jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the representation of moorland nitrogen sinks in static critical load models for freshwater acidity

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The context of the thesis is the requirement for critical load models for total acidity (Sulphur plus nitrogen) to freshwaters. It has long been recognised that nitrogen leaching into acid-sensitive upland waters is widespread, and the contribution of nitrate associated acidity to freshwater acidification and the prevention of recovery is increasing in relative importance as sulphur deposition and leaching decline in response to international emissions reductions, while total nitrogen deposition remains relatively constant. What is less certain is that nitrate leaching could increase in absolute terms even under constant deposition. The widely-used static critical loads model for freshwater acidity, the First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model, employs a number of default values for key nitrogen processes which provide sinks for deposition inputs of nitrogen. The model is used to determine critical loads of sulphur and nitrogen for use in international integrated assessment modelling to aid policy decisions on emissions reductions for sulphur and nitrogen within Europe. Application of the FAB mass balance to catchments with known input-output budgets for nitrogen shows that there is a very large difference between current leaching of nitrate into surface waters, which is generally a small proportion of nitrogen inputs, and that predicted at steady-state by the FAB model. The aim of this thesis is to experimentally test the assumptions of the FAB model for four moorland catchments at which the major nitrogen fluxes have been measured, across a gradient of total nitrogen deposition in the acid-sensitive UK uplands. In particular, the degree to which the representation of nitrogen immobilisation and denitrification processes are appropriate for these ecosystems is assessed by a combination of field measurements and laboratory experiments. The relative importance of mineralisation and nitrification in catchment soils as controls on nitrogen retention and leaching is tested through laboratory incubations of soils, and the implications of their absence from the FAB model are discussed. Finally, two methods for the determination of nitrogen saturation status, using stable isotopes (15N) and soil carbon/nitrogen ratios, are applied, in an attempt to determine the effects of nitrogen accumulation on the terrestrial catchments and evaluate the assumptions of nitrogen saturation and enhanced leaching of nitrate at steady-state which are implicit in the FAB model.
The Volga (Russian Federation v. Australia)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

433 International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Applicable law — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — Relationship between International Tribunal and domestic courts and administration — Decision of the International Tribunal under Article 292 Sea — Exclusive economic zone (“EEZ”) — Arrest of vessel — UNCLOS Articles 73 and 292 — Procedure for ensuring prompt release of vessels and crew — International concern over illegal fishing in the Southern Oceans — Patagonian toothfish — Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources — Coastal State jurisdiction — Exercise of sovereign rights of coastal State — Volga flying flag of Russian Federation — Illegal fishing in EEZ of Australian Territory of Heard and McDonald Islands — Arrest of Volga outside EEZ — Seizure of vessel, equipment and fish Treaties — Interpretation and application — Object and purpose of treaty — Context of provision — UNCLOS — Article 73(2) — Meaning of the expression “reasonable bond or other financial security” — Examination by the International Tribunal of level and elements of the bond set by Australia — Whether circumstances of seizure of vessel relevant to assessment of bond — Whether a “good behaviour bond” requiring use of vessel monitoring system (“VMS”) reasonable — Whether additional non-financial conditions of bond reasonable — Assessment of gravity of alleged offences — Whether international concern over illegal fishing relevant to assessment of gravity and to level of bond
A Nutritional Wellness Program For Overweight Health Care Providers In Hospital Setting: A Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The prevalence of workplace obesity is rising worldwide; therefore, the workplace is an ideal venue to implement weight control intervention. This pilot randomized controlled trial aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate a nutritional wellness program for obese health care providers working in a hospital. Methods: This hospital-based nutritional wellness program was an 8-week pilot randomized controlled trial for obese health care providers. The primary outcomes were body weight and body mass index (BMI). The secondary outcomes were serum fasting glucose, fasting cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoprotein, body fat percentage, and body mass. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 20) or control (n = 22) group. Participants in both groups received individual nutrition counselling and nutrition pamphlets, whereas only participants in the intervention group were given mobile phone text messages. Results: 42 participants completed the study. In comparison with the control group, the intervention group showed approximately 0.98 kg weight reduction after two months. Participants in intervention group also demonstrated clinically significant improvement in BMI, serum cholesterol level, and HDL level. There was no improvement of body fat percentage and body mass for both intervention and control groups. Conclusion: The nutritional wellness program for obese health care providers was feasible in hospital settings. Health care providers demonstrated short-term weight loss, decrease in serum fasting cholesterol level, and HDL level after completing the program.
EFFECTS OF METALLIC COATINGS AND ZINC RICH PRIMERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FINISHING SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMOTIVE STEEL

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of metallic coatings and zinc rich primers on the performance of finishing systems for automotive steel was investigated. Galvanized and aluminized type steels and zinc rich primer steels were coated with specification finishing systems and exposed to tropical and temperate environments. Data showed the hot dip galvanized steel properly finished will offer the most effective corrosion resistant system for severe environments such as salt atmosphere and sea coast exposure. This is followed in descending order by aluminized steel, zinc rich primer on cold rolled steel, electrolytic zinc and cold rolled steel. Differences between the metallic coated steels is much less pronounced under less severe exposure.
Reagentless Measurement of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Blood Serum via an Electrochemical, Ribonucleic Acid Aptamer-Based Biosensor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Biosensors built using ribonucleic acid (RNA) aptamers show promise as tools for point-of-care medical diagnostics, but they remain vulnerable to nuclease degradation when deployed in clinical samples. To explore methods for protecting RNA-based biosensors from such degradation we have constructed and characterized an electrochemical, aptamer-based sensor for the detection of aminoglycosidic antibiotics. We find that while this sensor achieves low micromolar detection limits and subminute equilibration times when challenged in buffer, it deteriorates rapidly when immersed directly in blood serum. In order to circumvent this problem, we have developed and tested sensors employing modified versions of the same aptamer. Our first effort to this end entailed the methylation of all of the 2′-hydroxyl groups outside of the aptamer’s antibiotic binding pocket. However, while devices employing this modified aptamer are as sensitive as those employing an unmodified parent, the modification fails to confer greater stability when the sensor is challenged directly in blood serum. As a second potentially naive alternative, we replaced the RNA bases in the aptamer with their more degradation-resistant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) equivalents. Surprisingly and unlike control DNA-stem loops employing other sequences, this DNA aptamer retains the ability to bind aminoglycosides, albeit with poorer affinity than the parent RNA aptamer. Unfortunately, however, while sensors fabricated using this DNA aptamer are stable in blood serum, its lower affinity pushes their detection limits above the therapeutically relevant range. Finally, we find that ultrafiltration through a low-molecular-weight-cutoff spin column rapidly and efficiently removes the relevant nucleases from serum samples spiked with gentamicin, allowing the convenient detection of this aminoglycoside at clinically relevant concentrations using the original RNA-based sensor.
A methodology for optimizing the acquisition time of a clinical PET scan using GATE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The acquisition time of a PET scan is a critical parameter when designing imaging protocols for clinical nuclear medicine studies. The statistical quality of the projection data increases when longer acquisition times are selected. However, very large scanning periods can limit the number of PET studies performed and, moreover, increase the probability of motion artifacts. The competing objectives of good statistical quality and short acquisition time are both depending on the counting rate performance of the system. The noise equivalent count rate (NECR), which measures the rate in which statistically important coincidence events are counted by a PET system, is employed in this study to quantify the counting-rate performance. Thus, higher NECR values allow for acquisition of relatively larger number of true coincidence counts at the same scanning time. NECR is directly depending, for a particular patient-scanner system, on the amount of radioactive dose injected into the patient and acquires a peak value for a certain range of dose values. Thus, a minimal acquisition time can be achieved by estimating this optimal dose range prior to a scan. In this simulation study we propose an alternative optimization methodology. Initially, a regular low dose is selected and used as a constant. Then the NECR response is modeled, using Geant4 Application for Tomography Emission (GATE) simulation package, as a function of the parameters of the patient's body size, the coincidence time window, the dead-time response and the energy window. Subsequently, the optimal scanning time is estimated, based on the simulated NECR, as the minimal scanning time necessary to acquire 20 million noise equivalent counts (NEC) per bed position. For this purpose, we employed a validated Biograph PET/CT scanner model, where six hypothetical dead-time responses were simulated as well as three coincidence time windows. Finally, we used three NCAT phantoms of different size, and four energy windows. ©2009 IEEE.
Back Matter: Appendices A – B and Glossary

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Appendix A presents the International Monetary Fund's Coordinated Direct Investment Survey (CDIS) data augmentation. Appendix B details the sampling and survey process carried out from mid-2017 to early 2019, which followed intensive case studies with Asian entrepreneurs concerning their intraregional investment decision-making processes, then discusses the advantages of data collection through firm-level surveys before providing tables showing sampling and summary statistics of firm investment activities. Includes a glossary of international investment terms.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Analysis of Mandibular Condyles’ Diameters in Patient with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Temporomandibular Joint Affection: A Cross-Sectional Investigation

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate through analysis using CBCT the transverse and axial diameters of the mandibular condyles in subjects affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and compare them with those of healthy subjects. Methods: The study was conducted on CBCT scans from the digital archive of the Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, including patients with JIA and using healthy subjects as controls. Inclusion criteria: aged between 7 and 25 years old at the time of the CBCT examination; Caucasian ethnicity; diagnosis of JIA according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria documented in patients’ records; TMJ involvement; good quality CBCTs covering our region of interest (ROI), from the glabella to the mandibular inferior border; no previous orthodontic/orthopedic treatment; no history of craniofacial trauma or congenital birth defects involving the craniofacial area. Each CBCT scan underwent examination using 3Diagnosys® software. Since data were normally distributed, parametric tests were used for analysis. The sample was divided into three groups: (1) bilateral JIA subjects, (2) unilateral JIA subjects, and (3) healthy controls. Results: We found a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.0001) in the transverse diameter (TR-Diam) of the affected condyles by an average of 1.7 mm, while the axial diameter (AX-Diam) again showed a slight reduction, on average by 0.1 mm, with a non-statistically significant value. Another comparison was made between the unaffected condyles of patients with unilateral JIA and the healthy condyles of the control group. The unilateral unaffected condyles were found to be slightly smaller than those of healthy patients, but without statistically significant differences. We found that in both JIA males and females, the condylar growth tends to stop earlier than the healthy ones. Conclusions: The transverse diameter was found to be more affected than the axial one, causing typical bone resorption and condylar shape. Moreover, we showed that the pathology, in the case of unilateral JIA, does not compromise only the affected condyles; the corresponding condyle that seems to be healthy is actually partially compromised. In addition, we observed that the growth of affected condyles of JIA subjects tends to stop earlier than the condyles of the healthy controls.
Magnetism and transport in transparent high-mobility BaSnO3 films doped with La, Pr, Nd, and Gd

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have explored the effect of magnetic rare-earth dopants substitutionally incorporated on the Ba sites of BaSnO3 in terms of electronic transport, magnetism, and optical properties. We show that for Ba0.92R0.08SnO3 thin films (where R=La,Pr,Nd,Gd), there is a linear increase of mobility with carrier concentration across all doping schemes. La-doped films have the highest mobilities, followed by Pr- and Nd-doped films. Gd-doped samples have the largest ionic size mismatch with the Ba site and correspondingly the lowest carrier concentrations and electron mobilities. However, crystallinity does not appear to be a strong predictor of transport phenomena; our results suggest that point defects more than grain boundaries are key ingredients in tuning the conduction of BaSnO3 films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Pronounced, nonhysteretic x-ray magnetic dichroism signals are observed for Pr-, Nd-, and Gd-doped samples, indicating paramagnetism. Finally, we probe the optical constants for each of the BaSnO3 doping schemes and note that there is little change in the transmittance across all samples. Together these results shed light on conduction mechanisms in BaSnO3 doped with rare-earth cations.
The Electrophysiology Study in the Evaluation of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter contains sections titled: General classification of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias General outline of the electrophysiology study in reentrant supraventricular tachyarrhythmias The electrophysiology study in AV nodal reentrant tachycardia Bypass tract-mediated supraventricular tachyarrhythmias The electrophysiology study in intraatrial reentry The electrophysiology study in SA nodal reentry The electrophysiology study in atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation Evaluation of patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias—when is electrophysiologic testing necessary?
Desire: An Essential Element in Wallace Stevens' Poetry

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Man naturally pursues that which brings pleasure, and Wallace Stevens recognizes this inescapable desire, exploring it fully in his poetry, prose, and letters and depending upon it to build the foundation for many, if not most, of his major themes. For Stevens, one's world evolves through the use of poetry, and this world, complete with jubilations of fulfilled desire and frequent despair as illusions of fulfillment are destroyed, chronicles the life of every man. As a result, different kinds of desire and different attempts at satisfying these desires emerge as one reads Stevens--three of which will be advanced in this study. The first, the desire for an ideal truth, takes an intellectual approach, searching for a clue to reality, for a "first idea." This ideal, though, in order to prove satisfactory to the intellect, needs to reconcile the apparent "war between the mind and sky." How do the realm of the imagination and the realm of reality work together? For Stevens, the attempt at an intersection often occurs in the realm of poetry, a world which provides a means of ordering the chaos of reality. Stevens' investigation of human desire in this world is not limited to the intellect, however. At times the sensuous world itself provides the most appropriate objects for our desire. The wonders of our world, the mere experience of living, may provide needed stability in an otherwise precarious existence. Just as the jar placed in Tennessee gives order to the surrounding landscape, a life of observation and experience, established through the beautiful objects which are the focus of the lover's desire, attempts to provide an order. The third, and perhaps the most interesting desire, occurs in the mind of the believer. Stevens recognizes the basic need for a deity; however, he also recognizes the origin of belief to be the collective creation of the myth-making force of a people, implying the ability to create new beliefs as unsatisfactory gods fade from importance. Stevens takes part in this recreation of myth through the emergence in his poetry of supreme fictions, possibilities he provides as examples of adequate beliefs. This study, then, focuses on desire as a major thematic element in Wallace Stevens' poetry and emphasizes the role of desire in man's search for a harmonous existence with this world. In three major chapters the desire to reach an ideal truth through the blending of reality and Imagination, the desire to find pleasure in a world of objects, and the believer's creation and "decreation" of major fictions will be examined as key aspects of the essential element of desire in Wallace Stevens' poetry.
Genetic Delineation of Local Provenance in Persoonia longifolia: Implications for Seed Sourcing for Ecological Restoration

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Restoration of diverse native plant communities typically requires the collection of large amounts of seed. Thus, practitioners often struggle to find adequate supplies near project sites and need to know from how far they can collect without compromising restoration success—how far does local provenance extend? We addressed this issue by assessing genetic variation within, and differentiation among, 12 potential seed source populations of Persoonia longifolia , a key component of the jarrah forest of Western Australia. An analysis of molecular variance of 66 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism markers partitioned 92% of the total genetic variation within populations and 8% among populations, indicating relatively weak but statistically significant population genetic differentiation. Ordination of these genetic data showed marked west/east and north/south gradients. Pairwise population genetic dissimilarity was correlated with both geographic distance and environmental distance derived from five climate variables. However, partial Mantel tests showed that the relationship between genetic and geographic distance was not independent of environmental distance, suggesting a non‐neutral signature in these markers. Bayesian outlier analysis identified two markers, and spatial analysis method tests identified highly significant associations between these two markers and three environmental variables. Frequency differences at these markers across populations suggested the possibility of climatically adapted provenances. The global significance value from analyses of similarities for these two markers correlated to a general provenance distance of 47 km, in contrast to a threshold of 60 km for the complete dataset. Guidelines for seed sourcing that consider these population genetic data should lead to more effective ecological restoration with this species.
Genetic characters of three Landrace pig strains investigated by blood groups and biochemical polymorphisms.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

わが国で造成されたランドレース種3系統豚の血液型遺伝子頻度を基にして, その遺伝的特性について考察した。調査した3系統は, 東京都, 岩手県, 宮崎県のそれぞれにおいて造成されたものである。調査した血液型は, 赤血球抗原型8, 血清蛋白質型5, 赤血球酵素型5, 血清アロタイプ2の合計20座位である。3系統豚第7世代 (G7) の血液型遺伝子頻度を相互に, また関東地域で抽出調査した対照のランドレース集団と比較したとき, 東京G7はE, F, Hp, PHI, 岩手G7はA, F, Pa, Am, 宮崎G7はL, Hp, 6PGDなどの座位で特徴がみられた。均質度指数, 平均ヘテロ接合の割合, 多型遺伝子座の割合, 対立遺伝子の有効な数による遺伝的変異性の比較では, 均質度指数で3系統豚は0.415～0.443と対照集団 (0.378) より均質度が高くなっており, この結果は他の指標でも同様で, 遺伝的変異性は小さくなっていた。遺伝的距離係数によって相互の遺伝的距離を分析したところ, 3系統豚と対照集団との間の距離に比較して, 系統間相互の距離はさらに大きくなっており, 品種間に近い値であった。また東京G7が対照集団と最も近い距離を示した。ストレス感受性座位と連関しているH, PHI座位の基礎世代 (G0) とG7の遺伝子頻度を比較すると, 東京G7におけるPHIBの減少が顕著であった。
The Exemplary Citizen on the Exemplary Hill: The Production of Political Subjects in Contemporary Rural Rwanda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Since the end of civil war and genocide in 1994, the Rwandan government has embarked on an ambitious plan to reshape the rural setting. Through a strategy of agrarian modernization, the Rwandan government is reorganizing rural space and production in order to foster economic growth. This article looks at how this spatial and productive reconfiguration contributes to the production of political subjects in post‐genocide Rwanda, and how this is constitutive of the political power of government. First, it points to the way in which the state authorities’ discursive practices utilize the concept of ‘exemplary citizenship’ to reinforce policy adherence. Second, it analyses how the reconfiguration of access to productive resources is intertwined with the reinforcement of the state's authority. Hidden behind the discourse of modernization and rationalization, the reorganization of space helps central authorities to gain a greater degree of control over rural settings. Finally, it analyses the way in which the reorganization of rural space contributes to the construction of political subjectivity. Political subjects are defined through adherence to or rejection of the government's rhetoric of economic development and good citizenship as redefining moments of public life.