jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Myrmeconycha pheidole Konstantinov and Tishechkin 2017, new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Myrmeconycha pheidole Konstantinov and Tishechkin, new species (Fig. 32 – 42) Description. Body length 3.90 – 4.27 mm, width 1.82 – 2.00 mm. Entire body, including antennae and legs, ochre to light orange. Head with impressions lateral to antennal calli deep. Anterofrontal ridge much wider than width of frontal ridge, not forming T-shaped structure together. Proportions of male antennomeres 1 – 6 as follows: 16:9:13:13:12:13. Pronotum with basal central cell without ridge in middle, much smaller than basal lateral and central cells. Anterior wall of basal central cell absent. Anterolateral setiferous pore situated on a rounded appendage. Pronotal punctures small, barely visible through wax. Specimen without wax with long grooves along sides of anterior central cell. Third (humeral) elytral ridge bent gradually. Proportions of mesotarsomeres in male as follows: 27:17:18 (including setae):27. Proportions of metatarsomeres in male as follows: 29:18:17 (including setae):28. Aedeagus more or less parallel-sided, abruptly narrowing before apex, with small knob apically. Apex sharply bent ventrally in lateral view. Sclerotized part of spermathecal pump longer than membranous part. Etymology. This species is named after the name of the ant genus, Pheidole, with which the beetles were collected. Material examined. Holotype, male. 1) Turrialba, Costa Rica, Sept. 8.1966. 2) assoc. with Pheidole sp. 3) Robin Andrews Collector 67; 4) Holotype Myrmeconycha pheidole sp. nov. Konstantinov and Tishechkin 2016 (USNM). Paratype, female. Same data as the holotype (USNM).
Painful Papule of the Ear: A Follicular Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract. The etiology of painful papule of the external ear, chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis, has been an enigma for over half a century. I reviewed 84 skin biopsy specimens from 82 patients with this histopathologic diagnosis and found evidence that the infundibular portion of the hair follicle is probably the primary cutaneous structure involved in this condition. This lesion appears to evolve from an acute, suppurative, granulomatous dermatitis into a later‐fibrosing dermatitis having the clinical and histologic features of perforating folliculitis and prurigo nodularis.
Studies on the ability of monoclonal antibodies to selectively mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity of human myelogenous leukemia blast cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A panel of monoclonal antibodies that bind to leukemic blast cells from patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis was studied for their ability to mediate complement-dependent lysis of a variety of cell populations from patients with leukemia, normal blood cells, and human leukemia cell lines. Several of these monoclonal antibodies were selectively cytotoxic to myeloid leukemia cells (AML-1-99, AML-1-211, AML-2-30, CML-75, CML-115, and CML-150). Although they were all capable of binding to normal cell populations, none of these hybridomas were cytotoxic to normal cells. Three of these antibodies (AML-1-211. CML-75, and CML-150) were cytotoxic to some leukemia cell samples only after dilution of the hybridoma supernatant, i.e., they showed a prozone. Binding of these three antibodies, as well as another, AML-1-201, as determined in a radioimmunoassay, also showed a prozone. Other monoclonal antibodies are described (AML-2-23 and AML-2-9) that mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity to myeloid leukemia cells as well as selected normal cell types (monocytes and lymphocytes, respectively). The potential clinical utility of these monoclonal antibodies is considered in the context of recently encountered problems in the use of monoclonal antibodies to mediate leukemia cell lysis in vivo.
Wajaul Mafasil (OA) in Unani Medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

More than 54 million Americans have arthritis, and 23.7 million are limited in their daily activities due to pain. The purpose of this study is to highlight the concept of Arthralgia and the potential of its management in Unani Medicines. Osteoarthritis is a condition that progresses slowly and has a variable prognosis. In general, predicting the prognosis of osteoarthritis patients is difficult. Pharmacological therapy, on the other hand, can be associated with serious side effects and high costs. As a result, alternative therapies have been investigated. Herbal medications have demonstrated the potential for safe and effective arthritis management. Unani Medicine is a wealth of classical knowledge on arthritis. Osteoarthritis has been referred to as Wajaul Mafasil Balghami/Saudawi, and Unani Physicians have been successfully treating this disease for centuries with single herbal drugs and compound formulations. Various in-vitro and in-vivo studies have revealed that the majority of single and compound Unani formulations are safe, without side effects, and effective in osteoarthritis, particularly gout and rheumatoid arthritis. After examining 2nd Phase clinical investigations of Unani medicine, it is necessary to carry out studies at the Phase III level so that a potential safe, economical, and successful treatment for osteoarthritis can be offered to the suffering society.
The role of peers in supporting learning in music

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter addresses peer-supported learning in music. Based on theoretical perspectives from Vygotsky and Bandura, we review empirical research on peer learning in music at different ages and levels, in formal and informal learning contexts as well as in web/technology-driven contexts. We find that peer learning may positively influence children's, students' and musicians' individual development, nurture their social engagement and develop generic skills of high value in their professional lives. Successfully organised peer learning may take different forms in order to nurture both social engagement and musical self-appreciation of learners. However, we also find that peer learning may have pitfalls regarding exclusion or inclusion of participants based on social criteria such as gender, ethnicity or social status. These pitfalls are related to equal or asymmetrical relations of the peer cohort and to self-selection processes among peers. Although research on peer learning in music has expanded rapidly, more detailed and focused knowledge is still required on what characterises the organisation of successful peer learning situations in all ages, levels and contexts.
Teachers of Composition and Needed Research in Discourse Theory

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

our classes? Underlying these questions is at least one major assumption: our primary obligation is to have some influence on the way students compose, to make a difference in students' ability to use written language to give order and meaning to their experience. As though this obligation were not demanding enough, I want to argue that we have at least one other responsibility. We must not only influence our students' writing, but also help refine and shape the discourse theory that will guide our work with students. In addition to being teachers, we should also function as discourse theorists and researchers. As we try to fulfill this new obligation, we will need to ask new kinds of questions. Is a given theory valid? Does it do justice to the complexities (and the simplicities) of the writing we see every day? Are the theory's assumptions borne out in writing done by our students? It's tempting to avoid this sort of question by assuming that the work of highly skilled writers presents the most interesting test and the most dramatic illustration of discourse theory. And, of course, it would be foolish to overlook what such writers can help us discover about the composing process and the natur of effective writing. Yet if discourse theo y is to make comprehensive descrip iv statements about writing, theorists will have to test their assumptions against the actual performance of writ rs of quit diverse abilities. In our classrooms, we have unique access to this diversity. The writing of our students represents a kind of information that is alm st impossible to obtain in any context other than a course that is pri arily concerned with students' writing. In the remainder of this article, I shall suggest ways we might use this source of information to examine and re-
Scattering of a Laser Beam by High-Temperature Plasmas

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The time-average intensity of electromagnetic radiation scattered by a 50-kV electron beam from a $Q$-switched laser beam, incident at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and polarized with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}$ perpendicular to the electron beam, is measured as a function of angle with respect to the electron beam. The measured values agree with those calculated using a model that corrects for the fact that the scattering electrons pass through the scattering region during the period of observation. This correction is important in the measurement of plasma distribution functions by laser scattering for plasmas with electron temperatures greater than 10 keV.
Analisis Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa Dalam Pembangunan Desa (Studi Kasus: Desa Minta Kasih, Kecamatan Salapian, Kabupaten Langkat)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the management of village fund allocation in village development and identify factors that encourage and hinder its implementation. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach, with a case study conducted in Minta Kasih Village located in Salapian District, Langkat Regency. In this study, researchers analyzed the implementation of village fund allocation and its impact on village community empowerment. The research approach includes interviews, observations and document analysis to obtain information on the use of village fund allocation. The results showed several obstacles in accountability for village fund allocation, especially related to reporting and monitoring. In addition, there are gaps in community accessibility and understanding of village fund allocation programs that have the potential to affect the effectiveness of village development. From the results of the study, it is known that the factors that support the implementation of village fund allocation in the development of Minta Kasih Village are community support in infrastructure development, education, health, and the development of micro and small enterprises in the village. However, inhibiting factors include the government's inability to optimize budget use and delays in preparing village fund allocation accountability reports (ADD).
HAPPI: A Chip Compiler Based on Double-Level-Metal Technology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a unique fully automatic chip compiler, HAPPI, that uses double-level-metal technology and 3 levels of interconnection to realize high-speed and maximum-density chip designs consisting of a varying mixture of custom and standard-cell macros within a chip topology that guarantees 100% signal and power routing. A heuristic technique for generating placements of "soft macros" that are balanced in both area and connectivity has been presented. A routing approach that uses three level interconnection to guarantee 100% signal routing at no more than maximum density +1 tracks for channels is described, as well as a method for distributing power inside the chip in two-level metal. Finally, results of chip design using the HAPPI compiler have been presented.
Chapter 3. Psychophysical evaluation of pain and olfaction

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Psychophysical methods used to evaluate the chemical senses have been instrumental for investigations of pain and pain treatment. The evaluation of chemosensory quality has a direct parallel in the use of instruments that aid diagnosis of pain and choice of treatment by the determination of pain quality, such as pulling, throbbing, radiating and burning. The use of hedonic psychophysics in the chemical senses recognizes that tastes and smells can be described by two principal dimensions. The first is the intensity of the sensation, which is the target of most psychophysical methods. The second is the hedonic valence associated with the sensation, i.e., the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness. These hedonic dimensions are sensitive to internal state; for example, the pleasantness of sugar solutions increases during hunger and decreases during satiety. The concept of hedonics has been successfully applied to pain, albeit with only a negative valence. The dimensions of pain intensity and unpleasantness have been shown to be independent and changes in internal state can modify unpleasantness without altering sensory intensity. In addition, the amount of unpleasantness for a given intensity has been shown to vary over painful conditions (low in childbirth, high in cancer) with consequences for treatment strategy. Methods used for olfaction have been applied to healthy control subjects using experimentally applied painful stimulation and more recently these methods have been applied directly to patients, providing information about the many unknown mechanisms of pain, and the development of more effective treatments. This chapter will describe similarities in the measurement of pain and olfaction and highlight important differences in the evaluation of these two sensory modalities.
Icariin stimulates osteogenic differentiation and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of rBMSCs via estrogen receptor signaling

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Icariin (ICA) is a major active ingredient in Herba epimedii, which is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previous studies have revealed that ICA exerted a protective effect against bone loss and increased bone regeneration; however, the association between ICA and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of ICA on rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs). Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays were conducted to measure proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated to assess osteoblast differentiation, and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction as well as western blotting were performed to detect the expression of cellular and molecular markers of osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation. The results demonstrated that treatment of rBMSCs with 10‑6 M ICA stimulated rBMSC proliferation and ALP activity. Furthermore, ICA treatment increased the expression of the osteogenic markers runt‑related transcription factor 2, collagen type 1 and bone morphogenetic Protein 2; however, it also decreased the expression of the adipogenic differentiation markers peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma and CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein α. Treatment of rBMSCs with ICI182780, an ER antagonist, blocked the effects of ICA. Taken together, these findings indicated that ICA may stimulate osteoblast differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation via the activation of the ER signaling pathway. Therefore, ICA has the potential to serve as a therapeutic alternative for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Journeys to Engagement

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Caring for individuals with dementia living in long-term care environments requires the management of responsive behaviours (e.g., screaming, hitting, wandering), which affect 60-80% of residents with dementia. Responsive behaviours are commonly treated with antipsychotic medications, and they compromise well-being of residents as well as staff. Our multi-disciplinary team seeks to develop technological solutions to minimize agitated and aggressive behaviours by creating familiar and appropriate activities that allow residents with dementia opportunities to self-initiate (trigger), engage and interact with Ambient Activity Technologies (AATs) and Centivizers (reward-based learning). Once engaged, these technologies should provide the resident with individualized and stimulating experiences that are meaningful to the resident, facilitating the development of a calm and engaged state, thereby managing responsive behaviours (e.g., agitation and aggression) and improving quality of life. In this paper, we review the etiology of dementia and responsive behaviours to elucidate the rationale behind the design and development of AATs and Centivizers for individuals with dementia living in long-term care, using a person-centered technological approach. Our goal is to utilize technology to minimize caregiver burden and help to improve well-being related outcomes in residents, staff and family members.
Position- and speed-control of torque-transmission systems that incorporate flexible drive-shafts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Engineering systems often number very-flexible members among their component parts, eg long shafts, springs, connectors etc. Marine industries provide good examples of such systems. This papers concerns a speed- and a position control-system that contains certain elements having large inertias and a flexible shaft. Such systems are, in practice, very prone to vibrational and/or stability problems. The basic system used in this study was that proposed by Walley et al.1 The control-system architecture was arranged in a cascaded form that allows proper attention to engineering design and instrumentation considerations from the outset. That is, the physical viewpoint is to the fore and any mathematics acts in a handmaiden capacity. The design technique used is based upon the, so-called, pseudoderivative-feedback algorithm, due to Phelan.2,3,4 The performance of the two systems is examined, with particular reference to step-changes in demand and external loading, and the sensitivity to system-parameter variations.
Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Fractured Reservoirs: Fracture Coalescence and Reverse Suction Two Important Parameters the Interaction Between Induced and Natural Fractures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

4 Abstract: Because of the low permeability of some of the formations and the low conductivity of the natural fracture networks, stimulation techniques such as hydraulic fracturing are necessary to make economic production possible. Hydraulic fracturing operation in the fractured reservoir can increase the production rate. In this study after determining the formation side of the hydraulic fracture according to the distribution of the induced stresses around the well, hydraulic fracturing operation is performed at determined side with different lengths and in each length the production rate is surveyed. The reason of production increase or sometime production decrease will be discussed on the basis of reaction between hydraulic fracture and natural fractures. Reverse suction is an important parameter that decreases production amount at the hydraulic fracturing operation and it will be discussed in this paper. Intersected cracks and fracture coalescence are two other parameters that influence on production amount and they exist in this paper.
PGC-1α negatively regulates hepatic FGF21 expression by modulating the heme/Rev-Erbα axis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

FGF21 is a hormone produced in liver and fat that dramatically improves peripheral insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. We show here that obese mice with genetically reduced levels of a key hepatic transcriptional coactivator, PGC-1α, have improved whole-body insulin sensitivity with increased levels of hepatic and circulating FGF21. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in primary mouse hepatocytes show that hepatic FGF21 levels are regulated by the expression of PGC-1α. Importantly, PGC-1α-mediated reduction of FGF21 expression is dependent on Rev-Erbα and the expression of ALAS-1. ALAS-1 is a PGC-1α target gene and the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of heme, a ligand for Rev-Erbα. Modulation of intracellular heme levels mimics the effect of PGC-1α on FGF21 expression, and inhibition of heme biosynthesis completely abrogates the down-regulation of FGF21 in response to PGC-1α. Thus, PGC-1α can impact hepatic and systemic metabolism by regulating the levels of a nuclear receptor ligand.
Measuring coastal cliff retreat in the Kongsfjorden area, Svalbard, using terrestrial photogrammetry

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

As part of the international project Arctic Coastal Dynamics, results from two sites for measuring coastal cliff retreat in the Kongsfjorden area in Svalbard (79 ° N, 13 ° E) are presented. The two sites were established in August 2002 and revisited in August 2004. Photographs with stereo coverage were taken at distances of 7 and 15 m from the cliff walls with a 60-mm Hasselblad camera mounted on a theodolite. Fixed points were established by drilling bolts into the cliff wall and were then surveyed. These fixed points were used as control points for orientation of the photogrammetric models. Digital photogrammetry applied to scanned photographs of the sites resulted in a detailed digital terrain model (DTM) for each site and year. The coastal cliff retreat rates were found by differencing the DTMs of 2002 and 2004. As a result of the short distance between camera and cliff, the DTM differencing was accurate down to 10 mm at least. The results show a yearly retreat of 2.7 and 3.1 mm. These rates are taken to be significant as most of the retreat takes place within small areas with rates well above the accuracy limits of the technique. The results are analysed and discussed in light of earlier rock-wall retreat studies in the same area.
Refiguring Prose Style

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For about two decades, say Johnson and Pace, the discussion of how to address prose style in teaching college writing has been stuck, with style standing in as a proxy for other stakes in the theory wars. The traditional argument is evidently still quite persuasive to some-that teaching style is mostly a matter of teaching generic conventions through repetition and practice. Such a position usually presumes the traditional view of composition as essentially a service course, one without content of its own. On the other side, the shortcomings of this argument have been much discussed-that it neglects invention, revision, context, meaning, even truth; that it is not congruent with research; that it ignores 100 years of scholarship establishing composition's intellectual territory beyond "service." The discussion is stuck there, and all sides have been giving it a rest in recent scholarship. Yet style remains of vital practical interest to the field, because everyone has to teach it one way or another. A consequence of the impasse is that a theory of style itself has not been well articulated. Johnson and Pace suggest that moving the field toward a better consensus will require establishing style as a clearer subject of inquiry. Accordingly, this collection takes up a comprehensive study of the subject. Part I explores the recent history of composition studies, the ways it has figured and all but effaced the whole question of prose style. Part II takes to heart Elbow's suggestion that composition and literature, particularly as conceptualized in the context of creative writing courses, have something to learn from each other. Part III sketches practical classroom procedures for heightening students' abilities to engage style, and part IV explores new theoretical frameworks for defining this vital and much neglected territory. The hope of the essays here-focusing as they do on historical, aesthetic, practical, and theoretical issues-is to awaken composition studies to the possibilities of style, and, in turn, to rejuvenate a great many classrooms.