jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
FRESH-CUT LETTUCE: USE OF DIFFERENT SANITATION TREATMENTS TO REDUCE MICROBIAL LOAD

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effectiveness of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide to reducing the microbiological load of minimally processed Iceberg lettuce was evaluated. The raw material was checked for mold, yeasts and coliform bacteria at 35°C and 45°C, before and after sanitation. The minimum processing of Iceberg lettuce was observed at different stages of leaf removal from the head, cutting the steam, selection of the leaves, washing with potable water, cutting, washing in solutions of 100 and 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite and 2 and 4% of hydrogen peroxide. After washing and centrifuging, the product was packed in plastic bags and stored at 2°C for nine days. Samples treated with hydrogen peroxide (4%) and sodium hypochlorite (100 ppm) showed better overall appearance up to the ninth storage day compared with samples treated with hydrogen peroxide (2%) and sodium hypochlorite (150 ppm).
Using Historical Methods in Information Systems: A Primer for Researchers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article describes the use of historical methods in information systems research and provides a practical example of how this technique was used in a recent research project. Though the information systems researcher already has a rich cornucopia of research methods to choose from, historical research has the power to offer insights over and above those provided by other techniques. The researcher is forced to step away from a narrow focus on the research question in order to examine the “big picture”. This big picture approach means that recurring patterns are identified providing a broad set of findings that are applicable in many different settings. However the flip side is that historical research can have a lack of focus and does not always offer immediate answers to specific research questions. \n \nThis paper provides guidelines for the use of historical methods by information systems researchers by demonstrating how the seven step approach developed by Mason, McKenney and Copeland was applied to an historical research study which explored the relationship between ICTs and regional development in New Zealand between 1985 and 2005. This research reveals the value of historical research for information systems researchers by showing the effects of long term social trends on ICT use. It also highlights some of the pitfalls that potential users of historical research need to be aware of such as gaps in the data trail and the questionable credibility of some historic records.
Industries and the cash conversion cycle effect : an empirical investigation of industries as the driver of the return spread

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This thesis investigates whether there is a cash conversion cycle (CCC) effect in the\nindustry component of stock returns. Using a panel of U.S. stock returns from July\n1976 to December 2015, we find that a zero-investment portfolio with a long position\nin the lowest CCC decile and a short position in the highest CCC decile earns annual\nabnormal returns of 4%–7%. As the CCC varies considerably between industries, we check\nwhether this portfolio systematically loads on specific industries. However, by constructing\nindustry strategies that buy industries with low average CCCs and sell industries with\nhigh average CCCs instead of individual stocks, we do not find evidence of an industry\nCCC effect. As the CCC also varies considerably within industries, the portfolio of the\nstrategy that buys and sells individual stocks does in fact appear to be well-diversified.\nThe CCC effect therefore seems to be driven by individual stocks, but the underlying\ndriver of this remains a puzzle.\nKeywords – Cash conversion cycle, Asset pricing, Industry risk
Kinematic models of large‐scale flow in the Earth's mantle

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

It is likely that the motions of the lithospheric plates strongly influence the accompanying large‐scale flow in the earth's mantle. In order to isolate and understand the effects of the plate motions on the large scale flow, we calculate simple kinematic models in which the observed plate motions and geometries are imposed as boundary conditions; thermal buoyancy forces are ignored and the flow is determined by the mass flux imposed by the moving plates. With the assumption of a layered, radially symmetric, Newtonian rheology, the flow accompanying the observed plate motions is calculated analytically. The flow is in general complicated, but for models in which whole‐mantle flow occurs, the dips of subduction zones are predicted remarkably well by the flow modesl. Circulation does not from simple closed cells and flow under slowly moving plates is not closely related to the direction of plate motion. There is little return flow under the Pacific unless the lithosphere is essentially decoupled from the mantle by an extremely weak low viscosity layer. Only viscosity contrasts between the upper and lower mantle of three to four orders of magnitude are sufficient to confine flow to the upper mantle. For a wide range of mantle viscosity structures, significant mixing between the upper and lower mantle is expected over geologic time. On the basis of these models, the source rock for oceanic ridge basalt probably lies below the asthenosphere. A comparison of the magnitude of the deviatoric stress with theoretical flow mechanism calculations and with models of postglacial rebound indicate that the assumption of Newtonian viscosity is plausible. The drag on the lithosphere is compared to that calculated assuming simple shear. On a regional basis, the stresses can differ by up to 90°, e.g., in eastern North America. Small plates have higher apparent drag coefficients than larger ones. The normal stress at the base of the lithosphere is excessive in models in which the flow is confined to the upper 700 km of the mantle unless the lithosphere is decoupled from the mantle by an extremely low viscosity layer.
PSXII-25 Characterization and evaluation of the in vitro dry matter digestibility of corn stover spent used to produce edible fungi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Corn stover (CS) is an agricultural byproduct available in many countries for animal feed. However, due to its high lignin (L) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content it has a low digestibility. The production of edible fungi, using CS-based substrate, is an option to improve CS digestibility, as fungi can break down the cross-links between cell wall components. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of fungal treated CS from 17 species of white rot fungi: Lentinula edodes (L5, L9, LC,L15), Hericium sp (Heri) and Pleurotus djamour (Pd-Pro, Pd-UTMR) Pleurotus eryngii (Pe-PQ, Pe-MB), Pleurotus ostreatus (Po-IE202, Po-IAP, Po-Psma, Po-P14, Po-POS, Po-JP, Po-P38, Po-Sfco) on crude protein (CP), L and NDF content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The composition of the substrate (C) was CS (80.55%), ground sorghum (5.98%) wheat bran (3.89%), corn gluten (4.89%), CaCO3 (3.89%) and CaSO4 (0.89%). The variables were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Means were compared with the Tukey procedure. A significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) of CP from 10% (Po-P38) to 69% (LC) was observed, except for Pd-UTMR, Po-IAP, Po-Psma, Po-P38 and Po-Sfco that showed similar content to the C. There was a decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in the NDF from 10% (Heri) to 34% (L15) in relation to the C. The L content did not decrease in comparison with the C (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, 13 treatments significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) IVDMD from 24% (Po-P14) to 42% (Pd-UTMR), except for Po-P38, Po-JP, LC and Heri in comparison with the C. In conclusion, the cultivation of white rot fungi, such as Pd-UTMR, Po-IAP, Po-Psma, LC, L9 and L15 using CS as substrate, improved CP content and increased IVDMD of CS, suggesting that which can be a good alternative for feeding ruminants.
UTILIZING A FULL-SCALE, INTERACTIVE, VIRTUAL REALITY APPLICATION TO ENHANCE SYSTEMS’ MENTAL MODELS IN TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Technology and engineering students need to evolve a sense of what industrial systems are in order to be able to grasp various functionalities of systems in the industry. Johan de Kleer and his colleagues termed this sense as ‘Mechanistic Mental Models’ and described it as “the common intuition of ‘simulating the machines in the mind’s eye’.” The author herein teaches a course titled ‘Risk Analysis and Management’ at Iowa State University (USA). The course heavily focuses on analyzing systems for risk and introducing barriers to control the risk. Conducting risk assessments on systems require familiarity with all aspects of systems, including how they operate and their relationship to the environment. Visualizing systems on 2D schematic drawings is the most common exposure to systems. However, 2D schematic drawings more often add confusion rather than help students evolve proper mental models of systems. To address this concern, the author and his research team developed a full-scale, 3D, highly interactive virtual reality application titled Construct Virtual Reality (CVR). Students can use CVR to interact with systems and to design and build systems for desired industrial applications. To assess whether working with CVR promotes developing proper mental models for systems, students used CVR in the following two settings: (1) interacting with a virtual system that was already built in CVR; and, (2) using CVR to design and build a system for a specific industrial application.Students’ mental models were assessed after exposure to each one of the settings above. Order of exposure to the two settings were alternated to control for order bias. Mental models were assessed along the following four dimensions: (1) System topology: the structure of the system(2) Envisioning: the inference process of determining the purpose or functionality of each component in the system(3) Casual model: the ability to describe the overall function of the system in terms of how the components interact(4) Running/Simulation: the ability to conduct mental simulation and anticipate system’s behavior.The overall mental models are synthesized from the dimensions above. Then, the utility of CVR as a platform for enhancing systems’ mental models in this student population is documented and discussed. References:[1] Kleer, J. & Brown, J. S. (1983). Assumptions and Ambiguities in Mechanistic Mental Models. In D. Gentner & A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 155-190). Hilsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pubs.
Histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms: Reappraisal of a Japanese series based on t(14;18) and neoplastic PD‐L1 expression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Histiocytic and dendritic cell (H/DC) neoplasms are heterogeneous, originating from myeloid‐ or stromal‐derived cells. Multiple reports describe the cross‐lineage transdifferentiation of neoplastic B cells into H/DC neoplasms. Most such cases are from Western countries, and rarely from Japan or East Asia. Here we report 17 cases of H/DC neoplasms in Japanese patients, with analysis of t(14;18) by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and of neoplastic programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression by immunostaining (clones SP142, E1J2J, and 28‐8). These 17 cases were diagnosed according to the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, and included two histiocytic sarcomas (HS), two interdigitating cell (IDC) sarcomas, one Langerhans cell sarcoma, two dendritic cell sarcomas, and 10 follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcomas. No case had any past history of follicular lymphoma (FL). Two cases of HS and one IDC sarcoma, all of which were myeloid‐driven, were found to exhibit t(14;18). In the latter case, at 30 months after IDC sarcoma diagnosis, FL development was detected. Three (30%) FDC sarcoma cases exhibited neoplastic PD‐L1 expression with all the three PD‐L1 antibody clones. This is the first report of t(14;18) and neoplastic PD‐L1 expression on H/DC neoplasms among Japanese patients, each of which appeared to be associated with HS and FDC sarcoma, respectively.
Regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion by fatty acids in CaCo-2 cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effect of fatty acids on secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (d less than 1.006 g/ml) by CaCo-2 cells was studied. Of the fatty acids studied, oleic acid (18:1) was the most potent stimulator of newly synthesized triglyceride secretion in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins followed in descending order by 18:2, 18:3, and 16:0 = 14:0. All the fatty acids increased intracellular triglyceride synthesis. Fatty acids 14:0, 16:0, 18:2, and 18.3 caused similar increases; however, 18:1 caused the highest rates of triglyceride synthesis. Oleic acid (18:1) was used to further study the secretion of lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml by CaCo-2 cells. There was a step-wise increase in cellular triglyceride synthesis with increasing oleic acid concentration. Above 250 microM of the fatty acid, however, newly synthesized triglyceride secretion in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins plateaued, suggesting saturation of the secretory pathway. After stimulating triglyceride synthesis by oleic acid, radiolabeled triglyceride secreted in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was initially delayed resulting in a sigmoid-shaped curve for secretion. This was most pronounced in control cells, which were not incubated with the fatty acid. Over 6 hr, cells incubated with oleic acid secreted more newly synthesized triglyceride in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins compared to control cells. The secretion of lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml was dependent upon protein synthesis and normal microtubular function in as much as cycloheximide and colchicine significantly decreased triglyceride transport without changing cellular triglyceride synthesis. Triglyceride and unesterified cholesterol mass in lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml were increased 57 and 244%, respectively, in medium from cells incubated with oleic acid compared to control cells. By 24 hr, 0.17% of lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml were taken up and degraded. Over the same period, approximately 50% of the lipoprotein triglyceride was hydrolyzed. Under conditions whereby lipoprotein secretion was stimulated fourfold by oleic acid, the activities of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT were unchanged from activities in control cells. The data suggest that CaCo-2 cells secrete triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml in response to fatty acids in the medium. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion is a saturable process and dependent on protein synthesis and normal microtubular function. An increase in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion is accompanied by an increase in triglyceride mass in lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml. By 24 hr, significant postsecretory
Abstract 4146203: Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Cavitation For The Treatment Of Myocardial Microvascular Obstruction: A Porcine Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: In 2019, 17.9 million people died from cardiovascular disease, 85% of which were due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Post-AMI congestive heart failure is increasing due to microvascular obstruction (MVO). MVO is the blockage of the microcirculation by atherothrombotic debris and tends to occur after coronary stenting for AMI. Current therapeutic strategies for MVO are not consistently effective. Aim: Our goal is to develop ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble cavitation (UTMC) as a potential treatment for MVO. Methods: Initially, we demonstrated the efficacy of UTMC in a rat hindlimb model of MVO. Given these promising findings, in the current work, we expanded our investigation to a clinically relevant porcine model of myocardial MVO. On day 1, MVO was created in the left anterior descending (LAD) microcirculation and confirmed by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). The MVO in the LAD bed was then treated with UTMC therapy during concurrent infusion of Definity ® contrast agent. The therapeutic ultrasound (1.3 MHz center frequency, 1.3 MPa peak negative pressure, 1 ms pulse duration) was delivered with Philips EpiQ (with S5-1 probe). Cardiac MRI was obtained at 36 hours to measure infarct size and area of MVO. At 48 hours post UTMC therapy, MCE was repeated, and the animals were euthanized. Hearts were stained with Evans Blue/ TTC dyes and sectioned for analysis of infarct size. A total of 11 pigs, 5 Control (MVO, no treatment) and 6 UTMC (MVO, UTMC treatment) were done. Results: LAD angiographic flow was improved at 48 hours post UTMC treatment in comparison to control. MCE imaging revealed that the UTMC treatment significantly improved LV systolic performance, and LAD blood volume (Figure 1), as compared to control. MRI clips showed that UTMC ameliorated MVO and left ventricular (LV) segmental wall motion and ejection fraction (EF) also improved after UTMC treatment versus control. Infarct size was reduced as shown by both Evans Blue/TTC staining and MRI. Conclusions: Taken together, we demonstrated that UTMC significantly reduced infarct size, enhanced LAD microvascular perfusion and improved LV systolic performance, and should enable clinical translation of this promising therapy.
Preference ofRj-soybean cultivars forBradyrhizobium japonicumfor nodulation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In order to Investigate the correlation between the preference of soybeans (Glycine max L.) for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation and their Rj-genotypes, rhizobia were isolated from eight cultivars (non-Rj-cultivars: T202, Tol-1, and CNS-J; Rj 2 Rj 3-ones: Hardee, IAC-2, and Bonminori; Rj 4-ones: Hill and Amsoy 71) grown in the field and their compatibilities with Hill and IAC-2 were examined. Sixty-three percent of the nodules of the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivars were occupied by rhizobia of nodulation-type C, which were compatible with the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivars but incompatible with the Rj 4-one. Sixty-one percent of the nodules of the Rj 4 cultivars were occupied by isolates of nodulation-type B, which were compatible with the Rj{ni4}-cultivars but incompatible with the Rj 2 Rj 3-one. Non -Rj- cultivars preferred rhizobia of nodulation-type A, which were compatible with both Rj-cultivars. To estimate the effect of planting of Rj-cultivars on the rhizobial population in soils, Rj 2 Rj 3-(IAC-2) and Rj 4-(Hill) cultivars were inoculated with dilutions of supernatants of suspended soils in which theRj 4-cultivar (Fukuyutaka) and non-Rj-one (Akisirome) were planted in the preceding year, and the nodule number was counted. Based on the results, it was shown that the planting of the Rj 4-cultivar increased the population of compatible rhizobia with the Rj 4-cultivar and decreased that of the compatible rhizlbia with the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivar. Planting of the non-Rj-cultivar did not influence remarkably the rhizobial population in soil. The cultivars IAC-2 (Rj 2 Rj 3), Hill (Rj 4), and Orihime (non-Rj) were planted in the soils used in the above experiment, and the nodulation-types of the isolates from the nodules were identified. Marked preference of IAC-2 for type C rhizobia was observed In the soil planted with the non-Rj-cultivar (87%), while for the type A ones in the soil planted with the Rj 4-cultivar (87%). IAC-2 significantly preferred the type C rhizobia in the soil containing type C rhizobia, but the type A rhizobia when the number of type C rhizobia was very small as in the Fukuyutaka (Rj 4)-cultivated soil. On the basis of these results, it was suggested that the Rj-genes were involved in the inhibition of effective nodulation by certain serogroups of rhizobia as well as in preference for appropriate rhizobia in relation to nodulation and increase of those populations in soil.
Symposium 5: Networked Learning: Classroom Experiences at AUT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This short paper describes a proposed case study which aims at exploring to what extent Networked Learning enhances classroom experiences at the authors’ institution and how the authors’ institution could adopt networked learning in producing Great Graduates, the authors' institution mission. The case study is significant with the re-definition of Networked Learning within an institutional context. The study employs an interpretivist research approach (Erickson, 1998) with a combination of direct observation and interview-like methods to understand the experiences of students and teaching academics in on-campus Networked Learning situations among all 15 study options at the authors' institution. Participants will include volunteered students and academics from various disciplines. The literature review indicates that the adoption of Networked Learning in classroom boosts students’ self-efficacy for social networking and professional development, enhances student-centred experiences with a community focus (e.g., social presence) and provides opportunities for students to further develop their critical thinking. The changing landscape of higher education, especially in this post global pandemic era, warrants the development of a case study approach within a particular context in order to further investigate the adoption of Networked Learning in enhancing teaching and learning processes. The findings will gain insights into achieving the strategic goal of student-directed learning at the authors' institution and could be applicable to higher education in general in order to improve teaching and learning experiences further. In short, it is an iterative process of developing one’s own Networked Learning application through the affordance of the Networked Learning principles and the practical accomplishment of teaching and learning practices at the course as well as the programme level. Limitations and possible future study are being identified from this proposal.
Compression of Ice to 210 Gigapascals: Infrared Evidence for a Symmetric Hydrogen-Bonded Phase

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Protonated and deuterated ices (H 2 O and D 2 O) compressed to a maximum pressure of 210 gigapascals at 85 to 300 kelvin exhibit a phase transition at 60 gigapascals in H 2 O ice (70 gigapascals in D 2 O ice) on the basis of their infrared reflectance spectra determined with synchrotron radiation. The transition is characterized by soft-mode behavior of the ν 3 O-H or O-D stretch below the transition, followed by a hardening (positive pressure shift) above it. This behavior is interpreted as the transformation of ice phase VII to a structure with symmetric hydrogen bonds. The spectroscopic features of the phase persisted to the maximum pressures (210 gigapascals) of the measurements, although changes in vibrational mode coupling were observed at 150 to 160 gigapascals.
Itinerant Ferromagnetism in p-doped Monolayers of MoS2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Density functional theory is used to explore the possibility of inducing impurity band ferromagnetism in monolayers of semiconducting MoS2 by introducing holes into the narrow Mo 4d band that forms the top of the valence band. A large out of plane anisotropy is found for unpaired spins bound to the substitutional acceptor impurities V, Nb and Ta that couple ferromagnetically for all but the shortest separations. Using the separation dependent exchange interactions as input to Monte Carlo calculations, we estimate ordering temperatures as a function of the impurity concentration. For about 9% of V impurities, Curie temperatures in excess of 160 K are predicted. The singlet formation at short separations that limits the ordering temperature is explained and we suggest how it can be circumvented.