jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in Hepatic Transport of Somatostatin Analog Octapeptides

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Hepatic transport of the synthetic somatostatin analog octreotide—SMS 201-995, (d)Phe-Cys-Phe-(d)Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys–Throl—and its novel derivative N –α–(α–D–glucosyl(1-4)–1–deoxy–D–fructosyl)–octreotide—SDZ CO–611, N –α–(α–D–glucosyl(1-4)–1–deoxy–D–fructosyl)–(d)Phe-Cys-Phe-(d)Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys–Throl—was studied. In rats SMS 201-995 showed a plasma elimination half–life of 1.2 ± 0.2 hr; that of SDZ CO–611 was 1.9 ± 0.3 hours. Within 120 min 66% of a mesenterically injected 4.4–nmol dose of SMS 201-995 was excreted in bile, but only 5.3% of SDZ CO–611 was excreted in bile. Biliary concentration of SMS 201-995 showed a maximum enrichment of 540–fold ± 75–fold over peripheral blood concentration, indicating hepatic transport mechanisms different from simple diffusion. Comparison of plasma profiles of both peptides after mesenteric and femoral administration demonstrated the relative importance of hepatic extraction for SMS 201-995 but not for SDZ CO–611. The mode of extraction was studied by means of multiple–indicator dilution in isolated perfused rat liver, with inulin as nonpermeable marker. Ratio plots, ln([inulin]/[peptide]) vs. time, exhibited decreasing slopes for SMS 201-995, suggesting very rapid binding to hepatocyte membranes. The slope of the ratio plot of (inulin/SDZ CO–611) was almost zero even at low doses (down to 0.2 μg), implying mainly extracellular distribution and nonhepatic elimination. Binding assays indicated the absence of somatostatin receptors in sinusoidal hepatocyte membranes. However, SMS 201-995 and SDZ CO–611 bound with high affinity to somatostatin receptors in rat cortical membranes. Multiple–indicator dilution experiments in presence of increasing cholyltaurine concentrations suggested an interaction of SMS 201-995 with sinusoidal bile salt transport. In isolated hepatocytes, uptake of SMS 201-995 was saturable and showed mutual inhibition with cholyltaurine. The results indicate that SMS 201-995 transport is different from receptor mediated endocytosis as known for peptide hormones and elimination pathways of SDZ CO–611 other than biliary excretion. (Hepatology 1994;20:191-200.)
The first national data of Turkish pre-hospital emergency care for children: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives: The emergency medical service system is designed to ensure rapid identification and transport of patients from the field to emergency departments. This study aims to examine pediatric patients’ clinical characteristics and reasons for ambulance use in Turkey. Life-saving interventions and non-life-saving interventions performed during transport and patients’ outcomes following transport were also investigated. Methods: This is a prospective-multicentric study conducted at four metropolitan cities and nine tertiary pediatric emergency departments. This survey-based study evaluated all children brought by ambulance to emergency departments. Patient demographics, clinical features, triage levels, procedures performed in the ambulance or emergency department, and final outcomes were sought. Results: A total of 2094 patients were transported during the study period. Only a minority of ambulances were physician staffed (16.5%), and 72% of the patients were delivered to pediatric emergency departments without notification calls. Although notification calls were more likely given for particularly critically ill children, for non-urgent conditions transfer calls were less common (60.8% vs 23.5%, respectively; p < 0.001). A majority of transports were performed for trauma patients (20.5%), neurological issues (20%), and toxicological emergencies (13.8%). While parents prefer using the ambulances for medical emergencies, physicians prefer it for mainly traumatic and toxicological emergencies. In total, 65% of the patients received at least one intervention, and 18 patients needed immediate life-saving interventions (intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, etc.) but they did not receive it. Mortality occurred in nine patients. If the health care providers were paramedics, they were more likely avoided by performing any intervention in critically ill children ( p < 0.001). A majority of the procedures performed in children were older than 12 months ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study presents comprehensive epidemiological and outcome data for pediatric patients transported by the national emergency medical service system in Turkey. Non-urgent calls were more likely made by parents, physicians avoided making NCs, and paramedics also avoided performing any intervention when they were transporting children.
P1328 Reduced salivary alpha-diversity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 1000 IBD patients – a role for oral microbiome as a marker of downstream dysbiosis in IBD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of CD, but the extent to which the oral microbiome contributes to this—and how it can be utilised for disease monitoring and therapeutics—remains under-explored. We aimed to characterise compositional differences in the oral microbiome of patients with IBD by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Methods Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and SCOPUS were searched for articles published from inception to 1st February 2024. Primary screening and extraction were performed in duplicate. The extracted dataset included: disease phenotype, sampling data, diversity metrics, relative abundance analysis and sequencing/metadata availability. Random effects meta-analysis of the standardised mean difference of Shannon diversity was performed for IBD sub-types and disease activity. Results The initial search identified 1367 after removing duplicates; 37 studies were selected for full-text review, with 22 meeting the inclusion criteria. (Figure 1) Alpha diversity was reported in 20/22 (91%) of studies. Comparing salivary Shannon diversity of 976 undifferentiated IBD patients with 566 controls shows a significant reduction in patients with IBD (standardised mean difference [95% CI]: -0.29 [-0.54, -0.05]). In patients with high disease activity, there was a significant reduction in salivary Shannon diversity (IBD n = 133, control n = 181) (standardised mean difference [95% CI]: -0.51 [-0.98, -0.04]), which is lost when low activity patients are examined (IBD n = 128, control n = 170) (standardised mean difference [95% CI]: -0.12 [-0.46, 0.22]). (Figure 2) When examining beta diversity, significant dissimilarity in community composition between patients with IBD and controls was reported in 15/20 (75%) of studies. Relative abundance data of oral sites at a genus level was reported in 11/22 (50%) of studies. Changes are most frequently reported in the dominant phyla of the oral cavity (Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinobacter, and Pseudomonadota). The most frequently increased genera in IBD patients were Prevotella (4/11, 36%), Veilonella (3/11, 27%), Atopobium (3/11, 27%), and Megasphaera (3/11, 27%). Conclusion Based on this systematic review, there is evidence of distinct alterations in the oral microbiome composition of patients with IBD compared to controls which underscores the role of the oral microbiome as a potential indicator of downstream dysbiosis and crucial early immune-crosstalk in the oral cavity.
Simulation on Pipe Joints Expansion Technology of Nitinb Shape Memory Alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In order to study the low-temperature expansion process of NiTiNb shape memory alloy, this paper makes use of numerical simulation method to complete the simulations and analysis. The shape memory effect of NiTiNb alloy pipe joints under different expansion temperatures and expansion strains have been compared and evaluated. Through simulations of low-temperature expansion and elevated temperature shape recovery of NiTiNb alloy pipe joints, the relationships between elastic deformation, phase transformation deformation and recovery ratio under different expansion temperatures and expansion strains have been acquired. The results show that the highest expansion strain should below 11%, in consideration of recovery ratio and recovery temperature, the optimal expansion temperature range is-60~-50.
Perceptually Driven Simplification Using Gaze-Directed Rendering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a unique polygonal simplification method grounded in rigorous perceptual science. Local simplification operations are driven directly by perceptual metrics, rather than the geometric metrics common to other algorithms. The effect of each operation on the final image is considered in terms of the contrast the operation will induce in the image and the spatial frequency of the resulting change. Equations derived from psychophysical studies determine whether the simplification operation will be perceptible; the operation is performed only if its effect is judged imperceptible. To increase the range of simplification permitted, we incorporate gaze-directed rendering. A commercial eye tracker monitors the direction of the user’s gaze, allowing the image to be simplified more aggressively in the periphery than at the center of vision. Our perceptual model addresses many interesting topics in polygonal simplification, including gaze-directed rendering, silhouette preservation, and imperceptible simplification. We describe two user studies to evaluate our model, and address the shortcomings as well as the potential of our approach.
[Some quantitative characteristics of the frog retinal rod outer segments].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Retinal rod outer segments in frogs were studied by means of light microscopy, refractometry, microspectrophotometry, and electron microscopy. Analysis of the data obtained shows that an unidentified substance, which makes up about 50% of outer segment dry weight, is lost during routine biochemical investigations. The protein parts of the rhodopsin molecules make up 85% of the outer segments proteins and 25% of outer segment dry weight. Rhodopsin molecules can be arranged in a square array with a unit cell side of about 7 nm on one side of each disk membrane. Lipids in a single membrane occupy only 2 nm, and disk membranes are strongly hydrated.
Evaluation of Fatigue and Rutting Performance of In Situ Asphalt Pavement Based on Accelerated Pavement Testing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pavement fatigue and rutting performance with an accelerated pavement testing (APT) test for the in situ asphalt pavement. On a selected expressway ramp in Shanghai, the full-scale accelerated pavement test was carried out during which the average air temperature was 30.5 °C. During the APT test, the portable seismic property analyzer (PSPA) was used to measure the seismic modulus, and the MLS profilometer driver-p2003 was used to measure the profile of the in situ pavement. The PSPA test results showed that the pavement modulus decreased with the increasing of accelerated loading passes and could be used to analyze the fatigue damage parameter of the in situ pavement. The pavement profile measurement results showed that the pavement deformation developed with the increasing of accelerated loading passes and was used to calculate the pavement rutting depth. The field measurement results during the APT test well illustrated the fatigue and rutting performance of the in situ asphalt pavement which are useful for making the maintenance and rehabilitation decisions for expressways.
MPTH-11ANAPLASTIC MENINGIOMAS WHO GRADE III LACK OF SOMATIC AKT1-MUTATIONS AND SHOW AN OVEREXPRESSION OF EGF-RECEPTORS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: The AKT1 mutation was newly described in a subset of meningiomas and inhibitors of this mutation have shown promise in clinical trials in multiple cancer types. We sought to determine the frequency of the AKT1 mutation as well as the expression level of multiple growth factor receptors in a large series of patients with Anaplastic meningiomas (AM) WHO °III. METHODS: Patients with AM °III were tested for the AKT1 (E17K) mutation using PCR technique. Additionally, the expression level of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the platelet derived growth factor receptor 1alpha (PDGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the indirect peroxidase technique on tissue multi arrays (TMA) of paraffin-embedded specimens. Staining was evaluated using a semi-quantitative scoring system. Chi-square test was used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: We identified 22 AM °III patients with 45 tumors (median follow-up of 8 years). None of the examined 45 tumor samples in this cohort showed an AKT1 mutation (0%). Regarding the IHC, recurrent AM showed increasing proliferation with each recurrence. Overexpression of EGFR was associated with malignancy (p < 0.01) and increased with recurrence (median score 2.3). The median overall survival rate for patients with EGFR overexpression was 2.2 years. In contrast, the overall survival of patients with low EGFR expression was not reached yet (p < 0.05). While PDGFR and VEGFR scores were high in malignant tumors, the difference in comparison with benign meningiomas was not significant. A further finding is a marked survival benefit in our patients cohort in respect to the extent of resection when repeated operations were performed (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Somatic AKT1 mutations are absent in anaplastic meningiomas WHO grade III. Additionally, our data demonstrate that the overexpression of EGFR in AM might make this receptor valuable as a therapeutic target for their treatment.
Emotion, stress, and trust in the ATC system during Trajectory Based Operations (TBO)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Despite the development of many future operational concepts such as that of TBO, ATCOs remains a very important factor in ensuring the safety and efficiency of air travels. Many research have been done to improve data visualization to increase ATCOs performance, allowing them to have better performance which indirectly increases airspace capacity without compromising safety. One of such visualization is the exploration of 3-dimensional visualization which was believed to be an essential skill that ATCOs will eventually develop in their course of work. In order to develop a future workstation for the ATCOs, Fraunhofer had developed a 3-D radar system to complement the existing 2-D radar. This was to provide an affordable methods to understand the potential of such application in ATCOs. As such, this project is part of many projects in determining the effects of this 3-D radar on the future operational concepts. The aims of this project is to test the effective of this 3-D radar on TBO through the ATCOs stress, emotions and trust in the system through the use of EEG as well as relevant questionnaires. By understand the effects, we would then be able to further improve certain functions and eventually implement into the operations of ATCOs.
Cover Feature: Disulphide Cross‐Linked Ultrashort Peptide Hydrogelator for Water Remediation (Chem. Eur. J. 37/2023)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Unleashing the power of peptide hydrogels for environmental remediation: This is a tale of an ultrashort peptide hydrogel (azo-KC) and its efficiency for wastewater treatment. The hydrogel is the outcome of the cumulative efforts of covalent and noncovalent interactions providing unique features like thixotropy and insolubility in bulk water medium. Dye contamination from textile industries is a severe concern for water pollution, and this crosslinked 3D fibrous hydrogel has been implemented as a promising way to efficiently address such wastewater challenges. More information can be found in the Research Article by S. Ahmed, B. Pramanik and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300312). Various elements in this picture were designed by Freepik.
Prevention of Surgical Site Infections : A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The preoperative interventions used for prevention of SSIs have different effectiveness in the reduction of SSIs and subsequent surgical complications. This review aiming at evaluating the effectiveness of various methods of prevention for SSIs. Methods: The systematic search was conducted in Medline and Embase databases. This search identified 990 relevant studies using filters of human studies and 10 years since publishing. After exclusion of irrelevant, duplicated, and reviews the remaining is 55 potentially relevant studies. Results: The vast majority of studies were done in intra-abdominal procedures which were infection rate varied from 0% to 38.4%. The rate of SSIs was higher than 25% in two studies used cephalexine as prophylaxis, mohs micrographic surgery and assessed SSIs in perforated peptic ulcer. Intra-operative warming used in only one study which reported SSIs rate of 18%. In case of using a combination of oxygen and antibiotics the SSIs rate ranged from 7.9% to 38.4%. The lowest rate of SSIs was noted when antiseptic, and amoxicillin were used together 0% and it was only 0.009% when cefazolin was used. Conclusions: The wide difference in infection rates among included studies may be patient-related and procedure-dependent.
Letter from F. R. McNamee to A. S. Halsted, June 3, 1931, regarding extension of franchise, Las Vegas, Land & Water Company to cover Industrial district No. 1

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The franchise granted the water company would not need to be extended for them to take over the pipeline to the Industrial Unit No. 1. Letter has a date stamp from the L.A. & S.L. R.R. Co., Office of the Industrial Engineer, Los Angeles, Calif.
Long Non-Coding RNA GAS5 Promotes BAX Expression by Competing with microRNA-128-3p in Response to 5-Fluorouracil

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The acquisition of drug resistance is a major hurdle for effective cancer treatment. Although several efforts have been made to overcome drug resistance, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) in drug resistance. GAS5 was found to be downregulated in colon cancer cell lines that are resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Downregulation of GAS5 decreased the viability of HCT116 cells and the level of the pro-apoptotic BAX protein, while GAS5 overexpression promoted cell death in response to 5-FU. The interaction between GAS5 and BAX mRNA was investigated using MS2-tagged RNA affinity purification (MS2-trap) followed by RT-qPCR, and the results showed that GAS5 bound to the 3′-untranslated region of BAX mRNA and enhanced its expression by interfering with the inhibitory effect of microRNA-128-3p, a negative regulator of BAX. In addition, ectopic expression of GAS5 increased the sensitivity of resistant cells in response to anti-cancer drugs. These results suggest that GAS5 promoted cell death by interfering with miR-128-3p-mediated BAX downregulation. Therefore, GAS5 overexpression in chemo-resistant cancer cells may be a potential strategy to improve the anti-cancer efficacy of drugs.
Reliability of Neutron Yield Cross Sections on 12C–127I Isotopes in Proton-Induced Reactions Evaluated Using GEANT4 Package for Proton Therapy Applications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The work is aimed at studying the reliability of proton-induced neutron yield cross sections on 12C–127I biological tissue isotopes using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation package, which is commonly applied for dosimetry calculations in proton therapy. Because of the lack of experimental results on the neutron yield for most of the isotopes considered, the simulated cross sections are first compared with theoretical data acquired using the TALYS nuclear reaction package, and the partial reaction cross sections calculated in TALYS are in turn analyzed in comparison with available experimental results. The mismatch between theory and experiment allows one to suggest a significant uncertainty in the calculation of the neutron doses associated with the isotopes under consideration.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of Induction of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzyme mRNAs in Primary Cultures of Cryopreserved Human and Cynomolgus Monkey Hepatocytes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An EFL Teacher Education Programme: Issues and Concerns from a Yemeni University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Teacher education programmes (TEPs) promote unique experiences that involve a deep understanding of teaching needs, advanced strategies, preparation and training at universities or schools. The main objective of this study is to investigate the English teacher education programme (ETEP) in order to reform and develop current teaching practices in a rapidly developing area of research. The present study aims to look at three main areas which include the university preparation strategy, classroom teaching and supervisory support of an ETEP in Yemen. The data were collected through a questionnaire emailed to all the fourth-year student teachers of the English Department, Faculty of Education, at a public university in Yemen. The results reveal several issues concerning university courses, pedagogical practices, planning lessons, methodologies, and approaches. They disclose some inconsistencies between the proposed strategies at the university and the actual classroom implementation. The results also indicate that the present teaching duration is insufficient to realize the real benefits of the program for sustainable growth. The study provides some recommendations for student teachers, teachers, supervisors, curriculum designers, and policymakers.