jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Smart DNA Nanoassembly Containing Multivalent Aptamers Enables Controlled Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for Cancer Immunotherapy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract CRISPR/Cas9 system is promising for the reversal of tumor immunosuppression in immunotherapy, but the controlled delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 remains challenging. Herein, the study reported a smart DNA nanoassembly containing multivalent aptamers, realizing the controlled delivery of Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. A single‐stranded DNA complementary to sgRNA in the Cas9/sgRNA RNP can initiate a cascade‐clamped hybridization chain reaction (C‐HCR) to wrap the Cas9/sgRNA RNP up in the DNA nanoassembly. After selective internalization of DNA nanoassembly by cancer cells, Cas9/sgRNA RNP is released to cytoplasm in response to endogenous RNase H and enters the nuclei to knock out β‐catenin. The expression of the programmed death‐ligand one gene is effectively suppressed, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is reprogrammed. Meanwhile, the migration of cancer cells is inhibited, and the apoptosis of cancer cells is promoted. In a breast cancer mouse model, the administration of DNA nanoassembly effectively increased the infiltration of CD8 + T cells, eventually achieving high therapeutic efficacy.
Effect of angelica polysaccharide on bone marrow macrophage and its relationship to hematopoietic regulation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the effect of angelica polysaccharide (APS) on bioactivity of bone marrow macrophage (BMMΦ) and its relationship to hematopoietic regulation, for clarifying the hematonic mechanism of Angelica sinensis. Methods The techniques of hematopoietic progenitor cell culture and BMMΦ culture in vitro, biological assay of hematopoietic growth factor (HGF) in culture media of BMMΦ, immunocytochemistry, and nucleic acid in situ hybridization were used. Results The culture supernatant of BMMΦ induced by APS can enhance the CFU-Mix, CFU-E, CFU-GM; the expression of erythropoietin (EPO), GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6 protein in BMMΦ induced by APS was much stronger than that in the control group at different levels; the expression of EPO mRNA and GM-CSF mRNA in BMMΦ induced by APS were intensified. Conclusion APS may directly and/or indirectly stimulate the BMMΦ in hematopoietic inductive microenvironment to accelerate the synthesis and secretion of hematopoietic regulation factors on the basis of gene and protein level, such as EPO, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, which in turn to promote the proliferation and differentiation of CFU-Mix, CFU-E, and CFU-GM.
Frame-based Poisson image restoration using a proximal linearized alternating direction method

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The restoration problem for Poissonian images, arising in medical and astronomical applications, is an active research area. The associated optimization models are quite challenging since the fidelity term of the problem is not a quadratic function and the regularizer is usually nonsmooth. Recently, the augmented Lagrangian-based alternating direction method has been proposed to solve the total-variation-regularized convex model, frame-based analysis model and frame-based synthesis model. In this paper, we propose a frame-based balanced Poisson image restoration model and a proximal linearized alternating direction (PLAD) method to solve the proposed model. Unlike the augmented Lagrangian-based alternating direction method, the proposed PLAD algorithm does not require any inner iterations or inverses due to the replacement of the quadratic term of the augmented function by the sum of its linearization and the proximal function. We establish global convergence under mild conditions. The proposed method is highly parallelizable and it is thus suitable for large-scale image restoration problems. Numerical results show that the proposed framework, i.e., frame-based balanced model and the PLAD method outperforms analysis and synthesis models for Poisson image restoration problems in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio.
Fault Valving and Pore Pressure Evolution in Simulations of Earthquake Sequences and Aseismic Slip

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Fault-zone fluids control effective normal stress and fault strength. While most earthquake models assume a fixed pore fluid pressure distribution, geologists have documented fault valving behavior, that is, cyclic changes in pressure and unsteady fluid migration along faults. Here we quantify fault valving through 2-D antiplane shear simulations of earthquake sequences on a strike-slip fault with rate-and-state friction, upward Darcy flow along a permeable fault zone, and permeability evolution. Fluid overpressure develops during the interseismic period, when healing/sealing reduces fault permeability, and is released after earthquakes enhance permeability. Coupling between fluid flow, permeability and pressure evolution, and slip produces fluid-driven aseismic slip near the base of the seismogenic zone and earthquake swarms within the seismogenic zone, as ascending fluids pressurize and weaken the fault. This model might help explain observations of late interseismic fault unlocking, slow slip and creep transients, swarm seismicity, and rapid pressure/stress transmission in induced seismicity sequences.
Joule heating of solid state lighting

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This project involved the finite element modeling on joule heating of Solid State Lighting (SSL). In this project, a specific failure mechanism-Joule heating that degrades the lifespan of SSL was targeted. Joule heating had reduced both the optical efficiency and lifespan of SSL. As a certain amount of current was passed through the diode, part of the input power will be dissipated as heat. This prevents 100% power conversion into optical which means a reduction in efficiency. Hence, by simulating the SSL using a finite element program-COMSOL, we would be able to target the junction temperature of the SSL, which was unachievable experimentally, when a current was passed through. From there we could have a better understanding of the temperature variation across the multi-layered SSL against the power drop across the layers of different semiconductor materials within the SSL model. To conclusion, the distribution of heat would be drawn up and analyzed as to which part of the entire SSL model was the one contributing to more heat as power was lost.
Local bounds for stochastic reaction diffusion equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove a priori bounds for solutions of stochastic reaction diffusion equations with super-linear damping in the reaction term. These bounds provide a control on the supremum of solutions on any compact space-time set which only depends on the specific realisation of the noise on a slightly larger set and which holds uniformly over all possible space-time boundary values. This constitutes a space-time version of the so-called 'coming down from infinity' property. Bounds of this type are very useful to control the large scale behaviour of solutions effectively and can be used, for example, to construct solutions on the full space even if the driving noise term has no decay at infinity. Our method shows the interplay of the large scale behaviour, dictated by the non-linearity, and the small scale oscillations, dictated by the rough driving noise. As a by-product we show that there is a close relation between the regularity of the driving noise term and the integrability of solutions.
HCP-4/CENP-C Promotes the Prophase Timing of Centromere Resolution by Enabling the Centromere Association of HCP-6 in Caenorhabditis elegans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Prior to microtubule capture, sister centromeres resolve from one another, coming to rest on opposite surfaces of the condensing chromosome. Subsequent assembly of sister kinetochores at each sister centromere generates a geometry favorable for equal levels of segregation of chromatids. The holocentric chromosomes of Caenorhabditis elegans are uniquely suited for the study of centromere resolution and subsequent kinetochore assembly. In C. elegans, only two proteins have been identified as being necessary for centromere resolution, the kinase AIR-2 (prophase only) and the centromere protein HCP-4/CENP-C. Here we found that the loss of proteins involved in chromosome cohesion bypassed the requirement for HCP-4/CENP-C but not for AIR-2. Interestingly, the loss of cohesin proteins also restored the localization of HCP-6 to the kinetochore. The loss of the condensin II protein HCP-6 or MIX-1/SMC2 impaired centromere resolution. Furthermore, the loss of HCP-6 or MIX-1/SMC2 resulted in no centromere resolution when either nocodazole or RNA interference (RNAi) of the kinetochore protein KNL-1 perturbed spindle-kinetochore interactions. This result suggests that normal prophase centromere resolution is mediated by condensin II proteins, which are actively recruited to sister centromeres to mediate the process of resolution.
Reply on RC2

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Fire emissions influence radiation, climate, and ecosystems through aerosol radiative effects. These can drive rapid atmospheric and land surface adjustments which feed back to affect fire emissions. However, the magnitude of such feedback remains unclear on the global scale. Here, we quantify the impacts of fire aerosols on radiative forcing and the fast atmospheric response through direct, indirect, and albedo effects based on the two-way simulations using a well-established chemistry–climate–vegetation model. Globally, fire emissions cause a reduction of 0.565 ± 0.166 W m−2 in net radiation at the top of the atmosphere with dominant contributions by the aerosol indirect effect (AIE). Consequently, terrestrial surface air temperature decreases by 0.061 ± 0.165 ∘C with coolings of >0.25 ∘C over the eastern Amazon, the western US, and boreal Asia. Both the aerosol direct effect (ADE) and AIE contribute to such cooling, while the aerosol albedo effect (AAE) exerts an offset warming, especially at high latitudes. Land precipitation decreases by 0.180 ± 0.966 mm per month (1.78 % ± 9.56 %) mainly due to the inhibition in central Africa by AIE. Such a rainfall deficit further reduces regional leaf area index (LAI) and lightning ignitions, leading to changes in fire emissions. Globally, fire emissions reduce by 2 %–3 % because of the fire-induced fast responses in humidity, lightning, and LAI. The fire aerosol radiative effects may cause larger perturbations to climate systems with likely more fires under global warming.
US Navy Women's Experience of an Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Recent policy revisions allow greater inclusion of military women in operational and/or deployable positions (ie, shipboard, overseas, and war zone duty assignments), but these positions can create unique health care challenges. Military members are often transient due to deployments and change of duty stations, impacting timely follow‐up care for treatable health conditions. There has been minimal research on challenges or strategies in preventive health screening and follow‐up for US military women. Methods The purpose of this qualitative research study was to describe US Navy women's experiences with abnormal cervical cancer screenings requiring colposcopic follow‐up care. Ship‐ and shored‐based women receiving care at a military colposcopy clinic completed interviews about their experience. Two forms of narrative analysis, Labov's sociolinguistic structural analysis and Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis, were employed to gain a more robust understanding of the women's experiences. Results The sample was comprised of 26 women (16 ship‐based, 10 shore‐based). Five themes were identified: 1) It's like this bombshell (initial abnormal results notification); 2) I didn't understand (self‐discovery process); 3) Freaked (emotional toll); 4) It's kind of like this back and forth (scheduling and navigating care); and 5) It really opened my eyes (lessons learned). Discussion The women's stories highlighted some issues unique to military health care, such as operational demands and follow‐up care; other issues are likely common for most women learning about an abnormal cervical cancer screening result. Areas important for practice and future research include improving notification practices, providing information, understanding women's fear, and continuity of care. Research exploring educational initiatives and self‐management practices are critical within military populations.
AGRICULTURAL LENDING IN INDIA – TRENDS, ISSUES AND STRATEGIES

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Agriculture plays an important role in Indian Economy. Agricultural sector, an important component of Priority Sector Lending (PSL). For a country to be called as a prosperous country, the base is to what extent the country is strong in its growth under Agriculture. India is struggling to achieve the growth rate of 4% under Agriculture despite various initiatives taken by Government of India (GOI), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Reserve Bank of India and various other stake holders. Role of Indian Banks in providing technical and financial support to the farmers play a crucial role in various aspects of indicators which decides growth under Agriculture. Understanding well that nearly 80% of the farmers in India are coming under the purview of small and marginal farmer category, RBI fixed 8% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) as bench mark in the latest priority sector guidelines. No doubt that financing of agriculture by the commercial banks brought a change in economy of the farmers, yet financing to agriculture sector is not free from some issues and inconveniences. So this paper is an attempt to study and discuss the trends of agricultural lending in India, Issues and strategies to be adopted in near future for betterment of country’s development in various aspects of meeting demand and supply factors.
Ankle brachial index (ABI) in a cohort of older women in the Philippines: Prevalence of peripheral artery disease and predictors of ABI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rising in low and middle‐income countries, but studies of CVD epidemiology in such settings often focus on risk factors rather than measures of disease progression. Here we use the ankle brachial index (ABI) to assess the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) among older women living in Metropolitan Cebu, Philippines, and relationships between ABI and CVD risk factors and body composition. Methods ABI was measured using the Doppler technique in 538 female participants in the 2015 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (mean age 58 years, range 47‐78 years). ABI was related to a panel of CVD risk factors measured in 2005 and 2012, and to 2012 body composition measures. Results The prevalence of PAD (1.8%) was among the lowest reported in any comparably‐aged sample, and only 9.9% of participants had an ABI indicating borderline PAD risk. Smoking ( P < 0.011) and use of CVD medications ( P < 0.0001) predicted lower ABI (indicating higher PAD risk), which was also lower in relation to 2012 systolic blood pressure ( P < 0.054). ABI was unrelated to other CVD risk factors. An apparent protective relationship between body mass index (BMI) and ABI, noted in previous studies, was found to be confounded by protective relationships between ABI and fat free mass, height, and grip strength (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of PAD is low in Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey participants, and ABI was related to few CVD risk factors. Past reports of lower PAD risk in relation to BMI may reflect confounding by lean mass, which has protective relationships with ABI.
Places of Christian Worship and their Sacralization in Late Antiquity*

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The author examines how the places of Christian worship, first conceived as houses of prayer, increasingly came to be considered as sacred places at the end of Late Antiquity. Recent research on holy places in Palestine has shown how sites of Christian memory have been sacralized. The development of the cult of relics led to a dissociation between sacrality and geographical location, allowing for the transformation of any place of worship into a holy place. The opposition of some Christian theologians did not stop this evolution, but it was not achieved by the end of Late Antiquity.
Vibration Control Method for an Electric City Bus Driven by a Dual Motor Coaxial Series Drive System Based on Model Predictive Control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The response characteristics of the motor of an electric bus have many differences compared with those of traditional vehicle engines. During frequent acceleration and deceleration, the torque mutation has a severe impact on the transmission system because of the sensitive response characteristics of the electric bus motor. In this paper, an example of an electric city bus driven by a double-motor coaxial series drive system is presented. To reduce the impact on the transmission system caused by motor torque mutation, a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for vibration suppression of an electric city bus is proposed. In order to deduce the state equation and output equation of the transmission system, the model of transmission system is simplified, and based on the MPC method we describe the multi-objective problem as a weight objective function to obtain the MPC law to solve the optimization problem. In addition, we design a transmission control-MPC controller to achieve vibration control based on the MPC within vehicle control unit (VCU), and then improve the performance of the dynamic response of the transmission system. Finally, simulation and vehicle testing are used to verify the effect of the algorithm. The result shows that the torque control algorithm based on the MPC has a positive effect on suppressing vibration under certain weighting conditions.
[Features of surgical intervention in patients with cancer of oral cavity organs after a radical course of radiotherapy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The paper is concerned with the results of extended and combined operations on 58 patients, subjected to a previous radical course of beta-beam or combined (external and contact) irradiation for cancer of the oral cavity and oropharyngeal organs. Over 2 years after operation 50% of the patients are alive. Twenty-two patients died of tumor relapse, regional or distant metastases, one patient died of another tumor site, and 6 patients died from intercurrent diseases. The results obtained are indicative of the appropriateness of this kind of operations. The use of plastic surgery simultaneously with the removal of a primary tumor prevents severe postoperative complications.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING OPTIMAL REVENUE COLLECTION BY COUNTY GOVERNMENTS IN KENYA A CASE OF NAKURU COUNTY

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Effective running of devolved functions requires adequate resources. Currently the larger proportion of county government financial resources is sourced from the national government. This is attributed to the county governments’ insufficient capacity to mobilize revenues within their jurisdictions. This study aimed to establish how competence of revenue clerks and tax compliance influence optimal revenue collection. The study was conducted amongst account/financial employees, revenue clerks, and administrative staff of Nakuru county government, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design. A sample of 83 respondents was drawn from the target population using stratified random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was administered on the sampled respondents. The questionnaire pilot tested to authenticate its reliability and validity before it was administered in the final study. Both
Corrective Osteotomy with Autogenous Bone Graft with Callus after Malunion of Distal Radius Fracture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Corrective osteotomy with callus filling at fracture site for malunion after distal radius fracture is a rare technique, but it achieved a favorable postoperative outcome. The patient, 66-year-old female, visited our hospital 4 months after distal radius fracture. Corrective osteotomy of the distal radius was planned aiming at improving the wrist joint function, and was performed using a volar locking plate, then the bone defect was filled with callus as autogenous bone grafting. At 12 months after surgery, left wrist joint pain and the range of motion have improved, and the Mayo wrist score was excellent. To our knowledge, there has been no study on the treatment of bone defects by filling with callus. Since favorable bone fusion was achieved with callus, this treatment method may overcome the disadvantages of autogenous bone graft, such as pain at the donor region.
Salmonella typhimurium loci involved in survival within macrophages

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A set of Tn10 mutants of Salmonella typhimurium which have a diminished capacity to survive in murine macrophages and decreased virulence in mice has been described previously. In this study, we characterized 30 of these mutants and determined map locations of Tn10 insertions for 23 of these strains. In addition, short fragments of transposon-flanking DNA were cloned, and the nucleotide sequence was determined for 23 mutants. Seven mutants carried transposon insertions in known genes, representing six loci: htrA, prc, purD, fliD, nagA, and smpB. The possible roles of these genes in Salmonella virulence are discussed. One insertion was found to be in an unknown gene which shared homology with the open reading frames Bv' and Bv located in the pin inversion system of Shigella boydii. In one mutant, Tn10 was found to be inserted in a gene with significant homology to adhE of Escherichia coli and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The map location and degree of homology indicate that the Salmonella gene encodes a related, but different, dehydrogenase. In 14 of the mutants analyzed, Tn10 was inserted into genes which had no significant homologies to entries in the DNA and protein data bases. In conclusion, 16 insertions define loci, termed ims for impaired macrophage survival, which have not yet been described in S. typhimurium but have been shown previously to be necessary for full virulence in mice. Although most ims loci are distributed randomly throughout the genome, a cluster was found between 75 and 78 min on the Salmonella chromosome.
Fully decentralised multi‐area dynamic economic dispatch for large‐scale power systems via cutting plane consensus

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This study discusses the implementation of a fully decentralised optimisation for the multi‐area dynamic economic dispatch of large‐scale power systems based on the cutting plane consensus (CPC) algorithm. Each area constructs a local master problem to approximate the original problem by generating its own cutting planes and receiving cutting planes from other areas, hence an upper‐level coordinator is not required. Two modifications of the standard CPC algorithm have been developed. First, only the newest cutting planes are transmitted among different areas to reduce the amount of information transferred. Second, to reduce the required number of iterations, a cutting plane is deleted only if it is inactive over consecutive iterations. Theoretically, the convergence and correctness of this algorithm can be guaranteed for power systems with a wide range of scales without tuning the optimisation parameters, and a high‐quality suboptimal solution can still be obtained if the algorithm is prematurely terminated. The proposed method is applied to simulations of a three‐area IEEE Reliability Test System and an actual four‐area 2298‐bus provincial power system to demonstrate its effectiveness.