jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Concept of disposable duodenoscope: at what cost?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Although most postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) biliary tract infections are attributed to suboptimal ductal drainage, transmission of infection by contaminated reusable duodenoscopes has been reported. To overcome this limitation, a disposable duodenoscope has been recently developed. However, given the widespread use and large volume of ERCPs being performed worldwide, the financial viability of this novel concept is unclear. Utilising an activity-based costing and financial model, we estimated that the per-procedure cost of a disposable duodenoscope in the United States can vary from $797 to $1547 for centres performing at the 75th percentile of ERCP procedure volume and from $1318 to $2068 for centres performing at the 25th percentile of procedure volume, based on infection rates of 0.4% to 1%, respectively. However, when infection was not factored, the per-procedure cost decreased to $818 and $297 for centres performing at the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively.

Given the recent reports on infection outbreaks, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), caused by contaminated duodenoscopes used at ERCP,1–4 a disposable duodenoscope (ExaltTM, Single-Use Duodenoscope, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) has been developed to circumvent this problem.5 To determine the adaptability of this innovation in clinical practice, we estimated the per-procedure cost of ERCP using a reusable duodenoscope in order to assess the break-even costs for transitioning to disposable duodenoscopes. An activity-based costing and financial model was constructed based on the current clinical practice of ERCP at a tertiary medical centre in the USA.

The annual procedure volume was 1752 ERCPs in 2018. Nine duodenoscopes with lifetime usage of 3 years and a reprocessing turn-over time of 40 min per scope were required to meet the clinical needs. The cost of an individual duodenoscope was $35 000 ($11 667/year) with annual maintenance and repair costs of $1451 per scope. The annual cost …
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Determination of a Pathophysiologic Link and Special Considerations for a Unique Patient Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Patients with ASD commonly have gastrointestinal symptoms and those who undergo endoscopic evaluation are often found to have an underlying inflammatory process [1-2]. Because of this, there is interest in understanding a possible shared immunopathology between the neurological and GI processes in these patients. We present the cases of two such patients from our clinic experience, and discuss some unique considerations for managing these patients. Cases: Case #1 A 22 year-old woman with a history of ASD was diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) of the colon and perianal area in 2010. She initially received infliximab, but she did not achieve clinical remission. She has subsequently been on multiple other therapies with inadequate response. Combination therapy with adalimumab and azathioprine has resulted in clinical improvement. Unique challenges in the management of this case include strong desires to avoid surgery with ostomy and also less invasive disease monitoring with fecal calprotectin (FC). Case #2: A 23 year-old man with a history of ASD was diagnosed with CD of the colon and perianal area in 2012. Initial treatment with mesalamine and metronidazole did not achieve remission. Successful management has included adalimumab and ongoing use of mesalamine. Unique challenges in the management of this case include the patient's limitations in self-reporting symptoms as well as difficulty performing perianal exams and colonoscopies, so FC was also used. Discussion: It is shown that ASD patients with GI symptoms and IBD patients have significant overlap in mucosal gene expression [3]. In addition, patients with ASD and those with IBD share features of abnormal intestinal permeability [4] and pro-inflammatory markers. Most recently, it has been shown that patients with ASD and GI symptoms have an altered gut microflora compared to controls, with less diverse bacterial taxa. These findings support a careful evaluation for co-existent IBD in patients with ASD who have GI symptoms or lab abnormalities. It is noteworthy that both our patients have a similar CD phenotype, and the challenges to physical examination and disease monitoring require thoughtful interactions and partnering with their parents and legal guardians to provide optimal care.
Present Status of HMG Reductase Inhibitors in Treatment of Dyslipidemia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

HMG reductase inhibitors have significant desirable effects on patients with dyslipidemia. Multiple factors are involved in these desirable effects. Other factors that might play a role in the risk of coronary artery disease are fibrinogen concentration, homocysteine, Lp (a), small dense LDL, insulin resistance, and infection with chlamydia. High-dose reductase inhibitors may be indicated in select patients. The ideal end point may be 150 mg/dL for adults.
Focal adhesion kinase overexpression and its impact on human osteosarcoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in tumorigenesis in various malignancies. We sought to examine the expression patterns of FAK and the activated form, phosphorylated FAK (pFAK), in human osteosarcoma and to investigate the correlation of FAK expression with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis. In addition, the functional consequence of manipulating the FAK protein level was investigated in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect FAK and pFAK in pathologic archived materials from 113 patients with primary osteosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognoses. The role of FAK in the cytological behavior of MG63 and 143B human osteosarcoma cell lines was studied via FAK protein knock down with siRNA. Cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness and apoptosis were assessed using the CCK8, Transwell and Annexin V/PI staining methods. Both FAK and pFAK were overexpressed in osteosarcoma. There were significant differences in overall survival between the FAK-/pFAK- and FAK+/pFAK- groups (P = 0.016), the FAK+/pFAK- and FAK+/pFAK+ groups (P = 0.012) and the FAK-/pFAK- and FAK+/pFAK+ groups (P < 0.001). There were similar differences in metastasis-free survival between groups. The Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that the FAK expression profile was an independent indicator of both overall and metastasis-free survival. SiRNA-based knockdown of FAK not only dramatically reduced the migration and invasion of MG63 and 143B cells, but also had a distinct effect on osteosarcoma cell proliferation and apoptosis. These results collectively suggest that FAK overexpression and phosphorylation might predict more aggressive biologic behavior in osteosarcoma and may be an independent predictor of poor prognosis.
S. mediterranea ETS-1 regulates the function of cathepsin-positive cells and the epidermal lineage landscape via basement membrane remodeling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of stem cell niche. Remodeling of ECM mediated by ECM regulators, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a vital role in stem cell function. However, the mechanisms that modulate the function of ECM regulators in the stem cell niche are understudied. Here, we explored the role of the transcription factor (TF) ETS-1, which is expressed in the cathepsin-positive cell population, in regulating the expression of the ECM regulator, mt-mmpA, thereby modulating basement membrane thickness. In planarians, the basement membrane around the gut/inner parenchyma is thought to act as a niche for pluripotent stem cells. It has been shown that the early epidermal progenitors migrate outwards from this region and progressively differentiate to maintain the terminal epidermis. Our data shows that thickening of the basement membrane in the absence of ets-1 results in defective migration of stem cell progeny. Furthermore, the absence of ets-1 leads to a defective epidermal progenitor landscape, despite its lack of expression in those cell types. Together, our results demonstrate the active role of ECM remodeling in regulating tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. This article has an associated First Person interview with one of the co-first authors of the paper.
Turbulence over young wind waves dominated by capillaries and micro-breakers

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We conducted experiments in a laboratory to study turbulent flow over wind generated water waves. The experiments were performed in a wind-wave-current flume with three free stream wind speeds of U ref = 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 m s −1 , corresponding to 10 m equivalent wind speed of U 10 = 10.2, 12.2 and 14.1 m s −1 and the root-mean-square wave height of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.7 cm, respectively, at a fetch of 6.2 m. The instantaneous velocity fields above the waves were obtained by using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The velocity fields were decomposed into the mean, wave-induced and turbulent velocity components. The tested wind waves were primarily dissipated by capillaries and microscale breaking waves. The Bond number and the shear velocity-fetch based Reynolds number were found to correlate with the wind wave regimes well. The turbulent dissipation rates above the water surface were determined based on resolved spatial gradient of instantaneous velocities, where the time-averaged dissipation rate values were calibrated using those estimated from the one-dimensional velocity spectrum in the temporal space. Subsequently, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget including its production, dissipation, advection and turbulent transport was presented. In addition, conditional averaging analysis of the TKE budgets over leeward, windward sides and all phases was performed. The results showed a strong dependency with the wave phase in the TKE budget terms except for the dissipation. The production-dissipation ratio increased significantly as the wind speed increased, likely attributed to the increased roughness over the substantial coverage of micro-breaking waves.
Women and the Courts in the Control of Violence between Men: Evidence from a Parisian Neighborhood Under Louis XIV

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Exceptionally detailed court cases from a neighborhood in early modern Paris show that workingwomen routinely criticized and broke up men's fistfights and other violent altercations. The royal government was thus partly dependent on women to help regulate male behavior and maintain order. Forces empowering women here included the royal criminal courts, whose penalties for much intermale violence gave men an incentive to acquiesce to women's intervention; women's use of language and physical force; and the protection provided by their close male kin. These forces also empowered women in many other nondomestic relations with men. The article deepens our understanding of early modern gender relations, royal criminal courts, and community self-regulation, as well as of workingwomen's roles, sources of empowerment, goals, and contribution to a key aspect of the “civilizing process.” Les procès judiciaires exceptionnellement détaillés d'un quartier populaire parisien durant l'Ancien régime documentent le rôle des ouvrières dans la critique et l'arrêt des altercations violentes entre hommes. Le gouvernement royal s'appuyait en partie sur les femmes pour régulariser les conduites masculines et maintenir l'ordre. En pénalisant la majorité des violences intermasculines, la cour de justice criminelle royale incitait indirectement les hommes à accepter l'intervention des femmes, dont le pouvoir était également soutenu par leur usage de la parole et de la force physique, et par la protection des hommes de leur famille. Ces méthodes renforçaient aussi la position des femmes face aux hommes dans d'autres situations en dehors du cadre domestique. Cet article approfondit notre connaissance des relations entre hommes et femmes et du rapport entre la justice criminelle royale et l'autorégulation d'une communauté sous l'Ancien Régime. Il permet aussi de mieux comprendre le statut et les raisons d'agir des femmes, et leur contribution à un aspect clé du « processus de civilisation ».
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Beneficiaries of rural credit

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Agriculture is not only the backbone of our food, livelihood and ecological security system, but is also the very soul of our sovereignty. In Pakistan population density is high and has been increasing day by day and agricultural land has been decreasing because of fragmenting or converting it into residential plots. To meet the domestic food requirements and raising standard of life use of improved production technologies developed by research is must. In this behalf government of Pakistan has been extending loan to poor farmers for adoption of new farm technology; a capital intensive technology. Right adoption of new farm technology depends on different demographic factors of farmers. Therefore objective of the paper was to see who benefits more of credit. Primary data regarding different determinants effecting well being of farmers after use of credit was collected from 320 farmers who participated in credit using stratified sampling technique through questionnaire and interview. Descriptive statistics, ANOVE and Linear regression model was applied with the help of SPSS.Education and visiting agriculture information centre were found significant suggesting younger more educated farmers who visits information centre be provided credit ,as they had ability to improve their standard. Keywords Rural credit; house hold economic welfare
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenes from Cultures of the Basidiomycete Clitocybe conglobata and Their 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitory Activity.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
TPACK-integrated Worked Examples for Technology Integration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate the Worked Examples to enhance the instructors’ competencies in carrying out technology integration during teaching and learning. Worked Examples in the study was developed based on the Gagne’s Nine Event of Instruction, which is one of the classroom-oriented micro level Instructional Design Models. Technology integration in the study is defined as an implementation of technological resources and pedagogical strategies to deliver the required content knowledge during classroom instruction. Thus, Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) was integrated in the developed Worked Examples. Development and Design research design was implemented to develop and validate the Worked Examples, employing qualitative and quantitative data, where three instructors from Teacher Education Program utilized Worked Examples during their classroom instruction. Extraneous cognitive load of instructors found to be addressed because of employing Worked Examples. Furthermore, pre-service teachers learning outcomes was also significantly improved because of instructors’ instructions with Worked Examples.
Governing the Automated Welfare State: Translations between AI Ethics and Anti-discrimination Regulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is an increasing demand to utilize technological possibilities in the Nordic public sector. Automated decision-making (ADM) has been deployed in some areas towards that end. While ADM is associated with a range of benefits, research shows that its use, with elements of AI, also implicates risks of discrimination and unfair treatment, which has stimulated a flurry of normative guidelines. This article seeks to explore how a sample of these international high-level principled ideas on fairness translate into the specific governance of ADM in national public-sector authorities in Sweden. It does so by answering the question of how ideas about AI ethics and fairness are considered in relation to regulation on anti-discrimination in Swedish public-sector governance. By using a Scandinavian institutionalist approach to translation theory, we trace how ideas about AI governance and public-sector governance translate into state-authority practice; specifically, regarding the definition of ADM, how AI has impacted it as both discourse and technology, and the ideas of ‘ethicsʼ and ‘discriminationʼ. The results indicate that there is a variance in how different organizations understand and translate ideas about AI ethics and discrimination. These tensions need to be addressed in order to develop AI governance practices.
Chemical Fingerprint Analysis of Zea mays L. (Corn Silk) Flavonoids in Commercial Extracts using HPTLC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The styles and stigmas of Zea mays L. (Family, Gramineae), commonly known as corn silk, have been traditionally used as a diuretic and are reportedly used in treating urinary problems such as nephritis, urethritis, lithiasis and prostatis in Traditional Chinese Medicine and also in South American countries such as Costa Rica, Mexico, Guatemala, and Trinidad [1]. Several unique flavonoids have been identified in corn silk that could be used for identity markers. A simple, precise and rapid high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the qualitative analysis of these four flavonoids [Rhamnosyl isoorientin (1), Maysin (2), Apimaysin (3), and De-Rhamnosyl-Maysin (4)] in corn silk. Compounds were separated on silica gel 60F254 eluted with ETOAC: Formic acid: Acetic acid: H2O (10:1.1:1.1:2.5v/v/v/v) with detection at 366nm wavelength after spraying with 1% methanolic diphenylboric acid -β-ethylamino ester reagent. Evaluation of the HPTLC plates was done by using the CAMAG DigiStore2 digital system with winCATS software. The samples were identified by matching the colors and R f values of the bands with those of the standard compounds. Figure 1 reveals the presence of these compounds in an authenticated corn silk reference sample. Figure 2 demonstrates the application of this method for identification of various commercial samples. In Figure 2, Track-1 shows the presence of all four flavonoids in standard reference material. Tracks 2–3 and 5–7 are commercial samples that did not appear to contain the flavonoid marker compounds. Exposure to temperatures higher than 100°C destroy these flavonoids, which may explain they are not detected in commercial samples processed at high temperatures such as spray drying or steam treatment. This analytical method provides a good separation of four corn silk flavonoids and is useful for quality control of commercial samples.
Mechanical Lock of the Lumen: Researching towards new Approaches for Permanent Vascular Access

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Theoretical proposals for two new vascular access devices (a central venous catheter (CVC) and a peripheral vascular access system, PVAS) are presented in this article. Methods The new CVC concept is based on a mechanical obturator used for CVC locking. Compared to conventional locks, it should, theoretically, allow the reduction of bacterial contamination, biofilm and thrombotic formation. A new tunneling technique, based on a “rigid tunnel sheath” providing a more stable connection, as compared to a traditional CVC cuff, and an increasingly protected exit site, allows CVC changeover to take place through the sheath; therefore, avoiding surgical intervention. PVAS, based on the same mechanical lock concept, is structured from four components: obturator, soft graft, rigid tunnel sheath and foldable sheath. The total graft length is about 80 mm, its inner extremity being uncovered to allow a gentle curve reaching the native vessel. The outer extremity and bifurcation are reinforced by a titanium rigid sheath together with a Dacron cuff. The obturator is protected, and several technical solutions have been considered to guarantee sterility: the “accordion sheath”, the “foldable sheath”, and the “balloon obturator system”. Results The major advantage of PVAS on CVC is the implant on the peripheral vessel which allows the saving of central veins and possibly avoiding life-threatening complications. As compared with an arterial-venous fistula or an arterial-venous graft, PVAS's main advantage should be the possibility of implanting even in “desperate” cases, so avoiding fistula needle positioning. It could be indicated for pediatric or psychiatric patients, for home-based or frequent dialysis schedules. Lower hemodynamic stress should therefore reduce vessel damage, such as aneurism, pseudo-aneurism, intimal hyperplasia and cardiac overload. Conclusions The development of prototypes is in progress to verify both device usefulness and safety in clinical practice.
Boundaries, scale and power in South Asia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Disputes over water are central to the political economy of development in
South Asia. This chapter looks at the way that the allocation of water is mediated by different kinds of state-society relations in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan by examining common property resource management issues from three
different spatial scales: international, intra-national and intra-community. By
doing so, we can begin to appreciate the complexity of problems in the management of water and the likely trends throughout the region. We do this by examining the contestations over rivers, canals, dams and groundwater. The role of
agricultural change in contributing to the intensification of water usage in the
rural areas is emphasised. Despite some diversification into non-agricultural
activities in the rural areas and limited industrialisation in the urban areas, 70-80
per cent of the region’s fresh water is utilised for agriculture at the present juncture (Haq 2003).
LHD IPD #192355.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Impurity Powder Dropper (IPD) was designed and built in the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), which can drop sub-millimeter impurity powders/granules (Boron, Boron-nitride, Carbon, Lithium, Silicon, etc.) into the LHD plasmas from 2.5-U port.
Effects of Certain Antibiotics and Vitamin B12 on Pantothenic Acid Requirements of Growing-Fattening Swine1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUPPLEE et al. (1942) showed that the pantothenic acid requirements of the pig depend on several factors, including stage of development, previous nutritional history and interrelationships with other nutrients. Rations of natural feedstuffs were found by McMillen et al. (1948) to be low or borderline in pantothenic acid for maximum growth of pigs. Luecke et al. (1949 and 1950) produced characteristic pantothenic acid deficiencies with both semi-synthetic and natural rations containing 3.4, 3.8 and 4.2 mg. of pantothenic acid per pound of ration in the absence of added vitamin B12 and antibiotics. Vohs et al. (1950) found that 5 mcg. vitamin B12 per pound of cornsoybean oil meal ration were adequate for optimum growth in growing-fattening swine. Using crystalline vitamin B12, Richardson et al. (1951) reported the vitamin B12 requirements of young growing pigs to be 5 mcg. or less in the presence of antibiotics (40 mg. per pound of ration). They observed an interaction between antibiotics and vitamin B12.