jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Peatland Emission Factors: Unravelling the Need for Standardized Measurement and Reporting

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Peatlands have a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, acting as significant carbon sinks, but become a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when peatlands are drained, and during peat extraction. This article presents a comprehensive overview of peatland ecosystems, emphasizing their classification across various climatic zones and the complex set of different characteristics that determine contribution to GHG emissions. Currently, inconsistencies exist in the definition of emission factors used between countries leading to varied approaches in estimating peatland emissions and posing significant challenges in the comparison and aggregation of global data on peat extraction related GHG. The aim of the study is to analyse the disparities in emission factors and calculation methodologies employed by different countries. Data from national GHG emission reports are submitted under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Emissions report data calculations and emission factors can be based on either nationally determined data or data specified in the IPCC guidelines. Consequently, emission factor data for four countries - Latvia, Finland, Sweden and Germany - are collected and processed, which was compared with IPCC guidelines data. The data was compared by equating units of measurement. The results show there is a pronounced difference between the emission factors of each country, however, all of these factors are lower than the maximum values specified in the IPCC guidelines. The study concludes that emission factors are predetermined differently for each country, and it is not possible to determine the differences among assumptions for parameters included in the specification of the emission factors. The results suggest there is a need for development of a more transparent accounting for emissions with regard to the diverse environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing peatland ecosystems. Factors like composition, depth of peat, water table levels, and local land-use practices further compound this variability in emission accounting. Addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of GHG emission reporting under international frameworks like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol.
Corrosion of copper plates in presence of phosphoric acid‐formaldehyde mixtures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rate of copper dissolution in presence of phosphoric acid‐formaldehyde mixtures were studied by measuring the limiting current which represents the rate of electropolishing. It is found that the rate of dissolution is decreased by increasing H3PO4 concentration, electrode height and mole fraction of formaldehyde. It is found that the decrease in the rate of dissolution ranges from 24 per cent to 63.88 per cent depends on the mole fraction of formaldehyde. The thermodynamic parameter ΔH* ΔG* ΔS* was calculated.
Once daily vs multiple daily mesalamine therapy for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: a meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim 5‐Aminosalicylic acid is the first‐line drug for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis ( UC ). The most commonly used 5‐aminosalicylic acid is mesalamine. Several systematic reviews have demonstrated that mesalamine is effective in inducing and maintaining remission. Efficacy, safety and adherence to once daily ( OD ) and multiple daily ( MD ) dosing of mesalamine for the induction and maintenance of remission in mild to moderate UC were systematically reviewed and compared. Method PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to November 2014. Only randomized controlled trials were considered eligible. STATA software (version 12.0) was used to calculate the pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence interval. Results Seventeen randomized studies containing 5439 patients were identified. No significant differences were noted in comparisons between OD and MD dosing for maintenance and induction of remission. No significant differences were noted in rates of medication adherence or adverse events between OD and MD dosing. With regard to mesalamine suppository, no significant differences were noted for comparisons between dosing regimens and adverse events for induction of remission. Conclusion OD dose of mesalamine is as effective and safe as MD doses for the induction and maintenance treatment of mild to moderate UC . OD mesalamine given as a suppository can attain the same effect and safety as MD mesalamine in inducing remission of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis.
Determination of the content of flavonoids in the fresh pods of Cassia obtusifolia L.by spectrometry

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore medical feasibility of the fresh pods of Cassia obtusifolia L.,enrich medical resource of Cassia obtusifolia L.and to establish a way for determining flavonoids content in the fresh pods of Cassia obtusifolia L.by spectrometry.Method Flavonoids in the Cassia obtusifolia L.and Semen Cassiae were extracted with methanol.The content of total flavonoids was determined by spectrometry,using rutin as standard substance and developing colour reaction with 5%NaNO2-10%Al(NO3)3-4%NaOH.The detecting wavelength was set at 200 nm～700 nm.Results Under optimum conditions the intensity of visible spectrum showed a linear relationship with the concentration of rutin over the range of 8.0～48.0 μg.ml-1 with a regression equation of A=0.0948C+0.0008(r=0.9994).The contents of total flavonoidas in Semen Cassiae and the fresh pods of Cassia obtusifolia L.were respectively 0.39%(n=3),and 0.31%(n=3),the average recovery rate and the average RSD of recovery were 93.8%(n=6),1.6% and 94.2%(n=6),2.2% respectively.Conclusion The total flavonoids contents in Semen Cassiae and the fresh pods of Cassia obtusifolia L.have no significant difference.
Kinematic analysis of a two different shooting technique in handball

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rezultati usporedne kinematicke analiza skok suta s vanjske pozicije izvedenih od dva elitna svjetska rukometasa, pokazali su postojanje znatnih razlika među njima. Skok prvog ispitanika bio je nesto niži a izbacaj lopte bio je u maksimumu trajektorije. Ovakav nacin skok suta upucuje da se radi o vrsti direktnog suta, cija je najveca prednost kratkoca vremena sto je proteklo od odraza do izbacaja lopte. Skok drugog ispitanika bio je izuzetno visok, bas kao i visina izbacaja lopte. Međutim, cinjenica da je izbacaj uslijedio u silaznoj fazi trajektorije težista, kao i relativno dugo vrijeme proteklo od odraza do izbacaja, upucuju da se ovaj skok sut može uvrstiti u skupinu suteva sa zadrskom. Prednost ovakvog nacina sutiranja svakako je velika visina izbacaja, te dovoljno vremena za fintiranje igraca iz obrambenog bloka i golmana. S obzirom da i jedan i drugi nacin skok suta ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke njihova primjena prvenstveno ce zavisiti od tehnicko taktickih sitacija igre, te od fizicke pripremljenosti igraca.
Children Exposed to Drugs in Utero: Their Scores on the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article presents findings from a retrospective study of 54 children who were prenatally exposed to drugs and who received the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers as part of a developmental follow-up clinic protocol. Data were analyzed using nonparametric descriptive statistics to examine trends in the test scores compared to the test norms and to determine if a distinctive clinical profile was present. Although a distinctive clinical profile did not emerge, the overall test results indicated a skewness toward the lower end of the spectrum with poorer performance identified on test items measuring tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular processing, and language. Performance of items that assessed aspects of non-verbal cognition tended to be within the normal range. The difficulties of conducting studies within this group of children are discussed.
Observations on the Behaviour and Feeding Habits of the Springbok,Antidorcas Marsupialis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

AbstractThe stance and attitudes of the springbok are found to be similar to those of other gazelles. Gaits used are a rack-like walk (passgang), a trot and a gallop; display trot, the stott and the pronk are considered to be ritualised gaits of increasing intensity. Urination and defecation and comfort behaviour are described. Social behaviour is discussed and mixed herds, bachelor herds and solitary territorial males are shown to occur. Territorial marking is performed by taking up conspicuous positions, horn sweeping and ritualised defecation-urination. Mating behaviour resembles that of other gazelles and harem herds are common although some copulation was seen in larger groups. Agonistic behaviour involves little ritual display. Females and young form temporary herds; the young lie out and thereafter associate in “kindergarten” groups. Communication is by various calls and by visual signals of which the erection of the dorsal fan is the most striking. Morning and evening peaks of activity occur.Previous studies of food eaten are reviewed and the results of rumen sample analysis presented. Karroid shrubs and the leaves of several bushes and trees were found to be the dominant food in June and July. Springbok drink but can survive in waterless areas. Open or semi-open habitats are preferred and the factors influencing the preference are discussed.
Nickelzinc Batteries for RPV Applications.

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Interim results are presented for a program dealing with the placement of nickel-zinc batteries in specific military applications, namely the BQM-34A and the PQM-102 Remotely Piloted Vehicles. The nickel-zinc system was chosen for these applications because RPV's demand a high quality secondary battery that offers a compromise between long life (calendar and cycle) and low weight and volume. Program tasks include continued development of the nickel zinc system, calendar and cycle life testing of the two candidate batteries, qualification testing, and flight testing in operational RPV's. Test results of developmental cells and batteries include cycle life testing of various separator materials, high rate/low temperature discharges with various types of nickel electrodes, zinc electrode substrate, and charging methods. Calendar and cycle life testing is underway which will demonstrate the ability of the nickel-zinc system to be routinely cycled over an extended period of time. (Author)
Spatial variation in soil moisture with subsurface drip irrigation in cane sugar

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The sugarcane agroecosystem has been the focus of much research. Mainly, because the sugarcane in Brazil has great economic importance and land occupancy. Prominent among this research is water replacement in the soil, which can be monitored by tensiometers. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor the matric potential at different positions in the soil to check the influence of the depth and horizontal distance from the tensiometer relative to the dripline in evaluating soil moisture in Dystrophic Red Latosol cultivated with sugarcane under subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Federal Institute of Goias (IF Goiano), Campus Rio Verde, GO. The planting of sugar cane occurred in a double row, and the dripline was buried 0.20 m deep under the surface of the soil between the crop rows. The soil matric potential was recorded at four depths (0.20; 0.40; 0.60 and 0.80 m of the soil surface) and four horizontal distances from the dripline (0.15; 0.30; 0.45 and 0.60 m). The values of soil matric potential were evaluated through mathematical regressions and compared to each other using the homogeneity test for linear models. The depth of monitoring and the horizontal distance between the dripline and the tensiometric rods had strong and weak influences, respectively, in the soil’s matric potential. The highest values of soil matric potential were observed in the deeper layers of the soil.

Key words: Matric potential, wetted bulb, water replacement, dystrophic red latosol, Saccharum officinarum L.
Dissemination of patient data in the Erlangen Hospital communication and information system.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

It is necessary to exchange information between the various institutions of the medical faculty of the University of Erlangen-Nurnberg. For example, basic patient data, which is collected in a central computer, must be distributed to various stations and laboratories. Also medical findings, which are already captured in computers in central laboratories, must be transmitted to various parts of the university hospitals. After the data network, consisting of a glass fiber backbone linking the buildings and cabling in the individual departments, had been implemented, it became possible to provide an electronic exchange of medical information.
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Distal Symmetric Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy: These Two Diabetic Microvascular Complications do not Invariably Co-Exist

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and distal symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) are serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Their simultaneous development remains disputable. The aim of the present study was to examine the correlation between CAN and the presence/severity of DSPN in DM. Methods: Subjects with type 1 (group A: n=51; mean age 40.4 years) and type 2 DM (group B: n=153; mean age 64.6 years) were studied. Evaluation of DSPN was based on neuropathy disability score. Assessment of CAN was based on the battery of 4 standardized cardiovascular autonomic function tests. Results: In group A, patients with moderate/severe DSPN exhibited a 12-fold higher likelihood of CAN in univariate analysis (p=0.035). However, significance was lost after adjustment for gender, age, DM duration, and haemoglobin A1c. In group A, likelihood for CAN did not correlate with the presence of mild DSPN in univariate and multivariate analysis. In group B, likelihood of CAN was similar in patients with mild and in those with moderate/severe DSPN compared with patients without DSPN in univariate and multivariate analysis. In between group comparison CAN was similarly distributed in the 2 groups (p for interaction=0.367), in patients with no, mild and moderate/severe DSPN. Conclusion: CAN does not always co-exist with degrees of DSPN, ranging from mild to moderate/ severe and is similarly distributed in T1DM and T2DM patients with mild and moderate/severe DSPN and in patients without DSPN.
Interleukin 10 suppresses experimental chronic, granulomatous inflammation induced by bacterial cell wall polymers.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Interleukin 10 (IL10) inhibits monocyte/macrophage and T lymphocyte effector functions. This study examined the effect of systemically administered IL10 on acute and chronic granulomatous enterocolitis, hepatitis, and arthritis in a rat model. METHODS: Lewis rats were injected intramurally with streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-APS) polymers. Beginning 12 hours before PG-APS injection, rats were treated daily with subcutaneous murine recombinant IL10 or vehicle for three or 17 days. RESULTS: IL10 attenuated acute enterocolitis in a dose dependent fashion (p < 0.01). Protective effects were more profound in the chronic granulomatous phase with decreased enterocolitis and markedly inhibited leucocytosis, hepatic granulomas, and chronic erosive arthritis (p < 0.001). IL10 downregulated tissue IL1, IL6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma gene expression, consistent with the in vitro effects of IL10 on PG-APS-stimulated splenocytes. Caecal IL1 protein concentrations and IL2 and interferon gamma secretion by in vitro stimulated mesenteric lymph nodes were downregulated in IL10 treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that exogenous IL10 can inhibit experimental granulomatous inflammatory responses and suggest that IL10 treatment could be an effective new therapeutic approach in human disorders such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis.
Cloning and expression analysis of the myostatin gene in <I>Elopichthys bambusa</I>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In order to clone full-length myostatin gene and characterize its tissue expression profile in E.bambusa,RT-PCR and rapid-amplification of cDNA ends(RACE)were used to acquire full-length cDNA.A full-length of 2 177 bp myostatin cDNA sequence in E.bambusa was cloned,which included a 1 125 bp complete ORF encoding a 375 amino acids peptide,a 89 bp long 5'-untranslated region,and a 1 052 bp long 3'-untranslated region.The 375 amino acids long putative peptide contains a 22 amino acids long signal peptide,a conserved RIRR proteolytic processing site,and 9 conserved cysteine residues in the C terminal of the protein.The E.bambusa MSTN had high similarity to the Megalobrama pellegrini,Ctenopharyngodon idella,Cyprinus carpio myostatin while had low similarity to the M.perciformfishes myostatin and lower similarity to the mammalian and bird myostatin.The phylogenetic analyses showed that the E.bambusa myostatin had closest relationship with the M.pellegrini myostatin.Furthermore,myostatin mRNA tissue expression profile was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.In the seven examined tissues,the myostatin gene was expressed strongly in muscle and brain,weakly in heart but not expressed in kidney,intestine,gill,heart and liver.These results suggested that the fish myostatin gene might not only play roles in muscle development but also contribute to other biological functions.
Functional assessment in spinal cord injury: a comparison of the Modified Barthel Index and the 'adapted' Functional Independence Measure

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) have been used to provide objective measures of functional status and change of spinal cord injured (SCI) patients. To compare rating scores on the MBI and FIM, the functional abilities of 41 SCI patients were rated by one trained nurse-clinician using both scales at admission to initial rehabilitation (ADM), discharge from rehabilitation (DC) and at follow-up (FU) 12 months after rehabilitation. An 'adapted' FIM score was used, and total MBI and FIM scores were divided into self-care and mobility subscores. Comparisons were made between each MBI score and each FIM score at each point in time (ADM, DC, FU) using simple linear regression, which was also used to compare changes in the MBI and FIM scores from ADM to DC and from DC to FU. Excellent correlations ( p<0.0005) were found between MBI and FIM scores at all points in time and between changes in MBI scores and changes in FIM scores over each time interval.
Unveiling interactions mediated by B vitamins between diatoms and their associated bacteria from cocultures

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Unveiling the interactions among phytoplankton and bacteria at the level of species requires axenic isolates to experimentally demonstrate their mutual effects. In this study, we describe the interactions among the diatoms Pseudo‐nitzschia granii and Chaetoceros tenuissimus and their associated bacterial species, isolated from surface water of a coastal upwelling system using coculture experiments. Microalgae growth was assessed in axenic monocultures or in coculture with each of their co‐isolated bacteria in the presence or absence of B vitamins. Pseudo‐nitzschia granii growth was limited by B‐vitamin supply, except when cultured with the bacteria Jannaschia cystaugens , which seemed to provide adequate levels of B vitamins to the diatom. Chaetoceros tenuissimus growth was reduced in the absence of B vitamins. Moreover, the growth of C . tenuissimus was stimulated by Alteromonas sp. and Celeribacter baekdonensis during the exponential growth. These results show a diversity of specific interactions between the diatoms and co‐isolated bacteria, ranging from allelopathy to commensalism. Understanding how interactions between phytoplankton and bacteria modulate the structure and function of marine microbial plankton communities will contribute to a greater knowledge of plankton ecology and improve our ability to predict nutrient fluxes in marine ecosystems or the formation of blooms in a context of global change.
Communication application programming interfaces with quality of service support

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The provision of a communication infrastructure which is able to support applications for life long learning is a major challenge. Distance learning and teletraining applications will be heavily based on multimedia information. The communication infrastructure has to provide end-to-end quality of service (QoS) support via application programming interfaces (APIs) to the applications. Therefore we looked into several QoS aware APIs and made a comparison between them. Winsock 2 on the client side and XTI on the UNIX server side are QoS aware, support both RSVP and native ATM and will be widely deployed. Therefore we decided to look first into these QoS APIs. As an application, we developed a MPEG-2 video streaming prototype which makes use of ATM's SVC and bandwidth reservation capabilities. After these first successful trials we will provide a large QoS aware backbone communication infrastructure based on ATM switches, with ATM to the desktop in specific application areas. In further steps we are going to deploy RSVP in non ATM based networks like FDDI, Ethernet and token-ring to deliver video streaming for specific user groups. In this paper we summarize the most important specifications and implementations of QoS aware communication APIs. Finally, we are suggesting a solution for a platform independent QoS aware API that is based on Java.
Mechanism of Inflammatory Pain and Implementation of Natural Products as Rescue Route

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The onset of pain is the major discomfort associated with inflammation. The inflammation is usually associated with tissue injury, irritation and infection. This leads to the release of pro-inflammatory compounds from either damaged or immune cells leading to the stimulation of nociceptors which are mainly primary afferent fibres. The stimulation of these fibres by neuropeptide, substance P, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, serotonin, protons and others leads to pain. To ease this pain, the drugs tend to either inhibit the enzymes or the nerve receptors. The major means of controlling the pain involves the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. However, the effective inhibition of these enzymes tends also to impede other functional physiological activities occurring in the body, leading to health crisis. The steps in eradicating these lethal side effects have led to the various techniques including natural remedies like plants and fish oils. Therefore, this study tends to present a review on the pain sensation pathway during inflammation and how the introduction of natural products in drug therapies could prove lucrative.