jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Whole-body microvascular permeability of small molecules in man: clinical aspects, basic concepts and limitations of the single injection technique

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to estimate whole-body permeability-surface area (PS) product, the initial slope of the plasma disappearance curve was determined after simultaneous i.v. injection of 24Na+ (mol.wt 24) and 51Cr-EDTA (mol.wt 342). Twelve subjects were studied. Plasma volume (PV) was measured by the indicator dilution method, and the mean transit time of tracer in plasma was calculated as the reciprocal value of the initial fractional disappearance (initial slope). Estimated whole-body PS product (= PV/t) of 24Na+ (median 2.72, range 1.51-3.80 ml/min . 100 g body weight) was significantly higher than that of 51Cr-EDTA (median 2.16, range 1.59-2.84 ml/min . 100 g, p less than 0.005). The PS24Na:PS51Cr-EDTA ratio was median 1.26 (range 0.91-1.44), and this value is significantly lower than the ratio between the free aqueous diffusion coefficients (D24Na:D51Cr-EDTA = 2.54, p less than 0.005) but also significantly above unity p less than 0.005). The ratio between PS51Cr-EDTA and earlier estimates of whole-body PS product of polyfructosan (mol.wt 3000) was close to the ratio of their free diffusion coefficients. The results indicate that whole-body PS product may be estimated from the initial slope of the plasma disappearance curve of a tracer, but mixing problems and flow-limited transport, as indicated by a PS ratio below that of the free diffusion coefficients, may be difficult to overcome, especially when using tracers of a low molecular weight.
A method for training surgeons in laparoscopic ultrasound.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

With the increased use of laparoscopic surgery and the obligatory loss of palpation of solid organs, laparoscopic ultrasound will be an invaluable tool for the location and evaluation of solid or fluid-filled masses and retroperitoneal organs. Surgeons have heretofore had limited experience with ultrasound but are increasingly using other minimally invasive techniques to perform major operations. A graduated learning experience has been developed for surgeons, including a didactic introduction to ultrasound, inanimate and ex vivo training models, and finally, a live large animal model. Hepatic metastases were simulated and surgeons trained to locate and biopsy these lesions within the liver parenchyma under laparoscopic ultrasound guidance. The devised training session has allowed the participating surgeons to feel confident that they could identify and then biopsy intrahepatic lesions using minimally invasive techniques.
An APOS Theory- Technoscience Framework to understand Mathematical Thinking

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The understanding of mathematical thinking is fundamental cognitive and neuroscience phenomenon in mathematics education that can enhance both instructional and pedagogical practice for improved learning outcomes in mathematics. Several studies for the past decades have been thriving to bring out both operational and structural nature of mathematical thinking. This paper presents the novel theoretical framework as a build on to the APOS theory. The APOS theory has managed to successfully explain the mathematics thinking processes involved in the construction of a mathematics concept based on the premises of limited technology integration into mathematics education. Technology and science artefacts are now ubiquitous and constantly advancing and affecting our philosophical assumptions in mathematics education. We carried out a quasi-experiment in a mathematics laboratory involving two groups of 80 students apiece per study year taking Calculus course with differentiated teaching and learning at the University of Zimbabwe. This novel framework, APOS Theory-Technoscience, factored in technological and scientific oriented actions and processes led us to suggest an APOS-T framework as a didactic model for teaching Mathematics in Higher Education. The model could be an emerging digital pedagogy for face to face and remote mathematics instruction.
Canons, Close Reading, and the Evolution of Method

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter considers the question of why canons still exist, despite the consensus that they are bad. It also asks what this has to do with digital humanities and with debates internal to digital work. Canons are an enormous problem, one that follows from literary scholars’s need to perform always and only close reading as a means of cultural analysis. Scholars need to do less close reading and more of anything and everything else that might help them extract information from and about texts as indicators of larger cultural issues, including bibliometrics and book historical work, data mining and quantitative text analysis, economic study of the book trade and of other cultural industries, geospatial analysis, and so on. The digital humanities offer a potential solution to the problem of canons only if scholars are willing to reconsider their priorities for digital work in ways that emphasize quantitative methods and the large corpora on which they depend.
Anomalous $Z'$ effects in the WW channel at NLC

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We consider the virtual signals of a $Z'$ of very general type in the process $e^+e^-\to W^+W^-$ at a future linear collider (NLC). We show that possible deviations from the SM predictions in this channel are related to similar deviations in the purely leptonic one in a way that is only characteristic of this $Z'$ model, and not in general of possible competitor models with anomalous gauge couplings.
Design of Solid Dosage Form using Isolated Mucilage from Cassia fistula

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize mucilage obtained from the leaves of Amaltas (Cassia fistula) and to check the binding efficiency by comparing with gum acacia. Isolation of mucilage was done by hot maceration process and investigated for various physicochemical characterization and in vitro dissolution profile to check mucilage as a binding agent. Different batches (KF1 – KF4) of paracetamol tablets of different concentration of mucilage (3%, 5%, 10% and 15% w/v) were prepared by wet granulation method. All the parameters of uncoated tablets were performed and compared with tablets prepared with gum acacia in the same concentration. SEM indicated irregular shape and size of mucilage particles. Good thermal stability of mucilage was indicated by TGA and amorphous nature by P-XRD and DSC. FTIR and NMR confirmed the presence of polysaccharide. From the results, formulations KF2 and KF3 were found to be optimized as they showed 99% drug release within 20-25 min and better results were obtained when compared with existing binder gum acacia. According to the studies, mucilage isolated from the leaves of Cassia fistula showed interesting results suggesting that amaltas mucilage can be used as a promising natural excipient (binder) in preparation of conventional uncoated tablet dosage form.
Effect of Three Novel K+ Channel Openers, Cromakalim, Pinacidil and Nicorandil on Allergic Reaction and Experimental Asthma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic activities of three potassium (K+) channel openers, cromakalim, pinacidil, and nicorandil, were investigated. 1) Fortyeight-hour homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice was not affected by cromakalim, pinacidil. or nicorandil. Ketotifen significantly inhibited the reaction. 2) Antigen-induced histamine release from sensitized guinea pig lung tissue was not affected by cromakalim, pinacidil or nicorandil (except for 10-4 M nicorandil). Salbutamol inhibited the release of histamine. 3) Histamine, serotonin and LTC4-induced vasculitis in rat back skin was not affected by any of these three K+ channel openers. 4) Antigen-induced constriction of isolated sensitized guinea pig tracheal muscle was relaxed by each of the K+ channel openers. 5) Constrictions of isolated guinea pig tracheal muscle caused by high potassium, histamine, LTC4, or U-46619 were clearly relaxed by each of the three K+ channel openers. 6) Increases of airway resistance caused by histamine, LTD4, or U-46619 in guinea pigs in vivo were inhibited by administration of each of the three K+ channel openers. 7) Experimental asthma caused by the IgE antibody and antigen system in guinea pigs was inhibited by each of the three K+ channel openers.
OTP leader Hurley receives Rhode Island PHA lifetime achievement award

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Rhode Island Public Health Association (RIPHA) has awarded Linda Hurley, president and CEO of CODAC, its 2022 Lifetime Achievement Award. Presented last month at the 25th annual meeting of RIPHA — an affiliate of the American Public Health Association — the award is given to an individual who has made significant contributions to advance the public's health at a national, state, or local level. Selection criteria is based upon recognition by a group of public health professionals long familiar with the development and advancement of public health in Rhode Island.
A multifactorial detection model of young children’s physical abnormality based on image recognition technology under the concept of physical and health integration

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract This paper analyzes the influence of “the concept of integration of body and health” on the physical development of young children and proposes that scientific sports are an important way to intervene in the poor physical appearance of young children. In order to facilitate and accurately identify young children with poor posture, the boundary tracking algorithm is used to detect the human body contour, and based on the physical characteristics, a human posture recognition algorithm based on multi-feature fusion and image similarity is proposed. To model common toddler body postures and obtain toddler posture features, a star model is employed. Combined with the advantage of the SVM classifier, the principal component analysis algorithm is used to design a classification system for abnormal behaviors of toddlers, which combines the static and dynamic posture data images of toddlers to detect abnormalities of toddlers’ body postures. When the difference between the angle of the left elbow to the left shoulder and the angle of the right elbow to the right shoulder to the left shoulder is about 16.58°, the toddler has a high-low shoulder posture. The detection accuracy of the method in this paper meets the needs of young children’s posture detection, and the misjudgment rate reaches 10.25%, which can assist in detecting the abnormalities of young children’s posture and facilitate the teachers and staff to carry out the sports related to young children’s posture.
[Clinical picture and treatment of Legionella pneumonia in children].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Data on the clinical and laboratory study involving 150 children with the verified diagnosis of pneumonia observed as inpatients within a period from 1984 to 1988 are presented. To elucidate the pneumonia etiology, blood sera to the causative agents of influenza and parainfluenza, adenovirus, RS virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila were assayed. An increase in the number of neutralizing antibodies to L. pneumophila was observed in 17.3 per cent of the patients. The majority of them simultaneously showed positive serological shifts with respect to the respiratory viruses. A specific clinical picture of pneumonia in the patients with the confirmed legionella infection was stated. The description of the treatment results is retrospective.
Technical inspection of agricultural sprayers in brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The periodic maintenance of agricultural sprayers is essential to ensure safe spraying from an environmental point of view and technically efficient, with respect to acceptable quality limits. Aiming to optimize the use of pesticides for protecting farming, many countries worldwide have been developing projects on the inspection of agricultural sprayers. In Brazil, regardless its tradition of being an agricultural country, still now these inspections are done in a voluntary way, showing that most agricultural sprayers are not in use conditions, which can affect the technical efficiency of the operation, offer a risk of environmental contamination and, intoxication of the operator. This review aim describe the results got through projects on inspection of agricultural sprayers in different Brazilian regions. The methodology was based on the survey of data published in scientific articles and thesis. The most serious problems detected in those agricultural sprayers are mainly in terms of absence of environmental and user safety, no protection of the cardan tree, of belts and pulleys as well as leakage occurrence. Furthermore, the most common problems related to spraying activities are those of manometer precision as well as those of worn spray nozzles and spray transverse distribution wear and tear that in all justifies the obligation for technical inspection of agricultural sprayers in Brazil. Besides that, it is important to emphasize the necessity of public policies for development and approval of research centers for tests on agricultural implements.
Functional and Nutritional Properties of Red Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Enzymatic Hydrolysates

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The effects of different proteolytic enzymes and different reaction durations (25, 50, 75 min) on functional and nutritional properties of red (sockeye) salmon head hydrolysates were evaluated. Degree of hydrolysis values for the 75‐min digestion ranged from 6.4% to 16.7%. Oil yield (4.9% to 10.6 %) from red salmon heads was affected by the enzyme used. Protein hydrolysate powders were yellowish and contained 62.3% to 64.8% protein with high levels of essential amino acids. Increased degree of hydrolysis values were weakly correlated with increased hydrolysate solubility. Maximum emulsion stability and fat adsorption were observed for the dried hydrolysate generated in the 25‐min reaction time. Water adsorption of hydrolysate powders ranged from 1.0 mL to 3.3 mL water/g dried hydrolysate.
Dynamics of a velocity strengthening fault region: Implications for slow earthquakes and postseismic slip

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We consider the effect of permanent stress changes on a velocity strengthening rate‐and‐state fault, through numerical simulations and analytical results on 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D models. We show that slip transients can be triggered by perturbations of size roughly larger than L b = G d c / bσ , where G is the shear modulus, d c and b are the characteristic slip distance and the coefficient of the evolution effect of rate‐and‐state friction, respectively, and σ is the effective normal stress. Perturbations that increase the Coulomb stress lead to the strongest transients, but creep bursts can also be triggered by perturbations that decrease the Coulomb stress. In the latter case, peak slip velocity is attained long after the perturbation, so that it may be difficult in practice to identify their origin. The evolution of slip in a creep transient shares many features with the nucleation process of a rate‐and‐state weakening fault: slip initially localizes over a region of size not smaller than L b and then accelerates transiently and finally expands as a quasi‐static propagating crack. The characteristic size L b implies a constraint on the grid resolution of numerical models, even on strengthening faults, that is more stringent than classical criteria. In the transition zone between the velocity weakening and strengthening regions, the peak slip velocity may be arbitrarily large and may approach seismic slip velocities. Postseismic slip may represent the response of the creeping parts of the fault to a stress perturbation of large scale (comparable to the extent of the main shock rupture) and high amplitude, while slow earthquakes may represent the response of the creeping zones to a more localized stress perturbation. Our results indicate that superficial afterslip, observed at usually seismogenic depths, is governed by a rate‐strengthening rheology and is not likely to correspond to stable weakening zones. The predictions of the full rate‐and‐state framework reduce to a pure velocity strengthening law on a timescale longer than the duration of the acceleration transient, only when the triggering perturbation extends over length scales much larger than L b .
Optimisation of pump operation to increase the cycle efficiency of an ORC during part load

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The global warming and increase in energy use demands the industry to come up with ideas to lower the CO<sub>2</sub> production and save valuable energy. Organic Rankine cycles have a great potential as low grade heat can be converted into electrical energy. In the last ten years, research in this particular field has increased together with the amount of installed systems. Triogen is a company which does a lot of research on how to increase the power output of their Organic Rankine Cycle systems. Their product involves a radial inflow cantilever turbine connected to a single shaft to the generator and the main pump which makes the system quite unique. Because of the fluctuating heat input the system scarcely runs on its design condition so research has to be done to ensure the turbine efficiency is as high as possible to extract as much power out of the heat source as possible. This study investigates whether the pump strategy can be modified in order to increase the system power output for part load situation. By means of elaborate turbine computational fluid dynamics simulations, an optimal rotational speed op n = 475 hz is found for all turbine inlet pressures. A simple cycle model is made in Excel in order to compute the increased power output, given the optimal rotational speed. The most cost effective and straight forward way to implement the fixed rotational speed in the system, a throttle valve is chosen. The amount of extra power gained using the optimal rotational speed is approximately 7 kW, which is an increase of 8 %. For evaporator heat inputs higher than 900 kW<sub>th</sub>, the operation with throttle valve is no longer beneficial and the operation on design condition is favoured.
Study on the effect of LuCl3 doping on the characteristics of titanium alloy micro-arc oxidation coatings

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The micro-arc oxidation of TC4 titanium alloy was carried out by adding LuCl 3 . The effect of LuCl 3 addition on the properties of the micro-arc oxidized coatings, and the rate of weight loss by erosion under simulated oil field conditions, were analysed. The results show that the increase of oxidation voltage after the addition of LuCl 3 makes the surface structure of the coatings denser. The coating is mainly composed of Rutile TiO 2 , Anatase TiO 2 , and a small amount of Lu 2 O 3 phase. The kinetic potential polarization curves showed that the addition of LuCl 3 can increase the corrosion potential and decrease the corrosion current density of TC4 titanium alloy, and at the same time reduce the rate of erosion weight loss of micro-arc oxidized coatings under simulated oilfield conditions. The overall performance of the coatings is best when the concentration of LuCl 3 is 0.3 g L −1 .
Pseudorapidity distribution and cluster formation in 50 and 400 GeV/c hadron–nucleus interactions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

From the study of the pseudorapidity, η, distributions of charged shower particles produced in 50 GeV/c π − – nucleus and 400 GeV/c proton (p)–nucleus collisions, and their dependence on various parameters, the maxima of η distributions are noticed to shift towards smaller values of η with increasing N g . Bimodality in the η distributions for all N g groups has been observed to be completely absent in 50 GeV/c π − – nucleus interactions. Furthermore, the value of [Formula: see text] is found to decrease monotonically with increasing N g , N s , and N h . The dispersions of the rapidity distributions D(η) do not, however, demonstrate any tendency of appreciable change with increasing N g , except in the region of small N g values. Finally, study of rapidity-gap length distributions reveals that the two-particle short-range correlations play a dominant role while the contribution of long-range correlations seems to be quite small.
Fair Trials and Procedural Tradition in Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This review discusses the thesis advanced by Sarah Summers in her recent book. In particular it examines the three radical claims that structure her argument. First, that the commonly used analytical distinction between adversarial and inquisitorial traditions in criminal procedure should be abandoned. Secondly, that since the Continental reforms of the 19th century, criminal procedure can best be understood in terms of a single European procedural tradition. Thirdly, that the European Court of Human Rights has misconstrued the logic of that single European procedural tradition by failing to understand that it involves the rejection of a ‘determinative’ pre-trial phase. Each of Summers’ three arguments is subjected to critical analysis and ultimately rejected as innovative and stimulating but flawed.
The Effect of Season on the Induction of Sexual Behavior by Estradiol in Female Rhesus Monkeys1

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Rhesus monkeys housed in an outdoor environment are seasonal breeders, with ovulations and concomitant sexual behavior limited to the fall and winter months. To determine if there is a seasonal difference in the capacity of physiological levels of estradiol (E2) to induce sexual behavior in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys housed outdoors, subjects living in a social group were treated with subcutaneous E2 implants in a counter-balanced design during the nonbreeding season (May-July) and during the breeding season (September-November). Serum E2 levels were monitored by obtaining blood samples twice a week. Three levels of E2 were studied: baseline (less than 30 pg/ml), follicular (100 pg/ml), and periovulatory (200 pg/ml). Two of five adult males in the group were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) twice a week to insure that males with high testosterone levels were present during each season. Focal observations of behavior of 15 minutes' duration on each subject were conducted 5 days per week, with frequencies and durations of social, sexual, and solitary behaviors recorded. Concomitant 2-h group scans were made to record all occurrences of mounting behavior. Neither heterosexual serial mounting nor seminal plugs were ever observed in E2-treated females during the summer months. In contrast, copulation and seminal plugs were observed in subjects at both treatment levels during the fall. While E2-treated females engaged in homosexual mounting behavior during both summer and fall, E2 treatment resulted in heterosexual copulation only during the fall. Changes in patterns of social behavior paralleled changes in sexual behavior and were significantly affected by treatment and season, with more male-female interactions during the fall months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)