jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Simulation of a Bio-Mimetic, Antagonistically Actuated, Limb Joint

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Wearable assistive devices’ (WADs) development is impeded by traditional actuators’ and control paradigms’ lack of compliance and adaptability; as such, the central nervous system’s (CNS) actuation and control principles have been investigated in order to overcome these limitations in a novel way. A bio-mimetic model of a limb joint, which is antagonistically actuated by two Hill-type muscles, is presented. Limb joint stability and transient response, as functions of co-activation, have been investigated. Three simulations have been carried out: equal (Af(f,f)), unequal (Af(3,f)), and differential (Af(3,Ramp(g))) co-activation. For normalized stimulus frequency range: 1 ≤ f ≤ 3, equal and unequal co-activation leads to increased limb joint damping and reduced transient oscillation. For the equally/unequally co-activated case, the linearized model’s dominant complex-conjugate poles become increasingly negative and tend towards the real axis, which indicate that increased co-activation leads to increased joint stability. With respect to differential co-activation, increasing the limb joint’s antagonistic muscle’s normalized stimulus frequency’s (f) rate of change (g) leads to increased angular velocity (ω); however, at a cost of increased overshoot. Differential activation of the antagonistic muscle results in positive angular rotation (Θ).
Guest editorial: Women and Gulf Cities. The transformative impact of women influencing the architectural and urban developments of the gulf region

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose With this special edition, “Women and Gulf Cities”, we collect scholarly contributions to the ongoing discourse on the impact of women on architectural and urban developments in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Design/methodology/approach The discussions offered in this issue highlight the various implications, ranging from gender-inclusive urban planning, educational and professional development, sustainability and heritage to global frameworks of innovative and practical solutions for achieving inclusive and integrated urban practices that promote the full and equal participation of women in architecture and city-making. Findings The increasing involvement of women in these sectors play a pivotal part in their development and success. It can also be recognised as essential for promoting individual and family well-being, fostering social cohesion and driving economic development. Women play essential roles in sustainable solutions, evolving green economy and sustainable development. Moreover, collaborations initiated by women in the Arab region are instrumental in advancing sustainable development to pave the way towards a sustainable future. Originality/value This special edition offers a comprehensive exploration of various facets, ranging from gender-sensitive urban design (GSUD) to the educational and professional development of women in architecture and design, particularly in the Gulf region. The originality of this research lies in its focus on the multifaceted and integral role of women in shaping the architectural and urban landscape of the Gulf region, providing valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for GSUD and the potential for creating more inclusive, equitable and sustainable built environments in the Gulf.
HA-966 antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors through a selective interaction with the glycine modulatory site

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

3-Amino-1-hydroxypyrrolid-2-one (HA-966) has been known for several years as an excitatory amino acid antagonist, acting principally at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype. We report here that HA- 966 blocks NMDA responses through a selective interaction with the glycine modulatory site present within the receptor complex. In radioligand binding experiments, HA-966 inhibited strychnine- insensitive 3H-glycine binding to rat cerebral cortex synaptic plasma membranes with an IC50 of 17.5 microM. At concentrations up to 1 mM, HA- 966 caused minimal inhibition of radioligand binding to the transmitter recognition sites of the NMDA, quisqualate, or kainate receptor subtypes and was similarly inactive against the binding of 3H- strychnine to rat spinal cord/brain stem membranes. In electrophysiological experiments, HA-966 produced a selective block of NMDA responses in a rat cortical slice preparation. The degree of antagonism caused by HA-966 was maximal at 250 microM and was not increased further by raising the HA-966 concentration. Both glycine (1 mM) and D-serine (100 microM) reversed the antagonism of NMDA responses caused by HA-966. In patch-clamp experiments using rat cortical neurons in culture, HA-966 blocked the potentiation of NMDA responses by glycine but had little effect on basal NMDA responses themselves. This profile of antagonism differs from that observed with 7- chlorokynurenate, another recently discovered antagonist of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor (Kemp et al., 1988) and may indicate that glycine antagonists of differing efficacies can exist. Previous experiments with HA-966 may now be interpreted to suggest that activation of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor occurs in vivo and is important for the participation of NMDA receptors in synaptic transmission.
CountablyI-Compact Spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We introduce the class of countablyI-compact spaces as a proper subclass of countablyS-closed spaces. A topological space(X,T)is called countablyI-compact if every countable cover ofXby regular closed subsets contains a finite subfamily whose interiors coverX. It is shown that a space is countablyI-compact if and only if it is extremally disconnected and countablyS-closed. Other characterizations are given in terms of covers by semiopen subsets and other types of subsets. We also show that countableI-compactness is invariant under almost open semi-continuous surjections.
International Comparative Student Affairs: How International and Comparative Higher Education Impacts Our Work With Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the field of international higher education (IHE) and its application to the practice of student affairs. The author proposes that IHE is a crossroads between international comparative education and higher education, exploring their shared historical roots. She gives an overview of the current state of the IHE field, looking at its emergence in the 1990s through research and scholarship as a cohesive canon and through various professional and paraprofessional developments in centers of study, journals, councils, programs, and more. She then demonstrates how the development of IHE relates to and informs the practice of student affairs in a new international context, suggesting a shift from a “helping hands” and “learning from” approach to an “engaging with” approach.
The experience and perspective of the implementation: leader+ programme: the Lithuanian case study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 1991 the European Commission launched the LEADER initiative in Lithuania intended to encourage local development initiatives and partnership by involving community members and representatives of local authorities; to mobilise rural community and develop their joint skills; to elaborate and implement local development strategies via the efficient use of local resources and public support. The article presents the summary of the results of the LEADER+ programme implementation in the country, as well as the current obstacles and reasonable proposals for a more effective application of the LEADER method in the rural development policy until the year 2013.
Heritability of Muscle Size in Eastern Kingbirds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Heritability of the size of a hindlimb muscle, M. flexor cruris lateralis (FCRL), was analyzed in Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) to assess the potential of the trait to be influenced by evolutionary processes. Size of the FCRL appears to be highly heritable, although the birds are directionally asymmetrical and this asymmetry suggests that muscle size probably is not presently under rigid selective control. Heritabilities were recalculated after the removal of cases of doubtful parentage; the results lend support to a hypothesis of "quasi nest-parasitism" for Eastern Kingbirds.
The restoration of engravings, drawings, books and other works on paper

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Roy's involvement with Schweidler's manual has extended over more than three decades.The result is this volume, a wonder fully readable translation of Schweidler's text, accompanied by a thorough introduction, copious notes, and an extensive appendix, which includes eleven remarkable examples of deceptive, "Schweidlerized" repairs and alterations.Given the tradition of secrecy surrounding the practice of art restoration during Schweidler's era, it is remarkable to have a document so full of revela tions of repair techniques, most of which had never been described in earlier manuals, and to discover how extraordinarily effective these repairs can be.Roy compares Schweidler's book to a magician's handbook "in which the author pulls back the curtain and reveals the secrets of his most baffling tricks."And as with magic, knowing how the trick is done helps the viewer to see through the "magic" to the reality.With this knowledge comes awareness.This book is unique in several ways -as a detailed compendium of res toration procedures, as a remarkably substantive document of restoration knowledge and practices in the early to mid-twentieth century, and as a X F O REWO RD thought-provoking resource that will likely change how one assesses the con dition of works of art on paper.The Getty Conservation Institute has long been committed to publishing seminal texts in the field of conservation to broaden and deepen understanding of the discipline's history, methodologies, and philosophies.This volume will acquaint a much larger audience with the extraordinary techniques advocated by Schweidler; and, perhaps even more important, it will enhance our ability to discern what may have been done to a print or drawing after its original creation.Schweidler's discussions of chemical processes, in particular, will give us more informed knowledge of what a work of art on paper has been subjected to throughout its history.We are pleased that Max Schweidler's book is now available in English, and we are grateful to Roy Perkinson for bringing this important work to our attention and for creating such a rich volume.We appreciate his efforts, which will be of significant bene fit to those who care for and admire works of art on paper.
Underlying control strategies for the production of stop consonants

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The underlying control strategies utilized in the production of stop consonants were investigated using an electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer [J. Perkell etal., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92, 3078–3096 (1992)]. The movements in the midsagittal plane of points on the lower jaw, lips, tongue blade, and tongue body were measured for three normal hearing, normal speaking subjects during the production of single-syllable words composed of a stop or nasal consonant followed by the vowel /ɑ / or /i/ and the consonant /t/, and spoken in a carrier phrase. Half the tokens were preceded by the fricative consonant /s/. The data show that the maximum downward velocity of the lower jaw occurs approximately at the time of the consonant release. For /sCV/ syllables, the lower jaw is held in a high position to assist in noise generation for /s/, and consequently the movement for a following labial or velar consonant follows a time course that is different from that of /CV/ syllables. The movement of the articulators during the production of these utterances at a normal speaking rate appears to have a bandwidth limitation of 5–7 Hz. [Work supported in part by grants from NIDCD.]
Effects of genetic factors on high altitude training performance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

High altitude is considered to be 1800-6000 meters. With the decrease of atmospheric pressure at this altitude, adequate oxygenation cannot be achieved in the tissues and hypoxia develops in the circulatory system. Athletes aim to provide superior performance by training in hypoxic conditions. Varying adaptations in hypobaric hypoxia environments by geographically separated populations represent well-trained specimens that may be relevant to endurance performance. While inhabitants of the Andes show higher levels of hemoglobin and saturation than Tibetans at similar altitude, Ethiopian climbers maintain oxygen delivery despite the hemoglobin levels and saturation typical in sea level ranges. It can also be predicted a significant relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genotype, which affects metabolic efficiency and performance in hypoxic environments (high altitude). One of the genes that develop at high altitude and occur in response to hypoxia is the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) gene encoded by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1A) gene. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) gene, which is another gene with angiogenetic factor produced in response to hypoxia, is revealed by the transcription of the HIF-1 alpha gene. Genetic heritage, environmental factors, and the character of exercise loads applied within the framework of lifestyle, neuromuscular development, balanced nutrition, and cultural differences that trigger athletic success may reveal individual changes or differences. Considering all these variables, monitoring and control of performance improvement and athletic achievement graph may become more predictable.
Relative Bioavailability of Quinidine Gluconate and Quinidine Sulfate in Healthy Volunteers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A comparison of the bioavailability of quinidine sulfate to quinidine gluconate tablets in a single-dose randomized cross-over design with 20 healthy volunteers shows that the sulfate salt is more rapidly absorbed and provides significantly greater peak concentrations 1 hour after administration as compared to the peak levels achieved with the gluconate salt at approximately 5 hours after administration. When adjusted for the actual amount of quinidine contained in each tablet, there was no significant difference in the amount of quinidine bioavailable. Since quinidine gluconate absorption is significantly slower than quinidine sulfate, a combination of the two dosage forms may be utilized in providing the loading dose. Based on the computer modeling and the clinical data accumulated by this laboratory (unpublished) over the past four years, quinidine gluconate, in the dosage form utilized in this study, provides more constant blood levels with smaller differences between the Cpmax and Cpmin than the sulfate when administered every 6 or 8 hours. Further controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm these observations in patients.
Imagining a Future in the Medical Profession: Gender and Young Sardinians’ Narratives of a Career in Medicine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on the orientation towards the medical profession shown by 18-year-old Sardinian students who were asked to write in an essay how they imagined their future. Interest in the medical profession opens up interesting views on what this path may represent for young people given the current general climate of work uncertainty. This chapter focuses on students' career narratives and, in particular, on their perceived difficulties in accessing medical studies and on the reasons this profession appears so attractive to them. Medicine is, in fact, constructed as a solid, gendered professional path, with a clear vocation career-wise, and it is kept safe from the increasing uncertainty of the labour market. Further, a career in medicine is easy to imagine because there are several medical TV series. Third, the concept of medicine is embedded with positive values and care-centred attitudes, and it therefore 'sounds good'. The specific ways in which these orientations are gendered are discussed.
Strategising and the routines of governance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose – This paper uses the strategy-as-practice perspective to explore the relationship between practices and organisational routines of governance in pluralistic contexts. The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically how strategising activities and organisational actions interact. It discusses and illustrates the relationship between strategising and organising through routines of governance, and in particular the use of board papers. Design/methodology/approach – This research is based on a single longitudinal “soft” case study. The researchers collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data collection took place from the end of 2004 until early in 2008. Primary data collection occurred through three main methods: interviews, meeting observations, and “shadowing” of participants; six participants were each shadowed for a working week (five days), and another participant was shadowed for three days. Interviews were held with 20 participants and typically lasted for between one and two hours. The interviews and meetings resulted in over 150 hours of audio recordings. In addition, notes of shadowing covered 420 hours. Findings – The first section of this paper presents the theoretical foundation before describing the research method. A discussion then explores the relationships between one of the specific strategising practices – the creation of board papers – and formal organisational routines of governance. The conclusion suggests that in professional service firms, informal practices that provide feedback are important in ensuring the stability and continuity of formal organisational routines. Originality/value – The links between micro, meso, and macro levels – that is to say, between actors, organisational actions, and institutional field practices – have already been broadly investigated. However, much of the research remains theoretical rather than empirical in nature. Furthermore, although researchers have been increasingly interested in strategising within organisations featuring multiple goals, diffuse networks of power, and knowledge-based work processes, a deep understanding of practices in these organisations is still underdeveloped.
Using Plants as a Source of Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia with the numbers expected to increase dramatically as our society ages. There are no treatments to cure, prevent, or slow down the progression of the disease. Age is the single greatest risk factor for AD. However, to date, AD drug discovery efforts have generally not taken this fact into consideration. Multiple changes associated with brain aging, including neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, are important contributors to disease development and progression. Thus, due to the multifactorial nature of AD, the one target strategy to fight the disease needs to be replaced by a more general approach using pleiotropic compounds to deal with the complexity of the disease. In this perspectives piece, our alternative approach to AD drug development based on the biology of aging is described. Starting with plants or plant-derived natural products, we have used a battery of cell-based screening assays that reflect multiple, age-associated toxicity pathways to identify compounds that can target the aspects of aging that contribute to AD pathology. We have found that this combination of assays provides a replicable, cost- and time-effective screening approach that has to date yielded one compound in clinical trials for AD (NCT03838185) and several others that show significant promise.
Experiment Spot-Checks: A Method for Assessing the Educational Value of Undergraduate Participation in Research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ycxk: AmeItcan ElsevIer PublIshIng Co.. 1974. 6. Mebd. A. and KaI:JnIck. 1D: Jnbmed CXI18eDt 10 medical beatment: An analysis drecent ~ttQr\. [kWersIy ifPtJJsburgh Law Revfew 1980; 41:407-45. 7. Presldent's a...llUdt.o!IrIM ir the Study d EthIcal Problems In MedIdne and BkmedIcal and BehaYIcraI Resesrch: ~ Hwnan Suljects. ~ D.C.: U.s. GoYemment PrtntlngOfllce. 1982. 8. Katz. J: The SIlent \\btd f/ DodDr and PotJent. New York: The FnJe Pre8Is. 1984.
Effects of Silica Fume and Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on Water Permeability and Strength of High Performance Concrete

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

to enhance the strength and water permeability characteristics of High Performance Concrete (HPC). The utilization of these industrial by products is becoming popular throughout the world because of the minimization of their potential hazardous effects on environment. This paper investigates the individual effects of Silica Fume and Fly Ash as a partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) on water permeability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural tensile strength of High Performance Concrete (HPC). To investigate these properties of concrete, the total investigation was categorized into two basic test groups- SF Group for Silica Fume and FA Group for Fly Ash. Seven types of mix proportions were used to cast the test specimens for both groups. The replacement levels of OPC by Silica Fume were 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15 % and 20 % where replacement levels of OPC by Fly Ash were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25 % and 30%. 1 % super-plasticizer was used in all the test specimens for high performance (i.e., high workability at lower water-binder ratio) and to identify the sharp effects of Silica Fume and Fly Ash on the properties of concrete. Water-binder ratio was kept 0.42 for all cases and the specimens were tested at ages of 7, 14 and 28 days.10 % Silica Fume and 20 % Fly Ash showed the lowest water penetration depth of 11mm and 15 mm respectively. 7.5 % Silica Fume and 10 % Fly Ash were found to be optimum for maximum compressive strength, maximum split tensile strength as well as maximum flexural tensile strength.
Auralization studies on talker comfort

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Although much research has focused on determining optimal acoustical environments for students in classrooms, relatively little has addressed the classroom as an acoustical workspace for teachers, who may suffer from stress and vocal strain due in part to poor acoustical environments. Although the primary problem is typically the background noise level (whether due to ventilation or students), it is also interesting to study systematically how controlling early reflections may improve the audible ‘‘room response’’ at the teacher’s speaking location without inordinately increasing the reverberant level of the background noise. Moreover, the room response at the talker’s position may help reduce the perceived need to strain the voice, as long as the reflections are not so delayed as to be disturbing. In this study approximately ten configurations of absorptive and reflective surfaces in a ‘‘typical-sized’’ classroom are auralized in real time. For each room condition, subjects rate the ‘‘talker comfort’’ in terms of perceived loudness of their speech, possible disturbance from echoes or increased background noise, and other factors. The primary descriptive physical parameter is essentially the relative amplitude and delay of clusters of early reflections, which are not always well characterized by the classical room-acoustics descriptors. Initial results of the modeling and subject testing will be presented.