jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Maternal food supplementation and infant health: results of a study in rural areas of Guatemala.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This report deals with the effects of maternal and child food supplementation on infant mortality morbidity and growth during the 1st year of age. The inhabitants of 4 villages were free to attend a food supplementation center where either a high protein-energy (Atole in 2 villages) or a low energy beverage (Fresco in the other 2 villages) was dispensed. In addition to the food supplementation program a preventive and curative outpatient care system was implemented in the 4 villages. Mild to moderate protein-energy malnutrition is widely prevalent in those villages. Data collection proceeded from January 1969-September 1977. Dietary and morbidity surveys as well as anthropometric and clinical examinations were carried out periodically in mothers during pregnancy and lactation and in their children up to 1 year of age. Supplement intake of mothers and children was determined daily. Results indicate the following. 1) Food supplementation resulted in important energy improvements in pregnant women of all villages and only mothers in Atole villages received substantial amounts of additional protein. 2) There is a decrease in infant mortality from 135/1000 (before the program) to 51/1000 after the medical care and food supplementation intervention began. Both use of medical services and food supplement intake were associated with infant mortality. It was not possible to isolate the separate contribution of food supplementation and medical care to the observed decrease in infant mortality. 3) No consistent association was observed between food supplement ingestion and duration of infants diarrhea. 4) Ingestion of supplement by the mother during lactation and by the child during the 1st year of age improved infant growth in height weight and head circumference. No large differences in growth were observed between Fresco and Atole populations. Though it is very difficult to define the relative contribution of maternal and child supplement intake to childs growth the data suggest that while supplementation of the lactating mother is more important during the first 6 months of age supplementation to the child has a greater effect than supplementation to the lactating mother during the last 6 months of the 1st year of age. 5) Height weight and head circumference may be useful indicators for nutritional evaluations of children from 0-12 months of age. (authors modified)
Hydrothermal activity in a coral reef ecosystem, Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Not much is known about hydrothermal venting and its petrologic definition within shallow-water carbonate settings associated with volcanic islands. The fringing reef around Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea is possibly the only present day coral reef exposed to the extensive discharge of a hot, mineralized hydrothermal fluid. Two types of venting are observed: (1) focused discharge of a clear, two-phase fluid from discrete orifices; (2) dispersed or diffuse discharge that consists of streams of gas bubbles ubiquitous throughout area. The composition of the gas is mainly CO2. Fluid evolution and final chemical composition is controlled by a two- or possibly three-step process: (1) Phase separation in the deep reservoir beneath Ambitle Island produces a high temperature vapor that rises and reacts with cooler ground water to form a low pH, CO2-rich water of approximately 150--160°C. (2) The steep topography causes lateral movement of this CO2-rich fluid and mixes with the marginal upflow from the deep reservoir. This produces a dilute chloride water of approximately 165°C. A third step may be the entrainment by ground or seawater during its final ascent. Approximately 10% of the deep reservoir fluid reaches the surface. Aragonite, ferroan calcite and Fe(III) oxyhydroxide are the prominent hydrothermal precipitates in Tutum Bay. Aragonite encrusts dead coral fragments, volcaniclastic boulders and pebbles, and fills secondary fracture and remaining primary intergranular porosity within volcaniclastic arenite. Microcrystalline ferroan, low-Mg calcite occurs as crusts commonly interlaminated with Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and also locally replacing aragonite adjacent to Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. Hydrothermal deposits are unique in their chemical composition, displaying anomalous Sr isotope ratios that are closer to island-arc basalt than to seawater. Fe(III) oxyhydroxide shows very low Mn values and elements usually enriched in Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, such as Co and V, are below crustal abundances and well below their concentrations in island-arc volcanics. Seven individual vents in four different areas within Tutum Bay discharge an estimated 1500 g of arsenic per day into an area of approximately 50 by 100 m. Despite the amount of arsenic released, corals, clams and fish do not show a direct response to the elevated values. Two mechanisms efficiently control and buffer the arsenic concentration: (1) dilution by seawater and (2) incorporation in and adsorption on Fe(III) oxyhydroxides that precipitate when the hydrothermal fluids mix with ambient seawater. The Fe(III) oxyhydroxides that precipitate in Tutum Bay can contain up to 75,000 ppm As. The skeletons of scleractinian corals and the shells of Tridacna gigas clams do not show elevated concentrations of arsenic. However, they possess a distinct delta13C, delta18O, 87Sr/86Sr and Sr signature. Of the various direct and indirect hydrothermal effects recorded by the corals, thermal stress is likely the single most important. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Ustekinumab Biosimilars

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ustekinumab is a fully human IgG1k monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity and specificity to the p40 subunit of interleukins (IL-) 12 and 23, inhibiting their activity by preventing binding to their receptors. The European extension of the patent (Supplementary Protection Certificate) of ustekinumab expired on 20 July 2024. Biosimilar alternatives to ustekinumab are now an additional option for treating patients. The efficacy data for this drug in moderate-to-severe psoriasis obtained both from clinical trials and indirect comparisons through meta-analyses, are superior to those of etanercept and adalimumab, and its safety profile is more favorable than that of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Several ustekinumab biosimilars have already been approved by regulatory agencies: between October 2023 and October 2024, Wezlana® (Amgen ABP 654), Uzpruvo® (Alvotech AVT04) and Pyzchiva® (Samsung/Bioepis SB17) have been approved by both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). SteQeyma® (Celltrion Healthcare CT-P43) was approved by the EMA in August 2024. Otulfi® (Fresenius Kabi/Formycon) was approved by the FDA in October 2024. Several other potential biosimilar candidates are under development, including BAT2206 (Bio-Thera), DMB-3115 (Dong-A ST), QX001S (Qyuns Therapeutic), BFI-751 (BioFactura), NeuLara (Neuclone), ONS3040 (Oncobiologics), and BOW090 (Epirus Biopharmaceuticals). In most cases, these monoclonal antibodies are expressed in cell lines (e.g., Chinese Hamster Ovary, CHO) different from those used for the originator (Sp2/0 spleen cell murine myeloma); of note, the cell line of origin is not a requirement for biosimilarity in the totality-of-evidence comparison exercise and may facilitate the production and reduce the immunogenicity of biosimilars originated in CHO cultures. This narrative review summarizes the available data on characteristics of the full comparability exercises and comparative clinical trials of these drugs.
The U.S. Andean drug strategy: why it is failing in Peru

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis will demonstrate Peru's inability to physically operate and politically control large sections of the country, is the result of eroded internal state sovereignty. The decline of Peru's internal sovereignty is a function of economic, ethnic, and social cleavages which have remained virtually unchanged since the Spanish Conquest of the Inca in 1533. As a result, Peru evolved into a polarized society which is ethnically and culturally divided, with a substantially wide margin between state authority and rural social autonomy. This marginalization of state sovereignty has facilitated the emergence and growth of the Shining Path insurgency, which has coupled with the expanding cocaine trade. Together these two processes have accelerated the erosion of functional sovereignty in Peru. Given this reality, the policy goals set forth by the 1992 National Drug and Control Strategy remain unattainable in Peru, and have little prospect for success.
Discussing daylight simulations in a proposal for online daylighting education

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

There is increasing interest concerning daylighting in the building sector. However, such knowledge is difficult to penetrate the curricula of architects and designers as existing educational programmes often do not provide sufficient training on BPS. This also leads to superficial use of daylight simulations.This paper presents a proposal for a needs-based education package on daylighting design, that mixes modular eLearning and an intensive summer school, called NLITED.The NLITED model includes modules on daylight simulation whose implementation (in eLearning key) can trigger a constructive discussion and receive valuable feedback from the Nordic community of BPS specialists.
Omeprazole and H2-receptor antagonists in the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and reflux oesophagitis: a meta-analysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper is a meta-analysis of 30 published, double-blind clinical trials comparing omeprazole with ranitidine or cimetidine for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and reflux oesophagitis. These studies compare the recommended doses of omeprazole with those for ranitidine and cimetidine, and the confidence intervals for the therapeutic gain show that the findings are highly reliable. The difference in healing rates favoured omeprazole over ranitidine in patients with duodenal ulcer after 2 weeks of treatment (15.2 percentage units; P < 0.001), and after 4 weeks of treatment in patients with gastric ulcer (9.9 percentage units; P = 0.005), or reflux oesophagitis (23 percentage units; P < 0.001). Similarly, omeprazole gave a 20.6 percentage units higher average healing rate than cimetidine in patients with duodenal ulcer after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.0001). Significantly more patients treated with omeprazole were free of symptoms at their first follow-up visit than patients treated with ranitidine or cimetidine.
Interference alignment in MIMO interference relay channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The degrees of freedom (DoF) has been recognized as a powerful metric to characterize the capacity of interference channels in the high signal-to-noise (SNR) region. In this paper, by utilizing linear interference alignment, we investigate the DoF of multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) interference relay channels without symbol extensions. An innovative algorithm is presented to align the interference, where the filter matrices at the sources, relays and destinations are determined in an iterative manner. Based on the assumption that improperness of the alignment condition implies its unsolvability, an upper bound for the achievable DoF tuple by linear interference alignment is derived, and then utilized to examine the performance of the proposed alignment algorithm. Simulation results show that the iterative algorithm can achieve the upper bound in medium to high DoF regions.
Tackling summer melt head on

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined how Directors of Admissions informed, conceptualized, and delivered a response to summer melt in the admissions enrollment process, if at all. Semi structured interviews were conducted with eight Directors of Admissions and/or their designee throughout small-medium sized private institutions in New England, chosen through purposeful sampling. Guided under the lens of a general deductive analysis, transcripts were analyzed using open coding and in-vivo coding methods. Three major findings and sub findings emerged from the data analysis. The first is inform, or how institutions determine if strategies need to be put in place to address summer melt. The second, conceptualize, is related to how institutions develop or plan their melt mitigation strategy, if at all. The third, deliver, is related to how institutions ultimately implement their melt mitigation strategy, if at all. These findings were considered within the context of current and existing literature regarding barriers students face in the enrollment process to inform best practice strategies for institutions to implement to aid students in navigating these barriers successfully.--Author's abstract
Assessing the public willingness to contribute income to mitigate the effects of climate change: A comparison of Adelaide and Lisbon

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While the scientific rationale for climate change mitigation has never been stronger, the Australian public is still hesitant about personally contributing to its costs. This public reticence is often explained as resulting from cost–benefit calculations and a human propensity to prioritize present over future goods. In this article we argue that these assumptions have limited bearing on people’s willingness to contribute. Our research supports this by demonstrating that the people of Lisbon, Portugal, are more willing to contribute than those of Adelaide, despite Portugal’s poorer economic conditions. Furthermore, willingness to contribute in both Lisbon and Adelaide does not diminish when the effects of climate change are deemed to be further away. Drawing on these results, we seek to begin the discussion of how social and cultural factors shape public attitudes towards climate change, and thus further build upon the research looking sociologically at people’s willingness to act.
Inverse Solidification Induced by Active Janus Particles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Crystals melt when thermal excitations or the concentration of defects in the lattice is sufficiently high. Upon melting, the crystalline long‐range order vanishes, turning the solid to a fluid. In contrast to this classical scenario of solid melting, here a counter‐intuitive behavior of the occurrence of crystalline long‐range order in an initially disordered matrix is demonstrated. This unusual solidification is demonstrated in a system of passive colloidal particles accommodating chemically active defects—photocatalytic Janus particles. The observed crystallization occurs when the amount of active‐defect‐induced fluctuations (which is the measure of the effective temperature) reaches critical value. The driving mechanism behind this unusual behavior is purely internal and resembles a blast‐induced solidification. Here, the role of “internal micro‐blasts” is played by the photochemical activity of defects residing in the colloidal matrix. The defect‐induced solidification occurs under non‐equilibrium conditions: the resulting solid exists as long as a constant supply of energy in the form of ion flow is provided by the catalytic photochemical reaction at the surface of active Janus particle defects. The findings could be useful for the understanding of the phase transitions of matter under extreme conditions far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
Adolescent suicide: An ecological approach

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Adolescent suicide, which has been ranked among the top 10 causes of death in the world, is an issue of increasing concern to school psychologists, educators, and parents. Here an ecological approach is proposed to enhance our understanding of how personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors contribute to the increased risk for suicide among adolescents. The ecological approach allows exploration of how adolescent suicide is determined by multiple factors related to the adolescent's personal history or ontogenic development (e.g., depression), the influences of those individuals with whom adolescents have immediate contact with, or the microsystems (e.g., family and school), the larger social units, or the exosystems, that indirectly influence adolescents (e.g., media), and the larger culture or macrosystems (e.g., cultural differences in attitudes about suicide). In this article the interaction of several factors within and between the permeable boundaries of each of the layers of the ecological paradigm is also highlighted. Finally, examples of intervention and prevention strategies at each level of the system are set forth. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circumscribing Circumscription: A Guide to Relevance and Incompleteness

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Intelligent agents in the physical world must work from incomplete information due to partial knowledge and limited resources. An agent copes with these limitations by applying rules of conjecture to make reasonable assumptions about what is known. Circumscription, proposed by McCarthy, is the formalization of a particularly important rule of conjecture likened to Occam's razor. That is, the set of all objects satisfying a certain property is the smallest set of objects that is consistent with what is known. This paper examines closely the properties and the semantics underlying circumscription, considering both its expressive power and limitations. In addition we study circumscription's relationship to several related formalisms, such as negation by failure, the closed world assumption, default reasoning and Planner's THNOT. In the discussion a number of extensions to circumscription are proposed, allowing one to tightly focus its scope of applicability. In addition, several new rules of conjecture are proposed based on the notions of relevance and minimality. Finally a synthesis between the approaches of McCarthy and Konolige is used to extend circumscription, as well as several other rules of conjecture, to account for resource limitations.
Azobenzene Functionalized Organic Covalent Frameworks: Controlled Morphologies and Photo‐Regulated Adsorption

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) containing azobenzene building blocks carry great potential for use in intelligent storage, separation, chemical sensing, and catalysis due to their intriguing photo‐responsiveness. However, azobenzene units are often exploited as the linkers to form the framework of COFs, thereby restricting their molecular motion and photoisomerization. Herein, a simple yet robust template‐free solvothermal strategy is reported to yield azobenzene‐dangled COFs (Azo‐COFs) with their azobenzene moieties suspending within the pores. The crystallinity, specific surface area, and morphology of Azo‐COFs can be conveniently tailored by changing the ratio of amine to aldehyde monomers. Notably, the Azo‐COFs provide sufficient free space for the reversible trans ‐to‐ cis isomerization of the dangled azobenzene units inside the pores, thus reversibly regulating surface wettability of Azo‐COFs. The adsorption capacity of Azo‐COFs toward organic dye molecules is increased by 3.7‐fold when irradiated with ultraviolet light, which can be ascribed to the intelligent closing/opening of molecular gates rendered by photoisomerization of azobenzene moieties. As such, the ability to photoregulate the adsorption of Azo‐COFs highlights their significance in functioning as smart porous nanomaterials for applications in cargo release, molecular sieves, ion transport, energy conversion systems, and environmental remediation.
Evaluation of health applications to support the asthma treatment process, available in Poland

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Asthma is one of the most frequently diagnosed chronic diseases in the world. All elements of treatment should primarily focus on controlling the disease and activating the patient and his participation in the treatment process. With the help of e-health and telemedicine in the form of applications for smartphones, thus independent coping with chronic diseases. The aim of the study was a quantitative and qualitative assessment of applications supporting such a business process in Polish. Material and methods: The study was based on a review and checking of applications using criteria using various types of mobile devices, algorithms by various operating systems. The search for those qualified for the analysis was carried out from October 14 to November 8, 2022 on the basis of the words: asthma, application, dairy products. Results: 4 asthma apps were analyzed. The highest quality documents of the Mytherapy application - 5.5 points/12 points - do not verify this threshold of good quality applications - a minimum of 75% of use to obtain points. Conclusions have been checked: These conclusions suggest a direction, regardless of the attempt to create an application that addresses the topic holistically, as well as research in this area.
Glycolysis, Glutaminolysis, and Fatty Acid Synthesis Are Required for Distinct Stages of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KSHV infection induces and requires multiple metabolic pathways, including the glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathways, for the survival of latently infected endothelial cells. To determine the metabolic requirements for productive KSHV infection, we induced lytic replication in the presence of inhibitors of different metabolic pathways. We found that glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and FAS are all required for maximal KSHV virus production and that these pathways appear to participate in virus production at different stages of the viral life cycle. Glycolysis and glutaminolysis, but not FAS, inhibit viral genome replication and, interestingly, are required for different early steps of lytic gene expression. Glycolysis is necessary for early gene transcription, while glutaminolysis is necessary for early gene translation but not transcription. Inhibition of FAS resulted in decreased production of extracellular virions but did not reduce intracellular genome levels or block intracellular virion production. However, in the presence of FAS inhibitors, the intracellular virions are noninfectious, indicating that FAS is required for virion assembly or maturation. KS tumors support both latent and lytic KSHV replication. Previous work has shown that multiple cellular metabolic pathways are required for latency, and we now show that these metabolic pathways are required for efficient lytic replication, providing novel therapeutic avenues for KS tumors. IMPORTANCE KSHV is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, the most common tumor of AIDS patients. KS spindle cells, the main tumor cells, all contain KSHV, mostly in the latent state, during which there is limited viral gene expression. However, a percentage of spindle cells support lytic replication and production of virus and these cells are thought to contribute to overall tumor formation. Our previous findings showed that latently infected cells are sensitive to inhibitors of cellular metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. Here we found that these same inhibitors block the production of infectious virus from lytically infected cells, each at a different stage of viral replication. Therefore, inhibition of specific cellular metabolic pathways can both eliminate latently infected cells and block lytic replication, thereby inhibiting infection of new cells. Inhibition of metabolic pathways provides novel therapeutic approaches for KS tumors.