jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Role of Active Soil Carbon in Influencing the Profitability of Fertilizer Use: Empirical Evidence from Smallholder Maize Plots in Tanzania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We use recent plot-level panel data from Tanzanian smallholder farmers to investigate maize yield responses to inorganic fertilizer under variable soil carbon conditions. Unlike many prior studies which consider total carbon measurements, we focus on active soil carbon, which is the component that most influences key soil functions, such as nutrient cycling and availability. Active soil organic carbon is found to strongly influence maize yield response to nitrogen fertilizer. These results highlight important sources of variation in the returns to fertilizer investments across plots and smallholder farmers in the region. When farmgate prices for maize and fertilizer are incorporated into calculations of economic returns, we find that the profitability of fertilizer use is strongly dependent upon farmgate price ratio assumptions: under our most optimistic agronomic response estimates, 71% of farmer plots have an average value-cost ratio (AVCR) greater than 1.5 at a maize-nitrogen price ratio of 0.15. That share drops to 30% at a price ratio of 0.12 and 2% at a price ratio of 0.09. Our findings provide insights into the intertwined biophysical and economic underpinnings of low levels of fertilizer use in Tanzania and elsewhere in the region. Raising active carbon stocks in smallholder systems may be a strategic priority in many areas for incentivizing greater use of inorganic fertilizer, reversing land degradation, and achieving sustainable agricultural intensification.
An integrative view of aggressivenss in adolescence : development of a new measure and assessment of parenting and attachment effects

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Esta tesis doctoral se gesta para dar respuesta a una necesidad cientifica y social de conocer cuales son los mecanismos que subyacen en la agresividad en adolescentes, para lo cual se han llevado a cabo 4 estudios diferentes. En el primer estudio se propone una definicion holistica de la agresividad y se explica el proceso mediante el cual se ha desarrollado un cuestionario para evaluarla. El Cuestionario de Agresion Directa e Indirecta (CADI) tiene 4 dimensiones en las que se evaluan los aspectos emocionales, cognitivos y conductuales (en concreto, agresion directa y agresion indirecta) de la agresividad en jovenes de entre 16 y 24 anos. Los resultados muestran buenos indices de fiabilidad y validez, asi como buenos indices de ajuste en un analisis confirmatorio posterior. En el segundo estudio se lleva a cabo la adaptacion al castellano de uno de los cuestionarios mas utilizados a la hora de evaluar el apego en la adolescencia, el Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA). Los resultados del analisis exploratorio realizado en primera instancia, y del analisis confirmatorio posterior, muestran una estructura unidimensional del IPPA en la que, mediante la suma de las puntuaciones en los 16 items de cada escala (madre, padre e iguales), se obtendria la percepcion de seguridad-inseguridad con respecto a progenitores o pares en adolescentes de entre 16 y 19 anos. En el tercer estudio se evalua el efecto diferencial de las practicas de socializacion y del apego de madres y padres en la agresividad de 554 adolescentes de entre 16 y 19 anos. Los resultados indican que el apego hacia el padre media entre las practicas de socializacion y la agresividad de los/las jovenes. En el cuarto, y ultimo, estudio se analiza la transmision intergeneracional de la agresividad de padres/madres a hijos/as en una muestra de 57 familias. Los resultados obtenidos subrayan la importancia de los aspectos emotivo-cognitivos implicados en dicho proceso. Asi, la evitacion y ansiedad de madres y padres predicen su agresividad, la agresividad de los progenitores se relaciona con la percepcion de inseguridad de sus hijos/as hacia ellos, y unicamente el apego inseguro hacia el padre predice la dimension emocional de la agresividad en los/las jovenes. En conclusion, en este estudio se respalda la idea de que ademas de ser la agresividad un fenomeno multidimensional, el estudio de los aspectos cognitivos y emocionales involucrados en la misma puede esclarecer su presencia en la adolescencia tardia. Ademas, queda constancia del efecto primordial de la figura paterna, a menudo excluida de este tipo de investigaciones, en la agresividad de los/las adolescentes.
Comparison of Early and Six Month Outcomes of Direct Stenting vs. Conventional Stenting in Patients with Angina Pectoris

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives:Direct stenting (DS) has been shown to be safe and feasible, with demonstrable reductions in cost, procedural time and radiation exposure, and may also result in less vessel injury. The aim of this study was to compare the immediate and six month clinical and angiographic outcomes of direct stent (DS) with stent implantation implantation following balloon predilatation (conventional stenting, CS). Subjects and Methods:Between July 2001 and June 2004, 266 patients (293 lesions) with angina pectoris were included in this study. Patients having lesion characteristics with excessive calcification, left main lesion, chronic total occlusion, severe proximal tortuosity and a bifurcated lesion were excluded. Follow up angiography was performed about six months after the initial procedure. Results:Direct (73 lesions) and conventional stenting (220 lesions) were performed respectively. In the DS group, the minimal luminal diameter was larger (0.36±0.18 vs. 0.31±0.19 mm, p=0.036) and diameter stenosis lower than in the CS group (89.1±5.1 vs. 90.6±3.9%, p=0.026). However, no difference was found in the reference vessel diameter between the two groups. From the immediate angiographic results, the CS group showed a longer stent length than the DS group (18.84±5.61 vs. 16.16±3.67 mm, p=0.000), but the DS group had a higher balloon inflation pressure than the CS group (12.25±1.71 vs. 11.35±1.72 atm, p= 0.000). However, no difference was found in the post-stent minimal luminal diameter, acute gain and angiographic success rates. Follow up angiography was performed in 68.6% (201/293) of lesions. The angiographic restenosis rate was similar between the two groups (DS, 19.6 vs. CS, 19.3%, p=0.966), as were the other angiographic findings. The rates of in-hospital and 6 month follow up major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were similar between the two groups. Conclusion:Direct stenting showed similar rates of angiographic restenosis as well as inhospital and 6 months MACE (death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, cerebrovascular accident) compared with conventional stenting. (Korean Circulation J 2006;36:214-220)
Records Supervisor Editorial Board

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

welcomes manuscripts which would be of interest to our members and legislative staff, including topics such as parliamentary procedures, management and technology. Articles must be of a general interest to the overall membership. Contributions will be accepted for consideration from members of the American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries, members of other National Conference of State Legislatures staff sections and professionals in related fields. All articles submitted for consideration will undergo a review process. When the Editorial Board has commented, authors will be notified of acceptance, rejection or need for revision of manuscripts. The review procedure will require a minimum of four to six weeks. Two issues are printed annually – one in the spring and the other in the fall.
TUKEY REDUCTION AMONG ANALYTIC DIRECTED ORDERS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This is a survey of recent work on the structure of Tukey reductions among analytic σ-ideals of compact subsets of compact metric spaces and analytic P-ideals of sets of natural numbers. An attempt is made to organize the results into a unified whole. This organization makes it possible to identify natural unresolved problems. Some new joint results with Stevo Todorcevic are announced. This paper is a survey of certain results around Tukey reducibility. It is not a comprehensive survey and I will concentrate only on what seems to be the theoretical core of the structure of Tukey reduction among definable directed orders. Consequently, I will only touch very lightly on non-definable directed orders and on various applications of Tukey reduction. Discussions of these topics can be found, for example, in [3], [4], [21], and the literature cited in these papers. I will start with defining Tukey reduction. I will then describe convenient domains for the study of Tukey reduction among definable directed orders, starting with the broadest one and ending with six concrete representative examples. Then I will move on to describe what is known and unknown about the structure of Tukey reductions within these domains. The reader can find a diagram illustrating some of the material surveyed in this paper in Figure 1 in Section 4.
Group 2: Real time LOFT operations

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

All LOFT scenarios should be constructed so as to provide the highest degree of realism that is economically, technically, and operationally feasible. The more realistic the situation, the faster the crew will adjust their thinking and provide reactions which would be typical of a line-flight orientation. The goal is to produce crew performance which would be typical of a crew on an actual line flight, given the same set of circumstances that were developed during the scenario. The briefing which is provided to the crew before entering the simulator for LOFT, the trip papers, the communications throughout the flight, the role played by the instructor, and so on, are important factors, crucial to the establishment and maintenance of a high degree of realism. Crews should have all manuals and other required equipment for a normal line-flight.
Women entrepreneurship issues, challenges and empowerment through self help groups

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society. Entrepreneurs have been considered instrumental in initiating and sustaining socio-economic development. In India, concept of women entrepreneurship is of recent origin. Women have become aware about their rights and situations and entered in different fields of business. They have established their own successful business empires. They are contributing towards the growth of economy and improvement of their socio- economic conditions. Government of India has given due importance to women empowerment in the country and several schemes has been introduced for the upliftment of women entrepreneurs. Women workforce ratio in the country is increasing due to the increase in the women literacy rate in India.The concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs) is proved to be boon for the rural women in some states of India. It has not only raised their income but also their social status. This paper particularly focuses on various issues pertaining to women entrepreneur’s issues, challenges and future perspective in India.The women in rural areas are showing interest to become entrepreneurs because there is lot of financial facilities from the SHGs. SHGs are self-governed with decisions about production and marketing taken collectively, although the group leader is responsible for identifying potential marketing centers and consumer in formal groups. Informal groups empower rural women to manage rural industries and make decisions collectively for their common economic interests. The encouragement of women towards entrepreneurship leads to the development of the nation as they constitute half of the population. The study reveals the reasons for which they wanted to become entrepreneurs, the problems faced by them in the context of carrying out the entrepreneurial activities and suggestions to overcome the problems.
A Simple, Efficient and Green Procedure for Knoevenagel Condensation in Hydroxy-Functionalized Ionic Liquids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

General procedures for the synthesis of ionic liquids General procedures for the synthesis of 5-arylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones Characterization data for ionic liquids Characterization data for the Knoevenagel condensation products Spectral data of all the products References General informationCommercially available reagents were purchased from Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd (Adamas-Beta, China) and used as supplied unless stated otherwise.Solvents were purified and dried by the standard procedures and distilled prior to use.Diethyl ether is dried over sodium and then purified by distillation from lithium aluminum hydride under an inert nitrogen atmosphere.All other commercially available reagents were used as purchased, unless otherwise noted.Reaction progress was
Aesthetic Education in Developing a Historically Relevant Pedagogy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this article, I argue that by integrating aesthetic education into history instruction, teachers can create a “historically relevant pedagogy.” This approach paints a more complete picture of history and reflects students’ varied learning styles and their sociocultural needs, interests, and experiences. Historically relevant pedagogy integrates the frameworks of aesthetic, historical, and culturally relevant educational approaches. Through this pedagogical combination, students can develop historical literacy, experience academic excellence, and become socioculturally aware of their role in society. The conclusions of this study suggest a need to redesign high school history courses to include more aesthetics-based instruction.
A Study on Transparent Electrode Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films Deposited From Recycled Target

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we investigated the transparent electrode and mechanical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited from recycled targets of In 2 O 3 (90 wt %) and SnO 3 (10 wt %). We also evaluated the effect of their heat treatment at different temperatures. The ITO thin film deposited on the glass substrate at ambient temperature exhibited microcrystallization characteristics in which the amorphous state was incorporated. When the annealing temperature was over 200 °C, the ITO thin film showed stable transparent electrode characteristics with a sheet resistance value of 7.2 Ω/sq and high transmittance of more than 85% in the visible light region through recovery and recrystallization. Under compressive stress, the ITO thin film exhibited stable elastic modulus and hardness values of more than 110 GPa and 6.0 GPa, respectively. It is anticipated that these outcomes will meet the electrical, optical, and mechanical property requirements for commercial ITO transparent electrodes.
The Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry: a multi-country, community-based registry of pregnancy outcomes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research (Global Network) conducts clinical trials in resource-limited countries through partnerships among U.S. investigators, international investigators based in in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) and a central data coordinating center. The Global Network's objectives include evaluating low-cost, sustainable interventions to improve women's and children's health in LMICs. Accurate reporting of births, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, maternal mortality, and measures of obstetric and neonatal care is critical to determine strategies for improving pregnancy outcomes. In response to this need, the Global Network developed the Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR), a prospective, population-based registry of pregnant women, fetuses and neonates receiving care in defined catchment areas at the Global Network sites. This publication describes the MNHR, including participating sites, data management and quality and changes over time.Pregnant women who reside in or receive healthcare in select communities are enrolled in the MNHR of the Global Network. For each woman and her offspring, sociodemographic, health care, and the major outcomes through 42-days post-delivery are recorded. Study visits occur at enrollment during pregnancy, at delivery and at 42 days postpartum.From 2010 through 2018, the Global Network MNHR sites were located in Guatemala, Belagavi and Nagpur, India, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, and Zambia. During this period at these sites, 579,140 pregnant women were consented and enrolled in the MNHR, nearly 99% of all eligible women. Delivery data were collected for 99% of enrolled women and 42-day follow-up data for 99% of those delivered. In this supplement, the trends over time and assessment of differences across geographic regions are analyzed in a series of 18 manuscripts utilizing the MNHR data.Improving maternal, fetal and newborn health in countries with poor outcomes requires an understanding of the characteristics of the population, quality of health care and outcomes. Because the worst pregnancy outcomes typically occur in countries with limited health registration systems and vital records, alternative registration systems may prove to be highly valuable in providing data. The MNHR, an international, multicenter, population-based registry, assesses pregnancy outcomes over time in support of efforts to develop improved perinatal healthcare in resource-limited areas. Trial Registration The Maternal Newborn Health Registry is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID# NCT01073475). Registered February 23, 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01073475.
Muonium state exchange dynamics in n-type GaAs

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Muonium (Mu), a pseudoisotope of hydrogen with a positively charged muon in place of the proton, takes the form Mu+,0,− (like isolated hydrogen, i.e., H+,0,−) in semiconductors. The specifics of the charge state depend on the local electronic environment of the host. After initial muon implantation, generated Mu centers interact with free charge carriers and electronic spins, transition between sites, and form a dynamic network of state exchange. We identified the model of Mu dynamics in n-type GaAs using the density matrix simulation method and photoexcited muon spin spectroscopy technique. Fitting to the dark and illuminated μSR data provided transition rates between Mu states, revealing the underlying mechanisms at play between the Mu centers (cf. isolated H) and the host. Deduced capture/scattering cross sections of the Mu states reflected the microscopic dynamics of Mu. Illumination studies enabled us to measure interactions between Mu and minority carriers, which would be unavailable in dark measurements without heating. The methodology developed in this study may be applied to other semiconductor systems for a deeper understanding of the Mu state exchange dynamics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Highly Selective Off–On Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Thioredoxin Reductase in Living Cells

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first fluorescent probe for mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), TRFS-green, was designed, synthesized, and fully evaluated. The probe features a 1,2-dithiolane scaffold with a quenched naphthalimide fluorophore. TRFS-green displays a green fluorescence off-on change induced by the TrxR-mediated disulfide cleavage and subsequent intramolecular cyclization to liberate the masked naphthalimide fluorophore. It was demonstrated in vitro that TRFS-green manifests high selectivity toward TrxR over other related enzymes and various small molecule thiols as well as biological reducing molecules. HPLC analyses indicated that TRFS-green was exclusively converted to naphthalimide catalyzed by TrxR. The ability in triggering on the fluorescence signal by cellular protein extracts correlates well with the endogenous TrxR activity in different cells. Furthermore, inhibition of TrxR by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene or depletion of TrxR by immunoprecipitation remarkably decreases the reduction of TRFS-green by cellular protein extracts. Finally, TRFS-green was successfully applied in imaging TrxR activity in living cells. The fluorescence signal of TRFS-green in living cells was inhibited by pretreating the cells with TrxR inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner, potentiating the development of living cell-based screening assay for identifying TrxR inhibitors. We expect the novel fluorescent probe TRFS-green would facilitate the discovery of TrxR-targeting small molecules for potential therapeutic agents and provide significant advances in understanding the physiological/pathophysiological functions of TrxR in vivo.
Why National States Comply with Supranational Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

European Union (EU) member states have at times failed to implement EU directives, thus falling short of their treaty obligations. Implementation is crucial to this loosely quasifederal organization because compliance is the foundation of cooperation in Europe. This paper addresses the inability of states to comply and state reluctance to conform. I demonstrate that cross-national factors rather than idiosyncratic characteristics are responsible for non-compliance. I have crafted hypotheses regarding implementation that can be tested in a systematic fashion. Using count data of infringements, I use negative binomial regression to test the hypotheses. I find modest support for many of the hypotheses in the literature, but little support for others. Bureaucratic efficiency, corruption, power in the Council of Ministers, economic power, length of membership, and public approval of EU membership are the most important predictors of compliance.
Impact of preoperative nutritional impairment on physical function early after total hip arthroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims To investigate whether preoperative nutritional status, assessed by the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), predicts postoperative physical function following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A total of 681 patients (87 males, 594 females; mean age 65.3 years (SD 10.2)) who underwent unilateral primary THA for hip osteoarthritis were included. GNRI was calculated from preoperative serum albumin levels, categorizing patients into three groups: normal nutrition (GNRI ≥ 98), moderate malnutrition (92 ≤ GNRI < 98), and severe malnutrition (GNRI < 92). Physical function, including hip joint range of motion, muscle strength (hip abduction, knee extension), leg length difference, and comfortable walking speed, was assessed preoperatively and at discharge. Group comparisons were made based on GNRI scores, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted using preoperative muscle strength ratio and postoperative comfortable walking speed as outcome variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined a preoperative GNRI cut-off value for achieving a postoperative comfortable walking speed of 0.8 m/s. Results The moderate and severe malnutrition comprised 68 (10%) and 19 (3%) patients with GNRI: 92 ≤ GNRI < 98 and < 92, respectively, whereas 594 (87%) were in the normal nutrition (GNRI ≥ 98). Patients with malnutrition demonstrated significantly lower preoperative muscle strength and pre- and postoperative muscle strength ratios (p < 0.001). Preoperative GNRI was a significant predictor of hip abductor muscle strength (p = 0.031) and postoperative comfortable walking speed (p < 0.001). The determined preoperative GNRI cut-off score for achieving a postoperative comfortable walking speed of 0.8 m/s was 98. Conclusion Preoperative GNRI serves as a valuable indicator for improving postoperative muscle strength and comfortable walking speed. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2025;6(6):667–676.