jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid composition of some walnut ( Juglans regia L. ) cultivars from east Anatolia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, the fatty acid composition of different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Adilcevaz in east Anatolia was determined. The total oil content of the walnuts ranged from 65.00 ± 0.06 to 70.00 ± 0.58 %. The oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 22.63 to 27.27 % of the total fatty acids while the linoleic acid and linolenic contents ranged from 49.93 to 54.41 % and 14.32 to 17.82 % respectively. The palmitic acid content of the walnuts ranged from 5.61 % to 5.82 % while there was a trace amount of miristic acid (
An Experimental Study of the Driving Mechanism and Control of the Unsteady Shock Induced Turbulent Separation in a Mach 5 Compression Corner Flow.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This experimental study has examined the unsteady flowfield associated with the shock-induced separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The interaction was generated by a 28 deg unswept compression corner in a Mach 5 airstream. Perturbations were made to the interaction to better understand the mechanism responsible for the separation shock dynamics, as well as to demonstrate a method of controlling the shock motion. High frequency wall pressure measurements were used to track the time-dependent position of the separation shock. Conventional and fluctuating pitot pressure measurements were used to quantify the spatial mean and time-dependent extent of the baseline and altered interactions. Modification of the baseline interaction focused on two regions of the flowfield. Riblets and a boundary layer manipulator were separately introduced upstream of the interaction to alter the near-wall and outer region of the incoming boundary layer, respectively. Suction was applied through a slot in the face of the compression corner to alter the interaction downstream of the separation line.
SH509713.07FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
A case of neonatal eustachian valve endocarditis: Figure 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An extremely low birthweight neonate, born at 23 weeks' gestation weighing 600 g, developed eustachian valve endocarditis as a complication of neonatal intensive care. In addition to the presence of intraumbilical lines and percutaneous long lines, there was also evidence of maternal chorioamnionitis. Current first-line therapies for presumed infection on this neonatal unit are amoxicillin and gentamicin usually given for up to 5 days. By the third week of life, following clinical deterioration, rising infection markers (C reactive protein and white cell count), a fall in platelets and three serial blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus haemolyticus , endocarditis was suspected. A diagnosis of endocarditis was confirmed on echocardiography to involve the eustachian valve (figure 1).

Figure 1
Echocardiogram showing bulkiness of septum (arrowed) secondary to eustachian valve vegetation.

The eustachian valve is an embryological remnant found at the insertion of the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. It directs fetal blood towards the left atrium through the foramen ovale. It is infrequently visualised in adults …
Corrigendum: Recovery of neuronal and network excitability after spinal cord injury and implications for spasticity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In Figure 10 of D'Amico et al. 2014, the KCC2 co-transporter was mistakenly drawn as an exchanger. This has been corrected in the updated figure to show that both Cl- and K+ are pumped out of the motoneuron.
Multi-FPGA implementation of feedforward network and its performance analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Multi-FPGA system for the design of the spiking neural network is a great challenge for hardware acceleration. Multilayer feedforward neural networks (FNNs) are vitally important for the study of the coding problems in sensory organs. In this paper a multilayer FNN is implemented on a multi-FPGA-based system, which can guarantee both the high computational efficiency and the large network scale. The time-division multiplexing technology is employed in the proposed platform to be cost-efficient. In addition, since a parallel structure is used in the hardware design, the proposed hardware implementation can speedup approximately 4.8×10 4 times faster than the real-world biological behaviors in a high computational precision. Clock synchronization is considered in the design of the FNN to guarantee the accuracy of the signal transmission between layers. The proposed system can be applied to a broad kinds of fields such as the control of motors and the artificial intelligence, and the presented neurons can be replaced by more complicated neurons for the study of other dynamical characteristics of the neural networks.
Radiation Use Efficiency of an Old and a New Maize Hybrid

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Differences in dry matter accumulation among crop cultivars can be attributed to differences in either the absorptance of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and/or the conversion of absorbed PAR into dry matter. This study was conducted to quantify the contribution of radiation use efficiency (RUE, g dry matter MJ −1 ) to the difference in dry matter accumulation between an old and a new maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrid. An old (Pride 5) and a new (Pioneer 3902) maize hybrid were grown during 1989 and 1990 at the Elora Research Station, Ontario, on a London loam (Aquic Hapludalf) soil that had been tile drained. Both hybrids were grown at their respective optimum plant density for grain yield (i.e., 7 plants/m 2 for Pride 5 and 8 plants/m 2 for Pioneer 3902) and, in addition, the new hybrid was grown at 5 plants/m2 which resulted in a leaf area index (LAI) similar to that of the old hybrid grown at its optimum plant density. Starting at silking, 2‐wk crop growth rates (CGR, kg ha −1 d −1 ) were measured until physiological maturity, and incident PAR and absorptance of PAR by the three treatments were monitored during three 2‐wk periods after silking. From silking to 6 wk postsilking, PAR absorption did not differ among the two hybrids grown at plant densities that resulted in similar LAIs, but crop growth rate was 19% larger for the new hybrid. The difference in crop growth rate between the old and the new hybrid grown at their respective optimum plant density was 33%; approximately 80% of the difference could be attributed to a higher RUE of the new hybrid. The difference in RUE was not associated with a change in the distribution of PAR across the canopy, i.e., extinction coefficients did not differ among treatments. Dry matter accumulation declined for all treatments after 8 wk postsilking, but the decline was steeper for the old hybrid and the decline was associated with rate of leaf senescence. In conclusion, increased dry matter accumulation of new maize hybrids after silking can be attributed, in a large part, to increased radiation use efficiency.
The promise of receptor studies in psychophysiologic research.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Most research on reactivity to stressors limits its focus to the neurohormonal and cardiovascular components of reactivity. There is, however, another area of investigation with important implications to this field. Receptor binding techniques provide a direct measure of the functional link between neurohormonal signals and the responses they stimulate. Receptor measurement would enable psychophysiologic studies to begin to address the complete triad of signal emission/reception/end-organ response that underlies all reactivity patterns. This paper reviews adrenergic receptor physiology, methods, and research pertinent to reactivity. Our intention is to encourage greater consideration of these important issues in reactivity research.
COVID-19 and the Responsibility to Protect Rohingya Refugees

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This blog post explores the relationship between COVID-19 and the Responsibility to Protect Rohingya Refugees. Currently, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees reside in Coxâ€™s Bazar after fleeing persecution and genocide by the Myanmar military.There are currently no intensive care medical facilities in any of the camps in Coxâ€™s Bazar, nor are there adequate means by which to clean hands or socially distance, both of which are vital for protection from COVID-19.We call for a responsibility-sharing mechanism to be introduced to the R2P in order to ensure greater collective liability for displaced populations amongst global actors.
Electrostatic charging and arc discharges on satellite dielectrics simulated by electron beam

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the electrostatic charging and discharge phenomena of dielectric materials for spacecraft by electron-beam irradiation simulating the hot plasma in space. Thermal control materials were used as the dielectrics tested. Charge accumulation in the dielectric irradiated with the partially penetrating mono-energetic electron beam causes a large potential on the surface. When the large surface potential reaches a critical value, arc discharge occurs. The rate of occurrence of the discharge increases with the electron energy and the electron-beam current density. The characteristics of the discharges, however, depend on the material.
Single‐Crystal Cage Framework with High Selectivity and Reversibility in Fullerene Binding

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Host‐guest chemistry, a pivotal branch of supramolecular chemistry, plays an essential role in understanding and constructing complex structures through non‐covalent interactions. Organic molecular cages, characterized by their intrinsic confined cavities, can selectively bind a variety of guest molecules. Their host–guest chemistry has been well studied in the solution phase, and several attempts have been made to encode well‐defined molecular architectures into solid‐state polymeric materials. However, only limited studies have explored their potential in the solid state, where their lack of robustness and less ordered networks significantly hinder practical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of a single‐crystal cage framework and a systematic study of its host–guest chemistry, spanning from the solution state to the solid state. Our studies reveal that the host–guest interactions inherent to the cage are successfully maintained in the solid‐state polymeric material. Furthermore, the framework's robustness allows for the guest molecules (fullerene) to be released triggered by an organic acid (trifluoroacetic acid), with subsequent regeneration of the framework through an organic base (triethylamine) treatment. Our findings represent the first synthesis of a robust, single‐crystal cage framework exhibiting highly selective and reversible host–guest chemistry, thus showing great potential towards molecular separation application.
The complexities of ageing in cystic fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Survival in cystic fibrosis (CF) is increasing exponentially and we are now seeing an ageing population. At the Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre (MACFC), 20% of the total patient group are aged 40 years and above. Survival is likely to increase further in this exciting era of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) modulation. Although there has been a paradigm shift in CF management and disease perspectives in recent years, there remains a paucity of research in this important and fascinating older CF patient population, particularly over the last decade.
The CF population aged 40 years and above at MACFC is heterogeneous. There was a high proportion of patients with class I-III CFTR mutations and associated severe phenotypic disease. However, the prevalence of residual function CFTR mutations increased with age and were associated with lower sweat chloride values and later age of CF diagnosis.
Cardiovascular risk exists in this older CF cohort, with 34.9% of patients showing elevated QRisk®3 scores of 10% or greater. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease may increase with an ageing CF population. The recognition and management of cardiovascular risk is essential to reduce further comorbidity in this already complex and challenging disease.
At 3.6%, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was not as high in this older adult CF cohort as perhaps initially predicted. However, the measurement of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be inaccurate in CF patients. There may be some justification for the wider use of measured GFR methods, such as iohexol, to improve the reliability of renal monitoring and in the assessment of GFR decline in select phenotypic groups of older CF patients.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is feasible and well tolerated in this older adult CF group with a range of pulmonary disease severity. The use of CMR may provide an opportunity to analyse cardiac morphology and function in greater detail in CF than can be done with echocardiography alone, and cardiac imaging may become increasingly relevant in an ageing CF population.
A multivariate Gnedenko law of large numbers

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show that the convex hull of a large i.i.d. sample from an absolutely\ncontinuous log-concave distribution approximates a predetermined convex body in\nthe logarithmic Hausdorff distance and in the Banach-Mazur distance. For\nlog-concave distributions that decay super-exponentially, we also have\napproximation in the Hausdorff distance. These results are multivariate\nversions of the Gnedenko law of large numbers, which guarantees concentration\nof the maximum and minimum in the one-dimensional case. We provide quantitative\nbounds in terms of the number of points and the dimension of the ambient space.\n
Original Research Paper STABILITY INDICATING HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND PHENYLEPHRINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A simple, specific, accurate, and stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride using a Zorbax Bonus RP C18 column and a mobile phase composed of Water : Acetonitrile : Triethylamine (85: 15: 0.1, v/v/v), pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid. The retention times of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride were found to be 3.71 min and 2.17 min, respectively. Linearity was established for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride in the range of 150-900 μg/ml and 5-30 μg/ml, respectively. The percentage recoveries of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride were found to be in the range of 98.04-101.04%. Both the drugs were subjected to acid and base hydrolysis, oxidation, UV and thermal degradation conditions. Degradation peak was well resolved from the main peak of drug. This method can be successfully employed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride in bulk drugs and formulations.
Chemical synthesis of the thymidylate synthase gene.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A 978-base-pair gene that encodes thymidylate synthase (TS; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) from Lactobacillus casei has been synthesized and inserted into Escherichia coli expression vectors. The DNA sequence contains 35 unique restriction sites that are located an average of 28 base pairs apart throughout the entire length of the gene. A ribosome binding site was included 9 base pairs upstream from the translation start site and codon usage was adjusted to ensure efficient translation in E. coli. The TS gene is flanked by unique EcoRI and HindIII restriction sites that render the gene portable to any of several E. coli expression vectors. Catalytically active TS encoded by the synthetic gene is expressed in large amounts (10-20% of the soluble protein) and is indistinguishable from that isolated from L. casei. The utility of the synthetic gene for mutagenesis is demonstrated by a single experiment in which His-199 was replaced with 14 different amino acids. Analysis of the mutants by genetic complementation indicates that TS can tolerate a number of amino acid substitutions at that position and shows that His-199 is not strictly required for catalytic activity.
Effects of Build Orientation on Surface Morphology and Bone Cell Activity of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Specimens

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Additive manufacturing of lightweight or functional structures by selective laser beam (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM) is widespread, especially in the field of medical applications. SLM and EBM processes were applied to prepare Ti6Al4V test specimens with different surface orientations (0°, 45° and 90°). Roughness measurements of the surfaces were conducted and cell behavior on these surfaces was analyzed. Hence, human osteoblasts were seeded on test specimens to determine cell viability (metabolic activity, live-dead staining) and gene expression of collagen type 1 (Col1A1), matrix metalloprotease (MMP) 1 and its natural inhibitor, TIMP1, after 3 and 7 days. The surface orientation of specimens during the manufacturing process significantly influenced the roughness. Surface roughness showed significant impact on cellular viability, whereas differences between the time points day 3 and 7 were not found. Collagen type 1 mRNA synthesis rates in human osteoblasts were enhanced with increasing roughness. Both manufacturing techniques further influenced the induction of bone formation process in the cell culture. Moreover, the relationship between osteoblastic collagen type 1 mRNA synthesis rates and specimen orientation during the building process could be characterized by functional formulas. These findings are useful in the designing of biomedical applications and medical devices.
The Impact of Olfaction on Human Social Functioning

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This chapter relates the neurobiology of olfactory processing to social functioning in humans, with a focus on schizophrenia to highlight the understanding of compromise of these processes. Olfaction may be a sensory modality that evolved early in order to process social information. This sensory modality is comprised of two intricately interwoven olfactory systems in mammals, the accessory and main olfactory systems. Both olfactory systems may also be relevant to social affiliation and reproduction, including through pheromones. Olfactory regions and the hypothalamus are central to the circuitry of human emotions. Motivated behaviour is intertwined with olfactory processing through overlap in neural circuitry, including the limbic system, temporal and frontal lobes, and thalamus. Motivational aspects of odours arise from the hypothalamus, deriving from input from the amygdala and midbrain. Odour identification deficits are robustly described in schizophrenia. Social deficits represent a significant component of disease expression in schizophrenia.
Covid 19 Vaccine - boon or a bane?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The global struggle against corona virus disease 2019(COVID19) is now in its 8th month since the pandemic virus SARS –COV2 has first emerged.The severe economic,personal and psychological adverse effects of shutdowns and social distancing make these effective preventive measures challenging to sustain long term.Safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine could lead to a level of global immunity that stops the pandemic.This is the anti COVID-19 intervention most public health leaders and many people long for the most. As of August 2020,there were 231 vaccine candidatesin development although no vaccine has completed clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy.1 26 vaccine candidates are in clinical trials with 20 still in phase l-ll and 6 beginning phase lIl2 among which three are Chinese COVID-19 vaccines (inactivated virus based) from Sinovac/Institute Butantan, Wuhan institute of biological products/sinopharm and beijing institute of biological products/sinopharm,the other three leading candidates are developed by oxford/astrazeneca(modified adenovirus vector),moderna/NIAID(mRNA based) and Bio-N tech/Fosun pharma/Pfizer (mRNA based) WHO however warned “entering phase lll doesn’t mean nearly there” as there is no guarantee that any of these six will give us the answer. Sputnik 5 Russian based COVID-19 vaccine (adeno based) is a medical coup,a propaganda coup,a political and marketing coup.Phase l/ll trials are inadequate to prove it’s efficacy and safety because of three reasons 1) it was tested only on 76 people 2 it is a two dose vaccine but in phase l/ll only one dose was given 3 it’s phase l/ll results were not published therefore not peer reviewed.3 India based Bharath biotech(inactivated virus based)/ zydus cadila( DNA based) vaccine trials demonstrated an encouraging safety profile in phase l and moved to phase ll
A new concept of coastal water upwelling

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The situations of coastal water upwelling of the world oceans and the limitations of the classical \ntheory of the process are discussed. A linkage is envisaged between the generation of coastal upwelling \nalong the eastern boundary of the ocean with the intensification of western boundary current as a paired set \nsituated at the longitudinal wings of the subtropical gyre.