jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Females’ intra-household Bargaining Power andFertility in Iran

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This research investigates demand for child among Iranian urban households in an intra-household bargaining decision process. Using Household’s Expenditures Survey of Iran(2008), a count regression technique which takes into account the over-dispersion and under-dispersion characteristic of Poisson regression is specified as a function of intra-household bargaining factors, extra-household environmental factors, and family’s characteristics. Findings confirm the significance of extra-household environmental factorsand household’s characteristics in demand for child. Mothers with higher opportunity cost of child caring, more particularly college educated women, tend to have less children and they substitute quality of children for their quantity. As the Mothers’ bargaining power goes up, their propensity to bring more children decreases, however fathers with higher non-labor earning prefer to have more children. Diagnostic checking confirms accuracy and appropriateness of the Generalized Poisson against its alternatives. To examine the exogeneity of the explanatory variables we re-estimated the proposed specification with Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), where the hypothesis of exogeneity is confirmed. Further robustness checking by Negative Binomial distribution of dependent variable and specifying the models by mothers’ age disaggregation show that the sign and significance of estimated coefficients are similar to those of the Generalized Poisson and GMM; however modest changes have been experienced in the magnitude of estimated coefficients.
Criminalising Solidarity? Smugglers, Migrants and Rescuers in the Reform of the ‘Facilitators’ Package’

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The current migratory pressure plunged the EU into a deep crisis, not only in terms of figures, but also in terms of values. As thousands of migrants and asylum seekers put their lives in peril when crossing the Mediterranean Sea, the EU faces two major challenges: first, how to effectively counter an ever more unscrupulous and aggressive migrant smuggling industry; and secondly, how to avoid risks of overcriminalisation and over-deterrence that would further endanger the lives of smuggled migrants and hit the wrong target. As the EU Action Plan against migrant smuggling (2015 - 2020) suggests, the current EU legal framework on migrant smuggling, also known as the ‘Facilitators’ Package’, has not successfully overcome these challenges. This paper aims at contributing to the current discussions on this Package’s revision. It revisits the main features of the relevant International and EU legal frameworks, highlighting the key differences between them. It subsequently analyses the risks stemming from the uncertainties as to the scope of criminalisation and the humanitarian exception under the ‘Facilitators’ Package’. Special attention is paid to the detrimental effect that such legal uncertainties can have on the humanitarian obligations under international law and on the compatibility with EU values, such as solidarity. It concludes by exploring some options for the future revision of the Facilitators’ Package.
Characterization and Magnetic Properties of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared by Ball Milling Technique

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nickel ferrite nanoparicles with various grain sizes are synthesized using annealing treatment followed by ball milling of its bulk component materials. Commercially available nickel and iron oxide powders are first mixed, and then annealed at 1100°C in an oxygen environment furnace and for 3h. The samples are then milled for different times in an SPEX mill. X-ray diffraction pattern indicates that in this stage the sample is single phase. The average grain size is estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction techniques. Magnetic behavior of the sample at room temperature is studied using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The Curie temperature of the powders is measured by an LCR—meter unit. The x-ray diffraction patterns clearly indicate that increasing the milling time leads to a decrease in the grain size and consequently leads to a decrease in the saturation magnetization as well as the Curie temperatures. This result is attributed to the spin-glass-like surface layer on the nanocrystalline nickel ferrite with a ferrimagnetically aligned core.
The Israeli Supreme Court and Bedouin Land Claims in the Negev: A Missed Opportunity to Uphold Human and Indigenous Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article critically discusses two judgments, recently delivered by the Israeli Supreme Court, which concern Bedouin land rights in the Negev (Al-Naqab), southern Israel. It is submitted that the narrow approach taken by the Court ignores the Bedouin traditional lifestyle and land tenure systems, thus preventing members of this indigenous and minority group from fully enjoying their human rights, and exposing them to further displacement and dispossession by Israeli authorities. The article also explains the relevance of these decisions to the Bedouin living in Area C of the West Bank which is occupied by Israel.
Mechanisms of caterpillar behavioural manipulation by two virus species: spot the difference

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Baculoviruses are known to manipulate the behaviour of their caterpillar hosts, by inducing hyperactivity and altered climbing behaviour. To date, however, knowledge on parasitic genes governing such behavioural manipulations is scarce. Previously we have shown that the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) induces hyperactive behaviour in Spodoptera exigua caterpillars, and that the viral protein tyrosine phosphatase (ptp) gene is a key player in the induction of hyperactivity. However, this gene is present in only a subset of phylogenetically related baculoviruses, while it is hypothesized that also baculoviruses that do not carry ptp are able to manipulate behaviour, possibly induced by a different viral gene. We compared behavioural changes in Spodoptera exigua caterpillars induced by two baculovirus species: the generalist AcMNPV (carrying ptp) and the specialist SeMNPV (not carrying ptp). We discuss the possible (difference in) mechanism that these two viruses use to manipulate behaviour in the context of host-pathogen coevolution.
National Dam Safety Program. White, Smith, Austin Lake Dam (MO 30584), Mississippi - Kaskaskia - St. Louis Basin, Warren County, Missouri. Phase I Inspection Report.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

White, Smith, Austin Lake Dam is located in Warren County, Missouri at the headwaters of Schlanker Branch. The purpose of the dam is to impound water for recreational use as a private lake. The lake is utilized by landowners adjacent to the lake. The crest of the embankment has a thick grass cover. Trees and large brush currently densely vegetate the downstream slope of the embankment. One small area on the downstream embankment slope near the center of the dam has recently been cleared of trees and brush. The upstream slope has brush and small trees growing on the right side of the embankment, while the vegetation on the left side has recently been cut.
Long-Term Nitrogen Addition Decreases Soil Carbon Mineralization in an N-Rich Primary Tropical Forest

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Anthropogenic elevated nitrogen (N) deposition has an accelerated terrestrial N cycle, shaping soil carbon dynamics and storage through altering soil organic carbon mineralization processes. However, it remains unclear how long-term high N deposition affects soil carbon mineralization in tropical forests. To address this question, we established a long-term N deposition experiment in an N-rich lowland tropical forest of Southern China with N additions such as NH4NO3 of 0 (Control), 50 (Low-N), 100 (Medium-N) and 150 (High-N) kg N ha−1 yr−1, and laboratory incubation experiment, used to explore the response of soil carbon mineralization to the N additions therein. The results showed that 15 years of N additions significantly decreased soil carbon mineralization rates. During the incubation period from the 14th day to 56th day, the average decreases in soil CO2 emission rates were 18%, 33% and 47% in the low-N, medium-N and high-N treatments, respectively, compared with the Control. These negative effects were primarily aroused by the reduced soil microbial biomass and modified microbial functions (e.g., a decrease in bacteria relative abundance), which could be attributed to N-addition-induced soil acidification and potential phosphorus limitation in this forest. We further found that N additions greatly increased soil-dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and there were significantly negative relationships between microbial biomass and soil DOC, indicating that microbial consumption on soil-soluble carbon pool may decrease. These results suggests that long-term N deposition can increase soil carbon stability and benefit carbon sequestration through decreased carbon mineralization in N-rich tropical forests. This study can help us understand how microbes control soil carbon cycling and carbon sink in the tropics under both elevated N deposition and carbon dioxide in the future.
Local entrepreneurs : motivations, traits and problems.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Over the last three decades, Singapore has achieved a rate of economic progress equalled by few countries in the world. Singapore has progressed from a poor under-developed country (with a per capita GNP of less than S$1,000 in 1960) to a more advanced developing nation in 1996. Its economic growth is explained by the proliferation of multinational corporations (MNCs) and government-linked companies (GLCs). \n \nIn the earlier days, Singapore had been able to leapfrog competition by playing a supporting role to the multinational corporations and this helped Singapore to grow "one wing" — its domestic economy. Changes in the business climate have led the government to recognise the important role that the small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can play in Singapore's economic development. Now the challenge is to nurture a new breed of entrepreneurs who can help Singapore develop the second wing by way of an external economy. \n \nIn view of this challenge, Singaporeans are being encouraged to be more entrepreneurial. As we undertake to study local entrepreneurs, various questions emerge — What are the motivations for becoming entrepreneurs? What personality traits distinguish the successful entrepreneurs from others? What are the obstacles that entrepreneurs face? What needs and desires do entrepreneurs have in training and assistance? Our project seeks to address these questions and provide some answers through the specially designed questionnaire and case-study analysis. \n \nSpecifically the objective of this report is to: \n \ni) examine the motivations of entrepreneurs in Singapore, and the traits perceived to be important for success ii) explore the problems faced by these entrepreneurs in their search for self-actualiasation \n \niii) determine their needs and desires in training and assistance \n \niv) examine the solutions available that can resolve their difficulties. \n \nWe hope that this report can serve as a useful guide for people contemplating an \n \nentrepreneurial career.
Cu II -exchanged montmorillonite K10 clay-catalyzed direct carboxylation of terminal alkynes with carbon dioxide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new, simple and straight-forward protocol for direct carboxylation of terminal alkynes has been developed using Cu-montmorillonite K10 clay as a heterogeneous catalyst and CO2 as the C1 carbon feedstock. Also coupling of terminal alkynes with CO2 (1 atm) in the presence of alkyl halides has been achieved under the same reaction conditions, thereby providing access to a variety of functionalized alkyl-2-alkynoates in high yields.
Perceiving Possibilities for Action: On the Necessity of Calibration and Perceptual Learning for the Visual Guidance of Action

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Tasks such as steering, braking, and intercepting moving objects constitute a class of behaviors, known as visually guided actions, which are typically carried out under continuous control on the basis of visual information. Several decades of research on visually guided action have resulted in an inventory of control laws that describe for each task how information about the sufficiency of one's current state is used to make ongoing adjustments. Although a considerable amount of important research has been generated within this framework, several aspects of these tasks that are essential for successful performance cannot be captured. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing framework, discuss its limitations, and introduce a new framework that emphasizes the necessity of calibration and perceptual learning. Within the proposed framework, successful human performance on these tasks is a matter of learning to detect and calibrate optical information about the boundaries that separate possible from impossible actions. This resolves a long-lasting incompatibility between theories of visually guided action and the concept of an affordance. The implications of adopting this framework for the design of experiments and models of visually guided action are discussed.
Ultimate Wafer-level Lens Integration and Optimization for High-end Active Pixel Sensor Application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the design and optimization of both microlenses and metalenses for an active pixel sensor array. To achieve the highest quality microlens configuration, we conducted a design of experiments by varying the array shrink ratio for both the color filter and microlens. Our experiments demonstrated that we could reduce the difference metric of major green channels to just 1.7%. Furthermore, the maximum difference in all Bayer color channels was decreased to 24.8% in wide-angle mode. Additionally, we explored the potential of metalenses as a future imaging technology. Our metalenses have been fabricated in wafer by creating a layer containing a set of irregular titanium dioxide (TiO2) buttes surrounded by SiO2. We have investigated various novel TiO2 metasurfaces with nanostructures of different sizes and patterns. The comparison with microlenses showed that metalenses contributed to enhance sensitivity by 20%. Ultimate microlenses and metalenses will persist as the foremost technologies for enhancing sensitivity.
Applications of Fluorous Porphyrinoids: An Update†

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been studied broadly for their applications in medicine and materials because of their tunable physicochemical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties. In this review article, we focused on the applications of fluorinated porphyrinoids and their supramolecular systems and summarized the reports published on these chromophores in the past 5‐6 years. The commercially available fluorinated porphyrinoids: meso‐perfluorophenylporphyrin (TPPF 20 ) perfluorophthalocyanine (PcF 16 ) and meso‐perfluorophenylcorrole (CorF 15 ) have increased photo and oxidative stability due to the presence of fluoro groups. Because of their tunable properties and robustness toward oxidative damage these porphyrinoid‐based chromophores continue to gain attention of researchers developing advanced functional materials for applications such as sensors, photonic devices, component for solar cells, biomedical imaging, theranostics and catalysts.
COVID-19-related stigma and its influencing factors: a nationwide cross-sectional study during the early stage of the pandemic in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives To describe the situation of COVID-19-related stigma towards patients with COVID-19 and people from the city of Wuhan in China and to assess the associations between COVID-19-related stigma, health literacy and sociodemographic characteristics during March 2020, the early stage of the pandemic. Design A cross-sectional online survey. Setting The study surveyed 31 provinces in China. Participants This study surveyed 5039 respondents in China. Outcome measures Public stigma towards both patients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents was measured. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with public COVID-19-related stigma. Results Among the participants, 122 (2.4%) reported themselves and 254 (5.0%) reported the communities they lived in as holding a stigmatising attitude towards patients with COVID-19, respectively. Additionally, 114 (2.5%) and 475 (10.3%) reported that themselves and the communities they lived in, respectively, held a stigma against people from Wuhan, which was the most severely affected area in China. People aged over 40, lived in areas with severe epidemics (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.03, 95% CI (1.05 to 3.92)) and who felt it difficult to find and understand information about COVID-19 (aOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.37); aOR=1.88, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.29)) were more likely to stigmatise patients with COVID-19. People who were male, aged 41–50 and had difficulty understanding information (aOR=2.08, 95% CI (1.17 to 3.69)) were more likely to stigmatise people from Wuhan. Conclusions Patients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents suffered stigma at both the individual and the community levels. Those who had low health literacy, who lived in areas with a large number of COVID-19 cases and who were of ethnic minorities were more likely to stigmatise others. Tailored interventions are encouraged to improve health literacy and consequently to reduce public COVID-19-related stigma.
Supplementary Figure S1 from Concurrent PD-1 Blockade Negates the Effects of OX40 Agonist Antibody in Combination Immunotherapy through Inducing T-cell Apoptosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Evaluation of expression of OX40, PD-1, and PD-L1 and proliferation and apoptosis in CD8+ T-cells in vitro.</p>
Notice of Retraction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The author of the following article has requested that it be retracted from publication in British Journal of Neurosurgery : Sri D. The management of spinal dural fistulas: a 13-year retrospective analysis. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2013;27(4):471 – 4. The retraction has been requested on the grounds that the study leaders had not participated in or agreed to the submitted article. The retraction is not made on the basis of any concerns with the data or findings of the study. D. Sri sincerely apologises for the inconvenience caused.
Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in South Asian countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The risk related to any overseas investment is polygonal which reflects numerous features that are appropriate for investor, such as rule of law, transparency, governance, level of international trade, business and financial conditions etc. All such components combine to form domestic investment climate of an economy, which influence the inflows of foreign capital in a country. This study analyzed the role of domestic investment climate (measured by Heritage Foundation economic freedom index) along with other macroeconomic variables in attracting FDI in South Asia covering 20 years from 1995 to 2014 by applying panel data techniques. Results revealed that overall economic freedom is an important determinant of FDI. Disaggregated analysis of economic freedom suggests that only fiscal and trade freedom has statistically significant influence on FDI. Therefore, Study recommends south Asian Nations to improve domestic investment environment to attract more foreign capital.
The Method of Selecting Real Estate Early Warning Indexes System Based on the Theory of System Core and Coritivity

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper,we give a new method of selecting real estate early warning indexes system based on based on the theory of system core and coritivity and gray correlative analysis: According to the dependent degree of indexes,we can get the graph of real estate system and it′s core,when we study the real estate system,we only think of several core indexes.We also used real estte system of Wuhan as an example to testify the efficiency of the method.
Preparing Hot-Dip Galvanized Coating Surfaces for Painting

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Duplex systems, also known as painting over hot dip galvanized steel, are extremely effective corrosion protection systems. However, careful surface preparation techniques need to be used to alleviate potential coating failures. The age and characteristics of the galvanized coating should be used to determine what type of surface preparation is needed. Surface preparation should develop an anchor profile for the paint without removing the zinc coating.
Clinical Outcomes and Associated Pathologies Following Pediatric Traumatic Hip Dislocations: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Pediatric traumatic hip dislocations are a rare condition that can have devastating short and/or long-term outcomes and associated pathologies (APs), including associated injuries (AIs) and long-term adverse events (LTAEs), with negative long-term sequelae. Currently, there are little data that exist on the rate of APs, with the most notable being avascular necrosis (AVN), for pediatric traumatic hip dislocations. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the outcome relative frequency of dislocation direction, reduction type, and rate of APs for traumatic hip dislocations in the pediatric population. Methods: A systematic review on the topic of traumatic hip dislocations in the pediatric population was performed using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, CINAHL, and MEDLINE databases from database inception to March 30, 2023. Inclusion criteria was full-text English articles, addressed traumatic hip dislocations, and pediatric patients (<18 y old). Results: A total of 24 articles (n=575 patients) met final inclusion criteria from a total of 219 articles retrieved from the initial search. For the average age of the included patients with reported age (n=433 patients), the frequency weighted mean was 9.50 years±1.75 years with a frequency weighted mean follow-up time of 74.05 months ±45.97 months (n=399 patients). The most common dislocation direction was posterior (86.4%), the most common treatment type was closed reduction (84.5%), AVN was the most common type of LTAEs (15.5% of APs), and labral/capsular injuries and acetabular fractures were the most common type of AIs (14.0% and 9.4% of APs, respectively). There were a combined total of 414 APs (72%) out of 575 total patients. Conclusion: Pediatric traumatic hip dislocations are associated with a high rate of AIs and LTAEs (72%, 414 APs out of 575 patients). AVN, labral/capsular injuries, and acetabular fractures are the most common APs after pediatric traumatic hip dislocations. Pediatric hip dislocations are usually posterior and commonly managed through closed reduction. Level of Evidence: III, Systematic Review.
Displacement of cerebellar tissue into spinal canal. A component of the respirator brain syndrome.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Displacement of cerebellulr tonsillar tissue into the subdural and subarachnoid space around the spinal cord was found at autopsy in eight patients who had had a variety of neurological diseases. The common factors were brain swelling and prolongation of survival by the respirator from 14 to 96 hours. Superimposed massive edema and intravitam autolysis caused by the artificial prolongation of life was the final outcome and is the most important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition. Unless the spinal cord has been examined, many pathological changes will not be appreciated.