jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Federal Justice Statistics Program: Defendants in Federal Criminal Cases Filed in District Court, 1999 [United States]

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The data contain records of defendants in criminal cases filed in United States District Court during fiscal year 1999. The data were constructed from the Administrative Office of the United States District Courts' (AOUSC) criminal file. Defendants in criminal cases may be either individuals or corporations. There is one record for each defendant in each case filed. Included in the records are data from court proceedings and offense codes for up to five offenses charged at the time the case was filed. (The most serious charge at termination may differ from the most serious charge at case filing, due to plea bargaining or action of the judge or jury.) In a case with multiple charges against the defendant, a "most serious" offense charge is determined by a hierarchy of offenses based on statutory maximum penalties associated with the charges. The data file contains variables from the original AOUSC files as well as additional analysis variables, or "SAF variables," that denote subsets of the data. These SAF variables are related to statistics reported in the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, Tables 4.1-4.5 and 5.1-5.6. Variables containing information (e.g., name, Social Security number) were replaced with blanks, and the day portions of date fields were also sanitized in order to protect the identities of individuals. These data are part of a series designed by the Urban Institute (Washington, DC) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Data and documentation were prepared by the Urban Institute.
Surgery for Peptic Ulcer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

p. 1133), prompted me to examine the case records of 489 cases treated with buccal pitocin.There was no incidence of uterine rupture, maternal mortality, or foetal mor- tality, and there were only three cases of excessive uterine action.All three responded quickly (15-20 minutes) to withdrawal of the tablets from the buccal pouch.Hyperactivity of this nature (contractions at one-minute intervals) has occurred in the control group.Furthermore, in 31 cases where buccal oxy- tocin failed intravenous Pitocin (oxytocin) was successful in 10 cases only.No one can deny that a risk of uterine rupture exists-as reported by Dr. P. M. Leney (12 September, p. 689) and Dr. H. 0. Nicholson (3 October, p. 876), but spon- taneous rupture does also occur and in fact did so in one case of the non-buccal group.I do not think that obstetricians using buccal oxytocin deny the place, or better con- trol, of intravenous oxytocin.However, oral administration is generally preferred to the parenteral even if there is some slight loss in performance-cf.oral iron and Ferrivenin (saccharated iron oxide).Thus I cannot agree that buccal pitocin is a retrograde step, and the evaluation of 489 cases treated with the buccal hormone would support Mr.
Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis examines the effects of contact on the grammars of the languages of two Saharan oases, Siwa and Tabelbala. These share similar linguistic ecologies in many respects, and can be regarded as among the most extreme representatives of a language contact situation ongoing for centuries across the oases of the northern Sahara. This work identifies and argues for contact effects across a wide range of core morphology and syntax, using these both to shed new light on regional history and to test claims about the limits on, and expected outcomes of, contact. While reaffirming the ubiquity of pattern copying, the results encourage an expanded understanding of the role of material borrowing in grammatical contact, showing that the borrowing of functional morphemes and of paradigmatic sets of words or phrases containing them can lead to grammatical change. More generally, it confirms the uniformitarian principle that diachronic change arises through the long-term application of processes observable in synchronic language contact situations. The similarity of the sociolinguistic situations provides a close approximation to a natural controlled experiment, allowing us to pinpoint cases where differences in the original structure of the recipient language appear to have influenced its receptivity to external influence in those aspects of structure.
The Action of Phenol and 2-Phenoxyethanol on the Oxidation of Various Substances by Escherichia coli and by a Disrupted Cell Preparation of the Organism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY: The effects of phenol and 2-phenoxyethanol on the oxygen uptake of washed suspensions and a disrupted cell preparation of Escherichia coli, with different substrates, has been further investigated. Stimulation of oxygen uptake with mannitol or glucose as substrate was not due to an increase in the viable population or associated with an uncoupling effect. The results obtained with a disrupted cell preparation capable of oxidizing glucose and lactic acid to pyruvic acid, on comparison with results with intact organisms, suggest that enzyme location may account for the differences in inhibitory activity obtained with different substrates.
Modeling of Convective Mode Combustion through Granulated Propellant to Predict Detonation Transition

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An analysis of the transient reactive flow through highly loaded but mobile particles of solid propeliant is presented in order to determine whether the high-speed flame front can provide a pressure wave that can interact with the flow to build up to a condition of detonation. Discussions are presented which deal with the various forms of the field balance conservation equations, as well as the significant number of additional constitutive relations required to model this flow. Results are presented which indicate the sensitivity of the most important parameters on the unsteady flame-spreading rate. Possible criteria for DOT (deflagration-to-detonation transition) are presented.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Trajectory Of An Anionic Lipid Bilayer: 100 Mol% Dops With Na+ Counterions Using Ff99 Ions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

System: Symmetric bilayer of anionic DOPS (1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine 100 mol-%) lipids with sodium (Na+) counter ions. Number of DOPS: 128.
Number of Na+-ions: 128.
Number of waters: 4480. Lipid model: Amber Lipid 17 [IR Gould, AA Skjevik, CJ Dickson, BD Madej, RC Walker: "Lipid17: A Comprehensive AMBER Force Field for the Simulation of Zwitterionic and Anionic Lipids" in prep. (2018)]. Ion models: Amber ff99 [J Åqvist J. Phys. Chem. 94 8021 (1990)]. Water model: TIP3P [WL Jorgensen, J Chandrasekhar, JD Madura, RW Impey, ML Klein J. Chem. Phys. 79 926 (1983)]. Simulation engine: Amber16 [DA Case et al. AMBER 2017 UCSF (2017)]. Number of independent repeats per setup: 2.
Trajectory lengths per repeat: 400 ns + 100 ns.
Previously equilibrated for: 100 ns.
Sampling rate: every 10 ps. Time integration step: 2 fs. Thermodynamic ensemble: NpT.
Temperature coupling: 'Langevin' at T = 303 K.
Pressure coupling: 'Berendsen' [J. Chem. Phys. 81 3684 (1984); J. Chem. Phys. 103 10252 (1995)] with xy and z coupled separately at p = 1.0 bar with no surface tension. Electrostatics: PME [J. Chem. Phys. 98 10089 (1993); J. Chem. Theory Comput. 9 3878 (2013)].
Van der Waals: Turned off between 1.0 nm and 1.5 nm. Constraints: Lengths of covalent bonds involving Hydrogens in lipids using SHAKE [J. Comput. Phys. 23 327 (1977)], in water using SETTLE [J. Comput. Chem. 13 952 (1992)]. Used in publications: OHS Ollila et al. "NMRlipids IV: Headgroup & glycerol backbone structures, and cation binding in bilayers with PS lipids" in prep (2018).
Functional nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms from the TGF-β protein interaction network

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protein complexes mediated by protein-protein interactions are essential for many cellular functions. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling involves a cascade of protein-protein interactions and malfunctioning of this pathway has been implicated in human diseases. Using an in silico approach, we analyzed the naturally occurring human genetic variations from the proteins involved in the TGF-β signaling (10 TGF-β proteins and 242 other proteins interacting with them) to identify the ones that have potential biological consequences. All proteins were searched in the dbSNP database for the presence of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). A total of 118 validated nsSNPs from 63 proteins were retrieved and analyzed in terms of 1) evolutionary conservation status, 2) being located in a functional protein domain or motif, and 3) altering putative protein motif or phosphorylation sites. Our results indicated the presence of 31 nsSNPs that occurred at evolutionarily conserved residues, 37 nsSNPs were located in protein domains, motifs, or repeats, and 46 nsSNPs were predicted to either create or abolish putative protein motifs or phosphorylation sites. We undertook this study to analyze the human genetic variations that can affect the protein function and the TGF-β signaling. The nsSNPs reported in here can be characterized by experimental approaches to elucidate their exact biological roles and whether they are related to human disease.
Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin following intravenous administration to a hemodialysis patient with methicillin-resistant Staplylococcus aureus infections.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

血液透析患者のMRSA感染性肺炎例にvancomycin (VCM) の経静脈的投与を行い, その薬物動態を検討した. VCM 0.5gを生食100mlに溶解し, 投与5日目までは中心静脈カテーテルより120分かけ1日1回投与し, その後は, 血液透析 (HD) 後のみシャント静脈側より60分かけて投与した. 腎不全例では, VCMは蓄積性を示し, 半減時間は19.8時間で, 腎機能正常胃癌患者 (NRPt) では5時間であった. VCMのHDによる除去率は14.3%で蛋白結合率は35%であった. 蛋白結合率は, VCMの血中濃度と逆相関 (r=-0.616) を示し, 血清アルブミン値とは相関 (r=0.557) を示した. VCM中止後NRPtでは, 5日でVCMは血中より消失したが, 腎不全例では, 47日目でも消失していなかった. VCMは, 分子量1486のグリコペプチド系抗生物質で, 腎不全例では, 0.5gを週2-3回, 60-120分かけ投与し, VCM血中濃度のモニタリングが必要である.
Overall survival of patient with oral squamous cell carcinoma in dependence on Cytokeratin 19 expression calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Copyright information:Taken from "Cytokeratin 8/18 expression indicates a poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity"BMC Cancer 2006;6():10-10.Published online 13 Jan 2006PMCID:PMC1379654.Copyright © 2006 Fillies et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
ALBINISM- A CONGENITAL DISORDER

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: Albinism encompasses a group of inherited disorders characterized by reduced or absent melanin biosynthesis, affecting approximately 1 in 20,000 individuals worldwide with significant variability across geographical regions. These conditions present substantial clinical challenges and impact quality of life. Objective: This review aims to synthesize current understanding of albinism's genetic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, available treatments, and emerging therapeutic strategies to provide a comprehensive framework for clinicians and researchers. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for articles published between 2000-2024, using keywords including "albinism," "oculocutaneous albinism," "ocular albinism," "melanin biosynthesis," "tyrosinase," and "albinism treatment." Studies were selected based on relevance, methodological rigor, and contribution to understanding albinism pathophysiology or treatment. Results: Recent advances have expanded understanding of albinism's genetic basis, with 22 genes now identified across various forms. Comprehensive phenotypic characterization has refined diagnostic approaches, while emerging therapies including gene-based interventions and repurposed pharmaceuticals show promise in preclinical studies. Conclusion: Albinism represents a paradigm for understanding melanin biology and neurodevelopmental visual pathways. While current management remains supportive, emerging molecular-based therapies may offer disease-modifying potential. Multidisciplinary approaches and increased awareness are essential to address both medical and psychosocial aspects of these conditions.
Effect of cold stress on gene expression and functional pathways in maize root system

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study aimed to explore the key genes and associated functions involved in the cold response of maize root under low temperature. The gene expression profiling GSE72508 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, which included four maize varieties. Genes that were differentially expressed in maize primary root under cold conditions and normal conditions were screened in four varieties. These genes were performed functional enrichment analyses and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network establishment. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of four varieties were compared through Venn diagram to further screen key genes induced by cold stress. Totally, 116, 140, 94 and 101 DEGs were screened between cold treatment and control groups in four varieties, respectively. They were significantly enriched in functions of carbohydrate metabolic and biosynthetic processes, polysaccharide metabolic and biosynthetic processes, and glycogen metabolic and biosynthetic processes, as well as pathway of starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis and ribosome. Venn diagram analysis identified two common DEGs between the four varieties: LOC100282063 and eno1 . Cold stress may influence the normal growth and development of maize through changing the metabolism and biosynthesis of sugar, as well as affecting the photosynthesis. Additionally, LOC100281989 and eno1 may be key genes involved in cold response of maize under low temperature.
Proposing a systematic approach for integrating traditional research methods into machine learning in text analytics in tourism and hospitality

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper argues that the analysis of vast amounts of user-generated content, which are currently dominated by text analytics and machine learning, need more methodical incorporation of reliable traditional methodologies to facilitate deeper understanding of concepts and theory building. Specifically, a systematic approach that integrates machine learning and traditional research methods is needed to overcome inherent drawbacks of both approaches. A step-by-step methodological framework for the analysis of online reviews is proposed and demonstrated. An application of the framework with an example drawn from the context of understanding authenticity in dining experiences illustrates its usefulness in the investigation of complex concepts. This paper represents one of the first attempts to systematise an integrated learning approach to understand complex concepts and build theories in tourism and hospitality, contributing to more rigourous procedures for processing and analysing large data sets of user-generated content.
Effect of Fluoxetine and Acacetin on Central Vestibular Compensation in an Animal Model of Unilateral Peripheral Vestibulopathy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Damage to the peripheral vestibular system is known to generate a syndrome characterized by postural, locomotor, oculomotor, perceptual and cognitive deficits. Current pharmacological therapeutic solutions for these pathologies lack specificity and efficacy. Recently, we demonstrated that apamin, a specific SK channel blocker, significantly reduced posturo-locomotor and oculomotor deficits in the cat and the rat. The aim of the present study was to test the antivertigo potential of compounds belonging to the SK antagonists family, such as Acacetin and Fluoxetine. Young rats were subjected to unilateral ototoxic lesions of the vestibular organ using transtympanic administration of arsanilic acid (TTA) to evoke unilateral vestibular loss (UVL). Vestibular syndrome was monitored using behavioural evaluation allowing appreciation of the evolution of static and dynamic posturo-locomotor deficits. A significant effect of the TTA insult was only found on the distance moved, the mean body velocity and the not moving time. From day 2 to week 2 after TTA, the distance moved and the mean body velocity were significantly decreased, while the not moving time was significantly increased. Acacetin does not evoke any significant change in the vestibular posturo-locomotor parameters’ kinetics. Administration of Fluoxetine two weeks before TTA and over three weeks after TTA (preventive group) does not evoke any significant change in the vestibular posturo-locomotor parameters’ kinetics. Administration of Fluoxetine from three weeks after TTA significantly delayed the functional recovery. This study demonstrates that Acacetin or Fluoxetine in TTA vestibulo-injured rats does not bring any significant benefit on the posture and locomotor balance deficits.
Strain Among Caregivers: A Study of Experience in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Strain Among Caregivers: A Study of Experience in the United States Get access Marjorie H. Cantor, MA Marjorie H. Cantor, MA 2Brookdale Professor of Gerontology, Fordham University, Graduate School of Social Service and the Third Age Center113 W. 60th St., New York, NY 10023 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Gerontologist, Volume 23, Issue 6, December 1983, Pages 597–604, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/23.6.597 Published: 01 December 1983
Eleusine coracana (L.) GAERTN. IE 2292

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Eleusine coracana (L.) GAERTN.
Common name(s): Finger millet
Other names: IE 2292
Conserved by: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India
Local sample unique identifier: IE 2292
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1985-04-01
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Erythema nodosum: A harbinger of Lipschutz ulceration?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diagnosis of genital ulcers can be challenging. There are various differential diagnoses including sexually and non-sexually transmitted infections, autoimmune conditions, drug reactions, and as a manifestation of systemic illness. Lipschutz ulcer is a non-venereal genital ulcer, probably an underdiagnosed condition, characterized by acute painful necrotic vulval ulcerations. We report the case of a 45-year-old female with a recurrent history of erythema nodosum (EN) who presented with vulvar ulcers two weeks after an upper respiratory tract infection. Other possible venereal and non-venereal etiologies were ruled out and lesions healed with no sequelae. Through this case report we attempt to increase awareness regarding this uncommon condition and its possible relation to EN, an entity with the same pathophysiology. The diagnostic workup for genital ulcers is extensive, but when correctly identified, treatment and reassurance provide great comfort to the patient.
Effects of amnesia on processing in the hippocampus and default mode network during a naturalistic memory task: a case study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Despite their severely impaired episodic memory, individuals with amnesia are able to comprehend ongoing events. Online representations of a current event are thought to be supported by a network of regions centred on the posterior midline cortex (PMC). By contrast, episodic memory is widely believed to be supported by interactions between the hippocampus and these cortical regions. In this MRI study, we investigated the encoding and retrieval of lifelike events (video clips) in a patient with severe amnesia likely resulting from a stroke to the right thalamus, and a group of 20 age-matched controls. Structural MRI revealed grey matter reductions in left hippocampus and left thalamus in comparison to controls. We first characterised the regions activated in the controls while they watched and retrieved the videos. There were no differences in activation between the patient and controls in any of the regions. We then identified a widespread network of brain regions, including the hippocampus, that were functionally connected with the PMC in controls. However, in the patient there was a specific reduction in functional connectivity between the PMC and a region of left hippocampus when both watching and attempting to retrieve the videos. A follow up analysis revealed that in controls the functional connectivity between these regions when watching the videos was correlated with memory performance. Taken together, these findings support the view that the interactions between the PMC and the hippocampus enable the encoding and retrieval of multimodal representations of the contents of an event.
Soft Spaces, Fuzzy Boundaries, and Metagovernance: The New Spatial Planning in the Thames Gateway

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the changing practices of spatial planning, critically engaging with state theory to argue that a new generation of ‘soft spaces’ and ‘fuzzy boundaries' occupies a key position in the emergent planning system. In the process we question whether privileged scales and sectors can meaningfully be identified in current state-restructuring processes. We use interviews with key national policy makers and a case study of the Thames Gateway to test our ideas.
One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved:Belonocnema(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the genus Belonocnema induce galls on live oaks (Quercus series Virentes), forming multilocular root galls in the sexual generation and unilocular leaf galls in the asexual generation. Using morphological characters, host records, museum specimens, flight propensity and phylogenetic analysis of published cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear SNP data, we resolve the long-standing taxonomic confusion within Belonocnema and recognize three distinct species that are distributed throughout the southern and south-eastern USA: B. fossoria (rev. stat.), B. kinseyi (rev. stat.) and B. treatae, while B. quercusvirens is treated as species inquirenda. The presence of mitonuclear discordance results in the failure of a mitochondrial DNA barcode region to distinguish between B. fossoria and B. treatae, while recognizing B. kinseyi, despite the three species being clearly separated based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of SNP data. We provide re-descriptions and an updated dichotomous key for both asexual and sexual generations of these widespread species. Finally, as Belonocnema has emerged as a model organism for ecological and evolutionary studies, we clarify the species examined in published studies to date.
The parties within the criminal process of proof

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In criminal proceedings, proof consists in the collection, presentation, admission and use of evidence in order to establish circumstances relevant to the case. The collected evidence is checked and evaluated by the criminal prosecution body or the court. The suspect, the accused, the defendant, the defender, the accuser, the victim, the civil plaintiff, the civil defendant and their representatives, as well as other individuals and legal entities have the right to present oral and written information, objects and documents that can be used as evidence. All evidence collected in a criminal case is subject to careful, comprehensive and objective verification. Verification of evidence consists in analyzing the collected evidence, comparing it with other evidence, collecting new evidence and verifying the source of its origin in accordance with the requirements of this code through appropriate methods of proof.