jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Novel Jamming Method against SAR Using Nonlinear Frequency Modulation Waveform with Very High Sidelobes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems have the capacity for day-and-night and all-weather surveillance, which has become increasingly indispensable for military surveillance and global comprehensive environmental monitoring. With the development of the high-resolution SAR imaging technique, studies on SAR jamming have also received much interest. Traditional jamming methods are based on linear-frequency-modulated (LFM) signals, and this method can achieve high main-lobe jamming gain. However, its sidelobe jamming energy is very low. To solve this issue, a novel nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM) waveform design method for SAR jamming is proposed in this paper. Compared with LFM waveforms, the designed waveforms have the same main-lobe jamming gain and very high sidelobes, which can significantly improve jamming performance. Moreover, detailed simulation experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the newly proposed jamming scheme.
Ruge, Arnold (1802–80)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Arnold Ruge was the most influential liberal writer and activist of the radical wing of Young Hegelianism. For him philosophy was a challenge to translate the humanist ideals of emancipation and self-determination into the realities of moral, cultural and political practice. As editor of powerful intellectual journals such as Hallesche und Deutsche Jahrbuecher (1838–43) with Theodor Echtermeyer, ‘Anekdota zur neuesten deutschen Philosophie und Publizistik’ (1843), ‘Deutsch-Franzoesische Jahrbuecher’ (1844) with Karl Marx, and ‘Die Akademie’ (1850), he became the leading promotor of liberal philosophy and civic emancipation in Germany. Ruge represented the citizens of Breslau in the Frankfurt Paulskirche parliament in 1848–9 and worked briefly with Alexandre Ledru-Rollin and Guizeppe Mazzini in establishing a short-lived ‘European Democratic Committee’ in London in 1849. Ruge understood his critical educational, cultural and political activities as a direct calling from the heritage of European enlightenment and German idealism, thus transforming idealistic theory and vision into the realities of political practice and agitation. In this manner he promoted such radical figures as Bruno Bauer, Max Stirner, David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach.
Creativity in the Age of Technology: Measuring the Digital Creativity of Millennials

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Digital technology and its many uses form an emerging domain of creative expression for adolescents and young adults. To date, measures of self-reported creative behavior cover more traditional forms of creativity, including visual art, music, or writing, but do not include creativity in the digital domain. This article introduces a new measure, the Creative Behavior Questionnaire: Digital (CBQD), which assesses self-reported creative behavior in the digital domain. High school students (N = 230) completed the CBQD, as well as several other measures of creativity and personality. Factor analysis revealed 3 factors: digital creativity achievement, school-based everyday creativity, and self-expressive digital creativity. Factor-based scales showed expected correlations with other creativity measures, as well as Big-Five personality traits and Unconventionality, supporting construct validity. Results indicate that the CBQD can be used as an independent or a supplemental measure of creative behavior.
Analysis of the size-distribution function of metallic nanoclusters in a hydrogenated amorphous carbon host

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A method for mathematical processing of TEM images of nanocomposites with a pronounced noise background is proposed. This method is based on the spline filtering of an image by using the values of average background intensity and is applied to TEM images of amorphous Cu-doped carbon. A size distribution function obtained for copper clusters is in good agreement with previous data. The dependence of the cluster-to-cluster distance on cluster size is determined. This dependence validates the hypothesis of the fluctuation nature of cluster generation at a lower metal content and of the coalescence of clusters at higher metal contents.
Conditions under Which Trickle-Down Effects Occur: A Realist Synthesis Approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Policy makers often legitimize bids for major sport events and public funding of elite sports by trickle-down effects, suggesting that hosting events, sporting success, and athlete role models inspire the population to participate themselves in sport and physical activity. According to previous review articles, empirical evidence of trickle-down effects are mixed, with several studies citing marginal or no effect. The purpose of this study is to apply a realist synthesis approach to evaluate under which conditions trickle-down effects occur (i.e., what works for whom under which circumstances?). Using rapid evidence assessment methodology, 58 empirical articles were identified in the search process and critically analyzed through the lens of realist synthesis evaluation. The analysis identified six conditions under which trickle-down effects have occurred: Event leveraging initiatives, capacity of community sport to cater for new participants, live spectating experiences, consumption possibilities on television or other media, and communities housing event venues. The findings have implications for the sustainability of sport policy decisions and public finance, as the likelihood of trickle-down effects increases with integrated planning and sustainable spending related to the above six conditions.
Large scale atomistic simulations of nanocrystalline Iron formation and its irradiation performance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM)steels are candidate materials for the construction of the first wall and breeding blanket in future nuclear fusion reactors. These materials will be subjected to 14.1MeV neutrons that can penetrate the material lattice and displace atoms from their positions causing damage within the material. The resulting defects can accumulate and cause changes in the mechanical and thermal properties of the material. It is important to study the effects of irradiation on iron, and how to improve material performance in this extreme environment. Nanocrystalline materials have previously been considered for use in reactor environments due to their high grain boundary density, which could act as a “sink” for irradiation defects. In this poster, we present a method of grain refinement through severe plastic deformation. We used the molecular dynamics code LAMMPS on ARCHER2 to apply shear strain to initially pristine Fe samples and observed the creation of nanocrystalline material due to the formation of a disordered atomic state and subsequent recrystallisation. We also present the initial results of collision cascade simulations, where the nanocrystalline material is subsequently irradiated. Based on our results, we can gain fundamental insight into the mechanisms that control the formation of nanocrystalline materials, and how they are subsequently altered by irradiation. This is essential information for the targeted development of next generation, high radiation-resistant steels.
Loca lization of Myocardial Ischemia with Exercise Electrocardiography: Revisited?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

으나 1941년에 이르러 비로소 심근허혈 동정에 심전 도의 가치를 인식하였다. 1952년에 YU 등이 Master 검사를 이용하여 ST분절 1mm 하강은 심근허 혈과 일치한다고 보고한 이래 이 기준은 운동부하 심전 도의 판정에 사용되고 있다. 관상동맥질환 환자에서 운 동으로 야기된 빈맥은 심내막하 허혈을 일으켜 정상적 인 심실재분극의 transmural gradient를 역전시켜 심 전도상에서 ST 분절의 하강을 발생시킨다. 표준 ST 하강 기준은 운동전과 비교하여 운동중 또는 운동후 회 복초기에 J-Point로 부터 60∼80 msec에서 ST 분절 하강을 측정하여 1 mm 이상 Horizontal 및 Downsloping ST 분절 하강을 측정하여 1mm 이상 Horizontal 및 Downsloping ST 분절 하강을 또는 1.5 mm 이상의 upsloping ST 분절의 하강을 양성 반응으로 판 정하고 있다. Gianrossi 등이 147개의 발표된 논문을 meta-analysis한 결과 평균 sensitivity는 68%(23∼ 100%), 평균 specificity는 77%(17∼100%)이고 다 혈관 질환에서는 평균 sensitivity는 81%(40∼100%), 평균 specificity는 66%(17∼100%)였다. 세혈관질환 또는 좌주간지 질환에서는 평균 sensitivity는 86±11%, 평균 specificity는 53±24%였다. 운동부하심전도는 이와같이 비교적 에민도가 낮고 예측 정확성이 낮아 임상적으로 한계가 있다. 임상가들은 운동중 영상기 법을 이용한 핵의학 검사를 더 널리 이용하게끔 되었 다. 그러나 이러한 핵의학 검사는 운동부하 심전도에 비하여 훨씬 고가이고 보편적으로 널리 이용될 수 없 는 실정이다. p676 참조
Eficiencia espectral de formatos de modulación avanzados en redes XGS-PON

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to the rapid growth and development of services and applications, since the first introduction of DWDM system (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing), the demand of higher bandwidth and higher data transmission rates per channel has become evident. Today, commercial DWDM systems implement few wavelengths with spacings per channel of 100 GHz and data rates around 2.5 Gbps, generating a spectral efficiency around 0.25 b / s / Hz using intensity modulated formats, however, network architectures modern deployed in the system's cores, need to reach data transmission rates of 40 Gbps with spectral efficiency around 0.8 b / s / Hz implementing cost-efficient solutions that update existing networks, being the advanced modulation formats and the architectures proposed by FSAN (Full Service Access Network) type XGS-PON (10 Gigabit Capable Passive Optical Networks) mechanisms in the search to solve these inconveniences. In the development of this article, next-generation architectures are designed and simulated, using advanced modulation formats, focused on satisfying the requirements of capacity, bandwidth and spectral efficiency of future optical communications.
Pyranose Oxidase from Trametes multicolor Impacts Dough and Bread Microstructure

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Pyranose oxidase (P 2 O) improves wheat flour dough stability and bread quality. We related its effect on dough spread behavior to that on dough and bread crumb structure. Increasing P 2 O addition levels gradually reduced dough flow. High P 2 O addition levels further increased dough strength, significantly increased dough cell wall thickness, and decreased bread loaf volume. Taken together, affecting dough spread behavior impacts dough and bread (crumb) structure, and dough structure largely determines bread crumb structure.
Regulation Effect of Different Water Supply to the Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drought stress and flood result in the generation and accumulation of active oxygen species, the peroxidation of membrane lipids, and reduction of nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, growth, and development, causing a significant decline in the qualitative and quantitative production. The water availability influences the different component of NUE and photosynthetic system and its connections. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the effect of water supply to the nitrogen and carbon metabolisms. Knowing about the value of nitrogen use efficiency and photosynthetic parameters is really a useful essential for selecting and growing the best genotypes. But what will happen with these two crucial characteristics of plants, if the environment for growing is not ideal?.
Interfacial Phenomena of Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pulmonary surfactants (PS) play a crucial role in the functions of the respiratory system. The alveolar surface is covered with monomolecular films consisting of PS. The surfactants are composed mainly of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), which is specific to the alveoli. At the surface, the monolayer controls the surface tension during respiratory movement and a natural immunity (first-line defense) against viruses and pathogenic organism. In the former, hydrophobic surfactant proteins (SP-B and SP-C) in pulmonary surfactants function as key molecules. The proteins are closely related to a storage of fluid components in pulmonary surfactants into surface-associated reservoirs located beneath the surface. The temporary storage generates a large hysteresis in several physicochemical parameters during compression and expansion of the surface monolayer. This chapter reviews the hysteresis behavior for pulmonary surfactant preparations containing a mimicking peptide of SP-B during the compression−expansion cycle. The mechanism and function across the interface have been elucidated from thermodynamic, morphological, and spectroscopic perspectives.
Pathways to Formalization: Going Beyond the Formality Dichotomy: The Case of Peru

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Too often, academics and policy makers interpret formality as a binary choice and formalization as an irreversible process. Yet, formalization has many facets and shades on the business and labor fronts, and firms may not be able or willing to formalize all at once. This paper explores the joint process of business and labor formalization, using a unique panel data set of Peruvian micro enterprises. The paper finds that business formality does not imply labor formality, and vice versa. Further, there is significant churning in and out of different dimensions of formality within a relatively short period. Using an instrumental variable approach, the paper infers that business formalization affects labor formalization but not the other way around, and that enforcement is a key driver of formalization. Overall, the analysis shows that formalization is a gradual and reversible process, with small entrepreneurs weighing their possibilities in each pathway to business (often) or labor (less often) formalization, but rarely both at the same time.
Telemedicine in allergology: practical aspects

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Since spring 2020, the wide-ranging contact restriction measures in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have also led to a reduction in physician–patient contacts in the ambulatory care setting. Telemedicine applications will increasingly provide a way to efficiently deliver patient care under infection control measures. In allergology, telemedical as well as digital applications can also significantly facilitate everyday clinical practice. However, the technical and legal hurdles associated with the implementation of digital strategies must be overcome for this to happen. The aim of this article is to provide an intuitive overview of the aspects to be considered in the implementation of telemedicine consultations and to highlight the current state of the framework as well as optimization possibilities and perspectives in allergology. If a structured use is guaranteed, digital and telemedical applications can improve patient care—also in allergology. There is potential to be exploited in many areas, from the remote collection of clinical history, and video consultations, to the discussion of diagnostic findings, disease monitoring, and therapy support. The use of telemedical applications, especially video consultations, has experienced a remarkable acceleration in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present overview of the legal, technical and professional framework is intended to support the anchoring of digital and telemedical technologies in everyday allergology. However, in order to consolidate these in the future, an agreement is needed regarding professional standards of action as well as a remuneration structure that is permanently defined beyond the current pandemic.
The dynamic changes of zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies in Czech children from the onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims The prevalence of autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) in Czech children at the onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and dynamic changes in ZnT8 autoantibody levels during disease progression were studied. The value of ZnT8 autoantibody measurements in diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes was assessed. Methods Serum samples from 227 children with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes and from 101 control children without diabetes were analysed in a retrospective cross‐sectional study. One hundred and seventy‐one samples from 116 of the patients with diabetes were analysed in a follow‐up study at (median) intervals of 1, 3, 5 and 10 years after onset of Type 1 diabetes. ZnT8 autoantibodies were measured using a bridging enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, while antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma antigen 2 and insulin were measured by radioimmunoassays. Results ZnT8 autoantibodies were detected in 163/227 (72%) of children at Type 1 diabetes onset and in 1/101 (1%) of the control subjects. Sixteen out of 227 (7%) patients with Type 1 diabetes were antibody negative based on three antibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma antigen 2 and insulin). This false‐negative rate was reduced to 10/227 (4.4%) ( P < 0.05) after inclusion of ZnT8 autoantibody measurements. Of the children, 142/227 (63%) were positive for at least three antibodies and the most common combination was insulinoma antigen 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and ZnT8. ZnT8 autoantibody levels decreased over time after Type 1 diabetes onset and the presence and level of ZnT8 autoantibodies correlated with IA ‐2 autoantibodies. Conclusions A ZnT8 autoantibody enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay showed 72% disease sensitivity and 99% specificity at Type 1 diabetes onset. Measurements of ZnT8 autoantibodies are important for Type 1 diabetes diagnosis and should be included in the panel of autoantibodies tested at the onset of Type 1 diabetes.
Rough-terrain groundspeed measurement:a radar-based commercial solution

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Off-highway motive plant equipment is costly in capital outlay and maintenance. To reduce these overheads and increase site safety and workrate, a technique of assessing and limiting the velocity of such equipment is required. Due to the extreme environmental conditions met on such sites, conventional velocity measurement techniques are inappropriate. Ogden Electronics Limited were formed specifically to manufacture a motive plant safety system incorporating a speed sensor and sanction unit; to date, the only such commercial unit available. However, problems plague the reliability, accuracy and mass production of this unit. This project assesses the company's exisiting product, and in conjunction with an appreciation of the company history and structure, concludes that this unit is unsuited to its intended application. Means of improving the measurement accuracy and longevity of this unit, commensurate with the company's limited resources and experience, are proposed, both for immediate retrofit and for longer term use. This information is presented in the form of a number of internal reports for the company. The off-highway environment is examined; and in conjunction with an evaluation of means of obtaining a returned signal, comparisons of processing techniques, and on-site gathering of previously unavailable data, preliminary designs for an alternative product are drafted. Theoretical aspects are covered by a literature review of ground-pointing radar, vehicular radar, and velocity measuring systems. This review establishes and collates the body of knowledge in areas previously considered unrelated. Based upon this work, a new design is proposed which is suitable for incorporation into the existing company product range. Following production engineering of the design, five units were constructed, tested and evaluated on-site. After extended field trials, this design has shown itself to possess greater accuracy, reliability and versatility than the existing sensor, at a lower unit cost.
P03.12: Linear insertion of the atrioventricular valves (LIAVV) without defect in trisomy: a new anatomical series of 243 new hearts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

On an anatomical series of 52 hearts of trisomic 21 fetuses published in June 2002, we described a new minor cardiac anomaly belonging to the atrioventricular septal defect spectrum. It consists in a linear insertion of the atrioventricular valves (LIAVV) without defect instead of the normal offsetting. We wanted to confirm these data on a prospective series of 243 hearts of trisomic 21 fetuses compared to 100 normal hearts of normal fetuses. We added a complementary section, apex to the inferior pulmonary veins, to the standard examination. 100% of controls showed a normal offsetting of the atrioventricular valves. At the standard examination 127 out of 243 hearts of trisomic 21 fetuses (52%) showed a so called “normal” heart. Out of these 127 hearts, the complementary section showed a linear insertion, without offsetting and without any septal defect in 64%. Finally, only 19% of the 243 hearts of trisomic 21 were really normal with had a normal offsetting. This linear insertion, already observed in all the different types of atrioventricular septal defects(AVSD) is considered as a good hallmark for trisomy 21; but, since then, it has always been described associated with a defect. Our results confirm that the LIAVV without defect is a minor form of the AVSD spectrum, taking place between the prior described partial types of AVSD, which always have a defect, and the very normal heart. These findings induced a prospective echographic study comparing the echographic findings to the anatomical data in order to improve the scan screening of the trisomy 21.
[Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic method in Chlamydia trachomatis infections].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study is based on 526 female patients investigated by gynecologists in an ambulatory practice (G.P.'s). The samples originating from within the uterine neck have been analysed by one so-called "rapid" test (D.I.F.T.) and after culture in McCoy cells. Prevalence by culture is 20.5% and sensitivity is 96.5%, whereas prevalence is only 4.9% and sensitivity about 20.4% for D.I.F.T. For D.I.F.T.-test, the predictive positive value is 76.6%, when the predictive negative value is close to 82.8%. These results give the evidence that the inoculation of uro-genital specimens in cell-cultures still remains the gold standard method for detecting C. trachomatis infections.
What Makes a Review Voted? An Empirical Investigation of Review Voting in Online Review Systems

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Many online review systems adopt a voluntary voting mechanism to identify helpful reviews to support consumer purchase decisions. While several studies have looked at what makes an online review helpful (review helpfulness), little is known on what makes an online review receive votes (review voting). Drawing on information processing theories and the related literature, we investigated the effects of a select set of review characteristics, including review length and readability, review valence, review extremity, and reviewer credibility on two outcomes—review voting and review helpfulness. We examined and analyzed a large set of review data from Amazon with the sample selection model. Our results indicate that there are systematic differences between voted and non-voted reviews, suggesting that helpful reviews with certain characteristics are more likely to be observed and identified in an online review system than reviews without the characteristics. Furthermore, when review characteristics had opposite effects on the two outcomes (i.e. review voting and review helpfulness), ignoring the selection effects due to review voting would result in the effects on review helpfulness being over-estimated, which increases the risk of committing a type I error. Even when the effects on the two outcomes are in the same direction, ignoring the selection effects due to review voting would increase the risk of committing type II error that cannot be mitigated with a larger sample. We discuss the implications of the findings on research and practice.