jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A New Theory of Jurisdiction in International Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on jurisdictional reasonableness. It argues that reasonable jurisdiction could emerge through transnational communicative networks wiring State, international, and private actors. It proposes that States apply their own laws only on a subsidiary basis. Subsidiarity serves to restrain the exercise of jurisdiction by giving the State with the strongest nexus the primary right to exercise jurisdiction. If the ‘primary’ State fails to exercise jurisdiction, even if, from a global perspective, such were desirable, the ‘subsidiary’ State has the right — and, it may be argued, sometimes the duty — to step in, in the interest of the global community. Such a jurisdictional system connects sovereign interests with global interests, and ensures that impunity and globally harmful underregulation do not arise.
ROAD ORTHOPHOTO/DTM GENERATION FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. This paper proposes a pipeline to produce road orthophoto and DTM from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS). For the ortho, modern laser scanners provide a reflectance information allowing for high quality grayscale images, at a much finer resolution than aerial photography can offer. For DTM, MLS offers a much higher accuracy and density than aerial products. This increased precision and resolution leverages new applications for both ortho and DEM. The first task is to filter ground vs non ground, then an interpolation is conducted to build image tiles from the filtered points. Finally, multiple layers are registered and blended to allow for seamless fusion. Our proposed approach achieves high quality products and scaling up is demonstrated.
Crossnational Measures of Punitiveness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Incarceration rate, or prisoners per capita, is typically used as the primary measure of a nation’s punitiveness. But measuring punitiveness is inherently more complicated. It is possible, for example, that a country developed a high incarceration rate because it has a high crime rate. That might encourage one to measure punitiveness as the incarceration rate per serious crime. But it may be that solving crimes in that country is particularly difficult because police are less competent, or perhaps because the public is less helpful to the police in solving crimes. Thus, one might augment the measures with incarceration rates per arrest. Even this measure will depend on the discretion allowed police in moving cases forward to prosecution. If such constraints are very stringent, then one might turn to the incarceration probability per conviction as a tighter measure of punitiveness. Going still further, a reasonable measure of punitiveness could be the expected time served per crime or per conviction. This last measure would take account of the duration of the sentence as well as the probability of commitment conditional on a crime, an arrest, or a conviction.
Medical aromatherapy revisited—Basic mechanisms, critique, and a new development

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective According to a series of recent meta‐analyses and systematic reviews, aromatherapy has shown to be effective in treating patients with different medical conditions. However, many of the clinical studies are of rather low methodological quality. Moreover, there is much conceptual ambiguity with regard to what aromatherapy actually constitutes. Method In this paper, we discuss the conditions under which aromatherapy is most likely to be of medical value by outlining the workings of the olfactory system and the necessary requirements of odors to be therapeutic. We then introduce an aromatherapeutic inhaler that was tested in a series of studies involving 465 participants. Results This inhaler (AromaStick®) produced large to very large effects across a variety of physiological target systems (e.g., cardiovascular, endocrine, blood oxygenation, and pain), both short term and long term. Discussion Inhalation of volatile compounds from essential oils yields almost immediate, large, and clinically relevant effects as long as the scents are delivered highly concentrated from an appropriate device. The changes caused in the body seem side effect‐free and can be sustained when inhalation is repeated.
Akinetic Mutism after Shunt Failure: Short Communication with a Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Akinetic Mutism (AM) is an infrequent, but profound complication of recurrent obstructive hydrocephalus. This condition has a tendency not to improve, either spontaneously or with restoration of shunt function. Occasionally, complete recovery of hydrocephalic-related AM has been achieved with bromocriptine. However, we do not have detailed guidelines for dosage or duration of bromocriptine treatment. Therefore, we reviewed pharmacological treatments for AM because of shunt failure. Finally, we suggest appropriate treatment guidelines for this type of AM.
Linear-Quadratic Mean Field Games of Controls with Non-Monotone Data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study a class of linear-quadratic (LQ) mean field games of controls with common noises and their corresponding $N$-player games. The theory of mean field game of controls considers a class of mean field games where the interaction is via the joint law of both the state and control. By the stochastic maximum principle, we first analyze the limiting behavior of the representative player and obtain his/her optimal control in a feedback form with the given distributional flow of the population and its control. The mean field equilibrium is determined by the Nash certainty equivalence (NCE) system. Thanks to the common noise, we do not require any monotonicity conditions for the solvability of the NCE system. We also study the master equation arising from LQ mean field games of controls, which is a finite-dimensional second-order parabolic equation. It can be shown that the master equation admits a unique classical solution over an arbitrary time horizon without any monotonicity conditions. Beyond that, we can solve the $N$-player games directly by further assuming the non-degeneracy of the idiosyncratic noises. As byproducts, we prove the quantitative convergence results from the $N$-player game to the mean field game and the propagation of chaos property for the related optimal trajectories.
Curriculum Reforms and Competence Level of High School Agriculture Teachers in Swaziland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A descriptive study was designed to determine competence level of high school agriculture teachers regarding curriculum reforms in Swaziland. The major objective of the study was to compare the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) agriculture syllabi using content analysis procedure in terms of objectives, content topics contained in the syllabi, learning approaches used, available teaching facilities and assessment used. In this study, information from content analysis revealed that the SGCSE agriculture syllabus was similar to the IGCSE agriculture syllabus in some aspect and dissimilar in other aspects. The findings indicated that the SGCSE agriculture curriculum had three more objectives, and had more content topics which were responsive to the socio-economic challenges of the country. The IGCSE and SGCSE agriculture curricular had similar teaching facilities and similar teaching and learning approaches as they are both student-centered and skill based. It can be concluded that the new objectives and new topic contents incorporated into the SGCSE agriculture syllabus has created a gap in terms of knowledge base possessed by the high school agriculture teachers in Swaziland. There is a need for agricultural topics to change to reflect changing conditions in the environment and advances in technology. This is to enable high school agriculture teachers enhance their competencies in addressing the new objectives incorporated in the SGCSE agriculture syllabus, as well as teaching the new content topics incorporated in the SGCSE agriculture syllabus.
Towards usefully secure email

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract — When users ’ mental models don’t match the way the underlying systems work, problems can arise. For human-based security systems to be effective, we believe that is important to identify the tasks involved at which humans excel (and at which computers do not), and then design the system accordingly. To demonstrate this principle, we are building Attribute-Based, Usefully Secure Email (ABUSE), a system that leverages users by enabling them to build a decentralized, non-hierarchical PKI to express their trust relationships with each other, and then to use this PKI to manage their trust in people with whom they correspond via secure email. Our design puts humans into the system—to do things that humans are good at but machines are not—at both the creation of credentials as well as the interpretation of credentials. In this paper, we discuss why secure email is an interesting proving ground for our design ideas, set out the architecture of the system, and relate our early experiences in testing our user interface on real humans. I.
How Do Innovation-Driven Policies Affect Urban Green Land Use Efficiency? Evidence from China’s Innovative City Pilot Policy

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

China has already joined the ranks of innovative nations. Accelerating technological innovation to lead a green transformation in land use is an urgent requirement for promoting ecological civilization and, in turn, driving high-quality economic development. This study examines urban data spanning from 2006 to 2021, focusing on cities classified at the prefecture level or above. Employing the Chinese Innovative City Pilot Policy (ICPP) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study utilizes a super-efficiency Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model that incorporates undesirable outputs to assess Green Land Use Efficiency (GLUE). Additionally, a multi-period Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, combined with a mediation effect model, is employed to evaluate the influence of innovation-driven policies on GLUE. The findings are as follows: (1) Although GLUE showed variability throughout the study period, it generally trended upwards, with significant improvements noted in the eastern regions and coastal city clusters. (2) Innovation-driven policies have effectively enhanced urban GLUE, a conclusion supported by extensive robustness tests. (3) The heterogeneity investigation indicates that the ICPP’s impact on GLUE is more significant in cities with advantageous geographic locations, increased environmental awareness, and strong market potential. (4) A mechanism analysis demonstrates that the ICPP positively influences GLUE by reducing urban sprawl and promoting the concentration of digital service industries. Based on these results, this study proposes policy recommendations aimed at refining innovation-driven approaches to improve urban GLUE. These recommendations are pivotal in promoting a green, low-carbon transformation in China’s economic and social development.
Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) A. Love AGG 34744 PSEU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) A. Love
Common name(s): Pseudoroegneria
Other names: PI 595164
Conserved by: Australian Grains Genebank, DEECA (AGG), Australia
Local sample unique identifier: AGG 34744 PSEU
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2012-01-31
Historical: No
Biological status: Wild
MLS status: Not included
Deicer Salt Scaling Resistance of Concrete Containing Manufactured Sands

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Manufactured sands are produced by crushing rock deposits to produce a fine aggregate which is generally more angular and has a rougher surface texture than naturally weathered sand particles. Manufactured sands can also contain significant quantities of rock dust. As natural sand deposits become depleted near some areas of metropolitan growth, the use of manufactured sands as a replacement fine aggregate in concrete is receiving attention. Designers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers need to understand the effects of manufactured sand particle shape characteristics and angularity as well as fines content on concrete water demand and concrete durability, including the effects of interrelationships between manufactured sand characteristics. As part of a comprehensive research program, manufactured sand properties and their effects on fresh concrete properties, mechanical properties and concrete durability were investigated. Concrete containing commercially available manufactured sands with a wide range of particle angularities and fines contents were included in the laboratory testing program on deicer salt scaling. Angularity of particles and quantity of fines were found to contribute to salt scaling.
Pathology of Tumors in Fish Associated With Retroviruses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Thirteen proliferative diseases in fish have been associated in the literature with 1 or more retroviruses. Typically, these occur as seasonal epizootics affecting farmed and wild fish, and most lesions resolve spontaneously. Spontaneous resolution and lifelong resistance to reinfection are 2 features of some piscine retrovirus–induced tumors that have stimulated research interest in this field. The purpose of this review is to present the reader with the epidemiological and morphological features of proliferative diseases in fish that have been associated with retroviruses by 1 or more of the following methods: detection of C-type retrovirus-like particles or reverse transcriptase activity in tumor tissues; successful tumor transmission trials using well-characterized, tumor-derived, cell-free inocula; or molecular characterization of the virus from spontaneous and experimentally induced tumors. Two of the diseases included in this review, European smelt spawning papillomatosis and bicolor damselfish neurofibromatosis, at one time were attributed to a retroviral etiology, but both are now believed to involve additional viral agents based on more recent investigations. We include the latter 2 entities to update the reader about these developments.
Development, growth and egg production of the two copepod species Centropages hamatus and Centropages typicus in the laboratory

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Development, growth and egg production of the two copepod species Centropages hamatus and Centropages typicus in the laboratory Get access Michael Fryd, Michael Fryd Danish Institute for Fisheries and Marine Research, DK-2920 Charlottenlund and Marine Biological Laboratory (University of Copenhagen)Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ole Henrik Haslund, Ole Henrik Haslund Danish Institute for Fisheries and Marine Research, DK-2920 Charlottenlund and Marine Biological Laboratory (University of Copenhagen)Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ole Wohlgemuth Ole Wohlgemuth Danish Institute for Fisheries and Marine Research, DK-2920 Charlottenlund and Marine Biological Laboratory (University of Copenhagen)Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Plankton Research, Volume 13, Issue 4, 1991, Pages 683–689, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/13.4.683 Published: 01 July 1991 Article history Received: 20 August 1990 Accepted: 13 December 1990 Published: 01 July 1991
Comparison between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Mice after Clostridioides difficile Infection Reveals Novel Inflammatory Pathways and Contributing Microbiota

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clostridioides difficile causes the highest number of nosocomial infections. Currently, treatment options for C. difficile infection (CDI) are very limited, resulting in poor treatment outcomes and high recurrence rates. Although the disease caused by CDI is inflammatory in nature, the role of inflammation in the development of CDI symptoms is contradictory and not completely understood. Hence, the use of anti-inflammatory medication is debatable in CDI. In the current study, we evaluated the genetic and microbiome profiles of mice after infection with C. difficile. These mice were categorized based on the severity of CDI and the results were viewed accordingly. Our results indicate that certain genes are upregulated in severe CDI more than in the moderate case. These include oncostatin-M (OSM), matrix metalloprotease 8 (MMP8), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (Trem-1), and dual oxidase 2 (Duox2). We also investigated the microbiome composition of CDI mice before and after infecting with C. difficile. The results show that C. difficile abundance is not indicative of diseases severity. Certain bacterial species (e.g., Citrobacter) were enriched while others (e.g., Turicibacter) were absent in severe CDI. This study identifies novel inflammatory pathways and bacterial species with a potential role in determining the severity of CDI.
Developmental Comparison of Children's Word and Nonword Vocalizations.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Word and nonword vocalizations produced by two groups of children aged 8-28 months were studied. The first group included six children whose speech was recorded monthly for 12 months. The second group contained 21 children. In both, only spontaneous vocalizations were recorded. Each sample was examined for frequency of word and nonword forms. A word was defined as a phonetic form recognizable to both caregiver and researcher and used consistently and meaningfully. A nonword production was any phonetically transcribable vocalization not considered a word. Reflexive vocalizations (e.g., sneezes) were not used. Nonwords accounted for over 50% of vocalization before 19 months, with a gradual decrease to 20% by 25 months. All children were still producing nonword vocalizations at the end of the study, suggesting that nonwords contribute to vocalization of children actively acquiring language. It is suggested that some nonwords identified in later periods of the study also functioned pragmatically as words. In addition, frequency of usage and difficulty in distinguishing between words and nonwords open to question the relevance of the distinction. It is concluded that both word and nonword forms should be given special consideration in the assessment of a child's articulatory capabilities. A 22-item bibliography is included. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** .1? WiCtir:=1=talgill Developmental comparison of children's word and nonword vocalizations
Land, Memory, Reconstruction, and Justice: Perspectives on Land Claims in South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In South Africa land is one of the most significant and controversial topics. Land restitution has been a complex, multidimensional process that has failed to meet the expectations with which it was initially launched in 1994. Ordinary citizens, policymakers, and analysts have begun to question progress in land reform in the years since South Africa's transition to democracy. Land, Memory, Reconstruction, and Justice brings together a wealth of topical material and case studies by leading experts in the field who present a rich mix of perspectives from politics, sociology, geography, social anthropology, law, history, and agricultural economics. The collection addresses both the material and the symbolic dimensions of land claims, in rural and urban contexts, and explores the complex intersection of issues confronting the restitution program, from the promotion of livelihoods to questions of rights, identity, and transitional justice. A valuable contribution to the field of land and agrarian studies, both in South Africa and internationally, it is undoubtedly the most comprehensive treatment to date of South Africa's postapartheid land claims process and will be essential reading for scholars and students of land reform for years to come.
Understanding Brand Image from Consumer-generated Hashtags

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Social media has emerged as a major hub of engagement between brands and consumers in recent years, and allows user-generated content to serve as a powerful means of encouraging communication between the sides. However, it is challenging to negotiate user-generated content owing to its lack of structure and the enormous amount generated. This study focuses on the hashtag, a metadata tag that reflects customers’ brand perception through social media platforms. Online users share their knowledge and impressions using a wide variety of hashtags. We examine hashtags that co-occur with particular branded hashtags on the social media platform, Instagram, to derive insights about brand perception. We apply text mining technology and network analysis to identify the perceptions of brand images among consumers on the site, where this helps distinguish among the diverse personalities of the brands. This study contributes to highlighting the value of hashtags in constructing brand personality in the context of online marketing.
Forerunner of Sh. Marjani's work «Nazurat al-Haqq» («Review of the truth»)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article provides a brief description of an unpublished handwritten work by Mukhammad-Amin al-Bulgari, devoted to the issue of the obligation to perform a night prayer on short summer nights, when the evening dawn does not disappear until the dawn. The work is a dispute in absentia between the author and an opponent representing the camp of those who believed that the obligatory nature of night prayer on the mentioned days of the year subsides due to the absence of a reason for its obligatory nature, which is the disappearance of twilight. The author refutes the condition put forward by the opponent by the fact that the real reason for the obligation to perform a prayer is that a person receives benefits from Almighty Allah, while physical signs serve as nothing more than a guideline for its performance. Coordinating the hadith about the imamship of Jibril (Gabriel), which explains the times of five prayers, and the hadith of Dajjal (The Antichrist), which refers to the need to determine the conditional time of prayer during the day, which will last a year, the author concludes that the first does not imply a physical sign (disappearance of dawn), but the corresponding period of time.
Figure 4 from: Shirey V (2018) Visualizing natural history collection data provides insight into collection development and bias. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e26741. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e26741

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Figure 4 Collections of Hymenoptera and Orthoptera made from the years 1951 through 2000. Here, Hymenoptera additions are relatively non-existent, while Orthoptera additions are still numerous