jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Elevated Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT) in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of raised serum alanine transaminase level in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design: cross-sectional study Study Settings: This study was conducted at Department of Internal Medicine Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences Muzaffarabad from November 2020 to April 2021. Material and Methods: Total 144 patients were included in the study having age from 18 to 60 of both genders with Type 2 DM. It was labeled as elevated if it was ≥50 IU/L. A written informed consent was taken from each patient. Results: Patient’s age ranged from 36 to 70 years having mean value of 44.4±8.3 y. BMI ranged from 21.2 Kg/m2 to 34.7 Kg/m2 with a mean of 27.2±3.7 Kg/m2. Disease duration was from 2 to 14 years with a mean of 7.1±3.8 years. Elevated serum ALT was noted in 38 (26.4%) patients with type-II diabetes. Conclusion: Elevated serum ALT was noted in a substantial proportion of patients with type-II diabetes and was significantly more frequent in patients with poor glycemic control which warrants good glycemic control to prevent and routine screening of such patients in future practice to timely identify and manage this complication to improve the outcome. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Serum Alanine Transaminase, Prevalence
Philip and the Nubian Official: Dimensions of Text and Narrative

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The encounter between Philip the deacon/evangelist and the Nubian official in Acts 8 has garnered much scholarly attention in recent decades. Numerous articles and monographs have explored issues of gender, race, and ethnicity in this pericope. This study takes a different tack by focusing on several textual issues as well as exploring unique narratival features adopted by Luke. Each character is developed within his individual trajectory in the account. After evangelizing in Samaria, Philip is directed to travel from Jerusalem along the road to Gaza. There he has a dramatic meeting with a man from Africa. Luke introduces him by using a character introduction formula adapted from the introduction of Potiphar in Genesis 39. The seven features of the formula are discussed seriatim. It is argued that understanding this formula’s use is key to interpreting the identity of the African man. He is deemed to be a circumcised Jewish man, a treasury official serving the Kandake of Nubia, not a eunuch from Ethiopia. After the Nubian official learns that Isaiah’s suffering servant is to be identified with Jesus, he believes and is baptized by Philip. The article provides a fresh reading that hopefully will advance discussion of why Luke placed this pivotal, divinely orchestrated meeting in Acts.
Threshold multi-secret sharing scheme

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A new threshold multi-secret sharing scheme is proposed based on Shamir's threshold scheme,RSA cryptosystem and Hash function.In the scheme,each participant's secret shadow is selected by the participant himself and the shadows don't need to change when the shared secret is renewed.The participant can be work as dealer.Scheme is security without conflict parameters.In the recovery phase,each participant can check whether shadow is true or not.The security of the scheme is the same as that of Shamir's threshold scheme,the RSA cryptosystem and Hash function.Analyses show that this scheme is computationally secure and practical.
The data for the article entitled "Nitrogen deposition drives response and recovery to precipitation change and its reversal in an arid ecosystem""

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Title: Nitrogen deposition drives response and recovery to precipitation change and its reversal in an arid ecosystem Yu et al. Abbreviations: Yr, Years DEP, Soil depths NIT , Nitrogen (N) treatment PRE, Precipitation treatment BLO, Blocks ANPP, Aboveground net primary production S, Richness, Plant species richness H', Shannon-Wiener index J', Plant species evenness fBNPP soil ammonium nitrogen BNPP Belowground net primary production SIC, Soil inorganic carbon SOC, Soil organic carbon TC, Soil total carbon PH, pH values MBC, Soil microbial biomass carbon MBN, Soil microbial biomass nitrogen Precipitation treatments had five levels: in 2018, 1. 50% addition (+50%); 2. 25% addition (+25%); 3. ambient precipitation (CK); 4. 25% reduction (-25%); 5. 50% reduction (-50%) in 2018. In 2019, the precipitation treatments were reversed: 1. 50% reduction (-50%); 2. 25% reduction (-25%); 3. ambient precipitation (CK); 4. 25% addition (+25%); 50% addition (+50%). Nitrogen treatments had two levels: 1. N elevated by 10 g m-2 yr-1; 2. ambient N (no N addition). Soil depths had two levels: 1. 0–10 cm soil layer; 2. 10–20 cm soil layers. Document 1: Data on plant community traits. Document 2: Data on soil features.
Entrepreneurial exit in real and imagined markets

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Entrepreneurs exit their businesses due to selection pressures they experience in the market place. In addition to this well-known ex-post decision to exit, entrepreneurs select ex-ante whether they are willing to pursue an entrepreneurial career at all, or to give up their entrepreneurial intentions. Hardly anything is known about the latter selection process in imagined markets that precedes the creation of variation and selection process in real markets. This article explores these two selection processes using survey data on 20,000 individuals in 27 European countries and the United States in 2007. We distinguish business failure from exit by sell-off. Individuals in the United States are less likely to exit imagined markets and are more likely to exit the real market than are Europeans. Individuals in a corporatist welfare state regime have relatively high chances to exit imagined markets but low chances to exit real markets (due to failure). Business owners in metropolitan and urban environments are more likely to fail than their rural counterparts, while individuals with a high risk tolerance and individuals with a self-employed parent are less likely to exit imagined or real markets (via business failure). In short, this study shows that exit in real and in imagined markets is differently affected by individual characteristics as well as by the competitive and institutional environment.
Reproducibility of rapid diagnostic tests for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in endemic areas of Colombia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease of interest to public health because of its social and economic burden. Identifying infected and sick people with Chagas disease constitutes the first step towards achieving World Health Ooganization’s goals for 2020. Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility with gold standard of a rapid diagnostic test for detection of antibodies to T. cruzi; and to propose a diagnostic algorithm for Chagas disease under the point-of-care concept in an area with limited access to health care coverage. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to detect antibodies to T. cruzi in 151 indigenous volunteers belonging to three ethnic groups of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Rapid tests-PDR SD BIOLINE Chagas Ab were implemented in the field versus confirmation in the laboratory using two standardized serological methods (ELISAs). Results: The results show that 19,2 % seroreactivity for T. cruzi was found among the entire population screening. The highest rate of human infection with T. cruzi was detected in the Wiwa community. No significant differences between rapid diagnostic test and the standard techniques (ELISAs) were found. Sensitivity, specificity and concordance for RDT were 100 % (Kappa: 1,0). Conclusions: The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta continues to be a hyperendemic area for Chagas disease. The area is difficult to access and has low or no primary health care coverage, making the assessed rapid diagnostic test a useful tool for screening programs and defining treatment and control plans, which represents the first approach at establishing a point-of-care testing strategy for endemic countries for Chagas disease.
Controlled interactions of two microparticle clouds in a dc glow discharge dusty (complex) plasma

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The control of the confinement of charged microparticles in a plasma is an important topic for the dusty plasma community. Earlier experiments have used control over individual microparticles or a single particle cloud to obtain information about the potential structure of the surrounding plasma. In this paper, experiments that make use of active control of two microparticle clouds suspended in a plasma are discussed. Here, an array of three electrodes is used to modify the potential between the two clouds. Through the application of an applied perturbation on one of the array elements, the two clouds are allowed to interact. Particle image velocimetry techniques are used to obtain spatial maps of the interaction process. The experimental measurements show that an apparent recoil occurs between the two particle clouds as a result of the interaction. A simple model is used to show that a recoil may be a possible outcome of the interaction process.
Novel uses of QR codes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

QR codes are black and white square pixels that commonly used to guide smart phones to websites, or to convey information. QR codes can be seen everywhere, on advertisement, name card, brochure and many other place. The range of possibilities of using QR codes is far wider than people realize. For example, having images blended with the QR code and resized black and white square to have more visual of the background image. With these methods, the QR codes images are much more visual appearing, meaningful and better representation. However, those methods are implemented on the website. The purpose of this project was to implement these methods on another platform for example mobile device, so that user could take photo and design QR code on-the-go. In addition, further experiments were done on these methods, such as finding the ideal blending threshold that could handle most of the situation, and the minimum pixels for resizing QR code modules so that camera could detect. Lastly, integrate both methods together to improve the QR code visual appearance. The project also discuss on how the app UI should be, in order to allow novice users to use without much knowledge.
Effects of Novelty in News Photographs on Attention and Memory

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Critics of news photography have argued that most news photographs are highly conventional. Two experiments were conducted to examine how people respond to photographs that break with conventionality. Specifically, these studies tested the effects of photographic novelty in terms of preferences for viewing, viewing time, recall memory, and interest ratings for the photographs when seen alone and when seen in a newspaper. The experiments show that readers respond better to photographs that are novel, but only when the images are viewed on their own. These effects dissappear when photos are seen as part of newspaper pages. In this context, the only driving sources of interest seem to be the story topic.
Metabolic Perturbations and Severe COVID-19 Disease: Implication of Molecular Pathways

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can result in serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia leading to respiratory failure. It was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread globally, becoming a pandemic in March 2020. Among comorbidities observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, hypertension (68.3%) and type 2-diabetes (30.1%) are the most frequent conditions. Although symptoms are highly heterogeneous (ranging from absence of symptoms to severe acute respiratory failure), patients with metabolic-associated diseases often experience worse COVID-19 outcomes. This review investigates the association between metabolic disorders and COVID-19 severity, exploring the molecular mechanisms potentially underlying this relationship and those that are responsible for more severe COVID-19 outcomes. In addition, the role of the main biological processes that may connect metabolic alterations to SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyperglycemia, immune system deregulation, ACE-2 receptor modulation, and inflammatory response is described. The impact of metabolic disorders on the prognosis of COVID-19 has major implications in public health especially for countries affected by a high incidence of metabolic diseases.
Enzymatic Wet Processing

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Conventional textile wet processing is characterized by a high concentration of chemicals and very high temperatures, which can have considerable negative effects on the environment and energy consumption. Enzymes are one of the paramount interests in textile wet processing towards sustainable development and low energy consumption. Enzymes have been successfully used in many textile processes such as desizing, bio scouring, biopolishing, and bio stoning. Different studies also describe how enzymes could be used for the decolorization of dyes from textile effluents. There is evidence of improved dyeability of different fibers like cellulose and nylon when treated with enzymes before dyeing. In this chapter, the history, definition, functions, and different types of enzymes will be discussed. Enzymes used in different textile processes such as pretreatment, washing, and fishing will be described briefly. This chapter will also give insight into the enzymes used for the decolorization of dyes from the effluent, and for increasing the dyeability of cotton and nylon fibers.
Generalized almost automorphic and generalized asymptotically almost automorphic solutions of abstract Volterra integro-differential inclusions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The main aim of this paper is to investigate generalized almost automorphy and generalized asymptotical almost automorphy of solutions for certain classes of abstract Volterra integro-differential inclusions and abstract (semilinear) fractional differential inclusions in Banach spaces.We illustrate our abstract results with several examples and possible applications.
Variational Bayesian dropout: pitfalls and fixes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Dropout, a stochastic regularisation technique for training of neural networks, has recently been reinterpreted as a specific type of approximate inference algorithm for Bayesian neural networks. The main contribution of the reinterpretation is in providing a theoretical framework useful for analysing and extending the algorithm. We show that the proposed framework suffers from several issues; from undefined or pathological behaviour of the true posterior related to use of improper priors, to an ill-defined variational objective due to singularity of the approximating distribution relative to the true posterior. Our analysis of the improper log uniform prior used in variational Gaussian dropout suggests the pathologies are generally irredeemable, and that the algorithm still works only because the variational formulation annuls some of the pathologies. To address the singularity issue, we proffer Quasi-KL (QKL) divergence, a new approximate inference objective for approximation of high-dimensional distributions. We show that motivations for variational Bernoulli dropout based on discretisation and noise have QKL as a limit. Properties of QKL are studied both theoretically and on a simple practical example which shows that the QKL-optimal approximation of a full rank Gaussian with a degenerate one naturally leads to the Principal Component Analysis solution.
Cosmological evolution of Tsallis holographic dark energy model in LTB inhomogeneous gravity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this work is to analyze the modified form of holographic dark energy (DE) density suggested by Tsallis and Cirto within inhomogeneous models of the universe. This DE model is applied to IR cutoff equals the Hubble horizon. Some basic cosmological functions, such as the Hubble function, the deceleration function and the equation of state parameter, are reconstructed by choosing specific values of certain numerical parameters in this model. The stability of the model is studied by considering the square of sound speed and the strong, the weak and the dominant energy conditions (DEC). In addition, the variation of the diagnostic Omega, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] parameters with the redshift and space are studied. The obtained results show a close behavior to that of the cosmological constant DE universe so it can be compared well with the recent observations.
Integration of conditionally dependent object features for robust figure/background segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new technique for focusing multiple cues to robustly segment an object from its background in video sequences that suffer from abrupt changes of both illumination and position of the target. Robustness is achieved by tile integration of appearance and geometric object features and by their description using particle filters. Previous approaches assume independence of the object cues or apply the particle filter formulation to only one of the features, and assume a smooth change in the rest, which can prove is very limiting, especially when the state of some features needs to be updated using other cues or when their dynamics follow non-linear and unpredictable paths. Our technique offers a general framework to model the probabilistic relationship between features. The proposed method is analytically justified and applied to develop a robust tracking system that adapts online and simultaneously the color space where the image points are represented, the color distributions, and the contour of the object. Results with synthetic data and real video sequences demonstrate the robustness and versatility of our method
Lunar Luminescence Investigations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This analysis describes the preliminary astronomical conclusions on Lunar Luminescence Investigations. Observations made during 1961 and 1962 (with instruments specially developed for the purpose) are described and luminescence is confirmed at wavelength 3970 angstroms for six lunar areas, while it was found to be zero in two others. The measured luminescence is compared with the known lunar environment and, by energy considerations, it is shown that the most likely stimulant is solar ultra-violet radiation. (Author)
Measurement of Tumor Proliferation with Positron Emission Tomography and Treatment Response

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

While the ultimate goal of cancer treatment is to eliminate all evidence of the tumor's presence, the more immediate goal of treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, and biological agents is to decrease the tumor's ability to replicate and increase the death rate of cancer cells. This basis has inspired researchers to design and develop imaging approaches to assess tumor proliferation and, more importantly, a tumor's response to new treatments. Such approaches, while still in development, may complement the routine imaging of tumor size now done as part of standard clinical care. In general, successful therapy should lead to declines in the size of tumors as reflected by techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1,2). While anatomic imaging is relatively straightforward and readily available, it has a number of limitation. First, it measures the size of the mass, but does not determine the cellularity or growth rate of the tumor. Second, after treatment, the tumor may be left with a fibrotic mass that can persist even after successful treatment. While eventually a mass may decline in size after therapy, this can take many weeks to months for the cells to lyse and finally to be absorbed. Finally, when therapy is unsuccessful, it may take months for the failure of treatment to become apparent, since tumors may grow very slowly. In fact, the doubling time of most tumors is generally from 1 to 3 months (3). It is for these reasons that imaging cell proliferation is attractive to assess treatment response and for potential use to steer or change a course of therapy. This approach to positron emission tomography (PET) imaging may also complement imaging other aspects of tumor metabolism, such as energetics, protein and membrane synthesis, and apoptosis.
Effects of Ghrelin on Triglyceride Accumulation and Glucose Uptake in Primary Cultured Rat Myoblasts under Palmitic Acid-Induced High Fat Conditions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to study the effects of acylated ghrelin on glucose and triglyceride metabolism in rat myoblasts under palmitic acid- (PA-) induced high fat conditions. Rat myoblasts were treated with 0, 10 −11 , 10 −9 , or 10 −7 M acylated ghrelin and 0.3 mM PA for 12 h. Triglyceride accumulation was determined by Oil-Red-O staining and the glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase-peroxidase enzymatic method, and glucose uptake was determined by isotope tracer. The glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) were assessed by RT-PCR and western blot. Compared to 0.3 mM PA, ghrelin at 10 −9 and 10 −7 M reduced triglyceride content (5.855 ± 0.352 versus 5.030 ± 0.129 and 4.158 ± 0.254 mM,P<0.05) and prevented PA-induced reduction of glucose uptake (1.717 ± 0.264 versus 2.233 ± 0.333 and 2.333 ± 0.273 10 −2 pmol/g/min,P<0.05). The relative protein expression of p-AMPK α /AMPK α , UCP3, and p-ACC under 0.3 mM PA was significantly reduced compared to controls (allP<0.05), but those in the 10 −9 and 10 −7 M ghrelin groups were significantly protected from 0.3 mM PA (allP<0.05). In conclusion, acylated ghrelin reduced PA-induced triglyceride accumulation and prevented the PA-induced decrease in glucose uptake in rat myoblasts. These effects may involve fatty acid oxidation.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIK MAHASISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DITINJAU DARI GAYA BELAJAR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to describe students' mathematical communication skills in Problem Based Learning viewed from students' learning styles. The type of research used is qualitative research supported by observation data, questionnaires and interviews. Validity testing is the credibility test, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of the study indicate that students' mathematical communication skills viewed from learning styles include visual learning styles (30.4%), auditory (34.8%), and kinesthetic (26.1%) and visual-kinesthetic (8.7%). Mathematical ability indicators on a scale of 0-10 include 1) The ability to express ideas orally, in writing and demonstrate them and describe them visually (8.78), 2) The ability to understand, interpret, and evaluate mathematical ideas orally, in writing and demonstrate them and describe them visually (8.21), 3) The ability to use mathematical terms, notations, and their structures to present ideas describing relationships with situation models (5.30). The appropriate learning style is the key to student success in learning. The use of learning styles that are limited to only one form can cause an imbalance in absorbing information. Therefore, in learning activities, students need to be helped and directed to recognize the learning style that suits them so that learning objectives can be achieved effectively.