jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE CHALLENGES OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS OPERATING IN THE MIDDLE EAST : Group 33

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Background The Middle East is a region that consists of 17 countries: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Cyprus, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia (Pariona, 2020). Due to the persistent presence of old social and cultural structures, inequality remains a problem within the region. Every day, females in the region are faced with discrimination in various forms - something which becomes evident in the existing statistics, which show that only 28 percent of all females in the MENA region are economically active (Hattab, 2012). However, it has been possible to identify improvements within the development of society as well as in the work to counteract inequality. Hence, it becomes increasingly important to gain a greater understanding of the region as a whole as well as gain knowledge regarding the existing challenges that female entrepreneurs experience. Purpose The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of the different challenges that female entrepreneurs face when launching, managing, and developing a business in the Middle East region. Method This research is a qualitative study in which an abductive approach has been used. Therefore, the conclusions will be drawn from the empirical findings in combination with the results in the existing literature. Furthermore, in order to obtain high-quality and truthful data, a case-study with a semi-structured interview technique was used. All six interviews were later analysed by all researchers individually as well as jointly in order to ensure that no important information was lost. Conclusion Based on the empirical findings in combination with the existing literature, three contextual factors were identified as the main challenges of female entrepreneurs when operating in the Middle East region. The following contextual challenges were identified: 1) Lack of Finance, 2) Lack of Support, and 3) Discrimination.
Experimental Transmission of Discrete Epidermal Hyperplasia in Walleyes

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Two related retroviruses, designated walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus type 1 (WEHV1) and type 2 (WEHV2), have been identified in discrete epidermal hyperplasia skin lesions from adult walleyes Stizostedion vitreum. A transmission experiment was conducted in an effort to provide evidence for a viral etiology and to develop a model for pathogenesis studies. Cell-free filtrates derived from discrete epidermal hyperplasia lesions and known to harbor WEHV1 and WEHV2 were injected into young-of-the-year (age-0) walleyes. Discrete epidermal hyperplasia developed in 97% of walleyes inoculated with lesion filtrates; whereas those injected with a cell-free filtrate of normal walleye skin did not develop lesions. The presence of WEHV1 or WEHV2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Amplified DNA products from the PCR assays indicated the presence of viral sequences in 100% and 69% of the skin lesions for WEHV2 and WEHV1, respectively.
Multiple Dimensional Engineering of MOF-Related Materials in Separators for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Review

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

With the explosive growth of energy storage devices, commonly used lithium-ion batteries can hardly match the increased demands of energy-density, lithium-sulfur batteries have been regarded as promising candidates due to their high energy-density (2600 Wh Kg −1 ) and low cost. However, lithium sulfur batteries still face many problems such as polysulfide shuttle effect originated from dissolution of lithium polysulfide, that leaded to the capacity fading of batteries and corrosion of lithium anodes, greatly limited their practical applications. To settle these problems, many remarkable developments have been made by the construction of separators with the dimension design of employing the materials related by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), shedding a light on the improvement of lithium-sulfur batteries. Herein, this article aims to summarize recent developments in MOF-related separators of lithium-sulfur batteries in terms of the structural dimensions of MOF-related materials, including their architectural compositions in separators and facilitation mechanisms of battery performances. At last, an outlook section was provided to discuss remaining challenges of separators as well as potential research directions and possible prospects, to offer new thoughts for future studies of lithium-sulfur batteries.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in human testis biopsies with defective spermatogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Purpose Sperm morphology and motility are major contributors to male‐factor infertility, with many genes predicted to be involved. This study aimed to elucidate differentially expressed transcripts in human testis tissues of normal and abnormal spermatogenesis that could reveal new genes that may regulate sperm morphology and function. Methods Human testis biopsies were collected from men with well‐characterized phenotypes of normal spermatogenesis, spermatid arrest, and Sertoli cell‐only phenotype, and transcriptional differences were quantified by RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐Seq). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered based on predominant expression in spermatids and gene functional annotations relevant to sperm morphology and motility. Selected 10 DEGs were validated by qRT‐PCR and the localization of two proteins was determined in testis biopsies. Results The analysis revealed 6 genes ( SPATA31E1 , TEKT3 , SLC9C1 , PDE4A , CFAP47 , and TNC ) that are excellent candidates for novel genes enriched in developing human sperm. The immunohistochemical localization of two proteins, ORAI1 and SPATA31E1, in testis biopsies, verified that both are expressed in developing human germ cells, with SPATA31E1 enriched in late spermatocytes and spermatids. Conclusion This study identified human germ cell‐enriched genes that could play functional roles in spermiogenesis and could thus be important in the development of morphologically normal, motile sperm.
Guidelines for statistically sound and risk‐based surveys of Phyllosticta citricarpa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

At the request of the European Commission, EFSA prepared these specific guidelines to guide the surveyor through the design of statistically sound and risk-based surveys for Phyllosticta citricarpa, integrating the key biological information. Based on examples, three different survey designs are simulated:(i) detection surveys to substantiate pest freedom, (ii) delimiting surveys to determine the boundaries of an infested zone, and (iii) buffer zone surveys to monitor a zone ensuring pest detection at low levels of prevalence.The first step of the survey design consists of setting the goals of the survey, characterising the host plant population and the methods used to identify the pest. All survey parameters are quantified taking into accountthe importance of the related assumptions. The more accurateand robust the information used for selecting and estimating the survey parameters, the more robust the conclusions of the survey will be. The second step of the survey design consists of the sample size (i.e. number of trees)calculation using the survey parameters as inputs of the proposed statistical tool (EFSA RiBESS+).The last step of the survey design is the allocation of the samples in the survey area which depends on the information available on the target population and risk factors. The robustness of the conclusions of surveys designed using the proposed approaches strongly depends on the survey preparation. The methodology proposed allows surveys to be compared across time and space, thus contributing to the harmonisation of the P.citricarpasurveys across the EU. The extremely flexible approach allows the surveys to be tailored to each specific situation in the Member States, taking into account the citrus tree distribution and available resources. The success of a good survey design relies on the technical aspects of the survey preparation and on the involvement of the risk managers.
Family Reaction to Death in Clinical Practice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In Chapter 14, Laura Havstad describes the principles of a clinical approach based on Bowen theory when severe symptoms in family members follow a death in the family. In the shock wave following death, family patterns intensify and family members in vulnerable positions become symptomatic. A clinical example is used to illustrate the positive results of coaching a family member to get out of relationship patterns impairing the symptomatic one while working toward differentiation of self.
Preparation of porous carbon from palm shell using phosphoric acid activation: process optimisation, adsorption, reagent recovery and reuseability

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The objective of present work is to develop chemically activated carbons from palm shell using H3PO4 via optimisation on the process parameters such as impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time, with the aim of achieving high yield and well developed pore structure. The process optimisations have been conducted utilising the optimisation tool Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Various issues associated with chemical activation process such as the activation in inert media/self-generated atmosphere (SGA) and activation with reclaimed reagent were also been addressed. The kinetics of the H3PO4 activation and significance of SGA have been assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The activated carbon have been characterised for (i) pore size distribution, average pore size and the surface area using the BET surface area analyser, (ii) the surface textures and structure of the pores using SEM, FT-IR and XRD. Based on the pore structure and the surface area, suitability of the PSAC for adsorption on specific macromolecules, Methylene Blue (MB) and dairy COD have been developed. Effectiveness of an adsorbent is assessed by the equilibrium adsorption capacity and the rate of adsorption of the adsorbent. Experiments on adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the mentioned adsorbates have been established. The recovery and reusability of H3PO4 for subsequent activation of palm shell under identical experimental conditions were also being thoroughly investigated. PSAC with BET surface area exceed 2000m /g has been developed, coupled with high carbon yield of approximately 50%. The good adsorption value on MB and dairy COD correspond with high mesopore content in PSAC, a unique character of the carbon. The significance of SGA has been demonstrated from TGA analysis. The reclaimed H3PO4 is found to have almost similar activation capability as that fresh acid in terms of yield and textural characteristics.
Factorial constitution of managerial effectiveness

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose It has been observed time and again by researchers that one must be highly adaptive in order to be effective. Number of instruments are available, but most of them have been developed and then standardized on western population. To ensure utility of some of the well‐known instruments, it is imperative to testify them on Indian population. The present study is an attempt to re‐examine the factorial structure of the instrument developed by Mott. Design/methodology/approach – The work is based on a broad range of published works, including papers, books and reports. Findings – The findings have revealed that this instrument does not replicate its factors in totality, hence indirectly the impact of culture on managerial effectiveness. The study has established that the instrument developed by Mott does not replicate its factorial structure in Indian context. The original version had three factors, such as productivity, flexibility and adaptability, whereas the present study has shown that there are only two factors, such as functional effectiveness and personal effectiveness in the Indian context. Originality/value – Of value for functional effectiveness and personal effectiveness in the Indian context.
Optimal Control of Stochastic Systems Driven by Fractional Brownian Motions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The primary goal of this research has been the optimal control of linear and nonlinear systems driven by fractional Brownian motions and other stochastic processes. For the control of both continuous time and discrete time finite dimensional linear systems with quadratic cost functionals and arbitrary noise processes with finite second moments, explicit optimal controls are determined. Linear-quadratic control problems for stochastic partial differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions are explicitly solved. For the control of a continuous time linear systems with Brownian motion or a discrete time linear system with a white Gaussian noise and costs that are the exponential of quadratic functionals are solved in a simple, direct way.
Night‐Time Apomorphine Infusion: Who Are the Best Candidates?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background We recently demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial (APOMORPHEE, NCT02940912) that night‐time only subcutaneous apomorphine infusion improves sleep disturbances and insomnia in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and moderate to severe insomnia. Objectives To identify the best candidates for receiving night‐time only subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in routine care. Methods In this post‐hoc analysis of APOMORPHEE, we compared the characteristics of patients according to whether they chose to continue night‐time only subcutaneous apomorphine infusion at the end of the study period or not. Results Half of the patients (22/42) chose to continue the treatment. Off duration (day or night), painful Off dystonia, and insomnia severity at baseline were associated with night‐time only apomorphine continuation. Multivariate analysis retained only Off duration as an independent predictor of continuation. Conclusions The best candidates for night‐time only apomorphine are patients with severe and prolonged Off periods (day or night) and severe insomnia.
Rosiglitazone‐dependent dissociation of HuR from PPAR‐γ regulates adiponectin expression at the posttranscriptional level

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ has been implicated as a key player in the regulation of adiponectin levels via both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Herein, we show that PPAR‐γ interacts with human antigen R (HuR) and that the PPAR‐γ–HuR complex dissociates following activation of PPAR‐γ by rosiglitazone, a specific ligand of PPAR‐γ. This rosiglitazone‐dependent dissociation of HuR from PPAR‐γ leads to nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HuR and its binding to the 3′‐UTR of adiponectin mRNA. PPAR‐γ with H321A and H447A double mutation (PPAR‐γ H321/447A ), a mutant lacking ligand‐binding activity, impaired HuR dissociation from the PPAR‐γ–HuR complex, resulting in reduced nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, even in the presence of rosiglitazone. Consequently, rosiglitazone up‐regulated adiponectin levels by modulating the stability of adiponectin mRNA, whereas these effects were abolished by HuR ablation or blocked in cells expressing the PPAR‐γ H321/447A mutant, indicating that the interaction of PPAR‐γ and HuR is a critical event during adiponectin expression. Taken together, the findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulating adiponectin expression at the posttranscriptional level and suggest that ligand‐mediated activation of PPAR‐γ to interfere with interaction of HuR could offer a therapeutic strategy for inflammation‐associated diseases that involve decreased adiponectin mRNA stability.—Hwang, J. S., Lee, W. J., Hur, J., Lee, H. G., Kim, E., Lee, G. H., Choi, M.‐J., Lim, D.‐S., Paek, K. S., Seo, H. G. Rosiglitazone‐dependent dissociation of HuR from PPAR‐γ regulates adiponectin expression at the posttranscriptional level. FASEB J. 33, 7707–7720 (2019). www.fasebj.org
[Phytoestrogenis properties of flaxseed lignans].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The analysis of experimental, clinical and epidemiological data on the phytoestrogen properties of the components of flaxseed Linum Usitatissimum L., especially lignans and products of their biotransformation in humans and animals enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL) are presented. Flaxseed is the richest in the vegetable world source of lignans (up to 0,7-1,5% of dry weight of seed), among which prevails secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SIR-DG). Plant lignans are characterized as natural phytoestrogen that reduce the risk of hormonedependent cancers of breast, uterus and prostate. Anticancerogenic activity of flaxseed lignans due to antioxudant effect END and ENL in the human body. The antioxidant activity of SIR, END, ENL and SIR-DG is higher than that of vitamin E and the antioxidant activity of SIR, END and ENL higher than SIR-DG. On the basis of evidence-based biomedical researches on various models in experimental carcinogenesis, on the tumor cells in vitro, in clinical trials in patients with hormone-dependent tumors, and, finally, in epidemiological studies have proved the anticarcinogenic activity of the components of the flaxseed and validity of recommendations for preventive and curative use in hormone-dependent tumors.
Evaluation of Different Diffuse Surface Reflection Models for Global Illumination

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One common goal nearly all global illumination algorithms aim for is solving the light transport problem. The most visual noticeable one in the general case is the diffuse-diffuse light transport between surfaces. Most global illumination algorithms are very good at solving it. In many global illumination solutions the Lambertian diffuse surface reflection model is assumed. However, over the years several other diffuse models have been introduced  mostly outside of the computer graphics community  that according to their authors mimic real surface behaviour more accurately. In this paper we evaluate some of the better known models and place them into the context of solving global illumination problems.
Modeling transport properties of inhomogeneous superconductor-metal composites

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose a model for a superconductor-metal composite that allows to derive intrinsic transport properties of the superconducting phase based on 2D images of its cross section, and a minimal set of parameters. The method is tested experimentally by using, as model composite, a “transversal bridge” made on a Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x (BSCCO)-Ag multi-filamentary tape. It is shown that the approach allows to predict the measured I−〈E〉 curves of the filaments. In addition, one can determine the critical current anisotropy between the longitudinal and transverse directions of the Ag-BSCCO tape, and also of its superconducting filaments separately, which emphasizes the role of the morphology of the composite in the transport properties.
Equilibrium size of large ring molecules

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The equilibrium properties of isolated ring molecules were investigated using\nan off-lattice model with no excluded volume but with dynamics that preserve\nthe topological class. Using an efficient set of long range moves, chains of\nmore than 2000 monomers were studied. Despite the lack of any excluded volume\ninteraction, the radius of gyration scaled like that of a self avoiding walk,\nas had been previously conjectured. However this scaling was only seen for\nchains greater than 500 monomers.\n
12. Middle Eocene-Late Oligocene Bathyal Benthic Foraminifera (Weddell Sea): Faunal Changes and Implications for Ocean Circulation

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

12. Middle Eocene-Late Oligocene Bathyal Benthic Foraminifera (Weddell Sea): Faunal Changes and Implications for Ocean Circulation was published in Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution on page 245.
Ongoing outbreak of invasive listeriosis due to serotype 1/2a Listeria monocytogenes, Ancona province, Italy, January 2015 to February 2016

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the first seven weeks of 2016, five serotype 1/2a Listeria monocytogenes isolates were collected from patients with invasive listeriosis in Ancona province in Italy. These strains and six 1/2a isolates identified in 2015 in the same area were typed by ERIC-PCR and PFGE. A clonal relationship, documented between the two sets of isolates, suggested a listeriosis outbreak in Ancona that started most probably in 2015. Investigation into the source of infection is still ongoing.
[The uvulopalatopharyngoplasty operation for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We performed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty operations on 216 patients and conducted 6-month to 2-year follow-ups. 40 patients have had polysomnograms before and after operations. The clinical results showed 50 percent markedly improved, 28 percent somewhat improved, and 22 percent unimproved. The total success rate was 78%. The surgical procedures and polysomnogram methods have been introduced, and the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and results were discussed.
Evaluation of an Automated Screening Assay, Compared to Indirect Immunofluorescence, an Extractable Nuclear Antigen Assay, and a Line Immunoassay in a Large Cohort of Asian Patients with Antinuclear Antibody-Associated Rheumatoid Diseases: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We assessed the diagnostic utility of the connective tissue disease (CTD) screen as an automated screening test, in comparison with the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), EliA extractable nuclear antigen (ENA), and line immunoassay (LIA) for patients with antinuclear antibody- (ANA-) associated rheumatoid disease (AARD). A total of 1115 serum samples from two university hospitals were assayed using these four autoantibody-based methods. The AARD group consisted of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). The qualitative results of all four autoantibody assays showed a significant association with AARDs, compared to controls (P<0.0001for all). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC-AUCs) of the CTD screen for differentiating total AARDs, SLE, SSc, SS, and MCTD from controls were 0.89, 0.93, 0.73, 0.93, and 0.95, respectively. The ROC-AUCs of combination testing with LIA were slightly higher in patients with AARDs (0.92) than those of CTD screen alone. Multivariate analysis indicated that all four autoantibody assays could independently predict AARDs. CTD screening alone and in combination with IIF, EliA ENA, and LIA are potentially valuable diagnostic approaches for predicting AARDs. Combining CTD screen with LIA might be effective for AARD patients.
Small woods positively influence the occurrence and abundance of the common frog (Rana temporaria) in a traditional farming landscape

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Traditional farming landscape in western Europe is made of a complex mosaic of pastures, cultures, ponds and hedgerows connected with woods. Previous observations in the common frog species suggest that lowland populations are closely associated to wood cover and our aim was to test the validity of this assumption. We studied common frog occurrence and abundance in western central France ( Deux-Sèvres department) close to the southern margin of lowland distribution. Our results pointed out that the proportion of woods surface around sampled areas (1 ha) was a critical determinant of common frog presence and abundance. Extensive farming, which maintains a mosaic of small woods, may provide a robust conservation tool for this species.