jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE GENERATION OF CODING SEQUENCES OF CELLULAR GENOME THROUGH COOPTION OF VIRAL GENES

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This review attempts to summarize the available data concerning the influence of viruses on the generation of the cellular genome coding genes content. For a long time endogenous retroviruses have been considered as selfish elements of the organism genome. But now there is growing evidence that endogenous retroviruses are more than genome junk and can serve as source for new coding sequences allowing organism evolution. Many genes derived from retroviruses have been identified in eukaryote through comparative genomics and functional analyses. In particular, genes derived from gag structural protein and envelope (env) genes, as well as from the integrase-coding and protease-coding sequences, have been identified in humans and other vertebrates. It has been proved that a number of these genes fulfill essential functions for the development and survival of their host. One of the best known co-opted retroviral genes encoded syncytin plays a key role in the placenta development. It is interesting that during mammalian evolution retroviral envelope genes have been domesticated several times independently to generate syncytin. The activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein Arc is important for cognitive functions and memory formation. Arc was one of over 100 human proteins that have been ‘‘domesticated’’ from the retrotransposon remains of ancient viruses. A number of genes that code the transcription factors have emerged as a result of “taming” the viral genes by the host organism. Now growing evidence reveals that not only retroviruses but other RNA viruses are reverse-transcribed and integrated into the genome of infected cells. It has been recently demonstrated that all Homo sapiens bornavirus like nucleoproteins (EBLN) are expressed in at least one tissue and consequently may have function.The co-option of the viral sequences not only can lead to the major evolutionary innovations, but also is able to create interspecies polymorphism.What it has been described here is probably only the tip of the iceberg, and future genome analyses will certainly uncover new virus-derived genes.
Women Religious, the Poor, and the Institutional Church in Chile

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Church in Chile, in its efforts to reach and evangelize the poor, crippled by a gradually diminishing clergy, has over more than a decade come to place extraordinary emphasis on the presence of religious personnel in marginal urban and rural areas. This pastoral priority has induced considerable numbers of religious women to leave their original works (especially education) to take part in the direct apostolate in marginal areas, while the majority of foreign religious women who have recently arrived have opted to follow their example.
Peroral Infection and Resistance to Reinfection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus in the Mouse

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Peroral Infection and Resistance to Reinfection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus in the Mouse Get access Ron Friedman, Ron Friedman From the Departments of Applied Immunology and Experimental Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20012 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ronald M. Maenza Ronald M. Maenza From the Departments of Applied Immunology and Experimental Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20012 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 118, Issue 2, April 1968, Pages 125–134, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/118.2.125 Published: 01 April 1968 Article history Received: 08 August 1967 Published: 01 April 1968
Manufacturing characteristics associated with strut fracture in Björk-Shiley 60 degrees Convexo-Concave heart valves.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Björk-Shiley Convexo-Concave (CC) valves sometimes experience fracture of the outlet strut. Previously implicated valve characteristics that predict strut fracture include larger valve size, larger opening angle (70 degrees vs 60 degrees), remilling, weld date, and implant in the mitral position. While the associations between risk, size, and opening angle suggest that part of the elevated incidence of strut fracture might be due to the design of the Björk-Shiley valves, only a small fraction of implanted valves have experienced strut fracture. In consequence, previously unexamined variations in the manufacturing process have been suggested as possible factors affecting the failure risk of individual valves; materials, manufacturing steps, quality control, and specific workers have all been put forward as potential explanations for valve-to-valve variation in risk. We conducted a case-control study of CC60 degrees valves implanted in the USA and Canada and manufactured between January 1, 1979 and March 31, 1984. Cases included all verified strut fractures reported to the manufacturer from 1979 through January, 1992. up to 10 controls were selected for each case. Controls were matched to cases on implanting surgeon and were required to have been implanted and functioning at least as long as their respective case valves. We reviewed case and control manufacturing records. There were 150 cases and 1095 surgeon-matched controls. Large mitral valves were at greatest risk of strut fracture; 33mm mitral valves were estimated to be 23 times more likely to fracture than 21-25mm aortic valves. Valves welded in 1979 and 1980 were less likely to fracture than those welded in any other time period; however, no specific manufacturing procedures or personnel were uniquely associated with this time period. Valves with more flexible outlet struts, as determined by the hook deflection and load deflection tests during manufacture, appear to have been at higher risk than valves with more rigid outlet struts. There were three welders who had worked on a sufficient number of valves to allow separate estimation of the risk in the valves they welded. One welder's work was associated with about one-third the risk of valves worked on by the other two. Examination of receiver operating characteristic curves revealed, however, that welder identity added little to the discriminating information already available in the form of valve size and implant position. It is concluded that welder identity and strut flexibility appear to contribute to the risk of outlet strut fracture in Björk-Shiley CC60 degrees valves. Neither of these factors, however, is sufficient to account for much of the previously unexplained variation in risk. No other characteristic measurable in existing manufacturing records appears to predict risk of strut fracture in any useful way.
Haematological and Biochemical effects of a combination of leaves of Telfairia occidentalis and Mucuna pruriens in male rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Medicinal plants are useful in the treatment and management of certain ailments due to their affordability and minimal or no side effects compared to conventional drugs. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of administration of a combination of Telfairia occidentalis and Mucuna pruriens leaf extracts on haematological and biochemical parameters in male wistar albino rats. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard analytical methods. The fourteen-day acute toxicity study was done using Lorke’s method. The haematological and biochemical analysis were carried out using standard diagnostic techniques. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of important phytochemicals. The result of the fourteen-days acute toxicity study revealed that the LD50 for the aqueous, ethanol, methanol and n-hexane extract is 3808mg/kg bw. The effect of the twenty-eight days treatment with the extracts at 200mg/kg bw on the haematological analysis showed that aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cells and platelets compared with the experimental control. The aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts did not alter the biochemical parameters of the animals. The n-hexane extract caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the white blood cells count, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin concentrations, urea, creatinine and bicarbonate concentrations of the treated rats compared with the experimental control. The results obtained suggest that the aqueous, ethanol and methanol leaf extract of a combination of Telfairia occidentalis and Mucuna pruriens can increase blood concentration without upsetting the biochemical parameters in experimental rats. published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB)
Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"In the 1980s and 1990s, Black German women began to play significant roles in challenging the discrimination in their own nation and abroad. Their grassroots organizing, writings, and political and cultural activities nurtured innovative traditions, ideas, and practices. These strategies facilitated new, often radical bonds between people from disparate backgrounds across the Black Diaspora. Tiffany N. Florvil examines the role of queer and straight women in shaping the contours of the modern Black German movement as part of the Black internationalist opposition to racial and gender oppression. Florvil shows the multifaceted contributions of women to movement making, including Audre Lorde's role in influencing their activism; the activists who inspired Afro-German women to curate their own identities and histories; and the evolution of the activist groups Initiative of Black Germans and Afro-German Women. These practices and strategies became a rallying point for isolated and marginalized women (and men) and shaped the roots of contemporary Black German activism. Richly researched and multidimensional in scope, Mobilizing Black Germany offers a rare in-depth look at the emergence of the modern Black German movement and Black feminists' politics, intellectualism, and internationalism"--
Investigating the connections between pre-mRNA splicing, chromatin remodeling and transcription, and 3'end processing

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential eukaryotic pathway which controls gene expression. Increasing lines of evidence indicate links between splicing and other RNA processing pathways such as chromatin remodeling, transcription and 3'end processing, yet in many cases the specific proteins responsible for functionally connecting these pathways remain unclear. To determine the full complement of factors which impact pre-mRNA splicing, I developed a genome-wide screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which allowed me to evaluate differences in splicing efficiency in the background of ~5500 unique gene mutations. By measuring expression changes in precursor levels by high-throughput quantitative PCR, I detected enrichment in several classes of genes, with very strong candidates mapping to the chromatin remodeling, transcription and 3'end processing classes. One of these candidates is the bromodomain protein Bdf1, a component of the transcription factor TFIID and also a member of the SWR-C chromatin remodeling complex. Splicing sensitive microarrays confirm that deletion of Bdf1 leads to a global splicing defect, while ChIP-qPCR data reveal a decrease in U1 snRNP recruitment at intron containing genes, suggesting an inhibitory effect on spliceosome assembly. Conversely, Bdf1's homologue Bdf2 with which it is 46% identical, does not impact pre-mRNA splicing or spliceosome recruitment, consistent with my hypothesis that Bdf2 functions mainly in transcription. To further characterize Bdf1 function, I modified the high-throughput screening approach described above and employed it in a forward genetic manner to enable a mutagenic analysis of the Bdf1 protein. This analysis revealed that the C-terminal tail which overlaps with the Taf7 interaction domain, and contains a conserved SEED region and one of the known phosphorylation sites in Bdf1, may be responsible for the splicing defect. In opposition to the global splicing defect exhibited by Bdf1, mutations in 3'end processing factors such as Cft2 and Yth1 result in transcript-specific defects. My results highlight the cross-talk between 5' and 3'end processing factors and the spliceosome, and support a model in which the definition of terminal exons in the budding yeast is identical with the mechanism described in higher systems. Furthermore, the novel role of Bdf1 at the interface of transcription and pre-mRNA splicing suggests a new mechanism that underlies the coupling between these two RNA pathways.
ATP raises [Ca2+]i via different P2-receptor subtypes in freshly isolated and cultured aortic myocytes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In vascular smooth muscle, extracellular ATP induces an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i). Various agonists have been used to characterize P2-purinoceptor subtypes involved in the ATP-induced [Ca2+]i rise, measured by indo 1 fluorescence, in both freshly isolated and cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. alpha, beta-Methylene-ATP increased [Ca2+]i via Ca2+ entry through P2x-receptor channels in freshly isolated but not in cultured cells. 2-Methylthio-ATP and ADP failed to release Ca2+ via P2y-receptor activation in freshly isolated cells, whereas such a response was obtained in cultured cells. UTP, by stimulating P2u receptors, released Ca2+ from intracellular stores in both freshly isolated and cultured cells. These results suggest that, in the course of the culture process, P2x-receptor activation-induced responses were lost, whereas P2y-receptor activation-induced [Ca2+]i rise appeared, these two phenomena being independent. Responses to P2x-receptor agonist were lost in all culture conditions, whereas functional P2y receptors appeared only in cells that were stimulated with serum to induce cell cycle progression. The phenotypic modulation of vascular myocytes was therefore associated with a change in the functional P2-purinoceptor subtypes.
MODIFIERS OF RISK OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ISEE-215 Abstract: Global warming has focused increased attention on the effects of weather extremes, including identifying susceptible subpopulations. Armstrong recently proposed the use of the case-only approach, based on the insight that if a condition pre-disposed a person to die on an extreme weather day, that condition should be more common on death certificates on those days. Such an analysis directly estimates the interaction without the main effects. Moreover, most other predictors of death apply to persons with and without the predisposing condition, and so drop out of an odds ratio analysis. Schwartz recently applied that approach to examine medical conditions that as risk modifiers. He also suggested that for some conditions, season, as well as weather, could modify risks. We examined this issue in a study of the effects of extreme weather in 37 US cities, using mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. We used ICD codes for underlying and contributing causes to identify causes or chronic conditions that might convey increased risk of dying on a very hot day (defined as a day whose minimum daily temperature was hotter than the 90th percentile of summertime temperatures in the city) or on a very cold day (defined as a day whose maximum hourly temperature was less than the 10th percentile of maximum temperatures for the Winter). Results were combined across all cities using meta-regression. We found that seasonal interactions could be quite important. For example, acute respiratory infection deaths were more likely on cold days than all deaths in analyses that did not include seasonal interactions, but this effect disappeared after control for seasonal interactions. On the other hand, a modest interaction (that is higher than population average risk) was seen on cold days for ischemic heat disease deaths (OR=1.035, 95% 1.011, 1.059) after control for seasonal interactions. Blacks were at higher risk than whites of deaths on hot days (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01, 1.04). There was considerable heterogeneity in results across cities, which could be explained in part by climatic patterns. For example, while the mean summer temperature did not modify the higher risks for blacks on hot days, that risk increased significantly with the variance of summertime temperature. There were also geographic variations in the risk across the country, with an odds ratio for hot days of 1.06 for stroke deaths (95% CI 1.00,1.12) in the Southwest, but no elevation in the Southeast or North.
Scaling the Metaverse: An AI Perspective

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

When one hears the word Metaverse, it is automatically associated with millions of users, immersive experiences and its potential to change our lives. But, what enables the Metaverse to function at such a scale? This talk will present the different challenges associated with handling 55 million daily users within the Roblox Metaverse. From addressing user Quality of Experience, to distributed architecture, programming model and scheduling, we will cover the entire stack underneath. In particular, I will put special attention into the AI-Metaverse relationship. On one hand, a large proportion of workloads are based on one or multiple ML/DL models and I will present the challenges of scaling them. On the other hand, I will explore infrastructure and service model challenges that can be addressed with AI, e.g. multi-resource and multi-datacenter scheduling with Reinforcement learning.
Effects of Formulation and Process Variables on Gastroretentive Floating Tablets with A High-Dose Soluble Drug and Experimental Design Approach

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To develop sustained release gastro-retentive effervescent floating tablets (EFT), a quality-based experimental design approach was utilized during the composing of a hydrophilic matrix loaded with a high amount of a highly water-soluble model drug, metformin HCl. Effects of the amount of polyethylene oxide WSR 303 (PEO), sodium bicarbonate, and tablet compression force were used as independent variables. Various times required to release the drug, tablet tensile strength, floating lag time, tablet ejection force, and tablet porosity, were selected as the responses. Polymer screening showed that PEO had the highest gel strength among the various tested polymers. Sodium bicarbonate had the most significant effect on the release rate and floating lag time by retarding the rate from the hydrophilic matrices, whilst tablet compression force and PEO exerted the greatest influence on tablet properties (p < 0.0001). The design space was built in accordance with the drug release profiles, tensile strength, and floating lag time, following failure probability analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. The kinetic modeling revealed that the release mechanism was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Overall, the current study provided a perspective on the systematic approach of gastro-retentive EFT, loaded with highly water-soluble drugs by applying quality by design concepts.
Supplementary Figure S6 from FDA Approval Summary: Blinatumomab for the Treatment of B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the Consolidation Phase of Multiphase Chemotherapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Figure S6 shows the FDA meta-analysis results for the overall survival endpoint across the three randomized studies (E1910, 20120215, AALL1331) and the literature study.</p>
An Experimental Study of Selective Chemotherapy for Pulmonary Metastases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Management of pulmonary metastases in bone and soft tissue sarcomas remains a major clinical problems. This study was designed to compare the final lung and serum concentration of doxorubicin and cisplatin by an isolated lung perfusion (ILP) model and a pulmonary venous interruption (PVI) model compared with systemic administration in the rat. Cisplatin levels in the lung were 6.2μg/g in the group with 3mg/kg cisplatin perfusion, and 2.6μg/g in the PVI group, versus 1.98μg/g in the intravenous group. Doxorubicin levels in the lung were 75.3μg/g in the ILP group with 0.8mg/kg doxorubicin, and 29.7μg/g in the PVI group, versus 24.8μg/g in the intravenous group. Based on the results, one patient with metastatic leiomyosarcoma to the lung underwent PVI method with 150mg cisplatin during the surgical therapy without side effects and complications. It is concluded that those models have important pharmacokinetic advantages and anticipate an increased treatment response for pulmonary metastatic sarcomas as compared with systemic administration.
Identification ofFrancisella Species andDiscrimination ofTypeA andTypeB Strains ofF.tularensis by16SrRNAAnalysist

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Tularemia isa zoonotic disease, occurring throughout theNorthern Hemisphere. Thecausative agent,the bacterium Francisella tularensis, isrepresented bytwomaintypes. TypeAisfoundinNorthAmerica, whereas typeBismainly foundinAsiaandEuropeandtoa minorextent inNorthAmerica. Noroutine technique for rapid diagnosis oftularemia hasbeengenerally applied. We havepartially sequenced 16SrRNAsoftwoF. tularensis strains, aswell astheclosely related Francisella novicida. Of550nucleotides analyzed, onlyone difference in16SrRNAprimary sequencewas found. This16SrRNAanalysis enabled theconstruction of oligonucleotides tobeused asgenus-andtype-specific probes. Suchprobes were utilized fortheestablishment ofamethodforrapid andselective detection oftheorganism. Thismethodallowed identification ofFrancisella spp.atthelevel ofgenusandalso discrimination oftypeA andtypeBstrains ofF.tularensis. Theanalysis also permitted thedetection ofF.tularensis inspleen tissue frommiceinfected withthebacterium. Theresults presented will enable studies on theepizootiology andepidemiology ofFrancisella spp.
A Discussion of the Meanings of Extension from One Word in The Note of Shuo Wen Jie Zi

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There are 369 examples of Chinese characters of the meanings of extension from one word in The Note of Shuo Wen Jie Zi(说文解字注),which is 34% of the extension examples,and the most of them accord with the rule of the meanings' deriving.But few of them is not correct because DUAN Yu-cai did not strictly make a distinction between extension and borrow,and did not notice the relationship of lexical and character,and always sticked to the interprets of XU Shen.The incorrect examples of DUAN Yu-cai can be classified four kinds.