jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
mRNA Expression and DNA Methylation Analysis of Serotonin Receptor 2A (HTR2A) in the Human Schizophrenic Brain

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) is an important signalling factor implicated in cognitive functions and known to be associated with schizophrenia. The biological significance of HTR2A in schizophrenia remains unclear as molecular analyses including genetic association, mRNA expression and methylation studies have reported inconsistent results. In this study, we examine HTR2A expression and methylation and the interaction with HTR2A polymorphisms to identify their biological significance in schizophrenia. Subjects included 25 schizophrenia and 25 control post-mortem brain samples. Genotype and mRNA data was generated by transcriptome sequencing. DNA methylation profiles were generated for CpG sites within promoter-exon I region. Expression, genotype and methylation data were examined for association with schizophrenia. HTR2A mRNA levels were reduced by 14% (p = 0.006) in schizophrenia compared to controls. Three CpG sites were hypermethylated in schizophrenia (cg5 p = 0.028, cg7 p = 0.021, cg10 p = 0.017) and HTR2A polymorphisms rs6314 (p = 0.008) and rs6313 (p = 0.026) showed genetic association with schizophrenia. Differential DNA methylation was associated with rs6314 and rs6313. There was a strong correlation between HTR2A DNA methylation and mRNA expression. The results were nominally significant but did not survive the rigorous Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Differential HTR2A expression in schizophrenia in our study may be the result of the combined effect of multiple differentially methylated CpG sites. Epigenetic HTR2A regulation may alter brain function, which contributes to the development of schizophrenia.
New types of lead-free solders on the base of tin and their properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the work is an experimental study of binary, ternary and quaternary systems on the base of tin alloys. 22 alloys with different ratios of individual elements Ag, Cu, In, Sb, Bi, and Sn were prepared experimentally. In addition, 6 alloys of lead-free solders produced commercially (Kovohute Pribram nastupnicka, a.s.) were used and the Pb-Sn solder served as a comparative etalon. The following characteristics were studied: temperatures and enthalpies of phase transformations (DTA, TG, DSC) of individual solders at the rates of re-heating and cooling of specimens of about 4 °C min-1, microstructural analysis (optical metallography) and microhardness of specimens, chemical analysis, microanalysis of individual phases in the structure of solders (WDX, EDX), measurement of surface tension and density of solders in dependence on the temperature, test of wettability with or without use of fluxes, measurement of corrosion properties, measurement of electrical resistivity.
The limits of peacebuilding theory

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Academic interest in and research focused on peace studies and peacebuilding has grown steadily in recent decades, producing a myriad of articles in scholarly journals, books, conferences, workshops, and university programs dedicated to this field. Researchers, practitioners, and officials of funding agencies – government and private – are naturally drawn to the hope or promise for finding a cure for the scourge of war, both between states and within states.
Simultaneous Optimization of Task Allocation and Path Planning Using Mixed-Integer Programming for Time and Capacity Constrained Multi-Agent Pickup and Delivery

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Lately, there has been a need to improve the efficiency of material movements within factories and multi-agents are required to perform these tasks. In this study, graphical representation and mixed-integer programming have been adopted for simultaneous optimization of task allocation and path planning for each agent to achieve the following three goals. First, this study realizes time and capacity constrained multi-agent pickup and delivery (TCMAPD) that simultaneously considers time constraints, capacity constraints, and collision avoidance. Previous studies have not considered these constraints simultaneously. Thus, we can solve the problems associated with using multi-agents in actual factories. Second, we achieved TCMAPD that optimizes the collision avoidance between multi-agents. In conventional research, only a single collision avoidance method can be used. However, an appropriate route was selected from a variety of avoidance methods in this study. Hence, we could achieve a more efficient task allocation and path planning with collision avoidance. Third, the proposed method simultaneously optimizes task allocation and path planning for each agent. Previous studies have separately considered the approach of optimizing task allocation and path planning or used the cost of path planning after task allocation to again perform task allocation and path planning. To simultaneously optimize them in a single plan, we have developed a solution-derivable formulation using mixed-integer programming to derive a globally optimal solution. This enables efficient planning with a reduced total time traveled by the agents.
Critical Role of Interdomain Interactions in the Conformational Change and Catalytic Mechanism of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an intracellular enzyme that is important for the generation of antigenic epitopes and major histocompatibility class I-restricted adaptive immune responses. ERAP1 processes a vast variety of different peptides but still shows length and sequence selectivity, although the mechanism behind these properties is poorly understood. X-ray crystallographic analysis has revealed that ERAP1 can assume at least two distinct conformations in which C-terminal domain IV is either proximal or distal to active site domain II. To improve our understanding of the role of this conformational change in the catalytic mechanism of ERAP1, we used site-directed mutagenesis to perturb key salt bridges between domains II and IV. Enzymatic analysis revealed that these mutations, although located away from the catalytic site, greatly reduce the catalytic efficiency and change the allosteric kinetic behavior. The variants were more efficiently activated by small peptides and bound a competitive inhibitor with weaker affinity and faster dissociation kinetics. Molecular dynamics analysis suggested that the mutations affect the conformational distribution of ERAP1, reducing the population of closed states. Small-angle X-ray scattering indicated that both the wild type and the ERAP1 variants are predominantly in an open conformational state in solution. Overall, our findings suggest that electrostatic interactions between domains II and IV in ERAP1 are crucial for driving a conformational change that regulates the structural integrity of the catalytic site. The extent of domain opening in ERAP1 probably underlies its specialization for antigenic peptide precursors and should be taken into account in inhibitor development efforts.
Capacity to consent to sexual relationships in people with learning disabilities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I was interested to read the articles in the special issue of BJLD on sexuality (Vol. 27, No. 4), but I find myself worrying about what seems to me to be a difficult dilemma. In many cases, it is helpful for there to be few restrictions around sexual relationships for people with learning disabilities, but at the same time, it is hard to provide sufficient protection from abuse in law. This was highlighted for me by a recent ruling in the Old Bailey about which I have serious concerns. The relevant issue was the legal definition of the capacity to consent to sexual relationships. My understanding of the definition was that the person concerned: ‘(a) must be capable of understanding what is proposed and its implications; and ‘(b) must be able to exercise choice. (It is important to consider whether one party is in a position of power which will influence the ability of the other party to consent.)’ I have quoted the above passage directly from the British Medical Association and Law Society's guide to the Assessment of Mental Capacity (1995). In the trial of R. v. Jenkins for rape (heard from 6 to 12 January 2000 in the Old Bailey), Judge Coltart ruled that it was not necessary for a woman to understand the implications of a sexual relationship, nor was it necessary to examine power relations, in order to consider capacity to consent to sexual relationships. It was only necessary for the woman to consent to the act itself, without necessarily understanding body part names, pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases, for example. The case in question concerned a young woman with learning disabilities in her thirties who had been made pregnant by a member of the staff at group home. The defendant admitted to having a sexual relationship with her, but claimed that she had consented. He was charged with rape. The woman had a verbal comprehension of between 2 and 3 years, did not know body part names and could not identify pictures of sexual intercourse. Neither did she understand about pregnancy and she was found to be unable to consent to a termination. The woman was not able to act as a witness under the current rules of evidence, and therefore, did not come to court herself. People with learning disabilities have a right to sexual relationships, but surely, they also have a right to protection from abuse. If Judge Coltart's ruling is to stand, then I fail to see how anyone with a learning disability could obtain a conviction of rape against an abuser, however poor her/his understanding of what was happening. Nevertheless, some might argue that Judge Coltart's minimal definition of consent is correct because it gives people the freedom to have a sexual relationship. How do we resolve this dilemma?
Actions of Hopf algebras

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider an action of a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra on a non-commutative associative algebra . Properties of the invariant subalgebra in are studied. It is shown that if is integral over its centre then in each of three cases will be integral over (the invariant subalgebra in ): 1) the coradical is cocommutative and char , 2) is pointed, has no nilpotent elements, is an affine algebra, and , 3) is cocommutative. We also consider an action of a commutative Hopf algebra on an arbitrary associative algebra, in particular, the canonical action of on the tensor algebra . A structure theorem on Hopf algebras is proved by application of the technique developed. Namely, every commutative finite-dimensional Hopf algebra whose coradical is a sub-Hopf algebra or cocommutative, where or , is cosemisimple, that is, . In particular, a commutative pointed Hopf algebra with or will be a group Hopf algebra. An example is also constructed showing that the restrictions on are essential.
Abbreviated Breast MRI for Screening High-risk Women: Comparison with the Full Clinical Protocol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To compare cancer detection rate (CDR), patient recall, and interpretation time of a full protocol MRI (fpMRI) to an abbreviated MRI protocol (abMRI) in high-risk women. Methods This retrospective study was approved by the IRB. All sequential high-risk screening MRI examinations performed between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, were included. Breast radiologists reviewed patient history, prior images, and abMRI images and recorded their interpretation. Time for interpretation reflected review of the MRI study but not dictation or report generation. Following a minimum 30-day washout period, radiologists interpreted the fpMRI, with interpretation and timing recorded. Data collected included CDR, interpretation time, and patient recall rate. Statistical analyses utilized were Cohen’s kappa coefficient, Student’s t-test, and McNemar’s test. Results Included were 334 MRI examinations of 286 women. Interpretation time was 60.7 seconds for the abMRI compared to 99.4 seconds for the fpMRI, with an average difference of 38.7 ± 5.4 seconds per patient (P &lt; 0.0001). Recall rates were comparable: the abMRI recall rate was 82/334 (24.6%) and the fpMRI 81/334 (24.3%). All five cancers included were detected by both protocols with equal recall rate. However, there were more recommendations for biopsy with the fpMRI, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The abMRI demonstrated comparable CDR to fpMRI, with shortened interpretation time and similar recall rates. Implementing an abMRI to screen high-risk women reduces imaging and interpretation time, thereby improving cost-effectiveness and the patient experience without reduction in cancer detection.
Relation of Certain Vegetative Characterisitcs of Stipa spartea to Survival from Defoliation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

If it were possible to find readily observable morphological features by which survival of grasses subjected to overgrazing might be predicted it would doubtless be of considerable use in range management practice and research. Reliability of estimates of the condition of the range would thereby be appreciably increased, a much needed goal in the management of grasslands. This paper is a report on experiments designed to test the correlation between several readily measurable criteria of size and apparent vegetative vigor of individual bunches of porcupine grass, Stipa spartea Trin., and their survival from defoliation.
[Clinical analysis of nodular fasciitis in the head and neck].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To analyze the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of nodular fasciitis (NF) in the head and neck. Methods: Seven cases of primary NF in the head and neck admitted to Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from 1990 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 3 males and 4 females, aged from 2 to 67 years, and the location, course of disease, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and treatment results of the disease were summarized. Results: Of the 7 patients, the primary sites were respectively nasal vestibule, paranasal sinus, nasal dorsum, sella turcica and clivus, neck, subglottis, and tonsil. Three cases presented with rapidly growing subcutaneous painless masses within 2 months, 1 case presented with hemoptysis, hoarseness and asthma for 28 days, 1 case presented with blood in the nasal discharge for 2 months, 1 case presented with headache for 1 month, and 1 case was found to have tonsillar neoplasms on physical examination for 3 days. CT was performed in 5 patients and the lesions showed soft tissue density shadows, and MRI was also performed in 2 of them, which showed T1 isointensity or T2 slightly long abnormal signal shadows. All patients underwent simple surgical resection of the mass. The patients were followed up for 13 months to 10 years, and none had recurrence. Conclusion: Primary NF in the head and neck is rare, with atypical clinical symptoms and imaging findings. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for NF with good results.
The Early Acceptance of Social Security: An Asset Maximization Approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper, using a sample from the 1973 Social Security Exact Match File, tests the importance of economic factors in the decision of male workers to take social security (OASI) benefits at age 62. Previous studies of this decision have concentrated on the flow of pension benefits available to the worker in a single year, but this study emphasizes the asset nature of such benefits. The potential loss in market earnings when OASI benefits are accepted is weighed against the change in the total potential value of private pension and OASI benefits if retirement is postponed. The present value of the entire potential stream of benefits emerges as more important theoretically and empirically than the value of annual benefits immediately available to the worker.
Miranda in Isabelle

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes our experience in formalising arguments about the Miranda functional programming language in Isabelle. After explaining some of the problems of reasoning about Miranda, we explain our two different approaches to encoding Miranda in Isabelle. We conclude by discussing some shorter examples and a case study of reasoning about hardware. Miranda1[Turner, 1990, Thompson, 1995b] is a modern functional programming language, al-lowing type polymorphism and higher-order functions in a similar way to ML[Milner et al., 1990]. It differs from ML in being lazy — arguments to functions are only evaluated when and to the extent that they are needed — and in being side-effect free. It has long been an article of faith in the func-tional programming community that languages like this are ideal candidates for program verification because of their ‘declarative ’ nature. This is clearly true for idealised languages, but real languages like Miranda bring their own complexities which we have discussed in the past[Thompson, 1989, Thompson, 1995a]. In this paper we discuss our approaches to formalising proof about Miranda in Isabelle, specifically Isabelle92, after a brief description of the language and how it is given a logical description. 1 Miranda In this section we give a short survey of the main features of Miranda, and how we translate the definitions into logical statements. Full details of a translation can be found in [Thompson, 1989,
Infrared Emission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents quantities, terminology, and symbols of terms related to photothermal phenomena and used in photothermal and related spectroscopies. The terms used in the literature to describe photothermal phenomena and methods are reviewed, and a glossary of terms is given. The origins of photothermal phenomena, as well as the relations among various photothermal effects, are summarized. The listed terms cover the terminology in transient grating, transient lens, photoacoustic spectroscopy, photothermal radiometry, calorimetry, interferometry, deflection, reflection, and other related spectroscopies, which use or are related to photothermal effects.
Two new sesquiterpenoid lactone derivatives from Lindera aggregata

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two new sesquiterpenoid lactone derivatives, linderin A (1) and linderin B (2) comprising a sesquiterpenoid lactone and a methyl geranylhomogentisate moiety together with six known compounds were isolated from the roots of Lindera aggregata. Their chemical structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1 D, 2 D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS data and compared with previously reported data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned based on the electronic circular dichroism calculation. Compound 2 showed moderate anticoagulant activity.
Electro-optically programmable photonic circuits enabled by wafer-scale integration on thin-film lithium niobate

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Programmable photonic circuits performing universal linear-optical transformations underpin vital functions in photonic quantum information processing, quantum-enhanced sensor networks, machine learning and many other intriguing applications. Recent advances in photonic integrated circuits facilitate monolithic integration of externally controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometers which can implement arbitrary unitary transformation on a large number of input/output modes. In this work, we demonstrate a 4x4 programmable linear photonic circuit on lithium niobate on insulator platform employing fast, power-efficient and low-loss electro-optical phase shifters, showing enormous advantages in terms of configuration rate and power consumption. Our device is capable of fast switching with 500 ps rise time and 1.7 ns fall time, and possesses a total on-chip power dissipation of only 0.015 mW when operated at 1 MHz modulation, and an insertion loss of 0.15 dB for each modulator and an on-chip extinction ratio of -34 dB for both cross and bar routes.
Development of the Abbott AxSYM Free PSA assay: performance characteristics and preliminary clinical evaluation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The AxSYM Free PSA assay was demonstrated to have good analytical sensitivity and reproducibility. The F/T ratio determinations for 385 men tested during the Prostate Awareness Week who had biopsies due to an elevated total PSA value and/or a suspicious DRE demonstrated that the percentage of free PSA was lower in patients found to have prostate cancer than those that were biopsy negative for the overall group and for all patient categories examined. The optimal strategy for combining PSA values, F/T ratios, DRE and other clinical and diagnostic parameters to improve the early detection of prostate cancer requires additional clinical studies.
Analysis of timber production and institutional barriers: A case of community forestry in the Terai and Inner-Terai regions of Nepal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Analysis of timber production and institutional barriers: A case of community forestry in the Terai region of Nepal By Chandra Bahadur Rai Community forestry in Nepal is intended to facilitate both improved forest conditions and the alleviation of poverty, by increasing community participation in forest resource management. While this programme has been successful in improving forest conditions, the economic returns to local people from community forests are not as apparent, especially in the case of the Sal forests in the Terai and Inner-Terai regions of Nepal. Despite having several advantages; high value forest, fertile land, connection with the transportation network, and being close to the regional markets, there is very little timber production from these forests. This research will analyse the problems inherent in the institutional structure of the community forests that would explain why such a high value timber is not being fully utilized. In particular, the research will look at two aspects of the structure. The first is, whether the size of community forests has a negative effect on the efficiency of commercial timber production, and thus whether there is a need to develop cooperative or joint management structures with other user groups. The second aspect of the research is to look at whether the internal management structures of community forest user groups, and relationships with government institutions, affect their ability to make production decisions within the user groups, or affect their ability to make external commercial contracts with other user groups, log buyers, or contractors. The findings of this research are expected to increase the understanding of the timber production process and the institutional problems of community forestry in the Terai region. Research findings may also be helpful in other regions of Nepal, other parts of the world, and other sectors, such as fisheries, where similar resource management settings exist.
Increasing the labour epidural rate in a state hospital in South Africa: challenges and opportunities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

CITATION: Van Zyl, S. F. & Burke, J. L. 2017. Increasing the labour epidural rate in a state hospital in South Africa : challenges and opportunities. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 23(6):156-161, doi:10.1080/22201181.2017.1401773.