jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermal conductivity of AlN-cordierite composite for microelectronic packaging

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The ongoing pursuit of improving the performance of microelectronics constantly increases the demands for better heat dissipation capability of the packagings which house these electronic devices. Besides heat dissipation, other factors such as the dielectric constant, processing temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion also need to be considered where selecting an effective packaging material. A composite consisting of Aluminium Nitride and Cordierite could in theory meet all of the above requirements. This project involved the characterization of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of a set of samples consisting of varying amounts of Aluminium Nitride and Cordierite. Increasing amounts of Aluminium Nitride generally increased the thermal conductivity of the composite for Aluminium Nitride content lesser than 60%. At 60% Aluminium Nitride content, there is a drop in thermal conductivity. This is followed by a subsequent increase in thermal conductivity in the last sample containing 70% Aluminium Nitride. It was observed that these changes in thermal conductivity with Aluminium Nitride and Cordierite content were linked to the microstructure and thermal conduction pathways within the composite. A transition in the continuous phase of the composite from Cordierite to Aluminium Nitride was linked to the drop in thermal conductivity at 60% Aluminium Nitride content. The completion of this transition at higher Aluminium Nitride content led to a subsequent increase in thermal conductivity of the composite.
Enhancement of quality of life in progressive supranuclear palsy: a review of clinical practice elements

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: In the absence of a disease-modifying therapy, the aim of this review is to investigate how, and to what extent, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) affects patient quality of life (QoL) and thus establish a QoL-based approach to clinical practice. Method: A literature review was conducted using the search engines PubMed, Ovid and Google Scholar. Study and review abstracts from the literature search were analysed and marked for inclusion if they contained the following terms in reference to PSP: ‘prevalence’, ‘diagnosis’, ‘quality of life’ and ‘rehabilitation’. Only journals written in English and available to the University of Liverpool were included in this review. Results: PSP has a negative bearing on patient QoL, affecting almost all aspects of the patient’s daily living. However, a standard approach to clinical practice has not been established in the literature. Furthermore, studies fail to relate how current strategies of rehabilitation influence patient QoL. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is particularly associated with enhanced QoL, and although a limited amount of success can be associated with current strategies of rehabilitation, the feasibility of such interventions is limited to a very select group of patients.
Re-description of Chevalia aviculae Walker, 1904, five new species and new records of Chevaliidae from Australia and New Zealand (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda: Senticaudata)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The amphipod family Chevaliidae Myers & Lowry, 2003 (Amphipoda: Senticaudata) contains two genera: Chevalia Walker, 1904 (13 species), and Bryoconversor Lörz, Myers & Gordon, 2014 (1 species). Chevalia is a marine genus with a cosmopolitan distribution in circumtropical and temperate waters. Prior to this study, records of Chevalia from Australian waters were limited. Here, we describe five new species of Chevalia from Australian waters, C. bardi sp. nov., C. burrewarra sp. nov., C. csiro sp. nov., C. freycinet sp. nov. and C. sprightly sp. nov. The original description of Chevalia aviculae no longer adequately defined the species and is redescribed based on syntypic material from East Cheval Paar, Sri Lanka. Additionally, new distribution records are provided for the New Zealand species Bryoconversor tutus Lörz, Myers & Gordon, 2014. Material reported is from both shallow and deep-water samples from 1–660 m depth. The prevalence of various gender and intersex states within specimens of chevaliids is discussed. An updated key to the 19 world species of Chevaliidae and a field guide to the seven known Australian and New Zealand species is provided.
Study of Total Electron Content and Electron Density Profile from Satellite Observations During Geomagnetic Storms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Total Electron Content (TEC) and electron density profile are the key parameters in the mitigation of ionospheric effects on radio wave communication system. In this study, the variations of TEC and electron density profile have been analyzed using satellite data from four different latitude-longitude sectors (13°N -17°N, 88°E - 98°E), (30°N - 50°N, 95°W - 120°W), (26°S - 29°S, 163°W - 167°W,) and (45°S - 60°S, 105°W-120°W) during different geomagnetic storms. The interplanetary magnetic field (Bz), solar wind velocity (Vsw), solar wind pressure (Psw) and geomagnetic indices, aurora index -AE, Kp and disturbed stormed time index (Dst) are also analyzed to distinguish their effects on TEC and electron density. The geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters are correlated with the TEC and electron density. The study showed that the value of TEC and electron density vary significantly with different latitude, longitude, altitude and solar activities. The result also concludes that the electron density profile increases with the altitude, acquired peak value around 250km-300km and decreased beyond the altitude of 300 km.
Australian encephalitis: Sentinel Chicken Surveillance Programme.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sentinel chicken blocks are used to monitor flavivirus activity in Australia. The main viruses of concern are Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin which cause the potentially fatal disease encephalitis, in humans. Currently 30 flocks are maintained in the north of Western Australia, 9 in the Northern Territory, 12 in New South Wales and 10 in Victoria. The flocks in Western Australia and the Northern Territory are tested year round but those in New South Wales and Victoria are tested only from November to March, during the main risk season. (extract from author abstract)
Relearning as Remembrance

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Remembrance is both a political practice and a textual practice. In an attempt to represent a legacy of ideas and influence, remembrance within academic autobiography can take many forms. Revisiting texts that form part of one's intellectual or literary history is an interpretive and reflective endeavour that can reignite and redirect influence through an examination of their relationship to current dilemmas and one's place within them.
Cardiac output during flow-titrated high-flow nasal cannula support in a neonatal porcine model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Neonates are more susceptible to acute respiratory failure than older children. It is unknown to what extent high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) alters intrathoracic pressure (ITP), potentially decreasing cardiac output (CO) due to cardiopulmonary interactions. This study evaluated the impact of flow titration on tracheal pressure (a surrogate for ITP) and CO via HFNC in an established porcine model of neonatal respiratory failure. Unlike prior research, this study examines both ITP and CO demonstrating that although the ITP increased with higher HFNC flows, CO did not decrease. Methods Twenty-three neonatal Landrace-Yorkshire pigs (2–4 kg) were anesthetized, and monitoring lines were placed. Baseline vital signs, CO, mean intratracheal pressure (Ptr), and PaO 2 were measured. CO was assessed via computerized COstatus cardiac system. Lung injury was induced using oleic acid (0.08 mL/kg), resulting in ≤50% reduction in preinjury PaO 2 on 1 L/min oxygen. After injury, in random order, pigs received HFNC flows of 1, 2, and 3 L/kg/min at 100% FiO 2 for 30 min each. Measurements were repeated, and data were analyzed via mixed-effects repeated measures ANOVA. Results After OA injury, PaO 2 significantly decreased (414 to 125 mmHg; p < 0.001). Mean Ptr and PaO 2 increased significantly ( p < .001) with increasing HFNC flow rates. CO showed no significant changes; thus, no correlation between CO with Ptr and/or HFNC flow levels was demonstrated. Conclusions In neonatal respiratory distress, higher HFNC flows improved oxygenation without negatively impacting CO in this neonatal porcine lung injury model, despite increasing intra-thoracic pressure (1–3 L/min/kg).
The Emergence of the Communicative Language Teaching Paradigm in the Finnish National Core Curricula from 1970 to 2016

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Tämä tutkielma käsittelee kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigman ilmenemistä Suomen perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteissa vuodesta 1970 vuoteen 2016. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigma näkyy Suomen perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien vieraiden kielten opetusta käsittelevissä osioissa eri vuosikymmenillä. Tutkielman analyyttinen viitekehys perustuu kahdeksaan Jacobsin ja Farrellin (2003) määrittelemään kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigman muutoksen osa-alueeseen. Tutkielman teoriatausta käsittelee kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigmaa, vieraan kielen opetusta suomalaisessa peruskoulussa sekä suomalaista perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmaa. \n \nTutkielman aineisto muodostuu perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmista vuosilta 1970, 1985, 1994, 2004 ja 2014. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu näiden opetussuunnitelmien A-kielen tai ensimmäisen vieraan kielen osioista. Tutkielma on toteutettu kvalitatiivisen aineistonanalyysin perusteita seuraten. Aineiston analyysin metodina on teoriaohjaava sisällönanalyysi, Directed Content Analysis. Laadullisen aineiston analyysin tulokset on lisäksi määrällistetty. \n \nAnalyysin tulokset osoittavat, että kommunikatiivinen kielenopetuksen paradigma ei esiintynyt juuri ollenkaan vuoden 1970 opetussuunnitelmassa. Vuoteen 1985 mennessä kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigman vaikutteet olivat kuitenkin saavuttaneet Suomen, sillä vuoden 1985 opetussuunnitelmassa esiintyi jo useita paradigman osa-alueita. Vuoden 1994 erittäin lyhyt opetussuunnitelma ei juurikaan sisältänyt kommunikatiiviseen kielenopetuksen paradigman elementtejä. Vuoden 2004 opetussuunnitelma seurasi kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigmaa selvästi vahvemmin kuin mikään edeltäjänsä. Kaikkein vahvimmin kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigma ilmenee viimeisimmässä, vuoden 2014 opetussuunnitelmassa, josta löytyy seitsemän kahdeksasta kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen paradigman muutoksen osa-alueesta. Tulokset osoittavat viiden vuosikymmenen aikana kielenopetuksessa tapahtuneen suuren paradigman muutoksen. Tutkielman tulokset myös vahvistavat paradigman muutosten hitauden.
Fully and Semi-discrete Fourth-order Schemes for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A new fourth order accurate centered finite difference scheme for the solution of hyperbolic conservation laws is presented. A technique of making the fourth order scheme TVD is presented. The resulting scheme can avoid spurious oscillations and preserve fourth order accuracy in smooth parts. We discuss the extension of the TVD scheme to the nonlinear scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. For nonlinear systems, the TVD constraint is applied by solving shallow water equations. Then, we propose to use this fourth order flux as a building block in spatially fifth order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes. The numerical solution is advanced in time by the third order TVD Runge — Kutta method. The performance of the scheme is assessed by solving test problems. The numerical results are presented and compared to the exact solutions and other methods.
von Willebrand Factor Is a Critical Mediator of Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and consequentially a hypercoagulable state, associating with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism. Increased VWF (von Willebrand factor) plasma concentration and procoagulant function are independent risk factors for venous thromboembolism and are elevated in obese patients. Here, we explore the pathobiological role of VWF in obesity-associated venous thrombosis using murine models. Approach and Results: We first showed that diet-induced obese mice have increased VWF plasma levels and FVIII (factor VIII) activity compared with littermate controls. Elevated VWF levels appeared to be because of both increased synthesis and impaired clearance. Diet-induced obesity-associated venous thrombosis was assessed using the inferior vena cava-stenosis model of deep vein thrombosis. Diet-induced obese mice developed larger venous thrombi that were rich in VWF, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. Administering a polyclonal anti-VWF antibody or an anti-VWF A1 domain nanobody was protective against obesity-mediated thrombogenicity. Delayed administration (3 hours post–inferior vena cava stenosis) similarly reduced thrombus weight in diet-induced obese mice. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the critical role of VWF in the complex, thrombo-inflammatory state of obesity. It adds to the growing rationale for targeting VWF-specific interactions in thrombotic disease.
Direct reconstruction of spherical harmonics from interferometer observations of the cosmic microwave background polarization

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Interferometric observation of the CMB polarization can be expressed as a linear sum of spherical harmonic coefficients $a_{\pm 2,lm}$ of the CMB polarization. The linear weight for $a_{\pm 2,lm}$ depends on the observational configuration such as antenna pointing, baseline orientation, and spherical harmonic number $l,m$. Since an interferometer is sensitive over a finite range of multipoles, $a_{\pm 2,lm}$ in the range can be determined by fitting $a_{\pm 2,lm}$ for visibilities of various observational configurations. The formalism presented in this paper enables the determination of $a_{\pm 2,lm}$ directly from spherical harmonic spaces without spherical harmonic transformation of pixellized maps. The result of its application to a simulated observation is presented with the formalism.
Ecology of a highly abundant, introduced cyclopoid copepod in a temperate estuary

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 324:219-228 (2006) - doi:10.3354/meps324219 Ecology of a highly abundant, introduced cyclopoid copepod in a temperate estuary P. Bouley*, W. J. Kimmerer Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California 94920, USA *Email: paola@tirn.net ABSTRACT: The cyclopoid copepod Limnoithona tetraspina (Oithonidae) was introduced into the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) in 1993 and within a year became the most abundant copepod in the low-salinity zone. L. tetraspina makes up ~95% (median) of the total adult copepods in the low-salinity zone, and the biomass of adults is similar to that of 2 larger co-occurring calanoids, Pseudodiaptomus forbesi and Eurytemora affinis. The main goal of our research was to understand which food resources L. tetraspina uses in the low-salinity region of the SFE. Incubation experiments using natural water revealed feeding by L. tetraspina on mixotrophic and heterotrophic aloricate ciliates, but rarely on loricate tintinnids or diatoms. The co-occurring calanoids consumed similar prey, but also readily consumed diatoms. Capture and consumption of Strombidium spp. by L. tetraspina was confirmed visually, and experiments using cultured prey also showed that these copepods fed on motile phytoplankton but not on diatoms. Estimated grazing rates were low (median 2.3, range 0.6 to 8.3% body weight d–1); although these rates may be underestimates because of high concentrations of copepods in experimental containers, they are consistent with low specific egg production of females (0.3 ± 0.2% body weight d–1). Low selectivity of one fish species for L. tetraspina suggests that this copepod may not be an important food resource for visually-selective fishes in the SFE. The low abundance of filter-feeding predators in this region of the estuary may be responsible for the high abundance of this cyclopoid copepod, despite its low potential population growth rate. KEY WORDS: Estuary · Cyclopoid · Foodweb · Introduced species · Ciliates Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 324. Online publication date: October 23, 2006 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2006 Inter-Research.
Fine tune W-CMP process with alignment mark selection for optimal metal layer overlay and yield benefits

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Alignment performance and overlay control of metal layer from W-CMP process highly depends on the process influence on the alignment mark. While in a manufacturing environment, there could be introduced many changes into W-CMP process for defect reduction, cost reduction and yield improvement to further guarantee our success in this highly competitive industry. This study characterizes the CMP effect, especially erosion and dishing effect, polishing selectivity on alignment mark profile, which results in different alignment performance. We illustrate that how we seek solution to achieve an optimal alignment performance with the existing mark in according to different CMP slurry process by further fine tuning W-CMP process, such as over-polishing, final polish. The CMP effect on different alignment mark types is also evaluated; future alignment mark selection and design based on future CMP process, film deposition can thus be proposed. This work explains a good working method of optimizing alignment for process, fine tuning process for alignment mark, feed-backing solutions for mark selection while taking into considerations of cost, throughput, defect, yield.
Boiling heat transfer and CHF for subcooled water flowing in a narrow channel due to power transients

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The transient critical heat flux (CHF) of subcooled water flowing in a narrow channel was measured. A small tube with an inner diameter of 1.0 mm was heated by a direct current. The effects of the subcooling, pressure, flow velocity, and e-folding times of the heat generation rate on the transient CHF were investigated. The experimental result showed that an initial temperature overshoot appeared as the e-folding time of the heat generation rate decreased. The CHF increased with a shorter e-folding time of the heat generation rate. Finally, an empirical correlation for the transient CHF was obtained.
A Human Lung Carcinoma Cell Line Supports Efficient Measles Virus Growth and Syncytium Formation via a SLAM- and CD46-Independent Mechanism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Measles virus (MV) propagates mainly in lymphoid organs throughout the body and produces syncytia by using signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) as a receptor. MV also spreads in SLAM-negative epithelial tissues by unknown mechanisms. Ubiquitously expressed CD46 functions as another receptor for vaccine strains of MV but not for wild-type strains. We here show that MV grows and produces syncytia efficiently in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line via a SLAM- and CD46-independent mechanism using a novel receptor-binding site on the hemagglutinin protein. This infection model could advance our understanding of MV infection of SLAM-negative epithelial cells and tissues.
Beet curly top virus from phloem exudate of Amsinckia douglasiana

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Amsinckia douglasiana when infected with beet curly top virus (BCTV) produces more exudate, which is highly infective, than any other known host. Attempts were made to purify BCTV from the phloem exudate of infected Amsinckia douglasiana by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient fractionation. A 260/280 ratio of virus preparations was 1.58; S values were 74 and 147. Infectivity was distributed among several fractions during density gradient purification. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of pentagonal and hexagonal particles of 14–23 nm, some of which were paired. The virus was insensitive to DNAse, RNAse, and trypsin when these enzymes were tested individually but infectivity was substantially decreased when the virus was subjected to trypsin treatment followed by DNAse, suggesting that DNA is associated with the beet curly top virus.
Slavery and the Culture of Taste

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It would be easy to assume that, in the eighteenth century, slavery and the culture of taste—the world of politeness, manners, and aesthetics—existed as separate and unequal domains, unrelated in the spheres of social life. But to the contrary, this book demonstrates that these two areas of modernity were surprisingly entwined. Ranging across Britain, the antebellum South, and the West Indies, the book illustrates how the violence and ugliness of enslavement actually shaped theories of taste, notions of beauty, and practices of high culture, and how slavery's impurity informed and haunted the rarified customs of the time. The book focuses on the ways that the enslavement of Africans and the profits derived from this exploitation enabled the moment of taste in European—mainly British—life, leading to a transformation of bourgeois ideas regarding freedom and selfhood. It explores how these connections played out in the immense fortunes made in the West Indies sugar colonies, supporting the lavish lives of English barons and altering the ideals that defined middle-class subjects. Discussing how the ownership of slaves turned the American planter class into a new aristocracy, the book engages with the slaves' own response to the strange interplay of modern notions of freedom and the realities of bondage, and it emphasizes the aesthetic and cultural processes developed by slaves to create spaces of freedom outside the regimen of enforced labor and truncated leisure. Through a close look at the eighteenth century's many remarkable documents and artworks, the book sets forth the tensions and contradictions entangling a brutal practice and the distinctions of civility.
Acoustics and Aerodynamic Sound

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Music, calm speech, whispering leaves fluttering in a breeze are pleasant and desirable sounds. Noise, howling gales, explosions and screeching traffic are less so. A quantitative understanding of the sources of all such sounds can be obtained by careful analysis of the mechanical equations of motion. This is provided by Acoustics and Aerodynamic Sound, which serves as a short, one semester introduction to acoustics and aerodynamic sound at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. Sound is treated as a branch of fluid mechanics, which is possible because students embarking on an advanced course in acoustics will be familiar with this topic. It is also desirable because an ability to relate acoustic events to hydrodynamic phenomena provides insight into acoustic principles, in particular into the role of vorticity in the mechanics of sound production by vibrating bodies and in the scattering and diffraction of sound.