jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Regional Variation in Prevalence and Etiology of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The 1994–1996 North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patch test results were the first, since the inception of the NACDG in 1970, to include results from a medium-sized metropolitan city in the Midwest. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether the causative allergens of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in the Midwest differ from those in other regions of the United States and, if so, whether occupational or other factors account for the observed differences. Methods: Retrospective analyses of patch test data collected at the University of Kansas Medical Center (Kansas City, KS) were compared with the data collected by the other NACDG centers. Results: Patients in Kansas City were statistically more likely to react to potassium dichromate, formaldehyde and its releasers, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), and glutaraldehyde. Occupational exposures to chromium and form-aldehyde were increased significantly among patients from Kansas City, although the percentages of the local population engaged in these occupations did not differ from those in other NACDG cities. Equal percentages of workers in Kansas City and nationally had occupationally related allergy to glutaraldehyde, although the overall rate of glutaraldehyde was higher among patients from Kansas City. Most cases of relevant allergy to MCI/MI were cosmetically induced both in Kansas City and nationally. Conclusions: The current findings show significant regional differences in causal allergens. The increased percentages of patients seen with ACD to formaldehyde, formaldehyde-releasing agents, and potassium dichromate in Kansas City were likely caused by the referral of greater numbers of work-related cases. However, occupationally acquired ACD to MCI/MI and glutaral-dehyde were not more frequent in Kansas City than nationally, suggesting that other factors might be operative. Although awareness of national trends is important, dermatologists must be cognizant of regional variations in allergen sources within their communities and referral networks.
Habitability and biogenic effects on planetary atmospheres

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The physical characteristics of planets have been critically examined considering the various properties of solar-system with special reference to Earth. The consequences of abiotic chemical evolution have been focused with an emphasis to the theories of life formation. Also roadmaps for the habitability of planets have been sketched for a re-look of the biogenic effects. Objects of planetary size at the distances of the closest stars cannot be identified optically, even under the most favorable conditions. The usual practice is therefore to implement, wherever possible, available factual material and known relationships. Reasonable inferences in many times are based on models constructed from observations of conditions in the solar system. Dependence on existing theories becomes necessary where no direct data exist, as all known chemical and physical laws must be obeyed elsewhere in the universe. At the beginning of the last century scientists have emphasized by speculation about the existence of life on other planets but only in a qualitative manner (Cameron, 1963, Sagan, 1963, Rood and Trefil, 1981). In order to establish reasonable quantitative limits from which the prevalence of planets can be estimated, it is essential to define more precisely what is meant by a planet. One can imagine different categories of planets that could support some unknown form of life, planets that could support microscopic forms of carbon-based life and planets that could support various extreme forms of terrestrial life like organisms living in seas of liquid ammonia or breathing gaseous sulfur or existing under any other such alien conditions (Goldsmith et al. , 1993, Ulmschneider, 2002). However, by the term habitable we essentially mean a planet with surface conditions suitable for population. The environmental conditions required by population as well as the astronomical circumstances that produce these requisite environmental conditions are very important factors. Many of the questions raised here cannot be answered definitively due to the deficiencies or limitations of our knowledge of the universe at the present time. It is true that our solar system is not an extraordinarily rare assemblage of bodies, but is a typical planetary system and its members can be treated as a good sample of the types of bodies that exist in proximity to other stars (Bhattacharya et al. , 2012). Even in full recognition of the incompleteness of our knowledge, we can extend the range of the planets so that future studies can apply it conceptually to estimate the probabilities that these astronomical concatenations will be found elsewhere in the Galaxy and also to the other galaxies in the immediate neighborhood of the Sun.
Spatial Analysis of the Determinants of HIV/AIDS Among Females Aged 15–34 in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa Using a Bayesian Spatial Logistic Regression Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HIV remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, with South Africa bearing the highest burden. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) has been identified as a hotspot, particularly among females aged 15–34. This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution and key socio-demographic, behavioural, and economic factors associated with HIV prevalence among females in this age group using a Bayesian spatial logistic regression model. We analysed secondary data from 3324 females who participated in the HIV Incidence Provincial Surveillance System (HIPSS) from June 2014 to July 2015 in uMgungundlovu District, KZN. Bayesian spatial models were fitted using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) to identify key predictors and spatial clusters of HIV prevalence. Results revealed that age, education, marital status, in-come, alcohol use, condom use, and number of sexual partners significantly influenced HIV prevalence. Higher age groups (20–34 years) had increased odds of HIV infection compared to those aged 15–19. Alcohol use, multiple partners, and STI/TB diagnosis elevated risk, whereas tertiary education and condom use were protective. Two HIV hotspots were identified, with one near Greater Edendale being statistically significant. Findings highlight the need for targeted, context-specific interventions to reduce HIV transmission among young females in KZN.
Lawrence, Jacob (1917–2000)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Jacob Lawrence was an artist and educator, as well as the first African American artist of the 20th century to achieve critical acclaim and sustained mainstream recognition. Lawrence’s work is typically described as a mix between synthetic cubism and social realism. It consists of narrative compositions with bold color and patterns, distorted proportions, tilted space, and abstract forms. Lawrence is best known for his series The Migration of the Negro (1940–1941). The narrative series is comprised of sixty panels accompanied by captions, depicting scenes of everyday life for working-class black communities before, during, and after migrating from the agrarian South to the large, industrial cities of the North between the Wars. The paintings were done in bright tempera on small board panels and are a blend of social realism and modernist abstraction. The series is owned jointly by the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Lawrence also completed multi-panel works on historical figures including John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Toussaint L’Ouverture, and Harriet Tubman. He carefully researched the lives of the historical figures he depicted, spending many hours at the New York Public Library.
SAR AND LANDSAT TM IMAGE FUSION FOR LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION IN THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST DOMAIN

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper demonstrates the applicability of Landsat TM and SAR image fusion for land cover classification in the Brazilian Atlantic forest domain. The Atlantic forest is considered one of the most threatened of the world’s rain forest. Although Landsat TM has been used as an efficient tool for tropical forest monitoring, several problems remain. First, cloud cover is a constant problem in the tropics, which limits the vegetation cover assessments by the optical sensor. Second, forest, regrowth and clearings are not easily differentiated. Recently, imaging radar satellites have been introduced to map natural resources. With long wavelengths, radar’s radiation is not reflected or absorbed by clouds or haze, thereby allowing more frequent and systematic assessments of land cover changes and deforestation. The same principle allows penetrating in the canopy to assess data on the trunks level, which increases the potential of distinction between different stages of regrowth. Two different SAR images were fused with a Landsat TM image using two different image fusion techniques. Image classification was performed and the classification accuracy was assessed. The classification accuracy from each fused image was compared the one from the Landsat TM. The best results were achieved by the image originated from combining the JERS-1 image with the Landsat TM image using the IHS cylindrical transformation. The results suggest that the image fusion Landsat TM / SAR could be an important alternative for land cover mapping in the Brazilian Atlantic forest domain.
Influence of replacement of wheat flour by rice flour on rheo-structural changes, in vitro starch digestibility and consumer acceptability of low-gluten pretzels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study aimed to access the influence of rice flour incorporation on various quality attributes of low-gluten wheat-based pretzels viz., functional, rheological, starch digestibility, color, textural and sensorial properties. Significant increase in swelling power (18.33 ± 0.51) and bulk density (0.58 ± 0.04) was observed in flour blend upon incorporation of rice flour, whereas, significant decrease in oil absorption capacity (0.62 ± 0.09), solubility index (6.72 ± 0.17), foaming capacity (9.67 ± 0.34), and foaming stability (3.39 ± 0.15) was recorded. Pasting properties of samples were studied using a Rapid Visco Analyser which indicated that all the pasting properties increased with an increase in rice flour incorporation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies revealed no difference in the basic functional groups of flour blend upon the incorporation of rice flour, however, it had a pronounced effect on elastic modulus (G′) of flour blend. In vitro starch digestion characteristics revealed 7.23% surge in slowly digestible starch and 13.36% reduction in rapidly digestible starch of developed low-gluten pretzels upon the incorporation of rice flour. Apparent amylose content (27.3 ± 1.45) and resistant starch content (6.12 ± 0.97) increased and starch digestibility index (69.87 ± 1.72) decreased in developed low-gluten pretzels. In conclusion, the developed low-gluten pretzels had significantly ( p < 0.05) higher mineral profile and lightness ( L* ) and lower breaking strength in addition to having better overall acceptability. This study indicated that substituting wheat flour with rice flour up to a level of 35% affected the quality attributes of developed low-gluten pretzels. Graphical abstract
Implementing software configuration control in the structured programming environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The fundamental problems in the control of software are explored. The elements of control as they relate to communications is defined, and the implementation of these elements in solving the fundamental problems and achieving optimal control during a software development life cycle, is explained. Control is defined as a vehicle for communicating changes to established, agreed-upon baseline points, made up of documents and subsequent computer programs. By communicating change to those involved or affected, and obtaining agreement of the change, one achieves a degree of control that does not inhibit software engineering innovation or progress, but helps maintain the project's prime objectives to deliver maintainable, error-free software to the ultimate user.
Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Zingiber montanum extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Hypercholesterolemia, high cholesterol levels in the blood, can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Anti-hypercholesterolemic agents generally used for those conditions have several side effects for patients. Zingiber montanum, known locally as “bangle”, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and is a potential plants for alternative anti-hypercholesterolemic agents. This plant, from East Kalimantan, is used in traditional medicine for health problems caused by high cholesterol levels. The aim of this research was to find alternatives to anti-hypercholesterolemic agents, especially from natural sources. Methods: This study was an experimental study using 30 Wistar male white rats. Subjects were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5): (1) normal control group; (2) high fat diet control group; (3) high fat diet with simvastatin; (4-6) high fat diet with Zingiber montanum extracts 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood was collected from all groups, and plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL) were measured. Results: The results showed significant differences in total cholesterol (p=0.000), LDL (p=0.000) and triglycerides (p=0.001) in the high-fat diet group with Z. montanum extract, as compared to the high-fat diet control. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in HDL levels (p=0.830) between the high-fat diet group and other groups. The results also showed significant differences in total cholesterol and LDLs for rats treated with Z. montanum extract, 100 mg/kg (p=0.000), 200 mg/kg (p=0.000), and 400 mg/kg (p=0.000) compared to the high-fat diet group. The result of Z. montanum 400 mg/kg also showed a significant reduction, not only for total cholesterol and LDLs, but also for triglycerides (p=0.030). Conclusion: It could be concluded that Z. montanum extracts have the potency to be further developed as a new natural source of the anti-hypercholesterolemic agents.
A miniaturized electromechanical impedance-based node for the wireless interrogation of structural health

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the development and applications of a miniaturized impedance sensor node for structural health monitoring. The principle behind the impedance-based structural health monitoring technique is to apply high frequency structural excitations (typically higher than 30 kHz) through the surface-bonded piezoelectric transducers, and measure the impedance of structures by monitoring the current and voltage applied to the piezoelectric transducers. Changes in impedance indicate changes in the structure, which in turn can indicate that damage has occurred. Although many proof-of-concept experiments have been performed using the impedance methods, the impedance-measuring device is bulky and impractical for field-use. Therefore, a recently developed, miniaturized, low-cost impedance measurement chip was used to measure and record the electric impedance of a piezoelectric transducer. The performance of this miniaturized and portable device has been compared to our previous results and its effectiveness has been demonstrated in detecting bolt preload changes in a bolted frame structure. Furthermore, the possibility of wireless communication and local signal processing at the sensor node has been investigated by integrating the device with a microprocessor and telemetry.
Theophylline: constant-rate infusion predictions.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study was undertaken to evaluate a method of prospectively estimating appropriate aminophylline infusion rates in acutely ill, hospitalized patients with bronchospasm. Steady-state serum theophylline concentrations (Css), clearances (Cl), and half-lives (t1/2) were estimated by the Chiou method using serum concetrantions obtained 1 and 6 h after the start of a constant-rate intravenous aminophylline infusion in 10 male patients averaging 57 years of age. Using an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT) system for theophylline analysis, pharmacokinetic estimations were excellent for Css (r = 0.9103, p less than 0.01) and Cl (r = 0.9750, p less than 0.01). The mean estimation errors were 9.4% (range 0.8-21.5) for Css and 12.3% (range 1.3-28.0) for Cl. There was no correlation between patient age and Cl. This method is useful for rapidly individualizing aminophylline therapy in patients with acute bronchospasm.
16.5: The suppression of BWO power holes in the TWTs using the helix pitch taper method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Slow wave structures used in forward wave amplifiers like wide-band helix traveling wave tube (TWT) always support backward waves. A backward wave can interact with an electron beam and compete with the forward wave, and then the power holes occur under large signal conditions. The power holes have serious consequences for the TWT performances, especially for communication applications. In this paper, we have reported the research on backward wave oscillation (BWO) power holes using a 2D large signal helix TWT code and demonstrated an efficient method, the helix pitch taper method, to suppress the power holes.
H3K4 Trimethylation by Set1 Promotes Efficient Termination by the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 Pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 pathway mediates the termination of snoRNAs and cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs). Both Nrd1 and the Set1 histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex interact with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during early elongation, leading us to test whether these two processes are functionally linked. The deletion of SET1 exacerbates the growth rate and termination defects of nrd1 mutants. Set1 is important for the appropriate recruitment of Nrd1. Additionally, Set1 modulates histone acetylation levels in the promoter-proximal region via the Rpd3L deacetylase and NuA3 acetyltransferase complexes, both of which contain PHD finger proteins that bind methylated H3K4. Increased levels of histone acetylation reduce the efficiency of Nrd1-dependent termination. We speculate that Set1 promotes proper early termination by the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 complex by affecting the kinetics of Pol II transcription in early elongation.
Amateur innkeepers utilization of minimum length stay restrictions

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine how much the lodging shared economy (LSE) utilizes minimum length of stay (MLOS) controls to maximize revenue and reduce housekeeping expense, since cleaning between guest visits represents a substantial variable cost for each guest’s stay. Hosts in the LSE are becoming increasingly perceptive in maximizing revenues. Design/methodology/approach Daily data for one year were collected for Vacation Rental by Owner properties in Hilton Head Island, SC and Orlando, FL. The collected data include daily vacancies for two different lengths of stay. Linear regression was used to explore the relationship between relative demand and vacancy length of stay differences. Findings During high-demand periods, there were few differences between the availability of short-term and longer-term reservation vacancies, which indicated hosts were not encouraging guests to stay longer during each visit. These results reveal differences in vacancies for three-night vs six-night reservations. A host can generate more revenue and decrease expenses by maximizing booked nights per visit. Research limitations/implications Due to confidentiality issues, this study does not capture vacation bookings but instead captures vacancies. In addition, Average Daily Rate was not utilized in this study. Practical implications LSE hosts can maximize revenues using MLOS controls. Minimizing housekeeping costs boosts a host’s profitability. Originality/value Although this research has been conducted for hotel MLOS, there is a gap in the literature regarding LSE hosts’ use of MLOS.
Effect of feeding wormwood herb (Artemisia absinthium Linn.) added total mixed ration on wool production and quality in sheep

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Emphasis over organic livestock production has resulted in increased interest in natural products. This study aims to evaluate dietary incorporation effect of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) herb on wool characteristics and economics in sheep. In vitro assay was conducted to determine effective inclusion levels of feed additives followed by in vivo feeding trial for three months on crossbred (15) sheep distributed into three groups: control (Con) fed basal diet, groups fed diet added with 4.50% herb either alone (Hrb) and with 0.60% exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) (HrbEz), the levels chosen on basis of the best results of in vitro assay. Toward end of feeding trial, six days digestibility trial was conducted after which animals were shorn. Wormwood herb inclusions had significant (P < .05) positive effect on digestible nutrient contents and their intakes. Greasy and clean wool yields were higher (P < .05) resulted in lowering cost of wool production to the tune of 11.3% in Hrb and 22.2% in HrbEz group compared to control with no difference for all fiber quality characteristics except fiber length. It was concluded that incorporation of 4.50% wormwood herb with 0.60% of EFE in diet of sheep resulted in better wool growth economically with no adverse effect on quality.
Mean FRNT<sub>50</sub> values for homotypic primary and secondary sera.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

<p>Homotypic primary (anti DENV-3) sera (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd-0001486-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4A–4H</a>) or secondary serum (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd-0001486-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4I</a>) FRNT<sub>50</sub> titers against each of the E variant isogenic clones. Each serum sample is identified above the graph. Serum histories are summarized in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd-0001486-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd.0001486.s001" target="_blank">Text S1</a>. Fold-dilution of serum is on the Y-axis and each clone is identified on the X-axis. Columns show GMT FRNT<sub>50</sub> values calculated from FRNT done in triplicate. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Columns connected by horizontal lines indicate groups of clones that did not have statistically significantly different FRNT<sub>50</sub> values (P<0.05). Connecting bars indicate individual or groups of clones that differed statistically (P<0.05) by Tukey's HSD. Sera 003 (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd-0001486-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4A</a>), 005 (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd-0001486-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4B</a>) and 103 (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001486#pntd-0001486-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4E</a>) did not have significantly different titers against the recombinant viruses.</p>