jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Local light-ray rotation around arbitrary axes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a sheet-structure design which rotates the direction of incident light rays by an arbitrary angle around an arbitrary, but local, rotation axis. The sheet structure consists of two different parallel Dove-prism sheets, each of which mirrors the light-ray direction with respect to different mirror planes. Together, they result in a rotation of the incident light ray by an arbitrary angle around the direction in which the different mirror planes intersect. We illustrate some of the properties of this sheet structure with images and movies calculated using rendering ray-tracing software.
Early Culture Trials and an Overview on U.S. Marine Ornamental Species Trade

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ornamental aquarium fishes have been traded globally for centuries. In the last few decades, the trade in marine species has expanded to over 40 countries supplying tropical and temperate marine life for both public and private aquariums. Accurate trade data covering the diversity and magnitude of species are elusive. The poor record keeping by both exporting and importing nations hinders efforts to understand the trade and its implications on marine ecosystems. We provide an overview of a multi-year data set that catalogs the imports of marine aquarium fishes and invertebrates into the United States. Further, we examine the history of marine ornamental aquaculture and assess constraints and bottlenecks to commercial production. We demonstrate that pelagic larval duration (PLD), economics, and regulatory actions are constraints to commercial production, while selective breeding and alternative species are production opportunities. Aquaculture can provide environmental benefits by reducing collecting pressure on highly traded species, but may carry economic and environmental risks, such as livelihood displacement and increasing the number of tankbusters in trade.
[Difficulties in using archival paraffin-embedded tissues for RNA expression analysis].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections are used for routine histopathological diagnostics, but they have increasingly become material for molecular studies of genome and gene expression using molecular biological techniques such as PCR and RT-PCR. A major limitation is the significant degree of degradation and chemical modification of the nucleic acids recovered from fixed tissues. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of studies on the possibility of using routinely prepared paraffin-embedded tissue sections as a source of messenger RNA. Difficulties in recovering high-quality RNA are mainly connected with the influence of formalin on nucleic acids and the effects of other physical and chemical agents on tissue during preservation and fixation. It is necessary to optimize RNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction conditions. Special attention is paid to the rising need to introduce alternative techniques for the fixation of tissue sections that provide for better preservation of both macromolecules and tissue morphology and for conducting histological diagnostics with molecular studies.
Learnings from the Finnish Game Industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The motivation behind our research was the rapid growth and business wins of world-class Finnish game companies, like Supercell, as well as the success of other game companies in Finland. In particular, Supercell's growth is something that has not been heard of before and this raised the interest to research what game companies have been doing right. Supercell is not the only Finnish success. Rovio is also well known and has the roots for success from few years before. There are also other game companies in Finland that have succeeded and this motivated us to investigate what is happening behind the game industry and what could be learned from there that could be applied to other software industry as well.
The Cross and the Eucharist in Early Christianity: A Theological and Liturgical Investigation. By Daniel CardÓ

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although the author notes in the introduction to this slim volume that his research was originally motivated by the question of the appropriateness of placing a cross on the altar, it does have the initial appearance of a purely academic study. In Part I examples of connections between the cross (as a visual and literary symbol of Christ’s sacrificial death) and the eucharist in Christian writings in East and West between the fourth and eighth centuries are surveyed—making the designation ‘early’ in the title somewhat misleading. Cardó focuses in particular on passages where the eucharistic elements are identified with Christ’s flesh and blood and where the sacrificial character of the eucharistic offering is associated with Christ’s own sacrifice. The section ends by citing instances of people making the sign of the cross and of some ambiguous references to a cross in relation to the altar, which the author interprets as indicating the existence of a physical representation of the cross on the altar.
Experimental study on the effect of cyclosporine A drug delivery system implanted in anterior chamber on high-risk corneal graft rejection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The CsA DDS, especially CsA DDS implanted in anterior chamber, can significantly improve CsA concentration in aqueous humor and maintain a high concentration for a long period of time, which has strong effects on prevention of high-risk corneal graft rejection with only little toxicity. It is a safe and effective method for CsA application.
The Sacred Kiss in the New Testament:An Example of Social Boundary Lines

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The kiss is defined as the placing of the lips upon another's lips, another person or another thing as a mark of homage or affection. It is a common phenomenon in many religions, generally directed towards inanimate objects.Early Christian sources confine their descriptions and prescriptions of the kiss to a public greeting between two people. Its practice within the community raises two questions: where did it originate? and what function did it serve beyond strengthening the ties of affection that exist in the fellowship? The fact that the command to kiss appears four times in Paul and once in 1 Peter makes it necessary to ask why something as spontaneous as a kiss would need to be commanded. Finally we inquire into the specific meaning of the adjective ‘holy’ (Paul) or ‘love’ (Peter) when attached to the word kiss.
Interaction of fluid phase C1/C1q and macrophage membrane-associated C1q with gram-negative bacteria.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Many gram-negative bacteria are killed after treatment with normal non-immune sera and directly bind and activate C1 in the absence of antibodies. For the immediate killing of such serum-sensitive bacteria, like R-forms of Salmonella strains, all serum complement components are essential. When purified serum C1 to C9 are used, further activation of the cascade requires an additional serum factor. This glycoprotein differs from antibody and mediates the attachment of C4b to the bacterial cell surface. The antibody-independent interaction with C1 occurs via C1q, which binds to LPS. In addition outer membrane proteins bind C1q and C1. The association of these porins with LPS may potentiate the antibody-independent C1q and C1 binding to serum-sensitive bacteria. Porins can contribute to complement activation mainly through the classical pathway. LPS and porins from bacterial cell walls are also involved in the binding of gram-negative bacteria to macrophages. This antibody-independent attachment and ingestion of gram-negative bacteria is mediated by endogenous macrophage-membrane associated C1q.
Systematic investigation of picosecond photoinduced absorption in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A systematic study of the dependence of picosecond photoinduced absorption (PA) and transmission in hydrogenated amorphous silicon on sample thickness, doping concentration, and excitation intensity has been undertaken. Investigations demonstrated that the picosecond PA decays are not caused by recombination at the sample surface nor by deep trapping. The decays are consistent with thermalization within the band tails and doping-induced band-tail states.
Sensitivity Analysis of Insurance Risk Models via Simulation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We show how, from a single simulation run, to estimate the ruin probabilities and their sensitivities (derivatives) in a classic insurance risk model under various distributions of the number of claims and the claim size. Similar analysis is given for the tail probabilities of the accumulated claims during a fixed period. We perform sensitivity analysis with respect to both distributional and structural parameters of the underlying risk model. In the former case, we use the score function method and in the latter, a combination of the push-out method and the score function. We finally show how, from the same sample path, to derive a consistent estimator of the optimal solution in an optimization problem associated with excess-of-loss reinsurance.
The Empire of Law: Dignity, Prestige, and Domination in the â€œColonial Situationâ€

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

My contribution is an attempt to resolve one of those enigmas that the French colonial archives hold for assiduous readers. In the course of comparative research on the juridical status of métis children in the French Empire,1 I was struck by the frequency with which the terms "dignity" and "prestige" figured in a wide range of colonial preoccupations—whether on the part of local or central administrations, private individuals or institutions. These were not merely personal or social qualities, but terms that had precise legal meanings and that played a central role in colonial jurisprudence. In this context, the terms were predominantly used in the negative—referring to threats to prestige (atteintes au prestige) or to the obligation to maintain one's dignity (garder sa dignité).
Construction and function of molecular chaperones and its relations to clinical diseases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chaperonins belong to hot shock proteins, with highly species conservatism and some important biologic function.They help other polypeptide for their folding,parking,translocating,degradation,and also have other important functions,such as cystoskeleton,intrastital signal transduction.There are some diseases connect with their disfunction.The article is a review about their construction,function and their relations to clinical diseases.
Toxic effect of carpet dust on the biochemical indices and histological structure of the lung in rats: the potential role of cytochrome P450 2E1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Carpet dust exposure in the carpet industry causes various respiratory hazards that lead to permanent loss of lung function. This study investigated the potentially toxic effects of knotted and tufted carpet dust on rat lungs and the possible involvement of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathways in the induced toxicity, as well as histological changes in the lung induced by carpet dust.Methods: This study divided 48 adult rats into six groups: group I was the control group, group II (vehicle group) received phosphate buffer saline (50 µL/rat), groups III and IV received knotted dust (2.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively), and groups V and VI received tufted dust (2.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively). All treatments were intranasally administered once a day for 7 days.Results: Both dust types significantly decreased the lung content of GSH compared with the control. Significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) lung contents were observed with an increased CYP2E1, interleukin (IL)-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κβ), and ERK/MAPK. The histological lung structure was moderately affected with a moderately increased number of CD68-positive macrophages in the lung parenchyma of knotted dust-exposed rats, whereas tufted dust exposure severely affected the lung tissue with significantly increased CD68-positive macrophages.Conclusions: Carpet dust exposure could induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the lung tissue via induction of CYP2E1 that stimulates ERK/MAPK signalling pathway proteins, resulting in elevated MDA, NO and IL-6 levels in the lung tissue with suppressed GSH content. Tufted dust could possess a more toxic response than knotted ones.
[Mitochondrial toxicity of drugs].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Considering the complexity of mitochondria, it is not surprising that the pathogenesis of adverse drug events often develop on drug-induced mitochondrial injury. Drug induced mitochondrial toxicity can occur through several mechanisms, such as depletion of mtDNA (e.g. NRTI), inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation (e.g. valproic acid), opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (e.g. anthracyclines), formation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and depletion of mitochondrial glutathione pool (e.g. acetaminophen), uncoupling of electron transport from ATP synthesis (e.g. tamoxifen) and inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes (e.g. simvastatin). This review focuses on the mitochondrial toxicity of drugs in general and explains the practical relevance of these adverse drug events according to specific drugs (metformin, statins, acetaminophen, valproic acid). Furthermore the significance of mitotropic micronutrients such as coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine and glutathione in the prevention and management ofdrug-induced mitochondrial injury is discussed.
Exergy and Energy Analysis of a Tubular Solar Still with and without Fins: Comparative Theoretical and Experimental Approach

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

Today, availability of clean water is hard as the residents are expanding and moving fast to achieve rapid urbanization as a result need for clean water has been raised. Solar stills are the solution to desalinate to obtain pure water. This paper represents the theoretical and experimental study of tubular solar still with and without fins. The reading was recorded from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM. Efficiency of TSS with fins and without fins are 23.39% and 13.76% respectively. The rate of irreversibility from the basin of TSS with flat is higher than TSS with finned absorber. Similarly, the rate of irreversibility from water is significantly reduced using finned absorber. Also, the exergy efficiency of TSS with finned absorber is higher compared to TSS with flat absorber.
Could the Irish Miracle be Repeated in Hungary?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

It is widely recognized that foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in economic development.Internationalization theory is used to explore how inward FDI impacts entrepreneurial activity.Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor we find significant differences in entrepreneurial activity between Ireland and Hungary in both the type of people starting businesses and the opportunities pursued.These results suggest that economic development policies for middle-income countries, like Hungary, should focus on increasing human capital, promote enterprise development, and upgrading the quality of FDI.
LITERATUR REVIEW : PENERAPAN TEKNIK RELAKSASI GENGGAM JARI DALAM MENGURANGI INTENSITAS NYERI PADA KLIEN POST APPENDIKTOMY

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Appendicitis is inflammation of vermiformis. In mild cases it can be cured without treatment, but many cases require a laparotomy by removing the tufts of infected worm tuft. Appendicitis post operative patien often experience pain due to a surgical incision. Finger-handed relaxtion is a non-pharmacological technique to reduce pain. Objective : this study was to determine the effect of hand-held relaxation on pain reduction in post operative appendicitis patients. Method : the research used in this study is a literature review on hand-held relaxation techniques. Searching for articles is carried out with Goggle Search and ProQuest from 2016 to 2020, accessed fulltext in pdf format. Result : there is an effect of the relaxation of the finger grip on pain reduction in post op appendectomy patients. Conclusion : the level of pain before being given a hand-held relaxation is in the category of moderate pain, and after being given a mild pain category. Significantly demonstrated that the hand-held relaxation techniques is an effective techniques in reducing pain intensity.
[The physiologic electroretinogram of the raptor bird--clinical and theoretical aspects].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A method of electroretinography applicable to birds is described in this paper by the example of common buzzard (Buteo buteo L.). Electroretinograms (ERG) under dark and bright adaptation as well as flicker ERGs were recorded from 15 common buzzards, and normograms were established. Methodological reliability was verified by a tenfold test on one animal. The results are compared with ERG findings from dog and are discussed with reference to behaviour physiology and clinical diagnosis.
Functional and Physiological Consequences of StAR Deficiency: Role in Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is essential for all hormone-stimulated steroid biosynthesis. Accordingly, its absence gives rise to the most severe form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), lipoid CAH. This life-threatening condition typically manifests itself in the perinatal period. Partial loss-of-function StAR mutations incompletely manifest the condition later in life and are a cause of familial glucocorticoid deficiency type 3. Here, we discuss StAR, its expression pattern and the clinical consequences of the loss of its activity.
Personality and problem-solving performance explain competitive ability in the wild

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Competitive ability is a major determinant of fitness, but why individuals vary so much in their competitiveness remains only partially understood. One increasingly prevalent view is that realized competitive ability varies because it represents alternative strategies that arise because of the costs associated with competitiveness. Here we use a population of great tits ( Parus major ) to explore whether individual differences in competitive ability when foraging can be explained by two traits that have previously been linked to alternative behavioural strategies: the personality trait ‘exploration behaviour’ and a simple cognitive trait, ‘innovative problem-solving performance’. We assayed these traits under standardized conditions in captivity and then measured competitive ability at feeders with restricted access in the wild. Competitive ability was repeatable within individual males across days and correlated positively with exploration behaviour, representing the first such demonstration of a link between a personality trait and both competitive ability and food intake in the wild. Competitive ability was also simultaneously negatively correlated with problem-solving performance; individuals who were poor competitors were good at problem-solving. Rather than being the result of variation in ‘individual quality’, our results support the hypothesis that individual variation in competitive ability can be explained by alternative behavioural strategies.
On the italian debate concerning “Economia Aziendale”. The recent discovery of a manuscript by Emilio Ravenna (1930)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The paper relies upon the recent discovery of the textbook of Accounting adopted in Palermo’s High Business School (the ‘ancestor’ of the Faculty of ‘Economics & Business’, founded after in 1936), just in its first years of opening (academic year 1930-31). It is a printed manuscript. This book was written by the local professor of Accounting, Emilio Ravenna, who operated in Sicily between the last decades of XIX century and the firstones of XX one, commonly considered (Guzzo, 2003) an intermediate scholar between the ‘Venetian’ (Besta) and ‘Tuscan’ (Cerboni) Italian Schools, adhering to the former for the accounting method and to the latter for the general theory of administrative functions, but here revealing more as belonging to the latter. The book is placed within a period of strong debate for the Italian community, after Zappa’s manifesto for the new science of “Economiaaziendale”, and also includes a full conception of Accounting as an open criticism to “Economia aziendale”. The interest for this discovery is due to the explicit answer to the defy launched at ‘Ca’ Foscari’ (University of Venice) by Gino Zappa. But the most relevant issue is that this answer does not come from the main ‘Venetian School’ of Besta disciples, then dominating in Italy, but from a true ‘survivor’ of the older ‘Tuscan School’, strictly follower of Giovanni Rossi work, and in those times already declined. It is noteworthy the fact Ravenna generally agrees with Zappa, confuting, however, only that his conceptions would be really new. The following paper, then, presenting the basic contents of the aforementioned book, with a peculiar stress on the doctrinal items concerning Accounting and “Economia aziendale”, reveals a continuity, perhaps overestimated by Ravenna,between the late XIX-century ‘Scientific Accounting’ by Cerboni and the early XX-century “Economia aziendale” by Zappa.
Factors influencing antenatalcare utilisation in a village of guntur district, andhra pradesh

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

AIMS: To study the possible socio- demographic factors contributing to women obtaining antenatal care services.
To study the role of these factors in influencing the antenatal care utilisation.
METHODS: Cross sectional observational study was conducted on 140 postnatal mothers residing in Nadendla village of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. The data was collected using a pre-tested semi- structured schedule.
RESULTS: About 46% (65) of the women were illiterates. Majority (63.6%) of the women work in paddy fields as Agricultural Labourers, the remaining (36.4%) are housewives. 51.4% of the mothers were living in nuclear families. 63% women conceived by 19 years of age. All the respondents utilized antenatal services either government or private or both. 73% utilized government services exclusively, being provided by accredited social health activists and female health workers.62% of mothers had 3 or more antenatal visits. Except for one, none of the women were paid home visits by the health staff. 66.7% mothers were satisfied with the behaviour of the health staff at the Primary Health centres (PHC). Cleanliness at the PHC needs improvement and more than 70% mothers were satisfied with the information provided for care during pregnancy.
CONCLUSION
Literacy rates among females need to be improved in the villages. When women are educated, the whole family is educated. All the women are utilizing antenatal care services, but home visits by the health staff during antenatal period should be done routinely. The staff at the Primary Health Centres should be periodically sensitized about the importance of antenatal care