jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear fluid simulation of particle and heat fluxes during burst of ELMs on DIII-D with BOUT++  code

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In order to study the distribution and evolution of the transient particle and heat fluxes during edge-localized mode (ELM) bursts, a BOUT++ six-field two-fluid model based on the Braginskii equations with non-ideal physics effects is used to simulate pedestal collapse in divertor geometry. We used the profiles from the DIII-D H-mode discharge #144382 with fast target heat flux measurements as the initial conditions for the simulations. Moreover, a flux-limited parallel thermal conduction is used with three values of the flux-limiting coefficient ${{\\alpha}_{j}}$ , free streaming model with ${{\\alpha}_{j}}=1$ , sheath-limit with ${{\\alpha}_{j}}=0.05$ , and one value in between. The studies show that a 20 times increase in ${{\\alpha}_{j}}$ leads to ~6 times increase in the heat flux amplitude to both the inner and outer targets, and the widths of the fluxes are also expanded. The sheath-limit model of flux-limiting coefficient is found to be the most appropriate one, which shows ELM sizes close to the measurements. The evolution of the density profile during the burst of ELMs of DIII-D discharge #144382 is simulated, and the collapse in width and depth of ${{n}_{\\text{e}}}$ are reproduced at different time steps. The growing process of the profiles for the heat flux at divertor targets during the burst of ELMs measured by IRTV (infrared television) is also reproduced by this model. The widths of heat fluxes towards targets are a little narrower, and the peak amplitudes are twice the measurements possibly due to the lack of a model of divertor radiation which can effectively reduce the heat fluxes. The magnetic flutter combined with parallel thermal conduction is found to be able to increase the total heat loss by around 33% since the magnetic flutter terms provide the additional conductive heat transport in the radial direction. Finally, the heat flux profile at both the inner and outer targets is obviously broadened by magnetic flutter. The lobe structures near the X-point at LFS are both broadened and elongated due to the magnetic flutter.
Role of isomerization of initial complexes in the binding of inhibitors to dihydrofolate reductase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Stopped-flow measurements of protein fluorescence quenching when methotrexate (MTX) binds to dihydrofolate reductase (isoenzyme II) of Streptococcus faecium (SFDHFR II) analyze as the sum of two differentials: a rapid binding phase and a second phase for which the observed rate constant is independent of methotrexate concentration. Analysis of variation of the ratio of the amplitude of the fast and slow phases with methotrexate concentration indicates that the second phase is an isomerization of the initial binary complex. At pH 7.3, the equilibrium constant for this isomerization is 21.9, and the forward and reverse rate constants are 0.57 and 0.026 s-1, respectively. Similar results were obtained for binding of 3-deazamethotrexate to SFDHFR II, but the forward rate constant is greater (2.9 s-1 at pH 7.3). The equilibrium constants for these isomerizations are pH independent, but the rate constants decrease as the pH is raised, probably due to deprotonation of one or more groups on the enzyme. Analysis of progress curves obtained by the development of inhibition when SFDHFR II is added last to reaction mixtures containing dihydrofolate, NADPH, and MTX gives an association constant for initial reactions of 4.3 X 10(7) M-1. Since a preliminary estimate of the association constant for the binding reaction is 7.6 X 10(5) M-1, this suggests an isomerization of the ternary complex(es) with an equilibrium constant of about 56. In addition, analysis of the progress of development of inhibition indicates a further very slow isomerization with equilibrium constant 419 and forward rate constant 2.6 min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Quality Improvement Project to Determine the Effect of Aromatherapy on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in a Short‐Stay Surgical Population

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is a major concern for short‐stay surgical patients because it can delay discharge and cause preventable postoperative complications, which in turn can increase hospital costs. Evidence suggests that aromatherapy effectively reduces PONV , either as a monotherapy or in conjunction with pharmacologic antiemetics. This quality improvement project investigated the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing PONV in a short‐stay surgical population. The outcome of this project supported the hypothesis that the administration of blended aromatherapy would result in a significant decrease in patients’ self‐reported ratings of nausea. This finding suggests that aromatherapy is an appropriate adjunct therapy for decreasing patient nausea and vomiting in this short‐stay surgical unit and may help prevent discharge delays in this population.
A reciprocal phase-perturbation theory for rough-surface scattering

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We study the scattering of a scalar plane wave from a two-dimensional, randomly rough surface, on which the Dirichlet boundary condition is satisfied. The scattering amplitude is obtained in the form of the Fourier transform of an exponential, in which the exponent is written as an expansion in powers of the surface profile function. It is shown that the latter expansion can be written in such a way that the corresponding scattering matrix is manifestly reciprocal. Numerical results for the reflectivity, and for the contribution to the mean differential reflection coefficient from the incoherent component of the scattered field, are obtained and compared with the predictions of small-amplitude perturbation theory and the Kirchhoff approximation. As the wavelength of the incident wave is varied continuously the results of the phase-perturbation theory change continuously from those of the small-amplitude perturbation theory to those of the Kirchhoff approximation.
Circulating GLP-1 Levels as a Potential Indicator of Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Adult Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, plays an important role in regulating glucose homeostasis. In this study, the applicability of circulating GLP-1 levels as an early indicator of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk was examined. Women without diagnosed diseases were grouped according to their number of MetS risk factors (MetS RFs) (no RFs as Super-healthy, n = 61; one or two RFs as MetS risk carriers, n = 60; 3 ≤ RFs as MetS, n = 19). The circulating GLP-1 levels and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were significantly higher in the MetS group than in the other two groups. The GLP-1 levels correlated positively with adiposity, HOMA-IR, blood pressure, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), but not with fasting glucose and lipid profiles, whose significances were maintained after adjustments for age, smoking and drinking habits, menopausal status, and total calorie intake. The GLP-1 levels also increased proportionally with the number of MetS RFs. In the MetS group, the GLP-1 levels were much higher in individuals with obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2). In conclusion, the circulating GLP-1 level may be applicable as a potential early indicator of MetS risk in women without diagnosed diseases. Further study with a large population is needed to confirm the conclusion.
Safety and Efficacy of Low Dose Versus High Dose Corticosteroid for Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD): A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is an immune-mediated complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Current standard dose of corticosteroids used by the most hospitals for GVHD patients is 1-2 mg/kg/day. The prednisone dose used in the treatment of a GVHD has been a matter of debate. In this systematic review, we aimed to compare low dose (1mg/kg/day) prednisone to high/standard dose (2mg/kg/day) prednisone in terms of multiple prognostic outcomes of the patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantations. Methods We searched the databases PubMed, Cochrane library, and clinicaltrials.gov for all studies investigating the efficacy and safety of low dose and high dose steroid for GVHD. We set the search strategy incorporating the search terms, Graft-versus-host disease,“ ”low dose cortico-steroid,“ and ”high dose corticosteroid“, and operated using the Boolean operators ‘AND’, and ‘OR’. Thus, retrieved articles were then exported on an Excel® sheet, and duplicates were removed. The systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. After selecting the study based on inclusion criteria, data on study characteristics and biomarker description was extracted on a pre-determined data extraction table on the Microsoft Excel version. Results The search revealed 547 studies and 3 studies that met the eligibility criteria of this review have been included.During relapse, chronic GVHD, mortality, and malignancy outcomes were generally similar between doses, low-dose prednisone showed benefits for leukemia-free, relapse-free, and overall survival. Overall, the randomized trial by Chang et al. found lower risks of HZV and pulmonary infections with low-dose prednisone compared to standard-dose. Other infections were similar between groups. Conclusion Low-dose prednisone showed similar efficacy to standard-dose for most GVHD outcomes (relapse risk, mortality), with potential benefits on survival, reduced HZV/pulmonary infections, and reduced adverse effect of higher cumulative dose of corticosteroids. Keywords: low dose, high dose, steroid, graft versus host disease
Does damming streams alter the water use strategies of riparian trees? A case study in a subtropic climate

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Understand the mechanism governing degradation of riparian forests in response to damming streams is needed for a comprehensive impact assessment of dams in relation to protection of river ecosystems. However, the ascription of riparian forest degradation to the hydrological changes induced by dams lacks of direct proof and the hypothesis that dam construction alters the water use strategy of riparian trees is yet to be tested. In this study, the water sources of riparian trees grown upstream and downstream of dams at SW China, were investigated by dual isotopes and a Bayesian model. We observed that xylem water in downstream Populus adenopoda had significantly lower line‐conditioned excess values than upstream trees. The water source of upstream trees was barely subjected to evaporation. Upstream mature and young P. adenopoda trees both acquired more streamwater (47.2 ± 9.8% and 44.8 ± 7.9%) than groundwater (28.2 ± 4.4% and 29.2 ± 3.5%) or soil water (24.5 ± 5.6% and 26.0 ± 4.9%). Downstream mature and young P. adenopoda trees both largely used soil water (49.0 ± 11.6% and 53.0 ± 6.2%) as main water source. In contrast, Pterocarya stenoptera highly depended on streamwater, regardless of size and location, implying that damming had little effect on this species. Damming streams may increase water competition among downstream riparian trees, which could explain declines in growth rate, canopy dieback, tree death, and eventually downstream land degradation. We believe that this study is of significant value for research into riparian forest degradation resulting from hydrological changes, and in particular to apprehend the impact of small dams, which has barely been studied.
Simultaneous determination of ten organophosphate pesticide residues in fruits by gas chromatography coupled with magnetic separation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this study, γ‐Fe 2 O 3 /chitosan magnetic microspheres were synthesized and evaluated by X‐ray diffraction, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis, and static and kinetic adsorption experiments. Results showed that the magnetic microspheres exhibited good adsorption ability, and offered fast kinetics for the adsorption of trichlorfon, methamidophos, malathion, methyl parathion, dimethoate, omethoate, phosphamidon, phorate, isocarbophos, and chlorpyrifos. Based on magnetic separation, a simple method of magnetic SPE coupled to GC for the simultaneous determination of ten trace organophosphate pesticide residues was developed. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factor for ten organophosphorus pesticides was 10.1–364.7 and linear range was 0.001–10.0 mg/L. The LOD (S/N = 3) of the method for the ten pesticides was 0.31–3.59 μg/kg. The RSD for three replicate extractions of spiked samples was between 2.5 and 6.3%. The pear and apple samples spiked with ten organophosphate pesticides at 20 and 200 μg/kg levels were extracted and determined by this method with good recoveries ranging from 79.9 to 98.7%. Moreover, the method has been successfully applied for the determination of the ten organophosphate pesticide residues in peach samples.
Quantum crossover behaviour of the Ising model in a transverse field for the spatial dimensions 2<d<3, d=3 and 3<d<4

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The field theoretical renormalisation group method, which correctly describes the critical as well as the multicritical (at zero temperature) behaviours of the quantum mechanical d-dimensional Ising model in a transverse magnetic field, is proposed. Due to the introduction of the additional renormalisation the singularities associated with zero temperature have been removed. The crossover scaling form of the inverse correlation length and longitudinal susceptibility are considered for the following spatial dimensions d:2
Usefulness of Tables for Solving Word Problems

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Our previous research on algebra word problems (Reed, Dempster, & Ettinger, 1985) revealed that students usually could not use one problem's solution to solve a similar problem that required a slight modification of the solution. In an attempt to improve their performance, we gave students practice on either filling in tables or using completed tables. Practice on entering values into tables usually did not improve performance on constructing equations because students often failed to enter the correct values. Students' use of completed tables resulted in improved performance when the tables were provided but did not result in transfer to isomorphic problems in which the tables were not provided. Encouraging students to use previous solutions resulted in partial success on the isomorphic problems, which was explained by using a task analysis based on Sternberg's (1977) model for four-term analogy problems.
Gender inequities in sexual risks among youth with HIV in Kigali, Rwanda

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Understanding the experiences of youth living with HIV (YLH) is necessary for implementing interventions that mitigate HIV transmission. We conducted a survey of sexual behaviours and sources of knowledge among 107 youths aged 16–24 attending two HIV clinics in Kigali, Rwanda. Respondents were 72% women and 28% men, with median age 18 years. Of those sexually active in the past six months, 56% reported inconsistent condom use; 53% of sexually active respondents reported having sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms in the past six months. The median age difference between respondent and first sex partner was nine years for women, and 0.5 years for men ( P = 0.006). Women more frequently reported being forced to have sex (29% girls versus 6.5% boys, P = 0.011) and exchanging sex for money (66% girls versus. 17% boys, P = 0.033). Strengthening female YLH's financial and material resources may reduce the number of sexual partners, asymmetries within partnerships and risk of HIV transmission.
Psychology and pedagogical conditions necessary for improvement of training of cadets to ensuring the personal security of military officials

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

111 2. Филимонов, В.И. Спортивно-техническая и физическая подготовка / В.И. Филимонов. – М. : Инсан, 2000. – 432 с. 3. Тренировочный комплекс силомер «Киктест – 100» [Электронный ресурс] // URL : http://www.raysport-shop.ru/product/tp090107. – Дата обращения 22.04.2014. 4. Павлов, Н.В. Практика бокса : учебное пособие для образовательных учреждений профессионального образования, осуществляющих образовательную деятельность по направлению 032100 – «Физическая культура» и для индивидуального пользования / Н.В. Павлов. – Краснодар : Неоглори, 2012. – 399 с.
BRCA1 foci in normal S-phase nuclei are linked to interphase centromeres and replication of pericentric heterochromatin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Breast cancer–associated protein 1 (BRCA1) forms foci at sites of induced DNA damage, but any significance of these normal S-phase foci is unknown. BRCA1 distribution does not simply mirror or overlap that of replicating DNA; however, BRCA1 foci frequently abut sites of BrdU incorporation, mostly at mid-to-late S phase. Although BRCA1 does not overlap XIST RNA across the inactive X chromosome, BRCA1 foci position overwhelmingly in heterochromatic regions, particularly the nucleolar periphery where many centromeres reside. In humans and mice, including early embryonic cells, BRCA1 commonly associates with interphase centromere–kinetochore complexes, including pericentric heterochromatin. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen or BrdU labeling demonstrates that BRCA1 localizes adjacent to, or “paints,” major satellite blocks as chromocenters replicate, where topoisomerase is also enriched. BRCA1 loss is often associated with proliferative defects, including postmitotic bridges enriched with satellite DNA. These findings implicate BRCA1 in replication-linked maintenance of centric/pericentric heterochromatin and suggest a novel means whereby BRCA1 loss may contribute to genomic instability and cancer.
Healthcare Professionals’ Capacity for Compassion and Interactions with People Diagnosed with Eating Disorders

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This thesis explored vital aspects of care offered to people diagnosed with eating disorders (EDs). Firstly, a systematic literature review was carried out to explore experiences of people diagnosed with EDs on their therapeutic relationships with healthcare professionals (HCPs) during an inpatient admission. Findings from 13 studies were synthesised using a meta-ethnography approach. Three themes emerged: treated as an ‘anorexic’; us versus them; a good therapeutic relationship with inpatient staff is vital. These themes highlighted the benefits of a positive therapeutic relationship and the challenges of negative relationships with HCPs. Furthermore, an overarching theme of “a delicate balance” highlighted the challenges emerging from polarised expectations patients had regarding how HCPs should interact with them, along with dilemmas associated with distinct aspects of HCPs’ roles in inpatient settings. Recommendations for improving HCPs’ self-awareness and relationships with patients are identified. Secondly, a cross-sectional study was carried out to explore the role of workplace stress factors and emotion regulation strategies in predicting levels of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction in HCPs working with people diagnosed with EDs in various settings. “High” levels of compassion fatigue were experienced by approximately 22% of HCPs in the sample, while “low” levels of compassion satisfaction were experienced by approximately 17% of HCPs. Workload demands and job insecurity were identified as the most influential variables in predicting compassion fatigue. Recommendations for addressing these factors at an organisational level are discussed. The expressive suppression strategy for emotion regulation was identified as the most influential variable in predicting compassion satisfaction. Recommendations for tackling workplace stress factors and expressive suppression at an individual and team level are offered. Finally, a critical appraisal of the project discusses the author’s reflections on the challenges associated with it. Recommendations for future research and clinical implications of the project are also identified.
OPTI-HEP-D: a protocol for an intervention study comprising screening and linkage to care of people living with hepatitis D in Catalonia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects 296 million people globally, causing 780 000 annual deaths. It has been estimated that 12–43 million individuals are co-infected with hepatitis D virus (HDV). In Spain, the prevalence of HBsAg in adults is 0.22%, with an anti-HDV prevalence of 7.7%, although not extensively documented since many HBsAg-positive cases are not tested for anti-HDV. The primary objective of this project is to optimise hepatitis D care by implementing a screening programme for anti-HDV in all HBsAg-positive individuals over a 1 year period in Catalonia. Secondary objectives include evaluating hepatitis D prevalence, establishing a digital registry for all anti-HDV positive cases, testing them for HDV-RNA in a centralised laboratory and offering linkage to care. Methods and analysis This prospective study will be performed in seven hospital centres in Catalonia, which attend to more than 95% of the adult population. Approximately, 9290 HBsAg-positive individuals are expected to be screened for anti-HDV in 1 year. All anti-HDV positive samples will be sent to a centralised laboratory for HDV-RNA quantification. All individuals testing positive for anti-HDV will be registered on an electronic platform and linked to care. The registry will collect data on demographics, infection stage, risk factors, disease awareness and previous diagnoses. No additional interventions will be conducted for those with adequate follow-up. Ethics and dissemination The Vall d’Hebron Hospital Ethics Committee (PR(AG)628/2023) and the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices approved this study. These findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Trial registration study Grant number: IN-ES-980–7058.
Plastic deformation and fracture of AlMg6/CNT composite: A damage evolution model coupled with a dislocation-based deformation model

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the plastic deformation and fracture behavior of Carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced aluminum composites is crucial for determining the factors controlling their strength and ductility. This article presents a novel approach by proposing a coupled micromechanical dislocation-based constitutive model combined with the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage evolution model. The objective of this research is to accurately predict the load-displacement behavior of an AlMg6/CNT composite, which is manufactured through accumulative roll bonding (ARB), from yield to fracture. The study investigates the correlations between the number of ARB passes, which affects the dislocation density of the matrix, and the distribution of CNTs in the composite, with the GTN parameters. The analysis reveals that the volume fraction of void nucleating particles (fN) is a critical parameter influencing the ductility of the composite ductility. Initially, due to CNT agglomeration, they act as nucleation sites for damage, resulting in an increase in fN and a decrease in ductility. However, as the number of ARB passes increases, leading to a homogeneous CNT distribution, fN decreases, and CNTs contribute to improved strength and ductility of the composite. The proposed model accurately predicts the load-displacement curve of the composite during uniaxial tensile testing, taking into account the effect of ARB passes. The research findings provide insights for future extensions of the GTN model, aimed at enhancing its theoretical framework and applicability in the field.