jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Singapore Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia: Screening, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sarcopenia refers to the age-associated progressive and generalised loss of skeletal muscle mass plus loss of muscle strength and/or reduced physical performance. Despite its importance, sarcopenia often remains unrecognised and inadequately managed in routine clinical care. A workgroup was convened by the Chapter of Geriatricians and the Society for Geriatric Medicine Singapore to develop the first-ever country-specific CPG for sarcopenia. The workgroup developed 20 evidence-based recommendations that aim to facilitate adoption of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus into current practice in Singapore. The CPG recommends a case-finding approach in atrisk older adults using validated case-finding tools. Screen-positive individuals should be assessed for “possible sarcopenia” and underlying causes. For diagnosis, the CPG recommends using the AWGS 2019 algorithm, and when necessary, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine low lean mass for a confirmatory diagnosis of sarcopenia. For treatment, the CPG recommends resistance exercises and a quality protein-rich diet/protein supplementation, with Vitamin D supplementation for insufficiency (<30 micrograms/L). For prevention, the CPG recommends regular resistance-based physical activity and adequate protein intake (≥1.0g/kg bodyweight). We encourage more research to address local evidence gaps. It is hoped that this first country-specific CPG for sarcopenia will play a big role in facilitating the adoption of the AWGS 2019 consensus into current practice in Singapore.
Stability of FeVO4 under Pressure: An X-ray Diffraction and First-Principles Study

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The high-pressure behavior of the crystalline structure FeVO4 has been studied by means of X-ray diffraction using a diamond-anvil cell and first-principles calculations. The experiments were carried out up to a pressure of 12.3 GPa, until now the highest pressure reached to study an FeVO4 compound. High-pressure X-ray diffraction measurements show that the triclinic P1̅ (FeVO4-I) phase remains stable up to ≈3 GPa; then a first-order phase transition to a new monoclinic polymorph of FeVO4 (FeVO4-II') with space group C2/ m is observed, having an α-MnMoO4-type structure. A second first-order phase transition is observed around 5 GPa toward the monoclinic ( P2/ c) wolframite-type FeVO4-IV structure, which is stable up to 12.3 GPa in coexistence with FeVO4-II'. The unit cell volume reductions for the first and second phase transitions are Δ V = -8.5% and -13.1%. It was observed that phase transitions are irreversible and both high-pressure phases remain stable once the pressure is released. Calculations were performed at the level of the generalized gradient approximation plus Hubbard correction (GGA+ U) and with the hybrid Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE06) exchange-correlation functional in order to have a good representation of the pressure behavior of FeVO4. We found that theoretical results follow the pressure evolution of structural parameters of FeVO4, in good agreement with the experimental results. Also, we analyze FeVO4-II (orthorhombic Cmcm, CrVO4-type structure) and -III (orthorhombic Pbcn, α-PbO2-type structure) phases and compare our results with the literature. Going beyond the experimental results, we study some possible post-wolframite phases reported for other compounds and we found a phase transition for FeVO4-IV to raspite (monoclinic P21/ c) type structure (FeVO4-V) at 36 GPa (Δ V = -8.1%) and a further phase transition to the AgMnO4-type (monoclinic P21/ c) structure (FeVO4-VI) at 66.5 GPa (Δ V = -3.7%), similar to the phase transition sequence reported for InVO4.
The biological behavior and clinical outcome of pituitary adenoma are affected by the microenvironment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Pituitary adenoma is one of the most common brain tumors. Most pituitary adenomas are benign and can be cured by surgery and/or medication. However, some pituitary adenomas show aggressive growth with a fast growth rate and are resistant to conventional treatments such as surgery, drug therapy, and radiation therapy. These tumors, referred to as refractory pituitary adenomas, often relapse or regrow in the early postoperative period. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has recently been identified as an important factor affecting the biological manifestations of tumors and acts as the main battlefield between the tumor and the host immune system. Main body In this review, we focus on describing TME in pituitary adenomas and refractory pituitary adenomas. Research on the immune microenvironment of pituitary adenomas is currently focused on immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, and extensive research and experimental verifications are still required regarding other components of the TME. In particular, studies are needed to determine the role of the TME in the specific biological behaviors of refractory pituitary adenomas, such as high invasion, fast recurrence rate, and high tolerance to traditional treatments and to identify the mechanisms involved. Conclusion Overall, we summarize the similarities and differences between the TME of pituitary adenomas and refractory pituitary adenomas as well as the changes in the biological behavior of pituitary adenomas that may be caused by the microenvironment. These changes greatly affect the outcome of patients.
Demographic characteristics of encapsulated papillary carcinoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e12562 Background: Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) is a very rare form of breast cancer characterized by fibrous encapsulation and expansile growth, causing 1-2% of all cases. A summary of 25 case reports found that although two-thirds of cases had invasive growth, EPC responded well to local therapy and is considered a favorable diagnosis as a result. Because classification and diagnostic criteria for EPC continues to be debated, examination of the demographics could prove useful in determining trends. Methods: A retrospective cohort study done using data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004–2020 found 314 patients with an EPC diagnosis through histology. The following demographics were considered: age, sex, race, Hispanic identity, distance from residence to treatment facility, insurance coverage, type of facility, and Charleson-Deyo score. These variables were then analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: 314 patients were identified with a steadily increasing number of cases diagnosed per year until 2018, when cases per year dropped from 46 to 6 or below for the remaining 3 years (2018, 2019, 2020). Of these 314 patients, 16 were male and 298 were female. (5.1% and 94.9%, respectively). The average age of diagnosis was 69.6 years with a standard deviation of 11.8 and a range of 30 to > 90 years. The majority (99.7%) were found in the breast, with the remaining found in the endometrium. The majority of individuals (82.2%) had Charlson-Deyo comorbidity scores of 0. The majority of patients were non-Hispanic White, accounting for 88.9% of the total. A higher number of patients belonged to the highest income bracket, with 35.0% in the top quartile compared to those in other quartiles. The majority of patients had Medicare insurance, making up 63.1% of the total. More patients resided in counties with over 1 million people (56.7%) compared to those living in counties with a population below 1 million (43.3%). Most patients were treated at non-academic cancer centers (65.6%). On average, patients lived 19.8 miles (SD = 74.7, range = 1.8 – 370) from the treatment facility. Conclusions: Based on our literature review, this is the first NCDB analysis on EPC and thus addresses a significant knowledge gap on the topic. With an average age of diagnosis at 69.6 years, it is not surprising that the majority of patients were insured through Medicare. Male cases, while rare, support previous literature. Most commonly, EPC patients were most diagnosed in metropolitan areas. The majority of cases were diagnosed in the breast and most patients were treated at non-academic medical centers. While the vast majority of cases occurred in non-Hispanic white patients, it is unclear how much is due to race and how much is related to disparities in healthcare access and underdiagnosis in non-white races. Thus, further research is needed to understand which demographic factors prove to be the strongest predictors of EPC.
Statistical models for social network structures, individual beliefs and perceived social norms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social networks emerge from complex social processes including endogenous structuration effects, social selection based on individual-level attributes, and social norms that encourage individuals to direct ties in particular ways. Of these three possibilities, the relevance of social norms to network formation has received quite limited research attention. A social norm can be seen as an aspect of culture, implying a level of sharedness of beliefs or behaviors across network actors, yet each individual actor may perceive such norms differently. In adapting a prominent theory of gender to social network specifications, we propose that relational structures of power and violence may emerge not simply when actors have differing beliefs but additionally when they perceive the common attitudes and behaviors of others as different from their own.
Boase, Roger, Secrets of Pinar’s Game: Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Fifteenth-Century Spain, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2017

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reseña de: Boase, Roger, Secrets of Pinar’s Game: Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Fifteenth-Century Spain, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2017, 916 pp.
Abstract 493: The Regulation of Thrombospondin-1 Release through SIRPa-CD47 Mediated-Signaling in Platelets

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Decreasing the inflammatory response to medical devices remains an unmet clinical need. Our group has recent evidence that CD47, a ubiquitous transmembrane protein that serves as a self-marker via interactions with its receptor, Signal Regulatory Protein alpha (SIRP-α), confers significant anti-inflammatory properties on synthetic surfaces. Also, our group was the first to find the presence of SIRP-α on platelets. Interestingly, platelets are the primary source of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a CD47 ligand involved in pro-inflammatory processes. These experiments test the hypothesis that SIRPα-CD47 mediated signaling in platelets, in part, regulates TSP-1 release. Methods and Results As our group previously published, clinical-grade PVC tubing was modified via a photo-activated polymer with recombinant human CD47. Citrated whole blood or platelet-rich plasma (PRP), (30 cc), was obtained from healthy volunteers and added to the unmodified and CD47-modified tubing. The blood or PRP was perfused, via a Chandler Loop apparatus, over the PVC surfaces for 3 hours. All samples were then processed for platelet poor plasma, and TSP-1 expression was analyzed via western blot and ELISA. Confirmed with western blot and densitometry, when whole blood was exposed to CD47-coated PVC, TSP-1 concentration (as compared to the percent of the time-zero control) was consistently reduced compared to that of unmodified PVC (CD47: 78.42% ± 5.62, PVC: 189.87% ± 28.95). In contrast, when PRP was exposed under analogous conditions, there was no significant difference in TSP-1 concentration (CD47: 2.55% ± 1.02, PVC: 2.72% ± 0.81). To ensure that changes in TSP-1 concentration were not the result of TSP-1 adsorption to the CD47-modified surface, proteins were eluted from the luminal tube surface, and western blot analysis confirmed a 30% decrease in relative intensity from the CD47-coated PVC compared to that of unmodified PVC. Conclusion CD47-modified PVC tubing significantly decreases TSP-1 levels in isolated plasma from whole blood, suggesting that CD47 decreases platelet activation. However, work so far with PRP suggests that platelet TSP-1 release is mediated indirectly through monocytes. Further work on this cascade includes SEM analysis of PVC tubing.
Oldest skeleton of a plesiadapiform provides additional evidence for an exclusively arboreal radiation of stem primates in the Palaeocene

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Palaechthonid plesiadapiforms from the Palaeocene of western North America have long been recognized as among the oldest and most primitive euarchontan mammals, a group that includes extant primates, colugos and treeshrews. Despite their relatively sparse fossil record, palaechthonids have played an important role in discussions surrounding adaptive scenarios for primate origins for nearly a half-century. Likewise, palaechthonids have been considered important for understanding relationships among plesiadapiforms, with members of the group proposed as plausible ancestors of Paromomyidae and Microsyopidae. Here, we describe a dentally associated partial skeleton of Torrejonia wilsoni from the early Palaeocene (approx. 62 Ma) of New Mexico, which is the oldest known plesiadapiform skeleton and the first postcranial elements recovered for a palaechthonid. Results from a cladistic analysis that includes new data from this skeleton suggest that palaechthonids are a paraphyletic group of stem primates, and that T. wilsoni is most closely related to paromomyids. New evidence from the appendicular skeleton of T. wilsoni fails to support an influential hypothesis based on inferences from craniodental morphology that palaechthonids were terrestrial. Instead, the postcranium of T. wilsoni indicates that it was similar to that of all other plesiadapiforms for which skeletons have been recovered in having distinct specializations consistent with arboreality.
Synthesis of Butyric and Other Short-Chain Acids by a Partially Purified Enzyme Preparation*

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Butyric and Other Short-Chain Acids by a Partially Purified Enzyme Preparation*M. Etienne Becker and Soma KumarCite this: Biochemistry 1965, 4, 9, 1839–1843Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00885a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (446 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Monoclonal anti-T12 antibody as therapy for renal allograft rejection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nineteen renal allograft recipients experiencing rejection were infused with monoclonal mouse anti-human T12 directed to a T lymphocyte differentiation antigen expressed on mature post-thymic cells. Patients were offered this therapy as an alternative to high-dose methylprednisolone after diagnosis of an acute rejection episode within 3 months of transplantation. Seven patients had clear-cut reversals of rejection activity within the 10-day period of treatment. Four additional patients had delayed responses in association with acute tubular necrosis and/or cyclosporine toxicity, and they received other therapies according to protocol when anti-T12 alone had not caused a response after 5 days. All but one of these responding patients have been free of subsequent acute rejection over a 1-15 month follow-up period. Treatment failures appear to be related to the presence of allo-antibody-mediated vasculitis. Therapy was well tolerated. These preliminary studies have revealed the existence of a T12 negative subpopulation of extrathymic T cells, usually undetectable in peripheral blood.
Microfluidic PVT--Saturation Pressure and Phase-Volume Measurement of Black Oils

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary In this work, we present a small-scale pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) cell that allows for the measurement of saturation pressure and phase-volume ratio by use of only a few microliters of black-oil samples. This novel PVT measurement technique has been successfully tested on live samples at elevated pressure (86 MPa) and temperature (150°C). In the microfluidic PVT platform, the small microfluidic device performs the same function as the laboratory-scale pressurized visual PVT cell. At the heart of the microfluidic device, is a long and narrow capillary, densely packed in a serpentine shape, embedded on the device. The capillary is nearly 1 m long and has a total volume of 5 µL. The microfluidic device is fabricated with glass and silicon, which allow visual monitoring of a fluid sample at various pressures and temperatures. To acquire PVT data, the pressure in the capillary is systematically reduced to accurately detect the appearance of micron-sized gas bubbles in a sample at saturation pressure. Because of the small thermal mass of the device, the temperature of the sample can be changed rapidly, which enables the measurement of multiple saturation pressures in quick succession. Below the saturation pressure, the growing gas bubbles form a segmented gas/liquid distribution in the capillary. The lengths of the liquid and gas segments are measured in real-time with an automated image-capturing and analysis tool to determine the gas/liquid phase-volume ratio at a given pressure. Validation tests have proved this technique to be repeatable and feasible for rapid PVT measurements of black oils [gas/oil ratio (GOR) ranging from 102 to 143 m3/m3]. The results presented in this study demonstrate that the microfluidic PVT system can measure saturation pressure and phase-volume with data quality comparable to that of the conventional PVT method, however, with significantly smaller sample volume and faster turnaround. The microfluidic PVT system is demonstrated to have the potential to become a reliable and portable measurement platform.
Sexual dysfunction in females with depression: a cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in depression albeit common is strikingly understudied. The condition, if addressed properly, can be readily cured, improving the quality of life of the patient. Methods A consecutive sample of drug-naïve married female patients with depression was assessed. Depression was diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Depression severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and sexual dysfunction, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Results Sexual dysfunction was found in 90% of the patients in our study. Patients with medical comorbidities showed a significant decrease in the desire subset of the FSFI (Mann-Whitney U=11.0, p=0.009), however there was no significant association with other subsets. Patients who expressed passive death wishes had higher scores on all indicators of sexual function and a significantly higher score in the orgasm subset of the FSFI (Mann-Whitney U=11.0, p=0.009). Conclusion The study showed a high prevalence of FSD in depressed females regardless of type and severity of depression. Depression with medical comorbidities was associated with a significant decrease in desire. Patients who expressed passive death wishes showed improved sexual function and significantly better orgasm.
Performance Comparison of a Modified LMS Algorithm in Digital Beam Forming for High Speed Networks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Digital beamforming algorithms are used for spatial filtering which results in reduction of interference and improvement of directivity for spatial separation of users to support an increased number of users in the same band. A new variable step size LMS algorithm is presented and compared with various blind and trained adaptive algorithms for WiMAX access networks. WiMAX broadband wireless data networks provide us a new generation broadband wireless connectivity across fixed, nomadic, and eventually mobile platforms featured with precision beam pattern steering to support the evolving high speed data networks.
‘The Pliable Medium’

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The authors describe how the process of teaching Milner's work facilitated a deepening of their individual identities as Independent psychoanalysts. Milner's ideas on becoming one out of two, the essential role of the malleable environment and pliable medium and the recognition that there can be healthy regressions throughout life are essential elements in the establishment of an Independent psychoanalytic identity and clinical practice. Going on growing includes having this capacity for healthy regression, to go back into an undifferentiated psychic state and to refashion the self in the melting down and reintegrating that takes place. In the process of teaching, the authors discovered the candidates' readiness to become our future teachers.
Clinical relevance of adverse intracerebral artery remodeling in patients with HIV

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although associated with some alterations of lipid metabolism and development of lipodystrophy, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) abrogated infections in patients with HIV and improved the quality and expectancy of life.1 This therapeutic success has allowed the recognition of an association between HIV infection and cardiovascular diseases.2,3 Long-lived patients with HIV exhibited a marked acceleration of atherosclerosis with an increased risk of acute ischemic events.3,4 Thus, long-term cardiovascular comorbidities might weaken the relative immune defense benefits induced by cART. It remains unclear if cART directly increases cardiovascular risk or if virus-derived compounds could be responsible for atherogenesis. For instance, recent evidence from clinical trials suggested that viral replication rebound during interruption of cART may provoke a rapid increase of serum levels of cardiovascular risk biomarkers as well as of clinical cardiovascular events.2,5 Recent results from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study–Virtual Cohort demonstrated an increased risk of cerebral disease, including ischemic stroke, in HIV-positive patients.6 On the other hand, the Framingham Risk Score for Stroke prediction systematically underestimates the long-term risk of stroke in HIV-positive men, suggesting that many unknown factors might influence the pathophysiology in the cerebral circulation in HIV.7