jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Melanocytic nevi in children: A clinical study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Melanocytic nevi show different presentations in children which have not much studied in India. PURPOSES: To document the incidence and pattern of melanocytic nevi in children. METHODS: A total of 4,256 paediatric cases attending the dermatology OPD, JIPMER during the study period from August 2002 to August 2004 were screened for melanocytic nevi. FINDINGS: Out of these, 41 (0.96%) cases were found to have melanocytic nevi. The mean age of these cases was 1.4 years (range of 3 days to 14 years). Fourteen (34.1%) of them were males and 27 (65.9%) were females with male to female ratio of 1:1.9. Majority of these cases (32 cases, 78%) were in the age group of 0-1 year. Thirty-seven (90.2%) cases had single lesion and 4 (9.8%) cases had multiple lesions. The size of the nevi varied from 1.5 cm to 20 cm in 40 (97.6%) cases and more than 20 cm in 1 (2.4%) case. The most common site of involvement was the back (32 cases, 78%) followed by head and neck (6 cases, 14.6%). Out of the total of 41 cases, 30 (73.2%) were Mongolian spots, 8 (19.5%) were congenital melanocytic nevi, one case (2.4%) each had giant congenital melanocytic nevus, nevus spilus and nevus of Ota. Four cases had other associated cutaneous disorders. These included ashleaf macules in 2 cases, epidermolysis bullosa simplex in 1 case and a solitary case had both caf&#953;-au-lait macule and mixed hemangioma. The systemic associations included seizures (suspected neurocutaneous melanosis) in a solitary case of congenital melanocytic nevi. CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of melanocytic nevi seen in children in this study partially differs from this of abroad studies. LIMITATION: Unicentre hospital-based study which cannot be generalized.
POTENTIAL OF F3:4 SEGREGATING WHEAT POPULATIONS FOR TOLERANCE TO HEAT STRESS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Heat is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect wheat yield and quality in many parts of the world. To overcome this problem, the development of heat tolerant cultivars has been shown to be one of the main targets of breeding programs, especially for the conditions of Central Brazil. The present study was developed with objective of identifying promising populations for tolerance to heat stress, in order to obtain lines adapted to the conditions of Central Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the summer of 2011 in Coimbra/MG where 36 segregating populations with different numbers of families per population were evaluated in an augmented block design, determining the cycle, plant height and grain yield. Genetic variability for heat tolerance was observed among the wheat populations. The vegetative development stage of wheat was more sensitive to the effect of heat stress. The most promising segregating populations were IAC364/BRS207, IAC24/Aliança IAC24/Pioneiro that associated high yield with a large number of families selected among the most productive, demonstrating the possibility of selecting heat stress-tolerant lines.
Dermatofibrosarcoma: a rare neoplasm of skin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 25-year-old lady presented with a small pea-sized lesion on left side of her neck, anteriorly. There was no history of any other lesion on her body. She was medically fit otherwise. An excision was planned, after taking consent from her, which was performed under local anaesthesia as a day procedure. Her postoperative recovery was uneventful. Histopathology showed dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance which is an extremely rare skin tumour. She was further investigated for metastasis. Her CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis was performed which showed prominent thymus. Other than this finding, no other abnormality was found in CT scan.
GLOBAL BUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINEERING: A SYSTEM DYNAMICS BASED APPROACH

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a structured approach for Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) in a large (global) corporation. The paper defines BPR, explores the principles and assumptions behind Re-engineering, looks for common factors behind its successes or failures. In order to overcome the potential failures, we propose to view a global business as a system and use the System Dynamics methodology (Forrester (1961)) in conjunction with Analytical Hierarchy Network Process (Saaty (1996)). This approach will enable corporations to understand the relationships among the components of a global business and link different sub-systems properly when a Re-engineering process is taking place. The purpose of this approach is to increase the effectiveness of the Re-engineering process.
Product Liability Suits for FDA-Regulated AI/ML Software

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The 21st Century Cures Act confirmed the FDA’s authority to regulate certain categories of software that, increasingly, incorporate artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) techniques. The agency’s September 27, 2019 draft guidance on Clinical Decision Support Software proposed an approach for regulating CDS software and shed light on plans for regulating genomic bioinformatics software (whether or not it constitutes CDS software). No matter how the FDA’s regulatory approach ultimately evolves, the agency’s involvement in this sphere has an important – and underexamined – implication: FDA-regulated software seemingly has the status of a medical product (as opposed to an informational service), which opens the door to product liability for defects causing patient injury. When a diagnostic or treatment decision relies on FDA-regulated CDS software, will mistakes invite strict liability, as opposed to being judged by the professional or general negligence standards of care that traditionally governed diagnostic and therapeutic errors? This article explores the policy rationales for product liability suits and asks whether such suits may have a helpful role to play as an adjunct to FDA oversight in promoting safety, effectiveness, and transparency of CDS software as it moves into wider use in clinical health care settings.
Phenotypic Study of Intraflagellar Transport and FLA10 in the lf4 Mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtII

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a biflagellate, unicellular green alga that serves as an ideal basic science organism (Harris, 2008a). Compared to eukaryotic primary cilia, it shares many homologous flagellar genes with humans, of which several ciliary disorders, or ciliopathies, are known to occur (Pazour, 2008). Almost all vertebrate cells possess primary cilia, but this organelle had long been thought to have no function (Pan et al., 2005). With the discovery of intraflagellar transport (IFT), the mechanism for flagellar assembly, by Kozminski and coworkers (1993), new approaches to study ciliopathies were established. To investigate how flagellar length was controlled, long-flagellar mutants lf1, lf2, lf3 and lf4 were created. Yet little phenotypically was known about lf4. To characterize the morphology of and localize IFT proteins (FLA10p and LF4p) in the lf4 mutant, this work used bright-field microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy (IMF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lf4 flagella were grossly longer than wild-type cells, which were observed to be most active at 36 h. The lf4 cells were most active between 24-36 h likely indicating the best time to harvest for experimentation. Using IMF, the FLA10p and LF4p localized to flagella in a punctate pattern, likely indicating IFT particles. No bulbous tips were observed in lf4, unlike the lf2 and lf3 mutants as reported by Tam and coworkers (2003; 2007). Multiple IFT particles were observed in cross-sectional and longitudinal flagellar ultrastructure of lf4 using TEM. Plus, an as yet unidentified electron-dense structure in an lf4 cross-section was observed to connect the outer doublet microtubules to the cell membrane. Quantification of IFT particles per length, area and volume of flagella were the same in wild-type and lf4, suggesting that IFT particle quantity is independent of length. Immunogold electron localization is the logical next step to further the phenotypic characterization of the lf4 mutant.
Long Term School Based Deworming against Soil-Transmitted Helminths Also Benefits the Untreated Adult Population: Results from a Community-Wide Cross Sectional Survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background . Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are a public health problem in Kenya. The primary control strategy for these infections is preventive chemotherapy (PC) delivered through school based deworming (SBD) programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of other at-risk groups in the PC. The untreated groups in endemic areas have been shown to act as reservoirs for STH transmission. Few field based studies have focused on the possible benefits of SBD to the untreated groups in the community. This study sought to determine the levels of STH among all age groups in a community where SBD has been going on for more than 10 years. Methods . This was a cross sectional study where 3,292 individuals, ranging from 2 to 98 years, were enrolled. Stool samples were analyzed using duplicate Kato Katz thick smear technique for presence of STH eggs. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA software 14.0 (Stata corporation). Results . Out of the total 3,292 stool samples analyzed, only 13 were positive for any STH. Of these, 12 were infected with Trichuris trichiura and one case was of hookworm. There was no Ascaris lumbricoides infection detected . Of the 13 STH infections, seven of the infections were of school going age (6-18 years), 5 were of preschool age (<6 years), and one was of adult age group (18>). More male (61.5%) than female were infected with STH. Conclusion . This study shows very low prevalence of STH among all age groups in Mwea, suggesting that long term SBD may also be benefitting the untreated groups in the community and thus the potential to achieve STH elimination in such endemic areas.
Reactions of adult female parasitoids, particularly Aphidius rhopalosiphi, to volatile chemical cues from the host plants of their aphid prey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract. In Y‐tube olfactometer tests, Aphidius ervi Hal., Trioxys sp., Praon sp., Aphelinus flavus (Nees), Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marsh.) and Aphidius rophalosiphi De Stef. responded positively to the odour of the plant on which aphid mummies containing them had been collected. The response to host plant odour was greater than the response to the odour of host aphids, their honeydew or a combination of the two. The strongest response was to a combination of plant and host aphids. A. rhopalosiphi showed a strong positive response to three wheat volatiles (cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and trans‐2‐hexenal) as well as to indole‐3‐acetaldehyde (a breakdown product of tryptophan in aphid honeydew). In both olfactometer tests with odours and choice trials with whole plants, newly emerged A. rhopalosiphi distinguished and preferred the variety of wheat on which their development had occurred to other wheat varieties.
Supersymmetry and membrane interactions in M(atrix) theory,” Nucl. Phys. B507

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We calculate the potential between various configurations of membranes and gravitons in M(atrix) theory. The computed potentials agree with the short distance potentials between corresponding 2-branes and 0-brane configurations in type IIA string theory, bound to a large number of 0-branes to account for the boost to the infinite momentum frame. We show that these type IIA configurations are almost supersymmetric, so that the short and long distance potentials actually agree. Thus the M(atrix) theory is able to reproduce correct long distance behavior in these cases. On leave from The Center for Theoretical Physics, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA
Bill Morrison

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This is the first extensive interview with the “Orpheus of nitrate,” Bill Morrison, whose forte is finding interesting imagery, often imagery with obvious film decay, in celluloid film archives, then fashioning this material into works of his own. Morrison has explored American archives—most often, the paper print collection in the Library of Congress and the Moving Image Research Collections housed at the University of South Carolina, which archive the outtakes of the newsreels Fox Movietone produced for theatrical exhibition between 1928 and 1963; and recently, a collection of early silent films unearthed in the permafrost in Dawson City, Canada. Morrison is particularly drawn to moments when obvious film decay seems related to the content or implications of the imagery that remains uncorrupted. Morrison’s breakthrough feature, Decasia (2002), like nearly all his subsequent works, was produced in collaboration with accomplished composer/musicians from around the world. Morrison’s films are to be understood as image-music experiences.
Estimation of genetic parameters for productive and reproductive traits in Esfahan native chickens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The main aim of this research was to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters for productive and reproductive traits of Esfahan native chickens. Traits included body weights at hatch (BW1), 8 weeks of age (BW8), 12 weeks of age (BW12), and at sexual maturity (WSM)], age at sex maturity (ASM), egg number (EN), average egg weight (AEW) in the first 12 weeks of production, and egg production intensity (Eint). Data were collected over 13 generations (during 1998 to 2011) at the breeding center of Esfahan native chickens in Iran. Genetic parameters were estimated by a (bi)-univariate animal model using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure. Heritability estimates for body weight at different ages varied from 0.14±0.01 to 0.42±0.01. Estimated heritability for reproductive traits ranged from 0.12±0.01 for Eint to 0.36±0.01 for AEW. Estimates of heritability values were moderate but BW1 and AEW showed higher heritability values. Genetic correlation among body weight traits varied from 0.20±0.03 to 0.82±0.02. Fairly small negative Genetic correlation between body weight traits and egg traits (EN and Eint) was small (in the range of -0.22±0.05 to -0.03±0.03), while they showed positive and moderate genetic correlation with the average egg weight, ranging from 0.11±0.04 to 0.39±0.02. There was a low negative genetic correlation (-0.09±0.02) between egg number and egg weight. Therefore, during simultaneous selection for growth and egg production, probable reduction in egg production due to low reduction in egg number may be compared by increases in egg weight.
Decarceration from Local County Jails during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Closer Look

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic initially compelled population reductions at local county jails. This study uses daily population counts at 970 jail facilities in 43 different U.S. states to; assess changes in jail population levels during 2020; relate those changes to the demographic, economic, and political characteristics of the counties where they took place; and examine the relationships between jail population levels and COVID-19 cases and deaths. Jail population data was gathered by the Jail Data Initiative at New York University and linked to other publicly accessible data collections. Through descriptive analyses and latent growth curve modeling, our findings indicate that while jail population levels generally fell in the early stages of the pandemic, they remained higher in areas with larger proportions of minoritized populations, and returned more rapidly to pre-pandemic levels in areas with larger proportions of Black and Republican-leaning residents. Larger pre-pandemic jail population rates were associated with elevated COVID-19 case and death rates during 2020, and changes in local jail population rates predicted case and death rates over a following three-month period. Specifically, each percentage increase in jail populations was associated with between 80.4 and 101.9 additional cases and 1.2 to 1.4 additional deaths per 10 K county residents.
Family Development Session Intervention as an Effort to Increase Family Capability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Looking at things through the lens of Amartya Sen's capability theory, this study looks at how the Family Development Session (FDS) program helps family members improve their skills. We employ a literature study as our research method, which entails a theoretical and empirical analysis of reliable sources. Sen's capability theory emphasizes the importance of individual freedom to choose the desired way of life and improve their ability to achieve a dignified life. The FDS program, as a family development initiative, is carried out with the aim of enhancing the capabilities of Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) beneficiary members who are underprivileged. The results of the literature analysis show that the FDS program has great potential in improving the capabilities of family of hope members through a holistic approach, covering aspects such as health, education, financial management, and participation in community life. The program provides opportunities for family members to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to achieve a better life in accordance with their preferences and values. The results of this study reinforce the understanding that the FDS program can be an instrument in enhancing the capabilities of family of hope members, thus enabling them to be more actively involved in society and achieve a more dignified life in accordance with Amartya Sen's vision. Keywords: Capability, Family Development Session, Program Keluarga Harapan, Amartya Sen, Poverty.
Three-dimensional analyses of an aspherical coronal mass ejection and its driven shock

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Context. Observations reveal that shocks can be driven by fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and play essential roles in particle accelerations. A critical ratio, $δ$, derived from a shock standoff distance normalized by the radius of curvature (ROC) of a CME, allows us to estimate shock and ambient coronal parameters. However, true ROCs of CMEs are difficult to measure due to observed projection effects. Aims. We investigate the formation mechanism of a shock driven by an aspherical CME without evident lateral expansion. Through three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions without a priori assumptions of the object morphology, we estimate two principal ROCs of the CME surface and demonstrate how the difference between two principal ROCs of the CME affects the estimate of the coronal physical parameters. Methods. The CME was observed by the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) instruments and the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO). We used the mask-fitting method to obtain the irregular 3D shape of the CME and reconstructed the shock surface using the bow-shock model. Through smoothings with fifth-order polynomial functions and Monte Carlo simulations, we calculated the ROCs at the CME nose. Results. We find that (1) the maximal ROC is 2-4 times the minimal ROC of the CME. A significant difference between the CME ROCs implies that the assumption of one ROC of an aspherical CME could cause over-/under- estimations of the shock and coronal parameters. (2) The shock nose obeys the bow-shock formation mechanism, considering the constant standoff distance and the similar speed between the shock and CME around the nose. (3) With a more precise $δ$ calculated via 3D ROCs in space, we derive corona parameters at high latitudes of about -50$^{\circ}$, including the Alfv{é}n speed and the coronal magnetic field strength.
Circadian abnormalities in a mouse model of high trait anxiety and depression

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction. Dysregulation of circadian rhythms is a key symptom of mood disorders, including anxiety disorders and depression. Whether the circadian abnormalities observed in depressed patients are cause or consequence of the disease remains elusive. Here we aimed to explore potential disturbances of circadian rhythms in a validated genetic animal model of high trait anxiety and co-morbid depression and examine its molecular correlates. Materials and methods. Mice selectively bred for high (HAB) and normal (NAB) anxiety- and co-segregating depression-like behavior were subjected to analysis of circadian wheel-running activity to determine light-entrained (LD) and free-running circadian (DD) rhythms and a light-induced phase shift. Clock gene expression in HAB/NAB hippocampal tissue was analyzed by qRT-PCR and verified by Western blotting. Results. Compared to NABs, HAB mice were found to present with altered DD length of daily cycle, fragmented ultradiem rhythms, and a blunted phase shift response. Clock gene expression analysis revealed a selective reduction of Cry2 expression in hippocampal tissue of HAB mice. Discussion. We provide first evidence for a dysregulation of circadian rhythms in a mouse model of anxiety and co-morbid depression which suggests an association between depression and altered circadian rhythms at the genetic level and points towards a role for Cry2.
Jus Cogens and the Use of Armed Force

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the concept of jus cogens in relation to the use of armed force. It first considers whether the prohibition of the use of armed force possesses the status of a peremptory norm before looking into the jus cogens restrictions associated with the peremptory prohibition of the use of armed force or aggression, together with its relationship to accepted or claimed exceptions. The chapter then focuses on the circumstances precluding wrongfulness countermeasures, consent and necessity, as they relate to the peremptory prohibition. Finally, it discusses jus cogens demands for forcible action arising from peremptory norms, such as armed intervention to stop genocide.
Flows in torus classification: schemes of two-dimensional flows past a pair of aerofoils

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The plane steady problem of flow past a body by stream of an ideal incompressible fluid is considered. The idea to simulate complicated flows using the part of flow transition to the second sheet of Riemann surface, similarly to D. A. Efros’ classical scheme or Shurygin's models, is evolved. The special method for flows analysis is worked out: the whole flow area is broken up standard fragments (homotopy areas) consisting from homotopic to each other streamlines and gluing along their common boundaries. The homotopy areas gluing character is defined by location of stagnation points. All flow schemes for problem of flow past a pair of aerofoils, i.e. for Riemann surface of genus one (torus), are considered on this basis.