jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interaction of HOCl with a chlorinated ice surface to produce molecular chlorine: An ab-initio study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reaction between molecular HOCl and a chlorinated surface of ice to produce molecular chlorine has been theoretically investigated. Ab initio quantum mechanical tools (GAUSSIAN 98 and EMBED01) have been used for this purpose, based on a molecular cluster and on an embedded cluster model, respectively. Different reaction paths have been explored, requiring a pre-activation of the substrate. In all cases, important activation barriers have been found. Only if certain types of structural defects are present at the surface, the reaction has been found to take place almost spontaneously.
Both circulating and clot-bound plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibit endogenous fibrinolysis in the rat.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of both clot-bound and circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) on endogenous fibrinolysis were investigated in a rat model of pulmonary embolism. Iodine-125 fibrin(ogen)-labeled blood-clot homogenates were delivered through the left jugular vein to the lung microvasculature, and the subsequent extent of the clot lysis was monitored by measuring the release of 125I-fibrin degradation products (FDPs) into the blood. Clots that had incorporated activated PAI-1 ex vivo were subsequently protected from dissolution in vivo in a dose-responsive manner (half-maximal concentration [IC50] = 4.3 micrograms/ml). PAI-1-containing clots also resisted lysis, as measured by the release of the specific FDP D-dimer. Plasma levels of plasminogen activator (PA) and PAI activity were unaltered by administration of PAI-1-containing clots, and the clot-protective effects of clot-bound PAI-1 were reversed by exogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator administration. Clot lysis was also inhibited in a d...
RATE OF SECRETION OF THE PAROTID GLANDS IN NORMAL CHILDREN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM The human salivary glands are among the most complex of all the glands of the body. They are relatively poorly understood, and many controversial issues have sprung up about their mechanisms, secretions and functions. The many inconsistencies in data in the literature are probably due in great part to the differences in technic which were used for the collection and study of their secretions. This is particularly true of the parotid glands. Therefore, the history of knowledge of the secretory reactions of the human parotid glands resolves itself to a large extent into a story of methodologic changes. From 1832, when Mitscherlich1reported his first observations on human parotid secretion, till 1916 there were two methods used for the collection of isolated salivary secretions. These were direct collections from fistulas and collection by the use of cannulation. Six physicians who had patients with
1497 Updating equations to estimate dry matter intake of Nellore and beef crossbred cattle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Dry matter intake is the most important variable that affects animal performance, mainly in beef cattle due to economic impact and its complex gastrointestinal system with peculiar metabolic functions. A database with 1,459 animals, being 1,188 Nellore and 271 beef crossbred cattle, was developed to generate equations estimating DMI for animals raised on feedlot. Variables such as DMI, BW, metabolic BW (mBW), ADG, and level of concentrate (LC) were collected. First of all, a PROC CORR was used to evaluate which variables are significantly correlated with DMI. The variables mBW, LC, and ADG presented the highest correlation with DMI, and those were chosen to be part of the equations generated. The range of DMI in this database was from 2.96 to 12.3 kg/d whereas LC was from 0 to 100% and ADG was from −0.36 to 2.26. After all, statistical models were fitted by the cross-validation procedure. Also, differences between genetic group (Nellore and beef crossbred cattle) were evaluated, which allowed us to develop two different equations. Then, the following equations were developed to estimate DMI of Nellore and beef crossbred cattle, respectively: for Nelore cattle, DMI = −2.406 + 0.064 × LC − 0.00065 × LC2 + 0.070 × BW0.75 + 4.384 × ADG − 1.255 × ADG2 (R2 = 0.797), and for beef crossbred cattle, DMI = −4.355 + 0.0598 × LC − 0.00049 × LC2 + 0.128 × BW0.75 + 3.974 × ADG − 1.128 × ADG2 (R2 = 0.717). From this, if we derive these equations in function of level of concentrate, we can know at which amount of concentrate each genetic group is able to reach the maximum DMI. Therefore, Nellore cattle reach maximum DMI when 49.2% of concentrate is provided in diet whereas beef crossbred cattle reach this amount for 61.0% of concentrate. This statement proves that Nellore cattle are more sensible to high amounts of concentrate than beef crossbred cattle. Moreover, if we derive these equations in function of ADG, we are able to know at which ADG the animals reach maximum DMI. For Nellore and beef crossbred cattle, the maximum DMI is reached when ADG is 1.75 and 1.76 kg/d, respectively. Therefore, Nellore cattle are more sensible when level of concentrate is increased in diet when compared with beef crossbred cattle.
Strong particle-hole asymmetry in a 200 Kelvin superconductor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The superconducting state of metals has long provided a classic example of particle-hole symmetry (PHS) at low energy. Fermionic self-energy results based on first principles theory for the electron-phonon coupling in H$_3$S presented here illustrate strong PHS-breaking dynamics arising from the underlying sharp structure in the fermionic density of states. Thus H$_3$S is not only the superconductor with the highest critical temperature $T_c$ (through 2018), but its low energy, low temperature properties deviate strongly from textbook behavior. The minor momentum and band dependence of the fermionic self-energy allows evaluation of the momentum-resolved and zone-averaged spectral densities and interacting thermal distribution function, all of which clearly illustrate strong particle-hole asymmetry.
Inferring Political Alignments of Twitter Users

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Increasing popularity of Twitter in politics is subject to commercial and academic interest. To fully exploit the merits of this platform, reaching target audience with desired political leanings is critical. This paper extends the research on inferring political orientations of Twitter users to the case of 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. After constructing a targeted dataset of tweets, we explore several types of potential features to build accurate machine learning based predictive models. In our experiments, three-class support vector machine (SVM) classifier trained on semantic features achieves the best accuracy score of 89.9%. Moreover, an SVM classifier trained on full text features performs better than an SVM classifier trained on hashtags, with respective accuracy scores of 89.05% and 85.9%. Relatively high accuracy scores obtained by full text features may point to differences in language use, which deserves further research.
Synthesis and characterization of size controlled bimetallic nanosponges

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Metallic and bimetallic nanosponges with well-defined size and form have attracted increasing attention due to their unique structural properties and their potential for many applications. In this chapter, the recently developed methods for the synthesis and preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanosponges are presented. These methods can be mainly cataloged in two groups: dealloying-based methods and reduction reaction-based methods. Different topographical reconstruction methods for the investigation of their structural properties are then reviewed briefly. The optical properties of the metallic nanosponges are clearly different from those of the solid counterparts due to the tailored disordered structure. The recent advances in the exploration of the distinct linear and non-linear optical properties of the nanosponges are summarized. Graphical Abstract :
Various Parameter Measurements in Single-Frequency Dual-ECR Heating on Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We have been researching efficient generation of multi-charged ions on electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS). We can introduce microwaves from a coaxial antenna at the upstream side of the magnetic mirror field (Coaxial) and a rod antenna at the downstream side (Rod). Regardless of R-wave cutoff, ECR occurs at two resonance points by Dual-ECR heating which means introducing microwaves from both antennas and we succeeded in generating more multi-charged Ar ions. We measured beam currents and plasma parameters such as electron density and electron temperature and obtained their radial distributions. We found the beam currents of multi-charged Ar ions were highest by Dual-ECR heating.
A simple parametric model of the human ocular modulation transfer function

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The ocular modulation transfer function (MTF) has an important role in many investigations into human Vision. It can be approximated by the equation MT= exp[- (SF/SFc)n]. where MT, SF, SFc and n are the modulation transfer, spatial frequency, frequency constant and MTF index respectively, in a theoretical study, the parameters n and SFc were determined by a mathematical method from previously published data. A general equation was deduced expressing the MTF as a function of pupil size for diameters of 1.5–7.5 mm. For pupil diameters below 1,5 mm different equations providing MTFs as a function of pupil diameter have been produced. These are based on the assumption that for these pupil diameters diffraction and retinal scatter determine the optical degradation. The use of these models is described in studies on spatial vision, where they have widespread applications and the effects of optical degradation are frequently neglected.
Hub discovery in partial correlation graphical models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper treats the problem of screening a p-variate sample for strongly and multiply connected vertices in the partial correlation graph associated with the the partial correlation matrix of the sample. This problem, called hub screening, is important in many applications ranging from network security to computational biology to finance to social networks. In the area of network security, a node that becomes a hub of high correlation with neighboring nodes might signal anomalous activity such as a coordinated flooding attack. In the area of computational biology the set of hubs of a gene expression correlation graph can serve as potential targets for drug treatment to block a pathway or modulate host response. In the area of finance a hub might indicate a vulnerable financial instrument or sector whose collapse might have major repercussions on the market. In the area of social networks a hub of observed interactions between criminal suspects could be an influential ringleader. The techniques and theory presented in this paper permit scalable and reliable screening for such hubs. This paper extends our previous work on correlation screening [arXiv:1102.1204] to the more challenging problem of partial correlation screening for variables with a high degree of connectivity. In particular we consider 1) extension to the more difficult problem of screening for partial correlations exceeding a specified magnitude; 2) extension to screening variables whose vertex degree in the associated partial correlation graph, often called the concentration graph, exceeds a specified degree.
PubMed and conflicts of interest

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

U.S. senators are calling for the National Library of Medicine to disclose sources of research funding alongside abstracts of articles that are returned in searches of the library’s PubMed database of biomedical papers. “It is troubling that the abstract or other bibliographic information presented in a PubMed entry does not communicate authors’ potential conflicts of interest, such as funding sources or significant investments,” the senators say in a March 30 letter to the library, which is part of NIH. They note that this sort information is often disclosed in the full text of an article. But users must pay to access the full text of most of the articles indexed in PubMed, says the letter from five Democrats, Sens. Richard Blumenthal (Conn.), Elizabeth Warren (Mass.), Edward J. Markey (Mass.), Brian Schatz (Hawaii), and Dick Durbin (Ill.). This means many users of this database—especially members of the public who don’t have
Additional file 9 of Transcriptome analysis of fungicide-responsive gene expression profiles in two Penicillium italicum strains with different response to the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide prochloraz

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Additional file 9: Table S7. Summary of distribution (hit records) of 19 selected DEGs towards GO enrichments in the present 4 comparisons.
Accurate and Efficient Explicit Approximations of the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation Based on the Wright ω-Function: Reply to Discussion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This reply gives two corrections of typographical errors in respect to the commented article, and then provides few comments in respect to the discussion and one improved version of the approximation of the Colebrook equation for flow friction, based on the Wright ω-function. Finally, this reply gives an exact explicit version of the Colebrook equation expressed through the Wright ω-function, which does not introduce any additional errors in respect to the original equation. All mentioned approximations are computationally efficient and also very accurate. Results are verified using more than 2 million of Quasi Monte-Carlo samples.
Alumina ceramic for dental applications: A review article

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Alumina has received considerable attention and has been historically wellaccepted as biomaterials for dental and medical applications. This article reviews the applications of this material in dentistry. It presents a brief history, dental applications and methods for improving the mechanical properties of aluminabased materials. It also offers perspectives on recent research aimed at the further development of alumina for clinical uses, at their evaluation and selection, and very importantly, their clinical performance. This article also stated about the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) which has been conceived as a new material design approach to improve performance compared to traditional homogeneous and uniform materials. This technique allows the production of a material with very different characteristics within the same material at various interfaces. The importance of the FGM concept in biological applications and functions was highlighted. Fundamentally, the combination of mechanical properties and biocompatibility are very important factors in application of any biomaterial to medical or dental fields. The characteristics of the surface govern the biocompatibility of the material, and the mechanical strength is determined by the average mechanical strength of the materials. However, the fabrication of FGMs is most often hindered by the variation of elastic, plastic, thermal, chemical, and kinetic properties within the composite. Across a material interface, these discontinuities in material properties lead to the formation of residual stresses. Despite these challenges, compositional gradient structures offer significant benefits. Notable research literature is highlighted regarding (1) applications of alumina in various fields in dentistry; (2) improvement of the mechanical properties of alumina by microstructural manipulation, FGM as well as composite formulations involving metallic, intermetallic elements and bioceramics.
Simultaneous determination of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) by differential-pulse polarography after their extraction.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ピリジン及び過塩素酸イオンの存在下でCo及びNiのN,N'-(1,3-ジメチルプロパンジリデン)-ジ-(2'-ヒドロキシ)アニリン(DPDHA)錯体を炭酸プロピレンに抽出し,抽出液に過塩素酸テトラブチルアンモニウムを加えて直接微分パルスポーラログラムを測定する抽出/ポーラログラフ分析法について検討し,感度,選択性に優れた簡便なCo及びNiの定量法を開発した.Co(III)-及びNi(II)-DPDHA錯体は水相(pH8)でピリジンを付加し,更にCo(III)錯体は過塩素酸イオンとイオン対を形成し,いずれも炭酸プロピレンに定量的に抽出された.-0.44及び-1.21Vvs.SCEにそれぞれCo(III)及びNi(II)錯体に由来するピーク電流を示し,それらの値は水相のCo(II)及びNi(II)濃度に比例した.Cu(II)だけは共存するとCoの定量を妨害した.提案した定量法を合成試料の分析に適用したところ,満足し得る結果が得られた.
Composition of Essential Oil of Artemisia douglasiana

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The hydrodistillation essential oil from Artemisia douglasiana growing in Iran was analyzed by GC/MS. In all 10 compounds were identified; camphene (8.45%), 1,8-cineole (10.56%), artemisia ketone (5.78%), artemisia alcohol (6.77%), a-thujone (3.44%), camphor (20.54%), terpinen-4-ol (2.43%), myrtenal (1.45%), p-cymene (7.86%) and carvacrol (22.87%) were the main components of the oil.
L-interval spaces and some of their properties

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, notions of L-interval spaces and L-2-arity convex spaces are introduced. It is showed that there is a Galois’s connection between the category of L-convex spaces and the category of L-interval spaces. In particular, the category of L-2-arity convex spaces can be embedded in the category of L-interval spaces as a coreflective subcategory. Further, some properties of L-interval spaces are introduced including L-geometric (resp. L-Peano, L-Pasch and L-sand-glass) property. It is proved that an L-2-arity convex space is an L-JHC convex space iff its segment operator has L-Peano property. It is also proved that an L-JHC convex space with an L-idempotent segment operator has L-sand-glass property. Further, it is also proved that an L-idempotent interval space having L-Peano+L-Pasch property has L-geometric property and L-sand-glass property.
‘Women Use their Strength in the House’: Savings Clubs in an Mpumalanga Village

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In settings of increased inequality, where rising prosperity for some spells penury for others, savings clubs enable new types of communality to be created – especially by women - which mediate, or are mediated by, new inequalities and dependencies. Changing gender dynamics and challenges to patriarchal authority, arising from apartheid-induced relocation and later the expansion of a somewhat gender-skewed state-grant system, now find expression in the relative autonomy enjoyed by some female civil servants and informal traders. More than simply ‘loose ends’ of apartheid’s homeland system, women’s savings clubs are being woven together into new fabrics of intensified solidarity. But not everyone can benefit equally from these sociable arrangements. Clubs occupy a point of intersection between two trends. One comprises modern roles and concerns associated with upward mobility in post-democratic South Africa. The other is evident in pockets of apparent informality and customary mutuality, where egalitarian sociability predominates. Setting out an arena linked to but discrete from that of capitalism, the clubs help members alternately accommodate and defy capitalism’s imperatives, while also fending off demands made by poorer relatives, neighbours, and those with too few resources to belong to clubs.
The interpeduncular nuclear complex of selected rodents

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The internal differentiation of the interpeduncular nuclear complex was determined by quantitative cytoarchitectonic analysis in specimens from each of the suborders of Rodentia: rat ( Rattus ) of the Myomorpha; guinea pig ( Cavia ), chinchilla ( Chinchilla ), and capybara ( Hadrochoerus ) of the Caviamorpha; and the mountain beaver ( Aplodonia ) from the Sciuromorpha. In each of these rodents the constituent cells of the complex ae grouped into four spatially distinct subnuclei: pars lateralis (PL), pars medialis (PM), pars dorsalis magnocellularis (PDM), and pars dorsalis parvocellularis (PDP). There is a fifth subnucleus, the paramedian, in Chinchilla . Sample distributions, and means, of cell sixes were measured in each of these subdivisions in each species; and cell densities of each subdivision were determined in Rrattus . In all these animals PD had the smallest cells. PDM had the largest cells, except that in Hydrochoerus cells of PL, and in Cavia cells of PM, were as large as those of PDM. In Rattus and Aplodontia PL and PM were not different in cell size, and in Rattus their cells were of the same density. These findings cast doubt upon criteria previously used to subdivide this nuclear complex, and provide a consistent and replicable classification of its components.
Follow-up Results of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Following Abdominal Visceral Debranching

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this study is to present a series of six cases with thoracoabdominal aneurysm treated with hybrid technique in our center. Methods: Between May 2015 and December 2018, the data of six patients with thoracoabdominal aneurysms and various comorbidities who underwent visceral debranching followed by endovascular aortic aneurysm repair were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Patients’ mean age was 65.3±19.6 years. All of them were male. Comorbidities were old age, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous surgical interventions, and/or esophageal hemangioma. Except for one patient who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (inflow was taken from ascending aorta), debranching was performed from the right iliac artery. Debranching of four visceral arteries (superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, and bilateral renal right arteries) was performed in three patients, of three visceral arteries (superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, right renal artery) was performed in one, and of two visceral arteries (superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk) was performed in two patients. Great saphenous vein and 6-mm polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were used in one and five patients, respectively, for debranching. Endovascular aneurysm repair was performed following debranching procedures as soon as the patients were stabilized. In total, three patients died at the early, mid, and long-term follow-up due to multiorgan failure, pneumonia, and unknown reasons. Conclusion: Hybrid repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms may be an alternative to fenestrated or branched endovascular stent grafts in patients with increased risk factors for open surgical thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair; however, the procedure requires experience and care.