jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
51 Retained Particle Surface area Drives Inflammation in Rat Lungs Following Acute, Subacute, and Subchronic Inhalation of Nanomaterials

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The difficulty of nanomaterial (NM) grouping can be simplified if the most toxicologically relevant dose metric is used to assess the toxicological dose-response. Retained surface area could be useful for this purpose. Here, we thoroughly investigated the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation (based on polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx (% PMN) in lung bronchoalveolar lavage) and the retained surface area in the lung. 4-week inhalation studies were performed in rats with three benchmark materials: the TiO2 P25 and the carbon black Printex-90 as poorly soluble particles of low toxicity (PSLT), and the multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) MWNT-7. We compared our results to published data from nearly 30 rigorously selected articles relating to acute (1-week) to subchronic (13-week) inhalation exposure to the classes of NMs considered. Short and long post-exposure recovery times (immediately after exposure up to more than 6 months) allowed us to examine both acute and chronic inflammation. A dose-response relationship across short-term and long-term studies was revealed linking pulmonary retained surface area dose (measured or estimated) and % PMN. This relationship, taking the form of sigmoid curves, is dependent on the class of NM considered and sometimes on the duration of exposure but is independent of the post-exposure time. Based on retained surface area, long and thick MWCNTs (few hundred nm long with an aspect ratio greater than 25) had a higher inflammatory potency with 4 cm²/g lung sufficient to trigger an inflammatory response (at 6% PMN), whereas retained surfaces greater than 150 cm²/g lung were required for PSLT.
[Effects of berberine on learning and memory ability in vascular cognitive impairment rats].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Berberine could significantly improve the spatial learning and memory abilities of rats with vascular cognitive impairment. The mechanism may be related to the effects of berberine on the hippocampal antioxidant stress, anti-inflammatory response and the monoamine neurotransmitter system in the forebrain cortex. Berberine 60 mg/kg dose group had better effect.
Microstructural and dielectric properties of ceramics based on tetragonal tungsten bronze

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Studied ceramics have been sintered from mixtures of powders including a tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) phase K0.2Sr0.4NbO3 (KSN), two perovskite phases, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) and Pb(Fe½Nb½)O3 (PFN), and a lithium salt in a small amount. We studied the whole relaxor/TTB composition diagram. We had shown in previous studies that these ceramics could exhibit either type I or type II dielectric behaviors, depending on both the composition and the sintering schedule. We present here our last results in the perovskite side of the diagram with regard to a fine analysis of such ceramics sintered at 1240°C in an oxygen flow. In particular, results obtained with X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) associated with EDS analysis and X-ray diffraction have been correlated with 1 kHz dielectric measurements from-50°C to 150°C and ferroelectric characterizations.
PETER C. PERDUE. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2005. Pp. xx, 725. $35.00.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this massive and beautifully illustrated volume, Peter C. Perdue has produced the first broad survey in a Western language in virtually a century of the Qing dynasty's protracted wars against the Zunghars, a branch of the Oirats or western Mongols ensconced in what is now far northwest China. It was these wars that produced the China we see on the map today, including Xinjiang and Tibet. Numerous maps and lavish illustrations, many in color, from new and historic photographs, paintings, and woodcuts contribute to the immediate appeal of this weighty tome. As an account of how China defeated the Zunghars and how the Qing dynasty secured its conquest of the eastern part of Central Eurasia, this ground-breaking book will be read by both specialists evaluating the arguments and by students needing an introduction to this important topic. Perdue, however, evidently hoped to produce something more: a rewriting of Inner...
Gubenhuayufang on the Relapse of Ulcerative Colitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect of Guben Huayufang for the relapse of ulcerative colitis(UC) and its influence on serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α).Method: Eighty-four patients with UC were divided into two groups randomly,44 cases in treatment group treated with the Guben Huayufang plus salazosulfapyridine and 40 cases in control group treated with salazosulfapyridine.And a normal control group with 20 healthy volunteers was set.After three months,the general therapeutic effect of the two groups and the relapse information were observed after 6 months,also the serum TNF-α were detect before and after the therapy in three groups.Result: The therapeutic effect of treatment group is better than control group(P0.05);the relapse ratio of treatment group is lower than control group(P0.05).After the treatment,the serum TNF-α in treatment group is higher than control group and healthy control group(P0.05).And the serum TNF-α in the relapse patients is higher than patients who has not relapsed(P0.01).After the treatment,and during the follow-up,the serum TNF-α in treatment group is lower than control group(P0.05);but with no difference during the follow-up.Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of Guben Huayufang for UC is significant,and can lower the relapse ratio.The mechanism might be that it can lower the expression of serum TNF-α.
Rand Paul at Howard University and the Rhetoric of the New Southern Strategy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay argues that Senator Rand Paul’s address at Howard University in April 2013, meant to bridge racial divides between the Republican Party and Black voters, actually represented a second-generation Southern Strategy. After tracing the original Southern Strategy, designed to polarize the electorate based on fears of Black enfranchisement, to the GOP in the 1960s, the essay defines its new form as a rhetoric depending on selective amnesia, neoliberalism, and postracialism. After demonstrating how each of those characteristics surfaced in Paul’s address, the essay discusses the implications of his speech and his later attempts to learn from his failures.
Role of Hedgehog in bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hedgehog signaling plays important roles in development and cell differentiation as well as in cancer. Recent studies indicate that it may be involved in stromal cell activation in the context of tumor desmoplastic reaction. In this study, the role of sonic hedgehog (SHH) in bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis is evaluated. Real time PCR analysis revealed that SHH was highly induced in alveolar type II cells but was not expressed by lung fibroblasts. However SHH treatment induced myofibroblast differentiation in fibroblasts. Gel shift analysis and site directed mutagenesis confirmed that a Gli1 binding consensus in the α‐smooth muscle actin promoter was important for mediating the SHH effect. Moreover repression of its downstream mediator Smo and Gli1 by shRNA, as well as by knocking out the Smo gene, prevented myofibroblast differentiation. Conditional mesenchymal cell specific knockout of Smo suppressed bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, hedgehog signaling appears to be a key component of the fibrogenic response in this animal model.
Direct detection of the antioxidant activity of a new flavonic derivative using the chemiluminescence method.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The antioxidant potential of a new water soluble flavonic derivative, namely theophylline rutoside (TR-1722) has been tested using the chemiluminescence method. The method is based on the oxidative degradation of luminol by the hydrogen peroxide in Tris-HCl-buffer, when reactive species of oxygen are being obtained: O2-., HO., 1O2, and allows for the capability of substances to inhibit the free radical processes in this test system to be quantified and hence for their antioxidant properties in respect to a standard substance (in our case quercetin) to be compared. The results obtained reveal that TR-1722 has antioxidant action comparable to that of quercetin, the highest efficacity being registered at the concentration of 2 mumol/l, the conditions being: H2O2 16,2 mmol/l; luminol 2 mumol/l, in Tris-HCl buffer 20 mmol/l, pH 8.3. The antioxidant potential of TR-1722 is also maintained when the conditions of the system are modified, that is, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide, the intensity of the action being dependent on the hydrogen peroxide concentration, but no direct proportionality is registered.
A study of TCP performance and buffer occupancy over a fading wireless link

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a use of M/G/1 queuing theory to study the impact of fading, and also the benefits of link layer re-transmission mechanisms on the performance of the TCP protocol. Our results show that both TCP throughput and buffer occupancy are varying as a function of a speed of a mobile host, and TCP performance improves with higher vehicle speed. We also show that when the propagation delay in the wire-line network is large, link layer re-transmissions can significantly improve the TCP performance, though it also increases the buffer occupancy.
Dynamic Origin-Destination Estimation Framework with Iterative Traffic Signal Tuning for Microscopic Traffic Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To validate traffic signal control algorithm's performance, a setup of microscopic traffic simulation platform with realistic traffic demand is necessary. Traditionally, a bilevel framework of Origin-Destination (OD) calibration and trip assignment, is setup to estimate OD so that realistic traffic demand can be emulated in simulation platform. However, with this approach, we may mislead the calibration process by introducing insufficient green time allocation, as vehicles are likely to be stopped by red signals and thus vehicle throughput will never reach the real traffic demand. While this happens occasionally in unsaturated traffic condition, it is very prevalent in the saturated condition scenario. This paper introduces a trilevel problem formulation with consideration of traffic signal schedules during the OD estimation process. The first level uses an iterative algorithm (LSQR) to generate OD traffic demand with certain constraints based on real loop count data at junctions. Second level applies the traffic demand into a simulation platform to generate the trips between OD points. Dynamic User Equilibrium (DUE) will be satisfied iteratively so that the trip assignment is reasonable. Finally, the third level applies Iterative Tuning (IT) signal controller to tune signal schedules iteratively, such that sufficient green time can be allocated to allow vehicles drive through intersections. Via OD calibrations in corridor and area networks, we show that the trilevel OD estimation approach can achieve better performance as compared to the bi-level approach.
Reinvented: An Attosecond Chemist

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Attosecond science requires a substantial rethinking of how to make measurements on very short timescales; how to acquire the necessary equipment, technology, and personnel; and how to build a set of laboratories for such experiments. This entails a rejuvenation of the author in many respects, in the laboratory itself, with regard to students and postdocs, and in generating funding for research. It also brings up questions of what it means to do attosecond science, and the discovery of the power of X-ray spectroscopy itself, which complements the short timescales addressed. The lessons learned, expressed in the meanderings of this autobiographical article, may be of benefit to others who try to reinvent themselves.
Measuring Monetary Policy Shocks in Emerging Economies: Evidence from India

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we provide a template for constructing monetary policy shocks for emerging economies. Our approach synthesizes financial data with a narrative analysis of central bank communication and related media coverage. We create a publicly available time‐series database of policy dates and shocks for the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Our shocks suggest that financial markets infer information about the future path of policy rate from RBI communication. Bond and stock markets react strongly to these monetary shocks but exhibit heterogeneity across governor regimes. Finally, we use the shocks as external instruments to identify the impact on macro‐economic variables.
Ly6C high Monocytes Oscillate in the Heart During Homeostasis and After Myocardial Infarction—Brief Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective— Circadian regulation of neutrophil homeostasis affects myocardial infarction (MI) healing. It is unknown whether diurnal variations of monocyte counts exist in the heart and whether this affects their cardiac infiltration in response to MI. Approach and Results— Murine blood and organs were harvested at distinct times of day and analyzed by flow cytometry. Ly6C high monocyte surface expression levels of chemokine receptors (CCR) were ≈2-fold higher at the beginning of the active phase, Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 13 compared with ZT5. This was because of enhanced receptor surface expression at ZT13, whereas no significant changes in total cellular protein levels were found. Most blood Ly6C high monocytes were CCR2 high , whereas only a minority was CCR1 high and CCR5 high . We also found diurnal changes of classical monocyte blood counts in humans, being higher in the evening, while exhibiting enhanced CCR2 surface expression in the morning. In support of monocyte oscillations between blood and tissue, murine cardiac Ly6C high monocyte counts were highest at ZT13, accompanied by an upregulation of cardiac CC chemokine ligand 2 mRNA. Mice subjected to MI at ZT13 had an even higher upregulation of CCR2 surface expression on circulating monocytes compared with noninfarcted mice and more elevated cardiac CC chemokine ligand 2 protein expression and more pronounced Ly6C high monocyte infiltration compared with ZT5-infarcted mice. Concomitantly, CCR2 antagonism only inhibited the excessive cardiac Ly6C high monocyte infiltration after ZT13 MI but not ZT5 MI. Conclusions— CCR2 surface expression on Ly6C high monocytes changes in a time-of-day–dependent manner, which crucially affects cardiac monocyte recruitment after an acute ischemic event.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Coordinated Expression of Stathmin Family Members by Far Upstream Sequence Element-Binding Protein-1 Increases Motility in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Figure 3 from Coordinated Expression of Stathmin Family Members by Far Upstream Sequence Element-Binding Protein-1 Increases Motility in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lymphangiogenesis in the heart

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Our goal was to follow the development of the lymphatic system in the developing heart using markers that identify the lymphatics in adult tissues. The transcription factor Prox‐1 identified a branching network of vessels in the avian embryonic heart that first appeared on the outflow tract at Embryonic Day 5 (Hamburger and Hamilton Stage 25‐26). Prox‐1 was also expressed in cardiac myocytes and cardiac valves throughout development. In the mouse embryo heart, the lymphatic marker LYVE‐1 was expressed in epicardial cells and PECAM‐positive/VEGFR‐3‐positive myocardial vessels that were Prox‐1‐negative. LYVE‐1 co‐localization with Prox‐1 was not observed in the epicardial lymphatics until after ED 13.5. Lymphatic markers were also present in adult rat, embryonic mouse, and embryonic avian epicardial cell lines. According to Western Blot analysis, Prox‐1 has two isoforms in the embryonic heart, including one that is sensitive to phosphatases. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the cardiac lymphatics arise from at least two sources: they migrate into the embryonic heart and may also originate from epicardial precursors. Source of Research Support: AHA 0715153B and grants from the National Institutes of Health R01 ES013507, HL65314, HL0775436, HL083048, and NASA GRC IR&D 04‐54.
Spontaneous peritonitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Importance of accurate diagnosis of gram-positive bacterial infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary Gram-positive bacterial peritonitis developed in three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These cases suggest a possible association between these two entities. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis when evaluating abdominal symptoms in patients with SLE. (JAMA232:929-931, 1975)
Methotrexate toxicity in patients with rheumatic diseases: A 10-year evaluation of manifestations, risk factors, and mortality

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used medication in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. MTX toxicity is a serious and at times fatal complication. In this 10-year cohort, we retrospectively evaluated the cases of MTX toxicity among rheumatic patients to identify demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics and risk factors of mortality. Through 10 years, patients older than 17 years with a rheumatic disease and at least one major manifestation of MTX toxicity (mucositis, myelosuppression, pneumonitis) were enrolled in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Comparisons were made between patients who recovered and those who passed away. Of the 66 patients, most had rheumatoid arthritis, followed by systemic lupus erythematous. Most patients were females, and their mean age was 63.3±12.4 years. The most common comorbidity was hypertension followed by diabetes mellitus. Most patients were on polypharmacy and were taking MTX incorrectly. Other potential risk factors of toxicity were hypoalbuminemia, decreased renal function, and infection. The outcome of six patients was death and the predictors of mortality were severe leukopenia at admission, infection, especially sepsis, and severe renal impairment. In this study, we observed some potential risk factors for toxicity, namely incorrect MTX use, polypharmacy, renal impairment, hypoalbuminemia, infection, and comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. We also identified the risk factors of mortality, including infection, sepsis, severe leukopenia, high creatinine levels, and severe renal impairment.
Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium Tetrafluoroborate (DMTSF)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[5799-67-7] C3H9BF4S2 ((MW 196.07)) InChI = 1/C3H9S2.BF4/c1-4-5(2)3;2-1(3,4)5/h1-3H3;/q+1;-1 InChIKey = LUOOXKXNWLQGLY-UHFFFAOYAV (electrophilic sulfenylation reagent capable of reacting with nucleophilic atoms;2 reacts with electron-rich alkenes to promote addition reactions,3 cyclizations;4 activates dithioacetals,5 trithioorthoesters,6 and thioglycosides7 for carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond forming reactions) Alternate Name: DMTSF. Physical Data: mp 89–92 °C. Solubility: soluble in MeCN, MeNO2; insoluble in ether, pet ether; reacts with H2O and other protic solvents. Form Supplied in: cream-colored to white solid; available from various suppliers. Preparative Method: DMTSF can be conveniently prepared from Dimethyl Disulfide and Trimethyloxonium Tetrafluoroborate (Me3O+ BF4−) in MeCN.8 Precipitation of the product results after addition of ether and isolation requires filtration under anhydrous conditions. Handling, Storage, and Precaution: DMTSF must be stored under anhydrous conditions, preferably in a well sealed bottle under nitrogen. Exposure to moisture results in a stench and the reagent is corrosive. Use in a fume hood.
Professional Activity of Disability People in the Central Pomeranian Area

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Professional activation is an important part of the economy, in particular local and regional authorities.Properly initiated entrepreneurship significantly affects, among other things, the direct development of the region, including local businesses and the investment opportunities of local government units.Improving competitiveness and the socio-economic image of the region can be seen by taking direct economic initiatives (also in cooperation with economic entities and/or scientific research units) and by implementation of innovation, the use of various forms of external financing, but primarily through new jobs and business activity.The aim of the study is an attempt to present the issue of professional activation of disabled people in the former Central Pomeranian province, in the county Słupsk.The study public opinion poll (own questionnaire study) was conducted at the turn of 2013-2014y.Survey was also conducted in Polish and English literature.In the years 2007-2015 local government organizations implemented 7 projects in the region of Słupsk and also activities are constantly supported by District Labour Office (PUP) activation, which provides services to 97 % of respondents.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SOUND INSULATION PROPERTIES OF TRADITIONAL WOODEN HOUSES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

在来工法による木造試験家屋を用いた今回の実験的検討の結果の概略は, 以上に述べたとおりであるが, これらを要約すると, (1)外壁については, 外装材の下地に合板など板材料の挿入や内壁の多層化(板材料二重張り, あるいは遮音シートの挿入など), あるいは中空層内部に多孔質吸音材料を挿入することなどにより, 中高音域では大きな遮音性能の増大が期待できる。しかし, 低音域(125Hz帯域)については, 中空層厚が100mm程度となる一般の軸組構造壁では, 二重壁の低域共鳴透過現象により, 遮音性能の改善には限界(125Hz帯域で内外音圧レベル差20dB程度)がある。それに対して, W/5(二重軸組壁)のような構法をとれば, 125Hz帯域でも30dBに近い内外音圧レベル差を得ることができ, 特に低音域についても大きな遮音性能が必要とされる場合に有効である。また平面計画上, 外壁に押入などの収納部分を組合せることができれば, 全帯域にわたって高い遮音性能を得ることができる。(2)窓などの開口部を含む外周壁の遮音性能は, 開口部の性能によって決る。中空層が外壁の厚さ(約100mm)と同程度の二重窓では, 気密性を高めることにより, 高音域の遮音性能は十分大きくすることができるが, 低域共鳴透過現象により, 低音域での遮音性能の改善には限界がある。したがって道路に面した場所など, 低音成分が優勢でレベルも大きな騒音環境下では, 出窓形式の二重窓などを採用し, 中空層をできるだけ大きくすることが必要である(図-10, 11参照)。その際, 気密性の高いサッシを二重窓の少なくとも一方に使用することにより, 高音域においても高い遮音性能とすることができる。面積が大きく, 遮音上の弱点となりやすい掃出し窓についても, 大きな中空層をもつ二重構造とすることが望ましい。その場合, 中空層を前室として空間的にも利用できる程度とし, 気密性の良好なサッシを用いることにより, 外壁と同程度の遮音性能(D35〜40以上)を得ることができる。このような点からみると, 我が国の伝統的な縁側形式のプランは, 内部建具にもガラス障子などを用いた場合には遮音上きわめて有利と言える。(3)屋根-天井部分については, 天井ふところの空間を利用し, その間に断熱も兼ねて十分な吸音材を付加することにより, 外周壁にくらべてはるかに良好な遮音性能が得られる。その際, 天井面を遮音層と考えて, 石膏ボード等の遮音材料を下地材として使用することが望ましい。(4)遮音性能の向上のためには, 音響的には気密性を高めることが必要であるが, 当然のことながらそれと同時に室内の換気についても十分な考慮が払われなければならない。その場合, 図-13に示した結果からも明らかなように, 在来の簡易な換気設備を不用意に設置すると, 外周壁の遮音性能を特に中高音域で著しく損なう結果となるので, 防音型住宅を考える場合には, 少なくとも熱交換型あるいは減音効果の大きいダクト引き形式の換気設備が必要である。また今後, 遮音効果の大きい住宅用換気設備あるいは換気口などの開発・普及が望まれる。
Separation of titanium(IV) and vanadium(IV) by multistage filtration using thiocyanate and Zephiramine ions.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

チタン(IV)-及びバナジウム(IV)-チオシアン酸錯体をゼフィラミンとのイオン会合体として濾過分離する方法を検討した.バナジウム(IV)が定量的に捕集される条件においてTi(IV)も又数パーセント捕集されるため,1度の濾過でV(IV)とTi(IV)を定量的に分離することはできない.そこで,メンブランフィルターに捕集された金属-チオシアン酸錯体を溶離し,再び濾過して捕集する方法を検討した.溶離液には0.1M硝酸カリウムを含む0.1M塩酸を用いた.溶出液に再びチオシアン酸カリウムとゼフィラミンを加えて金属イオンを捕集し,再び溶離する.濾過と溶離の操作を4～5回繰り返すことにより100～300μgのV(IV)を100～300μgのTi(IV)から分離できた.