jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Turkey’s Epidemiological and Demographic Transitions: 1931-2013

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The causes of death have changed with regard to the epidemiological and demographic events in society. There is no evidence of prior research into the epidemiological transition in Turkey. This transition in Turkey should be observed starting with the Ottoman Empire period (19th to early 20th century). However, information about the Ottoman Empire is quite limited. Aims: To discuss the epidemiological and demographic transitions in Turkey, using demographic, educational and urbanization data in our present study. Study Design: A descriptive archive study. Methods: Mortality statistics dating from 1931 and published by the Turkish Statistical Institute were analysed, and the causes of death were coded and classified according to ICD-10. Other data were obtained from the published reports and studies regarding the issue. Results: In the 1930s, Turkey’s life expectancy was low (aged 40 years), fertility and mortality rates were high (respectively 45% and 31%), and the main causes of death were infectious diseases. Nowadays, life expectancy is close to 80 years, the total fertility rate has dropped to 2.1 per woman, and the main causes of death are chronic diseases and cancer. The population rate in the urban areas has increased steadily from 24.2% in 1927 to 77.3% in 2012. level of education has also increased during this period. In 1935, less than 10% of women were literate, and in 2013 90% were literate. Qualitative and quantitative increase have been observed in the presentation and access of healthcare services compared to the early years of the Republic. Conclusion: Turkey has been undergoing a modernization period in the last 200 years, and it is believed that the epidemiological and demographic transitions result from this period. This process has led to urbanization and an increase in the level of education, as well as a decrease in premature deaths, lower fertility rates, and an increase in the elderly population and chronic diseases. It is therefore our conclusion that Turkey needs policies regarding the elderly population and the management of chronic diseases.
IDDF2024-ABS-0105 Targeting m6A reader HNRNPA2B1 f acilitates lymphocyte infiltration and enhances response to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (HNRNPA2B1) is a reader protein of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, which could recognize and bind m6A-modified RNA, thereby regulating tumor development. However, its role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the function and the regulatory mechanism of HNRNPA2B1 in CRC TIME.

Methods

The association of HNRNPA2B1 expression with clinical features was explored in CRC tissue samples from the SYSU (N=30) and TCGA (N=1061) cohorts. The role of HNRNPA2B1 in CRC development was determined in vitro and in vivo assays. Flow cytometry was used to determine the immunological profile of tissue samples in the assays. RNA-seq, MeRIP-seq, and RIP-seq were employed to identify the target of HNRNPA2B1.

Results

HNRNPA2B1 expression was upregulated in tumor tissue compared with paired normal tissues, and the higher expression was correlated with worse overall survival in CRC patients. Functionally, knockdown of HNRNPA2B1 in mouse CRC cell lines (MC38, CT26) inhibited cell growth in vitro and subcutaneous tumor growth in immunodeficient NSG mice. Furthermore, we observed that the tumor suppression effect was more obvious in immune-competent mice. The flow cytometry analysis of subcutaneous tumors revealed that knockdown of HNRNPA2B1 could increase tumor infiltration of CD8+, CD4+, and NK cells to enhance antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, together with MeRIP-seq, RIP-seq and RNA-seq, CLEC2D was identified as the downstream target of HNRNPA2B1. HNRNPA2B1 improved the stability of CLEC2D mRNA and enhanced its expression depending on m6A modification on CLEC2D mRNA, thereby impairing CD161+CD8+ T cell activity via CLEC2D-CD161 inhibitory signal. Finally, the knockdown of HNRNPA2B1 boosted the response to PD1 blockade in CRC.

Conclusions

HNRNPA2B1 facilitates immune evasion by upregulating CLEC2D-CD161 inhibitory signal and serves as a potential target for immunotherapy in CRC.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluations and in silico studies of N-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives as potential a-glucosidase inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Diabetes mellitus is considered as one of the principal global health urgencies of the twenty first century. In the present investigation, novel N-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by spectral techniques. All the newly synthesized N-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were tested for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and compounds A-12 and A-14 were found to be the most potent which were further subjected to in-vivo disaccharide loading test. The most potent compound was also found to be non-toxic in cytotoxicity studies. Further, docking studies were carried out to investigate the binding mode and key interactions with amino acid residues of α-glucosidase. Molecular dynamic simulations studies for the compounds acarbose, A2, A12, and A14 were done with α-glucosidase protein. Further, ΔG was calculated for acarbose, A2, A12, and A14. In silico studies and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) prediction studies were also executed to establish the 'druggable' pharmacokinetic profiles. Here, we have developed novel N-substituted TZD analogues with different alkyl groups as α-glucosidase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Target Lesion Revascularization After Wingspan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— In-stent restenosis (ISR) occurs in approximately one-third of patients after the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions with the Wingspan system. We review our experience with target lesion revascularization (TLR) for ISR after Wingspan treatment. Methods— Clinical and angiographic follow-up results were recorded for all patients from 5 participating institutions in our US Wingspan Registry. ISR was defined as >50% stenosis within or immediately adjacent (within 5 mm) to the implanted stent and >20% absolute luminal loss. Results— To date, 36 patients in the registry have experienced ISR after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting with Wingspan. Of these patients, 29 (80.6%) have undergone TLR with either angioplasty alone (n=26) or angioplasty with restenting (n=3). Restenting was performed for in-stent dissections that occurred after the initial angioplasty. Of the 29 patients undergoing TLR, 9 required ≥1 interventions for recurrent ISR, for a total of 42 interventions. One major complication, a postprocedural reperfusion hemorrhage, was encountered in the periprocedural period (2.4% per procedure; 3.5% per patient). Angiographic follow-up is available for 22 of 29 patients after TLR. Eleven of 22 (50%) demonstrated recurrent ISR at follow-up angiography. Nine patients have undergone multiple retreatments (2 retreatments, n=6; 3 retreatments, n=2; 4 retreatments, n=1) for recurrent ISR. Nine of 11 recurrent ISR lesions were located within the anterior circulation. The mean age for patients with recurrent anterior circulation ISR was 57.9 years (vs 81 years for posterior circulation ISR). Conclusions— TLR can be performed for the treatment of intracranial Wingspan ISR with a relatively high degree of safety. However, the TLR results are not durable in ≈50% of patients, and multiple revascularization procedures may be required in this subgroup.
The interaction effects of FEN1 rs174538 polymorphism and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure on damage in exon 19 and 21 of EGFR gene in coke oven workers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Mutagenesis is a multifactor process associated with increased risk of cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and genetic susceptibility were conductive to genotoxic effects including gene damage, which can increase mutational probability and are potential carcinogenic etiology. We aimed to explore the dose-effect associations of PAHs exposure with damage of exons of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), as well as their associations whether modified by Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) genotype. 288 coke oven male workers were recruited and we detected the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-pyr) as PAHs exposure biomarker in urine and examined base modification in exons of EGFR and BRCA1 respectively, and genotyped FEN1 rs174538 polymorphism in plasma by PCR methods. Compared to low exposure group, the high exposed workers had significantly higher urinary concentrations of 1-OH-pyr, after adjustment for multiple covariates ( P < 0.001). We found that the damage index of exon 19 and 21 of EGFR (EGFR-19 and EGFR-21) were both significantly associated with increased urinary 1-OH-pyr (both P trend < 0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the levels of urinary 1-OH-pyr were both significantly associated with increased EGFR-19 and EGFR-21 in both smokers and nonsmokers (both P < 0.001). Additionally, we observed that the urinary 1-OH-pyr concentrations were both linearly associated with EGFR-19 and EGFR-21 only in rs174538 GA + AA genotype carriers (both P < 0.001). Moreover, FEN1rs rs174538 showed modifying effects on the associations of urinary 1-OH-pyr with EGFR-19 and EGFR-21 (both P interaction < 0.05). Our findings revealed the linear dose-effect association between exon damage of EGFR and PAHs exposure and highlight differences in genetic contributions to exon damage and have the potential to identify at-risk subpopulations who are susceptible to adverse health effects induced by PAH exposure.
Pricing Policy for the Washington State Ferry System

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study considers how prices are first set in the private sector using simple, micro-economic models. Second, it considers how prices should be set in the public sector using the theoretical framework of user charges in public finances. Third, it looks at how prices are established in the transportation literature, with the highway transportation literature being considered the more relevant. Then, how prices are determined in Washington's transportation system, in general, and the ferry system, in specific, were analyzed. Empirical evidence on Washington's ferry system fares and subsidies were studied as was evidence on the price elasticity of demand for various transportation services. Finally, the impacts of changing the price level for ferry services was considered as were a number of recommendations for pricing policy changes.
CT diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma: the importance of detecting small amounts of fat

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Six patients were reviewed who had renal angiomyolipoma (1.2-4.0 cm) in which only minimal amounts of fat were evident on CT. The fat content of the lesion was appreciated because tissue attenuation measurements of small areas of low attenuation within the tumors were performed and because thin-section (5-mm) and nonenhanced CT scans were used. The fat content of the lesions could be identified on 10-mm sections in three cases but only on 5-mm sections in three others. In two cases, fat was seen only on the nonenhanced 5-mm thin sections. Careful sampling of low-density regions within the mass must be performed because a single region of interest over the entire tumor will produce an average attenuation in the soft-tissue range. The use of 5-mm thin sections and thin, nonenhanced CT sections increases spatial and density resolution and decreases susceptibility to partial-volume effects. In a correlative study, no areas of fat were detected in a review of 100 well-circumscribed (4.0 cm or smaller) renal cell carcinomas. Detecting the existence of fat in a renal lesion will establish the diagnosis of angiomyolipoma and is the only radiologic finding that can differentiate it from renal cell carcinoma. Thus, unnecessary surgery will be avoided in these cases.
Environmental sub-MeV neutron measurement at the Gran Sasso surface laboratory with a super-fine-grained nuclear emulsion detector

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The measurement of environmental neutrons is particularly important in the search for new physics, such as dark matter particles, because neutrons constitute an often-irreducible background source. The measurement of the neutron energy spectra in the sub-MeV scale is technically difficult because it requires a very good energy resolution and a very high $\gamma$-ray rejection power. In this study, we used a super-fine-grained nuclear emulsion, called Nano Imaging Tracker (NIT), as a neutron detector. The main target of neutrons is the hydrogen (proton) content of emulsion films. Through a topological analysis, proton recoils induced by neutron scattering can be detected as tracks with sub-micrometric accuracy. This method shows an extremely high $\gamma$-ray rejection power, at the level of $5 \times 10^7 ~ \gamma/\rm{cm}^2$, which is equivalent to 5 years accumulation of environmental $\gamma$-rays, and a very good energy and direction resolution even in the sub-MeV energy region. In order to carry out this measurement with sufficient statistics, we upgraded the automated scanning system to achieve a speed of 250 g/year/machine. We calibrated the detector performance of this system with 880 keV monochromatic neutrons: a very good agreement with the expectation was found for all the relevant kinematic variables. The application of the developed method to a sample exposed at the INFN Gran Sasso surface laboratory provided the first measurement of sub-MeV environmental neutrons with a flux of $(7.6 \pm 1.7) \times 10^{-3} \rm{cm}^{-2} \rm{s}^{-1}$ in the proton energy range between 0.25 and 1 MeV (corresponds to neutron energy range between 0.25 and 10 MeV), consistent with the prediction. The neutron energy and direction distributions also show a good agreement.
Development of Numerical Algorithms for Multicontact Problems of Mechanics Considering Various Inelastic Effects

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Algorithms for the numerical solution of contact quasi-static problems of deformable solid mechanics were constructed. The contact interaction of the body system was con- sidered using the mortar method (a variant of the Lagrange multiplier method). The de- veloped algorithms were used to simulate the thermomechanical state of a fuel element section, considering creep and cracking. The results of calculations for axisymmetric for- mulation of the problem for the operation mode of a fuel element with constant heat release in fuel pellets are presented.
Lowenthal, the Caribbeanist

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For David Lowenthal, the Caribbean was not simply an academic interest, it was a passionate personal concern for a place, its people, its geographical history and heritage—and the return of that heritage when stolen (a concern that also applied to other parts of the world). His enormous library was as weighted with novels by Caribbean authors as by history and geography texts, and they formed the basis of his book, West Indian Societies, the culmination of many years of detailed observation and investigation of the (non-Hispanic) Caribbean. Lowenthal’s works on the Caribbean were to become significant reference points in interpretations of societal institutions and practices in the Caribbean and its diaspora and in the development of important new areas of research, such as environmental and landscape perception, islands and conservation and heritage studies.
Modeling of and experiments on dust particle levitation in the sheath of a radio frequency plasma reactor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The equilibrium and trapping of dust particles in a plasma sheath are investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. A self-consistent sheath model including input power as one of the model parameters is proposed, to predict the equilibrium position of particle trap. The electron temperature and density are estimated from the observed current and power (I-P) characteristics using the sheath model developed. Direct comparisons are made between the measured equilibrium position and the predicted equilibrium position. The equilibrium position moves closer to the electrode with increasing rf power and particle size. The position is apparently related to the sheath thickness, which decreases with increasing rf power. The model can correctly predict the experimentally observed trend in the equilibrium position of particle trap. It is found that the particle charge becomes positive when the particle gets closer to the electrode, due to the dominant influence of ion currents to the particle surface.
Prevalence and Factors of Domestic Violence among Unmarried Mothers with a Young Child

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using the first 3 waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this article examines the prevalence and factors of domestic violence among unmarried mothers with a young child. The findings indicate that the prevalence of domestic violence for mothers increased substantially in the first 3 years after the child's birth. Findings from regression analyses show that mothers who lived with the father, either as a wife or cohabiting partner, had significantly lower odds of domestic violence in the study measures than mothers who did not live with the father. However, the odds of domestic violence were not significantly different between married and cohabiting mothers. Policy implications are discussed.
Hypothenar hammer syndrome: an occupational cause of Raynaud's phenomenon.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is an uncommonly recognized, occupationally associated cause of Raynaud's phenomenon, induced by traumatic compromise of the vascular supply to the hand. Two patients are presented, one with preexisting Raynaud's phenomenon who sought attention after the development of cutaneous ulcers. The features of the syndrome are reviewed, and the importance of its recognition in the appropriate occupational setting as a potentially curable form of Raynaud's phenomenon is emphasized.
The birth of Buddhist politics of religious freedom in Myanmar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Given the long history of discrimination and violence against religious and ethnic minorities in Myanmar, international and transnational actors have engaged to address injustice and suffering. These 'expert' actors carry with them a particular understanding of religion and of religious freedom, often emphasizing the right to proselytize and to change one's religion, or the right to freely associate in religious buildings. These actors engage in a Burmese landscape of domestic expert actors who might or might not share their concerns, creating a myriad of entanglements of 'expert religion' in the field of religious freedom, religious minority rights and interreligious relations. In the years 2013–2015 this diverse landscape came to be dominated by the Buddhist group MaBaTha and its campaign for four laws 'to protect race and religion' against the perceived 'islamization' of Myanmar. This article investigates ideas of religious freedom by looking at MaBaTha draft laws and the final 2015 legislation, considering how a 'Buddhist politics of religious freedom' became a tool to protect Buddhism from the perceived dangers posed by Islam.
Strengthening Fiscal Transparency

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In principle, fiscal transparency "entails being open to the public about the government's past, present, and future fiscal activities, and about the structure and functions of government that determine fiscal policies and outcomes" (IMF 2008). In practice, it is a child of our times as well as a reflection of wider social developments (Hood 2006). A whole series of economic and public policy failures are now attributed, at least in part, to shortfalls in transparency, including weak regulation of the financial sector prior to 2008 (which led to the conversion of private debt into public debt), the sovereign debt crisis and the Eurozone crisis.KeywordsEuropean UnionInternational Monetary FundFiscal PolicyEuropean Central BankSovereign DebtThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Impact of smoking on pain and function in rotator cuff repair: a prospective 5‐year cohort follow‐up of 1383 patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background This multicentre cohort study investigates the effect of smoking on the outcome of rotator cuff repair (RCR), with attention to age at presentation for surgery, pre‐operative and post‐operative pain and function and intra‐operative findings. Methods Patient information was collected pre‐operatively, including Flex Shoulder Function (Flex SF) and visual analogue scale pain, then at 6 months, 1, 2 and 5 years post‐operatively. Intra‐operative technical data were collected by the operating surgeon. Current smokers were classified by daily cigarette consumption. Results A total of 1383 RCRs in as many patients were included with an 84% 5‐year follow‐up. Smokers were on average 6.7 years younger than non‐smokers (51.8 vs. 58.5, P < 0.001). There was no difference in intra‐operatively assessed tear size both in anteroposterior dimension ( P = 0.5) and retraction ( P = 0.9). Pre‐operative Flex SF score in smokers was below that of non‐smokers (23.0 vs. 24.5, P = 0.002) and at 6 months ( P = 0.02) but no different at 5 years ( P = 0.7). Pain scores were higher in smokers than non‐smokers both pre‐operatively (5.34 vs. 4.67, P < 0.001) and up to 2 years ( P < 0.001) but not at 5 years ( P = 0.073). Conclusion Smokers undergoing RCR were younger than non‐smokers, and had worse pre‐operative pain scores and shoulder function. Poorer post‐operative function persisted to 6 months, and with higher reported pain to 2 years in smokers. However, at 5‐year follow‐up, patient‐reported outcomes were not affected by smoking status.
Expressiveness of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS).

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS) was developed by the American College of Radiology and is used by a number of computerized mammography tracking systems. The ability of BI-RADS to encode the data contained in 300 mammography reports at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center was examined. BI-RADS was able to encode normal reports and "special masses" (such as lymph nodes) without difficulty. However, none of the general masses and only 17% of the calcifications could be encoded in BI-RADS. The implications of this for the design of mammography databases are discussed.