jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Current Situation of Tussah Industry Research in China——A Statistical Analysis on Tussah Industry Related Scientific Publications

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on 1 223 tussah industry related Chinese scientific and technological literatures published from 2001 to 2011,we analyzed the characters of scientific research on tussah industry in recent 10 years in terms of annual distribution,regional distribution,research area field distribution and author's affiliation types.In recent 10 years,the number of tussah industry related scientific publications especially the number of articles published in core journals was increased year by year,indicating that the scientific research on tussah industry has been in its active period and the research depth and scope has been strengthened.The center of Chinese tussah industry is gradually moving northward along with global climate change.And the tussah industry scientific researches have been conducted mainly by sericultural research institutes and universities in northern China.Research on comprehensive utilization of tussah silkworm resources is still the technical support to flourish tussah industry.Scientific research institutes are the major force on research and development of practical technology in tussah industry.But universities possess obvious advantage in basic studies on tussah industry and will bring new vigor to the development of tussah industry.
Theoretical investigation of superlattice-fringe images of ordered alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A computer simulation of lattice-fringe imaging of ordered Fe-Al and Cu-Au alloys has been carried out, using multiple-beam dynamical diffraction theory. This study corrects and extends results presented earlier for an Fe-Al alloy and provides additional results to those of Sinclair et al. for Cu 3 Au. Systematic-row calculations were carried out in which eight or nine beams were excited, depending on whether two or three beams, respectively, were allowed to contribute to the image. The computed parameters of the dynamical theory (Bloch wave amplitudes and vectors) were used to compute superlattice-fringe images, taking into account the effects of lens aberrations as described by Sinclair et al. (4). Four different diffraction geometries (imaging modes) were employed in the study, as indicated in Figure 1 (Only the beams allowed to contribute to the image are shown.).
Atmospheric Chemistry of Toxic Contaminants. 3. Unsaturated Aliphatics: Acrolein, Acrylonitrile, Maleic Anhydride

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Detailed mechanisms are outlined for the chemical reactions that contribute to In-situ formation and atmospheric removal of the unsaturated aliphatic contaminants acrolein, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride. In-situ formation of small amounts of acrolein and maleic anhydride may Involve the reaction of OH (and O3) with 1,3-dienes and the reaction of OH with aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. There is no known pathway for In-situ formation of acrylonitrile. Rapid removal of acrolein (half-life = less than one day) and of maleic anhydride (half-life = several hours) is expected from their rapid reactions with OH (major), O3, and NO3. These reactions lead to formaldehyde and glyoxal from acrolein and to dicarbonyls from maleic anhydride. Acrylonitrile is removed at a slower rate (half-life = 2–7 days) by reaction with OH, leading to formaldehyde and formyl cyanide.
Constrained EconomyIndeterminacy in a Two-Sector Finance Constrained Economy ¤

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We study a two-sector model with heterogeneous agents and borrowing constraint on labor income. We show that the relative capital intensity di¤erence across sectors is crucial for the conditions required to get indeterminacy and endogenous ‡uctuations. When the consumption sector is signi…cantly capital intensive, indeterminacy occurs with elasticities of capital/labor substitution which are in accordance with recent empirical estimates and with a large set of values for the elasticity of the o¤er curve. When the investment good is capital intensive, indeterminacy requires a quite low elasticity of substitution in the consumption good sector while this elasticity may remain close to unity for the investment good. In both cases, persistent endogenous cycles may also appear through ‡ip or Hopf bifurcations. JEL Classi…cation: C61; E32.
Differential frost damages in flowers and fruit and selection criteria for frost tolerance in almond

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Se ha estudiado el efecto de las heladas del mes de marzo de los anos 2003 y 2004 sobre un grupo de selecciones de almendro de distinta epoca de floracion, unas de floracion media y otras de floracion muy tardia. Aunque los danos por las heladas en el grupo de selecciones de floracion media fue mayor que en el de selecciones de floracion tardia, dentro de cada grupo de floracion hubo una gran variabilidad en los danos en flores o los pequenos frutos, lo que indica la existencia de diferencias significativas en la resistencia intrinseca de cada genotipo a las heladas. Igualmente se observaron diferencias en el nivel de danos entre los dos anos, a pesar de que la temperatura negativa alcanzada fue parecida, por lo que el ano, probablemente a causa del estado fisiologico general de la planta, tiene una importancia relevante en su respuesta a la helada. Las selecciones con una elevada densidad floral produjeron un mayor cuajado y por lo tanto un mayor nivel de cosecha, por lo que una elevada densidad floral puede compensar hasta cierto punto el dano por las heladas y muestra su importancia como criterio de seleccion en un programa de mejora genetica del almendro.
Sustained Visual Attention Performance-Associated Prefrontal Neuronal Activity: Evidence for Cholinergic Modulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cortical cholinergic inputs are hypothesized to mediate attentional functions. The present experiment was designed to determine the single unit activity of neurons within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats performing a sustained visual attention task. Demands on attentional performance were varied by the presentation of a visual distractor. The contribution of cholinergic afferents of the mPFC to performance-associated unit activity within this area was determined by recording neuronal activity before and after unilateral cholinergic deafferentation using intracortical infusion of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin. Presentation of the visual distractor resulted in a decrease in the detection of brief, unpredictable visual signals. As predicted, the unilateral loss of cholinergic inputs within the recording area of the mPFC did not affect sustained attentional performance. Cholinergic deafferentation, however, resulted in a decrease in the overall firing rate of medial prefrontal neurons and a substantial reduction in the proportion of neurons whose firing patterns correlated with specific aspects of behavioral performance. Furthermore, cholinergic deafferentation attenuated the frequency and amplitude of increased mPFC neuronal firing rates that were associated with the presentation of the visual distractor. The main findings from this experiment suggest that cholinergic inputs to the mPFC strongly influence spontaneous and behaviorally correlated single unit activity and mediate increases in neuronal activity associated with enhanced demands for attentional processing, all of which may be fundamental aspects in the maintenance of attentional performance.
Structural Basis for Dynamic Mechanism of Proton-Coupled Symport by the Peptide Transporter POT

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Membrane transporters transport their substrates across the membrane, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the cellular environments. One of the largest superfamily of the membrane transporters is Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS), and many of MFS transporters are involved in the cellular uptake of various compounds utilizing the proton motive force across the membrane. Although several crystal structures of MFS transporters have been reported so far, their active transport mechanism has still remained elusive. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter, POT, is a member of MFS, and is involved in the uptake of oligopeptides as well as peptide-like drugs. In this article, we explain the active transporter mechanism by POT based on our recent results of the structural and computational analyses.
Learning of a Discrimination by Satiated and Deprived Rats with Sucrose as Incentive

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Previous studies have shown that sucrose, when used as an incentive, provides motivation for the learning by rats of rather simple responses, such as, running to sucrose in a preference apparatus, a straight alley, a T-maze, and making a simple black-white discrimination.1 The present study used a more difficult discrimination, as judged by previous studies, involving high and low hurdles.2 In addition the design of this study makes possible a direct comparison of the rates of learning between food-motivated and sucrose-motivated rats, a contrast appearing in only one previous study,3 as well as throwing some light on the interaction of these motivations with each other and with food and sucrose rewards. Procedure. A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design was employed. Four groups were maintained on four different schedules, as follows: (1) Group FDSD was deprived of both food and sucrose; (2) Group FDSs was deprived of food but satiated on sucrose; (3) Group FsSD was satiated on food but deprived of sucrose; and (4) Group FsSs was satiated on both food and sucrose. Half the rats in each of these groups ran for food (F) as reward and half for sucrose (S), thus making eight groups. The groups will be referred to by the capital letters designating their treatment, thus group FDSD-F is deprived of food (FD), deprived of sucrose (SD), and received food as reward (F). An apparatus requiring the discrimination between goal-boxes having a highhurdle and a low-hurdle was employed.4 It consisted of a starting box opening into a choice-alley which led in turn to the entrances of two goal-boxes placed side by side. Guillotine-type doors at the starting box and at the entrances to the goal-boxes prevented retracing. Within the high-hurdle goal-box were four equidistant 1-in. high, plywood hurdles, and in the low-hurdle goal-box were four equidistant ?-in. high hurdles. Thus after making a choice the rat had to run over the hurdles to get the reward. Each box had a countersunk food-well at the far end sufficiently deep so that the reward could not be seen until the S was directly over it. The apparatus was painted a flat gray except for the goal-boxes and hurdles which were black. The Ss were 40 naive, male albino rats between 45 and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. Eight groups were formed, each of five rats matched
Development and Content Analysis Protocol for Evaluating Artificial Intelligence in Drug‐Related Information

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) has significant transformative potential across various sectors, particularly in health care. This study aims to develop a protocol for the content analysis of a method designed to assess AI applications in drug‐related information, specifically focusing on contraindications, adverse reactions, and drug interactions. By addressing existing challenges, this preliminary research seeks to enhance the safe and reliable integration of AI into healthcare practices. Methods A study protocol was developed for the creation of the method, followed by an initial content analysis conducted by an expert panel. The method was established in phases: (1) Analysis of drug‐related databases and form development; (2) AI configuration; (3) Expert panel review and initial validation. Results In Phase 1, the Micromedex, UpToDate, and Medscape databases were reviewed to establish terminology and classifications related to contraindications, adverse reactions, and drug interactions, resulting in the development of a questionnaire for the AI. Phase 2 involved configuring the Gemini AI tool to enhance response specificity. In Phase 3, AI responses to 30 questions were validated by an expert panel, yielding a 76.7% agreement rate for appropriateness, while 23.3% were deemed inappropriate, particularly concerning contraindicated drug interactions. Conclusion This preliminary study demonstrates the potential for using an AI‐powered tool to standardize drug‐related information retrieval, particularly for contraindications and adverse reactions. While AI responses were generally appropriate, improvements are needed in identifying contraindicated drug interactions. Further research with larger datasets and broader evaluations is required to enhance AI's reliability in healthcare settings.
Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Biocompatibility of Graphene Oxide-Reinforced Chitin Monofilament Absorbable Surgical Sutures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Chitin (CT) is a good material to prepare surgical sutures due to its conspicuous biological characteristics. However, the poor mechanical strength of pure CT sutures limits its application. In order to improve its strength, a composite monofilament absorbable suture was prepared in this study using graphene oxide and chitin (GO-CT) using a green method. FT-IR spectra showed that GO-CT contained the characteristic functional groups of GO and CT, indicating that a GO-CT suture was successfully obtained. With the addition of a small amount of GO (1.6wt% solution) in chitin, the breaking tensile strength, knot strength, and knot-pull strength of the GO-CT suture were significantly improved compared to the CT suture. The biocompatibility of the GO-CT suture in vitro was checked by tetrazolium-based colorimetric assays and no cytotoxicity to L929 cells was found. In vivo, the subcutaneous implantation of GO-CT sutures in the dorsal skin of rats found no abnormalities by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Furthermore, there were no significant changes in the gene expression of the inflammatory mediators, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-17A, interferon-γ, or IL-10; however, the expression of transforming growth factor β was significantly increased in the first week. In summary, GO-CT sutures may have potential as a suture material in the clinic.
Variation of CNS Infections According to the Host

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The clinical response to pathogens infecting the CNS is a result of the combined effects of environmental factors, including microbial variations and host-specific factors, mainly immunological or genetic. Although their number and definition are rapidly increasing with the development of molecular technologies, primary and congenital immunodeficiencies, particularly those underlying CNS infections, remain relatively rare and mainly relate to specific infections. Most immunodeficiencies underlying CNS infection are acquired. The number of affected patients is increasing because of the aging population, the growing numbers and longer survival of patients with debilitating diseases, and of those receiving immunosuppressive drugs for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and for organ transplantation. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic also accounts for a major cause of acquired immunodeficiency. This chapter describes the different types of immunodeficiency and related opportunistic infections (OIs) of the CNS and their variation according to patient age, particularly intrauterine infections and infections in neonates and children.
Did Bayle Read Saint-Evremond?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Of course Bayle read Saint-Evremond—he quotes him. Moreover, he published one of Saint-Evremond's texts. But there is reading, and then there is reading. There is selective, inattentive perusal of excerpts or even secondary sources, with no attempt to penetrate beyond a superficial understanding; and then there is comprehensive, close scrutiny of the best primary sources, with sensitivity to nuance, and attention to context. In short, there is a difference between skimming and studying. Did Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) skim or study the work of Saint-Evremond (ca.1614-1703)?
Modern approaches to the management of production flows of industrial enterprises under the conditions of corporate integration.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Значительная часть инженерных разработок, передовых технологий и оборудования, импортируемых к нам из-за рубежа, сформировали условия развития предприятий машиностроения, однако в связи с санкциями, в том числе экономического характера, в настоящее время и на неопределенную перспективу возникли серьезные проблемы дальнейшего развития отечественного машиностроения.С этой точки зрения актуальной задачей, поставленной Президентом РФ, является импортозамещение, в формате которого отечественным товаропроизводителям необходимо разработать механизм устойчивых хозяйственных связей.Соблюдение данного принципа предполагает гибкое реагирование всех производственных субъектов на тенденции развития рынка, оптимизацию затрат, а также повышение качества производимой продукции, усиление уровня конкурентных преимуществ отечественных производителей.Ключевыми параметрами, определяющими конкурентоспособность предприятий машиностроения, являются качество, продолжительность и своевременность изготовления продукции, а также ее стоимость.Одним из основных условий развития отечественного машиностроения является повышение технико-экономической эффективности производства и достижение целевых показателей стоимости и продолжительности производственного цикла, которые могут быть достигнуты путем комплексного (комбинированного) применения нескольких видов управляющих воздействий: технического и технологического перевооружения производства; увеличения объемов производства; сокращения накладных расходов за счет проведения организационных мероприятий; согласования производственных и межкорпоративных связей.Особый интерес в сложившихся условиях вызывает интеграция, которая дает возможность применения различных форм сотрудничества.Интеграционные тенденции предопределяют поиск согласования корпоративных интересов субъектов-партнеров по многим хозяйственным направлениям, проведение сбалансированной государственной политики и активных действий в области научно-технологического и социально-экономического развития.Большой вклад в исследование различных аспектов интегрированного управления внесли отечественные ученые -Гаджинский А
SLIPMAP: Fast and Robust Manifold Visualisation for Explainable AI

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We propose a new supervised manifold visualisation method, slipmap , that finds local explanations for complex black-box supervised learning methods and creates a two-dimensional embedding of the data items such that data items with similar local explanations are embedded nearby. This work extends and improves our earlier algorithm and addresses its shortcomings: poor scalability, inability to make predictions, and a tendency to find patterns in noise. We present our visualisation problem and provide an efficient GPU-optimised library to solve it. We experimentally verify that slipmap is fast and robust to noise, provides explanations that are on the level or better than the other local explanation methods, and are usable in practice.
Numerical approach for the fractional order cable model with theoretical analyses

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This study, considers the fractional order cable model (FCM) in the sense of Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives (R-LFD). We use a modified implicit finite difference approximation to solve the FCM numerically. The Fourier series approach is used to examine the proposed scheme's theoretical analysis, including stability and convergence. The scheme is shown to be unconditionally stable, and the approximate solution converges to the exact solution. To demonstrate the application and feasibility of the proposed approach, a numerical example is provided.
Anatomic classification of adult form of supraglottic obstruction – is larygeal anatomy a determinant factor of longevity?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many surgical divisions are involved in the Head&Neck area, but it is certainly the ENT/Head & Neck surgery specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of upper respiratory tract disorders. The otorhinolaryngologist, as "gatekeeper" of the upper aerodigestive tract, has a high responsibility for patients with respiratory and swallowing disorders. It has been a long time since anatomical studies of the neck organs have been an important object of scientific otorhinolaryngology. Since 2010, we have regularly reviewed the supraglottic obstruction (SGO), its pathophysiology and physiology. We have been able to show that SGO is an important determinant in the development of SBAS and its sequelae and can, in many cases, be treated surgically. Our research has produced a new classification of larynx forms in A (square height-to-width ratio), B (wider than high), C (higher than wide) and a pathophysiologically based classification of upper airway obstruction levels in levels 0 – 5, therein the supraglottic obstruction levels 1 – 3. Based on this classification, we could implement a previously neglected, surgical therapy for SGO, especially in CPAP intolerant patients. The observed side effects and complications were low, resulting in a number of over 900 successfully performed surgeries. For 4 years, we have specifically examined aged patients > 80 years without SBAS laryngologically and found a clear predominance of the type A larynx. However, these are first findings on a limited number of patients, which are awaiting confirmation by studies. For interested colleagues and scientists access to our data and video documentation will be granted
Evaluating Explainability in Machine Learning Predictions through Explainer-Agnostic Metrics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into various industries has introduced new challenges in governance and regulation, particularly regarding the understanding of complex AI systems. A critical demand from decision-makers is the ability to explain the results of machine learning models, which is essential for fostering trust and ensuring ethical AI practices. In this paper, we develop six distinct model-agnostic metrics designed to quantify the extent to which model predictions can be explained. These metrics measure different aspects of model explainability, ranging from local importance, global importance, and surrogate predictions, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of how models generate their outputs. Furthermore, by computing our metrics, we can rank models in terms of explainability criteria such as importance concentration and consistency, prediction fluctuation, and surrogate fidelity and stability, offering a valuable tool for selecting models based not only on accuracy but also on transparency. We demonstrate the practical utility of these metrics on classification and regression tasks, and integrate these metrics into an existing Python package for public use.
Counterfactuals and Inferences A New Form of the Three-Parameter Account of Counterfactuals

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 'Subjunctive Conditionals: Two Parameters vs. Three' Pavel Tichy articulates and defends a three-parameter account of counterfactuals. In the paper, he responds to a well known objection against the validity of various forms of inference, in particular strengthening of the antecedent, contraposition, and hypothetical syllogism. In this paper, I argue that his response to the objection is inadequate. I then propose an alternative form of the three-parameter account of counterfactuals that avoids the objection in question.