jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for the extraction of ocean wave parameters from wide beam HF radar (CODAR) backscatter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The remote monitoring of the coastal ocean has been a topic receiving much attention from both the scientific and industrial communities in recent years. Among the many devices which have come to the forefront in providing comprehensive information on ocean surface paramenters is the HF radar operating in the ground wave mode. In particular, a four-element square array known as a CODAR (Coastal Oceans Dynamics Applications Radar) has successfully produced near-shore current maps. The problem addressed in this thesis is that of molding existing theory so as to create an algorithm which would extend the capabilities of this CODAR to include the yielding of directional waveheight spectra from backscattered radiation. -- General expressions for the first- and second-order broad beam radar cross sections of the ocean surface presented by Barrick and Lipa (1979b) are applied to the four-element CODAR. Fourier coefficients of both the first- and second-order portions of the radar spectrum are developed with all but one of the various required integrations being carried out in closed form. The Fourier basis function approach allows the broad beam cross sections to be written as a system of integral equations. The second-order radar return involves a double integral whose integrand contains nonlinear combinations of the unknowns, namely the Fourier coefficients of the ocean wave directional spectrum. The first-order portion of the radar spectrum is used to linearize this integral, thus allowing the system of equations to be formulated in terms of matrices. The matrix system is solved using a singular value decomposition approach. -- The analysis is carried out in its entirety for simulated data only. However, Appendix D outlines the procedure for calculating the four-element square array cross sections from measured data. These may be used in the algorithms developed here to extract directional waveheight information from the backscatter of high frequency radiation from the ocean surface.
Japan's international NGOs: a small but growing presence in Japan-China relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Although home-grown NGO-type organisations have existed in Japan for a century or more, it has only been in the last two decades that significant numbers of Japanese NGOs have become active internationally, promoting international educational, cultural, scientific, economic and environmental co-operation. This is particularly noticeable in the case of Japanese NGOs’ activities in China. With the growth in China's economy, international trade and other activities, Japanese people have become increasingly sensitive to environmental, political and social problems within China. In addition to this are the perennial problems caused by the troubled history of relations between the two countries. To help address these issues, a large number of Japanese NGOs have been set up in recent years to focus on exchanges of people and ideas between China and Japan. In order to investigate the background and reasons for this situation, this article first charts the development of international NGOs in Japan, considering changes in Japan's civil society and international awareness. It then considers why Japanese NGOs have become active in China and what kinds of activities they are focusing upon in China.
Dependence of interface motion on pressure in ferroelectrics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The motion of the paraelectric–ferroelectric interface in KNbO3 at a hydrostatic pressure is studied in the framework of the mean-field theory. The kink solution is applied to the calculations of the width and velocity of the interface at different pressures. The calculations are based on the experimental data for the Curie–Weiss constant and the parameter of the Ginzburg-Landau expression for the free energy. The response of the interface motion to the hydrostatic pressure and the tricritical point is investigated nonempirically.
Current Kindergarten Parents’ Attitudes toward and Beliefs about Children’s Art Education in Majority Cities and Counties of Taiwan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Current kindergarten parents’ attitudes toward and beliefs about children’s art education in majority cities and counties of Taiwan were investigated. A review of the literature was conducted to identify several possible influences on parents’ interpretation/ assessment of children’s art education. Then, the researcher developed and distributed a questionnaire for parents; 1,010 copies were distributed and 800 copies returned—of these, 758 were valid. Findings were as follows: (1) Parents’ occupations, educational backgrounds, genders, ages, classes attended by children, and children’s genders had significant effects on the interpretation of children’s art education. (2) More than 66% of Taiwanese kindergarten teachers used the theme-based teaching approach. (3) Over 72% of parents believed that kindergarten art educators should have basic drawing skills and familiarity with art supplies and craft equipment. (4) Majority parents believed children could attend art classes by 3 years of age, and also informed that their children had attended art classes at that age.
The western Australian court diversion service: Client profile and predictors of program completion, sentencing and re‐offending

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Western Australian Court Diversion Service (CDS) is a post‐conviction / pre‐sentence program that aims to divert substance‐using offenders from the prison system and into treatment programs. It has been in operation since 1988, though a formal evaluation has not been conducted. The present study evaluated the outcomes for offenders referred to the program in relation to program completion, sentencing and re‐offending. It utilised a quasi‐experimental within groups design using data from client files from January 1998 to June 1999. Offenders who had higher motivation, attended treatment regularly and had less than 20 prior convictions were more likely to complete the program. A custodial sentence was more likely if the offender was male, had committed a serious offence, had more than 30 prior convictions, had lower motivation and had not completed the CDS program. Predictors of re‐offending included lower motivation and a previous custodial sentence. The offender's level of motivation to change and number of prior convictions were significant predictors of all three outcomes: program completion, sentencing and re‐offending. The findings highlight the importance of considering offender characteristics when assessing eligibility for diversion programs, addressing offender motivation within diversion programs and considering issues of which offenders are most likely to benefit from which programs.
Cardiopulmonary and behavioral effects of fentanyl-droperidol in cats

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Summary The combination of the narcotic fentanyl (0.4 mg/ml) and the tranquilizer droperidol (20 mg/ml) was injected into 12 healthy adult cats at a rate of 1 ml/9 kg of body weight, sc . Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency, Pa CO 2 , and Pa O 2 , arterial pH (pHa), and rectal temperature were measured before and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after injection of fentanyl-droperidol. Respiratory frequency was decreased significantly ( P <0.05) and heart rate increased significantly ( P <0.05) at all measurement intervals after drug administration. Observed decrements in arterial blood pressure were not significant. Arterial P O 2 , P CO 2 , and pH did not change significantly. A significant ( P <0.05) decrease in body temperature was measured 90 minutes after drug administration. All cats were calm, tractable, and frequently assumed lateral recumbency after administration of fentanyl-droperidol. This maximal tranquil state was determined to be 30 to 60 minutes after drug administration.
A patient-centric framework for multisourced actionable health solution

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Increasing cases of chronic diseases and a decrease of healthcare professionals are leading to time deficiencies in patient doctor communication on health issues during consultation hours. This has caused patients to suffer from a lack of understanding regarding their healthcare issues as well as raised actionability concerns for patients. Actionability is defined as the ability of patients to perform certain actions (taking drugs, going through treatments, etc.) that would benefit their healthcare problem. The deficiency of patients' actionability occurs when patients have little to no opinion regarding potential health care solutions, as caused by the unavailability of physicians. Because of this, a framework capable of capturing treatment options and related information from online sources (medical websites and reviewed biomedical articles) with the aid of several third party applications, such as MMTx (MetaMap Transfer), RapidMiner, and E-Utils package is proposed. It is hypothesized that the actionability gap can be filled by increasing patients' knowledge on their healthcare issues. This paper illustrates a conceptual level solution, with more comprehensive testing being carried out in future works to validate existing ideas. Moreover, the inclusion of clinical practice guidelines such as domain knowledge to sort out proper treatments options and a better output presentation in terms of user friendliness shall be applied to upcoming prototypes.
Reliability and Validity of a Teacher Impressions Scale to Assess Social Play of Swedish Children in Inclusive Preschools

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Play and peer interactions are crucial for children’s socioemotional development and growth. However, children with special needs, disabilities, and developmental delays may not participate in play with peers as much as typically developing children. Reliable and valid assessment information of children’s social behavior is necessary to design programs that support the socioemotional development of young children with and without special needs. The Teacher Impression Scale (TIS) is a behavioral rating scale based on systematic observations of children’s social behaviors in play. The study aimed to examine the internal structure evidence and the reliability of the Swedish version of the TIS. A sample of 46 preschool teachers used the TIS to rate the social behavior of 92 children. Teachers observed children with special education needs (SEN) and typically developing children (TD) during a 2-week time to assess the children’s social interactions in different play situations. The results showed that the Swedish version of the TIS, the TIS-S, is reliable and can help teachers to identify the need of support for children in play and social interaction in inclusive preschool environments. Furthermore, the instrument could also be useful for identifying special educational strategies aimed at strengthening the social interaction between children.
Detection and Attribution of Changes in Precipitation Extremes in China and Its Different Climate Zones

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Based on the observations and the phase 6 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) multimodel simulations, we conducted a detection and attribution analysis for the observed changes in intensity and frequency indices of extreme precipitation during 1961–2014 over the whole of China and within distinct climate regions across the country. A space–time analysis is simultaneously applied in detection so that spatial structure on the signals is considered. Results show that the CMIP6 models can simulate the observed general increases of extreme precipitation indices during the historical period except for the drying trends from southwestern to northeastern China. The anthropogenic (ANT) signal is detectable and attributable to the observed increase of extreme precipitation over China, with human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) increases being the dominant contributor. Additionally, we also detected the ANT and GHG signals in China’s temperate continental, subtropical–tropical monsoon, and plateau mountain climate zones, demonstrating the role of human activity in historical extreme precipitation changes on much smaller spatial scales. Significance Statement The observed intensification of extreme precipitation globally has been attributed to human influences. Here, we demonstrate that anthropogenic forcing has discernably intensified extreme precipitation over the period 1961–2014, over China and in three of its four climate zones, with human-induced greenhouse gas increases being the dominant contributor. Our results strengthen the body of evidence that greenhouse gas increases are intensifying extreme precipitation by quantifying their role in observed changes at smaller regional scales than previously reported.
Both Th1 and Th2 Cytokines Affect the Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies To Protect Mice againstCryptococcus neoformans

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Variable-region-identical mouse immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2b, and IgG2a monoclonal antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans prolong the lives of mice infected with this fungus, while IgG3 is either not protective or enhances infection. CD4 + T cells are required for IgG1-mediated protection, and CD8 + T cells are required for IgG3-mediated enhancement. Gamma interferon is required for both effects. These findings revealed that T cells and cytokines play a role in the modulation of cryptococcal infection by antibodies and suggested that it was important to more fully define the cytokine requirements of each of the antibody isotypes. We therefore investigated the efficacy of passively administered variable-region-identical IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 monoclonal antibodies against intravenous infection with C. neoformans in mice genetically deficient in interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-6, IL-4, or IL-10, as well as in the parental C57BL/6J strain. The relative inherent susceptibilities of these mouse strains to C. neoformans were as follows: IL-12 −/− > IL-6 −/− > C57BL/6J ≈ IL-4 −/− ≫ IL-10 −/− . This is consistent with the notion that a Th1 response is necessary for natural immunity against cryptococcal infection. However, none of the IgG isotypes prolonged survival in IL-12 −/− , IL-6 −/− , or IL-4 −/− mice, and all isotypes significantly enhanced infection in IL-10 −/− mice. These results indicate that passive antibody-mediated protection against C. neoformans requires both Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines and reveal the complexity of the mechanisms through which antibodies modulate infection with this organism.
Obedska bara and its effect on water regime in "Kupinske Grede"

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with the effect of water regime of the protected area Obedska Bara on water regime of the forest ecosystem surrounded on three sides by pool-marsh ecosystem and on the fourth side by the river Sava. The research started in 2000 and is still underway, but we present only the period 2001-2005. The study results elucidate the very complex relationships of the water regimes of Obedska Bara and the river Sava, as well as their effect on the survival and development of the forest ecosystem of MU "Kupinske Grede", also the protected area under special form of protection.
Novel Radiotheranostic Ligands Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Based on Dual Linker Approach

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Radiotheranostics using prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting radioligands offers precision medicine by performing radionuclide therapy based on results of diagnosis. Albumin binder (ALB) binds to albumin reversibly and contributes to effective radiotheranostics by enhancing tumor accumulation of PSMA-targeting radioligands. We newly developed two ALB-containing PSMA-targeting radioligands including dual functional linkers, a hydrophilic linker, d-glutamic acid, and a hydrophobic linker, 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid, with the opposite arrangement (PNT-DA6 and PNT-DA7). A biodistribution study of [111In]In-PNT-DA6 indicated that the introduction and arrangement of dual functional linkers contributed to improved pharmacokinetics. A single photon emission computed tomography study of [111In]In-PNT-DA6 produced a clear PSMA-expressing tumor image. Moreover, [225Ac]Ac-PNT-DA6 showed the inhibition of tumor growth in targeted radionuclide therapy in PSMA-expressing tumor-bearing mice. These results indicated that [111In]In-PNT-DA6 and [225Ac]Ac-PNT-DA6 exhibited useful characteristics as PSMA-targeting radiotheranostic ligands.
Positive learning environment –imperative in adult education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The learning environment is of primary importance in creating a favorable climate for the training process corresponding to the age particularities and interest of the learners. The organization of a positive learning environment in the adult training process requires the configuration of factors specific to adult training, oriented towards satisfying the needs of this category of learners, thus determining their success and personal and professional development. In this article we highlight a three-factor context of the learning environment, the valorization of which generates a positive framework in the training of adults, namely: the profile of the trainer, the interpersonal relationship and the particularities of the training environment. This three-factor context reflects certain values and professional skills of the trainer that condition the conduct of adult training in an effective learning environment designed to support training objectives and the active involvement of learners.
Emergence pattern of Amaranthus spp. and impact on growth and reproduction

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Amaranthus species such as common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) and Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri) are troublesome annual weeds in cropping systems throughout the Midwest. Seedlings can emerge throughout the growing season impacting crop yields and produce prolific amounts of seed. Studies on the effect of tillage timing on emergence and emergence timing's influence on Amaranthus vegetative and reproductive potential were conducted to optimize management practices and minimize re-charging the soil seed bank. Natural emergence of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth was recorded over a two-year period from spring through fall. Germination was observed as soon as April 22 and as late as October 30 (252 day period). In another study in central (common waterhemp) and southeast (Palmer amaranth) MO, seedlings were established at five emergence timings from mid-May through mid-September in 2013 and 2014. Weekly through plant senescence, plant growth was recorded from six plants in each of five replications. By season's end, mean height of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth emerging in April was in excess of 2 m. Plants emerging in early spring produced up to 803,400 and 179,640 seeds for waterhemp and Palmer amaranth, respectively. As a percentage of overall plant weight, seed weight per plant increased from 12 to 28% and 7 to 12% for late April to late July 2014 emerging waterhemp and Palmer amaranth plants, respectively. Tetrazolium assays revealed seed viability ranged from 10 to 52% and 4 to 83% for waterhemp and Palmer amaranth plants, respectively. Following flowering initiation of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth, plants produced viable seeds in as little as six days. Growth and reproductive data suggest that crop producers should implement management systems for Amaranthus species for the majority of the growing season. Later emerging Amaranthus plants may be shorter and less competitive with crops compared to spring emerging plants. However, a greater proportion of plant dry weight is seeds; suggesting late season Amaranthus can add significantly to the soil seed bank.
Neutrino tomography of the earth: the earth total mass, moment of inertia and hydrostatic equilibrium constraints

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We investigate the implications of the constraints following from the precise knowledge of the total Earth mass, $$M_\oplus $$ M ⊕ , and moment of inertia, $$I_\oplus $$ I ⊕ , and from the requirement that Earth be in hydrostatic equilibrium (EHE), in the neutrino tomography studies of the Earth density structure. In order to estimate the sensitivity of a given neutrino detector to possible deviations of the inner core (IC), outer core (OC), core (IC + OC) and mantle Earth densities from those obtained using geophysical and seismological data and described by the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM), in the statistical analyses performed within the neutrino tomography studies one typically varies the density of each of these structures. These variations, however, must respect the $$M_\oplus $$ M ⊕ , $$I_\oplus $$ I ⊕ and EHE constraints. Working with PREM average densities we derive the $$M_\oplus $$ M ⊕ , $$I_\oplus $$ I ⊕ and EHE constraints on the possible density variations when one approximates the Earth density structure with (i) three layers – mantle, outer core and inner core, and (ii) four layers – upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core and inner core. We get drastically different results in the two cases.
A stable Arctic amplification ratio in long-term transient simulation over the last 21,000 years

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Arctic amplification (AA), the disproportionate Arctic warming versus hemispheric or global averages, impacts mid-latitude climate. Prior studies reported a wide range of AA ratios from 1.0 to 12.5, based on 20th-century observations or climate model hindcasts. This study investigates the variability of the AA ratio within a long-term transient simulation encompassing the past glacial-interglacial period. We find a strong link between the AA phenomenon and North Atlantic sea ice changes driven by ice-albedo feedback, yielding a stable AA ratio of 2.5 ± 0.8 throughout the last 21,000 years. The current observed AA ratio, slightly lower than 2.5, indicates the combined effect of sea ice melt-induced AA added to the greenhouse gas-induced global warming. We hypothesize that as Arctic sea ice rapidly diminishes, or even disappears, the sea ice-induced AA phenomenon will weaken substantially, reflected in the AA ratio approaching 1.0 within the next 1–2 centuries, even as global warming persists.