jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Hyperspectral Soil Albedo Information for Improving Earth System Model Projections

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Earth system models (ESMs) typically simplify the representation of land surface spectral albedo to two values, which correspond to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) and the near infrared (NIR, 700–2,500 nm) spectral bands. However, the availability of hyperspectral observations now allows for a more direct retrieval of ecological parameters and reduction of uncertainty in surface reflectance. To investigate sensitivity and quantify biases of incorporating hyperspectral albedo information into ESMs, we examine how shortwave soil albedo affects surface radiative forcing and simulations of the carbon and water cycles. Results reveal that the use of two broadband values to represent soil albedo can introduce systematic radiative‐forcing differences compared to a hyperspectral representation. Specifically, we estimate soil albedo biases of ±0.2 over desert areas, which can result in spectrally integrated radiative forcing divergences of up to 30 W m −2 , primarily due to discrepancies in the blue (404–504 nm) and far‐red (702–747 nm) regions. Furthermore, coupled land‐atmosphere simulations indicate a significant difference in net solar flux at the top of the atmosphere (>3.3 W m −2 ), which can impact global energy fluxes, rainfall, temperature, and photosynthesis. Finally, simulations show that considering the hyperspectrally resolved soil reflectance leads to increased maximum daily temperatures under current and future CO 2 concentrations.
Shift in tree species changes the belowground biota of boreal forests

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary The replacement of native birch with Norway spruce has been initiated in Norway to increase long‐term carbon storage in forests. However, there is limited knowledge on the impacts that aboveground changes will have on the belowground microbiota. We examined which effects a tree species shift from birch to spruce stands has on belowground microbial communities, soil fungal biomass and relationships with vegetation biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC). Replacement of birch with spruce negatively influenced soil bacterial and fungal richness and strongly altered microbial community composition in the forest floor layer, most strikingly for fungi. Tree species‐mediated variation in soil properties was a major factor explaining variation in bacterial communities. For fungi, both soil chemistry and understorey vegetation were important community structuring factors, particularly for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal : saprotrophic fungal ratio were higher in spruce compared to birch stands, particularly in the deeper mineral soil layers, and vice versa for saprotrophs. The positive relationship between ergosterol (fungal biomass) and SOC stock in the forest floor layer suggests higher carbon sequestration potential in spruce forest soil, alternatively, that the larger carbon stock leads to an increase in soil fungal biomass.
Evidence for a low Lyman Continuum Escape fraction in three Massive, UV-bright galaxies at z > 7

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Although low-mass star-forming galaxies are the leading candidates of the reionisation process, we cannot conclusively rule out high-mass star-forming galaxies as candidates. While most simulations indicate the former is the best candidate some models suggest that at z > 6 massive, UV-bright galaxies - "oligarchs" - account for at least 80% of the ionising budget. To test this hypothesis we target massive (log10 (M*[Msol]) > 10), UV-bright (MUV ~ -22) Lya emitters at z > 7 in archival data, observed with similar resolution spectrographs (VLT/X-shooter and Keck/MOSFIRE). To increase the reliability of our conclusions we stack all spectra and obtain a deep-stacked spectrum of 24.75 hrs. The stacked Lya profile displays a clear asymmetric red peak and an absence of a blue peak. We additionally estimate the intrinsic stacked Lya profile of our targets by correcting for IGM transmission using a range of neutral hydrogen fractions, finding no significant change in the profile. We measure a velocity offset Vred > 300 km/s and an asymmetry in our red peak A ~3. Using various models and estimators such as the peak separation, the asymmetry of the red peak, the ratio between Lya and Hb and the beta slope, we conclude that the escape fraction in these three UV bright, massive (10^10 Msol), z > 7 galaxies is fesc(LyC) < 10%.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Gene and Muscle Performance in Muay Thai

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

At present, Martial art sports are very popular. The muscle strength and muscle power are an important factor to contribute the athlete’s performance. It is known that factors that promote physical performances are training, age, sex and genetic differences. Angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) is the main enzyme in renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), regulating the circulatory system and water and salts balance in the body. The purpose of this study was to explore the relation between ACE polymorphism and muscle performance in Muay Thai/Thai boxers. The participants were 20 men Thai boxers and 20 controls. The protocols were measure the basic characteristics: weight, height. DNA were extract from buccal cell from mouth-wash method. The polymorphism is a variation of the sequence in the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ACE gene (insertion or I allele and deletion or D allele) resulting in 3 genotypes: ID, II and DD. The result was showed that the ACE polymorphism ID genotype was highly presented with 55.00% of MuayThai while II and DD genotype was revealed in 45.00% and 25.00% of control groups, respectively. The II genotype in MuayThai showed the significantly different (p £ 0.05) of counter movement jump to ID genotype (50.70 and 46.97, respectively). In contrast with control group that DD genotype presented the highly of CMJ followed by ID and II respectively. This result can be concluded that I allele of ACE genes polymorphism is highly percentage in MuayThai and it was correlated with muscle performance.
Biochemical profiling and its role in physiological quality of maize seeds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Viability and vigor of seeds are physiological attributes influenced by a myriad of factors including the genotype. Biochemical profiling of maize seeds and its correlation with their physiological quality is of crucial importance in breeding programs that the aim is seeds of better quality. The main goal of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity among maize inbred lines and evaluate the biochemical components that have an important role in physiological quality of seeds. The seeds of the inbred lines and hybrids were submitted to viability test, vigor by the accelerated aging and cold tolerance, and biochemical profiling (total protein content, soluble proteins, total phosphorus, phytate, inorganic phosphorus, starch and soluble sugars). The genetic divergence between the inbred lines found, prompt us to conclude that genetic gains may exist in association with physiological quality of maize hybrids. Seeds with higher inorganic phosphorus and soluble sugars presented superior physiological quality than seeds with lower levels of those compounds.
Culotte Stenting in the Acute Myocardial Infarction with Distal Left Main Thrombosis: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Kontext: Invazivní léčba bifurkačních lézí distálního nechráněného kmene levé věnčité tepny (unprotected distal left main bifurcation lesion, UDLMBL) je spojena s těžkým rozhodováním a vyžaduje zkušenosti v tomto směru. Popisujeme úspěšnou intervenci se zavedením bifurkačního stentu při UDLMBL u pacienta s akutním infarktem myokardu s elevacemi úseku ST (STEMI). Popis případu: Šestašedesátiletý muž byl přijat s typickou bolestí na hrudi; EKG prokázalo akutní inferoposterolaterální infarkt myokardu. Koronarografie odhalila bifurkační lézi v distálním segmentu kmene levé věnčité tepny. Následně byl úspěšně zaveden dedikovaný bifurkační stent. Další průběh byl bez příhod a pacient byl propuštěn z nemocnice v dobrém stavu. Závěr: Při infarktu myokardu s elevacemi úseku ST lze použít dedikovaný bifurkační stent. Léčba UDLMBL při akutním STEMI se může lišit podle zkušeností pracoviště a vlastní volby operatéra. © 2022, ČKS.
Divergent Potentials for Cytoplasmic Inheritance within the Genus Syringa. A New Trait Associated with Speciogenesis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Epifluorescence microscopic detection of organelle DNA in the mature generative cell is a rapid method for determining the potential for the mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. We used this method to examine 19 of the known 22 to 27 species in the genus Syringa. Organelle DNA was undetectable in seven species, all in the subgenus Syringa, but was detected in the 12 species examined of the subgenera Syringa and Ligustrina. Therefore, species within the genus Syringa display differences in the potential cytoplasmic inheritance. Closer examination revealed that the mature generative cells of the species in which organelle DNA was detected contained both mitochondria and plastids, but cells of the species lacking detectable organelle DNA contained only mitochondria, and the epifluorescent organelle DNA signals from the mature generative cells corresponded to plastid DNA. In addition, semiquantitative analysis was used to demonstrate that, during pollen development, the amount of mitochondrial DNA decreased greatly in the generative cells of the species examined, but the amount of plastid DNA increased remarkably in the species containing plastids in the generative cell. The results suggest that all Syringa species exhibit potential maternal mitochondrial inheritance, and a number of the species exhibit potential biparental plastid inheritance. The difference between the modes of potential plastid inheritance among the species suggests different phylogenies for the species; it also supports recent conclusions of molecular, systematic studies of the Syringa. In addition, the results provide new evidence for the mechanisms of maternal mitochondrial inheritance in angiosperms.
Prospects for the Flies Resources and Utilization

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flies belong to Cyclorrhapha of Diptera of Insect. Up to now, about seventy thousand species have been recorded in the world, and five thousand known species in China. This paper gives a survey of utilization of flies resources, mainly including three aspects, i.e. the utilizations on fly body, physiological function and life habits. Firstly, on the aspect of fly body utilization, the maggot of flies can be used to cure diseases, especially in curing hard infect. This kind of method has got a satisfied effect in recent years. Larva of flies are rich in proteins, vitamins and many kinds of essential trace elements for human body, so, the flies foodstuff will be one of the main protein resources for humans in the future. The maggot's powder can be used as additive for animal feed, and be used as raw material of health care products. Flies can be extracted and purified to produce materials which with anti-bacteria, anti-virus or anti-cancer functions. This may be a prospect way to develop medicine. Secondly, on the aspect of physiological function utilization, many precision instruments have been invented by utilizing the working principles of antennae, compound eyes and halters of flies. Fruit fly is the best experimental materials in genetics, and many new scientific principles have been found from it. At present, more than five hundred species of this family have been recorded in our country. The abundant species provide a great useful of experimental materials for our scientists. Flies can also be used as study materials on space science. Thirdly, on the aspect of life habits utilization, many kinds of flies are natural enemies of injurious insects, such as parasitic flies, which have been introduced into biological control home and abroad, and have got large economic benefit. In the field of forensic entomology, about fourteen families of flies are important, which can be helpful in criminal case investigation, for example, to help deduce death time, to analyse cause of death, and to find death ground, etc. As one of pollination mediums, flies also play a role in ecosystem.
Technology for Automated, Rapid, and Quantitative PCR or Reverse Transcription-PCR Clinical Testing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: PCR-based assays can improve clinical care, but they remain technically demanding and labor-intensive. We describe a new instrument, the GeneXpert®, that performs automated nucleic acid isolation, reverse transcription, and fluorescence-based quantitative PCR in ∼35 min. Methods: Yield and integrity of RNA isolated on the GeneXpert were compared with Qiagen-based extraction for parallel samples (5-μm frozen tissue sections). The reproducibility of automated RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative PCR was determined by replicate (n = 10) analysis of 10 tissues, using duplex (target and endogenous control) reverse transcription-PCR reactions for two gene combinations. The GeneXpert was then used to perform rapid analysis of lymph nodes from melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer patients and analysis of melanoma metastatic to the lung, primary lung adenocarcinoma, and healthy lung tissue. Results: On the GeneXpert, RNA was recovered in slightly over 6 min, and the yield was ∼70% of that from parallel Qiagen reactions. The RNA integrity was comparable to that of Qiagen-isolated RNA as determined by gel electrophoresis. For the melanoma samples, the 95% prediction interval for the ΔCt for a new measurement was ±1.54 cycles, and for breast cancer samples, the interval for a newly observed ΔCt was ±1.40 cycles. GeneXpert assays successfully detected the presence of metastatic melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer in lymph nodes and also differentiated among metastatic melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and healthy lung. Conclusions: RNA yield and integrity on the GeneXpert are comparable to benchtop methods. Reproducibility of the GeneXpert data is similar to that seen with manual methods in our hands but may need improvement for some applications. The GeneXpert can perform RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative PCR in ∼35 min and could therefore be used for intraoperative testing when applicable.
Mouse Potency Assay for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A potency assay for Western equine encephalomyelitis vaccine was developed which utilized mice as the test animal instead of guinea pigs or hamsters. By immunizing several groups of mice with dilutions of the vaccine and challenging them intracerebrally with virulent virus, it was possible to determine mathematically a dose of vaccine capable of protecting 50% of the animals (ED 50 ). When log dilutions of virulent virus were used to challenge mice which were immunized with dilutions of the vaccine, there was no difference among the ED 50 values for the dilutions of challenge virus. In a direct comparison of ED 50 values determined from the immunization of mice and those determined from the immunization of guinea pigs, there were no differences in the rankings of the vaccines.
Maternal Mortality in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Service of Regional Hospital Center of Ouahigouya: Epidemiological, Etiological Aspects and Contributing Factors—About 151 Cases Collected in Three Years from 1st January 2013 to 31 December 2015

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of our study was to study the epidemiological, etiological and contributory factors of maternal deaths in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the regional hospital center (RHC) of Ouahigouya from 2013 to 2015. We carried out a descriptive and analytical study on maternal deaths in maternity of the RHC of Ouahigouya, including all patients who died in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the RHC of Ouahigouya from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015, which meets WHO’s definition of maternal death. We recorded 151 maternal deaths and 5481 live births, a maternal mortality ratio of 2755 per 100,000 live births. The most affected women were women aged 20 - 24 years (27.8%), multiparous (25.5%), married women (88.7%) and those without income-generating activities (85.4%). The main causes of death from direct obstetrical complications were hemorrhage (38.3%), infections (21.5%), abortions (16.8%) and complications of hypertension disorders (15.8%) and for indirect obstetrical complications, malaria (36.6%), anemia (29.5%), and HIV/AIDS (9.1%). Contributing factors to maternal deaths prior to admission were delay in referral (33.3%) and delay in transfer (31.5%) and delay in admission (32.8%) and delay in diagnosis (23.4). From our study, it appears elsewhere as well as that most maternal deaths are preventable, hence the need for coordinated actions to effectively fight against maternal mortality.
Clonal analysis of B and T cell responses to Ia antigens. IV. Proliferative T cell clones recognizing E beta and/or E alpha allodeterminants.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The allospecific T cell recognition of the I-Ek molecule was assessed by using eight A. TH anti-A. TL proliferative T cell clones, all of which expressed the Thy-1-2+, Lyt-1+, Lyt-2-, Ia-, and p94,180+ cell surface phenotype. The use of panels of stimulating cells from homozygous of F1 hybrid strains indicated each T cell clone exhibited specificity for distinct alloactivating determinants including: i) a private E beta k-controlled determinant expressed in cis- or trans-complementing E beta kE alpha strains; ii) an apparently nonpolymorphic E alpha determinant resembling the serologic specificity Ia.7, i.e., present in all strains carrying E alpha and E beta expressor alleles; and iii) a series of conformational I-E determinants, the expression of which required a precisely defined combinatorial association of E beta plus E alpha chains. Two clones were found to be reactivated by cis- but not trans-complementing E beta k E alpha k strains, and another recognized an allodeterminant shared by the I-Ab molecule. Various I-Ek-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed to epitopes presumably expressed on either E alpha (epitope clusters I and II) or E beta (epitope cluster III) chains inhibited the proliferative responses of seven clones recognizing private E beta k or unique E beta E alpha conformational activating determinants. By contrast, the restimulation of the clone directed to a nonpolymorphic E alpha determinant was selectively blocked by anti-Ia.7 mAb defining epitopes on the E alpha chains but not by those directed to the E beta chain. On the basis of these data, it was concluded that the recognition sites of most anti-I-Ek proliferative T cells were expressed on the E beta chain or the E beta plus E alpha interaction products, and that a minority of such alloreactive T cells could be activated through recognition of the E alpha chain per se.
A SURVEY OF HEAD INJURIES IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY This paper reports the incidence of head injuries as patients attended a general hospital Accident & Emergency Department. The survey was carried out over a twelve‐month period. The Accident & Emergency Department of Luton & Dunstable Hospital sees approximately 60,000 new patients every year. It is situated in close proximity to the M1 motorway and other major road systems. Facilities are available on site for computerised tomography from Monday to Friday between 9.00 am and 5.00 pm. At other times, if it is considered necessary after consultations with our neurosurgical colleagues, they are referred to the Royal Free Hospital, 30 miles away.
Answering user queries from hotel ontology for decision making

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Semantic web comes out with the vision of making human readable information to be machine processable. Ontology, the core of semantic web, with concept instantiations serves as a domain knowledge base while semantic web query language provides retrieval of that information. In this paper, we presented a system that populates hotel related information in the ontology and a natural language querying platform to retrieve the information from a common interface for decision making. A simple user experiment shows that the system is time effective and helpful in making decisions with minimum queries as compared to browsing even with selected sites.
Global IT Risk Management Strategies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter describes why it is important for organizations to develop and implement an IT risk management function and use best practice risk assessment methodologies that provide a standard to measure and assess risk within organizations. Information technology risk management is a significant new function that can help companies achieve world class IT service. IT risk management includes regulatory compliance, information security, disaster recovery, and project risks. IT risk management should be part of a company’s risk management strategy on an equal footing with financial risk management and reputational risk management. As the complexity of IT infrastructures increases and as businesses continue to rely upon the Internet as the communication backbone for e-business, the associated risks increase. For these reasons, deciding upon and implementing a risk management process and a standard methodology will greatly reduce the risks associated with the introduction of new technologies that support the mission of the business.
Single Jaw Surgeries Performed in Treating Mandibular Prognathism – Literature Review

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Progenism (mandibular prognathism) is a cranial-maxillary-occlusal disorder involving the excessive growth of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. this defect affects not only the facial appearance – protrusion of the chin and lower lip, but also may lead to different types of functional disorders, including dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. this paper presents a historical background of the orthognatic surgeries applied for prognathism correction and an overview of current operative techniques as well as postoperative complications reviews. Currently, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSo) stands as the most popular surgical method in correction of mandibular prognathism. despite the fact that the BSSo method is becoming increasingly popular, some centres in Poland and all over the world still tend to perform external vertical ramus osteotomy (EVro) and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (iVro). in majority of performed mandibular osteotomies complications are related with sensory disturbances within the area of inferior alveolar nerve and more commonly concern patients undergoing bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (Dent. Med. Probl. 2013, 50, 4, 387–403).