jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment of medication access and distribution in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities for improvement

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Ensuring widespread access to essential medications is a critical aspect of healthcare delivery, yet Nigeria grapples with numerous challenges in this realm. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of the medication access and distribution landscape in Nigeria, highlighting both the existing hurdles and potential avenues for improvement. In Nigeria, inadequate infrastructure, including poor road networks and limited storage facilities, significantly impedes the efficient distribution of medications across the country. Moreover, the prevalence of counterfeit drugs further exacerbates the issue, posing grave risks to public health and undermining trust in the healthcare system. These challenges disproportionately affect rural and underserved communities, exacerbating health disparities. However, amidst these obstacles lie several opportunities for enhancement. The advent of digital technologies offers promising solutions for improving medication distribution efficiency and combating counterfeit drugs. Mobile health applications and blockchain technology can enhance supply chain transparency, ensuring the authenticity and quality of medications from manufacturer to end-user. Furthermore, strengthening regulatory frameworks and collaboration between government agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and healthcare providers is imperative to address systemic issues and bolster medication access nationwide. This assessment underscores the urgent need for multifaceted interventions to enhance medication access and distribution in Nigeria. By leveraging technological innovations, strengthening regulatory oversight, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, Nigeria can surmount its existing challenges and pave the way for a more equitable and effective healthcare system. Ultimately, improving medication access will not only enhance health outcomes but also contribute to broader socio-economic development in the nation.
alpha 1-Antitrypsin-levels and phenotypes in Crohn's disease in the Netherlands.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A group of 310 unrelated patients suffering from Crohn's disease has been screened for quantitative and electrophoretic variations of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT). A comparison was made betweeen patients and healthy controls. The distribution of electrophoretic alpha 1AT variants in the patients showed no significant deviation from the controls. The alpha 1AT quantities are significantly higher in the Crohn's disease population than in the controls.
The relationship between number sense and mathematics achievement in children and adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

There is growing evidence that humans have an inbuilt 'number sense' system that supports approximate numerical operations. Findings suggest that when we learn to deal with symbolic numerals, they may be mapped onto the pre-existing non-symbolic system. Theorists have speculated that this non-symbolic system might be the cognitive basis of all higher mathematics. However, the relationship between 'number sense' and formal mathematics ability remains somewhat unclear. If symbolic arithmetic is aided by the use of a nonsymbolic system, then children's understanding of number could be facilitated by improving mapping between systems. In the present study, seven- to nine-year old and adult participants were assessed for non-symbolic acuity, formal mathematics ability and IQ. In children, there was a positive relationship between formal mathematics ability and nonsymbolic comparison accuracy when controlling for IQ. In adults, however, this relationship was not present. This pattern of findings suggests a developmental shift in the relationship between formal mathematics ability and non-symbolic acuity. In particular it seems that if 'number sense' is the cognitive basis of mathematical ability, it fulfils only a bootstrapping role.
The role of escape in mimicry and polymorphism: I. The response of captive birds to artificial prey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effectiveness of active escape as an alternative to chemical and physical irritants in defensive mimicry was tested. Philaenus spumarius is a polymorphic insect used to illustrate the hypothesis that an efficient escape mechanism could be associated with conspicuousness by potential predators causing them to avoid this type of prey. Tile experiment used robins (Erithacus rubecula) as predators and mealworms {Tenebrio mulilur), with colour bands of either green, orange or blue, as prey. To simulate escape the prey was offered from a lunged platform which could be dropped allowing the mealworm to roll away and out ol'sigln of the bird before it could be pecked. During the first half of the experiment (day 1–10) only one of the tin ee colours of mealworm was allowed to be caught, within a 180 s time limit. This was a cryptic non-mimetic (blue) form. The other two were the cryptic (green) and conspicuous (orange) escaping models. In the second half of the experiment (day 11–17) the platform was not lowered within the lime limit. The three forms of prey remain available; the models thus becoming the mimics. During the first part of the experiment the birds took the non-mimetic form Ireely and learned to avoid the conspicuous and to a lesser degree the cryptic models. Throughout the second pan of the experiment the conspicuous form continued to be avoided more than the cryptic, illustrating the greater efficiency of conspicuous colour combined with escape.
Analisis Kecerdasaran Spiritual, Stress Kerja dan Kesehatan Mental

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research aims to examine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and work stress and mental health in the work environment, amidst challenges such as the ongoing pandemic and the threat of global inflation. This study uses questionnaire methods and PLS-SEM analysis to test hypotheses, considering the speculative nature of this research which focuses on estimating key factors that determine mental health. Analysis was carried out with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The research results show that companies need to pay attention to the health of their employees, including mental health, because work stress has been proven to be a significant factor in influencing mental health. However, research finds that spiritual intelligence does not have a significant influence on mental health or work stress. In conclusion, companies must focus more on efforts to reduce work stress to improve employee mental health, because this factor has a significant impact. Meanwhile, spiritual intelligence has not been proven to be influential in this context, so companies can direct their efforts mainly on other aspects that are more relevant to employee mental health. Keywords: Spiritual Intelligence, Mental Health, Work Stress
Galština a její stopy ve francouzštině

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Bachelor thesis Gaulish and its traces in French deals with the topic of Gaulish as one of the languages, which was in past spoken at the area of today's France and which in a relatively important way influenced the actual French, more precisely left its traces in it. The main purpose of this thesis is to create a coherent descriptive work which will as a first in Czech deal about Gaulish and which will point out its influences on actual French and therethroug it opens a possibility to further and more detailed research. The first part of the thesis deals with Gaulish in general which means its historical definition, sociolinguistic influences in reation to Latin, reflexion of the accessible archeological and literary sources of studies of this language and the general context and then also the position of Gaulish within celtic languages and its basic characteristics from the linguistic point of view. The second part of the thesis is focused on formo f Gaulish in different parts of languague studies, so the gaulish phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and last not least the vocabulary. Each of these part sis completed with a reflection of gaulish traces in actual French.
Quantitative study of the quasiequilibrium in the system (hydroxo)oxo-(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphynato)-molybdenum(V)-piperidine in toluene medium

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The quasiequilibrium interaction of (hydroxo)oxo-(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphynato)molybdenum(V) and piperidine in the toluene medium has been studied by means of chemical kinetics and spectrophotometric titration. It has been revealed that the molecular complex formation proceeds as slow irreversible salt formation reaction. It is preceded by the stages of equilibrium substitution of the hydroxo group OH-with piperidine, the outer sphere cationic complex formation [K 1 (2.03±0.28)×103 M−1]; and by the coordination of the second piperidine molecule to the cationic complex (K 2 1.76±0.39 M−1). The complex formation has been completely kinetically described: the rate equations and rate constants have been derived, and the rate limiting stage has been identified. In addition, the physicochemical data on the intermediates and products are presented. The prospects of application of the mixed porphyrin-containing complex as piperidine receptor, alkaloids and pharmaceuticals building block, have been justified.
Dynamics of dispersal: Modeling the impact of dandelion proliferation on environmental and economic equilibria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Dandelion, with its unique wind dispersal mechanism, can easily spread its seeds across vast land areas, encroaching on territories of other creatures. To address this issue, two models are considered: The first model considers wind patterns, temperature, and moisture in dandelion growth, using differential equations to analyze population changes over time. Sensitivity analysis reveals the models responsiveness to these factors. The second model combines ecological and economic factors to assess the impact of invasive species, employing fuzzy mathematics to determine the severity of impact. The study identifies Canada Goldenrod as particularly destructive. These models offer insights for future invasive species management policies, showcasing innovations in incorporating partial differential functions and fuzzy mathematics for more accurate estimations.
Regulation of TRAF3-IKK interaction by an 8-hydroxydaidzein contributed to the inhibitory effect on the IRF-3 signaling pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cytokines and chemokines are transcriptionally regulated by inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3. A daidzein derivative compound, 8-hydroxydaidzein (8-HD), isolated from fermented soy products, has recently gained attention due to various pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory activities. However, regulation of the inflammatory signaling mechanism for 8-HD is still poorly understood, particularly with respect to the IRF-3 signaling pathway. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of 8-HD in regulating inflammatory processes, with a focus on the IRF-3 signaling pathway using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7). The 8-HD downregulated the mRNA expression level of IRF-3-dependent genes by inhibiting phosphorylation of IRF-3 transcription factor. The inhibitory mechanism of 8-HD in the IRF-3 signaling pathway partly relies on the ability of 8-HD to inhibit TRAF3 and IKK interaction, which subsequently downregulates phosphorylation of AKT and reduces activation of IRF-3, thereby mediating inhibition of IRF-3-dependent gene transcription such as that of IFN-β, C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1).
Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of a molten Li 2 CO 3 −Na 2 CO 3 −K 2 CO 3 eutectic is used to produce highly amorphous carbon with considerable oxygen functionalization in a process focusing on the conversion of CO 2 to value‐added carbon. Electrochemical characterization of materials using multiple techniques in different electrolytes allowed for the optimization of these materials as electrochemical capacitor electrodes. Variation in capacitive performance of the investigated materials has been provided based on their physical characteristics. The synthesized carbons are hybrid materials, showing both pseudocapacitive and electric double layer contributions to the total performance. Annealing under nitrogen at 800 °C is shown to widen pores in the carbon material, resulting in an increase in medium scan rate (5–10 mV.s −1 ) capacitance. A stable specific capacitance of 425 F.g −1 is obtained at 5 mV s −1 in 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 after 1000 cycles.
[A case of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with increased lung water during sleep].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 22-year-old man was admitted to the department of plastic surgery in our university with diagnosis of ankylosis and microgeniea. His complaints were snoring and somnolence in the daytime, so we performed a Respigraph (Chest) that showed obstructive apnea during sleep. We diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. So we observed pulmonary circulation and measured lung water using the double indicator dilution method (Nihon Koden, MTV-1100) during sleep. During the period of apnea, arterial oxygen pressure and mixed venous saturation decreased, reversely, mean pulmonary arterial pressure rose, lung water (ETV) and central blood volume increased. We considered that the increase of lung water during sleep apnea is caused by hemodynamic change due to hypoxia and increase of venous return. After operation, the value of blood gas assay and apnea index were improved.
Cutaneous myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in Thai travelers: first report in Thailand

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Myiasis is the infestation with fly larvae in live vertebrate hosts. The disease has not been reported in Thailand. Method and Results: We report the first case series of cutaneous myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in two Thai travelers who visited Brazil. Two of five travelers were infested with D. hominis larvae. Both presented with furuncular lesions. Surgical excision was performed for both patients and the larvae were removed. They were identified as second stage of D. hominis. Sequence data of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes of the larva were similar to previous reports from Brazil. Conclusion: With increasing travel into endemic countries of D. hominis, physician should be aware of this parasitic infestation. Keywords: Dermatobia hominis, imported case series, Myiasis, Thailand
A Beginner’s Guide on Integrating *Omics Approaches to Study Marine Microbial Communities: Details and Discussions From Sample Collection to Bioinformatics Analysis

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The variety of Earth’s organisms is manifold. However, it is the small-scale marine community that makes the world goes round. Microbial organisms of pro- and eukaryotic origin drive the carbon supply and nutrient cycling, thus are mediating the primary productivity within the world largest ecosystem called ocean. But due to the ocean’s great size and large number of biogeographically habitats, the total of microbial species can hardly be grabbed and therefore their functional roles not fully described. However, recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies are revolutionizing our understanding of the marine microbial diversity, ecology and evolution. Nowadays, research questions on species differentiation can be solved with genomic approaches such as metabarcoding, while transcriptomics offers the possibility to assign gene functions even to a single cell, e.g., single-cell transcriptomics. On the other hand, due to the diversified amount of sequencing data, the certainty of a data crisis is currently evolving. Scientists are forced to broaden their view on bioinformatics resources for analysis and data storage in from of, e.g., cloud services, to ensure the data’s exchangeability. Which is why time resources are now shifting toward solving data problems rather than answering the eco-evolutionary questions stated in the first place. This review is intended to provide exchange on * omics approaches and key points for discussions on data handling used to decipher the relevant diversity and functions of microbial organisms in the marine ecosystem.
Mapping Crop Types in Southeast India with Smartphone Crowdsourcing and Deep Learning

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

High resolution satellite imagery and modern machine learning methods hold the potential to fill existing data gaps in where crops are grown around the world at a sub-field level. However, high resolution crop type maps have remained challenging to create in developing regions due to a lack of ground truth labels for model development. In this work, we explore the use of crowdsourced data, Sentinel-2 and DigitalGlobe imagery, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for crop type mapping in India. Plantix, a free app that uses image recognition to help farmers diagnose crop diseases, logged 9 million geolocated photos from 2017–2019 in India, 2 million of which are in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in India. Crop type labels based on farmer-submitted images were added by domain experts and deep CNNs. The resulting dataset of crop type at coordinates is high in volume, but also high in noise due to location inaccuracies, submissions from out-of-field, and labeling errors. We employed a number of steps to clean the dataset, which included training a CNN on very high resolution DigitalGlobe imagery to filter for points that are within a crop field. With this cleaned dataset, we extracted Sentinel time series at each point and trained another CNN to predict the crop type at each pixel. When evaluated on the highest quality subset of crowdsourced data, the CNN distinguishes rice, cotton, and “other” crops with 74% accuracy in a 3-way classification and outperforms a random forest trained on harmonic regression features. Furthermore, model performance remains stable when low quality points are introduced into the training set. Our results illustrate the potential of non-traditional, high-volume/high-noise datasets for crop type mapping, some improvements that neural networks can achieve over random forests, and the robustness of such methods against moderate levels of training set noise. Lastly, we caution that obstacles like the lack of good Sentinel-2 cloud mask, imperfect mobile device location accuracy, and preservation of privacy while improving data access will need to be addressed before crowdsourcing can widely and reliably be used to map crops in smallholder systems.
Seeing Is Believing: The CSI Effect Among Jurors in Malicious Wounding Cases

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the popularization of television crime shows that focus heavily on forensic science, such as CSI and its spin-offs, concerns about a new threat to jury trials have emerged in recent years. Dubbed the “CSI effect,” this phenomenon has reportedly come to influence the way jurors perceive forensic evidence at trials based on the way forensic evidence is presented on television. While the CSI effect has been the topic of much discussion throughout the popular press, the CSI effect has seldom been empirically tested. In this study, we present a selection of media accounts as well as criminological and legal literature that provides a review of the current state of the CSI effect. Additionally, we present the findings of a survey of 60 jurors from five malicious wounding cases on the influence of viewing CSI on jury decision-making. Using a logistic regression model, we found that belief in the accuracy of the scientific methods used on CSI was significantly related to juror verdicts.
Inhibition of intestinal sugar transport by phenformin.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effect of phenformin on the absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose by hamster and rat intestine, was studied. Phenformin did not affect D-glucose absorption by rat intestine, but it inhibited at 10(-3) to 10(-2) M the absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose by hamster intestine. The inhibition was higher when D-glucose was tested. Phenformin also inhibited active accumulation of these sugars by rings of hamster small intestine, in vitro; this effect was greater when D-glucose was utilized. The drug inhibits the oxygen uptake in the tissue in the absence or in the presence of added substrate. Phenformin, as previously suggested, does not seem to act as a specific inhibitor on D-glucose transport, but most likely by its inhibitory effect on mitochondrial respiration.
Processing Losses, Carcass Quality, and Meat Yields of Broiler Chickens Receiving Diets Marginally Deficient to Adequate in Lysine Prior to Marketing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A feed based on com, soybean meal, and sesame meal containing .85% lysine was supplemented with L-lysine HCl to provide .95 and 1.05% of total lysine. Each lysine level was given to broilers from 28 to 42 days of age in which the sexes were reared separately. No differences occurred in BW because of lysine, but feed conversion decreased as the lysine level increased. The holding loss prior to slaughter was greater with the birds that had received .95% lysine versus those that had received .85 and 1.05% lysine, respectively; however, no effects were detected on the chilled-carcass yield after processing. The extent of carcass finish increased as the lysine decreased. The fat content of the whole chilled carcass increased along with finish, while protein and ash were to the reverse. The percentage of fat in the skin and in the thigh meat were altered in parallel with the whole carcass, but the breast meat was unaffected. Cutting sample carcasses into commercial parts revealed that the proportions of breast and thigh increased with lysine at the expense of back both on a raw and a cooked basis. The cooked meat from the breast, wings, and back increased, the skin decreased. Both sexes responded similarly to lysine.
Consumers more inclined to eat ‘alternative’proteins compared to 2015

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Alternative proteins are not widely accepted yet by consumers. Alternative proteins which are already known, like fish and pulses, are most accepted by consumers and insects are least accepted. A comparison across years reveals that consumers have a higher acceptance towards all alternative proteins, and identify less as meat eaters, in 2019 compared to 2015. However, self-reported consumption of alternative proteins shows no differences across years, which indicates a gap between intentions and behaviour. The most relevant drivers of intention are emotions and social norms, indicating the relevance of unconscious and affective factors in understanding consumer acceptance of alternative proteins.