jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Post-stroke cognition with the Oxford Cognitive Screen vs Montreal Cognitive Assessment: a multi-site randomized controlled study (OCS-CARE)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Cognitive impairment is common following stroke. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS) was designed to assess focal post-stroke cognitive deficits in five domains. Here, we investigated whether results generated by the OCS vs the domain-general Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at baseline impacted patient outcomes at 6 months follow-up. Methods: Patients <2 months post-stroke were randomized to receive either the OCS and corresponding information leaflet or standard care with the MoCA at baseline. After 6 months, patients received both the OCS and MoCA. The primary registered outcome measures were the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and change in stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; NIHSS) at 6 months. The secondary outcome was change in cognitive performance from baseline to 6-month follow-up. The relationship between scores from the two cognitive screens at follow-up was also explored. Results: A total of 821 patients from 37 different hospital or rehabilitation sites (England, UK) were recruited to the OCS-CARE study, with 467 completing 6-month follow-up. Patient outcomes defined by overall SIS scores and changes in NIHSS did not differ between the OCS or MoCA groups. There were high accordance rates between the OCS and MoCA at 6 months, with severity of cognitive impairment reflected in both screening tools. Cognitive performance in both groups over the 6-month follow-up declined in 22% of patients. A larger proportion of OCS group patients demonstrated improvements in cognitive scores (49% vs 40% in MoCA). Conclusions: The type of cognitive screening test did not impact broad stroke outcome measures, and the two screening tools showed a high overall accordance. The results suggest that more of the domain-specific deficits in OCS recover subacutely, providing a more granular picture of cognitive recovery as well as decline. Registration: ISRCTN50857950; registered on 27/03/2014.
Scrambled and not-so-tiny genomes of fungal endosymbionts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Symbiosis, defined as prolonged and close association of two or more different organisms, is a major driving force for expansion of biological diversity from genes to ecosystems. In the most intimate form, the symbiont lives inside the cells of its host, is heritable, and the two parties could no longer survive independently. Such heritable endosymbiosis blurs the line of what constitutes an individual organism and is considered the origin of organelles in present-day eukaryotic cells (1). Over the past decade, our understanding of the mutualistic endosymbionts of insects has been greatly expanded through examination of their genomes (2⇓–4). It seemed that once a stable obligate symbiosis is developed, the endosymbiont genomes would undergo extreme levels of reduction and become highly static. These observations parallel those found in animal mitochondria (5) and angiosperm chloroplasts (6), which begs the question of how universal these evolutionary trends are among heritable endosymbionts. In PNAS two companion articles (7, 8) provide a first glimpse of the endosymbiont genomes from a group of ancient and diverse fungi.
Cannabis XVII: Pyrolysis of cannabidiol. Structure elucidation of two pyrolytic conversion products

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Pyrolysis of cannabidiol in a nitrogen atmosphere, which was shown to be a good model for the smoking process, yields a mixture of compounds. Next to the previously described major rearrangement product 2 we have now isolated and identified two more compounds formed by rearrangement processes: 2‐[2‐( p ‐tolyl)propyl]olivetol (3) and 4‐(3,4‐ trans‐p ‐mentha‐1,8‐dien‐3‐yl)olivetol (1b).
(271) Assessment of Varicocele Bilaterality in Infertile Men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of male factor infertility. It has always been a debatable subject as regard how it affects fertility and the best way to treat. However, there is a wide consensus nowadays that varicocelectomy improve male fertility potentials. Proper assessment of the disease bilaterality is crucial not to miss one side and not to jeopardize treatment outcome. Objective The primary outcome measure was to assess disease bilaterality and the secondary outcome measure was to report on improvement in semen 3 and 6 months post varicocelectomy and pregnancy rate 1 year post surgery. Methods This prospective study was conducted between January 2019 and January 2022. Infertile males with varicoceles underwent microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy by expert uroandrologists. Patients who were referred as unilateral varicoceles had their CDUS repeated for assessment of missed concomitant contralateral varicocele. Then, patients who were diagnosed with bilateral varicoceles underwent bilateral subinguinal ligation straight away. Those who were referred with unilateral varicocele had their palpable sides operated on first; then the contralateral side was also explored using an intraoperative Doppler device and the maximal vein diameter was measured. Patients came for follow for at least 6 months after surgery to evaluate any complications and assess improvement in semen parameters. Gynecologists also reported on normal pregnancy rate 1 year after surgery. Results A total of 329 cases completed the study. A hundred cases (30.4%) were initially referred as unilateral varicoceles and 229 (69.6%) as bilateral varicoceles. After reassessment of the study population, bilaterality of varicocele was found to be as high as 98.5% (324/329). This is statistically significantly higher than initial US (P&lt;0.001). Repeat CDUS strongly correlated with the intraoperative measured varicocele diameter [r=0.9, P&lt;0.001]. Moreover, sperm parameters showed significant improvement 3 and 6 months post varicocelectomy. Normal pregnancy after 1 year of surgery occurred in 118 cases (35.9%). Conclusions Varicocele bilaterality is underreported. Thorough assessment by expert radiologists and andrologists is of paramount importance not to miss significant pathology or hazard treatment outcome. Disclosure No.
The Indian Mutiny: 1857 (review)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The summer of 1857 was characterized by large-scale blood-letting, death and disaster in the subcontinent as the British raj was challenged by the sepoys. The irony lies in the fact that between 1746 and 1856, the Company's dominions had been expanded by these very same brown soldiers, the Indian soldiers in the East India Company's army. Saul David, a British historian, in the book under review focuses on the military aspects of the greatest mutiny of British India. The volume is a modified version of his Glasgow University Ph.D. dissertation.
Banking on Politics

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

New data are presented for a large number of countries on how frequently former high-ranking politicians become bank directors. Politician-banker connections at this level are relatively rare, but their frequency is robustly correlated with many important characteristics of banks and institutions. At the micro level, banks that are politically connected are larger and more profitable than other banks, despite being less leveraged and having less risk. At the country level, this connectedness is strongly negatively related to economic development. Controlling for this, the analysis finds that the phenomenon is more prevalent where institutions are weaker and governments more powerful but less accountable. Bank regulation tends to be more pro-banker and the banking system less developed where connectedness is higher. A benign, public-interest view is hard to reconcile with these patterns.
Performance of Tall Fescue Varieties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of the tall fescue breeding program is the development of varieties characterized by superior nutritive value (including reduced contents of perloline and loline alkaloids and the fungal endophyte, Epichloe typhina), palatability, disease resistance, and adaptation through the utilization of intergeneric and interspecific hybrid derivatives of ryegrass and tall fescue species. Varieties previously released from the breeding program were, Kentucky 31, Kenwell, and Kenhy. Johnstone tall fescue, developed cooperatively by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and USDA-ARS, was released March 1, 1982, as,a new variety. Johnstone is characterized as having low levels of perloline alkaloid and the fungal endophyte, Epichloe typhina, and improved forage quality during summer. It is expected that seed of Johnstone will be available commercially during 1984 or 1985.
Support for cancer patients: the Bahrain experience.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Cancer, a disease people avoid talking about, is the second leading cause of death in Bahrain. The Bahrain Cancer Society established a support group in 1993 with the goals of helping patients and their families cope with this disease and increasing public awareness concerning early detection. Services provided by the group include a weekly 2-hour session to encourage patients to express their feelings and concerns, distribution of informational booklets and visits to people at home and in hospital. Furthermore, the group organizes recreational activities for children with cancer. Patients or their families can also page the group to discuss their problems. The main goal of this paper is to share the Bahrain experience of supporting cancer patients, their families and friends.
A Longitudinal Study of Power Relations in a British Olympic Sport Organization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose was to examine the power relations during a change of culture in an Olympic sports organization in the United Kingdom. The authors conducted a 16-month longitudinal study combining action research and grounded theory. The data collection included ethnography and a focus group discussion ( n = 10) with athletes, coaches, parents, and the national governing body. The authors supplemented these with 26 interviews with stakeholders, and we analyzed the data using grounded theory. The core concept found was that power relations were further divided into systemic power and informational power. Systemic power (e.g., formal authority to reward or punish) denotes how the national governing bodies sought to implement change from the top-down and impose new strategies on the organization. The informational power (e.g., tacit feeling of oneness and belonging) represented how individuals and subunits mobilized coalitions to support or obstruct the sports organization’s agenda. Olympic sports organizations should consider the influence of power when undertaking a change of culture.
Effects of Treatment with Nilvadipine on Cerebral Ischemia in Rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The protective effects of a Ca2+ antagonist, nilvadipine, on focal cerebral ischemia were studied in male spontaneously hypertensive rats. The animals received either nilvadipine (3mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) or a vehicle subcutaneously. Group 1 (n=11) was treated for 7 days, and Group 2 (n=11) for 14 days. The middle cerebral artery was occluded on the 6th (Group 1) or 13th (Group 2) day of the treatment, and neuropathological outcomes were quantified 24 hours later. The mean arterial blood pressure was significantly reduced with nilvadipine to normal levels. The % infarct volumes of Groups 1 (37+/-2) and 2 (34+/-3) were significantly less than those of their controls (39+/-3 [n=11] and 40+/-4 [n=12], respectively), although the difference between Groups 1 and 2 was not significant. When infarct areas were compared in each of 8 coronal sections, the infarct size had decreased in the 5 posterior sections in Group 2, but only in 2 sections of Group 1. A significant decrease in the edema volumes was observed in Group 2, but not in Group 1. Thus, nilvadipine provided protective effects against cerebral ischemia in rats having chronic hypertension, and the effects were dependent on the duration of treatment.
Study the relative contribution of materials, reinforcement and concrete layers at different levels of cyclic deformation of masonry walls reinforced with shotcrete

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In masonry buildings, walls are the main structural members that deal with lateral forces. The important point in seismic retrofitting projects is identify the most effective method of improving in various levels of displacement. Therefore, in this study based on laboratory results, 12 reinforced and unreinforced walls are subjected to cyclic load, and based on the optimum values for the calibration parameters modeling results with available experimental results, in first step, with change in the specification of reinforced and unreinforced walls, An estimate of the contribution of each component in the improvement of three displacement levels, displacement in the yield point, displacement corresponding to the maximum resistance and the final displacement is made. In the second step, with change in the thickness of the layer masonry materials in unreinforced brick walls and, with change in the thickness of the masonry, concrete, diameter rebar and the distance between the bars, in reinforced brick wall, analytical values are determined. Finally, in the third step the amounts proposed in first step is compared with the amounts extracted in step two that have been derived analytically. In unreinforced walls computing values for the share of masonry materials resistance in three levels of displacement is estimated at around 97%. In reinforced and unreinforced walls the most share in resistance in displacement of the yield point and displacement corresponding to the maximum resistance was for concrete. In the final displacement limit in one way reinforced walls, the most share is for resistance has for masonry material and in two way reinforced walls, the most share is for resistance has for reinforcement. Average computing error of the analytical values obtained from step two in the walls was, about 7.5% is obtained.
Assessment of the electrical conductivity of thermally activated water jets containing injections of inhibiting salt used to extinguish electrical equipment at gas compressor stations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Introduction . One of the main problems of fire extinguishing at gas compressor stations is fires in confined spaces where electrical installations can be under voltage. To extinguish these fires, the co-authors propose to use jets of thermally activated water containing salts that inhibit burning. It is necessary to assess the electrical conductivity of water jets to prevent the exposure of fire-fighting units to electrical injuries. Materials and methods . In the experimental study, the principal electricity measuring instrument is digital dc megaohmmeter M4122U, which takes readings if operated from a laptop. The flow rate was measured using IT 2518 measurement complex and TDR14–2–3 primary flow converter of the turbine type. Termit T-35 hardness converter performed electromagnetic water treatment. Theoretical fundamentals . Measurements of leakage currents in jets of thermally activated water, fed through fire nozzles mounted onto a multi-purpose fire truck, were taken, and the maximum permissible distance to an electrical installation was determined experimentally and analytically using an experimental stand. Results and discussions . Averaged values of resistance of a jet of thermally activated water fed from a long-range nozzle at control points do not leave the confidence corridor with a probability of 0.95, which means that they do not cause a significant change in dc resistance. Inhibiting salt, injected into the water, reduces the resistance of jets of thermally activated water by no more than 2–3 % compared to under-heated water. The treatment of the inhibiting salt, injected into the under-heated water, using Termit T-35 hardness converter, does not significantly change the resistance of thermally activated water jets. Conclusions . It is theoretically and experimentally proved that the injection of inhibiting salts into the underheated water, as well as the electromagnetic treatment of water using low-power stiffness converters, do not significantly affect the electrical conductivity of jets of thermally activated water if compared to jets that contain no inhibiting admixtures. The extinguishing of surfaces of electrical installations using jets of thermally activated water containing flame inhibiting injections of salts, as well as the development of an inerting concentration in confined spaces of gas compressor stations is electrically safe for any person engaged in fire extinguishing.
Concurrency Control in Database Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Concurrency control mechanisms including the wait, time-stamp and rollback mechanisms have been briefly discussed. The concepts of validation in optimistic approach are summarized in a detailed view. Various algorithms have been discussed regarding the degree of concurrency and classes of serializability. Practical questions relating arrival rate of transactions have been presented. Performance evaluation of concurrency control algorithms including degree of concurrency and system behavior have been briefly conceptualized. At last, ideas like multidimensional timestamps, relaxation of two-phase locking, system defined prewrites, flexible transactions and adaptability for increasing concurrency have been summarized.
Prenatal Antidepressant Use and Autism Spectrum Disorder—Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Adipocyte Development in Primary Rat Cell Cultures, Effect of Cell Density and Serum Source

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The development of adipocytes was studied in primary cultures of rat adipose tissue stromal-vascular cells on collagen-coated glass coverslips. The effects of cell density and serum source on lipoprotein lipase (LPL), esterase and lipid histochemistry were evaluated. With a mixture of fetal calf serum (FCS; 2%), horse serum (2%) and pig serum (PS; 10%), large and loosely arranged clusters of adipocytes developed with time through an increase in cell number and size. An inverse relationship was observed between cell size and the number of adipocytes in a cluster. Lower cell densities were associated with large cells and the densest areas contained smaller cells. Unilocular adipocytes were observed by d 13 after plating and were generally absent from the densest area of the coverslips. Histochemically detectable LPL activity was demonstrable before lipid deposition in adipocyte clusters. A comparison of FCS (10%) and PS (10%) as the only serum sources indicated higher level of adipocyte esterase activity and lipid deposition in PS cultures. Cultures of cells from weanling (21 to 28 d old) and old (18 mo) rats were similar, whereas cells from younger rats (2 to 4 d old) formed denser cultures that contained fewer adipocytes. These adipocytes were small (less than 30 micron) and morphologically homogeneous (all multilocular). When cells from the very young rats (2 to 4 d old) were plated at low densities, an inverse relationship between cell size and number of cells in a cluster was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Narratives of family, community and waged work: Latvian European volunteer worker women in post-war Britain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In the mid to late 1940s displaced people in camps in Germany were recruited by the British Government to work in industries in which labour market shortages were severe. This article looks at the recruitment of women who were originally from Latvia for domestic work in hospitals, other institutions and private households and as textile workers. The author argues that as well as reconstructing a sense of belonging to Latvia through the creation of imagined communities in exile, waged work was also a significant part of these women's lives. The author explores the ways in which different types of work influenced the future lives of EVW (European Volunteer Worker) women, both as workers and as members of locally based networks, and discusses the connections between employment and home/community life in the social construction of identity among Latvian women in Britain. The article draws on recent oral testimonies of twenty-five women who came to Britain under the Balt Cygnet and Westward Ho schemes between 1946 and 1949, have lived in this country since then and are now retired.
Thermodynamic functions of tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanostructures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanostructures with uniform size and morphology were prepared by a simple and mild microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal route. The characterization results revealed that each tetrapod-shaped nanostructure consisted of four nanoneedles which were about 250 nm in length. Based on the known thermodynamic functions of bulk ZnO, thermodynamic functions of nano ZnO with bulk ZnO were associated through designing a thermochemical cycle according to thermodynamic potential function method. And combined with thermokinetic theory, transition state theory and microcalorimetry, standard molar enthalpy of formation, standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation and standard molar entropy at 298.15 K for the as-achieved tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanostructures were gained as (-329.37 ± 0.43) kJ mol -1 , (-318.51 ± 0.03) kJ mol -1 and (20.36 ± 1.05) J mol -1 K -1 , respectively.
35,000-year record of pollen, charcoal and NPP from Bass Strait, southeast Australia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We reconstruct the last glacial vegetation (pollen record), fire (charcoal record) and lake levels (NPP record) for Bass Strait. Results show the Bass Strait area was characterized by Eucalyptus woodland and shrubland vegetation, with high fire activity and lake levels from 35,000 to 29,000 years ago. Grassland expanded at the expense of woodland after this period, with a decline in fire activity and lake levels.