jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS FOUND IN PLANT DETRITUS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

D rechsler , C harles . (Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.) Two new species of Conidiobolus found in plant detritus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 368—377. Illus. 1960.–By canopying Petri plates of maize‐meal agar with small quantities of friable or mealy plant detritus 2 new species of Conidiobolus, both of moderate dimensions, were isolated. They are described as C . incongruus and C . multivagus. The former, obtained from leaf mold collected in Colorado, produces zygospores which with respect to their internal organization differ markedly from those of congeneric species but resemble rather closely the globuliferous zygospores of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. meristosporus. Conidiobolus multivagus, obtained from decayed twigs of Casuarina equisetifolia gathered in western Florida, forms a mycelium that soon becomes conspicuously disconnected. The disconnected condition here results partly from the production of many detached slender filaments, which, by constantly withdrawing protoplasmic materials from the posterior end while elongating at the tip, migrate through the slated substratum apparently without any intake of nutrients. The detached conidia of C. incongruus are provided with a more prominent basal papilla than those of C. multivagus, though both species show equally sharp demarcation between the globose main contour of the conidium and the dome‐shaped contour of the papillia.
JOHN STUART MILL AND THE IRISH LAND QUESTION: AN ILLUSTRATION OF HIS VIEW ON SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

John Stuart Mill’s involvement with the Land Question in Ireland is analyzed from the viewpoint of his theory of institutions. I argue that, for Mill, institutions should promote progress without endangering social order. When referring to economic institutions, “progress” meant, essentially, human improvement, a rise in economic productivity, and the increase of social justice. According to Mill, the cottier system did not fulfill any of these requisites and should be abandoned. Mill also rejected transposing to Ireland the “English model” of capitalist agriculture. This institution could eventually solve the economic problem but involved the unjust eviction of tenants and would not regenerate the Irish character. Given the particularities of Ireland, Mill endorsed peasant property as the most suitable form of land appropriation. It would, at the same time, improve the character of the people, enhance productivity, and increase the social justice of the system. It would also mitigate the conflicts that jeopardized social order.
Baryon junction and string interactions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study junctions between confining strings. We show that the effective theory of such junctions is very predictive, with only one new parameter, the junction’s mass, controlling the first couple of terms in the expansion in the system size. By open-closed string duality, these considerations about the baryon junction map to interaction vertices of closed strings. Therefore, we calculate the interaction vertices of closed strings in theories such as Yang-Mills theory. We find some surprising selection rules for string interactions in 3+1 dimensions. Requiring perturbative stability and that the string coupling is weak, we suggest constraints on the junction’s mass. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
A Constellation of Misfortune

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Quantitative studies have drawn attention to the patterning of health inequalities in relation to subjective social status (SSS). There is currently little insight into the complexities of the social and biographical aspects that lie behind these findings. Narrative accounts were gathered in a mixed-methods study involving a population of people with coronary heart disease (CHD) and/or diabetes in a region of the United Kingdom with above average levels of socio-economic deprivation. The aim of this secondary qualitative analysis was to examine the accounts of interviewees with low socio-economic status (SES) who ranked themselves either low or high in terms of SSS. The results highlight the multiplicity of adverse circumstances leading to subjective assessments of low SSS. Loss of employment status contributed more to a feeling of being “at the bottom of the ladder” than the symptoms of chronic illness did, perhaps because having somewhere to go is central to the accrual of social, economic, and cultural capital. The narratives of those who ranked themselves highly (in spite of low SES) appeared to have more family and community connections. The findings contribute to theories of socio-economic biographies or trajectories, subjective social status, and engagement with the self-management aspects of chronic illness.
Kinetics of Photocontrollable Micelles: Light-Induced Self-Assembly and Disassembly of Azobenzene-Based Surfactants Revealed by TR-SAXS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The kinetics of micelles involving photosensitive surfactants is still not well understood. In this work, we unravel the mechanistic pathways involved in the micelle formation and dissolution of photocontrollable micelles. We focus on the fast self-assembly processes of photosensitive cationic azobenzene-containing surfactants (AzoTMA) that display a change in hydrophobicity induced by a reversible cis-trans conformational transition upon exposure to light. By combining both in situ time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and light scattering, we characterized the detailed structure and phase behavior of AzoTMA in mixtures of water and dimethylformamide (DMF). Time-resolved synchrotron SAXS with monochromatic light as a trigger enabled us to observe the nonequilibrium formation and dissolution process of micelles (demicellization) directly on the nanoscale with a time resolution starting from milliseconds. The structural results show that in pure water UV-light illumination leads to a 12% reduction of the aggregation number of the micelles and more than a 50% increase in the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Close to the CMC, adjusted by the addition of DMF, UV light illumination leads to a complete dissolution of the micelles, while shining blue light reverses the process and leads to the reformation of micelles. The UV-triggered dissolution follows a two-step mechanism; the first and rapid (second time scale) release of unimers is followed by a slower decomposition of the micelles (over tens of seconds) as a result of an increase in temperature due to optical absorption. Similarly, the reverse process, i.e., micelle formation, occurs rapidly upon photoconversion to trans conformers under blue light, and micelles are disrupted at long exposure time due to the optical absorption and corresponding increase in temperature. Interestingly, the coexistence of unimers with regular micelles is found at all times, and no other transient assemblies could be detected by SAXS.
Investigating landscape preference using fractal geometry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents the second half of an exploratory study looking at the use of fractal dimensions of landscape photographs as predictors of preference judgements. An online survey was prepared and disseminated in both the UK and France to collect demographic and preference data. By comparing different types of preference (aesthetic, cognitive and affective), it was found that the fractal dimensions of the images were most reliably correlated with participants’ desire to explore a scene. This correlation was strongest using the fractal dimension of the image’s extracted edges, and for British participants who grew up in peri-urban or rural environments.
Characteristics of 30 GHz MMIC Receivers for Satellite Feed Array Application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

RF characteristics of a 30 GHz "front-end" receiver incorporating three monolithic chips are presented. The ion-implanted GaAs MMIC chips include a 7 dB noise figure, 10 dB gain front-end amplifier, a 5-bit phase shifter and a 12 dB gain control amplifier. All three functions are accomplished at the receive frequency (27.5 - 30 GHz). Data presented for the interconnected receiver includes gain/loss measurements, relative phase shift measurements and noise figure. Characteristics from three such recieve modules are summarized and discussed.
Effect of Different Media and pH on Mycelial Growth of Sclerotium oryzae Causing Sheath Rot of Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sclerotium oryzae causing sheath rot of rice, is one of the most important pathogen causing heavy crop losses in all the major rice growing areas of the world, including Bangladesh. The growth and reproduction of this soil borne pathogen depends on growing media and abiotic factors. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of different culture media and pH on mycelial radial growth of S. oryzae, the experiment was conducted in the Plant Pathology Laboratory of Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. Performance of different media, carbon source and nitrogen source on radial mycelial growth was differed significantly. The maximum mycelial radial growth was observed on rice stem agar medium (70.40 mm) and minimum mycelial radial growth was recorded on cornmeal agar medium (50.60 mm). Considering carbon source, the maximum radial mycelial growth was found in glucose (66.40 mm) amended medium and no statistical differences were observed among sucrose, starch and Czapek dox agar containing medium. Based on nitrogen source, maximum radial mycelial growth was found in peptone medium (69.40 mm) but no statistical differences were exposed between Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and Sodium nitrate (NaNO3). pH- 6 played a vital role in radial mycelial growth (73.75 mm) of S. oryzae. South Asian J. Agric., 7(1&2): 67-72
Highly Conserved Neisseria meningitidis Surface Protein Confers Protection against Experimental Infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A new surface protein, named NspA, which is distinct from the previously described Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins was identified. An NspA-specific mAb, named Me-1, reacted with 99% of the meningococcal strains tested indicating that the epitope recognized by this particular mAb is widely distributed and highly conserved. Western immunoblotting experiments indicated that mAb Me-1 is directed against a protein band with an approximate molecular mass of 22,000, but also recognized a minor protein band with an approximate molecular mass of 18,000. This mAb exhibited bactericidal activity against four meningococcal strains, two isolates of serogroup B, and one isolate from each serogroup A and C, and passively protected mice against an experimental infection. To further characterize the NspA protein and to evaluate the protective potential of recombinant NspA protein, the nspA gene was identified and cloned into a low copy expression vector. Nucleotide sequencing of the meningococcal insert revealed an ORF of 525 nucleotides coding for a polypeptide of 174 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular weight of 18,404 and a isoelectric point of 9.93. Three injections of either 10 or 20 μg of the affinity-purified recombinant NspA protein efficiently protected 80% of the mice against a meningococcal deadly challenge comparatively to the 20% observed in the control groups. The fact that the NspA protein can elicit the production of bactericidal and protective antibodies emphasize its potential as a vaccine candidate.
On increasing of the competitiveness of the garment industry in Siberian federal district on the basis of the industrial cluster establishment

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The issue of the development prospects of the Russian economy and the economy of its individual branches in the regions is highly relevant in terms of the increasing crises and economic development challenges. The scope of the study is a garment industry of the Siberian Federal District, which includes 12 subjects, and only six of them develop the garment industry actively. There are the regions of Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia. The subject matter of the research is the state and prospects of the garment industry of the Siberian Federal District. It also includes the assessment of the garment industry as one of the sub-sectors of the light industry in terms of its competitiveness in the domestic market. The purpose of the comprehensive study is to determine the conditions and factors affecting the development of the industry, as well as to identify its development reserves and competitiveness on the basis of industrial cluster’s generation. The hypothesis of this study is that in the Siberian Federal District, there are a need and reserves to create a cluster of the garment industry. The main methods of the study are the comparative analysis, the expert assessment of the sector in certain regions of the Siberian Federal District, as well as the assessment of possible formation of the industrial cluster in the region. The results of the study are the evaluation of the competitiveness and prospects of the garment industry in Russia and the Siberian Federal District (a low level of development and competitiveness); the evaluation of the development level of the garment industry in the Federal District, which have showed the demand for apparel products from the population and enterprises, as well as the conditions for the provision of clothing manufacture with natural fabrics and synthetic materials, labor resources and research and development achievements; also the justification of the existing potential for development of a sectoral cluster by means of pooling together the productions and economic communications of the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions at the initial stage. The obtained results should be used to strengthen works for the development of regional industrial cluster (with a creation of a working group at the regional governments, the garment industry development programs, and practical measures for its realization), as well as a creation of conditions for stimulation of investment activity of entrepreneurs. The research has confirmed the hypothesis, that in the Siberian Federal District, there are a need and reserves to create a cluster of the garment industry.
Telomere length characteristics at baseline.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>A) Mean relative telomere length (RTL) at baseline in control (n = 30), PD (n = 124), PSP (n = 17) and MSA (n = 13) samples. Age-adjusted p-values comparing control with patient subgroups. B) RTL as a function of age at baseline with regression lines. Correlation between telomere length and age in control and patient subgroups examined using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. No significant (p = 0.394) difference in the relationship between RTL and age was found in control and patient groups.</p>
[Aerodontalgia. Report of a case].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Dental pains provoked by an altitude beyond 5.000 ft can occur with any kind of tooth, healthy or restored. It is considered as a consequence of a brutal pressure change. The incidence has not been decreasing in spite of flight conditions improvement. These kind of dental pain cause a problem for those who fly: civilian and military pilots as well as airlines passengers. The conditions in which this might happened are variable. There may be a definite correlation between the character of the symptoms of aerodontalgia and the underlying pulpal pathology. The proposed etiology concerning pathological teeth is an oedema and hyperthermia of the pulp which can lead to necrosis. In an indirect type dental pain is secondary to stimulation of the superior alveolar nerves by a maxillary barosinusitis, or anatomic malformation. The most frequent is a pain during ascent (decompression), and the most concerned teeth are upper molars. The preventive treatment is very important. Both complete clinical and radiological examinations must be achieved. Regular dental examination are-essential for the crew. Aerodontalgia can be largely prevented by high quality root and dental cares. The case of a 26 years old man who use to suffer for a long time of dental pain during flights is in accordance with the dominant clinical symptoms of this affection.
Pourbaix Diagrams for H2O Oxidation to Adsorbed OH on Pt(111) and Why They Differ from Those for Bulk Solids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Density functional calculations show that Pourbaix diagrams for reactions involving surface species are not the same as for bulk solids. This finding is based on calculations for the onset potentials over the pH range 0–14 for 15 water oxidation reactions forming OH(ads) + H+(aq) + e– on Pt(111). The deviations are results of the dependencies of Gibbs energies of adsorbed reactants on the electrode potential, causing their activities to change with potential instead of being fixed at unity, which is the case for Pourbaix diagrams of solids. In a sense, the redox couple changes as the electrode potential changes because at each potential the adsorbed reactants and products have new structures.
[Physical therapy with analgesic effects in inflammatory rheumatic diseases].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In praxis, one is not only concerned about the linear connection between rheumatic inflammation and pain therapy--pharmacological or physical treatment--but about an optimal connection of the whole spectrum of symptoms regarding the joint status with different options of actions on one hand, and the treatment procedure of choice beside pain therapy on the other hand. The understanding of the mode of action regarding physiotherapeutic methods with analgetic effects is due to the knowledge about the pathophysiologic relationship between inflammation and pain. On one hand, the information of pain from the periphery causes a sensibilisation of central nervous areas and therefore allodynia as well as irradiation of the painful area. On the other hand, biochemical processes lead to a neurogenic and alogenic inflammation due to the impact on the pain nerves. Beside the arthritis itself, the physiotherapy of a rheumatic-inflamed painful joint has to take into account the components arthralgia, irritation of the capsula, periarthropathia, and allogenic inflammation. Physiotherapeutic pain treatment has three modes of action: a causal effect on the structural level, suppression of over-excitation of the tissue as well as the central nervous transmission areas, and activation of the decelerating pain modulating systems. Each treatment procedure with analgetic effects like cooling, heating, localized mechanical methods, the activation techniques with proprio- and exteroceptive effects (TENS, Maitland-mobilisation), the electrotherapeutic option, and physical training therapy is characterized with its specific mode of action. The dosage of physiotherapeutic techniques has to be taken into account since it has to remain within physiologic limits and the tissue's irritability must not be reached.
Effect Factors Analysis of Flow Generation Noise from Muffler Element with Inserted Tube

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Using orthogonal experimental design method structure parameters of work piece for muffler element with inserted tube are determined. Flow noise regeneration of them is measured on the self development test bench. Relationship model on total sound power of flow regeneration noise and structure parameter and flow velocity is established utilizing Multiple linear regression method, model parameters are solved making use of hyper static least square method. Significance test of the model is performed, the law of total sound power level for muffler element flow regeneration noise changing with the parameters is discussed. Result shows that the established models is all highly significant under 0.01 levels, and inserted length of outlet tube and inn-diameter of inlet tube have higher effect on the flow generation noise, and decreasing the inserted length and the inn-diameter are in favor of reducing flow generation noise. But inserted length of inlet tube and expansion ratio have little effect on the flow generation noise.
Mass concentration analysis of aerosol through human airways

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lungs are the vital organ for the respiration which is located on either side of the thorax. Respiration is the rhythmical process of breathing, in which air is drawn into the alveoli of the lungs via inhalation and subsequently expelled through exhalation. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis), Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Bronchiectasis are the most clinically reported problems related to lungs. COPD is a health condition, where air sacs either destructs or enlarges in case of emphysema and chronic bronchitis results from inflammation or narrowing of bronchial tubes. Aerosol drug therapy is one of the efficient way to deal with COPD. To clear out the airway passages, the drug can be inhaled by mouth and the drug will pass through trachea and bronchi and finally it will set down in lungs. The amount of drug deposition is the resultant of the following factors: aerosol diameter, inhaling velocity, airway geometry and age of the patient. This research focuses on developing a unique three-dimensional CAD model with double bifurcation and three generation for assessment of bronchial region condition based on Weibel convention. The analysis is performed for two-phase system where air is the medium to carry aerosol particles. The CAD model is analyzed with CFD method and the outcome will be correlation between deposition fractions vs. aerosol diameter for air volume flow.
Effects of feedback timing on second language vocabulary learning: Does delaying feedback increase learning?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Feedback, or information given to learners regarding their performance, is found to facilitate second language (L2) learning. Research also suggests that the timing of feedback (whether it is provided immediately or after a delay) may affect learning. The purpose of the present study was to identify the optimal feedback timing for L2 vocabulary learning. This study differs from previous feedback timing studies in two important respects. First, unlike some previous studies, feedback timing was not confounded with lag to test (interval between the last encounter with a given item and the posttest). Second, in order to test the view that delayed feedback may be particularly effective when learners make few errors during learning, the present study manipulated the frequency of practice to influence learning phase performance. In this study, 98 Japanese college students studied 16 English–Japanese word pairs. Immediate feedback was given immediately after each response, whereas delayed feedback was withheld until all target items were practised. Learning was measured by posttests administered immediately, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the treatment. Results suggested that when lag to test is controlled, feedback timing may have little effect on L2 vocabulary learning regardless of the frequency of errors during learning.