jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Digitisation as a tool to promote transparency between collections: the case of the Baltic amber from the Königsberg collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A total of 383 Baltic amber samples, including 43 type specimens, held at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, for near a century were found to belong to the classic amber collection from the Albertus-Universität of Königsberg. This discovery was greatly facilitated by the public availability online of digital images produced during a four year project that digitised the over 30,000 samples from the MCZ’s fossil insect collection.The amber samples were hand carried and reincorporated to the portion of the original Königsberg collection that was saved from World War II, held at the Geowissenschaftliches Museum from the Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum of the Georg-August-Universität,Göttingen. This study showcases the importance of sharing collection data through public digitised records, and highlights the understanding of digitisation not only as a tool of education, public engagement, and research, but also of rediscovery, tracking, repatriation, and ultimately safeguard of the movable palaeontological heritage on a global scale.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of refractory ascites: A population-based cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials have shown that transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) improves control of ascites compared with serial large volume paracentesis (LVP) in patients with refractory ascites. However, the effect of TIPS on liver transplant-free (LTF) survival is controversial. Our objective was to compare TIPS versus serial LVP on LTF survival in the general population of patients with refractory ascites. METHODS: This is a retrospective, population-based cohort study using linked administrative health data from Ontario, Canada. Adult patients identified with refractory ascites from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2016 were included and followed until December 31, 2017. A propensity score was used to match patients treated with serial LVP to those who received TIPS in a 2:1 ratio. LTF survival was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression with TIPS treated as a time-varying exposure. RESULTS: Overall, 4,935 patients with refractory ascites were identified and 488 patients were matched (325 serial LVP, 163 TIPS). The mean age was 58 years, 70% were male, 50% had viral hepatitis, the median model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 12, 13% received liver transplant and the 1-year LTF survival was 72%. After TIPS, 80 patients (49%) had no further requirement for LVP by 6 months and 61 patients (37%) never required a repeat paracentesis. In survival analysis, there was marginally worse LTF survival in patients receiving TIPS (TIPS HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.00–1.67; p = .052). CONCLUSION: In this population-based study of patients with refractory ascites, TIPS was associated with improved control of ascites but not improved LTF survival.
The Influence of Particle Size Distribution on Sunflower Tahini Rheology and Structure

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Different particle size sunflower tahini prototypes were obtained by controlling the milling process of roasted sunflower kernels. Not only the physicochemical properties of these samples but also of an industrial reference were compared and discussed in order to understand tahini behavior and structure. Granulometry was determined by a laser‐scattering analyzer and revealed for all studied samples, trimodal particle size distributions. Histogram modes, as well as cumulative volume percentages ( CVPs ) of small‐ and middle‐class populations, increased with the number of passes through colloidal mill, while for large particle size population, both the modes and CVPs decreased. Pseudoplastic behavior was observed for all sunflower tahini prototypes and reference, irrespective of studied temperature and particle size. However, the value of consistency coefficient ranged from 3,049 to 6.6 Pa·s n being strong dependent on particle size and temperature while flow behavior indexes between 0.53 and 0.87. Time‐dependent rheological analysis revealed higher thixotropic degree of coarser sunflower tahini samples. Studied samples had rheological properties characteristic for a viscoelastic material, the response in the dynamic frequency sweep being typical for weak gels. The finest sunflower tahini prototype showed the lowest K rieger– D ougherty estimated volume fraction (0.48), while the coarsest sample the highest (0.69), sunflower tahini reference being placed in a median position with a volume fraction of 0.56. By combining all those data, a schematic structure of sunflower tahini was proposed for the first time. Practical Applications In the production of tahini in E astern E urope, sesame seeds have been totally replaced by sunflower seeds due to the high availability of sunflower in this region and the comparable taste of the final product. The fundamental understanding of structure and rheology is an essential step in analyzing tahini behavior during processing and storage or when included in new food formulations. The tahini model structure proposed for the first time in this manuscript is an essential tool for food engineers when improving the stability and texture of tahini or related products (e.g., halva, hummus) as well as when designing new tahini formulations. The obtained results will contribute to quality improvements of tahini‐derived products as well as to a superior valorization of sunflower kernels by replacing sesame seeds in tahini production, being of interest also for similar products such as sesame tahini, peanut butter or hazelnut paste.
The Demand and Supply Imbalances in Blended Learning at the Arab Open University–Kuwait

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is a growing demand for higher education in Kuwait in all the academic institutions.However, the blended learning system of education enjoys a greater appeal and the demand for it has been growing at a fast rate.In the meantime, the potential of the supply is lagging behind in meeting this growing demand.The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of the factors that influence the demand for and the supply of higher education at the AOU.STEEP Analysis will be conducted whereby the regional dynamics that affect demand and supply will be discussed.Finally, some figures, strategies and case studies to resolve the imbalance problem will be provided and trends in blended learning at the AOU will be reviewed followed by a summary of trends in factors that affect the demand and supply.The final section is consecrated to findings and recommendations for future perspectives that inform policymakers to resolve supply and demand imbalances.
Effects of Type and Size of Stem Cutting and Propagation Media for Rapid Multiplication of Pineapple (Ananas comosus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Production of proper planting materials of pineapple is crucial as the performance of plants developed depend on material planted. Hence the present research was undertaken at the Uva Wellassa University, Badulla (Up Country Intermediate Zone) from December 2007- March 2008 to evaluate a multiplication technique for pineapple via stem cuttings. The effects of type of cutting, size of cutting and propagation media on pineapple propagation were investigated. Stem was divided into three parts to obtain mature, semi- mature and immature cuttings. Shoot growth of mature, semi-mature and immature cuttings was evaluated and effect of cutting size on propagation was studied using longitudinally
Comparison of Chlorhexidine Effect on Tensile Bond Strength to the Dentin of Two Step Self-etch Adhesives with and without Fluoride [this is a suggested title]

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background and Objective: Pre-treatment of the tooth surface with chlorhexidine may decrease the harmful effects of the residual bacteria in the cavity. This study determined the effects of chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine and fluoride on the microtensible bond strength of two-stage self-etch adhesives to the dentin.
Subjects and Methods: In this in vitro trial, 20 extracted human molars were cut and after dentin exposure; were assigned to 4 groups. With or without the application of chlorhexidine, self-etch adhesives of Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil Liner Bond F were applied to the dentin surface and the teeth were restored with composite. The teeth were stored at 37 °C and 100% moisture for 1 week and received 5000 thermal cycles. Sections with the dimensions of 1×1×10 mm were obtained from teeth. The sections glued to the jig of the microtensile testing machine and their microtensile bond strengths were recorded.
Results: No significant differences were found in terms of microtensile bond strengths with and without the application of chlorhexidine for the Clearfil SE Bond (17.88±5.73 vs. 20.53±4.22 MPa) and Clearfil Liner Bond F adhesives (32.09±9.48 vs. 32.03±6.93 MPa). The analysis of variance and Tukey test was used to analyze relationships among variables.
Conclusion: Due to the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine and insignificant effects of its application on the microtensile bond strength; it was recommended to be used with the two-step self-etch adhesives in clinical conditions.
Transformation of Charity (Shadaqah): The Influence of Donations’ Advertisement in Social Media Towards Gen-Z Interest in Online Donation in Indonesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The development of technology such as social media provides many conveniences that can affect Gen-Z’s humanitarian activities. Many features can be accessed by everyone who has social media, one of which is an online donation. This is intended for the general public to make it easier for them to carry out humanitarian activities in today's digital era. Many advertisements about online donations attract netizens to humanitarian activities when running social media. The purpose of this research is to find out Gen-Z's decision to donate online through the social media that they use for it. The sample used in this study was 100 people with a range of birth years 1995- 2006 (Gen-Z) with a quantitative descriptive research design. This article explains the discussion of what factors make them choose to donate online based on a closed- ended questionnaire. The results of respondents have been calculated using the percentage index with an overall average of 67.02% which is in the “agree” on level category. This shows that the variable perceived security to the level of religiosity on the decision to donate has a positive impact. Thus, it is known that Gen-Z agrees with the shadaqah transformation, namely online donation.
Circulating miR-21 and TGF-b1 expression levels in patients with cardiovascular diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent works focus on the role microRNAs (miRNAs) play in regulation of cardiovascular pathology.One of the miRNAs highly expressed in cardiovascular system is miR-21.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the expression level of miR-21 in cardiac disease and correlate with TGF-β1, one of its targets.Methods: Plasma samples from patients with CVD (cardiovascular diseases) established according to clinical and paraclinical exams were subjected to total RNAs isolation.miR-21 expression levels in patients with CVD and in healthy control subjects were quantified on ABI 7300 real-time PCR (Applied BioSystems) and normalized to RNU-43.TGF-β1 was predicted as potential target of miR-21 using MicroCosm TARGETS and quantified in TaqMan system (normalized to GAPDH).Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism.Results: Significant lower levels of miR-21 were found in CVD patients vs. controls (p<0.0001).An inverse correlation between miR-21 and TGF-β1 expression levels was noted in CVD patients.miR-21 levels vs. control were significantly different for ATHE, CAD and ATH groups (p=0.0016,0.0058 and 0.0032 respectively) and correlated with TGF-β1 expression and cardiac overload. Conclusions:The results of this study suggest a good correlation between miR-21 and TGF-β1 in cardiovascular diseases.
Gain Stability Measurement Techniques for Calorimeter Phototubes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Gain variation in phototubes may occur as a result of many factors. Some of these are: time, temperature, magnetic field, counting rate and several others which are hard to predict and control. Because of these gain variations, it may be necessary to test each phototube which is anticipated for use in a calorimeter in order to reject those whose gain shift would result in in sufficiently accurate results.
Valuing Money and Things: Why a $20 Item Can Be Worth More and Less Than $20

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The study of risky decision making has long used monetary gambles to study choice, but many everyday decisions do not involve the prospect of winning or losing money. Monetary gambles, as it turns out, may be processed and evaluated differently than gambles with nonmonetary outcomes. Whereas monetary gambles involve numeric amounts that can be straightforwardly combined with probabilities to yield at least an approximate “expectation” of value, nonmonetary outcomes are typically not numeric and do not lend themselves to easy combination with the associated probabilities. Compared with monetary gambles, the evaluation of nonmonetary prospects typically proves less sensitive to changes in the probability range (inside the extremes of certainty and impossibility), which, among other things, can yield preference reversals. Generalizing on earlier work that attributed similar findings to the role of affect in the evaluation process (Rottenstreich, Y., C. K. Hsee. 2001. Money, kisses, and electric shocks: An affective psychology of risk. Psych. Sci. 12(3) 185–190), we attribute the observed patterns to a fundamental difference in the evaluation of monetary versus nonmonetary outcomes. Potential pitfalls in the use of monetary gambles to study choice are highlighted, and implications and future directions are discussed.
Making The Decision To Outsource A Service Department: Who Should Deliver Internal Audit Services?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The 2001-2003 wave of financial fraudulent reporting, aggressive earnings management, and overall management integrity issues highlight the important role that an internal audit function can have in protecting organizations and demonstrate how important it is that internal auditors operate with independence and objectivity. This paper highlights the issues organizations face when contemplating the internal audit outsourcing market. The illustrative materials provide exposure to the strategic, analytical, financial and operational decisions involved with retaining or outsourcing a corporate internal audit department.
A Sociophonetic Study of the Metropolitan French [R]: Linguistic Factors Determining Rhotic Variation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

/R/ sounds display much variation in many of the world’s languages, being vulnerable to changes in their pronunciation. This unstable type of sound is found in French. Many linguists have studied the /R/ sound variation of different dialects around the Francophone world, such as French-speaking Africa or Canadian French. However, the variation found within France has not been thoroughly investigated. I initiated this research with the aim to further our understanding of the linguistic evolution of speakers living in France. This project seeks to prove that differences in /R/ pronunciation can be attributed to various social factors, such as gender, age, and contact with other languages, as well as linguistic factors such as stress and surrounding sounds. This study analyzes the speech of Paris-native speakers or those who have lived in the city for an extended period of time. For this purpose, I recorded these speakers performing three tasks: reading a list of words, which they had to put into sentences; a picture description; and an informal interview. After having analyzed most of the data, I have found that the speakers who have contact with other languages (specifically African creoles) show cases of pronouncing the /R/ similar to a vowel and have cases of trills (the Old French pronunciation), which are not found in the other speakers. In addition, the younger speakers show signs of exposure to a more recent phenomenon: a weakening of the sound. These results suggest that the behavior of French speakers in France is different from other dialects since they display an evolution in their language in which the French /R/ is shifting to a completely different sound. These findings shed light on the origin of language changes in Standard French, Paris, and help us predict when French speakers can expect an upcoming linguistic phenomenon.
Influence of cancer location, sex and country on the death age

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We use ANOVA and the Scheffé multiples comparisons method to study the influence of location, sex and country on the average cancer death age.The data used was from the World Health Organization (WHO) files for 2011. The locations considered were: Stomach, Liver, Intestine, Pancreas and Lung and the countries: Portugal, Norway, Greece, Romania and Australia.Highly significant results were obtained for the effects of the three factors and the interaction between location and sex.
Quantitative studies on nitrogen metabolism in the bovine rumen

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. Monozygous twin cattle with permanent rumen fistulas were used to measure the rate of degradation of casein and ovalbumin. One twin was used as a control and the other had protein administered by fistula about 4.75 h after eating a standard ration. 2. Casein was rapidly degraded with a half-life in the range 5.6–21.5 min, with the formation of peptides, free amino acids and finally ammonia. Up to 43% of the casein nitrogen was found as ammonia in the rumen fluid. Most of the amino acids present in casein were found in the free state in the rumen fluid to an extent of less than 7%, but valine, leucine, isoleucine and lysine were present as 25, 27, 21 and 38% respectively of the amounts present in the casein administered. 3. When acid-hydrolysed casein was given, ammonia was rapidly formed, the maximum amount found in the rumen being equivalent to 39% of the casein N. The individual amino acids were rapidly broken down except for valine, leucine, isoleucine and lysine of which synthesis in addition to degradation may occur. 4. Ovalbumin was degraded slowly with a half-life of 175 min, which was reduced to 132 min by feeding the cattle with ovalbumin for 5 d. Ammonia was produced slowly. 5. When added together the two proteins were degraded in the rumen independently at their own rates. 6. δ-Amino-n-valeric acid was produced in large quantity when casein or casein hydrolysate was degraded in the rumen.
An Experimental Method to Extract the Phase-Sensitivity of Oscillators to Noise Perturbations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an original experimental procedure to extract the phase sensitivity of oscillators to noise perturbations. The proposed method relies on measuring the width of the locking ranges over which the oscillator's response synchronizes with injected small-amplitude signals. It is shown that this sensitivity function can be employed to accurately predict how inner noise sources are transferred to output phase-noise and jitter. The extraction procedure is applied to a relaxation oscillator that exhibits a strongly nonlinear behavior.
Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surrogate and tenofovir distribution in the gastrointestinal and female genital tracts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV infection are being developed as an adjunctive measure to prevent sexual HIV transmission. HIV transmission and drug distribution in both female genital (FGT) and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts must be considered during development, as both vaginal and anal intercourse are critical for transmission. The goal of this dissertation was to determine the distribution of viral surrogates and an anti-HIV drug in the GI and FGT. The distribution of radiolabeled HIV surrogates in areas exposed to HIV after sex was quantified in the distal colon (four men) and the female genital tract (seven women). Both studies used noninvasive imaging and direct mucosal sampling to examine the distribution of radiolabeled HIV surrogates in the lumen and tissues of these compartments. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography analysis of radiotracer distribution revealed that the surrogates distributed similarly. In the GI, the highest concentration of radioactivity was in the rectosigmoid colon. In the FGT it was the pericervical region. In all tissue biopsies, less than 2% of CD4 cells were radiolabeled. Tenofovir (TFV) was studied first in a single dose study and in a steady-state study in HIV-infected patients, to describe distribution of the drug and its active moiety, tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP). In the single dose study, blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected post-dosing and analyzed for drug. Data analysis reveals a Cmax of 60.527 ng/mL TFV at 2.24 h, and biphasic decay. Intracellular TFV-DP has a Cmax of 20.07 and 19.47 fmol/106 cells for the subjects. In the steady-state study, cell subsets from mucosal tissue and blood were isolated to analyze TFV-DP from HIV-positive subjects on regimens that included TDF. The median TFV-DP concentration were 143.7 fmol/106 epithelial cells, 572.0 fmol/106 CD4 T-helper cells, and 223.5 fmol/106 monocyte/macrophages. In blood, the median TFV-DP concentrations were 26.3 fmol/106 CD4 T-helper cells and 41.2 fmol/106 monocyte/macrophages. In summary, this work developed methods to quantify HIV surrogate and drug distribution and clearance in sexually receptive tissue compartments. Combining these methods can advance more thoughtfully by designing a drug to outdistance and outlast HIV in the sites of sexual transmission.
Effects of Interaction between Sire and Region on Sire Evaluation of Holstein Bulls in Japan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

フィールドデータにもとづく種雄牛評価に及ぼす種雄牛と地域との交互作用の影響を,ホルスタイン種の牛群検定成績を用いて検討した.種雄牛と地域との交互作用を含むモデルで分散分析をした結果,交互作用は乳量,乳脂率,無脂乳固形分率ともに1%水準で有意であったが,その平均平方の値は主効果の平均平方の値に比べてかなり小さかった.さらに検定成績を全国のデータと,北海道および北海道以外の府県のデータにわけて各々のデータから種雄牛モデルのBLUP法によって種雄牛の評価値を算出し,共通種雄牛について評価値間の相関を求めた.その結果,北海道データと府県データの間で0.78以上,全国データと北海道データの間で0.93以上,全国データと府県データの間で0.91以上の高い相関が認められた.これらの結果より種雄牛と地域との交互作用は種雄牛評価値には大きな影響を与えないものと推察された.