jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tunnel Reliability Analysis Based on the Combination of Modified FOSM and Numerical Calculation Program

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Evaluate the reliability for the deformation of structure is a hard work. Usually stochastic finite element method or response surface method was adopted. In this paper, a new way by combining of numerical method and modified reliability analysis method is proposed. The modified first order second moment method (FOSM) was introduced and three examples are employed to verify the feasibility and the effectiveness of this method. The examples showed the modified FOSM had the advantage of faster convergence rate, higher calculation accuracy in comparison with FOSM, response surface method and optimization algorithm method. Combining finite element method program with modified FOSM method is applied to analyze the reliability index of deformation of a tunnel. The results showed this approach was a successful method to analyze the reliability of complex structure.
Investigation of strong interactions between light nuclei at superlow energies using Z-pinch plasma flow

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the last 10 years, the advent of high power ion beams (HPIB) gave new opportunities to use them as an instrument in some areas of the applied and fundamental physics such as: plasma coherent radiation, equation of solid state, controlled fusion, stability issues. This paper suggests the novel HPIB application for fundamental nuclear physics, namely for the measurement of nuclear reaction cross-sections of light elements in the range of infra low energies of 100-2000 eV. In fact, existing experimental data on cross-sections for those reactions covers the range only above 6-10 keV and respective values are higher than 10/sup -31/ cm/sup 2/. The proposed novel approach will decrease several orders the threshold value of cross-sections measured and provide new information on charge symmetry of nuclear forces and on the mechanism involving exchange meson currents. We propose to use the high intensity radially converging ion flow generated during the plasma liner implosion at the high power pulsed generator. For the d+d, d+t, p+d reactions products' registration the scintillator X-rays, neutron spectrometers and charge particle track detectors will be used. The lower threshold of the cross-section value measured by the proposed method could be as low as 10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/. In the paper are given the various experimental schemes, calculations of the cross-section values and results of the preliminary study.
A Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Solifenacin, Tamsulosin and Tadalafil in Relieving Double-J Stent Related Symptoms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of Solifenacin, Tamsulosin, and Tadalafil in treating ureteral stent related symptoms (SRS) in patients with indwelling Double-J ureteral stents. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on 146 consecutive patients in the department of urology, Government Stanley Medical College & Hospital, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India between Sept 2017-March 2019, with SRS after taking informed consent and confirming DJ Stent position by X-ray KUB post-operatively. Patients were randomized into 4 groups: Group A (Placebo), Group B (Solifenacin 5 mg), and Group B (Tamsulosin 0.4 mg) and group D (Tadalafil 5 mg) at end of 1st week till the removal of DJ stent at end of 3 weeks. All patients were assessed for bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) using the validated Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) at 1st week and 3 weeks after the starting of medications. Appropriate statistical analysis as carried out and the level of significance was set at P α-blockers in relieving urinary symptoms and is more efficacious in relieving sexual symptoms and body pain.
Oligopogon rossi Londt 2014, sp. n.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Oligopogon rossi sp. n. Figs 2E, 5 Etymology: Named for Dr E.S. Ross who has collected many interesting and valuable Asilidae on his various African expeditions. Description: Head: Dark red-brown to black, red-gold and silver pruinose, extensively black setose. Antenna: Dark red-brown. Segmental ratios: 1:1.0:3.2:3.3 (scape, pedicel, postpedicel, style). Scape and pedicel of similar development, black setose. Postpedicel circular in cross-section, tapering distally. Style of similar diameter to distal end of postpedicel, equipped with long black setae projecting from all surfaces. Face and vertex silver pruinose, frons dull red-gold pruinose, mystax black, ocellar macrosetae black. Occiput silver pruinose except for two large subtriangular apruinose areas between dorsal eye margin and cervical region (see Fig. 2E), black setose dorsally, white setose ventrally. Face to head width ratio in anterior view 1:4.0 (face much narrower than one eye). Proboscis dark red-brown, straight, brown and pale yellow-white setose. Palpi minute, 2-segmented, brown, white setose. Thorax: Dark red-brown to black, extensively red-gold and silver pruinose, black and pale yellow setose. Mesonotum: Extensively pruinose except for postpronotal lobes, a pair of large lateral spots posterior to transverse suture and postalar lobes. 2 black npl (other macrosetae poorly developed), general setae longish, mostly dark red-brown (few whitish). Scutellum dark red-brown, entirely silver pruinose, fine dark red-brown setose (ca. 4 thin apical macrosetae). Pleura fairly uniformly silver pruinose. Katatergal setae white. Legs: Coxae dark red-brown, silver pruinose, whitish setose. Trochanters dark red-brown, white setose. Femora dark red-brown, mixed dark red-brown and white setose. Tibiae and tarsi brown-yellow, dark red-brown setose. Wings: 5.1 × 1.8 mm (holotype). Membrane entirely microtrichose, appearing pale yellow (Fig. 5). Abdomen: Terga dark red-brown, largely apruinose except for narrow silver pruinose lateral margins, white setose. Sterna dark red-brown, extensively apruinose except for large silver pruinose anteromedial areas. ♂ and ♀ terminalia dark red-brown. Holotype: ZAMBIA: 1♂ ‘ N. Rhodesia: / Chambezi [river ca. 11°28'S 30°21'E] Pon- / toon, 25 mi. S. / of Kasama / ii-11-58, 1220m’, ‘ E.S. Ross & / R.E. Leech / collectors’ (CASC). Paratypes: ZAMBIA: 3♂ 7♀ 3? Data as for holotype (CASC, NMSA 1♂ 1♀). Note: Some identified by Oldroyd as penicillatus, others as superciliatus. Distribution (Table 1), phenology (Table 2) and biology: Known only from the type locality in Zambia. The species has only been collected in February. The preferred habitat is not recorded.
Effect of leaching conditions and curing time on the leaching of heavy metals in fly ash cement mortars

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The main aspect in respect of environmental compatibility and impact of cement-based materials is the leaching of inorganic compounds when they are contact with environmental waters. The leaching of heavy metals Cr (total chromium and of Cr6+), Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Co, V, Ti, Ni and Cu in fly ash cement mortars has been investigated by tank leaching and shaken extraction test methods; comparisons are made between the leachability of heavy metals under different pH conditions and of metals from specimens at different curing ages. In addition, a pH controlled shaken extraction test method is proposed; an advantage of this method is that leachant pH remains nearly constant at 6.6 ± 0.3 throughout the extraction process, leading to the diminution of the impact of pH variation of leachant on the leachability of heavy metals. The results of this study mainly indicate that: (a) heavy metals do leach from the tested cement mortars, but the amount leached is small; with increasing fly ash addition and water to binder ratio the leaching of heavy metals from cement mortars increases; (b) in a tank leaching test, the leaching of heavy metals from fly ash cement mortars is also a diffusion controlled process; compared with the tank leaching test, a shaken extraction test can extract more toxic heavy metals from hardened mortars; (c) the leachability of some heavy metals is greatly dependent on leachant pH: for example at pH around 7, leaching of Mn, Zn, total Cr (Cr for short in the following), Cr6+ and Pb will be much increased in comparison to that at pH over 12; (d) the leaching of Co, total Cr and Cr6+ from cement mortars is reduced with curing age, but no evident effect of curing age on the leaching of Cd, Ti, Ni, Mn, Zn and V has been observed; and (e) increased leaching of both Cr and Cr6+ will occur when cement mortars have been carbonated.
What is string inflation?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Inflationary scenarios constructed in effective field theory have limitations stemming from incomplete knowledge of the ultraviolet completion. Because the inflationary dynamics is extraordinarily sensitive to Planck-suppressed operators in the effective theory, merely parameterizing our ignorance of quantum gravity is untenable; predictions obtained in this approach amount to reflections of implicit or explicit assumptions about the characteristics of quantum gravity. This fundamental problem motivates pursuing a more complete understanding of inflation in the context of string theory.
A legal study on cyber piracy : protection of software copyright in Malaysia / Norazizah Sineng, Mazaitul Norli Maisarah Mohd Ramly and Fara Hidayatul Aqma Abdul Ghani

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Malaysia, the infringement of software copyright is a problem that still cannot be curbed from the nature of the citizens. Even though we have regulations that are related to software copyright, the enforcement of the regulation in our country is still inadequate which had caused many infringements of copyright issues. Compared to the United Kingdom, we found that country is really strict with regard to this matter. Thus, our country is facing a problem on protection of software copyright due to the changes of the industry in relation to the demand for new and better software. As a result, our industry is threatened by the scale of cyber piracy. This happens when there is no proper enforcement and effectives law that governs this industry. This high price of computer software in the market will also lead people to pirate the software easily by using the Internet. The Copyright Act 1987 of Malaysia provides comprehensive protection for copyrightable works. The Act outlines the nature of works eligible for copyright which include computer software, the scope of protection, and the manner in which the protection is accorded. The Copyright Act 1987 also provides the enforcement of the law by the Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MDTCC). In addition, the Act also provides the necessary clout to the enforcement agencies to effectively carry out anti-piracy measures. The Act is currently being amended to expand the power of the tribunal to include arbitration of disputes relating to use of copyright works. In relation to this study, our main scope is on the protection of software copyright in Malaysia. The aims of our studies are to critically analyze the law relating to software copyright in Malaysia, how the Copyright Act 1987 protects the software copyright in Malaysia and to examine the weaknesses by comparing the law in other countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. As for the result outcome, we wish to find possible suggestions in order to improve the enforcement of software copyright in Malaysia. Therefore, a comparison should be made with the United States and the United Kingdom in order to adopt their effectiveness in the enforcement of the law in our country, Malaysia.
Improving the Match between Patients’ Needs & End-of-Life Care by Increasing Patient Choice in Medicare

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

One way to achieve health equity—ensuring everyone has fair and just opportunities to be as healthy as possible—in the United States would be to reallocate Medicare spending from low-value medical care (expensive treatments that do little good) toward high-value medical and social care (respectively medical interventions that have been shown to work well but are not covered by Medicare and nonmedical interventions, such as help with activities of daily living, that patients find more helpful than low-value care). In the current policy milieu, the most practical, direct step in that direction may be for Medicare—an already established, universal health care program for the elderly—to provide patients with more choices and autonomy.
Investigation of Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the OFDMA Interference Management in Heterogeneous Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Access (OFDMA) systems resource allocation to the subcarrier is essential owing to the insufficient resources available at the base station.In OFDMA, subcarrier and power allocation are not separate; thereby this two allocation are not self-governing.This paper proposes the subcarrier allocation approach through investigating previous methods, and also the Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is analyzed.The both of the algorithms cross functionality is analyzed and compared the performance of the subcarrier allocation of OFDMA systems in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet).The simulation results show that the PSO approach efficiently allocates the OFDMA subcarriers.
Dynamic Allocation of Ragged Arrays Using C++: Potentiality for Finite-Element Method Software

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A ragged array is an irregularly shaped data structure that is an extremely convenient and natural means of implementing storage schemes that exploit the symmetry and sparsity of the different stiffness matrices involved in the finite-element method. Ragged arrays have the potential for improving the programmer’s productivity as well as enhancing code maintainability. Additionally, no performance degradation was detected when ragged arrays were used; the performance of the Gauss elimination procedure, implemented in C++ using ragged arrays, was comparable to the performance of the same procedure implemented in FORTRAN using traditional data structures.
Significance of MMP and VEGF mRNA expression in invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the expression of MMP 9 and VEGF genes in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore its relation to invasion and metastasis of the tumor. Methods RT PCR was used to detect MMP 9 and VEGF mRNA in surgically extracted specimens from 41 patients with HCC. Results The rate of positive expression of MMP 9 was 70 7%, 48 9% and 41 5% while that of VEGF was 75 6%, 53 7% and 46 3% in tumor tissue, 1 cm adjacent tissue and 5 cm adjacent tissue, respectively. The expression of MMP 9 and VEGF was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in 5 cm adjacent tissue (P0 01). Meanwhile, the expression of MMP 9 and VEGF was significantly higher in tumors with pv emboli or poor encapsulated tumors than in those without pv emboli or well encapsulated tumors (P0 05). The expression of MMP 9 was markedly related to HCC recurrence and AFP positivity. Conclusions The expression of MMP 9 and VEGF is closely correlated to recurrence or metastasis of HCC. MMP 9 expression level can be used as a predictor for prognosis of HCC.
Table_3_Polygenic Risk Score Prediction for Endometriosis.docx

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Endometriosis is a major health care challenge because many young women with endometriosis go undetected for an extended period, which may lead to pain sensitization. Clinical tools to better identify candidates for laparoscopy-guided diagnosis are urgently needed. Since endometriosis has a strong genetic component, there is a growing interest in using genetics as part of the clinical risk assessment. The aim of this work was to investigate the discriminative ability of a polygenic risk score (PRS) for endometriosis using three different cohorts: surgically confirmed cases from the Western Danish endometriosis referral Center (249 cases, 348 controls), cases identified from the Danish Twin Registry (DTR) based on ICD-10 codes from the National Patient Registry (140 cases, 316 controls), and replication analysis in the UK Biobank (2,967 cases, 256,222 controls). Patients with adenomyosis from the DTR (25 cases) and from the UK Biobank (1,883 cases) were included for comparison. The PRS was derived from 14 genetic variants identified in a published genome-wide association study with more than 17,000 cases. The PRS was associated with endometriosis in surgically confirmed cases [odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, p = 2.57× 10<sup>−7</sup>] and in cases from the DTR biobank (OR = 1.50, p = 0.0001). Combining the two Danish cohorts, each standard deviation increase in PRS was associated with endometriosis (OR = 1.57, p = 2.5× 10<sup>−11</sup>), as well as the major subtypes of endometriosis; ovarian (OR = 1.72, p = 6.7× 10<sup>−5</sup>), infiltrating (OR = 1.66, p = 2.7× 10<sup>−9</sup>), and peritoneal (OR = 1.51, p = 2.6 × 10<sup>−3</sup>). These findings were replicated in the UK Biobank with a much larger sample size (OR = 1.28, p < 2.2× 10<sup>−16</sup>). The PRS was not associated with adenomyosis, suggesting that adenomyosis is not driven by the same genetic risk variants as endometriosis. Our results suggest that a PRS captures an increased risk of all types of endometriosis rather than an increased risk for endometriosis in specific locations. Although the discriminative accuracy is not yet sufficient as a stand-alone clinical utility, our data demonstrate that genetics risk variants in form of a simple PRS may add significant new discriminatory value. We suggest that an endometriosis PRS in combination with classical clinical risk factors and symptoms could be an important step in developing an urgently needed endometriosis risk stratification tool.</p>
Geochemistry and U-Pb Dating of Zircons from the Four-Girl Mountain Plutons in the Eastern Margin of Tibetan Plateau

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The granitoid intrusions occurred in the eastern part of the Songpan-Garze terrane from the Late Indo-Chinese epoch to Early Yenshan epoch.It is the product of partial melting in the low velocity layer of the middle-lower crust of the Songpan-Garze terrane caused by the intrusion of the Yangtze massif along the Longmenshan structural belt.Although the major axis and mineral direction of most of the single granitic masses trend NW in the parallel arrangement in the Songpan-Garze terrane,the NW-trending Jingchuan-Lixian tectono-magmatic belt identified in the previous regional geological survey cannot represent products of the collision between the Yangtze massif and the Songpan-Garze terrane.It is necessary to re-categorize the NE trending Daofu-Jinchuan-Xiaojin-Heishui tectono-magmatic belt.The Four-Girl Mountain granitic(FGMG) pluton is one representative granitic mass for this purpose.The FGMG pluton exhibits a strong affinity to calc-alkaline series of high Ba-Sr(Ba 1 200-1 850 μg/g,Sr 321-1 540 μg/g),showing characteristics of collision-granite and some characteristics of arc-granite,and non A-type granite.The geochemical characteristics indicate that the middle-low crust and some mantle provide heat and part of source material for FGMG,and these zircons has characteristics of magma zircons.According to the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the 23 crystal zircons from biotite granodiorite which yielded a weighted 206Pb/238U mean age of(191±1)Ma,interpreted as FGMG′s magma crystallizaton age(Early Yenshan).This age has great significance to understanding the initial formation time of the Longmenshan fault belt.
Microstructural development and effect of different Cu/C contents on dimensional changes during sintering of PM steels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Powder blends within the Fe–Cu–C system are extensively used by the Powder Metallurgy industry. Based on the optimisation of mechanical properties the purpose of this work is to further understand the dimensional changes produced in the powder compact during sintering. Green compacts containing copper and carbon within ranges 0.5–3.5%Cu and 0.3–0.9%C were die pressed and sintered under different conditions varying processing parameters, including compaction pressure, temperature and time. Better understanding of the effect of different Cu/C combinations on dimensional changes was approached using the results obtained from dilatometry studies combined with interrupted sintering experiments. For selected specimens the effect of elemental Ni additions, at 1 and 4%, on dimensional changes was studied along with a detailed description of microstructural development. It was clearly observed that swelling due to copper melting and grain boundary diffusion is diminished as graphite additions were increased. The impact of Cu–C–Ni additions on hardness was also evaluated.
The kinetics and mechanism of thioamide hydrolysis promoted by gold(III) bromides in aqueous solution

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Kinetic and spectroscopic studies are reported of the reactions of N-cyclohexylthiobenzamide with the ions AuBr4– and trans-Au(CN)2Br2– in aqueous solutions to give the corresponding O-benzamide. The effects of temperature, pH, ionic strength, and ambient bromide ion concentration are described and mechanisms for the reactions suggested. The reactions involve the rapid, stoicheiometric formation of S-amide–gold(III) ion adducts which decompose slowly to the O-amide. Comparison of the results with those of previous studies shows that, for square planar adducts, the rate of the desulphurisation process is increased by an increase in (i) the positive charge on the gold atom and (ii) the softness of the attached ligands. In the presence of added ambient bromide ions the gold ions and adducts are partially or completely converted into octahedral species. The desulphurisation process in the octahedral adducts is faster than in the square planar adducts.
Neonatal CSF Cytology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sir .—The report Cytology in the Neonate by Pappu et al (Journal1982;136:297-298) emphasizes the importance of cytologic evaluations of neonatal CSF using a slow-speed cytocentrifuge technique. The authors warn against one of the limits of the method, ie, blood contamination of samples. Delay in laboratory procedures, because of CSF hypo-osmolality, and the kind of sampling material, such as glass tubes, can also produce significant impairment of results. In our experience, 1,2 laboratory procedures were started within ten minutes after lumbar taps, and my colleagues and I think that it should never exceed a half hour. The predominant cells in nonbloody CSF collections of neonates are histiomonocytes. 1 However, the term macrophage should be used with caution and, according to Oehmichen, 3 should be restricted to monocytic cells in which the vacuolar content is precisely identified. Then, macrophages can be divided into a few subclasses: true lipophages, erythrophages, and
CIA Declassified

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Circa 2008. This site was a prototype for a project dedicated to opening the historical record of the CIA to the public. The documents featured in this collection offer a glimpse at the Agency's activities. Though the majority these holdings are Agency documents meant for internal use, personal interviews and recollections are also included. The project welcomed contributions of personal recollections from those involved in the Central Intelligence Agency and its related institutions. Published using Omeka.