jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Milk marketing and value chain constraints

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Milk provides several essential dietary components for humans of all ages. In Pakistan, milk production during 2007-08 has been reported to be 34 million tones (about 58% from buffaloes, 35% from cattle) and the rest from camel, sheep, and goat). Per capita availability of milk is 169 litres/annum. However, it varies from place to place both in quality and quantity. At present, Pakistan is acclaimed to be at 4th position in the world in milk production. Pakistan is said to be surplus in milk production; but due to lack of proper planning, collection and distribution facilities, a major portion of the total production about 97% is consumed, per force, by the producers in the far flung areas and only 3-4% of the total milk is being processed and marketed through formal channels. Milk and milk products represent 27% of total household expenditure on food items in Pakistan. The neglect about this valuable commodity appears highly undesirable in view of the fact that milk production despite its very low yield, is even today far ahead of the major cash crops such as wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane. There is a huge demand for both powdered and packed milk in the neighboring countries of Iran, UAE, Saudia Arabia besides Malaysia, and Philippine, which Pakistan can successfully harness to its advantage. Unlike other progressive countries where sale of raw milk is disallowed by law and processing is mandatory due to milk being one of the two major carriers of diseases (water being the other), Pakistan continues to allow 97% milk to be distributed through the traditional Gawala system. To the bacteria of tuberculosis and hepatitis that naturally occur in milk, the Gawala adds many more varieties through the addition of contaminated water for its dilution. The contractors who collect milk in Punjab through the Dodhis-the middlemen, and sell it to the urban consumers, go a step further. They add unhygenically produced ice slabs, soda bicarb and sometimes formalin to the milk they collect to prevent it from going bad due to intense heat in summer. All the people involved in the milk trade should be trained in the skills of efficient marketing of hygienic milk and value chain knowledge. Along with all the basic principles of clean and hygienic milk production, on farm value addition should also be emphasized. Both the provincial as well as federal governments S1lould play their active role to improve the situation. This paper discusses all the possibilities to improve the marketing of milk to harness its tremendous potential for the betterment of national economy and also to know the constraints that hamper the availability of this essential food stuff in terms of both quantity and quality.
Occurrence Download

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "TaxonKey is Ficus microcarpa", "Country is Marshall Islands", "HasCoordinate is true" ] } The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0023305-250920141307145/datasets/export for details.
[Hemolytic and uremic syndrome in the adult].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare disease but may be fatal in the absence of appropriate treatment. It is the first cause of acute renal failure (ARF) in children and is less frequently observed in adults. We report the case of a 50 years old woman who was first admitted in the surgery department for intestinal occlusion. Haematological and renal disorders were not recognised initially. Specific treatment with plasma exchanges was beneficial. This case was idiopathic but in 50% of HUS in adults, an aetiology can be found and sometimes treated: drugs, pregnancy, systemic diseases, hypertension or cancer. Although still debated, treatment is based on fresh frozen plasma infusion, associated or not to plasma exchanges. Some other therapies can be added: steroids, polyvalent immunoglobulin infusion, vincristin or splenectomy. In all cases, blood pressure control must be obtained, especially with ACE inhibitors. Response to treatment is often excellent, but chronic renal failure persists in about 25% of cases in adults. Recurrences are rare and occur mainly in patients with an hereditary factor H deficiency. The hemolytic-uremic syndrome should be diagnosed and treated immediately.
LPWR ''EM'' models for RELAP4/MOD5. Code Development and Analysis Program

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report presents several RELAP4 models and modeling techniques used to conservatively predict LPWR hydraulic behavior during a loss-of-coolant accident. These models were developed for use in conjunction with the RELAP4/MOD5 and RELAP4/MOD6 computer programs. Included in this report are descriptions of the models and techniques, methods of implementation, and where applicable, sample results. 7 refs., 16 figs.
[Alternatives to allogenous blood transfusion].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Blood transfusion is usually meant to lower morbidity and mortality rates. Allogenous blood transfusion implies certain risks that can be avoided by autologous blood transfusions techniques including: preoperatory autologous blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution, intraoperatory and postoperatory blood salvage. Preoperatory blood donation and acute normovolemic hemodilution are used for planned interventions with an estimated blood loss higher than 20% of blood volume. These methods imply Erythropoietin and iron treatment. Intraoperatory and postoperatory blood salvage is performed by personnel trained in blood donation, handling and storage. Autologous blood transfusions are used for certain surgical procedures that commonly require transfusions: orthopedic surgery, radical prostatectomy, cardiovascular surgery, organ transplantation. An alternative to allogenous blood transfusion is the use of artificial oxygen transporters: human or animal hemoglobin solutions or pefluorocarbonate solutions. These solutions do not require cross reactions, do not carry diseases and are generally well tolerated and easily stored in the operating room, ambulance and other transport means. They have however a slight degree of toxicity.
The Impact of Private Participation and Countervailing Information on Disability Costs: Evidence from Chile (forthcoming in the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 2008)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Many social security systems face high and escalating disability costs. In Chile’s new system, the disability assessment procedure includes participation by private pension funds (AFPs) and insurance companies, who finance the benefit, have a direct pecuniary interest in controlling costs and are able to pursue this objective by helping to set criteria and providing countervailing information. We hypothesize that these procedures and incentives will keep costs low, by cutting the incidence of successful claims. Using the Cox proportional hazard model and a retrospective sample of new and old system affiliates (EPS 2002), we find that disability hazard rates are only 2035% as high in the new system as in the old traditional system. Analysis of mortality rates suggests that the new system has accurately targeted individuals with more severe medical problems.
Effects of Cross-Sectional Deformation on Mechanical Properties of Inflatable Tubes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The detailed experiments on cross-sectional deformation of inflatable tubes are examined experimentally to introduce a simple mathematical model of the inflatable tubes under bending loads. The pure bending environment experiments are performed with four-point bending experiments on the LDPE tubes. The effects of bending load and inflation pressure on the cross-sectional deformation, collapse location and area, are measured experimentally. Using the experimental results, a simple mathematical model are introduced.
Effect of the high femoral osteotomy upon the vascularity and blood supply of the hip joint.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This investigation was done to study the effects of high femoral osteotomy upon the vascularity and blood supply of the hip and to further our knowledge of its physiologic basis. We have used established methods of study, including bone scans, microangiography, isotope clearance and perosseous venography, and based upon the results of these studies, we have reached certain conclusions. First, high femoral osteotomy increases the blood flow and vascularity in the hip joint, the femoral head and neck and the great trochanter. Second, bone scanning techniques using 99mTc labeled diphosphonate have shown increased uptake in the femoral head and neck after high femoral osteotomy. The localization was done using a Digital Gamma III computer, and the activity on the osteotomy side at two weeks was 3.5 times as great as on the control side. By 16 weeks postoperatively, there was still two times as much activity on the osteotomy side. Third, microangiography showed increased vascularity both at the osteotomy site and in the femoral head and neck and the greater trochanter on that side. Such an increase in vascularity first became evident two weeks after osteotomy and persisted during the four month period studied. Fourth, the results of the 99mTc diphosphonate clearance study showed a 25 per cent increase in femoral head blood flow on the operative side. Fifth, perosseous venography of the femoral head and neck showed a marked increase in venous drainage through the osteotomy site in the immediate postosteotomy stage.
The identity of the constitution and constitutional identity Opening up a discourse between the Global South and Global North

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper is an invitation to start a public law oriented discourse about the legal concept of “constitutional identity”, which conceived here as the “identity of the constitution”. It is seen as a part of the constitution, with which the constituent people/nation can identify with as they created it in the course of constitution-making and constitutional amendment, or which the constitutional interpretation shaped. Provisions that are entrenched by eternity clauses and a multi-tier system of constitutional amendments help to locate the identity of the constitution. This contribution uses the constitutional identity of Hungary as a model to illustrate how and why constitutional identity could become detrimental, with some other EU Member States (Germany and Italy, together with the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)) exemplifying at the same time how the very same constitutional identity can be used to further unify and consolidate European integration. Based on these of trains of thought, public discourse about the interrelationship and interdependency of constitutional identity (a non-legal term) and the identity of the constitution (a legal concept) may take place in which experiences of the Global South should feature.
The effect of plasticizer and cellulose nanowhisker content on the dispersion and properties of cellulose acetate butyrate nanocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We studied the effects of plasticizer and cellulose nanowhisker content on the dispersion and properties of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)‐based bionanocomposites. The cellulose nanowhiskers in an aqueous medium were solvent‐exchanged to nonaqueous polar solvent (acetone) and used for nanocomposite processing by solution casting. The plasticized and unplasticized nanocomposites with 5 and 10 wt % cellulose nanowhisker content were prepared. Atomic force microscopy indicated nanoscale dispersion of whiskers in the CAB matrix. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed an increase in storage modulus with addition of cellulose nanowhiskers, especially above the glassy‐rubbery transition region. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improvement in thermal stability with increased whisker content for both unplasticized and plasticized nanocomposites. The plasticized nanocomposites showed better transparency than the unplasticized composites, indicating a better dispersion of cellulose nanowhiskers in CAB, in the presence of a plasticizer. The dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability increased, whereas transparency decreased with increased CNW content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Determination of Triptolide and Epitriptolide by HPLC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A HPLC method for the determination of triptolide and epitriptolide was established. A Hypersil ODS column was used, with the mobile phase of methanol water(45∶55). The detection wavelength was 220 nm. The calibration curves of triptolide( r =0.9998) and epitriptolide( r =0.9996) were linear. The average recoveries were 100.2%( RSD 0.36%) and 99.6%( RSD 1.03%), respectively. The accuracies were 0.73% and 0.52%, respectively.
Transgenic flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) - expectations and reality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This review summarizes the history, important milestones, current status and perspectives of biotech flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), supplemented with some of our original research, breeding and data on environmentalsafety. We show how recent biotechnology methods and genetic engineering contributed to the flax/linseed breeding in order to speed up the breeding process (doubled haploids technology; in vitro selection with the use of pathogenic toxins or heavy metals; genetic transformation) and for the creation of new flax/linseed cultivars. The focus is laid on genetic engineering which represents an excellent technology to enrich the flax/linseed genepool with genes of interest, which are not naturally present in the flax/linseed genome. Different methods of flax transformation are mentioned, as well as various genes of interest that have been used for flax transformation to date aimed at improving transgenic flax properties, affecting both qualitative and quantitative traits. The fatty acid content and composition, the lignan (especially secoisolariciresinol diglucoside - SDG) content, flax fibre quality, tolerance to herbicides and resistance to diseases belong, among others, to flax traits that have already been modified by genetic engineering. Selection genes, reporter genes and also promoters that have been used for the vector construction are also summarized. This paper describes different fields of utilization of genetically modified (GM) flax with different improved properties. The history of the only so far officially registered transgenic linseed cultivar Triffid is described in detail. Finally, potential risks and benefits of flax modification are evaluated and also the prime expectations of GM flax and real current state of this technology compared. Unfortunately, the products created by this technology are under strict (albeit not scientifically-based) legislative/political control in the European Union (EU), which prevents the access of products, created by breeders using this top technology, to the EU market.
Performance of Biopsy Needle With Therapeutic Injection System to Prevent Bleeding Complications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Renal disease is epidemic in the United States with approximately 8 × 106 people having chronic kidney disease. Renal biopsies are widely used to provide essential diagnostic information to physicians. However, the risk of bleeding complications possibly leading to life-threatening situations results in the contra-indication of biopsy in certain patient populations. Safer renal biopsies will allow more accurate diagnosis and better management of this epidemic health problem. We report the preclinical testing of a novel biopsy device called the therapeutic injection system (TIS). The device introduces a third stage to the standard two-stage side-cut percutaneous biopsy process. The third stage is designed to reduce bleeding complications by injecting a hemostatic plug at the time of biopsy. Laboratory evaluation and preliminary in vivo animal testing using an anticoagulated porcine model of the TIS and Bard Monopty® (Bard Medical, Covington, GA) control device were performed. The hemostatic material Gelfoam® (Pfizer, Brussels, Belgium) was selected as the active material comprising the hemostatic plugs. The performance of two composite plugs, one composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) combined in 2:1 and 12:1 ratios with the hemostatic material, and one plug composed of 100% hemostatic material were tested. Stroke sequence and hemostatic plug deployment were verified by sequential firing of the TIS biopsy needle into clear gelatin and ex vivo bovine kidney specimens. In vivo trials with porcine specimens revealed a significant reduction in blood loss (8.1 ± 3.9 ml, control versus 1.9 ± 1.6 ml, 12:1 PVA/hemostatic, TIS, α = 0.01, n = 6). The 100% hemostatic plug showed a substantial and immediate reduction in blood loss (9.2 ml, control versus 0.0 ml, TIS, n = 1). The prototype device was shown to work repeatedly and reliably in laboratory trials. Initial results show promise in this approach to control post biopsy bleeding. This solution maintains the simplicity and directness of the percutaneous approach, while not significantly changing the standard percutaneous biopsy procedure.
Heritage, Conservation, and the Geopolitics of Svalbard: Writing the History of Arctic Environments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In their examination of heritage and conservation practices in Svalbard and the Spitsbergen archipelago from the nineteenth-century to today, the authors mobilize the concept of critical geopolitics to show how Arctic localities have been used as instruments of Norwegian nation building, past and present. They argue that the writing of environmental history is never separate from politics or societal and culturally inscribed power structures by which spaces construed as primordial and pristine landscapes become privileged sites for the construction of Arctic ideologies. The establishment of national parks, the construction of mining heritage sites, or the undertaking of settlement archeology all serve such purposes, by which Svalbard becomes an icon of the culturally and politically motivated definitions of "wilderness."
Extracellular matrix particle–glycosaminoglycan composite hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex material made up of fibrous proteins and ground substance (glycosaminoglycans, GAGs) that are secreted by cells. ECM contains important biological cues that modulate cell behaviors, and it also serves as a structural scaffold to which cells can adhere. For clinical applications, where immune rejection is a constraint, ECM can be processed using decellularization methods intended to remove cells and donor antigens from tissue or organs, while preserving native biological cues essential for cell growth and differentiation. In this study, a decellularized ECM‐based composite hydrogel was formulated by using modified GAGs that covalently bind tissue particles. These GAG–ECM composite hydrogels combine the advantages of solid decellularized ECM scaffolds and pepsin‐digested ECM hydrogels by facilitating ECM hydrogel formation without a disruptive enzymatic digestion process. Additionally, engineered hydrogels can contain more than one type of ECM (from bone, fat, liver, lung, spleen, cartilage, or brain), at various concentrations. These hydrogels demonstrated tunable gelation kinetics and mechanical properties, offering the possibility of numerous in vivo and in vitro applications with different property requirements. Retained bioactivity of ECM particles crosslinked into this hydrogel platform was confirmed by the variable response of stem cells to different types of ECM particles with respect to osteogenic differentiation in vitro , and bone regeneration in vivo . © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 147–159, 2018.
Determination of Optimal Subsidies for Balancing Local Supply/Demand of Biomass Products Within a Regional Development Strategic Plan

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Under the assumption that energy crop farmers believe the price in the previous period will prevail in the current period as well, adjusting their cultivation species accordingly, the biomass market may exhibit instability. In the present work, optimal subsidy Iopt is determined for balancing local supply/demand of biomass products for avoiding such instability while ensuring adequacy of biomass inventory for feeding continuously a biomass processing unit. The Iopt model is implemented for parameter values referring to Greek biomass­to­energy market, which appears to be a developing sector although the economy (as a whole) is in recession during the last two years. It is also shown that optimization of the subsidy required to balance local supply/demand of biomass products depends on capacity optimization of the biomass processing plant under consideration, within a strategic plan for regional development that should put emphasis on (i) the improvement of the rural roads network to minimize transportation costs and (ii) the diffusion of information about conditions recommended for biomass storing in open air to avoid enzymatic hydrolysis which deteriorates the quality of raw material and decreases the efficiency of the processing unit.
“Text Messages and Ghosts Are a JOY”: A Conversation with Cartoonist Marnie Galloway

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Writer and professor, Shiamin Kwa, and artist and illustrator, Marnie Galloway, record a conversation that began with a public interview at the 2019 ICAF conference and continued over the following year. The two share a wide-ranging conversation about Galloway’s education, background, schooling, and her thoughts about making comics. Along the way, they discuss some of their shared enthusiasms and annoyances.
Electric drive system with BLDC motor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the resource supply becoming severe recently, the use of hybrid car or electric car is a necessity that it can reduce the need of oil. This paper presents BLDC motor is the best choice for high-efficiency motor and shows a design of control system for BLDC motor. With the comparison of DC motor, Induction Motor and BLDC motor, Analysis will be done to determine which type of electric motor has the best characteristics and the motor will be modeled in MATLAB/Simulink to determine which type of motor has the best performances and the highest efficiency. A control system will be designed in the electric drive system.
Eyes in the room trump eyes on the screen: effects of a responsive co-viewer on toddlers’ responses to and learning from video chat

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Scaffolding may be important for children to overcome puzzling aspects of video chat. We examined whether live co-viewer behavior (responsive or unresponsive), video chat partner's eye gaze (aligned or misaligned), and object similarity (similar or dissimilar) impacted 24- to 30-month-old children's responsiveness to (and short-term learning from) video chat. Co-viewer behavior was the primary factor influencing children's responsiveness and learning; the on-screen Partner's eye gaze was only influential in the presence of a responsive co-viewer; and object similarity did not impact the outcomes measured. Co-viewing provides essential support for children to respond to and learn from video chat interactions because it demonstrates the relevance and usefulness of the on-screen information. Findings suggest that children depend primarily on their live social partners to make sense of their media experiences.