jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Solid-State Synthesis and Characterization of LiNi<sub>0.75</sub>Co<sub>0.20</sub>Al<sub>0.05</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The increasing demand for electric vehicles and alternative energy sources results in high demand for energy storage, such as high-capacity rechargeable batteries. Ni-based ternary cathodes like lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) have become promising due to their high energy density. In this study, a facile solid-state reaction pathway for the synthesis of LiNi 0.75 Co 0.20 Al 0.05 O 2 cathode using metal oxide precursors was investigated. Thermal analysis using TGA-DTA showed the decomposition and mass loss of the calcined precursors and revealed an endothermic reaction at about 700°C, which can be attributed to Li 2 CO 3 melting. XRD analysis reveals the creation of hexagonal NCA with an α-NaFeO2 r3m structure along a secondary LCO phase. However, resintering leads to a more thorough reaction, yielding hexagonal NCA with lattice parameters a = 2.863 Å and c = 14.192 Å. In addition, SEM-EDX analysis reveals irregularly shaped agglomerated morphology and relatively homogenous distribution of Ni, Co, and Al for the resintered samples.
Optimization for hydrolyzing conditions of antibacterial activity from Catfish frame Hydrolysates

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Catfish frame was taken as materials, a best pre-treating method from three different pre-treating methods(minced the material then treated them with high press, high press then minced, minced directly) was determined through the protein content. An orthogonal test was adopted, using Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus as test bacteria, this research studied the antibacterial effect of catfish frame hydrolysates hydrolyzed by neutrase, alcalase, trypsin, pepsin and papain, respectively. Based on the antibacterial activity index, the best enzyme and the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined. The results showed that catfish frame could get high protein content through the pre-treating method high press then minced. Pepsin was the best enzyme. The optimum substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, hydrolysis time, temperature and pH were 1∶4, 2000 U/g, 2.5 h, 37 ℃ and 7.0, respectively.
Electrochemical sensing of DNA immobilization and hybridization based on carbon nanotubes/nano zinc oxide/chitosan composite film

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

一个新奇电气化学的脱氧核糖核酸生物传感器基于氧化锌(ZnO ) ，为脱氧核糖核酸固定和提高的杂交察觉的 nanoparticles 和多围的碳 nanotubes (MWNT ) 被介绍。MWNTs/nano ZnO/chitosan 合成电影修改了玻璃化炭黑电极(MWNTs/ZnO/CHIT/GCE ) 被制作，脱氧核糖核酸探针在电极表面上被使不能调动。杂交事件被微分脉搏 voltammetry (DPV ) 作为指示物用亚甲蓝(MB ) 监视。传感器能有效地区别不同脱氧核糖核酸序列与有关在转基因的玉米轻拍基因，与 2.8 ×的检测极限 10 ? 目标顺序的 12 mol/L。
EVALUACIÓN DE LA EFICIENCIA DE INNOVACIÓN DE LAS PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS MANUFACTURERAS DE MORELIA MICHOACÁN, MÉXICO

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The present study aims to make a diagnosis of innovation using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in seven organizational areas of small and medium-sized manufacturing company. The diagnostic tool was applied to the total of 182 organizations who meet the characteristics of the study in the city of Morelia, Mexico. Collected valid information from 91 companies. The results showed 4 efficient economic sectors, while 11 were not; the main input variables (organizational areas) that had problems were: external enablers, internal enablers and management portfolio; and, finally, show an analysis of benchmarking of the inefficient sector.
Relationship among Reproductive Processes and Fruitlet Abscission in 'Arbequina olive'

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Olive trees have very low fruit set due to intense fruitlet abscission. To determine the reasons for this shedding, we simultaneously monitored the reproductive processes and fruit population dynamics in 'Arbequina' trees growing under controlled conditions. Although low pollen adhesion in undersized pistils may limit fruit set, ovule penetration by pollen tubes was observed in 60% of flowers prior to the onset of abscission; nevertheless 96% of the initial pistil population abscised. Most of the abscission occurred during the first two weeks after bloom and affected primarily smaller pistils, both unfertilized and fertilized; only a small percentage of pistils reaching 3-4 times their initial size were shed. Ovule degeneration was often observed in unfertilized flowers prior their abscission, but there was no evident cause for shedding of the fertilized flowers. The results suggest that rapid ovule and ovary growth following fertilization required an increased nutrient supply causing competition among the developing fruitlets. Such competition for nutrients triggers selective abortion of smaller, less competitive fruitlets.
Enhanced and Extended\nOphthalmic Drug Delivery by\npH-Triggered Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses with Large-Pore Mesoporous\nSilica Nanoparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Drug-eluting contact lenses (DCLs) have attracted considerable\nattention as potential therapeutic ophthalmic drug delivery devices.\nIn this study, we propose, fabricate, and investigate pH-triggered\nDCLs that are combined with large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles\n(LPMSNs). Compared to reference DCLs, LPMSN-laden DCLs can prolong\nthe residence time of glaucoma drugs in an artificial lacrimal fluid\n(ALF) environment at pH 7.4. Additionally, LPMSN-laden DCLs do not\nrequire drug preloading and are compatible with current contact lens\nmanufacturing processes. LPMSN-laden DCLs soaked at pH 6.5 exhibit\nbetter drug loading than reference DCLs due to their specific adsorption.\nThe sustained and extended release of glaucoma drugs by LPMSN-laden\nDCLs was successfully monitored in ALF, and the drug release mechanism\nwas further explained. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of LPMSN-laden\nDCLs, and qualitative and quantitative results showed no cytotoxicity.\nOur experimental results demonstrate that LPMSNs are excellent nanocarriers\nthat have the potential to be used as safe and stable nanocarriers\nfor the delivery of glaucoma drugs or other drugs. pH-triggered LPMSN-laden\nDCLs can significantly improve drug loading efficiency and control\nprolonged drug release, indicating that they have great potential\nfor future biomedical applications.
Targeting Metabolic Survival Pathways in Lung Cancer via Combination Therapy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract : This proposal aims to identify critical metabolic pathways necessary for survival of liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-deficient non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. We have conducted 13C metabolic flux analysis studies in LKB1 proficient or deficient NSCLC cells under nutrient complete or metabolic stress conditions (e.g. hypoxia, matrix detachment). Using these analyses we can demonstrate that cells lacking the LKB1 tumor suppressor exhibit limited oxidation of glucose-derived pyruvate in mitochondria. LKB1-deficient cells also exhibit increased reliance on glutamine metabolism. Treatment with biguanides such as metformin or phenformin decreases oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. A critical defect we have observed in our analyses is the inability of LKB1- deficient tumor cells to recover in response to phenformin treatment, as carbohydrate oxidation remains compromised for an extended period of time after removal/washout of phenformin. Given the dependence of LKB1-deficient tumor cells on glutamine metabolism, we are targeting a critical enzyme responsible for catalyzing the entry of glutamine carbon into the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, glutaminase.
Participation in a Household Hazardous Waste Collection Drive and "Before" and "After" Public Knowledge and Disposal Practices: Champaign County

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The extent to which households use, store, and dispose of hazardous materials has become a matter of increasing concern but has rarely been assessed. This project report provides an assessment of the first \nhousehold hazardous materials publicity campaign and collection event held in Illinois. The collection event date was September 13, 1987, in Champaign County. This report describes survey results concerning the state of public awareness, use, and disposal of household hazardous \nmaterials prior to and immediately after the publicity campaign in Champaign County. Comparisons with the city of Decatur are included. Results from the two surveys indicated that 30-40 percent of the urban households had heard about hazardous waste problems before the campaign and nearly 60 percent had heard about them after the event. \nMost of the public could assess hazardousness of materials reasonably \nwell. Farmers were generally much better informed than were city dwellers. In all communities, the better-educated and established citizens were better informed about hazardous waste than were others and \nwere more likely to become better informed during the campaign. While each farm household had on average over 26 partial or full containers of hazardous material, urban households had an average of 10 such containers at their homes. This came to an estimated total of over 390,000 partial or full containers at Champaign/Urbana homes alone. Established citizens, homeowners, and larger households had greater quantities. \nEnvironmentally inappropriate disposal of hazardous waste from homes exceeded an estimated total of 38,600 containers per year in Champaign/Urbana, 30,750 per year in Decatur, and 1,490 per year among \nChampaign County farmers. The inappropriate disposal of these containers from Champaign/Urbana would, if left uncrushed, fill a 74 to 158 cubic yard site. On public policy issues, overwhelming majorities in each community expressed support for various types of special household hazardous waste \ncollection programs. The collection event was very successful in extending basic awareness and in reaching households with unwanted hazardous waste. The event drew only 0.7 percent of the city households \nbut collected 7 percent of the quantity of hazardous waste improperly disposed of each year. The surveys also indicated a need for an educational program to reduce the production of hazardous waste by households. To fund these programs, the public favored either a special sales tax on hazardous materials or a surcharge on solid waste disposal in landfills.
Differentiable Meta-learning Model for Few-shot Semantic Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To address the annotation scarcity issue in some cases of semantic segmentation, there have been a few attempts to develop the segmentation model in the few-shot learning paradigm. However, most existing methods only focus on the traditional 1-way segmentation setting (i.e., one image only contains a single object). This is far away from practical semantic segmentation tasks where the K-way setting (K>1) is usually required by performing the accurate multi-object segmentation. To deal with this issue, we formulate the few-shot semantic segmentation task as a learning-based pixel classification problem and propose a novel framework called MetaSegNet based on meta-learning. In MetaSegNet, an architecture of embedding module consisting of the global and local feature branches is developed to extract the appropriate meta-knowledge for the few-shot segmentation. Moreover, we incorporate a linear model into MetaSegNet as a base learner to directly predict the label of each pixel for the multi-object segmentation. Furthermore, our MetaSegNet can be trained by the episodic training mechanism in an end-to-end manner from scratch. Experiments on two popular semantic segmentation datasets, i.e., PASCAL VOC and COCO, reveal the effectiveness of the proposed MetaSegNet in the K-way few-shot semantic segmentation task.
In situ detection of neoplastic transformation and chemopreventive effects in rat esophagus epithelium using angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present a quantitative study of the nuclear morphometry of epithelial cells in an animal model of esophageal carcinogenesis. Changes in the size and texture of cell nuclei as a result of neoplastic transformation and chemopreventive action are observed in situ using a new optical technique, angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI). The capabilities of a/LCI are demonstrated via quantitative in situ measurements of the nuclear morphometry of basal epithelial cells, approximately 50-100 microm beneath the tissue surface without the need for exogenous contrast agents or tissue fixation. The measurements quantify changes in nuclear size, characterized by average diameter, and nuclear texture, characterized by fractal dimension of the subcellular structures. Using this technique, we observed changes in the morphometry of rat esophageal epithelial cells in response to treatment with the carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. In addition, morphometric changes were observed in the esophagi of rats treated with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine and two chemopreventive agents, difluoromethylornithine and perillyl alcohol. These agents induced either apoptosis in the basal epithelium (difluoromethylornithine) or both apoptosis and vacuolation of basal epithelial cells (perillyl alcohol). Vacuolation was associated with cellular toxicity. The light-scattering measurements were compared with histological images of the same tissues. The potential of a/LCI as a noninvasive means to investigate the development of epithelial neoplasia and for tracking the efficacy of chemopreventive agents appears high. This technique also may provide a new screening tool for intraepithelial neoplasia.
Fatty acid composition of milk produced in organic and conventional dairy herds in Italy and Slovenia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Thirty eight bulk milk samples were collected from 19 organic and conventional farms in Italian Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia and Slovene Regions of Obalno-Krasˇka and Gorisˇka with the aim to determine variation in fatty acid (FA) composition between two States and between two production systems. Results show that milk from Slovene organic farms contain the highest proportion of saturated FA (SFA; 70.32 %) and the lowest proportion of monounsaturated FA (MUFA; 25.49 %). Milk from both production systems in Slovenia contained greater proportions of n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; 0.99 and 1.20 % in conventional and organic farms, respectively) and lower proportions of n-6 PUFA (2.60 and 2.33 % in conventional and organic farms, respectively) than Italian milk samples (0.54 and 0.68 % n-3 PUFA and 3.03 and 3.39 % n-6 PUFA in conventional and organic farms, respectively). The ratio between n-6 and n-3 PUFA was thus lower in Slovene than in Italian milk samples, yet they did not differ statistically between production systems within the States. Slovene milk samples contained higher proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 0.72 and 0.64 % in conventional and organic farms, respectively) than Italian milk samples (0.45 and 0.49 % in conventional and organic farms, respectively).
Ultrastructure of the liver cells in <i>Salamandra salamandra</i> (L.) in the end of Winter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Following hibernation, most salamander liver cells undergo alterations. The liver cells containing the structure of their active period present a normal nucleus, glycogen granules disseminated throughout the entire cytoplasm and granular mitochondria with several peripheral cristae. Most cells, however, possess altered mitochondria, transformed into electron-dense masses, or clear vesicles with the possibility of digesting the ambient organelles. Other cells have clear vacuoles with similar digestive possibilities. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly represented in the liver cells that have suffered advanced alteration. The nucleus of these cells is homogeneously granular. The cytoplasm is populated by electron-dense bodies and lipid vacuoles. The nucleolemma and plasmalemma are thickened. The pigmented cells, altered concomitantly with the liver cells, contain granular aggregates. Some of the pigmented cells exhibit electron-clear formations similar to the reflecting platelets of the iridocytes of the integument of lower vertebrates.
A nonstationary nonparametric Bayesian approach to dynamically modeling effective connectivity in functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Effective connectivity analysis provides an understanding of the functional organization of the brain by studying how activated regions influence one other. We propose a nonparametric Bayesian approach to model effective connectivity assuming a dynamic nonstationary neuronal system. Our approach uses the Dirichlet process to specify an appropriate (most plausible according to our prior beliefs) dynamic model as the “expectation” of a set of plausible models upon which we assign a probability distribution. This addresses model uncertainty associated with dynamic effective connectivity. We derive a Gibbs sampling approach to sample from the joint (and marginal) posterior distributions of the unknowns. Results on simulation experiments demonstrate our model to be flexible and a better candidate in many situations. We also used our approach to analyzing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data on a Stroop task: our analysis provided new insight into the mechanism by which an individual brain distinguishes and learns about shapes of objects.
First-principles calculation of the electronic structure for a bielectrode junction system under strong field and current

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a method for the first-principles calculation of the electronic states under strong field and current, which is effective for the bielectrode system with atomic structures around the surface regions. A microscopic electron distribution is calculated self-consistently together with the field and current distributions. In our method the scattering waves are calculated by the step-by-step recursion-matrix method and two different Fermi levels are assigned to each jellium electrode in accord with a given applied bias voltage. The method is applied to the Na/vacuum/Na junction system with a tip structure to mimic the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The tip-surface chemical interaction induced by the electric field is clarified and shown to provide a clue for the extreme site specificity of atom extraction by STM.
Biovar distribution of Brucella strains isolated from livestock in Turkey between 2010-2015

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

According to ‘the Regulation of Reporting of Notifiable Animal Diseases in Turkey’, the valid diagnosis for Brucellosis in livestock, which is in the list of notifiable animal diseases, is the isolation and identification of Brucellae as the gold standard as mentioned in ‘the Regulation of the Fight with Brucella’. In the context of ‘The Brucellosis Control and Eradication Program’ in Turkey, where mass vaccination is practised as a part of this program in livestock, serological diagnosis is not considered to be valid except for Brucella free herds. While most of the current molecular techniques can differentiate Brucella organism at the genus level, they generally cannot make differentiation at the biovar-level. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the most prevalent Brucella biovars and the biovar distribution of Brucella isolates from the abort cases of livestock between 2010 and 2015 in Turkey. In this study, 5203 Brucella field isolates sent to our laboratory from different parts of Turkey for Brucella species and biovar identification between 2010 and 2015 were biotyped through conventional biotyping procedures. According to the results showing the percentages of dominant biovars causing brucellosis in livestock, the most common biovar was B. abortus biovar-3 in cattle and B.melitensis biovar-3 in sheep and goats. Vaccine strains isolated from goats were not included in biovar distribution in this study..
Performance and Paradox

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The knowability paradox, or Fitch's paradox, is thought to threaten semantical (Dummettian) antirealism. This chapter suggests that the lesson of the paradox concerns the theoretical location at which to impose the antirealist's ‘epistemic’ constraints on truth, i.e., on the ‘central notion’ of the antirealist's meaning theory. In particular, the knowability principle — that every truth is knowable — is not a successful way of capturing the antirealistic insight that truth is epistemically conditioned.
Polymerizable Solvent‐free Organic Liquids: A New Approach for Large Area Flexible and Foldable Luminescent Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The high demand for light‐emitting and display devices made luminescent organic materials as attractive candidates. Solvent‐free organic liquids are one of the promising emitters among them due to the salient features. However, the inherent limitations of forming sticky and noncurable surfaces must be addressed to become an alternate emitter for large‐area device applications. Herein, we functionalized solvent‐free organic liquids having monomeric emission in bulk with polymerizable groups to improve the processability. The polymerizable group on carbazole, naphthalene monoimide, and diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based solvent‐free liquid emitters enabled on‐surface polymerization. These emitters alone and in combinations can be directly coated on a glass substrate without the help of solvents. Subsequent photo or thermal polymerization leads to stable, non‐sticky, flexible, foldable, and free‐standing large‐area films with reasonably high quantum yield. Our demonstration of the tunable and white light‐emitting films using polymerizable solvent‐free liquids might be a potential candidate in flexible/foldable/stretchable electronics. The new concept of polymerizable liquid can be extended to other functional features suitable for futuristic applications.
Isolation and partial characterization of low density proteoglycans from bovine articular cartilage.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Low density proteoglycans (PG-III) were isolated from bovine articular cartilage by extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride followed by sedimentation in a dissociative CsCl density gradient and fractionation by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B columns. The PG fractions obtained were analyzed to determine the amino acid composition, the content of sulfate and carbohydrate constituents, the molecular weight, and sedimentation properties under associative and dissociative conditions and the types of glycosaminoglycan components. The results show that the major type of low density PG in adult bovine metacarpophalangeal cartilage is a proteochondroitin sulfate with a Mr approximately 44,000. A single glycosaminoglycan component was detected following alkaline borohydride cleavage that was completely digested by chondroitinase ABC treatment. The disaccharide composition of this glycosaminoglycan was 4% O-sulfate, 22% 6-sulfate, and 74% 4-sulfate. Variations were observed in the content of chondroitin sulfate and the other carbohydrate constituents, indicating that the low density PG in this tissue probably occurs as a family of molecules with a variable composition. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that under associative conditions PG-III formed high molecular weight complexes by self-association.