jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Relationships between selective neuronal loss and microglial activation after ischaemic stroke in man

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Modern ischaemic stroke management involves intravenous thrombolysis followed by mechanical thrombectomy, which allows markedly higher rates of recanalization and penumbral salvage than thrombolysis alone. However, <50% of treated patients eventually enjoy independent life. It is therefore important to identify complementary therapeutic targets. In rodent models, the salvaged penumbra is consistently affected by selective neuronal loss, which may hinder recovery by interfering with plastic processes, as well as by microglial activation, which may exacerbate neuronal death. However, whether the salvaged penumbra in man is similarly affected is still unclear. Here we determined whether these two processes affect the non-infarcted penumbra in man and, if so, whether they are inter-related. We prospectively recruited patients with (i) acute middle-cerebral artery stroke; (ii) penumbra present on CT perfusion obtained <4.5 h of stroke onset; and (iii) early neurological recovery as a marker of penumbral salvage. PET with 11C-flumazenil and 11C-PK11195, as well as MRI to map the final infarct, were obtained at predefined follow-up times. The presence of selective neuronal loss and microglial activation was determined voxel-wise within the MRI normal-appearing ipsilateral non-infarcted zone and surviving penumbra masks, and their inter-relationship was assessed both across and within patients. Dilated infarct contours were consistently excluded to control for partial volume effects. Across the 16 recruited patients, there was reduced 11C-flumazenil and increased 11C-PK11195 binding in the whole ipsilateral non-infarcted zone (P = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Within the non-infarcted penumbra, 11C-flumazenil was also reduced (P = 0.001), but without clear increase in 11C-PK11195 (P = 0.18). There was no significant correlation between 11C-flumazenil and 11C-PK11195 in either compartment. This mechanistic study provides direct evidence for the presence of both neuronal loss and microglial activation in the ipsilateral non-infarcted zone. Further, we demonstrate the presence of neuronal loss affecting the surviving penumbra, with no or only mild microglial activation, and no significant relationship between these two processes. Thus, microglial activation may not contribute to penumbral neuronal loss in man, and its presence in the ipsilateral hemisphere may merely reflect secondary remote degeneration. Selective neuronal loss in the surviving penumbra may represent a novel therapeutic target as an adjunct to penumbral salvage to further improve functional outcome. However, microglial activation may not stand as the primary therapeutic approach. Protecting the penumbra by acutely improving perfusion and oxygenation in conjunction with thrombectomy for example, may be a better approach. 11C-flumazenil PET would be useful to monitor the effects of such therapies.
Ultrastructure of the epididymal epithelium of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The regional fine structure of the epithelium lining the epididymis of the rhesus monkey has been investigated. Tall, prismatic principal cells constituted the major part of the epithelium. Their basal plasma lemma showed presence of caveolae and the luminal surface was studded with stereocilis. Presence of numerous desmosomes and tight junctions between adjacent principal cells suggested the existence of blood epididymis barrier. Ultrastructural evidence is presented in support of high lysosomal turnover, absorptive and secretory functions in these cells. Apocrine secretion was evident only in the principal cells of initial segment. Of the two types of basal cell, dark and pale, the latter revealed presence of lipofuscin pigment suggesting their scavenger role in the epithelium.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM WITH THE ISLAND MODEL

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Linkage disequilibrium between two linked loci was studied for a finite population with a subdivided population structure. Wright's island model was used; extinction and replacement of colonies were also incorporated. Two alleles (A 1 and A 2 at the first locus, and B 1 and B 2 at the second locus) with symmetric mutation rates were assumed, and equilibrium properties of linkage disequilibrium coefficients were analyzed. In terms of analogy with the subdivision of inbreeding coefficient, the variance of linkage disequilibrium is divided into several components: D 2 IS (variance of within-colony disequilibrium), D 2 ST (variance of correlation of A 1 and B 1 of different gametes of one colony relative to that of the total population), and D 2 IT (total variance of disequilibrium). Other subdivisions are D′2 IS (variance of correlation of A 1 and B 1 of one gamete of a colony relative to that of the average gamete of the population) and D′2 ST (variance of the ordinary disequilibrium of the whole population). When migration is limited, the variance becomes large if the correlation of A 1 and B 1 of one colony is taken relative to that of the whole population (D 2 ST and D′2 IS). Also, when the rate of extinction-replacement of colonies is high, the whole-population disequilibrium coefficient (D′2 ST) can become fairly large. Observed linkage disequilibria, such as those among markers in the major histocompatibility complex of man and mouse, may well be explained by limited migration, without assuming epistatic natural selection.
Image_1_PD-L1-Mediated Immunosuppression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Relationship With Macrophage Infiltration and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Markers.jpeg

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>To date, immune check-point inhibitors (ICIs), particularly inhibitors of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) have become prominent in cancer treatment and also improved life expectancy of cancer patients. As key regulators of PD-1/PD-L1 axis, the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) enhances aggressive and invasive properties of tumors in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The aims of the study were first to characterize the critical links among PD-L1, TME and EMT process and, further, to explore the sensitivity of different chemical agents to different PD-L1 expression groups. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that PD-L1 was highly expressed in OSCC and higher PD-L1 expression correlated with worse survival in patients. Notably, PD-L1 was positively correlated with macrophages infiltration and EMT markers gene expression. Moreover, patients in the PD-L1<sup>high</sup> group were at a significant chance of benefiting from ICI treatment and they also showed higher sensitivity to the chemical drugs (olaparib, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and pazopanib). These findings implicate PD-L1 could serve as a novel target for prognostic and therapeutic approaches in OSCC patients; PD-L1-mediated immune evasion might be attributable to the infiltration of macrophages, resulting EMT progress; Chemical agents in combination with PD-L1 inhibitor could be served as personalized treatment plan for OSCC patients so as to maximize patient benefit.</p>
Determining the Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis &amp; Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Married and Unmarried Women &amp; Evaluating the Association Socio-Demographic Risk Factors &amp; Symptoms-Related Variables in Women Attending Gynecology Clinic in Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa City, Somaliland

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Vaginitis refers to any inflammation or infection of the vagina.This is a common gynecological problem found in women of all ages, with one-third of women having at least one form of vaginitis at some time during their lives.The vagina is the muscular passageway between the uterus and the external genital area.When the walls of the vagina become inflamed, because some irritant has disturbed the balance of the vaginal area, vaginitis can occur.The most common types of vaginitis are: Candida or "yeast" infection, Bacterial vaginosis, Trichomoniasis vaginitis.Objectives of Study: Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) among married and unmarried women and evaluate the association socio-demographic risk factors and symptoms-related variables in women attending gynecology clinic in Hargeisa group hospital.Methodology: A total of 150 married and unmarried women were investigated & diagnosed by a researcher in Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa City, Somaliland for determining of VVI prevalence in the present study.Vaginal swabs from these How to cite this paper: Al-Mamari, A.
Experimental Study on the Strength Deterioration and Mechanism of Stabilized River Silt Reinforced with Cement and Alginate Fibers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

River silt deposited by water in coastal areas is unsuitable for engineering construction. Thus, the in situ stabilization treatment of river silt as the bearing layer has been an important research area in geotechnical engineering. The strength degradation behavior and mechanism of stabilized river silt reinforced with cement and alginate fibers (AFCS) in different engineering environments are crucial for engineering applications. Therefore, freeze–thaw (F–T) cycle tests, wetting-drying (W–D) cycle tests, water immersion tests and seawater erosion tests were conducted to explore the strength attenuation of stabilized river silt reinforced with the same cement content (9% by wet weight) and different fiber contents (0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% by weight of wet soil) and fiber lengths (3 mm, 6 mm and 9 mm). The reinforcement and damage mechanism of AFCS was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The results indicate that the strength of AFCS was improved from 84% to 180% at 15 F–T cycle tests, and the strength of AFCS was improved by 26% and 40% at 30 W–D cycles, which showed better stability and excellent characteristics owing to the hygroscopic characteristics of alginate fiber arousing the release of calcium and magnesium ions within the alginate. Also, the strength attenuation of AFCS was reduced with the increase in the length and content of alginate fibers. Further, the strength of specimens in the freshwater environment was higher than that in the seawater environment at the same fiber content, and the softening coefficient of AFCS in the freshwater environment was above 0.85, indicating that the AFCS had good water stability. The optimal fiber content was found to be 0.6% based on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) reduction in specimens cured in seawater and a freshwater environment. And the strength of AFCS was improved by about 10% compared with that of cement-stabilized soil (CS) in a seawater environment. A stable spatial network structure inside the soil was formed, in which the reinforcing effect of fibers was affected by mechanical connection, friction and interfacial bonding. However, noticeable cracks developed in the immersed and F–T specimens. These microscopic characteristics contributed to decreased mechanical properties for AFCS. The results of this research provide a reference for the engineering application of AFCS.
Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D₃ Injection Prepartum as Prophylaxis of Milk Fever on Bone Metabolism in Dairy Cattle

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Milk fever (MF) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cattle, therefore, its control is very important. It is well known that parenteral application of high-dose vitamin D3 before calving can prevent MF in dairy cattle. This practice is in use in Slovenia since 1962. The mechanism of action is by activation in liver and kidneys into hormonal form calcitriol. The main role of calcitriol is activation of active Ca absorption in the intestines. Calcitriol also has an effect on bone tissue. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a parenteral high dose of vitamin D3 on bone metabolism in dairy cattle.
Evaluation of physiological parameters as a screening technique for drought tolerance in bread wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present study, we evaluated the ability of yield based and physiological parameters for identification of drought tolerant bread wheat genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications under two different rainfed and irrigated conditions. The results of analysis of variance exhibited significant differences between the genotypes for grain yield (GY), cell membrane stability (CMS), proline concentration (PC), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll fluorescence (CHF), stomatal conductance (SC), relative chlorophyll content (RCC) , excised leaf water retention (ELWR) and relative water loss (RWL) indicating the presence of genetic variation and possible screening of drought tolerant genotypes. Significant correlation was found between multiple selection index (MSI) and stress tolerance index (STI). Screening drought tolerant genotypes by physiological indicators of drought tolerance using mean rank, standard deviation of ranks and biplot analysis, discriminated genotypes (18), (15), (10), (5) and (2) as the most drought tolerant. Therefore they are recommended to be used as parents for genetic analysis, gene mapping and improvement of drought tolerance in common wheat.
Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru dalam Pengelolaan Kelas melalui Teknologi Digital

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Training in digital technology for elementary school teachers is a solution to enhance classroom management skills and teaching quality. This study aims to evaluate the impact of digital technology training on teachers' skills and social changes within the educational community. The methods used include initial surveys, practice-based training, and post-training evaluations with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results show a significant improvement in teachers' technology skills and positive changes in classroom management. Teachers reported increased confidence and practical skills in using technology tools, and the formation of support groups and technology-based learning communities. The program also facilitated the emergence of local leaders who spearhead technology initiatives in their schools. These findings emphasize the importance of participatory and sustainable training in creating positive changes within the educational environment.
Coexistence of the ethnic Chinese and Sundanese in the city of Bandung, West Java: a case study on Kampung Toleransi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There has been much discussion of Indonesia's changing policies toward ethnic Chinese and the phenomenon of anti-Chinese sentiment. However, cases where Chinese Indonesians and native Indonesians live peacefully side by side are worth investigating. This paper explores the notable tolerance and maintenance of a relatively peaceful coexistence between the Sundanese and Chinese in areas with peaceful relations of long standing between their communities. In particular, we investigate the area called Kampung Toleransi (Kampong of Tolerance), an officially designated name of the City Government of Bandung in 2018. The results show that Kampung Toleransi is a symbol of a religious and ethnic harmony. We argue that it is self-evident that the two ethnicities are living harmoniously due to general tolerance of religious and ethnic differences. By maintaining peaceful coexistence, the two communities obtain mutual benefit.
Establishment of an Automated Algorithm Utilizing Optical Coherence Tomography and Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging to Reconstruct the 3-D Deformed Stent Geometry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the prevalent treatment for coronary artery disease, with hundreds of thousands of stents implanted annually. Computational studies have demonstrated the role of biomechanics in the failure of vascular stents, but clinical studies is this area are limited by a lack of understanding of the deployed stent geometry, which is required to accurately model and predict the stent-induced in vivo biomechanical environment. Herein, we present an automated method to reconstruct the 3-D deployed stent configuration through the fusion of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and micro-computed tomography ( μ CT) imaging data. In an experimental setup, OCT and μ CT data were collected in stents deployed in arterial phantoms ( n=4 ). A constrained iterative deformation process directed by diffeomorphic metric mapping was developed to deform μ CT data of a stent wireframe to the OCT-derived sparse point cloud of the deployed stent. Reconstructions of the deployed stents showed excellent agreement with the ground-truth configurations, with the distance between corresponding points on the reconstructed and ground-truth configurations of [Formula: see text]. Finally, reconstructions required <30 min of computational time. In conclusion, the developed and validated reconstruction algorithm provides a complete spatially resolved reconstruction of a deployed vascular stent from commercially available imaging modalities and has the potential, with further development, to provide more accurate computational models to evaluate the in vivo post-stent mechanical environment, as well as clinical visualization of the 3-D stent geometry immediately following PCI.
CMUMEG-96-007 Photoproduction evidence for and against hidden-strangeness

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Experimental evidence from coherent diffractive proton scattering has been reported for two narrow baryonic resonances which decay predominantly to strange particles. These states, with masses close to 2.0 GeV would, if confirmed, be candidates for hidden strangeness states with unusual internal structure. In this paper we examine the literature on strangeness photoproduction, to seek additional evidence for or against these states. We find that one state is not confirmed, while for the other state there is some mild supporting evidence favoring its existence. New experiments are called for, and the expected photoproduction lineshapes are calculated.
A profile of the Fiji English lexis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The vocabulary of Fiji English is one of its most distinguishing features. English has a profound influence upon the lives of all Fiji Islanders — it is the principal language of government, the judiciary, education and commerce. This paper examines some of the sources and features of the Fiji English lexis, the most common of which include: borrowings, reborrowings, calques, new coinages, semantic shifts, archaisms, and hybrid compounds. It also outlines some of the lexical affinities with and divergences from other varieties of English.
Distance to crime

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Residents’ perceptions of neighbourhood crime are influenced by both the objective presence of crime and/or disorder and subjective factors like disadvantage and the presence of minorities. What is unclear is whether and how proximity to these factors shape perceptions. In this chapter, we utilise geocoded survey, census and crime data from approximately 4000 residents living across 1479 block groups in Brisbane. We use highly spatialised measures to capture the network distance between each resident and their nearest violent crime incident and non-violent crime hotspot and create weighted violent crime buffers to measure a resident's exposure to violent crimes. We find proximity and exposure to violent crime increases residents’ perceptions of violence. Yet even controlling for these effects, disadvantage and the presence of particular minority groups remain powerful predictors of perceived violence.
Larval development and occurrence of morphological abnormalities in hatchery-reared Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae fed marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis at different population growth stages

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

植え継ぎ培養におけるワムシの餌料価値を評価するため，異なる増殖ステージのワムシを栄養強化してヒラメ仔魚に与えた。その結果，ふ化後 18～30 日齢の仔魚において，対数増殖後期のワムシを与えた群は増殖停滞期のものよりも成長と発育が優れた。さらに，これらの供試魚を全長約 40 mm まで継続飼育したところ，対数増殖後期の群は体色発現または骨格形成の異常率が最も低くなった。以上のことから，ヒラメ種苗生産において栄養強化に用いるワムシの増殖ステージが形態異常の出現に大きく影響することが明らかになった。
Peak-to-RMS reduction of speech based on a sinusoidal model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A sinusoidal-based analysis/synthesis system is used to apply a radar design solution to the problem of dispersing the phase of a speech waveform. Unlike conventional methods of phase dispersion, this solution technique adapts dynamically to the pitch and spectral characteristics of the speech, while maintaining the original spectral envelope. The solution can also be used to drive the sine-wave amplitude modification for amplitude compression, and is coupled to the desired shaping of the speech spectrum. The proposed dispersion solution, when integrated with amplitude compression, results in a significant reduction in the peak-to-RMS (root-mean-square) ratio of the speech waveform with acceptable loss in quality. Application of a real-time prototype sine-wave preprocessor to AM radio broadcasting is described.< >
Upper Abdominal CT Perfusion: Effects of Contrast Medium Iodine Concentration on the Values Estimated by Three Analytic Methods

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Poster: ECR 2012 / C-0435 / Upper Abdominal CT Perfusion: Effects of Contrast Medium Iodine Concentration on the Values Estimated by Three Analytic Methods by: Kanda1, T. Yoshikawa 2, Y. Ohno2, N. Negi2, N. Kanata2, D. Takenaka2, H. Koyama2, K. Kitajima2, K. Sugimura2; 1Kobe /JP, 2Kobe/JP
Snake Venom PLA2s Inhibitors Isolated from Brazilian Plants: Synthetic and Natural Molecules

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ophidian envenomation is an important health problem in Brazil and other South American countries. In folk medicine, especially in developing countries, several vegetal species are employed for the treatment of snakebites in communities that lack prompt access to serum therapy. However, the identification and characterization of the effects of several new plants or their isolated compounds, which are able to inhibit the activities of snake venom, are extremely important and such studies are imperative. Snake venom contains several organic and inorganic compounds; phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 s) are one of the principal toxic components of venom. PLA 2 s display a wide variety of pharmacological activities, such as neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, anticoagulant, hemorrhagic, and edema-inducing effects. PLA 2 inhibition is of pharmacological and therapeutic interests as these enzymes are involved in several inflammatory diseases. This review describes the results of several studies of plant extracts and their isolated active principles, when used against crude snake venoms or their toxic fractions. Isolated inhibitors, such as steroids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, are able to inhibit PLA 2 s from different snake venoms. The design of specific inhibitors of PLA 2 s might help in the development of new pharmaceutical drugs, more specific antivenom, or even as alternative approaches for treating snakebites.