jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
I-PpoI, the Endonuclease Encoded by the Group I Intron PpLSU3, Is Expressed from an RNA Polymerase I Transcript

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

PpLSU3, a mobile group I intron in the rRNA genes of Physarum polycephalum, also can home into yeast chromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (D. E. Muscarella and V. M. Vogt, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1023-1033, 1993). By integrating PpLSU3 into the rDNA copies of a yeast strain temperature sensitive for RNA polymerase I, we have shown that the I-PpoI homing endonuclease encoded by PpLSU3 is expressed from an RNA polymerase I transcript. We have also developed a method to integrate mutant forms of PpLSU3 as well as the Tetrahymena intron TtLSU1 into rDNA, by expressing I-PpoI in trans. Analysis of I-PpoI expression levels in these mutants, along with subcellular fractionation of intron RNA, strongly suggests that the full-length excised intron RNA, but not RNAs that are further cleaved, serves as or gives rise to the mRNA.
Non-symmetric transition probability in generalized qubit models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The quantum mechanical transition probability is symmetric. A probabilistically motivated and more general quantum logical definition of the transition probability was introduced in two preceding papers without postulating its symmetry, but in all the examples considered there it remains symmetric. Here we present a class of binary models where the transition probability is not symmetric, using the extreme points of the unit interval in an order unit space as quantum logic. We show that their state spaces are strictly convex smooth compact convex sets and that each such set K gives rise to a quantum logic of this class with the state space K. The transition probabilities are symmetric iff K is the unit ball in a Hilbert space. In this case, the quantum logic becomes identical with the projection lattice in a spin factor which is a special type of formally real Jordan algebra.
Extradural myxopapillary ependymoma: report of two cases and review of the literature.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The cauda equina is the most frequent location for ependymomas, particularly the myxopapillary variant, which generally arises from the filum terminale. These tumors have a characteristic histopathologic pattern and are usually easily recognized. The occurrence of these tumors in an extradural, sacrococcygeal, or subcutaneous location may prove challenging, particularly in the absence of any obvious central nervous system connection. We describe two such extradural cases, one with multiple regional and distant metastases and the other with multiple recurrences. The origin of these tumors from subcutaneous sacrococcygeal ependymal rests is postulated on the basis of earlier reports. Clinical and histopathological features are described and a review of the literature is presented.
Computerized Simulation of Enveloping Process for Different Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Application domain of the enveloping method is very wide and includes numerous engineering applications. The method has been widely applied for the formation of various surfaces, including gear flanks. So called ‘nondiffferential’ method for enveloping process simulation has been developed; the method makes possible adequate description of the process. The method had laid the foundation for the development of a general-purpose software package which is used for the simulation of screw surface formation by different types of cutting tools, computation of tool profile needed to machine defined screw surface, determination of the profile of a gear tooth machined by a tool with defined geometry, computation of gear contact points coordinates, and other tasks. The computer program is modular in design, with a number of common units for the description of enveloped link geometry, enveloping process simulation, motion description, and units related to the solution of specific applied tasks.
Self mode-locking operation of the longitudinal and transverse modes in a CO<inf>2</inf>laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Mode-locking of the CO 2 laser in the 10µm band by means of an intracavity internal loss modulator or an intracavity saturable gas absorber has been reported previously (1). In this paper, we report the first operation of the simultaneous self-locking of the beam-scanning type of longitudinal and transverse modes in a CO 2 laser.
Millijoule 5 μm femtosecond OPCPA at 1 kHz repetition rate

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Power-scalable ultrafast mid-IR coherent radiation plays an important role in strong field physics for driving nonlinear optical frequency conversion, such as high harmonic and x-ray generation. The most promising route to access the wavelength range >4 μm connected with scalability of the pulse energy relies on optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) using non-oxide crystals, like ZGP or CSP [1]. A further key element is a high-performance pulsed 2-μm pump source. Using such 2-μm pump sources 100 fs pulses at 5.2 μm have been generated at 1 kHz with pulse energy of 80 μJ [2]. Recently, 180 fs pulses at 7 μm with energy of 200 μJ were demonstrated, however, operating at a rather low repetition rate of 100 Hz [1]. Here we present a 1 kHz ultrashort pulse OPCPA source delivering 1.3 mJ pulses at 5 μm with sub-200 fs duration.In conclusion, we have demonstrated a high-energy OPCPA at 5-μm delivering up to 1.3 mJ ultrashort pulses at a 1 kHz repetition rate, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest pulse energy emitted by an OPCPA in the mid-IR.
Determination of thiourea in foods and tobacco flavor fragrance by Hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of thiourea in foods and tobacco flavor fragrance by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.Methods:Thiourea was determined by Venusil HILIC column using acetonitrile-water solution(97/3,V/V) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength of 236 nm.Results:In the range of 0.1 μg/ml～10 μg/ml,the peak area had good linearity with the concentration of thiourea,correlation coefficients was 0.9999.The limit of detection(LOD) was 0.1 ng.The recovery of the method was 98.3%～103.2% and relative standard deviation was 1.19%～2.89%.Conclusion:This method is simple and accurate.It can be applied to the determination of thiourea in foods.
EVALUATION OF THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF LOW-INTENSITY SHOCKWAVE THERAPY AND PLATELET-RICH PLASMA IN TREATING ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives As treatment options for erectile dysfunction (ED) expand, there is a shift toward therapies that address underlying causes to enhance overall erectile function. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and low-intensity shockwave therapy (LiSWT) are promising approaches aimed at restoring function by targeting these root causes. This study evaluates the combined efficacy and safety of PRP and LiSWT in treating ED. Methods In this prospective study, 50 men with ED were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 (G1) received six sessions of LiSWT using the Duolith device, 1000 shockwaves to the distal penis, 1000 to the base of the penis and 500 to each crura, 0.25 mJ/mm2, 3 Hz). Group 2 (G2) received the same LiSWT protocol plus PRP injections during the final session. PRP was prepared from 30 mL of venous blood, yielding 2x5mL injections administered into each crura, followed by a 10-minute penile constriction loop application. Outcomes were measured using the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) at baseline, 3, and 6 months after treatment, alongside monitoring for side effects. Results Both groups demonstrated significant increases in mean IIEF-5 scores at 3 and 6 months post-treatment (p &lt; 0.05; p &lt; 0.001). Comparative analysis showed no significant difference between the groups at these follow-ups (p &gt; 0.05). Mild bruising occurred in three cases in G2, while no adverse effects were reported in G1. Conclusions LiSWT, with or without PRP, significantly improves erectile function in men with ED and is well tolerated. Although the combination therapy with PRP offered no statistical advantage over LiSWT alone in this study, both approaches show promise as effective, safe treatments. Additional research is needed to investigate the long-term benefits of combining these regenerative therapies and to determine optimal protocols for the number and dosage of PRP injections. Conflicts of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Assessing the Overlap of Science Knowledge Graphs: A Quantitative Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Science Knowledge Graphs (SKGs) have emerged as a means to represent and capture research outputs (papers, datasets, software, etc.) and their relationships in a machine-readable manner. However, different SKGs use different taxonomies, making it challenging to understand their overlaps, gaps and differences. In this paper, we propose a quantitative bottom-up analysis to assess the overlap between two SKGs, based on the type annotations of their instances. We implement our methodology by assessing the category overlap of 100,000 publications present both in OpenAlex and OpenAIRE. As a result, our approach produces an alignment of 71 categories and discusses the level of agreement between both KGs when annotating research artefacts.
Physiology for all: Reflections on the design and delivery of a MOOC to enhance subject knowledge in physiology

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Interactive digital technologies have begun to be an increasingly important tool within Higher Education (HE). One example of such technology is that of eLearning, particularly with the growing interest in massive open online courses (MOOCs). Prospective students would have the benefit of utilising MOOCs to explore potential pathways and subject areas, with physiology chosen to be developed into a MOOC to raise the profile with a view to improving recruitment into physiology or physiology-related study pathways. The course was created in 2017 and to date, 17,986 individuals have enrolled onto the course with an average rating of 4.7 out of 5 stars. Upon reflection, the MOOC reached some of the target audience; however, the majority appeared to be those who were in employment and were utilising the resource to enhance their learning. Lessons learnt from the development and implementation of the MOOC include the importance of collaboration and partnerships, particularly with the target audience, to ensure the course is fit for purpose. In addition, the planning of the MOOC itself was found to be of great importance; the team discovered the importance of utilising storyboards to develop the scripts and interaction opportunities as well as ensuring the inclusion of demonstrations and animations to help learners visualise key concepts and essential information. While the initial ambition for the Physiology MOOC was targeted at a younger demographic, in preparation for their journey into further or higher education, and potentially a career in the discipline, the data indicates limited impact in this regard. A potential reason for this could be the platforms on which the MOOC was promoted: the target audience may be better reached through promotion in schools and colleges; there may also be a lack of awareness of the platform within this population. Although it is questionable as to whether a MOOC is the most appropriate vehicle for this purpose, the evidence suggests that a large number of learners across the demographic spectrum benefitted greatly from the learning materials and evaluated them highly.
A Decision Theoretic Model for Standard Setting and Regulation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a decision theoretic model which was developed to aid regulatory agencies in standard setting and regulation tasks. The one stage three decision maker model encompasses the decision making of a regulator, a developer, and an impactee unit. Each decision unit is assumed to follow a basic decision model, which is a combination of a probability model, a difference value judgment model, and an expected utility model. The developer unit is linked to the regulator unit through possible detections of violations of a regulation and sanctions. The impactee unit is linked to the developer unit through pollution generating events stemming from the developer's actions, and the subsequent damages which may result from pollution. \n\nThis basic regulation model is then specified to safety and emission standard setting. Central in these specifications is a signal detection model which characterizes the uncertainty with which the regulator will detect or miss violations of his regulation. A multistage conditional probability model links the developer's actions, pollution generating events, amounts of pollutants, and possible effects on impactees.
[Changes of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in neonates with myocardial ischemic injury].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Plasma NT-proBNP levels increase in neonates with HIE complicated by myocardial ischemic injury in the acute phase. Detection of NT-proBNP levels may be useful in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemic injury and the severity evaluation of HIE.
Beyond the mere dichotomy of active search versus avoidance of information about the self.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Case et al.'s [1] paper—“Avoiding Versus Seeking: The Relationship of Information Seeking to Avoidance, Blunting, Coping, Dissonance, and Related Concepts”—provides a comprehensive review of seminal work on the topic of information-seeking behavior that has evolved over the last few decades. The paper is also useful for researchers wanting to promptly identify areas for future investigation.

Case et al. [1] primarily emphasize the need to further explore individuals' tendencies to avoid information. In response, we would like to raise the following issues for consideration. A call to focus attention on information avoidance behavior is timely but may perpetuate the view of information seeking as an all-or-nothing phenomenon, despite accumulating accounts that such behavior is more fluid and context-bound than previously thought [2]. Although the authors have chosen to focus on the notion of information avoidance, individuals are rarely found to either be information “avoiders” or active “seekers” across the board. Rather, individuals often are purposefully selective in the type, sources, and amount of information they seek [3–5]. A pregnant woman, for instance, may not want to be told of the sex of her fetus as it appears on an ultrasound but may be open to “folk” tales about how to tell whether the fetus is a girl or a boy. An individual with a diagnosis of cancer may be selective and seek much information on treatment options but not on prognosis. In addition, individuals attend differently to information depending on how it is presented (e.g., as facts, statistics, or testimonials).

Studies exploring these differing information-seeking behaviors and the ways these are modulated over time are few. Case et al.'s [1] examples of individuals who avoid information are informative, but they do not attempt to address how and why different information-seeking behaviors emerge in the scope of their review. Future theoretical and empirical work could address the following: Why do individuals choose to seek certain types of information and ignore others within and across situations? What are the specific features of information that prompt individuals to seek or avoid it? How do individual differences interact with context to influence distinct processes and outcomes related to information seeking about the self?
Global data association for the Probability Hypothesis Density filter using network flows

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter is an efficient formulation of multi-target state estimation that circumvents the combinatorial explosion of the multi-target posterior by operating on single-target space without maintaining target identities. In this paper, we propose a multi-target tracker based on the PHD filter that provides instantaneous state estimation and delayed decision on data association. For this purpose, we reformulate the PHD recursion in terms of single-target track hypotheses and solve a min-cost flow network for trajectory estimation where measurement likelihoods and transition probabilities are based on multi-target state estimates. In this manner, the presented approach combines global data association with efficient multi-target filtering. We evaluate the approach on a publicly available pedestrian tracking dataset to present state estimation and data association capabilities.
Considerations Related to Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) Control in Montana

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) production is limited in Montana due to activities associated with Richardson's ground squirrels ( Spermophilus richardsonii ), and control is often considered to be cost prohibitive. This study was conducted to document the economic impact of ground squirrel activities on alfalfa yield and demonstrate field efficacy of available toxicants. Montana alfalfa producers completed a survey to determine perceived severity and losses due to ground squirrels. Actual first‐harvest forage yield losses were determined at two locations in southwest Montana in 2003 and 2004 using cage exclosures. Chlorophacinone (Rozol), diphacinone (Ramik‐Green), and zinc phosphide were administered at two locations to determine the efficacy of each treatment. Survey results across Montana indicate alfalfa producers estimate a 24% average reduction in forage yield in areas known to be infested with ground squirrels. First‐cut forage yields were reduced by 31% in southwest Montana. Rozol was the most effective control agent (84% efficacy) while Ramik‐Green was the least effective control agent in our trials (29% efficacy). Landowner perceptions of ground squirrel damage are similar to actual yield reduction and possibly underestimated. The costs associated with the control of ground squirrels can be quite high, and caution must be exercised when implementing a new control program to assure these costs are offset by forage gained.
Dyslipidemia among Patients with End Stage Renal Disease on Maintenance Hemodialysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dyslipidemia has been suggested to be one of the factors that contribute to the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Previous studies suggest that end-stage renal disease may contribute to dyslipidemia. The aim of the study: to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was conducted from February 2015 until August 2015 in Ibn-Sena teaching hospital on 100 participants (52 males and 48 females), 50 were patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis and 50 were age and gender-matched apparently healthy subjects as the control. Questioner used to collect data, a thorough examination was done including height and weight and BMI. A blood sample from all participants in fasting state was sent for the renal function test, complete blood picture, serum albumin, electrolytes, TG, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL measured by the enzymatic method, plasma atherogenic index calculated as [log (TG/HDL)]. Results: Age of the participants ranged between 18 - 70 years and the mean age was (44.45 ± 13.6) years. In HD group, the mean cholesterol was (3.29 + 0.73) mmol/l, serum TG (2.38 ± 0.56) mmol/l, LDL (1.91 ± 0.66) mmol/l, HDL (0.88 ± 0.2) mmol/l, atherogenic index (0.434 ± 0.16), while in control group, the mean cholesterol was (4.17 ± 0.69) mmol/l, serum TG (1.6 ± 0.43) mmol/l, LDL (2.69 ± 0.63 ) mmol/l, HDL (1.066 ± 0.13) mmol/l, atherogenic index (0.177 ± 0.12). The lipid abnormalities in hemodialysis group were high plasma atherogenic index in 84%, hypertriglyceridemia 50%, hypercholesterolemia 8% and high LDL 6% and low HDL in 48%, while in control group, high plasma atherogenic index in 34%, hypertriglyceridemia in 26%, hypercholesterolemia 14% high LDL 7% and low HDL in 16%. Conclusions: patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis have significant dyslipidemia compared to control group characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and high atherogenic index of plasma.
Occurrence of phenolic derivatives in Buffalo River of Eastern Cape South Africa: Exposure risk evaluation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Phenolic derivatives are compounds used in the production of pesticides, pharmaceutical products and several other industrial applications. These compounds are discharged into freshwater from industrial effluents, domestic sewage, urban and agricultural run-offs which leads to pollution. Water at six sampling locations along the course of Buffalo River; namely Buffalo river estuary (BRE), Mdantsane (MSN), Zwelitsha (ZW), King William's Town (KWT), Izele Town (IZ) and Maden dam (MD) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, were evaluated for phenolic contamination using eleven phenolic derivatives of United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutants. Samples were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction technique, derivatized with acetic anhydride and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The levels of the individual pollutants in the river water were higher in summer (< LOD to 12246 ng/L) than in autumn (< LOD to 713 ng/L). Their concentrations were found higher than the USEPA recommended limit (500 ng/L) in most of the sampling sites. The most prominent pollutant was 2-NP. However, the cancer risk assessment values and hazard quotient were below USEPA maximum limits of 10−6 and 1, respectively. Conclusively, the concentrations of these organic pollutants could be a threat to public health and should be managed to be below the recommended limit though the present levels are unlikely to cause cancer to both human and wildlife.
Survey of the Present Problems Preventing the Spread of Generic Drugs

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In recent years, the spread of generic drugs (GE) has attracted attention in order to reduce medical costs stemming from their use. Though GE are guaranteed to be bioequivalent to their brand name counterparts, only a few medical institutions have fully adopted them.To evaluate measures taken by companies against problems preventing the spread of GE, we performed a questionnaire survey in 33 companies selling a GE of omeprazole, pravastatin sodium or dextromethorphan hydrobromide. It revealed that most of the companies could provide the information needed by medical institutions when adopting GE, such as results of stress testing and records of supply to other medical institutions. It also showed that the problems associated with GE, such as measures for ensuring supplies in an emergency and insufficient information in package inserts, had already been solved, or were in the process of being solved, though there was a difference in the extent to which this had been done. To ensure the greater spread of GE in the future, it may be necessary for manufacturers to be more active in providing information and for medical institutions to collect information on them as well.