jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Hyper-Kamiokande Experiment: Overview & Status

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) experiment centres around a proposed next-generation underground water Cherenkov detector that will be nearly 20 times larger than the highly successful Super-Kamiokande experiment and use significantly improved photodetectors with the same 40% photocoverage. HK will increase existing sensitivity to proton decay by an order of magnitude, and it will study neutrinos from various sources, including atmospheric neutrinos, solar neutrinos, and supernova neutrinos. In addition to operating as a standalone experiment, HK will serve as the far detector of a long-baseline neutrino experiment using the upgraded J-PARC neutrino beam, enhancing searches for lepton-sector CP violation. This contribution to the NuPhys2016 proceedings presents recent developments and the current status of the experiment. It discusses ongoing photosensor R&D efforts and the expected physics reach in the area of supernova neutrinos as showcased in the recently published design report. Other physics topics, including neutrino oscillations and nucleon decay, are discussed in a separate contribution to these proceedings.
On the simulation of Markov chain steady-state distribution using CFTP algorithm

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The famous Propp and Wilson (Random Structures and Algorithms 9: 223–252, 1996, Journal of the American Statistical Association 90: 558–566, 1998) protocol called coupling from the past (CFTP) allows exact sampling from steady-state distribution of a Markov chain. When the Markov chain is stiff (i.e. existence of rarely visited states), CFTP spends a prohibitive time to reach stationarity. To reduce this time we propose to combine the variance reduction technique Importance Sampling (IS) with CFTP. Also we propose another technique, based on the power of the Markov chain kernel, to reduce the CFTP simulation time in standard case. When the period δ of the simulated Markov chain is greater than one (δ > 1), the stopping condition of CFTP is not satisfied. To break the deadlock of CFTP in this case, we propose to transform the studied chain on δ subchains that are aperiodic and for which CFTP can be applied. Some numerical examples are presented to bring the utility of the proposed simulation techniques.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY TO THE COMPANY VALUE WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A VARIABLE MODERATION Case Studies on Companies Listed in the Sri Kehati Index for the 2012-2016 Period

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine whether the company value as measured by price book value is influenced by the company's ability to obtain profits measured by Return on Assets and moderated by corporate social responsibility in companies listed on the SRI - KEHATI index for the period 2012 - 2016. Researchers are interested in conducting research This is because Investors in determining stock investment see the ability to obtain corporate profits but also see whether the company has carried out social responsibility for nature and the social environment around the company or called green investment. The company has carried out corporate social responsibility which can be seen from whether the company has carried out CSR in accordance with the GRI index set by the government with 79 indicators. In this study using corporate social resposibility as a moderating variable with a number of samples of annual report research of 18 companies listed on the SRI - KEHATI Index from 2012 - 2016 and found that profitability as an independent variable and corporate social responsibility as a moderating variable has a positive effect on value The company measured by Price book value is 72.40% meaning that profitability and corporate social responsibility have a strong match in assessing the company's performance, while 27.60% is influenced by other variables not examined.
Effect of proline-rich polypeptide on donor cells in graft-versus-host reaction.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) isolated from early sheep colostrum on the graft-versus-host (GvH) reaction was studied. Unfractionated thymocytes, treated with PRP in vivo or in vitro, acquired the ability to elicit the GvH reaction. In fact PRP elicited GvH reactivity in cortisone-sensitive thymocytes and cortisone-sensitive thymocytes become cortisone-resistant after incubation with PRP. On the other hand, some of the cortisone-resistant thymocytes become cortisone-sensitive when treated with PRP and the ability to induce the GvH reaction was reduced.
On the Exploitation of the Redundant Energy in UW-OFDM: LMMSE Versus Sphere Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Unique word orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UW-OFDM) inherently introduces a complex number Reed Solomon (RS) code. Originally, the code generator matrix of systematic coded UW-OFDM had been designed rather intuitively by minimizing the mean redundant energy. In this work we justify this approach by applying a cost function that incorporates the overall transceiver chain including a linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) data estimator. In addition to the LMMSE estimator we investigate a nonlinear sphere detection (SD) receiver for both systematic and nonsystematic coded UW-OFDM. We study and interpret the estimators' performance and their diverse ability to exploit the redundant energy.
An algorithm of GPS ambiguity resolution on single-epoch

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The observation equation is rank defect if only the single-epoch carrier phase observation is used to fix integer ambiguity,it is difficult for ambiguity resolution on single-epoch.Therefore,one method of GPS ambiguity resolution on single-epoch was presented in this paper.Single-epoch data of code pseudorange observations and phase observations were used to form observation equations.The wide-lane ambiguity was divided into groups by variance matrix,then using LAMBDA method to fix wide-lane ambiguity gradually.When wide-lane ambiguity was fixed,the L1/L2 double-difference ambiguity could be resolved precisely by utilizing wide-lane ambiguity and phase observation.The results illuminated that this method could guarantee the high efficiency and success rate of GPS ambiguity resolution on single-epoch.
[Thyroidectomy. A prospective assessment of hemithyroidectomy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy are safe procedures with few side effects, if a meticulous dissection is performed. Hypocalcaemia following bilateral operations is usually transient and the need for calcium and vitamin D supplementation is low and usually related to the underlying disease rather than to the operation. Total thyroidectomy will remove the target organ for the immune response in patients with hyperthyroidism and the risk of toxic ophthalmopathy is minimised. Lastly, the risk of recurrent disease is eliminated. Six per cent had minor and probably transient local complaints at control three months after the operation.
Welfare Economics

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In 1776, the same year as the American Declaration of Independence, Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations. Smith laid out an argument that is now familiar to all economics students: (1) The principal human motive is self-interest. (2) The invisible hand of competition automatically transforms the self-interest of many into the common good. (3) Therefore, the best government policy for the growth of a nation's wealth is that policy which governs least.
Development and Application of Microsatellite Markers for Genetic Diversity Assessment and Construction of a Core Collection of Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Germplasm from the Peruvian Amazon

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Amazonian shrub Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) produces vitamin C-rich fruits of growing commercial interest. However, sustainable utilization requires assessment and protection of the genetic diversity of the available germplasm. This study aimed to develop and apply microsatellite markers to assess genetic diversity and construct a core collection of M. dubia germplasm from the Peruvian Amazon. Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using an enrichment approach. The evaluation of 336 genotypes from 43 accessions of the germplasm bank, originating from eight river basins, was conducted using these newly developed markers. Genetic diversity parameters, including observed and expected heterozygosity, were calculated. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to assess the distribution of genetic variation within and among accessions and river basins. Bayesian clustering analysis was employed to infer population structure. A core collection was constructed to maximize allelic richness. High genetic diversity was observed, with heterozygosity values ranging from 0.468 to 0.644 (observed) and 0.684 to 0.817 (expected) at the river basin level. AMOVA indicated significant genetic variation within (73–86%) compared to among (14–27%) accessions and river basins. Bayesian clustering detected ten genetic clusters, with several degrees of admixture among river basins, except for the genetically homogeneous Putumayo River basin. A core collection comprising 84 plant genotypes (25% of the full collection) was established, representing 90.82% of the overall allelic diversity. These results have important implications for M. dubia conservation strategies and breeding programs, in demonstrating a need for genetic connectivity between populations but preserving unique genetic resources in isolated basins. These results validate the expected levels of diversity and population subdivision in a crop and stress the need to secure genetically diverse germplasms, underscoring the importance of thorough genetic characterization for ex situ germplasm management.
The Latin American Military: Predatory Reactionaries or Modernizing Patriots?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Until quite recently, the study of Latin American politics existed in a relatively primitive stage. A crude empiricism, occupied with the straightforward description of events or formal institutions, was relieved only by occasional global generalization of an impressionistic character about the informal characteristics of politics. However, substantial advances have begun to be made in the last few years in the direction of more systematic elaboration of theory to account for the distinctive characteristics of politics in the area, and we have begun to see the confrontation with each other and with the data themselves of rival theoretical explanations. Needless to say, this mutual confrontation of rival interpretations is a healthy sign for the deepening of our understanding of Latin American politics.
A Carrier-Free32P-Labeled Edman Reagent for the Detection of Proteins in the Femtomole Range

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new route for synthesis of a 32P-labeled Edman reagent 2-(4-isothiocyanatophenoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (PEPITC) is reported. The carrier-free [32P]-PEPITC (specific radioactivity 3.3 X 10(17) Bq/mol) in theory allows the labeling and detection of a minimum amount of 0.1 femtomol of protein. The advantages of the new reagent, which has previously been used for protein sequencing, are demonstrated by gelelectrophoretical and immunological experiments. Its major role is seen in the quantitative monitoring of protein elution from preparative one- and two-dimensional gels. Proteins thus obtained are, after the usual desalting steps, ready for sequencing.
Environmental Assessment For Mapping Land Degradation and Lands Changes Using Remotely Sensed Data with Geospatial Analysis

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lands degradation is one of the problems that facing the humanity throughout the world as well as the abandonment of farming on their lands by farmers, in addition to the fragmentation of most orchards and agricultural fields and their conversion into residential areas, has a negative impact on the Economic, Environmental and Social (Reduced Agricultural Productivity, Economic Loss, Soil Degradation, Agricultural productivity. Water Scarcity, Biodiversity Loss, Rural-Urban Migration, Food Security, Conflict and Instability). However, in Karbala Province, Iraq, most the Agriculture lands are facing this dilemma since 2003. Therefore, in order to start solving this problem and, it is important to detect all the changes throughout the study area and then put recommendations for overcoming this dilemma. The aim of this study to monitor and detect the changes in LCLU the study area and detect the lands degradation and the reasons behind that. For that, Authors employed pixel based classification techniques (Maximum Likelihood Method) on four Landsat satellite (9 ,7 ETM+, TM5, TM4) images acquired at intervals (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2023). The first step in this research is applied the pre-processing stages (radiometric and geometric corrections) to correct the images, secondly, processing stage (layer stacking, and study area sub-setting) to all satellite images, then the corrected images classified using supervise classification to six regions. The results show that the desertification has markedly intensified in the city of Karbala since the last three decades. In 2023, the water volume, decreased by 14.21%, and both Urban area and dark soil increased by 3.05%, and 8.63% respectively, and that give a negative indicator about what happen in research area, it evidences of land degradation processes was seen, mostly due to Human activities such as urban expansion and unsustainable land use practices. The confusion matrix was applied to evaluate the results. The overall accuracy and kappa statistic were above the 90% and 0.90 respectively.
Performance study of air source heat pump system applying two types of distributors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Air source heat pump heating is the most effective way to solve heating problems, and gas-liquid two-phase refrigerant in the uniform distribution and pressure drop problem of finned heat exchanger branch tube are the main factors affecting the heat transfer ability. To study the effects of two types of manifolds applied in air-source heat pumps on the system performance and pressure drop when the system is in operation, an engineering-based test system for the actual operation of air-source heat pumps was constructed. The study shows that the difference between the venturi distributor and the rectifier nozzle distributor in the impact on the system performance is relatively small, while the rectifier nozzle distributor compared to the venturi distributor in the pressure drop on the effect is obvious. The evaporator pressure drop will be transferred to the distributor part of the reduction of pressure drop losses in the evaporator on the impact of heat transfer performance. This paper summarizes the performance study of two types of distributors applied to air source heat pumps, which provides a meaningful reference for similar studies.
Transmission and Transformation of Religion Among Muslims in Canada and West Germany

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In many countries across the Western world, religion is in decline, with public secular environments increasingly outweighing family-based religious socialization. Canada and West Germany exemplify this trend, where younger generations often perceive religion as something to be justified within predominantly nonreligious peer groups. Muslims, as a religious minority, display greater resilience to secularization, yet their religiosity is also subject to transformation. Drawing on narrative family interviews spanning two to three generations, this study examines the conditions shaping religious continuity and discontinuity within Muslim families in Canada and West Germany. Focusing on second- and third-generation Muslims, we find that practicing religion with children is the most significant factor in successful transmission, especially when rituals are woven into daily life. Yet family practice alone is insufficient: embedding children in faith-based community networks and fostering open dialogue about religion prove crucial for sustaining confidence, belonging, and adaptability. Religious transmission also intersects with ethnic and cultural identity, though ethnic ties alone do not guarantee continuity. Ultimately, we observe that transmission involves transformation: parents are changing the way they approach religion, placing a greater emphasis on their children making their own choices. Muslim families, like other faith communities, shift toward more individualized and reflective forms of religiosity, negotiating their identities within secular and often critical societal contexts.
G14 Are Healthcare Professionals able to Estimate the Surface Area of a Burn in a Child?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Aims</st> When different Healthcare Professionals estimate the surface area of a burn there can be significant discrepancies. This is particularly true in Paediatrics, where there are several methods commonly used to make this calculation. Errors in estimation may have a real impact on the acute management of a child. Accuracy is required across the multidisciplinary team. This study assesses this accuracy of estimations at different point along the pathway from pre-hospital to the Paediatric Emergency Department and the specialist paediatric burns unit. </sec> <sec><st>Method</st> Using a resuscitation mannequin we constructed a burn on the torso with a pre-determined surface area of 3% of the Total Body Surface Area (TBSA), according to both the Palmar method and the Lund & Browder Chart. Healthcare Professionals were asked to estimate the surface area of this burn, and to state how they had come to this answer. It was decided that an estimation of ≥10% TBSA would impact either the referral process or initial management. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> 82 people took part with estimates ranging from 2.8–20% TBSA. 98% of participants overestimated the surface area with 16% estimating ≥10% TBSA. The degree of overestimation was far more pronounced in ambulance staff and GPs and the most accurate assessment was by the burns team. A range of methods were used to estimate the surface area, including the Palmar method, the Lund & Browder Chart and a number of other techniques. See <cross-ref type="fig" refid="G14F3">Figure 3</cross-ref> below. <fig loc="float" id="G14F1"><no>Abstract G14 Image 1</no><caption> – burns diagram – “Template of Burn showing the 3 Hands of the Mannequin”. </caption> <link locator="G14_F1"></fig> <fig loc="float" id="G14F2"><no>Abstract G14 Image 2</no><caption> – burns doll – “Mannequin with Burn”. </caption> <link locator="G14_F2"></fig> <fig loc="float" id="G14F3"><no>Abstract G14 Figure 3</no><caption> A table to show the results of each professional group. </caption> <link locator="G14_F3"></fig> </sec> <sec><st>Conclusion</st> This study has shown that Healthcare Professionals overestimate the surface area of a burn. This could have significant implications on the acute management of a child. This study supports both the need for regular training and the introduction of digital imaging liaison with burns units as a means to improve the treatment of acute burns in children. </sec>
Tax Treatment of Crypto Assets Under Serbian Law – Status Quo and Future Challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The present paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework relevant for the taxation of transactions and activities involving crypto assets in Serbia. In the introductory part, the author provides a classification of crypto assets intended to serve as the methodological framework within which the taxation of various transactions and activities in the crypto domain will be analyzed, taking into account the principle of tax neutrality. The core of the paper elucidates the results of comparative legal research that the author had undertaken in order to identify diverging approaches jurisdictions around the world embraced regarding the taxation of generation, acquisition, holding and disposal of crypto assets. The choices made by the Serbian tax policy makers are juxtaposed to those applicable in comparative jurisdictions and, where appropriate, improvements are suggested. The author concludes by commending the recent trend in the application of Article 9, para. 1 of the Law on Tax Procedure and Tax Administration as a tool that could mitigate the need for recurrent and, ultimately, unsuccessful tailoring of the tax legislation to the novelties in the crypto domain.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATE-OF-THE-ART CLASSIFIERS FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE DIAGNOSIS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a growing global health challenge, with early detection being crucial for effective management and treatment. This study seeks to develop an innovative machine learning (ML) framework for the early detection of PD by integrating advanced techniques for data preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, feature selection, and ensemble classification, aiming to significantly improve detection accuracy and timeliness. The research employs a robust ML pipeline, beginning with data preprocessing using mean imputation, standardization, min-max scaling, and SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) to handle imbalanced data. Dimensionality reduction is achieved through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), while feature selection is performed using SelectKBest coupled with the ANOVA F-test to identify the most relevant features. Four ensemble methods—Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—are evaluated for classification. Among the classifiers tested, the Gradient Boosting model stands out with an impressive accuracy of 0.9487, demonstrating its superior performance in PD detection. Integrating multiple preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, and feature selection techniques proves essential in optimizing model performance, highlighting the importance of a multifaceted approach in handling complex datasets. This research introduces a comprehensive ML framework that combines multiple advanced techniques in a streamlined process, significantly improving the early detection of Parkinson's disease. Ensemble methods, combined with strategic feature selection and data balancing techniques, offer a novel approach that could be applied to other neurodegenerative disorders, expanding its potential impact beyond PD detection.
Fully dynamic approximate distance oracles for planar graphs via forbidden-set distance labels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper considers fully dynamic (1 + ε) distance oracles and (1 + ε) forbidden-set labeling schemes for pla- nar graphs. For a given n-vertex planar graph G with edge weights drawn from [1,M] and parameter ε > 0, our forbidden-set labeling scheme uses labels of length λ = O(ε−1 log2 n log (nM ) * (ε−1 + log n)). Given the labels of two vertices s and t and of a set F of faulty vertices/edges, our scheme approximates the distance between s and t in G \\ F with stretch (1 + ε), in O(|F|2λ) time. We then present a general method to transform (1 + ε) forbidden-set labeling schemas into a fully dynamic (1 + ε) distance oracle. Our fully dynamic (1 + ε) distance oracle is of size O(n log n * (ε−1 + log n)) and has O ̃(n1/2) query and update time, both the query and the update time are worst case. This improves on the best previously known (1 + ε) dynamic distance oracle for planar graphs, which has worst case query time O ̃(n2/3) and amortized update time of O ̃(n2/3). Our (1 + ε) forbidden-set labeling scheme can also be extended into a forbidden-set labeled routing scheme with stretch (1 + ε).