jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the Innate Immune Response during the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs) are associated with multiple human cancers and comprise 5% of the human cancer burden. Although most infections are transient, persistent infections are a major risk factor for cancer development. The life cycle of HPV is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. HPVs establish infection at a low copy number in the proliferating basal keratinocytes of the stratified epithelium. In contrast, the productive phase of the viral life cycle is activated upon epithelial differentiation, resulting in viral genome amplification, high levels of late gene expression, and the assembly of virions that are shed from the epithelial surface. Avoiding activation of an innate immune response during the course of infection plays a key role in promoting viral persistence as well as completion of the viral life cycle in differentiating epithelial cells. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of how HPVs manipulate the host cell environment, often in a type-specific manner, to suppress activation of an innate immune response to establish conditions supportive of viral replication.
Tissue distribution and metabolism of radioactive sulfur amino acids ((1-41C)cystine, (35S)cysteine) in pregnant mice; A whole-body autoradiography and its biochemical analysis.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tissue distribution and metabolic fate of 14C from [1-14C]cystine and 35S from [35S] cysteine, both precursors of taurine, in various tissues and organs of pregnant mice were studied by whole-body autoradiographic and biochemical analysis.Autoradiography of whole-body cryosection was performed at 30min, 3 and 6hr after i. v. injection of radioactive sulfur amino acids ([1-14C] cystine and [35S] cysteine). In the maternal body, the highest optical density (OD) was observed in the pancreas and then the kidney, small and large intestines, stomach, Harderian gland, liver, salivary gland and mammary gland followed.Low ODs were observed in the brain and skeletal muscle. ODs of 14C and 35S in the placenta were relatively high. In the fetus, high ODs of 14C were observed in the lens and 35S in the cartilage and lens.In the biochemical analysis, the mice were decapitated at the same intervals after injection as those for autoradiography and various tissues were removed. These tissues were fractionated into 6% perchloric acid-soluble, -insoluble and lipid fractions. Total radioactivities (cpm/g wet weight) of 14C and 35S were high in the kidney, pancreas, Harderian gland and stomach, and low in the brain, skeletal muscle and fetus. The liver and bile showed high radioactivities in 35S, but low radioactivities in 14C. These data were in good agreement with those of whole-body autoradiographs. The radioactivities incorporated into the acid-in-soluble fraction were high in the pancreas, stomach, large intestine and salivary gland, but low in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle after injection of [1-14C] cystine and [35S] cysteine. The acid-soluble fractions of the liver, kidney, pancreas and small intestine were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The radioactive spots for cysteine, cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) and taurine were detected, but the radioactive level and its change with time in each radioactive spot were different among the organs.
Tuberculous orchitis in chronic renal failure.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tuberculosis confined to the testes with no epididymal involvement is uncommon. Chronic renal failure patients requiring hemodialysis have increased risk for developing tuberculosis. We report a 47-year old chronic renal failure man presenting with right testicular tuberculous orchitis. A high index of suspicion is required to recognize the unusual presentation of tuberculosis in this group of patients, and routine screening for tuberculosis may be recommended in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Supplemental Material: Peri-Gondwanan sediment in the Arkoma Basin derived from the north: The detrital zircon record of a uniquely concentrated non-Laurentian source signal in the late Paleozoic

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

<p>Data and metadata for new analyses, detrital zircon source modeling results, and auxiliary data to figures and analyses discussed in the paper. </p>
Endothelial dysfunction and vascular maladaptation in atrial fibrillation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and is associated with worsened morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of AF is estimated to increase with an ageing population resulting in an ever‐increasing burden on the healthcare system. Despite improvements in AF treatment, several questions remain unanswered in relation to the development and progression of AF. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the presence of vascular dysfunction in the development of AF, but also as a final common pathway explaining why AF constitutes a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Specifically, we summarise the work performed in humans related to the impact of AF on vascular structure and function, and whether measures of vascular function predict AF progression and the development of cardiovascular events. Subsequently, we discuss the potential mechanisms linking AF to the development of vascular dysfunction. Finally, we propose future perspectives of vascular health and AF, advocating a strong focus on regular exercise training as a safe and effective strategy to improve vascular function and, hence, reduce the risk for development and progression of AF and its associated risk for cardiovascular events.
Virtual microstructural leaf tissue generation based on cell growth modeling

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A cell growth algorithm for virtual leaf tissue generation is presented based on the biomechanics of plant cells in tissues. The algorithm can account for typical differences in epidermal layers, palisade mesophyll layer and spongy mesophyll layer which have characteristic differences in the shape of cells, arrangement of cells and void fractions present in each layer. The cell is considered as a closed thin walled structure, maintained in tension by turgor pressure. The cell walls are modelled as linear elastic elements which obey Hooke's law. A Voronoi tessellation was used to generate the initial topology of the cells in the spongy mesophyll layer. Then two layers of brick structured cells are added to the top of it to represent the palisade mesophyll and upper epidermis and a single layer is added at bottom of the Voronoi tessellation to represent the lower epidermal layer. Intercellular air spaces are generated by separating the Voronoi cells along the edges starting from where three Voronoi cells are in contact (schizogenous origin) and/or by deleting some of the Voronoi cells (lysigenous origin). Cell expansion then results from turgor pressure acting on the yielding cell wall material. To find the sequence of positions of each vertex and thus the shape of the tissue with time, a system of differential equations for the positions and velocities of each vertex is established and solved using the ordinary differential equation solver in MatLab. Statistical comparison of the cellular characteristics with 2D cross-sectional slices of real leaf tissue of tomato is excellent. The virtual tissues can be used to systematically study effects of leaf structure on water and gas exchange.
Paradoxical Correlation Pattern Mining

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Given a large transactional database, correlation computing/association analysis aims at efficiently finding strongly correlated items. For traditional association analysis, relationships among variables are usually measured at a global level. In this study, we investigate confounding factors that can help to capture abnormal correlation behaviors at a local level. Indeed, many real-world phenomena are localized to specific markets or subpopulations. Such local relationships may not be visible or may be miscalculated when collectively analyzing the entire data. In particular, confounding effects that change the direction of correlation are a most severe problem because the global correlations alone leads to errant conclusions. To this end, we propose CONFOUND, an efficient algorithm to identify paradoxical correlation patterns (i.e., where controlling for a third item changes the direction of association for strongly correlated pairs) using effective pruning strategies. Moreover, we also provide an enhanced version of this algorithm, called CONFOUND±, which substantially speeds up the confounder search step. Finally, experimental results showed that our proposed CONFOUND and CONFOUND± algorithms can effectively identify confounders and the computational performance is orders of magnitude faster than benchmark methods.
MODERASI INFLASI PADA PENGARUH DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO (DPR) DAN RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Investors definitely expect a high return on the investment made. To obtain a high return, investors need to analyze the investment they are making. The analysis carried out can be a fundamental analysis that assesses the company's financial capacity by looking at financial reports. Fundamental analysis can be done by assessing the DPR and ROE produced by the company. Apart from fundamental analysis, investors also need to pay attention to macro factors such as inflation that can affect their investment. This study aims to determine the effect of DPR and ROE partially on stock returns and to determine the moderation of inflation in each of the effects of DPR and ROE on stock returns. The object of this research are companies listed on the LQ45 index for the 2018-2019 period. The sample method used was purposive sampling in order to obtain a sample size of 40 samples. The data analysis technique used moderate regression analysis. The results showed that the DPR did not have a significant effect on stock returns while ROE had a positive and significant effect on stock returns. The results also show that inflation does not moderate the respective effects of DPR and ROE on stock returns.
Evaluation study of mobility management protocol in NEMO

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Internet Engineering Task Force has developed Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol. One of the important issues of network mobility management schemes is the hands-off management. This paper presents the network mobility management schemes into two classifications in order to highlight the limitation and improvement of such schema and comparing different handover techniques that have been proposed to enhance the performance during handover. Finally, some common solutions have been used to solve seamless mobility related problems were briefly investigated and evaluated. However, the researchers challenge sit side of integration of these schemes. The current trend of network mobility at IP level at a huge scale relies on the ability to offer advanced mobility management that can coexist with the presently deployed protocols.
Radiation damage of standard and oxygenated silicon diodes by 16 and 27 MeV protons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The effects of irradiation by 16 MeV and 27 MeV protons on standard and oxygenated silicon diodes, processed by different technologies, have been investigated. The acceptor creation rate /spl beta/, after type inversion can be lower for standard diodes than for state of the art oxygenated devices, suggesting that the role of oxygen is more complex than expected and must be folded with the technology of the fabrication process. In addition we show the inaccuracy of the /spl beta/ normalization by the non-ionizing energy loss factor not only for oxygenated diodes but also for standard non-oxygenated devices.
Relationship between insulin secretion, insulin content and dry weight of single rat pancreatic islets

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract. Single islets were incubated at glucose 5 m m for 60 min and subsequently at glucose 15 m m for 30 min. The insulin content of the incubated islets was proportional to the dry weight of the islets. The insulin secretion (Y) demonstrated a curvilinear relationship with the dry weight (X) of the islets, which could be described by the function Y = a X ⅔ ( a being a constant). On basis of this function it can be calculated that the insulin secretion of a particular islet is proportional to its outer surface. The consequence of this is that small sized islets secrete relatively much more insulin than large islets. Islets isolated with either purified or crude collagenase gave the same results except that a higher basal insulin secretion was observed with crude collagenase.
Research for electric power flow observation of electro-mechanical transmission (EMT)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The electromagnetic torque of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) affects the power distribution precision in the electro-mechanical transmission (EMT). This paper proposes a torque observers for PMSM. Based on the mathematic model of the motor, command torque and the measured rotor speed, we can observe the actual torque precisely, moreover, the power of electric path is more accurate. The observer can be used as the reference power flow distribution, which is an effective way for the precise control of power flow. The performances of the observer are verified by simulation.
Worst-case bounds for the logarithmic loss of predictors

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We investigate on-line prediction of individual sequences. Given a class of predictors, the goal is to predict as well as the best predictor in the class, where the loss is measured by the self information (logarithmic) loss function. The excess loss (regret) is closely related to the redundancy of the associated lossless universal code. Using Shtarkov's theorem and tools from empirical process theory, we prove a general upper bound on the best possible (minimax) regret. The bound depends on certain metric properties of the class of predictors. We apply the bound to both parametric and nonparametric classes of predictors. Finally, we point out a suboptimal behavior of the popular Bayesian weighted average algorithm.
Efektifitas dan Efisiensi Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah di Peradilan Agama

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Supreme Court, as the highest judicial body, should ensure the realization of effective and efficient justice with the principles of simplicity, speed, and affordability. This study assesses the extent to which Supreme Court Regulations govern and achieve an effective and efficient judicial system in resolving Islamic economic disputes within religious courts. Employing a qualitative approach with a normative juridical perspective, it was found that the Supreme Court has enacted various regulations to enhance the efficiency of the judiciary. These include Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2015 on the procedure for simple lawsuit resolution, Supreme Court Regulation Number 14 of 2016 on Procedures for Settling Sharia Economic Disputes, Regulation of the Supreme Court Number 5 of 2016 concerning Sharia Economic Judge Certification, Supreme Court Regulation 04 of 2019 amending Supreme Court Regulation Number 02 of 2015 on Simple Settlement Procedures, and Supreme Court Regulation 01 of 2019 on Electronic Case and Trial Administration. These regulations aim to streamline the resolution of Sharia economic disputes by facilitating simple lawsuit procedures, ensuring the competence of judges in Sharia economics through certification, and implementing electronic judicial services.
A frequency dependent embrittling effect of high pressure hydrogen in a 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effects of hydrogen on tensile and fatigue-life properties of 17-4PH H1150 steel have been investigated by using a smooth, round-bar specimen for tensile tests and circumferentially-notched specimen for fatigue-life tests. The specimens were precharged by an exposure to 35-100 MPa hydrogen gas at 270°C for 200 h. For the 100 MPa hydrogen exposure, the steel showed a significant degradation in ductility loss, translated by a relative reduction in area, RRA, of 0.31. The fatigue-life test of the present notch specimen (stress concentration factor of 6.6) reflects the fatigue crack growth (FCG) for long cracks. The fatigue limit of the non-charged and H-charged notched specimens, defined by the threshold of non-propagation for long cracks, was not affected by hydrogen. At a higher stress amplitude, the H-charged specimen showed a significant FCG acceleration ratio compared to the non-charged specimen. Although, an upper bound of the FCG acceleration seemed to exist, this ratio was approximately 100. The fracture surface of the H-charged specimen was covered with quasi-cleavage (QC) at a lower stress amplitude and with a mixture of QC and intergranular (IG) facets at higher stress amplitudes. It has been suggested that a cycle-dependent crack growth accompanied by QC occurs at a lower stress amplitude, whereas a mixture of cycle-dependent crack growth (accompanied by QC) and time-dependent crack growth (accompanied by IG) occurs otherwise. This mixture justifies the 100 times FCG acceleration ratio in spite of the existence of the upper bound.
The Methods of Agricultural Residues Disposal and their Externalities in Xinyi, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The survey shows that there are mainly three methods of agricultural residues disposal in the Xinyi region. About 6.79×10 5 t of agricultural residues have been generated during the summer and autumn harvest in Xinyi in 2013, and 62% of them were burned in the field, 14.8% were thrown into cannels and rivers, and 20.7% were shredded and incorporated into soil. The burning of agricultural residues results in negative externalities by bringing large amounts of pollutant emissions. In order to reduce agricultural residues burning on the farmland and encourage the incorporation of crop residues into fields, the local government should give more subsidies to make the use of shredding machine free or at least cheap enough to be accepted by farmers in the future.
Orexin: a link between energy homeostasis and adaptive behaviour.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Orexin (hypocretin) neurons interact with feeding centres in the hypothalamus, arousal and sleep-wakefulness centres in the brainstem, sympathetic and parasympathetic nuclei and the limbic system. The central administration of orexin dose-dependently increases food intake, waking time, motor activity, and metabolic rate, as well as heart rate and blood pressure in many species. Recent electrophysiological studies have shown that orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic cues, including leptin, glucose, and ghrelin, as well as monoamines and acetylcholin. Orexin neurons thus have the requisite functional interactions with hypothalamic feeding pathways and monoaminergic-cholinergic centres in the brain stem, and regulation by nutritional factors, to suggest that they may be an important cellular link in the integration of adaptive behaviour associated with arousal and energy homeostasis.
Immune-Mediated Liver Injury From Checkpoint Inhibitors Requiring Supratherapeutic Corticosteroid and Mycophenolate Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 43-year-old woman with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma from the left adrenal gland for which she was prescribed therapeutic mitotane was found to have grade 4 immune-mediated liver injury caused by checkpoint inhibitors that was unresponsive to standard-dose corticosteroids. Mitotane inhibits steroidogenesis, induces CYP3A4, increasing steroid metabolism, and can cause adrenal insufficiency. Thus, supratherapeutic steroid doses were required for anti-inflammatory response along with mycophenolate. To our knowledge, this is the first case to describe a patient concurrently receiving mitotane and pembrolizumab with an immune-related adverse event requiring interdisciplinary care, with insights into steroid physiology and immune-mediated liver injury caused by checkpoint inhibitors necessitating a customized treatment plan.
Adolescents' Understanding of Consent and Associations With Sexual Violence Experiences

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction Adolescents have a nontrivial risk of sexual violence (SV) victimization. Comprehension of sexual consent is posited to reduce victimization rates; however, few studies have examined adolescents' comprehension of consent and its relationship to SV. The objectives of this study are thus to examine how adolescents' contextual understanding of consent relates to their experiences of SV victimization and perpetration. Methods Cross‐sectional data ( N = 452) were collected from high school students from the southeast U.S. Ordinal least squares regression analyses were conducted to test the association of consent understanding with gender, age, and SV victimization and perpetration. Results Generally, adolescents lacked a definitive comprehension of more contextual consent practices (e.g., in long‐term relationships, use of coercion or pressure). While concrete understanding of consent decreased with age for adolescents girls and contextual understanding increased with age for adolescent boys, levels of understanding were not associated with SV victimization or perpetration. Discussion Findings suggest that greater consent knowledge may not mitigate SV experiences. Despite efforts to educate youth about the necessity of consent, comprehension and practice of procedures to obtain consent may be inadequate to protect against SV. There is a need for further research on how consent is taught to and understood by adolescents.
The Need to Look Beyond the Production and Provision of Relief Seed: Experiences from Southern Sudan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.
Magnetic field of rectangular current loop with sides parallel and perpendicular to the surface of high-permeability material

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, method of current images is used to calculate magnetic field of a rectangular loop in presence of high-permeability material. We provide closed form description for the images of the current loop placed between two semi-infinite blocks of high-permeability material, in the cases when the plane of the loop is parallel or perpendicular to the surfaces of blocks. A case study of using the method of images to calculate magnetic field of rectangular loop inside cube made of high-permeability material is also provided.