jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Patient preferences, knowledge and beliefs about kidney allocation: qualitative findings from the UK-wide ATTOM programme

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore how patients who are wait-listed for or who have received a kidney transplant understand the current UK kidney allocation system, and their views on ways to allocate kidneys in the future. Design Qualitative study using semistructured interviews and thematic analysis based on a pragmatic approach. Participants 10 deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients, 10 live-donor kidney transplant recipients, 12 participants currently wait-listed for a kidney transplant and 4 participants whose kidney transplant failed. Setting Semistructured telephone interviews conducted with participants in their own homes across the UK. Results Three main themes were identified: uncertainty of knowledge of the allocation scheme; evaluation of the system and participant suggestions for future allocation schemes. Most participants identified human leucocyte anitgen matching as a factor in determining kidney allocation, but were often uncertain of the accuracy of their knowledge. In the absence of information that would allow a full assessment, the majority of participants consider that the current system is effective. A minority of participants were concerned about the perceived lack of transparency of the general decision-making processes within the scheme. Most participants felt that people who are younger and those better matched to the donor kidney should be prioritised for kidney allocation, but in contrast to the current scheme, less priority was considered appropriate for longer waiting patients. Some non-medical themes were also discussed, such as whether parents of dependent children should be prioritised for allocation, and whether patients with substance abuse problems be deprioritised. Conclusions Our participants held differing views about the most important factors for kidney allocation, some of which were in contrast to the current scheme. Patient participation in reviewing future allocation policies will provide insight as to what is considered acceptable to patients and inform healthcare staff of the kinds of information patients would find most useful.
Analysis of policy implementation for supporting HIV/AIDS affected children in three provinces

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To understand local implementation of policies for supporting HIV/AIDS affected children and to provide recommendations for a better policy implementation.Methods The relevant data and information were collected through desk review,in-depth interview,and focus group discussions in three provinces,and were then assessed by using qualitative analysis.Results A total of 243 participants were recruited in six counties(cities) of the three provinces(regions),in which 81 people participated in-depth interview,including 33 care givers of the children affected with HIV/AIDS,36 care givers of the children affected with AIDS,and 12 community workers.Group discussions were held with 162 staff members from different departments.The survey identified that a variety of supporting policies were developed and implemented for AIDS affected children in terms of living assistance,educational support,health care,psychological and career development which nearly covered all the aspects of children's growth.But there was no policy to support non-compulsory education for children;the coverage of living assistance was not enough;the supports to AIDS affected children with surviving parents(single or both sides) was neither enough;psychological care was still too weak.Conclusions In order to better implement the national policies and strategies,it is recommended that detailed implementation plan and guiding programs be developed;the mechanism for information collection,sharing and utilization be further improved;the policy awareness and knowledge among managers and staff of relevant departments be increased;resources security for policy implementation from various sources be enhanced.
The Mularz Paradox—Relativistic discrepancies in the resistivity of cylindrical electrical conductors travelling at near light-speed—a thought experiment.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Most of us are familiar with Einstein’s now-famous relativistic thought experiments—his stationary-versus-moving ‘light clock’ and the interstellar twin astronauts aging at different rates especially stand out.[1] In this simple thought experiment the author wishes to propose a heretofore unrecognized set of relativity paradoxes involving the predicted electrical resistivity of long cylindrical conductors when moving at or near light-speed.
Farmer’s Perception and Willingness to Pay for Mitigating Man-Animal Conflicts in Coimbatore Forest Circle

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study assessed the farmers and other stakeholder’s perception on man-animal conflict at Coimbatore forest circle. Around 37 per cent of the respondents outlined that the farm floor is less than one kilometre distance from the reserve forest. Whereas, 33 per cent of the farm floor was within the distance of one to two kilometres revealed that around 70 per cent of the farm floor is very closer to the forest floor and hence the visit of elephants and other animals to the farm field is quite often taking place. While examining the reason for man-animal conflicts, the same were ranked based on the mean score obtained by using the Likert scaling technique with five point continuum. Among the major reasons, the habitat fragmentation found to be number one stood with the opinion of “strongly agree” according to eighty per cent of the respondents. This was followed by shortage of food resources in the forest perimeter and the periodic human invasion into the forests for their various needs like small timber, fuel wood and bush meat related activities found to be the major reasons for unexpected conflicts between the wild animals and the human being. The same was supported by their respective mean scores of “agree” mode of scale developed for this purpose. The most affected crop is banana which is the one most preferred to the elephants which stood in the first rank and the second rank goes to the coconut, the banana and the coconut were the preferred crop to the elephants. in the absence of the two expressed in the rank one and two, the arecanut and sugarcane could attract the elephants around 32 per cent of the respondents were ready to pay some higher amount which ranges between rs 200 to 500. However, around 17 per cent of the respondents were not interested in paying any contribution towards such initiatives. Among the many protective measures practiced by the farmers, the fire crackers and the powerful torches illuminated on the animal face could alleviate the animals immediately and hence these two protective measures were common among the farmers. Besides, researchers has also used probit regression analysis to analyse the influence of different factors on the dependent variable, willingness to pay. Awareness of the respondents towards mitigation measures, effectiveness of existing mitigating measures, and proximity of farm land to reserved forest, percentage of farm income to household income, farm size and economic loss incurred due crop and property damages by the animals. among the seven variables, awareness of the respondents towards mitigation measures, effectiveness of existing mitigating measures, proximity of farm land to reserved forest, farm size and economic loss incurred due crop and property damage were the six factors found to be statistically significant indicated that these factors cause significant changes in the willingness to pay among the stakeholders.
Prescribing cascades: we see only what we look for, we look for only what we know

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Prescribing cascades are increasingly recognized since they were described in the mid-1990s. Cascades are more likely in older people with multimorbidity and associated polypharmacy where multiple medications can induce a variety of side effects that manifest with various non-specific symptoms that may be misidentified as new geriatric syndromes such as falls, dizziness and new-onset incontinence. Geriatricians encounter medication side effects frequently and will usually consider if an older patient presenting with new symptoms could be experiencing an adverse drug reaction or event. However, most medications prescribed to multimorbid older patients are initiated and continued by prescribers without specialist geriatric training who may not detect medication-induced morbidity. Therefore, novel approaches to the detection and management of prescribing cascades in older people are needed. Currently, the knowledge base surrounding prescribing cascades in older people is evolving towards better methods for cascade detection and secondary prevention. However, the large number of cascades described in the literature, the wide-ranging symptomatology of cascades and the rapidly increasing number of multimorbid older people at risk of cascades represent major challenges for prescribers. Furthermore, prospective prevalence studies of prescribing cascades in older people are lacking. To detect and correct prescribing cascades during routine medication review in multimorbid older people, awareness of cascades is essential. Prescribing cascade awareness in turn requires novel explicit ways of defining cascades to facilitate their rapid detection and correction during medication review. Given that prescribing cascades represent another aspect of inappropriate prescribing (IP), explicit cascades criteria should be integrated with other explicit IP criteria.
Coupled iterated function systems that contract on average

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider iterated function systems (IFSs) acting on a phase space X that, whilst not necessarily uniformly contracting, do satisfy a ‘contraction on average’ condition. We introduce the notion of a coupled IFS acting on a new phase space formed by taking infinite (when X is compact) or finite (when X is not compact) products, in analogy with coupled map lattices. For appropriate couplings, we prove the existence of a unique invariant probability measure for the coupled system and show that it depends continuously on the coupling as the coupling tends to zero. We also prove an ergodic theorem and a central limit theorem for the coupled IFS. The methodology is to introduce a family of transfer operators acting quasi-compactly on an appropriate function space and use results of Keller-Liverani [KL1] to prove continuity of their spectral properties in the perturbation.
Production Studies, The Sequel!

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Production Studies, The Sequel! is an exciting exploration of the experiences of media workers in local, global, and digital communities—from prop-masters in Germany, Chinese film auteurs, producers of children’s television in Qatar, Italian radio broadcasters, filmmakers in Ethiopia and Nigeria, to seemingly-autonomous Twitterbots. Case studies examine international production cultures across five continents and incorporate a range of media, including film, television, music, social media, promotional media, video games, publishing and public broadcasting.
Using the lens of cultural studies to examine media production, Production Studies, The Sequel! takes into account transnational production flows and places production studies in conversation with other major areas of media scholarship including audience studies, media industries, and media history. A follow-up to the successful Production Studies, this collection highlights new and important research in the field, and promises to generate continued discussion about the past, present, and future of production studies.
Osteosarcoma prognostic nomograms for predicting the 10-year probability of mortality and recurrence.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

11020 Background: The multidisciplinary approach in treatment of osteosarcoma has been well established and well adopted nationwide. This study combined the clinical prognostic factors at initial presentation into a nomogram to predict local control (LC), metastasis free survival (MFS), and overall survival (OS) for patients with non-metastatic bone osteosarcoma. Methods: We reviewed 397 osteosarcoma patients treated from 1995 to 2014. Patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis or limited follow up were excluded, resulting in 283 cases for analysis. Clinical and pathologic variables were recorded. Predictive variables included age at diagnosis, gender, previous radiation history, site, tumor size, histologic subtype, histologic grade, extra-osseous extension (EOE), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), necrosis rate and margin. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze survival outcomes and risk variables. Results: At 10 years, LC was 70.4% (95% confidence interval, CI: 64.0%-76.7%), MFS was 64.7% (95% CI: 58.1%-71.3%), and OS was 61.5% (95% CI: 54.9%-68.1%). Multivariate Cox model identified age (p = 0.033), site (p = 0.020), EOE (p = 0.017), LVI (p = 0.011), and margin (p = 0.039) were correlated with LC; age (p = 0.028), tumor size (p < 0.001), histologic grade (p = 0.039), and LVI (p = 0.014) were correlated with MFS; whereas age (p < 0.001), prior radiation history (p = 0.010), tumor size (p = 0.002), histologic subtype (p = 0.012), EOE (p = 0.002), and LVI (p = 0.001) were associated with OS. The nomograms were drawn on the basis of the Cox regression model and were internally validated using bootstrapping, with predictive accuracy of ±7.2% for 10-year LC, ±7.4% for 10-year MFS, and ±7.5% for 10-year OS. Conclusions: Nomograms have been developed to predict the 10-year local-control failure, recurrence and death. We suggest that this tool at presentation may be useful for individualized risk evaluation, patient counseling, and making clinical decisions.
HEPATITIS B IMMUNIZATION STATUS OF STUDENTS IN FATIMA JINNAH MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Occupational exposure of health care workers and medical students increase their risk of acquiring HBV infection, and many authorities recommend vaccination. However, significant proportions of health care workers do not receive HBV immunization, and remain at increased risk to HBV infection. Objectives: To study the vaccination status against Hepatitis B among medical students enrolled in Fatima Jinnah Medical University. Methods: This cross sectional, randomized, observational study was done at Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore. It has almost 1200 medical students from first year to final year. All students were interviewed using a pre structured questionnaire to find out the vaccination status of these students and the reasons for not getting vaccinated. Results: A total of 350 medical students were approached to participate in the study but only 300 (85%) students gave response. Out of the total 300 students, 230 were vaccinated against Hepatitis B. Among these students only 150 (50%) had completed their full vaccination schedule and 80 (26.6%) did not completed their 3 doses of vaccination. Reasons for not being vaccinated were lack of knowledge about consequences (17%), casual behavior (30%), don’t know where to obtain the vaccine (15%), fear of injection (15%), busy schedule (13%) and financial problems (10%). 180 (60%) students were screened before taking the vaccine. Conclusions: Despite of relation to medical profession, behaviour among student regarding hepatitis vaccination is not satisfactory. Awareness campaign is need of hour to spread awareness in people especially related to medical profession because they are prone to get infected in hospital settings during dealing with patients.
Marriage as Welfare

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

‘Marriage is the foundation of a successful society’ declares the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, the founding document of contemporary welfare policy for poor families in the United States. The by now almost axiomatic assumption that marriage belongs in any program of welfare reform has a long history, stretching back to the early twentieth century. This article examines how marriage and welfare policy intersected in Progressive Era reforms designed to combat men’s desertion of wives and children. Jewish agencies played a leading role in making desertion a focus of family and welfare reform in New York City. Working with their non‐Jewish peers, Jewish social workers and lawyers participated in creating an anti‐desertion system that consisted of special domestic relations courts, laws, and welfare policies. They built the National Desertion Bureau, a model legal aid agency, to track down Jewish deserters and return men (and their pay checks) to families. The desire of welfare reformers to anchor deserted women in the category of ‘wives’ reveals a larger commitment to using marriage to contain women’s poverty.
Behavior of basic refractories at high temperatures in steelmaking processes thermodynamics and implications for the usability of olivine as refractory material

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Basic unshaped refractories are used as tundish lining in the continuous casting steelmaking process. These refractories are composed of forsteritic olivine and periclase. Slag covers the steel bath in the tundish in order to protect the melt from reoxidation. Using TEM, we demonstrate that the fayalite component of the olivine is reduced to metallic iron giving the olivine a dusty appearence in transmitted light. The reduced olivine appears stable under high temperature reducing conditions. We suggest that diffusion of Mg2+ from the outer part of the olivine into empty Fe2+ lattice positions in the interior prohibits formation of SiO2 as by-product of the fayalite reduction. Some of the silica may also have left the olivine in form of gaseous SiO. Periclase reacts with Al2O3 from the tundish slag to form spinel. We show that Mn from the steel melt is oxidized and enriched in tundish slag as well as in the refractory. The steel melt is the only source of Mn in the slag. Thermodynamic calculations show that equilibrium fractionation of Fe and Mn between steel melt and slag results in effective separation of Fe (in steel) and Mn (in oxides/silicates).
Maxillary overdentures supported by four or six implants in the anterior region: 5‐year results from a randomized controlled trial

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To compare a four‐ and six‐implant maxillary overdenture after an observation period of 5 years. Material and methods Fifty subjects with functional problems concerning their maxillary denture, who had ample bone volume in the anterior region to place four or six implants, were included and randomly assigned to either group. Implant and overdenture survival, clinical performance, marginal bone loss and patient satisfaction were assessed. Results Forty‐six patients completed the 5‐year follow‐up. One implant failed in the six implants group (99.2% survival) and none in the four implants group (100% survival). No overdentures had to be replaced during the observation period and the number of complications was limited. Clinical function was good, with no difference in clinical parameters between the groups. Mean marginal bone resorption was 0.50 ± 0.37 and 0.52 ± 0.43 mm in the four and six implant group respectively. Conclusion In patients with functional complaints of their maxillary denture, bar‐supported overdentures on four implants in the anterior maxillary region were not inferior to overdentures supported by six implants after 5 years of function. Implant survival and patient satisfaction were high, clinical parameters favourable, bone loss and complications to the denture were minor in both groups (Clinical trial registration number: NTR2969).
Faecal calprotectin to detect inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of test accuracy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Test accuracy of faecal calprotectin (FC) testing in primary care is inconclusive. We aimed to assess the test accuracy of FC testing in primary care and compare it to secondary care estimates for the detection of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy using a bivariate random effects model. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science until 31 May 2017 and included studies from auto alerts up until 31 January 2018. Eligible studies measured FC levels in stool samples to detect IBD in adult patients with chronic (at least 6–8 weeks) abdominal symptoms in primary or secondary care. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 criteria. We followed the protocol registered as PROSPERO CRD 42012003287. Results 38 out of 2168 studies were eligible including five from primary care. Comparison of test accuracy by setting was precluded by extensive heterogeneity. Overall, summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were not recorded. At a threshold of 50 µg/g, sensitivity from separate meta-analysis of four assay types ranged from 0.85 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.92) to 0.94 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.90) and specificity from 0.67 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.76) to 0.88 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.94). Across three different definitions of disease, sensitivity ranged from 0.80 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.84) to 0.97 (95% CI 0.91 to 0.99) and specificity from 0.67 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.75) to 0.76 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.84). Sensitivity appears to be lower in primary care and is further reduced at a revised threshold of 100 µg/g. Conclusions Conclusive estimates of sensitivity and specificity of FC testing in primary care for the detection of IBD are still missing. There is insufficient evidence in the published literature to support the decision to introduce FC testing in primary care. Studies evaluating FC testing in an appropriate primary care setting are needed.
Statistical Assessment of Counterflow Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube Performance

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The vortex tube, which consists of a simple tube, is a device that can simultaneously heat and cool thanks to environmentally friendly pressurized fluids (air, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.). Many studies have been included in the literature to evaluate the Ranque-Hilsch Vortex tube's performance and to reveal influential factors. Variance analysis, linear regression analysis, and the Taguchi method are primarily used in practice. This study aimed to compare the strengths and weaknesses of the factorial experimental design and Taguchi orthogonal array design in the statistical evaluation of the factors affecting the heat exchange of the Ranque-Hilsch Vortex tube. For this purpose, a detailed theory was created for the appropriate factorial ANOVA model to the data set (4 × 5 × 12 = 240 experiments) containing the Ranque-Hilsch Vortex tube and effective material type (polyamide, steel, brass, and aluminum), nozzle number (2,3,4,5 and 6), and input pressure parameters (1,5-7 bar). Following the factorial ANOVA solution, including all binary interactions, the findings were obtained according to the most suitable L16 Taguchi Orthogonal array, considering the four levels for each material, nozzle, and pressure. As a result of the ANOVA, all parameters were statistically significant on heat change (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the pressure was obtained as the only statistically significant factor according to the Taguchi analysis (F = 35.17, p = 0.008). The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were compared regarding the test findings and graphical performances.