jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Sloughing of Unconsolidated Sand

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The sloughing of unconsolidated river sand (porosity about 50%, permeability 45 darcys) was measured with several kinds of liquids. These were water, CMC solutions, bentonite dispersions and bentonite-CMC dispersions.The results obtained were as follows:1. Water has a severe sloughing effect upon the unconsolidated sand.2. Bentonite dispersions of high concentration (8%) reduce the amount of sloughing considerably but are not completely effective. When CMC is added to this dispersion, it becomes completely effective but is not economical.3. CMC solutions are fairly effective in preventing sloughing but the effectiveness varies with type of the CMC.4. When the most effective type of CMC is used, the concentration to prevent sloughing is comparatively high (0.1-0.5%), so that these CMC solutions are not economical.5. Bentonite dispersions of low concentration (2%) plus CMC (0.07%) are both effective in preventing the sloughing and are economical.6. Sands those were previously wet have a stronger tendency to slough than do dry sands.7. Sands which contain dispersed clay have a weaker tendency to slough than do sands not containing clay.
3,5‐Bis(n‐perfluorooctyl)benzyltriethylammonium Bromide (F‐TEBA): An Efficient, Easily Recoverable Fluorous Catalyst for Solid‐Liquid PTC Reactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A readily available 3,5‐bis(perfluorooctyl)benzyl bromide and triethylamine were reacted under mild conditions to give 3,5‐bis( n ‐perfluorooctyl)benzyltriethylammonium bromide ( F‐TEBA ), an analogue of the versatile phase‐transfer catalyst, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBA), containing two fluorous ponytails. This perfluoroalkylated quaternary ammonium salt was successfully employed as a catalyst in a variety of reactions run under solid‐liquid phase‐transfer catalysis (SL‐PTC) conditions. Thus, being both hydrophobic and lipophobic, F‐TEBA could be quickly recovered in quantitative yields, and reused without loss of activity over several reaction cycles.
Modeling calendar spread options

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to derive a new option pricing model for options on futures calendar spreads. Calendar spread option volume has been low and a more precise model to price them could lead to lower bid-ask spreads as well as more accurate marking to market of open positions. Design/methodology/approach The new option pricing model is a two-factor model with the futures price and the convenience yield as the two factors. The key assumption is that convenience follows arithmetic Brownian motion. The new model and alternative models are tested using corn futures prices. The testing considers both the accuracy of distributional assumptions and the accuracy of the models’ predictions of historical payoffs. Findings Panel unit root tests fail to reject the unit root null hypothesis for historical calendar spreads and thus they support the assumption of convenience yield following arithmetic Brownian motion. Option payoffs are estimated with five different models and the relative performance of the models is determined using bias and root mean squared error. The new model outperforms the four other models; most of the other models overestimate actual payoffs. Research limitations/implications The model is parameterized using historical data due to data limitations although future research could consider implied parameters. The model assumes that storage costs are constant and so it cannot separate between negative convenience yield and mismeasured storage costs. Practical implications The over 30-year search for a calendar spread pricing model has not produced a satisfactory model. Current models that do not assume cointegration will overprice calendar spread options. The model used by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for marking to market of open positions is shown to work poorly. The model proposed here could be used as a basis for automated trading on calendar spread options as well as marking to market of open positions. Originality/value The model is new. The empirical work supports both the model’s assumptions and its predictions as being more accurate than competing models.
Plant Growth‐Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Assisted Phytoremediation of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants Including Amelioration of Perturbed Marginal Soils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and sustainable technology used to clean up pollutants from soils and waters. Although plants are naturally capable of absorbing metals and degrading organic molecules, often, the presence of contaminants causes suffering and limited growth. Here rhizospheric microorganisms come into play. Thanks to the production of specific root exudates, plants can engage the most suitable bacteria able to support their growth according to the particular environmental stress. These Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo bacteria (PGPR) may facilitate plant growth and development with several beneficial effects, even more, evident when plants are grown in critical environmental conditions such as the presence of toxic contaminants. Metal phytotoxicity constitutes an essential factor preventing phytoremediation from happening. PGPR may alleviate this adverse outcome by altering metal bioavailability in soil and increasing metal translocation within the plant. Since many of the PGPRs are also hydrocarbon oxidizers, they are also able to support and enhance plant biodegradation activity. The loss of soil fertility caused by unsustainable agricultural practices represents a severe global problem causing the abandonment of lands that have become "marginal" and push people to undertake dangerous migrations. Instead of expensive inorganic fertilizers that negatively impact the environment, PGPRs can become a valuable support to counteract the devastating effects of abiotic stresses such as excessive salinity and drought.
Release the entrepreneurial hostages from your corporate hierarchy

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As competitive pressures increase, top‐level managers in many companies have recognized the need to rebuild initiative, creativity, and drive in the front‐line units of their organizations. Under the banner of “inverting the pyramid,” they delayered and destaffed, and invested significant amounts of money and management time to cascade the message of empowerment throughout their companies. Yet, in most instances, after the dust settled, they found that how the company functioned did not change because the behaviors of its people did not change.
Cool covered sky-splitting spectrum-splitting FK

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Placing a plane mirror between the primary lens and the receiver in a Fresnel Köhler (FK) concentrator gives birth to a quite different CPV system where all the high-tech components sit on a common plane, that of the primary lens panels. The idea enables not only a thinner device (a half of the original) but also a low cost 1-step manufacturing process for the optics, automatic alignment of primary and secondary lenses, and cell/wiring protection. The concept is also compatible with two different techniques to increase the module efficiency: spectrum splitting between a 3J and a BPC Silicon cell for better usage of Direct Normal Irradiance DNI, and sky splitting to harvest the energy of the diffuse radiation and higher energy production throughout the year. Simple calculations forecast the module would convert 45% of the DNI into electricity.
Multiresolution particle filters in image processing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recursively estimating the likelihood of a set of parameters, given a series of observations, is a common problem in signal processing. The particle filter is now a well-known alternative to the Kalman filter. It represents the likelihood as a set of samples with associated weights and so can approximate any distribution. It can be applied to problems where the process model and/or measurement model is non-linear. We apply the particle filter to the problem of estimating the structure of a scene from n views of that scene, by applying the particle filter across image resolutions
Soft body cutting simulation based on a new tetrahedralization method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A finite element method is used to simulate the deformation of soft body. The crucial procedure of cutting simulation is the geometry remeshing. During remeshing, the inner topologie consistence need be considered. Previously, a large number sub-tetrahedral is used to avoid the consistence problem or an additional algorithm is used to check and adjust the geometry to keep its consistence. In this paper we present a novel method with minimal elements to guarantee the geometry consistence during tetrahedralization. And when the edge cut is close to an existing node, then just split the node instead of cutting the edge, which avoids small tetrahedra generated and significantly improves the stability of numeric solution.
CONSCIOUSNESS FOR THE OUROBOROS MODEL

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The Ouroboros Model features a biologically inspired cognitive architecture. At its core lies a self-referential recursive process with alternating phases of data acquisition and evaluation. Memory entries are organized in schemata. The activation at a time of part of a schema biases the whole structure and, in particular, missing features, thus triggering expectations. An iterative recursive monitor process termed "consumption analysis" is then checking how well such expectations fit with successive activations. Mismatches between anticipations based on previous experience and actual current data are highlighted and used for controlling the allocation of attention. In case no directly fitting filler for an open slot is found, activation spreads more widely and includes data relating to the actor, and Higher-Order Personality Activation, HOPA, ensues. It is briefly outlined how the Ouroboros Model produces many diverse characteristics and thus addresses established criteria for consciousness. Coarse-grained relationships to selected previous conceptualizations of consciousness and a sketch of how the Ouroboros Model could shed light on current research themes in artificial general intelligence and consciousness conclude this paper.
Outlook for the marine container shipping industry part ii : shipping microeconomics - the new generation of vessels and the implications

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Maersk’s announcement of orders for 18,000TEU ships was a clear signal to declare war by increasing their market share and driving out smaller players. The perceived cost savings associated with the ever increasing size of containerships could be an effective ‘game changer’. The size increment of containerships is a trend that major container shipping companies cannot ignore to compete effectively. With today’s order book dominated by vessels above 10,000TEU, there is an increasing concern regarding the implications of these super post-Panamax vessels on the container shipping industry. Many studies have been done on the challenges posed by the ever larger containerships to ports and terminals. This paper will explore how the new generation of containerships can alter the landscape of the shipping industry through the study of inter-company interactions; in terms of competition and cooperation. Qualitative field research was done to support and fulfil the objectives of this report. Insights were gleaned from liner companies in the mix of market leader, challenger and follower. Non-biased opinions were also collected from consulting firms and research teams. Following the new generation of containerships, big vessels will displace small vessels across all ship sizes in all trade routes and add complexities to secondary trade lanes. It will also present a fierce price war that will cause the whole liner industry to be worse off in terms of profitability. As part of a vicious cycle, the viability of these vessels is largely unclear and gloomy. Consolidation of services is required to achieve slot cost savings, high sailing frequency, global coverage and high fleet utilisation. Companies that have not upgraded to vessels of competitive size and left outside the quasi-consolidations become uncompetitive. Hence, the survival strategy for smaller companies is to focus on their niche markets in the midst of the intense competition. With the intense competition acting as the backdrop, the stage is only set for big players like Maersk, alliances like G6, dedicated niche market player like Wan Hai or corporate failure.
Heat Budget Analysis of Light Thin Layer Green Roof Planted with Zoysia japonica

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

본 연구는 저관리 경량형 옥상녹화의 열수지를 정량화하기 위하여 모의실험을 수행하였다. 콘크리트블록을 이용하여 가로 $1.2m{\times}$세로 $1.2m{\times}$높이 1m의 모의실험구 2개를 제작하여 하나는 한국잔디를 식재한 토심 10cm의 옥상녹화 실험구로 하였으며, 옥상녹화를 실시하지 않은 나머지 하나는 대조구로 하였다. 2012년 6월 6일~7일에 기온, 상대습도, 풍향, 풍속 등 외부 기상환경, 증발산량, 옥상녹화와 대조구인 콘크리트의 표면과 천장면의 온도, 열류량, 열수지를 측정하였다. 6일과 7일의 일최고기온은 각각 $29.4^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$로 초여름 날씨로는 매우 무더웠다. 6일과 7일의 일증발산량은 각각 $2,686.1g/m^2$과 $3,312.8g/m^2$이었으며, 일사량이 증가함에 따라 증발산량도 증가하였다. 외부 기온이 가장 높은 시간일 때의 옥상녹화 표면과 대조구 표면의 온도차이를 비교해 보면 대조구 표면이 $5.5^{\circ}C$(6일)와 $2.2^{\circ}C$(7일) 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 옥상녹화 천장과 대조구 천장의 온도차이를 비교해 보면 $13.1^{\circ}C$(6일)와 $14.2^{\circ}C$(7일)로 나타나 옥상녹화에 의한 실내온도저감효과가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 옥상녹화와 대조구인 콘크리트 표면의 열수지를 분석한 결과, 옥상녹화는 순복사량과 잠열량이 많은 비율을 차지하고 있었으나 대조구는 현열량과 전도열량의 비율이 높았다. 즉, 옥상녹화는 한국잔디와 식재토양에 의한 증발산으로 열을 식혀주는 잠열의 비율이 높은 반면에 대조구인 콘크리트 표면은 식물이 식재되어 있지 않기 때문에 열을 식혀주는 잠열은 $0W/m^2$인 반면에 주위 온도를 증가시키는 현열량과 건물내로 전달되는 전도열량의 비율이 높아 표면과 천장면의 온도를 상승시켰다. 본 연구는 옥상녹화의 온도저감과 열수지 해석을 시도했다는 점에서는 매우 의의가 크다고 할 수 있지만, 옥상녹화는 토심과 토양배합비, 식물종, 계절 등 여러 변수에 따라 온도저감효과가 다르게 나타날 수 있기 때문에 이에 대한 후속연구가 필요하다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal environment and heat budget of light thin layer green roof through an experiment in order to quantify its heat budget. Two concrete model boxes($1.2m(W){\times}1.2m(D){\times}1.0m(H)$) were constructed: One experiment box with Zoysia japonica planted on substrate depth of 10cm and one control box without any plant. Between June 6th and 7th, 2012, outside climatic conditions(air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed), evapotranspiration, surface and ceiling temperature, heat flux, and heat budget of the boxes were measured. Daily maximum temperature of those two days was $29.4^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, and daily evapotranspiration was $2,686.1g/m^2$ and $3,312.8g/m^2$, respectively. It was found that evapotranspiration increased as the quantity of solar radiation increased. A surface and ceiling temperature of those two boxes was compared when outside air temperature was the greatest. and control box showed a greater temperature in both cases. Thus it was found that green roof was effective in reducing temperature. As results of heat budget analysis, heat budget of a green roof showed a greater proportion of net radiation and latent heat while heat budget of the control box showed a greater proportion of sensible heat and conduction heat. The significance of this study was to analyze heat budget of green roof temperature reduction. As substrate depth and types, species and seasonal changes may have influences on temperature reduction of green roof, further study is necessary.
Research‐informed counselling and psychotherapy: A training and accreditation agenda

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Training and accreditation standards play a critical role in the development of a research‐informed agenda. This commentary on Barkham et al. ( Counselling and Psychotherapy Research , 2024) discusses obstacles to fully integrating research into the training and standard agendas, and the potential role that the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) can play in helping to overcome such obstacles. Knowledge of research evidence is currently limited in training and accreditation standards for counselling and psychotherapy, and course tutors are often not familiar—or engaged—with research findings. In the development of professional standards (for instance, within SCoPEd), the BACP should work to ensure that research competencies are comprehensive, contemporary and explained in a granular manner. Further helpful developments might include an annual research‐oriented conference for trainers and clinical supervisors, a journal dedicated to disseminating research and good practice in training and clinical supervision and/or a training/clinical supervision research network to coordinate activities in these area. BACP events—across all elements of the profession—should strive to address issues of research awareness and participation, and the use of research to inform practice. Critically, across all of these possibilities, BACP's Research Department, alone, cannot be left to support moves to a research‐informed profession. Rather, an organisation‐wide initiative is needed in which appreciation of the research evidence is at the heart of all aspects of the Association's work.
Ethical Consumption, Consumer Self-Governance, and the Later Foucault

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the later work of Michel Foucault on ethics, freedom, and self-governance as it applies to the ethics of consumption and to new ethical consumerist movements such as fair-trade coffee. Foucault's emphasis on practices of the self helps elucidate the virtue ethics involved in consumption choices. Ethical consumption is cast as a set of practices of self-development: through critical activity and the quest for freedom, persons seek to transform themselves to live in reciprocal relationships with other persons and nature. This requires public deliberation and collective action to effect change within ourselves and our practical systems of consumption and production.
The Current Situation of Tourism and its outlook in The Historic Village of Shirakawa-go, The World Heritage

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After registered as The World Heritage, more than a million of tourists visit The Historic Village of Shirakawa-go every years as one of the many sigh seeing destinations. Although the outbreak of tourists has benefited the host community, it has given some negative impact to the local livings. Through the survey of the tourists and residents, it has been clarified that halt of the tourists have negative impressions at the current circumstance and their impression is closer to that of residents who don't work for the souvenir shops, restaurants and tourists inn. This validates a need to create new type of tourism, which enables one to experience and understand the heritage and culture of the community.
ENTERAL TUBE FEEDING AFTER SURGERY FOR UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCIESIVE STUDY0

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with major upper gastrointestinal (UGI) resections that were made nil by mouth for 7-10 days postoperatively with pre-existing weight loss and depleted energy reserves in addition to increased metabolic rate needs nutritional support which serves to shorten the postoperative recovery phase and minimizes the number of complications. This may be supplemented by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) which is not available in our hospitals for over a decade. This problem led us to use a feeding jejunostomy tube after major resections for UGI malignancies. This is a prospective study conducted between May 1999 and December 2004 at First Surgical Unit, Basrah General Hospital. The study aimed to examine the efficacy of Enteral Tube Feeding (ETF) as a method of nutritional support in patients with major resections for UGI malignancies. A total of 76 patients, 42 males and 34 females. Mean age, 50 years (range, 27-72 years) underwent major UGI resections for gastric(64), oesophageal (10) and pancreatic(2) malignancies. ETF lasted for 12-41 days with diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort were the major complications in 14 and 8 patients respectively. .Diarrhoeal tolerance was established in 12 out of 14 patients and controlled in the other two by antidiarrhoeal drugs. There were improved body weight and serum albumin level after ETF and no septic complications or related mortality. ETF is a safe, feasible, cost effective, with few controllable complications rendering it a satisfactory alternative to total parenteral nutrition.
Metabolic Rate Prediction in Young and Old Men by Heart Rate, Ambient Temperature, Weight and Body Fat Percentage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metabolic Rate Prediction in Young and Old Men by Heart Rate, Ambient Temperature, Weight and Body Fat Percentage: Satoru UENO, et al . National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health— Objectives An estimation of metabolic rate (MR) is needed to determine wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) reference values in order to reduce heat strain in physical workers. The aim of this study was to develop MR prediction equation for younger and older men in hot working environments. Methods We measured the MR and heart rate (HR) of both younger and older men at ambient temperatures (T a ) of 25, 30 and 35°C while they cycled on a bicycle ergometer at a workload of 30, 45 and 60% of maximal oxygen uptake . (V ). Seven younger male university students aged O 2max 22.9 ± 0.7 (mean ± SD) years and seven older male workers aged 61.7 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) years participated in this study. MR, HR and rectal temperature (T re ) were measured during the study. HR, ambient temperature (T a ), body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BF) served as predictors of MR using multivariate analysis. To increase the MR prediction accuracy, the following three alternative predictors of HR were used: HR res , calculated as 100 × [(HR − resting HR) / (maximal HR − resting HR)]; HR net , calculated as (HR − resting HR); and HR i , calculated as (HR / resting HR). Results The R 2 value indicated that the models with HR or res HR were more accurate than those with HRor HR. net i T a had a significantly positive correlation with MR in older men. BW had a significantly positive correlation with MR in both younger and older men, and BF had a significantly negative correlation with MR in both younger and older men. Conclusions HR or HR res net enabled more accurate MR prediction than HR. BW and BF would increase the accuracy of MR prediction.
Presentation of Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis with Symptomatic Solitary Bone Metastasis. A Case Report with Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metastatic bone lesions are exceptional at diagnosis in germ cell tumors (GCTs). Bone involvement is usually a late event combined with synchronous metastasis in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, lung and liver. Bone examination is not considered a standard procedure in the staging of GCTs, and this may contribute to underestimation of the real proportion of bone metastases. Here we report a case of nonseminomatous GCT of the testis with a synchronous, symptomatic, solitary pubic bone metastasis that was completely controlled by systemic chemotherapy and locoregional radiation therapy. Solitary bone metastases from GCTs seem to be chemosensitive and radiosensitive, but we do not know their prognostic value. We reviewed the literature where 3 similar cases have been reported. We propose individualized management for symptomatic GCT patients including bone scintigraphy and/or PET examination at diagnosis and a combined cytotoxic approach with chemotherapy and radiation therapy