jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Treatment That Leaves Something to Luck

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Decisions at the end of life are particularly difficult and a huge number of factors can go towards justifying or unjustifying a particular course of action. In this chapter I want to focus in on what is becoming a legally accepted practice and ask whether a distinction which seems to underlie the legal principle can in fact be supported on good philosophical grounds. The distinction relates to allowing incompetent patients to die and the difference between such omissions and directly killing similar patients. The discussion also has implications for the related issue of respecting the right of competent patients to refuse treatment/have treatment withdrawn and how respect for this right compares with cases where competent patients request assistance in dying.
A novel bus scheduling model based on passenger flow and bus travel time prediction using the improved cuckoo search algorithm

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Public transport is vital to people's daily travel and work, and bus scheduling plays a significant role in public transportation. A complete bus scheduling model can reduce the waiting time of passengers at bus stops and take into account the interests of bus companies. Currently, many bus scheduling models only predict the total passenger flow of a bus route but fail to predict the passenger flow of each stop of the bus route and the bus travel time between stops. Targeting the above challenges, first, we use LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and ConvLSTM to predict the passenger flow and travel time. Second, based on the predicted results, a bus scheduling model that minimizes the passengers' waiting time and the bus company's cost is established. Furthermore, a cuckoo algorithm with adaptive step size, nonlinear inertia weight logarithmic decreasing, and randomly adjusted discovery probability (AS-DWCS) is proposed and employed to solve the optimal bus scheduling plan. Finally, our experimental results show that the improved cuckoo algorithm converges faster and can seek the optimal solution faster. The bus scheduling model can consider the interests of bus companies, minimize passenger waiting time, and dynamically schedule the bus simultaneously.
PERAN TRANSAKSI PIHAK BERELASI DAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP CREATIVE ACCOUNTING

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstrak - Peran Transaksi Pihak Berelasi dan Corporate Governance terhadap Creative Accounting Tujuan Utama - Riset ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pengaruh transaksi pihak berelasi, kompensasi, dan tata kelola perusahaaan dalam kecenderungan praktik creative accounting. Metode – Riset ini menggunakan metode regreis linear berganda. Sampel yang dipilih yakni perusahaan manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2019-2021. Temuan Utama - Transaksi pihak berelasi dinilai sebagai transaksi efisien yang mengurangi tendensi praktik creative accounting. Kompensasi manajemen justru mendorong manajer melakukan creative accounting. Namun, melalui penyelenggaraan rapat dewan direksi dapat menjadi alat yang efektif dalam pengawasan setiap keputusan manajemen sehingga dapat mengurangi fleksibilitas creative accounting. Implikasi Teori dan Kebijakan – Riset ini melegitimasi teori agensi dalam akuntansi keuangan. Selain itu, riset ini mengusulkan penguatan undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan tata kelola perusahaan dan menegakkan persyaratan yang ketat mengenai pengungkapan dan penyajian transaksi pihak berelasi. Kebaruan Penelitian – Riset ini menambahkan transaksi pihak berelasi yang mungkin digunakan manajer dalam mengelola laba. Abstract - The Role of Related Party Transactions and Corporate Governance on Creative Accounting Main Purpose - This research aims to identify the influence of related party transactions, compensation, and corporate governance on the tendency toward creative accounting practices. Method - This research uses a multiple linear regression method. The sample selected is manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2019-2021. Main Findings - Related party transactions are considered efficient transactions that reduce the tendency of creative accounting practices. Management compensation encourages managers to do creative accounting. However, the organisation of board meetings can be an effective tool in monitoring every management decision to reduce the flexibility of creative accounting. Theory and Practical Implications - This research legitimises the agency theory in financial accounting. In addition, this research proposes strengthening laws relating to corporate governance and enforcing strict requirements regarding the disclosure and presentation of related party transactions. Novelty - This research adds related party transactions that managers may use to manage earnings.
The role of mast cells in oral squamos cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The mast cell is a connective tissue cell that has an active role in inflammation, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and more. Apart from its degranulation in allergic reaction, it is associated with "piece meal degranulation", i.e., a selective cellular secretion pathway that aggravates the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through angiogenic switch. Angiogenic factor released by mast cells ensures survival and progressive capacity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of many different cell populations, such as tumor-associated mast cells and various infiltrating immune cells and non-cellular components of the extracellular matrix. These crucial parts of the surrounding stroma can function as both positive and negative regulators of all the hallmarks of cancer development, including induction of angiogenesis and activation of invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on describing the role of mast cells in the tumor microenvironment and the dissection of cancer, especially oral squamous cell carcinoma.
GWAS risk factors in Parkinson's disease: LRRK2 coding variation and genetic interaction with PARK16.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial movement disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have nominated over fifteen distinct loci associated with risk of PD, however the biological mechanisms by which these loci influence disease risk are mostly unknown. GWAS are only the first step in the identification of disease genes: the specific causal variants responsible for the risk within the associated loci and the interactions between them must be identified to fully comprehend their impact on the development of PD. In the present study, we first attempted to replicate the association signals of 17 PD GWAS loci in our series of 1381 patients with PD and 1328 controls. BST1, SNCA, HLA-DRA, CCDC62/HIP1R and MAPT all showed a significant association with PD under different models of inheritance and LRRK2 showed a suggestive association. We then examined the role of coding LRRK2 variants in the GWAS association signal for that gene. The previously identified LRRK2 risk mutant p.M1646T and protective haplotype p.N551K-R1398H-K1423K did not explain the association signal of LRRK2 in our series. Finally, we investigated the gene-gene interaction between PARK16 and LRRK2 that has previously been proposed. We observed no interaction between PARK16 and LRRK2 GWAS variants, but did observe a non-significant trend toward interaction between PARK16 and LRRK2 variants within the protective haplotype. Identification of causal variants and the interactions between them is the crucial next step in making biological sense of the massive amount of data generated by GWAS studies. Future studies combining larger sample sizes will undoubtedly shed light on the complex molecular interplay leading to the development of PD.
List colouring of two matroids through reduction to partition matroids

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In the list coloring problem for two matroids, we are given matroids $M_1=(S,{\cal I}_1)$ and $M_2=(S,{\cal I}_2)$ on the same ground set $S$, and the goal is to determine the smallest number $k$ such that given arbitrary lists $L_s$ of $k$ colors for $s\in S$, it is possible to choose a color from each list so that every monochromatic set is independent in both $M_1$ and $M_2$. When both $M_1$ and $M_2$ are partition matroids, Galvin's list coloring theorem for bipartite graphs gives the answer. One of the main open questions is to decide if there exists a constant $c$ such that if the coloring number is $k$ (i.e., the ground set can be partitioned into $k$ common independent sets), then the list coloring number is at most $c\cdot k$. We consider matroid classes that appear naturally in combinatorial optimization problems, namely graphic matroids, paving matroids and gammoids. We show that if both matroids are from these fundamental classes, then the list coloring number is at most twice the coloring number. The proof is based on a new approach that reduces a matroid to a partition matroid without increasing its coloring number too much, and might be of independent combinatorial interest. In particular, we show that if $M=(S,{\cal I})$ is a matroid in which $S$ can be partitioned into $k$ independent sets, then there exists a partition matroid $N=(S,{\cal J})$ with ${\cal J}\subseteq{\cal I}$ in which $S$ can be partitioned into (A) $k$ independent sets if $M$ is a transversal matroid, (B) $2k-1$ independent sets if $M$ is a graphic matroid, (C) $\lceil kr/(r-1)\rceil$ independent sets if $M$ is a paving matroid of rank $r$, and (D) $2k-2$ independent sets if $M$ is a gammoid. We extend our results by showing that the existence of a matroid $N$ with $χ(N)\leq 2χ(M)$ implies the existence of a matroid $N'$ with $χ(N')\leq 2χ(M')$ for every truncation $M'$ of $M$.
Integrating Production and Quality Control: Monitoring Making-Do and Unfinished Work

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The lack of integration between production control and quality management has been pointed out as a common problem in the construction sector. This paper discusses the impact of this problem in the generation of waste that are typical in this sector, such as making-do, rework and uncompleted work. Based on that discussion, this paper proposes an integrated production and quality control method, which is focused on the elimination three waste categories: making-do, unfinished work, and work-inprogress. The method is divided in three modules: (a) identification and measurement of making-do events, (b) identification of informal packages, and (c) integrated production and quality control. The main contributions of this study are concerned with the understanding waste in construction, and the relationship between different types of waste.
SH3218626.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Akt/p27kip1 Pathway Is Not Involved in Human Insulinoma Tumorigenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Insulinomas are pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), usually benign. Akt/p27 kip1 is an intracellular pathway overexpressed in many pNET. There are no data regarding its expression in human insulinomas. We aimed to investigate the expression of Akt and p27 kip1 in 24 human insulinomas and to compare them to their expression in normal surrounding islets. Staining was performed on embedded paraffin tissue using polyclonal antibodies against total Akt, p-Akt, p27 kip1 , and pp27 kip1 . p-Akt was the predominant form in insulinomas; they presented lower Akt and p-Akt expression than normal islets in 83.3% and 87.5% of tumors, respectively. p27 kip1 and pp27 kip1 were mainly cytoplasmic in both insulinomas and normal tissue. Cytoplasmic pp27 kip1 staining was higher in insulinomas and surprisingly nearly half of the insulinomas also presented nuclear p27 kip1 (p=0.029). No differences were observed in the subcellular localization of p27 kip1 and activation of Akt between benign and malignant insulinomas. The low expression of Akt seen in insulinomas might explain the usual benign behavior of this type of pNET. Cytoplasmic p27 kip1 in both insulinomas and normal islet cells could reflect the low rate of replication of beta cells, while nuclear p27 kip1 would seem to indicate stabilization and nuclear anchoring of the cyclin D-Cdk4 complex. Our data seem to suggest that the Akt pathway is not involved in human insulinoma tumorigenesis.
PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION WITHIN MIXTURE OF DISTRIBUTIONS

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The recent financial crisis has highlighted the necessity to introduce mixtures of probability distributions in order to improve the estimation of asset returns and in particular to better take account of risks. Since Pearson (1894), these mixtures have been intensively used in many scientific fields since they provide very convenient mathematical tools to examine various statistical data and to approximate many probability distributions. They are typically introduced to model the choice of probability distributions among a given parametric family. The coefficients of the mixture usually correspond to the relative frequencies of each possible parameter. In this framework, we examine the single-period portfolio choice model, which has been addressed in the partial equilibrium framework, by Brennan and Solanki (1981), Leland (1980) and Prigent (2006). We consider an investor who wants to maximize the expected utility of the value of his portfolio consisting of one risk-free asset and one risky asset. We provide and analyze the solution for log return with mixture distributions, in particular for the mixture Gaussian case. The optimal portfolio is characterized for arbitrary utility functions. Our results show that mixture of distributions can have significant implications on the portfolio management.
An experimental investigation of attribute framing effects on risky sourcing behaviour: the mediating role of attention allocated to suppliers' quality information

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose Despite its significance, research on how attribute framing affects ordering decisions in dual sourcing remains insufficient. Hence, this study investigated the effects of attribute framing in a sourcing task involving certain and uncertain qualities of two suppliers and analysed the role of attention with respect to suppliers' information in framing effects. Design/methodology/approach The impacts of attribute framing on sourcing decisions were demonstrated in two online between-subject (2 × 2 factorial) experimental studies involving professional samples. Study 2 was an eye-tracking experiment. Findings In Study 1 (N = 251), participants presented with a “high-quality” rather than a “low-quality” frame made different sourcing decisions, opting for larger percentage of order(s) from a supplier under the “high-quality” frame. This pattern holds true for suppliers who differ in risk. This finding was replicated in Study 2 (N = 129). Attention asymmetry related to the information on supplier quality contributes to this effect. Attention directed towards information regarding the supplier's quality under a positive frame mediated the relationship between attribute framing and sourcing decisions. Practical implications Highlighting the positive attributes of a risky supplier is essential when ordering from the risky supplier is an optimal decision. It is advantageous for suppliers to highlight positive rather than negative attributes when describing the quality of their components against others. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the effect of attention on the relationship between attribute framing and dual sourcing. This presents a new behavioural perspective wherein managers' attention to information plays a vital role.
Effects of sequential defoliation on lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of the length of the defoliation period (sequential defoliation) on total matter yield, regrowth, root weight, root total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) and root protein were measured over five growth cycles of glasshouse-grown lucerne. The treatments were: (1) control, complete defoliation 14 days after 10% flowering; (2) top half of plant cut on day 11 and the rest on day 14; (3) top half of plant cut on day 7 and the rest on day 14; (4) top third of plant cut on day 0, next third on day 7 and the rest on day 14. Sequential defoliation treatments reduced dry matter yields, by slowing down shoot regrowth and delaying phenologic development. The root weight of lucerne decreased as soon as tops were cut, and this loss was most evident with sequential defoliation treatments. Over the five growth cycles examined, treatment 4 plants maintained root size but had a significant decline in the percentage of TNC in roots. Those of treatments 1, 2 and 3 gained in root size and maintained the percentage of TNC in roots. Results support the management principle of keeping the grazing period of lucerne to a minimum by providing adequate subdivision of lucerne swards and by adjusting stocking rates. Levels of TNC over time might provide a useful tool for field studies in the development of management strategies for lucerne.
Keto Advance Reviews [Latest Report]: Is It Really Work?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

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A rare disease with many faces: a multicentre registry of IgG4-related disease in children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives We aimed to report the characteristics of paediatric IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) through a multicentre registry, to assess disease clusters, and to evaluate the performances of the 2019 American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria and the 2020 revised comprehensive diagnostic (RCD) criteria in this cohort. Methods Data of IgG4-RD patients in 13 paediatric rheumatology centres were recorded to a web-based registration system. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD was made according to the 2011 comprehensive diagnostic criteria. Results Thirty-five children (19 females and 16 males) with IgG4-RD were enrolled. The median age at diagnosis was 13.3 (25p-75p; 9.9–15.2) years. The most common organ involvement was the eye (n = 21, 60%), followed by lymph nodes (n = 12, 34.3%), musculoskeletal system (n = 12, 34.3%), and neurological system (n = 9, 25.7%). We identified three clusters in our study cohort: those with eye involvement (n = 11, 31.4%), those with eye involvement and neurological findings (n = 15, 42.9%), and those with pancreato-hepatobiliary disease and lymph node involvement (n = 9, 25.7%). Serum IgG4 levels were high in 19 out of 28 patients (67.8%). All patients except one received corticosteroid treatment, and azathioprine was the most preferred drug as a steroid-sparing agent. The sensitivities of the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria and the 2020 RCD criteria were 5.7% and 88.5%, respectively. Conclusion IgG4-RD has a wide variety of clinical manifestations; however, in children, the most common presentation was orbital involvement. The 2020 RCD criteria had a better performance whereas the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria performed poorly in paediatric patients.
[Changes in the contraction of the smooth muscle of the rat portal vein during emotional stress].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Effect of emotional/painful stress on contractile function and adrenoreactivity of rat portal vein was examined. Tension developed by portal vein of stress-exposed animals was shown to be reduced 8-fold as compared to that of the controls; tension development and relaxation velocities were decreased 4.4- and 6-fold, respectively. The changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in stress-exposed animals' venous response to norepinephrine and by enhanced sensitivity to calcium shortage and glucose depletion in washing solutions. Possible stress-induced damage of calcium-transport membrane mechanism and its role in the occurrence of arterial hypovolemia are discussed.
Ultrasonic dispersion resulting from inelastic gaseous collisions and some inferences regarding molecular interactions and force laws

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ultrasonics has been, and remains, a valuable technique for the investigation of vibrational energy transfer in polyatomic gases. The celebrated theory of Schwartz, Slawsky, and Herzfeld (SSH) has proven to be greatly successful in predicting the efficiency of V–T processes, particularly for self-collisions of diatomic species or between these species and the noble gases. For more complex molecules, particularly those containing hydrogen atoms, the role of vibrational amplitudes and of rotational (R–T and V–R,T) energy transfer effects may complicate the picture. Moreover, the presence of multiple relaxation processes may cause further departure from single relaxation steps in the sound velocity measurements. Nevertheless, the basic approach of SSH theory remains qualitatively correct in many cases, once the proper relaxation process and the interaction potential are identified. Vibrational collisions numbers Z10, in polyatomic molecules, i.e., the average number of collisions required for the vibrational transition v=1→v=0, will be discussed both for room temperature ultrasonic measurements and, for some species, over a range of temperatures. Various predictive schemes will be reviewed, and some recent results on substituted ethanes and their mixtures will be presented. It will be shown that the SSH formulation gives agreement with these experiments when a very steep repulsive potential is employed.