jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Generation of the Volatile Spiroketals Conophthorin\nand Chalcogran by Fungal Spores on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Common\nto Almonds and Pistachios

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The\nspiroketal (<i>E</i>)-conophthorin has recently been\nreported as a semiochemical of the navel orangeworm moth, a major\ninsect pest of California pistachios and almonds. Conophthorin and\nthe isomeric spiroketal chalcogran are most commonly known as semiochemicals\nof several scolytid beetles. Conophthorin is both an insect- and plant-produced\nsemiochemical widely recognized as a nonhost plant volatile from the\nbark of several angiosperm species. Chalcogran is the principal aggregation\npheromone component of the six-spined spruce bark beetle. Recent research\nhas shown conophthorin is produced by almonds undergoing hull-split,\nand both spiroketals are produced by mechanically damaged almonds.\nTo better understand the origin of these spiroketals, the volatile\nemissions of orchard fungal spores on fatty acids common to both pistachios\nand almonds were evaluated. The volatile emission for the first 13\ndays of spores placed on a fatty acid was monitored. The spores investigated\nwere Aspergillus flavus (atoxigenic), <i>A. flavus</i> (toxigenic), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium glabrum, and Rhizopus\nstolonifer. The fatty acids used as growth media were\npalmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. Spores on linoleic acid\nproduced both spiroketals, those on linolenic acid produced only chalcogran,\nand those on palmitic and oleic acid did not produce either spiroketal.\nThis is the first report of the spiroketals conophthorin and chalcogran\nfrom a fungal source.
Peran Modal Sosial dalam Melestarikan Subak Bukti Batan Badung di Desa Gulingan Kecamatan Mengwi Kabupaten Badung

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Role of Social Capital in Preserving Subak Bukti Batan Badung in GulinganVillage, Mengwi Sub-district, Badung Regency Subak Bukti Batan Badung is one of the subaks found in Bali. The area of Subak BuktiBatan Badung was previously 65,25 hectares and had undergone land conversion of7,25 hectares. Seeing the current development, it is highly likely that the existence ofSubak Bukti Batan Badung could be threatened. Thus, there is a need for the role ofsocial capital is preserving Subak Bukti Batan Badung. The data analysis method usedwas descriptivr qualitative.The results of this study showed that social capital owned bySubak Bukti Batan Badung to keep its sustainability was good which could be seen in:(1) the farmer’s belief in other farmers, the farmer’s belief in subak administrators,farmer’s belief in the government program and religious rituals, and the farmer’e beliefin the cooperatives, (2) the norms; awig-awig owned was not strong enough to suppressland conversion. Other norms were still strong and obeyed by all the subak member. (3)The social network owned could br said to be good, it could be seen from subak’srelationship with banjar/adat village, subak relationship with Public Work andAgricultural Departements.The suggestion that can be made from this research is toreinforce regulation accompanied bu sanction for related parties violating the awig-awigand awareness of subak members not to do land conversion.
Structures and transformations of the bacteriochlorophylls e and their bacteriopheophorbides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Methyl bacteriopheophorbides e (Bpheo e) isolated from Chlorobium phaeovibrioides (NCIB no. 4832 and strain B1-28) and Br. zenitani were investigated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Structures of individual Bpheo e homologues were examined by NMR spectroscopy and were found to be consistent with previous literature proposals, but with one exception. The stereochemistry at the chiral 2-(1-hydroxyethyl) position was found to change from primarily (R) for the 4-ethyl-5-ethyl homologue to primarily (S) for the 4-isobutyl-5-ethyl compound. This observation is consistent with what has been reported for the Bpheo c and Bpheo d. Identification of the 2-(1-hydroxyethyl) group in the Bpheo e was facilitated by their transformation into the Bpheo c without loss of diastereomeric purity. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Output Growth and Output Variability: Quantifying Connections and Tradeoffs

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Summary We study the historical trends in the coverage of the related topics growth and stability in the field of macroeconomics. It is argued that over the past 25 years research on growth has quantitatively dominated research on output variability. The article seeks to make a contribution to an integrated study of output growth and output volatility. This integration builds on ideas proposed by Fischer Black. We clarify Black’s contribution and show that the variability of output depends on the level of output as well as on the growth rate of output. The study then focuses on the experience of OECD countries since 1970. Based on statistical estimates we document the minimal (or efficient) level of output variability that a country could have achieved over the last four decades. This normative benchmark is similar to the notion of a tradeoff between portfolio return and portfolio variance known from the field of finance. A country’s excessive level of output variability suggests necessary improvements in the design of stabilization and regulation policies. The international comparison of countries based on this approach indicates that many (although not all) of the high growth economies have experienced output variability significantly above the efficient level.
Effectiveness of an educational intervention in promoting antibiotic awareness among 8th to 10th grade students in Kerala, India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of a training program on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of antimicrobial resistance determinants among high school students in Kerala, India. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 8th – 10th grade students for six months in a high school in Kerala, India . This study consisted of a baseline assessment of consenting participants, educational intervention using PowerPoint slides, and post-intervention assessment. Assessments were done using a validated Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior questionnaire. Results: Among the 223 eligible students in the selected school, 159 (71.3%) participated in the study. The follow-up rate was 93.08%. Considering a p-value of less than 0.05 to be statistically significant, there was a statistically significant difference in the knowledge (pre-intervention mean score = 6.26 ± 2.06, post-intervention mean score = 7.44 ± 1.81), attitude (pre-intervention mean score = 2.51 ± 1.13, post-intervention mean score = 3.29 ± 1.19), and behavior (pre-intervention score = 4.27 ± 1.40, post-intervention score = 4.74 ± 1.38) of study participants. Conclusion: Educational intervention based on improving the knowledge, attitude, and practice of school children is an effective strategy to address the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
Femtosecond photoemission electron microscopy of surface plasmon polariton beam steering via nanohole arrays

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Directional control over surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves is a prerequisite for the development of miniaturized optical circuitry. Here, the efficacy of single and dual component SPP steering elements is explored through photoemission electron microscopy. Our imaging scheme relies on two-color photoemission and counter-propagating SPP generation, which collectively allow SPPs to be visualized in real space. Wave-vector difference mixing between the two-dimensional nanohole array and photon momenta enables SPP steering with directionality governed by the array lattice constant and input photon direction. In our dual component configuration, separate SPP generation and Bragg diffraction based steering optics are employed. We find that array Bragg planes principally influence the SPP angles through the array band structure, which allows us to visualize both positive and negative refractory waves.
A Review of the Odontogenic Keratocyst and Report of a Case

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental, non – inflammatory chronic cystic lesion, on radiograph it may be unilocular or multi locular OKC is a cyst of odontogenic origin, usually asymptomatic with an aggressive clinical behavior including a high recurrence rate and tendency to invade bone and adjacent soft tissues. Diagnosis is based on the clinical history, clinical appearance, and radiographs and histology. A case of odontogenic keratocyst involving the ramus of the mandible is presented in this article emphasizing on the characteristics and various features of OKC.
Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in Oat and Soya Drinks by Enterocin AS‐48 in Combination with Other Antimicrobials

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The presence of toxicogenic Staphylococcus aureus in foods and the dissemination of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the food chain are matters of concern. In the present study, the circular bacteriocin enterocin AS‐48, applied singly or in combination with phenolic compounds (carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, and citral) or with 2‐nitro‐1‐propanol (2NPOH), was investigated in the control of a cocktail made from 1 methicillin‐sensitive and 1 MRSA strains inoculated on commercial oat and soya drinks. Enterocin AS‐48 exhibited low bactericidal activity against staphylococci in the drinks investigated when applied singly. The combinations of sub‐inhibitory concentrations of enterocin AS‐48 (25 μg/mL) and phenolic compounds or 2NPOH caused complete inactivation of staphylococci in the drinks within 24 h of incubation at 22 °C. When tested in oat and soya drinks stored for 7 d at 10 °C, enterocin AS‐48 (25 μg/mL) in combination with 2NPOH (5.5 mM) reduced viable counts rapidly in the case of oat drink (4.2 log cycles after 12 h) or slowly in soya drink (3.8 log cycles after 3 d). The same combined treatment applied on drinks stored at 22 °C achieved a fast inactivation of staphylococci within 12 to 24 h in both drinks, and no viable staphylococci were detected for up to 7 d of storage. Results from the study highlight the potential of enterocin AS‐48 in combination with 2NPOH for inactivation of staphylococci.
1 Prevalence of nutritional supplement and performance enhancing drug use in recreational exercisers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Nutritional supplement use in elite athletes is widespread despite a lack of evidence supporting beneficial effects of many of these substances. Little is known, however, about the use of nutritional supplements or performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) in non-elite recreational exercisers. In this study, 114 regular exercisers voluntarily and anonymously completed a basic questionnaire outlining their use, type, reasons for use as well as purchase and information source regarding nutritional supplements. Additionally, participants were asked if they had been offered PED and, if so, what they had been offered. In total, 72% of participants indicated that they regularly used nutritional supplements. Of these, 12% reported taking only one supplement with 76% reporting taking 2–4 supplements and 12% reporting taking five or more supplements. Protein or amino acid powder (74%), sports drinks (69%), creatine (46%) and multivitamins (46%) were the most commonly reported supplements. 90% of supplement users reported multiple reasons for use with providing energy (67%), improving performance (62%) and increasing strength (57%) the main reasons given. The internet (65%) was the most common place supplements were purchased from followed by a nutrition shop in person (55%). The internet was the most common place (76%) that information regarding supplements was obtained followed by friends or family (36%) and the product label (30%). Of the 114 respondents, 28% reported having been offered PEDs with 91% of these being offered anabolic steroids. In total, only 7 respondents (6%) reported having taken PEDs. The results of this study suggest that the use of nutritional supplements is very common amongst non-elite recreational exercisers. Many people obtain both information and products from the internet which increases the risk of inaccurate information and the chances of contaminated supplements being purchased.
Oxidative stress in the alveolar lavage fluid of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To investigate the correlation between oxidative stress in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and the clinical characteristics of severe MPP (SMPP) and refractory MPP (RMPP). Methods Clinical and BALF‐related data were collected from 83 patients with MPP, of which 29 had SMPP and 54 had general MPP (GMPP); 37 patients were in the RMPP group and 46 in the non‐RMPP group. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) as well as the activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) in BALF were detected. Logistic regression analyses were performed on MDA, AOPP, SOD, GSH‐PX, gender, heat peak, neutrophil percentage, C‐reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, d ‐dimer, lung consolidation, sputum embolus, and pleural effusion. Results The levels of MDA and AOPP in the BALF of the MPP group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( p < .05), whereas SOD and GSH‐PX levels were lower than those in the control group ( p < .05). The BALF AOPP levels in the RMPP group were higher than those in the non‐RMPP group, and the SOD and GSH‐PX levels in the BALF were lower than those in the non‐RMPP group; the difference was statistically significant ( p < .05). The levels of MDA and AOPP in the BALF of children in the SMPP group were higher than those in the GMPP group, and the levels of SOD and GSH‐PX were lower than those in the GMPP group, with statistically significant differences ( p < .05). The C‐index of the logistic regression model was 0.960 (95% confidence interval 0.958–0.963), which indicates that the model has good predictive ability. Conclusion Advanced oxidation protein products may be a marker for predicting the conditions of SMPP and RMPP, and the prediction model can assess the risk of progression in children to RMPP, which is conducive to clinical diagnosis and treatment.
How to Make a 29% Increase Look Bigger: The Unit Effect in Option Comparisons

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Quantitative information can appear in different units (e.g., 7-year warranty = 84-month warranty). This article demonstrates that attribute differences appear larger on scales with a higher number of units; expressing quality information on such an expanded scale makes consumers switch to a higher-quality option. Testifying to its practical importance, expressing the energy content of snacks in kilojoules rather than kilocalories increases the choice of a healthy snack. The unit effect occurs because consumers focus on the number rather than the type of units in which information is expressed (numerosity effect). Therefore, reminding consumers of alternative units in which information can be expressed eliminates the unit effect. Finally, the unit effect moderates relative thinking: consumers are more sensitive to relative attribute differences when the attribute is expressed on expanded scales. The relation with anchoring and implications for temporal discounting and loyalty programs are discussed.
Online dyslexia screening test for Malaysian young adults in Bahasa Melayu

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Identifying potentially dyslexics among Malaysian young adults could be a difficult task. This is due to lack of awareness about the impacts of dyslexia to young adults, and partly because of the current dyslexia awareness programs in Malaysia are mainly focused on the intervention program for children with dyslexia. Therefore, through this study an online dyslexia-screening test known as MaDIST was developed in Bahasa Melayu targeting the Malaysian young adults. Related study shows that reading assessment is crucial in diagnosing potentially dyslexic among young adults. The development of MaDIST is part of the preliminary work to gather data about dyslexia among young adults in Malaysia — at present, there is lack of accessible data about prevalence dyslexia among the young adults. Despite the fact that many of young adults have been able to overcome their difficulties but most of them describe their childhood experience as 'growing up in shame and blame'. This has significantly affected their self-esteem and life opportunities in a long term — although related studies indicate that dyslexic are gifted with profound talents in various fields such as arts, businesses and science. Future work from this study aims to assist Malaysian young adults with dyslexia to overcome their difficulties in life especially in studies by providing them with more information on learning strategies and intervention programs about dyslexia in Malaysia.
Model Pendampingan Masyarakat Untuk Peningkatan Kunjungan Wisata di Desa Wisata Kreatif Perdamaian

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Desa Wisata Kreatif Perdamaian (DWKP) has the potential to be developed but is constrained by the lack of optimism of tourism actors, tourist attractions that are not attractive to tourists, and the lack of support from the Poncoruso Village community in the development of tourism villages. Community service is aimed at providing solutions related to the problems faced by DWKP. Community service is carried out by providing motivation for managers related to the lack of optimism of tourism actors, encouraging community participation in supporting tourism villages, and strengthening tourism village organizations
International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

hedge funds, hedging strategies, high frequency econometrics, market microstructure, mergers and acquisitions, option pricing, pension schemes, portfolio management and performance assessment, quantitative finance, real estate finance and options, historical finance, liquidity risk, volatility and correlation modelling.Purpose: To support research in the field.Eligibility: Open to candidates with an
Evaluation of a Cold Staining Method for Detecting Acid Fast Bacilli in the Sputum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microscopic examination of sputum is the cornerstone in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing world, which usually done by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method. However, due to limited laboratory facilities this procedure appears to be adversely affected in field conditions and at peripheral health institutions. Hence, it has become necessary to look for a procedure, which can be used as alternative in such conditions. We evaluated cold staining method for detection of acid fast bacilli in sputum smears. Total 587consecutive sputum samples both spot and early morning from 300 patients were collected and were stained with both Z-N stain and cold AFB stain and results were compared. Out of 300 patients, a total of 58 (19.3%) were AFB positive by Z-N stain and 55 (18.3%) were positive by cold staining method. By comparing the two we get sensitivity of 94.83%, Specificity of 100%; Positive predictive value of 100%, and Negative predictive value of 98.78% by cold staining method against Z-N stain.
Psychosemiotics and Libraries: Identifying Signways in Library Informational Guides, Games, and Tutorials

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Tutorials and digital learning objects provide librarians a quick, concise mechanism for delivering information and training on a wide range of library topics. The semiotic theory promoted by Charles Sanders Peirce (Wiener, 1958) and Howard Smith (2005) Smith, H. A. 2005. Peircean theory, psychosemiotics, and education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 37(2): 100–205. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] contains implications for enhancing the effectiveness of library tutorials through the interrelationship of signs and literacies. This paper provides examples of instruction and information delivery through various signways in tutorials and gaming devices from academic library Web sites, as well as PRIMO and the Information Literacy Resource Bank. Foremost, librarians can use these examples to design their digital guides and tutorials to deliver information through multiple signways, thereby enhancing students’ meaning-making.
Gulf states' ties with Iraqi Kurdistan face limits

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Significance Amid a tightening of control by the Iraqi central government, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), particularly the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), is attempting to enhance diplomatic relations with Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, open new export markets with them and attract inward investment. Impacts If Iraqi Kurdistan is included in the Development Road project it will significantly boost GCC trade and investment flows with the KRI. Improved relations between Turkey and Gulf countries will benefit the KDP, which allegedly helped foster the rapprochement. The next generation of Iraqi Kurdish leaders will build on relations with GCC leaders. The lack of a common GCC strategy on the KRI will curtail investment and trade opportunities.
Supplemental studies on the pharmacology of coriamyrtin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1) Toxicological studies of coriamyrtin were performed on mice and frogs. The characteristic symptoms were the clonic and tetanic convulsion similar to those of picrotoxin. 2) No significant effects were observed on the frog heart in situ, sino-auricular preparation of toad, auricular muscle strip, intestine, uterus and ear vein, latter four of which had been isolated from rabbits. Likewise, there was no special result with regard to the oxygen consumption of rabbit brain slices. 3) With the intravenous injections of 0.1 to 0.2mg/kg, the carotid blood pressure. of rabbit was raised markedly and kept at this level for about 15 to 20 min., while in the range of those doses, convulsion was not observed, and neither vagotomy nor atropinization modified the rise of blood pressure. 4) The pressor action of coriamyrtin was prevented by the previous administration of synaptolytics as well as adrenolytics. 5) Similar effects were also observed on the blood pressure of cat ; but in the spinal cat, neither a rise of blood pressure nor a typical convulsion were observed.