jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Improving Incarceration Policies and Practices in Allegheny County

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Improving Incarceration Policies and Practices in Allegheny County examines the dramatic growth of national and local incarceration rates in recent decades even as crime rates have fallen. One key contributor to this dramatic rise in the county jail population is the large number of people being detained prior to trial through the setting of monetary bonds, which often keep low-risk defendants behind bars. The criminal justice system currently also has disproportionate impacts on Black and Latino populations and on people living in poverty. Building upon improvements that criminal justice professionals in Allegheny County have already accomplished, the task force put forth recommendations to create a fairer and more equitable system and to utilize taxpayer dollars efficiently and effectively, without compromising public safety.
Chilling and Heat Unit Levels Affect Foliar Budbreak of Selected Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The effects of six levels of chilling (temp <7°C) on foliar budbreak of red maple (Acer rubrum) cultivars October Glory ® and ‘Franksred’ (Red Sunset ® ) and Freeman maple ( A. × freemanii ) cultivar ‘Autumn Fantasy’ were evaluated in a study conducted from December 14, 1999, to April 7, 2000. October Glory had a greater minimum chilling hour requirement to initiate budbreak than ‘Autumn Fantasy’ and ‘Franksred’ (Red Sunset). However, once optimal chilling had been satisfied (near 600 hours), October Glory required fewer heat units than the other cultivars to reach 20% and 25% budbreak. For example, estimates for heat units required to reach 25% budbreak for October Glory were less than half that required for ‘Autumn Fantasy’ and ‘Franksred’ following 1,200 hours of chilling. Chilling was a determining factor in foliar budbreak for all cultivars, and with all three cultivars, increasing chilling produced greater budbreak percentages and the rate at which budbreak was initiated. All cultivars required fewer heat units for budbreak as chilling increased. All cultivars required over 1,700 heat units to initiate budbreak after 200 hours of chilling, but only 780 to 970 heat units after 600 hours and between 200 and 400 following 1,000 hours of chilling. Information from this and future studies may be used to facilitate the development of models for regional planting recommendations based on the amount chilling received in a given location. Calculated r 2 values indicated the models provided a good fit to the data for all cultivars.
The Influence of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on Three Species of Water Mites (Hydracarina)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The influence of various concentrations of dissolved oxygen on the metabolic rate, survival, accumulation of lactic acid and rate of movement of Hydryphantes tenuabilis from a pond and Lebertia quinquemaculosa and Limnesia undulata from a constant-temperature spring run was investigated. H. tenuabilis proved to be an oxygen regu- lator which reached a maximum oxygen consumption of 483 mm3/g wet wt/hr at about 30% oxygen saturation. L. quinquemaculosa and L. undulata had maximum oxygen consumptions of 568 and 732 mm3/g wet wt/hr, respectively, at the highest oxygen concentration tested, 5.8 mg/l, and appear to be oxygen conformers. H. tenuabilis showed a more variable and higher rate of survival at dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 0.1 mg/l than did either L. quinquemaculosa or L. undulata. None of the three species showed significant accumulation of lactic acid in reduced oxygen concentrations. The rate of movement of L. quinque- maculosa was greatly influenced by the dissolved oxygen concentration, with activity being reduced at low oxygen levels; L. undulata was influ- enced to a lesser degree; and H. tenuabilis was virtually unaffected. The difference in responses of H. tenuabilis to various dissolved oxygen con- centrations as compared to L. undulata and L. quinquemaculosa may result from its evolution in ponds which experience radical changes in oxygen concentrations as opposed to the more uniform conditions of streams inhabited by the other two species.
The ultrafiltration of solutions of polymers containing microgel

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The use of ultrafiltration in determining microgel contents of synthetic rubbers containing high levels of microgel was extensively studied. From experiments with a nonagitated filtration cell, it was found that accurate microgel contents could be obtained only when concentration polarization of the membrane was disallowed. GPC studies of the filtrates indicated that changes in the molecular weight distribution of the filtered polymer occured as a result of the occurrence of concentration polarization. The use of an agitated filtration cell was found to inhibit the occurrence of concentration polarization, allowing the proper filtration of larger volumes and higher concentrations of solutions of these types of polymers.
Combining Capon and Bartlett spectral estimators for detection of multiple sinusoids in colored noise environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Detection of multiple sinusoids in colored noise environments has many potential applications, such as sonar, radar, and communication. Most of conventional algorithms often use the local signal-to-noise-ratio (LSNR) as a test statistic to detect the sinusoids, where the LSNR is estimated in the frequency domain by using the Bartlett spectral estimator (BSE). Unfortunately, the BSE has a relatively low frequency resolution, which may degrade the detection performance significantly. To solve the frequency resolution problem of the BSE, this paper proposes a two-stage hybrid algorithm to estimate the LSNR. In the first stage, the BSE is used to estimate the noise power spectral density over frequency. After obtaining the noise power spectral density, the second stage employs the Capon spectral estimator (CSE) to estimate the LSNR. The proposed hybrid algorithm significantly improves the detection performance, especially when the sinusoids are closely spaced. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs much better than the conventional algorithms in most cases.
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Normotensive and Hypertensive Patients with Acromegaly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system was found to be normal in 10 normotensive patients with acromegaly both in the basal state and after sodium deprivation and in the upright position. In this group, blood volume was significantly increased during normal sodium intake. In four of five hypertensive patients with acromegaly, primary hyperaldosteronism, suspected from the finding of a suppressed renin-angiotensin system, was confirmed by increased aldosterone secretion rates; an adrenal adenoma was found in the one patient in whom surgery was performed. These data indicate that study of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is worthwhile in hypertensive patients with acromegaly since, in case of an associated primary hyperaldosteronism, cure or effective relief of high blood pressure may be expected.
Internal Fixation And Bone Grafting Of Non-Union Humeral Diaphyseal Fracture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Humeral diaphyseal fracture usually heals with closed methods but when nonunion develops then it needs surgical intervention in the form of plating and bone grafting, intramedulary nailing (open or closed simple or interlocking nails) and external fixators (circular or one plane fixator). In our unit we treated non union humeral diaphyseal fracture with plating and bone grafting shortening of fracture ends up to 4 to 5cm when needed. Methods: This study was conducted at Orthopaedic Department of AL-Sadar General Hospital from January 2004 till December2005 . We included 20 cases with atrophic non-union in 12(60%) and hypertrophic non-union in 8 (40%) patients. All atrophic non-union were treated with plating, bone shortening by transverse osteotomy and bone grafting, while hypertrophic non-union were treated with decortications of non-union ends and fixation with compression plates, with bone grafting in old age. Follow up measures were based on clinical (range of joints motion) and radiological (healing) findings. Follow up was done for upto 6 months . Results: Out of 20 patients the age range was 20- 60 years, 16 (80%)were male and 4(20%) female. Right humerus involved in 15( 75 %) while left humerus in 5( 25%) patients. In12(60%) patients with atrophic non union bone shortening by transverse cut osteotomy was done while in remaining patients with hypertrophic nonunion plating was done in 2( 10 %) cases and plating with bone grafting in 6( 30%) patients. Union was achieved in all patients after 16 to 20 weeks of surgery. In one patient ( 5 %) of 75 years age with hypertrophic non-union implant was loosened after 3 months of surgery. At that time healing (Union) was evident on X-rays and humeral brace was applied for further 3 months. Two patients( 10 %) got neuropraxia of radial nerve which resolved with in 3 months time. 2 patients (10 %) developed shoulder stiffness which resolved after exercise. Conclusion: In Non Union of Humerus shortening by transverse osteotomy & rigid fixation with plates give excellent results in selected cases.
Contemporary education: globalization and transformation process under the influence of artificial intelligence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is aimed to investigate the problem of globalization and transformation processes in contemporary education under the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on the basis of systemic literature review, to examine AI implications in education and to outline the opportunities for AI research in future. To achieve the objective, we analyzed 159 articles published in Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCO, PubMed, Index Copernicus, and Google Scholar databases between 2019 and 2023. The research was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement in four phases: reference search, selection of relevant papers, specific analysis, evaluation of publications’ contributions and preparing the review. The results show that a great number of scientific publications are related to AI research. We found that most of the articles were published in Asia, Europe, and North America in 2022. AI tools are most used while training medical students, information technologies (IT) specialists, engineers, business or management students. The analysis of publications showed that AI is used for data analytics, introduction of personalized learning, providing feedback, online learning, and automated assessment most often. We consider that AI-driven technologies currently play an important role in education and the number of publications testify that its implementations will extend in future. The study has contributions for outlining the role of AI-related tools in educational process.
Establishing an evidence-base for supporting middle leadership practice development in schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Amidst ongoing calls for teaching improvement, there has been growing interest in the work of middle leaders in leading school-based curriculum and professional development. Research and policy initiatives have acknowledged that these leaders in schools are well placed to successfully drive educational change that leads to improved educational outcomes for students. This has led to an increase in development programmes for middle leaders, but there appears to be a distinctive disconnect between the research and theory that should inform these, initiatives. This article reports findings gathered from a questionnaire completed by almost 200 middle leaders from across Australia, conducted as part of a larger national mixed method research studying middle leader practices. The instrument was designed to investigate the practices of middle leaders who were responsible for leading school-based development, based on three domains of middle leading practices: leading and teaching, managing and facilitating, and communicating and collaborating. Multivariate analysis techniques were used to analyse the data, and there were statistically significant differences in the practices of middle leaders based on school type and their professional accreditation levels. Participant responses related to highlighted high administration workload potentially impacted ML practices related to leading teaching and learning.
Investigating Remote Healthcare Accessibility with AI: Deep Learning and NLP-Based Knowledge Graph for Digitalized Diagnostics

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Recently, vast generational modern AI techniques have facilitated developments for accessing digital healthcare diagnosis with capabilities of detecting illnesses. Problem: There exists a lot of scepticism for e-health couple with high similarities on health symptoms which hinder text data analysis for remote diagnosis limiting remote services and affecting tech development. Objective: This research investigates and substantiates opportunities associated with computational leverage of text data analytics and cognitive extraction of knowledge insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Significance: The study presents an overview of public, an integrated deep learning (DL), and AI knowledge graph (KG) for healthcare accessibility of remote diagnostics with NLP assist. Method: This research applied both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Questionnaires were used to understand the computational analytics and cognitive extraction of AI knowledge graphs on healthcare data. Also, an AI model was built to detect, diagnose based on text data and streamline five (5) related disease symptoms for each given text input. Results: The result of the survey was tested with hypotheses of H1, H2, H3, H4, H5. Results show that deep learning models and knowledge graphs can effectively lead to a well-defined class of data classification. Our model also exhibits a tremendous level of acceptable prediction of health symptoms based on text data. The significant group was accepted as an identified health issue and the non-significant was identified as a non-health issue. Conclusion: The study concludes that a well-defined system based on a rigorous ethical healthcare standard can easily support determining a feasible remote diagnosis.
[Oxidative activity and accumulation of metabolites in gonococcal and staphylococcal plasmid-containing strains].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A higher rate of glucose oxidation by antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus and gonococcus strains has been established; at the same time the sensitive strains are characterised by more intensive oxidation of pyruvate and acetate as compared with the resistant strains. High rate of lactate accumulation by antibiotic-resistant strains has been marked for the studied staphylococci strains. Antibiotic-resistant strains of gonococci are characterised by more intensive accumulation of acetate as the end product of glucose catabolism. No significant differences were revealed for the stable and sensitive strains of gonococci as to the rate of acetate involving in metabolic processes, but a steady tendency to the increase of acetate consumption intensity is observed.
THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE AND RECENT CHANGES ON PREPARATION FOR OLD AGE

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study focused on identifying factors that motivate individuals to make provisions for their old age. We hypothesized that the motivation to make preparations would be associated with the importance attached to a specific domain of functioning along with the extent to which the individual experienced recent change within that domain. We examined how perceived changes in five different domains of functioning (social relationships, leisure, finances, work, health) during the last four years and the importance attached to each domain affected preparation for old age. Participants aged 35 to 85 (Germany: N=811; Hong Kong: N=482; US: N=515) were part of the Aging as Future Study. Across domains, perceptions of positive change and high importance were related to more engagement in preparations, as was being older. The strength of these effects as well as moderating influences varied across domains and cultures, reflecting potential differences in values and social/cultural supports.
Biological and biosimilar medicinal products: safety and efficacy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Biological medicinal products are one of most innovative and promising methods of pharmacotherapy. During the last 20 years several original biological medicinal products have been registered and marketed. Their safety and efficacy have been investigated thoroughly at the level of pre-clinical and clinical studies. These are large, complex protein structures obtained through methods used in genetic engineering, or they are isolated from biological sources. Basically there are two types of biological products: 1) Those naturally present in the body like: Insulin, human growth factor, Factor VIII, erythropoietin; 2) Substances influencing certain mechanisms being the cause of the disease: anti-TNF; anti-IL 17; Anti-CD-20. These biological medicinal products can be divided into Blood and blood components, Vaccines, Allergen extracts, Proteins, Human tissues, Cell and gene therapy, Monoclonal antibodies. The size of biological products may vary between 4 500 D (enoxaparin) and 150 000 (monoclonal antibody) and more, while aspirin size is only 150 D. While biological products are attractive, most patients cannot afford their high cost (roughly estimated 550 US$ a day). However, biosimilar products are much cheaper while offering a good therapeutical alternative with the same safety and efficacy features as the former. Currently, 200 companies worldwide have about 700 of biosimilars under the development. Consequently biosimilar products are having more success in the market and thus are more accessible to patients.
Quenched Limits and Fluctuations of the Empirical Measure for Plane Rotators in Random Media.

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

<p>The Kuramoto model has been introduced to describe synchronization phenomena observed in groups of cells, individuals, circuits, etc. The model consists of $N$ interacting oscillators on the one dimensional sphere $S^1$, driven by independent Brownian Motions with constant drift chosen at random. This quenched disorder is chosen independently for each oscillator according to the same law $\\mu$. The behaviour of the system for large $N$ can be understood via its empirical measure: we prove here the convergence as $N\\to\\infty$ of the quenched empirical measure to the unique solution of coupled McKean-Vlasov equations, under weak assumptions on the disorder $\\mu$ and general hypotheses on the interaction. The main purpose of this work is to address the issue of quenched fluctuations around this limit, motivated by the dynamical properties of the disordered system for large but fixed $N$: hence, the main result of this paper is a quenched Central Limit Theorem for the empirical measure. Whereas we observe a self-averaging for the law of large numbers, this no longer holds for the corresponding central limit theorem: the trajectories of the fluctuations process are sample-dependent.</p>
Performance of a Cryogen-Free 30 T-Class Hybrid Magnet

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The world's first cryogen-free hybrid magnet, which was developed at the High Field Laboratory for Superconducting Materials in order to realize an easy-operational magnet system with no use of liquid helium and nitrogen, has achieved 22.7 T in a 52 mm room temperature bore. After this success, we started to construct a new cryogen-free 30 T-class hybrid magnet, consisting of an outer wide-bore cryogen-free 11 T superconducting magnet and an inner water-cooled 19 T resistive magnet. Up to now, the NbTi outer section coil and the Nb 3 Sn inner one of a wide-bore cryogen-free superconducting magnet has generated individual central fields of 5.3 T at 350 A and 5.8 T at 303 A, respectively in a 360 mm room temperature bore. The wide-bore cryogen-free superconducting magnet was energized up to 9.5 T as a total background field. In hybrid magnet mode the system was operated up to an 8.5 T background field form the cryogen-free superconducting magnet, because a cooling problem was encountered with the innermost coil bobbin during ramping the Bitter magnet. As a result, the cryogen-free hybrid magnet generated 27.5 T in a 32 mm room temperature bore
Forest Road Over Sickle Creek

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In the Huron-Manistee National Forests in Michigan, the U.S. Forest Service evaluates stream crossings for replacement based on hydrology, potential sediment delivery and fish/aquatic organism passage. There are over 70 species of fish that currently make up the area’s fish community, with the survival of some, like the lake herring and lake sturgeon, severely threatened. The USFS needed to replace two 36” diameter corrugated metal pipe culverts. The culverts were small, short and did not allow for easy fish passage. A CON/SPAN® precast arch was chosen to replace the existing structures. The new bottomless structure opened up a half mile for passage of the stream’s salmon and trout populations and improved the hydrology of the stream. The clear span, with the use of a strip footing foundation, provides a natural habitat corridor for resident aquatic organisms. “I was extremely pleased with the quality of the product and believe it greatly enhances the stream environment, makes long-term economic sense and is a delight to the eye,” said Steven McDonald, civil engineer for Horon-Manistee National Forests.
Swimming against the tide: transfer from civil society consultations to track 1

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article introduces a three-phase model for evaluating transfer from civil society consultations to track 1. It applies this model to analyse how Syrian civil society has contributed to the political track in the UN-led mediation process. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted between 2019–2021, the assessment showcases how knowledge-based outcomes generated by civil society are incorporated unevenly by track-1 actors. While these outcomes set the baseline for the participation of civil society in track 1, the absence of strong mechanisms of transfer and the resistance from national delegations and countries in an already fragile negotiation preclude a substantial contribution from civil society. This article's contribution is twofold. First, it bridges two strands of literature by showing how transfer can be used to systematically examine civil society's contributions to peace processes. Second, it adds to the transfer literature by providing an empirical model to evaluate transfer in civil society consultations.
A Hybrid Method for Automatic Chinese Discourse Structure Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A hybrid method is presented for automatic Chinese discourse structure analysis in this paper. This method is based on RST (rhetorical structure theory) analysis, thematic progression analysis and other linguistic methods. Vector space model and other statistical methods are also employed to inhance its robustness. A deterministic RST analysis algorithm is proposed and implemented. Compared with other existing methods, the proposed method has better applicability and precision.