jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bio-efficacy of weed management practices in rainfed potato

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted during 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Shillong to evaluate the bio-efficacy of weed management practices in rainfed potato under North-Eastern hill region of India. Maximum potato tubers yield (21.3 t/ha) was recorded under weed free treatment followed by metribuzin application 0.75 kg/ha as a pre-emergence (PE). Reduction in crop yield due to presence of weeds was 54.0 per cent. Maximum uptake of nutrients, viz. nitrogen (113.2 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.5 kg/ha) and potassium (89.4 kg/ha) were recorded by the potato under weed free fb application of metribuzin 0.75 kg/ha as a PE. The highest net returns (₹ 176100/ha) and B:C ratio (2.3) were recorded under the metribuzin application 0.75 kg/ha. Thus, application of metribuzin 0.75 kg/ha as PE was found more effective in potato under the rainfed ecosystem of North-Eastern hill region of India.
Symbolize map distortion with inscribed circles in polygons

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For the representation of geographic information, the distortion resulting from map projections and transformations is unwanted but unavoidable. Identical circles systematically arranged on the Earth's ellipsoid have been extensively used to symbolize the map distortion. Despite their effectiveness and popularity, these circles are not explicitly associated with any specific polygons in the map, thus possibly impairing their relevance if the map-readers are interested in particular regions. More importantly, for the map transformation specifically targeting polygons such as the area cartogram, placing the circles completely within the polygons becomes necessary because two neighboring polygons in an area cartogram could have distinctive distortion characteristics. This paper proposes new computer algorithms to enable a map-distortion symbolization approach based on inscribed circles entirely contained in polygons either on a projected 2D plane or on the Earth's ellipsoid. These inscribed circles in polygons (ICIP) are rendered as a series of maximum or equal-sized circles that are spatially exclusive, that is, without overlapping. Compared with the systematically arranged identical circles, the ICIP give cartographers certain flexibility and a new option for the map-distortion symbolization. Two area cartograms and three map projections are provided as examples to illustrate their usage and possible contribution in different mapping scenarios.
A review of the effects of disopyramide phosphate on left ventricular function and the peripheral circulation.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the absence of preexistent myocardial dysfunction, the risk of producing cardiac decompensation in patients being treated with any of the conventional antiarrhythmic agents is low. The availability of disopyramide for clinical use in 1977 produced optimism for an effective antiarrhythmic agent that was free of the well-known immediate and late toxicities of quinidine and procainamide. Unfortunately, shortly after its clinical introduction, reports appeared that raised concern about the negative inotropic actions of disopyramide and the possible role of this drug in precipitating heart failure. In clinical use, the frequency of adverse effects on ventricular function appeared to be out of proportion to disopyramide's greater negative inotropic activity and the contrasting (augmenting) effect on the peripheral vascular resistance compared to that of either quinidine or procainamide, suggesting that the other factors contributed to these observations. Review of the reported literature reveals that certain factors encourage such adverse reactions. These primarily include the routine use of oral and especially intravenous loading dosages of disopyramide in an effort to attain rapid onset of action, the failure to adequately reduce dosages of disopyramide in the setting of compromised renal function, and, most importantly, the use of standard (and even loading) dosages in patients with active heart failure, compromised left ventricular function, or a history of heart failure. The avoidance of loading dosages of disopyramide, adequate reductions of maintenance dosages in the setting of renal insufficiency, gradual dose titration for additional drug action, and omission of patients with decompensated heart failure or significant left ventricular dysfunction should significantly enhance safety in the use of disopyramide.
Characterisations of Kraft Pulp and Paper Properties from Acacia Auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth.- A Confocal Microscopy Analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was carried out to characterise the transverse dimensions of mechanically \ntreated (beaten) kraft Acacia auriculiformis pulp (AAP) and mixed tropical \nhardwood commercial pulp (MTHCP) fibres using the fast and non-destructive \nmethod of optical sectioning ability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Also \nincluded in the study are the determination of chemical constituents, fibre \nmorphologies using the image analyser and the optimum pulping conditions. \nLaboratory handsheets were produced using pulps beaten at varying beating degrees \nusing the PFI mill, and evaluated for their physical and mechanical properties. \nEstablished standards were followed throughout the study. \nResults from the chemical constituents and fibre morphology determinations for A. \nauriculiformis sample were within the comparable range of previous studies. \nOptimum kraft pulping conditions was achieved at 19% active alkali for A. \nauriculiformis wood chips with a 51.9% screened yield, 0.085% reject and Kappa \nnumber 19.1. Laboratory handsheets were produced from AAP and MTHCP fibres that were beaten using the PFI mill, at 3 beating degrees; 0, 5000 and 10000 \nrevolutions. Generally, the AAP fibres exhibited comparable, if not better, physical \nand mechanical properties than MTHCP. As beating progressed, pulp freeness \ndecreased with increasing drainage time. This has resulted the tensile strength, \nbursting strength, tearing resistance, and folding endurance to increase but an inverse \nfor bulk and air permeance.
Supplementary Methods, Tables 1 - 3; 5 - 6, Figures 1 - 10 from A DNA Methylation Prognostic Signature of Glioblastoma: Identification of NPTX2-PTEN-NF-κB Nexus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>PDF file - 5025K, Supplementary Figure SF1: ROC analysis and risk stratification in three groups ; Supplementary Figure SF2: Risk score distribution of TCGA and our patients' cohort and and heatmap of 9 genes in TCGA cohort ; Supplementary Figure SF3: Kaplan meier analysis and Risk score distribution of Bent et al data set ; Supplementary Figure SF4: NFkb network and EMSA of NFkB protein ; Supplementary Figure SF5: Heat map of differentially expressed genes in low and high risk of REMBRANDT and Phillips et al datasets ; Supplementary Figure SF6: Kaplan meier analysis and landscape analysis of REMBRANDT and Phillips et al datasets ; Supplementary Figure SF7: NPTX2 expression level and methylation level correlation ; Supplementary Figure SF8: NPTX2 inhibits NFkB activity ; Supplementary Figure SF9: NPTX2 inhibits NFkB nuclear translocation ; Supplementary Figure SF10: NPTX2 inhibits NFkB activity by activating p53 dependent PTEN pathway.Table ST1: Kaplan Meier overall survival analysisin our patient set and the TCGA data set. ; Table ST2: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of methylation risk score with 9-gene predictor and 10-miRNA prognostic signature ; Table ST3: Multivariate Cox regression analysis of methylation risk score and other Prognostic markers using Bent et al. data set ; Table ST4: Differentially expressed genes between low and high risk ; Table ST5: Significantly enriched networks obtained from Metacore network analysis ; ST6: List of NFkB target genes overexpressed only in high-risk but not in Low risk compared to normal.</p>
Heart rate variability and alternative medicine practises

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Heart rate variability means variation in the time between successive heart beats. Because heart beats can be measured with ECG devices, alse HRV can be calculated from these same ECG devices with modern computer calculation technology.The most common HRV method is to register heart beats about 5 minutes and store into computer memory the successive intervals between heart beat ”peaks”. If all the intervals are equally long, there is only one frequency in HRV caused by the basic rhytm. That is about one herz, if heart beats once in a second. When the intervals change in long run, also very low frequencies exist. If there are also rapid variations, then also high frquencies exist.Almost all scientists agree that HRV is related to overall state of central nervous system. Many studies have already been conducted, but no concensus yet. Everyone says ”more studies needed”.Russian space center physicists called traditional Eastern ayurveda and chinese masters to find the common roots of these seemingly different practises. They found a common theory which unites ayurveda and chinese methods and also many other alternative medicine practises into same basic origin. According to this common theory ”pretty much everything needed to know about a man holistically, can be measured from heart electrical signals using HRV methods. ”Russians found out, that the lowest HRV frequences correspond to ayurvedic vata dosha states of central nervous system and highest frequences correspond to kapha states. ”Ayurvedists have always known, that so called ”dosha states” vata, pitta and kapha
Detailed intermolecular structure of molecular liquids containing slightly distorted tetrahedral molecules with C3v symmetry: Chloroform, bromoform, and methyl-iodide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Analyses of the intermolecular structure of molecular liquids containing slightly distorted tetrahedral molecules of the CXY3-type are described. The process is composed of the determination of several different distance-dependent orientational correlation functions, including ones that are introduced here. As a result, a complete structure classification could be provided for CXY3 molecular liquids, namely for liquid chloroform, bromoform, and methyl-iodide. In the present work, the calculations have been conducted on particle configurations resulting from reverse Monte Carlo computer modeling: these particle arrangements have the advantage that they are fully consistent with structure factors from neutron and x-ray diffraction measurements. It has been established that as the separation between neighboring molecules increases, the dominant mutual orientations change from face-to-face to edge-to-edge, via the edge-to-face arrangements. Depending on the actual liquid, these geometrical elements (edges and faces of the distorted tetrahedra) were found to contain different atoms. From the set of liquids studied here, the structure of methyl-iodide was found to be easiest to describe on the basis of pure steric effects (molecular shape, size, and density) and the structure of liquid chloroform seems to be the furthest away from the corresponding “flexible fused hard spheres” like reference system.
GOOD FOOD PRINT – THE CONCEPT OF AN IT SYSTEM TRACKING THE LEVEL OF GOOD PRACTICES USED IN ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESS AND IN ITS SUPPLY CHAIN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the paper is to present and pre-test the method being a modification of the composite measure based on calculating the weighted average value of features corresponding to the degree of various good practices in organic farming. The value calculated by the proposed method is a postulated basis for the operation of an IT system which would enable consumers to follow the production, certification and supply chain processes related to organic food products. The system also allows the manufacturers to choose good sub-suppliers more easily and incline them to achieve perfection at every stage of production. In the paper, the function constituting the main element of the system’s algorithm was tested and modified, and the other postulated functions were described.
Beryllium Presentation to CD4+ T Cells Is Dependent on a Single Amino Acid Residue of the MHC Class II β-Chain

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is characterized by a CD4+ T cell alveolitis and granulomatous inflammation in the lung. Genetic susceptibility to this disease has been linked with HLA-DP alleles, particularly those possessing a glutamic acid at position 69 (Glu69) of the β-chain. However, 15% of CBD patients do not possess a Glu69-containing HLA-DP allele, suggesting that other MHC class II alleles may be involved in disease susceptibility. In CBD patients without a Glu69-containing HLA-DP allele, an increased frequency of HLA-DR13 alleles has been described, and these alleles possess a glutamic acid at position 71 of the β-chain (which corresponds to position 69 of HLA-DP). Thus, we hypothesized that beryllium presentation to CD4+ T cells was dependent on a glutamic acid residue at the identical position of both HLA-DP and -DR. The results show that HLA-DP Glu69- and HLA-DR Glu71-expressing molecules are capable of inducing beryllium-specific proliferation and IFN-γ expression by lung CD4+ T cells. Using fibroblasts expressing mutated HLA-DP2 and -DR13 molecules, beryllium recognition was dependent on the glutamic acid at position 69 of HLA-DP and 71 of HLA-DR, suggesting a critical role for this amino acid in beryllium presentation to Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, these results demonstrate that a single amino acid residue of the MHC class II β-chain dictates beryllium presentation and potentially, disease susceptibility.
LABORATORY STUDY RESULTS OF SOIL-CUTTING OPERATING ELEMENTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Studying the wear of soil-cutting working tools in the field conditions has certain difficulties associated with the impermanence of soil properties. The paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the power characteristics in the process of wearing of a soil-cutting wedge in an artificial abrasive soil medium. (Research purpose) To determine the nature of changes in cutting forces in vertical and horizontal planes depending on the conditions and a degree of wear of a soil-cutting wedge. (Materials and methods) For the experiment, use was made of quartz as an abrasive material, paraffin with additives of ceresin and petrolatum as binding components; cement was additionally introduced to change the granulometric composition of a soil model, and a cross-planer was used as a drive mechanism. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the horizontal component, or traction resistance, increases linearly with increasing the depth of cutting. An increase in the soil-cutting velocity also leads to an increase in the traction resistance of the wedge, and its magnitude increases in a power-law dependence on the velocity. It has been established that the cutting angle affects not only the variation of the wedge traction resistance, but also the shearing pattern, which changes as it increases and changes from shear shavings into shift shavings, which contributes to the traction force growth. It has been found that an increase in traction resistance is affected by an increase in the hardness of abrasive material and a decrease in the distribution density of solid particles in its volume. As the width of the back chamfer and the angle of its inclination to the furrow bottom increased, the traction characteristics both in the vertical and horizontal planes increased as well, the back chamfer width having the greatest influence on the vertical component. As the blade worn out depending on the friction path, the vertical component of frictional forces increased sharply, while the horizontal component increased insignificantly. (Conclusions) The results of the conducted studies have shown that the wedge depth mainly depends on the back chamfer width. The traction resistance of the wedge is greatly influenced by physical and mechanical properties of an abrasive medium, cutting conditions and a degree of the blade blunting.
[Electron microscopic study on giant cell tumor of bone, based upon the development of bone in human embryo (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many reports have been published about giant cell tumor of bone since its initial description in 1818 by Cooper. No theory on its histogenesis has nevertheless been unanimously admitted. The purpose of this paper is to make systemic investigation of differentiation process of osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast with spines of 23 human embryos mainly by means of electron microscopic observation and to compare the above results with constituent cells of giant cell tumor of bone, thus to clarify the histogenesis of the latter cells. Results. Enchondral ossification of a vertebral body takes place initially in the upper lumber spines at the beginning of the fourth embryonal month and gradually spreads cranial- and caudalwards. Almost simultaneously blood vessels accompanied by undifferentiated mesenchymal cells around them invade into the vertebral body toward ossification center. These mesenchymal cells differentiate finally into osteocytes passing through the stages of undifferentiated polygonal cell, preosteoblast, and osteoblast. Meanwhile osteoclasts appear approximately when primary marrow cavity is formed. Histogenesis of osteoclast is considered to be morphologically quite different from osteoblast, rather as being derived from macrophage or its precursor cell. The author classified stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone into three types, of which the type 3 is similar to a giant cell and the latter to an osteoclast. From this reason, giant cell tumor of bone does not appear to be derived from osteoblast or osteocyte, but from macrophage or its precursor cell.
Complete mitochondrial genome of the Themus foveicollis (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The genus Themus Motschulsky, 1858 is one of the largest genera of beetle family Cantharidae, however, no complete mitochondrial genome is available in the public database so far. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the first complete mitochondrial genome of Themus, with T. foveicollis as the representative species. The mitochondrial genome was 16,469 bp in size with 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes, as well as a non-coding region, which are arranged in the same way as the hypothetical ancestral insect. It exhibited a typical high A + T bias and a higher proportion of bases A and C than T and G (A: 41.1%, T: 37.5%, G: 8.6%, C: 12.9%). The phylogenetic trees of Elateroidea were reconstructed based on 13 PCGs sequences using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses to investigate its phylogenetic position. The results showed that Themus was consistently grouped with the remaining genera of Cantharidae and placed in a monophyletic clade of Cantharinae in high supporting values, which are congruent with the morphological classification. The newly sequenced mitochondrial genome in this study constitutes important reference data for reconstructing phylogeny of the family Cantharidae or the superfamily Elateroidea.
Zea mays L. subsp. mays L. CIMMYTMA 22514

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Zea mays L. subsp. mays L.
Common name(s): Maize
Other names: CAGUA 8425
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
Local sample unique identifier: CIMMYTMA 22514
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1999-09-09
Other identifiers: n/a,CAGUA 8425, n/a,CAGUA,8425, n/a,CIMMYTMA-BANK-020096, n/a,GID 259934, n/a,BLANCO CRISTALINO 3
Historical: No
Biological status: Advanced or improved cultivar
MLS status: Included
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–γ by a 12/15-lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid: a possible neuroprotective effect in the brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors investigated the involvement of 15( S )-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) in the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–γ (PPARγ) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its effects on hemorrhage-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in an experimental rodent model. METHODS To simulate ICH in a rat model, the authors injected autologous whole blood into the right striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The distribution and expression of 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescent double labeling was used to study the cellular localization of 12/15-LOX, and 15(S)-HETE was measured with a 15(S)-HETE enzyme immunoassay kit. Neurological deficits in the animals were assessed through behavioral testing, and apoptotic cell death was determined with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated biotinylated dUTP nick-end labeling. RESULTS Rats with ICH had increased expression of 12/15-LOX predominantly in neurons and also in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Moreover, ICH elevated production of 15(S)-HETE in the brain area ipsilateral to the blood injection. The PPARγ agonist, exogenous 15(S)-HETE, significantly increased PPARγ protein levels and increased PPARγ-regulated gene (i.e., catalase) expression in the ICH rats. Reduced expression of the gene for the proinflammatory protein nuclear factor κB coincided with decreased neuron damage and improved functional recovery from ICH. A PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, reversed the effects of exogenous 15(S)-HETE on the PPARγ-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS The induction of 15(S)-HETE during simulated ICH suggests generation of endogenous signals of neuroprotection. The effects of exogenous 15(S)-HETE on brain hemorrhage–induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress might be mediated via PPARγ.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive technique to induce electric currents in the brain. Although rTMS is being evaluated as a possible alternative to electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of refractory depression, little is known about the pattern of activation induced in the brain by rTMS. We have compared immediate early gene expression in rat brain after rTMS and electroconvulsive stimulation, a well-established animal model for electroconvulsive therapy. Our result shows that rTMS applied in conditions effective in animal models of depression induces different patterns of immediate-early gene expression than does electroconvulsive stimulation. In particular, rTMS evokes strong neural responses in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) and in other regions involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The response in PVT is independent of the orientation of the stimulation probe relative to the head. Part of this response is likely because of direct activation, as repetitive magnetic stimulation also activates PVT neurons in brain slices.