jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Developing metadiscourse through reflective assessment in knowledge building environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study examined how reflective assessment supported by principles facilitated metadiscourse for knowledge advances mediated by Knowledge Forum® (KF). Participants were 60 tertiary students in two classes engaging in knowledge building and reflecting on their collaborative knowledge building using e-portfolios; one class was a principle-based knowledge-building environment (KBP, n = 30), and the other a regular knowledge-building environment (KBR, n = 30). The KF embedded assessment tools, the Analytical Toolkit and Applet, showed increased KF participation and connectedness during the year. Regression analysis showed that KF participation predicted conceptual understanding for both classes. Analyses of e-portfolios revealed that the students adopted nine reflective strategies in knowledge building, and that reflective metadiscourse strategies involving metacognitive and collective processes were related with deeper conceptual understanding. Analyses of online discourse threads further showed that metadiscourse involving collective processes was associated with higher levels of knowledge advances. Both classes showed improvement and the KBP class outperformed the KBR class on KF participation, metadiscourse processes and conceptual understanding. This study has theoretical implications advancing the idea of metadiscourse, discourse about discourse, for enriching research on knowledge building and computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). There are also design implications for using principle-based e-portfolios to facilitate collective reflection and metadiscourse to address issues of fragmented online discussion, and for promoting sustained inquiry.
The effect of digital rectal examination on serum levels of prostatic-specific antigen.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and acid phosphatase (AP) levels were measured before and after digital rectal examination in 26 patients with varying genitourinary complaints. Prostate examination had no effect on the level of these markers. However, AP levels demonstrated greater within-day, intraindividual variance than PSA levels. Digital rectal examination does not appear to be a source of preanalytical error for serum PSA or AP determinations.
Carbon Balance Zoning and Spatially Synergistic Carbon Reduction Pathways—A Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta in China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The concept of major function-oriented zones is highly compatible with the idea of spatially synergistic carbon reduction. In this study, 2005–2020 is taken as the research period, and 305 counties in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region are taken as the research unit. The S0M-K-means clustering model and GeoDetector are adopted on the basis of carbon emission/absorption accounting to analyse the spatial and temporal variations in the carbon balance in the YRD region. Furthermore, carbon balance zoning and influencing factors are analysed. Then, a regional spatially synergistic carbon reduction pathway is proposed. The results show that carbon absorption in the YRD region struggles to offset carbon emissions; the regional carbon imbalance is gradually becoming worse; and each county’s carbon emission/absorption shows a significant spatial imbalance. Optimised development zones and key development zones are high-value agglomerations of carbon emissions, while the main sources of carbon sinks in the YRD region are the key ecological functional zones. The YRD region has 87 high carbon control zones, 167 carbon emission optimisation zones, and 51 carbon sink functional zones, which are further subdivided into 9 types of carbon balance zones in accordance with the major function-oriented zones (MFOZs). Based on the driving factors of carbon balance changes in the YRD region, this study proposes differentiated spatially synergistic carbon reduction paths for each zone in accordance with the carbon balance zones. As the Yangtze River Delta is an essential engine for China’s economic development, the study of its carbon balance is highly relevant in formulating differentiated low-carbon development pathways for each functional zone and promoting regional spatially synergistic carbon reduction to realise the target of “dual-carbon” development.
Drug Testing and Approval in Cases of People with Catastrophic Illness: Ethical Issues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractAll modern societies require that new drugs undergo rigorous testing before market approval. The new drugs are required to demonstrate safety and efficacy. People suffering terminal illnesses have no successful standard therapies on which they can rely. They often find themselves in a situation where they have the choice between joining a research clinical trial or dying without any treatment. Often such trials are designed in ways required to speed up market approval rather than with the patients' survival interests at heart. As a consequence of this many people with terminal illnesses have lost trust in their doctors' and/or principal investigators. Widespread breaking of clinical trial protocols by the research subjects has been reported by AIDS researchers. This article analyzes the ethical issues resulting from these problems.
The role of insulin receptor substrate 2 in hypothalamic and β cell function

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) plays complex roles in energy homeostasis. We generated mice lacking Irs2 in β cells and a population of hypothalamic neurons (RIPCreIrs2KO), in all neurons (NesCreIrs2KO), and in proopiomelanocortin neurons (POMCCreIrs2KO) to determine the role of Irs2 in the CNS and β cell. RIPCreIrs2KO mice displayed impaired glucose tolerance and reduced β cell mass. Overt diabetes did not ensue, because β cells escaping Cre-mediated recombination progressively populated islets. RIPCreIrs2KO and NesCreIrs2KO mice displayed hyperphagia, obesity, and increased body length, which suggests altered melanocortin action. POMCCreIrs2KO mice did not display this phenotype. RIPCreIrs2KO and NesCreIrs2KO mice retained leptin sensitivity, which suggests that CNS Irs2 pathways are not required for leptin action. NesCreIrs2KO and POMCCreIrs2KO mice did not display reduced β cell mass, but NesCreIrs2KO mice displayed mild abnormalities of glucose homeostasis. RIPCre neurons did not express POMC or neuropeptide Y. Insulin and a melanocortin agonist depolarized RIPCre neurons, whereas leptin was ineffective. Insulin hyperpolarized and leptin depolarized POMC neurons. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for IRS2 in β cell and hypothalamic function and provide insights into the role of RIPCre neurons, a distinct hypothalamic neuronal population, in growth and energy homeostasis.
An on-line optimal approach to PWM-SHE gating signal generation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A simple and low cost method of generating the PWM specific harmonic elimination (PWM-SHE) switching signals to drive a three-phase voltage source inverter VSI is presented. This novel approach computes the switching angles online using a PC and provides the flexibility of eliminating different sets of VSI output harmonics in a quick and easy manner without any hardware change. The validity of selected PSPICE circuit result has been verified experimentally.
Electrical Resistivity of Chicken Meat and Pork Chop

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrical resistivity of chicken breast meat and pork chop was investigated. Effects ofvarious combinations of sinusoidal, square and saw-tooth wave electric signals, eight frequenciesin the range of 10 and 10kHz, and three AC voltages, 10, 20 and 30 volts, on the resistivityproperty were evaluated. Increase in the input voltage and the frequency decreased theresistivity. Square wave produced the least resistivity irrespective of voltage and frequencyfollowed by sinusoidal and saw-tooth waves. With the increase in frequency the differences inthe resistivity values decreased among all three input voltages, irrespective of signals. Resistivitywas higher across the myofiber direction than along the myofober direction.
Synthesis of a Novel Mono-(6-N- allylamino-6-deoxy)- -cyclodextrin Functional Monomer

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

-cyclodextrin (-CD) is a kind of cyclic oligosaccharide with a unit of D-glucopyranose.It shows good molecular recognition ability for its unique physical and chemical properties and suitable cavity structure.It also is an important supermolecule.It is easy to be derived to get a variety of functional monomers which could be used for chromatographic solid phases and molecularly imprinted polymers.A novel mono-(6-N-allylamino-6-deoxy)--CD was synthesized by using mono-(6-p-toluenesulfonyl)-β-cyclodextrin (6-OTs-ß-CD) and allylamine as reactants in the solvent of allylamine.The reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, molar ratio of reactants and reaction time, were optimized.And the yield of 83.9% could be obtained based on the optimized conditions.The product was characterized by FT-IR, MS and 1HNMR.The characterization results further confirmed that the target product of mono-(6-N-allylamino-6-deoxy)--CD was successfully synthesized.The product was a novel functional monomer.It could be used for the preparation of polymers for further adsorption study.
Vaginal Colonization with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vaginal cultures obtained from unselected young women who consulted the gynecologist in a student health service were examined for Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Each participant completed a confidential questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine which variables, of a large number ascertained, were associated with mycoplasmal colonization. U. urealyticum was isolated from 273 (56.8%) of 481 participants. The following variables were significantly predictive of colonization with U. urealyticum: black race, absence of antibiotic use, cigarette smoking, and number of sexual partners during the last year. Lifetime number of sexual partners was significantly predictive only in women who used nonbarrier methods of contraception. M. hominis was isolated from 85 (17.7%) of the 481 participants. Independent variables that were significantly predictive of colonization with M. hominis included black race, young age, and, for users of nonbarrier methods of contraception, lifetime number of sexual partners.
Role of the Stationary Growth Phase Sigma Factor RpoS of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Response to Physiological Stress Conditions

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The Burkholderia pseudomallei rpoS gene was identified, and an rpoS null mutant was constructed. The mutant was shown to have an increased sensitivity to carbon starvation and oxidative stress. By using rpoS-lacZ fusions, transcription of rpoS was shown to be growth phase regulated, reaching a peak upon entry into stationary phase.
Cosolvent-induced solubilization of hydrophobic compounds into water

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCosolvent-induced solubilization of hydrophobic compounds into waterSujit. Banerjee and Samuel H. YalkowskyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 19, 2153–2155Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00170a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00170a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views244Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nonionic detergents increase the stoichiometry of ligand binding to the rat hepatic galactosyl receptor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

When digitonin is used to expose intracellular galactosyl (Gal) receptors in isolated rat hepatocytes, only about half of the binding activity for 125I-asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) is found as compared to cells solubilized with Triton X-100. The increased ligand binding in the presence of detergent is not due to a decrease in Kd but could be due either to an increase in the number of ASORs bound per receptor or to exposure of additional receptors. Several experiments support the former explanation. No additional activity is exposed even when 80% of the total cell protein is solubilized with 0.4% digitonin. It is, therefore, unlikely that receptors are in intracellular compartments not permeabilized by digitonin and inaccessible to 125I-ASOR. Digitonin-treated cells are not solubilized by Triton X-100 if they are first treated with glutaraldehyde under conditions that retain specific binding activity. 125I-ASOR binding to these permeabilized/fixed cells increases about 2-fold in the presence of Triton X-100 and a variety of other detergents (e.g., Triton X-114, Nonidet P-40, Brij-58, and octyl glucoside) but not with the Tween series, saponin, or other detergents. When these fixed cells are washed to remove detergent, 125I-ASOR binding decreases almost to the initial level. Affinity-purified Gal receptor linked to Sepharose 4B binds approximately twice as much 125I-ASOR in the presence of Triton X-100 as in its absence. The results suggest that the increase in Gal receptor activity in the presence of nonionic detergents is due to an increase in the valency of the receptor rather than to exposure of additional receptors.
Marine Transportation in the Philippines: The Maritime Accidents and their Causes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper details the maritime accidents that occurred in the Philippines from 1972 to 2010. Firstly, it describes the general maritime situation in the country. It was followed by the traffic and safety infrastructure and the prevailing weather in the archipelago. The third section deals with the accidents' statistics and their geographical locations which is further sub-divided into three regions. It is grouped according to 10-year period. This paper describes the actual maritime situations, the pertinent national regulations, the inter-agencies policies and their safety regimes. It illustrates the shipping environment in the country including the maritime aids and infrastructure and the on human element factors.
Major gene plus polygene inheritance analysis for yield traits of high yield variety Baimian 1 in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model was used to analyze the genetics of yield traits with six generations P1,P2,F1,B1,B2 and F2 of two crosses constructed using one core parent,high yield variety Baimian 1 in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The results indicated: besides the optimum model of seed yield was D-4(one major gene with negative complete dominance effects plus polygene with additive-dominance effects model) in two crosses,the optimum models of other traits were different,and the number of major genes of lint percentage and bolls/plant were the same in two crosses.Inheritance mode of major gene plus polygene of each yield trait was not identical in two crosses,in which lint yield was mainly controlled by major gene or major-muiti gene altogether;seed yield and seed index were mainly controlled by polygene or major gene-polygene altogether;lint percentage,bolls per plant,boll weight and lint index were mainly controlled by polygene;Reproduction per plant was mainly controlled by major genes.In two crosses,the major gene hereditability of lint yield was highest,secondly by seed yield,and tendency variability differences of other traits were less;whereas polygenes hereditability of all yield traits had comparatively unstable tendency than major gene heritability.
Actinomyces-Related Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in a Poorly Controlled Type II Diabetic With a Copper Intrauterine Device

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although actinomyces-related IUD PID is considered an outdated diagnosis, there are intermittent case reports of bizarre presentations in older women, often mimicking malignancy. Actinomyces should be a consideration in tubo-ovarian abscesses or pelvic inflammatory disease in patients with an IUD in place, particularly those who have poor glucose control or are otherwise immunosuppressed. Early identification and treatment of actinomyces tubo-ovarian abscesses may reduce surgical morbidity and overall improve patient outcomes and safety.
ウニの成体骨格に対する重力環境の影響の検討

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sea urchin and other echinoderm animals have calcitic endoskeleton. In sea urchin embryo, skeletogenesis starts at late gastrula stage and then the spicules grow up to larval skeletons. The skeletogenic cells are called primary mesenchyme cells derived from micromeres at 16-cell stage. We already reported a promotive effect of hypergravity on skeletogenesis in the 0.25 % horse serum culture of the skeletogenic cells. In this condition, cultured skeletogenic cells are so sensitive that they show a clear difference of skeletogenesis under the hypergravity though it is difficult to detect significant difference in the culture medium containing 4 % horse serum. In 0.25 % serum, the number of spicule is less than that in 4 % serum under 1 xg condition. It recovers to the similar level significantly even in 0.25 % under hypergravity(100 xg). In this study, we examined the method for detecting the effect of hypergravity on the skeleton formation of the sea urchin juvenile. The skeletons of 8 armed-larvae with full-grown echinus rudiment were stained by calcein. Then, they were cultured under hypergravity with coralline red algae for inducing metamorphosis. The growth of skeleton during under hypergravity was measured at the tip of spines, where no calcein staining is observed. The growth of spine is from 40 to 100 micrometers depending on the size of test of each juvenile.
Optimal Convergence Rate of the Binomial Tree Scheme for American Options with Jump Diffusion and Their Free Boundaries

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

An American put option with jump diffusion can be modeled as an integro-variational inequality. With a penalization approximation and under the stability condition $\frac{\sigma^2 \Delta t}{\Delta x^2}\le 1$, where $\Delta x ={\rm ln}\,\frac {S_{n+1}}{S_n}$ ($S_t$-underlying asset price), we obtain the optimal convergence rate $O((\Delta x)+(\Delta t)^{1/2})$ of the binomial tree scheme for this variational inequality. Moreover, we define an approximate optimal exercise boundary within the framework of the binomial tree scheme and derive the convergence rate estimate $O((\Delta t)^{1/4})$ to the actual free boundary.
A simplified database-oriented Web framework

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper firstly analyses disadvantages in the traditional Web database systems. And then it puts forward a simplified framework called database-oriented Web framework (DOWF). In this framework, the pages and the data are all managed by database system. In order to get keywords or search a special page, which the users accessed before, users access the static pages by common script procedure (CSP), and access the dynamic pages by functional script procedure (FSP) and CSP. The article expounds the method how to implement DOWF in details. The paper also analyses the mechanism of a DOWF site by implementing a prototype system. At last, the article gives the features of DOWS in search, in security, in reuse of pages and in offline waiting, etc.
Organizational citizenship behaviour: a study of young executives in Canada, Iran, and Turkey

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

One of the most interesting constructs in organizational studies and human resource management is perhaps the concept of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). OCB emphasizes constructive and cooperative employee behaviours that contribute to the organization, yet do not fall within the domain of mandatory in-role behaviours. While researchers have investigated the role of contextual attitudes and dispositional attributes on the OCB, there is a lack in cross-cultural examination of this concept. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of individuals' job-related attitudes and dispositional characteristics on their OCB in three different societal cultures, that is, Canada, Iran, and Turkey. Data reported were collected from 220 young executives in these three countries. The results reveal similarities and differences among these cultures on cognitive and affective predictors of OCB.
Naming the Bones: Bodies of Knowledge in Contemporary Fiction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Does fiction function as archive or as repertoire? Diana Taylor's distinction between these two modes of memory fails to fully explore fictional attempts to capture a repertoire of performance within the archival page, while Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, Janet Frame's The Carpathians, and Jose Saramago's All the Names posit the novel as a site where repertoires of embodied knowledge can be captured within the literary archive, producing memory as a powerful presence by interring its mediated images within the silent page. A comparison of these novels suggests the richly paradoxical relationships among fiction, cultural performance, and memory.
Ursolic acid moderates Th17-mediated immunity in respiratory syncytial virus infections of young cattle

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. Bovine RSV is a common cause of respiratory disease in young cattle with high genetic and immunological similarity to human RSV, making it a relevant clinical model. While RSV is highly prevalent in both humans and cattle, the disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood and therapeutic options are limited. Th17-mediated immunity is intrinsically linked to RSV infections and characterized by the production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-17A; however, excessive IL-17 production may contribute to immunopathology by exacerbating neutrophil recruitment and activation in the lungs. Herein, we sought to elucidate the role of Th17-mediated immune responses by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation with ursolic acid (UA), a small molecule agonist of the RORγt transcription factor. Calves were prophylactically treated with UA before being challenged with aerosolized bovine RSV. Challenged calves were monitored for clinical disease, gross and microscopic lung pathology, and immunologic responses in the periphery and respiratory tract. Local and systemic neutrophils and monocytes were analyzed for phagocytic and oxidative burst functions. Cellular adaptive immune responses were measured in the peripheral blood and airways by antigen recall assays. Our results suggest that UA-treatment may result in reduced RSV-associated immunopathology by shifting the immune response from Th17-mediated immunity to a more productive Th1-mediated immune response.