jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL PATTERNS IN THE MOOSE–FOREST–SOIL ECOSYSTEM ON ISLE ROYALE, MICHIGAN, USA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of herbivores on landscape patterns and ecosystem processes have generally been inferred only from small-plot or exclosure experiments. However, it is important to directly determine the interactions between herbivores and landscape patterns, because herbivores range over large portions of the landscape to meet requirements for food and shelter. In two valleys on Isle Royale, Michigan, USA, soil nitrogen availability and its temporal variance decreased rapidly as consumption of browse by moose (Alces alces) increased up to 2 g·m−2·yr−1; with greater amounts of consumption, nitrogen availability was uniformly low and constant from year to year. We tested three geostatistical models of the spatial distribution of available browse, annual browse consumption, conifer basal area, and soil nitrogen availability across the landscape: (1) no spatial autocorrelation (random spatial distribution); (2) short-range spatial autocorrelation within a patch, but random distribution of patches at larger scales (spherical model); and (3) both short-range autocorrelation within a patch and regular arrangement of patches at larger scales (harmonic oscillator model). Conifer basal area and soil nitrogen availability fit the harmonic oscillator model in both valleys. Annual consumption and available browse showed oscillations in one of the valleys and only short-range autocorrelation in the other. In both valleys, however, the spatial pattern of annual consumption followed that of available browse. The predominance of spatially oscillatory patterns suggests that the interactions of moose with the forest ecosystem cause the development of both local patches of vegetation and associated nitrogen cycling rates, as well as the development of higher order patterns across the larger landscape. We suggest a coupled diffusion model of herbivore foraging and plant seed dispersal that may account for these patterns.
Prediction models for network multi-source dissemination of information based on multivariate chaotic time series

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Accurately predicting the future tendency of network sentiment plays a critical role in supervising and guiding the diffusion of network public event. In response to the distinction of different network platform in occurring time and dissemination mechanism, according to information diffusion theory, this paper adopts data on multi-platform, which could more completely describe the propagation of hot events. Univariate time series is extended to multivariate time series in order to improve the forecasting accuracy. At the same time, the phase space of multivariate time series from diverse platform is reconstructed and the existence of chaotic characteristic of real multi-source network information diffusion is proved by small-data method. In the end, the predicting model of wavelet neural network based on chaotic time series is constructed to forecast the future public opinion trend of real information. Simulation experiments show that compared with the way of prediction by the unit chaotic time series, multivariate time series has better predictive effects, which provides a new way for forecasting online hotspots.
Materials Data on Ce2CdS4 by Materials Project

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Ce2CdS4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I-42d space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent S2- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–S bond distances ranging from 2.80–3.23 Å. Cd2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent S2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.72 Å) and four longer (3.26 Å) Cd–S bond lengths. S2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ce3+ and two equivalent Cd2+ atoms.
Crystal Field Levels of Pr3+ in PrAl3 Studied by Inelastic Neutron Scattering

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The crystal field splitting of the 3 H 4 ground multiplet of the Pr 3+ ion in the intermetallic compound PrAl 3 is investigated by inelastic scattering of thermal neutrons. At several temperatures crystal field transitions are measured by TOF and TAS methods for polycrystalline PrAl 3 . In order to decide between crystal field transitions and phonon scattering, the isostructural, nonmagnetic compound LaAl 3 is also measured. The crystal field parameters and the energy level scheme for the ground multiplet splitting in PrAl 3 are given.
Cerebrovascular Carbon Dioxide Reactivity in Carotid Artery Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Comment Preoperative loss of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in 12 of 94 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy did not predict risk for intraoperative cerebral ischemia after carotid cross-clamping. In addition, none of the four patients in this study who developed new neurologic deficits postoperatively had impaired cerebrovascular reactivity preoperatively, although all four experienced intraoperative critical somatosensory-evoked potentials and/or transcranial Doppler sonography findings. By postoperative day 4, all 12 patients with impaired preoperative CO2 reactivity had normal cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity.
United States Secret War in Laos: Long-Term Environmental Impacts of the Use of Chemical Weapons

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In 1959, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation, against the Pathet Lao insurgences and Viet Mien military troops and supply route, began. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was developed after the North Vietnam government and military decided to reunify South and North Vietnam. The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) then connected the old trails leading from North Vietnam panhandle southward into eastern Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam. Starting from Hanoi, the primary trail turned southwest into Laos and eastern Cambodia before branching into South Vietnam. Beginning in 1960s, the volume of traffic on the network of trails expanded significantly, but it still took more than a month’s march, by foot and bicycle, to travel from North to South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic was impacted by repeatedly by Royal Laotian Air Force (RLAF), which was supported by US Air Force tactical herbicide spraying (Operation Ranch Hand program), and US Air Force bombing runs. By the late 1960s, the trail was improved and could accommodate heavy trucks in some sections and was used to supply the annual needs of over one hundred thousand regular PAVN troops active in South Vietnam. By 1974, the trail was a well-marked series of jungle roads (some of them paved) with underground support facilities such as hospitals, fuel-storage tanks, and supply caches with weapons. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was the major supply route for PAVN forces that overran Republic of Vietnam (RV) forces in 1975 and unified Vietnam. The primary objective of this paper is to determine the environmental and human health impacts of RLAF and US Air Force secret spraying of tactical herbicides on Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos.
Resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization under XUV FEL radiation: a case study of the role of harmonics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We provide a detailed quantitative study of the possible role of a small admixture of harmonics on resonant two-photon ionization. The motivation comes from the occasional presence of 2nd and 3rd harmonics in FEL radiation. We obtain the dependence of ionic yields on the intensity of the fundamental, the percentage of 2nd harmonic and the detuning of the fundamental from resonance. Having examined the cases of one and two intermediate resonances, we arrive at results of general validity and global behavior, showing that even a small amount of harmonic may seem deceptively innocuous.
LHD CHD_L_I_01 #185111.3 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 4-O port camera, where ROI is (624,542) - (672,594) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Living/Controlled Radical Polymerization of Ethyl and <i>n</i>-Butyl Acrylates\nat 90 °C Mediated by β-Sulfinyl Nitroxides:  Influence of the Persistent\nRadical Stereochemistry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Herein we report the living/controlled radical polymerization of ethyl and <i>n</i>-butyl acrylates\nmediated by β-sulfinyl nitroxides at temperatures below 90 °C. This study examined the effect of the\npersistent radical stereochemistry on the polymerization kinetics of ethyl acrylate. Experiments were\ncarried out in the presence of alkoxyamines based on 1-phenylethyl transient radicals bearing a 4-hydrogen\nor a 4-(methyl carboxylate) group, and two enantiomerically pure mixtures of <i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-butyl-<i>N</i>-(1-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-ethylsulfinyl)propyl nitroxide (BESN); i.e., a 1:1 <i>S</i><sub>S</sub><i>R</i><sub>β</sub><i>R</i><sub>α</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>S</sub><i>S</i><sub>β</sub><i>S</i><sub>α</sub> and a 1:1 <i>R</i><sub>S</sub><i>R</i><sub>β</sub><i>R</i><sub>α</sub>/<i>S</i><sub>S</sub><i>S</i><sub>β</sub><i>S</i><sub>α</sub> racemic\nmixtures. The dissociation rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>d</sub>) of the alkoxyamines and poly(ethyl acrylate) chains capped\nby both nitroxide racemic mixtures were determined by ESR spectroscopy measurements. Kinetic and\nESR studies of ethyl acrylate polymerization experiments allowed the determination of the equilibrium\nconstants (<i>K</i><sup>90</sup>) and the rate constants of combination (<i>k</i><sub>c</sub><sup>90</sup>) for each system. The rate constants of\ncombination were found to be slightly dependent on the nitroxide stereochemistry whereas an order of\nmagnitude difference was observed for the rate constants of dissociation. Then, well-defined poly(ethyl\nacrylate) and poly(<i>n</i>-butyl acrylate) were prepared, at 90 °C, from alkoxyamines based on the <i>R</i><sub>S</sub><i>R</i><sub>β</sub><i>R</i><sub>α</sub>/<i>S</i><sub>S</sub><i>S</i><sub>β</sub><i>S</i><sub>α</sub> nitroxide diastereomers.
[Action of natural estrogens on the vessel wall: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Myocardial infarction is the major cause of death in the Western world. Men are more prone to develop coronary artery disease than women, who rarely develop coronary disease before menopause. Although epidemiological data has long been available showing a protective effect of estrogen on the vascular system, the underlying mechanisms have been investigated more thoroughly only in recent years. Meta-analysis studies have revealed that only half of the protective effect on estrogen replacement therapy is due to its positive effects on the lipid profile and that a large part of this protection is caused by mechanisms distinct from lipid metabolism. It is now known that estrogens also exert effects on vascular function and structure of the vessel wall involving numerous cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here we review actions of natural estrogens on human vascular cells and arteries. Estrogens can modulate vascular function by increasing nitric oxide production via stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and decreasing endothelin-1 levels in vivo. Furthermore, 17 beta-estradiol is an inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, phenomena that play a major role in atherosclerotic vascular disease and in the remodelling process. 17 beta-estradiol can also acutely affect vascular tone in human arteries and attenuates constriction induced by contractile agonists. Finally, clinical studies have shown that 17 beta-estradiol can acutely and chronically ameliorate vascular function in women with and without vascular disease. In conclusion, results from clinical and in vitro studies confirm the positive effects of natural estrogens on vascular function and protection from coronary heart disease. Thus, primary prevention of coronary heart disease by estrogen replacement therapy after the menopause appears to be a new and straightforward approach by which cardiovascular mortality in women can be reduced.
Solubilization and Degradation of Extracellular Matrix by Various Metastatic Cell Lines Derived From a Rat Rhabdomyosarcoma<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">2</xref>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Examination by use of WAG syngeneic female rats was made on 4 rat rhabdomyosarcoma sublines expressing different metastatic potentials for their abilities to degrade proteoglycans and glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), deposited by corneal endothelial cells and metabolically labeled with [3H]glycosamine and [35S]sulfate. Of the label incorporated in ECM, 10-20% was released in the culture medium in 3 days by the cell lines studied. The proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins released by the cells from ECM were separated and partially characterized. Most of the ECM glycoproteins were recovered in the region of 200,000 (200K) on gel chromatography. Glycopeptides of 10K-20K apparent molecular weight were minor components. The glycosaminoglycan chains of the proteoheparan sulfate were partially hydrolyzed to 20K fragments. Tumor cells increased also the solubilization of the nondegraded matrix macromolecules. About 5-8% of the radioactivity of the ECM remained associated with the tumor cells detached from the ECM. ECM degrading activity of the sublines did not correlate with their ability to colonize the lungs after iv injection but did correlate with their ability to metastasize to the lungs from the primary subcutaneous site.
Telecommunications industry rationale for fibre-optics-a business perspective

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The deployment of fiber optic technology is reviewed. Cost trends for fiber vs copper, better transmission quality, and a reduction in fiber maintenance expense are pointed out as the major reasons for using fiber optic technology. The fact that the fiber optic facilities, which are the most economical and efficient means of providing existing telephone service, also possess the capability of transporting video signals is naturally an additional reason supporting their use.< >
Memory for Positive and Negative Political TV Ads: The Role of Partisanship and Gamma Power

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Despite generating widespread contempt, political TV ads play an important informational role in the lives of citizens. This study examines effects of Ad Type (Positive, Negative, and Comparison) on recognition memory for candidate issue positions. Potential moderators (Ad Sponsor Partisanship X Viewer Partisanship, Ad Type X Viewer Ideology, Ad Type X Viewer Partisanship) of political ad memory are explored, and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are used to examine whether semantic processing (indexed as brain activity in the gamma band frequency range) mediates main or moderated effects of Ad Type on Memory. Results reveal a significant interaction between Ad Type and Partisanship, with Republicans remembering more from positive relative to negative ads (significant), and Democrats remembering more from negative ads (marginally significant). A direct effect of Gamma on Memory highlights the considerable potential that EEG (in general) and the gamma frequency band (in particular) may hold for the study of message processing.
Effects of dexamethasone on cell sheet-based tissue engineering of mesenchymal stem cells for the regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Scaffold-free Tissue Engineering, specifically Cell Sheet Engineering, has been gaining traction due to the preserved extracellular matrix and vital supporting proteins within the cell sheet that can improve physiological imitation and overcome the limitations of conventional scaffolds. However, there has been limited progress in the regeneration of 3D tissues by this technique. In this study, we aim to study the impact of culturing human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets with dexamethasone on the subsequent induced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. It was found that dexamethasone-treated cell sheets resulted in lower cell proliferation, enhanced calcium deposition and the upregulation of bone marker ALP and cartilage markers AGG, COL1 and COL2 during induced differentiation. These findings suggest the augmented osteogenic and chondrogenic properties by the dexamethasone-treated MSCs and hence, be able to facilitate the regeneration of 3D tissues. Findings from this study could influence future studies to examine the neural differentiation capacity of dexamethasone-treated MSCs due to the consistent upregulation of ALP involved in the development of the nervous system and the possible synergy from other additives that can increase the gene expression of other bone markers or reduce the production of fibrocartilage marker COL1.
A Novel Deep Blue LE-Dominated HLCT Excited State Design Strategy and Material for OLED

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep blue luminescent materials play a crucial role in the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, a novel deep blue molecule based on hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited state was reported with the emission wavelength of 423 nm. The OLED based on this material achieved high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4% with good color purity. The results revealed that the locally-excited (LE)-dominated HLCT excited state had obvious advantages in short wavelength and narrow spectrum emission. What is more, the experimental and theoretical combination was used to describe the excited state characteristic and to understand photophysical property.
Bride Kidnapping as a Marriage Tradition: An Examination of Newcomers' Perspectives on Merariq in Lombok Island

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The merariq tradition constitutes a significant cultural practice prevalent among many members of the Sasak community in Lombok, with historical roots extending back to ancient times. This tradition has been meticulously preserved and conveyed through generations, reflecting the unique cultural heritage of the Sasak people. Within the framework of this research, religious norms pertain to the behavioral regulations that are derived from the sacred texts of various religions. These norms guide followers in their moral and ethical conduct. Conversely, ethical norms are dictated by individual conscience, providing a subjective basis for discerning right from wrong. The primary objective of this study is to examine the perspectives of newcomers visiting Lombok regarding the merariq tradition, particularly in relation to established religious and ethical norms within the Sasak community. This research adopts a qualitative methodology, specifically utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach. The findings indicate that, from the viewpoint of these outsiders, the merariq tradition does not infringe upon either religious or ethical norms. This conclusion is noteworthy, as it is evident that there are no explicit written regulations within the frameworks of religious or ethical guidelines that directly prohibit the observance of the merariq tradition. This understanding underscores the perspective that an action is generally regarded as a violation of established norms only in the presence of clear prohibitory rules. Consequently, for these visitors, the merariq tradition is perceived as a respected cultural expression that integrates harmoniously within the broader social and religious context of Lombok.
95., Three Different Kinds of Odontoma found in the Molars of Asiatic Fossil Elephants

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

山下兼一は京濱線蔡家講驛附近 地表下9米の砂層(最新世新期)から Elephas mammonteus, Equus cf., przewalskii Rhinoceros, antiquitatis, Bos primigenius 等を發掘し, 之等標本を靜岡高等學校の今野教授に寄贈した。筆者は昨年今野教授の御好意に依り該標本を研究し, その中に興味ある齒牙腫の1例を發見したので, 此處に報告する。下顎齒の單純齒牙腫で, 其位置は不明である。斷面に於ける琺瑯質の模樣は寫眞圖に示したやうに全く不規則で, その幅も正常齒牙の約1.,5倍ある。白堊質の附著は可成り多い方で, 乳状突起の末端を被ふ。
Hidden blood loss during perioperative period and the influential factors after surgery of thoracolumbar burst fracture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Surgical therapy is vital for thoracolumbar burst fracture in restoring vertebral height, correcting kyphosis, decompressing nervous, and maintaining stability. Patients have unexpectedly lower hemoglobin levels postoperatively, which is remarkably inconsistent with the measured blood loss. However, hidden blood loss (HBL) is often neglected. To investigate HBL during perioperative period and determine its influential factors after surgery. A total of 68 patients who underwent surgery in our institution between January 2015 and January 2017 were included in the study. The demographic information, including the patients’ age, gender, weight, height, duration of symptoms, surgery approach, time of operation, volume of drainage, classification of fracture, percentage of vertebral height loss and restoration, was collected. HBL was calculated according to the Gross formula. Influential factors were further analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis. The mean HBL was 303.5 (range 18.4–803.5) mL, accounting for 67.5% of total blood loss. It indicated that the amount of HBL was much higher than we expected. Multiple and stepwise regression analysis revealed that blood loss, preoperative activated partial prothrombin time (APPT), percentage of anterior and medium vertebral height restoration were positively correlated with HBL. The association between HBL and the influential factors was analyzed based on the regression model equation: HBL = [1 + e [216.737 + 0.627∗blood loss + 10.817∗APTT + 207.549∗anterior height restoration + 20.002∗medium height restoration]]−1. HBL during perioperative period accounted for a substantial portion of the total blood loss and was much larger than what we thought. The blood loss, preoperative APPT, percentage of anterior and medium vertebral height restoration were positively correlated with HBL. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid to HBL to ensure patients’ safety.
Major Cultivation Techniques Suitable for Apple Production in Shanxi Province in 2012

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on a systematic study on the cultivation techniques,the existing problem and consulting the recent research work on hand-pollination,fruit-bagging and so on in various production regions were investigated and the Fruit Research and Extension Group in the Modern Agricultural Production System of Shanxi Province recommended the major cultivation techniques suitable for apple production in Shanxi Province in 2012.
Effects of Different Stitch Types and Stitch Combinations on the Seam Bursting Strength and Seam Strength of Workwear

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Workwears are produced to protect the wearer against occupational or environmental hazards. One of the shared properties of several workwear types is resisting external forces during occupation. As for workwear fabrics, the seams of the workwear should be strong enough to resist uniaxial or multiaxial forces to maintain the properties in the cut and sewn parts of the garment. Therefore, in this study, effects of different stitch types and their combinations on the workwear seam and bursting strengths were evaluated. According to results, a 2-step failure was observed at the seam strength tests of samples those contained stitch combinations. Here, the main function of the second stitch row was to form a safety stitch rather than increasing the overall performance. Contrarily, usage of stitch combinations obviously contributed to the seam bursting strengths. In this case, the stitch rows responded to the bursting forces together therefore the bursting failures occurred in 1-step.