jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment, Diagnosis and Management Strategies for Forearm Shaft Non-union: A Contemporary Perspective

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Forearm non-union poses a challenge in orthopaedic surgery due to its intricate anatomy and functional significance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the assessment, diagnosis and management of forearm non-union. Initial evaluation involves a meticulous history, physical examination and imaging studies to identify factors contributing to non-union, including infection. Surgical approaches are discussed, with emphasis on restoring biomechanical stability and promoting bone healing. Treatment options range from autografts to allografts, with considerations for vascularised bone transfers in complex cases. Decision-making strategies are outlined, considering patient-specific factors and individualised treatment plans. Special considerations for specific types of forearm non-unions are addressed, along with postoperative care protocols to optimise healing and functional outcomes. Overall, this review aims to provide clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of forearm non-union management based on current evidence and clinical practice. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Testing Neoclassical Competitive Theory in Multilateral Decentralized Markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Walrasian tâtonnement has been a fundamental assumption in economics ever since Walras’ general equilibrium theory was introduced in 1874. Nearly a century after its introduction, Vernon Smith relaxed the Walrasian tâtonnement assumption by showing that neoclassical competitive market theory explains the equilibrating forces in “double‐auction” markets. I make a next step in this evolution by exploring the predictive power of neoclassical theory in decentralized naturally occurring markets. Using data gathered from two distinct markets—the sports card and collector pin markets—I find a tendency for exchange prices to approach the neoclassical competitive model prediction after a few market periods.
Unforeseen consequences of a misidentified rodent: case study from the Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Since 1953, it has been assumed that Rattus rattus occurred on Woody Island, Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia, and that R. fuscipes was locally extinct. Recent trapping and identification, including sequencing of mitochondrial DNA, has confirmed the persistence of R. fuscipes. The apparent misidentification of the 1950 specimen and failure to collect vouchers since has led to unforeseen consequences, including a proposal to eradicate the Rattus population.
Advances of early automated disease detection in calves – a review of the past decade

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Young calves are highly prone to disease and incur high mortality rates. A literature review was conducted to provide an overview of advances in automatic health monitoring in calves over the past decade, to reveal the gaps between the application of available automatic tools and PLF health monitoring in calves, thus point to opportunities for future research. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Web of Science database. 127 articles were found as primary outcome based on selected search terms, and following 4-step, 44 articles were left. We found that current stages of calf disease detection are at applying sensor technology at individual level and interpreting the data to describe ongoing diseases. Accelerometers (22 articles) and automatic feeding systems (AFS) (12 articles) were most studied, which can record daily feeding behaviours (i.e. milk intake, milk drinking time, and frequency) and daily locomotor activities (i.e. lying time, lying frequency, step counts). A sick calf generally decreases milk intake, milk drinking speed, visits to the milk feeder, and duration of each visits; regarding the changes in lying time and frequency, conflicting results were shown in different studies. We concluded that changes in feeding and lying behaviours were linked to early stages of disease and enabled faster detection of disease compared to clinical evaluation by a person. More researches, however, that can look at these data in a more detailed way are needed, i.e. reveal the behavioural patterns across the day. In addition, more variables need to be investigated to find good combinations of indicators for early disease detection. Furthermore, bridges between technology, biology, and farmers have not yet been built. Multi-disciplinary research is therefore needed to make this connection, which will assist in developing an integrated system to automatically detect calf disease at an early stage.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐Bis(sym‐triazinyl‐2‐amino)ethane Derivatives as Polyfunctional Additives to Lubricating Oils.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A novel benzodiazepine derivative that suppresses microtubule dynamics and impairs mitotic progression

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A novel 2,3-benzodiazepine-4 derivative, named 1g, has recently been shown to function as an anti-proliferative compound. We now show that it perturbs the formation of a functional mitotic spindle, inducing a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)-dependent arrest in human cells. Live analysis of individual microtubules indicates that 1g promotes a rapid and reversible reduction in microtubule growth. Unlike most anti-mitotic compounds, we found that 1g does not interfere directly with tubulin or perturb microtubule assembly in vitro. The observation that 1g also triggers a SAC-dependent mitotic delay associated with chromosome segregation in Drosophila neural stem cells, suggests that it targets a conserved microtubule regulation module in humans and flies. Altogether, our results indicate that 1g is a novel promising anti-mitotic drug with the unique properties of altering microtubule growth and mitotic spindle organization.
Three-Stage Non-Surgical Treatment of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Adolescents—A Report of Four Cases with Long-Term Follow-Up

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

(1) Background: Postponing orthodontic treatment in Class III malocclusion until deterioration and growth cessation to perform orthognathic surgery does not seem to be an optimal solution for every patient. This report describes short- and long-term outcomes for nonsurgical treatment of four adolescents with severe Class III malocclusion. (2) Methods: Four patients (aged 13–15 y) with skeletal Class III (Wits appraisal below 7.5 mm) started a three-stage treatment, consisting of a six-month-long phase I and involving orthopedic treatment with an individual chin-cup. Phase II involved orthopedic treatment with a bonded Haas-type expander on acrylic splints, a face-mask, a lower fixed appliance and Class III elastics; phase III involved full fixed appliance, elastics and reuse of the individual chin-cup. Pre and posttreatment cephalograms were analyzed and superimposed. (3) Results: Improved skeletal and dental relationships and facial appearance was achieved in all patients. Wits appraisal, angles ANB, ANPg and lower face height increased; an improvement of overbite was noted. (4) Conclusions: Severe skeletal Class III in adolescents may be successfully treated with combined orthopedic/camouflage treatment with a Haas-type expander on acrylic splints, Class III elastics, fixed appliance and orthopedic devices (individual chin-cup and facemask) with a very good compliance.
Outcome of pediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in Central America: A report of the Association of Pediatric Hematology Oncology of Central America (AHOPCA)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Treating B–non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL) in lower‐income countries is challenging because of imprecise diagnosis, the increased risk of fatal toxicity associated with advanced disease at presentation, and limited supportive care. Procedure Central American patients with newly diagnosed stage I or II B‐NHL received a modified Berlin–Frankfurt–Münster (BFM) regimen including a prephase (prednisone, cyclophosphamide) followed by A/B/A courses (A: cytarabine, dexamethasone, etoposide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, and intrathecal therapy; B: cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and intrathecal therapy). Those with stage III or IV NHL received additional courses (B/A/B), intensified for stage IV disease by additional vincristine and methotrexate doses. Patients in poor condition received a second prephase treatment before their chemotherapy courses. Results Between March 2004 and June 2016, of 405 patients with B‐NHL, 386 (109 females) were eligible for treatment. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 177 cases (47.4%) and characterized the disease as mature B‐cell lymphoma. Stage distribution was as follows: I/II, 31 (8.1%); III, 252 (65.3%); IV, 93 (24.1%); 10 (2.6%) not available. The 3‐year overall survival was 70% for the whole group (86% for stages I/II, 75% for stage III, 58% for stage IV). Events included death during induction (34 patients, 8.8%), relapse/progression (46, 11.9%), death in remission (9, 2.3%), second malignancy (1, 0.26%), and death of unknown cause (1, 0.26%). Twenty‐three (6%) patients abandoned or refused therapy. Conclusions Approximately 70% of children with B‐NHL from Central America experienced long‐term, disease‐free survival with a modified BFM schedule. Toxic death and relapse/resistant disease were the main reasons for treatment failure.
Combination of mitomycin, vindesine, and cisplatin in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thirty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a combination of mitomycin (10 mg/m2, Day 1), vindesine (3 mg/m2, Days 1 and 8), and cisplatin (60 mg/m2, Day 1), repeated every 28 days. Seven patients were previously treated by surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, and 23 had untreated advanced tumors. Objective responses were seen in 17 of 27 evaluable patients (63%), with three (11%) complete remissions. Moderate myelosuppression was the main toxic effect. Considering the advanced tumor staging (54% N3 tumors), this chemotherapeutic regimen appears as effective as other cisplatin-based chemotherapies.
Neurofeedback games to enhance cognitive abilities

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the usage of neurofeedback games to improve cognitive abilities, multitasking is one such ability that is experiencing increased attention, not only from researchers, but also from private corporations and the military. The ability to multitask is seen as a necessary skill in the performance of critical tasks, such as the piloting of an aircraft, which require aircraft personnel to monitor a number of status displays and communicate with air traffic control. Even in our daily lives, the ability to multitask can prove essential, such as when driving a vehicle while monitoring the GPS. In this project, a 3D neurofeedback game, “Multitask Driving”, was developed using the Unreal Development Kit (UDK) with the aim to enhance an individual’s multitasking ability. The game comprises of three tasks; a visuomotor driving task, an auditory oddball task and a working memory task, which are activated in a staggered manner. The game also features a high score system to motivate players to attain a better performance and improve their multitasking ability, as well as a save system with the intention to allow players to store their high score over many game sessions. Additionally, the game works both with and without a neurofeedback device for added flexibility. If the device is used, the player’s brain state of concentration is monitored and feedback is provided to the player. Finally, the game generates a data log that captures the user’s play data for use in research analysis.
Antisemitism in the Muslim Intellectual Discourse in South Asia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) has produced some of the greatest Islamic thinkers, such as Shah Wali Allah (sometimes also spelled Waliullah; 1702–1763) who is considered one of the originators of pan-Islamism, Rahmatullah Kairanwi (1818–1892), Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), Syed Abul A’la Mawdudi (also spelled Maududi; 1903–1979), and Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1914–1999), who have all played a pivotal role in shaping political Islam and have all had global impact. Islamism is intertwined with Muslim antisemitism. Some of the greatest Islamist movements have their bases in South Asia, such as Tablīghi Jamā’at—the largest Sunni Muslim revivalist (daw’a) movement in the world—and Jamā’at-i-Islāmi—a prototype of political Islam in South Asia. The region is home to some of the most important institutions of Islamic theological studies: Darul Ulūm Deoband, the alleged source of ideological inspiration to the Taliban, and Nadwātu’l-’Ulamā and Firangi Mahal, whose curricula are followed by seminaries across the world attended by South Asian Muslims in their diaspora. Some of the most popular Muslim televangelists have come from South Asia, such as Israr Ahmed (1932–2010) and Zakir Naik (b. 1965). This paper gives an introductory overview of antisemitism in the Muslim intellectual discourse in South Asia.
Seasonally Frozen Soil Effects on the Seismic Performance of Highway Bridges

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Permafrost degradation in regions of high seismic activity increases the potential for soil liquefaction, which can be a serious threat to transportation and utility infrastructure, as many professionals observed during the November 2002 Denali Earthquake (magnitude Mw 7.9). This project conducted laboratory studies to investigate the liquefaction resistance of frozen and seasonally frozen ground. Researchers examined how soil liquefaction is influenced by freeze-thaw cycles throughout the year, and how liquefaction is influenced by temperature distribution in degrading permafrost. The results of this study will help establish criteria for liquefaction susceptibility in melting permafrost and soils that regularly undergo freeze-thaw cycles.
Humans in Hierarchies: Intergroup Relations in Education Reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: Existing research on loosely coupled educational systems has largely ignored the social and affective dimensions of such systems. Drawing on literature from organizational behavior, this study examines how “human” factors, including role identity dynamics, power dynamics, and stereotyping, shape the implementation of state-led education reforms. Research Method/Approach: This study draws on interviews and focus groups with 77 actors from different organizational levels in two states and uses a grounded theory analytical approach. Findings: Our findings indicate that stereotyping is ubiquitous across contexts, that the way actors stereotype and perceive each other depends on their positions in the system, and that stereotypes of higher ups often persist even as higher ups are aware of them and try unsuccessfully to mitigate them. We theorize about the reasons for these outcomes and their consequences for efforts at systemic change. Implications for Research and Practice: This study underscores the importance of social and emotional factors in education reform efforts, which have been under-theorized to this point. It demonstrates that reforms could be more successful when higher ups and lower downs have more frequent and meaningful interactions, which facilitate opportunities to break down social and emotional barriers to successful implementation.
Pom Forum: Operations Management's Next Source of Galvanizing Energy?

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

I am concerned that the field of production and operations management is losing direction and cohesion, as well as the battle for the best new faculty, student enrollments, and research funding. This problem is not due to a lack of interesting initiatives but because our several active subfields are pulling us in different directions and causing our common ground to shrink. This is at a time when firms around the globe are facing perplexing operating problems that are apparently not resolvable through existing theories and techniques. Other academic fields have experienced similar strains at certain points, and they tend to get to that point following a progression like those that production and operations management has witnessed three times in the past 50 years. After briefly describing these past histories, I propose that we are near the end of one cycle and need a new jolt of energy to begin another. The problems of coordinating the complex collaborations among networked organizations (the Coordination of Operations across Multiple Organizations) are becoming increasingly important in today's economy. I suggest that intensive multiteam studies of such networks could provide new insights into these pressing problems, stimulate creativity, and help reunify our field.
Hybrid Envelope Elimination and Restoration Technique for Enhancing the Linearity of Switchmode Envelope Amplifiers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This letter shows a new technique for enhancing the linearity of switchmode envelope amplifiers used in Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER) amplifiers. The proposed solution increases the linearity of EER amplifiers using switchmode converters as envelope amplifiers avoiding additional hardware for compensating their inherent distortion at low output voltage levels. This technique combines hybrid EER (H-EER) and drive modulation techniques applied to a radio frequency (RF) amplifier operating in mixed mode. It is illustrated by means of an L-Band suboptimum Class-E power amplifier using GaN HEMTs linearized by a multi-phase switchmode envelope amplifier.
Two-dimensional SiC-based heterostructures for advanced lithium-ion batteries: A first-principles study

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials into heterostructures provides an effective approach to designing advanced electronic devices by synergistically combining the advantages of constituent monolayers. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to systematically evaluate three SiC-based heterostructures (SiC/graphene, SiC/BN, and SiC/MoS2) as high-performance anode candidates for lithium-ion batteries. To assess the potential of these SiC-based heterostructures, their geometric structures, electronic structures, Li adsorption and migration properties, and electrochemical properties were investigated. Results illustrate that these heterostructures exhibit enhanced mechanical robustness, with Young's modulus surpassing that of individual monolayers. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations reveal that these SiC-based heterostructures can maintain good structural stability during lithiation at 300 K. With the introduction of other 2D anode materials, the lithiated SiC-based heterostructures exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity, high theoretical specific capacity, and acceptable diffusion barriers, which are crucial for maintaining high multiplicity performance of lithium-ion batteries. These findings indicate the remarkable potential of SiC-based heterostructures as ideal anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Statistical Evidence on the Acceleration Principle

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A. Net rate of increase in total tonnage, I O , t ons (sailing tons counted for one third).B. Net rate of increase in total British tonnage entered, million tons.C. Rate of increase in " transport index," indicating ton-miles of transport for chief sea transport commodities (cereals, coal, wood, oil, nitrate).Taken from De Nednlandschc Conjunctuur, March, 1934).Chart 5.----GENEIULACTIVITY, UNITEDKINGDOM. A. Consumption of pig iron, percentage deviations from trend (nine-year moving average) ; taken account of pig iron in steel, of changes in stocks and after deduction of iron in exports.B. Rate of increase in industrial production (0, corrected figures, cf.chart 3, two-year moving averages) ; H o h n n ' s index.C. Non-labour income, deviations from trend (Stamp's figures for taxed income).C b ~t ~.-&ENE&U GERUNY. ACTIVITY,A. Consumption of pig iron, percentage deviations from nine-year moving average, two-year moving average; taken account of iron in steel and after deduction of iron in exports. B.Percentage rate of increase in industrial consumers' goods production (0, corrected figures, cf.chart 3, two-year moving averages).C. Percentage rate of increase in total industrial production, corrected figures, cf.chart 3. D. Dividends of all societies, percentage of capital, deviations from nine-year moving average.
Trillions Gained and Lost: Estimating the Magnitude of Growth Episodes.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

An increasingly large literature in the empirics of growth has viewed economic growth as an ‘episodic phenomena’.
We propose a new technique for measuring the total magnitude of a growth episode: the change in output
per capita resulting fromone structural break in the trend growth of output (acceleration or deceleration) to the
next. Our method allows us to quantify the amount of income gain and loss during growth accelerations and growth decelerations. We show that the income gains and losses are staggering in magnitude, often multiples of the level of income at the start of the growth episode. The top 20 growth accelerations have a net present value (NPV) magnitude of 30 trillion dollars—twice the US GDP. The top 20 growth decelerations account for 35 trillion dollars less in NPV of output.What explains such ‘staggering’ gains and losses in income over relatively
short periods is the key question that future research on economic growth should try and address.
Optimum Seeding Date and Seeding Density for Winter-Seeding Cultivation of Winter Wheat in Iwate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

岩手県におけるコムギ秋播栽培において，水稲などの前作物との秋作業の競合を解消するため，秋播性コムギを根雪前に播種する冬期播種栽培について検討し，最適な播種期と最適な播種量を明らかにした．秋播性品種「ナンブコムギ」を用い，2000年から2002年の10月上旬から11月上旬に播種期を旬ごとに変えて出芽までの日数を調べたところ，播種後の 0℃以上の積算平均気温が 95～115℃になった時点で出芽した．このため，播種が早くて播種日から根雪始めまでの積算平均気温が95℃より高いと根雪前や雪中で出芽し，凍上害の危険が高くなった．逆に，12月上旬から12月下旬のように播種が遅く越冬後に出芽する場合では，出芽個体率が高く，正常に出穂，成熟した．このことから，冬期播種栽培の岩手県における播種適期は，根雪前や雪中で出芽することのない 12月上旬から12月下旬とすることが適当と考えられた．冬期播種栽培は，10月上旬播種の慣行秋播栽培と比較して地上部の生育量は小さくなるものの，穂数は多く，倒伏が少なく，子実収量は 379 g/m2 で慣行秋播栽培対比 95％となった．冬期播種栽培で得られた子実の外観品質は慣行秋播栽培とほぼ同等で，子実の粗タンパク質含有率は 14.4％と 1.4ポイント慣行秋播栽培のものよりも高まった．播種量を増やすと穂数は直線的に増加し，それに伴い子実収量も増加し，350粒/m2 前後で最大となった．