jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic cytology in a regional breast-screening programme

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Stereotactic localization and fine-needle aspiration are new procedures for the management of non-palpable mammographic abnormalities. In this prospective study, stereotactically guided cytology with immediate reporting was performed before biopsy in a consecutive series of 166 patients with screen-detected non-palpable abnormalities. All specimens were obtained by multiple stereotactically guided passes with a 22–G Franzén needle and graded as: 1, acellular or inadequate; 2, benign; 3, atypical, probably benign; 4, probably malignant; or 5, malignant. After definitive surgery all tumours were staged according to the Union Internacional Contra la Cancrum classification. Of 71 patients with malignancy, 56 were correctly diagnosed by cytology before operation. Twelve patients with malignancy had grade 1 cytology and 50 of the 52 with grade 2 cytology had benign disease. This study confirms that stereotactic cytology is a valuable diagnostic test in a breast-screening programme.
Test-Driven Development - Still a Promising Approach?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Test-Driven Development (TDD) has been regarded as a useful practice during the last decade as well in industry as in academia. It has been suggested to have several benefits in software development process. This paper is focused on the reported empirical research on TDD. A systematic literature review was conducted in order to analyze the current empirical evidence. Based on the review data, TDD may improve external code quality, but it also leads to increase in development time. However, there are a lot of contradictory results and it raises a question about the actual factors behind them. More systematic research, specifically controlled experiments and well reported case studies, is needed in order to better understand TDD.
Bipolar Disorder Clinical Synthesis: Where Does the Evidence Lead?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bipolar disorder is a common condition diagnosed by the occurrence of pathological mood elevation but most often dominated by dysphoria states. Over the past 10 years, understanding of bipolar disorder and the number of evidence-based treatments have increased dramatically. This article offers strategies for improving diagnostic confidence and simple benchmarks that facilitate integrating principles of evidence-based medicine into the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Simple systematic assessment techniques such as focusing the evaluation to assess the most extreme episode of mood elevation and longitudinal factors such as age of onset and course of illness can avoid errors of omission and raise diagnostic confidence. An iterative measurement-based treatment model that aims to bring patients and their supports into the collaborative care process for progressively better outcomes is recommended.
Reporting of Analysis Results into the Operating Room

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: We read with interest the communication by Gaiser et al. [1] about telephone reporting of blood analysis results into the operating room. The conclusions of this study are not really surprising, since telephonic transmission and transcription of results will irremediably generate numerous errors. As suggested by the authors, an informatic link between the apparatus performing the analysis and a computer in the operating room is undoubtedly the best solution as it will prevent transcription errors and accelerate the transmission considerably. We have used such a communication system since 1988 as part of our automatic anesthesia recording system [2]. Our eight operating rooms and the recovery room are connected on-line to the system. When the anesthesiologist decides to perform an analysis, he or she asks the system to assign a code number to the sample. This code number depends on the operating room and the number of the patient's file. The code number is introduced into the apparatus performing the analysis. Results are then automatically transmitted in the patient's file and appear after a few seconds on the computer screen in the operating room. In our experience, more than 1 million laboratory results have now been transmitted this way. Errors are nearly impossible, and the failure rate of the system is very low: for the whole year 1995 the system was out of use during about 20 h. In addition, taking into account all aspects of the problem and considering a sufficiently long period of amortization, our system is probably less costly than transcription and telephone calling by a technician. Finally, one may wonder why, at a time when it seems normal to communicate around the world by computers, the immense majority of operating rooms are still using communication techniques from the last century. Kurt L. Joucken, MD Serge M. Broka, MD Edith L. Collard, MD Vincent R. Delire, MD Anne R. Ducart, MD Philippe R. Randour, MD Alain J. Mayne, MD Department of Anesthesiology; University Clinics U.C.L. of Mont-Godinne; B-5530 Yvoir, Belgium
Endothelin in heart failure: a promising therapeutic target?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The results of early acute haemodynamic studies with anti-endothelin agents are promising. Much still needs to be done, however, before endothelin antagonism is established as a therapeutic strategy in heart failure. We need to know, for example, whether the haemodynamic effects of anti-endothelin drugs are sustained. We need to ensure that there is no reflex activation of other neuroendocrine systems and, preferably, to demonstrate neuroendocrine suppression. Characterisation of the renal actions of endothelin receptor antagonists will also be important. Perhaps the most pressing issue in the development of these agents is elucidation of the role of the endothelial ETB receptor in heart failure. It is now clearly shown that vascular smooth muscle ETB receptors can mediate vasoconstriction in human blood vessels and that these receptors may be particularly important in heart failure. The effect of selective ETB receptor blockade in humans in vivo is not currently known, however, and whether endothelial ETB receptors might tonically offset ETA and ETB receptor mediated smooth muscle contraction remains conjectural. This question is directly relevant to whether selective ETA or non-selective ETA and ETB receptor antagonism might be the better therapeutic strategy in heart failure. ECE inhibition may become another therapeutic option in due course, but at present no specific and selective inhibitors of the enzyme have been developed. The recent demonstration that the selective ETA receptor antagonist BQ-123 improves long term survival in rats with heart failure induced by myocardial infarction suggests that anti-endothelin strategies may hold great therapeutic promise in heart failure.
Discounting and climate change

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Discounting is one of the most disputed issues in environmental economics. Discounting gives a present value to future financial flows. It is indispensable to the cost-benefit analysis of projects. For public investment, a single discount rates allows to select projects that have the highest social benefits. However, discounting seems to give outrageously low values to distant damages, at the expense of future generations. But lowering discount rates would imply increasing the sacrifices of the present generation for the benefit of future generations, which may be richer. May be… or maybe not, and this will depend in part on the state of the environment, the preservation of biodiversity and the (un-)stability of the climate. Moreover, environmental damages cannot be fully compensated by our economic activities. This limited substitutability justifies, even in a deterministic world, an increase of the relative prices of the ecosystem services, which would largely counteract the effects of discounting. The uncertainty on the future state of the world similarly justifies the use of declining discount rates that would correspond to the poorest possible future.
Moisture Stress and N Redistribution in Soybean1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The redistribution of N from vegetative plant parts to the developing seed of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may influence the duration of seed filling and yield. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture stress during various developmental stages on N redistribution. Soybean (cv. Williams) was grown in the field at Lexington, Ky., for 3 years (1979 to 1981) on a Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) soil. Irrigated controls were compared with moisture stress treatments from planting to beginning seed fill (growth stage R5), during seed filling (growth stage R5 to R7) or throughout the growing season. Stress was applied by not irrigating until the soil water potential reached – 300 9 kg −1 or by covering the soil with black plastic after emergence to allow severe stress to develop. Plant weight at growth stage R5 and yield were affected by the moisture stress treatments; however, moisture stress had only a limited effect on N concentration in the plant tissue. The proportion of seed N that came from redistribution varied among treatments and years from 33 to 102% and there was no consistent relationship between the level or timing of moisture stress and the contribution of redistributed N to seed N. The proportion of the N in the vegetative plant and pod walls that was redistributed was nearly constant across treatments and years. The data suggest that the contribution that redistributed N makes to the seed N at maturity is more closely related to the amount of N available for redistribution than it is to the ability of the plants to obtain N from the soil or via N 2 fixation during seed filling.
Natural Resistance of Native and Commercial Maize to Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea1, and Their Relationship with Ear Rot

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most representative crop of Mexico, mainly because of its social, cultural, and economic importance. The objective of this research was to identify genotypes with natural resistance to damage by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and their relationship with ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. Link (Nectriaceae). Samples were collected from September to November 2019 from hybrids and native maize in nine plots in Puebla and Morelos states. Ear rot pathogens and Lepidoptera found in plots were morphologically identified; ear rot incidence, severity, and damage caused by the pests were evaluated. Data of ear rot, leaf damage, and ear damage were adjusted by arcsine square root and analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were compared by a Tukey multiple range test (p = 0.05). Fusarium spp. was found with 15.04 to 32.01% severity; damage by fall armyworm and corn earworm ranged from 23.63 to 46.96%, with galleries as long as 4.77 cm. The amount of ear rot was proportional to damage by Lepidoptera, demonstrating relationship between injury by these insects and ear rot severity caused by Fusarium spp. in hybrids and native cultivars in different areas, cultural practices, and production systems. Genotypes more resistant to damage by pests were Black Native from San Miguel, Teotlalco, Puebla; Pioneer 30F35 from Contla, Puebla; Pioneer P4028W from Tetelilla, Morelos; and Pioneer P4028W from Tepalcingo, Morelos.
The statistical analysis of a clinical trial when a protocol amendment changed the inclusion criteria-6

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

O 1 in the case of a big shift (1.0).Copyright information:Taken from "The statistical analysis of a clinical trial when a protocol amendment changed the inclusion criteria"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/8/16BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008;8():16-16.Published online 8 Apr 2008PMCID:PMC2359757.
The technical landscape for patient-centered CDS: progress, gaps, and challenges

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Supporting healthcare decision-making that is patient-centered and evidence-based requires investments in the development of tools and techniques for dissemination of patient-centered outcomes research findings via methods such as clinical decision support (CDS). This article explores the technical landscape for patient-centered CDS (PC CDS) and the gaps in making PC CDS more shareable, standards-based, and publicly available, with the goal of improving patient care and clinical outcomes. This landscape assessment used: (1) a technical expert panel; (2) a literature review; and (3) interviews with 18 CDS stakeholders. We identified 7 salient technical considerations that span 5 phases of PC CDS development. While progress has been made in the technical landscape, the field must advance standards for translating clinical guidelines into PC CDS, the standardization of CDS insertion points into the clinical workflow, and processes to capture, standardize, and integrate patient-generated health data.
Referential Cohesion in the Narratives of Bilingual and Monolingual Children With Typically Developing Language and With Specific Language Impairment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose The study explores referential cohesion in the narratives of bilingual preschool children with typical language development (TLD) and with specific language impairment (SLI). Referential cohesion requires integration of multiple discourse factors and is expected to pose a challenge for children with bilingual SLI due to weak proficiency in both languages. Method Narratives were elicited from 45 bilinguals speaking Russian as the home language (L1) and Hebrew as the societal language (L2; 15 with SLI), 20 Hebrew-speaking monolinguals (10 with SLI), and 20 Russian-speaking monolinguals (10 with SLI) using a story retelling procedure. Bilinguals were tested in both languages. Analyses examined the effect of impairment (SLI vs. TLD) in bilinguals and monolinguals. Language effects were examined in cross-language comparisons of bilinguals (L1 vs. L2) and in differences between monolingual groups (Russian vs. Hebrew speakers) for the use of referential expressions. Results Bilingual children with SLI used a higher proportion of pronouns for character introduction and had fewer pronouns, which have been described as “adequate” ( Colozzo & Whitely, 2014 ) than bilingual children with TLD. No language effect emerged for bilinguals, who performed similarly in their L1 and L2, but a significant cross-linguistic difference emerged in the monolingual data: Russian-speaking children mainly used nouns to introduce and maintain characters, whereas Hebrew-speaking children mainly used pronouns for introduction and maintenance of characters. Conclusion The difficulty of children with SLI in creating a referential connection between a pronoun and a noun phrase is discussed in light of the interaction of local and global processes in narratives, which is shown to be weaker in children with SLI.
Overexpressing miR-222-3p in cultured <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i>-infected macrophages does not affect their bacteriostatic activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tuberculosis, a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major public health concern. Innate and adaptive immunity provide robust defense against pathogens. However, M. tuberculosis, which co-evolved with humans, has acquired many mechanisms to evade the immune response and ensure its intracellular existence and long-term survival within the host. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that this secretive bacterium can alter expression of regulatory noncoding RNAs (including microRNAs), leading to dysregulation of biological processes underlying tuberculosis pathogenesis. For example, miR-222-3p has been shown to regulate the functional reprogramming of macrophages and is involved in the regulation of host innate immunity. Previously, we demonstrated the important role of miR-222-3p as a biological marker of tuberculosis activity. To confirm their biological targets and understand their role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, many research groups are working to establish functional relationships between miRNA expression under different conditions and their actual biological action using molecular biology and bioinformatics methods. In the present study, we demonstrated the effect of miR-222-3p overexpression on several functions of human macrophages of monocytic origin activated with M. tuberculosis antigens in in vitro culture. Specifically, we found that miR-222-3p overexpression significantly decreased IL-6 and IFNγ expression and increased IL-1β and cxcl10 expression in cultures of uninfected macrophages. Infected macrophages overexpressing miR-222-3p were characterized by increased NF-κB and IL-6 expression, as were infected macrophages without transfection. Another important finding was that miR-222-3p overexpression caused a small but significant increase in reactive nitrogen species production by infected macrophages, but did not affect their bacteriostatic activity against M. tuberculosis. Elucidating the functions of different microRNAs in regulating different pathogenic pathways in TB may lead to discovering new therapeutic targets. The detailed study of microRNAs that regulate immune-associated pathways will be useful for the design of miRNA mimetic molecules, either as inhibitors or as activators. Immune effects induced by miRNA drugs are currently a major challenge for miRNA therapeutics.
Physicochemical properties of arterial elastin and its associated glycoproteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Microfibrillar glycoproteins are a significant component of vascular elastic tissue, but little is known about their contribution to vascular physiology and pathology. We have investigated some physicochemical properties of the glycoproteins that may be pertinent to these roles. Because of the difficulty in isolating intact glycoproteins in a form and quantity suitable for physicochemical examination, we based our analysis on a comparison of the properties of porcine thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery extracted with GuHCl and collagenase (preparation GC) and after further treatment with dithioerythritol to remove glycoproteins (preparation GC/DTE). Amino acid analysis showed that GC/DTE had the amino acid composition of pure elastin while GC contained a higher proportion of polar amino acids, particularly in the aortic preparation. GC stained with alcian blue, particularly in the intimal region, but GC/DTE did not. GC had a higher water content and a slower viscoelastic response and the circumferential elastic modulus was approximately 50% lower (whether expressed in terms of sample weight or elastin content). Clearly, therefore, the microfibrils do not stiffen the network and may prevent the alignment of elastin fibers in the circumferential direction. Their effect on hydration may arise either because they impose mechanical constraints on the geometry of the network or because they modify the inter- and intramolecular hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions that influence the tissue organization and hydration. Molecular probe measurements of the intrafibrillar pore structure using radiolabeled and fluorescent probes showed that removal of the microfibrils caused a slight decrease in the extrafibrillar water space and a larger decrease in the intrafibrillar water space. Sucrose, a small probe molecule, was able to penetrate most of the intrafibrillar water space when microfibrils were present but was virtually excluded when they were not. Potentiometric titration and radiotracer assays of ion binding both showed that the microfibrils contribute a considerable negative charge (−9 μmoles/g wet tissue in the aortic preparation and −16 μmoles/g wet weight in the pulmonary artery) and increase calcium binding by approximately 30%. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 49: 255–265, 1999
Automatic decision making for multi-criteria load balancing in cloud environment using AHP

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In Cloud Computing Environment, nodes possess the property to transfer the application from one node to another. Due to transfer property some nodes may get overloaded and other may get underloaded and the overall performance of the cloud will degrade. To maintain the performance a load balancing strategy is required. In this paper we are considering multi-parameters for load balancing. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for decision making. In this paper we proposed an intelligent model for multi-parametric load balancing in cloud environment using AHP.
Reduced-Complexity Adaptive Receiver Algorithms for 4G SU-MIMO Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we present reduced-complexity high- performance receivers for single-user MIMO systems that employ coded OFDM transmission with bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM). High data-rate versions of these systems have been proposed for 4G. The near-optimum inner-outer decoder structures for these MIMO/BICM/OFDM/QAM systems have complexity that grows exponentially fast with the number of multiplexed streams (number of transmit antennas) and the number of bits represented by the QAM constellations. We focus on reduced-complexity inner-outer decoder structures that exploit adaptive soft-output M algorithms for soft inner decoding. Our simulations show that these receivers can be systematically optimized to yield substantial complexity reductions without significant loss in performance.
Digestive microbiota changes during application of an effective, feed presentation based, mitigation option against Salmonella shedding in pigs.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

If some studies have attempted to mitigate the Salmonella spp. excretion in pigs by feed related interventions, none clearly demonstrated the impact of the presentation (mash or pellet and particular size). Thus this study aimed to determine if the modification of the pigs feed presentation alone can lower the Salmonella spp. excretion. To do so, 144 eight weeks aged piglets, previously confirmed as homogeneously in contact with Salmonella during post-weaning, were given diets that var ied only by the particle size (500, 750 or 1250 µm) and/or the texture (mash or pellet). During the fattening period, they were individually sampled for blood and feces collection after 0, 21, 46 and 88 days of specific diet. Colons and caecums content were also sampled at the slaughterhouse. There were more pigs from the pellet groups shedding Salmonella spp. in their feces after 21 (p=0.012) and 88 days (p=0.002) and in their colon content at slaughter (p=0.026) than from the mash feed groups. In contrast with the literature, no seroconversion significant differences were found between the differ ent groups. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that pigs from the pellet groups had significantly less Bifidobacterium spp. in their feces than those from the mash feed groups at day 21. At the same date, a 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis of the fecal microbiota using Ion Torrent TM sequencing revealed a significantly lower representation of the Spirochaetes phylum in the feces of pigs from mash feed groups. It also indicated significantly more bacteria of the Fibrobacteres phylum and less Chloroplast in the feces of pigs from pellet feed groups. Correlation between Salmonella mitigation efficiency and changes in microbiota will be tested. Our data are compatible with the fact that a mash feed would promote a healthier gut microbiota while pellet feed would promote better digestion efficiency.