jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antihistamine blockade of alcohol-induced flushing in orientals.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The so-called Oriental flushing reaction associated with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by combined antihistamine administration. In stage one of the study, the flushing reaction to low doses of alcohol was produced in Orientals. Most subjects experienced a cutaneous flush, an increase in skin temperature, a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness and nausea. Before the administration of alcohol, one-half of the subjects were given 50 mg of diphenhydramine (H1 receptor antagonist) and 300 mg of cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist). The second half received placebo tablets. The clearest difference between the antihistamine group and placebo group was in the skin flushing reaction. The antihistamine group showed a significant reduction in the skin flush. The antihistamine also neutralized the systolic hypotension induced by the administration of alcohol. The possible importance of histamine in the expression of sensitivity to alcohol is considered. The relevance to genetic susceptibility for development of alcoholism is discussed.
A new polysaccharide isolated from Dendrobium offcinale, stimulates aquaporin-3 expression in human keratinocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Polysaccharides are the major components of the water extract from Dendrobium officinale, which have been thoroughly studied and found to have favorable moisturizing properties on mammalian skin. However, the structures of polysaccharides on skin moisturizing properties remains unknown. The aim of this study was to extract and characterize D. officinale polysaccharides, which have anti-oxidant activity and the role of promoting effects of aquaporin-3 (AQP3). Two crude polysaccharide fractions were extracted using water and biological fermentation, respectively. The crude polysaccharides were further purified by graded alcohol precipitation, and finally purified polysaccharides DOP-S and DOP-F were obtained by Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The average molecular weights of DOP-S and DOP-F were 3.604 × 105 and 1.027 × 105 Da, respectively. Monosaccharide units and structures of DOP-S and DOP-F were further elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At the same time, DOP-S and DOP-F induced aquaporin-3 (AQP3) expression was evaluated by immuno-fluorescence analysis. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results showed that biological fermentation effectively achieved the hydrolysis of the polysaccharides and stimulated antioxidant activity and AQP3 expression.
Law and Economics of Copyright and Trademark on the Internet

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article provides an overview of the new opportunities and challenges for copyright and trademark law and economics research created by the Internet. It reviews the relevant literature in the field of copyright law, in particular as it relates to piracy, liability and market structure, Digital Rights Management, the relationship between copyright and contract, and incentives for creativity. As far as trademark law is concerned, the article describes the empirical literature, focusing on keyword advertising. The article concludes with an outlook on future research areas and methodologies.
Comparison of Different Methods in Gear Curvature Analysis Using a New Approach

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the literature, some methods for curvature analysis of gears can be found, apparently very different from one another. This article presents a comparison of three approaches to stress their similarities or differences and field of application: the classic one by Litvin, its development by Chen and another one proposed by Wu and Luo and revisited by the present authors. All these methods are re-examined and expressed in a new form by means of a new approach to the theory of gearing that employs vectors and tensors. An extension of the relative motion is also considered, assuming translating axes of the gear pair and modified roll.
The CDKN2B-AS1/ MIR497/TXNIP axis regulated macrophages

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Abstract The polarization of macrophages plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The polarization states include pro-inflammatory M1 polarization and various alternative anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. Our preliminary results showed that CDKN2B-AS1/MIR497/TXNIP axis might play a role in macrophages extracted from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that this axis regulated the polarization of rheumatoid macrophages. Flow cytometry was used to determine the surface polarization markers in M1 or M2 macrophages from healthy donors and rheumatoid arthritis patients. QPCR and western blotting were used to compare the expression of the CDKN2B-AS1/MIR497/TXNIP axis in these macrophages. We interfered with the expression and function of the axis from upstream to downstream in the macrophage cell line MD to test its roles in macrophage polarization. Compared to cells from healthy donors, cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients expressed a higher level of CD40 and CD80 and a lower level of CD16, CD163, CD206, and CD200R after polarization, they also expressed higher CDKN2B-AS1, lower MIR497, and higher TXNIP. In macrophages from healthy donors, there was no correlation among CDKN2B-AS1, MIR497, and TXNIP. But in macrophages patients, they showed significant correlations. The CDKN2B-AS1 knockdown, MIR497 mimics suppressed M1 polarization but promoted M2 polarization in MD cells, while MIR497 knockdown and TXNIP overexpression did the opposite. This study demonstrated that elevated CDKN2B-AS1 in macrophages promotes M1 polarization and inhibits M2 polarization of macrophage by negatively regulating MIR497, thereby upregulated the expression of TXNIP.
Modulatory Potential of Dietary Plant Prebiotics on Adaptive Immunity and Gut Microbiota

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dietary plant-based prebiotics—including oligosaccharides e.g. GOS, FOS, XOS, resistant starches, and polyphenols—feed and enrich beneficial gut microbes, promoting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and metabolic, immunological, and epithelial homeostasis. These indigestible substrates enhance colonisation by Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, Akkermansia, and other SCFA-producing taxa while inhibiting pathogens, thereby restoring microbial balance and countering dysbiosis. Prebiotics produce acetate, propionate, and butyrate , which serve as energy substrates and immunomodulators by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL 1β and TNF α), stimulating regulatory T and B cell differentiation through HDAC inhibition and GPCR (e.g., GPR43/109a) activation, improving gut barrier integrity and IgA synthesis. Polyphenols exert “duplibiotic” effects by both feeding beneficial bacteria and suppressing harmful species, offering additional therapeutic potential. Synergistically, synbiotics (combined probiotics and prebiotics) and postbiotics (microbial metabolites) further support intestinal microbiota and immune function, improving outcomes in metabolic, inflammatory, and gastrointestinal conditions. Experimental evidence highlights that early-life prebiotic exposure shapes adaptive immunity, for instance via B cell ontogeny and tolerogenic profiles. Collectively, this review highlights the multifaceted immunomodulatory capacity of plant-derived prebiotics on adaptive immunity and gut microbiota, suggesting applications for preventive and therapeutic strategies in metabolic and immune-mediated diseases.
The Secular Left: “Reason,” Religion, and the Threat of Theocracy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Troughout the 1980s and 1990s, Democrats continued to lose Christian voters due in part to the rise of the Christian Right. The Republican Party, with the help of the Moral Majority and Christian Coalition, harnessed the language of evangelical Christianity and gained political dominance through it. The result has come to be known as the "God gap," or the statistical fact that in recent years, the more one attends church, the more likely one will vote Republican.1 This gap has had a profound effect on presidential races over the years. Ironically, it was Democrat Jimmy Carter who was the first president to use overtly evangelical language in his speeches and ever since, American presidents have publicly invoked God's name in speeches, sought advice from religious advisors, prayed within the White House, and increased the public presence of Christianity (G. Smith 421).2 KeywordsReligious BeliefPresidential ElectionRepublican PartyStrict SeparationReligious PersonThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Data from Hedgehog Signaling Alters Reliance on EGF Receptor Signaling and Mediates Anti-EGFR Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>The EGF receptor (EGFR)-directed monoclonal antibody cetuximab is the only targeted therapy approved for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) but is only effective in a minority of patients. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated as a drug resistance mechanism in multiple cancers, and the EGFR and Hedgehog pathways (HhP) are relevant to this process, but the interplay between the two pathways has not been defined in HNSCC. Here, we show that HNSCC cells that were naturally sensitive to EGFR inhibition over time developed increased expression of the HhP transcription factor <i>GLI1</i> as they became resistant after long-term EGFR inhibitor exposure. This robustly correlated with an increase in vimentin expression. Conversely, the HhP negatively regulated an EGFR-dependent, EMT-like state in HNSCC cells, and pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of HhP signaling pushed cells further into an EGFR-dependent phenotype, increasing expression of <i>ZEB1</i> and <i>VIM</i>. <i>In vivo</i> treatment with cetuximab resulted in tumor shrinkage in four of six HNSCC patient-derived xenografts; however, they eventually regrew. Cetuximab in combination with the HhP inhibitor IPI-926 eliminated tumors in two cases and significantly delayed regrowth in the other two cases. Expression of EMT genes <i>TWIST</i> and <i>ZEB2</i> was increased in sensitive xenografts, suggesting a possible resistant mesenchymal population. In summary, we report that EGFR-dependent HNSCC cells can undergo both EGFR-dependent and -independent EMT and HhP signaling is a regulator in both processes. Cetuximab plus IPI-926 forces tumor cells into an EGFR-dependent state, delaying or completely blocking tumor recurrence. <i>Cancer Res; 73(11); 3381–92. ©2013 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Water-binding strength as regulator of extracellular-matrix mechanics enables detection of swelling-associated biophysical alterations using MRI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Altered hygroscopic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as related to exudation, are characteristic for various pathologies including inflammation in injury, inherent swelling, or proteoglycan (PG) dysregulation. Mechanical properties of the ECM are key characteristics of various cell niches, capable of defining cell phenotype and fate, or of storing pathological information. Dehydration is known to alter ECM mechanics, but the role of the binding of water to the ECM remains unclear. Our data illustrate that the proportion of loosely to strongly bound water is a distinctive ECM property that regulates its mechanics and they suggest a crucial role of PGs for elastic and viscous characteristics. Osmolality and loosely bound water determine dynamic ECM properties. This understanding may pave the ground to diagnose related pathological tissue alterations non-invasively using combined MR T1 and T2* mapping. Eventually, the strength of water binding may be utilized as controlled cell-niche property to guide cell behavior.
Histological Study of Porous TiNi Alloy Miniscrew Immediate Load with Different Force Levels in a Beagle Dog

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to compare the stability of porous TiNi alloy miniscrew implants with different force levels (0 g, 200 g, 400 g and 600 g) loaded immediately after placement. Using a randomized split-mouth design, we placed 16 miniscrews into 3 skeletally mature male beagle dogs. All the miniscrews were equally divided into 4 groups. The result showed that there was more fibrous tissue repair between the miniscrew-bone interfaces with the increase of the force levels. The 600 g load caused serious bone trabecular damage on the neck of miniscrew, whereas no significant effect on tissue around miniscrews has been apical. Not only was the miniscrew-bone interface completely mechanically integrated, but it also formed osteoid-like tissue. There was more fibrous healing, with the increasing of the force levels. Bone trabecular around the neck of the miniscrew destroyed, when the case of 600 g loaded.
Delayed Traumatic Rupture of the Intestine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The following case history is worthy of publication in view of the recent widespread use of cortisone and the fact that similar cases will undoubtedly be observed. Case HistoryThe patient, a European boy, was first seen at the age of 9 years in June, 1950, when, following a procaine penicillin injection for an infected dog bite, he developed a very severe giant urticaria which caused a serious illness lasting five weeks.He showed little or no response to the usual treatment available at that time-that is, calcium intravenously and orally, antihistaminic drugs, and adrenaline injections.After this illness he was skin-tested against a wide range of possible allergens, including procaine penicillin, and peni- cillin and procaine separately, with negative results in every case.was admitted, for his constant encouragement.
2- and 6-O-sulfated proteoglycans have distinct and complementary roles in cranial axon guidance and motor neuron migration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The correct migration and axon extension of neurons in the developing nervous system is essential for the appropriate wiring and function of neural networks. Here, we report that O-sulfotransferases, a class of enzymes that modify heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), are essential to regulate neuronal migration and axon development. We show that the 6-O-sulfotransferases HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 are essential for cranial axon patterning, whilst the 2-O-sulfotransferase HS2ST is important to regulate the migration of facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons in the hindbrain. We have also investigated how HS2ST interacts with other signals in the hindbrain and show that FGF signalling regulates FBM neuron migration in an HS2ST-dependent manner.
Mechanisms of Caspr2 antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis and neuromyotonia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective To determine the pathogenic mechanisms of autoantibodies to the cell adhesion molecule Caspr2 in acquired neuromyotonia and autoimmune encephalitis. Methods Caspr2‐positive samples were confirmed using a cell‐based assay, and their IgG subtypes were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and cell‐based assay. A solid phase binding assay quantified the binding of Caspr2 to contactin‐2 in the presence of Caspr2 autoantibodies. Living cultures of primary rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with Caspr2‐positive or control sera, and the distribution of Caspr2‐positive immunofluorescent puncta and total surface Caspr2 was quantified. HEK cells transfected to express Caspr2 were incubated with Caspr2‐positive or control samples, and cell‐surface biotinylation and Western blot were used to assess total, internalized, and surface levels of Caspr2. Results We confirmed 6 samples with strong Caspr2 reactivity. IgG4 Caspr2 antibodies were present in all 6 cases. Caspr2 interacted with another cell adhesion molecule, contactin‐2, with nanomolar affinity in the solid phase assay, and Caspr2 autoantibodies inhibited this interaction. Caspr2 autoantibodies did not affect the surface expression of Caspr2 in rat primary hippocampal neurons or transfected HEK cells. Interpretation Caspr2 autoantibodies inhibit the interaction of Caspr2 with contactin‐2 but do not cause internalization of Caspr2. Functional blocking of cell adhesion molecule interactions represents a potential mechanism with therapeutic implications for IgG4 autoantibodies to cell adhesion molecules in neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 2018;83:40‐51
Effect of Endothelin on the Function of the Isolated Perfused Working Rat Heart

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. The effect of endothelin on the performance of the isolated perfused working rat heart has been examined. 2. A low concentration of endothelin (60 pmol/l) produced a gradual but sustained increase in cardiac output; coronary vascular resistance was unaffected. 3. A high concentration of endothelin (600 pmol/l) produced a rapid increase in cardiac output, followed by a marked fall in cardiac output as progressive, severe coronary vasoconstriction developed. 4. The coronary vasoconstriction induced by endothelin (600 pmol/l) was partially blocked by nicardipine (0.5 pmol/l) 5. In the presence of either nicardipine (0.5 μmol/l) or verapamil (0.2 μmol/l), the increment in cardiac output induced by endothelin (600 pmol/l) was greater than that induced by the addition of the same concentration of endothelin to hearts which had not been exposed to calcium-entry blockers. 6. The effect of endothelin on myocardial contractility has a different time course, concentration dependence and response to calcium-entry blockade than the effect on the coronary vasculature. This suggests that different mechanisms are involved in the generation of the myocardial and vascular responses to endothelin.
Using English as the Language of Science

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article presents the development and testing of a content-based video exchange model as a motivating means to introduce lower secondary English learners to English as the language of science. The central goal was that students reach the required curricular content knowledge despite learning some of the content in a foreign language. The model was tested in German seventh-grade classes (n = 133), in which the students communicated with U.S. eighth-graders on the topic of ecology. Following field trips to a forest and a desert ecosystem, students presented and compared biotic and abiotic data in videos. The German students’ content knowledge and their motivation were assessed in a pretest/posttest design. They met the curricular outcome requirements, and their motivation was remarkably high at both test times. We discuss implications for further application of the exchange model.
Leukotrienes stimulate initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The effects of leukotrienes on initiation of DNA synthesis in growth-arrested arterial smooth muscle cells cultivated in a defined, serum-free medium were studied. The results showed that LTB4, LTC4 and LTD4 were all stimulatory with a distinct effect already at 0·01 pM and a maximal effect at 10pM; in contrast, LTE4 lacked effect. 5S,12S-DHETE, an isomer of LTB4, was inactive in itself but blocked the effect of LTB4. Treatment of the cells with indomethacin or acetylsalicylic acid, two cyclooxygenase inhibitors, blocked induction of DNA synthesis by LTB4, indicating that the effect of this compound was mediated by a cyclooxygenase product. Up to 10 pM, the leukotrienes stimulated initiation of DNA synthesis with similar potency to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The maximum labelling index obtained with PDGF was, however, about twice that obtained with the leukotrienes. At suboptimal concentrations of PDGF, the leukotrienes had an additive effect. The prereplicative lag phase was 16–20h with LTB4, 12–16 h with LTC4, and 8—12 h with PDGF. In metabolic experiments no signs of synthesis of leukotrienes were detected by cells stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187, arachidonic acid, or LTA4 for 10–30 min, neither was any apparent degradation of LTB4 observed. On the other hand, LTC4 was transformed into LTD4 and LTE4. Taken together, the results indicate that leukotrienes are able to stimulate quiescent arterial smooth muscle cells to enter the cell cycle and to replicate their DNA. In vivo, stimulation of cell growth by leukotrienes could add to other established functions of these substances in tissue repair, inflammation, and atherogenesis.
EFFECT OF PUNICA GRANATUM (POMEGRANATE) FRUIT EXTRACT ON ANGIOGENESIS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Angiogenesis, which is the development of blood vessels from previously existing vessels, is a physiological process. It is a common and most important process in the formation and development of blood vessels, so it is supportive in healing of wound and granulation tissue. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of pomegranate whole fruit extract on angiogenesis by using CAM assay and to verify either the extract is angiogenic or antiangiogenic. To explore the effect on angiogenesis we used CAM model which is an extraembryonic membrane model in Chicken embryos and SPIP (scanning probe image processor) for quantification of resultant images. For this study fertilized eggs were collected from a local hatchery in Lahore and different aqueous dilutions of whole fruit extract were applied on developing CAM on day 6. A noticeable reduction in surface roughness of the blood vessels was observed. The diameter of tertiary, secondary and primary blood vessels was also reduced as compared to the blood vessels of control group CAM. The maximum effect was seen with 0.5% dilution. The study proved that Punica granatum (Pomegranate) fruit extract was anti-angiogenic and can be included in the studies for the development of new drug studies to treat cancer (as an anti angiogenic agent).