jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An optical multiaccessor designed for a fiber-optic star-ring LAN

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An optical waveguide-type multiaccessor for physically star and logically ring local area networks (star-ring LANs) has been manufactured. The multiaccessor has sufficient low optical transmission loss to bypass some failure nodes without an optical repeater. As the multiaccessor (eight-node-connection type) features are small size, 5 cm square by 0.5 cm thick, a smaller cable concentrator can be applied. The design method used for the multiaccessor to minimize total optical transmission loss caused by both signal interference loss and bypassing loss when failure nodes are bypassed in the star-ring LAN is described. The experimental results for the 32 Mb/s single-mode fiber-optic star-ring system show that at least three nodes can be continuously bypassed by using the multiaccessor with a coupling ratio of 0.5 and a bypass loss of 3 dB. As a result, highly reliable and inexpensive star-ring LANs can be designed with the multiaccessor.< >
Alternative therapies for arthritis treatment. Part 1.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Because conventional treatment options focus mostly on pain management, an increasing number of the 43 million people with arthritis are seeking alternative methods of disease management to improve their quality of life. According to a 1998 survey (Eisenberg et al., 1998), those who have used alternative methods to manage their diseases are included in the 50% of Americans who have tried an alternative treatment modality. As the first in a two-part series, this article reviews the historical use of selected alternative therapies and provides current information that will help orthopaedic nurses and other healthcare providers to advise their patients on the use of such treatment modalities.
POST-BUCKLING OF AN ELASTIC COLUMN WITH VARIOUS ROTATIONAL END RESTRAINTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this technical note, the post-buckling behavior of a simply supported elastic column with various rotational end conditions of the supports is investigated. The compressive force is applied at the tip of the column. The characteristic equation for solving the critical loads is obtained from the boundary value problem of linear systems. In the post-buckling state, a set of nonlinear differential equations with boundary conditions is established and numerically solved by the shooting method. The interesting features associated with this problem such as the limit load point, snap-through phenomenon and the secondary bifurcation point will be highlighted herein.
Support Recovery of Greedy Block Coordinate Descent Using the Near Orthogonality Property

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, using the near orthogonal property, we analyze the performance of greedy block coordinate descent (GBCD) algorithm when both the measurements and the measurement matrix are perturbed by some errors. An improved sufficient condition is presented to guarantee that the support of the sparse matrix is recovered exactly. A counterexample is provided to show that GBCD fails. It improves the existing result. By experiments, we also point out that GBCD is robust under these perturbations.
Perforated Gastric Cancer. A Clinicopathological Study of Eight Cases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1976年から1990年までに加古川市民病院外科で経験した胃癌穿孔8症例を臨床病理学的に検討し, 以下の結果を得た.(1) 頻度は全胃癌手術症例 (847例) 中0.9%であった.(2) 男女比は6: 2, 平均年齢は66.5歳, 良性潰瘍に比べて高齢であった.(3) 正診率は12.5%で, 術前診断の困難性がうかがわれた.(4) 穿孔部位は噴門部4例, 胃体部2例, 幽門部2例であり, いずれも癌性潰瘍よりの穿孔であった.(5) 切除率は6例 (75.0%), 治癒切除率は1例 (12.5%) であった.(6) 肉眼分類ではBorrmann 2, Borrmann 3, IIc+III進行型がおのおの2例, 組織分類では低分化型腺癌3例, 中分化型腺癌2例, 粘液腺癌1例であった.(7) 深達度はssが4例, se, seiが1例で, 穿孔部位に線維性増殖は認めなかった.(8) 予後は不良で非切除症例2例は術死し, 耐術例6例のうち4例が癌性腹膜炎にて死亡した.(9) 術中に胃穿孔と診断された25例中, 本疾患は32.0%をしめており, 診断は慎重に行い, 治療は治癒切除を原則とするべきと考えられた.
LHD 4O-BC02-L01 #162022.3 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 4-O port camera, where ROI is (618,434) - (702,550) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Ongoing Genome Reduction inMycobacterium ulcerans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Elucidation of the transmission, epidemiology, and evolution of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, is hampered by the striking lack of genetic diversity of this emerging pathogen. However, by using a prototype plasmid-based microarray that covered 10% of the genome, we found multiple genomic DNA deletions among 30 M. ulcerans clinical isolates of diverse geographic origins. Many of the changes appear to have been mediated by insertion sequence (IS) elements IS2404 and IS2606, which have high copy numbers. Classification of the deleted genes according to their biological functions supports the hypothesis that M. ulcerans has recently evolved from the generalist environmental M. marinum to become a niche-adapted specialist. The substantial genomic diversity, along with a prototype microarray that covered a small portion of the genome, suggests that a genome-wide microarray will make available a genetic fingerprinting method with the high resolution required for microepidemiologic studies.
Evaluation of the core thickness and resin cement on the fracture strength of zirconia-based multilayer computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing ceramic crowns

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickness of zirconia core and different resin cements on the fracture strength of veneered zirconia crowns designed by multilayer technique. Materials and Methods: Forty metal dies were constructed to replica maxillary molar. Forty zirconia cores (Sirona inCoris ZI) were designed and constructed (inLab 4.4) with different thicknesses. The thickness of zirconia core was selected as 0.5 and 0.7 mm. Forty Feldspathic ceramic (VITABLOCS Mark II) veneers were fabricated (inLab 4.4) onto the zirconia cores. The zirconia cores were divided into two subgroups, and veneers were cemented with one of the following resin cement: self-cure, self-adhesive resin cement with light-cured option (Multilink N), and a dual-cure resin cement (Panavia F 2.0). Then, crowns were cemented to the metal dies. All the specimens were subjected to thermal cycling 5000 times (5°C–55°C ± 2°C, immersion time: 30 s). A universal testing machine was used for fracture strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Stereomicroscopy was used to evaluate the failure modes and surface structure. Results: Zirconia core thickness and resin cement material affected the fracture strength (P < 0.05). Increase in core thickness increased the fracture strength of multilayer veneer crown (P < 0.05). Higher fracture strength values were obtained with light-cured, self-adhesive cement in both core thicknesses. Conclusion: Although 0.5-mm thickness zirconia cores showed lower flexural strength, it was higher than the maximum loads which may occur clinically (Fmax= 600 N on one tooth). Furthermore, light-cured, self-adhesive resin cement is advisable to increase the fracture strength with different core thickness.
Tree species functional group is a more important driver of soil properties than tree species diversity across major European forest types

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary The influence of tree species diversity and functional group on soil properties (carbon stock, pH and C/N ratio) has not been explored across major European forest types. We evaluated the relative importance of tree species diversity and functional group for soil carbon (C) stocks, C/N ratio and pH in major European forest types in the six regions Finland, Poland, Germany, Romania, Italy and Spain. We sampled soils in 209 permanent plots along a species diversity gradient from monocultures to five‐species mixtures. Carbon stocks in the topsoil (forest floor (FF), 0–10 cm and FF + 0–10 cm) were positively, but weakly, related to diversity across the regions. While the C/N ratio in the FF + 0–10 cm layer decreased significantly with increasing diversity in the Spanish region, pH was unrelated to species diversity across the regions. Tree species functional group (in terms of conifer proportion, CP) explained a larger proportion of the variability in soil properties than diversity. Conifer admixture increased C stock and C/N ratio, and decreased pH, but the impacts differed between the regions in some layers. Differences in mean annual temperature, actual evapotranspiration and soil texture between the regions were possible driving factors behind the different CP effects in Finland, Spain and Germany. The results imply that targeted selection of tree species with desired characteristics, e.g. complementary traits for resource use, is a preferred management approach for influencing soil C stock, C/N ratio and pH in mixed forests rather than increasing tree species diversity per se . A lay summary is available for this article.
Heavy work investment: The role of passion

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Why would someone invest vast amounts of time and energy in their work when there are so many other areas of life where that time and energy can be spent? Some might say they invest heavily in their work to increase their income, because it is expected of them, or because the nature of their job requires a heavy work investment (HWI). These types of commitment to work are often situational and diminish when the demands of the situation are no longer present. Still, Snir and Harpaz (2012) suggest that predictors that are more internal, such as addiction to work and passion for work, may fuel a more dispositional form of HWI. They propose two subtypes of dispositional HWI: workaholism and work-devotion. The former emerges from an addiction to work (Snir & Harpaz, 2012), whereas work-devotion is “an expression of passion for work” (Snir & Harpaz, 2012, p. 5). Workaholism is notorious for its negative effects on workers. For instance, workaholism is a predictor for burnout (Schaufeli, Taris, & van Rhenen, 2008) and worklife confl ict (Bonebright, Clay, & Ankenmann, 2000). The question thus arises, is HWI less damaging when it is fuelled by passion for the work? We propose that when HWI is nurtured by passion, the outcomes the worker experiences may be either positive or negative, or both. It all depends on the type of passion.
Confocal laser endomicroscopy in diagnosis of solitary and multiple pulmonary nodular infiltrates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a new method used during bronchoscopy by means of special miniprobe Alveoflex and based on the visualization of intraalveolar structures which possess autofluorescence. Till now the only lung pathology for which specific diagnostic signs are established at pCLE is alveolar proteinosis. Aim: to compare the visual signs of a healthy and pathologically changed lung tissue received at pCLE in patients with infiltrative and local lung nodules with the proved histologic diagnosis. Methods: 36 patients have been undergone multispiral CT to detect the focuses of lung lesions. pCLE has been performed to each patient first in healthy segments, and then in the zone of abnormal findings with photofixing of intraalveolar images and semi-quantitative score. Morphologic diagnosis was ensured by video assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Results: Patients diagnoses have been as follows: sarcoidosis (17), central lung cancer (1), pneumonia (5), usual interstitial pneumonia (1), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) (4), other peripheral tumors (8). In all patients with BAC the changes of an intraalveolar image in comparison with healthy segments have been revealed. It has been structural disorganization of collagen and elastic fibres. For other diseases we haven9t found any significant difference between healthy and target affected alveoli. Conclusions. pCLE could be used as an additional method of noninvasive diagnostics of BAC in vivo.
Primary Studies on Preparation and Activity of Liposomal Adriamycin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A method for the preparation of adriamycin liposomes ( ADML ) by ultrosonic agitation was established, followed by the study of the cytotoxocity of ADML on n 9101 and MGC 803 cell lines in vitro. The adriamycin solutions were investigated by spectrophotometric method and the maximum absorption peaks were founded. Adriamycinliposomes was purified by exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G50. Cytotoxicity assay was performed by the tryphan exclusion test. The spectrum indicated that the maximum absorption of adiamycin was at 480 nm. The encapulation efficiency of adriamycin was 99.39%. Cytotoxicity on n9101 and MGC 803 of adiamycinliposome was found to be similar to that of free adriamycin, but the effect lasted more longer. The method for the preparation of ADML in this work is easy to be performed and bears the merits of high encapulation efficiency, reproducibility and cytotoxicity.
Screening and assessment of PGP and biocontrol properties of Azotobacter species isolated from agriculture soils of North Karnataka

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are recognized for their ability to produce phytohormones, root-stimulating compounds, anti-fungal compounds and other secondary metabolites, making them potential biocontrol agents in agriculture. In the present study, 85 Azotobacter isolates were isolated from the agricultural soils of Raichur and Chikkabalapura locations. The isolates were further accessed for morphological, biochemical and plant growth-promotion (PGP) properties. All the isolated strains showed brown to black colour colonies on the Waksmann 77 media plate. Similar biochemical results were obtained for all the Azotobacter isolates. The isolates such as Azt-85 recorded the highest N2 fixation (33.36 µgN/mL/Day), Azt-69 produced IAA (24.67 µg/mL), and Azt-51 produced GA (23.7 µg/25mL). The anti-fungal efficacy studies were conducted using the dual culture technique using the efficient PGPR Azotobacter isolates against fungal species (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and Aspergillus flavus). After the incubation period, the Azt-41 isolate showed the highest zone of inhibition (18 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Similarly, Azotobacter isolates viz., Azt-25, 38 and 41 showed maximum growth inhibition (9 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Similarly, the Azt-31 isolate recorded a moderate (13 mm) zone of inhibition against Aspergillus flavus. Integrating sustainable biocontrol strategies by injecting beneficial microbes like Azotobacter can enhance resilient food production systems and reduce reliance on chemical inputs through PGPR properties.
An official publication of the Society for Pediatric Urology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As in adult urologic surgery, laparoscopic procedures have advanced to a high degree of proficiency in pediatric urologic surgery, both in ablative and reconstructive surgery. Laparoscopic pediatric urologic surgery is here to stay, and the pediatric urologists are now faced with the need to hone their surgical skills, due to the interest and even demand for such procedures. As Guest Editor, I invited several specialists from different parts of the world to present their experience in distinct and innovative laparoscopic techniques in the field of pediatric urology, hoping that it would stimulate the interest of those who are beginning their professional activity, as well as enrich the experience of those who are already well trained in these procedures. Although this issue does not include all the possible surgeries and techniques in the field, those presented are frequent procedures in our daily practice, and their authors have undisputed expertise in their topics. I sincerely hope that all readers can enjoy reading this issue and learn something from it.
Progress and Prospect of Studies on Physiological and Behavioral Ecology in Tree Shrews, <i>Tupaia belangeri</i>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)作为东洋界特有的小型哺乳动物以及人类代谢性疾病动物模型，对其进行生理生态学研究有助于了解其对季节性环境变化的适应策略及其体内产热机制等生态学和进化生物学问题，具有十分重要的意义。通过对中缅树鼩行为方面的研究，可为其作为实验动物的驯化饲养和行为生态研究奠定基础。本文阐述了关于中缅树鼩的生理生态和行为学特征的研究进展，以期对未来可能的发展方向进行展望。 As a typical small mammal in the oriental realm and an animal model for the metabolic disease of human, it is significative to do physiological and ecological research on Tupaia belangeri, which helps to believe its adaptive strategy of seasonal climate change and its body thermogenesis me-chanism problems in ecology and evolutionary biology. Meanwhile, research on the behavior of Tupaia belangeri can lay the foundation to domesticate them as an experimental animal and do behavioral ecological research. The article expounds the research progress on the physiological and behavioral characteristics of the tree shrew, attempting to point out the development direction of future.
Phenotypic Characterisation of EIF2AK4 Mutation Carriers in a Large Cohort of Patients Diagnosed Clinically with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease with an emerging genetic basis. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) are the commonest genetic cause of PAH, whereas biallelic mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 gene (EIF2AK4) are described in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis (PVOD/PCH). Here, we determined the frequency of these mutations and define the genotype-phenotype characteristics in a large cohort of patients diagnosed clinically with PAH. METHODS: Whole genome sequencing was performed on DNA from patients with idiopathic and heritable PAH, as well as PVOD/PCH recruited to the NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases Study. Heterozygous variants in BMPR2 and biallelic EIF2AK4 variants with a minor allele frequency of < 1:10,000 in control data sets and predicted to be deleterious (by CADD, PolyPhen-2 and SIFT predictions) were identified as potentially causal. Phenotype data from the time of diagnosis were also captured. RESULTS: Eight hundred and sixty-four patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH and 16 with PVOD/PCH were recruited. Mutations in BMPR2 were identified in 130 patients (14.8%). Biallelic mutations in EIF2AK4 were identified in 5 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PVOD/PCH. Furthermore, 9 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PAH carried biallelic EIF2AK4 mutations. These patients had a reduced transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (KCO: 33 [IQR: 30 - 35] % predicted) and younger age at diagnosis (29 [23 - 38] years) as well as more interlobular septal thickening and mediastinal lymphadenopathy on computed tomography of the chest, compared to PAH patients without EIF2AK4 mutations. However, radiological assessment alone could not accurately identify biallelic EIF2AK4 mutation carriers. PAH patients with biallelic EIF2AK4 mutations had a shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Biallelic EIF2AK4 mutations are found in patients classified clinically as idiopathic and heritable PAH. These patients cannot be identified reliably by CT, but a low KCO and a young age of diagnosis suggests the underlying molecular diagnosis. Genetic testing can identify these misclassified patients, allowing appropriate management and early referral for lung transplantation.
POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF INTRAVENOUS ALBUTEROL IN CHILDREN WITH STATUS ASTHMATICUS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objectives To develop a population pharmacokinetic model of R-albuterol and S-albuterol for children suffering from status asthmaticus following continuous intravenous administration. Methods At the pediatric ICU 19 children suffering from severe status asthmaticus were treated using continuous intravenous albuterol in doses based on clinical symptoms (range 0.1–10 µg/kg/min). During therapy 111 blood samples were collected and analysed for R- and S-albuterol using a validated LC/MS-MS method. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM 7.2). Data was logarithmically transformed. Model selection criteria were decrease in objective function, diagnostic plots and NPDE. The covariates (range) analysed were bodyweight (7.8–70 kg), age (0.8–15.3 years), creatinine concentration (17–70 µmol/L), alanine transaminase (5–29 IU/L), and urea (1.6–4.8 mmol/L). Results A two-compartment model with separated clearance for R- (16.3 L/h) and S-albuterol (8.8 L/h) best described the data. Separated values for central volume of distribution (12.9 L), peripheral volume of distribution (45.2 L) and intercompartmental clearance (20.0 L/h) did not improve the model. Between-subject variability was described for clearance of R-albuterol (42%), clearance of S-albuterol (37%) and central volume of distribution (280%). Weight is a significant covariate using a power function. The exponent of the powerfunction was fixed at 0.75 for clearance and intercompartmental and at 1 for central and peripheral volume of distribution. Estimation of the exponent resulted in similar values and did not improve the model. No other covariates were identified. Conclusion The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-albuterol are described. This model can be used to evaluate the correlation between albuterol pharmacokinetics and effect in a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis.
EVI5 is an oncogene that regulates the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: EVI5 as an important protein, functions as a stabilizing factor maintaining APC/C inhibitor Emi1 in S/G2 phase, however, the mechanism by which EVI5 promotes malignant transformation of NSCLC remains unknown In the present study, we addressed the role of EVI5 in NSCLC by regulating tumor growth, migration and invasion. Aims and Objective: we aimed to evaluate the role of EVI5 in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC. Methods: The expression of EVI5 in NSCLC cells were measured by qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, the protein expression were analyzed by WB assay. CCK-8 assay was used to analyze cell growth. Wound healing, transwell assays were utilized to assess the motility of tumor cells. To investigate the role of EVI5 in vivo, lung carcinoma xenograft mouse model was applied. Results: Compared with normal cell line, EVI5 was upregulated in NSCLC cell lines. EVI5 knockdown in vitro inhibited cell growth in NSCLC cells. Conclusions: Based on these results, we demonstrated the protumoral function of EVI5 in NSCLC.