jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Damage to Pilot Cuff Tubing During Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is generally considered to be a safe technique [1]. The most frequent complications are respiratory [2-4], although accidental tracheal insertion also has been reported [4-6]. Complications occur more frequently in outpatients, and most of these seem to be unrelated to the TEE probe per se. In the intraoperative setting, interference with the endotracheal tube is a constant concern. We report a probe-related complication that occurred in a patient undergoing elective surgery. After the induction of general anesthesia, a multiplane TEE adult probe was inserted without difficulty into the esophagus. After a baseline TEE examination was completed, the patient's end-tidal CO2 concentration declined markedly. A search for the cause revealed a cuff leak from the endotracheal tube. No leak had been present until then. Laryngoscopy confirmed correct position of the endotracheal tube, and injection of additional air into the cuff failed to solve the problem. The trachea was then promptly reintubated with a new endotracheal tube. Careful inspection of the endotracheal tube revealed a tear in the pilot cuff tubing. We hypothesized that during manipulation of the TEE probe, the tubing became caught between the patient's teeth and the probe. We suspect that using a bite block at the outset of monitoring probably would have prevented this complication. Beside protecting TEE probes from being damaged in awake patients, it may also prevent complications like the one described above, and it should probably be used in more anesthetized patients undergoing a TEE examination. Jurgen T. Lutz, MD University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany A.-Stephane Lambert, MD Kathryn Rouine-Rapp, MD University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA
[Ethanol-independent methanol elimination in chronic alcoholics].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

72% of a collective of chronic alcoholics (DSM-III-R, ICD 9), who were admitted under the influence of alcohol in order to undergo alcohol withdrawal, showed a serum methanol concentration (SMC) above 10 mg/l. This level is usually considered to be the one for the detection of regular alcohol consumption. The SMC values were considerably higher in cases where alcoholic beverages with a higher methanol content were consumed rather than the ones lower in methanol. In the majority of patients a decrease of the methanol concentration could only be detected once an individually varying limit concentration of ethanol (0-0.62 g/kg) was reached. There were, however, a few exceptions where the elimination of methanol independent from the ethanol concentration could be seen. Contrasting the general collective, these 'ethanol independent' methanol eliminators showed a much higher serum level of ethanol and methanol at the time of admission. As a sign of addiction, all patients showed increased beta 60 values for ethanol and preferred high proof beverages, which at the same time have high methanol contents.
Phylogenetic beta diversity in bacterial assemblages across ecosystems: deterministic versus stochastic processes

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Increasing evidence has emerged for non-random spatial distributions of microbes, but knowledge of the processes that cause variation in microbial assemblage among ecosystems is lacking. For instance, some studies showed that deterministic processes such as habitat specialization are important, while other studies hold that bacterial communities are assembled by stochastic forces. Here we examine the relative influence of deterministic and stochastic processes for bacterial communities from subsurface environments, stream biofilm, lake water, lake sediment and soil using pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We show that there is a general pattern in phylogenetic signal in species ecological niches across recent evolutionary time for all studied habitats, enabling us to infer the influences of community assembly processes from patterns of phylogenetic turnover in community composition. The phylogenetic dissimilarities among-habitat types were significantly higher than within them, and the communities were clustered according to their original habitat types. For communities within-habitat types, the highest phylogenetic turnover rate through space was observed in subsurface environments, followed by stream biofilm on mountainsides, whereas the sediment assemblages across regional scales showed the lowest turnover rate. Quantifying phylogenetic turnover as the deviation from a null expectation suggested that measured environmental variables imposed strong selection on bacterial communities for nearly all sample groups. For three sample groups, spatial distance reflected unmeasured environmental variables that impose selection, as opposed to spatial isolation. Such characterization of spatial and environmental variables proved essential for proper interpretation of partial Mantel results based on observed beta diversity metrics. In summary, our results clearly indicate a dominant role of deterministic processes on bacterial assemblages and highlight that bacteria show strong habitat associations that have likely emerged through evolutionary adaptation.
Further delineation of a rare recessive encephalomyopathy linked to mutations in GFER thanks to data sharing of whole exome sequencing data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Alterations in GFER gene have been associated with progressive mitochondrial myopathy, congenital cataracts, hearing loss, developmental delay, lactic acidosis and respiratory chain deficiency in 3 siblings born to consanguineous Moroccan parents by homozygosity mapping and candidate gene approach (OMIM#613076). Next generation sequencing recently confirmed this association by the finding of compound heterozygous variants in 19‐year‐old girl with a strikingly similar phenotype, but this ultra‐rare entity remains however unknown from most of the scientific community. Materials and Methods Whole exome sequencing was performed as part of a “diagnostic odyssey” for suspected mitochondrial condition in 2 patients, presenting congenital cataracts, progressive encephalomyopathy and hypotrophy and detected unreported compound heterozygous variants in GFER . Results Thanks to an international data sharing, we found 2 additional patients carrying compound heterozygous variants in GFER. Reverse phenotyping confirmed the phenotypical similarities between the 4 patients. Together with the first literature reports, the review of these 8 cases from 4 unrelated families enables us to better describe this apparently homogeneous disorder, with the clinical and biological stigmata of mitochondrial disease. Conclusion This report highlights the clinical utility of whole exome sequencing and reverse phenotyping for the diagnosis of ultra‐rare diseases and underlines the importance of a broad data sharing for accurate clinical delineation of previously unrecognized entities.
Innovation in Tow: R&D FDI and investment incentives

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Multinational corporations (MNCs) increasingly internationalize research and development (R&D), but the distribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) in R&D differs from that of general FDI. I use data on US MNC affiliates’ investments abroad (2001–2008) to demonstrate that increasing value added predicts more future R&D FDI, as R&D FDI is an upgrade decision. I then use data on R&D investment incentives to show that, while governments spend resources on R&D incentives, these can be negative predictors of R&D FDI. The findings imply that government efforts are best directed at incremental encouragement of value-added activities, as efforts to jump to R&D FDI are misguided.
Prognostic Significance of Arteriography in Nonhemorrhagic Strokes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One hundred and eighty-one patients with nonhemorrhagic strokes were classified clinically and arteriographically. Of 28 patients with completed strokes and no arteriographic abnormalities, 22 recovered within four weeks of the attack, but only 15 were in good condition two years later. Only 19 of the 41 patients with completed strokes and arteriograms showing generalized arteriosclerosis recovered within four weeks, and only 11 of 38 were well after two years. Patients with completed strokes and focal cervical arteriosclerosis had an immediate higher death rate, but otherwise their course was similar to the group of completed-stroke patients with generalized cerebrovascular disease. Patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIA) did even better. They did have a greater percentage of normal arteriograms, but even TIA patients with abnormal arteriograms did better than analogous groups with completed strokes.
Metal-Catalyzed Phosphodiester Cleavage:  Secondary 18O Isotope Effects as an Indicator of Mechanism

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Information about the transition states of metal-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions of model phosphate compounds has been obtained through determination of isotope effects (IEs) on the hydrolysis reactions. Metal complexation has been found to significantly alter the transition state of the reaction from the alkaline hydrolysis reaction, and the transition state is quite dependent on the particular metal ion used. For the diester, ethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, the nonbridge 18O effect for the hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by Co(III) 1,5,9-triazacyclononane and Eu(III) were 1.0006 and 1.0016, respectively, indicative of a slightly associative transition state and little net change in bonding to the nonbridge oxygen. The reaction catalyzed by Zn(II) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane had an 18O nonbridge IE of 1.0108, showing the reaction differs significantly from the reaction of the noncomplexed diester and resembles the reactions of triesters. Reaction with Co(III) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane showed an inverse effect of 0.9948 reflecting the effects of bonding of the diester to the Co(III). Lanthanide-catalyzed hydrolysis has been observed to have unusually large 15N effects. To further investigate this effect, the 15N effect on the reaction catalyzed by Ce(IV) bis-Tris propane solutions at pH 8 was determined to be 1.0012. The 15N effects were also measured for the reaction of the monoester p-nitrophenyl phosphate by Ce(IV) bis-Tris propane (1.0014) and Eu(III) bis-Tris propane (1.0012). These smaller effects at pH 8 indicate that a smaller negative charge develops on the nitrogen during the hydrolysis reaction.
Construction and Identification of a cDNA Expression Library from Clonochis sinensis Metacercaria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cDNA expression library of Clonochis sinensis metacercaria was constructed for selecting stage specific diagnosis antigen gene or vaccine candidate gene.Total RNA of leucocytes was then extracted,pooled together and mRNA was isolated with a column of oligo(dT) cellulose.And cDNA was synthesized by Stratagene cDNA library protocol.The first and second strand of cDNA were synthesized using Stratagene Uni-ZAP XR cDNA synthesis kit,then ligated to EcoR I adapters and digested with Xho Ⅰ.After size fractionated with CHROMA Spin-400 column cDNA were ligated into Uni-ZAP vector and packaged in vitro to construct cDNA libraries.It was found that the size of the primary library was 9.15×105 PFU with a recombination rate of 99.5% and the titer of the amplified library was 1.6×1010 PFU/mL.cDNA library for Clonochis sinensis Metacercaria has been constructed.
[Ultrasonography in the comprehensive diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness in retroperitoneal neuroblastoma in children].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma of adrenal (17) and extra-organ (60) origin and retroperitoneal extra-organ neoplasia (18), infrequent in childhood, were identified in 109 children referred to the Institute's Clinic with diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumor. Ultrasound characteristics of retroperitoneal tumors of the sympathetic nervous system and predictive value of ultrasound for involvement of adjacent organs and vessels were defined and classified. Similar criteria for differential diagnosis between retroperitoneal neuro- and ganglioblastoma and rare pediatric retroperitoneal tumors were worked out. Dynamics of evidence in the course of conservative treatment of tumors and the role of ultrasound tomography in evaluating retroperitoneal neuroblastoma were established. Predictive value of sonography, computed tomography and angiography in certain applications was compared.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 4047618 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: (Query is too complex. Can be viewed on the landing page) The dataset includes 4047618 records from 1766 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0161683-220831081235567/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Depleting weed seed banks within non-crop phases for the benefit of subsequent crops.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In 2003 a rotation trial was established at Avondale research station Western Australia to evaluate the effectiveness of introducing various one and three year non-crop phases into the rotation to deplete the seed bank of herbicide-resistant, annual ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum Gaudin) populations. Treatments included grazed, three year pasture phases of subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cv. Dalkeith, biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) cv. Casbah, and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); and ungrazed, one year phases of green manured field peas (Pisum sativum L.) or canola (Brassica napus L.), and brown manured French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) cv. Cadiz. Key measurements included seed bank size and weed density in the non-crop phase and subsequent crops. Initially (2003) the site had over 1000 ryegrass plants m and approximately 350 dormant ryegrass seeds in mid winter. As expected, weed seed-set control was highly effective in green and brown manured treatments; these interventions contained the ryegrass seed bank initially, but one year of seed-set control was inadequate to return to sequential cropping, for the ryegrass seed bank increased rapidly to more than 10,000 dormant seeds m within two years. By contrast, grazed, three year pasture phases combined with non-selective seed-set control significantly depleted the annual ryegrass seed bank. Overall grazed subclover was the most effective treatment with the annual ryegrass seed bank falling below 40 seeds m and legume content rising from below 20%, in the establishment year, to greater than 90% in the third year of the non-crop phase. Collectively the results suggest that introducing a non-crop phase can provide an opportunity to decimate weed seed banks and minimise the detrimental impact of weeds on subsequent crops.
Are Libraries up to the Task? Bridging the Gap between Libraries and Distance-Learning Students in Ghana

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to address gaps in the use of library information resources and services among distance learners. The study followed a pragmatic paradigm and employed a mixed-method research approach with a sequential explanatory design. A questionnaire was used to elicit information from 1,170 s-year distance learning students in undergraduate and postgraduate programs at the University of Education, Winneba, and the University of Cape Coast. The semi-structured interviews solicited the views of six librarians and twelve students. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program and thematic analysis. The study discovered that meeting distance learners' information expectations are the way to address gaps in their use of library information resources and services. The study suggested that academic libraries conduct frequent service delivery reviews and student information needs assessments to identify gaps and improve services to meet students' expectations.
Seeing with electrons

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

\nTransformative technological advances have propelled cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to take center stage in elucidating the intricacies of the nanoscale molecular machinery of viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Continued developments hold exciting promise for structural biophysicists to move closer to their dream of visualising atomic resolution snapshots of individual molecules at work in their native cellular environment.\n
Establishment of methodologies for characterization of intergranular corrosion of stainless steels

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Intergranular corrosion (IGC) in austenitic stainless steel is a common and severe issue during welding and high temperature usage. Hence, using austenitic stainless steel as a start, the various IGC standard tests were evaluated. This includes the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A262 and ASTM G108 international standards. This is followed by the establishment of methodologies for these standards, paving the way to greater capabilities in IGC characterization for the industries in Singapore. With the establishments, a more detailed analysis on a variety of differently conditioned AISI 304 & AISI 304L grade stainless steels was done. A few important areas were investigated, such as the influence of low carbon grade AISI 304L and critical parameters for solutionizing. At the same time, the correlation and reliability of the standards were also evaluated. Issues regarding the assumption made in the calculation of results for G108 demonstrates that this is not a straightforward task of following an international standard. In-depth knowledge of the fundamentals and principles are required. A useful outcome of this project includes the qualitative and quantitative databanks of information, which will offer valuable data for future IGC evaluation and research. Ultimately, this project provides a good fundamentals for long-term research on IGC. Recommended future work includes looking into the corrosion mechanism involved in AISI 304L, investigating the existence of a critical size, shape or distribution of chromium carbide precipitates, or venturing into customizing the IGC evaluation tests for other materials.
A High-Performance Piano Note Recognition Scheme

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An efficient piano note recognition scheme utilizing precise onset detection followed by segmented short-time Fourier transform (STFT) has been presented. The performance of the proposed scheme has been verified under different noise levels by adding additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) of different power levels with the original music signal, i.e. by examining the proposed method under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Observations on the Behaviour of Erythroblasts Cultured in Normal and “Pernicious Anaemia” Sera

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The influence of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA) and of cocaine on the responses of isolated guinea-pig vas deferens to norepinephrine (NE), methoxamine, acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine was examined. Alone DMPEA (1.0 and 3.0 µg/ml) and cocaine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 10.0 µg/ml) did not exert any effect on the vas deferens but shifted the dose-response curves for the contractile effect of NE to the left and also increased the maximal responses. The contractile responses to NE were potentiated by lower concentrations of cocaine than of DMPEA. DMPEA (3 µg/ml) and cocaine (10 µg/ml) were equally effective in producing leftward shift of the dose-response curve for the contractile effect of methoxamine. Both DMPEA and cocaine produced slight shifts of the ACh and histamine dose-response curves: the maximum responses to ACh were significantly increased whereas those to histamine were not affected. Denervation induced a greater shift of the NE dose-response curve than that induced by cocaine. Our data indicate that cocaine-induced supersensitivity has both pre-and postjunctional components is specific for NE and is due to interference with the neuronal uptake process; the second component is nonspecific since responses to NE as well as to ACh are increased. DMPEA-induced supersensitivity is almost entirely postjunctional.
Numerical Taxonomy of Various Genera of Yeasts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The physiological, morphological and serological properties of 47 species of 13 genera, excluding Saccharomyces, were subjected to numerical analysis. Fifteen groups were distinguished within the genera Brettanomyces, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Nadsonia, Pachysolen, Pichia, Saccharomy-codes, Schizosaccharomyces and Schwanniomyces and species of Candida and Torulopsis which were not the imperfect forms of Saccharomyces species. There was no simple correlation between taxonomic groupings and serological properties, but by a combination of tests - anaerobic growth, morphology, serology and growth on lysine and nitrate as sole source of nitrogen - the various groups were easily distinguished.
Modulation of A-type potassium channels by stress mediators

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A-type voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels open on membrane depolarization and undergo subsequent rapid inactivation with importance in fine-tuning of cellular excitability. To serve diverse cellular needs, the inactivation is regulated by numerous mechanisms; for example, cysteine residues in the N-terminal inactivation ball domain make the inactivation susceptible to redox state changes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is enzymatically generated in various tissues, is increasingly recognized as an important signaling molecule, particularly in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In aqueous solutions, H2S is in equilibrium with more oxidized sulfur species, e.g., polysulfides, and these sulfur-containing compounds are often collectively termed reactive sulfur species (RSS). Various roles of RSS have been identified, such as regulation of neuronal excitability, but often the mechanisms are not well understood. In this work, the H2S donor NaHS and the polysulfide donors Na2Sn were used to study whether and how A-type Kv channels might be regulated by RSS. Using the patch-clamp method, we found that Na2Sn broaden single action potentials in murine dorsal root ganglion neurons and slow the inactivation of their natively expressed A-type Kv channels (e.g., Kv1.4, Kv3.4). Therefore, we studied the functional properties of recombinant Kv1.4 and Kv3.4 and mutants thereof upon heterologous expression in HEK293T cells. Polysulfides (Na2Sn) were > 1000 times more effective than NaHS in slowing down inactivation with the potency increasing with the number of sulfur atoms (Na2S2 < Na2S3 < Na2S4), indicating that spontaneously formed Na2Sn in NaHS solutions were the active components. A cysteine residue at position 13 (C13) in the ball domain of Kv1.4, and C6, C24 in that of Kv3.4 mediated the slowing of inactivation by RSS.