jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of a New Type of Alkoxycarbonylating Reagents from 1,1‐Bis‐(6‐(trifluoromethyl)benzotriazolyl) Carbonate (BTBC) and Their Reactions.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The carbonate BTBC (III) mentioned in the title is prepared from 1‐hydroxy‐6‐trifluoromethylbenzotriazole (I) and trichloromethyl chloroformate (II).
Wear Resistance of 3D Printing Resin Material Opposing Zirconia and Metal Antagonists

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

3D printing offers many advantages in dental prosthesis manufacturing. This study evaluated the wear resistance of 3D printing resin material compared with milling and conventional resin materials. Sixty substrate specimens were prepared with three types of resin materials: 3D printed resin, milled resin, and self-cured resin. The 3D printed specimens were printed at a build angle of 0° and 100 μm layer thickness by digital light processing 3D printing. Two kinds of abraders were made of zirconia and CoCr alloy. The specimens were loaded at 5 kg for 30,000 chewing cycles with vertical and horizontal movements under thermocycling condition. The 3D printed resin did not show significant difference in the maximal depth loss or the volume loss of wear compared to the milled and the self-cured resins. No significant difference was revealed depending on the abraders in the maximal depth loss or the volume loss of wear. In SEM views, the 3D printed resin showed cracks and separation of inter-layer bonds when opposing the metal abrader. The results suggest that the 3D printing using resin materials provides adequate wear resistance for dental use.
Theorizing Islamic Economics: Search for a Framework for Islamic Economic Analysis التنظير للاقتصاد الإسلامي: البحث عن إطار للتحليل الاقتصادي الإسلامي

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The paper aims at explaining the need for a starting point for developing an Islamic theory of economics. The paper emphasizes that what is needed is not a ‘theory of Islamic economics’ but an ‘Islamic theory of economics’. It is not merely semantics. The paper explains what difference it makes in theorizing Islamic economics. The point emphasized in the paper is that it is the lack of strategic vision that is responsible for not reaching where we want to be. The paper describes various positions of Islamic economists and suggests that it is time we select one of them as the destination. The paper then goes into identifying a more realistic framework which can provide a basis for deriving principles of Islamic economic analysis. The paper suggests divorcing the framework derived from mathematics and physics (not linked to human social behavior in any aspect) and marrying it with biology and physiology - sciences dealing with study of life (unlike physics that studies life-less bodies). The paper discusses what difference it would make to use the framework borrowed from biology and physiology in analyzing human economic behavior. . تهدف هذه الورقة إلى شرح الحاجة إلى أهمية تحديد نقطة البداية لتطوير نظرية إسلامية للاقتصاد. إن الورقة تؤكد على أن المطلوب ليس نظرية للاقتصاد الإسلامي، بل نظرية إسلامية للاقتصاد. إن هذا التأكيد ليس مجرد دلالات لفظية، بل يكتسي صبغة هامة في التنظير للاقتصاد الإسلامي. النقطة الرئيسة التي تؤكد عليها الورقة تتمثل في أن العامل الرئيس الذي حال دون الوصول إلى الهدف المطلوب – نظرية إسلامية للاقتصاد- يعود إلى غياب الرؤية الاستراتجية لتحقيق ذلك. تستعرض الورقة عدداً من وجهات نظر الاقتصاديين المسلمين، وتقترح أن الوقت قد حان لاختيار واحدة من هذه الوجهات والبناء عليها. بعد ذلك تذهب الورقة إلى تحديد إطار واقعي تعتقد أنه يشكل الأساس لاستخلاص مبادئ للتحليل الاقتصادي الإسلامي. إن الورقة تدعو إلى تطليق الإطار الذي بني على أساس الرياضيات والفيزياء؛ لأنها لا ترتبط بأي مظهر من مظاهر السلوك الاجتماعي للإنسان، وتدعو الاعتماد على منهاج مرتبط بعلوم الأحياء والنفس؛ لأن هذه العلوم مرتبطة بدراسة الحياة على عكس الفيزياء التي تدرس الجانب الجامد للأجسام. وأخيراً تناقش الورقة الفارق الذي سيحدثه بناء إطار لتحليل الظواهر الاقتصادية مستفيداً من مناهج علوم الأحياء والنفس.
Endocrine and metabolic disorders in HTLV-1 infected patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is endemic in Japan and several countries in South America, Caribbean and Africa. Endocrine and metabolic disorders have been variably reported to be associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Therefore, the aim of this article was to critically evaluate the current knowledge of the endocrine and metabolic disorders associated with HTLV-1 infection. The literature search used PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS databases in the past 10 years, utilizing, in various combinations, the following keywords: HTLV-1, adult T-cell leukemia, diabetes mellitus, GLUT-1, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, autoimmune thyroid disorders, diabetes insipidus, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion; pseudohypoparathyroidism; pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. The proven endocrine manifestations of the HTLV-1 infection are calcium disorders which occur in some patients with acute HTLV-1/Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The few reports about thyroid, parathyroid, antidiuretic hormone and diabetes mellitus are insufficient to prove a causal association with HTLV-1 infection. The evidence for an association between endocrine disorders and HTLV-1 infection in general, and in asymptomatic patients is lacking. Given all these uncertainties, the endocrine expression of the HTLV-1 infection composes a promising research line for understanding the pathophysiology of this infection.
Studies on effect of physical and chemical mutagens on Vigna mungo (L.) Heppe

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mutation breeding is one of the trending methods in the development of desirable mutant. Induced mutagens including both physical and chemicals are commonly used in crop improvement. The present investigation was conducted during the kharif season of 2022; seeds of black gram [Vigna mungo (L) Hepper] were treated with sodium azide 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%, ethyl methane sulphonate 0.05, 0.10, 0.15% and exposed to gamma rays doses at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 KR to determine the effects on morphological characters. Wide range of chlorophyll and viable morphological mutations affecting almost all the parts of plant and were isolated in M2 generation.
Effects of Simulated Mountain Lion Caching on Decomposition of Ungulate Carcasses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Caching of animal remains is common among carnivorous species of all sizes, yet the effects of caching on larger prey are unstudied. We conducted a summer field experiment designed to test the effects of simulated mountain lion (Puma concolor) caching on mass loss, relative temperature, and odor dissemination of 9 prey-like carcasses. We deployed all but one of the carcasses in pairs, with one of each pair exposed and the other shaded and shallowly buried (cached). Caching substantially reduced wastage during dry and hot (drought) but not wet and cool (monsoon) periods, and it also reduced temperature and discernable odor to some degree during both seasons. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that caching serves to both reduce competition from arthropods and microbes and reduce odds of detection by larger vertebrates such as bears (Ursus spp.), wolves (Canis lupus), or other lions.
Infraspinatus-teres minor (ITM) interfascial block: a novel approach for combined suprascapular and axillary nerve block

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Combined suprascapular and axillary nerve block could be an analgesic option for shoulder pain control. The current description of this technique requires performing the block procedures at two different sites without consideration for catheter placement. We hypothesized that a single site injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor would result in an injectate spread to the suprascapular and axillary nerves. Methods We performed 10 injections with this approach using 25 mL dye solution in 10 shoulders of five unembalmed cadavers. Also, we described three case reports, two single-injection cases and one catheter-placement case, using this approach in patients with acute postsurgical pain and chronic pain in their shoulder region. Results In cadaveric evaluations, dye spreading to the suprascapular nerves on the infraspinatus fossa and the spinoglenoid notch cephalad and axillary nerves in the quadrilateral space caudally were observed in all injections. In addition, the most posterolateral part of the joint capsule was stained in 8 out of 10 injections. There was no dye spreading on the nerves to the subscapularis or lateral pectoral nerves. Clinically successful analgesia with no adverse events was achieved in all three cases. Conclusion Our anatomical and clinical observations demonstrated that an injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor consistently achieved injectate spreading to both suprascapular and axillary nerves, which innervate the glenohumeral joint.
Kannada Handwritten Script Recognition using Machine Learning Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many researchers have contributed to automate the optical character recognition. But handwritten character recognition is still an uncompleted task. In this paper we are proposing two techniques to recognize handwritten Kannada script, which yields high accuracy compared to previous works. There are lot of challenges in recognizing handwritten Kannada scripts. Few of the challenges include: each person have their own handwriting, there is no uniform spacing between alphabets, words and lines. Another main problem when it comes to Kannada language is that there is no large dataset available to train the recognition system, and it is challenging to write all combinations of each alphabet in Kannada script. In the proposed work, we have gathered the handwritten training set from the Web and from the students of our campus and segmented each letter. We have proposed two methods to recognize the handwritten Kannada characters. The first techniques is by Tesseract tool, and second is by using Convolution Neural Network (CNN). With Tesseract tool we have achieved 86% accuracy and through Convolution Neural Network we achieved87% accuracy although it might improve with the data set chosen and further enhanced image processing. The main idea behind this work is to extract text from the scanned images, identify the Kannada letters in it accurately and display or store it for further usage.
Letters to the editor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTLetters to the editorRubin Battino Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 12, 667Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1963Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 December 1963Published inissue 1 December 1963https://doi.org/10.1021/ed040p667.1RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (404 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
In vitro Influence of Phenylalanine on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and DNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a significant compo­nent of the membrane contributing to the permeability changes during synaptic transmission and conduction. Phenylketonuria is a group of metabolic disorders in which phenylalanine (Phe) is highly elevated in blood (up to 0 .1 ᴍ) resulting in*mental retardation etc. AChE activity was measured spectrophotometrically after incu­ bation with various Phe concentrations. Phe interaction with DNA was evaluated with an established HPLC method. Phe was found to inhibit AChE almost 40% , at a concentration of 5 mᴍ, whereas a 62.5% DNA peak exclusion (molecular interaction) was observed when Phe was incubated with DNA at a concentration of 3 mᴍ. In addition the ratio of DNA: Phe determined the potency of the observed molecular effect.
An investigation of the strain rate and temperature effects on the plastic flow stress and ductile failure strain of aluminum alloys 5083-H116, 6082-T6 and a 5183 weld metal

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This article presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical study to investigate the effects of strain rate and temperature on flow stress and ductile failure strain of three aluminum alloys. The test matrix includes smooth and notched round tensile specimens tested at room temperature (24 ℃) and two elevated temperatures (66 ℃ and 149 ℃), and under different strain rates. For 5083-H116, three loading rates are considered at 24 ℃ and it is found that the flow stress and failure strain are lowest at the intermediate strain rate. At high strain rate, the flow stresses of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6 are higher than the quasi-static loading while the flow stress of the 5183 weld metal remains unchanged; the ductility of the 5XXX alloys shows a significant increase compared to the quasi-static loading while the ductility of 6082-T6 does not change much. The study indicates that the Johnson–Cook plasticity and fracture models can be used to describe the temperature dependencies of the flow stress and the failure strain for 6082-T6 but not the 5XXX alloys. At 66 ℃ the 5XXX alloys do not display temperature softening compared to 24 ℃ while their ductility is reduced. As temperature is elevated to 149 ℃, the flow stress of the 5XXX alloys decreases while the ductility increases. The unconventional behavior of the 5XXX alloys in certain temperature and strain rate ranges has been attributed to the dynamic strain aging effect. The study also suggests that the dependency of the failure strain on stress triaxiality can be described by the Johnson–Cook fracture model for all three materials under quasi-static loading at room temperature and the model parameters are calibrated using an inverse method combining experimental results with finite element analysis.
Gram staining apparatus for space station applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A self-contained, portable Gram staining apparatus (GSA) has been developed for use in the microgravity environment on board the Space Station Freedom. Accuracy and reproducibility of this apparatus compared with the conventional Gram staining method were evaluated by using gram-negative and gram-positive controls and different species of bacteria grown in pure cultures. A subsequent study was designed to assess the performance of the GSA with actual specimens. A set of 60 human and environmental specimens was evaluated with the GSA and the conventional Gram staining procedure. Data obtained from these studies indicated that the GSA will provide the Gram staining capability needed for the microgravity environment of space.
Metadata record for: Bile acids targeted metabolomics and medication classification data in the ADNI1 and ADNIGO/2 cohorts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This dataset contains key characteristics about the data described in the Data Descriptor Bile acids targeted metabolomics and medication classification data in the ADNI1 and ADNIGO/2 cohorts.
Contents:
1. human readable metadata summary table in CSV format 2. machine readable metadata file in JSON format
Understanding US government reluctance to accept legally binding emissions reduction targets: the import of elite interest convergence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This essay critically examines why the United States Government (USG) has been reluctant to accept legally binding greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets (LBGERTs). The paper notes that four factors are essential in explaining this, namely the economy, scepticism about climate science, hegemonic drives and a quest for distributive justice. Notwithstanding, USG reluctance to accept LBGERTs is shaped by the convergence of interests of key actors in US political system who conceive government action to combat climate as a threat to their interests, although this can be reinforced or dissuaded by party ideology. While party ideology could strengthen or weaken US actions to fight climate change, the shielding of its sovereignty remains paramount regardless of ideological differences between the Democrats and Republicans. It indicates that while it could be argued that the Kyoto Protocol was a failed regime given the wide acceptance of the Paris Agreement, the planned withdrawal of US from Paris Agreement demonstrates that the Kyoto Protocol was not wholly a failure and buttressed the need to have a legally binding agreement (LBA). Also, it argues that the success of the Paris Agreement is a function of trust, reputation and reciprocity among countries that are parties to it.
SURGICAL FAILURES AFTER PRIMARY SCLERAL BUCKLING FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To compare proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)-related surgical failure and non-PVR–associated failure after scleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Methods: In this single-center, retrospective, consecutive case series, eyes with surgical failure after scleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were identified. Eyes with surgical failure were categorized as PVR-associated and non-PVR–associated failure, and these groups were compared. Results: Of the 530 scleral buckling procedures performed, 69 were surgical failures (13%), of which 27 of the 530 (5%) were due to PVR and 42 of the 530 (8%) were from non-PVR causes. Patients with PVR-associated failure were more likely to be smokers ( P < 0.001), have a delayed presentation after symptoms ( P = 0.011), have preoperative vitreous hemorrhage ( P = 0.004), and have preoperative PVR ( P = 0.002). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that the odds of PVR-associated failure were greater in eyes with preoperative vitreous hemorrhage (odds ratio, 8.2; P = 0.048), preoperative PVR (odds ratio, 22.7; P = 0.023), and among previous smokers (odds ratio, 28.8; P < 0.001). Thirty-two of 69 patients (46%) required one additional surgical intervention, and 37 of the 69 patients (53%) required two or more additional interventions to achieve final reattachment. Conclusion: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy–related surgical failure after primary scleral buckling was 5%. Risk factors for PVR-associated failure parallel those commonly referenced for pars plan vitrectomy, including smoking history, preoperative vitreous hemorrhage, and preoperative PVR.
Roads in the community, part II: towards better practice

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The findings of Austroads major theme project - Roads in the Community - have been published as a two-part report Roads in the Community Are They Doing Their Job? and Roads in the Community: Towards Better Practice. The report was commissioned as an independent state-of-the-nation review of how well our roads are serving the nation's needs and putting forward ideas for improvement. The report is accompanied by a summary document - Australia at the Crossroads - consisting of a distillation of the information and ideas from the full report.
Recherches archéologiques aux îles Torres

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Torres islands which are located at the far north of the New Hebrides island arc, between the Banks islands and the Santa Cruz, had so far never been investigated archaeologically. Results obtained during several surveys from 1996 to 1998 are presented. They show that the most ancient occupation to date is characterised, as in Tikopia, by plain ware with notched rims. Lapita pottery has not been found there. These preliminary observations are then discussed in the context of the initial settlement strategies of the area.
A Disconnect in Stakeholders' Perceptions from Emerging Realities of Teledensity Growth in Africa's Least Developed Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the dynamic and meteoric rise in teledensity diffusion across Sub Saharan Africa, one would expect a departure in the perceptions of stakeholders as they relate to the Bernt and Weiss framework that identifies organizational, financial, technological, and geographical factors as the key impediments to teledensity growth. The findings of this research show that there is disconnect between current happenings and perception of stakeholders. Specifically, there is no change in stakeholders’ perceptions with respect to the framework mentioned above. However, historical and recent teledensity data from Africa’s Least Developed Countries illustrate that the model is inconsistent with the emerging realities in these countries, and that it may be getting obsolete. This leads us to conjecture that in this new dispensation, there may be some emerging factors, issues, constraints, and opportunities that may be of greater importance to understanding telecommunications capabilities in these countries and the world at large.
Experimental Study on the Fire Resistance Performance of Protective Barriers in Petrochemical Plants

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The performance of the fire resistance structure applied in domestic plants is evaluated by applying the standard fire curve assuming a general fire. However, such a fire is different from the fire expected to occur in the process of handling high-carbon materials, such as oil refinery plants and petrochemical plants. Therefore, the fire resistance performance of the members used in these plants should be evaluated by conducting fire resistance tests using a hydrocarbon fire curve, assuming a hydrocarbon fire. In this study, a hydrocarbon fire test was conducted on a protective barrier installed in a plant to reduce the risk of fire and explosion and confirm the fire resistance performance. Consequently, it is judged that, in plants where hydrocarbon fires are likely to occur, the protective barriers used will not satisfy fire-resistance regulations, depending on the thickness or type.
User Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable between Information Quality and the Conative Use of Annual Tax Reporting E-Filing System

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The usage of information technology and communication in tax reporting system in Indonesia has increased, especially when we are all facing the global pandemic issue. This study aims to examine the effect of user satisfaction as a mediating variable on causal relationship between information quality and conative use of information technology. Drawing upon sample of 147 tax staff as a representative of corporate taxpayer, Sobel Test and Ordinary Least Square regression were used to test the hypotheses. This study suggests that user satisfaction acted as a mediating variable between information quality and conative use of e-filing tax reporting system.