jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Cognition

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.
Tango1 Coordinates the Formation of ER/Golgi Docking Sites to Mediate Secretory Granule Formation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Regulated secretion is a conserved process occurring across diverse cells and tissues. Current models suggest that the conserved cargo receptor Tango1 mediates the packaging of collagen into large coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles that move from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. However, how Tango1 regulates the formation of COPII carriers and influences the secretion of other cargo remains unknown. Here, through high‐resolution imaging of Tango1, COPII, Golgi and secretory cargo (mucins) in Drosophila larval salivary glands, we found that Tango1 forms ring‐like structures that mediate the formation of COPII rings, rather than vesicles. These COPII rings act as docking sites for the cis‐Golgi. Moreover, we observed nascent secretory mucins emerging from the Golgi side of these Tango1/COPII/Golgi complexes, suggesting that these structures represent functional docking sites/fusion points between the ER exit sites and the Golgi. Loss of Tango1 disrupted the formation of COPII rings, the association of COPII with the cis‐Golgi, mucin O‐glycosylation and secretory granule biosynthesis. Additionally, we identified a Tango1 self‐association domain that is essential for formation of this structure. Our results provide evidence that Tango1 organizes an interaction site where secretory cargo is efficiently transferred from the ER to Golgi and then to secretory vesicles. These findings may explain how the loss of Tango1 can influence Golgi/ER morphology and affect the secretion of diverse proteins across many tissues.
Carbon isotope analysis in apple nectar beverages

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The aims of this study were to use the isotope analysis method to quantify the carbon of C3 photosynthetic cycle in commercial apple nectars and to determine the legal limit to identify the beverages that do not conform to the safety standards established by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. These beverages (apple nectars) were produced in the laboratory according to the Brazilian legislation. Adulterated nectars were also produced with an amount of pulp juice below the permitted threshold limit value. The δ13C values of the apple nectars and their fractions (pulp and purified sugar) were measured to quantify the C3 source percentage. In order to demonstrate the existence of adulteration, the values found were compared to the limit values established by the Brazilian Law. All commercial apple nectars analyzed were within the legal limits, which enabled to identify the nectars that were in conformity with the Brazilian Law. The isotopic methodology developed proved efficient to quantify the carbon of C3 origin in commercial apple nectars.
Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing K. peumoniae and analysis of antibiotic resistance in the newborn intensive care unit.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study the occurrence of antibiotic resistant K. peumoniae in the newborn intensive care unit and to provide appropriate measures in clinical practice. Methods 169 strains of K. peumoniae were collected from the patients in the newborn intensive care unit of Longhua Hospital during the years 2006 and 2007. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) test was determined by the disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the DADE Micro Scan Walkaway-40 system. Results ESBLs producing strain was increased from 19% to 32% during the years 2006 and 2007. Drug resistance of ESBLs producing strains was higher than the non-ESBLs producing strains. ESBLs producing strains were only sensitive to the forth-generation cephalosporins and imipenem. Conclusion The frequency of ESBLs producing K. peumoniae in the newborn intensive care unit of Longhua Hospital was increasing in 2007. Proper use of antibiotics and adoption of effective measures can prevent the spread of K. peumoniae in the newborn intensive care unit.
SH3419380.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Evaluation of Prevalence of Trimethoprim Resistance Genes in Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated from Clinical Specimens of Patients Admitted to the Pars Hospital, Theran

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic and broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat infections, particularly urinary tract infections. Among dfrA genes, its five genes including dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12 and dfrA17 which release resistance to trimethoprim, are more important. This study tends to evaluate the frequency of encoding trimethoprim resistant genes in clinical specimens. First, clinical specimens were isolated from patients hospitalized in the Pars Hospital and cultured on blood agar and EMB. Differential tests were used to detect and isolate gram negative bacteria. Then, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disk diffusion agar method according to CLSI 2018 protocol. After detection of trimethoprim resistant bacteria, genomic DNA was extracted from them. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using dfrA primers to detect the presence of genes producing resistance to trimethoprim. Statistical analysis of results of polymerase chain reaction showed that dfr1 gene, followed by dfr5 and dfr17, was the most frequent among strains of gram negative bacteria in the statistical population. The presence of dfrA genes plays an important role in antibiotic resistance to trimethoprim.
Exploring consumer preferences and factors associated with vegetable consumption

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The consumers' preferences and their reasons for vegetable consumption were examined with the aim to provide useful information to increase the consumption of these food items. Consumers' general viewpoints about vegetable consumption were examined using an online questionnaire. The study was conducted on a sample of 711 respondents chosen randomly and obtained data were analyzed by the correspondence analysis. Results suggest that consumers consider vegetables as tasty, easy to use and healthy for consumption. The main drawbacks for vegetable consumption are safety issues, short shelf-life and high price. In order to increase the consumption of these foodstuffs, each type of fresh and processed vegetable should have a specifically designed campaign, emphasizing its specific attribute. Obtained results might provide an insight into the current state of consumers' behavior in Serbia and might be useful for creating specific promotional programs and more appropriate communication strategies aiming to increase consumers' knowledge about the importance of regular vegetable consumption. They should raise consumers' awareness by emphasizing the importance of adequate daily vegetable consumption. This, in turn, should improve public health and reduce the health and economic costs of massive chronic diseases caused by inadequate diet.
Frequencies and causes of ABO‐incompatible red cell transfusions in France, Germany and the United Kingdom

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary Prevention of ABO‐incompatible red cell transfusions (ABO‐it) requires accurate donor and patient identification and correct application of processes for transfusion safety. In France and Germany, a bedside identity check and ABO compatibility test are performed. In the UK, an identity check, often structured as a bedside checklist, is performed with or without electronic patient identification (ePID). To compare the efficacy of ABO‐it bedside preventive measures, frequencies and causes of ABO‐it between 2013 and 2022 were investigated in all three countries. Despite differing bedside safety measures, similar average ABO‐it frequencies were observed in France (0.19 [SD:0.09]/100 000 issued red cell units) and in the UK (0.28 [SD:0.17]/100 000), whereas a higher frequency (0.71 [SD:0.23]/100 000) was observed in Germany which has similar bedside safety measures to France. ABO‐it resulted mostly from erroneous patient identification and transfusion of a red cell unit intended for another patient. In France and Germany, all ABO‐it were associated with incorrectly performed identity check and ABO compatibility test. In the UK, most ABO‐it were associated with incorrectly performed identity checks. Current measures to prevent ABO‐it are not fully effective. Further development and implementation of effective patient identification systems, including electronic information systems, across the entire transfusion process, should be considered.
The affine inflation market models

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Interest rate market models, such as the LIBOR market model, have the advantage that the basic model quantities are directly observable in financial markets. Inflation market models extend this approach to inflation markets, where two types of swaps, zero-coupon and year-on-year inflation-indexed swaps, are the basic observable products. For inflation market models considered so far, closed formulas exist for only one type of swap, but not for both. The model in this paper uses affine processes in such a way that prices for both types of swaps can be calculated explicitly. Furthermore, call and put options on both types of swap rates can be calculated using one-dimensional Fourier inversion formulas. Using the derived formulas, we present an example calibration to market data.
EXERGAME TECHNOLOGY AND INTERACTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR ELDERLY FALL PREVENTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Falls and fall related injuries present a substantial health problem among the older population. Training balance and promoting physical activities in the elderly can contribute to fall-prevention. Due to the low adherence of conventional physical therapy, fall interventions through exergame (exercise+game) technologies are emerging. This study synthesizes the available research reported on exergame technology and interactive interventions for fall prevention in the elderly population. Twenty-five relevant publications identified from five major electronic databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science and Proquest) were critically reviewed and analyzed. Results showed that the most common exergaming device for fall intervention was the Nintendo Wii, followed by Xbox Kinect. Even though the exergame intervention protocols and outcome measures for assessing the intervention effects varied, the most frequently used outcome measures were the score of Berg Balance Scale for the postural balance performance, the time to complete Timed Up and Go Test for human gait and mobility performance, and the rating of Falls Efficacy Scale for self-perceived risk of falling. This study revealed that the interactive exergame interventions improved physical or cognitive functioning in the elderly. However, it remains inconclusive whether or not the exergame-based intervention for elderly fall prevention is superior to conventional physical therapy. The effect mechanism of the exergaming on elderly’s balance ability is still unclear. Further studies are needed to establish a standardized test protocol, to define the optimal intervention treatment, and to design tailored exergame interventions to the elderly for enhanced intervention effectiveness, enjoyment, and safety.
A Simulation-Enabled Dss For Allocating Check-In Agents

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

A decision support system (DSS) is developed from a descriptive resource simulation of Air Canada’s passenger check-in process previously created in 2001 with Arena 3.0. Through time study and analysis, the impacts of 9-11 on customer arrival and service times are reflected in the updated model. The integration of a Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) front-end enables Air Canada management staff to easily enter and manipulate flight and staff schedules. What-if analysis can now be performed to Understand the significance of different situations and changes Air Canada may encounter daily. A key output of the DSS is a feasible staff roster to meet the airline’s internal service standards by more closely matching customer arrival patterns.
The Opportunistic PathogenListeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing listeriosis, an often fatal infection leading to meningitis, sepsis, or infection of the fetus and abortion in susceptible individuals. It was recently found that the bacterium can also cause acute, self-limiting febrile gastroenteritis in healthy individuals. In the intestinal tract, L. monocytogenes penetrates the mucosa directly via enterocytes, or indirectly via invasion of Peyer’s patches. Animal models for L. monocytogenes infection have provided many insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the development of new model systems has allowed the investigation of factors that influence adaptation to the gastrointestinal environment as well as adhesion to and invasion of the intestinal mucosa. The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are permanently exposed to an enormous antigenic load derived from the gastrointestinal microbiota present in the human bowel. The integrity of the important epithelial barrier is maintained by the mucosal immune system and its interaction with the commensal flora via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interaction of L. monocytogenes with the host immune system that triggers the antibacterial immune responses on the mucosal surfaces of the human gastrointestinal tract.
Waiting to Invest: Investment and Uncertainty

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The textbook analysis that accepts all projections with positive net present values as positive is quite generally wrong. The ability to delay a project means that almost every project competes with itself postponed. With uncertain interest rates, even the simplest of projects has an option value. The effect of interest-rate uncertainty on the optimal delay of investment is sizable. This implies that the rate of aggregate investment will depend on both the level of the real interest rate and the degree of interest-rate uncertainty. Furthermore, it is not necessarily true that investment rises with a fall in interest rates. Copyright 1992 by University of Chicago Press.
Axially Symmetric E-Lens Based on McMillan Map

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we investigate the transverse dynamics of a single particle in a model integrable accelerator lattice, based on a McMillan axially symmetric electron lens. Although the McMillan e-lens has been considered as a device potentially capable of mitigating collective space charge forces, some of its fundamental properties have not been described yet. The main goal of our work is to close this gap and understand the limitations and potential of this device. We classify possible regimes with stable trajectories and provide set of canonical action-angle variables, along with an evaluation of the dynamical aperture, Poincar\\'e rotation numbers as functions of amplitudes, and spread in nonlinear tunes.
Effect of potassium concentration on bicarbonate reabsorption in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The direct effects of acute changes in K+ concentration on HCO-3 (JnettCO2) and volume reabsorption (Jv) were examined in isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Increasing ambient K+ concentration from 5 to 8 mM did not change JnettCO2 (94.5 +/- 16.1 vs. 98.8 +/- 17.7 pmol X mm-1 X min-1) or Jv (1.27 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.16 nl X mm-1 X min-1). In contrast, reducing ambient K+ concentration from 5 to 2 mM inhibited JnettCO2 by 22% and Jv by 29%. Reducing luminal K+ concentration from 5 to 0 mM with constant bath K+ concentration at 5 mM did not affect JnettCO2 or Jv. Further reductions in bath K+ concentration to 0.5 and 0 mM showed a similar dependence of both fluxes on K+ concentration. Half-maximum inhibition of JnettCO2 was obtained at 1.1 mM ambient K+ concentration and of Jv at 0.85 mM. At zero bath K+ concentration JnettCO2 was 6.6 +/- 2.5 pmol X mm-1 X min-1 and Jv was 0.03 +/- 0.04 nl X mm-1 X min-1. To determine whether this rate of acidification was significantly different from zero, we examined the ability of the PCT to generate tCO2 concentration gradients with zero bath K+ concentration at slow perfusion rates. The tCO2 concentration gradient generated (0.94 mM) was not different from that found when the perfusate was inserted directly into the collection pipette in the absence of a tubule (0.71 mM). These data are consistent with the view that HCO-3 reabsorption is totally dependent on the Na+-K+-ATPase pump system.
Plexin-mediated neuronal development and neuroinflammatory responses in the nervous system.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Plexins are a large family of single-pass transmembrane proteins that mediate semaphorin signaling in multiple systems. Plexins were originally characterized for their role modulating cytoskeletal activity to regulate axon guidance during nervous system development. Thereafter, different semaphorin-plexin complexes were identified in the nervous system that have diverse functions in neurons, astrocytes, glia, oligodendrocytes, and brain derived-tumor cells, providing unexpected but meaningful insights into the biological activities of this protein family. Here, we review the overall structure and relevant downstream signaling cascades of plexins. We consider the current knowledge regarding the function of semaphorin-plexin cascades in the nervous system, including the most recent data regarding their roles in neuronal development, neuroinflammation, and glioma.
Tungiasis and bed bugs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter examines tungiasis and bed bugs. In recent years, increased ecotourism and international travel to tropical countries has produced a growing incidence of infestations formerly limited to certain regions. Tungiasis is a common ectoparasitic infestation that occurs mainly in the tropics, particularly where poverty and poor standards of basic hygiene exist. Despite recent progress in the treatment and prevention of tungiasis, diagnosis can present a challenge to those unfamiliar with the disorder, especially when happening in nonendemic countries. Standard therapy for tungiasis consists of surgical extraction of the embedded parasite under sterile conditions, followed by appropriate care of the resulting wound. Meanwhile, many physicians are unfamiliar with bedbugs and their bites. Awareness of the possibility of infestation is important to institute correct medication and parasite control measures.
siRNA suppress TGF β3 gene expression and establish murine embryonic cleft palate model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE:This study was designed to suppress TGFβ3 gene expression by small interfering RNA(siRNA) in vivo and establish murine embryonic cleft palate model.METHODS:Different dosages(200,400,800pmol)of TGFβ3 siRNA warped by the LipofectamineTM2000 were injected into pregnant mouse uterine on 12 dpc and the control animals were given the equivalent volume of N.S.The embryonic palatine processes were collected on 14 dpc and 16dpc in order to examine the morphological changes in palates.Immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence and Western blot were applied to examine the expressions of TGFβ3,Smad2,and BMP2 gene.Statistically significant differences were calculated after analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Student's t tests by SPSS software package.RESULTS: After using 800pmol StealthTMRNAi,the TGFβ3 gene expression was down-regulated significantly on 14dpc in mRNA and protein level.The Smad2 gene expression was down-regulated significantly after 400pmol injection,but BMP2 gene expression showed no significant change.The expression of TGFβ3 and Smad2 was weaker in siRNA group than in control group.CONCLUSION: TGFβ3 StealthTMRNAi could silence TGFβ3 gene effectively in the murine embryonic palatine process by injection into uterine cavity on 12dpc and could induce cleft palate in 20%-60% of the viable fetuses.Smad 2 gene mRNA and the protein expression decreased along with TGFβ3 gene silence,but BMP2 gene expression had no significant change.Dr.CHEN Mu and CHEN Yi-yang contributed equally to the study.