jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pyomyositis and Infectious Myositis: A Comprehensive, Single-Center Retrospective Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of skeletal muscle that classically leads to abscess formation. A related, but distinct, entity is infectious myositis. The epidemiology of these infections has changed in recent years. Methods To better characterize both pyomyositis and infectious myositis, we conducted a retrospective study at our tertiary care institution. We identified 43 cases of pyomyositis and 18 cases of infectious myositis treated between January 2012 and May 2020. Results The mean age of patients was 48 years, and 66% were male. Diabetes mellitus affected one third of patients, and 16% had other immunocompromising comorbidities. Staphylococcal species accounted for 46% of all infections, and common symptoms included muscle pain (95%) and subjective fever (49%). Altered mental status was a presenting symptom in 16% of cases. Approximately half of all patients received &gt;1 class of antibiotic, and the median length of antimicrobial therapy was 18 days. Open and percutaneous drainage procedures figured prominently in the management of these infections, with 28% of patients requiring multiple procedures. Pathology specimens were available for 12 of 61 cases. Overall, the treatment success rate was 84%. Conclusions Gram-positive bacteria accounted for most infections at our institution, and management commonly involved open or percutaneous drainage procedures. Future studies that prospectively evaluate treatment strategies for pyomyositis and infectious myositis are warranted.
In situ investigation of the chemical composition of ceroid in human atherosclerosis by Raman spectroscopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Fluorescent lipid peroxidation products (ceroid) form within the atheroma of an atherosclerotic lesion. At present, the initiation and propagation of such oxidative processes in situ are not well understood, in part because of the insolubility of the ceroid deposits. We investigated the chemical composition of ceroid in human atherosclerotic plaque by combining autofluorescence microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In eight sectioned human atherosclerotic samples, we located granular and ring‐shaped ceroid deposits by autofluorescence microscopy. Subsequently, two‐dimensional Raman maps of the ceroid deposits and surrounding non‐fluorescent atheroma were acquired at 1 µm resolution. These Raman spectra were subjected to a K‐means clustering analysis. By assigning a different color to each cluster, pseudo‐color Raman images of the tissue sections were obtained. From these images the clusters belonging to ceroid and the non‐fluorescent surrounding tissue were selected. The averaged cluster spectra were analyzed by means of a least‐squares fit with the Raman spectra of pure chemical compounds. In addition, the Raman spectra were compared with the Raman spectra of normal and oxidized lipids. Marked differences between the Raman spectra of ceroid and surrounding, non‐fluorescent atheroma were observed, amidst large sample to sample variation in chemical composition. Compared with the non‐fluorescent tissue, the changes in the Raman spectra of the ceroid deposits could best be explained by larger signal contributions from hemoglobin and cholesteryl esters. We conclude that there is a large heterogeneity in the chemical composition of ceroid. Its composition is largely dependent on the chemical constituents of the surrounding atheroma. Heme or heme degradation products are consistently present in the ceroid deposits. Our results support the hypothesis that iron and heme can form complexes with the intravascular lipoproteins, thereby stimulating oxidation and initiating the formation of ceroid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interlocking Directorates Networks in Turkey: Small World of Insiders?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Interlocking directorates networks are structures through which control and coordination of the corporate governance systems are reproduced. In this paper I analyse the interlocking director networks of listed corporations in Turkey in three years; 2002, 2007 and 2013. Turkish corporate board networks derived from the interlocking directorates have a striking stability from 2002 to 2013 amid major structural breaks. In comparison to other country cases the largest connected components are smaller in size, yet despite the high churning of central directors the small world nature of the largest connected components of both firm and director networks display certain robustness. This finding shows that business groups are critical in terms of maintaining the small world nature of interlocking directors networks, as the central interlocking directors are mostly insiders to these business group corporations
Alternatives for forage evaluation in ruminants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this thesis was to validate and to compare in situ and in vitro techniques with in vivo data. These techniques were also evaluated for future and practical use in feed evaluation for ruminants. The techniques were compared using the digestion data of 98 forages and the energy values: in vivo total tract organic matter digestibility (OMD) and rumen fermentable organic matter (FOM), and the protein values: microbial nitrogen synthesised in the rumen (MNS) and rumen escape N (REN). The in situ nylon bag technique, the pepsin-cellulase technique, the gas production technique (GPT) and the Tilley and Terry technique showed good potency to predict OMD and the in situ technique and GPT gave most accurate FOM predictions. MNS was evaluated using in vivo data from the literature and showed a significant relationship with the content of crude protein in forages. The method of conservation of forages had an extra effect on MNS. REN was determined using in situ and different in vitro techniques, but only ADIN (fibre attached N) had a good relationship with in vivo
Adapting Neural Networks for the Estimation of Treatment Effects

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the use of neural networks for the estimation of treatment effects from observational data. Generally, estimation proceeds in two stages. First, we fit models for the expected outcome and the probability of treatment (propensity score) for each unit. Second, we plug these fitted models into a downstream estimator of the effect. Neural networks are a natural choice for the models in the first step. The question we address is: how can we adapt the design and training of the neural networks used in the first step in order to improve the quality of the final estimate of the treatment effect? We propose two adaptations based on insights from the statistical literature on the estimation of treatment effects. The first is a new architecture, the Dragonnet, that exploits the sufficiency of the propensity score for estimation adjustment. The second is a regularization procedure, targeted regularization, that induces a bias towards models that have non-parametrically optimal asymptotic properties `out-of-the-box`. Studies on benchmark datasets for causal inference show these adaptations outperform existing methods. Code is available at github.com/claudiashi57/dragonnet.
The Rhetoric of Exergaming

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Recently videogames that use physical input devices have been dubbed “exergames ” — games that combine play and exercise. This paper offers a historical perspective on exergames, from early arcades to the Atari 2600 through contemporary consoles, as well as a theoretical analysis of the different rhetorics such games deploy to influence players toward physically-active gameplay. Categories and Subject Descriptors
Przestępczosć na warszawskiej Pradze z perspektywy współczesnych teorii ekologicznych w kryminologii

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article presents research constituting an attempt at verification of theories historically originating from the Chicago School of Sociology and the ecological approach within criminology, the supporters of which focus on the criminal offence itself and on its environmental conditions. This group of theories belongs to the environmental criminology. Criminological deliberations on the crime, carried out in the spirit of the contemporary environmental trend, are based on the assumption that the occurrence of a criminal offence is determined by four necessary elements: the legal norm that is breached, the offender, the object of the crime (victim or target) as well as the time and space in which the crime is committed. The object of interest of the environmental criminology is in the first place the space and time dimension of the act, in which the remaining elements meet. The discussed research was based on the rou-tine activity theory, the rational choice perspective and the crime pattern theory. The basic theoretical assumption is that the volume of crime is influenced by the number of crime opportunities. According to the routine activity theory, a crime opportunity occurs at the moment of convergence of a likely offender and a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. The first hypothesis assumes that the crime opportunity is a necessary condition for occurrence of a criminal offence, including that related to violence. The second hypothesis was based on the assumption that crime opportunities are not evenly distributed in time and space. We should therefore assume that not every object (person or thing) is a suitable target in the event of a concrete criminal act. Not every environment constitutes scenery conducive to commitment of a given crime. In other words, there are areas with higher concentration of crime. The third hypothesis was related to an assumption of the crime patterns concept relating to the offenders’ daily life patterns. It says that perpetrators search for suitable targets in areas that are well-known to them – in the vicinity of their workplace, school or place of their leisure activities. The offender’s journey to crime covers relatively small distances, avoiding only the area closest to their place of residence (the so-called buffer zone). The spatial and social characteristics were examined in chosen territorial units being three districts of a large city – Warsaw. The research area covered the jurisdiction of the Dis-trict Court for the city of Warsaw Praga-Północ, i.e. the administrative boundary precincts of the following districts: Praga Północ, Białołęka and Targówek. The verification of the afore-mentioned hypotheses took place based on an analysis of court records concerning 694 offenders, convicted in 2006 in criminal procedures of acts belonging to the jurisdiction of the said court.
ational Comparison GT-RF 75-B3: ection Coefficient at 300 M 1000 MHz in 75 s2 Coaxial Line

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The international comparison described in the above title was organized at the 1975 meeting of the Groupe de Travail pour les Grandeurs aux RadiofrCquences. Eight national stan- dards laboratories agreed to participate in the intercomparison, representing Canada, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The traveling standards to be circulated among the participants were three coaxial terminations fitted with GR900 75 ohm connectors having nominal reflection coefficient magnitudes of 0.00, 0.03, and 0.10.
Asymmetry Models Based on Non-integer Scores for Square Contingency Tables

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Square contingency tables with ordinal classifications are used in many disciplines that include but are not limited to data science, engineering, and medical research. This study proposes two original asymmetry models based on non-integer scores for the analysis of square contingency tables. The ordinal quasi-symmetry model applies to data sets that can be assigned to known ordered scores for all categories. When we assign the equally spaced score for categories, the ordinal quasi-symmetry model is equivalent to the linear diagonals-symmetry model. The ordinal quasi-symmetry model, however, is not applicable to data sets that cannot be assigned the known ordered scores for all categories. This study addresses this issue. The proposed models apply to data sets that: (i) can be assigned the known ordered scores for all except one category and (ii) cannot be assigned the known ordered scores for all categories. These two models provide a better fit than existing models for real-world data.
Education for Citizenship Education and Social Justice in Northern Ireland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Citizenship education is often focused on the symbols and rituals that, in a Durkheimian manner, provide bonds of connection within a national community (Durkheim and Lukes, 2013). How might this operate in a divided society, one in which the fault-lines of politics, nationality and religion over-determine one another? This is the challenge facing Northern Ireland, an area which carried an historical burden of conflict and division, including a recent period when political violence scarred the landscape for over a quarter century. Almost the same time period has now elapsed since the paramilitary ceasefires in 1994, but old divisions die hard, and although new shared political institutions have emerged, and have successfully navigated two electoral cycles, politics still has a strongly confessional/national character. When we add to this mix the fact that Northern Ireland has always operated with denominationally separate schools, then the challenge of formulating and implementing a citizenship education programme becomes even more marked. This chapter examines this experience, beginning with an outline of the historical and educational background to highlight some of the challenges that were being faced. The chapter then examines the genesis and development of the citizenship education programme, before providing an outline of its structure and form. The final part of the chapter reviews evidence on the impact of citizenship education in Northern Ireland and a number of critical perspectives on this and related educational measures.
Set Features for Fine-grained Anomaly Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fine-grained anomaly detection has recently been dominated by segmentation based approaches. These approaches first classify each element of the sample (e.g., image patch) as normal or anomalous and then classify the entire sample as anomalous if it contains anomalous elements. However, such approaches do not extend to scenarios where the anomalies are expressed by an unusual combination of normal elements. In this paper, we overcome this limitation by proposing set features that model each sample by the distribution its elements. We compute the anomaly score of each sample using a simple density estimation method. Our simple-to-implement approach outperforms the state-of-the-art in image-level logical anomaly detection (+3.4%) and sequence-level time-series anomaly detection (+2.4%).
[Primary hyperparathyroidism in childhood: apropos of a new case].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of primary hyperparathyroidism in a twelve-year-old boy is reported. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in patients with hypercalcemia and hypophosphataemia. Involvement of others organs must be discarded with appropriate complementary test and then, an exploratory surgery must be undertaken by an experienced surgeon to proceed, if it is needed, to parathyroidectomy.
Studies on –SO3H Functionalized Brønsted Acidic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids (ILs) for One-Pot Two Step Synthesis of 2-styrylquinolines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Four task-specific –SO3H functionalized imidazolium ionic liquids were investigated for the Brønsted acidities by Hammett functions. After knowing their thermal stabilities, the catalytic activity was observed for the preparation of 2-styrylquinolines by following a consecutive Friedländer and Knoevenagel reactions in solvent-free thermal energy. The acidity order ([Dsim][OOCCF3]>[Dsim][OTs]>[Dsim][OOCCl3]> [Msim][OOCCF3]) of three ILs was consistent with their activity order observed in the acid-catalyzed synthesis of 2-styrylquinolines under solvent-free condition at 90° C except [Dsim][OTs]. The best catalytic activity showed by 25 mol% of [Dsim][OOCCF3] IL. The less acidic ILs required 50 mol% to give good yields of 2-styrylquinolines under the optimized conditions.
A subspace‐based coil combination method for phased‐array magnetic resonance imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Coil‐by‐coil reconstruction methods are followed by coil combination to obtain a single image representing a spin density map. Typical coil combination methods, such as square‐root sum‐of‐squares and adaptive coil combining, yield images that exhibit spatially varying modulation of image intensity. Existing practice is to first combine coils according to a signal‐to‐noise criterion, then postprocess to correct intensity inhomogeneity. If inhomogeneity is severe, however, intensity correction methods can yield poor results. The purpose of this article is to present an alternative optimality criterion for coil combination; the resulting procedure yields reduced intensity inhomogeneity while preserving contrast. Theory and Methods A minimum mean squared error criterion is adopted for combining coils via a subspace decomposition. Techniques are compared using both simulated and in vivo data. Results Experimental results for simulated and in vivo data demonstrate lower bias, higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (about 7×) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (about 2×), compared to existing coil combination techniques. Conclusion The proposed coil combination method is noniterative and does not require estimation of coil sensitivity maps or image mask; the method is particularly suited to cases where intensity inhomogeneity is too severe for existing approaches. Magn Reson Med 75:762–774, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Change Depicted in Short Stories of Sundara Ramasamy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Literature creates life. Literature emerges from life. Literature is like a mirror that shows the life of society. Art and literature help us to know the history of mankind and to learn about their culture and beliefs. Among these, literature clearly shows the characteristics of the culture of the time in which it appeared. Culture is the state of consciousness about morals, behaviors, beliefs, and values that are inherent in human life. In the article, let us see the role of society in the short stories of Sundara Ramasamy, one of the modern writers.
Urolithiasis in primary obstructive megaureter: a management dilemma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Megaureter with urolithiasis is an uncommon entity. These stones may be located in the kidney, ureter or both. Management of these cases is difficult due to free mobility and stone multiplicity. As there are no guidelines about the management, the surgeon usually manages according to her/his experience, stone location or burden. The goal is to remove the stones and reimplant the ureters in the same session, if possible. We describe single-stage management of one such patient who presented with bilateral multiple ureteral and left renal stones. The left ureteral stones were first flushed into the kidney by the ureteroscope. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was then performed and stones were removed intact. The patient was then turned supine and the location of right ureteral stones was confirmed by fluoroscopy in the same location (right lower ureter). The patient underwent successful bilateral ureteroneocystostomy with simultaneous removal of right lower ureteral stones.
Neuroscience, Self, and Jesus Christ

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Oliver Davies offers, first, a schematic overview of three major historical periods, with a view to illustrating how developments in science and technology influenced the development of the rationality of theology. For theological anthropology and Christology, a highly significant shift is located in the understanding of the relationships between mind and body and between self and world. More specifically, this chapter focuses on the elements of the human (ethical/Christian) act, in dialogue with recent neuroscientific insights into how our cognition of other persons works. Cognition of the other—and the eventual act that is chosen in this encounter—is a matter of thoroughly embodied processes. Davies in his rich, multilayered analysis offers a new understanding of the human self as much more complex, interdependent, and vulnerable than modern philosophy and theology were able to acknowledge. This renewed, scientifically informed anthropology is an opportunity to retrieve natural law (as an embodied form of universality), the imago Dei, and the transforming power of Christ and the Spirit at work in Church and society.
Isolation of Resistant Genes and Their Gene Engineering Research Developments in Rapeseed

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Research on resistant genes in rapeseed has been one of the most active fields in the oil crops researches,especially on the transgenic aspect.But the developments on disease-resistance,insect-resistance,herbicide-resistance and drought cold resistance transgenic research are different.The emphases of disease-resistant and drought cold resistant researches are mainly confined on functional gene cloning aspect,and have not got prominent resistant transgenic lines yet.The researches on resistances to herbicide and insects have been studied for many years and the technologies are comparatively mature.Some transgenic rape varieties are already commercialized in USA and Canada.At present,the studies on resistances to herbicide and insects are centered on the transgenic cultivars' applying and the safety assessment of environmental release.
Comparative study of the C3d receptor and 58-kilodalton fibrinogen-binding mannoproteins of Candida albicans

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Using polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) raised against the Candida albicans C3d receptor (CR2; PAb anti-CR2) and the 58-kDa fibrinogen-binding mannoprotein (mp58; PAb anti-mp58) as well as ligand interactions, we have studied the relationship between these two receptors. In an indirect immunofluorescence assay with germ tubes, greater intensity was observed on the mother blastoconidium when PAb anti-CR2 was used, whereas greater intensity was localized to the hyphal extension when PAb anti-mp58 or binding of soluble fibrinogen was used. No competition or change in the fluorescence pattern was observed in dual-labeling experiments with PAb anti-CR2 and either fibrinogen or PAb anti-mp58. Binding competition also was not observed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the components present in a beta-mercaptoethanol extract from the cell wall of germ tubes. In immunoblots, PAb anti-CR2 recognized three different discrete bands with apparent molecular masses of 21, 40, and 66 kDa in the beta-mercaptoethanol extracts from the cell wall, whereas a different, single, broader band with an apparent molecular mass of 58 kDa was detected with PAb anti-mp58. However, when nondenaturing conditions were used to separate the materials present in the cell wall extracts, no reactivity could be detected on Western blots (immunoblots) with PAb anti-mp58. When PAb anti-CR2 was used for analysis, a single band migrating in the area corresponding to approximately 40 kDa was detected. These observations suggest a higher molecular weight for mp58 and one or more of the components detected with PAb anti-CR2 in their native state.