jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of ELISA for melamine detection in milk powder

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract A sensitive ELISA method was developed based on a monoclonal antibody to detect melamine in milk powder. Two haptens were prepared using the melamine structural analogue, 2-chloro-4, 6-diamino-1, 3, 5-triazine. The obtained antibody belonged to the IgG1κ family and had high affinity for melamine (affinity constant was 3.09×109). The antibody could also recognise cyromazine (cross-reactivity was 131%) and had low cross-reactivity toward the haptens. The effects of pH, ionic strength and organic solvents on ELISA performance were evaluated. The lowest IC50 value (6.0±0.55 ng/mL) and the limit of detection in milk powder, 50 ng/g, were achieved under optimised conditions. Milk powder spiked at two levels of melamine (100 ng/g and 500 ng/g) was analysed with this ELISA method. Good recovery was obtained (76.2±7.3% at the 100 ng/g spiked level and 91.4±5.0% at 500 ng/g).
Featuring research on bioassays using drop-based microfluidics

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Title: Biocompatible surfactants for water-in-fluorocarbon emulsions Drops of a water-in-oil emulsion are stabilized by a novel non-ionic fluorosurfactant that allows for successful in-vitro transcription and translation of genes into enzymes as shown by the accumulation of fluorescent product inside these 20-micron sized drops. The surfactant is necessary to stabilize the drops and make the droplet interface biocompatible. Lab on a Chip As featured in: Miniaturisation for chemistry, biology &amp; bioengineering
The adhesion strength of the thermal spray powder coating with the surface of steel 45

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Problem. Improving the performance of materials can be achieved by changing the condition and properties of their surface by flame spraying. It is relatively simple to apply coatings on any limited surface area of a product made from a wide variety of materials using this method. Goal. The goal is improving of the methods of flame spraying and studying the influence of the degree of surface roughness and the thickness of the coating on the adhesion strength. The object of the study is Steel 45. A powder was a nickel based alloy PG-10Н-01 for the application of a flame coating. Methodology. The results are obtained on the basis of a bead-blasting surface treatment. The surface roughness of the steel was investigated using profiler – profile meter 252. Experimental strength tests were carried out on a wipe using glue. Results. It has been established that spraying at a right angle corresponds to the optimal mode of applying a gas-fired coating; surface preheating temperature ≈ 1500 С; the distance from the cut of the nozzle of the burner to the metal surface is 75–250 mm; spraying speed 130– 170 m/s. The adhesion strength of the coating with steel 45 increases with a surface roughnes and with a decrease in the thickness of the coating. It is necessary to apply a flame coating with thickness h ≤ 200 μm and a roughness parameter Ra ≥ 12,5 μm to increase the adhesion strength. Originality. For the first time the parameters of gas-flame spraying of such objects were established. The adhesion strength of the coating with steel 45, the degree of surface roughness and the thickness of the coating PG-10Н-01 were analyzed. Practical value. The obtained results can be used for improving the gas-flame spraying technology to increase the durability of machine parts.
COMPARISON OF SIX LOCAL STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS TO MEXICAN BERRIES FOR INDUSTRIAL JAM PRODUCTION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Frozen fruit of five locally grown strawberry cultivars and a recent introduction were compared to imported berries for making jam. Line scales were used to evaluate sensory attributes. Cultivars differed only in acidity, fruity flavor, and berry integrity. Jam produced with Quebec-grown berries was less acidic and more fruity tasting than that made from imported Mexican berries. `Kent' had better fruit integrity than Mexican berries, followed by `Chambly', `Midway', `Bounty', and `Glooscap'. Frozen local strawberries were preferred to Mexican berries for making jam. Overall impression was better for Quebec-grown strawberries with the exception of `Midway', which had lower overall impression than Mexican berries.
Nonvolatile magneto-thermal switching driven by vortex trapping in commercial In-Sn solder

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Magneto-thermal switching (MTS) is a key technology for efficient thermal management. Recently, large MTS with nonvolatility has been observed in Sn-Pb solders [H. Arima et al. Commun. Mater. 5, 34 (2024)] where phase separation, the different superconducting transition temperatures ( T c ) of Sn and Pb, and magnetic-flux trapping are the causes of the nonvolatile MTS. To further understand the mechanism and to obtain the strategy for enhancing switching ratio, exploration of new phase-separated superconductors with nonvolatile MTS is needed. Here, we show that the In52-Sn48 commercial solder is a phase-separated superconducting composite with two T c and traps vortices after field cooling. A clear signature of nonvolatile MTS was observed at T = 2.5 K. From specific heat analyses, we conclude that the vortices are mainly trapped in the lower- T c phase ( γ -phase) after field cooling, which is evidence that vortex trapping also works on achieving nonvolatile MTS in phase-separated superconducting composites.
H+ Uptake and Release during Circadian Rhythmic Movements of Excised Samanea Motor Organs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We investigated H(+) fluxes during circadian rhythmic movements of Samanea saman leaflets by monitoring the pH of a weakly buffered medium bathing extensor or flexor motor tissue excised at different times during 51 hours of darkness. Experiments were made in media of two different osmotic potentials: −0.3 megapascal (control medium) and −1.2 megapascals (control medium supplemented with 0.4 molar mannitol or sorbitol). Both extensor and flexor tissue took up H(+) from the control medium at all times when the initial pH was 5.5. Rates of uptake by the extensor varied rhythmically in phase with the leaflet movement rhythm, whereas rates for the flexor were similar at all times. Addition of 0.4`molar mannitol (or sorbitol) to the medium magnified the amplitude of the rhythm in H(+) uptake and release by extensor tissue and revealed a rhythm with flexor tissue. In the flexor, mannitol promoted H(+) release (or reduced H(+) uptake) at all times. We propose that mannitol reduces flexor cell turgor, and that low turgor activates the H(+) pump. The magnitude and/or direction of pH changes varied with the initial pH of the medium. The pH values after 60 minutes converged to a narrow range, suggesting that cell wall pH might be regulated.
Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus Replicon RNA Synthesis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

PSI-352938 is a novel cyclic phosphate prodrug of -D-2-deoxy-2--fluoro-2--C-methylguanosine 5-monophosphate that has potent activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vitro. The studies described here characterize the in vitro anti-HCV activity of PSI-352938, alone and in combination with other inhibitors of HCV, and the cross-resistance profile of PSI-352938. The effective concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition for PSI-352938, determined using genotype 1a-, 1b-, and 2a-derived replicons stably expressed in the Lunet cell line, were 0.20, 0.13, and 0.14 M, respectively. The active 5-triphosphate metabolite, PSI-352666, inhibited recombinant NS5B polymerase from genotypes 1 to 4 with comparable 50 % inhibitory concentrations. In contrast, PSI-352938 did not inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. PSI-352666 did not significantly affect the activity of human DNA and RNA polymerases. PSI-352938 and its cyclic phosphate metabolites did not affect the cyclic GMP-mediated activation of protein kinase G. Clearance studies using replicon cells demonstrated that PSI-352938 cleared cells of HCV replicon RNA and prevented replicon rebound. An additive to synergistic effect was observed when PSI-352938 was combined with other classes of HCV inhibitors, including alpha interferon, ribavirin, NS3/4A inhibitors, an NS5A inhibitor, and nucleoside/nucleotide and nonnucleoside inhibitors. Cross-resistance studies showed that PSI-352938
Study of the sexual hybridization method for transgenic carrot with two target genes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hypocotyls of carrot(Daucus carota var.sativa) were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the target gene.After kanamycin-resistant selection for several times,the regenerated carrot plantlets were analyzed further by PCR,Southern-blot and RT-PCR.The results confirmed that the target gene had been introduced into the genome and could be transcripted regularly.The carrot plants(T_2generation) integrated different target gene were obtained by sexual hybridization between two groups of transgenic carrots which contained one kind of target gene respectively.The results of PCR,Western blot and Elisa of T2 transgenic plants showed that the two target genes were expressed in roots of transgenic carrots.
Abstract 4909: Adaptive oncology phase 1 study of first-in-class inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein kinase (ATM), in combination with olaparib

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: AZD0156 is a highly selective first oral ATM inhibitor in the clinic. Coordinating DNA single and double strand break repair, AZD0156 enhances the preclinical activity of olaparib, leading to its development as an antitumor agent in combination. We report here results from an ongoing phase 1 adaptive dose escalation study of AZD0156 in combination with olaparib. Methods: This phase I study is to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary efficacy of escalating doses of AZD0156 in combination with olaparib in patients with advanced malignancies. AZD0156 is mainly metabolized by CYP3A and FMO, which undergo genetic polymorphism. The flexible language incorporated in the protocol also allow rapid dose escalation beyond subtherapeutic doses. Results: PK data from the first 2 dose cohorts were lower than predicted and the AZD0156 dose was increased 4 X and dosing changed from QD (daily) to BD (twice daily). The mean terminal half-life of AZD0156 was 9-12 hours and PK was dose proportional. No significant drug-drug interactions (DDI) were observed with olaparib. Minor toxicities included nausea, vomiting and anemia in about 40% of patients in all cohorts. Grade 3 and 4 hematologic toxicities were observed in AZD0156 120mg BD with olaparib 200mg BD, and this dose level was considered intolerable. At doses of AZD0156 of 30 and 60mg BD, active target engagement was demonstrated. PK profile was similar across FMO genotype. Conclusion: Hematologic toxicities, consistent with the mode of action, emerged as dose-limiting toxicities of AZD0156 in combination with olaparib. Pharmacologically active doses of AZD0156 with olaparib were achieved more quickly in patients by using real-time PK, real-time genotyping, safety, DDI assessment, and PK/PD modelling. Citation Format: Yingxue Chen, Martin Pass, Nuria Bui Bruna, Christine Stephens, Andrew Pierce, Wouter Hanekom, Hani Gabra, Helen Tomkinson, Nidal Al-Huniti. Adaptive oncology phase 1 study of first-in-class inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein kinase (ATM), in combination with olaparib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4909.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV INFECTION AND PERILOUS IMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS IN INJECTION HEROIN ADDICTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Background: Background Intravenous Drug Abusers are prone to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome more than normal population. The aim of this study was investigating the association between HIV infection and perilousimpulsive behaviors in Heroin injection addicts. Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, 67 cases of injection Heroin addicts with HIV+ and HIV- from Shafaq rehabilitation center in Tehran were selected by using available sampling, and assigned to three groups of homeless heroin addicts with positive HIV and negative HIV injection Heroin and also homeness Heroin addicts with negative HIV. They were surveyed by Eysenck, Barrett’s questionnaires and Deal of test reduction. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS with using descriptive statistics and chi-square test (p ≤0/05).
Gain-controlled dissipative soliton routing in optical lattices

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate an effective mechanism for gain-controlled soliton routing in dissipative optical lattices. An effective particle model reveals the essential features of soliton dynamics in such structures. The results presented are directly applicable to general inhomogeneous systems where interplay between gain and loss mechanisms occurs. Focusing on the complexity of soliton dynamics rather than on the complexity of their profiles we have analyzed scenarios that are promising for all-optical control concepts and applications. © 2012 American Physical Society.
From Tahrir Square to Ferguson

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Much has been written about the so called “Facebook revolution” in the Middle East. In fact, the technological impact of new media is not reduced to larger uprisings in these countries. Social media are also used in protests in democratic societies. In this chapter I will examine the case of “Stuttgart 21,” also known as “S21,” a controversial train station project in Germany and the use of social media. In contradiction to protests in many authoritarian countries, the use of social media services in Germany by social movements is legal. However, research should focus on the factual use of these digital instruments by protest movements to discover similarities and differences between the practice in liberal-democratic and authoritarian systems.
The research question is: How were social media tools used in the organization and communication of the protesters? I will first describe the project and the protests against it before I present the legal situation in the Federal Republic of Germany. The last part of the work deals with the use of social media in the train station protests. I will demonstrate how Facebook and Twitter were used to reach certain goals by using my own data and by summarizing a recent study (Jungherr & Jurgens, 2013) on the subject.
Extraction and methylation parameters of phospholipid fatty acid analysis and their effect on total yield and community structure

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;Phospholipid fatty acids are membrane compounds of microbial cell walls and the structure of individual compounds is indicative for specific microbial groups. The extraction and analysis of phospholipid fatty acids in soils improved our understanding of factors driving microbial abundance and community composition. Despite the wide application of this method, important pitfalls persist which impede comparability of PLFA results between studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we show that there was an effect of freeze-drying on the community composition. However, compared to the effect of using of old extraction solution (4 weeks) and two different methylation procedures, this effect seems negligible. Using old extraction solution, the overall yield of PLFA was 12% lower and and we observed significant differences in the relative abundances of functional microbial groups. But most importantly, base catalyzed methylation yielded 35% less PLFA compared to acid catalyzed methylation and the relative abundances of all microbial groups were completely different. Our results show that it is crucial to keep the analytical parameters constant to capture subtle treatment effects and that especially the use of different methylation methods prevents comparability between studies.&lt;/p&gt;
Mekong–ROK Cooperation: a perspective from Thailand

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Relative to other regional powers, the Republic of Korea (ROK) is a latecomer to Mekong multilateralism, given that its 5 + 1 multilateral dialogue initiative—the Mekong–ROK Cooperation (MKC)—was only launched in 2011. Despite the MKC's substantive progress, China's launch of the Lancang–Mekong Cooperation in late 2015 has shaken up the regional Mekong order and significantly threatened the MKC's future. Drawing primarily on archives through a broad lens of political realism, this study appraises the MKC's prospects in the Mekong's multilateral politics amid great-power rivalry. The study argues that Mekong nations have expected Korea's MKC to balance foreign (especially China) influence, partially owing to the uncertain posture of the United States toward regional Mekong multilateralism. Finally, it recommends the ROK to play a more active role in preserving the existing Mekong order through the MKC process. Further, it recommends that Seoul aligns with Washington regarding Mekong affairs.
A Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws with discontinuous fluxes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The paper proposes a scheme by combining the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method with a δ-mapping algorithm for solving hyperbolic conservation laws with discontinuous fluxes. This hybrid scheme is particularly applied to nonlinear elasticity in heterogeneous media and multi-class traffic flow with inhomogeneous road conditions. Numerical examples indicate the scheme's efficiency in resolving complex waves of the two systems. Moreover, the discussion implies that the so-called δ-mapping algorithm can also be combined with any other classical methods for solving similar problems in general.
Dependence relationship between insurance demand and some economic, financial, and socio-demographic factors: Evidence from different groups of European countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The insurance sector is a significant component of the economy and its financial system. Therefore, sound growth and protection of the insurance industry against systemic risks are critical requirements for any country’s social and economic development. The paper analyzes the dependence between insurance demand represented by insurance penetration and various factors from economics, finance, socio-demographics, and institutions. The analysis is conducted within certain clusters of European countries, which are determined by functional clustering analysis concerning the magnitude and shape of the insurance penetration curves. The dependence is analyzed via linear mixed-effect models. The analysis shows significantly different dependencies between the clusters, proving the existence of different conditions for different European insurance markets, especially concerning economic growth, income, financial development, and unemployment. In contrast, interest rates, inflation, urbanization, and education do not play a significant role in these insurance markets. The institutional development seems insignificant for all clusters except for certain economies in transition. The findings imply that there is a need for countries across Europe to identify country-specific determinants of insurance. In that respect, European policymakers and managers can direct specific policies based on the identified determinants’ relationship with insurance, especially in developing countries.
Correlation of platelet count and acute ST-elevation in myocardial infarction.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been substantiated by studies that demonstrated significant clinical benefits associated with antiplatelet therapy. Initial platelet counts in Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) may be a useful adjunct for identifying those patients who may or may not respond to fibrinolytic agents. Patient with acute STEMI has variable level of platelet count and with higher platelet count have poor in hospital outcome. There are many predictors of poor outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) like cardiac biomarkers (Troponin I, Troponin T and CK-MB), C-Reactive Protien (CRP) and WBC (White Blood Cell) counts. Platelet count on presentation of STEMI is one of them. Higher platelet count is associated with higher rate of adverse clinical outcome in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), like heart failure, arrhythmia, re-infarction & death. So, categorization of patient with STEMI on the basis of platelet counts may be helpful for risk stratification and management of these patients.
INDEPENDENT FINANCIAL AUDIT OF ENTERPRISES IN INSOLVENCY AND LIQUIDATION

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The independent financial audit of enterprises in insolvency and liquidation is characterized by some specific audit procedures and expression of qualified audit opinion by the certified public accountants, registered auditors who audit and verify the financial statements of these enterprises. The expression of qualified audit opinion is due to the fact that enterprises in insolvency or liquidation do not meet the requirements of the going concern principle and when carrying out independent financial audit of their financial statements, the auditor is not able to identify reliable basis for expression of an audit opinion about the observance of this principle. Certified public accountants, registered auditors should verify the timely, proper, fair, objective, true and correct presentation in all material aspects of the information for the property and financial position of enterprises in insolvency and liquidation, and for the financial performance resulting from their liquidation. This study highlights some of the more important and audit-specific procedures when carrying out independent financial audit of specific financial statements of enterprises in insolvency and liquidation. It is aimed at presenting, substantiating and identifying in the light of global good auditing practices new methods for rehabilitation of the business of enterprises in insolvency and liquidation in order to avoid bankruptcy, overindebtedness, and liquidation of such enterprises and to enable them continuing their business in the near future while observing the requirements of the going concern principle. This publication may be used when carrying out different types of financial audit – internal audit carried out by the internal auditors of the enterprise in insolvency and liquidation; independent financial audit carried out by certified public accountants, registered auditors, and external audit carried out by the government authorities.
Phosphodiesterase EdpX1 Promotes Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Virulence, Exopolysaccharide Production, and Biofilm Formation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bacteria utilize c-di-GMP as a second messenger to regulate various biological functions. The synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP are catalyzed by GGDEF domains and an EAL or HD-GYP domain, respectively. Multiple genes encoding these domains are often found in one bacterial strain. For example, in the genome of X. oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99 A , 26 genes encoding proteins containing these domains were identified. Therefore, to fully appreciate the complexity and specificity of c-di-GMP signaling in X. oryzae pv. oryzae, the enzymatic activities and regulatory functions of each GGDEF, EAL, and HD-GYP domain protein need to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that the EAL domain protein EdpX1 is a major PDE to regulate diverse virulence phenotypes through the c-di-GMP signaling pathway.