jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Advection–Diffusion Problem for Stratospheric Flow. Part I: Concentration Probability Distribution Function

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The mixing of a passive tracer by realistic time-dependent stratospheric flow (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts winds) on an isentropic surface (420 K) is studied. Simulations of the advection–diffusion problem for an initially large-scale tracer field are carried out in the limit of weak diffusivity. Owing to chaotic advection, tracer variance is cascaded to small scales, where it can be dissipated despite the weak diffusivity. The tracer fluctuations are characterized in terms of their probability distribution function (PDF). The PDFs are characterized by a Gaussian core and “fat tails,” which fall more slowly than a Gaussian, and indicate anomalously high probability of extreme concentration fluctuations. Given the nonlinearity of many chemical reactions of interest, the anomalous prevalence of extreme fluctuations could have a profound effect on reactive tracers. Zonal variations of tracer are homogenized globally leading to a unimodal PDF. Initially meridional variations are strongly influenced by the presence of mixing barriers. Meridional gradients homogenize only within mixing zones of limited latitudinal extent, bounded by permeable mixing barriers. The PDF becomes multimodal, with distinct populations of air caused by blending of the concentration values within each mixing zone. The Tropics is a zone of weak mixing, and serves as an important repository of stratospheric tracers, which are episodically ejected into surf zones in the form of filaments bearing extreme concentration values. The shapes of the PDFs are discussed in terms of theoretical methods developed in the context of highly idealized mixing models. It is shown that such methods retain their utility when applied to realistic stratospheric mixing. The role of the probability distribution of finite-time Lyapunov exponents for the underlying trajectory problem is highlighted. The use of conditional averages of diffusion and dissipation is also illustrated. PDFs yielded by the idealized advection–diffusion problem are found to resemble those appearing in a GCM simulation of N2O. The theoretical arguments and numerical results imply that under the assumption that the diffusivity is set so that the dissipation scale is comparable to model resolution, the concentration PDF eventually reaches a universal shape independent of model resolution after an initial transient stage. However, the width of the distribution, or equivalently the variance of the tracer fluctuation, increases algebraically as model resolution is refined.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED ERECTOR SPINAE PLANE BLOCK WITH CONVENTIONAL GENERALANAESTHESIA FOR POST OPERATIVE ANALGESIA IN MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMISED CONTROLLED STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background & Aim: Breast surgeries such as modified radical mastectomy (MRM) are associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain, which can lead to delayed recovery and increased opioid use. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has emerged as a promising regional anaesthetic technique for thoracic surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided ESPB in MRM by comparing it with conventional general anaesthesia alone, focusing on postoperative analgesic requirements and intraoperative opioid consumption. Materials & Methods:Aprospective randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 ASAII–III female patients aged 18–65 years undergoing elective MRM. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group GE received ultrasound-guided ESPB before general anaesthesia, while Group G received general anaesthesia only. Intraoperative fentanyl usage, duration of postoperative analgesia, number of rescue analgesics in 24 hours, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Group GE showed significantly lower intraoperative fentanyl consumption (53 ± 4.64 mcg vs. 62.5 ± 9.54 mcg, p < 0.0001), longer duration of analgesia (411 ± 60.07 min vs. 66 ± 21.6 min, p < 0.0001), and fewer rescue analgesic requirements in 24 hours (p < 0.0001). Hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate remained more stable in Group GE at various intervals. No major complications or block-related adverse events were reported in either group. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block significantly improves postoperative analgesia, reduces opioid requirements, and offers better hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy. It is a safe and effective component of multimodal analgesia in breast surgery
Definition of the Position of Surgery in the Treatment of Gastric Carcinoma at a Community Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Through permanent progress in perioperative management, especially in anesthesiology and technology, the results of gastric cancer surgery have improved during the last years. In our department we experienced a complication rate of 40% and a lethality rate of 8.0% in the period from January 1, 1987, to June 30, 1994, during the treatment of 186 patients. Inspite of the introduction of systematic lymphadenectomy as a standard procedure, the prognosis of gastric cancer could not be improved as impressively as expected. The 5-year survival rate was 28.3%. Only with regard to UICC subgroups II and Ilia, an improvement in survival was seen. In the future we will probably achieve better results in advanced cases with preoperative chemotherapy.
Assessment of influence of management transformations and risk for tourism business

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The reality of development of tourism business is faced with problems of unsuspected events and unsustainable management issues. This research explores the need to evaluate the types of risk in tourism business sector. The aim of this research is to analyze the situations of local and global business in the area of management transformations in tourism sector. For empirical evaluation of situation the statistical data are analyzed in case study of Egypt tourism sector during the period of 10 years. The models are proposed for application, such as environmentally sustainable tourism planning, adapting roles of tourism stakeholders, integration of private investors, action plans. The results demonstrate the lack of signiﬁcant sustainable development practices under the conditions of unsuspectability and show interest in this area by needs for further contribution involving triple bottom line of objectives. The some factors are found as risk of political changes, lack of skills, ﬁnance etc.
Functional coupling of diverse voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels underlies high fidelity of fast dendritic Ca2+ signals during burst firing

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Key points In neurons, the Ca 2+ signal associated with the dendritic back‐propagating action potential codes a chemical message to the different dendritic sites, playing a crucial role in electrical signalling, synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. The study of the underlying Ca 2+ current, mediated by different types of voltage‐gated Ca 2+ channels, cannot be achieved by using the patch clamp technique. In this article, we used a recently developed cutting‐edge optical technique to investigate the physiological behaviour of local Ca 2+ currents along the apical dendrite of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. We directly measure, for the first time, the synergistic activation and deactivation of the diverse dendritic voltage‐gated Ca 2+ channels operating during bursts of back‐propagating action potentials to precisely control the Ca 2+ signal. We demonstrate that the Ca 2+ loss via high‐voltage‐activated channels is compensated by the Ca 2+ entry via the other channels translating in high fidelity of Ca 2+ signalling. Abstract In CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, the dendritic Ca 2+ signal associated with somatic firing represents a fundamental activation code for several proteins. This signal, mediated by voltage‐gated Ca 2+ channels (VGCCs), varies along the dendrites. In this study, using a recent optical technique based on the low‐affinity indicator Oregon Green 488 BAPTA‐5N, we analysed how activation and deactivation of VGCCs produced by back‐propagating action potentials (bAPs) along the apical dendrite shape the Ca 2+ signal at different locations in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the mouse. We measured, at multiple dendritic sites, the Ca 2+ transients and the changes in membrane potential associated with bAPs at 50 μs temporal resolution and we estimated the kinetics of the Ca 2+ current. We found that during somatic bursts, the bAPs decrease in amplitude along the apical dendrite but the amplitude of the associated Ca 2+ signal in the initial 200 μm dendritic segment does not change. Using a detailed pharmacological analysis, we demonstrate that this effect is due to the perfect compensation of the loss of Ca 2+ via high‐voltage‐activated (HVA) VGCCs by a larger Ca 2+ component via low‐voltage‐activated (LVA) VGCCs, revealing a mechanism coupling the two VGCC families of K + channels. More distally, where the bAP does not activate HVA‐VGCCs, the Ca 2+ signal is variable during the burst. Thus, we demonstrate that HVA‐ and LVA‐VGCCs operate synergistically to stabilise Ca 2+ signals associated with bAPs in the most proximal 200 μm dendritic segment.
Writing the storm in the teacup: the process of writing the character driven play, Unidentified Item in the Bagging Area, focusing upon the seemingly unremarkable life of Victoria Burnham

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis essay will explore the process of writing the character driven play, Unidentified Item in the Bagging Area (2013), looking specifically at the main acts of playwriting that I utilised while crafting the play. I chose to craft a play out of a seemingly unremarkable character – Victoria Burnham, a middle aged post menopausal woman – and story; the play follows Victoria as she makes life changing decisions in pursuit of her own happiness. Through crafting the play, I discovered that many other contemporary playwrights choose to tell character driven stories as opposed to plot driven stories – the work of David Mamet and Patrick Marber in particular demonstrate this in their respective works. There is also a variety of critical theory surrounding the idea of character driven plays, most notably David Edgar’s How Plays Work (2009) and David Mamet’s The Three Uses of the Knife (2002). The result of my choosing to craft the character driven play and manipulating the theatrical convention of format to create meaning, is a play that I believe stands firm in its assertion as a ‘storm in a teacup play’, making the seemingly unremarkable story of Victoria Burnham worthy of the stage.
Public health lessons from the Bhopal chemical disaster

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

THE 1984 CHEMICAL disaster in Bhopal, India, was first and foremost a terrible human tragedy. For those who were there and even for those at considerable distances who read about it, the reality of 2000 or more persons dead and many tens of thousands poisoned by a toxic cloud is horrifying. However, in its particulars and complexities, Bhopal's chemical disaster can also serve as a case example for almost any discipline taught in a school of public health. The disaster has elements of acute and chronic epidemiology, industrial hygiene, toxicology, environmental pollution and planning, disaster preparedness and management, health economics, medical ethics, and environmental protection law, to name a few. Mehta et al1review the literature on the Bhopal disaster and its aftermath and focus on the long-term health effects. They recognize the incomplete nature of much of the data and the serious methodologic limitations for study that the
Amino Acids in the Tagish Lake Meteorite

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Amino acids are crucial to metabolic processes in life on Earth, particularly in the formation of proteins. As such, amino acids in meteorites are considered of prime importance for prebiotic chemistry. The Tagish Lake (B.C.) meteorite, which fell January 18, 2000, is an ungrouped C2 chondrite rich in primitive organic matter (Grady et al., 2002). The pristine nature of the first samples collected provides an opportunity to study astromaterials that have not been significantly affected by terrestrial contamination. We demonstrate that nearly all identified amino acids in all pristine samples analyzed thus far show concentrations greater than nonpristine Tagish Lake samples (Kminek et al., 2002). It is unlikely that these amino acids are terrestrial contamination. Furthermore, differences in amino acid concentrations and ratios between samples suggest that parent body alteration plays a significant role in the production of amino acids. In this way, processes on the asteroid parent body of carbonaceous chondrites may have assisted in dictating the complement of prebiotic compounds that were delivered to the surface of the early Earth.
In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Iontophoresis against Entercoccus faecalis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This in vitro study examined the antimicrobial efficacy of iontophoresis against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, all of which are often found in the root canals of teeth with refractory apical periodontitis. An experimental periapical lesion model was made from a transparent plastic root canal model. Iontophoresis was performed with Kantop Junior®; with (1) diammine silver fluoride solution (2) ammoniacal silver hydroxide solution and (3) iodine zinc iodide solution as the iontophoretic solutions. Iontophoresis using diammine silver fluoride solution eradicated all four microorganisms whereas iontophoresis using ammonium silver solution and iodine zinc iodide solution could not. The results of this study suggested that iontophoresis with diammine silver fluoride is an effective treatment for E. faecalis, C. albicans, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis, all of which often found in the root canals of teeth with refractory apical periodontitis.
CASE METHOD AS A PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGY IN FORMATION COMPETENCES IN THE TRAINING OF INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY SPECIALISTS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The article describes the stages of creating case situations, considers examples of cases for the educational component “Physiology with the basics of human anatomy”. Such educational technologies form the professional and life competence of modern youth. The use of case methods in teaching by teachers of higher education institutions is very relevant today, because the study of both anatomy and physiology requires the complex use of both traditional and new interactive forms and innovative technologies. When implementing the case method, not only knowledge is acquired, but also practical professional activity skills and communication skills. Without the wide implementation of interactive educational technologies in the educational process, which ensure the application of theoretical knowledge to the solution of practical tasks, the competence approach in education is impossible. For this purpose, as one of the options, the widespread use of the method of situational learning (case method) is envisaged. This method is the most adequate to the logic of professional thinking and provides advantages for the formation of competencies during the entire period of student education in institutions of higher education. The effectiveness of the case increases if it gradually becomes more difficult in all disciplines involved in the formation of competencies. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary thematic case is formed for each competency from “serial” disciplinary micro-cases.The case method allows students to learn to analyze the situation, use the acquired knowledge, acquire new knowledge while searching for an answer to the case and the ability to correctly formulate and present their thoughts, use interdisciplinary knowledge. We see prospects for further research in the development of other pedagogical technologies that will contribute to the integration of fundamental and professional training of future specialists in industrial pharmacy.
Evolution of Agricultural Land Leasing Models: A Survey of the Literature

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Issues relating to agricultural tenancy have been viewed as important economic questions since the early writings of Smith and Mill. At the close of the twentieth century, interest in these issues remains strong. In developing countries with agrarian economies, this interest is stimulated by the perceived importance of land lease arrangements in either fostering or impeding economic development. In the United States, where the proportion of farmland operated under lease arrangements has increased from 35% in 1950 to 43% in 1992 (USDA 1992), concern focuses on efficiency of resource use and issues such as effects of absentee landownership and tenant farming on the adoption of soil‐conserving production practices.
Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrescentis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrescentis (Drew, 1971) Figure 53 Distribution. Papua New Guinea (mainland, New Britain, New Ireland, Manus, Bougainville). Solomon Islands (Choiseul, Vella Lavella, Gizo, Kolombangara, New Georgia, Isabel, Florida, Guadalcanal, Rennell and Bellona, Santa Cruz). Male lure. Cue-lure. Host plants. No known hosts.
Caste from Below

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on the life of the noted Chindu Yakshagana performer, Yellamma, this article presents the lived experience of caste through the lens of India’s Dalits, as narrated by the Chindus, a dependent caste of Madigas of Telangana. This provides a glimpse into the inner world of caste-based relationships through analysis of a satellite caste system that remains inaccessible to the dominant Hindu Brahmanical world and most scholarship on caste. Satellite castes function as preservers of social memory and act as cultural archives, enacting caste histories and origin myths, while critiquing and inverting dominant perceptions and weaving positive stories. The article argues that there may well be much more to this performative protest than merely social subversion.
Saliva, supragingival biofilm and root canals can harbor gene associated with resistance to lactamic agents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to determine the presence of Prevotella strains and genes associated with resistance to lactamics in different oral niches from patients with/without primary endodontic infections. Saliva (S) and supragingival biofilm (SB) were collected from three patient groups: Group I - no endodontic infection (n = 15); Group II - acute endodontic infection (n = 12); and Group III - chronic endodontic infection (n = 15). Root canal (RC) samples were collected from Groups II and III. The presence of P. intermedia, P nigrescens, P. tannerae and cfxA/cfxA2 gene was assessed by PCR. The cfxA/cfxA2 gene was not detected in all environments within the same patient. The cfxA/cfxA2 gene was present in 23.81% of S samples, 28.57% of SB samples, and 7.41% of RC samples. Prevotella species were detected in 53.97%, 47.62% and 34.56% of the S, SB, and RC samples, respectively. P. intermedia had a high frequency in saliva samples from Group 3. Saliva samples from Group 1 had higher detection rates of P. nigrescens than did Groups 2 and 3. Patients without endodontic disease had high frequencies of P. nigrescens in the SB samples. The presence or absence of spontaneous symptoms was not related to the detection rates for resistance genes in the RC samples. Saliva, supragingival biofilm and root canals can harbor resistant bacteria. The presence of symptomatology did not increase the presence of the cfxA/cfxA2 gene in the supragingival biofilm and inside root canals.
para-Hemigossypolone: a sequiterpenoid aldehyde quinone from Gossypium hirsutum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A sesquiterpene aldehyde,para-hemigossypolone (8-formyl-6,7-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone), which inhibits the growth of Heliothis virescens(tobacco budworm), was identified as a constituent of flower buds (squares) from bollworm-resistant cotton (Gossypium).
ChemInform Abstract: PSEUDOESTERS AND DERIVATIVES; XVII. SYNTHESIS OF 4‐ALKYLAMINO‐ AND 4‐ALKYLTHIO‐5‐METHOXYFURAN‐2(5H)‐ONES

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Aus 4‐Halogen‐5‐methoxyfuranonen (I) werden durch Substitution die 4‐Amino‐ baw.
"Try your best"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The world is becoming increasingly multilingual. In the U.S., despite rapid growth in linguistic diversity, there is a complete lack of multilingual language assessment tools and a severe shortage of multilingual clinicians to detect language impairments among children who speak minority languages. To develop accessible child language assessment tools, we designed MECO-LAB, a web-based bilingual Mandarin-English assessment that uses parents as one of the potential groups of test administrators. We analyzed 16 videos of child-parent dyads and found that with minimal instructions, the majority (11 out of 16) of parents were capable of administering MECO-LAB to their children. We identified 296 interference and 381 support behaviors from parents that are influenced by linguistic, cognitive, emotional, and technical factors that researchers should consider when designing online language assessments. We proposed design recommendations for supporting child-parent interactions in similar applications that enable parents to administer online bilingual language assessments to their children.
Features of the Formation of Ni–GaAs Contacts Obtained by Electrolysis and Their Electrophysical Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nickel contacts based on gallium arsenide are of interest from the point of view of their application in optoelectronics. The aim of this work is to study the contact structures of Ni–p-GaAs and Ni–n-GaAs. The object of study is the electrochemical contacts of nickel to crystalline gallium arsenide. The article presents studies of the topography of homogeneous electrochemical nickel films of nanometer thickness (50–100 nm) on the surface of a semiconductor. The current–voltage characteristics of metal–semiconductor contacts are experimentally obtained. The roughness of the GaAs substrate of the Ni film was studied using optical and probe microscopes. Nickel films were obtained using a Watts solution and a setup for the production of electrochemical structures by the drop method. To minimize the roughness of the nickel surface obtained by electrolysis, a mode of low current density is used. Using a theoretical model and experimental data, the contact resistances are calculated and their current–voltage characteristics are obtained. The parameters of nickel surface roughness, which affect the operational properties of contact structures, are determined. The features of the current flow through the electrochemically obtained Ni–GaAs contacts are revealed. It is shown that the resulting Ni–p-GaAs structures are Ohmic, and the current–voltage characteristics of the Ni–n-GaAs contacts have a nonlinear region at voltages less than 1.5 V. It is shown that the formation of an integral nickel film on the GaAs surface is possible when the Ni layer thickness exceeds the average substrate roughness.