jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis and Functions of Melanin in Sporothrix schenckii

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Sporothrix schenckii is a human pathogen that causes sporotrichosis, an important cutaneous mycosis with a worldwide distribution. It produces dark-brown conidia, which infect the host. We found that S. schenckii synthesizes melanin via the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene pentaketide pathway. Melanin biosynthesis in the wild type was inhibited by tricyclazole, and colonies of the fungus were reddish brown instead of black on tricyclazole-amended medium. Two melanin-deficient mutant strains were analyzed in this study: an albino that produced normal-appearing melanin on scytalone-amended medium and a reddish brown mutant that accumulated and extruded melanin metabolites into its medium. Scytalone and flaviolin obtained from cultures of the reddish brown mutant were identified by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and UV spectra. Transmission electron microscopy showed an electron-dense granular material believed to be melanin in wild-type conidial cell walls, and this was absent in conidial walls of the albino mutant unless the albino was grown on a scytalone-amended medium. Melanized cells of wild-type S. schenckii and the albino grown on scytalone-amended medium were less susceptible to killing by chemically generated oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals and by UV light than were conidia of the mutant strains. Melanized conidia of the wild type and the scytalone-treated albino were also more resistant to phagocytosis and killing by human monocytes and murine macrophages than were unmelanized conidia of the two mutants. These results demonstrate that melanin protects S. schenckii against certain oxidative antimicrobial compounds and against attack by macrophages.
An Assessment of the Nature and Content of Premarital Counselling in the Bantama Assembly of Christ Apostolic Church International, Ghana

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study assessed the nature and content of premarital counselling in Bantama Assembly of the Christ Apostolic Church International (CACI), Kumasi. A sample of 196 premarital counselled spouses were randomly sampled for the study. Sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used. Instruments for the study were self-developed close-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide. The questionnaire included 25 items employing a Likert scale. Five (5) open-ended questions were also used to interview Nine premarital counselled spouses. The items yielded an internal reliability coefficient (Cronbach alpha) of 0.9. The statistical tools used to analyze data were descriptive statistics. Two research questions were formulated and guided the study. The results of the study revealed that general practice of effective premarital counselling and ethical issues were violated. Also, the findings revealed that some topics were sufficiently discussed than others. Based on the findings, it is recommended that a counselling unit be created by churches, fully furnished with resources and manned by knowledgeable persons in counselling, who will ensure that effective premarital counselling will be conducted and not violate ethical issues during premarital counselling sessions. Counsellors will also ensure that all topics are given the needed attention during premarital counselling.
Democratization of Tomorrow's Plate: Synergizing Foresight Methods and Design Thinking in Designing Cellular Agriculture Innovations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a sustainable design framework for cellular agriculture innovations by integrating foresight methods and design thinking. Importantly, the research connected design thinking, foresight methods and sustainable innovations. The framework systematically aligns foresight methods with the design thinking process, thus enabling cellular agriculture innovators to anticipate long‐term challenges and navigate uncertainties. The strengths and limitations of either design thinking or foresight are explored thus rationalizing the need to integrate them. A key research question of the study is: How can foresight methods be systematically integrated with design thinking to enhance the sustainability of Cellular Agriculture innovations? A user‐friendly framework is developed by matching foresight methods capabilities and aims of design thinking stages. The paper discusses theoretical and practical implications of the framework while pointing direction of further research in shaping sustainable food systems.
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF BIO-LUBRICANTS FROM NEEM SEED OIL USING EGGSHELL-DERIVED CALCIUM OXIDE CATALYST

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Power and energy are prerequisites for material driving. Nowadays in developing countries (Nigeria), more work needs to be done to find inexpensive and environmentally benign energy fuels to replace home and vehicle lubricants. This will signal a shift away from the use of fossil fuel-based products and toward cleaner, greener products as an alternative to the current energy system. The process of turning Neem seed oil into biolubricant is being studied in this work. Additionally, calcium oxide was produced by calcining egg shells and then activated using a solution of phosphoric acid. TGA and FT-IR were used to characterize the activated calcium oxide that was generated. Using activated calcium oxide as a catalyst, methanol was also used to transesterify Neem seed oil (biodiesel), which was then transesterified once more using trimethylolpropane (TMP). The target Biolubricant was produced under reflux at various reaction conditions, and it was then characterized using FT-IR and GC-MS. The biolubricant's physicochemical properties were examined using techniques approved by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The analysis of parameters like viscosity (53.2), cloud point (2.8), pour point (-8.7), flash point (218), and viscosity index (128) of the Biolubricant revealed results that were in line with the ASTM specification for lubricant.
Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of in vivo and in vitro extracts of Fagonia schweinfurthii hadidi- a potential medicinal plant species of western Rajasthan

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fagonia schweinfurthii H. commonly identifid as Dhamasa, holds significance as an important medicinal species within the Zygophyllaceae family. They populate dry, desert areas all around the globe. It is distributed in different states of India, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil-Nadu. The present work aimed to identify and analyze the bioactive compounds, total flavonoid and phenolic content of in vivo plant parts (stem and leaf) and in vitro derived callus of F. schweinfurthii H. in petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts by spectrophotometric method. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phytosterols, cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds were observed in the preliminary phytochemical analysis. Total flavonoid and phenolic content in different solvent extracts were determined as compared to standard quercetin and gallic acid, respectively. Both the highest concentration of flavonoids (40.33±0.88) mg QE/g and phenol (93.54±0.26) mg GAE/g was found in methanolic extract of callus. The presence of these biologically active substances indicates the therapeutic significance of the plant. Experimental results indicated that in vitro derived callus of F. schweinfurthii H. could be a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds to be utilized on an industrial scale for therapeutic purposes.
Strategic planning of a dental clinic in India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

After the completion of under or post graduate studies, one is always in dilemma whether to pursue career in academic field or to open up their own practice. In today’s circumstances, it is well know that getting a job in dental field is very difficult so the best alternative left is to open up one’s own practice. Although, it sounds to be an easy task but in reality it is not. It encompasses major steps and challenges to open up a successful dental practice in India. In literature, most of the researches are available for practice management but very few published data is present regarding how to actually start and build up a dental practice. Thus, every fresh dentist should know all the important points beforehand that have to be followed strategically step by step in opening up a dental practice. Keywords: Dental clinic, Dental jobs, Practice management, Successful dental practice.
Icing in Induction Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

THE history of carburettor icing dates back over 20 years. The earliest report which we have is a paper published in 1920 by S. W. Sparrow, then of the National Bureau of Standards, in which he described the phenomenon and pointed out that many unexplained aeroplane crashes almost certainly could be attributed to this cause. He described the icing action as giving the pilot' the impression that: “A demon was operating the throttles.”
A study of levels in 155Dy using the (d,t) and (3He,α) reactions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The (d,t) and ( 3 He, α) reactions on a target of 156 Dy have been used to study the nuclear structure of 155 Dy. Beams of 15 MeV deuterons and 24 MeV 3 He were obtained from the McMaster University FN tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The reaction products were analyzed with an Enge-type magnetic spectrograph and detected in photographic emulsions. The (d,t) reaction was studied at 15 angles with typical peak widths (FWHM) of ~ 6 keV and ( 3 He,α) exposures were made at 5 angles with peak widths of ~ 18 keV. The (d,t) angular distributions and ratios of the ( 3 He,α) and (d,t) cross sections were used to determine l values for a number of transitions. It is found that the positive parity states can be described in terms of the Nilsson model when Coriolis coupling is included while for the negative parity states only the gross features are well-described this way.
Quantitation and localization of globin messenger RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A sensitive and quantitative method is described for the determination of globin mRNA distribution in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The method uses high resolution sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by [5'-3H]polyuridylate hybridization to poly(A)-mRNA in gradient fractions. Polyadenylate, purified globin mRNA, and ribonuclease-treated lysate are used to standardize the hybridization assay. It is demonstrated that changes of mRNA and ribosomal distribution do not affect quantitation of the total mRNA localization and Met-tRNAf which suggest that the monitoring of Met-tRNAf binding alone may not be sufficient to assess the mechanisms of control which affect the initiation of protein synthesis.
National Identities among Israelis and Palestinians: A discourse analysis of how representatives for Israeli and Palestinian NGOs relate to national identities, in relation to the conflict between them and the settlement thereof

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The world is amidst accelerating processes of globalization increasingly emphasizing univer-sal human rights and common human-ness. Parallel, nationalistic movements and values grow stronger.\nUniversal and nationalistic values are expressed simultaneously in the peace process between Israelis and Palestinians. On the basis of semi-structured interviews, this study explores how representatives from Israeli and Palestinian non-governmental organizations working for a settlement between Israelis and Palestinians, relate to national identity among Israelis and Palestinians, in relation to discourses of nationalism and universalism, in the context of the conflict between them, and the settlement thereof. This is done by a discourse analysis of how national identity is discursively constructed among the respondents, and what political conse-quences this entails, in relation to a settlement.\nThe narratives and identities of the respondents are characterized by both nationalistic and universal values. One discourse highlights national identity, correlating with the national struggle of the two states solution. Othering is strongly prevalent, particularly towards set-tlers. Another discourse underlines universal human rights and common human-ness, which politically translates into the civil rights struggle of the one state solution.\nIsraelis and Palestinians have distinct national identities. However, there is a need for a common identity able to embrace the common human-ness, while simultaneously nursing the specific Israeli and Palestinian identities. Israeli Palestinians could be seen as forerunners in this process as many of them already have dual identities, transgressing the strict lines of the national identities expressed in nationalistic discourses.
Accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting radiolucent soft-tissue foreign bodies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Objective: Detection of radiolucent soft-tissue foreign bodies is a challenging problem, which is especially further complicated when retained foreign body is highly suggested by clinicians but radiography is negative. So, blind exploration is sometimes hazardous for patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasonography (USG) in detecting radiolucent soft-tissue foreign bodies in the extremities. Materials and Methods: From November 2011 to January 2012, patients with clinically suspected radiolucent soft-tissue foreign body and negative radiography were evaluated by USG with a 12-MHz linear array transducer. The patients with positive clinical and USG examination were included in our study and underwent exploration or USG removal. Results: Fifty-one patients underwent foreign body removal under ultrasonography-guided or surgical exploration and 47 patients had foreign body (31, 12, 3, and 1 case had thorn, wood, glass, and plastic, respectively). Ultrasound was positive in 50 patients. USG falsely predicted the presence of foreign body in four cases and was falsely negative in one of the cases. Accuracy, sensitivity, and positive predictive value were determined as 90.2%, 97.9%, and 92%, respectively. Conclusions: The real-time high-frequency USG is a highly sensitive and accurate tool for detecting and removing radiolucent foreign bodies which are difficult to be visualized by routine radiography.
Necrosis And Exposure of The Definitive Smas Placture Thread: Treating the Complication - Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Facial aging is a physiological, interrelated, three-dimensional, dynamic and multifaceted process involving intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which affects not only the skin, but also the underlying bone structure, the facial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and fat pads. Surgical temporal lift is an established technique for treating ptosis of the upper and middle third of the face. The patient came to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology and Facial Aesthetic Surgeries Service of Unifil (Centro Univeristário Filadélfia, São Paulo Unit – Brazil). She presented with an infection, a large necrotic area, tissue loss, exposed plication threads, fever and
Analysis of ginger essential oil constituents by simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction combined with GC-MS.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ginger essential oil from hot air drying ginger was extracted by simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction(SDE),Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis were analyzed by GC-MS.The results showed that ginger essential oil could be extracted effectively by this method,the relative percentages of the constituents were determined by normalization method,The highest content was Zingiberene(18.99%),followed by β-Sesquiphellandrene(14.35%),α-Farnesene(9.95%),α-Curcumene(8.77%) and β-Bisabolene(5.63%),this five constituents accounted for 57.69% of the total constituents,initially identified as the main chemical constituents of ginger essential oil.
Whey Protein Mitigates Oxidative Stress Injury and Improves Protein Synthesis in Mouse Skeletal Muscle by Regulating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO‐1 Axis and AMPK/TSC2/mTOR/4EBP1 Pathway

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Whey protein (WP) can improve muscle mass and strength. However, its effects and underlying molecular mechanism in promoting recovery from muscle damage caused by excessive physical exercise remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of WP on skeletal muscle injury caused by exogenous oxidants and excessive physical exercise and the potential underlying mechanism. An oxidative stress injury model of mouse skeletal muscle cells was established using hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and excessive physical exercise. The results revealed that WP effectively improved the migration and differentiation of C2C12 cells exposed to H 2 O 2 . Moreover, WP significantly increased the body weight of mice following excessive physical exercise. It also reduced food intake, improved behavioral parameters, enhanced skeletal muscle morphology and function, and promoted protein synthesis, thereby alleviating oxidative stress injury in skeletal muscles. The results further indicated that the mechanism underlying the mitigation of oxidative stress injury in skeletal muscles may involve the silent information regulator sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/ NF‐E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2)/ hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) axis. This axis could, in turn, activates the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 2 (TSC2)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/4E‐binding protein 1 (4EBP1) pathway, thereby promoting protein synthesis and improving the physiological function of skeletal muscles. This study provides important insights into the role of WP in promoting recovery from muscle damage, offering a basis for future research on WP‐based nutritional intervention strategies.
“Here's the Separation Wall”: Political tourism in the Holy Land

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article explores political tourism to Israel–Palestine that focuses on supporting peace and social justice activities. These tours visit locations of contention and meet with organizations working to end the conflict and social injustices. I provide an overview of thirty‐one organizations that carry out political tours, and discuss sociopolitical issues and psychosocial factors that are important to address in such trips, providing examples from tours. It is suggested that when tours take these issues into consideration, a potential is created to build a cadre of better‐informed and culturally sensitive activists who can support the peace process.
Curricula in Question: Directing textbooks and shifting paradigms

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite the central role of the director in theatrical production and the role of colleges and universities in the USA in teaching directing (at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels), the instruction in directing in the US has largely been ignored by scholars. Historians such as Oscar Brockett, Burnett Hobgood and Anne Berkley have studied the history of theatre education in the college curriculum, providing a context for more specialised study of individual disciplines such as directing. When analysed comparatively, the texts written to teach directing provide evidence of the shift in paradigms of instruction, illuminating the changing approaches to teaching directing in the USA. This historical, critical study of directing textbooks aims to identify major shifts in directing pedagogy at mid-century in the US, when the debates over the goals of theatre education became a catalyst for change. Although textbooks provide the main body of evidence, excerpts from interviews with professors of directing add experiential data about changing pedagogical approaches and help clarify the current path of directing pedagogy and a recommendation for future training.
Effect of Annular Laser Metal Deposition (ALMD) Process Parameters on Track Geometry and Thermal History on Ti6Al4V Alloy Clad

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Annular laser metal deposition (ALMD) is a rising technology that fabricates near-net-shaped components. In this research, a single factor experiment with 18 groups was designed to study the influence of process parameters on the geometric characteristics (bead width, bead height, fusion depth, and fusion line) and thermal history of Ti6Al4V tracks. The results show that discontinuous and uneven tracks with pores or large-sized incomplete fusion defects were observed when the laser power was less than 800 W or the defocus distance was −5 mm. The laser power had a positive effect on the bead width and height, while the scanning speed had the opposite effect. The shape of the fusion line varied at different defocus distances, and the straight fusion line could be obtained with the appropriate process parameters. The scanning speed was the parameter that had the greatest effect on the molten pool lifetime and solidification time as well as the cooling rate. In addition, the microstructure and microhardness of the thin wall sample were also studied. Many clusters with various sizes in different zones were distributed within the crystal. The microhardness ranged from 330 HV to 370 HV.
Research on Exception Handling Mechanism in Design by Contract

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Client-supplier contract specifies responsibilities and obligations of every operation in a software system.Exception handling mechanism is introduced to deal with contract violations in an operational setting,which assists the specification of design by contract for developing correct and robust software.The exception handling is not part of the client-supplier contract,but as a contract component,it must be written according to contract.Summarizes exception classification and exception handling principle such as transfer principle,boundary principle,panic principle and resumption principle,illustrates exception handling applications under frameworks like Eiffel and JML.