jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Whatman® FTA® Cards Performance for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale DNA Amplification

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The avian pathogen Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) has been implied in the etiology of poultry respiratory disease in recent years. To evaluate whether Whatman® Flinders Technology Associates (FTA®) cards can be used for hazard-free transport and storage of ORT samples for posterior DNA amplification, a controlled assay was performed. Three 10-fold dilutions of an ORT culture suspension were spotted on FTA cards and stored at room temperature (RT) for 6 mo. Sterile swabs were immersed in the same three 10-fold culture dilutions and stored at RT and 4 and -20 C without storage medium for the same time. DNA was extracted from both the FTA cards and swabs 1 day, 1 and 6 wk, and 6 mo following sample preparation and stored at -20 C. At the end of the experiment, real-time PCR amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was performed from DNA extracted throughout a 6-mo period from all ORT samples stored on both FTA cards and swabs. The obtained threshold cycle values for each ORT DNA extraction date were within the same range for all samples in a dilution-dependent fashion, regardless of storage temperature or used material. Pure ORT colonies could be reisolated 1 day after sample preparation from the swab dilutions stored at all temperatures but not from the FTA cards. We conclude that the efficiency of ORT DNA amplification from samples stored on FTA cards or in swabs is similar. However, FTA cards have the advantage of preventing microorganism growth, thus allowing safe transport and storage, for at least 6 mo, for bacterial dilutions down to at least 104-105 colony-forming units/ml.
Rousseau in Dworkin:Judicial Rulings as Expressions of the General Will

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the course of discussing his conception of community, Ronald Dworkin refers favorably, though in passing and rather elliptically, to Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his concept of the general will. Dworkin suggests important similarities exist between Rousseau's “general will” and Dworkin's own understanding of community and his related theory of “law as integrity.”
Potassium activation in Helix aspersa neurones under voltage clamp: a component mediated by calcium influx.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Helix aspersa neurones under voltage clamp generate prolonged outward currents (potassium currents) in response to depolarizing command pulses. 2. The potassium currents recorded from cell A were reversibly reduced 25–50% by 10 mM cobalt ions in the bathing medium; 1 mM lanthanum, 10(−6) g/ml. D‐600 and 10(−6) g/ml. iproveratril had similar effects but were only partially reversible. 3. The relationship between the potassium currents and the membrane potential had an “n” shape in normal saline. In calcium‐free saline (containing 25 mM magnesium) the potassium currents were reduced and the “n” shape was abolished. The effect of calcium‐free saline was readily reversible. 4. The voltage‐dependence of the calcium‐sensitive potassium currents was similar to that of the “late” calcium channel in squid axons (Baker, Hodgkin & Ridgway, 1971). 5. When cell A was depolarents were made up of two exponentially declining components. The slower of the two components was reduced in calcium‐free saline. 6. When cell A was depolarized by 150 mV for 10 msec and then repolarized the “tail” currents were made up of a single rapidly declining component. The reversal potential of this component changed by 58 mV for a tenfold change in the external potassium concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation. 7. The reversal potential of “tail” currents having both components was less sensitive to changes in the external potassium concentration. 8. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions blocked both calcium dependent and voltage sensitive potassium currents. Each receptor was found to bind a single molecule of TEA. The dissociaton constant was about 10 mM in each case. 9. The intracellular concentration of ionized calcium was estimated from the potential at which there was no apparent calcium influx (the null point). It was between 3 x 10(−8) M and 8 x 10(−8) M with 10(−2) M calcium in the bathing medium. 10. The null point changed 30 mV for a tenfold change in the external calcium concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation. 11. It is concluded that depolarization of Helix neurones activates two typesof potassium channel. One channel is voltage dependent and highly selective for potassium. Activation of the other channel is dependent on the influx (or injection, see Meech, 1972, 1974a) of calcium. This calcium mediated potassium activation system saturates at high external calcium concentrations and is inhibited by external magnesium ions.
Example of the timing diagram of the proposed test architecture (<i>N</i><sub><i>TSV</i></sub>: 80, <i>N</i><sub><i>Block</i></sub>: 10, <i>N</i><sub><i>TSV_Block</i></sub>: 8).

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>Example of the timing diagram of the proposed test architecture (<i>N</i><sub><i>TSV</i></sub>: 80, <i>N</i><sub><i>Block</i></sub>: 10, <i>N</i><sub><i>TSV_Block</i></sub>: 8).</p>
Effect of drip and sprinkle irrigation on yield and quality of five tomato cultivars in southwestern Ontario

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to assess yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in response to drip (DI) and sprinkle irrigation (SI) in southwestern Ontario. Three irrigation treatments, DI, SI and no irrigation (NI) and five tomato cultivars, FM6203, H2653, H722, OH7814 and PUR812, grown on a Fox sandy loam soil, were evaluated during four growing seasons between 1986 and 1989. Both DI and SI increased the marketable tomato yield in 3 of 4 yr. In general, DI resulted in higher tomato yields than SI, but this was only statistically significant in 1 yr. Sprinkle irrigation out performed drip irrigation in one hot, dry year in 1988. Throughout the 4 yr, OH7814 was consistently high yielding, H2653 was consistently low yielding and FM6203, H722 and PUR812 performed more consistently than the other cultivars. In wet years, yield differences due to cultivar treatments were greater than those due to irrigation treatments, while in dry years, yield differences due to both irrigation and cultivar treatments were highly significant. Soluble solids and total solids were decreased by DI and SI. The DI produced the most uniform soil moisture regime, followed by SI. The NI plots had the greatest degree of water stress, as indicated by the low soil water potential, low stomatal conductance and elevated crop canopy temperature. Key words:Lycopersicon esculentum, yield, soil water potential
Myocardial revascularization: symptomatic and prognostic indications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The primary goal of therapy in patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease is to relieve symptoms, delay or prevent progression of coronary artery disease, and decrease the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. This is primarily achieved with optimal medical therapy. When coronary revascularization is considered, symptomatic and prognostic indications must be differentiated. For symptomatic indications, revascularization is justified if there is a large area of inducible ischaemia or if there is persistent limiting angina despite optimal medical therapy. The key prognostic indications for revascularization are left main disease with stenosis greater than 50%, any proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis greater than 50%, two-vessel or three-vessel disease with stenosis greater than 50% with impaired left ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction <40%), a large area of ischaemia (>10% of the left ventricle), or a single remaining patent coronary artery with stenosis greater than 50%.
[Study of the sensitizing effects of surfactants on the determination of aluminum by air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry].

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The sensitizing effects of ten surfactants, such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), on the determination of aluminum were studied. The results showed that the cationic surfactants in the experiment were good sensitizers for the determination of aluminum, and the sensitization time was about 3.0. On the other hand, anionic surfactants had inhibition action, while particular surfactants had no action. With the sensitizing agent of CTMAB, the operating parameters of the spectrometer and the effects of CTMAB, solution medium and interfering elements in aluminum-nickel alloy sample were studied. The content of aluminum in aluminum-nickel alloy sample was determined by air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the linear range of aluminum of this method was 0.10-2.0 g x L(-1), the relative standard deviation was 2.6%, and the recoveries were in the range of 97%-103%.
Software Defined Security Service Provisioning Framework for Internet of Things

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Programmable management framework have paved the way for managing devices in the network. Lately, emerging paradigm of Software Defined Networking (SDN) have revolutionized programmable networks. Designers of networking applications i.e. Internet of things (IoT) have started investigating potentials of SDN paradigm in improving network management. IoT envision interconnecting various embedded devices surrounding our environment with IP to enable internet connectivity. Unlike traditional network architectures, IoT are characterized by constraint in resources and heterogeneous inter connectivity of wireless and wired medium. Therefore, unique challenges for managing IoT are raised which are discussed in this paper. Ubiquity of IoT have raised unique security challenges in IoT which is one of the aspect of management framework for IoT. In this paper, security threats and requirements are summarized in IoT extracted from the state of the art efforts in investigating security challenges of IoT. Also, SDN based security service provisioning framework for IoT is proposed.
PANDEMIC VIRUS (H1N1): A THREAT FOR PIG PRODUCTION

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Influenza suína (H1N1) ou Gripe Suína é uma doença respiratória aguda altamente contagiosa, causada por um dos diversos vírus da influenza suína A. A morbidade tende a ser alta, enquanto a mortalidade baixa. Os suínos são importantes hospedeiros do vírus Influenza H1N1(swine-like Influenza A) e susceptíveis às infecções por vírus Influenza de origem aviária e humana. Estes animais possuem importante papel na transmissão viral entre espécies e na epidemiologia da influenza humana, pois pode abrigar um vírus que sofre recombinação genética e por consequência mutação que pode ficar ou não mais virulento. Em 24 de abril de 2009, houve um primeiro alerta da OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde) sobre o surgimento desta doença. O contágio pelo H1N1 causou alarme, pois poderia ser rápido e se tornar incontrolável, visto que seus sintomas são muito parecidos com os de uma gripe comum e poderiam ser facilmente confundidos e camuflar uma possível pandemia. Considerando-se o grande impacto da recente epidemia pelo vírus Influenza H1N1, em função do seu risco potencial, este artigo pretende esclarecer como reconhecer, diagnosticar e prevenir, de forma a melhor compreender as relações entre a exposição aos suínos e a possível infecção.
Simple Nutrition of Crithidia deanei, a Reduviid Trypanosomatid with an Endosymbiont*

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SYNOPSIS Crithidia deanei from the reduviid hemipteron, Zelus leucogrammus , unlike most lower trypanosomatids cultivated in defined medium, required only 2 amino acids, methionine and tyrosine; only 4 vitamins, folic acid, thiamine, biotin, and nicotinamide; and neither hemin nor a purine source. Electron microscopy reveals an endosymbiont, probably bacterial, which presumably provides the other basic trypanosomatid essential nutrients.
Reliability Analysis of a Steel Frame

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A steel frame with haunches is designed according to Eurocodes. The frame is exposed to self-weight, snow, and wind actions. Lateral-torsional buckling appears to represent the most critical criterion, which is considered as a basis for the limit state function. In the reliability analysis, the probabilistic models proposed by the Joint Committee for Structural Safety (JCSS) are used for basic variables. The uncertainty model coefficients take into account the inaccuracy of the resistance model for the haunched girder and the inaccuracy of the action effect model. The time invariant reliability analysis is based on Turkstra's rule for combinations of snow and wind actions. The time variant analysis describes snow and wind actions by jump processes with intermittencies. Assuming a 50-year lifetime, the obtained values of the reliability index b vary within the range from 3.95 up to 5.56. The cross-profile IPE 330 designed according to Eurocodes seems to be adequate. It appears that the time invariant reliability analysis based on Turkstra's rule provides considerably lower values of b than those obtained by the time variant analysis.
O + NNH: A possible new route for NOX formation in flames

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We propose a new high temperature pathway for NO formation that involves the reaction of NNH with oxygen atoms. This reaction forms the HNNO* energized adduct via a rapid combination reaction; HNNO* then rapidly dissociates to NH + NO. The rate constant for O + NNH  NH + NO is calculated via a QRRK chemical activation analysis to be 3.3 × 10 14 T −0.23 exp(+510/ T ) cm 3 mol −1 s −1 . This reaction sequence can be an important or even major route to NO formation under certain combustion conditions. The presence of significant quantities of NNH results from the reaction of H with N 2 . The H + N 2  NNH reaction is only ca. 6 kcal/mol endothermic with a relatively low barrier. The reverse reaction, NNH dissociation, has been reported in the literature to be enhanced by tunneling. Our analysis of NNH dissociation indicates that tunneling dominates. We report a two‐term rate constant for NNH dissociation: 3.0 × 10 8 + [M] {1.0 × 10 13 T 0.5 exp(−1540/ T )} s −1 . The first term accounts for pressure‐independent tunneling from the ground vibrational state, while the second term accounts for collisional activation to higher vibration states from which tunneling can also occur. ([M] is the total concentration in units of mol cm −3 .) Use of this dissociation rate constant and microscopic reversibility results in a large rate constant for the H + N 2 reaction. As a result, we find that NNH  H + N 2 can be partially equilibrated under typical combustion conditions, resulting in NNH concentrations large enough for it to be important in bimolecular reactions. Our analysis of such reactions suggests that the reaction with oxygen atoms is especially important. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electronic Supplemental Materials for: Individual repeatability and heritability of divorce in a wild population.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Understanding micro-evolutionary responses of mating systems to contemporary selection requires estimating sex-specific additive genetic variances and cross-sex genetic covariances in key reproductive strategy traits. One key trait comprises the occurrence of divorce versus mate-fidelity across sequential reproductive attempts. If divorce represents an evolving behavioural strategy that responds to selection it must have non-zero individual repeatability and heritability, but quantitative estimates from wild populations are scarce. We used 39 years of individual breeding records and pedigree data from free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to quantify sex-specific permanent individual and additive genetic variances, and hence estimate repeatability and heritability, in liability for divorce. We estimated moderate repeatability among females, but little repeatability among males. Estimates of additive genetic variance were small in both sexes, and the cross-sex genetic covariance was close to zero. Consequently, the total heritability was small but likely non-zero, indicating low potential for micro-evolutionary response to selection. Rapid micro-evolutionary change of divorce rate, therefore, appears unlikely, even if there were substantial fitness benefits of divorce and resulting selection.
Influencing Change : Organizational Change and the Implementation of Self-Managing Teams

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Organizational changes are inevitable, yet up to 70% fail. Technological development and competition in a volatile environment require more flexible organizations. As such, implementing self-managed teams (SMTs) has become a more common approach. The fact that SMTs ought to be self-managed has further raised a debate, since it is argued that some form of manager still is required. Therefore, the following research question was proposed; How does the interplay of influences unfold between the manager and the organizational context when implementing SMTs? The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of how different activities, events and actions during a change process of implementing SMTs influence the manager, as well as how the manager influences the change process of implementing SMTs. The research was conducted by a qualitative, abductive approach based on a case study. The results show that managers influence perceived history of change, control and the SMTs. Managers are influenced by perceived history of change, employee commitment to change, control, and by the SMT. These influences determine how the manager is influenced by, and how the manager influences the organizational change towards the implementation of SMTs.
GAMBARAN SELF EFFICACY DAN PENGETAHUAN PADA KLIEN TUBERKULOSIS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background : Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is spread throughout the world and is a public health problem due to high morbidity and mortality. Along with the increasing prevalence of Tuberculosis events. Objective: To determine the self efficacy picture and knowledge of Tuberculosis clients in Bangil General Hospital. Method: Descriptive research with cross sectional approach. The research sample of 70 respondents with purposive sampling which inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument uses a questionnaire. Results: The results showed that tuberculosis clients had good self efficacy as many as 41 people (58.6%),%), quite as many as 20 people (28.6%) and the rest had less self efficacy as many as 9 people (12.9%) . and have good knowledge as many as 36 people (51.4%). Tuberculosis clients also have good knowledge as many as 36 people (51.4%), quite as many as 24 people (34.3%) and the rest have less knowledge as many as 10 people (14.3%). Conclusion: Clients' beliefs about self-care management can increase and be able to generate enthusiasm to seek knowledge, positive attitudes and self-management skills to improve and the client's health behavior in general. Client knowledge by providing information and understanding through a module media to the Tuberculosis client regarding Tuberculosis disease so as to increase the client's knowledge regarding management of her care. Keywords: Self efficacy, Knowledge, Tuberculosis
A review of higher order aberrations of the human eye

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: This literature review is part of a research study for aberration-correcting soft contact lenses, where wavefront aberrometry was utilised. Aim: This study was conducted as part of a postgraduate research degree by the first author with particular relevance to spherical aberrations in relation to myopia and soft contact lenses, both aberration control and non-control types. Setting: This study reports on a literature review of higher order aberrations. Methods: A comprehensive review of various databases was performed, including PubMed and Google Scholar in terms of aberration control contact lenses and particular customised contact lenses for compensation of spherical aberration in myopia, was performed. Results: Wavefront sensing and Zernike polynomials are increasingly used in optometry and ophthalmology to quantify the wavefronts for an optical system such as the eye, using either lower order (LOA) or higher order aberrations (HOA). Although other mathematical methods are available, zero, 1st and 2nd orders of the Zernike polynomial expansion are LOA. Defocus () and astigmatism ( and ) are 2nd-order modes that usually can be corrected by clinicians using ordinary sphero-cylindrical compensations such as spectacle lenses. Until recently, only LOA were easily correctable by clinicians in optometry and ophthalmology. Higher order aberrations are those modes in the third radial order, n = 3 and higher, which in the past were not correctable. However, HOA contribute to only about 7% of retinal image quality and often go unnoticed by individuals, although in some instances, for example, with keratoconus or after refractive surgery, such aberrations can become more problematic. Today, new treatments are available via specially designed or customised (to an individual) rigid or soft contact lenses that are claimed to reduce or eliminate HOA such as spherical aberration (). Conclusion: Although such specially designed or customised contact lenses have some effect on HOA, there are conflicting reports and so further investigation of this intriguing aspect remains necessary.
Lateral Resistance of Short Single Piles and Pile Groups Located Near Slopes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Many transmission towers, high-rise buildings, and bridges are constructed near steep slopes and are supported by large-diameter piles. These structures may be subjected to large lateral loads, such as violent winds and earthquakes. Widely used types of foundations for these structures are pier foundations, which have large diameter with high stiffness. The behavior of a pier foundation subjected to lateral loads is similar to that of a short rigid pile, because both elements seem to fail by rotation developing passive resistance on opposite faces above and below the rotation point, unlike the behavior of a long flexible pile. This paper describes the results of several numerical studies performed with a three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM) of model tests and a prototype test of a laterally loaded short pile and pier foundation located near slopes, respectively. Initially, in this paper, the results of model tests of single piles and pile groups subjected to lateral loading, in homogeneous sand with 30° slopes and horizontal ground were analyzed by the three- dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) analyses. Furthermore, field tests of a prototype pier foundation subjected to lateral loading on a 30° slope was reported. The FE analyses were conducted to simulate these results. The main purpose of this paper is the validation of the 3D elasto–plastic FEM by comparisons with the experimental data.
Relation of Adrenal Cortical Function to Scurvy in Guinea-pigs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The reported claims of recent isolations of classical influenza virus A strains are considered.The evidence suggests that these claims should be viewed with great caution.We should like to thank Dr. A. W. Gledhill for his help in preparing immune ferret sera and Mr. E. Owen for his most