jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
OCCLUSION OF THE RIGHT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY AND RIGHT VERTEBRAL ARTERY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The symptom complex following occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or the vertebral artery has been frequently described in the literature, and its diagnostic importance has been emphasized. Most observers, however, who have reported cases of this syndrome have not been able to obtain necropsies in their cases, because in many instances the patients recovered. We recently observed a case which was unusual clinically in that both the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the vertebral artery of the right side were involved almost simultaneously. Several observers have noted that it is difficult at times to differentiate clinically between occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar and the vertebral arteries, and others in reports on the bulbar syndrome have included cases of occlusion of the vertebral artery as well as of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Spiller 1 (1908) reported two cases with postmortem observations, both, strange to say, showing involvement
THE TESTING OF ENIDE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The diversity of the combats in Erec has been noted from a realistic point of view1. Equally remarkable is the way Chretien makes Enide participate in the struggle in the course of the journey of the couple, and for those who have studied Chretien's methods of composition the possibility at bottom of two separate stories or themes may not be discounted. Only where the evil giants are concerned does she remain apart, and it may be that a victory over self and its vices is concealed in this episode, a suggestion of the fiends warring within the virtuous soul which rises to defeat them, and a reminder of the theme of the Psychomachia 2. After the meeting with King Arthur and his hunting party the romance had entered on a new phase. The King urges on Erec to stay
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow around stream deflectors: The effect of obstruction angle and length

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fish habitat rehabilitation projects often use paired stream deflectors to increase bed shear stress and maintain a deep pool. Many of these projects have been unsuccessful, mainly because of the lack of knowledge of the complex three-dimensional (3D) flow dynamics created by the deflectors. A 3D numerical model was used to simulate the flow field around stream deflectors in a laboratory flume. Predicted velocities were successfully evaluated against laboratory measurements. Deflectors ranging from contraction ratios of 0.1 -0.35 oriented to flow at angles of 30-150° were used for the simulations. Results show that the upstream dynamic pressure maximum, upstream flow separation distance, upstream downwelling extent, and total downwelling distance all increase with deflector angles. However, local minimum dynamic pressure, nose velocity amplification, downstream downwelling extent, and flow contraction width are maximized at angles closer to 90°. In general, maximum downwelling magnitudes increase for longer deflectors, with the greatest values being found for the 135° deflectors. Increasing the length of the deflectors tends to amplify most of the flow parameters. These findings have important implications for the design of paired deflectors in fish habitat rehabilitation projects where the objective is to maximize the pool size downstream of the obstructions.
Hypoxia-Induced Loss of Consciousness in Multiple Synchronized Swimmers During a Workout

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hyperventilation by swimmers can lead to hypoxia and loss of consciousness. In this retrospective case series we describe the simultaneous onset of hypoxia in multiple 13-15-year-old female synchronized swimmers of an elite synchronized swim team based on review of Health Department and emergency medical service reports. All six swimmers performing hypoxic drills developed hypoxic symptoms (fatigue, inability to move legs, disorientation, tunnel vision, and/or loss of consciousness) and four required rescue. All swimmers regained consciousness at the scene and recovered. Two swimmers not performing hypoxic drills were unaffected. Of the environmental evaluations, only pool water temperature was higher than the recommended levels. Hyperventilation with hypoxic training can be life-threatening and should be prohibited. Duration of hypoxic drills should be limited. Emergency response plans should be practiced.
Sleep problems in Dravet syndrome: a modifiable comorbidity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim Many children with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies experience significant sleep disturbance, causing major disruption to the family's quality of life. We aimed to determine the frequency and nature of sleep problems in individuals with Dravet syndrome. Methods The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and a seizure questionnaire were distributed to the parents/guardians of 96 patients with Dravet syndrome. Sixteen patients had two nights of home oximetry. Results Fifty‐seven out of 96 questionnaires were completed. Forty‐three out of 57 (75%) individuals had sleep problems. Twenty‐five out of 57 (44%) individuals had an abnormal total sleep score, with difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep (22 out of 57, 39%), sleep–wake transition disorders (20 out of 57, 35%), and sleep breathing disorders (19 out of 57, 33%). Twenty‐two out of 57 (39%) individuals took medication to assist sleep, predominantly melatonin ( n =14). Thirty out of 57 (53%) recently had nocturnal seizures. Overnight oximetry showed 14 out of 16 (88%) had a higher oxygen desaturation index (>3%), and six out of 16 (38%) had higher mean pulse rates than normative values. Home oximetry was normal or inconclusive in all patients. Interpretation Seventy‐five per cent of individuals with Dravet syndrome had sleep problems, highlighting the importance of routinely assessing sleep and initiating appropriate behavioural and pharmacological interventions to improve the patient and family's quality of life. A high oxygen desaturation index and mean pulse rates on pulse oximetry may reflect unrecognized nocturnal seizures. What this paper adds More than 70% of patients with Dravet syndrome have sleep problems. Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep was most common, particularly in those older than 20 years. Second most common were sleep–wake transition disorders, affecting more than 50% of those younger than 5 years. Sleep breathing disorders were a frequent problem across all age groups. Oximetry was not diagnostic of sleep‐disordered breathing or obvious seizures.
Analisis Penerapan E-Korespondensi Pada PT X

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research was conducted at PT X which aims to find out the implementation, the impact of the implementation and the effectiveness of implementing e-Correspondence according to the views of employees at PT X. In this study the authors used a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation and literature study. This data analysis technique includes data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results obtained in this study are that the use of e-correspondence at PT X has not been implemented optimally, as evidenced by the presence of several obstacles that occur. Therefore, regular implementation must be optimized so that employees have a basis for carrying out effective correspondence activities.
A 2 GHz 12-bit digital-to-analog converter for direct digital synthesis applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A 2 GHz 12-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) designed for use in a Direct Digital Synthesizer was demonstrated with spurious performance exceeding -60 dBc when synthesizing 1/8th of a 1 GHz clock. This exceeds the best documented results of which we are aware by more than 15 dB at this clock rate and fractional frequency. When synthesizing near 1/3rd the clock rate the carrier-adjacent spurious performance exceeds -58 dBc at a 1 GHz clock rate, exceeding the 500 MHz clock rate performance of other DACs we have evaluated by 5-10 dB. Although designed to operate well above 2 GHz, state-of-the-art test equipment limited full characterization of the device to a 1 GHz clock rate at the time of evaluation. Unlike that observed with other DACs, nearly constant measured performance versus clock rate up to 1 GHz promises sustained performance at higher clock rates. The 12 bit DAC architecture consists of the 3 most significant bits driving 7 equally weighted current segments while the remaining 9 bits drive identical current segments combined through a binary R2R ladder. This architecture represents the best tradeoff between performance considerations and circuit complexity. The primary focus on this first design iteration was on achieving good spurious performance with less emphasis on power dissipation and on providing key information for a subsequent design optimization. The DAC was fabricated using an integrated circuit process developed at Hughes Research Laboratories and consists of 1200 AlInAs/GaInAs HBTs lattice matched to an InP substrate. The smallest InP-based HBTs utilized emitters having 2/spl times/2 sq. micron emitters with Ft=75 GHz and Fmax=85 GHz. The high speed DAC dissipated 2.8 W.
Designing the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As a measure of wellbeing, national income misses variations in the things income can and cannot buy. It also misses variations in people’s claim on that aggregate income. The Human Development Index attempts to address the first weakness by incorporating two additional dimensions, health and education, into its informational bases. However, the second weakness, inequality, is ignored by the traditional HDI. In practical terms this means that any two countries having the same mean achievements will have the same HDI values even if they have very different distributions of achievements. This calls into question the accuracy of the HDI as a reflection of people’s actual achievements. This paper proposes a method for adjusting the HDI to reflect the distribution of human development achievements across the population, and across dimensions. We begin with a discussion of the proposed indices in an idealized setting where variables and their scales have been identified and the data are available. We then address the practical issues that must be addressed when applying these methods to real data. The final section presents and evaluates another related approach.
Linear and nonlinear analysis of mount angle effects on the dynamic stability of micropolar lubricated hydrodynamic lobed journal bearings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Journal bearings are one of the most widely used types of supporting devices for industrial machinery, especially for high-speed rotary systems. Considering the importance of mechanical systems ability to control vibrations and motion disturbances, the design of noncircular journal bearings has been one of the appropriate techniques used in recent years. In the present work, the effects of mount angle as a noncircularity unique feature on the dynamic stability of lobed journal bearings with micropolar lubricant are studied. For this purpose, modified Reynolds equation based on the linear and nonlinear methods is solved by generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method. Then the static and dynamic characteristics of two-, three- and four-lobe bearings including load carrying capacity, whirl frequency ratio, critical mass parameter and rotor perturbation in terms of bifurcation diagram and Poincare map are presented for different values of mount angle. Nonlinear analysis results indicate that variation of mount angle can change the rotor response from limit cycle oscillations to convergent perturbation to static equilibrium point. Further, against plain circular journal bearings, choosing an appropriate orientation or mounting angle provides the optimal stability of noncircular lobed journal bearings. Also, the linear analysis results for the range of dynamic stability are more cautious than the nonlinear method in most of investigated cases.
ELT Curriculum and Policy: A Systematic Review of the Recent Research Literature

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study was conducted to systematically review the English Language Teaching (ELT) curriculum and policy studies. A systematic literature review was utilized to describe the features, trends, and patterns of ELT curriculum and policy studies through the Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Seventy-three empirical articles published between 2010 and 2020 were analyzed based on geographical region, research methodology, participants, and research focus. Results revealed that most of the reviewed studies (58.90%, n=43) were conducted between 2016 and 2020, whereas about 41.1 % (n=30) of the reviewed studies were carried out between 2010 and 2015. Moreover, about 68.49% of the reviewed studies employed a qualitative research design, followed by a mixed-method (about 24.65%), whereas only about 6.86% used a quantitative research methodology. Results showed that most of the studies targeted ELT policy and curriculum in Asia (54.79%), followed by Europe (20.55%), America (13.70%), and Africa (6.84 %). Furthermore, 4.10 % of the studies examined ELT curriculum and policy globally. Thirty-four ELT policy and curriculum studies focused on teachers, three articles focused on learners, and only two papers targeted other participants. Findings showed that it would be difficult to discern a strong pattern in the ELT curriculum and policy studies since they targeted various issues. The majority of the reports were small-scale qualitative studies conducted in Asian countries; therefore, to address the issue of generalizability in ELT, more extensive quantitative studies in different geographical areas are needed.
Hematoma Following Periodontal Surgery with a Torus Reduction: A Case Report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background There are no published case reports that hematomas occur on the floor of the mouth as a result of periodontal surgery. Report These three case reports document post surgical hematoma formation on the floor of the mouth that pose problems with the diagnosis, prognosis, and patient management. All cases involved periodontal surgery where extensive reduction of tori and bony exostoses were required. Two cases resulted in hematomas in the floor of the mouth. However, a change in the post surgical management for a third case demonstrated possible prevention of hematoma formation. Summary Hematomas in the floor of the mouth can be a resolving post surgical phenomenon or a serious vascular insult to this region of the oral cavity. This report clarifies the diagnosis, prognosis, and the best management protocol through the presentation of three cases. Citation Mantzikos K, Segelnick SL, Schoor R. Hematoma Following Periodontal Surgery with a Torus Reduction: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 March;(8)3:072-080
Gender Differences in Dietary Patterns and Their Association with the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Few studies have investigated gender differences in dietary intake. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The food intakes of 3794 subjects enrolled by a two-stage cluster stratified sampling method were collected using a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and its prevalence was 35.70% in the sample (37.67% in men and 24.67% in women). Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis combined with cluster analysis and multiple group confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the factorial invariance between gender groups. The dominating dietary pattern for men was the “balanced” dietary pattern (32.65%) and that for women was the “high-salt and energy” dietary pattern (34.42%). For men, the “animal and fried food” dietary pattern was related to higher risk of MetS (odds ratio: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01–1.60), after adjustment for age, marital status, socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors. For women, the “high-salt and energy” dietary pattern was related to higher risk of MetS (odds ratio: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.24–4.14). We observed gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of MetS. For men, the “animal and fried food” dietary pattern was associated with enhancive likelihood of MetS. For women, it was the “high-salt and energy” dietary pattern.
Fatty acid and dietary fiber of the mesocarp of Hawaiʻi grown avocados: potential for improved health benefits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Avocados (Persea Americana) contain a variety of essential nutrients including monounsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, and beneficial phytochemicals. Currently, there is limited research on Hawaii grown avocados, which limit the agricultural growth of the avocado industry. Research was conducted to determine the nutritional qualities found in four varieties (Kahaluu, Linda, Malama, and Sharwill) grown in Hawaii. Individual fatty acids (FA) were extracted through standard soxhlet method and oil extracts were quantified for FA composition via GC. Total dietary fiber (DF) was determined by quantifying insoluble and soluble fiber found within the avocado mesocarp. Additional experiments included quantification of total protein, mineral content, and determining carbohydrate through difference. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using SAS statistical software. Oleic acid was predominately found in the Kahaluu variety (10.527 g/100 g fresh wt.), and was significantly higher in content (p=0.0004) than in Linda, Malama, and Sharwill. Second, the Kahaluu variety had a significantly greater amount of TDF (9.59 g/100 g fresh wt.) compared to Linda, Malama, and Sharwill (p=0.0019). Preliminary results on Hass avocado indicate that there are differences in its reported nutritional values in most literature. The research in this current study will provide nutritional professionals and consumers with improved knowledge of nutritional properties of Hawaii grown avocados. Through this knowledge, there is potential to improve marketing strategies to expand the avocado industry in Hawaii.
Retaining trees for conservation at clearcutting has increased structural diversity in young Swedish production forests

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Retaining trees for conservation at final harvest is becoming increasingly common within forestry globally, especially connected to clearcutting. The main action is to leave single living and dead trees, tree patches and buffer strips, to benefit biodiversity and to enhance ecosystem functioning. We present the first national analysis of effects on structural components from applying the retention approach. In Sweden retention forestry has been practiced large-scale for about 25 years, prescribed by the law and a requirement in certification standards. By analyzing data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory we found that the volume of dead trees (⩾100 mm in diameter; single trees and trees in patches <0.02 ha; data for larger retention patches not available) in stands 0–10 years old increased about 70% during the period 1997–2007, with a current average level of 8 m3 ha−1, and with a larger increase rate in this age class than in other forest ages. Retained living trees (⩾150 mm in diameter; single trees and trees in patches <0.02 ha; data for larger retention patches not available) decreased in quantity from 1955 until the early 1980s, with lowest levels of about 5 ha−1 (excluding Pinus sylvestris, commonly used as a seed tree) and then increased, approximately reaching the 1950s level by 2007, with about 15 trees ha−1 on average. Large-scale application of the clearcutting practice is the probable cause of the decrease, whilst retention actions are the likely explanation for the increase during the last decades. Our study clearly shows that young forests have become structurally richer since the introduction of the retention approach in forestry. However, comparatively low amounts of dead wood in forests 0–10 years old compared to what is available in old forests imply loss at harvest and studies of possible mechanisms to explain this are needed. Our results can indicate possible changes in other parts of the world, where the retention approach has been introduced more recently.
ASPECTS REGARDING THE NEW CLASSIFICATION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The 2017 World Workshop Classification system for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions was developed in order to accommodate advances in knowledge derived from both biological and clinical research, that have emerged since the 1999 International Classification of Periodontal Diseases. The result is a redesigned disease classification framework that guides comprehensive treatment planning and allows for a personalized approach to patient care. Highlights from the updated classification include a multi-dimensional staging and grading system for periodontitis classification, a recategorization of various forms of periodontitis, and the inaugural classification for peri-implant diseases and conditions. Of extreme importance, the new classification includes clinical health for the first time, and distinguishes an intact and a reduced periodontium throughout. Also, the term ‘aggressive periodontitis’ was removed, creating a staging and grading system for periodontitis that is based primarily upon attachment and bone loss and classifies the disease into four stages based on severity (I, II, III or IV) and three grades based on disease susceptibility (A, B or C).
The pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) would develop when the immune system comes across a microorganism with proteins similar to those in the piruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 (PDC-E2), or a neoantigen resulting from a xenobiotic-modified autoantigen. This would lead to an innate immune response where TLRs would play a pivotal mediating role, which would give rise to a local microenvironment favoring an adaptive immune response. Such response would be particularly strong in individuals with selected genetic characteristics. The genetic characteristics underlying this predisposition remain unknown, but they likely entail small numbers of scarcely-active regulatory T cells. The AE2 anion exchanger, which is deficient in patients with PBC, may reduce the number and activity of regulatory T cells. NK cells are also pivotal in the preparation of an adaptive response, as they release a number of cytokines and chemokines that favor and recruit antigen-presenting cells to activate B and T cells - CD4+ Th1 and CD8+. An activation of the former would increase the production of IgM and anti-mitochondrial IgG and IgA antibodies against PDC-E2. An activation of CD8+ cells, also sensitive to PDC-2 as aberrantly expressed on the surface of BECs and SECs, would result in apoptosis for these epithelial cells, and in small bile-duct destruction. Immune response is likely inadequately suppressed because of the small numbers of scarcely-active regulatory T cells, the latter resulting from low genetic expression and activity of the AE2 transporter.