jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Organic Acid and Monosaccharide Transport in the Kidney of the Brush-tailed Possum, Trichosurus vulpecula

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mechanisms of organic acid and monosaccharide transport in the kidney of T. vulpecula were investigated using the renal cortical slice preparation. The kinetics, the sensitivity to inhibitors of metabolism and sodium transport, and the specificity of the concentrative uptake of p-aminohippurate and oc-methyl-n-glucoside were examined and compared with published results from studies in eutherian mammals. Some minor differences between metatherians and eutherians were noted with regard to the specificities of the renal slice uptake systems. Penicillin G, a competitor of organic acid transport in eutherian kidneys, did not interact with the marsupial uptake system, and sodium acetate, which stimulates transport in other mammals, inhibited p-aminohippurate uptake in the slice of the possum kidney. 2-Deoxy-n-glucose, which interacts with the phlorizinsensitive monosaccharide transport system in the dog, rat and rabbit kidney, had no effect on oc-methyl-n-glucoside uptake in the possum, and the magnitude of the interaction of n-fructose resembled that reported in the dog and rat but was greater than the inhibition reported in the rabbit. n-Glucuronic acid and n-glucuronic acid lactone inhibited oc-methyl-n-glucoside uptake in the possum but had no effect on uptake in rat renal slices. In consideration of the reported variability of these parameters between different classes of eutherians, it was concluded that the primary mechanisms involved in organic solute transport by the proximal nephron of metatherians and eutherians were not significantly different.
Circulating adiponectin levels during human endotoxaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Adiponectin, an adipocytokine secreted by fat tissue, may prevent development of diabetes type II, as high adiponectin levels are linked with insulin sensitivity. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which is also produced by fat tissue, leads to insulin resistance and furthermore inhibits adiponectin mRNA production and secretion of the protein. However, adiponectin also negatively regulates TNF-α levels. Therefore, we set out to test whether an infusion of endotoxin would influence circulating adiponectin levels in healthy human subjects. Twenty-three healthy human subjects were injected with endotoxin (2 ng/kg body weight); eight of these subjects were also injected with saline and served as controls. Plasma levels of adiponectin, TNF-α and interleukin-6 were measured at 0, 1·5, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. TNF-α and interleukin-6 levels peaked at 1·5 h and 2 h, respectively. Control subjects injected with saline showed a decrease in adiponectin plasma levels with time (P &lt; 0·05) presumably owing to the effect of fasting or physical inactivity. However, there was no change in adiponectin plasma levels in endotoxin injected subjects, thus the effect of fasting was opposed. In conclusion, circulating adiponectin levels are reduced during a resting and fasting state, an effect reversed by endotoxin injection.
Pembelajaran Matematika Berorientasi Etnomatematika Rejang Lebong Di Prodi Sains Perkopian Universitas Pat Petulai

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research aims to describe the results of ethnomathematics exploration of the Rejang Lebong community using exploratory research and an ethnographic approach. The research results show that without studying mathematical concepts, the Rejang Lebong people have applied these concepts in their daily lives using ethnomathematics. It is proven that there are mathematical concepts contained in traditional house buildings, decorative geometric shapes in rejang weaving, as well as traditional dances of the Rejang Lebong people. The researcher suggests the results of this research to: (a) be used as an alternative idea for learning mathematics outside the classroom, (b) be introduced to formal mathematics learning as initial capital for teaching mathematical concepts to Pat Petulai University coffee science study program students, (c) be used as reference material for compiling contextual mathematics problem solving questions.
Is a Positive Relationship Between Fertility and Economic Development Emerging at the Sub-National Regional Level? Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from Europe

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Evidence for nation-states suggests that the long-standing negative relationship between fertility and economic development might turn positive at high levels of development. The robustness of the reversal continues to be debated. We add to this discussion from a novel angle by considering whether such a reversal could also occur at the sub-national level within highly developed countries. Our contributions are both theoretical and empirical. We first discuss important trends which might foster the emergence of a positive fertility-development relationship across regions of highly developed countries. These include shifts in family policies, changes in the spatial organisation of the economic sphere, and selective international and internal migration processes. In order to explore whether we observe tendencies towards a reversal, we investigate data covering 20 European countries subdivided in 256 regions between 1990 and 2012. We document a weakening of the negative relationship between fertility and economic development within many countries, and among some countries the emergence of a positive relationship. These findings do not seem to be driven by postponement effects alone. However, there is substantial variation in the fertility and the economic development levels at which such tendencies towards a reversal are observed.
Shock heating in numerical simulations of kink-unstable coronal loops

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An analysis of the importance of shock heating within coronal magnetic fields has hitherto been a neglected area of study. We present new results obtained from nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic simulations of straight coronal loops. This work shows how the energy released from the magnetic field, following an ideal instability, can be converted into thermal energy, thereby heating the solar corona. Fast dissipation of magnetic energy is necessary for coronal heating and this requirement is compatible with the time scales associated with ideal instabilities. Therefore, we choose an initial loop configuration that is susceptible to the fast-growing kink, an instability that is likely to be created by convectively driven vortices, occurring where the loop field intersects the photosphere (i.e. the loop footpoints). The large-scale deformation of the field caused by the kinking creates the conditions for the formation of strong current sheets and magnetic reconnection, which have previously been considered as sites of heating, under the assumption of an enhanced resistivity. However, our simulations indicate that slow mode shocks are the primary heating mechanism, since, as well as creating current sheets, magnetic reconnection also generates plasma flows that are faster than the slow magnetoacoustic wave speed.
Study on Variation and Prediction of Flood and Drought in Rainy Season in the Pi River Valley

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Droughts and floods occurr frequently in the rainy season in the Pi River Valley, and they seriously affect the life and properties of local inhabitants as well as the sustainable development of economy in this region. Therefore, analysis on the changing patterns and prediction of floods and droughts are of great importance for taking precautions against and fight natural adversities in the Pi River Valley. Wavelet transforms in Mexican Hat Function and overlay Markov chain analysis are used in the paper to explore the changing patterns of floods and droughts, so as to predict the conditions during the rainy seasons in future years in Pi River Valley. The research reveals the periodic changes of floods and droughts in Pi River Valley in recent 50 years on different time scales. Since 1980s, the frequency and intensity of floods and waterlogs have become greater. The quasi-fluctuations of 2a is most noticeable from mid-1960s to the end of 1970s and the quasi-fluctuations of 3-4a show predominance after 1993. The two major periods of floods and droughts variations in the rainy seasons of Pi River Valley in the past five decades are 2a and 9a respectively. The risks of floods and waterlogs will be high in the 10 to 12 years after 2003. Overlay Markov chain can reliably forecast the grade of floods and droughts in future years. The results show that precipitation in the rainy seasons in 2009 and 2010 should be normal. The probability of a year with normal precipitation during the rainy season is the largest and the multiyear return period is only 2.02 years. The probability of each flood grade is greater than it of the corresponding drought grade, and the multiyear return periods of each flood grade is shorter than it of the corresponding drought grade. Wavelet transforms offer trend and background for Markov chain analysis, and Overlay Markov chain can forecast grades of floods and droughts in medium short-term correctly. The combination of wavelet transforms and Markov chain analysis can improve the correctness and reliability of prediction of floods and droughts since they are complementary to each other.
Machine Translation and Automatic Post-Editing in Translation of Business Letters and Contracts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article the feasibility of the translation of the business letters and contracts through Google Translate as the web-based machine translation program and Grammarly and LanguageTool as the automatic post-editors and also the quality level of the final output of the machine translation and automatic post-editing in comparison with the human translation are studied. The researchers conducted a careful comparative content analysis with both a qualitative and a quantitative design. After comparing the final output of the machine translation and post-editing with the reference materials, the researchers found that the above-mentioned texts can be translated through machine translation and post-editing only under the supervision of a professional translator, and testing the null hypothesis by using t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between this kind of translation and human translation based on the data obtained from this research.
An investigation of stakeholder prioritization and engagement: who or what really counts

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Following the line of thinking that a firm is a nexus of contracts between stakeholders, with managers as “the central node,” the purpose of this paper is to examine how managers prioritize stakeholder relationships and to what extent firms engage in disclosures with the stakeholder groups they deem to be important. Design/methodology/approach Data were simultaneously collected from two different national business contexts, Italy and the USA. The sample for this study consisted of 244 managers. Findings Results of the study show that the power and legitimacy that managers associate with a stakeholder group cumulatively are the most important determinant of how managers go about prioritizing competing claims. The results also provide some evidence to the effect that the greater the priority accorded to a stakeholder group, the greater the efforts aimed at engaging the stakeholder groups (as evidenced by the voluntary disclosures made in the annual report). Research limitations/implications Use of self‐report measures, although widely used in behavioral and strategy research, may raise some concerns about the findings. Also, examining annual report's voluntary disclosures as the single source of assessing the stakeholder engagement efforts creates a potential limitation on the findings of the study. Practical implications The stakeholder salience framework as examined in this study offers some practical insights into the understanding of which stakeholders do really matter and why. Furthermore, in attempting to relate stakeholder salience accorded to engagement/disclosure efforts, this study shows some potential limitations that managers may face because of prevalent social values and the need to maintain organizational legitimacy. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper lies in testing and extending an inferential theory of stakeholder management. The research highlights the unique role that managers play in managing firm‐stakeholder relationships.
Degradation Mechanism Identified for the Fullerene and Non-fullerene based Organic Solar Cells under Ambient Condition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) have becoming a promising photovoltaic technology for a low-cost electricity generation. However, poor stability of OSCs is still a severe problem need to be understood and solved for future application. In this work, we conducted an air stability study for both fullerene and non-fullerene based OSCs. As a result, the degradation mechanism was found different for these two types of OSCs. The Urbach energy determined from the EQE measurement indicates that the air-degradation in fullerene based OSCs is mainly ascribed to its increased energetic disorder. Differently, the photoluminescence (PL) measurement implied that the air-degradation in non-fullerene based OSCs mainly results from the degraded charge dissociation and energy transfer ability. Therefore, different stability improving strategy will be needed for fullerene and non-fullerene based OSCs in future.
Exploration of methylation-driven mechanisms in cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic phenomenon that plays a key role in the regulation of expression. For this reason, there have been many studies on the topic of methylation’s role in cancer mechanisms. These studies include analyses based on differential methylation, with the integration of expression information as supporting evidence. In the present study, we firstly focused on defining an optimal analysis strategy when both expression and methylation information are available. We investigated the methylation and expression changes on the genes themselves to have a deeper knowledge of thyroid cancer etiology. Moreover, we explored more important genomic regions considering methylation information and identified common and distinct genes and pathways among different cancer types. In addition, we defined a novel graph-based analysis strategy for identifying methylation-driven potential cancer-causing gene patterns. We applied our method to variety of cancers using the Illumina HumanMethylation450k methylation chip and RNA sequencing data. To extract the significantly altered methylation-driven patterns within a STRING protein-protein interaction network, we first defined a methylation change threshold for “large methylation changes”. Subsequently, in addition to focusing on the interplay between methylation and expression, we carefully considered the individual relationships between different genes to ensure a deeper understanding of the methylome and transcriptome. Furthermore, we studied the presence of shared and distinct features among the different types of cancers using hierarchical clustering analysis. Overall, our work not only defined a novel approach for the identification of significantly altered methylation-driven pathways but it also contributed to improving our knowledge of the etiologies of different cancers and the common and distinct features among them.
Growth and Morphological Response to Different Light Regimes in Seedlings of Two Broad-leaved Tree Species in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Growth and morphology of young seedling of Cinnamomum camphora and Bothrocaryum controversum, two familiar species in Three Gorges Reservoir region, in relation to three light regimes (open land, gap and understory) are investigated here. We have measured relative indices of the young seedlings in three light regimes which have grown for two years. The results show as follows: in open land, the seedlings of C.camphora and B.controversum demonstrate that the absolute growth(main stem height, collar diameter , shoot biomass , root biomass , and total biomass) is higher than that in gap or understory, while that of the seedlings in open land is significantly higher than that in understory (p0.05).In respect of morphological characteristics, the root and shoot ratio of the seedlings of C.camphora are not significantly different in three light regimes, but that of the seedling of B.controversum in open land is significantly higher than that in gap or understory (p0.05), which demonstrate that the seedlings of B.controversum in open land suffered photoinhibition to a certain extent. When the PPFD decreases, the slenderness coefficient and the leaf area ratio of the two species increases, while the total leaf area and the number of leaves decreases. The net assimilation rate and the relative growth rate of the two species both demonstrate that the seedlings in open land or gap land are significantly higher than that in understory (p0.05). However, the net assimilation rate and the relative growth rate between the two species demonstrated no significant differences at any light regime. These results indicate that the seedlings of C.camphora and B.controversum in open land accumulate the most biomass, and some suitable shelter can keep the seedlings from photoinhibition, which makes seedlings grow quickly.
The Impact of Nuitrition on The Healthy Aging of People in Gilgit Baltistan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hunza Valley, located in northern areas of Pakistan,remains distant from the age of modern development. However, people are known for maintaining sustainable health, and the life expectancy is particularly high in few regions around the world, including Hunza Valley, where people often live beyond one hundred years, with some exceeding 115. Whereas average life expectancy in other areas of Pakistan is only sixty-seven years.The eminent British physician and nutrition Sir Robert Maccarrison was among the first researchers who conducted scientific studies on the dietary habits of the people of Hunza Valley, Pakistan.The main focus of his studies was to find out the food secrets which leads to their long and healthy life.This article is based on secondary data, reviewed in the form of books, personal experiences, case studies, articles and journals.these sources were examined in detail to understand how the people of Hunza achieved longevity and what specific dietary practices contribute to it.The result indicated that a chemical compounds such as protein,fat, carbohydrates,vitamin or mineral are the essential elements for the healthy life.Certain dietary practices and applications including calorie restrictions,the use of natural herbs, vegetables,traditional medicines, dry fruits, butter,milk and various fruits,along with methods of food productions,consumption,behaviour, and life style play an important role sustaining the active ageing.
Venous and arterial thrombosis: a continuous spectrum of the same disease?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This editorial refers to ‘A prospective study on cardiovascular events after acute pulmonary embolism’† by C. Becattini et al. , on page 77

Over 150 years ago, Virchow1 first postulated that a triad of conditions predispose to thrombus formation, these three factors being abnormalities in the vessel wall, blood flow, and the coagulability of blood. The first two components of Rudolf Virchow's triad were based on his meticulous necropsy observations; the third reflects Virchow's remarkable insight that is only today, 150 years later, being substantiated at a molecular level. While Virchow was referring to venous thrombosis, the same processes have been applied to arterial thrombosis. A contemporary viewpoint of Virchow's triad should consider: inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis (i.e. abnormal vessel wall), abnormalities of haemorheology and turbulence at bifurcations and stenotic regions (i.e. abnormal blood flow), and finally, abnormalities in platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and metabolic or hormonal factors (i.e. abnormal blood constituents).1,2

In Virchow's triad of the twenty-first century, endothelial dysfunction emerges as the most important component. The vascular endothelium influences not only the three classically interacting components of haemostasis, but also the natural sequelae of endothelial dysfunction: inflammation and tissue repair. Two principal modes of endothelial behaviour may be differentiated, which are best defined as an anti- and a pro-thrombotic state. The vascular endothelial cell surface is possibly the major site of control of these coagulant and anticoagulant interactions.3 Under physiological conditions, endothelium mediates vascular vasodilatation, prevents platelet adhesion and activation, blocks thrombin formation, and mitigates fibrin deposition through several pathways. …

*Av. San Angel 130, Depto 5, Col. Valle de San Angel, CP 66290, Garza Garcia, NL, Mexico. Tel/fax: +52 81 83031641. E-mail address : jerjes{at}infosel.net.mx
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Cotton States Branch, American Association of Economic Entomologists

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Cotton States Branch, American Association of Economic Entomologists Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 22, Issue 5, 1 October 1929, Pages 729–732, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/22.5.729 Published: 01 October 1929
The Broadening ‘Soft Law’ Powers of the European Banking Authority

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The European Banking Authority (EBA), one of the pillars of the European System of Financial Supervision, has a power to issue guidelines and recommendations, both representing soft-law instruments, in order to achieve effective and common regulatory and supervisory standards in the banking industry. In the recent decision (15 July 2021), the Court of Justice of the European Union clarified the power of the EBA to issue soft law instruments, a decision that has important repercussions on all European supervisory authorities. Court of Justice of the European Union, European Banking Authority
Imamiyyah Cultural Status in Iran (Seljuk era)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While Imamiyyah blossomed in Buyid dynasty’s time with the supports of Shi’ite Emirs who were interested in culture, noticeably this process encountered some problems at the begging of Seljuk ruling by the strictness of bigot sultans and viziers like Nizam al-Mulk. Through analyzing the time sources, Shia Muslims contributions in building mosques, schools and libraries in Shiite cities such as Qom, Kashan, Rey, Aveh, Varamin, Sabzevar and Sari are quite obvious. It also demonstrates how young Shiite Muslims were scientifically and religiously trained. Especially because of competition between Nizamiyyah schools, they did a great job in training educated, scholar, poet and minister Muslims. Shia artists were pioneer in architectural styles of mosques, madrasah, minaret, pottery and handicrafts. On the other hand, educated Shi’ites influenced the court of Seljuk in developing Shia culture in Iran. In addition, cultural situation of twelvers in Seljuk era is analyzed through this paper.