jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Binding of Phenothiazine Drugs to Heptakis-Methylated β- Cyclodextrin Derivatives: Thermodynamics and Structure

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Experimental binding data from simple, well-defined model cases such as host-guest systems, are of value in testing and training computational models of noncovalent binding, such as those used in drug discovery. Cyclodextrins (CDs), macrocycles of glucose units, form a particularly accessible class of host molecules that are water-soluble and amenable to derivatization. CDs are used for pharmaceutical formulations and can even be drugs in their own right. We used calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy to characterize the noncovalent association of native βCD and three methylated derivatives of βCD with five phenothiazine drugs. The strongest association observed, that of thioridazine and one of the methyl derivatives, exceeds the affinity of rimantidine with βCD, while methylation at the 3 position of βCD abolished binding for all of the drugs studied. The variations in binding entropy and enthalpy across the dataset demonstrate a clear pattern of entropy-enthalpy compensation. The NMR data show that all of the drugs position at least one aromatic proton at the secondary face of the CD, and most also show evidence of deep penetration of the binding site. The results of this study were used in the SAMPL9 blinded binding affinity-prediction challenge.
Impact of rising political risks in Asean on US multinational corporations investments.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The East Asian crisis, brought about by the devaluation of the Thai Baht in July 1997, created alarm amongst investors and resulted in capital flights from the region. A key factor for recovery now is the infusion of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the current account to fuel the engine for growth. However, in the light of rising political risk in certain countries of the region, how affected will investors be by this factor in deciding on investments in the region.
Can We Constrain Geographical Variability in the Biological Carbon Pump's Transfer Efficiency From Observations?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The biological carbon pump (BCP) transfers large amounts of carbon from the atmosphere into the ocean's interior, contributing to carbon sequestration. Studies on latitudinal variability in organic carbon transfer to depth have yielded inconsistent results, likely due to methodological differences. To address this, we compiled particulate organic carbon (POC) flux data and BCP metrics from time‐series locations across biogeographically distinct ocean regions. We integrated multiple BCP observational techniques, including diverse collection and processing protocols, capturing diverse facets of POC flux at varying spatio‐temporal resolutions. To ensure comparability, we harmonized errors and used Monte Carlo error propagation to calculate uncertainties consistently. Our analysis reveals large local uncertainties that obscure expected latitudinal variations in BCP metrics. While such variations may exist, they remain difficult to identify with current observational data. Our findings underscore the need for sustained POC flux observations, standardization of protocols, and intercalibration of technologies to identify geographic BCP patterns.
Review of Electrification Processes in Planetary Atmospheres

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Although the dynamics of the atmospheres of the small planets have been studied considerably over the past decade for comparison with Earth, there has been little discussion of the physical meteorology of these atmospheres. Electrical phenomena are common in the earth's atmosphere and generally support the conceptual spherical capacitor theory. Sufficient is known about other planetary atmospheres to allow discussion of possible similar phenomena. A hierarchy of complexity, from the point of view of atmospheric electricity, is presented by the atmospheres of Moon, Mars, Earth and Venus. The rare lunar atmosphere is considerably ionized; the low-pressure atmosphere of Mars is virtually cloudless but has ubiquitous dust storms. The hot, high-pressure atmosphere of Venus has total cloud cover, and the earth has fractional cloud cover and regular thunderstorms. This paper reviews recent work pointing to possible sources of charging, mechanisms of discharging and other aspects of electrical phenomena in the lower atmospheres of these other planets and compared them to the phenomena which govern the electrical budget of the earth's atmosphere.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This introductory chapter describes the debilitating effects of leprosy, or Hansen's disease, on the human body and the particular stigmatization lepers have endured throughout history. At times dubbed “walking corpses” by Byzantine preachers, those afflicted with the disease were subjects of fear and revulsion in European literature during the high and later Middle Ages. The chapter argues, however, that history has omitted the more positive treatment of lepers and leprosy in the Byzantine Empire during this period, especially in comparison to the attitudes maintained by Western Europe. In the late antiquity period, the Byzantine state and church were confronting leprosy and its effects well before the Latin West; and the ideas, attitudes, and institutions forged by the Greek Christians of the eastern Mediterranean naturally passed to the Latin West. Thus, it becomes important to integrate the story of leprosy in the East and the West into a single, comprehensive account.
Relationships between Urban Forest Patch Characteristics and Near-Ground Solar Radiation in Baltimore, MD

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Forest patches in urban areas perform multiple ecological functions that can aid in regulating microclimate, managing stormwater flows, and improving air quality. Many of these functions and services are driven by solar radiation inputs below the forest canopy. However, the relationships between near-ground solar radiation and urban forest patch characteristics are not well studied or understood. For this thesis, we estimated near-ground solar radiation in six forest patches in Baltimore, MD, USA using hemispherical photographs to calculate global site factor (GSF). In addition, we determined patch compactness, as well as the origin, slope, aspect, distance from edge, and degree of invasion at each sampling site. Results show that patch attributes affect solar radiation inputs, although the strength of the relationships between GSF and the studied patch characteristics vary between sites. The identified patterns in near-ground solar radiation can be used to inform effective conservation and management of urban forest patches.
Predicting effect of upward temperature excursions on long-term creep of an austenitic steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

AbstractAbstractA procedure was demonstrated for predicting the effect of upward temperature excursions on the long-term creep of a type 316 steel. The procedure exploits the existence of regimes of stable creep at 600–750°C, from which creep rates can be used to predict long-term strain accumulation or rupture, without the problems associated with the history dependence of creep rupture data for solution treated steel. Pre-aging can be used to remove the potential for transient metallurgical strengthening and ensure stable creep. The excursion tests were run under the relevant conditions and the overall creep rate determined for a few cycles, for comparison with isothermal behaviour. Creep strains caused by the 1 h excursions were consistent with stable creep at the excursion temperature. Thus, the transient increased strain rate observed after excursions must have been compensated by a transient depression of strain rate on reaching the excursion temperature.MST/580
Impact of Physical Education Litigation on Fifth Graders’ Cardio–Respiratory Fitness, California, 2007–2018

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives. To examine the impact of physical education (PE) litigation on changes in cardio–respiratory fitness among racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse students. Methods. We used annual school-level data for all California schools with measures of fifth graders’ cardio–respiratory fitness spanning 2007–2008 through 2017–2018. A difference-in-difference design assessed changes before and after lawsuits in the proportion of students meeting fitness standards in schools in districts that were parties to PE lawsuits (n = 2715) versus in schools in districts not involved (n = 3152). We ran separate models with the proportion of students meeting fitness standards by sex, race/ethnicity, and low-income status as outcomes. Results. PE litigation led to a 1-percentage-point increase in the proportion of fifth-grade students meeting cardio–respiratory fitness standards (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03%, 2.0%). Effects were especially pronounced for female (1.3-percentage-point increase; 95% CI = 0.1%, 2.5%), African American (3.4-percentage-point increase; 95% CI = 0.5%, 6.2%), and low-income (2.8-percentage-point increase; 95% CI = 0.5%, 6.0%) students. Conclusions. Schools in districts subject to PE litigation showed greater improvements in student fitness, particularly among students typically at higher risk for inactivity and low fitness. Litigation may be an impactful tool for enforcing PE provision in accordance with the law.
Digging Deep: The Roots of Gender Biases in Decision Making - The Case of Patent Examination

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We analyze gender biases and their underlying mechanisms in decision making in the context of the US patent examination process. Using United States Patent and Trademark Office [USPTO] data on 1,501,985 single inventor patent applications and their respective examiners between 1991 and 2021, we are able to identify biases against female inventors (compared to male inventors) and trace these biases back to two decision heuristics: representativeness and availability. It is important to differentiate representativeness and availability heuristics because they affect the outcome of decision making in different directions. Taking the dynamically changing individual decision context of the examiners into account, we find that representativeness heuristics are impacted by examiners' prior exposure to female inventor patent applications: gender biases decrease with increasing exposure. Additionally, we look at the effects of examiners' workload on the reliance of decision-making heuristics. We conclude by suggesting that the duality of
Auto generate men cloth template

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Auto Generate template Men Cloth is acts as a platform for the user to make their cloth easy and faster. This prototype is a web-based system that is provides features of managing data and displaying the results of the template cloth. The objectives of the researh are to make an easy for user to auto generate the template by inserting the measurement of their body to the form in the interface. The methodology that used to develop this system is Rapid Application Development (RAD). The technique that will be use is canvas in HTML which is the input of the measurement is converting to the coordinate to make the pola. As the expected result is, the template is able to auto generate following the measurement that user insert whereby the measurement has key in by them.
Distinctive mitogenomic lineages within populations of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using whole mitochondrial DNA sequences from 89 white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) sampled from Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Denmark and Estonia between 1990-2018, we investigate the mitogenomic variation within and between countries. We show that there is a substantial population differentiation between the countries, reflecting similar major phylogeographic patterns obtained previously for the control region of the mitochondria, which suggested two main refugia during the last glacial period of Ice Age. Distinct mitogenomic lineages are observed within countries which divergence times exceeds the time since last glacial period of Ice Age ended. The lineages appear to have been maintained by natural selection. An excess of segregating amino acids in comparison with number of fixations, as revealed by the neutrality index suggests a load of deleterious mutations. The maintenance of mtDNA lineages within countries inflates our estimates of effective national population sizes and the times of their divergence.
Distribution of Indole-Producing Urease-Negative Pasteurellas in Animals

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Three hundred fifty-six animal isolates of indole-positive urease-negative cultures of Pasteurella, which would formerly have been classified as P. multocida, were examined with respect to their relationship to the recently described P. multocida subspecies (ssp.) multocida, septica, and gallicida and P. canis, P. stomatisl Taxon 16, and Pasteurella sp. B. Two hundred sixty-three (73.9%) of the cultures could be identified with one of these taxa, and 93 isolates (26.1%), representing 17 different biotypes, were unassignable. Pasteurella multocida ssp. multocida was the predominant taxon throughout and in most of the 25 animal species from which isolations were made. In dogs, P. canis was the most frequent. Different degrees of host predilection were observed also in P. multocida ssp. septica for cats, P. canis for sheep, and 2 of the unassignable biotypes for cattle and dogs, respectively. Overall, the respiratory tract was the most frequent source of isolates, but a propensity of P. multocida ssp. septica for localization in the central nervous system of cats was noted.
A new sensitive spectrophotometric determination of cypermethrin insecticide in environmental and biological samples

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of parts per million levels of widely used cypermethrin insecticide. The method is based on alkaline hydrolysis of cypermethrin to cyanide ion, which further reacts with potassium iodide and leuco crystal violet. The absorption maxima of the crystal violet dye formed was measured at 595 nm in acidic medium. Beer's law obeys over the concentration range of 3.0 to 17 µg in a final solution volume of 25 mL (0.12-0.68 ppm). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 3.3´10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.054 µg cm-2, respectively. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation were found to be ± 0.001 and 0.22%, respectively. The method is simple, sensitive and free from interferences of other pesticides and diverse ions. Other pyrethroid insecticides do not interfere in the proposed method. The method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of cypermethrin in environmental and biological samples.
How Block Booking Facilitated Self‐Enforcing Film Contracts

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper uses the block-booking film exhibition contracts that were the subject of Paramount to examine the role of contract terms in facilitating self-enforcing relationships. Because of the large uncertainty in film value at the time of contracting, it is difficult to fully specify optimal exhibitor performance (such as exhibition run length) ex ante. Instead, the efficient contractual arrangement contractually overconstrains exhibitors and relies on the superior reputational capital of distributors to flexibly adjust contract terms ex post. The analysis illustrates that, rather than thinking of contracts as either court-enforced or self-enforced, transactors generally combine court-enforced and self-enforced sanctions by using contract terms to economize on their limited reputational capital. Block booking is explained within this framework by its effects on reducing the variance in the value of the film package and, therefore, the demands placed on the distributors' reputational capital. Copyright 2000 by the University of Chicago.
Evaluating the Correlation between Periodontal Status of Teeth Adjacent and Contralateral to Implant with Peri-Implantitis - A Retrospective Study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Previous history of periodontitis associated with smoking and poor oral hygiene are considered as one the risk factor for peri-implantitis which in-turn leads to implant failure. Periodontitis is regarded as the most prevalent infectious diseases with around 75% of adults being affected. A similarity between the pathogenesis of periodontitis and peri-implantitis is as a result of intra-oral translocation of periodontal pathogen from teeth showing periodontitis to the peri-implant niche. Aim: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implantitis in patients suffering from periodontitis. Material and Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in the department of periodontology on 30 patients suffering from periodontitis and with dental implant insertions. In all the patients, periodontal and bone conditions were evaluated. Probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment levels, and radiographic bone loss was calculated around the implants, adjacent teeth and contra- lateral teeth to evaluate correlation between periodontitis and implant failures. Results: On evaluation of results with 30 patients, periodontal depth, clinical attachment levels, and gingival recession showed statistically significant around implants when compared with the periodontal parameters around the adjacent teeth and contra-lateral teeth. Non significant results were obtained when radiographic bone loss was evaluated. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that dental implant therapy is strongly affected by the periodontal health and health of adjacent teeth plays an important role in determining the failure or success of the implant while contra-lateral teeth have no or minimal relationship between periodontitis and implant failure. Keywords: Implant, Oral Health, Peri-Implantitis, Periodontitis, Translocation.
Perilunate Fracture–Dislocation: Results at Mean Follow-Up of 7 Years after ORIF

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Perilunate fracture–dislocations are frequently associated with a high risk of developing post-traumatic arthritis. Current studies indicate that during mid-term follow-ups, radiological signs of arthritis do not appear to correspond with functional score. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of posttraumatic arthritis and the wrist function after perilunate dislocations (PLD) and fracture dislocations at a mid-term follow-up of 7 years. Methods: We report the clinical and radiological outcomes of 17 wrists treated for PLD or fracture–dislocation by open reduction and internal fixation through a dorsal approach with dorsal ligament repair. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the short version of the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH), the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation questionnaire (PRWE) and the Mayo Wrist Score (MWS). Results of radiographs were assessed using the Herzberg Radiological Scoring Chart. Results: The MWS showed five excellent, five good, five fair and two poor results with an average score of 81%. Radiological analysis using the Herzberg classification revealed midcarpal and/or radiocarpal arthritis in 65% of cases, lunate collapse in 59% and an increase in the mean ulnar translocation ratio in 53% of the cases. Complications included one case of lunate osteonecrosis and one case of stage 3 scapholunate advanced collapse that required revision surgery. Conclusions: Although the clinical and functional outcomes are favourable at mid-term follow-up, radiological evaluation shows a progression towards osteoarthritis (OA). Further research is warranted to refine treatment strategies and investigate factors influencing the development of OA. Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Potentilla fragarioides Linnaeus, 1753, spec. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Potentilla fragarioides, spec. nov. 5. Potentilla foliis pinnatis ternatisque: extimis majoribus, flagellis reptantibus. Potentilla foliis ternatis hirsutis utrinque viridibus: lobatis accessoriis. Gmel. mss. Habitat in Sibiria . ♃ Facies Fragariae sterilis. Radix subtuberosa. Folia sericea petiolis pilosis, pinnata ex 3. 5. vel 7. Foliolis ovatis, oppositis, serratis, basi quo propioribus eo minoribus. Stolones decumbentes.
Reversible data hiding based on interleaving max-min difference histogram

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This work proposed a reversible data hiding algorithm that is based on the interleaving max-min difference histogram. The method divides the cover image into non-overlapping identical blocks. In each block, the maximum or minimum pixel is selected to calculate absolute differences between the gray level value of the selected pixel and that of the other pixels. Then, these differences are used to generate a histogram and the histogram shifting method is adopted to embed data. The change of the pixel gray level upon shifting and embedding obtained using the max difference is contrary to that obtained using the min difference. The method of interleaving uses the max difference and the min difference to counteract the change in the gray levels of some pixels. The total of the changed gray level values is thus reduced. Therefore, the PSNR value can be increased and the quality of the stego image improved. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method yields a higher embedding capacity than that of the median difference histogram.
Differences in the Determinants of Retirement Preparation between Farm and Nonfarm Households

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As principal farm operators age, retirement and succession planning has become increasingly important to the U.S. agriculture industry. This study examined differences in the determinants of retirement preparation between farm and nonfarm households using the Survey of Consumer Finances. Factors such as risk preferences, financial capability, human capital, and other demographic characteristics of farmers that may play a role in their decision to plan for retirement were examined. Retirement planning was investigated by running three separate sets of logistic regressions on the overall sample, farm households, and nonfarm households. Likelihood of consulting a financial planner, expecting to leave a bequest, and household net worth were used as dependent variables. Results indicate some significant differences between farm and nonfarm households and highlight limitations in currently available data sets for studies such as this one. Implications for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers regarding farm family retirement and succession planning are discussed.