jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Probiotic-Based Vaccines May Provide Effective Protection against COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Disease

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the causative agent of COVID-19, now represents the sixth Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)—as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2009. Considering that SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted via the mucosal route, a therapy administered by this same route may represent a desirable approach to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is now widely accepted that genetically modified microorganisms, including probiotics, represent attractive vehicles for oral or nasal mucosal delivery of therapeutic molecules. Previous studies have shown that the mucosal administration of therapeutic molecules is able to induce an immune response mediated by specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies along with mucosal cell-mediated immune responses, which effectively concur to neutralize and eradicate infections. Therefore, advances in the modulation of mucosal immune responses, and in particular the use of probiotics as live delivery vectors, may encourage prospective studies to assess the effectiveness of genetically modified probiotics for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging trends in the ever-progressing field of vaccine development re-emphasize the contribution of adjuvants, along with optimization of codon usage (when designing a synthetic gene), expression level, and inoculation dose to elicit specific and potent protective immune responses. In this review, we will highlight the existing pre-clinical and clinical information on the use of genetically modified microorganisms in control strategies against respiratory and non-respiratory viruses. In addition, we will discuss some controversial aspects of the use of genetically modified probiotics in modulating the cross-talk between mucosal delivery of therapeutics and immune system modulation.
Design of interactive multimedia courseware in data structures & Algorithms - I

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the advancement of technology, our lives have been enriched with multimedia and interactive devices. In order to have a two-way interaction with the user, a website must be simplified and efficient for users to get hold of the information as well as being interesting too. The E-learning website will help students to engage in activities, interaction and makes them understand the topic well. The report will cover the methodology used, research finding and lastly conclusion.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN GROUND WATER ANALYSIS IN CHHATTISGARH

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the quality of surface and ground water in Chhattisgarh. The study region is located between the latitudes of 21.195 and 81.967. One of the most pressing issues is water quality. Heavy metals in drinking water quality up to ppm levels can cause major health concerns and even cancer. We aim to determine the concentrations of three heavy metals in ground water and surface water in various sites in this study. These samples were subjected to UV-VIS-NIR analysis for three elements: Pb, Cr, and Ca. The most modern technique for determining trace metal content is the spectrophotometer.The purity of water is a significant factor, and there are some suggested purity criteria. One of the most pressing issues is water quality. Water quality is an important parameter for determining whether or not water is suitable for drinking and irrigation. Metal pollution in water is a significant factor in determining the quality of water. Heavy metal levels in drinking water up to ppb levels can cause serious health concerns and even cancer. In this work, we attempted to determine the content of six heavy metals in ground water at ppb levels in various places throughout Raigarh District. The amounts of these elements in the research region were compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 4th edition drinking water quality guidelines in 2011. In many areas, natural contamination with arsenic (As) and heavy metals (HMs) poses a health risk. Due to the mineralization of geogenic As and HMs in the environment, i.e., water, plants, and soil, Raipur, Durg, Ambagarh Tehsil, Rajnandgaon, Central India, is a significantly polluted location. To better understand the major entrance route of these harmful elements in humans and domestic animals, the extent of contamination and sources of As and HMs (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in water, soil, and common plants were explored in this study. Because of the existence of iron ore belts in the ground waters around the Chhattisgarh region, where iron ore mines are prominent, water pollution is a major concern in these places. The water quality parameters pH, Electrical Conductivity(EC), Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Fluoride, Sulphate, Total hardness, Iron, Total dissolved salt, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Dissolved oxygen are tested and statistically shown by the WQI Index, which indicates whether the water is suitable for drinking or not.
Developmental Biology among Corbiculate Bees: Bombus impatiens, Including Observations on Its Egg Eclosion

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rozen, Jerome G., Smith, Corey Shepard, Kocher, Sarah, Wyman, Eli S. (2018): Developmental Biology among Corbiculate Bees: Bombus impatiens, Including Observations on Its Egg Eclosion. American Museum Novitates 2018 (3912): 1-25, DOI: 10.1206/3912.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2018/issue-3912/3912.1/Developmental-Biology-among-Corbiculate-Bees--Bombus-impatiens-Including-Observations/10.1206/3912.1.full
The Impact of Inequality for Same-Sex Partners in Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plans - eScholarship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This report analyzes the impact of unequal treatment of same-sex partners in the context of retirement plans and estimates the cost for employers of adopting a policy of equal treatment. The focus of this report is retirement income rather than health care provision for retirees and their families. Our goal is to address several key issues for same-sex couples as they plan for retirement. We find that same-sex couples face inequalities when it comes to their ability to accumulate wealth, plan for their futures, and pass on wealth.
Intake of Added Sugars During the Early Toddler Period

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that added sugar (AS) consumption be limited to less than 10% of the total energy intake to reduce the risk of obesity and chronic disease. Currently, individuals 2 years or older in the United States consume nearly 15% of their daily total energy as ASs. Little is known about the sugar consumption patterns of younger children. This study used dietary data from the 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and AS content information from the 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012 Food Patterns Equivalents Database to estimate AS intake consumed by US toddlers aged 12 up to 24 months). Food codes and descriptions were used to categorize all sugars as either dairy or nondairy and as ASs or naturally occurring sugars (NOSs). Sugars were also categorized by the forms in which they were consumed—liquids (beverages) versus solids (foods). Intake was assessed for all children by demographic subgroups and by occasion and location of consumption. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 software (Cary, North Carolina). Sample weights were applied to obtain nationally representative estimates of intake, and SAS survey procedures were used to account for the complex sampling methods used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. United States toddlers consumed an average of 90.5 g/d of total sugars, which provided 30.1% of their total energy intake. Most of the sugars consumed (64.4 ± 2.5 g) were NOSs. Mean daily intake of AS among toddlers was 26.2 ± 1.3 g, which was 8.4% of their total energy intake. The leading sources of AS for toddlers were sweetened fruit juices/fruit flavored drinks (23.3%), cakes/cookies/pastries/pies (15.3%), sugars/sweets (10.3%), cereals/rice/pasta (8.4%), and yogurt (7.3%). The consumption of AS among US toddlers approaches the limit recommended by the 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for the prevention of obesity and chronic disease. The leading sources of AS are those that tend to lack nutrients important in the diets of young children.
GASTROENTERITIS - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two thousand faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeal patients of all age groups and processed by using MacConkey agar and Yersinia selective agar [Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) media]. One hundred and seventy faecal samples from non-diarrhoeal (healthy controls) were also processed. Samples were subjected to cold enrichment before processing. Three hundred and seventy-four (18.7%) faecal samples were positive for bacterial pathogens, of which 41 (2.05%) had Y.enterocolitica infection. Y.enterocolitica was more common in patients above 16 years of age 23/41 (56%). Higher rates of isolation were recorded during winter months. Of the typable isolates 21.9% belonged to 0:3 serotype followed by 01, 2a, 3 (17%) serotype. Twelve (29.2%) isolates were untypable. 51.2% isolates of Y.enterocolitica belonged to biotype IV whereas 24.4%, 19.5%, 4.9% belonged to type I, II and III respectively. Majority of the isolates were found sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, netromycin, cefoperazone, tobramycin and pefloxacin. All isolates were resistant to ofloxacin.
LHD dcece #186195.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging to determine the electron temperature profile by measuring the intensity of each frequency of ECE. This system uses a wide-band two-dimensional horn-antenna mixer array (HMA) whose frequency response is between 50 and 110 GHz and the ECE signal is selected using a 95 GHz local oscillator and a 93 GHz high-pass filter.
A Comparison of LLM Finetuning Methods & Evaluation Metrics with Travel Chatbot Use Case

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This research compares large language model (LLM) fine-tuning methods, including Quantized Low Rank Adapter (QLoRA), Retrieval Augmented fine-tuning (RAFT), and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), and additionally compared LLM evaluation methods including End to End (E2E) benchmark method of "Golden Answers", traditional natural language processing (NLP) metrics, RAG Assessment (Ragas), OpenAI GPT-4 evaluation metrics, and human evaluation, using the travel chatbot use case. The travel dataset was sourced from the the Reddit API by requesting posts from travel-related subreddits to get travel-related conversation prompts and personalized travel experiences, and augmented for each fine-tuning method. We used two pretrained LLMs utilized for fine-tuning research: LLaMa 2 7B, and Mistral 7B. QLoRA and RAFT are applied to the two pretrained models. The inferences from these models are extensively evaluated against the aforementioned metrics. The best model according to human evaluation and some GPT-4 metrics was Mistral RAFT, so this underwent a Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) training pipeline, and ultimately was evaluated as the best model. Our main findings are that: 1) quantitative and Ragas metrics do not align with human evaluation, 2) Open AI GPT-4 evaluation most aligns with human evaluation, 3) it is essential to keep humans in the loop for evaluation because, 4) traditional NLP metrics insufficient, 5) Mistral generally outperformed LLaMa, 6) RAFT outperforms QLoRA, but still needs postprocessing, 7) RLHF improves model performance significantly. Next steps include improving data quality, increasing data quantity, exploring RAG methods, and focusing data collection on a specific city, which would improve data quality by narrowing the focus, while creating a useful product.
Flavonoids, Breast Cancer Prevention, and Its Treatment: A Growing Evidence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is mounting evidence linking certain lifestyle factors such as food, weight, and physical activity to an increased risk of breast cancer. Flavonoids are commonly used in traditional medicine. Plenty of studies have investigated the relationship between flavonoid consumption and breast cancer in humans. This review aimed to examine the association between flavonoids, each flavonoid subclass and the risk of breast cancer besides therapeutic use of flavonoids to break the multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Prospective cohort, case-control, and laboratory-based studies published between around 1990’s to date and referred to the impact of flavonoids on breast cancer prevention, treatment, or other roles were included. Odd Ratio (OR)/ Risk Ratio (RR) and Hazard ratio (HR) along 95% confidence interval (CI) were carefully reviewed to reveal the association between different subgroups of flavonoids and breast cancer risk. Other adjustments (e.g. age, menopausal status, food habits, race, BMI, etc.) were also considered. The antioxidant properties of flavonoids, as well as their ability to inhibit apoptosis, suppress estrogen activity, and limit the proliferation of breast cancer cells, all contribute to a significant reduction in the risk of developing breast cancer. There are linings enough that some polyphenolic compounds are effective as drugs for treating breast cancer.
Between anaphora and deixis … The resolution of the demonstrative noun phrase “that N”

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Three experiments examined the hypothesis that the demonstrative noun phrase (NP) that N, as an anadeictic expression, preferentially refers to the less salient referent in a discourse representation when used anaphorically, whereas the anaphoric pronoun he or she preferentially refers to the highly-focused referent. The findings, from a sentence completion task and two reading time experiments that used gender to create ambiguous and unambiguous coreference, reveal that the demonstrative NP specifically orients processing toward a less salient referent when there is no gender cue discriminating between different possible referents. These findings show the importance of taking into account the discourse function of the anaphor itself and its influence on the process of searching for the referent. Keywords: Demonstrative noun phraseAnaphoraDeixisGender agreement
Enhancing Resistance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This work looks about the way friction stir processing (FSP), improves the aluminium alloy's (AA) 6082 resistance to wear and corrosion. Two types of samples were fabricated and taken from the FSP'ed stir zone surface for (i) pure AA6082 and (ii) AA6082 with TiC and graphite hybrid surface composites. Rate of wear and co-efficient of friction were evaluated under various conditions, indicating that the hybrid surface composites exhibited superior resistance to wear and reduced co-efficient of friction related to pure AA6082 surfaces. SEM analysis provided insigrhts into the wear mechanisms, while potentiodynamic polarization curves assessed corrosion behaviour in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Incorporating TiC and graphite particles via FSP enhances both wear and corrosion resistance of AA6082, rendering it suitable for applications demanding durability and reliability in harsh environments.
Peroxisomes and Kidney Damage

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This work examined (a) how the endotoxic stress affects peroxisomal function and autophagic degradation of peroxisomes-pexophagy, (b) how a superimposed dysfunction of lysosomes and pexophagy modifies responses to lipopolysaccharide, and (c) the mechanisms of peroxisomal contribution to renal injury. To accomplish this, we used lysosome-defective mice in vivo and primary endothelial cells in vitro, and compared the responses with wild-type littermates. \nWe demonstrated that pexophagy is a default response to endotoxic injury. However, when lysosomal dysfunction (a frequent companion of chronic diseases) is superimposed, recycling and functioning of peroxisomes are impaired, and an imbalance between hydrogen peroxide-generating β-oxidation and hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying catalase ensues, which ultimately results in peroxisomal burnout. \nOur data strongly suggest that pexophagy, a cellular mechanism per se, is essential in functional maintenance of peroxisomes during lipopolysaccharide exposure. Inhibition of pexophagy results in accumulation of impaired peroxisomes, redox disequilibrium, and aggravated renal damage.
Lightfield imaging for industrial applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lightfield imaging systems were brought to market for consumer and professional media recording. But so far, this technology is less known for applications in the industrial space. The unique optical concept developed by K Lens allows to capture multiple perspectives of a scene with a single exposure as regular colour images on the camera sensor. The current design is tailored to capture 9 different perspectives. Effectively, such a lens turns any camera without any modification of the camera into a 3D camera. It even makes it possible to record 3D video and instantaneously view it in 3D. This technology has unique benefits specifically for applications requiring the inspection of small and deep structures. For example, capturing 3D information of small pins in electric plugs with high walls is possible with such an optical system. The optical concept can be adapted to different measurement volumes. An optimization routine has been developed to identify if there is a solution for a certain application and which performance parameter could be achieved. Two different types of depth estimation algorithms have been developed which utilize the multiple perspectives. While the optical flow based classical approach allows for manual optimization the machine learning (CNN-based) approach appears to be more robust. The paper outlines the technical principles of the optical concept and points out application areas where such an optical concept has unique advantages. It also gives an indication of the achievable performance in terms of depth resolution based on a mathematical simulation model as well as from measurements using a first prototype. Some examples from real objects conclude the paper.
Heterophil Chemotaxis in Chickens with Natural Staphylococcal Infections

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Heterophil chemotaxis using heterophils isolated from the peripheral blood of five commercial broiler chickens naturally infected with staphylococcal bacteria was compared by the modified Boyden-chamber technique with chemotaxis of heterophils from two chickens from the same flock not infected with Staphylococcus (field controls) and from four healthy laboratory control broiler chickens. The infected chickens had gross and histologic lesions of staphylococcal tenosynovitis and osteomyelitis. Staphylococci were isolated from the lesions. Hematologic parameters and histologic lesions of infected chickens also were examined. Compared with field and laboratory controls, Staphylococcus-infected chickens had heterophilic leukocytosis. The heterophils of Staphylococcus-infected chickens had significantly lower chemotactic activity than both control groups in terms of random movement and directed chemotactic movement in response to stimulus. Toxic changes were observed in heterophils of some of the Staphylococcus-infected broilers.
In-Situ Biofilm Formation in Hyper Alkaline Environments

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lime manufacture in the UK has resulted in the generation of a number of alkaline sites (>pH 11.0) with complex indigenous microbial populations. Within the present study, retrievable cotton samples were used to investigate the fate of cellulose, the primary carbon source, within three sites aged from ≈25 to 140 years. Following 3 months incubation in situ, biofilms had formed on all cotton samples in these extreme pH conditions; with matrices comprised of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and eDNA. Biofilms from the older sites contained greater amounts of eDNA, a structural component that aids the production of a denser biofilm. The age of the sites correlated with a shift from polysaccharides composed of β 1,4 and β 1,3 linked sugars to those composed of pyranosyl sugars within the older sites. These changes were reflected in the active biofilm communities which shifted from being Clostridiales dominated in the youngest site to Proteobacteria dominated in the older sites. The study demonstrates that the microbial communities resident in anthropogenic alkaline sites are able to form biofilms at pH values > pH 11.0 and that these biofilms evolve toward Proteobacteria dominated communities employing eDNA and pyranosyl sugar based polysaccharides to build the biofilm matrix.
Coxsackie viruses; a review of pathologic, epidemiologic, diagnostic and etiologic observations.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coxsackie disease comprises three clinical entities-herpangina, so-called non-paralytic poliomyelitis, and epidemic pleurodynia. Several strains of antigenically-related viruses, Groups A and B, designated as Coxsackie virus have been isolated from stool specimens and from material from the throat of many patients with the diseases mentioned. Inasmuch as the virus has also been recovered from normal persons, there is as yet uncertainty as to causal relationship between the presence of the virus and the disease. Reports of the isolation of Coxsackie virus and poliomyelitis virus from the same patient make difficult the interpretation of the findings. The diagnosis of Coxsackie disease entails animal inoculation and serologic procedures. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of obtaining stool specimens, throat washings, and "paired" blood specimens from patients suspected of the disease.
Architecture Information in Construction Environment in Malaysia

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to look at the current construction environment in Malaysia to examine and review all aspects of the information used during construction. An educational building selected as a case study in order to have through a monitor of the construction processes. This involves information and problems involves during the construction progress and sustainable practice. This study focus on the progress in the construction environment in Malaysia related to the management of information in the area of construction to provide new knowledge about the sustainability in construction progress. The paper concludes with a brief discussion and finding that can be used by future researchers, consultants, construction teams and the community.