jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
General unknown screening of xenobiotics: the contribution of an acidic extraction

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

\n Objectives: Although general unknown screening (GUS) is often used to detect and identify exogenous compounds in biological matrices, some compounds are not detected for two main reasons: first the method carried out for the extraction, secondly, the lack of sensitivity in the detection of the unknown molecules. The aim of this study was to improve the detection, using an acidic extraction procedure and a MRM mode (ES+ or ES−). Methods: Blank sera were spiked with 42 substances, not detected in GUS. 1 mL was extracted after addition of internal standards and 500 µL of acetate buffer by 3 mL of organic extraction solution (dichloromethane: ether: hexane: isoamyl alcohol; 30:50:20:0.5, v/v). Basic extraction was also carried out by substituting the sodium acetate buffer with saturated borate buffer. The extracts were analysed by UPLC-MS-MS, using MRM mode (ES+ or ES−). Results: All the non detected substances by the GUS method were indentified in this study, 25 in ES+ mode and 17 in ES− mode. Extraction yield was between 9 and 104%, and upper, compared to that after basic extraction. Conclusion: A rapid, sensitive and selective method using positive or negative MRM mode, with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and a simple acidic liquid-liquid extraction allows to identify, confirm and quantify 42 substances (drugs and pesticides) not detected by a routine GUS method. \n
Review of “Knowing About Genocide: Armenian Suffering and Epistemic Struggles”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a time when political leaders have deployed the use of “alternative facts” to deny the catastrophic effects greed has had on our environment and humanity as a whole, Joachim J. Savelsberg’s new book is a breath of fresh air. Knowing about Genocide asks how communities and nations produce and circulate knowledge about mass atrocity, showing the possibility that with the efforts of various social actors, episodes of extreme violence can come to public light. Savelsberg does so through an investigation of how information is negotiated, and ultimately how narratives become sedimented. In using the case of the Armenian genocide as the central lens to understand the various mechanisms in which survivors of genocide, activists, and scholars fight against denial through the production of knowledge, Savelsberg illuminates the leverage and power of these diverse social actors. One of the most fascinating aspects of this book is Savelsberg’s cross-national comparison of...
P & W 5907 277

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

.APPF.Nnrx. 2!11\n15. To provide for calling f01·th the militia to execute the laws\nof the Confederate States, suppress insurre<:tions, and repel in­vaswos.\n16. To provit.le for organizing, arming, and uisciplining the\nmilitia, and for governing such pa1·t of them as may be employed\nin the service of the Confcderatc States; reserving to the states,\nr espectively, the appointmont of t.he officers and the authority\nof training the militia acco1·ding to the discipline prcscribeu by\nCongress.\n17. To cxcrt i~e cxclusi I'C legislation, in all cases whatsoever,\nover such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may' by\ncession of one or more states and t.he acceptance of Congress,\nbecome the seat of government of the Confederate States; and\nto exertise like authority o1·er all places purchased by the con­sent\nof the leg isla tum of the state in w bich t he same shall be,\nfor thl\\ erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, anrl\n9ther needful buildings; and\n18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for\ncarrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other pow­ers\nvested by tills Constitution in the government of the Confed­erate\nStates, or in any department or officer thm·eof. . -\nSECTION JX.-1. The impo1·tation of negroes of the African\nrace ft·om any foreign country other than the slave-holding states\nor territories of the United States of America is hereby forbid­den;\nand Congress is require~ to· pass such laws as shall effectu­ally\nprevent the same.\n2. Congress shall also have powet· to prohibit the introduction\nof slave;; f•·om any state not a member of, or territo1·y not belong-ing\nto this Confederacy. ·\n3. The privilege of the IVI'it of habeas corpus shall not be\nsuspenued, unless when, in cases of rebellion or ·invasion, the\npublic safety may require it. •\n4. No bill of attaindm·, or ex prMtjacto law, or law denying or\nimpait·ing the right of prope•·ty in negro slaves, shall be passed.\n5. ~o capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in\np1·oportion to the tensus or enumeration hereinbefore directed to\nbe taken.\n.....\n•
Upward social comparison on SNS and depression: A moderated mediation model and gender difference

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

摘要: 为明确社交网站中的上行社会比较对青少年抑郁的作用机制, 本研究构建了一个有调节的中介模型, 重点考察了妒忌在二者关系中的中介作用、反刍思维的调节作用及其性别差异。以836名高中生为被试(M = 16.34岁, SD = 1.06), 采用问卷法对社交网站中的上行社会比较、妒忌、反刍思维以及抑郁进行调查。结果显示:(1)在控制性别、年龄、年级、社交网站好友数量以及平均每天使用社交网站频率、时间后, 社交网站上行社会比较对抑郁具有显著的正向预测作用; (2)妒忌能够在社交网站上行社会比较与抑郁的关系中起中介作用, 且这种间接效应会受到反刍思维的调节; (3)有调节的中介模型存在性别差异:与男生相比, 妒忌的中介效应在女生被试群体中更显著; 在男生被试群体中, 妒忌的中介作用会受到反刍思维的调节作用的影响, 而在女生被试群体中, 该调节效应不显著。
Through the border : Senegalese gendered migration to Spain (2005-2010)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dissertation provides a geopolitical and gender analysis of the border that was built between 2005 and 2010 to stop unwanted migration from Senegal to Spain. I combine an investigation of institutional practices and of the experiences of migrants who crossed (or tried to cross) that border. This work constructs a genealogy of the Spanish - Senegalese border, including the obstacles placed to stop unwanted migration and the strategies adopted by migrants to enter EU space. To do so I draw from three bodies of literature: scholarship on migrant transnationalism, critical geopolitics, and feminist political geography. This analysis is built on extensive primary research complemented by secondary data, including life histories, participant observation, and interviews with migrants, members of their transnational social networks, former smugglers, service providers, supra-state organizations, state bureaucrats, and state security forces, as well as official statistics, legislation, and media accounts. I contend that gender is an articulating factor of international migrations. In the case of contemporary Senegalese migration to Spain, I argue that the re-enforcement and militarization of the border was disproportional to the number of migrants using land and sea routes. These efforts were partly responsible for a decrease in illegal migration by land and sea after 2007, but migration by air and secondary migration from other countries of the EU (which represent the majority of the migrant flow) was unaffected. Despite the obstacles placed to stop it, the migration of Senegalese continued and even increased during this period, mainly thanks to the support that transnational social networks provided to migrants. The main consequence of the preventive and defensive anti-immigration measures adopted was a re-territorialization of the EU border. The findings suggest the importance of integrating a variety of scales in the study of the processes, actors, and mechanisms involved in the territorial re-definition of state and supranational borders. In the case of the EU, I contend that as a response militarization is ethically questionable, economically wasteful, and inadequate. Finally, this study suggests the need to engage in a mobile cartography of the migrant transnational network to account for its transformations across time and space.
Molecular cloning of a dithiol glutaredoxin cDNA from sweet potato

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glutaredoxins (Grxs) play an important role in the reduction of protein glutathione mixed disulfides. An IbGrx cDNA encoding a putative dithiol Grx has been cloned from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam). The deduced amino acid sequence is conserved among the reported dithiol Grxs having CGYC dithiol motif at the active site. To characterize the IbGrx protein, the coding region has been subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into E. coli . The recombinant His 6 ‐tagged IbGrx has been overexpressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a monomeric band as demonstrated by 15% SDS‐PAGE. The enzyme has relatively low K M value for HED, suggesting that it can catalyze the reduction of glutathione mixed disulfide efficiently using GSH as reductant. The enzyme has been characterized in terms of thermal stability, the influence by pHs, imidazole, or proteases sensitivity. The enzyme appears to be stable under various conditions. These properties may be beneficial for its potential medical applications considering the numerous functions of Grxs in many cellular processes. This work was supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan under grant NSC 100‐2313‐B‐019‐003‐MY3 to C‐T. Lin.
Indirect and direct laser driven shock waves and applications to copper equation of state measurements in the 10–40 Mbar pressure range

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

High quality shock waves with direct- and indirect-laser drive were generated. We used the phase zone plate smoothing technique in the case of direct drive and thermal x rays from laser heated cavities in the case of indirect drive. The possibility of producing homogeneous, steady shock waves without significant preheating effects with both methods has been proved. By using such shocks, copper equation of state measurements have been performed up to 40 Mbar, which was previously obtained only with nuclear explosions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Knowledge Management: A Key Ingredient in Tackling Terrorism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article considers the way in which the police service in England and Wales and other agencies use intelligence and knowledge to combat the threat of terrorist activity. It focuses upon the application of intelligence and highlights the role of knowledge management, describing the process involved. It also critically analyses how intelligence is captured, stored, processed and shared, and suggests methods of improving the use of such intelligence to provide a more effective and efficient way of tackling terrorism and other serious, organised crime.
The technology of harvester working in selective felling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Formula of harvester performance with divided of processing time of one tree into components is represented. Analyzed duration of components the time cycle of wood processing, it is concluded that the manipulation duration of hydraulic manipulator is changing at work on different technologies of harvester and thus constituting the processing time of one tree. According to the first technology from one operating position felling is provided by a larger number of trees and by this technology performance is higher than the second. When selecting technology work of the harvester necessary to consider the particular working conditions (density of plantings, soil conditions).
Gamal M. El-Shabrawy and Henri J. Dumont

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

As Lake Nasser-Nubia became filled to capacity in the 1990s, a side valley (the New Valley) to the west of the main lake at Khor Toshka was flooded. Around 2002, this had created four additional lakes, with a maximum surface area of ca 1,500 km 2 , holding about 5 × 10 9 m 3 of water. Part of this evaporates, and part recharges the underlying aquifer. Around 2006, however, with a dwindling water supply, the lakes had started shrinking, and lake 3 even dried out. At the beginning of the flooding, a more or less truncated Nile fauna and flora invaded the Toshka valley, and soon up to 7,000 t of fish (mainly Tilapia and Lates) was harvested from the lakes, but currently the westernmost lake shows a rapidly increasing salinity. The zooplankton, for example, reacts by a striking impoverishment.
Mechanistic Investigations of Ethylbenzene Disproportionation over Medium-Pore Zeolites with Different Framework Topologies

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ethylbenzene disproportionation has long been recognized as a useful test reaction for distinguishing between medium- and large-pore zeolites because medium-pore materials show neither an induction period nor a diethylbenzene deficit, unlike large-pore ones. Hence, the mechanism of this reaction over all medium-pore zeolites has been regarded as simply monomolecular to date. Here, we demonstrate that the pore architecture of medium-pore zeolites strongly influences the type of main reaction intermediates of ethylbenzene disproportionation and, thus, that of the prevailing reaction mechanism: dual-cycle diphenylethane-mediated, bimolecular diphenylethane-mediated, or monomolecular ethyl-transfer reaction pathway. To our knowledge, our study provides more manifest experimental evidence for the transition state shape selectivity in zeolite catalysis than has ever been reported.
X monosomy in the endangered Kiso horse breed detected by a parentage test using sex chromosome linked genes and microsatellites

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A routine parentage test as part of a conservation program for Kiso horses identified a possible sex chromosome anomaly in a 7 months-old filly because of an aberrant result using LEX3, an X-linked marker. We then analyzed X-linked markers (LEX26, TKY38, and TKY270), Y-linked markers (Eca.YH12, Eca.YM2, Eca.YA16, and the sex-determining region Y gene), and an X/Y marker (Amelogenin gene). This analysis demonstrated that the filly had not inherited an X chromosome from her sire. A karyotyping analysis confirmed that the filly was 63,XO. As it was suspected that the horse would be sterile, we avoided using the horse as a broodmare; the information should also serve to prevent unnecessary conflict between owners transferring and receiving the horse.
Modal Analysis of Tire In-Plane Vibration

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper presents experimental modal analysis of a non-rotating tire for two boundary conditions. The tire is excited by a hammer and the responses are measured in tangential and radial direction with accelerometers Mode shapes and frequencies are assessed from the measured frequency response functions. These experimental results are compared with the modes of a theoretical tire ring model, where tire is modeled as a circular beam that is able to deform in radial and tangential direction. The partial differential equation of the tire ring model is solved using the modal expansion method resulting in a modal description of the free tire vibration. The parameters of the model are established from the measured frequencies of the free tire.</div>
Mortality from adverse drug reactions in adult medical inpatients at four hospitals in South Africa: a cross‐sectional survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims Fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are important causes of death, but data from resource‐limited settings are scarce. We determined the proportion of deaths in South African medical inpatients attributable to ADRs, and their preventability, stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Methods We reviewed the folders of all patients who died over a 30 day period in the medical wards of four hospitals. We identified ADR‐related deaths (deaths where an ADR was ‘possible’, ‘probable’ or ‘certain’ using WHO‐UMC criteria and where the ADR contributed to death). We determined preventability according to previously published criteria. Results ADRs contributed to the death of 2.9% of medical admissions and 56 of 357 deaths (16%) were ADR‐related. Tenofovir, rifampicin and co‐trimoxazole were the most commonly implicated drugs. 43% of ADRs were considered preventable. The following factors were independently associated with ADR‐related death: HIV‐infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6, 12), exposure to more than seven drugs (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3, 4.8) and increasing comorbidity score (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.7). Conclusions In our setting, where HIV and tuberculosis are highly prevalent, fatal in‐hospital ADRs were more common than reported in high income settings. Most deaths were attributed to drugs used in managing HIV and tuberculosis. A large proportion of the ADRs were preventable, highlighting the need to strengthen systems for health care worker training and support.
Marital Status, Alcohol Consumption, and Suicide: An Analysis of National Data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Les travaux a propos de l'influence du statut marital sur le risque de suicide ont neglige de prendre en consideration la consommation d'alcool. Il n'est pas clair que le statut marital ait un effet direct sur le suicide. L'etude presente montre qu'une faible integration conjugale augmente significativement le risque de suicide, independemment de la consommation d'alcool. La consommation d'alcool est toutefois plus etroitement liee au risque de suicide qu'une faible integration conjugale. L'analyse met en evidence la validite du lien entre integration conjugale et suicide
Risk factors, treatment and outcomes of subacute thyroiditis secondary to COVID‐19: a systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background COVID‐19 is known to cause an acute respiratory illness, although clinical manifestations outside of the respiratory tract may occur. Early reports have identified SARS‐CoV‐2 as a cause of subacute thyroiditis (SAT). Methods A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE, Web of Science and PubMed databases were queried in February 2021 for studies from December 2019 to February 2021. MeSH search terms ‘COVID‐19’, ‘SARS‐CoV‐2’ and ‘coronavirus’ along with search terms ‘thyroiditis’, ‘thyrotoxicosis’ and ‘thyroid’ were used. Descriptive statistics for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables were calculated. Results Fifteen publications reporting on 17 individual cases of COVID‐19‐induced SAT were identified. Age ranged from 18 to 69 years. The majority (14 of 17; 82%) of cases were female. The delay between onset of respiratory symptoms and diagnosis of SAT ranged from 5 to 49 days (mean, 26.5). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome related to viral infection was uncommonly reported at the time of SAT diagnosis. Thyroid ultrasonography frequently reported an enlarged hypoechoic thyroid with decreased vascularity and heterogenous echotexture. Elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) was common at the time of SAT diagnosis, with results ranging from 4.5 to 176 mg/L (mean, 41 mg/L). Antithyroid antibodies were frequently negative. SAT‐specific treatment included corticosteroids for 12 of 17 (70.5%) patients. Most returned to normal thyroid status. Conclusion COVID‐19‐associated SAT may be difficult to identify in a timely manner due to potential absence of classic symptoms, as well as cross‐over of common clinical features between COVID‐19 and thyrotoxicosis.
Quantum Three-Body Calculation of the Nonresonant Triple- Reaction Rate at Low Temperatures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The triple-\alpha reaction rate is re-evaluated by directly solving the three-body Schr\"odinger equation. The resonant and nonresonant processes are treated on the same footing using the continuum-discretized coupled-channels method for three-body scattering. Accurate description of the \alpha-\alpha nonresonant states significantly quenches the Coulomb barrier between the two-\alpha's and the third \alpha particle. Consequently, the \alpha-\alpha nonresonant continuum states below the resonance at 92.04 keV, i.e., the ground state of 8Be, give markedly larger contribution at low temperatures than in foregoing studies. We show that Nomoto's method for three-body nonresonant capture processes, which is adopted in the NACRE compilation and many other studies, is a crude approximation of the accurate quantum three-body model calculation. We find about 20 orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the triple-\alpha reaction rate around 10^7 K compared to the rate of NACRE.
Romidepsin (depsipeptide) Induces Clinically Significant Responses in Treatment-Refractory CTCL: An International, Multicenter Study.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Romidepsin is a bicyclic peptide that inhibits Class I and II HDACs. Piekarz et al noted responses to romidepsin in CTCL (ASCO, 2004). This pivotal phase II study sought to confirm the activity. Methods: This single arm, open label study enrolled CTCL (Stages 1B–1VA), including MF and Sézary syndrome (SS) patients (pts) from ∼40 sites in Europe, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and the US. Pts with biopsy-proven CTCL (centrally reviewed) who failed ≥1 prior systemic therapy received romidepsin at 14 mg/m2 as a 4-hour IV infusion on Days 1, 8, and 15 q 28 days for up to 6 cycles but could continue if deriving benefit. Eligibility criteria included adequate organ function and ECOG PS ≤ 1. Exclusions included significant CV abnormality or treatment with QTc-prolonging or CYP3A4-inhibiting drugs. The primary endpoint is response rate measured by a combination of imaging, circulating malignant T-cell counts and a weighted scoring instrument to determine skin involvement (confirmed by photography). Target accrual of 64 evaluable pts (i.e. received 2 courses) has been reached and the study will close. Results: 92 pts were eligible with 68 evaluable for efficacy per protocol. Responses in evaluable pts are 1 CR, 3 CCRs, 20 PRs, 40 SD and 4 PD for an ORR of 35% (duration 2–21 months). Of pts who received ≥1 dose, the ORR is 26% (24/92) but includes 5 too early to be assessed. Median time to response is 8 weeks (range 4 – 20). Responses by stage at entry in evaluable pts, as available: Stage IB-IIA 7/23 (30%); Stage IIB-IVA 15/37 (41%). In pts with pruritus at baseline i.e. score of ≥ 30 mm on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), relief of ≥ 30 mm from baseline or a VAS score of 0 (no itching) for at least 2 cycles, was seen in 18/38 pts (47%). In those pts with severe pruritus (VAS score ≥70 mm), 14/24 (58%) experienced relief of itching. Adverse event (AE) data are available for 75 pts. AEs were reported in 54/75 (72%) of dosed pts but Grade (G) 3/4 events in only 12/75 (16%). Most frequent AEs are nausea/vomiting (G2) fatigue (G2/3), myelosuppression (G2/3), and asymptomatic ECG changes (transient mild QTc prolongation and nonspecific ST-T wave abnormalities). Thirteen pts withdrew due to AEs but there were no treatment-related deaths although 4 pts died of PD and 1 from right ventricular failure. Serious AEs considered possibly, probably or likely related to treatment were reported in 12 pts. Of these, 8 had ≥G3 events: tumor lysis, cardiac tamponade, sepsis, constipation, oral candidiasis, dermatitis, hyperglycemia/vomiting/nausea and bradyarrhythmia/atrial fibrillation. Conclusions: This study confirms the efficacy of romidepsin in treatment-refractory CTCL including relief of pruritus and an encouraging response rate with 4 CCR (1 pathology-confirmed). The low rate of discontinuation due to AEs and prolonged treatment duration of some patients illustrate that toxicity has been manageable.