jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parasite-induced plasticity in host social behaviour depends on sex and susceptibility

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Understanding the effects of parasites on host behaviour, of host behaviour on parasite infection, and the reciprocal interactions between these processes is vital to improving our understanding of animal behaviour and disease dynamics. However, behaviour and parasite infection are both highly variable within and between individual hosts, and how this variation affects behaviour–parasite feedbacks is poorly understood. For example, it is unclear how an individual's behaviour before infection might change once it becomes infected, or as the infection progresses, and how these changes depend on the host's parasite susceptibility. Here, using the guppy, Poecilia reticulata , and a directly transmitted ectoparasite, Gyrodactylus turnbulli , I show that parasite-induced behavioural plasticity depends on host sex and susceptibility. Among females, time spent shoaling (sociality), a behaviour that increases parasite transmission, did not depend on infection status (infected/not) or susceptibility. By contrast, male sociality in the absence of infection was negatively correlated with susceptibility, suggesting that the most susceptible males use behaviour to avoid infection. However, in late infection, when parasite transmission is most likely, male sociality and susceptibility became positively correlated, suggesting that susceptible males modify their behaviour upon infection potentially to increase transmission and mating opportunities. I discuss the implications of these patterns for disease dynamics.
The role of tides in ocean--ice-shelf interactions in the southwestern Weddell Sea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;A novel regional ocean-sea-ice model configuration is designed to investigate the mechanisms of ocean&amp;#8211;ice-shelf-melt interactions in the Weddell Sea. It features explicit resolution of the cavities of eastern Weddell, Larsen and Filchner-Ronne ice-shelves (FRIS, at 1.5-2.5 km horizontal resolution), as well as of the adjacent continental shelves (~2.5 km) and deep open-ocean gyre (at 2.5-4 km), in presence of interannually-varying atmospheric and ocean boundary forcing as well as explicit ocean tides. Simulated circulation, water mass and ice-shelf melt properties compare overall well with available open-ocean and cavity observations, and simulated Weddell ice-shelf melting reveals large variability on tidal, seasonal and year-to-year timescales.&amp;#160;The presence of ocean tides, investigated explicitly, is revealed to result in a systematic time-average enhancement of both the production of ice-shelf meltwater as well as its refreezing on ascending branches of especially the FRIS cavity circulation. This tide-driven enhancement of the melt-induced FRIS cavity circulation acts to increase net ice-shelf melting (by 50%, ~50 Gt/yr) and the meltwater export by the FRIS outflow, and modulates their seasonal and lower frequency variability.&amp;#160;The tidal impact on ice-shelf melting is consistent with being primarily driven mechanically through enhanced kinetic energy of the time-varying flow in contact with the ice drafts. The dynamically-driven tide-induced melting is thereby to almost 90% compensated by cooling through meltwater produced, but not quickly exported from regions of melting in the Weddell cold-cavity regime. Ocean boundary layer thermal adjustment underneath ice drafts, minimizing departures from the in-situ freezing point, thus substantially dampens the impact of tides on Weddell ocean&amp;#8211;ice-shelf interactions.&amp;#160;Simulations furthermore suggest attendant changes on the open-ocean continental shelves, characterized by overall freshening and modest year-round sea-ice thickening, as well as a marked freshening of newly-formed bottom waters in the southwestern Weddell Sea.&lt;/p&gt;
Latitudinal-size trend in eight species of Centrobolus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bergmann's eco-geographical rule maintained within a taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size were found in colder environments, and species of smaller size were found in warmer regions. It was tested in the millipede genus Centrobolus with reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Two factors were measured from eight Centrobolus species, body lengths (mm) and widths (mm). Centrobolus male lengths were positively related to latitude (r=0.643, r2=0.4134, n=8, p=0.085467). The short species, C. digrammus occurred at the southern tips of South Africa (-34.19°S) while longer species, C. inscriptus and C. anulatus were found north (-28.98°S). In-between these two latitudes all the medium sized species ranged.
Studi Komparatif Larangan Perkawinan Antara Hukum Adat, Hukum Perdata dan Hukum Islam

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to thoroughly implement the Prohibition of Marriage from the Perspective of Customary Law, Civil Law, and Islamic Law. Second, describe the application of sanctions for violations of marriage prohibitions according to customary law, civil law, and Islamic law. Third, analyze prevention efforts to avoid infringements of the Prohibition of Marriage. The research method used is a qualitative research type, with a descriptive-analytic way applying a literature and literature study approach accompanied by observations on applications that occur in the community. Currently, in Indonesia, it can be seen in the community many cases of marriage that occur without regard to the Prohibition of Marriage. As a legal state that adheres to several national legal systems, it is expected to guarantee legal certainty for all its citizens. Therefore, there is a need for synergy between all applicable policies in Indonesia on the Prohibition of Marriage
Hodgkin lymphoma of the Maxillary Sinus: An Unusual Occurrence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The maxillary sinus is a rare anatomic site for Hodgkin lymphoma, as only 1 such case has been previously reported in the literature. Nevertheless, we recommend that lymphoma be considered in the differential diagnosis of a mass that involves the maxillary sinus or any other unusual extranodal site in the head and neck. Lymphoma in a patient who presents with disease in an unusual site and without lymphadenopathy is difficult to diagnose. We report the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with nasal congestion and obstruction. Examination revealed an abnormal-appearing mucosa involving the maxillary sinus. Subsequent evaluation led to a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. Because making such a diagnosis is difficult, close attention to radiologic and pathologic findings is important. Our review of the literature revealed that treatment commonly includes chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which yield excellent outcomes. The current standard of care for patients with similar-stage Hodgkin lymphoma at other sites can guide the treatment course for patients with extranodal Hodgkin lymphoma.
Water Distribution Network Partitioning Based on Complex Network Theory: The Udine Case Study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Water Distribution Network Partitioning (WDNP), which is the partitioning of the existing Water distribution Network (WDN) into smaller and more homogeneous portions called District Metered Areas (DMAs), is an effective strategy that allows water utilities to improve network management through water balance, pressure control, water loss detection, and protection from contamination. The partitioning is realized physically, closing the pipes between two different districts, or virtually, installing flow meters which measure the districts inflow and outflow. Pipe closures lead to a considerable network performance worsening, reducing minimum pressure, resilience, and redundancy; on the other hand, flow meters allow us to avoid these issues but involve a higher investing cost. Hence, the DMAs’ definition could become a hard task because both network performance and maximum investing cost must be respected. This paper presents the application of an optimization approach, based on complex network theory, coupled with an optimization technique based on genetic algorithms (GA). The methodology, implemented in Python environment, consists of a clustering phase carried out with two different algorithms (Girvan–Newman and spectral clustering) and a dividing phase which defines whether a gate valve or a flow meter should be installed in a pipe. The last phase is fulfilled with the GA which allows us to optimize one or more objectives in order to minimize the cost and maximize the network performance. The methodology has been applied on the Udine water distribution system, whose hydraulic model has been calibrated with a recent measure campaign. The results produced with the different clustering algorithms and objective functions have been compared to show their pros and cons.
E-simulation:pre-registration nursing students' evaluation of an on-line patient deterioration program

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

This study explores preregistration nursing students’ views of a Web-based simulation program: FIRST2 ACTWeb (Feedback Incorporating Review and Simulation Techniques to Act on Clinical Trends-Web). The multimedia program incorporating three videoed scenarios portrayed by a standardized patient (human actor) aims to improve students’ recognition and management of hospital patient deterioration. Participants were 367 final-year nursing students from three universities who completed an online evaluation survey and 19 students from two universities who attended one of five focus groups. Two researchers conducted a thematic analysis of the transcribed narratives. Three core themes identified were as follows: “ease of program use,” “experience of e-Simulation,” and “satisfaction with the learning experience.” The Web-based clinical learning environment was endorsed as functional, feasible, and easy to use and was reported to have high fidelity and realism. Feedback in both focus groups and surveys showed high satisfaction with the learning experience. Overall, evaluation suggested that the Web-based simulation program successfully integrated elements essential for blended learning. Although Web-based educational applications are resource intensive to develop, positive appraisal of program quality, plus program accessibility and repeatability, appears to provide important educational benefits. Further research is needed to determine the transferability of these learning experiences into real-world practice.
Digital Financial Assets as an Object of Civil Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores the legal nature of digital financial assets (DFAs) within civil rights. DFAs, including cryptocurrencies and tokens, challenge traditional legal concepts due to their decentralized and intangible nature. The study addresses key legal issues such as ownership rights, enforceability of obligations, and jurisdictional conflicts in cross-border transactions. A comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks in the European Union, the United States, Russia, and Uzbekistan reveals the lack of uniformity in DFA treatment. Special focus is given to Uzbekistan’s progressive approach under the Digital Uzbekistan 2030 initiative. The research adopts a qualitative, doctrinal, and document analysis methodology, supported by case studies and legal analysis. The findings identify significant regulatory gaps, particularly regarding DFA integration into traditional legal systems. The study suggests the need for comprehensive reforms to harmonize DFA regulations and ensure legal clarity. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of aligning legal frameworks with emerging digital financial trends.
Three Essays on Risk Preferences and Farm-Decision Making in the United States

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Crop insurance is a frequent topic of debate among policymakers. This dissertation answers questions relevant to the current discussion about the cost of insurance, participation in the insurance program and the relationship between farm characteristics and crop insurance returns. Determining whether crop insurance premiums are actuarially fair has become a relevant policy debate in the past decade. In chapter we determine the risk premium or the willingness-to-pay for crop insurance from the producer’s side using a new structural model, which jointly incorporates price and yield risk. We also determine producer risk preferences and production elasticities to obtain the willingness to pay measures. We test our model on producers in Nebraska, Iowa and South Dakota. Our results find evidence of risk aversion in all three states. However, the obtained risk premium measures are generally lower than the average premium amounts in each of the three states, suggesting that producers perhaps desire even more subsidy. In the second chapter, we determine the risk preferences of crop producers using the safety-first method. Our methodology is unique, since it utilizes both price and yield risk in the producer’s optimization problem. We then compare the derived preferences with the stated preferences of the producers. The stated preferences are obtained from a lottery-style game designed to elicit producers’ risk preferences. The results indicate that there is in fact a relationship between the preferences derived from our structural model and the ones stated by the producers in the game. This is an important result from a policy-making perspective, as it validates the use of behavior elicitation surveys about risk preferences. Finally, in the third chapter, we test whether crop insurance returns remains neutral to farm characterisitics and producer information. The Risk Management Agency’s rating determination methodology includes some characteristics for premium rating determination. However, we demonstrate that others such producer size and type, liability and the number of units a producer farms on also influence the crop insurance returns, thereby rendering the RMA methodology less efficient.
Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy and agriculture in Finland

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article examines some possible paths and inherent political economy of the future reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and their implications for the Finnish agriculture. Scenario approach is qualitatively applied in respect of two policy scenarios, the Agenda 2000 reform proposals and the renationalisation of the CAP. In addition, the proposed European model of agriculture is briefly compared with the farm sector in the United States. Agenda 2000 is regarded as a threat scenario and the renationalisation of the CAP as a target scenario from the point of view of the Finnish agriculture in the European Union.
Preference for Cultural Goods: The Case of Korea Film Market ∗

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

There is an ongoing debate on whether cultural goods like movies and music albums should be protected from foreign competitors. One argument frequently used by protectionists is that domestic movies cannot compete against mega-budgeted Hollywood movies and they will disappear if trade protection is lifted. An implicit assumption under the argument is that consumers easily substitute cultural elements for other product characteristics. In this paper we assess how much consumers value cultural elements when other product characteristics are equal. We estimate demand for films in Korea using monthly data on admissions from 2002 to 2004. We include nationality variables in addition to other movie characteristics to measure consumers’ willingness to pay for cultural elements. Our result shows that Korean consumers are willing to pay more for home-produced movies compared to imported foreign movies. It suggests that consumers differentiate cultural goods based on nationality and there seems to be a cultural bias in consumption. Our estimate implies that the probability of watching a foreign movie would increase by 87.5 percent if its cultural elements were replaced by Korean.
A Survey on Brain Tumor Segmentation and Clustering using clustering techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the implementation of Simple Algorithm for detection of range and shape of tumor in brain MR images and identifies stage of tumor from the given area of tumor. Tumor is an uncontrolled growth of tissues in any part of the body. Tumors are of different types and they have different Characteristics and different treatment. As it is known, brain tumor is inherently serious and life-threatening because of its character in the limited space of the intracranial cavity (space formed inside the skull). Most Research in developed countries show that the number of people who have brain tumors were died due to the fact of inaccurate detection. Generally, CT scan or MRI that is directed into intracranial cavity produces a complete image of brain. After researching a lot statistical analysis which is based on those people whose are affected in brain tumor some general Risk factors and Symptoms have been discovered. The development of technology in science day night tries to develop new methods of treatment. This image is visually examined by the physician for detection & diagnosis of brain tumor. However this method accurate determines the accurate of stage & size of tumor and identifies stage of tumor from the area of tumor. This work uses segmentation of brain tumor based on the k-means and fuzzy c-means algorithms. This method allows the segmentation of tumor tissue with accuracy and reproducibility comparable to manual segmentation. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis and identifies stage of tumor from the given area of tumor.
Finally implement a system using java to identify stage of tumor which is easier, cost reducible and time savable.
Branch atheromatous disease: Concept, diagnosis and medical treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intracranial branch atheromatous disease (BAD) was proposed by Caplan in order to clarify problematic cases that do not fit into the dichotomatous separations of cases into lipohyalinotic penetrating artery disease or large artery occlusive disease. Narrowing or occlusion of the mouth of the branching artery by an atheromatous plaque results in deep infarcts of more than 10mm diameter with classical lacunar syndromes including pure motor hemiparesis. Both lenticulostriate and paramedian pontine arteries are likely to be involved in BAD. Neurological worsening after admission and poor functional outcome at discharge are usually observed in BAD patients. Once the patients show any neurological or radiological sign of BAD, they are treated intensively with anti-thrombotic drug and edaravone. Plaque stabilization and improvement of endothelial function would be the therapeutic targets for treatment of BAD in the future.
Wittig Reaction: Domino Olefination and Stereoselectivity DFT Study. Synthesis of the Miharamycins’ Bicyclic Sugar Moiety

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2-O-Acyl protected-d-ribo-3-uloses reacted with [(ethoxycarbonyl)methylene]triphenylphosphorane in acetonitrile to afford regio- and stereoselectively 2-(Z)-alkenes in 10-60 min under microwave irradiation. This domino reaction is proposed to proceed via tautomerization of 3-ulose to enol, acyl migration, tautomerization to the 3-O-acyl-2-ulose, and Wittig reaction. Alternatively, in chloroform, regioselective 3-olefination of 2-O-pivaloyl-3-uloses gave (E)-alkenes, key precursors for the miharamycins' bicyclic sugar moiety.
Morphologische Produktivität in deutschsprachigen Texten nicht nativer Autoren. Eine korpuslinguistische Analyse.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study compares the productivity of word formation patterns involving the affixes - ung, - keit /- igkeit /- heit , - bar and ver -. The comparison is between non-native and native German writers, using the Chamisso corpus and a comparable corpus. The creative use of the German language in non-native literature , a literature of migrant authors who write in German as a foreign language, is widely considered the most prominent feature of this writing. According to critics, this creative use of language is related to the fact that authors switch from the native language to German. Such an assumption is plausible from a linguistic standpoint: empirical studies in language acquisition and in sociolinguistics support the hypothesis that linguistic creativity could consist of an over-use of productive morphological categories. My results reject the hypothesis that the non-native authors differ from German authors in the productivity of the observed morphological categories. This negative result points out that the non-native authors have achieved near-native competence in the use of word formation patterns.
FIGURE 3 in Historical account and redescription of Bothriocera substigmatica (Lethierry, 1881) (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae), an endemic species from the lesser Antilles

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 3. Terminalia of B. substigmatica—Pygofer ventral (A) and lateral view (B); Anal tube dorsal (C), apical (D) and lateral (G); Styli frontal (E), ventral (F) and lateral view (H).
The fight against doping in sport and international law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Fighting doping in sports has always been a crucial issue for every national and international sports institution, especially for the International Olympic Committee
(hereinafter “IOC”). Even though this work will mainly focus on norms and procedures on this delicate matter, it is absolutely necessary to preliminary to outline
the general structure of sports law to better understand how doping is legally fought.
In fact, in recent years specific private law entities, generally the ones interested in establishing dedicated rules, have started receiving the support of the International Community, enhancing an unusual public/private dialogue in order to take actions
against especially this threat (but not only) and safeguard the credibility and equality of competition, the health and every other connected right of every involved athlete1.
Before focusing on how sport organisations work and relate to each other, it is appropriate to underline that all of them have “the right and obligation of autonomy”, avoiding “any outside influence”3 especially from Governments.