jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental studies of spark-induced impulsive acoustic disturbances in compressible flow

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Among the many challenges that face designers of supersonic and hypersonic aircraft, the issue of boundary layer transition as it spawns from freestream disturbance receptivity is central. Experimental studies of this complex phenomenon require the characterization of acoustic disturbance sources in terms of intensity and spectral content. Among the possible sources for these studies, sparks have been identified as viable candidates, primarily because the impulsive disturbance provides broad spectrum excitation and does not suffer from wave interference issues that plague continuous sources in supersonic flow. Despite the advantages of spark sources, a number of practical issues arise in their implementation, particularly with regard to electrical noise generated by the high voltage pulse applied to the spark gap. In addition, the low static pressure levels typifying supersonic and hypersonic test sections make the implementation of any acoustic source difficult in terms of signal to noise ratio for the disturbance measurement. This work presents both experimental measurements and numerical predictions of the time-dependent sound pressure field generated by a spark discharge in air at various static pressures ranging from 90 to 3 kPa absolute. The channel generated by the spark discharge was simulated numerically using a time dependent energy source. Code validation runs were conducted using a 2-dimensional, inviscid model for a continuous harmonic point source to compare with acoustic theory, for both still air and a supersonic mean flow. The spark experiments were conducted with 5 different spark gaps to study the influence of gap spacing on sound pressure level as well. The measured data showed peak SPL's above 110 dB at the largest distance * Associate Professor, gbuck@taz.sdsmt.edu ** Graduate Student, ylime@engr.colostate.edu (3.5 inches (88.9 mm) from source) even at the lowest static pressures tested, but revealed the emergence of oscillations at low pressure, speculated to be due to reduced sensor damping under these conditions. It was also observed that the sound pressure decreased slowly with decreasing static pressure, until a threshold of about 10 kPa was reached; static pressures below this threshold resulted in substantial reductions in
WHAT DO HIGH TEMPERATURE KINETIC MEASUREMENTS OF ACETYLENE PYROLYSIS TELL US ABOUT THE HEAT OF FORMATION OF $C_{2}H$?

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

$^{1}$ J. H. Kiefer and W.A. Von Drasek, Int. J. Chem. Kinetics in press. $^{2}$ P.G. Green, J.L. Kinsey, and R.W. Field, J. Chem. Phys. 5160 (1989). $^{3}$ J. Segall, R. Lavi, Y. Wen, and C. Wittig, J. Chem 93, 7287 (1989).
Toward Robust Online Adaptive Visual Tracking via Pyramidal Features Extraction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Visual object tracking in a complex situation is a challenging problem. In recent years, some high-quality trackers of convolutional neural networks (CNN) have received extensive attention. However, they still suffer from the model drift and limited appearance representations. In this paper, we design a more robust online adaptation tracking framework, called OPT, which consists of pyramidal feature extraction and domain-specific semantic branches. Specifically, we extract hierarchical features from a pre-trained backbone CNN to construct the subsequent pyramidal feature representations. Meanwhile, each domain-specific semantic branch for each sequence from tracking dataset is integrated into the proposed framework to implement the end-to-end training process. To obtain the robust tracking result during the test stage, we introduce an extra domain-specific semantic branch only based on the more distinct shallow features to adaptively update parameters online for the specific tracking target. Additionally, for the same input, the multiple different sample strategies are adopted to form a hard negative balanced sample distribution to achieve sufficient training on the limited data. Finally, extensive experiments on the OTB benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed tracking framework.
The Effects on Shoulder Stabilizer Activation of Finger Flexor Activation during the Push-up Plus Exercise

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

[Purpose] We investigated the effect of the finger flexor muscles activation on the stabilizer muscle of the shoulder joint during push-up exercise using a push up grip to increase the muscle activation of the finger flexor, had a distal part. [Subjects] The subjects were 18 healthy male adults in their 20s who normal ROM and no musculoskeletal disease of the shoulder complex and the upper limbs. [Methods] The subjects performed push-ups (vertical and transverse grips, and on flat ground) three times. The muscle activity was measured three times when performing the exercise using the push-up grip (vertical and transverse grips) and on flat ground, and the mean values were used for the analysis. To prevent the effect of muscle fatigue of the shoulder stabilizer muscles, the three different exercise positions were randomly performed. [Results] The muscle activations induced under the three different conditions were compared and the results showed that there were significant differences among the wrist flexor bundle, wrist extensor bundle, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, deltoid, serratus anterior muscles. [Conclusion] It is possible that finger flexor and extensor muscle activation elevated to increase stability in performing the exercise on the push-up grip as it is ales stable position than the push-up plus exercise on flat ground. We assume that the distal part muscle activation affected the muscle activation of the shoulder stabilizer, proximal part, muscles.
A novel streptonigrin type alkaloid from the Streptomyces flocculus CGMCC 4.1223 mutant ΔstnA/Q2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Streptonigrin (STN) is a highly functionalized aminoquinone alkaloid with broad and potent antitumor activities. Previously, the biosynthetic gene cluster of STN was identified in Streptomyces flocculus CGMCC 4.1223, revealing an α/β-hydrolase (StnA) and a methyltransferase (StnQ2). In this work, a double mutant ΔstnA/Q2 was constructed by genetic manipulation and produced a novel derivative of STN, named as streptonigramide. Structure of streptonigramide was established by spectroscopic analyses. Its biosynthetic pathway has been proposed as well.
Towards Automatically Classifying Case Law Citation Treatment Using Neural Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In common law legal systems, judges decide issues between parties (legal decision or case law) by reference to previous decisions that consider similar factual situations. Accordingly, these decisions typically feature rich citation networks, i.e., a new decision frequently cites previous relevant decisions (citation). These citations may, in varying degrees, express that a cited decision is applicable, not-applicable, or no longer current law. Such treatment label is important to a lawyer's process of determining whether a case is proper law. These labels serve as a matter of convenience in citation indices enabling lawyers to prioritise decisions to examine to understand the current state of the law. They also prove useful in other areas such as prioritisation for manual summarisation of cases, where not all cases can be summarised, and automatic summarisation, or, potentially, as a ranking feature in case law retrieval. While a lawyer can determine the treatment of a cited case by reading a decision, this is time consuming and can increase legal costs. Currently, not all newly decided cases feature these treatment labels. Further, older cases typically do not. Given the large amount of new legal decisions decided each year, manual annotation of such treatment is not feasible. In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of neural network architectures for identifying case law citation treatment and importance (whether a case is important to a lawyer's reasoning process). We find that these tasks are very difficult and various methods for text classification perform poorly. We address more comprehensively the task of citation importance for this reason while limiting our examination of the task of citation treatment to the modelling of the problem and the highlight of the intrinsic difficulty of the task. We make a test dataset available at github.com/ielab/caselaw-citations to stimulate further research that tackles this challenging problem. We also contribute a range of word embeddings learned over a large amount of processed case law text.
Study on the Factors that Affect the Blood Concentration of Cyclosporine A

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE:To study some factors that affect the blood concentration of cyclosporine A (CsA).METHODS:The bloodconcentrations of CsA were detected with FPIA method in 132 renal transplanted recipients.The liver function and so on that mightaffect the blood concentration of CsA were observed. RESULTS: The concentration of CsA increased in the patients with abnormalliver functions and in combined-use with ketoconazole , nuconazole , diltiazem, isoniazid and ranitidine, decrsased significantly inpatients complicated diarrhea or after drinking strong tea.Besides above-mentioned factors,the blood concentration of CsA waspositively related with the count of red blood cells and the hemoglobin of the recipinets during early postoperativeperiod. CONCLUSION:In evaluating the blood concentration of CsA, we must link it with the actnal situatin of recipients toregulate the dosage of CsA on time.
Energy transfer dynamics in isolated and colliding highly vibrationally excited molecules. Technical report, November 1991-October 1994

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The flow of energy in molecules, either isolated or colliding, is fundamental to complex phenomena occurring in atmospheric chemistry, combustion, molecular lasers, plasmas, and a host of other environments containing energetic species. The authors have developed, proven, and applied a technique that combines vibrational overtone excitation, to prepare highly vibrationally excited initial states, and time-resolved spectroscopic detection, to probe the evolution of the prepared state, for studying energy transfer in vibrationally energized molecules. Their experiments on acetylene have demonstrated the power of this approach for learning about otherwise inaccessible vibrations in electronically excited molecules, for determining the pathways of intramolecular energy transfer in isolated molecules, and for measuring fully state-resolved rotational and vibrational energy transfer rates in collisions.
Violence as an Option for Free Blacks in Nineteenth-Century America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction In August 1846, twelve Blacks from the states of Ohio, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, and Tennessee assembled in St. Louis, Missouri to launch a revolutionary organization dedicated to the violent overthrow of slavery. Called the Twelve Knights of Tabor, the members were sworn to secrecy, and they dedicated their lives to the bloody and violent overthrow of slavery (Dickson 19). The group has been described as ‘‘one of the strongest and most secret of any organization ever formed by men,’’ and it remained secret until 1891(Aptheker 378). Then one of its founding members, the Rev. Moses Dickson of St. Louis, decided to immortalize memories of the founders by publishing a manual detailing its origins and structure (378). A minister of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Dickson hailed originally from Ohio, where he immersed himself in civil rights efforts and in post-Civil War politics. He was also a founding member of the Lincoln Institute in Jefferson City, Missouri (now Lincoln University). In 1856, according to Dickson, the movement changed its name to the Order of Twelve. By this time it boasted a membership of about 47,000 ‘‘knights of liberty’’ all dedicated to, ‘‘aiding in breaking the bonds of our slavery.’’ The Order also became very active in the Underground Railroad, helping spirit slaves to freedom, while, at the same time, preparing for the ultimate assault against slavery (378–9).
Non-Sensitizing Protein Antigens.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

For certain organ transplantations it has been necessary for us to find two distinct protein antigens toward which dogs may be rendered equally and practically invariably hypersensitive. We have found a very wide variation in canine susceptibility to different proteins, wholly unexpected from our experience with other animal species. The following are typical results: (a) Horse Serum: Dogs injected subcutaneously with 0.5 cc. horse serum per kilogram of body weight, followed 24 hours later by an intravenous injection with the same dose, are almost invariably hypersensitive if tested after an incubation period of about 21 days. Fully 95 per cent of them are thrown into severe anaphylactic shock on intravenous injection with 1 cc. horse serum per kilogram of body weight, with fatalities in about 20 per cent of the cases. With 2 cc. horse serum per kilogram of body weight the fatalities are increased to about 40 per cent. (b) Goat Serum: Dogs injected with the same doses of goat serum and tested after the same incubation period are usually not demonstrably hypersensitive. Only about 30 per cent of them give recognizable anaphylactic reactions on intravenous injection with 2 cc. goat serum per kilogram of body weight. (c) Egg White: Dogs injected with the same doses of 50 per cent egg white (Ringer's solution) and tested after the same incubation period, give no suggestion of anaphylaxis, even on intravenous injection with doses as large as 5 cc. 50 per cent egg white per kilogram of body weight. There is evidently a determining factor in canine protein sensitization of which we are at present wholly ignorant.
PRE-CELL: Clinical and Novel Biomarker Measures of Disease Progression in a Lead-In-Observational Study for a Planned Phase 1 Trial of Genetically-Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells Over-Expressing BDNF in Patients with Huntington’s Disease (S25.004)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To describe baseline characteristics and longitudinal rate of change in multiple clinical, novel biomarker and structural MRI measures for a cohort of subjects with early-stage Huntington's disease (HD). Background: There are no existing disease-modifying therapies for HD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engineered to overexpress brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a proposed therapeutic for neuroprotection in HD. PRE-CELL is the lead-in study for a future planned Phase I trial of MSC/BDNF in HD. Design/Methods: Subjects with genetically-confirmed early-stage HD, without dementia, unstable psychiatric symptoms, contraindications to MRI or neurosurgery were assessed every 6 months for 12 - 24 months. A linear mixed effects model was used to analyze the repeated measures of selected outcome measures in the cohort. Results: Forty-two subjects have been screened and 32 enrolled (38[percnt] females, mean age of 52, range, 23 - 74). The estimated annual change rates for selected clinical measures include: UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score, -0.7884 (p-value < 0.0001); Independence Score, -6.2546 (p-value < 0.0001); Total Motor Score 9.1038 (p-value < 0.0001); HD-Quality of Life score, 17.089 (p-value = 0.0078), E-COG total score, 6.6312 (p-value = 0.0035). Rates of change in the HD Cognitive Assessment Battery will be presented. Biomarker analysis indicates a strong linear relationship between serum and CSF mutant Huntingtin protein levels (correlation of 0.87774, p-value <0.0001). Analysis of serum and CSF BDNF levels will be presented. Structural MRI analysis shows significant reduction in striatal volume detected at 6 months. Conclusions: The PRE-CELL study has enrolled a cohort of subjects with early-stage HD and has characterized the rate of change in clinical, imaging and novel serum and CSF biomarker measures. This data will be used as a baseline for subjects who are candidates for the future planned Phase 1 trial once regulatory approval has been obtained.
Imaging of knee osteoarthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use of MRI in studies of osteoarthritis (OA) is becoming increasingly common. Its benefit over radiography relate to its enhanced ability to identify structural changes prior to the presence of radiographic disease. Although cartilage loss is the hallmark of OA, it is clear that OA is a disease of the whole joint. MRI is able to directly visualize the whole joint in vivo, including articular cartilage, the menisci, the synovium and subchondral bone abnormalities. Using MRI, studies are beginning to explain the relationships between traditional and novel risk factors for OA, demonstrating how they influence changes in knee structure from early/pre-OA through to established disease. Other imaging modalities, such as ultrasound, may provide complementary approaches for the assessment of synovitis. The role of PET scanning is still unclear but, as with computed tomography, this may be used as an alternative when MRI is contraindicated.
Determination of the haplotype and complete mitochondrial genome of the rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) stranded in Korea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We report the complete mitogenome of a rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis CRI008296, stranded in Korea. Overall, structure and taxonomical position of the mitogenome were analysed, and its determined haplotype indicated that the same subpopulation is distributed between Korea and Japan.
ARTICHOKE PEROXIDASE TO PARTIAL REMOVAL OF PHENOLS FROM OLIVE MILL WASTE WATER

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A very large amount of phenol-polluted waters is formed from the production of olive oil (olive mill waste water, OMWW) and their disposal represents a serious problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of peroxidase (POD) from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek) leaves to remove phenols present in OMWW. The POD catalyzes the polymerization and precipitation of aqueous phenols. This application could be useful, because in the Mediterranean region a large amount of OMWW as well as a lot of artichoke scraps resulting from artichoke processing industry, are produced. So, it is possible to consider this biomass (leaves and external bud bracts) as a useful and cheap source of peroxidase. The enzyme extraction was performed by homogenization and separation of pigments using an aqueous two phase polymer system (polyethylene glycol/(NH4)2SO4), that allowed the accumulation of POD in the salt phase. The optimal reaction conditions were evaluated. The phenolic concentration was assayed by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Preliminary results showed that the optimal conditions for enzyme activity were in a broad range of both pH (from 4 to 7) and temperature (from 5 to 50°C). In optimal enzymatic conditions, a reduction of more than 60% of initial phenolic concentration was observed.
Driving Factors in the Implementation of Digital Transformation Strategy

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The objective was to identify the factors that drive the implementation of the digital transformation strategy. It was based on the theories of organization, strategic management, and digital technologies. The method, a qualitative analysis and systematic review of recently published and high impact documents was carried out. As a result, a model was proposed that relates the factors and the strategy through propositions at four levels of analysis: individual, organization, ecosystems, and geopolitics. Originally, the knowledge of digital transformation is expanded by associating it with the theoretical perspectives of strategy, organizations, and management.
Relevance of the ISM code in improving safety of life at sea : the effectiveness of port states and flag states controls

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This report provides a discussion on the effectiveness of the current regulatory regime in enforcing safety of life at sea. The roles of the port states and flag state administrations with regards to safety, are introduced in the report through the implementation of the ISM Code. Through literature reviews, a hypothesis was drawn up to conclude that the regulatory regime was ineffective in its enforcement of the Code, therefore substandard ships continue to operate in the industry at present. However, further investigation brought results that given the limitations of each regulatory power, the current regulatory framework is sufficient. This was supported by surveys and interviews results which showed that most ship operators’ believed in the benefits of implementing the ISM Code, and most also agreed on the effectiveness of the regulatory regime. This brought attention to the fact that the regime is constantly changing and the parties involved are continuously trying to improve it. Therefore, the report concludes that the current regulatory regime is sufficient but the practice of actual implementation depends on the company culture, which determines the efforts of the ship operators themselves to comply with the ISM Code and ensure safety of life at sea.