jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of common and stress-related mental health disorders in healthcare workers based in pandemic-affected hospitals: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are considered at elevated risk of experiencing mental health disorders in working with patients with COVID-19. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of common mental health disorders in HCWs based in hospitals where pandemic-affected patients were treated. Method: Databases were searched for studies published before 30 March 2020. Quantitative synthesis was used to obtain estimates of the prevalence of mental health disorders in four time windows, determined a priori (the acute phase, i.e. during and up to 1.5 months post-pandemic; 1.5–5.9 months; 6–11.9 months; 12 months and later). Results: Nineteen studies met the review criteria. They predominantly addressed the acute phase of the SARS outbreak in Asia. The most studied outcomes were clinically significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and general psychiatric caseness. For clinically significant PTSS in the acute phase, the prevalence estimate was 23.4% (95% CI 16.3, 31.2; N = 4147; I2 = 96.2%); in the 12 months plus window, the estimate was 11.9% (8.4, 15.8; N = 1136; I2 = 74.3%). For general psychiatric caseness, prevalence estimates were acute phase, 34.1% (18.7, 51.4; N = 3971; I2 = 99.1%); 6–12 months, 17.9% (13.1, 23.2; N = 223; I2 = 0.0%); 12 months plus, 29.3% (6.0, 61.0; N = 710; I2 = 97.8%). No differences between doctors and nurses with respective to PTSS and general psychiatric caseness were apparent in the acute phase. Conclusions: Mental health disorders are particularly common in HCWs working with pandemic-afflicted patients immediately following a pandemic, but the course of disorders following this period is poorly understood. There was considerable heterogeneity between studies, likely linked to methodological differences. More extended follow up of HCWs is needed. • Mental health difficulties, in particular post-traumatic stress, are common in healthcare workers working with patients infected during a pandemic. The long-term impact of working in such environments is poorly understood, however.
Evaluation of the dominant mode rejection beamformer using reduced integration times

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Increasing the number of hydrophones in an array should increase beamformer performance. However, when the number of hydrophones is large, integration times must be long enough to give accurate cross-spectral matrix (CSM) estimates, but short enough so that the dynamic behavior of the noise described by the CSM is captured. The dominant mode rejection (DMR) beamformer calculates adaptive weights based on a reduced rank CSM estimate, where the CSM estimate is formed with a subset of the largest eigenvalues and their eigenvectors. Since the largest eigenvalue/eigenvector pairs are estimated rapidly, the integration time required is reduced. The purpose of this study was to examine the DMR beamformer performance using a bottom-mounted horizontal line array in a shallow-water environment. The data were processed with a fully adaptive beamformer and the DMR beamformer. The DMR beamformer showed better performance than the fully adaptive beamformer when using arrays with larger numbers of hydrophones. Thus, in highly dynamic noise environments, the DMR beamformer may be a more appropriate implementation to use for passive sonar detection systems.
Continuous positive airway pressure affects mitochondrial function and exhaled PGC1-α levels in obstructive sleep apnea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) exhibit systemic and upper airway oxidative stress and inflammation, which cause mitochondrial dysfunction. The intend of this study is to estimate mitochondrial function (mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA [Mt/N] ratio) and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-coactivated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and plasma before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Materials and methods: Twenty healthy individuals (control) and 40 subjects with severe or moderate OSA were recruited to undergo CPAP treatment and evaluation in a sleep study. The Mt/N ratio in the EBC and blood were assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the protein concentration of PGC1-α in the EBC and plasma. All experiments were performed after 3 months of CPAP treatment in subjects with OSA. Results: We observed no noteworthy differences between the control and treatment groups. Moreover, there were no differences in the Mt/N ratio in the blood and plasma levels of PGC1-α in subjects with OSA before and after treatment. However, the Mt/N ratio and protein levels of PGC1-α in the EBC of OSA subjects were higher than those in the control group and returned to normal levels after CPAP treatment. Conclusions: We successfully treated subjects with OSA by CPAP, which restored the Mt/N ratio and levels of PGC1-α in the EBC.
OBoW: Online Bag-of-Visual-Words Generation for Self-Supervised Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Learning image representations without human supervision is an important and active research field. Several recent approaches have successfully leveraged the idea of making such a representation invariant under different types of perturbations, especially via contrastive-based instance discrimination training. Although effective visual representations should indeed exhibit such invariances, there are other important characteristics, such as encoding contextual reasoning skills, for which alternative reconstruction-based approaches might be better suited.With this in mind, we propose a teacher-student scheme to learn representations by training a convolutional net to reconstruct a bag-of-visual-words (BoW) representation of an image, given as input a perturbed version of that same image. Our strategy performs an online training of both the teacher network (whose role is to generate the BoW targets) and the student network (whose role is to learn representations), along with an online update of the visual-words vocabulary (used for the BoW targets). This idea effectively enables fully online BoW-guided unsupervised learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate the interest of our BoWbased strategy, which surpasses previous state-of-the-art methods (including contrastive-based ones) in several applications. For instance, in downstream tasks such Pascal object detection, Pascal classification and Places205 classification, our method improves over all prior unsupervised approaches, thus establishing new state-of-the-art results that are also significantly better even than those of supervised pre-training. We provide the implementation code at https://github.com/valeoai/obow.
USF1-mediated upregulation of lncRNA GAS6-AS2 facilitates osteosarcoma progression through miR-934/BCAT1 axis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been certified as important regulators in tumorigenesis. LncRNA GAS6-AS2 (GAS6-AS2) was a newly identified tumor-related lncRNA, and its dysregulation and oncogenic effects in melanoma and bladder cancer had been reported in previous studies. However, the expression pattern and potential function of GAS6-AS2 in osteosarcoma (OS) have not been investigated. In this study, we identified a novel OS-related lncRNA GAS6-AS2. We found that GAS6-AS2 was distinctly upregulated in both OS specimens and cell lines. Distinct up-regulation of GAS6-AS2 in OS was correlated with advanced clinical stages and shorter survivals. In addition, USF1 could directly bind to the GAS6-AS2 promoter and contribute to its overexpression. Furthermore, GAS6-AS2 knockdown caused tumor suppressive effects via reducing cellular proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoting OS cell apoptosis. Besides, GAS6-AS2 directly bound to miR-934 and downregulated its expression. Mechanistically, GAS6-AS2 positively regulated the expression of BCAT1 through sponging miR-934. Taken together, our data illustrated how GAS6-AS2 played an oncogenic role in OS and might offer a potential therapeutic target for treating OS.
Privatization, Restructuring, Corporate Governance and the Behaviour of Firms in Transition Economies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter uses published case studies of firms in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland to investigate how firms reacted to the pressures of transition. Most firms made short-term adjustments to outputs and inputs, but fewer made strategic adjustments. Nevertheless these short-term responses influenced their ability to implement long-term strategies for survival and growth. In general, successful firms were those which strengthened their marketing function, reorganized their internal decision making and information systems, invested in human resources and created effective mechanisms of corporate governance. The shedding of workers and large investments in capital and technology were, rather surprisingly, less important features of successful restructuring.
LHD 5p5L-AL01-NF #185136.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.
[Clinical outcome of enhanced recovery after surgery for hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of femoral neck fractures in elderly patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ERAS for hemiarthroplasty can effectively shorten hospitalization time, relieve pain, reduce blood transfusion rate, reduce postoperative complications, and do not increase the readmission rate of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture, which can achieve good clinical efficacy.
Influences of fertilization measures on maize canopy structure and leaf water use efficiency

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to investigate impact of different fertilization practices on maize canopy structure and leaf water use efficiency,two fertilizations measures,the soil testing and fertilization recommendation(PF) as well as the straw returning plus soil testing and fertilization recommendation(PF + JG) were carried out in the field in 2010.Results revealed that the maize leaf area index in the PF + JG treatment(4.22) at flare opening stage(12-leaf expansion) was 103.35% and 27.56% higher than those in CK(no fertilizer) and PF treatment,the plant height(100.2 cm) was 15.84% higher than that in PF treatment,while the leaf orientation value(LOV) in PF + JG treatment was 7.05% and 5.60% less than that in CK and PF treatment,respectively.The maize leaf photosynthetic rate [P n,27.89 μmol/(m2·s) ],transpiration rate [T r,2.68 μmol/(m2·s) ],stomatal conductance [0.29 mol/(m2·s) ]in PF + JG treatment were increased by 40.25%,6.11% and 12.41%,compared to those in PF treatment,respectively.However,the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration(C i) in PF + JG treatment was 12.86% lower than that in PF treatment.The leaf water use efficiency(WUE leaf) which is the ratio of photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate in PF + JG treatment was 47.77% and 30.83% higher than those in CK and PF treatment,and the whole plant dry matter of maize in PF + JG treatment was 3.28 times and 1.75 times higher than those in CK and PF treatment,respectively.It was indicted that the agricultural practices of straw returning plus soil testing and fertilization recommendation can ameliorate maize canopy structure,increase leaf photosynthesis and photosynthate accumulation,enhance water use efficiency,and consequently improve maize population quality for production increase.
[Endoscopic ventriculocisternostomy: methods and equipment].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The paper describes endoscopic ventriculocisternostomic techniques. It discusses the problems associated with the optimum configuration of equipment and tools, as well as with the basic principles of postoperative management of patients. Emphasis is laid on the engineering features and on the prevention of complications. The paper is based on 4-year experience gained in using this procedure at the Academician N. N. Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, to treat over 60 patients with acquired occlusive hydrocephalus.
Organic–Inorganic Fertilization Shifts Dissolved Organic Matter Chemodiversity in Runoff From Tropical Cropland: Roles of Soil Nutrient Stoichiometry

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a crucial quality indicator for water health. However, it remains unknown how organic–inorganic fertilization differently shifts the DOM chemodiversity in cropland‐impacted runoff, especially the roles of terrestrial nutrient stoichiometry. Here, a field experiment subjected to 7‐year history of four fertilization regimes, that is, unfertilized (CK), chemical fertilization (NPK), straw return (SR), and NPK + SR, was conducted to examine the quantity and chemodiversity of runoff DOM in tropical China. Moreover, the ecological relationships between runoff DOM properties and soil C:N:P stoichiometry were evaluated. Relative to the control treatment, the carbon content (DOC) of runoff DOM increased by 29.20% and 48.82% under SR and NPK + SR treatments, but remained unchanged in NPK treatment. Conversely, the DOM nitrogen content (TDN) only elevated in NPK treatment (262.58%). For DOM chemodiversity, SR treatment was rich in methyl carbon and protein‐like substances, but lacked fulvic‐/humic‐like compounds. NPK treatment increased the hydrophilic compounds like amino acids and polysaccharides, while reducing aromaticity. NPK + SR treatment enhanced DOM's aromaticity, molecular weight and humification due to the enrichment of quinone, ketone and fulvic‐like substances, possibly shaping an oligotrophic aquatic microbial community. Further study revealed that the occurrence of aromatic DOM was positively correlated with soil moisture content, TK (total potassium), total organic carbon and stoichiometric N:P ratio, indicating the contribution of terrestrial straw‐decomposed products. Inversely, the accumulation of hydrophilic substances (e.g., TDN) correlated positively with soil NO 3 ‐N and C:P ratio, indicating the contribution of endogenous DOM.
Experiences with thin and ultra thin HMA pavements in the United States

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A number of transportation agencies in the USA have adopted or are adopting the strategy of preventive maintenance for their pavements. The Federal Highway Administration is providing the emphasis for this change and is funding preventive maintenance activities in current legislation (TEA-21). The use of preventive maintenance is designed to prevent major pavement distress from occurring by applying a nonstructural treatment early in the pavement life, which protects the existing surface and mitigates further deterioration. Several types of thin (less than 40 mm) and ultra thin (less than 25 mm) hot mix and cold mix systems have been used since the early 1980s. This paper focuses on the hot mix applications where experiences have indicated that these systems can be cost effective when placed on the right pavement at the right time. This paper describes these thin and ultra thin systems, their characteristics and special construction requirements as well as their performance history to date. The systems considered include the following: (1) Dense-graded mixes; (2) Open-graded or porous friction courses; (3) Gap-graded mixes - asphalt rubber and SMA mixes; (4) Specialized products, for example, Novachip, Gussasphalt. The paper also points out that additional work is needed to quantify the cost effectiveness and to determine the optimum timing and existing pavement condition for applying these treatments.
A Mediation Path to Chinese Netizens' Civic Engagement: The Effects of News Usage, Civic Motivations, Online Expression and Discussion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study refreshes the communication mediation model by integrating impacts of individual psychological traits (civic motivations and political efficacy) with the relationships between Chinese netizens' media news uses, civic expression/discussion and civic engagement in the model. The results of an online survey (N=490) indicated that new media and conventional media have indirect effects on civic engagement through different mediators. Specifically, reading news from the newspapers has a negative impact on motivations driven by emotion, but directly spurs political efficacy, civic discussion and engagement. By contrast, watching TV news encourages civic discussion, while browsing news online increases the likelihood of participatory behaviours, driven by emotions of anger or sadness. Pressure from social networks is positively related to civic engagement. Motivations of civic duties, emotion and political efficacy are positively related to online civic expression and discussion with social networks about public affairs, both of which are strongly associated with participatory behaviours.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY AFTER ENDOVASCULAR COIL EMBOLIZATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To describe two cases of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) that occurred unilaterally after endovascular coil embolization. Methods: Medical records including ophthalmic examinations of two PAMM cases were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The first case was a 64-year-old woman with hyperlipidemia and chronic sinusitis. The second case was a 49-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tension headache, and vertigo. Both cases exhibited paracentral scotomas just after endovascular coil embolization. Ophthalmoscopy showed multiple faint white-yellow lesions in each affected eye. Optical coherence tomography showed hyper-reflective bands that were mainly observed in the inner nuclear layer and corresponded to the PAMM lesions. Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed variable degrees of abnormal vasculature from slight dilation, decreased visualization, to nonvisualization in the superficial capillary plexuses and similar capillary changes in deep capillary plexuses. Conclusion: We described two cases with PAMM that occurred after endovascular coil embolization, which was a new precursor cause of PAMM. Our results demonstrate that optical coherence tomography angiography is especially useful for not only diagnosis, but also for follow-up evaluations in patients with PAMM.
Demographic and employment shifts: implications for benefits and economic security.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Issue Brief examines factors affecting the population's age distribution and composition, such as mortality rates, fertility rates, and immigration. In addition, it examines factors affecting labor force composition, such as immigration, increased labor force participation of women, and retirement trends, and discusses the potential impact of these changes on publicly financed programs: Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and federal employee retirement systems. The discussion also highlights the implications of these population and labor force changes on employers, employees, and retirees. The elderly population--now 31.8 million, representing 12.6 percent of the population--is projected to experience tremendous growth between 2010 and 2030, when the baby boom generation reaches age 65, rising from 39.7 million, or 13.3 percent of the population, to 69.8 million, or 20.2 percent of the population. Growth in the elderly population has implications for retirement and health care systems. Population projections suggest that the traditionally pyramid-shaped work force, with a proportionately greater number of younger workers than older workers, will be replaced with a more even age distribution. Consequently, significant and continued modifications to benefit packages, such as changes in compensation structures in which earnings automatically rise with age, are likely to occur. Women's labor force participation began to accelerate in the mid-1950s, rising 75 percent among women aged 25-44 in 1991, although there is some indication that this growth may be flattening. With women comprising a greater part of the labor force, employers will be encouraged to develop and implement programs to better accommodate their needs. Increased life expectancy, a decreased percentage of entry level workers, changes in Social Security's normal retirement age from 65 to 67, and employer plans to raise the normal age of retirement or provide incentives to delay retirement, could raise the average age of retirement. However, other factors, such as poor health, other sources of retirement income, and individual preferences for retirement, could still dominate the retirement decision. The combination of increased average life expectancy guaranteeing more years of retirement to finance and rising dependency ratios increases the future cost of Social Security financing. Medicare financing is also an important policy issue because the program is projected to experience financial difficulties in the short term, resulting from explosive health care costs. In addition, Medicaid expenditures are consuming increasing amount of shrinking state budget resources--a large portion of which is used to finance nursing home care for a growing elderly population.
Thermal Stability in Turbulently Mixed Accretion Discs

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The standard thin accretion disc model predicts that discs around stellar mass black holes become radiation pressure dominated and thermally unstable once their luminosity exceeds L>0.02 L_Edd. Observationally, discs in the high/soft state of X-ray binaries show little variability in the range 0.01 L_Edd < L < 0.5 L_Edd, implying that these discs in nature are in fact quite stable. In an attempt to reconcile this conflict, we investigate one-zone disc models including turbulent and convective modes of vertical energy transport. We find both mixing mechanisms to have a stabilizing effect, leading to an increase in the L threshold up to which the disc is thermally stable. In the case of stellar mass black hole systems, convection alone leads to only a minor increase in this threshold, up to ~5 per cent of Eddington. However turbulent mixing has a much greater effect -- the threshold rises up to ~20 per cent Eddington under reasonable assumptions. In optimistic models with superefficient turbulent mixing, we even find solutions that are completely thermally stable for all accretion rates. Similar results are obtained for supermassive black holes, except that all critical accretion rates are a factor ~10 lower in Eddington ratio.