jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermal properties of cholesterol and estimation of impurity by differential scanning calorimetry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to investigate the heat of fusion (ΔHf=7·12 kcal per g mol) and true melting temperature (T0=422·4°K) of pure cholesterol (99·5 mole%). In addition to analysis of the thermograph by an existing method a new and more rapid procedure has been used for evaluation of the purity of substances. Evidence is given that differential scanning calorimetry measurements at low scanning rates (0·5,1° min−1), followed by correction for premelting, are essential for estimation of ΔHf of substances not ultra-pure, at higher scanning rates large errors result. The entropy of fusion of cholesterol is similar to that of the simpler cholesteryl esters.
Teaching English language learner students in US mainstream schools: intersections of language, pedagogy, and power

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study explored to what extent two groups of mainstream teachers in the Midwestern region of the USA with differing degrees of English language learner‐specific university preparation reportedly engaged in practices that incorporated the native languages of English language learner students in instruction. The study further examined specific strategies reported by mainstream teachers in promoting native language use in instruction as well as challenges identified in implementing this practice. The study used a mixed‐method design that included analyses of survey data from a quantitative study (n = 227) and qualitative analyses of teacher discourse from course documents and open‐ended survey questions. Findings indicated that while both groups of teachers reportedly engaged in practices that promoted native language use in instruction to some extent, teachers with at least three courses of English language learner‐specific university preparation appeared to engage in these practices to a much greater extent than those without such preparation. This paper explores the implications of results from this study for teacher education programmes in the USA with the responsibility of preparing teachers effectively to serve growing numbers of culturally and linguistically diverse student populations. Keywords: teacher practicesEnglish language learnersmainstreamnative language
Small-molecule targeted therapies induce dependence on DNA double-strand break repair in residual tumor cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Residual cancer cells that survive drug treatments with targeted therapies act as a reservoir from which eventual resistant disease emerges. Although there is great interest in therapeutically targeting residual cells, efforts are hampered by our limited knowledge of the vulnerabilities existing in this cell state. Here, we report that diverse oncogene-targeted therapies, including inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), KRAS, and BRAF, induce DNA double-strand breaks and, consequently, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)–dependent DNA repair in oncogene-matched residual tumor cells. This DNA damage response, observed in cell lines, mouse xenograft models, and human patients, is driven by a pathway involving the activation of caspases 3 and 7 and the downstream caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD). CAD is, in turn, activated through caspase-mediated degradation of its endogenous inhibitor, ICAD. In models of EGFR mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), tumor cells that survive treatment with small-molecule EGFR-targeted therapies are thus synthetically dependent on ATM, and combined treatment with an ATM kinase inhibitor eradicates these cells in vivo. This led to more penetrant and durable responses in EGFR mutant NSCLC mouse xenograft models, including those derived from both established cell lines and patient tumors. Last, we found that rare patients with EGFR mutant NSCLC harboring co-occurring, loss-of-function mutations in ATM exhibit extended progression-free survival on first generation EGFR inhibitor therapy relative to patients with EGFR mutant NSCLC lacking deleterious ATM mutations. Together, these findings establish a rationale for the mechanism-based integration of ATM inhibitors alongside existing targeted therapies.
S. cerevisiae coq5 mutants require stabilization of the CoQ‐synthome for rescue by COQ5 homologues (605.13)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone or Q) is an essential lipid electron carrier in the respiratory electron chain. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eleven genes ( COQ1‐9, ARH1, YAH1 ) are required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis, several of which encode proteins involved in a multi‐subunit complex termed the CoQ‐synthome. One of these genes, COQ5 , encodes a C ‐methyltransferase responsible for making the late stage intermediate demethoxy Q 6 (DMQ 6 ). COQ5 has three conserved methyltransferase motifs, and yeast point mutants within or adjacent to these motifs ( coq5‐2 , coq5‐5 ) lack Coq5 activity but retain steady state levels of the Coq5 polypeptide. We show that the E. coli ubiE and human homologues for COQ5 are able to rescue coq5‐2 and coq5‐5 point mutants, but are unable able to rescue the yeast coq5 Δ null mutant. However when putative kinase Coq8 is over‐expressed to stabilize the CoQ‐synthome, non‐yeast Coq5 homologues are able to rescue the yeast COQ5 knockout. We demonstrate that co‐expression of COQ8 and COQ5 homologues in a coq5 Δ null mutant restores Q 6 levels and supports growth on non‐fermentable carbon sources. By observing the accumulation of Q 6 ‐intermediates in coq5 mutants, we have been able to elucidate steps within a novel Q 6 biosynthetic pathway.
Simulating searches from transaction logs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Computer simulations have become key to modeling human behavior in many disciplines. They can be used to explore, and deepen our understanding of, new algorithms and interfaces, especially when real-world data is too costly to obtain or unavailable due to privacy or competitiveness reasons.
In information retrieval, simulators can be used to generate inputs from simulated users -- including queries, clicks, reformulations, judgments -- which can then be used to develop a deeper understanding of user behavior and to evaluate (interactive) retrieval systems.
The trust that we put in simulators depends on their validity, which, in turn, depends on the data sources used to inform them. In this paper we present our views on future directions and challenges for simulation of queries and clicks from transaction logs.
PENDAPAT MADZHAB SYAFI’I TENTANG PRAKTIK JUAL BELI RAMBUT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Buying and selling is an activity carried out by everyone to meet various needs, both in the form of physical needs and spiritual needs. The aim of this research is to obtain data and information about the opinion of the Syafi'i Madhhab regarding the sale and purchase of hair, both natural human hair and synthetic hair. The research method is descriptive research with normative and sociological legal approaches. The results of the study show that buying and selling hair according to the Madzhab including the Shafi'i Madhhab is not allowed according to Islamic law itself, buying and selling real hair is forbidden because hair is a member of the human body that cannot be traded while synthetic hair has differences of opinion looking at the purpose of using hair extensions, factors that cause buying and selling hair due to economic factors, the number of enthusiasts of hair extensions and following current trends as well as a lot of natural human hair needed for hair extensions.
Towards reliable healthcare Imaging: conditional contrastive generative adversarial network for handling class imbalancing in MR Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Background Medical imaging datasets frequently encounter a data imbalance issue, where the majority of pixels correspond to healthy regions, and the minority belong to affected regions. This uneven distribution of pixels exacerbates the challenges associated with computer-aided diagnosis. The networks trained with imbalanced data tends to exhibit bias toward majority classes, often demonstrate high precision but low sensitivity. Method We have designed a new network based on adversarial learning namely conditional contrastive generative adversarial network (CCGAN) to tackle the problem of class imbalancing in a highly imbalancing MRI dataset. The proposed model has three new components: (1) class-specific attention, (2) region rebalancing module (RRM) and supervised contrastive-based learning network (SCoLN). The class-specific attention focuses on more discriminative areas of the input representation, capturing more relevant features. The RRM promotes a more balanced distribution of features across various regions of the input representation, ensuring a more equitable segmentation process. The generator of the CCGAN learns pixel-level segmentation by receiving feedback from the SCoLN based on the true negative and true positive maps. This process ensures that final semantic segmentation not only addresses imbalanced data issues but also enhances classification accuracy. Results The proposed model has shown state-of-art-performance on five highly imbalance medical image segmentation datasets. Therefore, the suggested model holds significant potential for application in medical diagnosis, in cases characterized by highly imbalanced data distributions. The CCGAN achieved the highest scores in terms of dice similarity coefficient (DSC) on various datasets: 0.965 ± 0.012 for BUS2017, 0.896 ± 0.091 for DDTI, 0.786 ± 0.046 for LiTS MICCAI 2017, 0.712 ± 1.5 for the ATLAS dataset, and 0.877 ± 1.2 for the BRATS 2015 dataset. DeepLab-V3 follows closely, securing the second-best position with DSC scores of 0.948 ± 0.010 for BUS2017, 0.895 ± 0.014 for DDTI, 0.763 ± 0.044 for LiTS MICCAI 2017, 0.696 ± 1.1 for the ATLAS dataset, and 0.846 ± 1.4 for the BRATS 2015 dataset.
Dead Reckoning Localization Using a Single Wheel-Mounted IMU With the Simultaneous Estimation of Mounting Parameters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A single microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial measurement unit (IMU) that is mounted on a wheel can achieve a higher vehicle dead reckoning accuracy than a conventional odometer-aided inertial navigation system (INS) because a wheel-mounted IMU can be equivalent to a combination of a virtual odometer and a rotary IMU that can utilize rotation modulation technology. However, the kinematic model used in previous works was simplified without considering the effects of wheel rotation and vehicle body motion on the accelerometers, resulting in very large localization errors, especially when the IMU is not strictly mounted in the center of the wheel and the vehicle speed is higher. Moreover, the mounting parameters, i.e., the misalignment angles and eccentric distance, markedly reduce the localization accuracy. Thus, the parameters should be well estimated and compensated. A kinematic model that considers all major influences, e.g., the wheel rotation, vehicle body motion, and mounting parameters, on the IMU outputs is revealed, and an IMU-wheel alignment and an extended Kalman filter (EKF) are applied to simultaneously estimate the pose of the vehicle and mounting parameters of the IMU with no additional sensors. The results of dozens of experiments show that the proposed method achieves higher accuracy with regards to the position, heading, and velocity than the state-of-the-art method and that the localization accuracy is increased by approximately 1/3.
Polymorphism in CD33 and CD34 genes: a source of minor histocompatibility antigens on haemopoietic progenitor cells?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Following bone marrow stem cell transplantation allo‐responses against haemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), causing graft rejection and graft‐versus‐leukaemia effects, can be induced by donor T cells recognizing peptides derived from polymorphic endogenous proteins present in HPC. Since CD33 and CD34 are both expressed on HPC, we looked for genetic polymorphisms that might be the source of minor histocompatibility antigens (mHA) on such cells. Bone marrow from 14 donors and their HLA‐identical recipients undergoing BMT for haematological malignancies were studied. Using non‐radioactive single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (cold SSCP) of complementary DNA encoding CD33 and CD34, three DNA polymorphisms, two in CD33 and one in CD34 were found and sequenced. Two were in non‐coding regions, but in CD33, ATA or ATG at codon 183 resulted in an Ile or Met in the protein sequence. Nonapeptides derived from both alleles were predicted to bind to HLA A68.1. Thus two alleles of CD33 protein exist that could be mHA. With an alternate allele frequency of < 10%, allo‐responses against CD33 would be uncommon after marrow transplantation. However, donors homozygous for this allele could be used to generate cytotoxic T cells against the frequent CD33 allele, for adoptive therapy of leukaemia.
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We evaluated colorectal cancer risk associated with the duration and recency of specific menopausal hormone therapy formulations (i.e., unopposed estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin) and regimens (i.e., sequential versus continuous estrogen plus progestin use) among 56,733 postmenopausal women participating in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up study. Hormone therapy use and other risk factors were ascertained through telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires from 1979 to 1998. The final cancer group included 960 women who were identified from self-report, medical records, state registry data, and the National Death Index. Poisson regression was used to generate multivariable rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We observed a decreased risk of colorectal cancer among ever users of unopposed estrogen therapy (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99). Among estrogen users, the largest reduced risk was observed for current users (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.54-1.05) and users of ≥ten years duration (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.96). We found a reduced risk among users of estrogen plus progestin therapy (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.02), with sequential regimen users (progestin &lt;15 days per cycle) having the largest risk reduction (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.95). Past users of ≥5 years ago (RR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.98) had the largest risk reduction. In this study, estrogen plus progestin use, especially sequential regimen use, was associated with the largest overall reduction of colorectal cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):196–203)
Rheumatoid arthritis and the role of oral bacteria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD) have shown similar physiopathologic mechanisms such as chronic inflammation with adjacent bone resorption in an immunogenetically susceptible host; however, PD has a well-recognized bacterial etiology while the cause of RA is unclear. Some reports have indicated that an infectious agent in a susceptible host could be one possible trigger factor for RA, and it has been suggested that oral microorganisms, specialty periodontal bacteria could be the infectious agent (mainly Porphyromonas gingivalis). It has been reported that PD is more frequent and more severe in patients with RA, suggesting a positive association between both diseases. There have been reports regarding the detection of antibodies against periodontal bacteria while other studies have identified periodontal bacterial DNA in serum and synovial fluid of RA patients and have explored the possible pathways of transport of periodontal bacterial DNA. In conclusion, there is no question that RA and PD have pathologic features in common and there is strong evidence of an association between both diseases, but further studies, including experimental models, are needed to demonstrate the arthritogenicity of oral microorganisms.
Role SOS Children Village Through Family Strengthening Programs in The Development of Children and Adolescents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Family Strengthening is one of the programs at SOS Children Village that aims to strengthen economically vulnerable families. The author is interested in research by raising the title Role SOS Children Village Through Family Strengthening in Child and Adolescent Development (Study in Gampong Pasie Mesjid, Meureubo District, West Aceh Regency). This research aims to determine the development of children and adolescents carried out by SOS Children Village through Family Strengthening, to find out the obstacles faced by SOS Children Village and to know the strategy of SOS Children Village in dealing with barriers experienced in the development of children and adolescents. This research uses qualitative methods, including interviews, documentation, and observation data collection techniques. The research results from interviews explain that there are two types of development categories carried out by Family Strengthening, namely for PAUD and elementary school children in the form of calistung training and for teenagers in the form of training soft skills in the form of computer technology training, handicraft training, cake and drink processing training as well public speaking. The obstacles faced are a lack of commitment from children and teenagers to participate in the program and differences in the level of absorption of mentors who spend a long time providing understanding to the children. Strategy SOS Children Village deals with obstacles to the development of children and adolescents by motivating children and adolescents who take part in training. The mentor patiently guides children and adolescents who lack absorption capacity during the learning process.
Jim Pitts Oral History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Audio recording of an interview with retired Furman Chaplain, Jim Pitts. Jim Pitts graduated Furman in 1960, came back as Assistant Chaplain in 1967, became the Chaplain in 1981, and retired in 2003. Chaplain Pitts talks about his early memories of Greenville, SC, and mentions Dr. David Ramsay, Greenville Woman's College president. He talks about what led him to attend Furman, life as a student in the 1950's, getting married as a Furman student, and the relationship between the Greenville Woman's College and Furman. Chaplain Pitts speaks of his time as Assistant Chaplain and Chaplain at Furman, highlighting big issues like the first social dance on campus, integration, race relations, the SSOC, Student Protest Era, Vietnam and the draft lottery. He speaks of the Furman Civil Rights Tour, and hosting Billy Graham, Jimmy Carter, John Kerry, and Benjamin Mays. Chaplain Pitts praises Betty Alverson, founder of Furman's CESC, and retired faculty member Tom Cloer. He goes into detail discussing Joe Vaughn, Furman's first African American undergraduate student. He also gives details about the separation between Furman and the South Carolina Baptist Convention, and working with President Johns during that time. He closes the interview discussing his concerns for Furman's future and identity, his retirement, and his hope for Furman's future.
The voyage wherein Osepp Napea, the Moscouite Ambassadour, returned home into his Countrey, with his entertainment at his arrival at Colmogro; and a large description of the manners of the Countrey

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The twelfth of Maye, in the yeere of our Lorde 1567 [1557], there departed from Grauesende foure good shippes, well appointed for Marehants, which were presently bound into the Baye of S. Nicholas, in Russia, with which shippes was transported or caried home one Osepp Gregoriwiche Napea, who was sent messenger from the Emperour and Great Duke of Moscouia. The foure shippes were these whose names followe, viz.:
Dynamical evolution of the Cybele asteroids

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Cybele region, located between the 2J:-1A and 5J:-3A mean-motion resonances, is adjacent and exterior to the asteroid main belt. An increasing density of three-body resonances makes the region between the Cybele and Hilda populations dynamically unstable, so that the Cybele zone could be considered the last outpost of an extended main belt. The presence of binary asteroids with large primaries and small secondaries suggested that asteroid families should be found in this region, but only relatively recently the first dynamical groups were identified in this area. Among these, the Sylvia group has been proposed to be one of the oldest families in the extended main belt. In this work we identify families in the Cybele region in the context of the local dynamics and non-gravitational forces such as the Yarkovsky and stochastic Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effects. We confirm the detection of the new Helga group at ≃3.65 au, which could extend the outer boundary of the Cybele region up to the 5J:-3A mean-motion resonance. We obtain age estimates for the four families, Sylvia, Huberta, Ulla, and Helga, currently detectable in the Cybele region, using Monte Carlo methods that include the effects of stochastic YORP and variability of the solar luminosity. The Sylvia family should be T = 1220 ± 40 Myr old, with a possible older secondary solution. Any collisional Cybele group formed prior to the Late Heavy Bombardment would have been most likely completely dispersed in the jumping Jupiter scenario of planetary migration.
Spaceborne Radarinterferometry - A Promising Technology for Monitoring of Onshore CO2 Storage Sites in Europe

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Spaceborne radarinterferometry has demonstrated its capability for detection of surface movements in mm-range caused by injection and production of CO2 in projects like In Salah in the Algerian desert. In this work the method was analyzed regarding its potential for the monitoring of CO2 storage sites in Central Europe. Because of the lack of commercial CO2 storage sites in Central Europe a natural gas storage site was chosen. Forest, agricultural areas and smaller settlements resulted in an inhomogenous density and distribution of points with surface movement information. The use of high resolution TerraSAR-X SAR data together with a sophisticated processing approach finally lead to results, which clearly showed the periodical surface movement behavior. This was also expected from pressure decrease and increase caused by the production and storage of the gas during the year. Through correlation with known time series of underground pressure the part of the storage site has been delineated, which is influenced by production and injection of the natural gas – compliant with the known geological structure of the storage site. The results clearly demonstrate that spaceborne radarinterferometry can play an important role in monitoring plans for future CO2 storage sites – even under Central European conditions.