jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Brain metastases in patients with urothelial carcinoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

282 Background: Muscle invasive urothelial cancers are infrequent. Patients (pts) with metastatic disease have poor prognosis. Brain metastases (BM) are rare. The aim of this retrospective study is to analyse the characteristics, the treatment and the evolution of patients with BM treated in a single centre. Methods: Thirty pts with BM were identified among the 1591 pts with urothelial carcinoma seen at the Centre Léon Bérard, between 1994 and 2011. The study population was described, overall survival (OS) from diagnosis of BM was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and prognostic factors were explored using a Cox model. Results: Twenty seven pts in our series were male. Median age at initial diagnosis was 60 years (range: 33.9-78.9 years). Twenty two pts had primary bladder tumours and 8 upper urinary tract tumours. Twenty four pts underwent surgery for their primary lesion, 2 received chemoradiotherapy and 4 did not receive any radical local treatment. Six pts had metastatic disease at initial presentation: 3 were operated on. Median delay between initial diagnosis and BM was 16.6 months (range: 0-56.4 months), 3 patients had BM at initial presentation. Median time between first metastases and BM was 10 months (range=0-52 months). Eleven patients developed BM as one of the first sites of metastases. BM were symptomatic in 28 pts: specific neurological symptoms (n=25), headaches (n=6), epilepsy (n=2). For the 2 other pts, they were discovered on a systematic brain MRI. Eighteen pts had cerebral metastases only, 5 pts had cerebellar metastases only, 6 had both; the last patient had cerebral, cerebellar and meningeal involvement. Half of the pts had only 1 brain lesion. Five pts were operated on: 4 received postoperative radiotherapy; 19 patients were given radiotherapy alone and 6 did not get any local therapy. In this series, median OS from diagnosis of BM was 3.4 months (IC95% [2.2-10.3]). Only the administration of chemotherapy after the diagnosis of BM was significantly associated with OS; probably because only fit enough patients were offered treatment. Conclusions: Prognosis of patients with urothelial carcinoma and BM is poor; however some patients have long survivals. Treatment is not codified as there is little data in the literature.
Frege's Target

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Just how do those demands on the objectivity of judgement set out by Frege limit the authority of the parochial in shaping thought? This chapter discusses those demands, and compares John McDowell and Noam Chomsky in their respective ways of assigning the parochial a substantive role in shaping, or identifying, some realm of fact, where, at the least, that realm cannot be brought into view at all without the work of the parochial. It defends McDowell, and, with him, Wittgenstein, from charges of idealism which have been directed against them.
Influence of plyometric jump training on the physiological changes of male handball players

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Running economy and velocity at maximal oxygen uptake are considered the most substantial physiological performance indicators in team sports. plyometric training are important techniques that enhance the neuromuscular functioning in athletes. The aim of the present study is to investigates the change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and running economy (RE). 16 male participants aged 21 years old. Participants underwent pre- and post-intervention tests including running economy, VO2max within 48 h before and after the training protocol. Statistically significant differences were seen in running economy and VO2max after training (p < .01). The current study suggested that plyometric training for 12 weeks can improve running economy and VO2max.
Perception of Autopsy among Selected Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone- A Cross-Sectional Study.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Autopsy is a specialized surgical procedure that thoroughly examines a dead body to determine the cause and manner of death and assess any pre-existing conditions. Studies show its practice has significantly declined in recent years. In Sierra Leone, some deaths are attributed to traditional and religious beliefs due to the lack of scientific explanations. Even within the medical community, many deaths remain undiagnosed despite advanced diagnostic tools like CT scans and MRIs. Clinicians often overlook autopsy as a tool for solving such mysteries. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of autopsy among doctors and nurses at a tertiary hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design enrolled 215 doctors and nurses using probability proportionate to size, followed by random sampling. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, and SPSS Version 26.0 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The mean age of participants was 32.8 ±7.42 years. Nurses accounted for 73.5% of the study participants. 48.4% and 38.1% of the participants had fair and good knowledge regarding autopsy respectively, and 81.9% displayed a positive attitude. However, only 53.5% had a positive perception, with doctors showing a higher proportion. Only 36.7% were open to organ donation, and most (71.6%) were unaware of policies guiding autopsy practice at the study site. Profession did not predict participant’s knowledge (p-value > 0.05); but it significantly predicted their perception, with doctors 4.62 times more likely to have a positive perception (AOR= 4.62, p value< 0.001). The T-test analysis showed that doctors showed higher knowledge and perception than nurses. Conclusion: Although many participants had fair to good knowledge and a positive attitude, more awareness is still needed about the medical benefits of autopsy.
Anti-Cancer Activity of Solanum nigrum (AESN) through Suppression of Mitochondrial Function and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Breast Cancer Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Chemotherapy is the main approach for treating advanced and recurrent carcinoma, but the clinical performance of chemotherapy is limited by relatively low response rates, drug resistance, and adverse effects that severely affect the quality of life of patients. An association between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemotherapy resistance has been investigated in recent studies. Our recent studies have found that the aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum (AESN) is a crucial ingredient in some traditional Chinese medicine formulas for treating various types of cancer patients and exhibits antitumor effects. We evaluated the suppression of EMT in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with AESN. The mitochondrial morphology was investigated using Mitotracker Deep-Red FM stain. Our results indicated that AESN markedly inhibited cell viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells through apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest mediated by activation of caspase-3 and production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, mitochondrial fission was observed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with AESN. In addition to elevation of E-cadherin, downregulations of ZEB1, N-cadherin, and vimentin were found in AESN-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These results suggested that AESN could inhibit EMT of MCF-7 breast cancer cells mediated by attenuation of mitochondrial function. AESN could be potentially beneficial in treating breast cancer cells, and may be of interest for future studies in developing integrative cancer therapy against proliferation, metastasis, and migration of breast cancer cells.
Can Utilization of Sperm DNA Fragmentation (SDA) Tests in Combination with Time Lapse Microscopy Help in Improving ICSI Implantation Rates in Unexplained Recurrent Implantation Failures Utilizing Double Stranded SDA as the Causative Factor for the same

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over 50% of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles don’t display implantation. Hence laboratories make their maximum efforts to select the best embryos as far as implantation enhancement is concerned. Further utilization of available technologies like time lapse recording have been made in a large number of artificial reproductive technology (ART) centres. Various studies that utilize embryo kinetics have implicated that time when embryo cleavage may prove to be an important factor that determines the implantation potential of an embryo. With this variety of algorithms mathematic wise have been used to forecast which the best embryos are for transfer. But the efficacy of these might be influenced by multiple confounding factors. Thus work on biomarkers that can forecast good ART warrants newer embryo selection basis. Regarding conventional ICSI, typical standard routine semen analysis involving sperm concentration, motility and morphology does not predict the implantation percentages in an ICSI cycle. Once sperm DNA fragmentation (SDA) methods were inducted they appeared to hold promise in forecasting good ART success. Although certain studies utilizing various techniques like TUNEL. SCSA, SCD proved a relation existed between DNA damage and implantation rates in ICSI but the same was contradicted by others. With this it was thought that bias between evaluation of ejaculate and motile sperm picked up for ICSI, as is known regarding absence of positive association of sperm motility and DNA fragmentation. Thus study by Casanovas et.al., tried to find if there is any correlation of single stranded (ssSDA) and double stranded (dsSDA) sperm DNA damage that might forecast ICSI success and utilizing Neutral Comet Assays along with help of time lapse technology they found that double stranded sperm influenced delay in embryo formation as seen by embryo kinetics and thus interfere with implantation rates. Reproduction of these findings might help in getting a standard for getting best embryos selected in ICSI utilizing SDA and time lapse microscopy
Reproducibility of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio in Cigarette Smokers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR or 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) has been used to phenotype CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. Our objectives were to analyze (i) the stability of NMR in plasma, saliva, and blood in various storage conditions, (ii) the relationship between NMRs derived from blood, plasma, saliva, and urine, and (iii) the reproducibility of plasma NMR in ad libitum cigarette smokers. Methods: We analyzed data from four clinical studies. In studies 1 and 2, we assessed NMR stability in saliva and plasma samples at room temperature (∼22°C) over 14 days and in blood at 4°C for up to 72 hours. In studies 2 and 3, we used Bland–Altman analysis to assess agreement between blood, plasma, saliva, and urine NMRs. In study 4, plasma NMR was measured on six occasions over 44 weeks in 43 ad libitum smokers. Results: Reliability coefficients for stability tests of NMR in plasma and saliva at room temperature were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively, and 0.92 for blood at 4°C. Blood NMR agreed consistently with saliva and plasma NMRs but showed more variability in relation to urine NMR. The reliability coefficient for repeated plasma NMR measurements in smokers was 0.85. Conclusion: The NMR is stable in blood, plasma, and saliva at the conditions tested. Blood, plasma, and saliva NMRs are similar whereas urine NMR is a good proxy for these NMR measures. Plasma NMR was reproducible over time in smokers. Impact: One measurement may reliably estimate a smoker's NMR for use as an estimate of the rate of nicotine metabolism. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1105–14. ©2012 AACR.
Analysis of L-carnitine Combined with rhEPO for the Treatment of 30 Patients with Renal Anemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

【Objective】To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine combined with rhEPO on nephritic anemia.【Methods】Thirty maintenance hemodialysis patients with anemia were randomly divided into two groups.The patients in treatment group received L-carnitine plus rhEPO after each hemodialysis.The patients in control group received only rhEPO after each hemodialysis.The course of treatment of two groups was 12 weeks.Serum hemoglobin(Hb) and hematocrit(Hct) were detected before and after treatment.The amount of rhEPO and the rate of hypertension were also observed.【Results】Compared with the control group,serum levels of Hb and Hct increased significantly in the treatment group.The dosage of rhEPO and the rate of hypertension in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group.【Conclusion】 Treatment with L-carnitine plus rhEPO can improve nephritic anemia,and also decrease the dosage of rhEPO and the incidence of efficacy in rhEPO-associated hypertension.
The grafting of acrylamide onto poly(?-caprolactone) and poly(1,5-dioxepan-2-one) using electron beam preirradiation. I. Influence of dose and Mohr's salt for the grafting onto poly(?-caprolactone)

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Poly(ε-caprolactone) films (TONE® 787) were irradiated by electron beam in air prior to grafting in aqueous solutions of acrylamide. The grafting kinetics and molecular weight of the grafted poly(acrylamide) chains were studied with irradiation doses between 2.5 and 20 Mrad and in the Mohr's salt concentration range of 0.0025–1 wt %. The grafting rate and yield were strongly dependent on the Mohr's salt concentration. By molecular weight analysis of grafted poly(acrylamide) chains, it was shown that the molecular weight is approximately proportional to the mass of the grafted PAAm. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1643–1649, 1999
Impact of metformin on clinical outcomes among men with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e16000 Background: Conflicting evidence exists regarding the beneficial effects of metformin in prostate cancer. Therefore, the current study was carried out to determine the association between metformin and clinical outcomes in prostate cancer using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Original articles published in English until third week of July, 2014 were searched in electronic databases (Medline-Ovid, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ProQuest) for studies on metformin use in prostate cancer. The clinical outcomes assessed were: development of biochemical recurrence, metastases or castration-resistant metastatic cancer (CRPC), all-cause and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (pHR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity between the studies was examined using I2 statistics. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the robustness of findings and publication bias was assessed by the Egger's regression asymmetry test and contour plot. Results: Out of 230 retrieved citations, eight retrospective cohort studies and one nested-case-control study met the inclusion criteria. Metformin use was marginally associated with reduction in the risk of biochemical recurrence (pHR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.01, P-value = 0.06, I2 = 25%, 5 studies). Metformin use was not significantly associated with metastases (pHR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-1.18, P-value = 0.14, I2 = 74%, 3 studies), all-cause mortality (pHR: 0.86; 95% CI, 0.65, 1.15, P-Value = 0.31, I2: 78%, 5 studies) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (pHR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.58, 2.56, P-value = 0.60, I2 = 60%, 4 studies). Pooled estimates for all outcomes varied in sensitivity analysis by diabetes status and primary treatment of prostate cancer. Systematic review revealed mixed findings on metformin use and the risk of CRPC. Conclusions: Metformin may reduce the risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Given the potential of selection-bias in the observational studies, randomized trials should be designed to assess the efficacy of metformin use in prostate cancer.
A Tale of Two Cities and the Diaspora Therein: Portuguese New Christians between Rome and Pisa (1542‑1609)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article deals with relations between Portuguese New Christians in Rome and Pisa between 1542 and 1609. While they were often united by ties of kinship and commercial interests, belonging to the Western diaspora of descendants of Jews from Portugal who adopted Christianity at the end of the 15th century, they were very different based on the two locales and their ways of being in the world. While their presence is Rome predated that of Pisa and their arrival in the Tuscan city was, in fact, organised from Rome, by the end of the 16th century they were able to constitute an important, especially mercantile community in Pisa and Livorno. The possibility offered to New Christians to openly embrace Judaism allowed for the establishment of a Portuguese Jewish community in Tuscany, unhindered by the constraints of a ghetto, completely unlike the situation in Rome
Functional obstructive defaecation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To study patients with obstructive defaecation to determine quantitatively its pathophysiology and homogeneity. Design: Twenty-two patients with obstructive defaecation were studied by isotope proctography and by conventional methods for quantitative analysis of the pathophysiological factors involved. Methods: Examination of the patients included ano-rectal manometry, the rectal balloon expulsion test, pelvic floor electromyography and isotope proctography. Eleven asymptomatic subjects were studied for comparison. Results: Pelvic floor electromyography revealed increased 'straining electromyographic activity' in all patients (P< 0.001). Patients with obstructive defaecation had impaired rectal sensation and were unable to perform a complete rectal evacuation (54% rectal evacuation) on isotope proctography. The defaecation time was prolonged and was associated with a reduced defaecation rate. Simultaneous recording of intrarectal pressures and external anal sphincter (EAS) electromyography during proctography revealed increased intrarectal pressure (P<0.0001) and EAS electromyographic voltage (P<0.01) during evacuation. The anorectal angles correlated with the pelvic floor movement and the anismus index. The anismus index in these patients correlated with the intrarectal pressure (P<0.02). No increase in the electromyographic voltage of the EAS was observed in any of the control subjects who successfully performed rectal balloon expulsion. Conclusion: Obstructive defaecation is a multifactórial condition involving derangements of rectal sensation and abnormal activity of the pelvic floor and anal sphincter musculature; its homogeneity is affected by the duration of the process.
Effects of Yukmijihwang-tang on Maximal Exercise Performance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Yukmijihwang-tang (YM) is a well-known prescription to treat kidney inflammation on Korea. However, the effects of YM on maximal exercise performance (MEP) is not-well investigated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of YM on MEP using forced swimming test (FST) model. Mice were largely divided into three group; a non-swimming group, saline treated-swimming load test group, and YM treated-swimming load group. Swimming load test groups were re-divided into swimming control group (Control), YM fed group (YM). YM was administrated orally for 2 weeks before FST. After FST, immobility time, oxygen consumption was measured by physiological test, and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. FST induced MEP identified by increased immobility, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors. Immobility time was significantly reduced by YM treatment compared with control group. Oxygen consumption was also significantly reduced by YM treatment. The increase on lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase after FST was inhibited by YM treatment. In addition, consumption of energy source (free fatty acid, and triglyceride) and recovery of energy was enhanced by YM treatment after FST. In conclusion, YM inhibited the elevation of immobility time, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors after FST. YM could be used as a beneficial agents to enhance maximal endurance exercise performance and an effective ergogenic aid in exercise training.
Towards a test standard for board and system level mixed-signal interconnects

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes basic requirements for a standard bus for testing analog interconnects. The viewpoint is that of prospective users. An architecture for such a standard bus is proposed. The basic conception is of a mixed-signal version of boundary-scan and is compatible with, indeed built upon, ANSI/IEEE Std 1149.1. The goals in mind are the detection of faults and the measurement of analog interconnect parameters. Among the desired benefits are test and test data commonality throughout an assembly hierarchy, from manufacturing to field service.< >
Lumbricidae Rafinesque 1815

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

LUMBRICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Allolobophora omodeoi Zajonc, 1963: 521. Dendrobaena omodeoi Csuzdi, Pavlíček & Misirlioğlu, 2007: 352. Eophila crodabepis Paoletti, 2016: 6. (acronym from C anestrini, Ro sa, Da rwin, Be rlese, Pi etro Omodeo and S ilvestri) Octodrilus omodeoi Zicsi, 1981: 164. Omodeoia Kvavadze, 1993: 129. Pietromodeona Qiu & Bouché, 1998a: 194. Scherotheca (Corsicadrilus) omodeoi Qiu & Bouché, 1998b: 129.
Formation of Oxygenated Compounds from Isooctane/Toluene Flames

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The emission of three families of oxygenated compounds (carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and organic acids) is studied in the case of isooctane/toluene combustion. Stoichiometric, lean, and rich conditions are studied at different distances from a flat burner. Ten carbonyl compounds, five alcohols, and four organic acids are found in the combustion products of this fuel, under the experimental conditions used. Generally, these oxygenated compounds are formed very quickly; their concentrations increase within the first 2−3 mm and then decrease to zero. The influence of the air/fuel equivalence ratio (λ) is also presented: some oxygenated compounds have a maximum concentration at stoichiometry, whereas others experience a maximum concentration under lean conditions. This influence is generally the same as in the case of a spark-ignition (SI) engine.