jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Study of Social Media and Cyber Bullying

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The use of social media has become increasingly prevalent over the past decade, with platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram boasting billions of active users. Social media platforms provide users with a variety of ways to connect with others, including the ability to share photos, videos, and messages in real-time. However, this increased connectivity has also led to a rise in cyber-bullying. Cyber-bullying refers to the use of electronic devices and technology, such as social media platforms, to harass, intimidate, or embarrass others. Cyber-bullying can take many forms, including spreading rumors, making threats, and posting hurtful or humiliating comments or images. Unlike traditional forms of bullying, cyber-bullying can occur 24/7, and the anonymity afforded by social media platforms can make it difficult to identify perpetrators.
Arctium Lappa L. (Asteraceae); a New Invasive Highly Specific Medicinal Plant Growing in Egypt

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This paper describes the botanical features of Arctium lappa L. (burdock, Asteraceae), its wide diversity of chemical constituents, its use in traditional medicine as remedies for numerous health problems and its biological activities. The plant has been used traditionally as anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral, antiallergic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, cardiovascular, cytotoxic, bronchorelaxant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and a detoxifying agent. Phytochemical screening for leaves and fruits of the study species has shown that it is rich in phenolic, organic acids, and volatile compounds. Reports on the biological activities of the species are mainly on its crude extracts which have been proven to possess many biological activities. The present review will designed to highlight the botanical description, distribution, chemical constituents and the pharmacological effects of A. lappa. Thus, studies related to identification of the bioactive compounds and correlating them to their biological activities are very useful for further research to explore the potential of A. lappa as a source of therapeutic agents.
The strong nuclear force as a gauge force and the standard model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Together with the “electroweak” force, comprising the weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism, there have been parallel developments in identifying the gauge aspects of the strong nuclear force, also mediated by messengers of spin-one – the so-called gluons (so that one has come to believe more and more in the validity of the gauge ideas). These developments started in the early 1970s and culminated in the “indirect” findings of gluons at the DESY Laboratory at Hamburg in 1979.
Enhanced Taste Recognition Following Subacute Treatment With The Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Agonist Pramipexole in Healthy Volunteers

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) show impaired performance in taste recognition tests, which suggests a possible dopaminergic influence on gustatory functioning. To experimentally test this hypothesis, we assessed whether pharmacological manipulation of dopaminergic signaling in healthy volunteers can affect performance in a standardized taste recognition test. Methods Physically and mentally healthy volunteers (n = 40, age 18–43 years) were randomly allocated to treatment with either pramipexole or placebo using a double-blind, parallel-group design. After 12 to 15 days of treatment (dose titrated up from 0.25 mg/d of pramipexole salt to 1.0 mg/d), taste recognition performance was assessed using a standardized and validated assay (taste strip test). Additionally, visual analogue scale ratings of subjective pleasantness and disgustingness of taste samples were obtained. Results Compared with the placebo group, participants receiving pramipexole showed significantly higher total recognition accuracy (medianpramipexole = 14.0, medianplacebo = 13.0, U = 264.5, P = .04). This was driven by a higher sensitivity for taste in the pramipexole group. Exploratory analysis of pleasantness and disgustingness ratings of appetitive (sweet) vs aversive (bitter) stimuli suggested that pramipexole treatment was associated with overall blunted hedonic responses, but this effect did not survive the inclusion of nausea (a side effect of treatment) as a covariate in the analysis. Conclusions Healthy volunteers who received subacute pramipexole treatment exhibited higher taste recognition performance compared with the placebo group. This finding is consistent with a proposed role of the dopaminergic system in gustatory functioning and could have important theoretical and clinical implications.
An increase in disease latency is associated with a host-dependent selection for recombinant murine leukemia viruses with substitutions in the p15E (TM) gene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The genomes of recombinant murine leukemia viruses recovered from HRS/J (type I env recombinants) and CWD (type II env recombinants) mice have distinct envelope gene structures. To better understand the biologic significance of these differences, we examined the differences in the responses of HRS/J and CWD mice to inoculation with an oncogenic type II env recombinant. The CWD recombinant accelerated the onset of lymphoma in both strains, but the disease latency in the HRS/J mice was about 2 months longer. Analysis of the recombinant viruses in the HRS/J tumors revealed that the injected type II env recombinant had recombined in vivo with the endogenous ecotropic viruses to generate secondary recombinants with type I envelope genes. In another set of experiments, comparison of complete or partial DNA sequences of the envelope genes from six recombinant proviruses confirmed that the origins of the sequences that encode an amino-terminal region of the TM envelope protein, p15E, distinguish type I envelope genes from type II. Taken together with the results of previous studies, these observations suggest that the differences in the responses of HRS/J and CWD mice to the oncogenic type II env recombinant resulted from an interaction between the viral TM protein and a host factor expressed in HRS/J mice.
Acute haemodynamic effects of inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants with mild-to-moderate respiratory distress

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) selectively reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure without affecting systemic arterial pressure.1 Premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) may have elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, which may negatively affect the afterload-sensitive premature right ventricle, diminishing cardiac output. To date, no large study has been performed evaluating the acute haemodynamic effects of iNO in premature infants.

This is a prospective observational study on 39 infants in our neonatal intensive care unit investigating the effects of early iNO in premature infants with mild-to-moderate RDS. The demographics of this infant group were the following: gestational age was 26.3±1.9 (SD) weeks, birth weight was 0.914±0.21 kg and hours of life at iNO administration was 53.2±21 h. Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 …
Using net benefit regression to teach cost-effectiveness analysis with a dataset

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter describes how to analyze a cost-effectiveness dataset using Excel. We focus on students in health economics (HE) programs or health professionals without strong backgrounds in statistics. The chapter guides students to calculate two different cost-effectiveness statistics: the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) and the Incremental Net Benefit (INB) using regression estimates. In addition to producing estimates, students learn how to characterize statistical uncertainty. This is facilitated by learning about the INB both as a difference in means as well as a net benefit regression estimate. The chapter concludes with an INB by willingness to pay plot that shows both estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The chapter's exercises can be modified by incorporating statistical languages or using more challenging datasets.
Comment on angeo-2020-94

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In October 2017, the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) Bureau established a committee for the design of SCOSTEP's Next Scientific Programme (NSP). The NSP committee members and authors of this paper decided from the very beginning of their deliberations that the predictability of the Sun–Earth System from a few hours to centuries is a timely scientific topic, combining the interests of different topical communities in a relevant way. Accordingly, the NSP was christened PRESTO – PREdictability of the variable Solar–Terrestrial cOupling. This paper presents a detailed account of PRESTO; we show the key milestones of the PRESTO roadmap for the next 5 years, review the current state of the art and discuss future studies required for the most effective development of solar–terrestrial physics.
Money and the Plow, or the Shipman's Tale of Tithing

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract While it is specified in the Shipman's Tale as a loan, the hundred francs that the St. Denis merchant gives to Daun John bear structural and functional affinities to a tithe, the mandatory oblation offered by medieval Christians in recognition of God's bounty. This article shows how the tale develops these affinities to comment on several late-fourteenth-century controversies surrounding tithe, including the issue of monastic tithing and Wycliffite resistance to tithe. More centrally, it demonstrates how Chaucer uses the sum paid by the St. Denis merchant to align the “curious bisynesse” (VII 225) of international finance with traditional modes of agrarian increase, such as agriculture and animal husbandry.
Characteristics of dielectric barrier discharges operating in air with flowing N<sup>2</sup>

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) tests were carried out in an air gap with flowing N 2 . Characteristics of DBD were invested through photos taken from discharges between transparent water electrodes. The results show that when applied voltage amplitude, frequency increase, the filamentary discharge seems to transfer into a diffuse one by naked eyes. But the discharge current behaves more pulses not one in glow discharge. The influence of N 2 flow on the uniformity of DBD is greater than voltage amplitude and frequency.
Design of a low noise multistage voltage reference

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report presents a design of a low noise multistage voltage reference based on current-mode, which generates ± 200mV reference voltage. The reference circuit was designed under AMIS 0.5um process and typical supply voltage 1.2V. In the voltage reference circuit, all the MOSFET were designed to operate in the saturation region and the BJTs used are lateral type.
068 Depletion of the Microtubule Severing Enzyme Fidgetin-like 2 Promotes Nerve Regeneration and Improves Erectile Function in a Rodent Model of Radical Prostatectomy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Damage to the cavernous nerves (CN) during radical prostatectomy (RP) often causes erectile dysfunction (ED). We recently identified the microtubule (MT) regulatory protein fidgetin-like 2 (FL2) to be a promising therapeutic target for promoting cutaneous wound healing. We subsequently discovered that FL2 is also expressed in neurons, where it localizes to growth cones. Knockdown of FL2 in cultured neurons significantly enhanced the rate of axon growth, which led us to hypothesize that FL2 might be an effective target for enhancing nerve regeneration after injury. Here, using a rodent model of RP, we tested the hypothesis that local depletion of FL2 after cavernous nerve injury will promote nerve regeneration and improve erectile function. Three rat models of CN injury were used: mild (a smooth clamp applied for 2 minutes to the CN), moderate (a serrated clamp applied for 4 minutes to the CN) and severe (CN transection). After injury, a heparin sulfate microgel containing control- or FL2-siRNA was applied directly to the wound. Erectile function was assessed at several time points after injury by measuring the intracorporal pressure/blood pressure (ICP/BP) ratio following electro-stimulation of the CN. To study the effects of FL2 depletion on axon growth and on the microtubule cytoskeleton within the axon shaft, dissociated adult rodent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were transduced with AAV5 containing a plasmid encoding FL2 or scrambled small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and a GFP reporter. 5 days after treatment, neurons were replated for live monitoring of neurite growth, then fixed and immunostained for microtubules.
PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background \nQualitative systematic reviews are increasing in popularity in evidence based health care. Difficulties have been reported in conducting literature searches of qualitative research using the PICO search tool. An alternative search tool, entitled SPIDER, was recently developed for more effective searching of qualitative research, but remained untested beyond its development team. \n \nMethods \nIn this article we tested the ‘SPIDER’ search tool in a systematic narrative review of qualitative literature investigating the health care experiences of people with Multiple Sclerosis. Identical search terms were combined into the PICO or SPIDER search tool and compared across Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE and EBSCO CINAHL Plus databases. In addition, we added to this method by comparing initial SPIDER and PICO tools to a modified version of PICO with added qualitative search terms (PICOS). \n \nResults \nResults showed a greater number of hits from the PICO searches, in comparison to the SPIDER searches, with greater sensitivity. SPIDER searches showed greatest specificity for every database. The modified PICO demonstrated equal or higher sensitivity than SPIDER searches, and equal or lower specificity than SPIDER searches. The modified PICO demonstrated lower sensitivity and greater specificity than PICO searches. \n \nConclusions \nThe recommendations for practice are therefore to use the PICO tool for a fully comprehensive search but the PICOS tool where time and resources are limited. Based on these limited findings the SPIDER tool would not be recommended due to the risk of not identifying relevant papers, but has potential due to its greater specificity.
UHF radar observation of strato-tropospheric transfers on the anticyclonic side of a jet streak

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. An observation by UHF ST radar of a subsidence pattern on the right side of the exit region of a jet streak is reported. The onset of the subsidence pattern occurred at 23:30 UTC on the 29 November 1991, when a downward motion was initiated above 14 km. The injections of stratospheric air in this region seem to have an intermittent nature; they occur during at least three intervals during the lifetime of the subsidence pattern. Comparison of these results with an ECMWF analysis suggests that it is an unfolding case. However, observation of turbulent intensities w' greater than 60 cm sâ1 at the tropopause level also suggests the existence of a turbulent flux between the stratosphere and the troposphere. From the turbulence characteristics measured by the radar and the potential temperature profile obtained by radiosonde data, the eddy diffusivity at the tropopause level has been calculated. An eddy diffusion coefficient ranging between 5 and 7 m2 sâ1 is found. From these values, and with the assumption of a climatological gradient of the volume mixing ratio of ozone in the lower stratosphere, it is possible to deduce a rough estimate of the amount of ozone injected from the stratosphere into the troposphere during this event. A rate of transfer of 1.5Ã1020 molecules of ozone per day and per square meter is found.
26. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Perhaps the clearest distinction that could have been drawn between Fitzgerald and Hemingway is that little interchange about the rich, inasmuch as Fitzgerald was distinguishing between a novelist of manners like himself who had a sharp eye for the differences seated by social standing, and a lyricist, a poet of sensory experience, whose distinctive voice would have an indelible effect upon English prose.If s hard to recapture the revolutionary forcé of that famous style today, the original impact of Hemingway's verbal craftsmanship, because it has been so widely imitated.Those imitations include Hemingway's later works, as he tapered off.It looks so easy and obvious, but it wasn't at the time.Now, given the linguistic distinction between la langue écrite and la langue parlée, it had been Mark Twain who brought the American-English vernacular into the literary language, as Hemingway himself acknowledged in Green Hills of África.Let us tum for a moment to the opening page of A Farewell to Artns.In the late summer of that year [that year being 1916; he sounds quite vague, but he is actually pretty specific] we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains.In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, [the drought is going to be emphasized] and the water was dear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels.Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves on the trees.It looks quite vague, but it's quite immediate because he is really pointing.He is showing us, not telling us.He is saying, "Look!Voilá!Vbid!"Then, as he goes on, he uses a very impersonal exposition: "there was...there was fighting."Note the substantive.He is not telling us about individual fíghts this time, not saying "I fight, you fight".
Adapting research activity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 2005 the Arts and Humanities Research Council initiated a review of practice-led research in art, design and architecture. The purpose of the review was to develop a ‘comprehensive map of recent and current research activity in the area’. What quickly became obvious to the team that won the bid to run the review (led by the three authors) was that to map activity one first had to attempt to define it. The term ‘practice-led research’ means many different things to different people and so immediately raises debate. The positions range from those who believe that the act of making or designing alone constitutes research, to those who believe that research (as analytical activity) is incommensurable with design (as synthetic activity). For the former, the knowledge contained within the artefact is self-evident and beyond the need for additional explication; for the latter, knowledge resides outside the artefact and in the realm of its dissemination and interpretation. The importance of the AHRC review is not that it will settle these arguments, but that it will provide a much firmer context in which to place them.
The reduction of uranium by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the terrestrial subsurface and a pure culture bacterium.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The microbial reduction of uranium was investigated in a contaminated aquifer and with a pure culture model organism, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The concentrations of Fe(III), U(VI), nitrate and sulfate were highly variable within the aquifer, with the latter anion being quantitatively more important than the other potential electron acceptors. While this degree of heterogeneity made it difficult to discern the predominant electron accepting processes that impact U-reduction rates, several trends were notable. Nitrate inhibited the reduction of the other electron acceptors, and once it was biologically removed, the reduction of Fe(III), U(VI), and sulfate occurred concomitantly. The simultaneous loss the latter electron acceptors can be partially explained with the model sulfate reducing bacterium. In D. vulgaris, Fe(III) inhibited U-reduction while U(VI) interfered with sulfate loss from organic electron donors. However, during H2-mediated sulfate-reduction, Fe(III) impeded U-reduction, but only slowed sulfidogenesis, implicating separate electron transfer pathways. Hence, when H2 served as an electron donor, U(VI) and sulfate could be reduced concomitantly. A second trend noted during field investigations was that the presence of clays inhibited sulfate- but not Fe(III)- or U(VI)-reduction. In sandy sediments, reduction rates for the former two activities showed a positive correlation with their respective acceptor concentrations. This relationship may also be partially explained by the pure culture investigation. With lactate as the donor, 2 mM U(VI) inhibited the reduction of 2 mM sulfate, suggesting preferential electron flow to uranium. However, sulfidogenesis was only slowed in the presence of 2 mM U(VI) when 20 mM sulfate was used. In the presence of U(VI), high sulfate concentrations may be required to overcome this inhibitory effect on sulfate-reduction. During field investigations it was also found that a considerable amount of the total oxidized uranium present in sedimentary systems was complexed U(VI). When assessing remediative efforts, this pool should also be measured since only soluble U(VI) and U(IV) are routinely quantified, and the complexed pool will most likely be grouped with U(IV), thus underestimating the total U(VI) pool size. Through the development of a new procedure, this fraction of the total uranium pool can be measured without interfering with the quantitation of soluble U(VI) and U(IV). By tracking all three pools during microbial U-reduction, it could be shown that the complexed U(VI) is not initially bioavailable, but appears to solubilize as soluble U(VI) becomes reduced. Hence it is only when both U(VI) pools are reduced can migration into water bodies be considered negligible.
Assessment of geotechnical properties of bacteria treated sandy soil

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Liquefaction has induced catastrophic damages to our infrastructure in the past years, and efforts have been made to make structures less to prone to liquefaction. One way is to design liquefaction resistant houses, and the other way is to do soil improvement.Soil improvement can be done in many ways; either by densification or by increasing the soil’s drainage capacity. Means of densifying the soil include vibrofloatation, dynamic compaction, casting stone columns in-situ, installing compaction piles and grouting. Increasing the drainage capacity can be done by installing drains in the soil by use of synthetic material. As most of these conventional soil improvement techniques are expensive, or potentially harmful to the environment. In the case of chemical grouts, it was analysed the feasibility of microbial technology as a soil improvement technique. One promising approach is biocementation. Biocementation seeks to enhance the stiffness of the soil properties via microbial activity or products. As the scale of geotechnical construction is very large, treating the soil with bacteria could prove to be a cost effective method. Some important factors that govern the use of microorganisms include the identification of the types of bacteria, applications in situ, different environments, biosafety, optimization of microbial activity and long term stability of soil properties after treatment with bacteria. The experiments that were carried out showed that soil that is treated microbially do exhibit an increase in strength as well as a decrease in permeability. Both iron reducing bacteria and urealytic bacteria can be used to produce biological cementation within short periods of time.