jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Next Arms Race? A Military Ethical Reflection on the Effects of Artificial Superintelligence on Drone Warfare and American Counterterrorism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The trend towards the automation and robotization of warfare, enabling the exercise of violence from a distance, has been long-present, dating back to such inventions as the bow and arrow that allowed an archer to kill from afar. Today’s military drones now permit an extreme separation between rivals. James Der Derian’s concept of virtuous war encapsulates a certain normative view of current and future wars. A rationale of the actors waging virtuous war is that violence is used in a cleaner way, resulting in ever fewer battle deaths. In this thesis, I argue that the next step in the progression of military weaponry is the inclusion of artificial superintelligence (hereinafter ASI) in the American drone and counterterrorism program. While including this technology into the American war machine may represent a moral objective, I conclude that the use of ASI for military purposes is immoral because accountability becomes indeterminable.
Antioxidant Response to NaCl Stress in a Control and an NaCl-Tolerant Cotton Cell Line Grown in the Presence of Paraquat, Buthionine Sulfoximine, and Exogenous Glutathione

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) control and NaCl-tolerant cell line (cv Coker 312) were grown on media with or without NaCl in the presence or absence of paraquat, buthionine sulfoximine, and oxidized glutathione. On medium with 150 mM NaCl the NaCl-tolerant cell line exhibited no reduction in growth, whereas a 96% reduction was observed in the control line. The NaCl-tolerant cell line that was grown on 150 mM NaCl exhibited significantly greater catalase (341%), peroxidase (319%), glutathione reductase (287%), ascorbate peroxidase (450%), [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase (224%), and glutathione S-transferase (500%) activities than the intolerant control. The NaCl-tolerant cell line had a significantly lower dehydroascorbic acid/ascorbic acid ratio. Paraquat reduced growth by 20 and 53.7%, respectively, in the NaCl-tolerant and control cell line. The NaCl-tolerant cell line also showed a slight tolerance to buthionine sulfoximine. In the buthionine sulfoximine experiments reduced glutathione restored growth in both cell lines, whereas oxidized glutathione restored growth only in the NaCl-tolerant cell line. These data indicate that the NaCl-tolerant cell line exhibited a cross-tolerance to a variety of stress variables and had a more active ascorbate-glutathione cycle.
ACETABULAR ALLOGRAFTS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF BONE STOCK IN REVISION HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aseptic loosening which may lead to osteolysis and massive loss of bone, remains the major cause of failure after total hip arthroplasty. Reconstruction of acetabular bone stock defects by means of bone grafting is mandatory to create a stable construct to support the cup, recreate anatomy, and restore lower limb length. Numerous classification systems for acetabular bone stock deficiencies have been recommended to date. The one proposed by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) is the most comprehensive and most consistent. This system classifies acetabular defects into segmental (type 1), cavitary (type 2), combined segmental and cavitary (type 3), pelvic dissociation (type 4), and hip fusion (type 5). The aim of this study is to present a long term review of our experience with reconstruction of acetabular bone stock deficiencies in conjugation with revision hip arthroplasties using bone grafting, based on the AAOS classification system. Between 1987 and 1998, 88 revisions using bone grafting to reconstruct acetabular bone stock defects were performed. Of them 4 patients were classified as type 1, 47 as type 2, 29 – type 3, and 8 as type 4. The mean follow-up period was 8 years (range: 2–3 years). The mean Haris Hip Score improved from 35 points preoperatively to 75 postoperatively. All patients improved. The complications included nonunion in 5 cases, joint instability in 6 cases, graft lysis in one case, and neurologic injury in one case. Five cups were considered radiographicaly loose. One case was infected.
Emergent Quantum Magnetism and Cryogenic Spin-Memory in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recently developed techniques for assembling moiré heterostructures have enabled unprecedented control of the interlayer interactions within the heterostructure, allowing for the realization of strongly correlated electronic states. The experimentally realized states, to date, include a variety of topological states, superconductivity, and strange metal behavior. However, the phenomenology varies significantly from sample to sample. Here we will present microscopy techniques for further characterization of both the progenitor exfoliated materials and the composite moiré heterostructure. The application of these techniques has allowed for an unprecidented degree of characterization in ambient conditions. Additionally we will explore the use of resistively detected electron spin resonance (ESR) as a novel probe for spin order in moirés. While our results do not show clearly dispersive features that would unambiguously evince spin excitations within the sample, the technique is still promising.
PROMOTION OF CULTURAL GENERATIVITY TO SUPPORT SUCCESSFUL AGING IN ALASKA NATIVE COMMUNITIES

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The psychological construct of generativity encompasses a person’s motivation to leave a legacy for future generations by investing in acts that will outlive the self (Ericson, 1950). Lewis and Allen (2017) outlined the importance of generativity within AN cultures (caring for the future of our youth) and expanded Erikson’s western-based definition by adding the indigenous cultural generativity component to describe and incorporate Alaska Native specific cultural elements. These culturally based elements involve giving back to family and community including guidance and teaching of future generations (Lewis & Allen, 2017). Generativity within western societies accentuates independent achievements and successes more than the notion to care for future generations. This study is part of a larger community-based, exploratory, study between researchers and communities to explore successful aging that included 42 Alaska Native Elders in the Norton-Sound subregion, 21 Alaska Native Elders from the Aleutian Pribilof Islands, and 26 Elders from the Bristol Bay region. Qualitative interviews explored the participant’s life, influences on aging well, and their aging process. Thematic analysis was used to investigate the impact of generativity on successful aging was used to establish codes and main themes based on the three different cultural regions of Alaska. The findings suggest that generativity promotes successful aging. Elders who live in communities that promote community engagement, support family and school activities, and maintain and/or revitalize culture and traditions reported increased emotional well-being. Results can guide communities to incorporate or support cultural activities that promote generative activities and meaningful engagement which fosters successful aging.
The Misleading Definition of Creativity Suggested by AI Must Be Kept out of the Classroom

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The advent of AI is likely to make it difficult to support the creativity of students. This article points to the specific problem whereby the pseudo-creativity of AI is misinterpreted as authentic creativity, which could in turn mislead educators. The result would be a failure to optimally support the authentic creativity of students. There are suggestions that AI can be creative, but also compelling reasons to reject that claim. These include the need for a self in creativity and the role of the self in the creative process. Self-expression, for instance, requires a self, as part of the process. Then, there is the intrinsic motivation that characterizes the human creative experience and may be involved in the problem finding that is critical for the creative process. Each of these positions is reviewed in this article. The curious thing is that, even with compelling reasons to distinguish the authentic creativity of students from the artificial creativity of AI, definitions of creativity seem to be changing. The unique feature of the present effort is its examination of the reasons why definitions seem to be changing, even when, according to creativity research and theory, they should not. This article describes, (a) the surprising and incorrect position that AI can be creative, and, (b) problems that would occur if this position is applied in the classroom. It then (c) attempts to explain why that position is in fact taking hold, as is suggested by the changes in how creativity is defined. This explanation requires looking beyond creativity theory to broad social contexts, which are economic, political, scientific, and technological. This article concludes with (d) recommendations for supporting the authentic creativity of students. The recommendations exclude ideas suggested by the misleading definition of creativity, described in (a) and were instead selected based on their relationships specifically with authentic creativity.
Growth of released and unreleased young stands in the western white pine type /

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effects of release by removal of a residual overstory and by cleaning treatments were measured over a 30-year period in young mixed-conifer stands on moist sites in northern Idaho.Increasing time of overwood retention caused rapid loss of the more intolerant species and corresponding reduction in subsequent alternatives for crop-tree selections.Cleaning effectively promoted the growth of leave trees (principally western white pine), but the amount and duration of benefit was decreased by an aggressive reappearance of tolerant and intolerant species, especially in heavily cleaned plots.
Further C‐Alkylations of Cyclotetrapeptides via Lithium and Phosphazenium (P4) Enolates: Discovery of a New Conformation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Four cyclotetrapeptides containing one ( 1, 2 ) or two ( 3, 4 ) chiral amino acids have been C ‐alkylated or C ‐hydroxyalkylated through Li + or phosphazenium (P4 · H + ) enolates. The reactions are completely diastereoselective (by NMR or HPLC analysis) with respect to the newly formed backbone stereogenic centres ( Tables 2 and 3 ). The reactivity of the polylithiated species responsible for these alkylations is such that only highly reactive electrophiles (MeI, BnBr, primary allylic halides, aldehydes, CO 2 ) can be employed. It is shown that the position, and thus the chirality sense, of the newly formed stereogenic centre in a given cyclotetrapeptide backbone is controlled by the positioning of N ‐methyl groups in the starting material ( cf. cyclo(‐MeLeu‐Gly‐ D ‐Ala‐Sar‐) ( 3 ) and cyclo(‐Leu‐Sar‐Me D Ala‐Gly‐) ( 4 ) in Scheme 1 ). With Schwesinger 's phosphazene P4‐base, all NH groups are first benzylated and C ‐benzylation then takes place at a sarcosine, rather than an N ‐benzylglycine residue ( Table 3 ). In contrast to open‐chain N ‐benzyl peptides, the N ‐benzylated cyclotetrapeptides could not be debenzylated under dissolving‐metal conditions (Na/NH 3 ). Conformational analysis (NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction) shows that the prevailing species have cis/trans/cis/trans(ctct) peptide bonds (zigzag conformation of C i backbone symmetry, Figs. 2–4 ). However, a hitherto unknown conformation of cyclotetrapeptides has been found in CDCl 3 solutions of the hydroxyalkylated products 18–21 (obtained with EtCHO and PhCHO as electrophiles; Fig.4 ). The new conformation has four trans peptide bonds and is believed to result mainly from intramolecular H‐bond formation, involving the newly generated alkyl‐ or arylserine residue. This assumption has also been supported by modelling (TRIPOS force field, SYBYL, see Fig.5 and Table 6 ). The structure may be considered as a β‐turn mimic.
Investigation of Intragam® P Haemolysis Adverse Events

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim To understand the underlying cause of a cluster of haemolysis‐type adverse event (AE) reports received by CSL/ARCBS in patients receiving Intragam ® P. Method The cluster of AE reports were analysed with respect to patient factors (clinical indication, dose, blood group, concomitant medications and blood products, bone marrow reserve), product factors (batch results, production records) and changes in clinical practice (administration protocols, infusion kits). All Intragam P haemolysis related AEs from clinical trials and post‐marketing exposure were reviewed, as well as international literature on this subject. Result Sixteen haemolysis type cases were reported to ARCBS/CSL over a 3 month period, ranging from abnormal laboratory test results (positive Coombs test) to clinical symptoms requiring transfusion. Ten of these reports were received in 4 days from 2 Victorian hospitals following the detection of 2 cases, which precipitated a retrospective review that identified additional similar cases. All patients received high dose (doses exceeding 400–600 mg/kg given every 3–4 weeks either in frequency or quantity) and all but one (where evidence suggested an underlying disorder) were of blood group A or AB. Eight patients were recipients of bone marrow transplants. No product or batch related factors or processes likely to have contributed to the haemolysis type AEs were identified. Anti‐A and Anti‐B titres of all Intragam P batches were investigated and confirmed to be within regulatory approved release specifications and pharmacopoeial limits. Conclusion Haemolysis type adverse events are a recognised consequence of IVIG administration and are widely discussed in the literature. This investigation has confirmed the association of high dose IVIG in recipients of blood group A or AB and increased risk of haemolysis type adverse events. It also highlighted the possibility of accentuating any consequent anaemia in patients with diminished bone marrow reserve (eg post bone marrow transplant patients). Pre‐infusion ABO blood groups should be determined in patients receiving high dose IVIG and their haemoglobin levels monitored in the days following therapy.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KIND OF BANKS (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE) AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: EVIDENCES FROM IRAN (KHOY CITY)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

what is the quantitative and qualitative of relationship between kind of banks and financial development strategies? This paper answers to this question. The target society is the branches of banks in Khoy city. The number of sample society members is 100 people. Sampling method is syste matic random. The data collecting tool is a questionnaire contains 15 questions in LIKERT spectrum and 5 open end questions. The data has analyzed through SPSS software and ANOVA test technique. Also the descriptive statistics’ indexes were used due to an alysis of biographical attributions of sample society members. The variables are: saving increasing strategy, strategy of investment increasing, strategy of transaction with companies, strategy of new banking services development. Results show the privets banks are more success on applying all of financial development strategies. The levels of applying any financial development strategies are different. The private banks on applying the strategy of transaction with companies are very successful.
Subdomain adaptation of a POS tagger with a small corpus

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For the domain of biomedical research abstracts, two large corpora, namely GENIA (Kim et al 2003) and Penn BioIE (Kulik et al 2004) are available. Both are basically in human domain and the performance of systems trained on these corpora when they are applied to abstracts dealing with other species is unknown. In machine-learning-based systems, re-training the model with addition of corpora in the target domain has achieved promising results (e.g. Tsuruoka et al 2005, Lease et al 2005). In this paper, we compare two methods for adaptation of POS taggers trained for GENIA and Penn BioIE corpora to Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) domain.
“A Free Man Thinks of Nothing Less Than of Death”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Spinoza's doctrine of the eternal existence of the mind has given rise to an enormous amount of speculation, both as to what he meant by the doctrine and why he included it in the Ethics. This chapter presents an account of what exactly Spinoza means by eternity, and what he means when he claims that the mind exists eternally. Understanding what exactly Spinoza is claiming when he claims that the mind has eternal existence, the question as to the role that claim plays in Spinoza's philosophy can be addressed.
Evaluation of different domains of the Saint George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) according to the severity levels of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Relevance: Spirometric parameters used to determine disease severity may not be appropriate to infer about the different components of functioning in patients with COPD. Purpose: To compare and correlate the scores of the different SGRQ domains according to the GOLD severity levels in patients with COPD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a hospital university. Comparison (Kruskal-Wallis) and correlation (Spearman) tests were used after performing normality tests. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: Table 1 summarizes the data for each GOLD stage. No significant difference was observed between stages I and II or I and III for any of the SGRQ domains. There were no significant correlations between FEV 1 and the SGRQ scores. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is no linearity between the severity levels of COPD and the SGRQ scores, including the activity and psychosocial impact domains.
Air Transport in India: Some Legal, Regulatory and Economic Issues

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Air transport in India is at the cusp of an unstoppable forward march towards reaching eminence in the aviation industry in the years to come. Although the turn towards liberalization of air transport came in 1990 with an open skies approach, the industry was beleaguered with restrictions on foreign investment, stringent regulation imposed on burgeoning carriers with regard to international operations, and a cumbersome bureaucracy. The inflexion point arrived in 2016 with the new National Civil Aviation Policy. This policy revolutionized the industry with the removal of foreign direct investment constraints hitherto imposed on the industry, as well as the regulation of airfares and ease of business concerning such commercial aspects as the provision of ground handling services and code sharing. Airports have been given a boost by the Policy with regard to the disposal of their non-aeronautical revenue with a ‘hybrid till’ approach. The policy has also enabled the welcome advent of low cost carriers and an overall environment conducive to fair and equal opportunity for carriers to compete. It has also infused a Keynesian flavour to governmental involvement with a regional connectivity scheme and a regional connectivity fund which stimulates the domestic industry. Additionally, a progressive open skies policy both regionally and internationally has opened out the air transport market. Foreign aircraft manufacturers have been given a welcome boost. With all this, there are still considerations that need to be looked at with a sense of purpose and direction. With global megatrends such as the economic shift from the West to the East, demographic change, and rapid urbanization, all of which can be seen within India, competition among Asian air carriers will be ominous, requiring vigilance and forward thinking on the part of the Indian government. This article looks at the legal, regulatory and economic factors driving air transport in India with an analytical look at its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Where the Wild Things Are (and Have Been): An Archeology of Legal Discourses on Animals in Quebec

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Are animals mere things in the eyes of the law? Public discourse suggests so. However, the history of legal discourses about animals reveals another story. For better or for worse, animals have not been considered as mere things in law. It was long recognized that animals possess certain characteristics that are observable in beings, such as agency, sentience, and sociability. Together, agency, sentience, and sociability constitute a cluster of being-like characteristics sketching, through time, a portrait of the animal that is distanced from the image of a mere object of property. To support this conclusion, we ask where the “wild things” are and have been in our legal history. We relocate animals in the history of legal discourses surrounding them in the territory of Quebec, beginning slightly before codification. As many individuals worldwide would like to see their own jurisdiction explicitly recognize that animals are not things but beings, Quebec provides a fruitful case study for international readers on the impact that such a change may have on legal norms and discourses.
Utilizing Delta Opioid Receptors and Peptides for Cytoprotection: Implications in Stroke and Other Neurological Disorders

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The opioid system has been elucidated as a potential target for therapy in a variety of neurological disorders including stroke. Delta opioid receptors have been revealed to pose an especially compelling biological function for new neuroprotective therapies. Two distinct therapeutic mechanisms have been characterized for delta opioid receptors, namely, these receptors aid in maintaining ionic homeostasis and initiate endogenous neuroprotective pathways. Specific agonists of delta opioid receptors, such as (D-Ala2, D-Leu5) enkephalin (DADLE), have displayed the ability to promote neuronal survival and mitigate apoptotic pathways. These findings have led to a significant amount of research on this molecule's potential as a neurotherapeutic. At the forefront of these efforts has been investigation into DADLE's ability to protect neurons and glial cells following ischemia. Additionally, current research is attempting to reveal the dynamic neuroprotective mechanisms that mediate DADLE's therapeutic benefits. This review article discusses the scientific evidence supporting the use of delta opioid family of receptors and ligands as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in neurological disorders, with emphasis on stroke.