jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Paying to see a bug on my food

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the European Novel Food Regulation (ENFR) on consumers’ acceptance of and willingness to pay (WTP) for radical food innovations. The research question is focussed on determining whether the ENFR is hampering the market potential of insect-based food products in the European Union (EU). The authors position this question within the domain of regulatory barriers related to food innovations. Design/methodology/approach – Using a choice experiment, the authors assess the presence and relevance of these failures through the analysis of consumers’ acceptance and WTP for insect-based food products with different product attributes directly imposed by the ENFR. Namely, the authors assess the effect of the visualization of insects in the product, the use of logo, and nutritional information. Findings – The results show that consumers prefer and are willing to pay a premium price for insect-based products with a nutritional health claim and logo, but they are not willing to pay for a product with a visualized insect. Originality/value – This paper highlights the risk of regulatory failures for novel foods in the EU, such as insect-based food products due to the ENFR.
Correction to “Historical biogeography and phylogeny of the pantropical Psychotrieae alliance (Rubiaceae), with particular emphasis on the Western Indian Ocean Region”

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Vol 104 No. 9: 1407–1423, September 2017, doi: 10.3732/ajb.1700116 The corresponding author discovered an error in the “Conclusions and Perspectives” section of this article. In the first paragraph, “Psychotria with dry fruits (schizocarps) colonized Madagascar twice before dispersing to the Comoros from Madagascar possibly via wind dispersal” should have read as “Psychotria with dry fruits (schizocarps) colonized Madagascar once before dispersing to the Comoros from Madagascar possibly via wind dispersal.” The article has been corrected online.
AURICULAR LOBULOPLASTY- AN AESTHETIC DAY CARE SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUNDAuricular lobuloplasty is one of the commonly done day care surgical procedure.Though surgery seems simple and lobule is small, its impact on the individual is very high because ear is one of the aesthetic parts of face.Both males and females wear attractive ornaments on their ears, for which they undergo different kinds of ear-piercing techniques.In this process, due to various reasons, ear lobule gets distorted in shape and form for which most of them seek medical advice and undergo surgical procedures to regain near normal structure of lobule.Auricular lobuloplasty is done by general surgeons, ENT surgeons and general practitioners apart from plastic surgeons.But good aesthetic results are obtained by surgeries done by plastic surgeons for the reasons of meticulous tissue handling, use of finer suture materials and post-operative follow up and care.METHODS 50 patients who underwent auricular lobuloplasty were included in this study.Demographic characteristics, cause of surgery, presence of complications, patient satisfaction were evaluated.Surgeries were performed under local anaesthesia in 49 cases and one under general anaesthesia.Lobuloplasty was performed in 49 female patients and one male patient.Of the 50 cases of lobuloplasty, 37 were with enlarged holes, 5 tear ear, one lobule tissue loss, and 4 cases with keloid of ear lobule.There were no post-operative complications and in no case revision surgery was done. RESULTSMean age was 47 years; smallest is a girl of 6 years, and oldest was 89 years old.The commonest cause for auricular lobuloplasty was enlarged ear holes, followed by ear keloids.Commonest procedure done was simple bilayer closure.It gave good aesthetic results.Patient satisfaction was evaluated by visual analogue scale. CONCLUSIONSMultiple surgical techniques exist for repairing ear lobule deformities.Auricular lobuloplasty is a surgical procedure that has several advantages including safety, it being a day care procedure, effectiveness and good patient satisfaction, and very minimal complications.It has great impact on feelings and beauty of a woman.
High Sensitivity Troponin (at 0 & 2 Hrs) in Emergency Department. Will Reducing the Interval Time, Safely Reduce Admissions and Costs?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Every four minutes someone is admitted to hospital suffering from a heart attack or a chest pain event in the UK, totalling over 150,000 hospitalisations a year. Chest pain is one of the most common presentations in the emergency department and quite a few of them get admitted as low risk ACS patients. With the developments in technology, we have increasingly sensitive troponin assays available. Previous-generation troponin assays have been used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in acute coronary syndrome patients and for risk stratification to guide triage decisions and aid in treatment selection. New, high-sensitivity troponin assays represent an important advance with added sensitivity for cardiac myocyte necrosis. High-sensitivity troponin assays detect concentrations of the same proteins that conventional sensitivity assays are aimed at detecting, just in much lower concentrations. Objective: Can high sensitivity troponin avoid unnecessary admission and save money. Methods: We did the retrospective data analysis for 300 patients presenting in the emergency department of University hospitals Birmingham in January to March 2016. All adult patients admitted with the diagnosis of suspected ACS were included in the study. Results: We included 300 patients admitted with the diagnosis of suspected ACS under the medical team. 81% patients had a serial troponin done during the admission. Rest of the 19% had a single troponin done. Only 10.3% patients had a raise in the serial troponin, rest of them were discharged home. The average length of stay was 33 hours. Conclusion: We have 5-10 patients every day presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. About 50% of them get admitted with the diagnosis of suspected ACS. 81% of our patients could have been potentially discharged home by using high sensitivity troponin at 0 and 2 hours and hence could have avoided 81% admissions. This in turn could have saved quite some money. With the growing pressure in the emergency departments due to ever increasing number of patients all these high sensitivity tests could potentially make some difference.
Treatment modalities for erectile dysfunction in neurologic patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Sexual dysfunction is no longer a taboo subject, but is now clearly recognized as a potential medical disorder. The term 'impotence' has become obsolete, not only because of its pejorative connotations but also because of its oversimplification of the complexity of the male sexual function and dysfunctions. Indeed, it makes no distinction between libido, erectile, ejaculatory, and orgasmic disorders.1
Charge and spin transport in monolayer and few-layer graphene nanostructures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this thesis, charge and spin transport experiments on monolayer and few-layer graphene are presented. The research revolves around fabrication and understanding the fundamental properties of graphene. Magneto transport measurements suggest that a gap is generated due to the Landau level splitting. In further experiments, graphene nanomesh was fabricated by etching monolayer sheets into small mesh (diameter 40~60 nm) and the resistance dependence on the magnetic field and temperature are studied. The first report of a weak localization (WL) effect in monolayer graphene nanomesh is presented. The observed WL is evidence of lattice defects in graphene nanomesh acting as resonant scatterers that contribute to the intervalley scattering. Lastly, graphene-based spin valve devices with a ferromagnetic-MgO-graphene (F/I/G) structure in lateral geometry were fabricated for the investigation of the spin transport properties. The first observation of a long spin diffusion length of 2.0 μm in trilayer graphene is presented in this thesis. The observed results indicate that trilayer graphene is a promising candidate for application in spintronic devices.
From paralytic ileus to Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A diagnostic puzzle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare, acute neuro-immunological disorder that affects the peripheral nerves, characterised by rapid, ascending symmetrical limb weakness and sensory deficits. Autonomic dysfunction is reported in 40-45% of GBS cases, typically manifesting in the later stages. However, it is uncommon for paralytic ileus to be the initial presenting symptom before motor and sensory deficits become apparent. We report a case of GBS in a young man who had paralytic ileus as his primary presenting complaint. The patient was managed supportively, but showed minimal improvement. A subsequent neurological assessment revealed proximal myopathy of 4 limbs with generalised areflexia. Nerve conduction study showed electrophysiological evidence of diffuse sensory motor axonal neuropathy affecting the lower limb more than the upper limb. He underwent plasma exchange therapy, in his fourth week of illness. With plasma exchange, his abdominal symptoms resolved, but neurological recovery remained partial. The delayed diagnosis likely affected his outcome, highlighting the importance of early GBS recognition for timely treatment to achieve better recovery.
Latitude of the surface high-pressure belt over western South America during the last 500 years as inferred from tree-ring analysis

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Parameters such as precipitation in the central region of Chile and the annual flow of the Argentine cordilleran rivers are sensitive to the fluctuations of the permanent subtropical Pacific anticyclone latitudinal position. Recent climatological studies have led to obtain temporal parameters related to the position, form and air circulation around this center of high pressure. 22 available chronologies of tree-rings along the Andean Cordillera from lat. 32° to 43° S, have been employed with the aim of establishing the variation in the latitudinal position of the Pacific anticyclone. These chronologies were developed from Austrocedrus chilensis (D.Don) Flor et. Boutl., Araucaria araucana (Mol.) Koch., Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnst. and Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser. The annual variation in the width of growth tree-rings were correlated with the monthly average latitudinal position of the anticyclone (LSA) and with two indexes of circulation exclusively related with the anticyclone behaviour, the Austral Zonal Circulation Index (ICZA) and the Central Zonal Circulation Index (ICZC). The results obtained remarked that the chronologies on Austrocedrus chilensis, from the central region of Chile and those on Araucaria araucana coming from Neuguén, Argentina, show growth variation strongly associated to the interannual fluctuations in the anticyclon position. The latitudinal position of the subtropical Pacific anticyclone is discussed based on these relationships.
Mining Industry Impact on Environmental Sustainability, Economic Growth, Social Interaction, and Public Health: An Application of Semi-Quantitative Mathematical Approach

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The mining industry plays a significant role in economic growth and development. Coal is a viable renewable energy source with 185.175 billion deposits in Thar, which has not been deeply explored. Although coal is an energy source and contributes to economic development, it puts pressure on environmental sustainability. The current study investigates Sindh Engro coal mining’s impact on environmental sustainability and human needs and interest. The Folchi and Phillips Environmental Sustainability Mathematics models are employed to measure environmental sustainability. The research findings demonstrated that Sindh Engro coal mining is potentially unsustainable for the environment. The toxic gases (methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur, etc.) are released during operational activities. The four significant environment spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere) are negatively influenced by Thar coal mining. The second part of the analysis results shows that human needs and interests have a positive and significant relationship except for human health and safety with Sindh Engro coal mining. Environmental pollution can be controlled by utilizing environmentally friendly coal mining operations and technologies. Plantation and ecological normalization can protect the species, flora, and fauna of the Thar Desert. The government of Pakistan and the provincial government of Sind should strictly check the adaptation of environmental standards. Furthermore, the researchers should explore the environmental issues and solutions so that coal mining becomes a cost-efficient and environmental-friendly energy source in Pakistan.
Endocrine therapy non-persistence in young women with early-stage breast cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

531 Background: The greatest age disparity in early stage breast cancer (BC) outcomes is in young women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) BC. While differences in biology may play a role, understanding the role of non-persistence (early discontinuation) with endocrine therapy (ET) is critical given the demonstrated efficacy of ET in this population. Methods: As part of a prospective cohort that enrolled women with BC diagnosed (dx) at age ≤40 between 2006-2016, we identified women with HR+, Stage I-III BC. Socio-demographic and treatment information, fertility concerns and confidence with the ET treatment decision were assessed by survey within 1 yr of dx. Medical record review was used to ascertain stage and HR status. Women who initiated ET but did not report taking tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor at 3 yrs post-diagnosis (or last follow-up if <3 yrs) were classified as non-persistent. Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables between persisters and non-persisters and stepwise multivariable regression to evaluate predictors of non-persistence. Results: In 538 women who initiated ET, median age at dx was 36; 10% were non-persistent. Discontinuation of ET was more likely in those who were less confident with their ET decision compared to those who were more confident (25/179, 14% vs 18/263, 7%, p=0.01). A greater proportion of women concerned about fertility discontinued vs. women not concerned (29/213,14% vs 25/319, 8%, p=0.03), and fertility concerns were associated with non-persistence in multi-variable analyses (OR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.05-3.26, p=0.03). Age at dx, race, education, employment, financial comfort, marital status, parity, stage, chemotherapy and local therapy were not associated with non-persistence. Conclusions: A significant minority of women with HR+ BC discontinued ET within 3 yrs. The association between fertility concerns expressed soon after dx and non-persistence underscores a need to address psychosocial issues that can impact treatment decisions in young women. Strategies to reduce decisional conflict and increasing confidence with the choice to take ET, may influence persistence. Future work will evaluate the contribution of other factors (eg symptom burden) to non-persistence.
Effect of wheat cultivar mixtures on populations of Puccinia striiformis races*

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study quantifies the frequency of simple and complex races (races that can infect two or more components) of Puccinia striiformis in mixtures of wheat cultivars possessing different race‐specific resistance genes. Treatments were designed so that the complex race changed depending on the host mixture, thus enabling us to observe the influence of pathogen complexity in different genetic backgrounds. Six cultivar mixtures and one pure stand of winter wheat were inoculated with three races of P. striiformis at two locations for two seasons. Potted plants of three winter wheat cultivars, each susceptible to one of the three races of the pathogen, were used to sample the pathogen during the field epidemics. Disease incidence on the differential cultivars was used to calculate the proportion of the three races in each treatment. The specific cultivars included in the mixtures influenced the frequencies of the three races. Increasing the number of virulent races in a mixture reduced the frequency of the complex race relative to the other two races. The results suggest that genetic background of the pathogen race, host composition, and interaction among pathogen races may be as important as cost of virulence in determining race frequencies in mixtures.
Automatic TCXO frequency-temperature test chamber using thermoelectric device array [temperature compensated crystal oscillator]

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An automatic temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) frequency-temperature test apparatus was developed using a thermoelectric device array. The developed system swings stably the test temperature range from -40/spl deg/C to 80/spl deg/C for about 1 hour. The rising temperature ratio was fairly linear with time in this test temperature range. The temperature could be controlled in an error range of /spl plusmn/0.05/spl deg/C in this system. The developed system could be used for measuring the accuracy of frequency-temperature properties of TCXO or the thermoelectric properties of other electronic devices.
Functional Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Targeting of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells mediate potent local innate and adaptive immune responses and provide long-lasting protective immunity. TRM cells localize to many different tissues, including barrier tissues, and play a crucial role in protection against infectious and malignant disease. The formation and maintenance of TRM cells are influenced by numerous factors, including inflammation, antigen triggering, and tissue-specific cues. Emerging evidence suggests that these signals also contribute to heterogeneity within the TRM cell compartment. Here, we review the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of CD8+ TRM cells at different tissue sites and the molecular determinants defining CD8+ TRM cell subsets. We further discuss the possibilities of targeting the unique cell surface molecules, cytokine and chemokine receptors, transcription factors, and metabolic features of TRM cells for therapeutic purposes. Their crucial role in immune protection and their location at the frontlines of the immune defense make TRM cells attractive therapeutic targets. A better understanding of the possibilities to selectively modulate TRM cell populations may thus improve vaccination and immunotherapeutic strategies employing these potent immune cells.
Development of pico-satellite - onboard computer subsystem

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report gives an insight of the development of the Student Pico-Satellite Project, with main focus on the development of the Onboard Computer (OBC) Subsystem. The Pico-satellite used in this project is a product of Pumpkin Incorporated, the CubeSat Kit, and the microprocessor used in the Onboard Computer Subsystem is the Silicon Laboratories 8051 microcontroller, C8051F120. The objective of this project is to design the Overall Flight Operating Modes of the Onboard Computer Subsystem and develop a test software program for the Onboard Computer to illustrate the design. As the Onboard Computer Subsystem is responsible for the Command and Data Handling of the Pico-Satellite and the other subsystems, the design of the Overall Flight Operating Modes reflects the basic operations of the Pico-Satellite. From launch mode to the safe-hold modes of the Pico-Satellite, these modes describe the various predetermined states of the Pico-Satellite throughout the course of its mission flight. Moreover, the success to the Pico-Satellite’s mission is dependent on the design of the safe-hold modes which ensures a failsafe operating system. These operating modes will form the basic blocks of the Onboard Computer Subsystem’s operating software. The illustration of the Overall Flight Operating Modes is demonstrated through a simulation program, developed with the Keil micro Vision Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and the SALVO’s Real Time Operating System (RTOS), which performs the switching of the operating modes. Executed in real time scenario, the event-driven RTOS allows the OBC to handle multiple events with the multi-tasking capability while fully utilizing the limited resources available. This software program is then downloaded onto the hardware to demonstrate the processing capability of the Onboard Computer. Lastly, this report also highlights the challenges and problems encountered by the author in the course of the project and the steps taken to overcome those issues.
WHO OWNS BRITISH DEFENCE CONTRACTORS AND DOES IT MATTER

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper presents the findings of research into the distribution of the rewards from capital used in defence production. Much existing research has examined the supply chain in the production of defence goods, but there have been few attempts to look at the ownership of suppliers. First, the paper examines two theoretical issues: why the identity of shareholders in defence contractors should have any economic or political significance, and whether the use of capital in defence industries should in principle be expected to be the same as that in any other industry. It then investigates the identity and ownership of the contractors concerned in 2003-4, using several case studies. It finds that many of the largest suppliers to the UK government are foreign-owned or controlled, and it finds evidence of a surprising degree of American equity participation in major British contractors.
The associations of early formal childcare with problem behaviour trajectories from 5 to 14 years of age

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Population Medicine considers the following types of articles:• Research Papers -reports of data from original research or secondary dataset analyses.• Review Papers -comprehensive, authoritative, reviews within the journal's scope.These include both systematic reviews and narrative reviews.• Short Reports -brief reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.