jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Scalable clustering of signed networks using balance normalized cut

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider the general $k$-way clustering problem in signed social networks where relationships between entities can be either positive or negative. Motivated by social balance theory, the clustering problem in signed networks aims to find mutually antagonistic groups such that entities within the same group are friends with each other. A recent method proposed in [13] extended the spectral clustering algorithm to the signed network setting by considering the signed graph Laplacian. This has been shown to be equivalent to finding clusters that minimize the 2-way signed ratio cut. In this paper, we show that there is a fundamental weakness when we directly extend the signed Laplacian to the k-way clustering problem. To overcome this weakness, we formulate new k-way objectives for signed networks. In particular, we propose a criterion that is analogous to the normalized cut, called balance normalized cut, which is not only theoretically sound but also experimentally effective in k-way clustering. In addition, we prove that these objectives are equivalent to weighted kernel k-means objectives by choosing an appropriate kernel matrix. Employing this equivalence, we develop a multilevel clustering framework for signed networks. In this framework, we coarsen the graph level by level and refine the clustering results at each level via a k-means based algorithm so that the signed clustering objectives are optimized. This approach gives good quality clustering results, and is also highly efficient and scalable. In experiments, we see that our multilevel approach is competitive to other state-of-the-art methods, while it is much faster and more scalable. In particular, the largest graph we have considered in our experiments contains 1 million nodes and 100 million edges --- this graph can be clustered in less than four hundred seconds using our algorithm.
A New Certificateless Signcryption Scheme for Securing Internet of Vehicles in the 5G Era

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The application of digital signature technology to the Internet of vehicles (IoV) is affected by its network and communication environment. In the 5G era, the influx of a large number of intelligent devices into the mobile Internet requires a low transmission delay and power consumption as well as high-security requirements. To the best of our knowledge, a well-designed solution in which signcryption technology is used has not been proposed in the IoV research area. Motivated by the fact, a certificateless signcryption scheme based on the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, in which pseudonym and timestamp mechanism are also considered, has been designed in this paper. We prove that the scheme proposed by us can be reduced to solving the difficulty of the computational Diffie–Hellman problem with a standard model, showing that the scheme meets requirements on both security and efficiency, which provides a comparative analysis with the state-of-the-art schemes in terms of security analysis, computational cost, and communication cost, demonstrating that the scheme proposed by us is suitable to be deployed in the IoV environment, which is of the characteristics of high-speed vehicle movement.
Perspectives and challenges for the study of brain responses to coaching: Enhancing the dialogue between the fields of neuroscience and coaching psychology

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The interest in coaching psychology and neuroscience have been steadily increasing over the past 15 years. However, the two fields have not yet established consistent dialogues underpinned by experimental research. This paper highlights the importance of such dialogue for the growth of evidence-based coaching and how coaching psychology could benefit from previous neuroimaging and electroencephalographic studies in the field of psychotherapy and task-specific brain functioning to design research protocols that could significantly contribute to our understanding of how coaching works at the brain level and how coachees could best achieve results.
Current Trends and Future Prospects

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant breeding coupled with advances in crop protection technology has resulted in major increases in yield and improvements in the quality of many crops. Consistent improvements in crop yield and quality have taken place in the agricultural systems of member states of the European Union, where for many years financial incentives were provided to farmers to encourage self-sufficiency, particularly in cereals and oilseeds. Indeed some 70% of the total EU budget has been disbursed in the past to farmers and growers in the form of price support. Under such systems productivity greatly increased. For example, cereal production in the UK rose from 59% of total needs in 1971 to 103% in 1981, and by the early years of the twenty-first century the UK had developed a considerable export trade, with about 25% of the wheat crop being exported.
Networks in labor markets and information

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This dissertation studies the impact that a networked society has on economicbehavior in the markets for labor and information. The first chapter examines how formerco-workers, and within that hiring-cohort co-workers, influence where a displaced workeris hired. The second chapter develops a theory of network formation that implies aprevalence of starting cohort members in an individuals connections and then tests thisprediction in the context of employee entrepreneurship. Finally, the third chapter studiesa decentralized market for information where bilateral links form the basis of trade andrelates it to the role that intellectual property protection plays in the information age.
Is There an Advantage to Minimizing Surgery in Scaphocephaly? A Study on Extended Strip Craniotomy Versus Extensive Cranial Vault Remodeling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Different techniques have been described to correct scaphocephaly. In authors’ institution, total cranial vault remodeling (TCVR) was the standard of care. To limit the extent of surgery and the need for transfusion, the technique was minimized to extended strip craniectomy (ESC) without helmet therapy. This retrospective study compares outcome and morbidity between ESC and TCVR. Methods: Twenty-seven scaphocephalic patients were included. The ESC was performed in 9 patients between 2012 and 2014, and TCVR in 17 patients between 2008 and 2016. Data on blood loss and transfusion rate, duration of surgery, length of hospital stay (LOS), head circumference, and cephalic index (CI) were collected retrospectively. A cosmetic outcome score (COS) was developed to rate esthetic outcome since CI is a limited and crude measurement of cosmetic outcome. Results: The LOS was identical in both groups, but duration of surgery was significantly shorter in ESC ( P < 0.0001). Transfusion rate appeared higher in the TCVR group, but differences were not significant ( P = 0.11). Cosmetic outcome appeared slightly worse in the ESC group, but results were not significantly different ( P = 0.66). There was, however, a significant improvement in postoperative CI in the TCVR group ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The only advantage of ESC was the reduced duration of surgery, but this could not prevent the need for transfusion in this group of patients. The improvement of the CI was significantly less pronounced after ESC, but the COS was not significantly worse in the ESC group. The scar and LOS were similar in both groups. Therefore, our findings indicate that minimizing TCVR to ESC without helmet therapy does not provide significant advantages.
Chemical Substitutions That Introduce Activity Cliffs Across Different Compound Classes and Biological Targets

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Applying the concept of matched molecular pairs, we have systematically analyzed the ability of defined chemical changes to introduce activity cliffs. Public domain compound data were systematically screened for matched molecular pairs that were then organized according to chemical transformations they represent and associated potency changes. From vast available chemical transformation space, including both R-group and core substructure changes, approximately 250 nonredundant substitutions were identified that displayed a general tendency to form activity cliffs. These substitutions introduced activity cliffs in the structural context of diverse scaffolds and in compounds active against many different targets. Activity cliff-forming transformations were often rather simple, including replacements of small functional groups. Moreover, in many instances, chemically very similar transformations were identified that had a much lower propensity to form activity cliffs or no detectable cliff potential. Thus, clear preferences emerged for specific transformations. A compendium of substitutions with general activity cliff-forming potential is provided to aid in compound optimization efforts.
Україна У Світових Глобалізаційних Процесах : Виклики І Відповіді

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the article the philosophical analysis of the role and place of Ukraine in the world processes of globalization in the context of cultural concept of "The Challenge-and-The Response" of Arnold Toynbee is carried out. It is proved that the processes of globalization are the cultural, social, economic, political «challenges» for Ukraine. The main threats of globalization for the Ukrainian society are analyzed. The possible ways to overcome the negative effects of globalization are denoted. The authors conclude that there is need to develop state globalization policies aimed at the realization of Ukrainian national interests. This defines future for Ukraine or as the full subject of globalization, which can reap its benefits, or as the provincial player on the world stage.
GIS-BASED IRRIGATION SUITABILITY EVALUATION OF LAPAI-AGAIE IRRIGATION SCHEME, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Irrigation is one of the most important inputs for an efficient and sustainable agricultural production. Many farmers are out of jobs during the dry season and prices of locally produced food are high as a result of food scarcity during this period. The objective of this study is to map potential irrigable areas based on soil physical properties. The overall soil suitability was estimated using the weightage of each factor (slope, soil pH, soil texture, Infiltration rate, Organic carbon, Effective soil depth, Available water capacity, Cation Exchange Capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage and drainage) to obtain potential irrigable sites. The data were combined using a multi-criteria decision approach to select suitable sites for irrigation. Landsat imagery with 30m resolution was used for the overall land suitability classification. The overall land suitability shows that 59.0 % of the area have been classified highly suitable (S1) for irrigation and 32.0% are moderately suitable (S2) for surface irrigation while 9.0% has been classified as marginally suitable (S3). The limiting factor that lowered the soil to S2 is mainly the organic carbon of the soil. The study shows that GIS based suitability evaluation could ease the identification and mapping of suitable land for irrigation purpose. Important management information for the study area can be easily deduced from the land suitability maps for enhancing sustainable development of agriculture. It is hoped that the information generated from this study will serve as a means of readily identifying opportunities for farmers and investors to access and put the land into suitable use.
A Review of Vittoria Barsotti, Paolo G. Carozza, Marta Cartabia, and Andrea Simoncini (2015): Italian constitutional justice in global context. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"A Review of Vittoria Barsotti, Paolo G. Carozza, Marta Cartabia, and Andrea Simoncini (2015): Italian constitutional justice in global context. Oxford: Oxford University Press" published on Sep 2017 by Akadémiai Kiadó.
THE OPPRESSION TOWARDS BLACK FEMALE CHARACTERS AS MAID IN THE HELP NOVEL BY KATHRYN STOCKETT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research analyzed the oppression issue that happened in The Help novel. The oppression mostly happened to the two main black female characters in the novel, namely Aibileen Clark and Minny Jackson. The purpose of this research is to analyze how the kinds of oppression happened through the postcolonial feminism perspective. To provide deeper analysis, qualitative research is used as the research method. By the analysis, it was found that Aibileen got four kinds of oppression, which are exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism. Whereas Minny Jackson got all the kinds of oppression towards her. These oppressions can be seen through the narration, dialogue, action, thoughts, and physical appearance of the characters. Both of them got the oppression because as the third world women, they were shaped to be inferior towards Miss Hilly, Miss Leefolt as their masters and Leroy as Minny’s husband. Based on the analysis, the researchers concluded that black women experienced double oppression than the first world women, considering not only through their gender but also race and class. Penelitian ini menganalisis masalah penindasan yang terjadi dalam novel The Help. Penindasan sebagian besar terjadi pada dua karakter perempuan kulit hitam utama dalam novel, bernama Aibileen Clark dan Minny Jackson. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa bagaimana jenis – jenis penindasan terjadi melalui sudut pandang feminism poskolonial. Untuk memberikan analisa yang lebih dalam, penelitian kualitatif digunakan sebagai metode penelitian. Melalui analisa, telah ditemukan bahwa Aibileen mendapatkan empat jenis penindasan, yakni eksploitasi, marginalisasi, ketidakberdayaan, dan imperialisme budaya. Sedangkan Minny Jackson mendapatkan semua jenis penindasan disebabkan. Penindasan ini dapat dilihat melalui narasi, dialog, aksi, pikiran, dan penampilan fisik karakter. Keduanya mendapatkan penindasan karena sebagai perempuan negara ketiga, mereka ditentukan untuk menjadi bawahan terhadap Miss Hilly dan Miss Leefolt sebagai majikan mereka dan Leroy sebagai suami Minny. Berdasarkan analisa, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa perempuan kulit hitam mengalami penindasan ganda daripada perempuan negara pertama, menimbang tidak hanya melalui jenis kelamin tetapi juga melalui ras dan kelas mereka.
New Additions and Errata to the Checklist of Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) Fauna of Turkey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Errata are given for the checklist of Tabanidae fauna of Turkey published by Kılıç in 1999 and additional records and localities reported after 1999 for previously known species are added to this checklist. With these additions, the number of species and subspecies is 164 and 13, respectively, for the Tabanidae fauna of Turkey.
Vision Research in Departments of Ophthalmology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A research committee of the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology disseminated a survey questionnaire to determine the state of research in departments of ophthalmology across the United States. The questionnaire contained 71 questions that were designed to assess attitudes and trends within members' departments and to solicit suggestions from the membership. Of the 145 members and affiliates queried, 140 responded. While the results of the survey indicate significant diversity among departments, departmental chairpersons view research as a major priority in the goals of their departments, and they envision maintenance or expansion of research over the next decade. The survey results have been collated and serve now as the basis for this Association of University Professors position article.
Use of tiazofurin to enhance the metabolism and cytotoxic activities of analogues of guanine, guanosine, and deoxyguanosine.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An effective modulator of cellular guanine nucleotide pools, 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (tiazofurin) was tested for its ability to affect utilization of certain guanine, guanosine, and deoxyguanosine analogues by Chinese hamster ovary cells and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase)-deficient variants. The nucleoside analogues investigated were chosen for their potential to be metabolized to the nucleotide level by pathways other than those requiring the action of HGPRTase. Exposure of tiazofurin-treated (500 microM for 3 h) cells to 3-deazaguanosine (200 microM for 3 h) resulted in enhanced 3-deazaGTP formation and an increase (5-10-fold) in the ratio 3-deazaGTP/GTP. Tiazofurin treatment also stimulated [3H]deoxyguanosine utilization (8-fold) by HGPRTase-deficient cells, and accordingly, greatly increased the cytotoxicity of 2'-deoxy-3-deazaguanosine and arabinosylguanine. This study emphasizes the potential usefulness of tiazofurin in sequential combination with appropriate analogues of guanosine and deoxyguanosine in a clinical setting and as a tool in studying the metabolism of these agents.
Force Balance of Particles in Water During Ultrafiltration Membrane Process

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Membrane filtration is vital in our daily lives to extract fresh water from contaminated water. However, membrane filtration is suffering from fouling, which is induced by accumulations of particles on membrane surface. Due to the hydraulic field and electrical field (from functional groups of membranes) near membrane surface, particle will be exerted by different forces. The intermolecular forces such as the Lateral lift force, Brownian force, shear-induced force, Van Der Waal force and electrostatic repulsion force may affect the fouling process, and the water flux inside the system cab exert permeance drag force to the particles near the surface of membrane. In order to figure out the forces that may affect the filtration process, a model was established about the filtration process. In the model, the velocities of the each forces are listed and calculated in this paper. From the analysis, the relations between the particle velocities, which represents the filtration efficiency, and the forces, such as lift or shear forces, are well illustrated. This article shows the importance of potentially understanding the fouling process and providing insight of fouling mitigation for the membrane filtration process.
A new genus and a new species of Oedipodidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) from Jinping Shan Region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present paper a genus and a species of Oedipodidae from Jinping Shan region of Sichuan are described as new to science. The type specimens are kept in the Department of Biology, Shaanxi Normal University.Ochyracris Zheng, gen. nov.Body robust, size medium, without fine hairs on the ventral surface and legs. Foveola distinct, short triangular. Antennae filiform, reaching the hind margin of pronotum. Eyes oval. Pronotum slightly tectiform, medial keel distinct, cut by posterior transverse sulcus; lateral keels only distinct in metazona; metazona larger than prozona; hind margin obtuse angularly protruded. Elytra and wings fully developed, reaching beyond the top of hind femur, apex rounded, transverse veins in apical patr of elytra erect, cells square or oblong; with intercalary vein in median area. Basal part of wing yellowish, without dark fasia, only dark in anterior and outer margins. Hind femur robust and short; median keel of upper side of hind femur smooth, without flne teeth. Terminal half of hind tibia red. Tympanum organ developed.Type species: Ochyracris rufutibialis Zheng, sp.nov.This new genus is allied to Celes Saussure 1884, but differs by: foveola short triangular; the basal part of wing yellowish; hind tibia red, with black transverse ring. Ochyracris rufutibialis Zheng, sp. nov.(figs.l-7)(?) : General colouration dark yellow-brown. Elytra dark yellow-brown, without black spots. The basal part of wing yellowish, only dark in anterior and outer margins. Outer and upper side of hind femur dark yellow-brown; inner and lower side yellow, with two black bands on upper, lower and inner side; knee dark. Basal part of hind tibia black, with a white ring in the middle of black part, terminal half of tibia red.(?): As the male.Length of body: (?) 19-21, (?) 24-25mm. Length of pronotum: (?) 4-5, (?) 5.5-6mm. Length of elytra: (?) 18.5-19, (?) 22-23mm. Length of hind femur: (?) 12-12.5, (?) 13-14mm.Holotype (?) , allotype (?) , paratypes 2 (?) (?) , 1 (?), Sichuan: Yanyuan, 10-Ⅴ -1989, Lin Fengming.
Fungal biomass, production and sporulation associated with particulate organic matter in streams

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Current evidence indicates that fungi in streams are essentially restricted to coarse particulate organic matter such as decomposing leaf litter and wood.As the size of organic particles decreases, the proportion of fungal biomass also decreases.In come particulate organic matter, fungal biomass can be substantial, in some streams exceeding 15% of the total detrital m a s in relatively labile types of leaf litter.Aquatic hyphomycetes are the predominant fungi occurring in this habitat.In al1 direct comparisons between leaf-associated fungi and bacteria which have been carried out to date, fungal biomass greatly exceeded bacteria1 biomass, typically accounting for more than 95% of the total microbial biomass.Maximum growth rates of fungi have been found to vary from 0.02 to 0.2 day-', indicating, in combination with the high fungal biomass in leaves, that a substantial leaf-associated production occurs in streams.Like biom a s , fungal production also exceeded that of bacteria in the two comparative studies published to date.A significant portion of thic fungal production is eventually liberated as conidia.Up to 7.5 x 10' conidia, corresponding to about 5 mg, have been found to be released per g of leaf litter per day.However, considerable differences in leaf-associated sporulation and fungal biomass exist between different leaf species and streams.Correlational evidence suggests that the development of fungi in leaf litter is controlled by both the nutrient concentration in stream water and leaf quality, as determined by the concentration of refractory leaf constituents such as lignin.Fungal activity may in turn control the breakdown rate of leaf litter.The annual leaf-associated production of fungi determined in a headwater stream (34 g dry mass per m2 of stream bed) agrees well with the result of a rough calculation that is based on average leaf inputs to streams, leaf retention efficiencies at base flow and estimated fungal biomass in decomposing leaves.Both figures are also well in the range of estimates obtained for macroinvertebrate production in streams.Taken together, the presented evidence thus points to a central role for fungi in stream ecosystems.With the suite of methods now available, adequate consideration of these organisms in stream ecology should be facilitated in the future.