jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Change detection and the ensemble coding of faces

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Change blindness, the inability to detect change in a given scene, is a phenomenon due to our human brain’s limited capacity to process everything in the environment. Nevertheless, this is mitigated by heuristics such as ensemble perception, the accurate and consistent ability to extract an average percept from a set of perceptually similar objects. Several studies have demonstrated that even in the presence of change blindness, observers are able to distinguish the difference in average of one set from another. The aim of this study was to further investigate this how these two processes are integrated and also to examine its effects on explicit self-confidence ratings. It was hypothesized that there would be higher sensitivity towards a global change than a local change which in turn might result in higher confidence. Observers performed a change detection and localization task after looking at sets of faces which may or may not have changed in the consecutive set. Unexpectedly, results showed overall better performance in the local change condition. However, there also seemed to be an overconfidence in reporting change. This suggests possible consequences for scenarios where accurate judgements of a group of people need to be made, such as a criminal line up.
The Social Perception of a Sound Change

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A core finding of sociolinguistic research is that phonological changes may become subject to social evaluation as they propagate through a speech community. Much work has analyzed the social evaluation of innovations by categorizing them in terms of their salience, or the degree of stigma/prestige attached to them. However, recent studies have attempted to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the types of social-indexical meaning which can attach to linguistic variation. In particular, it is argued that speaker-listeners' social perceptions of variation tend to be structured around locally-relevant stereotypical figures such as the `valley girl' or `burnout' (Eckert, 2008; Moore & Podesva, 2009; D'onofrio, 2015). It has been claimed that innovations which come about due to global processes of change (such as chain-shifting principles) may become associated with these local stereotypes, resulting in divergent behavior on the part of some groups of speakers (Haddican et al. 2013). This raises the question of how the social meanings proposed for a given innovation can be identified, and how the role of social indexicality in constraining the propagation of that innovation can be diagnosed.\nWith a view to addressing this problem, this paper presents an account of the fronting and diphthongization of the tense back vowels /u/ and /o/ in York, Northern England. After presenting evidence of change in these vowels, the paper evaluates a recent account of the role of social indexicality in shaping the outcome of this change. It does this using data from a novel experimental paradigm, which allows the testing of quantitative predictions regarding the degree to which different dimensions of social-indexical meaning are associated with different acoustic dimensions of the vowels under study.\nThe findings contradict previous accounts of the role of social indexicality in constraining /u/ and /o/ fronting in York, highlighting the risk of inferring social-indexical meanings primarily from production patterns. For example, despite its rapid and uniform incrementation and apparent lack of class-stratification in production, /u/ fronting emerges as a robust cue to socioeconomic status in perception. While the absence of fronted /o/ monophthongs in the speech of younger speakers has previously been interpreted as evidence of their association with a stigmatized working-class stereotype, there is no support for this in the perception data. Intriguingly, there is evidence of structured variability in listeners' social-perceptual responses --- the social groups who lead the changes in production appear to respond more consistently in the social perception tasks, suggesting that some speaker-listeners may be more sensitive to the social-indexical information conveyed by variation in these vowels than others.
The “Black Fellows” of the Mesabi Iron Range: European Immigrants and Racial Differentiation during the Early Twentieth Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research Article| January 01 2017 The “Black Fellows” of the Mesabi Iron Range: European Immigrants and Racial Differentiation during the Early Twentieth Century David LaVigne David LaVigne David LaVigne earned his PhD in History from the University of Minnesota. His research focuses on the historical memory of European immigration to the United States during the twentieth century. He has taught at Simpson College, Cornell College, St. John’s University/College of St. Benedict, and Gustavus Adolphus College. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2017) 36 (2): 11–39. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.2.0011 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation David LaVigne; The “Black Fellows” of the Mesabi Iron Range: European Immigrants and Racial Differentiation during the Early Twentieth Century. Journal of American Ethnic History 1 January 2017; 36 (2): 11–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.2.0011 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of American Ethnic History Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2017 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2017 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: ARTICLE You do not currently have access to this content.
Lock Up Times in Mechanical Diode Type One Way Clutches

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Mechanical Diode (MD) one way clutch is a positive locking mechanism. During lock up, steel struts are interposed between locking features on the facing surfaces of two disks. The movement of struts into a lock position as a shaft motion reversal is attempted is of interest in assessing the reliability of the one-way clutch. This paper presents the results of a study which predicts strut movement into lock position by examining the forces on the strut at each stage of the locking action and the response of the strut mass and surrounding fluid to these forces. Locking action is found to occur in a few microseconds with typical component sizes and lubricants.</div>
Visual routines for detecting causal interactions are tuned to motion direction

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Detecting causal relations structures our perception of events in the world. Here, we determined for visual interactions whether generalized (i.e. feature-invariant) or specialized (i.e. feature-selective) visual routines underlie the perception of causality. To this end, we applied a visual adaptation protocol to assess the adaptability of specific features in classical launching events of simple geometric shapes. We asked observers to report whether they observed a launch or a pass in ambiguous test events (i.e. the overlap between two discs varied from trial to trial). After prolonged exposure to causal launch events (the adaptor) defined by a particular set of features (i.e. a particular motion direction, motion speed, or feature conjunction), observers were less likely to see causal launches in subsequent ambiguous test events than before adaptation. Crucially, adaptation was contingent on the causal impression in launches as demonstrated by a lack of adaptation in non-causal control events. We assessed whether this negative aftereffect transfers to test events with a new set of feature values that were not presented during adaptation. Processing in specialized (as opposed to generalized) visual routines predicts that the transfer of visual adaptation depends on the feature similarity of the adaptor and the test event. We show that the negative aftereffects do not transfer to unadapted launch directions but do transfer to launch events of different speeds. Finally, we used colored discs to assign distinct feature-based identities to the launching and the launched stimulus. We found that the adaptation transferred across colors if the test event had the same motion direction as the adaptor. In summary, visual adaptation allowed us to carve out a visual feature space underlying the perception of causality and revealed specialized visual routines that are tuned to a launch’s motion direction.
Identifying Real Options to Improve the Design of Engineering Systems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter is part of the developing literature on the use of real options in the design and development of major projects – more generally, of engineering systems. The chapters by Kazakidis and Kalligeros in this book are part of the same stream. This work differs substantially from the bulk of the real option literature. It focuses on improving the overall performance of technological projects by incorporating flexibility into their design. The field is growing rapidly because engineering projects are expanding in scope and complexity while their environment is becoming increasingly uncertain in terms of stakeholder requirements, resource availability, market demand, and other aspects. Traditional engineering design methodology is deficient in dealing with such uncertainty. Practitioners in the field thus need new approaches. Research in real options is leading to significant practical results. Many applications demonstrate that flexible designs can greatly increase expected overall performance compared to traditional rigid designs optimized for specific conditions. Flexible designs can deliver these benefits because their underlying architecture enables managers to adapt projects to circumstances that develop. Owners can thus cut losses by avoiding undesirable outcomes, and increase gains by taking advantage of new opportunities. Part 1 describes the concept of this developing literature. It situates design flexibility in the spectrum between the standard use of real options and traditional engineering design. As indicated below, the focus on flexible design involves deep reframing of the way we think about both design and the
Weighing Ethical Considerations in Proposed Non-recent Child Sexual Abuse Investigations: A Response to Maslen and Paine’s Oxford CSA Framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Questions about when it is right for police forces to investigate alleged offences committed in the more or less distant past have become increasingly pressing. Recent widely publicized cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) and exploitation, sometimes involving high profile individuals, have illustrated the ethical, psychological, and forensic complexities of investigating non-recent child sexual abuse. Hannah Maslen and Colin Paine have developed the Oxford CSA Framework to assist police to weigh the various ethical considerations that militate for and against initiating a CSA investigation. While such a tool is to be welcomed, and while there is much that is helpful in Maslen and Paine's approach, we suggest that the Oxford CSA framework could be strengthened. Our first suggestion is to abandon a proposed distinction between a set of considerations that is said to generate a “presumption” in favor of investigation and other considerations that may supplement or oppose this presumption. Our second suggestion is to review the weightings applied to the considerations within the model, which lack clear justification and create problematic effects. Finally, we suggest that referring the Oxford CSA Framework to a panel with lived and professional experience of CSA could serve important procedural justice goals and enhance the Framework's recommendations.
Necropolitics and Young Mapuche Activists as a Public Menace in Argentina

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drawing from Latin-American and Argentinean ethnic studies, in dialogue with African philosophy and African youth studies, this essay addresses collective agency as it emerges at the intersection of age and ethnicity within national formations of otherness. These formations organize how people live and define who must die and how. The aim is to develop a theoretical input to enrich the debate on the concept of intersectionality. The essay focuses on how young Mapuche activism dismantles and/or reproduces identities and experiences available to Mapuche youth in contemporary Argentina. This activism gained prominence recently due to a neoliberal change in national politics that rearranged the relationship between the nation and its internal others in order to legitimize violent repression of social protest. Within this context, young Mapuche activists (mainly male) are portrayed as a public menace.
Increased hydropower potential at Niagara: a scenario-based analysis

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Research often ranges from incremental innovations of existing approaches to the development of novel methodologies. The current study seeks to combine both paradigms through consideration of a legacy hydro system. Stretched along the border between Canada and the US and regulated by a 1950 treaty, the Niagara River currently provides almost 5000 MW of renewable power. This paper develops a HEC-ResSim representation of the existing reservoir (power) system and uses this model to explore a variety of possible future scenarios. These possibilities will ultimately include considering the sensitivity of the system to climate change, reducing tourist flows, and exploring using additional storage to augment operational flows, although the current paper particularly details the scenario involving increased power diversion by somewhat relaxing treaty restrictions. Such an arrangement is shown to potentially increase monthly hydro discharges by 16% relative to the current baseline, and thus to permit an additional 1050 GWh of annual generation on the Canadian side alone. This preliminary exploratory study simply evaluates the potential hydro benefits by assessing the interplay between various system constraints if treaty provisions were ever to be reconsidered, and thus sets the stage for considering a variety of other scenarios.
Is It Useful for Coronary Prevention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Several converging issues have served to highlight the interest in postmenopausal hormone therapy as a coronary preventive intervention for women. First is the increased prevalence of coronary heart disease in women in their menopausal years, with clinical manifestations of coronary disease occurring predominantly in older women. How much of this increase in coronary risk is a phenomenon of aging versus a phenomenon of menopausal status remains controversial. Also, the earlier onset of coronary heart disease and the greater relative risk of coronary death in women with bilateral oophorectomy or premature ovarian failure emphasizes the importance of estrogen status as a determinant of coronary risk for women.3o, 57 Of great concern are the less favorable outcomes for women than for men who have defined coronary events, both myocardial infarction and myocardial revascularization procedures. Further, in recent years, an array of biologically plausible mechanisms of estrogen benefit for coronary prevention have been defined and are reviewed here. Finally, the sizable number of observational studies that suggest the cardiovascular benefit of postmenopausal hormone therapy render compelling the need to evaluate precisely the coronary heart disease-gonadal hormone relationships.
Bikeability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Bikeability describes the ease and safety of riding a bicycle for all trip purposes in an area, neighborhood, city, region, or country. Cycling for daily trips can help increase the sustainability of the transport system. Actual and perceived safety from motorized traffic is crucial for bikeability. It is important to provide integrated networks of bikeways, traffic calmed streets, and safe intersections, which facilitate bikeability for all groups of society including all genders, all races/ethnicities, all ages, and all abilities. Bikeway infrastructure separates cyclists from motorists along roadways and at intersections with higher speeds and levels of motorized traffic. Other important aspects of bikeability are traffic‐calmed neighborhood streets, bicycle parking, overall behavior of motorists toward cyclists, and an inclusive cycling culture. Weather, climate, and topography are also often cited as determinants of bikeability. However, while hills and hot, humid, rainy, cold, or snowy climates deter cycling, they do not determine the ultimate fate of cycling.
Asymmetric time interval between evening and morning milking and its effect on the total daily milk yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Samples of milk obtained in the course of evening and morning milking performed in variable time intervals of either 11 and 13 hours (n = 1.282) or 10 and 14 hours (n = 370) were collected with the aim to quantify the effect of the length of a variable (asymmetric) time interval between evening and morning milking on the total amount and composition of daily milk production of dairy cows. Milk samples were analysed in an accredited (EN ISO 17025) laboratory in Brno-Tuřany (Czech Republic) and the following contents of individual milk components were estimated: fat (F; g.100g−1), total protein (TP; g.100g−1), lactose (L; lactose monohydrate; g.100g−1), and somatic cell counts (SCC; ­103.ml−1) were estimated in. It was found out that with the increasing total daily milk production the shares of evening and morning milk yield increased as well; however, the percentages of evening and/or morning yields in the total yield remained practically unchanged and represented 43.5 % and 56.5% or 40.4 % and 59.6 % in variants with intervals of 11 and 13 hours and/or 10 and 14 hours, respectively. In the variant with the milking interval of 11 and 13 hours, values of correlation coefficients between the above parameters (i.e. F, TP, L, SCC, and log SCC) of evening and morning milk yields on the one hand and the total milk performance on the other ranged from the minimum r = 0.896 (F) to the maximum r = 0.980 (TP). In the variant with the interval of 10 and 14 hours, the corresponding values of correlation coefficients were r = 0.848 (F) and r = 0.983 (TP). These correlations were statistically highly significant in all cases (P ≤ 0.001). Further, linear regression equations enabling the estimation of milk parameters of the total milk yield on the base of results obtained in evening and morning milking was calculated as well. Values of coefficients of determination (R2) of these equations ranged from 0.803 (F) to 0.960 (TP) and from 0.718 (F) to 0.966 (TP) for intervals of 11:13 hours and of 10:14 hours, respectively.
Optical studies of melanin films as a material for solar light absorbers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study investigates optical and electrical properties of thin melanin films self-organized grown from water solutions of eumelanin extracted from edible plants. The melanin films exhibit the characteristics of a transparent low conductive polymer with stable in time electrical parameters. The films demonstrate high values of absorption coefficient exceeding 6 × 10 4 cm −1 in the wavelength range of 460–500 nm corresponding to the photon energies between about 2.70 and 2.48 eV. Analysis of infrared transmission spectra evidences presence of a significant amount of OH groups in the films. These groups have been demonstrated to be a part of different complexes in the melanin films and, hence, they may have different effects on the film conduction mechanisms. It is hypothesized as well that the presence of sp 2 hybridized CH n bonds influences the films optical and electrical properties and that higher concentration of the sp 2 bonds may increase the conductivity due to the enhanced π -electron delocalization.
Combination of vaccine with targeted chemotherapy reduced levels of CSC like (CD44+CD24- hematopoietic lineage negative {LIN-}) cells and improves outcome of cancer treatment

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

14001 Background: We studied the effect of a cancer vaccine on levels of CSC like cells. Methods: We compared the effect of the sc injection of Ad-sig-hMUC-1/ecdCD40L vector followed by two weekly sc injections of the hMUC1/ecdCD40L protein boost (vaccine) with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) intravenous (iv) chemotherapy (5FUCT), 5FUCT plus vaccine, and vector targeted 5-FU chemotherapy (VTCT) plus vaccine in a syngeneic mouse model of human MUC-1 (hMUC-1) expressing Lewis Lung Cancer Cells (hMUC-1LLC). 5FUCT was given iv at a weekly dose of 250 mg/kg. VTCT was administered by intratumoral injection (it) of 1x108 pfu of an AdCDIRESE1A adenoviral (Ad) vector system carrying a cytosine deaminase (CD) transcription unit followed by 10 days of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 5- Fluorocytosine (5FC). Results: We found that the vaccine could induce an immune response against hMUC-1LLC in all groups. However, the mice injected with vaccine alone yielded significantly more IFN-gamma secreting T cells in ELISPOT assays than other groups given either 5FUCT or VTCT in combination with vaccine. Likewise, splenic T cells from the vaccine only group yielded significantly higher cell mediated cytotoxicity against hMUC-1LLC than the splenic T cells of the other groups. We found that while 5FUCT caused significant tumor shrinkage when compared to the control group, it also caused an increase in the ratio of CSC like to unfractionated cells (12.0% vs 7.4%). There were no significant increases in the ratio of CSC like/unfractionated cells of the 5FUCT plus vaccine group when compared to the controls (9.6% vs 7.4%). However, vaccine alone or in combination with VTCT decreased the CSC like/unfractionated cell ratio (4.68%, 4.96%, respectively). Interestingly, a decrease in the ratio of MUC1 expressing CSC like/unfractionated cells was seen with vaccine alone (0.12%) or in combination with 5FUCT (0.96%), or with VTCT (0.11%) when compared to 5FUCT alone (4.16%) or control (5.27%). Conclusions: These results suggest that combining vaccine with VTCT could suppress disseminated cancer by destroying CFC like cells. No significant financial relationships to disclose.