomes much more difficult with complicated cases as in weak zonules and small pupils. With the introduction of David Brown's,23 Phaco Flip and Jack Kearney's, Supracapsular Technique, phacoemulsification entered into a new era. William F Maloney's,24-28 contribution to this technique has been remarkable.
An analysis of sewershed inlet ponding within the Alna river catchment in Oslo, Norway

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The risks associated with urban flooding are increasing in response to global climate change, urbanization, and inadequate stormwater infrastructure. This rapidly increasing risk requires that cities across the globe respond through action geared at mitigating and adapting to changing hydrology of their surroundings. In order for this action to be effective, decision-makers need information that helps them understand, explain, and predict the current state of their urban hydrodynamics.\n\nThis study focuses on improving the accuracy of the Alna Catchment System’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), based in Oslo, Norway, by adding ponding data and assessing the impacts this data has on the model. Ponding data is acquired using a Geographic Information System (GIS) based terrain analysis which measures the potential ponding capacity surround each stormsewer inlet within the study are.\n\nThe results revealed that 4% of the stormsewer inlets have ponding capacity of varying sizes and when their location and dimensions are entered into the model, they have a substantial impact on modeling results. Of the 9 different rain scenarios the model was run under, 4 scenarios saw a 100% reduction in Flood Loss (i.e. rain-based runoff whose end destination was undetermined) when ponding data was entered.\n\nThe ponds were determined to have the highest impact in reducing Flood Loss during rain scenarios with return periods of 2-years, and 20-years, and durations of 20 minutes as well as scenarios with 200-year return periods and durations of 60 minutes and 1440 minutes. The addition of ponding data also resulted in an increase in modeled nodes experiencing flooding for all 9 rain scenarios and less Total Flooding Volume for 8 of the scenarios. The GIS-based terrain analysis proved an effective method to identify potential inlet ponds, and the addition of ponding data provided an increased understanding of how inlet ponding impacts the Alna Hydrological System.
Antinociceptive effect of MAS MT in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

MAS MT is a myotropic decapeptide isolated from Manduca sexta. This peptide exerts stimulatory effect on insects heart-beat frequency. The present study was undertaken in order to determine a probable antinociceptive effect in rats of native synthetic decapeptide, MAS MT-I and its two analogs, heptapeptides MAS MT-II and MAS MT-III. All these peptides were applied directly into the lateral brain ventricle (icv) at three doses: 10, 25 and 50 nmol. The analgesic (antinociceptive) effect was evaluated by a tail immersion test. It was found that two doses of MAS MT-I: 25 and 50 nmol induced significant antinociceptive effect, while MAS MT-II and MAS MT-III exert a less antinociceptive effect in comparison with native MAS MT-I. Prior icv administration of naloxone, an opioid antagonist weakly blocked MAS MT-I effect. We conclude that antinociceptive effect of MAS MT-I in rats is not mediated by central opioid system.
Laminaribiose as the Starting Material: Facile Synthesis of β-(1↠3)-Linked Gal-Gal Disaccharide Derivatives and Related Compounds

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The synthesis of β-(1→3)-linked galactobiose octaacetate (14) was achieved in a 6-step reaction sequence in more than 30% overall yield, starting from the readily available laminaribiose octaacetate (2). The key steps in this synthesis involved the efficient transformation of 4,6:4′,6′-di-O-benzylidene derivative (5) into the diol (6) through regioselective reductive ring opening of the two benzylidene acetals, the preparation of the corresponding ditriflate (12) and dimesylate (8), and their subsequent SN2 displacement by benzoate and/or thiolacetate anion to give the β-(1→3)-linked Gal-Gal disacharide derivative (10) and related thio compounds 11 and 13. The big difference of the reactivities between the two mesyloxyl groups of 8 enabled their replacement with different nucleophiles.
Relative caregivers attaining legal permanency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Capstone Project addresses the relative caregiver population of Kinship Center's Family Ties Program and their plight to attain legal permanency with kin nor near kin. The Capstone Project was to create a pamphlet with information which will, hopefully, increase the number of caregivers knowledgeable enough about the legal permanency process that they are and able to complete the work required to have "parental rights" of the child(ren) for whom they are caring.
An oscillation-free fully partitioned scheme for the numerical modeling of cardiac active mechanics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In silico models of cardiac electromechanics couple together mathematical models describing different physics. One instance is represented by the model describing the generation of active force, coupled with the one of tissue mechanics. For the numerical solution of the coupled model, partitioned schemes, that foresee the sequential solution of the two subproblems, are often used. However, this approach may be unstable. For this reason, the coupled model is commonly solved as a unique system using Newton type algorithms, at the price, however, of high computational costs. In light of this motivation, in this paper we propose a new numerical scheme, that is numerically stable and accurate, yet within a fully partitioned (i.e. segregated) framework. Specifically, we introduce, with respect to standard segregated scheme, a numerically consistent stabilization term, capable of removing the nonphysical oscillations otherwise present in the numerical solution of the commonly used segregated scheme. Our new method is derived moving from a physics-based analysis on the microscale energetics of the force generation dynamics. By considering a model problem of active mechanics we prove that the proposed scheme is unconditionally absolutely stable (i.e. it is stable for any time step size), unlike the standard segregated scheme, and we also provide an interpretation of the scheme as a fractional step method. We show, by means of several numerical tests, that the proposed stabilization term successfully removes the nonphysical numerical oscillations characterizing the non stabilized segregated scheme solution. Our numerical tests are carried out for several force generation models available in the literature, namely the Niederer-Hunter-Smith model, the model by Land and coworkers, and the mean-field force generation model that we have recently proposed. Finally, we apply the proposed scheme [...]
Mechanical Characteristics of Frozen Sandstone under Lateral Unloading: An Experimental Study

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The lateral unloading strength and deformation of surrounding frozen rock are the key parameters for safety evaluation of frozen shaft construction. A low‐temperature and high‐pressure rock triaxial test system was used to simulate freezing construction, and a constant axial pressure unloading confining pressure test was carried out on frozen sandstone. The effects of freezing temperature, initial confining pressure, and unloading rate on the strength, deformation, and failure modes of frozen sandstone are studied. The main results of the study are as follows: (1) under the initial confining pressure of 20 MPa, the temperature of the sandstone decreases from 20°C to –5°C, and the peak stress and elastic modulus of triaxial compression increase by approximately 3 times. Under lateral unloading conditions, the peak stress of frozen sandstone is about 2∼3 times that of 20°C sandstone, and the peak strain of 20°C sandstone is smaller than that of frozen sandstone. The temperature of frozen sandstone decreases and the rate of increase in the peak stress of triaxial compression is slightly less than the rate of increase in the peak stress of lateral unloading. (2) The initial confining pressure of frozen sandstone increases, the growth rate of axial and radial strain increases, the radial strain dominates the failure process, and the lateral unloading strength decreases significantly. (3) The lateral unloading rate of frozen sandstone increases, the peak strength increases, and the axial and radial strain decrease. At a low unloading rate, partial creep deformation occurs. (4) The frozen rock sample undergoes tensile splitting failure under lateral unloading. According to the stress‐strain curve of the frozen rock sample, the relationship between changes in the deformation modulus and changes in the confining pressure unloading amount during the unloading process of the rock sample is obtained.
Environmental Change and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonous pathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such as Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasitic disease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of the continent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infection originally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically. Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence of these pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam building and climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods and virus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatest regional potential for the emergence of new human infections.
A phase I-II trial of carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the head and neck.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twenty-nine patients with recurrent or advanced, incurable head and neck cancer were entered into a phase I-II trial of carboplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 1,000 mg/m2/d continuous intravenous (IV) infusion for five days every 28 days. The initial dose of carboplatin was 300 mg/m2 for patients with Karnofsky performance scores greater than or equal to 70%, and 240 mg/m2 for patients with scores of 50% to 60%. Subsequent doses were modified to achieve grade 2 myelo-suppression: WBC, 2,000 to 2,999 cells/microL; granulocytes, 1,000 to 1,499 cells/microL; and platelets, 50,000 to 75,000 cells/microL. Dose levels were 180, 240, 300, 360, and 420 mg/m2. Twenty-eight patients had squamous-cell cancers and one had an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid. There were 26 patients with recurrent disease; 22 had received prior RT; only two had received other chemotherapy immediately before study entry. Three patients had newly diagnosed incurable stage IV disease. The median performance status was 80% (range, 60% to 90%). All patients had objectively measurable disease, and 28 were evaluable for response. There were three complete responses (CRs) and ten partial responses (PRs) (48% CR and PR); the median duration of response was 4.7 months (range, 1.5 to 15+ months). Dose-limiting toxicities were granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and stomatitis. Prolonged myelosuppression delayed retreatment in eight patients and delayed 19 of 107 (18%) courses. Stomatitis occurred in 61% and diarrhea in 29%. 5-FU dosage was decreased in ten patients (36%) for grade 2 or greater stomatitis or diarrhea. Mild to moderate nausea and vomiting occurred in 66% of patient trials in which no pretreatment antiemetics were administered. Other toxicities included phlebitis from 5-FU in 71%, skin toxicity in 11%, mild alopecia in 25%, and fatigue in 54% of patients. Nephrotoxicity (creatinine greater than 2.0 mg/dL) occurred in one patient. The dose of carboplatin resulting in grade 2 toxicity was 180 mg/m2 in one patient, 240 mg/m2 in one, 300 mg/m2 in seven, 360 mg/m2 in ten, and 420 mg/m2 in one. Based on these results, we recommend a starting dose of carboplatin, 300 mg/m2, in combination with five days of continuous infusion 5-FU. In this dose and schedule, this combination was well tolerated and demonstrated antitumor activity in head and neck cancer. To confirm these promising results, a Southwest Oncology Group prospective randomized trial is in progress comparing carboplatin and 5-FU, cisplatin and 5-FU, and standard-dose weekly methotrexate in recurrent-disease patients.
Windows of opportunity: timing and entry strategies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Looks at the importance of product development in business and considers why, with so much attention being directed to process improvement, the success rate is still so low. Contends that while there are critical competences and a convergence towards a “best” process the problems often arise in the translation from the generic to the specific project. Identifies two new tools ‐ a time‐based approach to process mapping and the decision node analysis technique ‐ and suggests that these, together with a focus on risk management, can assist in developing a tailored approach to improving new product development.
A Novel Bipolar Cautery Tool for Minimally-Invasive Neuroendoscopic Procedures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrosurgery is used in the operating room on a daily basis as a means to cut tissue and maintain hemostasis. The principle of this technology lies in the transfer of electricity from an electrosurgical unit to the operating site on a patient's body and modifying the waveform of that electricity to achieve the desired surgical effect. Bipolar cautery uses two electrodes, an active and a return, both at the surgical site to perform electrosurgery. Bipolar cautery can be very useful in helping surgeons to operate; however, current designs are not well suited to a 2.1 mm working channel in endoscopic procedures due to their rigid structure, limited range of motion, and bulky design. This paper describes a novel approach to designing a minimally- invasive bipolar cautery tool suitable for flexible neuroendoscopy. The system features 1.9 mm diameter bipolar tips which resemble grasping forceps, making it easier for surgeons to hold tissue while performing electrosurgery. The electrode wires also function as the actuating cables used to open and close the tips, which require 2.10 mm to open the tips to 30.9 °. The results show that the tool can safely cauterize a porcine brain specimen at various settings on the electrosurgical unit, and increasing the setting increases the area of tissue affected by the electricity. Repeatability was demonstrated and exhaustion was reached after the tool was opened and closed 73 times. Future work will involve improving the current design to increase the number of cycles the tool can survive before losing function.
Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin as the pharmaceutical excipient for radioiodinated hypericin improves solubility and plasma clearance without affecting netrotic targeting.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1309 Objectives: 131I-Hyp serves a powerful radiopharmaceutical against solid tumours when it was concomitantly used with a vascular disrupting agent (VDA), which was named as the sequential dual-targeting theragnostic strategy (SDTTS) or Oncocidia. However, poor hydrophilicity of both Hypand 131I-Hyp has always been an obstacle for its clinical application. We were committed to finding a legal preparation (Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, HP-β-CD) for 131I-Hyp/Hyp to replace their traditional preparation (with lots of DMSO) for intravenous injection.
Materials and Methods: solubility of Hyp in HP-β-CD solution was evaluated by UV spectrophotometry and 50% HP-β-CD was chosen as the main solvent. 131I-Hyp was labelled from 1 mg/mL Hyp in the traditional preparation (contained 30% DMSO), the improved preparation 1 (contained 50% HP-β-CD), and the improved preparation 2 (contained 6% DMSO with 50% HP-β-CD) , i.v. injected at the dosage of 3.96 MBq/kg of 131I in rats (N=6/group) with liver and muscle necrosis. Tissues were sampled after 24 hr for gamma counting, autoradiography and H&E staining.
Results: No preparation was be labelled with 131I, and 131I-Hyp exhibited radiochemical purity above 90% in the preparations. Hyp solubility was enhanced with increasing HP-β-CD, and higher than 1 mg/mL in the solvents higher than 40% HP-β-CD. The targetability of 131I-Hyp did not changed in the improved preparations, necrotic liver exhibited higher radioactivity, blue-stained by EB and lower hematoxylin dye on H&E staining. The radioactivity cleaned fast in blood in the improved preparations.
Conclusions: The improved preparations contained HP-β-CD could be a suitable pharmaceutical excipient for i.v. injection of 131I-Hyp solution.
Routing and scheduling in feeder line operations

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The maritime transportation is the backbone of globalised trade and the man- ufacturing supply chain, being the mode of transportation most widely used worldwide, and allowing the transportation of large quantities of goods at very competitive and economic prices. The international shipping industry carries out more than 80% by volume of the world merchandise trade, and the majority of the transportation is served by the liner shipping industry. The distinctive characteristic of liner shipping is the use of standardised containers for trans- porting cargo by means of specialised container vessels. Liner shipping connects most of the important ports around the world. However, this makes the size of the shipping network to be prohibitively large, notably increasing the complex- ity of the service network design problem. Therefore, to reduce complexity, the liner shipping network usually relies on a hub and feeder structure, facilitating the transportation of containers between ports through an efficient use of the hub ports as transshipment points. The goal of this PhD project is to investigate the design of the shipping network and determine how to transport containers under a feeder line structure. We aim to define new mathematical and constraint programming formulations for the network design and cargo routing for a feeder shipping company, and to develop a number of decision support tools for feeder routing and scheduling to help decision makers in the strategic and operational level. The articles presented in this thesis contribute to the field of Operations Re- search with application in maritime optimisation. This thesis begins with an introductory chapter about maritime transportation, and continues with an ex- tensive review providing an in-depth literature overview of existing models and solutions methods for liner shipping network design. The following article nar- rows the size of the shipping network and presents an efficient heuristic method for the feeder shipping network design problem. The next three articles focus on the operational planning of feeder container vessels in hub ports with multiple terminals. The first of these three articles introduces the new planning prob- lem and develops a heuristic method to generate high-quality solutions in short run times. The next article combines the previous heuristic with a constraint programming formulation, and the last article extends the model to include alternative berth options for feeder vessels during the operational planning pro- cess. Finally, the last chapter draws some conclusions and addresses future work.
Exploring the Role and Development of Urban Planning for Urban Space: The Case of Adelaide

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the economy's vigorous development, at the same time, people's quality and demand for living space is more and more high, so the planning and construction of urban space is a hot topic in recent years. The basis for the change of urban space is urban planning, which is mainly the planning and design of space planning, road traffic planning, green vegetation, and water planning. This paper focuses on the characteristics of urban road planning and green vegetation in the city of Adelaide. Adelaide is known for its sustainability and livability and has been at the forefront of Australia, especially in terms of urban greening and transport road network. Through the research and discussion, it is concluded that good road planning can improve the overall convenience of urban commuting and the utilisation of urban space, as well as better planning for pedestrian traffic and the configuration of the living area; the setting of green space is also an indispensable part of people's lives, and the construction of good green space affects human health and the livability of the city, and the green vegetation not only beautifies the city, improves people's green vegetation not only beautifies the city, improves people's living space and enhances the well-being of the community, but also improves the air quality and regulates the temperature of the local city. Adelaide is renowned for its sustainability and livability and has been at the forefront of Australia's greening and transport road network in particular.
Metabolic Changes after Aorto-iliac Occlusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

heights of children of parents whose mean height was 69.5 in.-that is, above average stature.In the frequency series 1, 16, 4, 17, 27, 20, 33, 25, 20, 11, 4, 5, which he quotes, there are three prominent peaks.These he ignores, saying no one has paid any attention to them, that such variation is " natural with such small numbers " (actually the chance of this being so is less than 1: 100), and possibly because they were not what he was looking for.I contend that he should have been look- ing for multimodality, and in 1963 I tested this contention on the heights of 760 univer- sity students and their parents.The results, which supported the view put forward here, were published in the Lancet' in a column adjacent to a letter from Sir George and under the same heading.It is interesting that these results find no place in his recent lecture and bibliography.