jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Awareness about Face Bow and its Types among Dental Professionals- A Questionnaire Based Survey

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

A face bow is a caliper like instrument used to record spatial relation from maxillary arch to the anatomicalpoints and transfer the jaw relation to an articulator. It orients the dental cast in the same relationship tothe opening axis of the articulator. There are mainly two types of face bows - Kinematic and Arbitraryface bows. Arbitrary face bows inturn have many subtypes based on anterior and posterior reference pointindicators and the mechanism of inter condylar distance equilibrium.The questionnaire containing questionsabout face bows and its types was circulated to about 100 participants through google docs - online survey.The study was approved ethically by IERB.The responses generated from the survey were converted intopie charts and recorded. The answers obtained are discussed by comparing with the previous articles.Thesurvey study shows how much Dental professionals know about face bows and its types and implementingthem in their practice.
A Case Report: Prolonged Psychosis Secondary to Use of Highly Concentrated Tetra Hydro Cannabinoid (THC) (DABS)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Association of Schizophrenia, psychosis, and Marijuana is decades old. Swedish Conscripts cohort study [1] was one of the earlier studies which reported dose-dependent associations between Marijuana use and schizophrenia. This landmark study was substantiated in other countries through research and systematic reviews [2], which further strengthened the dose-dependent association between Marijuana and Psychosis. The dose defined in these studies [1] was based on the frequency of use that is more times used means more risk of developing schizophrenia and or related psychosis. The concept of using highly concentrated marijuana is relatively new, especially in the light of episodes lasting longer than anticipated with treatment resistance. There is not much data on how it will change the course of psychosis and affect the current diagnostic criteria for Substance-induced psychosis, Schizophreniform Psychosis, and schizophrenia. Based on these challenges, we report a case of Dabs or concentrated Tetra Hydro Cannabinoid (THC)-induced prolonged psychosis with tachycardia and treatment resistance on two separate occasions. Both inpatient admissions were triggered using concentrated Tetra Hydro Cannabinoid (THC).
[Effect of exogenous neoplasm DNA on the course of Swetz leukemia in non-inbred rats of different age groups].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Experiments on 150 non-inbred white rats have shown that preliminary administration of high polymer native DNA isolated from Swetz leukemia tumor suppresses the tumor growth. Tumor DNA combined with BCG vaccine in young animals suppresses and in old ones stimulates the tumor growth. These results correlate with DNA and CIC content in the blood serum. Due to the tumor growth suppression the animals' life increases by 40%. Administration of BCG vaccine only does not prevent the development of tumor in usual terms.
A novel robust and efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme over a long-reach passive optical network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Long-Reach passive optical networks (LR-PONs) have been considered to be promising solutions for future access networks. In this paper, we proposed a decentralized medium access control (MAC) scheme over an LR-PON network architecture which provides direct inter-ONU communication through an (N+1)×(N+1) star coupler. In the proposed MAC scheme, a profit-weight-based-plus dynamic bandwidth allocation (P-DBA+) scheme is presented. P-DBA+ is a novel excess bandwidth distribution scheme with quality of service (QoS) provisioning. Simulation results indicate that the scheme attains exceptional system performance under various traffic loads and burstiness, providing fair, efficient and robust scheduling, and ensures the QoS requirements.
Ectopic Thyrotropin-Secreting Tumor in the Nasopharynx Causing Central Hyperthyroidism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We report a 31-year-old man with diarrhea and tachycardia. Diagnostic workup confirmed raised free thyroid hormones with unsuppressed thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Laboratory assay and medication interference were excluded. Consistent with a high glycoprotein hormone α-subunit (α-GSU), the α-GSU:TSH molar ratio was increased. However, anterior pituitary panel testing also confirmed an isolated, raised follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (17.3 IU/L; reference range, 1.7-8.0). Therefore, interpretation of α-GSU was limited given the co-existent elevated FSH. There was no pituitary lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and stimulated TSH was 232% of baseline levels following thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation, making a diagnosis of TSH-oma less likely. Genetic analysis revealed no pathogenic variants in the thyroid hormone receptor β gene. Due to the persistently elevated FSH, a follow-up pituitary MRI was arranged, which identified a nasopharyngeal mass on the floor of the sphenoid sinus, raising the possibility of ectopic pituitary tissue. The patient underwent endoscopic resection of this lesion, with subsequent normalization of free T4, TSH, and FSH within a few weeks. Histology confirmed a plurihormonal pituitary adenoma with staining for TSH, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and FSH. This case highlights the biochemical and radiological challenges of diagnosing ectopic TSH-secreting pituitary tumors.
State Ownership and Corporate Governance in China: An Executive Career Approach

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs) now comprise over sixty percent of the largest 500 companies in China and more than ten percent of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world. Despite their importance to China’s domestic economy and foreign investment strategy, many governance characteristics of the SOEs remain a black box, including the SOEs’ executive composition and recruitment development. This Article shifts away from the typical focus on how corporations function (i.e., corporate structure) to an examination of the people in charge. Such an approach is important for understanding corporate governance and economic development in countries with weak legal institutions. Using this approach, this Article investigates the legal guidelines for SOE executive recruitment and the evolution of the educational, political, and career attributes of the CEOs of China’s large SOEs over the past decade. Furthermore, this Article utilizes legal, historical, sociological, and comparative methods to explain the change and stability of executive composition in China’s large SOEs. In sum, SOE executive recruitment shows an orientation toward politically-bounded and firm-specific professionalism, as well as some faint potential for bottom-up and competition-driven marketization. SOE recruitment guidelines and the empirical findings in this Article raise questions about the adequacy and capacity of existing international laws and enforcement mechanisms to cope with the rise of Chinese SOEs, the challenges to improving Chinese corporate governance, and the underlying forces that form apparent similarities in elite composition across countries.
Additional file 1: of C9orf72 deficiency promotes motor deficits of a C9ALS/FTD mouse model in a dose-dependent manner

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Figure S1. Characterization of C9-BAC mice with C9orf72 dose reduction. (A) Quantification of C9orf72/Atg101 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. (B, C) Body weight of female (B) and male (C) mice at 4 months of age. (D-G) Open field test was performed on 4-month-old mice to examine the total distance traveled (E), distance traveled in the center (F), and percentage of time spent in the center (G). (H, I) Quantification of the maximal g force from five trials of rotarod assay. C9orf72 deficiency decreases the maximal g force of C9-BAC female mice in a dose-dependent manner. All data are presented as mean ± SEM using numbers (n) of mice as indicated. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s represents no significant difference detected). (PDF 2855 kb)
A Single Dominant Gene for Resistance to the Soybean Aphid in the Soybean Cultivar Dowling

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines Matsumura), a new pest of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], rapidly spread throughout North America after its arrival in 2000 and caused millions of dollars in economic losses. At present, the application of insecticides is the only means to control the soybean aphid. However, genetic resistance to the aphid was recently discovered in soybean germplasm and the soybean cultivar Dowling was identified as having strong antibiosis‐type aphid resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance to the soybean aphid in Dowling. Resistance in F 1 , F 2 , and F 2 –derived F 3 (F 2:3 ) families from crosses between Dowling and the two susceptible soybean cultivars Loda and Williams 82 was analyzed. All F 1 plants were resistant to the aphid. Heterogeneity of segregation of F 2 plants in 14 Dowling × Loda F 2 families was nonsignificant ( P = 0.16), and pooled F 2 data, with 132 resistant to 45 susceptible plants, fit a 3:1 ratio ( P = 0.90). F 2 plants from Dowling × Williams 82 segregated 135 resistant to 44 susceptible, also fitting a 3:1 ratio ( P = 0.89). Segregation among the F 2:3 families fit a 1:2:1 monogenic inheritance pattern. These results indicated that a single dominant gene named Rag1 controlled resistance in Dowling. The monogenic dominant nature of resistance will enable breeders to rapidly convert existing susceptible cultivars to resistant cultivars using backcrossing procedures.
Caffeine dependence syndrome. Evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective.

—The extent to which daily caffeine use is associated with a substance dependence syndrome similar to that associated with other psychoactive drugs is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess volunteers who reported problems with their use of caffeine for evidence suggesting a diagnosis of caffeine dependence based on the generic criteria for substance dependence from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).

Design.

—Case-series evaluations.

Setting.

—An academic research center.

Participants.

—Self-identified adults who believed they were psychologically or physically dependent on caffeine.

Main Outcome Measure.

—Diagnoses made by a psychiatrist using a structured clinical interview that included a section on caffeine dependence based on generic criteria forDSM-IVsubstance dependence.

Secondary Outcome Measure.

—Double-blind caffeine-withdrawal evaluation.

Results.

—Ninety-nine subjects were screened for the study, and 16 were identified as having a diagnosis of caffeine dependence. Median daily caffeine intake was 357 mg, and 19% of subjects consumed less than the national (US) daily average of caffeine. Criteria used for making diagnoses (and rates of their prevalence) were as follows: withdrawal (94%), use continued despite knowledge of a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by caffeine use (94%), persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use (81%), and tolerance (75%). Eleven subjects underwent the double-blind caffeine-withdrawal evaluation portion of the study, and nine (82%) of the 11 showed objective evidence of caffeine withdrawal, including eight of 11 with functional impairment.

Conclusions.

—These results, together with other experimental evidence, suggest that caffeine exhibits the features of a typical psychoactive substance of dependence. It is valuable to recognize caffeine dependence as a clinical syndrome, since some people feel compelled to continue caffeine use despite desires and recommendations to the contrary. (JAMA. 1994;272:1043-1048)
Numerical Experiments for Darcy Flow on a Surface Using Mixed Exterior Calculus Methods

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

There are very few results on mixed finite element methods on surfaces. A theory for the study of such methods was given recently by Holst and Stern, using a variational crimes framework in the context of finite element exterior calculus. However, we are not aware of any numerical experiments where mixed finite elements derived from discretizations of exterior calculus are used for a surface domain. This short note shows results of our preliminary experiments using mixed methods for Darcy flow (hence scalar Poisson's equation in mixed form) on surfaces. We demonstrate two numerical methods. One is derived from the primal-dual Discrete Exterior Calculus and the other from lowest order finite element exterior calculus. The programming was done in the language Python, using the PyDEC package which makes the code very short and easy to read. The qualitative convergence studies seem to be promising.
Studies in the Nutrition of Apple Rootstocks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plants of the apple rootstock M.VII were grown for a single season by spraying their roots continuously with nutrient solutions: (a) complete, (b) low iron, (c) low magnesium, and (d) low iron and low magnesium. Detailed records were taken throughout the season of fresh weight, shoot length, diameter, and leaf area, while the fresh and dry weights of component parts were determined on harvested samples. The leaves of the iron-deficient plants were chlorotic and had a lower dry weight and higher water content per unit area than those of the control plants. Growth and net assimilation rate were both reduced but the distribution of assimilates was similar to that in the controls. Total growth was also markedly reduced by the low-magnesium treatment, but the leaf symptoms were different and the plants were morphologically distinct from the control plants. Very little chlorosis occurred, but necrosis and severe defoliation, progressing up the shoot, reduced the leaf area ratio and probably largely accounted for the low net assimilation rate and relative growth rate. The diameter of the shoot was affected much more than its length and the shoot/root ratio was greatly increased. Plants deficient in both iron and magnesium showed less defoliation than when magnesium alone was low. More dry matter accumulated in the old stem and less in the new shoot than would have occurred with a simple combination of the single deficiencies.
AI-Driven Quality Assurance in Translation: Tools and Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Translation transforms content from one language to another, retaining the source meaning. Quality assurance ensures the translation meets clients’ expectations and end-users, as well as the expectations of translators themselves. QA checks translations against standards such as accuracy, fluency, readability, and style. Recently, AI and machine learning have dramatically changed the history of translation quality. They automate and enhance QA tasks, so the translation process is faster, more uniform, and adaptable. This chapter explores AI-powered QA tools and techniques. We’ll review how AI and ML refine translation quality management, including neural machine translation, enhanced QA, domain adaptation, and feedback mechanisms. This chapter also examines the implications of AI in translation for stakeholders like translators, clients, and academics. The focus will be on the challenges and prospects AI brings to the translation industry.
A new endemic Ramalina species from the Canary Islands (Ascomycota, Lecanorales)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ramalina alisiosae (Ramalinaceae), found on trees in the laurel forests of the Canary Islands is described as new to science. A description of the species is given together with notes on its chemistry, distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of ITS sequences showed a close relation of the new species with R. implectens and R. farinacea. Morphological and anatomical differences with these related lichen taxa are discussed.
Creating Space to Meet the Other

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper reflects on the creation and experience of the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists’ Annual Conference and its theme, “The Face of the Other”. It is written by a member of the Conference Organising Committee in a personal capacity and from a personal perspective. The author’s role on the Committee was largely focused on relationship-building and communication. The author — and article — suggests that the Committee and the Conference itself were influenced by our Association’s aim to work toward partnership with Māori, as tangata whenua, people of this land. My reflections are influenced by my encounters with Committee colleagues, keynote and panel speakers, and two of the papers I attended. Waitara E whakaata ana tēnei tuhinga i te auahatanga me te wheako o te Hui ā-Tau a te Rōpū Kaimahi Hinengaro o Aotearo me tana kaupapa: “Te Kanohi o Tētahi Atu.”. Nā tētahi o ngā mema o te Rōpū Whakahaere o te Hui i tuhi i raro i tōna ake mana, ā, mai hoki i ōna ake whakaaro wheako. Ko tā te kaituhi mahi i runga i te Komiti i te nuinga o te wā, e arotahi ana i ngā ara taura here whakawhitinga kōrero hoki. E hōmai ana te kaituhi-me te tuhinga-i mau te Komiti me te Huinga, ki raro i tā mātou whāinga ki te whai kia tūtahi ki te Māori, te tangata whenua. te tangata tuatahi o tēnei whenua. Ko aku whakaatanga i hua ake i aku tūtakitanga ki ngā hoa o te Komiti, ngā kaikōrero, mai i te kaikōrero matua ki ngā kaikōrero rārangi, ā, mai i ngā kauhau e rua i haere au ki te whakarongo.
Quantitative Studies on the Infectivity of the Virus of Herpes Simplex for the Chorioallantoic Membrane of the Chick Embryo, Together with Observations on the Inactivation of the Virus by Its Specific Antiserum

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary A strain of herpes simplex virus readily produced macroscopic foci of lesion on the chorio-allantois of developing chick embryos when infective rabbit or mouse brain material was inoculated into fertile eggs of the proper age. In one series of transfers, initiated with rabbit brain virus, 42 egg to egg passages were obtained with foci in each. The gross and microscopic development of the lesions are described. By inoculation of a series of membranes with equal amounts of suitable dilutions of egg-membrane virus and determination of the averages of the counts of the individual membrane-foci for each dilution, it was possible to titrate the quantity of virus present. It was found that for this strain the inoculation of an amount of virus sufficient to produce one or a very few foci on the chorioallantois would also initiate fatal herpetic encephalitis in mice after intracerebral inoculation. The rate of increase of the virus in the chorio-allantois following inoculation into 12-day eggs was examined. During the first two days of infection the concentration of virus rose markedly, then increased more slowly to reach a maximum between the end of the third and fourth days; after which the concentration diminished, at first abruptly then more gradually. Egg-membrane virus was found to maintain infectivity better when frozen at −10°C. than when placed in 50 per cent glycerol-Tyrode’s solution at 4°C. Suspensions of egg-membrane virus in Tyrode’s solution retained their infectivity for at least two weeks at 4°C. For three samples of hyperimmune rabbit sera examined, it was determined that small amounts of antiserum could neutralize several thousand focus-initiating virus-units. Similar values for these sera were obtained by the parallel inoculation of mixtures of the same antiserum + virus intracerebrally into mice. Neutralization was equally effective whether the mixtures were injected immediately or ten minutes after preparation or were held for an hour at 25°C. before testing. Attempts to demonstrate reactivation by dilution of inactive mixtures were unsuccessful. In experiments designed to learn the rate of fixation of the virus to cells of the chorio-allantois it was found that within 5 minutes of contact, from 4 to 8 per cent of the viral inoculum might be fixed and produce lesions on the chorio-allantois despite the later presence of antiserum. By six hours as much as 50 per cent of the virus was fixed while by 18 hours all of the virus was so situated as to be insusceptible to subsequent antibody administration. Immune serum reaching the chorio-allantois 5 minutes previous to or simultaneously with the virus, effectively prevented the formation of any lesions.
Histomorphometric analysis of the soleus muscle in different phases of ischemic stroke in an animal model

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective: To analyze the muscle mass and cross-sectional area of the muscular fiber of the hemiparetic soleus in an animal model, in order to identify the muscular adaptations that occur in ischemic stroke. Method: Twelve Rattus norvegicus were divided into 2 groups: stroke group (n=6) and control group (n=6). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups, with evaluations at 7 days (CG7 and SG7) and 21 days (CG21 and SG21) after the accident. Their soleus muscles were removed for muscle mass analysis and cross-sectional area of the muscular fibers (CSAMF) measurement. The adopted statistical significance was 5%. Result: Significant differences in the muscle mass were observed between CG7 (0.120 ± 0.005 g) vs. SG7 (0.100 ± 0.004 g; p=0.035), and between CG21 (0.130 ± 0.010 g) vs. SG21 (0.078 ± 0.006; p=0.012). Significant differences in the relative muscle mass were observed between CG7 (0.044 ± 0.002 g) vs SG7 (0.039 ± 0.003; p=0.025), and CG21 (0.044 ± 0.003) vs. SG21 (0.028 ± 0.002; p=0.011). The CSAMF showed significant differences between CG7 (2,322 μm2 [2312-2453]) vs. SG7 (2,056 μm2 [2,022-2,135]; p=0.012), and CG21 (2,667 μm2 [2,692-2,845]) vs. SG21 (2,050 μm2 [2,034-2,161]; p=0.006). Conclusion: In this study in animal models of ischemic stroke, there was a significant loss of muscle mass, and this loss was accentuated in the longer term of the injury, highlighting the importance of future research on types of muscle fibers and applicability in human patients.