jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Making Sense of Strange Sounds: (Mutual) Intelligibility of Related Language Varieties. A Review

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper we ask two questions, which superficially seem to ask the same thing but in actual fact do not. First, we ask to what degree two languages (or language varieties) A and B resemble each other. The second question is how well a listener of variety B understands a speaker of variety A. When we ask to what degree two language varieties resemble one another, or how different they are (which is basically the same question), it should be clear that the answer cannot be expressed in a single number. Languages differ from each other not in just one dimension but in a great many respects. They may differ in their sound inventories, in the details of the sounds in the inventory, in their stress, tone and intonation systems, in their vocabularies, and in the way they build words from morphemes and sentences from words. Last, but not least, they may differ in the meanings they attach to the forms in the language, in so far as the forms in two languages may be related to each other. In order to express the distance between two languages, we need a weighted average of the component distances along each of the dimensions identified (and probably many more). So, linguistic distance is a multidimensional phenomenon and we have no a priori way of weighing the dimensions. The answer to the question how well listener B understands speaker A can be expressed as a single number. If listener B does not understand speaker A at all, the number would be zero. If listener B gets every detail of speaker A’s intentions, the score would be maximal. The primary goal of human language is to communicate intentions from speaker to listener. When listener B does not know the structural details of
Harvesting Kinetic Energy of Footsteps to Generate Electricity

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Energy and power are the basic needs of this modern world. The Energy demand is increasing every day. On the other hand, a lot of energy resources are depleted and wasted. Suggestion for using the waste energy of leg power with a person movement is very important in populated countries like India where are roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples etc. crowded with millions of people moving around. This unit energy is wasted. If this energy allowed its use will be a great invention. In this project we convert unconventional from a mere pedestrian step into electrics energy. This project uses a simple drive mechanism such as rack and pinion assembly. The control mechanism carries rack and pinion and DC generator for output. In this project we generate electricity as an unconventional method simply by walking or running steps. A non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. Unconventional energy using the foot step needs no fuel input to produce electricity Power supply. In this project, a simple drive mechanism such as a rack and pinion assembly and chain drive mechanism are used for the production of energy using the obtained power it converts to electric when walking up the stairs energy using mechanical L9 systems. Generated energy is stored using a battery and it is used for activation of connected loads. It is one of the compact and efficient systems for generating electricity that can be easily installed in many regions.
Empirical Modeling of Metal-Contact Effects on Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An empirical model is developed to characterize metal-contact effects on the transfer characteristics of graphene field-effect transistors. The present model is based on a diffusive transport, and considers charge carrier doping from metallic electrodes to the adjacent graphene channel. An electron–hole conductivity asymmetry, one of the main features in the transfer characteristics, is well reproduced by the model. Model calculations with varied parameters show that the conductivity asymmetry becomes more distinct with higher charge-carrier mobility, higher doping level at the metal contacts, larger extent of the doped region near the contacts, or shorter channel lengths.
Biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in chicks at the long term following single exposure to low doses of x-rays

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chicks were exposed to 50 R of X radiation and biochemical indices were assayed on the 20th to 30th postradiation days. Results showed an increase in incorporation of /sup 14/C-glycine in total proteins of liver, spleen, and muscles of irradiated chicks and an increase in incorporation of /sup 14/C-glycine in water-soluble proteins of muscles. There was also an increase in RNA biosynthesis in liver and muscles of irradiated chicks. The relationship between weight gain and stimulation of protein biosynthesis in muscles is pointed out. (HLW)
Corrosion Behavior of 30 ppi TAD3D/5A05Al Composite in Neutral Salt Spray Corrosion

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This study created ceramic preforms with a 3D network structure (TAD3D) by using treated aluminum dross (TAD) and kaolin slurry, with 30 ppi polyurethane foam as a template via the sacrificial template method. TAD3D/5A05Al composites were then produced via pressureless infiltration of 5A05Al aluminum alloy into TAD3D. The corrosion behavior and resistance of TAD3D/5A05Al in salt spray were assessed via neutral salt spray corrosion (NSS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The results showed that after 24 to 360 h of NSS corrosion, the corrosion of the 5A05 matrix was primarily pitting, with pits expanding and deepening over time, and showing a tendency to interconnect. The main corrosion products were MgAl2O4, Al(OH)3, and Al2O3. As corrosion progressed, these products increased and filled cracks, pits, and grooves at the composite interface on the material’s surface. Corrosion products transferred to the grooves at the composite interface and grew on the ceramic surface. Corrosion products on the ceramic framework and the Al matrix can form a continuous passivation film covering the composite surface. PDP and EIS results indicated that the composite’s corrosion resistance decreased by 240 h but increased after that time. After 240 h, the surface passivation film can weaken corrosion effects and enhance the composite’s resistance, although it remained weaker than that of the uncorroded samples. Additionally, grooves at the composite interface deepened over time, with loosely structured corrosion products inside, potentially leading to severe localized corrosion.
Decadent Returnees: The Dialogic Labor of Sensibility in Nagai Kafū’s Sneers and Ueda Bin’s The Vortex

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, we empirically apply theories of heterogeneity to narrative voice in the Japanese Decadent literature of the post-Russo-Japanese War period. Our purpose here is to shed new light on the role of complex socio-cultural sensibilities as a form of non-material labor, acknowledging those psychic effects as a significant contributor to Japanese Decadence. Drawing mainly on Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of heteroglossia, we will examine the process through which the self is constructed via interactions with heterogeneous others who share and differentiate socio-cultural beliefs. In so doing, we will extend our consideration to the issue of dilettantism through which the subject negotiates with multiple spectrums of ongoing cultural modernity. Within the framework of dialogic interaction, Japanese Decadents remained calm and self-reflexive, in contrast with the turbulent psychological agitation that fin-de-siècle European Decadents tended to evince. For Japanese Aesthetes of the epoch, "decadence" was a novelty as well as a new cultural platform, wherein they witnessed the decay of indigenous traditions and the rise of Japan's eclectic culture. In reality, their psychological dispositions were, generally in a positive sense, closer to those of dilettantes. With these perspectives in mind, we will focus on two stories considered to be seminal to the fiction of Japanese Decadence and kichōsha (returnee from the West) stories: Nagai Kafū's Reishō [Sneers] (1910) and Ueda Bin's Uzumaki [The Vortex] (1910).KeywordsAesthetic ExperienceDialogic InteractionMultiple SpectrumNarrative VoiceMeiji PeriodThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
IRRI Annual Report 2000-2001 I IRRI 2000-2001 Rice Research the Way Forward

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many viewing the cover of this latest IRRI annual report may think that scientists have ambitions to grow rice on some distant planet. However, although one day there may well be rice on Mars, this is not the message we want people to get from reading the following pages. Instead, we hope that at long last people will realize that, while rice is the basis of a production system that feeds half the planet, it is also a system that allows a wonderful balance between humans and the environment. Put simply, we at IRRI firmly believe that it is possible to feed three billion people in a safe and sustainable way that doesn’t damage the environment, destroy traditional practices, or leave little of nature for our children. How? The answer to this simple question is perhaps one of IRRI’s best- kept secrets and also the reason for the environmental theme in this annual report. Since they first started work more than 40 years ago, the scientists at IRRI have (a little unfairly) mostly been seen as focusing solely on production increases as a way to ensure food security. How- ever, production increases cannot be achieved in a vacuum. Instead, they very much rely on the environment in which rice is grown. As a result of four decades of such work, IRRI has amassed a great store of knowledge on rice environments and ecosystems. As far as this Institute is concerned, the days of unsustainable high-input rice production are a thing of the past and the era of the rice farm as a sustainable, balanced ecosystem of its own is here to stay. The world’s rice-growing regions should be seen as unique ecological regions no different from the great forests and vast oceans of the planet—especially as they cover about 11 percent of Earth’s arable land and are the largest single area dedicated to feeding the world. But before anyone decides that IRRI has washed its hands of its traditional goals and mandate, please let me assure you that this is not the case. Food security and improved incomes remain our fundamental goals for poor rice farmers and consumers. However, with the latest advances in science and technology, I’m pleased to report that these can now be achieved with little impact on the environment. Using the scientific knowledge and expertise gained over the past 40 years, rice farms of the future will be not only clean and efficient producers but also safe and environmentally sensitive. Considering the enormous role that rice plays on this planet, in terms of both the area it covers and the number of people it feeds, this must be seen as a worthy goal deserving the support and commitment of all those involved in rice and its future development. The urgency and importance of the problems facing rice farmers and consumers remain IRRI’s primary focus—whether it be grinding poverty or a lack of food—but it’s clear that these wars no longer need to be waged at the expense of the environment or human health. Clearly, rice research is the way forward not just for rice farmers and consumers but for the entire planet as well.
Epistemic Conditions for Collective Action

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Writers on collective action are in broad agreement that in order for a group of agents to form a collective intention, the members of that group must have beliefs about the beliefs of the other members. But in spite of the fact that this so-called 'interactive knowledge' is central to virtually every account of collective intention, writers on this subject have not offered a detailed account of the nature of interactive knowledge. In this paper, we argue that such an account is necessary for any adequate analysis of collective intention. Furthermore, we argue that an application of Robert Aumann's theory of interactive knowledge may be used to address several puzzling features of collective intention.
Persistent Protein Motions in a Rugged Energy Landscape Revealed by Normal Mode Ensemble Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Testing the premise of evolutionarily optimized protein dynamics has remained an experimental challenge. Most measurements fail to isolate specific structural motions. Our simulations show that the structural variation of a single protein in time results in variation in the vibrations leading to the observed broad and featureless optical absorption. However, when the thermal population of a protein’s configurations are considered, vibrations with functional displacements are concentrated in specific frequency bands. These emergent dynamics are apparent in anisotropic optical absorbance, indicating an experimental avenue for measuring these motions and their impact on biological function.
Isidora Zegers y José Zapiola: convergencias y diferencias en el advenimiento de la modernidad en la sociedad civil del Chile republicano (1810-1855)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>This paper focuses on the outputs of two important composers who resided in Chile between 1820 and 1855: Isidora Zegers y Montenegro (1807-1869) and José Zapiola Cortés (1802-1885). Isidora Zegers’s musical compositions were conceived for a salon ambience. Her works were written for the piano or for the voice with instrumental accompaniment. Isidora Zegers’s music was never performed in public during her lifetime, in spite of the key role she played during the first public concerts in Santiago towards the end of the 1820s, coinciding with the rise and fall of the first political systems of a liberal orientation in Chile. In contrast, the compositions of José Zapiola covered all the musical genres of his time, including salon music, i.e. military music, patriotic music, stage music and sacred music, and was widely performed in public during the 1830s and the first half of the 1840s, as well as after the 1850s. Undoubtedly, this dualism is a question of genre. Between 1820 and 1855, male activities were predominantly carried out in public, whereas women were confined to the privacy of their homes. However, this dualism can also be interpreted in terms of both Isidora Zegers’s and José Zapiola’s freedom to exert their creative subjectivity, in keeping with one of the key features of the rising cultural modernity in Chile between 1820 and 1855: the freeing of subjectivity.</p>
Real-time Regulation of Detention Ponds via Feedback Control: Balancing Flood Mitigation and Water Quality

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Detention ponds can mitigate flooding and improve water quality by allowing the settlement of pollutants. Typically, they are operated with fully open orifices and weirs (i.e., passive control). Active controls can improve the performance of these systems: orifices can be retrofitted with controlled valves and spillways can have controllable gates. The real-time optimal operation of its hydraulic devices can be achieved with techniques such as Model Predictive Control (MPC). A distributed quasi-2D hydrologic-hydrodynamic coupled with a reservoir flood routing model is developed and integrated with an MPC algorithm to estimate the operation of valves and movable gates. The control optimization problem is adapted to switch from a flood-related algorithm focusing on mitigating floods to a heuristic objective function that aims to increase the detention time when no inflow hydrographs are predicted. The case studies show the potential of applying the methods developed in a catchment in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The performance of MPC compared to alternatives with either fully or partially open valves and gates are tested. Comparisons with HEC-RAS 2D indicate volume and peak flow errors of approximately 1.4% and 0.91% for the watershed module. Simulating two consecutive 10-year storms shows that the MPC strategy can achieve peak flow reductions of 79%. In contrast, passive control has nearly half of the performance. A 1-year continuous simulation results show that the passive scenario with 25% of the valves opened can treat 12% more runoff compared to the developed MPC approach, with an average detention time of approximately 6 hours. For the MPC approach, the average detention time is nearly 14 hours indicating that both control techniques can treat similar volumes; however, the proxy water quality for the MPC approach is enhanced due to the longer detention times.
P78 Patients with alcohol related liver disease have high levels of oxidative stress

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims

Chronic alcohol use generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the CYP2E1 pathway and contributes to the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). However, the understanding of the role of ROS in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is lacking. We aimed to measure oxidative stress in well-defined cohort of ALD and AH patients and compare with healthy subjects using a well-validated and reproducible assay.

Method

Patients from University Hospitals Plymouth with AH (new jaundice, coagulopathy, heavy alcohol use, discriminant function [DF]>32); ALD (ongoing alcohol use, no new jaundice, cirrhosis) and healthy volunteers (HV) were recruited. Model for end stage liver disease (MELD) and DF scores were used to evaluate liver disease severity. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substrate (TBARS) assay kit was used to measure levels of malondialdehyde (MDA)-TBA adduct, a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation.

Results

22 subjects were recruited: 10 AH (6 males; median MELD 12; DF 45.6); 5 ALD (2 males; median MELD 18) and 7 HVs (3 males). MDA was significantly higher in AH vs HVs (median 36.1μM vs 14.8μM; p<0.01) and in ALD vs HVs (median 28.6μM vs 14.8μM; p = 0.03) but similar between AH and ALD patients. In AH patients, there was no strong correlation between MDA levels with MELD or DF (r=0.14 and 0.57, respectively; both p>0.05) (figure 1).

Conclusion

Oxidative stress as measured by lipid peroxidation is increased in patients with ALD and AH when compared to HVs.
Antiseptic property screening for 18 natural plants and efficiency–toxicity research of Coptis chinensis fermentation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

[Abstract]: Objective: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial performance of 18 natural plants against six types of microorganisms that tend to grow in cosmetics and select the best natural antiseptic herbs with low toxicity and a broad antibacterial spectrum. The safety performance and effects of the antioxidant, whitening, and reduced inflammation of Coptis chinensis fermentation were explored. Methods: The inhibition performance of the alcoholic extracts for the 18 natural plants against six microorganisms was compared by using the cylinder plate method. The MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability of C. chinensis extract and fermentation products. DPPH, hydroxyl, and ABTS radical scavenging rates as well as iron reduction ability were used to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy. In addition, the activity inhibition rate of tyrosinase and hyaluronidase indicated the whitening and anti-inflammatory properties of C. chinensis extract and fermentation broth. Results: Results showed that among the 18 natural plants, C. chinensis extract had the most prominent inhibition circles and the smallest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against six microorganisms. After fermentation, the IC50 value of C. chinensis alcoholic extract increased significantly with the cell survival rate, indicating its low biosafety. The free radical scavenging rate, tyrosinase inhibition rate, and hyaluronidase inhibition rate of fermented C. chinensis extract increased significantly, showing better antioxidant activity, whitening activity, and anti-inflammatory activity than alcohol extract. Conclusion: Among the 18 natural plants, C. chinensis has the most substantial antibacterial ability. After fermentation by yeast, the cytotoxicity of C. chinensis decreases, and the antioxidant, whitening, and anti-inflammatory activities increase, indicating that microbial fermentation attenuates toxicity and enhances the effect of plant preservatives.
Synthesis of Lamellar\nStructural Flower-like SAPO-11\nMolecular Sieves with Hierarchical Pores for Enhanced Selectivity\nof Isomeric Alkanes in Hydroisomerization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel SAPO-11 molecular sieve with a lamellar structure\nand flower-like\nmorphology was synthesized using cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium\nbromide (CTAB) as the surfactant and KF as the mineralizer. Meanwhile,\nthe effect of various CTAB additions on the structure and properties\nof SAPO-11 molecular sieves was also investigated. A number of characterization\nanalyses’ findings reveal that, compared with conventional\nspherical SAPO-11 molecular sieves, flower-like SAPO-11 molecular\nsieves have the following advantages: (1) Flower-like SAPO-11 molecular\nsieves have open pores and larger mesopores, with suitable distribution\nof mesopores. (2) The prepared flower-like SAPO-11 molecular sieves\nhave a lower total acid value but have a higher proportion of Brønsted\nacid sites, with suitable acidity. (3) The flower-like NiW/SAPO-11\ncatalysts have better dispersion of WS<sub>2</sub> slabs and higher\nbalance and proximity between metal sites and acid sites. The synthesized\nflower-like NiW/SAPO-11 showed significant isomerization performance\nand low cracking selectivity during the isomerization of <i>n</i>-hexadecane. When the conversion rate of <i>n</i>-hexadecane\nreached 77.0%, the yield of <i>i</i>-hexadecane was 59.4%.
Global warming and its impact on the production activities of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study is devoted to the problems of global warming and its impact on the production activity of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. The influence of the average monthly and annual air temperature and precipitation over the last eighteen years on the yield of the main crops in all climatic zones characteristic of Ukraine and all regions of Ukraine was analyzed. It is shown that despite the increase in the average annual air temperature of 1,11 °C and the decrease of precipitation by month of the year on 454,18 mm and its instability, as well as the negative impact on the production activity of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine of the military aggression of Russia, there is an increase in the yield of the main crops in 2023 in comparison with 2005 - winter wheat on 56,1 %, oilseeds on 68 %, corn on 96,5 %, and vegetables of the open ground on 22,7 %. A conclusion was made about the expediency of expanding irrigation in all regions of Ukraine, particularly drip irrigation, to increase the yield rate, ultimately leading to an increase in revenue and, thus, the profit of agricultural enterprises. The project's cost for introducing a drip irrigation system was calculated using the example of an agricultural enterprise, and the efficiency of growing corn for grain with and without irrigation was compared.