jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Variable impedance control of finger exoskeleton for hand rehabilitation following stroke

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a variable impedance control method of finger exoskeleton for hand rehabilitation using the contact forces between the finger and the exoskeleton, making the output trajectory of finger exoskeleton comply with the natural flexion-extension (NFE) trajectory accurately and adaptively. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a variable impedance control method based on fuzzy neural network (FNN). The impedance control system sets the contact forces and joint angles collected by sensors as input. Then it uses the offline-trained FNN system to acquire the impedance parameters in real time, thus realizing tracking the NFE trajectory. K-means clustering method is applied to construct FNN, which can obtain the number of fuzzy rules automatically. Findings The results of simulations and experiments both show that the finger exoskeleton has an accurate output trajectory and an adaptive performance on three subjects with different physiological parameters. The variable impedance control system can drive the finger exoskeleton to comply with the NFE trajectory accurately and adaptively using the continuously changing contact forces. Originality/value The finger is regarded as a part of the control system to get the contact forces between finger and exoskeleton, and the impedance parameters can be updated in real time to make the output trajectory comply with the NFE trajectory accurately and adaptively during the rehabilitation.
Reaction and regrowth control of CeO2 on Si(111) surface for the silicon-on-insulator structure

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The interface structure of CeO2/Si(111) grown by laser ablation in ultrahigh vacuum was investigated by, reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The deposited film was single-crystalline CeO2. However, during the deposition, a reaction between CeO2 and Si occurred at the interface, that resulted in the formation of an oxygen deficient amorphous CeO2−x and SiO2 layer. Post annealing in oxygen atmosphere caused the regrowth of crystalline CeO2 from CeO2−x and increased of the SiO2 thickness. The modified structure of CeO2/SiO2/Si is expected to be useful as a silicon-on-insulator structure since it maintains the desirable SiO2/Si interface followed by a single-crystal insulating film lattice-matched to Si.
Communism’s Gray Zone

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the last twenty years of Communist rule in Prague, from normalization to the Velvet Revolution. Following the Warsaw Pact invasion, the Party introduced normalization, which attempted to make everyday life more comfortable for the average citizen. The Party guaranteed employment and addressed the lack of consumer goods, available housing, and leisure activities. The Prague Metro system opened in 1974. Due to labor shortages, thousands of guest workers from Vietnam and other Communist countries moved to Prague. Censorship and arrests of artists led dissidents to write Charter 77, which demanded freedom of self-expression. On November 17, 1989, Prague students marched to Wenceslas Square to demand change. Protests and a general strike convinced the Party to give up its “leading role” in the state. The smooth transition to democracy became known as the Velvet Revolution. Playwright and former political prisoner Václav Havel was named president in December 1989.
PROTECTION OF RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT PROCEDURE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Protection of rights in all stage of public procurement procedure is realized in a separate (administrative) procedure, – which is initiated with a special legal remedy — request for protection of rights. In the first instance the customer decides (state organ, organization, institution or other legal entity stipulated by the Law on Public Procurement (i. e. public enterprise). Deadline for making the first instance decision is determined, and if the term is exceeded, an assumption of “administration’s silence” is prescribed and it is considered that the request has been denied. Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedure acts as the second instance, as separate administrative organ, with the status of legal entity. The Commission should decide and expedite its decision in 15 days and in case that the deadline is exceeded, an assumption of “administration’s silence” is prescribed, since an administrative dispute can be initiated if the Commission fails to make and deliver the decision within the limits specified in the law. The decision of the Commission is not final, it can not be subjected to an appeal, but it can be challenged in court through special administrative dispute procedure. Making decision upon the request on the annulment of public procurement contract falls within judicial jurisdiction and making decision upon the request for the protection of rights that for the annulment of public procurement procedure, falls within the competence of the Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedure.
Avrupa Birliği’nin Cezayir ile Ekonomik ve Siyasi İş Birliği Ne Kadar Derindir? Avrupa Antlaşmalarının Etkisi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Bu makale, Cezayir ile Avrupa Birliği (AB) arasındaki ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkilerin arka planını ve AB&#039;nin kullandığı araçları incelemektedir. Cezayir’in AB&#039;nin kurucu ülkelerinden Fransa ile olan tarihi ve sömürge yönlerine dayalı bir geçmişi olması nedeniyle AB ile Cezayir arasındaki ekonomik ve siyasi tarihinin incelenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, Cezayir&#039;in AB ile ilişkileri kolay olmamış hatta zaman zaman çalkantılı olmuştur. AB’nin Cezayir ile iş birliği beş aşamalıdır: ‘Ortaklık Antlaşması’, ‘Avrupa-Akdeniz Ortaklığı’, ‘AB Komşuluk Politikası’, ‘Akdeniz için Birlik’ ve ‘AB-Cezayir Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması’. Bu çalışma, AB&#039;nin, Cezayir ile daha derin ve geniş bir iş birliği oluşturmak için kullandığı araçları araştırmaktadır ve ikili ticaret ve yatırım durumu ile birlikte mevcut siyasi ve ekonomik sorunları değerlendirmektedir. Makalemiz mevcut ve yeni iş birliği fırsatlarını araştırmakta, ticaret ve yatırım istatistiklerini analiz etmekte, araştırmada literatür tarama yöntemi kullanılmış olup birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. AB raporları ve uluslararası belgeler ticari ve siyasi açıdan değerlendirilmektedir. Siyasi olarak, AB&#039;nin Cezayir&#039;den özellikle göç ve güvenlik konularında daha fazla iş birliği talep ettiğini söyleyebiliriz. Ekonomik açıdan ise Serbest Ticaret Antlaşması’nın hali hazırda Cezayir&#039;den çok AB&#039;ye fayda sağladığı tartışılabilir, zira Cezayir dış ticaret açığı veren bir ülke konumundadır; ülke ihracatından çok ithalat yapmaktadır. Yabancı yatırımlar açısından ise ülkede sadece Avrupalı değil, aynı zamanda Amerikan yatırımlarının da özellikle petrol ve gaz arama ve üretim faaliyetleriyle ilgili ekonomik varlığı dikkat çekmektedir. Son olarak, Cezayir&#039;in daha dengeli ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik gelir elde edebilmesi için daha geniş bir ekonomik faaliyet çeşitliliğine geçmesi tavsiyesi ile çalışmamız sonuçlandırılmaktadır.
Impact of premature activation of the right ventricle with programmed stimulation in Brugada syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background In Brugada syndrome (BrS), it has been reported that delayed activation in the RV is related to the development of type‐1 ECG, which is more critical than type‐2. On the other hand, the coexistence of complete right bundle‐branch block (CRBBB), which also causes delayed activation in the RV, sometimes makes typical BrS ECG misleading. We hypothesized that premature stimulation of the RV can unmask the influence of delayed activation in the RV and convert the morphology of ECG in BrS patients. Methods and results In 35 BrS patients with type‐1 ECG including 8 patients with concomitant CRBBB and 6 control subjects with CRBBB, progressively premature single stimulations were delivered from the RV apex on electrophysiological study. Then we evaluated QRS morphology of fusion beats created by single premature stimulation in each patient. In 29 (83%) of 35 of the BrS patients, conversion from type‐1 to type‐2 ECG was observed during the process of single premature stimulation. Additionally, in all 8 BrS patients with concomitant CRBBB, type‐1 or type‐2 BrS ECG was revealed by premature stimulation with relief of CRBBB. These findings were not observed in any of the control subjects with CRBBB. Conclusion Single premature stimulation of the RV converts ECG from type‐1 to type‐2 in most BrS cases and unmasks type‐1 ECG in all BrS cases with CRBBB. Our results could suggest that type‐1 ECG is associated with delayed activation of the RV compared with type‐2 ECG.
Ring-opening copolymerization of α-chloromethyl-α-methyl-β-propionolactone with ɛ-caprolactone

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

α-Chloromethyl-α-methyl-β-propionolactone (CMMPL) has been copolymerized with ε-caprolactone (CL) using a wide range of feed compositions and aluminium triisopropoxide [Al(OiPr)3] as an initiator. Random copolymers of CMMPL with CL were obtained. The pendant chloromethyl groups of the copolymer were converted to quaternary ammonium salts by reaction with pyridine, resulting in an increased hydrophilicity of the copolymers.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Permeability of the paranodal junction of myelinated nerve fibers.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We have used fluorescent dextran tracers to test the tightness of the paranodal junction of living or fixed myelinated fibers in mouse sciatic nerve. Both 3 and 70 kDa tracers are able to penetrate from the perinodal space symmetrically into the paranodes on either side of the node of Ranvier at a rate consistent with diffusion through an elongated helical pathway between the paranodal terminal loops of the myelin sheath. This pathway thus provides an access route for movement of water soluble nutrients and metabolites to and from the internodal axon and constitutes a pathway through which juxtaparanodal potassium channels may be activated and may in turn affect nodal excitability. This pathway may also allow access of antibodies and toxic molecules to the internodal axon in paraneoplastic syndromes and demyelinating diseases. PMID: 21106834 Funding information This work was supported by: NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 NS037475-07A1 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: NS37475
Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells immunomodulatory molecules: their journey from umbilical cord to differentiated cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSCs) have a unique ability to cross lineage borders. Their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory features, further render these cells promising for regenerative medicine applications. Few data are present in literature on the expression of immunomodulatory molecules in umbilical cord (UC) tissue and their maintenance in paired cultured WJ-MSCs, an important aspect in cellular therapy applications. In addition, few data exist on the maintenance of expression of immunomodulatory molecules in mature cell types differentiated from MSCs. Therefore we investigated, in vivo (in UC at full term) and in vitro (in either undifferentiated or differentiated WJ-MSCs), the expression of different markers and their maintenance alongside cell culture, ex vivo expansion and differentiation. IHC, ICC, RT-PCR and flow cytometry were used to detect expression of markers in both paired UC sections and WJ-MSCs. Differentiation was performed towards the standard mesenchymal lineages as well as hepatocyte-like cells. Paired ICC and IHC analyses showed that for most of the analyzed molecules the expression at the protein level is maintained in both UC tissue and WJ-MSCs. Structural molecules were expressed in both WJ and umbilical epithelium (UE), as well as in WJ-MSCs. We showed for the first time that UE and WJ were positive for both HLA-ABC and HLA-E, while HLA-DR was not detectable. The same data were confirmed on WJ-MSCs. Both B7-1 and B7-2 were absent in UC and WJ-MSCs, while we showed for the first time that B7-H3 was highly expressed in both WJ and WJMSCs. Differentiation experiments showed that immunomodulatory molecules were expressed upon application of complex differentiation protocols, in parallel to the acquisition of mature markers or functions. Some important conclusions may be drawn from the current experiments: i) WJMSCs mostly maintain the expression of molecules just present in their “niche”, under standard culture conditions; ii) the parallel expression of immunomodulatory molecules sheds new light on the ability of WJ-MSCs to modulate host immune responses; iii) the in vivo expression of molecules such as HLA-E and B7-H3 opens new questions on the role of WJ during pregnancy; iv) the expression of these molecules in differentiated cells provides key features for in vivo applications, in particular for hepatocyte-like cells.
Automatic control markup language - protocol and model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Remote control and remote maintenance for distributed technical processes, particularly for autoarchically automated processes, are becoming increasingly important in automation. Users of different backgrounds with heterogeneous software and hardware platforms gather information on remote control and remote maintenance systems to meet their specific demands which makes it necessary to provide for free data exchange. State of the art in remote control and remote maintenance are proprietary systems preventing the required information from passing system boundaries. It is true that in years, the Internet and its related technologies had a strong impact on system designs, but did not completely eliminate restrictions on data exchange. Middleware covering the requirements for this specific application could solve this problem. This paper explains the core of this middleware, the automatic control markup language (AConML), which is based on an information model. In addition, the models and protocols enabling data exchange are presented
Implementation of public sector reforms : Unravelling the G8-reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The G8-reform, implemented in German federal states between 2001 and 2007, has caused a considerable ongoing public debate. With this phenomenon, the shortening of secondary academic education from nine to eight years portrays one of the most significant and controversial reforms in the education sector since Germany’s reunification. The most remarkable point about the G8-reform is its development over time, as only some German federal states maintained the reform, whereas the overwhelming majority reverted it partly and one federal state returned to the previous model of nine years. This thesis seeks to explain
how these differences came about. After examining the complicated context in which the G8-reform is embedded in, the thesis traces the implementation process of the G8-reform in three federal states according to a set of six determinants of success: the level of complexity of actions, the availability of resources, the existence of correcting measures, the direction of political consequences, the frequency of changes in political leadership and the alignment of stakeholder positions. All determinants except for the level of resources seem to have an
impact on the success of the reform and therefore its maintenance or reversion.
The flavonoid quercetin decreases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression but not SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in cultured human lung cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) binds to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, via its spike protein, and transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) cleaves the spike‐ACE2 complex to facilitate virus entry. As rate‐limiting steps for virus entry, modulation of ACE2 and/or TMPRSS2 may decrease SARS‐CoV‐2 infectivity and COVID‐19 severity. In silico modeling suggested the natural bioactive flavonoid quercetin can bind to ACE2 and a recent randomized clinical trial demonstrated that oral supplementation with quercetin increased COVID‐19 recovery. A range of cultured human cells were assessed for co‐expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Immortalized Calu‐3 lung cells, cultured and matured at an air–liquid interface (Calu‐3‐ALIs), were established as the most appropriate. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) were obtained from healthy adult males ( N = 6) and cultured under submerged conditions to corroborate the outcomes. Upon maturation or reaching 80% confluence, respectively, the Calu‐3‐ALIs and PBECs were treated with quercetin, and mRNA and protein expression were assessed by droplet digital PCR and ELISA, respectively. SARS‐CoV‐2 infectivity, and the effects of pre‐ and co‐treatment with quercetin, was assessed by median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Quercetin dose‐dependently decreased ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA and protein in both Calu‐3‐ALIs and PBECs after 4 h, while TMPRSS2 remained suppressed in response to prolonged treatment with lower doses (twice daily for 3 days). Quercetin also acutely decreased ADAM17 mRNA, but not ACE, in Calu‐3‐ALIs, and this warrants further investigation. Calu‐3‐ALIs, but not PBECs, were successfully infected with SARS‐CoV‐2; however, quercetin had no antiviral effect, neither directly nor indirectly through downregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Calu‐3‐ALIs were reaffirmed to be an optimal cell model for research into the regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, without the need for prior genetic modification, and will prove valuable in future coronavirus and respiratory infectious disease work. However, our data demonstrate that a significant decrease in the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by a promising prophylactic candidate may not translate to infection prevention.
Target capture and massively parallel sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) for comparative studies at shallow evolutionary time scales

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Comparative genetic studies of non-model organisms are transforming rapidly due to major advances in sequencing technology. A limiting factor in these studies has been the identification and screening of orthologous loci across an evolutionarily distant set of taxa. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of genomic markers targeting ultraconserved DNA elements (UCEs) for analyses at shallow evolutionary timescales. Using sequence capture and massively parallel sequencing to generate UCE data for five co-distributed Neotropical rainforest bird species, we recovered 776-1,516 UCE loci across the five species. Across species, 53-77 percent of the loci were polymorphic, containing between 2.0 and 3.2 variable sites per polymorphic locus, on average. We performed species tree construction, coalescent modeling, and species delimitation, and we found that the five co-distributed species exhibited discordant phylogeographic histories. We also found that species trees and divergence times estimated from UCEs were similar to those obtained from mtDNA. The species that inhabit the understory had older divergence times across barriers, contained a higher number of cryptic species, and exhibited larger effective population sizes relative to species inhabiting the canopy. Because orthologous UCEs can be obtained from a wide array of taxa, are polymorphic at shallow evolutionary time scales, and can be generated rapidly at low cost, they are effective genetic markers for studies investigating evolutionary patterns and processes at shallow time scales.
The Future of Assistive Tech is Surprisingly Simple: Everyday Technologies that Enhance Accessibility are Far More Helpful than Miraculous, High-tech Interventions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This opinion piece was originally published on Al-Jazeera America on August 17, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/8/thefutureofassistivetechissurprisinglysimple.html. Downloaded on March 4, 2016.
Hope at Work

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Viewing the workplace with a positive lens has a long history, but the establishment of positive psychology created an agenda and stimulated positive approaches to the workplace. Empirical research suggests that hope is positively associated with performance at the workplace. Creating a positive workplace requires human resources and leadership development. This chapter starts with a brief introduction to hope theory, where it introduces what hope is and how it relates to people's goals, how it is being measured, and the relationships to related psychological theories and constructs. It discusses hope research that results documenting the various benefits of hope at the workplace ranging from performance, employee engagement, and job satisfaction to mental health and well-being. Organizations also can play an important role in fostering employees’ levels of hope. This can occur through leadership behavior, mentoring relationships, targeted interventions, organizational structure, and the organizational culture.
Emotional Expression in Children Treated With ADHD Medication

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective: Although existing instruments contain items addressing the effect of ADHD medications on emotional expression, a review of measures did not yield any instruments that thoroughly evaluated positive and negative aspects of emotional expression. Method: The Expression and Emotion Scale for Children (EESC), a parent-report measure, was developed from an analysis of qualitative data from parent focus groups and expert opinion. Data from 179 parents and children treated with stimulants or atomoxetine are used to examine the psychometric properties of the EESC. Results: The EESC demonstrates good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. A factor analysis yields three factors (positive, flat, and emotional lability) that were consistent with the predicted structure of the measure. Small to moderate correlations between the EESC and psychological symptom measures are found, with the strength of the relationships varying by symptom measure. Conclusion: The EESC shows appropriate psychometric properties and is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(5) 568-579)