jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETA-ACTIN MUTANTS WITH ALTERED BINDING AFFINITES FOR ATP AND ADP

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A number of neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by the formation of cofilin-actin rods in neural cells. These rods can cause synaptic dysfunction and block transport within neurites. The overall goal of this project is to create an optogenetic switch that incorporates both cofilin (an actin-binding protein) and actin for the study of cofilin-actin rod formation in neural cells undergoing oxidative stress. During the course of the work, a protocol has been created to express the protein [beta]-actin. Protein overexpression and purification, circular dichroism, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis have been utilized to isolate and characterize [beta]-actin. Site-directed mutagenesis has been conducted to create a series of mutants to explore which residues are key for nucleotide binding. A number of challenges related to protein expression and stability of this protein precluded completion of these studies. As a result, we turned to mutants of optogenetic actin to study nucleotide binding in cells. The results from these studies indicate that point mutants in our actin construct, in conjunction with an optogenetic cofilin, can provide insight into the nucleotide binding state of actin under different oxidant concentrations.
[Prevention of herpes zoster by vaccination].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Herpes zoster (HZ) and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) are frequently occurring diseases in elderly and in immuno-compromised persons. The live attenuated HZ vaccine boosts an existing immune response, so that the already established varicella-zoster virus infection is kept latent. Vaccination has been shown to halve the risk of HZ, and the risk of PHN is reduced by two thirds in people = 60 years. The vaccine is approved for persons aged = 50 years. However, the clinical efficacy of the vaccine is best studied in people aged = 60 years. The vaccine has so far not shown any serious side-effects.
Dietary lipids reduce the expression of carotenoid-based coloration in Lacerta vivipara

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[EN] The importance of dietary lipids for carotenoid-based ornaments has rarely been investigated, although theory predicts that dietary lipids may control the development of these widespread animal signals. Dietary lipids have been suggested to enhance the expression of male carotenoid-based ornaments because they provide carotenoids with a hydrophobic domain that facilitates their absorption and transport. Dietary lipids may also enhance the uptake of tocopherols (vitamin E), which share common absorption and transport routes with carotenoids. Here, we test whether dietary lipids enhance carotenoid availability and male carotenoid-based colorations. We also explore the effects of dietary lipids on plasma tocopherol concentration, which allow disentangling between different pathways that may explain how dietary lipids affect ornamental expression. 2.Following a two-factorial design, we manipulated dietary access of naturally occurring fatty acids (oleic acid) and carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and measured its effects on the circulating concentrations of carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and vitamin E (α- and γ-(β-) tocopherols) and on the ventral, carotenoid-based coloration of male common lizards (Lacerta vivipara). 3.Lutein but not zeaxanthin plasma concentrations increased with carotenoid supplementation, which, however, did not affect coloration. Lipid intake negatively affected circulating concentrations of lutein and γ-(β-) tocopherol and led to significantly less orange colorations. The path analysis suggests that a relationship between the observed colour change and the change in plasma concentrations of γ-(β-) tocopherol may exist. 4.Our study shows for the first time that dietary lipids do not enhance but reduce the intensity of male carotenoid-based ornaments. Although dietary lipids affected plasma carotenoid concentration, its negative effect on coloration appeared to be linked to lower vitamin E plasma concentrations. These findings suggest that a conflict between dietary lipids and carotenoid and tocopherol uptake may arise if these nutrients are independently obtained from natural diets and that such conflict may reinforce signal honesty in carotenoid-based ornaments. They also suggest that, at least in the common lizard, sexual selection with respect to carotenoid-based coloration may select for males with low antioxidant capacity and thus for males of superior health. © 2012 The Authors. Functional Ecology © 2012 British Ecological Society.
From past to present to future: Terlipressin and hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a rare and highly morbid form of kidney injury unique to patients with decompensated cirrhosis. HRS is a physiologic consequence of portal hypertension, leading to a functional kidney injury that can be reversed by restoring effective circulating volume and renal perfusion. While liver transplantation is the only definitive “cure” for HRS, medical management with vasoconstrictors and i.v. albumin is a cornerstone of supportive care. Terlipressin, a V1a receptor agonist that acts on the splanchnic circulation, has been used for many years outside the United States for the treatment of HRS. However, its recent Food and Drug Administration approval has generated new interest in this population, as a new base of prescribers now work to incorporate the drug into clinical practice. In this article, we review HRS pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria, the clinical use of terlipressin and alternative therapies, and identify areas of future research in the space of HRS and kidney injury in cirrhosis.
Contributions to Australian Bryology. I. The structure, development and systematic affinities of Monocarpus sphaerocarpus gen. et. sp. nov. (Marchantiales)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new thallose hepatic with characters intermediate between those of the Sphaerocarpineae (sensu Müller) and the section Caudiciformes of the Marchantiineae has been discovered on saltpans in north-western Victoria. The female thallus bears a single spherical involucre which has air chambers and specialized pores and contains a single sporophyte. The male plants have not been found. Details are given of the structure and mode of development of the involucre, air chambers, and pores, the early embryogeny of the sporophyte, spore germination, and the development of the thallus. The systematic position of the new plant (Monocarpus sphaerocarpus) is discussed and the literature on the relationship between the Sphaerocarpineae and other thallose hepatics is reviewed. The characters of Monocarpus are shown to support the view that phaerocarpus and allied genera should be placed within the Marchantiales rather than with the Jungermanniales. It is proposed to raise a new suborder of the Marchantiales, Monocarpineae, for the single genus, Monocarpus. Certain problems of morphogenesis are raised and it is suggested that the enciosure of more than one archegonium in an involucre is conducive to the inhibition of development of more than one sporophyte within the involucre. It is also suggested that growth substances released during meiosis in the sporangium control the post-fertilization growth of the thallus and involucre.
A proposal of risk indicators for pathological development from hemodynamic simulation: application to aortic dissection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the industrialized world. Among these diseases, aortic dissection affects the aorta wall and is a surgical emergency with a low survival rate. This pathology occurs when an injury leads to a localized tear of the innermost layer of the aorta. It allows blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing the layers apart and creating a false lumen. Endovascular treatment seeks to obliterate the entrances to the false lumen with a covered stent. There are very few studies on the postoperative demonstration of blood flow phenomena in the aortic dissection endovascular treatment. It is crucial to study the hemodynamics of blood in the aorta after an intervention because the new geometrical configuration of the aorta with a stent leads to modifications in blood flow. For the surgeons, the procedure can only be performed empirically, using MRI-4D images to view the postoperative flow of the patient’s blood in the aorta with the stent. This paper aims to present a numerical tool developed from the open-source software FOAM- Extend®, allowing for multiphysics numerical simulations. Using MRI data, a bio-faithful model of the patient-specific case was built. Numerical simulations were performed to predict preoperative and postoperative (endovascular treatment) hemodynamics. The modifications of the flow in the aorta were analyzed focusing on the postoperative perfusions. The results were compared with the corresponding MRI data and have a good qualitative agreement. Biomarkers are calculated to localize possible zones of post-operative pathological developments and recommendations may be suggested to the surgeons.
CIN85 defect in brain and neurobehavioral disorder: involvement in excess dopamine signaling

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa (CIN85) belongs to a family of ubiquitously expressed adaptor/scaffold proteins.CIN85 interacts with endocytic proteins involved in various receptor signaling pathways.Despite extensive investigations of CIN85 in receptor trafficking, little is known about its functions in vivo.Mice deficient in brain-specific CIN85 expression show hyperactive phenotypes, which in many ways resemble the behavioural aberrations displayed in human beings affected by attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder strongly associated with abnormal dopamine signaling.ADHD is a neurobehavioural disorder characterized by either significant difficulties of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsiveness or a combination of the two.While genetic factors are strongly implicated in the etiology of ADHD, the genes responsible for ADHD are unknown.Here, we review the recent progress of CIN85 study and the possibility of ADHD onset owing to CIN85 defect in the brain.
Hematologic values in hypothermic and rewarmed young calves

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Hematologic values were determined in cold-stressed and rewarmed 1- to 7-day-old Holstein bull calves. The animals were anesthetized and then cold-stressed by immersion in water until their core body temperature (colonic) had decreased by 10 C. They were kept at the hypothermic state for an additional 1 hour and then were rewarmed by 1 of 3 external rewarming methods or by natural (unassisted) recovery. Changes observed in the hematologic values of the cold-stressed calves during cooling represented a trend, rather than a direct effect of cold exposure because the values did not differ ( P > 0.05) from those obtained from the noncold-stressed animals. Nevertheless, a linear decrease ( P < 0.05) in the total number of leukocytes was observed in the cold-stressed calves during cooling when compared with preimmersion values. The leukopenia resulted primarily from a neutropenia ( P < 0.05) and secondarily from decreases in the number of other leukocytes. Minor increases were noticed in the total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, and pcv , whereas mean corpuscular values generally remained unchanged during cooling. A rapid and linear increase in the total number of leukocytes was noticed in all cold-stressed calves during recovery. The increase in total leukocytes occurred in all types of leukocytes and particularly in segmented and nonsegmented neutrophils.
Body mass changes and energetics of the kiwi’s egg cycle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The disproportionately large kiwi egg and its formation were studied by following the increase in body mass of a hen through an egg cycle. Indirect calorimetry of the hen and bomb calorimetry of a kiwi egg were used with body mass data to estimate the rate of energy expenditure, the peak energy demand during egg production and the extent of fasting at laying time. The energy content of whole fresh egg was 11.55 Kj per g. The yolk, containing 91% of the energy of the kiwi egg, was completed during the first 74 days of the cycle, adding 174 to 203% to her standard metabolic budget.
The Concept of Wisdom from an Islamic Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aimed to reach a definition of the concept of wisdom from an Islamic perspective by reviewing the Qur’anic verses and hadiths, the Islamic heritage in early centuries, and discussing the opinions of Muslim scholars who studied wisdom, its meanings and related concepts. To achieve this purpose, an inductive approach to data collection was followed to arrive at a comprehensive definition that helps in reaching its translation into programs to develop wisdom in individuals. The study concluded with a definition of wisdom according to the Islamic perspective and a theoretical model that defines the components of wisdom. The study also recommended that researchers and educationalists have to pay more attention to this topic and strive to develop wisdom programs through the educational curriculum.
Galectin-1(L11A) Predicted from a Computed Galectin-1 Farnesyl-Binding Pocket Selectively Inhibits Ras-GTP

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ras biological activity necessitates membrane anchorage that depends on the Ras farnesyl moiety and is strengthened by Ras/galectin-1 interactions. We identified a hydrophobic pocket in galectin-1, analogous to the Cdc42 geranylgeranyl-binding cavity in RhoGDI, possessing homologous isoprenoid-binding residues, including the critical L11, whose RhoGDI L77 homologue changes dramatically on Cdc42 binding. By substituting L11A, we obtained a dominant interfering galectin-1 that possessed normal carbohydrate-binding capacity but inhibited H-Ras GTP-loading and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, dislodged H-Ras(G12V) from the cell membrane, and attenuated H-Ras(G12V) fibroblast transformation and PC12-cell neurite outgrowth. Thus, independently of carbohydrate binding, galectin-1 cooperates with Ras, whereas galectin-1(L11A) inhibits it.
Barrier-Height Imaging of Oxygen-Adsorbed Si(111) 7×7 Surfaces

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Barrier-height imaging with scanning tunnelimg microscopy (STM) is applied to the study of oxygen adsorption on a Si(111) 7×7 surface. On clean surfaces, atomic resolution is obtained in the barrier-height mode, as expected for corrugated surfaces. Upon exposure to oxygen, the barrier height φ is found to increase at the oxygen-reacted sites. The dark sites show a greater increase in φ than the bright sites, indicating more charge transfer at the dark sites.
FDA board investigates Depo-Provera safety.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For 1 week a drug company's representatives, officials from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and other interested individuals debated whether Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate or DMPA) can be safely used, but they failed to resolve the issues. "Contraceptive Technology Update" attended these hearings and interviewed witnesses to bring its readers a comprehensive report on the issues. 9 articles summarize the presentations at he hearing. The FDA public board of inquiry sought to resolve the following issues concerning Depo-Provera: in comparison with other contraceptive drugs, do the benefits outweigh the risks; do data from animal studies indicate a potential risk of breast or endometrial cancer in humans from Depo-Provera; can the human studies' data refute the risk of human cancer suggested by the animal data; are there labeling conditions and distribution controls that would permit marketing of Depo-Provera as a safe and effective drug on a limited basis; would marketing approval of Depo-Provera as a contraceptive increase the use of the drug under conditions not stipulated in the approval; does use of Depo-Provera increase the risk of teratogenic effects to a greater extent than other systemic contraceptives in the event of a failure; and is estrogen therapy likely to be prescribed for a significant number of patients using Depo-Provera. The issues raised have blocked marketing of Depo-Provera as a contraceptive in the US for a number of years. In 1968 the Upjohn Company began the lengthly process for having a drug approved for use in the US by filing with the FDA a New Drug Application (NDA) for Depo-Provera's use as a contraceptive. Although Depo-Provera has not been approved for use in the US, Upjohn manufactures the contraceptive in Belgium and France and estimates that more than a million women in 80 countries use the contraceptive. DMPA is still approved as adjunctive therapy for metastatic endometrial carcinoma and renal carcinoma. Because of that approved use, the drug has reportedly been prescribed as a contraceptive in this country, contrary to its current label indications. The FDA's obstetrics and gynecology advisory committee recommended approval of Depo-Provera in 1975, but the Public Citizen Health Research Group and some congressmen asked that the FDA not approve the drug. In 1978 the FDA notified Upjohn that its NDA would not be approved. Upjohn then requested a hearing in the form of a Public Board of Inquiry. The board held the hearing in January 1983. The controversy over Depo-Provera involves noted groups and individuals on both sides.
A mouse model of herpes simplex virus encephalitis: diagnostic brain imaging by magnetic resonance imaging.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a severe sporadic encephalitis in man with high mortality and morbidity. A critical step in the establishment of therapy is early diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive, accurate diagnostic test for the detection of central nervous system disease. In an effort to monitor morphological changes in vivo we present a new diagnostic neuroimaging model of experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis. A mouse model of herpes simplex virus encephalitis was used. 40 SJL mice were intranasally inoculated with an infectious dose of wild-type strain HSV-I F. Morphological abnormalities were studied by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These findings were correlated with sequential neuropathological studies. 95% of animals developed cerebral abnormalities on MRI. resembling human HSVE. Areas of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences and focal pathological contrast enhancement were mostly found in the frontal and temporal lobes and thalamic and cerebellar regions. All animals with MRI abnormalities had neuropathological signs of neuronal degeneration and reactive astrocytosis in corresponding regions. The described monitoring system offers a new approach for studies on neurovirulence and therapeutic strategies.
Learning from unsuccessful radio tagging of common carp in a Namibian reservoir

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Radio tagged common carp Cyprinus carpio in a Namibian reservoir, where this species has been introduced, experienced 100% mortality or tag loss ( n = 13) with surgically implanted transmitters and 100% survival ( n = 5) with externally attached transmitters at water temperatures of 24–25° C. It seems that the negative effects of the tagging were greater for surgical implantation than for external attachment. The body shape of common carp make them well suited for external tagging, and this tagging method is recommended for common carp studies at high water temperatures or under other stressful conditions.
Painting Over Racialized Power Structures: The Environmental Injustice of Lead Poisoning in the City of Baltimore

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The death of Freddie Gray, and the Baltimore Uprising that followed, generated strong and differing opinions as to the nature of the death, the intentions behind the Uprising, and the implications of these incidents in the overall societal framework. One particular article that caught my attention traced Gray’s death back to his childhood exposure to lead paint, and how that affected behavioral issues throughout his life. I found this interpretation to be problematic, especially when analyzed through the critical frame of thinking that I practiced in Professor Emily Billo’s course on Environmental Justice, the class for which I wrote this piece. I used the final research paper as an opportunity to delve deeper into this issue of lead paint in Baltimore, and found that this environmental problem was deeply connected to institutionalized discrimination and lay along racial lines. My goal through this piece was to provide a much more intersectional dialogue pertaining to lead paint in Baltimore, and shed light on the complex and intricate connections between negative environmental impacts and social issues overall. I am very thankful to have had Professor Billo’s guidance and insight throughout not only the process of writing this paper, but also the readings and discussions that opened my eyes to more intersectional ways of thinking.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Educational Perspectives and Program Practices in the U.S.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

dates, teacher preferences, learner goals, and the definitions of literacy that the program supports. Educational philosophies play a role as well, particularly in the area of curriculum. In the 11 innovative programs that were examined as part of a U.S. study on adult ESL literacy, the philosophies that informed the ESL curricula ranged from literacy that encouraged personal growth or individual empowerment to literacy for social adaptation or assimilation, to literacy for social change. Whereas these orientations appear quite distinct when considered in their strong form, in practice, various approaches become intertwined as a result of program realities. However, such syntheses may offer advantages, especially in programs where complementary approaches are linked through a broader conceptual framework that reflects a program's overall goals in serving language minority adults who are new to English and new to literacy. Adult ESL literacy is a relatively new field that holds great promise for language and literacy teaching. Combining ideas from applied linguistics, anthropology, and cognitive science, the field reflects many of the recent shifts that have taken place in second language teaching and in adult literacy education. These shifts include a greater emphasis on communication and meaning making and an examination of the way language and literacy are used in various social contexts. There is an increased awareness in the literature of the complexity of language learning and a recognition that literacy is multidimensional. Finally, after years of focusing primarily on teaching techniques, there is now a greater emphasis on approaches that reflect the broader social aims of language and literacy teaching. This paper briefly discusses changing literacy definitions, then out