jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The International Criminal Court: Building On The Principal Legal Systems Of The World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was preceded by the international military tribunals setup after World War II at Nuremberg and Tokyo and the international criminal tribunals set up in response to genocides and other serious crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the 1990s. The International Law Commission is a body of experts, falling under the General Assembly, charged with the progressive development and codification of international law. Its 34 experts are elected by the General Assembly, bearing in mind the need to assure representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world. The Court's jurisdictional regime is closely tied to its treaty-based nature and reflects principles of criminal law common to diverse legal systems. One of the most fundamental and innovative aspects of the ICC is the of complementarity. Keywords: General Assembly; International Criminal Court (ICC); International Law Commission; jurisdiction; principal legal systems; principle of complementarity
Folklore Parallels Between Siberia And South Asia And The Mythology Of The Eurasian Steppes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

According to the myth about the origin of man recorded among the people of Eastern Europe and Siberia, the creator set a dog to guard the half-made human figures, but the antagonist bribed the guard and spoiled the creation, making humans vulnerable to disease. The creator told the dog to become the servant of man. Texts recorded in India (mostly among the Munda-speaking groups), the Dards of the Hindu Kush and the Abkhasians, though partly similar to the Northern Eurasian ones, do not share some important details: the antagonist is a horse, it tried to destroy man but a dog drove it away. In the Mongolian (more precisely, the Oirat) version, a cow acts instead of a horse, but in other respects this variant is similar to the Abkhasian ones. Negative associations related to the horse are rather widespread in Europe and Central Asia. Stories about the creation of man recorded in northern and southern Eurasia stemmed from the anthropogenic myth that was known to the Indo-Europeans of the Bronze Age. South Asia and the European–Siberian zone also share other tales, in particular the Earth-diver myth. Their analysis opens possibilities for reconstructing the early mythology of the inhabitants of the Eurasian steppe.
Black Box Modeling of Hydrocarbon Physiochemical Properties and its Approach to Fuel Optimization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An energy pathway of great interest is gas-to-liquid (GTL) technologies, which converts natural gas to valuable chemicals and fuels. Three powerful regression methods were implemented, to create models for accurate predictions of physical properties– density, freezing point, flash point, and heat content. With the use of experimental training data, three distinct techniques were performed and analyzed: artificial neural networks, support vector machine (SVM) and Kriging modeling. \n\nFor further accuracy, optimal simulation settings were elucidated through repeated runs and rigorous testing, with substantial increases in performance in low performing models. Most models generated were accurate with good trends, except freezing point. A formulation package called DataMine, coded in R, was created for current work and future endeavors.
Developing and validating a short-form questionnaire for the assessment of seven conscientiousness facets in educational large-scale assessments

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The influence of personality on academic outcomes has been demonstrated consistently in previous research. In particular, conscientiousness and its lower order facets generally show the strongest predictive validity for academic success. MacCann et al. (2009) constructed a 68-item questionnaire for the comprehensive assessment of different conscientiousness facets in secondary education. However, such questionnaires are arguably too long for the use in large-scale educational assessments. Investigating the influence of conscientiousness facets within large-scale educational assessments is, nevertheless, crucial for advancing our knowledge of the differential influence of facets on various academic outcomes. Short and psychometrically sound questionnaires are thus required. Currently, no short and yet comprehensive questionnaire assessing the lower order facets of conscientiousness, that is suitable for large-scale educational assessments exists. Therefore, within the present investigation we develop a short-form instrument based upon the seven-factor version (59 items) of the questionnaire presented by MacCann et al. (2009), by using an exhaustive search algorithm and traditional item selection methods. Our sample consists of a large and representative dataset comprising all 9th grade students in Luxembourg from the Luxembourgish national school monitoring system (N = 6325; see epstan.lu), who answered French and German adaptations of the original 59-item questionnaire. We specified the exhaustive search algorithm to select the best possible combination of four items for each lower order facet, by considering goodness of fit criteria, factor saturation statistics, and measurement invariance between the German and French version. In addition, we used Mokken scale analysis and assessed the congruence of item wordings and theoretical definitions of each lower order facet to ensure content validity. We finally selected four to five items per scale based on our analyses. We found good fit statistics for all lower order facet scales (CFI >.95, RMSEA < 0.05), and acceptable to good factor saturation statistics for all but one of these scales (McDonalds ω > 0.7). On top of that, all scales show either scalar invariance, or partial scalar invariance between the German and French language version. The result of our investigation is a short and psychometrically sound instrument for the assessment of the lower order facets of conscientiousness. It is specifically tailored towards the unique context of the multilingual Luxembourgish educational system, and can be used in the upcoming Épstan cohorts.
Cytidine and dCMP Deaminases—Current Methods of Activity Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cytidine deaminase (CDA) and deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase (DCTD) play crucial roles in pyrimidine metabolism, affecting DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, and the efficacy of numerous nucleoside analog-based chemotherapeutics. Given their significance, accurate and sensitive measurement of their enzymatic activity is paramount for both fundamental biochemical research and clinical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies used to assess CDA and DCTD activity, both established and emerging. We systematically categorize and discuss various approaches, including spectrophotometric, fluorimetric, liquid chromatography-based (Ultraviolet-Visible, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry), radiometric, and cell-based assays. For each method, we present its underlying principles, advantages, and limitations. Furthermore, we draw comparisons across the techniques to highlight their suitability for specific research questions.
Queuing Analysis Model for the SR-ARQ Protocol with a Finite Retransmission Persistence

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????(retransmission persistence)??? ?????? SR-ARQ(Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat reQuest) ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. SR-ARQ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. SR-ARQ??? ????????? ????????? SR-ARQ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? SR-ARQ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ??? ??????????????? M/G/1 ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? SR-ARQ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? SR-ARQ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ??????, OPNET??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? SR-ARQ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????.
Giant dedifferentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Liposarcoma tumors only represent 0.1% of all cancers, but they are the more common of retroperitoneal sarcomas. It has a great tendency for local recurrence, mainly the dedifferentiated variety, but its complete resection can provide a 5-year survival of 70%. In this report, we present a case of a giant dedifferentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma that did not affect any neighboring organ and that was successfully treated by means of complete surgical resection.
Rapidly Responsive and Flexible Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Composites as Multifunctional Rewritable Photonic Papers with Eco-Friendly Inks

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Rapidly responsive and flexible photonic papers are manufactured by coassembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) latex for fully taking advantage of the chiral nematic structure of CNCs and the flexibility of WPU elastomer. The resulting CNC/WPU composite papers exhibit not only tunable iridescent colors by adjusting the helical pitch size, but also instant optical responses to water and wet gas, ascribed to the easy chain movement of the elastomeric WPU that does not restrict the fast water absorption-induced swelling of CNCs. By choosing water or NaCl aqueous solutions as inks, the colorful patterns on the CNC/WPU photonic paper can be made temporary, durable, or even disguisable. In addition, the photonic paper is simultaneously rewritable for all these three types of patterns, and the disguisable patterns, which are invisible at normal times and show up under stimuli, exhibit a quick reveal conversion just by exhaling on the paper. The rewritability, rapid responsibility, easy fabrication, and the eco-friendly nature of the inks make the flexible photonic paper/ink combination highly promising in sensors, displays, and photonic circuits.
Study and analysis of COVID 19 spread in India using SIRD model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

COVID-19 has already been declared as a global pandemic by WHO. The rate at which this disease is spreading is very much worrying. Many factors affect the spread of a disease, but predictions can be made regarding the trend a disease would follow. A mathematical model Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Dead (SIRD) has been used to predict the COVID-19 spread in India. The time frame that was analyzed for the prediction is from 30th January 2020 to 16th May 2020. Using the existing data the estimation of the date till which the active infected cases will be at its peak has been done, after hitting the peak the infected cases would start to come down significantly. According to this study there are two cases that are most likely to happen, both have been analyzed thoroughly. In the first case analysis has been done and the minimum active infected cases are predicted to be around 1,30,000 and in the second case the maximum number of cases are expected to be 1,89,000 during the peak of the COVID-19 spread that is predicted to be from 8th June 2020 to 25th June 2020. To support the accuracy of the estimation of the SIRD model, analysis has been done for the COVID-19 situation in China and the output of the model has been compared with actual data available for the country. SARS 2003 pandemic has also been analyzed to understand the trend of spread of a viral disease according to the SIRD model.
A seventeenth century royal forge in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A structure of massive build, filled with clay, was revealed crossing the Soudley Valley in the Forest of Dean, West Gloucestershire. It is suggested that this is the so-called ‘King’s Forge’, an iron working complex built in 1612 for James I, and mentioned in detail in 1635. The excavated data is limited, and consists mainly of construction deposits (masonry and clay infill). Hypotheses concerning the layout of the complex, particularly the forge, waterwheels and dam, are offered.
A Two-Stage Frequency-Offset Estimation Scheme for OFDMA System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In OFDMA multiple access wireless communication systems, carrier frequency offsets between the transmitter and the receiver tend to destroy the orthogonality among subcarriers, and hence, introduces intercarrier interference. A two-stage frequency offset estimation algorithm based on subspace processing is proposed. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it can obtain the CFOs of all users simultaneously using only one OFDMA block. Compared with previously known methods, our system is seen not to have a relatively low implementation complexity, but is also suitable for random subchannel assignment.
Be our guest/worker: reciprocal dependency and expressions of hospitality in Ni‐Vanuatu overseas labour migration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Whilst there has been renewed interest in the development potential of temporary migration programmes, such schemes have long been criticized for creating conditions for exploitation and fostering dependence. In this article, which is based on a case study of Ni‐Vanuatu seasonal workers employed in New Zealand's horticultural industry, I show how workers and employers alike actively cultivate and maintain relations of reciprocal dependence and often describe their relation in familial terms of kinship and hospitality. Nevertheless, workers often feel estranged both in the Marxian sense of being subordinated to a regime of time‐discipline, and in the intersubjective sense of feeling disrespected or treated unkindly. I show how attention to the ‘non‐contractual element’ in the work contract, including expressions of hospitality, can contribute to anthropological debates surrounding work, migration, and dependence, and to interdisciplinary understandings of the justice of labour migration. Abstrait Sois notre hôte/notre ouvrier : dépendance réciproque et expressions d'hospitalité parmi les travailleurs migrants Ni‐Vanuatu Résumé Bien que l'on s'intéresse à nouveau davantage à leur potentiel de développement, les programmes de migration temporaire sont critiqués depuis longtemps parce qu'ils créeraient les conditions de l'exploitation et favoriseraient la dépendance. Dans le présent article, basé sur une étude de cas de travailleurs saisonniers Ni‐Vanuatu employés par l'industrie horticole néo‐zélandaise, l'autrice montre comment ouvriers comme employeurs cultivent et entretiennent activement des relations de dépendance mutuelle et décrivent souvent celles‐ci dans des termes familiaux de parenté et d'hospitalité. Il n'en reste pas moins que les ouvriers se sentent aliénés, à la fois dans le sens marxien d'une subordination à un régime de discipline temporelle et au sens intersubjectif où ils se sentent traités sans respect ou sans bienveillance. L'autrice montre comment l'attention portée à « l’élément non contractuel » dans le contrat de travail, notamment aux expressions d'hospitalité, peut contribuer à des débats anthropologiques autour du travail, de la migration et de la dépendance et à la compréhension interdisciplinaire de la justice des migrations de main‐d'œuvre.
Identification, isolation, expression analysis and molecular characterization of nine genes key to late embryogenesis in Loblolly pine

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A basic understanding of the molecular events occurring during zygotic embryogenesis is required to fully understand how and why only a very small percentage of somatic embryos develop past the late embryogeny phase of embryogenesis. In this work, we have identified genes that have been demonstrated to be required for late embryonic development in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. \n These genes were subsequently isolated and cloned from Loblolly pine embryos. These isolated clones were sequenced and analyzed to reveal significant homology to the known Arabidopsis ABA responsive genes ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5. Expression analyses of all three genes were completed, and compared to reported data of ABA accumulation, as well as, expression of other ABA responsive genes during the same stages of embryogenesis. \n Six putative root development genes were isolated and cloned from Loblolly pine embryos. These isolated clones were sequenced and analyzed to reveal significant homology to the known Arabidopsis root development genes WOODENLEG, SHORT ROOT, SCARECROW, HOBBIT, BODENLOS, and MONOPTEROS. Full-length cDNAs were isolated and cloned for WOODENLEG, SHORT ROOT, SCARECROW and BODENLOS. Expression analyses of all six genes were completed throughout mid to late embryogenesis in Loblolly pine.
Numerical analysis to investigate the effect of inlet diffuser orientation of naturally ventilated occupied office on turbulence intensity using CFD

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The study presents the influence of Inlet Diffuser Orientation (IDO) on turbulent on an indoor environment quality (IEQ). The indoor thermal comfort in the cold climate room can be established employing a heat-generating radiation panel that can maintain the indoor comfort within an acceptable temperature range as per the cold climate conditions. Indoor occupants in cold weather conditions commonly feel uncomfortable in the presence of excessive eddies and circulations that result from turbulent flow intensity. Several case studies have been carried out to analyze the effect of IDO on indoor turbulent intensity. The alteration in IDO considerably affects the intensity of the indoor turbulence, the buoyancy force, the natural convection pattern, and, therefore indoor occupant comfort. The advancement in the IDO reduces the area mixing zone and increases the turbulent intensity near the inlet diffuser, radiator, walls, and furniture. To evade the perception of cold air draft due to increased turbulent intensity in the occupancy, it must be far enough left from the mixing zone. The study will be valuable in design and IEQ modeling of domestic buildings.
Define Your Goals Before You Design a CURE: A Call to Use Backward Design in Planning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We recommend using backward design to develop course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs). The defining hallmark of CUREs is that students in a formal lab course explore research questions with unknown answers that are broadly relevant outside the course. Because CUREs lead to novel research findings, they represent a unique course design challenge, as the dual nature of these courses requires course designers to consider two distinct, but complementary, sets of goals for the CURE: 1) scientific discovery milestones (i.e., research goals) and 2) student learning in cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains (i.e., pedagogical goals). As more undergraduate laboratory courses are re-imagined as CUREs, how do we thoughtfully design these courses to effectively meet both sets of goals? In this Perspectives article, we explore this question and outline recommendations for using backward design in CURE development.
Migrated Pancreaticojejunal Stent Forming a Stent–Stone Complex in the Jejunum with Resultant Small Bowel Obstruction: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transanastomotic pancreatic duct stent placement during reconstruction following pancreaticoduodenectomy is widely performed to prevent postoperative pancreatic fistulas and duct stenosis. However, stent-related complications, such as stent occlusion and migration, may occur. Here, we report a rare case of a migrated pancreatic duct plastic stent. After pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, the stent migrated to the jejunum and served as a nidus of the stent-stone complex, which developed jejunal obstruction. The stent-stone complex was removed by explorative laparotomy.
Towards a Theory of Choice for Community College Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Close to 50% of all college students attend 2-year colleges, according to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2003 National Center for Educational Statistics . ( 2003 ). Digest of educational statistics . Washington , D.C. [Google Scholar]). The common assumption is that students who choose 2-year schools do so because they are academically deficient or price conscious. However, little research has been done on why students choose to attend a 2-year college. In this article, we present the results from the first of a series of studies on 2-year college choice. We report and discuss focus groups involving over 200 community college students. We found 6 provocative themes from the interviews, and suggest a preliminary model of community college choice.
Candida infections today--how big is the problem?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thirty years ago, superficial fungal infections were common, but systemic fungal infections were not as frequent as today. Since that time incidence in both superficial and systemic fungal infection has been increasing. The reasons are many. Due to advances in medicine, human life span is extended and many people suffer from various immunodeficiencies. Transplantation of organs and tissues, wide application of parenteral feeding and parenteral administration of drugs, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and long-term peroral administration of antibiotics are the main reasons for appearance of many immunologic dysfunctions and thereby systemic fungal infections. The most usual predisposing factors for systemic fungal infection are skin and mucosal damage, hypofunction of T-cell-mediated immunity, decreased function of neutrophiles, long-term administration of corticosteroids, as well as dysfunction of microbial flora. Systemic fungal infections are a great problem, because they are very difficult to prove and to treat. This is why prevention of systemic infections is extremely important today, including the removal of predisposing factors as well as rational drug administration.
Approaches to complete coverage path planning using neural network and grid division

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Since the goal of using complete coverage path planning is to generate a continuous and uninterrupted path that covers an area of interest while avoiding obstacles, its use could be extremely vital in today's field of robotics. Not only could it help our daily lives like lawnmowers, window cleaners, and painter robots, but it could also solve some dangerous or complex but vital problems for human beings; For example, mine detection, vacuum cleaning, and photogrammetry. This paper proposes two paths of successful approaches to Complete Coverage Path Planning: Neural Network and Grid division. After detailed data comparisons, both proved to have been efficient and successful, respectively. In addition, both plans' field applications would be placed at the end.