jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition. VII. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and anticonvulsant effect.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The anticonvulsant effect of acetazolamide and its congeners is mediated through carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The most active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in vitro, acetazolamide and methazolamide, are among the three most active anticonvulsants in vivo. Variable anticonvulsant effect associated with little or no in vitro activity is most plausibly explained by the degree of metabolic conversion to active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in vivo. Inhibition of brain carbonic anhydrase appears to be the prime event in this anticonvulsant effect. The evidence in support of this belief is as follows: 1) measurement of inhibitor concentration in brain, plasma and red cells of mice after the intravenous administration of methazolamide and acetazolamide showed that brain concentration alone could be related to anticonvulsant activity; 2) the presence of renal carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for the anticonvulsant effect; 3) the 3- to 4-fold greater activity of methazolamide than acetazolamide in mice appears to be the direct result of its greater ability to penetrate into the central nervous system. In the rat, these carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are equivalent in anticonvulsant activity. The relation of brain inhibitor concentration to anticonvulsant effect in this species remains to be investigated. Maximum concentration of inhibitor in brain precedes maximum anticonvulsant effect by one to two hours for both drugs. Among several possible reasons for this lack of direct correlation, an enhancing effect of acidosis consequent to systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibition was considered a definite possibility. Ammonium chloride acidosis augments the anticonvulsant activity of methazolamide. Inhibition of brain carbonic anhydrase is the prime event in the anti-convulsant activity of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, but the available data do not exclude the sequelae of renal or red cell carbonic anhydrase inhibition as participants in the process.
Association of serum CCL20 levels with pulmonary vascular involvement and primary biliary cholangitis in patients with systemic sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in vasculopathy and fibrosis of the skin and major internal organs. Especially, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension are the leading causes of mortality. C‐C motif ligand 20 (CCL20) is known as a homeostatic and inflammatory chemokine, which is associated with fibrosis and angiogenesis and constantly expressed in organs involved in SSc. Therefore, we investigated the potential contribution of CCL20 to the development of SSc. Method We conducted cross‐sectional analyses of 67 SSc patients and 20 healthy controls recruited in a single center for 9 years. Serum CCL20 levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses were performed with the Mann‐Whitney U test, the Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test, Fisher's exact probability test and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results SSc patients had significantly higher serum CCL20 levels than healthy controls. In SSc patients, serum CCL20 levels correlated inversely with the percentage of predicated diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide and positively with mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP). In addition, SSc patients with increased serum CCL20 levels had anti‐mitochondrial antibody M2 titer significantly elevated relative to those with normal levels, and SSc patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) possessed higher serum CCL20 levels than those without. Importantly, serum CCL20 levels were associated positively with mPAP values and PBC presence by multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion Serum CCL20 levels may be involved in the development of pulmonary vascular involvement leading to pulmonary arterial hypertension and asymptomatic PBC in SSc patients.
Estimating insulin sensitivity from glucose levels only: use of a non-linear mixed effects approach and Bayesian estimation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Insulin Sensitivity is an important parameter for the diagnosis and management of Diabetes. It is derived for a particular patient using data derived from some glucose challenge tests using measured glucose and insulin levels at various times. Whilst a useful approach, deriving insulin sensitivities to inform insulin dosing in other settings such as Intensive Care Units can be more challenging - especially as insulin levels have to be assayed in a laboratory, not at the bedside. This paper investigates an approach to measure insulin sensitivity from glucose levels only. Estimates of mean and between individual parameter variances are used to derive conditional estimates of insulin sensitivity. The method is demonstrated to perform reasonably well, with conditional estimates comparing well with estimates derived from insulin data as well.
Digital Twin Based Design and Experimental Validation of a Continuous Peptide Polishing Step

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Optimizing or debottlenecking existing production plants is a challenging task. In this case study, an existing reversed phased chromatography polishing step for peptide purification was optimized with the help of a digital twin. The existing batch chromatography was depicted digitally with the general rate model. Model parameter determination and model validation was done with dedicated experiments. The digital twin was then used to identify optimized process variants, especially continuous chromatography steps. MCSGP was found to achieve high purities and yield but at the cost of productivity due to column synchronization. An alternative Continuous Twin Column chromatography process (CTCC) was established that eliminates unnecessary waiting times. Ensuring the same or higher purity compared to the batch process, the continuous process achieved a yield increase of 31% and productivity increase of 27.6%. Experimental long runs confirmed these results.
Biochemical Effects of Matured Stem Extract of Opuntia Dillenii in Male Wistar Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary The effect of aqueous matured stem extract of Opuntia dillenii on selected biochemical parameters in Male Wistar rats was explored. Standard analytical methods were applied. Forty Wistar rats (80-100g) were used in the animal studies, separated into four groups. The control group was solely administered normal feed and saline, group I was administered 100mgkg −1 of the extract, group II received 300mgkg −1 of the extract and group III received 500 mg/kg −1 of the extract. A significant increase (p<0.05) in the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase was observed in group II and III rats, as compared with the controls. A significant decrease in urea and creatinine concentrations was found only in group III rats against the controls. Also, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was seen in group II and group III rats when compared with the control. The hematological evaluation revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in red blood cell and hemoglobin levels in group III rats when compared with the control. The findings showed both beneficial and toxicological effects of the plant. Hence, for optimal therapeutic benefits, a further toxicological survey could still be carried out perhaps at higher doses.
Novel coupling device of high peak power pulsed laser to multimode fiber

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel coupling method for injecting a high peak power laser into a multimode optical fiber through cone-channel condenser is introduced. The novel coupler is investigated by experiments and theories. The design minimizes the irradiance on the fiber input face and reduces its dependence on the system alignment. A simple lens and a special designed cone-channel condenser operate together to transform a laser beam with 5 mm diameter into a smaller one that fits on the 400 μm or 600 μm diameter fiber face. The method resolves the problem that laser induce damage to fiber input end faces. The design principle and method of cone-channel condenser are described by the light transmission theory. The prototype was fabricated without anti-reflection coatings on the end faces. The experimental results show that the transmission efficiency of cone-channel condenser is up to 90%. Though there was 1 mm gap between the cone-channel condenser and a fiber, the coupling efficiency of cone-channel condenser to fiber reach 73%. The maximum transmitted energy before front-face of cone-channel condenser breakdown is 84.5mJ. The transmission capacity of fiber increases by 2-3 times comparing with the traditional method. The interest in this new coupling method is related to the development of transmitting high peak powers through multimode fibers applied to laser-based firing systems for initiating explosives and driving flyer, et al.
Gravity-Matter Sum Rules in models with a single extra-dimension

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We prove a set of sum rules needed for KK-graviton pair production from matter in orbifolded extra-dimensional models. The sum rules can be found in full generality by considering the properties of solutions to the Sturm-Liouville problem, which describes the wave functions and the masses of the KK-gravitons in four dimensions. They ensure cancellations in the amplitudes of the processes mentioned above which considerably reduce their growth with $s$ in the high-energy limit. This protects extra-dimensional theories from the low-scale unitarity problems that plague other theories with massive spin-2 particles. We argue that such relations are valid for a broader category of models thus generalizing our previous results that were limited to the large $μ$ limit of the Randall-Sundrum model.
Immobilized Nanoneedle-Like Structures for Intracellular Delivery, Biosensing and Cellular Surgery

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The rapid advancements of nanotechnology over the recent years have reformed the methods used for treating human diseases. Nanostructures including nanoneedles, nanorods, nanowires, nanofibers and nanotubes have exhibited their potential roles in drug delivery, biosensing, cancer therapy, regenerative medicine and intracellular surgery. These high aspect ratio structures enhance targeted drug delivery with spatiotemporal control while also demonstrating their role as an efficient intracellular biosensor with minimal invasiveness. This review discusses the history and emergence of these nanostructures and their fabrication methods. This review also provides an overview of the different applications of nanoneedle systems, further highlighting the importance of greater investigation into these nanostructures for future medicine.
Facial Recognition in Prosopagnosia: A Review of Behaviors, Treatments, and Assistive Technologies for Facial Blindness

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Prosopagnosia or facial blindness is a condition characterized by difficulty recognizing faces and facial expressions. While there is general consensus that prosopagnosics process faces differently from unaffected individuals, debate surrounds the exact mechanisms driving it. This paper reviews the existing literature on facial processing in prosopagnosia including neurological differences, gaze behavior, and holistic recognition while discussing current assistive methods and technological advances to aid facial recognition.
Russia’s strategy for influence through public diplomacy and active measures: the Swedish case

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Russia, as many contemporary states, takes public diplomacy seriously. Since the inception of its English language TV network Russia Today in 2005 (now 'RT'), the Russian government has broadened its operations to include Sputnik news websites in several languages and social media activities. Moscow, however, has also been accused of engaging in covert influence activities – behaviour historically referred to as 'active measures' in the Soviet KGB lexicon on political warfare. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on how Russia since 2014 has moved towards a preference for active measures towards Sweden, a small country in a geopolitically important European region. We analyse the blurring of boundaries between public diplomacy and active measures; document phenomena such as forgeries, disinformation, military threats and agents of influence and define Russian foreign policy strategy. In summary, we conclude that the overarching goal of Russian policy towards Sweden and the wider Baltic Sea is to preserve the geostrategic status quo, which is identified with a security order minimising NATO presence in the region.
On the evolution of sharp fronts for the quasi‐geostrophic equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We consider the problem of the evolution of sharp fronts for the surface quasi‐geostrophic (QG) equation. This problem is the analogue to the vortex patch problem for the two‐dimensional Euler equation. The special interest of the quasi‐geostrophic equation lies in its strong similarities with the three‐dimensional Euler equation, while being a two‐dimen‐sional model. In particular, an analogue of the problem considered here, the evolution of sharp fronts for QG, is the evolution of a vortex line for the three‐dimensional Euler equation. The rigorous derivation of an equation for the evolution of a vortex line is still an open problem. The influence of the singularity appearing in the velocity when using the Biot‐Savart law still needs to be understood. We present two derivations for the evolution of a periodic sharp front. The first one, heuristic, shows the presence of a logarithmic singularity in the velocity, while the second, making use of weak solutions, obtains a rigorous equation for the evolution explaining the influence of that term in the evolution of the curve. Finally, using a Nash‐Moser argument as the main tool, we obtain local existence and uniqueness of a solution for the derived equation in the C ∞ case. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hodgkin Lymphoma: Differences in Treatment Between Europe and the United States/North America: Evolving Trends in Protocol Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With continued progress and success in clinical care, the management of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has undergone continuous revision to improve patient care outcomes and limit acute and late treatment effects on normal tissue imposed by therapy. Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease that affects children, adolescents, and adults. Clinical management strategies are influenced by the patient’s age at diagnosis, tumor burden, response to induction therapy, and potential expectation of treatment impact on normal tissue. The approach to patient management varies in many parts of the world and is influenced by treatment availability, physician training, and medical culture. Differences in approach are important to understand for accurately comparing and contrasting outcome studies. In this article, we will identify current areas of common ground and points of separation in patient care management for HL. Opportunities for clinical trial strategies will be defined for future clinical trials.
Effect of Nonsuckling Interval and Duration of Suckling on the Suckling-Induced Fall in Pituitary Prolactin Concentration in the Rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Two and 30 min of suckling by 6 pups following 8 hr of nonsuckling on postpartum day 7 induced equivalent falls in pituitary prolactin concentration in the lactating rat. Neither 2 nor 30 min of suckling by 6 pups induced a fall in the pituitary prolactin concentration if the mothers were previously nonsuckled for 16 hr. Increasing the number of pups to 9 at the time of suckling likewise was ineffective. Milk ejection, however, was normal in all rats after 16 hr of nonnursing. Normal reductions in pituitary prolactin concentration in response to 30 min of suckling by 6 pups occurred providing either 1 or 2 short periods of suckling stimulation (5 or 30 min) were provided to the mammary glands during the first 8 hr of the 16-hr isolation period. These data suggest that in the rat the mechanism involved in prolactin release in response to suckling operates efficiently only if the sucking stimulus is applied periodically and at short intervals. (Endocrinology81: 449,1967)
Alterations in oncostatin M receptor expression is associated with the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One of the cytokine families most prominently associated with liver inflammation, obesity and metabolic response, is the family of IL-6-type cytokines, in particular IL-6 itself, but also its less well-investigated relative oncostatin M (OSM). IL-6 and OSM have been shown to be intimately connected with our body”s reaction to physical, metabolic and pathogen-induced stress. Reports over the last two decades have clearly pointed out that these cytokines have anti-inflammatory as well as pro-inflammatory signaling activities which very much depend on the cellular and physiological context in which they are released or the receptors they utilize for signaling. Much attention has been given to IL-6 as well as its mode of action, however, recent studies implicate that OSM is much more strongly involved in disease pathogenesis than anticipated so far. Its physiology, however, is far less well understood.
The Dr. Fox Effect: Studies on the Validity of Student Evaluations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Student evaluations of teacher effectiveness are being used with increasing frequency at many colleges and universities. On some campuses the evaluations are used at the instructor's option and serve mainly as a source of information and means of improvement for the faculty member. In other institutions, evaluations are required and administrators use them in reaching decisions regarding faculty retention, salary increases, tenure, and promotion. Doubtless, there is wide variation in the use of student evaluations at various universities, but there appears to be a general trend toward utilizing input from them in making important decisions regarding faculty status. The evaluations are also used in other ways. At Colorado State University, class evaluations have been computerized and summaries in book form made available to students and faculty. Students supposedly use this information in making selections of courses and instructors.
AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO TREAT CHRONIC RESIDUAL BELL’S PALSY IN CHILDREN: A CASE REPORT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Bell’s palsy is the most common type of unilateral facial paralysis (60%-75%). The etiopathogenesis of Bell’s palsy is uncertain. The clinical features include acute onset of unilateral facial paralysis, poor eyelid closure, posterior auricular pain, numbness of cheeks, and deviation of the angle of the mouth towards the unaffected side. Bell’s palsy can be understood as Ardita in Ayurveda. Acharya Sushruta has included bala as a susceptible group while describing the vishesha nidanas of Ardita. Aims and Ideas: To study the effect of a framed Ayurvedic treatment protocol in managing chronic residual Bell’s palsy in children. Methods: The present case was a chronic right-sided residual Bell’s palsy with a history of 12 years and was approached through the line of management of Ardita mentioned in Bruhattrayees and Yogamrutam for 12 days. The treatment was started with takra dhara to give mrdu rookshana. Takra dhara mukha abhyanga and ksheera dhoomam were administered, followed by marsha nasyam. Two specific treatments mentioned in Yogamrutam was adopted in this case, i.e., panasa patra swedam and navaneeta shiro talam. The treatment was ended with shashtika shala pinda swedana to mukha. Results and Discussions: The facial asymmetry was reduced by 60% at the end of the treatment. Watering of the right was subsided entirely, and there was complete effortless closure of the right year after treatment. Pain, twitching and numbness on the right half of the face were utterly absent. The House and Brackmann grade was reduced from Grade III to Grade II after 12 days of treatment.
Challenges and needs in fire management: A landscape simulation modeling perspective [chapter 4]

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Fire management will face many challenges in the future from global climate change to protecting people, communities, and values at risk. Simulation modeling will be a vital tool for addressing these challenges but the next generation of simulation models must be spatially explicit to address critical landscape ecology relationships and they must use mechanistic approaches to model novel climates. This chapter summarizes important issues that will be critical for wildland fire management in the future and then identifies the role that simulation modeling can have in tackling these issues. The challenges of simulation modeling include: (i) spatial representation, (ii) uncertainty, (iii) complexity, (iv) parameterization, (v) initialization, (vi) testing and validation. The LANDFlRE project is presented as an example on how simulation modeling is used to support current fire management issues. Research and management needs for successful wildland fire-related simulation modeling projects will need (i) exteusive mechanistic research programs, (ii) comprehensive databases, (iii) statistical validation methods and protocols, (iv) software and hardware research, (v) modeling science explorations, and (vi) extensive training. Models will continue to play an integral role in fire management but only if the science keeps pace and managers are poised to take advantage of advances in modeling.
Concurrent administration of flunisolide nasal solution with beclomethasone dipropionate bronchial aerosol in patients with both rhinitis and asthma.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Twenty patients with asthma controlled by oral inhalations of beclomethasone dipropionate (400 micrograms/day) were treated for concurrent rhinitis by the addition of flunisolide nasal solution (300 micrograms/day) and its placebo for three weeks each in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Flunisolide produced a statistically significant benefit for each symptom parameter: sneezing (p = 0.013), runny nose (p = 0.027), stuffy nose (p = 0.005 and over-all severity (p = 0.005). More concomitant rhinitis medication was used during placebo treatment (p = 0.069). Seventy percent of the patients had "total" or "substantial" control of nasal symptoms with flunisolide vs. 45% with placebo (p less than 0.01). Eighty percent felt that flunisolide was either the only active drug or the more active (p less than 0.01). Three morning plasma cortisol determinations during the last week of each treatment period showed no drug-related effect. No nasal cultures were positive for Candida; the incidence of positive pharyngeal; cultures did not vary significantly. Adverse reactions consisted primarily of nasal burning and stinging; none was serious. In this group of twenty patients using inhalations of beclomethasone dipropionate for asthma, accompanying perennial rhinitis was substantially controlled by 300 micrograms of flunisolide nasal solution per day without significant additive effect on plasma cortisol levels or the incidence of overgrowth of Candida.