jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the chemical control of polarized form in hydra

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Development and maintenance of polarized form in Hydra is controlled chemically by a diffusible factor, concentrated in, and probably produced by nerves in the hypostomal region of the animal. This polarizing (or inductive) factor may be isolated from tissue homogenates of Hydra. It is recovered from the supernatant fraction after centrifugating the homogenate at 25,000 × G for 50 minutes. Concentrated amounts of the extracted substance induce “heteropolarity” in regenerating annuli of Hydra pirardi. Heteropolarity is expressed through the development of supernumerary tentacles and “head” regions. Over 40 tentacles may be induced in heteropolar individuals, compared to the normal number of eight. The polarizing effect of this material is not species specific; H. viridis, H. littoralis , and H. pirardi contain extractable amounts of the active factor. Heterogeneous invertebrate tissue such as Dugesia extract does not induce heteropolarity. Because the active material is both dialyzable and can be digested by trypsin, it is suggested that it may be a peptide. Although the mechanism of action of the polarizing component has not been fully determined, the active material probably is bound by the tissues of the assay animal during the incubation period. It appears to act by directing the differentiation of interstitial cells. Interstitial cells in the annulus tested probably bind excessive amounts of the inducer and differentiate into nerve cells. Secretion of additional inducer from these nerve centers initiates the heteropolar state. The fact that heteropolar animals possess more extractable material per animal than do normal unipolarized hydra substantiates this conclusion, and suggests that a single inductive substance, varying quantitatively apico‐basally, controls the direction of differentiation of neoblast cells in Hydra .
Economic Feasibility Study of Feed Water Heater System Integration in a 15 MW Thermal Power Plant

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This study presents a comprehensive economic analysis and optimization of the feedwater heater system in a 15 MW thermal power plant. Feedwater heaters play a critical role in improving thermal efficiency and ensuring operational sustainability of power generation. The analysis focuses on evaluating the operational costs associated with feedwater heating and circulation systems. One of the key economic indicator, the payback period is used to assess the viability and cost-effectiveness of various feedwater heater integration strategies. Comparative scenarios are developed to evaluate plant performance with and without feedwater heating systems. The results demonstrate that effective feedwater heater management can significantly reduce fuel consumption, improve the heat rate, and enhance overall plant performance. Without a feedwater heating system, the plant consumes 13.27 tons per hour (TPH) of fuel. Integrating a low-pressure feedwater heater (LPH) reduces fuel consumption by 1.2%, while the addition of a high-pressure heater (HPH) improves fuel savings to 1.7%. The study concludes that strategic investment in feedwater heater systems can enhance operational reliability and efficiency in medium scale thermal power plants.
Pharmacologic properties and inhibitory activity of 6-azasteroids against Mycobacterium leprae in vivo and in vitro

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Although the current multidrug therapy (MDT) for leprosy is very successful, the long treatment duration and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains demand for new alternative drugs. One potential target for drug development against pathogenic mycobacteria is their need to degrade host cholesterol during infection. Mycobacterium leprae , due to its degenerate genome, has preserved only the first step of cholesterol catabolism, in which cholesterol is oxidized to cholestenone by the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). M. leprae avidly produces cholestenone in vivo, and this metabolic activity seems to play an important role in bacterial pathogenesis. In this study, six 6-azasteroid analogs were developed with the potential to inhibit 3β-HSD, and their metabolic stability and in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against M. leprae were investigated. Pharmacologic properties indicated lower metabolic liabilities for azasteroid 5 in comparison to its progenitors, azasteroids 1 and 2, resulting in improved accumulation and extended t 1/2 values in mice. Azasteroid 5 also partially inhibits M. leprae 3β-HSD in vitro . When tested in the Shepard’s mouse footpad model of leprosy, azasteroid 5 showed effective bacterial killing that was accelerated when combined with a subinhibitory dose of rifampicin and exhibited an absence of detectable hepatotoxic effects. We concluded that 6-azasteroids derivatives are promising new antimicrobial candidates for leprosy treatment. IMPORTANCE Leprosy remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in underserved regions. While multidrug therapy (MDT) has been effective, its prolonged duration and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains emphasize the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in understanding Mycobacterium leprae ’s unique biology have identified cholesterol metabolism as a critical pathway for bacterial survival and pathogenesis, offering a promising new target for drug development. Building on insights from tuberculosis research, azasteroids—compounds known for their potential to disrupt mycobacterial cholesterol metabolism—are now being explored as candidates for leprosy treatment. These molecules inhibit M. leprae ’s cholesterol oxidation, impairing bacterial persistence within the host. This innovative approach could lead to more effective, faster-acting therapies, overcoming current treatment limitations and resistance. Such efforts represent a vital step forward in reducing the burden of leprosy and empowering affected communities worldwide.
Why are translationally sub-optimal synonymous codons used in Escherichia coli?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Natural selection favors certain synonymous codons which aid translation in Escherichia coli, yet codons not favored by translational selection persist. We use the frequency distributions of synonymous polymorphisms to test three hypotheses for the existence of translationally sub-optimal codons: (1) selection is a relatively weak force, so there is a balance between mutation, selection, and drift; (2) at some sites there is no selection on codon usage, so some synonymous sites are unaffected by translational selection; and (3) translationally sub-optimal codons are favored by alternative selection pressures at certain synonymous sites. We find that when all the data is considered, model 1 is supported and both models 2 and 3 are rejected as sole explanations for the existence of translationally sub-optimal codons. However, we find evidence in favor of both models 2 and 3 when the data is partitioned between groups of amino acids and between regions of the genes. Thus, all three mechanisms appear to contribute to the existence of translationally sub-optimal codons in E. coli.
Intervention can help reduce risky sexual behavior.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The National Institute of Mental Health conducted the largest randomized, controlled, HIV behavioral intervention study ever conducted in the United States. The study involved 3,706 people attending 37 inner-city community-based clinics. The intervention consisted of seven 90- to 120-minute HIV risk-reduction educational sessions. Participants were at least 18 years old, and had engaged in risky sexual behavior within the previous 90 days. Participants were followed for 1 year after the intervention and reported significantly fewer unprotected sexual acts and more consistent condom use.
Poincaré’s proof of the quantum discontinuity of nature

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In his last memoir on mathematical physics, Henri Poincaré presented one of the most profound and compelling proofs of the hypothesis of quanta. This highly original proof, which is actually three separate proofs, is based on first principles and is full of physical insight, mathematical rigor, and elegant simplicity. The memoir is refreshingly uncluttered by some of the conventional, and more abstract concepts, such as temperature and entropy, that Planck and others relied on in their work. Poincaré’s analysis is based on an ingenious physical model consisting of long-period resonators interacting with short-period resonators. A unique formulation of statistical mechanics, based on the calculus of probabilities, Fourier’s integral, and complex analysis, logically unfolds throughout the memoir. Poincaré invents an ‘‘inverse statistical mechanics’’ that allows him to prove a crucial result that no one had proved before: The hypothesis of quanta is both a sufficient and a necessary condition to account for Planck’s law of radiation. In a separate, more universal proof, Poincaré proves that the existence of a discontinuity in the motion of a resonator is necessary to explain any observed law of radiation. Given the significant impact of Poincaré’s memoir on quantum theory and statistical physics, it is surprising that most physicists are not aware of its valuable mathematical and physical ideas. Poincaré’s tour de force proofs are presented here in a form suitable for use in a standard course in quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, or mathematical physics.
The Effect of Transformational Leadership, Interactional Justice, and Job Satisfaction on Performance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the influence of transformational leadership, justice organization, physical work environment a,d job satisfaction on the employees performance of BMKG West Sumatera.This research is included in causative research with analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).The population in this study were all BMKG employees in West Sumatera with a total sample of 103 respondents.The results showed transformational leadership had a positive and significant effect on employee performance.Interactional justice has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.Physical work environment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.Transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction.Interactional justice has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction and the physical work environment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction.
The deformation behavior investigation of a polymers used as a sliding layer in a contact friction unit

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The polymers and composites study of is to the present day an actual topic of many research scientists. Experimental studies of antifriction polymer and composite materials are widespread. But analyzing the performance of materials under different conditions does not lose its relevance. This is due to the limited data on the materials behavior in open sources, both statically and dynamically. The article deals with spherical bridge bearing manufactured by “AlfaTech”, Perm, Russia. The bearing includes a steel balancer with a ball segment in contact with the lower steel plate through a spherical protective antifriction layer. The material of the protective layer may vary. Several options for antifriction layer materials both polymer and composite are reviewed in the work. The geometry of structural elements influences its behavior. A particular effect is observed in elements made of plastic. The main part of parameters was considered in this article, such as thickness and physico-mechanical properties of polymer sliding layer. The article considers the value influence of the friction coefficient on the interaction of contact surfaces. It was obtained that the maximum values of contact parameters decrease with increasing sliding layer thickness. The paper deals with the description of viscoelastic behavior of modern polymers and composites used as sliding antifriction layers within.
Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Responses of a Radial Gate Under Ship Impact Loadings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Increasing river traffic has led to frequent collisions between uncontrolled ships and hydraulic infrastructures. A dam typically has some spillways for flood-discharge purposes and there is a possibility that one of the gates of the surface spillways is impacted by an uncontrolled ship. This work uses the acoustic–solid coupling method to numerically simulate ship collisions with a radial gate under varying ship speeds and weights. The energy absorption mechanism, load transfer paths, and dynamic responses of the gate are analyzed in different collision scenarios. It is shown that the simulation results with a grid size of 0.2[Formula: see text]m are consistent with those with the empirical formula, thus validating the reliability of the employed calculation method. The calculation results indicate that the radial gate mainly undergoes plastic deformation in ship collision events. The longitudinal beams and faceplate of the gate serve as the primary energy-absorbing components while the diagonal braces are crucial for maintaining the structural stability. It is found that a typical load transfer path in the gate in ship collision events is: faceplate [Formula: see text] main beams [Formula: see text] support arms [Formula: see text] hinge supports. The results of this work support the idea that the radial gate has adequate collision resistance in general ship impact events with routine ship speeds and weights.
A VO<inf>2</inf>-based 30 GHz variable attenuator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a millimeter-wave variable attenuator using vanadium dioxide (VO 2 )-based variable resistors. The thin-films VO 2 are integrated monolithically with a 0-dB coupler to realize the variable attenuator. A 30 GHz variable attenuator is designed, fabricated, and tested to verify the concept. It exhibits a continuous attenuation tuning range of 13 dB, and a return loss of 15 dB over a bandwidth of 5 GHz. The proposed VO 2 based variable attenuators have a great potential to be used in a wide range of millimeter-wave applications.
Natural resource management and land policy in developing countries: Lessons learned and new challenges for the World Bank

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"The World Bank's concept of its development mission has deepened in recent years with greater weight given to poverty eradication and environmental stewardship. Natural resource management has thus taken its place alongside agriculture as a major rural development concern. New insights have emerged, which include a more integrated picture of rural livelihoods, and the understanding that they depend to a significant extent on forest and animal products extracted from beyond the farm. There is also growing appreciation of the viability of production systems that make extensive but sustainable use of fragile resources, such as those of pastoralists."
Effects of coupling range on the dynamics of swarmalators

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study a variant of the one-dimensional swarmalator model where the units' interactions have a controllable length scale or range. We tune the model from the long-range regime, which is well studied, into the short-range regime, which is insufficiently studied, and find diverse collective states: sync dots, where the swarmalators arrange themselves into k>1 delta points of perfect synchrony; q-waves, where the swarmalators form spatiotemporal waves with winding number q>1; and an active state where unsteady oscillations are found. We present the phase diagram and derive most of the threshold boundaries analytically. These states may be observable in real-world swarmalator systems with low-range coupling, such as biological microswimmers or active colloids.
Intracellular Localization ofGDP-Fucose

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Theintracellular site ofsynthesis ofthefucose-rich polysaccharlde slHme secreted bycornroots waslocalzed bymonitoring thedistribution of tions ofcorn roots. Roottip sectons werechopped inthepresence of0.56 molar sucrose and100millmolar Tris (pH7.0). After abrief centrifugation, thehomogenate wasappled toaSepharose 4Bcolumn (1.5 x30cm). The turbid, particulate portion ofthesuperatant fraction eluted atthevoid volume. Ninety percentoftheenzyme activity wasfound inthepooled particulate fractions. Theparticulate fraction waspurified onlinear sucrose gradients. Gradient fractions werecharacterized bybuoyant density, 280 nanometer absorbance, electron microscope observation, anddistributions ofNADH-cytochrome coxidoreductase andfucosyl transferase activities. Twopeaks offucosyl transferase activity wereobserved: oneinfractions richinsmooth endoplasmic reticulum, andanother infractions rich in dictyosome cisternae anddictyosome vesicles. Thedatasuggest thatthe synthesis ofcorn rootslime begins intheendoplasmic reticulum andis completed inthedictyosomes prior tosecretion; however, thepossibility that morethan onefucosyl transferase exists incornrootsisdiscussed. Theprocess ofslinie secretion bytheperipheral rootcapcells ofcorn wasfirst studied using theelectron microscope byMollenhaueretal.(14). Theydescribed large vesicles produced by hypertrophied portions ofthedictyosome cisternae that contained electron-dense material that waseventually secreted totheoutside ofthecell viaanexocytotic mechanism. Their observations were verified andexpanded bysubsequent workers. Theslime from corn wascharacterized asahigh molwtheteropolysaccharide
Physical functioning and life style of 50-65 years’ age hee teachers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: to study life style of 50-65 years’ age university teachers depending on their physical functioning and its connection with behavior habits. Material: questioning of 150 respondents was fulfilled by specially prepared questionnaire. Anthropometric testing was conducted. Results: it was found that most of the questioned spend time watching TV or reading and pay very little attention to physical functioning. We also found that most of respondents deal with household chores but want to do something outdoors (practice public activity). There is a trend to avoid smoking among them. Only 5.0% are cigarette smokers. The rest have never smoked or gave up smoking more than 10 years ago. Among the partners of the questioned there are a lot of smokers (16.2%). Most of the questioned have friends and relatives, who can help to achieve the highest level of physical functioning. 18.9% of partners of the questioned regularly practice sports. Some useful for health habits are observed in life situations of all respondents. Conclusions: the received data witness about purposefulness of seeking of effective ways of pre retirement age HEE teachers’ involvement in active recreational functioning. We have also found that there are time reserves for this purpose.
Low-Burnup Irradiation Behavior of Fast Reactor Metal Fuels Containing Minor Actinides

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Fast reactor metal fuels containing minor actinides (MAs) Np, Am, and Cm and/or rare earths (REs) have been irradiated in the fast reactor PHÉNIX to examine the effects of adding those elements on metal fuel irradiation behavior. In this experiment, two MA-containing metal fuel pins, in which the test alloys U-19Pu-10Zr-2MA-2RE and U-19Pu-10Zr-5MA/U-19Pu-10Zr-5MA-5RE (wt%) were loaded into part of a standard U-19Pu-10Zr alloy fuel stack, and a reference fuel pin of U-19Pu-10Zr alloy without MAs or REs was set in an irradiation capsule. Two other capsules with this same configuration are also irradiated. Postirradiation examinations are conducted at ~2.5, ~7, and ~11 at.% burnup. For the low-burnup fuel pins, nondestructive tests after irradiation have been performed, and the integrity of the pins was confirmed. The irradiation behavior of MA-containing metal fuels up to 2.5 at.% burnup was analyzed using the ALFUS code. The calculation results, such as the axial swelling distribution of a fuel slug or the extrusion behavior of bond sodium to the gas plenum, are consistent with the measurement data regardless of the addition of MAs and REs to the U-Pu-Zr alloy fuels. This observation result indicates that the macroscopic irradiation behavior of U-Pu-Zr fuels containing MAs and REs of 5 wt% or less is similar to that of U-Pu-Zr fuels up to ~2.5 at.% burnup.
Filter mask as a new candidate of personal belonging used in cadaver identification – a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The case report presents an identification process based on DNA isolated from personal belongings, including a filter mask. In May 2021, an unidentified 65-year-old male corpse was revealed by the city’s outskirts road. Since it was impossible to use material from living relatives for comparative analysis, the samples of personal belongings of the alleged victim were used instead: clippings of the filtering face piece type 2 (FFP2) face mask (parts adhering to the nose and the earlobes, the central part of the mask), swabs from the razor (blade and shaft), toothbrush shaft, and toothbrush filaments clippings. The presented case indicates the need for collecting a wide range of samples for genetic analyses, including filter masks as an alternative item of personal belonging.
Analyzing the Predisposition of Sports High School Students to Ethical Values

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aim: This study aims to determine the predisposition of students studying at Malatya Sports High School to ethical values. Methods: This is an applied study in the form of a descriptive survey model. The population consists of 371 students who continue their education at Malatya Sports High School in the 2021-2022 academic year, and the sample group consists of randomly selected 188 students at Malatya Sports High School. “Predisposition to Ethical Values Scale” developed by Kaya was used in the study. The Cronbach's Alpha value of the scale was found as 0.89, and the Cronbach's alpha values of the sub-dimensions were determined as 0.80 for 'Love, Respect', 0.86 for 'Justice, honesty' and 0.74 for 'Cooperation'. Results: Following the study, there is no significant difference found in the predisposition of students at Malatya Sports High School to ethical values according to the variables of gender, age, class, educational background of father and mother. A significant difference was found according to the variable of family income. It was determined that this difference emerged between the sub-dimensions of love-respect and justice-honesty. Conclusion: We can say that sports high school students who receive sports training will stay away from unethical behaviors as a result of the positive behaviors they learn from educational activities at school, trainings and their teammates. Keywords: Sports, Student, Ethical, Value