jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Developing a non-invasive animal model for oxidative stress induced brain damage : towards evaluating beneficial therapeutics for the brain.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The brain is particularly sensitive to oxidative stress damage due to high oxygen consumption, high contents of peroxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acid and low levels of antioxidants. Resultant overt oxidative stress is a main causative agent of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, no animal model exists that allows non-invasive induction of oxidative stress and continuous monitoring of elicited neural damage. Zebrafish larvae expressing the genetically encoded photosensitizer, KillerRed, in various brain domains creates such an opportunity. Non-invasive induction of oxidative stress triggered by green light illumination increased ROS production in the brain of illuminated SqKR21 transgenic line. This was confirmed with the oxidation-sensitive BODIPY® 581/591 C11 sensor. Induced ROS further attacked KR’s chromophore, which resulted in 1.8 fold decrease in KR fluorescent intensity. Concomitantly, ROS induced brain damage reduced neural growth in the developing larvae. These three criteria were used to assess antioxidants efficacy. Curcumin is the only tested antioxidant that improved KR fluorescent intensity in a statistically significant manner. However improvement in neural growth was minimal. The research detailed the setting up of the non-invasive brain oxidative stress model and established criteria that must be scored to identify beneficial antioxidants that improved the physiology of oxidative stress derived neurological disorders.
IDENTIFYING HIGH RESPONDER POPULATIONS TO CROFELEMER FOR TREATMENT OF NONINFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN HIV+ INDIVIDUALS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Diarrhea remains a significant burden in some HIV+ individuals. Crofelemer is a first-in-class, minimally absorbed, botanically derived drug indicated for symptomatic relief of noninfectious diarrhea in adults with HIV/AIDS taking antiretroviral therapy. This analysis examined the efficacy of crofelemer 125 mg BID in specific subpopulations. Methods: In a 4-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in HIV+ adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, crofelemer 125 mg BID (n = 136) was compared with placebo (n = 138) for reducing noninfectious diarrhea. The primary efficacy endpoint (≤2 watery stools/wk for ≥2 of 4 weeks) was examined in subgroups that differed according to demographic (sex, age, race, time since HIV diagnosis, and duration of diarrhea) and baseline characteristics (severity of diarrhea, prior antidiarrheal medication [ADM] use, stool consistency, viral load, CD4+ cell count, and use of protease inhibitors). Results: At baseline, patients experienced (range of means) 18.9-21.0 watery stools/week, and investigators attributed diarrhea most commonly (75%) to antiretroviral therapy (ritonavir-containing agents, 34%-36%; efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine, 15%-22%) or HIV enteropathy (24%). Across all subgroups considered, treatment effects favored crofelemer. Pronounced treatment differences (crofelemer – placebo) were observed for patients with prior use of ≥2 ADMs (+28%; P < 0.001), >2 watery stools/day (+10%; P = 0.03), diarrhea duration >2 years (+11%; P = 0.03), and use of protease inhibitors (+11%; P = 0.021). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the crofelemer antidiarrheal effect is robust and generalizable across patient subpopulations.
Field Evaluation of Two-row Root Wash Type Paddy Transplanter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rice is one of India's most important food crops, and its cultivation includes tedious and labour-intensive processes. Although the number of paddy transplanters in Odisha in the past 10 years has climbed to 2990, the majority of the area is still under manual transplantation. The acceptance of mechanical transplanters is lower due to the extra cost, skill, and time required to raise the mat-type seedlings used in these transplanters. Root wash type paddy transplanter has been a long-awaited demand by farmers. Keeping this in mind, a suitable root wash type transplanter has been developed in CAET which can use the traditional root wash type seedlings used by the farmers. The field evaluation of the same was done to evaluate its performance. The percentage of missing hills, floating hills, buried hills and damaged hills were observed to be 5.65, 4.25, 4.25 and 1.40 per cent, respectively. The total unproductive hill was calculated to be 15.58 per cent, which was higher than the recommended value of 10 per cent. The actual field capacity, theoretical field capacity and field efficiency were found to be 0.0179 ha/h, 0.0265 ha/h and 67.24 per cent, respectively. The average increase in the heart rate and oxygen consumption rate were found to be 60 bpm and 0.63 l/min. The fabrication cost of the transplanter was found to be ₹4960.00 and the cost of transplanting per ha was observed to be ₹2631.00 which saves about ₹6119 per hectare against manual transplanting (₹ 8750.00). Above all, this particular developed Transplanter has several ergonomical benefits like it improves efficiency, reduces physical strain, lowers injury risk, minimizes fatigue,and enhances comfort by enabling upright posture and mechanized transplanting.
Studies on age specific leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in normal Friesian, Red Danish and Jersey cattle in Denmark.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

To determine reference values for leukocyte and lymphocyte counts of the most common cattle breeds in Denmark, especially regarding the evaluation procedure in the leukosis control work, blood samples from normal cattle of all ages within the Friesian, the Red Danish and the Jersey breeds were collected, transported and counted as in the routine leukosis control programme. Evaluation of breed- and age specific counts showed numerically small, but statistically significant differences in mean values of leukocytes and lymphocytes between on the one hand Jersey cattle and on the other hand Red Danish and Friesian cattle. However, it was found that the key values used in the leukosis control work are generally in good agreement with the calculated 99.87 percentiles of all age- and breed specific lymphocyte count distributions, which were approximated with logarithmic normal distribution curves.
Morphological comparison of deep white matter bundles between the human and chimpanzee brain using a geometrical approach

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Humans and chimpanzees are related by a common ancestor that lived around 6 to 7 millions years ago. From then, a cascade of acquired brain features have occurred and the scientific community has tried for years to capture them. Providing measures of the hominin brain divergences or conserved characters can be challenging considering the multitude of variables involved. We propose here a study relying on an intuitive and yet innovative morphological analysis of the deep white matter (DWM) bundles of the human and chimpanzee brain using isomap algorithm.
Establishment and Application of a New Radiation Biodosimetric Method Based on the Quantitative RPA-SHERLOCK Amplification Technology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Biodosimetry is a key diagnostic tool for radiation exposure, risk assessment and treatment planning of acute radiation sickness. To effectively respond to a large-scale radiological incident, there is a need for the development of biodosimetric methods with fast, portable, and convenient operating advantages. We employed the recombinase polymerase amplification specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking (RPA-SHERLOCK) technology to establish a method for fast radiation dose assessment by measuring the expression level of radiation-inducible genes. Moreover, we proposed for the first time the principle of quantitative detection of curve slopes based on this method. Using this new method, changes in mRNA expression were confirmed in a number of radiation-sensitive genes (XPC, CDKN1A, and ATM) in human lymphocytes after irradiation. The standard curve of the dose-effect relationship was established, which can be used to quickly determine the exposed dose of the irradiated samples. Compared with traditional detection methods such as RT-qPCR, this method was found to be more convenient, fast and easy to operate. With the same amount of template input as RT-qPCR, the detection time of this method can be shortened to less than 20 min. The detection instrument required by this method is also more portable than a qPCR system.
The intellectual and political terrorism in the Seljuk era (447-656 AH / 1055-1258 AD) "historical study" (A study of the origins and historical development)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على ظاهرة الإرهاب الفكري والسياسي في العصر السلجوقي. واستخدم الباحث المنهج الاستقرائي الذي يعتمد على الملاحظة واستقصاء المعلومات من مضانها الأصلية، وتحليلها لتفسير ظاهرة الإرهاب، ومعرفة مصطلحاتها ومفاهيمها، وتتبع مراحل تطورها وآثارها، وتوظيفها بما يحقق الوصول إلى حل علمي لمشكلة الدراسة التي تتمثل في الإجابة على السؤال الآتي: كيف كانت ظاهرة الإرهاب الفكري والسياسي في العصر السلجوقي، وما هي الأسباب التي أدت إلى تفاقمها؟ وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن الإرهاب ظاهرة ارتبطت بوجود الإنسان منذ القدم واستمرت وتطورت بتطور حياته إلى وقتنا المعاصر، وهو من موضوعات العصر الأكثر تأثيرًا على كافة الصُّعد السياسية والاجتماعية والثقافية والاقتصادية. كما توصل البحث إلى أن الدولة السلجوقية في عهد السلطان غياث الدين محمد قامت بالكثير من الاجراءات للحد من الأعمال الارهابية التي دأبت جماعة الحشاشين على ارتكابها، فقامت بإعادة ديوان البريد للعمل من جديد، والتي كانت من مهامه المراقبة، مراقبة الأفراد والمسؤولين. كما أن الإعلام السلجوقي أسهم بدورٍ كبيرٍ في الوعي المجتمعي لخطر هذا الفكر العدائي للأرض والإنسان، ويتضح ذلك من خلال الموقف الشعبي المساند للدولة في تجريم منتسبي هذه الجماعة والتبليغ عنهم، والتصدي لهم عن طريق اللجان الشعبية التي كُلِّفت بهذه المهمة. وأوصى الباحث بضرورة الاهتمام من لدن الباحثين والدارسين بإجراء دراسات معمَّقة لكل الآثار الناتجة عن ظاهرة الإرهاب في فترات وحِقبٍ زمنية متباينة؛ للوقوف على مدى تأثيرها على حياة الناس في الماضي للاستفادة من تجنب آثارها في الحاضر، ومعالجتها وتفادي الوقوع فيها في المستقبل.
Reddish Coloration of Chinese Quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis) Procyanidins during Heat Treatment and Effect on Antioxidant and Antiinfluenza Viral Activities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To investigate the effects of processing Chinese quince fruit on the denaturation of phenolics and their food functions, fruit phenolic extracts were heated together with organic acid for up to 12 h. Chinese quince phenolic (mostly procyanidins) solution subjected to heat treatment changed from almost colorless, pale yellow, to a reddish color. Before heat treatment, the absorption spectra of polymeric procyanidins were observed only around 280 nm; after heat treatment, absorption occurred between 400 and 600 nm, which is related to the reddish color appearance. Thioacidolysis of denatured reddish phenolics showed that (-)-epicatechin subunits decreased during heat treatment and, in contrast, cyanidin increased. In addition, novel substances that could not be degraded by thioacidolysis were formed. Meanwhile, antioxidant activities, assessed by linoleic acid peroxidation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu, and FRAP methods, increased during heat treatment. The antiinfluenza viral activity of denatured reddish phenolics was inferior to that of intact fruit phenolics; however, they retained moderate activity. These results indicate that red coloration of fruit products of Chinese quince was mainly due to the spectral (i.e. structural) changes of procyanidins accompanied with formation of cyanidin. Increasing the length of heat treatment increased the antioxidant capacity of phenolics, and the resultant reddish phenolics retained moderate antiinfluenza viral activity.
Influence of flow velocity, river size, a dam, and an urbanized area on biodiversity of lowland rivers

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biodiversity of aquatic organisms is formed under the influence of not only natural, but also anthropogenic factors. In this work, the influence of the flow velocity, river size, flow regulation and urbanization on various groups of aquatic organisms was studied in several lowland rivers. The study was conducted in 2013 on six tributaries of the Upper Sukhona River. Five sampling sites were in different parts of the Vologda River and five sites on small rivers, Losta, Lukhta, Komya, Chernyj Shingar, and Belyj Shingar (one site per river). Phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos were sampled six times, from April to October, and macrophytes were studied in August. In total, 469 species of aquatic organisms were found in the tributaries of the Upper Sukhona River, belonging to the following phyla: Cyanophyta (5 species), Chrysophyta (8), Bacillariophyta (62), Xanthophyta (1), Cryptophyta (10), Dinophyta (4), Euglenophyta (12), Chlorophyta (17), Streptophyta (1), Bryophyta (2), Marchantiophyta (3), Equisetophyta (1), Magnoliophyta (63), Rotifera (22), Cnidaria (1), Platyhelmintes (1), Annelida (29), Mollusca (33), Arthropoda (194). The maximum number of species was found in the Vologda River, the largest of all the tributaries. The number of zoobenthos species was similar at different sites in the Vologda River and in the small rivers. The number of species of other groups of aquatic organisms in the small rivers was lower than those registered in the Vologda River. The greatest number of macrophyte and zoobenthos species was recorded in the Upper Vologda River and Belyj Shingar River, where the flow is strong all the year round. The greatest number of phyto- and zooplankton species was found at the extra-city sites where current is almost absent. In the dam backwater, species richness was higher than that registered downstream of the dam. At the same time, the species richness of macrophytes and zoobenthos in the dam backwater was lower. The smallest number of species was found in the Vologda River, downstream of the city of Vologda. Decreases in the species richness and Shannon’s biodiversity index were witnessed in the Vologda River city site and in the small rivers, as they get closer to the city. Cluster analyses performed for the studied groups of aquatic organisms showed dissimilar results; however, the studied sites on the Vologda River having the highest anthropogenic load formed a cluster. Aquatic organisms of the Upper Sukhona tributaries experience both natural (flow velocity and size of the watercourse) and anthropogenic factors (proximity to the city and flow regulation).
Prognostic value of endothelial biomarker in refractory cardiogenic shock with ECLS: a prospective monocentric study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is often used in critical patients with severe myocardial failure. However, patients on ECMO often have high mortality rate. Recent studies suggest that endothelial activation with subsequent vascular barrier breakdown is a critical pathogenic mechanism in organ damage and related to the outcome in critical illness. This study aimed to determine whether the endothelial biomarkers could serve as prognostic factors for the outcome of patients on ECMO. Methods This prospective study enrolled total 23 critically ill patients on veno-arterial ECMO in the intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital between March 2014 and February 2015. Serum samples were tested for thrombomodulin, angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were also collected. Results The overall mortality rate was 56.5%. The combination of Ang-2 at the time of ECMO support (day 0) and VEGF at day 2 had the ability of discriminating mortality (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.854; 95% confidence interval: 0.645-0.965). Conclusions In this study, we found that the combination of Ang-2 at day 0 and VEGF at day 2 was a modest model for mortality discrimination in this group of patients.
Extraction of Useful Features from Neural Network for Facial Expression Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Facial expression intensity has been proposed to digitize the degree of facial expressions in order to retrieve impressive scenes from lifelog videos. However, correlation of facial features compared to each facial expression is not determined objectively. Therefore, we recognize facial expressions by using a neural network and calculate the contribution score of input toward output. We verify the score correctly by comparing the accuracy transitions depending on reducing useful and useless features, and process the score statistically. As a result, we extract useful facial features from the neural network.
Karl Barth in Beijing: Towards a Political Ethics of Collective Right in Neoliberal China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The objective of this article is to examine the political ethics of Karl Barth in the context of neoliberal China, with a focus on how he relates ethical beliefs to political engagement. Barth believes that human ethical action must be our free response to the Word of God in a covenantal relationship and thus be responsible to the rights of others. When addressing political issues, he resists all forms of hegemony, embraces a collective understanding of human rights, and urges their crucial importance for sustaining a humane political community. This article suggests that Barth's political ethics is helpful in reflecting on the lessons and prospects of collective right and resistance to Chinese neoliberalism.
Influence of evenness of poultry manure application on grain crops productivity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Possibility of increase of efficiency of poultry manure application due to more evenness of fertilizer application into the soil was investigated. Machines with a wide range of regulation of an application rate, for example ROU-6 with interval from 4 to 80 t/ha are for this purpose necessary. Efficiency of poultry manure application for grain crops was increased due to using of machines of drum type with optimum doses fertilizing (12-16 t/ha). An assessment of efficiency was carried out. The drums rotation speed, shovel quantity and shape, their installation angle and a design of the directing board were determined. The developed modified working of a spreader of drum type allowed to reduce unevenness of width fertilizing by 12-14 percent, on length of unit pass - by 5 percent. It was established that if the dose increases more than 8 t/ha, the crop productivity growths not significant. At reduction of fertilizing unevenness from 97 to 72 percent yield losses decrease by 54.4 percent. At reduction of fertilizing unevenness more than 97 percent, efficiency worsens by 58 percent. Poultry manure spreading by the machine and tractor unit MTZ-82.1 + ROU-6M afforded an yield by 38 percent higher, in comparison with the machine and tractor unit T-150K + PRT-10. At decrease in unevenness from 82 to 43 percent of barley loss decreased by 29 percent. It was revealed that spreading by machine ROU-6M provided a yield increase by 8.6 percent more, than by machine PRT-10. Yield losses because of spreading unevenness made: by the PRT-10 operating - 30 percent; by the ROU-6M operating - 0.33 percent. The grain yield increase was higher thanks to more evenness of fertilizer application by ROU-6M with the new spreading working element.
Electrochemiluminescence Arrays for Studies of Metabolite‐related Toxicity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract This article reviews recent progress from our laboratory in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) arrays designed for screening toxicity‐related chemistry of chemical and drug candidates. Cytochrome P450s and metabolic bioconjugation enzymes convert lipophilic chemicals in our bodies by oxidation and bioconjugation that can lead to toxic metabolites. DNA can be used as an easily measurable toxicity‐related endpoint, targeting DNA oxidation and addcut formation with metabolites. ECL using guanosines in the DNA strands as co‐reactants have been used in high throughput arrays utilizing DNA‐enzyme films fabricated layer‐by‐layer. This review describes approaches developed to provide new high throughput ECL arrays to aid in toxicity assessment for drug and chemical product development.
Identifiability Evaluation of Crucial Parameters for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants Design Optimization

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to assess the impact of different key factors on the optimized design and performance of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants, as such key factors can lead to re-design the PV plant and affect its optimum performance. The impact on the optimized design and performance of the PV plant is achieved by considering each factor individually. A comprehensive analysis is conducted on nine factors such as; three objectives are predefined, five recent optimization approaches, three different locations around the world, changes in solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed levels, variation in the available area, PV module type and inverters size. The performance of the PV plant is evaluated for each factor based on five performance parameters such as; energy yield, sizing ratio, performance ratio, ground cover ratio, and energy losses. The results show that the geographic location, a change in meteorological conditions levels, and an increase or decrease in the available area require the re-design of the PV plant. A change in inverter size and PV module type has a significant impact on the configuration of the PV plant leading to an increase in the cost of energy. The predefined objectives and proposed optimization methods can affect the PV plant design by producing completely different structures. Furthermore, most PV plant performance parameters are significantly changed due to the variation of these factors. The results also show the environmental benefit of the PV plant and the great potential to avoid green-house gas emissions from the atmosphere.
CD4+CD25+ Cells Controlling a Pathogenic CD4 Response Inhibit Cytokine Differentiation, CXCR-3 Expression, and Tissue Invasion

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract It is well established that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit autoimmune pathology. However, precisely how the behavior of disease-inducing T cells is altered by Tregs remains unclear. In this study we use a TCR transgenic model of diabetes to pinpoint how pathogenic CD4 T cells are modified by Tregs in vivo. We show that although Tregs only modestly inhibit CD4 cell expansion, they potently suppress tissue infiltration. This is associated with a failure of CD4 cells to differentiate into effector cells and to up-regulate the IFN-γ-dependent chemokine receptor CXCR-3, which confers the ability to respond to pancreatic islet-derived CXCL10. Our data support a model in which Tregs permit T cell activation, yet prohibit T cell differentiation and migration into Ag-bearing tissues.