jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of New Highly Organosoluble Poly(ether imide)s Bearing a Noncoplanar 2,2‘-Dimethyl-4,4‘-biphenyl Unit and Kink Diphenylmethylene Linkage

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Two new bis(ether anhydride)s, 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)]biphenyl dianhydride (4A) and bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxy phenoxy)phenyl]diphenylmethane dianhydride (4B), were prepared in three steps starting from nitrodisplacement of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diol and bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylmethane, respectively, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(ether dinitrile)s and subsequent dehydration of the resulting bis(ether diacid)s. A series of new highly organosoluble poly(ether imide)s were prepared from the bis(ether anhydride)s and various diamines by conventional two-stage synthesis. The resulting poly(ether imide)s had inherent viscosities in the range of 0.55−0.81 dL·g-1. GPC measurement revealed that the polymers exhibited number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight up to 45 000 and 82 000, respectively. All the polymers showed typical amorphous diffraction patterns. Almost all the poly(ether imide)s showed excellent solubility and readily dissolved in various solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, and chloroform. These polymers had glass transition temperatures in the range of 224−256 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that all polymers were stable, with 10% weight loss recorded above 489 °C in nitrogen. The isothermal gravimetric analysis results demonstrated that these poly(ether imide)s showed weight losses of 7.0−10.5% after isothermal aging at 350 °C in static air for 20 h. These tough and flexible polymer films could be easily obtained by solution cast from the DMAc solution. These polymer films had tensile strength of 84−116 MPa and tensile modulus of 1.9−2.7 GPa.
In vitro bactericidal activity of 465–470 nm blue light phototherapy and aminolevulinic acid on Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the principal pathogen causing bacterial skin infections in dogs. Photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) involving the combination of light and a topical photosensitizer is used to treat human skin infections. Although the antimicrobial effects of PDT have been demonstrated using in vivo and in vitro studies in humans, its effects on dogs and their pathogens are unclear. Objectives The aim of this study was to demonstrate the in vitro efficacy of PDT over a 465–470 nm spectrum to kill S. pseudintermedius using δ‐aminolevulinic acid ( ALA ) as the photosensitizer. Methods Six S. pseudintermedius isolates from canine skin were exposed to blue light‐emitting diodes ( LED s) at 465–470 nm, with or without ALA . The light doses were 18.4, 36.8 and 55.2 J/cm 2 . The number of colony‐forming units and optical densities of broth cultures were measured and then compared with Dunnett's test. Bacterial viability was monitored using fluorescence microscopy and the fluorescence intensity values were compared with a paired Student's t ‐test. Results Blue light inhibited the growth of S. pseudintermedius ; the effect significantly increased with the addition of ALA as a photosensitizer and with increasing light doses. Live/dead staining confirmed that PDT reduced bacterial viability and exerted an antibacterial effect. Conclusion and clinical importance Blue light has a strong antibacterial effect on S. pseudintermedius in a light dose‐dependent manner. ALA alone did not exhibit bactericidal action, but its combination with blue light increased the effect of PDT compared to blue light alone.
The Pegasus Bay aftershock sequence of the Mw 7.1 Darfield (Canterbury), New Zealand earthquake

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Pegasus Bay aftershock sequence is the most recent aftershock sequence of the 2010 September 3 UTC moment magnitude (<it>M</it><inf>w</inf>) 7.1 Darfield earthquake in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. The Pegasus Bay aftershock sequence began on 2011 December 23 UTC with three events of <it>M</it><inf>w</inf> 5.4–5.9 located in the offshore region of Pegasus Bay, east of Christchurch city. We present a summary of key aspects of the sequence derived using various geophysical methods. Relocations carried out using double-difference tomography show a well-defined NNE–SSW to NE–SW series of aftershocks with most of the activity occurring at depths >5 km and an average depth of ∼10 km. Regional moment tensor solutions calculated for the Pegasus Bay sequence indicate that the vast majority (45 of 53 events) are reverse-faulting events with an average <it>P</it>-axis azimuth of 125°. Strong-motion data inversion favours a SE-dipping fault plane for the largest event (<it>M</it><inf>w</inf> 5.9) with a slip patch of 18 km × 15 km and a maximum slip of 0.8 m at 3.5 km depth. Peak ground accelerations ranging up to 0.98 <it>g</it> on the vertical component were recorded during the sequence, and the largest event produced horizontal accelerations of 0.2–0.4 <it>g</it> in the Christchurch central business district. Apparent stress estimates for the two largest events are 1.1 MPa (<it>M</it><inf>w</inf> 5.9) and 0.2 MPa (<it>M</it><inf>w</inf> 5.8), which are compatible with global averages, although lower than other large events in the Canterbury aftershock sequence. Coulomb stress analysis indicates that previous large earthquakes in the Canterbury sequence generate Coulomb stress increases for the two events only at relatively shallow depths (3–5 km). At greater depths, Coulomb stress decreases are predicted at the locations of the two events. The trend of the aftershocks is similar to mapped reverse faults north of Christchurch, and the high number of reverse-faulting mechanisms suggests that similar reverse-faulting structures are present in the offshore region east of Christchurch.
Role of DNA methylation in Muc5AC hyperexpression in severe asthma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: In asthma, mucus overproduction contributes to airway obstruction and poor control of the disease. Epigenetic modifications modulate gene expression and have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Aim and Objectives: We hypothesized that altered DNA methylation is involved in mucus hyperproduction in severe asthma (SA). We investigated the role of DNA methylation in mucociliary differentiation and Muc5AC expression in the reconstituted bronchial epithelium of controls and SA patients. Methods: Epithelial cells were isolated from bronchial biopsies from control (n=9) and SA (n=26) subjects and differentiated at the air-liquid interface. In a separate set of experiments, the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) was added for the first 7 days of culture. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the mRNA levels of the phenotype markers MUC5AC and FOXJ1, of the differentiation drivers, SPDEF, FOXA2 and FOXA3, and of DNA methylation regulators, DNMT1, DNMT 3A and B and TET1-3. Promoter methylation was assessed by bisulfite pyrosequencing. Results: Inhibition of DNA methylation with AZA led to the repression of both Muc5AC and FOXJ1 expression in regenerated epithelia from controls and SA subjects. In the absence of AZA, Muc5AC was hyperexpressed in the regenerated bronchial epithelia from a sub-group of SA patients, and this was associated with hypomethylation of its promoter within an NF-κB binding site. In SA subjects, methylation levels of Muc5AC promoter correlated positively with Muc5AC mRNA levels but negatively with those of the DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. Conclusions: Alterations in DNA methylation may affect bronchial epithelium phenotype and favor MUC5AC overproduction in SA.
Medieval Oral Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although problems of orality have been much discussed by medievalists, there is to date no comprehensive handbook on this topic. In ;Medieval Oral Literature in the ;De Gruyter Lexikon series, an international team of scholars has provided an in-depth discussion both of theoretical issues and various poetic traditions and genres. In addition to the core areas of the European Middle Ages, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian and Turkish traditions have also been included.
Scoping Review of the Impact of Financial Literacy Empowerment on the Growth of Female Entrepreneurship in Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The growth of female entrepreneurship is crucial to Nigeria's socio-economic development but is hindered by limited access to financial knowledge and resources. This study conducted a scoping review to examine the impact of financial literacy empowerment on the growth and success of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Using the Google Scholar database, a search spanning January 2019 to August 2024 identified 1,600,260 articles. After applying inclusion criteria, 97 articles were screened by abstract, and 17 were subjected to full-text review, with six ultimately selected for analysis. The review systematically identifies barriers to financial literacy among Nigerian women and evaluates the effectiveness of financial literacy programs. Findings indicate that enhanced financial literacy improves business management, facilitates access to financing, and drives business growth among female entrepreneurs. Tailored financial education programs addressing the specific needs of Nigerian women were identified as particularly effective. The study underscores the importance of policy interventions and support systems to create an enabling environment for female entrepreneurship through financial literacy initiatives. This review provides critical insights into the role of financial literacy in empowering female entrepreneurs. It highlights the need for future research and practical strategies to sustain entrepreneurial growth in Nigeria.
Reduced betweenness centrality of a sensory-motor vestibular network in subclinical agoraphobia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Agoraphobic patients feel dizzy in crowded open spaces and respond to this symptom with excessive fear and avoidance. These clinical features show great similitude with the newly defined syndrome of persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Patients with PPPD show decreased activity and connectivity in regions of the vestibular cortex. Due to the great overlap between these two conditions, we hypothesized that individuals with sub-clinical agoraphobia would show reduction in the connectivity features of these regions. We selected a group of healthy individuals from the Human Connectome Project that self-reported agoraphobia episodes, and compared it with a control group. We accurately matched the two groups for psychological measures and personality traits in order to study the neural correlates of vestibular symptoms independently of possible psychiatric vulnerabilities. We found that the agoraphobia group showed reduced betweenness centrality of a network encompassing key regions of the vestibular cortex. Dysfunctions of the vestibular cortex may explain the dizziness symptom for a disorder previously labelled as psychogenic.
NUCLEAR MATERIAL SECURITY NEEDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Since September 11, 2001 there has been a fundamental transition in the way we view radiological sources and devices in our environment. Ionizing Radiological Sources, (IRSs) which serve a multitude of important medical, industrial, and research needs in our modern society, were not so long ago viewed as common place in an industrialized society, only of concern to health and the environment if control is lost accidentally. But, 9/11 taught us that those bent on indiscriminant terror are capable of taking the most common place elements of our advanced technology and turning them into effective weapons of mass destruction. And radiological sources quickly became the object of concern as a potentially disruptive threat to our national security.
The Liberalization Aspect Of Trademark Law Of Indonesia In The Asean Free Trading

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Intellectual property rights are rights that are protected by law and one of them is related to brands. The use of brands in trade both nationally and internationally has increased from year to year. Along with global trade liberalization, brand use continues to increase. In regional trade, it is known as liberalization in ASEAN. There are various agreements made by ASEAN member countries to improve the welfare of the ASEAN Community as contained in the 2008 ASEAN Charter. Meanwhile, for brand protection, an ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights Action Plan agreement was created. This agreement contains ASEAN's action plan to protect brands and use of brands without permission. For Indonesia, this is an agreement that is harmonized with Law no. 20 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications.
Surface anthropometry

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Anthropometry is defined as ‘measurement of the human body’. Surface anthropometry may therefore be defined as the science of acquiring and utilising surface dimensional measurements which describe the human phenotype. This chapter aims to summarise key principles and methods for measuring stature and mass and the most commonly used skinfolds and girths. The current definitive guide for all anthropometric procedures is the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry standards manual. Anthropometry requires a spacious well-illuminated area, affording privacy. The anthropometrist’s left hand approaches the subject’s skin surface at 90 degrees. Numerous methodological assumptions, such as tissue density, govern the conversion of linear surface measurements into tissue mass, and sample specificity restricts the utility of many equations. Surface anthropometry plays an important role in the estimation of body composition and identifying the effect of training regimens.
Large scale fabrication of superconductors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Beginning with large quantity fabrication the fabrication steps of monolithical NbTi and Nb 3 sn solid diffusion conductors melting, copper cladding, billet assembling, extrusion, drawing, annealing, twisting and calibration are discussed regarding reproducibility and reliability of the physical properties over long length. An important point is the compatibility of the fabrication parameters with the physical properties optimization treatment. Large cross section high current density conductors and special conductors containing multiple materials for strengthening and reduction of losses fabricated by cabling and special techniques will be discussed.
MHC class I-processed pseudogenes in New World primates provide evidence for rapid turnover of MHC class I genes.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The MHC class I genes of the New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), are an exception to the high polymorphism and variability displayed by this multigene family. We report the isolation of the first two processed pseudogenes from the MHC region in primates. These two MHC class I-processed pseudogenes (MHC-PS1 and -PS2) were found in several species of New World primates, suggesting a possible explanation for the cotton-top tamarin's limited MHC class I diversity. The pattern of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in PS1 suggests that the gene that gave rise to this processed pseudogene was once subject to selection for variability in the peptide binding region and might, therefore, have been functional. Additionally, PSI is not closely related to the expressed cotton-top tamarin's MHC class I genes, but does show some similarity to So-N1, a tamarin pseudogene from which no transcript has been found. Thus, PS1 may represent a remnant of a once active MHC class I gene that is no longer functional in the cotton-top tamarin. The MHC class I loci in primates, therefore, appear to be evolving by a continual process of duplication and inactivation. This process seems to be exaggerated in New World primates and may in part be responsible for the cotton-top tamarin's limited MHC class I diversity.
The Effect of Computerized versus Classroom Instruction on the Phonetic Pronunciation of English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of computerized versus classroom instruction on musicians' ability to correctly pronounce English words phonetically transcribed into the International Phonetic Alphabet. Sixty-three (N = 63) instrumentalists volunteered as subjects. The study used a pretest/posttest design. The tests consisted of two different phonetic transcriptions of English used by the International Phonetic Association for its standardized proficiency exam. Following the pretest, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Class (n = 21) received three 45-minute lessons, (2) Computer-Assisted (n = 21) used the software package Sounds of English, and (3) Class and Computer-Assisted (n = 21) used a combination of the two previous instruction types. Results showed no significant differences among groups regarding pretest scores, but significant differences regarding posttest and pre/posttest difference scores. Post hoc analyses of total time revealed significant differences among the groups.
Insider ownership and market valuation in South Africa: uncovering the effects of shareholdings by different groups of corporate insiders

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose: This paper examines the connection between shareholdings by different groups of corporate insiders and market valuation in South Africa using a sample of 169 listed corporations from 2002 to 2007.

Design/methodology/approach: We distinctively employ fixed-effects and two-stage least squares regressions to uniquely examine the effect of shareholdings by employees, chief executive officers, chief financial officers, other executive directors and non-executive directors on market valuation.
Findings: We find that aggregate ownership by all corporate insiders have a positive effect on market valuation. However, when we examine the link between ownership by individual groups of corporate insiders and market valuation, our results suggest that firms with higher ownership by chief executive officers and other executive directors have lower market valuation, but we do not find any evidence that ownership by chief financial officers has any significant effect on market valuation. In contrast, we find that ownership by employees and non-executive directors has a positive effect on market valuation.
Originality/value: Past studies have mostly examined the association between aggregate insider ownership and market valuation. By contrast, there is an acute dearth of evidence on how ownership by different insider groups influences market valuation. Our evidence contributes to the literature by providing evidence on how ownership by different insider groups affects market evaluation. We also innovatively apply a number of econometric models that sufficiently address different types of endogeneities and market valuation measures.
Article type: Research paper
The Art Performance in Management at the 16th Anniversary Event Organized by SMA Plus Negeri 2 Banyuasin III

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The result of this research was a study of art performance management is very important for art activists to know.An art performance is a performance that carried out with various forms of performing arts, music, dance, theater which becomes a complete performance.The author raises the management of music, dance and theater performances which become a dramatic performance.The management and structure of performing arts were very simple because the leader of the activity does not have formal management education.Then, for the practice it can run its business properly and orderly.The purpose of this research to provide knowledge for students and people who read this paper.To find out about the management of an art performance, qualitative research is conducted.The data were collected by observing interviews and documentation which all valid data were described and then analyzed the data regarding "The Art Performance in Management at the 16th Anniversary Event Organized by SMA Plus Negeri 2 Banyuasin III".
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ICBA13111

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Chenopodium quinoa Willd.
Common name(s): Quinoa
Conserved by: International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), United Arab Emirates
Local sample unique identifier: ICBA13111
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2018-05
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Annex 1 crop
A Comprehensive Review on Adenoviruses Infections in Fowl: Epidemiology, Forms, Diagnosis, and Control

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Fowl Adeno Viruses (FAdVs) are non-enveloped and double-stranded DNA viruses.They include eight species (FAdVs A-E) and 12 serotypes (FAdVs-1 to -8a and -8b to -11).Strains of FAdVs have been widely distributed in different countries all over the world.Most avian species are susceptible to FAdVs infections.Vertical, horizontal, and mechanical infections and transmissions have been recorded in different forms of FAdVs infection.There are many forms of FAdVs infections according to the groups (including three groups) of the virus.Group 1 usually causes inclusion body hepatitis, hydropericardium syndrome, quail bronchitis, pancreatic erosions, gizzard erosion, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and respiratory systems disorders.Group II is incriminated in diseases, such as turkey hemorrhagic enteritis, marble spleen disease in pheasants, and splenomegaly in chickens.In addition, group III is responsible for egg drop syndrome in laying chickens.Diagnosis of FAdVs infections is not based on the signs and lesions.However, microscopic detection of specific lesions and inclusion bodies may be suggestive.Diagnosis is mainly based on the conventional traditional isolation in embryonated eggs of different avian species as well as on tissue culture of avian origin.Molecular diagnostic techniques are now widely used for rapid and confirmative detection of FAdVs.The application of sanitary and hygienic measures in poultry farms is very important to prevent FAdVs outbreaks.However, different types of inactivated, living attenuated as well as recombinant vaccines have been developed and used in several countries to overcome different forms of FAdVs.Therefore, this review article deals with the FAdVs susceptibility and transmission, the etiological agent, forms of infections, and diagnosis as well as different methods of prevention and control.