jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Utilizing the mixer method for content management

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Content management is a confusing term used in several contexts. We define content management as the organizing of information (for a specific purpose) available in a system. We present the mixer method that uses servlet technology and the model-view-controller design pattern as a way to accomplish content management in a system. The heart of the mixer method is mixer which is a novel helper tool based on a template engine design philosophy. In order to validate our method we show how to solve the problem of separating Java code and HTML code in servlet programming. In our opinion the existing solutions are either too complex or not complete. The mixer method elegantly decouples the data access code, business logic code, and data presentation. Our work shows that the mixer method is easy to learn and to use. We have tested and used the mixer method successfully in large university courses dealing with content management and HTTP server side programming.
The Cultivation, Mainstreaming, and Cognitive Processing of Environmentalists Watching Television

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cultivation theory research has found a relationship between heavier viewing of television and less concern about the natural environment. The current research delves further into this issue by exploring how environmentalists' television viewing is related to their attitudes about the environment. The findings indicate that when overall television viewing is the independent variable, there are cultivation and mainstreaming effects for environmentalists (i.e., environmentalists who were heavy viewers of television scored lower on the new environmental paradigm (NEP) scale than lighter viewing environmentalists, and were more similar to the general public in their environmental attitudes than lighter viewers). The findings also show that the cultivation effects are related to need for cognition (NFC) and attention to television (such that those with higher NFC, and those who pay more attention to television, have lower scores on the NEP scale). When non-fiction programming is the independent variable, however, heavier television viewers score higher on the NEP, and NFC and attention to television do not relate to the cultivation effect.
Ribosome, Chemistry of

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ribosomes are the most complex, ancient, and important RNA‐protein complexes present in every cell. A large body of previous data shows that their function is carefully regulated and quality controlled, which leads to a remarkably low rate of amino‐acid misincorporation. A prerequisite to this exquisitely accurate function is correctly assembled ribosomes. Here, I consider mechanisms that may help in regulating ribosome assembly and in ensuring that ribosomes are faithfully assembled. Evidence for the existence of these mechanisms is then presented based on data in the literature. Future experiments will be required to test the importance of these events in quality control.
Chlamydiae as agents of sexually transmitted diseases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chlamydiae are being increasingly recognized as an important cause of human disease. The known geographical distribution of lymphogranuloma venereum and the role of chlamydiae as agents of sexually transmitted diseases are reviewed. The presence of chlamydiae in the urethra and the cervix, and their etiological relationship to genital infections, first recognized in connexion with ocular infections, have been proved in a number of studies in selected populations in a few countries. Chlamydiae appear to be the most important agent of nongonococcal urethritis, which in some cases appears now to be more frequent than gonococcal urethritis. In addition to their association with cervicitis, chlamydiae appear also to be fairly frequent in the cervix of apparently normal, asymptomatic, and sexually active women. The role of chlamydiae as agents of other human diseases still requires to be clarified. The organisms have been found in association with pelvic inflammatory disease, neonatal pneumonia, pharyngitis, and otitis. There is need for additional studies in view of the fact that effective chemotherapy is available. An outline is given of laboratory methods that may be useful for the diagnosis of chlamydial infections.
CaT-BENCH: Benchmarking Language Model Understanding of Causal and Temporal Dependencies in Plans

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the abilities of LLMs to reason about natural language plans, such as instructional text and recipes, is critical to reliably using them in decision-making systems. A fundamental aspect of plans is the temporal order in which their steps needs to be executed, which reflects the underlying causal dependencies between them. We introduce CaT-Bench, a benchmark of Step Order Prediction questions, which test whether a step must necessarily occur before or after another in cooking recipe plans. We use this to evaluate how well frontier LLMs understand causal and temporal dependencies. We find that SOTA LLMs are underwhelming (best zero-shot is only 0.59 in F1), and are biased towards predicting dependence more often, perhaps relying on temporal order of steps as a heuristic. While prompting for explanations and using few-shot examples improve performance, the best F1 result is only 0.73. Further, human evaluation of explanations along with answer correctness show that, on average, humans do not agree with model reasoning. Surprisingly, we also find that explaining after answering leads to better performance than normal chain-of-thought prompting, and LLM answers are not consistent across questions about the same step pairs. Overall, results show that LLMs' ability to detect dependence between steps has significant room for improvement.
The Mutual Independence of the Endolymphatic Potential and the Concentrations of Sodium and Potassium in Endolymph

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The relationship between the endolymphatic potential (EP) and the sodium and potassium concentration gradients between endolymph and interstitial fluid was studied both by measuring the EP at varying concentrations of sodium and potassium in endolymph and by measuring the effect of a depressed EP on the concentrations of these cations. Ethacrynic acid was used in dogs to change the concentration of sodium and potassium (meq/liter) in endolymph from 5.8 and 148 to 134 and 24.3, respectively. No change in the EP accompanied these alterations. In a second series of experiments the EP was reduced from + 72 mV to + 31 mV for a mean duration of 20 min. No change in the concentration of sodium and potassium in endolymph was found during the period of reduced EP. These data suggest that there is little relationship between the EP and the sodium and potassium concentrations in endolymph.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of 3,3‐Difluoroserine and Cysteine Derivatives via Mg(0)‐Promoted Selective C—F Bond Cleavage of Trifluoromethylimines.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Physiological effects of work stress and pesticide exposure in tree planting by British Columbia silviculture workers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tree planters in British Columbia have reported symptoms that are congruent with musculoskeletal stress and organophosphate or carbamate pesticide intoxication. The purpose of this research was to determine the existence of any physiological or biochemical correlate supporting the existence of these potential hazards in tree planting. Worker's health complaints were assessed from regularly distributed questionnaires. Blood samples were obtained from 14 male and three female Canadian subjects before and after tree planting work on 10 occasions throughout a tree planting season. The strenuous physical challenge of tree planting was confirmed by a significant elevation of serum enzyme activity (ESEA) at the beginning of the season, which did not return to a normal level during the remainder of the season. Significant (p < or = 0.05) inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) postwork was observed in 15.9% of individuals, and a significant group mean prework-postwork difference of AChE or plasma pseudocholinesterase (PChE) was observed on two days of testing, indicating a potential toxicological hazard from pesticide absorption. No correlation was found between the degree of ESEA or cholinesterase inhibition and the number of health complaints.
Microwave and MM-wave engineering challenges in pan-European communications research

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The pan-European research programmes under the 3rd and 4th Frameworks have identified, and are now researching radio-based personal communications systems operating at frequencies from UHF to 60 GHz. The performance targets for these systems are set out by reference to particular projects recently launched and also those proposed for projects offered under the 2nd call for the current programme.
[One-stage compound grafting of antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate and autogenous cancellous bone for the treatment of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A satisfactory short-term clinical results can be gained by one-stage compound grafting of antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate and autogenous cancellous bone in chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis, but the long-term results need further follow-up. And much more study is also demanded to reduce the exudation of calcium sulfate.
Comparative study of the floral biology and of the response of productivity to insect visitation in two rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.) in Rio Grande do Sul

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Planning the artificial pollination of agricultural crops requires knowledge of the floral biology and reproductive system of the crop in question. Many studies have shown that rapeseed (Brassica napus Linnaeus) is self-compatible and self-pollinated, but its productivity may be increased by insect visitation. In the present study, the floral biology and the response of productivity to insect visitation of two rapeseed cultivars (Hyola 420 and Hyola 61) were analyzed and compared in three regions of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The rapeseed flowers presented three stages during anthesis, with the time periods varying between the cultivars. Both cultivars are self-compatible, but free visitation of insects increased productivity by 17% in the Hyola 420 cultivar and by approximately 30% in the Hyola 61 cultivar. Therefore, it is concluded that the cultivar Hyola 61 is more dependent on insect pollination than Hyola 420.
Endometrial metastatic neoplasia: Prognostic factors.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e15594 Background: We report pathologic characteristics and survival (OS) for women with metastatic or relapsed endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: Patients (pts) diagnosed with EC from Jan/2000 to Apr/2010 were identified in the I.O.V. cancer database. Differences between chemotherapy and other characteristics were examined by Chi-square and Fisher's exact test; survival analyses used Kaplan Meier and Long-Rank test. 47 pts, mean age 63 yrs, range 33-70, had radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and/or systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy and peritoneal cytology. AJCC staging was: stage I 15 pts, II 8 pts, III 15 pts, IV 8 pts; 1 unstaged; 28 were endometrioid; 19 were other histology. Grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors were seen in 6, 18 and 15 pts respectively; 8 unknown. Receptor status was positive in 15 pts, negative in 4; 28 unknown. 29 pts had radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy adjuvantly, 6 pts as metastatic/relapsed, 12 no therapy. Residuum at relapse was ≤2 cm in 23 pts, >2 cm in 20, and 4 unknown. 7 pts received doxorubicin-cisplatin (doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, cisplatin 50 mg/m2) mean cycles 4 (range 2-6); 17 received taxol-platin (uaxol 175/m2, platin 75/m2) mean 4 cycles (range 2-8) or Jm8-taxol, and 18 taxol-epidoxorubicin-cisplatin (taxol 175 mg/m2, epirubicin 70 mg/m2, cisplatin 50 mg/m2) mean cycles 6 (range 1-9). 24 had extrapelvic metastases; 23 had disease involving adnexa and/or pelvic lymph node (PLN), and para-aortic lymph nodes (PAN). Results: Differences in chemotherapy cycles administered (+/-4) were not significant. Extrapelvic metastases had a 5-yr OS of 50% vs 47% for pelvic+/-lymph node disease. Multivariate analysis shows stage, intra- vs extrapelvic metastases and diameter of relapsed lesion are not significant for 5-yr OS in EC. We found no difference in OS for therapy with taxol-platinum +/- doxorubicin. 5-yr OS of endometrioid cancer is 127 mo vs 38 mo for other histotypes, long-rank test 9.89 p <0.002; OS of Grade 1 and 2 was 127 mo vs 37 mo for grade 3, long-rank test 3.89 p<0.05. Conclusions: We confirm that endometrioid and lower histologic grade has better survival independent of radiotherapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. More intensive therapy combinations do not significantly improve median OS.
Juvenal 1.155–7

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A. A. Barrett's recent addition of a raeda to Juvenal 1.155 is a novel and ingenious contribution to the ago-old debate over the text and meaning of the passage in question. His proposal is, however, vulnerable to the following objections. First, it is worth emphasizing that there is no manuscript variant for the traditional reading taeda . In a passage so fraught with problems and textual discrepancies, this is probably suggestive.
Feedback Controllability is a Normative Theory of Neural Population Dynamics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Brain computations emerge from collective dynamics of distinct neural populations. Behaviors in- cluding reaching and speech are explained by principles of feedback control. However, if feedback control explains neural population dynamics is unknown. We created dimensionality reduction methods that identify subspaces of neural population data that are most feed-forward controllable (FFC) vs. feedback controllable (FBC). We showed that FBC and FFC subspaces diverge for dynamics generated by neuro- anatomical connectivity. In neural recordings from monkey M1/S1 during reaching, FBC subspaces were better decoders of reach kinematics. Compared to FFC subspaces, FBC subspaces emerged from col- lective interactions of a population of neurons with distinct activity profiles. Finally, we revealed that FBC subspaces emphasize rotational dynamics due to enhanced system stability, while FFC subspaces emphasize scaling dynamics. These results demonstrate feedback controllability is a novel, normative theory of neural population dynamics, and connect distinct neuronal populations to differing regimes of emergent dynamics carrying out distinct computations.
Effects of casting conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg-0.1%Sb casting alloys.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Molten Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg-0.1%Sb alloys were held for different times, cast at different temperatures and cooled during solidification at different rates. As the alloys are cast at lower temperatures and cooled at accelerated rates, a greater proportion of acicular and rod type Mg-Sb compounds crystallizes. And as the alloys are cast at lower temperatures and cooled at moderated rates, the tensile strength, impact strength and elongation of the cast alloys lower.
TALES OF HOFFMANN

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Performer: TERANCE CASEY Writer: Offenbach Recorded in the Tivoli Theatre London; BARCAROLLE; ORGAN SOLO by; (Wurlitzer Organ). Digitized at 78 revolutions per minute. Four stylii were used to transfer this record. They are 3.8mil CT, 2.3mil CT, 2.8mil CT, 3.3mil CT. These were recorded flat and then also equalized with Turnover: 500, Rolloff: 0. The preferred versions suggested by an audio engineer at George Blood, L.P. have been copied to have the more friendly filenames. Matrix number: A8584 Catalog number: G20782 Other IDs from the record include: M38438; (A8584)
Exosomes – Structure, Biogenesis and Biological Role in Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many different cells produce and release membraneous microvesicles ( MV ) or exosomes into their microenvironment. Exosomes represent a specific subtype of secreted derived vesicles which are defined as homogenous vesicles of 30–100 nm lined by a lipid bilayer, which contain a specific set of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. There are clear evidences that they serve as important biological signals messengers and carriers in physiological as well as in pathological processes. Those derived from tumours (tumour‐derived exosomes, TD ‐exosomes) function as protumourigenic factors that can mediate intercellular communication in the tumour microenvironment and also contribute to cancer progression. The main functions of exosomes in the cancer microenvironment include the following: promotion of primary cancer growth, stimulation of angiogenesis, activation of stromal fibroblasts, sculpting the cancer ECM , generation of a premetastatic niche and suppression of host immune response. Exosomes have recently emerged as potentially promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. This article is a summary of information about the structure and origin of exosomes and also indicates the importance of exosomes and micro RNA s in lung cancer. The role of exosomes in NSCLC is little known, and its explanation requires thorough research.
UNANI FORMULATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES: AN OVERVIEW

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Diabetes is a leading cause of death. In India, total number of diabetic patients is expected to be 79.4 million in 2030. It is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications. Traditional medicines are being looked up once again for its treatment; the WHO also recommended its further investigation. In this review, these drug its pharmacological activity and its formulation in Greco-Arab or Unani Medicine in India is explored. Single-drug used in formulation with reported anti-diabetic and related beneficial property are Gymnema sylvestre, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Momordica charantia, Acacia arabica, Eugenia jambolana, Trigonella foenum graecum, Punica granatum, etc. Phytomedicine used in Unani medicine presents an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus with a holistic approach, which includes various photochemical groups such as alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolics. Beside hypoglycemic activity, these drugs also have antioxidants, bitter and other activity related to disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism. They are used in the form of decoctions, infusions, tablets, pills, and powder such as Qurse Dhayabitus, Qurse Tabasheer, Safoof Gilo, Qurse Marwareed, Qurse Gulnar, Dawaul Misk Talkh, Sharbate Afsanteen, Roghane Qusht, and Ma-Us-shaeer and common marketed formulation is Dolabi tablets, Qurs Kushta baiza murgh, Qurs Kushta Zamarrud, Qurs Ziabetus, Safoof Ziabtes, Diab-eaze, etc. There is the tremendous scope of Unani single and compound formulations in the comprehensive management of diabetes particularly Type-2 diabetes; it can also be utilized as an adjuvant with the conventional drug due to its diverse and related beneficial pharmacological activity in diabetes.
Effect of Crude Extracts from Leonotis nepetaefolia (Labiatae) on Rat and Guinea-pig Smooth Muscle and Rat Cardiac Muscle

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The actions of hydroalcoholic and tea extracts of stems of Leonotis nepetaefolia on agonist-induced and electrically-evoked contractions have been analysed in-vitro in rat uterus and left atrium and in guinea-pig ileum and trachea. The tea extract (500–2000 μg mL−1) caused parallel and graded rightward shifts of concentration-response curves to bradykinin and BaCl2 in the rat isolated uterus, but antagonized responses to prostaglandin F2α in a typically non-competitive manner. The hydroalcoholic extract also caused rightward displacements of the curves to bradykinin, acetylcholine (ACh), angiotensin II, oxytocin and BaCl2 and reduced their maximal contractile effects. Both extracts (30–3000 μg mL−1) relaxed uterine preparations precontracted with KCl (80 Mm), the hydroalcoholic extract being about 2-fold more potent than the tea extract. The relaxant response to the former was unaffected by propranolol (1 μm) or forskolin (10 Nm), but was potentiated 2-fold by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (10 μm). In the guinea-pig ileum the hydroalcohplic extract shifted the ACh- and bradykinin-induced contractile curves to the right and markedly inhibited their maximal effects, whereas the tea extract caused a typical non-competitive antagonism of ACh-induced contractile responses. In field-stimulated ileal strips, both extracts (3–3000 μg mL−1) caused contractions and inhibited twitch responses. Guinea-pig tracheal rings precontracted with carbachol (0·3 μm) were relaxed only by concentrations of either extract in excess of 1000 μg mL−1, an action that was unaffected by propranolol (0·1 μm) or by indomethacin (1 μm). Prior incubation of tracheal rings with the hydroalcoholic extract (1000 μg mL−1), which failed to affect responses to ACh, significantly potentiated the relaxations induced by isoprenaline or theophylline (3-fold) of preparations contracted with carbachol. Finally, the hydroalcoholic extract (0·1–1000 μg mL−1) caused a graded long-lasting inotropic effect in the rat electrically-stimulated left atrium. Altogether, these findings provide some experimental support for the reputed folk medicinal anti-asthmatic and anti-diarrhoeal properties of this plant. It is suggested that the pharmacological effects of the extracts of L. nepetaefolia may result from potentiation of the cAMP system.