jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Perceived health, psychological distress and quality of life in 8415 adults with congenital heart disease from 32 countries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The global prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasing. Research on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) predominantly originates from high-income countries, resulting in an incomplete understanding of the true global burden of CHD from the patient perspective. Therefore, we described perceived health, psychological distress and quality of life (QoL) in a large sample of adults with CHD from the globe and explored the relationship between PROs and the income level of the countries. Methods Assessment of Patterns of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease—International Study II (APPROACH-IS II) represents an international cross-sectional investigation of PROs in 8415 patients from 53 centres across 32 countries. Patients completed questionnaires to measure perceived health status (RAND-12 Health Survey; EuroQOL-5D Visual Analog Scale); depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-8, PHQ-8); anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7) and QoL (Linear Analog Scale). Gross National Income per capita in US dollars was used for stratifying countries according to income levels. Results Large intercountry disparities in PROs were observed. Switzerland demonstrated the highest mean scores for physical functioning, self-rated health and QoL, while Senegal had the lowest scores. Patients from Malta demonstrated the highest mean scores for mental health, and Senegal had the lowest scores. With regard to depressive symptoms and anxiety, Pakistan had the lowest mean scores, while Turkey had the highest scores. Patients from high-income nations reported significantly better physical functioning, mental functioning and QoL. Conclusion Large intercountry disparities in PROs were observed. APPROACH-IS II is a pioneering international endeavour that comprehensively evaluated PROs among adults with CHD, drawing participants from nations with different income levels. Trial registration number NCT04902768 .
LESS INVASIVE POSTERIOR LUMBAR INTER-BODY FUSION AND OBESITY. CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND RETURN TO WORK

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To examine the relationship between obesity (BMI> 30) and the incidence of peri-operative complications, outcome of surgery and return to work in patients undergoing elective less invasive posterior lumbar inter-body fusion of the lumbar spine for low back pain and leg pain (“LI-PLIF”). 15 patients with BMI> 30 who underwent (“LI-PLIF”) were identified by reviewing the clinical notes and the pre-operative admission sheet from April 2005- to March 2007. All had suffered chronic low back pain for a minimum of 2 years that had proven unresponsive to conservative treatment. All patients underwent pre- and postoperative evaluations for Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), short-form 36 (SF-36), and visual analogue scores (VAS). Minimum follow-up was for 12 months. Blood loss was dependent on BMI, number of levels, and surgical time. Post operative complication was more in the morbidly obese group than the in the obese. 10 patients (66.6%) returned to their normal pre-operative employment within the 12 months of the index procedure. There was a significant improvement in the ODI and in the VAS for back pain. Length of hospital stay was a mean of 3.3 days Although surgery is technically more demanding our experience with less invasive posterior inter-body fusion has shown less incidence of post operative complication, less intra-operative blood loss and short in-patient hospital stay. We conclude that a high BMI should not be a contraindication to surgery in patients with degenerative low back pain. Ethics approval: None: Audit Interest Statement None
Preoperative Ultrasonographic Prediction of Hamstring Tendon Diameter for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries is rising every year. The autologous hamstring tendon graft, using semitendinosus tendon (SMT) and gracilis tendon (GR), is a common repair technique in the management of ACL injuries due to its multiple advantages. Using a final graft with a minimum diameter of 8 mm is necessary to avoid graft failure. The aim of this study was to find a correlation between preoperative ultrasound (USG) measurement of the SMT and GR tendon diameters (SMTd and GRd) and their actual diameters measured during the grafting procedure. In the present study, 33 male patients aged between 16 and 43 years with ACL injury that required grafting were enrolled. Before the grafting procedure, we sonographically measured the SMTd, GRd, and calculated the hamstring tendon diameter (SMTd + GRd) as the sum of these two. During surgery, we obtained the SMTd, GRd, and SMTd + GRd; we also obtained the length of both tendons and the final graft diameter (FGd). We then compared the obtained values. Mean age was 25.6 ± 7.9 years in our study population. The mean SMTd, GRd, and SMTd + GRd obtained by USG versus transoperatively were 4.9 versus 4.7 mm, 4.3 versus 3.8 mm, and 9.3 versus 8.6 mm, respectively. The mean of FGd was 8.4 mm and the mean length of both tendons was 14.2 cm. The GRd obtained by USG positively correlated with SMTd, SMT tendon length, GRd, and SMTd + GRd (r = 0.460, 0.404, 0.411, and 0.508, respectively). USG-obtained GRd predicts a final tendon diameter < 8 mm (high risk of failure) with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 100, 54, 28 and 100%, respectively, using 4.5 mm as cutoff. Of all obtained grafts, 85% were deemed adequate (≥ 8 mm) using transoperative measurement, while 91% were ≥ 8 mm using USG measurement. The USG measurement of hamstring tendons is a useful method to predict their transoperative diameter. GRd obtained by USG is the best predictor of transoperative GRd and SMTd + GRd.
Studies on the Site and Rate of Replication of the GP Strain of Coxsackie B1 Virus in Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The GP strain of Coxsackie B1 virus replicates rapidly and to high titers in the liver of infected mice. Smaller yields occur in the skeletal muscle and brain. Virus appears within 24 hours in the liver and in skeletal muscle but is not detected in the brain until 48 hours after infection. Signs of illness appear 72 hours after infection regardless of the infecting dose.
The Chinatown in Peru and the Changing Peruvian Chinese Community(ies)1

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Chinese quarter established in Lima shortly after the arrival in 1849 of Chinese indentured laborers, mainly from the Guangdong province, has gone through significant changes during its long history. Perhaps the more significant of these have occurred since the last two decades with a new influx of Chinese immigrants mostly of Fujian origin. Instead of reinforcing the Chinese community the coexistence of the old and new Chinese has led to fragmentation, competition and increasing social tension in the Chinese community in Peru, not least in redefining the Huiguan’s role. Competition has intensified not only in terms of pricing but also looking for commercial space (stores and warehouses). Wholesale importers of Chinese manufactured goods, restaurateurs, hoteliers and spa managers have extended their businesses beyond the old limits of Lima’s Chinatown. Does this spell the end of Chinatown or the beginning of multiple Chinese quarters?
Copper-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Alkoxypyridine Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The trifluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic cores has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its pharmacological relevance. We studied the extension of a simple copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation protocol to alkoxy-substituted iodopyridines and their benzologs. The trifluoromethylation proceeded smoothly in all cases, and the desired compounds were isolated and characterized. In the trifluoromethylation of 3-iodo-4-methoxyquinoline, we observed a concomitant O-N methyl migration, resulting in the trifluoromethylated quinolone as a product. Overall, the described procedure should facilitate the broader use of copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation in medicinal chemistry.
Temperature Dependence of Anisotropy Decay and Solvation Dynamics of Coumarin 153 in γ-Cyclodextrin Aggregates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Effect of temperature on the fluorescence anisotropy decay and the ultraslow component of solvation dynamics of coumarin 153 (C153) in a gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) nanocavity are studied using a picosecond set up. The steady-state anisotropy (0.13 +/- 0.01) and residual anisotropy (0.14 +/- 0.01) in fluorescence anisotropy decay in an aqueous solution containing 7 microM C153 and 40 mM gamma-CD are found to be quite large. This indicates formation of large linear nanotube aggregates of gamma-CD linked by C153. It is estimated that >53 gamma-CD units are present in each aggregate. In these aggregates with rise in temperature, the average solvation time ((obs)) decreases markedly from 680 ps at 278 K to 160 ps at 318 K. The dynamic Stokes shift is found to decrease from 800 cm(-1) at 278 K to 250 cm(-1) at 318 K. The fraction of dynamic Stokes shift (f(d)) detected in a picosecond set up is calculated using the Fee-Maroncelli procedure. The corrected solvation time ((corr) = f(d)<(tau(s)>(obs)) displays an Arrhenius type temperature dependence. From the temperature variation, the activation energy and entropy of the solvation process are determined to be 12.5 kcal M(-1) and 28 cal M(-1) K(-1), respectively. The ultraslow component and its temperature dependence are ascribed to a dynamic exchange between bound and free water molecules.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives of the ChrysinFlavonoid as Anticancer Agents

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background and Objective: Chrysin and its derivatives proved to possess potential anti-tumour activity. Materials and Methods: A new series of chrysin analogs containing 1,2,3-triazoles with different substituent groups (5a-5l) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential anticancer agents. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Resulsts: The anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were studied in four cancer cell lines viz. PC3, PC3-PSMA, MCF-7 and UM-UC-3 using doxorubicin as standard. Among all the tested compounds, 5c was found as most active with IC50 value of 10.8 ± 0.04 μM in PC3 cells and 20.53 ± 0.21 μMin MCF-7 cells, respectively. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that synthesized compounds 5a, 5c, and 5h arrested MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Chyrsin derivatives could be novel anticancer agents.
Cervical ectopic pregnancy presented with massive life threatening haemorrhage: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Here we report a case of a cervical ectopic pregnancy presented with massive life threatening haemorrhage and its subsequent management. After an unsuccessful attempt to stop the bleeding with balloon catheter and vaginal tamponade, a total abdominal hysterectomy was performed, this is the procedure of choice for treatment of cervical pregnancy under conditions of urgency and life-threatening bleeding.
Association Between Period of Gestation and Length of Menstrual Cycle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has often been hypothesized that the period of gestation in man may be a multiple of the length of the menstrual cycle. This possibility is suggested because experimental evidence in animals and man has shown cyclic activity in the ovary during pregnancy. A study was done using data on the period of amenorrhea and the length of the cycle for 716 mothers who delivered in 1949 and 1950 in Birmingham England. The shortest mean length of cycle was 23 days for 6 women and 45 days for 1 woman. When the mean length of cycle was recalculated excluding cycles whose lengths were judged to be inconsistent there was a straight line correlation between mean cycle length and period of amenorrhea during pregnancy. The data indicate that the period of amenorrhea increases by about a day for each additional day in the length of the cycle. It is fairly common knowledge that the length of the postovulatory phase is fairly constant in all women being about 14 days. The variation in length of cycle is due to variation in the preovulatory phase. Therefore findings of this study are restated: the variation in the period of amenorrhea according to the length of the menstrual cycle is probably determined by variation in the interval between the onset on menstruation and ovulation.
The Road to Farndon Field: Explaining the Massacre of the Royalist Women at Naseby

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In June 1645 Parliament's New Model Army, under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, shattered King Charles I's main field army at the Battle of Naseby. It was a famous victory for the Parliamentarians, a victory which effectively decided the outcome of the English Civil War, but, as one historian has rightly observed, the lustre of the Parliamentarian triumph was tarnished by ‘an indelible blot’. In the wake of the battle, the Roundhead cavalry launched a savage attack on the female camp-followers of the Royalist army: killing over a hundred of them and mutilating many more. The present article puts this notorious episode under the microscope and places the Naseby massacre within its wider historical context. The article begins by considering the chief theories which have been put forward by previous historians to explain the massacre. It then goes on to advance some new theories of its own, concentrating, in particular, on the way that Parliamentarian pamphleteers had helped to pave the way for the atrocity over the preceding years by portraying the king's camp-followers as a mob of murderous, knife-wielding ‘Irish and Welsh-women’. The article concludes by arguing that - while the massacre was primarily explicable in terms of xenophobia, anti-popery and a thirst for revenge for previous massacres which had allegedly been committed by ‘Celtic’ women against the English – fear of witchcraft may also have played its part in hardening the Parliamentarian soldiers’ hearts against the fleeing Royalist women whom they killed and maimed on that bloody June day. <br/>
The Effects Of Feedback And Strength Of The Nervous System On Cardiac Rate Control

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The influence of two levels of visual feedback (continuous wave-form and no feedback) and three levels of extra-version (high, medium and low) on the ability to decrease heart rate were examined. Forty-eight college students served as subjects with each receiving five alternating three minute rest periods and self-control periods. Heart rate and respiration rate were simultaneously recorded for all trials . . . Paired comparisons revealed that subjects receiving feedback produced greater heart rate decreases on Trial 1 only. Personality differences and autonomic conditionability was discussed. The association between heart rate and respiration rate difference scores was found to be directional, but nonsignificant.
EEA stapler in low anterior anastomosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Preservation of the anal sphincter is a goal of all surgeons treating colorectal malignancies. In the hands of many, transsacral and low anterior resections with end-to-end anastomosis have been associated with high morbidity and leakage. The EEA stapler represents an alternative in re-establishing bowel continuity. Fifty-eight patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum were treated over a three-year period at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Forty-nine procedures judged to be curative and nine, palliative. All patients had an EEA stapler introduced through the anus. No protective colostomies were needed. No case of clinically significant anastomotic leakage was seen. Minor spotting or bleeding was documented, but no patient required blood transfusions. Two patients developed constipation; 16 patients had temporary soiling, two had prolonged soiling. Frank incontinence was not observed. The EEA stapler is an evolutionary instrument derived from the Russian PKS model. It is safe, reliable, and simple to operate. With adequate training of the surgeon, precious time can be saved. Intraoperative sigmoidoscopies, as well as postoperative barium enema examinations, were not needed. Gaps in the stapled anastomotic line (when present) were easily repaired. It is too early to tell whether anastomotic and local recurrence rates will increase, as more sphincter-saving procedures are performed. Five-year follow up is crucial to establish criteria for the use of the EEA stapler.
ATP-dependent chaperoning activity of reticulocyte lysate

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have developed an assay for chaperone-mediated protein renaturation using thermally denatured Firefly luciferase. Dilution of denatured luciferase (> 99% loss of activity) into reticulocyte lysate typically results in recovery of 5-15% activity. Addition of an ATP-regenerating system increases yields to > 60%, while heat shock or the addition of denatured proteins inhibits the chaperoning activity. Reticulocyte lysate contains abundant quantities of the heat shock proteins, hsp90 and hsp70, and a 60-kDa protein homologous to the yeast stress protein, STI1. Immune isolated samples of these three proteins support recovery of up to 35% of luciferase activity in an ATP-dependent manner, suggesting that these or associated proteins are involved in the renaturation of luciferase. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between luciferase renaturation activity and the levels of hsp70 and hsp90 in reticulocyte lysate preparations. Purified hsp90 and hsp70, along with an ATP-regenerating system, are able to renature luciferase to greater than 20% of its original activity. This renaturation is most efficient when hsp90 and hsp70 are at about a 2:1 ratio and at concentrations similar to those found in reticulocyte lysate. This study provides evidence for an ATP-dependent chaperoning activity in reticulocyte lysate that involves a cooperative action of hsp70 and hsp90.
Biomaterials to Bioethanol

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Today there is an increased concern regarding the release of greenhouse gases, which is causing global warming at an alarming rate due to the enhanced consumption of fossil fuels, thereby leading to various environmental complications. Thus, the progressive reduction of fossil fuels has contributed towards the production of renewable energy from bioresources. Most of the countries are importing crude oil to meet fuel requirements. To reduce the usage of crude oil and financial burden, importance is given for bioethanol production as a lucrative alternative [1]. The continuous increase in demand for fossil fuel has resulted in a steep rise in price and environmental problems. The demand can be met by developing alternative fuel from renewable resources. Increasing crude oil prices and the requirement for sustainable energy sources has led to the production of biofuels at a competitive cost [2]. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have paved the way to achieve sustainable production of biofuels [3]. Presently, the world is facing climate change and there is a need for meeting the expanding energy needs while limiting greenhouse gas emissions. During the December 1997 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), developed countries agreed on and endorsed using renewable energy as per the Kyoto Protocol by step-by-step replacement of fossil fuel to reduce the net CO2 emission [4]. Renewable resources are utilized to replace fossil fuel in order to reduce the CO2 emission; ethanol is blended with petrol or gasoline and used as fuel. Various biomaterials containing starch, sucrose, cellulose and lignocellulose have been explored for the production of bioethanol. Abundantly available underutilized biomaterials that do not compete with food are explored for the research and development of economic bioethanol production [5, 6].
A symmetrical hybrid nine-level inverter for high speed open-winding motor drive system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to reduce output voltage harmonics and improve efficiency, a symmetrical hybrid nine-level inverter for high speed open-winding motor drive system is presented in this paper. Each phase of this inverter is composed of a five-level DC/DC converter and an H-bridge. The DC/DC converter is operated at high frequency with low voltage MOSFETs and the H-bridge is operated at fundamental frequency with high voltage IGBTs. The three phases are connected to a common DC-link and each drives an isolated winding of an open-winding motor. The operating principles and modulation method is introduced. A detailed analysis of the average currents through the flying capacitor and neutral point of the DC-link is presented and a capacitor voltage balancing method is proposed. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this inverter.
Impact of livestock grazing on extensively managed grazing lands.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This chapter focuses on the environmental effects of livestock grazing on extensively managed grazing lands. Land resources in these regions used by livestock producers are predominantly rangeland with relatively small amounts of seeded, grassland pasture. Rangelands are uncultivated lands with native and often species-rich plant communities dominated by grasses, grass-like plants, forbs or shrubs. Grassland pasture is usually established on marginal farmland. Initially these pastures are composed of high-yielding forage species capable of responding to high levels of agronomic inputs. Because livestock production is the most common use of forage resources on rangelands and grassland pastures of the world, understanding the influence of livestock enterprises on grazing land is critical for the development of management strategies needed to optimize ecosystem functions. Grazing management strategies have been developed to maintain or improve the structure and function of plant communities known to provide sustainable forage resources for livestock grazing. Grazing management strategies affect many ecosystem components besides livestock and forage production. Grazing also influences plant community heterogeneity, soil chemical and physical properties and the distribution and cycling of nutrients within the plant-soil-water continuum.
How often should patients be reviewed after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Six to 18 years after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis 69 euthyroid patients with raised serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations (mean 25.0 +/- SE 2.0 mU/l) and 61 with normal concentrations (mean 4.0 +/- 0.2 mU/l) were included in a prospective five-year follow-up study beginning in 1972. During this period 13 patients from the original group with raised serum TSH concentrations became hypothyroid. In contrast it was five years before hypothyroidism developed in a single patient from the group with normal serum TSH concentrations in 1972, although raised concentrations were recorded in 19 of these patients during the study.