jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prison reform in conflict-affected contexts: evidence from Somaliland and Puntland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prisons are key institutions for strengthening justice and security and are increasingly targets of international interventions. However, prison reform in conflict-affected settings is understudied. To understand the conditions underpinning successes and pitfalls of international prison reform, this study examines the local conditions under which international prison reform interventions take place. Drawing on unique data from interviews with inmates and staff members in Hargeisa Central Prison and Garowe Prison, we analyse United Nations prison reform cases in Somaliland and Puntland, Somalia. We find that the international prison reform in these contexts not only falls short in delivering on some set objectives but also does not engage with the particularities of local conditions and contexts. Furthermore, existing reform programmes embed a conflict of interest: while the beneficiaries of prison reform are concerned with the mental and physical well-being of inmates, the international actors aim to shape prison practices along international standards and incapacitate a subset of serious offenders.
Granular Computing Based Sorting Method in Multi-Objective Optimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper put forward dominance granule based multi-objective sorting algorithm (DGSA). The dominance granule can be obtained by the dominance relation in the information system and granular computing. It is the basis of multi-objective sorting and fitness assignment. Therefore, the dominance granule based multi-objective sorting algorithm is designed and reduces the computational complexity highly.
Human Rights: Collective efforts to rejuvenate rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is in fact a staggering exercise by the author, which has scraped through to make it a monumental informative work. I enjoyed rather lavishly whole skimming through the script. The author has made an honest effort in the book while studying the variegated situations and the state of human rights in the perspective of UNS millennium summit-2000. It is rather bravura of author, who has promptly made an endeavor to provide a genuine picture of rights existence in diverse situation and the extent to which India has made forays to secure right to women in the context of UNS millennium summit-2000. In the height of my judgment it is a worthy and readable book with bountiful information on what right mean? How they secured? And what contemplation Indian constitution does about. The anthers praise worthy efforts in the book, are those the lead us kindly to those situations, particularly in Indian context, where human rights are still toddling because as author said, of conservative, orthodox cal Indian mindsets.
The Washington Portrait of a Lady by Rogier van der Weyden reconsidered in light of recent investigations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Rogier van der Weyden's corpus is constructed by comparison with three securely identified works. Technical studies have aided in the attribution process. Although it is known that Rogier worked as a portraitist for the aristocratic class in Brussels, no portraits survive today which can be securely linked with contemporary documents. In addition to the donors on altar wings, a group of five independent portraits and three which may have once been part of diptychs is generally attributed to Rogier on a stylistic basis. Published technical information on these is limited. The recent restoration of the Washington Portrait of a Lady provided an opportunity to study the painting method of this late portrait, possibly the latest, when Rogier's aesthetic sensibilities had become increasingly abstract. Aspects of the painting method facilitate the emphasis of the planar aesthetic.
Predicting Postinduction Hypotension in Patients for Elective Surgery under General Anesthesia using a Preanesthesia Ultrasonography of the Subclavian Vein

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Estimating fluid status before surgery is not routine, but ultrasound can be used for this purpose. Previous studies have shown a correlation between collapsibility indices of the subclavian vein (SCV) and inferior vena cava (IVC). There is a limited data regarding the suitability of studying SVC for predicting hemodynamic events like hypotension during induction anesthesia. By studying SCV width variations prior to surgery, we hope to get an indirect estimate of the fluid status of the patient, which may predict the occurrence of postinduction hypotension during surgery. Methodology: This was a prospective, observational, single-center study registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India. Patients aged 18 years and above, with ASA physical status 1 or 2, undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia (GA) and endotracheal intubation were enrolled as per inclusion criteria. There were two observers performing the procedure: observer 1 measuring the blood pressure every minute for 10 min and observer 2 doing the measurements of the SCV ultrasonographically. The measurements included SCVDmax, SCVDmin, and SCVCI, which indicate maximum and minimum diameters of the SCV and its collapsibility index. Measurements were taken both during spontaneous breathing, deep breathing, and after passive leg raising. Results: In total, 80 patients were recruited for the study, and these data were analyzed. Patients were analyzed into two groups: a hypotension group (defined by absolute mean arterial pressure (MAP) <65 mmHg or a drop in MAP by more than 30% from baseline) and a no hypotension group. There were no significant differences between the two groups for baseline heart rate ( P = 0.0673), SCV diameters (maximum and minimum diameters measured in spontaneous, deep, and during PLR), and collapsibility indices (for spontaneous, deep, and during PLR). Conclusion: Preoperative measurements of SCV diameter and its collapsibility index during spontaneous breathing, deep breathing, and passive leg raising are not reliable to predict the occurrence of hypotension after induction of GA.
ChemInform Abstract: Passifloricins, Polyketides α‐Pyrones from Passiflora foetida Resin.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Object classification through selsected image segments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Object and face data processing has been an active research fields for many decades due to its various application in different areas such as security systems, video surveillance applications, biometric systems and information security. However, in object classification only a few works have been reported in implementing in a real-time traffic surveillance system. In particular, family car classification problem is not investigated. The main focus of this project is to develop suitable approaches for evaluation of the contribution of image segments to object classification. Firstly, large amount of dataset of raw images of family of objects need to be collected. Segmentation of background is being done so as to reject as much ‗non-car‘ of the image as possible. The data sets will consist of car family with background and without background. Usually, car in the images might not be standard; images are in different pose n position. In order to generalize the car positions of the data sets, cropping and alignment process have to be done as a pre-processing. The comprehensive objective of this project is to focus on classification of car family members from a non-family member of car using Continuous Fusion rule algorithm. Feature of the car images from the car family are first being extracted out by the dense Scale Invariant Feature Transform and Gabor features. Then the Modest Adaptive Boosting classifier is used to train the extracted feature. The classifier will select and remove the redundant features after the training. In addition, algorithms are compared in terms of output class of discrete and continuous classifiers. Finally, the final results are obtained by fusing of the output from the classifier using object segments classes that leads to superiority of the employment of the proposed algorithm. The classification performance is evaluated by three types of error, the False Negative error Rate, False Positive error Rate and Total Error.
Using n-Grams to Identify Edit Wars on Wikipedia

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the method of identifying Wikipedia edit wars using N-grams analysis. The analysis is conducted on the corpus of past versions of Wikipedia pages concerning historical figures who are glorified and idolised by the Hindu Right. The analysis shows that Wikipedia's open structure and Article Policies enable a conversation between academic and popular histories, a feat which has been difficult in India in the past.
Normal Hemostatic Profiles and Coagulation Factors in Healthy Free-Living Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Hemostatic disorders presumptively play an important role in the pathophysiology of several important disease conditions in the Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris). Prior to pursuing such clinical implications, it is essential to establish normal hemostatic profiles in clinically healthy animals. During annual health assessments of free-living manatees organized by the US Geological Survey, blood samples were collected from 12 healthy animals from the Atlantic coast and 28 from the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida, with body lengths of 210-324 cm. The following analyses were performed on citrated plasma: prothrombin (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and concentrations of fibrinogen, D-dimers, and coagulation factors VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Compared to other mammalian species, manatees had short PT (9.2±1.5 s) and PTT (10.7±0.5 s), fibrinogen was 369±78.7 mg/dL, antithrombin III was 132±11%, and D-dimer was 142±122 ng/mL. Baseline concentrations for the listed coagulation factors were established. When comparing coagulation factors between locations, Atlantic coast manatees had significantly higher factors VIII, IX, and X than did Gulf Coast manatees. This finding may reflect differences in water salinity, diet, or genetics. There were no differences in coagulation factors when among sexes and sizes. These baselines for hemostatic profiles and coagulation factors in healthy free-living manatees lay the foundation for diagnosis and future research of hemostatic disorders and contribute to understanding their role in the pathophysiology of manatees affected by various diseases.
CBP/p300 Degrader: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Beyond

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Transcriptional coactivators CBP/p300 have emerged as potential targets for cancer therapeutics. This Viewpoint discusses recent results that demonstrate an exceptionally potent and orally efficacious CBP/p300 degrader for the treatment of prostate cancer. This degrader stands out as a promising new candidate for cancer therapy and deserves further research.
[Effect of the synthetic endogenous opioid analog dalargin on the natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of synthetic opioid peptide analogue dalargin on the natural cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from the peripheral human blood has been studied in respect to target cells K-562. Natural cytotoxicity was determined by assessing the cytotoxicity of individual effector cells in agarose. It has been shown that preincubation of lymphocytes with 10(-14)--10(-8) M of dalargin enhances the binding of NK-cells with targets and the formation of conjugates with killed targets and increases the percentage of active NK-cells. In some cases bimodal kinetics of a stimulating dalargin effect on the natural cytotoxicity has been observed, with two peaks of the peptide activity being in the range of 10(14)--10(-12) and 10(-10)--10(-6) M. Naloxone at a concentration of 10(-6) M acted as an agonist of opioid receptors, enhancing the formation of effector-target conjugates and NK-cell lysis abilities. A stimulating effect of dalargin on the natural cytotoxicity was more marked than that of recombinant human alpha-interferon. The possible use of dalargin in pathological conditions characterized by disturbed NK-cell function is discussed.
A Novel Dementia Scale for Alzheimer's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: We established the diagnostic accuracy of the “ABC Dementia Scale” (ABC-DS) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which concurrently assesses activities of daily living (“A”), behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (“B”), and cognitive function (“C”), using a novel scoring approach called the three-dimensional distance (TDD). Methods: The ABC-DS has 13 items with nine ordered categorical levels. Caregivers were interviewed using a semi-structured interview. The construct validity, concurrent validity, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness (score changes over 12 weeks) were assessed. Results: We enrolled 63 participants with probable AD as well as 88, 106, and 55 patients with mild, moderate, and severe AD, respectively. The construct and concurrent validities of each domain score were determined. The TDD accurately discriminated the AD stages and detected score changes indicating disease progression over 12 weeks. Conclusion: The ABC-DS is stable, accurately stages AD severity, and monitors disease progression. The TDD is a useful algorithm for detecting disease progression.
THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE AND POWER STRENGTH ON OVERWEIGHT MEN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Resistance training has numerous advantages, including increased in muscle strength, endurance, and overall health. The goal of this study was to determine and compare the effect of 6 weeks of voluntary to failure resistance training on fasting blood glucose and power strength in overweight men who took part in one session per week (1TPW) or three sessions per week (3TPW) sessions per week. Fourteen overweight men age: 29±9 years; weight: 80.7±5.9 kg; height: 169.8±5.6 cm; BMI: 27.9±1.2 kg/m2 were selected for this study. Each training session comprising nine exercises performed at 80 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM) to volitional failure. Fasting blood glucose and power strength were measured every week, beginning with the baseline. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the baseline and post-intervention outcome. The result showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose and power strength for both groups. However, the 3TPW group had a greater improvement in terms of percentage in reducing fasting blood glucose and increasing power strength on overweight men. Group 1TPW fasting blood glucose decreased by 18% while group 3TPW decreased by 55.4%. Meanwhile, group 1TPW power strength increased by 14.2% compared to group 3TPW increased by 41%. There were significant differences between 1TPW and 3TPW resistance training on fasting blood glucose and power strength. In conclusion, training 1 time per week or 3 times per week are beneficial in reducing fasting blood glucose and increasing power strength. However, training three sessions per week resulted in greater increases in muscle strength and blood glucose compared to one session per week.
La detencion preventiva y la libertad personal en la practica del Tribunal Especial para el Libano

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present article analyzes the order CH/PTJ/09/06, issued by the Special Tribunal for\nLebanon, on 29 April 2009, in terms of pre-trial detention, personal freedom, presumption of innocence\nand right to a fair and expeditious trial. From this point of view the article extend the reflection in\nconsidering the principal acts delivered by the Tribunal � Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Rules on\nDetention, Prosecutor�s applications and Pre-Trial Judge�s decisions � appraising its deep and concrete\ncontribution in human rights protection.
An unintended consequence: the beginning of the end of mental hospitals in Victoria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the late 1950s the populations of Victoria's mental hospitals began to decline for the first time in decades, paralleling similar trends in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. This thesis investigates whether there was a specific government policy to close the mental hospitals in Victoria, and finds that this was not the case. Rather, their decline was the outcome of a complex and nuanced set of policies instituted in the 1950s, and was probably both unforeseen and unintended.
The Effect of Remittances on Poverty in the Emerging Countries of the European Union

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper we study the evolution of remittances and risk of poverty threshold for nine emerging countries in the European Union and analyzed the evolution and trend of the share of remittances in the risk of poverty threshold. The analysis was performed on data taken from the Eurostat database for the period 2005–2017. The statistical analysis of the data showed that the evolution of both remittances and risk of poverty threshold was heavily influenced by the global economic crisis. Although after the crisis, the risk of poverty threshold has seen a growing trend in all emerging countries, the remittances have experienced sinuous variations, dramatic declines for some of the countries (drastically for Romania and Latvia) and significant increases for others (Hungary). The results of the analysis using time-dependent regression models lead to the conclusion that, although the share of remittances in risk of poverty threshold diminished abruptly after the 2009 economic crisis, in the short term it is expected to maintain a growth trend for most of the analyzed countries (Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia), followed downward tendency after 2018 for Bulgaria and Romania, and after 2020 for Hungary and Lithuania. For Latvia and Estonia, both quadratic and cubic models estimate a decreasing evolution.
Vegetation classification in Greenland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An account of the description and classification of the vegetation of Greenland is presented. Four periods are recognized: the Physiognomic period, the Extension period, the Floristics-Dominance period, and the Syntaxonomic pe- riod. The approaches used in vegetation classification pertain- ing to Greenland are discussed. A first survey is presented of the higher syntaxa known from suboceanic-oceanic, subarctic- low arctic Greenland. 14 classes are dealt with. The syntaxa are floristically defined and their concept is discussed. The Juncetalia trifidi, Caricetea curvulae, are described for the first time.
Mobilizing in Black Boxes: Social Networks and Participation in Social Movement Organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent research has focused on the role of social networks in facilitating participation in protest and social movement organizations. This paper elaborates three currents of microstructural explanation, based on information, identity, and exchange. In assessing these perspectives, it compares their treatment of multivalence, the tendency for social ties to inhibit as well as promote participation. Considering two dimensions of multivalence—the value of the social tie and the direction of social pressure—this paper discusses problems of measurement and interpretation in network analysis of movement participation. A critical review suggests some directions for future research.
Cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Treatment modalities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) belongs to the most frequent cancer subtypes in the world. Mutations due to genetic and chromosomal instability, syndromes such as Fanconi anemia and the Bloom syndrome, environmental risk factors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol and human papillomavirus infection (HPV) subtypes 16,18,31,33,35,52,58 are implicated in its pathogenesis. The HNSCC belongs to the solid tumors of epithelial origin and consists of stromal, inflammatory, cancer cells and most importantly a fraction of them, the cancer stem cells (CSCs). The identification of the CSCs through their biomarkers such as CD44, CD10, CD166, CD133, CD271, ALDH, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and Bmi1, the maintenance of their subpopulation through epithelial to mesenchymal transition, the role of HPV infection regarding their prognosis and of their microenvironment regarding their resistance to therapy, all constitute key elements that must be taken thoroughly into consideration in order to develop an effective targeted therapy. There are already therapies in place targeting specific related biomarkers, important biochemical pathways and growth factors. The aim of this literature review is to illustrate the treatment modalities available against the cancer stem cells of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Constant-Frequency Constrained Optimal Direct Power Control of Voltage-Source PWM Rectifiers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The PWM voltage source rectifier analyzed in this paper exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior and therefore represents a hybrid dynamic system. The jump condition between switching states is defined by the control space vector. Direct Power Control (DPC) is a control method tailored to such hybrid systems, and its optimization has been considered by several authors. However, the constraints are usually disregarded, leading to unrealistic results. The paper presents the constant frequency Model Predictive Direct Power Control (MP-DPC) of the PWM voltage source rectifier using two types of symmetrical switching patterns. The control algorithms are validated by Matlab Simulink modeling and simulation.
Bioactivity of Xanthium indicum koen. (Compositae) leaf

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of the present study was to explore the bioactivities (antidiarrheal, cytotoxic and antibacterial) of the ethanol extract of Xanthium indicum (Compositae) leaf. Different phytochemical tests were carried out for the detection of different chemical groups present in the ethanol leaf extract of Xanthium indicum. By the preliminary phytochemical tests, reducing sugar, alkaloid, tannin, gum, glycoside and flavonoid were found. In vivo antidiarrhoeal activity was investigated on castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and disc diffusion method was carried out for the cytotoxic and antibacterial activity test respectively. The crude leaf extract showed mild antidiarrhoeal effect at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight compared to the standard drug Loperamide (50 mg/kg). The extract revealed strong cytotoxic effect having LC50 of 20 μg/ml and LC90 of 80 μg/ml and appeared very potent in term of zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (20 mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (20 mm) compared to standard antibiotic (Kanamycin 30 μg/disc) which was Staphylococcus aureus (22 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (20 mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (29 mm). All these findings established the pharmacological value of the leaf of Xanthium indicum and justified the traditional use of this plant.