jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Coptic Grammatical Influence on Egyptian Arabic

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ARABIC DIALECTS are generally considered to have resulted from the influence of older languages of the Near East on what is sometimes termed Koine.2 Accordingly, Egyptian Arabic is supposed to be greatly influenced by Coptic which continued to be used by some Egyptians as late as the 16th century. The Coptic grammatical influence on Egyptian Arabic has been the subject of sharp controversy among scholars who maintained that Coptic left a distinct influence on Egyptian Arabic and others who opposed this view denying even a trace of such influence.3 From the linguistic point of view, the study of language interference begins with bilingualism which exists when two languages such as Coptic and Arabic come in contact. A bilingual person who habitually employs two languages may inadvertently introduce features of one into the other. Accordingly, interference between two languages in a bilingual community normally takes place in those features of the language which are least discernable by the individual speaker. Languages in contact normally do not influence each other in morphology and syntax as readily as they do in phonology, because the grammatical features of any language are considered to be relatively fixed and hence do not easily allow for as much linguistic interference.4 Morphological interference is generally manifested in (1) false analogy,5 (2) incorrect seg-
Vertical gradients in population characteristics of canopy lichens in boreal rainforests of Norway

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

All specimens of three foliose lichens (Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., n = 725; Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC., n = 6613; Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain., n = 1237) and two pendulous lichens (Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., n = 441; Ramalina thrausta (Ach.) Nyl., n = 990) were collected from 160 random Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. branches (2–15 m above the ground) in three spruce-dominated boreal rainforests in Norway. Maximum diameter (foliose lichens), length (pendulous lichens), and reproductive structures were quantified in each thallus. The effects of measured tree and branch variables on abundance and reproduction were tested by generalized linear mixed models with binomial errors (binomial GLMM) and zero-altered (over-dispersed) Poisson generalized linear mixed models (ZAPGLMM). Lobaria pulmonaria, P. crocata, and R. thrausta occurred predominantly in the lower canopy, whereas the remaining species were also common at higher levels. The portions of thalli producing soredia and (or) isidia were 60%, 22%, and 14% for P. crocata, L. scrobiculata, and L. pulmonaria, respectively. Isidiate and (or) sorediate L. pulmonaria thalli occurred mainly on low, dead branches, whereas sorediate L. scrobiculata and P. crocata occurred at all heights. The occurrence of small P. crocata, <5 mm, decreased by branch height and small L. scrobiculata, <5 mm, increased with branch length and decreased with tree age. Upper branches supported a significant part of the total populations of studied lichens and are, thus, important when evaluating epiphyte conservation status.
The False Neutrality of the Neoclassical Theory: Feminist, Anthropological, Evolutionary and Ecological Critiques

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article argues that many failures of economic policies, especially in the developing world, are accountable to the methodological biases of the underlying mainstream economic science. While the new institutional and development economics have substantially improved economic models, they still rely on the neoclassical assumptions of methodological individualism and utilitarism. Therefore, they cannot fully grasp the gender and cultural aspects of the societies living in developing countries, the dynamic character of their economies and their embedment in the natural, social and institutional environment. These scientific biases are analysed from the standpoint of four heterodox economic schools: those of feminist economics, evolutionary economics, ecological economics, and economic anthropology. The subsequent failure of the economic policies is documented by the cross-cutting example of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the Bretton Woods institutions. The article concludes by emphasizing the common points of the heterodox schools and advocating for a methodological plurality in the Czech economic research and education.
Upflow Filtration Process

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article begins by presenting an overview of past research on upflow filtration. The article then discusses small‐scale laboratory upflow filtration studies conducted at the Lawrence, Kansas, Water Treatment Plant. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the feasibility of purifying Kansas River water by combining coagulation and filtration in one high‐rate process. The method used was similar to the Russian contact clarification process, and coagulants were injected into the raw water immediately ahead of two upflow sand filters, with coagulation and clarification taken place within the filter beds. Studies included investigation of the effects of the rate of filtration and the depth of sand on the operation of the filters, with emphasis on studies of high filtration rates. Alum was used as the coagulant. Addition of a polymer with the alum was also studied. Jar tests were conducted prior to each filter run to determine the minimum alum dosage that would produce a pin point floc.
Miniaturised system for DNA analysis

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The growing markets for analytical techniques in areas such as pathogen detection, clinical analysis, forensic investigation, environmental analysis and food analysis require the development of devices with simultaneous high performance, speed, simplicity and low cost. Analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been enhanced by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which is now a widely used tool for in vitro amplification of nucleic acids. \nIn this work, a miniaturised PCR system comprising a microfluidic PCR chip, novel heating method and fluorescence detection unit was developed. PCR chip with reactants were shunted along three temperature zones in a fine polycarbonate chip. The polycarbonate PCR chip was fabricated using milling and thermal fusion binding for sealing of the cover. Thermal-cycling within the microfluidic chip was achieved by programmable shunting of the chip between three double side temperature zones with different temperatures to accomplish the denaturation, annealing and elongation steps necessary for PCR amplification. This thermal-cycling model potentially improves PCR efficacy because it increases the ramping rates for heating and cooling the PCR mixture. The detection unit comprises a photo-detector and Light Emitting Diode (LED) as the source of excitation. The detection limit of the system was determined on the PCR chip using Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a fluorophore dye. The detection limit achieved was 7.8 pg ml-1 or (19.7 pmol) of FITC. The chromosomal DNA used in this work was extracted from non-pathogenic K-12 subtype of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The investigations showed that the system was capable of performing PCR amplification with different annealing temperature ranging from 54 to 68 °C, targeting three different sizes of PCR products of 250, 552 and 1500 bp. The prototype thermal-cycler and PCR chip were used successfully to amplify the three sizes and the results were compared with same fragments amplified on a conventional PCR .thermal-cycler machine. The method used for comparison was gel electrophoresis. In addition, a fluorescence detection system was employed for detecting of PCR products using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. The whole system allows for developments of low cost, easy to use and portable instruments.
Study on Flocculation of Two Flocculants on Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Objective]The aim was to study the flocculation and precipitation effects of alginate chitosan and soybean milk on Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the fermentation liquid,and to provide the foundation for selectively producing the flocculation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics.[Method]When adding flocculant to Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermentation liquid and mixing them evenly,the initial light absorption value of the mixed liquid was determined immediately,and after standing for a certain period of time,the light absorption value of supernatant of the mixed liquid was calculated. When sedimentation rates were calculated by flocculation and sedimentation rate as the index to evaluate the effect of flocculation,the experimental data were analyzed using Minitab software. [Result]When volume ratio was 1∶ 1 for 1. 0% sodium alginate and 1. 5%chitosan solution,and additive amount was 12 ml /250 ml,the sedimentation rate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus flocculation reached 90. 35%. While the additive amount of 33% soybean milk was 6 ml /250 ml,flocculation temperature was 35 ℃ and flocculation time was 4 hours,the sedimentation rate reached 87. 49%. The sedimentation rate of alginate chitosan flocculant was slightly higher than that of soybean milk flocculant,but the precipitate obtained by alginate chitosan flocculant was gathered into a mass and difficult to disperse. Meanwhile,the precipitate obtained by soybean milk flocculant had a good dispersion. [Conclusion]The flocculation and precipitation effects of alginate chitosan or soybean milk to Lactobacillus rhamnosus is good,but the effect of alginate chitosan flocculation precipitation is slightly better than that of the soybean milk,and the amount of the alginate chitosan flocculant is less than soybean milk flocculant. The precipitate of soybean milk flocculant is easily dispersed,and is more favorable to the production of probiotics.
A picture of the mind

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The final chapter revisits many of the key questions posed at the start. It asks again, in the light of Chapters 3 to 7, what makes a generally intelligent agent. The chapter revisits the debate between nativist and empiricist frameworks for artificial intelligence (AI) research in the light of this discussion, and concludes that they agree more than they disagree. It considers integrated perspectives for human cognition, including the idea that humans have rich mental models or that the ‘mind is flat’. It proposes a summary in which intelligence requires the generalization of both concepts and programs. Finally, the chapter considers the need for artificial intelligibility—that if we ever build general AI, in order for it to be safe and useful, it will need to share our world view.
Communications Issues in Shipboard Telemedicine

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract : This study defines the specific communications capabilities of U.S. Navy ships and identifies operational problems and technical barriers prohibiting telemedicine on a wide scale. This information is needed so the transmission of medical data can be managed in conformance with shipboard capabilities and contingencies can be developed for the potential degradation of those capabilities. While communications requirements for telemedicine in the civilian sector continue to be defined and implemented on a limited basis, the Department of Defense (DoD) must also supply similar needs in hostile environments.
Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Genetic Background Roles within a Web-Based Nutritional Intervention: The Food4Me Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) adherence has been proven to produce numerous health benefits. In addition, nutrigenetic studies have explained some individual variations in the response to specific dietary patterns. The present research aimed to explore associations and potential interactions between MedDiet adherence and genetic background throughout the Food4Me web-based nutritional intervention. Dietary, anthropometrical and biochemical data from volunteers of the Food4Me study were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Several genetic variants related to metabolic risk features were also analysed. A Genetic Risk Score (GRS) was derived from risk alleles and a Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), based on validated food intake data, was estimated. At baseline, there were no interactions between GRS and MDS categories for metabolic traits. Linear mixed model repeated measures analyses showed a significantly greater decrease in total cholesterol in participants with a low GRS after a 6-month period, compared to those with a high GRS. Meanwhile, a high baseline MDS was associated with greater decreases in Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference and glucose. There also was a significant interaction between GRS and the MedDiet after the follow-up period. Among subjects with a high GRS, those with a high MDS evidenced a highly significant reduction in total carotenoids, while among those with a low GRS, there was no difference associated with MDS levels. These results suggest that a higher MedDiet adherence induces beneficial effects on metabolic outcomes, which can be affected by the genetic background in some specific markers.
Linguistic features of youth internet communication

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

INTRODUCTION. Currently, Internet communication is a unique environment that reflects the linguistic features of youth communication, which differ from the traditional way of communication. The purpose of the study is to analyze the language means used in youth Internet communication. Changes in the linguistic features of Internet communication are currently associated not only with the use of youth jargon and slang, abbreviations and contractions, but also various graphic images reflecting the emotional mood of statements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials for the research are the texts of correspondence of young communicators on the Internet in messengers such as “Telegram” and “VKontakte”. The study of empirical material has been conducted based on descriptive and comparative methods, the method of continuous sampling of text units and the method of linguistic analysis aimed at identifying the system of linguistic means for determining verbal constructions and language units are used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . Specific lexical means (lexemes of youth computer slang), abbreviations, emoji and emoticon are identified, serving to convey the emotional content of messages in youth Internet communication. It is proved that any changes in youth Internet communication must be recorded in order to orient young people to the codified use of the Russian language. CONCLUSION . It has been established that youth communication in the Internet environment, which differs from the traditional form of communication, is manifested in the grammar and spelling of the Russian language, in the development of the phenomena of parcellation and abbreviation, in the penetration of Internet slang into live everyday communication. The results can be used in the framework of philological and linguistic text analysis, when studying the language of the Internet and Internet style.
Acercándose al mundo campesino

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The preferential option for the poor is an evangelical challenge for all the disciples of Jesus. It implies a process of assuming the cause of the poor, of solidarity in their struggle and of approaching their world. In many sectors of the continent there is a great effort by pastoral agents to pitch their tent in the midst of the poor, to live discipleship from a life side by side with the poor. In this article I would like to describe some key points of the experience in the peasant community and its implications in the construction of the Church.
Constraints on freeze-in dark matter from Lyman-α forest and 21-cm signal: Single-field models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report new Lyman-α and 21-cm constraints on freeze-in dark matter (FIDM) which injects energy into the intergalactic medium either through annihilation or decay to photon(s) or electron-positron pair. With respect to Lyman-α we fix the baseline ionization history using low redshift data about astrophysical reionization, whereas for 21-cm signal we adopt the baseline values of 21-cm power spectrum through a standard modeling of star formation developed so far. Using the latest numerical tools, we show that (i) for sterile neutrino FIDM, current Lyman-α data and future sensitivity of SKA-low (1000 hrs) on the 21-cm power spectra excludes the FIDM mass up to 1.8×10−3 GeV at 95% CL and 5.46×10−4 GeV, respectively, and (ii) for millicharged FIDM, current Lyman-α data only excludes the millicharge down to 10−8 within the FIDM mass range of 10−3–1 GeV at 95% CL, suggesting that the surviving parameter space of millicharged FIDM is still intact. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Engineering crossbar based emerging memory technologies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Emerging Resistive Random Access Memories (RRAM) devices are an attractive option for future memory architectures due to their low-power and high density. However, their capacity is limited by sneak paths and the sensitivity of the sense amplifiers (SA). We develop a framework to maximize the capacity of RRAM memories by modeling the interactions between memory capacity, sneak paths, device parameters, and the sense amplifier. The framework explores the design space of the memory by considering different read/write mechanisms, sneak path elimination techniques, and multi-level storage.
Deformable Tissue Parameterized by Properties of Real Biological Tissue

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Realistic mechanical models of biological soft tissues are a key issue to allow the implementation of reliable systems to aid on orthopedic diagnosis and surgery planning. We are working to develop a computerized soft tissues model for biotissues based on a mass-spring-like approach. We present several experiments towards the parameterization of our model from the elastic properties of real materials
Analyzer of Charged Particles Based on the Electrostatic Quadrupole-Cylindrical Field in the «Axis-Ring» Focusing Regime

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The motion of charged particles in an electrostatic axially-symmetrical quadrupole-cylindrical field, formed by a superposition of electrostatic fields of a cylindrical mirror and a circular quadrupole, is studied. A numerical model of the energy analyzer based on quadrupole-cylindrical field is obtained. The second-order angular focusing of "axis-ring" type is found. The focusing properties of the quadrupole-cylindrical mirror energy analyzer are determined by numerical methods for calculation particle motion trajectories.
Overcoming Endosomal Barrier by Amphotericin B-Loaded Dual pH-Responsive PDMA-b-PDPA Micelleplexes for siRNA Delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The endosomal barrier is a major bottleneck for the effective intracellular delivery of siRNA by nonviral nanocarriers. Here, we report a novel amphotericin B (AmB)-loaded, dual pH-responsive micelleplex platform for siRNA delivery. Micelles were self-assembled from poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMA-b-PDPA) diblock copolymers. At pH 7.4, AmB was loaded into the hydrophobic PDPA core, and siRNA was complexed with a positively charged PDMA shell to form the micelleplexes. After cellular uptake, the PDMA-b-PDPA/siRNA micelleplexes dissociated in early endosomes to release AmB. Live cell imaging studies demonstrated that released AmB significantly increased the ability of siRNA to overcome the endosomal barrier. Transfection studies showed that AmB-loaded micelleplexes resulted in significant increase in luciferase (Luc) knockdown efficiency over the AmB-free control. The enhanced Luc knockdown efficiency was abolished by bafilomycin A1, a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor that inhibits the acidification of the endocytic organelles. These data support the central hypothesis that membrane poration by AmB and increased endosomal swelling and membrane tension by a "proton sponge" polymer provided a synergistic strategy to disrupt endosomes for improved intracellular delivery of siRNA.
Gradient Histogram Background Modeling for People Detection in Stationary Camera Environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the big challenges of today person detectors is the decreasing of the false positive rate. In this pa-per, we propose a novel framework to customize person detectors in static camera scenarios in order to reduce this rate. This scheme includes background modeling for subtraction based on gradient histograms and Mean-Shift clustering. Our experiments show that the detec-tion improved compared to using only the output from the pedestrian detector reducing 87 % of the false posi-tives and therefore the overall precision of the detection was increased significantly. 1
Exploring the idea of human rights education workshops through the Ghanaian school curriculum

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Educating young people on human rights aids in creating a global rights respecting culture. A rights respecting culture signifies a society where people behave in ways that are respectful of others’ rights and are committed to fundamental principles of democracy and development. Human rights education embedded within schools’ curricula plays a central role in preparing young people to understand, appreciate and claim their rights. Even though schools in Ghana and Manitoba teach human rights topics through consideration of other subjects, in both contexts educators are unable to give the teaching of human rights topics the attention and effort required for maximum effectiveness. International human rights instruments consider all persons responsible for ensuring that young people are not denied the right to know about their fundamental human rights. The objective of this paper is to explore other opportunities for human rights education through the Ghanaian school curriculum. The approach to teaching human rights in Ghanaian schools that I recommend involves a combination of the integrated approach and the co-curricular activities approach. This recommendation is based on my practicum experience from creating human rights education workshops at the Manitoba Association for Rights and Liberties (MARL). I conclude that employing a single approach in HRE is inadequate to promoting a human rights respecting culture among young people in Ghana. To be able to advance the co-curricular approach, the national human rights institution of Ghana, CHRAJ, should be equipped with enough resources to lead the development and facilitation of human rights education workshops in Ghanaian schools.