jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dictionary learning algorithms for functional magnetic resonance imaging

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The detection of regional activity and estimation of communication networks are two critical features to enable functional understanding of a human brain. In this regard, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a powerful noninvasive neuroimaging modality to investigate not only the neural activity within the different isolated brains regions but also how different brain regions communicate with each other during cognition and resting state. Similar to other imaging modalities, the functional connectivity networks for fMRI data are usually determined by following a data-driven approach, which typically consists of statistical similarity measures such as estimation of correlation matrix, and machine learning methods such as matrix decomposition and exploratory techniques. Unlike hypothesis-driven approach for activation detection that requires prior knowledge about the shape of hemodynamic response function (HRF), the main advantage of data-driven approach is its independence from predetermined paradigm knowledge, hence, its applicability to both activation detection and functional connectivity estimation. However, the trained bases from the standard decomposition techniques and data transformation bases from exploratory techniques are not very meaningful and can give rise to issues such as computational inefficiency and inability to retrieve spatiotemporal ground truth with sufficient conviction, respectively. To remedy these problems, matrix decomposition is adapted to fMRI data by considering sparse assumption based on the spatial characteristics and autocorrelation assumption based on temporal characteristics of the fMRI data to develop novel sparse dictionary learning algorithms for this work. In proposed algorithms, better assumptions about underlying structure of the data are taken into account, which yield bases that are relatively closer to the artificially generated ground truth. For every proposed algorithm, an empirical study is introduced for quantitative and comparative analysis with existing data-driven techniques. To validate the proposed algorithms, they are applied to six different fMRI data-sets and it has been shown that they outperform existing state state-of-the-art-methods in terms of statistical performance of map and network retrieval for activation detection and functional connectivity, respectively.
CREB/CRTC-mediated regulation of transcription is important for regulatory T cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Regulatory T cells (Treg) suppress inflammatory effector T-cells, are important for maintaining immune tolerance and ameliorate experimental allergic airway disease in an interleukin-10 dependent manner (Kearley et al .; J Exp. Med., 2005). In regulatory macrophages the transcription of IL-10 has been shown to be mediated by the transcription factor CREB together with its co-regulator CRTC3 (Clark et al., PNAS, 2012). Thus, we hypothesize that CREB/CRTC-mediated transcription might be essential for the function and formation of regulatory T cells.

Methods: CD4+CD25+ were isolated from spleens of female wildtype Balb/c mice by magnetic cell separation (MACS) (Miltenyl Biotech). Tregs were induced in vitro (iTreg) by treating CD4+CD25- cells with 2.5ng/ml TGF-β for 72h. We performed qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions. siRNA knock-down studies were done using peqFect siRNA transfection reagent and cells were then subjected to in vitro suppressor assays.

Results: The mRNA levels of CREB, CRTC1, -2, &-3 were increased 1.6-2-fold in nTregs (n=7) and in in vitro generated iTregs (n=4) compared to controls. Western blots of nTregs showed a 2-fold increase in CREB phosphorylation and also an increased nuclear translocation of CRTC1& -3 control cells (fold change= 1.5; n=4). CREB knockdown by siRNA lowered the in vitro FoxP3-induction by 60% (n=4) and slightly reduced the suppressive capacity (10%) of induced Tregs (n=2).

Conclusion: Our data point to an activation of CREB/CRTC-mediated transcription in naturally occurring as well as in in vitro induced Tregs. CREB knockdown reduced the formation of iTregs suggesting a possible role of this pathway in immune tolerance.
(Re)branding Tokyo: coexisting views of Tokyo in the Tokyo 2020 audiovisual advertising campaign

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This dissertation focuses on the image of Tokyo, Japan’s capital, within a Japanese and international context in the run-up to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The aim of this work is to determine how and why Tokyo is simultaneously branded and rebranded in the audiovisual campaigns surrounding the event. After a historical contextualisation of Tokyo within Western and Japanese narratives, Tokyo’s past images are analysed. As Chapter One shows, Japan’s past depictions of Tokyo are negative, seen as Tokyo was associated with Westernisation and occupation. Chapter Two explores Tokyo’s reputation in Western cinema, which has resorted to Occidental patterns of Orientalising in order to turn Tokyo into a colonised, exploitable space. Finally, Chapter Three compares the findings of Chapter One and Two with the images of Tokyo found in Tokyo 2020 advertising campaigns. It shows how Tokyo is indeed unchanged for the West but rebranded for Japanese audiences. Through a discussion of the Tokyo 2020 advertisements as autoethnographic texts, it becomes apparent that there is more to the rebranding of Tokyo as it may seem.
THE DIATHERMY TREATMENT OF DEMENTIA PARALYTICA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The disadvantages of malaria in the treatment of dementia paralytica are manifold. The strain is difficult to keep going outside of large clinics, the fever is uncontrollable, immunity often develops so quickly that a full course of fever is impossible, and serious complications or even death may result from the induced disease. The prospect of being able to secure equal results with greater control and less danger is therefore engaging, and with this in mind, artificial fever provoked by diathermy has been introduced into a number of clinics, and almost universally favorable results have been reported. From a survey of the literature, table 1 has been contructed. We have been unable to reproduce these results. Diathermy was introduced at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in August, 1928, and has been used in fifty cases, the experiment being concluded in June, 1932. Forty of the patients were Negroes who had been unsuccessfully inoculated
Role of Cations in the Methane/Carbon Dioxide Partitioning in Nano- and Mesopores of Illite Using Constant Reservoir Composition Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We performed constant reservoir composition molecular dynamics (CRC-MD) simulations at 323 K and 124 bar to quantitatively study the partitioning of fluid species between the nano- and mesopores of clay and a bulk reservoir containing an equimolar mixture of CO2 and CH4. The results show that the basal (001) and protonated edge (010) surfaces of illite both demonstrate a strong preference for CO2 over CH4 adsorption; that the (001) surfaces show a stronger preference for CO2 than the (010) surfaces, especially with K+ as the exchangeable cation; and that the structuring of the near-surface CO2 by K+ is stronger than that by Na+. The protonated (010) surfaces have a somewhat greater preference for CH4, with the concentration near them close to that in the bulk fluid. The effects of the surfaces on the fluid composition extend to approximately 2.0 nm from them, with the fluid composition at the center of the pore becoming essentially the same as the bulk composition at a pore thickness of ∼5.7 nm. The preference of nano- and mesopores bounded by clay minerals for CO2 over CH4 suggests that injection of CO2 into tight reservoirs is likely to displace CH4 into larger pores, thus enhancing its production.
Clonal cutaneous and neurosyphilis: A pitfall in pseudolymphoma diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and can cause a wide variety of cutaneous manifestations, most commonly, a papulosquamous eruption of the trunk and extremities. Treatment with penicillin is curative. We report a case of a 69‐year‐old man who presented with recent onset of blurry vision and a nonpainful, nonpruritic eruption of pink‐to‐violaceous dermal nodules on his upper trunk and upper extremities. Biopsies of two separate locations revealed a dense superficial and deep perivascular atypical lymphocytic infiltrate with admixed plasma cells, histiocytes, and eosinophils. Some scattered cells expressed CD30, PD1, BCL‐6, and ICOS. T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐rearrangement showed an identical TCR‐gamma clone between both biopsy specimens. The patient was subsequently seen by ophthalmology and diagnosed with acute anterior uveitis. Rapid plasma reagin was reactive and cerebrospinal fluid studies showed findings consistent with a diagnosis of neurosyphilis. A T. pallidum immunostain of the skin biopsies was performed upon re‐review, and was diffusely positive for spirochetes at the dermal‐epidermal junction and within injured vessels. The patient was treated with penicillin G with near‐resolution of his skin lesions. This case highlights the unusual ability of syphilis to mimic a T‐cell lymphoma with matching clones across two different biopsy sites.
The path to more general artificial intelligence

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A small-N comparative analysis of six different areas of applied artificial intelligence (AI) suggests that the next period of development will require a merging of narrow-AI and strong-AI approaches. This will be necessary as programmers seek to move beyond developing narrowly defined tools to developing software agents capable of acting independently in complex environments. The present stage of artificial intelligence development is propitious for this because of the exponential increases in computer power and in available data streams over the last 25 years, and because of better understanding of the complex logic of intelligence. Applied areas chosen for examination were heart pacemakers, socialist economic planning, computer-based trading, self-driving automobiles, surveillance and sousveillance and artificial intelligence in medicine.
Development of a culturally informed tool to assess chronic pain for Māori: the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure-Aotearoa (PRISM-A)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Chronic pain is one of the most common long-term conditions in Aotearoa (New Zealand), and there is a higher prevalence and greater impact of pain for Māori (Indigenous People of New Zealand). Māori tend to have a more holistic interpretation of pain compared with Western views; therefore, current assessments may not capture the full meaning and impact of pain for Māori. This study developed a holistic assessment tool for chronic pain in collaboration with Māori clinicians and Māori with chronic pain. The Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure–Aotearoa (PRISM-A) is a verbal and visual assessment tool that is based on Te Ao Māori (Māori world), imbeds whakawhanaungatanga (relationship formation) between the patient and clinician, and incorporates Te Whare Tapa Whā, a Māori model of health. The tool is likely to provide a more meaningful assessment of pain and facilitate better outcomes for Māori with chronic pain.
Bootstrapping opportunistic networks using social roles

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Opportunistic routing protocols can enable message delivery in disconnected networks of mobile devices. To conserve energy in mobile environments, such routing protocols must minimise unnecessary message-forwarding. This paper presents an opportunistic routing protocol that leverages social role information. We compute node roles from a social network graph to identify nodes with similar contact relationships, and use these roles to determine routing decisions. By using pre-existing social network information, such as online social network friends, to determine roles, we show that our protocol can bootstrap a new opportunistic network without the delay incurred by encounter-history-based routing protocols such as SimbetTS. Simulations with four real-world datasets show improved performance over SimbetTS, with performance approaching Epidemic routing in some scenarios.
Mapping the risk of building damage due to excavation-induced displacements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In urban construction projects, it is vital to assess the effects of excavation-induced subsidence to safeguard adjacent buildings. This topic is complex due to several influencing factors including the ground conditions, the depth of the excavation, the construction methods used and the building vulnerability. Specifically, in areas with soft soil deposits and varying depths to bedrock, excavation-induced settlements can be considerably high. Short-term displacements are only a part of the problem since drainage to the excavation and pore pressure reduction can result in severe consolidation settlements and building damage. This paper describes a framework to map the impact of groundworks on the urban fabric at large spatial scale. Excavation-induced subsidence in the short-term is derived using field observations. Long-term effects are estimated by coupling empirically derived relationships of excavation-pore pressure reduction with a soil stratification model and consolidation theory. Finally, the impact assessment methodology is validated with a case study.
Spectral studies of pH dye films for detection of toxic chemicals

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The molecular absorption spectra of pH dyes, employed for ammonia sensing are investigated. Differences of absorption spectra of Bromothymol Blue and Bromocresol Purple dyes, dissolved in water and entrapped in Polymethylphenylsiloxane film are discussed. Correspondence of dye-films absorption bands shape to the Gauss distribution shape in the spectral region of light source emission band was determined.
Olefin metathesis applied to cellulose derivatives—Synthesis, analysis, and properties of new crosslinked cellulose plastic films

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract New crosslinked cellulose‐based plastic films were synthesized with olefin metathesis as a crosslinking reaction. Microcrystalline cellulose was first dissolved in a lithium chloride/ N,N ‐dimethylacetamide solvent system and acylated by ω‐undecenoyl chloride under microwave irradiation with N,N ‐dimethyl‐4‐aminopyridine as the catalyst. Cellulose unsaturated fatty acyl esters with a degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 were then crosslinked by olefin metathesis with a first generation Grubbs catalyst. Crosslinking ratios ( T ) ranging from 20 to 90% were obtained for low catalyst amounts (<1.2%), but gels appeared when T was too high. To avoid this gel formation, cellulose was acylated with a mixture of lauroyl and ω‐undecenoyl chlorides. This internal dilution allowed us to obtain films of every case and various T (varying from 10 to 80% for a catalyst amount below 3.5%). Plastics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the fatty acid mixture resulting from the hydrolysis of cellulose esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties showed that the elastic modulus and tensile failure stress was higher when the plastic films were crosslinked. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 407–418, 2005
Best-Worst Scaling of Values: More Substance than Style?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research on response styles typically focuses on response styles being bias that requires purging from the data. In the literature several procedures have been proposed to detect response styles such as acquiescence, extreme response style and midpoint responding. The main focus has been on post hoc detection of response styles and then correcting for their presence. For instance, in measuring Schwartz’ values, the commonly accepted procedure is centering the values that are measured on rating scales before subsequent analyses are done. A main question is whether these response styles are bias or whether they are a communication style that needs no correction. However, also communication styles might differ across cultures and thus might affect cross-national comparisons. A way to circumvent response styles might be another way of measurement. Best-worst scaling (BWS) of values might be such an approach. In best-worst scaling respondents are given number of sets of values and for each set they are asked indicate which specific value in a set they consider of highest importance to them and which one of lowest importance. After answering all sets the researcher can deduct the respondent’s value profile. A question is whether these profiles mainly contain substance or whether other response styles contaminate the profiles. To answer this question we use data from 5 nations worldwide and we link the Schwartz values profiles to data on behaviour.
The influence of the Rashba interaction on spin accumulation and spin current of semiconductor based finite width quantum rings

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Spin current and spin accumulation of a finite width quantum ring (QR) in the presence of a homogeneous perpendicular magnetic field and Rashba spin‐orbit coupling have been investigated. A non‐equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach has been followed in coherent regime. Numerical results show that spatial magnetization of the transport electrons oscillates throughout the QR and the spin current and spin accumulation can be controlled by the Rashba coupling, bias voltage, and magnetic field.
The status of personnel identity verifiers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Identity verification devices based on the interrogation of six different human biometric features or actions now exist and in general have been in development for about ten years. The capability of these devices to meet the cost and operational requirements of speed, accuracy, ease of use and reliability has generally increased although the verifier industry is still immature. Sandia Laboratories makes a continuing effort to stay abreast of identity verifier developments and to assess the capabilities and improvements of each device. Operating environment and procedures more typical of field use can often reveal performance results substantially different from laboratory tests. An evaluation of several recently available verifiers is herein reported.
Combining the theory of constraints with system dynamics: A general model (case study of the subsidized milk industry)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses multi-methodology approaches. The authors explain that multi-methodology approaches assist in creating a complementary understanding of complexity through specific processes. A new Mohammadi–Ghazanfari model is proposed for combining the theory of constraints with systems dynamics to deal with soft problems. This model consists of two phases. The first phase is the appreciation and analysis of the problem. The second phase includes assessment and evaluation actions. The first phase is described using a subsidized milk industry study in Iran.
Integrin Agonists as Adjuvants in Chemotherapy for Melanoma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: Metastatic melanomas are generally resistant to chemotherapy and radiation, even when wild-type for p53. These tumors often grow in small nests where many of the cells have little contact with extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous work showed that M21 melanomas undergo apoptosis in response to chemotherapy when cells are adherent to ECM but not in suspension. Thus, reduced integrin-dependent adhesion to ECM could mediate therapy resistance. The goal of this study was to test whether stimulation of integrin signaling could increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Experimental Design: Colony forming assays and survival assays were used to test the responses of melanoma lines in vitro. Severe combined immunodeficient mice with subcutaneous human melanomas received chemotherapy with or without reagents that stimulate integrin signaling; tumor volume was then monitored over time. Results: Clonal growth assays confirmed that M21 cells showed reduced sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC). When five additional primary melanoma lines were screened, 80% showed higher sensitivity when adherent compared with suspended. Subcutaneous M21 tumors in vivo showed minimal ECM between tumor cells. To evaluate the importance of integrin signaling in chemoresistance in this model, mice were treated with araC, with or without the multivalent snake venom disintegrin contortrostatin or the activating anti-β1 integrin antibody TS2/16. Although araC, TS2/16, or contortrostatin alone had little effect on M21 tumor growth, combining araC with either integrin signaling reagents strongly reduced growth (P = 0001). Conclusions: Loss of integrin-mediated adhesion is rate limiting for therapeutic response in this model. Combining chemotherapy with reagents that stimulate integrin signaling may therefore provide a new approach to therapy.
Generalizations of γ-open set in topological spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The main aim of this work is to study three generalized forms of γ-open set due to D. Andrijevic (D. Andrijevic, On the Topology Generated by pre-open sets, Presented at the Sixth Prague Topological Symposium, 39 (1987), 367-376)in a topological space. Out of which the dual appearance of one is the stronger form of b-locally closed set in the sense of Arafa A. Nasef (A. A Nasef,On b-locally closed sets and related topics, CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS 12(2001) 1909-1915). Also, we introduce the concept of different types of continuity and study their basic properties by using these newly defined sets. Finally, we establish the interrelationships among themselves together with some already existing generalized forms of continuity.
The Dacini fruit flies of Borneo: an annotated checklist with 89 species including three new to science (Tephritidae, Dacinae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fruit flies of the tribe Dacini (Tephritidae) include many agricultural pests, but also crucial pollinators of orchids and other plants. Surveys for Dacini fruit flies were conducted using methyl eugenol, cue lure, and zingerone as male attractants across Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia in 2018 and 2019, in habitats ranging from primary forest in highly protected Conservation Areas, selectively logged forest, secondary forest, and highly disturbed sites. Because 2019 was a mast year with mass fruiting, our surveys of that year collected more than 33,000 flies, compared to just more than 500 flies in 2018 – with similar trapping efforts. Our work adds 46 species to the 43 previously known from Borneo, bringing the total for the island to 89. Three new species are described: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) melanobivittata Doorenweerd, sp. nov. , Dacus (Mellesis) danumensis Doorenweerd, sp. nov. , and Zeugodacus (Zeugodacus) cataracta Doorenweerd, sp. nov. The new species are only found in conservation areas; B. melanobivittata is attracted to methyl eugenol and D. danumensis and Z. cataracta are attracted to zingerone. A discussion on how biogeographic affinities of the species in the checklist support a strong biogeographic boundary across Wallacea is provided, significant records are highlighted, and the relevance of these fly species for protecting agriculture as well as native ecosystems is discussed.