jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Causal Analysis of Women Engaging in Commercial Sex

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Female sex workers (FSWs) are women who engage in sexual behavior with others for monetary compensation. The FSW community has comparable demographic characteristics to the overall population, with a focus on youth, low education, and high mobility. Some women engage in sex trafficking on purpose, not to earn money, but to violate social norms. Feminists who grow up in broken or dysfunctional homes have their familial support networks disturbed. Disruptions to the financial support network include forced departures due to financial restrictions, unemployment, and so on. Women’s decisions to enter the sector are significantly influenced by peer behavior. Sexual assault may have a detrimental effect on an individual’s viewpoint, self-awareness, and emotional capacity. While the majority of FSWs are motivated by economic considerations, a sizable percentage is driven to prostitution. Other women forced into the sex trade have great things to say about it, and when given the opportunity to leave, some opt to stay.
Cultural equivalence, reliability and utility of the Portuguese version of the Oral Behaviours Checklist

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary Background Oral behaviors ( OB s) must be assessed as part of a biobehavioural evaluation for patients with temporomandibular disorders ( TMD ). Objectives The aims of this study were: to translate and culturally adapt the Oral Behaviors Checklist ( OBC ) into Portuguese; to evaluate its basic psychometric properties; and to assess the utility of the Portuguese OBC . Methods The Portuguese translation, cross‐cultural equivalence, and two studies (Pre‐field test, N = 8, and field test, N = 45) of the OBC adhered to official guidelines of the International RDC / TMD Research Consortium (now, IN f ORM ). In the formal test (N = 120) the Portuguese RDC / TMD was used for TMD diagnosis. Results Translation and cultural equivalence of the OBC into Portuguese was reviewed and approved by an expert panel. In the field test, item agreement between English and Portuguese OBC versions was very good (weighted Kappa ≥ 0.934). Test‐retest reliability of the OBC S umScore was excellent intra‐class correlation coefficient (( ICC ) = 0.998, P < 0.001). As an initial probe into validity using parallel forms, comparison of the sleep bruxism and awake clenching questions included in the RDC / TMD with the corresponding OBC questions yielded excellent (Kappa = 0.932) and very good (k = 0.850), respectively, convergent validity as well as excellent (that is, poor agreement, kappa = 0.013) discriminant validity for these specific OB s. The mean OBC S umScore was significantly lower for the healthy group, compared to the painful TMD group ( ANOVA , P = 0.037). Conclusions The Portuguese translation of the OBC exhibits cross‐cultural equivalence for use in Portugal, and the instrument performs with acceptable psychometric properties. The validity of the parafunction construct requires additional research in both Portuguese and other languages.
Traumatic Subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to periprosthetic fracture of shoulder arthrodesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Traumatic subclavian artery pseudoaneurysms are rare clinical entities.Initial symptoms may be covert, resulting in delayed diagnosis and severe complications.There have been several case reports on traumatic subclavian pseudoaneurysm, but this may be the first case report involving an arthrodetic shoulder.In this case report, we discuss an 85-year-old gentleman who presented with a right shoulder pulsatile mass after a couple of traumatic falls onto the arthrodetic shoulder.CT angiogram demonstrated a right subclavian pseudoaneurysm, and the patient was treated with endovascular stenting.This case highlights the importance of recognizing traumatic subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm is necessary, especially in high-risk patients (with previous arthrodesis/prosthesis.), to reduce morbidity and mortality.
The Nature of Non-discrimination Obligations Contained in International Investment Treaties

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter focuses on the nature of non-discrimination obligations within international investment treaties. It outlines the paradigms of discrimination in the US, EU, and human rights anti-discrimination law: disparate treatment and disparate impact discrimination. In domestic and international courts, circumstantial evidence and adverse inferences play a vital role in proving disparate treatment or direct discrimination amidst cases. The chapter explains that all non-discrimination obligations contained in investment treaties fall within the disparate treatment discrimination paradigm and explains the implications. It then explores the relationship between the different non-discrimination obligations in international investment treaty arbitration, which includes the key concepts of fair and equitable treatment (FET), discrimination, expropriation, National Treatment and most favoured nations (MFN).
Study of High-Speed Sintering of Fine-Grained Hard Alloys Based on Tungsten Carbide with Ultralow Cobalt Content: II. Hard Alloys WC–(0.3–1) wt % Co

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The features of spark plasma sintering (SPS) of plasma-chemical nanopowders WC–(0.3, 0.6, 1) wt % Co were studied. The SPS process of ultralow-cobalt hard alloys can be sequentially represented as a change of the following stages: rearrangement of particles at lower temperatures (Stage I) → sintering of WC–Co particles due to Coble creep of γ phase of cobalt, the intensity of which is determined by the grain boundary diffusion rate (Stage II) → sintering due to diffusion creep, the rate of which is limited by the bulk diffusion in cobalt (Stage III-1) → sintering of tungsten carbide particles along the intergranular boundaries of WC/WC under conditions of intense grain growth (Stage III-2). Samples with a high density (96.4–98.4%) and high mechanical properties were obtained (for the WC–0.3% Co hard alloy: Hv ~ 20.5 GPa, K1C = 7.1 MPa m1/2).
ComCLIP: Training-Free Compositional Image and Text Matching

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) has demonstrated great zero-shot performance for matching images and text. However, it is still challenging to adapt vision-lanaguage pretrained models like CLIP to compositional image and text matching -- a more challenging image and text matching task requiring the model understanding of compositional word concepts and visual components. Towards better compositional generalization in zero-shot image and text matching, in this paper, we study the problem from a causal perspective: the erroneous semantics of individual entities are essentially confounders that cause the matching failure. Therefore, we propose a novel \textbf{\textit{training-free}} compositional CLIP model (ComCLIP). ComCLIP disentangles input images into subjects, objects, and action sub-images and composes CLIP's vision encoder and text encoder to perform evolving matching over compositional text embedding and sub-image embeddings. In this way, ComCLIP can mitigate spurious correlations introduced by the pretrained CLIP models and dynamically evaluate the importance of each component. Experiments on four compositional image-text matching datasets: SVO, ComVG, Winoground, and VL-checklist, and two general image-text retrieval datasets: Flick30K, and MSCOCO demonstrate the effectiveness of our plug-and-play method, which boosts the \textbf{\textit{zero-shot}} inference ability of CLIP, SLIP, and BLIP2 even without further training or fine-tuning. Our codes can be found at https://github.com/eric-ai-lab/ComCLIP.
The variable-radius notch: Two new methods for reducing stress concentration

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Geometrical features such as notches and corners give rise to stress concentrations. In industrial components these features are often designed with a constant radius, however it is already known that a more complex shape, having a variable radius, can have a much lower stress concentration factor. In this paper we describe two new approaches for obtaining useful variable-radius notches. The first approach, which we call the Local Curvature Method (LCM) involves post-processing results of a stress analysis conducted on a constant-radius notch, altering the local curvature as a function of the local surface stress. This method is being described here for the first time: it was found to be very successful, reducing the maximum stress at a 90o fillet by about a factor of 2. The second approach involved using commercial software (modeFrontier) to carry out a more systematic search of possible variable-radius designs using multiple finite element models. This approach, though much more expensive in terms of computing resources, was able to find slightly better solutions. Our findings were verified by conducting experimental tests to measure brittle fracture strength and high-cycle fatigue strength.
Analysis of Surface Runoff and Remote Sensing Data to Identify Flood Potential in Simbang Sub-Watershed

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Increased water runoff due to land use change phenomena has triggered flooding events. The objective is to identify flood potential in Simbang Sub-Watershed in Maros Regency using rational methods and remote sensing data. Potential flood hazards were analyzed using the weighting method with the parameters NDVI, MNDWI, NDSI, rainfall, and annual flow coefficient. The highest debit of runoff occurred in 2017, with a value of 113.36 m 3 /s, while the lowest occurred in 2019, with a value of 63.91 m 3 /s. The NDVI value is 0.37–1 with high vegetation covering an area of 3,089 ha, while the low-very low vegetation has value -0.03–0.25 with an area of 1,668 ha. The MNDWI value ranges from 0-0.33 with a moderate wetness level covering an area of 741 ha and an NDSI value ranging from -0.06–0.43 for bare land surrounding an area of 738 ha, which has an impact on reducing water catchment areas which can trigger an increase in surface water runoff discharge. The average rainfall is 2,965 mm/year, the area with low potential for flooding is 3,705 ha, and the area prone (moderate) to flooding is 1,450 ha. The rainfall factor is the main priority trigger for flood events with weight of 0.266, and the soil index is the lowest priority factor with weight of 0.145. Surface water runoff in the Simbang Sub-Watershed area makes a small contribution to the flood events that occurred in Maros Regency with an annual flow coefficient value of 0.23.
SH2299136.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
[Endemic syphillis in Upper Volta. A peculiar aspect of the epidemiological profile].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A seroimmunological survey was realised in Upper Volta using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. It showed that endemic syphilis also known as bejel is not exclusively encountered in Sahelian regions. So, in Kora village which is located in a savannah area prevalence was around 10.3%. The disease particularly affects males. Congenital syphilis is certainly exceptional for first cases of serological treponematosis were only detected after 5 years. Endemic syphilis distribution in microfocuses in the village area underlines that promiscuity acts as a contributing factor for contamination.
Presentation1_Regulation of otic neurosensory specification by Notch and Wnt signalling: insights from RNA-seq screenings in the embryonic chicken inner ear.zip

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>The Notch and Wnt signalling pathways play key roles in the formation of inner ear sensory organs, but little is known about their transcriptional effectors and targets in this context. Here, we perturbed Notch and Wnt activities in the embryonic chicken otic vesicle using pharmacological treatment or in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA, and used RNA-Seq to analyse the resulting changes in gene expression. Compared to pharmacological treatments, in ovo electroporation changed the expression of fewer genes, a likely consequence of the variability and mosaicism of transfection. The pharmacological inhibition of Notch activity induced a rapid change in the expression of known effectors of this pathway and genes associated with neurogenesis, consistent with a switch towards an otic neurosensory fate. The Wnt datasets contained many genes associated with a neurosensory biological function, confirming the importance of this pathway for neurosensory specification in the otocyst. Finally, the results of a preliminary gain-of-function screening of selected transcription factors and Wnt signalling components suggest that the endogenous programs of otic neurosensory specification are very robust, and in general unaffected by the overexpression of a single factor. Altogether this work provides new insights into the effectors and candidate targets of the Notch and Wnt pathways in the early developing inner ear and could serve as a useful reference for future functional genomics experiments in the embryonic avian inner ear.</p>
Characterisation of medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine in South East Asia, and their effects on colorectal cancer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

With the global prevalence of colorectal cancer expected to rise by 60% by 2030, there is mounting pressure to improve existing therapeutic interventions to curb cancer mortality. Cancer patients are often compelled to look to alternative, often herbal-based remedies to supplement or completely replace their prescribed therapeutic programs due to agonising treatment-related side effects. Decades of traditional medical practices have uncovered a plethora of medicinal herbs with purported anti-cancer properties, but the mechanisms underlying their effects and potential for routine clinical use have been poorly examined. This study focuses on characterising five medicinal herbs used for traditional medicine in SouthEast Asia due to their purported anti-tumorigenic activities. MTT assays found that treatment of DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells with these herbal extracts reduced cell viability. Further analyses found that Herb 3 and its combinations limited DLD-1 clonogenicity, stunted the growth of tumour spheroids, and caused tumour regression in xenograft mouse models. Herb 3 and its combinations also triggered apoptosis in DLD-1, indicated by upregulated caspase activity and a significant accumulation of herb-treated cells in the sub-G 1 stage of the cell cycle. Cell cycle analysis further revealed that these herb treatments had effects on DLD-1 cell cycle progression with possible G2/M arrest, and immunostaining found that a sizeable population of herb-treated cells formed aberrant monopolar spindles at metaphase. These findings collectively suggest that treatment with the herbs tested has potential therapeutic use, but further study is necessary to validate the observed effects and delineate the possible underlying mechanisms involved by isolating the bioactive compounds responsible for their effects.
Disseminated Balamuthia mandrillaris Amoeba Infection in an AIDS Patient from Brazil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This report describes a 32-year-old male AIDS patient. He presented with a clinical picture characterized by severe headache, blurred vision, and fever that had lasted for 10 days. At admission, no remarkable neurologic abnormalities were observed. Cranial tomography showed a ring-enhanced lesion with edema and a mass effect in the right occipital lobe. The initial diagnosis was toxoplasmosis, and treatment of this was administered. However, 5 days later, the patient’s clinical status worsened and he died. The necropsy showed necrotizing and hemorrhagic encephalitis, with trophozoites similar to an amoeba species. Furthermore, the kidneys, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and liver were also involved. The amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris was identified by an immunofluorescence test.
Probing Mechanical Deformations on Hard Carbon Anode during Charge / Discharge of Na-Ion Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hard carbon is a promising anode material for Na-ion batteries due to its lower operation voltage and satisfactory capacity. It can be synthesized from waste material resources with a pyrolysis process. 1 Hard carbon is an amorphous material containing randomly oriented graphene layers with numerous structural defects and nanovoids. Hard carbon has larger interlayer spacing than crystalline graphite and this feature allows Na ions to be intercalated into Hard carbon reversibly. 2 However, the practical performance of hard carbons suffers from poor rate capability and low initial Coulombic efficiency. Unfortunately, not much is known about the driving forces behind the interfacial and structural deformations in Hard carbon during battery cycling. Also, the storage mechanism of Na- ions in hard carbon is still under debate. 3 To address this gap, in this study, we utilized operando mechanical measurements to probe electrochemical stress and strain generation in the Hard Carbon during battery cycling. The composite electrode was prepared by mixing Hard Carbon, CMC, and Super P Carbon in the ratio of 8.5:1.0:0.5 in mass, respectively. Digital image correlation and multi-beam optical stress sensor were utilized to monitor strain and stress generation in the electrode, respectively while cycling at a constant current between 0.01 to 2.0 V vs Na 0/+ . In this talk, we will present potential-dependent mechanical deformation in Hard carbon and discuss the charge storage mechanism under the guidance of operando mechanical measurements. Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation (award number 2344722). We are grateful to Dr. Montse Casas-Cabanas and Dr. Damien Saurel from CIC energiGUNE for providing the Hard Carbon samples. References: 1) N. Nieto et al. ChemSusChem 2023, 16, e202301053; 2) N. Tapia-Ruiz et al 2021 J. Phys. Energy 3 031503; 3) H. Alptekin et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 10, 9918–9927
BQL-DRS: A Novel Balanced Q-Learning Based Demand Response System for IoT based Smart Grids

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The modernization of electricity networks and the integration of renewable energy resources in Internet of Things (IoT) based smart grids have led to increased variability in market prices, necessitating effective demand response (DR) strategies. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel Balanced Q-Learning based Demand Response System (BQL-DRS) that combines both optimistic and pessimistic targets in the Q-learning algorithm to achieve a balanced decision-making process in IoT based smart grids. It optimizes DR actions by efficiently managing consumer demand in real-time, considering IoT data from grid conditions, energy prices, and consumer preferences. The significance of the BQL-DRS lies in its ability to handle dynamic and uncertain IoT based grid environments, enabling it to make informed and cautious decisions while pursuing energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. By effectively addressing both pessimistic and optimistic scenarios, the BQL-DRS ensures grid stability, load balancing, and substantial cost savings compared to representative models.
Polyphenolic fingerprint of propolis extracts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Recent analytical techniques can be applied to separate and quantify polyphenols in extracts of propolis used in nutraceutical preparations and to determine the typical ‚fingerprints’ of propolis for the reliable identification of a large number of polyphenolic components. Our laboratory has developed a multi-analytical approach for the identification and chemical characterization of extracts of propolis coming from different countries of origin including spectrophotometric procedures such as HPLCUV- ESI-MS and 1H- and 13C-NMR for an accurate assessment of the contents of these compounds in extract samples. The results show that HPLC-UV-ESI-MS and NMR are useful tools for the quantification of bioactive substances in the different types of propolis and for the chemical classification of propolis. These techniques may provide alternatives to classical analytical phytochemistry to screen commercial preparations of propolisand to evaluate specific nutraceutical benefits. The availability and use of efficient analytical methodologies to document the quantitative composition of bioactive molecules in plant extracts is essential for consumer protection and to comply with the rigorous rules of recent legislation.
A novel sliding mode composite control design for fast time performance of quadrotor UAV

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The dynamical model of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is nonlinear, multivariable as well as unstable. Many control methods are available, but the existing controls are not sufficient to achieve stability and accuracy in a short time. This study presents a composite control approach to perform the attitude and position tracking of a UAV. The proposed control scheme has two steps. In the first step, the dynamical model is decomposed into two parts, i.e., fully actuated subsystem and underactuated subsystem. In the second step, the sliding mode control has been used to control the underactuated subsystem and terminal sliding mode control has been exploited to control the fully actuated subsystem. The application of terminal sliding mode guarantees the finite time convergence. The stability of the system has been ensured by obtaining the condition on control parameter using Lyapunov criterion. The performance of proposed control was evaluated and it has been found that there is substantive improvement over the performance of conventional methods.