jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of the ADGF Multigene Family by Homologous Recombination and Gene Conversion in Drosophila

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many Drosophila genes exist as members of multigene families and within each family the members can be functionally redundant, making it difficult to identify them by classical mutagenesis techniques based on phenotypic screening. We have addressed this problem in a genetic analysis of a novel family of six adenosine deaminase-related growth factors (ADGFs). We used ends-in targeting to introduce mutations into five of the six ADGF genes, taking advantage of the fact that five of the family members are encoded by a three-gene cluster and a two-gene cluster. We used two targeting constructs to introduce loss-of-function mutations into all five genes, as well as to isolate different combinations of multiple mutations, independent of phenotypic consequences. The results show that (1) it is possible to use endsin targeting to disrupt gene clusters; (2) gene conversion, which is usually considered a complication in gene targeting, can be used to help recover different mutant combinations in a single screening procedure; (3) the reduction of duplication to a single copy by induction of a double-strand break is better explained by the single-strand annealing mechanism than by simple crossing over between repeats; and (4) loss of function of the most abundantly expressed family member (ADGF-A) leads to disintegration of the fat body and the development of melanotic tumors in mutant larvae.
Liquid biopsy for early tumor relapse detection : Development of hypersensitive genomic sequencing methodologies for the detection of ultra-rare genetic variants in the blood plasma of pediatric cancer patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The profiling of circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood plasma, often known as liquid biopsy, has recently been of great interest in cancer research. This minimally-invasive strategy relies on the fact that ctDNA represents, at least partially, the real-time state of the tumor genome and holds great potential for early cancer detection and patient care. However, the fraction of ctDNA in total cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is often very low and requires ultra-sensitive and specific methods for its detection. This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of ultra-sensitive Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods that enable the identification of rare variants in plasma in a specific way. In summary, this work presents a comprehensive and cost-effective strategy for monitoring tumor mutations in the plasma of pediatric patients in a personalized manner. Our strategy aims to provide a tool to anticipate the detection and treatment of tumor relapses.
Review of: "Estimating the Fish Stocks of Six Commercial Species in the Middle Madeira River, Southwest Amazon"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Potential competing interests: No potential competing interests to declare.The study discusses the stock assessment of six commercial species in the Madeira River, Southwest Amazon.The topic could be interesting, but the way the authors present their experiment is not sufficient.Although seasonal data in stock assessment gives us a clear picture of stock and is also crucial for fisheries management, I suggested that the authors could make some improvements in their MS by adding recent citations, study background, sampling method, fishing method, fishing gear, environmental characteristics, and seasonal differences (noted during sampling).However, in the discussion section, authors should address their work with the past, present, and future fish stock.
Effect of dietary selenium sources on selenium and glutathione peroxidase concentrations and immune function in beef cattle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In dairy cows, several studies have mentioned that selenium (Se) improves immune function mainly through antioxidant enzymes that likely protect immune cells from oxygen-derived radicals. However, in beef cattle few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of Se on the immune system. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of source (organic or inorganic) Se supplementation on Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentrations in beef cows and their calves and on immune variables of the calves.
Yawning: role of hypothalamic paraventricular nitric oxide.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Yawning is a phylogenetically old, stereotyped event that occurs alone or associated with stretching and/or penile erection in humans, in animals from reptiles to birds and mammals, under different conditions. Several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are involved in its control at the central level. One of these at the level of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVHN) is nitric oxide (NO). First, NO synthase inhibitors injected into this hypothalamic nucleus prevent yawning induced by dopamine agonists, oxytocin or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), which induce yawning by activating PVHN oxytocinergic neurons projecting to extra-hypothalamic brain areas. The inhibitory effect of NO synthase inhibitors was not observed when these compounds were given concomitantly with L-arginine, the precursor of NO. Second, dopamine agonists, NMDA and oxytocin given at doses that induce yawning, increase NO production in the PVHN, as determined by in vivo microdialysis. Conversely, the opiate morphine, which prevents yawning induced by dopamine agonists, oxytocin and NMDA, also prevents the increase in the paraventricular NO production induced by these compounds. Third, NO donors, such as nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside and hydroxylamine, induce yawning when injected into the PVHN apparently by activating oxytocinergic transmission. Since guanylate cyclase inhibitors and NO scavengers (hemoglobin) injected into the PVHN do not prevent drug-induced yawning, nor 8-Br-cGMP injected into the PVHN induces this behavioral response, it is likely that NO acts as an intracellular rather than an intercellular modulator inside the PVHN oxytocinergic neurons in which NO is formed to facilitate the expression of this phylogenetically old event by guanylate cyclase-independent mechanisms.
[Synthesis of oligoribonucleotides with the use of RNA polymerases of E. coli and immobilized synthetic DNA-templates].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A new approach to synthesis of oligoribonucleotides is suggested, based on transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase of synthetic immobilized DNA-templates with AUG as primer. The approach has been experimentally verified by synthesis of two oligonucleotides, viz., a RNA fragment of the fr phage (16 nucleotides long) and a RNA fragment of the tickborne encephalitis virus (18 nucleotides long). Fraction of the synthesized RNA fragments in the whole nucleotide material is about 20%. The templates can be used repeatedly. Sequences of the oligoribonucleotides were confirmed. Advantages of this approach and its usefulness for SP6 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase are discussed.
Capital, power and business associations in the African political economy: a tale of two countries, Ghana and Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this era of neo-liberal capitalist economics in Africa, has organised private capital in the form of business associations (BAs) become more active in public life or developed influence in public policy formation or implementation? This analysis examines the impact of five key factors to explain varying activity levels and influence of BAs in Ghana and Nigeria since independence: levels of capitalist development and hence size of the capitalist class; strength and autonomy of the capitalist class; strength of capitalist ideology; democratic vs . authoritarian rule; and impact of external hegemonic powers and ideologies. The paper finds that Nigeria's BAs are more highly developed, have had higher activity levels, and had more influence, however limited, than Ghana's. Externally generated economic liberalisation has stimulated higher levels of BA activity, but not necessarily the political space for BA autonomy. Political democratisation appears to increase political space, BA access to the state, and policy influence.
A Schwarz Alternating Procedure for Singular Perturbation Problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The authors show that the Schwarz alternating procedure offers a good algorithm for the numerical solution of singular perturbation problems, provided the domain decomposition is properly designed to resolve the boundary and transition layers. They give sharp estimates for the optimal position of the domain boundaries and present convergence rates of the algorithm for various second-order singular perturbation problems. The splitting of the operator is domain-dependent, and the iterative solution of each subproblem is based on a modified asymptotic expansion of the operator. They show that this asymptotic-induced method leads to a family of efficient massively parallel algorithms and report on implementation results for a turning-point problem and a combustion problem.
[Pituitary tumors: hormonal status and immunohistochemical evaluation].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Positive immunohistochemical staining often do not correlate with elevated basal serum pituitary hormone levels, which may be related to either impaired synthesis or excretion of the hormones by tumour cells. Increased serum levels of ACTH, TSH or GH are usually connected with positive immunohistochemical staining results. Hyperprolacinaemia in cases of PRL-negative assays arises from PRL secretion defects caused by the tumour presence itself.
Surface Discharges: Possible Applications for Plasma-Assisted Ignition and Electric Field Measurements

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Perspectives of study of plasma assisted ignition for low initial gas temperatures (about 1000 K) and high initial gas pressures (units and tens of bars) using rapid compression machine technique are discussed. Review of rapid compression machines available at present in the laboratories and is presented. Technique of electric fleld measurements using emission spectroscopy of molecular nitrogen is discussed for O2:N2 mixtures of arbitrary composition. Data on electric fleld measurements in 50 Hz dielectric barrier discharge and in 3 Hz nanosecond pulsed discharge are presented and discussed. The idea of the experiments to study a fast gas heating due to the action of discharge at high overvoltages, is suggested. The results of the preliminary experiments and numerical modelling are discussed.
Withdrawal of Medical Research Council funding for intercalated BSc students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

1all funding for medical and dental students doing an intercalated BSc degree next year. This abrupt decision will probably be made permanent if the MRC’s funding is not increased. The consequences of this policy seem likely to be extremely serious for medical research and healthcare provision. Medical education is undergoing a revolution on the basis of the notion that evidence-based medicine will drive future decision making by doctors during their professional careers. 2 The abolition of funding allowing the most able medical and dental students to be exposed to experimental research, rather than merely being taught the facts that result from it, runs counter to this notion. Acquaintance with research methodology is highly valuable, both in allowing the doctors and dentists of the future to assess the therapeutic claims of the pharmaceutical industry and of other health professionals, and in providing a basis for some doctors and dentists to do their own research. Indeed, Evered and colleagues 3 show that this group of students plays a disproportionately important part in the scientific development of medicine in this country, having their research cited twice as often as doctors who have reached similar professorial or reader positions without doing a BSc. They concluded that “the intercalated BSc is of real importance in developing a cadre of trained research workers for the future”, and that “a substantial reduction in the number of undergraduates having the opportunity to intercalate [a BSc] would certainly have an impact on the number of highly trained clinical researchers”. It is hard to reconcile the policy of the MRC with this view. We urge the MRC to reconsider its decision on funding intercalated BSc students, and urge the UK Government to provide the funds necessary to support this vital component of medical research training.
Predicting skin penetration of actives from complex cosmetic formulations: an evaluation of inter formulation and inter active effects during formulation optimization for transdermal delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Synopsis Twenty products, containing a radiolabelled form of each active in typical cosmetic formulations, were made and applied to female human epidermal membranes mounted in F ranz diffusion cells for 48 h under ‘in use’ conditions. The products consisted of combinations of five formulations (a hydro‐alcoholic gel, an oil in water emulsion, a water in oil emulsion, a microemulsion and an oil) with four model drug actives (testosterone, hydrocortisone, 5‐fluorouracil and ketoconazole). Steady‐state flux appeared to be reached by 8 h and maintained for all products, other than for the microemulsions, consistent with the actives being present in the residual formulation on the skin at saturation. The recovery for each active at the end of the 48‐h study (from a series of stratum corneum tape strips, the remaining skin, cumulative amount penetrating into the receptor solution, product washed from the skin and on the donor chamber cap) ranged from 86.5% to 100.6%. The rank order of the fluxes for the actives from the hydro‐alcoholic gel is consistent with the known active molecular size and polarity determinants for maximum epidermal flux. Actives with similar steady‐state (maximum) fluxes from a range of formulations had retention in the stratum corneum and similar transport rate constants through the stratum corneum. The microemulsion formulation significantly enhanced both the stratum corneum steady‐state flux and transport rate constant for 5‐fluorouracil, hydrocortisone and testosterone. The penetration flux of each active could be related to its size and polarity and appeared maximal when the actives in the different cosmetic formulations applied to the skin under ‘in use’ conditions were likely to remain in the residual product on the skin as a saturated solution after solvent evaporation. Enhanced penetration fluxes can be achieved by formulation selection and an appropriate choice/mix of emollients/adjuvants. The principles described here provide a framework for understanding the delivery of cosmetic ingredients from various formulations.
Neighborhood Risks and Resources Correlated With Rates of Successful Reentry of Youth Returning From Detention Centers in Massachusetts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Youth delinquency is a major social problem in the United States with approximately 29% of youths aged 18 to 21 reoffending within the first year of release in Massachusetts. Given the amount of state resources used for youth corrections, the factors that encourage the youth to reoffend become important to understand. The purpose of this quantitative, cross-sectional correlational study was to examine whether community and environmental risks and resources are related with successful reentry of youth returning from detention centers in Massachusetts. Using the collective efficacy and routine activities theory to explain the motivations to reoffend, the study sought to answer whether the level of neighborhood risks, availability of jobs, availability of schooling, and availability of prosocial activities have an effect on recidivism rates. Publicly available data consisting of 347 youth returning from Massachusetts detention centers in 2008 were analyzed using logistic regression. The results showed that available neighborhood resources such as schooling and prosocial activities were statistically related with the rates of reoffending among youth reentering the community following incarceration. These results have important policy-making, education, and legal implications in reducing the reoffending rate of juveniles who have been released from incarceration. Educators, detention center personnel, and the community can benefit by collaborating to provide youth offenders with a special learning community that focuses on educating youth during and after release, thereby increasing the chances of successful reentry.
Students’ learning behaviours and their perception about quality of learning experience: the mediating role of psychological safety

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Experiential learning is considered important to develop managerial skills. Several archetypes are developed to facilitate learning, and various outcomes of experiential learning have been studied by organizational scholars. In an effort to contribute to the literature about learning, this research pursues (1) to examine the effect of students' learning behaviours on their perception about the quality of learning experience in business education, (2) to examine the mediating role of psychological safety between learning behaviours and students' perception about quality of their learning experience. Based on Kolb's experiential-learning theory and Mezirow's transformational learning theory this research used a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 208 students studying in the final semester of their master degree program. Initially, the use of confirmatory factor analysis helped in assessing the validity of the scales in this research context. Later on, hypothesized relationships were tested through structural equation modelling (SEM). Results revealed significant positive impact of critical reflection, student-to-student interactions, and instructor-to-student interactions on students' perceptions about the quality of learning experience. Moreover, psychological safety was found to mediate the relationship between learning behaviours and students' perceptions about quality of learning experience. Practical implications for management educators have also been discussed in this paper.
In Situ SAXS Measurement and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Magnetic Alignment of Hexagonal LLC Nanostructures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The alignment of nanostructures in materials such as lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) templated materials has the potential to significantly improve their performances. However, accurately characterising and quantifying the alignment of such fine structures remains very challenging. In situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular dynamics were employed for the first time to understand the hexagonal LLC alignment process with magnetic nanoparticles under a magnetic field. The enhanced alignment has been illustrated from the distribution of azimuthal intensity in the samples exposed to magnetic field. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the relationship between the imposed force of the magnetic nanoparticles under magnetic field and the force transferred to the LLC cylinders which leads to the LLC alignment. The combinational study with experimental measurement and computational simulation will enable the development and control of nanostructures in novel materials for various applications.
Introduction: Security from the Margins

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Starting from the ambivalence and contradiction of social categories at the margins, this introduction points out the potential of a perspective from and on the margins for a Critical Anthropology of Security. We conceptualize security from the margins as discourses and practices concerned with the social reproduction of marginalized actors, and security concepts and strategies used to negotiate, and establish notions of a “good life.” Security from the margins is characterized by the positionality, temporality, and (in)visibility of marginalized actors and security practices, which, taken seriously, illustrate the diversity of specific threats, practices, and concepts involved in increasingly complex (in)security situations. Marginalized security practices not only aim to minimize negative security risks but generate positive options that secure living conditions at the margins.
Vector competence of Culicoides for arboviruses: three major periods of research, their influence on current studies and future directions

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The spectacular and unprecedented outbreaks of bluetongue virus (BTV) that have occurred in Europe since 1998 have led to increased interest in those factors that determine competence of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for arboviruses. In this review the authors critically examine three major periods of research into the biological transmission by Culicoides of two economically important arboviruses ofthefamily Reoviridae: African horse sicknessvirus (AHSV) and BTV. First they examine early studies, largely conducted in southern Africa, that played a key role in initially implicating Culicoides as agents of AHSV and BTV transmission. Then they examine advances in understanding made following the establishment of colonies of the BTV vector species Culicoides sonorensis, which have largely shaped our current understanding of BTV and AHSV transmission. They then consider attempts in recent years to implicate vectors of BTV in the European Union during what has become the most economically damaging series of outbreaks in recorded history. In some cases the origin of these outbreaks was uncertain and unexpected, particularly in northern Europe, where BTV had not previously occurred. Limitations imposed on studies of vector competence by the biology of Culicoides are then discussed, along with advances in the technologies now available and the logistics of working upon agents requiring biosecure containment outside their endemic range. Finally, the authors suggest areas that have either been poorly addressed to date or entirely ignored and ways in which studies could be conducted to provide standardised data for comparison worldwide.
Enablers of Rural Women’s Adoption of Water Quality Monitoring Technologies for Ensuring Clean and Safe Drinking Water

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Community water quality monitoring is crucial for informed decision-making, timely identification of challenges, and prompt action. This paper thoroughly examines the potential benefits, limitations, and considerations associated with adopting low-cost water quality monitoring technologies in resource-constrained settings. These technologies, such as portable water testing kits, smartphone applications for capturing safe practices, and water quality sensors, offer affordable and accessible solutions for households. The research sheds light on the challenges faced by rural women serving as Water Ambassadors in their communities, as they strive to monitor and ensure access to clean water. Factors including access to information and education, technology adaptation and affordability, and community context and perspectives influence the effectiveness of water quality monitoring and advocacy efforts. The study provides valuable insights to develop innovative and affordable approaches using low-cost technologies to address water quality issues, enhance community engagement, and contribute to the overall well-being of vulnerable communities