jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Christening Colonialism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents a thorough re-examination of the so-called 'Great Conversion,' a period after the Spanish Conquest when millions of natives were baptized. Countering mendicant apologetic narratives that presented the process as a great spiritual turning, and more recent work that has limited itself to critique the apologists, this chapter demonstrates baptism was inextricably related to the social and political repercussions of conquest and demographic crisis. The chapter begins by examining the politics of indigenous adhesion to Christianity in the aftermath of conquest, highlighting the early alliances between rulers and missionaries. The chapter then examines the role of spiritual warfare and iconoclasm in mass-baptisms, which was a by-product of these early alliances. Amidst this violence, however, missionaries also extended a promise to protect indigenous communities from Spanish exploitation and enslavement of the native population. By the mid-1530s large-scale conversions resulted from an emerging consensus in indigenous communities that the mission provided them with a means to preserve their lives, property, and communities. Self-interest, spiritual warfare, and the search for sanctuary all drove this phenomenon. Through the waters of baptism, native communities began the process of remaking Mesoamerica in the 1530s.
A review: Worldwide medicinal plants for typhoid fever

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Typhoid fever, an enteric disease caused by Salmonella typhi, plays an important role of global health matter, contributing to the economic encumbrance in most developed countries. Even more, antibiotic resistance has ensued in Salmonella entericainfection. These health problems have proposed a broad struggle towards more study for new source of antimicrobial products especially from medicinal plants due to more profitable. This study reviews medicinal plants related to the typhoid fever and their mechanisms of antimicrobial action. The investigation for this review were established via the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, online Science Direct, Science and Technology Index. Practically 26 medicinal plants from 23 families used for typhoid fever in worldwide countries were reported. Most of them are originated from African continent, Pakistan and India. Antisalmonella activity was mostly identified by in vitro (MIC and MBC). Generally, the chemical compounds contained in the plants are alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, phenols, glycosides, steroid and terpenoid. Their mechanisms of actions are mediation of solute transport inhibition in membranes, affecting the phospholipid membranes of bacterial cell wall, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis and inducing microbial cell membrane disruption. These results redound to the alternative and complementary medication of typhoid fever.
The macrodynamics of debt deflation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

With the recent events of the large-scale financial crisis in some parts of the world and the slowly declining inflation rate in major OECD countries debt deflation has again become an important topic in economic research. In a model with debt issuing firms, financing their investment, we explore the interaction of high nominal levels of debt, output prices, increase in real debt and declining economic activity. This destabilizing mechanism is explored in the context of a small-scale as well as in a large-scale Keynesian demand constraint economy. In both models labor market dynamics are emphasized. Our principle conclusion is that the small-scale as well as the large-scale models are prone to accelerating downward instability caused by over-indebtedness and declining prices if the process is not stopped by floors to deflation by appropriate government policies. Moreover, contrary to conventional views flexible exchange rates may add to downward instability.
RESEARCH ON THE CONNOTATION, ORIGIN AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF XI JINPING'S EDUCATIONAL EQUITY THOUGHT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the reform and opening up, social contradictions have been constantly arising in China, education has gradually lost balance, and public education anxiety has been intensifying. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping has insisted on prioritizing the development of education, allowing learners, especially young students, to enjoy fair treatment in terms of educational pportunities, conditions, and quality. Xi Jinping's concept of educational equity embodies the profound foundation of China's excellent traditional educational thought, absorbs the theoretical essence of Marxist educational thought, inherits the rich experience of successive leaders of the Party in the process of educational practice.It provides fundamental guidance for deepening education reform and promoting highquality development of education in the new era of China. It also lays the ideological guidelines for developing quality education and cultivating new generations who shoulder the great responsibility of national rejuvenation, opening up new heights and horizons for Marxist educational equity thinking.
Economic Valuation as an Instrument to Determine The Management Strategy of Baros Mangrove Forest, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Baros mangrove forest in Bantul Regency is now beginning to develop. Many government and private sectors programs are rolled out to support its development. The development of the Baros mangrove forest must be in accordance with the rules of conservation so that it will not damage the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove forest has high economical and ecological value but is very vulnerable if lack of wisdom in maintaining, preserving and managing them. The involvement of government and other stakeholders are essential in determining management policies. Unawareness of society and the government to the importance of mangrove ecosystem can cause development of it becomes uncontrolled, consequently can destroy it. Mangrove forests are an important natural resource in coastal environments, and have three main functions: physical, biological, and economic functions. To quantify the functions of mangrove forests as the basis to determine the policy is required a research instrument called economic valuation. The approach of this study is the literature review from various studies before to perceive the influence of economic valuation in determining the management strategy of Baros mangrove forest in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
A study on the prevalence of Salmonella species in Yola North Local Govt. area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A total of three hundred stool samples collected from' one hundred and twenty six patients (attending Federal Medical Centre; Bamaiyi Hospital, Peace hospital, Yola Biomedics Laboratory and Beta Laboratory) and one hundred and seventy four volunteers (students of Daubeli Secondary School) were examined. Twenty of the samples analyzed were non-lactose fermenters and were subjected to serotyping. The results of the serotyping identified II S. typhi iso lates (3.7%), 3 S. paratyphi A isolates ( 1.0%) and 2 S. panttyphi l3 isolates (0 67°o) and -1 non- SalmoneliCI isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity test on the elevenS. tyrhi IStJiatcs sllOIIS that ge11tamicin has the highest ef"fica'c~ (90.9°-o) followed b; olloxacin (63.6%) and colistin sulfate (27 . 3'~o) t-cspcctl\cly. \"he el'lic~lcles ol· streptomycin. chloramphenicol and tetracycline ag
Mitigation of Lps-induced Anxiety and Oxidative Stress Through Mitragynine: Targeting Tlr-4 and Mda Modulation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Introduction: Neuroinflammation marked by increased toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Mitragynine, an indole alkaloid derived from the kratom plant (Mitragyna speciosa Korth), shows promise as a potential pharmacotherapeutic agent for anxiety due to its anti-inflammatory activity. However, the mechanism involved in its anxiolytic effect remains unclear. Aims: This study investigated the effects of mitragynine on anxiety-like behaviours, TLR4 expression and oxidative stress in the frontal cortex of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methodology: Rats received a single 1 mg/kg LPS injection intraperitoneally (i.p.) to induce anxiety. Mitragynine was then administered at the doses of 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight 1h post-LPS administration. Impact of mitragynine on anxiety was assessed using both open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM). TLR4 expression was measured using western blot, while oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, GPx, CAT) were measured using protein assays. Results: Mitragynine ameliorated LPS-induced anxiety behaviours in the EPM. Mitragynine (5 and 10 mg/kg) reversed the effect of LPS on TLR4 expression in the rats’ brains. All doses of mitragynine reduced lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex of LPS-treated rats. Conclusion: Mitragyninemitigates LPS-induced anxiety by alleviating lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex.
Safety of patient controlled analgesia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A reply I thank Doctors Kanari and Nair for their suggestions regarding the Baxter patient control module.We have been aware of the difficulties experienced in fitting the strap to larger wrists and for this reason we are now making the patient control module with a longer strap.The new strap is more like a conventional, woven watch band with buckle fastening instead of Velcro.In addition we have increased the length of tubing between patient control module and cannula so that there is more flexibility of placement.We will continue to supply Velcro extensions on request, free of charge, for the original patient control modules.method of fixation.Frequently, the watch has become detached from the patient.We have suggested to Baxter Healthcare that, taking into account the differences in size and weight between patients, the watch strap could either be lengthened or partly elasticated to provide a reasonable fit for all patients.
Low-threshold lasing in novel microdisk geometries

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have fabricated arrays of semiconductor microdisks with diameters from 3.5-9 μm using wet chemical etching in combination with epitaxial lift-off and metallic bonding techniques. The microdisks are supported on glass for higher optical confinement and to allow novel annular geometries. The optically pumped microdisks have high-Q (>2000) modes, low-pump thresholds (<20 μW) and multimode lasing at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Successive modes are excited by temperature tuning the bandgap.
Studies on the Growth, Flowering, and Production of Female Sterile Flowers as Affected by Different Levels of Foliar Potassium inSolanum sisymbrifoliumLam

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The extent of inhibition of stem elongation and the reduced flowering induced by growth retardants daminozide and chlormequat chloride depends upon the K content of the plants in S. sisymbrifolium. In plants with a low content of K, the decrease in length of the internodes and the enhanced development of the lateral shoots induced by the two growth retardants is greater. In the reproductive phase, a decreased production of inflorescences and a diminution in the number of flowers borne are accompanied by a slight increase in the number of fully developed flowers. The number of female sterile flowers, characteristic of the low-K plants, drops significantly. Daminozide and chlormequat chloride not only reverse the morphogenetic effects of a low level of K but they produce additive effects in plants with a high K content. The chlorflurecol-methyl-induced elongation of the main axis is greater in the high-K plants but that of the lateral shoots is considerably more in the low-K plants. In the reproductive phase, flowering is slightly reduced but the development of the sterile flowers borne by plants with a low content of K is not affected. Indeed, the effects of chlorflurecol-methyl are inconsistent. The significance of these observations and of the results communicated in Sections I and II of this report is discussed.
Effect of Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Zea mays L. in Different Ecological Zones in Kenya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers, alternative methods should be developed which will provide nutrients to plants. The increased cost of inorganic fertilizers, including their inability to condition the soil and their polluting effect on the environment, has directed attention towards other sources of soil fertilization to enhance maize production. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the effect of Effective Micro-organisms (biofertilizer) comprising Pseudomonas spp, Saccharomyces spp, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus spp. on the growth and yield components of Zea mays L. The trial plots measured 4 m×3 m and the experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments namely; Biogrovit (biofertilizer) alone; conventional fertilizer alone, Biogrovit plus conventional fertilizer combined and the control. It was replicated three times. Biogrovit was soil drenched in plants at an interval of 14 days in crops established at two sites in Kirinyaga and Machakos County. Significant differences were observed in the leaf area where application of the biofertilizer had the largest (995 cm2) while the least was under the control (529 cm2). The grain yield was notably influenced by application of treatments at both sites, where the highest was recorded under the biofertilizer in Kirinyaga (8.6 t/ha) and Machakos (7.77 t/ha) which was not significantly different from that of the conventional fertilizers in Kirinyaga and Machakos at 7.55 t/ha and 6.87 t/ha respectively. The control had the lowest grain yield in both sites. The 1000-grain mass, ear length, cob weight, number of cobs per plant and the number of kernels per cob directly influenced the actual grain yield as they were higher for both biofertilizer and chemical treatments. The application of Biofertilizer and conventional fertilizer combined at full rates were antagonistic as most of the parameters tested had lower counts than when independently applied. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that biofertilizers enhance the growth of maize and as such its use should be encouraged because it is eco-friendly.
Beyond Mimesis: Naturalistic Representation and Literati Ideals in Flower-and-Bird Paintings of the Nanjing Museum

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Throughout its millennia-long development, traditional Chinese bird-and-flower painting has consistently grappled with the dialectical proposition of “representing nature” versus “expressing ideals,” a theme that has manifested in complex interactive forms across different eras of artistic practice. As a major repository of masterpieces in this genre, the Nanjing Museum houses a comprehensive collection that bears witness to the evolving trajectory of this artistic proposition. This study takes the bird-and-flower paintings in the Nanjing Museum as its core research objects, systematically analyzing how naturalistic representation and literati ideals are embodied in these works, and exploring the inherent interdependence and mutual reinforcement between the two. The study aims to transcend the superficial understanding of bird-and-flower painting as merely “imitating nature,” revealing its artistic qualities that go beyond resemblance to form, while uncovering the literati spirit and cultural connotations underlying these works. In doing so, it provides a new scholarly perspective and theoretical reference for grasping the artistic essence of traditional Chinese bird-and-flower painting, while also offering insights for contemporary artistic creation and cultural inheritance.
Remapping disclosure: gay men's segmented journeys of moving out and coming out

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drawing on recent work that examines the contingent, personal nature of queer migration, this paper provides empirical support for recent claims that coming-out journeys are more complex than the linear, often rural-to-urban typologies that have framed them during the past two decades. Since coming-out journeys are rarely elaborated beyond a conceptual level, overly teleological understandings involving homophobic, rural places, inclusive urban homelands, and one-time, linear ‘flights’ and ‘escapes’ persist. Employing the migration narratives of 48 self-identified gay men who settled in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Washington, DC, USA, this paper challenges the linearity and finality of coming-out migration by highlighting particular segments of the journey. These include short-term trips to scout the gay life potentials of places, migrations that result in a degree of re-entry into ‘the closet,’ relocations that allow men to test or try on different places and identities, and moves (or imminent moves) that ‘trigger’—rather than stem from—a coming-out process. Taken together, these segments suggest that coming-out journeys are ongoing, relational, and often discontinuous journeys influenced by both queer individuals’ intersectional subjectivities (e.g., age, race, and class) and the social contexts of the places they encounter.
[Effect of DTPA on biodistribution of 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody in tumor-bearing mice].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To reduce the high background liver radioactivity in immunoscintigraphy using 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody (In-MoAb), we investigated the effect of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA) on the in vitro stability of In-MoAb in human serum and the biodistribution of In-MoAb in tumor-bearing mice. In-MoAb was incubated for four days in human serum at 37 degrees C (pH 7.4) in a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO2. The serum sample was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography every day. Indium-111 gradually transferred from the conjugate to the fraction of transferrin. When DTPA was added to the serum, radioactivity in this fraction disappeared completely and moved to the fraction of DTPA. The daily administration of DTPA to the mice after injection of In-MoAb reduced radioactivity in the normal tissues, especially in the liver after the second day, and improved tumor to normal tissue ratios. Scintigraphic examination also revealed apparent decrease of the liver radioactivity in the mice administered DTPA. These results indicate that 111In dissociated from the conjugate is one of the causes of nonspecific accumulation in the liver and it is possible to decrease this accumulation by the daily administration of DTPA.
The Metaphorical Sense of Hunting in Pre-Islamic Poetry (A Study in Conceptual Structure)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Pre-Islamic poetry is a historical document through which pre-Islamic thought can be probed with a metaphorical probe, as it is a mechanism of the mind’s operation and a way of thinking to see the world. The pre-Islamic poet lived hunting as a craft and a pleasure, and he projected it into many areas, through conceptual metaphors that he deposited in his words and art. To discover his world from his hunting. The research started from a question whose main content was (How did the poets of the pre-Islamic era employ hunting in their conceptual metaphors?), adopting the descriptive approach in extrapolating and analyzing the artistic component. The research came in two sections. The first section classified metaphors, and the second dealt with hunting metaphors in pre-Islamic poetry (hunting rhymes - The hunt for love - the hunt for death - the hunt for eternity - the hunt for war), arriving at the conclusion that the metaphor is originally a conceptual mind, a way of thinking, and hunting is a real experience that the pre-Islamic people experienced and projected onto the things around them to know their essence.
Quantitative effects of three species of parasites on a population of Three‐spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of Schistocephalus solidus, Diplostomum gasterostei and Echinorhynchus clavula on a population of Three‐spined sticklebacks from a pond in Somerset were studied. Schistocephalus was present at the highest level of infection and had the greatest effects on the sticklebacks. It caused the fish to weigh less than uninfected ones of the same length, as shown by the lower condition factor, and to grow more slowly; and it delayed the sexual maturation of fish of both sexes and prevented many from breeding. Diplostomum also had a significant effect on the condition of the sticklebacks and all three parasite species probably caused death or predation of heavily infected fish. The quantitative effects of the parasites on the condition, length and weight of the fish were calculated; seasonal changes in the condition factor could then be seen, and the growth rates for both length and weight calculated.
Seriality, Subjectivity and New Media

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the Saw films as they appear on DVD and how they differ from other horror films. American journalists often included the creative minds of the Saw series — James Wan, Leigh Whannell and Darren Lynn Bousman — in the Splat Pack. Any analysis of the Splat Pack and its relation to media industries would be incomplete without a consideration of the Saw films because, out of all the films in the Splat Pack cycle, they are the most concerned with media. The Saw films are designed to resemble interactive, new media products that encourage audience interaction, employing storytelling techniques shaped by new media. Yet these films are uniquely suited for the DVD platform, where their cyberintimations are given full digital expression. The chapter considers how the Saw films are plugged into two new media iterations of Tom Gunning's idea of a ‘cinema of attractions’: the DVD as ‘digital theme park’ and YouTube as a digital cinema of attractions.
Applied Cases and Application Technologies of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification and Accelerated Fatigue Life Evaluation Using Ultrasonic Elastic Vibrational Energy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

최근 플랜트산업분야에서는 발전설비와 해양 플랜트 및 선박, 교량 건설등 핵심 구조물들에 대한 내구성 향상 및 평가를 위한 기술이 크게 확장 적용될 것으로 본다. 이에 본 연구에서는 초음파 탄성진동에너지를 이용한 초음파 나노표면개질(Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification) 기술과 초음파 피로시험(Ultrasonic Fatigue Test)기술을 통해서 현재까지 국내산업분야에서 활발하게 진행중인 적용사례를 분석하고자 하였으며. 플랜트분야 특히 발전설비와 해양선박 플랜트 및 교량 건설구조물들의 핵심 용접부에 대한 내구성 향상을 위해 크게 확장 적용될 수 있는 새로운 응용기술 연구방향에 대한 방법들을 제시하고자 한다.
Retelling Mecca: Shifting Narratives of Sacred Spaces in Volga-Ural Muslim Hajj Accounts, 1699–1945

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article examines how Volga-Ural Muslims narrated their encounters with the sacred spaces visited during the hajj. It examines nine accounts hajj composed from the 1690s to the 1940s, to consider how changes in international politics, Russia’s domestic politics, and the culture of Islamic learning within the VolgaUral Muslim community led to writers to revise narratives of why the sacred spaces of Mecca were sacred, how best to experience the power of these sacred spaces, and how these sacred spaces fit into the local culture of Volga-Ural Islam under Russian and Soviet rule.