jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Opening the innovation incubation black box: A process perspective

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The past years have seen a rising number of initiatives to foster water-related innovations around the world. Many of such initiatives take the incubation approach to support individuals or entities with potential for developing marketable water innovations. Despite the growing research on incubation, the innovation processes of incubatees - which are generally intertwined with the incubation process itself - have arguably received the least attention of researchers. Using the process perspective to innovation, this paper sheds light on the issue of how incubated innovators manage their innovation processes and the extent to which these processes are influenced by the incubator support. Empirical evidence was collected from 12 water innovators supported by VIA Water, a Dutch programme on water innovation in Africa. The study finds that innovation activities of incubated water innovators during the period preceding the incubation process are in essence informal, hardly planned and with little focus. The incubator support enables innovators to innovate systematically, notably by maintaining linkages between the different phases of the innovation processes, and to build convincing innovation cases.
Validation of a liver cell model for studies on the effects of some micro-food components on antioxidant defense

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The development of m vitro models for toxicity testing of food components is dependent on the availability of standardized methods of cell isolation, preparation and culture. Many groups isolate and use rat hepatocytes for a variety of purposes but the methods used for isolation vary greatly Differences in isolation technique have been identified as a possible source of variation in the results obtained. This issue has led the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), following discussion with experts in the field of hepatocyte research, to recommend a standard hepatocyte isolation procedure. This project focused on the validation of a cell model consisting of short-term suspension cultures of rat hepatocytes isolated using the method recommended by ECVAM Characterisation of the hepatocytes with respect to structural and biochemical integrity and the retention of liver function was carried out via the assessment of dye uptake, cytosolic enzyme leakage, DNA, protein and ATP content, gluconeogenesis, cholesterogenesis and protein synthesis Hepatocytes were found to be structurally and biochemically intact and to retain liver function. The effects of four micro-food components, 7-ketocholesterol, cholestanetriol, Covi-ox and conjugated linoleic acid, on biochemical functionality and on the antioxidant defense system were then studied. The antioxidant defense system was studied through assessment of the extent of lipid peroxidation and the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase 7-Ketocholesterol and cholestanetriol increased the activity of some or all of the antioxidant enzymes measured but did not induce lipid peroxidation Coincubation of oxysterols with either Covi-ox or CLA decreased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes to levels close to or below control Lipid peroxidation in cells treated with CLA or Covi-ox alone or in combination with 7-ketocholesterol or cholestanetriol was not found to be significantly different to control. This study provides indirect evidence that none of the test substances, at the concentrations studied, exerted prooxidant effects such as to induce lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocytes.
Differential Geometry and Relativity: A Volume in Honour of André Lichnerowicz on his 60th Birthday

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

On the occasion of the sixtieth birthday of Andre Lichnerowicz a number of his friends, many of whom have been his students or co-workers, decided to celebrate this event by preparing a jubilee volume of contributed articles in the two main fields of research marked by Lichnerowicz's work, namely differential geometry and mathematical physics. This is the opening sentence of the preface to these 15 papers on differential geometry and eight papers on mathematical physics.
The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Article AbstractFrom our regular book review column. Growing evidence suggests that early recognition and treatment of the schizophrenic psychoses may be of critical importance in the reduction of subsequent morbidity. The present volume, edited by McGorry and Jackson, presents a comprehensive review of the psychosocial literature relevant to detection and treatment of the schizophrenias, together with a description of a rehabilitation program designed to reduce subsequent schizophrenic morbidity.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial.
47‐4: A Novel Demura Compensation Data Compression Algorithm based on JPEG‐LS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

JPEG‐LS is a lossless/near‐lossless image compression algorithm based on context modeling, which has the advantages of easy implementation, low resource consumption and high compression rate. It is widely used in the compression field of continuous‐tone still images. However, single image compression has significant latency and high hardware resource consumption issues, as the JPEG‐LS algorithm requires pixel by pixel prediction and real‐time context updates during the compression process, which is not conducive to algorithm IP implementation. Based on Demura compensation data compression requirements, this article has made changes to the pixel prediction method of the JPEG‐LS algorithm and delayed the update of the context to solve the compression latency and resource consumption issues. After algorithm optimization (NJPEGLS), the linebuffer resource occupation was reduced by 8/9, the clock frequency reached above 140 MHz, and the comprehensive compression rate loss was within 4.5%, meeting the demand for Demura compensation data compression/decompression. In this paper, we also conducted statistics and analysis on the distribution of values, and found that the distribution of values was very regular, and we propose an adaptive value scheme (KNJPEG‐LS) to further simplify the hardware circuit.
Systematic Literature Review on Data Carving in Digital Forensic

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Data carving is a very important topic in digital investigation and computer forensic. Researches are needed to focus on improving data carving techniques to enable digital investigators to retrieve important data and evidences from damaged or corrupted data resources. This paper is the result of a systematic literature review which answer three main questions in data carving filed. The Results fall into four main directions. First it shows the need of realistic data sets for tools testing. Secondly, it points to the need of object validation under fragmented data storage. Thirdly, investigating content based validation and its benefits in digital investigation field. Finally, it points to a new direction for using semantic validation to reduce false positive rates.
Clinical evaluation of iron deficiency.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

While the prevalence of iron deficiency has remained relatively constant, there has been continuing refinement in its laboratory recognition, especially with the recent introduction of serum ferritin and FEP measurements. It is helpful to classify iron deficiency into three stages. Storage iron depletion is identified by marrow examination or serum ferritin, iron deficient erythropoiesis by TS, FEP, or MCV, and iron deficiency anemia by hemoglobin concentration or therapeutic iron trial. Combinations of these measurements have been used in prevalence studies to obtain a quantitative measure of body iron stores. The optimal laboratory approach to diagnosing iron deficiency depends on the clinical setting. In the office or outpatient clinic, iron depletion is best recognized by the serum ferritin, although the TS, FEP, and MCV are helpful in gauging its severity. In hospitalized patients with overt anemia, the TS, FEP, and MCV are much less helpful because similar changes are seen in the anemia of chronic disease. Examination of marrow iron remains the method of choice, especially in patients with infection, chronic disease, malignancy, or liver disease, although in many clinical situations the same information can be obtained from a serum ferritin. Serial measurements of serum ferritin have been particularly useful in monitoring patients at high risk of iron deficiency such as those with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, or chronic renal failure.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency THE ABDUS SALAM INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS GAPS IN NONSYMMETRIC NUMERICAL SEMIGROUPS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

There exist two different types of gaps in the nonsymmetric numerical semigroups S(d1,...,dm) finitely generated by a minimal set of positive integers {d1,...,dm}. We give the generating functions for the corresponding sets of gaps. Detailed description of both gap types is given for the 1st nontrivial case m = 3.
Comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA) on the antifungal activity against phytophthora blight fungus of 3-phenylisoxazole and 3-phenyl-2,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-one derivatives

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

3D-QSAR between fungicidal activitives () against metalaxyl-sensitive (SPC: 95CC7105) or metalaxyl-resisitant (RPC: 95CC7303) isolate of phytophthora blight fungus (Phytophthora capsici), and a set of 3-phenylisoxazole (A) and 3-phenyl-2,5-dihydroisoxazole (B) derivatives as substrates were conducted using comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA). The antifungal activities of (A) were generally higher than those of (B). And it is assumed that the most stable conformation of the active substrate was approximately planar from conformational search. The CoMFA models proved a good predictive ability and suggested that the electronic field of substrates were higher than hydropohobic field and steric field requirements for recognition forces of the receptor site. And the factors were strongly correlated (cross-validated > & conventional >) with the fungicidal activitives. According to the CoMFA analyses, the selectivity factors for RPC suggested that the sterically bulky groups (C14 & C15) and electron withdrawing groups (C15 & C16) have to be introduced to the ortho, meta and para-position on the benzoyl moiety of substrates.
The Value of Diversity and Inclusiveness in Philosophy. An Overview

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In introducing the present issue, I clarify in which sense knowledge and philosophy can discriminate and marginalize some individuals. In the first part, I focus on the traditional exclusion of women from philosophy and explore some feminist projects of re-reading the philosophical canon. In my analysis, I pay particular attention to the gender gap in philosophy and the so-called “demographic problem” in academia. In the second part, I examine the best practices for remedying these forms of injustice and promoting diversity in philosophy.
The Morning Commute for Nonidentical Travelers

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In previous theories of the morning rush hour, travelers with different work starting times are assumed to attach certain values to queueing delay and schedule delay (deviations from their work starting times), the same values for all travelers. The goal was to establish and evaluate a stable assignment of trip starting times such that no individual traveler can find a more desirable time than the one assigned. This theory is extended here to situations in which different travelers may attach different values to these delays. For a certain class of cost models it is shown that there is still a stable assignment but it is dictated by only a certain fraction of travelers who are most willing to be early or late for work. Other travelers will choose to be at work on time. The queueing pattern is significantly different from that of the previous theories.
Estrogen Modulates Inflammatory Mediator Expression and Neutrophil Chemotaxis in Injured Arteries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— We have previously shown that estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2) inhibits neointima formation and migration of leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, into rat carotid arteries after acute endoluminal injury. This study tested the hypothesis that E2 inhibits expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and proinflammatory cytokines in rat carotid arteries in the early hours after balloon injury, thus attenuating the stimulus for leukocyte entry and negatively modulating the injury response. Methods and Results— Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were randomly assigned to treatment with E2 or vehicle (V) and subjected to balloon injury of the right carotid artery. After 2, 6, and 24 hours, rats were euthanized, and both carotid arteries were processed for real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (2 and 24 hours), ELISA (6 hours), or neutrophil chemotaxis assay (24 hours). Expression of mRNA for adhesion molecules (P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1), chemoattractants (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant [CINC]-2β and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1), and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1 and IL-6) was markedly increased (2 to 5000 times) in injured arteries of OVX+V rats at 2 hours and was reduced by 24 hours. E2 significantly attenuated expression of the proinflammatory mediators (by 60% to 80%) at 2 hours. ELISA confirmed injury-induced upregulation of neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage chemoattractants (CINC-2α, MCP-1) in OVX+V arteries and E2-induced inhibition of CINC-2α expression. E2 significantly (by 65%) inhibited neutrophil chemotactic activity of arterial homogenates. Conclusions— E2 attenuates the early vascular injury response, at least in part, by negatively modulating proinflammatory mediator expression and the resultant chemotactic activity of injured vessels for neutrophils.
Data from Quantification of endothelial cell–targeted anti–Bcl-2 therapy and its suppression of tumor growth and vascularization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins in the Bcl family are key regulators of programmed cell death. It is the interaction between these molecules that determines cellular response to apoptotic signals, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. In recent experiments designed to study tumor angiogenesis, Bcl-2 upregulation in endothelial cells was shown to be a critical mediator of vascular development. In this article, we develop a mathematical model that explicitly incorporates the response of endothelial cells to variations in proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins in the Bcl family, as well as the administration of specific antiangiogenic therapies targeted against Bcl-2. The model is validated by comparing its predictions to <i>in vitro</i> experimental data that reports microvessel density prior to and following the administration of 0.05 to 5.0 μmol/L of BL193, a promising small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2. Numerical simulations of <i>in vivo</i> treatment of tumors predict the existence of a threshold for the amount of therapy required for successful treatment and quantify how this threshold varies with the stage of tumor growth. Furthermore, the model shows how rapidly the least effective dosage of BL193 decreases if an even moderately better inhibitor of Bcl-2 is used and predicts that increasing cell wall permeability of endothelial cells to BL193 does not significantly affect this threshold. A critical challenge of experimental therapeutics for cancer is to decide which drugs are the best candidates for clinical trials. These results underscore the potential of mathematical modeling to guide the development of novel antiangiogenic therapies and to direct drug design. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(10):2926–36]</p></div>
[Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (Köhler's disease). A new case].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors report a new observation of Köhler's disease. Since Köhler's description in 1975, 40 observations have been noted. It concerns a particular entity characterized by a hyperostosis usually bilateral sternocosto clavicular able to associate other osseous lesions and cutaneous eruptions. Its etiology remains unknown.
[Synthesis of isothioureas derived from tetrahydroisoquinoline and NOS inhibitory activity].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Twenty-two isothiourea derivatives of [alkyl(or aryl) imino] (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinol-2-yl) methyl alkyl thioethers (I) and S-alkyl-1-phenyl-3-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinol-2-yl) methane] phenyl isothioureas (II) were synthesized from thioureas by S-alkylation with alkyl halides, and their structures were identified by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The preliminary biological test showed that the part of type I (1-9 and 1-13) had higher NOS inhibitory activity than that the control aminoguanidine (AG), but the type II had weak ability to inhibit NOS.
Open-close by Reconstruction on CNNUM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Open-close by reconstruction is one of the most important algorithms in mathematical morphology. It is used widely in image and video processing, but it requires the huge computational power, what is the bottleneck for application. So in this paper, cellular neural network (CNN) is used to solve the problem, new +1 template and "and" template are designed here. Along with the already developed templates and image preprocessing technique, the gray-scale open-close by reconstruction is realized. Experimental results based on CNN simulator are shown, proved that the speed on CNN is about 300 times faster than in traditional PC, the real time processing can be realized.
Health and Labour Income of Wage Earners and Self-Employed Workers in Cameroon

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between the health and the income from work of wage earners and self-employed workers in Cameroon. Health status is measured by a self-assessment of an individual's health; and income is measured by the monthly wage of the wage earners and monthly profits of the self-employed workers. This paper uses a simultaneous equation model to explore the relationship between health and income, allowing for the endogeneity of health, income, and selection into each employment status. The data used in this study is obtained from the 2007 Cameroon household consumption survey. Using OLS estimates, we find a positive and significant effect of health on labour incomes for self-employed workers. Using TSLS IV estimates, we find that health has a positive and significant effect on incomes for self-employed women, but not for men. We also undertake a reverse effect analysis from income to health, using the ordered probit estimation process. We find that, for men, the effect of income on health status is positive and significant for wage earners. For women, this effect is positive and significant for the self-employed.
Surface representations of the three KH domains in the PCBP proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Copyright information:Taken from "Crystal structure of the third KH domain of human poly(C)-binding protein-2 in complex with a C-rich strand of human telomeric DNA at 1.6 Å resolution"Nucleic Acids Research 2007;35(8):2651-2660.Published online 10 Apr 2007PMCID:PMC1885661.© 2007 The Author(s) Left: crystal structure of the PCBP2 KH1 domain. Middle: a homologous model (built by the program Modeller based on the crystal structure of PCBP2 KH1) of the PCBP2 KH2 domain. Right: crystal structure of the PCBP2 KH3 domain from the present study. Positively charged, negatively charged, uncharged hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues are colored in blue, red, yellow and green, respectively. Note the large, continuous hydrophobic surface area (in green) of the KH1 and KH2 domains.
Recent developments in the fish by‐products industry

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The main fish‐by‐products industry deals with the production of protein feeding‐stuffs and oil from the processing of offal and from fish unsalable for human food. According to whether the raw material is rich or poor in fat, the industry has developed along somewhat different lines. Two recent developmental trends are ( a ) the introduction of pneumatic (air‐lift) driers having relatively low drying temperatures and very short drying times, with high capacity in relation to size of unit, and ( b ) the increasing interest in alternative products to conventional fish meal. These are peptized products in which the protein has been largely converted into water‐soluble fragments by acid treatment, or by ensiling the fish with a fermentable carbo‐hydrate (e.g. molasses) and a lactic‐acid‐producing organism. The efficient processing of oily raw material is particularly handicapped by alternating gluts and scarcities of fish, and some methods of storage of raw material are being studied including preservation by addition of alkali, formaldehyde and sodium nitrite or by preservation of a half‐processed commodity such as press‐cake. The seasonal nature of certain fisheries and the migratory habits of the fish, e.g. herrings, have led to many proposals for floating oil and meal factories. The economics of this are far from simple, but development along these lines is in progress in certain areas. Processing of oily material usually involves the expression of about half the total water along with the oil. In some countries, e.g. the U.S.A., the aqueous fluid is concentrated and marketed as a special product, ‘condensed fish solubles’, but the present trend in Europe at least is to return the material in some form to the final meal. Certain otherwise highly efficient types of drier, e.g. the flame drier, have in the past been operated without any attempt to deodorize the large volumes of effluent vapour. A modern development is the designing and increasing use of water‐scrubbing plant for driers of this type. However, the introduction of pneumatic (air‐lift) driers, with enormously increased amounts of effluent air, has brought with it a new problem if deodorization is found to be as necessary as with other types of drier.