jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of isomeric diphenylphosphatoisosorbide acrylates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Isosorbide is a diether diol readily available from starch, an abundant, renewable biomaterial. Because of its structure and functionality, it may serve as a base for the development of nontoxic polymer additives, particularly flame retardants. Conversion of one of the hydroxyl groups to a diphenylphosphato moiety followed by conversion of the other to an acrylate affords isomeric vinyl monomers suitable for copolymerization with a variety of monomers to generate flame-retardant polymers.
Synthesis of two 7,8-dioxabicyclo[4.1.1]octan-3-yl)-steroid derivatives and evaluation of their inotropic activity in an animal model.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was synthesizing two 7,8-dioxabicyclo[4.1.1]octan-3-yl)-steroid derivatives (compounds 3 or 4) to evaluate their inotropic activity in vitro. The first stage was achieved by the preparation of two 7,8-dioxabicyclo[4.1.1]octan-3-yl)-steroid derivatives using some chemical strategies. Then, the inotropic activity of both steroid derivatives against left ventricular pressure (LVP) was evaluated in an isolated rat heart model using Bay-k-8644, nifedipine, aucubin, and L-NAME as controls. The results showed that compound 3 increased LVP in a dose-dependent manner and this effect was inhibited by nifedipine. Other results showed that compound 4 decreased LVP in a dose-dependent manner and this effect was blocked in the presence of L-NAME. All these data indicate that 1) the positive inotropic activity exerted by compound 3 was through type L calcium channel activation; 2) the negative inotropic effect of 4 was via nitric oxide synthase activation. These phenomena could be due to the different functional groups involved in the chemical structure of compounds 3 and 4.
Heating Lithium-Ion Batteries with Bidirectional Current Pulses

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The poor performance of lithium-ion batteries in cold climates is a major concern because they suffer a huge loss in capacity and degradation. Thus, this makes battery-powered vehicles challenging to operate in cold environment. However, thermal rising methods exist and typically use a separate heating element which provides the required thermal energy to the pack to be heated. On the other hand, it is possible to internally heat cold batteries via internal RI 2 losses by circulating alternating currents (AC). This paper presents a comparison between these two methods. An electrothermal model is used to obtain the simulation results. With this model as based, a low-frequency (0.01 Hz) square current is applied.
Tasks for the Symbiosis of Science and Industry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article was written based on the data of an all-Russian expert survey of leading Russian researchers and heads of manufacturing companies involved in import substitution, the effectiveness of state subsidies for the interaction of science and production in creating an innovative product is considered. The problems that arose on the way to the successful implementation of the innovative product development program, resulting from a lack of investment and an excessive burden on the state budget, a shortage of specialists capable of transferring and promoting an innovative product to the market, are shown. A form of organizational reform of the structure of Russian science is proposed.
Development of polyarteritis nodosa in the course of inactive systemic lupus erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 63-year-old woman developed a clinical and pathological picture of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had been diagnosed 12 years previously, and she had been symptom and therapy-free for a decade. Development of 'primary' systemic vasculitis in SLE patients has rarely been described previously and the significance of this association remains unclear. The possible explanation for this transition from one connective tissue disease to another is discussed.
Denoising Large-Scale Biological Data Using Network Filters

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Large-scale biological data sets, e.g., transcriptomic, proteomic, or ecological, are often contaminated by noise, which can impede accurate inferences about underlying processes. Such measurement noise can arise from endogenous biological factors like cell cycle and life history variation, and from exogenous technical factors like sample preparation and instrument variation. Results: We describe a general method for automatically reducing noise in large-scale biological data sets. This method uses an interaction network to identify groups of correlated or anti-correlated measurements that can be combined or “filtered” to better recover an underlying biological signal. Similar to the process of denoising an image, a single network filter may be applied to an entire system, or the system may be first decomposed into distinct modules and a different filter applied to each. Applied to synthetic data with known network structure and signal, network filters accurately reduce noise across a wide range of noise levels and structures. Applied to a machine learning task of predicting changes in human protein expression in healthy and cancerous tissues, network filtering prior to training increases accuracy up to 58% compared to using unfiltered data. Conclusions: Network filters are a general way to denoise biological data and can account for both correlation and anti-correlation between different measurements. Furthermore, we find that partitioning a network prior to filtering can significantly reduce errors in networks with heterogenous data and correlation patterns, andthis approach outperforms existing diffusion based methods. Our results on proteomics data indicate the broad potential utility of network filters to applications in systems biology.
Insights into the interaction of methotrexate and human serum albumin: A spectroscopic and molecular modeling approach

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling approaches were employed to investigate the binding of methotrexate to human serum albumin (HSA) under physiological conditions. From the mechanism, it was demonstrated that fluorescence quenching of HSA by methotrexate results from the formation of a methotrexate/HSA complex. Binding parameters calculated using the Stern–Volmer method and the Scatchard method showed that methotrexate binds to HSA with binding affinities in the order 10 4 L·mol −1 . Thermodynamic parameter studies revealed that the binding reaction is spontaneous, and that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play a major role in the reaction. Site marker competitive displacement experiments and a molecular modeling approach demonstrated that methotrexate binds with appropriate affinity to site I (subdomain IIA) of HSA. Furthermore, we discuss some factors that influence methotrexate binding to HSA.
Ultrafast dynamics of Ag/AgCl as a plasmonic photocatalyst

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Plamsmonic photocatalysts have recently garnered much attention due to their enhanced e ciency in converting chemicals to harmless products. Ag/AgCl was the rst of such structure to exhibit the degradation of MO in the presence of visible light1, and since then, many other viable materials have seen been discovered2. However, the ultrafast dynamics of such noble metal/semiconductor plasmonic photocatalysts has not been studied by the community. The ability to identify charge carrier dynamics is one of key importance in understanding the characteristics of the material. This study attempts to solve this lack of information by studying how the morphology and the corresponding charge dynamics of a core shell cube of AgCl changes when it is exposed to a laser for more than 12h. From the studies, it is found that Ag structures have formed on the surface due to migration of elemental Ag onto the surface. This change has lead to an ampli cation of the e ects of Ag on the surface of AgCl allowing the study of the charge dynamics of the combined structure. The charge dynamics show results contrary to current proposed mechanics, but further investigation is needed to verify the origin of the charge dynamics observed.
Effects of explant type, plant growth regulator and cultivation system on multiplication of Polygonum multiflora Thunb. cultured in vitro

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Polygonum multiflora Thunb. (Belongs to Polygonaceae family) is a medicinal plant of economic value and should be protected, according to the Red Book of Vietnam. Many studies have shown that P. multiflora Thunb. was effective for many diseases such as hair loss, premature gray hair, lower back pain, knee weakness, muscle weakness, hemiplegia, nervousness, dizziness, insomnia, etc. Propagation and preservation of this herbal species are significantly important because of increased demand. Adventitious root biomass culture has been successful on a number of plant species, and that it has potential for P. multiflorum breeding. In this study, the effect of explants, plant growth regulators and different culture systems on adventitious root formation was investigated. The adventitious roots were induced from the explants and the optimum culture medium were transferred to four different culture systems (3-liter triangular flask, shaking triangle, bioreactor self-made and Korean bioreactor) containing 5 g adventitious roots per 1 liter medium. The results showed that the leaf cultured on SH medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 IBA, 30 g L-1 sucrose, 8.5 g L-1 agar and pH 5.8 gave the higher of adventitious root regeneration rate (100%), root number/explant (25.33 roots), fresh weight (131.67 mg) and dry weight 13.35 mg) compared to those cultured on other condition after 6 weeks of culture. The adventitious root multiplication in the Korea bioreactor system is more effective than other culture systems shown in the fresh biomass (17.04 g), dry biomass (1.56 g) and proliferation rate (3.40 fold) after 6 weeks of culture.
Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flow Velocity and Stable Xenon-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Blood Flow During Balloon Test Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography has been reported to reflect changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) with the use of radioactive tracer techniques, which are weighted to measure primarily cortical structures. We tested the hypothesis that changes in transcranial Doppler ultrasonography would reflect changes in CBF in the middle cerebral artery vascular territory with the use of stable xenon-enhanced CT to assess CBF during carotid occlusion. Methods Thirty-one conscious patients underwent balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and xenon-enhanced CT assessment of blood flow velocity and CBF, respectively, of the middle cerebral artery and its distribution during balloon test occlusion. Results A significant correlation was seen between the change in CBF and the change in blood flow velocity for both brain levels at which CBF was determined ( P <.0001). The average change in blood flow velocity was −13.4%, and the change in CBF was −15.1% and −17.7% at the two anatomic levels examined. Conclusions The data indicate that changes in blood flow velocity generally reflect changes in CBF throughout the middle cerebral artery vascular territory with abrupt occlusion of the internal carotid artery in unanesthetized humans.
A Systematic Review of Cutaneous Dog Ear Deformity: A Management Algorithm

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Dog ear, a characteristic bunching up of excess tissue formed during wound closure, is a common unsightly problem in cutaneous surgery. It may present as a cosmetic concern or a source of physical discomfort. Several management techniques have been reported, but it is unclear which approach is the most effective or whether outcomes vary with surgical situations. This report assesses the best practices for dog ear management. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed. All relevant articles written in English and involving human subjects were included. Results: There were 2028 potentially relevant articles, but only 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were published in multispecialty journals. They included 23 techniques or case report articles, 6 retrospective and prospective studies, but no clinical trial or randomized control trial. Ten major techniques were identified in the literature. No single technique was proved to be superior in the literature. There was no recommended algorithm in the literature. Conclusions: Despite there being no single recommended technique to manage dog ear deformities, there is ample evidence to suggest surgeons avoid a pre-planned elliptical design, use a proper skin-conserving design for excision, and carry out a meticulous suture closure as the first steps to prevent dog ears. We discuss the indications for each of the ten techniques and propose an algorithm for dog ear management. Until further research is performed, multispecialty cutaneous surgeons should familiarize themselves with the discussed techniques to provide patients with the best functional and aesthetic results.
Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A case presentation in the light of literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma of skin is seen mostly in elderly Caucasians. Mortality and morbidity is very high. Treatment of these cases is also quite difficult. Recommended treatment is primary total excision, sentinel lymph node dissection after sentinel lymph node sampling and adding radiotherapy or chemotherapy according to stage. Case Presentation: A 35 year old female patient had surgery because of an unhealed wound on the right ear. After giving adjuvant curative radiotherapy the patient had been followed for 18 months. After 18 months of follow up, Merkel cell carcinoma metastasis was detected and para-aortic metastatic mass was resected. The patient is being considered for chemotherapy. Conclusion: Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy observed mostly in elderly Caucasians. Management consists of surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in accordance with the stage.
STABILITY AND HOPF BIFURCATION OF A DELAY ECO‐EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODEL WITH NONLINEAR INCIDENCE RATE

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a three‐dimensional eco‐epidemiological model with delay is considered. The stability of the two equilibria, the existence of Hopf bifurcation and the permanence are investigated. It is found that Hopf bifurcation occurs when the delay τ passes a sequence of critical values. Moreover, by applying Nyquist criterion, the length of delay is estimated for which the stability continues to hold. Numerical simulation with a hypothetical set of data has been done to support the analytical results. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10771104 and No.10471117), Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Henan Province (No. 2010IRTSTHN006) and Program for Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control for Population Ecology in Xinyang Normal University (No. 201004) and Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Henan Province (No. 2009B1100200 and No. 2010A110017)
DNA Ploidy in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The nuclear DNA content of 17 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors was measured from paraffin-embedded tissue with flow cytometry. The tumors were classified by immunostaining with antisera for synaptophysin, insulin, gastrin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Eight (47%) of the 17 tumors were aneuploid, and two (12%) were multiploid (had two aneuploid stemlines of cells). Seven of the eight insulinomas, one of the four gastrinomas, and two of the four nonspecified neuroendocrine tumors had an abnormal nuclear DNA content. The DNA indices of the aneuploid and multiploid cases ranged from 1.13 to 1.93, and three cases had a DNA index greater than 1.50. During the follow-up for up to 16 years (mean, 7 years), one patient with diploid nonspecified tumor died of the disease, another patient with a multiploid gastrinoma had metastatic disease develop, and a third patient with a multiploid nonspecified tumor was alive with the disease. The authors conclude that many neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas have an abnormal nuclear DNA content as measured by DNA flow cytometry. DNA multiploid pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be associated with a less favorable clinical course, but this needs to be confirmed in additional studies.
Towards Sustainable Wastewater Reuse in the Middle East and North Africa

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water has a precious value, and each drop must be accounted for in water scarce regions such as the Middle East and North Africa. Therefore, wastewater has to be reclassified as a renewable water resource rather than as waste. This helps in augmenting water availability, and at the same time in preventing environmental pollution. Utilization of this resource requires collection, treatment, and use of all generated wastewater. Although reuse of wastewater is recognized in most water-scarce countries, the reuse of wastewater is still very low. This paper analyzes the major components of a sustainable wastewater reuse scheme. It also reviews the different methods that are frequently used to quantify and report progress and achievements in wastewater reuse. The paper also introduces an alternative yardstick named by the author as the Wastewater Reuse Index (WRI) that has a value between 0-100; WRI is calculated by dividing the amounts of wastewater being actually reused by the total amounts of wastewater generated at country level. WRI enables water resource managers and policymakers to put a figure on the gap between achievements at different junctures. Moreover, WRI recognizes water saving efforts such as low water consumption and reducing losses; thus, WRI highlights the way forward for improving the reuse efficiency as an integral part of water resources management. The paper highlights the major barriers to extensive reuse of the reclaimed wastewater in the MNEA countries.
A double‐blind multicentre trial comparing mianserin with imipramine.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. Fifty‐four depressive in‐patients aged 18‐45 yr, were treated at random, in double‐blind conditions, with mianserin 60 mg daily or imipramine 150 mg daily in three divided doses for 4 weeks. Nitrazepam and diazepam were also allowed if necessary. 2. There was no significant difference in antidepressant efficacy between the two groups, as assessed by the rating scales of Hamilton, Beck and Overall, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and a global clinical rating. 3. The overall frequency of side‐effects was significantly lower with mianserin than with imipramine. Autonomic symptoms increased in severity during treatment with imipramine, but not with mianserin. 4. the patients treated with imipramine had a fall in blood pressure which was not observed during mianserin treatment.
Effects of an intermediate layer on the magnetic and recording characteristics of CoCrPtTa media

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Effects of bcc and hcp intermediate layers between a bcc–Cr80Ti20 underlayer and a hcp–CoCrPtTa magnetic layer on magnetic and recording characteristics were investigated. The medium without an intermediate layer has a low coercivity Hc of 0.27 kOe due to the perpendicular orientation of the c axis of the CoCrPtTa layer. By introducing a 5-nm-thick intermediate layer of bcc–Cr60Mo40 or hcp–Co70Cr30, the c axis of the CoCrPtTa layer can be effectively in-plane oriented, resulting in a high Hc of 2.71–2.87 kOe and a coercive squareness S* of 0.72–0.81. The medium with the Cr60Mo40 layer has lower media noise than the medium with the Co70Cr30 layer. This lower noise is considered to be caused by the small grain size of 10.4 nm. The addition of the thin Cr60Mo40 intermediate layer is therefore effective to obtain both high Hc and low noise in the CoCrPtTa media with the CrTi underlayer.
The Evolution of Magnetic Helicity of Various Magnetic Structures in the Magnetotail

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Based on a previous two‐dimension and three‐component MHD numerical simulation, this paper analyses the evolution of magnetic helicity of various magnetic structures in the magnetotail. The results indicate that, in a driven magnetic reconnection process generated by the dawn‐dusk electric field in the magnetotail, the transportation of magnetic helicity flux via the boundaries of system is the direct cause of the change of the total magnetic helicity in the system. The various initial distributions of magnetic helicity density and the transportation of magnetic helicity flux may lead to various evolutions of magnetic helicity density in the neutral sheet region, and could result in the formation of various magnetic structures.
Estimating Lithium-Ion Battery State of Health with Least Squares Approach for Accurate Assessment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become increasingly important in various industries and applications due to their unique characteristics and advantages. Battery Management Systems (BMS) algorithms are used to monitor, control, and optimize the performance and safety of batteries. These algorithms can be categorized into several types based on their primary functions and characteristics. State of charge (SoC) estimation algorithms like coulomb counting, open - circuit voltage methods and model-based algorithms. This paper deals with State of Health (SoH) estimation for Li-ion (Lithium-ion) cells using the Least Squares approach. It is a mathematical method that assesses the health and remaining capacity of a Li-ion battery by fitting experimental data to a mathematical model. The goal is to minimize the error between the model's predictions and the observed behaviour of the battery, allowing for an accurate estimation of its SoH. A Matlab/Simulink is modelled to obtain the performance characteristics.