jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Confrontation: The Defiance of the English Courts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article discusses recent decisions that have made explicit a conflict that has long been brewing between the English courts and the European Court of Human Rights regarding Article 6(3)(d) of the European Convention on Human Rights, which protects a defendant's right to examine or have examined the witnesses against him. It argues that the European Court has correctly interpreted the Convention and that the Supreme Court's case-by-case approach to the right of confrontation would give insufficient protection to the defendant.
Massive hemoperitoneum in case of large subserosal fibroid- a rare case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rupture of veins on the surface of uterine leiomyoma is an extremely uncommon gynaecological cause of haemoperitoneum. It is a life-threating emergency. In most cases, bleeding is a result of trauma or torsion. Here we report a case of massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage due to rupture of vessels on the surface of large sub-serous leiomyoma to stress on the fact that a differential diagnosis of rupture of surface vessels in a fibroid should be considered while dealing with a case of haemoperitoneum with pelvic masses
Modeling phase separation and droplet size of W/O emulsions with oregano essential oil as a function of its formulation and homogenization conditions

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Oregano essential oil emulsions (W/O) were prepared using different emulsifiers' blend concentrations of Tween 80/Span 20, to study their phase separation during storage and to optimize the homogenization processing parameters by minimizing the droplet size of emulsions. Phase separation followed a second-order kinetic model, and relationships between the kinetic parameters and the blend concentrations of emulsifiers were established for determining the best emulsion formulations. The instability mechanism of emulsions demonstrated to be Ostwald ripening; therefore, by means of surface response methodology, mechanical homogenization parameters (11,700 rpm for 12 minutes at 1°C) were specified in order to minimize the droplet size of emulsions (1.02 ± 0.12 µm).
Developing a Training Model for Local Flaps Using Fresh Human Skin Excised During Tummy Tuck Procedures

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The proficient execution of local flaps poses a challenge for surgical residents. This study aimed to assess a training model for local flaps using fresh human skin excised during tummy tuck procedures. Methods: A questionnaire and a surgical skills evaluation, examining theoretical and procedural knowledge of local flaps, were administered before and after the training. All surgical procedures were performed on a simulation model utilizing freshly excised human skin. Skills were evaluated using a modified version of the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills Score. SPSS version 21 was employed for comparing pre- and post-training results. Results: In the pretraining assessment, residents faced difficulties in flap design accuracy and wound coverage adequacy, indicating a need for surgical training beyond the operating theater. Post-training, there was a significant improvement in procedural skills, as reflected in the modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills score. The mean cumulative pretraining score was 26.81 ± 5.41, while the posttraining score was 43.59 ± 5.72 (P = 0.008). Theoretical knowledge also significantly improved in the posttraining evaluation, except for the indication of a Z-plasty (P = 0.257). The training model received positive feedback and was deemed highly useful and recommendable. Discussion: The presented model demonstrated improved surgical handling and understanding of tissue rotation under realistic conditions. The simulation model, using fresh human skin, is cost-effective and versatile for a broad range of flap procedures, advocating for its further adoption. Conclusions: The training model significantly enhanced surgical handling and comprehension of tissue rotation, replicating realistic conditions. The cost-effective simulation model, based on fresh human skin, offers versatility for various flap procedures, emphasizing the need for its wider implementation.
Regulation of Transcriptional Factor MEF2 to Multiple Signal Conduction Pathways and Biological Functions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF2) are specific transcription factors, and are fascinating due to their involvement in diverse functions of gene regulation and the multiplicity of regulatory mechanisms. The apparent ability of MEF2 is to control the transcription of genes in muscle differentiation. The main functions are to mediate differentiation during the development of skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle. As calcium regulated factors, MEF2 plays an important role in the neuronal survival and differentiation. Recently,MEF2 factors are shown to participate in the process of liver fibrosis and may be an important regulatory factor during hepatic stellate cell activation.
Ethiopian English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter presents a detailed structural account of the salient points of “Ethiopian English” (EE): English as it is actually spoken and written in Ethiopia. As far as I know, it is the first description of this sort. Although highly distinctive, EE is undiscussed in studies of African Englishes. There have been articles on “English in Ethiopia”, but these are almost entirely sociolinguistic in nature (variations on the theme “the role of English vs. Amharic in Ethiopia”). This study, by contrast, is heavily descriptive, structural and grammatical, and only minimally sociolinguistic. Methodologically, a major point is the phonological insight into EE to be gained by studying the nature of spelling mistakes. Typologically, in every sphere (phonology, morphosyntax, lexicon and phraseology), EE reveals itself over and over as a near-clone of Amharic --- a textbook case of substratal influence.
Impact of E-Marketing on Consumer Behaviour

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Internet is a powerful medium which connects the customers to the marketers (local as well as global) and provides them a large pool of information. With the enhancement of technology, e-marketing has become an important element for the businesses to fulfill the needs and demands of the consumers. E-marketing is used by the marketers to promote the products and services. Now-a-days, the information is flowing from the television, advertising, magazines, newspaper and internet. Today internet has given many new opportunities for the promotion of the products and services. Earlier methods of the advertisement are now replaced by the new methods like promotion through E-mails, Google Ads etc. This process of online marketing is very beneficial for the marketers because through this they can reach to maximum customers and can get their feedback easily. This paper examines and focuses on the study of the Emarketing and its impact on the consumer buying behavior also their awareness and acceptance level of the E-Marketing.The study also highlighted some of the major challenges which customers face while doing online shopping.
Potentiation and antagonism of serotonin effects on intracranial and extracranial vessels

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The vasoconstrictor action of serotonin and its interaction with drugs (methysergide, pizotifen, cyproheptadine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine) that have serotonin-antagonistic properties and that are used in the treatment of migraine were studied on isolated feline and human intracranial and extracranial arteries in vitro. The intracranial vessels were more sensitive to serotonin than the extracranial ones. The serotonin antagonists caused the expected impairment of the serotonin-induced contraction. In minute doses, the various compounds potentiated the contraction produced by serotonin. There is reason to believe that the mechanism responsible for this interaction is selective for tryptaminergic agents. This dual action of the serotonin antagonists may contribute to a beneficial effect in migraine by an interference during both the vasoconstrictory and vasodilatory phase.
Defining Specifications for Custom Products: A Bayesian Probabilistic Approach

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Defining product specifications to meet customers’ preferences is a crucial and challenging task for custom product design. An efficient specification defining method should take both product structures and customers’ preferences into consideration. Because customers’ preferences depend largely on factors such as product attributes and external parameters, conventional specification definition methods in deterministic form fall short of providing adequate approaches to represent and manipulate the probabilistic nature of customers’ preferences. They often suffer from low efficiency, lack of intelligence to adapt to different customers’ inputs, being unable to provide guidance to users who have little domain knowledge, etc. These technical issues have hindered the development of custom product design and mass customization. To solve these issues, Bayesian network is deployed to represent the product physical structure and the likelihood of the customers’ potential preferences among components. The specification defining is modeled as an uncertainty elimination process and an information theory based algorithm is applied to obtain customers’ target product configuration. The idea is to sequentially select the most relevant component for a customer to specify from the remaining components pool based on his previous step’s specification. An inference module is also proposed which can recommend possible product configurations to help customers find what they want quickly. Thus a customized 1-to-1 specification defining procedure is provided and the final configuration can converge to a customer’s target with fewer interactions between the customer and product design team. This paper explores the framework of product specification defining in uncertain domain and offers a new angle to advance design for mass customization (DfMC), and possibly the Design for Manufacturing in general.
Spirit leveling in Missouri, 1896-1938. Part 8, West-central Missouri, 1896-1938

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A and B, Standard tablets, principal benchmarks, used where masonry or rock is available to hold them.A is used in cooperating States; the State name is inserted at a. C, Under side of A and B, showing shank used to hold tablet in place.£) and E, Two views of copper nail and copper washer, a supplementary benchmark, used for points lying between those marked by standard tablets.F, Standard iron post fitted with bronze cap similar in design to the standard tablet, formerly used where no rock or masonry was available;
Understanding heterogeneity in HIV transmission dynamics among key populations at highest risk of acquisition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The HIV epidemic in Pakistan is most concentrated among key populations (KPs): people who inject drugs (PWIDs) and sex workers (SWs), with the epidemic largely driven by PWIDs. A significant proportion of SWs have overlapping risks due to their interaction with PWIDs through sexual and/or drug injecting networks, thus augmenting their own risk of HIV acquisition. As a result, there is a growing concern that the epidemic in Pakistan will increase substantially among SWs due to their interaction with PWIDs, and perhaps with increasing sexual transmission to the general population through their sexual clients. However, little is known about regional disparities in the trends and patterns of HIV transmission dynamics among KPs in Pakistan. The overall goal of this research was to investigate the dynamic interplay among KPs in Pakistan in order to improve our understanding of heterogeneity in the emergence, persistence, and spread of HIV infection. Combined with epidemiological analyses, mathematical modeling methods were utilized to explore the complex social and sexual interactions among KPs to elucidate pathways leading to heterogeneity in HIV transmission dynamics. In addition to data from mapping, four rounds of cross-sectional biological and behavioral surveillances data of KPs collected from 20 cities in Pakistan between 2005-2011 were used for analyses. This research revealed that the HIV epidemic in Pakistan is immensely heterogeneous, comprised of multiple sub-epidemics among KPs, and with substantial variation in geographical trends. Social and sexual networking between SWs and PWIDs may play a key role in the emergence, persistence and spread of HIV among SWs. Findings suggested that there was up to a 3-fold difference in drug injecting probability among SW groups, dependent on where and/or how the SW solicited sexual clients. Nearly one-in-five infections among SWs in Pakistan are estimated to be attributed to sexual transmission from PWIDs; however, results vary substantially by region. The incidence rate among SWs is projected to continue to rise through 2020, while it reached peak among PWIDs in 2011. This research provided key information that can be used for: national and regional level target setting and resource mobilization, geographical prioritization of HIV response, local level programme planning, target setting and monitoring, and advocacy.
An Overview of Computational‐Based Strategies for Drug Repositioning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Drug repositioning is a technique for discovering new uses for investigational and approved drugs that are beyond the scope of the original medication indication. It enhances the drug's therapeutic value, which raises the success rate. There are different approaches which offer several advantages over developing a novel drug for a given indication. In this study, we have discussed various strategies for drug repositioning like the use of the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), cloud computing, big data digital twin, etc. AI and ML allow for the rapid development of drugs, including the repositioning of existing drugs. IoT has penetrated the majority of application domains, the most important being in the field of healthcare. The integration of drug repositioning with the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), cloud computing, big data and digital twining, further enriches its significance and research potential with novel opportunities and unique challenges. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the value of these computational tools for association prediction and drug repositioning in novel disease indications. A huge volume of biological and biomedical data is being produced right now as a result of the quick development of high-performance technology. This enables the creation of new opportunities for drug repositioning through the application of computational techniques and models based on biological networks.
Cost-Effectiveness and Formulary Evaluation: Imaginary Worlds and Entresto Claims in Heart Failure

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Program in Social and Administrative Pharmacy at the University of Minnesota recently released its proposed guidelines for formulary evaluation. The guidelines were focused on ensuring that comparative claims made for pharmaceutical products and devices rested on a credible evidence base. The argument was put forward that if value claims for clinical and cost-effectiveness outcomes were to be accepted then they had to be empirically evaluable. The purpose of this commentary is to explore alternative modeled claims for Entresto, an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, versus the standard of care with an ACE inhibitor in patients with chronic heart failure. Two models are compared: a lifetime cost-per-QALY model and a 3-year cost and budget impact model. The primary reason for this comparison is the puzzling feature that for a product which is over 120 time as expensive compared to the standard of care (Entresto $380 per month vs. ACE inhibitor $3 per month) the modeled claim can be made that the product is, in willingness to pay terms, cost-effective. The analysis illustrates that, perhaps not surprisingly, different models can generate quite different perspectives on the presumption of ‘cost-effectiveness’. In the present case the simple decision model yields a breakeven monthly cost for Entresto of only $23.74. If modeled claims are to be useful for formulary decision making, then we need to eschew ‘black box’ models with non-evaluable claims in favor of those models that yield credible, evaluable and replicable claims that can support defensible product placement and pricing decisions. Conflict of Interest None Type: Commentary
Be prepared for Asian soybean rust this growing season

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Producers interested in learning more about Asian soybean rust are encouraged to read the following publications: ICM Newsletter (Issue No. 3, February 28, 2005)--Special Issue: Asian Soybean Rust (PDF) SP 257--Identifying, Confirming and Managing Asian Soybean Rust in Iowa PM 1989--Common Soybean Leaf Diseases and Asian Soybean Rust (also included in the ICM Newsletter [Issue No. 3, February 28, 2005]--"Special Issue: Asian Soybean Rust") EDC 296--National Pest Alert: Soybean Rust
Patient recall of intensive care delirium: A qualitative investigation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Many patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) experience delirium. Understanding the patient perspective of delirium is important to improve care and reduce suffering. The aim of our study was to investigate the subjective patient experience of delirium, delirium‐related distress, and delirium management in ICU. Methods Our study had a qualitative multicenter design applying individual interviews and thematic analysis. Participants were critically ill adult patients that were determined delirium positive according to validated delirium screening tools during ICU admission. The interviews were conducted after ICU discharge when patients were delirium‐free as assessed by the “Rapid clinical test for delirium” (4AT) and able to participate in an interview. Results We interviewed 30 patients choosing the main themes deductively: Delirium experience; Delirium related distress; and Delirium management. Despite variations in recollection detail, ICU survivors consistently reported delirium‐related distress during and after their ICU stay, manifesting as temporal confusion, misinterpretations, and a sense of distrust towards ICU staff. Delusions were characterized by a blend of factual and fictional elements. Impaired short‐term memory hindered communication and intensified feelings of isolation, neglect, and loss of control. Conclusion The ICU survivors in our study recalled delirium as an unpleasant and frightening experience, often leading to delirium‐related distress during and after their ICU stay, indicating the necessity for enhanced assessment and treatment.
Walking behavior in a circular arena modified by pulsed light stimulation in Drosophila melanogaster w1118 line

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The Drosophila melanogaster white-eyed w1118 line serves as a blank control, allowing genetic recombination of any gene of interest along with a readily recognizable marker. w1118 flies display behavioral susceptibility to environmental stimulation such as light. It is of great importance to characterize the behavioral performance of w1118 flies because this would provide a baseline from which the effect of the gene of interest could be differentiated. Little work has been performed to characterize the walking behavior in adult w1118 flies. Here we show that pulsed light stimulation increased the regularity of walking trajectories of w1118 flies in circular arenas. We statistically modeled the distribution of distances to center and extracted the walking structures of w1118 flies. Pulsed light stimulation redistributed the time proportions for individual walking structures. Specifically, pulsed light stimulation reduced the episodes of crossing over the central region of the arena. An addition of four genomic copies of mini-white, a common marker gene for eye color, mimicked the effect of pulsed light stimulation in reducing crossing in a circular arena. The reducing effect of mini-white was copy-number-dependent. These findings highlight the rhythmic light stimulation-evoked modifications of walking behavior in w1118 flies and an unexpected behavioral consequence of mini-white in transgenic flies carrying w1118 isogenic background.
Simulation and analysis of indoor propagation characteristics for UWB based on TD-UTD

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the propagation characteristics of UWB signal in the typical indoor complex environment are discussed based on the time-domain uniform theory of diffraction (TD-UTD). Some propagation parameters are analyzed by considering of multipath propagation mechanisms including direct ray, reflection, diffraction and transmission, such as received waveform, power delay profile, distribution of the direction angle of arrival and so on. The results show that: (1) Horizontally polarized rays contribute more energy than vertically polarized rays. (2) For the given environment, the high order reflection are weak and can be ignored. (3) The statistical distribution of arrival angle in the complex indoor environment have demonstrated that in order to improve the efficiency of the receiving point, the vertical polarization antenna is recommended. These results provide the theoretical basis for wireless communication network coverage and optimization of UWB signal in the complex environment of indoor.
OutcomesofaGroupIntensive Peer-SupportModelofCase ManagementforSupportedHousing

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Community-based intensive case management may be more intense than necessary and may be socially isolating for persons living in supported housing. This study evaluated a group intensive peer-support (GIPS) model of case management that was implemented in a supportedhousing program for homeless veterans with a broad range of psychiatric, substance use, and general medical problems. Group meetings led by case managers are the default mode of case management support, and individual intensive case management is provided only when clinically necessary. Methods: GIPS was implemented by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program at one demonstration site in April 2010. The study used administrative data to compare outcomes, service delivery, and timing of housing acquisition among clients of the demonstration site one year before (N=102) and after (N=167) GIPS implementation and among clients of other HUD-VASH sites across the country before (N=9,659) and after (N=21,318) implementation of GIPS at the demonstration site. Results: After adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics, the analyses found that GIPS implementation was associated with a greater increase in social integration ratings, a greater number of case manager services, and faster acquisition of Section 8 housing vouchers after program admission compared with outcomes at the same site before GIPS implementation and at the other sites before and after implementation. Conclusions: GIPS may be a viable service model of supported housing that represents a recovery-oriented approach that can be scaled up to address homelessness. (Psychiatric Services 63:1186–1194, 2012; doi: