jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evolving English: one language, many voices: an illustrated history of the English language

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

English is spoken or written today by a third of the world's population - an unprecedented achievement for a language. How has this situation come about? And what happens to a language when it is used by so many? In this illustrated history David Crystal charts the development of the language from the earliest runic inscriptions in Old English, through the emergence of a standard variety of English between 1400 and 1800, to the most modern forms of the language in 'concrete' and 'text' poetry. In telling the story he draws on examples from English in its various guises and uses - from our everyday English to English in the workplace and English used as a medium of playful and literary expression. The regional and international varieties of English are also considered. This book shows us where language is now, where it has been, and - perhaps most important of all - where it is heading, for the new varieties of the language appearing in world literature and on the Internet show that this is a story which is by no means over.
Mal, more than a bridge to MyD88

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary The family of type 1 transmembrane proteins known as Toll–like receptors (TLRs) provide early immune system recognition and response to infection. In order to transmit their signal to the nucleus and initiate activation of pro–inflammatory and anti–microbial genes, TLRs must initiate a cytoplasmic signalling cascade, which is alternately controlled by 6 known signalling adaptors. These signaling adaptors are crucial for activating the correct immune response to any given TLR / pathogen interaction. This review will focus on one of those adaptors, MyD88 adaptor–like (Mal), also known as TIRAP. Mal is critical for signalling by the best studied of the TLRs, the Gram negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensor, TLR4. Mal's role in TLR2 signalling in response to activation of the bacterial lipopeptide receptor, TLR2, is more contentious. Mal is a component of the so–called ‘MyD88‐dependent pathway’ in TLR4 signalling. Recent advances in our understanding of the signalling pathways downstream of Mal highlight MyD88‐indpendent roles, thus positioning Mal as multifunctional and integral for the molecular control of bacterial infections as well as inflammatory diseases. Here we describe the sequence of molecular events involved in the signalling pathways controlled by Mal, and the importance of Mal in driving host protection against a variety of bacteria, with specific attention to the evidence for Mal's role in TLR2 signalling, recent structural findings that have altered our understanding of Mal signalling, and evidence that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Mal are responsible for variations in population level resistance and susceptibility to bacterial infection. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(9):777–786, 2013
Ionic Mechanism of the Resting Membrane Depolarization of frog Sartorius Muscle Induced by Dimorpholamine

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Ionic mechanism of the resting membrane depolarization of frog sartorius muscle induced by dimorpholamine was studied in a variety of ionic conditions. The resting membrane was depolarized in a dose-dependent manner reaching a maximum with a dose of 6 × 10−5 M. The amount of the depolarization (1.4 mV) was suppressed with doses over 10-4 M. This dose-dependent response was accompanied by change in the membrane conductance. The chloride conductance was increased by 16% and the potassium conductance by 7%, however the sodium conductance did not significantly change with a dose of 2 × 10−5 M. The slight depolarization induced by the drug was well explained by the changes in the ionic conductance. The effects of these actions on the membrane action potentials were simulated, suggesting that this drug possesses the nature of a stimulant on excitable membranes, yet does not produce any appreciable depolarization blockade.
Phase Synchronization Between Motor Cortices During Gait Movement in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently leads to generalized locomotor disability and gait disturbances which cause serious discomfort among patients. Human gait is a complex process in the central nervous system that results from the integration of various mechanisms which remain unclear. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to investigate the cortical activity patterns during gait movement in SCI. In this study, brain activity was recorded by electroencephalogram (EEG) during two kinds of gait-like movements. Phase synchronization between motor cortices was investigated through source analysis and phase locking. Results revealed that diverse neural networks with different resonance-like frequencies exist in the brain. Further, we found that the premotor cortex played an important role in the control of passive gait-like movement. In attempted/active movement, spatial function and multimodal integration with somatosensory information are crucial aspects of posterior parietal cortex function which need to be considered separately in different EEG bands. Our results further confirmed that neural system control patterns in passive gait-like movement differ from those in attempted or active gait-like movement. Novel insights into human gait will provide a basis for improvements in future neurorehabilitation applications.
Analysis of Yield Components in Ricefields in the Punjab, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This article 'Analysis of Yield Components in Ricefields in the Punjab, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
Exporting Socialism or Searching for the “Third Way”?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article explores the perception of India in socialist-era Polish travel reportage, focusing in particular on the political debates inscribed in the Cold War divisions. Four books of reportage from India, by Jerzy Ros, Wiesław Górnicki, Janusz Gołębiowski, and Jerzy Putrament, serve as primary material for this research. The reporters, visiting India on official assignments, discuss the relations between the so-called Second and Third World and India’s take on socialism. While the analyzed texts do not present a uniform vision, the reporters’ narratives reveal an interesting relation of ambivalence: Indians are seen at times as socialist brothers, but at other times a rather patronizing attitude prevails.
Calibration of an on-board noise measuring device by simultaneous measurements of trackside noise of three different wheelsets for the ETR500 FS train

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An on-board device for bolting to the axlebox of a railway vehicle or locomotive to measure rolling noise close to the wheel surface has been developed by the authors (1, 2). Even though laboratory calibration and test runs have shown that the measured noise data are consistent, there was no way to prove that they were in accordance with the on-ground measured ones. Italian State Railways (FS) have performed tests with different wheelsets to evaluate the efficiency of several noise-reduction solutions; during these tests it was possible to repeat noise measurements on-board, therefore obtaining a sufficient amount of data to calibrate the device and to analyse in detail the behaviour of such wheelsets. Calculated calibration constants prove that on-board measured data can be used with confidence to estimate noise levels at several distances from the track, thereby reducing the necessity of long and expensive on-ground tests to measure environmental noise pollution.
Evaluation of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Peganum harmala on Pituitary-thyroid Hormones in Adult Male Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction & Objectives: Peganum harmala from the Jigo Phalluses family has compounds such as: alkaloid,saponine steroid and lignin which is used as a traditional medicine witht antibacterial, anti tumor, inhibition of MAO enzyme, and stimulation of the nerve system. It also serves as a modulator to endocrine activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Peganum harmala on plasma levels of pituitary-thyroid’s hormones of adult rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, which was conducted at Yasuj University of Medical sciences in 2009, 50 adult Mala rats with the approximate weight of 260+30 grams were divided into 5 groups: the control group, the sham group, and 3 experimental groups. The control group did not take any medicine. The sham group received 1 mL of distilled water daily for 17 consecutive days. The experimental groups took 90 mg/kg, 180mg/kg, or 270 mg/kg of Peganum harmala extract daily respectively for 17 consecutive days. In the 18th day, by collecting the blood samples of the animals, plasma level of TSH, T4, and T3 was measured using radioimmunoassay method. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: This study revealed that the minimum and maximum dose of the Peganum harmala extract reduces the TSH level and average and maximum dose of the extract significantly reduces the level of T4 and T3 in rats. Conclusion: results of this study indicate that by further study the Peganum harmala extract might be used for treatment hyperthyroidism. However further study is needed to explore this concept.
Different susceptibilities to the formation of cholesterol gallstones in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the search for an animal model of genetic determinants of cholesterol cholelithiasis, we found strain, gender and individual differences in mice. Male black (C57BL6J) mice had a 50% incidence of cholesterol gallstones after they consumed lithogenic food similar to that used by Tepperman et al. for 2 weeks, whereas similarly treated male agouti (CBA/J) mice and females of both strains were free of gallstones. The male and female mice of both strains were fertile at 8 weeks of age, and the male black mice were first susceptible to induction of gallstones at 24 weeks of age. Male agouti mice of the same age did not form gallstones until they had consumed the lithogenic food for 8 weeks. The gallbladder biles of both strains were supersaturated with cholesterol during the lithogenic regimen. The male agouti mice had much higher fractional turnover rates of [24- 14 C]cholic acid than did the male black mice. In spite of their small total cholate pools, the agouti mice had higher rates of new cholate synthesis than did the black mice. The rate of disappearance of [1,2- 3 H]cholesterol from the blood was higher in the male agouti than in the black mice. The gallbladders of the agouti mice contained less bile and weighed less empty than gallbladders of the black mice. They also did not increase in volume in response to the lithogenic diet as much as gallbladders of the black mice. The difference in gallstone induction times between male and female black mice was as great as the difference between the two strains. In spite of their resistance to gallstone formation, the black females had gallbladder bile that was usually supersaturated with cholesterol; however, in one experiment their increase in biliary cholesterol concentration was delayed compared to that of males. The concentrations of esterified cholesterol in the liver were higher in the females than in the males, and the plasma cholesterol concentrations were lower. The pattern of metabolism of labeled cholate and cholesterol in the black females was intermediate between that of black male and agouti male mice. The empty gallbladders of the black females were heavier and increased more in volume during the lithogenic regimen than those of the black males. The black males that formed gallstones had bile which was more supersaturated with cholesterol after 2 weeks on the lithogenic regimen than the black males which were free of stones. They also had lower rates of new cholate synthesis and lower concentrations of esterified cholesterol in the liver than the animals which were free of stones. After 4 and 8 weeks of the experiment, the concentrations of esterified cholesterol in the livers of agouti mice with gallstones were also less than in the livers of those without stones. Thus, resistance to cholesterol gallstone formation in mice may be related to increased activities of the liver in converting cholesterol to bile acids and to esterified cholesterol.
TRANSANTRAL APPROACH FOR EXCISION OF SPHENOPALATINE GANGLION FOR INTRACTABLE FACIAL PAIN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

FRAZIER, three decades ago, expressed the hope that a simple approach might be elaborated for the excision of the sphenopalatine ganglion. He was highly impressed by the beneficial effect derived from an anesthetic drug deposited on or near the ganglion. To his mind, however, the amelioration obtained this way was, unfortunately, temporary; permanent relief from the excruciating pains could be expected only after the sphenopalatine ganglion had been excised. Since the preceding statement goes directly to the theme of this paper, it should not be passed off without some serious reflection. Frazier observed that certain persons during their period of suffering obtained swift and gratifying alleviation when an anesthetic drug was brought into contact with the nasal ganglion. The drug might be carried on a pledget of cotton or on an applicator or might be injected. There were undoubtedly times when the drug was not brought into immediate contact with
Isolation, characterization, and in vitro inhibitory activity of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken leaves

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Context: The development of novel and potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from natural sources holds immense promise for treating diabetes. Aims: To identify the isolated compound, determine its inhibitory potency, explore its molecular interactions with the alpha-glucosidase receptor, and understand the role of specific structural features in its inhibitory activity. Methods: Research began with the isolation and identification of the new gallic acid derivative of the Schleichera oleosa leaf extract. The isolated compound (1) was characterized as 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid using spectroscopic techniques. In vitro studies were carried out to compare the IC50 values of the ethanolic extract, isolate 1, and acarbose. Results: Isolate 1 exhibited significantly higher inhibitory potency against the -glucosidase enzyme compared to acarbose. Subsequently, molecular docking studies were performed to gain insight into the molecular interactions between the gallic acid derivatives and the active site of the -glucosidase receptor. The docking simulations revealed that the protection of the methyl group on the hydroxy group of the gallic acid derivatives played a crucial role in enhancing its binding affinity to the alpha-glucosidase receptor. This molecular interaction insight provides valuable information for the design of more potent and selective -glucosidase inhibitors based on this structural feature. Conclusions: These results collectively suggest that the newly isolated gallic acid derivative has promising potential as a natural -glucosidase inhibitor for diabetes management. Further research and optimization of this compound could lead to the development of novel and effective therapeutics for glycemic control in individuals with diabetes.
Towards CASE tools for prototyping Z specifications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A project that aims to develop an animation environment for a formal specification is described. Two CASE tools, one for constructing (i.e., inputing, editing and syntax checking) a formal specification, and the other for executing a formal specification, are described. A case study is used to illustrate the transformation process required to construct a prototype which can be executed to validate requirements and explore their consequences. The feasibility of translating and executing formal specifications is discussed and directions for future work are presented.
Preparation of Hydrophobic Film by Electrospinning for Rapid SERS Detection of Trace Triazophos

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

For real application, it is an urgent demand to fabricate stable and flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with high enhancement factors in a large-scale and facile way. Herein, by using the electrospinning technique, a hydrophobic and flexible poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (SB) fibrous membrane is obtained, which is beneficial for modification of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) colloid in a small region and then formation of more “hot spots” by drying; the final SERS substrate is designated as Ag/SB. Hydrophobic Ag/SB can efficiently capture heterocyclic molecules into the vicinity of hot spots of Ag NPs. Such Ag/SB films are used to quantitatively detect trace triazophos residue on fruit peels or in the juice, and the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.5 × 10−8 M is achieved. Ag/SB films possess a capability to resist heat. As a case, 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) that just barely dissolves in 90 °C water is picked for conducting Ag/SB-film-based experiments.
Comment on egusphere-2023-1020

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Lightning is affected by many factors, many of which are not routinely measured, well understood, or accounted for in physical models. Machine learning (ML) excels in exploring and revealing complex relationships between meteorological variables such as those measured at the South Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site; a site that provides an unprecedented level of detail on atmospheric conditions and clouds. Several commonly used ML models have been applied to analyse the relationship between ARM data and lightning data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) in order to identify important variables affecting lightning occurrence in the vicinity of the SGP site during the summers (June, July, August and September) of 2012 to 2020. Testing various ML models, we found that the Random Forest model is the best predictor among common classifiers. It predicted lightning occurrence with an accuracy of 76.9 % and an area under curve (AUC) of 0.850. Using this model, we further ranked the variables in terms of their effectiveness in predicting lightning and identified geometric cloud thickness, rain rate and convective available potential energy (CAPE) as the most effective predictors. The contrast in meteorological variables between no-lightning and frequent-lightning periods was examined on hours with CAPE values conducive to thunderstorm formation. Besides the variables considered for the ML models, surface variables such as equivalent potential temperature and mid-altitude variables such as minimum equivalent potential temperature have a large contrast between no-lightning and frequent-lightning hours. Finally, a notable positive relationship between intra-cloud (IC) flash fraction and the square root of CAPE was found suggesting that stronger updrafts increase the height of the electrification zone, resulting in fewer flashes reaching the surface and consequently a greater IC flash fraction.
Computer-based multiple component cognitive training in children with ADHD: a pilot study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background ADHD is associated with deficits in executive functions. Cognitive training is a promising nonpharmacological intervention for ADHD, however, there is insufficient evidence to guide the selection of training for individuals with ADHD. This pilot study aims to investigate the efficacy of executive function training targeting key executive dysfunctions in ADHD, compared with general executive function training which targets other executive functions. Methods A total of 127 subjects (6-12 years) diagnosed with ADHD were allocated to receive one of two different cognitive trainings. ADHD symptoms and cognitive functions were evaluated using parent-rated scales and CANTAB cognitive assessments. All participants were required to complete 48 training sessions within a two-month period. Results 94 out of 127 children completed the required training and assessments. Both ADHD executive function training group and general executive function training group showed significant improvement in ADHD symptoms on the ADHD Rating Scale and in executive function on the assessment of CANTAB. There was no significant difference in improvements between the two groups. Subgroup analysis suggested that children who had ADHD-RS total scores less than or equal to28 at baseline showed greater improvement following ADHD executive function training. Conclusions This study indicates that cognitive training can improve ADHD symptoms and executive function, with no difference in efficacy between targeted and generalized cognitive training. In addition, individuals with lower symptom severity may benefit more from training targeting key ADHD executive dysfunctions.
Development of International Tax Law in the Americas

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The provision in the Revenue Act of 1941 (Section 1O9) to reduce by treaties with other countries of the Western Hemisphere the income tax withheld at source in the case of certain taxpayers resident therein reflects the movement to develop international tax law which made ever-increasing headway during the two decades subsequent to the Peace of Versailles.Progress in the prevention of international double taxation, as well as of extraterritorial and discriminatory taxation, has been realized partly through unilateral restrictions on a government's fiscal jurisdiction by internal legislation, and partly through reciprocal treaties.The United States Congress has in effect delegated, in the above provision which amends Sections 211 and 231 of the Internal Revenue Code, specific authority to the Executive to reduce the withholding rate of 27V2% to a rate not less than 5% in treaties with countries of North, Central, and South America, the West Indies (including Cuba and Bermuda), and Newfoundland.Previously, such a reduction could be made only in treaties with contiguous countries, i.e., Canada and Mexico, and a treaty had been concluded with the former.The reduceable rate is applicable to dividends payable to corporations organized in such countries and not doing business in the United States (Section 231 (a) (i)) and to dividends, interest, royalties, and other fixed or determinable annual or periodical income from United States sources derived by aliens resident in such countries and not doing business in the United States (Section 211 (a) (i) (A)).The tax of 27 % is withheld from the gross amount of such income derived by nonresident aliens up to an amount equal to $23,000, at which figure such taxpayers are required to file returns and pay a tax on the net amount of such income.Nonresident aliens deriving a lesser amount of such income usually bear a heavier tax than citizens of the United States in respect of the same amount of income.This discrimination against taxpayers resident in other countries was pointed out