jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Targeting TB preventive therapy to those at high risk: derivation and validation of a risk score for predicting tuberculosis disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Use of tuberculosis preventive therapy (PT) must be urgently scaled up and provided to people at high-risk of developing tuberculosis disease (TB). In high-burden settings, PT is poorly utilised and rarely offered to adult household contacts. Furthermore, the tests for tuberculosis infection used to guide prescription are unreliable for predicting disease, fraught with logistical challenges and unavailable in many settings. In low- and middle-income countries a TB risk score could be used to prioritise PT for contacts most likely to benefit. We therefore aimed to develop a risk score to predict TB disease among adult household contacts of patients with TB in urban Callao, Perú. Methods. We identified index-cases with pulmonary TB (n=715), recruited their household contacts aged ≥15 years (n=2,017) and followed them for TB for a total of 18,988 person-years (PY). Cox proportional-hazards models were fitted to investigate factors associated with TB. 1,009 contacts were selected as a derivation cohort from which a risk score was created. Scores were calculated for each contact and low, intermediate and high-risk groups defined. The score was subsequently validated in the remaining 1,008 contacts. Results. Eight predictors formed the score: age 15-30 or ≥50; history of TB; body-mass-index; prolonged exposure to the index-case; poverty; exposure to indoor air pollution; male index-case and high index-case smear-positivity. In the derivation cohort the incidence rates in the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups were 331/100,000PY (95%CI:200-550); 942/100,000PY (95%CI: 650-1363) and 2038/100,000PY (95%CI:1501-2768) respectively (p<0.0001). In the validation cohort the rates were similar. The figure shows the cumulative hazard of TB at specific time points. The number-needed-to-treat to prevent one TB case over 2 years in the low, intermediate and high-risk groups is 83, 35 and 18 respectively. Conclusion. A risk score was derived and validated that stratifies household contacts at different risks of developing TB.
Relationship Between Renin-Angiotensin System Gene Polymorphism and Ischemic Chronic Heart Failure in Aged Coronary Artery Disease Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)gene insertion/deletion(I/D) and angiotensinogen(AGT) gene M235T polymorphism with the onset of ischemic chronic heart failure(CHF) in aged coronary artery disease(CAD) patients in South China.Methods: A total of 396 consecutive CAD patients with the age of(60～91) years were divided into two groups,CHF group,n=196,and Control group,n=200,the patients had stable angina pectoris and with the left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45%.Genotype distributions,ACE gene I/D and AGT gene M235T polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) methods in both groups.Results:①The frequencies of DD genotype of ACE gene and D allele of ACE gene were higher in CHF group than that in Control group respectively.②The frequencies of TT genotype and T allele of AGT gene were higher in CHF group than that in Control group.③In combined genotype analysis,the genotype of DD in ACE + TT in AGT was significantly higher in CHF group than that in Control group(28.6% vs.15.0%).Conclusion: ACE gene I/D polymorphism and AGT gene M235T polymorphisms are related to the onset of ischemic chronic heart failure in aged CAD patients in South China,ACE and AGT gene have an interaction role in the onset of CHF.
A Soft Computing Techniques Application of an Inventory Model in Solving Two-Warehouses Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

As of this writing, two warehouse models for impurities are considered on the assumption that the inventory cost (including the cost of holding and the down payment) in the RW (Rental Warehouse) is higher than the OW (Owned Warehouse) because of the better preservation facilities in the RW using cuckoo search algorithm. The cost of demand and the cost of holding are variable. Unauthorized shortages in the OW and bike shortages are in the next cycle of revision. Compose cycles in RW and keep them in OW using the cuckoo search algorithm. Freight charges are waived for negligence and goods are transported in bulk-release patterns. Cuckoo search algorithms with a variety of population sizes are used to modify models that use cuckoo search algorithms. In this cuckoo search algorithm, it is a subset of children that are better served by the parent population for posterity, and the size of this subset is a percentage of the parent set size. Examples of numbers displayed to represent models and sensitivity made to fixed parameters are not modified using the cuckoo search algorithm.
Closed-Head-Injured Children’s Performance on Narrative Tasks

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Stories were elicited from a group of 20 closed-head-injured children. Story grammar and intersentential cohesion were examined. Performance of the head-injured children was compared to that of a group of nonneurologically impaired accident victims matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. No significant differences were found between the performance of the closed-head-injured children and the matched controls on any of the measures of narrative ability applied to the elicited narratives.
Cross-cultural Psychiatry

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This book is the report of a workshop held in 1979, funded by the National Institute for Mental Health Center for Minority Groups Mental Health Program to encourage the inclusion of cultural psychiatry in professional mental health training programs. To address the objective, psychiatrists representing four minority groups in the United States—Asian, Hispanic, Native American, and Afro-American—were asked to examine cultural issues that may influence the process of provision of mental health care for each minority group. From their own clinical and personal experience and literature reviews, psychiatric clinicians of various ethnic groups, with their considerably differing styles, describe cultural roots, historical background, migration and acculturation experiences, mental health needs, cultural aspects of psychiatric manifestations, and suggestions for mental health care for each of the minority groups. In the final section, a relevant generic issue in cultural psychiatry was addressed with much insight by an expert trained in both psychiatry
Evaluation and Improvement of Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting lytA , ply , and psaA Genes for Detection of Pneumococcal DNA

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The accurate diagnosis of pneumococcal disease has frequently been hampered not only by the difficulties in obtaining isolates of the organism from patient specimens but also by the misidentification of pneumococcus-like viridans group streptococci (P-LVS) as Streptococcus pneumoniae . This is especially critical when the specimen comes from the respiratory tract. In this study, three novel real-time PCR assays designed for the detection of specific sequence regions of the lytA , ply , and psaA genes were developed ( lytA -CDC, ply -CDC, and psaA , respectively). These assays showed high sensitivity (<10 copies for lytA -CDC and ply -CDC and an approximately twofold less sensitivity for psaA ). Two additional real-time PCR assays for lytA and ply described previously for pneumococcal DNA detection were also evaluated. A panel of isolates consisting of 67 S. pneumoniae isolates (44 different serotypes and 3 nonencapsulated S. pneumoniae isolates from conjunctivitis outbreaks) and 104 nonpneumococcal isolates was used. The 67 S. pneumoniae isolates were reactive in all five assays. The new real-time detection assays targeting the lytA and psaA genes were the most specific for the detection of isolates confirmed to be S. pneumoniae , with lytA -CDC showing the greatest specificity. Both ply PCRs were positive for all isolates of S. pseudopneumoniae , along with 13 other isolates of other P-LVS isolates confirmed to be non- S. pneumoniae by DNA-DNA reassociation. Thus, the use of the ply gene for the detection of pneumococci can lead to false-positive reactions in the presence of P-LVS. The five assays were applied to 15 culture-positive cerebrospinal fluid specimens with 100% sensitivity; and serum and ear fluid specimens were also evaluated. Both the lytA -CDC and psaA assays, particularly the lytA -CDC assay, have improved specificities compared with those of currently available assays and should therefore be considered the assays of choice for the detection of pneumococcal DNA, particularly when upper respiratory P-LVS might be present in the clinical specimen.
Diffusion of innovation: Leveraging leadership networks in a regional context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract \nThe purpose of this study is to examine how social innovation has developed and diffused within a regional context during the first five years of a new initiative. This is a timeframe where elite relationships and networks may be critical to build support and buy in for the innovation in the diffusion process. Using a case study of a single initiative that is focused on community enhancement through creativity, the research explores how the institution operates and navigates community systems through extended leadership networks. The research focused on stakeholder motivations and vested interest to engage and remain involved with a statewide social innovation project, and the barriers and enablers to maintaining and growing the innovation and network. The results indicate that leveraging and building a network of extended relationships is an active process, considered by stakeholders to be critical to personal and business development. The social innovation organization seeks to build networks, particularly leadership networks, in the initial stages. At the same time leaders are seeking to expand their own networks and spheres of influence. Individuals join and remain vested in networks for various reasons, not all of which may align with the vision and mission of the social innovation. The organization should be aware that networks are dynamic, interlinking and may be utilized for different purposes. Therefore, the networks need to be actively managed to ensure stakeholder expectations are assured. \nKey words: Social innovation, innovation, leadership and social networks, diffusion of innovation, vested interest, systems of innovation, thematic analysis.
Bradshaw the regicide

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Bradshaw the regicide Get access Middle Templar Middle Templar Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s5-VI, Issue 144, 30 September 1876, Page 279, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s5-VI.144.279d Published: 30 September 1876
Technological Contexts in Developing Bamboo Wall System for Housing in Indonesia and Philippines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The development of bamboo wall technology for housing depends on its technological context. Reviews on a number of literatures indicated that there are some major issues about bamboo wall technology such as: construction technology, performance of construction materials, strength and durability of components and building systems. The aims of developing the technologies could be defined such as: post-disaster conditions, affordable housing, wind and earthquake resistance, weather and climate resistance. This paper will discuss about the comparison of several approaches in building bamboo wall technology in Indonesia and Philippines. In Philippines, the building technology must have optimum resistance to both typhoons and earthquakes, while in Indonesia the building must have good resistance against earthquakes. Both have a big challenge in promoting social status and long durability.
Treatment of hirsutism related to micropolycystic ovary syndrome (MPCO) with two low-dose oestrogen oral contraceptives: a comparative randomized evaluation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to evaluate the clinical and endocrinological efficacy of two low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) containing 30 micrograms Ethinylestradiol (EE) and 150 micrograms Desogestrel (DG) and 75 micrograms Gestodene (GD), respectively, an open randomized study was carried out in 34 young hirsute women, matched for body mass index and age. All of them met endocrine and ultrasonic criteria for Micropolycystic Ovary Syndrome (MPCO). The participants were randomly assigned to one of two pill groups (each of 17). The serum values for Total Testosterone (TT), Free Testosterone (FT), Androstenedione (A), Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS), 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17Pg), Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG), Ceruloplasmin (CP), as well as Ferriman-Gallwey Index (FGI) and Free Androgen Index (FAI) were evaluated prior to and after EE-DG and EE-GD 6 cycle treatment. A significant decrease in TT, FT, A, 17Pg, DHEA, DHEAS, FGI, FAI was observed, SHRG and CP increased significantly. There were no significant differences between the two OC. Our results seem to indicate that both OC are equipotent as far as their pharmacological profile and residual androgenic activity are concerned. Therefore, these OC may represent a highly effective and suitable alternative to the treatment of hyperandrogenism related to MPCO.
Kaposiâs Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of multifunctional cytokines with antiviral activities. The K9 open reading frame of Kaposiâs sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exhibits significant homology with cellular IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). We have investigated the functional consequence of K9 expression in IFN-mediated signal transduction. Expression of K9 dramatically repressed transcriptional activation induced by IFN-Î±, -Î², and -Î³. Further, it induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, resulting in morphologic changes, focus formation, and growth in reduced-serum conditions. The expression of antisense K9 in KSHV-infected BCBL-1 cells consistently increased IFN-mediated transcriptional activation but drastically decreased the expression of certain KSHV genes. Thus, the K9 gene of KSHV encodes the first virus-encoded IRF (v-IRF) which functions as a repressor for cellular IFN-mediated signal transduction. In addition, v-IRF likely plays an important role in regulating KSHV gene expression. These results suggest that KSHV employs an unique mechanism to antagonize IFN-mediated antiviral activity by harboring a functional v-IRF.
An Analysis on the Determinants and Ecological Implications of Aircraft Size on Intra-European High Demand Routes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the inclusion of commercial aviation into the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), a market based measure aimed at reducing anthropogenic climate change, airlines need to find ways to fur-ther reduce their fuel consumption. Using larger aircraft is one means of doing so, as larger aircraft typically are more fuel efficient than smaller ones. However, market forecasts predict the lion’s share of future traffic growth to be accommodated by additional frequencies, as opposed to larger aircraft. This study utilizes highly detailed longitudinal panel data on 85 intra-European routes over the course of ten years to analyze how an airline’s choice of aircraft size, and in turn, its fuel efficiency, is influenced. Findings show that network lay-outs, competition intensity and fuel price all play key roles in aircraft size choices. Crucially, it appears that the EU ETS may pose a greater challenge to Full-Service-Carriers than to their Low-Cost competitors, as nu-merous aspects of their business logic lead to slightly smaller, and in turn, less fuel efficient aircraft.
Features and management of a schwannoma of the chorda tympani and review of the literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intrinsic facial nerve tumors are rare lesions. Among the different histology types, schwannomas is the most frequently reported in literature. Other histological types of facial nerve tumors are hemangiomas, meningiomas, and neurofibromas. Chorda tympani schwannomas (CTSs) are extremely rare entities and are considered as an independent subgroup of facial nerve schwannomas because of their clinical characteristics. The aim of this report is to present the clinical and radiological features and the management of a CTS in a 27-year-old male presenting with conductive hearing loss.
Degradation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase by cathepsin B

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mechanism of degradation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle by the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin B was determined. Treatment of aldolase with cathepsin B destroys up to 90% of activity with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate as substrate, but activity with fructose 1-phosphate is slightly increased. Cathepsin L, another lysosomal thiol proteinase, and papain are also potent inactivators of aldolase, whereas inactivation is not caused by cathepsins D or H even at high concentrations, or by cathepsin B inhibited by leupeptin or iodoacetate. The cathepsin-B-treated aldolase shows no detectable change in subunit molecular weight, oligomer molecular weight or subunit interactions. Cathepsin B cleaves dipeptides from the C-terminus of th aldolase subunits. Four dipeptides are released sequentially: Ala-Tyr, Asn-His, Ile-Ser and Leu-Phe, and a maximum of five additional dipeptides may be released. There are indications that this peptidyldipeptidase activity of cathepsin B may be an important aspect of its action on protein substrates generally.
Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for Sahara and Sahel dust additions to Quaternary soils on Lanzarote, eastern Canary Islands, Spain

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Africa is the most important source of dust in the world today, and dust storms are frequent on the nearby Canary Islands. Previous workers have inferred that the Sahara is the most important source of dust to Canary Islands soils, with little contribution from the Sahel region. Soils overlying a late Quaternary basalt flow on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, contain, in addition to volcanic minerals, quartz and mica, exotic to the island's bedrock. Kaolinite in the soils also likely has an exotic origin. Trace-element geochemistry shows that the soils are derived from varying proportions of locally derived basalt and African dust. Major-element geochemistry, clay mineralogy and interpretation of satellite imagery suggest that dust additions to the Canary Islands come not only from the Sahara Desert, but also from the Sahel region.
Theoretical analysis for a novel quasi-zero stiffness air spring vibration isolation system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel quasi-zero stiffness air spring (QZS-AS) vibration isolation system of ship machinery is put forward in this paper. The system consists of the vertical air springs, the lateral air springs, the turning joints, the connectors and the mass. The vertical air springs are mounted vertically to bear the mass to provide positive stiffness. The turning joints, the connectors together with the lateral air springs provide the negative stiffness. The static analysis of the system is carried out and the optimal combination of the configurative parameters is derived. It shows that as the lateral air pressure increases or the connector length decreases, the negative stiffness provided by the lateral air springs increases to reduce the overall stiffness. Then, the dynamic equations are established. The stability analyses for the QZS-AS autonomous and non-autonomous system are carried out, and the stability conditions for both systems are given. It can be found that the novel system can realize quasi-zero characteristics to improve vibration isolation performance and maintain dynamic stability with proper parameters.
Supporting People with Cognitive Disabilities with Decision-making: Any Australian Law Reform Contributions?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article briefly reviews recent law reform achievements or proposals for supported decision-making within Australia against benchmarks such as how well the measure translates supported decision-making principles to cater for the routine needs of people with cognitive impairments; whether it appears robust and workable in practice; and how prone it may be to overreach or unintended consequences. The article suggests that Australian Law Reform Commission reforms are more principled and better targeted on the more mundane needs of people with cognitive impairments, while recent Victorian initiatives rate poorly in terms of avoiding public misunderstandings and unintended outcomes, despite deserving credit for fidelity to the principles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and being Australia's first supported decision-making appointments. The article recommends reconsideration of aspects of these proposals, including the retrograde step of an expedited avenue for appointment of parents as guardians or administrators of children with cognitive impairments on turning 18 years of age.
Recent studies on migration in Poland.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The author reviews studies conducted between 1985 and 1990 concerning the impact of migration on socioeconomic development in Poland. The focus is on the consequences of rural-urban movement. "According to the results of [the] analysis, the demographic consequences of migration are...significant for rural areas, especially the ones showing large and long-term population outflow. The consequences of this stream of migration are not significant for the population situation on a nation-wide scale."
Power of different F2schemes for QTL detection in livestock

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The power for detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) using marker information was compared in several schemes differing in the mating type and the number of parents involved. An experiment based on an F2 population of fixed size obtained by crossing two lines differing phenotypically for a single trait was simulated, assuming that QTLs could be fixed or segregating in the lines crossed. Different additive and dominant QTL effect values and allele frequencies were considered covering a range of different favourable situations for the detection of the QTL. Comparison was done by regression using flanking marker information. Mating animals at the F 1 generation level minimizing relationships was not worse than mating at random or maximizing relationships. The number of parents used affected the power of the experiment when the QTL was segregating in the original crossed lines. Differences in power were mainly related to the number of males from the original line. When the power of the experiment was high as a result of genetic hypothesis assumed, considering several males increased the power. However, when the genetic hypothesis assumed led there to be less power to detect a QTL, the power was higher when fewer males were used.