jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Integrating Bioarchaeology and Chronology at Los Melgarejos to Understand Ditched Enclosures in Copper Age Iberia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Iberia, ditched enclosures appeared during the Copper Age (late fourth to third millennium bc ). These sites are linked by their circular organization, communal labour investment, and complex temporality, but vary markedly in their distribution, function, and scale. Though archaeological attention has focused on ‘mega-sites’, an assessment of small-scale enclosures in marginal environments is key to understanding the social dynamics that facilitated their emergence. Here, the authors present results from Los Melgarejos (Getafe, Spain), the first Iberian Chalcolithic enclosure (3 ha) to be extensively documented, with all structures and seven per cent of the enclosure ditches excavated. Bioarchaeology, mortuary archaeology, isotope analyses (δ 13 C co , δ 13 C ap , δ 15 N), and radiocarbon dating are employed to compare lived experiences of diet, stress, trauma, and funerary ritual at small- and large-scale enclosures. Comparisons with the mega-site of Marroquíes reveal similarities in lived experience and ritual practice, as well as regional differences in dietary isotopes, highlighting the utility of multiscalar comparisons for understanding prehistoric lifeways.
Unidirectional large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow of human blood

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Blood is a non-Newtonian suspension of red and white cells, platelets, fibrinogen, and cholesterols in Newtonian plasma. To assess its non-Newtonian behaviors, this work considers a newly proposed blood test, unidirectional large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow (udLAOS). In the laboratory, we generate this experiment by superposing LAOS onto steady shear flow in such a way that the shear rate never changes sign. It is thus intended to best represent the unidirectional pulsatile flow in veins and arteries. To model human blood, we consider the simplest model that can predict infinite-shear viscosity, the corotational Jeffreys fluid. We arrive at an exact analytical expression for the shear stress response of this model fluid. We discover fractional harmonics comprising the transient part of the shear stress response and both integer and fractional harmonics, the alternant part. By fractional, we mean that these occur at frequencies other than integer multiples of the superposed oscillation frequency. We generalize the corotational Jeffreys fluid to multimode to best represent three blood samples from three healthy but different donors. To further improve our model predictions, we consider the multimode Oldroyd 8-constant framework, which contains the corotational Jeffreys fluid as a special case. In other words, by advancing from the multimode corotational Jeffreys fluid to the multimode Oldroyd 8-constant framework, five more model parameters are added, yielding better predictions. We find that the multimode corotational Jeffreys fluid adequately describes the steady shear viscosity functions measured for three different healthy donors. We further find that adding two more specific nonlinear constants to the multimode corotational Jeffreys fluid also adequately describes the behaviors of these same bloods in udLAOS. This new Oldroyd 5-constant model may find usefulness in monitoring health through udLAOS.
Role of the Toll‐Like Receptor 4 Asp299Gly Polymorphism in Susceptibility toCandidaalbicansInfection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor-My colleagues and I appreciate the comments of Drs.DeVincenzo and Buckingham [1] on our recently published article [2].They question the lack of a relationship between the amount of virus shed and severity of illness in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease.We created a carefully modulated illness score that included 16 ventilated patients.In addition to finding no relationship between the amount of virus shed and this summation of the severity of illness, we were struck by the highly variable virus load in both nasal and endotracheal secretions of the 16 ventilated patients.As Drs.DeVincenzo and Buckingham are aware [1], no therapeutic effect of RSV intravenous immune globulin could be demonstrated in the multicenter study from which these patients were drawn.The same was true in the subset of patients we studied at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville).Hence, we do not feel that this was a confounding variable.Perhaps neither their study [3] nor ours [2] provides a definitive answer to the presence of a modest effect of virus titer on illness severity, especially since neither study can address the peak titer of viral shedding that probably occurs before hospitalization.Both studies suggest that the effect, if any, of virus load on illness severity is modest and that we need to search elsewhere for a complete understanding of RSV pathogenesis.
In the Wake of a Veto: What Do Oregon Psychologists Think and Know about Prescription Privileges for Psychologists?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Clinical psychology continues to grapple with a contentious debate surrounding prescriptive authority. With over half of all states having considered legislating prescriptive authority, an immense amount of time and money has been invested. This study aims to assess knowledge and attitudes of licensed psychologists in Oregon following a veto that prevented it from becoming the third state with prescription privileges for psychologists. From a list of 1,318 licensed Oregon clinical psychologists, 60% were randomly selected to participate. Of the 130 participants invited thus far, 83 have completed the survey, yielding a respectable response rate (64%). Perceived familiarity with current training models revealed lacking awareness with 75.2% and 72% expressing they were not familiar with the DOD and APA models, respectively. Only 5% knew which three states/territories currently have prescriptive authority and 77% were unfamiliar with any of the three prerequisites for postdoctoral training in psychopharmacology. Arguments in favor of prescription privileges garnering the most support related to perceptions of improved access and treatment enhancement. In contrast, the strongest arguments against prescription privileges involved professional issues (e.g., altered identity). Reflecting division, 43.9% were in favor, 20.7% were undecided, and 36% were in opposition to broadening privileges for psychologists. However, only 15.9% expressed interest in completing training and only 7.2% plan to pursue training and become a prescriber. Overall, these findings suggest legislative efforts should be mindful of the controversy within the field and the low numbers of professionals interested in pursuing prescription privileges, which undercut arguments for improved access and care.
Autologous Corneal Patch on a Post-Traumatic Corneal Perforation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The surgical management of corneal perforations, particularly in pediatric cases, poses a complex challenge that involves treating the underlying condition and restoring corneal integrity while preserving optical clarity.This case report details the treatment of a 9-year-old child who experienced a corneal perforation due to a metallic foreign body impact.whichwas treated effectively using an autologous corneal patch technique.Surgical intervention included the removal of the foreign body and placement of the patch, which was secured with 10/0 monofilament sutures.Post-operative management featured antibiotics, atropine, dexamethasone eye drops, and artificial tears, resulting in an improvement of visual acuity to 10/10 after suture removal and sustained structural and functional integrity of the cornea.This case underscores the efficacy of autologous corneal patches in managing small, peripheral corneal perforations in children, offering a viable option that provides satisfactory anatomical and functional outcomes.
Reducing Power Flow Simulation Cost Using Universal Function Approximators

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

By integrating universal function approximators into existing simulation software, it is possible to reduce the cost of repeating simulations and thereby increase research output. In this thesis, support vector regression, random forest and artificial neural networks are deployed as universal function approximators. It is shown in an applied non-linear power flow problem that each model can achieve a maximum absolute error below 2 percent, and a root mean squared error below 0.2 percent. For selecting the number of hidden layer neurons in a single hidden layer artificial neural network, a method known as extrema equivalence is trialled. The extrema equivalence algorithm successfully identifies the approximately most sparse hidden layer size that produces near-perfect R2 scores for smooth, continuous functions. Lastly, a generic file management software is proposed that can be implemented into simulation programs to save users time when re-simulating the same models with different inputs.
Decommissioning of the ASTRA research reactor: Dismantling the auxiliary systems and clearance and reuse of the buildings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents work performed in the last phase of the decommissioning of the ASTRA research reactor at the Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf. Dismantling the pump room installations and the ventilation system, as well as the clearance of the buildings is described. Some conclusions and summary data regarding the timetable, material management, and the cost of the entire project are also presented.
Saturation of repeated quantum measurements

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study sequential measurement scenarios where the system is repeatedly subjected to the same measurement process. We first provide examples of such repeated measurements where further repetitions of the measurement do not increase our knowledge on the system after some finite number of measurement steps. We also prove, however, that repeating the Lüders measurement of an unsharp two-outcome observable never saturates in this sense, and we characterize the observable measured in the limit of infinitely many repetitions. Our result implies that a repeated measurement can be used to correct the inherent noise of an unsharp observable.
Chain-Scattering Representations of the Plant

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Consider a system ∑ of Figure 4.1 with two kinds of inputs (b1, b2) and two kinds of outputs (a1, a2) represented as

$$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{a}_{1}}} {{{a}_{2}}} \end{array} } \right] = \sum {\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{b}_{1}}} {{{b}_{2}}} \end{array} } \right]} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\sum }_{{11}}}} & {{{\sum }_{{12}}}} {{{\sum }_{{21}}}} & {{{\sum }_{{22}}}} \end{array} } \right]\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{b}_{1}}} {{{b}_{2}}} \end{array} } \right].$$

(4.1)

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Figure 4.1
Input-Output Representation.
Bioactive sand filters for water treatment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Bacteria and phosphate are two main contaminants in water and many means to remove these contaminants are available. This report aims to study the competitive adsorption of bacteria and phosphate onto iron oxyhydroxide(FeOOH)-coated surfaces. First, the performance of FeOOH-coated filters in removing bacteria and phosphate separately was examined through syringe column experiments. Following which, the effectiveness on an influent mixed with both water contaminants would be examined. Breakthrough curves of bacteria and phosphate were obtained. The FeOOH coating had generally increased the efficiencies of phosphate removal, though the impact on bacteria in this experiment is relatively uncertain. This may be attributed to the alteration of surface charge of the porous media by FeOOH, improving adsorption performance. In the presence of bacteria, phosphate removal by FeOOH was reduced. This study indicates that there may be competitive adsorption between phosphate and bacteria to FeOOH surfaces.
Human resource development in balance: revisiting the purpose of HRD and ethical perspectives

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of human resource development (HRD) is to promote both individual and organisational development. However, critical scholars have voiced concerns that the dominant approach to HRD is skewed to favour performance-oriented organisational development. The debate as to whether HRD should prioritise organisations or individuals leads to the subsequent question about ethical perspectives of HRD, particularly between deontology and teleology. This study: 1) looks into contrasting yet complementary views surrounding HRD (i.e., person-centred and production-centred approach, deontology and teleology); 2) proposes conceptual frameworks to help with balanced HRD decision-making; 3) suggests implications for practice and research. This study concludes with the argument that HRD professionals should demonstrate leadership by doing the right things and ultimately help to ensure the continued progress and contribution of HRD.
Design of rural water systems using dynamic models

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The properties of main water ways and infrastructure of rural water systems are often determined by very general design methods. These methods are based on standards that use only little information of the actual water system. Most design methods applied in the Netherlands are based on land use and soil texture. Standards have been developed on the basis of generalized properties of water systems. Details of the actual layout of the water system and the way in which that system is controlled, are usually not incorporated. Present-day dynamic simulation programs and the computer power currently available enable more detailed modeling and incorporation of location-specific data into models. Such models can be used to design the water system and can include real data. A model-based design method is introduced, in which the actual situation of the water system is taken into consideration as well as the way in which the water system is controlled. Stochastics concerning the operation and availability of controlling infrastructure are included in the method. Models can be evaluated by including real data. In this way the actual safety of the water system, for example during floods, can be determined. Water-quantity design criteria can be incorporated as well as water-quality criteria. Application of the method makes it possible to design safe water systems in which excess capacities are avoided and in which all requirements of interest are met. The method, called the ‘dynamic design procedure’, can result in considerable savings for water authorities when new systems have to be designed or existing designs have to be reconsidered.
ering design: What’s the difference?

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Design thinking (DT) and engineering systems thinking (EST) are two complementary approaches to understanding cognition, organization, and other non-technical factors that influence the design and performance of engineering systems. Until relatively recently, these two concepts have been explored in isolation from one another; design thinking methods have been applied to industrial design and product development, while engineering systems thinking is used in professional systems engineering practice and large-scale, complex systems design. This work seeks to explore the relationship between these two concepts, comparing their historical development, values, applications, and methods. The primary contribution of the work is a set of four concept models that depict plausible relationships between design thinking and systems thinking for engineering design.
Ohio guidelines for advanced-practice hospital rotations for pharmacy students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Recently, a focus group composed of hospital pharmacists from Ohio, representatives from the four Ohio colleges of pharmacy (The University of Cincinnati, Ohio Northern University, Ohio State University, and The University of Toledo), and the Ohio Pharmacists Association Board of Trustees developed key standards for advanced-practice hospital rotations (APHRs) for Ohio pharmacy students. The main documents produced were (1) professional and patient care guidelines and expectations for preceptors and (2) objectives for student experiences during APHRs. The guidelines emphasize that the goal of APHRs is to provide the opportunity for students to build on information acquired in their didactic education and apply the knowledge and skills in direct patient care activities in hospital pharmacy. Students are expected to complete all activities in a professional manner under the guidance of a preceptor. On completion of the experience, the student is expected to be able to ... Student objectives are to access and interpret patient data, relate laboratory test results to patient health status, design an action plan for implementing recommendations, monitor medication orders for problems, comply with new requirements for sterile products, identify and monitor the drug distribution system for medication errors, attend committee meetings, interpret the latest evidence-based drug-related studies, counsel patients, monitor compliance, and discuss patient health status with other health care professionals.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Shiga-like toxin from Escherichia coli

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Three monoclonal antibodies, designated MAb 16E6, MAb 13C4, and MAb 19G8, were produced which recognize Shiga-like toxin (SLT) from Escherichia coli. All three monoclonal antibodies neutralized the cytotoxicity of E. coli SLT and were able to immunoprecipitate intact labeled toxin with Staphylococcus aureus protein A. The three antibodies were of the G1 heavy and kappa light chain classes. MAb 16E6 bound to the B subunit of SLT in Western blots and also neutralized the lethality of the toxin for mice and the enterotoxicity of the toxin in ligate rabbit ileal loops. The ability of MAb 16E6 to neutralize the cytotoxicity, lethality, and enterotoxicity of E. coli confirms the hypothesis that all three activities are associated with a single toxin. MAb 16E6 and MAb 13C4 also neutralized the cytotoxicity of purified Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shiga-like toxic activities in crude cell extracts from Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella typhimurium. Thus, Shiga toxin and the SLTs from E. coli, Shigella flexneri, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella typhimurium share a common B subunit epitope that is involved in neutralization. MAb 13C4 has been successfully used in a colony blot assay for the detection of bacterial colonies which produce high levels of SLT. Sixty-two different strains of bacteria were tested by both the cytotoxicity and colony blot assays for the presence of SLT. The colony blot assay detected all strains of bacteria which produce greater than or equal to 10(5) 50% cytotoxic doses of SLT per ml of sonic lysate. There were no false-positive results among the 62 samples tested.
Hypertension in the runner.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A therapeutic game plan is important for the management of hypertension in the runner. Participation in physical training programs may result in lower resting blood pressure in mild hypertensives. Maximal exercise tests can be used to identify those hypertensive patients with a dangerously high exercise blood pressure. Most antihypertensive drugs can be used for the treatment of hypertension which is refractory to exercise training. Atenolol, a cardioselective beta blocker has minimal side effects and the least risk of impairing performance. Calcium channel blockers effectively lower exercise blood pressure and should be used when side effects of beta blockers contraindicate their use in patients.
Spike Detection Based on Normalized Correlation with Automatic Template Generation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A novel feedback-based spike detection algorithm for noisy spike trains is presented in this paper. It uses the information extracted from the results of spike classification for the enhancement of spike detection. The algorithm performs template matching for spike detection by a normalized correlator. The detected spikes are then sorted by the OSortalgorithm. The mean of spikes of each cluster produced by the OSort algorithm is used as the template of the normalized correlator for subsequent detection. The automatic generation and updating of templates enhance the robustness of the spike detection to input trains with various spike waveforms and noise levels. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm operating in conjunction with OSort is an efficient design for attaining high detection and classification accuracy for spike sorting.
Cell mediated immunity to herpesvirus type 1 in carcinoma and pre-cancerous lesions.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The response of lymphocytes to Herpesvirus hominis type 1 (HVH1), Candida albicans and phytohaemagglutinin was studied sequentially over a period of 3 years in patients with leukoplakia and carcinoma. In the keratosis-acanthosis group of leukoplakia there was a significant decrease in stimulation of lymphocytes by HVH1, in contrast to epithelial atypia which yielded both increased stimulation indices and macrophage migration inhibition to HVH1. Non-specific depressed cell mediated immune responses were found in carcinoma. Sequential data revealed major fluctuations in stimulation indices to HVH1 during the course of epithelial atypia and a fall in the stimulation indices from > 7 to < 2 was associated with carcinomatous transformation. These changes argue in favour of participation of HVH1 in the pathogenesis of some leukoplakias, and the development of epithelial atypia with subsequent carcinoma might be a function of the cell mediated immune responses to the virus.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Reactions of Trimethylsilyldiazomethane with 4‐Alkenyl Ketones and Aldehydes Catalyzed by Lewis Bases.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A wide range of novel bi‐ and tricyclic pyrazolines are synthesized via addition of trimethylsilyldiazomethane to aldehydes or ketones, 1,3‐Brook rearrangement, and intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition.