jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Passion, Romance, and Qing: The World of Emotions and States of Mind in Peony Pavilion (3 vols.)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Passion, Love, and Qing examines the vitality of Peony Pavilion, the most famous drama in Ming China (1368-1644), through four essays (by Isabella Falaschi, Paolo Santangelo, Tian Yuan Tan, and Rossella Ferrari) and an extensive Glossary of specific terms and expressions related to the representation of emotions and states of mind. It explores the evolution and permanence of the universal message about passion or emotions contained in the language of the play. Written in the late Ming, Peony Pavilion embodies the new trends in the ‘cult of passions’ and new sensibility of the times. It is also a rich intertext of love that both inherits the legacy of earlier literary traditions and influences later amatory literature and theatrical performances.
Should sex work 'be understood as legitimate work, and an expression of women's choice and agency‟ (Jeffreys 2009: 316)?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents a radical feminist critique of how best to manage the increasingly complex social problems arising with the globalization of prostitution. It purports the essentialist arguments made by Sheila Jeffreys; that prostitution should not, and must never be perceived as a legitimate profession, regardless of its 'traditional' status as one of the oldest professions. The article systematically challenges liberal feminist arguments supporting legalization on the basis that working alongside and with prostitutes is a more effective way to improve working conditions and support the prostitutes. By no means discrediting the value of this perspective, this article criticizes the liberal ideology. It argues that liberal feminism fails to question the wider social structures upholding the practice of prostitution. This article recognizes prostitution as a social issue. It is inherently harmful for men as well as women and misconceives expectations of sex. It advocates the proactive Swedish approach to tacking prostitution, which makes it illegal to buy sex, as opposed to sell sex; sanctioning the 'demand' as opposed to the prostitute.
Iranian experience with the non-related renal transplantation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most uremic patients. However, organ shortage remains the central problem in kidney transplantation. To deal with the widening gap between supply and demand of organs for renal transplantation, efforts to expand the organ donor pool have received increased attention. To solve this problem, we have initiated a living unrelated donor (LURD) program using emotionally related persons, friends and well-motivated volunteers as organ donors. A controlled transplant program, now known as the "Iran model", supported by the government for LURD renal transplantation was launched, which resulted in eliminating the waiting list. A charity founded by patients with end-stage renal disease, acts as a liaison agency and the altruistic volunteers have to register with the foundation for being introduced to the potential recipient referred by transplant centers. This review deals with the history of renal transplantation in Iran and describes the "Iran model" protocol and our experience of the non-related renal transplantation. Our results indicate that proper selection and pre-operative management of potential living donors lead to promising results in kidney transplantation. The health of the living donors is not impaired by the donation. The rate of early post-operative complications is low. Living donor kidney transplantation, in our geographical area with a low-rate of cadaveric donor transplants, is an alternative to expand the donor pool, yielding better results in terms of patient and graft survival.
The Effect of Irritants and Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System upon the Mucosa of the Normal Rectum and Rectosigmoid, with Especial Reference to Mucous Colitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Effect of Irritants and Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System upon the Mucosa of the Normal Rectum and Rectosigmoid, with Especial Reference to Mucous Colitis
Nuclear effects in atomic and solid state physics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Various nuclear effects in atomic systems and in a particular type of solids, namely, in unconventional superconductors, are investigated. The first process considered, internal pair conversion in heavy ions, can play an important role in numerous scattering processes to be examined at existing or upcoming high-energy heavy-ion-accelerator facilities. The rate of nuclear excitation and thus the number of created pairs is found here to be strongly increased by ion planar channeling through a crystal. The time-reversed process of pair conversion, nuclear excitation by resonant positron annihilation, provides an alternative mechanism of positronmatter interaction and constitutes a state-selective way to excite nuclei which is complementary to photoand Coulomb excitation. Furthermore, weak-interaction effects are examined in the context of parity violation in unconventional p-wave superconductors. We suggest schemes to efficiently enhance the effect and to enable its future experimental study. The considered effects represent new phenomena at the interface of atomic and nuclear physics and quantum electrodynamics, and provide effective ways to investigate fundamental interactions. Within the framework of this thesis, the following article has been published in refereed journals: • ”State-selective high-energy excitation of nuclei by resonant positron annihilation” [1] N. A. Belov, Z. Harman, Phys. Lett. B 741, 61 (2015). The following articles have been submitted or are in preparation for publication in refereed journals: • ”Parity violation effects in the Josephson junction of a p-wave superconductor” [2] N. A. Belov, Z. Harman, submitted (2014); arXiv:1411.1878. • ”Pair creation in heavy ion channeling” [3] N. A. Belov, Z. Harman, submitted (2014); arXiv:1411.5711. • ”Theory of nuclear excitation by resonant positron annihilation” [4] N. A. Belov, Z. Harman, in preparation. • ”Bound-free and free-free pair production processes in muonic atoms” [5] N. A. Belov, Z. Harman, in preparation.
Remarks on the usefulness of different types of transcription, with a particular regard to Turkic comparative studies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article attempts to determine what kind of transcription is best suited for (Turkic) comparative studies. Five questions are asked: what are the features of an ideal transcription, what level of abstraction is most useful, what notation system is most practical, and is it possible for a single transcription to encompass the entire Turkic family. Ultimately, a set of basic rules is proposed together with a small exemplification. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja / Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 93 (2012), 303–338
New and practical approach of full maxillectomy by path along lower lip and lower jaw

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To find a new and practical approach of full maxillectomy by the path along lower lip and the lower jaw according to the anatomic characteristics of maxilla. Methods From January 1997 to January 2005, 24 cases underwent full maxillectomy in this new approach, and the excision line began from the middle of the lower lip, and the chin went through the mandibular margin to the anterior lower of the same lateral papillary. By the design of excision line,super lip and infraorbital areas had been evaded from injury, and the integrality of the super lip and soft tissue of middle face construction had gained reservation ultimately.On the other hand, this operation path brought a little face excision and was a convenient radical cure of maxilla cancer as well as neck lymphonodus clean. Results After the follow-up from six months to two years, the results have been proved satisfactory. All patients who maybe only received operation or received chemotherapy or radiotherapy post-operation did not suffer from any complications such as necrosis or the askew of mouth and so on, except the short-term removing of lower lip after operation. Conclusion This new surgical excision line design not only can expose operation area clearly and remove maxilla cancer successfully but also, can reserve face shape and function satisfactorily.It accords with the surgical idea of removing focus and conserving function and is worthy to be recommended.
Editor's Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Buddhism lives in ever-changing incarnations in Russia (Rossiia), and with increasing connections to the outside world. In spring 2001, several delegations from the Buddhist communities of Buryatia and elsewhere in Russia made pilgrimages to the northern India lamasery and Tibetan government-in-exile of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. They were deeply moved by his spirit, his empathy, his tolerance, and the inspiration he gave them to continue Buddhist teachings in Russia, according to one of the authors featured here, Nataliia L'vovna Zhukovskaia.
Galectin-3 is involved in proliferation and infiltration of human pancreatic cell line SW1990

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the role of Galectin-3(GAL-3) in the proliferation and infiltration of pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990 and the effect of GAL-3 on the proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Methods Human pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990 and human pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were cultured in vitro. The supernatant of cultured PSCs and SW1990 cells was collected. Expression of GAL-3 in SW1990 cells and PSCs was detected by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blot. The proliferation of the cultured PSCs and SW1990 cells was measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry. The infiltration of SW1990 cells was detected with a cell infiltration kit. Results SW1990 cells expressed GAL-3 and the expression was up-regulated by PSCs supernatant fluid. PSCs did not express GAL-3. SW1990 cells stimulated the proliferation of PSCs through GAL-3. GAL-3 antibody inhibited proliferation of SW1990 cells, while PSCs supernatant fluid stimulated the proliferation, and the stimulation was related to GAL-3. PSCs supernatant fluid enhanced the invasiveness of SW1990 cells and this effect was partly related to GAL-3. Conclusions GAL-3 was involved in the proliferation and infiltration process of pancreatic cancer.
Studies on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Accumulation and Transformation of Assimilation Product in Heavy Panicle Type of Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using 18 indica rice varieties with different panicle weight, the photosynthetic characteristics and accumulation and transformation of assimilation product in heavy panicle type of rice (HPT) were studied. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf in HPT after heading was obviously higher than that in medium panicle type(MPT) and light panicle type(LPT). The reason for the high net photosynthetic rate in HPT was the increase of Rubisco activities and chlorophyll content, and keeping high assimilating ability to CO 2 under high and low light intensity, high temperature and low CO 2 content, and light midday depression and wide adaptability to environmental conditions. The high net photosynthetic rate of HPT might be also the results of its excellent stomatal characteristics and higher total quantity of stomatal opening degrees(stomatal density ×stomatal opening degrees). There was a large amount of dry matter production after heading and obvious high assimilate's transformation of assimilation product to panicle in HPT.
GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND CONDITION-DEPENDENT EFFECTS ON FEMALE AND MALE ORNAMENTATION IN THE BARN OWL TYTO ALBA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Secondary sexual characters are thought to indicate individual quality. Expression of sex-limited traits in an extravagant state may require both the underlying genes and the available nutrient resources. The assessment of the relative contribution of genes, environment, and body condition is relevant for understanding to that extent the extravagant trait may signal genotypic or phenotypic quality of the individual. In birds, usually only the males are ornamented. In the barn owl, Tyto alba, both females and males display sex-limited plumage traits. Males are commonly lighter colored and females spottier. In an experiment with combined cross-fostering and brood size manipulation we determined the relative contribution of genes, environment, and body condition to the variation in plumage coloration and plumage spottiness. The partial cross-fostering experiment tested the relative importance of shared genes and a shared environment for the resemblance of related birds. Siblings raised in different nests converged toward similar trait values, offspring resembled the true but not the foster parents, and plumage traits of unrelated nestlings sharing the same nest were not correlated. Results were not inflated by maternal effects detectable in the mother's phenotype, because middaughter to mother resemblance was not higher than midson to father resemblance. This suggests that plumage coloration and spottiness are largely genetically inherited traits, and that the rearing environment does not have a strong impact on the expression of these traits. To further investigate whether the two sex-limited traits are condition dependent, brood sizes were manipulated. Enlargement or reduction of broods by two nestlings resulted in lower and higher body mass of nestlings, respectively. However, nestlings raised in enlarged or reduced broods did not show either a significantly darker or lighter or a more or less spotted plumage. We did not detect any genotype-by-environment interaction. In conclusion, simultaneous cross-fostering and brood size manipulation demonstrate that additive genetic variance for plumage coloration and spottiness is maintained and that both the rearing environment and body condition do not account for a large proportion of the phenotypic variance in female and male ornamentations.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminopropyl Silica Gel Supported Iodine as Catalyst in Nucleophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides and Episulfides.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Solution‐Liquid‐Solid Synthesis of Hexagonal Nickel Selenide Nanowire Arrays with a Nonmetal Catalyst

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Inorganic nanowire arrays hold great promise for next‐generation energy storage and conversion devices. Understanding the growth mechanism of nanowire arrays is of considerable interest for expanding the range of applications. Herein, we report the solution‐liquid‐solid (SLS) synthesis of hexagonal nickel selenide nanowires by using a nonmetal molecular crystal (selenium) as catalyst, which successfully brings SLS into the realm of conventional low‐temperature solution synthesis. As a proof‐of‐concept application, the NiSe nanowire array was used as a catalyst for electrochemical water oxidation. This approach offers a new possibility to design arrays of inorganic nanowires.
A cocktail of protective antibodies subverts the dense glycan shield of Lassa virus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Developing potent therapeutics and effective vaccines are the ultimate goals in controlling infectious diseases. Lassa virus (LASV), the causative pathogen of Lassa fever (LF), infects hundreds of thousands annually, but effective antivirals or vaccines against LASV infection are still lacking. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against LASV are rare. Here, we describe biochemical analyses and high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of a therapeutic cocktail of three broadly protective antibodies that target the LASV glycoprotein complex (GPC), previously identified from survivors of multiple LASV infections. Structural and mechanistic analyses reveal compatible neutralizing epitopes and complementary neutralization mechanisms that offer high potency, broad range, and resistance to escape. These antibodies either circumvent or exploit specific glycans comprising the extensive glycan shield of GPC. Further, they require mammalian glycosylation, native GPC cleavage, and proper GPC trimerization. These findings guided engineering of a next-generation GPC antigen suitable for future neutralizing antibody and vaccine discovery. Together, these results explain protective mechanisms of rare, broad, and potent antibodies and identify a strategy for the rational design of therapeutic modalities against LF and related infectious diseases.
Renewable energy powered membrane systems: inorganic contaminant removal from Australian groundwaters

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A photovoltaic powered ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis system was tested with a number of natural groundwaters in Australia. The objective of this study was to compare system performance at six remote field locations by assessing the impact of water composition and fluctuating energy on inorganic contaminant removal using a BW30-4040 membrane. Solar irradiance directly affected pressure and flow. Groundwater characteristics (including TDS, salts, heavy metals, and pH), impacted other performance parameters such as retention,
specific energy consumption and flux. During continual system operation, retention of ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ was high (> 95%) with each groundwater which can be attributed to steric exclusion. The retention of smaller ions such as NO3 - was affected by weather conditions and groundwater composition, as convection/diffusion dominate retention. When solar irradiance was insufficient or fluctuations too great for system operation, performance deteriorated and retention dropped significantly (< 30% at Ti Tree). Groundwater pH affected flux and retention of smaller ions (NO3 - and F-) because charge repulsion increases with pH. The results highlight variations in system performance (ion retention, flux, specific energy consumption) with real solar irradiance, groundwater composition, and pH conditions.
Functional Microvascular Anatomy of the Horse Eye: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Corrosion Casts

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study presents the microvasculature of the horse iris, ciliary process, retina, and choroid and discusses the functional significance of the vasculature. Procedure: Seven horses were used for this study. The ocular vascular system was injected with methylmethacrylate resin via the carotid artery, and the vascular corrosion casts were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Results: The iridial vessels showed a wavy course. The ciliary process was supplied by 2 arterial routes: the iridial and ciliary arterial circles. The subjects displayed a paurangiotic retina with retinal vessels extending only a short distance around the disc. The retinal arterioles and venules ran in closely related pairs, and the capillaries formed hairpin loops. No central retinal artery was seen in the equine eyes examined. The choriocapillaris in the avascular retina was arranged in honeycomb hexagon lobules and formed a more densely packed network than that in the vascular retina. There were 2 distinct venous drainage systems in the horse choroid: the vortex veins and the posterior ciliary veins. The vortex vein ampulla was flattened and showed a slit-like lumen at the merge site with the ophthalmic vein. The vortex veins demonstrated a marked constriction before leaving the eye. Discussion: The 2 choroidal drainage systems may compensate each other in event of occlusion. The ampulla and the constriction in the vortex veins may act as a valve regulating the blood flow to keep the eye at an optimum size and the intraocular pressure within the normal physiological range.
A Geometric Knotspace Template

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Early last century witnessed both the complete classification of 2-dimensional man-ifolds and a proof that classification of 4-dimensional manifolds is undecidable, setting up 3-dimensional manifolds as a central battleground of topology to this day. A rather important subset of the 3-manifolds has turned out to be the knotspaces, the manifolds left when a thin tube around a knot in 3D space is excised. Given a knot diagram it would be desirable to provide as compact a description of its knotspace as feasible; hitherto this has been done by computationally tessellating the knotspace of a given knot into polyhedral complexes using ad hoc methods of uncontrolled computational complexity. Here we present an extremely compact representation of the knotspace obtainable directly from a knot diagram; more technically, an explicit, geometrically-inspired polygonal tessellation of a defor-mation retract of the knotspace of arbitrary knots and links. Our template can be constructed directly from a planar presentation of the knot with C crossings using at most 12C polygons bounded by 64C edges, in time O(C). We show the utility of our template by deriving a novel presentation of the fundamental group, from which we motivate a measure of complexity of the knot diagram.
CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STARGARDT DISEASE PATIENTS WITH THE p.N1868I ABCA4 MUTATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To investigate the Stargardt disease phenotype associated with an unusually common and “extremely hypomorphic” ABCA4 variant, p.N1868I. Methods: The charts of 27 patients with p.N1868I on one allele and a severe/deleterious mutation on the other allele were reviewed. Subjective age of onset, best-corrected visual acuity, and stage of disease were recorded for all 27 patients, 18 of whom had multiple visits. When available, fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, full-field electroretinograms, Goldmann visual fields, and fluorescein angiography were included. Five families with multiple affected members were analyzed. Results: The median age at symptom onset was 41.5 years, and 3 p.N1868I patients had not developed visual symptoms as of the most recent eye examination. Median best-corrected visual acuity in the better-seeing eye at baseline was 20/25 −2 , and the median duration from symptom onset to legal blindness was 25 years. The five families described in this study demonstrated clinically significant intrafamilial variability, and affected family members who did not share the p.N1868I variant had relatively more severe phenotypes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the consistency of foveal sparing, the variation in age at onset, the intrafamilial variability, and the prognosis with regard to visual acuity in p.N1868I-associated Stargardt disease.