jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Essays on Son Preference in Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis is a collection of studies on son preference in Pakistan. The studies analyze the prevalence and strength of son preference and its effects on women’s childbearing. The role son preference plays in determining women's participation in intra-household decisionmaking is examined as are its effect on birth spacing, probability of risky births and role of maternal age at marriage in modifying gender-specific reproduction and development outcomes. We find strong evidence for both the revealed and stated preference for male offspring. The probability of continuing childbearing also decreases with the number of sons born. Furthermore, we find that women with at least one son have more say in ‘routine’ household decisions but not in financial decisions. Female participation in decision-making grows significantly with the number of sons but only up to the third parity. We find that women with at least one son are more likely to delay succeeding births. We obtain strong evidence at parity 1. The impact seems to dissipate beyond the second parity. Moreover, we find that marriage at 18 or later positively influence women’s preference for family’s sex composition. However, whether or not a woman married early or late does little to modify the male gender bias prevalent in parental investment. In light of these findings, we suggest policy measures that could help improve gender equity in the country.
Economic survey in 1965 for the six countries of the north African sub-region

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In 1965, as in 1964, export receipts continued to play a dominant role, directly or indirectly, in the economic development of the countries in the Sub-Region. These receipts were still coming for the most part from a few Commodities the production of which is exposed to numerous hazards such as drought, disease or closing of foreign markets in the case of agricultural produce. There have been bottlenecks in the case of mining production (phosphates ware more of less stationary in Morocco in 1965) and also in the case of petroleum (Algerian production was stationary in 1965 and production in Libya which had doubled in 1964, only increased by 41% in 1965),
Neuropsychological performance differences between two groups of probable-AD patients from different areas of Brazil

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT During normal aging there are some cognitive and behavioral changes similar to those observed in a transitional state or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early onset dementia, making it challenging for health care professionals to reach an accurate and reliable diagnosis. Objective: The current study examined the performance of two different groups of patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) on a neuropsychological test battery. Methods: Twenty-two AD patients from Brasília-DF (AD1) and thirty-four AD patients from Palmas-TO, northern Brazil (AD2), were selected and a short neuropsychological battery administered. To verify the reliability of these previous diagnoses of AD, both groups of patients were compared with a group of healthy controls. Results: AD patients showed cognitive deficit but scores were lower for the AD2 group compared with the AD1 group considering the cut-off point. Notably, patients from the AD1 group were older (p=0.004) and had less formal education (p<0.001) than those from the AD2 group. Comparing different cognitive domains between AD groups, post hoc analysis showed that the AD1 group was characterized by deficits in episodic memory retrieval (p<0.001), semantic memory (p<0.001) and verbal fluency (p<0.001). In contrast, the AD2 group showed lower scores in attention (p=0.007), executive functioning (p<0.001) and working memory (p<0.001). Conclusion: This pattern suggests that the Palma group of patients had a neuropsychological profile that was inconsistent with AD. Although the results of this study have important clinical implications, the effects of age, education, and gender on cognitive performance should be explored further.
Comment on amt-2023-100

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Global long-term stable wind fields are valuable information for climate analyses of atmospheric dynamics. Their monitoring remains a challenging task, given shortcomings of available observations. One promising option for progress is the use of radio occultation (RO) satellite data, based on which the winds are estimated using the geostrophic approximation. Hence, in this study we focus on two goals, explored through European Re-Analysis ERA5 and RO datasets, using monthly-mean January and July data over 2007–2020 with a 2.5° × 2.5° resolution. First, we compare actual and geostrophic ERA5 wind speeds to evaluate the validity of the geostrophic approximation. Second, we test how well ERA5 and RO geostrophic winds agree. We find the geostrophic approximation to work well within 2 m s-1 accuracy almost globally (5°–85° latitude), especially over the summer hemisphere; larger differences (more than 5 m s-1) may occur in the winter stratosphere. We noticed the effect of large mountain ranges on the wind flow as a wave-like pattern, also in the difference between RO and ERA5 geostrophic winds, pointing to effects of different geopotential height estimations. Generally, RO and ERA5 geostrophic winds showed very good agreement. In the long-term, systematic differences in decadal trends of higher than 0.5 m s-1 per decade were found at subtropical latitudes, mainly related to observing system changes in the year 2016 that influenced ERA5. Together with the validity of the geostrophic approximation, this indicates that the long-term stability of RO-derived wind field monitoring can provide added value to reanalysis winds, for the benefit of climate monitoring and analyses.
Beach Changes Triggered by Ground Subsidence and Waves Generated by Easterly Trade Wind near Pekalongan on North Shore of Java Island

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The shoreline recession caused by ground subsidence due to the excessive pumping of underground water and that caused by wind waves incident from the easterly direction under the tropical monsoon weather was investigated, taking the Pekalongan area on Java Island as a study area. The study area was divided into nine subareas on both sides of the Comal River delta, and the shoreline changes in each subarea were investigated using satellite images. Field observation was also carried out on August 10, 2022, in the Pekalongan area, and the height of ground subsidence was measured together with the observation of the inundated area using a UAV. It was found that, in this area, the height of ground subsidence reached approximately 1.6 m, and the sinking area has been rapidly expanding. In this area, predominant waves are constantly incident from the easterly direction under the tropical trade wind condition, and in some cases, waves are obliquely incident at a significantly large angle relative to the direction normal to the shoreline. Along the east coast of the Comal River mouth, the mean wave incidence angle was as large as 22° clockwise, whereas on the west side, the angle increased up to 42°, causing marked shoreline changes due to high-angle wave instability.
New records of plant pests and weeds in Greece, 1990-2007.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

More than 70 new insect records have been reported from Greece during the period 1990-2007. The woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell and the citrus leaf-miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, which are among the most important new records, have already spread throughout the country but severe damage has been avoided with the introduction of effective exotic parasitoids. Other species of the newly reported pests that are considered important are: the thrips Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), the gall inducing wasps Ophelimus maskeli (Ashmead) and Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle and the asparagus pests Parahypopta caestrum (Hubner) and Hexomyza simplex (Loew). Nine new records of phytophagous mites have been reported from Greece during the period 1990-2007. Of these species, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) and Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritch-ard are quarantine mites. Especially T. evansi although not yet widespread in the country may have a serious economic impact since it can cause damage by reducing market value of the affected crops. A total of 30 plant parasitic nematode species have been reported from Greece, during the period 1990-2007, most of which are known to be important pests worldwide. From these, only one species, Globodera pallida Stone on potato, appears to be of special interest. Three weed species known to be very troublesome and widespread in the United States have recently appeared in Greece and are causing serious problems in irrigated summer crops, particularly in maize. They include Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacquin (Convolvulaceae) which has already spread in the western part of the country, Sicyos angulatus L. (Cucurbitaceae) which is spreading in the northern part and Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux (Gramineae) which is currently restricted in a small area in the central part of the country. The appearance of these weeds in Greece demonstrates the need for measures to prevent invasion and spread of aggressive alien species.
Reinforcement Learning-Based Rate Adaptation in Dynamic Video Streaming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

Video streaming stands out as the most significant traffic type consumed by mobile devices. This increased demand has been a major driver for research on bitrate adaptation algorithms. Bitrate adaptation ensures high user-perceived quality, which, in turn, correlates with higher profits for content providers and delivery systems. Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a widely adopted video streaming standard utilized by service providers to provide competitive quality of experience (QoE). It is capable of providing seamless streaming via uncertain network conditions by switching across different video qualities and their corresponding video segment bitrates. The complexity of the video streaming environment makes it a good candidate for different learning-based approaches. Accordingly, this paper proposes a reinforcement-learning (RL) deep Q-network called DQNReg, that enhances the classical deep Q-learning method. A segment-wise QoE-based reward function is formulated so that the learning strategy can converge towards maximizing the QoE outcome. The proposed RL-based adaptation approach is evaluated using trace-based simulation for both wireless local area network channels and 5G mobile channels. The performance of this RL-based method is compared to three methods: A heuristic method, a model-based method, and a classical learning-based method. The comparison shows that the RL-based method converges faster while achieving a high QoE score. In addition, it reduces the re-buffering duration while maintaining higher video quality and relatively lower quality variations.
A Novel Endoesophageal Magnetic Device to Prevent Gastroesophageal Reflux

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The endoscopic methods to prevent gastroesophageal reflux (GER) show a scarce effectiveness and may narrow the esophageal lumen, sometimes leading to dysphagia (Clin Gastro Hepatol 2005;3:831). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the possibility of implanting by endoesophageal way a magnetic valve in the esophageal submucosa, close to lower esophageal sphincter (LES), to strengthen the incompetent LES. Methods: The device consists in a couple of small magnetic plaques of about 5 × 20 × 1.5 mm destined to be implanted by means of a special endoluminal device in the esophageal submucosa close to LES in 5 esophago-gastric specimens taken from swines. The delivery device serves to make two pockets in the submucosa one in front of the other, where the magnets are deployed, first in one side and after in the opposite one, with the contrary polarities face to face, so that they can attract themselves, closing the lumen. A series of 5 slow pull-throughs with a thin side-hole manometric catheter was carried out in each specimen before and after the insertion of the magnets and the mean pressure values were compared by means of Student t test for paired data. Results: The new HPZ showed a length of about 2 cm and a pressure of 14.2 ± 1.27 mmHg (mean ± SD), significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that measured before the insertion of the magnetic valve (1.5 ± 0.26 mmHg). Conclusion: The present research demonstrated that it is possible to create at LES level a new HPZ that is considered sufficient to prevent GER (N Engl J Med 1982;307:151), by implanting in the esophageal submucosa of swine gastroesophageal specimens, close to LES, a magnetic device by means of a special endoluminal delivery probe. The main advantage of this system, beside its reversibility and the possibility of tailoring the HPZ for each patient by choosing magnets with different magnetic force, shape and size, lies in the fact that the magnetic valve does not give a rigid lumen closure, as that obtained with other endoscopic methods, but creates a “dynamic closure”, that may allow an easy content transit, when the magnetic plaques are detached by the endoesophageal pressure. As a matter of course, before considering this magnetic valve a simple and effective non-surgical solution of the GER problem, it is necessary to perform“in vivo”experiments in animals by using magnets covered with bio-compatible materials and with a proper attraction force, that does not damage the tissues, but is able to strengthen LES to prevent GER.
Antibiotics and purulent sputum.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

wound primarily in perforated appendicitis and possibly in purulent and gangrenous cases too.(When else would one sew up tissues steeped in faecal pus ?)An acceptable alterna- tive is delayed primary suture, with a wet gauze pack to the intermuscular layers for four days.I am grateful to my colleagues who kindly allowed me to examine their patients' records, so illustrating the need for another look at appendicectomy.
Intraperitoneal Transplantation of Hepatocytes Embedded in Thermoreversible Gelation Polymer (Mebiol Gel) in Acute Liver Failure Rat Model ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only treatment that improves the survival rate in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Hepatocytes are anchorage dependent and require a substratum for their long-term survival. Various substrata are being used to improve the function and survival of these hepatocytes, but cannot be used clinically as they are animal derived. This has been overcome by thermoreversible gelation polymer (TGP). In the present study, rat hepatocytes embedded in TGP, were transplanted intraperitoneally in acute liver failure rat model. Efficacy of the transplanted cells was studied by assessing biochemical parameters and histopathology at different time points. The ALF condition reverted to normal 15 days after cell transplantation. The transplanted animals survived 100%. Therefore this study suggests that the cells in TGP provide substratum to the transplanted cells for long term survival and could successfully provide liver support in severe ALF.
Obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim To examine the risk of obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA ) in children with cerebral palsy ( CP ) and/or epilepsy. Method This cross‐sectional study employs the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire ( PSQ ), the Gross Motor Function Classification System ( GMFCS ), and chart review to identify symptoms of OSA in children presenting to a multi‐specialty pediatric healthcare institution. Results Two‐hundred and fifteen patients were grouped into those with epilepsy ( n =54), CP ( n =18), both ( n =55), and neither (comparison group, n =88). The comparison group comprised children with developmental disabilities but not children with typical development. Significantly increased PSQ scores (indicating increased risk of OSA ) were found among children with CP (58%) and CP with epilepsy (67%) than among the comparison group (27%; p <0.001 and p <0.0001 respectively). Children with both CP and epilepsy had a greater number of increased PSQ scores compared with CP alone ( p <0.05). Increased PSQ scores were observed with increasing CP severity as measured using the GMFCS . The PSQ identified more children at risk of OSA (46%) than did the medical record review for symptoms of OSA (8.2%, p <0.001). Interpretation Children with CP of greater severity or comorbid epilepsy are at increased risk of OSA . This study supports the routine questionnaire‐based assessment for OSA as a regular part of the care of all children with CP , especially in those with more severe CP and those with epilepsy.
Predicting procurement Value-at-Risk (VAR) based on financial & geopolitical risk associated with suppliers

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The consumer electronics supply chain industry faces challenges in evaluating and predicting procurement Value-at-Risk (VAR) due to the complex interplay of financial and geopolitical risks associated with suppliers. This paper addresses the shortcomings of the current ad-hoc assessment process by proposing a structured methodology for risk analysis and prediction. Leveraging financial analysis techniques such as Altman Z-Score and Ohlson O-Score methodologies, coupled with geopolitical risk measures based on supplier locations, the project aims to develop a robust risk assessment framework. The paper emphasizes the need for a repeatable process that alerts procurement teams to financial distress or geopolitical triggers, enabling proactive risk mitigation actions. Furthermore, integration with Tableau is proposed to visualize risk metrics effectively. Leveraging SQL for data management, the project seeks to automate the aggregation and distribution of supplier risk metrics, facilitating informed decision-making by stakeholders. By implementing this methodology, the paper endeavors to enhance supplier risk management practices, minimize the impact of supplier failures, and ensure continuity of the procurement process. Through actionable insights derived from comprehensive risk assessment, procurement teams can strategically manage supplier relationships and mitigate potential disruptions in the supply chain.
Effects of Aporrectodea Caliginosa on Soil Hydraulic Properties and Solute Dispersivity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Earthworms have historically been absent from dryland agricultural fields in eastern Colorado, but their invasion or purposeful introduction may affect water retention and plant nutrient availability in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Aporrectodea caliginosa on hydraulic properties and solute dispersivity in soil from eastern Colorado (Adena [Ustic Paleargid]–Colby [Aridic Ustorthents] complex) that was amended with biosolids. Columns of repacked soil (50 cm in depth) were incubated with or without A. caliginosa for a period of 16 wk, after which columns were divided into 15‐cm depth increments to determine soil–water retention curves and solute breakthrough curves (BTCs) under unsaturated and saturated conditions. Aporrectodea caliginosa and their burrows and casts altered soil water retention curves in the top 30 cm of the soil, where A. caliginosa were most active. Earthworms also affected BTCs within the top 30 cm of soil resulting in an approximately 35‐fold increase in solute dispersivity under saturated flow conditions and a 4‐ to 10‐fold increase with unsaturated flow conditions. Overall, A. caliginosa increased soil residual water content by 33 to 41% and altered soil physical properties so that water flow became more tortuous, solute dispersion increased under saturated and unsaturated conditions, and soil drained over a larger range of tensions. In conclusion, A. caliginosa has the potential to reduce upward losses of water, increase water retention, and increase dispersion of agricultural chemicals applied to the soil surface.
Palatal rugae patterns among the Indians at Manipal, India.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Palatoscopy or Palatal rugoscopy is the name given to the study of palatal rugae in order to establish a person’s identity. Rugoscopy finds application in the field of anthropology, comparative anatomy, genetics, forensic odontology, prosthodontics and orthodontics.
The present study is an attempt to determine the differences in the rugae pattern among the Indian males and females in a small portion of a population. 63 subjects, 32 males and 31 females in the age group 17-25 years formed the materials for the study. After a written informed consent, maxillary dental casts were taken and interpretation of the rugae pattern was done as per classification by Thomas and Kotze.
It was noted that the Indian females had more number of rugae on the right side of the palate than the male counterparts. Curved and straight shapes were predominant among the females whereas the wavy pattern was more common among the males.
Their uniqueness to individuals has been recognized as providing a potentially reliable source of identification.
EFFECTS OF Albizia saman PODS SUPPLEMENTATION ON FEED INTAKE AND LIVE WEIGHT CHANGES OF WHITE FULANI CALVES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nine weaned White Fulani Calves aged between 3 - 13 months, weighing between 28 - 71kg werte fed on ratios consisting of basal Guinea grass hay and 0, 15, 30% Albizia saman replacement for cassava waste in a concentrate ration and each period lasting 28 days feed intake and live weight changes of White Fulani Calves were determined. The DM intake increased with increased level of Albizia saman in the ration, the highest liveweight changes was recorded when the animals were fed 30% Albizia saman whole pod. The result showed that Albizia saman whole pod promotes intake and live weight changes of White Fulani calves, thus can be fed without any adverse effect on calves.
Study of Toponyms of the Bukhara Region

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the study of toponyms. In the conditions of Bukhara, documents are used, where the
boundaries of the sites donated in favor of one or another institution are usually precisely indicated, or exempted from
falls, and given the name of neighboring mergers and channels. Thanks to this, we can determine the location of many
geographical objects mentioned in historical sources, bring old names closer to modern ones, and answer the question
about the time of the disappearance of the first and the appearance of the second.