jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Race and Ethnicity in the Welfare Society

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book is an interesting mix of established and new thinking on the development of race-related law, policy and practice in Britain. The authors introduce the ideas and concepts that have developed over the latter half of the twentieth and early part of the twenty-first centuries, suggesting a steady progress towards a values-driven, rights-based society supported by the steady drip feed of legislation (e.g. the 2000 Race Relations (Amendment) Act) and expert thinking (e.g. the 2000 Parekh Report). It makes a particularly compelling argument for greater attention to the interaction between service providers and service users within the ever-changing nature of devolved Britain. Questions are raised about the viability of black and minority ethnic (BME) groups as consumers of the welfare society, given that successive governments have lacked the capacity and sustained commitment to structural and institutional inequalities. The themes, frameworks and definitions are balanced in three parts. The first part examines the multicultural backdrop to the implementation of statutory duties and tracks the perspectives supported over time by successive governments, stridently pursuing modernisation and economic efficiency. The argument for equality of outcome is well made, particularly in the changing context of EU expansion and devolution, where the ‘colour coded hierarchy’ of Britishness (p. 20) has developed further to incorporate Englishness, Scottishness, Irishness and Welshness. The conclusions to Part One suggest that assimilation remains central to social policy and governments continue to gather information on performance, positive action and procurement but that neither policy nor data have necessarily been effective in improving service and equality outcomes.
A Statistical Model for Electromigration Induced Failure in Thin Film Conductors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A statistical model has been developed that relates the electromigration-induced failure rates of metallized conductors to the physical processes that cause such failures. The analytical formulation of this model suggests: i) a resolution of the controversy regarding the relationship between mean times-to-failure and the current density, ii) a potentially more useful statistical analysis for failure rates, and, iii) the possibility that electro-migration failure rates and their statistics may be computed after making only a few simple measurements to characterize the system.
Increase cucumber yield by protecting native pollinators: Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wild bees, flies, wasps, butterflies and other wild pollinators provide 85% of the pollination services, but in such landscape they don’t find nectar and pollen to cover their needs during the whole year. They also do not have nesting material and sites, shelter against wind etc. Often, they are exposed to insecticides. Globally, more and more species go extinct and consequently farmers, nature and mankind lose their services.
Preclinical Development Connexin-26 Is a Key Factor Mediating Gemcitabine Bystander Effect

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue with anticancer activity. Inside the cell, it is sequentially phos-phorylated to generate the active drug. Phosphorylated nucleoside analogues have been shown to traffic through gap junctions.We investigated the participation of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) as a possible mechanism spreading gemcitabine cytotoxicity in pancreatic tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic cancer biopsies revealed increased connexin 26 (Cx26) content but loss of connexins 32 (Cx32) and 43 (Cx43) expression. Cx26 abundance in neoplastic areas was confirmed by Cx26 mRNA in situ hybridization. Heterogeneity on the expression levels and the localization of Cx26, Cx32, and Cx43 were identified in pancreatic cancer cells and found to be associated with the extent of GJIC, and correlated with gemcitabine bystander cytotoxic effect. The abundance of Cx26 at the contact points in tumoral regions prompted us to study the involvement of Cx26 in the GJIC of gemcitabine toxicmetabolites and their influence on the antitumoral effects of gemcitabine. Knockdown of Cx26 led to decreasedGJIC and reduced gemcitabine bystander killing whereas overexpression of Cx26 triggered increased GJIC and enhanced the gemcitabine cytotoxic bystander effect. Gemcitabine treatment of mice bearing tumors, with a high GJIC capacity, resulted in a significant delay in tumor progression. Interestingly, gemcitabine administration in mice bearing tumors that overexpress Cx26 triggered a dramatic tumor regression of 50 % from the initial volume. This study shows that Cx26 participates in the gap junction–mediated bystander cytoxic effect of gemcitabine and provides evidence that upregulation of Cx26 improves gemcitabine anticancer efficacy.Mol Cancer Ther; 10(3); 505–17. 2011 AACR.
Complex segregation analysis of the Lp(a)/pre‐ß1‐lipoprotein trait

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Complex segregation analysis of the LpCaypre‐β 1 ‐lipoprotein trait in 229 nuclear families gave strong evidence for a major gene with complete dominance for pre‐β+and gene frequency q = 0.10. The penetrance is 0.917. There was no evidence for either polygenic heritability or environment common to sibs.
Prinsip Pelaksanaan Puasa Menurut Yoel 2: 12-17 Bagi Kekristenan Masa Kini

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research is motivated by the existence of problems in Christianity that reject the implementation of fasting, differences in the concept of implementing fasting, a less firm basis in understanding fasting in the Christian concept, and wrong motives in carrying out fasting. Through qualitative research methods and descriptive analysis through literature studies, specifically the text of the Book of Joel 2:12-17. The results of the analysis show that Joel 2:12-17 calls for fasting with the first principle: following the word of God because God is merciful and merciful, God is long-suffering and abundant in faithfulness. Second, turn to God with all your heart, cry and moan. Third, tear the heart and Fourth humble yourself. Thus there is a restoration of the relationship between man and God and a focus on God's will, all of which straighten out the wrong practice of fasting.
Roles of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling During Tooth Root and Periodontium Formation

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

ë³¸ ì°êµ¬ë ì¹ê·¼ ë° ì¹ì£¼ì¡°ì§ì íì±ê³¼ì ëì Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signalingì ì­í ì ëí´ ììë³´ê³ ì ì¹ì±ê°ì½ìì ì¡°ì§í¹ì´ì ì¼ë¡ Smoothened (Smo)ê° íì±í ëë ì°¨ë¨ëë mouseë¥¼ ì ìíì¬ ë¶ìíìë¤. ìí 28ì¼ê²½ Smo íì±íëª¨ë¸ììë H-E ì¼ì ì ìì ëê»ì ì¹ê·¼ììì§, ëì´ì§ ì¹ìê°, ì¹ì£¼ì¸ëê³µê°ì ëì¨íê² ë°°ì´ëì´ìë ì¬ì ë¤ì´ ê´ì°°ëìë¤. ë©´ì­ì¡°ì§ííì¼ì ì Smo íì±íëª¨ë¸ì wild type mouseì ë¹êµíì¬ ë°±ì ì§, ì¹ì£¼ì¸ë ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ /ëë ë°±ì ëª¨ì¸í¬ì íììì¸ Bsp, Dmp1, Periostin, Ank ê°ì ê¸°ì§ ë¨ë°±ì§ë¤ì ë°íì´ íì í ê°ìíìë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë Smo ì°¨ë¨ëª¨ë¸ì wild type mouseì ë¹êµíì¬ ì´ë¬í ê¸°ì§ ë¨ë°±ì§ë¤ì ë°íì ì°¨ì´ê° ë³´ì´ì§ ììë¤.ë³¸ ì°êµ¬ë¥¼ íµíì¬ ì¹ê·¼ ë° ì¹ì£¼ì¡°ì§ì ì ìì ì¸ íì±ê³¼ì ì ë®ì ìì¤ì¼ë¡ ì¡°ì ëë SHH signalingì´ íìíë¤ë ê²ì íì¸í ì ììë¤.
Slow is good

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper describes the analysis of temporal behavior of 11--15 year old students in a heavily instructionally designed adaptive e-learning environment. The e-learning system is designed to support student's acquisition of health literacy. The system adapts text difficulty depending on students' reading competence, grouping students into four competence levels. Content for the four levels of reading competence was created by clinical psychologists, pedagogues and medicine students. The e-learning system consists of an initial reading competence assessment, texts about health issues, and learning tasks related to these texts. The research question we investigate in this work is whether temporal behavior is a differentiator between students despite the system's adaptation to students' reading competence, and despite students having comparatively little freedom of action within the system. Further, we also investigated the correlation of temporal behaviour with performance. Unsupervised clustering clearly separates students into slow and fast students with respect to the time they take to complete tasks. Furthermore, topic completion time is linearly correlated with performance in the tasks. This means that we interpret working slowly in this case as diligence, which leads to more correct answers, even though the level of text difficulty matches student's reading competence. This result also points to the design opportunity to integrate advice on overarching learning strategies, such as working diligently instead of rushing through, into the student's overall learning activity. This can be done either by teachers, or via additional adaptive learning guidance within the system.
CANNABINOID CB2 AND μ-OPIOID RECEPTORS \nSIGNALLING IN MICROGLIAL CELLS: POTENTIAL \nTARGETS TO INCREASE CLINICAL EFFICACY OF \nOPIOIDS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Among several pharmacological properties, analgesia is the most common feature shared by either \nopioid or cannabinoid systems. In the nervous system, neurotransmission and neuroinflammation \nare mediated by the endocannabinoid signalling system. Two subtypes of the mammalian \ncannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been identified. Opioids produce their pharmacological \neffects by acting mainly through three types of receptors, namely μ, δ and κ. Anti-nociceptive \ntolerance to opioids severely limits their clinical efficacy for the treatment of chronic pain \nsyndromes. It has been demonstrated that glia has a central role in the development of morphine \ntolerance. Microglia, a specialized population of macrophages found in the CNS, are quiescent in \nnormal brain. However, after CNS injury these cells can be activated by cytokines produced by \ninfiltrating immune effector cells. Interestingly, receptors for opioids and cannabinoids are coupled \nto similar intracellular signalling mechanisms leading to a decrease in cAMP production through \nthe activation of Gi proteins. Therefore, following the discovery that opioids and cannabinoids \nproduce not only similar biochemical effects but also similar pharmacological effects, the \ninteraction between these two classes of drugs has been extensively studied. \nIn the present study, at first we characterized the signal transduction pathways affected by CB2 \nreceptors in quiescent and activated murine microglia. Our results demonstrated that CB2 receptors \nstimulation, through MAPK pathway modulation, may promote anti-inflammatory responses in \nactivated microglia. Next, we investigated whether and how CB2 receptor stimulation affected \nopioid actions on activated microglia. The results indicate that morphine increases PKCε expression \nand activation and stimulates Akt pathway upstream of ERK1/2 and iNOS in activated microglia. \nFurthermore, we found that morphine enhanced the release of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and of NO via μ- \nopioid receptor-PKCε signalling pathway in activated microglial cells, mediating a \nproinflammatory phenotype in mouse microglial cells. Interestingly, CB2 receptor stimulation \nattenuated morphine-induced microglial proinflammatory mediator increases, interfering with \nmorphine action by acting on the Akt-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Because glial activation opposes \nopioid analgesia and enhances opioid tolerance and dependence, we suggest that CB2 receptors, by \ninhibiting microglial activity, may be potential targets to increase clinical efficacy of opioids.
Nasofacial conidiobolomycosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of Nasofacial Zygomycosis in a 15-year-old male patient from South India is reported. This patient had typical thickening of the nasofacial mucosa and the skin overlying it. The diagnosis was confirmed with fungal cultures. Although initially good response to treatment with potassium iodide was achieved, later the response was unsatisfactory, probably partly due to irregularity in treatment. Treatment with sulphamethoxazole--trimethoprim and prednisolone combination has resulted in remarkable improvement.
Neural and non‐neural contributions to sexual dimorphism of mid‐day sleep in Drosophila melanogaster : a pilot study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many of the characteristics associated with mammalian sleep are also observed in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, making the fruit fly a powerful model organism for studying the genetics of this important process. Included among the similarities is the presence of sexual dimorphic sleep patterns, which, in flies, are manifested as increased mid‐day sleep (‘siesta’) in males compared with females. In the present study, targeted mis‐expression of the genes transformer ( tra ) and tra2 is used to either feminize or masculinize specific neural and non‐neural tissues in the fly. Feminization of male D. melanogaster using three different GAL4 drivers that are expressed in the mushroom bodies induces a female‐like reduced siesta, whereas the masculinization of females using these drivers triggers the male‐like increased siesta. A similar reversal of sex‐specific sleep is also observed by mis‐expressing tra in the fat body, which is a key tissue in energy metabolism and hormone secretion. In addition, the daily expression levels of takeout , an important circadian clock output gene, are sexually dimorphic. Taken together, these experiments suggest that sleep sexual dimorphism in D. melanogaster is driven by multiple neural and non‐neural circuits, within and outside the brain.
Modeling the lateral response of pile groups in cohesionless and cohesive soils

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A three-dimensional finite element approach was used to assess the lateral pile and pile group response subjected to pure lateral load. The study evaluated three pile group configurations (i.e. 2 × 1, 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 pile groups) with four values of pile spacing (i.e. 2D, 4D, 6D and 8D, where D is the pile diameter). The results of the influence of load intensities, group configuration, pile spacing are discussed in terms of response of load vs. lateral displacement, load vs. soil resistance and corresponding p–y curves. The improved plots can be used for laterally loaded pile design and also to produce the group action design p-multiplier curves and equations. As a result, design curves were developed and applied in the actual case studies and similar expected cases for assessment of pile group behavior using improved p-multiplier. A design equation was derived from predicted design curves to be used in the evaluation of the lateral pile group action. The equation was used with the previous results to predict the expected design curve take in the account different source of p-multiplier. It was found that the group interaction effect led to reduced lateral resistance for the pile in the group relative to that for the single pile. In addition, the present study was compatible with the results of previous results for the first and second trailing row and was less compatible with the result from the previous works in the case of piles in leading row.
Trees versus Bushes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

When Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859, he drew a diagram of a tree to represent divergence through natural selection. His work focused on plants and animals—he had no clue what microbes were or how they would impact his conclusions (R. Kolter and S. Maloy, Microbes and Evolution: The World that Darwin Never Saw. ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2012). However, it was the comparison of gene sequenc-es in microbes that provided the most conclusive evidence for a “universal tree of life.” In the late 1970s, Carl Woese argued that the 16S subunit of ribosomal RNA provided an ideal tool for evaluat-ing genetic relationships between organisms—16S rRNA from different organisms shared regions with sufficient sequence similarity to recognize the 16S gene from divergent organisms, while having regions that were sufficiently variable to distinguish closely related organisms. This discov-ery led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of evolution, dividing all living organisms into three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Effect of Botanical Extracts on Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile of Broiler Meat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The objectives of current study were to evaluate the effect of botanical extracts as antioxidants on amino - and fatty acids profile of broiler meat. In total, 200 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided according to a completely randomized design into eight dietary treatments with five replicates of five chicks each. Dietary treatments were: A - positive control (PC) with antibiotics and synthetic antioxidants, B - negative control (NC), C - NC+Trigonellafoenum-graecum, D -NC+Nigella sativa seed, E -NC+Violaodorata, F -NC+Trachyspermumammi, G -PC+Trachyspermumammi+Trigonellafoenum-graecum+Violaodorata, and H -NC+ Trachyspermumammi, Trigonellafoenum-graecum and Viola odorata. Meat amino - and fatty acid contents were analyzed after slaughter at 35 days of age. Data were submitted to one-way analysis of variance and means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The levels of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in the H, F, E, H and F groups respectively. Arginine, tryptophan, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in the C, F, E, G and H groups. Total essential amino acid levels were highest (40.36%) in C group (p≤0.05). The meat of H broilers presented significantly higher (p≤0.05) unsaturated fatty acids (54.8%) and omega-3 contents (2.77%) and the lowest saturated fatty acid content (44.8%). Group F present the highest linoleic acid and omega-6 levels and group H the highest (p≤0.05) arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents. It was concluded that botanical extracts aid health-beneficial meat production and the simultaneous inclusion of Trachyspermumammi, Trigonellafoenum-graecum, and Viola odorata in broiler diets is a more suitable option than the other dietary regimes.
Localization of the Goodpasture epitope to a novel chain of basement membrane collagen.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The chain origins of subunits M1, M2*, and M3 previously described (Butkowski, R. L., Wieslander, J., Wisdom, B.J., Barr, J.F., Noelken, M.E., and Hudson, B.G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3739-3747) of the globular domain of basement membrane collagen were identified, by amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, with respect to their relationship to the chains of collagen IV. M1 comprises two polypeptides which correspond to the noncollagenous segments (NC1) of the alpha 1 ad alpha 2 chains of collagen IV. M2*, containing the Goodpasture epitope, and M3 are distinct from these two constituents and from each other but have Gly-X-Y triplets and hydroxyproline at their amino terminus, reflecting the fact that each has a collagen chain origin. These results indicate the presence of two new collagen chains in basement membrane. These new chains appear to be integral components of collagen IV molecules. Alternatively, they could represent new molecular species of basement membrane collagen containing a globular domain, comprising M2* and M3, with physicochemical properties very similar to those of collagen IV.
Culture of Peripheral Monocytes in Vitro in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Possible Prognostic Indicator

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An in vitro assay has been applied in 23 patients with renal cell carcinoma. A mononuclear cell-rich fraction was cultured from peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma. The number of monocytes maturing into macrophages was quantitated over a period of 7 days. Monocyte maturation was significantly lower in patients with renal cell carcinoma than in normal individuals. Of 10 patients tested both pre- and post-nephrectomy, 8 patients showed clinical improvement after surgery. In all 8, the posttreatment macrophage yield improved significantly from the pretreatment values to approach normal values. In 2 patients found to have metastasis postoperatively, the macrophage yield continued below normal levels. Our results suggest that the in vitro maturation of macrophages from mononuclear cells may parallel clinical events.
Comparison of Hemodynamic Visualization in Cerebral Arteries: Can Magnetic Resonance Imaging Replace Computational Fluid Dynamics?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A multimodality approach was applied using four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI), time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) signal intensity gradient (SIG), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the 3D blood flow characteristics and wall shear stress (WSS) of the cerebral arteries. TOF-MRA and 4D flow MRI were performed on the major cerebral arteries in 16 healthy volunteers (mean age 34.7 ± 7.6 years). The flow rate measured with 4D flow MRI in the internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior cerebral artery were 3.8, 2.5, and 1.2 mL/s, respectively. The 3D blood flow pattern obtained through CFD and 4D flow MRI on the cerebral arteries showed reasonable consensus. CFD delivered much greater resolution than 4D flow MRI. TOF-MRA SIG and CFD WSS of the major cerebral arteries showed reasonable consensus with the locations where the WSS was relatively high. However, the visualizations were very different between TOF-MRA SIG and CFD WSS at the internal carotid artery bifurcations, the anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating arteries. 4D flow MRI, TOF-MRA SIG, and CFD are complementary methods that can provide additional insight into the hemodynamics of the human cerebral artery.
Isotopic Fractionation in Photolysis of Ozone in the Hartley and Chappuis Bands

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The isotopic enhancement of atmospheric ozone (O 3 ) is mainly determined by two processes of formation and photolytic decomposition. The formation is known to be associated with isotopic fractionation which can be as high as 120‰ relative to the parent oxygen. Photolysis‐induced isotopic fractionation in O 3 , however, is not known accurately. Absorption cross sections of various ozone species have been calculated by Zero Point Energy‐based model and quantum mechanical wave packet model. But their predictions pertaining to isotopic fractionations have not been verified experimentally. In the present work, we performed irradiation experiments of O 3 at several wavelengths in the Hartley and Chappuis bands and determined the dissociative isotopic fractionation factors by a Rayleigh distillation model. In laboratory conditions, photolysis of ozone produces reactive atomic and/or molecular oxygen which influence the dissociative process through secondary chemistry. The complex interplay of primary photolysis and secondary chemistry was tracked by a kinetic model, and isotopic fractionation factors associated with photolysis alone were derived within a range of uncertainties. The fractionations are found to depend on the photon wavelength and deviate significantly at some wavelengths from the predicted values. For example, at 254 nm the zero point energy‐based models predict lower photolysis rate coefficients for the lighter isotopic species; the present data show about 50‰ higher values.