jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Surgical Anatomy of the Middle Communicating Artery and Guidelines for Predicting the Feasibility of M2-M2 End-to-End Reimplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: M2-M2 end-to-end reimplantation that creates a middle communicating artery has recently been proposed as a reconstruction technique to treat complex aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery that are not amenable to clipping. OBJECTIVE: To examine the surgical anatomy, define anatomic variables, and explore the feasibility of this bypass. METHODS: Sixteen cadaver heads were prepared for bypass simulation. After the middle cerebral artery bifurcation was approached, the proximal insular (M2) segments and perforators were explored. To define the maximal distance between the M2 segments that allows the bypass to be performed, the M2 segments were mobilized and reimplanted in an end-to-end fashion. RESULTS: Successful reimplantation was performed in all specimens. The mean maximal distance between the M2 segments to create the proposed reimplantation was 9.1 ± 3.2 mm. The mean vessel displacement was significantly greater for the superior (6.0 ± 2.3 mm) M2 segment than for the inferior (3.2 ± 1.4 mm) M2 segment ( P < .001). CONCLUSION: In this cadaveric study, the stumps of the M2 segments located at a distance of ≤9.1 mm could be approximated to create a feasible M2-M2 end-to-end anastomosis. Intraoperative inspection of the M2 segments and their perforators could allow further assessment of the feasibility of the procedure before final revascularization decisions are made.
Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Solid Dispersion of Irbesartan with Poloxamer 188

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

AIM: The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize the solid dispersion of poorly soluble drugs irbesartan with hydrophilic polymer poloxamer 188 by solvent co-evaporation technique. METHODS: The ratio of irbesartan to poloxamer 188 in solid dispersion system was 1:0.5; 1:1; and 1:3. Physicochemical properties characterization was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro dissolution rate profile of solid dispersion was performed by Type II United States Pharmacopeia dissolution testing apparatus. RESULTS: The results of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern showed that the degree of crystallinity of irbesartan crystalline phase reduced in a solid dispersion system. FT-IR spectra indicate that there is no chemical interaction between irbesartan and poloxamer 188 in a solid dispersion system. SEM microscopy demonstrated a homogenous phase of a solid dispersion system with distinct crystal habit. In general, in vitro dissolution rate of all solid dispersions was higher than intact irbesartan. The highest percentage of dissolved irbesartan was the solid dispersion of irbesartan-poloxamer 188 (1:0.5 w/w). CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that the solid dispersion can be applied to improve the dissolution rate of irbesartan.
Uterine Cervical Carcinoma: Evaluation Using Non-Gaussian Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging and Its Correlation With Histopathological Findings

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The aim of the study was to assess non-Gaussian diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)'s usefulness as a noninvasive method to evaluate tumor invasion depth, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis in cervical carcinoma (CC) patients. Methods Twenty-two consecutive patients with histologically confirmed CC were examined by 1.5-T MRI and non-Gaussian DKI with 4 b values of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 s/mm 2 . Kurtosis ( K ), diffusivity ( D ), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were compared with histopathological findings. Results Kurtosis maps revealed the fibrous stroma as a distinct high K zone (1.442 ± 0.373) that was significantly different from values of the cervical mucosa, outer stroma, and parametrium (0.648 ± 0.083, 0.715 ± 0.113, and 0.504 ± 0.060, respectively, P < 0.0001). Kurtosis (1.189 ± 0.228) and D (0.961 ± 0.198 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s) values of all CCs were significantly different from those of all uterine cervical wall layers. Kurtosis and D values were significantly correlated with histological grades of CCs ( r = 0.934, P < 0.0001, and r = −0.925, P < 0.0001, respectively), whereas no significant differences were found in ADC values between grades 2 and 3 CCs ( P = 0.787). Metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes showed significantly different K ( P < 0.0001) and D ( P < 0.0001) values; however, their ADC values did not show significant differences ( P = 0.437). For differentiating grade 3 CCs from grade 1 or 2 CCs, the areas under the curve for K (0.991, P = 0.0375) and D (0.982, P = 0.0337) values were significantly higher than those for ADC values (0.759). For differentiating metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes, the areas under the curve for K (0.974, P = 0.0028) and D (0.968, P = 0.0018) values were significantly higher than those for ADC (0.596). Conclusions Non-Gaussian DKI may be clinically useful for noninvasive evaluation of tumor invasion depth, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis in CC patients.
Transcriptional Regulation of Quinoa Seed Quality: Identification of Novel Candidate Genetic Markers for Increased Protein Content

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a crop that has great potential for increased cultivation in diverse climate regions. The seed protein quality obtained from this crop is high concerning the requirements to meet human nutritional needs, but the seed protein content is relatively low if compared to crops such as grain legumes. Increased seed protein content is desirable for increasing the economic viability of this crop in order for it to be used as a protein crop. In this study, we characterized three genotypes of quinoa with different levels of seed protein content. By performing RNA sequencing of developing seeds, we determined the genotype differences in gene expression and identified genetic polymorphisms that could be associated with increased protein content. Storage nutrient analyses of seeds of three quinoa genotypes (Titicaca, Pasankalla, and Regalona) from different ecoregions grown under controlled climate conditions showed that Pasankalla had the highest protein content (20%) and the lowest starch content (46%). Our seed transcriptome analyses revealed highly differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in Pasankalla as compared to the other genotypes. These DETs encoded functions in sugar transport, starch and protein synthesis, genes regulating embryo size, and seed transcription factors. We selected 60 genes that encode functions in the central carbon metabolism and transcription factors as potential targets for the development of high-precision markers. Genetic polymorphisms, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and base insertions and deletions (InDels), were found in 19 of the 60 selected genes, which can be further evaluated for the development of genetic markers for high seed protein content in quinoa. Increased cultivation of quinoa can contribute to a more diversified agriculture and support the plant protein diet shift. The identification of quinoa genotypes with contrasting seed quality can help establish a model system that can be used for the identification of precise breeding targets to improve the seed quality of quinoa. The data presented in this study based on nutrient and transcriptome analyses contribute to an enhanced understanding of the genetic regulation of seed quality traits in quinoa and suggest high-precision candidate markers for such traits.
Acute Toxicity Study of Sepat Rawa (Trichopodus trichopterus) Flour of South Kalimantan on The White Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Sepat Rawa (Trichopodus trichopterus) can be used in the health field. In the context of its development as a medicinal ingredient, it is necessary to conduct a reasearch of its safety. The purpose of this study was to determine the symptoms of acute toxicity and LD50 values using the OECD 425 (Up and Down Procedure) method using 425 Pgm Stat sofware . in this study used seven female white mice test animals which were divided into two groups, the first groups was the treatment group consisting of five test animals and the second groups was negative control consisting of two test animals. The treatment group was given a dose of 2000 m/ kgbw and observed for 14 days, after being given a test animal treatment showed no symptoms of acute toxicity. Then proced with a dose of 5000 mg/ kgbw, test animals do not show symptoms of acute toxicity as observed in previos doses. Test animal body weight was analyzed using a statistical test with the result (P>0,05) meaning that there was no significant difference between the weight of mice treated and negative controls. The value of LD50 obtained more than 5000 mg/ kgbw.
DNA with Metal‐Mediated Base Pairs

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The canonical DNA duplex has two major stabilising parameters, namely, hydrogen bonds between complementary bases and p-stacking interactions between neighbouring bases. Complementary nucleobases may also pair via coordinate bonds to a metal ion located in the centre of the duplex if ligand-based nucleosides are present. The replacement of natural nucleosides by suitable ligands hence leads to the formation of metal-mediated base pairs. The first metal-mediated base pairs were proposed in the 1960s, when the interaction of Hg(II) with polynucleotides was studied. The natural nucleobases can be modified in a way that increases their affinity towards transition metal ions. Accordingly, various derivatives of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides have been reported with pendant ligands. Upon attaching two pyridyl moieties or one bipyridyl entity to a purine or pyrimidine, tridentate artificial nucleobases can be generated. Doubly metalated base pairs are applied in the sole example of duplexes comprising metal-mediated base pairs only.
Unified Early Childhood Personnel Preparation Programs: Perceptions from the Field

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Two complimentary data sets were collected to gain an understanding of unified early childhood (EC) and early childhood special education (ECSE) programs. The first data set, was obtained by interviewing 28 university faculty members who were key faculty administrating these unified programs. These data focused on the development and characteristics of unified EC and ECSE programs. The second data set was obtained from graduates from unified, dual, ECE, or ECSE Master programs. These data focused their perceptions regarding the knowledge base gained from their program of study. These data indicated that providing a unified vision of early childhood education is an on-going process. Respondents described many barriers and successes. All programs had course work from at least two different disciplines and collaboration among disciplines was prominent. Commitment and collaborative problem-solving were described as critical to on-going success. The data from program graduates provided some interesting trends that require further exploration and research. These data indicated that the trend towards unifying ECE and ECSE teacher preparation programs is to provide students with a broader set of competencies to address a diverse set of children and their families.
Concerns of Seed Company Officials with Herbicide-Tolerant Cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The primary aim of seed companies is to provide products that the customer wants to buy, and to sell them at a profit. Future demands for improved cultivars of major field crops will continue to be primarily for those with reliably high yield and desirable quality. Herbicide tolerance will not be a primary determinant in cultivar choice for most customers. Therefore, seed companies probably will move with caution in development of herbicide-tolerant cultivars.
Flow pattern based two-phase frictional pressure drop model for horizontal tubes. Part I: Diabatic and adiabatic experimental study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The reliable prediction of pressure drop in two-phase flow is an important prerequisite to accurate optimization of thermal systems. Because of the complexity of these types of flow, empirical or semiempirical relationships are only of limited reliability and pressure drops predicted using leading methods often differ by 50% or more. In response to this situation, this work presents an experimental (Part I) and analytical (Part II) investigation of two-phase pressure drops during evaporation in horizontal tubes. The goal of the experimental part was to obtain accurate two-phase pressure drop data over a wide range of experimental conditions. The experimental conditions were chosen so that the effect of the principal parameters could be identified. The range of experimental conditions covered were: three refrigerants (low, medium and high pressure, respectively), two internal tube diameters, eight mass velocities and four heat fluxes (plus adiabatic flow). In addition, using water as the heating fluid, it was possible to cover the entire range of vapor quality. The two-zone test sections allowed tests to (i) be run under both diabatic and adiabatic conditions simultaneously, (ii) to obtain two-phase pressure drop values for nearly every flow regime, and (iii) to validate the data reduction procedure used to obtain the frictional component of the pressure drop. The campaign acquired 2543 experimental two-phase pressure drop values covering five flow regimes.
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. ICRAFF 04180

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst.
Common name(s): Marula
Conserved by: World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Kenya
Local sample unique identifier: ICRAFF 04180
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2003
Other identifiers: n/a,R1T3/3T2
Historical: No
Biological status: Wild
MLS status: Included
HYMENOPLASTY SURGERY SOCIO-LEGAL ASPECT: A REVIEW

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article is a reflection of the rising complexity of the contemporary world, which is characterised by a rich variety of culture, morality, the legal system, and religion, all of which are capable of having a significant impact on medical practise. It is possible to rupture a hymen via sexual activity as well as through a number of other activities. In societies that place a high value on a woman retaining her virginity after marriage, a woman and her family may be stigmatised for having done so. Women, particularly brides whose virginity is not established at the time of marriage, face the risk of humiliation, ostracism, divorce, and violence; in the most severe cases, women risk being killed in the name of "honour." However, doctors may be opposed to hymen reconstruction on the grounds that it is dishonest, not necessary for medical reasons, discriminates against women, and promotes subjecting women to greater standards of virtue than are demanded of men. Many doctors explain that the operation by stating that it serves the patient's health, which may include the patient's emotional and social well-being as well as women's human rights to have control over their own bodies. In addition, many young people lose their virginity unintentionally as a result of rape or compulsion, and if women do not have their hymens reconstructed, they are at risk of physical assault and even death. In the surgery does not violate any laws but in the most cases women suffer from some risk and it should be confused with female genital cutting or mutilation.
Never Mind the Generals. Burmese Punk Rock Scene as a Vehicle for Manifesting Changing Notions of Burmese Identity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Prace Etnograficzne » 2017 » Tom 45, Numer 2 » Never Mind the Generals. Burmese Punk Rock Scene as a Vehicle for Manifesting Changing Notions of Burmese Identity A A A
Counterpoint: Evidence-Based Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: The Power of Lifestyle Management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The need to prevent type 2 diabetes was recognized as early as the 1920s (1), but surprisingly little was done to apply preventive measures against this disease in subsequent decades (2,3). One of the main problems was the lack of evidence based on well-conducted studies. There were several clinical trials, but they were usually grossly underpowered, had flaws in design and conduct, and most used antidiabetes drugs as the intervention (3). Luckily, firm positive results from several randomized controlled trials (4–10) using lifestyle intervention have become available during recent years. Also, several properly designed and conducted trials using antidiabetes drugs in individuals at high risk, i.e., with intermediate hyperglycemia, have reported favorable results (8,10–14). The bottom line is that these recent trials have unequivocally demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the rate of progression to type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals with intermediate hyperglycemia.

The Swedish Malmo feasibility study (5) used increased physical exercise and weight control as major intervention strategies to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in men with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Men who received intervention had less than half the risk of developing diabetes in 6 years compared with those who decided not to participate in the diet-exercise program.

In the Chinese Da Qing Study (6), people with IGT were randomized by clinic into one of the four groups: exercise only, diet only, diet plus exercise, and a control group. The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes during 6 years was significantly lower in the three intervention groups compared with the control group (41% in the exercise group, 44% in the diet group, 46% in the diet plus exercise group, and 68% in the control group) and remained significant even after adjusting for differences in baseline BMI …
Assessment of Buildings Redevelopment Possibilities using MCDM and BIM Techniques

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper deals with abandoned former industrial buildings problem and buildings' redevelopment possibilities with emphasis on sustainable development. A complex decision-making model for redevelopment of abandoned buildings, combining Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques, is proposed. A case study of a former measurement equipment factory is presented. Ranking of possible redevelopment alternatives of the building using Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment method with grey attributes scores (WASPAS-G) is proposed and the most rational projects are selected. While BIM techniques supports an effective selection process and allows implementation of full lifetime management strategy of a project and then of a real object.
Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Volume 22: Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists Part 2 [Book Review]

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Review(s) of: Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Volume 22: Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists Part 2, edited by Julien Bogousslavsky and Michael G Hennerici Karger 2007, Hard cover, VIII+240, pages, ISBN: 9783805582650, Price: EUR88.00.
The Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated with ECHO 22 Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serologic evidence for ECHO virus 22 was found in 8 of 10 patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. The virus was isolated from the stools of two patients. All these patients also had gastroenteritis prior to the development of the syndrome. The results of this study indicate that ECHO 22 virus is an agent with a strong association with hemolytic uremic syndrome in pediatric patients.
Adulticidal, Larvicidal, and Repellent Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Moringa oleifera against Rhipicephalus microplus Cattle Ticks

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The emergence of tick resistance against synthetic and eco-toxic chemical acaricides has stressed the need to find target-specific, non-toxic, and more potent alternatives such as botanicals. The current study was designed to investigate the acaricidal and repellent potential of ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera seeds against Rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks. Adult immersion test, larval immersion test, and tick climbing repellent assay were carried out to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent potential of M. oleifera extract. Five different concentrations (20, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 %) of the ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera were prepared to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent potential. Different parameters like adult tick mortality, larval mortality, egg hatchability, inhibition of egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive index, reproductive efficiency index, tick repellency, and product effectiveness were determined. Ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera showed 70% adult mortality after 24 h treatment when 20% concentration was used. Similarly, 73% larval tick mortality was observed at 20% concentration. The results also showed the dose-dependent response of ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera seeds against egg hatchability, inhibition of egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive index, reproductive efficiency index, and tick repellency, confirming that 20% concentration is effective as an acaricide and repellent against R. microplus. Therefore, the tested extract can be considered a possible candidate for controlling R. microplus in cattle.
Research progress of autophagy in retinal and eye diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Maintaining the homeostasis of intracellular components degradation and recycling, autophagy is a critical control mechanism of cellular quality. It promotes the degradation of cell components to provide nutrients and energy for cellular metabolism in stress response. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue that transduces and processes visual images in the eye, and it has a high demand for substances and energy. Basal autophagy is essential for holding retinal homeostasis and the normal function of the visual system. Therefore, the latest studies that investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal dystrophies, and retinal detachment were summarized, providing a theoretical basis for the future treatment of eye diseases by regulating autophagy.