jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Biochemical composition of some Egyptian seaweeds with potent nutritive and antioxidant properties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The present study investigated the biochemical composition of three seaweeds; Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta), Sargassum linifolium (Phaeophyta) and Corallina officinalis (Rhodophyta). Total chlorophyll content was maximum in U. fasciata (34.06mg/g dry wt.) while carotenoid content was the highest in C. officinalis (3.8 mg/g dry wt.). The uppermost level of carbohydrates was (27.98% of dry wt.) in C. officinalis and proteins were maximum (14.89%) in S. linifolium. Aspartic, glutamic, alanine, leucine and proline were common amino acids in the three tested species. The polyunsaturated ω6 and ω3 essential fatty acids were recorded in S. linifolium (3.28%) and in U. fasciata (3.18%). The results showed that U. fasciata contained the highest amounts of lipids (2.96%), phenols (11.95mgGA/g dry wt.), flavonoid (7.04 mgCA/g dry wt.) and ascorbic acid (4.11mg/100g), respectively. β-Carotene was maximum (3940.12 IU/100 g) in C. officinalis. DPPH antioxidant activities were the highest in U. fasciata (81.3%) followed by S. linifolium (79.8%) then C. officinalis (72.6%). Among the 12 analyzed minerals, most of them were high in S. linifolium in which ion quotient ratio was the smallest (0.343). Since these algal species are common in the Egyptian coastal waters, their biochemical composition and antioxidant activities made them promising candidates for nutritional, pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.
Novel Biological Activities of Allosamidins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Allosamidins, which are secondary metabolites of the Streptomyces species, have chitin-mimic pseudotrisaccharide structures. They bind to catalytic centers of all family 18 chitinases and inhibit their enzymatic activity. Allosamidins have been used as chitinase inhibitors to investigate the physiological roles of chitinases in a variety of organisms. Two prominent biological activities of allosamidins were discovered, where one has anti-asthmatic activity in mammals, while the other has the chitinase-production- promoting activity in allosamidin-producing Streptomyces. In this article, recent studies on the novel biological activities of allosamidins are reviewed.
Impact of the Synthetic Anti-infectives on the Therapy of Bacterial Infection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The chemotherapy of bacterial infections dates from the introduction of the sulfonamides in 1935. Examination of mortality statistics in England and Wales from that date onwards shows that these drugs had reduced the mortality from hemolytic streptococcal infections (typified by puerperal fever), pneumonia (except in the highest age groups), and cerebrospinal fever almost to the present low levels before antibiotics were introduced. The steep fall in mortality from tuberculosis began later, and was initially due to streptomycin, but subsequently also to synthetic compounds. Synthetic derivatives of penicillin possess three new properties, of which resistance to penicillinase is the most valuable. Although effective treatment is now possible for most specific infections, there has been an increase in nonspecific infections, due largely to bacteria of the coliform group, which are difficult to treat. Some types of chronic infection also present difficulty.
Chemistry of Milk Proteins in Food Processing

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This paper analyzes the current knowledge of mild protein chemistry to explain the reactions and their control for the major processes utilized by the modern milk processing industry. The compositon and chemical properties of casein micelles and whey proteins are summarized. The effect of processing upon denaturation, aggregration, and destabilization of milk proteins is updated. The role of milk proteins in the gelation of sterile milk concentrates, destabilization of frozen milk, rennet-clotting of milk, and stabilization of the fat emulsion in milk is also described.
Two Cases of Campylobacter Colitis Involving the Entire Colon

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We encountered 2 cases of campylobacter colitis involving the entire colon and rectum (Campylobacter colitis of total type) , endoscopicaly mimicking ulcerative colitis. Initial stool cultures in both cases could not reveal Campylobacter. In the first case, the patient, a 20-year-old man, was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Laboratory examination demonstrated mild leukocytosis and increasing serum level of CRP. Colonoscopy revealed diffuse hemorrhagic erosion in the entire colon, and the biopsy specimen showed typical crypt abscess formation. In another case, the patient, who was a 21-year-old man, was admitted to our hospital because of bloody diarrhea. Laboratory examination disclosed only increasing serum levels of CRP. Initial colonoscopy demonstrated multiple shallow ulcers and edematous changes in the entire colon and rectum, and the biopsy specimens showed cryptic micro-abscess formation. These clinicopathologic findings closely mimicked ulcerative colitis. However, the bacterial culture in stool and/or biopsy specimen of both cases showed distinct growth of Campylobacter jejuni, although these results was delayed 6-7 days after the patients' admissions. The clinical course of both cases thereafter were self-limited, and supported diagnosis of Campylobacter colitis rather than ulcerative colitis. Our experience in these cases leads us to believe that frequent examination particularly including bacterial cultures is important for differentiation.
Optical spectroscopic classification of a selection of Southern Hemisphere 3FHL blazar candidates

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The Fermi-LAT has detected more than 7000 $\gamma$-ray sources which show emission above 50 MeV of which more than half are associated with blazars. However, the Fourth Fermi-LAT catalogue (4FGL-DR4) lists 1625 of these as blazar candidates of uncertain type. Increasing the number of classified Fermi-LAT sources is important for improving our understanding of extragalactic $\gamma$-ray sources and can be used to search for new classes of very high energy sources. We report on the optical spectroscopy of twelve blazar candidates with hard photon indices included in the Third Catalogue of Hard Fermi-LAT Sources during 2016 and 2017 using the SAAO 1.9-m telescope. We classify all the sources observed as BL Lac objects, and determine the potential spectroscopic redshift for seven of them.
Identification and stability of a new bichalcone in Achyrocline satureioides spray dried powder.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new chemical structure, the 4,2',4",2'''-tetrahydroxy-6',6'''-dimethoxy-4'-O-4'''- bichalcone, named achyrobichalcone was isolated and identified from an Achyrocline satureioides spray-dried powder (SDP80). The thermal and photo stability of this new compound as well as that of the main polyphenols present in the spray dried powder, quercetin, luteolin, 3-O-metylquercetin and the corresponding kinetics of degradation are reported. In the long-term testing (30 +/- 2 degrees C/75 +/- 5% RH, 12 months), the total polyphenols contained in SDP80 demonstrated to be stable, remaining higher than 90% after a 12 month exposure. The photo stability testing revealed that all polyphenols were stable for 48 h when SDP80 was conditioned in amber or transparent flasks and exposed to UV-C radiation (light express LE UV, 254 nm, 30W). In contrast, when unprotected, the polyphenols demonstrated to be sensitive to both, thermal stress testing (80 +/- 2 degrees C), for 14 days and to UV-C radiation. Luteolin showed to be the most stable against UVC light and 3-O-methylquercetin against temperature. The achyrobichalcone demonstrated to be the more unstable against both, temperature and light. The kinetics of polyphenol thermal degradation (80 +/- 2 degrees C, 49 days) and photodegradation (UV-C radiation, 96 h) followed, 2nd and 1st order reaction, respectively.
Effect of Cation Chloride Concentration on the Dissolution Rates of Basaltic Glass and Labradorite at pH 3.6 and 25°C and Applica-Tion to Subsurface Carbon Storage

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The steady-state dissolution rates of basaltic glass and labradorite have been measured in the presence of 10 to 700 x 10-3 mol kgw-1 aqueous NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 at 25 oC. All rates were measured in mixed flow reactors, and at pH~3.6 by the addition of HCl to the reactive fluids. Steady-state basaltic glass dissolution rates based on Si release increased by ~0.3 log units in the presence of 1 x 10-2 mol kgw-1 of CaCl2 or MgCl2, compared to their rates in 10 x 10-3 mol kgw-1 of NaCl, and KCl. In contrast, the steady-state dissolution rates of labradorite decreased by ~0.4 log units in the presence of 10 x 10-3mol kgw-1 of CaCl2 or MgCl2, compared to their rates in 10 x 10-3 mol kgw-1 of NaCl, and KCl. These contrasting behaviours likely reflect the varying effects of these cations on the stability of rate controlling Si-rich activated complexes on the surface of the solids. On average, the Si release rates of these solids are similar to each other and increase slightly with increasing ionic strength. As the pH of water charged with 10 to 30 bars CO2 is ~3.6, the results of this study indicate that both basaltic glass and labradorite dissolution will likely be effective at increasing pH and adding Ca to the aqueous phase in saline fluids. This observation supports potential efforts to store carbon through its mineralization in saline aquifers containing Ca-bearing feldspar and in submarine basalts.
Differences Between For-Profit and Nonprofit Hospitals: Perceived Quality and Access

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Despite a large body of literature addressing the issue, questions remain about whether nonprofit hospitals provide more community benefit than do for-profit hospitals. This lack of information impacts governments, hospitals, and the healthcare industry, as stakeholders attempt to generate requirements to which hospitals should adhere to maintain nonprofit status, and thus tax exemption. This study addressed this lack of information by examining U.S. hospitals through the lens of stewardship theory to determine whether nonprofits are better stewards of the public good than for-profits, and thus likely to provide higher quality and access. The study applied logistic regression to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data indicating levels of perceived quality, or patient satisfaction, and American Hospital Association data identifying service mix profitability, an indicator of access. The sample included all 2,701 U.S. hospitals receiving CMS funding. Findings indicated that high quality hospitals were more likely to be nonprofit than for-profit (b = 0.07; Exp(B) = 1.07; p = .000). Neutral access hospitals, those with mid-range service mix profitability, were more likely to be nonprofit than for-profit (b = 1.73; Exp(B) = 5.63; p = .000) as were high access hospitals, those with low service mix profitability (b = .276; Exp(B) = 1.32; p = .04). The R_L^2 for the models was .06 and .03, respectively. Given this limited predictive power, it seems unlikely the added value (access and quality) nonprofits are likely to provide justifies tax exemption. If further research supports this argument for other potentially relevant variables such as technical quality of care, governments could remove nonprofit hospitals' tax exemptions and apply the resulting tax revenue to other policy areas to realize positive social change.
Anthropogenic and Hydroclimatic Drivers of Livelihood Vulnerability in Wetland Communities: A Geospatial and Pragmatic Assessment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Over the last few decades, the degradation of wetlands has significantly contributed to the decline in rural sustainability and the exacerbation of livelihood losses, particularly pronounced among wetland communities in developing nations. This paper employs a pragmatic approach and geospatial modelling to scrutinise the vulnerabilities in the livelihoods of these wetland communities. The primary focus of the study is to comprehensively analyse the ramifications of climate variability, natural disasters, alterations in wetland hydrology, diminishing fish diversity, sanitation concerns, anthropogenic pressures, and infrastructural development on the livelihoods of these communities. Along with a field observation-based pragmatic approach, geospatial techniques, Fragstat modelling, and water quality analysis, methods were employed in a mixed methods analysis. A Multi Criteria Decision Making Approach (MCDMA) was adopted to quantify the final composite rank of the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). In our mixed methods approach, we utilised qualitative interventions such as focus group discussions (FGD) to understand the complex issue of livelihood vulnerability of wetland communities. Our analysis revealed that the vulnerability of wetland communities has been increasing due to anthropogenic pressures. To maintain the stability of the livelihoods of wetland communities, all indicators studied need to be optimised or supported by various state and non-state actors to reduce vulnerability. Graphical Abstract
IS ECONOMICS A HOUSE DIVIDED? ANALYSIS OF CITATION NETWORKS

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We investigate divisions within the citation network in economics using citation data between 1990 and 2010. We consider all partitions of top institutions into two equal‐sized clusters and pick the one that minimizes cross‐cluster citations. The strongest division is much stronger than could be expected to be found under idiosyncratic citation patterns and is consistent with the reputed freshwater/saltwater division in macroeconomics. The division is stable over time but varies across the fields of economics . ( JEL A11, D85, I23)
LGG-05. OPTIC PATHWAY GLIOMA VOLUME PREDICTS VISUAL ACUITY LOSS AND AXONAL LOSS IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether MRI measures of tumor volume can identify children who are at the greatest risk of visual acuity (VA) loss and axonal loss from their optic pathway glioma secondary to Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1-OPG). METHODS: Children with NF1-OPGs enrolled in an ongoing prospective study of VA were eligible if they had undergone 3-Tesla MRI that included a T1-weighted volumetric sequence and concurrent optical coherence tomography (OCT). The volume (ml) of proximal anterior visual pathway (AVP) and its individual components (optic nerve, chiasm and proximal tract) were measured from the T1 sequence using our semi-automated algorithm. OCT measured the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness, a biomarker of axon integrity. VA and OCT were reported on a per-eye basis. RESULTS: Twenty-eight study eyes (14 children) with NF1-OPGs met inclusion criteria, of which 57% (N=16) had abnormal VA and 43% (N = 12) had normal VA. Total AVP volume > 1.75 ml detected vision loss with 87% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Linear regression demonstrated that for every 1 ml increase in optic chiasm volume or AVP volume, the cpRNFL declined by 6 or 10 microns, respectively. CONCLUSION: Volumetric measures of NF1-OPGs accurately identified children with VA loss. Larger tumor volumes were associated with more severe axonal injury and greater VA loss. Both tumor volume and cpRNFL thickness may be helpful in making treatment decisions in children with NF1-OPGs that present with abnormal VA loss or are uncooperative with VA testing.
Mosses and Liverworts of the Altona Flat Rock: A Field Guide to the Bryophytes of Altona, New York

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This field guide to 41 of the most common bryophytes of the Altona Flat Rock was produced as part of a senior biology thesis during the 2023–2024 academic year. The Altona Flat Rock is a 32 km2 sandstone pine barren in northeastern New York. The unique jack pine barren ecosystem contains a high diversity of bryophytes that warrant future study.
Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Variety over Time Is Associated with Lower 15-Year Healthcare Costs: Results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Healthcare costs are lower for adults who consume more vegetables; however, the association between healthcare costs and fruit and vegetable varieties is unclear. Our aim was to investigate the association between (i) baseline fruit and vegetable (F&V) varieties, and (ii) changes in F&V varieties over time with 15-year healthcare costs in an Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. The data for Survey 3 (n = 8833 women, aged 50–55 years) and Survey 7 (n = 6955, aged 62–67 years) of the 1946–1951 cohort were used. The F&V variety was assessed using the Fruit and Vegetable Variety (FAVVA) index calculated from the Cancer Council of Victoria’s Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies food frequency questionnaire. The baseline FAVVA and change in FAVVA were analysed as continuous predictors of Medicare claims/costs by using multiple regression analyses. Healthy weight women made, on average, 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–6.8) fewer claims for every 10-point-higher FAVVA. Healthy weight women with higher fruit varieties incurred fewer charges; however, this was reversed for women overweight/obese. Across the sample, for every 10-point increase in FAVVA over time, women made 4.3 (95% CI 1.9–6.8) fewer claims and incurred $309.1 (95% CI $129.3–488.8) less in charges over 15 years. A higher F&V variety is associated with a small reduction in healthcare claims for healthy weight women only. An increasing F&V variety over time is associated with lower healthcare costs.
The state of the church in a postcolonial era from Newbigin’s perspective: Challenges and opportunities for mission

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As the Christian church engaged in the so-called foreign mission, an unfortunate perception ensued that mission was of service to the colonial aspirations of the sending countries. Subsequently, labour missionaries came under suspicion as they were regarded as oppressors who robbed local communities of their culture and the way of thinking. It is in this regard that Newbigin pondered the question whether the West could be converted from ignorance and religious imperialism that exploited the local population. This gave rise to the thinking that related missiology and ecclesiology to a missional church which is Trinitarian in nature and based on missio Dei (God’s plan). In this research, it is argued that mission will always be a suspect of colonial and imperialist motives that cannot contribute to the society in which it works unless the mission is conducted through a missional church which is embedded in missio Dei as presented by Newbigin. In order to address this, the research initially highlights how the mission was conducted from a missiology that was not embedded in missio Dei and how this has adversely affected the spreading of the Christian message and undermined the transformation of society. Secondly, the research shows that lack of contextualisation and not taking cognisance of the culture and the worldview of the colonised has greatly affected the mission in the postcolonial era. And thirdly, the research indicates how a missional church as advocated by Newbigin could contribute towards an effective missiological agenda that could bring unity and glorification to God in the postcolonial era.\n\nIntradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article focuses on how the mission was conducted, not taking cognisance of the worldview of those it preached to. This is the philosophical implication. The other issue is that contextualisation was not taken into consideration which means the socio-cultural issues were not addressed. This article brings forth that if the blending of both philosophy and social science could be infused in missiology, then missiological attributes like koinonia and evangelism would serve as an appropriate vehicle to transport missio Dei.
“THE LANGUAGES” OF THE LITERARY WORK LITERARY AND MYSTIC INTERTWINES: KAFKA, RAMADANI, DIBRA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite his late occurrence in Albanian literature, Franz Kafka’s influence has been particularly noticed in Musa Ramadani’s (1944-2020) novel “The Prophet from Prague” in Kosovo and Ridvan Dibra’s (1959) novel “Franz Kafka Writes to His Son”. This paper aims at examining Kafka’s influence in Albanian and Kosovan literature (e.g., through subjects and philosophical/aesthetic sensibilities) having Ramadani and Dibra’s works as primary comparative subjects. Dibra outlines his Kafka, the authorial Kafka, giving voice to his philosophy about life, love, and death. In addition, the biographical method has also been applied occasionally because Ramadani augments the narrative partly on Kafka’s biographical signs, but also on metaphysical and mystical ones. These findings reveal that Kafka’s cult, or more precisely Kafka’s myth has not been exempted even from Albanian literature; Albanian writers plunge into the labyrinth of research with their own means of literary expressiveness and thus become self-personified in their imagination. It is precisely in this regard that we find Kafka in Musa Ramadani and Ridvan Dibra’s novels.
Determination of active hydrogen in organic compounds by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of active hydrogen in organic compounds by chemical ionization mass spectrometryDonald F. Hunt, Charles N. McEwen, and R. A. UphamCite this: Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 7, 1292–1294Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60315a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60315a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts