jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article carries a two-fold argument. First, Beijing's economic sanctions against Vietnam during the period 1975–1978 were mainly motivated by its desire to punish Vietnam for an anti-China policy that smacked of ingratitude for the latter's past assistance, fuelled further by Hanoi's closer relations with Moscow. They were also designed to extract Hanoi's accommodation of China's demand for territorial boundary concessions and to halt the persecution of ethnic Chinese residents in Vietnam. Second, the resultant meltdown of Sino-Vietnamese relations, as well as the making of the Soviet-Vietnamese alliance between 1975 and 1978, was gradual and contentious rather than swift and decisive as most existing studies contend. Hanoi's reluctance to forge a formal military alliance with the faraway Soviet Union against China was largely driven by the importance of China's remaining aid and economic potential to Vietnam's post-war economic reconstruction and the uncertainty of the Soviet commitment to aid Vietnam.
Expression and clinical significance of NF - κB and VEGF - C in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM: To detect the expression of Nuclear transcription factor - kB( NF - κB ) and vascular endothel ial growth factor - C( VEGF - C ) protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( E SCC) and explore their relationship with the prognosis of ESCC. M ethods : SP immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of NF - κB and VEGF - C protein in 124 cases of E SCC and 62 cases of normal esophageal mucosa . R esults : The positive expression rates of NF - κB and VEGF - C protein in specimens of ESCC were 53.2% and 69.4% , in normal esophageal mucosa were 17 . 7 % and 3.2 %, respectively . Both of them had the significant di fference s between ESCC and normal mucosa ( P 0.05). Moreover, t he expression of NF - κB protein was positively correlated with VEGF - C ( P <0.0 5 ). C onclusion : The expression of NF - κB and VEGF - C protein is closely correlated with the clinic pathological characteristics of ESCC. The ge nes of NF - κB and VEGF - C may play important roles in the infiltration and metastasis ESCC . United detection of them may be used as important prognostic predictors in ESCC. ( Zheng Tang , Yongxia Wang , Aihong Yang, Xinlai Qian Yu Wang . Expression and clinic al significance of
A note on the Hiemstra-Jones test for Granger non-causality

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We address a consistency problem in the commonly used nonparametric test for Granger causality developed by Hiemstra and Jones (1994). We show that the relationship tested is not implied by the null hypothesis of Granger non-causality. Monte Carlo simulations using processes satisfying the null hypothesis show that, for a given nominal size, the actual rejection rate may tend to one as the sample size increases. Our results imply that evidence for nonlinear Granger causality reported in the applied empirical literature should be re-interpreted.
Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in 500 Adult Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Abstract 3068 Poster Board III-5 Introduction Adult survivors of childhood cancer have been reported to have an increased risk of late sequels. A cluster of abnormalities that contribute to the metabolic syndrome may be expressed at a higher level and therefore result in an increased risk for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Patients and Methods We investigated a single centre cohort of 500 adult survivors (228 females) of childhood cancer, median age 28 years (range 18-59 years) and median follow-up time 19 years (range 6–49 years). This cohort included 164 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) survivors (75 females). We measured total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Data from the Dutch epidemiologic MORGEN-study were used to calculate standard deviation scores as normative values. Results The criteria of the metabolic syndrome were met in 13% of the total cohort. ALL survivors treated with cranial irradiation had an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome compared to ALL survivors not treated with cranial irradiation (23% vs. 7%, P=0.011). ALL survivors who received CRT had higher total cholesterol levels compared to ALL survivors who did not (mean SDS 0.38 vs. mean SDS –0.05, P=0.027), whereas their HDL levels did not differ. Also, ALL survivors treated with CRT were more often hypertensive compared to ALL survivors not treated with CRT (22% vs. 10%, P=0.036) and more often overweight (59% vs. 34%, P=0.003), however they were not more often obese (12% vs. 9%, ns). Conclusions Adult survivors of childhood cancer, especially ALL survivors treated with cranial irradiation, are at increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome. This increased risk is probably determined by higher prevalence of overweight and hypertension in ALL survivors. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Robust Long-Term Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Using Link Projection and a Situation-Aware Transformer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The trajectory prediction of a vehicle emerges as a pivotal component in Intelligent Transportation Systems. On urban roads where external factors such as intersections and traffic control devices significantly affect driving patterns along with the driver’s intrinsic habits, the prediction task becomes much more challenging. Furthermore, long-term forecasting of trajectories accumulates prediction errors, leading to substantially inaccurate predictions that may deviate from the actual road. As a solution to these challenges, we propose a long-term vehicle trajectory prediction method that is robust to error accumulation and prevents off-road predictions. In this study, the Transformer model is utilized to analyze and forecast vehicle trajectories. In addition, we propose an extra encoding network to precisely capture the effect of the external factors on the driving pattern by producing an abstract representation of the situation nearby the driver. To avoid off-road predictions, we propose a post-processing method, called link projection, which projects predictions onto the road geometry. Moreover, to overcome the limitations of Euclidean distance-based evaluation metrics in evaluating the accuracy of the entire trajectory, we propose a new metric called area-between-curves (ABC). It measures the similarity between two trajectories, and thus the accordance between the two can be effectively evaluated. Extensive evaluations are conducted using real-world datasets against widely-used methods to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms the conventional deep learning models by up to 65.74% (RMSE), 60.13% (MAE) and 91.45% (ABC).
Comparative study of the physicochemical and palynological characteristics of honey from Melipona subnitida and Apis mellifera

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Twenty‐four samples of A pis mellifera honey and twenty‐four samples of M elipona subnitida (Jandaira) honey were collected in the northeast of B razil. Moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, free acidity, insoluble solids in water, diastase activity, ashes, electrical conductivity, proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, energy and sugars were the parameters analysed. The efficiency of the qualitative tests ( F iehe's test, L ugol's reaction, L und's reaction) was tested. Pollen types and the corresponding plant species were identified in all samples (3 in A pis and 1 in M elipona ). A pis mellifera honey samples demonstrated parameters in accordance with the B razilian L egislation, while the M elipona subnitida honey samples displayed moisture (24.80%) and diastase activity (null) in discordance with the established by the regulation for A pis mellifera honeys. A pis honey samples presented higher values of electric conductivity (284.00 μS cm −1 ) than the obtained from the Jandaira honey samples (102.77 μS cm −1 ) as well as a darker colour (26.67 mmPfund) when compared with Jandaira honey (7.00 mmPfund). The concentration of the glucose, fructose and sucrose was higher in the A pis honeys than in the Jandaira honey. The characteristics of the two types of honey were very different, highlighting the need of developing specific legislation for stingless bees' honey.
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) assisted migration trial

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Assisted migration - the translocation of a species into a climatically-suitable location outside of its current range - has been proposed as a means of saving vulnerable species from extinction as temperatures rise due to climate change. We explore this controversial technique using the keystone wildlife symbiote and ecosystem engineer, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Species distribution models (SDMs) predict that whitebark pine will be extirpated from most of its current range over the next 70 years. However, the same models indicate that a large quadrant of northwestern British Columbia is climatically suitable for the species under current conditions, and will remain so beyond the 21st century.
Effective use of heat-recovery steam generators

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Heat-recovery steam generators (HRSGs), often called waste-heat boilers, recover energy from gas streams in a wide range of chemical-process plants. They play the same role in cogeneration and combined-cycle plants that generate steam and electric power, and in facilities that incinerate solid, liquid or gaseous waste. The HRSG is basically a heat exchanger that serves as a boiler. The steam-generation rate and the amount of space available help determine the particular type used in a given situation. So do the quantity, temperature, pressure, chemical composition and purity of the gas. HRSGs are in general custom-designed for each situation, and the purchasing company's engineers must take special care in preparing a well-written specification. Guidelines for doing so appear later. How to use HRSGs effectively in chemical-process plants can be aptly illustrated by two major examples, both covered below: steam reforming of natural gas to produce hydrogen, as in an ammonia or methanol plant; and manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process. Also included below is a look at HRSGs in incineration plants, followed by guidelines for proper specifying of these heat-exchange devices.
What constitutes right-wing extremism? - An analysis of three European political parties

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The end of World War II resulted in the dissolvent of the German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) and the Italian Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF). The strength of fascist and national socialist ideologies was significantly weakened after the war. However, the ideas survived and are still visible in European societies in the form of right-wing extremism. Right-wing extreme features such as anti-globalisation, nationalism, and xenophobia exist globally as well, for example the political and societal development in the Philippines, India, Brazil, China, and the United States indicates right-wing extreme tendencies.\nAlthough many right-wing extreme studies has been made, scholars cannot agree on an uncontested definition of the concept. The aim of this study is to contribute to the development of an analytical and comparative framework for the study of political parties. Theoretical inspiration draws from Cas Mudde’s work on right-wing extremism. The analytical framework is used to examine three political parties in three countries: the Swedish Nordic Resistance Movement, German Alternative for Germany, and the Swiss People’s Party.\nThe analytical framework is used to dissect the selected party’s association with right-wing extremism. A content analysis of each party’s manifesto enables a more detailed analysis of the specific associations to right-wing extremism in each case. Right-wing extremism is a broad phenomenon which includes several distinct dimensions that might be present to a greater or lesser extent. The thesis offers a systematic account of the ideological content of party programs which enables comparison between organisations. Although branded as “right-wing extremist” the thesis shows that there is considerable variation between the political parties.
Failure Detection through Functional Redundancy.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A high degree of reliability in control data instrumentation is vital to the Air Force's mission. This objective is typically accomplished by comparing the outputs of redundant system components. However, weight, volume, and cost penalties of such equipment redundancy can be substantial. Data systems already onboard the aircraft--the air data computer, inertial system, attitude and heading reference system, and the rate gyros and accelerometers of the automatic flight control system--provide functionally related data. This form of inherent functional redundancy among sensor signals can be exploited rather than resorting exclusively to hardware duplication to achieve the desired level of data system reliability. A major objective of this study was to demonstrate both concept feasibility and the extent of performance capabilities of a functional redundancy failure detection algorithm. Thus, in a performance improvement program, both missed alarms and false alarms were minimized. The other main goal was to develop the failure detection algorithm and an associated performance analysis program into a systematic and flexible design tool which would then be used to generate an eventual implementation of a tuned and optimized software package for a particular onboard application of functional redundancy for failure detection. Such an engineering tool was developed and it promises to assist substantially in converting the performance potential of functional redundancy into reality.
Sensitivity of Auditory Brainstem Response in Acoustic Neuroma Screening

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is the reference screening technique for acoustic neuromas, but because of a few false negatives and the increasing performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), its role as the standard method has been questioned. We assessed sensitivity of screening tests in 89 patients with surgically proven acoustic neuromas. Sensitivity of ABR was 92%; 94% for extracanalicular neuromas and 77% for intracanalicular neuromas. For stapedius reflex (SR), sensitivity was 84% and for caloric vestibular response (CVR) 86%. The combined sensitivity of ABR + SR was 97% and of ABR + RS + CVR 98%. For false negatives, the greatest diameter including the intracanalicular portion was always less than 18 mm, with a mean of 15 mm, and none of these tumours reached the brainstem. For patients with unilateral cochleo-vestibular deficit, we propose ABR and SR as first-line screening tests. These tests are repeated at 6 months and at 1 year in the case of normal results. MRI is ordered for patients whose auditory threshold is too low and for those whose ABR or SR results favour retrocochlear disease.
Racial and ethnic differences in warfarin response.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Warfarin use is complicated by an unpredictable dose response that depends on factors such as demographics, diet, interacting drugs, genetic polymorphism and ethnic differences. The impact of racial differences on the kinetics of dose response or on drug efficacy is not well defined, as few clinical trials take ethnic variation into account. The use of the point of care and frequent patient self-testing may permit standardized warfarin monitoring across diverse geographical regions and facilitate analysis of ethnic variation among subpopulations.
Influences of simvastatin in different doses on vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the influences of simvastatin in different doses on vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Methods The patients(n=133) were divided,according to the level of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),into 4 groups:40 mg group(LDL-C≥4.16 mmol/L,n=30,treated with simvastatin,40 mg/d),20 mg group(3.64 mmol/L≤LDL-C4.16 mmol/L,n=35,treated with simvastatin,20 mg/d),10 mg group(2.6 mmol/L≤LDL-C3.64 mmol/L,n=37,treated with simvastatin,10 mg/ d) and control group(LDL-C2.6 mmol/L,n=31,not treated with simvastatin). The changes of flow-mediated dilatation(FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation(NMD) were detected by using color Doppler ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. The content of serum nitric oxide(NO) was detected by using nitrate reductase method,and the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) were detected conventionally. Results Before treatment,the level of serum NO had no statistical difference in all simvastatin groups compared with control group(P0.05). After treatment for 8 w,the level of serum NO increased significantly in all simvastatin groups(P0.05),and had statistical difference compared with control group(P0.05). The level of NO had no obvious changes in control group before and after treatment(P0.05). Before treatment,the basis value of brachia diameter,FMD and NMD had no statistical difference between all simvastatin groups and control group(P0.05). After treatment for 8 w,the basis value of brachia diameter and NMD had no statistical difference in all simvastatin groups(P0.05) and FMD increased significantly,and the difference was statistically significant compared with control group(P0.05). The difference in NMD had no statistically significance between all simvastatin groups and control group(P0.05). Conclusion Simvastatin can increase the level of serum NO,improve vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary atherosclerosis,and there is no dose-effect relationship in its mechanism of ameliorating level of blood fat.
Capped Plasmonic Gold and Silver Nanoparticles with Porphyrins for Potential Use as Anticancer Agents—A Review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are potential cancer treatment methods that are minimally invasive with high specificity for malignant cells. Emerging research has concentrated on the application of metal nanoparticles encapsulated in porphyrin and their derivatives to improve the efficacy of these treatments. Gold and silver nanoparticles have distinct optical properties and biocompatibility, which makes them efficient materials for PDT and PTT. Conjugation of these nanoparticles with porphyrin derivatives increases their light absorption and singlet oxygen generation that create a synergistic effect that increases phototoxicity against cancer cells. Porphyrin encapsulation with gold or silver nanoparticles improves their solubility, stability, and targeted tumor delivery. This paper provides comprehensive review on the design, functionalization, and uses of plasmonic silver and gold nanoparticles in biomedicine and how they can be conjugated with porphyrins for synergistic therapeutic effects. Furthermore, it investigates this dual-modal therapy’s potential advantages and disadvantages and offers perspectives for future prospects. The possibility of developing gold, silver, and porphyrin nanotechnology-enabled biomedicine for combination therapy is also examined.
Extra budgetary state funds in system of public finance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

V poslednich dekadach 20.stoleti se zacala měnit role statniho rozpoctu ve smyslu jeho jisteho oslabovani jak horizontalniho, tak vertikalniho. Zejmena procesem decentralizace směrem k regionalnim a mistnim financim. V horizontalnich urovnich se tento jev projevoval zejmena vytvařenim mimorozpoctových fondů a vladnich agentur a to jak u statnich, tak i u uzemnich rozpoctů. Takto se vyvinula jista forma mimorozpoctoveho financovani, tedy vznik specifickeho segmentu veřejných financi s uzkým propojenim mezi přijmy a výdaji
Chiral models : pions and baryons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Various aspects of chiral models are discussed with special emphasis on the chiral quark model and the Skyrme model. Firstly, the ability of the chiral quark model to reproduce pion scattering data is reviewed. Secondly the soliton sector of the model is studied. The soliton solution is interpreted as a baryon — nucleon or dilambda. Next, on the example of the Skyrme, model we study inclusion of strangeness, large \n limit and quantization. It is argued that effective chiral models qualitatively reproduce the low energy limit of QCD.
Down‐regulation of long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 by RNA interference inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary Multiple myeloma ( MM ) is a neoplastic plasma‐cell disorder characterized by abnormal proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 ( MALAT 1), an evolutionarily highly conserved long non‐coding RNA was originally identified in metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer and has been reported to be up‐regulated in many other cancers. However, the function of MALAT 1 in MM remains unknown. In the present study, by transfecting MM cells with MALAT 1‐specific short hairpin RNA (sh RNA ) expression plasmids, the role of MALAT 1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells was investigated in vitro, and the tumorigenicity of MALAT 1 ‐silenced cells was evaluated in vivo. MALAT 1 was found to be highly expressed in RPMI 8226 and U266 cells. Down‐regulation of MALAT 1 via RNA interference significantly inhibited the proliferation of MM cells through cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Moreover, knockdown of MALAT 1 induced apoptosis, which was closely associated with the activation of caspase‐3/‐9, down‐regulation of Bcl‐2 and up‐regulation of Bax. In addition, silencing of MALAT 1 by intratumoral injection of MALAT 1 sh RNA attenuated the tumour growth in mice bearing myeloma xenograft and led to massive apoptosis in the xenograft tumour. Therefore, MALAT 1 may serve as a promising target in the genetic therapeutic strategy for MM treatment.
Developing a more representative friction and wear simulator for tire tread compounds

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study outlines a novel method to evaluate friction and wear performance in tire tread compounds. This new laboratory method takes into account the realistic contact force of a tread block impacting the road during each revolution of the tire. The dynamic contact between the sample and the abrader is simulated in a manner which more closely replicates a real tire's contact behaviour. The contact period accounts for the correct timing and the contact pressure that is typical for a passenger car driving under low-speed conditions. Two styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) tyre tread compounds each filled with the same volume fraction of carbon black were vulcanized and abraded under this loading sequence. An analysis of the friction and the evolution of wear morphology are described in detail to provide insight into the governing mechanisms that determine tire tread performance.