jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reconstitution in liposomes of the functionally active human OCTN1 (SLC22A4) transporter overexpressed inEscherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The hOCTN1 (human organic cation transporter 1) overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-chelating chromatography has been reconstituted in liposomes by detergent removal with a batch-wise procedure. The reconstitution was optimized with respect to the protein concentration, the detergent/phospholipid ratio and the time of incubation with Amberlite XAD-4 resin. Time-dependent [14C]tetraethylammonium, [3H]carnitine or [3H]ergothioneine uptake was measured in proteoliposomes with activities ratios of 8:1.3:1 respectively. Optimal activity was found at pH 8.0. The transport depended on intraliposomal ATP. [14C]tetraethylammonium transport was inhibited by several compounds. The most effective were acetyl-choline and γ-butyrobetaine, followed by acetylcarnitine and tetramethylammonium. Reagents such as pyridoxal 5-phosphate, MTSES [sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl) methanethiosulfonate] and mercurials strongly inhibited the transport. From kinetic analysis of tetraethylammonium transport a Km of 0.77 mM was calculated. Acetylcholine and γ-butyrobetaine behaved as competitive inhibitors of TEA (tetraethylammonium) transport with Ki values of 0.44 and 0.63 mM respectively.
The Role of Private Practitioners in Bridging the Healthcare Gap and Achieving Universal Health Coverage in India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

abstract In a mixed Healthcare System such as India, private practitioners or private sector Health care providers play a significant role in providing health care to the community. This is especially true in settings where public healthcare systems are overburdened and face challenges in providing universal and timely access to medical services. The availability of ample private healthcare options allows patients to receive the medical care they receive where individuals can select the provider that aligns with their preferences, timings and needs and enhance overall patient satisfaction. Although private practitioners have the potential to bridge healthcare gaps, there are also challenges faced by the private healthcare sector. A proper balance and cooperation between the public and private sectors are a must for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Integrating private practitioners into UHC should be tailored to each country’s context and demand. When private practitioners collaborate with public healthcare, they can collectively bridge gaps, improve general access and improve service quality.
Early life socioeconomic position and mortality from cardiovascular diseases: an application of causal mediation analysis in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We aimed to quantify the mediating impact of adult social and behavioural mechanisms in the association between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by employing a weighting approach to mediation analysis. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Stockholm County, Sweden. Participants 19 720 individuals who participated in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort survey in 2002 and were older than 40 years. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was CVD mortality. Non-CVD mortality was additionally analysed for comparison. Methods Study subjects were followed in routine registers from 2002 to 2011 for mortality. Data on father’s SEP and adult social and behavioural factors came from questionnaire survey. The inverse odds weighting method was used to estimate the total effect, the natural direct effect and the natural indirect effect (NIE) in Poisson regression models. All results were adjusted for gender, age, country of birth and marital status. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. Results The total effect of manual versus non-manual father’s SEP on CVD mortality was estimated as an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.24 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.41). When the social and behavioural factors were accounted for, the IRR for the NIE was 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.14), suggesting a mediation of 44% of the total effect. As for non-CVD mortality, father’s manual SEP was associated with 1.15 fold excess risk (IRR: 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.27) of which the effect represented by the whole set of mediators was 1.06 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10). Conclusion Adult social and behavioural factors had a considerable mediating effect on the early life social origin of mortality from CVDs and other causes. Future research employing causal mediation analysis may nevertheless have to consider additional factors for a fuller understanding of the mechanisms.
Building and Testing Yield Curve Generators for P&C Insurance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Interest-rate risk is a key factor for property-casualty insurer capital. P&C companies tend to be highly leveraged, with bond holdings much greater than capital. For GAAP capital, bonds are marked to market but liabilities are not, so shifts in the yield curve can have a significant impact on capital. Yield-curve scenario generators are one approach to quantifying this risk. They produce many future simulated evolutions of the yield curve, which can be used to quantify the probabilities of bond-value changes that would result from various maturity-mix strategies. Some of these generators are provided as black-box models where the user gets only the projected scenarios. One focus of this paper is to provide methods for testing generated scenarios from such models by comparing to known distributional properties of yield curves. Typically regulators, security analysts, and customers focus on one to three-year timeframes for capital risk. This is much different than risk-management in other financial institutions, where the focus is on how much markets can move from one day's close to the next day's opening. Those institutions trade continuously when the markets are open, and manage risk with derivatives. P&C insurers, on the other hand, hold bonds to maturity and manage cash-flow risk by matching asset and liability flows. Derivative pricing and stochastic volatility are of little concern over the relevant time frames. This requires different models and model testing than what is common in the broader financial markets. To complicate things further, interest rates for the last decade have not been following the patterns established in the sixty years following WWII. We are now coming out of the period of very low rates, yet are still not returning to what had been thought of as normal before that. Modeling and model testing are in an evolving state while new patterns emerge. Our analysis starts with a review of the literature on interest-rate model testing, with a P&C focus, and an update of the tests for current market behavior. We then discuss models, and use them to illustrate the fitting and testing methods. The testing discussion does not require the model-building section. We do try to make the modeling more accessible to actuarial modelers, compared to our source papers in the financial literature. Code for MCMC estimation is included at the CAS GitHub site. Model estimation is getting easier as the software advances, and interested actuaries, who often have a better feel for the application needs than do financial modelers, can use this to fit their own yield-curve generators.
Lower Bounds

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A general and long-standing belief in the proof complexity community asserts that there is a close connection between progress in lower bounds for Boolean circuits and progress in proof size lower bounds for strong propositional proof systems. Although there are famous examples where a transfer from ideas and techniques from circuit complexity to proof complexity has been effective, a formal connection between the two areas has never been established so far. Here we provide such a formal relation between lower bounds for circuit classes and lower bounds for Frege systems for quantified Boolean formulas (QBF).
A161 HEMOPEXIN TREATMENT ALLEVIATES COLITIS SEVERITY IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-22RA1 SIGNALING IN MICE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often defined by persistent intestinal epithelial inflammation, bleeding, and pain. It is one of the major risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD’s pathogenesis is fundamentally characterized by the release of free luminal heme. Dietary heme induces intestinal dysbiosis and exacerbates colitis. Interleukin 22 (IL-22) is produced in the gut by immune cells, mainly innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3). It is known to induce a protective response mediated by hemopexin, a plasma heme scavenger produced in the liver that limits the availability of heme iron to microbes and suppresses bacterial growth. Aims To evaluate the protective role of IL-22 by the stimulation of hemopexin in a mouse model of acute colitis Methods To assess the effect of IL-22 on colitis, Il22ra1-/- and wild-type (Wt) mice on a C57BL/6 background were treated with 2.5% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in drinking water for 12 days to induce colitis, after which they were sacrificed. To reverse colitis severity with hemopexin, three groups of mice received 2.5% DSS in drinking water for 12 days. The treatment group (Il22ra1-/-) received an 15 mg/kg BW hemopexin injection intraperitoneally on day 7 of the DSS treatment, while the other two groups, Wt and Il22ra1-/-, received the vehicle (PBS). Results Il22ra1 -/- mice had significantly greater weight loss, higher disease activity index (DAI) score and shorter colon length on day 12 (endpoint) compared to the Wt mice. Significant increases in inflammatory markers such as lipocalin-2 (lcn-2), TNF-α and IL-6 were observed in Il22ra1-/- mice, contributing to their condition. Decreased fecal hemopexin and increased free luminal heme were observed in Il22ra1-/- mice compared to the Wt mice. Hemopexin administration reversed the disease severity by reducing DAI, inflammatory markers and increasing the colon length. Increased fecal hemopexin and reduced luminal heme were also observed in the Il22ra1-/- mice. Conclusions Hemopexin is present in the gut during colitis. The absence of Il-22ra1 enhances free luminal heme production, reduces hemopexin concentration in the gut, and aggravates colitis in mice. Hemopexin administration reduces free luminal heme in the gut, enhances hemopexin availability and alleviates colitis severity in mice. Funding Agencies CIHRUniversite de Montreal, CRCHUM, Institute du Cancer de Montreal
Regulation of goblet cells by diet and microbiota derived metabolites

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Trillions of commensal microbes, collectively called microbiota, reside in the mammalian intestine. Microbiota break down dietary components to produce metabolites that regulate the symbiotic relationship between the host and microbiota. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) reside at the direct interface between the host and microbiota and respond to metabolites from the diet and microbiota. We hypothesize that diet and microbiota-derived metabolites regulate goblet cells within the Intestine. We found mice fed rice bran exhibited decreased numbers of goblet cells, which are the specialized IEC that maintains mucosal barrier function through secretion of the compound mucin. Furthermore, rice bran feeding resulted in reduced epithelial expression of the gene Mucin 2 (Muc2). Rice bran is known to contain high amounts of both fiber and phytate. Microbial fermentation of dietary fiber produces the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate. In addition, dietary phytate is digested by distinct microbial enzymes to produce phosphorous and inositol phosphate metabolites. Interestingly, utilizing in vitro culture systems employing a human colonic epithelial cell line, we found that butyrate inhibited goblet cell gene expression. On the other hand, phytate metabolites promoted the goblet cell gene Muc2 expression. When treated with both butyrate and phytate, the phytate effect was overridden by the butyrate effect. Thus, our results suggest that rice bran can decrease goblet cells in the colon through microbial metabolism of fiber, despite opposing effects by phytate
Racial Metaphors

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines Western preconceptions regarding African sexuality that distorted early research on the social context of AIDS in Africa and continue to limit the scope of preventive policies. It examines social science and policy works that constructed a hypersexualized pan-African culture as the main reason for the high prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, supporting their hypotheses with sweeping generalizations and innuendo based on anecdotal evidence, rather than on useful comparative data on sexual behavior. This chapter offers a critical analysis of the discourse on African “exceptionalism”, excessive reliance on anthropological or ethnographic methodology, and the historical and philosophical origins of treating Africa as a special case that derives from racial science and the eugenics movement.
Polyneuritis and refractory headache overlap with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The primary clinical manifestations of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome are skin lesions and osteitis. We describe a 53‐year‐old woman patient suffering from overlapping refractory headache and polyneuritis (cranial nerves I, II and VII ). She complained of headaches, which recurred every month, followed by bilateral anosmia and left vision loss approximately 1 year later. Prednisolone therapy improved her symptoms; however, her refractory headache, pain in the right shoulder and left hip joint, and rash recurred 1 year after prednisolone withdrawal. Also, the patient presented with left sensorineural deafness and extensive acne on her body, and bone scintigraphy and bone biopsy showed synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome. After treatment, her symptoms improved without recurrence. Although synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome induced by polyneuritis is rare, it should be considered when clinicians encounter patients presenting with headache and polyneuritis of unknown cause.
Analysis on vibration forming system in consideration of plastic deformation of materials

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Under the function of a cyclic load, material has an elasticoplastic deformation; and restoring force and displacement of a shaping mechanism-material system represents hysteretic characteristics, which can be equivalent to rigidity and damp according to elasticoplastic properties of the material. In order to study the influence on system characteristics due to vibration mass, rigidity and damp, a small indoor vibration forming mechanism specific to a special design is researched. A hysteretic model of the system with a symmetrical curve is established based on real data; and an asymptotic method is applied for solution and analysis. The analysis indicates that the displacement of a resonance curve towards the right increases as the rigidity of the material increases and the damp decreases; and the vibration mass of the material has little influence on the resonance curve.
Application of Cortical Processing Theory to Acoustical Analysis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract : The overall goal of the STTR program is to formulate a template-matching operation, with perception-related rules of integration over time and frequency at its core, in the context of human perception of degraded speech. In particular, we aim at developing models of auditory processing capable of predicting consonant confusion by normally-hearing listeners, under a variety of acoustic distortions A prerequisite is to formulate the signal processing principles realized by the auditor periphery in providing the observed graceful degredation of human performance in noise. In the nominal four quarters of Phase I we have focused on the role of the descending auditory pathway in regulating the operating point of the cochlea, resulting in auditory nerve (AN) representation of speech sounds that are less sensitive to changes in sustained background noise. A closed-loop model of the auditory periphery, with efferent-inspired feedback, ha been implemented that produces spectrograms of noisy speech that are more consistent with spectrograms of speech in quiet than are spectrograms produced by open-loop models of the auditory periphery.
Judah’s Survival

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter discusses the survival of Judah. It describes the post-Assyrian reform of Josiah and addresses the motives and extent of Josiah's reform. Its shows that the Deuteronomic covenant with Yahweh involved a radical, even traumatic denial of older piety. It shows that Josiah and his officers may have believed they had secured the eternal future of Judah.
A particular effect of sleep, but not pain or depression, on the blood-oxygen-level dependent response during working memory tasks in patients with chronic pain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Nicolas A Elvemo,1 Nils I Landrø,2,3 Petter C Borchgrevink,3,4 Asta K Håberg1,5 1Department of Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; 2Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 3Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; 4National Norwegian Advisory Unit for Complex Disorders, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; 5Department of Medical Imaging, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Background: Patients with chronic pain (CP) are often reported to have deficits in working memory. Pain impairs working memory, but so do depression and sleep problems, which are also common in CP. Depression has been linked to changes in brain activity in CP during working memory tasks, but the effect of sleep problems on working memory performance and brain activity remains to be investigated. Methods: Fifteen CP patients and 17 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls underwent blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T while performing block design 0-back, 2-back, and paced visual serial addition test paradigms. Subjects also reported their level of pain (Brief Pain Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory II), and sleep problems (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and were tested outside the scanner with neuropsychological tests of working memory. Results: The CP group reported significantly higher levels of pain, depression, and sleep problems. No significant performance difference was found on the neuropsychological tests in or outside the scanner between the two groups. There were no correlations between level of pain, depression, and sleep problems or between these and the neuropsychological test scores. CP patients exhibited significantly less brain activation and deactivation than controls in parietal and frontal lobes, which are the brain areas that normally show activation and deactivation during working memory tasks. Sleep problems independently and significantly modulated the BOLD response to the complex working memory tasks and were associated with decreased brain activation in task-positive regions and decreased deactivation in the default mode network in the CP group compared to the control group. The pain and depression scores covaried with working memory activation. Discussion: Sleep problems in CP patients had a significant impact on the BOLD response during working memory tasks, independent of pain level and depression, even when performance was shown not to be significantly affected. Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging, 2-back, serial addition test, deactivation, activation
1236 A Challenging Transition Between Volume Assured Modes in a Patient with Congenital Lung Abnormalities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction The advent of volume-assured modes for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has improved treatment of more complicated sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), although can present challenges in choosing ventilatory modes in patients with abnormal pulmonary anatomy. Report of case(s) Our Patient is a 44 year-old female with hypoplastic right lung, pulmonary hypertension and chronic hypercapnic/hypoxic respiratory failure on nocturnal NIV for complex sleep disordered breathing. She failed CPAP, BIPAP and BIPAP S/T. Average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) NIV was initiated with stabilization in awake carbon dioxide levels, improved sleep quality and daytime energy . She was transitioned to an iVAPS (intelligent volume-assured pressure support) ventilator when eligible for new NIV. Initial settings were empiric, targeting Alveolar Ventilation 3.3 l/min to approximate similar minute ventilation set on previous AVAPS (Assumed dead space ventilation 1.05 l/min or 70 cc x 15rr). Despite relatively similar recorded pressures and respiratory parameters between the two volume-targeted ventilators, she experienced air hunger, palpitations and increased morning headaches after change from AVAPS to iVAPS. Alveolar ventilation target was increased to 4.5 l/min, yet symptoms persisted. She subsequently returned to AVAPS, with symptom resolution. Conclusion This case highlights the uncertainty in transitioning volume assured ventilator modes that use different algorithms to achieve ventilatory targets. We hypothesized incorrect dead space estimates in the setting of her abnormal pulmonary anatomy may lead to inequivalent respiratory targets between modes, but this does not appear to be the case based on available data. The sensation of dyspnea is complex, thus it is possible subtle changes in rise time, breath delivery, cycling and triggering may have contributed to air hunger. Furthermore, many assumptions are made when transitioning between intelligent ventilator modes and these assumptions are based on “normal” respiratory dynamics. Support (if any) Note- Chart would not transfer, abbreviated data placed below. Settings- (both modes) EPAP 6, Min ipap 17, max IPAP 30 AVAPS- Tidal volume 300, T insp max 2 second, rise time 200 ms iVAPS- Alveolar ventilation 3.3 l/min, T insp max 2 sec, rise time 200 ms Outcome AVAPS- RR 14-15, TV 301-313, MV 4.3, IPAP 20.6, triggered 36% iVAPS- RR 15-32, TV 300-480, MV 4.5, IPAP 20.6, Triggered 30%