jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Barley Flour Protein Extraction via Response Surface Methodology: Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

One possible source of bioactive proteins has been identified: barley flour protein (BFP). An extraction process was optimised through the use of a Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The results showed that an extraction temperature of 54.5ᵒC, a buffer-to-sample ratio of 41.8 mL/g, as well an extraction period of 120 minutes were the ideal parameters for achieving the greatest protein yield (17.8%). For these settings, the computed desirability value was 0.47 %. The BFP electrophoresis analysis showed that two different protein types were present. One kind was made up of low molecular weight proteins, known as globulins of the (2S) type, that ranged in size from 6 to 98 kDa. Furthermore, the presence of lectins was confirmed by a noticeable protein band of 27.6 kDa. Furthermore, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, the proteins isolated under optimal circumstances showed action in suppressing the release of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory inducers such IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. These results imply that BFP may be used as a useful nutraceutical, offering proteins that are both functional and health-promoting.
Miss-Taken Identities: The Comedy of Misrecognition in New Woman Short Stories

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay will illuminate a surprisingly common trope in British New Woman comic short stories from the late-1880s through the end of the nineteenth century—that is, the social misrecognition of women (almost always young women) by men. Often, this misidentification takes a class-based turn, with men of the upper classes assuming that the girls they encounter in socially ambiguous spaces belong to a class lower than their own and are, therefore, undeserving of the usual forms of respectful courtesy, or are even appropriate targets for sexual predation. These same men often display pre-existing prejudices against women who are smart, talented, and independent. In the course of the narratives that follow, the misidentified female protagonists offer comic correction, re-educating not only the erring men, but also the reader beyond the text. Such stories use the structure of a joke to reshape the understanding of both the diegetic masculine figures within the story and the extradiegetic audience and to advance the cause of the “New Woman” in general by representing this controversial social type as clever, wise, competent, appealing, and even funny. The essay focuses on a number of examples of this phenomenon, including stories by Mabel E. Wotton, Beatrice Harraden, Sarah Grand, and Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler.
High Energy Rechargeable Metal Free Na-Ion Seawater Batteries: Phosphorus/Carbon Composite As a Promising Anode Material

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A new energy conversion and storage system, named ‘seawater battery’, has recently been introduced in electrochemical academia. The recently introduced seawater battery concept is an eco-friendly energy storage system that offers appealing electrochemical performance. Its radically innovative design, compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, makes use of seawater as an almost infinite sodium reservoir for the positive electrode (catholyte) and, thereby, avoids the use of expensive, scarce, and toxic elements like nickel and cobalt. Herein, we report a phosphorus/carbon composite anode material which was successfully employed as the anode in seawater batteries, showing good cycling stability with high reversible capacities exceeding 920 mAh g -1 composite with coulombic efficiencies over 92% for 80 cycles and good rate capabilities. These results show that the seawater battery system would be a new way to overcome the limitations caused by the use of high-capacity alloying reaction-based anodes in existing batteries with a closed system. The full cell system configuration problem caused by low coulombic efficiencies using alloying reaction anode materials were solved through the seawater batteries by supplying unlimited Na-ions. Therefore, these results represent an important step toward practical application of the sodium-based seawater battery technology.
Experiments on the Evaluation of Course Instruction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Two experiments on direct evaluation procedures are described below. The first involved students' judgments of how well they understood well defined terms and concepts presented in a course. The judgments were made anonymously to avoid instructor deprecation of poor performances and specific pressures for grade achievement. It was considered that such responses should reflect permanent aspects of instruction better than responses to less well defined stimuli referring to broad aspects of instructional procedures. In the second experiment, resposnes to short examination-type questions were obtained again under the same conditions of anonymity. In both experiments a simple index was used to assess the merit of instruction and the variability attending the index was assessed. Analysis showed that the index was, in fact, sufficiently sensitive to detect differences due to instruction even though relatively small numbers of students were involved.
The Sec And Foreign Companies—A Balance Of Competing Interests

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Article examines the rules governing foreign companies that seek to raise capital from U.S. investors or have their securities traded in the U.S. markets. This may seem too remote a corner of securities law’s realm for a general conference on the SEC’s “past, present, and future.” Bear in mind, however, that this otherwise remote corner gave rise to the most visible and vigorous policy debate over the basic orientation and direction of U.S. securities law in the months preceding the recent financial crisis: the debate over whether the strictness of U.S. regulation caused our capital markets to lose some of their competitive advantage.
Effect of temperature on the mechanical and bonding properties of a carbon-reinforced bismaleimide

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

For high temperature usage (200 °C and above) such as in certain supersonic aircraft structures, composites often used are either bismaleimides (BMI) or polyimides reinforced with carbon fibres. The composite used in this investigation was a carbon fabric 0/90° laminate of high-strength carbon fibres in a 2 × 2 twill weave impregnated with a BMI resin. To determine the mechanical behaviour of the BMI composite as a function of temperature, dynamic and static tests were preformed from −55 to +200 °C. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the BMI composite was measured using strain gauges. Joint strength results are also presented to illustrate the importance of the through thickness strength of composites used in adhesive joints. The results show that the modulus and strength of the BMI composite suffer little variation from −55 to +200 °C and that it is important to take the CTE into account for the flexural modulus determination.
Development of Direct Apple-Selling Facilities in Sannae-myeon, Miryang-si, Korea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

本稿では，韓国密陽市山内面におけるリンゴ直売所の形成要因を明らかにし，直売所の存在意義を考察する．山内面は，慶尚南道の有名な観光地であるオルムゴルに隣接し，韓国内では後発のリンゴ産地である．1973年に栽培が始まり，新しい販売方法として個々の零細なリンゴ農家による直売が急速に成長した．当初はリンゴ農家の自宅で直売をしていたが，1980年代後半から国道24号線沿いに直売所を開設し，オルムゴルリンゴという名称で販売するようになった．リンゴ直売所での対面接触を通じて農家と訪問客との人間関係が形成され，特に常連客になると農家との「人情的な結びつき」による信頼関係が形成された．この信頼関係は，常連客を媒介とした新規客の増加をもたらした．このように，リンゴ直売所の存在が，リンゴ産地としての競争力強化に重要な役割を果たしていることが明らかになった．
Pressure measurement of a bus model in wind tunnel for the improvement of the bus designs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Based on existing bus designs, wind tunnel experiments are performed on different bus models in order to investigate their pressure distributions. In recent years, research works on improving bus designs were mainly performed through simulations (Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)) and little investigations were carried out in an actual wind tunnel. In this project, pressure distributions of different models are investigated in wind tunnel as wind tunnel experiment provides higher accuracy as compared to simulations. Pressure distribution measured provides detailed flow behavior and the results are then analyzed and compared in order to explore the possibility of modifying the shape of the bus for better fuel efficiency. The models studied are Mercedes-Benz O405, Scania K230 and Man NL 323 F.
Decision analysis and coordination in green supply chains with stochastic demand

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Consumer goods supply chains are intensifying their efforts to develop and offer green products, in order to seize new business opportunities and improve profitability. A specific type of green products concerns marginal and development cost-intensive green products (MDIGPs), like electric vehicles. As greening these products affects both marginal and development costs, their design presents special challenges, especially within the context of uncertain demand. This paper formulates the joint product pricing-ordering-greening decision problem in the supply chains of MDIGPs and examines the impact of demand uncertainty. A sequential game-theoretic framework is developed, providing analytical expressions of the optimal solutions for the stochastic model. A bargaining game on the wholesale price between supply chain members is proposed to coordinate decisions. We compare the optimal decisions numerically in the stochastic and deterministic cases and find that, although demand uncertainty creates inefficiency in the green supply chain, it might positively impact product greenness and prices. Given the impact of the unit-variable greening costs of MDIGPs, we are able to identify cases where – contrary to common belief – demand uncertainty does not always lead firms to reduce greenness or increase prices.
In defence of the nation‐state: securing the environment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The relationship between armed forces and the environment has been given greater attention in recent times. This paper seeks to develop a rationale for a positive relationship between the military and the environment. It seeks to make an holistic interpretation of military corporate goals such as 'security' of the nation and protecting the 'people' and national 'interests'. In its examination of the environmental dimensions to these goals the paper highlights the understanding that the military's traditional contribution to society has been overly narrow, and that there is a pressing need to redefine the role of the military in the post cold war era. The paper will draw on Australian examples to illustrate its examination, and will conclude with an example of one way in which Australia's military can make a positive contribution to sustainable development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Effect of timing of precommercial thinning on the consumption of working time in Picea abies stands in Finland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of the timing of precommercial thinning on the productivity of work was examined in young Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in southern Finland. The common problem of large variation between sample plots in time studies was avoided by introducing a new approach based on a combination of stand measurements, tree-ring analysis and existing work productivity functions. The results indicated that a 2 year delay in the precommercial thinning of a stand was enough to cause an increase of 10-42% in the consumption of working time at a mean height of 1.5-3.1 m. At a later thinning, at a mean height 4.1-7.2 m, the increase was 8-24%. The development of the stand up to the first commercial thinning was not significantly influenced by a 2 year delay in the late precommercial thinning.
Community Leaders and the Urban Forest: A Model of Knowledge and Understanding

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Foresters have a sound understanding of the urban forest, but this level of understanding rarely extends to the people who are able to effect change in communities—leaders. This article describes knowledge and understanding of the urban forest based on personal interviews conducted with leaders in two cities using qualitative research methods. Interpretation of the data suggests a knowledge and understanding model with three main constructs: urban forest meaning, processes, and benefits and outcomes. Respondents described the urban forest through categories (e.g., green spaces, quality of life) in terms of these constructs in a gradient ranging from entry to bridging to mature. The emergence of the constructs and categories provides a better understanding of how leaders perceive the urban forest and gives direction to future research that will continue the development of the model. Keywords: community leadersknowledgemodeling understandingperceptionpolicymakingunderstandingurban forest
[A catalog of mosquito species (Culicidae family) from the Asian region of Russia].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new checklist of mosquitoes (Culicidae) recorded in the Asian part of Russia includes 79 species. The checklist is provided with taxonomic comments and compared with ones compiled by previous authors. In a comparison to the checklist of Kukharchuk (1980) including 73 species, 10 species are added into the present checklist and 6 species mentioned by this author are excluded, as far they were not actually found in Asian part of Russia. The names of 9 species are chanced according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1966). In the checklist of Stojanovich and Scott (1995) including 64 species, 5 species were included erraneously and 21 species were missed. The classification and valid species names are listed according to the Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World (Knight, Stone, 1977) and its supplements (Knight, 1978; Ward, 1984, 1992; Gaffigan, Ward, 1985), except 5 species. These species (Aedes implicatus, Ae. esoensis, Ae. rossicus, Ae. albescens, Ae. subdiversus) are considered in the comments to the checklist.
LTM-NeRF: Embedding 3D Local Tone Mapping in HDR Neural Radiance Field

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have provided a new geometric primitive for novel view synthesis. High Dynamic Range NeRF (HDR NeRF) can render novel views with a higher dynamic range. However, effectively displaying the scene contents of HDR NeRF on diverse devices with limited dynamic range poses a significant challenge. To address this, we present LTM-NeRF, a method designed to recover HDR NeRF and support 3D local tone mapping. LTM-NeRF allows for the synthesis of HDR views, tone-mapped views, and LDR views under different exposure settings, using only the multi-view multi-exposure LDR inputs for supervision. Specifically, we propose a differentiable Camera Response Function (CRF) module for HDR NeRF reconstruction, globally mapping the scene's HDR radiance to LDR pixels. Moreover, we introduce a Neural Exposure Field (NeEF) to represent the spatially varying exposure time of an HDR NeRF to achieve 3D local tone mapping, for compatibility with various displays. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our method can not only synthesize HDR views and exposure-varying LDR views accurately but also render locally tone-mapped views naturally.
J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye: A Routledge Study Guide

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951) is a twentieth-century classic. Despite being one of the most frequently banned books in America, generations of readers have identified with the narrator, Holden Caulfield, an angry young man who articulates the confusion, cynicism and vulnerability of adolescence with humour and sincerity.
This guide to Salinger’s provocative novel offers:

an accessible introduction to the text and contexts of The Catcher in the Rye
a critical history, surveying the many interpretations of the text from publication to the present
a selection of new critical essays on the The Catcher in the Rye, by Sally Robinson, Renee R. Curry, Denis Jonnes, Livia Hekanaho and Clive Baldwin, providing a range of perspectives on the novel and extending the coverage of key critical approaches identified in the survey section
cross-references between sections of the guide, in order to suggest links between texts, contexts and criticism
suggestions for further reading.
Part of the Routledge Guides to Literature series, this volume is essential reading for all those beginning detailed study of The Catcher in the Rye and seeking not only a guide to the novel, but a way through the wealth of contextual and critical material that surrounds Salinger’s text.
Quantitative reconstitution of isolated influenza haemagglutinin into liposomes by the detergent method and the immunogenicity of haemagglutinin liposomes.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The reconstitution of influenza virus haemagglutinin into liposomes from lipid/protein/detergent mixtures by detergent removal provides vesicles that are similar in structure to viral particles. The dissociation properties of haemagglutinin aggregates and the molar ratio of lipid to protein in the starting mixture are the key factors for the individual and total yield of protein incorporation into liposomes. Structural properties of the detergent used as well as special reconstitution conditions are of minor importance for the formation of haemagglutinin liposomes. As determined by radial immunodiffusion-, haemolysis- and fusion experiments, specific properties of haemagglutinin were maintained to a large extent on liposomal incorporation, but its immunogenicity is increased, if the antigen is incorporated into the lipid bilayer of liposomes.
Automatic sensor registration using stochastic optimization methods

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sensor image registration is one of important problems in sensor fusion, it is the task of finding the correct mapping of one sensor image onto another. In this paper, the sensor image registration problem is approached as a optimization problem, then an appropriate fitness function is proposed to evaluate the mapping parameter set and several optimization methods (genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, hybrid strategy GASA) are adopted to solve this problem automatically. The experiment indicates the feasibility of the registration methods which are insensitive to noise. Among them, GASA shows good performance because of its rapid convergence.
Maternal–fetal outcomes from a pregnant 28–1 weeks woman under four months coma after multi–traumatic brain injury: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Feb 2015, a pregnant 28 -1 weeks woman who was involved in a catastrophic motor vehicle accident with severe brain injuries and systemic multiple fractures was admitted to our emergency room.The patient accepted emergent cesarean section to save the fetus and the subsequent life-sustaining multi disciplinary treatment, and finally recovered from a 4-month coma.This case is presented to explore the delivery outcomes and craniectomy in pregnant women with catastrophic brain injury, which aims to enable clinicians to better appreciate the history and current issues involving advance directives for pregnant women, maternal versus fetal interests, and the impact of fetal viability on medical decision making in pregnant women with catastrophic brain injury and to encourage the use of persistent multi disciplinary treatment to save lives..
Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in neuroendocrine tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogenous group of mainly epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms with high metastatic potential. Up to 60% of patients have advanced metastatic liver disease at the time of diagnosis. Twelve to fifty percent of primary NETs in the abdomen are regularly missed due to small tumor size, body habitus, and abdominal gases. Of these, 50% originate in the pancreas (pNETs) and small bowel (sbNETs). Often located in close proximity, they are difficult to differentiate because of similar signs and symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, poor appetite, weight loss, and diarrhea. However, it is particularly important to differentiate between pNETs and sbNETs due to different treatment options and protocols.
STAT1-mediated inhibition of FOXM1 enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) was identified as an oncogenic transcription factor and master regulator of tumor progression and metastasis. FOXM1 expression often correlates with poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance. In the present study, we investigated the association of FOXM1 expression and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Elevated FOXM1 protein levels were associated with gemcitabine chemoresistance in patients with pancreatic cancer. In gemcitabine resistance cell line models of pancreatic cancer, FOXM1 expression increased, which induced gemcitabine chemoresistance in vitro. In pancreatic cancer cells treated with gemcitabine, FOXM1 affected nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling activity. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a negative association of FOXM1 expression and the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (pSTAT1) in human pancreatic cancer tissues. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that pSTAT1 directly binds to the FOXM1 promoter to down-regulate its transcription. Interferon γ (IFNγ) promoted gemcitabine-induced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by FOXM1 inhibition. These data suggested that FOXM1 enhances chemoresistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. IFNγ could be used to down-regulate the expression of FOXM1 through STAT1 phosphorylation, thereby increasing the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. These studies suggested the sensitization by IFNγ in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) chemotherapy, which requires further clinical studies.
Chemical and bacteriological evaluation of some crustaceans

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

> Forty samples of crustaceans, 20 shrimp (local, imported, peeled and nonpeeled) and 20 local chilled samples were collected from Beni-Suef markets.Samples were evaluated by physiochemical deteriorative criteria (pH, TVBN) and bacteriological quality including APC at 35°C (mesophils), APC at 7°C(psycrotrophs), coliforms (MPN), fecal coliform (MPN), E. coli (MPN), S.aureus count and isolation and identification of specific pathogens (E. coli,and S. aurerus). All fresh and frozen seafood samples were judged as safefood from the microbiological point of view. The total mesophillic,psychrotrophic and S. aureus of all examined seafood samples lied withinthe standard permissible limits.