jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the development of independence in two cohorts of young people with Down syndrome

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Studies in infancy, teens and the mid-twenties were made of an original cohort of children with Down syndrome, born in the 60s and brought up at home in South Wales. The young people continued to improve in their self-care and daily living skills into adulthood, although no one had reached full independence. Studies were made in infancy and teens of a second comparative cohort of children with Down syndrome, born in the 70s and brought up at home in South Wales. In the teens, significantly more of the comparative cohort were independent in their self-care skills and daily living skills compared with the original cohort when they were in their teens, nine years earlier. It was not that there were individuals in the comparative cohort who were superior to individuals in the original cohort, rather there were far fewer in the comparative cohort with extremely limited achievements who were not reaching their potential.
SOURCES OF DOUBT, SOURCES OF DUTY: HLA HART ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>In many ways HLA Hart’s critical analysis of the concept of law, with its repudiation of simple command theories of legal obligation, is at the same time a critique of the notion of state sovereignty. It is therefore an adumbration, if no more, of a radical reconceptualisation of interna- tional law, one which redefines the distinction between municipal and in- ternational jurisdiction. This paper is an exploration of what Hart could or ‘should’ have said about international law, based as much as possible on what he did say about international law and law in general. After some introductory comments it outlines Hart’s general analysis of law, with particular reference to the relevance for our understanding of inter- national law.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
An Experimental Study on a Novel Cladding System with Aluminium Honeycomb Core

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Sandwich panels consisting of two aluminium two face-sheets and a core made of aluminium honeycomb were studied in this paper. These sandwich panels are good candidates for cladding systems employed to protect other structures again blast loadings. In this paper, the mechanical response and deformation of these sandwich panels subjected to simulated blast loadings are investigated experimentally. The effects of impact pulse, foil thickness and cell size of aluminium honeycombs have been discussed.
How to address the coronaries in TAVI candidates: can the need for revascularization be safely determined by CT angiography only?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the most frequent comorbidities among transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) candidates. Whether routine assessment of CAD by invasive coronary angiography (CA) and eventual peri-procedural percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is generally beneficial in TAVI patients has recently been heavily questioned. CA carries significant risks, such as kidney injury, bleeding, and prolonged hospital stay, and may frequently be unnecessary if significant stenoses of the proximal coronary segments can be ruled out on computed tomography angiography. Moreover, the benefits of pre-emptive coronary revascularization at the time of TAVI are not well defined. Despite these facts and weak guideline recommendations, CA and eventual PCI of stable significant coronary lesions at the time of TAVI remain common practice. However, ongoing randomized trials currently challenge the efficacy of such strategies to enable a more streamlined, individualized, and resource-sparing treatment with TAVI.
Neoconservativism and Health Care: Access and Equity for People who are Transgender, Two-Spirit, and Intersex

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, I explore the issues brought about by the barriers to healthcare for transgender, intersex, and the two-spirit peoples of Canada. I deconstruct specific policies that serve as major barriers in Canada; however, the ideological and theoretical underpinnings of heterosexism, sexism, and racism can be similarly explored across many geographical spaces. I draw upon critical theoretical literature, my own professional experience in social service settings, as well as activist work as a member of the queer community. The health care system is the main institution analyzed in this paper, yet broader social determinants of health policies and practices are also explored such as the right to affordable and quality housing, living free from violence, and the rights to employment equity and self-determination. This paper concludes with policy recommendations aiming to promote social justice for people who are transgender, two-spirit, and intersex.
Concurrent Validity of the Children's Personality Questionnaire O Factor as Suggested by the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The 0 Factor of the Children's Personality Questionnaire is purported to ,measure self-concept (5); however, little literature demonstrates this relationship. Myers (2), Patterson (3). and Shaw (6) used this to measure self-concepts of elementary school students, whereas Anderson, Lemke, and Lewis (1) used the High School Personality Questionnaire, which has a similar factor structure to discriminate students with high and low self-concepts on Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. The present study investigated the correlation between the 0 Factor of the Children's Personality Questionnaire and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale (4). Subjects were 96 gifted students, 46 females and 50 males, participating in a summer residential gifted program in a southern state. A Stanford-Binec or WISC-R score of 120 or above was required for admittance to the program. There were 29 fourth graders, 43 fifth graders, and 24 sixth graders. Both measures of self-concept were administered in a classroom bv one examiner. Means, standard deviations, Pearson product-moment coefficients for percentiles of the 0 Factor and Piers-Harris were calculated for each grade and combined grades.
[Studies of bioavailability of different food sources of selenium in experiment].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The selenium bioavailability in selenium enriched Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), phycocyanin containing (Se-PC) protein isolate, separated from this micro algae and in sodium selenite was studied and compared in rats. The daily dose of selenium per one animal was 5 microgram in all experimental groups. The average selenium levels in blood serum and liver of animals that received sodium selenite during 14 days were the highest. The average selenium level in blood serum of animals fed with selenium enriched Spirulina platensis after 14 days of receiving was the same with the control group, but the average concentration of selenium in their liver was rather high and close to this parameter of sodium selenite animal group. The animals which were fed with Se-PC showed better results. Their average selenium level in blood serum was higher than in Spirulina group, but lower than in sodium selenite group. The average concentration of selenium in the liver of these animals was the same with sodium selenite animal group. As regards to animals that were fed with selenium enriched Spirulina, Se-PC and sodium selenite for 21 days, the average selenium levels ratio in their blood serum and liver was higher than in control group, but these results were not significantly different among each other. The concentrations of selenium in seminal glands in all groups of animals including control group both after 14 and 21 days feeding were close to each other.
Experimental Study of Batroxobin on Inhibiting Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To investigate the inhibition effect and mechanisms of Batroxobin, a thrombin-like enzyme prepared from snake venom,on tumor growth and metastasis.The models for subcutaneous tumor growth, experimental metastasis and spontaneous metastasis were established by using B16-BL6 melanoma and U14 cervical carcinoma cell lines all with high potential of metastasis.The level of plasma fibrinogen was detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).The fibrinogen deposition in tumor tissues was determined by immunohistochemical analysis.Batroxobin 40BU/kg significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth of B16-BL6 melanoma and U14 cervical carcinoma,with growth inhibition rates of 85.7%and 77.4%,respectively.In the experimental metastatic model of U14,a significant reduction in the number of pulmonary metastatic lesion was observed in Batroxobin-treated mice when compared with control mice.The number of metastatic lesion in control mice was 133, while the number reduced to 24, 24.5, 26 and 52 after Batroxobin treatment with various regimens.In the spontaneously metastatic model, Batroxobin not only inhibited primary (intramuscular) U14 tumor growth, but also significantly decreased pulmonary micrometastatic lesions and inhibited lymphatic metastasis.Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Batroxobin greatly decreased the deposition of fibrinogen into the extracellular matrix of B16-BL6 tumors.Furthermore,Batroxobin injections were well tolerated; having no harmful effects on body weight and bone marrow or on the general well-being of the animals.[Conclusion]Our data suggest that Batroxobin can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis without bone marrow depression,and will be a promising agent in cancer therapy.
Development of a Continuous Enzymatic Process for the Preparation of (R)-3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy Propionic Acid

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While many methods have been reported for the synthesis of chiral 2-hydroxy acids, few of them have proven to be reliable toward the synthesis of the title compound in terms of overall yield and enantioselectivity. Herein we describe a continuous enzymatic process for an efficient synthesis of (R)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy propionic acid at multikilogram scale with a high space−time yield (560 g/(L·d)) using a membrane reactor. The product was generated in excellent enantiomeric excess (ee > 99.9%) and good overall yield (68−72%).
Additional file 1 of Effect of an enteral amino acid blend on muscle and gut functionality in critically ill patients: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Additional file 1. Supplemental Figures and Tables. Supplemental Figure 1: Study design. Supplemental Figure 2: Flow chart. Supplemental Table 1: Indexed muscle volume of the anterior compartment of the quadriceps. Supplemental Table 2: Muscle Strength. Supplemental Table 3: Twitch airway pressure. Supplemental Table 4: Forced vital capacity. Supplemental Table 5: Urine 3 methyl-histidine. Supplemental Table 6: Plasma I-FABP. Supplemental Table 7: Plasma citrulline. Supplemental Table 8: C-reactive protein. Supplemental Table 9: Procalcitonin. Supplemental Table 10: Ferritin. Supplemental Table 11: Fibrinogen. Supplemental Table 12: Feacal calprotectin. Supplemental Table 13: Alanine aminotransferase. Supplemental Table 14: Alkaline phosphatase. Supplemental Table 15: Bilirubin. Supplemental Table 16: Pre-albumin. Supplemental Table 17: Albumin. Supplemental Table 18: Threonine Supplemental Table 19: Proline. Supplemental Table 20: Serine. Supplemental Table 21: Cysteine. Supplemental Table 22: Leucine. Supplemental Table 23: Arginine. Supplemental Table 24: Glutamine. Supplemental Table 25: Zinc. Supplemental Table 26: Cholesterol.
DURABILITY OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE BRIDGES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the durability problems in posttensioned concrete bridges that have been discovered in recent years. These includes corrosion failure of tendons and anchorages; loss of tendons, especially in a segmental bridge, may cause collapse of the structure. Detailed case studies of 2 bridges are given. The roles of anchorage details, grouting procedures, environmental conditions, and workmanship issues in corrosion failure are outlined. The need for and methods of inspection are discussed. Current changes in construction practice are summarized.
KRITIK METODOLOGI PENAFSIRAN BUCAILLISME ATAS AYAT-AYAT SAINS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Discourse on scientific theology is quite often lead to debate among scholars and scientists today. The central point of the debate is on the relationship between the Qur’an dan science, namely the Total Agreement, Partial Agreement and the Refuse Group. Bucaillism as representation the Total Agreement group has the view that the Quran besides functioning as a moral-ethical guideline and guidance is also the source of all the phenomena of science. This article to photograph what and how bucaillism, find the cause and do methodological criticisms on it. This research concludes that the tendency towards the progress of science becomes an important point in the progress of the civilization of Muslims. With the harmonization of science and religion, it can increase creativity and innovation in doing business in making discoveries. Qur’an which contains many creeds and moral-ethical and verses of science can be a guide for scientists in developing science and technology so that the benefit of humans and the environment is always maintained. Nevertheless, the argumentative basis in scientific research is not only based on the literal meaning of the text but leads to the moral-ethical content.Keyword: Bucaillism, Quran, Phenomena of Science
The Role of Government in the Formation of Late Emerging Entrepreneurial Clusters of India

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Developing countries, eager to catch up on industrialization, have identiﬁed industries based on information technology (IT) as a major growth driver. It is in this context that the recent interest in industrial clusters as a means to accelerate regional development, particularly after the boom in the IT industry in Silicon Valley, has to be viewed (Sturgeon, 2003). At the same time, eﬀorts by several states and countries to recreate Silicon Valleys have had mixed results. Why does it happen so? Are such clusters human made? Is their growth a natural phenomenon or can it be catalyzed? If so, how and how much? Knowledge drawn from manufacturing industries or other service industries provides only partial answers. This is true in the Indian context as well. Unfortunately, though many scholars have tried to explain why India could emerge as an IT superpower, little has been said on how and why successful IT clusters have been formed in some cities such as Hyderabad and what needs to be done to sustain and replicate the success. This chapter attempts to provide some initial explanation to this complex process. While most studies on clusters reveal the history and factors that assisted the formation of clusters, a key challenge, often not discussed is whether it is possible to compress the time normally and naturally taken to form clusters and, if so, how. This insight is particularly important now since time has become a critical success factor for both...
Partial characterization of the phosphotransferase system of human central-nervous-system myelin

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The phosphotransferase system of human central-nervous-system myelin was investigated. Evidence obtained indicated the presence of at least two different phosphotransferase systems (cyclic nucleotide-dependent and -independent) in myelin, which were found to be firmly associated with the membrane. The cyclic AMP-dependent kinase of myelin and white-matter cytosol preferentially phosphorylated certain histone fractions and displayed only modest activity with basic protein as substrate. On the other hand, the cyclic nucleotide-independent system showed specificity toward basic protein. Its activity was not only dependent on Mg2+ but it was greatly enhanced by this bivalent cation. Whereas the cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinase could be extracted with buffers containing Triton X-100, the bivalent cation-regulated kinase resisted solubilization from myelin under these conditions.
Ion-beam-induced in-plane a-axis oriented (0001) AlN and ScAlN thin film BAW resonators

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High-Q RF bulk acoustic wave filters are still required for mobile communication applications. However, the in-plane orientation of commercial AlN films is random, despite their excellent out-of-plane c-axis orientation. We proposed combining two different orientation control techniques: self-texture for out-of-plane alignment and ion beam irradiation for in-plane alignment. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, both in-plane a-axis and out-of-plane c-axis aligned AlN and ScAlN films were grown on Ti/silica glass substrates using 0.3–0.5 keV grazing ion-beam-assisted RF sputtering technique without using epitaxial growth. The clear six symmetry in the pole-figure observed in AlN and ScAlN thin films indicates the single-crystal-like in-plane a-axis orientation. The ion beam direction corresponded to the in-plane 〈101̄0〉 axis. In-plane x-ray diffraction ϕ-scan curve and ω-scan curve FWHM were measured to be 25° and 2.2°.
Can't pay, won't pay?

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Can't pay, won't pay?’, is presented and discussed by Chris Barker. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘TB testing protocol’, which was published in the July/August issue of In Practice , appears on pages 414 to 415. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Stability analysis of green innovation in construction enterprises based on evolutionary game

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In order to conform to the trend of ecological economic development, the development of clean, energy saving, environmental protection of green new products has become the primary task of construction enterprises. Based on this, by establishing the game model between suppliers and manufacturers in the construction supply chain, this paper considers the influence of different parameters such as innovation cost, innovation compensation and innovation revenue increment on the choice of green innovation strategy of both enterprises. By solving the replication dynamic equation, the evolutionary stability results show that suppliers and manufacturers choose different decision-making methods according to the revenue, input-output results and the amount of green innovation subsidies given to each other.
Development and validation of diagnostic markers for the reduced height gene Rht8 in wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production is necessary for global food and nutrition security. Reducing plant height is an effective strategy to increase lodging resistance, harvest index, and eventually wheat yield. Rht8 is a gibberellic acid–sensitive reduced height ( Rht ) gene and has been cloned. Rht8 encodes a ribonuclease H‐like (RNHL) superfamily protein that reduces plant height without reduction in coleoptile length. High‐throughput diagnostic markers are not available for precise selection of RNHL in wheat breeding. In this study, we found that different cultivars may carry 1–3 copies of RNHLs on chromosome 2D, and only 2D carries the semi‐dwarf allele of RNHL although the wild‐type RNHL allele is detected in several other chromosomes. We developed two kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers, Rht8‐KASP‐V2 and Rht8‐KASP‐V3 , based on the causal variation in RNHL . The two markers co‐segregated with plant height in a recombinant inbred population and were validated in a panel of hard winter wheat breeding lines from the 2022 Regional Germplasm Observation Nursery and Regional Performance Nursery. Rht8 has not been extensively deployed in US hard winter wheat and development of the diagnostic KASP markers will facilitate Rht8 transfer to US wheat cultivars.
Comment on “How green is blue hydrogen?”

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper is written in response to the paper “How green is blue hydrogen?” by R. W. Howarth and M. Z. Jacobson. It aims at highlighting and discussing the method and assumptions of that paper, and thereby providing a more balanced perspective on blue hydrogen, which is in line with current best available practices and future plant specifications aiming at low CO 2 emissions. More specifically, in this paper, we show that: (i) the simplified method that Howarth and Jacobson used to compute the energy balance of blue hydrogen plants leads to significant overestimation of CO 2 emissions and natural gas (NG) consumption and (ii) the assumed methane leakage rate is at the high end of the estimated emissions from current NG production in the United States and cannot be considered representative of all‐NG and blue hydrogen value chains globally. By starting from the detailed and rigorously calculated mass and energy balances of two blue hydrogen plants in the literature, we show the impact that methane leakage rate has on the equivalent CO 2 emissions of blue hydrogen. On the basis of our analysis, we show that it is possible for blue hydrogen to have significantly lower equivalent CO 2 emissions than the direct use of NG, provided that hydrogen production processes and CO 2 capture technologies are implemented that ensure a high CO 2 capture rate, preferably above 90%, and a low‐emission NG supply chain.
Lifetime dependence on carrier density in silicon nanowires

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given. Free-carriers (FC) profoundly impact the performance of silicon nanophotonic devices including amplifiers, modulators, and ring microcavities [1]. Optimizing such devices relies on a good understanding of FC dynamics and how it depends on the FC density (N). This is particularly true in Si nanowaveguides, where surface recombination is important [2] and leads to an N-dependent lifetime [3]. Large density of surface-states enhances the N-dependence as compared to bulk, where recombination is impurity or defect dominated (as described by the Shockley-Read-Hall theory) while for very high N values, Auger process enters the picture [4]. The effect of carrier density on the recombination lifetime has been studied in silicon rib-waveguides [5], where surface effects are reduced somewhat relative to the case of nanowires considered in this paper, since carriers cannot diffuse away from the core region as in the rib. We used a pump-and-probe technique to investigate the recombination rate, and observe carrier lifetimes ranging over almost one order of magnitude for the range of N explored.