jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Null objects and early pragmatics in the acquisition of European Portuguese

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we argue that clitic omission in European Portuguese speaking children cannot be due to a late acquisition of pragmatics. Based on experimental data from an elicited production task and a truth-value judgement task, we show that children acquiring European Portuguese as a first language know the appropriate pragmatic conditions for producing clitics and null objects and interpret clitics and null objects in the appropriate pragmatic context. However, their knowledge of some syntactic constraints on null objects, which are grammatical only in certain contexts in the adult grammar, is not fully mastered yet. The results obtained provide additional evidence in support of the idea that some aspects of pragmatics are acquired early and that some aspects of syntactic knowledge are acquired late.
Some Effects of the Vitamin B Complex on Appetite and on Utilization of Food.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The relation of the vitamin B complex to the rate of growth, to the consumption of food and water and to the utilization of food in rats has been studied. The Evans and Burr diet (purified casein—25, sucrose—75, salt mixture—4) was used and was supplemented daily with 9 drops of cod liver oil. The B complex was supplied by daily additions of one or more of the following: whole dried hog liver (high B2-low B1), autoclaved liver (high B2), whole dried yeast (high B1-moderately high B2), tikitiki (high B1). Male rats were placed on the experimental diet when 50 gm. in weight and were kept in individual raised cages. Some of the data are shown in Table I. Groups 1 to 4 were restricted in food consumption to approximately the same number of calories. The remaining groups were fed the basal diet ad libitum. The weight increments for the first 4 groups were surprisingly uniform in spite of the fact that only one of the 4 supplements (Group 2) was adequate for optimum growth when the basal diet was fed ad libitum (Group 10). The results with Group 4 were particularly interesting because of the relatively low concentration of vitamin B2 required for satisfactory utilization. In these experiments the utilization of food was apparently unaffected by considerable variation in the amounts of B1 and B2 furnished in the supplements. On the other hand, the appetite of the rats was markedly affected by the nature of the supplement. If either tikitiki (B1) or autoclaved liver (B2) was used as the source of the B complex appetite failed and growth did not occur. However, the combination of tikitiki and autoclaved liver resulted in optimum growth (Group 12); i. e., growth as good or better than that of the stock control rats (Group 5) . The difference between Groups 6 and 7 and between Groups I I and 12 was largely due to the appetite-stimulating effect of the autoclaved liver.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Attitude Control of Satellite

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control is applied to the attitude stabilization of flexible satellite. The detailed design procedure of the fuzzy sliding mode control system is presented. The adaptive fuzzy control is utilized to approach the equivalent control of sliding mode control and the adaptive law is derived. The hitting control, which guarantees the stability of the control system, is developed. In order to attenuate the chattering phenomena, fuzzy rules are employed to smooth the hitting control. Simulation results show precise attitude control is accomplished based on the proposed method.
A New 6-Degree-of-Freedom 3-Leg Parallel Manipulator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

From their inception in the first half of the last century, parallel robots have advanced and diversified with several key goals. Among these, increased workspace size and kinematic performance take precedence. Many parallel architectures have been proposed to maximize such metrics; these often take the form of novel joint combinations or linkage configurations. Such studies on a new parallel robot are the focus of this thesis.\nThis thesis summarizes the work in prototyping, validation, and theory development of a new 6 degree-of-freedom, 3-leg parallel manipulator whose legs are in RRRS configuration. This arrangement of legs, with two powered revolute joints at its base, a passive revolute joint between its two links, and a spherical joint connecting to the end effector, warrants study. An initial prototype was constructed; the resultant testing and the manipulability analysis it provides are discussed. An improved derivation of the inverse kinematics for the manipulator is presented, along with a derivation for the manipulator’s Jacobian. This Jacobian allowed for the study of performance metrics such as torque requirements, manipulability, singularities, and stiffness. An optimization scheme was executed to maximize the workspace of the manipulator as well; the results were both reported and used to plan a second, larger-scale prototype. This prototype was designed, constructed, evaluated, and re-designed to mitigate failure modes.\nThe presented development forms a collection of critical strides forward for the system. Such a collection will be the foundation of future work in more precise optimization, finer control, and theoretical development.\nAdvisor: Carl A. Nelson
Measuring the returns to education nonparametrically

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article uses a nonparametric model of earnings to measure the returns to education. Under very general smoothness conditions, a nonparametric estimator reveals the true shape of the earnings profiles up to random sampling error. Thus, the nonparametric model should provide better predictions than its parametric counterpart. We find that the nonparametric model predicts very different estimated returns than standard Mincer formulations. Depending on the experience and education level, returns measured in log earnings estimated from nonparametric model can be nearly twice those obtained from the Mincer model. Finally, this article examines what structural features parametric models should include.
Re‐conceptualizing the nursing metaparadigm: Articulating the philosophical ontology of the nursing discipline that orients inquiry and practice

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Jacqueline Fawcett's nursing metaparadigm—the domains of person, health, environment, and nursing—remains popular in nursing curricula, despite having been repeatedly challenged as a logical philosophy of nursing. Fawcett appropriated the word “metaparadigm” (indirectly) from Margaret Masterman and Thomas Kuhn as a devise that allowed her to organize then‐current areas of nursing interest into a philosophical “hierarchy of knowledge,” and thereby claim nursing inquiry and practice as rigorously “scientific.” Scholars have consistently rejected the logic of Fawcett's metaparadigm, but have not yet proposed a substantially agreed‐upon alternative. Through an analysis of articles introducing and critiquing Fawcett's metaparadigm, I argue for a re‐conceptualized metaparadigm that articulates nursing's ontology. What exists for the nursing discipline are not already‐demarcated metaparadigm domains, but rather interdependent, dynamic relations that constitute people, including nurses, in their health/environment circumstance . The nursing discipline aims to skillfully access this dynamic relationality as the basis for action and reflection to produce both positive health trajectories and knowledge that facilitates future action and reflection. Further inquiry into the onto‐epistemology of nursing will produce a more robust understanding of nursing practice, science, and philosophy, and clarify its unique contribution to health and healthcare.
Salinity tolerance of tomato fertigated with different K+/Ca2+ proportions in protected environment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Adequate potassium and calcium nutrition is a strategy to reduce salt stress on tomatoes, as it reduces nutritional imbalance in plants. With the objective of evaluating tomato production using irrigation with saline waters and fertigation with different potassium-calcium proportions, an experiment was carried out in a protected environment in Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of four electrical conductivity of nutrient solution (ECns) (1.75; 3.25; 4.75; and 6.25 dS m-1) combined with five ionic proportions (m/m) of potassium and calcium (F1 = 2.43:1; F2 = 2.03:1; F3 = 1.62:1; F4 = 1.30:1 and F5 = 1.08:1). The response variables were: number of fruits, mean fruit weight, fruit production per plant and relative yield. It was possible to identify satisfactory results of production when higher salinity was used. Fertigation with low K+/Ca2+ proportions intensifies the effect of salinity on tomato crop.
Peer Review #3 of "The effect of biochar amendments on phenanthrene sorption, desorption and mineralisation in different soils (v0.1)"

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The contamination of soils and waters with organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), affect a large number of sites worldwide that need remediation.In this context soils amendments can be used to immobilise PAHs while maintaining soil functioning, with biochar being a promising amendment.In this experiment phenantrene (Phe) was used as a frequent PAH contaminating soils and we studied the effect of three biochars at 1% applications to three different substrates, two agricultural topsoils and pure sand.We evaluated the changes in soil properties, sorption-desorption of Phe, and mineralisation of Phe in all treatments.Phe in pure sand was effectively sorbed to olive pruning (OBC) and rice husk (RBC) biochars, but pine biochar (PBC) was not as effective.In the soils, OBC and RBC only increased sorption of Phe in the silty soil.Desorption was affected by biochar application, RBC and OBC decreased water soluble Phe independently of the soil, which may be useful in preventing leaching of Phe into natural waters.Contrastingly, OBC and RBC slightly decreased the mineralisation of Phe in the soils, thus indicating lower bioavailability of the contaminant.Overall, biochar effects in the two tested soils were low, most likely due to the rather high soil organic C (SOC) contents of 2.2 and 2.8% with Koc values in the same range as those of the biochars.However, OBC and RBC additions can substantially increase adsorption of Phe in soils poor in SOC.
On the processes shaping reproductive isolation in aphids of the Aphis fabae (Scop.) complex (Aphididae: Homoptera)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Models of sympatric speciation for phytophagous insects are based on the premise that ecological specialization on different host plants can indirectly result in significant reproductive isolation. A candidate example of host plant shift is provided by the partially reproductively-isolated aphids Aphis fabae fabae and A. f. mordwilkoi, which utilize different hosts for sexual reproduction. However, unexpected isolation based on mating behaviour was found for these two aphids. In olfactometer trials, males responded to the pheromones of females of both subspecies when presented a subspecies in isolation but preferentially to females of the same subspecies in choice tests. On contact, the incidence or duration of between-subspecies copulations was significantly lower than same-subspecies copulations, and spermatozoa were transferred during 88% of the same-subspecies copulations, but only 19% of between-subspecies copulations. These data are indicative of strong pre-zygotic isolation between the subspecies. Complementary restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA and a plasmid (pAFE/eu) in an obligate symbiotic bacterium (Buchnera) revealed a paraphyletic relationship among four subspecies of A. fabae (A. f. fabae, A. f mordwilkoi, A. f cirsiiacanthoidis and A. f. solanella). We discuss how the lack of clear genetic differentiation between A. f. fabae and A. f. mordwilkoi, despite substantial pre-zygotic isolation, may be a consequence of reinforcement.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and evaluation of myocardial infarction.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with the aid of MR contrast agents may be helpful to assess myocardial infarct size, the area at risk, and myocardial viability. MR contrast agents may also prove useful for evaluating myocardial perfusion with ultrafast MR imaging techniques. Dynamic cine MR imaging is an accurate method to assess regional myocardial dysfunction in ischemic heart disease. In addition, myocardial contraction can be determined by MR imaging under pharmacological stress or by direct tracking of wall motion with MR myocardial tagging. Combining the information from these MR imaging techniques provides a comprehensive evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease.
Particularities of the negative streamer propagation in homogeneous and inhomogeneous electric fields. Computer simulation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The results of numerical simulations of negative streamer propagation in nitrogen in the plane - to - plane and the needle - to - plane geometries are presented. Computer simulations has been performed by finite element method, which allows to accurately describe the boundaries of complicated shape. It is shown that the propagation velocity of the negative streamer in a nonuniform electric field (the needle - to - plane geometry) is always greater than its velocity in a uniform field (the plane - to - plane geometry) at the same electrical potentials on the electrodes. It is shown that with decreasing curvature radius of the needle the streamer propagation velocity increases. The growth of the streamer speed, with decreasing of the needle curvature radius, is stopped when the needle curvature radius reaches a certain critical size. It is shown that in the region of the strong nonlinearity, when the dynamics of the streamer propagation is determined by the space charge, its velocity as a function of the longitudinal coordinate is independent of the needle curvature radius.
P037 FAECALIBACTERIUM IS INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH CROHN’S DISEASE ON A LOW FIBER DIET

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with fibrostenotic Crohn’s disease (CD) are commonly advised to avoid fiber during symptomatic episodes. Fiber intake modulates the intestinal microbiota composition. The influence of low fiber diets in patients with Crohn’s disease on the intestinal microbiota composition is unknown. We conducted a cross sectional study using the National Institutes of Health Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Multi’Omics Database. We identified patients with CD and limited our analysis to their baseline visit. We categorized patients into either high or low fiber intake based on their food frequency questionnaire responses. These patients had linked fecal microbiome data that was generated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. QIIME and LEfSe were used to compare the low and high fiber intake groups to identify differentially abundant microbiota. Our study included 8 patients with Crohn’s disease with 4 in each fiber intake group. The mean age of patients in the high fiber group was 32 and the low fiber group was 14. A greater proportion of male patients were in the high fiber group (50%) compared to the low fiber group (25%). The microbiota richness, alpha and beta diversity were similar between the high and low fiber groups. The higher order taxonomic groups were similar, but LEfSe analysis revealed a fourfold increase in the genus Faecalibacterium among patients in the low fiber intake group. No other genera were found to be statistically different. Faecalibacterium was increased in patients on a low fiber diet. Faecalibacterium produces anti-inflammatory short chain fatty acids from dietary fiber and its decrease has been linked with an increased risk for flares. Further studies are needed to understand the interaction between diet, microbiota and inflammation in patients with CD.
[Nucleotide sequences encoding glycinin B4 polypeptide of the cultivated soybean Glycine max and its presumed wild-type ancestor Glycine soja in connection with the origin of cultivated soybean].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding soybean glycinin B4 polypeptide were compared in three soybean cultivars and two plant introductions of wild soybean Glycine soja. Only two nucleotide substitutions were found in three cultivars G. max, as compared with G. max and G. soja having nucleotide sequences which contain four nucleotide substitutions. These data serve as additional evidence, at molecular level, indicating the origin of G. max from G. soja. On the other hand, the time period required for four nucleotide substitutions' accumulation, as calculated from parameters of molecular evolution of 11S globulins, is much longer than the term having passed after soybean domestication.
Trophic ecology of Mugil liza at the southern limit of its distribution (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

AbstractIn order to get to know the habitat and feeding habits of Mugil liza on the southern coast of Buenos Aires province, 65 specimens obtained at two sampling sites - the San Blas bay (SBB) and the mouth of the Quequén-Salado river (QSR) - during spring (November 2012) and summer (February 2013) were analyzed. Specimens were measured, sexed and weighed, their stomachs were removed and their stomach contents weighed and analyzed under the stereoscopic microscope. The specimens were adults, 28-49 cm in length and weighing 380-1100 g. Population growth was higher in the SBB (TW: 0.003*TL3.36), than in RQS (TW: 0.045*TL2.61). About 98% of the stomachs had some content, their repletion rate being of between 0.4 and 1.2%. About 75% of the stomachs contained very fine sand with few benthic organisms (algae, copepods, foraminifera), whereas the remaining 25% of stomachs contained coarse sand and a greater presence of benthic fauna (amphipods, bivalves, gastropods and coral organisms). The linear relationship between the weight of stomach contents and the total weight and length of the fish showed that the rates of growth (slope) were the same at both sites, but intercept values were significantly higher for San Blas bay (test parallelism; p < 0.001).
Aspergillus suşundan termofilik α-amilaz üretimi ve farklı uygulamalarda kullanımı.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to scale up the production of thermophilic α-amylase and its use to obtain fermentable sugar as the main carbon source for microorganisms such as baker’s yeast and Lactobacillus casei. Aspergillus niger N402 was the strain used for determining the fermentation parameters (carbon and nitrogen source, fermentation volume/total flask volume ratio (FV/TFV), pH & temperature of the fermentation and spore inoculum level.) Different strains (Am13, AmC18, and AmC28) were also tested to find out the strain producing the highest activity enzyme for scale up experiments that were conducted at 1.5L, 60L, and 80L volumes. The best strain was selected as AmC28 with the parameters of: starch and maltose syrup as the carbon source and yeast extract as the nitrogen source, temperature was set to 30 °C at pH 5.50 with 105 spores/ml and with 0.5 FV/TFV ratio at a 250 mililiter volume flask. One milliliter of these secreted amylases were capable of hydrolyzing almost 100 mg of soluble starch in one hour at 80 °C at pH of 5.0. Following the production of the enzyme at large scale, saccharification of raw starch (%10 solid load) was accomplished using these α-amylases. The produced fermentable sugar was used to grow Baker’s yeast and to produce lactic acid from L.casei.
1357. The kinetics of ionic polymerisation. Part XII. Polymerisation of isobutyl vinyl ether at –40° in the solvent 50 : 50 n-hexane–toluene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

G. J. Blake and D. D. Eley, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 7412 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650007412
Caution Urged in Treating 'Steroid-Dependent Anosmia'-Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Reply.—I appreciate Scott's comments, and recognize the major contributions of the Connecticut Taste and Smell Center, Farmington. My report was preliminary in nature and additional study is clearly indicated.1Several points are worthy, however, of reemphasis: 1. The report was the first documenting correction of anosmia using state-of-the-art psychophysiologic testing and treatment. 2. Histologic study of the receptors showed them to be normal in spite of documented anosmia. 3. Long-term correction of the anosmia was achieved. 4. Patients who do not respond to the preoperative steroid test have not experienced normosmia postoperatively. On the other hand, multicenter double-blind studies of larger numbers of patients would clearly be helpful (although others have also informally reported correction of anosmia employing the methods described).2 While I would partially concur with Scott's concluding statement, "... patients, together with their physicians, must judge whether the seriousness of their sensory dysfunction supersedes the potential
Gestational Diabetes and Cold Stress Trigger Protein Oxidation in Discrete Brain Regions

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Gestational diabetes is unique because of the diversity of problems that can affect the embryo/fetus beginning with conception. Streptozotocin (STZ), a diabetogenic agent when administered to pregnant rats in high dose, induces diabetes by destructing pancreatic β-islet cells resultantly in the intrauterine life of developing fetuses limits their adaptation with depleted insulin secretion. Similarly, environmental stressors like cold-stress result in fetal hypoinsulinemia with a reduction in the number of insulin receptors on target cells. In a given situation, if both stressors are prevailing, the resultant free radical production in prenatal life may bring severe oxidative stress on the molecular integrity of proteins that might progress to weaning and adulthood. In this study, the oxidative indices measured in STZ induced gestational rats upon exposure to cold stress (15°C & 20°C) indicate significant changes in discrete brain regions. Cold-stress found to exacerbate the free radical production in diabetic subjects and impose a higher rate of protein oxidation confirming synergetic effects. The findings for the first time confirm that the oxidative changes that occurred due to prenatal stress remain into weaning and adulthood, specifically in the functional areas like the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which in turn may bring impairments/deficits in memory and cognitive processes.