jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ancient Siege Warfare, 700BC–AD645

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Siege warfare in antiquity was bloodier than other forms of combat, usually involving urban centers rather than purely military installations. Though sieges, in contrast to open battles, required complicated logistics and employed high technology, there was remarkably little development of fundamental designs. The two significant advances were the invention of torsion artillery around 400 bc and the introduction of traction artillery in the sixth century ad . The besieger could attempt one of three ways to get into a town: under the walls (by mining), over the walls (by scaling), or through the walls (by rams, artillery, or subterfuge). A complex variety of motives encouraged men to run the enormous risks involved in being first through the breach or over the wall; once in the town itself, they faced the bloody prospect of house‐to‐house combat. Following a successful assault, the mental and physical strains imposed on the besiegers often led to savage reprisals. Other sieges, however, ended not with storm and sack but with the capitulation of the starving defenders. Sieges upset societal norms; exceptionally in the ancient world, women might be found taking an active part in combat. As urban centers were often religious centers, it is unsurprising that the gods often feature prominently in literary accounts. High literature not only responded to the excitement and heroism of sieges but also could actively shape the ways in which sieges were prosecuted.
On the Hunt

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Visual search tasks commonly involve manipulating the number of targets and distractors to change difficulty levels and observe differences in reaction time and accuracy. What happens when the search background itself serves as a distractor? By creating a target that has been camouflaged to match the environment, we observed RT and accuracy both with and without a target preview. We hypothesized that 1) as target size decreased (increasing difficulty), RT would increase and accuracy would decrease, and 2) that the target preview would not aid in search. Our results support for our first hypothesis, and partially support our second. Reaction times were unaffected by the availability of the target preview, but search accuracy displayed a small cost. Overall, our findings suggest that search for camouflaged targets in the real world, in some cases, is predicated on a categorical representation of the target.
The Musical Work and Conscious Experiences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We are living through the aftermath of psychologism, which still has many followers, particularly in Poland, although elsewhere its grip has been broken and it is seen as a thing of the past.1 Especially to art theorists and musicologists, who themselves take no interest in philosophy yet are inclined to make general assertions regarding the objects of their investigations, it seems almost obvious that a work of art, and especially a musical work, is something "mental": a cluster of imaginings or auditory experiences. I can almost hear some of my readers saying: why does the author complicate a simple matter? A musical work is above all a certain cluster of sounds with which one associates feelings, thoughts, and imaginings. And, as we learn from physicists and psychologists, sounds are nothing but sense-experiences and therefore mental experiences. The same applies to presentations, feelings, and so-called presentational judgments.
Risk factors for the progress of subclinical atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics with multifactorial intervention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

目的 探讨多因素干预条件下新诊2型糖尿病患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化(AS)进展的危险因素.方法 前瞻性观察156例年龄35～70岁、病程在1年以内、无亚临床动脉粥样硬化的2型糖尿病患者在采取以抗血小板为基础的强化血糖、血脂、血压、体重等综合达标干预措施的2年中各代谢指标和亚临床动脉粥样硬化的动态变化,比较强化干预2年后发生与未发生亚临床动脉粥样硬化的患者间代谢控制的差异,采用logistic回归分析探讨亚临床动脉粥样硬化进展的危险因素.结果 156例患者经2年的综合强化干预,颈总动脉和股动脉血管内中膜厚度与基线比较差异无统计学意义,但显著高于1年时的对应值(P＜0.01);干预2年时,45例(28.8%)患者检出有血管内中膜厚度异常或动脉粥样硬化斑块,高于干预1年时的18例(11.5%,P＜0.01);糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数与干预1年时的对应值比较有升高趋势(P＜0.01);糖化血红蛋白的达标率亦显著低于干预1年时(P＜0.01).亚临床动脉粥样硬化组糖化血红蛋白和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的达标率低于无动脉粥样硬化组(P＜0.01).logistic回归分析显示,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇达标可使亚临床动脉粥样硬化发生的相对危险度减少83%,糖化血红蛋白达标使相对危险度减少59%,但随访2年时,年龄每增加10岁使相对危险度增加82%.结论 多因素强化干预并不能完全阻止新诊2型糖尿病亚临床动脉粥样硬化的发生,随着时间的推移,亚临床动脉粥样硬化呈进展趋势,血糖、血脂亦呈上升趋势;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和糖化血红蛋白是否达标以及年龄是影响新诊2型糖尿病患者发生亚临床动脉粥样硬化的主要危险因素。
Structure-Function Studies on Nonmuscle Myosin-2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: C.elegans is a powerful model organism for studying actomyosin-dependent processes such as development, cell division, and migration and has been used in numerous studies to decipher the role of nonmuscle myosin-2 in this simplified system. Nonmuscle myosin-2 is an ATP-dependent actin-based molecular motor that moves and shapes cells by pulling on actin filaments. However, unlike mammalian nonmuscle myosin-2 motors, the functional capacities and limitations of the C.elegans proteins are unknown, creating a roadblock for computational and functional studies. Methods: The FLAG-tagged minimal functional unit of C.elegans nonmuscle myosin-2 was recombinantly produced using the baculovirus/Sf9 insect cell expression system and a purification strategy was devised. Rabbit skeletal muscle actin was purified from native sources. The complex between nonmuscle myosin-2 and actin was assembled and subjected to negative stain and cryo-electron microscopy analyses. Cryo-electron microscopy data were processed using cryoSPARC to reveal the three-dimension structure of the actomyosin complex. Results: Negative stain electron microscopy experiments showed that the motor itself undergoes conformational changes in the presence of different nucleotides, indicating that C.elegans nonmuscle myosin-2 is a proper, enzymatically active motor. The high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure showed that myosin binds actin in a typical arrowhead conformation and that myosin undergoes conformation changes when bound to actin. Further, the data revealed the structural details of nonmuscle myosin-2 that explain how it interacts with actin to power fundamental biological processes. Conclusions: In summary, the three-dimensional structure of the protein will contribute to defining the physiological capacities and limitations of the proteins, which will be used to inform cell biological and computational studies of nonmuscle myosin-2 in C.elegans.
Optimizing Spatial Complexity of the Hard Decision Decoder Based on Hash and Syndrome Decoding (HSDec)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article, we propose an optimized version of the Hard Decision Decoder based on Hash and Syndrome Decoding (HSDec) decoder, named Reduced Memory Space of HSDec (RMS-HSDec), which uses less memory space. In this article, we aim to reduce the spatial complexity of the HSDec decoding algorithm while preserving its error correction capabilities. Our methodology involves allocating only the essential memory space for correctable error patterns and optimizing the hashing mechanism to effectively handle potential collisions. While maintaining the integrity of error correction, this new method guarantees memory reduction rates of over 96 % for the BCH(63, 39, 9) code and over 84 % for the QR(47, 24, 11) code compared to HSDec. Simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of RMS-HSDec on various BCH and QR codes over AWGN and Rayleigh channels. The results demonstrated significant memory reduction rates and coding gains ranging from 0.8 dB to 2.8 dB over the AWGN channel and from 14 dB to 32 dB over the Rayleigh channel, confirming the robustness of the algorithm under different channel conditions. Comparative analyses showed that RMS-HSDec maintains competitive performance with existing decoders while offering effective error correction. These findings confirm the robustness of the RMS-HSDec algorithm under different channel conditions. Overall, the proposed decoder proves to be an effective solution, optimizing memory usage without compromising error correction capabilities, making it ideal for high-density data applications and environments with limited memory resources.
Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Its Electrocatalytic Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This chapter covers the latest advances in wet chemical fabrication of graphene, and graphene oxide (GO), and their characterization using spectroscopic techniques. Several wet chemical methods for graphite exfoliation will be discussed including (i) chemical oxidation, such as the Hummers and Offeman, Brodie, and Staudenmaier methods; (ii) intercalation with alkali metal ions and surfactants; (iii) solvent/surfactant stabilized ultrasonication; and (iv) liquid-phase exfoliation using solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, etc. In order to characterize the final materials, spectroscopic characterization such as Raman, ultraviolet visible, near infrared, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies will be discussed.
The effect of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy on survival after R0 resection for stage III-N2 nonsmall cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy is still the standard treatment for stage III-N2 nonsmall cell lung cancer after R0 resection, and it is still controversial whether conventional adjuvant radiotherapy is needed. We used meta-analysis to try to answer whether adjuvant postoperative chemoradiotherapy (POCRT) can bring survival benefits to patients with stage III-N2 nonsmall cell lung cancer after R0 resection. Methods: Up to June 25, 2021, the databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang were searched, and clinical studies on POCRT for stage III-N2 nonsmall cell lung cancer were included. RevMan5.4 software was used for meta-analysis. Results: A total of 8959 patients were included in 5 randomized controlled trials and 17 retrospective studies. The results of the meta-analysis showed that POCRT could improve 3 and 5 years overall survival (OS) rate (OR = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.05–2.20; OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.16–1.46), 3 and 5 years disease-free survival (DFS) rate (OR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.01–1.76; OR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.43–2.12), and 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rate (OR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.76–4.11) in patients with stage III-N2 nonsmall cell lung cancer compared with adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy (POCT) alone. But could not improve 5-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rate (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.52–2.52). The results of subgroup analysis showed that postoperative sequential chemoradiotherapy could improve the 3 and 5 years OS rate (OR = 2.06, 95%CI: 1.22–3.46; OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.21–1.59). Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) can improve the 3 and 5 years OS rate (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.09–2.99; OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.04–1.66). In addition, POCRT could improve the 3-year OS rate (OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.21–2.92) in patients with N2 single-station lymph node metastasis compared with POCT alone. Conclusion: Compared with POCT alone, adjuvant POCRT can significantly improve the overall survival rate of patients with NSCLC after R0 resection of stage III-N2, especially in patients with N2 single-station lymph node metastasis. Accurate radiotherapy techniques such as 3DCRT or IMRT are recommended, and postoperative sequential chemoradiotherapy is the best treatment mode.
The evolution of simulation techniques for dynamic bone tissue engineering in bioreactors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bone tissue engineering aims to overcome the drawbacks of current bone regeneration techniques in orthopaedics. Bioreactors are widely used in the field of bone tissue engineering, as they help support efficient nutrition of cultured cells with the possible combination of applying mechanical stimuli. Beneficial influencing parameters of in vitro cultures are difficult to find and are mostly determined by trial and error, which is associated with significant time and money spent. Mathematical simulations can support the finding of optimal parameters. Simulations have evolved over the last 20 years from simple analytical models to complex and detailed computational models. They allow researchers to simulate the mechanical as well as the biological environment experienced by cells seeded on scaffolds in a bioreactor. Based on the simulation results, it is possible to give recommendations about specific parameters for bone bioreactor cultures, such as scaffold geometries, scaffold mechanical properties, the level of applied mechanical loading or nutrient concentrations. This article reviews the evolution in simulating various aspects of dynamic bone culture in bioreactors and reveals future research directions.
Sewage pipe inspection robot for block detection and clearance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In India, several significant problems are happening. Therein problems with sewage works are one of the massive issues in the Republic of India. It becomes a big issue because of the poor maintenance of the sewage works. Due to the poor maintenance, the sewerage water is overflowed on the streets, and generally, it mixes with drink and causes harm to the people at large. There is such a lot of sewerage created beneath the roads. If the avoidance pipe were blocked, the sewerage water would be blocked till it was discerned and repair. To overcome this issue, an intelligent pipe inspection robot for blockage detection and clearance model is planned. This model is meant to exchange human sewerage cleaners to confirm their wellness and hygienic. The designed mechanism transmits the pipeline, identifies blocks, and pumps water containing air bodies to get rid of the block. The mechanism functioning is supervised and checked by the sewerage employee employing a portable computer. The manipulator will supervise the pipe's inner surface through a wireless camera hooked to the mechanism. The various sensors joined to the mechanical aids to work out the gap in the block from the mechanism and the existence of toxic gases within the pipeline. The pumping action moves water or air inside the channel to loosen and clear the obstruction.
A diary and experience sampling method of performance pressure and service performance in service industry

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose Performance pressure is unavoidable in the career of any frontline employee in the service industry, yet the authors have little understanding of the dualistic nature of performance pressure. This study aims to distinguish between challenge performance pressures and hindrance performance pressure and to investigate the effect of challenge/hindrance performance pressure on in-role/extra-role service performance through distinct emotional-labor-strategy mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and developed a performance pressure scale. To test the predictive validity of this scale, Study 2 used data from 178 frontline employees based on diary and experience sampling spanning 18 consecutive calendar days. Findings Findings revealed that surface/deep acting mediated the relationship between hindrance/challenge performance pressure and in-role/extra-role service performance. Calling moderated the relationship between emotional labor and service performance. The relationship between surface acting and in-role service performance was weaker in the higher calling condition, whereas the relationship between deep acting and extra-role service performance was weaker in the higher calling condition. Practical implications Service organizations should motivate employees to preserve more challenge performance pressure rather than hindrance performance pressure through establishing a reasonable performance target system. Furthermore, organizations can encourage employees to provide more extra-role services for customers through establishing an emotional support system, so as to enhance customer satisfaction. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is a pioneering effort to develop a dualistic performance pressure scale and explore the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of performance pressure on service performance in the presence of emotional labor.
Distributed Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization in Multicell MU-MIMO OFDMA Downlink

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper considers distributed linear beamforming in downlink multicell multiuser orthogonal frequency-division multiple access networks. A fast convergent solution maximizing the weighted sum- rate with per base station (BS) transmiting power constraint is formulated. We approximate the non- convex weighted sum-rate maximization (WSRM) problem with a semidefinite relaxed solvable convex form by means of a series of approximation based on interference alignment (IA) analysis. The WSRM optimization is a two-stage optimization process. In the first stage, the IA conditions are satisfied. In the second stage, the convex approximation of the non-convex WSRM is obtained based on the consequences of IA, and high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio assumption. Compared to the conventional iterative distributed algorithms where the BSs exchange additional information at each iteration, the BSs of our proposed solution optimize their beamformers locally without reporting additional information during the iterative procedure.
Pollen viability, stigma receptivity and seed set in Viola tricolor

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pollen viabilities and stigma receptivities of 19 accessions in Viola tricolor were assayed by in vitro pollen germination and benzidine-H 2 O 2 method in this paper respectively. The seed set through hand-pollinate selfing was also investigated. The results showed that the pollen germination percent of V. tricolor reach peak at 8 h after in vitro germination and at that time pollen viabilities among 19 accessions were significantly different. The pollen viability of '08-NL-H5' is the highest with 65.14% germination and that of 'EP-1' is lowest with 19.32% germination. The stigma receptivity of V. tricolor was up to best on flower opening day and declined to nearly zero on fifth day after flowering. The variation of stigma receptivities among 19 accessions are great, in which the stigma receptivity of 'Yellow-1' is strongest and that of 'Yellow-2' is weakest. The variation of seed sets among 19 accessions are also divesity by manual selfing pollination. The correlation between the pollen viability and the stigma receptivity is significantly high, but the correlation between seed set and pollen viability, and seed set and stigma receptivity in V. tricolor are low, which implies that the compatibility between pollen and stigma of V. tricolor maybe lies in important role during pollination and fertilization.
Calorie intake and income in China: New evidence using semiparametric modelling with generalized additive models

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Recent research on calorie intake and income relationship abounds with parametric models but usually gives inconclusive results. Our paper aims at contributing to this literature by using recent advances in the estimation of generalized additive models with penalized spline regression smoothing (GAM). These semi-parametric models enable mixing parametric and nonparametric functions of explanatory variables and enlarge the distribution of the response variable. The revealed performance test (Racine and Parmeter, 2014), supported by simulation data, shows that GAM models outperform the parametric models. Using data from CHNS in 2006, 2009 and 2011, we find a positive and statistically significant relationship between household calorie intake and household income for the poor. Then the impact of increasing income on calorie consumption slows down for the middle class and the rich. In addition, we find that income-calorie elasticities are generally small, ranging from 0.07 to 0.12.
Altimetry‐Derived Gravity Gradients Using Spectral Method and Their Performance in Bathymetry Inversion Using Back‐Propagation Neural Network

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Variations in bathymetry produce gravity gradients; therefore, gravity gradients should be suitable for inverting bathymetry. However, classical bathymetry inversion methods often use gravity anomalies. Studies wherein gravity gradients are employed always use only vertical gravity gradients, ; however, the remaining five gravity gradients also contain bathymetric information. This study presents a spectral method of inverting gravity gradients from altimetry‐derived deflection of the vertical. The accuracy of derived gravity gradients is first evaluated by Laplace's equation. Results show that, except the Arctic region, the mean and standard deviation (STD) of the Laplace operator are, respectively, less than 0.001 and 0.06 E in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Computed was compared with from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The differences have means and STDs smaller than 0.06 and 6.7 E, respectively, in all study areas, except the Arctic which registered an STD of 13.81 E. All six tensors were then fed into a back‐propagation neural network to predict bathymetries of each study area. The resultant bathymetries compare well with reference models from ship‐borne depths, SRTM15+V2 and GEBCO_2021. Relative to ship‐borne depths, the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic study areas yielded mean errors, error STDs and correlation coefficients of 5.40, 3.28, 0.92, 3.07 m; 110.03, 76.23, 104.58, 132.41 m; and 0.9861, 0.9615, 0.9760, 0.9803; respectively. The bathymetries were inverted again, however, with each gravity gradient component omitted. Analysis showed that was not the most influential component across the study regions; rather, each gravity gradient component can significantly contribute to bathymetry inversion.
Leucothoe diemensis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Leucothoe diemensis (Haswell, 1879) Leucothoe diemensis Haswell, 1879a: 262, 263, pl. 9, fig. 5. — Haswell, 1882: 249. — Stebbing, 1906: 168. — Stebbing, 1910b: 636. —J.L. Barnard, 1974b: 94. — Myers, 1985: 92, 93, figs 71, 72. — Lowry & Stoddart, 2003: 155. Type locality and specimens. Esperence Point, d'Entrecasteaux Channel, Tasmania, 43º19.5'S 147º05.5'E. Types apparently lost. Material examined. No material available for examination. Diagnosis based on description by Haswell (1879) and Myers (1985). Diagnosis. Gnathopod 2 carpus with large subdistal tooth. Coxa 3 distal margin oblique. Pereopods 5–7 bases narrowly expanded. Female (sexually dimorphic characters). Gnathopod 2 carpus distally rounded with a large subdistal tooth; propodus with more sparse mediofacial setae; and submarginal setae present. Habitat. Among lace bryozoans and red algae. Host. Sponges. Distribution. Pacific Ocean: Tasmania (Haswell 1879a; Haswell 1882; Stebbing 1906; J.L. Barnard 1974b; Lowry & Stoddart 2003), New South Wales, Australia (Stebbing 1910b), Fiji (Myers 1985c).
Bananas and other fruits research and development activities in Indonesia CRIH-RIFC, Solok. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development consultancy report

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Axe principalement sur le bananier, ce rapport fait le point des recherches menees en Indonesie sur la selection varietale, la lutte contre les organismes nuisibles et les itineraires techniques des cultures fruitieres. Les possibilites de collaboration avec le CIRAD-FLHOR sont egalement evaluees dans les domaines de la micropropagation et des technologies post-recolte