jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
World soil information developing from global, continental and national initiatives

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Resulting from the GlobalSoilMap initiative and the Globally-integrated Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) project, soil property maps of the world were produced in 2014, following the maps of Sub-Saharan Africa produced in 2013. The two maps were fully compliant with the GlobalSoilMap specifications except for the spatial resolution of 1km. The primary soil data used as input for mapping were from the Africa Soil Profiles (AfSP) database and an early version of the World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) database, both compiled mainly from existing sources in collaboration with various partners in Africa and the world. The maps have more recently been updated to a resolution of 250m upon availability of additional data. These initiatives, using a top-down approach due to lack of budget to actively involve soil institutes worldwide, showed that state of the art baseline products can be developed cost-efficiently based on legacy soil data and can be updated when additional, possibly newly collected, data become available. As a result, several bottom-up initiatives in Africa have started similar work aiming to add value to national soil data holdings of mainly analogue and fragmented nature. In collaboration with ISRIC and facilitated by the global soil information facilities (GSIF), the Soil Research Institute in Ghana compiled and georeferenced data, collected during decades of soil studies applying standard procedures, for over 1000 soil profiles adding to the 400 in the AfSP. A similar successful initiative with the University of Dschang and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Cameroon compiled data for 1300 soil profiles, including 500 from the AfSP of which many could be georeferenced more accurately. Each of the countries developed a baseline version of the national SoilGrids, with and without using the global SoilGrids maps as covariate. These collaborative studies are good examples how national and global initiatives can strengthen each other as a feasible way forward to compile sufficient data, at low costs, to produce maps that are nationally and locally accurate, detailed and relevant as well as globally coherent, harmonised and complete. Such hybrid approach requires training of national experts and sufficient computational capacity to locally produce maps at high spatial resolution, i.e. 100m, and also requires global standards and mechanisms for sharing and merging of data and results.
My Voice Heard: The Journey of a Young Man with a Cerebral Visual Impairment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This longitudinal case study presents John's journey through childhood and adolescence, living with visual difficulties associated with a cerebral visual impairment. It highlights the day-to-day problems that John encountered, giving practical solutions and strategies that have enabled his dream of going to a university to be realized. John and his family are an inspiration.
Analysis of Vaccine Supply and Demand in National Immunization Program for Children and the need for Establishing Vaccine Stockpiles in China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction The number of vaccines used in China's childhood immunization program had continued to increase, from four in 1978 to ten in 2019. We described the supply and demand of vaccines, and compared the ratio of vaccine supply and demand of each vaccine to illustrate the shortage of vaccines and the need of vaccine stockpiles in China. Methods We downloaded the manufacturers supplying vaccines and the vaccination requirements for the national immunization program for children from 2016 to 2019 in the National Immunization Program Information system, as well as the batch issue data of biological products from the official website of China Academy of Food and Drug Control (CFDA). Vaccine prices were obtained from Chinese Central Government Procurement (CCGP).The demand, supply, and the ratio of vaccine supply and demand of each vaccine were calculated respectively. Results On average, five out of ten vaccines were supplied by three or more enterprises, three kinds of vaccines were supplied by two enterprises and two kinds of vaccines were supplied only by one enterprise between 2016 to 2019. The ratio of vaccine supply and demand of Diphtheria-tetanus and Group A meningitis polysaccharide were 79.52% and 67.99% respectively, with a potential shortage. There were three vaccines with a supply-demand ratio below 80% in 2016–2018, and five in 2019. The number of potential vaccine shortage was increasing. The average price of vaccines with potential shortage was $ 0.28. The average price of other vaccines without shortage was $ 1.8. Conclusions Most vaccines used in the childhood immunization program are available to meet demand, but there are also some vaccines with the risk of shortage and the number of vaccines with the risk of shortage tends to increase. The next step is to develop a national stockpiling mechanism to avoid a shortage of vaccines.
Effect of Conditioned Anxiety Upon the Behavior, Blood Lipid Level, and Atherosclerosis of Cholesterol-Fed Cockerels

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cholesterol-fed cockerels were subjected five days of each week to repetitive unavoidable shocks preceded by warning signals. The birds rapidly developed the intended conditioned emotional reaction. Comparison of these chicks with nonstressed cholesterol-fed cockerels over several months gave no iadication that this type of stress influenced weight gain, blood lipid level, or the development of atherosclerosis.
Chloroprocaine 10 mg/ml for low‐dose spinal anaesthesia in perianal surgery – a randomised dose finding study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Low‐dose spinal anaesthesia is a safe and reliable anaesthesia technique in outpatient perianal surgery. Regarding its short duration of action and its trend to hyperbaric characteristics, plain chloroprocaine 10 mg/ml seems to be ideal to perform low‐dose spinal anaesthesia. The aim of this trial was to determine the optimal dosage of chloroprocaine for this indication. Methods Hundred and twenty patients undergoing perianal surgery were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive 10, 20 or 30 mg of chloroprocaine 10 mg/ml intrathecally. Patients had to sit upright for at least 10 min after injection. We measured the expansion of sensory and motor block and the times until voiding, walking without assistance and home discharge. Results The expansion of the sensory ( P ≤ 0.0059) and the motor block ( P ≤ 0.0086) gained with increasing doses. At a dose of 30 mg the incidence of a profound, clinically relevant motor block was significantly higher compared to 10 and 20 mg ( P ≤ 0.0004). In the 10 mg group two patients suffered from nociceptive pain due to an incomplete block and five patients announced discomfort during procedure. Doses of 10 and 20 mg led to a significantly earlier discharge compared to 30 mg ( P = 0.0003; P = 0.0406). Conclusion Plain chloroprocaine 10 mg/ml can successfully be used for low‐dose spinal anaesthesia in perianal outpatient surgery. Regarding the unfavourable motor block and later discharge‐times in the 30 mg group on the one hand and the block‐failures in the 10 mg group on the other, 20 mg can be recommended as the optimal dose.
[Recommendations of the use of transcranial Doppler to determine the existence of cerebral circulatory arrest as diagnostic support of brain death].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TCD is a useful method detecting CCA and therefore can be used to confirm brain death in a clinically brain-dead patient. The presence of reverberating flow, systolic spikes or absence of flow in the basilar and both middle cerebral arteries observed in two examinations is highly specific for the prediction of CCA and brain death in all patients.
Economics of Vertical Integration in Hybrid Striped Bass Aquaculture

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Fishery products for human consumption come from commercial and recreational catch and aquaculture. In the United States, aquaculture production has grown from 92,000 metric tons in 1980 to an estimated 405,000 metric tons by 1990 with production estimated to more than double in the next two decades. Fish farming offers opportunities for rural development through ancillary processing and marketing services. Hybrid striped bass has been identified as an ideal candidate for aquaculture production in the Delmarva region. This chapter evaluates the economic feasibility of hybrid striped bass production using pond culture technology. The financial risk associated with hybrid striped bass production can be captured by the probability ranges for the internal rate of returns of the representative farms. Regional competitiveness is an important consideration given the potentially large market for hybrid striped bass in the Northeast region.
The status and prospects for genetically modified food in Europe and Croatia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the last sixteen years worldwide production of genetically modified (GM) crops has been increased sharply. At the same time, consumer?s attitudes toward food products made from GM ingredients have been largely negative. This review considers the global production of GM plants in 2011 and consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods in Europe and Croatia. While planted areas of GM crops grow worldwide, data from European surveys shows generally negative consumer?s perception towards GM food. Eurobarometer survey from 2010 was especially pointed out, where Croatian consumers were included in research for first time. It has been shown that the Croatian, even more than Europeans, do not approve the use of genetically modified food in human consumption. This aversion to GM crops is based on the personal attitude of consumers, whereas the two main risks cited are: potential health risk and preference for natural food, and social risks which include possible adverse effects of GM plants on the environment. Research has shown that the perceived level of risk by consumers can be mitigated if the confidence is built in state institutions and scientific research.
Association between Prosthesis Cleanliness and Patient’s Knowledge on Hygiene Habits among Complete Denture Patients and Partial Denture Prostheses Wearers

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: To have good oral health of patients wearing denture they must maintain high standards of both oral hygiene and denture hygiene. The aim of this study was to access the level of knowledge on hygiene and prosthesis cleanliness among elderly individuals wearing removable dental prostheses. Methods: The sample consists of 382 patients visiting the Dental Outpatient Department of Dhulikhel Hospital for a period of 3 months. The oral examination was conducted using basic diagnostic tools (Mouth mirror, periodontal probe and explorer). A prepared questionnaire was developed regarding oral hygiene habits and also the cleanliness of the removable dental prosthesis and was classified according to the 3-point scoring system for all the subjects. Results: A total of 115 (67.3%) and 63(66.3%) patients above age 50 had kept their prosthesis extremely dirty and dirty in CD and RPD wearers. Patients with low education level had kept their prosthesis extremely dirty [109(73.6%) in CD wearers] and dirty [36(63.2 %) in RPD wearers]. 45(72.6 %) patients wearing RPD at night and 102(75.6 %) patients wearing CD at night had dirty and extremely dirty prosthesis respectively. Factors like age, education, duration of wearing prosthesis, prosthesis worn during night time were associated with prosthesis cleanliness. Similarly, instructions for cleaning prosthesis, method of cleaning and frequency of cleaning had significant association with prosthesis cleanliness. Conclusion: Prosthesis cleanliness was affected by age and education level. Most of the patients were uninformed about the good oral hygiene practices. More information should be provided to the patients for raising the awareness and motivating them in cleaning the denture in order to provide cleaner prosthesis.
A DIS Entity State PDU Generator

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The recent I/ITSEC 2001 Coalition Training Demonstration held between the US, Australian and Dutch Navies demonstrated a coalition training exercise using Advanced Distributed Simulation to simultaneously connect military training simulators in the USA, Australia and the Netherlands. Whilst participating in the setup and running of this exercise each nation used whatever tools were available to establish and maintain connectivity and interoperability. As one of the lessons learned from such a coalition exercise, this paper discusses a proposal to make available to all participating coalition nations a Common Coalition Toolset (CCT) which comprises a set of software applications used to establish and maintain connectivity and interoperability for such coalition training demonstrations and/or exercises. This paper describes a candidate CCT application - a DIS Entity State PDU Generator. This application was found to be extremely useful when setting up a multiplayer Advanced Distributed Simulation such as the recent I/ITSEC 2001 Coalition Training Demonstration.
[Prognostic factors of efficacy of eradication therapy in patients with duodenal ulcer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study was to determine microorganism-associated predictors of efficacy of eradication therapy in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcer. The subjects were 129 such patients. Clinical, endoscopic, microbiological, and immunological examination revealed differences in the initial immune status, the structure of gastroduodenal zone mucosa, and large bowel biocenosis, which predict efficacy of eradication therapy.
‘She shouldn't cross the line’: experiential effectivity of social guidance trajectories for socially isolated older adults with complex problems

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Social isolation of older adults is difficult to break through, and interventions that focus on network development or enhanced social participation are hardly effective, especially when the older adults have been isolated for a long time and have problems in multiple life domains. This study aimed to investigate the needs and subjective experiences of this less-researched group and obtain a deeper understanding of their goals and priorities. The study involved a qualitative study with 25 socially isolated persons who receive assistance from a social worker in an individual guidance trajectory. Data were collected via repeated in-depth interviews with the older adults. By directing the focus towards their subjective experiences, the study gives insight into the ‘experiential effectivity’ of the intervention. It shows what their experienced problems were, and to what degree they benefited from the intervention in this respect. The experience of personal attention and involvement of the social workers represents the most relevant results for them. The participants have no need for network development or engagement in local communities. Yet, the help offered by the social workers produces other results for them, such as solved practical problems, emotional support, more self-sufficiency, a point of contact or a safety net that was not there before. This knowledge can help to improve the quality of intervention for this target group.
A 3 microphone method to separate direct and in-direct combustion noise inside a turbofan jet engine annular combustor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Greater fuel efficiency is a key area in the development of a new generation of turbofan engines. It is currently unclear as to how modifications to the combustor to achieve higher levels of efficiency will affect the combustion noise that reaches the far field. To understand this, it is necessary to be able to identify the contribution of both the direct and the indirect combustion <br/>noise to the far field level. The contribution of these two combustion noise sources is unknown for the current generation of turbofan engines. This paper presents a 3 microphone method for the separation of the direct and indirect combustion noise signals inside the combustor of a turbofan jet engine. The effects of transfer function error and coherence of unwanted noise on the <br/>performance of the technique are examined. This technique is then used as an input to the current combustion noise measurement method, called ‘3S Array’, to examine the effect of transfer function error on the coherence with the far-field. It has been found that the separation is only weakly dependent on transfer function error and is therefore a reasonable technique to apply to real <br/>engine data. All of the data presented in this paper uses models of the problem rather than measurements.<br/>
Democracy and the rule of law: some historical experiences of contradictions in the striving for good government

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The rule of law and democracy correspond to the two different concepts of liberty, the negative, which makes liberty dependent on the curbing of authority, and the positive, which makes it dependent on the exercising of authority. These two concepts of liberty are, according to Isaiah Berlin, "two profoundly divergent and irreconcilable attitudes to the ends of life." The claims of each of them have, however, "an equal right to be classed among the deepest interests of mankind" (1958, pp. 51–2). With regard to political order, Berlin seems to take the somewhat pessimistic view that a synthesis is impossible, that there ought to be some sort of compromise. This same view is taken by, for instance, Robert G. McCloskey when he writes about the "dualism of the American mind": the propensity of the Americans "to divide their political hearts between the will of the people and the rule of law" (1960, p. 13). Is there really such a contradiction between democracy and the rule of law?
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACT OF Solenostemma Argel (Harjal) PLANT

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present study investigated the antimicrobical a ctivity of harjal aqueous extracts against two fungi ( Aspergillus niger and Pennicilium italicum ) and two Gram negative bacteria ( Escerichia coli and Salmonella typhi ). The harjal aqueous extracts were found to inhibit mycelial rad ial growth of both fungi. The effect was clear at the firs days and at the la st days of the experiment, the effect was insignificant. Mycelial fresh and dry we ights of both fungi were also greatly reduced with the harjal extracts. The higher concentration gave the maximum effect which decreased with dilution. The effect on mycelial growth was more pronounced on P. italicum than on A. niger . The effect of harjal leaves extract on the two bacteria ( E. coli , S. typhi ) was evaluated by the inhibition zone and dilution methods. A clear zone of inhibition was shown by the extracts against both bacteria, although the ef fect was less against E. coli . The results of the dilution plate method, showed th at the log number of colonies of both bacteria was highly decreased with harjal extracts, however, S. typhi was more susceptible and greatly affected.
“Begging to be Black”: Liminality and Critique in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This is a republication of an article I wrote a decade ago and published in the journal Theory, Culture, and Society. Since that time there have been numerous political and juridical developments in South Africa that are pertinent to the themes explored in this chapter. Among these are the growing dissatisfaction with the constitutional settlement negotiated by the African National Congress (ANC) in 1994, and the palpable lack of progress in land and wealth redistribution. The gist of the criticism is that resorting to constitutionalism at the moment of the shift from white to black rule juridicalised and thus stilled the radical momentum of popular social movements, thereby leading to a compromise that suited white and black elites. There is now a resurgent black nationalism, and a call for “settlers” and “natives” to have a new reckoning to address the history of colonial violence and dispossession in South Africa.
The Influence Of Knowledge Sharing And Innovative Behavior On Team Innovation In Microfinance Institutions

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Team innovation in microfinance institutions lies in the quality of human resources. The rapidly changing times that occur must be able to be anticipated with quality innovation. The quality of human resources can be seen from the ability of employees to share knowledge and behave innovatively and can be assessed from the team innovation that occurs in the institution or organization. The population of this research is employees who work in the microfinance industry with a population of 2100. A sample of 300 employees was taken using the proportional stratified random sampling method. The data collection technique is by distributing questionnaires to all respondents. The data analysis method used is SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), with the Smart PLS program. This team's innovation concept will provide insight and guidance for employees to be able to increase the competitiveness and existence of Microfinance Institutions now and in the future.
Uncovering cognitive processes: Different techniques that can contribute to cognitive load research and instruction

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the use of different techniques for uncovering cognitive processes, for research and instructional purposes: verbal reporting, eye tracking, and concept mapping. It is argued here that applying these techniques in research inspired by cognitive load theory may increase our understanding of how and why well-known effects of instructional formats come about (e.g., split-attention, redundancy, or worked example effects) and refine or corroborate the proposed theoretical underpinnings of such effects. This knowledge can inform instructional design, and moreover, the effects of these techniques on learning can also be direct, by embedding the techniques in instruction.
Partnerships between health and social services: developing a framework for evaluation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

English Partnerships are a keystone of current policies to ‘modernise’ health and social services. This presents new challenges for research and evaluation. ‘Partnership’ is a vague concept, capable of many interpretations, and its evaluation is therefore problematic, not only for those involved in partnerships but for academics and others with a wider interest in public policy, its governance and mechanisms for delivering services. This article argues that a pluralistic approach to evaluation is appropriate. Drawing on examples of health and social services partnerships, the article sets out a number of key criteria against which new partnerships can be evaluated.