jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Typification of names of American species of vascular plants proposed by Linnaeus and based on Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Neotypes are proposed for the names of ten species of American plants that Linnaeus based in whole or in part on descriptions in Loefling's Iter Hispanicum: Allionia incarnata, Allionia violacea, Ayenia tomentosa, Byttneria scabra, Krameria ixine, Lecythis ollaria, Moniera trifolia, Viola arborea, Viola calceolaria, and Viola oppositifolia. Lectotypes are proposed for the names of six species of American plants that Linnaeus based in whole or in part on descriptions in the same work: Ayenia magna, Cecropia peltata, Ellisia acuta, Jussiaea pubescens, Loranthus occidentalis, and Spermacoce strigosa. A neotype also is proposed for a Jacquin name, Hybanthus havanensis, which Linnaeus renamed as Viola hybanthus. We also argue that Laetia americana is neotypified by the type applied to the illegitimate name Laetia apetala.
Function–structure analysis of proteins using covarion-based evolutionary approaches: Elongation factors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The divergent evolution of protein sequences from genomic databases can be analyzed by the use of different mathematical models. The most common treat all sites in a protein sequence as equally variable. More sophisticated models acknowledge the fact that purifying selection generally tolerates variable amounts of amino acid replacement at different positions in a protein sequence. In their “stationary” versions, such models assume that the replacement rate at individual positions remains constant throughout evolutionary history. “Nonstationary” covarion versions, however, allow the replacement rate at a position to vary in different branches of the evolutionary tree. Recently, statistical methods have been developed that highlight this type of variation in replacement rates. Here, we show how positions that have variable rates of divergence in different regions of a tree (“covarion behavior”), coupled with analyses of experimental three-dimensional structures, can provide experimentally testable hypotheses that relate individual amino acid residues to specific functional differences in those branches. We illustrate this in the elongation factor family of proteins as a paradigm for applications of this type of analysis in functional genomics generally.
Presidential Terms in Kazakhstan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter tracks the history of changes to presidential terms and term limits of President Nazarbayev, the first and only president of post-Soviet Kazakhstan. We show that the length of presidential terms was changed by Nazarbayev to ensure his longevity in an evolving political situation. He successfully avoided elections when opposition was more consolidated while maintaining plausible periodicity of contests. The two-term limit was manipulated by various means, including a referendum, new constitution, and ultimately exemption from term limits for the First President. These manipulations were enabled by gradual consolidation of Nazarbayev’s regime, which is now marked by nearly total control over the political space. Elections serve as a decorum deployed tactically to ensure symbolic democratic continuity and offer no realistic prospect of unseating the incumbent president.
Real-time alignment and reconstruction: performance and recent developments at the LHCb experiment

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The LHCb detector is a single-arm forward spectrometer designed for the efficient reconstruction decays of c- and b-hadrons. LHCb has introduced a novel real-time detector alignment and calibration strategy for LHC Run II. Data collected at the start of the fill are processed in a few minutes and used to update the alignment, while the calibration constants are evaluated for each run. This is one of the key elements which allow the reconstruction quality of the software trigger in Run-II, which fully includes the particle identification selection criteria, to be as good as the offline quality of Run-I. This approach greatly increases the efficiency, in particular for the selection of charm and strange hadron decays. We discuss strategy and performance of this novel approach, followed by a presentation of the recent developments implemented for the 2017 run of data taking, and with the performance and reconstruction quality achieved by the LHCb experiment in LHC Run-II.
Adult BMI Change and Risk of Colon Cancer in Postmenopausal Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose . We recently reported an association of adult BMI change with colon cancer risk. Here, we sought to further explore this association with respect to postmenopausal HRT use in a larger study population. Methods . We included 1,457 postmenopausal women participating in an ongoing population-based case-control study of colon cancer. Results . We confirmed a previously reported association of adulthood weight gain and increased risk of colon cancer: compared to those with <5 kg/m 2 change of BMI, women who reported moderate (5–10 kg/m 2 ) and large (>10 kg/m 2 ) BMI changes since their 20s had OR estimates of 1.54 (95% CI = 1.09–2.19) and 1.45 (95% CI = 0.90–2.33), respectively ( P for trend = 0.05). Stratified analyses showed that this association was limited to HRT nonusers: ORs were 1.77 (95% CI = 1.02–3.05) and 2.21 (95% CI = 1.09–4.45), respectively ( P for trend = 0.03), for BMI changes occurring between the 20s decade and time of recruitment among non-users. Similar associations were observed for BMI changes since the 30s decade. There was no association among HRT users. Conclusion . Our results suggest early adulthood weight gain increases colon cancer risk in postmenopausal women who do not use HRT.
Effect of estradiol on biochemical bone metabolism markers in dairy cows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism (BBM) are products of bone tissue formation and resorption that escape to blood and urine where we can measure them. Biochemical markers of bone tissue formation (for instance bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP)) are products of osteoblast activity and biochemical markers of bone tissue resorption (for instance C terminal telopeptide crosslinks of collagen 1 (CTx)) are by products of osteoclast activity. Markers of bone metabolism can indicate if bone metabolism is more anabolic, catabolic or in general more or less active (Allen, 2003; Christenson, 1997). In high producing dairy cows there are tremendous changes in Ca requirements in the so called transition period when cows go from dry period into lactation. We expect increased catabolic bone metabolism at the beginning of lactation as absorbable Ca demand suddenly increases from about 20 g to around 60 g or more per day in high yielding cows because of colostrum and milk production concurrent with a relatively low dry matter (nutrient) intake. A significant proportion of dairy cows are not successful in maintaining normocalcaemia at the beginning of lactation and they develop subclinical hypocalcaemia with all negative effects on health, welfare and production or progress toclinical hypocalcaemia, so called milk fever (Goff, 2000). BBM have been detected in dairy cattle (Filipovic et al., 2008; Holtenius and Ekelund, 2005; Iwama, 2004; Liesegang et al., 2000; Starič, 2012). Studies suggest that BBM can be used as a prepartum tool to predict if a cow is going to have milk fever after calving (Starič, 2010).
Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Crohn's disease in children and adolescents.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Between 1971 and 1980 34 children (18 boys and 16 girls) were diagnosed as having Crohn's disease in Orebro county, Sweden, corresponding to a yearly incidence of 6.1 and a prevalence of 41 per 100,000 children. Classical gastrointestinal symptoms were common, but initially only five patients presented with extraintestinal symptoms and had a normal ESR. Of the patients 13 have only been treated medically and 21 have been operated on. Nine of the children have had a quiescent course, whereas 13 had a recurrent and 11 a chronic course. Most of the children have a good quality of life, which we think is the result of a carefully individualized therapy. One child died.
Effects of Cutting Height and Trampling over Stubbles of the First Crop on Dry Matter Yield in Twice Harvesting of Forage Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We examined the effects of cutting height and trampling over stubbles of the first crop on dry matter yield in twice harvesting of forage rice Oryza sativa L., Tachiaoba and Taporuri. Dry matter yield of the second crop, after the first harvest at the full-heading stage, increased with increasing cutting height. However, the dry matter yield of the first crop decreased with increasing cutting height. Overall, total dry matter yield did not vary with the cutting height. Dry matter yield and its components of the second crop were not greatly affected by the trampling treatment. At cutting heights of 15 and 5 cm from the base, the number of tillers developed from unelongated nodes was increased by the trampling treatment. Thus, although the number of tillers developed from the elongated nodes was decreased after the trampling treatment, the decrease is compensated for by the increased number of tillers from unelongated nodes.
MaRIE Injector Test-Stand Instrumentation & Control System Conceptual Design

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has defined a signature science facility Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes (MaRIE) that builds on the existing Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) facility to provide unique experimental tools to develop next-generation materials that will perform predictably and on demand for currently unattainable lifetimes in extreme environments. At its core a new 42 keV XFEL will be coupled with a MW class proton accelerator. While the larger MaRIE project is working on a pre-conceptual design a smaller LANL team is working on an injector test-stand to be constructed at LANL in the course of preparation for MaRIE. The test stand will consist of a photo injector and an initial accelerating section with a bunch compression section. The goal of this facility will be to carry out studies that will determine optimal design parameters for the prototype injector, and to facilitate a direct demonstration of the required beam characteristics for MaRIE. This paper will give a brief overview of the proposed MaRIE facility and present the conceptual design for the injector test stand with the focus on the instrumentation and control system.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS: PRENATAL DIAGNOSTICS AND NOVEL CONCEPTION OF MEDICAL HELP TO NEWBORNS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Current views on basic prenatal diagnostics techniques, as ultrasound, maternal serum biochemical markers (alpha fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol), and fetal biologic material (chorionic villus sampling, placenta, amniotic liquid, fetal blood), obtained with invasive techniques (chorion biopsy, amniocentesis, cordocentesis), its' efficacy and possible practical application are given in the article. These new conception announce to consolidate three branches providing maternal and children — welfare should consolidate maternal welfare outpatient clinics, maternal hospital and newborn surgery hospital — into one institute, thus allowing to success work of all stages, to avoid transportation and late surgical treatment, to reduce lethal outcomes following surgical treatment of congenital malformations. Primary results of implementation of this conception are presented in the article.
Key words: prenatal diagnostics, newborns, congenital mal formations, prevention and prophylactics, diagnostics.
An experimental study on high-pressure pulsed sprays for efficient management of high heat fluxes for moderate area devices

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work showcases an experimental sub-saturation spray cooling setup for a range of heat fluxes from 0.93 W/cm 2 to 4.66 W/cm 2 . The system consists of a 12" Aluminum square heat source unit with 28 embedded 1800 W cartridge heaters. An external high-pressure air tank provides the system with spraying pressures ranging from 500 to 3000 Psi. User-defined control algorithms command four piezoelectric actuated injectors allowing for the manipulation of the spray frequency, duration, duty cycle, and coordination between multiple piezo-injectors. Thus far, experiments in the horizontal configuration have shown that at 60°C, surface temperatures for all heat fluxes prove difficult to control. At 90°C, however, successful results show that heat fluxes of 1.86 W/cm 2 and 2.79 W/cm 2 are sustainable. Conducting experiments at aggressive power loads and surface temperatures significantly below saturation intro-duce spray-pooling, coolant pools which inhibit the evaporation rate, significantly diminishing the spray cooling efficiency. To counteract this effect, additional experiments were performed in a vertical configuration to avoid the pooling of non-evaporated coolant and enhance the heat transfer through the falling film. The results show surface temperature control for 60°C and 90°C within 6°C of the average surface temperature for heat fluxes up to 0.93 W/cm 2 and 3.72 W/cm 2 , respectively.
10.1063/1.5139534.7

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the dynamics of a drop containing a single solid particle impacting on a solid surface. The particle rebounds through the drop during impact and can separate from the deposited liquid above an impact velocity threshold. We show that this threshold can be predicted by a simple energy balance. Moreover, we discover a new type of liquid jetting ejected above the particle faster than the impact velocity. We demonstrate that this jetting is due to the focusing effect of the liquid on the solid substrate below the rebounding particle. Although the wetting properties of the particle have a minor effect on the separation threshold, they play a key role in the liquid jetting by affecting the immersion depth of the particle at the time of impact.
Diagnosis of Intelligent Reflecting Surface in Millimeter-Wave Communication Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a promising technology for enhancing wireless communication systems. It adaptively configures massive passive reflecting elements to control wireless channel in a desirable way. Due to hardware characteristics and deploying environments, an IRS may be subject to reflecting element blockages and failures, and hence developing diagnostic techniques is of great significance to system monitoring and maintenance. In this paper, we develop diagnostic techniques for IRS systems to locate faulty reflecting elements and retrieve failure parameters. Three cases of channel state information (CSI) availability are considered. In the first case where full CSI is available, a compressed sensing based diagnostic technique is proposed, which significantly reduces the required number of measurements. In the second case where only partial CSI is available, we jointly exploit the sparsity of the millimeter-wave channel and the failure, and adopt compressed sparse and low-rank matrix recovery algorithm to decouple channel and failure. In the third case where no CSI is available, a novel atomic norm is introduced as the sparsity-inducing norm of the cascaded channel, and the diagnosis problem is formulated as a joint sparse recovery problem. Finally, the proposed diagnostic techniques are validated through numerical simulations.
The effect of telerehabilitation on early outcomes in patients undergoing primary total knee replacement: A prospective randomized study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background/Aim: The continuity of rehabilitation is a problem after arthroplasty operations. There is a need for accessible rehabilitation programs for patients. The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in knee functions and patients' quality of life between patients doing home telerehabilitation and home rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 90 patients, between June 2019 and January 2021. Patients are divided into three groups. Patients in group 1 are told to continue with the daily routine exercises which began in hospital. Group 2 patients got an information message to their mobile phones every day for the first month, reminding them of their postoperative exercises, whereas patients in group 3 are called by mobile phone for the same reminding. All patients participating in the study were evaluated by completing the Universities of Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, the Knee Society Clinical Evaluation System (KSS), the Barthel Index (BI) and the Quality of Life Scale Short Form 36 (SF-36) preoperatively and in the first and third months postoperatively, and the differences between the groups based on these scores were evaluated.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in WOMAC between the groups regarding first-month and third-month postoperatively (P=0.004 and P
An Unusual Case of Cushing's Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

THIS report describes a patient with Cushing's syndrome who presented two unusual manifestations. In the first place, it is generally accepted that one of the cardinal features of Cushing's syndrome is the inability of small doses of dexamethasone or other potent corticosteroids to suppress endogenous adrenocortical function, as assessed by measurement of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS).1 In this patient, however, both laboratory and clinical evidence of a suppressive response was observed. In addition, she was unusual in that the disorder was associated with radiologic evidence of pituitary enlargement.Case ReportA 26-year-old single woman was admitted to the . . .
Broadband luminescence of Ni 2+ ‐doped Zn(Ga x Al 1− x ) 2 O 4 ‐based glass–ceramics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Ni 2+ ‐doped glass–ceramics containing Zn(Ga x Al x −1 ) 2 O 4 crystals were successfully synthetized using both parent glass crystallization (Technique 1) and a direct doping method also called “frozen sorbet” (Technique 2) to get a ZnGa 2 O 4 crystal/glass composite. The frozen sorbet technique allows the survival of ∼10 nm crystalline particles. Both materials are further crystallized near their respective temperature of crystallization to get glass–ceramics with the stabilization of Zn(Ga x Al x −1 ) 2 O 4 crystals. Although these two materials exhibit the same glass transition temperature, a shift in the crystallization temperature is observed. The glass–ceramics are transparent in the near infrared range, and the Ni 2+ doping provides a broadband emission centered around 1300 nm with a full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) equal to 228 nm. The structure, microstructure, and thermal and optical properties of these materials are discussed in the present study.
Changes in Hexokinase Activity inEchinochloa phyllopogon and Echinochloa crus-pavonis in Response to Abiotic Stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Hexokinase (HXK; EC 2.7.1.1) regulates carbohydrate entry into glycolysis and is known to be a sensor for sugar-responsive gene expression. The effect of abiotic stresses on HXK activity was determined in seedlings of the flood-tolerant plant Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stev.) Koss and the flood-intolerant plant Echinochloa crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schult grown aerobically for 5 d before being subjected to anaerobic, chilling, heat, or salt stress. HXK activity was stimulated in shoots of E. phyllopogononly by anaerobic stress. HXK activity was only transiently elevated inE. crus-pavonis shoots during anaerobiosis. In roots of both species, anoxia and chilling stimulated HXK activity. Thus, HXK is not a general stress protein but is specifically induced by anoxia and chilling in E. phyllopogon and E. crus-pavonis. In both species HXK exhibited an optimum pH between 8.5 and 9.0, but the range was extended to pH 7.0 in air-grownE. phyllopogon to 6.5 in N2-grown E. phyllopogon. At physiologically relevant pHs (6.8 and 7.3, N2 and O2 conditions, respectively), N2-grown seedlings retained greater HXK activity at the lower pH. The pH response suggests that in N2-grown seedlings HXK can function in a more acidic environment and that a specific isozyme may be important for regulating glycolytic activity during anaerobic metabolism in E. phyllopogon.
[Dependence of the pump function of the isolated rat heart on the functional activity of sigma receptors during reperfusion].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pre-treatment of the sigma-receptor with the sigma-receptor agonist (+)-SKF 10.047 improved the reperfusion recovery of cardiac pump function. The sigma-receptor activation, among other effects, prevented the reperfusion contracture, increased pressure in the left ventricle, and improved survival of cardiomyocytes after ischemia/reperfusion. Pre-treatment with the sigma-receptor antagonist DuP 734 augmented the reperfusion systolic dysfunction of the myocardium and prevented postischemic contractures and cardiac cell lesions. Activation of the cardiac sigma-receptor seems to prompt an augmentation of tolerance to the reperfusion damage.
EXAMINING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Neurons respond selectively to stimuli, and thereby define a code that associates stimuli with population response patterns. Certain correlations within population responses (noise correlations) significantly impact the information content of the code, especially in large populations. Understanding the neural code thus necessitates response models that quantify the coding properties of modelled populations, while fitting large-scale neural recordings and capturing noise correlations. In this paper we propose a class of response model based on mixture models and exponential families. We show how to fit our models with expectation-maximization, and that they capture diverse variability and covariability in recordings of macaque primary visual cortex. We also show how they facilitate accurate Bayesian decoding, provide a closed-form expression for the Fisher information, and are compatible with theories of probabilistic population coding. Our framework could allow researchers to quantitatively validate the predictions of neural coding theories against both large-scale neural recordings and cognitive performance.
Barriers to women's expertise in cultural sector

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In today's world there is an obvious imbalance between women's social role and their tangible social position, despite the eminent influence they have on all aspects of social, scientific, cultural, economic and other public activities. Different studies show that they are unable to ascend in their public roles and their public influence is slowly but surely diminishing. Even the cultural sector, which is routinely perceived as 'feminized' environment, is characterized by under- representation of women in management and governing structures. Liberal in outlook and egalitarian in character, cultural organizations often employ large portion of the female workforce, and hence have perfect conditions for aspiring women to become leaders in their fields of expertise. Studies, however, show that women are significantly under-represented at the top of the most prestigious cultural institutions. Throughout history, multiple cultural, political and structural barriers continue to handicap women in their fight for acceptance and recognition. This paper analyzes the barriers which prevent women from ascending to leading positions in their fields of expertise.