jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Chitwan, Nepal

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background COVID-19 is a viral respiratory disease that was recently recognized in humans. The number of COVID-19 cases has been gradually increasing in Nepal. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Chitwan, one of the districts located in central Nepal. Methods It was a cross-sectional study conducted among healthcare workers from various health institutions located in Chitwan district of Nepal. A self-reported questionnaire was circulated online. Bivariate analyses were done using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Pearson’s chi square test, and student’s t test as appropriate, whereas multivariate analyses were done using linear regression models. Results A total of 353 responses were analyzed, out of which 47% were nurses, 28.9% were doctors, 11.6% were health assistants, 2% were certified medical assistants, and the remaining 10.5% were categorized as others. The majorities were females (58.9%), were in the age group of 16–29 years (67.1%) and had work experience of less than 5 years (62%). The majority of healthcare workers obtained good to moderate knowledge and practice scores (n = 82.15%, 83.57%, respectively) and had positive attitude scores (n = 90.93%). Mean score values were 21.65 ± 4.71 out of 33 in knowledge section, 8.07 ± 1.49 out of 13 in attitude section and 13.89 ± 5.33 out of 20 in practice section. Mean knowledge and practice scores were significantly associated with job descriptions of healthcare workers (p value – 0.000, 0.007, respectively) with highest mean knowledge scores among doctors (23.70 ± 4.48) and highest mean practice scores among health assistants (15.10 ± 3.61). Higher practice scores (ß = 0.626) and infection prevention training (ß = 1.467) were significantly associated with higher knowledge scores; higher knowledge (ß = 1.366) and higher practice scores (ß = 0.110) were significantly associated with higher attitude scores; and higher knowledge scores (ß = 0.308) and higher attitude scores (ß = 0.265) were significantly associated with higher practice scores. Conclusion The majority of healthcare workers from Chitwan, Nepal, had good to moderate knowledge and practice scores and had a positive attitude toward COVID-19. There was a significant association between knowledge, attitude and practice scores regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers.
Design of a serious game learning mechanism for the implementation of ISO 22000:2018 in the swallow’s nest industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The importance of the international organisation for standardisation (ISO) 22000:2018 food safety management standard is internationally recognized.Industries in the food sector use this standard to validate their production outcomes globally because it offers comprehensive assistance for implementing efficient food safety management systems (FSMSs) [1,2].Strict standards for food safety and quality apply to export production.Digitalization can speed up and enhance ISO 22000:2018 operations in markets that have become more competitive [3].The swallow's nest industry needs to follow food safety regulations during the production process to export its products.Swallow's nests are a major export commodity in Indonesia with great growth potential.
Exploring Environmental and Geographical Factors Influencing the Spread of Infectious Diseases with Interactive Maps

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Environmental problems due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanisation, and large scale intensive farming are some of the major factors behind the rapid spread of many infectious diseases. This in turn poses significant challenges not only in as regards providing adequate healthcare, but also in supporting healthcare workers, medical researchers, policy makers, and others involved in managing infectious diseases. These challenges include surveillance, tracking of infections, communication of public health knowledge and promotion of behavioural change. Behind these challenges lies a complex set of factors which include not only biomedical and population health determinants but also environmental, climatic, geographic, and socioeconomic variables. While there is broad agreement that these factors are best understood when considered in conjunction, aggregating and presenting diverse information sources requires effective information systems, software tools, and data visualisation. In this article, we argue that interactive maps, which couple geographical information systems and advanced information visualisation techniques, provide a suitable unifying framework for coordinating these tasks. Therefore, we examine how interactive maps can support spatial epidemiological visualisation and modelling involving distributed and dynamic data sources and incorporating temporal aspects of disease spread. Combining spatial and temporal aspects can be crucial in such applications. We discuss these issues in the context of support for disease surveillance in remote regions, utilising tools that facilitate distributed data collection and enable multidisciplinary collaboration, while also providing support for simulation and data analysis. We show that interactive maps deployed on a combination of mobile devices and large screens can provide effective means for collection, sharing, and analysis of health data.
Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Tract Microbiota and Host Characteristics in Adults With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Case-Control Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Viruses and bacteria from the nasopharynx are capable of causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), which can be difficult to diagnose. We aimed to investigate whether shifts in the composition of these nasopharyngeal microbial communities can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for CAP in adults. Methods We collected nasopharyngeal swabs from adult CAP patients and controls without infection in a prospective multicenter case-control study design. We generated bacterial and viral profiles using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Bacterial, viral, and clinical data were subsequently used as inputs for extremely randomized trees classification models aiming to distinguish subjects with CAP from healthy controls. Results We enrolled 117 cases and 48 control subjects. Cases displayed significant beta diversity differences in nasopharyngeal microbiota (P = .016, R2 = .01) compared to healthy controls. Our extremely randomized trees classification models accurately discriminated CAP caused by bacteria (area under the curve [AUC] .83), viruses (AUC .95) or mixed origin (AUC .81) from healthy control subjects. We validated this approach using a dataset of nasopharyngeal samples from 140 influenza patients and 38 controls, which yielded highly accurate (AUC .93) separation between cases and controls. Conclusions Relative proportions of different bacteria and viruses in the nasopharynx can be leveraged to diagnose CAP and identify etiologic agent(s) in adult patients. Such data can inform the development of a microbiota-based diagnostic panel used to identify CAP patients and causative agents from nasopharyngeal samples, potentially improving diagnostic specificity, efficiency, and antimicrobial stewardship practices.
AMD-like lesions in the rat retina: a latent consequence of perinatal haemorrhage

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

PURPOSE. Hemorrhaging is a commonplace event in the human retina around the time of birth. This study was conducted to examine the potential long-term sequelae of hemorrhaging in the eyes of rats that exhibited transient spontaneous microhemorrhages a few days after birth. \n \nMETHODS. Retinas of Dark Agouti rats aged from day of birth to 2 years old were analyzed histologically, histochemically, and by immunocytochemistry. Fetal human retinas were also examined anatomically and histochemically for evidence of hemorrhages. \n \nRESULTS. Dark Agouti rats from our colony consistently exhibited spontaneous focal hemorrhages at the vitread surface of the retina between postnatal days 3 and 6. Erythrocytes were subsequently cleared by macrophages, which accumulated hemosiderin. These macrophages remained in focal patches in the inner retina for the duration of the study. For at least 6 months after the initial transient hemorrhages, the retinas exhibited no overt histologic damage. At ~8 to 9 months, photoreceptor degenerative changes were apparent in spatial register with the patches of macrophages in the inner retina. Additional events such as breakdown of Bruch's membrane, glial remodeling, neovascularization, ingress of RPE cells into the retina and accumulation of drusen-like autofluorescent structures were also observed in topographic register with macrophage-laden patches in aged animals. \n \nCONCLUSIONS. Microhemorrhages in the retina may initiate the formation of focal lesions, months or years after the initial insult. The lesions exhibit key features of AMD. These animals may represent a useful model for studying the potential basis of the pathogenesis of AMD.
Analysis of SRAM Enhancements Through Sense Amplifier Capacitive Offset Correction and Replica Self-Timing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An analysis of timing and input-referred offset of sense amplifiers (SA) is presented, and a new SA architecture with capacitive offset correction is proposed. Offset sources are first analyzed in a cross-coupled latch-based SA design, and the analysis is then extended to the proposed SA. The results show the proposed offset correction technique can reduce the total sensing time by up to 40%, while eliminating dynamic offset due to the difference in resolving inverters trip points. A self-timed SRAM with a new replica timing structure is designed to generate optimal SA enable timing with respect to the total input-referred offset. Calculations for timing delay and offset are compared with simulation results in both a conventional and a proposed SA design. The presented simulation results are based on a 10 Kb CMOS SRAM array in 130 nm BiCMOS SiGe technology operating at a 500 MHz clock and 1.5 V supply.
Media Genealogy of the Contagion: Syphilis — AIDS — COVID-19

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article is devoted to a genealogy of the attitude toward viruses in social and political practice in light of the new coronavirus pandemic. The disciplinary society and the society of control have taken on a completely new configuration since the HIV crisis in the 1980s. AIDS and now COVID-19 as phenomena of social crisis have had a great impact on (sexual) relationships and have also caused a significant change in the social and political order. Epidemics and pandemics mobilize political structures and constitute power relations, thus changing the way bodies are controlled, establishing new differentiations and redefining what disease is. The authors trace the development of discourses about syphilis, AIDS and COVID-19 to describe how knowledge about the disease is being generated today; it has origins in myth and would be unthinkable without aesthetic visualization and mass media technologies. Syphilis was an exact fit for the paradigm of the disciplinary society, which stigmatized bodily pleasure and abstracted pathology by activating projection mechanisms as a sign of the Other. However, AIDS already differed significantly from that paradigm because other medical technologies are used to define HIV, and that has affected the epistemology of the disease and epidemic. The article considers HIV/AIDS as a transitional model that forms a bridge between the epidemics of the past (leprosy, plague, smallpox, syphilis) and the COVID-19 pandemic. Above all there is a change in the biopolitical regime so that bodies are no longer controlled and regulated through sexuality. COVID-19 is a new form of sociality which is not based on the exclusion of “pathological” forms of sexuality or on “deviant” or “perverted” bodies, but involves the object-based, microlevel of relations between viruses, the immune system, and the human genome, which are then mapped with distortions and substitutions onto social relationships and practices. The authors use the term “delegated control” in a new context and introduce the original term “omniopticum” to describe the new regime of biopolitics and the “control society” in the post-COVID era.
[Progresses in diagnosis and treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

家族性腺瘤性息肉病（FAP）是一种常染色体显性遗传病，以全结直肠内遍布大量腺瘤性息肉为主要特征，癌变风险极高。腺瘤性息肉病（APC）基因突变是FAP发病的主要原因之一。本文围绕FAP的流行病学、临床分型、临床表现、发病机制、诊断及治疗等方面作一综述。.
Expression of protein S100A4 is a predictor of recurrence in colorectal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of S100A4 expression in colorectal cancer and its correlation with expression of E-cadherin and p53. METHODS: A cohort of archival formalin-fixed paraff inembedded specimens was selected from 127 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical resection between April 2000 and March 2004 at the Department of Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital. The expression of protein S100A4 was evaluated according to the proportion of positively stained cancer cel...
People versus machines or people and machines? Current research directions within British post-medieval and industrial archaeology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter reviews the continuing debate about the scope and role of industrial archaeology that was sparked by the publication of Understanding the Workplace, a research framework published by the Association for Industrial Archaeology in 2005. Since this volume focuses upon the landscape and social impacts of industrialisation, a number of industrial archaeologists have felt that the traditional interests of the discipline, the survey and recording of manufacturing processes and power systems, were being ignored or even marginalised. This discussion argues that such is not the case: that rather this research framework is complementary to these traditional research activities. Furthermore, it argues that there is now a wide range of approaches that provide a research toolkit, a set of archaeological methodologies and theoretical approaches that can be applied to the archaeology of industrialisation. Some fo these approaches concentrate wholly upon the recording of technology, others upon the landscape changes and social context. None is exclusive of the other; indeed, they work best when these issues are considered together. Together, they provide a shared research agenda allowing industrial archaeologists to explore our undertsanding of the interconnection between machine and landscape and society and technological change during the era of industrialsiation.
Access time analysis of FlipIT service

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this thesis we analyzed the FlipIT cloud service in terms of access time using the
performance measuring tool called Performance Monitor. We focused on two types of physical links used by FlipIT customers when accessing these cloud services, namely copper and optical connection. We explain the procedure of measurements and analyze the results obtained, which show better performance of FlipIT service on optical fiber networks. As expected, users who access the FlipIT cloud over the copper network aren’t in any disadvantage, since they are also enjoying the rich user experience.
Syndromes of Q Fever

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SINCE THE original description of Q fever, it has been established thatCoxiella burnetiihas a worldwide distribution. The abundance of reports on epidemic and sporadic cases of Q fever, displaying a protean and often uncharacteristic symptomatology, encouraged us to undertake a systematic study of this disease entity and its part in the causation of various clinical syndromes, such as infectious hepatitis,1fever of uncertain origin, and infectious mononucleosis. It is the purpose of this communication to present seven cases of Q fever, five of which were originally labelled "fever of uncertain origin," and two of which displayed a clinical picture suggesting infectious mononucleosis.

Materials and Methods

A group of 119 patients classified as having "fever of uncertain origin" and a group of 13 with the clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis were studied for Q fever. The microscopic-slide agglutination test, introduced by Babudieri2was employed in all cases
Muslim Intellectualism in the Wake of the Arab Uprisings

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

With the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa come scores ofintellectual initiatives and academic investigations geared toward understandingthe forces and motives propelling these unprecedented developments.Conferences are being convened and special issues ofjournals are being dedicated to addressing some aspects of the currentphenomena ‒ not to talk of droves of “experts” (academic tourists?)pouring into the Muslim world for research. In short, the so-called“Arab Spring” ‒ also known by the people from the region as revolution(thawra), uprising (intifāÌa), renaissance (nahÌa) and awakening(ṣaḥwa)1 ‒ has been an intellectual treasure trove for academics in the areasof Middle Eastern Studies, Islamic Studies, and Comparative Politics.But are the attempts to explain these phenomena enough to guide the presentand future Muslim generations to proper trajectories toward sociopoliticaland intellectual success? This editorial is intended to argue that, despitethe potential positive outcomes from recent initiatives, now is the opportunetime for Muslims to seize in order to design future trajectories for their upcominggenerations. The sociopolitical imperatives (civility, freedom, empowerment,pluralism, and happiness, to name a few), to which they aspireto respond, must be guided by, or anchored in, grand intellectual endeavors ...
Studies of Plants containing Indole Alkaloids. I. : Alkaloids in Uncaria genus

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Uncarine C (Fig.1) and its isomers D and E were isolated from Uncaria fiorida VIDAL (collected in Formosa, Japanese namd "Togesoheba"), Uncarine A and B (Fig.1) from U.Kawakamii HAYATA (collected in Formosa), and rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline from U.rhynchophylla MIQ. (collected in Japan) were isolated. Isolations of these substances are interesting from chemotaxonomical view.
Induction of bone formation in an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary sinus by adoptive immunotherapy involving intra-arterial injection of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 in combination with radiotherapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A patient with an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary sinus was treated by adoptive immunotherapy involving intra-arterial injection of lymphokine-activated killer cells (a total number of 7 x 10(7) cells) and recombinant interleukin-2 (a total dose of 2.75 x 10(7) units) in combination with radiotherapy (60Co; total irradiation dose of 5,000 rads). Consequently, it was found that bone formation was induced in the treated tumor, which was then replaced completely by lamellar bone tissue with myxomatous stroma. This finding indicates that the tumor cells composing certain adenoid cystic carcinoma can be converted into normal-appearing, bone-forming cells by current therapy and this differentiation phenomenon leads to cure of the tumor.
Screening for psychosis risk in primary mental health care services – Implementation, prevalence and recovery trajectories

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Early interventions improve outcomes for people at high risk of psychosis and are likely to be cost saving. This group tends to seek help for emotional problems – depression and anxiety – via primary care services, where early detection methods are poor. We sought to determine prevalence rates of high risk for psychosis in UK primary care mental health services and clinical outcomes following routinely delivered psychological therapies. Methods We used a brief screen designed for settings with low base rates and significant time constraints to determine prevalence of high risk for psychosis in UK ‘Talking Therapies’ services. We examined socio‐demographic characteristics, presenting problems and recovery trajectories for this group, compared with people not at risk of psychosis. Results A 2‐item screen selected for specificity yielded a prevalence rate of 3% in primary care mental health services. People at elevated risk of psychosis were younger and more likely to report at least one long‐term physical condition. This group presented with higher levels of depression, anxiety and trauma symptoms at assessment and were less likely to have recovered at the end of treatment, compared to people not at risk. Conclusions Very brief screening tools can be implemented in busy health care settings. The 3% of referrals to UK primary care psychological therapies services at elevated risk of psychosis typically present with more severe symptoms and greater levels of comorbidity and may require augmented interventions to recover fully.
ASSESSMENT OF FAVOURABLENESS FOR THE TAX SYSTEM OF UKRAINE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the article is to study the background and key factors that ensured an increase in the ranking of the Ukrainian tax system favourableness from the 174th position to the 43-d position during 2005–2016 – the greatest progress in the whole history of the “Paying Taxes” ranking. Methodology. The research was made on the basis of the countries ranking method according to the tax system favourableness, conducted by the World Bank together with the consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers for the implementation of the annual “Paying Taxes” ranking. The ranking is based on the analysis of: taxes and mandatory deductions that a typical medium-sized enterprise must pay in the concerned year; the administrative burden connected with the payment of taxes and deductions; processes after filing and paying taxes. Another method used in the article is the regression analysis of the impact of the unified social tax rate, the corporate income tax rate, the personal income tax rate, the volume of tax revenues, consolidated budget revenues and gross domestic product (GDP) in actual prices on the ranking position of Ukraine in the “Paying Taxes”. Results. In course of the study, it was found that the increase of the ranking of Ukraine from the 174th to the 43-d position in the “Paying Taxes” during 2005–2016 became possible due to the liberalization of taxation for 2013–2017, in particular, the reduction of the corporate income tax rate by 7% and the unified social tax rate by 10%. Other factors are as such: improving the tax administration quality: reducing the time for registration, filing and tax payment from 2185 hours in 2005 to 328 hours in 2016, with the worldwide average index of 240 hours per year; reducing the number of tax payments from 98 in 2005 to 5 (the worldwide average index is 24 payments) in 2016. Practical implications. The result of the effective tax policy of the Government of Ukraine was the reduction of the total tax burden on business from 60.3% in 2005 to 37.8% in 2016 at the worldwide average index of 40.5% at the end of the investigated period. Also, during 2005–2016, the consolidated budget revenues grew from 131.3 to 782.7 billion UAH, including tax ones – from 100.7 to 650.8 billion UAH. Value/originality. Based on the results of the study, the author substantiated that the main factor of the significant progress of the tax system of Ukraine in the “Paying Taxes” ranking (from the 174th to the 43-d position during 2005–2016) was the liberalization of taxation by reducing the tax rates of corporate income tax and a unified social tax, as well as improving the quality and efficiency of tax administration.