jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From One-Cell to Tissue: Reprogramming, Cell Differentiation and Tissue Engineering

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, which can indefinitely proliferate in a dish and differentiate into almost all the cell types that constitute the human body. These cells hold great promise for cell therapy and regenerative medicine, as well as drug screening and disease modeling. Theoretically, we can create a source of versatile, therapeutic cells that could be genetically matched to any patient. These pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into desired cell types and eventually used to reconstruct a tissue or an organ with insights gained from tissue engineering. Inspired by the pioneering work in stem cells, particularly the remarkable reprogramming technique, the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have advanced rapidly in the past several years. Here recent progress in the fields of induced pluripotent stem cells and tissue engineering is reviewed, with a focus on applications in medicine.
In vitro activity and post-antibiotic effects of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Objectives</st> Combination therapy is recommended for the treatment of KPC-producing <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae</it> (KPC-Kp), but the optimal regimen for colistin-resistant strains is unknown. We compared the synergistic activity and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-susceptible and -resistant KPC-Kp bloodstream isolates. </sec><sec><st>Methods</st> The genotypes of nine colistin-susceptible and eight colistin-resistant KPC-Kp bloodstream isolates were analysed using PCR and amplicon sequencing. Combinations of colistin, meropenem, tigecycline, rifampicin and teicoplanin were then screened using the Etest, a chequerboard assay and time–kill studies. Synergistic combinations were also analysed with respect to the PAE in time–kill curves and the PAE at clinically achievable concentrations. </sec><sec><st>Results</st> Insertional inactivation of the PhoQ/PhoB two-component regulatory system by <it>mgrB</it>-IS<it>5</it> was identified in 6/8 (75%) colistin-resistant KPC-Kp. Colistin/rifampicin combinations resulted in no interactions [fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices 1.5–2] for colistin-susceptible strains, but were uniformly synergistic (FIC indices 0.1–0.4) against colistin-resistant KPC-Kp. Time–kill kinetic analysis, at clinically achievable fixed concentrations of rifampicin and colistin, confirmed synergy and produced persistent growth inhibition (3 h) of colistin-resistant KPC-Kp strains exposed to colistin/rifampicin or colistin/rifampicin/tigecycline combinations. </sec><sec><st>Conclusions</st> Combinations of colistin plus rifampicin, and less frequently tigecycline, exhibited synergistic activity <it>in vitro</it> against colistin-resistant KPC-Kp strains. </sec>
1H NMR Metabonomic Analysis in Renal Cell Carcinoma: a Possible Diagnostic Tool

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(1)H NMR based metabonomic approach was applied in order to monitor the alterations of plasma metabolic profile in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) patients and controls. (1)H NMR spectra of plasma samples from 32 RCC patients and 13 controls (patients exhibiting benign urologic disease) were recorded and analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques. Alterations in the levels of LDL/VLDL, NAC, lactate, and choline were observed between RCC patients and controls discriminating these groups in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plots. Post OSC PLS-DA presented a satisfactory clustering between T1 with T3 RCC patients. Decrease in plasma lipid concentrations in RCC patients was verified using conventional clinical chemistry analysis. The results suggest that combination of (1)H NMR spectroscopy with PCA has potential in cancer diagnosis; however, a limitation of the method to monitor RCC is that major biomarkers revealed (lipoproteins and choline) in this metabolic profile are not unique to RCC but may be the result of the presence of any malignancy.
O ' H iggins, B ernardo R iquelme (1778–1842)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Bernardo Riquelme O'Higgins was a leading figure in the Chilean independence movement. He is known as the “father of the fatherland” for his contribution to the establishment of the newly constituted free republic. Along with other American patriots, such as José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, O'Higgins is considered a liberator of America.
CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR INCREASNG THE AGRIBUSINESS IN RURAL AREAS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this paper, the movement of employs in Vojvodina agriculture and food industry was analysed. The negative trends in employment can be stoped by devlop of agriculture and food industry. Posibilities for deveelopment are: Intensfication of agricultural production to the “ecology acceptable” level, and development of S.M.E. Conditions and mesures for that are: - Development of infrasructure, - Regulation of land fond (especiali state land), - Development of institution of S.M.E. in a rural areas. - Permnently education, and - Multy-functionaly usage of agricultura resources.
243. MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL CONDITIONED MEDIUM INDUCE REGULATORY T CELLS AND PROMOTE T HELPER 2 (TH2) DIFFERENTIATION IN MURINE ANTIGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e.g.methylamine (by-product of PAD4-induced protein citrullination) and myo-inositol (activator of protein kinase C and ROS).Evidence of increased tryptophan metabolism, glutathione synthesis and ketosis pathway activity were also observed in RA neutrophils.Conclusion: Application of 1 H NMR metabolomics to the study of human neutrophils has great potential to identify functional changes in neutrophils activated in vitro or in vivo during inflammation.Further studies will include a larger patient cohort to determine if the observed changes in metabolomics profiles correlate with disease activity or response/resistance to therapy.
Malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma of the face: a rare coexistence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The simultaneous presence of two disparate neoplasms occurring in the same specimen has been well documented, albeit uncommonly. The juxtaposition of malignant melanoma (MM) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) as collision tumors has been rarely reported, with most cases describing melanoma in situ and BCC. We report a case of a 20-year-old male presenting with three papillomatous growths on the face, localized over the left frontotemporal region, below the right eye and over the right eyebrow. On histopathology and immunohistochemistry the lesions were diagnosed as pigmented MM and BCC. MM and BCC presenting at different sites on the face in the same patient along with a focus of metastasis in the same anatomical region as the primary tumor is quite rare. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of such a case.
The Conditional Effects of Race and Politics on Social Control

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Numerous studies of the determinants of formal social control of Blacks focus on racial threat arguments, which contain implicit or explicit political elements. Using insights from research on politics and social control more generally, this article argues that the relationship between variation in the racial composition of a city and social control of minorities will be conditional on characteristics of the local political system. Hypotheses are tested using pooled cross-sectional time-series data on 100 large U.S. cities in 1970, 1980, and 1990. Contrary to expectations, Black violent crime arrest rates are curvilinearly negatively associated with larger percentages of Black residents. As predicted, the relationship between the percentage of Black residents and Black violent crime arrest rates is conditional on city political system characteristics (elected mayors, district council elections, and partisan ballots), the race of the mayor, and the percentage of city council members who are Black.
HEPATITIS C TRANSMISSION AND INFECTION VIA THE DONOR HEART IN ORTHOTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANTATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

353 The transmission and clinical consequences of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection acquired by orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) of a donor heart from an HCV infected donor to a HCV naive recipient has not been well described. We report our experience in four patients who acquired HCV through OHT over a one year period. Method: We retrospectively examined the subject's clinical course, liver enzymes, HCV serology, and quantitative HCV RNA level after transplantation. Results: The subjects consisted of three females and one male, mean age of 56 years at time of OHT. All were negative for serum antibodies to HCV (Abbott Laboratories' HCV EIA 2.0) before OHT, and all subjects had pre-transplant liver enzymes within normal limits. All four patients were transplanted emergently because of rapidly deteriorating clinical condition from a donor known to be infected with HCV. The patients were treated with standard post transplant immunosuppressive regimens including cyclosporine, corticosteroids, mycophenolate, azathioprine. No patient has received treatment with alpha interferon. The mean peak post transplant total bilirubin was .9mg/dl (NL: 0-1.2), ALT 207 U/L (NL: 9-52), AST 125 U/L (NL: 14-36), Alkaline Phosphatase 209 U/L (NL: 35-125), GGT 304 U/L (NL: 8-78). Transaminases peaked at 2-6 weeks post transplant. At a mean 10 months post OHT liver enzymes have decreased to a bilirubin of .8 mg/dl, ALT 32 U/L, AST 42 U/L, Alkaline Phosphatase 80 U/L, and GGT 168 U/L. Testing with a second generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody test, none of the patients have developed antibodies to HCV at a mean of 5.3 months after transplant. All subjects have evidence of viral transmission via the donor heart by detection of serum HCV RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by the Amplicor HCV Monitor test kit. The mean quantitative viral level of HCV RNA is 4,404,239 copies/cc. Conclusions: 1) Transmission of HCV via donor heart at the time of OHT is likely to occur in a high percentage of cases. 2) Antibodies to HCV post OHT may be negative secondary to immunosuppressive regimens. 3) HCV RNA by PCR should be the test of choice for diagnosis of HCV infection post OHT. 4) Until larger studies with longer follow-up are performed, recipients of HCV donor hearts should be limited to pre-transplant HCV patients and patients in clinical extremis.
Seasonal changes in home range size and habitat selection by kakapo ( Strigops habroptilus ) on Maud Island

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seasonal changes in home range size and habitat selection of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) were investigated on Maud Island. Kakapo were radio-tracked at night in each of the four seasons between December 2000 and October 2001. Home ranges were estimated for four adult males, three juvenile males and two juvenile females in each season and for nine females in summer, each based on 20 radio-fixes per season. Home range size varied from 1.8 to 145.0 ha using the minimum convex polygon method. Home ranges were smallest in winter. Habitat selection was determined by overlaying the kakapo locations and home ranges on a vegetation map of the island. For each season selection ratios were calculated for each vegetation community. Pine plantation (Pinus radiata) was selected for in summer, whereas the treeland community dominated by five-finger (Pseudopanax arboreus) was selected for in the autumn. Dense pole stands of manuka (Leptospemum scoparium) and pasture communities were avoided by kakapo.
Parallel Monte Carlo simulation of ion implantation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An efficient parallelization method based on MPI (Message Passing Interface) for a Monte Carlo program for two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation of ion implantations is presented. The method is based on a master-slave strategy where the master process synchronizes the slaves and performs the I/O-operations, while the slaves perform the physical simulation. For this method the simulation domain is geometrically distributed among several CPUs which have to exchange only very few information during the simulation. Thereby the communication overhead between the CPUs is kept so low that it has almost no influence on the performance gain even if a standard network of workstations is used instead of a massively parallel computer to perform the simulation. The performance gain has been optimized by identifying bottlenecks of this strategy when it is applied to arbitrary geometries consisting of various materials. For that reason different physical models within the simulation domain must be applied why it is impossible to determine a reasonable domain distribution before starting the simulation. Due to a feedback between master and slaves by on line performance measurements, we obtain an almost linear performance gain on a cluster of workstations with just slightly varying processor loads. Besides the increase in performance the parallelization method also achieves a distribution of the required memory. This allows three-dimensional simulations on a cluster of workstations, where each single machines would not have enough memory to perform the simulation on its own.
Clinical observation of treating patients with in fantile rotavirus enteritis by transdermal drug delivery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of treating patients with infantile rotavirus enteritis by transdermal drug delivery.Methods:All patients were randomly divided into the treatment group(transdermal delivery group)and the control group(conventional therapy group).Control group were orally given smecta and Changlekang in which patients with dehydration and water-electrolyte imbalance were given oral rehydration salts or vein fluid infusion in order to correct dehydration and acidosis.Treatment group based on the control group treatment and added the traditional Chinese chip, once a day, three days of a period in which the efficacy of two groups were compared.Results:The efficacy in treatment group (93.1%)was higher than that of control group (79.2%)in which there was significance differences (P0.01).Conclusion:Transdermal drug delivery was a safe,convenient and effective method to patients with children rotaviral enteritis, which can shorten disease course, has a good compliance and enhance the efficacy.
Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Milk Production Performance and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Dairy Goat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of protein level on performance and serum biochemical indicators in dairy goat. 45 healthy dairy goats in lactation with same weight, milk yield, parous (2~3 times) were used by single-factor randomized design and equally divided into 3 groups and 15 goats per group. Dietary protein level was 10%, 12.5% and 15% respectively. It was 10 days in advance to do the preparation of experiments, followed by the period of time in true experiments with 35 days. Results: The higher dietary protein levels can increase milk production significantly (P0.05), the group of 12.5% have the highest milk contents, The goat albumin, urea nitrogen content in group with 12.5% and 15% dietary protein level were significantly higher than that of group with 10% (P0.05); The different dietary protein levels had no significant effect on total cholesterol, glucose, and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the 4% standard milk production, milk composition and serum biochemical indexes, the 12.5% of dietary crude protein level was more conducive to play production performance of dairy goat. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of protein level on performance and serum biochemical indicators in dairy goat. 45 healthy dairy goats in lactation with same weight, milk yield, parous (2~3 times) were used by single-factor randomized design and equally divided into 3 groups and 15 goats per group. Dietary protein level was 10%, 12.5% and 15% respectively. It was 10 days in advance to do the preparation of experiments, followed by the period of time in true experiments with 35 days. Results: The higher dietary protein levels can increase milk production significantly (P0.05), the group of 12.5% have the highest milk contents, The goat albumin, urea nitrogen content in group with 12.5% and 15% dietary protein level were significantly higher than that of group with 10% (P0.05); The different dietary protein levels had no significant effect on total cholesterol, glucose, and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the 4% standard milk production, milk composition and serum biochemical indexes, the 12.5% of dietary crude protein level was more conducive to play production performance of dairy goat.</p>
Tectal glioma presenting with adult-onset epileptic seizures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tectal glioma is an indolent and benign tumor that occurs predominantly in the pediatric population. It arises in the tectum of the midbrain and, due to its location, contributes to the development of obstructive hydrocephalus, typically presenting with increased intracranial pressure (IICP) symptoms or signs. Here we report a rare case of tectal glioma that presented as adult-onset epileptic seizures without IICP symptoms and was treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy and antiepileptic drugs.
ImmReg: the regulon atlas of immune-related pathways across cancer types

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Immune system gene regulation perturbation has been found to be a major cause of the development of various types of cancer. Numbers of mechanisms contribute to gene expression regulation, thus, systematically identification of potential regulons of immune-related pathways is critical to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we comprehensively chart the landscape of transcription factors, microRNAs, RNA binding proteins and long noncoding RNAs regulation in 17 immune-related pathways across 33 cancers. The potential immunology regulons are likely to exhibit higher expressions in immune cells, show expression perturbations in cancer, and are significantly correlated with immune cell infiltrations. We also identify a panel of clinically relevant immunology regulons across cancers. Moreover, the regulon atlas of immune-related pathways helps prioritizing cancer-related genes (i.e. ETV7, miR-146a-5p, ZFP36 and HCP5). We further identified two molecular subtypes of glioma (cold and hot tumour phenotypes), which were characterized by differences in immune cell infiltrations, expression of checkpoints, and prognosis. Finally, we developed a user-friendly resource, ImmReg (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/ImmReg/), with multiple modules to visualize, browse, and download immunology regulation. Our study provides a comprehensive landscape of immunology regulons, which will shed light on future development of RNA-based cancer immunotherapies.
The problematisation of human control over lethal autonomous weapons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter addresses the question of how the US Department of Defence (DoD) problematises the policy regarding the use of autonomous weapon systems. The study focuses on the exploration of what specific 'problem' the policy addresses, the assumptions behind the problem representation, and what has been left out of this representation. Specifically, the article focuses on the concept of human judgement, which is the cornerstone of the US DoD policy. In the global debate about the potential limitations over the use of autonomous weapons, a similar concept of human control is often evoked. Yet, it is argued that the US DoD policy of human judgement represents a novel approach based on different assumptions regarding the nature of autonomous weapons, and it leaves some important considerations outside the scope of this policy.
Experimental Models for the Analysis of IL-10 Function

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

This review focuses on the regulatory functions of IL-10 in the response to parasitic and bacterial infection revealed through knockout, cytokine/receptor blocking, and transgenic mouse studies. The various mechanisms that control the production and activity of IL-10 are also discussed. Studies performed over the past few years illustrate a complex and pleiotropic nature for IL-10 in host immunity. The fact that nearly every cell in the body can respond to IL-10 and multiple cells produce the cytokine likely explains this multifaceted activity. Studies conducted in experimental infectious and inflammatory diseases models have been particularly useful in defining the various regulatory activities of IL-10. Although these studies have identified many common themes for IL-10 in host immunity, they also nicely illustrate how IL-10 fine-tunes the response to individual pathogens and prevents inflammation.
Impact of Vermiwash on the Growth and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) MI6

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Green gram (Vigna radiata) cultivation in Sri Lanka heavily relies on inorganic fertilizers, leading to environmental and health issues that necessitate the exploration of alternatives; therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Adaptive Research Centre in Vavuniya, Sri Lanka, to evaluate the impact of vermiwash on the growth and yield of the green gram variety MI6. Vermiwash was prepared using cow dung, banana fruit waste, mold leaves, and red worms (Eisenia fetida). Six treatments were established in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), including controls such as no fertilizer (T1) and 100% recommended inorganic fertilizer (T2). The remaining treatments combined half-doses of inorganic fertilizer with varying concentrations of vermiwash as a foliar spray: 25% (T3), 50% (T4), 75% (T5), and 100% (T6). The prepared vermiwash had a pH of 7.63 and contained total available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at 0.014%, 0.355%, and 1.500%, respectively. The highest plant height, leaf area index, and number of branches were recorded in T5 (42.13±0.21 cm, 10.48±0.28, and 3.67±0.31, respectively), showing no significant difference (P > 0.05) from T2. The lowest days for 50% of flowering were observed in T5 (42±0). The highest number of pods per plant, pod length, pod girth, seeds per pod, 100 seeds weight, and total yield (27.17±0.78, 11.27±0.17, 2.29±0.02, 12±0.22, 7.18±0.10 g, and 212±1.49 g) were observed in T5, significantly different (P < 0.05) from T2. This study suggests reducing inorganic fertilizer by half and combining it with 75% vermiwash (T5) for optimal growth and yield.
Printing 1400-1800

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract THE LAST QUARTER OF the fourteenth century and the entirety of the fifteenth was a time of remarkable social change. Existing universities expanded in scholarship, size, and number, and several new universities were founded in northern Europe, greatly enlarging the need for information provided by books. Richard Rouse has described the “renewal of northern European spirituality,” which brought new vigor to several hundred monasteries of a half-dozen different orders having in common a “practical, individual search for a direct rapport with God through his written word and the interpretation of it. These orders shape the book to serve their needs. What emerges is a book distinctly different from anything the Middle Ages had hitherto seen—a book which in some ways has more in common with the printed book than with the products of the manuscript that preceded it.”