jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: Part I: Imaging, Strain Mapping, and Defect Detection

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is a spatially resolved electron diffraction technique that records the electron scattering distribution at each sampling point. 4D-STEM provides researchers with information that can be analyzed in a multitude of ways to characterize a sample’s structure, including imaging, strain measurement, and defect analysis. This article introduces the basics of the technique and some areas of application with an emphasis on semiconductor materials.
Diastereomeric DNA-Binding Geometries of Intercalated Ruthenium(II) Trischelates Probed by Linear Dichroism:  [Ru(phen)2DPPZ]2+and [Ru(phen)2BDPPZ]2+

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Linear dichroism (LD) has been used to probe the binding geometries of the diastereomeric adducts between DNA and the Delta and Lambda enantiomers of [Ru(phen)(2)L](2+) where the chelate ligand L is either dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]-phenazine (DPPZ) or its benzologue benzodipyrido[a:3,2-h:2'3'-j]phenazine (BDPPZ). By combined use of LD and emission anisotropy excitation spectra measured in highly viscous solution the absorption envelope of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) region has been fur the first time resolved in a complex of this type bound to DNA. The absorption can be described by four effective polarization directions (three almost orthogonal), along one of which any transition is polarized, assignments which are in good agreement with molecular orbital (INDO/S) calculations. The analysis of the LD spectrum provides the orientation of the complex in terms of several angles. Near perpendicularity relative to the DNA helix axis, found for the in-plane long and short axes of BDPPZ and DPPZ, together with extensive hypochromicity of the corresponding intraligand transitions, supports intercalation of the (B)DPPZ ligands between the DNA bases as earlier studies have indicated. MLCT transition moments that make an oblique angle to the molecular plane of the (B)DPPZ chromophores confirm this orientation and, in addition, provide strong evidence for a rotation (roll) of the complex around the pseudo-dyad axis, The roll is small (varying between 5 and 15 degrees), but significant, and has the same sign (clockwise) for both enantiomeric forms of the two complexes studied and shows only minor variations between calf-thymus DNA and alternating GC or AT homopolymer duplexes, It may reflect a property intrinsic of DNA (tilt of bases) or be a result of steric interference of the two phenanthroline ''propeller blades'' with a groove. The roll provides the first example of an angle in a DNA system that has been determined with its sign from LD spectroscopy.
Changes in soil chemical reactions in response to straw sugar cane and vinasse

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Devido às restrições ambientais, falta de mão-de-obra e a busca por melhor eficiência, a colheita de cana-de-açúcar tende a ser mecanizada, fazendo com que grande quantidade de palhada esteja disponível no solo. Somada à palha, a vinhaça é o principal resíduo líquido da indústria sucroalcooleira. Ambos são depositados a campo; porém, o efeito da interação entre os mesmos, ainda não está esclarecido. Avaliou-se a influência da aplicação de palha de cana-de-açúcar e vinhaça no pH e nos teores de potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) em Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico de alta saturação por bases. Em 64 colunas de PVC de 0,036 × 0,30 m (diâmetro × altura) foram reproduzidos perfis do solo coletados nas profundidades 0-0,05; 0,06-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30 m, em área de cultivo. Os solos foram tratados com vinhaça, em doses equivalentes a 0, 125, 250 e 500 m3 ha-1 e 0, 3, 6 e 9 t ha-1 de palha de cana-de-açúcar e submetidos à incubação por 60 dias. Após as análises por camada, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com desdobramento dos graus de liberdade em polinômios ortogonais. Com a aplicação de vinhaça, houve elevação do pH e dos teores de Ca, Mg e K, com distribuição em todo o perfil. Observou-se desequilíbrio de bases nas camadas superficiais devido à alta saturação de K. A palha de cana-de-açúcar potencializou o efeito da vinhaça em todas as profundidades analisadas, mas não foi suficiente para aumentar o pH. Melhores resultados foram obtidos com as doses de 300 m3 ha-1 de vinhaça e 6 t ha-1 de palha de cana-de-açúcar.
Nitrogen Contents and Nitrogen Accumulation Rates of Different Plant Parts of Wheat at Anthesis and Maturity Periods Under Normal and High Temperature Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bu arastirma, farkli bugday bitki parcalarinin normal ve yuksek sicaklik kosullarinda ciceklenme ve olgunlukta azot icerigindeki farkliliklari ve degisimi degerlendirmek amaciyla kurulmustur. Iki farkli ekim zamani (normal bugday ekim zamani ve daha sicak kosullarin saglanmasi icin oldukca gec tarihte) ile iki sicaklik rejimi saglanmis ve kurakligin etkisini sicakliktan ayirmak icin iki farkli sulama rejimi uygulanmistir. Incelemelerimiz gostermistir ki bayrak yapraginda (ciceklenme ve olgunlukta), alt yapraklarda (ciceklenme ve olgunlukta), alt govdede (ciceklenme ve olgunlukta), kavuz-kilcik-eksende (olgunlukta), danede (olgunlukta), basakta (ciceklenme oncesi, ciceklenme sonrasi ve olgunlukta) biriken azot miktari yuksek sicaklik kosullarinda en yuksek olmustur. En yuksek azot icerigi hem ciceklenme hem de olgunlukta alt yapraklarda bulunmustur. En dusuk azot icerigi ciceklenmede alt sapta, olgunlukta bayrak yaprakta bulunmustur. Farkli sicaklik rejimleri karsilastirildiginda azot icerigi hem ciceklenmede hem olgunlukta yuksek sicaklik rejiminde yuksek, normal sicaklik rejiminde dusuk bulunmus fakat, olgunlukta alt sap istisna teskil etmistir. Azot hasat indeksi hem yuksek sicaklik hem de sulama uygulamalari ile dusus kaydetmistir. Danenin azot icerigi yagisa dayali yuksek sicaklik rejiminde en yuksek bulunmustur. Tum bitkinin azot birikim hizi, normal sicaklik rejimine kiyasla yuksek sicaklik rejiminde, ciceklenme oncesinde uc kat, tum vejetasyon suresince iki kat daha hizli olmustur.
New empirical likelihood inference for the mean residual life with length-biased and right-censored data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The mean residual life (MRL) function for a given random variable T is the expected remaining lifetime of T after a fixed time point t. It is of great interest in survival analysis, reliability, actuarial applications, duration modelling, etc. Liang, Shen, and He [‘Likelihood Ratio Inference for Mean Residual Life of Length-biased Random Variable’, Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, English Series, 32, 269–282] proposed empirical likelihood (EL) confidence intervals for the MRL based on length-biased right-censored data. However, their -2log(EL ratio) has a scaled chi-squared distribution. To avoid the estimation of the scale parameter in constructing confidence intervals, we propose a new empirical likelihood (NEL) based on i.i.d. representation of Kaplan–Meier weights involved in the estimating equation. We also develop the adjusted new empirical likelihood (ANEL) to improve the coverage probability for small samples. The performance of the NEL and the ANEL compared to the existing EL is demonstrated via simulations: the NEL-based and ANEL-based confidence intervals have better coverage accuracy than the EL-based confidence intervals. Finally, our methods are illustrated with a real data set.
Supplementary Datasets for: Chapter 6: Timescales of dyke intrusion events in the Main Ethiopian Rift through olivine Fe-Mg diffusion chronometry

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Supplementary datasets for Chapter 6: Timescales of dyke intrusion events in the Main Ethiopian Rift through olivine Fe-Mg diffusion chronometry. Dataset S1: Standards, secondary standards, geochemical data and timescale data of olivine Fe-Mg diffusion profiles and carrier glasses.
Dataset S2: Combined and sorted dataset of greyscale images.
The era of minimally invasive esophagectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (MIE) has become a standard surgical approach for esophageal cancer in the world. In this report, we introduce the history of MIE which is different between eastern and western countries. With the development of surgical techniques, including single-lumen endotracheal intubation, CO2 artificial pneumothorax, and surgical positioning, the MIE has made great progress. It was approved that due to significantly reduced surgical trauma, MIE lowers postoperative morbidity and mortality while achieving a tumor resection efficacy comparable with the conventional open esophagectomy. The improvement of surgical instruments and modification of surgical approaches are the keys to gaining greater clinical advantage in the future of MIE, especially the popularity of robotic surgery.
Ultra low power circuits and systems for biomedical application (data converter)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In a rapidly increasing digital world, data converters play a more and more significant role and more sophisticated data converters are required. Because of the dramatic growth of the portable electronic equipments demands and the remarkable decrease of the equipments size, the Delta Sigma (∑Δ) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) which is a potentially power-saving architecture for ADC is developed very fast nowadays. It is usually used for high-resolution analog to digital conversion in the low-voltage environment. The report is to introduce the fundamentals on the ADC such as sampling, quantization and performance metrics. The theories and techniques of ∑Δ ADC such as oversampling technique, noise-shaping concept and different architecture choices are included. In consequence, the whole design process of a 2nd order, single-stage ∑Δ ADC with single-bit quantizer and feedforward path architecture in both the system level and circuit level design, and all the coefficients and simulation results are presented. The project aims to design a data converter for the ultra low power audio applications, so some power-saving techniques in the system level and also in the circuit level are investigated. At last, some future works are indicated for future improvements.
Efficacy of plant products and combinations with cypermethrin in management of Earias vittella of Okra

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Among all treatments, combination of cypermethrin 25 EC at 0.025% + neem oil (0.5%) was most effective by recording lowest shoot and fruit damage (3.3 & 4.4%), respectively with higher CBR (1:3.05) and yield 94.95 q/ha, followed by cypermethrin 25 EC at 0.05% (4.1 & 6.8%), combination of cypermethrin 25 EC at 0.025% + NSKE 2.5%, (4.8 & 7.6%), combination of cypermethrin 25 EC at 0.025% + karanj oil 0.5% (5.9 & 9.6%), neem oil 1% (8.0 & 11.3%), NSKE 5% (9.3 & 11.9%), and karanj oil @ 1% was recorded less effective among all treatments with (11.2 & 16.5%) shoot and fruit damage, respectively.
Nurse-Initiated Improvement for Documentation of Penicillin Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Urgent Care Clinics

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background/Objective: Penicillin allergy labels (PALs) contribute to broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Thorough documentation can help prescribers identify and remove unnecessary PALs. We aimed to improve documentation of PALs in three pediatric urgent care (PUC) clinics, using a nurse-initiated quality improvement (QI) approach. Methods: QI interventions included a survey to assess prescriber and nurse confidence, an online educational module, and an algorithm to aid in clarifying PALs. We measured the percentage of PALs with a clarified reaction severity as our primary outcome using annotated control charts. Descriptive and inferential statistics evaluated survey responses between nurses and prescribers. Results: Clarified PAL reaction severity had a sustained upward shift from 58.5% to 63.3% following implementation of our interventions. Of 129 nurses and prescribers, 87 (67.4%) respondents completed the survey. Prescribers and nurses reported feeling knowledgeable about PALs but experienced different challenges to clarifying PAL documentation. Prescribers reported time pressures as a barrier to PAL clarification more often than nurses (IQR [3, 4], p = 0.001). Nurses reported higher confidence in ability to document a PAL compared to prescribers (IQR [3.25, 5], p = 0.010). Respondents requested family education and practice guidance to aid PAL clarification. No consistent differences were noted in PAL documentation by sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions: The nurse-initiated QI approach demonstrated improved PAL documentation in PUCs. Engaging nurses in antibiotic stewardship initiatives can provide new perspectives and broaden the approach to intervention design and implementation. Future efforts should focus on improving electronic health record and interprofessional workflow processes to build on these improvements.
Risk and Prognosis of Cancer in Patients with Obstructive Uropathy Compared with the General Danish Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: To examine whether obstructive uropathy is associated with increased risk of cancer and whether mortality differs between patients with cancer with and without obstructive uropathy. Methods: In a nationwide population-based Danish cohort study including 37,275 adult patients with a first-time hospital-related diagnosis of obstructive uropathy in 1996 to 2022, we assessed cumulative cancer incidence (risk) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR). Furthermore, we compared the mortality of 7,485 patients diagnosed with cancer after obstructive uropathy diagnosis with that of 69,785 patients with cancer without obstructive uropathy matched by age, sex, cancer site, stage, and calendar year of cancer diagnosis. Results: The 3-month risk of cancer after an obstructive uropathy diagnosis was 9.6%. The 3-month SIR was 34.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 33.1–35.4] while the 1 to &lt;5 year SIR was 1.2 (95% CI, 1.1–1.3). The 3-month SIRs were 82.7 (95% CI, 79.3–86.2) for urological cancer, 88.8 (95% CI, 79.8–98.5) for gynecological cancer, and 13.9 (95% CI, 12.0–15.9) for colorectal cancer. After 1 year of follow-up, the excess number of urological cancers decreased to 0.1 per 100 person-years, whereas we observed no excess risk of gynecological and colorectal cancers. The 5-year all-cause mortality following cancer was 64.1% (95% CI, 62.9–65.2) in patients with an obstructive uropathy diagnosis before cancer diagnosis and 53.2% (95% CI, 52.9–53.6) in those without. Conclusions: A first-time diagnosis of obstructive uropathy can be a clinical marker of underlying undiagnosed cancer and elevated mortality in relation to any cancer diagnosed after obstructive uropathy. Impact: These findings can inform the follow-up recommendations for obstructive uropathy.
Can manual treatment of lymphedema promote metastasis?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Complete decongestive therapy (CDT; alternatively known as complete decongestive physiotherapy) is a treatment program for patients diagnosed with primary or secondary lymphedema. CDT incorporates manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), a technique involving therapeutic manipulation of the affected limb. There are several contraindications to performing CDT. Relative contraindications include hypertension, paralysis, diabetes, and bronchial asthma. General contraindications include acute infections of any kind and congestive heart failure. Malignant disease is also widely considered a general contraindication; a current vogue concept is that MLD will lead to dissemination and acceleration of cancer. However, cancer research supports the contention that this therapy does not contribute to spread of disease and should not be withheld from patients with metastasis. The intent of this article is to review these data.
A BMC-Formulation for the Scheduling Problem in Highly Constrained Hardware Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a novel application for SAT--based Bounded Model Checking (BMC) within hardware scheduling problems. First of all, it introduces a new model for control-dependent systems. In this model, alternative executions (producing "tree-like" scheduling traces) are managed as concurrent systems, where alternative behaviors are followed in parallel. This enables standard BMC techniques, producing solutions made up of single paths connecting initial and terminal states. Secondly, it discusses the main problem arising from the above choice, i.e., re-writing resource bounds, so that they take into account the artificial concurrencies introduced for controlled behaviors. Thirdly, we exploit SAT-based Bounded Model Checking as a verification technique mostly oriented to bug hunting and counter-example extraction. In order to consider resource constraints, the solutions of modifying the SAT solver or adding extra clauses are both taken into consideration. Preliminary experimental results, comparing our SAT based approach to state-of-the art BDD-based techniques are eventually presented
On the Constraints on Superconducting Cosmic Strings from 21-cm Cosmology (supplementary inference products)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;These are the nested sampling inference products that were used to compute the results for &lt;a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08828"&gt;arXiv:2312.08828&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;The python script, and utility functions, required to produce most of the figures&nbsp;in the paper are included to demonstrate usage. Plotting script for functional posteriors are not included as these require emulators that are not part of this data release.&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;All the included chains were computed using&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://github.com/PolyChord/PolyChordLite"&gt;PolyChordLite&lt;/a&gt;&nbsp;.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Chain foldername conventions:&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;ul&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;HERA: Constraints from HERA Phase I 21-cm power spectrum upper limits&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;SARAS_3: Constraints from the SARAS 3 21-cm global signal null detecetion&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Xray_Background: Constraints from collated measurements of the unresolved X-ray background&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;HERA_SARAS_3_Xray_Background: Joint analysis of the above&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Chains have rootnames that are of the form 'foldername_constraints'. See&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08828"&gt;arXiv:2312.08828&lt;/a&gt;&nbsp;for additional details on each of the model parameters.&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Software used: &lt;a href="https://numpy.org/"&gt;numpy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/"&gt;pandas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://pyyaml.org/"&gt;pyYAML&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://scipy.org/"&gt;scipy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://github.com/htjb/globalemu"&gt;globalemu&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://matplotlib.org/stable/"&gt;matplotlib&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/"&gt;tensorflow&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/"&gt;scikit-learn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://joblib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/"&gt;joblib&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://github.com/PolyChord/PolyChordLite"&gt;pypolychord&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://github.com/handley-lab/anesthetic"&gt;anesthetic&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="https://github.com/HERA-Team/hera_pspec"&gt; hera-pspec&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://seaborn.pydata.org/"&gt;seaborn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://github.com/htjb/margarine"&gt;margarine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://github.com/handley-lab/fgivenx"&gt;fgivenx&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm"&gt;tqdm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Exact software versions are specified in an included requirements.txt file for reproducibility.&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
ANALYSIS OF DELAY LATENCY OF THE ACTIVE RELIABLE MULTICAST PROTOCOLS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper quantifies the reliability gain of combining classes for reliable multicasting in lossy networks in which the active network approach is the most promising. We define the delay latency of recovery as performance metric for reliability. We then study the impact of multicast group size and loss probability on the performance of compared approaches. Our simulation results show that combining classes significantly reduces the delay latency in lossy networks compared to the receiver-initiated class. Interestingly, combining classes can outperform receiver-initiated class depending on the network size and loss probability.
Flow characteristics inside rectangular Tesla valve with different width-to-narrow ratios

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To investigate the influence of the flow channel’s width-to-narrow ratio on the Tesla valve’s flow characteristics, this paper establishes five Tesla valve models with different width-to-narrow ratios. Employing the laminar flow model, CFD methods were used to numerically simulate both the forward and reverse flows through the Tesla valve across a spectrum of width-to-narrow ratios, ranging from 0.2 to 1. The results reveal the flow trends in the straight or arc channels show opposite variation patterns when flowing in forward and reverse directions. The flow rate passing through straight channel is more sensitive to the response of a small width-to-narrow ratio. Irrespective of the flow direction, as the width-to-narrow ratio increases, the fluid flow within the valve demonstrates increasingly pronounced stratification. The pressure curve of the diversion section assumes an “∞” shape in forward flow, whereas in reverse flow, it assumes a “flat plate” shape.
The trouble with maternal death narratives: Race, representation, and reproduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The high risk of maternal death in Africa has cast a shadow over representations and experiences of pregnancy and childbirth. In the 1980s, amid new awareness of disparities in maternal mortality rates between high and low-income countries, tragic anecdotes of women dying during childbirth emerged as a tool to garner political and economic support for global health interventions aimed at women. While successfully raising public concern and billions of dollars in aid, given that these stories are some of the few stories of African women so widely circulated, it is important to ask: what else does the genre of maternal death narrative do? How might discursive practices around childbirth structure the care offered to African women? What power relations are revealed in this form of knowledge production and promotion? This article examines how maternal death narratives function, circulate, and structure potential solutions to the problem of maternal mortality. In focusing on the pathways to death, women's bodies are foregrounded as sites of knowledge production over their experiences. I use fieldwork with pregnant and birthing women in southwest Nigeria to explore the ways that women piece together different sources of care in an effort to ensure successful deliveries amidst considerable uncertainty.