jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis-by-synthesis of speech spectra from /s/ defective and normal children

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Utilizing an analysis-by-synthesis scheme, the /s/ spectra of a normal child and three children with varying types of /s/-misarticulation were investigated. Analysis was based on the repetition of sentences which included /s/ in a wide variety of consonant and vowel contexts, with varying stress and juncture. Inspection of the data indicate that the spectra of most normal and defective /s/ productions can be closely approximated by a model consisting of two poles and one zero. Furthermore, each articulatory type (normal, lateral, dental, and other) exhibited different, yet fairly consistent parameter values for the model. Normal and deviant articulatory patterns, as well as possible contextual effects, are discussed. [This project was supported by David Ross Fellowship ♯0314.]
The Effect of Temperature and Transmembrane Pressure on the Camel Milk Ultrafiltration Performance: An Optimization Study

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the effects of transmembrane pressure (TMP, 80-160 kPa) and temperature (T, 20-40 oC) were investigated on the ultrafiltration (UF) performance of camel milk, including pseudo-steady state permeate flux (JPSS), intrinsic membrane resistance (Rm), reversible fouling resistance (Rrf), irreversible fouling resistance (Rif), solutes rejection (protein (RP), lactose (RL), ash (RA) and total solids (RTS)) and minerals rejection (aluminum (RAl), iron (RFe), zinc (RZn), manganese (RMn), calcium (RCa), phosphorus (RPh), sodium (RNa), magnesium (RMg), and potassium (RK)). According to the obtained results, increasing TMP led to a significant increase in JPSS, Rrf, and RA while increasing T caused a significant increase in JPSS, Rrf, RL, RA, and the rejection of all minerals. Although the total fouling resistance (Rf) increased by increasing TMP and T, the share of Rrf was higher in high TMP and T compared to Rif. The results also showed that none of the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of TMP and T on the Rm, RTS, and RP of the samples were significant. In general, camel milk solute rejections, i.e., RTS, RP, RL, RA, RAl, RFe, RZn, RMn, RCa, RPh, RNa, RMg, and RK were, on average, 51.03, 97.51, 4.73, 34.07, 99.05, 95.70, 90.64, 99.99, 46.09, 32.74, 20.44, 19.44, and 7.78%, respectively. Finally, the optimum UF performance conditions in this research with the lowest Rrf, Rif, RL, and RA while the highest JPSS and RP were 135 kPa TMP and 35 oC T.
Efficacité privée et publique de la gestion du risque phytosanitaire : le rôle de l'information

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The analysis of farmers' phytosanitary information use requires the specification of information as an input that is produced and used on the farm. The information input is assumed to consist in a signal that is correlated with (future) pest infestation of the farmers' fields. This signal is received by farmers before they choose their pest applications. The quality of information is measured by the accuracy of the signal in predicting the actual infestation. Using this approach it is easily shown that farmers' attitude toward risk, information quality and pesticide application costs play crucial roles in farmers' crop protection decisions. In order to study farmers' information use decisions we also consider the production cost of this input for farmers. Within this framework, although they appear inefficient from a public standpoint, it is assumed that systematic pesticide applications may be chosen by economically efficient farmers. Showing that the information production cost is likely to be high for a large part of French farmers' population we conclude that this cost is likely to be one of the most determinant factor explaining the current use of systematic pesticide applications by French farmers. Despite their weaknesses, the models developed in this paper provide some guidelines for pesticide use reduction policy design. Within the current European economic context, the use of information relative to pest infestation should result in a decrease in farmers' pesticide uses. This result is, to a large extent, supported by the fact that pesticides appear relatively cheap. As a consequence, the implementation of instruments aimed at the promotion of the use of phytosanitary information could be used as a policy intended to decrease farmers' pesticide applications. However, the promotion of information use can only be viewed as a medium or long term policy. Infortnation use by farmers requires adjustments in quasi-fixed factors (human capital, labour) and/or structural adjustments (creations of public or private firms producing expertise services). It is also shown that farmers' willingness to pay for phytosanitary information is an increasing function of pest application costs. This result implies that farmers' pesticide demand elasticity could be important (in absolute value) in the long run, i.e. due to adjustments in information uses. It also implies that a tax on the price of pesticide would strengthen the effects of policies aimed at reducing the information production costs for farmers.
EXPRESSION OF A ZEIN GENE (Z4) INTRODUCED INTO DICOTYLEDONOUS Solanum nigrum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A maize genomic clone containing a zein gene (Z4) is inserted into the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid pTiT37. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring this modified Ti plasmid is used to infect stem sections of young plants or explants of dicotyledonous Solanum nigrum. Axenic transformed calli active in nopaline synthesis are obtained and transgenic plants are differentiated from them DNA Southern hybridization and RNA dot-hybridization analyses show that the zein gene is really transferred and integrated into the nuclear genome of transformed Solanum nigrum and that the zein gene can be transcribed into mRNA in the transformed calli and shoots. But the presence of the zein protein cannot be detected in either the transformed calli or the transgenic shoots. The results of thte experiments demonstrate that the promoter of a gene from monocotyledonous plants can function normally in transgenic dicots. The possibility of developmentally-regulated expression of the zein gene in transformed dicots is discussed in the article.
Nanostructure-Dependent Marcus-Type Correlation of the Shape Recovery Rate and the Young’s Modulus in Shape Memory Polymer Aerogels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Thermodynamic-kinetic relationships are not uncommon, but rigorous correlations are rare. On the basis of the parabolic free-energy profiles of elastic deformation, a generalized Marcus-type thermodynamic-kinetic relationship was identified between the shape recovery rate, Rt( N), and the elastic modulus, E, in poly(isocyanurate-urethane) shape memory aerogels. The latter were prepared with mixtures of diethylene, triethylene, and tetraethylene glycol and an aliphatic triisocyanate. Synthetic conditions were selected using a statistical design of experiments method. Microstructures obtained in each formulation could be put into two groups, one consisting of micron-size particles connected with large necks and a second one classified as bicontinuous. The two types of microstructures could be explained consistently by spinodal decomposition involving early versus late phase separation relative to the gel point. Irrespective of microstructure, all samples showed a shape memory effect with shape fixity and shape recovery ratios close to 100%. Larger variations (0.35-0.71) in the overall figure of merit, the fill factor, were traced to a variability in the shape recovery rates, Rt( N), which in turn were related to the microstructure. Materials with bicontinuous microstructures were stiffer and showed slower recovery rates. Thereby, using the elastic modulus, E, as a proxy for microstructure, the correlation of Rt( N) with E was traced to a relationship between the activation barrier for shape recovery, Δ A#, and the specific energy of deformation, (reorganization energy, λ), which in turn is proportional to the elastic modulus. Data were fitted well ( R2 = 0.92) by the derived equations. The inverse correlation between Rt( N) and the elastic modulus, E, provides a means for qualitative predictability of the shape recovery rates, the fill factors, and the overall quality of the shape memory effect.
Interprofessional education through case conferences: Enhancing collaborative skills in psychiatric discharge planning

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim To examine within‐group pre–post changes associated with a structured interprofessional education (IPE) intervention among occupational therapy (OT), mental health social work (MHSW), and nursing (NS) students in Japan, with a focus on psychiatric discharge planning for long‐term inpatients with schizophrenia. Methods We used a one‐group pretest–posttest (quasi‐experimental) design. Senior‐year OT, MHSW, and NS students formed interprofessional teams to develop discharge support plans for a simulated long‐term psychiatric inpatient. The Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS; n = 194) and the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS; n = 134) were administered immediately before and after the case conference. Linear mixed‐effects models estimated time (pre, post), profession (OT, MHSW, and NS), and time × profession effects with a random intercept for participant. As sensitivity analyses, we conducted repeated‐measures anova on complete cases and ancova adjusting for baseline scores. Results RIPLS and IEPS scores increased significantly from pre to post across professions, indicating within‐group improvements in interprofessional readiness and collaborative perceptions. On RIPLS, gains were largest among OT students (small time × profession effect), whereas on IEPS, the time × profession interaction was not significant, and profession differences attenuated after baseline adjustment in ANCOVA. Qualitative feedback suggested a clearer understanding of each profession's role in discharge planning. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting the potential value of a structured IPE program for enhancing interprofessional attitudes and competencies in the context of psychiatric discharge planning. Given the one‐group pre–post design, causal inference is limited; controlled, multi‐institutional, and longitudinal studies are needed to validate and extend these findings.
[Stress caused by immobilization and low protein intake in rats. Morphological changes].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The periodic immobilization of the animals receiving a control diet resulted in a smaller weight gain than in controls. The animals fed a protein deficient diet gained also less weight as compared to controls. The association of the deficiency and the stress of immobilization further decreases the weight gain, but the differences were not significant. The animals submitted to restraint or protein deficiency stress showed an increase in their heart weight in relation to body weight. This increase in more significant when immobilization and protein deficiency were associated. The degree of cardiac muscle fibers damage was also found more pronounced in this group of animals, when analysed through histochemical methods. Liver weight was not found different in the animals submitted to the experimental program. Histological examination of this organ showed fatty infiltration in the protein deficient animals. The picture was not found to be agravated when the animals were further stimulated by the restraint mechanism. Spleen weight was found to be similar in all groups. Histological study of the protein deficient group showed small lesions, that were increased when the deficiency was associated to immobilization. The relative testis weight of the restraint animals receiving the control diet was found to be similar to the animals not immobilized. The protein deficient animals have significantly smaller testis weight than the well nourished group. The histologic study showed that restraint or protein deficiency are responsible for a sexually retarded animal, but the lesions increased with the association of restraint and deficiency.
Präoperativ elektrisch evozierte Hirnstammpotentiale als Prädiktor des postoperativen Verlaufs nach einer Cochleaimplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Subjective promontory stimulation is used to evaluate cochlear implant (CI) candidacy, but the test reliability is low. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) can verify the function of the auditory system objectively. This study’s procedure uses a trans-tympanic rounded bent-tip electrode to perform pre-operative EABR under local anaesthesia (LA-TT-EABR) using MED-EL Software and Hardware. This study aimed to determine usability and effectiveness for CI candidates. Design: We hypothesised that LA-TT-EABR waveforms of good quality would be related to successful hearing outcomes. We assumed that the duration of hearing loss/deafness was a confounding factor to study outcomes. Study sample: 19 borderline CI candidates. Results: Positive LA-TT-EABR results were confirmed in 14 patients. LA-TT-EABR’s mean latency was 2.05 ± 0.31 ms (eII/eIII) and 4.24 ± 0.39 ms (eIV/eV). Latencies weren’t statistically different from intra-operative EABR elicited by basal CI contacts. All positive LA-TT-EABR patients benefitted from CI and speech performance improved one year after implantation. One patient with negative LA-TT-EABR was cochlearimplanted and had no hearing sensation. Conclusions: LA-TT-EABR is a tool in the frame of pre-operative objective testing the auditory pathway. It seems useful for clinical testing CI candidacy. Based on this study’s outcomes, LA-TT-EABR should be recommended for uncertain CI candidates.
Optimization and Simulation of Helix loaded with Dielectric Dispersion Characteristics using TLBO Algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, an analytical theory of dispersion characteristics for Helix loaded with Dielectric (HLWD) has been investigated numerically for fundamental as well as higher-order Hybrid modes (HE and EH) for guided electromagnetic wave propagation. The appropriate value of helix pitch angle, dielectric radius and dielectric constant were found out using Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) with an aim to get wide single-mode wave propagation bandwidth. This structure can be used to determine radiation characteristics of axial mode helical antenna where radiation is coming out from the end of the aperture. It can be used as a highly directive end-fire antenna that finds potential application in satellite communication.
Social Entrepreneurship: A case study of the "Be A Change" project

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This thesis focuses on management of a social entrepreneurship project called “Be A Change”. When the whole world is facing economics crisis, as well as social and envi-ronmental challenges; an innovative way of doing business is necessary to solve these problems. “Be A Change” is a project that encourages social entrepreneurship and youth entrepreneurs in Finland, making them more supportive and productive. \n \nThe author’s purpose is to improve the implementation of the project ”Be A Change” by studying principal project management steps that ensure the delivery . Theories of social entrepreneurship and project management were applied. Empirical research was conduct-ed by case study analysis. In-depth interviews and participating observations were carried out. \n \nThe results demonstrated that the initiating and closing phases of the project had been neglected. It led to a gap in information flow within a project and between projects. That brought about a fluctuating structure of the team. As the solution, the author formed a framework including key steps to ensure the project outcomes. Supplementary planning activities for the project management process were suggested.
The Dictator's Inner Circle

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We posit the problem of an autocrat who has to allocate access to the executive positions in his inner circle and define the career profile of his own insiders.Statically, granting access to an executive post to a more experienced subordinate increases political returns to the post, but is more threatening to the leader in case of a coup.Dynamically, the leader monitors the capacity of staging a coup by his subordinates, which grows over time, and the incentives of trading a subordinate's own position for a potential shot at the leadership, which defines the incentives of staging a palace coup for each member of the inner circle.We map these theoretical elements into structurally estimable hazard functions of terminations of cabinet ministers for a panel of postcolonial Sub-Saharan African countries.The hazard functions initially increase over time, indicating that most government insiders quickly wear out their welcome, and then drop once the minister is fully entrenched in the current regime.We argue that the survival concerns of the leader in granting access to his inner circle can cover much ground in explaining the widespread lack of competence of African governments and the vast heterogeneity of political performance between and within these regimes.
Interlayer Bonding and the Lattice Vibrations ofβ-GaSe

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The lattice vibrations of the layer compound $\ensuremath{\beta}$-GaSe have been investigated by means of infrared and Raman experiments. Reflectivity measurements for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\perp}c$ over the range 175-4100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have shown one infrared-active mode at 213.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Six Raman lines have been observed at 19.1, 60.1, 134.6, 213.1, 249, and 307.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A group-theoretical analysis of the lattice vibrations, which shows the origin of the conjugate modes in layer compounds, is presented. Electrostatic as well as van der Waals coupling between the layers is indicated by the large localized effective charge obtained from the infrared measurements.
Shallow-Water Carbonate and Evaporite Sedimentation Patterns in Lower and Middle Jurassic Rocks of Southern Tunisia: ABSTRACT

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks in southern Tunisia can be divided on the basis of lithology into two distinct regions, the central and northern provinces. Outcrops in the central province extend in a continuous escarpment south from the Wadi Tatahouine and display a variety of carbonate and sulfate rock types representing very shallow-water deposition. The Lower Jurassic and lower Middle Jurassic Mestaoua Formation is a largely gypsiferous sequence representing deposition in lagoons and on hypersaline shotts. The overlying Bathonian Krachoua Formation displays a range of carbonate lithologies, representing shoreline and tidal-flat environments, and sulfate units, again indicative of gypsiferous lagoons and shotts. These formations pass northwestward into massive and laminated carbonate strata indicative of deposition on extensive wind-tidal flats. This is the northern province. The lower part of the sequence, the Semoumenia Breccias, is composed of breccias believed to have resulted from evaporite-solution processes. This sequence passes into clastic facies, the Sidi Stout Sandstones (an accumulation of wind-blown sand dunes), toward the Permian outlier of Djebel Tebaga. Paleogeographic reconstructions show that the area preserves part of the carbonate shoreline sequence which acted as the sill separating a true marine area on the northeast, Tethys, and the Algerian-Tunisian salt basin on the southwest. Periodic marine incursions into the margin of this salt basin are suggested by the presence of extensive storm deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 462------------
A Positive Project Outcome: Lessons from a Non-Dominant Government University-Based Program

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores factors contributing to a non-dominant collaboration paradigm in a partnership between a government-based international development agency and a university-based non-governmental organization. Anchored in Wood’s and Gray’s collaborative framework, this article describes how the steeply hierarchical partnership navigated the elements of collaboration – organizational autonomy; shared problem domain; interactive processes; shared rules, norms, and structures; and decision making – to produce non-dominant values and practices deriving from negotiated processes, rules, norms, and structures that produced positive collaboration outcomes. In particular, a history of prior mutually beneficial interactions emerges as a critical precondition for achieving a non-dominant collaboration in this case study’s steeply hierarchical organizational relationship, one in which egalitarianism and equal decision-making regarding the agenda and the goals of the collaboration could have been highly constrained.
PSoC Based Embedded Rf Link Design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this article, RF link design has been realized by using RF technology with Programmable System on Chip (PSoC). RFM22B transceiver module operating both as a transmitter and a receiver with the modulation techniques such as Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), Gauss Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK), and On-Off Keying (OOK) in the 240 to 960 MHz frequency range has been used in the radio frequency communication system. The serial information package required for the communication of RF modules have been provided with a programmable system on the CY8C5868AXI-LP035 chip of Cypress company. In the designed system, the channels in the frequency range from 240 to 960 MHz were generated. Experimental results showed that a secure RF communication was successfully provided by scanning the channels in case of a noise signal thanks to the developed algorithm.
Is hybridisation a threat toRumex aquaticusin Britain?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background: Hybridisation between locally common and rare plant species is of conservation concern as it may lead to the extinction of the rare taxon. Rumex aquaticus (2n = ca. 200, Polygonaceae) is a widespread Euro-Siberian species but rare in the British Isles. It hybridises freely with the locally abundant congener R. obtusifolius (2n = 40) producing fertile and viable hybrids.Aims: We aimed to establish whether hybridisation poses an extinction threat to R. aquaticus in Britain.Methods: Flow cytometry, AFLPs and morphological characters were used to assess the extent of hybridisation between R. obtusifolius and R. aquaticus.Results: Flow cytometry was the most useful tool to distinguish between hybrids and parental species and indicated that out of 88 samples from two hybrid populations, 85% were likely to be F1s and only 15% were likely to be back-crosses to R. aquaticus. AFLP markers were only able to identify putative F1 hybrids reliably and 11 morphological traits could not distinguish unambiguously between hybrids and pure R. aquaticus.Conclusions: Although our data suggest that genetic assimilation of pure R. aquaticus populations is unlikely to be the case in the future, there is a potential threat from demographic swamping by hybrids and targeted protection of R. aquaticus habitat is proposed as a management strategy.
Nonatherosclerotic Peripheral Artery Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nonatherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (NAPAD) remains underappreciated compared to atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease. However, under‐ or misdiagnosis of NAPAD can potentially lead to serious adverse outcomes. There is a broad spectrum of disorders including vasculitis, thrombophilia, and other vascular anatomical or functional disorders in the context of NAPAD. This section briefly overviews vascular imaging, mainly invasive angiography, to optimize the management of NAPAD.