jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Theoretical studies on the chemical reaction mechanisms of an aluminum atom with carbon dioxide molecule

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheoretical studies on the chemical reaction mechanisms of an aluminum atom with carbon dioxide moleculeShogo SakaiCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 1, 131–135Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100180a029https://doi.org/10.1021/j100180a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views96Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and Characterization of Three Novel Cation-Containing\n(NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>/NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>) Aluminum Diphosphonates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Three new aluminum diphosphonates (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>){AlF[(HO)O<sub>2</sub>PC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>]} (<b>1</b>) (orthorhombic, <i>Pnma</i>, <i>a</i> = 8.2048(1)\nÅ, <i>b</i> = 6.90056(6) Å, <i>c</i> = 19.6598(4) Å, <i>Z</i> = 4), (H<sub>3</sub>NC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)[Al(OH)(O<sub>3</sub>PC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>)] (<b>2</b>) (monoclinic, <i>P</i>2<sub>1</sub><i>/n</i>, <i>a</i> =\n11.142(3) Å, <i>b</i> = 7.008(2) Å, <i>c</i> = 12.903(5) Å, β = 96.24(7)°, <i>Z</i> = 4), and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>[AlF(O<sub>3</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>)] (<b>3</b>) (orthorhombic,\n<i>Cmcm</i>, <i>a</i> = 16.592(2) Å, <i>b</i> = 7.5106(9) Å, <i>c</i> = 7.0021(9) Å, <i>Z</i> = 4) have been synthesized by solvothermal\nmethods in the presence of linear organic ammonium cations (for <b>1</b> and <b>2</b><b>)</b> and ammonium cations (for <b>3</b>) and their\nstructures determined using powder, microcrystal, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, respectively. All three\nmaterials contain a similar one-dimensional chain motif which is related to that found in the mineral Tancoite. This\nchain motif consists of corner-sharing octahedra (AlO<sub>4</sub>F<sub>2</sub> for <b>1</b> and <b>3</b> and AlO<sub>6</sub> for <b>2</b>) linked together through the\nbridging CPO<sub>3</sub> tetrahedra of the diphosphonate groups. These chains are unusual in that each diphosphonate\nmoiety acts as a bisbidentate ligand that is coordinated to the same two metal centers through both of the O<sub>3</sub>PC−\ngroups of the diphosphonate ligand. The arrangement of the Tancoite-like chains and charge compensation cations\nin the structures of compounds <b>1</b><b>−</b><b>3</b> is seen to be dependent upon the nature of the diphosphonic acid and\norganoammonium/ammonium cations. Careful selection of these two components may provide a method to design\nfuture materials in this system.
Chambre Syndicale de La Sidérurgie Française v. The High Authority.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Disputes — International courts — Court of European Coal and Steel Community — Parties — Capacity to appear before Court — Associations of producers of iron or steel — European Coal and Steel Community Treaty, 1951, Articles 53, 48 and 80. Disputes — International courts — Court of European Coal and Steel Community — Costs — Apportionment of. International organization — European Coal and Steel Community — Interpretation of Treaty establishing — Articles setting out fundamental aims of Treaty to be read as a whole — Power of international organization to give predominance to certain of these aims — Interpretation of fundamental aims in light of subseuqent provision of Treaty — Effect of failure to comply with fundamental aims — Whether a détournement de pouvoir — Dominant purpose of Treaty — Meaning of concept of “common interest” in Article 3.
Conjugated Polymers for Photo-electrochromic Devices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

It is clear that the new generation smart windows will develop much more in the coming yearsand in this sense, new multifunctional materials will be used in this field. While the easy use of suchapplications makes people happy, on the other hand, it also highlights energy efficient housing andtransportation for humanity. There are some interesting parameters such as the control of daylight enteringor leaving smart windows, self-power supply, and display functionality. Among the various chromogeniccolor changes, electrochromic methods are the fastest and easiest to control. Electrochromic materials arehigh-performance materials that are preferred both in the scientific world and in technological devices withtheir interesting electrochemical and optical properties. These materials can be inorganic or organic based,such as transition metal oxides, viologen systems and conductive polymers. Among them, electrochromicconductive polymers attract more attention with their superior mechanical, electrochemical and opticalproperties in portable electronics. Moreover, the ease and low cost of the synthesis procedures, as well asits low power and performance superiority, further solidify its rise among other materials in this sense. Bymodifying the chemical structures of conductive electrochromic polymers (or monomers) as desired, sharpand vivid color changes can be observed even at room temperature. The development of new electrochromicpolymers can be with various modifications of the main chain, as well as side chain engineering,morphology control. Electrochromic properties of thin films of conductive polymers polymerized bychemical or electrochemical methods can be used in photo-electrochromic applications for informationstorage and various imaging purposes. In this study, it is desired to give information about conjugatedpolymers for self-powered electrochromic windows.
Beliefs Methods of Soft War and Ways to Deal with it,\nBased on the Teachings of the Holy Quran

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Nowadays although the use of soft power or soft war literature in political, cultural and military even has had wide application, but the concept is as old as the history of human social life .Divine prophets throughout history many examples of this kind of war, and there are ways to deal with it in many verses of the Holy Quran in it. One of the main elements of soft war according to the Quran, soft war against the Islamic community's beliefs and worldview. The study is qualitative content analysis, in which the study of the Quran and authentic interpretations, different methods and ways of coping with any war in the realm of faith, was extracted and analyzed, The results showed that in different ways such as : deny, distort, understatement, creating doubt, denying, idolatry, superstition, mixing truth and falsehood, contention, lies close to God, and the faith of some blasphemy to some, out of the religion, the abuse of the sacred and determinism, is used in this type of war. And some coping strategies include insightful, dialogue, calling to faith, reason, respond, warning, interdiction, blame, fear, ultimatum, defiance, fear of loss, or the punishment (hitting force) is.
Functional development of the visual system in normal and protein‐deprived rats. VIM. Post‐natal development of optic nerve axons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Protein deprivation results in a persistent impairment of transmission of impulses from the specific cortical projection within the visual cortex. In order to evaluate changes in subcortical structures during pre‐weaning development, a study was made on number, calibre and myelination of optic nerve axons in control (C) and protein‐deprived (PD) rats 5, 12, 20 and 30 days of age. Protein deprivation was induced by giving rat mothers a diet containing 7% protein by weight (control diet 14%, during gestation and lactation. The cross‐sectional area of the nerve was measured on a digitizer. Between 3000 and 4000 axons collected from 7–13 field areas sampled by a random, systematic procedure from a cross‐shaped area of the nerve were counted and measured. Between 5 and 12 days after birth, the number of axons was reduced by 50% in C rats. The total number of optic nerve axons was not significantly different in PD compared to C rats, indicating that protein deprivation does not affect the formation or naturally occurring nerve cell death of retinal ganglion cells. At all ages examined there were significant reductions in the number of axons larger than 0.52μm as well as the number of myelinated axons. The rates of growth/maturation and myelination of axons in C rats and PD rats suggested that the reductions seen in PD rats up to 20 days of age may represent a developmental delay of approximately 4 days. At 30 days, a delay or a distortion of development may be present. The retarded development of optic nerve axons is discussed in relation to delays, distortions and deficits during visual system maturation in protein‐deprived rats.
Will dentistry be left behind at the healthcare station?

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The emerging opportunities for biological approaches to managing oral health were clearly apparent fifteen years ago. Responses in this direction have been tardy because of the economic prosperity of dental practice and the financial constraints on dental education. Representative existing and promising biology based technology is described. It is argued that education must be changed to teach the context and understanding of this technology. The alternative will be to concede important aspects of oral health care to physicians and others trained in their use.
The use of particle tracking in sediment transport studies: a review

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract New European environmental legislation such as the Shellfish and Habitats Directives, together with the more recent Water Framework Directive, are driving new and fresh approaches to sediment management. Regional authorities, environment protection agencies and consultants are increasingly being required to adopt a holistic, system-wide appreciation of sediment flux in aquatic systems. Increasingly, and necessarily, there is a need to describe sediment (and contaminant) transport pathways on dynamically variable and spatially distributed scales rather than at single point localities. ‘Particle tracking’, or as it is also known ‘particle’ or ‘sediment tracing’, providing certain assumptions are satisfied, offers a practical methodology for the assessment of transport pathways of a variety of sediments across wider temporal and spatial scales, and is available for silts, sands, granules, pebbles and cobbles. Although not a new technique, particle tracking has experienced a resurgence of interest and application by geologists, hydrologists and oceanographers principally as a result of the arrival of new, innovative manufacturing and measurement technologies. These have overcome previous limitations presented by the method, and have also provided a foundation for silt tracking that previously did not exist. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the particle tracking methodology in the modern context, with a bias towards the practicalities of conducting a tracking experiment. We present a detailed summary of the factors and considerations involved in conducting tracking studies, including an assessment of tolerance limits on synthetic tracers and the importance of appropriate sampling strategies. In addition, we highlight the principal technical limitations of the method. We summarise the historical background regarding the use of the particle tracking method outlining the dominance of studies on sand transport and the paucity of silt tracking studies, and draw attention to some of the potential areas of application of this innovative approach.
OP11.08: Nuchal translucency qualitative quality control in France. The CFEF (College Français d'Echographie Fœtale) five years experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To study the impact of repeated qualitative quality control program on the improvement of ultrasound scanning practices during the first trimester of pregnancy. From February 2006 onwards, 2242 sonographers sent 30 consecutive exams containing both nuchal translucency (NT) and crown-rump length (CRL) measurement in the first trimester of pregnancy, to a dedicated protected server (https://nuque.epp-echofoetale.fr/). The images underwent a remote analysis by one of 35 experts using the CFEF image-scoring method (score out of 20, https://www.cfef.org/evaluation/ISMCFEFCNRS.pdf). Thirteen over 20 was defined as a limit for satisfactory practice based on preliminary data. Following expert evaluation, each sonographer received by mail a feedback with a detailed report of the scoring allowing him to acknowledge weaknesses he, thereafter, had the opportunity to resubmit a new set of images for scoring. The overall score for the 2242 participants ranged from 2.8 and 18.7 over 20, with a mean of 14.1 ± 1.9. 581 participants (26%) had a score below 13/20. After the first feedback, 345 (15.4%) sonographers submitted a new set of images for a second evaluation. Out of these, 235 (68%) sonographers had an initial score < 13/20. They represent 41% (235/581) of the low scorers in the first evaluation. They had a score increase from 11.1 ± 1.3 to 13.8 ± 1.7 (P < 0.05) and 169 (72%) of these obtained a score ≥ 13/20 at second evaluation. Overall, 74% of the sonographers had a score ≥ 13/20 on the first evaluation. Among these, those who submitted images for a second evaluation also had a mean increase in score of 1 points (14.7 vs. 15.7, P < 0.01). Qualitative quality control of first trimester ultrasound practice is feasible at a large scale using an internet based tool. Our study also support the hypothesis that such evaluation and feedback of sonographers allows for an improvement in ultrasound practices during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Molecular detection of Cryptococcus from formalin-fixed \nparaffin-embedded tissue sample - a noncultural approach \nfor diagnosis of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite pulmonary cryptococcosis showing good response to antifungal treatment, making accurate diagnosis in a timely manner remains a challenge. Tissue for fungal culture is less sensitive, nonspecific, and time-consuming to allow for prompt diagnosis. We herein report a case of 31-year-old woman with no known medical illness but presented with history of cough and haemoptysis for two months. The chest X-ray and bronchoscopy revealed left lung mass. While tuberculosis showed negative result and no growth observed in the tissue culture, the histopathological examination (HPE) finding was suggestive of fungal infection. The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue was sent for molecular testing, which revealed Cryptococcus neoformans. This report emphasises on the advantages and limitations of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an alternative method to confirm the diagnosis in cases of culture-negative fungal infection.
Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Genome-wide transcriptome analyses of developing seeds from low and normal phytic acid soybean lines

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Relative gene expression of MIPS1, MRP-L, MRP-N. Fold change between 3mlpa and 3MWT at respective seed developmental stages for genes encoding (a) MIPS1, (b) MRP-L and (c) MRP-N. Green and orange bars indicate mean fold change values from RNA-Seq and qPCR experiments, respectively. There was no significant difference in the gene expression profiles estimated using qPCR and RNA-Seq analyses at significance level of 0.01 (See Additional file 7 for more information) (PDF 27Â kb)
A Time Varying Coefficient Approach to the Renewable and Non-Renewable Electricity Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Panel of Emerging Market Economies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study extends the investigation of the relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth for 16 emerging market economies within a time-varying coefficient cointegration model spanning the period 1990–2011. The standard panel cointegration tests with fixed coefficients indicate that there is a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between real gross domestic product, renewable electricity consumption, non-renewable electricity consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force. However, the time-varying coefficient cointegration tests show that the stability of the long-run relationship is rejected with the coefficient for non-renewable electricity consumption declining over time while the coefficient for renewable electricity consumption rising. Keywords: emerging economiesnon-renewable electricity consumptionrenewable electricity consumptiontime-varying panel cointegration Notes 1Payne (2010a,b) provides an extensive survey of the empirical literature on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. 2Both the RATS software (Estima, Evsntaon, IL) (fixed coefficients) and the GAUSS software (Black Diamond, WA) (time-varying coefficients) were used in the empirical analysis. 3 CitationPedroni (1999) provides details with respect to the heterogeneous panel and group mean panel cointegration tests.
Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Groundwater Samples from Sana’a City (Yemen) by Gas Chromatography Using Solid Phase Extraction Method

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Residue values of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in groundwater samples from Sana'a, the capital of Yemen, are reported.A total of 60 water samples from 10 main sampling sites in Sana'a City were extracted with the extraction solvents (Dichloromethane : hexane; 3:1) and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method was used for the extraction of residues in water sample.The analysis of the 18 OCPs (4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, a-endosulfan, a-HCH, aldrin, b-endosulfan, b-HCH, d-HCH, dieldrin, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane and methoxychlor) was carried out by capillary gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector ( 63 Ni), split/splitless mode.Three residues of 18 targeted OCPs were found in 3 samples only.Among the various pesticides analyzed only, aldrin (0.0002 µg/l), dieldrin (0.0007 µg/l) and 4,4-DDT (0.0005 µg/l) were found in the groundwater samples.For all compounds examined, all concentration levels of residues were found to be within WHO and European Economic Commission Standards (EEC) for drinking water quality.
Bone Stimulation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A nonunion represents a significant clinical challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. The classic treatments for delayed union and nonunion are not always successful. Many alternatives and adjuncts to osteosynthesis currently exist, including electrical and electromagnetic stimulation. This review article outlines the devices used for the delivery of this therapy including; the basic science, clinical evidence, and specific application to foot and ankle surgery for each device.
Filling in the Gaps between Nanozymes and Enzymes: Challenges and Opportunities

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Using nanomaterials to mimic the function of protein enzymes is an interesting idea. Many nanomaterials have a similar size as enzymes and they also possess catalytic activity. Over the past decade, a surge of nanozyme work has emerged, likely due to the advancement in the synthesis and characterization of inorganic nanoparticles. Many typical enzymatic reactions mimicking oxidases, peroxidases, laccases, superoxide dismutases, and catalases have been realized by simple metal oxide and metal nanoparticles. In addition, small inorganic catalysts have been loaded in nanoparticles to create another type of nanozyme. The applications of nanozymes in biosensor design, environmental remediation, and therapeutics have been demonstrated. In this Topical Review, we briefly summarize the current status of the field and then focus our attention on some important problems faced by the field. These topics include developing better nanozymes with higher activity, better substrate selectivity, and engineering enzyme-like active sites. For practical applications, reliable methods for bioconjugation of nanozymes with affinity ligands need to be achieved, but not at the cost of losing the activity of nanozymes. Finally, fundamental mechanistic studies are needed to rationally design nanozymes and to obtain key insights into a few model systems.
Scoring systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity with simple, rapid outcome measures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Existing methods for grading lupus flares or improvement require definition-based thresholds as increments of change. Visual analogue scales (VAS) allow rapid, continuous scaling of disease severity. We analysed the performance of the SELENA SLEDAI Physician’s Global Assessment (SSPGA) and the Lupus Foundation of America-Rapid Evaluation of Activity in Lupus (LFA-REAL) as measures of improvement or worsening in SLE. Methods We evaluated the agreement between prospectively collected measures of lupus disease activity [SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), British Isles Lupus Assessment Group Index 2004 (BILAG 2004), Cutaneous Lupus Area and Severity Index (CLASI), SSPGA and LFA-REAL] and response [(SLE Responder Index (SRI)-4 and BILAG-Based Combined Lupus Assessment (BICLA)] in a clinical trial. Results Fifty patients (47 females, mean age 45 (±11.6) years) were assessed at 528 consecutive visits (average 10.6 (±4.1) visits/patient). Changes in disease activity compared with baseline were examined in 478 visit pairs. SSPGA and LFA-REAL correlated with each other (r=0.936), and with SLEDAI and BILAG (SSPGA: r=0.742 (SLEDAI), r=0.776 (BILAG); LFA-REAL: r=0.778 (SLEDAI), r=0.813 (BILAG); all p<0.0001). Changes (∆) in SSPGA and LFA-REAL compared with screening correlated with each other (r=0.857) and with changes in SLEDAI and BILAG (∆SSPGA: r=0.678 (∆SLEDAI), r=0.624 (∆BILAG); ∆LFA-REAL: r=0.686 (∆SLEDAI) and 0.700 (∆BILAG); all p<0.0001). Changes in SSPGA and LFA-REAL strongly correlated with SRI-4 and BICLA by receiver operating characteristic analysis (p<0.0001 for all). Additionally, LFA-REAL correlated to individual BILAG organ scores (musculoskeletal: r=0.842, mucocutaneous: r=0.826 (p<0.0001 for both)). Conclusion SSPGA and LFA-REAL are reliable surrogates of common SLE trial end points and could be used as continuous or dichotomous response measures. Additionally, LFA-REAL can provide individualised scoring at the symptom or organ level. Trial registration number NCT02270957 .