jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Second order linearized theory of free-surface flow in porous media

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeOn examine l'écoulement à surface libre d'un liquide incompressible et homogène dans un milieu poreux isotrope, homogène et indéformable. Pour résoudre exactement un tel problème, il est nécessaire de déterminer le potentiel de vitesse, φ, comme fonction harmonique (équation I.1) respectant une condition aux limites non linéaire (équation I.2) sur la surface libre inconnue en mouvement (équation I.3). Une méthode approchée consiste à développer les expressions, correspondant au potentiel, et à la surface libre, en une série exponentielle d'un paramètre ε de faible valeur (équations II.1, II.2), semblable à l'approximation des ondes infinitésimales. On dérive ensuite les équations définissant les deux premiers termes (équations II.8, II.9). Alors que les fonctions restent harmoniques, les conditions à la surface libre deviennent linéaires, et sont posées pour une surface permanente, et a priori connue. Deux cas sont examinés en détail, d'une part, celui d'une surface permanente correspondant à un plan incliné (équations II.10-II.13, fig. 1 a), et d'autre part, celui d'une surface plane et horizontale (équations II.14-II.16, fig. 1 b). On examine la convergence des développements en fonction d'un paramètre de faible valeur, pour le cas d'un écoulement plan se dirigeant vers un ensemble de puits (fig. 2), pour lequel Van Deemter avait trouvé une solution exacte. Il apparaît la possibilité de développer le potentiel complexe Ω en une série (équation III.15), convergente pour une valeur arbitraire de ε. Deux exemples de solutions du deuxième ordre sont présentés. Dans le cas d'un écoulement plan permanent par un barrage, le profil de la surface libre est défini par l'équation IV.8. On montre que l'on aboutit à une évaluation exacte du débit, et que ces résultats sont voisins de celui obtenu à l'aide des hypothèses de Dupuit, à condition que l'écoulement soit peu profond (équations IV.17, IV.18). On calcule le profil de la surface libre pour le cas d'un écoulement profond (équation VI.19, fig. 4). L'amortissement d'une surface libre initiale de profil cosinusoïdal est un exemple d'un écoulement non permanent. La solution est exprimée par l'équation IV.24. On croit pouvoir obtenir une importante classe de nouvelles solutions à l'aide de la théorie linéarisée.
Consensus, cooperation, and collective intelligence in foraging societies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Consensus-based collective decision-making is a common feature of political life in hunter-gatherer (forager) societies. In this paper, we ask why. Synthesizing evidence from anthropology and experimental social psychology, we argue that consensus-based decision-making is an adaptive design feature of groups for efficiently processing information and facilitating good judgments, thereby increasing collective intelligence. Consensus-based decision-making facilitates information flow in several ways: by encouraging high viewpoint diversity; by placing an emphasis on independent judgments; by encouraging leadership that is informal, temporary, and knowledge-based; by encouraging inclusive deliberative norms; and by aiding in the construction of a shared reality and meaning among group members. We further argue that consensual political behavior is part of a coordination game: deliberation preceding decisions serves as a form of pregame talk that refinesmutual expectations of effort and reward, signals cooperative intent, elicits cooperation, and refinescoordination, all of which is hypothesized to result in better group decisions (i.e. higher collective intelligence). We sketch an evolutionary scenario for the emergence of consensus-based decision-making, which likely prevailed as a modal political form during the Palaeolithic.
Differences in smoking and tooth brushing habits among general high school and vocational high school students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in smoking and toothbrushing habits between vocational and general high school students, using data from the 10th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Methods This study performed a complex samples cross-tabulation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify differences in smoking and brushing habits according to the school type on 35,904 students from 400 sample high schools. The final model of logistic regression analysis was adjusted for gender, grade, subjective socioeconomic status, paternal education, and maternal education. Results The risks of having experienced smoking and current smoking among vocational high school students were 2.3 times and 2.8 times higher compared with general high school students, respectively (P<0.001). The risks of brushing teeth less than 3 times a day and not brushing teeth after lunch were 1.4 times and 2.0 times higher compared with general high school students, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusions This study suggests the need for developing and implementing an oral health program that reflects the characteristics of vocational high schools to reduce the differences in smoking and toothbrushing habits between general and vocational high school students.
The Effects of Rabbitfish Existence in Polyculture System and Feed Type against the Growth Performance of Bigeye Trevally in Floating Net Cage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) existence in polyculture system and feed type against the growth performance of bigeye trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus) in floating net cage. Study on polyculture of bigeye trevally and rabbitfish and monoculture of bigeye trevally in the cage were conducted at the coastal of South Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2018. The experiment was designed with three treatments for bigeye trevally, namely: monoculture of bigeye trevally fed with fresh trash fish + corn oil 4% (Treatment A), polyculture of bigeye trevally and rabbitfish fed with fresh trash fish + corn oil 4% (Treatment B), polyculture of bigeye trevally and rabbitfish fed only fresh trash fish (Treatment C); On the other hand, 2 treatments for rabbitfish, namely: polyculture of rabbitfish and bigeye trevally which are fed with only carp pellets + fresh trash fish (1:1) (Treatment D) and polyculture of rabbitfish and bigeye trevally which are fed with carp pellets + fresh trash fish (1:1) + corn oil 4% (Treatment E). Each treatment consisted of 3 replications. The results show that the daily growth rates of bigeye trevally from treatment A, B, and C are 0.67%, 1% and 0.68% of body weight per day, while the daily growth rates of rabbitfish from treatment D and E are 0.56% and 0.81% of body weight per day, respectively. Feed conversion ratios of bigeye trevally from treatment A, B and C are 6.69, 4.86 and 6, while feed conversion ratios of rabbitfish from treatment D and E are 4.57 and 4.16, respectively. Rabbitfish existence in polyculture system and feed type gave a faster growth of bigeye trevally in the cage compared to the absence of both.
North Central Sociological Association: Members Perspectives—Past and Present

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Recollections of past officers provide the basis for a history of the North Central Sociological Association (NCSA). Foci include the early environment, school participation, and forces behind its growth and current character. Contemporary issues of big school domination and image are examined through data on current numbers, school affiliations, and convention participation. The latter part of the paper, based on a 1976 NCSA membership survey, compares criticisms of American Sociological Association national meetings with those of North Central, summarizing the asserts and deficits of each. Conclusions are drawn about the identifying characteristics and functions of a regional association given the image it assumes and its organizational goals.
Interaction of Two Cross-Polarized Electromagnetic Waves with Mammalian Cranial Structures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study has been made of the interaction of two crosspolarized plane electromagnetic waves with six-layered spherical models of a mammalian head. The numerical results indicate that the absorbed powers induced inside small animal and human heads by incident circularly polarized waves and linearly polarized waves are very similar except that the absorbed power in the planes transverse to the direction of propagation is uniform for the cross-polarized wave. It is also shown that the average absorbed power depends strongly on the frequency and head size involved. The maximum absorbed powers in a given size spherical head vary only slightly with frequency for the two frequencies studied. However, since a greater amount of the absorbed power occurs in the inner sphere representing the brain of a human head when 918 MHz rather than 2450 MHz is used, the former constitutes a greater health hazard to man at the same incident power.
Variations in the NOx Emission of Gas Turbines: Effects of Air Temperature, Air Humidity and Natural Gas Composition

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The NOx emission, produced by gas turbines varies with ambient conditions and with fuel gas composition. Often, legislation requires that the NOx emissions of gas turbines has to be corrected to standard conditions. The EPA formula may be used for the correction for ambient temperature and humidity. In the Netherlands, the correction for fuel-gas composition is based on the observation that for natural gases, NOx emission varies linearly with the Lower Calorific Value (LCV). It is concluded that both the EPA and LCV correction formulas are equivalent to the following relation between flame temperature and NOx emission: NOxa=NOxb*(1.0065)Ta−Tb where Ta and Tb represent characteristic flame temperatures under conditions a and b. In the paper, the utility of the EPA and the LCV correction formulas for gas turbines equipped with modem lean-premixed combustors is discussed.
Descriptor variable systems and optimal state regulation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Linear systems of the form E\dot{x} = Ax + Bu with E singular are treated. It is desired to find a control which drives the system asymptotically to the origin, minimizing a quadratic cost functional. No restrictions are placed on initial conditions. The cost associated with the impulsive behavior of the system is examined as well as existence and uniqueness of the optimal control. Through a sequence of coordinate transformations it is proven that the optimal control can be found by solving a reduced order Riccati equation.
An in-vitro study on effects of laser activation on dye penetration in human root dentin

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the penetration of a dye in root dentin after activation with different laser wavelengths. Materials: Palatal roots of 38 human molars were enlarged and disinfected. Irrigation activation was performed with an Er:YAG laser: @50 mJ, 15 Hz (Er:YAG); a 9.3 µm CO2 laser: @40% power (CO2); diode lasers 455 nm/970 nm: @0.8 W, 15 Hz (D455, D970) and 808/980 nm: @1 W (D808, D980) and compared to positive control: etching with 35% H3PO4 (POS); negative control: water (NEG) and conventional needle irrigation: NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (CONV). Methylene blue solution was introduced in the canal and laser-activated or left untouched for 100 s before the roots were dried and cut into horizontal slices. Dye penetration was automatically calculated by color recognition of two samples per root third (n = 8 per group in each coronal, middle and apical root thirds). The presence and absence of a smear layer was checked in two additional samples of the negative and positive control under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Full-depth infiltration was not achieved in any group. Dye penetration in CONV was significantly less than in Er:YAG, CO2, POS, D455, D970, D808 and similar to NEG and D980 when results of different root thirds were pooled. Conclusion: Laser activation using certain parameters enhanced dye penetration compared to conventional needle irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA (CONV).
Design and Characterization of Pressure Monitoring and Insertion system for Intraparenchymal Convection Enhanced Delivery

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Neurological disorders are a significant societal and economic burden. Common pharmacological therapies often can only manage symptoms and have limited efficacy. Intraparenchymal convection enhanced delivery (IP CED) is a neurosurgical technique for direct brain delivery of therapeutics. Currently, the main applications of IP CED are targeted chemotherapy for glioblastoma and gene therapy. While IP CED has advantages over systemic approaches, its benefits can be drastically reduced by inadequate coverage as low as 21% of target anatomy, excessive infusion durations greater than 2 hours, and off-target effects. Addressing the limitations of IP CED requires thorough investigation and optimization of the relevant fluid dynamic and operational parameters. In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of low-cost, open-source, and fully automated CED cannula insertion control and pressure-monitoring systems. Using these automated CED control systems, we investigate the effects of pressure, insertion velocity, and flow rates on several outcome variables, including reflux, volume distribution, and infusion cloud morphology during CED infusions in brain phantoms.Clinical Relevance- CED pressure properties may be able to implicate reflux incidents and could provide clinicians with valuable, real-time information regarding ongoing infusions without the need for costly medical imaging modalities.
Channel Communication and Reconfigurable Hardware

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many applications can be structured as a set of processes or threads that communicate via channels. These threads can be executed on various platforms (e.g. general purpose CPU, DSP, FPGA, etc). In our research we apply channels as a basic communication mechanism between threads in a reconfigurable system. The research involves providing system level functions to describe the setup of communicating threads, which may now either run timeshared on a general CPU or in dynamically-setup special purpose logic that runs on reconfigurable hardware. The use of channels and threads running in both software and hardware, will be made transparent for the application level programmers by the system level functions. By first describing the threads and how they are connected and then letting the operating system decide on 'geographical' placement of the threads and buffers, multiprogramming will be supported and programs will be able to run on different setups of hardware (i.e. different amount of CPUs or available programmable logic). This is an ongoing work, the paper is a collection of thoughts, which lead to a first setup of rudimentary support functions in the operating system.
Media language as a Reflection of Changes in the World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Mass communication affects both society and culture. Different social orders have
different media frameworks, and how they are established by law affects how society works. Diverse
forms of communication, including messages in the mass media, provide the form and structure of society.
Language is an aspect of our culture that is no exception due to the influence of the media. This article is
about how television, radio, the Internet and other media can shape our culture and reflect our cultural
behavior. The media can control, influence and put pressure on society, along with the fact that they
really control the world at times both in a positive and negative sense. In addition, the media can control
people in the spotlight to lead their lives in a certain way or rebel against how they "should" be. These
possibilities are only growing as devices such as cell phones and tablet computers allow us to access various
forms of media from virtually anywhere.
A Simulation-Based Approach to Teach Interaction Effects in Postgraduate Biostatistics Courses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Simulation-based teaching can be a valuable method for learning statistical concepts. Its practical implementation for health-related subjects is seldomly evaluated. We propose a simulation-based approach to teach interaction effects in a postgraduate biostatistics course. We describe the steps involved in organizing and implementing a simulation-based activity and evaluate its execution. Mainly master and doctoral students in medical sciences (public health/epidemiology) participated to a 3-hr long online workshop on interaction effects. We presented one main learning activity, broken down into six progressive steps, from visualizing an interaction effect to investigating samples leading to erroneous inference. A total of 85 people attended of which 53 filled out an evaluation survey. Most (89%) of the respondents reported that the proposed activities helped them better understand interaction effects. A qualitative content analysis of free-text answers indicated that learning activities focusing on interaction effects in this way were useful for developing an understanding of both the meaning of statistical models and their interpretations. We conclude that a simulation-based approach can be a useful and interactive tool to create a valuable learning experience. The materials provided in this article can serve as a starting point for teachers who wish to implement such a method.
Clinical value of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in the early diagnosis of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To discuss the value of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1(sTREM-1) in exhaled ventilator condensate(EVC) in the early diagnose of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP).Methods sTREM-1 in EVC was determined in 37 adult patients with mechanical ventilation treatment by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay(DAS-ELISA).The 37 patients were divided into the non-VAP group with 13 cases and the VAP group with 24 cases,and the VAP group included the recovery subgroup(14 cases) and the aggravation subgroup(10 cases).The levels of sTREM-1 in EVC was measured on Day 1,3 and 7 for all patients.The early diagnostic value was assessed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis.Results On the 3th day,the levels of EVC,sTREM-1 and serum CRP were obviously higher in the VAP group than in the non-VAP group(P 0.01).On the 7th day,the levels of EVC,sTREM-1 and serum CRP were still higher in the aggravation subgroup than in the recovery subgroup and the non-VAP group(P 0.01),but there was no significant difference between the non-VAP group and the recovery subgroup(P 0.05).The dividing value of sTREM-1 in the early diagnosis of patients with VAP was 4.70 ng / ml on the 3rd day by ROC curve analysis.The sensitivity was 85.8%,and the specificity was 92.3%.Conclusion The results suggest that the levels of sTREM1 in EVC is conducive to the early diagnosis of VAP,and the levels of sTREM-1 in EVC and serum CRP are helpful to estimate the prognosis on the 7th day,including ventilator weaning failure and death.
Broadway Junior : musical theatre for youth performers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This MFA thesis identifies the junior musical as an umbrella term for commercial American musical theatre adapted for youth performers and explores the value of these adaptations in schools. Interviews and survey responses comprise this qualitative study that examines interest in and opportunities created by Broadway Jr., a specific musical theatre program for middle school students. Through an analysis of current practices and statistics in performance and education, this thesis positions the Broadway Jr. program as an educational theatre model that flexibly responds to the needs of the particular schools and communities it serves. Findings invite practitioners and scholars to consider what comprises quality musical theatre education for young people in schools in the twenty-first century.
Selective Methanol‐to‐Formate Electrocatalytic Conversion on Branched Nickel Carbide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A methanol economy will be favored by the availability of low‐cost catalysts able to selectively oxidize methanol to formate. This selective oxidation would allow extraction of the largest part of the fuel energy while concurrently producing a chemical with even higher commercial value than the fuel itself. Herein, we present a highly active methanol electrooxidation catalyst based on abundant elements and with an optimized structure to simultaneously maximize interaction with the electrolyte and mobility of charge carriers. In situ infrared spectroscopy combined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that branched nickel carbide particles are the first catalyst determined to have nearly 100 % electrochemical conversion of methanol to formate without generating detectable CO 2 as a byproduct. Electrochemical kinetics analysis revealed the optimized reaction conditions and the electrode delivered excellent activities. This work provides a straightforward and cost‐efficient way for the conversion of organic small molecules and the first direct evidence of a selective formate reaction pathway.
A Harmful Scene: Vicarious Exposure to Racism and Negative Affect Among Undergraduate Students in the Context of the George Floyd Tragedy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Evidence of vicarious exposure to racism has primarily been garnered from in-group racial-ethnic samples to convey its harmful psychological impacts on individuals who share identities with those who are directly experiencing the racist act being observed. The extent to which this evidence applies to out-group members exposed to vicarious racism is underexamined. The present study investigated the extent to which vicarious exposure to racialized violence in policing leading to the death of George Floyd predicted negative affect among a sample of undergraduate students when accounting for other factors that may contribute to negative affect. A sample (N = 683) of nonhomogeneous racial-ethnic (67% People of Color; 33% White) undergraduate students aged 18 to 41 completed an online survey assessing demographic characteristics, vicarious racism exposure, everyday discrimination exposure, and affect during the summer and fall of 2020. Bivariate analyses indicated racial-ethnic disparities in negative affect among the sample. After controlling for race-ethnicity, gender identity, sexual identity, and everyday discrimination, a hierarchical linear regression analysis indicated that exposure to vicarious racialized violence in policing significantly predicted increased levels of negative affect. These findings provide vital insight into the harmful psychological impacts of vicarious exposure to racialized violence on individuals in the U.S. which has individual, population, and public health implications.