jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Rgyalrongic languages (Qiangic branch, Sino-Tibetan family) are prime examples of a split verb agreement system grounded in the pragmatic salience of speech act participants. However, the Horpa language in this group presents a hybrid system involving a more intricate interplay of functional and syntactic factors, despite having less elaborate morphological material than some related languages. Many fundamental issues of Horpa verb agreement remain to be adequately explored, despite preliminary descriptions in the literature. This paper provides a new study of verb agreement in the Gexi variety of Horpa based on first-hand fieldwork data. Compared with Shangzhai Horpa of Rangtang County, Gexi displays many points of difference in its agreement system, including reduplication as a number-marking device, and functionally differentiated special and general sets of person-marking suffixes, the former restricted to transitive singular actants. Gexi verb agreement is undergoing typological transition from pragmatics-driven split agreement to syntax-driven subject agreement, as part of a global morpho-syntactic shift from a head-marking to a dependent-marking grammatical type. The conversion, possibly catalyzed by contact influences from Tibetan, is still ongoing with traces of the original system preserved in the form of alternating patterns. The phenomena under analysis constitute an intermediate stage in the evolution of Qiangic verbal agreement typology between the conservative Rgyalrong, Lavrung, and Shangzhai Horpa split-agreement type and the innovative subject-agreement type observed in Qiang and Prinmi.
Metaphor awareness in teaching vocabulary

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Patterns of language are usually perceived, learned and used as meaningful chunks that are processed as a whole, resulting in a reduced learning burden and increased fluency. The ability to comprehend and produce lexical chunks or groups of words which are commonly found together is an important part of language acquisition. This paper demonstrates how an awareness of conceptual metaphor and grouping of various words and expressions in a metaphorical chunk may improve the process of vocabulary acquisition. Since words that appear in language as a result of metaphorical extensions resemble other etymologically related words, this method may help learners in establishing mental associations and speed up learning, especially if students already know words to which new vocabulary is related. In this way, learners' prior knowledge would assist in assimilating new information by reducing burden on limited-capacity working memory. The current paper offers a specific example of implementing this approach, and demonstrates how Russian words and idiomatic expressions can be presented in metaphorical chunks to facilitate cognitively efficient learning. It suggests that a similar approach may potentially be extended to syntactic properties of words that could be explained via conceptual metaphors encoded in their origin. By exploring this connection, a metaphorical approach could also be used in teaching grammar.
Proliferation of duck hepatitis B virus in primary duckling hepatocyte cultures.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

アヒル肝細胞初代培養系において,in vivoあるいはin vitroで接種されたアヒルB型肝炎ウイルス(DHBV)は増殖することが知られている.この系を用い今回は以下のことを明らかにした.(1)肝細胞は1ヵ月間培養可能であり,この間in vivo, in vitro感染共に安定してウイルスの増殖がみられた.(2) In vitroの経時的接種では肝細胞培養後21日目まで感染成立がみられ,いかなる接種時期でも約10%の細胞のみがウイルス感染が陽性であった.よって培養細胞が紡錘化してもウイルス感染が可能である.(3) In vivo感染とin vitro感染間では個々の陽性細胞レベルでのウイルス増殖の強さはほぼ同一であった.(4)分化促進剤であるdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)およびN6-2'-0-dibutyryl-adenosine 3': 5'-cyclic monophosphate (dbc-AMP)の添加は培養細胞の紡錘化を阻止する傾向がみられたが,感染陽性細胞の増加には顕著な影響を与えなかった.
Fort Dundas : first settlement in Northern Australia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 1824 the British landed in northern Australia, ready to defend it against the French or the Dutch. They found a hard country, ungiving and unforgiving. The settlers built a fort and a settlement they named Fort Dundas, after the First Lord of the Admiralty. This report uses GIS to examine the defence network set up at Fort Dundas. The project found that, although the [sic] Fort Dundas eventually failed, the artillery strategy proved effective in the settlement's defence. -- Abstract.
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL METAMORPHOPSIA ONE YEAR AFTER SURGERY FOR MACULAR HOLES ≤ 500 µm WITH AND WITHOUT INVERTED INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To investigate the effect of an inverted internal limiting membrane flap (IF) and other factors on metamorphopsia after macular hole surgery. Methods: Prospective case series of patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade, with either conventional internal limiting membrane peeling (CP) or an IF, for primary idiopathic macular holes ≤ 500 µ m. Vertical and horizontal metamorphopsia were measured as M-scores (degrees) using M-charts preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results: Fifty-three eyes of 53 patients were included of whom 27 underwent CP and 26 were treated with an IF. After macular hole surgery, all patients were pseudophakic. Vertical and horizontal metamorphopsia improved from 1.08 (±0.51) and 0.98 (±0.70) preoperatively to 0.58 (±0.37) and 0.45 (±0.36) at 2 months ( P < 0.01), with no further significant improvement at 6 months (0.39 [±0.31], P = 0.07 and 0.31 [±0.28], P = 0.18) or at 12 months (0.37 [±0.30], P = 0.72 and 0.28 [±0.28], P = 0.99). There was no significant difference in the mean vertical and horizontal metamorphopsia between patients with CP and with an IF at 2 months ( P = 0.063, P = 0.10), 6 months ( P = 0.25, P = 0.16), or 12 months ( P = 0.62, P = 0.22). Preoperative vertical M-score improved at 12 months after macular hole surgery by 61% and 64% in the CP and IF groups, respectively ( P = 0.84), and the horizontal M-score by 65% and 71%, respectively ( P = 0.98). Conclusion: The use of an IF has no evident bearing on the degree of postoperative metamorphopsia 12 months after surgical repair of macular holes ≤ 500 µ m.
A narrative study of international teachers' transitional identities in U.S. high schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In an increasing globalized society, the number of professionals, including teachers working in foreign countries has increased. Additionally, the growing diversity in U.S. schools today and the added challenge of equipping students with 21 st century skills has necessitated the recruitment of international teachers in U.S. public schools. Although state agencies use the recruitment of international teachers as a way to enhance the global awareness of high school graduates and specifically their knowledge of other cultures, little is known about international teachers ‘ transition to teaching in the U.S. This study aims at enhancing an understanding of the experiences of international teachers in U.S. public schools in order to interrogate transitional challenges and ruminate on implications for educational leadership. Using a narrative research design eight teachers narrate their stories of transition, adjustment and negotiation. These stories inform the reader about the different identity transitional resources that international teachers utilize as they negotiate who they are as teachers in a foreign space.
A Super-Quadratic Lower Bound for Depth Four Arithmetic Circuits

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show an Ω̃(n^2.5) lower bound for general depth four arithmetic circuits computing an explicit n-variate degree-Θ(n) multilinear polynomial over any field of characteristic zero. To our knowledge, and as stated in the survey [Amir Shpilka and Amir Yehudayoff, 2010], no super-quadratic lower bound was known for depth four circuits over fields of characteristic ≠ 2 before this work. The previous best lower bound is Ω̃(n^1.5) [Abhijat Sharma, 2017], which is a slight quantitative improvement over the roughly Ω(n^1.33) bound obtained by invoking the super-linear lower bound for constant depth circuits in [Ran Raz, 2010; Victor Shoup and Roman Smolensky, 1997]. Our lower bound proof follows the approach of the almost cubic lower bound for depth three circuits in [Neeraj Kayal et al., 2016] by replacing the shifted partials measure with a suitable variant of the projected shifted partials measure, but it differs from [Neeraj Kayal et al., 2016]’s proof at a crucial step - namely, the way "heavy" product gates are handled. Loosely speaking, a heavy product gate has a relatively high fan-in. Product gates of a depth three circuit compute products of affine forms, and so, it is easy to prune Θ(n) many heavy product gates by projecting the circuit to a low-dimensional affine subspace [Neeraj Kayal et al., 2016; Amir Shpilka and Avi Wigderson, 2001]. However, in a depth four circuit, the second (from the top) layer of product gates compute products of polynomials having arbitrary degree, and hence it was not clear how to prune such heavy product gates from the circuit. We show that heavy product gates can also be eliminated from a depth four circuit by projecting the circuit to a low-dimensional affine subspace, unless the heavy gates together account for Ω̃(n^2.5) size. This part of our argument is inspired by a well-known greedy approximation algorithm for the weighted set-cover problem.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction in multiple sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For a comprehensive study of such a socially significant disease as multiple sclerosis (MS), which occurs predominantly in people of working age and in which neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration go hand in hand, resulting in irreversible damage to the brain and spinal cord, the key point is to decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms of its development and progression. Despite the established relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and secondary endothelial damage, data on the possible role of homocysteine (Hcy) in disease progression are quite contradictory. Objective: to investigate the informative value of determining the content of markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction in patients with MS. Material and methods . The study included 63 patients with MS (40 women, 23 men) aged 35 [30; 43] years. The control group consisted of 43 healthy volunteers (22 men, 21 women) aged 37 [32; 44] years. Depending on the therapy received, patients were divided into two groups: those receiving first-line and second-line therapy; patients receiving natalizumab therapy were considered separately. A neurological examination of patients was performed with an assessment of disease severity using the EDSS scale, and the disease progression index was calculated. The following biomarkers were also determined in the blood of patients and volunteers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1), S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione, and Hcy. Results. A statistically significant correlation was found between disease severity (EDSS disability level) and increased Hcy levels. A statistically significant increase in ICAM-1 levels was also found in patients during periods of disease activity (clinical exacerbation, activity according to MRI data), which allows this molecule to be considered as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the need to continue studying the pathophysiological causes of the onset and progression of MS, further identifying new biomarkers for predicting the course of MS, and evaluating the effectiveness of drugs that alter the course of MS.
Is ERAS Protocol Necessary during Ileostomy Reversal in Patients after Anterior Rectal Resection—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to establish whether implement ation of the ERAS protocol has a beneficial effect postoperatively after ileostomy reversal. Introduction: Loop ileostomy is commonly performed during anterior rectal resection with total mesorectal excision to protect the newly created anastomosis. Ileostomy reversal is performed after rectal anastomoses are completely healed and can be associated with complications. The use of the ERAS protocol in elective colorectal surgery has been shown to significantly reduce the complication rate and length of hospital stay without an increased readmission rate. Methods: After PROSPERO registration (CRD42023449551), a systematic review of the following databases was carried out: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. This meta-analysis involved studies up to December 2023 without language restrictions. A random effects model meta-analysis was performed to assess complications, readmissions, and length of stay (LOS) in ileostomy reversal patients with and without ERAS protocol implementation. Results: Six articles were analyzed, and each study reported on the elements of the ERAS protocol. There was no significant difference between the ERAS and non-ERAS groups in terms of complications rate (OR = 0.98; 95%CI: 0.64–1.52; I2 = 0%). Postoperative ileus was the most prevalent adverse event in both groups. The readmission rate did not differ significantly between the groups (OR = 1.77; 95%CI: 0.85–3.50, I2 = 0%). In comparison to the control group, the LOS in the ERAS group was noticeably shorter (MD = −1.94; 95%CI: −3.38–−0.49; I2 = 77%). Conclusions: Following the ERAS protocol can result in a shorter LOS and does not increase complications or readmission rates in patients undergoing ileostomy reversal. Thus, the ERAS protocol is recommended for clinical implementation.
The role of alcohol in suicides in Erie County, NY, 1972-84.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A discriminant analysis of the 806 suicide victims in Erie County, NY, from 1972-84, compared those with alcohol in the blood to those without. Thirty-three percent of the victims had alcohol in their blood. Those with blood alcohol present were more likely to demonstrate such characteristics as being male, leaving no note, being found in a vehicle, having no prior attempt, using a gun, killing themselves in the evening or at night, and not being under psychiatric treatment. The results are interpreted to mean that alcohol is a contributory cause of impulsive suicides. Suicides related to long-standing conditions, such as chronic depression or physical illness, which are less spontaneous and more predictable, are less likely to involve alcohol. The alcohol-related suicide is more likely to be impulsive. Alcohol-involved suicides reflect general drinking patterns, with men drinking more than women, and most drinking being done in the evening.
Breathing Pattern Interpretation as an Alternative and Effective Voice Communication Solution

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems tend to rely on the interpretation of purposeful gestures for interaction. Existing AAC methods could be cumbersome and limit the solutions in terms of versatility. The study aims to interpret breathing patterns (BPs) to converse with the outside world by means of a unidirectional microphone and researches breathing-pattern interpretation (BPI) to encode messages in an interactive manner with minimal training. We present BP processing work with (1) output synthesized machine-spoken words (SMSW) along with single-channel Weiner filtering (WF) for signal de-noising, and (2) k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classification of BPs associated with embedded dynamic time warping (DTW). An approved protocol to collect analogue modulated BP sets belonging to 4 distinct classes with 10 training BPs per class and 5 live BPs per class was implemented with 23 healthy subjects. An 86% accuracy of k-NN classification was obtained with decreasing error rates of 17%, 14%, and 11% for the live classifications of classes 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The results express a systematic reliability of 89% with increased familiarity. The outcomes from the current AAC setup recommend a durable engineering solution directly beneficial to the sufferers.
International Public Goods : Incentives, Measurement, and Financing

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Increasingly, the consequences of \n globalization call for the involvement, not only of national \n governments, but of the international development community \n as a whole. Such involvement needs to occur within a \n comprehensive framework that encompasses stakeholders from \n government, non-governmental organizations, and businesses \n acting together in partnership. This requires the leveraging \n of general aid and country-focused development resources \n along with encouraging private financing participation. The \n book explains different ways that this type of framework \n might be structured, and focuses on different financing \n strategies that can be developed. It acknowledges the value \n of country specific efforts while recommending a \n multi-national approach to addressing problems resulting \n from globalization. This book evaluates the concepts \n fundamental to the term "public goods" and details \n alternative governance structures including the role of incentives.
Age Related Gross Morphological Studies on Ovarian Follicles in Punjab White Quail

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was conducted on the ovaries of 24 Punjab white quails. The study revealed that ovary was grayish in color, ovoid in shape and granular in appearance containing numerous small follicles at 8 weeks, grayish yellow in color and became irregular at 16 weeks, large yellow follicles present and resembled bunch of grapes at 24 weeks and became irregularly lobulated at 30 weeks. Three types of ovarian follicles were observed and classified based on their diameter as small (2-4 mm), medium (4-6 mm) and large sized follicles (14-19 mm). The number of small follicles was maximum (32.33 ± 0.61) at 8 weeks of age and that of medium (8.66 ± 0.47) and large follicles (4.83 ± 0.28) at 24 weeks of age which is considered to be the most active reproductive period in these female birds.
Optimalisasi Penggunaan Gandasil D Untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tanaman Kale (Barassica Ileracea Var. Acephala) Pada Sistem Hidroponik

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A research project entitled Optimisation of Gandasil D Use to Increase Kale (Barassica Oleracea Var. Acephala) Productivity in Hydroponic Systems was conducted at the Pakkea Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, North Toraja Regency, from March to June 2025. This research project aims to determine the response of Ab mix nutrients and Gandasil D fertiliser in the DFT system to the growth and production of kale plants. The method used in this study was a randomised block design (RAK) with 6 levels of Gandasil D concentration. (KO = Control), (K1 = 0.5 grams/litre of water), (K2 = 1 gram/litre of water), (K3 = 1.5 grams/litre of water), (K4 = 2 grams/litre of water), (K5 = 2.5 grams/litre of water) with 3 replications and with AB MIX concentrations, 0 to 7 days after planting = 400 ppm, 8 to 14 days after planting = 600 ppm, 15 to 21 days after planting = 800 ppm, 22 to 28 days after planting = 1000 ppm, 29 to 35 days after planting = 1200 ppm, 36 days and onwards until harvest = 1500 ppm. The variables observed in this study were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, and plant stem diameter. The results showed that a concentration of Gandasil D 2.5 grams/litre of water gave the best results with an average plant height of 37.93 cm, 12.56 leaves, leaf length of 24.16 cm, leaf width of 14.31 cm, stem diameter of 11.69 mm, and harvest weight of 232.89/plant. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by a post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. The analysis of the feasibility of farming showed an R/C ratio of 1.03, which means that kale cultivation using a hydroponic system and the aforementioned nutrient concentration is feasible and profitable.
The Use of Religion Online by Indian Political Entities During the 2024 Lok Sabha Election: Religiopolitical Propaganda on Social Media?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The intersection of politics and religion in India has gained significant scholarly attention, particularly since the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) rise to power in 2014. The increasing impact of social media on Indian politics has intensified this concern. However, it is yet to be fully explored how social media was used for religiopolitical purposes during the Indian election in 2024. We computationally analyzed 3082 Facebook posts using BERTopic, word embedding, and cluster analysis to understand how politicians, political candidates, political organizations, and political parties intertwined religion and politics during the 2024 Lok Sabha election. We identified the presence of religiopolitical propaganda, primarily aimed at reviving and recreating Hindu nationalist history and targeting religious minorities, mainly Muslims. The major topics of the posts included ideological legacy, political landscape, party and leadership, celebrations, crime and justice, local politics and governance, politicized demographic trends, public engagements, spiritual and philosophical themes, and the misrepresented reservation issue. The interconnectedness of these issues suggests that the BJP and its allies concentrated on religious matters, from Hindu–Muslim debates to reservations for Muslims and the inauguration of Hindu temples. Data from non-political entities, such as influencers, as well as cross-platform analysis from Twitter and YouTube, can extend and enrich these insights.
Intricate crosstalk between MYC and non‐coding RNAs regulates hallmarks of cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) plays an important role in the regulation of many cellular processes, and its expression is tightly regulated at the level of transcription, translation, protein stability, and activity. Despite this tight regulation, MYC is overexpressed in many cancers and contributes to multiple hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, it has become clear that noncoding RNA s add a crucial additional layer to the regulation of MYC and its downstream effects. So far, twenty‐five micro RNA s and eighteen long noncoding RNA s that regulate MYC have been identified. Thirty‐three mi RNA s and nineteen lnc RNA s are downstream effectors of MYC that contribute to the broad oncogenic role of MYC , including its effects on diverse hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we give an overview of this extensive, multilayered noncoding RNA network that exists around MYC . Current data clearly show explicit roles of crosstalk between MYC and nc RNA s to allow tumorigenesis.
A census of AGB stars in the Milky Way and M31 subgroups of dwarf-spheroidal galaxies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract From photometric observations out to the tidal radii of the galaxies, we were able to identify hundreds of new carbon stars, to derive mean absolute magnitudes〈 Mi 〉, luminosity functions, and the spatial/radial distributions of the carbon stars in these galaxies. For each galaxy this new material will allow estimates of the tips of their RGBs to derive distance moduli, to derive C/M ratios of the AGB populations and bolometric magnitudes Mbol . At the end of our survey a comparison of all quantities of the late-type stars as a function of the properties of the host galaxies will be made possible.