jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Modeling of Vehicular Millimeter Wave Radar Signal in Expressway Environment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the gradual development of autonomous driving technology, the cost of traditional road test is becoming higher and higher. The mainstream approach of autonomous driving test has been transferred to the accurate and efficient simulation test system based on typical environment. Millimeter wave (mmWave) radar is an important part of autonomous driving and integrated sensor system. This means that the foundation of the future autonomous driving environment simulation system needs the real mmWave vehicular radar signal propagation mechanism. Therefore, the research of radio wave propagation characteristics in vehicular mmWave radar frequency band is the basis of mmWave radar simulation. In this paper, the vehicular mmWave radar signal in the expressway environment is measured, and ray-tracing (RT) simulation is conducted according to the measurement configuration. The electromagnetic (EM) parameters is calibrated through the Radar Cross section (RCS). The signal propagation characteristics are researched, and a hybrid channel model is established with RT, which effectively increases the simulation efficiency and serves for future autonomous vehicle driving test.
The role of steroids in novel-male-induced pregnancy disruptions in mice (the Bruce effect)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>Mammalian reproduction is vulnerable to psychological and physiological stress. This research focuses on the psychophysiological mechanisms that lead to the disruption of pregnancy by the failure of implantation of fertilized ova into the uterine walls. The underlying hormonal mechanisms of implantation failure are not well understood. It is known that many environmental events have a substantial impact on hormonal dynamics in mammals. These environmentally induced hormonal changes can disrupt implantation. This thesis focuses on the hormonal dynamics of female mice that lose their pregnancy when exposed to a novel male during the implantation period (the Bruce effect). In Study 1, a repeatable and reliable Bruce effect was established by indirectly exposing inseminated females during the implantation period to novel males housed above them separated by a wire grid floor. Separating the animals allowed for the independent study of the chemical transmission from male to female, and the physiological transduction within the female. The findings from this study suggest that females must come in direct contact with the excretions of the stimulus novel males. The more excretions the females encounter, the greater the chance is of pregnancy disruption. The Bruce effect is known to be dependent on androgens in the stimulus males, since castration eliminates their capacity to disrupt pregnancy. Study 2 showed that surgically removing the androgen-dependent preputial glands from the stimulus males does not diminish their capacity to disrupt pregnancy. Study 3 showed that administering 17β-estradiol to castrated males can restore their capacity to disrupt pregnancy. This suggests that 17β-estradiol as well as testosterone is involved in the chemical transmission of the Bruce effect. It has been hypothesized that 17β-estradiol is elevated in females that fail to implant in the presence of a novel male. Administering an antibody specific to 17β-estradiol to females during their implantation period can lower the hypothesized increase in 17β-estradiol and implantation takes place despite the exposure to novel males. Finally, in Study 4 testosterone, 17β-estradiol and its major metabolites the estrone conjugates were quantified in females' urine and feces while exposed to novel males during implantation. It was found that testosterone and 17β-estradiol were significantly elevated in females that failed to implant while exposed to novel males. In conclusion, this line of research reveals a potential role of steroids in novel male induced pregnancy disruptions in mice. Elevated testosterone and 17β-estradiol are shown to be related to the prevention of implantation in mice. These hormonal dynamics may be partially responsible for the physiological transduction of the Bruce effect.</p>
Design(ing) and the Placebo Effect—A Productive Idea

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While it has offered an apparent problem for orthodox biomedicine, the idea of the placebo effect is compatible with models of perception and embodiment that inform design theory. It is also, to an extent, occult within a number of design practices that contribute to or are associated with medicine. As a concept, the placebo effect offers an example of how the discourses of medical science shape expectations for engagement with the products of design and also invokes affordances that mediate the affective and somatic potential of cultural products.
Analysis of the chemical composition of wildlife raw material of the Far Eastern region having endoecological action

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The development of the production of functional products based on plant materials is the most important scientific direction, based on modern physiological ideas about adaptation, homeostasis, the provisions of biological cybernetics and the theory of functional nutrition. From the point of view of the biochemistry of nutrition, the human body needs, in addition to vitamins and minerals, an extensive set of other compounds that have a diverse physiological effect on it. The main part of toxins during environmental pollution passes from the blood into the extracellular and then the intracellular space of human organs and tissues. If the changes they cause are not yet irreversible, in this case some medicinal plants with endoecological effects can help. The article presents an analysis of the chemical composition of plant raw materials of the Far Eastern region. The assessment of quality characteristics, chemical composition and safety indicators of certain types of plant materials is given. According to the results of research, it was established that freshly harvested wild fruit and berry raw materials have a high moisture content (79–84%). In wild berries, the content of pectic substances was in the range of 0.66 - 1.72%. the highest amount of vitamin C is found in actinidia colomicta 112.3 mg / 100 g, Chinese magnolia vine 136.3 mg / 100 g and rosehip 166.3 mg / 100 g, the lowest amount of ash is 44.9 mg / 100 g Analyzed medicinal and technical raw materials are also quite rich in biologically active substances. All investigated types of raw materials can be used in the production of functional products.
Five Roads That Converge at the Cyclic Peroxy-Criegee Intermediates: BF3-Catalyzed Synthesis of β-Hydroperoxy-β-peroxylactones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have discovered synthetic access to β-hydroperoxy-β-peroxylactones via BF3-catalyzed cyclizations of a variety of acyclic precursors, β-ketoesters and their silyl enol ethers, alkyl enol ethers, enol acetates, and cyclic acetals, with H2O2. Strikingly, independent of the choice of starting material, these reactions converge at the same β-hydroperoxy-β-peroxylactone products, i.e., the peroxy analogues of the previously elusive cyclic Criegee intermediate of the Baeyer-Villiger reaction. Computed thermodynamic parameters for the formation of the β-hydroperoxy-β-peroxylactones from silyl enol ethers, enol acetates, and cyclic acetals confirm that the β-peroxylactones indeed correspond to a deep energy minimum that connects a variety of the interconverting oxygen-rich species at this combined potential energy surface. The target β-hydroperoxy-β-peroxylactones were synthesized from β-ketoesters, and their silyl enol ethers, alkyl enol ethers, enol acetates, and cyclic acetals were obtained in 30-96% yields. These reactions proceed under mild conditions and open synthetic access to a broad selection of β-hydroperoxy-β-peroxylactones that are formed selectively even in those cases when alternative oxidation pathways can be expected. These β-peroxylactones are stable and can be useful for further synthetic transformations.
Etic Theorizing Unanchored

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Etic theorizing uses the theorist’s social notions to theorize about their subject. This theorist may claim that Genghis Khan was a war criminal even though his actions predate the enactment of the Geneva Conventions. Brian Epstein considers a modal etic theorist who claims that Genghis Khan would have been a war criminal even if the Geneva Conventions were never enacted. Epstein argues that this has metaphysical import: it requires postulating a novel metaphysical notion of “anchoring.” Drawing from some familiar issues in modal actualism, I argue that modal etic theorizing does not support this postulate. But it does suggest a distinctive kind of modality at work in social reality.
Sessile Serrated Polyps and Colorectal Cancer—Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Evidence for a long‐lived accommodation/transfer zone beneath the Snake River Plain: A possible influence on Neogene magmatism?

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Geochronologic data compiled from 12 metamorphic core complexes and their flanking regions outline important differences in tectonic and magmatic histories north and south of the Snake River Plain‐Yellowstone Province (SRP‐Y). Magmatism, crustal flow, metamorphism, and extensional exhumation of core complexes north of the SRP occurred mostly between 55 and 42 Ma as compared to 42–25 Ma south of the SRP, with final exhumation of the southern complexes occurring only during younger Miocene (20–0 Ma) Basin and Range faulting. These significant differences in the timing of events suggest that the now lava‐covered SRP, which is at a high angle to Cordilleran trends, may have at times operated as a steep shear or transfer zone accommodating difference in strain to the north and south. Following previous suggestions, we infer that this proposed accommodation or transfer zone developed above an important lithospheric boundary localized above a tear in the subducting slab (shallower slab angle to the south) used to explain both the locus of Late Cretaceous‐Paleocene magmatism and the different ages and mechanisms of slab reconfiguration and removal north and south of the SRP during the Cenozoic. The details of these different histories help outline the complex evolution of this zone and also suggest that this zone of lithospheric weakness may have subsequently focused Miocene SRP‐Y hot spot magmatism.
The Mechanism of Oxidation of Formic Acid in Acidic Solutions on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: A Quantum Chemical Study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The oxidation of formic acid (syn‐FA and anti‐FA forms) by hydroxyl radicals generated on the boron‐doped diamond anode in acidic aqueous solution is examined by means of quantum chemical calculations under the assumption that the reaction proceeds according to the outer sphere mechanism, without adsorption of reactants on the electrode. A number of possible reactive complexes [FA ⋅⋅⋅ HO] and product complexes [COOH ⋅⋅⋅ H 2 O] formed in solution, as well as the corresponding transition‐state structures, were optimized at the MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ theory level, followed by single‐point CCSD(T) calculations. It is shown that in aqueous solution the formyl hydrogen abstraction is energetically favored and associated with the effective barriers Δ H b of 0.1–0.2 eV, which are about two times lower than that for carboxylic hydrogen abstraction. The overall reaction is highly exothermic (Δ H of about −5.8 eV) and expected to be very fast. The results confirm the validity of our hypothesis that the electrochemical incineration of formic acid may occur in solution according to the outer sphere mechanism.
Precautions with the use of the maximal allowable error.

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (1) defines error of measurement as the result of a measurement minus a true value of the measurand [the particular quantity subjected to measurement], and defines systematic error as the mean that would result from an infinite number of measurements of the same measurand carried out under repeatable conditions minus a true value of the measurand; obviously, because only a finite number of measurements can be made and true values are by nature indeterminate, it is possible to determine only an estimate of the systematic error.
Functional MRI statistical software packages: A comparative analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Currently, there are many choices of software packages for the analysis of fMRI data, each offering many options. Since no one package can meet the needs of all fMRI laboratories, it is helpful to know what each package offers. Several software programs were evaluated for comparison of their documentation, ease of learning and use, referencing, data input steps required, types of statistical methods offered, and output choices. The functionality of each package was detailed and discussed. AFNI 2.01, SPM96, Stimulate 5.0, MEDIMAX 2.01, and FIT were tested. FIASCO, Yale, and MEDx 2.0 were described but not tested. A description of each package is provided. Hum. Brain Mapping 6:73–84, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Shimizu Kunio's Play: May Even Lunatics Die in Peace

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Inoue Yoshie's article, "On Shimizu Kunio's Play: May Even Lunatics Die in Peace" (Shimizu Kunio "Kyojin naomote Ojo o togu—Mukashi Bokutachi Aishita") is published in Twentieth-Century Japanese Drama II (Nijusseiki no Engeki II —Nihon Kindai Gikyoku no Tenkai), edited by the Japan Modern Theatre History Research Group (2001). This comprehensive collection of criticism by twenty-eight critics covers fifty-one playwrights and their plays written between 1946 and 1973. Beginning with playwright Hotta Kiyomi and his play Untenko no Musuko (The Son of a Machine Operator, 1947), the book treats works by noted playwrights such as Mishima Yukio, Abe Kobo, Tanaka Chikao, Kishida Kunio, Kubo Sakae, Betsuyaku Minoru, and Terayama Shuji. It also discusses playwrights who are not so well known overseas such as Yamada Tokiko, Suzuki Masao, Mafune Yutaka, and Nakano Minoru.
Thermodynamics of LiFePO4 Solid-Phase Synthesis Using Iron(II) Oxalate and Ammonium Dihydrophosphate as Precursors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A detailed thermodynamic analysis and an experimental study of the thermolysis mechanism of Li2CO3 + NH4H2PO4 + FeC2O4 blends were performed from the viewpoint of the usage of these compounds for the LiFePO4 solid-phase synthesis. Thermodynamic calculations of the assumed chemical reactions have been done within a practically important (for LiFePO4 synthesis) temperature range of (25 to 900) °C. The thermodynamic parameters of the related compounds (Li2O, Li3PO4, (NH4PO3)4, NaFePO4, FePO4 2H2O, FePO4, and LiFePO4) were determined more precisely than earlier. The temperature dependences of changes in the standard Gibbs energy, standard enthalpy, standard entropy, and standard molar heat capacity for the chemical reactions in LiFePO4 synthesis were calculated. Various paths of oxalate decomposition may well proceed concurrently with the predomination of this or that path under slight changes in the experimental conditions. The formation of orthorhombic lithium orthophosphate Li3PO4 was detected just in a blend grinded at room temperature. Heating up to 360 °C results in full destruction of the reaction mixture; Li3PO4 in its activated state is a crystal component at this synthesis stage. Lithium orthophosphate structurally belonging to the same spatial Pnma group as the target product LiFePO4 is the basis of its synthesis.
Ovicidal activity of neem products (azadirachtin) against Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bioactive compounds contained in the seed kernel and other parts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) have been found to show insecticidal activities and other effects in many species of insects. These activities include antifeedancy, growth regulation, fecundity suppression, male sterility, oviposition repellency, changes in biological fitness such as loss of flying ability, immunodepression, enzyme inhibition, splitting of biological rhythms, and so forth. We investigated the ovicidal effects of various formulations of azadrirachtin (AZ) against the mosquitoes Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The formulations tested were wettable powder Azad WP10, emulsifiable concentrate Azad EC4.5, and technically pure AZ. The ovicidal activity of the test neem products was influenced by concentration of AZ, age of the egg rafts, and age of the neem preparations. Other factors such as formulation and mosquito species were also involved in the degree of ovicidal activity. When the egg rafts were deposited directly in fresh neem suspension and left there for 4 h before transfer to untreated water, 1 ppm of AZ produced almost 100% mortality in eggs. When egg rafts aged for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h were exposed to 10 ppm neem suspensions for 36 h, the ovicidal activity was only attained in the egg rafts deposited directly (0 h old) in the neem suspension, not in those with ages of 4-24 h. On aging, depending on the formulations and mosquito species, the neem suspensions at 1 ppm completely lost ovicidal activity within 7-20 days. The egg rafts of Cx. quinquefasciatus were more susceptible to the test neem products than those of Cx. tarsalis. The formulated neem products were more persistent and effective than the technical AZ. The wettable powder (WP) formulation was slightly more persistent and effective than the emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The ovicidal activity of the neem products against mosquitoes from the current research clearly demonstrated the potential of neem products as possible ovicides against Culex mosquitoes.
Results for light pseudoscalar mesons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the current status of the MILC collaboration’s calculations of the properties of the light pseudoscalar meson sector. We use asqtad staggered ensembles with 2+1 dynamical flavors down to a ≈ 0.045 fm and light quark mass down to 0.05ms. Here we describe fits to the data using chiral forms from SU(3) chiral perturbation theory, including all staggered taste violations at NLO and the continuum NNLO chiral logarithms. We emphasize issues of convergence of the chiral expansion.
Challenges of Finnish B2C E-commerce: Achieving competitive advantage through brand and service marketing

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Objectives of the study\nThe main goal of the study was to find out how marketing could potentially be used to improve the competitiveness of Finnish B2C web stores. This is an extremely important question because of the radically increased significance of e-commerce in Finland and the fact that both marketing and international competition are seen as great challenges by the Finnish web stores.\n\nAcademic background and methodology\nIn order to answer the research question a very thorough investigation of existing literature was conducted on the topics of competitive advantage, success factors, consumer behavior and technology, e-commerce and e-service quality, the significance of satisfaction, trust and loyalty in e-commerce context as well as influence, dynamics, methods and channels of marketing communications. After this, an empirical study was conducted using qualitative methods. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from web store merchants, as well as experts dealing with web stores and experts on consumers and markets.\n\nFindings and conclusions\nThe findings of the research revealed several critical issues for B2C e-commerce success and gaps in the marketing know-how of Finnish B2C web stores. The main conclusion was that the overall level of know-how and knowledge among Finnish web stores is too low. Additionally, the best method of achieving competitive advantage is through strategic differentiation, which then again is best reached through the brand, service and product offering based positioning – all made more effective by localization. Several recommendations for the web stores as well as other parties are made in the thesis.
A Technique to Address Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Malfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: A 66-year-old male with a history of severe ischemic myopathy and renal failure underwent a com-bined heart and kidney transplant. Postoperative failure of the transplanted kidney eventually led to the need for peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: After one month, the PD catheter was laparo-scopically repositioned after it was found to have mi-grated from its correct position in the pelvis and twisted and clogged in the omentum. After one more month, the same complication recurred. Laparoscopy was again used to clear the clogged catheter and reposition it. This time, a testicular prosthesis was sewn to the catheter and used as an anchoring weight for the proper position in the pelvis. Results: Six months after anchoring with the testicular prosthesis, the peritoneal dialysis catheter continues to function appropriately, and the patient has no complaints. Conclusions: Mal-positioned peritoneal dialysis cathe-ters may be repositioned and anchored by using a testic-ular prosthesis in the event that weighted catheters are not available.
Dynamic Changes of Biochemical Indexes of Ducklings Infected with New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Nine-day old ducklings were inoculated with new type duck hepatitis virus.The clinical symptoms and gross lesion of infected ducklings were observed.And 13 of serum biochemical indexes were determined at 12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h,168 h,and 14 d post inoculation(PI).The results showed that:The levels of serum Glu,TP,ALB,GLB were dropped significantly.The activities of serum AST,ALT began to increased significantly at 24 h PI.The activities of CHE increased significantly at 12 h after inoculation.The concentration of CRE decreased at 12 h and increased at 24 h PI.There were a lot of changes but have no roles in the activities of ALP,the concentration of UA,Ca and P.There were no changes in the activities of serum α-Amylase.The study implied that the levels of serum Glu,TP,ALB,GLB,the activities of serum AST,ALT of ducklings infected with nerw type duck hepatitis virus were similar to which of ducklings infected with 1 type duck hepatitis virus.