jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thalamic Dorsomedial Nucleus Free Water Correlates with Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background Brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to reflect cognitive changes in early Parkinson's disease (PD) but the diffusion‐based measure free water (FW) has not been previously assessed. Objectives To assess if FW in the thalamic nuclei primarily involved with cognition (ie, the dorsomedial [DMN] and anterior [AN] nuclei), the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), and the hippocampus correlates with and is associated with longitudinal cognitive decline and distinguishes cognitive status at baseline in early PD. Also, to explore how FW compares with conventional DTI, FW‐corrected DTI, and volumetric assessments for these outcomes. Methods Imaging data and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database were analyzed using partial correlations and ANCOVA. Primary outcome multiple comparisons were corrected for false discovery rate ( q value). Results Thalamic DMN FW changes over 1 year correlated with MoCA changes over both 1 and 3 years (partial correlations −0.222, q = 0.040, n = 130; and − 0.229, q = 0.040, n = 123, respectively; mean PD duration at baseline = 6.85 months). NbM FW changes over 1 year only correlated with MoCA changes over 3 years (−0.222, q = 0.040). Baseline hippocampal FW was associated with cognitive impairment at 3 years ( q = 0.040) and baseline nbM FW distinguished PD‐normal cognition (MoCA ≥26) from PD‐cognitive impairment (MoCA ≤25), ( q = 0.008). The exploratory comparisons showed FW to be the most robust assessment modality for all outcomes. Conclusions Thalamic DMN FW is a promising cognition progression biomarker in early PD that may assist in identifying cognition protective therapies in clinical trials. FW is a robust assessment modality for these outcomes. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Free vibration characteristics of simply supported box girder with effect of shear lag

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Owing to the effect of shear lag, the conventional beam theory has a larger error in the calculating of vibration frequency of simply supported box gird. The error is obvious especially in the box gird with big width span ratio. A new method which is used to analyse the free vibration of simply supported box gird is proposed, in which shear lag influence is included. The method is based on energy variational principle and an analytical fundamental frequency of simply supported box gird is obtained. The application of true example shows that the accuracy and effectiveness of this new method is much improved by comparing with the conventional beam theory. Finally, the effect of shear lag on the free vibration of simply supported box gird is discussed. It is found that the fundamental frequency of simply supported box gird decreases after taking shear lag into consideration and the decrease is closely related to the width span ratio of the box gird.
Non-hermitian magnonic knobbing between electromagnetically induced reflection and transparancy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Manipulation of wave propagation through open resonant systems has attracted tremendous interest. When accessible to the open system, the system under study is prone to tempering to out of equilibrium, and a lack of reciprocity is the rule rather than the exception. Open systems correspond to non-hermitian Hamiltonians with very unique properties such as resulting exceptional points and ideal isolation. Here, we have found a highly sensitive modulation for the intersection of resonant patch antennas with respect to cavity magnonic coupling by means of an open coupling system of three resonant modes. Two types of crossings are implemented in this study: the first type of crossing remotely controls the sharp switching of the transmission line 's transmittance, while regulating the repulsive behavior of its zero-reflection states. The second type of crossing corresponds to the modulation of non-reciprocal phase transitions, which enables a more desirable isolation effect. Three different coupling models are realized by a non-Hermitian scattering Hamiltonian, revealing distinct spatial overlaps between modes. This elucidates that dissipative coupling of at least two modes to the environment is crucial for non-reciprocal transport. Our work not only reveals the versatility of cavity magnonic systems but also provides a way to design functional devices for general wave optics using patch antenna crossings.
Optical tweezers with enhanced efficiency based on laser-structured substrates

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present an optical nanotrapping setup that exhibits enhanced efficiency, based on localized plasmonic fields around sharp metallic features. The substrates consist of laser-structured silicon wafers with quasi-ordered microspikes on the surface, coated with a thin silver layer. The resulting optical traps show orders of magnitude enhancement of the trapping force and the effective quality factor.
Social context alters retreat- and nest-site selection in a globally invasive gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Microhabitat orientation and structure and the presence of conspecifics may strongly influence the choice of habitat. We studied how these variables influence retreat- and nest-site selection in gravid females of a globally successful invasive species, the Asian house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). When provided with various substrates (vertical and horizontal ceramic tiles, vertical and horizontal plywood tiles, horizontal bark over leaf litter, vertical bark over a log, and sand) gravid female geckos preferred to retreat to, and nest in, materials with crevices commonly found in urban habitats. When housed alone, gravid females most frequently retreated to vertical ceramic tile or wooden crevices, and 66.7% nested in vertical ceramic tiles. When housed with two other conspecifics, gravid females most frequently retreated to vertical ceramic tiles, but selected a wider range of nest sites. Overall, gravid geckos housed alone typically nested in the same substrates that they used as diurnal retreats; when housed in groups, however, females oviposited in locations different from those they selected as retreats. Thus, H. frenatus females use a wider range of substrates when conspecifics are present. Invasion success in this species might be driven, in part, by preferences for retreat and nest substrates that are common in human-dominated habitats.
Diversification Opportunities through Fixed-income Managed Funds in Eastern Europe

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In measuring the performance characteristics of fixed-income mutual funds in the emerging economies of Eastern Europe, we use a sample of funds domiciled in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, finding failure to surpass passive benchmarks even before considering the impact of expenses on overall returns. Market timing on the part of fund managers is found but in higher moment testing, being overwhelmed though by seemingly full replication of passive benchmark strategies followed. Results are negatively influenced by stock market returns in the relative markets, while public information variables appear to enclose informational content proven useful to fund managers. JEL Classification: G11, G15, G23
Modeling of Social Welfare Functions in J. Rawls’s Theory of Justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Public policy is directly related to the formulation of social goals. Social welfare functions can be modeled in two ways: (a) as a derivative of the social status ordering mechanisms applied in public policy; or (b) as norms, which must be further strengthened by solid theoretical foundation. Normative SWF modeling variants, which include Rawls’s theory of justice, are characterized by simplicity and deductive power. This article examines how Rawls’s critique of utilitarianism and intuitionism doctrines allowed changing the axis of political decision-making, reinforcing the priority of the idea of justice. It is also argued that the internal structural logic of this new priority better suits social minorities and that under its banner they are more active and successful in representing their interests in the political arena than the majorities of the same societies.
Figures 47-55 from: Che Y, Wang Z (2013) Three new species of cockroach genus Symploce Hebard, 1916 (Blattodea, Ectobiidae, Blattellinae) with redescriptions of two known species based on types from Mainland China. ZooKeys 337: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.337.5770

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Figures 47-55 - Symploce evidens sp. n. 47 pronotum 48 tegmen 49 hind wing 50 abdominal tergum 9 and lateral plates, ventral view 51 supra-anal plate and paraprocts, ventral view 52 subgenital plate, dorsal view 53 hook-like phallomere 54 median phallomere 55 right phallomere. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (Fig. 47), 2.0 mm (Figs 48–49), 0.5 mm (Figs 50–55).
Brain Acetylcholine: Control by Dietary Choline

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Acetylcholine concentrations in whole rat brain or in various brain regions and free choline concentrations in blood serum and brain vary with dietary choline consumption. The increases in brain acetylcholine after treatment with physostigmine (an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase) or after consumption of a diet high in choline are additive, suggesting that choline acts by increasing acetylcholine synthesis.
High temperature corrosion of nanoceria coated 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel in air and steam

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article, air and steam oxidation resistance of bare and nanoceria coated 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel at 650 degrees C for 500h is reported. The kinetics of the oxidation process and the changes in the morphology and the chemistry for both the specimens were analyzed by backscattered electron and EPMA mapping. The nanoceria coated 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel showed better oxidation resistance than uncoated steel under similar conditions. The thickness of the oxide scales formed on the coated samples was significantly reduced as compared to the uncoated substrates. The effectiveness of such a thin and simple nanocoating to improve the oxidation resistance of 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel compared to the pristine is attributed to the change in the migration of cations from outward to inward diffusion of oxygen as the major mechanism. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Supply Chain Involvement in Engagement Verification of Marketing and Operational Collaboration

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The ability of firm's market knowledge in relationships with employee engagement and customer engagement becomes crucial in a marketing strategy. However, the role of marketing function to achieve competitive advantage is still a question of improving business performance. Empirically, there is a need to explore marketing and operational capabilities by involving the supply chain in marketing strategies. Through the views of Dynamic Capability (DC) and service logic, we combine it in a conceptual model that produces several hypotheses. A total of 250 MSME (Micro Small and Medium Enterprises) are involved to answer the questionnaire. Respondents' perceptions reveal that the supply chain has essentially opened itself into an engagement for mutual value creation and sustainability. Our findings also reveal that supply chain engagement can improve business performance and positively mediate employee engagement, but it is unable to mediate customer engagement. In contrast, supply chain engagement is insignificant when market knowledge, customer engagement and employee engagement are directly linked to business performance. In addition, our findings also resulted in an insight for management in optimizing the firm's ability to perform its marketing functions
The Dissociation Pressure and Free Energy of Formation of Ammonium Nitrate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Dissociation Pressure and Free Energy of Formation of Ammonium NitrateGeorge FeickCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 22, 5858–5860Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01651a095https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01651a095research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views592Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Modeling the Determination of Wavelength Using a Diffraction Grating in Python

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To model a laboratory experiment for determining the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating in Python, it is proposed to use the libraries numpy, matplotlib, and ipywidgets. A simulation is created to model the positions of maxima on the screen. The developed code can be run in an environment that supports ipywidgets, such as Jupyter Notebook, to obtain an interactive simulation for determining the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating. The code includes the following steps: 1. Import the necessary libraries: numpy for numerical calculations, matplotlib for plotting graphs, ipywidgets for creating interactive widgets. 2. Define constants: d - the distance between the slits of the diffraction grating, L - the distance from the grating to the screen. 3. Create the function calculate_maxima to calculate the positions of the maxima. 4. Create the function plot_diffraction_pattern to plot the diffraction pattern. 5. Create interactive widgets: wavelength_slider to change the wavelength of light, order_max_slider to change the maximum order of the interference maxima. 6. Run the interactive simulation, which allows parameters to be adjusted and results to be observed in real-time.
The Nexus between Sovereign CDS and Stock Market Volatility: New Evidence

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper extends the studies published to date by performing an analysis of the causal relationships between sovereign CDS spreads and the estimated conditional volatility of stock indices. This estimation is performed using a vector autoregressive model (VAR) and dynamically applying the Granger causality test. The conditional volatility of the stock market has been obtained through various univariate GARCH models. This methodology allows us to study the information transmissions, both unidirectional and bidirectional, that occur between CDS spreads and stock volatility between 2004 and 2020. We conclude that CDS spread returns cause (in the Granger sense) conditional stock volatility, mainly in Europe and during the sovereign debt crisis. This transmission dynamic breaks down during the COVID-19 period, where there are high bidirectional relationships between the two markets.
Prediction of Red-Light Running on Basis of Inductive-Loop Detectors for Dynamic All-Red Extension

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Dynamic all-red extension (DARE) has recently been reported as a countermeasure to safety hazards caused by red-light running (RLR). DARE dynamically extends an all-red interval by a few seconds when detection has determined that an RLR hazard has a high probability of occurring. Previous studies of RLR prediction methods were usually based on high-quality sensors for vehicle detection. This study addresses the issues of (a) the feasibility of the use of existing configurations of inductive-loop detectors (ILDs) for RLR prediction and (b) the achievable performance of ILDs in this capacity. One challenging problem is the limited resolution and type of measurements that ILDs can provide. To overcome this problem, an innovative set of driver behavior parameters was developed, and two arrival time estimators with car-following characteristics were designed to realize the prediction of RLR. The empirical data from the field intersection were used to validate the performance of the RLR predictors. The results showed that a reasonable prediction of RLR could be achieved for an operational DARE from existing ILD vehicle detection systems that contain at least two ILDs: the advance loop closest to the stop bar and the leading presence loop.
Panacea for the nanoplastic surge in Africa: A state-of-the-art review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Africa is a large continent ranked amongst the top consumer of plastic materials. However, the improper handling of plastic wastes has resulted in massive pollution of different aspects of the environment (water, soil, sediments, air, food, etc.) within and around the region. The fragmentation and biodegradation of the bulk plastic material into small-sized particles has given rise to microplastic and nanoplastics. Owing to their small sizes, ease of transport, and large surface area, they tend to wreak serious havoc in the environment. Nevertheless, the growing awareness of the pollution problems caused by micro/nanoplastic debris is instrumental towards circumventing its widespread across the ecosystem. This review provides a state-of-the-art information on the prevailing nanoplastic surge across the borders of Africa, the ineffective management policies of plastic wastes, potential environmental hazards, and possible remediation strategies. Additionally, prospective insights into new areas for advanced research were highlighted.
PEDIATRIC RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. THE IMPACT OF PEDIATRIC RAPID RESPONSE TEAMS ON HOSPITAL MORTALITY AND CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Healthcare provision up to the recommended standards still remains difficult to achieve due to inequitable resource distribution, with rapid response systems significantly impacting on mortality reduction. Employed for continuous surveillance of risk factors, monitoring patient progression and prompt response to medical emergencies, for instance need for resuscitation, rapid response teams entail all the mechanisms put up to supplement the routine patient care in bid for a better health outcome, especially in critical and deteriorating patients. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: Lahore General Hospital. One year. Objective: We aimed to assess the current state of rapid response protocols and guidelines in Lahore General Hospital. Methods: Questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaires were checked for completeness and sample size satisfaction, followed by entry and analysis of the responses using the SPSS version 10. Conclusion: Rapid response teams compose one of the vital teams that define life changing experiences, more so to the in-patient cases and emergency occasions.
Consumer fear and healthy eating during COVID-19 pandemic

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose This study aims to contribute to the healthy eating literature by analyzing whether fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ability to prepare food and the safety-seeking are antecedents of the intention to consume healthy foods during COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted two studies. The first study was done with a sample of 546 valid respondents. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze data. The second study was qualitative, in which 40 subjects took part. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings The main findings reveal that ability to prepare food and the safety-seeking are strong antecedents of the intention to consume healthy foods. In addition, safety-seeking mediates the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to consume healthy eating. However, high levels of fear did not influence the ability to prepare food and intention to consume healthy foods. Also, the ability to prepare food does not mediate the relation between fear of COVID-19 and intention to consume healthy food. Originality/value This study is among the first to consider terror management propositions to analyze the intention to consume healthy foods during COVID-19 pandemic. From a scientific point of view, it has several contributions to the literature. First, this study provides advances and innovation in the field by identifying new explanatory relations. Second, this study extends the scope of terror management health model (TMHM) by analyzing it in the pandemic context. Third, the findings seem to provide empirical support for recent criticism of TMHM assumptions. Moreover, practical implications are outlined to public health decision-makers and healthy food businesses on increasing consumers’ intention to healthy eating.
Recent progress of the rulemaking on grid-connected photovoltaic generation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The rationale for the connection of distributed generators to the grid in case of abnormal events has been recently changed, passing from the obligation to switch the local generation off to the requirement of keeping it on within a certain range of frequency and voltage variations with respect to the rated values. This paper summarizes the concepts according to which the new requirements have been set up, with particular reference to the photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to Medium Voltage and Low Voltage systems, and overviews the recent upgrades of the Italian rulemaking process. A real case example showing the voltage and current waveforms during the disconnection of the PV generation within a power plant is presented.