jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Generating Negative Samples for Sequential Recommendation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To make Sequential Recommendation (SR) successful, recent works focus on designing effective sequential encoders, fusing side information, and mining extra positive self-supervision signals. The strategy of sampling negative items at each time step is less explored. Due to the dynamics of users' interests and model updates during training, considering randomly sampled items from a user's non-interacted item set as negatives can be uninformative. As a result, the model will inaccurately learn user preferences toward items. Identifying informative negatives is challenging because informative negative items are tied with both dynamically changed interests and model parameters (and sampling process should also be efficient). To this end, we propose to Generate Negative Samples (items) for SR (GenNi). A negative item is sampled at each time step based on the current SR model's learned user preferences toward items. An efficient implementation is proposed to further accelerate the generation process, making it scalable to large-scale recommendation tasks. Extensive experiments on four public datasets verify the importance of providing high-quality negative samples for SR and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of GenNi.
Morphometric Study of Hyssopus ambiguus Growing in the Territory of Central Kazakhstan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>The article presents the results of the study of <i>Hyssopus ambiguus</i> herb, collected on the territory of Central Kazakhstan. We obtained data on diagnostic features of the studied species at morphological and anatomical levels. The purpose of the study is to determine the macro- and microscopic diagnostic features of the above-ground part of <i>Hyssopus ambiguus</i>. Materials and Methods: Raw material was collected on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda region. The microscopic and morphological studies were carried out according to the methods of the Republic&rsquo;s of Kazakhstan State Pharmacopoeia (RKSP) using a Biomed-4 light microscope and a Levenhuk macroscope. Results: The main diagnostic features of <i>Hyssopus ambiguus</i> had been determined: Trichomas and essential oil glandules. Analysis of the anatomical and morphological features of leaves, shoots and sepals was made; the characteristics of essential oil glandules were described. During the morphological and anatomical study of <i>Hyssopus ambiguus</i>, the diagnostically significant macro- and microscopic features of raw materials were identified and biometric characteristics were established. The experimental data allowed to confirm the authenticity, identification and standardization of the above-ground part of <i>Hyssopus ambiguus</i>.</p>
Populism as Political Ontology: The Varieties of Populism in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Populism is a political ontology, in which political being is centered on the question of collective identity. It is also a political theology embedded within constitutional democracy. In the United States, three major varieties have attempted to resolve a question implicitly posed by the Constitution: who are 'We the People'? These traditions are pluralistic, white supremacist, and Pan-African populism. For white supremacist populists, White people become the people. Pluralistic populism seeks to create a multi-ethnic and multi-racial collective identity around economic questions. Pan-African populism decenters Whiteness to build Black cultural, economic, and political power. Populist movements often emerge during times of crisis when collective identities are disrupted. I look back to three World War I era movements to gain insight into contemporary populisms. A study of the Ku Klux Klan, the Industrial Workers of the World, and Garveyism, suggests conflicts between the varieties of populism in the United States existed long before Donald Trump entered the national stage.
NKT cells control tumor associated macrophages and metastatic growth in neuroblastoma

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Va24-invariant NKT cells (NKTs) control tumor growth via poorly understood interactions with CD1d-positive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs comprise M1- and M2-like subsets, but only CD163high M2-like TAMs are associated with poor outcome in neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Here, we demonstrate that NKTs selectively target M2-like TAMs via contact-dependent and independent mechanisms. Upon direct contact with antigen-pulsed M1 or M2, NKTs selectively kill the latter. Additionally, we found that antigen-activated NKTs could reprogram M2 into functional M1-like macrophages via GM-CSF production. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of human NKTs resulted in M1-like polarization of TAMs in metastatic NB xenografts in humanized NSG mice. To further explore the role of NKT–TAM axis in tumor immune surveillance, we examined the effect of NKT deficiency on tumor progression and TAM accumulation in NB-Tag transgenic model of NB. Mice lacking either type I (Jα18−/−NB-Tag) or all (CD1d−/−NB-Tag) NKTs had shortened survival compared with NB-Tag mice (P &lt; 0.0002). At four month of age we observed an increase of CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6C-F4/80+ TAMs in primary tumors of NKT deficient groups compared with NB-Tag mice. Despite no difference in the size of primary adrenal tumors between groups, the increase of TAM frequency coincided with metastatic spread in NKT deficient groups as detected by CT imaging and confirmed by pathological analysis. By five months, nearly all mice in NKT deficient groups had distant metastases in liver and lungs but none of the NKT replete mice had detectable distant metastases. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism of immune regulation, in which NKTs selectively control M2-like TAMs and suppress tumor metastasis.
Characterization of spectrum mobility and channel availability in CRMANETs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cognitive radio (CR) is the most enterprise solution to spectrum scarcity. The time and space varying nature of spectrum bands necessitates the spectrum handoff in which the secondary user (SU) must vacate the frequency band when the primary users (PUs) reuse the spectrum band. The variation in spectrum band is called spectrum mobility. Hence, characterization of spectrum mobility and channel availability, which is the most influential factor in CR networks, is essential. In this paper, we investigate an analytical model to show the effect of different events on channel availability and spectrum mobility in mobile cognitive radio Ad hoc networks (CR-MANETs). We also integrate the effect of different events on the channel availability, which is essential for performing integrated mobility and handoff management.
Theoretical challenges to understanding the potential impact of the Universal Periodic Review Mechanism: Revisiting theoretical approaches to state human rights compliance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism is the most recent and distinct addition to the UN human rights system because of the level of state control over the mechanism, the inclusivity of the review process and its emphasis on cooperation and dialogue in monitoring human rights implementation of states. Since the start of the third cycle of the UPR in 2017, questions on the efficacy of the UPR mechanism have gained increasing attention among international human rights scholars and practitioners. However, little of the scholarship take a theoretical approach to understanding the potential impact of the UPR mechanism. This article engages with various theoretical approaches to international human rights law to determine alternative theoretical frameworks to understand the potential impact of the UPR mechanism. This article contends that while the theories examined are not mutually exclusive, the theory of acculturation provides the most appropriate theoretical framework to understand the potential impact of the UPR mechanism. This contributes to an appreciation for human rights strategies based on cooperation and how such strategies can be beneficial in realising incremental progress in the human rights implementation of states.
A LABORATORY METHOD FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SMALLPOX

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper presents the details of some experiments conducted with a view toward developing a method for the diagnosis of smallpox by means of a skin reaction produced by the intradermal injection of smallpox vesicle contents into previously vaccinated rabbits. In several infectious diseases the invading organism acts as a cutaneous allergen and the application of this allergen to a skin previously sensitized gives rise to substances which cause an inflammatory reaction at the site of application. Jenner1in his original series of experiments noted that cutaneous allergic phenomena were produced on the application of variolous material to the scarified skins of persons sensitized by previous smallpox or cowpox. Tieche2in 1912 showed that these reactions were not produced in persons immune to smallpox when varicella material was used, and suggested the use of these reactions in differential diagnosis. He further suggested that the material be heated to
ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES OF PHOTOSENSITIZERS*

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract— We have studied the antiviral properties of three different groups of photo‐sensitizers, viz. (i) various furyl compounds; (ii) β‐carboline alkaloids; (iii) thiophenes and their acetylene derivatives. In general the antiviral potency of the furyl compounds correlated with their ability to produce DNA photoadducts. Among the naturally occurring β‐carboline alkaloids, harmine was considerably more potent (in the presence of long wavelength UV radiation, UVA) than several other harmane‐related compounds. Slight alterations in chemical structure had profound effects on their antiviral activities. Harmine was shown to inactivate the DNA‐virus murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) by inhibiting viral gene expression, although other targets may also exist. Several eudistomins, carboline derivatives isolated from a tunicate, were also photoactive against viruses. Various plant thiophenes and polyacetylenes were studied in detail. These compounds also required UVA for antiviral activity, and some of them were extremely potent against viruses with membranes, e.g. α‐terthienyl, which showed significant activity at only 10 ‐5 μg/ml. When MCMV had been treated with α‐terthienyl plus UVA, the virus retained its integrity and penetrated cells normally; but the virus did not replicate. More than 30 additional thiophenes have recently been evaluated, including many synthetic ones, and some of these are even more potent than a‐terthienyl. We believe that certain thiophenes possess potential therapeutic value and should be tested against model virus infections in animals.
Implementation of a recommendation system : by using play framework and Java language

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recommendation in Location based Social Network in an emerging research topic. Compare to conventional recommendation system there is much less research in this area. With the volume of user generated check-in data growing rapidly, it is important for business to tap onto these resources to help them grow their business and give them a further reach. This project will be focusing on implementing a Point-of-Interest (POI) recommendation system; the system will be hosted on a laptop and will be accessible to all users via the Internet. This report will focus specifically on the time-aware POIs recommendation system, which take into account other user check in time. We will be using data set from Foursquare, which will form the base of the implementation. The web framework used is Play Framework which provides easy integration with JAVA and MySQL. Play Framework will allow for quick debugging and rapid development. Finally, this report will show the result from the website and its POI recommendation result on a map. With this technology we hope to be able to give a more accurate recommendation to people who are looking for interesting places to go.
Experimental and LES Studies of Propane–air Premixed Gases in Pipelines Containing Mixed Obstacles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study investigated the effect of a mixed obstacle layout on the deflagration mechanism of propane–air premixed gases. Most previous studies focused on a single type of obstacle, changing the shape and number of the obstacles to observe the effect on the flame deflagration characteristics. However, in real explosion accident sites, obstacles are often a mixture of different types. Little literature exists on the deflagration characteristics of hybrid barriers in semi-confined spaces. In this paper, the deflagration characteristics of propane-air premixed gas with a mixed structure of hurdles and square obstacles was studied. First, the effectiveness of numerical simulations was demonstrated by comparing experimental and large eddy simulation (LES) results for the flame dynamics with a single flat plate obstacle. Based on this, the flame behavior for different layouts of square obstacles in a mixed obstacle configuration was further simulated using the large eddy simulation method, focusing on the flame behavior, overpressure characteristics, and flow field structure in the vicinity of the obstacle. The results showed that a mixed obstacle promoted flame evolution more than a single obstacle when the square obstacle was within a critical distance from the ignition source location at the same moment in time. When the flame front crossed the first hurdle-type obstacle, the flame pattern spread in a “cat’s paw” pattern to the unburned portion of the tube. In addition, the increased distance of the square obstacle from the ignition source did not allow the peak overpressure and the peak rate of overpressure rise to show a positive feedback mechanism. Finally, the strength of the vorticity in the flow field was positively correlated with the distance of the square obstacle from the ignition source. The results of study provide theoretical for the prevention of explosions.
Spatial absorption of a magnetosonic wave in a dusty magnetized plasma

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The dielectric tensor for a multicomponent magnetized dusty plasma, including the effect of capture of plasma electrons and ions by the dust particles, is rewritten in order to provide expressions more suitable for applications. We use this tensor to study the spatial absorption of a magnetosonic wave, including effects up to second order in the Larmor radius. We analyse the absorption of the wave due to the presence of dust particles with variable charge and the modification of this absorption due to finite-Larmor-radius effects.
HYPERSENSITIVITY TO IMMUNE SERUM GLOBULIN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor:—

The clinical note inThe Journal, Sept. 26, 1959, page 415, is a case report entitled "Hypersensitivity to Immune Serum Globulin." The publication of this seems unfortunate to me, since both diagnosis and treatment are open to question. The inaccuracies which it contains could lead to disaster in circumstances of a similar nature. The concept of spontaneous hypersensitivity to human immune serum globulin is hardly borne out by any of the evidence or comments printed. The fact that both parents had a strong allergic history scarcely gives any additional credibility to this diagnosis, in a 15-week-old child who has yet to manifest one symptom of an allergic nature despite the fact that it has met and apparently overcome successfully innumerable antigens. Even the comments of the consultant which are included contain rather misleading statements; e. g., speaking of the possibility of allergy, "The mechanism is of some
Next Generation Energy Green Hydrogen: Critical Review

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system has become a global imperative, driven by the need to mitigate climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges.This critical review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the next generation energy green hydrogen, focusing on its production, storage, transportation, and applications.The paper begins by discussing the various methods of green hydrogen production, including alkaline electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis.It examines the advancements in electrolyzer technology, catalysts, and materials, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.The review also explores the scalability and cost-effectiveness of green hydrogen production, highlighting the need for continued research and innovation to drive down costs and increase efficiency.In addition to production, the paper evaluates different storage technologies for green hydrogen, including compressed gas, liquefaction, and chemical storage.It analyzes the advantages, limitations, and safety considerations of each method, emphasizing the importance of reliable and efficient storage systems to enable the integration of green hydrogen into existing energy infrastructure.The review explores the transportation options for green hydrogen, including pipelines, trucks, ships, and blending with existing natural gas networks.It discusses the infrastructure requirements, safety regulations, and energy losses associated with each mode of transport, underscoring the need for a robust and interconnected hydrogen distribution network.The paper also examines the diverse applications of green hydrogen across various sectors, such as transportation, industry, and power generation.It discusses the potential for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the decarbonization of heavy industries like steel and chemicals, and the role of green hydrogen in grid balancing and energy storage.The review emphasizes the need for policy support, market incentives, and public-private collaborations to accelerate the adoption of green hydrogen technologies.Paper discusses the current policy landscape and regulatory frameworks for green hydrogen at the national and international levels.It analyzes government initiatives, financial incentives, and research and development programs aimed at promoting green hydrogen as a key pillar of the future energy system.Hydrogen is a useful energy carrier for remote or high-energy density applications.It can also be used as a feedstock for chemical reactions to create a variety of synthetic fuels and feed stocks.This paper is based on a survey and analysis of the development, production, and use of hydrogen energy.It has been suggested that hydrogen will be the future generation of energy for everyone based on the critical review.
EFFECT OF ZINC TOXICITY ON PLANT PRODUCTIVITY, CHLOROPHYLL AND ZN CONTENTS OF SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR) AND COMMON LAMBSQUARTER (CHENOPODIUM ALBUM)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Zinc (Zn) as a heavy metal plays an important role in many biochemical functions of plants.
However, the excess amount of zinc is one of the most important growth limiting factors in soils. In the
present study, the effects of various concentrations of Zn on biomass, chlorophyll content, and Zn contents of
Sorghum bicolor and Chenopodium album were studied at research field of Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, in
2011. The plants were grown in pots over a 3 month period in soils containing zinc concentration varying
between 100.7, 300.7, 500.7, 900.7, 1300.7 and 2100.7 mgzii/kgsoil. At the end of growing season, plant height,
chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll content, biomass, Zn concentration in the plants and bio-available Zn of
the soils were measured. Results indicated that, generally, with increasing Zn concentration in soil, plant
height, content of a, b, and total chlorophyll and biomass were decreased significantly (r0.05). With an
increase in soil Zn concentration, Zn in Common lambsquarter was increased up to a maximum of 1213
mg/kg (in concentration 2100 mgziiLkgsoil). The maximum Zn concentration in sorghum was 2538 mg/kg (in
concentration 500 mgz1 /kgs01). In addition, there was significant correlation between NH4NO3- extractable soil
Zn and response of plants to Zn pollution
A stochastic optimal model of micro energy internet contains rooftop PV and CCHP system

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Micro Energy internet generally refers to energy system with multi-energy synergism, is achieved through energy conversion, storage, demand response and other technologies, realizes coupling energy and information deeply. This paper introduces a stochastic optimal operation model of micro Energy Internet contains CCHP system and rooftop PV modules. A representative scenarios method is used to describe the uncertainty of PV output power. A stochastic MILP model with probability was established and verified by actual data in the case study section.
Multidepth quantitative analysis of liver cell viscoelastic properties: Fusion of nanoindentation and finite element modeling techniques

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Liver cells are the basic functional unit of the liver. However, repeated or sustained injury leads to structural disorders of liver lobules, proliferation of fibrous tissue and changes in structure, thus increasing scar tissue. Cellular fibrosis affects tissue stiffness, shear force, and other cellular mechanical forces. Mechanical force characteristics can serve as important indicators of cell damage and cirrhosis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to study cell surface mechanics. However, characterization of the deep mechanical properties inside liver cells remains an underdeveloped field. In this work, cell nanoindentation was combined with finite element analysis to simulate and analyze the mechanical responses of liver cells at different depths in vitro and their internal responses and stress diffusion distributions after being subjected to normal stress. The sensitivities of the visco‐hyperelastic parameters of the finite element model to the effects of the peak force and equilibrium force were compared. The force curves of alcohol‐damaged liver cells at different depths were measured and compared with those of undamaged liver cells. The inverse analysis method was used to simulate the finite element model in vitro. Changes in the parameters of the cell model after injury were explored and analyzed, and their potential for characterizing hepatocellular injury and related treatments was evaluated. Research Highlights This study aims to establish an in vitro hyperelastic model of liver cells and analyze the mechanical changes of cells in vitro. An analysis method combining finite element analysis model and nanoindentation was used to obtain the key parameters of the model. The multi‐depth mechanical differences and internal structural changes of injured liver cells were analyzed.