jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Competition within the virus‐specific CD4 T‐cell pool limits the T follicular helper response after influenza infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

CD4 T follicular helper cells (TFH) are critical in the generation of potent and long‐lived B‐cell responses after viral infection. However, the factors that dictate the generation and maintenance of these cells are not fully understood. Here we use adoptive transfer of OTII T‐cell receptor transgenic CD4 T cells, followed by infection with recombinant influenza A virus (IAV), as a means of identifying and tracking virus‐specific CD4 + T‐cell responses. We show that T‐cell competition within the virus‐specific CD4 T‐cell pool induced by IAV infection limits the proliferation and differentiation of IAV‐specific CD4 + TFH responses. In particular, increased T‐cell competition for antigen results in a diminished IAV‐specific TFH CD4 T‐cell responses, particularly germinal center TFH responses. Strikingly, competition in the form of preexisting cellular immunity generated by heterosubtypic IAV immunization limits de novo CD4 T‐cell responses in secondary lymphoid tissue. Taken together, these data show a profound linkage between antigen availability and promotion of TFH CD4 + T‐cell responses in response to infection. These data suggest that competition within the CD4 T‐cell pool limits TFH responses and may be an important regulatory mechanism for controlling immunity.
Relationship Between Third Molar Impaction Patterns and Facial Types in Tanzanian Adults

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: To determine the prevalence and distribution of third molar impaction patterns using the Pell and Gregory classification and to examine their association with facial pattern among Tanzanian patients.Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 258 participants (147 females, 111 males) with mean age of 33.38±14.38 years who underwent clinical examination, lateral facial photography, and panoramic radiography. Third molar impactions were classified according to the Pell and Gregory system. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and modified Poisson regression applied to assess associations. P-value<0.05 was considered as significant.Results: The prevalence of third molar impaction was 61.6%. Class II impaction was most common (28.3%), followed by Class I (27.5%) and Class III (5.8%). Most participants had a Class I facial pattern (66.3%). There was a significant association between facial pattern and third molar impaction (P=0.039), but no significant relationship was found between third molar impaction and sex, overjet, or anterior crossbite.Conclusion: Third molar impaction is highly prevalent among Tanzanian orthodontic patients, with Class II impaction being the predominant type. Although facial pattern showed some association with impaction class, no significant correlation was observed with malocclusion variables.
Rapid Diagnosis of Beet Yellows Virus Disease

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

There are three major virus diseases of beets in Arizona other than curly top. They are beet mosaic, western yellows and beet yellows. Beet mosaic can be readily diagnosed in the field by very prominent mosaic symptoms. The other two, however, are much more difficult to diagnose either by symptoms or isolation to indicator plants. The latter two must be isolated with insects. Western yellows is the most widely distributed but beet yellows is by far the most damaging to the crop. By current methods of insect transers to indicator plants, it takes from seven to ten days for positive identification to take place. With our new rapid method, 50 20 minutes is all that is required for a positive answer.
Long-Term Functional Results of the Non-Surgical Treatment of Common Bacterial Infections of Joints

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thirty patients with acute bacterial infection of a peripheral joint were treated with intravenous antibiotics, daily closed needle aspiration and early mobilization therapy. Joint mobility, expressed as a percentage of normal mobility, was evaluated at the end of the reconvalescence period and again after 42 to 65 months (mean: 50 months). The functional outcome was excellent and joint mobility normal in 2/3 of the cases as revealed by the short- and long-term evaluation results. Factors that affected joint mobility were: delayed treatment, joint disorders prior to treatment, and ease of access to the joint for needle aspiration. Poor results were found in the presence of hip infections. In the long term, deterioration of joint mobility can occur in the same aggravating conditions. Treatment of septic arthritis with daily needle aspiration and early mobilization gave very good functional results.
From Classroom to Community: An Assessment and Potential Implications of an Undergraduate Civic Engagement Research and Learning Program

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Civic education in undergraduate institutions is of vital importance to the civic health of society, but faculty often find it difficult to incorporate civic components into existing courses and lack the resources to incorporate civic outreach into their curriculum. As a result, research has shown that time spend on civic engagement is limited. Additionally, civic engagement is rarely discussed, much less encouraged, outside of political science or other social science classes. In this article, we assess the outcomes of a unique co-curricular civic engagement research and learning program in which undergraduate students are required to work with an external partner, usually a municipal agency or nonprofit, to complete an independent research project. Using quantitative and qualitative student evaluations, we find that students had an overwhelmingly positive experience with the program. They especially appreciated the opportunity to work on "real world" issues in an interdisciplinary setting. They also expressed a desire for a longer program that extended beyond a single semester. We discuss the potential implications of these findings.
Maturation of pre‐40S particles in yeast and humans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The synthesis of ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes requires the interplay of numerous maturation and assembly factors (AFs) that intervene in the insertion of ribosomal proteins within pre‐ribosomal particles, the ribosomal subunit precursors, as well as in pre‐ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and folding. Here, we review the intricate nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation steps of pre‐40S particles, the precursors to the small ribosomal subunits, in both yeast and human cells, with particular emphasis on the timing and mechanisms of AF association with and dissociation from pre‐40S particles and the roles of these AFs in the maturation process. We highlight the particularly complex pre‐rRNA processing pathway in human cells, compared to yeast, to generate the mature 18S rRNA. We discuss the information gained from the recently published cryo‐electron microscopy atomic models of yeast and human pre‐40S particles, as well as the checkpoint/quality control systems that seem to operate to probe functional sites within yeast cytoplasmic pre‐40S particles. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > rRNA Processing Translation > Ribosome Biogenesis
Drug Information Services Utilization In Nigeria From 1980-2020: A Narrative Review Of Related Studies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The functioning and utilization of Drug Information Services (DIS) are reviewed in other climes with several studies on the subject matter and measures are taken for quality control of the information output from the Drug Information Centers (DICs). Although some studies assessed the drug information (DI) needs of healthcare professionals and their attitude towards DIS, there still exists the need to provide an overview of the state and extent of DIS and related studies in Nigeria as a means of creating awareness and promoting possible interventional measures. This study presented an overview of Drug Information Services and utilization in Nigeria and generated information for intervention and policy making. This study reviewed the state of drug information services and their utilization in Nigeria using narrative review of relevant literature. The literature search was conducted on computerized databases. Search terms were used singly, in combination,and truncation to select and synthesize articles. The studies selected included those written in the English Language, carried out in Nigeria, with clear study design and properly stated year of publication which fell within the stated years of 1980 to 2020. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage. The data was also subjected to comparative assessment using the Oxford and Scottish Benchmarks for Study Standard. Selection of articles gave rise to 41 articles that met the criteria. They were used for the study. The highest number of articles were cited in the Southwest (26.83%). This was followed by the southeast (24.39%). While the north-central had the highest number (12.20%)of articles cited in the north, the least number of articles was found in the north-east (2.44%). There were no articles on DIS and its utilization cited before the year 2000(0%) while the highest number of studies (90.24%) were carried out between 2011 and 2020. The studies fell within the lower half of the Oxford and Scottish benchmarks for the hierarchy of studies and study standards. Drug information Services and utilization in Nigeria are still at their primary stage. Most of the studies carried out were in the south-west and south-east. The leading study design carried out were cross-sectional descriptive surveys which fell within the lower half of two standard benchmarks (Oxford and Scottish) for the hierarchy of studies.
Extradural Haematoma in Infants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The clinical and operative findings of 40 infants treated for Extradural Haematomas (EDH) between 1960 and 1988 are presented. This series represents 19% of the total number of children with EDH during this period. Twenty-five (63%) were male, fifteen (37%) female. They were divided into three groups according to age for comparison. Group A, less than 6 months (11 cases); group B, 7-12 months (16 cases); and group C, 13-24 months (13 cases). Sixteen (40%) resulted from falls less than 1 m. Seven (17.5%) fell whilst walking. Twelve (30%) fell more than 1 m. Two EDH followed obstetric trauma, three occurred as a result of a road traffic accident. A lucid interval was identified in 30 cases, and in 15 it was longer than 24 h. Drowsiness (60%), and delayed vomiting (45%), were the most important symptoms. Anaemia occurred in 19 (47.5%). Thirty-six (90%) had abnormal skull X-rays. Thirty (75%) EDH were parietal, temporal, or temporo-parietal. Two were located in the posterior fossa. There were no frontal EDH in this series in contrast to that found in older children. Twenty-seven (67.5%) EDH were larger than 75 cc in volume. The source of bleeding was identified in 31; in 17 (42.5%) it was from the middle meningeal artery; in 11 (27.5%) from the bone; and in three (7.5%) from the dural surface. The mortality was 12.5% with a 15% morbidity rate, three infants (7.5%), suffering motor deficits, and three requiring medical treatment for epilepsy.
Decoding hotel reviewers: Insights from a decision tree analysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract With the rise of user-generated content, understanding travelers’ propensity to share hotel experiences online has become a critical research area in tourism and hospitality management. This study examines factors influencing travelers’ likelihood of writing hotel reviews, with a particular focus on the role of different online platforms and sociodemographic characteristics. While previous research has explored general motivations for online review writing, little is known about how specific platforms influence review contributions. To address this gap, we conducted an online survey with 739 travelers and applied a machine learning (ML) technique – decision trees (DTs) – to classify customers based on their likelihood to write reviews. This approach allowed us to model non-linear relationships while ensuring interpretability for marketing practitioners. Our findings reveal that frequent use of Facebook for hotel searches, combined with being employed, is the strongest predictor of review-writing behavior, highlighting the role of social media engagement. However, limitations such as non-probability sampling and the omission of certain variables may impact generalizability. This study contributes to the literature by examining the link between platform usage and review-writing behavior, an area that has received limited attention. By employing DTs, a transparent ML approach, our findings offer actionable insights for hotel managers, helping them identify and engage potential reviewers more effectively. Understanding how platform engagement influences review behavior can enhance marketing strategies, encourage review generation, and ultimately shape consumer decision-making in the hospitality industry.
Survey of Industrial Workers for Antibodies to Toluene Diisocyanate

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A screening program was undertaken at a research and development facility of a large toluene-diisocyanate (TDI) manufacturing corporation. The purpose was to determine the occurrence of antibodies to TDI in selected worker populations. Sera were obtained at 6-month intervals from 103 employees who were exposed from 6 to 24 months to ambient workplace concentrations of TDI (0.02 ppm or less). With the use of RAST (radioallergosorbent test) containing p-tolyl isocyanate-human serum albumin as antigen, no tolyl-reactive IgE antibodies were detected in sera when workers were exposed only to ambient TDI concentrations. During the study, 20 workers had acute exposures to TDI as a result of spills or splashes. Antibody responses developed in three of four individuals whose acute exposures were accompanied by immediate respiratory symptomatology and a decrease in FEV, of 20% or greater. By contrast, an antibody response developed in only one of nine workers with immediate respiratory symptoms but no spirometric changes upon acute TDI exposure. No serologic response developed in the remaining workers whose acute exposure resulted in delayed-onset respiratory symptomatology without spirometric changes, or who were asymptomatic at exposure. In persons developing antibodies, an increase in tolyl-reactive IgE was observed within two months of exposure. Routine serologic screening of workers for tolyl-reactive antibodies may be of value in confirming suspected isocyanate exposure and in providing an early warning of developing TDI hypersensitivity.
Exercise and chronic health conditions in the community: A qualitative Study of Patients and Fitness instructors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Further information is needed on how community exercise facilities can be effectively utilised to engage people living with chronic health conditions in exercise. The aim of this study was to identify the exercise barriers, facilitators and needs of patients with chronic disease in the community; and to provide recommendations to support the transition from hospital-based to community-based exercise. Using a qualitative approach, four focus groups were conducted with patients who had completed hospital-based exercise programmes (n = 11) and fitness instructors (n = 10). Data were audio recorded, member checked and transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis using NVivo. The side effects of chronic health conditions, the gym environment and a need for support when joining/attending a gym were perceived as barriers to exercising in the community. In contrast, the presence of supportive staff was perceived by patients as a facilitator to engaging in exercise in the community. A total of three themes emerged from participants views on exercise needs in the community; the referral and induction process in community gyms, fitness instructor training and experience and creating a supportive exercise environment. Themes informed eight key recommendations to support patients to exercise in the community, including supportive gym referral and induction processes for patients with chronic conditions, increased professional training for fitness instructors in the area of chronic disease management and exercise prescription, and exercise support at regular intervals for those with chronic conditions attending community gyms. This study found that there is potential for community gyms to play a key role in promoting health among people with chronic conditions. However, more can be done to foster an inclusive atmosphere in this space. Patients living with chronic conditions need information and advice on exercising in their communities. Community gyms require further support to ensure that facilities meet the exercise needs of people with chronic conditions.
Coenzyme Q10 trapping in mitochondrial complex I underlies Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

How does a single amino acid mutation occurring in the blinding disease, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), impair electron shuttling in mitochondria? We investigated changes induced by the m.3460 G>A mutation in mitochondrial protein ND1 using the tools of Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy Perturbation simulations, with the goal of determining the mechanism by which this mutation affects mitochondrial function. A recent analysis suggested that the mutation’s replacement of alanine A52 with a threonine perturbs the stability of a region where binding of the electron shuttling protein, Coenzyme Q10, occurs. We found two functionally opposing changes involving the role of Coenzyme Q10. The first showed that quantum electron transfer from the terminal Fe/S complex, N2, to the Coenzyme Q10 headgroup, docked in its binding pocket, is enhanced. However, this positive adjustment is overshadowed by our finding that the mobility of Coenzyme Q10 in its oxidized and reduced states, entering and exiting its binding pocket, is disrupted by the mutation in a manner that leads to conditions promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. An increase in reactive oxygen species caused by the LHON mutation has been proposed to be responsible for this optic neuropathy.
Post translational modifications of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in human leukemias.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The modifications of the electrofocusing pattern, the immunological reactivity and the kinetic properties of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase have been studied in malignant blood cells of various leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. 1. Granulocytic G-6PD forms with decreased isoelectric points have been found in all the acute myeloid leukemias and erythroleukemias, and in most of the chronic granulocytic leukemias and myelofibrosis. In contrast, granulocytic G-6PD from patients with polycythemia vera always was normal. On the same way leukemic lymphocyte or lymphoblast G-6PD was identical to that from normal lymphocytes. 2. The ratio of enzymatic activity to immunological reactivity (=molecular specific activity) was markedly decreased in the myeloblasts of two patients with acute myeloid leukemia, and in the erythroblast-rich cellular fraction of a patient with erythroleukemia. In these cells the decrease of molecular specific activity was parallel to the alteration of the electrofocusing pattern of G-6PD. 3. The enzymatic forms with decreased isoelectric point also exhibited an altered affinity for glucose 6 phosphate. These modifications are post translational alterations of the neosynthesized G-6PD, since this enzyme is a single molecule, coded by the same gene in all tissues; they seem to correspond to an accelerated molecular aging due to an increased concentration of "G-6PD modifying factors". The significance of such an increased concentration of these G-6PD modifying factors in malignant cells is discussed.
Stability and in vitro release behaviour of encapsulated omega fatty acid-rich oils in lentil protein isolate-based microcapsules

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of a lentil protein isolate-based microcapsule design as a platform for entrapping different types of omega fatty acid-rich oil (e.g. canola, fish and flaxseed oils) and to characterise differences in the physical properties (e.g. moisture content, water activity, colour, wettability, particle size, surface oil and entrapment efficiency), storage stability and in vitro release behaviour of the entrapped oils. All microcapsules displayed similar physical properties regardless of the core material. Free fatty acid content, peroxide value, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and accelerated oxidation test were investigated between the free and encapsulated oils to determine protective effects from microencapsulation and found the wall material provided the greatest protective effect to the fish oils relative to the others. Based on an in vitro release assay, it was proposed that different intrinsic properties of fatty acids (e.g. polarity, conformation, chain length and number of double bonds) led to different release properties under simulated conditions. For instance, more encapsulated canola oil (∼8.9%) was released within simulated gastric fluid, whereas more encapsulated fish oil (∼73.4%) was released within simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Overall, the capsule design used in this study could be potentially used as a universal platform to deliver more healthy oils.
Larval morphology of Paroster Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae): reinforcement of the hypothesis of monophyletic origin and discussion of phenotypic accommodation to a hypogaeic environment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The larvae of 13 species (six epigaeic and seven hypogaeic) of the Australian endemic genus Paroster Sharp, 1882 are described with an emphasis on chaetotaxy of the head capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment and urogomphi. A cladistic analysis of 41 Hydroporinae species and 63 informative characters supports a monophyletic origin of members of Paroster, which share a labial palpus comprised of three palpomeres and the absence of the primary seta FE7. Contrary to their epigaeic counterparts, larvae of hypogaeic Paroster species have turned out to be very divergent morphologically. In addition to the common characteristics associated with hypogaeic living (i.e., absence of eye, reduced pigmentation, and thin or soft exoskeleton), larvae of these species have undergone a relative elongation/ enlargement of the head capsule and a more elongate and narrower mandible and have developed a variable number of secondary temporal spines. Compared to the other stygobitic species studied, larvae of Paroster hinzeae (Watts & Humphreys, 2001), P. macrosturtensis (Watts & Humphreys, 2006), P. stegastos (Watts & Humphreys, 2003) and P. darlotensis (Watts & Humphreys, 2003) evolved a disproportionately large head capsule relative to body size. Larvae of P. wedgeensis (Watts & Humphreys, 2003) and P. mesosturtensis (Watts & Humphreys, 2006) are deemed to have deviated the least from the hypothetical epigaeic Paroster groundplan.