jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Is the association between creatine kinase and blood pressure causal?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

aDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Norway bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Correspondence to Stein H. Johnsen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway Tel: +47 77626000; fax: +47 77627074; e-mail: [email protected]
3.4 Assay Runtime v1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Small, monomeric guanine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are ubiquitous cellular integrators of signaling. A signal activates the GTPase, which then binds to an effector molecule to relay a signal inside the cell. The GTPase effector trap flow cytometry assay (G-Trap) utilizes bead-based protein immobilization and dual-color flow cytometry to rapidly and quantitatively measure GTPase activity status in cell or tissue lysates. Beginning with commercial cytoplex bead sets that are color-coded with graded fluorescence intensities of a red (700nm) wavelength, the bead sets are derivatized to display glutathione on the surface through a detailed protocol described here. A different glutathione-S-transferase-effector protein (GST-effector protein) can then beattached to the surface of each set. For the assay, users can incubate bead sets individually or in a multiplex format with lysates for rapid, selective capture of active, GTP-bound GTPases from a single sample. After that, flow cytometry is used to identify the bead-borneGTPase based on red bead intensity, and the amount of active GTPase per bead is detected using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to a green fluorophore or via labeled secondary antibodies. Three examples are provided to illustrate the efficacy of the effector-functionalized beads for measuring the activation of at least five GTPases in a single lysate from fewer than 50,000 cells. Section 3.4 'Assay Runtime' from 'Small-Volume Flow Cytometry-Based Multiplex Analysis of the Activity of Small GTPases' https://www.protocols.io/view/small-volume-flow-cytometry-based-multiplex-analys-bpssmnee
Incidence of the fimbriate phase amongst Escherichia coli isolated from urinary infections

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The proportion of fimbriate strains amongst Escherichia coli freshly isolated from infected urines did not differ significantly from the proportion amongst commensal Esch. coli isolated from the bowel and from non-infected urines. It is concluded that fimbriae play no major role in the pathogenesis of Esch. coli urinary infections.
17. MUTATIONS IN PLANT BREEDING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mutasyonlar direkt ve endirekt olarak bitki ıslahında kullanılabilmektedir. Adaptasyon kabiliyeti iyi olan bir çeşitin bir ya da iki özelliği iyileştirebilmek istendiğinde mutasyonların direkt bitki ıslahında kullanılması önem kazanmaktadır. Çünkü, mutasyonlar melezleme ile mukayese edildiğinde çeşidin genel genotipinde oldukça az değişikliğe neden olmaktır. Ayrıca aynı sonuca ulaşabilmek için gerekli olan zaman, iki farklı çeşidin melezlenmesine göre mutasyon ıslahında daha kısalabilecektir. Yapılacak çalışmalarda tek yıllık bitkilerde başlangıç mutagen uygulaması sonrası 3,5-6 yıl sonra yeni mutant çeşitin ortaya konulması olasıdır
Cardiac structures in marine animals provide insight on potential directions for interventions for pediatric congenital heart defects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite recent advances in pediatric diagnosis and surgical intervention, mortality and morbidity continue to be a prevalent issue in both tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Therefore, novel approaches to studying both of these conditions are warranted. Investigating cardiac anatomical features of different species in the animal kingdom that are similar to the defects and complications present in ToF and HLHS (as well as others) could serve as a new avenue for improving the management of congenital heart diseases (CHD). This review reveals that although some structures found in HLHS and ToF are pathological, similar structures can be found in diving mammals and reptiles that are adaptive. Pathological aortic dilation in CHD resembles the aortic bulb present in diving mammals, but the latter is more elastic and distensible compared with the former. The unrepaired HLHS heart resembles the univentricular heart of non-crocodilian reptiles. Right ventricle hypertrophy is pathological in HLHS and ToF, but in contrast, adaptive in crocodilians and diving mammals. Lastly, the increased pulmonary resistance due to pulmonary stenosis in ToF is comparable with increased pulmonary resistance in crocodilians due to the presence of an active valve proximal to the pulmonary valve. Some of these anatomical structures could potentially be adapted for palliative surgery in children with HLHS or ToF. Moreover, further investigating the underlying molecular signals responsible for the adaptive tissue responses seen in other species may also be useful for developing novel strategies for preventing some of the complications that occur after surgical repair in both of these congenital heart diseases.
Characterization of Tunable Rebound Properties of Microstructured Magnetoactive Elastomers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present a novel method to control the rebounding behavior of small mm-sized solid balls by employing magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) with microstructured surfaces. An MAE is a composite material consisting of μm-sized ferromagnetic particles dispersed in a soft elastomer (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane) matrix. In the act of rebounding, the ball hits an MAE surface and bounces back. The MAE samples contained 75 wt.% of iron. This composite material is known to respond to an applied magnetic field with increased stiffness (due to the magnetorheological effect) and plasticity. To adjust the rebound properties, the top layer of the MAE material was additionally modified by micromachining lamellar structures with different dimensions on the 100 μm scale via laser ablation. Due to the resulting high aspect ratio, these surface structures were sensitive to the magnetic field direction. The lamellas could stand up straight or lay down flat. The rebound behavior was evaluated by using a custom build apparatus that facilitates dropping of the balls in a precise and repeatable manner. A ball was dropped from different heights. The ball trajectory was captured with a high-speed camera to investigate the rebound properties. The recorded video was processed using a custom software written in Python. The experimental procedure and data processing algorithms are presented in detail. The results for the samples with different geometrical dimensions are provided as examples. It is made evident that the magnetic field influences the rebound properties of small non-magnetic balls impinging microstructured MAE surfaces. The change in surface topography is an effective way to control the ball rebound. The fabrication flexibility in geometrical dimensions of surface microstructures opens a convenient way to tune the desired response to magnetic fields. The presented idea may find applications in impact mitigation or small-scale sorting machinery, e.g. for recycling.
Trap state emission of water‐soluble CdS nanocrystals

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We prepared water‐soluble CdS nanocrystals (NCs) capped by the poly (ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly (2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) chain. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of CdS NCs are investigated by time‐resolved and temperature‐dependent PL spectra. It is found that the PL band of CdS NCs is dominated by two trap state emissions, respectively. Due to the trap state emissions, fluorescent resonance energy transfer from CdS NCs to organic dyes (Texasred) can be observed, which suggests the potential application of trap states of CdS NCs for fabrication of biosensors. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Three new species of Neoplecostomus (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio Paraná basin of southeastern Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, we describe three new species of the genus Neoplecostomus: N. bandeirante, from Salesópolis in the stateof São Paulo, N. langeanii from Muzambinho, in the state of Minas Gerais, and N. botucatu from Botucatu, in the state ofSão Paulo. All of the described species are found in the Upper Rio Paraná basin. The new species are different from eachother and from their nominal congeners in their mitochondrial DNA sequences (COI), morphology and meristic traits, inaddition to their color patterns. Morphologically, N. bandeirante can be distinguished from all congeners by the presenceof moderate keels throughout the lateral series of plates and by a naked area between each mid-ventral and ventral platethat is greater in size than the length of these plates. Neoplecostomus botucatu is morphologically distinguished by a re-duction of the adipose fin and the presence of dark spots that are distributed along the body. Neoplecostomus langeaniican be morphologically distinguished by the absence of hypertrophied odontodes and a swollen integument on the head, as well as by morphometric characteristics.Key-words: catfishes, freshwater fishes, molecular identification, Neoplecostominae, Neotropical fishes, taxonomyNo presente estudo, descrevemos três novas espécies do gênero Neoplecostomus: N. bandeirante de Salesópolis, no estadode São Paulo, N. langeanii de Muzambinho, no estado de Minas Gerais e N. botucatu de Botucatu, no estado de São Paulo.Todas as espécies descritas são da bacia do Alto Rio Paraná. As novas espécies são diferenciadas por sequências de DNAmitocondrial (COI), morfologia e caracteres merísticos, adicionalmente por aspectos de coloração. Morfologicamente, N.bandeirante é diferenciada das congêneres principalmente pela presença de quilhas moderadas ao longo das séries de pla-cas laterais e área nua entre cada placa médio ventral e ventral maior que o comprimento dessas placas. Neoplecostomusbotucatu é diferenciada morfologicamente pela redução da nadadeira adiposa e presença de pintas escuras em todo o cor-po. Neoplecostomus langeanii pode ser distinguida morfologicamente pela ausência de odontódeos hipertrofiados e pele intumescida na cabeça, tanto quando por caracteres morfométricos.
“A Piece of Psycho-analysis”: The British Response to Later Dynamic Psychology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1909 Sigmund Freud wrote to Ernest Jones, a native of Britain, that I consider it is a piece of psycho-analysis you are performing on your countrymen… you are not to say too much or at too early a moment, but the resistance cannot be avoided, it must come sooner or later and it is best to provoke it slowly and designedly. (22 February 1909, Freud, Letters to Jones) KeywordsOedipus ComplexBritish Psychological SocietyDynamic PsychologyPsychical PhenomenonDream InterpretationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
3 Standards and International Trade Integration: A Historical Review of the German ‘Reinheitsgebot’

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Bavarian beer law of 1516, that later morphed into the German ‘Reinheitsgebot’ (purity law) is often seen as one of the oldest known food laws and is also an example of a unilateral production standard that has become a non-tariff barrier to trade. The European Court of Justice decided in 1987 that the German standard hampered free trade in the European Community and forced a national repeal of the law. Today, German beer producers are still subject to legal production standards with origins in the original Reinheitsgebot, but imported beers need not adhere to the strict requirements. This chapter provides a brief historical overview of the evolution and adoption of the Reinheitsgebot. It proceeds by presenting a simple analytical framework to analyze its economic effects on consumers, domestic producers, and foreign suppliers. Finally, it discusses the developments on the German beer market after opening to imports, using statistical data.
Two Improved Methods for Obtaining Axenic Cultures of Cyanobacteria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Scoring the agar plate before incubation under unidirectional light led to a rapid separation of gliding filamentous cyanobacteria from their contaminating bacteria. Twenty strains were purified by the method. Additionally, 13 axenic cyanobacterial strains were isolated from pour plates made after treatment of cyanobacterial cultures in tryptone-yeast extract-glucose broth with cycloserine in darkness to select for obligate photoautotrophs.
PENYIMPANGAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENATAAN KAWASAN CAGAR BUDAYA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In preserving cultural heritage based on community participation, the community engangement and their support greatly influence the outcome. This study aims to examine community participation in the activities of structuring cultural heritage carried out through the mechanism of subsidies. We employ research method using a case study approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the form and the influence of community participation in each stage of the preservation program and the factors that influence it. Based on the study, we found that there was a form of deviation of community participation, both in the implementation stage and in the post-activity utilization stage. The deviations in participation occur as a result of a mismatch between the objectives of the activity and the actual needs of the community. As for the factors that influence the occurrence of irregularities in community participation, the come from the internal form of motivation, commitment and attitude, as well as external factors in the form of activity management, and policy aspects.
Recent Developments in Social Policy in the New European Union

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper assesses the recent progress and future direction of labor policy in the European Community, now the European Union. The authors show that most of the mandates foreshadowed under the December 1989 Community Social Charter have now been enacted into law. They analyze the possible costs, as well as the benefits, of these firstphase mandates and show the link between these adjustment costs and the Community's policy of providing subsidies to its poorer member states. They also demonstrate how the new Treaty on European Union, agreed to at Maastricht in December 1991, has increased the scope for Community-level labor market regulation.
Italian Industry and Productivity. Going Beyond the Mainstream View

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Italian manufacturing is steadily at the top of world rankings for value added, productiondiversification and export performance. However, the common wisdom is that it has accumulatedan increasing competitiveness gap vis à vis its international competitors in the lastdecades, as highlighted by the long-lasting weak productivity growth in real terms. How canthese facts be reconciled? Are growth estimates at constant prices actually reliable for crosscountrycomparisons, even within the boundaries of the eu? Is the economic interpretationof these estimates so obvious? These issues, including their policy implications, are the objectof the paper. Overall, it is showed that, when comparing the actual performance of economicsystems at the international level, there are good reasons not to rely too much upon measuresof growth at constant prices, which need to be handled with extreme caution and circumspection.Moreover, the paper argues that in order to evaluate the actual degree of competitivenessof a given country a wide set of indicators is needed, reflecting the many variables that it isnecessary to take into account to this end.
Diet: Microbiota Interaction in the Gut-Focus on Amino Acid Metabolism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This study aims to measure the impact of protein and amino acid fermentation on the composition and metabolic output of gut microbiota. Although dissimilatory pathways have been described for most amino acids, microbial degradation routes within the gut microbiota are relatively unexplored. The objectives were (1) to characterize amino acid breakdown by the colonic microbiota, (2) to determine the fermentation products formed from individual amino acids/protein (3) to examine how amino acid metabolism is impacted by the presence of a fermentable fiber (prebiotic inulin) and finally (4) to evaluate with an in vivo model (trout fish) diet:microbe interactions and the development of gut microbiota during fish farming. Interactions between the healthy human intestinal microbiota of the distal colon and different combinations of nutrients were simulated using in vitro pH-controlled anaerobic batch cultures of human faeces. Combining high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons, with high-throughput 1H NMR, changes in faecal microbiota composition and metabolic output were measured. During exogenous substrate microbial fermentation (e.g. beef, Trp or fish feed) in the large bowel bioactive compounds (harmful or beneficial) are produced. Many factors affect the gut-microbial metabolism including pH, type and quantity of growth substrate (e.g. protein/carbohydrate) and make up of the gut microbiota. Considerable interindividual variation was observed in response to different digested substrates but over all, the beneficial impact of prebiotic fiber fermentation on production of bioactive compounds from amino acids/proteins was confirmed in this study. In trout, although our dietary intervention with essential oils had little impact on the gut microbiota, the study showed for the first time a dramatic shift in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in juvenile, compared to adult fish. Thse observations may have relevance in designing dietary strategies to reduce chronic diseases like colon cancer and heard disease and for fish farming respectively.
The Power of Corruption

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The central paradox of corruption in the political life of the global South is how such a widely despised phenomenon persists so untroubled by allthe negative attention. The two books under discussion—Steven Pierce's Moral Economies of Corruption and Milan Vaishnav's When Crime Pays—demonstrate that to make sense of that paradox, one needs to go beyond the dominant legal/technocratic understanding of corruption as either private acts of illegality or failures of the civic democratic process. Thinking further with the insights offered by those books, the article sugg ests that the phenomenon of corruption can only be made sense of when placed within the matrix of political and social power relations in the global South democracies. Corruptions appear not as distortions in an idealized democratic marketplace, but in the context of maneuvers of counter-democratic power to maintain existing hierarchies of dominations against tides of democratic mobilization, not merely as a subversion of the public good, but in reaction to attempts to make goods public.
Assessing and Treating Financial Anxiety: The Counselor as a Resource, Rather than Referrer

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The American Psychological Association's annual Stress in America survey revealed that money is America's biggest stressor, for the seventh year in a row. According to the 2015 results, 72% of Americans are stressed about money, and financial anxiety adversely affects several areas of their lives. Yet the only financial disorder recognized by the psychological community as treatable is pathological gambling, a problem that affects 1%–2% of the world (Petry, 2005). This article is meant to increase awareness about the prevalence of financial anxiety, a money-based anxiety disorder, and to propose that counselors become adept at treating the condition instead of referring out to consumer credit companies, which are not equipped to manage anxiety.
Gust Alleviation Control using Prior Gust Information: Wind Tunnel Test Results

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports dynamic wind tunnel test results of gust alleviation using preview control. The wind tunnel tests are conducted as a part of validation of gust alleviation control using an onboard Doppler LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system, which was developed by JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and can measure wind velocities in front of an aircraft. The wind tunnel system is composed of a gust wind generator, a half-span rigid aircraft model, a model support system and a digital controller unit. The aircraft model is allowed to move pitch direction by the support system. It is equipped with two control surfaces, which are controlled by commands from the controller unit. Since the LIDAR system cannot be used in the wind tunnel system, the LIDAR information is emulated using the predetermined timeseries of the gust wind generator and used for the preview control law. The wind tunnel tests are conducted with 1-cosine shape gust generation commands and the proposed preview control law is compared with a conventional feedback control law. The results show that the proposed control law is effective in alleviating vertical load caused by gust wind.
Design Optimization of a Horizontal Axis Micro Wind Turbine through Development of CFD Model and Experimentation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this paper comprises of investigating the viability of using an available indigenous blade as horizontal axis micro wind turbine blade and further improvement of this particular blade performance through design modification and CFD simulation. The focus was to use this blade in the urban areas of Bangladesh where the air speed is not usually high enough to harness wind energy with a micro wind turbine efficaciously. Though it requires a minimum wind speed of around 4.2 m/s to start self-rotation of this available blade without the help of external aid, the optimized design would demand a less air speed as the torque would be increased and this might be successfully used in roadside or housetop applications. Experimental and numerical analyses were conducted with the blade and the design modification and optimization were done with the help of CFD analysis. The experimental and numerical plots showed excellent similitude in qualitative manner. We went through with the optimization of blade design