jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Correlation between production of toxin and structure of Clostridium botulinum type E 35396

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Clostridium botulinum is a famous bacterium for its production of neurotoxin which is called exotoxin. Numerous biochemical studies on toxin have been performed, such as purification, pharmacodynamics and so on. However no morphological studies, which investigated the production of toxin with the development of bacterial cells are seen. To explain the production of toxin with the development of bacterial cells, a strain 35396 of type E in group II, nonproteolytic was used. The results were as follows.1. The growth of Clostridium botulinum reached the station a ry phase 15 hrs. after anaerobic cultivation at 30°C in polypeptone yeast extract glucose broth (pH 7.0: PYG) and number of bacteria was 108.3 cells/ml. The pH of the PYG decreased gradually and it was 5.3-5.0 at the stationary phase.2. Toxicity was demons trated in the bacterial cells of 12 hrs. culture by intraperitoneal injection to mice, whereas it was not demonstrated in the extracellular fraction. Toxicity of the extracellular fraction was demonstrated in 18 hrs. culture.3. Toxicity of bacterial cells of 9 hrs. culture w as demonstrated by extraction at pH 7.0 or tryptic activation. Whereas it was not demonstrated in the extra-cellular fraction by similar processing.4. One line of precipitin was found between the culture of 18 hrs. or longer cultivation and antitoxin by the agar-plate precipitin test of Ouchterlony. Extracted type E toxin was shown to be composed of toxigenic Ea component (Eα) and nontoxigenic Eβ component (Eβ) as reported by Kitamura et at.5. All cells were Gram-positive and no remaining spore was found in 8 hrs. culture. The percentage (%) of positive cells decreased gradually and all cells were Gram-negative after 33 hrs. incubation.6. Mor phological changes of the cell surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The cell surface changed gradually and became unevenness. After 48 hrs. incubation, numerous cells had wavy and loosened surface on which irregular holes were observed. Toxin was detected on the cell surface by the method of McKeever et al.Especially, it was located on the damaged cell wall after 48 hrs. incubation.7. The ablation and fragmentation of cell wall were observed on the cells in the culture of 24 hrs. or longer cultivation by transmission electron microscopy. The toxin localization was demonstrated by immuno-electron microscopy with horseradish peroxidase labeled antibody. Both Eα and Eβ were demonstrated as multi layer like or diffuse patches in cell wall. Furthermore, Eβ was demonstrated earlier than Eα.These results show that the toxin of Cl. botulinum type E is stored in cell wall. Nontoxigenic Eβ component is synthesized and stored earlier than toxigenic Eα component in cell wall. Toxin is released gradually into the environment, foods and culture media by ablation and fragmentation of cell wall with development of bacterial cells.
Komparasi Pendidikan Karakter Indonesia dan Jepang (Analisis terhadap Landasan, Pendekatan, dan Problematikanya)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the comparison of the implementation of character education between Indonesia and Japan. The focus of the study is on three things, namely the basis, approach, and problems of character education in two countries. The research method used is a qualitative research method using a library approach or better known as library research. The data sources of this research come from research results, books, or government policies related to character education in the two countries. The results of the study explain that the basis of character education in Indonesia is the ideology of the state, customs and culture, religious values, government rules and policies. Likewise, in Japan the basis of character education is in the form of cultural values, state ideology, and government policy rules. Approaches to character education in Indonesia include the value inculcation approach, the value clarification approach, the learning approach to action, exemplary, and habituation. Meanwhile, in Japan, among other things, the approach tends to be habituation, for Japanese people, characters are not taught but are used to it. Character problems in Indonesia and Japan are not too different around juvenile delinquency, free sex, vandalism and thuggery. The difference in stress levels in Japan affects the character of the younger generation.
The Role of Product Differentiation, Customer Purchase Intention, and Islamic Self-Congruity in Driving Customer Loyalty

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Objective: This research aims to examine efforts to encourage the optimization of product differentiation, which can significantly impact customer purchase intention and Islamic self-congruity, thereby enhancing customer loyalty. Research Design & Method: This study was conducted with 150 Shopee customers residing in Salatiga city, utilizing an online questionnaire distributed via WhatsApp (WA) using accidental sampling technique. The collected data were processed using Partial Least Square Program Smart (PLS) Version 4.0, with Variance Based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Findings: The results of this research indicate that product differentiation is effective in driving customer purchase intention and Islamic self-congruity but fails to increase customer loyalty. Furthermore, customer purchase intention plays a significant role in boosting customer loyalty. However, Islamic self-congruity does not lead to increased customer loyalty. Implications & Recommendations: This study concludes that higher levels of product differentiation in Muslim clothing offered by Shopee do not directly enhance customer loyalty. Companies need to manage and optimize customer purchase intention to have a more substantial impact on driving customer loyalty. Islamic self-congruity has not successfully leveraged product differentiation in increasing customer loyalty. Contribution & Value Added: This research offers a fresh perspective on self-congruity theory, highlighting that self-congruence based on specific beliefs and religious convictions provides an opportunity for a broader exploration of customer behavior phenomena. Future research would be intriguing if conducted with more heterogeneous respondents, leading to a deeper understanding of the roles of customer purchase intention and Islamic self-congruity in enhancing customer loyalty.
The development of compensation theories in international expropriation law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The majority of states recognize the lawfulness of expropriation or nationalization of foreign property, provided the taking is non-discriminatory; there is a public purpose; compensation is paid for the taken property; and due process of law is respected. The standard of compensation paid for the taken property is the most disputed requirement. This work examines the development of compensation theories through the most important milestone cases, the Hull and Calvo doctrines, United Nations’ documents and the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of the United States.
Visual Diagnosis: Newborn with Respiratory Distress

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. James A. Lee, MD, Capt USAF MC*,†,‡
2. Andrew J. Delle Donne, DO, LT USN MC*,†,§
3. Maribel M. Morgan, MD, Maj USAF MC*,†,§,¶

1. *San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium,

2. †San Antonio Military Medical Center,

3. ‡Department of Pediatrics,

4. §Department of Neonatology, and

5. ¶Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX

This is the case of a small-for-gestational age (1,455 g) girl born at 35 weeks. She is twin B of a monochorionic, diamniotic twin gestation, born via induced vaginal delivery for acute-onset oligohydramnios in the setting of intrauterine growth restriction. The maternal medical history is significant for depression, idiopathic hypothyroidism (treated with levothyroxine during pregnancy), and obesity. Maternal serologies were negative. Results of routine prenatal echocardiography were normal. After routine resuscitation, the infant receives respiratory support via humidified high-flow oxygen via nasal cannula and umbilical venous catheterization (UVC) for parenteral nutrition. The infant is weaned to room air and continued on a combination of parenteral and enteral nutrition going into the third day of life. At 50 hours after birth, the patient develops acute respiratory distress.

The physical examination is remarkable for signs of respiratory distress, including tachypnea, hypoxemia, nasal flaring, and decreased breath sounds on auscultation (specifically in the right lower lung fields). She has distant heart sounds, no murmur, normal pulses and capillary refill, and a soft, nondistended abdomen. Laboratory evaluation includes a white blood cell count of 7,400×/μL (7.4×109/L), a hematocrit value of 53%, a platelet count of 215×103/μL (215×109/L), a capillary blood gas sample (pH of 7.18, partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 64 mm Hg, partial pressure of oxygen of 32 mm Hg, bicarbonate of 22 mEq/L [22 mmol/L], base deficit of 7.3 mEq/L [7.3 mmol/L]), and a C-reactive protein level less than 0.3 mg/L (<2.9 nmol/L). In summary, she has acute, uncompensated respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia and normal inflammatory markers.

A supine chest radiograph (Fig 1 …
Monograph of Gastrolobium (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A taxonomic revision with full descriptions and key are presented for the 109 known species of Gastrolobium , including 29 new species described here for the first time. Brachysema , Jansonia and Nemcia are formally placed into Gastrolobium and new combinations have been made where necessary. Included in the revision are full taxonomic descriptions for all species, full synonymies, literature references for original publications, typification, including selection of lectotypes where necessary, distributions complete with maps, and taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. New taxa described herein are G. acrocaroli , G. aculeatum , G. alternifolium , G .&nbsp; congestum , G. crispatum , G. cruciatum , G. cyanophyllum , G. diabolophyllum , G. discolor , G. elegans , G .&nbsp; euryphyllum , G. ferrugineum , G. glabratum , G. hians , G. humile , G. involutum , G. melanopetalum , G .&nbsp; mondurup , G. musaceum , G. nudum , G. nutans , G. reflexum , G. rhombifolium , G. semiteres , G. tenue , G .&nbsp; tergiversum , G. venulosum , G. whicherensis and G. wonganensis .
Antidiabetic and Toxicological Effects of the Tea Infusion of Summer Collection from Annona cherimola Miller Leaves

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Annona cherimola Miller (Ac) is a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. In this work, the tea infusion extracts obtained from 1.5 g of leaf powder from Ac collected in May (AcMa), June (AcJun), July (AcJul), and August (AcAu) were evaluated on streptozocin-induced diabetic (STID) mice and for subchronic toxicity in STID and non-diabetic (ND) mice. In addition, extracts were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Results showed that the tea infusion extract of the sample collected in August (AcAu) exhibited the most significant antihyperglycemic activity during all acute assays. The analysis of the extracts (AcMa, AcJu, AcJul, and AcAu) by HPLC-DAD revealed that flavonoid glycosides, rutin, narcissin, and nicotiflorin were the major components. In addition, the sample AcAu contained the best concentration of flavonoids. In the case of subchronic oral toxicity, the AcAu sample did not cause mortality in STID mice, and histopathological analysis revealed significant improvement in the changes associated with diabetes in the liver and kidneys. These findings suggest that the Ac leaves collected in August may be a source of flavonoids such as rutin, with antidiabetic potential. In addition, these findings support the use of Ac to treat diabetes in traditional medicine.
A SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO OPTIMAL CALIBRATOR LEVEL SELECTION FOR CLINICAL IMMUNOASSAYS

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Improving bioanalytical procedures (assays) to measure levels of immunologically relevant proteins such as haptoglobin requires minimizing the uncertainty associated with the measurement process. In this work, we consider the question of optimally selecting the concentration levels of calibrators (solutions with known concentrations of haptoglobin) used to calibrate the haptoglobin immunoassay. Specifically, we aim to select calibrator concentration levels such that the net measurement uncertainty at medical decision points is minimized. We accomplish this by constructing a Monte Carlo simulation of the haptoglobin immunoassay that estimates the measurement uncertainty associated with the assay, and then formulating the problem of optimally selecting calibrators to minimize the assay uncertainty at medical decision points as a discrete simulation optimization problem. We demonstrate the application of the NSGS and KN procedures to solve this problem. This work represents a first step towards the utilization of simulation optimization in the optimal design of clinical assays.
Peptide Arrays Identify Isoform-Selective Substrates for Profiling Endogenous Lysine Deacetylase Activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This paper reports the development of a class of isoform-selective peptide substrates for measuring endogenous lysine deacetylase (KDAC) activities in cell culture. The peptides were first identified by comparing the substrate specificity profiles of the four KDAC isoforms KDAC2, KDAC3, KDAC8, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) on a 361-member hexapeptide array wherein the two C-terminal residues to the acetylated lysine were varied. The arrays were prepared by immobilizing the peptides to a self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiolates on gold and could therefore be analyzed by a mass spectrometry technique termed SAMDI (self-assembled monolayers for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). Arrays presenting the selective substrates were treated with nuclear extracts from HeLa, Jurkat, and smooth muscle cells and analyzed to measure endogenous deacetylase activities. We then use the arrays to profile KDAC activity through the HeLa cell cycle. We find that the activity profile of the KDAC3 selective peptide closely mirrors the changing acetylation state of the H4 histone, suggesting a role for this enzyme in cell cycle regulation. This work is significant because it describes a general route for identifying selective substrates that can be used to understand the differential roles of members of the deacetylase enzyme family in complex biological processes and further because the label-free approach avoids perturbation of enzyme activity that has plagued fluorescence-based assays.
THE AUDIENCE CHAMBERS IN THE INPERIAL PALACE PLANNED BY J. CONDER (III)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

J. Conder (1852〜1920) made an examination of the spesimens of bricks in September 1882 and asked J. Chambers (Engineer to the Rail-way Bureau) to test the specimens of Portoland cement in October of the same year for the plan of the Audience Chambers in the Imperial Palace. In the present paper, J. Conders' testing and his opinion and the other testing by the engineers of the Bureau of Imperial Palace Construction are described.
Luxembourg results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in food

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This dataset contains the analytical results of pesticide residues measured in the food products analysed by the national competent authorities. Pesticide residues resulting from the use of plant protection products on crops that are used for food or feed production may pose a risk factor for public health. For this reason, a comprehensive legislative framework has been established in the European Union (EU), which defines rules for the approval of active substances used in plant protection products, the use of plant protection products and for pesticide residues in food. In order to ensure a high level of consumer protection, legal limits, so called “maximum residue levels” or briefly “MRLs”, are established in Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EU-harmonised MRLs are set for all pesticides covering all types of food products. A default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg is applicable for pesticides not explicitly mentioned in the MRL legislation. Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 imposes on Member States the obligation to carry out controls to ensure that food placed on the market is compliant with the legal limits. A sample is considered free of quantifiable residues if the analytes were not present in concentrations at or above the limit of quantification (LOQ). The LOQ is the smallest concentration of an analyte that can be quantified with the analytical method used to analyse the sample. It is commonly defined as the minimum concentration of the analyte in the test sample that can be determined with acceptable precision and accuracy. If a sample is contains quantifiable residues but within the legally permitted limit (maximum residue level, MRL), it is described as a sample with quantified residue levels within the legal limits (below or at the MRL) A sample is considered non-compliant with the legal limit (MRL), if the measured residue concentrations clearly exceed the legal limits, taking into account the measurement uncertainty. It is current practice that the uncertainty of the analytical measurement is taken into account before legal or administrative sanctions are imposed on food business operators for infringement of the MRL legislation.
Anomalous optical diffraction by a phase grating induced by a local field effect in semiconductor quantum dots

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate the use of laser-induced phase gratings to control the emission characteristics of self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots. The microscopic Coulomb interaction between the photoinduced charge densities in a dot, referred to as the local field effect, affects the macroscopic optical properties of a dot ensemble even with inhomogeneous broadening, and forms a phase grating by spatially modulating the exciton resonant frequency. In the low excitation regime, the diffracted light intensity (observed using photon echoes) gradually rose with time delay---a result very different from the conventional instantaneous response to pulse excitation. With increasing excitation intensity, the response of the diffracted signal became more immediate and exhibited a biexponential decay. The change in the temporal profile can be systematically explained by analyzing the dynamics of the phase grating. Our findings suggest an optical switching mechanism using this intrinsic property of semiconductor quantum dots.
THE BLUNT LIVER TRAUMA—REVIEW OF CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The liver is one of the most commonly injured organs in blunt abdominal trauma. Major liver trauma in polytraumatic patients accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic options for blunt hepatic trauma include both non-operative and operative management. Hemodynamic status, not the grade of the injury, should dictate the management. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is a standard diagnostic modality in hemodynamically stable trauma patients. Recent advancements in imaging studies and enhanced critical care strategies have shifted the paradigm for the management of liver injuries. Nonoperative management of both low- and high-grade injuries can be successful in hemodynamically stable patients. Direct suture of bleeding vessels, vascular isolation of the liver, and damage control surgery have improved outcomes in the hemodynamically unstable patients.We have reviewed current position in the treatment of blunt hepatic trauma.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of non-classical nucleosides

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fourteen new colorectal cancer cell lines were developed as part of a tumor acquisition, propagation, and preservation program for biotherapy. Fifty-six specimens were received. Nine cell lines were generated from biopsies; seven of these cell lines were from metastatic lesions. Five additional cell lines were developed from xenografts grown in nude mice. Biopsies that produced three of these xenografts gave rise to parallel culture cell lines. Biopsy-derived and xenograft-derived cell lines from the same tumor behaved similarly in culture and exhibited similar markers when assessed immunohistochemically. Collagen substrate was beneficial in the primary culture of 50% of the specimens tested. Collagen was required for the successful propagation of two cell lines.
Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Live Streaming dan Affiliate Marketing terhadap Implusif Buying

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing impulsive buying behavior among TikTok Shop users, particularly through the features of live streaming and affiliate marketing shopping. The research employs a quantitative approach using a survey questionnaire distributed to 100 TikTok Shop users in Medan who have previously made impulsive purchases. Data analysis includes validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression analysis to examine the effects of live streaming and affiliate marketing on impulsive buying. The results indicate that live streaming has a positive and significant effect on impulsive buying behavior. Real-time interaction, limited-time promotions, and interactive shopping experiences during live streaming sessions encourage consumers to make spontaneous purchases. Furthermore, affiliate marketing shopping also significantly influences impulsive buying, especially through engaging video content and influencer credibility. The credibility of sellers or affiliates is a crucial factor in building trust and driving unplanned purchase decisions. This study contributes to the development of digital marketing strategies, particularly on the TikTok Shop platform, by emphasizing the importance of optimizing live streaming and affiliate marketing features to stimulate impulsive buying behavior. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for business practitioners and researchers in understanding consumer behavior dynamics in the social e-commerce era.