jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simulating haemorrhage in medical students.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article is a descriptive report of a novel way of teaching the cardiovascular response to progressive haemorrhage in a first year medical undergraduate setting using simulation. Simulation may provide the means to allow students to see in practice the theoretical knowledge they have gained from lectures, thus giving clinical relevance to that knowledge, which may improve retention. A progressive haemorrhage is simulated in a volunteer medical student by applying sub-atmospheric pressure to the air surrounding the lower body using a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) chamber. This sub-atmospheric pressure will result in 'pooling' of blood in the vessels (particularly veins) of the legs and pelvis. This 'pooling' will reduce the amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return) and thus mimic the effects of loosing blood from the cardiovascular system. The body responds by engaging the various physiological responses to blood loss. To demonstrate these responses a range of cardiovascular parameters are monitored throughout the demonstration to allow students to observe the response to progressive haemorrhage. One of these parameters is cardiac stroke volume, which is monitored by using a portable ultrasound device. In addition to demonstrating an important point of physiology that the students have just encountered in their lectures, using the ultrasound device also fulfils an aspiration by the General Medical Council (GMC) to familiarise medical students to clinically relevant 2-dimensional imaging equipment early in their studies. Conclusion: Durham University Medical Programme uses simulation to reinforce didactic teaching of the cardiovascular response to haemorrhage utilising a LBNP chamber. The use of simulation in medical education is becoming increasingly more commonplace as its potential benefits are recognised. The simulated haemorrhage may provide the means to allow students to see in a 'clinical' context the theoretical knowledge they have gained from lectures, which may improve knowledge retention.
Evaluation of Energy Maneuverability Procedures in Aircraft Flight Path Optimization and Performance Estimation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : An assessment is made of the applicability of energy maneuverability techniques (EM) to flight path optimization. A series of minimum time and fuel maneuvers using the F-4C aircraft were established to progressively violate the assumptions inherent in the EM program and comparisons were made with the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory's (AFFDL) Three-Degree-of-Freedom Trajectory Optimization Program and a point mass option of the Six-Degree-of-Freedom flight path program. It was found the EM results were always optimistic in the value of the payoff functions with the optimism increasing as the percentage of the maneuver involving constant energy transitions increases. For the minimum time paths the resulting optimism was less then 2% for the maneuvers where the constant energy percentage was less than 35% followed by a rather steeply rising curve approaching in the limit 100% error for paths which are comprised entirely of constant energy transitions.
Fall-Winter Grazing After Fire in Annual Grass-Invaded Sagebrush Steppe Reduced Annuals and Increased a Native Bunchgrass

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Exotic annual grass invasion and dominance of rangelands is a concern across western North America and other semiarid and arid ecosystems around the world. Postfire invasion and dominance by exotic annual grasses in sagebrush communities is especially problematic as there are no cost-effective control strategies available for the vast acreages already invaded. However, fall-winter grazing by cattle has been suggested as a potential tool to decrease exotic annual grasses and encourage native perennial vegetation, but to date its efficacy has not been tested. We evaluated fall-winter grazing over 4 yr after wildfire in Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) steppe invaded by exotic annual grasses. Fall-winter grazing reduced exotic annual grass and annual forb cover and density and increased the native perennial bunchgrass, Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda L.). Exotic annual grass cover and density were 1.5 × greater in ungrazed compared with fall-winter grazed areas after 4 yr. At this time, Sandberg bluegrass density and cover were 1.6 × and 2.3 × greater in fall-winter grazed compared with ungrazed areas. Large perennial bunchgrasses and perennial forbs did not increase with fall-winter grazing because either grazing did not facilitate their increase or they were slow to respond to decreases in exotic annuals. Fall-winter grazing likely decreased exotic annual grass by defoliating it during its early growth in the fall and late winter and by reducing ground cover that facilitates exotic annual grass emergence and growth. Fall-winter grazing clearly reduced exotic annual grasses, but its effects on native perennial vegetation were not conclusive. Careful application of fall-winter grazing appears to be a valuable tool for managing exotic annual grass cover and abundance, but longer-term research is necessary to determine if it can facilitate the return of native perennial dominance.
Automated detection, segmentation and classification of breast masses in digitised mammograms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A method for automatic detection of mammographic masses is presented. As part of this method, an enhancement algorithm is proposed that improves image contrast based on local statistical measures of the mammograms. After enhancement, regions are segmented via thresholding at multiple levels, and a set of features is computed from each of the segmented regions. A region-ranking system is also presented that identifies the regions most likely to represent abnormalities based on the features computed. The method was tested on 57 mammographic images of masses and achieved a sensitivity of 80% at 2.3 false-positives per image (average of 0.32 false-positives). Two new algorithms for segmentation of masses are presented. These are based on the Dynamic Programming-based Boundary Tracing (DPBT) algorithm proposed in: Timp and Karssemeijer, Med. Phys. 31 (5), pp. 958-971, (2004). The DPBT algorithm contains two main steps: 1) construction of a local cost function, and 2) application of dynamic programming to the selection of the optimal boundary. Modifications to the computation of the local cost function are proposed and produce the Improved-DPBT (IDPBT) algorithm. A procedure for the dynamic selection of the strength of the components of the local cost function is also presented that makes these parameters independent of the image dataset, and produces another new algorithm, ID2PBT. Both of the new algorithms outperform the original DPBT. Four new features for the analysis of breast masses are presented. These features are designed to be insensitive to the exact shape of the contour of the masses, so that an approximate contour, such as one extracted via an automated segmentation algorithm, can be employed in their computation. Two of the features, SpSI and SpGO, measure the degree of spiculation of a mass and its likelihood of being spiculated. The last two features, Fz1 and Fz2, measure the local fuzziness of the mass margins based on points defined automatically. The features were tested for characterisation and diagnosis of breast masses using a set of 319 masses and three different classifiers, and obtained approximately 90% and 76% correct classification, respectively.
Weld-line strength prediction for glass fiber reinforced polyamide-6 material through integrative simulation and its experimental validation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Injection molding is one of the preliminary production methods for plastic components. Typically, injection molding Moldflow simulations predicts potential issues like air void, weld-line, warpage etc. This work focuses on weld-line defect, which occurs when two or more flow fronts are meets each other during filling of the cavity. Most of the commercial algorithms are based on isotropic and homogeneous material assumptions however plastic materials are anisotropic and heterogeneous in nature. Therefore, accuracy with isotropic solvers may vary with actual reality. To consider material anisotropy and heterogeneous nature of the material, an integrative simulation is advantageous technology which gives more realistic results. A unique approach of integrative simulations has been used in this work to predict the strength of the weld-line as there is no direct standard procedure or software available to get weld-line strength. Moldflow simulation is performed on specially designed plaque wherein the weld-line is reproduced considering 30% glass-filled polyamide-6 material. The new material model is developed by mapping the structural model of tensile specimens on the Moldflow simulated plaque with integrative mapping approach. The mapped model considers fiber orientation and weld-line characteristics of the material which is then solved in the Abaqus structural solver. Experimental validation is performed by manufacturing of weld-line plaques, specimen preparation, and experimental testing. The results correlation is done for an isotropic and anisotropic material model with experimental results. The correlation study shows, a significant difference in results for isotropic simulation and integrative anisotropic simulations. The failure pattern and load-displacement behavior of integrative simulation is close match with experimental results with minimum 93% accuracy.
Stigma and Mental Illness: Investigating Attitudes of Mental Health and Non‐Mental‐Health Professionals and Trainees

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The authors explored attitudes toward adults with mental illness. Results suggest that mental health trainees and professionals had less stigmatizing attitudes than did non‐mental‐health trainees and professionals. Professionals receiving supervision had higher mean scores on the Benevolence subscale than did professionals who were not receiving supervision. Implications for teaching, practice, and research are discussed.
A study of lip vibrations in a trombone

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

More than 50 years ago, Martin investigated lip vibrations in a coronet mouthpiece using stroboscopic photography [D. Martin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 13, 305–307 (1942)]. Since then, several researchers have based lip models on Martin’s data. Unfortunately, due to the quality of the photographs, it is difficult to obtain anything more than a limited quantitative description of the lip motion. The purpose of this study is to obtain more detailed photographic sequences and lip motion data on which new models may be based. The trombone was selected as representative of the lip reed family. A computer-controlled fiber optic stroboscope was used to capture the motion of a player’s lips on video. By inserting the optic bundle through small holes drilled in the mouthpiece, lip motion was observed from the front and side for six notes (Bflat2, F3, Bflat3, D4, F4, G4) played at loud and soft dynamic levels. Video sequences and resulting lip motion data will be presented and discussed.
Native T1 reference values for nonischemic cardiomyopathies and populations with increased cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Although cardiac MR and T 1 mapping are increasingly used to diagnose diffuse fibrosis based cardiac diseases, studies reporting T 1 values in healthy and diseased myocardium, particular in nonischemic cardiomyopathies (NICM) and populations with increased cardiovascular risk, seem contradictory. Purpose To determine the range of native myocardial T 1 value ranges in patients with NICM and populations with increased cardiovascular risk. Study Type Systemic review and meta‐analysis. Population Patients with NICM, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and patients with myocarditis (MC), iron overload, amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and populations with hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity. Field Strength/Sequence (Shortened) modified Look–Locker inversion‐recovery MR sequence at 1.5 or 3T. Assessment PubMed and Embase were searched following the PRISMA guidelines. Statistical Tests The summary of standard mean difference (SMD) between the diseased and a healthy control populations was generated using a random‐effects model in combination with meta‐regression analysis. Results The SMD for HCM, DCM, and MC patients were significantly increased (1.41, 1.48, and 1.96, respectively, P < 0.01) compared with healthy controls. The SMD for HT patients with and without left‐ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) together was significantly increased (0.19, P = 0.04), while for HT patients without LVH the SMD was zero (0.03, P = 0.52). The number of studies on amyloidosis, iron overload, Fabry disease, and HT patients with LVH did not meet the requirement to perform a meta‐analysis. However, most studies reported a significantly increased T 1 for amyloidosis and HT patients with LVH and a significant decreased T 1 for iron overload and Fabry disease patients. Data Conclusions Native T 1 mapping by using an (Sh)MOLLI sequence can potentially assess myocardial changes in HCM, DCM, MC, iron overload, amyloidosis, and Fabry disease compared to controls. In addition, it can help to diagnose left‐ventricular remodeling in HT patients. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:891–912.
A new SLP based power efficient algorithm for the Wireless Sensor Network (wsn)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we show the enhanced version of SLPv2 (Service Location Protocol version 2). It is one of the service discovery protocols in wired network, and we propose the wireless network based SLP for WSN (wireless sensor network). If a wired protocol is transferred to the wireless domain, then we have to consider some critical problems, like resource and power wall, etc. So SLP for the WSN must meet the low power consumption, low rate, and meet the endurable reliability. Thus, we suggest the ldquodynamic scope methodrdquo, and the ldquoT_ID check algorithmrdquo for the WSN based SLP. In this paper, we bound the distance by the hop count. It not only can reduce the packet exchange dramatically but also can be useful to the WSN in many different ways. The first is the low energy consumption, and second, it can reduce the bottleneck due to the Tree structure of WSN environment. Due to the reduction of bottleneck, it results in the low packet loss, and has a good throughput due to the low probability of packet collision.
Speleological Cadastre in GIS Technology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

U ovom radu prikazan je novi, suvremeni nacin izrade i vođenja speleoloskog katastra koristenjem GIS tehnologije. Prva faza u izradi katastra sastoji se od prikupljanja potrebne i dostupne dokumentacije. Nakon prikupljanja svih dokumenata, u drugoj fazi se analiziraju korisnicki zahtjevi i izrađuju konceptualni, logicki i fizicki model podataka. Realizacijom fizickog modela podataka kreirana je baza speleoloskih podataka. Svi objekti u bazi speleoloskih podataka imaju lokaciju s poznatim geografskim koordinatama neophodnim za prikaz u GIS-u. Treca faza je kreiranje GIS projekta, pomocu aplikacije ArcGIS Desktop. Zahvaljujuci ugrađenim mogucnostima u softveru, uvezeni su svi zapisi o objektima iz baze podataka te je kao rezultat dobiven prikaz speleoloskih objekata na digitaliziranim geoloskim i topografskim kartama Republike Hrvatske. Osim toga, geotransformacijom podataka u WGS84 projekcijski sustav, omogucen je i tocan prikaz istih objekata u uvriježenim besplatnim aplikacijama Google Earth i ArcGIS Explorer. I na kraju, u poslužiteljskoj GIS aplikaciji, kao sto je ArcGIS Server, može se kreirati i online speleoloski katastar za razlicite kategorije korisnika obzirom na razine pristupa pregledu i uređivanju podataka.
Cross-Context Prediction of Transcription Factor Binding Sites for Unannotated ENCODE Data

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Finding transcription factor (TF) binding sites in the DNA is of central importance for understanding the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation. The genome-wide identification of TF-binding sites (TFBS) has recently become available for a few species owing to the ENCODE consortium through ChIP-seq. However, due to the expensive and time-consuming nature of existing ChIP-seq technologies, computational methods, for accurately modeling the DNA sequence preference of transcription factors and for predicting their binding sites, continue to be critical, especially for the under-studied cellular contexts, e.g. non-model species' genomes or rare disease's cell types. Most existing studies for sequence-driven TF binding prediction have ignored the consideration of cellular contexts and/or ignored the data heterogeneity among multiple contexts. We, on the other hand, propose a novel method named "transfer string kernel" (TSK) to achieve better predictions of sequence-based TF binding preferences using cross-context sample adaptation. Relying on the idea of "knowledge transfer" from machine-learning, TSK pursues context-specific TF binding prediction via three essential components: (1) TF binding patterns on DNA sequences are mapped to a high-dimensional feature space under the discriminative string kernel framework; (2) Labeled TF binding examples from a source context are transferred to a target context through re-weighting the source samples adaptively using kernel mean matching (KMM) estimator; (3) An instance-weighted support vector machine framework is then implemented to classify sequence segments into TF binding or non-binding sites in the target context. Utilizing TF binding data from ENCODE, we experimentally verify TSK's capability to adapt from the source cell-type (GM12878) to the target cell-type (K562) and the source genome as human to the target genome as mouse. The proposed TSK method consistently improves the predictions of TF binding in these target contexts over the baselines, without consideration of heterogeneity or scarcity among samples, and state-of-the-art sequence-based TF binding predictors.
COMPARISON OF HYPERBARIC LEVOBUPIVACAINE/ BUPIVACAINE FOR CESEREAN SECTION

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background : Bupivacaine is the most popular local anesthetic agent in obstetric practice Levobupivacaine showed a lower risk of cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS) toxicity compared to Bupivacaine The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of levobupivacaine compared with hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Methods: 60 pregnant women in ASA I - II group scheduled to have elective cesarean operation were allocated into the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. 10 mg levobupivacaine (0.5%) for Group L (n = 30) patients, 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) for B (n = 30) patients were intrathecally administrated a total of 2.0cc. Sensory and motor block characteristics of the groups were assessed with pinprick and Bromage scale observed hemodynamic changes and side effects were recorded. Results: The time to reach maximum dermatome for the sensory block, time to regression by two dermatomes and time to regress to T12 dermatome was found to be significantly long in Group B. It was observed that in Group B, the motor block was faster and lasted longer. Where as hypotension, bradycardia and nausea were less in Group L, the need for ephedrine was higher in Group B (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Since motor block time is shorter, and side effects like hypotension, bradycardia and nausea are less, levobupivacaine can be a good alternative in cesarean sections.
Stability analysis of vehicle motions with roll center analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Stability of land vehicle motions consisting of yaw, sideslip, and roll motion of the sprung mass is analyzed in this study. In the first part of the dissertation, a three degrees-of-freedom bicycle model of a land vehicle is developed. The equations of motion are derived by Kane's equations. Eigenvalue analyses are conducted on the linearized model to investigate the influence of the vehicle parameters on the natural frequency and damping properties, which is followed by analysis of the eigenvalue sensitivity to perturbation of each vehicle parameter aiming to quantify the extent parameter perturbation affects the eigenvalues of the vehicle motions at different vehicle speeds. The second part of the dissertation formulates four common driver models which act as controllers of the nonlinear and linearized vehicle models developed in the first part. Stability properties of the linearized vehicle model with different driver models, as well as the variations of the vehicle and driver parameters, are ascertained via eigenvalue analysis. Two existing maneuvers in ISO standards are introduced and the linearized and nonlinear vehicle models' responses to one of the maneuvers are obtained by numerical integration. Observations and comments in regard to the aforementioned eigenvalue analysis are validated by response of the linearized model. It is also observed that there are apparent discrepancies between the nonlinear and linearized models in response characteristics. Stability and bifurcation analyses of the vehicle models with nonlinearities that exist in the internal dynamics of the vehicle, as well as in the tire forces and moments, are investigated in the third part of this dissertation. The linearized vehicle model with nonlinear tire model is considered first and subjected to a variety of steering inputs with different amplitudes and frequencies. Stability of the vehicle motions under such circumstances can be quantitatively determined by computing Floquet multipliers. They also can be qualitatively verified by plotting bifurcation diagrams, steady-state phase portraits, as well as Poincare sections. The frequency and time responses are analyzed for different vehicle speeds and steer types to demonstrate effects of nonlinearities in the tire model. Nonlinearities in the internal dynamics of the vehicle are also investigated for comparison with the nonlinearities in the tire model to determine which factors dominate the motion characteritics.
'Parallel' and 'antiparallel' tail-clamps increase the efficiency of triplex formation with structured DNA and RNA targets

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sequence-specific triple-helix structures can be formed by parallel and antiparallel DNA clamps interacting with single-stranded DNA or RNA targets. Single-stranded nucleic acid molecules are known to adopt secondary structures that might interfere with intermolecular interactions. We demonstrate the correlation between a secondary structure involving the target a stable stem predicted by in silico folding and experimentally confirmed by thermal stability and competition analyses and an inhibitory effect on triplex formation. We overcame structural impediments by designing a new type of clamp: 'tail-clamps'. A combination of gel-shift, kinetic analysis, UV thermal melting and thermodynamic techniques was used to demonstrate that tail-clamps efficiently form triple helices with a structured target sequence. The performance of parallel and antiparallel tail-clamps was compared: antiparallel tail-clamps had higher binding efficiencies than parallel tail-clamps both with structured DNA and RNA targets. In addition, the reported triplex-stabilizing property of 8- aminopurine residues was confirmed for tail-clamps. Finally, we discuss the possible use of this improved triplex technology as a new tool for applications in molecular biology