jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Face Time Optimisation at TauTona Underground Gold Mine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This thesis investigates face time optimisation at TauTona underground gold mine in South Africa. TauTona is located 70 km south-west of Johannesburg. Face time optimisation involves decreasing the time taken for workers to get to and from the workplace and increasing the productivity of workers at the workplace. This thesis shows that face time optimisation has a significant role to play at TauTona and includes recommendations to improve face time.TauTona is the deepest operating mine in the world with a shaft depth of 3.8 km. TauTona predominantly uses longwall mining and employs 5,600 persons. The need for face time optimisation is due to difficulties getting workers to and from the workplace and the harsh in-stope environment. Workers travel through one to three shafts and horizontal distances to 6 km by mancarriage or foot to the waiting place. They then proceed by foot to the workplace. The average stope height is 0.9 m with a target wet-bulb temperature of 28.5°C.In 2nd quarter 2002 the average round trip to and from the workplace was 4 hours and 6 minutes. In 2nd quarter of 2003 the average time get to the workplace was 3 hours and 15 minutes. This improvement has been despite shift durations decreasing. While this suggests that the face time optimisation program at TauTona is succeeding, the high standard deviation in the face time achieved means there is room for improvement.The largest component of travel time is walking. The greatest delay in getting to the workplace is waiting for mancarriages, with mancarriage availability on the way out poorer than on the way in. Mancarriages need have a greater availability, mancarriage drop-off points need to closer to the waiting places, waiting places need to be closer to the workplace. Travellingway and gully conditions need to be improved. Waiting times for the cages are gradually increasing in the main and sub-vertical shaft, and dramatically increasing in the tertiary-vertical shaft. The shaft timetable needs to be re-evaluated, possibly with the help of mathematical modelling or simulation software. All these areas need to be monitored on an ongoing basis....
Solar Energy in Space Applications: Review and Technology Perspectives

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Solar cells (SCs) are the most ubiquitous and reliable energy generation systems for aerospace applications. Nowadays, III–V multijunction solar cells (MJSCs) represent the standard commercial technology for powering spacecraft, thanks to their high‐power conversion efficiency and certified reliability/stability while operating in orbit. Nevertheless, spacecraft companies are still using cheaper Si‐based SCs to amortize the launching costs of satellites. Moreover, in recent years, new SCs technologies based on Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for aerospace power systems, because of their appealing properties such as lightweightness, flexibility, cost‐effective manufacturing, and exceptional radiation resistance. In this review the current advancements and future challenges of SCs for aerospace applications are critically discussed. In particular, for each type of SC, a description of the device's architecture, a summary of its performance, and a quantitative assessment of the radiation resistance are presented. Finally, considering the high potential that 2D‐materials (such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have in improving both performance and stability of SCs, a brief overview of some important results concerning the influence of radiation on both 2D materials‐based devices and monolayer of 2D materials is also included.
Testing Partial Correlations When the Third Variable is Measured with Error

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

When attempting to determine if the observed correlation between two variables can be "explained" by a third variable, many researchers resort to a significance test on the partial correlation coefficient. Several authors have pointed out how this can be misleading when the third variable is measured with error. We show how the problem can be partially overcome (to the extent that the problem is at all soluble with the given data) with knowledge or assumption about the reliability of measurement in the third variable. An alternative suggestion, that one instead consider the feasibility of a one factor fit to the observed intercorrelations, has been proposed; we show that this has little to recommend it.
Effect of iron overload on electrophysiology of slow reaction autorhythmic cells of left ventricular outflow tract in guinea pigs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the electrophysiology effects and mechanism of iron overload on the slow response autorhythmic cells in the left ventricular outflow tract of guinea pigs. Methods: Standard microelectrode cell recording techniques were adopted to observe the electrophysiological effects of different concentrations of Fe2+ (100 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L) on the left ventricular outflow tract autorhythmic cells. Heart tissues were perfused with FeSO4 (200 μmol/L) combing with CaC12 (4.2 mmol/L), Verapamil, (1 μmol/L), and nickel chloride (200μmol/L) respectively to observe the influences of these contents on electrophysiology of FeSO4 (200 μmol/L) on the left ventricular outflow tract autorhythmic cells. Results: Fe2+ at both 100 μmol/L and 200 μmol/L could change the electrophysiological parameters of the slow response autorhythmic cells of the left ventricular outflow tract in a concentration-dependent manner resulting into decrease in Vmax, APA and MDP, slower RPF and VDD, and prolonged APD50 and APD90 (P all <0.05). Besides, perfusion of increased Ca2+ concentration could partially offset the electrophysiological effects of Fe2+ (200 μmol/L). The L-type calcium channel (LTCC) blocker Verapamil (1 μmol/L) could block the electrophysiological effects of Fe2+ (200 μmol/L). But the T-type calcium channel (TTCC) blocker nickel chloride (NiCl2, 200 μmol/L) could not block the electrophysiological effects of Fe2+ (200 μmol/L). Conclusions: Fe2+ can directly change the electrophysiological characteristics of the slow response autorhythmic cells of the left ventricular outflow tract probably through the L-type calcium channel.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder and Suicidality in Children and Adolescents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among people aged 15-24 years in Europe. Several studies showed that more than 90% of youth with suicidality have at least one concurrent psychiatric disorder. Recently there is a growing interest in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a risk factor of suicide. However, the results are controversial: the main question is whether there is a direct association between ADHD and suicidality or ADHD increases the risk of suicide by increasing the prevalence of comorbid conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine whether there is a direct association between ADHD and suicidality. Treatment naïve children (n=418, aged <18 years) were enrolled in the Vadaskert Child Psychiatric Hospital and Outpatient Clinic, Budapest, Hungary. The modified Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid (M.I.N.I. Kid) was used to evaluate psychiatric diagnosis and suicidality. Multiple mediation analyses were applied in a moderated mediational model. ADHD and current suicidality were fully mediated by the symptoms of comorbid conditions. Significant mediators were: 1) under 12 years: the symptoms of specific anxiety disorders, 2) above age 12: symptoms of major depressive episode, dysthymia and substance use. The study was cross-sectional. Our findings are consistent with those previous studies which stated that ADHD symptoms are associated with an increased risk of suicidality. The current study highlights that with the consideration of developmental factors early recognition and combined treatment of the symptoms of ADHD and also comorbid conditions can be important in suicide prevention.
Post-feeding changes in distribution of free amino acids and ammonia in plasma and erythrocytes of carp.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Distributions of free amino acids and ammonia in plasma and erythrocytes of carp Cyprinus carpio after feeding of a casein-gelatin diet were examined to clarify physiological role of the erythrocytes in inter-organ transport of amino acids. Postprandial changes in contents of arginine, lysine, and methionine in the plasma were highly correlated to those in the whole blood, while those in the erythrocytes were not. Even when these contents in the erythrocytes reached to the maximum values, these were still less than 10% of the whole blood. Highly significant correlations were detected between levels in the whole blood and plasma or erythrocytes on the following amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and histidine. At the peak levels, contents of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in the erythrocytes represented approximately 40% of the respective values in the whole blood. Change of ammonia content in the whole blood was more highly correlated to that in the erythrocytes than that in the plasma. The erythrocyte ammonia content expressed as a percentage of the whole blood content rose from 45 to 85%. in accordance with the increment in the whole blood ammonia content. These results indicate presence of three types of inter-organ transport of free amino acids in carp.
Spontaneous Seroma and Septal Hematoma in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinical cases of three pediatric patients who had bilateral spontaneous serous collections and septal hematoma located in the anterior sector of the nasal septum are described.None had a history of trauma or infection, and all were immunocompetent; one was diagnosed with hemophilia type B.They were treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage with good evolution.
Temperament in a Fish: A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Individual Differences in Aggression and Social Rank in the Midas Cichlid

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A longitudinal design was applied in a study of the development of individual differences in aggression, and their relationship to growth and sexual differentiation in the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum. Weight and standard length measurements, as well as several measures of aggression, were obtained at regular intervals. Size ranks within groups were stable over a period spanning an early juvenile phase through sexual maturity. Two of three aggression rank scores were also stable over this interval, but they did not relate in any direct way to social rank. As juveniles, males showed higher levels of aggression than females, but the reverse was true in adults. This sex‐specific developmental change resulted both from an increase in female aggression at sexual maturity and a decline in male aggression at sexual maturity. Individuals showed distinct and stable behavioral profiles with respect to the combined aggression tests.
Enhancing Fluvial Modeling and Flood Prediction Accuracy through the Fusion of 3D Point Clouds, Multispectral, and RGB Data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Floods are among the most prevalent and devastating natural disasters, affecting over 2 billion people worldwide. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, driven by climate change, increase the vulnerability of communities to flooding. This underscores the urgent need for more accurate and reliable flood prediction and risk assessment models to enhance preparedness and mitigation efforts. In this research, we investigate the critical role of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolution in fluvial flood modeling. DEMs are essential for representing the Earth’s surface and are necessary in hydrodynamic simulations used to predict flood behavior. We employed a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate flood scenarios using DEMs of three different resolutions: 1 m, 5 m, and 25 m. The objective was to determine how variations in DEM resolution influence the accuracy of flood extent predictions. Our findings reveal that higher resolution DEMs, such as those with 1-meter resolution, provide a more precise and detailed representation of the terrain. This level of detail significantly reduces the predicted extent of flooding compared to lower resolution DEMs (5m and 25 m).
Tubocurarine suppresses slow calcium‐dependent after‐hyperpolarization in guinea‐pig inferior mesenteric ganglion cells.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Intracellular recordings were made from neurones of the isolated guinea‐pig inferior mesenteric ganglia. Single‐spike potentials evoked by either depolarizing current pulses applied through the recording micro‐electrode or stimulation of the hypogastric nerves were followed by an after‐hyperpolarization (a.h.). The spike a.h. in 40% of the neurones, referred to herein as type I, had a relatively short duration (less than 50 ms) and exhibited a monophasic decay with a mean time constant (tau) of 11.4 ms. In the remaining cells (type II), the spike was followed by a long a.h. (greater than 100 ms) having a double‐exponential decay; the fast and slow components of the a.h. are termed a.h.f and a.h.s, respectively, and they had mean tau values of 11.4 and 74 ms, respectively. A.h.f and a.h.s of type II neurones were reduced by membrane hyperpolarization and reversed their polarities between ‐80 and ‐90 mV. The reversal potentials shifted in a manner closely predicted by the Nernst equation as external K+ concentration was increased. Superfusion of low‐Ca2+ high‐Mg2+ solution to type II neurones reduced the a.h.f and a.h.s by 32 and 82%, respectively, indicating that a.h.s is largely Ca2+‐dependent. Application of (+)‐tubocurarine (10‐100 microM) reversibly suppressed the a.h.s without affecting a.h.f in a concentration‐dependent manner. Following a short train of action potentials evoked from type II neurones, the post‐tetanic hyperpolarization (p.t.h.) was similarly depressed by (+)‐tubocurarine in a dose‐dependent manner. (+)‐tubocurarine did not significantly change the amplitude of Ca2+‐dependent spike potentials evoked in neurones bathed in Na+‐free high‐Ca2+ plus tetraethylammonium (5‐10 mM) solution. The results indicate that (+)‐tubocurarine selectively suppresses a.h.s, a slow Ca2+‐dependent a.h., the consequence of which is a facilitation of repetitive discharges of the cells.
Inactivation of NF-κB by EBV BZLF-1-Encoded ZEBRA Protein in Human T Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We have previously shown that the EBV ZEBRA protein (also denoted EB1, Z, or Zta) encoded by the BZLF open reading frame is expressed in primary human thymocytes and in human T lymphoblastoid cell lines infected by EBV. Expression of EBV-encoded gene products in T lymphocytes could contribute to viral pathogenesis during acute EBV infection as well as in individuals coinfected with EBV and HIV. HPB-ALL and Jurkat T lymphoblastoid cell lines transiently and stably expressing ZEBRA were characterized in this work. Expression of ZEBRA protein in human T lymphoblastoid cells was associated with decreased expression of an NF-κB reporter gene, altered expression of the NF-κB p50 protein subunit, and decreased DNA binding by components of NF-κB. These observations suggest that inactivation of NF-κB transcription by ZEBRA in EBV-infected T cells may be a novel mechanism of viral pathogenesis analogous in part to over-expression of the endogenous cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-κB, IκBα.
Biomass‐Derived Bifunctional Cathode Electrocatalyst and Multiadaptive Gel Electrolyte for High‐Performance Flexible Zn–Air Batteries in Wide Temperature Range

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract High‐efficiency and low‐cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as well as gel electrolytes with high thermal and mechanical adaptability are required for the development of flexible batteries. Herein, abundant Setaria Viridis (SV) biomass is selected as the precursor to prepare porous N‐doped carbon tubes with high specific surface area and the 900 °C calcination product of SV (SV‐900) shows the optimum ORR/OER activities with a small E OER – E ORR of 0.734 V. Meanwhile, a new multifunctional gel electrolyte named C20E2G5 is prepared using cellulose extracted from another widely distributed biomass named flax as the skeleton, epichlorohydrin as the cross‐linker and glycerol as the antifreezing agent. C20E2G5 possesses high ionic conductivity from −40 to + 60 °C, excellent tensile and compressive resistance, high adhesion, strong freezing and heat resistance. Moreover, the symmetrical cell assembled with C20E2G5 can significantly inhibit Zn dendrite growth. Finally, flexible solid‐state Zn–air batteries assembled with SV‐900 and C20E2G5 show high open circuit voltage, large energy density, and long‐term operation stability between −40 and + 60 °C. This biomass‐based approach is generic and can be used for the development of diverse next‐generation electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices.
Estimates of the rate of convergence of a dynamic reconstruction algorithm under incomplete information about the phase state

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study a dynamic reconstruction algorithm which reconstructs the unknown unbounded input and all unobservable phase coordinates from the results of measurements of part of the coordinates. An upper and a lower bound for the accuracy of the reconstruction is obtained. We determine the class of inputs for which the upper bound is uniform. We give a condition for optimally matching the algorithm parameters, ensuring the highest order of the upper bound and equating the orders of the upper and lower bounds. Thus, we establish the sharpness of the upper bound.
Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Carbon-Cycling Capabilities of Microbial Communities From Desert Cave Systems

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Dry desert caves contain unique microbial communities that survive in energy starved subterranean environments.These caves often contain slow-growing chemolithotrophic microorganisms that may utilize the chemical energy from inorganic sulfur, nitrogen, or metals in minerals and trace gases, and in the process might modify cave walls by slow carbonate dissolution or secondary mineral formation.In this study, we are using metagenomics to determine the identity and genomic potential of novel S and N cycling microorganisms from the walls of two arid cave systems, and explore their roles in the cave ecosystems.The first site, Lehman Caves, Nevada, is an ancient hypogene cave that might have experienced sulfuric acid corrosion more than 10 million years ago.The second, Lechuguilla Cave, is an ancient sulfuric acid cave that formed around 4-6 million years ago.We don't expect these caves to have active sulfide oxidizing microbial populations, and instead hypothesize that, based on previous rRNA gene surveys, inorganic N compounds like ammonia and other trace gases are the primary source of energy for life in these oligotrophic settings.We initially generated two small preliminary metagenomes: one from a recent sample from Lehman Caves that generated 44 total megabase pairs (Mbp) of DNA sequence following quality filtering and trimming, and one collected more than 20 years ago from Lechuguilla Cave, which generated 219 Mbp of sequence.These metagenomes contained genes for carbon dioxide fixation, dissimilatory nitrogen oxidation, and manganese oxidation.Classification of conserved marker genes shows that they contain populations of previously undescribed microorganisms; however, they did not have sufficient depth of coverage to recover metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs).We therefore generated a larger metagenome from a second sample from Lehman Cave, and were able to recover several high-quality MAGs.We will describe the genomic potential of these novel organisms, and discuss implications for energy resources and biogeochemistry of desert caves.
Interaction effect of variety and pinching in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An investigation was carried out to study the interaction effect of different varieties of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to different levels of pinching under natural ventilated polyhouse during 2014-2015. Treatment V1P0, exhibited significantly highest plant height, number of internodes per stem and internodal length, while V4P3 showed significantly highest number of shoots per plant. Significantly minimum number of days to first flower bud initiation and days to 50 per cent flowering were recorded by V4P0, Longest duration of flowering was exhibited by V4P2, V2 P0 showed highest flower bud diameter, length of flower stalk and stalk girth, while V1P0 recorded highest bud length. Treatments V4P3 recorded highest number of flowers per plant and plot.
Local Memory, International Conflicts: Case Study of the Katyn Memorial in Jersey City, USA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Non-state actors are gaining in importance in international politics. Regions, and even cities, often initiate global activities in the field of human rights, climate change or healthcare service. The paper presents the theoretical and empirical aspects of international memory diplomacy of cities and its conflicting character. The first part of the paper indicates theoretical assumptions considering the foreign policy of non-state actors and their memory diplomacy, analysed from the perspective of the constructivist paradigm. The second part focuses on an empirical case study, namely the case of city of Jersey City and the Katyn Memorial located there.
Multiscale coupling of mesoscopic- and atomistic-level lipid bilayer simulations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A multiscale method is presented to bridge between the atomistic and mesoscopic membrane systems. The atomistic model in this case is the united atom dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine membrane system, although the method is completely general. Atomistic molecular dynamics provides the expansion modulus which is used to parametrize a mesoscopic elastic membrane model. The resulting elastic membrane model, including explicit mesoscopic solvent, shows appropriate static and dynamic undulation behaviors. Large membranes of ∼100nm in length can then be easily simulated using the mesoscopic membrane system. The critical feedback from the mesoscopic system back down to the atomistic-scale system is accomplished by bridging the stress (or surface tension) of a small region in the mesoscopic membrane to the corresponding atomistic membrane system. Because of long length-scale modes of membranes such as undulation and buckling, the local tension responds differently from the frame tension, when subjected to external perturbations. The effect of these membrane modes is shown for the stress response of a local membrane region and therefore the atomistic membrane system. In addition, certain equilibrium static and dynamic properties of stand-alone and multiscale coupled systems are presented for several different membrane sizes. Although static properties such as two-dimensional pair-correlation function and order parameters show no noticeable discrepancy for the different systems, lipid self-diffusion and the rotational relaxation of lipid dipoles have a strong dependence on the membrane size (or long-wavelength membrane motions), which is properly modeled by the present multiscale method.