jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Understanding female condom use, acceptance, accessibility, awareness and knowledge among female public health students in a Nigerian university: A cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The female condom is both a means of mechanical contraception and protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwed pregnancies. The use and uptake of female condoms have been advocated as one of the safest ways to halt the risk of unplanned/unwanted pregnancies and STIs including HIV. Our study aimed to explore the knowledge, awareness, utilization, acceptance and accessibility of FC among female public health students in a Nigerian University. Methods: One hundred and ninety (190) female public health students took part in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data between August and December 2019. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 23. Results: Overall percentage awareness of female condoms usage in this study was 52.0%. Less than a quarter (22.4%) reported having seen a pack of female condoms, while the remaining 77.6% of the participants reported having never seen a pack of female condoms. In addition, the majority (87.4%) of the respondents did not know whether a female condom interferes with sexual pleasure/sensation. The majority of the respondents (77.4%) concurred that utilizing a female condom implies that "I don't trust my partner". Concerning accessibility of the female condom, only 1.8% agreed that FC is easily accessible while more than half (54.2%) are uncertain of the accessibility. Conclusion: Our study revealed a low level of knowledge and utilization of female condoms, and also limited access to the female condom as well as unsatisfactory acceptance and suboptimal awareness level which were suggested by the overall percentages in the study.
Evidence of bandgap-narrowing in the space-charge layer of heavily doped silicon diodes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The gradient voltage has been measured for seven heavily doped, graded-junction silicon diodes at 300 K. Experimental values up to nearly 0.5 V lower than conventional theoretical predictions have been observed. The lowering is attributed to bandgap-narrowing in the space-charge region. This narrowing is expected to be much larger than in neutral material of the same doping density because of the absence of free-carrier screening.
Utility of escapement time series data for monitoring the response of salmon populations to habitat alteration

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We provide a quantitative examination of the utility of escapement data for monitoring changes in salmonid populations caused by habitat alterations. We used Monte Carlo simulations to determine the precision, duration of monitoring, and the effect size required to achieve acceptable statistical inferences based on before-after (BA) and before-after-control-impact (BACI) comparisons. There was generally less than a 50% chance of detecting a population response unless the population change was large (more than a twofold increase) or the post-treatment monitoring period long (>10 years). Statistical power was improved by increasing the precision of escapement estimates, but the extent of improvement was dependent on the magnitude of population response to treatment, the duration of monitoring, and the extent of natural variability in abundance. BACI comparisons generally had a 10-15% lower probability of detecting a population change than BA comparisons unless the degree of covariation in survival rates between control and treatment stocks was very strong. Autocorrelation in error, simulating patterns of high and low survival rates over time, generally reduced power by 5-15%. Our results identify the conditions where escapement information can be used to make reliable inferences on salmonid population changes and provides a means for evaluating alternative monitoring designs.
Napoleon and Nicholas Girod

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Napoleon and Nicholas Girod Get access J. Landfear Lucas J. Landfear Lucas 1Glendora, Hindhead, Surrey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s12-II, Issue 50, 9 December 1916, Page 469, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s12-II.50.469c Published: 09 December 1916
Defining the characteristics of spherical Janus particles by investigating the behavior of their corresponding particles at the oil/water interface in a Pickering emulsion

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this study, a new analytical/experimental method is proposed in order to investigate the adsorption of different-sized spherical silica particles at the oil/water interface in a Pickering emulsion system as a well-known method to produce Janus particles. Accordingly, the characteristic of the produced silica Janus particles was defined based on their penetration depth into dispersed oil droplets. To ensure the accuracy of the method, the penetration depth of silica particles was also measured using field emission scanning electron microscopy images of solidified oil droplets covered with particles. The results revealed that the penetration depth increases with the size of the particles.
An evidence-based guide to smoking cessation therapies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Despite a general decline in smoking in the UK, prevalence remains high in certain groups such as young adults, pregnant women, those who have a mental Illness and those from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. These groups are also more likely to benefit from targeted smoking cessation interventions. Clinical contact between health professionals and patients who smoke creates an opportunity for offering cessation interventions and to reduce smoking-related harm. This article summarises evidence reported in high-quality systematic reviews on smoking cessation interventions that could be offered by health professionals coming in to contact with patients who smoke. The evidence presented here suggests that brief advice by a health professional is beneficial in achieving smoking cessation and so is intensive behavioural support, alone or in combination with pharmacotherapies (nicotine replacement therapies [NRTs], bupropion and varenicline). Pharmacotherapies are also effective individually in achieving smoking cessation; a combination of NRTs (oral or skin patch) can be particularly helpful among highly dependent smokers. Pharmacotherapies in combination with behavioural support delivered in healthcare settings are more effective than when used alone and delivered in community settings, respectively. Electronic cigarettes are also effective in achieving smoking cessation and are more effective than NRT.
A Study on the Incident Beam Methods of .OMEGA. Assembly X-Ray Stress Measurement Using a Position Sensitive Proportional Counter as a Detector.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, the position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) has been becoming popular as a detector for X-ray stress measurement. However, little information is available in the literature regarding the effects of specimen mis-setting and/or collimator misalignment on the stress measurement. This is because many factors such as the stress and the X-ray diffraction broadening of specimen, the X-ray focus size, the dimensions of the collimator, the PSPC and the goniometer, et al., are complicatedly related to the effects of specimen mis-setting and/or collimator mis-alignment. The authors have presented a model of Ω assembly X-ray stress measurement using a PSPC as the detector enabling us to simulate the stress measurement under the various conditions including specimen mis-setting and/or collimator misalignment. And they have successfully reported on their effects to the stress measurement.In this paper, the incident beam methods with and without focusing are discussed using the model and the simulation method of the Ω assembly X-ray stress measurement from the view of the collimator intrinsic stress and the stress errors caused by specimen mis-setting and collimator/slit misalignment. The incident beams treated are point focus beam, collimated beam and parallel beam. As the conclusions obtained by this study, it was found that the parallel beam method gives smaller intrinsic stress than the other incident beams do. It was also found that it is possible to reduce the intrinsic stress using the focusing method for the point focused beam and collimated beam. It was demonstrated that the focusing method with the point focused beam and/or collimated beam makes the stress measurement sensitive to the specimen mis-setting but not to the collimator/slit misalignment. On the other hand, the defocusing method is sensitive to the collimator/slit misalignment but not to the specimen mis-setting.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Pyrazole Oxime Derivatives Containing Benzotriazolyl Moiety

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

为了探寻新型含氮杂环活性物质,以杀螨剂唑螨酯为先导化合物,在吡唑肟的分子结构中引入苯并三氮唑单元结构,设计合成了17个未见文献报道的含苯并三氮唑结构的新型吡唑肟类衍生物.目标化合物的结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和元素分析确证.初步的生测数据表明,部分目标化合物显示出优良杀虫作用.在20 μg/mL浓度下,3个化合物对朱砂叶螨有70%~100%的防效.6个化合物在20 μg/mL浓度下对蚜虫的杀死率在90%~100%.另外,16个化合物在500 μg/mL浓度下对粘虫也呈现出较好的杀虫活性(致死率≥ 80%).
Classification of Gamelan Tones Based on Fractal Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Gamelan is an ensemble music originated from Indonesia. Gamelan have been made manually but had 7 tonnes for Pelog scale or 5 tonnes for Slendro scale. It is need to classify gamelan tones for digital musical processing for various objectives like learning, teaching, or composing. Fractal analysis can be used to classify physical phenomena like musical tones signal. One of fractal method was Higuchi that is suitable in computing fractal dimension for time series data as musical signals. In this paper, we propose the Higuchi fractal dimension to distinguish gamelan signal tones. Our experiment show that Demung Pelog tones can be classified properly until 82.85%. This result encourages to classify gamelan tones not only for other instruments but also for Slendro scale.
The 'Brazil-nut effect' in bidisperse particle laden flow on an incline

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study bidisperse suspensions -- suspensions where there are two particle species of the same density but different sizes -- of a viscous fluid on an incline. We use a lubrication theory/thin film model to form a hyperbolic system of three conservation laws for the height and particle volume fractions. The model predicts, over a range of parameters, that the larger particles rise to the top of the layer, consistent with the well-known `Brazil-nut effect' for granular media. The model predicts well-separated fronts of the two species of particles, behind a clear fluid front, at lower inclination angles and volume fractions. This corresponds to a triple shock structure in the system of conservations. At higher inclination angles and volume fractions the particles congregate at a high concentration at the leading front corresponding to a singular shock in the model. We find excellent agreement between theory and experiments in terms of the overall dynamic structures as the parameters vary.
Diversity-Oriented Document Retrieval With Consideration of Acceptability

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Filter bubbles occur when search algorithms selectively curate information that users prefer to see. This phenomenon is prevalent across various public and social networks. Numerous studies providing diverse information to reduce the effects of filter bubbles have been presented. However, conventional methods focus on the differences among information, and the acceptability to the users is not well considered. Hence, information including offensive or critical expressions may be provided. To address this gap, we propose a novel method to discover online information like tweets, reviews, etc. which provides diverse viewpoints while considering the acceptability. Our method models each online information (hereinafter document) as a series of pairs of aspects and their polarity. This enables formally representing opinion characteristics presented in the document. Subsequently, by analyzing differences in aspect and polarity, our method identifies how documents express acceptable and diverse opinions relative to a query document. This approach aims to address the emotional impact of content on users by reducing filter bubbles and presenting diverse opinions that are more acceptable to users. By considering both diversity and user acceptability, it offers a unique perspective that prevents the reinforcement of filter bubbles not found in existing methods.
Tomato growth responses to foliar application of ammonium sulfate in hydroponic culture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was done to evaluate the growth responses of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to foliar application of ammonium sulfate in different concentrations of 0, 50, 100, or 200 mM once per week, as well as 50 mM in every other day under greenhouse and hydroponic culture system. The results showed that foliar application of ammonium restricted the plant height, yield, and vitamin C content of fruits, but it increased the chlorophyll content in treated plants. The highest and the lowest yield were obtained from zero (control) and 200 mM treated plants, respectively. Fruit hardness was not affected by treatments, while blossom end rot disorder was increased by higher concentrations of ammonium sulfate. In general, the result indicated that tomato plant is rather sensitive to foliar application of ammonium sulfate particularly to higher concentrations and application numbers.
<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Characterization of <em>Hubera</em> (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from <em>Polyalthia</em> and allied to <em>Miliusa</em></strong></p>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

On the basis of molecular phylogenetics, pollen morphology and macromorphology, a new genus of the tribe Miliuseae, Hubera, segregrated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa, is established and described. It is characterized by the combination of reticulate tertiary venation of the leaves, axillary inflorescences, a single ovule per ovary and therefore single-seeded monocarps, seeds with a flat to slightly raised raphe, spiniform(-flattened peg) ruminations of the endosperm, and pollen with a finely and densely granular infratectum. Twenty-seven species are accordingly transferred to this new genus.
Type Appraisal: III. Relationships of First Lactation Production and Type Traits with Lifetime Performance

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated between 48 type appraisal traits and first lactation milk production to determine the importance of appraisal traits in a breeding program from 5,024 records from the New York type appraisal program.Most phenotypic correlations amgng the type traits were near zero.Depth of udder was the appraisal trait having the highest correlation with first lactation milk (.27) and fat (.23).Multiple correlations of all appraisal traits with first lactation milk and fat were .44 and .40.Correlations with lifetime variables were calculated from 2,068 records meeting time qualifications.Of the first lactation variables, milk yield had the highest correlation with lifetime milk (.34), and fat yield had the highest correlation with number of lactations (.21).All appraisal traits combined were as effective as production variables in predicting number of lactations.Genetic correlations suggested that bulls that sire daughters with high production tend to sire daughters with weaker udder attachments.High genetic correlations between first lactation production and lifetime performance support the utility of selection on first lactation production.
SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION OF ELECTRON AND HOLE CYCLOTRON RESONANCE IN GRAPHENE IN THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM LIMIT

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

L. G. Booshehri, C. H. Mielke, D. G. Rickel, S. A. Crooker, Q. Zhang, L. Ren, E. H. Haroz, C. J. Stanton, Z. Jin, Z. Sun, Z. Yan, J. M. Tour, J. Kono Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 Deparment of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
UV sensors based on liquid crystals mixtures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The Erythemal Response Spectrum is a scientific expression that describes the sensitivity of the skin to the ultraviolet radiation. The skin sensitivity strongly depends on the UV wavelength: a long exposition to UV radiation causes erythema once a threshold dose has been exceeded. In the past years several devices have been developed in order to monitor the UV exposure, most of them are based on inorganic materials that are able to mimic the human skin behaviour under UV radiation. We present a new device based on liquid crystals technology. The sensor is based on a liquid crystalline mixture that absorbs photons at UV wavelength and emits them at a longer one. This system presents several innovative features: the absorption range of the mixture can be varied to be sensitive to different wavelengths, the luminescence intensity can be tuned, the system can be implemented on flexible devices.
Numerical Prediction and Comparison of Finite Element and Finite Difference Methods of Flood Routing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The problems of flood wave propagation in bodies of waters caused by intense rains or floods represent a great challenge in mathematical modeling processes. With the progress of digital computers, the mathematical models become the great option in the analysis of this class problem. In this research, a finite element model developed for the prediction of flood routing in rivers. The developed model has been validated through comparing against other numerical model results and compared with observed data of a river reach. The developed model is capable of simulating the food hydrograph at any distance; the attenuation has been predicted accurately through the model. The results shows that the peak flow attenuation is non-linear trend in shape, which describes that at the initial stage, the attenuation of peak flow is greater as compared to the attenuation at the succeeding section/location at the downstream. However, this attenuation is going to be linear as the peak flow is moving towards the downstream end. The values for successive peak flow attenuation have also been computed which clearly demonstratethat this peak flow attenuation (PFA)has been diminished and remain negligible at some location on the downstream. The developed model is also capable of computing lag time which is necessary for the flood routing.
Primary Palliative Care for Emergency Medicine (PRIM-ER): Protocol for a Pragmatic, Cluster-Randomised, Stepped Wedge Design to Test the Effectiveness of Primary Palliative Care Education, Training and Technical Support for Emergency Medicine

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Emergency departments (ED) care for society’s most vulnerable older adults who present with exacerbations of chronic disease at the end of life, yet the clinical paradigm focuses on treatment of acute pathologies. Palliative care interventions in the ED capture high-risk patients at a time of crisis and can dramatically improve patient-centred outcomes. This study aims to implement and evaluate Primary Palliative Care for Emergency Medicine (PRIM-ER) on ED disposition, healthcare utilisation and survival in older adults with serious illness. Methods and analysis This is the protocol for a pragmatic, cluster-randomised stepped wedge trial to test the effectiveness of PRIM-ER in 35 EDs across the USA. The intervention includes four core components: (1) evidence-based, multidisciplinary primary palliative care education; (2) simulation-based workshops; (3) clinical decision support; and (4) audit and feedback. The study is divided into two phases: a pilot phase, to ensure feasibility in two sites, and an implementation and evaluation phase, where we implement the intervention and test the effectiveness in 33 EDs over 2 years. Using Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data, we will assess the primary outcomes in approximately 300 000 patients: ED disposition to an acute care setting, healthcare utilisation in the 6 months following the ED visit and survival following the index ED visit. Analysis will also determine the site, provider and patient-level characteristics that are associated with variation in impact of PRIM-ER. Ethics and dissemination Institutional Review Board approval was obtained at New York University School of Medicine to evaluate the CMS data. Oversight will also be provided by the National Institutes of Health, an Independent Monitoring Committee and a Clinical Informatics Advisory Board. Trial results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number NCT03424109 ; Pre-results
Urinary Infection in Childhood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rule of Three" SIR,-Some official rebuke from the B.M.A. should surely be made to the Minister of Transport in his recommendation that three drinks should be taken before driving at Christmas.His "rule of three" must surely be the most imprudent advice given to motorists for many a decade.The rule of "none for the road" should always apply.-I am, etc., lo0n1(101 W.1. Guy
Validation of Bare FBG Sensors in Monitoring Compressive Rock Mass Deformation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Geotechnical stability is a major concern for the long-term safety and integrity in underground coal mines.The major issues with the current roof stability monitoring system in underground coal mines include lackof systematic real time data recording scheme and using electrical sensing components that are notintrinsically safe in underground explosive workplace. Although an advanced system based on fibre opticsensing (FOS) technologies have increasingly drawn attention by mining industry, their applications in coalmines are still challenged by a number of factors, such as the survivability in large strain range, appropriatefibre encapsulation and installation methods and minimisation of measurement errors due to the straintransfer loss. This paper presents the results of preliminary experiment in developing fibre optic based roofstability monitoring system forunderground coal mines, including the validation of surface mounting bareFBGs in rock mass compressive test. The accuracy of the bare FBG sensors in measuring compressivestrain for rock mass are validated against the electrical strain gauges and linear variable differentialtransducer (LVDT). Using the stress-strain curve and Young's modulus of the standard samples as areference, the experiment results show that the bare FBG and electrical strain gauges can provide accurateand reliable compressive strain measurements for material with different mechanical properties.
Social Interaction, the Arrangement of Interior Space, and Racetrack Renovation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent and planned renovations of horse racing sites create simulcast monitor- viewing spaces to accommodate different forms of social interaction at racetracks, and, at new off-track betting facilities (OTBs), they are made to re-semble upscale sports bars. Furthermore, interactive horse race wagering services are now accessible in private space. Competition with other sports and leisure options has made viewing racing, even in person, an increasingly mediated event, raising questions about how technologies organize space and about the nature of our experiences in the physical spaces—including those devoted to sporting events—created by interactive media.