jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The RF voltage dependence of the electron sheath heating in low pressure capacitively coupled rf discharges

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In low pressure capacitively coupled RF discharges two competitive electron heating mechanisms have been discussed for some time now. At low pressures the stochastic sheath heating and for somewhat higher pressures the Joule heating in the bulk plasma have been proposed. When the pressure is increased at constant RF current density a transition from concave electron distribution functions (EDF) with a pronounced cold electron group to convex EDFs with a missing strong population of cold electrons is found. This transition was interpreted as the transition from dominant stochastic to dominant Joule heating. However, a different interpretation has been given by Kaganovich and Tsendin, who attributed the concave shaped EDFs to the spatially inhomogeneous RF field in combination with the nonlocality of the EDF.
THE AMINO-ACID REQUIREMENTS OF CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM (SPIEK. & KOTT.) SKAPT. & BURKH.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The amino-acid requirements of Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spiek. & Kott.) Skapt. & Burkh. were studied in a medium containing vitamins, glucose, and mineral salts. Seven amino acids, asparagine, methionine, leucine, histidine, alanine, arginine, and proline, were found to be required to obtain growth equivalent to that obtained with casein hydrolyzate, though asparagine and methionine are of major nutritional importance: no absolute requirement for a specific amino acid could be demonstrated. Tryptophane, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cystine, and cysteine were found to be inhibitory.
Morphological differences between Chironomus interinctus Skuse and C.paratinctus, sp.nov., with descriptions and a key to the subgenus Kiefferulus (Diptera: Nematocera).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Previous cytological studies of material identified as C. intertinctus (Skuse) had shown that two species were present. Subsequently it has been found that the larvae of the two species may be recognized by the shape of the anal gills and the adults by the anterior leg ratios of femur to tibia and basitarsus to tibia. The females may also be 'recognized by the colouring of the thoracic stripes. C. intertinctus is redescribed and the second species is described as C. paratinctus, sp. nov. The key to the Australian species of the subgenus Kiefferulus is also corrected and the new species included.
The Comparison of Two Workspace-Density-Driven Inverse Kinematics Methods for Hyper Redundant Manipulators

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Motivated by the cascading of workspace densities, we have developed two new workspace-density-driven inverse kinematics methods for hyper-redundant manipulators in recent papers. One is based on the breadth-first search and the other is based on the divide-and-conquer search. Both methods do not involve a high dimensional Jacobian matrix and have their own favorable qualities. In this paper, we perform a detailed numerical comparison of these two methods. We focus on comparing the computation time, end-effector error and data storage requirements. This comparison will give users of these kinds of robots guidance as to when which method should be used.
Circadian variation in ammonia levels in broiler chickens raised under different climate conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The current study aims to determine the rhythmicity pattern in ammonia level inside broiler chicken houses raised on a traditional deep litter system. A total of 182 Ross broiler chickens (91 in the summer and 91 in the winter). Rice straw was used under three conditions: new, reused, and reused with daily wetting. Three daily readings of NH3 were performed at two heights during a 42-day cycle. The data were tabulated, normalized, and expressed in terms of ppm/°C/bird. Fisher’s statistical test was used to determine differences related to reading point, temperature, and moisture. The Hurst coefficient was determined in the occurrence of rhythmicity in the temporal variation and the COSINOR method was employed for the determination of patterns of rhythmic variation in NH3 level. Fisher’s method was employed to determine the descriptive capacity of the equations, considering a p-value of <0.01 as indicative of a statistically significant difference. Rhythmic variation in NH3 level was found during the 42-day raising cycle and increased slightly in the winter. However, the different conditions of litter did not influence on ammonia level. These findings can assist in adaptations to broiler chicken management, providing a safer environment.
Projected inverse dynamics control and optimal control for robots in contact with the environment: A comparison

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the problem of constrained motion for a manipulator performing a task while in contact with the environment, and investigates two force control frameworks, one based on projected inverse dynamics, and one based on optimal control. Firstly, we propose a control method based on projected inverse dynamics, which directly exploits the contact constraints to minimise the instantaneous joint torques needed to perform a task. Secondly, we propose an optimal control strategy which provides a tool to minimise the joint torques over an interval of time. We show how contact constraints can be used as optimisation constraints in the definition of the problem, and how to formulate the optimal control problem directly using projected dynamics. Initially we explore a positional control problem, where the robot is required to follow a desired path, and show that both of the proposed methods can satisfy the positional task while significantly reducing the joint torques as compared to simple kinematic control and also classical inverse dynamics control. We also show that the proposed optimal control method outperforms the pure projected inverse dynamics method in terms of minimising the required joint torques. We then show how each method can be extended to follow a desired path while also exerting a desired contact force. Again, the method incorporating optimal control is shown to satisfy the task requirements with significantly smaller commanded torques than the pure projected inverse dynamics method. To confirm the analysis, and demonstrate proof of concept, we present the results of empirical experiments with a simulated 3-degree-of-freedom planar manipulator which is constrained to move while in contact with a rigid surface.
Evaluation of the performance of the pre-analytical phase of the testing process in medical laboratory accreditation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim: For the accreditation of a medical laboratory, it is necessary to evaluate the quality indicators (QI) used to evaluate pre-analytical process performance and establish an infrastructure to prevent errors arising from outside the laboratory. We aimed to present the quality indicators to prove the pre-analytical process performance of a medical (clinical) laboratory that has a large workforce prepared for medical laboratory accreditation.Methods: The sample rejection criteria were defined for the pre-analytical process. QIs, which are the requirements of the ISO15189 standard, was determined. QIs were estimated both as percentages and process Sigma levels. Pareto charts presented the distribution of errors.Results: QI values calculated as “%” and “Sigma” levels consistently demonstrated performances. According to 80% cumulated percentages, the Pareto charts rankings were “haemolysed,” “coagulated,” “barcode error,” and “insufficient” samples. In addition, when Pareto charts were evaluated, it was seen that the first 2 reasons in the 6-month period were “hemolysis” and “clotted samples” in all months. Still, the third most common reason was found to vary between “barcode error” and “insufficient” samples.Conclusion: Because of the consistency between % and sigma values, QIs can be presented with one of these in showing laboratory pre-analytical processes. However, sigma values give a more general view, and performance can be easily monitored between months. Pareto charts help illustrate error distribution and provide information for continuous improvement in laboratory-related healthcare.
Crosscultural translation and adaptation of the Moroccan version of the child-oral impacts on daily performance 11–14 oral health-related quality of life

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aims: This study aimed to cross-culturally translate and adapt the Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) measure into Moroccan Arabic and assess its reliability and validity. Materials and Methods: The original Child-OIDP was translated from English into Moroccan Arabic and back again. The Moroccan version of the Child-OIDP instrument was, then, validated on 11–14-year-old school children in Casablanca, Morocco, who responded to questions assessing their perceived oral problems. Results: The study revealed that the average score of Child-OIDP was 8.3 (standard deviation 8.7). Internal consistency was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.58; the testing-retesting procedures showed a satisfactory reproducibility (r = 0.93). The convergent validity was very satisfactory; the Child-OIDP score increased when the children had dental problems. The Child-OIDP score was able to discriminate the different sociodemographic groups. Conclusion: The study showed that the Moroccan version of the Child-OIDP had satisfactory psychometric properties, and is, therefore, a valid and reliable instrument.
Baseline Predictors of Improved Walking During a Supervised Exercise Program in Men and Women With Peripheral Artery Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: We compared the changes in ambulatory outcomes between men and women with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) following completion of a supervised, on-site, treadmill exercise program, and we determined whether baseline clinical characteristics and exercise training variables were predictive of changes in the ambulatory outcomes in men and women. METHODS: Twenty-three men (ankle-brachial index = 0.66 ± 0.26) and 25 women (ankle-brachial index = 0.69 ± 0.24) completed the supervised exercise program, consisting of intermittent walking to mild-to-moderate claudication pain for three months. Ambulatory outcome measures were peak walking time (PWT) and claudication onset time (COT) during a treadmill test, and distance recorded during a 6-minute walk test (6MWD). RESULTS: Men and women had significant increases in the change in COT (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), and in the change in PWT (p < 0.001 for each group). However, the change in PWT was significantly less in the women than in the men (p < 0.05). Neither group had a significant change in 6MWD. In women, baseline COT was the only predictor that entered the model for the change in COT (p = 0.007) and the change in PWT (p = 0.094). In men, baseline COT (p < 0.01) and obesity (p < 0.10) were the predictors that entered the model for the change in COT, and obesity was the only predictor that entered the model for the change in PWT (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that following a supervised, on-site, treadmill exercise program, women had less improvement in PWT than men, and neither men nor women improved submaximal, over-ground 6MWD. Furthermore, obese men and patients with lower baseline COT were least responsive to supervised exercise.
[Ontogeny of T-cell recognition of self histocompatibility antigens: parenteral influences].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The existence of parental influences on the recognition of self histocompatibility was investigated. The results obtained showed that: 1) fetal liver and neonatal splenocytes and thymocytes from F1 mice differed in their capacity to regulate parental alloreactive T reactions against self histocompatibility antigens either of maternal or paternal origin. Fetal and neonatal F1 cells--until day 5--were able to suppress systemic and local GvH reactions induced in F1 hosts with maternal but not with paternal splenocytes; 2) this differential regulatory activity concerning parental GvH reactions against self histocompatibility antigens are correlated with the existence of a differential time lag in the appearance of thymic contrasuppressor activity on maternal anti-paternal and paternal anti-maternal GvH reactivity; 3) splenocytes from reciprocal F1 hybrids--from day 14 onwards--differed in their ability to stimulate F1 T cell proliferation in SMLC reactions; 4) foster nursing of F1 hybrids on mothers from the paternal strain was able to induce permanent alterations in the ability of their splenocytes to stimulate the proliferation of responder F1 T cells. The stimulatory ability of splenocytes from foster-nursed hybrids was indistinguishable from that observed in the reciprocal F1 combination nursed by their own mother, suggesting that lactation would be involved in the differences registered; 5) reciprocal F1 mice differed in their response to conventional antigens presented in the context of parental Ia antigens, lactation also being responsible for the induction of these differences. The different mechanisms involved in the alterations of the outcome of self recognition in the litter are discussed.
Selenium and the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small ubiquitous dithiol protein which together with the FAD-containing enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TR) and NADPH (the Trx system) is a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase essential for DNA synthesis and a general protein disulfide reductase involved in redox regulation. Selenite, selenodiglutathione (GS-Se-SG) and selenocystine are efficiently reduced by thioredoxins and also directly by NADPH and mammalian TR but not by the E. coli enzyme. Incubation of selenite or GS-Se-SG with the Trx system or with mammalian TR results in a rapid formation of selenide, which by redox cycling with oxygen may cause a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH. Selenocystine is efficiently reduced into two molecules of the selenol amino acid selenocysteine by mammalian TR with a K(m)-value (6 mumol.L-1) and a high turnover number (kappa cat 3200 min-1) almost identical to the natural substrate Trx-S2. TR also directly reduces lipid hydroperoxides and this peroxidase reaction is strongly stimulated by the presence of catalytic amounts of free selenocysteine. Glutaredoxin (Grx) which catalyzes GSH-dependent disulfide reduction also via a redox-active disulfide and Trx are both efficient electron donors to the human plasma glutathione peroxidase providing a mechanism by which human plasma glutathione peroxidase may reduce hydroperoxides in an environment almost free from glutathione. Selenate is reduced by Grx and Trx in the presence of GSH. The DNA-binding of the transcription factor AP-1 is strongly inhibited by GS-Se-SG and selenite. Furthermore, selenide formed by TR-mediated reduction of selenite and GS-Se-SG inhibits lipoxygenase and changes the electron spin resonance spectrum of the active site iron. Mammalian TR with two subunits of 57 kDa has recently been cloned and shown to be homologous to glutathione reductase. The rat enzyme contains a selenocysteine residue in a unique Cterminal position and a conserved SECIS sequence directing insertion of the selenocysteine. The discovery of selenocysteine in mammalian TR may explain the broad substrate specificity of the enzyme and the requirement of selenium for cell proliferation.
Asymptotics of the Wilson polynomials

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of the Wilson polynomials [Formula: see text] as their degree tends to infinity. These polynomials lie on the top level of the Askey scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials. Infinite asymptotic expansions are derived for these polynomials in various cases, for instance, (i) when the variable [Formula: see text] is fixed and (ii) when the variable is rescaled as [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. Case (ii) has two subcases, namely, (a) zero-free zone ([Formula: see text]) and (b) oscillatory region [Formula: see text]. Corresponding results are also obtained in these cases (iii) when [Formula: see text] lies in a neighborhood of the transition point [Formula: see text], and (iv) when [Formula: see text] is in the neighborhood of the transition point [Formula: see text]. The expansions in the last two cases hold uniformly in [Formula: see text]. Case (iv) is also the only unsettled case in a sequence of works on the asymptotic analysis of linear difference equations.
Clinico-pathological characteristics of cervical cancer in Ghanaian women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer related mortality in the developing countries, although preventable. The aim of this study was to use a retrospective descriptive study to determine the prevalence and the clinico-pathological characteristics of cervical cancer among genital tract ma-lignancies. This study reviewed all histologically confirmed female genital tract malignancies for cervical cancers from January 2002 to December 2011. The clinico-pathological features of women with cervical cancer were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18). A total of 1011(70.8%) out of 1,427 female genital tract malignancies were cervical cancers. The average prevalence of cervical cancer was 71.0%. The mean age of women with cervical cancer was 57.8(SD=13.8) years. The youngest patient was 22 years. The commonest (76.9%) presentation was bleeding per vaginalm followed by fungating cervical masses (12.4%). Majority (88.9%) of the bleeding were unprovoked and in postmenopausal women (98.8%). The major types of cervical cancers were Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (90.1%) and adenocarcinoma (5.8%), both were common in the elderly. The com-mon histological subtypes of cervical cancers in the study were; keratinizing SCC (73.3%), non-keratinizing SCC (14.7%), endometroid adenocarcinoma (4.5%), adenosquamous carcinoma (2.6%) and basaloid SCC (1.4%). This study found high prevalence of cervical cancer among female geni-tal tract cancers in Accra Ghana. The women were relatively older and presented with advanced stage of the disease. SCC was the major histological type of cervical cancer.Keywords: Ghana, cervical cancer, postmenopausal, women, premalignant, genital tract
Multi-Focus Image Fusion Algorithm Based on Rational Spline

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A visibility-based image fusion algorithm has been given for multi-focus images. First, through a region with center of the pixel, the definition of one pixel's visibility is given. Then, the fused image is generated by weighted average of corresponding parts of the input images. The weighted function is constructed by using shape preserving rational quartic interpolating splines. The experiments show that the proposed method is superior to the multi-resolution fused algorithm based on wavelet analysis for the strictly registered multi-focus images.
Growth Elasticities of Poverty Reduction

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Thirty years ago, Nanak Kakwani provided elegant nonparametric formulaefor the point elasticities of poverty measures with respect to changes inthe mean of the distribution, thus analytically linking those measures tokey macroeconomic aggregates. Numerous insights are found in Kakwani’selasticities. Rising inequality, measurement errors, discrepancies betweensurveys and national accounts, and changing ideas about what ‘poverty’means are all reasons why the impacts of growth on poverty observed inpractice can be substantially lower than suggested by Kakwani’s elasticities.These elasticities should not be treated as structural parameters. Rather,they can vary over time and place in systematic ways.
Specialized pediatric palliative care services for children dying from cancer: A repeated cohort study on the developments of symptom management and quality of care over a 10-year period

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: About one quarter of children affected with cancer die. For children and their families, the end-of-life period is highly distressing. Aim: This study focused on how end-of-life care in pediatric cancer patients changed over a period of 10 years and if changes in pediatric palliative care structures were associated with quality of care. Design: Over a 10-year period, all pediatric oncology departments in one German federal state were invited to participate in a repeated cross-sectional cohort study at three time-points (2005, 2010, 2015). Departments invited parents whose children died due to cancer 5 years earlier to participate. Identical semi-structured interviews were conducted with each cohort by the Survey of Caring for Children with Cancer. In addition, departments provided information on their pediatric palliative care infrastructure. Participants: In total, 124 families participated; 73% of interviews were conducted with mothers, 18% with fathers, and 9% with both parents. Results: Parents’ perception of symptom occurrence, symptom burden, and effectiveness of symptom-related treatment remained stable over the 10-year period. Over time, the availability of pediatric palliative care ( p < 0.001) as well as quality and satisfaction ratings of care ( p < 0.001) increased significantly. A growing number of children received specialized pediatric palliative care at home during the end-of-life period ( p = 0.009). Along with this development, more families had the chance to plan the location of death ( p = 0.003), and more children died at the preferred location ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: Advances in the availability of pediatric palliative care were associated with improvement in some aspects of quality of care (e.g. location of death) while other aspects, such as effectiveness of symptom management, remained unchanged. Further research is required to determine whether additional improvement in structural quality may increase the effectiveness of symptom management.
Equity, pedagogy and inclusion. Harnessing digital technologies to support higher education access and success

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Australia is striving to reach a 20 per cent across-the-board higher education target participation rate for students from low socio-economic backgrounds by 2020. This paper focuses on enabling higher education access for students who might otherwise be excluded by complex socio-economic circumstances. Digital learning and communication tools provide a vital pathway to higher education and a means of re-engineering pedagogies to better meet students’ learning needs, especially when students cannot access regular on campus face-to-face teaching. On-line learning enables both access to higher education and effective ways of engaging students with learning, especially those who are isolated by location or by circumstances associated with work and family commitments. This paper focuses on broad-brush factors students say supported their study success while undertaking an externally delivered, on-line teaching degree. It reports on students’ decision to study and their subsequent on-line study experiences, progression and outcomes. Analyses of students’ perceptions indicated the value of on-line pedagogy supported by ‘face-to-face’ interaction (albeit at a distance) with academics. While students wanted to study externally and on-line and in their ‘own time’ and at their own ‘pace’, all valued a personal, on-going relationship with their lecturer, teacher or other university-based mentor. Overwhelmingly, students , found the on-line learning relatively straightforward to navigate, practical and rewarding, but all wanted conversations with a “real person” although this could be on the phone, in a video conference/Skype situation or as part of a remote site ‘tutorial’ or consultation.