jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effects of calcium antagonists on alpha‐adrenoceptor‐ mediated contraction in the human internal mammary artery.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. The internal mammary artery has become a preferred coronary bypass graft. Sympathomimetic amines are spasmogens for vasospasm and calcium antagonists are frequently administered drugs perioperatively. The effect of calcium antagonists on alpha‐adrenoceptor‐mediated contraction depends on the subtype of alpha‐adrenoceptor and the type of origin of vascular smooth muscle. This study was designed to investigate the effect of calcium antagonists on alpha‐adrenoceptor‐ mediated contraction in the IMA. 2. Human IMA segments taken from 22 patients undergoing IMA—coronary artery bypass grafting were mounted in an organ bath under the physiological pressure determined from their own length‐tension curves. 3. Three ring segments were allocated into three groups. One served as a control and the others were treated with clinically related concentrations of nifedipine (20 or 200 nM) for 25 min before concentration‐contraction curves to alpha 1‐adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine (MO) or full alpha‐adrenoceptor agonist noradrenaline (NA) were established. 4. In separate experiments, the concentration‐relaxation curves to nifedipine were established in the IMA rings precontracted with MO (30 microM) or NA (10 microM). Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, 3 microM) was added to further relax the vessels. 5. Pretreatment with nifedipine (200 nM) only slightly inhibited the MO‐ (1.74 +/‐ 0.32 vs 2.88 +/‐ 0.56 g) or NA‐ (2.43 +/‐ 0.66 vs 3.60 +/‐ 0.82 g) induced contraction without statistical significance (P > 0.05). 6. On the other hand, nifedipine only caused 34.49% relaxation in the MO‐precontracted and 24.39% relaxation in the NA‐precontracted IMAs. In contrast, GTN caused 76.16% (against MO, P < 0.05) or 92.22% (against NA, P < 0.0001) relaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Portable Device for Installing Lightweight Borders for Runoff and Erosion Plots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Runoff and soil erosion studies in farm fields in the Pacific Northwest require that borders for runoff and erosion plots be placed after all farm operations are finished just before the winter rainy season. Such an experimental procedure requires a portable, lightweight device to install borders, which are also portable and reusable. A border installation device was developed for easy portage into fields, and use without any vehicular traffic in the field. The device was drawn toward the field boundary using a pickup‐mounted winch. This border system performed as well as galvanized borders. Yet operational costs were less, portability was achieved, and field disturbance was minimal.
Effect of Different Levels of Molasses Distillers Condensed Soluble on Broiler Chickens Performance, Carcass Traits and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of molasses distillers condensed soluble (MDCS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 400 one day-old, unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 20 cages. The dietary MDCS levels incorporated 0% and 4% in the starter and 0%, 4% and 8% in grower diet, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained from 7 to 42 days of age. As a result of this study, the dietary inclusion of MDCS had no negative effects on productive performance of broilers or on the microbial population's enumeration, villus width, villus height, crypt depth and carcass traits. Thus it can be concluded that MDCS can be included in broiler dietary up to 8% without any adverse effect on broiler performance.
Dealing with the authority to use force: reflections of Belgian police officers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on 39 interviews with Belgian frontline police officers this article discusses police use of force from the viewpoint of the police officer. Since police officers have a certain amount of discretion, differences can be noticed in how they are dealing with their unique authority to use force. Inspired by the study of Muir [(1977. 1977. Police: streetcorner politicians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press)] the article explores attitudinal policing styles of Belgian police officers, and as such illustrates different ways of dealing with the use of force. Furthermore, officers' reflections on how (and why) their attitude to and way of dealing with the use of force has evolved throughout their career are explored. Thereby, two (learning) processes are discerned: (1) a process of gaining/losing comfort in (not) using force and (2) a search for 'the appropriate' approach. The study indicates that several police officers, at least at some point in their career, are uncomfortable and/or insecure about using force. At the start of their career, police officers predominantly attribute the unease to use force to a lack of street experience. However, several senior officers also point at specific personal experiences and a perceived shortage of organisational support which made them more insecure to use force later in their careers. Besides that, the study discloses the major influence of peers and field supervisors on the development of a police officer's moral compass for making use-of-force decisions.
Aging in a high infection society

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Increasing evidence suggests that aging is accelerated by exposure to infections and inflammation. Previous studies suggest that in environments where infection is high, the processes associated with aging will accelerate and indicators of the aging process will be more apparent at earlier ages than in environments where exposure to infection is relatively low. To further our understanding of aging and how biological and genetic indicators associated with aging vary in a high infection environment, the Tsimane of Bolivia are studied. The Tsimane are an indigenous population of forager-farmers with little access to modern medicine, high infectious morbidity, and high mortality.
The development of the nation state : France 1498-1610

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ofrece una guía práctica para enseñar este tema a los estudiantes del nivel A2 para la especificación OCR. Explica la evolución de Francia durante el Renacimiento y la Reforma y se centra en la creación del estado-nación francés durante este período. Incluye una selección y definición de los temas, conceptos, acontecimientos y lugares considerados más importantes, así como breves biografías de personajes clave y consejos para los exámenes.
Improvement of toughness and road performance of unsaturated polyester resin asphalt pavement crack sealant through liquid rubber/nanoclay hybrid toughening

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To more effectively repair cracks and reduce maintenance costs, an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) sealant, RMUP, hybrid toughened by liquid nitrile rubber and nanomontmorillonite, was developed. The optimal preparation procedure was proposed based on the results of an orthogonal test concerning the impacts of preparation procedure parameters (sequence of modifier addition, stirring speed, and time) on its mechanical properties. The adaptability and effectiveness of RMUP for repairing pavement cracks were assessed through a series of performance tests on composite specimens repaired by RMUP sealant, including bonding performance test, low‐temperature cracking resistance test, water‐induced damage resistance test, and fatigue resistance test, as well as contrastive analysis with other available sealants. Furthermore, the toughening mechanisms involved in RMUP were elucidated with the aid of FTIR and SEM to characterize its molecular structure and fractography. The results demonstrate that RMUP sealant has superior bonding and shear strength, measuring 0.86 and 1.04 MPa, respectively, and shows favorable applicability in crack repair. The sealant can effectively and durably bond cracked pavement structures and yield repaired pavement structures with excellent resistance against water‐induced damage and fatigue. The fractography reveals that the increased toughness of RMUP is attributed to the additive toughening effect of rubber particles and nanomontmorillonite. In addition, the cross‐linking of nitrile rubber molecular chains with UPR polymer chains and the intercalation of UPR polymer chains into nano‐montmorillonite galleries further contribute to the enhanced toughness of the UPR matrix. Highlights The addition order of modifiers impacts the mechanical properties of composites. RMUP effectively and durably bonds cracked pavement structures. The cross‐linking of liquid nitrile rubber with the matrix polymer chains improves composite flexibility. The clay–polymer intercalation structure promotes the matrix's toughness. Multiple toughening mechanisms coexist in RMUP and have an additive toughening effect.
Toxoplasma gondiiUses Sulfated Proteoglycans for Substrate and Host Cell Attachment

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that actively invades a wide variety of vertebrate cells, although the basis of this pervasive cell recognition is not understood. We demonstrate here that binding to the substratum and to host cells is partially mediated by interaction with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Addition of excess soluble GAGs blocked parasite attachment to serum-coated glass, thereby preventing gliding motility of extracellular parasites. Similarly, excess soluble GAGs decreased the attachment of parasites to human host cells from a variety of lineages, including monocytic, fibroblast, endothelial, epithelial, and macrophage cells. The inhibition of parasite attachment by GAGs was observed with heparin and heparan sulfate and also with chondroitin sulfates, indicating that the ligands for attachment are capable of recognizing a broad range of GAGs. The importance of sulfated proteoglycan recognition was further supported by the demonstration that GAG-deficient mutant host cells, and wild-type cells treated enzymatically to remove GAGs, were partially resistant to parasite invasion. Collectively, these studies reveal that sulfated proteoglycans are one determinant used for substrate and cell recognition by Toxoplasma . The widespread distribution of these receptors may contribute to the broad host and tissue ranges of this highly successful intracellular parasite.
Changes of insulation resistance of fire resistant cable under fire conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Low-fire-hazard cable (LFHC) intended for low voltage applications with a fire barrier made from mica tape was tested under conditions similar to those of the fire test specified in IEC 60331-21. In addition to the other standard requirements, the measurement setup was modified to enable insulation resistance measurement throughout the entire fire test. In this manner, cable insulation as a whole can be tested under fire conditions. Results from insulation resistance measurement are supported by thermogravimetric analysis and by the data obtained from two thermocouples placed near the cable sheath and inside the cable core during the test. As results show, insulation resistance is markedly affected by the melting of the organic components of insulation, by decomposition of the flame retardant and by ignition of the core insulation along the first period of the test (10 minutes). The stable value of the insulation resistance from 10th to 90th minutes of testing, together with the insulation's behavior during cooling suggests the important role played by conductivity of the flame itself. The suggested procedure can assist in the comparison of the fire-proof functionalities of different cable designs, in the analysis of their failure mechanisms and in cable design optimization.
Comparative estimation of central haemodynamics during dynamic load by impedance cardiography and radiocardiography.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

77 unselected patients were examined simultaneously by impedance cardiography and radiocardiography in the recumbent position during dynamic exercise (bicycle ergometry). In all cases evaluable impedance curves were registered till the 100 W load. Stroke volume, estimated by impedance cardiography, is at rest and during exercise by about 30% lower compared to its value determined by radiocardiography. However, the percent increase during exercise is not significantly different with the use of either method. The stroke volumes estimated by both methods correlate significantly at rest and during exercise. This fact shows the usefulness of impedance cardiography for estimating central haemodynamics during dynamic exercise.
Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of landscape scale management intensity, agroecosystem type, local management intensity and edges on diversity patterns of functional groups of plants, carabid beetles, spiders and grasshoppers. Nine landscapes were selected differing in percent intensively used agricultural area (IAA), each with a pair of organic and conventional winter wheat fields and a pair of organic and conventional mown meadows. Within fields, plants were surveyed in the edge and in the interior. Carabid beetles and spiders were captured by funnel traps, while grasshoppers were sweep-netted in the meadows. Diversity patterns of study organisms were affected both by local variables (local management, agroecosystem type and within-field position) and by landscape scale management intensity. Species richness of grasses, presumably because of sowing low-diversity mixtures, and hunting spiders decreased with percent cover of IAA. Meadows differed from wheat fields in that they had higher species richness of forbs and grasses, as well as higher densities of hunting spiders. In contrast, more carabid individuals, especially of non-carnivore species, were captured in wheat fields. In field edges with their reduced management intensity and increased immigration, species richness of plants, carabids and spiders was higher than in the interiors regardless of agroecosystem type and management. Organic management enhanced forb richness and cover in both agroecosystem types. Organic management also increased grass cover in wheat fields, but not in meadows, and promoted species richness of non-carnivore carabids and hunting spiders, but not grasshoppers. The results show that agri-environmental management needs to be targeted to the agroecosystem's field size, because higher edge area led to higher species richness. Organic management affected several functional groups positively (forbs, non-carnivore carabids, hunting spiders), while lower landscape scale management intensity only increased species richness of grasses and spiders. The great differences in responses of functional groups to local cereal and grassland as well as landscape management suggest implementing more scale and group specific targets for agri-environmental schemes to improve their efficiency.
Thermocatalytic Conversion of Plastics into Liquid Fuels over Clays

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recycling polymer waste is a great challenge in the context of the growing use of plastics. Given the non-renewability of fossil fuels, the task of processing plastic waste into liquid fuels seems to be a promising one. Thermocatalytic conversion is one of the methods that allows obtaining liquid products of the required hydrocarbon range. Clays and clay minerals can be distinguished among possible environmentally friendly, cheap, and common catalysts. The moderate acidity and the presence of both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites on the surface of clays favor heavier hydrocarbons in liquid products of reactions occurring in their pores. Liquids produced with the use of clays are often reported as being in the gasoline and diesel range. In this review, the comprehensive information on the thermocatalytic conversion of plastics over clays obtained during the last two decades was summarized. The main experimental parameters for catalytic conversion of plastics according to the articles’ analysis, were the reaction temperature, the acidity of modified catalysts, and the catalyst-to-plastic ratio. The best clay catalysts observed were the following: bentonite/spent fluid cracking catalyst for high-density polyethylene (HDPE); acid-restructured montmorillonite for medium-density polyethylene (MDPE); neat kaolin powder for low-density polyethylene (LDPE); Ni/acid-washed bentonite clay for polypropylene (PP); neat kaolin for polystyrene (PS); Fe-restructured natural clay for a mixture of polyethylene, PP, PS, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The main problem in using natural clays and clay minerals as catalysts is their heterogeneous composition, which can vary even within the same deposit. The serpentine group is of interest in studying its catalytic properties as fairly common clay minerals.
Methods of automated analysis of vendor specific implementation of stateful-filtration

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we will consider the special research methodology of stateful filtering in firewalls. Analysis of TCP/IP protocols, which connected with stateful filtering, was carried out and particular tests for different types of implementation were created. The special software system which allows to test different firewalls models and to detect stateful filtering in particular firewall model was developed. Also, there are research results for several firewalls.
Racial and Gender Diversity of Physicians Accepted to American Military Orthopaedic and Surgical Residencies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Orthopaedic surgery ranks among the least racially and gender diverse medical/surgical specialties. United States military surgeons train in military or military-funded residency positions to care for a markedly diverse population; however, the composition and diversity of these training programs have not been previously assessed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of physician diversity in military orthopaedics in comparison with other surgical specialties over time. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study evaluating matriculation into first year of residency training in US military surgical training programs between 2002 and 2020. In total, 9,124 applicants were reviewed. We collected matriculant self-reported race/ethnicity and sex and the medical/specialty program. We considered under-represented minorities as those who reported their race as African American, Indian/Alaskan Native, and Native, other, or who reported ethnicity as Hispanic. We calculated changes in persons accepted to training positions over time and used linear regression to model trends in diversity among orthopaedic matriculating residents when compared with other surgical subspecialities over time. Results: Across all surgical subspecialities, the average change in percent women was 0.94% per year for the study period (p < 0.01). The average annual percent women entering orthopaedic surgery residency programs was 14% for the 18-year study period. Across all surgical subspecialties, the average change for accepted applicants from groups underrepresented in medicine ( URiM ) was 1.01% per year for the study period (p < 0.01). The average annual percent URiM entering orthopaedic surgery residency programs was 17% for the 18-year study period. The annual change of women and URiM entering military orthopaedic residencies was 0.10% and 1.52%, respectively. Conclusions: Despite statistically significant improvements, recruitment efforts as used to date fall far short of reversing sexual, racial, and ethnic disparities in military orthopaedic residencies. Orthopaedics has a lower representation of both women and physicians with minority backgrounds when compared with many surgical subspecialties. Additional interventions are still necessary to increase diversity for military orthopaedic surgeons.
Loop Interactions\nand Dynamics Tune the Enzymatic\nActivity of the Human Histone Deacetylase 8

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The human histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8)\nis a key hydrolase in gene\nregulation and has been identified as a drug target for the treatment\nof several cancers. Previously the HDAC8 enzyme has been extensively\nstudied using biochemical techniques, X-ray crystallography, and computational\nmethods. Those investigations have yielded detailed information about\nthe active site and have demonstrated that the substrate entrance\nsurface is highly dynamic. Yet it has remained unclear how the dynamics\nof the entrance surface tune and influence the catalytic activity\nof HDAC8. Using long time scale all atom molecular dynamics simulations\nwe have found a mechanism whereby the interactions and dynamics of\ntwo loops tune the configuration of functionally important residues\nof HDAC8 and could therefore influence the activity of the enzyme.\nWe subsequently investigated this hypothesis using a well-established\nfluorescence activity assay and a noninvasive real-time progression\nassay, where deacetylation of a p53 based peptide was observed by\nnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our work delivers detailed\ninsight into the dynamic loop network of HDAC8 and provides an explanation\nfor a number of experimental observations.
Removal of peripheral blood monocytes by phenylalanine methyl ester has no effect on the colony growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purification of hematopoietic cells often includes an adherence step for the removal of monocytes. Recent studies have shown that some hematopoietic cells are adherent and that plastic adhesion might activate monocyte/macrophage for cytokine production. We investigated the possibility of using L-phenylalanine methyl ester (PME) as an alternative approach to monocyte removal, particularly for large-scale cell separations. Cell yield, extent of monocyte removal and cloning efficiency of colony-forming progenitor cells were compared to that produced by plastic adhesion. Starting with mononuclear cells (MNC) from adult peripheral blood, cell recovery after PME treatment was higher than that achieved with adherence and fewer monocytes were present. Cloning efficiency of the granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming progenitor cells (CFU-gm) was not affected by the PME treatment. PME treatment and plastic adhesion of low-density cord blood cells produced comparable cell recovery, monocyte depletion and cloning efficiencies for CFU-gm and burst forming units for erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-e). The PME procedure was optimized for the purification of hematopoietic cells from large quantities (less than 1 x 10(9)) of low density. T cell-depleted peripheral blood MNC containing 60% to 85% monocytes. Compared to two cycles of plastic adhesion, PME treatment permitted higher cell recovery (5.9% vs. 1.3%), lower monocyte contamination (4.5% vs. 10.7%) and substantial cost, time and labor savings without compromising CFU-gm growth.
An open trial of L-tyrosine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To elucidate the role of catecholamines in attention deficit disorder, the authors conducted an open 8-week trial of L-tyrosine in 12 adults with attention deficit disorder, residual type. Eight showed marked to moderate clinical response in 2 weeks; at 6 weeks these eight developed tolerance, suggesting that L-tyrosine is not useful in attention deficit disorder, residual type.