jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The pore of the leaf cavity of Azolla: Morphology, cytochemistry and possible functions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to describe the leaf cavity pore of Azolla. The morphological analysis of the pore revealed that it remains open during leaf development as well as in mature leaves. As it seems that there is no obstruction of the pore by any mucilage, gas exchanges between the atmosphere and the inner gaseous compartment of the leaf cavity are likely to occur. The pore, which is cone-shaped and protrudes into the leaf cavity, is limited by two epidermal cell layers. The cells lining the inside of the pore become teat-shaped during pore morphogenesis. Ultrastructural study of these cells showed the presence of a large number of organelles, paramural bodies and 'wart-like' projections at their cell wall surface, suggesting a secretory role. Cytochemical stains showed that these projections are made up of pectin, callose and protein. The role of the pore as well as the possible functions of the teat-cells and their projections are discussed.
2(1H)-Isoquinolinecarboxylic Acid, 1-(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl Ester

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[404586-94-3] C18H25NO3 (MW 303.396)

InChI = 1S/C18H25NO3/c1-17(2,3)21-15-14-10-8-7-9-13(14)11-12-19(15)16(20)22-18(4,5)6/h7-12,15H,1-6H3

InChIKey = RKFZTABXZXYIOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(tert-butoxycarbonylation of acidic substrates such as phenols, amine hydrochlorides, and carboxylic acids without any bases;1, 2 amide formation with carboxylic acids;3 ester formation with N-protected amino acids4, 5)

Alternate Name: 1-tert-butoxy-2-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline (BBDI).

Physical Data: bp 134–136 °C (1.0 mmHg); mp 114–115 °C.

Solubility: acetone, sol THF, MeCN, 1,4-dioxane, ether, DME, CH2Cl2, CHCl3; insol n-hexane, water.

Formed Supplied in: white crystals.

Preparative Method: readily prepared by the reaction of isoquinoline with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc2O) in n-hexane (eq 1).

(1)

Purification: recrystallization from Et2O/n-hexane.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: This reagent is stable and can be stored at room temperature over 1 year. Toxicity is unknown.
Projecting Maps into Our Worlds

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Cartographic and scientific representations live within a complex web of human use and purposes. This chapter defends using many different analytical perspectives to think about representation within this messy world. Three viewpoints are examined in particular: isomorphism, similarity, and the multiple representations account. Each of these accounts addresses only certain layers—or sets of assumptions—of representations: the metric, symbolic, and ontological layers, respectively.
"Ingrown" nails and other toenail problems--surgical treatment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Appropriate office treatment for "ingrown" or deformed toenails can bring quick and lasting relief. The principle is the removal of the portion of the nail that irritates. For mild problems, a buried nail corner or spur may be successfully trimmed away without anesthesia. More extensive infection requires a nerve block anesthetic of the toe and removal of a wide triangle of deformity with nail edge and the mass of heaped up granulations. Chronic or recurrent infection is often associated with some abnormality of the nail. It usually saves time and suffering in the long run to remove a third or so of the width of the nail together with its matrix or "root." Sharp dissection is relatively easy and far more dependable than other methods of removal or destruction of the matrix. The matrix of the entire nail can be removed just as easily to eliminate such problems as the grossly thickened nail of onychogryphosis.
PENGARUH SALES PROMOTION, PERSONAL SELLING, DAN VISUAL MERCHANDISING TERHADAP PERILAKU IMPULSE BUYING KONSUMEN MATAHARI DEPARTMENT STORE PsX PALEMBANG

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research aimed the impacts of promotion strategy on consumer impulse buying behavior at Matahari Department Store in PsX Palembang. The variables used in this research were sales promotion variable (X1), personal selling (X2), visual merchandising (X3), and impulse buying behavior (Y). This research was descriptive causal research. The population of this research were all of people who had ever done impulsive purchasing at Matahari Department Store in PsX Palembang, at least three times in a year. The number of respondents were 100 people. The analysis result showed that sales promotion variable (X1), personal selling (X2), and visual merchandising (X3) simultaneously had significant influence on consumer impulse buying behavior. The results of t test showed that sales promotion variable (X1), and visual merchandising variable (X3) had significant influence on consumer impulse buying behavior, whereas personal selling variable (X2) had not significant influence on consumer impulse buying behavior. The most dominant variable that influence consumer impulse buying behavior was visual merchandising variable. Overall, the sales promotion variable (X1), personal selling (X2), and visual merchandising (X3) had contributed 21.8% to impulse buying behavior at Matahari Department Store in PsX Palembang consumers and another 78.2% had influenced by the other variables.Keyword: Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Visual merchandising, Impulse Buying
Locally linear low-rank tensor approximation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Recently, collecting and storing higher order data has become more feasible with the use of methods from multilinear algebra. High order data usually lies in a low dimensional subspace or manifold along each mode and its intrinsic structure can be revealed by linear methods such as higher order SVD. However, these linear approaches may not capture the local nonlinearities in the data that may occur due to moving sensors or other nonlinearities in the measurements. In this paper, we propose to use a piecewise linear model to better identify the non-linearities in higher order data. The proposed approach decomposes the higher-order data into subtensors and fits a low rank model to each subtensor. The proposed approach is applied to simulated datasets and a video sequence captured across different angles to show its robustness to non-linear structures.
Primary cutaneous Ewing sarcoma in a young boy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We report a 10‐year‐old boy with the challenging presentation of a left toe nodule that failed empiric treatments and was biopsied. Immunohistochemistry and florescence in situ hybridization enabled the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma (ES). This case emphasizes the importance of including ES on the clinical differential to minimize diagnostic delays.
Circadian rhythms and affective disorder.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Reptilase test in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma SIR,-I read with interest the report by Dr P J Johnson and others (1 October, p 869) of their experience with the reptilase test in patients with various liver diseases, in which these authors contrasted their data with those which I had recorded in a group of Africans with primary liver cancer.tPursuing the latter studies on a group of British patients I became aware of striking differences, particularly in regard to dysfibrinogenaemia.Unfortunately Dr Johnson and his colleagues do not appear to have evaluated this phenomenon.In my experience the reptilase test has been con- sistently abnormal in British and African patients with primary liver cancer, with and without coexistent cirrhosis, in contrast to the normal results obtained in patients with carcinoma metastatic to the liver.However, the corresponding information in cirrhosis un- complicated by tumour does indicate that many of these patients do have an abnormal reptilase test in the absence of dysfibrinogenaemia.These data have been presented on a number of occasions,2 X and a detailed account is to appear shortly.5It includes a description of the modified reptilase test and a putative explanation for the racial differences and the apparently discrepant findings in cirrhosis.
Electro-optical intensity and phase modulations of a racetrack micro-resonator based on a LiNbO3-silicon hybrid waveguide covered by electro-optical polymers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rapid developments of 5G have led to ever-increasing demands for high-performance modulators. To improve modulation performances, an electro-optical (EO) modulator based on a racetrack micro-resonator (RMR) covered by EO polymers is demonstrated. The RMR-based EO modulator consists of LiNbO 3 -silicon hybrid waveguides (LSHWs) and an EO polymer coating. The finite element method (FEM) is used to obtain the transmission and modulation characteristics of the LSHWs-RMR. The simulation results show that the EO modulator based on the LSHWs-RMR has an EO wavelength tuning ( λ EO ) of 32 pm/V and a phase shift per volt ( φ EO ) of −0.0376rad/V for the quasi-TE mode. For the quasi-TM mode, there is a λ EO of 40 pm/V and a φ EO of −0.0350rad/V. The calculated V π ⋅ L for the quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes are 0.45V⋅cm and 0.40V⋅cm, respectively. The proposed EO modulator based on the LSHWs-RMR has potential application prospects in coherent optical fiber communication systems, comb generators for generating multiple optical frequencies in dense wavelength division multiplexing optical fiber systems, and electro-optical frequency shifters for laser beams.
Isolation and identification of Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum, cotton bacterial blight disease agent and determination of the antibacterial activity of various plant essential oils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cotton is one of the most important industrial crops produced in large areas in Turkey. Cotton bacterial blight disease agent Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Syn. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum) is a seed-borne pathogen. Plant essential oils are natural antimicrobial compounds that have the potential to be used as an alternative to chemical control of seed-borne phytopathogens. In this study, the bacterial pathogen X. citri subsp. malvacearum was isolated from cotton plants showing typical disease symptoms during the 2023 growing season in Diyarbakır provinces and the antibacterial effect of essential oils obtained from 11 different medicinal plants (Thymus serpyllum, Origanum syriacum, Thymus syriacus, Origanum onites, Cistus laden, Salvia aramiensis, Laurus nobilis, Hypericum perforatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum majorana and Thymbra spicata) were determined by disk diffusion method. Bacterial isolates, obtained from cotton plants showing typical disease symptoms, were identified as X. citri subsp. malvacearum by biochemical and pathogenicity tests and also MALDI-TOF analysis. The essential oils used in the study showed antibacterial activity against the bacterial agent by forming an inhibition zone with a diameter of 6.33-46.33 mm in the nutrient media. T. serpyllum and T. spicata (43.33 mm), O. syriacum (43.00 mm), T. syriacus (38.33 mm) and O. onites (37.3 mm), were identified as the most effective essential oils respectively. The essential oils of H. perforatum (9.67 mm), L. nobilis (9.0 mm) and S. aramiensis (6.33 mm) showed relatively lower antibacterial activity against the disease agent. The results showed that essential oils of Thymus spp., Thymbra spp. and Origanum spp. have the potential to be used as an alternative to chemical control against seed-borne bacterial plant pathogens.
Rigid cantor sets in $R^3$ with simply connected complement

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove that there exist uncountably many inequivalent rigid wild Cantor sets in $R^{3}$ with simply connected complement. Previous constructions of wild Cantor sets in ${R}^{3}$ with simply connected complement, in particular the Bing- Whitehead Cantor sets, had strong homogeneity properties. This suggested it might not be possible to construct such sets that were rigid. The examples in this paper are constructed using a generalization of a construction of Skora together with a careful analysis of the local genus of points in the Cantor sets.
Humanitarian logistics : performance measurement and the role of shipping (Part II)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The increase in natural disasters and aid expenditures has resulted in more emphasis on humanitarian logistics, with interest in the area of performance management and accountability growing. However, humanitarian logisticians have traditionally not seen the need to measure their performance, thus resulting in them falling behind the commercial sector in performance measurement. Through a comparison of the humanitarian and commercial supply chain, and literature review of available performance measurement frameworks, the SCOR model is chosen and adapted as the performance measuring framework for three major humanitarian logistics processes: procurement, warehousing and transportation. Finally, the reports will show how the SCOR model can be applied to performance measurement in the three main areas of humanitarian logistics, before ending off with a case study on the WFP/Logistics Cluster operations in the Cyclone Nargis disaster.
An investigation into the Assessment of Teachers' Questioning Techniques during Classroom Interactions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The utilization of an interrogative approach is vital within the framework of educational progression. Participating in critical thinking can be advantageous for students as it helps stimulate their cognitive processes. The implementation of an interrogative strategy by the teacher is crucial in the classroom environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ascertain the various questioning techniques used by an English vocational school teacher in Yogyakarta when interacting with Grade 10 students. Furthermore, the study aimed to ascertain the most commonly employed questioning technique as well as the least frequently used tactic by the teacher. The current study utilized a descriptive-qualitative research methodology. The data was obtained through the application of observation and interviews. The observation was to see the different types of inquiries presented and the general dynamics inside the classroom. Meanwhile, the interview was to obtain the teacher's viewpoint regarding the question methodology implemented in their teaching practices. The investigation has revealed several inquiry techniques that are dependent on the content of the inquiries. The strategies encompass probing questions (57.1%), factual questions (3.5%), divergent questions (3.5%), higher-order questions (14.2%), emotive questions (10.7%), and structuring questions (10.7%). The penetrating inquiry is the most successful approach for questioning, whereas the factual question and the divergent question are the least effective strategies.
Remote Sensing Systems – An Overview Focussing on Environmental Applications

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

During the last decade, a number of new Earth observation systems were developed and put into operation. Some of these systems provide data with higher resolution than ever before. In this context, the term “higher resolution ” is not only limited to the geometric resolution in terms of ground sampling distance (GSD), but also includes temporal und spectral resolution. These technical improvements allow for new applications of remote sensing techniques. In this contribution an overview of remote sensing systems is given focussing on those, whose data may be used for envi-ronmental applications. Acknowledging that this is a vague restriction due to the definition of the term “environ-mental applications”, this overview does not claim to be complete, but nevertheless extensive and representative. It comprises classical multispectral space- and airborne sensors, high resolution satellite sensors, hyperspectral sensors, and active sensors for local and global applications. 1.
Middle cerebral artery flow after angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Carotid angioplasty and stenting improves blood flow in both the ipsilateral and contralateral middle cerebral artery in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Carotid angioplasty and stenting seems to be more effective in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis combined with contralateral carotid artery occlusion than in individuals with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis alone.
Robust diffraction-limited near-infrared-to-near-ultraviolet wide-field imaging from stratospheric balloon-borne platforms—Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope performance

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

At a fraction of the total cost of an equivalent orbital mission, scientific balloon-borne platforms, operating above 99.7% of the Earth’s atmosphere, offer attractive, competitive, and effective observational capabilities—namely, space-like seeing, transmission, and backgrounds—which are well suited for modern astronomy and cosmology. The Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SUPERBIT) is a diffraction-limited, wide-field, 0.5 m telescope capable of exploiting these observing conditions in order to provide exquisite imaging throughout the near-infrared to near-ultraviolet. It utilizes a robust active stabilization system that has consistently demonstrated a 48 mas 1σ sky-fixed pointing stability over multiple 1 h observations at float. This is achieved by actively tracking compound pendulations via a three-axis gimballed platform, which provides sky-fixed telescope stability at &lt; 500 mas and corrects for field rotation, while employing high-bandwidth tip/tilt optics to remove residual disturbances across the science imaging focal plane. SUPERBIT’s performance during the 2019 commissioning flight benefited from a customized high-fidelity science-capable telescope designed with an exceptional thermo- and opto-mechanical stability as well as a tightly constrained static and dynamic coupling between high-rate sensors and telescope optics. At the currently demonstrated level of flight performance, SUPERBIT capabilities now surpass the science requirements for a wide variety of experiments in cosmology, astrophysics, and stellar dynamics.
Words with factor somplexity $2n+1$ and minimal critical exponent

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show that words with factor complexity 2n+1 have critical exponent at least $μ$, where $μ=2+\frac{1}{λ^2-1}= 2.4808726\cdots$, where $λ=1.7548777$ is the real zero of $x^3-2x+x-1=0$. This confirms a conjecture of Shallit and Shur.
Acute Appendicitis Complicating Infectious Mononucleosis: Case Report and Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute appendicitis is an uncommon complication of infectious mononucleosis (1M) and can readily be misdiagnosed because of the acute abdominal pain with which patients with 1M occasionally present. A case report is presented of a patient with 1M who devel-oped acute appendicitis during the acute phase of the illness. The appendicitis progressed to the formation of an abscess, which was evacuated at surgery. Histologic examination of the appendix showed absence of lymphoid follicles in the mucosal layer and intense lymphoid infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa by a mixed diffuse proliferation of lymphoid cells with groups of immunoblasts scattered among them. The lymphoid in-filtrate was mainly composed of T lymphocytes; the anticomplementary immunofluores-cent staining of the appendix for EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) wasnegative.Three cases of appendicitis complicating 1M published in the literature are reviewed. All had clinical and histopathologic features similar to those of our patient and werecured after surgery. Our case report together with the literature review confirms that appendicitis in the acute phase of 1M has distinct clinical and histopathologic features and thus has to be considered a true complication of 1M rather than merely a simultaneous disease.
Measurement of initial translational energies of peptide ions in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The initial kinetic energy distribution of [Arg]‐vasopressin molecular ions generated by matrix‐assisted UV laser desorption/ionization was measured using a delayed ion extraction, linear time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Energy distributions of the nicotinic acid matrix ions, with or without the presence of peptide, were also measured. These were compared with the kinetic energy distribution of gramicidin‐S ions using IR laser desorption. The measured molecular ion kinetic energy distribution from vasopressin is much broader than that from gramicidin‐S, and is characterized by a high‐energy tail that most likely results from entrainment of anlayte ions in the higher velocity matrix ions and fragments as they leave the surface.
Power allocation and channel selection in small cell networks based on traffic-offloading

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the proliferation of wireless service, the current spectrum resources are facing with great challenges. LTE-U is a technology which allows operators to operate on unlicensed band to offload some traffic from licensed band. In order to alleviate the load pressure from licensed band, and take good advantage of unlicensed spectrum, A power allocation and channel selection scheme in small cell networks based on traffic-offloading is proposed in this paper to optimize the throughput of the whole network. The base station transmission power on licensed band and unlicensed band is coordinated for mitigating the interference among the base stations and increasing the throughput of the network. Plus, channel selection was taken into consideration. We formulate a dual allocation model to couple the power allocation and channel selection to explore a global optimum with balancing the load between two kinds of band. To solve the model, we employ the particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find a near-optimal solution. Simulations results show that the algorithm can achieve a good performance.
MICROENCAPSULATION OF ASTAXANTHINUSING IONOTROPIC GELATION METHOD ISOLATED FROM THREE CRAB VARIETIES

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: The objective of the present study was to prepare microencapsulated astaxanthin isolated from three crab varieties. Methods: Astaxanthin was isolated from Portunus sanguinolentus (Three Spotted Crab), Callinectes sapidus (Blue Crab), and Paralithodes brevipes (Spiny King Crab) using hexane: isopropanol and microencapsulated astaxanthin were prepared by 2% sodium alginate and 3% calcium chloride using ionotropic gelation method. The prepared microsphere was evaluated for SEM analysis, drug content, and encapsulation efficiency and swelling studies. Results: The microspheres obtained were heterogeneous in size, round shaped with smooth surface and with no obvious dents. The practical drug content varied between 35.25 mg to 42.21 mg. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be higher in blue crab (90.42 %) when compared with other crab varieties along with astaxanthin standard. The result showed that the swelling ratio at pH 1.2 was lesser than at pH 7.4. Conclusion: Thus the result gained revealed that the microencapsulated astaxanthin could support the concept of sustained release in drug therapy. Keywords: Microsphere, Astaxanthin, Ionotropic gelation, Drug therap y.