jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cannabigerol Extraction from a Cannabis Cultivar Using a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Process

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To attempt a selective extraction from a cannabigerol (CBG)‐rich Cannabis cultivar, supercritical fluid extraction was tried, operating at 18 MPa and 40 °C. In the first set of experiments, a fractional extraction scheme was used to favor the separation between the cannabinoid extract and paraffinic waxes: global and CBG yields were equal to 4.8 % and 3.8 % w/w, respectively, leading to an overall CBG concentration in the extract up to 79 %. However, GC–MS traces showed that CBG also tended to precipitate in the refrigerated separator together with paraffinic waxes, due to CBG steric configuration that is very similar to the one of paraffins. Therefore, non‐fractional extraction experiments were selected, by‐passing the refrigerated separator. Operating in this manner, a selective extraction was obtained with improved global and CBG yields up to 5.3 % and 4.4 % w/w, respectively, and a CBG concentration of 83 % in the extract.
Three Dimensional Wind Speed Map for the City of Montreal: Application for UAV Aviation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>This thesis aims to increase the flight safety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), by creating an application that can forecast wind speeds at any place within the City of Montreal. The first step was to undertakeaComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)study to examinetheimpact ofdifferent terrain and topographical influences on the wind field. Then, a CFD model was created to effectively simulate the urban and suburban zones of Montreal. The CFD data from the developed models were then compared to data from nearby metreological stations and the wind speeds and bearings were within 7% mean square error (RMSE). These chapters provide an overview of a technique for precisely measuring real-time, historical, and statistical wind velocities in the UAV flying environment. Finally, an application was developed to allow the public and drone industry to utilize the simulated data to increase flight efficiency and safety of UAVs.</p>
How Presentation Flaws Affect Perceived Site Quality, Trust, and Intention to Purchase from an Online Store

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Although there has been a great deal of research on impression formation, little application of that research has been made to electronic commerce. A research model was constructed that hypothesized errors, poor style, and incompleteness to be inversely related to the users' level of perceived quality of an online store. Further, this perceived quality of the online store's Web site would be directly related to users' trust in the store and, ultimately, to users' intentions to purchase from the store. An experimental study with 272 undergraduate and graduate student volunteers supported all the hypotheses. In addition, it was found that the relationship between the factors and perceived quality was mediated by the perception of the flaws. The perception of flaws rather than the actual flaws influenced users' perception of quality. Supplemental analysis also seemed to indicate a pattern of diminishing effects with each subsequent flaw. Keywords: intention to purchasetrust in e-commerceWeb site credibilityWeb site presentation flawsWeb site quality
The Self-Expansion of Capital on a World Scale

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This Marxian critique of the multinational corporation (MNC) is one of the first articles by this well-known European economist to appear in English. It argues that the emergence of the MNC merely expresses more funda mental changes: the international spread of capital, the new international mode of accumulation and the heightened nature of class struggle. Palloix examines these changes by using the circuits of capital set forth by Marx. He finds that in recent years the circuits of money capital and productive capital have become much more internationalized, particularly since the late 1960's when there was a shift of international investment in productive facilities to less developed nations. This went hand-in-hand with the more extensive penetration of some developed nations, like France, by foreign capital. Palloix concludes that this new international mode of accumulation linked most nations more closely to the international division of labor, making it more difficult for them to follow inde pendent economic policies. Thus, the nation-state's role in assuring that certain critical industries can adjust to international conditions becomes even more important for capital. But the resulting situation also involves heightened contra dictions in capitalism and greater class struggle. In a methodological appendix, Palloix utilizes Marx's circuits of the self-expansion of individual and social capital to analyze the internationalization of capital.
Transitional velocity and shear distributions in a runup wave

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fundamental features of transitional distributions of velocity and shear in a run-up wave have been experimentally identified in this paper. In the run-up front, vertically uniform shore-ward velocity is predominant, while typical free-surface shearing flow with a bottom boundary layer is formed behind the front. Depending on local surface gradients and fluid acceleration, reverse streaming occurs within the boundary layer despite the shore-ward flow still dominates above the layer. In the later stage, another shear layer has also been formed beneath the surface.
Comparison of serum and urine fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase in the diagnosis of renal transplant rejection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study compares the usefulness of serum and urine fibrin split products and the urinary enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, in the diagnosis and management of renal transplant rejection. Fibrin split products, determined by a tanned human red cell agglutination inhibition immunoassay, were measured as a reflection of the secondary fibrinolysis from fibrin deposited in the renal microvasculature as a result of rejection. Urinary beta-glucuronidase, expressed as the ratio of enzyme activity to creatinine concentration, was determined by a colorimetric technique following dialysis of urine to remove endogenous activators and inhibitors. Activity of this lysosomal enzyme is thought to reflect tubular injury. Twenty-nine renal transplant recipients (15 from living donors and 14 from cadaver donors) were evaluated. Both serum and urinary fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were markedly elevated in the immediate postoperative period, probably reflecting ischemic trauma. Acute rejection occurring within the first three months was associated with elevations of fibrin split products (particularly urine) and beta-glucuronidase. Elevated values returned to normal following successful treatment with steroids and/or heparin, but remained high in the presence of continued rejection. After the first 48 hours post-transplant, in the absence of rejection, values for fibrin split products were within the normal range. Urinary beta-glucuronidase remained elevated if the transplanted kidney was recovering from acute tubular necrosis. Fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were usually normal in chronic rejection.
Construction of the Block Traffic-Violation Penalty: Illegal Parking as an Example

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In order to strengthen the deterrent effect of unitary penalty of traffic violation in China, the block traffic penalty is proposed. By introducing the fines elasticity, the drivers' response in the amount of times of traffic violation and total fines is analyzed after implementation of the block traffic penalty. Then, the multistep fines model is established based on the theory of supply and demand and marginal effect, and the pattern search method is used to solve the model. A case study was conducted with the illegal parking data in Mudanjiang. The study results show that block traffic penalty has very strong inhibition effect with high frequency traffic violations; for example, the total illegal parking times of the third- and fourth step drivers are reduced by 9.58% and 21.52%, respectively. By adjusting the coverage rate and increasing the fines difference each step, the total traffic violations decrease more obviously.
Impact of Experiential Learning Strategy on Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Computer Studies in Nnewi Education Zone, Anambra State

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: The impact of Experience-Based Learning (EBL) on the academic achievement of secondary school students in Computer Science in the Nnewi Education Zone, Anambra State, Nigeria, has become an important issue that needs to be addressed. Objective: The study aims to assess the effect of the Experiential Learning Strategy (ELS) on the academic achievement of secondary school students in Computer Studies. Method: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group was used. Eighteen community secondary schools were selected from 48, with two schools randomly chosen. Intact classes participated, where students were taught Microsoft Word using either ELS or the traditional lecture method (LM). The Computer Studies Achievement Test (CSAT) was used for data collection, and data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and ANCOVA. Results: Results showed a significant difference in achievement scores, favouring students taught with the Experiential Learning Strategy (ELS). Conclusion: The study recommended incorporating the Experiential Learning Strategy into the curriculum as a teaching strategy for Computer Studies in the classroom, as it fosters self-development. Contribution: This study provides empirical evidence of ELS's effectiveness in improving academic achievement, offers a framework for enhancing student engagement in Computer Studies, and suggests future directions for integrating innovative teaching strategies into education.
Study of spectroscopic properties of nanosized particles of core-shell morphology

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Method of studying spectroscopic properties of nanosized particles and estimation of resonance wavelength range for determination of specific and unique "spectral" signatures in purpose of sensing, identification of nanobioparticles, viruses is proposed. Elaboration of relevant models of viruses, estimation of spectral response on interaction of electromagnetic (EM) field and viral nanoparticle is the goal of proposed methodology. Core-shell physical model is used as the first approximation of shape-structure of virion. Theoretical solution of EM wave scattering on single spherical virus-like particle (VLP) is applied for determination of EM fields in the areas of core, shell and surrounding medium of (VLP), as well as scattering and absorption characteristics. Numerical results obtained by computer simulation for estimation of EM "spectra" of bacteriophage T7 demonstrate the strong dependence of spectroscopic characteristics on core-shell related electric and geometric parameters of VLP in resonance wavelengths range. Expected spectral response is observable on far-field characterizations. Obtained analytical EM field expressions, modelling technique in complement with experimental spectroscopic methods should be the way of providing the virus spectral signatures, important in bioparticles characterization.
A CASE OF ACINAR-ISLET CELL CARCINOMA-WITH REFERENCE TO THE IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 60-year-old man was seen at the hospital because of abdominal pain. Before surgery a most probable diagnosis was tumor in the body of the pancreas. On exploration of the resected material before formalin fixation, it appeared a primary tumor of the pancreas with extensive central necrosis. Histopathologically the patient was diagnosed as having an acinar-islet cell carcinoma. Acinar-islet cell carcinomais a very rare entity. There have been only five cases in the Japanese literature so far as we could review. In this paper six cases including ours are reviewed in terms of the imaging diagnosis. On abdominal ultrasonography these tumors were visualized as well-defined tumor with heterogenous internal echo. On abdominal CT these tumors were characterized by well-defined tumor with low-dencity area. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography showed no charsacteristic findings. With abdominal angiography deep stained tumors were confirmed, but no encasement was seen in them.
Vegetation Fires in Laos—An Overview

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Of the different countries in Southeast Asia, Laos has the most recurrent fires. This study highlights the vegetation fire characteristics in Laos using various satellite datasets. The European Space Agency WorldCover (10 m) data in Laos suggested tree cover as the dominant class with 78.2%, followed by grasslands (12.8%), croplands (7.29%), and with the least percentage of built-up areas (0.31%). These land cover statistics suggest that the country still has rich tree cover, which is under threat due to various drivers of change, including fires. VIIRS satellite-derived fires over Laos for 10 years suggested a mean of 138,934 fire counts, with the highest during March–May every year. The spatial patterns suggested a mean of 0–23 and the highest of 128–338 fires per 5-min grid cells. Similarly, the fire radiative power (FRP) varied from 0–7.49 MW to 43.15–120.15 MW at a similar resolution. Also, a close analysis suggested North Western Laos provinces of Oudomxai Louang Namtha, Bokeo, and Xiagnabouri with the highest fires, and a similar pattern is shown for FRP. Results from the MODIS burnt area datasets revealed 665,923.49 ha per year burnt based on 23 years of data. Further, the burnt areas were the highest in the forest class, followed by grasslands and croplands. To infer the role of climate in regulating fires, we used the MODIS data to compute the temperature condition index (TCI) and related it to fire counts (FC). The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression between TCI and FC resulted in a negative slope, and TCI could explain 29% of the variation in fires. We also used the quantile regression, and the results suggested the pseudo-R2 of 0.35 at 0.9 quantiles. Both these regression results suggested a minor role of TCI as governing factor of fires. A literature review indicated that most of the fires in the country are caused due to humans, primarily through slash-and-burn agriculture. Therefore, we infer that effective mitigation of fires is only possible through people's participation through consultation, cooperation, and collective action.
A ttica Correctional Facility

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Attica Correctional Facility is a maximum security prison located in Western New York State. Not unlike other prisons throughout the United States, the prison population reflected changes in the arrest and prosecution focusing on minority and political groups. The inclusion of more African Americans and Black Muslim groups became a serious issue in the late 1960s and early 1970s as the legal system was struggling with the continued “hands‐off doctrine,” ignoring the legal rights of inmates. The problem came to a crisis point with the infamous four‐day inmate takeover of the prison following a violent prison riot. The control of the riot by then New York State Governor Nelson Rockefeller and its ramifications has become one of the most important incidents in corrections history.
New Completion Methodology To Improve Oil Recovery and Minimize Water Intrusion in Reservoirs Subject to Water Injection

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Summary Implementing water injection during the early stage of a new reservoir's development is a process that is gaining popularity around the world. This is especially true in Saudi Arabia, where water injection is used both to improve oil recovery and to maintain pressure by placing short or long horizontal water-injection wells around the reservoir flanks. For cases where water-injection wells are placed in reservoir flanks, some of the producing wells are perforated transverse to the water-injection wells to improve the oil recovery around the involved areas. For this specific exploitation strategy, there is a potential risk of water channeling from the injector to the producing well toe, which, once it happens, might jeopardize recovery efficiency. For the referenced exploitation strategy, a new completion methodology is proposed that considers the placement of a fracture barrier at the toe of the producing well to delay water intrusion and improve recovery efficiency. This paper discusses the use of nonconductive barrier fractures and the benefits of the completion methodology, supported with extensive simulations for the different scenarios.
Misinterpretation of REE data in childhood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Inflammation is thought to place a metabolic burden on the body which can be detected by raised resting energy expenditure (REE). Increased REE unmatched by dietary intake is frequently implicated as a cause of weight loss, poor nutritional status and growth failure in children with Crohn's disease. However, there is equivocal evidence to support this in part due to ways in which REE is expressed. Our aim was to explore the relationships between different expressions of REE relative to body composition in children with Crohn's disease Methods Children with Crohn's disease recruited from the regional paediatric gastroenterology unit were studied between March 2009 and July 2010. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry, fat free mass (FFM) was derived from weight measurement and estimates of fat mass from skinfold thicknesses. Results 60 children were studied (39 male). Mean age 13 (range 6 to 17) years. There was a clear relationship between REE and weight r =0.83; p =0.00 and also between REE and FFM r=0.83; p =0.00. A common expression in published research is to correct REE for body size by expressing REE/kg FFM. REE/kg FFM was negatively associated with FFM r=-0.63; p =0.00. Thus children with lower FFM would have highest REE values. An alternative approach has been employed expressing REE/kg FFM 0.5 . In this cohort no relationship between REE/kg FFM 0.5 and fat free mass was evident r=−0.07; p=0.6. Conclusion These data highlight a well known principle that body size is related to REE. It also illustrates that expressing REE/kg FFM does not completely correct REE data for body size as there is still a significant relationship between the two variables. Expressing data as REE/kg FFM 0.5 does correct adequately for body size. Review of the literature shows that three studies have found raised REE/kg FFM in children with Crohn's compared to controls and concluded that REE is higher in children with controls. However in all three studies the control groups were heavier than the Crohn's groups. Thus REE/kg FFM is a misleading way to present REE data.
Paramedic Identification of Acute Pulmonary Edema in a Metropolitan Ambulance Service

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Acute pulmonary edema is difficult to identify in the prehospital setting because of the variability in the signs and symptoms associated with this condition. Improved identification of APE is essential in the initiation of appropriate and timely care. Ambulance paramedics need to be aware of such variability when considering patients who may be suffering from APE. Key words: pulmonary edema; acute pulmonary edema; emergency medical services; ambulance; paramedics.
Reconciling Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism in Global Justice.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In exploring how to decisively address global poverty the question of what should be the content of nations’ global justice duties has been debatable. Nationalism has usually been regarded as incompatible with cosmopolitanism. It is against extending principles of social justice to the entire globe as cosmopolitanism demands on the grounds that the global context lacks the special attachments that generate national solidarity which is regarded as what ensures distributive justice realizable. For nationalism there cannot be motivation for global distributive justice since this solidarity is only national. As such the nationalist perspective holds that only humanitarian obligations constitute global justice duties. Nationalists also restrict global justice duties to humanitarian assistance due to the fact that nations have a moral obligation to respect another nation’s political culture’s values manifested in the type of national policies they pursue. For nationalists fulfilling the moral requirement of mutual respect of nations’ political cultures would entail letting nations face the consequences of their preferred choices which in some cases lead to poverty. Only when a humanitarian crisis looms do other nations have moral obligations of helping out. Cosmopolitanism agrees with the idea of respecting nations’ right to self-determination and letting nations face consequences of their choices. However it demands the precondition that the background context in which the self-determination is exercised should be just and fair. This demands that before nations respect poor nations’ political cultures the global cooperation which interferes with the exercise of self-determination should be rid of its interference tendencies that negatively restrict nations’ choices. It further demands that nations’ political cultures that are harmful to individuals by subjecting them to poverty ought to be reformed. What cosmopolitanism demands is that there should be a new understanding of nationalism with respect to the individual as the ultimate unit of moral concern. It also regards the lack of solidarity on the globe context as a resolvable challenge that would be faced in the implementation of global justice in the non-ideal real life. It does not in any way invalidate the moral worth of cosmopolitan principles of justice.
MARKUP AND PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION IN THE GERMAN BREWING SECTOR

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper we provide a method to separate the markup from product differentiation from other sources of market power, i.e. collusive behavior or market intransparency, based on the estimation of a single reduced form equation. We apply this method to a sample of 118 German breweries, since beer is a differentiated product and at the same time the sector has repeatedly been subject to collusive behavior. Our empirical results show that the “general” markup goes beyond the markup from product differentiation, but the latter accounts for most of the deviation of prices from marginal costs. Moreover, typically for a market with monopolistic competition, we observe average costs above marginal costs and, hence, a high markup does not necessarily translate into a high a profit margin.