jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Brief Review of Recent Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Manipulation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has become a popular learning paradigm for decision and control and has been widely applied in robot manipulation in recent years. However, due to its special learning pattern of "trial and error", there are still some remaining problems with DRL. Such as exploration dilemma, sample inefficient, and slow convergence, are to be refined, especially when faced with complex long-horizon tasks. As a solution for these limits, hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is proposed and developed by decomposing challenging tasks into multiple simpler subtasks, to efficiently solve the main task in a"divide and conquer" manner. At present, there are comprehensive HRL methods for robotic manipulation tasks, while a review is lacking. To facilitate researchers to form a general view of this field, we systematically summarize related HRL methods for robotic manipulation. This review carries out literature sortation in a novel taxonomy of subtask generation and divides HRL methods into two categories: handcrafted subtask generation and learning-based subtask generation. A great number of representative methods are analyzed in detail. In the end, we also present some important future directions for HRL.
Crop Diversification in the Sahel through Use of Environmental Changes near Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is well adapted to the harsh environment of the West African Sahel but has relatively low genetic yield potential and market value. Crop diversification is desirable, but alternative crops generally cannot tolerate the harsh climate and soil conditions that pearl millet can. This study tested the hypothesis that alternative crops could be grown near Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev. (syn. Acacia albida ), a tree species of semiarid Africa, because of its ameliorating effects on the surrounding environment. Octants around trees were sown to pearl millet, maize ( Zea mays L.), sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L). Crop, soil, and climate measurements were made periodically during the growing season. Soil fertility and fine‐particle content decreased with distance from trees. Inside the canopy, irradiance was reduced by 0.5 to 1.0 kW m −2 and daytime soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m was reduced by as much as 6°C. Improved conditions within the tree canopy were reflected by increased crop yield. Sorghum and maize tended to use less soil water than millet. Sorghum and maize yielded more than 120 g m −2 near the tree bole, whereas millet yielded ≈ 80 g m −2 . Near the edge of the tree canopy, where pearl millet maintained yields of 40 g m −2 , the other crops tended to fail. Faidherbia albida trees can be used to diversify cropping systems and increase yields in the Sahel, but adoption of this agroforestry system may be constrained by modern social factors which have disrupted traditional land husbandry practices.
Dietary aflatoxins, intelligence and school performance in southern Georgia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a region of southern Georgia known for poor school performance, the mothers of the mentally retarded children had diets that differed from the average in terms of foods, but did not differ in terms of critical nutrients. The consumption of large amounts of corn, rice, peanuts and milk (foods potentially high in aflatoxins) was significantly related to mental retardation of children in one county having high levels of aflatoxins in the food supply. However, no such relationship was found in a county having trivial levels of aflatoxins in the diet.
Fabrication of high-performance lens arrays for micro-concentrator photovoltaics using ultraviolet imprinting

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Micro-concentrator photovoltaics (micro-CPV) is a cutting-edge CPV approach aimed at increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost and carbon footprint of solar electricity by downscaling concentrator solar cells and optics. The reduced size of micro-CPV provides several advantages over conventional CPV, including shorter optical paths and lower temperature and resistive losses in the cell, resulting in higher electrical efficiencies. This may increase the energy yield per area compared to conventional CPV or silicon modules. Cost reduction is achieved through material savings and the use of continuous manufacturing methods enabled by the tiny size of cells and optics, such as roll-to-roll (R2R) and roll-to-plate (R2P) ultraviolet (UV) imprinting for optics production. However, adapting these processes to large-area arrays of Fresnel micro-lenses with no wasted areas and high efficiency remains a challenge. In this study, we present a comprehensive methodology for the development of micro-CPV optics with full area coverage—from design and mastering to up-scaling, tooling, and replication. The methodology involves designing a non-rotationally symmetric elementary insert tailored to ultraviolet imprinting. Crucially, multiple inserts are originated via precision machining and recombined to form a single array master mold without wasted areas. The master is then replicated into a flexible working stamp for UV imprinting of Fresnel lens arrays, utilizing different UV curable materials. The functional characterization of the lenses demonstrates an optical efficiency of 80% at 178X under collimated white light, representing the highest effective concentration achieved using UV-imprinted Fresnel lenses. Furthermore, initial reliability tests confirm the absence of degradation during thermal cycling or outdoor exposure. This methodology paves the way for continuous high-throughput manufacturing of micro-lens arrays using R2R or R2P methods, presenting a significant step forward in micro-CPV.
Risk factors of hearing defects and their relationship to the outcome of hearing screening among neonates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Increased exposure to risk factors of hearing loss leads to a high susceptibility to deafness among neonates admitted to neonatal care units in developing countries. Objective: This article aims to study the prevalence of risk factors for neonatal hearing defect and determine their effect on the result of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions hearing test ( TEOAE). Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out for a period of one year from 1st October, 2016 to 30 th September, 2017 in the CWTH, Medical city, Baghdad, Iraq Demographic characteristics and certain risk factors were recorded for screened neonates. TEOAE test was done and if they failed to pass two steps, they were referred to autom ated auditory brainstem - response (AABR). Results: Out of 400 neonates, 342 (85.5%) passed from step 1TEOAE, while 58 (14.5%) were referred to step 2. From 58, 26 (44.8%) have passed step 2 and 32 (55.2%) not pass step 2 and were referred to AABR. From those 32 neonates with suspected hearing defect, NICU stay >7 days, ototoxic drugs >7days, use of ventilator >7 days, birth weight <1500gm, and craniofacial malformations were the main risk factors for hearing defects occurring in (90.6%), (90.6%), (59.4%), (40.6%), and (21.9%) respectively. Conclusions: Low birth weight , long intensive care stay, mechanical ventilation, drugs ototoxicity and craniofacial malformation of neonates are the main risk factors for failed TEOAE test
Paper A Method of Mobile Base Station Placement for High Altitude Platform Based Network with Geographical Clustering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract—High altitude platforms (HAPs) such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which can be deployed as stratospheric infrastructures enable a sort of new configurations of wireless networks. Ground nodes must be clustered in multiple sets and one dedicated UAV is assigned to each set and act as an mobile base station (MBS). For the intra-set nodes, UAVs must communicate each other in order to establish network links among intra-set nodes. Here we find a geographical clustering problem of networking nodes and a placement problem of MBSs. The clustering technique of mobile ground nodes can identify the geographical location of MBSs as well as the coverage of MBSs. In this paper we proposed a clustering mechanism to build such a configuration and the effectiveness of this solution is demonstrated by simulation. For a selected region with a relatively big island, we modeled mobile ground nodes and showed the result of dynamic placement of MBSs by our clustering algorithm. The final results will be shown graphically with the mobility of ground nodes as well as the placement of MBSs.
New method for detection and parameter estimation of STLFM signal

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to reduce the computation complexity of parameter estimation for STLFM signals, a new algorithm based on Ambiguity Function slice and Fractional Fourier Transform is presented. Firstly, the frequency rate is estimated through one AF slice at fixed time-delay of observation signals, and then getting the best order of FrFT. Finally, the other parameters, including frequency modulation bandwidth, frequency modulation cycle and center frequency, is estimated by twice FrFT. The whole processing just need three times FFT computation complexity and can estimate all the STLFM signal parameters. Simulation results show that the algorithm can estimate the parameters of chirp signal quickly and effectively. (7 pages)
The Administration of Canadian Colombo Plan Aid

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

July 1, 1961, the Post Office Department in Ottawa will issue a stamp to mark the completion of the first ten years of Colombo Plan aid. At about the same time, a carefully prepared documentary film on this theme will be released by the National Film Board. Neither of these attempts to focus opinion is very dramatic in itself; each, however, is the reflection of an important stock-taking that has occupied many good minds over the past twelve to eighteen months, and that undoubtedly will determine the shape and character of Canadian external assistance for at least the second decade of our major aid operations. What is now occurring in Ottawa is less a fundamental revision in the aims and mechanics of our overseas aid than a conscious alteration of priorities in a unified policy and the creation of a flexible, centrally directed administrative machine. Certainly there will be fresh policies that may seem more than a simple shift in emphasis. The actual demise of the Economic and Technical Assistance Branch of the Department of Trade and Commerce (E.T.A.B.) and the transfer of several key officials of the Departments of External Affairs and Finance are noteworthy in themselves. Yet the real significance of the emergence of the still young External Aid Office is that for the first time since Canadian aid acquired a specific administrative base in September 1950, an effort is being made to frame a coherent aid policy clearly in harmony with Canadian foreign policy. Furthermore, that aid policy itself appears likely to
Correlates of Buying Behavior for Grocery Products

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Do heavy buyers of a grocery product have different economic characteristics than light buyers? Are private-brand-prone customers really different? Are customers who exhibit a high degree of brand loyalty in a product category different than those exhibiting less loyalty? In what way are the characteristics of customers who tend to purchase a product at a low cost per unit different from those who pay higher prices? The author reports the results of five studies, each focused on one of the above questions. The studies provide some interesting insights into the usefulness of household purchasing characteristics as bases for market segmentation.
Gender Inequality Experienced by Jo March in the Film “Little Women (2019)”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research investigated the forms of gender discrimination experienced by the female character Jo March in the film "Little Women (2019)" and Jo's efforts against the discrimination in her societal life during the post-Civil War era in America. The study is conducted through a contextual approach and utilizes Simone de Beauvoir's feminist study approach. This research identifies the forms of discrimination experienced by the character Jo March in aspects of work, life, and family. Additionally, the research also reveals the forms of resistance carried out by Jo March in confronting gender discrimination including (1) continuing her work; (2) rejecting gender conventions; (3) pursuing independence in education and financial matters; and (4) advocating for women's rights. This research provides insights into the gender inequality faced by women in America at that time. The findings are expected to inspire women to further advocate for their rights and not give up in the face of the discrimination they experience. This study contributes to the field of gender studies by highlighting the pervasive impact of patriarchal norms on gender discrimination, thereby inspiring women to advocate for their rights and fostering a deeper understanding of gender equality. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for future research, encouraging a broader exploration of feminist issues and the diverse cultural contexts affecting women's roles and autonomy.
Numerical Simulation of Skid Steer Loader Steering Characteristic

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to analyze the steering dynamic characteristic of the skid steer loader, refer to the theory of tracked vehicle, established the steering Kinematic and dynamic models. use AMESim software platform and Motion software platform to establish a Co-Simulation model of steering system based on theoretical analysis of skid steer loader steering travel. The results show that: the model can predict the dynamic characteristics of the skid steer loader skid steering process.
A new method for magnetic position and orientation tracking

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The method is based on two-axis generation of a quasi-static rotating magnetic field and three-axis sensing. Two mutually orthogonal coils fed with phase-quadrature currents comprise the excitation source, which is equal to a mechanically rotating magnetic dipole. The resulting excitation field rotates elliptically at any position in the near-field region. The AC part of the squared field magnitude is a sinusoidal wave at twice the excitation frequency. The following set of parameters uniquely characterize the excitation at the sensor's position: the phase of the squared field waveform, relative to the excitation currents, the minimum field value, the ratio of the field extremes, and the orientation of the excitation field plane. Simple and explicit analytical expressions are given which relate the first three parameters to the azimuth, elevation, and distance from the source to the sensor, respectively. The orientation of the sensor axes, relative to the plane of the excitation, can easily be determined by comparing the phase and amplitude of the measured signals against the phase and amplitude of the excitation field at the sensor's position. Apart from simplicity, the proposed method increases the speed of tracking; a single period of excitation is in principle sufficient to obtain all of the information needed to determine both the sensor's position and orientation. A continuous sinusoidal excitation mode allows an efficient phase-locking and accurate detection of the sensor output. It also improves the electromagnetic compatibility of the method.
On non-singular GRADELA crack fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A brief account is provided on crack-tip solutions that have recently been published in the literature by employing the so-called GRADELA model and its variants. The GRADELA model is a simple gradient elasticity theory involving one internal length in addition to the two Lame' constants, in an effort to eliminate elastic singularities and discontinuities and to interpret elastic size effects. The non-singular strains and non-singular (but sometimes singular or even hypersingular) stresses derived this way under different boundary conditions differ from each other and their physical meaning in not clear. This is discussed which focus on the form and physical meaning of non-singular solutions for crack-tip stresses and strains that are possible to obtain within the GRADELA model and its extensions.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Reliance on the Police

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Contemporary theories suggest that, due to limited access and generalized distrust, residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods are relatively unlikely to report matters to police. Although existing studies reveal few ecological differences in crime reporting, findings may be limited to victim/offense subsets represented in aggregated victimization data. Using calls-for-service (CFS) data from a Pacific Northwest city, this study assesses the degree to which neighborhood block groups ( N = 164) vary in incidents reported to police overall and subsequent to the elimination of a major nonemergency-reporting mechanism. Two hypotheses are assessed: First, CFS rates will vary inversely with neighborhood disadvantage, net of the effect of objective levels of crime and other control variables; second, CFS originating in affluent neighborhoods will exhibit greater year-to-year decreases relative to disadvantaged neighborhoods following reduction of local reporting services in 2004. Findings from spatial analyses indicate that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods tend to rely on police for assistance as much as, if not more than, people elsewhere.
X-ray and Radio Observations of the Massive Star Forming Region IRAS 20126+4104

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present results of Chandra ACIS-I and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) 6 cm continuum observations of the IRAS 20126+4104 massive star forming region. We detect 150 X-ray sources within the 17 arcmin x 17 arcmin ACIS-I field, and a total of 13 radio sources within the 9'.2 primary beam at 4.9 GHz. Among these are the first 6 cm detections of the central sources reported by Hofner et al. (2007), namely I20N1, I20S, and I20var. A new variable radio sources is also reported. Searching the 2MASS archive we identified 88 NIR counterparts to the X-ray sources. Only 4 of the X-ray sources had 6 cm counterparts. Based on an NIR color-color analysis, and on the Besancon simulation of Galactic stellar populations (Robin et al. 2003), we estimate that about 90 X-ray sources are associated with this massive star forming region. We detect an increasing surface density of X-ray sources toward the massive protostar and infer the presence of a cluster of at least 46 YSOs within a distance of 1.2 pc from the massive protostar.
Application of Deep Learning with ResNet50 for Early Detection of Melanoma Skin Cancer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cancer is a type of disease that can be fatal. Some of the cancers with the highest death rates in Indonesia include uterine cancer, breast cancer and skin cancer. The most malignant types of skin cancer are melanoma, which has a high mortality rate, especially if not detected in the early stages, and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMS Cs). Management of this disease depends on whether the type of skin cancer is malignant (malignant) or non-malignant (benign). Therefore, we need a system that can classify types of skin cancer with high accuracy. In this research, the author will use deep learning with the InceptionV3 and ResNet50 algorithms to carry out classification. The aim of this research is to classify types of skin cancer using the InceptionV3 and ResNet50 architecture. The skin cancer dataset used consists of two classes, namely Benign and Malignant, with a total of 3297 data, consisting of 660 data for testing and 2637 data for training. Research stages include data acquisition, preprocessing, classification, and analysis of results. Experimental results show that ResNet-50 produces the best performance with an accuracy level of 0.87. Innovations from this research include using a larger dataset, testing two deep learning architectures, modifying hyperparameters, and using a different layer architecture, which produces better accuracy than previous research. It is hoped that the results of this research can be applied to classify skin cancer more accurately.
Does Inflation Targeting Matter?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper asks whether inflation targeting improves economic performance, as measured by the behavior of inflation, output, and interest rates.We compare seven OECD countries that adopted inflation targeting in the early 1990s to thirteen that did not.After the early 90s, performance improved along many dimensions for both the targeting countries and the non-targeters.In some cases the targeters improved by more; for example, average inflation fell by a larger amount.However, these differences are explained by the facts that targeters performed worse than non-targeters before the early 90s, and there is regression to the mean.Once one controls for regression to the mean, there is no evidence that inflation targeting improves performance.
A randomized controlled trial of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in a rabbit model of ascending infection in pregnancy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra) would affect amniotic fluid concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and prostaglandins or clinical or microbiological outcomes in a model of ascending bacterial infection in pregnancy.\nMETHODS: Timed pregnant New Zealand white rabbits at 70% of gestation underwent endoscopic inoculation of the cervices with 10(6) - 10(7) cfu Escherichia coli. Animals were randomly assigned in a blinded manner to a 5-h intravenous infusion of human IL1-ra (10 mg/kg) or placebo beginning 1-2 h after inoculation. Blood was drawn from the does for assay of serum IL1-ra concentration before inoculation, at mid-infusion, after the infusion ended and at necropsy. At necropsy, temperature and cultures were taken, and aspirated amniotic fluid was pooled for assays of TNF-aalpha, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and ILI-ra.\nRESULTS: Serum IL1-ra concentrations rose to a mean of 2 microg/ml at mid-infusion and fell markedly after the infusion to concentrations barely detectable at necropsy. Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in the rates of fever or positive cultures or in amniotic fluid concentrations of PGE2 or TNF-alpha. One unique finding was the demonstration that administration of human IL1-ra to the does resulted in measurable concentrations of human IL1-ra in the amniotic fluid.\nCONCLUSIONS: Treatment with an intravenous infusion of human IL1-ra after cervical inoculation with E. coli did not affect clinical or microbiological outcomes or amniotic fluid concentrations of TNF-alpha or PGE2. This experiment providesthefirstdemonstration of passage of human IL1-ra from the maternal bloodstream to the amniotic fluid.