jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Yield responses to elevated CO2 concentration among Japanese rice cultivars released since 1882

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) have increased by more than 100 μmol mol−1 over the last century and are projected to rise further. Breeding cultivars with a greater response to elevated [CO2] (E-[CO2]) can be an effective adaptation to global climate change. We wondered whether E-[CO2]-responsive cultivars have been unintentionally selected through empirical breeding as [CO2] has increased. If so, modern cultivars may respond better to E-[CO2] than old ones. We conducted free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments in 2 years to examine whether rice cultivars bred in different eras differ in response to E-[CO2] and to determine any associated traits. We tested five Japanese cultivars: Aikoku (released in 1882), Norin 8 (1934), Koshihikari (1956), Akihikari (1976) and Akidawara (2009). The yields of Aikoku and Norin 8 increased by 19.3% and 30.3%, respectively, under E-[CO2], while those of Koshihikari and Akihikari increased by 15.9% and 3.4%, respectively. However, that of Akidawara, the newest cultivar, also increased by 19.0%. Norin 8’s strong response to E-[CO2] was associated with increases in both spikelet density and percentage of ripened grains, both of which were closely related to nitrogen uptake. These results suggest that breeding has not necessarily improved cultivars’ response to E-[CO2], and that selection for traits such as sink capacity and nitrogen uptake can be effective to improve rice productivity under E-[CO2].
Problems with the new junior doctor contract

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Why junior doctors need to channel their anger

Junior doctors are angry. In August 2016 the UK government plans to impose a new contract on doctors in England that threatens to extend their standard working hours while cutting their pay by up to 15%.1

Over 54 000 people have already signed an online petition calling on doctors to take strike action to oppose the imposition of the contract.2 Some medical royal colleges have also taken the unusual step of commenting on contractual terms and conditions, an area usually reserved for trade unions. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the Royal College of Surgeons, the Association of Surgeon in Training, and others have raised concerns about the potential effect of the changes on the safety of patients and on recruitment and retention.

Although many details about the proposed changes are missing, they may look fairly harmless at first sight. Changes are based on recommendations of the independent Review Body on Doctors’ and Dentists’ Remuneration. Among other suggestions, they include contractual safeguards to ensure that hours and rest periods are maintained; a separate hourly payment …
Combinatorial Effect of DCA and Let-7a on Triple-Negative MDA-MB-231 Cells: A Metabolic Approach of Treatment

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a metabolic modulator that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and promotes the influx of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle for complete oxidation of glucose. DCA stimulates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) more than glycolysis by altering the morphology of the mitochondria and supports mitochondrial apoptosis. As a consequence, DCA induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. Recently, the role of miRNAs has been reported in regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level and also in reprogramming energy metabolism. In this article, we indicate that DCA treatment leads to the upregulation of let-7a expression, but DCA-induced cancer cell death is independent of let-7a. We observed that the combined effect of DCA and let-7a induces apoptosis, reduces reactive oxygen species generation and autophagy, and stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. This was later accompanied by stimulation of OXPHOS in combined treatment and was thus involved in metabolic reprogramming of MDA-MB-231 cells.
The effects of growth hormone on body composition.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The action of growth hormone (GH) on longitudinal bone growth is well known and easily recognized. GH also has profound effects on body composition. Generally, GH increases the amount of body cell mass and extracellular water and decreases body fat. The lipolytic effect of GH was demonstrated in the 1930s when it was shown that pituitary extracts reduced body fat in rats. Recently, GH treatment has been shown to promote a redistribution of adipose tissue from the abdominal (android) to a more peripheral (gynoid) distribution. The reverse change has been demonstrated in patients with acromegaly after successful treatment. The anabolic action of GH was first demonstrated when nitrogen retention was observed after GH administration. GH seems to stimulate cell division and increase the amount of DNA in the muscle. In patients with acromegaly the overweight is partly explained by a significant increase in body cell mass and muscle volume, compared to matched controls, demonstrated by several independent methods of determining body composition. In GH-deficient patients, however, the overweight is due to an increase in adipose tissue mass and the body cell mass seems only decreased in subjects below the age of 55. The anabolic action of GH is accompanied by sodium and fluid retention, due to increased sodium pump activity. In acromegalic subjects extracellular water has been shown to be increased by up to 25%. However, in GH-deficient adults the extracellular fluid volume is markedly decreased by approximately 15%. Replacement therapy with recombinant human GH in patients with GH deficiency restores the extracellular fluid volume by an initial rapid expansion of the fluid volume, followed by a slight decrease towards a new steady-state level. GH has profound effects on body composition. Although body composition is determined by many factors including age and physical activity, changes in body composition can be helpful parameters in following the effect of GH in various body compartments.
Material Flow Analyses of Noncircular-Shaped Granular Media Using Discrete Element Methods

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The mathematical development and application of two discrete element methods for analyzing the material flow of granular media is described. These two discrete element methods model the noncircular-shaped particles with analytical surface representations. 2D particles are modeled with a superquadric equation and 3D particles as ellipsoids. Two examples are then presented to illustrate the applicability of these techniques in engineering analysis. These examples include (1) flow of particulate media in a rotating drum; and (2) flow of ore material in an inclined ore pass system.
Marker-assisted mapping and backcross breeding for late wilt disease resistance in NAI-137, the seed parent of public bred single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid Hema

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Development and deployment of late wilt disease (LWD) resistant cultivar(s) is a cost-effective and eco-friendly strategy to reduce losses due to LWD. DNA markers could be potential surrogates for selection of complexly inherited resistance to LWD. Two linkage maps were constructed using the genotypic data of 64 and 40 polymorphic SSR markers on BC1F1 populations derived from NAI-137×97B and NAI-137×MAI-345, respectively. Three main effect-QTL were detected on chromosomes 1, 4 and 10 in NAI-137×97B, while one QTL on chromosome 9 in NAI-137×MAI-345. Therefore, only the BC1F1 population of NAI-137×97B was back-crossed to NAI-137. Linkage map was constructed in BC2F1 population using the genotypic data of 64 SSR, 3456 unbinned-SNP and 104 binned-SNP + 64 SSR markers in combination. A total of 5, 2 and 11 main effect-QTL were detected on SSR, unbinned-SNP and binned-SNP + SSR based QTL maps, respectively. In NAI-137×97B derived BC1F1 and BC2F1, 2 QTL on chromosomes 4 and 10 flanked by common SSR markers i.e., mmc0371 and umc2350, respectively were detected. Sixteen NAI-137×97B derived BC1F1 plants carried QTL controlling LWD resistance with > 80% recovery of recipient parent genome and LWD score ≤ 4. Ten NAI-137×97B derived BC2F1 plants carried QTL controlling LWD resistance with > 90% recovery of recipient parent genome and LWD score ≤ 3. They were selfed and evaluated for response to LWD. Three BC2F2 families (BC2F2-84, BC2F2-88 and BC2F2-179) with LWD score 2, lower than the donor parent (NAI-137, LWD score 8) were identified. LWD resistant version of NAI-137 developed from the present study shall be used to cross with MAI-105 (the male parent of maize hybrid Hema) to generate improvised “Hema” after evaluating the grain yield potential in comparison to original “Hema” hybrid.
Effect of organic zinc supplementation on hematological, mineral, and metabolic profile in dairy cows in early lactation

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The aim of the current trial was to evaluate the effect of organically chelated zinc - methionin (Zn-Met) supplementation (30 mg Zn /kg DM TMR) on hematological, biochemical, and mineral profile of dairy cows in early lactation (1 - 90 d p.p.). Twenty dairy cows were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments in a randomized design. Animals in group C were treated as control (no zinc supplementation); whereas animals in group S were supplemented with organic Zn. Zn-Met supplementation had a significant effect on hematological parameters. White blood cell (WBC) counts 60 days p.p. and red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit level (HCT) and platelet count (PLT) on calving day, 30th- and 60th- day p.p were significantly higher in cows fed Zn than in the control group. In calves from supplemented mothers, there was a significant increase in RBC (p≤0.001), HCT (p≤0.01) and MCV (p≤0.05). There was no difference in other parameters among the groups, except of the highly significant difference in Zn concentration in blood serum of the S-group during the entire experimental time. The results obtained confirm the beneficial effect on serum zinc level and hematological parameters with no negative effects of 30mg Zn/kg TMR addition on mineral and biochemical parameters.
Digestion of Proteins in Milk: Comparing different in vitro systems with in vivo data

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Digestion is a highly organized sequence of biochemical, enzymatic and mechanical processes needed to release nutrients, such as peptides or free amino acids from proteins structuring complex food matrices. During the gastric phase, they are gradually denatured through the acid released into the stomach and hydrolysed by pepsin. At the intestinal phase of digestion, proteases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and others, are secreted to further degrade the proteins and peptides until they are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Static or dynamic in vitro digestion models are widely used to study this step-by-step degradation of proteins to peptides and free amino acids, raising the question on the differences between digestion models.
Generation and destruction of specific peptides during in vitro digestion of skim milk powder, following either the static international consensus COST Infogest digestion protocol or the dynamic digestion model DIDGI were compared, and verified in vivo in pigs. The hydrolysis of the five most abundant milk proteins during digestion – their peptides and free amino acids – were investigated by gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and HPLC after the gastric and the intestinal -phase. Moreover, time-resolved in vitro digestion experiment, generation and degradation of specific peptides and release of free amino acids were followed in the two in vitro digestion models and compared with the digestion in pigs. The protein specific hydrolysis for each digestion was visualized and compared by generation of abundance-dependent peptide patterns. Highly abundant peptides observed after complete digestion indicate digestion-resistant protein sequences and represent interesting sources of bioactive peptides or allergenic epitopes.
Partial-least-square data analysis (PLS-DA) comparing static and dynamic in vitro digestion with the in vivo pig data showed a high correlation of gastric and intestinal samples at the peptide level. The same analysis at the level of free amino acids showed a good correlation at the gastric phase. However, at the intestinal level, the three models formed distinct groups which could be due to absorption mechanisms in the in vivo situation.
“Building a List of Knowledge-Economy Skills Required in English Language Textbooks for the Elementary Stage in Saudi Arabia”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The current study aims to build a list of knowledge economy skills required in English language textbooks of the elementary stage in Saudi Arabia. To achieve the research goals, the researcher applied the descriptive method, in analyzing the previous literature and studies associated with the current research. A list has been set up, including seven domains, and 38 skills and the importance of which was approved by the judges, at a percentage varying between 80% and 100%, which is a high approval rating. Those domains come as follows: knowledge field, economic field, technological field, communication field, social field, environmental field, and national field. In conclusion, the study recommended developing English language textbooks depending on the list of knowledge economy and linking the content of English language textbooks with labor market requirements.
Engineering a Microsurgical Training Tool for Vasectomy Reversals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We describe the development of an elastomer-molded vas model as a microsurgical training tool, particularly for vasectomy reversals. This microsurgical training tool is formed by molding polydimethylsiloxane into a vas deferens shape with a patent lumen through the use of a 3D printed mold and simple monofilament wires. The expanded use of our vas model as a microsurgical training tool will allow urologists in training to improve and develop their microsurgical skills outside of patient caseloads and without the need for extensive cadaveric or animal model practice.
Relationship between selenium concentration in blood and liver of cattle.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between total blood selenium concentration and liver tissue selenium concentration in cattle. Blood and liver samples were collected from 205 individuals brought to slaughter houses. The results had shown that there is a linear correlation between the concentration of selenium in total blood of cattle (X) and its concentration in the liver (Y). The linear regression equation was: Y=0.194+3.951± (0.265***) X (0.009 pg/ml < X < 0.219 pg/ml, 0.110 μg/g DM < Y < 1.512 μg/g DM) (r2=0.523, ***P<0.001, n=205).
Muscle Noise and Interference Behavior in Pacemakers: A Comparative Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inhibition of VVI pacemakers by muscle noise, though known since 1972, has attracted increased interest in recent years. More sensitive dual chamber atrial synchronized pacemakers have proved to be more susceptible to interference and will further enhance the effort at improving pacemaker resistance to interference of ail kinds. To study the reaction of 16 pacemakers of 10 different manufacturers with respect to muscle noise, we stored a noisy episode on a 16‐second endless loop tape. Each pacemaker was subjected to an identical muscle noise signal, with amplitude varied to reach the response threshold. The results are: (J) The range of muscle noise thresholds consists of more than one decade, varying from 0.4 mV to 4.6 mV. (2) Only 4 of 16 pacemakers remained unaffected if a noise signal of 3 mV maximum is assumed. (3) In 11 out of 16 pacemakers, the threshold amplitude for muscle noise is lower than that for intracardiac electrographic signals which can be explained by a sensitizing mechanism caused by noise. (4) Five pacemakers were so sensitive that even a sensitivity setting of 4 mV would not reject muscle noise. (5) Filtering muscle noise, 50‐Hz signals, and intracardiac electrograms with a 12 dB filter of variable upper cut‐off frequency revealed that heart signals are always attenuated more than interference signals.
Nuclear α‐actinin‐4 regulates breast cancer invasiveness and EMT

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process where cells lose their adhesion properties and augment their invasive properties. α‐Actinin4 (ACTN4) is an actin crosslinking protein that responds to mechanical stimuli and is found to be elevated in breast cancer patients. While ACTN4 has been implicated in regulating cancer invasiveness by modulating cytoskeletal organization, its nuclear functions remain much less explored. Here we address this question by first establishing a correlation between nuclear localization and invasiveness in breast cancer cells. Using cancer databases, we then establish a correlation between ACTN4 expression and EMT in breast cancer. Interestingly, TGFβ‐induced EMT induction in MCF10A normal mammary epithelial cells leads to increased ACTN4 expression and nuclear enrichment. We then show that ACTN4 knockdown in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, which harbor sizeable fraction of nuclear ACTN4, leads to reduced invasiveness and loss of mesenchymal traits. Similar behavior was observed in knockdown cells expressing K255E ACTN4, which is primarily localized to the cytosol. Together, our findings establish a role for nuclear ACTN4 in regulating invasiveness via modulation of EMT.
Data from Mapping the MHC Class I–Spliced Immunopeptidome of Cancer Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Anticancer immunotherapies demand optimal epitope targets, which could include proteasome-generated spliced peptides if tumor cells were to present them. Here, we show that spliced peptides are widely presented by MHC class I molecules of colon and breast carcinoma cell lines. The peptides derive from hot spots within antigens and enlarge the antigen coverage. Spliced peptides also represent a large number of antigens that would otherwise be neglected by patrolling T cells. These antigens tend to be long, hydrophobic, and basic. Thus, spliced peptides can be a key to identifying targets in an enlarged pool of antigens associated with cancer.</p></div>
Bird diversity in the savanna habitats of Akagera National Park, Rwanda, in the post-war recovery period

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The biodiversity of Akagera National Park (ANP), Rwanda, has reportedly been declining since 1990 due to conflict and war in the country between 1990 and 1994. In this paper, we describe bird diversity in the post-war recovery period. We used systematic plots, point counts and presence–absence surveys to estimate bird species richness and diversity in acacia savanna habitats of the park between 2009 and 2011. We recorded a total number of 301 species, of which 75% were resident and 22% migrant, including a large number of Palearctic visitors and Afrotropical migrants. Particularly notable were four endemic species of the Lake Victoria region, four globally threatened and nine near-threatened species as well as species that had not previously been recorded in the park and those overlooked by past records. Estimated species richness and diversity at the landscape level were 346 and 0.98, respectively, mean estimates per plot were 42 and 0.86 for species richness and diversity, respectively. Our results highlight regional and international importance of ANP in protecting important bird diversity. We also emphasise that ANP is the only savanna habitat in Rwanda where typical savanna birds occur. Our findings provide new insights for further strengthening of efforts to conserve the park's biodiversity.
Susceptibility of female <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito to pyrethroid (Alphacympermethrin 0.5%) and Carbamate (Propoxur 0.1%) in Keffi Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, north-central Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The detection of insecticides resistance status in a natural population of Anopheles vectors is a vital tool for malaria control intervention strategy against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, which is the main malaria vector in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the susceptibility status of the female Anopheles mosquitoes to Propoxor (0.1%) (Carbamate) and Alphacympermetrin (0.5%) (Pyrethroid) insecticides in Keffi LGA of Nasarawa State, Nigeria, between March and June, 2015. The larvae were collected from natural water bodies and other potential breeding sites from five different sites in Keffi LGA namely; Angwan Lambu, High Court, Angwan Kwara, Antau Bridge and Pyanku they were raised in the insectary located at Nasarawa State University, Keffi. WHO bioassay were performed using 2-3 days old, glucose-fed but non-blood fed female Anopheles mosquitoes. The knock down effect of Propoxur in the five locations in Keffi LGA was more pronounced with mortalities ranging from 84%-98% (p<0.05) and Alphacympermethrin recording a higher knock down in Angwan Kwara with 95% and with mortalities ranging from 78%-85% (p<0.05). The result of the bioassay showed reduced efficacy of Alphacypermethrin with resistance in some locations. However, Propoxur recorded higher mortality (100%, 100%, 95%, 100%, and 100%) respectively in the five sampled areas. Using chi-square statistical analysis; there was a significant difference between knockdown times with respect to Propoxur (p<0.05). Insecticide based intervention strategy remain the principal vector control measure in malaria endemic countries prompting the recommendation of Propoxur in the future vector control programs because high mortalities of the vectors were noticed in the assay run by the Carbamate class of insectide (Propoxur).Keywords: Anopheles mosquitoes, Pyrethroid and Carbamate insecticides, resistance, Nasarawa State
ABSTRACT Coaches ’ Perspectives on Athlete-Centred Coaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to explore elite coaches &apos; perspectives on the athlete-centred approach to coaching. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten (five male and five female) current coaches of female athletes on Canadian national team sports. The data were analyzed qualitatively using inductive and deductive analyses. Data revealed that coaches attached divergent meanings to the term &quot;athlete-centred &quot; sport. They referred to a holistic philosophy of the athlete, coaching practices that involve athletes within the coach-athlete partnership, specific values as essential components of athlete-centred coaching, and a philosophy of success that extends beyond athletic performance. The coaches also identified barriers to implementing athlete-centred coaching behaviours. The findings of this study have implications for our understanding of athlete-centred coaching and holistic athlete development, as well as policy revisions, coach education, and future coaching research. iii
Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Public health strategies designed to accomodate the ever-increasing human lifespan are urgently required. A good clinical understanding of frailty, as well as knowledge regarding how to prevent it, will therefore be required in order to overcome this challenge. Sarcopenia is an important component of the frailty syndrome, and its association with osteoporosis can lead to fractures and incident disability. Therefore, this review examined the literatuire pertaining to the association of sarcopenia with osteoporosis in order to assess preventive strategies.