jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Heterotropic interactions in aspartate transcarbamoylase: turning allosteric ATP activation into inhibition as a consequence of a single tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (EC 2.1.3.2) is extensively studied as a model for cooperativity and allostery. This enzyme shows cooperativity between the catalytic sites, and its activity is feedback inhibited by CTP and activated by ATP. These regulatory processes involve several interfaces between catalytic and regulatory chains as well as between domains within these two types of chains. As far as the regulatory chain is concerned, its two domains are in contact through a hydrophobic interface, in which a tyrosine residue is inserted in a pocket involving two leucine residues of the allosteric domain and a valine and a leucine residue of the zinc domain. To probe the possible implication of this hydrophobic core in the CTP and ATP regulatory effect, the tyrosine was replaced by a phenylalanine through oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Interestingly, the resulting mutant shows a complete inversion of the ATP effect; it is now inhibited by ATP instead of being activated by this nucleotide triphosphate. This mutant remains normally sensitive to the feedback inhibitor CTP. This result shows that the hydrophobic interface between the two domains of the regulatory chain plays an important role in the discrimination between the regulatory signals promoted by the two allosteric effectors.
[The fossil record of the Eurasian Neogene insectivores (Erinaceomorpha, Soricomorpha, Mammalia) : Part I / L.W. van den Hoek Ostende, C.S. Doukas and J.W.F. Reumer (editors)]: Spain

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Introduction Spain, with its many Cenozoic continental basins, has one of the finest fossil records of mammals in the world. The presence of nearly continuous sections with mammal localities make some of these basins ideal for defining mammalian continental stages, such as the Ramblian, Aragonian, Vallesian and Turolian.\nThe first mention of fossils mammals in Spain, and one of the first scientific essays on fossil bones in the world, dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century, when Benito JerÃ³nimo Feijoo (1736) described the presence of bones near Concud in "El Barranco de las Calaveras" (the valley of the skulls). Feijoo ascribed the numerous bones to a battle in antiquity.\nMore localities were discovered and classical localities like Los Mansuetos were already known early in the history of palaeontology. However, the systematic investigation of the fossil mammals from Spain started in the 1940s. The main driving force was Miquel Crusafont PairÃ³ from Sabadell. Trained as a pharmacist, Crusafont was one of the leading palaeontologists of his days, becoming professor of Paleontology at the University of Barcelona, and founder director of the Institute of Paleontology in Sabadell that took his name after his death on 1983. Together with his co-workers Josep Villalta Comella and Jaume Truyols Santonja, Crusafont published a series of papers on mammals from the VallÃ¨s-PenedÃ¨s area. The fossils they collected formed the basis of the Institute Miquel Crusafont. Crusafont's main field of interest were the carnivores, but
International Congress on Hormonal Steroids and Hormones and Cancer Loss of PTEN expression followed by Akt phosphorylation is a poor prognostic factor for patients with endometrial cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To clarify whether and how PTEN and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway relates to endometrial cancer we examined the expression of these pathway-related proteins in patients with endometrial cancer. Of 103 endometrial cancers, 37 (36%) showed negative immunohistochemical staining for PTEN. Western blotting revealed that the level of phosphorylated Akt expression in PTEN-negative cases was significantly higher compared with that in positive cases. We found a significant inverse correlation between PTEN and phosphorylated Akt. The present study indicates the phosphorylation of Akt accompanied by the loss of PTEN in clinical specimens of endometrial cancers. In order to investigate the relationship between PTEN expression and prognosis in endometrial cancer, 98 patients with advanced endometrial cancer were newly enrolled. The survival rate for PTEN-positive patients was significantly higher than that for PTEN-negative or -heterogeneous staining patients. Of the 98 patients, 25 underwent radiation therapy, 62 received chemotherapy after surgery, and the remaining 11 did not have any postoperative treatment. When patients underwent chemotherapy, the survival rate for PTEN-positive cases was clearly higher than that for PTEN-negative or -heterogeneous cases (62.4 vs 11.8%). Subsequent multivariate analysis revealed that PTEN staining was an independent prognostic factor for patients undergoing chemotherapy. The current study demonstrates that PTEN-positive staining is a significant prognostic indicator of favorable survival for patients with advanced endometrial cancer who undergo postoperative chemotherapy.
Liquid Chromatographic Approach for the Discrimination and Classification of Cava Samples Based on the Phenolic Composition Using Chemometric Methods

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Phenolic profiles obtained by liquid chromatography with UV/vis detection were here exploited to classify cava samples from the protected designation of origin Cava. Wine samples belonging to various classes which differed in grape varieties, blends and fermentation processes were studied based on profiling and fingerprinting approaches. Hence, concentrations of relevant phenolic acids and chromatograms registered at 310 nm were preliminarily examined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract information on cava classes. It was found that various hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids such as gallic, gentisic, caffeic or caftaric acids were up- or down-expressed depending on the wine varieties. Additionally, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to classify the cava samples according to varietal origins and blends. The classification models were established using well-known wines as the calibration standards. Subsequently, models were applied to assign unknown samples to their corresponding classes. Excellent classification rates were obtained thus proving the potentiality of the proposed approach for characterization and authentication purposes.
Metabolic control of food intake and estrous cycles in Syrian hamsters. I. Plasma insulin and leptin

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The “adipostat hypothesis” refers to the idea that circulating hormone concentrations reflect levels of body adiposity and act as signals to control food intake and reproduction. Implicit in the adipostatic hypothesis are the following two assumptions: 1) plasma levels of adipostatic hormones accurately reflect body fat content and 2) decreased plasma concentrations of adipostatic hormones necessarily result in increased food intake and inhibited reproductive processes. The present experiments are designed to test these assumptions. Fat and lean Syrian hamsters were either fasted for 12, 24, 36, or 48 h or allowed ad libitum access to food. Contrary to the first assumption, plasma leptin and insulin levels in fat hamsters dropped dramatically by 12 h after the start of a fast, with no significant change in body fat content and no postfast hyperphagia. Lean hamsters showed anestrus after a 48-h fast but not after a 24-h fast. Contrary to the second assumption of the lipostatic hypothesis, lean hamsters fasted for 24 h and then refed for the next 24 h had leptin levels that were not significantly elevated compared with those of 48-h-fasted hamsters. Thus, in adult female Syrian hamsters, plasma leptin concentrations do not accurately reflect body fat content under all conditions; normal estrous cyclicity does not necessarily require plasma leptin concentrations higher than those of fasted hamsters; and decreased plasma leptin levels do not result in increased food intake.
Work Hardening of a Dispersion Hardened Ni-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> Alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Mean internal stresses during deformation have been measured by Bauschinger tests at room temperature and 77 K in dispersion hardened Ni-TiO2 alloy polycrystals prepared by the internal oxidation method. The temperature dependence of flow stress has been investigated by the tensile tests carried out over the temperature range from room temperature to 973 K, and dislocation structures have been observed.Plastic relaxation processes are operative from very small strains in the present alloy, therefore, the contribution of the mean internal stress to total work hardening is small. The amount of work hardening at 77 K can be approximated by the summation of the work hardening of Ni-matrix itself and hardening arising from the existence of dispersion particles after initiation of plastic relaxation, which consists of the mean internal stress and forest hardening.Changes in proof stress with oxide particle spacing of internally oxidized specimens are explained relatively well by Orowan’s stress, and it turns out that the temperature dependence of proof stress is mainly due to that of the matrix. However, the component of proof stress arising from the existence of dispersion particles shows a tendency to decrease below Orowan’s stress at high temperature. It is observed that the rate of work hardening at an early stage of deformation shows the tendency to decrease more rapidly with increasing deformation temperature as the oxide particles become smaller. Therefore, it is suggested that dynamic recovery depends on the dispersion particle diameter even though the plastic relaxation processes are operative. In these specimens, the dislocations are complicatedly tangled around particles and link together to make cell-like structures.
Thermomechanical characteristics of flax-woven-fabric-reinforced poly(lactic acid) and polypropylene biocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Flax is a prominent natural fiber used in biodegradable and sustainable polymeric biocomposites as reinforcement material. The prime objective of this research was to fabricate, characterize and compare flax-woven-fabric-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polypropylene (PP) with different directions (lengthwise and cross-wise) by using hot-press technology. Tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, thickness swelling and water absorbency tests were carried out to assess the physical and mechanical performance of the composites. The flax/PLA composites exhibited the highest tensile strength (128.6 MPa) in the lengthwise direction, whereas flax/PP showed the lowest tensile strength in the cross-wise direction (90.69 MPa). Flax/PP had the highest flexural strength (53.80 MPa) in the lengthwise direction, although flax/PLA (lengthwise) provided the maximum bending modulus (40.809 MPa). Moreover, scanning electron micrographs were also investigated to observe the appearance of the matrix for flax/PLA and flax/PP composites before and after applying tensile loads. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated successful lamination of flax woven fabrics with the thermoplastic polymers (PLA and PP). Thermogravimetric investigation showed enhanced thermal stability of the produced biocomposites.
Use of Noise Power Spectra (NPS) for quality control in digital radiography

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Quality control (QC) guidance documents recommend various tests for evaluation of different parameters of x ray imaging systems’ performance. QC tests can be time consuming, user-dependent and require specialized tools. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the noise power spectrum (NPS) as a QC constancy test which is simple, fast and lends itself easily to automated analysis. Uniform images were acquired under different conditions representing deviations from ideal performance using two digital x-ray systems. The stationarity and ergodicity of the noise was assessed. The normalized NPS (NNPS) were calculated using the methodology of the international electrotechnical commission. The total relative difference was used to quantify the changes in the NNPS. The NNPS was computed for images: with focal spot blooming, collected using large and small focal spot (to mimic resolution change), various tube voltage values, with and without defective pixels, with residual image and with a mismatched anti-scatter grid. Results showed that the NPS method is not sensitive to image lag and focal spot blooming investigated in this study. However, the NPS method was sensitive to changes in resolution introduced by changing the focal spot size, kV deviations as small as 1 kV, defective pixels representing 0.01% of the image pixel and 0.98 MSE difference from the original image, affixed pattern artifacts and a mismatched grid. The NPS was decomposed into its components (fixed pattern, quantum and electronic) to investigate the effect of different performance deviations on the NPS components. The negligibility of the electronic noise was verified. The results showed the fixed pattern changes impacted the fixed pattern NPS component the most and the changes associated with quantum noise affected the quantum component. This thesis suggests the NPS is sensitive to a variety of deviations in system parameters and performance metrics likely to arise in the quality control of digital radiography systems. NPS decomposition can further help identify the source of deviations. The NPS has the potential to be used as a constancy test for routine quality control of DR systems.
Effect of Benzophenone-3 to Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant System in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryos

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one of the most used UV filters. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of BP-3 during embryo stages of zebrafish, four hours post-fertilization (4hpf). Embryos were exposed to 0, 1, and 10 µg L -1 of BP-3, for 72 hours. We investigated biochemical and molecular biomarkers of neurotoxicity (AChE) and the antioxidant system (gene expression of catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, GPX, the concentration of total glutathione, GSH, and lipid hydroperoxides, LPO). Results indicated that the acute exposure to BP-3 in zebrafish embryos did not show significant differences in survival, hatching rate, or in the biomarkers of antioxidant system. In contrast, there were significant differences associated with AChE gene expression and activity.
A Study Investigating Knowledge-based Engineering Methodologies Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It is now commonly accepted that building ontology is a key step in the development of knowledge based systems.A quite number of methodologies for ontology development have been proposed in the literature.However, this field still lacks mature methodologies which provide a clear vision for how to build ontologies.Most methodologies provide insufficient details about their adopted techniques and activities.This paper gives a preliminary guide which analysis and discusses some selected methodologies for ontology building.The important criteria and guidelines resulting from current literature have been adapted to perform this discussion and analysis.The performed analysis showed as outcomes that the existing methodology needs and additional hard work to be mature.
Polarization Reversal of Low Frequency Magnetic Variation in the Lunar Wake

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Reversal of unified polarization of low-frequency magnetic field variation was found by Kaguya at equator crossings in the lunar wake under the condition of dawn-dusk directed background magnetic field. The polarization was left-handed over a frequency range from 0.01 to 0.3 Hz in the southern hemisphere of the lunar wake in the dawnward-directed magnetic field. It turned to be right-handed when the spacecraft entered the northern hemisphere of the wake. In the duskward-directed magnetic field the polarization reversed. The same configuration by 90 degrees rotated was observed in northward-directed magnetic field, too. The sense of rotation was alike that of surface waves generated by Kelvin-Helmhlotz instability, but it was not likely because the waves of unified polarization were not always accompanied by velocity shear. They penetrated into the very center of the wake, suggesting that they were not propagating along a surface of wake boundary. The polarization was highly elliptic except for high frequency component. The magnetic field variation was predominantly perpendicular to the background magnetic field, suggesting that they were shear Alfven waves. The mechanism of unifying the polarization is not yet understood.
Three-body treatment of the Z-dependence for excitation cross sections in A q+ + H(1s) collisions - Excitation from the ground

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A three-body Faddeev type formalism is applied to calculate the total excitation cross sections in the collision of a bare ion, A q+ (1 ≤ q ≤ 4), with atomic hydrogen, leading to the excitation of its 2s and 3s states. These calculations were undertaken at energies in the range 1 MeV−7 MeV. The first order electronic and nuclear amplitudes are included in the model, in order to calculate the differential and total excitation cross sections leading to the first order form factors. The present results are compared with the available data in the literature, specifically those from monocentric close-coupling calculations. The Z-dependence of the 2s and 3s excitation cross sections are also determined, and compared with corresponding data available in the literature. Saturation is observable in the excitation cross sections in the 1−7 MeV energy region, which depends on the ratio of projectile's and target's nuclear charge.
Characterization of ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum from two strains of dystrophic mice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The ATPase activities and phosphoenzyme levels have been determined in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes prepared from two animal models of muscular dystrophy, myodystrophic (myd/myd) and strain 129 dystrophic (129 dy/dy) mice. In both myd/myd and 129 dy/dy SR membranes, the basal ATPase activities are elevated above control levels, while the Ca‐dependent ATPase activities are normal. The addition of 0.1% Triton X‐100 not only lowers the basal ATPase activity of myodystrophic control SR membranes by 60%, but also lowers the elevated basal ATPase activity of myd/myd SR membranes to a similar level. The Ca‐dependent ATPase activities of myodystrophic control and myd/myd SR membranes are increased approximately threefold by the addition of Triton. The addition of 0.1% Triton X‐100 lowers the basal ATPase activities of 129 control and 129 dy/dy SR membranes to similar levels, but stimulates the Ca‐dependent ATPase activity of 129 dy/dy SR membranes to a level that is only 60% of that of 129 control SR membranes. The level of phosphoenzyme intermediate is decreased approximately 15% in myd/myd SR membranes and approximately 30% in 129 dy/dy SR membranes.
[Enzymatic glycosylation of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The glycosides of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (DMEP) possess various pharmacological activities; however, the chemical synthesis of these glycosides faces challenges in regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and the protection and de-protection of functional groups. In this work, a novel glycosyltransferase (GT) gene AbGT5 from Aloe barbadensis was successfully cloned, heterogeneously expressed and purified. Recombinant AbGT5 was able to catalyze the glycosylation of DMEP and the glycosylated product, which was separated from the preparative scale reaction, was characterized as DMEP 4'-O-β-D-glucoside via MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC and HMBC. According to the investigations of enzyme properties, AbGT5 show the highest activity around 20 ℃ in the buffer of pH 9.0, and it was independent of divalent metal ions. Under the optimum conditions, the conversion rate of DMEP can reach 80%. Above all, in this work the enzymatic glycosylation of DMEP was achieved with high efficiency by the novel GT AbGT5.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Two Types of Shaped Charge Comprised of Reactive Material Liner

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two types of shaped charge comprised of reactive material liner, which can generate exothermal reaction by certain external action, were designed to promote the damage effect. One design contained two layers of liners, which can form a short and wide explosive formed penetrator (EFP). The other design contained three layers of liners, which can form a long and thin EFP. The composition of reactive material is aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene mixtures. The results of the numerical simulation and the experiments show that, the reactive material shaped charge with three layers of liners has higher penetrating ability on steel target, higher adaptive capacity on the burst height, higher cladding effect on the reactive material.
NEW DATA ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENTS OF THE DANUBE FORMATION

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Приведено аналіз опублікованих матеріалів по знаходженню дакійських і кімерійських молюсків в долині Дунаю в Ренійському і Ізмаїльському районах і представлено результати вивчення пліоценових відкладів по пробурених свердловинах на шельфі Чорного моря східніше дельти Дунаю. На підставі малакологічних даних вивчено пліоценові відклади, співставлені з придунайською світою.
Effect of plyometric exercises on leg power Amonf the Kho-Kho players

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of plyometric exercise on leg power. Sixty male Kho-Kho Players (N=60 were randomly selected as subjects and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups with thirty subjects each (N=30). Group I experimental, Group II Control group the experimental groups underwent their respective experimental treatment for twelve weeks 3 days per week and a session on each day. Control group was not exposed to any specific training apart from their curriculum. Leg power was taken as variable for this investigation. The pre and posttest were conducted one day before and after the experimental treatment. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analysis the collected data. Scheffe's test was used as a post hoc test to determine which of the paired mean differed significantly. The results revealed that There was also a significant difference between experimental groups on leg power (P ≤ 0.05) Further it related that the plyometric training and plyometric training produced significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05) on leg power as compared to control group.