jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of the discipline of exercise immunology.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Interest in the influence of exercise upon the human white cell population dates back more than a 100 years. Thus, when introducing the third meeting of the International Society of Exercise Immunology in Brussels, Dr. Bente Klarlund-Pedersen noted that Schulte had already described an exercise-induced leukocytosis as early as 1893. However, for much of the following century interest remained strictly clinical, with physicians assessing the possible changes in vulnerability to bacterial and viral diseases that were induced by various forms of physical activity. In the absence of specific remedies, bed rest was a common medical recommendation for infectious disease, and if the patient recovered from the immediate infection there was often a substantial residual loss of physical condition. Army hospitals in particular were thus anxious to know whether recovery would be compromised if physical activity were to be encouraged during convalescence. Prominent concerns of this era were the influence of exercise upon anterior poliomyelitis and viral hepatitis. The paralysis resulting from the anterior poliomyelitis virus was generally localized to body parts that had been active, and it seemed most likely to develop in those who continued to engage in vigorous exercise in the face of early symptoms (46, 57, 119, 120). Data on viral hepatitis also suggested a need for rest in the acute phase of the disease (1, 65, 115, 128), although most authors concluded that in this condition exercise could be resumed during convalescence, provided that the patient was no longer severely jaundiced (5, 32, 136).
Recycling the recyclers: lysophagy emerges as a new pharmacological target for retinal degeneration

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dysregulated macroautophagy/autophagy is one of the hallmarks of aging and has also been linked to higher incidence of several age-associated diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The main cell type affected in AMD is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and this disease can lead to central vision loss. Despite affecting around 8.7% of the population between 45-85 years, its etiopathogenesis remains unknown. In our recent manuscript using the pharmacological sodium iodate (SI) model of AMD we identified severe lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in the RPE, that leads to autophagy flux blockage and proteostasis defects. Treatment with the natural compound urolithin A (UA) reduces RPE cell death and alleviates vision loss, concurrent with full autophagy restoration. While UA was initially described as a specific mitophagy inducer, we now show that it is also able to promote SQSTM1/p62-dependent lysophagy in the context of lysosomal damage and LMP. Genetic downregulation of SQSTM1/p62 fully abolishes the effect of UA on lysophagy while mitophagy stimulation remains unaffected. In summary, these findings highlight the wide range of pathways modulated by UA and its potential implementation in the management of AMD and other diseases involving lysosomal damage.
Social Impact Bonds and the Private Benefit Doctrine: Will Participation Jeopardize a Nonprofit’s Tax-Exempt Status?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In August 2012, the first social impact bond in the United States was implemented, introducing a revolutionary framework that aligns the incentives of the participants and provides nonprofits with a steady source of long term funding to scale up social projects. In the prevailing social impact bond structure, private investors essentially place a bet with a government agency that the selected nonprofits will accomplish measureable goals through a comprehensive project designed to reduce public costs. If the program fails to reach these goals, the investors lose the bet and their entire financial commitment to the social impact bond. If the program succeeds, the government agency repays the initial investment plus a profit margin to the investors. This Note examines social impact bonds from a nonprofit’s perspective and answers the question whether the profit margin that the private investors may achieve would qualify as an impermissible private benefit that would allow the IRS to revoke a participating nonprofit’s tax-exempt status.
Donor Age and Red Cell Age Contribute to the Variance in Lorrca Indices in Healthy Donors for Next Generation Ektacytometry: A Pilot Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This dataset refers to the article "Donor Age and Red Cell Age Contribute to the Variance in Lorrca Indices in Healthy Donors for Next Generation Ektacytometry: A Pilot Study" Front. Physiol. 12:639722 2021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.639722
Peer Review #1 of "Adaptive divergence, neutral panmixia, and algal symbiont population structure in the temperate coral Astrangia poculata along the Mid-Atlantic United States (v0.2)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Astrangia poculata is a temperate scleractinian coral that exists in facultative symbiosis with the dinoflagellate alga Breviolum psygmophilum across a range spanning the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.Our previous work on metabolic thermal performance of Virginia (VA) and Rhode Island (RI) populations of A. poculata revealed physiological signatures of cold (RI) and warm (VA) adaptation of these populations to their respective local thermal environments.Here, we used whole-transcriptome sequencing (mRNA-Seq) to evaluate genetic differences and identify potential loci involved in the adaptive signature of VA and RI populations.Sequencing data from 40 A. poculata individuals, including 10 colonies from each population and symbiotic state (VA-white, VA-brown, RIwhite, and RI-brown), yielded a total of 1,808 host-associated and 59 algal symbiontassociated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) post filtration.Fst outlier analysis identified 66 putative high outlier SNPs in the coral host and 4 in the algal symbiont.Differentiation of VA and RI populations in the coral host was driven by putatively adaptive loci, not neutral divergence (Fst=0.16,p=0.001 and Fst=0.002,p=0.269 for outlier and neutral SNPs respectively).In contrast, we found evidence of neutral population differentiation in B. psygmophilum (Fst=0.093,p=0.001).Several putatively adaptive host loci occur on genes previously associated with the coral stress response.In the symbiont, three of four putatively adaptive loci are associated with photosystem proteins.The opposing pattern of neutral differentiation in B. psygmophilum, but not the A. poculata host, reflects the contrasting dynamics of coral host and algal symbiont population connectivity, dispersal, and gene by environment interactions.
Effects of Parental Diet on Nutritional Composition of Yolk and Metabolic Programming in Southern Flounder

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fatty acids play a critical role in cellular functions and are vital to the growth and development of fish during early stages of life. The nutrients available to fish embryos and early larvae are dependent on recent maternal diet in certain fish species, including Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Variations in maternal diet can result in subsequent changes to metabolic functioning of offspring, such as capacity for nutrient absorption, which is indicative of metabolic programming. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the effects of the maternal diet on the fatty acid profiles of eggs, and (2) determine whether Southern Flounder exhibit metabolic programming in the form of measured differences in larval fatty acid composition between spawns from two maternal diet treatment groups (shrimp or sardine). Results demonstrated direct diet-egg relationships for 11 fatty acids, with the majority of these fatty acids being higher in the shrimp diet and corresponding eggs. Analyses of larval fatty acid composition, however, did not reveal significant differences in any of the 27 fatty acids measured for any of the three larval stages sampled. Therefore, there was no evidence of metabolic programming in Southern Flounder based on comparisons of larval fatty acid composition among parental diet treatments. This contrasts with prior studies that provided evidence for metabolic programming in marine teleosts.
CaM kinase II: a protein kinase with extraordinary talents germane to insulin exocytosis.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

CaM kinase II, a multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, is expressed in the pancreatic beta-cell and is activated by glucose and other secretagogues in a manner correlating with insulin secretion. It is proposed that the activation of CaM kinase II mediates some of the actions of Ca2+ on the exocytosis of insulin secretory granules. This suggestion is supported by the localization of CaM kinase II to the insulin secretory granule and by the identification of two secretory-relevant proteins, MAP-2 and synapsin I, as endogenous substrates in the beta-cell. Mechanistically, CaM kinase II appears to be involved in secretory steps proximal to granule fusion at the plasmalemma, and may facilitate protracted secretion through control of the interaction of granules with the cell cytoskeleton and their mobilization from intracellular synthesis sites. Through its unique regulatory properties, however, CaM kinase II is predicted to serve in more specialized aspects of the secretory process. In particular, the ability of CaM kinase II to remain active after cell stimulation is suggested to represent a mechanism by which releasable pools of granules are replenished between stimuli.
Electrochemical Properties of Anatase-Type TiO2 Nanoparticles with Different Morphology

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Yamauchi and her group recently showed that anatase type TiO 2 electrodes can be used for electrochemical reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols [1]. So far this reaction was demonstrated only for oxalic acid with an efficiency very sensitive to the preparation conditions of the anatase electrode. One possible explanation of such sensitivity electrochemical activity to preparation conditions is that the morphology of the surface has deep impact on the electrochemical processes. To improve the efficiency as well as to understand what factors limit the reduction of other acids, we studied the effect of morphology on the electronic structure of anatase nanoparticles using Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB) method. Since only nanoparticles of anatase up to 5 nm are thermodynamically stable, we focused on nanoparticles of 2-4 nm and assumed that morphological differences of the electrodes can be described with the help of such particle models. The edges and peaks of nanoparticles contains of 4- and 5- coordinated Ti ions, which can be responsible for smaller band gap and strong reactivity of the particles. We performed extensive calculations to study the water and acid absorption on the edges and faces of nanoparticles to identify the most probable coordination environment of these Ti ions. We also studied the energy and overlap between LUMO (conduction band) of the nanoparticles and substrates, as these orbitals play important role in electrochemical reduction reactions. Our computational work offers new understanding for optimization of titania electrode surfaces for electrochemical reaction. The work was supported by CREST, JST and the computations were partially performed using Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan. Reference: [1] R. Watanabe, M. Yamauchi, M. Sadakiyo, R. Abe and T. Takeguchi, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1456–1462 Figure 1
Characterization of CdbS, a PilZ domain protein involved in chromosome organization and segregation during heat shock stress in Myxococcus xanthus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The second messenger c-di-GMP regulates a wide variety of processes in bacteria that are often related to changes in lifestyle. Unexpectedly, we recently reported a link between c-di-GMP and chromosome organization. Specifically, the DNA-binding protein CdbA binds c-di-GMP, is essential for viability, and important for chromosome organization and segregation in Myxococcus xanthus. CdbA is highly abundant and binds >500 sites on the chromosome but its depletion causes no or only modest changes in transcription. Based on these findings, we proposed that CdbA is a nucleoid-associated protein whose activity is modulated by c-di-GMP. Most nucleoid-associated proteins are not essential. Therefore, to explore the CdbA essentiality, suppressor mutants that were viable in the absence of CdbA were isolated. Among eight suppressors, seven had mutations in mxan_4328 that encodes a stand-alone PilZ domain protein, henceforth CdbS. The inactivation of cdbS completely suppressed the lethal CdbA depletion phenotype, and cdbS in otherwise wild-type cells was dispensable for viability. Notably, CdbA depletion, without affecting transcription of cdbS, resulted in a four-fold increased CdbS level. Moreover, overexpression of cdbS phenocopied the CdbA depletion phenotype. These observations support that the defects caused by CdbA depletion are the result of CdbS over-accumulation. In vitro, purified CdbS binds c-di-GMP, but the function of CdbS is independent of c-di-GMP binding in vivo. In in vivo pull-down experiments with an active CdbS-FLAG protein, significantly enriched proteins included five chaperones and co-chaperones including two PilZ-Hsp70 proteins, henceforth CsdK1 and CsdK2, a DnaJ homolog and a GrpE homolog. csdK1 as well as csdK2 were transcriptionally upregulated in response to CdbA depletion, and the resulting increased CsdK1 and CsdK2 accumulation lead to an elevated CdbS level. Searching for a physiological function of this system, we found that CdbS accumulation increased in response to high temperature stress at 37°C in a CsdK1- and CsdK2-dependent manner and caused accelerated cell death at this temperature. In total, our data support that increased CdbS accumulation caused by either CdbA depletion or high temperature stress, by an unknown mechanism, results in chromosome segregation and organization defects, thereby causing cell division inhibition and cell death. We speculate that the CdbA/CsdK1/CsdK2/CdbS system could be linked to c-di-GMP signaling and that altered cellular levels of c-di-GMP level modulate DNA binding by CdbA and, ultimately, the cellular level of CdbS. Finally, we speculate that if this system is aberrantly or excessively activated it has detrimental effects on cell viability.
Receptor pharmacology. Its use in neuroleptic research.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors can be labelled selectively by using 3H-SCH 23390 and 3H-Spiperone as ligands, respectively. Neuroleptics are divided into different groups according to their affinity for D-1 and D-2 receptors. Thioxanthenes have comparable affinities for D-1 and D-2 receptors. Phenothiazines have higher affinity for D-2 than for D-1 receptors. Butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines and substituted benzamides are almost selective inhibitors of D-2 receptors. The affinity of neuroleptics for several other receptor types is mentioned. The use of the receptor binding technique in diseased schizophrenics is discussed. In vivo receptor binding in vitro and ex vivo receptor autoradiography and PET scanning are discussed as alternative methods to evaluate neuroleptics, clinical outcome and treatment strategies.
Effect of alignment strategy on lower limb kinematics during stair descent after robot‐assisted total knee arthroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) effectively treats end‐stage osteoarthritis; however, many patients still struggle with gait and functional movements such as stair descent. This study investigates how two surgical alignment techniques, inverse kinematic alignment (iKA) and adjusted mechanical alignment (aMA), affect lower limb kinematics during stair descent compared to healthy controls. Methods Forty‐five participants (15 per group: iKA, aMA, controls) performed low (165 mm) and high (280 mm) stair descent tasks. Sagittal hip, knee, and ankle movements were recorded with 3D motion capture and analysed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). Results The aMA group exhibited significantly longer descent times for both low ( p = 0.038) and high stairs ( p = 0.003). Additionally, the aMA group demonstrated a reduction in trailing knee range of motion (ROM) during low stair descent (80.65°) compared to the control group (92.87°, p = 0.023). The mean joint angle of the trailing hip during low stair descent also differed significantly between the aMA group and healthy controls. Although no significant differences were observed in the trailing hip joint angle during low stair descent between the iKA and healthy control groups, substantial deviations were noted during high stair descent ( p = 0.011). Furthermore, the ROM of the leading knee in the iKA group differed significantly from that of the healthy control group during both low and high stair descents. Conclusions The iKA group exhibited movement patterns that were slightly more similar to those of healthy controls during low stair descent but showed deviations during the more demanding high stair descent. These findings underscore the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying these adaptations to optimise rehabilitation and surgical strategies aimed at restoring more natural movement patterns in TKA patients. Level of Evidence Level III.
Structure of CFA/I fimbriae from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Adhesion pili (fimbriae) play a critical role in initiating the events that lead to intestinal colonization and diarrheal disease by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an E. coli pathotype that inflicts an enormous global disease burden. We elucidate atomic structures of an ETEC major pilin subunit, CfaB, from colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae. These data are used to construct models for 2 morphological forms of CFA/I fimbriae that are both observed in vivo: the helical filament into which it is typically assembled, and an extended, unwound conformation. Modeling and corroborative mutational data indicate that proline isomerization is involved in the conversion between these helical and extended forms. Our findings affirm the strong structural similarities seen between class 5 fimbriae (from bacteria primarily causing gastrointestinal disease) and class 1 pili (from bacteria that cause urinary, respiratory, and other infections) in the absence of significant primary sequence similarity. They also suggest that morphological and biochemical differences between fimbrial types, regardless of class, provide structural specialization that facilitates survival of each bacterial pathotype in its preferred host microenvironment. Last, we present structural evidence for bacterial use of antigenic variation to evade host immune responses, in that residues occupying the predicted surface-exposed face of CfaB and related class 5 pilins show much higher genetic sequence variability than the remainder of the pilin protein.
Real-time Connectors for Deterministic Data-flow

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we introduce deterministic bridge connectors, a type of construct that ensures deterministic data-flow communication in asynchronous real-time systems. We also present a methodology for generating these connectors automatically from the application's architecture description in order to reduce programmer effort and the chance of error. We provide a process algebraic verification of the determinism property of these connectors. We conclude by presenting arguments in favor of using this verification in lieu of expensive certification to qualify these constructs for onboard deployment.
New human resources plan foresees fewer foreign doctors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A new human resources plan by the Department of Health could more than halve the number of foreign medical doctors in South Africa with serious consequences for the public health service, warns Mignonne Breier. hospitals and clinics in rural areas, already crippled by staff shortages, would be hardest hit. At the same time, the plan presents unrealistic expectations of doubling the production of local doctors in only eight years.
Length-weight relationships for three fish species from the Yalong River, southwestern China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>Length-weight relationships were determined for three fish species: Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus (Herzenstein, 1892), Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan, 1907), and Triplophysa pseudostenura (He, Zhang &amp; Song, 2012). Samples were collected from the Yalong River, southwestern China using fishing gear (gillnets, 30x15m, mesh-size 5mm) and electroshock fishing (CWB-2000 P, 12V, 250HZ) in June 2007. Prior to this study, length-weight relationships for these three species were unknown. For two of the species [Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan, 1907) and Triplophysa pseudostenura (He, Zhang &amp; Song, 2012)], new maximum standard lengths not yet reported in the scientific literature were noted.</p>
Prescribing hormone replacement therapy: key considerations for primary care physicians

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The last few years has seen a dramatic rise in the number of women seeking advice for the menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). 1 Navigating the complexities of HRT and being able to discuss the options available in primary care is, therefore, essential.The aim of this article is to provide key considerations for primary care physicians (PCPs) when considering HRT implementation and also the role of testosterone and vaginal oestrogen for symptom management (Figure 1).It is beyond the scope of this article to discuss the role of tibolone, selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for managing menopausal symptoms, and PCPs would be encouraged to seek specialist input prior to commencing these treatments. KEY CONSIDERATION 1: IS HRT APPROPRIATE?Although hot flushes and night sweats are commonly associated with menopause, a wide plethora of symptoms including brain fog, insomnia, and reduced libido have been reported. 2Although HRT has been shown to be beneficial for symptomatic women who are peri-menopausal (last menstrual period [LMP] within last 12 months) or menopausal (more than 12 months since last LMP), a holistic review of lifestyle factors and exploring natural or herbal therapies is crucial prior to its implementation.
A prayer, or an appeal to the audiences? Speech acts and genres theory employed in analysis of translatological series (based on Polish equivalents of the Epilogue of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Comparison of eight Polish translations of the fi nal segment of the Epilogue in William Shakespeare’s The Tempest reveals an essential diversifi cation in the contents of these translated versions. The differences appear in the identity of Prospero and in the discursive structure of his monologue. This article attempts to describe this diversifi cation with the use of the categories of acts and genres of speech, since it is these that form the ‘construction material’ of utterances, including literary texts, creating diverse confi gurations in them. These categories of description, enabling insight into compositional actions done on simple forms of discourse, elevates the analysis of translation practices and consideration of the issue of equivalence of translation to a higher level of text organisation.