jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimal Provision of Loans and Insurance Against Unemployment From A Lifetime Perspective

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In an earlier paper, we showed that integrated individual accounts, allowing individuals to borrow against future pensions when they are unemployed, can be welfare increasing, because it allows increased inter-temporal consumption smoothing without attenuating incentives to search.Here, we examine from a lifetime perspective how the optimal mix between publicly provided unemployment insurance (UI) and loans against pension accounts changes over time in a model where unemployment may occur in any period.Even loans can have an adverse effect on search, because they attenuate the consequences of unemployment; and even more so when there is a chance that the loan will not be repaid.As we present the optimal mix of loans and UI as the one that balances the adverse incentive costs with the benefits of inter-state and inter-temporal smoothing while taking into consideration the interactions between loans and UI benefits, we provide general conditions under which loans should still be a part of the unemployment package for the young unemployed.We also show that, if the incidence of long-term unemployment is relatively low, the optimal mix entails more loans and a smaller UI benefit for the young than for the old, while the amount of consumption for the unemployed young is greater than for the unemployed old.We demonstrate that there will be incentives to save excessively in good states as well as to borrow excessively from the market when unemployed.Individuals and markets do not take into account the externalities of such actions: they affect search, and thus the magnitude of UI payments and loan defaults in subsequent periods.Finally, we show how non-market groups can improve welfare through loan-cosigning, which may be voluntarily provided within the group, as it allows income smoothing with lower incentive costs, and while the income sharing is less effective than market pooling, the incentive benefits of co-signing dominate.
The Ideology of the 21st Century: Anarchist Conservatism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although it is mostly accepted that the ideologies of conservatism and anarchism are at the very opposite sides of the political thought spectrum, this paper is based on its own speculation that conservatism and anarchism are based on the same grounds. In fact, apart from sharing same philosophical roots, these two ideologies are establishing a neutral alliance spontaneously on the basis of anarcho-capitalism. As a matter of fact, one step further than alliance, conservatism and anarchism are becoming two sides of the same coin and this new ideology can be labelled as anarchist conservatism. This essay aims to reveal and highlight the characteristics of this new ideology in a critical manner.
Expanding the Role of Paralegals: Supporting Realization of the Right to Health for Vulnerable Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background All around the world, the paralegal program prepares members of marginalized communities to face the legal system. Having a common background with their clients and being capable of conducting flexible work, paralegals’ role moves beyond enlarging the beneficiaries of legal aid to addressing intersectional issues around health-related rights. This study assesses the health and other impacts of paralegals recruited by Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Masyarakat (LBHM), a human rights organization which provides legal assistance and operates in Jakarta, Indonesia. The positive results these paralegals can bring in the specific context can contribute to the development of community-based paralegals elsewhere. Methods This mixed methods research was carried out in 2016-2018. In 2016, a quantitative survey was administered to LBHM-trained paralegals and a sub-set of paralegals who completed the survey were then also interviewed. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, and, for the qualitative data, thematic analysis was conducted. Results The paralegals make important contributions to health-related rights in four distinct ways. Firstly, most of the paralegals checked their clients’ health in all stages of detention, especially regarding their drug dependency status and checking for signs of torture. Secondly, paralegals help clients to be more aware of their health-related rights, especially regarding their rights to obtain health services inside detention. Thirdly, paralegals can ensure that their clients obtain health services by taking medicines directly to the clients or encouraging the law enforcement agencies to refer the clients to health services. Lastly, in drug cases, paralegals help their clients to obtain alternative sentences besides imprisonment. Conclusions These four contributions verify the positive impacts paralegals, recruited from marginalized communities, can deliver for community members facing criminal justice processes. The shifting role of paralegals from merely an intermediary between clients and lawyers to champions of the health-related rights of their clients can happen as a result of adequate training, support, and networks with other agents in criminal justice system.
HYPERTROPHIC INTERSTITIAL NEURITIS WITH PAPILLEDEMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our purpose in the present communication is to place on record the first case of interstitial hypertrophic neuritis diagnosed among 138,213 patients admitted to the University Hospitals during ten years, from 1926 to 1936. The diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of a portion of an affected nerve removed for biopsy. In addition, the case is of interest because of the presence of bilateral papilledema, the history of one remission and the high total protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid. Interstitial hypertrophic neuritis was first described by Dejerine and Sottas. 1 The symptoms and signs observed by them included miosis, the Argyll Robertson pupil, lightning pains in the extremities, motor ataxia, fibrillary twitchings, nystagmus and general muscular atrophy. There was absence of intention tremor, scanning speech and exophthalmos. The onset of the disease was usually in infancy or early adulthood. In contradistinction to the preceding syndrome, Marie 2 and Boveri
Cervical Image Segmentation using U-Net Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a pre-training system based on U-Net model is used to colposcopic image segmentation. This method is proposed to convert the full connection layer in the traditional convolution neural network into the convolution layer, and uses the deconvolution structure to realize the upsampling data, splits the feature graph on the channel dimension to understand the feature fusion, and adopts the skipping structure to combine the low layer and the high level feature. Experimental results showed that the proposed method based on U-Net model has the better effect in colposcopic cervical image segmentation.
Endoscope-assisted hemispherotomy: translation of technique from cadaveric anatomical feasibility study to clinical implementation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE Appropriately chosen candidates with medically refractory epilepsy may benefit from hemispheric disconnection. Traditionally, this involves a large surgical exposure with significant associated morbidity. Minimally invasive approaches using endoscopic assistance have been described by only a few centers. Here, the authors report on the feasibility of endoscope-assisted functional hemispherotomy in a cadaver model and its first translation into clinical practice in appropriately selected patients. METHODS Three silicone-injected, formalin-fixed cadaver heads were used to establish the steps of the procedure in the laboratory. The steps of disconnection were performed using standard surgical instruments and a straight endoscope. The technique was then applied in two patients who had been referred for hemispherectomy and had favorable anatomy for an endoscope-assisted approach. RESULTS All disconnections were performed in the cadaver model via a 4 × 2–cm paramedian keyhole craniotomy using endoscopic assistance. An additional temporal burr hole approach was marked in case the authors were unable to completely visualize the frontobasal and insular cuts from the paramedian vertical view. Their protocol was subsequently used successfully in two pediatric patients. Full disconnection was verified with postoperative tractography. CONCLUSIONS Full hemispheric disconnection can be accomplished with minimally invasive endoscope-assisted functional hemispherotomy. The procedure is technically feasible and can be safely applied in patients with favorable anatomy and pathology; it may lead to less surgical morbidity and faster recovery.
Circulating exosomal microRNAs as novel detection biomarkers in pancreatic cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Circulating exosomal microRNAs are reflective of the characteristics of the tumor, are valuable biomarkers in different types of tumors, and play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the circulating exosomal microRNAs miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 as novel biomarkers for patients with pancreatic cancer (PC).Methods Serum exosomal microRNAs were extracted from the serum of PC and chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients using an RNA Isolation kit. To identify the exosomes in the serum, we used transmission electron micrographs for the crystalline structure, western blotting, and NanoSight for exosomal markers and nanoparticle characterization. The relative expression levels of exosomal microRNAs were quantiﬁed using quantitative PCR and compared between PC and CP patients.Results A total of 40 serum samples (30 PC and 10 CP) were collected. The expression levels of both exosomal miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 were obviously higher in PC patients compared with those in CP patients (both P<0.001). However, no signiﬁcant difference in the relative serum levels of free miR-21 and miR-210 was observed between these two groups (both P>0.05). Exosomal miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 were related to tumor stage, as well as other factors. The diagnostic of exosomal miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 levels was 83% and 85%, respectively. Furthermore, when combining the expression of exosomal miRNA with serum CA19-9, the accuracy increased to 90%.Conclusions We herein identified that the serum exosomal miRNAs miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 may be of value as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PC.
Comparative study of new autologous material, bone‐cartilage composite graft, for ossiculoplasty with Polycel® and Titanium

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Ossiculoplasty is a surgical procedure that recreates sound transmission of the middle ear in conductive hearing loss. Various materials have been used for ossicular reconstruction, but the most ideal material for ossiculoplasty remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel method of autologous ossiculoplasty, bone‐cartilage composite graft ( BCCG ) and to compare its surgical results with different types of ossiculoplastic prostheses. Study Design A retrospective study was performed in a tertiary referral centre. Methods Data of 275 patients who received ossiculoplasty using the three different materials of BCCG , Polycel ® and titanium were analysed according to type of ossiculoplasty: partial or total ossicular replacement prosthesis ( PORP or TORP ). Hearing results, complication rates and clinical parameters including age, sex, past history, preoperative diagnosis and surgery type were compared among different groups. Results Ossiculoplasty with BCCG showed satisfactory hearing outcomes and the lowest complication rate among the three different materials. In particular, its extrusion rate was 0%. Conclusion We propose that the BCCG technique is a useful alternative method for ossiculoplasty, with proper patient selection.
Perioperative Care of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients: A Biopsychosocial Approach

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

( Anesth Analg . 2023;137:234–246) Health care disparities exist across populations, and one group that has come to the forefront in recent years is transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. In general, TGD people have less access to health care and fewer individuals in this population seek care due to systemic inequity. These disparities lead to greater disease burden, a greater likelihood of missed care for a chronic health condition, and other worrisome outcomes. TGD individuals are increasingly seeking gender-affirming care (GAC), and this often involves anesthesiology professionals participation in gender-affirming surgery (GAS). This article describes a biopsychosocial approach to GAC that offers holistic care for TGD individuals from anesthetic professionals in particular.
Ārzū’s Fruitful Theory of Language

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Ārzū’s magnum opus, Mus̄mir (The Fruitful), is a dense Persian philological work likely completed at the end of his life. The text, which is based on a fifteenth-century Arabic text, is invested in a philological tradition that stretches back a millennium, but vastly extends the possibilities of that tradition and represents the zenith of Ārzū’s own development as a scholar. Reconstructing Ārzū’s thought through Mus̄mir provides insights into a Mughal-era conceptualization of language that is radically different to our own understanding. In the text, Ārzū describes the origins of Persian, describing how usage (taṣarruf) changes over time and geography, how literary standards are set, discourse and rhetoric (figurative language), and most importantly a description of how words are shared between languages, notably tawāfuq which can be understood as a theory of the common linguistic origin of Sanskrit and Persian.
Defining the potency of amikacin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii derived from Chinese hospitals using CLSI and inhalation-based breakpoints

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Joseph L Kuti,1 Qi Wang,2 Hongbin Chen,2 Henan Li,2 Hui Wang,2 David P Nicolau1 1Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People&amp;rsquo;s Hospital, Beijing, China Objectives: We report the in vitro activity of amikacin and comparators against Gram-negative bacteria collected from blood and respiratory specimens in China during a 1-year period between December 2015 and December 2016. Materials and methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution methods using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI breakpoints, except for tigecycline against Enterobacteriaceae. A pharmacodynamic threshold MIC &amp;le; 256 mg/L was also applied for amikacin since its inhalation formulation has demonstrated activity up to these MICs. Results: For Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates (45.7% of population), amikacin demonstrated excellent activity (93.0%&amp;ndash;94.7% susceptible) similar to tigecycline, piperacillin/tazobactam, and the carbapenems. Against Klebsiella pneumoniae, only tigecycline retained susceptibility &amp;gt;90%; amikacin inhibited 83.7% and 71.1% of the total and ESBL-producing (24.2%) populations at its breakpoint, respectively. Amikacin susceptibility against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 91.1%, and only polymyxin B (100%) achieved higher susceptibility rates. Susceptibility declined to 80.9% and 54.5% against carbapenem- and multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, respectively. Finally, MDR was very common (84.0%) among Acinetobacter baumannii, with amikacin susceptibility at 30.5% for all isolates and 17.3% for MDR isolates. Since the majority of the amikacin-resistant isolates had amikacin MICs &amp;gt; 256 mg/L, the use of the inhalation pharmacodynamic threshold did not substantially improve the CLSI susceptible value. Conclusion: Amikacin portrayed comparable or better susceptibility rates to most of the tested antibiotics against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii in China. As few isolates had MICs of 32&amp;ndash;256 mg/L, use of the CLSI breakpoint and inhalation pharmacodynamic threshold yielded similar overall susceptibilities. Keywords: Gram-negative, resistance, minimum inhibitory concentration, aminoglycoside
A molecular method for detecting the presence of the human Y chromosome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The presence of the human Y chromosome can be inferred from the detection of a male‐specific 3,4‐Kb band generated by digestion with the restriction enzyme Hae III. However, direct visualization of this band is sometimes difficult owing to high background of DNA fragments common to both sexes, and Y chromosome length polymorphism. We have shown that the 3.4‐Kb band can be detected by filter hybridization to a large DNA fragment (> 20 Kb) also generated by Hae III digestion. Since this large DNA fragment is easily isolated from either sex, it should prove useful to determine sex when chromosome analysis is impractical.
[Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among many etiologies for hypoparathyroidism, one of the inheritable forms of hypoparathyroidism, called as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS), appears as a complex of hypofunction of several endocrine glands, candidiasis, pernicious anemia and vitiligo. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism in APS typically presents by 20 years of age. Among the three most components of APS I, candidiasis is usually the first manifestation. Hypoparathyroidism almost invariably precedes the onset of Addison's disease. One should remember that Addison's disease can mask the presence of hypoparathyroidism and that glucocorticoid replacement therapy alone can cause hypocalcemic crisis.
Asbestos-associated lung effects in car mechanics.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a study of the possible impact of asbestos exposure on car mechanics, 925 car mechanics and 109 referents (office workers in car-repair firms) were examined. They took part in a health screening in 1977-1981. The forced expiratory volumes in 1 s and the forced vital capacities of the car mechanics were close to the predicted values and did not differ from the findings of the referents. Pleural plaques were found in 41 of the mechanics but in none of the referents. Only minor changes were detected in the chest radiographs ie, 1/1 or less according to the ILO-U/C classification. It is concluded that asbestos exposure can generally cause pleural plaques in car mechanics but no substantial impairment of lung function.
Davis, Prof. Daniel Michael, (born 2 Aug. 1970), Professor of Immunology and Director of Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, since 2013

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

"Davis, Prof. Daniel Michael, (born 2 Aug. 1970), Professor of Immunology and Director of Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, since 2013" published on by Oxford University Press.
Clearance of acanthosis nigricans associated with the HAIR-AN syndrome after partial pancreatectomy: an 11-year follow-up

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary We describe a woman with the syndrome characterised by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans (the HAIR-AN syndrome), and an associated insulinoma (islet B-cell tumour), whose signs and symptoms cleared after partial pancreatectomy.
Aotus nancymaae Hershkovitz 1983

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aotus nancymaae Hershkovitz, 1983. Am. J. Primatol., 4:223. TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Loreto, right bank of Rio Samiria, above Estacion Pithecia, 130 m. DISTRIBUTION: Loreto Dept. (Peru) to Rio Jandiatuba, south of Rio Solimöes (Brazil); and enclave between Rios Tigre and Pastaza (Peru). STATUS: CITES - Appendix II. COMMENTS: The form of the name is changed in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 31 (a(ii)) (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985).
Fertilizer of the Future: Beneficial Bacteria Promote Strawberry Growth and Yield and May Reduce the Need for Chemical Fertilizer

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Agriculture is a fundamental activity for human development. However, its sustainable practice is required to ensure the perpetuity of future resources. In this way, bacteria can benefit crops by making available nutrients and metabolites, mainly contributing to reducing the demand for chemical fertilizers. This study aimed to evaluate the biofertilizing capacity of Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus megaterium, and Brevibacillus fluminis and their effects on improving the physiological and morphoanatomical properties of strawberry seedlings. In vitro tests were performed to evince their potential to supply nutrients (P and K) and produce siderophores and indole-acetic acid. In an inoculation experiment, these strains were inoculated in isolation and mixed in pairs and triples. This experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design (CRD). The inoculated treatments were fertilized with 30% N and P demands; the uninoculated control received 30% and 100% of these demands. Leaf gas exchange, total chlorophylls, and crown diameter were evaluated during cultivation. After 138 days, leaf number, nutrient content, root length, root and shoot fresh and dry weight, and total seedlings were evaluated. The bacteria tested positive in all in vitro evaluations except for siderophore production. The strawberry responded positively to inoculation. The inoculation, either in isolation or in a mixture, improved stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, leaf N and Mg contents, crown diameter, leaf area, and root elongation. We can conclude that the intermediation of microorganisms improves nutrient use efficiency and reduces the strawberry’s fertilizer demand by up to 70%, leading to plant development and yields comparable to complete fertilization.
SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY—HEMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE NEWBORN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT. Meberg, A., Hågå, P., Sande, H. and Foss, O. P. (Departments of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Chemistry and Pathology, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo, Norway). Smoking during pregnancy—hematological observations in the newborn. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 731, 1979.—Hematological values were measured in 28 newborn infants of mothers smoking 10–20 cigarettes daily during pregnancy, and in 25 infants of non‐smokers. Higher hematocrit levels were found on the 1st day of life in infants of smoking mothers (60.8±5.0%, mean ±S.D.) compared to controls (57.5±4.8%) ( p <0.05). The hematocrit levels correlated positively with the maternal smoking level ( r =0.318, p <0.05) and the maternal serum thiocyanate concentrations at delivery ( r =0.389, p <0.01). Cord serum values for erythropoietin, serum‐iron, transferrin and ferritin showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A significant inverse correlation was found between the hematocrit value on the 1st day of life and the cord serum ferritin concentration ( r =–0.495, p <0.005). The present results suggest that maternal smoking stimulates fetal erythropoiesis, probably through a hypoxic effect on the fetus, dose related to the maternal smoking level. Increased erythropoiesis may cause increased iron incorporation into erythrocytes at expense of iron storage in the bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system.