jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Helicopters In Irregular Warfare: Capabilities, Challenges, And Missed Opportunities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : The use of helicopters in irregular warfare (IW) has a history as long as the helicopter itself. Combat and combat support roles for helicopters conducting missions as diverse as attack, insertion/extraction, supply, medical evacuation, reconnaissance, command and control, and tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel exceeded the capabilities of light fixed-wing aircraft, eventually replacing them in U.S. service. The author seeks to illustrate the use of helicopters in IW through studying historical employment during conflicts in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The best employment of helicopters in IW requires appreciation of the limitations of and threats to helicopters, the lack of doctrine for their employment in IW, their limited numbers (relative to demand), and the dangers of the over-use of helicopters in IW. The author proposes that highly effective tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) for tactical mobility in execution have been ignored by U.S. regular forces, with the exception of the U.S. Marine Corps Aero Scout program in Iraq (2006-2008). The successful TTPs of this program have not been captured in formal doctrine, however, and are unlikely to be repeated in future conflicts. This omission ignores the lessons of history and unnecessarily displaces risk onto ground forces.
Identifying Regulators from Multiple Types of Biological Data in Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cancer genomes accumulate alterations that promote cancer cell proliferation and survival. Structural, genetic and epigenetic alterations that have a selective advantage for tumorigenesis affect key regulatory genes and microRNAs that in turn regulate the expression of many target genes. The goal of this dissertation is to leverage the alteration-rich landscape of cancer genomes to detect key regulatory genes and microRNAs. To this end, we designed a feature selection algorithm to identify DNA methylation signals around a gene that would highly predict its expression. We found that genes whose expression could be predicted by DNA methylation accurately were enriched in Gene Ontology terms related to the regulation of various biological processes. This suggests that genes controlled by DNA methylation are regulatory genes. We also developed two tools that infer relationships between regulatory genes and target genes leveraging structural and epigenetic data. The first tool, ProcessDriver integrates copy number alteration and gene expression datasets to identify copy number cancer driver genes, target genes of these drivers and the disrupted biological processes. Our results showed that driver genes selected by ProcessDriver are enriched in known cancer genes. Using survival analysis, we showed that drivers are linked to new tumor events after initial treatment. The second tool was developed to leverage structural and epigenetic data to infer interactions between regulatory genes and targets on a network-level. Our canonical correlation analysis-based approach utilized the DNA methylation or copy number states of potential regulators and the expression states of potential targets to score regulatory interactions. We then incorporated these regulatory interaction scores as prior knowledge in a dynamic Bayesian framework utilizing time series gene expression data. Our results indicated that the canonical correlation analysis-based scores reflect the true interactions between genes with high accuracy, and the accuracy can be further increased by using the scores as a prior in the dynamic Bayesian framework. Finally, we are developing an algorithm to detect cancer-related microRNAs, associated targets and disrupted biological processes. Our preliminary results suggest that the modules of miRNAs and target genes identified in this approach are enriched in known microRNA-gene interactions.
THE EFFECTS OF ETHISTERONE EMULSION ON TREATING IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFERTILITY INDUCED BY ENDOMETRIOSIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the curative effects of ethisterone on immune-mediated infertility induced by endometriosis.Methods Cotton balls immersed in ethisterone emulsion were attached to the neck of uterus for 8 hours.Endometrium and pregancy were monitored two weeks later.Results The endometrium negative conversion ratio was 81.7%(197/241)after the first course of treatment and was 88.8%(214/241)after the second course.The Type-B ultrasonic examination and urine β-hGG examination confirmed 75 cases of pregnancy31.1%(75/241).Dysmenorrhea and lower abdominal pain were relieved.Conclusion Ethisterone can be effectively and easily used to treat immune-mediated infertility induced by endometriosis.
Generalized Multi-Output Gaussian Process Censored Regression

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

When modelling censored observations, a typical approach in current regression methods is to use a censored-Gaussian (i.e. Tobit) model to describe the conditional output distribution. In this paper, as in the case of missing data, we argue that exploiting correlations between multiple outputs can enable models to better address the bias introduced by censored data. To do so, we introduce a heteroscedastic multi-output Gaussian process model which combines the non-parametric flexibility of GPs with the ability to leverage information from correlated outputs under input-dependent noise conditions. To address the resulting inference intractability, we further devise a variational bound to the marginal log-likelihood suitable for stochastic optimization. We empirically evaluate our model against other generative models for censored data on both synthetic and real world tasks and further show how it can be generalized to deal with arbitrary likelihood functions. Results show how the added flexibility allows our model to better estimate the underlying non-censored (i.e. true) process under potentially complex censoring dynamics.
Britain, the Assyrians and the Iraq Levies, 1919–1932∗

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes The Aubrey Lees and the Brooke‐Popham papers can be found in the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Kings College, London; and the Trenchard Papers in the RAF Museum, Hendon. Except where stated all other references are to the Public Record Office, Kew, London. I am indebted to Nick Cull and Jane Platt for drawing my attention to material I would otherwise have missed. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the Imperial Policing Conference held at Birkbeck College, University of London, in May 1988: I am grateful to the organizers, David Killingray and David Anderson, for that opportunity. Mike Dockrill, David Arnold, Tony Henderson, Sigrid Imma Jakob, John MacKenzie and Paul Temple read previous drafts and provided many valuable comments.
Recent advances in discrete power transistors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recent improvements in power bipolar transistors (BJTs) and power MOSFETs are described. The items discussed include design and process modifications that have led to improved device performance. In the final portion, the important characteristics a relatively new power transistor, called the COMFET, are presented. These items include: the fabrication of both n- and p-channel COMFETs; the low on-resistance of high-voltage COMFETs compared to high-voltage MOSFETs and BJTs; fall times down to 0.1 µs; and the temperature dependencies of these parameters.
GIFs that glitch: eyeball aesthetics for the attention economy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The most valuable gift you can give someone is attention. But does this same rule apply to the nonstop demand for attention marshalled through Internet technologies? Driven by an insatiable appetite for profit, scientific research in compression techniques are used to reduce data and economize signals to questionable extremes. Given this awareness, does one comply, paying attention to the point of exhaustion, offering endless hours of eyeball attention re-tweeting, re-blogging, and ‘liking’ so someone else may reap profit, or does one tweak the circuit and rewire the rules of the game? A number of contemporary artists have gravitated to the latter, reconfiguring otherwise functional Internet tools and interfaces into error-laden ‘glitch art’ and animated Graphic Interchange Format (GIFs). While these new glitch genres appear to offer nothing but meaningless fragments of polychromatic noise, they do in fact raise valuable questions regarding the material and economic logic of the Internet, normatively concealed from end users. I argue that certain uses of animated GIFs and glitch art offer an emergent visual rhetoric of anti-communication that marks, echoes, and offsets the progressive rationalization of aesthetics in modern culture and media.
A novel method to simulate radon exhalation rate with a solid Rn-222 source

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Radon exhaled from rocks, building materials, and soil can be harmful to human health, so it is necessary to measure radon and its exhalation rate. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to simulate radon exhalation from different medium surface by using a solid Rn-222 source, and the radon exhalation rate can be adjusted by replacing radon accumulation chambers with different bottom areas. Firstly, an experiment was done to determine the activity of the Rn-222 source, and then the theoretical radon exhalation rate can be quickly calculated from the relationship between the radon source activity and the bottom area of the radon accumulation chamber. Three sets of comparative experiments were conducted using two radon accumulation chambers with different volumes, respectively. Comparing the average values obtained from the experiments with the calculated theoretical values, it can be obtained that the differences corresponding to the two radon accumulation chambers between the theoretical radon exhalation rates and the experimentally average values are all within 6%. Without replacing the radon source, the radon exhalation rate is inversely varies with the bottom area of the chamber. Therefore, the correctness of adjusting the radon exhalation rate by replacing radon accumulation chambers with different bottom areas to simulate radon exhalation from different media surfaces is verified. This method can be used to calibrate the radon exhalation measuring instruments.
A Case of Hageman Factor Deficiency with Myeloid Leukaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: The co‐existence of blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia and an isolated deficiency of coagulation factor XII (Hageman Factor), is reported, In the absence of any evidence of factor XII deficiency in the patient's siblings and children, it is uncertain if this represents an acquired factor XII deficiency due to myeloid leukaemia, or the coincidental occurrence of myeloid leukaemia with this autosomal recessive condition.
Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Vomilenine, a Key Intermediate of the Ajmaline Pathway, Catalyzed by a Novel Cytochrome P 450-Dependent Enzyme from Plant Cell Cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Microsomal preparations from Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. cell suspension cultures cata­lyze a key step in the biosynthesis of ajmaline -the enzymatic hydroxylation of the indole alkaloid vinorine at the allylic C-21 resulting in vomilenine. Vomilenine is an important branch-point intermediate, leading not only to ajmaline but also to several side reactions of the biosynthetic pathway to ajmaline. The investigation of the taxonomical distribution of the enzyme indicated that vinorine hydroxylase is exclusively present in ajmaline-producing plant cells. The novel enzyme is strictly dependent on NADPH 2 and O 2 and can be inhibited by typical cytochrome P450 inhibitors such as cytochrome c, ketoconazole and carbon mon­oxide (the effect of CO is reversible with light of 450 nm). This suggests that vinorine hy­droxylase is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase. A pH optimum of 8.3 and a temperature optimum of 40 °C were found. The Km value was 3 μᴍ for NADPH 2 and 26 μᴍ for vinorine. The optimum enzyme activity could be determined at day 4 after inoculation of the cell cultures in AP I medium. Vinorine hydroxylase could be stored with 20% sucrose at -28 °C without significant loss of activity.
How Switches Produce Electrical Noise

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This tutorial paper describes the fundamental mechanism by which mechanical switches produce electrical "noise," and the parameters which determine the complex waveforms, frequency componets, and amplitudes produced. Understanding the fundamentals removes some of the mystery often associated with this ubiquitous source of noise and transients, and can assist in development of effective methods of preventing resultant malfunctions and damage in electronic equipment. The primary focus is upon switches operating low-current inductive loads on 120-V residential power lines, and shows peak amplitudes up to several kilovolts and frequencies up to several hundred megahertz produced on the supply line.
The Mosul question and the Turkish Republic before and after the frontier treaty, 1926

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Mosul Vilayet was part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of the First World War.Following the war it was occupied by Britain and the Vilayet became the bone of contention between the Ottoman Empire and Britain.After the War of Independence, the new Turkish Republic considered Mosul one of the crucial issues determined in the National Pact.Despite constant resistance, Britain managed to bring the issue into the international arena, scaling it down to a frontier problem betvveen Turkey and Iraq.In the Turkish historical literatüre, the Mosul Question has been studied until the Frontier Treaty (1926).According to these studies, the Turkish government, in accordance with the exchange of letters annexed to the Frontier Treaty (1926), agreed to receive a fixed cash settlement of 500,000 pounds, rather than calculating the amount on a ten percent basis.That is to say, the Turkish government received the 500 000 pounds and the folio of the Mosul Question was closed.But some findings proved that this was not the case.Some fıgures in the Turkish state budgets indicate that Turkey received payments on a ten percent basis instead of the fixed cash settlement.From 1931 to 1952 Turkey received royalty payments regularly.After 1952, two issues caused serious problems betvveen Turkey and Iıaq; namely, the unpaid years and insuffıcient payments.In latter period, Turkey chose to pursue a conciliatory policy and the issue was put aside for the purpose of establishing friendly relations with Iraq.
Isolation of a Pax-6 homolog from the ribbonworm Lineus sanguineus.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Pax-6 genes of vertebrates and Drosophila encode transcription factors with highly conserved paired- and homeodomains. They are expressed in the nervous system and the developing eyes. Loss-of-function mutations in mammals and flies lead to a reduction or absence of the eyes. By ectopic expression of Pax-6 in Drosophila ectopic eyes can be induced, indicating a determinative role in eye morphogenesis. We have isolated a Pax-6 homolog of the ribbonworm Lineus sanguineus. This gene shares extensive sequence identity and several conserved splice sites with the mammalian and Drosophila genes. During head regeneration the L. sanguineus Pax-6 homolog is expressed in the central nervous system, in the cerebral organ, and in the eye region. These findings support the hypothesis that Pax-6 was present in primitive metazoa before the evolutionary separation of vertebrates and arthropods and suggest a fundamental role in eye and central nervous system development.
The potential health benefits of a novel symbiotic yogurt fortified with purple-leaf tea in modulation of gut microbiota

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: The use of symbiotic functional yogurt is a trending dietary approach of positively modulating the gut and alleviating dysbiosis. These yogurts are fermented using probiotic live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host. Purple-leaf tea (Camellia sinensis) which contains prebiotic polyphenolic compounds, has all the health benefits of tea in addition to high content of flavonoid bioactive anthocyanin compounds. Objective: The goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of a novel symbiotic yogurt fermented using probiotic microbes and fortified with purple leaf tea puree in modulating gut bacteria profile using an in vivo animal experiment with white male Wilstar rats. Methods: An in vivo animal study was used to investigate the effect of symbiotic yogurt (PYPT) produced by fermentation of milk with probiotic starter culture ABT 5 (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12 and Streptococcus thermophiles) and fortified with purple-leaf tea puree. A total of 16 Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with 8 doses of 4mg/g of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to induce obesity. In a randomized control design, 8 of the experimental control rats were fed with normal standard rat feed, while 8 intervention rats were fed with the formulated yogurt for a period of 28 days. The gut health bacteria biomarkers were determined from the rats’ fecal matter by extraction of DNA using the ZymoBIOMIC kit protocol and profiled by the polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) molecular technique, of 16S rRNA. The data of the bacteria taxonomic classifications and abundance was processed and interpreted using DADA2 package and Quantitative Insight into Microbial Ecology 2 (Qiime2). Results: No statistical differences in diversity of bacterial phyla were reported, but the composition of Actinobacteria increased in the intervention group and decreased in the control, while Proteobacteria decreased drastically in the intervention rats. Notably, the population of beneficial Lactobacillales and Bifidobacteriales in the intervention cohort increased significantly, while there was a reduction of bacteria with species with potential of pathogenic activity. Conclusions: Fortification of probiotic yogurt with purple tea with prebiotic polyphenols increased the population of beneficial gut modulating bacteria while reducing the pathogens. Therefore, the study demonstrates the constructive collaboration of probiotic microbes and the purple tea bioactive compounds in the novel symbiotic yogurt in improving the healthful gut commensal bacteria. Future research can profile more commensal bacteria and analyze gut metabolites such as butyrate as well as conducting human clinical trials. Keywords: Gut bacteria modulation, Symbiotic yogurt, Probiotics, Prebiotics, Purple-leaf tea, Fortification, Functional foods
Histometry Analysis of Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts and Fibroblasts in Immediate Placement Implants with Addition of Aloe Vera Extract

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: To analyze the effect of immediate placement of implants with extract from the new bone formation histometically. Material and Methods: In this true-experimental design with randomized post test control group, 9 mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 12 kg were used, which were divided into 3 groups, based on observation time of 14 days, 28 days and 56 days. On the installation of implants ( ∅ 3.5x10 mm) sequentially, the former socket extraction of the lower jaw’s right second premolar tooth in the study sample injected 10% Aloe vera gel extract and left second left premolar tooth without injection of 10% Aloe vera extract. To compare independent groups use the Mann-Whitney test. All analysis were carried out using SPSS version 20. Results: There was an increase in the number of osteoblast cells in both treatment and control groups, but the value of the treatment group was greater. There were significant differences in the number of osteoblast cells between the treatment and control groups 14 days (p=0.019), 28 days: (p=0.018), and 56 days (p=0.009). There were no significant differences in the number of fibroblast cells between the treatment and control groups (p>0.05). But at observations 28 and 56 days, it was showed a significant difference in the number of fibroblast cells between the treatment and control groups (p=0.353 and p=0.024, respectively). Conclusion: Immediate placement of implants with 10% Aloe vera extract gel on extracted socket increases the number of osteoblasts and suppresses the number of osteoclasts and fibroblasts.
Direct Aqueous Injection Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Water for Atrazine, Simazine, and Their Chlorotriazine Metabolites

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A method is reported for the determination of atrazine, simazine, and their respective dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites in ground, surface, and finished drinking water. Water samples are diluted 1:4 in an injection vial prior to analysis using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). The lower limit of method validation is 0.10 microg/L (ppb) for 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine, G-30027), 2-chloro-4, 6-(diethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine, G-27692), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (deethylatrazine, DEA, or G-30033), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (deisopropylatrazine, DIA, or G-28279), and 2,4-diamino-6-chloro-s-triazine (didealkylatrazine, DDA, or G-28273). The overall mean procedural recoveries (and % relative standard deviations) for atrazine, simazine, DEA, DIA, and DDA are 98 (4.4), 102 (3.6), 99 (4.8), 103 (4.0), and 109% (4.8%), respectively, in finished drinking water; 108 (2.7), 104 (5.4), 113 (4.5), 111 (5.2), and 105% (5.3%), respectively, in groundwater; and 96 (6.9), 103 (4.2), 102 (4.4), 102 (5.2), and 102% (8.2%), respectively, in surface water. The method validation was conducted under U.S. EPA FIFRA Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines 40 CFR 160.
Magnesium Fluoride Brillouin and Raman Microlaser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) are essential light-matter interactions in materials and play a crucial role in various laser applications. In this letter, we fabricated a z-cut magnesium fluoride (MgF $_{2}$ ) crystalline whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavity with a radius of $180$ μm and quality factors ( $Q$ ) exceeding 10 $^{8}$ at 1550 nm. SBS and SRS lasing were demonstrated using this high- $Q$ MgF $_{2}$ microcavity. The Brillouin frequency shift lies within the calculated broadened gain window, while the Raman frequency shift matches the A1g symmetric stretching vibration mode. By employing an excitation mapping method, we investigated the dynamics of SBS and SRS lasing together with four-wave mixing as the frequency detuning between the pump laser and the cavity resonance was varied. Our results reveal rich nonlinear frequency conversion phenomena enabled by the MgF $_{2}$ microcavity, and highlight its potential for compact microlasers and sensors.