jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Corporate Tax Avoidance on the Investment-cash Flow Sensitivity

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper aims to disclose the comprehensive effect of corporate tax avoidance on investment cash flow sensitivity. for this purpose, a number of enterprises listed on shanghai and shenzen stock exchanges (a-share enterprises) during 2009∼2015 were selected to explore the effect of corporate tax avoidance on the free cash flow of enterprises. in light of the preivous studies, an investment cash flow sensitivity model was created based on book-tax difference (btd), and the descriptive statistics were subjected to regression analysis. the research reveals that enterprises with a high level of tax avoidance have a high investment cash flow sensitivity; tax avoidance of an enterprise can directly increase the cash flow, and suppress the cash flow by raising the deferred financing cost. the research findings shed new light on the decision-making of corporate tax avoidance.
Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma involving large blood vessels, three autopsy cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is an extranodal lymphoma characterized by the selective growth of lymphoma cells within the lumina of small vessels, we here report three autopsy cases of IVLBCL characterized by the proliferation within large blood vessels. These three cases were diagnosed as IVLBCL of the bone marrow or skin biopsy. Two cases died suddenly before treatment, whereas the other died during treatment. Autopsies showed a large embolus of dense lymphoma cells extending from the truncus pulmonalis to the pulmonary arteries in Case 1, emboli of lymphoma cells in the aorta and carotis in Case 2, and a mass of lymphoma cells blocking the lumen of the aortic arch in Case 3. This is the first report of IVLBCL involving large blood vessels, and it is essential to note that this type of IVLBCL might cause sudden death because of tumor emboli within large blood vessels.
Unsteady Flow in a Supersonic Turbine with Variable Specific Heats

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Modern high-work turbines can be compact, transonic, supersonic, counter-rotating, or use a dense drive gas. The vast majority of modern rocket turbine designs fall into these Categories. These turbines usually have large temperature variations across a given stage, and are characterized by large amounts of flow unsteadiness. The flow unsteadiness can have a major impact on the turbine performance and durability. For example, the Space Transportation Main Engine (STME) fuel turbine, a high work, transonic design, was found to have an unsteady inter-row shock which reduced efficiency by 2 points and increased dynamic loading by 24 percent. The Revolutionary Reusable Technology Turbopump (RRTT), which uses full flow oxygen for its drive gas, was found to shed vortices with such energy as to raise serious blade durability concerns. In both cases, the sources of the problems were uncovered (before turbopump testing) with the application of validated, unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to the designs. In the case of the RRTT and the Alternate Turbopump Development (ATD) turbines, the unsteady CFD codes have been used not just to identify problems, but to guide designs which mitigate problems due to unsteadiness. Using unsteady flow analyses as a part of the design process has led to turbine designs with higher performance (which affects temperature and mass flow rate) and fewer dynamics problems. One of the many assumptions made during the design and analysis of supersonic turbine stages is that the values of the specific heats are constant. In some analyses the value is based on an average of the expected upstream and downstream temperatures. In stages where the temperature can vary by 300 to 500 K, however, the assumption of constant fluid properties may lead to erroneous performance and durability predictions. In this study the suitability of assuming constant specific heats has been investigated by performing three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes simulations for a supersonic turbine stage.
Optimization Algorithms in Function of Binary Character Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper gives an analysis of some optimization algorithms in computer sciences and their implementation in solving the problem of binary character recognition. The performance of these algorithms is analyzed using the Optimization Algorithm Toolkit, with emphasis on determining the impact of parameter values. It is shown that these types of algorithms have shown a significant sensitivity as far as the choosing of the parameters was concerned which would have an effect on how the algorithm functions. In this sense, the existence of optimal value was found, as well as extremely unacceptable values.
Data from Differential Immune Microenvironments and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade among Molecular Subtypes of Murine Medulloblastoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Despite significant strides in the identification and characterization of potential therapeutic targets for medulloblastoma, the role of the immune system and its interplay with the tumor microenvironment within these tumors are poorly understood. To address this, we adapted two syngeneic animal models of human Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-driven and group 3 medulloblastoma for preclinical evaluation in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice.</p><p><b>Experimental Design and Results:</b> Multicolor flow cytometric analyses were used to phenotype and characterize immune infiltrating cells within established cerebellar tumors. We observed significantly higher percentages of dendritic cells, infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in murine SHH model tumors compared with group 3 tumors. However, murine group 3 tumors had higher percentages of CD8<sup>+</sup> PD-1<sup>+</sup> T cells within the CD3 population. PD-1 blockade conferred superior antitumor efficacy in animals bearing intracranial group 3 tumors compared with SHH group tumors, indicating that immunologic differences within the tumor microenvironment can be leveraged as potential targets to mediate antitumor efficacy. Further analysis of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody localization revealed binding to PD-1<sup>+</sup> peripheral T cells, but not tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the brain tumor microenvironment. Peripheral PD-1 blockade additionally resulted in a marked increase in CD3<sup>+</sup> T cells within the tumor microenvironment.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> This is the first immunologic characterization of preclinical models of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma and demonstration that response to immune checkpoint blockade differs across subtype classification. Our findings also suggest that effective anti-PD-1 blockade does not require that systemically administered antibodies penetrate the brain tumor microenvironment. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 22(3); 582–95. ©2015 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Integrating Service-Learning into Human Service and Family Science Curriculum

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Limitations of traditional methods of instruction were addressed by integrating community-based service-learning into human service and family science curriculum. Practical ideas and insight that may be of value when implementing or enhancing the quality of a service-learning course are presented, including reflective activities that may be used to facilitate student learning. To evaluate the effectiveness of the course, qualitative data was collected from 24 students and 11 service supervisors. Student integration papers were analyzed, with four emerging themes: 1) learning outcomes, 2) personal and professional growth, 3) benefits to agencies/clients, and 4) recommendations for course improvement. Key Words: Service-learninghuman servicefamily science curriculum
Derivatives of functions on the sierpinski gasket

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let ƒ be a real-valued harmonic function on the Sierpinski gasket(SG) with bound-ary points p0,p1 and pg. We define three derivatives (three directions) at each junction point p in SG depending on its location. We will show that any harmonic function has finite derivatives at each junction point and obtain derivative formulas and some of their properties. Finally, we define another derivative on the set of junction points for which the first derivative coincides with the old definition for harmonic functions and the second derivative is zero at junction points.
Performance and Prognostic Relevance of Lymph Node Assessment by One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay in Rectal Cancer: A Multicenter Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Objectives: Lymph node metastases (LNM) undetected by standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) have been associated with unfavorable prognosis in colorectal cancer. The One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) assay has demonstrated superior sensitivity in detecting LNM compared to H&E. We aimed to assess the performance of OSNA in detecting LNM, as well as its prognostic value in rectal cancer (RC) patients. Methods: Lymph nodes (LNs) of patients from 15 centers were analyzed by both H&E and OSNA. The total tumor load (TTL) was defined as the sum of cytokeratin 19 mRNA copies/µL in all LNs from a surgical specimen, using a threshold of 250 copies/μL for OSNA positivity. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the effect of TTL ≥ 250 or 6000 copies/μL on cancer-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), with Firth’s method applied to account for low event rate. Results: A total of 97 RC patients were included. Of these, 84 patients were eligible for survival analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of OSNA, compared to H&E, were 91.7% and 84.7%, respectively. TTL ≥ 6000 versus <6000 copies/μL was related to worse CSS and RFS. When dividing TTL into three groups: ≤250, 250–6000, and >6000 copies/μL, only TTL ≥ 6000 copies/μL was significantly associated with worse CSS and RFS. Conclusions: The OSNA assay is highly sensitive for detecting LNM in RC patients. A TTL of ≥6000 copies/μL could identify a subset of RC patients with worse CSS and RFS who might benefit from adjuvant treatment or intensive surveillance.
Catholic Schools and Other Faiths

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In April 1991 the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, following a report from their Committee for Other Faiths, commissioned a study on the issue of 'The Catholic School and Other Faiths'.1 This report was presented to the full Bishops' Conference at their meeting in November 1994 and warmly welcomed by them. The Conference decided that, with some minor modifications, the report should be made available to a wider audience of professionals with a view to initiating a nationwide study at every level of the issues that arise regarding the relationship that Catholic Schools have with other faiths.
Binding of Staphylococcus aureus to fibronectin and glycolipids on corneal surfaces.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens of bacterial corneal ulcers. It is generally believed that the first step necessary in the development of an infection involves adherence of bacteria to host tissue. The mechanisms by which staphylococci adhere to ocular epithelium have not yet been defined. An in vitro assay was used to measure binding of S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes to a cornea epithelial cell line. Reduction of the amount of cell-surface fibronectin by proteinase treatment decreased the adherence of S. pyogenes to a greater degree than that of S. aureus. The significantly higher number of staphylococci adhering to the cells as compared with S. pyogenes (P < 0.001) suggests the presence of additional binding sites for S. aureus. Using a thin-layer chromatogram overlay assay, we showed binding of S. aureus to various glycolipids extracted from corneal epithelial cells and corneal tissue. S. aureus was found to bind to gangliosides and asialo-GM1, whereas S. pyogenes did not bind to any of these complex lipids. The increased adherence potential of S. aureus due to the ability to bind to glycolipids may provide a selective advantage for S. aureus and explain the prevalence of this organism in bacterial corneal ulcers.
Relationship Between Apex Cardiogram and Left Ventricular Pressure Events in Greyhound Dogs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Temporal relationships between the left apex cardiogram ( acg ) and left ventricular and aortic pressure events were studied in 10 anesthetized Greyhound dogs. A close relationship existed between onset of the upstrokes of the acg and left ventricular pressure. The nadir of the protosystolic upstroke of the acg invariably occurred after the peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure increase (d/dt) lvp and the onset of aortic pressure increase, but occurred virtually simultaneously with the peak rate of change of aortic pressure increase (d/dt) A. The relationship between the protodiastolic nadir of the downstroke of left ventricular pressure and that of the acg was close but variable. The acg could be of value as a noninvasive examination technique in canine cardiovascular studies.
Proinflammatory cytokine levels in nasal fluid as indicators of severity of nasal polyposis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate whether cytokine levels in nasal secretions may be clinical parameters of severity of nasal polyposis. Forty nasal polyp patients (20 asthmatic and 20 nonasthmatic) requiring surgical treatment were included. Nasal secretion samples were collected from nasal cavities of all 40 subjects. The levels of T-helper type 1 (Th1) proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta, Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6, antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 and chemokine IL-8 were measured using flow cytometric method. Each of the 40 patients was staged clinically according to global nasal symptom score, endoscopic score, and Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) score. Eosinophils were counted in hematoxylin-eosin stained sections of all nasal polyp samples. The concentrations of Th2 proinflammatory cytokines IL-5 and IL-6 were significantly higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in patients with nasal polyposis and asthma compared with nasal polyp patients without asthma. Positive correlations were observed between IL-2 concentration in nasal secretions and nasal symptom score, endoscopic score, and Lund-Mackay score only in nasal polyp patients without asthma. We also found positive correlation between Lund-Mackay score and the levels of IL-8, IL-4, and IL-1beta in nonasthmatic patients. A positive correlation between IL-5 levels in nasal fluid and endoscopic score was found only in asthmatic patients. Eosinophil counts were higher in asthmatic patients' polyps compared with nonasthmatic ones, but without statistical significance. Nasal polyposis in asthmatic patients has different immunological patterns compared to those without asthma. The concentrations of cytokines measured in nasal fluid were not sensitive enough to be universal criteria to determine the severity of all forms of nasal polyposis.
Spontaneous vascular flora of selected cemeteries in Lublin and the surrounding area

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>The experiment was conducted in 2011–2012. It included an analysis of the spontaneous flora of 7 cemeteries: 3 cemeteries located in the centre of Lublin (Lipowa Street, Unicka Street, and Kalina Street), 1 on the outskirts of the city (Majdanek), 1 located in a small town (Łęczna), 2 sites are rural cemeteries (Łuszczów, Ostrówek). An inventory was made of spontaneous vascular flora present at the investigated sites. The plants were described in respect of their affiliation to geographical-historical groups, life forms as well as the presence of honey species (polleniferous and nectariferous) and protected species. Within the area of these 7 necropolises, the presence of 382 taxa was found. The number of taxa observed at the individual sites varied between 124 and 274 in the metropolitan zone, 146 in the urban zone, and between 110 and 146 in the rural areas.</p><p>The area richest in terms of flora was Majdanek where 274 species of plants were found, while the cemetery in Łuszczów was the least rich – 110 species. The highest precentage of hemicryptophytes was observed in Ostrówek (50.7%), the lowest in Lublin – Kalina (40.3%). In the case of therophytes, the greatest variation was observed in the urban cemetery in Unicka Street (32.6%), while the least varied site was the cemetery in Ostrówek (23.3%). The average precentage of geophytes was 12.1%, with the greatest number in Łuszczów (16.4%), and the smallest one in Majdanek (8.4%). Chamaephytes were characterised by a small percentage (between 5.1% and 4.4 %), similarly to nanophanerophytes (6.2% to 2.7%), and megaphanerophytes (9.6%–1.8%). The investigated sites were dominated by apophytes, the percentage of which varied between 52.3% in the Lublin cemeteries on Lipowa and Unicka Streets, and 44.5% in Ostrówek.</p><p>Among anthropophytes, there were mostly archeophytes (between 26.3% in Łuszczów and 13.1% on Lipowa St. in Lublin). The percentage of diaphytes varied between 16.5% in Ostrówek and 7.2% in Lublin – Kalina, whereas that of kenophytes was between 15.1% in Ostrówek and 8.2% in Łęczna. In the case of spontaneophytes, the percentage varied between 8.8% in Lublin – Majdanek and 2.7% in Łuszczów. The majority, 299 of the taxa found, proved invaluable to insects (polleniferous and nectariferous). Among the plants growing spontaneously in the analysed cemeteries, there were also 11 legally protected species.</p>.
EnetCollect in Italy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we present the enetCollect1 COST Action, a large network project, which aims at initiating a new Research and Innovation (R&I) trend on combining the well-established domain of language learning with recent and successful crowdsourcing approaches. We introduce its objectives, and describe its organization. We then present the Italian network members and detail their research interests within enetCollect. Finally, we report on its progression so far.
Sigma and hydrodynamic modes along the critical line

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Assuming a tricritical point of the two--flavor QCD in the space of\ntemperature, baryon number chemical potential and quark mass, we study the\nchange of the associated soft mode along the critical line within the\nGinzburg--Landau approach and the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. The ordering\ndensity along the chiral critical line is the scalar density whereas a linear\ncombination of the scalar, baryon number and energy densities becomes the\nproper ordering density along the critical line with finite quark masses. It is\nshown that the critical eigenmode shifts from the sigma--like fluctuation of\nthe scalar density to a hydrodynamic mode at the tricritical point, where we\nhave two ordering densities, the scalar density and a linear combination of the\nbaryon number and energy densities. We argue that appearance of the critical\neigenmode with hydrodynamic character is a logical consequence of divergent\nsusceptibilities of the conserved densities.\n
Optimal Motion Generation of a Flexible Macro-micro Manipulator System Using Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a new approach to solve the inverse kinematics of a flexible macro-micro manipulator system is proposed. The macro-micro manipulator system consists of a macro flexible manipulator, and a micro rigid manipulator which is used to compensate for the errors at the tip of the system. Apparently, such a macro-micro system is a redundant system, of which the inverse kinematics remains challenging, with no generic solution to date. Here, optimal joint motions, namely the manipulator system configuration, are generated using a genetic algorithm and a neural network. A fitness function is dedicated to the genetic algorithm to optimize the discrete solution of the inverse kinematics of the manipulator system. Then the discrete solution is further generalized by a forward neural network. A new compensability measure is defined in this paper. The proposed approach shows excellent performance on error compensation, as demonstrated by the simulation results
Peptide immunization in humans: a combined CD8+/CD4+ T cell-targeted vaccine restimulates the memory CD4 T cell response but fails to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Immunization with short antigenic peptides represents a potential strategy to induce peptide-specific CTL in vivo. In this study, a synthetic vaccine consisting of an HIV-derived, HLA-A2.1-binding CTL epitope and a tetanus toxin-derived T helper epitope was evaluated for its capacity to induce peptide-specific CTL in humans. Thirteen volunteers were immunized and boosted twice with 100 μg of the CTL epitope plus 300 μg of the T helper peptide (p30). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were regularly analysed for cytotoxic and proliferative responses before, between and after the immunizations, and the serum was tested for anti-peptide antibodies. No unequivocal induction of HIV peptide-specific CTL in any of the volunteers was observed. However, a wide pattern of mild and transient side reactions was observed, ranging from local redness at the injection site to generalized exanthema, myalgias, arthralgias and fever. The side-effects were related to the T helper epitope, as they were similar to the side-effects experienced after tetanus immunization, correlated to the magnitude of the p30-specific in vitro proliferative response, and occurred only if p30 was co-injected. No antibodies against the HIV-derived peptides nor against p30 were detectable in the serum after repeated immunizations. The data suggest that the CTL peptide, at the concentration used in this study, failed to induce a cytotoxic immune response in vivoalthough the T helper peptide seems to be capable of restimulating the specific memory T cells.
Liquid crystal aligning capabilities on surface-reformed indium-doped zinc oxide films via ion-beam exposure

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigated the characteristics of a solution-processed indium-doped zinc oxide (In:ZnO) film formed via ion-beam (IB) irradiation as a liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer. The In:ZnO film was deposited using solution processing and cured at various temperatures. Uniform LC alignment was observed at all curing temperatures in cross-polarised optical microscopy images. A regular pre-tilt angle supported these results and showed homogeneous LC alignment. Several surface analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of IB irradiation on the In:ZnO film surface. X-ray diffraction analysis showed an amorphous structure both before and after IB irradiation, and physical surface reformation was observed using atomic force microscopy. Root mean square surface roughness was reduced and a smooth surface was achieved after IB irradiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to detect chemical surface reformation. It was found that the IB irradiation broke the metal-oxide bonds and increased the occurrence of oxygen vacancies, which affected the van der Waals forces between the LC molecules and the In:ZnO film surface. Electrical performance was observed to identify the possibility of using the In:ZnO film in LC applications. Enhanced electro-optical performance was measured and zero residual DC voltage which was verified using a capacitance-voltage curve was achieved.