jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Computational analysis of tensile damage and failure of mineralized tissue assisted with experimental observations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this study, deformation and failure mechanisms of mineralized tissue (bone) were investigated both experimentally and computationally by performing diametral compression tests on millimetric disk specimens and conducting finite element analysis in which a granular micromechanics-based nonlinear user-defined material model is implemented. The force–displacement relationship obtained in the simulation agreed well with the experimental results. The simulation was also able to capture location of the failure initiation observed in the experiment, which is inside out from the hole along the loading axis. Furthermore, propagation of micro-sized cracks into failure was observed both in the experiment using simultaneous slow-motion microscopy imaging and in the simulation analyzing the local distortion and local volume change within the specimen. The anisotropy evolution was found to be significant around the hole along the loading axis by evaluating the anisotropy index computed using finite element results. In conclusion, this work revealed that the prediction capability of granular micromechanics-based user-defined nonlinear material model (UMAT) is promising considering the match between the results and observations from the physical experiment and finite element analysis such as force–displacement relationship and failure initiation/pattern. This work has also shown that the tensile damage and failure of mineralized tissues can be characterized using diametral compression (split tension) test.
Management of critically ill obstetric patients: A review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Critically ill obstetric patients present a unique challenge as outcome of indwelling life is dependent upon the maternal well-being. Optimal patient management involves early detection and the multidisciplinary treatment by obstetricians, pediatricians, and anesthesiologists based on knowledge of physiological and pathophysiological alterations. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature for the management of critically ill obstetric patient and recent update on commonly encountered situations.
Evidential Reasoning in a Network Usage Prediction Testbed

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports on empirical work aimed at comparing evidential reasoning techniques. While there is prima facie evidence for some conclusions, this i6 work in progress; the present focus is methodology, with the goal that subsequent results be meaningful. The domain is a network of UNIX* cycle servers, and the task is to predict properties of the state of the network from partial descriptions of the state. Actual data from the network are taken and used for blindfold testing in a betting game that allows abstention. The focal technique has been Kyburg's method for reasoning with data of varying relevance to a particular query, though the aim is to be able eventually to compare various uncertainty calculi. The conclusions are not novel, but are instructive. 1. All of the calculi performed better than human subjects, so unbiased access to sample experience is apparently of value. 2. Performance depends on metric: (a) when trials are repeated, net = gains - losses favors methods that place many bets, if the probability of placing a correct bet is sufficiently high; that is, it favors point-valued formalisms; (b) yield = gains/(gains + lossee) favors methods that bet only when sure to bet correctly; that is, it favors interval-valued formalisms. 3. Among the calculi, there were no clear winners or losers. Methods are identified for eliminating the bias of the net as a performance criterion and for separating the calculi effectively: in both cases by posting odds for the betting game in the appropriate way.
Ligand Additivity and Divergent Trends in Two Types of Delocalization Errors from Approximate Density Functional Theory

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Despite its widespread use, the predictive accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) is hampered by delocalization errors, especially for correlated systems such as transition-metal complexes. Two complementary tuning strategies have been developed to reduce delocalization error: eliminating the global curvature with respect to charge addition or removal, and computing a linear response Hubbard U as a measure of local curvature at the metal center at fixed charge and applying it to the transition-metal complex in a DFT+U framework. We investigate the relationship between the two measures of delocalization error as we manipulate the ligand field strength by varying the number of strong-field ligands in a series of heteroleptic complexes or by geometrically constraining the metal-ligand bond length in homoleptic octahedral complexes. We show that across these sets of complexes with varying ligand fields, an inverse relationship generally exists between global and local curvatures. We find that effects of ligand substitution on both measures of delocalization are typically additive, but the two quantities seldom coincide. The observation of ligand additivity suggests opportunities for evaluating errors on homoleptic complexes to infer corrections for lower-symmetry complexes.
Introduction of neuronal pentraxin II and related diseases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neuronal pentraxin Ⅱ ( NPTX2) is a member of neuronal pentraxin family,but its distribution is not limited to the nervous system. Recent studies have shown that NPTX2 is associated with a number of diseases,including malignant gliomas,Parkinson's disease,narcolepsy,drug addiction,lung cancer,and pancreatic cancer. This article reviews the roles of NPTX2 in diseases of the nervous system and other systems.
Hypothermia in Hemorrhagic Shock

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Precooling to 28°C alters the course of hemorrhagic shock in the dog by prolonging the period of tolerance to severe hypotension, and by prolonging the survival time after transfusion from an average of several hours to an average of 30 hours. Precooling does not prevent death. But if an antibiotic is given at the time of transfusion all precooled dogs recover, whereas normothermic dogs given an antibiotic at the time of transfusion do not recover. Precooling protects the dog in hemorrhagic shock by sustaining the antibacterial defense mechanisms, which disintegrate rapidly in the normothermic dog. The protective effects of cooling is not secured if it is applied after the induction of hemorrhagic shock. The effects of hypothermia upon the cardiovascular dynamics are described and their significance discussed.
STUDIES ON TETRAPLOID RICE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. 東亜各地の種々の品種から得られた四倍体の間の交雑行い, F1雑種の稔実率, 正常花粉率, 稈長等を調査した. 交配には加茂氏除雄法を用い,合計121組合のF1雑種を得た.2. 雑種の雑種は組合によつて著しく異なるが, 概して両親品種よりも高くなる場合が多い. この様雑種は大陸型品種雑種との間は稍多く見出される様であつて, 二倍体雑種の稔実率 (正常花粉率) と四倍体雑種と稔実率との相関は稍負に傾く事が認められた.3. 雑種は一般に生育良好であつて, 稈長は両親の平均より高くなるものが多かつた. この様な品種組合は大陸型品種と島型品種との間に稍多い様であつた. 又稈長の両親に対する比率と稔実率との間には相関が見出された. この様な点から雑種に於ける稔率の向上は主として両親の遺伝子の互助作用によるものではないかと考えられる.
The War Powers Resolution after the Libya Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The U.S. raid on Libya in April, 1986, raised once again the issue of presidential compliance with the War Powers Resolution 1 and also the larger issue of the proper roles of the executive and legislative branches in making foreign policy.'Among the questions that arose were the applicability of the War Powers Resolution to anti-terrorist operations, the nature of the President's obligation to consult with Congress, and the constitutional implications of an executive-legislative clash.The War Powers Resolution was enacted in a triumph of congressional power when the House and Senate overrode President Nixon's veto in 1973.At that time the changing obligations of government and the changing nature of warfare had made the war-making procedure embodied in the Constitution unworkable.Since 1973, the transition in warfarenot just to insurgency, but to terrorismhas called into question the utility of the War Powers Resolution as well.
Local and Regional North Carolina Collaborations: Case Studies from the North Carolina Chapter of the American Planning Association

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Carolina Planning regularly publishes a feature highlighting projects from members of the North Carolina Chapter of the American Planning Association (APA-NC). This year’s submissions range from multi-county visioning efforts to small-town transportation planning, demonstrating that planning at any scale can benefit from innovative collaboration. Includes the following case studies: Innovative Partnerships (Introduction); Opt-In Project Explores Uncharted Planning Territory in Southwestern NC; Transportation Planning in a Growing Community; Playing Around with Civic Engagement Strategies in the Triad; Simple Changes and Collaboration: NCDOT and the Town of West Jefferson Partner to Revitalize Downtown
Synthesis of 24-Methylenecholestan-3-β,5α,6β-triol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Methylenecholestan 3 β,5α,6β triol 1 isolated from the soft coral, Sinularia dissecia has high antifouling property and biodecomposability in natural environment, safe for human bodies. We have synthesized compound 1 in seven steps starting from stigmasterol 2 in overall yield of 31 3%. The side chain of stigmasterol 2 was modified to keto containing structure of compound 3 via hydroxy group and olefin protection, ozonization, wittig reaction and hydrogenation. The A/B ring was modified by oxidation with performic acid to give stereospecific 5 α,6β diol sterol 4. The compound 1 was then obtained by methylenation of cabonyl group at the 24C of 4 through Wittig reaction in a rather strict conditions. The mp, and NMR data of synthesized 1 were in good agreement with that of the natural compound reported by Masaru . This is the first time of the synthesis of 24 methylenecholest 3 β,5α,6β triol 1.
Initial treatment choices for long‐term remission of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background We aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I), pharmacotherapy, and their combination in the long and short terms among adults with chronic insomnia disorder. Methods We searched multiple databases to December 27, 2023. We included trials in hypnotic‐free adults with chronic insomnia comparing at least two of CBT‐I, pharmacotherapy, or their combination. We assessed the confidence in evidence using CINeMA. The primary outcome was long‐term remission. Secondary outcomes included all‐cause dropout and self‐reported sleep continuity measures in the long term, and the same outcomes in the short term. We performed frequentist random‐effects network meta‐analyses (CRD42024505519). Findings We identified 13 trials including 823 randomized participants (mean age, 47.8 years; 60% women). CBT‐I was more beneficial than pharmacotherapy in the long term (median duration, 24 weeks [range, 12 to 48 weeks]; remission odds ratio, 1.82 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–2.87]; [certainty of evidence: high]), while there was weaker evidence of benefit of combination against pharmacotherapy (1.71 [95% CI, 0.88–3.30: moderate]) and no clear difference of CBT‐I against combination (1.07 [95% CI, 0.63–1.80: moderate]). CBT‐I was associated with fewer dropouts than pharmacotherapy. Short‐term outcomes favored CBT‐I over pharmacotherapy except total sleep time. Given the average long‐term remission rate in the pharmacotherapy‐initiating arms of 28%, CBT‐I resulted in a long‐term remission rate of 41% (95% CI, 31%–53%) and combination 40% (95% CI, 25%–56%). Interpretation The current study found that starting with CBT‐I for chronic insomnia leads to better outcomes than pharmacotherapy. Combination may be better than pharmacotherapy alone, but unlikely to be worth the additional burden over CBT‐I alone.
Antioxidant activity of twenty wild Spanish Thymus mastichina L. populations and its relation with their chemical composition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils and methanolic extracts of twenty Spanish Thymus mastichina L. populations were studied. Both essential oils and methanolic extracts possessed antioxidant properties. However, the total phenol contents of the methanolic extracts varied between 2.90 and 9.15 mg GAE/gextract and the EC25 values of DPPH free radical scavenging activity between 0.90 and 3.45 mg/mL for the methanolic extracts and 78–241 mg/mL for essential oils, these showing low antioxidant potential. Actually, in essential oils the main compound determined was the 1,8-cineole (56.8–69.6%), whereas thymol, γ-terpinene, terpinolene and geraniol (species with considerable DPPH scavenging activity) were observed in low amounts. Concerning methanolic extracts, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant polyphenol (1.70–9.85 mg/g), followed by methoxysalicylic acid, apigenin, kaempferol and luteolin.
Effect of Adding Ketamine as An Adjuvant to Lidocaine in Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Brachial plexus block is one of the most commonly used regional anesthetic techniques for postoperative analgesia.Its popularity originates in part from easily palpable landmarks and relative ease of placement.A number of adjuvants, such as ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and others have been studied to prolong the effect of supraclavicular brachial plexus block.Aim of the Work: Evaluation of the effect of adding Ketamine as an adjuvant to lidocaine in ultrasoung guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block.Patients and Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesia, EL-Hussein Hospital, AL-Azhar university on 60 patients of ASA physical status I-II of either sex aged 18-60 years.They were randomized into two equal groups 30 patients in each.Group A (Ketamine group): received 5 mg/kg lidocaine 2% and 2 mg/kg ketamine in a total volume 30 cc.Group B (Control group): received 5 mg/kg lidocaine 2% and saline in a total 30 cc.Results: the study showed a significant increase in mean control group compared to ketamine group according to postoperative VAS.Conclusion: Using of ultrasound led to decreasing the complications of supraclavicular brachial plexus block and adding ketamine as an adjuvant to lidocaine decreased the postoperative pain and the need for analgesics, without significant adverse effects.Therefore, it could be considered as an option to enhance the analgesic effects of the brachial plexus block.
Ist Standarddeutsch für Deutschschweizer eine Fremdsprache? Untersuchungen zu einem Topos des sprachreflexiven Diskurses

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper is concerned with the question, whether the status of Standard German in German-speaking Switzerland is adequately described as that of a foreign language. It discusses typological aspects, language awareness and language ideologies among German-speaking Swiss people, the practice of language acquisition, the language use in private life and media and the linguistic discourse about the relationship between the use of Swiss German and Standard German. It argues that from a linguistic point of view in none of these fields a clear decision can be made whether Standard German is a foreign language or not. Thus, the authors suggest that the conceptual framework ought to be widened to adequately describe the status of Standard German in German-speaking Switzerland. Finally, they take occasion to develop the concept of "Sekundärsprache"/"secondary language" for language situations similar to that in German-speaking Switzerland.
Solute segregation to phase interfaces and grain boundaries: Studies by analytical electron microscopy and profile deconvolution

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Mathematical deconvolution of the observed composition profiles at the interface or boundary with the x-ray generation profile to determine the actual composition profile is a viable procedure for extracting compositional data on a spatial scale smaller than the inherent resolution of thin foil x-ray microanalysis. In sufficiently thin foils, the x-ray generation profile can be calculated with the single scattering model. In thicker foils, the x-ray generation profile can be calculated with Monte Carlo techniques. Explicit deconvolution is, in general, not possible mathematically, but it can be accomplished numerically through iterative convolutions. Convolution of the x-ray generation profile with the assumed actual composition profile allows for direct calculation of the expected composition profile. The convolution procedure using various assumed actual concentration profiles is repeated iteratively until the calculated profile and the observed profile correspond. This paper describes the convolution process and introduces a rapid graphical solution to the problem, compares the convolution process using the single scattering model and Monte Carlo techniques, and discusses the limitations of the deconvolution procedure. This study uses the recently reported data of Ti enrichment at grain boundaries in an Fe-Ni superalloy (Alloy 800).
A Survey of Active Attacks on Wireless Sensor Networks and their Countermeasures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Lately, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become an emerging technology and can be utilized in some crucial circumstances like battlegrounds, commercial applications, habitat observing, buildings, smart homes, traffic surveillance and other different places. One of the foremost difficulties that WSN faces nowadays is protection from serious attacks. While organizing the sensor nodes in an abandoned environment makes network systems helpless against an assortment of strong assaults, intrinsic memory and power restrictions of sensor nodes make the traditional security arrangements impractical. The sensing knowledge combined with the wireless communication and processing power makes it lucrative for being abused. The wireless sensor network technology also obtains a big variety of security intimidations. This paper describes four basic security threats and many active attacks on WSN with their possible countermeasures proposed by different research scholars.
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis is reflected by increased susceptibility for sound-induced flash illusion

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective: To determine whether the performance of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the sound-induced flash illusion (SiFi), a multisensory perceptual illusion, would reflect their cognitive impairment. Methods:We performed the SiFi task as well as an extensive neuropsychological testing in 95 subjects [39 patients with relapse-remitting MS (RRMS), 16 subjects with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and 40 healthy control subjects (HC)].Results: MS patients reported more frequently the multisensory SiFi than HC.In contrast, there were no group differences in the control conditions.Essentially, patients with progressive type of MS continued to perceive the illusion at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) that were more than three times longer than the SOA at which the illusion was already disrupted for healthy controls.Furthermore, MS patients' degree of cognitive impairment measured with a broad neuropsychological battery encompassing tests for memory, attention, executive functions, and fluency was predicted by their performance in the SiFi task for the longest SOA of 500 ms.Conclusions: These findings support the notion that MS patients exhibit an altered multisensory perception in the SiFi task and that their susceptibility to the perceptual illusion is negatively correlated with their neuropsychological test performance.Since MS lesions affect white matter tracts and cortical regions which seem to be involved in the transfer and processing of both crossmodal and cognitive information, this might be one possible explanation for our findings.SiFi might be considered as a brief, non-expensive, language-and education-independent screening test for cognitive deficits in MS patients.
Made only in Germany? Internationalization and Transfer of Dual Study Programs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Germany, along with Switzerland and Austria, has a long tradition in the provision of dual apprenticeship training. However, since the late 1960s we see a new development with the rise of hybrid dual study programs located at the nexus of vocational training and higher education. In recent years, this innovative training model has received increasing attention by policy makers in Germany – and abroad. In this context, our study first analyses the degree of internationalization of dual study programs in Germany. Secondly, we examine institutional conditions for the transfer of these programs to other countries: France, the US, Mexico, Brazil, and Qatar. The explorative analysis is based on a range of expert and stakeholder interviews in all six countries. We apply a neo-institutional comparative-historical approach.
PHASE : parental home-aided sex education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Despite multiple sources - including local organisations - stating that parents should be the primary educators of sex-related topics to their children, it is often the case that children get their first exposure to sex-related topics from school, friends and the internet instead. This is a cause for concern as children and teenagers are at a vulnerable age where they are still inexperienced and very much influenced by the deluge of information online that they are not able to discern right from wrong. Parents face multiple challenges when confronting sex education in Singapore. A “conservative” mindset is often donned when approaching the topic of sex, where parents do not talk much about it to their children and instead allow them to figure it out for themselves. There tends to be a general feeling of awkwardness and parents often do not feel the best equipped to impart such knowledge, often leaving it up to our national education system to handle it in the classrooms. Children may also feel that parents tend to be very judgemental and would shy away from discussing such topics openly with them. This project aims to rethink the way we confront the idea of sex and sex education within the current generation of children and teenagers in a way that engages the parents more, such that they play a bigger role in helping their children discern the various nuances and roles of sex in our Asian society, without judgement.