jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inherent Biases of Recurrent Neural Networks for Phonological Assimilation and Dissimilation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A recurrent neural network model of phonological pattern learning is\nproposed. The model is a relatively simple neural network with one recurrent\nlayer, and displays biases in learning that mimic observed biases in human\nlearning. Single-feature patterns are learned faster than two-feature patterns,\nand vowel or consonant-only patterns are learned faster than patterns involving\nvowels and consonants, mimicking the results of laboratory learning\nexperiments. In non-recurrent models, capturing these biases requires the use\nof alpha features or some other representation of repeated features, but with a\nrecurrent neural network, these elaborations are not necessary.\n
Selected methodological and practical aspects of the multi-criteria method PVM

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In multi-criteria decision support methods a significant participation of the decision maker is required. The obtained assessment is subjective, and the decision-making process is usually difficult to automate. Limiting interaction with the decision-maker, while maintaining the characteristics of multi-criteria analysis seems to be a desirable direction of methodological research. One of the solutions going in this direction is the original multi-criteria PVM method. The applicability of the method has been verified in the context of research on the assessment of EU countries in terms of ensuring healthy living conditions.
Employee Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect in Response to Dissatisfying Organizational Situations: It Depends on Supervisory Relationship Quality

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study examined, via a field experiment, the extent to which the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX) and gender affect employees’ enactment of exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect (EVLN) strategies in response to the dissatisfying situation of injustice in the workplace. Findings showed that, when faced with a dissatisfying situation, employees in high-quality LMXs are less likely to engage in exit and neglect behaviors, but more likely to practice loyalty behaviors than their peers in low-quality LMXs. Voice behaviors, the most preferred response strategy, appear to have much more complex relationships with LMX quality than other strategic communication responses. No gender difference was detected. Furthermore, gender did not moderate the way that the quality of LMX influences the use of EVLN strategies.
Contextual-Based E-comic Media Design

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The novelty of design on student learning media needs to be developed so that students have curiosity about the material taught by the teacher so that students can become more active. Most students lack curiosity and understand the concept of science learning because the learning media is monotonous and unattractive. So that we can use contextual-based e-comic media as one of the innovations. Where e-comic makes it easier for students to understand abstract material, and can foster student interest in reading. The research objective is to design a contextual-based e-comic learning media. Descriptive research was conducted in two stages, namely analysis and design. The analysis phase is carried out by observation using a questionnaire and the design phase is carried out by utilizing computer software. The results of the analysis phase of the research showed that 65% of students thought that the material on the circulatory system was difficult to understand. And the resulting contextual-based e-comic design, so that students can relate learning to real life. This research is expected to be developed and further testing is needed for students.
Chemical Space of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides in Biomedical Research and Anticancer Drug Discovery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fluorinated nucleos(t)ide drugs have proven to be successful chemotherapeutic agents in treating various cancers. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several drugs that fit within the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and many more are either in preclinical development or clinical trials. The addition of fluorine atoms to nucleos(t)ides improves the metabolic stability of the glycosidic bond and, in certain instances, facilitates additional interactions of nucleons(t)ides with receptors. The insertion of fluorine either on sugar or the base of nucleos(t)ides proved to enhance the lipophilicity, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Overall, the fluorine atom feeds diverse advantages to the biological profile of nucleos(t)ide analogs by improving their drug-like properties and therapeutic potential. This review article covers the often-used fluorinating reagents in nucleoside chemistry, the clinical significance of [18F]-labeled nucleosides, the synthesis and anticancer activity of FDA-approved fluoro-nucleos(t)ide drugs, as well as clinical candidates, which are at various stages of clinical development as anticancer agents.
Bacterial and fungal organisms in the vagina of normal cows and cows with vaginitis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bacterial and fungal culturing was conducted on samples taken from the vaginal fornix of 106 cows, of which 42 had vaginitis and 64 had normal vaginas. The diagnosis of vaginitis and non-vaginitis samples was determined by histologic examination. Aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic cultures were done. In addition, cultures were performed for Campylobacter sp., Ureaplasma sp., Mycoplasma sp., Tritrichomonas foetus, and fungi. All 106 samples contained mixed aerobic bacterial cultures. The more frequent aerobic isolates included Acinetobacter lwoffii, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., and Streptococcus spp. These organisms were isolated from both groups of cows, but more frequently from the vaginitis group. Anaerobic isolates included Peptostreptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., and Fusobacterium spp. The fungal isolates included Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., and Penicillium sp.
Cross-linking of T3 (CD3) with T4 (CD4) enhances the proliferation of resting T lymphocytes.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies reactive with defined T lymphocyte surface antigens were covalently coupled to protein A-Sepharose beads using the bifunctional imidoester, dimethyl pimelimidate. Sepharose-immobilized antibody reactive with T3 induced the proliferation of resting T lymphocytes in the presence of either recombinant interleukin 2 or phorbol myristate acetate. When monoclonal antibodies reactive with T3 and T4 were coupled to the same Sepharose bead (hereafter designated Sepharose (T3:T4)), proliferation was enhanced an average of three-fold. Similarly prepared Sepharose beads coupled to anti-T3 and anti-T8 also enhanced proliferation over that observed with anti-T3 alone. Sepharose (T3:T4) similarly increased the proliferation of T4+ lymphocytes and a T4+ clone but failed to enhance the proliferation of T8+ lymphocytes. The increased proliferation of T4+ lymphocytes resulted from a preferential activation of the T4+2H4- helper population over the T4+2H4+ suppressor-inducer population. The enhanced proliferation induced by Sepharose (T3:T4) could be completely inhibited by soluble anti-T4. These results suggest that perturbation of T3 may be a minimal signal for T cell activation and that the assembly of a multimeric complex including T3 and T4 may be required for optimal T cell activation.
Carbothermal/aluminothermic reduction nitridation synthesis of ZrN–SiAlON refractory composites from zircon and bauxite: a comparative study of the reduction effect of reducers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The ZrN–SiAlON composite refractory powder was successfully synthesised from zircon and bauxite minerals by the carbothermal reduction nitridation or the aluminothermic reduction nitridation method with three typical reducers, including carbon coke, carbon black and aluminium powder. The effect of reaction temperatures on phase composition and microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The thermodynamics equilibrium relationships of the condensed phases were analysed as well. The results showed that carbon coke was the most optimum reducer and when it was used as the reducer, the main final products were granular ZrN with a little β-SiAlON. Nevertheless, ZrO2 was produced during reduction at 1600°C when the reducer was carbon black, because the activity of carbon black was the poorest. Additionally, more byproducts were produced in the case of Al powder used as reducer at 1600°C, such as AlN polytype and Al2O3.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Redox Recycling of Protein Thiols Promotes Resistance to Oxidative Killing and Bacterial Survival in Biofilms in a Smoke-Related Infection Model

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Chronic bacterial respiratory infections are a significant problem for smoke-exposed individuals, especially those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These infections often persist despite antibiotic use.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Physiologic Variables in Sheep Fetuses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The fetal sheep model has been widely used in fetal therapy research. However, there is a significant degree of variability among published normal values. Our study aimed to evaluate the literature available on normal values for hemodynamics, blood gases, and acid-base status in the sheep fetus and to determine the best possible estimation of such physiologic values. We conducted a systematic review with a comprehensive search of several databases. We included 189 articles in the database and over 2,800 sheep fetuses. Analysis revealed a mean umbilical blood flow of 202 mL/kg/min (95% CI: 182 to 223); mean arterial pCO 2 of 49.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 49.2 to 50.3); mean arterial pO 2 of 22.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 21.9 to 22.7); mean arterial pH of 7.35 (95% CI: 7.3487 to 7.3562); and mean arterial oxygen saturation of 59.8 (95% CI; 58 to 61.7). Our findings were punctuated by a high heterogeneity, for which we conducted several subanalyses. The results showed high heterogeneity and small study effect in the literature available and provided our best assessment of relevant variables on normal hemodynamics, blood gases, and acid-base status in the fetus after using strategies to mitigate the risk of bias present in the literature.
Synchronized Circadian Bioluminescence in Cave-Dwelling Arachnocampa tasmaniensis (Glowworms)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Larvae of the genus Arachnocampa, known as glowworms, are bioluminescent predatory insects that use light to attract prey. One species, Arachnocampa flava, is known to possess true circadian regulation of bioluminescence: light:dark cycles entrain the rhythm of nocturnal glowing. Given the absence of natural light as a cue in caves, we addressed the question of whether cave populations of Arachnocampa tasmaniensis, a species known to inhabit caves as well as epigean environments, are rhythmic. We found that the major dark-zone cave populations of A. tasmaniensis maintain a high-amplitude 24-hour rhythm of bioluminescence, with the acrophase during external daylight hours. Populations of A. tasmaniensis in caves many kilometers apart show similar, but not exactly the same, timing of the acrophase. Systematic investigation of colonies in the dark zone of a single cave showed that some smaller colonies distant to the main ceiling colony, also in the dark zone, glow in antiphase. Periodic monitoring of a single colony over several years showed that the acrophase shifted from nocturnal to diurnal some time between October 2008 and January 2009. Prey availability was investigated as a possible zeitgeber. The acrophase of prey availability, as measured by light trapping, and the acrophase of bioluminescence do not precisely match, occurring 3 hours apart. Using in-cave artificial light exposure, we show that after LD cycles, cave larvae become entrained to bioluminesce during the foregoing photophase. In contrast, epigean larvae exposed to artificial LD cycles after a period of DD become entrained to bioluminesce during the foregoing scotophase. One explanation is that individuals within colonies in the dark zone synchronize their bioluminescence rhythms through detection and matching of each other ’s bioluminescence.
The bioavailability of α- and β-carotene is affected by gut microflora in the rat

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The present study examined whether the intestinal microflora could affect the bioavailability and vitamin A activity of dietary α- and β-carotene in the rat. In the first set of experiments, we used conventional, germ-free (axenic), and human-flora-associated (heteroxenic) rats. In a second series, conventional rats were treated with either an antibiotic mixture or a potent inhibitor of gastric secretion (Omeprazole). All animals were first depleted of vitamin A over 4 weeks and then were fed on a sterilized diet supplemented with 14 mg β-carotene and 3 mg α-carotene/kg for 2 weeks. In both experiments, a reduction in the intestinal microflora resulted in an increased storage of β-carotene, α-carotene and vitamin A in the liver. Neither the nature of the metabolism of the intestinal microflora (aerobic or anaerobic) nor treatment with omeprazole, to modify intestinal pH, induced a significant effect on the measured variables. When incubated with 15 μmol β-carotene/l for 72 h, neither the anaerobic nor the aerobic sub-fractions obtained from rat or human faeces contributed to β-carotene degradation or to vitamin A synthesis. These findings suggest that reduction in gut microflora results in a better utilization of α- and β-carotene by rats, although bacteria do not have a direct effect on the bioavailability of these pigments.
Computer Science at Kent Regular expression matching using associative memory.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a method for the implementation of regular expression matching based on the use of a form of associative (or content addressable) memory. The regular expression matching is performed by converting the regular expression into a Deterministic Finite Automata, but then using associative memory to hold the state transition information. Rather than try to simplify the resulting automata, this approach starts from the point of view of each next state in the automata being arrived at from some particular area of state‐input space. We implement our automata by defining a number of orthogonal regions of state‐input space, each of which is compared against our current state and input data. The highest priority region that produces a match will identify a corresponding next state for the automata. This work differs from previous work in that the associative memory used performs a full set membership test, and is hence more selective than systems based on Ternary Content Addressable Memory. This report describes work in progress, which to date has produced the rule processing software and outline designs for the hardware. 1
Radical bicyclization of 1,6-enynes with sulfonyl hydrazides by the use of TBAI/TBHP in the aqueous phase

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A novel 5- exo-dig /6- endo-trig bicyclization of 1,6-enynes with sulfonyl hydrazides in the aqueous phase using the cheap and available tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)– tert -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) combined system is reported.
It Is All Part of the Process: Becoming Pedagogical Through Artful Inquiry

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The experiences and challenges that teacher-educators go through tend to be private and go unnoticed (Berry & Loughran, 2005). Through self-study, teacher-educators can re ect on their practices and learn from each other’s practices. As a novice teacher- educator who was teaching an inquiry-based teaching science methods class with a collaborative teaching team, I explore my experience of being a teacher-educator through arts-based self-study. In this paper, I discuss how the process of artful inquiry informed my own research and teaching practices. Based on the idea of a/r/tography, I link my artistic, research, and teaching practices together to explore what it means to be becoming pedagogical (Gouzouasis, Irwin, Miles, & Gordon, 2013).
IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION, NOT ETHNICITY, ALTERS MYCOPHENOLIC ACID PHARMACOKINETICS IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

323 Important to designing optimal mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) dosing in individual renal transplant patients(RTP) is knowing if there are significant effects of ethnicity on mycophenolic acid(MPA) pharmacokinetics(PK). Thus we evaluated the following in 20 caucasian(Cau) and 13 African-American(AA) RTP: 2hr MPA AUC which correlates well to the 12 hr AUC (HaleM, Cost B1 Medicine 1997, pp229-35), MPA free fraction (MPAff), free MPA AUC2(fMPA AUC2) and pre-dose concentrations of MPA glucuronide (MPAGpre). Methods: On the day of transplant surgery each RTP received MMF(1 g BID), CsA(HPLC target blood concentration range: 100-250 μg/L) and steroids. In all RTP, MPA AUC2 (validated HPLC) were determined on post-surgery days 4,7,14,28 and 90 in the AM after an overnight fast. Results: PK parameters in all AA vs Cau RTP were not significantly different (Transplantation 1998; 66:S5); there was a trend to lower MPA AUC2 values in the AA RTP. But, when the 8 AA RTP with delayed graft function(DGF) were compared to nonDGF RTP, there were significant differences between AA DGF vs all nonDGF RTP(5AA, 17Cau) in the early post-surgery period. Lower MPA AUC values in DGF AA RTP, days 4-14, are offset by the increased MPAff such that fMPA values are comparable between the 2 groups except on day 7. Significantly higher fMPA AUC2 in DGF AA RTP, day 7, shows that early post-surgery there is an increase in pharmacologically active fMPA concentration. All PK values were comparable in DGF and nonDGF RTP by day 28. The 5 nonDGF AA RTP had PK values comparable to those of Cau nonDGF and the 3 Cau DGF had PK parameters comparable to those of AA DGF (data not shown). (Table)TableConclusions: DGF AA RTP have altered MPA PK early post-surgery. The temporary provision of increased active fMPA concentration affords additional immunosupression in DGF RTP. By day 28 all PK parameters in the AA DGF patients were comparable to the values in nonDGF RTP. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that DGF, not ethnicity, causes a change in MPA PK early post-transplant and that for RTP with impaired renal function both fMPA AUC2 and MPA AUC2 may be needed to evaluate MPA exposure.
Genetic differentiation of the pine processionary moth at the southern edge of its range: contrasting patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear markers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The pine processionary moth ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) is an important pest of coniferous forests at the southern edge of its range in Maghreb. Based on mitochondrial markers, a strong genetic differentiation was previously found in this species between western ( pityocampa clade) and eastern Maghreb populations ( ENA clade), with the contact zone between the clades located in Algeria. We focused on the moth range in Algeria, using both mitochondrial (a 648 bp fragment of the tRNA ‐cox2) and nuclear (11 microsatellite loci) markers. A further analysis using a shorter mt DNA fragment and the same microsatellite loci was carried out on a transect in the contact zone between the mitochondrial clades. Mitochondrial diversity showed a strong geographical structure and a well‐defined contact zone between the two clades. In particular, in the pityocampa clade, two inner subclades were found whereas ENA did not show any further structure. Microsatellite analysis outlined a different pattern of differentiation, with two main groups not overlapping with the mitochondrial clades. The inconsistency between mitochondrial and nuclear markers is probably explained by sex‐biased dispersal and recent afforestation efforts that have bridged isolated populations.
Composition and distribution of the fish fauna in the Rio Jacuípe, northernmost tributary of the Rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia, Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The knowledge of fish fauna in the Caatinga rivers is often limited to the large river basins and their associated aquatic species, with only a few contributions dedicated to adjacent sub-basins. In the present investigation the Rio Jacuípe, the northernmost tributary of the Rio Paraguaçu in Chapada Diamantina, is evaluated regarding the taxonomic diversity, frequency, and constancy of occurrence, of the species distribution in the various segments. Rio Jacuípe flows parallel to Rio Paraguaçu with headwaters in Morro do Chapéu, at the Chapada Diamantina domain, and an artificial mouth in the Pedra do Cavalo dam. With mouth downstream from the metropolitan area of Feira de Santana municipality, the sub-basin has peculiar characteristics distinctive from the main river. The fish fauna of the Jacuípe is for the first time investigated in detail regarding the spatial distribution of aquatic communities. The patterns of fish distribution in the Rio Jacuípe indicate regional endemism although gaps in knowledge of species diversity are identified, especially in middle and lower stretches. The use and occupation of the soil and the alternatives for revitalizing the aquatic environments in the Jacuípe valley are presented and discussed. Our results contribute to the evaluation of public policies on conservation.
Developing a palaeoceanographic proxy based on the dimensions of Adercotryma glomeratum populations: a case study in Drake Passage region (Antarctic Peninsula)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

The Drake Passage is a highly hydrodynamic region that is difficult to navigate due to adverse weather conditions and intense surface currents. This study investigates how the bottom hydrodynamic regime influences the size of foraminiferal tests on the Antarctic Peninsula. For this, the species Adercotryma glomeratum (an agglutinated species of foraminifera) was chosen, as it was the only species abundant in the seven selected stations. Five stations (EB-1 to EB-5) are located in a region with a depth of ~ 480 m and two in a deep area of ~ 3,800 m (DK-1 and DK-2). All the tests were individually measured along their long axis and classified according to size. The most frequently recorded size range of A. glomeratum varied between ≈ 90–180 µm. The average test size and standard deviation were lower at stations EB-1 to EB-5, with coarser-grained sediments. The cluster analysis based on grain size, morphometric data of A. glomeratum, and depth shows that the largest sizes of this species tend to occur in fine-grained sediments at stations DK-1 and DK-2. The fine-grained sediments at stations DK-1 and DK-2 indicate the presence of calmer bottom conditions. These results suggest that in deep-sea environments, the stable areas, under calmer hydrodynamic conditions, enable longer life cycles of living foraminifera and the development of populations with bigger individuals, namely of A. glomeratum. The data obtained in this work suggest that the size of A. glomeratum populations can be used as an indicator of the stability/instability of the environment. Thus, the size of the individuals that make up the populations of A. glomeratum, and probably other foraminiferal species, can be used in paleoenvironmental reconstructions as a trace of disturbances or environmental stability in deep-sea settings, such as that of the Southern Ocean.