jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
doi: 10.12783/ijepr.2015.0401.18 LGSPP-Bayes for Fault Detection and Diagnosis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It has been proved that global and local structure are both important for process monitoring, but principal component analysis (PCA) and locality preserving projections (LPP) can not consider them simultaneously in the process of dimension reduction. This article proposes a novel method named local and global structure preserving projections with Bayes classification (LGSPP-Bayes). The original data is projected to low dimensional feature space and the data projected matrix from high dimension space to low dimension space is gotten. Bayesian classifier then is designed to detect and diagnose faults. Case studies on TEP illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of the Forearm Tissue Temperature on the Cold Induced Vasodilation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent work suggests an influence of the mean body skin (Tsk) and deep body temperatures (Tb) on cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD). For example, minimum finger temperature (Tfi,min)was lower, and the maximum finger temperature (Tfi,max) was greater during CIVD when Tb was elevated, and the onset time of the CIVD response was reduced at higher Tsk. Question remain, though, about the influence of forearm tissue temperature on CIVD at a given Tsk and Tb. On two different occasions, eleven healthy male subjects pre-conditioned their forearm tissue at two different water temperatures (Tw), 20 and 38 C, until steady state forearm muscle temperature was achieved. After the conditioning period (129 15 and 85 15 min for 20 and 38 C, respectively), the fingers of the conditioned forearm were immersed in a 5 C water bath for 30 min. During finger immersion, Tsk and Tb were similar at each forearm skin temperature (Tsk = 34.3 0.6 C, Tb = 36.8 0.2 C), but temperature 3cm deep into the forearm's flexor digitorum profundus muscle differed significantly, averaging 23.6 1.7 C when Tw was 20 C and 36.7 0.6 C when Tw was 38 C. Arterial blood temperature in the radial artery measured at the wrist averaged 28.2 2.5 and 35.6 0.9 C for the 20 and 38 C conditions, respectively (p < 0.05). The two forearm conditions caused significant differences in all the CIVD parameters during the 30 min immersion in 5 C water. During the 38 C condition, the onset time for the CIVD was faster and the average, maximal and minimal Tfi were higher than during the 20 C condition. We concluded that a low forearm tissue temperature impedes the CIVD response despite normal Tsk and Tb, possibly by decreasing the temperature of the arterial blood to the fingers.
Advances in liver, liver lesion, hepatic vasculature, and biliary segmentation: a comprehensive review of traditional and deep learning approaches

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background and motivation Liver segmentation plays a critical role in medical imaging, aiding in diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical interventions for liver diseases. Precise segmentation of liver structures, including vessels, tumors, and other substructures, is essential for effective patient management. Traditional manual methods are time-consuming and prone to variability, prompting the development of automated techniques. This review aims to evaluate the evolution of liver segmentation methodologies, focusing on recent advancements in deep learning and hybrid approaches. Materials and methods This review follows the PRISMA guidelines for systematic analysis, including a detailed database search across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The search focused on segmentation techniques for various liver structures using deep learning, traditional methods, and hybrid models. A total of 7819 studies were initially identified, with 190 selected for detailed analysis based on inclusion criteria like Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) metrics and clinical applicability. Results The analysis identified deep learning models, such as U-Net variants and Swin Transformer-based architectures, as leading methods for liver parenchyma and tumor segmentation, achieving DSC values up to 98.9% on benchmark datasets. For vessel segmentation, methods like DeepLabV3+ and the feature-based approaches demonstrated robustness across different datasets. Despite progress, challenges remain in segmenting structures like biliary ducts and hematomas due to limited annotated data and imaging variability. Discussion While deep learning has significantly improved segmentation accuracy, challenges such as class imbalance and variability across imaging modalities persist. Hybrid approaches that combine traditional image processing with advanced neural networks show potential for further improvement. Future research should focus on enhancing generalizability through multi-modal data integration and exploring semi-supervised learning methods to overcome data scarcity. Conclusion This comprehensive review highlights the advancements and ongoing challenges in liver segmentation, emphasizing the need for continuous innovation. By addressing current limitations, future methodologies can improve accuracy, efficiency, and clinical relevance, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes in hepatology.
Soybean Response to Inoculation and Nitrogen Application Following Long‐Term Grass Pasture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Current demand for soybean grain [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] may lead to a conversion of pasture and Conservation Reserve Program fields into soybean or corn ( Zea mays L.) production. Our objective was to determine the effect of soybean seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and fertilizer N application rate on soybean productivity planted 1 and 2 yr after conversion to row crop production. Soybean followed the pasture the first year and followed an intervening corn crop the second year. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of seed inoculation and fertilizer N rate. Application of rhizobia inoculum significantly increased soybean grain yield by an average of 130 kg ha −1 Plant dry matter (DM), N concentration, N accumulation, and grain N were also increased with soybean seed inoculation; however, seed quality was not affected. Fertilizer N application increased plant DM but did not increase grain yield, with or without inoculation. Furthermore, N fertilizer did not increase plant N or improve seed quality. Results from this study indicate that growers should inoculate soybean seed when planted after long‐term grass pasture. Application of N fertilizer is not suggested even if no rhizobia seed inoculation is used because fertilizer N did not improve grain yield.
A Neutrosophic Set Based Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Multi-Stage Fault Template Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fault diagnosis is an important issue in various fields and aims to detect and identify the faults of systems, products, and processes. The cause of a fault is complicated due to the uncertainty of the actual environment. Nevertheless, it is difficult to consider uncertain factors adequately with many traditional methods. In addition, the same fault may show multiple features and the same feature might be caused by different faults. In this paper, a neutrosophic set based fault diagnosis method based on multi-stage fault template data is proposed to solve this problem. For an unknown fault sample whose fault type is unknown and needs to be diagnosed, the neutrosophic set based on multi-stage fault template data is generated, and then the generated neutrosophic set is fused via the simplified neutrosophic weighted averaging (SNWA) operator. Afterwards, the fault diagnosis results can be determined by the application of defuzzification method for a defuzzying neutrosophic set. Most kinds of uncertain problems in the process of fault diagnosis, including uncertain information and inconsistent information, could be handled well with the integration of multi-stage fault template data and the neutrosophic set. Finally, the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated via an illustrative example.
How Does a Registry Change\nin Dynein’s Coiled-Coil Stalk Drive Binding of Dynein to Microtubules?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dynein is a motor protein that transports cellular cargo\nalong the microtubule (MT) by consuming ATP. Dynein’s microtubule-binding\ndomain (MTBD) is separated from the ATP-binding core by a ∼15\nnm stalk that consists of two α-helices forming an antiparallel\ncoiled coil. It was previously suggested that the coiled-coil stalk\ncreates a registry shift to modulate its binding affinity for MT.\nA crystal structure of the low-affinity form of MTBD was determined,\nbut that of the high-affinity form with the registry shift is not\nyet available. In this study, we obtained an all-atom model structure\nfor the high-affinity form of MTBD bound to MT by an anisotropic network\nmodel, protein–protein docking, and molecular dynamics simulations.\nWe observe that the magnitude of the coiled-coil helix sliding is\ndramatically reduced near the two prolines that form the stalk–MTBD\nboundary and subsequently transformed to cyclic movements of MTBD\nhelices, leading to formation of a new salt bridge with MT at the\nbinding interface. The proposed mechanism explains the roles of highly\nconserved residues such as the two prolines at the stalk–MTBD\nboundary, the nonpolar tryptophan and proline residues near the binding\ninterface, and the electropositive residues forming salt bridges with\nMT.
Redo-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Strategies When the First Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Fails

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is the standard of care for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis at high or prohibitive surgical risk. The 2020 valvular heart disease guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association now include TAVR as a class I indication for patients aged 65–80 years and not at high or prohibitive risk. The longer life expectancy of this patient population raises the issue of TAVR valve durability and the management of bioprosthetic valve failure of TAVR valves. In this review, the authors discuss bioprosthetic valve dysfunction and summarize existing data regarding redo-TAVR and surgery for failed TAVR. Finally, they propose an approach to evaluate patients with failed TAVR and plan for a second TAVR procedure as indicated.
In fuga dall’ufficio? Il valore rimosso del luogo di lavoro

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The experience of working from home during the pandemia opened up a perspective of radical transformation of work. It is no wonder that many employees, especially young people, are looking for companies that allow their staff to work from remote. Yet perplexities are emerging from the enterprise side, since working in person in many cases still appear to be preferable in order to create empathy and cohesion among colleagues. In particular, the traditional space for shared working – the office – showed its strong organizational and symbolic power and its capacity to be a gravity center for the company community. At the opposite, the run to work from home is involving a huge change in the domestic space and challenges the traditional separation between work and family, public and private which effects on families, working and urban lives aren’t yet clear.
The limits to population density in birds and mammals

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract We address two fundamental ecological questions: what are the limits to animal population density and what determines those limits? We develop simple alternative models to predict population limits in relation to body mass. A model assuming that within‐species area use increases with the square of daily travel distance broadly predicts the scaling of empirical extremes of minimum density across birds and mammals. Consistent with model predictions, the estimated density range for a given mass, ‘population scope’, is greater for birds than for mammals. However, unlike mammals and carnivorous birds, expected broad relationships between body mass and density extremes are not supported by data on herbivorous and omnivorous birds. Our results suggest that simple constraints on mobility and energy use/supply are major determinants of the scaling of density limits, but further understanding of interactions between dietary constraints and density limits are needed to predict future wildlife population responses to anthropogenic threats.
E-Readiness Assessment Methods and Tools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

E-readiness assessments are largely investigated at country-level across a number of sectors, and tend to adopt quantitative approaches that assign to countries’ numerical scores depending on how well they have performed on specific components of e-readiness measures. A weighted average is calculated based on the relative importance accorded to these components in order to determine the level of e-readiness of countries (Rizk, 2004). The results of e-readiness rankings of countries are regularly published annually by some agencies. For example, the Economist Intelligence Unit (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2001) annually publishes a comprehensive list of countries on the basis of their measured e-readiness. The ranking categorises countries on the basis of their overall e-readiness, as calculated from 89 indicators across six weighted dimensions, namely connectivity, the business environment, consumer and business adoption, the legal and regulatory environment, supporting services, and social and cultural infrastructure. The result of the calculations is the classification of the world’s largest economies on the basis of their perceived adopter category.
Preparation of Indonesian taro starch particles via precipitation process

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Indonesia is one of tropical agricultural countries with abundant food sources. One of the unexplored food sources is taro, which acts as promising starch sources for further studies in the fields of food science and also nanotechnology. Starch is a combination of amylose and amylopectin that forms polysaccharide (a type of carbohydrate), found in several tuber plants, with a competitive market share of 48.5 million tonnes, equals to 15 billion euro globally. Furthermore, there are a lot of potential of starch in the biotechnology and pharmacy fields, which are still employing starch in forms of nanoparticles as the supporting materials for the applications in tissue engineering, as excipients for tablets and drug delivery, along with possibility as a candidate for fat replacer. In this research starch particles were prepared via nanoprecipitation method by using NaOH, urea and ethanol. The precipitated starch particles were then dried via two different processes, which are inside a Petri dish (in an opened and a closed dish), in an atmospheric oven at 45°C for 16 h. The produced starch particles were characterized by using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). From this study, we have fabricated starch nanoparticles with the characteristic diameters of 203-596 μm (based on SEM analysis) via nanoprecipitation using NaOH, urea, and ethanol, which were dried in a closed Petri dish. Chemical characterization of that particular starch particles has shown that it is a hydrolyzed starch, having non-amorphous structure, with finger prints at wavenumbers of 3350 cm−1 and 1002 cm−1 based on FTIR analysis.
Stem cell therapy for COVID-19 treatment: an umbrella review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: COVID-19 has presented significant obstacles to healthcare. Stem cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, has emerged as a potential treatment modality due to its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. This umbrella review aims to synthesize current evidence from systematic reviews on the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in COVID-19 treatment. Methods: A thorough literature search was performed across Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science from December 2019 to February 2024. Systematic reviews focusing on the use of stem cell therapy for COVID-19 were included. Evidence was synthesized by meta-analysis using R software (V 4.3) for each outcome. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: A total of 24 systematic reviews were included. Stem cell therapy was associated with reduced mortality [risk ratio (RR) 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60–0.86]; shorter hospital stays (mean difference −4.00 days, 95% CI: −4.68 to −3.32), and decreased need for invasive ventilation (RR 0.521, 95% CI: 0.320–0.847). Symptom remission rates improved (RR 1.151, 95% CI: 0.998–1.330), and a reduction in C-reactive protein levels was noted (standardized mean difference −1.198, 95% CI: −2.591 to 0.195), albeit with high heterogeneity. For adverse events, no significant differences were found between stem cell therapy and standard care (RR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.607–1.265). The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate. Conclusion: Stem cell therapy demonstrates a potential benefit in treating COVID-19, particularly in reducing mortality and hospital stay duration. Despite these promising findings, the evidence is varied, and future large-scale randomized trials are essential to confirm the efficacy and optimize the therapeutic protocols for stem cell therapy in the management of the disease. The safety profile is encouraging, with no significant increase in adverse events, suggesting a viable avenue for treatment expansion.
Verbascum albidiflorum(Scrophulariaceae), a new species from W Iran

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ranjbar M. & Nouri S.: Verbascum albidiflorum (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from W Iran. — Willdenowia 45: 147–155. 2015. — Version of record first published online on 27 March 2015 ahead of inclusion in April 2015 issue; ISSN 1868-6397; © 2015 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45115Verbascum albidiflorum Ranjbar & Nouri (Scrophulariaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species of V. [sect. Bothrosperma Murb.] subsect. Singuliflora Murb. from Kermanshah Province, W Iran. It is morphologically most similar to V. alceoides Boiss. & Hausskn. and the two species are compared with respect to gross morphology, leaf anatomy and pollen morphology. The chromosome number 2n = 38 is reported for the first time in V. albidiflorum and 2n = 48 is reported in V. alceoides, both from Kermanshah Province, Iran.
Influence of temperature and moisture on growth and sporulation of Botrytis squamosa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Growth of Botrytis squamosa in artificial media or autoclavcd onion leaves was favored at temperatures of 15 or 20 °C but was much less at 30 °C or above. Hyphae did not grow in artificial media or autoclaved onion leaf segments below −95 to −100 bars (1 bar = 100 kPa) water potential within 4 days at 20, 25, or 30 °C. Growth was stimulated when water potential was adjusted to −5 to −20 bars compared with higher or lower values. Mycelia of B. squamosa survived air drying in autoclaved leaf segments for 12 days at 20 °C. When colonized dried leaf segments were placed on water agar, sporulation began after 2 days and continued through 6 days. Sporulation from colonized dried leaf segments was abundant at 15 or 20 °C, less at 25 °C, and absent at 35 °C. When subjected to alternate wetting and drying periods, sporulation on colonized dried leaf segments decreased with increasing length of the dry period.
Toxic Effect on Phenolic Compound by Colorimeteric Assay in Normal NIH 3T3 Fibroblasts

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of phenolic compound on normal NIH 3T3 fibrolasts. The colorimetric assay for phenol compound, syringic acid was performed by MTT assay or XTT assay. MTT or XTT assays are known as a very sensitive method in measuring the cytotoxic effect of chemical agents in vitro. In the present study, syringic acid on normal NIH 3T3 fibroblasts did not show any cytotoxicity for MTT assay or XTT assay compared with control after cells were treated with various concentrations of syringic acid for 48 hours. MTT?? and XTT?? were 3,340.9 μM and 2,462.4 μM of syringic acid, respectively. From the above the results, it is suggested that phenolic compound of syringic acid did not have any cytotoxicity on normal NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.
Delineation of MEMS microstructures in silicon using CF 4 /O 2 gas mixtures in reactive ion etching

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Experiments performed in a reactive ion etching (RIE) system are discussed with the purpose of studying the influence of the addition of O2 in different ratios in the main CF4 gas flow for silicon etching. Conventional planer reactive ion etching system has been utilized for etching of SiO2 and silicon in fluorine chemistry. The patterns were delineated in SiO2 using photo-resist as the mask material using CHF3 gas in combination with argon. Sidewall passivation technique has been employed to achieve microstructure profile control in silicon. The quantity of O2 gas was varied from 2 to 10% in the total CF4 gas flow (10 sccm) at self dc-bias of -250 volts and process pressure 30 mTorr to achieve a balance between fluorine and oxygen radicals. Anisotropic etched profiles with smooth bottom surfaces were obtained at 2% O2 flow in CF4. The usefulness of this technique has been demonstrated for the delineation of MEMS microstructures in silicon.
The Long-Run Performance of Graded IPOs in the Indian Capital Market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Initial public offering (IPO) grading was introduced in India as an additional tool to help the retail investors in making the investment decisions. The primary objective of this article is to establish the relation between the assigned grade and the long-term performance of the IPO. With a few exceptions, graded IPOs in the Indian capital market during 2007–2010 have underperformed the benchmark over the long run. There is a substantial variation in performance across grades. IPOs graded relatively higher have not performed better than those graded relatively lower. Mandatory grading of IPOs does not appear to serve the interests of investors. As IPO grading was introduced by the regulator six years back, not much literature is available in Indian context analyzing the relation between the IPO grade and the long-term performance of the IPO. This article establishes that in the present form IPO grading is not serving the interest of the retail investors for whose benefits it was introduced.