jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An analysis of pharmacist interventions.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In a 620-bed acute care teaching hospital, the hospital pharmacists are therapeutic specialists and have become integrated members of the health care team working on the nursing units. To determine the extent of cost avoidance and savings achieved by pharmacist monitoring of drug prescribing and administration, a six month study was undertaken in one of five pharmacy satellites. The pharmacists documented each clinical intervention on form designed for this investigation. Cost reductions or cost avoidance accrued due to the pharmacists' clinical interventions, such as monitoring overuse of drugs, unnecessarily prolonged hospitalization, correction of medication errors, and reassessment of prescriptions. This study suggests that pharmacists clinical expertise in drug use can benefit patients, physicians, nurses, and the hospital administrators who are confronted with ever increasing costs.
Studies on the Morphology of Animal Fibers

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

各種獣毛の鱗片について,形態の特徴を検討した結果は,次のごとくである。1) 獣毛の鱗片形態は,水,アルコールおよびエーテルの処理によつても変化しない。2) 同じ種類の動物においては,繊度を同じくする獣毛をとれば,品種間に鱗片形態の差異は認められない。3) 各種動物の獣毛は,鱗片形態の特徴によつて,6 種類に分類することができる。また鱗片形態の特徴は,鱗片数と関係があるものと考えられる。4) 動物の差異と毛の鱗片形態および鱗片数との間には,関連性が認められない。獣毛の鱗片形態には,個々にその特微が認められる。
Exploring the potential of synthesizing unknown superheavy isotopes via cold-fusion reactions based on the dinuclear system model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

To assess the potential of cold-fusion for synthesizing superheavy nuclei (SHN) with proton numbers 104-113, we systematically calculated 145 naturally occurring projectile-target combinations within the DNS model. Reactions predominantly show maximum cross-sections in the 1n to 2n channels, peaking near the Coulomb barrier with a sum of barrier and Q-value within 30 MeV. The maximum cross-section occurs below the Bass barrier, suggesting either the Bass model's limitation or significant deformation reducing the effective Coulomb barrier. Our calculations align well with experimental data, revealing that more neutron-rich projectiles slightly enhance fusion, though the effect is minor. For fixed targets (Pb, Bi), evaporation residue cross-sections decrease linearly with increasing projectile proton number, attributed to reduced fusion probability and lower fission barriers in heavier SHN. The touching potential $V_{\rm in}$ shows a linear trend with the product of projectile-target proton numbers, with neutron-rich systems exhibiting lower $V_{\rm in}$. Some reactions with $V_{\rm in} < V_{\rm S}$ may involve nucleon transfer before capture. Based on the DNS model, we identified optimal combinations and collision energies for synthesizing SHN with significant cross-sections. Collectively, our findings indicate that cold fusion is a promising avenue for creating proton-rich SHN around the drip line in the Z=104-113 region, offering distinct advantages over alternative mechanisms.
Understanding the escape of LyC and Lyα photons from turbulent clouds

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the escape of Lyman continuum (LyC) and Lyman alpha (Lyα) photons from molecular clouds is one of the keys to constraining the reionization history of the Universe. Using a set of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate how photons propagate and escape from turbulent clouds with different masses, star formation efficiencies (SFEs), and metallicities, as well as with different models of stellar spectra and supernova feedback. We find that the escape fractions in both LyC and Lyα are generally increasing with time if the cloud is efficiently dispersed by radiation and supernova feedback. When the total SFE is low (1 per cent of the cloud mass), $0.1-5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of LyC photons leave the metal-poor cloud, whereas the fractions increase to $20-70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in clouds with a 10 per cent SFE. LyC photons escape more efficiently if gas metallicity is lower, if the upper mass limit in the stellar initial mass function is higher, if binary interactions are allowed in the evolution of stars, or if additional strong radiation pressure, such as Lyα pressure, is present. The escape fractions of Lyα photons are systemically higher ($60-80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) than those of LyC photons, despite large optical depths at line centre (τ0 ∼ 106–109). Scattering of Lyα photons is already significant on cloud scales, leading to double-peaked profiles with peak separations of $v_{\rm sep}\sim 400\, {{\rm km\, s^{-1}}}$ during the initial stage of the cloud evolution, while it becomes narrower than $v_{\rm sep} \lesssim 150 \, {{\rm km\, s^{-1}}}$ in the LyC bright phase. Comparisons with observations of low-redshift galaxies suggest that Lyα photons require further interactions with neutral hydrogen to reproduce their velocity offset for a given LyC escape fraction.
Multicast vs. unicast for loss tomography on tree topologies

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Loss tomography using multicast measurements and using unicast measurements have been investigated separately. In this paper we compare the performance of the two methods on tree structures. We prove identifiability of unicast measurements on tree structures with no degree-2 nodes. To theoretically compare multicast and unicast, we develop an observation model for multicast on trees and derive expressions for calculating the Fisher Information Matrix. We apply optimal experiment design for unicast on trees and develop a simple and insightful solution. Using a packet level simulator, we evaluated and compared the per-link MSE of multicast and unicast under varying parameter settings including link weights, link success rates and tree size. The results show that in contrast to the general belief that multicast always outperforms unicast, unicast can outperform multicast under tight constraint on the probing budget, especially in terms of a weighted average of per-link MSEs. On the other hand, multicast achieves more consistent performance with respect to varying link success rates or tree size.
Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on technetium in chemistry and nuclear medicine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

These proceedings contain papers on the broad subject of the element technetium. Topics include technetium chemistry, technetium complexes, technetium radiopharmaceuticals for brain perfusion imaging, technetium myocardial imaging agents, single-photon emission computed tomography, and technetium radiolabelling.
Anabolic Effects of Ultrasound as Countermeasures of Simulated Microgravity in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Functional Disuse Models

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microgravity (MG) during space flight has been known to cause adverse effect on bone quality. Data collected from studies done on spaceflights show loss of 1–1.6% bone mineral density (BMD) per space-flight-month[1]. Most BMD has been recorded in load-bearing bones [2]. Some studies has considered using drugs and different growth factors to maintain bone mass in microgravity conditions but it can be too expensive to maintain over longer periods of time besides the systematic effects of such treatments [3]. Considering the effects of microgravity are partially attributed to lack of mechanical force on bone tissue, which alters gene expression, reduction in transcription factors and growth factors. Furthermore, lack of gravity effects cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton polymerization and cellular morphology [4, 5]. Thus to reverse these adverse effects on bone physiology, it is important to provide cells with mechanical stimulus which can provide essential mechanical signal for cells to counter the effects of microgravity. Ultrasound acoustic vibrations can be readily applied in, in vivo and human studies and has shown anabolic effects on osteopenic bone tissue [6]. Furthermore, ultrasound is a non-invasive and more target specific treatment relative to cyclic strain and vibration. The objective of this study is to see effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on disused bone model and osteogenic activity of osteoblast cells cultures in simulated microgravity. This will help us understand that effects of ultrasound on microgravity and mechanotransduction pathway responsible for anabolic effect on bone cells.
Effect of M2 macrophage adoptive transfer on transcriptome profile of injured spinal cords in rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The previous studies showed that alternatively activated anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) adoptive immunity can improve the proportion of local M2 cells and play the neuroprotective effect after spinal cord injury (SCI). Its molecular mechanism is not yet very clear. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of the M2 adoptive transfer on the local expression of gene transcription. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used for culture of macrophages and establishment of SCI models. After SCI, the polarized M2 macrophages were transferred to the injured rats by tail vein injection. Seven days after operation, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spinal cords were analyzed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Then, the functional enrichment analysis and pathways were performed by using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), respectively. RNA-Seq showed that M2 adoptive immunity can down-regulate many well-studied gene expressions associated with signaling pathways of inflammatory, such as antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, cell adhesion molecules, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, endocytosis, proteasome, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. These may explain the mechanism of our previous adoptive immunization of M2 cells to provide neuroprotection for SCI. In addition, a novel pathway, retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling pathway was found to be involved in the pathological process of SCI and the response to M2 adoptive immunity as well. This will provide a new explanation for the pathological mechanism of SCI and a new theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical treatment. The raw Illumina data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra (accession number PRJNA517238). Impact statement This research aimed to analyze the effect of M2 macrophage adoptive transfer on the local expression of gene transcription after SCI by RNA-Seq. The results showed that M2 adoptive immunity can down-regulate many well-studied gene expressions associated with signaling pathways of inflammatory. These may explain the mechanism of our previous adoptive immunization of M2 cells to provide neuroprotection for SCI. In addition, a novel pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway was also found to involve in the pathological process of SCI and the response to M2 adoptive immunity. This will provide a new explanation for the pathological mechanism of SCI and a new theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical treatment.
N ‐Carboxylated‐2‐substituted Indoles and 2,3‐Disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐4‐quinolones from 2‐Alkynylbenzamides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The article describes the synthesis of indole involving Hofmann‐type rearrangement of 2‐alkynylbenzamides using hypervalent iodine reagent PhI(OAc)2 followed by a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate intermediate, and platinum(II)‐catalyzed 5‐ endo cyclization of carbamate nitrogen atom toward an alkyne functionality. It also discusses the strategy for the synthesis of quinolone that involves Hofmann‐type rearrangement of 2‐alkynylbenzamides followed by a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate intermediate, acid‐catalyzed intermolecular [2+2]‐cycloaddition between the carbon‐carbon triple bonds of carbamates and aldehydes, and acid‐catalyzed intramolecular aminocyclization to the α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Effects of the Public Policies on the Natural Rubber Production in Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso States

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the government intervention on the expansion of the natural rubber production in Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso states. The method used was the policy analysis matrix, developed by MONKE and PEARSON (1989). The results showed that the production of natural rubber in those states has conditions to face the liberalization changes that have been taking place in the international market. The government's role in that process is relevant in order to promote the development of that activity and to reduce the distortions, since these impede that the market signals guide the producer decisions in an integrated economy into the world market. Some policy measures can be carried out to improve the competitiveness of the natural rubber in Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso states, which are related with reductions of the tax aliquots on the production; with interest rate in the financings; and with labor legal requirements that increase the production costs. It is, also, important to underline the positive effects of technological changes. It is necessary to the government to be conscious with the effects of its policies. For that, it is important that the adoption of those policies provides to the production of rubber natural larger competitiveness. In that perspective, the government intervention could generate larger social benefits, if the divergences between the social and the private valuations were reduced. In the medium term, the policy reorientation benefits both the producers and the consumers, taking to a larger incentive to the local production of this product.
Study of the Role of Fas-Mediated Apoptosis of Peripheral Blood T-Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction:It is known that impaired activation of Fas-mediated apoptosis in certain subpopulations of T cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).The key point in the initiation of CD-1 is the resistance to apoptosis of activated autoreactive T-lymphocytes, which migrate from the bloodstream to the pancreas and are actively involved in the destruction of b-cells.It has been established that the Fas/FasL system plays a central role in maintaining peripheral autotolerance and tissue homeostasis of the body.Fas-mediated apoptosis is induced by binding of the Fas (CD95/APO-l/TNFRSF6)-receptor to the Fas(CD95L/ CD178/TNFSF6)-ligand on the respective cells.Triggering the expression of cell surface Fas receptors (Fas) regulates the elimination of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes by apoptosis.To date, most of the results on the study of Fas-mediated apoptosis in T1DM have been obtained in experiments in vitro.There is no doubt that autoimmune changes in vivo are more profound, and the extrapolation of effects detected in the in vitro system to the body is not always valid.The Aim: of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Fas-mediated apoptosis of T-lymphocytes in the blood of patients with T1DM depending on the phase of compensation and the duration of the course of the disease, as well as in individuals with a high risk of developing T1DM. Material and Methods:We examined 63 patients with a reliably established diagnosis of T1DM and 15 people with a high risk of developing T1DM.The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals, comparable in sex and age to patients with T1DM.Biomarkers of Fas-mediated apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with T1DM and those at high risk of developing T1DM were studied.The surface expression of the Fas receptor in individual subpopulations of T-lymphocytes was assessed by flow cytometry.The concentration of soluble forms of the Fas receptor (sFas) and Fas ligand (sFasL) in the blood serum of the examined patients was studied by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: It has been established that in patients in the decompensation phase of T1DM, inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis of autoreactive CD95+ cells occurs with the participation of the soluble form of the Fas receptor (sFas-soluble Fas).When carbohydrate metabolism is compensated, apoptosis of lymphocytes is observed along the Fas pathway with the help of a soluble form of the Fas
Reform During Crisis: The Transformation of California's Fiscal System During the Great Depression

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the midst of the Great Depression, California engaged in a massive restructuring of its tax system, reducing reliance on the property tax and introducing sales and income taxes. Our analysis suggests that this restructuring, which included a voter referendum, was primarily driven by a desire to change the mix rather than the level of taxation. Nonetheless, by introducing new taxes that had a higher revenue elasticity than the existing taxes, California created a revenue system that allowed the rapid growth of spending to continue.
Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on Skin Wound Healing: In Vivo and in Vitro Testing

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is commonly used as a source for biodiesel fuel. Its phytochemical composition is similar to the extracted oil from Sapindus trifoliatus seeds, which exhibit beneficial effects for skin wound healing. Since S. mukorossi seed shows no cyanogenic property, it could be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin wounds. Thus, we evaluated the effectiveness of S. mukorossi seed oil in the treatment of skin wounds. We characterized and quantified the fatty acids and unsaponifiable fractions (including β-sitosterol and δ-tocopherol) contained in S. mukorossi seed-extracted oil by GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. Cell proliferation and migratory ability were evaluated by cell viability and scratch experiments using CCD-966SK cells treated with S. mukorossi oil. The anti-inflammatory effects of the oil were evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed with Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using a modified Japanese Industrial Standard procedure. Uniform artificial wounds were created on the dorsum of rats. The wounds were treated with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel for releasing the S. mukorossi seed oil. The wound sizes were measured photographically for 12 days and were compared to wounds covered with analogous membranes containing a saline solution. Our results showed that the S. mukorossi seed oil used in this study contains abundant monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol. In the in vitro tests, S. mukorossi seed oil prompted cell proliferation and migration capability. Additionally, the oil had significant anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. In the in vivo animal experiments, S. mukorossi seed oil-treated wounds revealed acceleration of sequential skin wound healing events after two days of healing. The size of oil-treated wound decreased to half the size of the untreated control after eight days of healing. The results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil could be a potential source for promoting skin wound healing.
Microtopography and Barrier Function in Healthy Skin: Differences between Forearm, Cheek and Palm

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(1) Background: Skin barrier function resides mostly in the stratum corneum, which consists of a protein component, the corneocyte (bricks), which provides a scaffold for the second component, the extracellular matrix, consisting of multilayers of lipids (mortar). These two components closely interact and this could be the basis for the differences in the biophysical properties of the skin between anatomical regions. So, the aim of this study was to compare skin microstructural properties between body sites. (2) Methods: A comparative study was conducted that included healthy individuals without previous skin diseases. Skin barrier function parameters and microtopography parameters (smoothness, roughness, desquamation, wrinkles, surface, volume, contrast, variance, homogeneity, anisotropy, total cell count, flaking index, skin surface hardness, brightness, deformability and friction) were measured on the forearm, cheek and palm. (3) Results: 44 participants were included in this study, with a mean age of 38.8 ± 15.0 years. Significant differences were found between body sites for 14 of the 15 parameters evaluated. Smoothness was higher on the forearm than on the cheek and palm (240.02 Sems vs. 348.16 vs. 408.19 Sems, p < 0.05). Hardness was higher on the palm than on the forearm and cheek (13.22 AU vs. 9.44 AU vs. 7.94 AU, p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed that sociodemographic characteristics such as age, sex, tobacco and/or alcohol use, influenced the parameters evaluated. (4) Conclusions: The differences in skin barrier function and microtopography between anatomical regions reflects the different structure of skin in each body part and could help to understand the influence of the sociodemographic characteristics on theses parameters. This information could be useful for comparison with pathological skin characteristics and for targeting new treatments.
Restriciting Queries that Might Lead to Compromise

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The feasibility of an inference control that determines at the time of a query whether a requested statistic could lead to compromise is investigated. One candidate is the "fail-safe" control, which restricts any statistic whose implied query sets are too small (or too large). We shall show that this control is infeasible, and does not prevent many compromises. By comparison, the cell suppression procedures used by census bureaus prevent compromise, but are also infeasible for on-line database systems.
Busyness and its impact on speed of work

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The effect of busyness on speed of work was investigated. A sample of 120 Nanyang Technological University students was recruited. Participants were primed using a scrambled sentence task with words related to busy (e.g. occupied), neutral (e.g. microwave) or idle (e.g. slack). Participants then typed a list of 30 contacts into an excel spreadsheet and amount of time taken to complete the task was recorded. Lastly, participants completed an anagram task as a filler task. Results showed that participants in the busy conditions were significantly faster than participants in the idle condition. However, there was no significant difference between neutral and busy and between neutral and idle condition. Implications to the findings and future researches were also discussed.