jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Towards a Theory of Everything Part I: Introduction of Consciousness in Electromagnetic Theory, Special and General Theory of Relativity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Theory of everything must include consciousness. In this Part I of the series of three articles, we introduce the subjective experience (SE) and/or proto‐experience (PE) aspect of consciousness in classical physics, where PEs are precursors of SEs. In our dual‐ aspect‐dual‐mode PE‐SE framework, it was hypothesized that fundamental entities (strings or elementary particles: fermions and bosons) have two aspects: (i) material aspect such as mass, charge, spin, and space‐time, and (ii) mental aspect, such as experiences. There are three competing hypotheses: (1) superposition based H1 (SEs/PEs are superposed in the mental aspect of entities; when a specific stimulus is presented to the neural‐network, the associated specific SE is selected by the matching and selection process and experienced by this network), (2) superposition‐then‐integration based H2 (only PEs are superposed, which are integrated by neural‐Darwinism leading to specific SEs) and (3) integration based H3 (each entity has its own PE, which keeps on transforming appropriately as matter evolves from elementary particles to neural‐ networks; it is a dual‐aspect panpsychism). We found that the followings, in classical physics, are invariant under the PE‐SE transformation: electromagnetic strength tensor, electromagnetic stress‐energy tensor, the electromagnetic theory (Maxwell's equations), Newtonian gravitational field, the entropic force, Special and General Theory of Relativity. Our analysis suggests that (i) SEs are embedded in space‐time geometry for the structure of space‐time (empty space or the vacuum without matter). (ii) For matter field, SEs can move with spatiotemporal coordinates of matter because it is in the mental aspect of matter as both mental and material aspects are always together in the dual‐aspect‐dual‐mode optimal PE‐SE framework. (iii) Our specific SE is the result of matching and selection processes and can change with space and time. For example, the experience redness has V4/V8/VO‐red‐green neural‐network with redness‐ state as neural correlates. When a subject moves, the specific SE redness also moves with the subject’s correlated neural‐network. In addition, SEs can change with time as stimuli change. In other words, SEs in a subject change with space‐time. We conclude that it is possible to introduce the SE/PE aspect of consciousness in classical physics. In Parts II and III, the SE aspect of consciousness will be introduced in orthodox quantum physics and modern quantum physics (such as loop quantum gravity and string theory), respectively. Thus, the introduction of the SE aspect of consciousness in physics leads us to unify consciousness with known four fundamental forces, which entails towards a theory of everything.
Development of double-positive metamaterial composites for antenna volume reduction

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] An investigation was conducted into the engineering of fully machinable advanced double-positive metamaterials for use in reducing the wavelength of electro magnetic waves within high power antennas while also matching the wave impedance of the antenna to free space. A magneto-dielectric metamaterial composite was utilized to tailor the permittivity, magnetic permeability, and dielectric strength of the material. The engineered composites were made up of powdered Nickel-Zinc ferrite mixed in a high dielectric strength polymer. Nickel-Zinc ferrite was selected due to it having magnetic permeability values in the thousands, permittivity values in the teens, and reasonably low eddy current losses at frequencies as high as 2 GHz. The use of a dielectric polymer as the binder allowed for the composites to be fully machinable. Three different particle distributions were investigated in order to examine how density and composite order effected the dielectric strength and electromagnetic frequency response. The particle distributions utilized were a normal distribution with particle diameters ≤ 45 x 10-6 m; a bimodal distribution of 5 _ 10-6 m and 3010-9 m diameter particles; and a trimodal distribution of 45 x 10-6 m, 5 x 10-6m, and 30_10-9 m diameter particles. The frequency response was tested using the Nicolson-Ross-Weir method between 20 MHz and 2 GHz and the dielectric strength of the composites were tested under pulsed conditions. It was found that the metamaterial composites utilizing a bimodal distribution have the best overall combination of electromagnetic and dielectric properties with an average electric field at break down of 27.5 MV m-1 and a wavelength size reduction factor of 7.1 at 500 MHz. Composites made with a normal distribution have the highest values of initial permeability and size reduction factors on the order of 7 but average electric fields at break down of around 17 MV m-1.
Whole brain structural covariance with ADOS-SI scores as a result of direct between-group contrasts.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>Statistical parametric maps depict brain regions in which gray matter intensity covaried with ADOS Social Impairment (ADOS-SI) score differently between groups. In controls, ADOS-SI scores covaried with frontal regions overlapping with SN including medial frontal wall, anterior cingulate, and frontoinsular cortex. In contrast, in autistic subjects ADOS-SI covaried with posterior brain regions including cuneus, precuneus, parieto-occipital regions, and temporoparietal cortex. scMRI data are T-statistic maps (p<0.05, inclusively masked to the network global map for both groups at p<0.01 FWE) displayed on the average anatomical template of all subjects. scMRI maps from both groups overlaid on a single anatomic volume reveal distinct between-group differences. The left side of the image corresponds to the right side of the brain. SN, salience network.</p>
Performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Malaysia: An Empirical Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to characterize some of indicators of overall bank performance and to decide which, among performance determinants, appears to be the most important and significant. A regression model comprising of dependent variable (ROA or ROE) and numerous independent variables was used to analyze performance of Islamic commercial banks. The empirical results indicated that credit risk is the most significant meaning in performance of local Islamic Commercial Banking in Malaysian. Other contributing factors are liquidity rate and concentration of Islamic commercial Banking.
Dynamic Characteristics of Crude Oil Price Fluctuation—From the Perspective of Crude Oil Price Influence Mechanism

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The uncertainty in the evolution of crude oil price fluctuation has a significant impact on economic stability. Based on the decomposition of crude oil price fluctuation by the state-space model, this paper studies the fluctuation trend of crude oil prices and its causes. The nonlinearity autoregressive distribute lag approach (NARDL) model is used to capture the influence mechanism characteristics of crude oil prices at different positions and different fluctuation trends. An event study model with dummy variables is constructed to compare the effects of different types of events on crude oil price fluctuations. The empirical results indicate that the fluctuation of crude oil prices tends to strengthen on the whole, and there is a remarkable correlation between this trend and the influencing mechanism of crude oil price, namely, the fluctuation source structure. The influence mechanism of crude oil price fluctuation is asymmetric when the crude oil price is at different positions and under different trends. There is a strong correlation between event shocks and event types in the evolution of crude oil price fluctuation.
Characterization of proteolytic activity associated with Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis crystals

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

14C-labelled Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (Btd) crystals were used to detect crystal-associated protease activity. Optimal protease activity occurred at pH 8.4 and 9.7, and at 15 and 35°C. Protease activity was destroyed by heating the crystals at 121°C for 15 min. Cellular enzymes from Btd did not solubilise Btd crystals. Iodoacetic acid (50 mM) caused a 20% reduction in protease activity while phenylmethyl-sulphonylfluoride (PMSF), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and p-chloromercuribenzene (PCMB) had no inhibitory effect on protease activity.
An Occult Pancreatic Carcinoma Coexistent with Hemorrhagic Pancreatic Pseudocyst

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は79歳の男性で，約40年前に膵体尾部の囊胞性疾患に対して開腹術の既往があるが詳細不詳である．上部消化管内視鏡検査で胃体後壁からの出血を認め，囊胞内出血からの穿破が疑われた．緊急血管造影で脾動脈から膵囊胞内出血，胃穿破を認め，脾動脈本幹を塞栓し止血をえた．全身状態の改善を待って待機的に手術施行した．膵囊胞病変周囲は炎症性変化で強固な癒着を来していたため，胃上部，膵体尾部，脾臓，結腸脾彎曲部，左副腎を一塊として摘出した．病理組織学的検査では囊胞壁は肉芽組織，膿瘍で覆われ仮性囊胞であった．膵組織は萎縮しほぼ消失していたが，胃囊胞瘻孔部対側の囊胞壁外の萎縮した膵臓に腺癌を認めた．本症例は長期間経過観察されていた膵仮性囊胞に併存した膵癌と考えられ，炎症をくり返し癌化した可能性もあり貴重な症例と考え報告する．
Dopaminergic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex modulates fear conditioning.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopaminergic system in fear conditioning response considering individual differences. Animals were initially counterbalanced and classified based on open field test, and then were given a single infusion of the dopamine agonist, amphetamine (AMPH) and antagonist, clozapine (CLZ) into the medial prefrontal cortex. Rats received tone-shock pairing in a classical fear conditioning test and then exposed to the tone alone. Freezing responses were measured as conditioned fear index. The results showed that both AMPH and CLZ infusion in mPFC reduced the expression of conditioned fear. This finding indicates that elevation or reduction in the dopaminergic activity is associated with the decrease of fear responses, despite preexisting individual-typological differences.
Musculoskeletal manifestations in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis and relation to parathyroid dysfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD); including renal osteodystrophy, and biochemical changes reflecting mineral and hormonal abnormalities. CKD-MBD can lead to serious musculoskeletal manifestations with an impact on the functional status of patients. The objective is to find the frequency of the musculoskeletal manifestations in dialysis patients, to determine the impact on the functional ability of patients, and to detect the relation between parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and musculoskeletal manifestations. The sample size included 53 adult patients on hemodialysis (HD), three times weekly, divided into two groups as follows; (Group A) included 15 patients (10 males and 5 females) on HD for a year or <1 year and (Group B) included 38 patients (24 males and 14 females) on HD for >1 year. All patients were subjected to a full history and physical examination plus a comprehensive assessment of patient's disability was done with a health assessment questionnaire (HAQ)-disability index. The most common neurological manifestations are uremic polyneuropathy (43.4%) and carpal tunnel syndrome. Arthralgia is the most common musculoskeletal manifestation (83%).The most common radiological signs of SHPT is the subperiosteal resorption of the terminal phalanges (67.9%). The most common MSUS abnormalities are Achilles tendinopathy (67.9%). Osteoporosis is detected in 24.5% of patient. There are highly positive significant correlations between HAQ score and age, HD duration, serum PTH, T-score, and X-ray findings. Musculoskeletal system involvement remains a common problem which decreases the physical function of patients with ESRD.
Azimuthal anchoring coefficients of nematic liquid crystals on polystyrene brushes formed at the air surface of block copolymer monolayers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on a diblock copolymer monolayer shows Néel walls under a polarised optical microscope and the azimuthal anchoring coefficient (Aφ) is estimated from the width of the wall. The block copolymer consists of polystyrene (PS) and poly(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (PTESPMA) segments. A monolayer of a pair of PS and PTESPMA layers was prepared by spin coating a copolymer solution on a glass substrate, followed by annealing using methylcyclohexane, exposure to hydrochloric acid vapour and rinsing with acetone. The PS layer is at the air surface and exhibits a thickness five times larger than the radius of gyration of the PS chain, which suggests that the PS chains are more extended towards the air surface, adopting a brush conformation. The Aφ is 6 × 10−6 J m−2 at 25°C and slightly decreases to 3 × 10−6 J m−2 with increasing temperature up to 90°C. On the other hand, the Aφ on a high-density PS brush, which is prepared via surface-initiated polymerisation method, decreases from 8 × 10−6 to 3 × 10−7 J m−2 with increasing temperature in the same range.
New Dual Quark Models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

On the basis of new representations of the projective group, we construct some new dual quark models whose spin and internal symmetry are not multiplicative. One model is a factorized theory of exotic states with broken exchange degeneracy, ninth mesons being optional. The exotic states are suppressed three units below the Pomeranchon. In another model, with spin-orbit coupling and curved trajectories, both spin ghosts and orbital ghosts are involved in the Ward identities.
Raman study of rotational motions of hydrogen sulphide in the liquid state

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Raman spectra of liquid H2S and D2S at various temperatures are analysed. The band profiles have a rotational origin and are compared with those calculated by the J extended diffusion model for an asymmetric rotor. The values obtained for the angular momentum correlation time correspond to a large angle rotational diffusion. The rotational motion is discussed in terms of the Chandler model for translational diffusion.
The Impossible Trinity in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Impossible Trinity, also known as the trilemma, is a policy-choice problem based on the Mundell–Flemming model (Mundell 1963; Flemming 1962), which states that it is impossible for a country to have control of all three of the following variables at the same time (Figure 1.1): a fixed exchange rate (i.e. control of the exchange rate); an open capital account (i.e. control of the capital account); and an independent monetary policy (i.e. control of the interest rate). It is both a hypothesis based on the uncovered interest rate parity condition 1 and an empirical finding showing that governments that have tried to simultaneously pursue all three goals have failed.
Study on Geophysical Survy Mothods Used in Soil Improvement

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

How to master the distribution of soil, especially the distribution of saline alkali soil and the saline alkali degree in the whole transformation area before exploration, how to test the result of transformation effectively are the problems that must be faced during the exploitation. This paper discusses the theory and process which resolve those problems with the methods of geophysics, and proves that those methods are feasible and effective. In order to make scientific and technical researches between different subjects, all those methods will be used in the national key programs of the Ninth Five Year Plan: comprehensive management of saline alkali land and agricultural sustainable development in the Songnen Plain.
Lay Detection of Unusual Patterns in the Frequency of Hurricanes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract An increase in the severity of extreme weather is arguably one of the most important consequences of climate change with immediate and potentially devastating impacts. Recent events, like Hurricane Harvey, stimulated public discourse surrounding the role of climate change in amplifying, or otherwise modifying, the patterns of such events. Within the scientific community, recent years have witnessed considerable progress on “climate attribution”—the use of statistical techniques to assess the probability that climate change is influencing the character of some extreme weather events. Using a novel application of signal detection theory, this article assesses when, and to what extent, laypeople attribute changes in hurricanes to climate change and whether and how certain characteristics predict this decision. The results show that people attribute hurricanes to climate change based on their preexisting climate beliefs and numeracy. Respondents who were more dubious about the existence of climate change (and more numerate) required a greater degree of evidence (i.e., a more extreme world) before they were willing to suggest that an unusual hurricane season might be influenced by climate change. However, those who have doubts were still willing to make these attributions when hurricane behavior becomes sufficiently extreme. In general, members of the public who hold different prior views about climate change are not in complete disagreement about the evidence they perceive, which leaves the possibility for future work to explore ways to bring such judgments back into alignment.
Online Battery Cell State of Charge Estimation for use in Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The electric vehicle (EV) is a complex, safety-critical system, which must ensure the \nsafety of the operator and the reliability and longevity of the device. The battery management \nsystem (BMS) of an EV is an embedded system, whose main responsibility \nis the protection and safety of the high-voltage battery pack. The BMS must ensure \nthat the requirements for health, status and deliverable power are met by maintaining \nthe battery pack within the defined operational conditions for the defined lifetime of the \nbattery. The state of charge (SOC) of a cell describes the ratio of its current capacity \n(amount of charge stored) to the nominal capacity as defined by the manufacturer. SOC \nestimation is a crucial, but not trivial BMS task as it can not be measured directly, but \nmust be estimated from known and measured parameters, such as the cell terminal voltage, \ncurrent, temperature, and the static and dynamic behavior of the cell in different \nconditions. Many different SOC estimation methods exist, out of which (currently) the \nmost practical methods for implementing on a real-time embedded system are adaptive \nmethods, which adapt to different internal and external conditions. This thesis proposes \nthe use of the sigma point Kalman filter (SPKF) for non-linear systems as an equivalentcircuit \nmodel-based state estimator to be used in one of the current series production EV \nprojects developed by Rimac Automobili. The estimator has been implemented and validated \nto yield better results than the currently used SOC estimation method, and will \nbe deployed on the BMS of a high-performance hybrid-electric vehicle.
The effect of video game-based training on postural control during gait initiation in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Both treatments were effective in improving COP trajectory during the phases of anticipatory and weight transition, while the intervention group was more effective during the phase of locomotor. So, these treatments can be recommended for clinical settings.Implications for rehabilitationThe video game and dual task training were effective in improving COP trajectory during the phases of anticipatory and weight transition.The video game-based training was more effective during the phase of locomotor.The study findings could have useful implications to further introduce cognition-based rehabilitation programs such as video games for older adults.Rehabilitation professionals could use the video game to improve the postural control of older adults.
Supplementary Material for: Structural Brain Changes during the Neonatal Period in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with abnormal neurodevelopment, but the associated structural brain changes are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to describe in an animal model the brain changes at the cellular level in the gray and white matter induced by IUGR during the neonatal period. Methods: The IUGR model was surgically induced in pregnant rabbits by ligating 40–50% of the uteroplacental vessels in 1 horn, whereas the uteroplacental vessels of the contralateral horn were not ligated. After 5 days, IUGR animals from the ligated horn and controls from the nonligated were delivered. On the day of delivery, perinatal data and placentas were collected. On postnatal day 1, functional changes were first evaluated, and thereafter, neuronal arborization in the frontal cortex and density of pre-oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia in the corpus callosum were evaluated. Results: Higher stillbirth in IUGR fetuses together with a reduced birth weight as compared to controls was evidenced. IUGR animals showed poorer functional results, an altered neuronal arborization pattern, and a decrease in the pre-oligodendrocytes, with no differences in microglia and astrocyte densities. Conclusions: Overall, in the rabbit model used, IUGR is related to functional and brain changes evidenced already at birth, including changes in the neuronal arborization and abnormal oligodendrocyte maturation.
Robust attitude tracking control for a variable‐pitch quadrotor with uncertainties

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary Variable‐pitch quadrotors have demonstrated their capability to enhance control performance and overcome limitations compared to conventional fixed‐pitch quadrotors, while still facing challenges such as nonlinearity, couplings, uncertainties and so on. This article aims to address the robust attitude control problem of variable‐pitch quadrotors afflicted with parametric uncertainties and unpredictable external disturbances. Initially, a practical actuator allocation strategy for the motor‐propeller is proposed, followed by the development of a nonlinear robust attitude tracking controller capable of addressing all uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed controller in ensuring exponential stability of the closed‐loop system, thereby driving the attitude tracking error to a small range within a finite time, has been substantiated. To evaluate the control performance, a hardware‐in‐the‐loop testbed is constructed to conduct real‐time experiments. The experimental results from attitude control case, comparative case, and position control case demonstrate that the designed motor‐propeller allocation method and robust controller are effective in achieving a fast response and excellent control performance.
V. Stanley Vardys and Judith B. Sedaitis, Lithuania: The Rebel Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997, 222 pp. + maps, illustrations, index. $60.00 ($21.50 pbk).

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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