jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Characterization of inflammatory response in hepatorenal syndrome: Relationship with kidney outcome and survival.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence indicate that decompensated cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of systemic inflammation. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI) is a unique type of renal failure that occurs at late stages of cirrhosis. However, confirmation of the presence and significance of such inflammatory response in HRS-AKI is lacking.AIM AND METHODS: To characterize the systemic inflammatory response, as estimated by measuring a large number of cytokines, in 161 patients hospitalized for an acute decompensation of cirrhosis: 44 patients without acute kidney injury (AKI), 63 patients with hypovolaemia-induced AKI and 58 patients with HRS-AKI.RESULTS: HRS-AKI was characterized by an altered cytokine profile compared to the other two groups, particularly IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, VCAM-1, fractalkine and MIP-1α. The inflammatory response was not related to presence of bacterial infection, concomitant acute-on-chronic liver failure or severity of renal dysfunction. Patients who responded to terlipressin and albumin had only a decrease in TNF-α and RANTES after treatment without changes in other cytokines. Interestingly, patients with persistent HRS-AKI had higher levels of IP-10 and VCAM-1 compared to those with resolution of HRS-AKI. VCAM-1 was also an independent predictor of 3-month mortality. A systems biology analysis approach showed that the inflammatory status of HRS-AKI was similar to that of chronic nonhepatic inflammatory conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or inflammatory bowel disease.CONCLUSION: Hepatorenal syndrome is characterized by a marked systemic inflammatory state, reminiscent of that of nonhepatic inflammatory diseases, that correlates with patient outcomes.© 2018 The Authors. Liver International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. PMID: 30597709
Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography provide insights into the subgeneric classification of Wiedemannia Zetterstedt (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The subgenera of Wiedemannia are poorly defined and, as such, most recently described species are not assigned to a subgenus or have been assigned to a subgenus without explanation. In this study we perform a molecular phylogenetic analysis to elucidate relationships within the genus Wiedemannia . We sequenced two mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and cytochrome β) and two nuclear (carbomoylphosphate synthase domain of rudimentary and elongation factor‐1α) gene fragments to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among the subgenera Chamaedipsia , Eucelidia , Philolutra , Pseudowiedemannia , Roederella and Wiedemannia (s.s.) using both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. The genus was found to be monophyletic, but most of the subgenera were not. We propose eliminating the present subgeneric division altogether. Molecular dating using a log‐normal clock model and calibration with fossil species indicated that Wiedemannia diversified about 48 Ma, while there was still land connectivity between Europe and Asia with North America. Wiedemannia has a near‐worldwide distribution apart from the Australasian and Neotropical regions and Antarctica, with greatest species richness in the western Palaearctic, especially the Mediterranean region. Molecular phylogenetics support more recent morphological studies. The subgenera of Wiedemannia are invalid and rejected. Biogeographical data suggest potential hotspots, and the current distribution is discussed.
Analysis of high speed optical data transmission

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A lightwave communication system consists of a lightwave transmitter usually in the form of a semiconductor laser, a coding modulator to encode the data into various formats, a lightwave modulator to convert the electrical signal into a light signal, the transmission fibre in which the modulated signal will travel in and lastly a receiver to detect the transmitted signal. At the heart of any lightwave system is the optical fibre which carries the information in the form of light pulses. In this project, Single Channel Systems and Wavelength Division Multiplexing systems will be studied to understand the behaviour of the light pulses as it was transmitted from the transmitter until the receiver.
The Politics of Evangelical Identity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is now a common refrain among liberals that Christian Right pastors and television pundits have hijacked evangelical Christianity for partisan gain. This book challenges this notion, arguing that the hijacking metaphor paints a fundamentally distorted picture of how evangelical churches have become politicized. The book reveals how the powerful coalition between evangelicals and the Republican Party is not merely a creation of political elites who have framed conservative issues in religious language, but is anchored in the lives of local congregations. Drawing on research at evangelical churches near the U.S. border with Canada, this book compares how American and Canadian evangelicals talk about politics in congregational settings. While Canadian evangelicals share the same theology and conservative moral attitudes as their American counterparts, their politics are quite different. On the U.S. side of the border, political conservatism is woven into the very fabric of everyday religious practice. The book shows how subtle partisan cues emerge in small group interactions as members define how “we Christians” should relate to others in the broader civic arena, while liberals are cast in the role of adversaries. It explains how the most explicit partisan cues come not from clergy but rather from lay opinion leaders who help their less politically engaged peers to link evangelical identity to conservative politics. This book demonstrates how deep the ties remain between political conservatism and evangelical Christianity in America.
Synthesis of cationic star polymers via RAFT polymerization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, RAFT polimerizasyona tekniği ile çapraz bağlanmış, katyonik yıldız polimerlerin, potansiyel siRNA taşıyıcı sistemleri olarak sentezlenmesidir. Polimerizasyonlar, katyonik (2-((tert-butoksikarbonil) (2-((tert-butoksikarbonil) amino) etil) amino) etil metakrilat (BocAEAEMA) monomeri ve çift fonksiyonlu biyobozunur bis(2-metakriloil) oksietildisülfit çapraz bağlayıcı monomeri varlığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. BocAEAEMA varlığı ile yıldız polimer sentezi literatürde ilk kez rapor edilmektedir. Polimerizasyon mekanizmasının iyi anlaşılması için değişen polimerleşme zamanlarıyla (2, 8, 16 ve 24 saat) kinetik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. ([M]0/[M]) oranının zamana bağlı olarak doğrusal değişimi polimerlerin kontrollü RAFT polimerizasyon mekanizmasıyla başarıyla sentezlendiğini kanıtlamıştır. Kol katılımının 2 ve 8 saat arasında tamamlandığı ve polimer verimliliğinin 8 saat sonrası %55 değerlerinde sabitlendiği görülmüştür. Dar PDI aralığında (1.52-1.80) ve molekül ağırlığı kontrollü olarak değişen (116 kDa- 620 kDa) yıldız polimerler başarıyla sentezlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, BocAEAEMA/çapraz bağlayıcı oranları ve kol uzunlukları (5 kDa ve 10 kDa) değiştirilerek bu parametrelerin yıldız tipli yapı oluşumdaki etkisi incelenmiştir. Kısa kollu yapıların daha yüksek molekül ağırlıklarına sahip oldukları gözlenmiştir (3370 kDa). Boc gruplarının uzaklaştırılmasıyla suda çözünebilir olan polimerler (2-36 nm), suda çözünebilir bir indirgeyici olan TCEP eklendikten sonra bozunma profilleri incelenmiş ve hidrodinamik boyutlarında (Dh) küçülme gözlenmiştir (1-18 nm). Test edilen polimerler arasında, kol sayısının 7 ve katyonik blok molekül ağırlığının 14 kDa olduğu yıldız polimerinin düşük polimer/siRNA (N/P=1) oranlarında bile kompleks oluşturabildiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca, test edilen tüm yıldız polimerlerin, siRNA taşınımı için altın standart olarak kullanılan PEI’den daha az toksit olduğu ve kendi içlerinde ise katyonik blok uzunluğuna ve hidrofilik P(OEGMA) kol sayısına bağlı olarak hücre canlılığı etkilediği gözlenmiştir.
Konstruksi Realitas Media Massa Detik.Com Tentang Pemberitaan Kasus Kejahatan Seksual Tahun 2022

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research was conducted using Robert Entman's framing model analysis on the online media detik.com. This research discusses sexual crimes in 2022 committed by the defendant JE as an employee of the Indonesian Morning School in Batu City, in which the defendant invited children or students to have sexual intercourse. This research uses a qualitative approach. The object of this research is the Indonesian Morning School in Batu City. This SPI case went very viral in 2022, the defendant was sentenced to 15 years in prison or a fine of 300 million rupiah at the District Court, the defendant took a well-known lawyer named Hotma Sitompul. The results of the research focus more on the meaning and prominence of messages in several news frames on detik.com.
Techniques for efficient cloud modeling, simulation and rendering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Realistic cloud simulation and rending find applications in many 3D applications such as high-quality 3D film production and realistic 3D flight simulation. However, the infinite variation in the cloud shape and appearance make cloud simulation and rendering a challenge in termsof complexity and realisticity. The major focus of this work is on efficient and realistic cloud simulation. We adopt a similarity approach to describe the characteristics of simple fluid flow without rigorously solving the governing PDEs. Based on the similarity solution of turbulent thermals, plumes and vortex rings in stable stratified fluids or unstable environments, we propose three methods for cloud simulation and modeling.
RNA silencing in plants and its suppression by plant viruses.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract RNA silencing is a sequence-specific degradation of RNA and a means of regulation of gene expression via small RNA molecules. In plants, this process is commonly referred to as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). PTGS is characterized by accumulation of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), degradation of target mRNAs and methylation of homologous gene sequences. In addition to gene regulation, PTGS also plays an important role as an immunity system in plants, which acts against diverse molecular parasites or foreign genetic elements including transposons, transgenes, viruses and viroids. Most plant viruses have evolved the capacity to counteract this defence response by encoding suppressors of PTGS. Viral suppressors are highly diverse in sequence and act at distinct steps in PTGS. Furthermore, the relative ability of viral suppressors to interfere with PTGS in plants can be associated with pathogenicity. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding RNA silencing and its suppression by plant viruses.
Human capital background and the educational attainment of the second-generation immigrants in France

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we study the impact of the human capital background on ethnic educational gaps between second-generation immigrants in France. First, we show that the skill of immigrants explains the main part of the ethnic educational gap between their children. More precisely, if the education of immigrants has a predominant impact on the educational attainment of their children, their assimilation degree, essentially captured by their French fluency or their length of stay in France, also contributes to explain ethnic educational gaps. Secondly, we show that the impact of the immigrants' education on the educational attainment of their children depends on their country of origin, their place of schooling as well as their French proficiency.
Relationship between TSH Levels and the Advanced Lipoprotein Profile in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA–Brasil)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lipoprotein subfractions by Vertical Auto Profile (VAP) is unclear. We aimed to evaluate lipoprotein profiles according to TSH levels in euthyroid individuals.Material and Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 3,525 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) with no previous thyroid disease and who were not on lipid-lowering medication. Total-cholesterol and its fractions, lipoprotein subfractions, triglycerides, and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol [TRL-C (VLDL1+2-C, VLDL3-C, IDL-C)] were determined by VAP. Associations between TSH quintiles and lipoprotein subfractions were evaluated by crude and adjusted linear regression models.Results: For the total sample, significant beta-coefficients in full adjusted models for the 5th quintile of TSH (compared to 1st) were found for the following VAP lipids and lipoproteins: IDL-C (β: 0.90; 0.11 to 1.69); VLDL-C (β: 2.80; 1.51 to 4.08), triglycerides (β: 18.66; 8.07 to 29.25), non-HDL-C (β: 4.63; 0.50 to 8.75 mg/dl), TRL-C (β:1.93;0.70 to 3.17), VLDL3-C (β: 1.04; 0.50 to 1.57), as well as, TC/HDL-C (β: 0.15; 0.03 to 0.26) and TG/HDL-C ratio (β: 0.49;0.21 to 0.77). In women, similar results were found for VLDL-C, triglycerides, non-HDL-C, TRL-C, VLDL3-C, TC/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C-ratios. In men, we also found positive associations between the highest quintile of TSH with VLDL-C, triglycerides, VLDL3-C and TG/HDL-C.Conclusions: In the ELSA-Brasil, the highest TSH levels were mostly positively associated with lipoprotein levels, particularly TG, TRL and their remnants. Notwithstanding, our findings suggest that TSH levels within the normal range have little impact on the atherogenic profile.
The onion has cancer: Some social network analysis visualizations of open source project communication

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Background: People contribute to OSS projects in wildly different degrees, from reporting a single defect once and never coming back to spending many hours each workday on the project over several years – or anything in between. It is a common conception that these degrees of participation sort the participants into a number of similar groups which are layered like the peels of an onion: The onion model. Objective: We check whether this model of gradu-ally different degrees of participation is valid with respect to the participation in OSS project mailing-list traffic. Methods: We per-form social network analysis based on replies to mailing-list mes-sages and use visualization to check the nature of three different groups of participants. Results: There appears to be a discontinu-ity with respect to core members: The degree to which very ac-tive core members (as opposed to less active co-developers) react to e-mails of senders from the project’s periphery is significantly higher than would be expected from their level of activity in gen-eral. Limitations: The effect might be an artifact of the assumption that each mailing-list message can be treated the same. Conclu-sions: We conclude that core member status may be qualitatively (rather than just quantitatively) different and the transition of indi-vidual mailing-list participants towards ever higher participation is qualitatively discontinuous.
Analysis and measurement of nonlinear effects in power amplifiers caused by thermal power feedback

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to calculate and measure the influence of the internal-power-dependent thermally effected feedback in power amplifiers with bipolar transistors, a calculation method and measurement techniques are proposed, and results are presented. The aim was to describe a transistor including thermal power feedback and the surrounding network in a theoretical model, i.e. to find a mathematical description. A further objective was to clarify which distortion results from the pure electrical transistor properties and which additional distortion is caused by thermal feedback.< >
Adjustable versus non‐adjustable male sling for post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence: A prospective clinical trial comparing patient choice, clinical outcomes and satisfaction rate with a minimum follow up of 24 months

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims To review the patient choice, clinical outcomes and satisfaction rate between adjustable and non‐adjustable male sling (MS) with a minimum follow up of 24 months. Methods A prospective review of clinical parameters in all male patients who underwent MS surgery between January 2009 and December 2011 was undertaken. Validated instruments were utilized in the follow‐up survey. Results A total of 44 MS were inserted with 25 men choosing adjustable Argus (Promedon, Cordoba, Argentina) and 19 men received non‐adjustable AdVance (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN) MS. The mean age and follow‐up for men in the Argus group were 65.4 years and 36.2 months, and in AdVance group were 63.8 years and 33.1 months. Revision surgery was performed in six Argus MS for recurrent urinary incontinence. Social continence (defined as 0 to 1 urinary pad use) was achieved in 23 patients (92%) with Argus MS and 16 patients (84%) with AdVance MS ( P = 0.45). The overall satisfaction rate on a 5‐point scale was 4.5 in Argus and 4.3 in AdVance patients, and there was no significant difference in the PGI‐I score between the two groups ( P = 0.36). Kaplan–Meier analysis of urinary continence and patient satisfaction rates were not statistically significant between Argus and AdVance slings ( P = 0.76 and P = 0.38). Conclusions Given the choice between the two types of MS, more men chose adjustable Argus over non‐adjustable AdVance sling. There was no significant difference in the clinical outcome, social continence and overall patient satisfaction rates between the two types of MS in the short term. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:482–486, 2016 . © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced-dose versus full-dose erlotinib for advanced EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): A retrospective analysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

8074 Background: Erlotinib is an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) which is FDA-approved at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 150mg daily with dose limiting toxicities of diarrhea and rash. Preclinical data and small clinical series suggest that lower doses of erlotinib are biologically active against EGFR mutations. However, this has not been systematically studied. We aimed to study whether reduced-dose erlotinib is as effective as full-dose erlotinib for EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Methods: An institutional database was reviewed to identify patients (pts) who received erlotinib for advanced NSCLC carrying an EGFR exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation. Using a retrospective chart review, erlotinib dose was determined at treatment start and after 4 months of therapy. Progression free survival (PFS) was calculated from time of treatment start until date when the treating clinician documented clinical disease progression. Results: 206 eligible pts were identified: 118 exon 19 del, 88 L858R; 144 1st-line, 62 later-line. 34 pts (17%) initiated erlotinib at a reduced dose: 100mg (n = 29), 50 mg (n = 4), 25 mg (n = 1). Reduced-dose pts were older than full-dose pts (median age 70 vs. 64 yrs, p < 0.01), but otherwise clinically similar (Table). Reduced-dose pts had a median PFS of 8.8 months, not significantly different from those at full-dose (11.2 months, HR = 1.3, p= 0.14). Of 173 pts who had not progressed at 4 months, the 86 (50%) on reduced-dose erlotinib at that time had a significantly lower median PFS (11.7 vs. 14.0 months, HR = 1.5, p< 0.05). Conclusions: This is the largest series to date describing outcomes when initiating treatment for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with reduced-dose erlotinib. PFS was acceptable when treating at a reduced biologically active dose, though trends towards a lower PFS than with MTD dosing. A multivariate analysis controlling for baseline differences is underway. Full dose (n = 172) Reduced dose (n = 34) p Median age (years) 64 70 0.004 PS: 0-1, 2+ 113, 8 20, 3 0.383 Brain mets at start 57 (33%) 9 (26%) 0.548 Line: 1, 2+ 120, 52 24, 10 1.000 Median PFS 11.2 8.8 0.14 (HR 1.3)
Application of global positioning system and questionnaires data for the study of driver behaviour on two‐lane rural roads

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Methodologies based on naturalistic observation provide the most accurate data for studying drivers’ behaviour. This study presents a new methodology to obtain naturalistic data related to drivers’ behaviour in a road segment. It is based on the combination of using global positioning system data and drivers’ questionnaires. The continuous speed profiles along a road segment and the characteristics of drivers, of their trips and the type of their vehicles can be obtained for a great amount of drivers. It has already been successfully used for several studies, such as the development of models to estimate operating speed profile in two‐lane rural road segments; or the characterisation of driving styles. These operating speed models have been the key for the development of a new geometric design consistency model, allowing an easier road safety evaluation. Besides, knowledge on the human factors that influence speed choice may be useful for road safety media campaigns and education programs designers, and also for the improvement of intelligent driver assistance systems.
Ultrasound-Guided Venous Catheter Placement in Prone Position

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The prone position is often used for patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome and specific surgical postures. When performing venous cannulation in this position, it is important to have a structured review to introduce the available major veins and ultrasound-guided procedure. In this review, we discuss the techniques of ultrasound-guided cannulation and provide insights into various aspects, including the anatomical locations of veins, vein sizes, placement techniques, surrounding structures at risk, and reported experiences with catheter placements. Eight major veins can be accessed in the prone position: the internal jugular vein, external jugular vein, brachiocephalic vein, basilic vein, mid-thigh femoral vein, popliteal vein, posterior tibial vein, and small saphenous vein. To minimize the risk of venous thromboembolism, the ratio of catheter diameter to vessel diameter should be less than 0.67. The review also presents the minimal requirement of venous diameter for different catheters in a tabulated form. For larger veins, real-time ultrasound guidance with the long-axis view/in-plane technique is suggested, while for smaller vessels, the short-axis view/out-of-plane technique is recommended. The review includes sonographic illustrations of the two techniques and surrounding arteries and nerves for the eight major veins. The aim of this review is to help clinicians assess the eight major veins and safely insert various types of catheters for patients in the prone position.
Limitations of the semiclassical approach for the problem of two-level atomic ensemble emission in a resonant laser field

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Both quantum-electrodynamical (QED) and semiclassical approaches are applied to study the spontaneous emission of an atom or atomic ensemble driven by the strong external laser field. It is demonstrated that the semiclassical approach typically used for analyzing the emission of dressed atomic systems is inconsistent with the QED approach and does not provide a proper description of the emission of two-level atoms in a strong external laser field. That is, aside from a situation where the external radiation is nonresonant, weak enough and does not cause the essential population of the excited atomic level.