jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nonintrusive Detection of Driver Cognitive Distraction in Real Time Using Bayesian Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Driver distraction has become an important and growing safety concern as the use of in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), such as cell phones and navigation systems, continues to increase. One approach to allowing people to benefit from IVISs without compromising safety is to create adaptive IVISs that adjust their functions according to driver and roadway state. A critical element of adaptive IVISs involves monitoring driver distraction in real time; with such a monitoring function it is possible to mitigate that distraction. This study applied Bayesian networks (BNs), a data mining method, to develop a real-time approach to detecting cognitive distraction using drivers’ eye movements and driving performance. Data were collected in a simulator experiment involving 10 participants who interacted with an IVIS system while driving. BN models were trained and tested to investigate the influence of three model characteristics on distraction detection: time history of driver behavior, inclusion of hidden nodes in the model structure, and how data are summarized and the length of training sequences. Results showed that BNs could identify driver distraction reliably with an average accuracy of 80.1%. Dynamic BNs (DBNs) that consider time dependencies of driver behavior produced more sensitive models than static BNs (SBNs). Longer training sequences improved DBN model performance. Blink frequency and fixation measures were particularly indicative of distraction. These results demonstrate that BNs, especially DBNs, can detect driver cognitive distraction by extracting information from complex behavioral data. Potential applications include the design of adaptive in-vehicle systems and the evaluation of driver distraction.
The Microbiology of Fermentation and Ripening

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The main objectives of fermentation and ripening are to achieve a desired and characteristic color and flavor, to develop firmness, and to inhibit pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. The intrinsic factors of the sausage mix and the final water activity and pH exert a natural selectivity for the development of desired salt-tolerant microflora. While a few species seem to be able to dominate at the end of sausage ripening, biodiversity at the strain level inside the predominant species has mainly been reported to exploit the potential of molecular methods. Although typical preparations based on indigenous microflora still exist, the use of starter cultures is increasing, as these guarantee safety, standardization of product properties, and a shorter ripening period. Relevant safety aspects such as bacteriocin production, absence of amino acid-decarboxylase activity, and a nontoxicogenic and nontransferable antibiotic resistance profile are important to the evaluation of potential strains.
Best for Babies? Powdered Milk and Scientific Discourse in Early Twentieth-Century China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Traditionally, Chinese people have not been dairy consumers. Thus, when entering the Chinese market in the early twentieth century, dairy companies had to provide strong and powerful claims to prove that powdered milk was not only healthy but also best for babies. They did so through scientific discourse. This chapter examines the advertisements of two American milk powder brands—Momilk and Lactogen—and the domestic brand Vitamilk to illustrate how science was adopted to promote powdered milk, especially for infant feeding, in 1920s China. It shows that misleading scientific concepts were often used to emphasise the nutritional value of powdered milk. Furthermore, science was frequently mixed with traditional Chinese medical concepts, such as hot and cold, so that consumers might easily understand the nature of powdered milk. Through its novel findings, this chapter contributes to growing knowledge of how Chinese people were encouraged to purchase powdered milk as baby food, as well as how scientific discourse was employed to fulfil this aim.
An Assessment of Competitive Factors in Medical Tourism: New Research Opportunity for Turkey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Increasing globalization of the healthcare sector indicates that there arenewopportunities for emerging markets to take a bigger share from the whole healthcare industry. This is realized in the form of medical tourism where people prefer to travel to different destinations to receive medical treatments and services. Medical tourists prefer to travel for several reasons like low cost, high quality care or shorter waiting periods. The industry is growing rapidly and the annual expenditure is estimated to be around US$ 30 billion at the end of 2019. The challenging amount of expenditure whets the appetite of the countries and competitiveness becomes crucial to take more market share in this respect. Therefore the factors that build up competitiveness is identified and assessed thoroughly. This paper makes a literature review on the subject and recommends a Newresearch opportunity for Turkey in this field. Key Words: Medical tourism, Health tourism, Competitiveness, Healthcare, Stakeholders
What Has Guided AIDS Control Policy in Uganda?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The idea for this book arose in my mind out of two troubling and related issues. Nelson Mandela had spoken passionately at the Durban International AIDS Conference in 2000, about a set of HIV prevention strategies whose value and effectiveness he said could not be disputed. These were precisely the strategies we had evaluated within the Masaka Intervention Trial (MIT)—promoting a delay in sexual debut for young people, zero-grazing, condoms, and treating STDs. But we had found these strategies to have no effect on HIV incidence. My first concern, therefore, was that there was a strong and widespread belief that certain approaches to HIV prevention were "known" to be effective, but our findings suggested—at least within the context of Masaka in the mid-late 1990s—that these very approaches were actually in effective. My second worry was that these findings were not taken to heart by policy makers or HIV prevention practitioners either in Uganda or elsewhere in Africa. Nothing changed, and business continued as usual. This indicated to me that scientific findings that went counter to the status quo were simply ignored by a billion-dollar international AIDS juggernaut with too much momentum and perhaps too many vested interests to countenance a change in direction. Certainly there could be no admission that perhaps the standard HIV prevention package used throughout Africa was misguided.KeywordsSexual DebutIdeological ContextHigh PeopleOfficial RhetoricIdeological BattleThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Measurement of the Inner Retinal Layers of Megalopapilla by Optical Coherence Tomography.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The main purpose of this study was to assess the differences in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses between subjects with megalopapilla (MP) and those with large (physiological) cup discs (LCD) measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The secondary purpose was to determine whether pRNFL and GCIPL thicknesses increase with the optic nerve head (ONH) area. This cross-sectional study included 184 eyes (92 eyes with MP and 92 eyes with LCD). The subjects with LCD were used as sex-and-age-matched controls. All subjects were imaged using the Cirrus HD-OCT system. Macula and pRNFL thickness maps were obtained for all subjects. The inferior quadrant pRNFL thickness was higher in the MP group than in the LCD group (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the GCIPL thickness between the two groups. A positive correlation was found between average, superior, and inferior quadrant pRNFL thicknesses and the ONH area (P < 0.05). The slope of the correlation curve was higher for the inferior quadrant. No correlation was found between the GCIPL thickness and the ONH area. In comparison to patients with LCD, the inferior quadrant pRNFL thickness of patients with MP was higher. As the ONH area increased, the average, superior, and inferior quadrant pRNFL thicknesses also increased. In patients with MP, the assessment of a glaucomatous lesion based on pRNFL thickness measurements may not be reliable. It is recommended that in these patients, the evaluation of glaucomatous damage be based on the GCIPL thickness map analysis rather than on the pRNFL thickness.
Study of adsorption efficiencies of biopolymer-based composites of chitosan with a sulfonic acid functionalized imidazolium ionic liquid for elimination of organic dyes in wastewater

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Bio-polymer based composites of chitosan and a N-SO 3 H functionalized imidazolium ionic liquid were developed as sustainable adsorbent materials for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution.
The Pittsburgh Fistula Classification System: A Standardized Scheme for the Description of Palatal Fistulas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Vague terminology is a problem in cleft palate research. No classification scheme for palatal fistulas has been proposed to date. Although a well-healed velum is a significant outcome of palatoplasty, it is nearly impossible to compare fistula-related palatoplasty results in the literature or in medical records without a standardized vocabulary. We endeavor to devise a palatal fistula classification system that may have clinical and research applicability. Design: PubMed was searched for definitions and classifications of palatal fistula as well as incidence and recurrence rates of this outcome. Next, a 25-year retrospective review of our Cleft Center's records was performed, and fistulas were identified (n = 641 charts reviewed). The fistula descriptions yielded by this chart review were evaluated in the context of anatomical descriptions in the literature, and a clinician-friendly classification scheme was designed. Results: A literature review failed to reveal a standardized fistula classification system. An anatomically based numerical fistula classification system was devised: type I, bifid uvula; type II, soft palate; type III, junction of the soft and hard palate; type IV, hard palate; type V, junction of the primary and secondary palates (for Veau IV clefts); type VI, lingual alveolar; and type VII, labial alveolar. Conclusions: We propose a standardized numerical classification system for palatal fistulas. Its clinical adoption may prospectively clarify ambiguities in the literature and facilitate future cleft palate research and clinical practice.
Color as an Attentional Cue in Discrimination Learning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Previous studies have shown that while multiple hue color cues can have a facilitative effect on initial learning, they can produce negative effects on a non-cued criterion task. The present study was designed to determine if single hue color cues could facilitate initial learning without being disruptive at transfer. Manipulations involved condition of availability of these cues. 102 S's, in three treatment groups were presented with a learning sequence. Availability was varied in no color, maximum color, and vanished color conditions. Achievement was measured on three tasks, visual memory, visual discrimination, and a paried-associate task. Results indicated that vanished single hue color cues can facilitate learning without interference.
Saving Model Under Financial Literacy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The study attempted to assess how family background, and peer role affect the saving decisions of working youth in Pakistan.Current study also attempted to measure the effect of financial literacy as mediator between relationship of peer role and family back ground with saving decisions of working youth.Working youth among different organizations with total of 309 responses were collected through stratified random sampling.Using structural equation modeling through Smart PLS3, the study found that the significant effect of peer role on saving, and financial literacy.On other side family background shown insignificant effect on saving decisions but significant effect on financial literacy.Furthermore this study also found significant effect of financial literacy on saving decisions.Additionally this research shown mediated effect of family background and peer role on saving decisions through financial literacy.Findings of this study shaded the light that how family background, peer role have influenced saving decisions directly and indirectly through mediation by financial literacy.This research framework was tested under life cycle hypothesis and relative income hypothesis.Further policy makers could design policies and arranging training workshops for financial literacy awareness among working youth, as it is already highlighted that youth is also lacking in financial literacy (Bashir et al., 2013a;
Flying Foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): Threatened Animals of Key Ecological and Economic Importance

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Flying foxes are animals of extraordinary ecological and economic importance throughout forests of the Old World tropics. Nearly 200 species play an essential role as forest pollinators and seed dispersers, yet they are frequently misunderstood, intensely persecuted, and exceptionally vulnerable to extinction. Their role in the propagation of numerous important plants remains virtually uninvestigated. However, our review of already available literature demonstrates that at least 289 plant species rely to varying degrees on large populations of flying foxes for propagation. These plants, in addition to their many ecological contributions, produce some 448 economically valuable products. The fact that flying foxes are increasingly threatened, and that few baseline data exist on population trends is cause for concern. Many appear to be in severe decline, and several species are already extinct. We present initial observations on flying fox importance and survival threats in hopes of highlighting research and conservation needs.
Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Skin Health

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effectiveness of carotenoids in helping protect the skin from damage caused by environmental exposure has been a subject of research for more than 3 decades. It has only been within the last decade that lutein and zeaxanthin, 2 unique carotenoid molecules, have been evaluated for skin health benefits. This article summarizes the most recent research on the efficacy of lutein and zeaxanthin in skin health.
Characterization of proteins expressed abundantly in the fruit-body of Flammulina velutipes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chronological changes of protein expression in the vegetative mycelium of Flammulina velutipes and expression of these proteins in the fruit-body were investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four proteins (FBA1–4) expressed abundantly in the fruit-body were found to have different expression patterns in the vegetative mycelium after the fruiting treatment. FBA1–4 had similar amino acid sequences and displayed a high similarity with the deduced amino acid sequence of the C1 cDNA, which has an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell-attachment sequence. This suggests that FBA1–4 may have cell-to-cell attachment activity.
Monoamine Oxidase B and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Natural Flavonoids inMelastoma candidumD. Don

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) activity and free radicals are elevated in certain neurological diseases. Four natural flavonoids, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, and quercetin, were isolated for the first time from the leaves of Melastoma candidum D. Don. They exhibited an inhibitory effect on MAO-B. These potent flavonoids were purified using bioassay-guided fractionation and were separated by Diaion, Sephadex LH-20, and MCI CHP20P columns. The IC(50) values of the four potent flavonoids, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, and quercetin on monoamine oxidase were 19.06, 11.64, 3.89, and 10.89 microM and enzyme kinetics analysis revealed apparent inhibition constants (K(i)) of 21.01, 2.72, 1.83, and 7.95 microM, respectively, on the substrate, benzylamine. The four potent compounds also exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as determined using a spin trapping electron spin resonance method. This suggests that the four flavonoids from M. candidum possess both MAO-B inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities. These important properties may be used for preventing some neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
Minstrels & Angels: Carvings of Musicians in Medieval English Churches

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This fascinating and comprehensive survey of medieval carvings of musicians comprises all churches and cathedrals found in England. Illustrated with over 120 photographs by C.R. Nicewonger, the iconography of each type of instrument is recorded in detail and the features of medieval church architecture are fully described. Both are set in their historical and social context. There is a complete gazetteer of all the British medieval musical carvings known to the authors arranged alphabetically by the names of the cities, towns, and villages where they can be found. Instruments covered include: Bowed string, Plucked string, Keyboard, Woodwind, Percussion, Brass Also includes terminology of church architecture, an index to gazetteer, a bibliography, and a chronology. This is the essential handbook for all musically interested visitors to churches in Britain and an important source book for all interested in musical iconography as well as in medieval music.
Race and Medical Education

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract For nearly half a century, medical schools in the United States have worked to increase the racial and ethnic diversity of students selected for admission. Early efforts focused on affirmative action approaches, often setting aside a specific number of slots for minority students. In 1978 the Supreme Court found this approach to be unconstitutional. In response, medical schools shifted to an approach that views racial and ethnic diversity among students as essential to providing a high‐quality medical education. By maintaining an adequate level of diversity, schools are able to enhance the cultural competency of the physicians they train – an essential step to reducing documented racial disparities in quality of care and access to care. In addition, minority students trained as physicians are often more likely to focus their practice careers on disadvantaged, under‐served patient populations. Problems have developed, however, in maintaining the “pipeline” of minority students in college who hope to enter medical school, with many of these students at risk of losing interest in a medical career. Efforts to support these students in their preparation for medical school will continue to be central to maintaining the racial and ethnic diversity of those trained as physicians.
Goldberg, L. and Fоnde, G. Recurrent "lymphogranulomatid" (?). (Arch. Of. Derm. A. Syph, No. 3, 34, 1936)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The case history of a 42-year-old patient with lymphogranulomatosis is given. The reaction with Frey's antigen is positive. After using the lithium preparation for therapeutic purposes, the patient developed a rash on certain parts of the body such as erythema multiforme. A biopsy of a piece of skin at the site of the rash and its histological examination did not find changes characteristic of lymphogranulomatosis, similar to those found from the foci of the groin region. An antigen was made from pieces of biopsied elements, which was used for an intradermal reaction the reaction in the b-th was negative. Is the rash the result of a medication? Discontinuation of the lithium preparation did not lead to the disappearance of the rash, and further use of the drug did not increase the rash. The authors suggest that they had to observe the allergic syndrome in a patient with lymphogranulomatosis.
Varietal Differences of the Course and Differentiation Time of Large Vascular Bundles in the Rachis of Rice.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

日本型品種むさしこがねとインド型品種IR36における穂軸の大維管束の走向と分化時期を比較した. 穂軸中の大維管束は, 主に1次枝梗由来の大維管束(Vp)と2次枝梗由来の大維管束(Vs)によって構成されていた. むさしこがねにおいては, いずれの1次枝梗からも1本のVpが穂軸に入り, 相互に合着することなく穂首節間まで下降していた. 通常, Vsは穂軸に入ることはなかった. その結果, 穂首節間大維管束数を1次枝梗数で割った値(維管束比)はほぼ1となった. これに対して, IR36においては, 上位の1次枝梗からは1本のVpが穂軸に入るが, 中～上位の1次枝梗からは1本のVpに加えて2本のVsが穂軸中に入る場合が多かった. また, Vsのいくつかは穂軸中で複雑に合着していた. その結果, 維管束比はほぼ2となった. 大維管束の分化時期をみると, いずれの品種においても, Vpが分化するのは2次枝梗分化初期であり, Vsが分化するのは穎花分化初～中期であった. 以上の結果から, むさしこがねと比較してIR36では穂軸の発育に対する1次枝梗の発育が相対的に進行している可能性が示唆された.
EDITORIAL Apoptotic cell clearance and fibrotic lung disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ecognition and clearance of dying cells by phagocytes (a process known as efferocytosis) is essential for development, tissue homeostasis, and recovery from inflammation and injury. Under most circumstances, this process is so efficient that it can be difficult to detect, as illustrated by the fact that.161011 neutrophils are eliminated from the human circulation each day in a process that leaves no obvious trace [1]. Along similar lines, during community-acquired pneumonia there may be.1.16106 neutrophils per cubic millimetre of lung tissue, yet clearance of dying cells is so efficient that,0.3 % of the neutrophils in the lungs are apoptotic [2]. While the consequences of apoptotic cell removal were initially thought to be immunologically silent, it is now recognised that efferocytosis can lead to the production of po-tent anti-inflammatory molecules, such as transforming growth