jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Zum heutigen Stand der Sprachwissenschaft

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Karl Brugmann (1849–1919) was one of the central figures in the circle of Neogrammarians who rejected a prescriptive approach to the study of language in favour of diachronic study. This short overview of the development of comparative Indo-European linguistics and philology in the second part of the nineteenth century was first published in 1885, the year before Brugmann's celebrated multi-volume comparative grammar of Indo-European began to appear. To Brugmann, language is not an autonomous organism that develops according to inherent laws. It exists only in the individual speaker, and every change in a language takes place because of the speaker, though speakers share similar psychological and physical processes. Traditional philologists, including Brugmann's former university teacher Georg Curtius (1820–1885), were extremely hostile to the Neogrammarians' approach. Here, Brugmann responds to Curtius' criticism and defends his research methodology and theories.
Discussion on Construction of Eco-Efficient Sericulture in Hunan Based on Sustainable Development

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The traditional growth pattern of agricultural economy is facing unprecedented challenges in Hunan Province due to the severe situation of increasing pressure from industry transformation, further intensified constraints of energy and resources, and dramatic deterioration of ecological environment during the overall construction for two-oriented society with four modernizations. It is urgent to develop and to construct a modern agriculture industry of low-carbon environmental protection, ecological cycle and sustainable development. As an industry for exploitation and utilization of biological resources, sericulture is ushering in a rare development opportunity. Focusing on the green development prospects of sericulture in contaminated soil remediation, rocky desertification control,water and soil conservation, forage for livestock and cycle development of resources, this paper has clarified that the development of sericulture should accord with the development strategies of nation and Hunan local government, push continuously forward the construction of the coupling and symbiotic relationships between sericulture and other industries, and make efforts to form a diverse and multi-level production chain of sustainable development; and it is necessary and feasible to accomplish the goals of sericultural industry transfer, transformation and upgrading by means of reasonable industrial layout and integration in Hunan.
Modeling Society with Statistical Mechanics: an Application to Cultural Contact and Immigration

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a general modeling framework to predict the outcomes, at the population level, of individual psychology and behavior. The framework prescribes that researchers build a cost function that embodies knowledge of what trait values (opinions, behaviors, etc.) are favored by individual interactions under given social conditions. Predictions at the population level are then drawn using methods from statistical mechanics, a branch of theoretical physics born to link the microscopic and macroscopic behavior of physical systems. We demonstrate our approach building a model of cultural contact between two cultures (e.g., immigration), showing that it is possible to make predictions about how contact changes the two cultures.
The dynamics of technological upgrading for latecomer enterprises: a multiple case study based on knowledge-based view

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Based on grounded theory, this study selects four famous Chinese enterprises as samples, and analyses the dynamics of technological upgrading in depth as well as adopts the KBV to explain the mechanism. The logic of the technological upgrading of latecomer enterprises are strong incentives of indigenous-innovation, aggressive R&D strategies, delegating the overseas merged firm's autonomy, as well as Global Value Chain upgrading and building.
Effect of uniaxial stress on gallium, beryllium, and copper-doped germanium hole population inversion lasers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The effects of stress on germanium lasers doped with single, double, and triple acceptors have been investigated. The results can be explained quantitatively with theoretical calculations and can be attributed to specific changes in the energy levels of acceptors in germanium under stress. In contrast to previous measurements, gallium-doped Ge crystals show a decrease in lasing upon uniaxial stress. The decrease seen here is attributed to the decrease in heavy hole effective mass upon application of uniaxial stress, which results in a decreased population inversion. The discrepancy between this work and previous studies can be explained with the low compensation level of the material used here. Because the amount of ionized impurity scattering in low-compensated germanium lasers is small to begin with, the reduction in scattering with uniaxial stress does not play a significant role in changing the laser operation. Beryllium-doped germanium lasers operate based on a different mechanism of population inversion. In this material it is proposed that holes can transfer between bands by giving their energy to a neutral beryllium atom, raising the hole from the ground to a bound excited state. The free hole will then return to zero energy with some probability of entering the other band. The minimum and maximum E/B ratios for lasing change with uniaxial stress because of the change in effective mass and bound excited state energy. These limits have been calculated for the case of 300 bar [100] stress, and match very well with the observed data. This adds further credence to the proposed mechanism for population inversion in this material. In contrast to Be and Ga-doped lasers, copper-doped lasers under uniaxial stress show an increase in the range of E and B where lasing is seen. To understand this change the theoretical limits for population inversion based on both the optical phonon mechanism and the neutral acceptor mechanism have been calculated. The data are described by population inversion via optical phonons at zero pressure. However, both mechanisms most likely occur when the slightly higher, non-uniform pressures of 300 bar are applied, leading to an increase in population inversion and lasing. Upon further increasing the pressure to 600 bar, the limits for population inversion decrease and a decrease in the lasing is seen.
[Evaluation of metastatic liver and adrenal involvement in the pre-therapeutic staging of non-small cell bronchial cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The evaluation of infra-diaphragmatic extension to the liver and the adrenal of non oat-cells bronchogenic carcinoma, is indicated to select the patients which may be operated. Thin slices (5 mm) on the adrenals have to be performed on the initial thoracic computed tomography, as ultrasonography (US) and MRI are less accurate. The exploration of the liver by US used as first imaging modality, may induce some false negative results, with useless surgery, and may be replaced by a CT of adrenal and liver. MRI doesn't seem actually without adapted contrast agents, significatively more efficient than CT, to detect metastases of the liver or adrenals.
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS WITH HEPATITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PHYSICIANS as an acute benign infectious disease of unknown causation with protean manifestations. Classically, it was recognized as primarily affecting the nasopharynx, accompanied with lymph node enlargement, splenomegaly, the appearance of large atypical bizarre lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the development of heterophil agglutinations for sheep red cells as exemplified in the Paul-Bunnell test. The course is usually mild, the prognosis excellent and treatment symptomatic. However, reports of the occurrence of cutaneous eruptions, purpura and other hemorrhagic manifestations, pneumonitis, myocardial involvement, nephritis, meningeal irritation and a "visceral" or typhoidal type of infection withoutany peripheral local manifestations have testified to the fact that infectious mononucleosis is really a generalized infection.1 In view of these various manifestations of the disease Tidy2distinguished three main types, dependent on the pertinent clinical features: 1. The glandular form occurs predominantly in children and is manifested after a short prodromal period by the
Prodromus florae Norfolkicae, sive, Catalogus stirpium quae in Insula Norfolk annis 1804 et 1805 a Ferdinando Bauer collectae et depictae nunc in Museo Caesareo Palatino Rerum Naturalium Vindobonae servantur

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

4. EVERMA MKLAXANTHA , thallo erccto ramosissimo rubro-croceo scabro-fibrilloso , raraulis ultimis apice nigris , scutellis orbicu
An instrument for the accurate measurement of low optical densities

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An instrument for the measurement of photographic densities in the range 0 to 0.3 with reproducibility of 0.0001 is described, a greater range being obtainable at the expense of sensitivity. A balanced optical system is employed, modulation of the measuring beam being performed by polarizers. Barrier layer photocells and a galvanometer are used for balance indication.
Microscopic observation and mechanism discussion for the changes of mouse skin after interacted by intense pulse light

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The technologies based on Differential Interference Contrast microscopy (DIC), Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM), Two Photon Emission Laser Scanning Microscopy (TPELSM) and Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT) were used to study the changes of mouse skin after irradiated by Intense Pulse Light (IPL). The experimental results were compared and analyzed by different microscopic observation tools. The relations of the epithelial or dermal interaction with IPL in different energy density were given, and the morphologic changes of mouse skin were observed before and after days irradiated respectively. The function of dermal collagen during the renovating of the tissue and the key factors were presented.
Wireless Sensor Networks: From Data to Context to Energy Saving

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Wireless sensor networks are an important component of the broad framework of ubiquitous computing and are increasingly deployed in a wide range of applications and scenarios. There are many challenging issues that pertain to sensor data management, typically in the areas of analysing this data and communicating this data. In this paper, we present a novel use of sensor readings/data in wireless sensor networks. We propose and develop a model that controls the operation of the sensor nodes themselves using the data from sensors. This 'context-awareness' of the sensor nodes enables considerable energy savings in sensor networks. We present experimental validation of our model using the tiny OS sensor toolkit.
Using a Dental Student Exercise on Shear Bond Testing to Both Provide Skills Practice and Demonstrate a Research Process

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article describes an exercise with junior dental students at the University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry designed in part to serve the requirement for dental accreditation Standard 6‐3 (“Dental education programs must provide opportunities, encourage, and support student participation in research and other scholarly activities mentored by faculty”). The exercise has been conducted for seven years and has been found to provide a distinctive and important experience to the education of these dental students. The exercise has three aims. First, it is an exercise in which students practice their skills with dental bonding; second, it serves as a tool to give immediate feedback on these skills that is otherwise not possible in a real patient situation; and third, it demonstrates to the students how data from the exercise with the students as subjects can be used in a research study. The project thus serves as an innovative way to use a skill‐building exercise to educate students about research at the same time.
A –Domain Based Low-Cost Rate-Control Algorithm for the H.264 Video Coder

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract — One of the target applications of the H.264/MPEG AVC codec is the transmission of video sequences whenever bandwidth and storage capacity are limited (e.g. video telephony or video conferencing over mobile channels and devices). To comply with this requirements, it is necessary to tune the encoder parameters taking into account the buffer level, channel variations, and the resulting visual quality. This paper describes an accurate rate control algorithm that requires less memory and is less computationally complex than other rate control algorithms. In the proposed approach, the number of coded bits in each frame is accurately predicted from the percentage of null quantized coefficients (called \n). Such a quantity can be directly computed from the energy of the quantized signal ( ). Therefore, the coefficient statistics does not need to be stored, and the image parametrization can be performed with reduced hardware requirements. The performance of the proposed solution outperforms the JVT algorithm we used as a comparison in terms of objective and subjective visual quality.
The Alliance for Progress and housing policy in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires in the 1960s

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This article explores the construction of publicly financed low-income housing complexes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the 1960s. These housing developments were possible thanks to the arrival of foreign economic and technical assistance from the Alliance for Progress. Urban scholars, politicians, diplomats and urbanists of the Americas sought to promote middle-class habits, mass consumption and moderate political behaviour, especially among the poor, by expanding access to homeownership and ‘decent’ living conditions for a burgeoning urban population. As a result, the history of low-income housing should be understood within broader transnational discourses and practices about the ‘modernization’ and ‘development’ of the urban poor.
Abstract art grandmasters score like class D amateurs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Hawley-Dolan and Winner had asked the art students to compare paintings by abstract artists with paintings made by a child or by an animal. In 67% of the cases, art students said that the painting by a renowned artist is better. I compare this with the winning probability of the chessplayers of different ratings. I conclude that the great artists score on the level of class D amateurs.
Knowledge and Practice of Small Family Norm among Married Women in an Urban Area of Tamil Nadu

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction: India is the second most populous country in the world having a rapidly growing population. To strike a balance between population growth and resource usage, strategies like family planning came into force. People may have different levels of awareness and acceptance of methods of family planning. Research must identify best practices in the program implementation and the awareness levels among the population to propagate it further. Aim: To study the knowledge and practice of adopting small family norms among married women in the urban field practice area of a Medical College (Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the urban field practice area attached to a medical college in Kancheepuram district. Using simple random sampling method, 300 married women of reproductive age was identified. The data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire containing five questions for assessing the knowledge and nine on practice. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 17.0. Results: It was observed that, of 300 married women, almost 78% of the women uses contraceptive. Nearly 72% of the mothers said they were aware about the idea of small family norm and about 70% of them informed that they know how small family norm is practiced. Nearly 68% of the mothers said small family norm means a family with 2 or less children. Conclusion: Awareness about small family norm should be enhanced through various strategies under the family welfare programs. More people should be encouraged to embrace family welfare measures in order to control the population.
Deep traps in n-type GaN epilayers grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we present the results of investigations on Schottky Au-GaN diodes by means of conventional DLTS and Laplace DLTS methods within the temperature range of 77 K–350 K. Undoped GaN layers were grown using the plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy technique on commercial GaN/sapphire templates. The quality of the epilayers was studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS) which proved the hexagonal phase and good crystallinity of GaN epilayers as well as a slight strain. The photoluminescence spectrum confirmed a high crystal quality by intense excitonic emission but it also exhibited a blue emission band of low intensity. DLTS signal spectra revealed the presence of four majority traps: two high-temperature and two low-temperature peaks. Using the Laplace DLTS method and Arrhenius plots, the apparent activation energy and capture cross sections were obtained. For two high-temperature majority traps, they were equal to E1 = 0.65 eV, σ1 = 8.2 × 10−16 cm2 and E2 = 0.58 eV, σ2 = 2.6 × 10−15 cm2 whereas for the two low-temperature majority traps they were equal to E3 = 0.18 eV, σ3 = 9.7 × 10−18 cm2 and E4 = 0.13 eV, σ4 = 9.2 × 10−18 cm2. The possible origin of the traps is discussed and the results are compared with data reported elsewhere.
Reading, Hearing, and Seeing Poetry Performed

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The study investigated the differences between reading a poem, listening to a poem, and watching a live poetic performance. Stimulus materials included three poems with positive and three with negative themes written by Michelle Hilscher. The 32 participants, including an equal number of males and females in psychology and literature, completed a General Poetry Questionnaire (GPQ) to indicate their experiences and impressions of poetry coming into the study. Following the presentation of each poem, participants answered 14 5-point scale questions in a Poetry Reception Questionnaire (PRQ) which captured cognitive and emotional nuances of poetry reception, and one open-ended question where the participants wrote freely about the poem's meaning. A factor analysis of the GPQ distinguished primarily between participants' responsiveness to the stylistic features and subject matter of poetry. A factor analysis of the PRQ identified global absorption, interpretive engagement, and narrative representation as the primary activities involved in responses to the six poems. A factor analysis of qualitatively derived meaning categories (MC) contrasted an elaboration of style and metaphor as opposed to subject matter and story line. Analyses of variance showed that respondents preferred to read poetry as compared to hearing, or seeing it performed live. By reading poetry themselves, participants were able to explore and interpret the literary devices in poetry in an independent and creative manner, whereas participants who experienced a live performance seemed constrained in their ability to be actively involved in their experience of poetry and therefore found the poetry less engaging.
×R-BIALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED WITH ITERATIVE q-DIFFERENCE RINGS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Realizing the possibility suggested by Hardouin [Iterative q-difference Galois theory, J. Reine Angew. Math.644 (2010) 101–144], we show that her own Picard–Vessiot (PV) theory for iterative q-difference rings is covered by the (consequently, more general) framework, settled by Amano and Masuoka [Picard–Vessiot extensions of artinian simple module algebras, J. Algebra285 (2005) 743–767], of artinian simple module algebras over a cocommutative pointed Hopf algebra. An essential point is to represent iterative q-difference modules over an iterative q-difference ring R, by modules over a certain cocommutative × R -bialgebra. Recall that the notion of × R -bialgebras was defined by Sweedler [Groups of simple algebras, Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci.44 (1974) 79–189], as a generalization of bialgebras.
Hydrate Formation on Perovskite Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This is an image of hydrate formation on a methylammonium lead halide perovskite film, a material used for low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaics. This kind of perovskite is very sensitive to moisture, especially when the films are unconverted, and this image shows a \nparticularly beautiful example of what happens if the film is left in too humid an environment.
The IFNγ-PKR Pathway in the Prefrontal Cortex Reactions to Chronic Excessive Alcohol Use

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The activation of the IFNγ-PKR pathway in PFC of humans is associated with chronic excessive ethanol use with an age of onset dependent manner, and activation of this pathway may play a pivotal role in AUD-related brain tissue injury. This study provides insight into neurodegenerative key factors related to AUD and identifies potential targets for the treatment of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity.
RUNNING TITLE: Metabolic syndrome and prostate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

No previous study has evaluated systematically the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prostate-related symptoms and signs in young infertile men. We studied 171 (36.5±8.3 years old) males of infertile couples. MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Third Adult Treatment Panel. All men underwent hormonal (including total testosterone [TT] and insulin), seminal (including interleukin 8, seminal plasma interleukin 8 (sIL-8)) scrotal and transrectal ultrasound evaluations. Because we have previously assessed correlations between MetS and scrotal parameters in a larger cohort of infertile men, here, we focused on transrectal features. Prostate-related symptoms were assessed using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Twenty-two subjects fulfilled MetS criteria. In an age-adjusted logistic ordinal model, insulin levels increased as a function of MetS components (Wald=29.5, P<0.0001) and showed an inverse correlation with TT (adjusted r=-0.359, P<0.0001). No association between MetS and NIH-CPSI or IPSS scores was observed. In an age-, TT-, insulin-adjusted logistic ordinal model, an increase in number of MetS components correlated negatively with normal sperm morphology (Wald=5.59, P<0.02) and positively with sIL-8 levels (Wald=4.32, P<0.05), which is a marker of prostate inflammation, with prostate total and transitional zone volume assessed using ultrasound (Wald=17.6 and 12.5, both