jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Planting Distance on Nitrogen Uptake and Productivity of Paddy Var. Rojolele Irradiated with Gamma Rays in Inceptisol

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of planting distance of paddy var. Rojolele planted in conventional legowo system and dosage of gamma rays irradiated on nitrogen uptake and productivity of paddy. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The first factor was gamma ray radiation, consisted of three levels, namely control seed (B0), seed irradiated with gamma rays of 200 gray (B2), and seed irradiated with gamma ray of 300 gray (B3). The second factor was planting distance, consisted of four levels, namely distance of 25 x 25 (J1), distance of 30 x 30 (J2), legowo system of 2 : 1 (J3), and legowo system of 4 : 1 (J4 ). The results showed that jajar legowo system with planting distance of 2 : 1 significantly affected the nutrient content of nitrogen in shoot, nitrogen uptake of plant, and yield per hectare. Paddy var. Rojolele irradiated by 300 gray produced higher nitrogen content in shoot, nitrogen uptake of plant, and yield per hectare than those in control seeds and seeds irradiated with 200 gray. There was a tendency that planting distance with jajar legowo system resulted in higher grain (yield), on the contrary, the narrow row spacing impacted on lower grain (yield).
Beclomethasone dipropionate (3mg) versus 5-aminosalicylic acid (2g) versus the combination of both (3mg/2g) as retention enemas in active ulcerative proctitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sixty patients with active distal ulcerative colitis participated in a multicentre randomized double-blind trial to compare the effect of a beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) enema (3 mg/100 ml) with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) enemas (2 g/ 100 ml) and enemas with a combination of BDP/5-ASA (3 mg/2 g/100 ml). The patients were treated for 4 weeks and the efficacy of the drugs was evaluated by sigmoidoscopy, histology and subjective symptoms after that time. The overall results after 28 days of treatment were: clinical improvement 100% (BDP/5-ASA) vs. 70% (BDP) and 76% (5-ASA); endoscopic improvement 100% (BDP/5-ASA) vs. 75% (BDP) and 71% (5-ASA); histological improvement 95% (BDP/5-ASA) vs. 50% (BDP) and 48% (5-ASA). After 4 weeks of treatment seven of 19 patients (37%) receiving BDP/5-ASA had healed endoscopically, compared with six of 20 receiving BDP (30%) and two of 21 receiving 5-ASA (10%). Two patients on 5-ASA and three on BDP had a marked deterioration during treatment. The combination of BDP and 5-ASA was significantly superior to single-agent therapy in terms of both improved sigmoidoscopic and improved histological score. No differences in improvement between the 5-ASA vs. BDP-treated patients were noticed. No side effects were seen. The results of the study show that topical treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis with either 5-ASA or BDP is equally efficacious. So far, no data on topical combination therapy have been described. However, combination therapy with BDP/5-ASA seems superior to single-agent therapy and causes no adverse reactions.
Practical quantum cryptography : demonstration of secure commitments in the noisy storage model.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The establishment of quantum theory has sparked further advancements in computer science and information theory. In this work, we explore aspects of quantum cryptography, showing how physical assumptions combined with fundamental laws of nature allow for secure communication, without additional computational assumptions as frequently invoked in many present-day cryptographic protocols. These progresses have wide applications, which can be used to perform tasks which lie in the central interest of modern cryptography, such as secure identi cation of a customer to an ATM machine. In particular, we have studied the bit commitment protocol within the scope of Noisy- Storage Model, and proved its robustness against experimental errors, demonstrating the feasibility of executing the protocol with real-world quantum devices. Having so, we conducted the implementation with actual optical devices. On the technical aspect, we developed a new set of uncertainty relations, which are extremely useful for actual implementations of protocols. These relations allow a signi cant reduction in the amount of classical information post-processing, directly shortening the computational time for secure two-party protocols in the model. Our approach involves the analytical optimization for a certain class of R enyi entropic measures conditioned on quantum measurements, which might be of independent interest.
HOW DECISION MAKERS AT VARIOUS LEVELS USE OUTPUT FROM THE DANISH PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, BELMAN

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

A description is provided of how decision makers at various levels in Denmark use the output of BELMAN, the pavement management system used on the 4,600-km Danish National Road Network and a large portion of the regional road network. BELMAN helps support political and budget decisions by documenting the need for pavement maintenance and projecting the consequences of budget reductions in terms of the effect on road conditions. BELMAN provides (a) the ability to develop a series of options for maintenance programs and budgets that will be socioeconomically attractive and also ensure a uniform maintenance standard and (b) the ability to project the development of pavement condition several years into the future, on the basis of various budget levels or changes in a variety of other parameters, such as traffic load. The Danish Road Directorate publishes an annual report describing the condition of the national road network, changes over the past 10 years, and projections for the next 10 years. The information about current status and the forecasts for the future are taken from BELMAN's statistical and optimization output. In 1992, this report supported a 15% increase in appropriations for pavement maintenance in the state budget. The same information is also used to support decisions in budget negotiations between the Danish Road Directorate and the 14 county road authorities in Denmark. The state road network in Denmark represents a depreciated value of approximately 7 billion DKK (1.1 billion US$), and the average costs for maintenance have been 300 million DKK (46 million US$) over the past 10 years, with a downward trend in the 1990s. During the same period traffic has increased considerably, especially heavy traffic. With 5% annually, an increasing traffic load is the result of an increased use of super-single truck tires.
Factorial Grothendieck Polynomials

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study Grothendieck polynomials indexed by Grassmannian permutations from a combinatorial viewpoint. We introduce the factorial Grothendieck polynomials which are analogues of the factorial Schur functions, study their properties, and use them to produce a generalisation of a Littlewood-Richardson rule for Grothendieck polynomials.
Clinical Studies on the Diseases of the Teeth in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

顎顔面領域裂奇形が歯牙の形成および歯牙疾患に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために, 唇顎口蓋裂患者と3歳対照健常児の乳歯および永久歯について歯質異常, 歯牙疾患の実態を検索し次の結果を得た。対象は唇顎口蓋裂患者275名, 乳歯2, 511歯, 永久歯617歯と対照群として3歳児検診者62名, 乳歯1, 029歯である。唇顎口蓋裂患者におけるエナメル質形成不全症罹患者率は80.4%, 罹患歯率は乳歯25.2%, 永久歯19.5%で対照群より有意差をもって高い発症頻度であった。エナメル質形成不全症の発現様式は少数歯性68.8%, 多数歯性31.2%であり, 片側および両側唇顎口蓋裂群で少数歯性が多く, 口蓋裂群で多数歯性の比率が高かった。多数歯性形成不全の好発部位は乳前歯歯頸部 (63.8%) と乳前歯中間部 (21.7%) であり, 発症時期は出生時から乳幼児期が多いものと推定された。少数歯性形成不全の好発部位は乳歯C歯頸部 (12.5%) Aの切縁部 (10.7%) と歯頸部 (7.7%) , Cの歯頸部 (9.2%) , 永久歯上顎前歯部の切縁, 中間, 歯頸部であり, その発症時期は上顎乳前歯では胎生期その他の乳歯では乳幼児期永久歯では幼児前期がそれぞれ多いものと推定された。顎裂をともなった症例ではA切縁部の発症頻度が特に高く, 上顎乳前歯破裂側で非破裂側より形成不全が多かった。著者の臨床型分類によれば破裂群多数歯性では1度40.6%, III度33.3%, II度18.8%, V度5.8%, IV度1.4%, 少数歯性では1度54.0%, V度14.6%, II度12.3%, III度11.9%, IV度7.3%であり, 多数歯性の乳前歯歯頸部にIII度1度, 中間部にI度II度が多く, 少数歯性では片側および両側唇顎口蓋裂群のA切縁部にV度が多いのが特徴的であった。各臨床型についてmicroradiogramを観察したところ齲蝕および斑状歯とは異なった所見であった。既往症を調べたところ発症誘因として哺乳障害, 体重増加不良が考えられたが口唇形成手術, 口蓋形成手術の時期に相応して発現しているものも多かった。唇顎口蓋裂患者の齲蝕罹患者率, 罹患歯率, 平均齲歯数, 平均処置歯数を乳歯。永久歯にわけて調査し, 3歳児対象群および昭和50年厚生省歯科疾患実態調査と比較したところ, 齲蝕罹患者率 (乳歯71.9%, 永久歯57.7%) には差がなかったが, 全症例で乳歯平均齲歯数 (4.96歯) , 平均処置歯数 (1.59歯) が多く, 3歳児では平均齲歯数が多く, 平均処置歯数が少なかった。齲蝕型は厚生省分類B型, 医歯大小児歯科分類皿型が多かった。永久歯歯牙萌出順序は片側および両側唇顎口蓋裂群で6-1-6-2-1, 口蓋裂群で6-1-6-1-2の傾向であった。過剰歯は全症例中11歯, 癒合歯は8例みられた。
The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century by N.J. Higham (review)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reviewed by: The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century by N.J. Higham Christopher A. Snyder N. J. Higham , The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994. Pp. viii, 200. 5 figures, isbn: 0-7190-4079-5. $75. Christopher A. Snyder College of William and Mary Copyright © 1996 Arthuriana
<title>Hard x-ray imaging via crystal diffraction: first results of reflectivity measurements</title>

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Hard x-ray reflectivity measurements of mosaic crystals are being performed at the x-ray facility of the physics department of the University of Ferrara. This paper reports on preliminary results obtained by using flat samples of pyrolytic graphite (002) with a thickness of 2 mm and a mosaic spread of 0.3 deg. A short description is given of the experimental apparatus and calibration procedures followed.
A new phenalenone derivative from the soil fungus Penicillium herquei PSU-RSPG93

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

One new phenalenone derivative, peniciherqueinone (1), together with five known phenalenone derivatives (2–6), one known anthraquinone (7) and two known acetophenones (8 and 9) were isolated from the soil fungus Penicillium herquei PSU-RSPG93. Their structures were established by spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by anisotropic effect and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compound 2 exhibited mild antioxidant activity and is noncytotoxic to Vero (African green monkey kidney fibroblasts) cell lines.
Advantages of the Quadruple Screen over noninvasive prenatal testing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Key Clinical Message Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is becoming increasingly popular with some offering it as a primary screen option in all patients in place of serum screening. Serum screening offers insight into placental function, which NIPT does not. Abnormal levels of analytes in the serum screen have been associated with pregnancy complications.
Changes in Homeownership and Households, 1993 to 1995: An Evaluation of Estimates from the Current Population Survey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Long-term changes in the number of households and the rate of homeownership serve as indicators of trends in the housing sector and in economic and social well-being. The Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS), the principal data source used to measure these trends, underwent major design changes in 1994. Users have questioned whether these changes affected the CPS's accuracy as a basis for measuring trends during the first half of the 1990s.This research note uses independent estimates from the American Housing Survey (AHS) to assess nonsampling errors introduced by the 1994 CPS changes. The results indicate that the CPS-based Housing Vacancy Survey (HVS) significantly underestimates the 1993 to 1995 growth in the number of households. Differences between homeownership trends estimated by the HVS and AHS are not significant.
Poster: Distribution-aware Fairness Test Generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This work addresses how to validate group fairness in image recognition software. We propose a distribution-aware fairness testing approach (called DISTROFAIR) that systemati-cally exposes class-level fairness violations in image classifiers via a synergistic combination of out-of-distribution (OOD) testing and semantic-preserving image mutation. Distrofairauto-matically learns the distribution (e.g., number/orientation) of objects in a set of images and systematically mutates objects in the images to become OOD using three semantic-preserving image mutations - object deletion, object insertion and object rotation. We evaluate Distrofair with two well-known datasets (CityScapes and MS-COCO) and three commercial image recog-nition software (namely, Amazon Rekognition, Google Cloud Vision and Azure Computer Vision) and find that at least 21 % of images generated by Distrofair result in class-level fairness violations. Distrofair is up to 2.3x more effective than the baseline (generation of images within the observed distribution). Finally, we evaluated the semantic validity of our approach via a user study with 81 participants, using 30 real images and 30 corresponding mutated images generated by Distrofair and found that the generated images are 80 % as realistic as the original images.
Aerosolization of Water Ejected from a Full Container Impacted by Bomb Fragments

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In assessing the potential collateral effects of bomb attacks on tanks of stored liquids, it is useful to separate the liquid that is aerosolized as an escaping cloud from that which remains inside the tank or rapidly falls to the nearby ground. One relationship currently in use partitions the two categories using a linear model of aerosolized fraction versus fragment energy deposited per unit mass of liquid which is based on calculations and a few test data points. Since this model is incorporated in popular programs used by an expanding number of first responders to assess potential hazards, there is a need for high-confidence test data across the parameter space of interest to improve and/or validate the model. Such a series of tests was conducted during November of 2008 in which 7.57-liter ( ℓ ) sized cans of water were impacted with fragments of known mass using scored cased explosive charges. Impact velocities were measured, and the remaining water in the can and on the nearby ground platform was collected and weighed. The missing water was assumed to be aerosolized. This new data establishes an S-curve as a more accurate relationship between aerosolized fraction (AF) and the fragment energy deposited per unit mass of liquid in the container.
System Identification of a COTS Autopilot System Using Flight Test Data

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the process of analyzing flight test data gathered using a commercially off-the-shelf autopilot system for design an outer loop autolanding controller. The autopilot was installed on a 1/3 scale Yak-54 UAV. Five different autonomous flights were conducted in Fort Riley, Kansas and flight test data were recorded for system identification purposes. Transfer functions were estimated for both the Vx and Vz components using the MATLAB system identification toolbox.
Cerebellum matching game

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A printable card matching game about parts of the cerebellum, their associated cerebellar nuclei and function(s). The PDF is designed to be printed and cut out to form 'matching cards'. Students should then match the name, location, function(s) and associated nuclei into groups for the three functional parts of the cerebellum. The answers are provided separately (see 'Cerebellum answers.png'). Useful as a revision tool for medical students and those studying neuroanatomy.
Exploring the ‘Something for Nothing’ Syndrome: Confused Citizens or Free Riders? Evidence from Sweden

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the occurrence of political non‐attitudes in Sweden and identifies the population segment possessing a ‘something for nothing’ (SFN) mentality regarding social spending. Sweden – often regarded as epitomizing the advanced welfare state – constitutes an analytically interesting case, providing a useful counterpoint to the predominantly American‐based evidence on the subject. It is argued here that national political institutions fundamentally affect the prevalence – and social base – of the SFN segment. To identify SFN sentiments, two question batteries measuring social spending preferences are used. One battery contains ‘priced’ items emphasizing the cost of public spending, while the other set of ‘unpriced’ items does not explicitly connect increased public spending with increased taxes. The patterning of attitudes across these items is explored in order to determine whether SFN sentiments are common in the Swedish electorate. The observed attitude patterns are then linked to broader sets of attitudes to the welfare state, testing whether the degree of ideological coherence differs fundamentally between the SFN segment and other groups. The analysis then explores the individual‐level determinants associated with different attitude patterns. The overall results show that: SFN sentiments are not dominant among the Swedish citizenry; the quality of the SFN segment's belief system, in terms of ideological coherence, does not represent a deviant case; and the background characteristics associated with SFN sentiments suggest that members of this segment should rather be viewed as free riders in economically vulnerable positions than ignorant and politically confused citizens.
Graph Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrastive Learning Networks with Augmented View

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Graph anomaly detection (GAD) is a vital task in graph-based machine learning and has been widely applied in many real-world applications. The primary goal of GAD is to capture anomalous nodes from graph datasets, which evidently deviate from the majority of nodes. Recent methods have paid attention to various scales of contrastive strategies for GAD, i.e., node-subgraph and node-node contrasts. However, they neglect the subgraph-subgraph comparison information which the normal and abnormal subgraph pairs behave differently in terms of embeddings and structures in GAD, resulting in sub-optimal task performance. In this paper, we fulfill the above idea in the proposed multi-view multi-scale contrastive learning framework with subgraph-subgraph contrast for the first practice. To be specific, we regard the original input graph as the first view and generate the second view by graph augmentation with edge modifications. With the guidance of maximizing the similarity of the subgraph pairs, the proposed subgraph-subgraph contrast contributes to more robust subgraph embeddings despite of the structure variation. Moreover, the introduced subgraph-subgraph contrast cooperates well with the widely-adopted node-subgraph and node-node contrastive counterparts for mutual GAD performance promotions. Besides, we also conduct sufficient experiments to investigate the impact of different graph augmentation approaches on detection performance. The comprehensive experimental results well demonstrate the superiority of our method compared with the state-of-the-art approaches and the effectiveness of the multi-view subgraph pair contrastive strategy for the GAD task. The source code is released at https://github.com/FelixDJC/GRADATE.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE MARGINAL INTEGRITY OF MONOLITHIC CERAMIC CROWNS UTILIZING DIFFERENT MACHINABLE BLOCKS FABRICATED FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE VERTICAL PREPARATION DESIGNS

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the marginal adaptation of monolithic ceramic crowns with minimally invasive vertical preparation design utilizing different machinable blocks. Materials and method: Stainless steel die was designed to simulate all ceramic crown preparation with 0.1mm featheredge margin. A total of 50 monolithic crowns were constructed from five different tested ceramic materials; 10 crowns from each material: Group EX for lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS. emax), group VE for polymer infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic), group CD for zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (glazed Celtra Duo), group TZ for translucent zirconia (inCoris TZI) and group HTZ for high translucent zirconia (Ceramill zolid zirconia). After surface treatments, adhesive cementation and thermocycling, stereomicroscope with a digital camera and image analysis software were used to measure the vertical gaps between the cervical margin of the crown and the outer end of the finish line. The mean vertical gap for each crown was then calculated. Results: High translucent zirconia crowns (group HTZ) showed the lowest mean marginal gap value (29.04 ±7.77μm) with statistically significant difference than all the other tested materials. While e.max crowns EX showed the highest mean marginal gap value (95.37 ±13.84μm) which was statistically significant from all the other tested groups. Conclusion: High translucent zirconia crowns showed superior marginal adaptation compared to all other tested materials, while lithium disilicate crowns showed the least accuracy. For the all tested materials, the marginal vertical gap readings recorded in this study were within the limits of clinically acceptable standards.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Synthesis of 2‐(4‐Benzoyl‐piperazin‐1‐ylmethyl)‐5,6‐dimethoxy‐3‐methyl‐ [1,4]benzoquinone.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The method described provides good yields of the heterocyclic coenzyme Q analogue (IV) and is suitable for the synthesis of related compounds.
Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing System for Well‐Based Monitoring Water Injection Tests—A Geomechanical Responses Perspective

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this study, distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) based on hybrid Brillouin‐Rayleigh backscattering is examined for the first time in well‐based monitoring distributed profiles of geomechanical deformation induced by water injection. Field water injection tests are conducted under different injection scenarios between an injection well (230 m, IW #2) and 5.5 m away from a fibered monitoring well (300 m, MW #1) by deploying cables behind the casing at Mobara, Japan. Effects of injection rate, pressure, and lithological heterogeneity on the geomechanical deformation are quantitatively monitored via a DFOS approach and indicate that induced strains significantly depend on injection rate and pressure. The results also indicate that DFOS results are reasonably consistent with simultaneous geophysical well logging data and corresponding numerical simulation. The extent of impacted areas and magnitude of near‐wellbore strains are explored to evaluate formation heterogeneity and fluid migration behaviors. The field testing of hybrid DFOS technology is expected to definitely advance elaborate monitoring and wider applications, such as CO 2 geosequestration sites.
Construction of a Chimney Drain Using Bio-polymer Slurry at Hays Creek Dam

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with some of the processes and details that were behind the philosophy to upgrade this zoned embankment dam. The thrust of this paper is with regard to the giotechnical aspects that were dealt in retrofitting a sand chimney drain using a revertible bio-polymer to facilitate construction in this dam. The first of its kind to be successfully completed in an operating dam in this country.
Prison Without Guards

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

IN keeping with the policy of attempting the rehabilitation of offenders, the Department of Prisons in Sri Lanka has been experimenting with a number of techniques in the treatment of offenders and attempted variations of the concept of open institutions with increased freedom and responsibility for convicted prisoners. In addition to the open prison camps for long term offenders at the closing stages of their term of imprisonment and open work camps for short term and medium term offenders within