jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of drying methods on the rheological characteristics and colour of yam flours

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of drying methods (sun and oven-drying) on the rheological properties and colour of amala, a thick paste from yam flour, was investigated using two varieties of yam (Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata). The yam flour produced was later reconstituted to produce amala of different pasting characteristics, textural qualities and colour. D. rotundata produced amala of higher paste viscosities, and firmer gels were produced from D. rotundata than yam flour paste produced from D. alata. A higher water binding capacity (156.7%) was observed in yam flour paste produced from D. alata as compared with that of D. rotundata, while no significant difference was observed in the solubility index and swelling power of the two varieties. Blanching, a unit operation in yam flour processing, has a significant effect on the pasting characteristics of the reconstituted flour. It reduces the peak viscosity, holding strength, final viscosity, set back and elasticity but it has little or no significant effect on the adhesiveness, smoothness and cohesiveness of the paste. Sun and oven drying had no effect on the pasting characteristics or physicochemical properties. However, yam flour produced using sun drying method had a more elastic paste and a higher brown-index.
Effect of jumping interval training on neuromuscular and physiological parameters: a randomized controlled study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study analyzed the effect of 4 weeks of jumping interval training (JIT), included in endurance training, on neuromuscular and physiological parameters. Eighteen recreational runners, randomized in control and experimental groups, performed 40 min of running at 70% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake, for 3 times per week. Additionally, the experimental group performed the JIT twice per week, which consisted of 4 to 6 bouts of continuous vertical jumps (30 s) with 5-min intervals. Three days before and after the training period, the countermovement (CMJ) and continuous jump (CJ 30 ), isokinetic and isometric evaluation of knee extensors/flexors, progressive maximal exercise, and submaximal constant-load exercise were performed. The JIT provoked improvement in neuromuscular performance, indicated by (i) increased jump height (4.7%; effect size (ES) = 0.99) and power output (≈3.7%; ES ≈ 0.82) of CMJ and rate of torque development of knee extensors in isometric contraction (29.5%; ES = 1.02); (ii) anaerobic power and capacity, represented by the mean of jump height (7.4%; ES = 0.8), and peak power output (PPO) (5.6%; ES = 0.73) of the first jumps of CJ 30 and the mean of jump height (10.2%, ES = 1.04) and PPO (9.5%, ES = 1.1), considering all jumps of CJ 30 ; and (iii) aerobic power and capacity, represented by peak oxygen uptake (9.1%, ES = 1.28), velocity at peak oxygen uptake (2.7%, ES = 1.11), and velocity corresponding to the onset of blood lactate accumulation (9.7%, ES = 1.23). These results suggest that the JIT included in traditional endurance training induces moderate to large effects on neuromuscular and physiological parameters.
Cognitive representations of interaction episodes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Social episodes are shared, consensual cognitive representations about recurring interaction routines within a subculture. Following a review of historical and contemporary approaches to the study of social situations in various branches of psychology, our own empirical research on social episodes is summarized. The following four problem areas were addressed: (1) descriptions of episode domains, and subcultural, group and individual differences in episode perceptions; (2) the determinants of episode representations; (3) cognitive and affective consequences of episode representations; and (4) the applications of research on social episodes. Some links between research on social episodes and other issues in social cognition are discussed, and the future prospects of this branch of inquiry are considered.
Accuracy of Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Alcoholics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.—

The report by Swartz and Dunner in the November issue (Archives1982;39:1309-1312) confirms the need for careful screening of patients by clinicians who wish to use the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) as a laboratory aid in the diagnosis of melancholia.1-3Swartz and Dunner provide a second data base on the interference of alcoholism with the DST, first described by Oxenkrug.4Their report serves to emphasize the caution necessary when dealing with this problem, as we stated in our report on the standardization of the DST.1 Swartz and Dunner failed to acknowledge that we listed acute withdrawal from alcohol as one of the medical exclusion criteria for the DST.1They also wrongly implied that we reported normal DST results in alcoholics. They stated: "In some reports... all alcoholic patients showed normal results." An attentive reading of our report will reveal that no alcoholics were
Multi-channel multi-radio ad hoc network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mobile Ad hoc networks are deployed in 1990’s and have been widely researched for many years since then. It consists of two or more devices communicating wirelessly. These devices can communicate with other nodes that are within their radio range or one that is outside their radio range. Nodes should deploy an intermediate node to be the router to route the packet from the source towards the destination. Mobile Ad hoc networks do not have gateway, every node is able to be the gateway. Ad hoc network usually suffers throughput degradation as the number of hops increases. The reason being the presence of channel interferences. This means the nodes have to contend over a single channel which is shared. To reduce this issue of degradation, multiple channel multiple interfaces (MCMI) could be used. In this report, we will look at the analysis of single channel and multiple channels. MCMI refers to the node's ability to use additional channels. Algorithms are used for channel assignment. The objective is to minimize the channel interference which causes the degradation in the network.
The effect of task-relevant and task-irrelant novel stimui on response behaviour

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Novel events catch our attention, which can influence performance of a task. Whether this attentional capture by novelty benefits or impairs performance depends on several factors, such as the relevance of the stimulus, task requirements, and the timing of the event. Additionally, it has been argued that novel stimuli can hold intrinsic reward value, which may directly affect approach motivation, similar to positive valence stimuli. This link between novelty and approach/avoid behavior has not been investigated directly. Here, we investigated whether stimulus novelty interacts with response behaviour in an approach/avoidance task, and whether these effects depend on the task relevance of novelty and stimulus timing. In experiment 1, participants gave an approach or avoid response dependent on a shape (diamond or square) presented at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) following a novel or familiar scene (task irrelevant novelty). In experiment 2, participants had to approach or avoid a novel or familiar image depending on the content (indoor/outdoor; task-related novelty). A shape was presented at different SOA. Results of a linear mixed model showed novelty-induced performance costs as demonstrated by longer RT and lower accuracy when novelty was task-relevant, likely due to attentional lingering at novel images. When images were task-irrelevant, approach but not avoid responses were faster for familiar versus novel images at 200 ms SOA only. Thus, novelty had a differentially pronounced detrimental effect on performance. These observations confirm that processing of novel stimuli generally depends on stimulus relevance, and tentatively suggests that differential processing of novel and familiar images is intensified by motivated approach behaviour.
Occurrence and Biological Cost of mcr-1-Carrying Plasmids Co-harbouring Beta-Lactamase Resistance Genes in Zoonotic Pathogens from Intensive Animal Production

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Colistin is classified as a high-priority critical antimicrobial by the World Health Organization (WHO). A better understanding of the biological cost imposed by mcr-plasmids is paramount to comprehending their spread and may facilitate the decision about the ban of colistin in livestock. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of mcr and ESBL genes from 98 Escherichia coli and 142 Salmonella enterica isolates from food-producing animals and the impact of the mcr-1 acquisition on bacterial fitness. Only mcr-1 was identified by multiplex PCR (mcr-1 to mcr-10) in 15.3% of E. coli. Colistin MICs ranged between 8–32 mg/L. In four isolates, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1, and blaCTX-M-15 co-existed with mcr-1. The IncH12, IncHI1, IncP, IncN, and IncI plasmids were transferred by conjugation to E. coli J53 at frequencies of 10−7 to 10−2 cells/recipient. Growth kinetics assays showed that transconjugants had a significantly lower growth rate than the recipient (p < 0.05), and transconjugants’ average growth rate was higher in the absence than in the presence of colistin (1.66 versus 1.32 (p = 0.0003)). Serial transfer assay during 10 days demonstrated that plasmid retention ranged from complete loss to full retention. Overall, mcr-1-bearing plasmids impose a fitness cost, but the loss of plasmids is highly variable, suggesting that other factors beyond colistin pressure regulate the plasmid maintenance in a bacterial population, and colistin withdrawal will not completely lead to a decrease of mcr-1 levels.
Dermal exposure to the commonly used antimicrobial chemical triclosan promotes allergic responses in skin and lung (HYP7P.317)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract There has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of allergies and asthma in the U.S. thought to be influenced by environmental exposures. The antimicrobial chemical triclosan is found in countless products such as soap, lotion, toothpaste and kitchen utensils (0.1-1%). Triclosan is detected in the urine of the majority of Americans and recent epidemiological studies have found a positive association between urinary triclosan levels and allergic disease. Interestingly, exposure to triclosan, a non-sensitizer, enhanced allergic responses in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) asthma model. To help elucidate the mechanisms behind the augmented allergic responses, triclosan (0-3%) was applied to the dorsal surface of the ears of BALB/c mice sensitized to OVA. Analysis of skin revealed infiltration of leukocytes and a dramatic increase in thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression even after a single dose. Analysis of cells in the draining LN of triclosan-exposed mice revealed a peak cell response at 7 days, including increased numbers and frequencies of GATA-3+ IL-4+ CD4 T cells, and CD11b+ CD80+ CD86+ MHC class II+ dendritic cells. Mice exposed to triclosan and challenged with OVA via airway aspiration also showed increased Th2 responses and OVA+ APC in their BAL fluid. These results suggest that triclosan augments allergic responses in skin and lung in part through mechanisms that involve TSLP and enhanced Th2 responses.
Laboratory trials to reduce the nymphal hatching of the American grapevine leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus) with selected substances

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Die Amerikanische Rebzikade Scaphoideus titanus (Cicadellidae) ist der Hauptvektor des Flavescence dorée (FD) Phytoplasmas, des Verursachers der Quarantänekrankheit Flavescence dorée. S. titanus stammt aus Nord- Amerika und wurde in den 1950ern nach Europa und 2004 nach Österreich eingeschleppt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es ein Pflanzenschutzmittel zu finden, das den Nymphenschlupf von S. titanus zu Beginn der Vegetationsperiode effektiv unterdrückt und somit die Verbreitung des FD Phytoplasmas reduziert. Eine umfassende Literaturrecherche zur Identifizierung potentieller Testsubstanzen resultierte in der Auswahl von 6 Testsubstanzen. Laborversuche zum Effekt der ausgewählten Testsubstanzen auf den Nymphenschlupf von S. titanus unter kontrollierten Bedingungen bei 24°C, 75- 80% rel. LF, 16L:8D wurden durchgeführt. Als Pflanzenmaterial wurden zweijährige Triebe der Sorte Isabella (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) von einem im Jahr 2017 mit S. titanus befallenen Weingarten gesammelt. In den Laborversuchen wurden ein neu entwickelter Testkäfig bzw. Testmethode verwendet. Der Testkäfig wurde entwickelt, um die Verwendung von befallenem Rebholz in vertikaler Position während der Applikation und eine standardisierte Auswertung der Anzahl von geschlüpften S. titanus Nymphen über den gesamten Schlupfzeitraum mit Gelbfallen zu ermöglichen. Die sechs Testsubstanzen Etofenprox, Spirotetramat, Paraffinöl, Azadirachtin, Spirodiclofen und Aluminium-Silikat resultierten in einer Reduktion des Nymphenschlupfs von S. titanus im Vergleich zur Kontrolle (Wasser) von 100%, 99%, 83%, 72%, 64% und 47%. Die vorliegende Studie lässt darauf schließen, dass eine Pflanzenschutzbehandlung gegen S. titanus Nymphen zu einem früheren Applikationszeitpunkt (BBCH 17-19/55) als üblicherweise empfohlen (BBCH 19/73-81) effektiv ist und daher ein zusätzliche Option in der Bekämpfung von S. titanus und der Prävention der Ausbreitung von Flavescence dorée bereitstellen könnte.
A rare case of small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder in a bladder diverticulum: Case report and review of literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCB) is a rare and aggressive non-urothelial tumour of the urinary bladder. It represents neuro endocrine type of malignancy, being diagnosed on histopathology and immuno histo chemistry. Bladder diverticulum tumours are rare and present with early lamina propria invasion. Furthermore, the risk of bladder perforation is high during resection due to the lack of muscle. Thus, these tumours have a risk of being under-staged and have a poor prognosis. Till now, very few cases have been reported of SCCB in bladder diverticulum. Multi-modality management in the form of combined chemotherapy and surgery is required for the optimal management. We report this rare case and review the literature for the management of SCCB in bladder diverticulum.
A visit to the 'new Utopia'

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

25 years ago co-operative design started out as a result of technological immersion in workplace settings. The cooperative design approach propagated how ideals as democracy, emancipation and quality were essential when designing technology for workplaces. Today, technology is spread into domestic and non-professional practices. Even though time has changed over the past 25 years, this paper argues for a revitalization of the 'Utopian' ideals when designing technology for everyday use. By addressing the original 'Utopian' ideals in the light of the new challenges for co-operative design, this paper voices the need for democracy, emancipation and quality when designing technology for non-professional use. The paper discusses the ideals in three current design projects.
THE NEW READER'S EYE-SCAN AND THE INTERMEDIAL PROCESSES / NAUJOJO SKAITYTOJO AKIS-SKAITYTUVAS IR INTERMEDIALŪS PROCESAI

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Within the field of meaning (re)production, the newly fashioned media theories have been stemming from Marshall McLuhan's and Mikhail Bakhtin‘s “hybrids” and generating what we are presently experiencing as flexible theoretical phenomena, exposed to immediate change and constant altering, due to the overflow of media-related materialities. Orbiting the ancient concept of ekphrasis, this study aims to immerse the product resulted from the literary description of a work of art in the conceptual works-in-progress known as intermediality and remediation. The aspects directly addressed here are: what is the place of ekphrasis within the pertinence axis of intermediality? To what extent can the ekphrastic exercise be considered in terms of remediation? Throughout the study we will be making use of several excursions into the postmodern narrative with the intent to advocate for a reconsideration of the ekphrastic process and for the requirement of a new image-to-text mapping and its outcome in the digital age. Santrauka Reikšmės (re)produkcijų lauke naujamadės medijų teorijos, kilusios iš Marshallo McLuhano ir Michailo Bachtino „hibridų“, lemia tai, ką nūdien patiriame kaip lanksčius teorinius fenomenus, atvirus staigiems pokyčiams ir nuolatinėms permainoms, esant medijų skleidžiamos informacijos perviršiui. Šis tyrimas, telkiamas apie senąjį ekphrasis konceptą, siekia įtraukti meno kūrinio literatūrinio aprašymo rezultatus į konceptualų procesualumą, dar vadinamą intermedialumu ir remediacija. Čia tiesiogiai aptariami šie aspektai: kokia ekphrasis vieta tikėtinoje intermedialumo ašyje? Kokiame kontekste ekfratinė praktika gali būti svarstoma remediacijos terminais? Tyrime padarysime keletą ekskursų į postmodernųjį naratyvą, siekdami persvarstyti ekfratinį procesą, naująjį teksto vertimo vaizdu reikalavimą ir jo rezultatus skaitmeniniame amžiuje.
A new multi-wavelength optical-plethysmograph for quantitative determination of pulpal hemoglobin content and oxygen level using green and near-infrared LEDs

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

A new multi-wavelength optical-plethysmograph has been designed to study the relation between the transmitted optical density (OD) of the tooth vs. hemoglobin (Hb) content and oxygen saturation (SO2) of the pulpal blood using the 467, 506, 522 and 810 nm light emitting diodes (LEDs). The experimental model utilized the extracted human upper incisor where the pulp cavity was filled with the blood having various values of Hb and SO2. A resin cap was made to fit the tooth crown and optical fibers for transmission measurement. The LEDs were pulsed sequentially at 520 Hz with the pulse duration of 240 μs. The OD as a function of Hb for the isosbestic wavelengths of 506 and 522 nm increased almost linearly from 8.0 to 11.0 for Hb changing from 0.0 (saline control) to 2.5 g/dL, but beyond 2.5 g/dL no change was observed. At 810 nm, the OD increased linearly till Hb of 13.4 g/dL, but its change was much smaller with 1.0 OD per 13.4 g/dL. As for SO2, the OD at 467 nm with Hb of 1.0 g/dL that simulated the mean pulpal Hb content in vivo varied by about 1.0 for SO2 changing from 100 to 40%. The OD change with respect to Hb change at 506 and 522 nm showed better sensitivity than that at 810 nm. The combination of 467 and 506 or 522 nm wavelengths can provide a noninvasive measurement of both pulpal Hb content and SO2 to diagnose pulp vitality of teeth in vivo.
Non-sexist Language Policy and the Rise (and Fall?) of Combined Pronouns in British and American Written English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper focuses on the use of combined pronouns ( s/he, his or her, him/her, etc.) as an example of late twentieth-century non-sexist language reform which had an overt democratizing aim. Within the scope of second-wave feminism, the use of combined pronouns increased the visibility of women in discourse by encouraging the use of feminine pronouns ( she, her, hers) alongside masculine pronouns ( he, him, his). Despite their promotion, however, the use of combined pronouns is relatively rare. This paper uses the LOB and Brown families of corpora to diachronically and synchronically study patterns in the use of combined pronouns in written American (AmE) and British English (BrE) from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The analysis not only determines what forms these patterns take, but questions whether combined pronouns are influenced by (a combination of) syntax and/or semantics, and questions whether combined pronouns are really democratic at all.
Taxonomic revision of Scoparia Haworth, 1811 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Scopariinae) from China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Scoparia Haworth, 1811 is revised from China with a total of twenty-six species. Sineudonia Leraut, 1986 syn. n. is synonymized with Scoparia and its type species, Scoparia brunnea (Leraut, 1986) comb. n. is transferred from Sineudonia to this genus. Scoparia isochroalis Hampson, 1907 syn. n. is synonymized with S. congestalis Walker, 1859 and Scoparia kiangensis Leraut, 1986 syn. n. is synonymized with S. spinata Inoue, 1982. Six species are described as new: Scoparia spinosa sp. n., S. jiuzhaiensis sp. n., S. uncinata sp. n., S. brevituba sp. n., S. bifaria sp. n. and S. largispinea sp. n. Scoparia ancipitella (La Harpe, 1855), S. afghanorum Leraut, 1985 and S. utsugii Inoue, 1994 are recorded for the first time in China. Scoparia metaleucalis Hampson, 1907, S. caradjai Leraut, 1986 and S. sinensis Leraut, 1986 are redescribed. The previously unknown male of S. caradjai Leraut, 1986 and the female of S. metaleucalis Hampson, 1907 are described for the first time. Images of wing pattern and genitalia of new and redescribed species are provided. The occurrence of S. basistrigalis Knaggs, 1866 and S. molestalis Inoue, 1982 in China is falsified. The occurrence of S. ambigualis (Treitschke, 1829), S. molestalis Inoue, 1982, S. murificalis Walker, 1859, S. vinotinctalis Hampson, 1896 in China could not be verified. The identification of S. stoetzneri Caradja, 1927 and S. submedinella Caradja, 1927 remains unknown as the type specimens are currently untraceable.
Latino Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From the first Latinos' arrival in pre-Columbian America to the Alamo, Santeria, Desi Arnaz, the exodus from Castro's Cuba, and the 2006 immigration rallies, this volume illuminates the most critical-and some not as well-known-events in Latino history. Chronological entries organized by subject explore categories such as Civil Rights and Protest, Arts & Music, Literature, Religion, Economics, and Legislation. Inclusive of all Latino subgroups, this accessible Chronology is the most current and concise reference source on the history of Latin Americans in the U.S., a must-read for students of Latino culture and American studies, past and present. Chronological entries organized by subject explore categories such as Civil Rights and Protests, Arts and Music, Literature, Religion, Economics, and Legislation. Illustrations of key political and cultural figures, barrios, rallies, and foods illuminate the events. Other helpful reference features include creative sidebars and a glossary including the most popular Spanish words in use in the U.S. as well as Spanglish terms. The Latino Chronolgy is the most current and concise reference source on the history of Latin Americans in the U.S., a must-read for students of Latino culture and American studies, past and present.