jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
INCREASING THE EFFICACY OF CURRENT AVAILABLE TREATMENTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: Dr. Howard comments on the problems with the published trials on biofeedback for tinnitus in his article entitled, Myths in Neurotology, Revisited: Smoke and Mirrors in Tinnitus Therapy (Otol Neurotol 2001;22:711–714). We agree that there is a need to conduct, if possible, double-blinded studies on the effects of biofeedback relaxation and related treatments. However, we do not think that Dr. Howard does justice to the published literature. The first point we would like to make is that the effects of biofeedback relaxation cannot be ascertained without access to a broader view of the literature on the effects of relaxation therapy, be it with different formats and approaches. There is little to suggest that the effects of biofeedback should differ markedly from the effects of other forms of relaxation. When relaxation training is provided within the framework of cognitive-behavioral therapy, there is indeed evidence for its efficacy (1). One of the reasons that relaxation may be undervalued in tinnitus treatment is the small number of subjects rendering the published studies underpowered. Meta-analysis provides a temporary solution to this problem as trials are combined, and their differences reconciled. In a recent meta-analysis, the effects of biofeedback and psychological treatment approaches were indeed found to be promising (1). The second point we would like to make is the congruence between the use of relaxation therapy (including biofeedback) and the neurophysiological and habituation models of tinnitus, as it is now a consensus view that tinnitus distress is associated with anxiety and tension. Relaxation therapy methods have received substantial empirical support for conditions like anxiety, headache, and chronic pain (2,3). However, all those “successful” applications share the fact that they provide the relaxation, or biofeedback, within a plausible explanatory framework. When the majority of the biofeedback studies on tinnitus were conducted, no such framework was established. For example, it is inevitable that a treatment that claims to have an effect on tinnitus loudness is very likely to result in disappointment, whereas a treatment that explicitly targets the consequences of tinnitus (e.g., tension and stress) is more likely do what it promises to do. In conclusion, we agree that progress in the treatment of tinnitus is slow, and that the clinician must be wary of false claims. However, it is premature to state that relaxation biofeedback is without efficacy, and there is some evidence to suggest that cognitive-behavioral psychological treatment approaches to tinnitus are beneficial. Finally, as seen in the literature on chronic pain, multidisciplinary input (including Otology, Audiology, and Clinical Psychology) is indicated in the management of tinnitus, and it is very likely that this might increase the efficacy of current available treatments including relaxation and biofeedback. David M. Baguley, M.Sc., M.B.A. Gerhard Andersson, Ph.D.
In Vitro Comparison of the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Activity from Rodent Hepacivirus and Pegivirus and Construction of Pseudoparticles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of rodent hepacivirus (RHV) and pegivirus (RPgV) contains sequence homology to the HCV type III internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). Utilizing a monocistronic expression vector with an RNA polymerase I promoter to drive transcription, we show cell-specific IRES translation and regions within the IRES required for full functionality. Focusing on RHV, we further pseudotyped lentivirus with RHV and showed cell surface expression of the envelope proteins and transduction of murine hepatocytes and we then constructed full-length RHV and RPgV replicons with reporter genes. Using the replicon system, we show that the RHV NS3-4A protease cleaves a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein reporter. However, liver-derived cells did not readily support the complete viral life cycle.
Indochinese Refugees: Impact on ASEAN and U.S. Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At the July 1979 Geneva conference on Indochinese refugees, the Government of Vietnam (SRV) agreed to discourage the outflow of Vietnamese refugees. Since then, the big ships carrying Vietnamese refugees with exit-permits have ceased coming, but there is still a sub stantial outflow of clandestine departures ? over 50,000 arrived in first asylum areas in Asia in January-August 1980. There is also a continuous outflow from Laos. The monthly average of about 5,000 arriving in refugee camps in Thailand during 1978/79 was somewhat higher in 1980. As for the Khmer, the large numbers massing on the Thai-Kampuchean border in late 1979 had by mid-1980 been greatly reduced. Future prospects, however, remain uncertain as long as there is no solution to the conflict in Kampuchea. The Indochinese refugee problem, in other words, remains a serious one. The purpose of this paper is to consider recent develop ments in (1) flow trends in the Indochinese refugee movement, (2) the impact on the main first asylum countries in Southeast Asia, and (3) the policies of the United States, which has been the largest reci pient of refugees resettled from first asylum camps in the ASEAN countries.
A decision aid for milk tanker run allocation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper reports on a decision aid that recommends solutions to a particular vehicle allocation problem occurring in the New Zealand dairy industry. The decision aid has been developed for use by New Zealand milk tanker schedulers. It is designed to aid them in the allocation of tankers to milk collection routes in order to alleviate pumping bay congestion, which occurs when the tankers return to unload milk at a processing plant. It enables its users to remain in control of the tanker allocation process, while using their own experience and preferences. The paper describes the issues involved and the type of help that the schedulers need. It introduces a typical allocation problem and describes some heuristics for its solution, which are incorporated in the decision aid.
Forever in My Life: An Afro-Caribbean perspective on intimacy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Dwight Turner is a staff member of the Centre for Counselling and Psychotherapy Education (CCPE) in London, and also works in private practice. In my work as a psychotherapist of Afro-Caribbean origin, I seem to be encountering an increasing number of clients from a similar background who find relationships of all kinds a challenge. For many women and men the knowledge of how to relate to each other, and to their peers, is a puzzle. Women feel there are not enough ‘good black men’ out there for them to have a lasting relationship with, and ‘good men’ feel that they are not considered manly enough by black women. Although problems with intimacy are common themes in psychotherapy and counselling, permeating most of the cultures that I’ve worked with during my time as a practitioner, it seems there is little written from an Afro-Caribbean perspective about this subject.
Decaying derivative estimates for functions of solutions to non-autonomous SDEs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We produce uniform and decaying bounds in time for derivatives of the solution to the backwards Kolmogorov equation associated to a stochastic processes governed by a time dependent dynamics. These hold under assumptions over the integrability properties in finite time of the derivatives of the transition density associated to the process, together with the assumption of remaining close over all $[0,\infty)$, or decaying in time, to some static measure. We moreover provide examples which satisfy such a set of assumptions. Finally, the results are interpreted in the McKean-Vlasov context for monotonic coefficients by introducing an auxiliary non-autonomous stochastic process.
The Variscan Millares granite (central Pyrenees): Pluton emplacement in a T fracture of a dextral shear zone

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy (AMS) in the Variscan Millares pluton in the Central Pyrenees. The zonation of low-field magnetic susceptibility is consistent with the concentric arrangement of rock-types, with more basic compositions at the external areas. Magnetic foliations defined from AMS strike NE-SW and dip gently towards the NW. Magnetic foliations are mainly perpendicular and oblique to the elongation of the pluton in map view (NW-SE) and show a concentric pattern at the central part, where the more acid rocks crop out. Magnetic lineations are scattered between NW-SE and NE-SW and plunge shallowly to the N. In map view magnetic lineations are distributed in domains normal to the elongation of the pluton. The contours of P' (degree of magnetic anisotropy) are oriented NE-SW and bands of oblate and prolate ellipsoids alternate perpendicular to the elongation of the pluton in map view. P' is between 1.009 and 1.055 in 93% of the specimens. Such low values are currently recorded in granites having magmatic fabrics and for which the anisotropy is mainly carried by biotite. The attitude of the magnetic foliation and the magnetic lineation, the geometry of the pluton, and their relationship with the host-rock structure suggest an intrusion contemporary with a transpressional regime, syntectonic with the late stages of the Variscan orogeny.
Application of a magnetooptic spatial light modulator to white-light optical processing

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The application of a programmable magnetooptic spatial light modulator to white-light optical signal processing is presented. We have shown that the magnetooptic device responds to the polarized white light, in which a wide range of color object patterns can be generated. Since the magnetooptic device is a transmitted type spatial light modulator, it is very suitable for real-time programmable spatial filter synthesis and object pattern generation for optical signal processings. Experimental demonstrations of some of the elementary spatial filter syntheses and pseudocolor encodings are provided.
Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Safety in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is achieved by strict adherence to the cardinal principles of proper evaluation and selection of patients, the use of prophylactic vasopressors, preanesthetic establishment of a reliable intravenous channel, small doses of the local anesthetic, close monitoring and maintenance of systolic blood pressure above 100 mm. Hg, and avoidance of ergot compounds in the presence of vasopressors.
National trends in hospital advertising

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Scope and Method of Study: A national survey of hospitals is conducted in this study to determine the extent of the use of advertising by hospitals and the general attitude toward advertising by persons currently working within the industry. Using the premise that more advertising would be used in larger towns; that no marketing research would be conducted; that there would be no long- or short-range plans for advertising being used; and that those administrators with a more favorable attitude toward advertising would be working at advertising hospitals, a four-part questionnaire was designed.
[Plasma leptin level in patients with bronchial asthma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to measure plasma leptin level in patients with bronchial asthma (BA) and compare it with clinical features of the disease. It included 21 healthy subjects, 9 patients with extrapulmonary allergy, and 18 with partially controllable BA. Plasma leptin was measured by ELISA. Patients with BA showed a much higher leptin level and its significant difference depending on body mass index. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlation between leptin level and degree of eosinophilia in peripheral blood and phlegm, epidermal and iatrogenic sensitization, per os glucocorticoid therapy, concomitant pathology, such as type 2 diabetes, thyroid diseases, cardiological problems (CHD, hypertensive disease), and their complications (acute myocardial infarction, stroke). The reported phenomenon of elevated plasma leptin level in BA patients and its correlation with a number of clinical features open up a possibility for further investigation into the role of obesity in BA pathogenesis and its progress, for the search of new ways to manage the disease.
Determinants of Consumer Purchase Decisions with Price and Personal Factors as Control Variables

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Research on the factors that influence consumer decisions to buy goods at Indomaret campus area, Jember. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of store layout and interior display on purchasing decisions. The number of samples used in this study was 50 people with purposive sampling and quota sampling techniques. The data collection method used in this study used a questionnaire. The analysis used includes data instrument test (validity test and reliability test), multiple linear regression analysis. From the results of data analysis, it can be seen that store layout has a positive effect on consumer decisions to make purchases at Indomaret. Meanwhile, the Interior display has no effect on consumer purchasing decisions at Indomaret. This shows that consumers do not pay much attention to the things contained in the interior display, such as store design according to the day of celebration, provision of baskets, and advertisements in the store. After entering the control variables, namely price variables, and personal factors, the test results both show that store layout and interior display have no effect on consumer decisions to make purchases at Indomaret.
The relationship between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and diabetes-associated atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The chronic complications of diabetes spread all over the body,the prevalence rate of cardiovascular disease of the patients with diabetes increases by two to four times compared with that of healthy adult.Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)is a member of chemotractic cytokines sub-family of chemokines.Under normal physiological conditions,the expression level of MCP-1 is low.Once given the stimulations of hyperglycemia,advanced glycation end products(AGEP),angiotensin Ⅱ,oxidative stress,inflammation,ect,the expression level of MCP-1 is obviously up-regulated.MCP-1 plays pivotal role in the development of atherogenesis.Atherosclerosis is now recognized as a disease of arterial inflammation that arises from the interactions of migratory leukocytes with resident vascular endothelial cells,smooth muscle cells,and fibroblasts.At the molecular level,interactions among these cell types are regulated by cytokines,adhesion molecules,and chemoattractants.MCP-1 induces CCR2+ monocytes from the circulation to the artery endothelium and promotes monocyte differentiation into lipid-laden macrophages.MCP-1 also contributes to the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells,which constitutes the key cellular components of atherosclerotic plaques.Nowadays,more attention is being paid to the relationship between MCP-1 and atherosclerosis.This article summarized the up-regulation factors of MCP-1,the mechanisms of MCP-1 in the development of atherosclerosis and the effects of intervention on the MCP-1,in order to understand better about the relationship between MCP-1 and diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.
Principle of freedom of contract and its limitations: dichotomy of concepts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article analyzes the legal nature of the concepts «principle of freedom of contract» and «restriction of freedom of contract». An analysis of doctrinal studies in the field of contract law was carried out, which determined the basis of the legal understanding of the principle of freedom of contract. A historical excursion regarding the scientific discussions that preceded the inclusion of this principle in the Civil Code of Ukraine is highlighted. It is emphasized that Clause 3 of Article 6 of the Civil Code of Ukraine expands the understanding of freedom of contract, allowing the parties to deviate from the norms of civil legal acts and independently regulate their relations. Additionally, Article 627 concretizes this freedom, stating that the parties are free to choose counterparties, set terms, and enter into a contract. It is additionally substantiated that the freedom to enter into contracts allows the creation of deeds that may not comply with the current norms of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The relationship between the concepts of «freedom of contract» and «principle of freedom of contract» is analyzed. A study of various approaches to justifying the limits of the restriction of freedom of contract was carried out. It has been proven that the freedom of contract is not limited to the pre- contractual stage and the period of performance, but also manifests itself after the performance of the contract, for example, if a party improperly performed the contract or did not perform it on time, then the other counterparty has the right to choose different options for presenting demands and even bringing the contractual responsibility Approaches in judicial practice to understanding the concepts of «freedom of contract» and «restriction of freedom of contract» are analyzed. The positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine regarding the understanding of the concepts of «borders» and «restrictions» are highlighted. Various approaches to understanding the limitation of freedom of contract in scientific works have been studied. It has been proven that freedom of contract is the principle and essence of contractual relations, which allows the participants of such relations to freely determine the type and content of the contract, all its essential and optional conditions. Restrictions on freedom of contract are those limits of contractual freedom that are justified, fair, proportionate, determined by law, have a clear legal purpose and their implementation is due to social necessity (for family relations - guaranteeing the balance of private and public interests for the protection of the family and the protection of the weaker participant such relations).
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies negative eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis glomerulonephritis in children - A diagnostic dilemma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) refers to small-to-medium vessel vasculitis with multisystemic involvement and is characterized by the presence of ANCA to specifically either proteinase-3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO). Eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis earlier called as Churg-Strauss vasculitis is a clinicopathological variant of AAV or AAV with granulomatous necrotizing small vessel vasculitis primarily affecting individuals with severe asthma or allergies and rarely reported in the pediatric population. We report a 9-year-old child with pauci-immune crescentic eosinophilic granulomatousglomerulonephritis with heavy eosinophilic infiltration of skin and subcutaneous tissue and negative ANCA. Although he had a recurrent history of cough, there was no history of use of oral or inhalational bronchodilator therapy indicating asthma and no history suggestive history of allergy. He showed significant and rapid clinical as well as biochemical improvement on aggressive immunosuppressive therapy along with plasma exchanges and is under regular follow-up. Diagnosing Eosinophilic granulomatous Polyangiitis glomerulonephritis in children is difficult due to a varied clinical presentation at onset which may evolve over a period of time and due to lack of specific diagnostic tests. High index of suspicion is the key to early diagnosis and successful management.
Effect of centrally administered glucagon on blood lipids in anesthetised dogs.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Previously we have proposed the existence of the central glucagon sensitive receptors in dogs. The present study was undertaken to explore the role of centrally administered glucagon on lipids in view of the proposed theory that the hypothalamic lipomobilizing centres are sensitive to glucose or substances that affect glucose metabolism. Glucagon (0.01 microgram) administered through the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route in anesthetised mongrel dogs, caused hypolipidemia (P greater than 0.001), hypocholesterolemia (P greater than 0.001), decreased blood free fatty acid (P greater than 0.001) and triglycerides (P greater than 0.001) levels; but increased blood high density lipoprotein (P greater than 0.01) level at 30 min. These effects on the central administration of glucagon, were not observed in pancreatectomised animals and spinal cord transectomised animals. Therefore, we conclude that the lipolysis on the central administration of glucagon, is caused by the endogenous glucagon secreted from the pancreas through the sympathetic fibers.
Functionalism, constitutionalism and the United Nations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter aims to look at the UN from the vantage point of the tension between functionalism and constitutionalism and will make the point that neither is a particularly suitable framework for understanding the UN. In terms of global constitutionalism, the chapter argues that as the UN is not best seen as a functional agency, it must be something else, and that ‘something else’ is that the UN is best seen as the embodiment of global constitutionalism. Whether it contributes to global constitutionalism is a different matter, as is the question what the function of global constitutionalism is. Interesting as these are, the focus of this chapter has to rest elsewhere: on the question whether the UN can meaningfully be portrayed as the personification or embodiment of global constitutionalism, for at least among international lawyers this is not an uncommon position to take, however implicitly often. The remainder of this chapter agrees with the point of departure that there is little to gain from applying a functionalist prism to the UN and will further explore two possible manifestations of a constitutionalist perspectives