jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Germplasm for Agro-Morphological and Yield Traits and Resistance to Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) in Western Himalayan Kashmir

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Kashmir Himalayas abounds in bean genetic resources with adaptive capacity and better quality. In the present study 110 common bean germplasm accessions were evaluated between 2019-2021 for yield traits as well as for BCMV resistance. BCMV is the most common and most destructive disease of beans and can cause a yield loss as high as 100%. Substantial variability was recorded in the material as depicted by broad range and high GCV, PCV and heritability and significant mean squares in ANOVA. Five accessions recorded stable resistance to BCMV while as 11 accessions were moderately resistant. Several genotypes were identified as novel sources of traits in respect of plant architecture, pod and seed traits as well as overall yielding ability. Promising genotypes identified for BCMV resistance as well as other traits of economic importance can be used as stable donors for improving common bean yield and BCMV resistance for sustainable bean farming in the region.
Promoting Access to Innovative Anticancer Medicines: A Review of Drug Price and National Reimbursement Negotiation in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Providing universal access to high-cost medications like anticancer drugs is not an easy feat. Although basic medical insurance has covered over 95% of China’s population since 2012, reimbursement for high-priced medicines is limited. In 2015, the Chinese government proposed establishing an open and transparent price negotiation mechanism for some patented and expensive drugs, where oncology was among the prioritized areas. In 2016, three drugs (gefitinib, icotinib, and tenofovir disoprox) underwent negotiation with the government, eventually reducing their prices by over 50% so that they could be prioritized during reimbursement processes. Focusing on anticancer medicines, this study comprehensively summarizes the progress in drug price and national reimbursement negotiation in China. Furthermore, we investigated the changes and development regarding negotiated anticancer medicines from quantity negotiated, classification, indication coverage, utilization, and procurement spending. Our findings could provide a reference for follow-up negotiations and reimbursement policies for high-value anticancer medications in other countries. From 2016 to 2021, 82 anticancer medicines were newly incorporated into the national reimbursement drug list (NRDL) via 6 rounds of negotiation. The majority of these were innovative pharmaceutics (ie, protein kinase inhibitors (28) and monoclonal antibodies (13)). Drug pricing and national reimbursement negotiation led to a marked decrease in prices and a sharp increase in the utilization of negotiated anticancer medicines. Following negotiations, the defined daily doses (DDDs) of innovative anticancer medicines experienced remarkable growth. Their proportion in total anticancer drugs DDDs also increased from 3.4% in 2014 to 20.9% in 2019. However, although drug prices decreased substantially after the negotiations, insurance spending still showed an upward trend owing to the significant increase in utilization. This calls for the government to carefully monitor the rational use of these expensive medicines and explore innovative payment models.
Effectiveness assessment of the bifidobacteria encapsulation when enriching juice-containing beverages with probiotics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Beverages are among the most popular types of products that attract attention of researchers for enrichment with functional ingredients. The introduction of probiotics into the food matrix can increase the usefulness of food products, including beverages. However, probiotics are extremely sensitive to extreme environmental conditions, which significantly limits their ability to survive in food. The aim of the research is to establish an effect of encapsulation on the preservation of bifidobacteria in an enriched juice-containing beverage. Capsules from sodium alginate were used to protect probiotic microorganisms (bifidobacteria of six strains in the symbiotic starter) from unfavorable conditions of the environment of the food system and the gastrointestinal tract. The capsules were obtained by the drip method. The stability of the capsules was determined under different conditions. Their solubility in water and at pH values typical for the stomach (1.1–1.6), small intestine (7.8–8.2), and large intestine (8.0–8.5) were studied. The tests were carried out upon keeping in buffer solutions for 15 and 30 min. In addition, the stability of the capsules in apple juice with a pH of 3.82 when stored at 4±1°C for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days was assessed. Capsule losses during heat treatment were analyzed. The amount of bifidobacteria extracted from the capsules after mechanical destruction with their subsequent inoculation on the GMK1 medium was also monitored during juice storage. The results of the studies showed that the greatest destructive effect was observed in an acidic environment typical for the stomach, where losses amounted to 47.4% after 30 min. Capsule losses at pH values typical for different parts of the intestine ranged from 25.3 to 30.9%. The selected food system, apple juice, turned out to be a less aggressive environment for the capsules, in which the destruction of capsules was 8.7% after 28 days of storage. Capsule losses under the selected juice pasteurization modes ranged from 60.17% during processing for 10 minutes at 85°C to 67.42% during juice processing for 30 minutes at 98°C. The differences were statistically significant (p≤0.05). Thus, using the obtained data, it is possible to predict the total loss of capsules and probiotic microorganisms during the digestion and storage of the product and inoculate the required amount to impart probiotic properties to the product. The research has development prospects taking into account the possibility of varying the taste and aroma properties of both the food system and the capsules.
Structure−Immunosuppressive Activity Relationships of New Analogues of 15-Deoxyspergualin. 1. Structural Modifications of the Hydroxyglycine Moiety

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A series of new analogues of 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), an immunosuppressive agent currently commercialized in Japan, was synthesized and tested in a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) model in mice. Using the general concept of bioisosteric replacement, variations of the hydroxyglycine central "C" region were made in order to determine its optimum structure in terms of in vivo immunosuppressive activity. By this way, the malonic derivative 13a was discovered as the first example of a new series of potent immunosuppressive agents encompassing a retro-amide bond linked to the hexyl-guanidino moiety. Structure-activity relationships of this series were studied by synthesizing compounds 13g-i and 13k-s. Variation of the "right-amide" of 13a led to the urea 19a and the carbamates 23 and 27a which proved to be equally active as DSG in our GVHD model. Finally 27a was found to be the most potent derivative, being slightly more active than DSG in a heart allotransplantation model in rats. Due to the absence of chiral center in its structure and to its improved chemical stability compared to DSG, 27a was selected as a candidate for clinical evaluation.
Local Refinement for Graph Partitioning Based on Level Structure

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Graph partitioning is a fundamental problem in several scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, we propose a heuristic local refinement algorithm for graph partitioning, which seeks to improve the quality of separators by reducing the width of the level structure. The experiments reported in this paper show that the use of our local refinement algorithm results in a considerable improvement in the quality of partitions over conventional graph partitioning scheme based on level structure.
DO THE BMI AND SURGEON INFLUENCE THE PATIENT DOSE IN FLUOROSCOPICALLY GUIDED LUMBAR DISCECTOMY AND FUSION?☆

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A survey was conducted to evaluate the role of the surgeon and the patients' body size, on patient radiation dose in fluoroscopically guided lumbar discectomy and fusion (LDF) procedures. Fluoroscopy time (FT), kerma area product (KAP), cumulative dose (CD), as well as anatomical and technical data were recorded for 100 patients, who underwent single or multi-level posterior LDF, which was carried out by three senior neurosurgeons utilising a C-arm fluoroscopy system. The patients were divided into three groups based on the body mass index (BMI) values (normal, overweight, obese) and the neurosurgeon that performed each procedure (surgeon 1, surgeon 2, surgeon 3). Entrance surface dose (ESD) was estimated based on KAP values and exposure data, while the effective dose (ED) was estimated utilising the KAP values and appropriate conversion coefficients. The mean FT, KAP, CD, ESD and ED values were 11.7 s, 0.65 Gy cm2, 2.96 mGy, 11.7 mGy and 0.08 mSv for normal patients, 22.1 s, 0.94 Gy cm2, 4.27 mGy, 21.4 mGy and 0.11 mSv for overweight patients and 67.7 s, 3.59 Gy cm2, 17.79 mGy, 107.2 mGy and 0.44 mSv for obese patients. The corresponding values were 21.5 s, 0.77 Gy cm2, 3.51 mGy, 17.5 mGy, 0.09 mSv for the first, 23.0 s, 1.44 Gy cm2, 6.52 mGy, 30.2 mGy, 0.18 mSv for the second and 14.2 s, 0.64 Gy cm2, 2.91 mGy, 17.0 mGy, 0.08 mSv for the third surgeon. Overweight patients received 83% and 38% higher ESD and ED, while obese patients 816% and 450%, compared to normal patients, respectively. The CD values should be implemented with caution, as a skin dose indicator, for all patient sizes. The weight-FT product could be useful in estimating KAP during LDF procedures. The third surgeon achieved the lowest dose values. Although the first surgeon had the same FT with the second surgeon, the corresponding dose values were decreased by 50%. The differences in FT, KAP, CD and ED values among the groups of patients studied were not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis test, p > 0.05), although the p-values were close to the threshold of statistical significance. The pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences for KAP, CD and ED values between obese and normal patients and between surgeon 1 and surgeon 3 (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05). The ESD values showed statistically significant differences among the BMI-based groups and among the surgeon-based groups studied (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). This fact can be attributed to the better implementation of the fluoroscopy system technical parameters concerning the patients' size, clinical conditions and complexity of the procedures. Training and awareness of neurosurgeons on radiation protection issues are of critical importance; however, further studies should be performed towards optimisation procedures regarding patient dose.
Supplemental Figure 1 from Novel Methylated DNA Markers in the Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer Recurrence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplemental Figure 1: The average level of all MDMs assayed from DNA extracted from primary and metastatic CRC tissues was not significantly different in Primary and Metastatic Tissue MDM Concordance Study. (A) Average level of all MDMs in metachronous metastatic CRC and the corresponding primary CRC as well as in synchronous metastatic CRC and the corresponding primary CRC; (B) The difference of average level of all MDMs in paired primary and metachronous metastatic CRC as well as in paired primary and synchronous metastatic CRC. MDM: methylated DNA marker; CRC: colorectal cancer.</p>
Feasibility of Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids in Enhancing Phytoextraction of Cadmium from Soils with Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of three low molecular weight acids(LMWOA) including tartaric acid,citric acid and oxalic acid in enhancing phytoextraction of cadmium from soils with tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.).Three kinds of LMWOA could decrease soil pH,consequently increased the availability of cadmium in soils.The translocation of cadmium in tobacco was inhibited by tartaric acid-and oxalic acid-treatments,and citric acid treatment in neutral soil,but was promoted by citric acid treatment in acid soil.LMWOA at the rate of 31.25 mmol/kg increased the shoot weight of tobacco.At this rate,cadmium accumulation in the shoot of tobacco increased by 42.95% and 28.67%,respectively,on citric acid-and oxalic acid-treated acid soil,while increased by 40.91% on citric acid-treated neutral soil.All tartaric acid treatment decreased cadmium accumulation in tobacco shoot.These results illustrated that citric acid and oxalic acid at the rate of 31.25 mmol/kg could enhance cadmium extraction from soils with tobacco.However,to obtain equal extraction efficiency as that of EDTA,the amounts of the two kinds of LMWOA have to be increased.It was suggested that LMWOA be unsuitable to enhance extraction of cadmium from soil with tobacco.
GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING APPLICATIONS IN TURKEY: FROM PAST TO FUTURE

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In order to be made accurate and conformable decisions by directors been active in public sector, financial tables prepared have to contain information that is appropriate to the needs of public sector and both recognized and reported in an accurate and transparent way. Within this context, government accounting comprises of the activities such as the recognition, reporting, and analyzing of financial transactions that belongs to the state sector. The main purpose of the government accounting is to report the required and budgeted incomes and expenses belonging to a single fiscal year for planning and managing of national economy and also reporting assets and liabilities of public sector. Also another purpose is being a guide in the preparation of appropriate budgets by using these reports. Government accounting and its applications are considerably important topics for Turkey. In this study cash basis, modified cash basis, accrual basis, and modified accrual basis of government accounting topics will be examined. Also both historical process of government accounting in Turkey and in the future in terms of government accounting what Turkey will encounter will be mentioned.
Determinants of Financial Inclusion in the Western Balkans

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The aim of this research is to provide new empirical evidence on the determinants of financial inclusion in the selected Western Balkan economies using a panel data method between 2004 and 2021. This research covered six Western Balkans countries based on the data that was available. The results highlight the significance of income, quality of legal system, number of internet users, and decline of unemployment rate in promotion of financial inclusion across the Western Balkan countries. In conclusion, the study reveals that building a financially inclusive society in the Western Balkans would require reducing unemployment, increasing income and improving ITC communication infrastructure, and improving the legal system. Likewise, it is indicated that policy makers should adopt more modifications and changes in existing economic policies in order to achieve a higher level of financial inclusion.
Cognitive Sociolinguistics meets loanword research: Measuring variation in the success of anglicisms in Dutch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper introduces a new, concept-based method for measuring variation in the use and success of loanwords by presenting the results of a case-study on 149 English person reference nouns (i.e. common nouns used to designate people, such as manager ) in Dutch. With this paper, we introduce four methodological improvements to current quantitative corpus-based anglicism research, based on the general tenets of Cognitive Sociolinguistics (Geeraerts 2005; Kristiansen and Geeraerts 2007; Geeraerts 2010; Geeraerts et al. 2010): (1) replacing raw frequency as a success measure by a concept-based onomasiological approach; (2) relying on larger datasets and semi-automatic extraction techniques; (3) adding a multivariate perspective to the predominantly structuralist orientation of current accounts; (4) using inferential statistical techniques to help explain variation. We illustrate our method by presenting a case-study on variation in the success of English person reference nouns in Dutch. Generally, this article aims to show how a Cognitive Sociolinguistic perspective on loanword research is beneficial for both paradigms. On the one hand, the concept-based approach provides new insights in the spread of loanwords. On the other hand, attention to contact linguistic phenomena offers a new expansion to the domain of cognitive linguistic studies taking a variationist approach.
Chemical Studies of Rutherfordium (Element 104) : Part I. Thin Film Ferrocyanide Surfaces for the Study of the Hydrolysis of Rutherfordium

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Article Chemical Studies of Rutherfordium (Element 104) : Part I. Thin Film Ferrocyanide Surfaces for the Study of the Hydrolysis of Rutherfordium was published on December 1, 1996 in the journal Radiochimica Acta (volume 75, issue 3).
OPEXA: analyser assistant for detecting over‐privileged extensions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Web browsers are enticing attack vectors because they provide an interface to the Internet. Extensions add capabilities to the browsers, and therefore are attractive to attackers. These capabilities are obtained through extension privileges. Some of these privileges are necessary for extensions to perform their claimed functionalities. However, an extension may have some unrequired privileges. Over‐privileged extensions may be misused to compromise systems. The authors propose an Over‐Privileged EXtension Analyser (OPEXA), to assist security experts in detecting suspicious extensions. OPEXA predicts the intended privileges of extensions based on their descriptions, which are stated by developers in natural language. They utilise this method because real users decide whether to install extensions based on descriptions. They use a supervised machine learning method to train a multi‐label classifier that predicts the desired privileges. The extension is assumed to be suspicious if there exists at least one privilege in the extension that is not considered necessary by OPEXA. They evaluate their method on two datasets that consist of real extensions developed in new and old architectures of Firefox. According to the results, they can detect all of over‐privileged extensions in these datasets. Their approach can minimise security expert's workload by automating the extension checking process.
Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the COVID&mdash;19 pandemic, an unexpected duality has occurred of SARS&ndash;CoV&ndash;2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections. Monkeypox virus is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal to human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other Orthopoxviruses (OPXV) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXV), vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. The aim in this review is to present facts about MPXV specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. Monkeypox virus was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to propagation of MPXV causing MPOX disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Anti&ndash;viral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and MPOX disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorised treatment exists for MPOX disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of MPOX resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHV) including Varicella zoster (VZV).
Natural Virus Infection of Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Virus symptoms were observed on Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium) a well known plant in Hungary. In the literature there is no record of virus infection on Hedge bindweed, therefore, investigations were carried out to determine the causal agent. Sap from leaves showing virus-like symptoms was inoculated onto test plants inducing systemic infection on Nicotiana clevelandii, N. benthamiana, local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa and no infection on Datura stramonium and Cucumis sativus. Sap of N. clevelandii was examined by electron microscopy, showed the presence of long flexous particles. The biological and other properties of the virus have also been studied. Properties of particles in sap were as follows: TIP (thermal inactivation point): 78 °C, LIV (longevity in vitro): 26 days and DEP (dilution end point): log 10 minus 5. The size of coat protein is 36 kDa, and the genome consists of 7-8000 nt RNA. Double-stranded cDNA were produced using random hexanucleotide primers, cloned and sequenced. BLAST search of sequence databases revealed nucleotide sequence identity with carlaviruses. Further investigations are needed to decide whether the virus isolated from Hedge bindweed is a new carlavirus or a new strain of an existing carlavirus.
Early Infant Development and Auditory Localization in Blind Children: A Review

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The scientific study of the ability to localize sounds in children with normal vision began in the early 80s. However, in the case of blind children, scarce research has been conducted on this subject. This paper presents a review of articles on cognitive and motor development of blind children that evaluated sound localization behaviors in early childhood. First, pioneering studies published in the 60s are summarized and then researches from the 80s are presented. Finally, the main findings of these papers are analyzed and integrated, their implications are discussed and some questions unresolved in this field of knowledge are stated.