jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Model of an Excitatory Synapse Based on Stochastic Processes

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We present a mathematical model of a biological synapse based on stochastic processes to establish the temporal behavior of the postsynaptic potential following a quantal synaptic transmission. This potential form is the basis of the neural code. We suppose that the release of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft follows a Poisson process, and that they diffuse according to integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes in 3-D with random initial positions and velocities. The diffusion occurs in an isotropic environment between two infinite parallel planes representing the pre- and postsynaptic membrane. We state that the presynaptic membrane is perfectly reflecting and that the other is perfectly absorbing. The activation of the receptors polarizes the postsynaptic membrane according to a parallel RC circuit scheme. We present the results obtained by simulations according to a Gillespie algorithm and we show that our model exhibits realistic postsynaptic behaviors from a simple quantal occurrence.
Reliable surgical landmarks for the identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To obtain reliable landmarks for identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in human larynges. Study Design and Setting This is a prospective study, analyzing the laryngeal anatomic features. Structures easily palpable on the thyroid and cricoid cartilage (ie, the most prominent portion of the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage [IC], the inferior tubercle of the thyroid cartilage [ITT] and the most anterior portion of the arch of the cricoid cartilage [AC]) were accepted as landmarks and the distances of these structures to the entrance point of the RLN on the medial aspect of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cross point [CP]) were measured in 65 adult autopsies. Results When a straight line is drawn 11 to 12 millimeters (mm) from the IC, 22 to 24 mm from the ITT, and 26 to 28 mm from the AC, the point at which they intersect indicates the point at which the RLN enters the medial side of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (ICM) and is easy to locate at this point. All of the RLN were seen to lie posterolateral to the Berry ligament. Thirty‐eight of 65 cases possessed extralaryngeal bifurcation of the RLN. Conclusion With such constant mathematic values, these 3 landmarks are reliable markers for identification of RLN. This study is important in the fact that it states constant mathematic values regarding surgical landmarks used to expose the RLN.
NITROGEN NUTRITION FOR HOME GARDEN VEGETABLES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studies conducted on selected vegetable crops in replicated trials using nitrogen fertilizer at the specified rates equivalent to 56 kg, 112 kg, 224 kg, and 448 kg per hectare, produced yield variations. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) on vegetable production for the home gardener. The yield in numbers of U.S. No. 1 grade bell peppers treated at the rate of 224 kg was higher for the third harvest when compared to the individual yields of the 1st, 2nd, and 4th harvests. The accumulative weight and number of fruit were higher on pepper plants receiving 56 kg than those receiving greater amounts of nitrogen. Tomato yields were higher for the 3rd harvest of plants treated at the 56 kg rate when compared to the yield at greater rates. Maturity of tomatoes was delayed at the nitrogen rate of 448 kg per hectare. At the nitrogen rate of 56 kg, the 2nd harvest of snap beans recorded a higher yield than the individual yields of the other three harvests. Individual head weight of cabbage was the greatest when plants received 448 kg nitrogen as compared to plants treated with less nitrogen.
Further Evidence on External Auditors' Reliance on Internal Auditors

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this study I examined whether external auditors actually adjust the nature and extent of audit procedures due to reliance on internal auditors and, if so, whether any such reliance was related to the source reliability of the internal auditors (defined by internal auditor competence-work performance and objectivity). In this respect this study complements previous ones undertaken by Schneider [1984a; 1984b] who studied similar relationships using a within-subjects design. In contrast, however, I used a between-subjects design. The results of my study indicate that external auditors reduced planned audit hours if the internal auditors had a high level of competence-work performance, but they did not alter their tests in response to changes in the degree of internal auditor objectivity. Even here, however, the results did suggest that internal auditors had to perform documented work in a specific area before the external auditors would alter the amount of planned audit hours. Similarly, Schneider [1984a; 1984b] found internal auditor competence and work performance were perceived as almost equally important in reliance decisions, with objectivity less important, although not trivial. In section 2, 1 discuss the method used in conducting the study, followed
Youth leadership in ecotourism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Youth represent one of the tourist sectors with the highest rate of growth. The active engagement of young leaders in the field of ecotourism not only embodies their commitment to safeguarding the planet but also shows their capacity to drive transformative change. This essay delves into the vital role of youth leadership in ecotourism, exploring the ways in which young individuals contribute to innovative approaches, community empowerment, and sustainable practices that are shaping the future of both travel and environmental conservation. The method used in this study is involving primary observation and empirical data gathering. This study shows some roles and benefits of youth as leader in ecotourism sector, such as; 1) promoting responsible travel, 2) stimulate innovation, 3) amplifying awareness, 4) inspiring longterm change, 5) fostering creativity, 6) driving passion and energy, 7) bridging generation gap, 8) attracting younger base, 9) leveraging digital engagement, and 10) promoting continuous learning. This paper also shows challenges faced by young leader that they are lacking of experience, have limited resources, and have gap in industry versus in-class knowledge.
American Political Discourse: Outsider Perceptions and Attitudes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

American political discourse understood as political speeches delivered by American presidents reaches not only American citizens but the international community, i.e. numerous audiences from various cultures due to media coverage. The paper attempts to reveal the attitudes towards American values by studying the perceptions of American political discourse and the ability to recognize the persuasive and legitimation strategies. Drawing on the contemporary theoretical assumptions of political discourse, a small-scale survey was conducted among university students. The results of the survey will be used as a point of departure for the development of new specialized languages courses.
Pharmacological Management of Cardiac Syndrome Y: A Focused Review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Coronary slow flow phenomenon or cardiac syndrome Y is a relatively newly described microvascular coronary artery disorder that is still not fully understood. It is thought to be caused by increased flow resistance in the microvascular coronary artery beds. Patients affected by the CSY are typically young patients who suffer from myocardial ischemia at rest. Ischemia is often recurrent and as a result, patients suffer from a poor quality of life. The management of patients diagnosed with CSY is especially challenging, owing to its poorly understood pathophysiology, relatively recent recognition as a separate microvascular coronary artery disorder and most importantly the lack of large, homogenous, randomized controlled trials that compares the efficacy of various pharmacological agents. In this review, we touch briefly on the clinical presentation and the pathophysiology of the CSY and then we examine, in depth, the currently available evidence for the management of patients affected by this disorder.
Cleft Lip and Palate in Finland: Parental Histories, Course of Pregnancy and Selected Environmental Factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Five hundred and ninety-nine cases of oral clefts reported to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations were analysed in order to study the aetiology of cleft lip and palate. Several of the factors studied (parental age, socio-economic status, threatened abortion, pelvic X-ray examinations prior to pregnancy, emotional factors, birthweight) were significantly associated with the birth of children with oral clefts. Cases with cleft palate (CP) differed from those with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) in regard to the association of some of the factors. The results lend further support to the concept of multifactorial causation of oral clefts, as well as to the common belief that CL(P) and CP are aetiologically different entities.
[About the protective physiologic mechanisms of the groin area].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Each anatomic structure in the groin area has certain function, which is demonstrated during the increases of intraabdominal pressure. Functionally, the area is a multi-element perfectly synchronized system. According to the literature data its physiologic protective mechanisms against the pressure are: the oblique direction of the inguinal canal in the abdominal wall; the tension mechanism of transversal fascia; the internal and the external mechanism for protection of the inguinal canal; the sphincter mechanism of Lytle; the tamponade function of cremaster muscle; the mechanisms for constricting the internal femoral ring. Each of them is discussed according to the opinion of leading surgeons and the author's opinion on the basis of his experience.
Accumulation of heavy metals during vermicomposting by earthwormEisenia fetida

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Earthworms form one of the major macrofauna among soil biota to maintain dynamic equilibrium and regulate soil fertility. Their existence depends on adequate moisture, soil texture, pH, electrolyte concentration and food source in the given ecosystem. The present study focusses primarily on the potential of Eisenia fetida Savigny to accumulate heavy metals from contaminated soil during vermicomposting. Samples of contaminated soil were collected from five different sites in the vicinity of Buddha Nullah at Ludhiana, and upon analysis Lead, Chromium and Nickel were recorded as the prominent metals of the area. The potential of bioaccumulation was tested by adding metals to artificial soil in ratios similar to those found at sites and earthworms were released into the trays. The results indicated that bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni) takes place in earthworm tissue. The percent remediation in soil with highest dose of lead was 5.54%, 4.53% for chromium and 48% for nickel indicated that as compared to other metals nickel was remediated easily.
Entropy Indicators: An Approach for Low-Speed Bearing Diagnosis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To increase the competitiveness of wind energy, the maintenance costs of offshore floating and fixed wind turbines need to be reduced. One strategy is the enhancement of the condition monitoring techniques for pitch bearings, because their low operational speed and the high loads applied to them make their monitoring challenging. Vibration analysis has been widely used for monitoring the bearing condition with good results obtained for regular bearings, but with difficulties when the operational speed decreases. Therefore, new techniques are required to enhance the capabilities of vibration analysis for bearings under such operational conditions. This study proposes the use of indicators based on entropy for monitoring a low-speed bearing condition. The indicators used are approximate, dispersion, singular value decomposition, and spectral entropy of the permutation entropy. This approach has been tested with vibration signals acquired in a test rig with bearings under different health conditions. The results show that entropy indicators (EIs) can discriminate with higher-accuracy damaged bearings for low-speed bearings compared with the regular indicators. Furthermore, it is shown that the combination of regular and entropy-based indicators can also contribute to a more reliable diagnosis.
Explaining the Limited Effectiveness of Legalistic “Remedies” for Trust/Distrust

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Organizations frequently adopt formal rules, contracts, or other legalistic mechanisms when interpersonal trust is lacking. But recent research has shown such legalistic “remedies” for trust-related problems to be ineffective in restoring trust. To explain this apparent ineffectiveness, this paper outlines a theory that distinguishes two dimensions of trust—task-specific reliability and value congruence—and shows how legalistic mechanisms respond only to reliability concerns, while ignoring value-related concerns. Organizational responses to employees with HIV/AIDS are used as a case illustration that supports the theory's major propositions. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research.
Updated forecasts of cosmic ray systematic effects, simple deglitching, and current outlook for the LiteBIRD space mission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

LiteBIRD is a next-generation space telescope which aims to measure primordial gravitational waves in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background. The level of the primordial (tensor, or B-mode) signal in relation to the scalar (or E-mode) only has a known upper limit, and the instrument requirement is to measure a tensor-to-scalar ratio sensitivity δr<0.001. Systematic effects arising from cosmic radiation are expected to play a significant role, and our prior work has focused on the development of an end-to-end simulation tool for evaluating the scale of this in LiteBIRD's Low Frequency Telescope (LFT). We present an updated forecasting method which makes use of event tables generated by a new Geant4 mass model of LFT. We will compare the previously used simplified model with that of the updated mass model, and project these differences into an expected effect of the cosmic ray effect δr. Lastly, we will examine the use of a simple filtering method for removing direct detector impacts by cosmic rays, which have been shown previously to play the largest role in this systematic effect.
Privacy-Preserving Deployment Mechanism for Service Function Chains Across Multiple Domains

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Network function virtualization (NFV) has attracted attention because of its flexible configuration and management of network functions. Based on NFV, the service function chain (SFC) defines a group of virtual network functions (VNFs) connected sequentially, enabling flexible customization and provisioning of network services. In the large-scale and heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) environment, e.g., industrial IoT, servers provided by a single infrastructure provider (InP) cannot support the deployment of all VNFs, and SFCs must be deployed across multiple domains. However, SFCs deployed across multiple domains will inevitably bring privacy leakage and resource coordination difficulties, thereby reducing the efficiency of network services. To address these issues, this paper proposes a privacy-preserving deployment mechanism (PPDM) for SFCs that achieves near-optimal SFC deployment across multiple domains while protecting resource and topology privacy. PPDM first performs virtual resource prediction and forms the service intention response matrix (SIRM) based on SFC requests (SFCRs). Second, the multi-domain controller (MDC) discovers a near-optimal SFCs deployment strategy by deep Q-network (DQN) using SIRM as input to protect domains' privacy. Finally, the learned strategies are distributed to intra-domain controllers (IDCs) to implement specific services. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms privacy-preserving and non-privacy-preserving methods.
Detection of Aeromonas salmonicida in the coelomic fluid and kidney of mature chum salmon(Oncorhgnchus keta), pink salmon(O. gorbuscha)and masu salmon(O. masou).

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

北海道10河川産のサケ， カラフトマス及びサクラマス成熟親魚それぞれ420尾， 120尾及び180尾について， 体腔液と腎臓からA. salmonicida の検出を試みた。腎臓よりは低率ではあるが， 体腔液からA. salmonicidaが検出され， 生菌数は106CFU/mlに及ぶことがあることが明らかになった。これらの結果に基づき， 保菌魚から排出される体腔液に起因する水平感染の可能性， 卵を介しての汚染の拡大， 更に現状の人工ふ化事業のサケ体腔液によるA. salmonicida 環境感染に警告を与えた。
Regioselective Porphyrin Bridge Cleavage Controlled by Electronic Effects. Coupled Oxidation of 3-Demethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)mesohemin IX and Identification of Its Four Biliverdin Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This report describes the nonenzymatic oxidative cleavage of the title porphyrin (2) performed with oxygen and ascorbic acid in aqueous pyridine at 37 degrees C (coupled oxidation), via hydrolysis of the corresponding verdoheme intermediates, followed by esterification of the resulting free acid mesobiliverdin analogues to their dimethyl esters 4 (alpha isomer), 5 (beta isomer), 6 (gamma isomer), and 7 (delta isomer). The four biliverdin derivatives were purified by HPLC, and their structures were confirmed by FAB MS and also by UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. The purity of each compound was checked by (19)F NMR, and the four regioisomers were assigned through their 2D-NMR ROESY spectra and confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The ratio of regioisomers was determined by (19)F NMR spectroscopy before any purification of single compounds was attempted: alpha:beta:gamma:delta 11:6:26:57 (%). This unusually high regioselectivity was attributed to the electron-withdrawing effect of the CF(3) group on the electronic structure of porphyrin as shown considering the ab initio calculations of an iron(II) beta-substituted (trifluoromethyl)porphyrin used as a model compound. In porphyrin 2, the oxidation clearly takes place at the electron richest meso positions, the order of reactivity strictly following that of electron density, pointing out that the regiospecificity of the bridge cleavage can be effectively controlled by the electronic effects of some strategic substituents in the chromophore. The relevance of all these results in the study of the mechanism of the reactions involved in the natural catabolism of heme, catalyzed by heme oxygenase, is discussed. The advantages of 2 derived from this work, which make it a suitable model compound for the enzymatic reaction, are also discussed.
[Legionellae in dental units--a hygienic risk?].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Water samples were collected from the hot water systems and from dental units in 12 dental offices of Dresden and cultured for legionellae. From seven (58%) hot water supplies and from dental units in 6 (50%) offices legionellae could be isolated. To asses the hygienic risk for dental staff we studied the prevalence of antibodies against Legionellae in serum samples of 113 dentists, 105 dental nurses and 17 dental technicians. In comparison with a control group of healthy people (132 women, 161 men, 20-80 years) living in the Dresden area, dentists have had a higher prevalence of antibodies against legionellae. In a lesser degree this was the case in sera of dental nurses and dental technicians. There were substantially differences in the prevalence of legionellae antibodies in different facilities. The incidence of positive antibody titers rises with the duration of occupation. None of the dentists with high antibody titers have had a story of pneumonia in their history of life. Thus a higher risk for dentists to acquire legionnaires' disease during their professional duty cannot be established.
Effect of ambulatory versus hospital treatment for gestational diabetes or hyperglycemia on infant mortality rates: a systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Pregnancies complicated by diabetes are associated with increased neonatal and maternal complications. The most serious maternal complication is the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, 10-12 years after the delivery. For rigorous control over blood glucose, pregnant women are treated through ambulatory management or hospitalization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ambulatory management versus hospitalization in pregnancies complicated by diabetes or hyperglycemia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review conducted in a public university hospital. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed and the main electronic databases were searched. The date of the most recent search was September 4, 2011. Two authors independently selected relevant clinical trials, assessed their methodological quality and extracted data. RESULTS: Only three studies were selected, with small sample sizes. There was no statistically significance different between ambulatory management and hospitalization, regarding mortality in any of the subcategories analyzed: perinatal and neonatal deaths (relative risk [RR] 0.65; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 0.11 to 3.84; P = 0.63); neonatal deaths (RR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.01 to 6.07; P = 0.43); and infant deaths (RR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.01 to 6.07; P = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: This review, based on studies with high or moderate risk of bias, showed that there was no statistically significant difference between ambulatory management and hospital care, regarding reduction of mortality rates in pregnancies complicated by diabetes or hyperglycemia. It also suggested that there is a need for further randomized controlled trials on this issue.
Biogenic Ice Nuclei. Part II: Bacterial Sources

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Transient appearance of ice nuclei active at temperatures of −2 to −5°C has been noted to accompany the natural decay of plant leaf materials. It was shown that the development of these nuclei results from the presence of a bacterium which was identified as Pseudomonas syringae. These bacteria produce highly active nuclei in a variety of growth media. Evidence points to the fact that the bacterial cells themselves are the nuclei, but that nucleating capacity is a rare and changeable property of the cells. The findings raise the possibility that bacteria may play a role in atmospheric precipitation processes.
The Effect of Data Splitting Ratio and Vectorizer Method on the Accuracy of the Support Vector Machine and Naïve Bayes Model to Perform Sentiment Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The main information retrieved from public opinions can be understood by carrying out a sentiment analysis. The validity of the retrieved information depends on the performance of the algorithm used to perform the sentiment analysis., where sentiment analysis parameters themselves need to be considered. Thus, it is important to determine the best level parameter and algorithm in order to obtain a valid conclusion from a sentiment analysis. This study aims to determine the effect of the data splitting ratio (0.5, 0.6, 0.7), and vectorizer (CountVectorizer, TF-IDF) on the accuracy of the Support Vector Machine and Naïve Bayes model while performing sentiment analysis. The results of the research show that the data splitting ratio and vectorizer have a significant effect on the accuracy of the SVM and Naïve Bayes model performance. However, the interaction between the data splitting ratio and the vectorizer method does not significantly influence the accuracy of both models.