jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On our Doorstep. Simmel, Weber and the Making of Reality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Whether we like it or not, whether we believe it or not, 2020 will be the year that future historians will choose to mark as the advent of a new era. The pandemic did not simply hit us harder than any previous crisis – and God knows we had a few since the beginning of the XXI century! It left us disoriented and stranded, orphans of too many promises and proclamations, while showing us mercilessly the limits of our knowledge and the extent of our hybr is, a mixture of inebriation and arrogance often found in Greek myths, where it leads heroes such as Icarus to ruin. The most powerful technology put to shame by an invisible... what? Thing? Living being? We just don’t know, four words that we’d better keep in mind while reading the following pages. The virus hasn’t fit within our worldview right from the start and still there it is, paralyzing global economies and exposing the flaws and shortcomings of the neoliberal ideology. It makes it clear that no one survives on his/her own, that “free” markets bring forth indecent inequalities and scientists hold no definite truth, but argue and squabble about numbers and theories.
The Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Trifluoromethylated Quaternary Carbon-Containing Thiochromans

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Trifluoromethylated chiral quaternary stereogenic carbon center at 2-position of thiochromans has been constructed through organocatalyzed Michael-aldol reaction. With quinine squaramide as catalyst, the reaction of 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde with β-aryl-β-CF3 enones or β-alkyl-β-CF3 enones gave 2-CF3-thiochromans bearing three contiguous stereogenic centers in good to excellent diastereoselectivities, enantioselectivities, and yields.
Position on the use of anifrolumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with insufficient efficacy of standard therapy in real-life clinical practice. Comments from Russian experts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by unpredictable exacerbations and outcome. Many SLE patients receiving standard therapy (ST) do not achieve the recommended treatment goal of remission or Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS). Currently, there is still great dissatisfaction with ST in SLE, especially with long-term treatment with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. The recently approved type I interferon receptor antagonist anifrolumab (AFM) may be promising in SLE patients who do not respond adequately to ST. Phase III efficacy studies of AFM have demonstrated higher remission rate and lower LLDAS activity in patients treated with AFM compared to placebo. This publication contains comments from Russian experts on the article by Y. Tanaka “Viewpoint on anifrolumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and a high unmet need in clinical practice”.
Leveraging longitudinal, multi‐site diffusion MRI data in conjunction with free‐water analysis to characterize patterns of white matter neurodegeneration in aging

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Several prior studies have used diffusion MRI to investigate the relationship between white matter microstructure and aging; however, many of these studies used conventional diffusion MRI measures and single site data. The goal of the study is to leverage multi‐site harmonized diffusion MRI data in conjunction with a novel post‐processing technique [i.e., free‐water (FW) correction] to quantify the aging related tract‐specific changes in white matter microstructure. Method The dataset used in this study was collated using several well‐established longitudinal cohorts of aging [Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (VMAP)]. In total, this dataset included 1,909 participants (mean age at baseline: 72±9 years, 59% female) and 4,844 imaging sessions (mean number of visits: 4 ± 2 years, interval range: 1–12 years). Data was processed using standard approaches and uncorrected fractional anisotropy (FA U ) was quantified with seven white matter tractography atlases (see Figure 1A). Data was then post‐processed using the FW correction technique and FW and FW‐corrected FA (FA T ) values were quantified. Data were then harmonized using the ComBat technique and linear mixed‐effects regression was conducted on each microstructural measure, covarying for age at baseline, sex, cognitive status, education, APOE‐ ε4 carrier status, and APOE‐ ε2 carrier status. The effect of aging was modelled using an Age_at_Baseline x Interval interaction term. Result Age was associated with lower FA U in all seven tracts (p FDR range: 4.77x10 ‐10 to ‐0.01). In the FW analysis, age was associated with higher FW in all seven tracts (p FDR range: 7.81x10 ‐12 to 1.33x10 ‐6 ). For FA T , however, age was only associated with lower FA T in the limbic tracts (p FDR =0.024) in addition to the occipital (p FDR =1.19x10 ‐8 ), parietal (p FDR =2.32x10 ‐4 ), and prefrontal (p FDR =0.024) TC tracts. Figure 1B‐D illustrates our findings. Conclusion This study suggests that while there are global associations with FA U and age, these associations are attenuated once correcting for partial volume effects. Leveraging FW analysis, we found a global association with FW and age, whereby age is associated with higher FW. Further, we found that age is associated with reductions in FA T in the limbic and occipital/parietal/prefrontal TC tracts.
The Paradigm of Surgical Ellipse Dimensions: Are the Length-to-Width Ratio of 3 to 4 and a Vertex Angle of 30&amp;ordm; Correct?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: It has been postulated that elliptical cutaneous excisions must possess a length-to-width ratio of 3 to 4 and a vertex angle of 30o or less in order to be closed primarily without creating a “dog ear”. These dimensions became axiomatic in cutaneous surgery and have been taught in the apprenticeship model for years. The present article examines the validity of that paradigm. Methods: We collected data from two sources: ellipses described in the literature (57 cases); and elliptical excisions performed at the authors’ outpatient clinic (83 cases). The surgical ellipse lengths, widths, and vertex angles were analyzed, and the data were compared to a mathematical formula used to generate a fusiform ellipse. Results: The length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 was found to be inconsistent with the recommended vertex angle of 30o. In fact, a length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 determines a vertex angle of 48o - 63o. A 30o vertex angle is only feasible with long length-to-width ration of about 7.5. Conclusions: The paradigm that surgical ellipses should have a vertex angle of 30o with length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 is incorrect. Evidence from actual surgical practice and from mathematical formulation shows that either the length-to-width ratio must be larger than 3 - 4 or the vertex angle must be larger than 30 degrees.
Association between Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in infra-gingival plaque and premature labor with low birth weight

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: There are some discrepancies regarding the association between periodontal disease and preterm in the literature. Considering all periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is the most invasive bacterium in connective tissues, and the impact of its presence in the diverse microbial community of periodontal pathogens with a lower frequency is much greater than expected.Aim: This study investigated the association of Pg in infra-gingival plaque of preterm and low birth weight (PTLBW) mothers.Setting and Design: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 89 women, who were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari, Iran, in 2017.Materials and Methods: The samples were assigned by purposive method with 30 mothers had PTLBW newborns and 59 mothers had normal term and normal birth weight (NTNBW) neonates. The probing depth, bleeding on probing clinical attachment levels, plaque index, and gingival index were measured. A sample from the periodontal pocket was collected to distinguish the Pg in subgingival plaque by polymerase chain reaction.Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square test.Results: According to the periodontal indexes, 37.3% and 26.7% of the mothers in the NTNBW and PTLBW were diagnosed with periodontitis, respectively. Furthermore, Pg was detected in 30% and 20.3% of the cases in the PTLBW of NTLBW mothers. The amount of Pg in infra-gingival plaque was significantly higher in the PTLBW mothers than in the NTNBW (P = 0.016).Conclusion: The results indicated that the quantity of Pg could be considered a risk factor for PTLBW delivery.
Understanding Relationships Among Recreation Opportunities: A Meta-Analysis of Nine Studies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Outdoor recreation providers intuitively know that visitors engage in particular activities in desired outdoor settings to attain beneficial experiences. There is a lack of understanding among managers and researchers, however, about the relationships that exist between these recreation opportunities. What are the salient inputs (activities and/or settings) that contribute to the production of certain outputs (benefit opportunities)? How does the magnitude of activity and setting effects compare to each other and vary across benefit items? To gain a better understanding of recreation opportunities and their relationships, data from nine benefits-based management pilot-studies were collected, analyzed, and combined using meta-analytic techniques. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the dependency of twelve benefit attainment items on setting and activity type in each study. Meta-analysis techniques were used to calculate two types of results that were derived from the two-way analysis of variance tests. (1) Fisher's inverse chi-square method was used to combine the significance levels derived from 'F' statistics; and, (2) the 'F' statistic associated with each two-way analysis of variance test was converted into a common metric called an effect size (r) and an average effect size was calculated for each input/output relationship. Six of the twelve benefits examined were significantly affected by a recreational input, particularly activity type. These findings strengthen the argument that not all outcomes require certain types of activity and setting inputs. For a more robust comparison of the benefits, the twelve benefits were categorized based on the type of recreational input affecting them. By focusing on inputs of the production process when categorizing benefits, this research provides a more detailed breakdown of benefits. Suggestions for recreation management and future research are presented in light of these findings.
Identity-Driven Tourism Marketing for Millennials

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter explores identity-driven tourism marketing, focusing on aligning destination branding with the values and self-expression of millennial travelers to enhance engagement and satisfaction. Millennials prioritize experiences, personal values, and digital connectivity, seeking destinations that resonate with their identities. The chapter integrates self-congruity theory, destination branding, and millennial consumer behavior to analyze travel motivations and preferences. Key concepts like authenticity, sustainability, social responsibility, and digital engagement are highlighted as crucial in creating meaningful connections. The role of social media in facilitating self-expression and community building among millennials is also discussed. Case studies illustrate successful marketing campaigns, demonstrating that aligning destination branding with millennial values is a strategic approach to engaging this influential demographic in the digital age.
A Framework for Guaranteed Maximum Price and Contingency Development for Integrated Delivery of Transportation Projects

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper discusses the components of a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) and proposes a framework for the development of GMPs as contract payment provisions for construction manager-at-risk (CMR) and design-build (DB) contracts for transportation projects. The framework is the synthesis of a comprehensive literature review, a content analysis of CMR and DB solicitation documents and contracts, and case study project output from twelve projects in nine states worth $3.1 billion. The research also discusses the development of three common types of contingencies that are often utilized in projects with GMPs. The study concludes that owners should specify the structure of the GMP and its components to enhance clarity and understanding of the GMP's composition. It recommends that this structure be included in the CMR and DB solicitation documents so that pricing proposals can be formulated in a manner that is consistent with the contract payment provisions that will be useful to practitioners that need to implement GMP-based contracts.
Effects of enrofloxacin on antioxidant system, microsomal enzymatic activity, and proteomics in porcine liver

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Enrofloxacin ( EF ) is a widely used fluoroquinolone, usually regarded as a safe and effective treatment for bacterial infections. Adverse effects of EF have previously been demonstrated in some species, but so far there have been no studies looking specifically at the impact of EF on pigs. In this study, three different doses of EF (5, 25 and 125 mg kg bw −1 ) were administrated to Bama pigs. The results showed that lipid peroxidation of pig liver tissue occurred with all EF doses. The 125 mg kg dose of EF induced catalase ( CAT ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH ‐px) and increased CYP 450 content in pig liver microsomes. The activity of microsomal NADPH ‐cytochrome C reductase ( NCCR ) was elevated at both the 25 and 125 mg kg doses of EF . Microsomal erythromycin N‐demethylase ( ERND ) and aminopyrin N‐demethylase ( AND ) were inhibited by high doses of EF , while aniline‐4‐hydroxylase ( AH ) was unaffected. None of the EF treatments affected superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) or cytochrome b5 content. Antioxidases and microsomal enzymes may work together to resist the adverse effects of EF . Proteomic analysis revealed increased protein expression of carboxylesterase ( CES ) and alpha‐enolase ( ENO 1) in microsomes as a stress response to EF . These results provide new information about the adverse effect of fluoroquinolones and help guide their usage more effectively in the clinic or animal breeding.
Occlusion vs. Contact Dermatitis*

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Occlusion enhances skin hydration and increases absorption of most applied substances, which may increase irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Occlusion may also compromise skin barrier function by impairing passive transepidermal water loss at the application site and therefore aggravate the irritant effect of applied compounds. Local reactions, such as irritation and/or sensitization, have become obstacles in the design and application of TDDS in clinical situations. This chapter reviews and summarizes the effects of occlusion on the skin and irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. The experimental data presented in this chapter documents how far we have progressed in understanding the effects of occlusion on the skin in recent decades. It also provides a concise summary of these conclusions.
Synthesis of Corncob Based Carbon Acid Catalyst by Arylation of 4 Benzenediazonium Sulfonate for Biodiesel Production

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The utilisation of low cost feedstock such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in biodiesel product has significantly reduced the biodiesel raw material cost. Carbon acid catalyst that is low cost, non-toxic, biodegradable and highly reusable is able to convert the high free fatty acid (FFA) content in the low cost feedstock into biodiesel (FAME). In this study, corncob derived carbon acid catalyst was synthesised through arylation of 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (4-BDS) sulfonation method and the synthesised catalyst was used in the esterification reaction of PFAD and methanol. SEM micrographs showed that the activated carbon (AC) had porous structure and the AC obtained had exhibited large BET surface area of 972.66 m2/g. Besides that, EDX and FT-IR had confirmed the successful attachment of –SO3H groups onto the activated carbon. TGA result showed that the catalyst was thermally stable up to the temperature of 230 ˚C. The optimum catalyst synthesis condition obtained was at 900 ˚C carbonisation temperature, 1.5 hours sulfonation time and 11: 1 sulfanilic acid to AC weight ratio. The optimum catalyst, Cat_900h possessed the total acid density of 2.48 mmol/g and had achieved FAME yield of 72.09% and conversion of 93.49% in the esterification reaction. In addition, the optimum esterification reaction obtained from RSM was at reaction temperature 89.24 ˚C, reaction time of 6.48 hours, 11 wt.% catalyst loading and 21.94:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with maximum FAME yield of 83.48%. Kinetic studies had proven that the esterification reaction of PFAD and methanol in the presence of corncob based carbon acid catalyst followed the pseudo-homogeneous first order reaction model with activation energy of 23.36 kJ/mol.
Social democracy and the decline of strikes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper tests if a strong labor movement leads to fewer industrial conflicts. The focus is on Sweden between the first general election in 1919 and the famous Saltsjöbaden Agreement in 1938, a formative period when the country transitioned from fierce labor conflicts to a state of industrial peace. We use panel data techniques to analyze more than 2000 strikes in 103 Swedish towns. We find that a shift of political majority towards the Social Democrats led to a significant decline in strikes, but only in towns where union presence was strong. The strike-reducing mechanism is related to corporatist explanations rather than increased social spending in municipal budgets.
Kesiapan Guru Di Abad 21 Dengan Pendekatan Empat Dimensi Kepemimpinan Situasional Kepala Sekolah

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the four dimensions of situational leadership that are used by school principals to improve teacher readiness in the 21st century. A qualitative approach with case studies is the method used in this study. Data and information were obtained from the results of observations and interviews that have been conducted. The results of the study show that the principle in implementing situational leadership styles tends to be delegative, namely this last group of leadership styles for employees with very high readiness, skills, and desires. This leadership style pays little attention to relationships and tasks. This style observes and supervises employees, leaders see progress and results, assign authority and obligation to employees, and ensure employees achieve appropriate results.Keywords: Situational Leadership; teacher readiness; 21st centuryAbstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi empat dimensi kepemimpinan situasional yang digunakan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kesiapan guru di abad 21. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus menjadi metode dalam penelitian ini. Data dan informasi didapatkan dari hasil observasi dan wawancara yang telah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kepala sekolah tersebut dalam pengimplementasian gaya kepemimpinan situasional cenderung delegatif yaitu kelompok gaya kepemimpinan terakhir ini untuk karyawan yang kesiapan, keterampilan serta keinginan yang sangat tinggi. Gaya kepemimpinan ini tidak terlalu memperdulikan hubungan dan tugas. Gaya ini mengamati dan mengawasi karyawan, pemimpin melihat kemajuan dan hasil, memberikan wewenang dan kewajiban kepada karyawan, dan memastikan karyawan mencapai hasil yang sesuai.Kata kunci: Kepemimpinan Situasional; kesiapan guru; abad 21
Mapping sustainable options in the fashion industry: A systematic literature review and a future research agenda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The fashion industry accounts for large impacts on the environment and social welfare, both on the consumers' and companies' sides. This study systematically reviews the literature on sustainable consumption in the fashion industry, clarifying sustainable fashion's meaning. Existing sustainable fashion solutions are investigated from consumers' behavior perspective and classified into three consumption phases, that is, (pre‐)purchase, use, and post‐use. 187 articles are included, and twenty‐six sustainable solutions are identified across the consumption phases. These include techniques, features, services, and behaviors able to increase garment sustainability by mitigating negative impacts and ensuring product circularity by recycling and/or reusing at the product's end of life, representing promising strategies for fostering a transition toward sustainable fashion consumption practices. An innovative and comprehensive framework of sustainable fashion solutions is developed. Future research agenda and a sustainable offering inventory for marketers are provided.
Association between inherited thrombophilia and ischemic brain disease in Vojvodina

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction. The most common genetic causes of thrombophilia include deficiency of histidine-rich glycoprotein, proteins C and S, antithrombin III, as well as mutations in the factor V and factor II genes. Thrombophilia is primarily associated with an elevated risk of deep vein thrombosis and/or thromboembolism; however, thrombosis can also occur in atypical locations such as the retinal, cerebral, and splanchnic veins. Ischemic stroke can result from restricted blood flow to the brain. Some studies suggest a potential link between ischemic brain disease and inherited thrombophilia. Material and Methods. Venous blood samples were used to extract genomic DNA, and detection of allele types in patients and controls was performed using realtime polymerase chain reaction on Gentier 96R Real-Time PCR System (TianLong, China) with an allelic discrimination assay. Results. Among the risk factors evaluated, the most common one linked to the development of cerebral ischemia was resistance to activated protein C due to the presence of FV Leiden mutation. Conclusion. Further studies involving larger cohorts of patients with reported cases of cerebral ischemia are necessary to determine whether a significant association exists between inherited thrombophilia and cerebral ischemia.