jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Patent Law and Innovation Implementation: Fostering Grant Projects and Technological Advancement in Uzbekistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines the role of patent law and innovation implementation in Uzbekistan, focusing on grant projects, technological advancements, and the impact of the "Digital Uzbekistan-2030" Strategy. The research aims to provide insights into the current legal framework for patent law, explore the challenges and opportunities for innovation implementation in the country, and offer recommendations for future research and policy development. The methodology includes a review of relevant legislation, comparative analysis of patent law in Uzbekistan and other jurisdictions, and examination of the role of grant projects and technological advancements in fostering innovation. The findings reveal that the provisions and principles of patent law in Uzbekistan, as outlined in the Law on Inventions, Utility Models, and Industrial Designs, play a crucial role in fostering innovation and protecting intellectual property rights. However, the current legal framework faces several challenges, including inadequate enforcement of intellectual property rights and bureaucratic hurdles in patent application procedures. The study concludes that adapting patent law and innovation policies to address the challenges and opportunities posed by the digital age is essential for Uzbekistan's economic development and technological advancement. Future research may focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific policy interventions, exploring the impact of international cooperation on Uzbekistan's innovation ecosystem, and examining the role of emerging technologies in shaping the country's patent law and innovation policies.
Refinements of Stationary Points with Applications to Noncooperative Games and Economics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is well known that any continuous function f defined on a nonempty compact and convex set X has a stationary point. In many circumstances there may exist multiple stationary points and some of them may be undesirable from the viewpoint of stability. In this paper we introduce a new method of eliminating those undesirable stationary points while at the same time retaining some desirable stationary points. The main idea of refining the concept of stationary point is to perturb simultaneously both the domain set X, by taking a sequence of sets in the (relative) interior of X converging to X, and the solution concept, by replacing the concept of stationary point by a coincidence point with some well-defined mapping. If a stationary point is the limit of a sequence of coincidence points, we say that the stationary point is stable with respect to this sequence of subsets of X and the coincidence mapping. It is shown that stable stationary points exist for a large class of perturbations. A stable point is said to be normal-stable if we take the normal cone as the coincidence mapping, implying that any coincidence point on a subset in the sequence is a stationary point of f on this subset. It is shown that a normal-stable stationary point always exists for any sequence of subsets which starts from an interior point and converges to X in a continuous way. Special cases of normal-stability are perfect stationary points and robust stationary points. In addition, several practical applications of these new concepts are provided. © 2006 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
A Study of Lipid Profile Levels in Oral Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim and Objective: 1) To evaluate serum lipid profile in patients with oral cancer. 2) To assess whether the levels of serum lipid profile alter during the pathogenesis of oral cancer. 3) To assess such altered levels of serum lipid can be used as biochemical markers for oral cancer conditions.
Background:Lipid plays an major role to maintain the cell integrity because lipids are major components of cell membrane. In malignancy, the newly proliferating tumour cells require increased levels of lipids for their synthesis which cause diminish of existing lipid stores so the changes in lipid profile have been associated with cancer. Hypocholesterolemia have been observed in patients with cancer. Hence, the lower plasma lipid status may be useful indicator to detect the initial changes seen in neoplastic process.
Beam-coupling and self-phase modulation in nematic liquid crystal(5CB)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Beam-coupling and self-phase modulation are studied in C_(60)-doped nematic liquid crystal for light P-polarization and S-polarization. The energy exchange between two beams is observed when P-polarization, if the polarization is perpendicular to the wave vector,the beam-coupling effects is hardly observed. As a consequence, which the molecular reorientation in the liquid crystal cell is strongly dependent upon light polarization is obtained.
The Development of a Skeptical Life - View in the Fiction of Machado de Assis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: In this article I review my interpretation of the development of a skeptical life-view in Machado de Assis’ fiction. This view is presented as originating and developing within the fictional framework of Machado’s work, though some of its relations to ancient and modern skeptical philosophers are also remarked. I also react to some reviews of my work and briefly discuss some aspects of the relation between philosophy and literature in the specific case of Machado’s work.
Promoting Innovation - A District Medical Officer's View

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The broadest taxonomy we could use in the health service context might be innovations for their own sake and innovations for the patients' sake. Some innovation for its own sake is probably essential, because it is difficult to accept that the world has reached a state of perfection which we must not change. This chapter is concerned with innovation for the patients' sake and how we may seek it, recognise it and foster it. When assessing a problem it is necessary to have a mental checklist which is very helpful in defining the kind of inspiration that is required, and which will provide a background to evaluation at a later stage. The mechanisms by which inspiration is created are probably impossible to describe. Inspiration is assisted by different things in different people, and one should actively seek to be aware of one's own particular pattern.
Newborn screening: a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of hereditary and congenital diseases

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Annotation. Neonatal screening is performed for the early identification of genetically determined rare diseases that are subject to treatment and require immediate intervention. The aim of the work is data exchange to acquaint clinicians with the need for mandatory newborn screening, problems and challenges of early diagnosis of hereditary and congenital diseases. A literature review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus databases was conducted; materials of review articles describing clinical cases related to newborn screening were studied. Review and analytical and bibliosemantic research methods were used. The main screening tests used to identify infants with critical congenital heart diseases are prenatal ultrasound, postnatal clinical examination, and pulse oximetry. Newborn genetic screening is aimed at identifying genetic and metabolic disorders, is carried out at the state level and integrates screening policy, follow-up, diagnosis, treatment of revealed disease, and tracking the results. The false-positive results are higher for sick infants in the intensive care unit due to their metabolic instability and functional immature enzymes. DNA tests of 2-tiered significantly improve both the specificity and sensitivity of testing, and reduce the number of false-positive results. An effective approach to screening for hearing loss is two-tiered testing, in which audiometry is followed with DNA testing for GJB2 mutations in the connexin-26 gene. Traditional ophthalmic screening of newborns is performed using the red reflex test. Modern diagnostic algorithms include indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy with scleral indentation, digital imaging systems, artificial intelligence, OCT. Dental screening is aimed at detecting congenital oral anomaly such as lip and tongue tie, cleft lip and palate, and oral manifestations of maxillofacial disorders in genetic pathologies. Implementation of neonatal screening provides an opportunity for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of hereditary and congenital diseases, the timely detection of which and the appointment of appropriate treatment prevent the development of complications and improve the child’s quality of life. In the future, issues of an interdisciplinary approach to the management of rare diseases in infants will be covered.
Attributing Culture-Conditioned Generations to Pretraining Corpora

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In open-ended generative tasks like narrative writing or dialogue, large language models often exhibit cultural biases, showing limited knowledge and generating templated outputs for less prevalent cultures. Recent works show that these biases may stem from uneven cultural representation in pretraining corpora. This work investigates how pretraining leads to biased culture-conditioned generations by analyzing how models associate entities with cultures based on pretraining data patterns. We propose the MEMOed framework (MEMOrization from pretraining document) to determine whether a generation for a culture arises from memorization. Using MEMOed on culture-conditioned generations about food and clothing for 110 cultures, we find that high-frequency cultures in pretraining data yield more generations with memorized symbols, while some low-frequency cultures produce none. Additionally, the model favors generating entities with extraordinarily high frequency regardless of the conditioned culture, reflecting biases toward frequent pretraining terms irrespective of relevance. We hope that the MEMOed framework and our insights will inspire more works on attributing model performance on pretraining data.
Occupancy estimation in indoor environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Building energy efficiency is a rising issue that attracts many organisations to achieve sustainability in buildings. In order to achieve this goal, occupancy levels in rooms are detected to optimize the performance of HVAC systems. The effect of air quality, due to the presence of occupants, has a direct effect using indices such as humidity, temperature and CO2 levels. This report summarises the setup of the hardware and Raspberry Pi for data collection and storage. Incorporating with the sensor nodes, CO2 levels, temperature, pressure, humility, altitude and airflow for analysis of the data, as well as a camera to capture actual occupancy. The data collected will be analysed by training Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) to provide an estimated occupancy in real time. By making comparison between the two machine learning techniques using distinct features, we will determine which method provides a better indicator in estimating occupancy level.
Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Behavioural displays are a common feature of animal courtship. Just as female preferences can generate exaggerated male ornaments, female preferences for dynamic behaviours may cause males to perform courtship displays near intrinsic performance limits. I provide an example of an extreme display, the courtship dive of Anna's hummingbird ( Calypte anna ). Diving male Anna's hummingbirds were filmed with a combination of high-speed and conventional video cameras. After powering the initial stage of the dive by flapping, males folded their wings by their sides, at which point they reached an average maximum velocity of 385 body lengths s −1 (27.3 m s −1 ). This is the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate. This velocity suggests their body drag coefficient is less than 0.3. They then spread their wings to pull up, and experienced centripetal accelerations nearly nine times greater than gravitational acceleration. This acceleration is the highest reported for any vertebrate undergoing a voluntary aerial manoeuvre, except jet fighter pilots. Stereotyped courtship behaviours offer several advantages for the study of extreme locomotor performance, and can be assessed in a natural context.
The Linguistic Demands of the Common Core State Standards for Reading and Writing Informational Text in the Primary Grades

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Forty-five states and four U.S. territories have committed to implementing the new Common Core State Standards, with the goal of graduating students from our K-12 programs who are ready for college and careers. For many, the new standards represent a shift in genre focus, giving much more specific attention to informational genres. Beginning in the primary grades, the standards set high expectations for students' interaction with informational text, many of which are significantly more linguistically demanding than the standards that they replace. These increased demands are likely to pose difficulties not only for students currently receiving language support, but also for students without identified delays or disabilities. This article describes several of the kindergarten through fifth-grade standards related to informational text, highlighting the linguistic demands that each poses. In addition, instructional strategies are provided that teachers and speech-language pathologists can use to support the understanding and formulation of informational text for listening, reading, speaking, and writing.
Assessment of Impact of Shift Work on Health among Staff Nurses at SRM General Hospital, Kattankulathur

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of shift work on health among staffnurse and to associate the level of impact of shift work on health with the selected demographic variablesamong staff nurses.Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional research design and Quantitative approach was used to assessthe impact of shift work on health among staff nurses. The study was conducted at SRM General Hospital,Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram district .Samples were selected by non-probability purposive samplingtechnique. Sample includes 100 staff nurses who were working at SRM general hospital and fulfil theinclusion criteria The tool used for data collection was the “modified version of Standard Shift work Index”. It comprises of two sections: Section –A includes Structured questionnaire to elicit demographic variablessuch as Age, gender, religion, qualification, duration of work, year of experience. Section –B includesStructured questionnaire to assess the impact of shift work on health. Likert scale rating was used to evaluatethe level of impact of shift work on health .Results : The present study findings revealed that the majority of 79% of staff nurses had moderate impactof shift work on health. 20% had less impact,1% had severe impact and none of them had very less impactof shift work on health. There was no significant association between the demographic variables and levelof impact of shift work on health among staff nurses.Conclusion :There was moderate impact of shift work on health among staff nurses and there was nosignificant association between the demographic variables and level of impact of shift work on health amongstaff nurses. Nurses involved in shift work are at risk for decreased health and poor job performance. Theirneeds should be identified and in service education should be frequently conducted in the hospital in orderto ensure that the staff nurses maintain healthy life style.
The study of antioxcidant activity of caulerpa lentillifera and caulerpa racemose / Munirah Mohd Nor

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Oxidative stress is a dangerous condition which arises when there is imbalance between free radical and antioxidant rates which become one of the main concern worldwide due to its pathological effect. Antioxidant act as defense mechanism in body to protect biological areas from appearance of free radicals in cells. This study centralized on determining potential antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentlillifera and Caulerpa racemosa extract through TPC, DPPH and FRAP assay. Percentage yield of these seaweeds extracts acquired was 20% using 95% ethanol as extraction solvent. Total phenolic content of Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa lentillifera extract at highest concentration of 100 μg/ml were at 443.34 ± 0.16 μg GAE/g and 394.08 ± 0.04 μg GAE/g, respectively. While, percentage scavenging activity of Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa lentillifera extract at 100 μg/ml were on 65.59% and 63.73%. At 100 μg/ml, FRAP value of Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa lentillifera extract were at 565.94 ± 0.03 μg AAE/g and 453.89 ± 0.05 μg AAE/g, respectively. Through all the tests that have been done in this study, both of the samples were seen to have a potential in health promoting product to fight the pathological effect of free radicals due to their antioxidant activity ability.
Analysis of Larval Trematode Communities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We can compare natural communities with null models of communities to indicate how they differ from random assemblages of species (i.e., how much structure is present). However, because null models draw on observed values of species' prevalences, whatever structure already exists in natural communities affects the composition of a null model and weakens its comparative power. To address this, we developed formulae to estimate "pre—interactive" species prevalences permitting a more sensitive quantification of community structure. Nonetheless, if a null model deviates from the community that we base it on, it is difficult to separate the effects of heterogeneity in recruitment from competition. We have developed a method to test for each independently. Applying our analytical techniques to a well—studied guild of larval trematodes in the salt marsh snail Cerithidea californica revealed that competitive interactions among species were the most significant structuring force. Interestingly, spatial heterogeneity acted to significantly intensify species co—occurrences. This differs from previous studies, which argued that the isolating effects of spatial heterogeneity, not competition, structure these communities by reducing co—occurrences.
Reaction Mechanism of Photoreduction of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Surfactant Micelles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The direct photolysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water is slow and ineffective, but surfactant micelles can greatly enhance the photochemical reaction of organic contaminants. The effect of an anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate), a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and two nonionic (Brij 35, Tween 80) surfactants on the phototransformation of 2,4-D at 253.7 nm was examined. Except for the anionic surfactant, the other micelles were significant facilitators in both removal efficiencies and decay rates of 2,4-D. This herbicide was then irradiated in the presence of Brij 35 micelles at five different initial pH levels. 2,4-D is an organic acid, and its speciation (molecular or ionic form) is controlled by pH. It was found that the photoreduction of 2,4-D was more effective at lower initial pH than that in basic conditions. The transformation of 2,4-D in micelles occurred predominantly through reductive chlorination, resulting in generation of less chlorinated products. The presence of hydroxylated products in low yields indicated photohydrolysis was a minor competitive reaction pathway. The measurable intermediates were 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic, chlorohydroxyphenoxyacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, hydroxyphenyoxyacetic acid, and phenol. The transformed products were identified by comparing the HPLC retention times of the standards, and confirmed by LC−MS.
Synthesis and characterization of nonaqueous dispersion particles with photolabile α‐heptadecylphenacyl ester stabilizer chains

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We describe a new method for the synthesis of core–shell photolabile nanoparticles. The synthesis begins with the batch emulsion copolymerization of n ‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate to form small (20‐nm‐diameter) crosslinked particles with a narrow size distribution. These seeds are then used for a second‐stage emulsion copolymerizations in which BMA and various polar monomers, including methacrylic acid, are added under monomer‐starved conditions. After characterization of the particles, they are transferred to an N,N ‐dimethylformamide solution. The cesium salt of the carboxylic acid groups is reacted with 2‐bromo‐1‐phenyl‐octadecan‐1‐one to convert various fractions of the COOH groups to the corresponding 2‐benzoylheptadecyl ester groups. These aliphatic ester groups render the surface sufficiently hydrophobic that the particles can be dispersed in common aliphatic hydrocarbons solvents to yield colloidal dispersions, sterically stabilized by the dangling aliphatic chains. Ester groups with a phenyl ketone attached to the β‐carbon are photolabile. Irradiation of the particles with UV light detaches the sterically stabilizing chains from the particle and transforms the surface groups back to COOH groups. This leads to flocculation of the particles. The emphasis in this article is on the optimization of the particle synthesis and the characterization of the particles obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2642–2657, 2001
Fate of an Antifoulant in an Aquatic Environment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

RH-5287 (2-n-octyl-4,5-dichloro-1-isothiazolin-3-one) had a half-life of less than 1 hour in both an aerobic and an anaerobic aquatic microcosm consisting of marine sediment and seawater. Upon application of 0.05 ppm 14C RH-5287, over 90% of the 14C-activity partitioned rapidly into the sediment. Soxhlet extractions with dichloromethane:methanol (9:1) followed by methanol eluted approximately 30 - 60% of the total applied radioactivity. After exhaustive extraction of the post-Soxhlet extracted sediment with 0.25N HCl followed by 1N NaOH, 14 to 40% of the total applied radioactivity still remained bound to the marine sediment. In the aerobic microcosm, 14CO2 accounted for approximately 24% of the applied activity after 30 days. The production of sizable quantities of 14CO2 and extractable polar metabolites indicated that degradation involves cleavage of the isothiazolone ring.
Dipole and Quadrupole Solitons in Optically Induced Two‐Dimensional Photonic Lattices: Theory and Experiment

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Dipole and quadrupole solitons in a two‐dimensional photorefractive optical lattice are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown theoretically that out‐of‐phase dipole solitons and quadrupole solitons exist and are linearly stable in the intermediate‐intensity regime. In‐phase dipole and quadrupole solitons, however, are always linearly unstable, but their instabilities are rather weak in the low‐intensity regime. Experimentally, both types of dipole solitons are observed, and the experimental results agree qualitatively with the theoretical predictions. In addition, we have observed the anisotropic effect of the photorefractive crystal in the dipole‐soliton formation.