jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial activity of eleagnine isolated from the seed cotyledons of <i>Chrysophyllum albidum</i>

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of eleagnine, a β-carboline alkaloid isolated from seed cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don Holl (Sapotaceae), and determined factors affecting it. Antimicrobial activities of eleagnine were determined using the agar diffusion and microdilution methods against selected typed organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida spp.), clinical isolates (S. aureus, E. coli) and Trichophyton. The effects of inoculum size and pH on the bacteriostatic activity were studied using agar and broth dilution methods. Bactericidal/fungicidal activities were also evaluated using viable count technique. Cytotoxicity was determined using brine shrimp lethality test. Eleagnine showed higher bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms and Candida spp. than Gram-negative bacteria but showed no activity against Trichophyton. The MIC of eleagnine obtained by microdilution tests ranged from 9.77 μg/mL against S. aureus, 156.25 μg/mL for C. albicans to 312.5 μg/mL for E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Inoculum size (105-107 orgs/mL) did not appreciably affect activity but pH from 5.85 to 8.09 increased the activity against S. aureus and E. coli, suggesting the unionized form as the active compound. Eleagnine (100-400 μg/mL) produced a 4-5 log survivor reduction of S. aureus and E. coli in 30 min. LC50 of eleagnine was 18.8 mg/mL indicating minimal cytotoxicity. This study showed that eleagnine is bactericidal with low cytotoxicity. Factors affecting its activity (pH, solvent) could be optimized in developing effective antimicrobial products alone or in combination with other agents.Keywords: Eleagnine, Chrysophyllum albidum, antimicrobial, inoculum size, pH
The Impact of Hedge Fund Activism on the Target Firm's Existing Bondholders

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In contrast to previous studies documenting positive abnormal returns to target shareholders, we find that hedge fund activism significantly reduces bondholders' wealth. The average excess bond return is - 3.9% around the initial 13D filing, and is an additional - 4.5% over the remaining year. Excess bond returns are related inversely to subsequent changes in cash and assets (loss of collateral effects) and directly to changes in total debt. Confrontational campaigns and the acquisition of at least one seat on the target's board elicit more negative bond returns. We also find an expropriation of wealth from the bondholder to the shareholder. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Serbia's Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution as Manipulation? A Cultural Alternative to the Elite-Centric Approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Why did nationalism and socialism combine during Serbia's “anti-bureaucratic revolution”? This article critiques the elite-centric approach prevalent in the literature and suggests a cultural argument instead. Three interconnected “elective affinities” brought nationalism and socialism together and separated them from a weak liberal alternative: (1) the emergence of bureaucracy as a “floating signifier”; (2) the search for enemies and a predilection for conspiracy theories; and (3) anti-intellectualism with special emphasis on the search for “one truth.” The elite-centric approach is assessed by looking at actors who, if the thesis is correct, should have been the least likely adopters of nationalist ideas.
Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent fibers in regulation of jejunal alanine absorption

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent fibers (CSPA) in the small intestine regulate many functions through the release of peptides and neurotransmitters. This study was undertaken to assess the role of CSPA in the regulation of jejunal alanine absorption in the rat. In a series of in vivo experiments, the effects of the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin on small intestinal alanine absorption were evaluated. In vitro experiments were also done to study its effects on alanine uptake by isolated jejunal strips and mucosal scrapings. Jejunal alanine absorption was reduced by 27% when capsaicin (160 and 800 microM) was perfused intraluminally and by 21% when it was applied topically to the cervical vagi. On the other hand, bilateral cervical vagotomy and reversible block of vagal CSPA increased alanine absorption by 29 and 41%, respectively. In vitro, capsaicin reduced alanine uptake by intestinal strips in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal inhibition (36.5%) occurred at 400 microM with the mean ineffective concentration at 87 microM. Alanine uptake by jejunal mucosal scrapings, however, was decreased only by 6.7% when incubated with 1,600 microM capsaicin. These data suggest that vagal CSPA exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on alanine absorption and that capsaicin's inhibitory effect on alanine absorption is mediated largely by the capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers.
Single and Double Decay in N Z Nuclei

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study single and double β decay for <it>N</it>&ap;<it>Z</it> nuclei, using an extended <it>P</it>+<it>QQ</it> interaction with four force strengths. The Gamov-Teller (GT) transition is examined using the proton-neutron QRPA (<it>pn</it>-QRPA) in many <it>j</it> shells and using a single <it>j</it> shell model calculation. First, we calculate the single β-decay strength. The integrated strengths of <it>N</it>&ap;<it>Z</it> nuclei in the <it>fp</it> shell region are reproduced well by the <it>pn</it>-QRPA, although some quenching factor is necessary for several cases. The model accounts for the experimental observation that the GT strength increases with decreasing &mid;<it>N</it>−<it>Z</it>&mid;. The single <it>j</it> shell model calculation indicates that the GT strength becomes very large at <it>N</it>=<it>Z</it>. Second, we perform calculations for two-neutrino double β-decay transition strengths for 76Ge and 82Se. The results suggest fairly good applicability of the extended <it>P</it>+<it>QQ</it> interaction to single and double β decay.
Nitric oxide regulates NMDA‐driven GABAergic inputs to type I neurones of the rat paraventricular nucleus.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Whole‐cell recordings were obtained from type I paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones in coronal slices of rat hypothalamus to study the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of inhibitory transmission resulting from the activation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors by the high affinity receptor agonist D,L‐tetrazol‐5‐ylglycine. 2. A brief pulse of NMDA agonist (0.1‐10 microM) faithfully elicited increases in action potential firing frequency in all type I cells tested (n = 55). In cells with membrane potentials positive to ‐75 mV, this excitation was accompanied by an underlying depolarization (> 2 mV) in the majority of cases (n = 45). At membrane potentials negative to ‐75 mV, NMDA agonist application elicited an initial monotonie depolarization, which was auxiliary to profound, rhythmic oscillations of the membrane potential, resulting in the emergence of burst‐like activity in these cells (n = 8). 3. In addition to depolarizing the neurones, the NMDA agonist also elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in 40% (n = 22) of the cells tested. The IPSPs were inhibited by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). 4. Microdialysis of NO into the PVN has been shown to increase local levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters, including GABA. The possibility that NO‐induced increases in GABA lead to an increase in inhibitory synaptic activity in PVN was investigated by administering NO by three different methods. Bath application of the donor compound, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐penicillamine (SNAP; n = 7), bubbled NO solution (n = 5), or the NO precursor L‐arginine (n = 6) all elicited increases in IPSP frequency. 5. Production of NO in other brain centres has been linked to the activation of the NMDA receptor. In order to determine whether the increase in IPSPs following NMDA was the result of activation of NO, the production of NO was blocked with the NO synthase inhibitor N omega‐nitro‐L‐arginine methylester (L‐NAME). Subsequent NMDA receptor activation elicited more pronounced depolarizations, but there was no accompanying increase in IPSP frequency (n = 5). 6. This study demonstrates that GABAergic inhibition resulting from NMDA receptor activation can be regulated profoundly by NO. By increasing inhibitory transmission within a nucleus, NO may serve as an important intermediary in the regulation of neuronal excitability in the central nervous system.
Intra- and Interspecific Aggression in House Finches and House Sparrows

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Intra- and Interspecific Aggression in House Finches and House Sparrows Get access Ronald Kalinoski Ronald Kalinoski Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Condor, Volume 77, Issue 4, 1 October 1975, Pages 375–384, https://doi.org/10.2307/1366086 Published: 01 October 1975 Article history Accepted: 13 November 1973 Published: 01 October 1975
Concurrent overexpression of amino acid permease AAP1(3a) and SUT1 sucrose transporter in pea resulted in increased seed number and changed cytokinin and protein levels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using pea as our model crop, we sought to understand the regulatory control over the import of sugars and amino acids into the developing seeds and its importance for seed yield and quality. Transgenic peas simultaneously overexpressing a sucrose transporter and an amino acid transporter were developed. Pod walls, seed coats, and cotyledons were analysed separately, as well as leaves subtending developing pods. Sucrose, starch, protein, free amino acids, and endogenous cytokinins were measured during development. Temporal gene expression analyses (RT-qPCR) of amino acid (AAP), sucrose (SUT), and SWEET transporter family members, and those from cell wall invertase, cytokinin biosynthetic (IPT) and degradation (CKX) gene families indicated a strong effect of the transgenes on gene expression. In seed coats of the double transgenics, increased content and prolonged presence of cytokinin was particularly noticeable. The transgenes effectively promoted transition of young sink leaves into source leaves. We suggest the increased flux of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink, along with increased interaction between cytokinin and cell wall invertase in developing seed coats led to enhanced sink activity, resulting in higher cotyledon sucrose at process pea harvest, and increased seed number and protein content at maturity.
Isoperimetric bounds for higher eigenvalue ratios for the n-dimensional fixed membrane problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Synopsis We give several results which extend our recent proof of the Payne-Pólya–Weinberger conjecture to ratios of higher eigenvalues. In particular, we show that for a bounded domain Ω⊂ℝ n the eigenvalues of its Dirichlet Laplacian obey where λ m denotes the m th eigenvalue and j p,k denotes the k th positive zero of the Bessel function J p (x) . Certain extensions of this result are given, the most general being the bound where k ≧2 and l ( m ) denotes the number of nodal domains of an m th eigenfunction. Our results imply certain further conjectures of Payne, Pólya, and Weinberger concerning λ 3 /λ 2 and λ 4 /λ 3 . In addition, we find a resonably good bound on λ 4 /λ 1 . We also briefly discuss extensions to Schrödinger operators and other elliptic eigenvalue problems.
Prognostic Role of DFNA5 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Revealed by Systematic Expression Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The gasdermin E gene ( GSDME , also known as DFNA5 ) is mutated in familial aging-related hearing loss. Recent studies have also revealed that the expression of DFNA5 is suppressed in many cancer types; however, little is known about the function of DFNA5 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of DFNA5 and explore its prognostic value in HNSCC. We used a set of bioinformatics tools, including Oncomine, TIMER, TISIDB, cBioPortal, and GEPIA, to analyze the expression of DFNA5 in patients with HNSCC from public databases. Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to evaluate the potential prognostic significance of DFNA5 . DFNA5 mRNA levels were significantly higher in HNSCC tissues than in normal tissues, and high DFNA5 expression was correlated with worse survival. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses showed that DFNA5 expression has a strong positive correlation with cell adhesion and the integrin signaling pathway, whereas its expression was negatively correlated with the levels of infiltrating B cells (cor = –0.223, P = 8.57e-07) and CD8 T cells (cor = –0.223, P = 2.99e-07). Overall, this study demonstrates that DFNA5 expression has prognostic value for HNSCC patients. Moreover, these results suggest that regulation of lymphocyte infiltration is the mechanism underlying the function of DFNA5 in HNSCC.
Robustness Analysis of Uncertain Time-Varying Interconnected Systems Using Integral Quadratic Constraints

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper extends the dissipativity-based framework for robustness analysis using integral quadratic constraints (IQCs) to the class of uncertain distributed systems. We consider linear time-varying subsystems interconnected over finite arbitrary directed graphs, where each subsystem is affected by an uncertainty operator described using an IQC, and the interconnections between the subsystems are represented using spatial states. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated using an illustrative example.
Survival of Rhizoctonia solani in soil under varying temperature regimes*

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

KUhn is a serious disease in many rice growing re-zions of Uttar Pradesh. The occurrence and severity of &apos;&quot;rice sheath blight in northern India was reported by Kohli (3). The pathogen is known to survive in soil as sclerotia as well as thick walled lobate mycelium. Little information is available about the effect of tempera-ture on the perpetuation of this fungus. Richards (6) reported that R. so/ani remains in active stage, much longer at lower temperature than that at higher tem-perature. Basu and Gupta (1) observed that at higher. temperature viability of sclerotia gradually decreased. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the survival of mycelium and sclerotia of R. so/ani at various temperature regimes. Plastic pots (6 &quot; size) filled with natural soil were used in this study. In the first set of experiment, rice leaf sheath showing disease symptoms were collected from field during November 1997. They were cut into small pieces of approximately 4. to 5 em size and scle-rotia were collected from 15 day old culture of fungus grown on PDA medium. They were placed in nylon bags and buried in natural soil. These pots were stored at room temperature, where the maximum tempera-ture recorded up to 41°C (during May and June) and minimum 16°C (during December and January). The moisture content was maintained at 50 per cent level by periodic addition of tap water. Isolation of fungus from leaf sheath pieces and viability of sclerotia was done at monthly intervals on PDA medium. The in-fected bits / sclerotia were removed at monthly inter-vals, washed with distilled water, surface sterilized with 0.1 % mercuric chloride solution and transferred to petri plates containing PDA. The number of in-fected pieces / sclerotia yielding colonies was recorded
Synchronizing pace in asynchronous global virtual project teams

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this study, we explore the nature of team interaction and the role of temporal coordination in asynchronously communicating global virtual project teams (GVPTs). Drawing on time, interaction, and performance (TIP) theory, we consider how and why virtual team behavior is temporally patterned in complex ways. We report on the results of an experiment consisting of 35 virtual project teams comprised of 175 members residing in the US and Japan. Through content and cluster analysis, we identify distinct patterns of interaction and examine how these patterns are associated with differential levels of GVPT performance. We also explore the role of temporal coordination mechanisms as a means to synchronize temporal patterns in GVPTs. Our results suggest that successful enactment of temporal coordination mechanisms is associated with higher performance. However, we found that temporal coordination per se is not the driver of performance; rather, it is the influence of coordination on interaction behaviors that affects performance.
Recent Efforts to maintain the Maori language by Ngati Kahungunu

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT A survey of the Maori Language in the 1970's indicated that only 18% of the Maori population of New Zealand were fluent speakers of the language. A survey in 1995 indicated that this had dropped to only 8%! The Ngati Kahungunu, like other tribes have long realized the impact of the onslaught of the English language. As with other indigenous and minority cultures throughout the world, they realize the urgency of the problem of potential death of their language. With the knowledge that the language has such a pivotal part to play in the total culture of any people, Ngati Kahungunu have adopted a “just do it” approach to language revitalisation strategies. This paper looks at some of the initiatives recently and presently carried out by Ngati Kahungunu to save its language from extinction. The paper also particularly highlights the methodology of “rumaki” or total immersion teaching of all subjects in the Maori language.
Progestin Selectivity in Clinical Applications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter presents a thorough examination of synthetic progestins in obstetric and gynecologic practice, highlighting their specific use in several clinical scenarios, including miscarriage, luteal phase support, menstrual problems, and endometriosis. Drawing from existing literature, the chapter explores the specific biological, pharmacological, and clinical characteristics of progestins -especially dydrogesterone -emphasizing their subtle functions in different reproductive health conditions. The study primarily revolves around dydrogesterone, with a thorough investigation that includes data extracted from the literature on its molecular structure, in vitro and in vivo findings, clinical data obtained from randomized clinical trials, and systematic reviews. This chapter intends to provide the reader with a detailed understanding of the distinct clinical applications and differential selectivity of synthetic progestins, with a particular focus on the unique features of dydrogesterone. The goal is to equip the reader with a nuanced comprehension of these drugs. This resource is beneficial for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and academicians who want a more detailed understanding of the complex relationship between synthetic progestins and reproductive health in different clinical situations.
Bone Marrow Invasion in Childhood Solid Tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bone marrow invasion in pediatric solid tumors is an essential area of research, as it has a significant impact on prognosis and treatment strategies. Bone marrow metastases occur when non-hematopoietic malignant cells infiltrate the bone marrow, often leading to severe hematological disorders and high mortality rates if not identified early. The mechanisms of bone marrow invasion involve tumor cells escaping into the bone marrow, forming micrometastases which can then take on aggressive forms. Bilateral bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies (BMAT) are essential for accurate classification, as discrepancies in results can occur. In addition to their progressive nature, pediatric solid tumors are characterized by a high metastatic potential, particularly in the bone marrow. This retrospective study analyzes a series of 52 cases of solid tumors with bone marrow invasion, diagnosed in the hematology laboratory and pediatric hemato-oncology unit (UHOP) of the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez over a six-year period, from January 2016 to December2022. Evaluation of bone marrow involvement is a key factor in therapeutic orientation and assessment of response to treatment. The presence of bone marrow metastases is associated with a poor prognosis. The haematology-biology laboratory plays an essential role in detecting extra-haematopoietic cells suggestive of bone marrow metastases, over and above standard tests. Despite advances in our understanding of spinal cord metastases, challenges remain in early detection and effective treatment, necessitating ongoing research to improve outcomes for affected children. In this article, we review the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of bone marrow invasion in solid tumors in the pediatric population.
Redox potential: An intrinsic parameter of the rumen environment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The ruminal ecosystem is a fermentative milieu which is interesting to discuss in terms of its redox status as a reflection of an intense bacterial activity. The objective of this systematic literature review is to quantitatively analyze data collected on redox potential (E h ) in the rumen and to explore relationship between ruminal E h , nature of the diet fed to ruminants, and ruminal fermentation parameters. Data obtained from 15 studies comprising 24 different diets was used in the analysis. Studies included in the data file were selected based on the criteria of: (i) the nature of the reference electrode was specified, (ii) the ruminal E h was recorded simultaneously to pH , (iii) animal body weight ( BW ) and dry matter intake ( DMI ) were reported and (iv) the composition of the diet was precisely described. Results showed a high variability in ruminal E h values. However, all recorded values are markedly negative reflecting the absence of oxygen and the strong reducing power of the rumen environment. The main factors contributing to the variation were the method of E h measurement and the nature of the diet fed to ruminants. Redox potential was positively correlated with DMI and proportion of concentrate in the diet, and tended to be positively correlated with soluble carbohydrates content. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with neutral detergent fibre from forages. The hierarchical ascendant classification discriminated two groups of diets leading to significant change in ruminal E h level. Ruminal E h was negatively correlated with pH , total volatile fatty acids produced and proportion of acetate, and positively correlated with proportion of propionate. This review revealed E h to be dependent on the diet composition and DMI , at least within the range of diets included in the database.