jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Why Linear (and Piecewise Linear) Models Often Successfully Describe Complex Non-Linear Economic and Financial Phenomena: A Fuzzy-Based Explanation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Economic and financial phenomena are highly complex and non-linear. However, surprisingly, in many cases, these phenomena are accurately described by linear models -- or, sometimes, by piecewise linear ones. In this paper, we show that fuzzy techniques can explain the unexpected efficiency of linear and piecewise linear models: namely, we show that a natural fuzzy-based precisiation of imprecise ("fuzzy") expert knowledge often leads to linear and piecewise linear models.\nWe also discuss which expert-motivated nonlinear models should be used to get a more accurate description of economic and financial phenomena.
Ensuring human rights in the process of reforming Ukraine's law enforcement system: compliance with international standards and European experience

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes the reform process of Ukraine’s law enforcement system in the context of ensuring human rights and aligning it with European standards. The reform of the law enforcement agencies, including the National Police, the Security Service of Ukraine, the prosecutor’s offices, and other specially created law enforcement bodies, is one of the key challenges on Ukraine’s path to democratic transformation and European integration. The focus is on the necessity of adhering to the principles of legality, proportionality, transparency, and accountability in the activities of law enforcement agencies, which are crucial for protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens and restoring public trust in the justice system. The article emphasizes that reforming these structures requires not only technical changes but also a profound shift in the culture of human rights observance. The article also discusses the right to a fair trial and the need to strengthen judicial independence and professionalism, which are essential for impartial case consideration and adherence to the right to a fair trial. The reform must integrate measures to enhance the independence of judges and ensure their appropriate professional level and moral resilience. Furthermore, the article analyzes international legal instruments, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, as fundamental bases for reforming law enforcement agencies in many countries. The study also highlights the importance of the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, which outline the international standards for the use of force and firearms. The article concludes that the successful reform of Ukraine’s law enforcement system requires a comprehensive approach that incorporates institutional and cultural changes. The experience of European countries, such as Poland and Lithuania, demonstrates the necessity of extensive retraining of law enforcement personnel with a focus on human rights and the development of civic culture.
GA and ACO-based Hybrid Approach for Continuous Optimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an hybrid algorithm based on genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization for continuous optimization, which combines the global exploration ability of the former with the local exploiting ability of the later.The proposed algorithm is evaluated on several benchmark functions.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs quite well and outperforms classical ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm for continuous optimization, which efficiently balances two contradictory aspects of its performance: exploration and exploitation.
Co-optimization of safety, quality and legislation: opening Pandora’s box?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Current scientific practices and legal reality are discussed related to process modeling of food quality. Historically, microbial safety was the focus, using simple first-order kinetics, known as the D-z concept. The impressive safety record of heated processed foods made this the standard in every food engineering textbook, and adopted by food safety authorities. However, procedures are empirically adjusted to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life. Points of criticism are: i) more advanced models and computational methods allow for better optimization, ii) too strong a focus on fitting experimental results rather than on predictive power of models, iii) choice of process targets and emerging targets, iv) new preservation technologies have a hard time to prove themselves when heating remains the legal bench mark, v) nutritional value, organoleptic properties, sustainability demand more attention nowadays. In conclusion, models for co-optimization of relevant quality attributes should become the focus rather than only safety; legal rules should be revisited.
Raging for Liberative Reconciliation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract While anger is generally viewed as problematic, for oppressed communities like Dalits and African Americans, it plays a key role in asserting their agency and dignity. While these two communities with many similarities and interactions have challenged oppressive structures in multiple ways, anger, arising, not from hatred (as it has often been misunderstood and misrepresented), but from discomfort and dissatisfaction about their condition, has been an important means of fighting against systems that render them vulnerable and expendable. Keeping this in mind, this essay seeks to identify prophetic anger in Dalit and Black theologies and argue that rage is essential to work towards liberative and emancipatory reconciliation rooted in self-love.
Sustainability and the ‘Struggle for Existence’: The Critical Role of Metaphor in Society's Metabolism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a historical examination of the influence of the Darwinian metaphor ‘the struggle for existence’ on a variety of scientific theories which inform our current understanding of the prospects for sustainable development. The first part of the paper traces the use of the metaphor of struggle through two distinct avenues of thought relevant to the search for sustainable development. One of these avenues leads to the biophysical critique of conventional development popularised by ‘ecological economists’ such as Georgescu-Roegen and Daly. This critique suggests that modern economic systems have gone astray by failing to respect the biological and physical limits to development and that they should be adapted to make them more like ecological systems. The other avenue leads to the modern insights of evolutionary psychology. These latter insights suggest that in certain key respects, the economic system (and actors within it) are already behaving more or less like an ecological system, driven as they are by evolutionary imperatives. Consequently, this second avenue appears to offer far bleaker prospects for achieving sustainable development than the first. However, the final part of the paper re-examines the historical roots of the metaphor itself, and suggests a number of ways in which a critical response to those historical roots might influence our understanding of the prospects for sustainable development.
Research and Application of Improved APRIORI Algorithm Based on Hash Technology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Apriori Algorithm is the most Classic Association Rule Mining Algorithm, which has unique advantages, but it also has some disadvantages such as high overhead. This paper first describes Apriori Algorithm, points out its shortcomings, introduces related concepts, and then proposes a method based on Hash technology and compressed combination item set technology to improve APRIORI algorithm. This paper introduces the basic idea and the concrete process of the improvement in detail, analyzes the efficiency of the improved algorithm by the experiment, and advances the application of the improved algorithm in the library personalized service.
Selective Alteration of the Activity of the Multiple Forms of Adenosine 3 ’ , 5’-Monophosph ate Phosphodiesterase of Rat

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

alteration of the activity of the multiple forms of adenosine 3 ’ , #{246}’-monopliosphate phosphodiesterase of rat cerebrum. Mel. Phammacol. 10, 615-625 (1974). Four different peaks of cyclic 3 ’ , 5’-AMP phosphodiestera.se activity were isolated from the supernatant fraction of rat cerebral homogenates using Prel)arative acrylamide gel electro-phoresis. These peaks of activity, designated I-1V according to the order in which they emerged from the colummi, were exposed to various inhibitors (if i)hosl)hodieSterase and to an activator of Ph()sPhodiesterase isolated from brain. The activator stimulated peak 11 phosphodiesterase about 10-fold but had no effect on the other peaks. The inhibitors also had differential effects on the phosphodiesterases, the most notable being trifluoperazine, which )referentially inhibited the activated peak II. Trifluoperazine sulfoxide and Pro-methazine had less than 10 #{182}of the inhibitory activity of trifluoperazine on peak II. The inhibitors differed not only in the specific i)hosphOdiesterase which they inhibited hut also in their mechanism of action. Thus thcophylline, cyclic GMP, and low concemitratitrns of papaverine acted as competitive inhibitors, whereas the inhibition pn)duced by triflutopera-zinc was neither purely competitive nor purely mioneompetitive. High comucentrations of
Effects of Different Treatment Regimens on Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: The best treatment strategy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax is controversial and varies widely in practice, so we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to clarify which treatment is optimal. Methods: Literatures were searched from relevant databases till 24 August 2021. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the outcomes of various treatment regimens with the following endpoints: recurrence rate; postoperative chest tube duration; postoperative air leakage duration; length of hospital stay and rate of complications. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve was used to rank the treatments. Results: 7210 patients of 20 randomized controlled trials and 17 cohort studies were included. In terms of recurrence reduction, there was no significant difference between any pairs of conservative treatment, manual aspiration and chest tube drainage. Surgical methods had a significantly lower recurrence rate compared to manual aspiration and chest tube drainage. Besides, bullectomy combined with additional procedures such as chemical pleurodesis, mechanical pleuodesis or staple line coverage can reduced the recurrence rate of PSP compared to bullectomy along, but none of them were statistically significant. In terms of reducing postoperative chest tube duration, “bullectomy with tubular Neoveil” outperformed “bullectomy + pleural abrasion” (MD, 95%CI: -2.5[-4.63, -0.35]) and “bullectomy + apical pleurectomy” (MD, 95%CI: -2.72[-5.16, -0.27]).Conclusions: Surgical methods were superior to manual aspiration, chest tube drainage and conservative treatment in terms of recurrence reduction. There was no significant difference between manual aspiration and chest tube drainage in reducing recurrence rate, but manual aspiration was linked to a shorter hospital stay and a lower rate of complications. Conservative treatment is an acceptable alternative to chest tube drainage or manual aspiration due to similar recurrence rates but lower incidence of complications. Among surgical methods, chemical pleuodesis is more effective than mechanical pleuodesis and staple line coverage among the additional procedures based on bullectomy. Moreover, bullectomy with tubular Neoveil was superior to bullectomy along. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and raise the level of evidence.Registration: The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021236922).
HLA‐DR Schwann cell reactivity in peripheral neuropathies of different origins

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HLA-DR antigens have been found on Schwann cells in peripheral neuropathies of different origins but not in normal control cases. Class II antigen reactivity was more intense in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 (HMSN), but was also observed in toxic or metabolic neuropathies. The expression of HLA-DR antigen on Schwann cells does not appear to be related to the inflammatory or autoimmune origin of the disease.
Efficient Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions by Granulous (Me2NH2)4/3(Me3NH)2/3Sn3S7·1.25H2O/Polyacrylonitrile Composite

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The need to effectively and selectively remove radioactive 137Cs and 90Sr from nuclear waste solutions persists to mitigate their environmental mobility and high radiotoxicity. Because it is difficult to effectively remove them from acidic environments that degrade most sorbents, new sorbent materials are highly desirable. Here, efficient removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ is achieved by the composite of layered tin sulfide (Me2NH2)4/3(Me3NH)2/3Sn3S7·1.25H2O (FJSM-SnS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (FJSM-SnS/PAN). The granulous composite possesses regular particle morphology and good mechanical strength as an engineered form. It shows excellent acid-base and γ-irradiation resistance, high maximum adsorption capacities (qm) of 296.12 and 62.88 mg/g for Cs+ and Sr2+ ions, respectively, and high selectivity even in the presence of excess Na+ ions or using lake water. Impressively, qmCs of FJSM-SnS/PAN reaches 89.29 mg/g under even acidic conditions (pH = 2.5). The column loaded with FJSM-SnS/PAN granules exhibits high removal rates (R) toward low-concentration Cs+ and Sr2+ ions under both neutral and acidic conditions. Moreover, the composite can be recycled and reused with high RCs and RSr. This work highlights the great potential of metal sulfide ion-exchangers in engineered form for the efficient removal of Cs+ or Sr2+ ions, especially under acidic conditions, for radionuclide remediation.
Multisensory stimulation to promote upper extremity motor recovery in stroke: A pilot study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Occupational therapists have been using various preparatory methods as part of the treatment sessions to prepare clients for occupational performance and participation in occupation. Studies have shown sensory stimulation both activates brain areas inducing cortical reorganization and modulates motor cortical excitability for the stimulated afferents, hence re-establishing the disrupted sensorimotor loop due to stroke. This pilot investigates the potential effects of using multisensory stimulation as a preparatory method prior to conventional training (CT) on upper-extremity motor recovery and self-care function in stroke patients. Method This was a quasi-randomized controlled pilot. Twelve participants (age in years = 67.17 + /−11.29) with upper extremity motor deficits were randomly allocated to multisensory therapy (n = 6) or conventional (n = 6) groups for 12-week training. Assessments were conducted at baseline and post-intervention using Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery after Stroke (FMA), Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Functional Test for the Hemiplegic Upper Extremity (Hong Kong version FTHUE-HK) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Results Significant between-group differences were shown in FMA ( p = 0.003), FTHUE-HK ( p = 0.028) and MMT ( p = 0.034). Conclusion Multisensory stimulation could be used as a preparatory method prior to CT in improving upper extremity motor recovery in stroke rehabilitation. Further well-designed larger scale studies are needed to validate the potential benefits of this application.
[The role of vitamin E in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (Q) and ubichromenol (QC) in rat liver].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Some peculiarities of ubiquinone (Q) biosynthesis in the livers of vitamin E-deficient rats induced in vitro by alpha-tocopherol and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) were investigated. When [C3H3]SAM was used as a precursor, alpha-tocopherol added to the sample induced a marked elevation of the content of Q concomitantly with a drastic increase (2.82-fold) of specific radioactivity of Q in the liver as compared to control. Under identical conditions with 2-14C sodium acetate as precursor, exogenous alpha-tocopherol increased the content (by 31.4%) and specific radioactivity (by 65.2%) of Q in experimental samples, whereas the corresponding parameters of ubichromenol (QC) were essentially unchanged. SAM added to the incubation medium caused a marked increase in the content and specific radioactivity of both Q and QC as compared to control. Similar, and even more conspicuous changes were observed after combined administration of alpha-tocopherol and SAM. The role of vitamin E in the activation of methylation reactions at terminal steps of Q and QC biosynthesis in rat liver is discussed.
Host Factor Transcriptional Regulation Contributes to Preferential Expression of HIV Type 1 in IL-4–Producing CD4 T Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replicates preferentially in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells for unclear reasons. We show increased HIV-1 expression is irrespective of viral tropism for chemokine receptors as previously suggested, but rather transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is increased in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells. Increased expression of HIV-1 message is also confirmed in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells from HIV-1–infected individuals ex vivo. In exploring a transcriptional mechanism, we identify a novel c-maf (required for IL-4 expression) transcription factor binding site just upstream of the dual NF-κB/NFAT binding sites in the proximal HIV-1 LTR. We demonstrate that c-maf binds this site in vivo and synergistically augments HIV-1 transcription in cooperation with NFAT2 and NF-κB p65, but not NFAT1 or NF-κB p50. Conversely, small interfering RNA inhibition of c-maf reduces HIV-1 transcription in IL-4–producing T cells. Thus, c-maf increases HIV-1 expression in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells by binding the proximal HIV-1 LTR and augmenting HIV-1 transcription in partnership with NFAT2 and NF-κB p65 specifically. This has important implications for selective targeting of transcription factors during HIV-1 infection because, over the course of HIV-1 progression/AIDS, IL-4–producing T cells frequently predominate and substantially contribute to disease pathology.
‘‘This is our land’’: collective violence, property law, and imagining the geography of Palestine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study seeks to explain the origins of two types of violence occurring on the Palestinian landscape, the erasure of Palestinian farms and the demolition of Palestinian homes. Such violence has two sources. One source derives from an enduring practice of meaning-making about geographical places that has inspired groups with territorial ambitions to seize control of the landscapes they covet and is referred to by Edward Said as the crafting of ‘‘imaginative geographies.’ ’ The second source focuses on changes in property rights that follow when groups with territorial ambitions succeed in seizing control of coveted land. It is the imagined geography of Palestine as a homeland for the Jewish people, first framed by Zionists of the late 19th century and absorbed into the practices of Israeli state-building, and the changes in property rights inscribed into the Palestinian landscape following Zionist and Israeli military conquests in 1948 and 1967, that lie at the core of violence directed against the Palestinian farm and home today. This process of imagination, legal transformation, and violence is part of a long-standing lineage of dispossession that includes the English enclosures and the taking of land from Amerindians on the Anglo-American colonial frontier.
Illicit drug use in seven Latin American countries: critical perspectives of families and familiars

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This cross-sectional multi-centre study explored how family members and friends of illicit drug users perceived protective and risk factors, treatment facilities and policies and laws regarding illicit drug use. Family members and friends of illicit drug users were recruited in 10 urban health care outpatient units in 7 Latin American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico) to complete a questionnaire. The majority of the respondents chose psycho-social factors over genetic or biological explanations as causes of drug problems. Respondents felt that families and governments were responsible for preventing drug problems. Church/religious institutions were most often mentioned in the context of accessible treatment. When asked about access to treatment facilities, the majority said that there were not enough. Shame about drug use, cost, and limited treatment options were most often cited as barriers to treatment.
[Interhemispheric subdural empyema].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Six cases of interhemispheric subdural empyema are reported. It is a rare disease due to different infections origins. All of them are under 24 years old. The characteristics symptoms of these cases were intracranial infection, increased ICP, cerebral falx syndrome and focal seizure. The specific appearances on the films of angiography and CT scan were discussed. It could be located these lesions exactly. The surgical treatments were continuous drainage though cranial burr hole or excision of abscess. All 6 cases are cured with no recurrence.
Anodic Oxidation of Bismuth in Halide Containing Electrolytes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The synthesis of highly-ordered nanostructures of valve metal oxides has recently attracted huge scientific and technological interest motivated by their possible use in many applications. The two most established members of this group of materials are nanoporous Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 nanotubes [1,2]. While Al2O3 membranes have been since than widely used as template material of choice for a range of materials [2-4] due to the flexibility of the pore diameter/length and the relative ease of the Al 2 O 3 dissolution, TiO2 nanotubes received high attention because of their applications in e.g. photocatalysis, water splitting, solar cells and biomedical uses [5]. Bismuth oxide is another interesting material and its nanostructures show an enhanced photoelectrochemical performance [6,7]. However, the formation of bismuth nanostructures, such as bismuth oxide nanopores [6,7] or bismuth phosphate nanorods [8], by anodization is not well explored by now. Similar to the formation of nanoporous Al 2 O 3 nanoporous Bi 2 O 3 was produced in acidic, F - -free electrolytes. In this presentation, we demonstrate the anodization of bismuth in halide containing electrolytes similar to the electrolytes classically used for the formation of TiO 2 nanotubes. References 1. H. Masuda, K. Fukuda, Science, 268 (1995) 1466. 2. J.M. Macak et al., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1-2 (2007) 3. 2. K. Nielsch, F. Müller, A.-P. Li, U. Gösele, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 582. 3. H. Asoh et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 148 (2001) B152. 4. J. Kolar, J. M. Macak, K. Terabe, T. Wagner, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2 (2014) 349. 5. K. Lee, A. Mazare, P. Schmuki, Chem. Rev. 114 (2014) 9385. 6. X. Lv, J. Zhao, X. Wang, X. Xu, L. Bai, B. Wang, J. Solid. Stat Electrochem. 17 (2013) 1215. 7. K.C. Chitrada, K. S. Raja, R. Gakhar, D. Chidambaram, J. Electrochem. Soc. 162 (2015) H380. 8. M. Yang, N. K. Shrestha, R. Hahn, P. Schmuki, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 13 (2010) C5.