jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Variability of radiated underwater noise measurements for a small research vessel in shallow water

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The increased interest in the potential environmental impact of noise from shipping is resulting in the development of measurement methods for determining the radiated noise level and equivalent monopole source level of vessels. It is important to understand the random and systematic uncertainties associated with such techniques. The EU SONIC project provided an opportunity to make repeated measurements on the University of Newcastle research vessel, the Princess Royal, in a shallow water environment (100 m deep) over a number of days. Two multiple hydrophone arrays operated by two of the project partners, CETENA and the University of Southampton, were deployed from the same moored support vessel. This data is reviewed to illustrate the variation associated with such measurements and the impact of using multiple hydrophones and multiple measurement runs on the uncertainty in the radiated noise level and the calculated source level. The results are also compared with a later measurements of the same vessel in a different shallow water environment (20 m deep) using bottom moored hydrophones.
Radiopurity of CaWO4 crystals for direct dark matter search with CRESST and EURECA

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The direct dark matter search experiment CRESST uses scintillating CaWO$_4$\nsingle crystals as targets for possible WIMP scatterings. An intrinsic\nradioactive contamination of the crystals as low as possible is crucial for the\nsensitivity of the detectors. In the past CaWO$_4$ crystals operated in CRESST\nwere produced by institutes in Russia and the Ukraine. Since 2011 CaWO$_4$\ncrystals have also been grown at the crystal laboratory of the Technische\nUniversit\\"at M\\"unchen (TUM) to better meet the requirements of CRESST and of\nthe future tonne-scale multi-material experiment EURECA. The radiopurity of the\nraw materials and of first TUM-grown crystals was measured by ultra-low\nbackground $\\gamma$-spectrometry. Two TUM-grown crystals were also operated as\nlow-temperature detectors at a test setup in the Gran Sasso underground\nlaboratory. These measurements were used to determine the crystals' intrinsic\n$\\alpha$-activities which were compared to those of crystals produced at other\ninstitutes. The total $\\alpha$-activities of TUM-grown crystals as low as 1.23\n$\\pm$ 0.06 mBq/kg were found to be significantly smaller than the activities of\ncrystals grown at other institutes typically ranging between ~15 mBq/kg and ~35\nmBq/kg.\n
Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis prevents the incorporation of aldosterone-induced proteins into membranes.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

2-Methyl-2-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]propionic acid (TPIA), an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor, blocks the aldosterone-induced increase in transepithelial sodium transport. To examine the requirement for ongoing fatty acid synthesis and/or elongation in the aldosterone-induced alteration of cellular protein metabolism in the toad's urinary bladder, the effect of TPIA has been examined in double-labeled amino acid incorporation experiments. TPIA itself has no effect on the pattern of protein labeling in either the "soluble" or a plasma membrane-enriched fraction. However, inhibition of fatty acid synthesis selectively inhibits the aldosterone-induced incorporation of membrane proteins without altering the labeling of soluble cell protein. These results indicate that ongoing fatty acid synthesis is required for the hormone-induced changes in plasma membrane protein metabolism.
Studies on the community structure of soil collembolans in oasis- desert ecotone in southeastern edge of Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to understanding the characteristics of community structure and seasonal changes of soil collembolans in the different habitats( poplar forest,desert grassland,farmland,shelter forest,shrubbery,vegetable field and desert) in oasis- desert ecotone on southeastern edge of Junggar basin,field surveys were conducted by using international general sampling methods in April,July,September and November in 2011. Main findings of this study are as follows: A total of 2487 soil Collembolan were captured and classified into 17 genera,10 families,4 orders,respectively. Of which the dominant groups include Pseudeachorutes,Hypogastrura,Onychiurus,Isotoma,and they account for 64. 58% of total collections. Nentomobrya,Cyphoderus,Proisotoma et al ten genera are the common groups,and they account for 33. 26% of totals. The other three genera Sminthurinus,Neelus,Neanura are the rare groups,and they account for 2. 16% of the total individuals. There are significant differences in composition and individuals of collembolans among the different habitats in the oasis- desert ecotone( P 0. 05). The orders of individual number are poplar forest shelter forest shrubbery farmland desert grassland vegetable land desert. The vertical distributions of the individual densities and group numbers are mainly in the layer of 0 ~ 5cm in the soil profile. There are also significant differences among the seasons in the composition and individuals of soil collembolan communities,and the sequences of seasonal dynamics of individual numbers of the soil collembolan are July April September November. The research indicates aboveground vegetation types,humidity and the human disturbance are the main factors that are influencing the collembolan community structure and in that ecotone.
Tuning strategy for Curie temperature enhancement in the van der Waals magnet Mn1 xSb2 xTe4

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The van der Waals antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 is one of the few materials that realize the sought after quantum anomalous Hall QAH state and quantized surface charge transport. To assess the relevance of its isostructural analog MnSb2Te4 amp; 8201;as a potential QAH candidate, the roles of Mn Sb site mixing and cationic vacancies need to be clarified. Recent findings have shown that non stoichiometry in Mn1 xSb2 amp; 8723;xTe4 is an efficient tuning knob to achieve a net spin polarized state and to raise the magnetic ordering temperature well above that of MnBi2Te4. Here, we report the crystal structure, the bulk and the surface magnetism of two new Mn1 xSb2 amp; 8722;xTe4 samples Mn1.08Sb1.92Te4 x amp; 8776; 0.1 with TC 44 K, and Mn2.01Sb1.19Te4 x amp; 8776; 1.0 with the record TC 58 K. We quantify the site mixing comprehensively by combining various structural probes on powders and single crystals, and then employ bulk, local electron spin resonance , and spectroscopic x ray magnetic circular dichroism probes to connect these insights to the magnetism of these materials. We demonstrate that Mn over stoichiometry up to x 1.0, in combination with a particular Mn Sb intermixing pattern and the increasingly three dimensional character of the magnetic order, push the TC upwards. The tendency towards more robust ferromagnetism mediated by stronger interlayer exchange in Mn1 xSb2 amp; 8722;xTe4 upon increasing x is confirmed by bulk magnetometry and by a series of density functional theory calculations of model structures with varying intermixing
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Chiral Quaternary Carbon Centers via Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Deconjugative Allylation.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Application of Kriging Method to Improvement of Accuracy of Radar Measurements

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

he application of radar rainfall measurements to hydrologic practices involves many difficulties in identifying radar constants B and β, and calibrating radar information via use of ground measurements and so forth. It is of practical importance to take into account the space scale difference for comparing radar measurements with ground information precisely.The present study converts ground point rainfalls to the average areal rainfall, using the Kriging method, and shows its effect on the identification of B and, β, and calibration.The Kriging method enables one to estimate the average rainfall over a given catchment area, quantify the accuracy of areal estimates, provide data input for auto-matic contouring and design the raingauge networks.
Two-trait Selection and the Genetic Correlation II. Changes in the Genetic Correlation During Two-trait Selection

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Although there is little experimental information on the effect of simultaneous selection for two quantitative characters on the magnitude of the genetic correlation between them, it is apparently generally expected that such selection for the two characters in the same direction will cause a negative change in the genetic correlation, and selection in opposite directions a positive change. Selection using independent culling levels was done for each of the four combinations of high or low third coxal bristle number with high or low sternopleural bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster for 22 generations. To estimate changes in the genetic correlation, realized genetic parameters were estimated from single-trait lines started from the base population, and from the two-trait lines after 10 and 22 generations of selection. Changes in the genetic correlation in individual two-trait selection lines were variable and unpredictable. At generation 22 concurrent two-trait selection had resulted in significantly larger realized genetic correlations than divergent two-trait selection, so that results were contrary to the generally accepted expectation.
Does Public Debt Discipline Managers and Controlling Owners?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter investigates whether shareholders of firms that enter bond markets for the first time benefit from a reduction in free cash flows or suffer from controlling owners keeping a lock on control. We analyze an international sample of 225 bond initial public offerings (IPOs) from 37 countries. We find that announcement returns are higher for firms with higher free cash flows and lower for firms with controlling owners that have majority control. These effects depend on the level of legal shareholder protection. We find that the disciplinary power of public debt is more important in countries with strong shareholder protection. In countries with weak shareholder protection, the negative lock on control effect dominates.
Intelligent Agents for Knowledge Management in E-Commerce

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

E-commerce has become a key aspect of the global business environment, causing fundamental changes in markets and organisational structures. This chapter considers how knowledge management, the latest management approach aimed at improving business performance, can create new business opportunities in the new business environment that is defined by electronic commerce. Knowledge management deals with the systematic generation, codification and transfer of knowledge and can be supported by a number of technologies, known as knowledge management tools. It has been argued that intelligent systems can offer additional capabilities and advantages in comparison with more traditional information technologies. This chapter investigates the potential of intelligent agent-based software for more effective knowledge management in the context of e-commerce, adopting the perspective of an SME involved in development of intelligent agents-based knowledge management software. The chapter concludes with a research agenda for knowledge management research in e-commerce.
Modulations of the Optical Flow Did Not Induce Locomotor Pattern Fluctuations in Treadmill Walking in Man

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We report an analysis of gait during human treadmill walking when visual information from the self-displacement velocity was modulated. Removing or sinusoidally modulating the frequency edge information in the optical flow did not induce significant changes in the walking velocity as analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform or in the spatiotemporal gait parameters. While low-frequency fluctuations in displacement speed increased, there was no significant change in locomotor cycle stability. When a constant frequency edge was provided, i.e., when a backward optical flow was added, stride length decreased as compared to the no-optical-flow condition and instantaneous fluctuations in stride amplitude increased. Temporal gait parameters did not change. These partial effects might be better explained by modifications in trunk balance. In humans, modulation of velocity information on self-motion cannot induce unintentional modulation of walking velocity and did not enhance fluctuations in the locomotor pattern. These results argue against the proprioceptive role of sagittal visual-motion information in control of stability of rhythmic leg movement, at least when other proprioceptive feedback sources are available.
Optical Performance of a Trifocal IOL and a Novel Extended Depth of Focus IOL Combined With Different Corneal Profiles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of prior myopic ablations on the optical performance of a trifocal diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) and a novel extended depth of focus (EDOF) diffractive design. METHODS: The novel XACT Mono-EDOF ME4 diffractive IOL (Santen Pharmaceutical) and the trifocal diffractive FineVision IOL (PhysIOL) were analyzed standing alone and combined with a simulated myopic corneal ablation. The optical quality of the IOLs in both situations was evaluated with the PMTF optical bench (LAMBDA-X). The through-focus modulation transfer function (MTF) curves and the MTF at three different focal points (+0.50, 0.00, and −0.50 diopters [D]) were recorded. RESULTS: The through-focus MTF curves showed three differentiated peaks for the trifocal IOL and two overlapped peaks for the EDOF IOL. The presence of simulated myopic corneal ablations induces a −0.50 D shift on the overall through-focus curves and softens the multifocal properties of both lenses by decreasing the variations through focus of the MTF. For the analysis of the lenses standing alone, the highest MTF values were obtained for an object vergence of 0.00 D. For a simulated myopic corneal ablation, both IOLs showed better optical quality results at −0.50 D. CONCLUSIONS: The trifocal IOL provides better optical quality at far and near distances when analyzed alone. The EDOF IOL optical properties are more stable when a myopic ablation is introduced. Preoperative calculations of both lenses should consider that prior myopic corneal ablations induce a −0.50 D shift on their far peak quality. [ J Refract Surg . 2020;36(7):435–441.]
Local politics in Brazil: how social movements have made a difference

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the late 1980s Brazilian local politics has been the site of political innovations and new democratic processes. One particularity of local politics in Brazil is the active involvement of social movements in the contestation of public social goods and services for the low income classes and their assertion of a political identity. This paper analyses urban and rural movements involved in local politics and how they have contributed to democratization and social change in Brazil at the municipal level. It asserts that social movements are influential in local politics, especially concerning municipal policies and processes to improve democratic participation.
Comparing the Learning Ecologies of International Students in Internationalisation Abroad and at a Distance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores and compares the experiences of international students studying through internationalisation abroad (IA) and at a distance (IaD) at a UK university through the lens of Ecological Systems Model. In doing so, we propose a revised Ecological Systems Model, integrating the co-existing but fluid and liminal virtual/physical and home/host dimensions. Thirty-two interviews were conducted with international students who studied either: 1) in-person, 2) online in their own country, or 3) first online and then in-person. Our findings identified that the perceived learning environments of IA and IaD students were not distinct from one another, yet the differences in their learning ecologies impacted their experiences significantly. Compared with geographically mobile students, international distance learners experienced a discrete process of internationalisation with limited intercultural learning. Our findings suggest our revised Ecological Systems Model provides a stronger conceptual framework for the digital era of international higher education.
Catching jetted tidal disruption events early in millimetre

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Relativistic jets can form from at least some tidal disruption events (TDEs)\nof (sub-)stellar objects around supermassive black holes. We detect the\nmillimeter (MM) emission of IGR J12580+0134 --- the nearest TDE known in the\ngalaxy NGC 4845 at the distance of only 17 Mpc, based on Planck all-sky survey\ndata. The data show significant flux jumps after the event, followed by\nsubstantial declines, in all six high frequency Planck bands from 100 GHz to\n857 GHz. We further show that the evolution of the MM flux densities are well\nconsistent with our model prediction from an off-axis jet, as was initially\nsuggested from radio and X-ray observations. This detection represents the\nsecond TDE with MM detections; the other is Sw J1644+57, an on-axis jetted TDE\nat redshift of 0.35. Using the on- and off-axis jet models developed for these\ntwo TDEs as templates, we estimate the detection potential of similar events\nwith the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) and the Atacama Large\nMillimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Assuming an exposure of one hour, we\nfind that the LMT (ALMA) can detect jetted TDEs up to redshifts $z\\sim1$ (2),\nfor a typical disrupted star mass of $\\sim1$ M$_\\odot$. The detection rates of\non- and off-axis TDEs can be as high as $\\sim0.6$ (13) and 10 (220) per year,\nrespectively, for the LMT (ALMA). We briefly discuss how such observations,\ntogether with follow-up radio monitoring, may lead to major advances in\nunderstanding the jetted TDEs themselves and the ambient environment of the\nCNM.\n
Intrachain Aggregation of Charge-Transfer Complexes\nin Conjugated Polymer:Acceptor Blends from Photoluminescence Quenching

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Recent\nstudies of conjugated polymer donor–acceptor blends\nshow that the donor and acceptor can form a weak charge-transfer complex\n(CTC) in the electronic ground state, and these CTCs can significantly\nchange the photophysics in the blend. In this work, we study photoluminescence\nquenching in model polymer acceptor blends of poly­(methoxy,5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy-1,4-phenylene-vinylene))\n(MEH-PPV) with TNF (2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone) in solution. Our experimental\ndata show that the observed strong increase in the CTC concentration\nwith acceptor content results only in a moderate quenching enhancement.\nWe propose an extended Stern–Volmer relation to model photoluminescence\nquenching in conjugated polymers with statistically homogeneous distribution\nof CTCs over polymer chains. We compare the experimental data with\nthe model and conclude that the CTCs are not randomly distributed\nwithin a chain but form intrachain CTC clusters. These findings imply\nthat the CTCs can influence the morphology of donor–acceptor\nblends, which is of paramount importance for the performance of organic\nsolar cells.
Weak Convergence of the Rosenbrock Semi-implicit Method for Semilinear Parabolic SPDEs Driven by Additive Noise

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper aims to investigate the weak convergence of the Rosenbrock semi-implicit method for semilinear parabolic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) driven by additive noise. We are interested in SPDEs where the nonlinear part is stronger than the linear part, also called stochastic reaction dominated transport equations. For such SPDEs, many standard numerical schemes lose their stability properties. Exponential Rosenbrock and Rosenbrock-type methods were proved to be efficient for such SPDEs, but only their strong convergence were recently analyzed. Here, we investigate the weak convergence of the Rosenbrock semi-implicit method. We obtain a weak convergence rate which is twice the rate of the strong convergence. Our error analysis does not rely on Malliavin calculus, but rather only uses the Kolmogorov equation and the smoothing properties of the resolvent operator resulting from the Rosenbrock semi-implicit approximation.
Life cycle of macrophages in atherosclerotic inflammation progression and resolution: mediators and interventions (narrative review)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract As one of the pathological causes of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis poses a major threat to human health. Macrophages play an important role in regulating atherosclerotic disease progression. Specifically, atherosclerotic inflammation is initiated when low-density lipoproteins infiltrate the subcutaneous area and are phagocytosed by macrophages, leading to foam cell formation. The subsequent inflammation progression or resolution depends on the delicate balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. In cases where proinflammatory factors dominate, macrophages tend to activate the pyroptosis and necrosis pathways, resulting in the release of intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns and promoting necrotic core formation and plaque progression. Conversely, when anti-inflammatory factors prevail, macrophages engage in autophagy-mediated intracellular lipid metabolism while inhibiting inflammation progression through the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. The regulatory function of macrophages in atherosclerosis can also be understood from the perspective of their life cycles. Lipid retention within the arterial intima and its subsequent uptake by macrophages are the characteristic pathological hallmarks of atherosclerosis. As pivotal effector cells in this process, macrophages with their distinctive performances decisively determine the progression and resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation. The complete life cycle of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques encompasses chemotaxis, infiltration, polarization, uptake of lipoproteins for metabolic efflux, foam cell formation, lipid overload, and various forms of programmed necrosis, including autophagy, pyroptosis, apoptosis, necrosis, and efferocytosis, to facilitate the removal of apoptotic macrophages and limit inflammation progression. The behavior of macrophages in atherosclerosis has rarely been comprehensively addressed in previous review articles. This article provides an extensive overview of the entire life cycle of macrophages following their response to atherosclerotic inflammation and the impact of regulatory factors on inflammation progression and resolution. Considering that macrophages play a pivotal role in the inflammatory response associated with atherosclerosis, targeting the regulation of their life cycle holds promise for therapeutic interventions against atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases.