jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Undergraduate Research as a Critical Component in the Education of Chemists

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An emerging, and still developing, theme has been inclusion of a research experience as a central component of an undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Over a half century ago undergraduate research by a faculty mentor and undergraduate students could be found on islands of exceptional activity that were primarily located in private liberal arts colleges. In the decades that followed, undergraduate research evolved beyond the small college environment to include some, or all, of the following: Addition of a "capstone" undergraduate research experience as a requirement for graduation; Revision of "cookbook" laboratory experiments into "research focused" experiments and inclusion of a semester-long research project within traditional laboratories; Early incorporation of research in the four-year curriculum and expansion to multi-year experiences; Overhaul of the curricular structure so that students progressively encounter more research-intensive courses culminating in a significant research experience that requires the production of a research thesis. These four are not an exhaustive list, but chemistry faculty have been leaders in these, and other revisions that are now impacting many disciplines on college campuses. This chapter will detail the evolution of undergraduate research as a critical component in the education of undergraduate chemistry students and the external and internal forces that have driven this change.
Advances in the studies on the extended-s pectrum beta-lactamases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBL S )is one of the key factors that lead to resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in the cases of the infection of mostgerms.The author sreviewed the mechanism of ESBLS production,its classification,detection methods, spectrum of drug-resistance and main germs of ESBLS production.
Radio Tomographic Imaging With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Radio tomographic imaging (RTI) is a device-free sensing technology that can image the radio frequency (RF) attenuation of physical objects in the environment. RTI uses received signal strength (RSS) information from a wireless communication network (WCN) to perform image reconstruction. However it requires a dense WCN consisting of a large number of nodes making it difficult to apply in realistic WCN. In this paper we investigate the performance of RTI when reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are integrated into the WCN for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). This approach can potentially enable the use of RTI in realistic WCN without a large number of nodes. Theoretical and numerical comparisons based on the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) are provided to verify the improvement on sensing performance brought by RIS. The scaling behavior of the reconstruction error as a function of the number of RIS element groups is also derived. Simulations are conducted to validate the proposed RIS-RTI system with a limited number of nodes. The results indicate that incorporating RIS can reduce the necessary number of nodes by more than a half while maintaining high-quality reconstruction compared to a network without RIS. IEEE
N,N‐Dimethylformamide‐Assisted Shape Evolution of Highly Uniform and Shape‐Pure Colloidal Copper Nanocrystals

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, the N , N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF)‐assisted shape evolution of highly uniform and shape‐pure copper nanocrystals (Cu NCs) is presented for the first time. Colloidal Cu NCs are synthesized via the disproportionation reaction of copper (I) bromide in the presence of a non‐polar solvent mixture. It is observed that the shape of Cu NCs is systematically controlled by the addition of different amounts of DMF to the reaction mixture in high‐temperature reaction conditions while maintaining a high size uniformity and shape purity. With increasing amount of DMF in the reaction mixture, the morphology of the Cu NCs change from a cube enclosed by six {100} facets, to a sphere with mixed surface facets, and finally, to an octahedron enclosed by eight {111} facets. The origin of this shape evolution is understood via first‐principles density functional theory calculations, which allows the study of the change in the relative surface stability according to surface‐coordinating adsorbates. Further, the shape‐dependent plasmonic properties are systematically investigated with highly uniform and ligand‐exchanged colloidal Cu NCs dispersed in acetonitrile. Finally, the facet‐dependent electrocatalytic activities of the shape‐controlled Cu NCs are investigated to reveal the activities of the highly uniform and shape‐pure Cu NCs in the methanol oxidation reaction.
Efficient congestion control in VANET for safety messaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The prime goal of Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is to provide life safety on the road. To achieve this, vehicles make use of two types of safety messages i) Periodic safety messages (beacons): to exchange status information e.g. position, speed etc. ii) Event-driven messages: broadcast in case of an emergency situations e.g. accidents, hard-braking etc. As both type of messages use same Control Channel, in dense traffic periodic beacons may consume the entire channel bandwidth resulting in a saturated/congested channel. In a congested channel event-driven messages may not be able to access the channel at all, thus providing no safety. Researchers have proposed different strategies to overcome this problem. Most of these strategies rely on the concept of a limiting beacon bandwidth usage level below a specific threshold and thus implicitly reserving a chunk of bandwidth for high priority even-driven messages. In the proposed strategies either transmission rate or power control techniques are used to control congestion. In this paper we evaluate such techniques and highlight following major drawbacks first: using only power control techniques do not satisfy requirements of envisioned beacon-dependent safety applications, second: methods used for measuring channel usage level in transmission rate control technique may not be as effective under real world conditions. We also present a conceptual view of a congestion control scheme using transmission rate and transmission power simultaneously for optimal results.
The influence of the moisture content of the fibrous support of a nasal inhaler upon the concentration of drug in the air stream

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The moisture contents of cellulose acetate and paper fibrous support materials used in nasal inhalers have been determined by infrared drying and extraction techniques. The mutual solubilities of water and methylamphetamine have been investigated at various temperatures, and the results indicated that the system exhibited both upper and lower consolute temperatures. The effect of molar composition of water on the total and partial vapour pressures of methylamphetamine-water mixtures have also been investigated. Positive deviations from Raoult's Law were observed for both total and partial pressures. The present results have been related to data obtained previously with an inhaler system to show that the moisture contents of the fibrous supports are partially responsible for the discrepancy between the derived and absolute vapour pressure values for methylamphetamine.
LBPSCN: Local Binary Pattern Scaled Capsule Network for the Recognition of Ocular Diseases

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Glaucoma and cataracts are leading causes of blindness worldwide, resulting in significant vision loss and quality of life impairment. Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and prevention of further damage. However, diagnosis is challenging, especially when intraocular pressure is low or cataracts are present. Deep learning algorithms, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown promise in detecting eye diseases but require large training datasets to achieve high performance.. To address this limitation, this work proposes a modified Capsule Network algorithm with a novel scaled processing algorithm and local binary pattern layer, enabling robust and accurate diagnosis of glaucoma and cataracts. The proposed model demonstrates performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods, achieving high accuracy on combined, cataract-only, and glaucoma-only datasets (94.32%, 96.87%, and 95.23%, respectively). This work introduces enhanced feature extraction and robustness to illumination variations, addressing critical limitations of existing methods.. The proposed model offers a promising tool for ophthalmologists and glaucoma specialists to accurately diagnose glaucoma and cataract-compromised eyes, potentially improving patient outcomes.
Ventriculoatrial Shunt Versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is usually the primary choice for cerebrospinal fluid shunting for most neurosurgeons, while ventriculoatrial shunt (VAS) is a second-line procedure because of historical complications. Remarkably, there is no robust evidence claiming the superiority of VPS over VAS. Thus, we aimed to compare both procedures through a meta-analysis. METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, the authors systematically searched the literature for articles comparing VAS with VPS. The included articles had to detail one of the following outcomes: revisions, infections, shunt-related mortality, or complications. In addition, the cohort for each shunt model had to encompass more than 4 patients. RESULTS: Of 1872 articles, 16 met our criteria, involving 4304 patients, with 1619 undergoing VAS and 2685 receiving VPS placement. Analysis of revision surgeries showed no significant difference between VAS and VPS (risk ratio [RR] = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.9-1.34; I 2 = 84%, random effects). Regarding infections, the analysis also found no significant difference between the groups (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.36-1.25; I 2 = 74%, random effects). There was no statistically significant disparity between both methods concerning shunt-related deaths (RR = 2.11, 95% CI: 0.68-6.60; I 2 = 56%, random effects). Included studies after 2000 showed no VAS led to cardiopulmonary complications, and only 1 shunt-related death could be identified. CONCLUSION: Both methods show no significant differences in procedure revisions, infections, and shunt-related mortality. The literature is outdated, research in adults is lacking, and future randomized studies are crucial to understand the profile of VAS when comparing it with VPS. The final decision on which distal site for cerebrospinal shunting to use should be based on the patient's characteristics and the surgeon's expertise.
Characteristics of chalcone isomerase promoter in crabapple leaves (M.cv. royalty) and transient expression assay modified in onion epidermal cell

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites found in higher plants that contribute to the colors of plants and chalcone isomerase (CHI) is one of the key enzymes in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. What characteristic is CHI promoter known as the regulation sequence of CHI gene, has been rarely investigated. We isolated A 329 bp 5’-upstream sequence of McCHI promoter sequence from Malus crabapple cultivar ‘royalty’. According to PLACE database, we found all kinds of cis-elements which contained light, hormone, stress, Ca2+ and MYB responsive factor in McCHI promoter. Transient expression assay showed that the McCHI promoter fragments had the promoter activity and can drive GUS expression. So it is presumed that McCHI promoter had a promising application prospect in the genetic transformation to modify the color of plant and anthocyanins production. We also compared the effect of GUS gene expression in different bombardment distances and in different onion epidermis culture patterns. The results show that 6 cm was the best bombardment distance and sorbitol was better to conduct plasmolysis than mannitol and that 4 to 5 layers onion epidermis was suitable for transient expression assay. As is in the foregoing, the GUS gene expression is sufficient and is the best state to analyze promoter activity. Key words: Chalcone isomerase, promoter, cis-element, transient expression assay, Malus crabapple.
Large strain Flory’s decomposition for Lagrangian modeling of viscoleastic solids and compressive fluids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The fundamental difference in the solution of solids and fluids relies on the respective constitutive laws. Based on the Rivlin-Saunders-Düster-Hartmann hyperelastic model and using the Flory's strain decomposition, we present a new total Lagrangian viscoelastic constitutive model for both Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic solids and free-surface compressive viscous isothermal fluids. A dissipative viscous virtual work is written as a function of the time rate of isochoric invariants and its relation with the viscous stress is derived. Local time derivatives are solved by backward finite difference, allowing a consistent tangent viscoelastic constitutive tensor. The virtual work principle is used to write the weak equilibrium equation and its position-based finite element counterpart. Dynamic time integration is carried out by the Newmark β method and the Newton-Raphson procedure is used to solve time steps. The formulation is validated against experimental and numerical literature results revealing good precision. Additional examples are shown in order to demonstrate the applicability and future possibilities of the technique.
Crown ethers derived from bicyclocalix[4]arenes as chromoionophores

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The synthesis of calix[4]arenes in which opposite phenolic units are connected by a poly(oxyethylene) bridge at the narrow rim and a 2,6-dimethylene-4-nitrophenol bridge at the wide rim is reported. For two derivatives with tetra- (4) and penta(oxyethylene) (5) bridges UV-Vis spectrophotometric studies were carried out in buffered solution in the presence of alkali metal ions. Their complexation was associated with changes in their UV-Vis spectra, especially with an increase of the absorption band at 450 nm. For 4 and 5 this was most intense in the presence of potassium and caesium ions, respectively, indicating that the calixarene with the shorter crown ether bridge is selective towards potassium ions and that with the longer bridge towards caesium ions. The X-ray structure analysis of 5 shows a pinched cone conformation for the 1,3-calixcrown part. The p-nitrophenol unit is parallel to one of the unbridged tert-butyl phenol units. Its hydroxyl group points into the cavity, in agreement with comparatively high pKa values. Molecular mechanics was used to model the geometry of the potassium and caesium complexes.
An Uniformalized Quality Encoding in Cloud Transcoding System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To provide video on demand (VOD) services to customers on IPTV or OTT, it is necessary to transcode the contents to suit the playback device and the user's viewing experience. This paper introduces a multi-pass quality control method designed to achieve consistent video quality when transcoding IPTV VOD content within a transcoding system specifically configured for cloud computing environments. We conduct performance testing by implementing this method as a commercial service, utilizing a parallel processing encoding workflow that is specifically optimized for cloud environments. The proposed method successfully achieves the required visual quality for each chunk, ensuring stable video quality across various types of content. Moreover, the encoding time is on average 1.21 times longer compared to a single pass of encoding.
Current-voltage characteristics of thin-film SOI MOSFET's in strong inversion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A simple analytic model for the steady-state current-voltage characteristics of strongly inverted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET's is developed. The model, simplified by a key approximation that the inversion charge density is described well by a linear function of the Surface potential, clearly shows the dependence of the drain current on the device parameters and on the terminal voltages, including the back-gate (substrate) bias. The analysis is supported by measurements of current-voltage characteristics of thin-film (laser-recrystallized) SOI MOSFET's. The dependence of carrier mobility on the terminal voltages, especially the back-gate bias, is analyzed and shown to underlie discrepancies between the theoretical (constant mobility) and experimental results at high gate voltages. The mobility dependence on the back-gate bias enhances the strong influence of the back gate on the drain current, especially when the device is saturated.
Probability Density Function of the Output Current of Cascaded Multiplexer/Demultiplexers in Transparent Optical Networks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The influence of the concatenation of arbitrary optical multiplexers/demultiplexers (MUX/DEMUXs) on the probability density function (PDF) of the output current of a transparent optical network is assessed. All PDF results obtained analytically are compared with estimates from Monte Carlo simulation and an excellent agreement is achieved. The non-Gaussian behavior of the PDFs, previously reported by other authors for square-law detectors, is significantly enhanced with the number of nodes increase due to the noise accumulation along the cascade of MUX/DEMUXs. The increase of the MUX/DEMUXs bandwidth and detuning also enhances the PDFs non-Gaussian behavior. The PDF shape variation with the detuning depends strongly on the number of nodes. Explanations for the Gaussian approximation (GA) accuracy on the assessment of the performance of a concatenation of optical MUX/DEMUXs are also provided. For infinite extinction ratio and tuned MUX/DEMUXs, the GA error probabilities are, in general, pessimistic, due to the inaccurate estimation of the error probability for both bits. For low extinction ratio, the GA is very accurate due to a balance between the error probabilities estimated for the bits “1” and “0.” With the detuning increase, the GA estimates can become optimistic.
Simultaneous Online Recovery of Human Lysozyme Produced by Kluyveromyces lactis K7 in Biofilm Reactor

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Lysozyme is an antimicrobial compound, which has been used in both food and pharmaceutical industry. Kluyveromyces lactis K7 is a genetically modified microorganism, which is proposed to produce the human lysozyme commercially. Up to now, human lysozyme production was enhanced by the application of biofilm reactor with plastic composite (173 U/ml) compared to the suspended-cell bioreactor (110 U/ml). However, lysozyme has antimicrobial peptides, which might affect the growth of yeast cells during fermentation. As a result, high production potential of human lysozyme might be reduced. Therefore, a simultaneous fermentation and online recovery system can help to enhance the production. In order to test this strategy, the objective of this study was to select the best adsorption and desorption conditions for the resin, silicic acid, and evaluate the simultaneous fermentation and online recovery system for the production of human lysozyme by K. lactis K7 in biofilm reactor. The results demonstrated that the best adsorption (95.6% adsorption) was obtained at 25oC, pH 4, and 25% silicic acid ratio. Also, the best desorption parameters were determined as 25oC, pH -6.2, and 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate with 1 M NaCl and 20% ethanol as eluent composition. Four repetitive desorption process provided up to 98% desorption. Finally, the simultaneous fermentation and online recovery system with tangential flow microfilter module improved the production of human lysozyme to280.4 U/ml, which is 63% improvement compared to the biofilm bioreactor without online recovery system.
Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning or Queer Students at Evangelical Christian Colleges as Described in Personal Blogs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning or queer (LGBTQ) students at evangelical Christian colleges are a population frequently overlooked in the literature on the spiritual lives of college students. The author used qualitative content analysis within a phenomenological tradition to examine blog posts by such students, who face multiple identity challenges and official sanctions on campuses. Findings indicate these students want to be recognized as both LGBTQ and evangelical Christian by their colleges. Included are implications for counseling professionals and college administrators.
The effectiveness of combining the likelihood maps of different filters in improving detection of calcification objects

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer diagnosed in women. Mammograms offer the best option in detecting the disease early, which allows early treatment and by implication, a favorable prognosis. This study looks to combine the Wavelet, Median, Gaussian and a Finite Impulse Response filters for the task of detecting Malignant and Benign calcifications, which are among the primary indicators of breast cancer in digital Mammograms. These filters individually detect calcifications to varying degrees of success, but also create artifacts especially along the boundaries of curvilinear structures. They are combined in a way that improves overall detection, while diminishing their individual side effects. An Entropy-based thresholding technique is finally used to segment the calcifications from the background. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves a 100% detection rate, which shows the effectiveness of combining the likelihood maps from various filters in detecting calcification objects.
Anne Wilson: Wind/Rewind/Weave

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wilson: Wind/Rewind/Weave documents an exhibition of the same title organized by the Knoxville Museum of Art and visual artist Anne Wilson to investigate the global crisis of production and skill-based textile labor. This volume includes evocative images of Wilson's pieces on display, as well as beautiful, full-color illustrations of the textiles that provide an almost tactile experience, photographs of artists at work, and diagrams of how the materials are made. Accompanying these images are essays by Glenn Adamson, Jenni Sorkin, Julia Bryan-Wilson, Philis Alvic, and Laura Y. Liu, which address the history of craft and textile production, while considering how Wilson uses craft and collaboration as potent political metaphors in art.