jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Private military companies: problems and prospects of legal regulation in Russian Federation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In today’s world in a market economy condition and a complex geopolitical situation quite actively began to develop private military companies. However, the activity of these companies is a very urgent problem of legislative consolidation. We show European experience of private military companies legislative regulation. Especially great success in this field has reached the country, which is the main consumer of military companies services - the United States. However, this issue is becoming more and more urgent for Russia. On the territory of Russia there is a kind of “de facto”: private military companies exist, their activities are not regulated, and all this in the conditions of a legislative ban on mercenarism. Therefore, the need for legislative regulation of the military organizations activities expressed by many representatives of state power. The adoption of the law on private military companies would be a very relevant and safe way to legalize the private military companies activities. We show the main directions of possible decisions implementation by representatives of state bodies of Russia. Small steps in this direction have been taken, however, a full-fledged law has not been adopted at the moment, and the prospects for the implementation of bills in this direction are quite vague.
AIF1 may stimulate the M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages and further promote the development of inflammatory response in COPD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages is one of the main factors of lung inflammation in COPD, and M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages is a key factor for persistent inflammation in COPD. Therefore, finding the key target of macrophage M1 polarization in COPD and inhibiting alveolar macrophage M1 polarization is an effective way to alleviate COPD. Aim: We established a cigarette-induced COPD mouse model, and explored the key targets affecting the M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages by single-cell sequencing and proteomics. Results: We established a COPD mouse model through three-month cigarette exposure, then collected lung tissue after sacrifice and performed single-cell sequencing and proteomic analysis. Using bioinformatics to analyze single-cell sequencing and proteomics data, and analyze the possible key targets that affect the polarization of alveolar macrophages. Then, using cell experiments, verify the function of this protein. Conclusion: Our study shows that AIF1 may be a new key target that can regulate the M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages, and it can inhibit the persistent airway inflammation caused by M1 polarization by inhibiting the expression of AIF1.
Cervical Cancer Risk Factors among Female High School Students in Baguio city

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine and correlate the prevalence of cervical cancer risk factor exposures such as smoking, sexual activity, use of condoms, contraceptives pills, and history of STIs according to age and high school year level in Baguio city high-school students, Philippines. Background: Cervical cancer is the second cause of cancer deaths among women in the Philippines and the second most frequent cancer in women ages 15-44 [1]. Methods: The risk stratification level of cervical cancer development was determined using a questionnaire adapted from Siteman Cancer Center and Barnes- Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine. A coding manual was created for each of the risk factors and the level stratification of the risk factors. The study size was computed with the use of Open Epi, Version 2, open source calculator—SSPropo, an internet based epidemiologic calculator. Results: 98.3% of the study group was classified to have much below average risk of developing cervical cancer. 1.2% of the study group was of below average risk and 0.5% of the study group was with above average risk of cervical cancer with significant relationship to age of first sexual contact and number of sexual partners. Conclusion: An increased risk of cervical cancer among these students were associated with early onset of sexual activity, increasing number of sexual partners and early parity.
The concepts of “faith and ethic” in the educational philosophy of İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Bu calismada, Turk Egitim Tarihi‟nin en etkili isimlerinden Ismail Hakki Baltacioglu‟nun ahlak ve iman gibi iki kavram hakkindaki goruslerinin analizine yer verilmistir. Ismail Hakki Baltacioglu aslinda gunumuz icin de gecerli olan iki sorunu dile getirmektedir: “Iman” eksikligi ve ahlak zayifligi. Fakat bu “iman” ve “ahlak” kelimeleri, o‟nun terminolojisinde, simdiye degin yuklendigi dinsel bir anlam tasimamaktadir. “Iman” kelimesiyle, “bir seye guclu bir sekilde inanmayi” anlar . “Ahlak” kavrami ise calismak ve kalkinmak icin sahip olunmasi gereken sorumluluk duygusu olarak tanimlanir. Baltacioglu, bu iki kavram konusunda yetersizligimizin nedenini “egitim” kavramiyla iliskilendirirken, toplumsal planda bedensel, duygusal, dusunsel ve kararlilik gibi temel alanlarda yeterlilikleri de tartismaya acmaktadir.
Filling the Criminal Liability Gap for Private Military Contractors Abroad: U.S. v. Slough and the Civilian Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2010

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To ensure that all contractors who commit crimes in Iraq and Afghanistan can be prosecuted effectively in the United States, Congress must pass legislation to update Federal criminal law and fill the gaps that may leave certain types of contractors free from any criminal liability. The Civilian Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2010 (CEJA) attempts to do just that, and while it may deter some PMCs from participating in the U.S. military and security contracting market, the benefits of having a fully accountable U.S. legal system outweigh the drawbacks for individual contracting companies.
Interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in conjunctiva of diabetic patients with symptomatic moderate dry eye: case–control study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To compare expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the conjunctiva of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with symptomatic moderate dry eye. Setting and participants Nineteen diabetic patients with dry eye, 15 non-diabetic patients with dry eye and 14 diabetic patients without dry eye were recruited. The relative expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) specimens was evaluated using immunofluorescent staining and in conjunctival biopsy specimens using immunohistochemical staining. Results The diabetic dry eye group showed significantly higher grades of metaplasia than the non-diabetic dry eye and diabetic without dry eye groups (both p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the concentration of IL-1β and TNF-α in CIC specimens between the three groups (p=0.504 and p=0.310, respectively). The mean levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in conjunctival biopsy specimens from the diabetic dry eye group was significantly increased compared with the non-diabetic dry eye and diabetic without dry eye groups (p=0.002, p<0.001; p=0.001, p<0.001, respectively). Interestingly, IL-1β- and TNF-α-positive cells were mainly located in the basal layer of the conjunctival epithelium, and rarely seen in the apical conjunctival epithelium in the three groups. The levels of both IL-1β and TNF-α did not correlate with conjunctival squamous metaplasia grades. Conclusions Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in conjunctival biopsy specimens were increased in diabetic patients with dry eye, while levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in apical conjunctival epithelium were similar in the CIC specimens. These findings suggest that the inflammatory response is not limited to the surface of conjunctival epithelial cells, and is more serious in the basal layer of the epithelium, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of dry eye in diabetic patients.
What do undergraduates think about green investment? empirical evidence from a developing nation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Climate change and its disastrous effects have called for more concentrated efforts of all parties to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. Green investment seems a solution to tackle environmental degradation issues but existing study in this area remains scanty. This study adopted Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to examine the relationships between personal attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC), and the intentions of making green investment among university students in Malaysia. 260 university students were surveyed (Kuala Lumpur and Melaka) with a response rate of 77%. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that these factors (personal attitude, subjective norms and PBC) are significant predictors. Various measures and policy recommendations are provided in this study to promote green investment.
Pollen spectra in Holocene ice wedges in the floodplain of the Lyakkatosyo River (Eastern Yamal, Russia)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Study considers horizontal and vertical sampling directions for pollen analysis of ice wedges, taking into account the special mechanism of wedge ice formation. Pollen spectra from the Late Holocene ice-wedges on high polygonal floodplain of the Lyakkatosyo River are studied. Shrub-lichen-moss-polygonal tundra dominates the site. We accounted for the number of elementary veins. The main research methods are pollen and geochemical analyses. We collected samples for pollen analysis along ice wedges' axis and horizontally at depth of 1.20 m, while we also took samples for chemical analysis along the same axis. The high concentration of pollen and spores in ice wedges made it possible to compare results of horizontal and vertical sampling with sufficient degree of accuracy. Pollen spectra characterizing ice wedge horizontally and vertically showed significant differences in the main components. The main difference between horizontal and vertical pollen spectra in AP is the spruce and birch pollen percentages. Along the ice wedge axis, spruce pollen (2.0–13.0%) and birch pollen (6.0–14.0%) are always visible. However, we only find spruce pollen (2.0–4.0%) up to 0.3 m from the vein axis and birch pollen (2.0–14.0%) up to 0.4m from the vein axis. We detected similar-composition pollen spectra in only one case. The sample that is closest to the center of the ice wedge, located at 0.1 m from axis and at depth of 1.2 m, exhibits approximately the same pollen spectra as the sample that is located at depth of 1.2 m from the central part of ice wedge. It is quite natural that certain pollen taxa do not have a general sequence of culminations. Chemical composition of ice wedge suggests that spruce pollen got into the ice due to flooding of the Lyakkatosyo River.
P21.10: Comparison of multiplanar method and render mode in the measurements of the aortic valve by STIC: a preliminary study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Compare the measurements of the aortic valve area (avAo) by multiplanar method (mpm) and render mode (rm) obtained by STIC (Spatio-Temporal Image Correlation), evaluating the time of obtaining measurements in each method and intraobserver reproducibility. 50 pregnant women with GA between 18 and 33 + 6 weeks were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Mean maternal age: 30.1 years (SD ± 4.9). Ultrasound device was Voluson 730 Expert equipped with transabdominal transducer. Offline analyses used 4DView software. The cardiac volumes were obtained at 4-chambers (apical or transverse) by STIC. Later, in the visualization technique of the great vessels, the aorta and its valve were identified. Manual measurements were then obtained from the avAo by mpm and rm. Two measurements for each method by the same observer were obtained. The time of measurement was determined for comparison between the methods. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and scatter plots were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.005). Correlation was observed between measurements of avAo, the rm and mpm (ICC = 0.982 [0.962; 0.990], with an average of measures of 0.273 (range 0.003). There was correlation in time to perform the measurements between the methods(CCI = 0.702 [0.475;0.831]: an average time of 35.6 seconds (SD 6.85) in the mpm and 37.8 seconds in rm (SD 6.4). However, it was noted that time is slightly greater in most measures by rm. In the evaluation of intraobserver, in the mpm the ICC was 0.997 [0.995; 0.998] and the rm the ICC was 0.998 [0.997;0.990], showing good intraobserver reproducibility. There was a strong correlation between the methods mpm and rm with good reproducibility. The time to perform the measurements for each method is similar, being slightly higher in rm (average of less than 45 seconds for an experienced examiner). Thus, the methods can be applied in order to identify abnormalities of the aortic valve as screening in pregnancy. Further studies are needed for more conclusive data.
Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia During 1917

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores the role and political impact of soldiers' wives in three Volga provinces of Russia: Nizhnii Novgorod, Kazan, and Tambov between February and October 1917. Despite relatively low levels of formal organization, soldiers' wives made a significant mark on revolutionary politics at a local level. Common grievances, which centred on the inadequacy of state support in the context of rising food prices and shortages, were the defining feature of soldiers' wives as a group. Though they secured little direct representation in government, and did not affiliate with any political parties, they operated collectively to address their grievances, both in petitions and in public demonstrations. Their demands continued to escalate in 1917, and the government was unable to cushion them from Russia's profound economic crisis. Soldiers' wives rejected both Soviet and provisional government leadership as a result, and their alienation contributed to the sense of political crisis that pervaded 1917.
SPEED REDUCTION EFFECTS OF DRONE RADAR IN RURAL INTERSTATE WORK ZONES. PROJECT REPORT

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using drone (passive or unmanned) radar guns on vehicle speeds in construction zones. Experiment 1 was an exploratory study to find the immediate (less than an hour) effects of using one drone radar gun. Experiment 2 was conducted for a longer time period (a few hours) to evaluate the effects of using one drone radar gun. Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of using two drone radar guns and their lasting effects on vehicle speeds. Experiment 3 was divided into three one-hour time intervals. This method was used to determine the lasting effects of drone radar. Data analysis included the comparison of mean speeds, speed dsitributions, percent exceeding a given speed, and net speed reductions. The immediate effects of using one radar gun (Experiment 1) were 8-10 mph speed reductions; however, such reductions should not be considered typical effects of radar signal transmission because of the exploratory nature of Experiment 1. Experiment 2 showed that using a radar gun was not effective in reducing vehicle speeds when drivers knew it was drone radar. Experiment 3 indicated that the use of two radar guns increased the effectiveness of drone radars, since drivers were not sure whether the signals were from a police radar or drone radar. The two radar experiments reduced truck speeds by 3-6 mph and car speeds by 3 mph, and the radar effects did not diminish over time. In Experiments 1 and 3 the percentage of vehicles with excessive speeds inside the work zones decreased when radar signals were transmitted. Furthermore, the decreases in Experiment 3 were sustained over a period of time.
Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genome of Anastrepha species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Several members of fruit flies in the vastly diverse Anastrepha (Schinner) genus (family Tephritidae), considered to be among the most important and devastating pests of vegetable and fruit crops, are distributed widely throughout the Americas. They attack several different kinds of fruit including citrus, which is of great economical importance in South Texas. The identification of these flies is based primarily on wing pattern and characteristics of the female genitalia, contrary to males, which cannot be distinguished at all. Misidentification of adults is a widespread problem, while identification at the larval stage is practically impossible. Currently, there are no published mitochondrial genomes for Anastrepha. This information can provide crucial particulars for developing DNA-based methods for identification at species and population levels. DNA was extracted from eight different species. The complete mitochondrial genome will serve as valuable information for studying the genetics, systematic and phylogenetic relationships of various species of Anastrepha.
Development of a Cucumis sativus TILLinG Platform for Forward and Reverse Genetics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family that includes more than 800 species. The cucumber genome has been recently sequenced and annotated. Transcriptomics and genome sequencing of many plant genomes are providing information on candidate genes potentially related to agronomically important traits. To accelerate functional characterization of these genes in cucumber we have generated an EMS mutant population that can be used as a TILLinG platform for reverse genetics.\nPrincipal Findings: A population of 3,331 M2 mutant seed families was generated using two EMS concentrations (0.5% and 0.75%). Genomic DNA was extracted from M2 families and eight-fold pooled for mutation detection by ENDO1 nuclease. To assess the quality of the mutant collection, we screened for induced mutations in five genes and identified 26 mutations. The average mutation rate was calculated as 1/1147 Kb giving rise to approximately 320 mutations per genome. We focused our characterization on three missense mutations, G33C, S238F and S249F identified in the CsACS2 sex determination gene. Protein modeling and crystallography studies predicted that mutation at G(33) may affect the protein function, whereas mutations at S-238 and S-249 may not impair the protein function. As predicted, detailed phenotypic evaluation showed that the S238F and the S249F mutant lines had no sexual phenotype. In contrast, plants homozygous for the G33C mutation showed a complete sexual transition from monoecy to andromonoecy. This result demonstrates that TILLinG is a valuable tool for functional validation of gene function in crops recalcitrant to transgenic transformation.\nConclusions: We have developed a cucumber mutant population that can be used as an efficient reverse genetics tool. The cucumber TILLinG collection as well as the previously described melon TILLinG collection will prove to be a valuable resource for both fundamental research and the identification of agronomically-important genes for crop improvement in cucurbits in general.
Microplate-Based Cell Viability Assay as a Cost-Effective Alternative to Flow Cytometry for Microalgae Analysis

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Cell viability is a critical indicator for assessing culture quality in microalgae cultivation for biorefinery and bioremediation. Fluorescent dyes that distinguish viable from nonviable cells can enable viability quantification based on the percentage of live cells. However, fluorescence analysis using the typical flow cytometry method is costly and impractical for industrial applications. To address this, we developed new microplate assays utilizing fluorescein diacetate as a live cell stain and erythrosine B as a dead cell stain. These assays provide a low-cost, simple, and reliable method of assessing cell viability. The proposed microplate assays were successfully applied to monitor the viability of the microalgae Dunaliella viridis under carbon and nitrogen limitation stresses and demonstrated good agreement with flow cytometry measurements. We conducted a systematic investigation of the effects of dye concentration, incubation time, and background fluorescence on the microplate assays' performance. Further, we provide a comprehensive review of commonly used fluorescent dyes for microalgae staining, discuss strategies to enhance assay performance, and offer recommendations for dye selection and protocol development. This study presents a comprehensive new method for microplate-based viability analysis, providing valuable insights for future microalgae viability assessments and applications.
Statutory adjudication in Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2019, Ontario became the first Canadian jurisdiction to adopt adjudication as part of its Construction Act. This chapter presents the adjudication model as introduced in Ontario and situates that scheme internationally. In Ontario, adjudication was introduced together with a new prompt payment regime. Once a contractor delivers a 'proper invoice' to an owner, payment swiftly flows down the construction pyramid, subject only to notices of non-payment. Statutory adjudication in Ontario is administered by a single provincially authorized nominating authority, called Ontario Dispute Adjudication for Construction ('ODACC'). Registered adjudicators provide parties with interim binding decisions within compressed timeframes based on a single payment cycle. Statutory adjudication in Ontario is 'targeted', in the sense that it applies only to the subject matters of dispute listed in the Construction Act. This chapter describes these processes in detail and concludes with an overview canvassing similar legislative initiatives throughout Canada, both provincially and federally.
Cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication machining: from mechanism to application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cutting fluid plays a cooling-lubrication role in the cutting of metal materials. However, the substantial usage of cutting fluid in traditional flood machining seriously pollutes the environment and threatens the health of workers. Environmental machining technologies, such as dry cutting, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and cryogenic cooling technology, have been used as substitute for flood machining. However, the insufficient cooling capacity of MQL with normal-temperature compressed gas and the lack of lubricating performance of cryogenic cooling technology limit their industrial application. The technical bottleneck of mechanical—thermal damage of difficult-to-cut materials in aerospace and other fields can be solved by combining cryogenic medium and MQL. The latest progress of cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication (CMQL) technology is reviewed in this paper, and the key scientific issues in the research achievements of CMQL are clarified. First, the application forms and process characteristics of CMQL devices in turning, milling, and grinding are systematically summarized from traditional settings to innovative design. Second, the cooling-lubrication mechanism of CMQL and its influence mechanism on material hardness, cutting force, tool wear, and workpiece surface quality in cutting are extensively revealed. The effects of CMQL are systematically analyzed based on its mechanism and application form. Results show that the application effect of CMQL is better than that of cryogenic technology or MQL alone. Finally, the prospect, which provides basis and support for engineering application and development of CMQL technology, is introduced considering the limitations of CMQL.