jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Use of p30,pK205R and pB602L recombinant proteins for African swine fever serodiagnosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

P30, pK205R and pB602L recombinant proteins of African swine fever (ASF) virus were generated by expression in £ coli. Indirect ELISA for detection of antibodies to ASF virus was developed on the base of the said recombinant proteins. Diagnostic specificity of pK205R-and pB602L-ELISA tests systems was 99,8%, рЗО-ELISA - 99,5%. Diagnostic sensitivity p30-ELISA/pK205R-ELISA and pB602L-ELISA was 100% and 94,12%, respectively, when the reference panel of positive sera was used. The sensitivity рЗО-ELIS A and pK205R-ELIS A used for testing sera from experimentally and naturally infected animals was found to be higher than that one of commercial test systems and comparable to the ELISA recommended by the World Animal Health Organization for ASF serological diagnosis. High рЗО-ELISA and pK205R-ELISA specificity and sensitivity were confirmed by results of international proficiency testings for ASF diagnosis.
Two Cases of Unexpected Martyrdom: Priscillian of Avila and Socrates of Athens

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The cases of Priscillian and Socrates show unexpected parallels, that suggest that the dynamics of martyrdom were active in the case of Priscillian. This is all the more remarkable for the reason, that neither Priscillian himself nor his opponents could have envisaged the fatal end of his career.
La Boite's History as Doctoral Study: A Research Methodology Story

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

How does a researcher make sense of and give scholarly shape to an Australian theatre company's seventy-eight years of history? That was my dilemma when faced with the topic I was determined to pursue as my doctoral study – the history of La Boite Theatre Company from its beginnings as a repertory society in 1925 to 2003. The following article gives insight into my quest as researcher to find the most appropriate research methodology to support such a long and varied history and to allow the key question of my study to be answered.
Modern Evaluation of the Status of WOTUS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The term waters of the United States (WOTUS) has been a part of US legal jargon since it was first introduced in the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, now known as the Clean Water Act. For the past nearly 50 years, this terminology has caused confusion and dissension among lawmakers, regulators, engineers, and environmentalists. The Supreme Court has presided over cases that rest on what is encompassed in waters of the United States, but the Court has not stated clear guidelines for determining if a water body is part of WOTUS. This issue came to a head in recent years with the introduction of the Clean Water Rule (CWR), which widely expanded the regulatory power of the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Environmental Protection Agency due to their redefinition of WOTUS in 2015. In 2017, the new White House administration issued an executive order, titled Restoring the Rule of Law, Federalism, and Economic Growth by Reviewing the “Waters of the United States” Rule, Executive Order No. 13778 [82 Fed. Reg. 12497 (February 28, 2017)], to “revise or rescind” the CWR, which resulted in a proposed redefinition of WOTUS in 2018. The Navigable Waters Protection Rule (NWPR) is the result of this executive order and outlines the current definition and appropriate uses of WOTUS. Because the interpretation of WOTUS has far-reaching implications for practitioners and regulators, this paper explains the history, contentions, and current state of the use and definition of WOTUS.
The Irish in Britain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Covering three centuries of unprecedented demographic and economic changes, this textbook is an authoritative and comprehensive view of the shaping of Irish society, at home and abroad, from the famine of 1740 to the present day. The first major work on the history of modern Ireland to adopt a social history perspective, it focuses on the experiences and agency of Irish men, women and children, Catholics and Protestants, and in the North, South and the diaspora. An international team of leading scholars survey key changes in population, the economy, occupations, property ownership, class and migration, and also consider the interaction of the individual and the state through welfare, education, crime and policing. Drawing on a wide range of disciplinary approaches and consistently setting Irish developments in a wider European and global context, this is an invaluable resource for courses on modern Irish history and Irish studies.
Rod–coil block molecules: their aqueous self-assembly and biomaterials applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Past decades have witnessed rapidly growing interest in nanometer-sized structures, which have great potential to be used in a variety of applications, such as electronics, sensors, coatings, and biomaterials. Supramolecular chemistry in particular has been actively applied to the development of such materials. Nanostructures can readily be accessed using bottom-up supramolecular approaches as they are composed of small molecules (supramolecular building blocks) requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Among various types of supramolecular building blocks, rod–coil molecules, due to their anisotropic molecular shape, are well-suited for tailoring nanostructural properties such as size and shape. This Feature Article highlights the self-assembly of rod–coil molecules in aqueous solution and introduces an emerging approach to the application of rod–coil nanostructures in biomaterials applications.
[Intravenous urography in blunt renal trauma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to re-evaluate the indications for an acute excretory urography after blunt renal trauma, the medical records of 116 patients admitted to the Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, during a ten year period were reviewed. Fourteen cases of major renal damage were revealed. Thirteen of these patients had macroscopic haematuria. Three of the thirteen were in shock and required an acute operation in order to stabilise their blood pressure. In one case, a 13-year-old girl had a major renal lesion which was diagnosed by acute excretory urography before examination of the urine. The present data support other reports in the literature stating that radiographic imaging is not necessary in the adult sustaining blunt renal trauma with microscopic haematuria and no shock.
Why cumulative loading calculated using non-weighted integration may not be suitable for assessing physical stress of the lower back: an empirical investigation of strain during lifting and lowering tasks

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

When work-related physical stress is assessed using non-weighted integration, it is assumed that different loading conditions have a sufficiently comparable effect on the human body as long as the area under the loading curve is the same. Growing evidence cast doubt on whether this simple calculation can adequately estimate physical work-related strain. This study investigates in vivo, focussing on the lower back, whether the non-weighted method adequately reflects work-related physical strain of the lower back. Strain data resulting from lifting/lowering tasks performed in a laboratory study with an identical area under the loading curve but different load intensities were compared. Results showed that the non-weighted method does not sufficiently reflect the resulting muscular, cardiovascular and perceived strain but underestimates the influence of higher load intensity even in the range of medium physical exposure. Further research is needed regarding the determination of weighting factors and limit values. Practitioner Summary Given the dynamic nature of most physical work activities, the assessment of time-varying loading of the lower back is of particular interest in practice. Results show that the widely used non-weighted calculation method does not accurately reflect the resulting physical strain but underestimates the influence of higher load intensity.Abbreviations: MSD: musculoskeletal disorders; WMSD: work-related musculoskeletal disorders; KIM-LHC: Key Indicator Method Lifting, Holding, Carrying; RES: right erector spinae longissimus; LES: left erector spinae longissimus; HR: heart rate; RPE: rating of perceived exertion; EMG: surface electromyography; ECG: electrocardiography; SENIAM: Surface ElectroMyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles; MVC: maximum voluntary contraction; ANOVA: analysis of variance; Std. error: standard error HIGHLIGHTSResults of this empirical investigation suggest that the widely used non-weighted calculation method is not fully suitable for calculating cumulative loading of the lower back.Even in the range of medium physical exposure the non-weighted calculation method does not accurately reflect the resulting strain on the human body but tends to underestimate the influence of higher load intensity due to higher external weight.Despite the same cumulative loading value obtained when using the non-weighted method, the resulting physical strain values are generally about 20-25% higher.The results may be used to further develop ergonomic assessment methods in order to avoid a misclassification of loading conditions and to prevent the risk of overexertion.
Research on Distribution Network Optimization using Improved Ant Colony Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The planning problem of electrical distribution, stated as a mixed, large scale and nonlinear optimization problem, is important in power planning. Ant colony algorithm as a new general-purpose meta-heuristic one has a good application to distribution network optimization. But the original ant colony algorithm has problems such as training inefficiency and easily falling into the local optimal minimum. To solve these problems, this paper presents improved ant colony optimization from transition probability and pheromone trail update mechanism. The transition probability control over two linkage parameters. The pheromone trail update mechanism design adaptive controls the relative importance of trail while the changes are increased. It realizes searching to the whole feasible region completely and easily falling into the local optimal minimum. This algorithm greatly improves the ability that search for the optimum result, and is favorably compared to other solution approaches such as genetic algorithms (GAs) and simulated annealing (SA) techniques. The application to the distribution network planning shows that this method is feasible and efficient
Direct Electrolysis of CO2 in a Symmetrical Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell with Spinel MnCo2O4 as Electrode

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel symmetrical solid oxide electrolysis cell (S‐SOEC) utilizing a spinel structured MnCo 2 O 4 electrode is investigated for pure CO 2 electrolysis. The electrode is prepared through an impregnation method and is confirmed to have excellent performance for CO 2 electrolysis, with a current density of 0.75 A cm −2 at an applied voltage of 1.5 V at 800 °C. The MnCo 2 O 4 electrodes also show good stability for long‐term pure CO 2 electrolysis for more than 80 h. The study suggests that MnCo 2 O 4 is a potential electrode for pure CO 2 electrolysis in S‐SOECs.
www.econ.ag.gov Consumer Acceptance of Biotechnology Lessons from the rbST Experience

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The controversial introduction of rbST, a laboratory version of bST, a growth hormone that stimulates milk production in cows, may provide hopeful lessons for other foods produced by biotechnology. Milk sales remained steady after rbST became available to dairy farmers, even though a multitude of public opinion surveys documented widespread concern about food safety and biotechnology, and some analysts predicted a drop in milk consumption of up to 20 percent. The undiminished consumer demand for milk may indicate that consumers will also accept other animal food products from biotechnology. The rbST experience suggests that, while scientific evidence of food safety will not prevent controversy over biotech foods, controversy will not necessarily inhibit consumer demand for the food.
Theoretical analysis of bottom reflected broadband waveforms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Bottom reflection of broadband waveforms from explosive sources leads to pulse distortion, including the presence of a precursor to the main pulse, a topic that goes back to the 1950s [Arons and Yennie, JASA 22, 231–237 (1950)). A theoretical analysis of broadband bottom reflection can provide valuable insights into observed waveform distortion and its dependence on the grazing angle and sediment properties. When the attenuation in the bottom can be approximated as varying linearly with frequency, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is independent of frequency, but with a common phase shift over positive frequencies (and with the opposite phase shift over negative frequencies). Combining these contributions leads to the pulse distortion . Variations of the sediment properties that cause the same phase shift at a given grazing angle produce the same pulse distortion. Conversely, inferring a phase shift from the pulse distortion can be used to place constraints on the inversion of sediment properties. Examples will be discussed. [Work supported by ONR.]
Global administrative law: The state of the art

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Global institutions are about twenty years old. These institutions have attracted a great deal of intellectual interest, since scholarship has reacted quickly to global administrative law. And yet, the definition of global administrative law is still highly contested; its relations with international law and constitutional law are not yet settled; and no single account of the field has attained the status of orthodoxy and the literature has yet to capture all the peculiarities of the field.
Education Expenditures and Economic Growth: Evidence from Ghana

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth in Ghana. Vector error correction and cointegration analysis are employed to test for the causal relationship between the variables for the period 1970 to 2012. The empirical results show a positive and significant long-run relationship between education expenditures and real GDP, gross capital formation as well labor force participation. The results indicate that education contributes meaningfully to the long-term growth of Ghana’s economy. Also, in the short-run, Granger causality runs both directions between economic growth and education expenditures. The results may provide some insights into how the formulation and implementation of appropriate fiscal policies relating to education could help improve the quality of education and thereby contributes to economic development of Ghana. Additionally, the study may serve as a guide in the reform of Ghana’s education policies leading to improved learning and educational outcomes. Keywords : Economic growth, Education Expenditure, Vector Error Correction Model
Experimental investigation of the influence of the liquid drop size and velocity on the parameters of drop deformation in air

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The deformation of water, kerosene, and ethyl alcohol drops traveling a distance of up to 1 m in air with different velocities (1–5 m/s) is recorded by high-speed photography (the frame of the cross-correlation camera is less than 1 µs). It is shown that the shape of the drops varies cyclically. Several tens of “deformation cycles” are found, which have characteristic times, drop size variation amplitudes, and number of shapes. It is found that the velocity and size of the drops influence the parameters of their deformation cycles. Experiments with the drops are conducted in air at moderate Weber numbers (We < 10).
The beneficial effect of shareholder participation in general meetings: Evidence in the context of audit quality

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: This paper aims to investigate how shareholder participation in general meetings (SPGM) affects audit quality. Design/methodology/approach: We measure SPGM as the percentage of the ownership represented by the shareholders who attend the general meeting. We measure audit quality by auditor industry specialization, audit firm size, and auditor fees. In order to investigate the relationship between SPGM and audit quality, we use a sample of 576 firm-years from Iran’s capital market between 2012 and 2018 and employ multivariate regression analysis. Findings: The findings show that, in general, there is an insignificant relationship between SPGM and audit quality. However, we reveal that there is a positive and significant association between the presence of institutional shareholders in general meetings and audit quality. Furthermore, for the companies with a high presence of institutional shareholders in their general meetings, there is a significant and positive relationship between the participation of other shareholders in the general meetings and audit quality. Our findings are robust in regards to a variety of additional tests. Originality/value: Collectively, the findings reveal that the impact of SPGM on audit quality is conditional to the presence of institutional shareholders in general meetings. The findings provide further insights among the mixed evidence on the beneficial effects of SPGM.
Hyaluronic Acid versus Alpha-2-Macroglobulin Intra-Articular Injections for Amelioration of Knee Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis: A Rat Model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: The study was performed to evaluate whether intra-articular injection of A2M has better effect than current commonly used Hyaluronic Acid (HA) injection therapy to attenuate cartilage degeneration in a rat anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) osteoarthritis (OA) model. Method: In vivo effects of A2M and HA on cartilage degeneration were evaluated in rat surgery induced ACLT OA models. 100 rats were randomly divided into four groups: (a) Sham surgery + saline (Sham + S), (b) ACLT + A2M, (c) ACLT+HA, or (d) ACLT + saline (ACLT+S). The animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks after surgery. Histological staining was performed to assess cartilage damage. The concentration of MMP-13 and sGAG in synovial fluid lavages was measured using ELISA and spectrophotometric quantitative determination. OA-related gene expression was quantified by qPCR. Result: Indian ink staining showed that articular cartilage surface treated by A2M was relatively intact compared with the animals treated by ACLT with saline or HA injection. Histological staining indicated that early supplemental intra-articular injection of A2M attenuated OA pathogenesis in the rat ACLT model compared with the animals treated with saline and HA. However, supplemental intra-articular injection of HA showed no significant effect on cartilage protection for post traumatic OA compared with saline treatment. Elisa results showed A2M reduced the concentration of MMP-13 in synovial fluid compared with HA treatment group and other groups. RT-qPCR indicated that supplemental intra-articular A2M inhibits catabolism and enhances anabolic metabolism, while there was no significant difference in the expression of OA-related genes between ACLT+HA group and ACLT+S group. Conclusion: In rat model, intra-articular injection of A2M had obvious protective effects on cartilage degeneration compared with HA treatment. Major indexes of joint degeneration decreased, providing strong evidence for its intra-articular inhibitory effect. Meanwhile, we found no significant alleviation of articular cartilage pathogenesis in HA treated group, which suggests that the efficacy of HA is questionable and possibly transient, although it is extensively used to improve syndromes.
Identification of sources of resistance to fusarium root rot among selected common bean lines in Uganda

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fusarium root rot (Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli) is one of the most important diseases affecting common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Trials to identify sources of resistance to the pathogen were conducted on 147 bean lines at the National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL) at Kawanda in Uganda. The bean lines were from various sources including Uganda, South Africa and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia. A pathogen isolate, FSP-3, was used to produce inoculum for screen house trials through which 46 moderately resistant cultivars were identified. The 46 cultivars were subsequently evaluated in a bean root rot infested field. Data collected included disease severity, colour of hypocotyls, seed size and grain yield, root and shoot weight. Regression analysis showed that field and screen house FRR disease severity data were highly correlated (r= 97%; P?0.01 at 28 DAP data and r=98%; P?0.01 at 56 DAP). Genotypes differed significantly (P=0.05) between 3.2 (MLB-49-89A) and 8.9 (Apac Ongori) in screen house trials and 4.3 (MLB-49-89A) and 8.8 (RWR2075) under field conditions. Fifteen cultivars were moderately resistant at 28 days after planting with four maintaining this reaction at 56 days after planting under field conditions. Disease resistance was highest among cultivars previously selected for resistance to Fusarium wilt and Pythium root rot indicating presence of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) modifying resistance to more than one root pathogen in some lines. Large-seeded varieties and varieties with green hypocotyls tended to be more susceptible indicating genetic correlation between these traits and resistance to Fusarium root rot. Results confirm the presence of sources of resistance which could be utilized in improving resistance in commercial varieties.
Phagocytosis of medically important yeasts by polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Phagocytosis is a critical function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the control of mycotic infections. By using a modified fluorescence quenching assay to distinguish between attached and ingested organisms, we determined the percent phagocytosis of several medically important yeasts. The percentages of phagocytosis of serum-opsonized Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Torulopsis glabrata were all comparable at 37 degrees C. By comparison, there was significantly less phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon beigelii isolates (P < 0.001). Thus, phagocytosis of C. albicans by polymorphonuclear leukocytes is comparable to that of species other than C. albicans but is significantly greater than that of the basidiomycetous yeasts T. beigelii and C. neoformans.