jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Motor Conduction Alterations In Spinal Stenosis Patients Immediately After Physical Stress And Following Decompressive Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neurogenic claudication is often seen in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. The pathogenesis of neurogenic claudication is thought to be due to relative ischemia of cauda equina roots during exercise. We studied the effect of transient ischemia brought on by exercise on motor conduction in patients suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis. We found that there is a statistically significant difference in the motor evoked potential latency time and in the peripheral motor conduction time measured before and after exercise in the patients with signs of neurological deficit (Hest p<O.0001). This difference was not found to be statistically significant in patients without neurological deficits (ttest p>O.05). We also evaluated the sensitivity of motor evoked potentials in detecting motor conduction abnormalities before and after the onset of neurogenic claudication. We found that 65% of the patients with lumbar spinal stenosis had abnormal evoked potentials. This value increased to 76% after the onset of claudication.
CHEBYSHEV WAVELET SOLUTIONS FOR TIME-FRACTIONAL INTEGRO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO BEAM PROBLEMS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The main objectives of this works are to present a Chebyshev wavelet method to solve approximately analytical solutions which it can apply to the beam problem. The analytical solutions of this problem can be written as Chebyshev wavelet series that can compute the unknown coefficient of Chebyshev wavelet solutions with nonlinear algebraic system. With our numerical results, the Chebyshev wavelet technique is simple and powerful method for calculating any beam problems. The validity and accuracy of our method have been shown through analytical results, absolute error and absolute residue error. Additionally, it is appropriate for solving some fractional order of Caputo fractional in nonlinear time-fractional integro partial differential equations.
Background Information Document for the CBD Expert Workshop to Develop Options for Modifying the Description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas, for Describing New Areas, and for Strengthening the Scientific Credibility and Transparency of this Process (5-8 December 2017, Berlin)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This background report aims to inform the Expert Workshop to Develop Options for Modifying the Description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas, for Describing New Areas, and for Strengthening the Scientific Credibility and Transparency of this Process (5-8 December 2017, Berlin), by providing information on: (1) the process on ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs) and its legal status; (2) how other international processes/instruments address issues concerning the updating of relevant scientific information that can lead to the description of new areas of conservation value or modification of existing areas through scientifically robust and transparent processes; and 3) elements for consideration in relation to the EBSA process.
Electron-Rich Phenoxyl Mediators Improve Thermodynamic Performance of Electrocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation with an Iridium Pincer Complex

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Electron-rich phenols, including α-rac-tocopherol Ar1OH, 2,4,6,-tri-tert-butylphenol Ar3OH, and butylated hydroxy-toluene Ar4OH, are effective electrochemical mediators for the electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols by an iridium amido dihyride complex (PNP)Ir(H)2 (IrN 1, PNP = bis[2-diisopropylphosphino)ethyl]amide). Addition of phenol mediators leads to a decrease in the onset potential of catalysis from -0.65 V vs Fc+/0 under unmediated conditions to -1.07 V vs Fc+/0 in the presence of phenols. Mechanistic analysis suggests that oxidative turnover of the iridium amino trihydride (PNHP)Ir(H)3 (IrH 2, PNHP = bis[2-diisopropylphosphino)ethyl]amine) to IrN 1 proceeds through two successive hydrogen atom transfers (HAT) to 2 equiv of phenoxyl that are generated transiently at the anode. Isotope studies and comparison to known systems are consistent with initial homolysis of an Ir-H bond being rate-determining. Turnover frequencies up to 14.6 s-1 and an average Faradaic efficiency of 93% are observed. The mediated system shows excellent chemoselectivity in bulk oxidations of 2-propanol and 1,2-benzenedimethanol in THF and is also viable in neat 2-propanol.
Analysis of Approaches to Foreign Language Training of International Specialists (on the Example of MGIMO of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The subject of the study is the effectiveness of approaches to the formation of foreign language linguistic competence of future international specialists. The object of the research is the professional language training of future international specialists studying at the Departments of Romano-Germanic and Oriental Languages of MGIMO of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. The purpose of the study is to generalize the cathedral approaches, their description, analysis and justification of their effectiveness in the process of teaching the language of the profession in all areas of university training. The authors consider in detail the approaches to teaching the language of the profession at the university as a whole, focusing on the analysis of approaches, methods and strategies used to form productive and receptive skills, considering all types of speech activity. The main conclusions of the study are the theoretical justification of the effectiveness and practical assessment of the reliability of approaches and methods of teaching the language of the profession, aimed at the formation of professionally necessary skills and abilities of future specialists, taking into account each of its specifics and practiced by all departments of foreign languages of the university, providing training in all areas of professional training of future international specialists. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the theoretical consideration of the effectiveness of approaches to teaching the language of the profession, taking into account certain specifics and complexity of some types of speech activity; generalization and analysis of the cathedral approaches and methods; consideration of approaches to the peculiarities of teaching translation of texts from a foreign language into Russian and from Russian into a foreign language. The novelty of the research lies in the concretization of approaches to teaching the language of the profession as a fundamental condition for the formation of foreign language linguistic competence of future international specialists; in determining the most effective methods and strategies for teaching a foreign language in terms of specialized professional training of students at the level of joint interrelated activity "teacher-student".
A Korean child diagnosed with malonic aciduria harboring a novel start codon mutation following presentation with dilated cardiomyopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Malonic aciduria (MA, OMIM#248360) is an extremely rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase. The phenotype exhibited by patients with MA is variable, but may include symptoms, such as developmental delay in early childhood, seizures, vomiting, metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, ketosis, and cardiomyopathy. We describe the first case of a Korean child with MA who presented with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) at the age of 3 months. Methods and Results A 3‐month‐old Korean boy visited our hospital for diagnosis and management of cardiomegaly. Newborn screening for inherited metabolic diseases showed a normal result; therefore, DCMP management was initiated. Biochemical and the MLYCD gene analyses subsequently confirmed diagnosis of MA. Elevated plasma C3DC level and excessive excretion of urinary malonate were observed, and two pathogenic variants, including a novel start codon mutation (c.1A>G), were identified in MLYCD . A low long‐chain fat diet with middle‐chain triglyceride formula and L‐carnitine supplementation was initiated. The patient is now 5 years old and exhibits considerably improved cardiac function. Conclusions MA can be diagnosed using newborn screening; however, negative results do not exclude the possibility of disease. Metabolic screening for differential diagnosis of infantile DCMP is recommended to rule out rare, but manageable, metabolic cardiomyopathies.
Developing a systematic approach to assessing data quality in secondary use of clinical data based on intended use

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Secondary use of electronic health record (EHR) data for research requires that the data are fit for use . Data quality (DQ) frameworks have traditionally focused on structural conformance and completeness of clinical data extracted from source systems. In this paper, we propose a framework for evaluating semantic DQ that will allow researchers to evaluate fitness for use prior to analyses. Methods We reviewed current DQ literature, as well as experience from recent multisite network studies, and identified gaps in the literature and current practice. Derived principles were used to construct the conceptual framework with attention to both analytic fitness and informatics practice. Results We developed a systematic framework that guides researchers in assessing whether a data source is fit for use for their intended study or project. It combines tools for evaluating clinical context with DQ principles, as well as factoring in the characteristics of the data source, in order to develop semantic DQ checks. Conclusions Our framework provides a systematic process for DQ development. Further work is needed to codify practices and metadata around both structural and semantic data quality.
LUGH, the Proposed Mercury Express Mission, as an Ideal, Current, Low-Cost, Low-Risk Option for Mercury Exploration

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose an ESA Flexi Mission, LUGH, Mercury Express Mission, an extremely fast, low cost, low risk, high return, three-platform, multiple flyby mission which would provide data which are unique and complimentary to recently selected long lead time Mercury missions.
Inhibitory Effect of Yogurt on Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation in the Rat Colon and Colorectal Tumorigenesis in RasH2 Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The inhibitory effects of yogurt consisting of milk fermented by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain 2038 and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus strain 1131 on formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats and also on development of colorectal tumors in transgenic mice harboring human prototype c-Ha-ras genes (rasH2 mice) were examined. F344 rats and rasH2 mice were fed commercial diet containing freeze-dried yogurt or starter medium (non-fermented milk). Rats were inoculated orally with heterocyclic amine 2-amino-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine hydrochloride (PhIP) for two weeks. The rats were necropsied 14 days after the PhIP treatment, and ACF in the colon and rectum were counted. RasH2 mice were injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) for 20 weeks. Three weeks after the last injection of DMH, rasH2 mice were necropsied to determine the number and the size of colorectal tumors. Yogurt supplementation in diet significantly reduced the number of ACF and aberrant crypts (ACs) in rats fed control diet (P<0.01), but not in rats fed non-fermented milk diet. On the other hand, rasH2 mice receiving the yogurt-supplemented diet had significantly reduced numbers of tumors induced by DMH compared with those fed the non-fermented milk-supplemented diet (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that the yogurt used in this study appears to have tumor-suppressing properties, and rasH2 mice are a useful model for the evaluation of antitumor activities of foods.
HAND ECZEMA IN MALAYSIANS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One-hundred-and-four patients unth. hand eczema were studied. The female to male ratio was 1.9:1 and peak incidence was in young adulthood. In females, housewives constituted the biggest group while in males, mechanics/engineers was the biggest group. 30 % of the patients had contact sensitivity on patch testing to a standard series. Balsams, medicaments, rubber ingredients, nickel and formaldehyde were the common allergens. The contact sensitivity was considered relevant in 65% ofcases.
Delayed pressure urticaria manifesting as dyspareunia – is it that uncommon?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Delayed pressure urticaria (DPU) is a variant of physical urticaria characterised by reproducible whealing on application of sustained pressure to the skin. Clinical manifestations include delayed cutaneous erythema, edema and subcutaneous swelling, typically occurring 4–6 h after application of mechanical pressure. Dyspareunia is defined as persistent or recurrent pain in the genital area or within the pelvis that occurs just before, during, or after sexual intercourse. We report an unusual case of DPU manifesting as dyspareunia.
Effects of passive cooperation and neutral prompts on preschoolers’ flexibility.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The current study examines flexibility in preschoolers; specifically, the effects of a passive cooperator and neutral prompt on preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility. 41 preschoolers, from four to six years of age, were randomly assigned to three conditions: individual, passive cooperation, and passive cooperation with prompts condition. Cognitive flexibility was measured using the block sorting task. Additionally, the affective scales on mood and motivation, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Fourth Edition, the Standard Dimensional Change Card sorting task, and the content false belief task were used as controls. The results showed that there were no significant effects of either passive cooperation or neutral prompts on flexibility. Additionally, there was a lack of a significant effect of paired conditions on mood and motivation changes.
Integration and Citizenship: An Essay

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Integration and citizenship questions concern immigrants in Europe. These questions are difficult to address because of the different histories and settlement patterns of immigrants in receiving societies. The European dimension has introduced new values in integration and citizenship policies. One change is the revision of nationality laws in the 1990s to take account of the long-term presence of immigrants. However, an important gap persists between admission policies, which are governed by regional agreements, and integration and citizenship policies, which are subject to national or state laws. New trends and new mobilities present further challenge in how to reconcile admission and integration policies.
MO-E-AUD C-06: Application of 5D Breathing Motion Model for Monitoring Radiation Damage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To present a novel method for monitoring radiation damage using the parameters of our 5D lung motion model. Method and Materials: The 5D breathing motion model describes breathing motion as a function of tidal volume ν and airflow f and is parameterized as: , where r is the position of a piece of tissue located at reference position r0. α and β are each functions of r0 and relate tissue motion with tidal volume and airflow. The continuity equation , where ρ is the local density, t is time, and U is the velocity field, is modified to replace tidal volume as the independent variable. At inhalation or exhalation, the f=0 and under these conditions, the continuity equation leads to in the tissue reference frame. This equation provides the relationship between the divergence of α and the relative change in local tissue density. The powerful aspect of this result is that the α parameter is determined using free-breathing scan registrations which inherently include the complex hysteresis interplay, and yet its divergence indicates the local relative density change as a function of tidal volume. The values of α were determined for repeat 5D CT scans for both irradiated and unirradiated lungs. Results: The unirradiated patient had little change in the value of α between two scan sessions. A lung cancer patient had 5D CT scans acquired after 16 Gy and 70 Gy tumor dose. The value of α changed dramatically in the irradiated regions. This result indicates that α is sensitive to radiation dose damage. Conclusion: The divergent of α is shown to be related to the relative local density variation as measured using free-breathing 5DCT. Repeat scans indicate that variations in the α distribution, corresponding to changes in local density variations, may be sensitive to local radiation damage.
Multiview Classification Through Learning From Interval-Valued Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The classification problem concerning crisp-valued data has been well resolved. However, interval-valued data, where all of the observations' features are described by intervals, are also a common data type in real-world scenarios. For example, the data extracted by many measuring devices are not exact numbers but intervals. In this article, we focus on a highly challenging problem called learning from interval-valued data (LIND), where we aim to learn a classifier with high performance on interval-valued observations. First, we obtain the estimation error bound of the LIND problem based on the Rademacher complexity. Then, we give the theoretical analysis to show the strengths of multiview learning on classification problems, which inspires us to construct a new algorithm called multiview interval information extraction (Mv-IIE) approach for improving classification accuracy on interval-valued data. The experiment comparisons with several baselines on both synthetic and real-world datasets illustrate the superiority of the proposed framework in handling interval-valued data. Moreover, we describe an application of Mv-IIE that we can prevent data privacy leakage by transforming crisp-valued (raw) data into interval-valued data.
New Calculation of Prompt Fission Neutron Spectra and Average Prompt Neutron Multiplicities

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

On the basis of standard nuclear evaporation theory, we calculate the prompt fission neutron spectrum N(E) as a function of both the fissioning nucleus and its excitation energy. To simulate the initial distribution of fission-fragment excitation energy and the subsequent cooling of the fragments as neutrons are emitted, we take the distribution of fission-fragment residual nuclear temperature to be triangular in shape, extending linearly from zero to a maximum value Tm. This maximum temperature is determined from the average energy release, the separation energy and kinetic energy of the neutron inducing fission, the total average fission-fragment kinetic energy, and the level density parameter of the Fermi gas model. The neutron energy spectrum for fixed residual nuclear temperature is integrated over this triangular distribution to obtain the neutron energy spectrum in the center-of-mass system of a given fission fragment, which is then transformed to the laboratory system. When the cross section σc for the inverse process of compound nucleus formation is assumed constant, N(E) is the sum of a four-term closed expression involving the exponential integral and the incomplete gamma function for the light fragment and an analogous result for the heavy fragment. We also calculate N(E) by numerical integration for an energy-dependent cross section σc that is obtained from an optical model; this shifts the peak in N(E) to somewhat lower neutron energy and changes the overall shape slightly. The spectra calculated for both a constant cross section and an energy-dependent cross section reproduce recent experimental data for several fissioning nuclei and excitation energies for a single choice of the nuclear level density parameter and without the use of any further adjustable parameters. However, the spectra calculated with an energy-dependent cross section agree somewhat better with the experimental data than do those calculated with a constant cross section. Our approach is also used to calculate , the average number of prompt neutrons per fission, as a function of excitation energy for several fissioning nuclei. At high excitation energy, where fission following the emission of one or more neutrons is possible, we take into account the effects of and competition between first-, second-, and third-chance fission when calculating both N(E) and . For ease of computation, we present finally an approximate way to simulate the energy dependence of the compound nucleus cross section through a slight readjustment of the value of the level density parameter.
Induction of Systemic Resistance in Persea bombycina Against Pestalotiopsis disseminata Using Bioinoculants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Among eight different morphotypes (S1-S8) of Persea bombycina, locally known as som plant, screened for resistance against Pestalotiopsis disseminata causing grey blight disease, S5morphotype was found to be highly susceptible under field conditions.Immunodetection of P. disseminata in leaf tissue using Polyclonal antibody raised against the pathogen has been demonstrated following various immunological formats such as immunodiffusion, dot immunobinding assay, plate trapped antigen (PTA) coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence.Immunogold localization of grey blight pathogen (P.disseminata) in som leaf tissue using transmission electron microscopy has been demonstrated for the first time for this host-pathogen system .Strategies for induction of immunity in som plants (S5 morphotype) against P. disseminata using bioinoculants such as PGPF (Trichoderma asperellum), AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus) and PGPR (Bacillus pumilus) alone or in combinations have been developed.Plant growth promotion and reduction in disease severity were evident following application of bioinoculants.Significant increase in defense enzymes such as chitinase (CHT), β-1,3 glucanase (GLU), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX) were observed in both roots and leaves following the application of bioinoculants.Cellular localization of chitinase and glucanase in leaf and root tissue following induced immunity against grey blight pathogen using PAbs of chitinase and glucanase have been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling.It is clearly evident that the applications of bioinoculants greatly improved the health status of som plants (S5) and also induced systemic resistance in the plant against grey blight pathogen.