jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Humour as a symptom of research trends in translation studies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article is an overview of translation studies applied to the case of humour, divided into four parts, plus an extensive bibliography. The first part goes over humour translation as a relevant object of research and why it is worthy of more academic attention. Humour translation should not be dealt with or looked upon as a strange body within translation studies. Part two is an overview of key contributions to the field, from Spain and elsewhere, covering a considerable number of authors and theories. Part three focuses on promising areas of interest for researchers and illustrates how audiovisual translation is a good instance of dynamism within the field, connecting all this to the rich variety of formats and the importance of technology. Part four sketches the landscape of research methods and theoretical frameworks to signpost possible pitfalls involved when methodologies and theoretical frameworks are not clearly and coherently organised given the complexities of studying humour translation.
GC: Intra-tumoural microvessel density in human solid tumours

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the last decade assessment of angiogenesis has emerged as a potentially useful biological prognostic and predictive factor in human solid tumours. With the development of highly specific endothelial markers that can be assessed in histological archival specimens, several quantitative studies have been performed in various solid tumours. The majority of published studies have shown a positive correlation between intra-tumoural microvessel density, a measure of tumour angiogenesis, and prognosis in solid tumours. A minority of studies have not demonstrated an association and this may be attributed to significant differences in the methodologies employed for sample selection, immunostaining techniques, vessel counting and statistical analysis, although a number of biological differences may account for the discrepancy. In this review we evaluate the quantification of angiogenesis by immunohistochemistry, the relationship between tumour vascularity and metastasis, and the clinicopathological studies correlating intra-tumoral microvessel density with prognosis and response to anti-cancer therapy. In view of the extensive nature of this retrospective body of data, comparative studies are needed to identify the optimum technique and endothelial antigens (activated or pan-endothelial antigens) but subsequently prospective studies that allocate treatment on the basis of microvessel density are required.
Efeito do extrato de algas no desempenho germinativo e crescimento radicular em sementes de feijão BRS Estilo em resposta a diferentes métodos de aplicação

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

RESUMO The biostimulating potential of algae extracts represents an opportunity to increase efficiency in food production. Cultivable microalgae are viable candidates due to the high production capacity. In this work, the chemical composition and effect of the microalgae extract Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerh.) Chodat and commercial product AMPEP (Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder) derived from the macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. on the germination of BRS Estilo bean seeds were evaluated. The treatments analyzed the methodology of exposure of seeds to extracts: soaking for 5 hours (T1) and applications every 48 hours (T2). The parameters evaluated were: germination percentage (PG), speed index (IVG) and mean germination time (TMG). The values of PG and IVG were higher in T2, representing about 50% higher yield than T1. In relation to chemical composition, Scenedesmus acuminatus extract obtained higher levels of proteins and carbohydrates. Thus, S. acuminatus is a potential producer of biostimulant extracts, while beans obtained lower germinative performance when submitted to the soaking process.
Tecra UniqueTM Salmonella Test for rapid detection of Salmonella: a comparison between the classical reference method (HRN EN ISO 6579:2002 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp.) and an alternative rapid method for the detection of Salmonella in food and feed samples

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

U radu su uspoređeni rezultati pretraga pet vrsta uzoraka standardnom mikrobioloskom metodom koja traje od tri do pet dana s rezultatima dobivenim Tecra UniqueTM Salmonella testom koji daje rezultate za 22 sata. Na 60 ispitanih uzoraka ustanovljeno je da Tecra UniqueTM Salmonella Test potvrđuje rezultate dobivene standardnom metodom bez lažno pozitivnih i lažno negativnih rezultata ali u bitno kracem vremenskom roku.
Predicting longitudinal changes in caregiver physical and mental health: A stress process model.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Alzheimer's family caregivers (N = 122) reported on physical and mental health, as well as stress process variables, at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up. Hierarchical regression analyses of stress process models revealed that increases in primary stressors (e.g., patient self-care and behavioral problems) did not directly affect changes in the mental and physical health outcome variables. However, analyses of models of direct, mediated, and moderated effects revealed that psychosocial resource variables (appraisals, coping responses, and social support) were related to caregiver outcomes over time through several mechanisms. In particular, benign appraisals of stressors, the use of approach coping, and greater levels of social support were associated with more positive caregiver health outcomes over time.
Early hours in the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema: time course and mechanisms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinically evident high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is characterized by severe cyanosis, dyspnea, cough, and difficulty with physical exertion. This usually occurs within 1–2 days of ascent often with the additional stresses of any exercise and hypoventilation of sleep. The earliest events in evolving HAPE progress through clinically silent and then minimally recognized problems. The most important of these events involves an exaggerated elevation of pulmonary artery (PA) pressure in response to the ambient hypoxia. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a rapid response with several phases. The first phase in both resistance arterioles and venules occurs within 5–10 min. This is followed by a second phase that further raises PA pressure by another 100% over the next 2–8 h. Combined with vasoconstriction and likely an unevenness in the regional strength of HPV, pressures in some microvascular regions with lesser arterial constriction rise to a level that initiates greater filtration of fluid into the interstitium. As pressures continue to rise local lymphatic clearance rates are exceeded and interstitial fluid begins to accumulate. Beyond elevation of transmural pressure gradients there is a dynamic noninjurious relaxation of microvascular and epithelial cell-cell contacts and an increase in transcellular vesicular transport which accelerate leakage. At some point with further pressure elevation, damage occurs with breaks of the barrier and bleeding into the alveolar space, a late-stage situation termed capillary stress failure. Earlier before there is fluid accumulation, alveolar hypoxia and hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia reduce the capacity of the alveolar epithelium to reabsorb sodium and water back into the interstitial space. More modest ascent which slows the rate of rise in PA pressure and allows for adaptive remodeling of the microvasculature, drugs which lower PA pressure, and those that can enhance fluid reabsorption will all forestall the deleterious early rise of microvascular pressures and diminished active alveolar fluid reabsorption that precede and underlie the development of HAPE.
Primary Care Providers’ Experiences with Urine Toxicology Tests to Manage Prescription Opioid Misuse and Substance use among Chronic Noncancer Pain Patients in Safety Net Health Care Settings

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Guideline recommendations to reduce prescription opioid misuse among patients with chronic noncancer pain include the routine use of urine toxicology tests for high-risk patients. Yet little is known about how the implementation of urine toxicology tests among patients with co-occurring chronic noncancer pain and substance use impacts primary care providers’ management of misuse. Clinicians’ perspectives on the benefits and challenges of implementing urine toxicology tests in the monitoring of opioid misuse and substance use in safety net health care settings are presented in this paper. Methods Twenty-three primary care providers from 6 safety net health care settings whose patients had a diagnosis of co-occurring chronic noncancer pain and substance use were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Results The benefits of implementing urine toxicology tests for primary care providers included less reliance on intuition to assess for misuse and the ability to identify unknown opioid misuse and/or substance use. The challenges of implementing urine toxicology tests included insufficient education and training about how to interpret and implement tests, and a lack of clarity on how and when to act on tests that indicated misuse and/or substance use. Conclusions These data suggest that primary care clinicians’ lack of education and training to interpret and implement urine toxicology tests may impact their management of patient opioid misuse and/or substance use. Clinicians may benefit from additional education and training about the clinical implementation and use of urine toxicology tests. Additional research is needed on how primary care providers implementation and use of urine toxicology tests impacts chronic noncancer pain management in primary care and safety net health care settings among patients with co-occurring chronic non cancer pain and substance use.
Lines of Energy Deposition for Supersonic∕Hypersonic Temperature∕Drag-Reduction and Vehicle Control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lines of energy are deposited ahead of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles in order to create a low‐density channel, through which a vehicle can travel with dramatically reduced drag. Temperature and pressure are both also reduced on the front surfaces of the vehicle, while density and pressure are increased at the vehicle base. When applied off‐center, this technique can be used to control the vehicle, employing the entire body as the control surface and eliminating the need for actuators. Results for drag‐reduction, temperature‐reduction, and control forces are presented here.
Ciprofloxacin Treatment Eliminates Mycoplasma in Contaminated Channel Catfish Ovary Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A temperature-sensitive mycoplasma that was present in the channel catfish ovary (CCO) cell line and in a thymidine kinase-negative mutant of this cell line (CCOBr) was effectively eliminated from the cultures by adding ciprofloxacin, a 4-fluoroquinolone, to the culture medium. Both cell lines have remained mycoplasma free after 3 years of continuous culture. A commercially available genetic probe to mycoplasma ribosomal RNA was used to monitor mycoplasma contamination and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. © by the American Fisheries Society 1994.
Protecting Sensitive Business Information While Sharing Serial-Level Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Within supply chains, the adoption of RFID technology promises to have a beneficial impact: by sharing serial­level data, supply chain partners can optimize and automate their operations. However, several partners have expressed concerns on the possible misuses of shared serial­level data; this may act as strong deterrent on data sharing, resulting in a lost of all potential benefits. This paper analyzes the problem of leakage of sensitive business information in scenarios in which business partners share serial­level data, provides a framework for describing correlations between sensitive business information and serial­level data, and presents an architecture called Sensitive Information Leakage Monitor (SILM), that, based on defined correlations, detects and prevents leakages of sensitive business information while it enables sharing of serial­ level data.
Discrimination between N- and C-Termini of Polypeptides by a Two-Dimensional Array of Helical Poly(l-glutamic acid) Rods on Gold Surfaces

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A novel poly(l-glutamic acid) (PLGA) amphiphile, PLGA−SS, which has a disulfide bond at the N-terminus, formed spontaneously an adsorbed monolayer on gold substrates from aqueous solutions with various pHs. The adsorption rates of PLGA−SS were characterized by electrochemistry using a model of a microelectrode array. When the monolayer was prepared at a lower pH, at which the PLGA segment takes the α-helix structure, a densely packed monolayer was formed, and in contrast, the preparation at higher pH was found to provide a less packed monolayer. Subsequently, the interaction of this monolayer with guest PLGAs, PLGA−Fc−N and −C, which have a ferrocenyl group at the N- and C-termini, respectively, was examined by means of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. The frequency shift of QCM revealed that a stoichiometric interaction could be caused between the PLGA−SS monolayer and both guest PLGAs. The electron-transfer experiment and angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were also applied to elucidate such a specific interaction. As a result, the host helix monolayer was found to capture the guest helix PLGAs through an antiparallel, side-by-side helix−macrodipole interaction.
Financing Local Governments in South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The intergovernmental fiscal architecture for local governments in South Africa is a product of the negotiations in the late 1990ties to end apartheid, a thorough consideration at the time of what funding system for local government would serve a democratic South Africa the best, and the many developments that the system has undergone since its inception around the turn of the century. The architecture reflects South Africa’s integrated system of multilevel government. The national government has a virtual monopoly on all taxes, and provinces almost rely almost entirely on transfers. Municipalities fund their budgets with own revenue, complemented by an equitable share of national revenue and conditional grants. This contribution sets out the considerations that influenced the system of financing local government, designed to usher in democracy at local level. It then examines the framework for own revenue generation by municipalities as well as the system for determining intergovernmental transfers. It considers practical challenges with the implementation of this framework, the extent to which the assumptions that underpin the architecture are still valid, and the system’s capacity to respond to changing circumstances.
Synthesis, Properties, and Redox Behavior of Ferrocene‐Substituted Bis(3‐methylthio‐1‐azulenyl)methylium Ions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Novel ferrocene‐substituted bis(3‐methylthio‐1‐azulenyl)methylium ions 5 + and 6 + were synthesized by the hydride abstraction reaction of the corresponding hydro derivatives 3 and 4 with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ). Compounds 3 and 4 were readily prepared by the acid‐catalyzed condensation reaction of 1‐methylthioazulenes 1 and 2 with ferrocenecarbaldehyde. The redox behavior of 5 + and 6 + was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their amphoteric multistep redox properties. Moreover, these cations exhibited a significant color change under electrochemical reduction conditions, which was revealed by visible spectroscopy.
Cultural and Developmental Pathways to Acceptance of Self and Acceptance of the World

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines how parental acceptance of children and the surrounding world influence children's acceptance of self and the world. While conceptions of parental acceptance are assumed to be universal, they are primarily based on European American values and research. Due to different cultural views of the self and world as malleable versus fixed, parents differ in the target of their acceptance—children's individual selves or the surrounding world. Parental acceptance also differs in that in can be evaluative or non-evaluative. Evidence suggests that European American as compared to East Asian caregivers are relatively more accepting of their children's individual selves and that they emphasize positive evaluation. By contrast, East Asian caregivers are relatively more accepting of the world surrounding their children and they provide relatively non-evaluative acknowledgement. As important socialization agents, parents' acceptance of children versus the world affects children's acceptance of self versus the world.
Influence of atomistic protrusion on the substrate on molecular luminescence in tunnel junctions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) induced luminescence can be used to study various optoelectronic phenomena of single molecules and to understand the fundamental photophysical mechanisms involved. To clearly observe the molecule-specific luminescence, it is important to improve the quantum efficiency of molecules in the metallic nanocavity. In this work, we investigate theoretically the influence of an atomic-scale protrusion on the substrate on the emission properties of a point dipole oriented parallel to the substrate in a silver plasmonic nanocavity by electromagnetic simulations. We find that an atomic-scale protrusion on the substrate can strongly enhance the quantum efficiency of a horizontal dipole emitter, similar to the situation with a protrusion at the tip apex. We also consider a double-protrusion junction geometry in which there is an atomic-scale protrusion on both the tip and the substrate, and find that this geometry does provide significantly enhanced emission compared with the protrusion-free situation, but does not appear to improve the quantum efficiency compared to the mono-protrusion situation either at the tip apex or on the substrate. These results are believed to be instructive for future STM induced electroluminescence and photoluminescence studies on single molecules.
Mean Platelet Volume in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Context: diabetes mellitus is a global pandemic. The increased platelet activity may play a role in the development of vascular complications of this metabolic disorder. The mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of the average size and activity of platelets. Larger platelets are younger and exhibit more activity. Aims: to determine the MPV in diabetics compared to nondiabetics, to see if there is a difference in MPV between diabetics with and without vascular complications, and to determine the correlation of MPV with fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body-mass index, and duration of diabetes in the diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: platelet counts and MPV were measured in 300 Type 2 diabetic patients and 300 nondiabetic subjects using an automated blood cell counter. The blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels were also measured. Statistical evaluation was performed by SPSS using Student’s t test and Pearson correlation tests. Results: the mean platelet counts and MPV were higher in diabetics compared to the nondiabetic subjects [277.46 ± 81 X 109/l vs. 269.79 ± 78 X 109/l (P= 0.256)], 8.29 ± 0.74 fl versus 7.47 ± 0.73 fl (P= 0.001), respectively. MPV showed a strong positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose and HbA1C levels (P=0.001). Conclusions: our results showed significantly higher MPV in diabetic patients than in the nondiabetic subjects. This indicates that elevated MPV could be either the cause for or due to the effect of the vascular complications. Hence, platelets may play a role and MPV can be used as a simple parameter to assess the vascular events in diabetes.
Survival after diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma among children, adolescents, and young adults in California, 2001–2014: A population‐based study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background This population‐based study considered the influence of rituximab on the survival of children (0–19 years), adolescents, and young adults (AYAs, 20–39 years) with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods Data on 642 children and AYAs diagnosed with DLBCL during 2001–2014 were obtained from the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry in California. Facility‐level reports provided treatment details. The Kaplan–Meier method estimated survival and Cox regression models examined the association between survival and rituximab use, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results Rituximab use increased from 2001–2007 to 2008–2014 among children (from 32% to 48%), AYAs (from 68% to 84%), and HIV patients (from 57% to 67%). Five‐year survival was higher among children (91%) than AYAs (82%). On multivariable analysis, the hazard of death was 44% lower among rituximab recipients, and higher among uninsured patients, those with HIV, and those with advanced stage at diagnosis. HIV patients who received rituximab were 60% less likely to die than nonrecipients. Conclusions Our study suggests a benefit of rituximab on the treatment of AYAs and HIV patients with DLBCL. The worse survival observed among HIV‐positive and uninsured patients is of concern and calls for further investigation. Careful consideration should be given on whether to recommend rituximab more often on the front‐line treatment of children and HIV‐positive patients with DLBCL.
Integrated photonics on the dielectrically loaded lithium niobate on insulator platform

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is emerging as one of the promising platforms for integrated photonics due to the excellent material properties of lithium niobate, which includes a strong electro-optic effect, high second-order optical nonlinearity, a large optical transparency window, and low material loss. Although direct etching of lithium niobate has been adopted more widely in recent years, it remains to be seen if it will be adopted in foundry processes due to the incompatibility with standard CMOS fabrication processes. Thus, the scalability of the LNOI platform is currently still limited when compared with other platforms such as silicon photonics. Dielectrically loaded LNOI waveguides may present an alternative. These waveguides have been used to demonstrate a range of optical components with a simplified fabrication process while demonstrating competitive performance. In this contribution, we review the recent progress in dielectrically loaded LNOI waveguides, summarize the advantages and disadvantages of different loading materials, compare the performance of different platforms, and discuss the future of these platforms for photonic integrated circuits.