jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Uniform styles? Aspects of police centralization in England and Wales

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the early 1990s, central monitoring of police performance in England and Wales has grown markedly, in particular through national performance indicators introduced by the Police and Magistrates Courts Act 1994. The process has been accompanied by increased level of intervention by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Audit Commission. This article uses published Inspectorate reports to assess the extent to which police forces now use common policing styles, and traces in more detail the influences leading to the adoption (or otherwise) of "intelligence-led" policing in selected forces. It is argued that in order to reduce recorded crime rates, the police are increasingly using structures and methods that are "approved" by Government and its agencies, but in a marked absence of information as to their probable effectiveness and efficiency in achieving the desired results. Furthermore, it is suggested that recent political developments have added decisive weight to the centralization process. Some forces are now attempting to combine "approved" policing styles into an integrated model, though it is unclear whether this can be achieved in practice without losing the perceived advantages of each style.
Crystal structure of (oxalato-k2O:O')-[μ-1,1'-(1,6-hexanediyl)bis- (imidazole)-k2N:N']cobalt(II) hemihydrate, Co(C2O4)(C12H18N4) · 0.5H2O

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Article Crystal structure of (oxalato-k2O:O')-[μ-1,1'-(1,6-hexanediyl)bis- (imidazole)-k2N:N']cobalt(II) hemihydrate, Co(C2O4)(C12H18N4) · 0.5H2O was published on December 1, 2009 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 224, issue 4).
Premorbidity and preventive psychiatry.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

La psychiatrie sovietique a recours au concept de premorbidite pour caracteriser certains stades precliniques asymptomatiques de la maladie mentale (pouvant ou non evoluer vers la pathologie). Il s'agit d'une notion statistique, epidemiologique, comparable aux «etats precancereux» ou au «pre-infarctus» de la medecine. Elle est partiellement predictive mais n'en constitue pas moins une categorie fondamentale de la psychiatrie preventive
Building a Support System for Time Study to Calculate The Standard Time at Production Line

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the production field, time is the most important factor. In particular, the standard time allows managers to design an effective production line, allocate labor, materials, and estimate cost. In addition, a cycle time of a stage on the production line will help managers to balance the line, quickly detect bottlenecks and reduce work-in-process. To calculate the Standard time and Cycle time at the production line, time study needs to be conducted to get actual observation time data. But in fact, using many devices such as stopwatch, paper, pen, camera, etc. when going to the workshop and typing data to Excel become a boring daily task for the engineer. Therefore, simplifying time study measurement becomes extremely necessary. This paper will present a system for solving those problems by integrating multiple devices into one smartphone device to help save time of typing data into the computer. The system includes an android application and a web application using the same database.
The growing current account surpluses in East Asia: the effect of dark matter assets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In a series of papers we have developed the notion that net foreign assets could be better approximated by capitalizing the net investment income line of the balance of payments statistics. Hidden assets or changes in financial costs may change the net return of net foreign assets even when the valuation of assets remains unchanged. By capitalizing the net investment income a more realistic picture emerges on the true burden or return of net foreign assets. This paper estimates external positions for East Asian economies using this methodology and compares the results with that of official accounts. We find that, until the late 1990s, net investment income increased relatively little, signaling that net foreign assets had not grown as suggested by the large current account surpluses of these countries. This is consistent with the fact that the region had attracted large amounts of foreign direct investment, for which the transfer of technology and knowledge are not accurately captured by the valuation of the foreign asset position. Since 2002, however, the trend has reversed, indicating much larger surpluses than officially registered. We discuss individual country cases.
Advances in Designed Multivalent Bioconjugates with Dendritic Structure

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Dendrimer chemistry is a burgeoning field of macromolecular science that evolved over the last decade from the status of ''aesthetically appealing molecules'' to mainstream interdisciplinary research. The results of a key word search on the term ''dendrimer*'' carried out in scientific and technical databases serve to illustrate the exponential surge of publications and patents over the last couple of years (Fig. 1).
Evaluation of the Chinese collection in Singapore public libraries using performance measurement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Despite the Chinese collection being a significant part of any public library collection, there has been little research done on the evaluation of such collections. This research study represented the first local attempt in the academic field to evaluate the Chinese collection in a Singapore's public library, using the performance measurement. The inductive method of a sample of the five popular library's circulation data is used. The aim of the research study was to design a set of useful performance measures, using the studying collection use patterns as means of evaluating collections. Adequacy of the book collection us directly related to its use by Chinese patrons, and the circulation data provide a reasonably representatives picture of collection use.
Analysis and Mitigation of Bias Injection Attacks Against a Kalman Filter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we consider a state estimation problem for stochastic linear dynamical systems in the presence of bias injection attacks. A Kalman filter is used as an estimator, and a chi-squared test is used to detect anomalies. We first show that the impact of the worst-case bias injection attack in a stochastic setting can be analyzed by a deterministic quadratically constrained quadratic program, which has an analytical solution. Based on this result, we propose a criterion for selecting sensors to secure in order to mitigate the attack impact. Furthermore, we derive a condition on the necessary number of sensors to secure in order for the impact to be less than a desired threshold.
Normalizing Biomedical Name Entities by Similarity-Based Inference Network and De-ambiguity Mining

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To construct an intelligent biomedical knowledge management system, researchers had proposed many relation extraction methods in past. Before applying these methods, the system has to recognize the name entities in the literature and map the entities to the relative EntrezIDs. The purpose of this study is to automatically and exactly identify the relative EntrezIDs which are mentioned in literatures. We employ the similarity-based inference network to calculate the similarity score with the entities, and this EntrezID is a solution to the term variation problem. The proposed de-ambiguity strategy increases the confidence of EntrezID in literature. The strategy provides researchers a good utilization of information for mapping the entity to the EntrezID. As a result, the precision of system increase about 75.1%, and it makes the identified entity even more meaningful. The system using the proposed strategies outperforms the previous methods in biomedical entity normalization.
Activity-based costing : why and why not?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This project starts by looking at the technicalities of a traditional cost allocation system and the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) allocation system. It points out why the traditional system could not meet the present needs of companies competing in a competitive environment. The project also looks at why proponents of ABC claim it to be able to aid in managers’ decision-making process. On the other hand, criticisms of ABC made by various academicians were also reviewed. A case study was conducted on a company which, after an initial feasibility study, decided not to continue with further study on whether to implement ABC in its organization. The project looks at their reasons and comes to a conclusion that, for the company, the technical aspect of implementing ABC was not a major hindrance, rather it was the managers’ perception of the usefulness of ABC that was the major determinant. This indicates a discrepancy in the factors considered important by the academicians and the managers in the business environment in considering whether to implement or not implement ABC.
Effects of sample history, time, and temperature on the sorption of monomer vapor by PVC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The sorption of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) vapor by poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin powders has been studied as a function of time, VCM pressure, temperature, and previous PVC history. In fine powders, sorption occurs in two separable stages, a rapid Fickean diffusion and a slow relaxation-controlled process. Hysteresis in interval sorption-desorption experiments and variable resorption behavior can be related to the relaxation-controlled process. The amount of VCM sorbed shows a pronounced variation with postpolymerization thermal history of the PVC sample; this effect seems to result from the freezing-in of differing "hole volumes" under varied conditions of glassification. The heat of VCM sorption by glassy PVC, −4.3 kcal/mole, is nearly equal to the heat of condensation of VCM. The complex dependence of sorption behavior upon experimental variables can reasonably be interpreted as reflecting changes in hole volume with postpolymerization history.
Compact Waveguide Antenna Design for 77 GHz High-Resolution Radar

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Millimeter-wave antennas have become more important recently due to the diversity of applications in 5G and upcoming 6G technologies, of which automotive systems constitute a significant part. Two crucial indices, detection range and angular resolution, are used to distinguish the performance of the automotive antenna. Strong gains and narrow beamwidths of highly directive radiation beams afford longer detection range and finer spatial selectivity. Although conventionally used, patch antennas suffer from intrinsic path losses that are much higher when compared to the waveguide antenna. Designed at 77 GHz, presented in this article is an 8-element slot array on the narrow side wall of a rectangular waveguide, thus being readily extendable to planar arrays by adding others alongside while maintaining the element spacing requirement for grating lobe avoidance. Comprising tilted Z-shaped slots for higher gain while keeping constrained within the narrow wall, adjacent ones separated by half the guided wavelength are inclined with reversed tilt angles for cross-polar cancelation. An open-ended external waveguide is placed over each slot for polarization purification. Equivalent circuit models of slotted waveguides aid the design. An approach for sidelobe suppression using the Chebyshev distribution is adopted. Four types of arrays are proposed, all of which show potential for different demands and applications in automotive radar. Prototypes based on designs by simulations were fabricated and measured.
Evaluation Of Remote Sensing And Surface Geophysical Methods For Locating Underground Storage Tanks

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Delaware Code, Title 7, Chapter 74, Section 7415 states in part: "The Delaware Geological Survey shall investigate the feasibility of utilizing aerial photographs and other new advanced techniques for locating abandoned tanks." In response to this charge, the Delaware Geological Survey has completed a survey of currently available remote sensing and geophysical tools to determine which methods may be utilized to locate underground storage tanks. Limited preliminary field testing has been performed.
Catastrophic channel changes in the Macdonald Valley, New South Wales, 1949-1955

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Floods in the Macdonald valley, near Wiseman's Ferry, New South Wales between 1949-1955 transformed the initially narrow V-shaped channel into a very wide channel with oversteepened banks.The difficulty of quantifying as distinct from recognising change in a river channel more than twenty years after it occurred is greatly increased in the absence of largescale maps, aerial photography and streamflow records.Buried bridges, the downstream displacement of wharves, tidal changes, the ponding of fributary creeks, old photographs and survey plans, and information obtained from farmers have been used to reconstruct the character and extent of channel change.There are signs that since 1969 the river may have begun to resume its pre-1949 form by narrowing its channel and lowering its bed.
User-level integration of data and operation resources by means of a self-descriptive data model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This thesis describes the design of a system to integrate data access and various forms of data\nanalysis and editing tools. -sets of operations-, under a single interactive user interface. The\nprojected system is called YANUS (Yet ANother Unifying System). One of the major goals\nof this study is to create an environment for the user where he/she1 has optimal freedom to\ncombine operations and apply these directly to his data, and where he is being supported to\ndo so correctly. i.e. in conformance with the meaning of the data and of the operations. Direct\napplication means that the user does not need to copy or transform the data. Another major\ngoal is the encapsulation of existing external systems. Certain operations may, without the\nuser's knowledge, be executed in these existing systems. Also, data to which operations are\napplied may be stored in existing databases. Thus. the user should be able to analyze data\nfrom existing databases with existing tools with minimal effort. He does not need to know\nabout the different interfaces of different systems and about possible data translations. Finally,\nthe environment must be extensible. with respect to the data and operations which may be\naccessed by the user. and with respect to the databases and software packages to be used to\nprovide data and operations in the integrated system. The main hypothesis supported in this\nthesis is. that a powerful self-descriptive object-oriented data model can play a central role in\nachieving these goals
Effects of Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Commercially Pure Titanium: Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance in a Salty Environment

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, the surface oxidation of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti grade 4) was performed by means of a Nd:YAG in a continuous wave mode in an air environment. The morphology, structure and chemical composition of the formed layers were analyzed by different characterization techniques, such as X‑ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope coupled to an electron microprobe, optical microscopy, and optical profilometry. The diffusion of light atmospheric elements (oxygen and nitrogen) was also investigated. The corrosion resistance of the treated samples was examined in 3.0 wt % NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The results were compared with those obtained from untreated CP-Ti tested under the same conditions. The analysis indicates that ultra-short pulses (in a nanosecond scale) from a Nd:YAG laser effectively enhanced the corrosion resistance of the studied alloy in 3.0 wt % NaCl (simulated marine environment). An improved corrosion resistance was obtained due to the microstructural changes caused by rapid solidification after laser treatment. A notable enhancement in hardness was reached as well.
Norming of Student Evaluations of Instruction: Impact of Noninstructional Factors

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Student Evaluations of Instruction (SEIs) from about 6,000 sections over 4 years representing over 100,000 students at the college of business at a large public university are analyzed, to study the impact of noninstructional factors on student ratings. Administrative factors like semester, time of day, location, and instructor attributes like gender and rank are studied. The combined impact of all the noninstructional factors studied is statistically significant. Our study has practical implications for administrators who use SEIs to evaluate faculty performance. SEI scores reflect some inherent biases due to noninstructional factors. Appropriate norming procedures can compensate for such biases, ensuring fair evaluations.
Sub-District Level Spatiotemporal Changes of Carbon Storage and Driving Factor Analysis: A Case Study in Beijing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Analyzing the current trends and causes of carbon storage changes and accurately predicting future land use and carbon storage changes under different climate scenarios is crucial for regional land use decision-making and carbon management. This study focuses on Beijing as its study area and introduces a framework that combines the Markov model, the Patch-based Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model, and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to assess carbon storage at the sub-district level. This framework allows for a systematic analysis of land use and carbon storage spatiotemporal evolution in Beijing from 2000 to 2020, including the influence of driving factors on carbon storage. Moreover, it enables the simulation and prediction of land use and carbon storage changes in Beijing from 2025 to 2040 under various scenarios. The results show the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the overall land use change in Beijing showed a trend of “Significant decrease in cropland area; Forest increase gradually; Shrub and grassland area increase first and then decrease; Decrease and then increase in water; Impervious expands in a large scale”. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the carbon storage in Beijing showed a “decrease-increase” fluctuation, with an overall decrease of 1.3 Tg. In future carbon storage prediction, the ecological protection scenario will contribute to achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. (3) Among the various driving factors, slope has the strongest impact on the overall carbon storage in Beijing, followed by Human Activity Intensity (HAI) and Nighttime Light Data (NTL). In the analysis of carbon storage in the built-up areas, it was found that HAI and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) have the strongest effect, followed by NTL and Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC). The findings from this study offer valuable insights for the sustainable advancement of ecological conservation and urban development in Beijing.
Optimizing cost and performance for multihoming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Multihoming is often used by large enterprises and stub ISPs to connect to the Internet. In this paper, we design a series of novel smart routing algorithms to optimize cost and performance for multihomed users. We evaluate our algorithms through both analysis and extensive simulations based on realistic charging models, traffic demands, performance data, and network topologies. Our results suggest that these algorithms are very effective in minimizing cost and at the same time improving performance. We further examine the equilibrium performance of smart routing in a global setting and show that a smart routing user can improve its performance without adversely affecting other users.
Efficacy of omalizumab treatment for pediatric chronic spontaneous urticaria: A multi‐center retrospective case series

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Chronic urticaria is defined by the presence of itchy wheals, sometimes accompanied by angioedema, lasting for at least 6 weeks. In children, most cases occur without an eliciting factor and are defined as chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). CSU affects up to 0.75% of children with a negative impact on quality of life and school performance. CSU is treated in adults with second‐generation antihistamines, increased up to four times normal doses for second‐line treatment. Omalizumab (a monoclonal antibody to IgE) may be recommended as third‐line therapy. A similar protocol is used in children, yet little is known of its efficacy and safety. Objectives To summarize our multi‐center experience in treating children with recalcitrant CSU with omalizumab. Methods A retrospective multi‐center case series conducted in 5 tertiary care centers in Israel. Patients included were children <18 years old diagnosed with recalcitrant CSU who were treated with omalizumab. Patients were followed up throughout the duration of omalizumab therapy/symptom remission. Patients' electronic medical records were used to gather data. Results Nineteen participants (11 F; 8 M) presented with CSU between ages 6 and 16.9 years. Sixteen (84%) responded to omalizumab, including children <12 years old, although two became non‐responsive after 6‐12 months of therapy. Another three patients (16%) were resistant to treatment, achieving remission through fourth‐line (Cyclosporine A) or other therapies. Conclusion Children with recalcitrant CSU, even those <12 years old, respond well to standard‐dose, third‐line omalizumab therapy at rates similar to adults. Yet, some cases may become non‐responsive with ongoing treatment.
Normal and dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers in carriers of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dystrophin is the gene product that is affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Antibodies against dystrophin were used to study the protein in muscle fibers of carriers of the gene. The results showed that DMD carriers have normal and dystrophin-deficient fibers. Dystrophin immunohistochemistry may be helpful for the detection of DMD carriers.
The African diaspora within Africa and the impact of slavery and stigma in the Islamic society : a case study of Somalia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Certain proponents of slavery in the Islamic world assert that slaves exported from East Africa to the Arabian Peninsula or areas under Arabian domain within Africa were in fact acquired not for agricultural economic purposes but rather for domestic labor. According to some scholars, this facilitated the integration of former slaves more thoroughly into Islamic communities than into the Atlantic slaveholding communities. However, while the theory of integration may hold true, at least in part, historical evidence suggests this may not be true in the case of the Bantu/Jareer population in the Horn of Africa, the main focus of this paper. Therefore, using the Bantu/Jareer population of southern Somalia as a case study, this paper explores the contradictions prevalent in integration theory, the impact of slavery as a social institution, and the economic functions the slaves performed in Islamic countries.