jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: The Need to Assess Patient-Reported Outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TO THE EDITOR: In their recent contribution to Journal of Clinical Oncology, Yu et al reported on toxicity profiles of stereotactic body radiation therapy in 1,335 patients with early-stage prostate cancer, as compared with a matched cohort of 2,670 patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The authors used procedural and diagnostic codes from a Medicare database as indicators of specific genitourinary and GI complications. This approach deviates from the standard procedure to objectively rate organ-related toxicity after cancer treatment, that is, describing adverse events according to a well-defined classification, such as the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Toxicity-related codes in the Medicare database could, however, serve as a surrogate of objective toxicity, especially considering some of the definitions in the CTCAE. For instance, “intervention indicated” or “operative intervention indicated” are among the criteria used to define grade 2 or grade 3 urinary toxicities such as incontinence or noninfective cystitis in the CTCAE system. Therefore, documented use of specific medical services after a cancer treatment is a potentially useful indicator of treatment tolerance and of toxicity. However, none of these approaches describes the true burden of adverse events for individual patients with prostate cancer. Especially in prostate cancer, for which different treatment strategies such as prostatectomy and radiotherapy have been shown to have similar disease-related outcomes (eg, biochemical control), self-assessment of patient-reported outcomes, such as symptoms and quality of life, using validated questionnaires has been highly informative regarding patterns of symptom development and resolution after specific treatments. Smaller studies also comparatively evaluated the profiles of competing radiotherapy techniques, such as 3D-conformal radiotherapy versus high-dose-rate brachtherapy boost in prostate cancer. In the absence of data from randomized clinical trials comparing stereotactic body radiotherapy of prostate cancer with intensity-modulated radiotherapy, a cross-sectional quality-of-life study in comparable cohorts of patients treated with these techniques could be a next step to test the hypothesis that stereotactic body radiotherapy results in increased chronic genitourinary toxicity.
Event-based state estimation with variance-based triggering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An event-based state estimation scenario is considered where a sensor sporadically transmits observations of a scalar linear process to a remote estimator. The remote estimator is a time-varying Kalman filter. The triggering decision is based on the estimation variance: the sensor runs a copy of the remote estimator and transmits a measurement if the associated measurement prediction variance exceeds a tolerable threshold. The resulting variance iteration is a new type of Riccati equation with switching that corresponds to the availability or unavailability of a measurement and depends on the variance at the previous step. We study asymptotic properties of the variance iteration and, in particular, asymptotic convergence to a periodic solution.
Investigation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ultrasound-Assisted Extracted Phenolics from Aronia melanocarpa Pomace

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa; BC) pomace represents an excellent source of compounds with health-promoting properties. This study investigated the contribution of ultrasound treatment to the recovery of phenolic compounds in comparison with conventional extraction, using water and ethanol solvents. The ultrasound amplitude was tested between 20% and 60%, for 10 min, with the highest concentrations of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity being measured at a 30% amplitude. Ultrasound treatment was able to reduce the extraction time for the efficient recovery of antioxidants, from 24 h as required in conventional extraction to several minutes while using lower amplitudes. Regardless of the ultrasound extraction conditions, the ethanolic extracts provided higher content of antioxidants compared to water extracts. The chromatographic analysis highlighted the presence of 48 bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, isoflavones, flavones, flavanones, proanthocyanidins, flavonols and terpenes. BC extracts showed potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the potential mechanism associated with the antibacterial activity was revealed after performing molecular docking tests involving, as receptors, essential proteins for the survival and colonization functions of E. coli and S. aureus.
Perimeter Driven Transport in the p-GaN Gate as a Limiting Factor for Gate Reliability

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present an in-depth study of the gate leakage mechanisms and correlated breakdown of GaN-based power HEMTs with p-GaN gate, controlled by a Schottky metal/ p-GaN junction. A detailed investigation of the process split and geometry dependency is done. From this study, we propose that a parasitic sidewall transistor is present, which is the cause for degradation in the p-GaN gate. The sidewall leakage has been substantiated by TCAD simulation and also by a novel method consisting of EBIC measurements directly applied on the cross section of a p-GaN gate. Based on this analysis we performed a process modification, which has led to a significant improvement in terms of gate reliability.
ENGAGEMENT IN MEANINGFUL ACTIVITY IN DAY CENTRES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Observational measures of client engagement and staff‐client contact were taken of 33 people attending a day centre for adults with mental handicap. A low ability group were engaged in constructive activity for 22%, a middle ability group for 46% and a high ability group for 66% of the observations. Assuming a notional 5‐hour ‘working’ day in the centre, people in the low ability group were engaged for, on average, 66 minutes; people in the middle group for 2 hours 18 minutes; and people in the high ability group for 3 hours 18 minutes. The most common disengagement code for the highest ability group (53% of disengaged observations) was ‘inactivity’ ‐ people were either spectating or doing nothing although they had materials available. For the middle and low ability groups the most common codes were ‘waiting’ (e.g. for staff, client, materials to work with) and ‘not allowed or enabled to participate in activity by member(s) of staff (e.g. not included in a team game, not given necessary materials with which to participate, not given anything to do). Together these accounted for over half of the ‘disengaged‘ time of the middle and low ability groups: i.e. the low ability group spent, on average, 2 hours and 18 minutes waiting or not enabled to participate out of a notional 5 hour ‘working’ day. The implications of these results are discussed.
Consumption of added sugars among U.S. adults, 2005-2010.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Increased consumption of added sugars, which are sweeteners added to processed and prepared foods, has been linked to a decrease in intake of essential micronutrients (1,2) and an increase in body weight (3). The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 recommends limiting total intake of discretionary calories, including both added sugars and solid fats, to 5%-15% per day (4). Recent analyses indicate that children and adolescents obtain approximately 16% of their total caloric intake from added sugars (5). This data brief presents results for consumption of added sugars among U.S. adults for 2005-2010. Results are presented by sex, age, race and ethnicity, income, type of food consumed (food or beverage), and location of consumption.
Haem and non-haem iron sites in Escherichia coli bacterioferritin: spectroscopic and model building studies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The bacterioferritin (BFR) of Escherichia coli is an iron-storage protein containing 24 identical subunits and between three and 11 protohaem IX groups per molecule. Titration with additional haem gave a maximum loading of 12-14 haems per molecule. The e.p.r. spectra and magnetic c.d. spectra of the protein-bound haem show it to be low-spin Fe(III), and coordinated by two methionine residues as previously reported for BFRs isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Azotobacter vinelandii [Cheesman, Thomson, Greenwood, Moore and Kadir, Nature (London) (1990) 346, 771-773]. A recent sequence alignment indicated that BFR may be structurally related to ferritin. The molecular model proposed for E. coli BFR has a four-alpha-helix-bundle subunit conformation and a quaternary structure similar to those of mammalian ferritins. In this model there are two types of hydrophobic pocket within which two methionine residues are correctly disposed to bind haem. The e.p.r. spectra also reveal a monomeric non-haem Fe(III) species with spin, S = 5/2. On the basis of sequence comparisons, a ferroxidase centre has recently been proposed to be present in BFR [Andrews, Smith, Yewdall, Guest and Harrison (1991) FEBS Lett. 293, 164-168] and the possibility that this Fe(III) ion may reside at or near the ferroxidase centre is discussed.
The HopQ-CEACAM Interaction Controls CagA Translocation, Phosphorylation, and Phagocytosis of Helicobacter pylori in Neutrophils

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Helicobacter pylori is highly adapted to humans and evades host immunity to allow its lifelong colonization. However, the H. pylori mouse model is artificial for H. pylori , and few adapted strains allow gastric colonization. Here, we show that human or CEACAM-humanized, but not mouse neutrophils are manipulated by the H. pylori HopQ-CEACAM interaction. Human CEACAMs are responsible for CagA phosphorylation, activation, and processing in neutrophils, whereas CagA translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation in DCs and macrophages is independent of the HopQ-CEACAM interaction. H. pylori affects the secretion of distinct chemokines in CEACAM-humanized neutrophils and macrophages. Most importantly, human CEACAMs on neutrophils enhance binding, oxidative burst, and phagocytosis of H. pylori and enhance bacterial survival in the phagosome. The H. pylori -CEACAM interaction modulates PMNs to reduce the H. pylori CagA translocation efficiency in vivo and to fine-tune the expression of CEACAM receptors on neutrophils to limit translocation of CagA and gastric pathology.
Detection of Glaucoma Using Cup to Disc Ratio From Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Glaucoma is an asymptomatic neurological disease. It causes damage to optic nerve due to increased fluid pressure within eyes. In the proposed system, cup-to-disc-ratio has been computed considering internal layers of the retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images. In the cupdiameter-calculation process, cup contour has been extracted from inner-limiting-membrane (ILM) layer. The paper introduces a new method to improve the precision of the ILM-layer extraction. It also employs a novel technique to refine contour of an ILM layer. The novel method has outperformed interpolation and Bezier curve fitting in term of outliers' removal and surface refinement. In the disc-diameter-calculation process, the retinal-pigment-epithelium (RPE) layer end points have been used to define disc margin. Prior to RPE-layer extraction, ILM-Layer removal has been done by an innovative strategy to locate and remove ILM-layer. Finally, precise RPE-layer extraction has been done based on the novel thickness-value (TV) estimation method. Furthermore, a new criterion for cup edges determination, based on the mean value of RPE-layer end points, is proposed. The proposed system has shown a clear precedence over its contemporary systems in terms of accuracy and handling of acute cases. Satisfactory results have been obtained when compared with the clinical results.
[Lymphogranulomatosis and persistent left superior vena cava. Contribution to the diagnostic problem of the interference of morphologically different images].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Unilateral mediastinal dilatations are suspicious of the presence of a lymphogranulomatosis. It is reported on a case in which the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease was rendered more difficult by a persistent left superior vena cava. The discussion of the case shows that in the differential-diagnostically problematic mediastinal region - corresponding to the clinical appearance - all methods available must be used for the clarification of the etiology.
Enumeration of Coliforms in Nonfat Dry Milk and Canned Custard by Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Method: Collaborative Study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A collaborative study was conducted in 14 laboratories to evaluate the performance of the hydrophobic grid membrane filter method against the official final action method, 46.016, for enumeration of colif orms in foods. Twelve artificially contaminated samples of nonfat dry milk and canned custard were analyzed by each laboratory. The random errors (Sr2) associated with the hydrophobic grid membrane filter method were significantly lower than those of the official method, and the counts obtained by the new method fell within the 95% confidence interval of the reference method. The colif orm counts obtained by tiie hydrophobic grid membrane filter method did not differ significantly from those obtained by the reference method as measured by a 3-way analysis of variance. The new method has been adopted official first action.
Clinical risk factors of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. I: Preoperative enterocolitis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among 302 Hirschsprung patients diagnosed between 1976 and 1993, 213 patients who had undergone definitive operations for Hirschsprung's disease (HD) were reviewed for the occurrence of postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). The role of 42 parameters were analyzed. We detected 34 patients (14.0%) with postoperative HAEC with no mortality. In nine patients (26.5%) HAEC persisted postoperatively but no effect of preoperative HAEC on postoperative HAEC was detected. The length of the aganglionic segment did not have any effect on HAEC. Down's syndrome was not present in any of our patients with HAEC. Enterocolitis appeared after Swenson, Duhamel and Boley operations in 23, 10 and one patient, respectively. The incidence of HAEC was inversely proportional to age and weight at the time of definitive operation. The presence of colostomy before or during definitive operation had no effect on postoperative HAEC. Complications of definitive operations, including stricture, did not have any effect on HAEC.
Natural Beauty And Literati Strokes: Shi Tao, Merleau-Ponty And The Practice Of Painting

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, the author analyzes five features of the practice of literati painting with the help of Gao Jianping and Peng Feng. By adding Merleau-Ponty's late writings on the self-embodiment of the working painter, the author argues that all five features can be interpreted in a way that contemporary readers of this text will regard as authoritative for themselves. There are at least five features that literati painters associate with the making of brush strokes that merit the label naturally beautiful. They are: (1) the interaction of ideas with body, (2) concentration on paper, (3) suspension of visual perceptions of natural objects and qualities, (4) transformation into a pure self, and (5) awareness of a place where self and nature intersect. The chapter also provides an account of personal reports by Su Shih and Shi Tao. Keywords: Gao Jianping; literati painting; Merleau-Ponty; Peng Feng; Shi Tao; Su Shih
Dopamine D2 receptor agonists: an analysis of indirect models.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To evaluate a previously suggested "dopamine (DA) D2 receptor agonist pharmacophore model" the N-propyl derivatives (1S,2S)-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-propylaminotetralin [(1S,2S)-3)] and trans-(+/-)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-propylaminotetralin [(+/-)-4] were synthesized and their conformational preferences were studied by molecular mechanics calculations. The new compounds were evaluated for affinity to striatal DA D2 receptors labelled by [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]N-propylnorapomorphine. In comparison to the corresponding N,N-dipropyl derivatives, compounds (1S,2S)-3 and (+/-)-4 more readily adopt pharmacophore conformations and have higher affinity for DA D2 receptors. Thus, the pharmacophore model for C5-oxygenated 2-aminotetralins appears to be accurate. The DA D2 receptor binding affinities of a series of C1- or C3-methyl substituted 5- or 7-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin derivatives were also determined to enable a comparison of three different modes of superposition, of 7- and 5-hydroxylated 2-aminotetralin derivatives. The results show that the relative spatial positions of the C1- and C3-methyl groups resulting from the various superpositions of 5- and 7-hydroxylated regioisomers differ and the fact that the bulk of a methyl group may be readily accepted by the receptor does not necessarily indicate that additional bulk may be tolerated. Consequently, a definitive choice of mode of superposition of 5- and 7-hydroxylated regioisomers can not be made at present and has to wait until the binding site itself has been better defined.
Familial Perceptions of Scholars in Northern China during the Period of Sixteen States

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The familial sense of the scholars during the period of Sixteen States was enhanced as a result of varied policies and measures adopted by the rulers of separatist regimes. Some of them chose to serve a particular separatist regime to protect their familial interest, while others opted to separate their family to preserve their strength.That the scholars gave top priorities to their family as opposed to the then regimes accounted for why they did things for their familial interest.
Multimode bolometer development for the PIXIE instrument

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Primordial Inflation Explorer (PIXIE) is an Explorer-class mission concept designed to measure the polarization and absolute intensity of the cosmic microwave background. In the following, we report on the design, fabrication, and performance of the multimode polarization-sensitive bolometers for PIXIE, which are based on silicon thermistors. In particular we focus on several recent advances in the detector design, including the implementation of a scheme to greatly raise the frequencies of the internal vibrational modes of the large-area, low-mass optical absorber structure consisting of a grid of micromachined, ion-implanted silicon wires. With $\sim30$ times the absorbing area of the spider-web bolometers used by Planck, the tensioning scheme enables the PIXIE bolometers to be robust in the vibrational and acoustic environment at launch of the space mission. More generally, it could be used to reduce microphonic sensitivity in other types of low temperature detectors. We also report on the performance of the PIXIE bolometers in a dark cryogenic environment.
Analysis of the Ontogenetic Variation in the Venom Proteome/Peptidome of Bothrops jararaca Reveals Different Strategies to Deal with Prey

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Previous studies have demonstrated that the pharmacological activities displayed by Bothrops jararaca venom undergo a significant ontogenetic shift. Variation in the venom proteome is a well-documented phenomenon; however, variation in the venom peptidome is poorly understood. We report a comparative proteomic and peptidomic analysis of venoms from newborn and adult specimens of B. jararaca and correlate it with the evaluation of important venom features. We demonstrate that newborn and adult venoms have similar hemorrhagic activities, while the adult venom has a slightly higher lethal activity in mice; however, the newborn venom is extremely more potent to kill chicks. The coagulant activity of newborn venom upon human plasma is 10 times higher than that of adult venom. These differences were clearly reflected in their different profiles of SDS-PAGE, gelatin zimography, immunostaining using specific antibodies, glycosylation pattern, and concanavalin A-binding proteins. Furthermore, we report for the first time the analysis of the peptide fraction of newborn and adult venoms by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and LC-MS/MS, which revealed different contents of peptides, while the bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPPs) showed rather similar profiles and were detected in the venoms showing their canonical sequences and also novel sequences corresponding to BPPs processed from their precursor protein at sites so far not described. As a result of these studies, we demonstrated that the ontogenetic shift in diet, from ectothermic prey in early life to endothermic prey in adulthood, and in animal size are associated with changes in the venom proteome in B. jararaca species.
Studies on the Autoxidation of Carbohydrate and Its Derivatives. VII. Formation of the Pigments in Amino-Carbonyl Reaction of Glucose

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Autoxidative cleavage of N-p-tolyl-D-glucosylamine (I) in ethanol solution containing p-toluidine yielded three pigments, X1, X3, and X3, which were isolated together with other decomposition products. These pigments were identified with 2, 3-dideoxo-2, 3-di(p-tolylimino)-5-methylindoline (X1) (reddish brown), 5, 5'-dimethylindirubin (X2)(violet), and 3-deoxo-3-(p-tolylimino)-5, 5'-dimethylindirubin (X3) (violet). These pigments were formed from the C1 -C2 fragment of the sugar and p-toluidine, and their structure was identified by synthesis from 5-methylisatin (X) by a different route. Free radical signal was detected in the electron spin resonance spectrum of the rection mixture of I and p-toluidine, and the signal was retained during the browning reaction which required a large amount of oxygen at the initial stage of the reaction. These results indicate that a free radicald formation was involved in this amino-carbonyl reaction and, therefore, the pigments obtained here were formed from C1-C2 fragments produced by the radical reaction between the sugar and the amine.
Social justice and health

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To explain what it means to achieve social justice in health we need to explore two of the most contested and complex concepts that we have, and to work through to conclusions that are in common to them both. What makes health a distinctive area for exploration in its own right? In ontological terms, what can we say about health that marks it as a distinctive field? In trying to answer these questions, the chapter creates a starting point for coming up with a range of factors that exploring social justice in terms of health will have to address. Having established distinctive health factors, the chapter attempts to consider what each one, and their combination, means in terms of social justice. This clearly means finding an appropriate theory of social justice that can address them. After locating such a theory, the chapter attempts to combine the two to come to some conclusions. What emerges is that we have to look beyond our individual interests to think about health on a much wider basis if we are concerned with social justice.