jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preclinical efficacy and immunogenicity assessment to show that a chimeric Plasmodium falciparum UB05‐09 antigen could be a malaria vaccine candidate

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary Although it is generally agreed that an effective vaccine would greatly accelerate the control of malaria, the lone registered malaria vaccine Mosquirix™ has an efficacy of 30%‐60% that wanes rapidly, indicating a need for improved second‐generation malaria vaccines. Previous studies suggested that immune responses to a chimeric Plasmodium falciparum antigen UB 05‐09 are associated with immune protection against malaria. Herein, the preclinical efficacy and immunogenicity of UB 05‐09 are tested. Growth inhibition assay was employed to measure the effect of anti‐ UB 05‐09 antibodies on P. falciparum growth in vitro. BALB /c mice were immunized with UB 05‐09 and challenged with the lethal Plasmodium yoelii 17 XL infection. ELISA was used to measure antigen‐specific antibody production. ELISPOT assays were employed to measure interferon‐gamma production ex vivo after stimulation with chimeric UB 05‐09 and its constituent antigens. Purified immunoglobulins raised in rabbits against UB 05‐09 significantly inhibited P. falciparum growth in vitro compared to that of its respective constituent antigens. A combination of antibodies to UB 05‐09 and the apical membrane antigen ( AMA 1) completely inhibited P. falciparum growth in culture. Immunization of BALB /c mice with recombinant UB 05‐09 blocked parasitaemia and protected them against lethal P. yoelii 17 XL challenge infection. These data suggest that UB 05‐09 is a malaria vaccine candidate that could be developed further and used in conjunction with AMA 1 to create a potent malaria vaccine.
Penetrometer for Soil Crust Laboratory Study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A penetrometer to work on soil crust generated by simulated rains on soil samples was designed. Several samples from typic Argiudol soil without hydricerosion were used; they were treated with cover and previous rain. The penetration resistance (PR) to five depths was evaluated. The penetrometry was measured at the seventh day from the rain (in a humid condition) and at the twentieth day (in dry condition). There were highly significant differences between depths. The penetrometer showed to be suitable to determine the PR, it was easy to use and reliable with regards to the variability of the measurements.
[Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is widespread consensus that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Between possible pathogenetic mechanisms, infective hypothesis has received increasing attention. Researches have recently focused their attention on the role of Chlamydia pneumoniae, a gram-negative intracellular organism, as infection by this bacterium has been demonstrated frequently associated with atherosclerosis. This review attempts to analyze and critically evaluate available data of the literature about the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis in order to provide updated elements of judgement concerning a possible future revolutionary scenario: the consideration of atherosclerosis as an infective disease, susceptible to prevention and treatment by means of antimicrobial therapy. More than twenty sero-epidemiological studies have found a two-fold or greater risk of cardiovascular events in subjects with serological evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. The organism has been identified in over 50% of atherosclerotic plaques examined by various histopathological techniques, while it has been only rarely found in normal artery tissues; moreover, viable Chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been isolated from coronary and carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Several experimental studies have shown that the biological properties of Chlamydia pneumoniae can explain its potential role in initiating and/or modulating plaque formation. The most relevant issue, i.e. the possibility of preventing or slowing progression of the disease with antimicrobial treatment, is still unsolved: only data from experimental studies on animals and four small intervention trials on humans are available, and their encouraging results require confirmation in larger prospective studies. In conclusion, while the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis seems to be established, it is still uncertain whether or not the organism plays a causal role in atherosclerosis and its complications. It is hoped that the results of wide scale clinical intervention trials with antibiotics for the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases now in progress will clarify this problem.
Esther in Jewish Canon, Tradition, Culture, and Thought

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The book of Esther is one of the most challenging books in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, not only because of the difficulty of understanding the book itself in its time, place, and literary contexts, but also for the long and tortuous history of interpretation it has generated in both Jewish and Christian traditions. In this volume, Isaac Kalimi addresses both issues. He situates “traditional” literary and textual, theological, and historical-critical discussions of Esther alongside comparative Jewish and Christian interpretive histories, showing how the former serves the latter. Kalimi also demonstrates how the various interpretations of the book of Esther have had an impact on its reception history, as well as on Jewish–Christian relations. Based on meticulous and comprehensive analysis of all available sources, Kalimi’s volume fills a gap in biblical, Jewish, and Christian studies and also shows how and why the book of Esther became one of the central books of Judaism and one of the most neglected books in Christianity.
Hyperfine dependent atom-molecule loss analyzed by the analytic solution of few-body loss equations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We prepare mixtures of ultracold $^{39}$K atoms in various hyperfine spin states and $^{23}$Na$^{39}$K molecules in an optical dipole trap at a fixed magnetic field and study inelastic two-body atom-molecule collisions. We observe atom-molecule losses that are hyperfine dependent with a two-body loss rate far below the universal limit. We analyze the two-body loss dynamics based on the derivation of general and easy applicable analytic solutions for the differential equations describing the loss of an arbitrary number $γ$ of particles in a single collisional event.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylthiolation of Di(hetero)aryl‐λ3‐iodanes: Mechanistic Insight and Application to Synthesis of (Hetero)Aryl Trifluoromethyl Sulfides.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Preliminary mechanistic investigations do not support the involvement of radicals in the reaction, rather than a Cu(I)/Cu(III) catalytic cycle involving an efficient salt metathesis between the copper complex and AgS—CF 3 as indicated by temperature dependent 19 F NMR spectroscopy.
New Louisa May Alcott Pieces: Radical Sensation in a Culture of Ambiguous Attribution

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: This essay introduces a set of published but as-yet-unidentified Louisa May Alcott work including: pieces under Alcott's own name that are certainly Alcott's, pieces published anonymously or under known pseudonyms that are very likely Alcott's, and pieces published under a likely new pseudonym, I. or E. H. Gould, that are probably Alcott's. The uncertainty of authorship presented here aims to raise methodological and historicist questions about the author-function in a culture of ambiguous attribution: that writers in Alcott's time participated in author guessing-games and that today's scholarship could be more willing to engage the possibilities of not knowing. Focusing on the fiction, this essay argues that the new pieces from the 1850s produce a reassessment of Alcott's career: rather than her 1860s sensation fiction leading to the later domestic fiction, the sensation fiction of the 1860s itself emerges from years of earlier experimentation. As representative of the newly identified fiction, this essay introduces one short story under Alcott's own name and one short story under the Gould pseudonym.
The Development Process of a Village Lifelong Learning Center in City A and the Concept of Village Lifelong Learning in a Residential Area

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to suggest ways to develop lifelong learning center in City A and development Plan for lifelong learning in Everyday life. The research questions are: How did the lifelong learning center in City A grow and what are the ways to develop lifelong education plan in Everyday life? It was found that the lifelong learning center of City A grew from an embryonic stage where residents resisted education due to lack of shared vision and goals, to a challenging stage where the lifelong education council was formed and focused on developing lifelong education programs based on everyday life, and to an exploratory stage where the task of creating a community culture of learning based on everyday life was identified. In terms of how to develop lifelong education for the residents, based on everyday life, the researchers suggested reforming the bottom-up education structure for sustainable growth on the macro level, expanding local solidarity through networking and support for solving community problems, creating villages where three generations live together in an super aging and multicultural society, protecting the environment, and activating various networks to link local social capital to improve the quality of life of residents. On the micro level, the third space was proposed as an education management strategy to foster citizenship and change consciousness for the development of localized lifelong education.
Methods of increasing the reliability of Schild analysis for atropine antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in porcine urinary bladder

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. Previous studies by our colleagues showed a depression of the maximum response to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists in porcine urinary bladder in the presence of atropine. This contradicts the characterization of atropine as a competitive antagonist. This study investigates the methods used by our colleagues and tries to determine an optimal method for obtaining a pA2 value for atropine in the porcine urinary bladder. 2. Eserine (10 µM) caused a steady increase in smooth muscle contractility. This result suggests that spontaneous release of endogenous acetylcholine might interfere with quantification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function in this tissue. 3. Hexamethonium (100 µM) did not abolish the eserine induced response, and did not change the pEC 50 value for acetylcholine (7.7 ± 0.30 in the absence and 7.6 ± 0.3 in the presence of hexamethonium). Nor did hexamethonium affect the maximum response to acetylcholine. 4. Denervation by cold-storage (4oC) of the tissues for 4 days reduced the eserine response by 60%. Pre-exposure of tissues to 20 µM acetylcholine reduced the eserine response by 66%. However, the eserine response was not eliminated. 5. This experiment failed to find an optimal method for determining a pA2 value for atropine in the porcine urinary bladder; however, it provided a stepping stone for future investigations of atropine antagonism in the porcine urinary bladder.
Noise Management on Modern Wind Turbines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the activities in which the wind turbine industry is taking part to reduce the noise emission. The produced noise could risk the development of this technology in populated areas and it has become one of the most important environmental impacts of wind energy. The turbulent nature of the incoming flow, the presence of the terrestrial boundary layer, the elastic deformations and the moving geometry makes the problem difficult to solve. In this context the reasonable alternative is to find semi-empirical methods that could be applied to reduce noise with the time constraints imposed by the market. The beginning of this paper introduces the most relevant noise sources for wind turbines and their theoretical treatment, then the description of the strategies that are used to reduce noise levels are discussed, and finally the current research projects where the industry is participating for noise reduction are presented.
Roentgen Therapy in Cancer of the Breast

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During the last twenty years the treatment of carcinoma of the breast has developed from a purely surgical into a surgical-radiological problem. There can be no denying the fact that a sufficient number of carefully compiled statistics have been published demonstrating the value of postoperative irradiation in cases where metastases were present at the time of operation. We freely admit that the rôle of preoperative roentgen therapy in carcinoma of the breast has not yet been definitely established and likewise that it is too early to determine the effect of routine sterilization by roentgen rays in carcinoma of the breast in women in the preclimacteric age group. In September 1940 Hidde et al. (1) published a statistical analysis of 318 patients with mammary carcinoma admitted to the State of Wisconsin General Hospital from 1924 to 1936, based on the status on July 1, 1938. They found that of 177 patients who received primary treatment at the University Hospital 30.4 per cent were still living, with observation periods ranging from three to fourteen years. These included Stages 1 to 3A, the latter referring to a patient with an ulcerated primary tumor plus metastasis in the axillary nodes; the majority (65.5 per cent) of cases were Stage 3. Since 1929 postoperative x-ray therapy has been a routine procedure and only 4 out of 125 patients seen from 1930 to 1935 were not irradiated. Although we must refer for further details to the original article, we wish to state that in conclusion the authors accept x-ray therapy as an important adjunct in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. In advanced cases of recurrent or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast its palliative value is apparent while its curative value is poor. Since the study of Hidde and his associates was conducted chiefly from the surgical point of view, and because the patients treated during 1935 and 1937 have passed through a five- and three-year observation period, respectively, we considered it worth while to relate our experience, stressing particularly the radiological aspect. Technic of Treatment Preoperative Roentgen Therapy: Only a few cases were referred for preoperative irradiation and consequently no definite opinion as to its value can be offered. There are two possible methods of approach. One is to give an extensive series and then wait for two months to get the optimum amount of benefit from the treatment; the other is to give a shorter course of roentgen therapy and follow this either immediately or within a week to ten days by operation. Postoperative Roentgen Therapy: Patients who do not show definite metastases at the time of operation receive only three or four series of six exposures each, administered at intervals of three, four, and six months over three fields: anterior chest, supraclavicular, and axillary regions.
ANALYSIS OF ABRASIVE JET MACHINING PARAMETERS ON MRR AND KERF WIDTH OF HARD AND BRITTLE MATERIALS LIKE CERAMIC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Design of experiments is performed to analyse the effect of air pressure, nozzle diameter and Stand off distance on the Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Kerf width of hard and brittle materials like Ceramics.The results of the machining experiments were used to characterise the main factors affecting MRR and Kerf width by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method.The maximum MRR obtained during experimentation is 0.09476 gm/sec & minimum Kerf width is 5.7325 mm.The nozzle diameter was found to be the most significant parameter influencing the MRR in cutting process.
“We Still Don't Like You but We Want Your Money”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The history of Chinese migration goes back nearly as long as colonial settlement. The first major wave, which brought a noticeable number of Chinese to Australia, was the gold rush. Although the Chinese were the first non-British migrants they were heavily discriminated and looked down upon. Under the ‘White Australia Policy', it was guaranteed that the Chinese would not become in any real way, part of the Australian population. Yet despite all these difficulties, by 2010-2011 Chinese migrants became the largest migrant group in Australia. This change is significant as it was a turning point in Australia's demographic makeup (Armillei & Mascitelli, 2016). This paper examines the phenomenon of Chinese migration into Australia and how it evolved from the early years of discrimination to more recent years when the Chinese are seen in more economic opportunist forms. The true motivations of the Australian authorities for opening up to the Chinese are indeed questionable which can aptly be summarised as “we may still not like you but we want your money”.
Removing sensitive parts of an image

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Social media such as Facebook and Instagram has gathered more than 2 billion individual users from all around the world. With the convenience of uploading photos online, photo sharing is one of the growing form of communication in the 21st century. However, with more people sharing photos online, there is also a higher risk in oversharing or sharing sensitive information online. As such, online photo sharing raises concerns as it may unintentionally disclose sensitive information in an image. In this paper, we study the implications of negligently sharing photos with sensitive data on social media; as well as some of the research carried out and features proposed in recent years to protect image privacy. To provide a safe environment for responsible users when sharing photos online, we developed a tool which provides user a solution for image privacy protection. It is achieved by: 1) Performing image segmentation using convolutional neural network by pairing detected objects to a class tag 2) Allowing users to blur a specific sensitive object in the image 3) Allowing users to replace a specific sensitive object with another similar object in the image to protects the image’s confidentiality. We targeted 21 classes of common daily life objects which will be detectable and can be replaceable and/ or blurred depending on a user’s preference.
Retinal circuitry

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The retina is a part of the brain that is displaced into the periphery during embryonic development (see Chapter 2). Because it is relatively accessible, retinal tissue provides a useful experimental model of brain circuitry. Some of the most significant advances in our understanding have come from studies of the retinas of cold-blooded vertebrates, which contain large neurons amenable to intracellular recording and staining. Mud puppies, turtles, frogs, and fish have been particularly rich sources of information. The cells of the mammalian retina are more difficult to study, but much work has been done in primates, cats, rabbits, and rats. Although some general patterns of organization have emerged, it is clear that no retina is exactly like any other, not even among mammals. This must be kept in mind when extrapolating from the wealth of comparative data to mammalian retinas, and particularly primate retinas.
Parents With Disabilities: A Case Study Exploration of Support Needs and the Potential of a Supportive Intervention

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Due to growing awareness of increased child welfare involvement for parents who have disabilities and a dearth of current services, the National Council on Disability has called for an increase in parental supports and programs. Through the exploration of four case studies, this article highlights the complex parental support needs of parents with disabilities and explores the potential of a parent-centered planning intervention to strengthen their parental supports. The case study analysis reveals that parents with disabilities often have a limited number of informal and formal supports, that sources of informal support for parents with disabilities often had their own unmet needs, and that the overall support networks of parents with disabilities were fragile. The case studies show that while parents participating in a parent-centered planning intervention might not expand their support networks, they often do take steps toward meeting their self-identified support goals. Implications for practice are highlighted.
Mixed predictability and cross-validation to assess non-linear Granger causality in short cardiovascular variability series

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract A method to evaluate the direction and strength of causal interactions in bivariate cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory series is presented. The method is based on quantifying self and mixed predictability of the two series using nearest-neighbour local linear approximation. It returns two causal coupling indexes measuring the relative improvement in predictability along direct and reverse directions, and a directionality index indicating the preferential direction of interaction. The method was implemented through a cross-validation approach that allowed quantification of directionality without constraining the embedding of the series, and fully exploited the available data to maximise the prediction accuracy. Validation on short simulated bivariate time series demonstrated the ability of the method to capture different degrees of unidirectional and bidirectional interaction. Moreover, application to representative examples of heart rate, systolic arterial pressure and respiration series allowed the inference of causal relationships related to known physiological mechanisms and experimental conditions.
Concurrent mental activities affect ERPs and impair performance of ERP-spellers

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Being one of the most popular and extensively studied ERP-BCI paradigm, ERP-spellers are commonly built and tested in ideal lab settings. However, in practical applications, users may encounter complex situations and various mental processing that have been believed to affect ERP signals. This kind of effect will probably induce a deteriorated performance of ERP-spellers. In the current study, a working memory task was interleaved within an RC ERP-speller paradigm to examine the effect of concurrent mental processing both on ERPs evoked by the stimuli of speller and its performance, especially when a speller is built under pure lab setting but used under complex mental activities in real life. The results show that the amplitude of N200, P360 and N550 were significantly affected by the working memory task. Moreover, the performance of ERP-spellers was significantly deteriorated by concurrently performing a working memory task, not only when a speller is trained and used in different settings, but also when a speller is both built and used in the same complex setting. These findings introduce a challenge for ERP-spellers to be used outside lab-settings and in daily work, especially when users are undergoing complex mental processing and experiencing heavy mental workload.