jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Liver Attenuation Assessment in Reduced Radiation Chest Computed Tomography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of liver and spleen Hounsfield units (HU) measurements in reduced radiation computed tomography (RRCT) of the chest within the sub-millisievert range. Methods We performed a prospective, institutional review board–approved study of accrued patients who underwent unenhanced normal-dose chest CT (NDCT) and with an average radiation dose of less than 5% of NDCT. In-house artificial intelligence–based denoising methods produced 2 denoised RRCT (dRRCT) series. Hepatic and splenic attenuations were measured on all 4 series: NDCT, RRCT, dRRCT1, and dRRCT2. Statistical analyses assessed the differences between the HU measurements of the liver and spleen in RRCTs and NDCT. As a test case, we assessed the performance of RRCTs for fatty liver detection, considering NDCT to be the reference standard. Results Wilcoxon test compared liver and spleen attenuation in the 72 patients included in our cohort. The liver attenuation in NDCT (median, 59.38 HU; interquartile range, 55.00–66.06 HU) was significantly different from the attenuation in RRCT, dRRCT1, and dRRCT2 (median, 63.63, 42.00, and 33.67 HU; interquartile range, 56.19–67.19, 37.33–45.83, and 30.33–38.50 HU, respectively), all with a P value <0.01. Six patients (8.3%) were considered to have fatty liver on NDCT. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of fatty liver detection by RRCT were greater than 98.5%, 50%, and 94.3%, respectively. Conclusions Attenuation measurements were significantly different between NDCT and RRCTs, but may still have diagnostic value in appreciating hepatosteastosis. Abdominal organ attenuation on RRCT protocols may differ from attenuation on NDCT and should be validated when new low-dose protocols are used.
Improved method for studying the surface chemistry of bubble formation.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Bubble formation in agarose gels as a result of rapid decompression following saturation with either N2, CO2, or He has been studied. Bubble number was observed to vary predominantly as a function of decompression magnitude and was virtually independent of the particular gas used. The cavitation threshold (i.e., 1 bubble in 50% of trials) was found to fall between -3 and -4 psig ( approximately -0.25 atm) for all three gases. Modification of the ionic content of the agarose gel medium, either by lowering the pH or including polyvalent cations, had only slight effects, if any, on the number of bubbles produced by a given decompression. From these results, and the work of others briefly reviewed in the paper, it is concluded that the surfactant monolayer surrounding a gas cavitation nucleus is comprised almost exclusively of nonionic surface-active molecules.
HLA-binding regions of HIV-1 proteins. I. Detection of seven HLA binding regions in the HIV-1 Nef protein

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The physical association of HLA class I or H-2 molecules with 36 HIV-1 Nef synthetic peptides was studied using a direct peptide binding assay (PBA) in solid phase. To assess the functional significance of the PBA results, the Nef peptides were also tested for their ability to inhibit the lytic activity of human or murine CTL. The PBA results showed that seven partly overlapping regions of the Nef protein contained MHC binding peptides (4-18, 46-67, 73-94, 100-128, 126-155, 182-198, and 192-206). Five of these seven regions included all the already described epitopes recognized by CD8+ human CTL. The two other regions, 4-18 and 46-67, are not yet described as antigenic for human CD8+ cells but they are located in the N-terminal part of Nef that was previously described as being stimulator for rat or chimpanzee CD4+ cells. Altogether, it can be concluded that 1) In virtually 100% of the cases, the PBA is capable to detect known antigenic peptides recognized by CTL. 2) The PBA and the functional inhibition assay provide similar results, supporting the functional significance of PBA results. 3) The PBA is easy to handle on a large scale, using multiple peptide and several MHC molecules, so that it can be used as a routine method for prevision of possibly epitopic sequences. 4) Systematic studies of peptides issued from the whole sequence of a given protein allow to map polyepitopic areas that are probably the most interesting parts of proteins for a vaccine purpose.
Clinicopathological and prognostic role of CEP55 expression in cancer patients: A meta‐analysis of 31 studies with 12,543 patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Dysregulated expression of centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) has been detected in multiple types of cancers. However, the clinical value of CEP55 expression in cancer is controversial. The current meta‐analysis quantitatively investigated the association between CEP55 expression and prognostic outcomes in cancers. Methods A literature search was performed using the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang databases, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for primary studies. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were used to investigate the association between CEP55 expression and its prognostic and clinicopathological value in cancers. Results A total of 12,543 patients from 31 studies were included in this meta‐analysis. High CEP55 expression was significantly associated with poor differentiation, deeper tumor invasion and increased lymph node metastasis in cancer patients. The pooled results indicated that elevated CEP55 expression can predict a poor overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) in cancers. These results should be interpreted with caution because of publication bias. However, the pooled HR for OS of lung cancers was 1.50 (95% CI = 1.36–1.67, p < 0.01) with no heterogeneity and publication bias. Conclusions CEP55 overexpression correlated with poor cancer differentiation, deeper tumor invasion, and increased lymph node metastasis, suggesting that CEP55 may serve as a predictive and prognostic biomarker for cancers, especially for lung cancers.
Radiation from the galaxy and supergalaxy at 250 megacycles per second

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

. A survey of the cosmic radio radiation at 250 megacycles per second in the Centaurus-Virgo-Coma Berenices- Ursa Major region reveals an extended radio source of low brightness that corresponds approximately in position to the equatorial plane of the supergalaxy. Graphs are presented in which the position of the radio source is compared with contours based on the distribution of the Shapley-Ames galaxies.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Migraine Headaches

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Two disorders are comorbid if they occur in the same person more frequently than by chance alone. Migraine and epilepsy appear to be comorbid. Migraine and epilepsy share several clinical features and may share some common pathophysiological mechanisms. Some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in reducing migraine frequency.
Geographic Market Definition in Competition Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The notion of the relevant market, together with the process for identifying it, is a construct used in competition law in order to determine whether competition exists between two or more producers for the purposes of Part IV of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). This legislation confers upon the courts and the Trade Practices Tribunal the duty to decide whether certain courses of conduct have the purpose, or have (or are likely to have) the effect, of substantially lessening competition in a market. The market delineation process provides the first in a set of stepping-stones which enable the courts to discharge this task in the principled and certain manner that is required by the doctrine of the rule of law. The procedures comprised within it enable the court (or other trier of fact) to organise complex fact situations and classify them in such a way as to enable competition policy, as embodied in legislation such as the Trade Practices Act, to be intelligently applied. It permits a degree of quantitative evaluation which in practice would not be possible if the lessening-of-competition issue were attacked directly.
Natural characteristic analysis of tracking frame of electro-optical theodolite by component modal synthesis method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Component modal Synthesis method used in natural characteristic analysis is introduced in this paper. The principle of component modal synthesis method is described. Based on this principle, the sub-structure of tracking frame of electro-optical theodolite is divided and FEM is set up. The natural frequency of tracking frame of electro-optical theodolite is calculated in the end. The results showed the component modal synthesis method has the advantage of less calculation load, higher accuracy, worth to popularize and application foreground.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in the Regulation of Vascular Tone A Finely Tuned Integration System of S1P Sources, Receptors, and Vascular

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a biologically activelysophospholipid that plays an important role in the physiology of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune sys-tems.1 Red blood cells are the major source of plasma S1P, where it mainly associates with High-density lipoproteins (HDL). There is a steep concentration gradient of S1P between plasma and the interstitial compartment, with S1P being present in the low micromolar range in plasma and at least 1 order of magnitude lower in the interstitial fluid. S1P exerts numerous effects on the vascular cells regulating arterial tone— the smooth muscle cell and the endothelial cell —via a set of 5 cognate G protein–coupled receptors (S1P1 to 5) expressed differ-entially in the different cell types.2 In addition, S1P has negative effects on cardiac rate, contractility, and output. All of this makes S1P a candidate for a bona fide modulator of vascular tone.
Cell Cycle Biomarkers and Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor for the Prediction of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy: A Prospective, Exploratory Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury is the dominant acute kidney injury etiology in critically ill patients and is often associated with a need for renal replacement therapy. The indication and timing of renal replacement therapy are controversially discussed. We hypothesized that the product of the G 1 -cell cycle arrest biomarkers tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 ([TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7]), and the soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor are of diagnostic value for the prediction of septic acute kidney injury courses requiring renal replacement therapy. Design: In this prospective study, critically ill patients were enrolled immediately after the fulfillment of Sepsis-3 criteria. Urinary [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] levels over time and serum soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels once at inclusion were measured. The primary endpoint was the development of septic acute kidney injury with the need for renal replacement therapy. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, de Long’s tests, and logistic regression models were calculated. Setting: Two ICUs at Heidelberg University Hospital between May 2017 and July 2018. Patients: One-hundred critically ill patients with positive Sepsis-3 criteria. Interventions: None. Measurement and Main Results: Nineteen patients required renal replacement therapy. Diagnostic performance of urinary [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] improved over time with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.80–0.98) 24 hours after study inclusion. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels at inclusion showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83 (0.75–0.92). The best discrimination ability for the primary outcome measure was achieved for [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] at 24 hours after inclusion by applying a cutoff value of greater than or equal to 0.6 (ng/mL) 2 /1,000 (sensitivity 90.9, specificity 67.1). Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor performed best by using a cutoff value of greater than or equal to 8.53 ng/mL (sensitivity 84.2, specificity 82.7). A combination of newly tested biomarkers with cystatin C resulted in a significantly improved diagnostic accuracy. Cystatin C in combination with [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] 24 hours outperformed all standard renal parameters (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.93 [0.86–1.00]). Conclusions: [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor are promising biomarker candidates for the risk stratification of septic acute kidney injury patients with the need for renal replacement therapy.
Revascularization or medical therapy for stable coronary artery disease patients with different degrees of ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of myocardial perfusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study explored the best treatment strategies for stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients with differing levels of ischemic severity. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases – searching for relevant articles through 4 February 2021. We selected studies comparing different treatments for patients with SCAD who had received ischemia assessments. The primary outcome was death. The secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and myocardial infarction (MI). Results: A total of 11 studies, including 35,607 subjects, were selected for this meta-analysis. Results showed that, compared with medical therapy, revascularization could reduce MACE incidence (odds ratio (OR) 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57–0.94, p < 0.05) in SCAD patients with myocardial ischemia, but that it was not effective for patients without ischemia. For mild ischemia, the incidence of death (OR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.59–1.01, p = 0.063), MACE (OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.48–1.70, p = 0.762), or MI (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 0.94–2.19, p = 0.093) was the same whether they were treated with revascularization or medical therapy. For moderate to severe ischemia, revascularization reduced the incidence of MACE (OR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42–0.83, p < 0.05) and MI (OR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71–0.98, p < 0.05), but the incidence of death (OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.47–1.12, p = .145) was similar. For SCAD patients with severe ischemia, revascularization may confer survival benefits (OR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21–1.00, p = 0.05). Conclusion: For SCAD patients with moderate to severe ischemia, revascularization reduces the MACE and MI incidences, but does not change the incidence of death. Evaluation for myocardial ischemia is vital when selecting a therapeutic strategy.
On convergence and performance of iterative methods with fourth-order compact schemes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the convergence and performance of iterative methods with the fourth-order compact discretization schemes for the one- and two-dimensional convection–diffusion equations. For the one-dimensional problem, we investigate the symmetrizability of the coefficient matrix and derive an analytical formula for the spectral radius of the point Jacobi iteration matrix. For the two-dimensional problem, we conduct Fourier analysis to determine the error reduction factors of several basic iterative methods and comment on their potential use as the smoothers for the multilevel methods. Finally, we perform numerical experiments to verify our Fourier analysis results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 14:263–280, 1998
Amino Acid Imbalance in Atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Integrative Journal of Conference Proceedings Amino Acid Imbalance in Atherosclerosis Karavay PA1, Nefyodov LI2* and Karavay NL3 1Department of Cardiology, Belarus 2Department of Biochemistry, Belarus 3Department of Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Belarus *Corresponding author: Nefyodov LI, Department of Biochemistry, Yanka Kupala Grodno State University, Belarus Submission: January 20, 2020;Published: January 29, 2020 Volume2 Issue1January, 2020
Human resources for maternal, newborn and child health: from measurement and planning to performance for improved health outcomes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background There is increasing attention, globally and in countries, to monitoring and addressing the health systems and human resources inputs, processes and outputs that impede or facilitate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health. We reviewed the situation of human resources for health (HRH) in 68 low- and middle-income countries that together account for over 95% of all maternal and child deaths. Methods We collected and analysed cross-nationally comparable data on HRH availability, distribution, roles and functions from new and existing sources, and information from country reviews of HRH interventions that are associated with positive impacts on health services delivery and population health outcomes. Results Findings from 68 countries demonstrate availability of doctors, nurses and midwives is positively correlated with coverage of skilled birth attendance. Most (78%) of the target countries face acute shortages of highly skilled health personnel, and large variations persist within and across countries in workforce distribution, skills mix and skills utilization. Too few countries appropriately plan for, authorize and support nurses, midwives and community health workers to deliver essential maternal, newborn and child health-care interventions that could save lives. Conclusions Despite certain limitations of the data and findings, we identify some key areas where governments, international partners and other stakeholders can target efforts to ensure a sufficient, equitably distributed and efficiently utilized health workforce to achieve MDGs 4 and 5.
Immunogenicity of therapeutic recombinant immunotoxins

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary Recombinant immunotoxins ( RIT s) are chimeric proteins designed to treat cancer. They are made up of an Fv or Fab that targets an antigen on a cancer cell fused to a 38‐kDa portion of P seudomonas exotoxin A ( PE 38). Because PE 38 is a bacterial protein, it is highly immunogenic in patients with solid tumors that have normal immune systems, but much less immunogenic in patients with hematologic malignancies where the immune system is suppressed. RIT s have shown efficacy in refractory hairy cell leukemia and in some children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but have been much less effective in solid tumors, because neutralizing antibodies develop and prevent additional treatment cycles. In this paper we will (i) review data from clinical trials describing the immunogenicity of PE 38 in different patient populations; (ii) review results from clinical trials using different immunosuppressive drugs; and (iii) describe our efforts to make new less‐immunogenic RIT s by identifying and removing T‐ and B‐cell epitopes to hide the RIT from the immune system.
An Overview of Student ePortfolio Functions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The possible uses of student ePortfolios are varied, complex, and novel, making it difficult for scholars and professionals alike to capture an overall picture of this new technology. This chapter will address this concern by presenting a very straightforward overview of student ePortfolio functions, according to what have been identified as their five most basic functions: (1) storage, (2) information management, (3) connections, (4) communication, and (5) development. Each of these functions will be clarified with examples of practical applications, grounded in the real needs of undergraduate students at the University of California at Berkeley. Taken together, the functionality of student ePortfolios, if used to its full potential, could transform higher education by placing students at the center of their learning, better prepared to draw connections across subject matters and across the many realms of student life.
6 Pedro Páramo: Irony and Caciquismo

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Pedro Paramo dies thus in the final pages of Rulfo's novel: ‘Dio un golpe seco contra la tierra y se fue desmoronando como si fuera un monton de piedras’ (195). The physical death of a cacique , I contend here, is an illusion, both of the death of this cacique and of the death of caciquismo , a colonial discourse. In the major irony of the novel, we find that the protagonist's ‘desmoronamiento’ does not categorically signify his death, either on a centripetal level (as the character of a novel) or on a centrifugal level (as a representative of caciquismo ). In the novel, caciquismo persists in spite of the death of the cacique because the attachment between the protagonist and the inhabitants of his community is so strong that they – and he – are forever trapped by the destiny he commands for them, both before and after they die. On a centrifugal level, caciquismo itself survives beyond the death of individual caciques because it is an institution so firmly entrenched in the Mexican psyche that, rather than die, it merely transforms and renews itself, be it through neo-, urban or national forms of the same system. The end of Pedro Paramo can thus be considered an ironic commentary on the post-Revolutionary rhetoric which boasts of the termination of the ancient, unofficial system of rural relations that is caciquismo .
Angular rotation of magnetic hysteresis of ion-irradiated ferromagnetic thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The magnetization direction of a cobalt-platinum film has been manipulated by magnetic-field-assisted ion-beam mixing. A uniaxial easy magnetization axis is induced along the oscillation direction of the incident beam of 80 keV Ar+ ions. The easy axis was then rotated by 60°, when the same ion irradiation process was carried out in the presence of an external magnetic field. Magnetic force microscopy measurements show that line shaped domain structures are created with their long axis along the induced magnetization directions. It is proposed that the creation of adjacent regions with orthogonal magnetization can play a crucial role in stabilizing the magnetostatic dipolar interaction between adjacent bits of magnetic data storage devices.
Prevalence Rates and Predictors for Smoking Cigarettes Among Adolescents Attending School in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Substance use is a growing problem among young people in sub-Saharan Africa who increasingly adopt the habit of smoking cigarettes. The aim was to analyse prevalence rates and identify predictors for cigarette smoking among school-attending adolescents in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. In June 2017, a survey questionnaire was implemented in 16 schools in a class-based, random sample of 2039 adolescents aged 14–19 (52% girls). The chi-square (p < 0.05) and odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Potential explanatory variables for the dependent variables were introduced into a multinomial logistic regression model, and p-values were transformed to LogWorth values. The prevalence rate for lifetime smoking experience was 14.8%, 4.0% for occasional smoking (<30 days), and 2.4% for daily smoking. The most significant predictors for cigarette smoking included having friends who smoke, being a boy, attending a private school, smoking initiation at a young age, other substance use, and violent behaviour. It is imperative to initiate preventive actions against smoking and other use of tobacco in Guinea-Bissau. Considering the significant impact of the peer group, policymakers need to engage young people in developing primary prevention strategies to curb the use of tobacco and other substances.