jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Urban Renewal of the Potteries, North Staffordshire

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recently, in the West Midlands, the United Kingdom, there has been a significant decline of its economic-and social status. Especially, the circumstances are serious in the Potteries which is a synonym for the city of Stoke-on-Trent, North Staffordshire. The Potteries has a narrowly based economy with an over-reliance on the traditional industries such as pottery manufacture and coal mining, in which 29% of total workers are employed, and yet of which current laborer requirements are declining. These traditional industries are founded largely on the local extraction of natural resources which has produced extensive areas of derelict land such as slag heaps and pit works. The city assumes the unique form of a linear polynuclear structure as a whole, but its conurbation dose not reach maturity, and six original towns are rather separated from each other. As a result of evolution of the area's basic urban structure in the late 19th century and early 20th century, there has been a legacy of areas of pre 1914 age houses with intermixed industrial and commercial premises, often dissected by busy roads. Thus, decadent and inadequate environment stemming from dereliction and non-conforming land use is a serious problem in the urban cores, associated with poor housing conditions.Therefore, of particular importance will be policies and assistance directed towards broading the economic base of the area specifically by diversifying and expanding the employment structure of the area, as well as improving the living environment such as derelict land reclamation, regulation of mixed land use and improvement of housing. The City Council has enforced a series of the policies to improve the city economy and environment, including the Slum Clearance Programme, the General Improvement Area Programme, the Derelict Land Reclamation Programme, the Sewage Disposal Programme and the Major Roads Programme.Generally speaking, in many cases of cities with medium size in the United States and Japan, the emphasis of their urban renewal is laid on functional resusciation of their urban centers. However, as concerns urban renewal of the Potteries, the subject is laid on improvement of environment. In this sense, the social welfare policy comes in front of economic policy.The areal problems of the Potteries have basically been brought as the result of rapid industrialization by extraction of natural resources since the 19th century. If a city has engraved its nature with bequests such as heaps of rubble, old buildings of no use and nonconforming land use through its long history, and if the city reaches the limit of a self-contradiction to its further development, the problems are similar in nature, to those recognized in the Potteries.
VIRAL BIOSAFETY OF BIOPHARMACEUTICALS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Therapeutics produced by eukaryotic cell lines could possible be contaminated with bioburden; the most dangerous for human is viral contamination. The article describes the problem of viral safety of biopharmaceuticals. The strategy of downstream process steps for the viral safety guarantee is discussed. The methods of viral inactivation, filtration, purification are given in the paper.
Comparison of Magnesium Sulphate versus Clonidine as Adjuvants to Ropivacaine in Ultrasound-guided Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Lower Segment Caesarean Section: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Anaesthesia plays a vital role in providing effective pain relief during surgical procedures while maintaining haemodynamic stability, ensuring maternal and foetal safety and enhancing overall recovery. In obstetric anaesthesia, particularly during Lower-Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS), the choice of anaesthetic agents and adjuvants significantly influences perioperative outcomes such as analgesia duration, haemodynamic parameters and patient comfort. The optimisation of these factors remains a crucial aspect of current research. Aim: To evaluate the difference between the efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate and Clonidine as adjuvants to Ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block for postoperative analgesia and haemodynamic stability in patients undergoing LSCS under subarachnoid block. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial conducted at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, involving 60 female patients undergoing elective or emergency LSCS under subarachnoid block. Random allocation was used to assign patients into two groups of 30 each-Magnesium Sulphate as an adjuvant (group RM) and Clonidine as an adjuvant (group RC)-for the ultrasound-guided administration of Ropivacaine in bilateral TAP block. Postoperative analgesia duration, pain intensity (measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score), haemodynamic parameters and side-effects were recorded over a 48-hour postoperative period. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for data analysis. Results: Both groups were comparable in demographic parameters, with mean age, height and weight being 28.3±4.79 years, 160.07±10.57 cm and 70.77±5.29 kg in the RM group (Ropivacaine with Magnesium Sulphate) and 28.67±4.21 years, 161.27±5.06 cm and 69.84±4.81 kg in the RC group (Ropivacaine with Clonidine). The duration of analgesia was similar between group RC (10.53±5.68 hours) and Group RM (9.72±5.186 hours), with a p-value of 0.563, indicating no significant difference between the groups. The duration of analgesia was consistent in both groups, with lower VAS scores recorded at multiple intervals. Haemodynamic parameters remained stable in both groups, with no significant adverse effects or complications observed. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided TAP block with magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to ropivacaine demonstrated comparable efficacy to clonidine in providing postoperative analgesia, without compromising haemodynamic stability or causing major adverse effects. Both magnesium sulphate and clonidine are equally effective in enhancing postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing LSCS
Cyberspace, threat agents and power

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

If cybersecurity is a transnational issue per se, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the main battlegrounds in the world. Indeed, both the public and the private sectors are under constant threat. In 2017 there were more than three attacks daily on Emirati interests. The UAE is prone to attacks for multiple reasons. Cyberattackers exploit the small loopholes in the federation's massive defence system; indeed, the country has become more involved in transnational networks (finance, tourism, etc.). Because of its drive to become a smart international hub, cyberattacks multiply proportionally with the acceleration of cyber transactions. In the meantime, the necessary security infrastructures are working to keep up with demand. This challenge is coupled with the fact that the country's two central city-states are the loci of international movement and attention. Owing to the variety of threats, assessing the risks and finding comprehensive solutions remains difficult.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS IN AUSTRIAN PINE CLONES WITH

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In a seed orchard with 14 clones of Austrian pine (Pinus ,igrab ssp. nigra) significant clonal differences in susceptibility to Gremmenre a a ietina were observed during the last 15 years. As a physiological trait, the buffering of pH in homogenized bark tissue of one-year shoots was studied. There were sig­ nificant clonal differences and a good correlation with the mean susceptibili­ ty. Clones with higher resistance to G. abietina possess a higher buffering capacity. As a biochemical trait, the monoterpenes of the bark tissue of one-year shoots were investigated by gas chromatography. The clones differed significantly in the amount of the 5 monoterpenes. Myrcene- and limonene­ content showed significant negative correlations with the attack by G. abie­ tina. The possibility of indirect selection of less susceptible Austrian pines on the basis of these results is discussed.
Notes on unequal exchange between developing and industrialised countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Proponents of the theory of unequal exchange claim that the international division of labour is based on the exploitation of the developing countries by the industrialised countries. But the international division of labour allows the developing countries to import goods which they either could not produce themselves, or only at a higher price than they pay for the imports. The lower wage-levels in the developing countries may also help them to obtain employment at the expense of the industrialised countries. Low wages are therefore ultimately not a question of exploitation but of development priorities.
Chitosan promotes immune responses, ameliorating total mature white blood cell numbers, but increases glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase levels in leukemia mice in vivo

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan (a naturally derived polymer) on the immune responses and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in WEHI-3 cell-generated leukemia mice. Mice were divided into control, WEHI-3 control, acetic acid (vehicle)-treated, and 5 and 20 mg/kg chitosan-treated groups. Mice were subsequently weighed, blood was collected, and liver and spleen samples were isolated and weighed. Blood samples were measured for cell markers, the spleen underwent phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell activity examination, and cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Chitosan did not significantly affect the weights of body, liver and spleen at 5 and 20 mg/kg treatment. Chitosan increased the percentage of CD3 (T cells marker), decreased the levels of CD19 (B-cell marker) and CD11b at 5 mg/kg treatment, and decreased the levels of Mac-3 at 5 and 20 mg/kg treatment. Chitosan significantly increased macrophage phagocytosis of PBMCs, but did not significantly affect macrophage phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity. Chitosan treatment did not significantly affect the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, and also did not affect T- and B-cell proliferation. Chitosan significantly increased total white blood cell numbers, and GOT and GPT activities were both significantly increased. However, chitosan did not significantly affect LDH activity in leukemia mice. Chitosan may aid in future studies on improving immune responses in the treatment of leukemia.
Joint Spatial and Frequency Domain Learning for Lightweight Spectral Image Demosaicing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Conventional spectral image demosaicing algorithms rely on pixels' spatial or spectral correlations for reconstruction. Due to the missing data in the multispectral filter array (MSFA), the estimation of spatial or spectral correlations is inaccurate, leading to poor reconstruction results, and these algorithms are time-consuming. Deep learning-based spectral image demosaicing methods directly learn the nonlinear mapping relationship between 2D spectral mosaic images and 3D multispectral images. However, these learning-based methods focused only on learning the mapping relationship in the spatial domain, but neglected valuable image information in the frequency domain, resulting in limited reconstruction quality. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a novel lightweight spectral image demosaicing method based on joint spatial and frequency domain information learning. First, a novel parameter-free spectral image initialization strategy based on the Fourier transform is proposed, which leads to better initialized spectral images and eases the difficulty of subsequent spectral image reconstruction. Furthermore, an efficient spatial-frequency transformer network is proposed, which jointly learns the spatial correlations and the frequency domain characteristics. Compared to existing learning-based spectral image demosaicing methods, the proposed method significantly reduces the number of model parameters and computational complexity. Extensive experiments on simulated and real-world data show that the proposed method notably outperforms existing spectral image demosaicing methods.
US Internationalization Faces the Recession

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

U.S. higher education has been hard hit by the recession, and internationalization is no exception. This article focuses on campus responses to budgetary constraints among large public institutions, including staff reductions, intensified recruitment of international students, and expectations that senior internationalization officers (SIOs) will balance their budgets through income-generating activities. It also notes the apparent strengthening of the role of the SIO and concludes that commitment to internationalization seems to be holding up in face of hard times.
Analyzing Collimator Rotation Angle Influence on Half-beam VMAT Outcomes for Prostate Cancer: A Comparative Approach Using Statistical and Machine Learning Methods

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose This study explores the impact of Collimator Rotation Angle (CRA) settings in Half beam Volume Modulated Arc Therapy (HVMAT) for prostate cancer treatment, focusing on dose distribution and treatment efficacy. Materials and Methods Treatment plans (Total 240) for 20 prostate cancer patients were developed using HVMAT. Different CRA settings (n = 12) were employed, specifically comparing 2-arcs and 4-arcs techniques. Data were analyzed using statistical methods and machine learning models, assessing the Mean Relative Error (MRE) across varying CRA settings. Results The analysis revealed no significant impact of CRA settings on the conformity and homogeneity of radiation distribution to the target volume. All treatment plans met the average V95% target for the prescribed dose in the Planning Target Volume (PTV). Machine learning analysis showed consistent predictive accuracy across different CRA settings, with the MRE variance within 2%. Statistical tests further supported these findings, showing no significant differences in treatment plan outcomes based on CRA variations. Conclusion The study demonstrates that CRA settings in HVMAT can be selected with considerable flexibility without compromising the effectiveness of prostate cancer treatment. The results emphasize the importance of employing multi-faceted analysis, including both traditional statistical methods and advanced machine learning techniques, in optimizing HVMAT treatment plans. Although limited by a small sample size and a specific focus on prostate cancer, the findings provide valuable insights into the clinical application of HVMAT and its potential in treatment plan optimization.
Austrian School monetary explanation for the business cycle

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This is a definition of Austrian School monetary explanation for the business cycle in the /Elgar Encyclopedia of Financial Crises/. Beginning with the 2008 global crisis in the United States, and particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic shook economies around the world, academics, practitioners, and other experts have become increasingly sensitised to the potential for financial and economic fragility to result in a systemic breakdown. Presenting a synopsis of lessons learnt from financial crises arising out of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, each entry examines a unique past issue to help to develop future outcomes, operating as a touchstone for further research.
Conflict Patterns of the Acceptance of Multicultural Coexistence by Korean-Japanese : Focusing on Osaka City

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

이 논문은 재일한인의 ‘다문화공생 수용’에 관한 갈등 양상을 심층면접 결과를 바탕으로 분석하였다. 분 석결과, 첫째, 8명은 지역 구성원으로 인정받고 있다고 인식한 반면 5명은 일본사회가 이방인으로 취급하여 차별받고 있다고 생각하였다. 둘째, 재일한인들은 일본정부의 외국이주민 정책에 대해 진정성 있는 이민정 책이 아닌 것으로 평가하였다. 셋째, 4명은 혐한시위의 원인에 대해 4명은 극우세력의 한국문화에 대한 반감 으로 인식한 반면 6명은 한·일의 역사적 갈등에서 시위의 원인을 찾았다. 넷째, 7명은 지역 주민이 아닌 관계 로 일본정부가 참정권을 주지 않는다고 생각한 반면 3명은 재일한인들의 정치세력화를 차단하려고 참정권 을 주지 않는 것으로 인식하고 있다. 일본의 다문화공생 정책은 일본인과 외국 국적자 사이에서 갈등을 양산하고 차별을 조장하는 동화주의 에 기반 한 정책이다. 갈등해소를 위한 시사점은 첫째, 일본인과 외국인 간 ‘마음의 벽’을 넘어 상호간 소통적 융합을 위한 노력과 의식 개혁이 요구된다. 둘째, 일본사회는 재일한인에 대한 편견과 차별을 버리고 포용하 는 태도를 지향해야 한다. 셋째, 특정 민족과 국가에 대한 혐오는 반인권적 행위이다. 일본의 혐한시위는 사 회적 갈등을 조장하고 있었다. 한·일의 국가와 국민들의 우호적인 관계 형성을 위해서도 지양되어야 한다.
Using the Proton and Neutron Interacting Boson Model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The possibility of shape coexistence within the platinum isotopes, A=192- 202, and the fine structure feature have been investigated within the framework of proton neutron Interacting Boson Model. The experimental level energies, B(E2) ratios, multipole mixing ratios ( 2 / 1) EM δ and ( 0 / 2) XE E values are compared with the results obtained from the IBM-2. Throughout the investigation, 0 E and 2 E transition probabilities from 0 + states in
Functional relevance of the BMD-associated polymorphism rs312009: Novel Involvement of RUNX2 in LRP5 transcriptional regulation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract LRP5 is an osteoporosis susceptibility gene. Association analyses reveal that individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) determine variation in bone mineral density (BMD) among individuals as well as fracture risk. In a previous study, we identified a lumbar spine BMD-associated SNP, rs312009, located in the LRP5 5' region. A RUNX2 binding site was identified in this region by gel-shift experiments. Here we test the functionality of this SNP and examine whether RUNX2 is indeed a regulator of LRP5 expression. Gene reporter assays were used to test rs312009 functionality. Bioinformatic predictive tools and gel-shift and gene reporter assays were used to identify and characterize additional RUNX2 binding elements in the 3.3-kb region upstream of LRP5. Allelic differences in the transcriptional activity of rs312009 were observed in two osteoblastic cell lines, the T allele being a better transcriber than the C allele. RUNX2 cotransfection in HeLa cells revealed that the LRP5 5' region responded to RUNX2 in a dose-dependent manner and that the previously identified RUNX2 binding site participated in this response. Also, RUNX2 inhibition by RNAi led to nearly 60% reduction of endogenous LRP5 mRNA in U-2 OS cells. Four other RUNX2 binding sites were identified in the 5' region of LRP5. Luciferase experiments revealed the involvement of each of them in the RUNX2 response. The allelic differences observed point to the involvement of rs312009 as a functional SNP in the observed association. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the direct action of RUNX2 on LRP5 has been described. This adds evidence to previously described links between two important bone-regulating systems: the RUNX2 transcription-factor cascade and the Wnt signaling pathway. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Energy, angle, and temperature dependencies of the sticking of D atoms on Li surfaces

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Detailed experimental and computational information on the response of lithium surfaces to irradiation by slow hydrogenic particles (ions, atoms, molecules) is sparse and mainly speculative. In this work, we present a computational study of the reflection and retention of deuterium (D) atoms at crystalline and amorphous lithium surfaces at 300 and 500 K, where the D atoms have an impact energy in the range of 0.025–5 eV and incident angles of 0° (perpendicular incidence) or 85° (near-grazing incidence). Classical molecular dynamics simulations are performed with the reactive bond-order force field (ReaxFF) potentials. This study provides quantitative information on the deuterium sticking probability and recycling coefficient for lithium surfaces. Our results support the ongoing work at the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment-β fusion experiment as well as relevant experiments in the laboratory setting.
Clinical outcomes of cracked tooth syndrome after 3 years of treatment: a case series

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Diagnosis of cracked tooth syndrome (CTS) requires clinical experience and scientific knowledge. Even providing an effective resolution of the symptoms, clinicians must inform their patients that cracks may progress and induce tooth separation. Thus, follow-up is essential. Case-report: This study describes the treatment of patients with cracked tooth syndrome through a series of three cases. It also includes their long-term followups over three years, through clinical probing and radiography. The findings highlight the importance of periodic check-ups to manage potential complications. Regular follow-ups can help control undesirable responses that may cause pain or make future treatments unfeasible. On all the scenarios presented, an endodontic treatment was needed. On the first successful case the radiolucent lesion regressed with no discomfort or pain. The second case was an unsuccessful one. The patient returned to the dental office after 3 years when probing revealed a 10-mm pocket at the distal aspect of the tooth. The radiography showed distal bone loss. The tooth was extracted to prevent bone loss from progressing. The third report documented the treatment of a patient who declined follow-up care and only returned after 3 years. At that point, a severe mobility was apparent. The radiography revealed a large periapical radiolucency with extensive bone loss, and the tooth extraction became necessary. Conclusion: These cases underscore the importance of informing patients about the potential for crack progression and tooth separation and emphasizes the crucial role of regular follow-up care, as well as discussing the possibilities of restorative treatment. KEYWORDS Clinical evolution; Cracked tooth syndrome; Diagnosis, oral; Permanent, dentistry, operative; Tooth crown.