jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Continuous and Surge Irrigation Effects on Hydraulic Parameters and Water Quality

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Limited information exists on comparing the effect of continuous and surge irrigation on hydraulic parameters and water quality under border-strip irrigation in the Canadian Prairies. A site on a clay loam soil in southern Alberta was used to compare these two irrigation methods (three replicates) on plots seeded to barley (Hordeum vulgare) in 1996 and 1997. Irrigation was conducted on border-strip plots in July and August of each year. Irrigation hydraulic parameters, soil water content, chloride and sediment in runoff, chloride in suction lysimeters, soil and shallow groundwater, and the water table level were measured before and after irrigation. Surge irrigation significantly (P ≤ 0.10) reduced the following hydraulic parameters compared to continuous irrigation: irrigation water applied (129–304%), total surface runoff (93–257%), maximum outflow rate (25–146%), advance time to the end of the field (214–273%), total infiltration depth of water (135–390%), and total irrigation time. However, irrigation treatment had no significant effect on surface runoff and infiltration depth of water when expressed as a percentage of the total amount of irrigation water applied. Surge had little or no effect on the concentration, flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) and mass loss of chloride and sediment in runoff. The exceptions were in July 1996, where mass loss of chloride was 180% lower under surge; and in August 1997, where the concentration of chloride was 44% lower under surge. Irrigation method had little or no significant effect on the soil water content, concentration of chloride in suction lysimeters and groundwater, the total mass of chloride in the soil profile, and the water table level. However, there was a trend towards lower chloride values under continuous than surge irrigation in the lysimeters and soil, suggesting a potential for greater leaching under the former method. Although surge irrigation had little or no positive effect on water quality compared to continuous irrigation, surge is still the preferred irrigation method because of its many improvements in hydraulic parameters.
Survey Research of Homemade and Commercial Cabbage(Baechu) Kimchi on Physicochemical Quality Characteristics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In order to develop and propagate the low sodium kimchi for preventing high sodium related diseases, the salinity, pH and acidity of cabbage(Bachu) kimchi sampled from home located in 6 big cities(Pusan, Daegoo, Kyungjoo, Daegoo, Jeonjoo, Daejeon, and Seoul) and commercial 6 manufacturers(A~F) distributed in markets were monitored and analyzed in the current study. Salinity was significantly (p<0.05) higher in homemade(3.03%±0.60: 1.79~4.40) kimchi than in commercial(2.38%±0.60:1.04~2.87) kimchi. Also, salinity was significantly(p<0.05) higher in Pusan(3.45± 0.60%) kimchi than in Kyungjoo(3.11±0.39), Daegoo(3.19±0.42), Jeonjoo(2.98±0.32), Daejeon(3.00±0.38) and Seoul (2.52±0.46%) kimchi. However, there was no significant differ ence(p<0.05) of salinity in 6 kinds of commercial kimchi. Related to this result, pH of kimchi from homemade and commercial was 4.40±0.29(3.72~6.03) and 5.45±0.76 (4.23~6.35), acidity of kimchi from homemade and commercial were 0.99±0.30%(0.28~2.17) and 0.45±023(0.17~ 0.93), respectively. Thus, the current study provides evidence that we may need to manufacture the low sodium kimchi because all homemade kimchi, especially Pusan and Daegoo kimchi and commercial brand kimchi contained over 2% salinity.
An Anatomical Study of Prune Brown Line Disease and Immuno-localization of Tomato Ringspot Virus in Plum Bark

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bark from the graft union of tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) infected plum, symptomatic for brown line disease, showed anatomical changes characteristic of the wound response process. The wound tissue consisted of necrotic cells demarcated by pinkish purple necrophylactic periderm, whose function is to protect living tissues from detrimental effects associated with necrosing cells. However, formation of gray exophylactic periderm led to the sloughing off of the wound tissue and the necrophylactic periderm, resulting in discontinuity of the exophylactic periderm and secondary virus invasion into the wound site. The changes seen in the bark suggest that the hypersensitive response in plum rootstock bark to ToRSV is slow, allowing a systemic movement of the virus and development of a brown line (BL) along the scion and rootstock union. Necrophylactic periderm was not seen in the bark from the graft union of a healthy plum tree. In the graft union of a plum tree without a BL, but testing ToRSV-positive in the roots, localized areas of wound tissue with pinkish purple necrophylactic periderm developed only in the rootstock portion of the tree. Silver-enhanced protein A-colloidal gold immunolabeling was seen on the cell wall and in the cytoplasm of bark tissue from the BL region of scion and rootstock and leaves from the rootstock suckers.
Big Five Personality Dimensions, Motivation to Use Social Media and Perception of Online Advertisement

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The popularity of the Internet, and social media have dramatically increased in the last few decades. Facebook especially, is at the top of social websites that has become popular among young people and adults. Thus, online advertisement is becoming a huge part of social media and this deserves attention as to the after-effects and influence on overall motives of using social media in general. The main aim of this thesis is to examine the relationships between the Big Five and the motives and motions (belongingness and self- presentation) of using Facebook; also the relationship between Big Five and perception of online advertisement. Students of Eastern Mediterranean University were chosen as the respondents. The methodology of the current study is quantitative. Questionnaires were distributed among Turkish and English speaking students. A total of 150 responses were collected and used for further analysis. The results showed that high Agreeableness and Openness were the best predictors for belongingness; while self-presentational behaviors were best predicted by Agreeableness as well. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness did not show any relationship and effect on belongingness and self- presentation. In the case of perception of online advertisement, dimensions of trust and global; the best predictor was high Openness. Surprisingly, low Conscientiousness and low Neuroticism were predictors of irritation with online advertising. Extraversion did not show any relationship with trust and global perceptions of online advertising. iv Recommendations for future researchers is to use the full version of the personality questionnaire. Future studies may combine Big Five personality dimensions, motives of using Facebook and perception of online advertisement using mediation and moderation models. Keywords: Big Five, Facebook, belongingness, self- presentation, trust and global, perception of online advertisement.
La capacidad de razonamiento prudencial como criterio de elección de los magistrados de las Altas Cortes en Colombia: una propuesta de cambio para garantizar el mérito, la independencia y la transparencia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents a proposal regarding the criteria and the form of election of High Courts magistrates in Colombia. Its purpose is to contribute to the solution of the problem of corruption in the administration of justice in Colombia, which has as one of its main causes the lack of independence and transparency when electing judges for the highest levels of judgeship. With the current election system, there is a risk of biasing the appointment due to political, economic, ideological or social factors of the aspirants. The research that originated was made using the hermeneutic-semiotic and axiological methods. As a result, the merit expressed regarding the ability for prudential reasoning on behalf of the candidate and as a way to ensure independence and transparency is proposed as the election criterion.
APPROACHES USING AI AND MACHINE LEARNING IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into medicinal chemistry has catalyzed transformative advancements in the research and development of pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides a summary of the various applications of AI and ML techniques in the field of medicinal chemistry. These methodologies encompass virtual screening, molecular property prediction, de novo drug design, target identification, and drug-drug interaction prediction. Through the analysis of vast datasets and the extraction of patterns, AI and ML techniques expedite the identification of potential drug candidates, enhance molecular property prediction accuracy, and facilitate the rational design of novel molecules. Moreover, these approaches aid in target identification, validation, and the anticipation of drug interactions, thus accelerating the drug discovery process. Despite difficulties with data quality, interpretability, and ethical considerations persist, the convergence of AI and ML with medicinal chemistry presents a promising trajectory for reshaping the landscape of pharmaceutical research and innovation
Compromising on a Qualified Plurality System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 1994 Argentina shifted from the indirect election of presidents via an Electoral College to a system of direct election by qualified plurality rule with few precedents in Latin America. The latter emerged as a byproduct of the short-term electoral expectations and relative strength of the main negotiators of the constitutional reform of 1994. The alternative thresholds of 45 percent or 40 percent with a difference of 10 points over the second most voted candidate were created as a compromise between the plurality system desired by the incumbent President of the Partido Justicialista (PJ), Carlos Menem, and the majority runoff system demanded by Raúl Alfonsín, leader of the main party of the opposition, the Unión Cívica Radical (UCR). These rules were chosen in the aim of maintaining a two-party system with the PJ as a dominant party. Since 1995, however, the emergence of third forces created a more uncertain scenario in which the outcome of elections is determined by the ability of incumbent parties to reach the minimum thresholds and the capacity of opposition parties to coordinate in a common alliance. In this context, the qualified plurality system created by self-interested actors is likely to lead to less arbitrary and more socially acceptable results than its main alternatives, plurality rule and majority runoff.
Platelet activity, prostacycline metabolite, plasma lipids and sympathoadrenal activity in patients with borderline hypertension and a positive family history of hypertension.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The study included 30 patients with borderline essential hypertension (HPT) (21 with a positive family history of hypertension, mean age 24.6 years, 9 with a negative family history, mean age 27.2 years) and 10 normotensive controls (mean age 27.5 years). In all of them 24-hour urinary noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) excretion was assayed. Blood levels of NA, A and dopamine, the prostacycline metabolite 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, beta-thromboglobulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were measured, LDL cholesterol was calculated according to the Friedewald equation. Besides, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity was assayed. Patients with HPT and a positive family history had elevated sympathetic and platelet activity and diminished 6-keto-PGF1 alpha blood levels. Their HDL cholesterol level was significantly lower than that of healthy controls. In patients with HPT and a positive family history of HPT the atherogenic index (total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio) was highest, but did not differ significantly from that in other groups. The assessment of the examined humoral factors indicates that patients with borderline HPT with genetic predisposition to high blood pressure have a humoral profile different from that of patients without genetic predisposition. These findings suggest the importance of genetic factors in the development of essential HPT.
Circadian and light-induced regulation of the expression of core clock proteins in common carp

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The unique circadian clock system of fish consists of central and peripheral pacemakers that are directly regulated by light. The functioning of this clock machinery is based on cyclic changes in the expression of clock proteins that form transcriptional-translational loops. In this study, we performed an analysis of the circadian changes in Cry1, Cry2 and Clock protein levels in the nervous system, immune system and other peripheral organs of common carp. Protein-level analyses revealed that Cry1, Cry2 and Clock proteins show diurnal expression patterns in both central and peripheral tissues, with tissue-specific variations. We have shown that both Cry variants may play important roles in the clock mechanism, but their importance appears to be organ specific, with Cry2 and Cry1 likely playing important roles in central and peripheral oscillators, respectively. However, further genetic analysis will be required to clearly define the role of these proteins in the carp clock mechanism. We have found that the central oscillator function in carp is primarily performed by the retina, which is characterized by strong endogenous rhythmicity of activity. We have also observed that light availability clearly modulates the circadian clock mechanism in fish and probably indirectly other physiological functions by regulating the expression of key proteins that determine clock activity. Post-translational modifications of clock proteins, which are crucial for their functionality, affect their circadian rhythmicity.
The theory of externalities, public goods and club goods. 2nd. ed.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This book presents a theoretical treatment of externalities (i.e. uncompensated interdependencies), public goods, and club goods. The new edition updates and expands the discussion of externalities and their implications, coverage of asymmetric information, underlying game-theoretic formulations, and intuitive and graphical presentations. Topics investigated include Nash equilibrium, Lindahl equilibria, club theory, preference-revelation mechanism, Pigouvian taxes, the commons, Coase Theorem, and static and repeated games. The authors use mathematical techniques only as much as necessary to pursue the economic argument. They develop key principles of public economics that are useful for subfields such as public choice, labor economics, economic growth, international economics, environmental and natural resource economics, and industrial organization.
The Effects of Children's Self-regulation and Teacher-Child Relationships on Children's Social Behaviors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of children's self-regulation and teacher-child relationships on children's social behaviors. Participants were 239 4- to 5-year-old children(114 boys, 125 girls) and their 23 teachers. The teachers completed rating scales to measure children's social behaviors and teacher-child relationships. Children's self-regulation was assessed by a mother reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The major results of this study were as follows: First, Children's social behaviors were partially correlated with children's self-regulation and teacher-child relationships. Second, The most influential factor by children's social behaviors was teacher-child relationship. Specially, teacher-child intimacy was the most powerful factor predicting children's asocial behavior and prosocial behavior. While teacher-child conflict was the most powerful factor influencing children's aggressive behavior, hyperactive-distractible behavior and anxious-fearful behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of teacher-child relationships in the context of program development and guidance for maladjusted children.
Towards sustainable solutions: Comprehensive review of advanced porous materials for CO₂ capture, hydrogen generation, pollutant degradation, and energy application

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, there have been significant developments in advanced porous materials, especially with types like porous organic polymers, metal-organic frameworks, hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, zeolites, and porous aromatic frameworks. These materials are gaining attention for their remarkable characteristics, including high surface area, adjustable pore sizes, strong adsorption capacity, stability under various conditions, effective catalytic properties, and good electrical conductivity, making them useful across a range of applications. This review article highlights the various types, structures, and synthesis methods of POPs, MOFs, HOFs, COFs, zeolites, and PAFs, in addition to their important applications such as hydrogen generation, gas sensing, CO2 conversion, pollutant degradation, CO2 capture, hydrogen evolution/oxygen evolution reactions, and batteries. Lastly, the future perspective of APMs along with the necessary steps to be taken and embraced in order to make them usable for long-term and large-scale applications will help in opening new innovative gateways to the research field.
Study on Identification and Monitoring of Long-Span Bridges in Service Based on GPS and BDS Dynamic Observation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As an important part of modern traffic construction and operation, the repair and maintenance of long-span bridges has received more and more attention by the industry. With the increasing span and width of long-span bridges, more attention should be paid to the durability and safety of long-span bridges compared with conventional bridges. In the present stage of long-span bridges, the accuracy of deformation identification and safety monitoring of long-span bridges cannot be ensured because of the small variation of creep deformation amplitude and the limitation of traditional conventional technology in positioning accuracy. Therefore, a continuous quasi-static model based on GPS and BDS observation data is proposed to identify and monitor long-span bridges. At the same time, specific experiments are carried out in combination with practical engineering cases. The results show that this method has strong effectiveness by providing some ideas and reference directions for traffic construction and operation, repair and maintenance of modern highway bridges.
Reading East Asian Writing

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book presents contributions by thirteen scholars of Chinese and Japanese literature whose work is characterised by a strong interest in literary theory. They focus in particular on the various new theories that have emerged during the past two decades, uprooting traditional forms of understanding literary texts, their function, their readership and their interpretation. Often confined to discussion of a specific country or area, these theories have been criticised for their Western bias.This collection breaks through these barriers, providing an opportunity for scholars of two closely related yet often independently studied cultures to present and compare their views on specific theories of literature, to discuss the advantages and shortcomings of those theories, and to consider specific difficulties related to the East-West dimension.
Evaluating the effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit in improving labor market outcomes for the working poor

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) was significantly expanded in 2019, making it the main income support scheme for the working poor. This paper analyzes whether the EITC improves labor market outcomes for recipients. We find no evidence that it increases work by increasing the number of days or hours worked, or increases earnings. There is a need to provide the employment safety net to help the EITC recipients get better jobs. First, 30% of the EITC recipients look for a job. There is a need to encourage them to participate in the National Employment Support System, which provides both income support and employment service for the vulnerable job seekers who do not receive unemployment insurance benefits. Second, only 40% of the EITC recipients are enrolled in social insurance. It is necessary to strengthen social protection against the social risk by supporting social insurance premiums for the EITC recipients.
Role of Transfer Agent(TA) in Immunity

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

In the infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis, both immunization with a live vaccines)-4) or convalescent immunity~> were found to achieve high resistance against further infection with a virulent strain of the same organism.It was noted further that the cultured mononuclear phagocytes (termed macrophage) , derived from either the peritoneal cavity, the subcutaneous tissue or the liver of immunized mice, resisted cell degeneration caused by in vitro infection with virulent strains regardless of the presence of antibody in tissue culture medium.By contrast, the serum obtained from immunized mice did not show any passive immunization against fatal infection and had no inhibitory effect on intracellular growth of virulent strains in cultured macrophages.Such resistance showed by cultured macrophages of immunized mice was referred to as cellular immunity.2)-8)We discovered in 1961 that the culture fluid of immunized macro-
Virtual sub-metering via combined classifiers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of virtual sub-metering is to disaggregate and report the operation of individual electrical loads beyond the single measurement point. Traditional non-intrusive load monitoring methods (steady state load classification, transient pattern analysis) usually fail if many similar loads are connected beyond the measurement point. This situation can be often encountered in commercial and public buildings. This paper provides a way how to substantially improve the performance of virtual sub-metering in this target environment via using combined classifier approach. The proposed algorithm utilize only inputs which are typically already available within the standard Building Management System (BMS) and combine this diverse information in an appropriate manner to get the results as well as their confidence.