jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The start of sustainability in Amazonia? A new paradigm based on fertility for sustainable land management

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In the Amazon, slash and burn is the most common technique used by American-Indians, small farmers and even big ranches to transform forests into rural landscapes. The basis of food subsistence for diverse populations (rice, corn and bean), slash and burn is also a must for the plantation of cocoa, coffee, palms and pastures. The Amazonian rural landscape is currently dominated by pastures, occupying around 80 % of the deforested surface. Even if the nature of the plantation varies according to location, height, soil type and local traditions, slash and burn remains relatively the same in all regions. Agro-ecological intensification and the integration of livestock and agriculture is 2-3 decades old. Different alternatives have been tested, particularly the introduction of leguminous (covering the land or forming trees) to improve the soil and to build a bank of proteins for cattle. New techniques for the recuperation of pasture lands have become widely popular among ranches. The introduction of one or two annual plantations between two pasture areas allows reestablishing fertility through the injection of nitrates and, as a result, increases the pasture's productivity. However, being relatively high-cost because of its demand in terms of mechanization and inputs, this technique is almost unaffordable for small Amazonian farmers. This low level of mechanization, along with the increasing need of changing the production paradigm due to the closing of the pioneer space, has led to the elaboration of new farming techniques, as permanent foodproducing plot, focused on land fertility more than on the exploration of natural resources. The first results are interesting from a technical, economic and social viewpoint. Revenues are as high as 4-5 t/ha for rice and corn, significantly surpassing the traditional 1.2-1.5 t/ha. Socially, these techniques have had a positive impact on comfort and work safety, food security, community empowerment and the involvement of youngsters in this new concept of farming. Besides this, the adoption of these new concepts paves the way for the reorganisation of the rural space at the property and community scales, especially through the implantation of agro-forest and pasture systems adapted to local conditions and through the reconstruction of forest areas in fragile zones (closeness to rivers, river sides, steep hills, etc.) Why did it take so long and why did we have to destroy so many natural resources before reaching this new paradigm?.
What Do We Know About Exposure at Default on Contingent Credit Lines? A Survey of the Literature and Empirical Analysis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Exposure at Default (EAD) quantification for the large exposures to contingent credit lines (CCLs) is a critical for models of credit risk amongst financial institutions. This includes expected loss calculations for loan provisions, economic credit capital as well as regulatory capital under the Basel II advanced Internal Ratings Based (IRB) framework. However, banks struggle in quantifying EAD due to limited empirical evidence and industry benchmarks, unavailable or inconsistent internal data and paucity of practical models. This study contributes to this modelling effort by surveying the existing literature and consolidating the empirical evidence on EAD. We consider recent extensions of prior empirical work that considers alternative determinants and measures of EAD risk in addition to the traditional approaches, including regression models and actuarial based models of EAD. We illustrate these new EAD paradigms through an empirical investigation using a sample of Moody’s rated defaulted firms, first the construction of a predictive econometric model in the generalized linear model class, followed by the calibration of an EAD model similar to basic CreditRisk type using Fast Fourrier transforms to convolute portfolio segments.
‘Filtering’ and the Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Summary This study attempted to clarify the nature of dysfunction in the selective attention of schizophrenics. Within the framework of Broadbent's (1971) theory of information processing it was argued that ‘filtering’ inefficiency should be reflected in a reduction in the discrepancy in performance on a short-term memory task between the condition of pre-instruction as to the relevant material and that of post-instruction. Three groups of subjects, 10 schizophrenics, 10 depressives, and 10 normals, matched for age and intelligence were tested on such a task. While the overall performance of normal subjects was superior to that of both psychiatric groups, depressives and schizophrenics did not differ. The normal group also showed a significantly greater improvement with pre-instruction than the psychiatric groups; again, the schizophrenics and depressives did not differ significantly, though there was a tendency for schizophrenics to benefit less than depressives from pre-instruction. It appears that ‘filtering’ difficulties as here defined may not be specific to schizophrenia. Alternative conceptualizations of the cognitive abnormalities shown by schizophrenics, such as slowness of information processing and difficulties in response selection, may be more useful.
Going from a trickle to a flood?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Structural Biology
Scientists often use x-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins, but these methods do not always work well for large protein complexes. In a Perspective, Smith and Rubinstein explain that electron microscopy, when performed at very low temperatures, can now yield very detailed structures of such protein complexes. Many structural biologists used to deride the method, called electron cryo-micoscopy, as “blobology” because it provided limited detail. Now, advances in detector technology and computer processing have lifted blobology into the realm of high-resolution techniques. The recent trickle of high-resolution structures from this method may soon become a flood.

Science , this issue p. [617][1]

[1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1256358
Prop of the State: Biblical Criticism and the Forensic Authority of the Bible

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chapter 4 looks at ways the Bible functioned as an instrument of legal power around the turn of the eighteenth century in county assizes, in reports by the ordinary of Newgate, and in the majority of printed sermons from the period. I then discuss the different responses to that legal power in writing about the Bible by John Locke, Anthony Collins, and Matthew Henry. This chapter argues that it is not the aesthetic, narrative dimensions of the Bible that have been eclipsed in the modern age, as Hans Frei contends, so much as the scope of its legal and political address.
THE EFFECT OF NASAL TAMPON USE ON COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: It is known that the use of nasal packing has many disadvantages. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term nasal obstruction due to nasal packing on cognitive functions.Methods: The study group consisted of 40 patients who had nasal congestion due to unilateral nasal septal devi-ation and for whom septoplasty was planned with a mer-ocel pack to be used as a nasal pack at the end of surgery. All surgeries were performed under local anesthesia us-ing 10 cc of jetocaine ampoule. Brief Symptom Inventory Test (BSI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Serial Digit Learning Test (SDL), Stroop Test, Visual Aural Digit Span Test (VADS) and P300 test were used to evaluate cognitive functions, symptoms of concentration difficulties and blunted af-fect both preoperatively and peroperatively before nasal pack removal.Results: All symptoms showed significant per-opera-tive (with a nasal pack in place) deterioration in all pa-tients (p&lt;0.001) on the VAS. The mean per-operative SDL (16.34±5.77), Stroop Test (26.67±3.39), BSI (22.25±11.95) and VADS (21.13±3.44) scores showed significant deteri-oration compared with mean preoperative Stroop Test (20.06±3.14), SDL (22.38±4.34), VADS (25.86±2.92) and BSI (32.58±12.49) scores (p&lt;0.001). The peroperative and preoperative P300 latency and amplitude values showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.001).Conclusion: The use of a nasal pack, which closes both nasal passages fully, such as a merocel pack, has negative effects on cognitive functions such as the ability to focus and maintain concentration.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOANATOMIC RESPONSES OF Bowdichia virgilioides KUNTH. (FABACEAE) TO GLYPHOSATE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The expansion of agribusiness in Brazil is partly due to the expansion of arable areas in the Cerrado biome, which, consequently, leads to an increase in the use of herbicides, including glyphosate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and morphoanatomic responses of Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth. (Fabaceae), when exposed to the herbicide glyphosate, under controlled greenhouse conditions. In addition, the study proposed to identify possible response patterns of the studied species and provide subsidies for the study of the species in areas affected by the drift of the herbicide. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with seven doses of the herbicide: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 g i.a ha-1 besides the control (0), with four repetitions each. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence emission, chloroplast pigment content, membrane permeability, and visual and anatomical features were analyzed. The results showed that glyphosate is phytotoxic to B. virgilioides because, even at low doses, this herbicide was able to affect all parameters analyzed. There was also confirmation of the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly in the palisade parenchyma. The metabolic alterations presented demonstrated the sensitivity of B. virgilioides to glyphosate. Thus, the observed responses can serve as a tool for diagnosing the effects of glyphosate exposure on this species, present in native areas affected by the drift of this herbicide. Its indiscriminate use poses a risk to Cerrado biodiversity.
Vivre de la politique. Les «quinze mille», le mandat et le métier

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To live on politics. The «15 000», the mandate and the profession. Alain Garrigou [7-34]. In November 1906 an Act was adopted which increased the parliamentary salary from 9 000 to 15 000 francs. As a result of a press campaign, this event, without any real legislative importance, activated the passions. It can be analyzed as one of the crucial moments in the process of political professionalization, one of these moments where the long and diffuse process of replacement of the notables by political entrepreneurs is suddenly revealed, and can therefore be analyzed. To make the political profession a full time paid activity : this claim is denounced as «corporatist» by some, considered shameful by a lot of deputies who will try to legitimate it as both a condition for democracy and a guarantee of the ability of the elected member. It is the redefinition of a profession that is happening in the controversy on the parliamentary salary.
Assessment of Spare Transformer Requirements for Distribution Stations

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper describes a probabilistic method for determining the number of spare transformers (regular spare transformers and mobile unit substations) required for a group of distribution transformers in order to meet a predetermined level of the group availability. The method is based on a Markov model and accounts for a number of factors that affect the number of spare units. The factors include the use of both regular spare transformers (RSTs) and mobile unit substations (MUSs), type of transformer failure and the various parameters of regular transformers, and spare transformers. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the factors that affect most the number of spare units. The proposed method is illustrated using a sample system of the Hydro One's distribution stations.
Volcanogenic Tonsteins from Bukit Asam Coalfield, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In the Muara Enim Formation, at least 18 coal layers are found, however only five main coal
seams layer in Bukit Asam coalfield e.g the A1 and A2 (Mangus) seams, B1 and B2 (Suban) seams
as well as C (Petai) seams are considered economic to be mined. A major influence on the
evolution of peat mires and coal formation in the Muara Enim Formation was volcanic activity
during the deposition. Volcanic eruptions in the surrounding area produced ash which accumulated
as claystone layers or tonsteins in the coal seams. Based on systematic field mapping, several
tonsteins layers were founded and sampled in the research area, e.g. tonsteins in interseam layer of
A1, A2, B1, B2 and C seam. This paper only focused on the tonstein in between B and C seam. The
mineralogy of the tonsteins has been evaluated using thin section and qualitative X-ray diffraction
(XRD) techniques. Tonstein in Bukit Asam coalfield, consisting mainly of kaolinite, quartz,
dickite and calcite. The results suggest that these tonsteins were derived from acid volcanic ash
fallout, which was subsequently altered into relatively kaolinitic rocks through hydrolysis and
diagenesis in a peat-bog environment. The tonsteins in Muara Enim Formation are significance in
providing distinctive horizons for stratigraphic correlation purposes
Selenoglutathione:  Efficient Oxidative Protein Folding by a Diselenide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Diselenide bonds are intrinsically more stable than disulfide bonds. To examine how this stability difference affects reactivity, we synthesized selenoglutathione (GSeSeG), an analogue of the oxidized form of the tripeptide glutathione that contains a diselenide bond in place of the natural disulfide. The reduction potential of this diselenide bond was determined to be -407 +/- 9 mV, a value which is 151 mV lower than that of the disulfide bond in glutathione (GSSG). Thus, the diselenide bond of GSeSeG is 7 kcal/mol more stable than the disulfide bond of GSSG. Nonetheless, we found that GSeSeG can be used to oxidize cysteine residues in unfolded proteins, a process that is driven by the gain in protein conformational stability upon folding. Indeed, the folding of both ribonuclease A (RNase A) and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) proceeded efficiently using GSeSeG as an oxidant, in the former case with a 2-fold rate increase relative to GSSG and in the latter case accelerating conversion of a stable folding intermediate to the native state. In addition, GSeSeG can also oxidize the common biological cofactor NADPH and is a good substrate for the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase (kcat = 69 +/- 2 s-1, Km = 54 +/- 7 microM), suggesting that diselenides can efficiently interact with the cellular redox machinery. Surprisingly, the greater thermodynamic stability of diselenide bonds relative to disulfide bonds is not matched by a corresponding decrease in reactivity.
Rethinking policy and institutional imperatives for integrated watershed management: Lessons and experiences from semi-arid India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the institutional and policy issues that limit effective participation of resource users in community watershed programs and identifies key lessons for harnessing collective action and its effectiveness in achieving economic and environmental outcomes. It shows that spatial and temporal attributes of watersheds and the associated market failures that accelerate degradation of agricultural and environmental resources require innovative policy and institutional arrangements for coordinating use and management of resources. Under enabling policies, IWM can effectively contribute towards diversification of production into high-value products, reversal of resource degradation, growth in the incomes of the poor and enhance the ability to mitigate the effect of drought. However, the degree of biophysical and social complexity within watershed communities could often undermine incentives for collective action, thwart distribution of benefits against the landless and resource-poor households and even lead to depletion of groundwater resources. Governments and other stakeholders have a unique role to play in kick-starting the process of transformation through strategic natural resource and productivity-enhancing investments that strengthen local capacity for collective action and generate local public goods. Such collective investments could serve as building blocks for private productivity-enhancing and risk-mitigating investments as they boost profitability of productive assets (land and labor) and encourage farmer adoption of beneficial conservation practices. The lessons and experiences also show that integrating interventions along watershed frontiers would require a flexible learning alliance of institutions and cross-disciplinary teams with complementary skills and competencies.
Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Improve Safe Handling of Chemotherapeutic Drugs Among Healthcare Workers in Vietnam

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE To ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers (HCWs), guidelines for the safe handling of hazardous drugs, such as chemotherapy agents, and the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) are critical. These guidelines and PPE are only effective if they are followed. In developing countries, models to improve PPE compliance to reduce HCWs occupational exposure are required. This pilot aims to evaluate PPE compliance following an educational program in four hospitals caring for children with cancer in Vietnam. METHODS Healthcare workers classified as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and ancillary staff from pediatric hematology oncology and pharmacy departments from four hospitals undertook a 90-minute educational program. The educational intervention included a video on the management of hazardous drug spills and slides presentation on principles of safe hazardous drugs handling facilitated by trainers at each facility. Compliance was monitored monthly for 3 months following the intervention. Participants completed pre- and post- intervention online anonymous knowledge questionnaire. T and Ï‡2-tests are used for statistical analyses. RESULTS We conducted a total of 2894 direct observations for PPE compliance, including 1,129 pre-intervention and 1765 post-intervention. PPE compliance increased significantly from baseline 44% to 79%; P < 0.001. Compliance improved on all indications and professional categories following the introduction of the educational intervention. Greatest significant improvements were seen with disposal or cleaning (62 vs 7%; P < 0.001), administration (59 vs 25%; P < 0.001), and physician group (58 vs 9%; P < 0.001), respectively. There was significant increase in mean total knowledge score post-intervention (17.7 ±2.1) than pre-intervention (15.5 Â±3.4) (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION A simple educational model was implemented in four Vietnamese hospitals that revealed good PPE compliance. Safe handling knowledge of chemotherapeutic drugs increased during the intervention. This PPE compliance model could be used in developing countries where resources are limited.
Transformation of Grouped or Censored Data to Near Normality.

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Box and Cox (1964) an analysis of transformations proposed a power transformation which has proven utility for tranforming ungrouped data to near normality. In this paper, we extend its applicability to two frequently encountered situations: (i) grouped data and (ii) Type I censored data. The asymptotic properties of the estimators are derived and illustrative examples are presented.
IC‐P‐002: Invivo detection of age‐related cerebral glucose uptake alterations by PET in microcebus murinus primates

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Aging and associated pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major public health challenges. Implementation of new animal models and associated biomarkers monitoring aging processes are critical to better evaluate future therapies. In humans, FDG-PET is widely used to characterize early cerebral metabolic changes associated to aging and AD. (Kalpouzos 2009, Mosconi, 2007). We focused on the small primate (Microcebus murinus (M.m.), during aging some animals develop cognitive impairments (Picq, 2007), amyloid plaque depositions, and altered Tau protein accumulation associated with cerebral atrophy (Kraska, 2009). Brain atrophy is predictive of cognitive alterations (Picq, 2010). The aim of the current study was to evaluate age-associated evolution of glucose uptake in M.m. by using non-invasive FDG PET. Seventeen M.m. (1.5 to 9 years) were evaluated by PET with MicroPET® Focus220 system (FDG: 900μCurie/100g, i.v.) and 3D-MR images were recorded (PharmaScan Bruker 7T). M.m were anesthetized by isoflurane duringimages acquisition. MR and PET images were co-registered by rigid transformations to define volumes of interest (VOI) in brain and appraise Standard UptakeValues (SUV) as well as relative values as compared to whole brain. MR images didn't reveal any severe atrophy this study is focused on normal aging. PET study revealed a relationship between age and SUVs in the frontal cortex, the cerebellum, and in the whole brain. However, relative values were not correlated with age. The cohort was split by the M.m. midlife (4.5 years) in two groups, young (1.9±0.2 years) and old animals (6.4±0.5 years).This second analyse showed a difference between young and old animals in thewhole brain, frontal cortex and cerebellum (t-test). Anage-associated evolution of glucose uptake as measured by SUVs could bedetected in non-severely atrophied M.m. and resembles evolution of the regionalcerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRGlc) observed in healthy aged humans.This study is a first step toward the characterization of age-associated changesof brain glucose uptake in M.m. and will be useful to understand brain aging in M.m.
Development of an accelerated test design for predicting the service life of the solar array at Mead, Nebraska

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Potential long-term degradation modes for the two types of modules in the Mead array were determined and judgments were made as to those environmental stresses and combinations of stresses which accelerate the degradation of the power output. Hierarchical trees representing the severity of effects of stresses (test conditions) on eleven individual degradation modes were constructed and were pruned of tests judged to be nonessential. Composites of those trees were developed so that there is now one pruned tree covering eight degradation modes, another covering two degradation modes, and a third covering one degradation mode. These three composite trees form the basis for selection of test conditions in the final test plan which is now being prepared.