jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Combination of G-Equation and Detailed Chemistry: An application to 3D-CFD hydrogen combustion simulations to predict NOx emissions in reciprocating internal combustion engines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the recent years, the growing pressure by the European Union to phase out the internal combustion engines has raised the quest for alternative solutions for low-environmental-impact mobility. Nevertheless, concerns on the life-cycle emissions of battery electric vehicles and perplexities on the socio-economic sustainability of the ecological transition suggest that maintaining the interest in internal combustion engines can be strategic, provided that carbon-neutral fuels are adopted. On the basis of the technological neutrality principle, relying on already existing and well-established technologies requires less effort and cost to convert the whole road transport. Moreover, the adoption of bio- or e-fuels obtained from renewable sources widely spread across the globe is not of secondary importance. In fact, cost reduction and worldwide diffusion of the resources are both main promoters of socio-economic sustainability. In this scenario, green hydrogen represents one of the main solutions for the survival of reciprocating engines. Since the production is solely based on renewable energy sources, it is not simply characterized by zero CO2 emissions at the tailpipe, but it can be considered overall carbon neutral. A technical drawback in the use of hydrogen is represented by emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), due to the ever-present high temperature combustion process. For this reason, an ad-hoc design is mandatory to minimize NOx production, and CFD can be a valid tool to reduce cost and time to market for the development of hydrogen engines. In this regard, the current work proposes a 3D-CFD numerical methodology, based on the combination of G-Equation and Detailed Chemistry models, for NOx prediction in in-cylinder simulations of reciprocating internal combustion engines fueled with hydrogen. Although the combination of level-set method and chemical kinetics is not a novelty in literature, it is the first time that it is applied to evaluate NOx emissions in H-2 engines. The proposed approach is validated against experimental data on a direct injection, spark ignition, hydrogen engine. The methodology is able to properly predict NOx emissions at different mixture qualities, revving speeds and spark times. The total number of investigated cases is 17, which is a large set of simulations compared to the existing literature. Considering the best chemical mechanism (i.e. the one providing the best results among the tested ones), the error in the NOx prediction is always lower than 25% for all the simulations. Once the methodology is validated, the effect of spark and injection timings on NOx is discussed. Such a deepening is useful to emphasize the potential of the CFD to investigate phenomena leading to emission formation and, thus, to optimize engine parameters for NOx reduction.
Research article INFLUENCE OF PLANT POPULATION, PLANT PATTERNS AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to investigate the effect of tillage systems and plant density in two plant pattern, on kernel yield and its component on corn (Zea mays L.cv.sc704), an experimental design , randomized complete block in a strip factorial was used, treatments arrangement with four replications in north of Iran in 2010. Main plot was subjected to tillage systems in three levels: 1. Rotary system (RS). 2. Disk system (DS) - 3. Plow and Disck system (PDS). Other factors were plant density in three levels (60000, 70000 and 80000 plant/ha) and plant pattern were conventional row (linear) and new two rows (zigzag).The results indicated that the grain yield and silage yield, which were affected by tillage systems did not show any significant difference,while the grain yield and silage yield, which were affected by plant density showed significant difference. With the increase of density from 60000 to 80000 plants/ha, grain yield and silage yield increased, an amount of from 9.793 to 10.92 and 62.68 to70.85 t/ha respectively. Grain yield and silage yield were not affected by plant pattern.
Strain measurement of a channel between Si/Ge stressors in a tri-gate field effect transistor utilizing moiré fringes in scanning transmission microscope images

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We measure the strain of a channel between Si/Ge stressors in a tri-gate p-channel metal–oxide semiconductor device, known as a fin field-effect transistor (FinFET), by utilizing moiré fringes in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). These fringes reveal a pseudomagnified Si lattice, resulting from undersampling of the crystalline lattice with the nodes of the scanning grid of STEM. A practical device sample is prepared using a focused ion-beam instrument. The sample lamella is cut along the X direction to allow observation of the strained channel between Si/Ge stressors. The measurement of channel strain in a FinFET is not easy, since the channel is sandwiched between top and bottom layers of gate electrodes and insulators. For the strain measurement, we use the moiré fringes of the Si[220] lattice. These moiré fringes extract only the targeted lattice and act as a real spatial frequency filter. Other fringes with different directions and/or spacings are thereby filtered out. The strain along the channel between the Si/Ge stressors is measured to be −0.9%, with the whole procedure taking less than 5 min, including data acquisition time, using a dedicated program. As the fringe contrast is weak owing to disturbances by the gate and insulator layers, a microscope is equipped with an aberration corrector in the probe-forming system to enhance the contrast. The proposed method offers a high-throughput strain measurement, since it is performed in the image acquisition mode, and is easily incorporated into the standard workflow for critical dimension measurements.
Does the evolution of micromorphology accompany chromosomal changes on dysploid and polyploid levels in the Barnardia japonica complex (Hyacinthaceae)?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Chromosome number and genome size changes via dysploidy and polyploidy accompany plant diversification and speciation. Such changes often impact also morphological characters. An excellent system to address the questions of how extensive and structured chromosomal changes within one species complex affect the phenotype is the monocot species complex of Barnardia japonica . This taxon contains two well established and distinct diploid cytotypes differing in base chromosome numbers (AA: x = 8, BB: x = 9) and their allopolyploid derivatives on several ploidy levels (from 3 x to 6 x ). This extensive and structured genomic variation, however, is not mirrored by gross morphological differentiation. The current study aims to analyze the correlations between the changes of chromosome numbers and genome sizes with palynological and leaf micromorphological characters in diploids and selected allopolyploids of the B. japonica complex. The chromosome numbers varied from 2 n = 16 and 18 (2 n = 25 withthe presence of supernumerary B chromosomes), and from 2 n = 26 to 51 in polyploids on four different ploidy levels (3 x , 4 x , 5 x , and 6 x ). Despite additive chromosomes numbers compared to diploid parental cytotypes, all polyploid cytotypes have experienced genome downsizing. Analyses of leaf micromorphological characters did not reveal any diagnostic traits that could be specifically assigned to individual cytotypes. The variation of pollen grain sizes correlated positively with ploidy levels. This study clearly demonstrates that karyotype and genome size differentiation does not have to be correlated with morphological structured differentiation of cytotypes.
Inhibitor selectivity of CNTs and ENTs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT; solute carrier family 28 (SLC28)) and the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT; solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)) are important therapeutic targets but may also mediate toxicity or adverse events. To explore the relative role of the base and the monosaccharide moiety in inhibitor selectivity we selected compounds that either harbor an arabinose moiety or a cytosine moiety, as these groups had several commercially available drug members. The screening data showed that more compounds harboring a cytosine moiety displayed potent interactions with the CNTs than compounds harboring the arabinose moiety. In contrast, ENTs showed a preference for compounds with an arabinose moiety. The correlation between CNT1 and CNT3 was good as five of six compounds displayed IC50 values within the threefold threshold and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. For CNT1 and CNT2 as well as for CNT2 and CNT3 only two of six IC50 values correlated and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. Interestingly, of the six compounds that potently interacted with both ENT1 and ENT2 only nelarabine displayed selectivity. Our data show differences between inhibitor selectivities of CNTs and ENTs as well as differences within the CNT family members.
GVC-YOLO: A Lightweight Real-Time Detection Method for Cotton Aphid-Damaged Leaves Based on Edge Computing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) pose a significant threat to cotton growth, exerting detrimental effects on both yield and quality. Conventional methods for pest and disease surveillance in agricultural settings suffer from a lack of real-time capability. The use of edge computing devices for real-time processing of cotton aphid-damaged leaves captured by field cameras holds significant practical research value for large-scale disease and pest control measures. The mainstream detection models are generally large in size, making it challenging to achieve real-time detection on edge computing devices with limited resources. In response to these challenges, we propose GVC-YOLO, a real-time detection method for cotton aphid-damaged leaves based on edge computing. Building upon YOLOv8n, lightweight GSConv and VoVGSCSP modules are employed to reconstruct the neck and backbone networks, thereby reducing model complexity while enhancing multiscale feature fusion. In the backbone network, we integrate the coordinate attention (CA) mechanism and the SimSPPF network to increase the model’s ability to extract features of cotton aphid-damaged leaves, balancing the accuracy loss of the model after becoming lightweight. The experimental results demonstrate that the size of the GVC-YOLO model is only 5.4 MB, a decrease of 14.3% compared with the baseline network, with a reduction of 16.7% in the number of parameters and 17.1% in floating-point operations (FLOPs). The mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 reach 97.9% and 90.3%, respectively. The GVC-YOLO model is optimized and accelerated by TensorRT and then deployed onto the embedded edge computing device Jetson Xavier NX for detecting cotton aphid damage video captured from the camera. Under FP16 quantization, the detection speed reaches 48 frames per second (FPS). In summary, the proposed GVC-YOLO model demonstrates good detection accuracy and speed, and its performance in detecting cotton aphid damage in edge computing scenarios meets practical application needs. This research provides a convenient and effective intelligent method for the large-scale detection and precise control of pests in cotton fields.
Identifying, analysing and aligning "the dream" with vocational preparation: An investigation into first-year music undergraduate career aspirations and motivations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As parent universities strive to produce work-ready graduates, tertiary music institutions are beginning to respond by changing their offerings. Consequently, vocational preparation, work integrated learning (WIL) and service-learning courses are becoming increasingly prevalent. For the majority of institutions, these are offered in the latter years of students' undergraduate Bachelor of Music and Music Technology degrees. Some critics consider this is too late. Rather, exploration of what it means to be a musician needs to be encountered early in the degree in order to optimally maximise and engage with undergraduate training. In Australia, it is debatable whether young commencing students are generally ready to accept the realities of the music industry and/or supportive of vocation training. Traditional career goals such as orchestral employment are becoming less realistic, reducing linear career options yet some tertiary music institutions with curricula aligned to these employment outcomes continue to thrive. To explore this phenomenon beyond the argument of demographics, population and arts policy, an entire first year Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Music Technology cohort was asked about their vocational ambitions. As "The Dream" is the initial inspiration for short-term and long-term music career motivation, this paper will identify, explore and define 94 first-year undergraduate students' career aspirations. Intrinsic/extrinsic motivations, perceptions of required career skills and role models are additionally scrutinized. The findings of this study may serve as a guide for music institutions wishing to integrate similar programmes into the first year of their undergraduate Bachelor of Music degrees. Key words: music, vocation preparation, career aspirations, career theory, curriculum design.
Business Practices: Supporting the Practising Professional

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Technological and social changes require changes in business and in management. It is generally agreed that the rate of external change is increasing. The changes impact on surveying businesses as much as they do on other businesses. A key change for survey businesses in recent years is that members of the public have an increasingly high expectation of professional service providers. As the Institute of Management’s Code of Conduct (quoted in Davies, 1997) puts it: ‘A professional is someone who justifiably claims to provide an expert service of value to society, and who accepts the duties … including … honouring the special trust reposed by clients, employers, colleagues, and the general public’. Survey companies ’ stakeholders are increasingly demanding, putting a greater emphasis on the professional’s ability and duty to consider the needs of wider society as well as of the client, and to be able to deal with this balance successfully. Allred (1999), however, suggests that professionals struggle to rationalise the (often conflicting) standards of their own, their company, their profession, and the public. As if this wasn’t sufficient, further changes in the business environment in recent years
Modelling of unexpected shift in SPC

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Optimal statistical process control (SPC) requires models of both in-control and out-of-control process states. Whereas a normal distribution is the generally accepted model for the in-control state, there is a doubt as to the existence of reliable models for out-of-control cases. Various process models, available in the literature, for discrete manufacturing systems (parts industry) can be treated as bounded discrete-space Markov chains, completely characterized by the original in-control state and a transition matrix for shifts to an out-of-control state. The present work extends these models by using a continuous-state Markov chain, incorporating non-random corrective actions. These actions are to be realized according to the SPC technique and should substantially affect the model. The developed stochastic model yields a Laplace distribution of a process mean. An alternative approach, based on the Information theory, also results in a Laplace distribution. Real-data tests confirm the applicability of a Laplace distribution for the parts industry and show that the distribution parameter is mainly controlled by the SPC sample size.
Effects of public procurement of R&D on the innovation process : Evidence from the UK Small Business Research Initiative

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

PurposeThe study aims to investigate how pre-commercial procurement (PCP) influences the activities, capabilities and behaviours of actors participating in the innovation process. Unlike much of PCP research underpinned by a market failure theoretical framework that evaluates the additionality of innovation inputs and outputs, this paper focusses on the role and capacity of PCP in addressing systemic failures impeding the process of innovation. Design/methodology/approachPCP effects on the innovation process were studied through a qualitative study of the UK small business research initiative (SBRI) programme. Data collection comprised 33 semi-structured interviews with key informants within 30 organisations and analysis of 80-plus secondary data sources. Interviewees included executives of technology-based small businesses, managers within public buying organisations and innovation policymakers and experts. FindingsThe UK SBRI improves connectivity and instigates research and development (R&D) related interactions and cooperation. Through securing government R&D contracts, small firms access relevant innovation ecosystems, build up their knowledge and capabilities and explore possible routes to market. Public organisations use the SBRI to connect to innovative small firms and access their sets of expertise and novel ideas. They also learn to appreciate the strategic role of procurement. Nonetheless, SBRI-funded small business face commercialisation and innovation adoption challenges because of institutional constraints pertaining to rules, regulations and public-sector norms of conduct. Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to existing PCP research by demonstrating innovation process-related effects of PCP policies. It also complements literature on small business-friendly public procurement measures by highlighting the ways through which PCP, rather than commercial procurement procedures, can support the development of small businesses other than just facilitating their access to government (R&D) contracts.Social implicationsThe study identifies several challenge areas that policymakers should address to improve the implementation of the UK SBRI programme. Originality/valueThe study demonstrates the effects of PCP on the activities, capabilities and behaviours of small businesses and public buying organisations involved in the innovation process.
PENGARUH VARIASI LATIHAN DAYA TAHAN KARDIOVASKULAR TERHADAP PENINGKATAN VO2MAX PADA PEMAIN USIA 14 TAHUN SSB SEJATI PRATAMA MEDAN TAHUN 2021

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The porpuse of this research is to find out how big the influence of variation cardiovascular training exercise against the increase of vo2max and how big does influence interval cardovaskular training exercise against the increase of vo2max on player age 14 years old SSB Sejati Pratama Medan 2021 This research method is an experiment with a research time of 6 weeks, the frequency of exercise is 3 times a week. The number of samples is 12 athletes and the sampling technique used is purposive sampling. All samples of athletes did exercises in the form of exercises that have been arranged in the training program and did a pre-test before entering the training program and post-test after the end of the training program. The results showed that the average (mean) and vo2max of each pre-test data were the lowest 29.90 and the highest 33.60 and the lowest post-test was 33.20 and the highest was 37.10. Then the average (mean) of the pre-test of endurance ability was 32.37, and the post-test was 35.38. Results Based on the research conducted, the hypothesis testing t_(count ) is -34.717. with a value of Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000, <0.05 then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. So it can be said that there is a significant effect of the effect of variations on cardiovascular endurance training on increasing vo2max in soccer games for athletes aged 14 years at SSB Sejati Pratama in 2021.
A Newly Robust Fault Detection and Diagnosis Method for High-Speed Trains

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Incipient faults in high-speed trains are usually masked by noises and disturbances from process and sensors, which severely increases the difficulty of incipient fault detection and diagnosis. By introducing Hellinger distance into multivariate statistical analysis framework, this paper develops a robust detection and diagnosis method for incipient faults under the principal component analysis. The proposed method can detect all incipient sensor faults in traction systems of high-speed trains in real time by comparing reference probability density functions (PDFs) with the online estimated PDFs. According to the fault detection information, an accurate fault diagnosis can be achieved online through Bayesian inference. Key advantages of the proposed method are its salient robustness to unknown noises and disturbances, as well as the high sensitivity to incipient faults. In addition, the proposed method does not require any information on system models of high-speed trains or any human intervention. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been firstly proven by mathematical derivations and then been verified by numerical simulations. Finally, the proposed method has been applied to the practical experiment platform of the high-speed trains.
Islamic Sources Used in This Volume

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) relies upon three main Islamic sources for the arguments it advances in its literature, namely, the Quran (scripture), Hadees (quotations attributed to Muhammad), and Seerat (the biography of Muhammad). The Quran and the traditional Islamic narratives about Muhammad in the Seerat and Hadees have had a universal and spiritual hold on Muslims through the ages, evidenced by the extent to which they are invoked for political, social, and religious legitimation, no less in jihad narratives. Within these sources, LeT locates the jihad imperative, proselytization as a way to organize one’s personal life, the distinction between asceticism and piety, the rejection of the notion that jihad is an internal struggle against the ego, and the rejection of rebellion and political activism against an Islamic government. Given the cultural valence of these Islamic sources, it is necessary to contextualize them in order to understand the narrative LeT charts for their literary audience. In this chapter, we discuss each of these three sources within its historical context in order to give the reader a clear idea of its content and weight. We conclude with a discussion of how each of these sources is used in one of LeT’s foundational texts, namely, ‘Why Are We Waging Jihad?’.
TOXIN-ANTITOXIN IMMUNIZATION

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

In October, 1925, the health department of Kansas City, in conjunction and cooperation with the school board, undertook to inaugurate a campaign for the prevention of diphtheria. Having a good understanding of conditions in the past, particularly with respect to contagious diseases here, we estimated that if we could reach 20 per cent of the total enrolment, we would have accomplished much. However, after checking our tabulations, we found that we had nearly doubled this estimate, as the accompanying chart and table show. We encountered an immediate response from the people that was very gratifying and one which kept us very much occupied during the whole school year, especially as we were handicapped by lack of personnel and lack of funds. Talks and lectures combined with the showing of a film on the prevention of diphtheria were made to fifty-five organizations, mostly parent-teacher's societies. Aided by the activities of the