jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
IL-12 Receptor (IL-12R) Expression and Accumulation of IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2 mRNAs in CD4+ T Cells by Costimulation with B7-2 Molecules

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract IL-12 is a crucial cytokine for the determination of a Th1/Th2 balance. It is important, therefore, to elucidate the mechanisms of IL-12R expression on Th cells. In this report, we present evidence to show that B7-2 costimulation plays a pivotal role in the expression of IL-12R on Th cells. A Th1 clone expressed a low density of IL-12R in a resting condition, the expression was enhanced by stimulation with specific Ag on splenic adherent cells and the enhancement was inhibited by anti-B7-2 or CTLA-4-Ig. When stimulated with anti-CD3 plus B7-2-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the clone strongly expressed IL-12R, although anti-CD3 by itself only weakly enhanced the expression. We obtained results that were similar to those in the Th1 clone in CD4+CD45RBlow memory T cells. In CD4+CD44low naive T cells, costimulation with B7-2-CHO was found to play a more important role in IL-12R expression. The accumulation of both IL-12Rβ1 and -β2 chain mRNAs was detected in naive T cells only when they were costimulated with anti-CD3 and B7-2-CHO, but β2 mRNA was not expressed upon anti-CD3 stimulation alone. On the other hand, both Th1 clones and memory T cells expressed low amounts of these mRNA without any stimulation, and the expression was weakly enhanced by anti-CD3 stimulation alone. For the maximum expression of these mRNAs, however, these cells also required costimulation with anti-CD3 and B7-2-CHO.
Investigating evolution at the catalytic site of the main SARS-CoV-2 protease using over 15,000 genomes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We investigated evolution and genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 within the current pandemic at the catalytic site of the main SARS-CoV-2 protease (see https://zenodo.org/record/3834875#.Xs1IHsZ7nyk and https://openlabnotebooks.org/mapping-the-genetic-variations-of-sars-cov-2-onto-its-proteins-crystal-structures-post-1/ ).
We used more than 15,000 genomic sequences from GISAID (https://www.epicov.org/) available on the 17th of May 2020.
We use a new approach based on phylogenetic inference of homoplasy, clustering of mutations, and ambiguous consensus sequence characters, to identify sites that are likely affected by sequencing artefacts.
We find that these sites are mostly conserved, and the amino acid variants observed are only M49I, P52S, N142S, and P168S, all of which appear only at extremely low frequencies (maximum of two samples each).
Orientals as free weak $ω$-categories

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The orientals are the free strict $ω$-categories on the simplices introduced by Street. The aim of this paper is to show that they are also the free weak $ω$-categories on the same generating data. More precisely, we exhibit the Street nerves of the orientals as fibrant replacements of the simplices in Verity's model structure for complicial sets.
Study of Direct Synthesis of DMC from CO2 and Methanol on CeO2: Theoretical Calculation and Experiment

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rare earth metal oxides are known to have good catalytic effectiveness in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 and methanol. In this work, we screened ceria (CeO2) catalysts by analyzing their capacity for CO2 adsorption. The effects of the crystal surface morphology and oxygen vacancy on the catalytic performance of the ceria catalyst were studied by using density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the (110) surface and higher oxygen vacancy content can better promote the synthesis of DMC and that the rod-shaped CeO2 catalyst has a better catalytic effect. The oxygen vacancy content on the catalyst was improved by freeze-drying and confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance. The freeze-dried CeO2 (CeO2-FD) then showed a higher catalytic performance. The conversion rate of methanol and the yield of DMC were 33.95% and 584 mmol g–1cat, respectively, under mild conditions (140 °C and 1 MPa).
Surveying young people in the smartphone age

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Smartphones are now the most commonly used device for young people to access the internet. However, \nthere are concerns about the quality of responses received from those completing online surveys on \nsmartphones as opposed to other devices. So far, the evidence has been mixed although little research has focused on young people in particular. \nThis paper presents evidence of the effect of smartphone completion on response quality amongst \na cohort of young people aged 16-17, who have grown up in the time of widespread smartphone use. \nUsing data from the fourth wave of the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England 2 (LSYPE2), we \ninvestigated five areas of data quality: missingness, satisficing, survey length, response accuracy and social desirability bias. Our principal conclusion is that there is little evidence that the quality of data is any lower for young people who take part on smartphones compared with other devices.
Alopecia Areata Symposium

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: No dermatologic disorder poses so little threat to health and physical cotnfort and yet is so emotionally devastating as alopecia areata. Fortunately, the rate of spontaneous remission is high; nevertheless, management is problematic because of the considerable cosmetic disability imposed by extensive and visible hair loss, and the unpredictability of response to accepted therapeutic agents. Indeed, opinions vary as to whether or not any of the currently employed therapeutic modalities is effective, and there is remarkable diversity in approach to the patient with this problem. This symposium includes two lengthier articles on alopecia areata as well as several shorter commentaries on management by dermatologists with a special interest in this disorder.
A 54 Year old Man with Hypotension, Abdominal pain and Pyrexia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 52 year old man was admitted with nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and epigastric pain. He was in sinus rhythm, with a heart rate of 126 beats/min, his blood pressure was 80/60 mmHg and his temperature was 38.9 degrees C. A provisional diagnosis of a ruptured peptic ulcer was made and he underwent a laparotomy. The operation revealed no abnormality however. A diagnosis of primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) was made. (non-author abstract)
Hydrophobic Trichome Layers and Epicuticular Wax Powders in Bromeliaceae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The distinctive foliar trichome of Bromeliaceae has promoted the evolution of an epiphytic habit in certain taxa by allowing the shoot to assume a significant role in the uptake of water and mineral nutrients. Despite the profound ecophysiological and taxonomic importance of this epidermal structure, the functions of nonabsorbent trichomes in remaining Bromeliaceae are not fully understood. The hypothesis that light reflection from these trichome layers provides photoprotection was not supported by spectroradiometry and fluorimetry in the present study; the mean reflectance of visible light from trichome layers did not exceed 6.4% on the adaxial surfaces of species representing a range of ecophysiological types nor was significant photoprotection provided by their presence. Several reports suggesting water repellency in some terrestrial Bromeliaceae were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a new technique-fluorographic dimensional imaging (FDI)-were used to assess the interaction between aqueous droplets and the leaf surfaces of 86 species from 25 genera. In the majority of cases a dense layer of overlapping, stellate or peltate trichomes held water off the leaf epidermis proper. In the case of hydrophobic tank-forming tillandsioideae, a powdery epicuticular wax layer provided water repellency. The irregular architecture of these indumenta resulted in relatively little contact with water droplets. Most mesic terrestrial Pitcairnioideae examined either possessed glabrous leaf blades or hydrophobic layers of confluent trichomes on the abaxial surface. Thus, the present study indicates that an important ancestral function of the foliar trichome in Bromeliaceae was water repellency. The ecophysiological consequences of hydrophobia are discussed.
[Ibn Rushd's treatise on theriac].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Averroes inherited a long tradition about theriac. He examined its nature, quality and utilization as an antidote of poisons or venoms and as a treatment of diseases. He stated that if the electuary, as antidote, was beneficial to the patient and to the physician, it might be dangerous as a regular and repeated medication of disease since it could transform the human nature and render it poison-like. Averroes's purpose was to analyze the advantages and drawback of theriac. He aimed at inducing physicians to more caution. He conducted a medico-philosophical and ethical reflexion on the validity of the medication and he advised against its prophylactic use.
A Programmer's View of the Intel 432 System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The architecture study …begins in Chapter 4 where a number of topics related to object structures and object addressing are treated. Chapter 5 introduces the hardware and system software support for interprocess communication. Here the i432 Port Objects and port operations (SEND, RECEIVE, etc.) are introduced and illustrated. Chapter 6 revisits the architectural and Ada-language support for object structure, emphasizing type management and access control. Many features of the supporting operating system, known as iMAX, especially several of its important “user-interfaces,” are introduced beginning with Chapter 5. The importance of input/output peripheral subsystems and their relationship with the central object-based architecture of the i432 system is recognized by treating this topic separately in Chapter 7. This chapter introduces the reader to the architecture of the i432 Interface Processor and its use as a key component in the Peripheral Subsystem Interface for the Intel 432 System. A message-based model for input/output using this interface is also introduced, along with a discussion of abstractions for I/O device interfaces, both asynchronous and synchronous. The topics of process management, memory management, and object filing, which ma y be of primary interest to system developers and architects, are treated in Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Each chapter describes the iMAX implementations of these services and the user interfaces to these facilities. In the case of process management an iMAX provided “template” is described whose use enab les system programmers to implement their own process managers as needed. Chapter 9 describes the extensive memory management facilities of iMAX and the supporting hardware. These include facilities to support the stack and heap memory resources required, for example, by executing Ada programs. In addition, memory management supports an on-the-fly garbage collector, dynamic memory compaction, and, where configured, a virtual memory management subystem. Chapter 10, as already noted, provides a complete introduction to object filing as it is currently planned. —From the Author's Summary
Reliiilonship of Infant-Child Mortality to Fertility: Some Theoretical and Empirical Considerations Relevant to Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Of considerable interest to social scientists, particularly the demographers, is the process of family limitation-a critical link in the demographic transition from high to low fertility. The available literature identifies numerous macro socio-economic and cultural variables found to be correlated with fertility behaviour [9]. However, little is known regarding the key motivational factors which, by impinging upon individual couples, result in a reduction of family size. The advocates of family planning programmes claim that family limitation can be achieved by providing couples with information about contraception along with effective means of birth control. The critics of current family planning programmes while recognising the importance of accessibility of effective contraception in family limitation, however, strongly feel that the reduction in fertility of the developing countries may not be achieved
Sampling survey of the elderly hepatic adipose infiltration in Nanqiao Community and exploration of the community intervention

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the incidence of the elderly hepatic adipose infiltration in Nanqiao Community of Fengxian District to provide a scientific evidence for making the prevention and control strategy. Methods: In October 2014, a total of 1 603 elderly people over 65 years old in the five neighborhood committees of Nanqiao Community of Fengxian District were chosen as the respondents and the physical and laboratory examinations were performed for them. The relevant data were statistically treated, and the differences between and within groups were compared by χ2 test. Results: Four hundred and twelve cases of the hepatic adipose infiltration were found and its incidence was 25.7%, of whom 158 cases were the male, accounting for 9.9%, and 254 ones the female, accounting for 15.8%, and their differences had the statistical significance(P0.05). In 808 cases of the normal weight, 589 cases of the overweight and 206 cases of the obesity, 50, 229 and 133 cases with hepatic adipose infiltration were screened out and their prevalence rate accounted for 6.2%, 38.8% and 64.6%, respectively. Conclusion:The overweight and obesity are the major risk factors of the hepatic adipose infiltration, and especially the prevalence rate is significantly higher in the obesity populations than in the other two ones. The incidence in the female is higher than that in the male, which attention should be paid to in the clinic.
Supplementary Figures 1-6 from c-Myc Regulates RNA Splicing of the A-Raf Kinase and Its Activation of the ERK Pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Figures 1-6 from c-Myc Regulates RNA Splicing of the A-Raf Kinase and Its Activation of the ERK Pathway
Hard spheres versus Yukawa particles: Differences and similarities

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Whereas structural properties of suspensions of hard spheres of diameter σ are well approximated by analytic expressions, it is necessary to use numerical solutions of integral equations to calculate these properties when the pair potentials have a soft part. The finite range of repulsive pair potentials gives rise to a correlation hole, meaning that the pair correlation function g(r) is essentially equal to zero up to a well-defined nearestneighbour separation larger than σ. The aim of this work is to show that because of the correlation hole various dynamic properties of chargestabilized suspensions are qualitatively different from those of hard spheres. It will be argued that the observed non-linear volume fraction dependencies of the shorttime self-diffusion coefficients and of the sedimentation velocity can be understood in terms of a model of effective hard spheres with diameter σ EHS which depends on the volume fraction. Moreover, the long-ranged electrostatic repulsion gives rise to an unexpected enhancement of the longtime self-diffusion coefficient due to hydrodynamic interactions, in contrast to what is known for hard spheres. This enhancement is also understood in terms of an effective hard sphere model.
Proactive Digital Transformation and a Virtual Academic Library:The APUS Campus Guides Project

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This presentation provides practical underpinning for IFLA Trends Report’s predictions on the impact of online education, but from the unique perspectives on a decade’s experience along the cutting edge of a fully virtual university. Its online library had to build from scratch without established resources or sense of academic entitlement. Grounding in physical space and collection ownership was radically supplanted by a Web site, remote staff, and licensing for global access. Sustainability in the heightened competitive of a for-profit school and Internet economy demanded an entrepreneurial mindset and fundamental changes in library services. The results are a paradigm shift into a new variant of the university library.
The case study details APUS’ award-winning Course Guides project and further transformation of the academic library. In studied shift from the established research libraries, innovative electronic bibliographies and classroom services rise to prominence. Remote subject-specialists librarians take the lead. Their skills in mining and staying abreast of the Web tidal wave supplant past concentration on massive collection building. Librarian expertise vets licensed holdings and the Open Web. It produces a dynamic array of individualized interfaces across the entire curriculum and alternatives in the struggles with textbook inflation. Working in partnerships with the faculty, the efforts proffer significant quality enhancements and pedagogical enhancement for the 21st-century classroom. They come too with major cost-savings and the creation of trusted research launching pad for students.
As seen, APUS’ Online Library and Course Guides proved remarkably successful. Over an eight year period in heightened competitive setting, the number of professional librarians increased from 2 to 23. Library traffic grew an unprecedented 3,000 percent and the university emerged in the top echelon of research database use. Course Guides became a prominent figure within the electronic classrooms and library materials adopted in 1/3rd of courses with millions in savings.
AND/OR Branch-and-Bound on a Computational Grid

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a parallel AND/OR Branch-and-Bound scheme that uses the power of a computational grid to push the boundaries of feasibility for combinatorial optimization. Two variants of the scheme are described, one of which aims to use machine learning techniques for parallel load balancing. In-depth analysis identifies two inherent sources of parallel search space redundancies that, together with general parallel execution overhead, can impede parallelization and render the problem far from embarrassingly parallel. We conduct extensive empirical evaluation on hundreds of CPUs, the first of its kind, with overall positive results. In a significant number of cases parallel speedup is close to the theoretical maximum and we are able to solve many very complex problem instances orders of magnitude faster than before; yet analysis of certain results also serves to demonstrate the inherent limitations of the approach due to the aforementioned redundancies.
Occurrence of NKX3.1 C154T polymorphism in men with and without prostate cancer and studies of its effect on protein function.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

NKX3.1, a member of the NK class of homeodomain proteins, is expressed primarily in the adult prostate and has growth suppression and differentiating effects in prostate epithelial cells. A C-->T polymorphism at nucleotide 154 (NKX3.1 C154T) is present in approximately 11% of healthy men with equal distribution among whites and blacks. In a cohort of 1253 prostate cancer patients and age-matched controls, the presence of the polymorphism was associated with a 1.8-fold risk of having stage C or D prostate cancer or Gleason score > or =7 (confidence interval, 1.01-3.22). The NKX3.1 C154T polymorphism codes for a variant protein that contains an arginine-to-cysteine substitution at amino acid 52 (R52C) adjacent to a protein kinase C phosphorylation site at serine 48. Substitution of cysteine for arginine 52 or of alanine for serine 48 (S48A) reduced phosphorylation at serine 48 in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of wild-type NKX3.1, but not of NKX3.1 R52C or NKX3.1 S48A, diminished binding in vitro to a high-affinity DNA binding sequence. NKX3.1 also serves as a transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor. Treatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate to phosphorylate NKX3.1 had no effect on NKX3.1 coactivation of serum response factor. Neither the R52C nor the S48A substitution affected serum response factor coactivation by NKX3.1 We conclude that the polymorphic NKX3.1 allele codes for a variant protein with altered DNA binding activity that may affect prostate cancer risk.
X-Chromosome Inactivation and Related Diseases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the form of dosage compensation in mammalian female cells to balance X-linked gene expression levels of the two sexes. Many diseases are related to XCI due to inactivation escape and skewing, and the symptoms and severity of these diseases also largely depend on the status of XCI. They can be divided into 3 types: X-linked diseases, diseases that are affected by XCI escape, and X-chromosome aneuploidy. Here, we review representative diseases in terms of their definition, symptoms, and XCI’s role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
The Food Plants and Distribution of the American Plum Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The North American geographical and host plant distributions for the American plnm borer, Euzophera semifuneralis, are reported. Literature and curatorial surveys found the plum borer to be present in 34 states in the U. S. as well as parts of Canada, Mexico, and South America. Pheromone surveys and direct observation found it to be present in high numbers in most cherry and plum orchards in Michigan and in 28 counties of the lower peninsula. A very wide host range representing 15 plant families was found, with most host species in the Rosaceae.
Seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Loni dam Rewa, Madhya Pradesh

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The present study shows the seasonal and spatial changes of certain physicochemical parameters namely water transparency, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, free CO2, Alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium, calcium and sulphate hardness, nitrates and inorganic phosphates. All parameters were documented in every months of July to June in 2017-18 and 2018-19. It was found that no significant differences in the variability of physicochemical factors between surface and bottom water. The present water body was noted to have alkaline water throughout the year at all sites and seasons.