jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Failure of Porous Metals Based on Strain Energy Density Criterion

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Porosity in metals is well known to influence the mechanical behavior, namely, the elastic response, the plastic behavior, and the material loading capacity. The main focus of the current work is to investigate the failure of porous metals. Extensive literature search was conducted to identify failure mechanisms associated with the increase of porosity for up to 15% by volume. Consequently, micromechanical modeling is utilized to investigate the damage process at microlengths. Finally, a complete macromechanical modeling approach is proposed for specimen-sized models. The approach utilizes the extended Ramberg–Osgood relationship for the elastoplastic behavior, while the failure is predicted using a strain energy-based failure criterion capturing the effect of porosity. The proposed approach is validated against several testing results for different metals at various porosity levels.
Posttranslational Modification of HOIP Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 4- Mediated Linear-Ubiquitin-Chain Formation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Linear ubiquitination is an atypical posttranslational modification catalyzed by the linear-ubiquitin-chain assembly complex (LUBAC), containing HOIP, HOIL-1L, and Sharpin. LUBAC facilitates NF-B activation and inflammation upon recep-tor stimulation by ligating linear ubiquitin chains to critical signaling molecules. Indeed, linear-ubiquitination-dependent sig-naling is essential to prevent pyogenic bacterial infections that can lead to death. While linear ubiquitination is essential for in-tracellular receptor signaling uponmicrobial infection, this response must be measured and stopped to avoid tissue damage and autoimmunity. While LUBAC is activated upon bacterial stimulation, the mechanisms regulating LUBAC activity in response to bacterial stimuli have remained elusive. We demonstrate that LUBAC activity itself is downregulated through ubiquitination, specifically, ubiquitination of the catalytic subunit HOIP at the carboxyl-terminal lysine 1056. Ubiquitination of Lys1056 dy-namically altered HOIP conformation, resulting in the suppression of its catalytic activity. Consequently, HOIP Lys1056-to-Arg mutation led not only to persistent LUBAC activity but also to prolonged NF-B activation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, whereas it showed no effect on NF-B activation induced by CD40 stimulation. This study describes a novel posttranslational regulation of LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination that is critical for specifically directing TLR4-mediated NF-B activation. IMPORTANCE Posttranslational modification of proteins enables cells to respond quickly to infections and immune stimuli in a
Performance investigation of epilepsy detection from noisy EEG signals using base-2-meta stacking classifier

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease, characterized by spontaneous, unprovoked, recurrent seizures that may lead to long-term disability and premature death. Despite significant efforts made to improve epilepsy detection clinically and pre-clinically, the pervasive presence of noise in EEG signals continues to pose substantial challenges to their effective application. In addition, discriminant features for epilepsy detection have not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to develop a hybrid model for epilepsy detection from noisy and fragmented EEG signals. We hypothesized that a hybrid model could surpass existing single models in epilepsy detection. Our approach involves manual noise rejection and a novel statistical channel selection technique to detect epilepsy even from noisy EEG signals. Our proposed Base-2-Meta stacking classifier achieved notable accuracy (0.98 ± 0.05), precision (0.98 ± 0.07), recall (0.98 ± 0.05), and F1 score (0.98 ± 0.04) even with noisy 5-s segmented EEG signals. Application of our approach to the specific problem like detection of epilepsy from noisy and fragmented EEG data reveals a performance that is not only superior to others, but also is translationally relevant, highlighting its potential application in a clinic setting, where EEG signals are often noisy or scanty. Our proposed metric DF-A (Discriminant feature-accuracy), for the first time, identified the most discriminant feature with models that give A accuracy or above (A = 95 used in this study). This groundbreaking approach allows for detecting discriminant features and can be used as potential electrographic biomarkers in epilepsy detection research. Moreover, our study introduces innovative insights into the understanding of these features, epilepsy detection, and cross-validation, markedly improving epilepsy detection in ways previously unavailable.
Second Generation Radiofrequency Body Contouring Device: Safety and Efficacy in 300 Local Anesthesia Liposuction Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Suction-assisted lipectomy has undergone significant improvements in technique, outcomes, and safety. The local anesthetic option has an excellent safety profile, and energy-based modalities such as radiofrequency-assisted liposuction (RFAL) devices were developed to enhance soft-tissue contraction. The purpose of this study was to report a single center’s experience with two surgeons using the second-generation RFAL device compared with the first-generation device in terms of safety and efficacy. Methods: In total, 300 consecutive operations were performed under local anesthesia. Following tumescent injection, the RFAL device was used to heat the skin and underlying collagen network. Subsequently, areas to be contoured were followed with suction-assisted lipectomy to remove excess fat and fluid. Results: An estimated 300 operations were performed on 240 patients in 421 anatomic areas. Treated areas included the face, trunk, and extremities. The average maximum temperatures were 38.6°C externally and 65.6°C internally. The average total and fat aspirate volumes were 1264 and 648 mL. There were no major complications or mortalities, and 3 minor complications treated locally. Conclusions: The data indicated statistically significant lower proportions of major, minor, or cumulative complications compared with the patients who received first-generation RFAL treatment. Major complications were exhibited for 6.25% of the first-generation group and 0% for the second-generation group. The first-generation group exhibited 8.3% minor complications, with 0.7% in the second-generation group. In sum, the data from the second-generation series of RFAL device operations indicate a statistically, as well as clinically, significant reduction in the overall complication rates compared with the first-generation device.
Feature Extraction and Opinion Summarization in Chinese Reviews

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes the process of mining opinions from Chinese reviews of products sold online.The structure of Chinese reviews is free, which leads to a more complicated relationship between opinions and features.The paper introduces two main steps of opinion mining: feature extraction and opinion direction identification.The feature extraction function first extracts "hot" features that a lot of people have expressed their opinions in their reviews, and then finds those infrequent ones.In order to improve the accuracy of the experiment, redundant features are removed.The opinion direction identification function takes the generated features and summarizes the opinions into two categories: positive and negative.We extract adjectives and negative adverbs as opinion words and use the Naïve Bayes classifier to identify their direction.By direction, we mean whether an opinion is positive or negative.
A field Study on the Reality of Fish Farms in Samarra District, Salah Al-Din Governorate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A field survey of fish farms was conducted in Samarra district - Salah al-Din governorate, where the largest number of fish farms in Samarra district was targeted, which numbered 40, including the areas of Abbasiya, Mafrq, Al-Jallam and Sakhira, where the total area that was surveyed was about (58 dunums). All fish farms depended at the rate 100% on submersible feed. Common carp is the most cultured in all fish farms compared to grass carp and silver carp. Three methods were used to construct the basins, which are ground, plugged, excavated and plugged, which gave the highest percentages compared to the other two types. Three methods were used to fill the fish basins: diesel pumps, electric pumps the flaw water, and tourism, where diesel was relied upon to fill all the basins of the study areas except for the Mafrq area, where electricity was relied upon to fill the basins. The fish were fed on a manufactured diet in all regions at a rate of 100%. The fertilizers used for fertilizing the basins were chemical, which ranged between 70%-100%, compared to the other two types, animal and mixed. Most workers in this field range from illiterate 15-25%, elementary school 40-63%, intermediate 15-20%, preparatory school 2-10%, institute 5% and college 0%.
Calibration of non-invasive fluorescence-based sensors for the manual and on-the-go assessment of grapevine vegetative status in the field

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Background and Aims] Optical sensors can accomplish frequent and spatially widespread non-destructive monitoring of plant nutrient status. The main goal was to calibrate a fluorescence sensor, used both manually (MX) and on-the-go (MX), for the assessment of the spatial variability in the vineyard of the concentration of chlorophyll, flavonol and nitrogen in grapevine leaves, against that of a leaf-clip type optical sensor (DX4).
An analysis of the duration and achievement of apprenticeships in England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For the cohort of all 516,880 intermediate and advanced apprenticeships starting in England in 2011/12, we find that one third were withdrawn and a further 10 per cent were not completed within 36 months. We find that completion is strongly related to measures of prior achievement (full Level 2 or 3 qualifications) and we observe substantial variation by framework, i.e. apprentices are more likely to achieve if they choose certain vocational areas instead of others. On-going apprenticeship reform should more clearly look at such indicators to evaluate whether reforms actually increase individual achievement or similar outcomes. Another implication is to provide better information for those interested in apprenticeships on expected outcomes. For example, the 'findanapprenticeship' website could offer a tool for potential apprentices to insert personal characteristics, and be given information on the probability of achievement and expected labour market outcomes for a person with these characteristics.
Exploiting RAD54B-deficiency in colorectal cancer cells through synthetic lethal targeting of PARP1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Canada each year. Currently, most therapeutic approaches target rapidly dividing cancer cells by inhibition of normal cellular processes, however these therapies are not selective for cancer cells and unwanted side effects occur. Accordingly, novel cancer-targeted therapeutic strategies and drug targets are urgently needed to diminish the morbidity and mortality rates associated with CRC. Synthetic lethality is a new therapeutic approach that is designed to better target and kill cancer cells by exploiting a cancer-associated mutation (i.e. RAD54B-deficiency) thereby minimizing adverse side effects. We hypothesize that RAD54B-deficient CRC cells will be selectively killed via a synthetic lethal (SL) interaction with PARP1. We have identified and validated a novel drug target, PARP1, within CRC cells harboring RAD54B-deficiencies through a SL paradigm. This study represents the first steps necessary to identify and develop precision medicine based therapeutic strategies to combat CRC.
Cosmogenic gamma-rays and neutrinos constrain UHECR source models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

<p>When ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) propagate through the universe they produce secondary neutrinos as well as photons, electrons and positrons (initiating electromagnetic cascades) in different kinds of interactions. These neutrinos and electromagnetic cascades are detected at Earth as isotropic extragalactic fluxes. The level of these fluxes can be predicted and used to constrain UHECR source models.</p>\n\n<p>The public astrophysical simulation framework CRPropa 3, designed for simulating the propagating extraterrestrial ultra-high energy particles, is ideally suited for this purpose. CRPropa includes all relevant UHECR interactions as well as secondary neutrino and electromagnetic cascade production and propagation. It is designed for high-performance computing and provides the flexibility to scan large parameter ranges of UHECR models.</p>\n\n<p>The expected cosmogenic neutrino and gamma-ray spectra depend strongly on the evolution with redshift of the UHECR sources and on the chemical composition of UHECRs at injection. The isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background measured by Fermi/LAT is already close to touching upon a model with co-moving source evolution and with the chemical composition, spectral index and maximum acceleration energy optimized to provide the best fit to the UHECR spectrum and composition measured by the Pierre Auger Collaboration. Additionally, the detectable fraction of protons present at the highest energies in UHECRs is shown as a function of the evolution of UHECR sources for a range of sensitivities of neutrino detectors at an energy of ∼1 EeV.</p>\n\n<p>Neutrino and gamma-ray measurements are starting to constrain realistic UHECR models. Current and future neutrino experiments with sensitivities in the range of ∼10−8 - 10−10 GeV cm−2 s−1 sr−1 for the single-flavor neutrino flux at ∼1 EeV will be able to significantly constrain the proton fraction for realistic source evolution models.</p>
Studies on the Breeding System of Ceratoides arborescens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Position observation,pollen-ovule ratio and bagged pollination were utilized to study breeding system of Ceratoides arborescens.The results showed:(1)The pollen life was 6 days,and the pollen-ovule was 1 351 189±391 779;there were cross pollination and self-pollination,and cross pollination dominated;the breeding system belonged to facultative xenogamy.(2)The stigma receptivity of C.arborescens was 6 days if existing pollen(5~10 days after stigma exposed),than the stigma would be excessive growth;the stigma receptivity was longer in lacking of pollen and can not complete the pollination,may maintain 9~20 d(9~20 days after stigma exposed).(3)Artificial inseminate showed,the best time of inseminate was 6~7 days after stigma exposed,and had highest seed set(94.83%).The average seed set was 4.93% after the stigma lose the vitality(21 days after stigma exposed).Time range that had higher seed set was wider than the best stigma receptivity.It formated reproductive compensation mechanism in the long term evolutionary process:a higher P/O,the stigma receptivity was longer,In the advantage of having cross pollination,it also took self-pollination simultaneous,which is significant for wild population restoration.
THE SPECTRUM OF INTERMEDIATE SYNDROME FOLLOWING ACUTE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY FROM A TEACHING HOSPITAL OF CHHATTISGARH

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intermediate syndrome is a common complication found in patients with organophosphorus poisoning.The aim of this study was to find its incidence in this tribal dominated area of Chhattisgarh state.This is a retrospective study carried out at the ICU of a teaching Medical College hospital.In a period of one year, 720 cases of acute poisoning were admitted in the medical ICU ward, out of which, 682 cases (94.7%) were of organo-phosphorus poisoning.64 cases (9.3%) had signs & symptoms of intermediate syndrome, which included inability to flex the neck, respiratory difficulty, convulsions and other features.All the 64 cases of intermediate syndrome required ventilatory support.Male: female ratio was 8:10.The commonest compound implicated in poisoning was Fenthion.Mortality was 18%.Patients with respiratory muscle weakness & proximal muscle paresis were the definitive predictors for the development of intermediate syndrome.Early recognition & prompt treatment has often proved successful, but, in mixed poisoning, recovery is variable and unpredictable.
[Gingival deflection and regeneration after electrotomy].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

In hydrocolloid impressions, the visibility of the margins of cavity preparation is most important. Purely mechanical management of the gingival tissue by cotton threads does not always give satisfactory results, particularly in multiple preparations. Electrosurgery, subtly used, avoids blood and seepage from the sulcus and seems to better control the accessibility of the margins to the hydrocolloid material.
Cross‐Electrophile Coupling

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Chapter 9 Cross-Electrophile Coupling Principles and New Reactions Matthew J. Goldfogel, Matthew J. Goldfogel University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706 USASearch for more papers by this authorLiangbin Huang, Liangbin Huang University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706 USASearch for more papers by this authorDaniel J. Weix, Daniel J. Weix University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706 USASearch for more papers by this author Matthew J. Goldfogel, Matthew J. Goldfogel University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706 USASearch for more papers by this authorLiangbin Huang, Liangbin Huang University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706 USASearch for more papers by this authorDaniel J. Weix, Daniel J. Weix University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706 USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Sensuke Ogoshi, Sensuke Ogoshi Osaka University, Department of Applied Chemistry, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 November 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527813827.ch9Citations: 48 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter reviews the field of nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling, the cross-coupling of two different carbon electrophiles under reducing conditions. After briefly discussing the history of this growing area of chemistry, the latest chemistry (up to mid-2018) is covered. Citing Literature Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: Methods and Reactions RelatedInformation
Acknowledgements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A collection of essays about the Colonial Medical Service of Africa in which a group of distinguished colonial historians illustrate the diversity and active collaborations to be found in the untidy reality of government medical provision. The authors present important case studies in a series of essays covering former British colonial dependencies in Africa, including Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zanzibar. These studies reveal many new insights into the enactments of colonial policy and the ways in which colonial doctors negotiated the day-to-day reality during the height of Imperial rule in Africa. The book provides essential reading for scholars and students of colonial history, medical history and colonial administration.
Coalitions of the Willing: Where is the Will?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : After a decade of challenges in peacekeeping operations, the United Nations (UN) is in need of greater support from its member nations. The inability of this international organization to stabilize several crises damaged its credibility in exercising one of its primary functions, reducing human suffering. The turning point for the UN came with the successful intervention of a coalition of willing nations, led by Australia, in stabilizing the East Timor crisis. Sanctioned by the Security Council, the operation proved the value of rapid deployment of well-trained and self-sufficient forces in demonstrating international resolve and reducing human suffering. This research project investigates coalitions of the willing. The study considers the global, regional and national causes that compel nation states to contribute forces to coalitions; the characteristics of coalitions; the capacity of nations to provide intervention forces; and, finally the measures that the United Nations are undertaking to improve its rapid-reaction intervention capabilities. The study will argue that coalitions, as organized by capable lead nations, are the preferred instruments for conflict intervention. In those crises when consent of those engaged in the conflict is questionable or in the absence of a lead nation, non-state actors such as the United Nations must have the capacity to react in a timely and effective manner.
An improved renormalization group theory for real fluids

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

On the basis of White’s theory, an improved renormalization group (RG) theory is developed for chain bonding fluids inside the critical region. Outside the critical region, the statistical associating fluid theory based on the first-order mean sphere approximation [Fluid Phase Equilibria 171, 27 (2000)] is adopted and all the microscopic parameters are taken directly from its earlier application of real fluids. Inside the critical region, the RG transformation for long-range density fluctuation is derived in the k space, which illustrates explicitly the contributions from the mean-field term, the local density fluctuation, and the nonlocal density fluctuation. The RG theory is applied to describe physical behavior of ten n alkanes (C1–C10) both near to and far from the critical point. With no additional parameters for chain bonding fluids, good results are obtained for critical specific heat and phase coexistence curves and the resulting critical exponents are in good agreement with the reported nonclassic values.