jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DEEP LEARNING-BASED BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A group of aberrant brain cells is known as a brain tumor. Brain tumors can be either malignant or benign. Whereas benign is not cancerous, malignant is. Both tumors are extremely dangerous because they spread quickly and affect many areas of the brain. About 166,039 people in the US had brain tumors or other cancers of the central nervous system in 2015.Even afterseveral researches,the cause of braintumorisunknown. We aimed to detect the brain tumor through image processing usingimages of MRI scans. Using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) to perform imagebased classification. On receiving the image from the MRI scan as input, CNN will assess if the person has a brain tumor or not.It is observed on experimentation that the proposed approach needs an input image of size of240*240. Any image of another size cannot be used and the input image should only be a grayscale image. Color image cannot be used as an input image. The model which we proposed canbe further improved by using any size image as input. Moreover, the accuracy which we gotthrough this CNN model is 0.88. The model can be further improved by some changes so thataccuracy can be increased further.
Transient Dynamics of Ventilation and Heart Rate with Step Changes in Work Load from Different Load Levels

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract B roman , S vetlana and O. W igertz , Transient dynamics of ventilation and heart rate with step changes in work load from different load levels . Acta physiol. scand. 1971. 81 . 54–74. Transient dynamics of ventilation (V̇) and heart rate (HR) in response to 650 kpm/min step changes in work load were analyzed in six male athletes performing submaximal cycling exercise in the supine position, with the steps initiated at different levels of stable‐state exercise, including “loadless” pedaling (0 kpm/min). By applying mathematical parameter identification, the responses of V̇ to both positive and negative step changes in work load could be accurately described by first‐order exponential models. With the positive steps initiated at 0, 300, and 650 kpm/min, the means of the time constant estimates for V̇ ranged from 67 to 101 sec, and seemed to be independent of the initial work level. Shifting from rest to pedaling at zero load and back to rest caused abrupt changes in V̇, whereas this was rarely the case after step changes from one work load to another with the subjects already pedaling. The responses of HR required second‐order models, with the two time constants ranging from 9.0 to 11.7 sec and from 1.8 to 3.7 min, and with the share of the slower component increasing with the initial work level. Pure time delays were negligible, indicating that the early readjustments in both V and HR are under neurogenic influence. The results support the notion that in exercise the respiratory and circulatory control systems exhibit dissociated dynamic properties.
Students’ Concept-Building Approaches: A Novel Predictor of Success in Chemistry Courses

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One primary goal of many science courses is for students to learn creative problem-solving skills; that is, integrating concepts, explaining concepts in a problem context, and using concepts to solve problems. However, what science instructors see is that many students, even those having excellent SAT/ACT and Advanced Placement scores, struggle in the introductory science courses. As faculty work to adopt more evidence-based teaching methods, the question arises of how to determine early on who may have difficulty in these introductory courses. Recent basic cognitive science research suggests that there are individual differences in how learners approach conceptual tasks: some learners tend toward rote concept-learning (exemplar learners), whereas other learners tend to use abstraction concept-learning. We explored the possibility that this individual difference in concept-building might have consequences for classroom learning. In the current study, using an online concept-building task, we differentiated students based on their concept-building approach and then tracked their exam grades in general chemistry and organic chemistry courses. Abstraction learners demonstrated advantages over exemplar learners even after taking into account preparation via ACT scores and prior chemistry performance. Further, these performance differences grow even more pronounced in Organic Chemistry 2. Our results suggest that individual differences in how learners acquire and represent concepts persist from laboratory concept learning to learning complex concepts in introductory chemistry courses.
Somatotype of Top-Level Serbian Rhythmic Gymnasts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Body size and build influence performance in many sports, especially in those belonging to the group of female aesthetic sports (rhythmic gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, and figure skating). These sports pose high specific demands upon the functional, energy, motor and psychological capacities of athletes, but also upon the size, body build and composition of the performers, particularly of the top-level female athletes. The study of the top athletes (rhythmic gymnasts, in this case) may provide valuable information on the morphological requirements for achieving success in this sport. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to analyze the somatotype of 40 Serbian top-level rhythmic gymnasts, aged 13.04±2.79, and to form the five age group categories. The anthropometric variables included body height, body mass, the selected diameters, girths and skinfolds, and the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype. All of the anthropometric data were collected according to International Biological Programme, and then processed in the Somatotype 1.2. The applied analysis of variance indicated an increase in endomorphic component with age. The obtained results show that the balanced ectomorph is a dominant somatotype, being similar for all of the athletes that took part in the research (3.54-3.24-4.5). These results are in line with the ones obtained in previous studies.
Playing inside the genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Regulation of alternative splicing is coupled to transcription quality, the polymerase elongation rate being an important factor in modulating splicing choices. In a recently published work, we provide evidence that intragenic histone acetylation patterns can be affected by neural cell excitation in order to regulate alternative splicing of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) mRNA. This example illustrates how an extracellular stimulus can influence transcription-coupled alternative splicing, strengthening the link between chromatin structure, transcriptional elongation and mRNA processing.
Nutrition and Diet Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We are experiencing a worldwide epidemic of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has become a major public health burden. Approximately seven million people develop diabetes in both developed and developing countries every year, with the most dramatic increases occurring in Type 2 Diabetes. Especially alarming, is the rising incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in obese children before puberty. In April 2017, a Special Issue of Nutrients entitled “Nutrition and Diet Factors in Type 2 Diabetes” closed with 19 published papers—eight original studies on humans, five on animals, one brief report and five reviews. The focus of the issue was on nutrition, diet factors, whole foods, broad dietary and lifestyle strategies, dietary patterns, intensive personalized treatments, nutritional prevention programs, and food policies that can be used in the development, treatment, and prevention of DM2. Nutrition and Diet Factors in Type 2 Diabetes is written for clinical and academic nutritionists, for registered dietitians, health professionals, graduate students, and for everybody with deeper interest in diabetes care. Studies and reviews presented here demonstrate that diabetes research is extensive and vibrant and the prevention, treatment and reversal of diabetes are achievable, economical, powerful, and possible.
E-Reading an Observer’s View Across 3 Generations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

People's reading habits and habits have changed significantly as a result of the widespread usage of digital resources and the increased amount of time spent online. The reading scene has undoubtedly changed as a result of the digital revolution. E-reading is the current version of flipping through pages, except instead of using paper and ink, you use electronic displays to interact with text. Review of the many studies on the observer's perspective on e-reading from three generations (generation X, generation Y or millennials, and generation Z) is covered in this article. From an observer’s perspective across three generations, e-reading preferences reveal diverse trends. Generation Z, though digitally inclined, still favors traditional printed texts for learning. Millennials show a balanced preference between e-books and print, using online platforms primarily for research and news. Generation X, adapting over time, now relies heavily on the internet for information and infotainment, reducing library usage unless services are virtually accessible. Post-COVID instructional shifts and open-access content have further driven e-reading. The digital landscape significantly influences reading behaviors, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies by educators, librarians, and individuals to support evolving generational preferences.
Simulation data of European seabass and meagre growth in Greece (C12A) under climate change scenarios

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The dataset contains excel files with the biological predictions for European seabass and meagre generated within ClimeFish C12A. Simulations are done for climate scenarios RCP45 and RCP85 and at three time scales denoting short (2015-2025)-, mid (2025-2035)- and long (2045-2055)- term projections. The temperature data used for the simulations are also included as well as a file containing metadata.
Application of Real Options Analysis in the Valuation of Investment in Biodiesel Production

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are basically two main methods used in the valuation of capital investments; the discounted cash flow (DCF) techniques, and the option pricing valuation (OPV) method. The DCF techniques and other net present value (NPV) methods when used to value investment projects that have flexibility in them tend to underestimate the values of the projects, because they fail to capture the value of the flexibility embedded in such projects. For biodiesel production, such flexibility may include the option to defer, expand, contract or abandon the project, should the economic environment necessitate that. Most biodiesel production projects have been valued using the DCF techniques. This paper evaluates the economic feasibility of converting WVO from the Army Barracks as well as other feedstock into biodiesel, using the OPV method so as to incorporate managerial flexibility in the production process. The log-transformed binomial method (LTBM) is envisaged for the real options analysis.
Status of SDG 6 and significance of PPPs in improved water infrastructure in Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Water is a basic necessity of everyday life, however social and economic environments may cause discrimination regarding the use of water. The discrimination occurs in the form of geography whereby rural areas has less access to water; financial status of municipalities that struggle to upgrade water infrastructure and negatively impact the flow of water; and now a days technology whereby digital illetracy and technologically-deprived areas may encounter challenges regarding water usage, maintenance and control, and maintaining the water management system. This scanrio is explored in the African context, holistiocally, where institutional poverty can be a major cause of water deprivation in the sense of lack of technology, resources, capacity, technical skills and infrastructure that may hamper the effective implementation of water infrastructure-related processes and structures. The articles utilises qualitative research approach to gather information that is compiled through literature and document reviews, and thereafter assessed through conceptual analysis. The findings confirm that the continent, more or less, face the similar challenges of poverty, technological-deprivation, inadequate skills base in water resource management, capacity-building interventions to upgrade the expertise of government and municipal personnel equipping them to handle water governance, to state a few. The study suggests that governments in African States may consider to design and implement pro-poor strategies within their socio-economic-political contexts. This is important to provide water services to communities within their environment with a clear understanding of demographics. The study further recommends that public private partnerships (PPPs) can be a solution to improve the challenges related to water resource management. The rationale is that PPPs have institutional capacity and resources that governments may lack hence can work together for mutually beneficial mandate that is to provide better services, and in this case, effective water services to external customers (community members).
Milk Content and Milk Quality of Sheep of the Kazakh Fat-Tailed Semi-Rough-Haired Breed with Pasture Content

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>The article presents the results of a study onthe effect of top dressing and feed additives based on humic substances on milkproductivity, the quality of milk of sheep of the Kazakh fat-tailed semi-coarsebreed, and the resulting cheese in pasture conditions. In total, 90 heads ofsheep of the Kazakh short-tailed semi-rough-haired breed were used in theexperiment. The Control Group (CG) of 30 sheep grazed on pasture grass, whiletwo Experimental Groups (EG) of 60 heads were fed 300 g barley per day of barley,The second experimental group of sheep received a feed additive based on humicsubstances. As a result, after the first month of feeding, additional feeding had a positive effect on thedaily milk yield of ewes, where the experimental group II was statisticallysignificantly superior (P&lt;0.05), i.e., it exceeded by 0.08 liters. In total,during lactation, the sheep of the second experimental group exceeded thecontrol group by an average of 10.8% in average daily milk yield. Also,additional feeding affected the quality of milk and cheese, Thus, theindicators of sheep of the II experimental group were superior in terms of thefat content of milk (P&lt;0.01) and cheese (P&lt;0.05).</p>
Perceived Corruption, Trust, and Interviewer Behavior in 26 European Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Identifying illicit behavior in survey research is inherently problematic, since self-reports are untrustworthy. We argue that fraudulent interviewers can, however, be identified through statistical deviance of the distributional parameters of their interviews. We document that a high proportion of the variation in the data is due to the interviewer. In addition, we show that the incidence of interviewer-induced anomalies is strongly associated with the perceived level of corruption across the countries participating in the European Social Survey 2010. The major implication of the findings is that the data from some countries cannot be used fruitfully for cross-national comparative research.
Synthesis of 2‐(2‐, 3‐, and 4‐pyridyl)benzoxazoles by the reaction of phenolic schiff bases with thianthrene cation radical

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract 2‐(2‐, 3‐, and 4‐Pyridyl)benzoxazole derivatives were prepared in excellent yields by the oxidative cyclization of phenolic Schiff bases with thianthrene cation radical perchlorate in the presence of 2,6‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐4‐methylpyridine.
Effects of paeonol on the proliferation and apoptosis in human melanoma cell line A375 and M14

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To determine the effects of paeonol on the apoptosis and proliferation in human melanoma cell line A375 and M14.Methods;The anti-proliferative activity of paeonol in A375 and M14 cells was investigated by CCK8 assay.After A375 and M14 cells were treated by 1.25 mmol/L,2.5 mmol/L or 5 mmol/L paeonol for 24 h,flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle and Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide(PI) double staining was taken to detect the apoptosis rate of A375 and M14 cells,respectively.The morphological changes of A375 and M14 cells treated by 5 mmol/L paeonol for 24 h were observed by Hoechest 33258 staining.Results;Compared with untreated A375 and M14 cells,an increase of cell population in G2/M phase was observed in paeonol- treated cells.After treatment of 0 mmol/L,1.25 mmol/L,2.5mmol/L and 5 mmol/L paeonol for 24 h,the early apoptosis rate of A375 cells was 3.11%±0.53%,13.74%±1.73%,25.95%±0.57%and 46.44%±0.81%,respectively,while the rate of M14 cells was 1.00%±0.08%,2.00%±0.01%,2.99%±0.29%and 14.73%±0.94%,in a dose-dependent manner.After treated with paeonol of 5 mmol/L,there were morphological changes of apoptosis in A375 and M14 cells.Conclusion;Paeonol can inhibite proliferation and induce apoptosis of human melanoma cell line A375 and M14.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A validation study among prisoners

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background There are numerous scales for screening cognitive performance and thus identification of any potential deficits, but in spite of the vulnerability of the prison population to such problems, there has been no adequate validation of screening tools specifically for use with prisoners or others in the criminal justice system. Aim To validate the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for use with prisoners. Methods 100 adult prisoners in one Portuguese prison were randomly invited by clinicians to take part in this study. A same size sample of community‐living adult non‐offenders of similar age was selected from the MoCA's normative study database in Portugal. For both groups, the key inclusion criterion was fluency in the Portuguese language. All participants completed the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the MoCA, both in Portuguese translation. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as an index of internal consistency and Pearson's r correlations calculated. Group performances were compared using independent samples t ‐test. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was computed with level of education as covariate. To measure the magnitude of the effect, was used. A receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was computed to evaluate the discriminatory accuracy of MoCA and MMSE. Results The MoCA showed a ‘reasonable’ internal consistency index ( α = 0.75) as well as positive and significant correlations with the MMSE. As a cognitive measure, however, the MoCA showed consistently superior psychometric properties and higher discriminatory accuracy (MoCA = 89%) than the MMSE (65%). According to the Youden index, the optimal cut‐off point for the MoCA is below 24 points, whereas for the MMSE, it is below 27. Conclusions The MoCA is a valid cognitive screening tool for use with prisoners. Further validations against detailed cognitive evaluation would be a useful next step.
Early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators: Were they unlinked?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present-day ubiquity of angiosperm-insect pollination has led to the hypothesis that these two groups coevolved early in their evolutionary history. However, recent fossil discoveries and fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses challenge the notion that early diversifications of angiosperms and insects were inextricably linked. In this article we examine (i) the discrepancies between dates of emergence for major clades of angiosperm and insect lineages; (ii) the long history of gymnosperm–insect pollination modes, which likely shaped early angiosperm–insect pollination mutualisms; and (iii) how the K–Pg mass extinction event was vital in propelling modern angiosperm-insect mutualisms. We posit that the early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators were largely decoupled, until the end of the Cretaceous.
A parallel systolic array ASIC for real-time execution of the Hough transform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many pattern recognition problems can be solved by mapping the input data into an n-dimensional feature space in which a vector indicates a set of attributes. One powerful pattern recognition method is the Hough transform. In reducing the n-dimensional feature space to two dimensions, the coordinate transform can be executed by a systolic array consisting of time-delay processing elements and adders. The application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation of the Hough transform as a systolic array for real-time recognition of curved tracks in multiwire drift chambers is presented. The array can handle 32 parallel input data streams. It mainly consists of 512 identical programmable processing elements. Sixteen histogram pixels in the feature space are produced in parallel per clock cycle. The ASIC is implemented in 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS, two-metal layer technology (CUB) from Austria Micro Systems (AMS) and operates with a clock frequency of 100 MHz. The interconnectivity pattern of the processing elements required to initialize the chip according to the pattern recognition task is computed on the host computer using the Hough-transform equations. This pattern is then downloaded to the chip via the data input lines. The Hough-transform ASIC is suitable for a wide range of pattern recognition applications. The integrated circuit is a powerful building block for systems requiring real-time execution of the Hough transform.
Cloning, expression and functional identification of secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase gene from Dysosma versipellis callus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase (SDH) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of podophyllotoxin.In this study, two SDH candidate genes,SO282 and SO1223, were cloned from callus of Dysosma versipellis by homology-based PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE).The SDH candidate genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and the subsequent enzyme assay in vitro showed that recombinant SO282 had the SDH activity. These results pave the way to the follow-up investigation of the biosynthetic of podophyllotoxin.
Measurement of the W boson helicity in tt decays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Ziel dieser Dissertation ist die Messung des Anteils an W Bosonen mit
positiver Helizitaet aus Top-Antitop Zerfallen. Die Daten fur diese Analyse
wurden mit dem D0 Detektor am Fermilab Tevatron in den Jahren 2002-2004 aufgezeichnet.
Sie entsprechen einer integrierten Luminositaet von ca. 230 inversen pb.
Die Messung benutzt den Zerfallswinkel theta zwischen dem geladenen Lepton und der
(negativen) Flugrichtung des b-Quarks im Ruhesystem des W Bosons. Um den Winkel
theta zu rekonstruieren, wird das Top-Antitop System mit Hilfe eines kinematischen
Fits rekonstruiert, wobei die Masse des W Bosons und des Top Quarks als Nebenbedingungen
ausgenutzt werden.

Der Vergleich zwischen der erwarteten Verteilung in cos(theta) aus Monte Carlo Simulationen fuer verschiedene Anteile
an rechtshaendigen W Bosonen, f+, mit der Verteilung in den Daten ergab
das folgende Resultat fuer f+: f+ = -0.10 +- 0.17(stat) +- 0.07 (syst).

Dieses Ergebnis schliesst theoretische Modelle die einen sehr grossen V+A Anteil
im elektroschwachen geladenen Strom des Top Zerfalls vorhersagen aus.