jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Augustine was born on November 13, 354, to a family of hereditary curial rank, in Thagaste (modern Suq Ahras in Algeria) during the latter days of the western Roman Empire. Christianity was the official state religion, but other religions were still tolerated and practiced; Augustine seems to have received at least a nominal Christian upbringing. He was formally educated at Thagaste, Madaura, and Carthage to be a rhetorician, one of the few professions that allowed upward social mobility. Once his education was complete, Augustine taught rhetoric in Carthage and Rome, eventually securing the post of official rhetorician to the imperial city of Milan in 384 – the very year in which the Emperor Theodosius prohibited pagan worship and made Christianity the only religion of the Empire. While resident in Milan, Augustine attended the sermons of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, and became a catechumen in the Catholic Church. In the latter part of 386, Augustine chose to embrace Catholicism wholeheartedly (which he describes as a kind of “conversion”), and he subsequently resigned his post as rhetorician. To make ends meet he took on private students and began to write and publish dialogues and treatises. Augustine was formally baptized in a public ceremony by Ambrose himself on Holy Saturday, April 24, 387. Returning to Africa, he founded a religious community in Thagaste.
Dynamic characteristics of micro-perforated complex beam structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper discusses research concerning the fluctuating dynamic characteristics of various micro-beams featuring intricate designs and perforated surfaces across their entire operational faces. The complex beam structures consist of different types: folded beam, V-shaped beam, and crab-shaped beam with different boundary conditions: fixed-free, fixed-fixed for the simple single beam, and fixed-guided for the rest. The types of holes on the body of the beams are choice in square and circle-shaped for common. In addition, the methodology to determine the dynamic characteristics of the perforated beam is also proposed based on using FEM simulation software. The results show that the dynamic characteristics of the beam in which the holes are distributed depend on the size and shape of perforated holes. As the size or quantity of holes on the surface of the beam in perforated micro-beams grows, the equivalent stiffness drops noticeably. Consequently, the fundamental frequencies of the MEMS systems that include these micro-beams also diminish. The damping coefficient also reduces thanks to the occurrence of these holes. The maximum decrease in damping coefficient reaches 84% in the ideal case for the crab-shaped beam with square holes. These results can be used to optimize the MEMS structures in future research.
Oral English test system of vocational school based on campus network

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

English teaching of vocational education should focus on students' communication ability. However, students' insensitive reaction, non-standard pronunciation, and poor conversational abilities are the common problems in the real language environment. To solve these problems, the design of oral English test system based on campus network is introduced in this paper. The system is designed according to the characteristics of the vocational school students and the English skills required for the occupational status. It helps students to correct mispronunciation, promote their self-learning and adaptability, encourages students to speak English and to improve the efficiency of the oral English teaching.
Genes Modulating the Increase in Sexuality in the Facultative Diplosporous Grass Eragrostis curvula under Water Stress Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Eragrostis curvula presents mainly facultative genotypes that reproduce by diplosporous apomixis, retaining a percentage of sexual pistils that increase under drought and other stressful situations, indicating that some regulators activated by stress could be affecting the apomixis/sexual switch. Water stress experiments were performed in order to associate the increase in sexual embryo sacs with the differential expression of genes in a facultative apomictic cultivar using cytoembryology and RNA sequencing. The percentage of sexual embryo sacs increased from 4 to 24% and 501 out of the 201,011 transcripts were differentially expressed (DE) between control and stressed plants. DE transcripts were compared with previous transcriptomes where apomictic and sexual genotypes were contrasted. The results point as candidates to transcripts related to methylation, ubiquitination, hormone and signal transduction pathways, transcription regulation and cell wall biosynthesis, some acting as a general response to stress and some that are specific to the reproductive mode. We suggest that a DNA glycosylase EcROS1-like could be demethylating, thus de-repressing a gene or genes involved in the sexuality pathways. Many of the other DE transcripts could be part of a complex mechanism that regulates apomixis and sexuality in this grass, the ones in the intersection between control/stress and apo/sex being the strongest candidates.
Abandoned, Lost and Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear in the Eastern Caribbean: Barriers, Challenges, and Opportunities for Improved Governance

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In recent years there has been a growing focus on filling critical knowledge gaps on the challenge of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear ( ALDFG ) in the global ocean. While not the biggest contributor to the world’s marine debris problem, ALDFG has been shown to be a particularly deadly form of marine litter due to its ability to entangle, entrap, and ensnare marine wildlife, damage coastal habitats, and result in negative economic impacts to the fishing sector. In the Eastern Caribbean region, fisheries play a crucial role in ensuring livelihood and food security for vulnerable coastal communities. Therefore effective management interventions that are geared towards eliminating anthropogenic threats to the marine environment, including ALDFG are considered of paramount importance. This article aims to gain insight into challenges associated with the governance of ALDFG within the small-scale fisheries of the Eastern Caribbean with a view to outlining opportunities for improvement. A qualitative approach was utilized and interviews were conducted with fisheries and conservation experts from both national and regional-level institutions. The participants revealed that ALDFG was of significant concern for their country or the region and each advocated for the establishment of improved management infrastructure. Identified barriers that could impede this critical goal include limited human and financial capacity, lack of knowledge and understanding of ALDFG generally, lack of trust, and policy incoherence across sectors and between regional and national agencies. To overcome barriers, a multi-faceted approach is required, including regulatory and institutional improvements.
Analytic evaluation of the inner-vertex correction to the decay rate of orthopositronium in the Fried-Yennie gauge

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper the order-α contribution of the inner-vertex graph to the decay rate of orthopositronium in the Fried-Yennie gauge is obtained in analytic form.Received 20 July 1992DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.7297©1992 American Physical Society
Earnings of Indian Male Migrants in the Australian Labour Market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The number of Indian students and migrants in Australia has increased considerably from the mid-2000s, partly as a result of changes in migration policy which made it much easier to gain a visa to work and settle in Australia. This paper examines the earnings of Indian migrants in the Australian labour market controlling for educational attainment and demographic variables for Australian born Indian born, and other foreign born migrants from English speaking and non-English speaking backgrounds. The results suggest that the returns to educational qualifications in the Australian labour market for Indian born male migrants are markedly lower as compared to Australians and other migrants in general. These findings are consistent with the major hypothesis of this paper that Indian males in the labour market are not utilising their post-secondary qualifications to their full extent either due to divergent motivations that treat the possession of a post-secondary qualification as a secondary consideration, or the quality of their qualifications may be perceived to be of poorer quality. Both explanations have serious implications for Australia’s skilled migration policy and the labour market prospects of Indian migrants and workers in Australia.
Effect of Modification Manner on the Photodynamic Antitumor Activity of C60 Modified with Pullulan

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To design a novel cytospecific photosensitizer for photodynamic antitumor therapy, a fullerene (C(60)) was chemically modified with pullulan, a water-soluble polysaccharide with a high affinity for asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs). The effect of the molecular weight of pullulan and the modification manner to C(60) on the photodynamic antitumor activity of C(60) modified with pullulan was evaluated. In this study, two modification manners were selected. First, ethylene diamine was chemically introduced to the hydroxyl groups of pullulan with different molecular weights. Then, C(60) was coupled to pullulan through the amino groups introduced (pendant type). Second, ethylene diamine was introduced to the terminal aldehyde groups of pullulan by a reductive amination reaction, and then the pullulan with the terminal amino groups was coupled to C(60) (terminal type). Irrespective of the pullulan molecular and the modification manner, the C(60)-pullulan conjugates exhibited a similar ability to generate superoxide anions upon light irradiation. Comparing the C(60)-pullulan conjugates of pendant and terminal types, a high lectin affinity was observed for the latter conjugates. The conjugates showed a high affinity for HepG2 cells with ASGPRs and, consequently, a strong in vitro antitumor activity on the cells. It is concluded that the manner of pullulan modification is a key factor contributing to the photodynamic antitumor activity of modified C(60).
Daily intake of lactating crossbred cows grazing elephant grass rotationally

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The goal of this trial was to estimate the total dry matter (TDMI) and daily pasture dry matter intakes (PDMI) by lactating crossbred Holstein - Zebu cows grazing elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) paddocks submitted to different rest periods. Three groups of 24 cows were used during two years. The paddocks were grazed during three days at the stocking rate of 4.5 cows/ha. Treatments consisted of resting periods of 30 days without concentrate and resting periods of 30, 37.5 and 45 days with 2 kg/cow/day of 20.6% crude protein concentrate. From July to October, pasture was supplemented with chopped sugarcane plus 1% urea. Total daily dry matter intake was estimated using the extrusa in vitro dry matter digestibility and the fecal output with chromium oxide. Regardless of the treatment the estimated average TDMI was 2.7, 2.9 and 2.9±0.03% and the mean PDMI was 1.9, 2.1 and 2.1±0.03% of body weight in the first, second and third grazing day, respectively (P<0.05). Only during the summer pasture quality was the same whichever the grazing day. Sugarcane effectively replaced grazing pasture, mainly in the first day when pasture dry matter intake was lowest.
Canadian Punishment of Illegal Drug Use: Theory and Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper discusses the evolution of theory and practice with respect to the sentencing of Canadian drug offenders. Particular emphasis is placed upon the description of case law in the Canadian context. It is argued that the practical thrust of Canadian sentencing policy is directed towards the offence of possession of marijuana. It is noted that the Canadian government has been reluctant to legislate in relation to the sentencing of drug offenders; the Canadian judiciary essentially enacts policy in the absence of a legislative will.
Thermally Conductive Polyethylene/Expanded Graphite Composites as Heat Transfer Surface: Mechanical, Thermo-Physical and Surface Behavior

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Composites of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and expanded graphite (EG) are prepared for heat exchangers in multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination. At 50 wt.% EG loading, the thermal conductivity of HDPE was increased by 372%. Moreover, the surface wettability of the HDPE/EG composite was enhanced by corona and RF plasma treatment as demonstrated by the increase in surface free energy from 28.5 mJ/m2 for untreated HDPE/EG to 55.5 and 54.5 mJ/m2 for HDPE/EG treated by corona and RF plasma, respectively. This enhanced surface wettability was retained over a long time with only a 9% and 18% decrease in RF and corona plasma-treated samples’ surface energy after two months. The viscoelastic moduli and the complex viscosity profiles indicated that EG content dictates the optimum processing technique. At loading below 30 wt.%, the extrusion process is preferred, while above 30 wt.% loading, injection molding is preferred. The plasma treatment also improved the HDPE/EG composite overall heat transfer coefficient with an overall heat transfer coefficient of the composite reaching about 98% that of stainless steel. Moreover, the plasma-treated composite exhibited superior resistance to crystallization fouling in both CaSO4 solution and artificial seawater compared to untreated composites and stainless-steel surfaces.
H2O2‐Based Oxidation of Functionalized Phenols Containing Several Oxidizable Sites to p‐Quinones Using a Mesoporous Titanium‐Silicate Catalyst.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Exploring Latent Class Profiles of Mathematics Performance among Filipino Students: Insights from PISA 2022 Using Growth Mindset Indicators and Group Comparison Analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract

This study explored the growth mindset among Filipino students and its impact on mathematics performance. It utilized the data from the PISA 2022 assessment. Growth mindset has been illustrated as the belief that abilities can be developed through effort. It is identified as a critical factor that influences educational outcomes. The primary aim of this study is to identify distinct latent class profiles based on growth mindset indicators among Filipino students. Also, it examined the relationship between these profiles and mathematics performance. The study is grounded in the growth mindset theory. This theory posits that students' beliefs about their intelligence and abilities can significantly influence their academic performance. Growth mindset is classified as a concept of multidimensional because it encompasses mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects. Thus, this is also explored. Data from 6,791 Filipino students who participated in PISA 2022 were analyzed. The study employed Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to identify distinct growth mindset profiles based on student responses to mindset-related questions. Following the identification of profiles, ANOVA was used to determine differences in mathematics performance among the identified groups. Based on the results, there were three latent classes were identified: Limitation Acceptors, Optimistic Learners, and Mindset Explorers. Limitation Acceptors (50% of the students) predominantly believed in fixed intelligence and performed lower in mathematics. Optimistic Learners (17%) exhibited a strong growth mindset and achieved significantly higher mathematics scores. Mindset Explorers (33%) displayed ambivalence towards fixed and growth mindset statements, with mathematics performance similar to Limitation Acceptors. ANOVA results indicated a significant difference in mathematics performance among the three groups, with Optimistic Learners outperforming the other two.
Dielectric Properties of Ferroelectric Rb2ZnBe4

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The phase transition points of ferroelectric Rb 2 ZnBr 4 were re-examined by the DTA technique. The ferroelectric Curie temperature T C on heating was determined as -81°C. The incommensurate-normal transition point T 1 is 74°C. The dielectric constants in the a , b and c directions were measured in a temperature range of -150 ∼120°C covering T C and T i . The Curie-Weiss law was found to hold in the ferroelectric a direction above T C . The temperature- and applied field-dependence of the 60 Hz D - E hysteresis loop were studied in detail. The triple loop observed just below T C and the anomalous field dependence of the spontaneous polarization show the ferroelectricity in Rb 2 ZnBr 4 would be ferrielectricity in reality.
Suspension of the Black Sea Grain Initiative: What has the deal achieved, and what happens now?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Russia’s October 29, 2022, announcement that it was suspending its participation in the Black Sea Grain Initiative — which allows shipments out of Ukrainian ports — was not a surprise; Russia had been skeptical of the deal from the start. But now the supply disruptions will begin again: the move will have a negative impact on Ukraine, its customers, and world market prices — and on global food security, particularly for countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Not only are those countries more dependent on Ukraine as a supplier of wheat and other grains, but they tend to buy more during the winter to supplement their own harvests, which are largely consumed by the end of the year. The renewed interruption in imports could increase food insecurity in these countries and potentially exacerbate political tensions.
Iron Fortification and Bioavailability of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds and Flour

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the most common nutritional disorders, and is mainly due to insufficient intake of bioavailable Fe. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was examined as a potential vehicle for Fe fortification. Fortificants (FeSO4·7H2O (ferrous sulfate hepta-hydrate), FeSO4·H2O (ferrous sulfate mono-hydrate) and NaFeEDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (iii) sodium salt)) were applied by a spraying and drying method. At 2000 µg g−1 iron fortificant, the fortified split desi seeds (dal), desi flour and kabuli flour supplied 18–19 mg, 16–20 mg and 11–19 mg Fe per 100 g, respectively. The overall consumer acceptability using a nine-point hedonic scale for sensory evaluation demonstrated that NaFeEDTA-fortified cooked chickpea (soup and chapatti) scored the highest among the three fortificants. Lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of Fe-fortified products changed over time. However, no organoleptic changes occurred. Fe bioavailability was increased by 5.8–10.5, 15.3–25.0 and 4.8–9.0 ng ferritin mg−1 protein for cooked split desi seeds (soup), desi chapatti and kabuli chapatti, respectively, when prepared using Fe-fortified chickpea. Desi chapatti showed significantly higher Fe bioavailability than the other two. The increase in Fe concentration and bioavailability in fortified chickpea products demonstrated that these products could provide a significant proportion of the recommended daily Fe requirement.
Incorporating molecular biomarkers into the continuum of care in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a mature B-cell malignancy characterized by marked heterogeneity. Discoveries in disease biology over the past two decades have helped explain clinical variability and heralded the arrival of the targeted therapy era. In this article, we review improvements in risk stratification which have coincided with this progress, including individual biomarkers and their incorporation into prognostic models. Amidst an ever-expanding list of biomarkers, we seek to bring focus to the essential tests to improve patient care and counseling at particular times in the disease course, beginning with prognosis at diagnosis. The majority of patients do not require treatment at the time of diagnosis, making time-to-first-treatment a key initial prognostic concern. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers are then considered at subsequent major junctures, including at the time of treatment initiation, while on therapy, and at the time of relapse on novel agents.
Molecular mechanism of the reversibility of hepatic fibrosis: With special reference to the role of matrix metalloproteinases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The participation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their specific inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP), in both the formation and degradative recovery processes of liver fibrosis were mainly reviewed from the molecular biological aspect. Since authors first reported increased activity of interstitial collagenase in the early stage of hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by chronic CCl 4 intoxication, in baboons fed alcohol chronically and in patients with alcoholic fibrosis, other investigators have also demonstrated increased activity biologically and histochemically. However, species‐specific differences in response have been found and gene‐level research on the rat model has not demonstrated increased mRNA transcription of collagenase. It has also been clarified that activated stellate cells can also produce matrix components. Very recently, authors observed the participation of interstitial collagenase in the recovery from experimental hepatic fibrosis by using polymerase chain reaction northern blotting and in situ hybridization. The in situ hybridization findings not only demonstrated the cells responsible for interstitial collagenase, but also suggested a great deal about the mechanism of recovery from fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are activated via the expression of c‐myb and nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) which is induced by oxidative stress, and inhibited by antioxidant (1‐α‐tocopherol) and butylated hydroxytoluene. The activation mechanism is now being revealed. The relationship between the activation mechanism of stellate cells and the production and secretion of MMP and TIMP in the formation and recovery process of hepatic fibrosis should be investigated from the promoter gene level. This approach might help develop a new strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Statistical Characteristics of the First Passage Time Analysis for the Gene Regulatory Circuit in Bacillus subtilis by Cell Mapping Method

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we will explore the stochastic exit problem for the gene regulatory circuit in B. subtilis affected by colored noise. The stochastic exit problem studies the state transition in B. subtilis (from competent state to vegetative state in this case) through three different quantities: the probability density function of the first passage time, the mean of first passage time, and the reliability function. To satisfy the Markov nature, we convert the colored noise system into the equivalent white noise system. Then, the stochastic generalized cell mapping method can be used to explore the stochastic exit problem. The results indicate that the intensity of noise and system parameters have the effect on the transition from competent to vegetative state in B. subtilis . In addition, the effectiveness of the stochastic generalized cell mapping method is verified by Monte Carlo simulation.