jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Application of Machine Learning to Model Wetland Inundation Patterns Across a Large Semiarid Floodplain

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Inundation is a primary driver of floodplain ecology. Understanding temporal and spatial variability of inundation patterns is critical for optimum resource management, particularly in striking an appropriate balance between environmental water application and extractive use. Nevertheless, quantifying inundation at the fine resolution required of ecological modeling is an immense challenge in these environments. In this study, Random Forest, a machine learning technique, was implemented to predict the inundation pattern in a section of the Darling River Floodplain, Australia, at a spatial scale of 30 m and daily temporal resolution. The model achieved very good performance with an average accuracy of 0.915 based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve over 10 runs of the model in testing data sets. Six variables explained 70% of the total contribution to inundation occurrence, with the most influential being landscape shape (local deviation from global mean elevation), elevation‐weighted distance to the river, the magnitude of river flow (10‐ and 30‐day accumulated river discharge), local rainfall, and soil moisture. This approach is applicable to other floodplains across the world where understanding of fine‐scale inundation pattern is for operational ecological management and scenario testing.
Predicting Student Attrition in Higher Education through the Determinants of Learning Progress: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Higher education policies are designed to facilitate students’ learning progression and academic success. Following Tinto’s integration theory and Bean’s attrition model, this study proposes a research model to investigate whether students prone to attrition can be pre-emptively identified through self-evaluating academic factors contributing to their learning progress. Theoretically, the learning progress is identified with student success, represented by factors amenable to intervention including the interaction with peers and instructors, teaching effectiveness, exam scores, absenteeism, students’ effort, and academic course-related variables. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of 530 undergraduate students revealed that the indicators of learning progress in such students were channeled into two constructs. The results indicated that the teacher effectiveness and learning materials contributed most to the learning progress. Structural equation modelling revealed that the learning progress variables have a significant impact on students’ attrition status. A multi-group analysis confirmed the academic semesters to be a moderator in the mediating effects of the students’ grade point average (GPA). This model functions as a framework to design a student-oriented learning system promoting students’ learning experience and academic success.
The Effect of Supercooling Temperatures on the Motility, Deformity and Fertility of Chicken Spermatozoa

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The effect of storage temperatures within the range of 2° to -6°C on the motility, deformity and fertility of chicken semen diluted 1 to 4 with a phosphate buffer containing antibiotics was studied. The storage periods in this study were 2 and 4 days. The results obtained are as follows.1. There were no significant differences in fertility between storage temperatures of 2°, 0° and -2°C (supercooling temperature).2. Storage at supercooling temperatures of -4° and -6°C had no apparent effect on motility and deformity but those temperatures lowered fertility markedly as compared to 0° and -2°C. Diluted semen during storage at -6°C was extremely unstable, so that some of the semen samples had been frozen. In this case the motility was zero after thawing at 15°C.3. The dilution with a hypertonic phosphate buffer having a freezing point depression of -0.97°C resulted in improved fertility as compared to an isotonic phoshate buffer when diluted semen was stored at -6°C.
Paleomagnetic Constraints on the Age of Lower Cretaceous Cores from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 535, Southeastern Gulf of Mexico

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Cretaceous deep-water limestones from Site 535 have low intensities of magnetization, but stable inclinations (37.8° ±7.3) that can readily be isolated after demagnetization to 25 oersteds. The magnetic stratigraphy of the studied por-tion (sub-bottom depth 354.0-515.5 m) shows only two reverse samples, which may be the result of misorientation. The micropaleontological dating of this section as Albian to Hauterivian had implied that several reversals from the M anomaly sequence would be observed. The presence of only normally magnetized samples suggests instead that the studied portion is completely within the Cretaceous long normal zone (Santonian to Aptian). Thus the paleomagnetic data indicate that the micropaleontological dates are too old, a contention supported by postcruise ammonite studies.
A Study on the Improvement Plan of the International Cooperation in Nuclear Safety in East Asia through Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident : Focusing on Korea, China and Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

본 논문의 목적은 한 중 일 3국의 지역 내 원자력안전 협력 체제 구축을 위해서 현재의 협력 현황을 고찰해 보고 앞으로의 방향을 제시하는 것이다.
현재 이들 한 중 일 3국의 다자간 지역협력은 정보공유 차원으로 접근하고 있는 수준으로 실질적으로 가시적인 성과를 내기는 어려운 상황이다.
따라서 원자력 안전협력체제 구축을 위한 방안으로 다음 세 가지를 제시하고자 한다.
첫째, 원자력 안전 협력 추진을 위한 새로운 지역협력 기구의 설립이 필요하다.
둘째, 원자력 사고 대응체제를 구축해야 한다.
셋째, 협력 가능한 과제를 우선적으로 발굴하여 해결해 나가야 한다.
How do Phytophthora spp. de Bary kill trees

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytophthora spp. de Bary are being increasingly recognised as pathogens that cause tree death, without necessarily having any clear understanding of how this happens. Suggested mechanisms include: •\t extensive fine-root necrosis especially on wet or drought prone sites, leading to reduced water uptake, crown decline and death, e.g. Phytophthora quercina T. Jung infection of European oaks; •\t root and stem cankers resulting from phloem invasion and cambial death, leading to death of basal buds and carbon starvation of the root system, e.g. Phytophthora alni Brasier &amp; S.A. Kirk infection of alders; •\t xylem invasion, leading to reduced conduction, hydraulic failure and death, e.g. Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in ‘t Veld infection of tanoaks; and •\t hormonal imbalance and/or damage from toxins, e.g. Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands infection of eucalypts. These possible mechanisms are reviewed, together with different hypotheses of why trees die, and the predisposing environmental stresses that contribute to tree death. Extensive xylem invasion provides a mechanistic explanation of how death occurs, but is the least frequently reported symptom of Phytophthora infection.
Anxiety and Attitudes Toward Statistics and Research Among Younger and Older Nontraditional Adult Learners

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Individuals who are 50 years or older are the largest growing demographic among adult learners. However, we still are in the initial stages of investigating their attitudes and anxieties regarding specific areas of study. The current study explored differences between 92 younger (26–49 years) and older (50+ years) nontraditional-aged, degree-seeking undergraduate and graduate students’ attitudes and anxieties regarding statistics and research. The Attitudes Toward Research (ATR) and Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS) scales were completed via an online survey. Younger nontraditional-aged students generally expressed significantly higher anxiety and more negative beliefs regarding both statistics and research than their older counterparts. Differences were not explained by level of study nor by related experience. Results are discussed in relation to further consideration of student- and cohort-centered applications of andragogical and heutagogical principles for targeted educational practices.
INTRAOCULAR LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA PRESENTING AS MASSIVE THICKENING OF THE UVEAL TRACT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 46-year-old woman with a history of biopsy-proven extranodal large cell lymphoma of the maxillary sinus presented four months after this condition was diagnosed with signs of unilateral iritis. After an initial response to topical corticosteroid therapy, the iritis relapsed, the eye rapidly becoming blind and painful. Histopathological examination of the enucleated globe showed a diffuse infiltration of the entire uveal tract by malignant lymphocytes consistent with large cell lymphoma. Systemic examination revealed no concurrent foci of malignancy. This dramatic presentation of ocular involvement is quite unusual for large cell lymphoma.
Evolution of incidence, mortality and cost of nontraumatic abdominal emergencies treated in Brasil in a period of nine years

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, mortality and cost of non-traumatic abdominal emergencies treated in Brazilian emergency departments. METHODS: This paper used DataSus information from 2008 to 2016 (http://www.tabnet.datasus.gov.br). The number of hospitalizations, costs - AIH length of stay and mortality rates were described in acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, acute diverticulitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and inflammatory intestinal disease. RESULTS: The disease that had the highest growth in hospitalization was diverticular bowel disease with an increase of 68.2%. For the period of nine years, there were no significant changes in the average length of hospital stay, with the highest increase in gastric and duodenal ulcer with a growth of 15.9%. The mortality rate of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease increased by 95.63%, which is significantly high when compared to the other diseases. All had their costs increased but the one that proportionally had the highest increase in the last nine years was the duodenal and gastric ulcer, with an increase of 85.4%. CONCLUSION: Non-traumatic abdominal emergencies are extremely prevalent. Hence, the importance of having updated and comparative data on the mortality rate, number of hospitalization and cost generated by these diseases to provide better healthcare services in public hospitals.
On the dynamics of a Zika disease model with vector-bias

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a Zika transmission model which considers human-to-human sexual transmission, the extrinsic incubation period of mosquitoes, and the vector-bias effect. Firstly, the explicit expression of the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is given by using the next-generation operator method, and the global dynamics of the model are established by taking [Formula: see text] as the threshold condition, that is, if [Formula: see text], the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, if [Formula: see text], the model has a unique endemic equilibrium that is locally asymptotically stable and the disease persists. And when we ignore the vector-bias effect, the global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium is proved by constructing a Lyapunov function. Then, we select the reported epidemic data from Brazil for fitting, which verifies the obtained theoretical results. Meanwhile, we study the impact of human-to-human sexual transmission rate and mosquito-to-human transmission rate on the spread and prevalence of Zika. In addition, we calculate the sensitivity indices of [Formula: see text] to the model parameters and provide effective measures to control Zika transmission. The simulation results indicate that extending the extrinsic incubation period of mosquitoes is beneficial for disease control while ignoring the vector-bias effect will underestimate the risk of Zika transmission.
Mbondzi segmental and tonal processes – ɛmbɔs i (C25) variety

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Le Mbondzi connait de nombreux processus phonologiques. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que certains d’entre eux sont liés à son système d’accord de classes qui joue un rôle important dans la formation des mots, tandis que d’autres résultent de l’assimilation de traits par les segments concernés. Nous montrons aussi que certains processus phonologiques en nourrissent d’autres à l’instar de : la chute historique d’occlusives orales en position C2 de racine qui donne lieu à une longueur vocalique provenant de la juxtaposition de deux noyaux, l’allongement compensatoire qui dépend en partie de la dissimilation consonantique des préfixes ou des morphèmes d’accord et de l’élision à la jonction entre deux mots, les règles tonales qui sont directement liées à la perte d’une more à la suite d’élision ou de formation de glides. Concernant la relation entre tonslexicaux et tons intonationels, notre point de vue est que les derniers se superposent aux premiers. Par ailleurs, nous présentons une étude des relatives, qui ont une construction possessive en Mbondzi. Nous montrons, entre autres, qu’elles sont introduites par des préfixes d’accord de type /CV/ dont le contenu segmental est déterminé par le préfixe nominal du nom précédent et qu’elles diffèrent selon que leur verbe est à l’inaccompli ou non. Enfin, nous étudions les différents types de questions partielles et leur construction, qui impliquent, entre autres, les pronoms interrogatifs "nda" (pour les humains) et "nde" (pour les non humains), des morphèmes d’accords interrogatifs déterminés par le préfixe nominal du sujet (pour les questions partielles sur le sujet) ou de l’objet (pour les questions partielles sur l’objet direct ou indirect), des adverbes pour les questions circonstancielles de manière et, des expressions interrogatives pour les questions partielles temporelles.
Understanding the neural dynamics of ventromedial hypothalamus in defence and aggression

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Fear and aggression are evolutionary conserved emotional responses that can be evoked by different stimuli. One of these stimuli is exposure to a threatening conspecific that depending on the context and history of previous encounters can elicit either defence and avoidance or approach and aggression. The ventrolateral division of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) has been recently identified as a structure involved in both behaviours. Neural activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus has been shown to be necessary for defensive and aggressive behavioural responses to conspecific threats. In male mice, inhibition of neural activity in VMHvl reduces avoidance behaviour following exposure to an aggressive male, as well as attack behaviour following exposure to a subordinate male. However, whether the same or different neurons in VMHvl are responsible for defence and aggression toward social threat, how experience affects these responses and the identity of defence neurons in VMHvl remains unknown. Here we performed serial cFos labelling experiments and found that defence and aggression recruited partially overlapping populations in VMHvl. Using in vivo calcium endoscopy of VMHvl neuron activity during social defence and aggression we found that strong calcium responses were elicited upon exposure to the social stimulus and these were further modulated as the animal exhibited defensive or aggressive behaviours. Notably, specific neuronal calcium responses were identified that were correlated with defensive behaviours, some of these neurons were reacted to more than one behaviour, showing complex patterns of activity during aggression and defence. Moreover, calcium recordings over several days of either defence or aggression revealed a change in the ensemble activity between defence and aggression and this effect was dependent on the previous experience of an animal. At the same time we performed a series of functional manipulation experiments blocking or activating neuronal activity in different cell types of the VMHvl. We found separate populations of VMHvl Esr1+ and Nos1+ neurons that were able to modulate defensive responses to social threat. Together, these results demonstrate that the VMHvl encodes and controls both specific and overlapping features of defensive and aggressive behavioural responses to social threat.
Data used in "The Complex Role of Storms in Modulating Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean"

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The data included in this repository were used to generate the figures for the paper "The Complex Role of Storms in Modulating Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean" in Geophysical Research Letter. Abstract: "The intra-seasonal CO2 flux (FCO2) variability across the Southern Ocean is poorly understood due to sparse observations at the required temporal and spatial scales. Twinned Waveglider-Seaglider experiments were used to investigate how storms influence FCO2 through both the gas transfer velocity (kw) and the air-sea gradient in partial pressure of CO2 (ΔpCO2) in the sub-Antarctic zone. Winter-spring storms caused ΔpCO2 to weaken (by 15-55 μatm) due to mixing/entrainment and weaker stratification. This response in ΔpCO2 was in phase with kw resulting in a counteractive weakening in FCO2 (by 6.6 - 26.5% per storm), despite the wind-driven increase in kw. Stronger stratification during summer explained the weaker sensitivity of ΔpCO2 to storms, instead its thermal drivers dominated the ΔpCO2 variability. These results highlight the importance of observing synoptic-scale variability in ΔpCO2, the absence of which may propagate significant biases to the mean annual FCO2 estimates from large-scale observing programmes and reconstructions." The data collected from the Wave Glider, such as the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (xCO2air) and in the ocean (xCO2sea), surface temperature and salinity were used to calculate the different parameters of the bulk CO2 flux formula (FCO2 = kw x ko x ΔpCO2). Note that the meteorological weather station of one of the Wave Gliders was faulty and the wind speed, wind direction and wind stress data was replaced by hourly ERA5 data provided by ECMWF available at https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6. The temperature, pressure and salinity data collected by the Seaglider were used to calculate the Mixed Layer Depth and the Brunt Vaisala Frequency of the first 300m of the ocean.
Chitinase activity ofPseudomonas stutzeriPT5 in different fermentation condition

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to determine the incubation condition of Pseudomonas stutzeri PT5 in producing chitin degrading enzyme in various pH and temperatures; to compare the production of chitin degrading enzyme in chitin medium supplemented with additional nitrogen, carbon and a mixture of nitrogen and carbon sources and to observe the production of chitin degrading enzyme in 250 mL-shake flasks and 2 L-fermentor. The parameters tested during production were chitinase activity (U·mL-1) of culture supernatant and N-acetylglucosamine concentration (μg·mL-1) in the medium. The results showed that Pseudomonas stutzeri PT5 was able to produce the highest chitinase activity at pH 6 and temperature of 37 °C (0.024 U·mL-1). The addition of 0.1 % of ammonium phosphate and 0.1 % of maltose, increased the chitinase activity of Pseudomonas stutzeri PT5 by 3.24 and 8.08 folds, respectively, compared to the control. The addition of 0.1 % ammonium phosphate and 0.1 % maltose mixture to chitin medium resulted in the shorter time of chitinase production compared to the addition of sole nutrition. The production of chitinase using 2 L-fermentor shows that the highest chitinase activity produced by Pseudomonas stutzeri PT5 was reached at 1-day incubation (0.0283 U·mL-1), which was shorter than in 250 mL-shake flasks.
Fatty Infiltration of the Gastrocsoleus after Tendo-Achilles Lengthening and Gastrocnemius Recession in a Rabbit Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Tendo-Achilles lengthening (TAL) and gastrocnemius recession (GR) are components of the operative treatment for certain foot conditions. We investigated changes in rabbit gastrocsoleus weight, volume, and percent fat resulting from TAL, GR, and immobilization. Materials and Methods: Eighteen rabbits were randomized into three groups. Group I = gastrocnemius recession; Group II = (TAL) Z-plasty lengthening; Group III = immobilization only. Treatment limbs were randomized. Six randomly selected contralateral limbs were used for controls. At 12 weeks the gastrocnemius and soleus were weighed (g) and measured (ml) separately. Values were combined and analyzed as a gastrocsoleus complex. The weight, volume, and percentage of fatty infiltration were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The following differences were statistically significant. GR volume was less than control ( p < 0.01); TAL weight and volume was less than control ( p < 0.01); GR percent fat was greater than control ( p < 0.05) and TAL percent fat was greater than control ( p < 0.05). GR weight and volume was less than cast only ( p < 0.01); TAL weight and volume was less than cast only ( p < 0.01); TAL percent fat was greater than cast only ( p < 0.01); GR percent fat was greater than cast only ( p < 0.05); GR weight was greater than TAL ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: In a rabbit model, the findings suggest the gastrocsoleus undergoes atrophy and fatty infiltration after TAL or GR. Immobilization does not contribute to either process. Clinical Relevance: These findings correlate with human functional studies documenting the relationship between TAL or GR and decrease in plantarflexion strength. Further studies are needed to determine if significant variation in functional differences due to TAL versus GR exists.
On the anisotropy of secular variation deduced from paleomagnetic volcanic data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We seek to establish whether or not secular variation, the rate at which the magnetic field is changing in time, is a function of field direction: Is secular variation anisotropic? From a large number of paleomagnetic lava data, many of which record polarity transitions, we find that vectors from stratigraphically adjacent flows are most (least) correlated during nontransitional (transitional) periods. Since volcanic activity is unrelated to, and therefore uncorrelated with, magnetic secular variation, this relationship indicates that secular variation is enhanced during transitions, perhaps by a factor of ∼2. Thus secular variation is anisotropic, being a function of the deviation of field direction from an axial dipole. Despite this spatial dependence, we find little convincing evidence that transitional fields exhibit persistent recurring quasi‐stationary states which manifest themselves in terms of midlatitude virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs), as has sometimes been hypothesized. On the other hand, we identify tentatively some relative quiescence in secular variation during midtransition when VGPs fall near the equator. Numerous subsets of the database are examined for consistency and statistical errors are estimated by bootstrap analyses. Statistical models of secular variation need to incorporate the information content in serial correlations, like those analyzed here, from stratigraphie sections if the lava data are to be fully exploited.