jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Frozen Sections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND:

Noninvasive respiratory support has become more popular in the pediatric population and may prevent or replace invasive procedures, such as endotracheal intubation, in certain circumstances. The objective was to examine the frequency of invasive and noninvasive respiratory support from 2009 to 2017 in critically ill pediatric patients and to determine patient-related factors associated with invasive support using the Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC database.

METHODS:

This was an analysis of prospectively collected data on admissions with respiratory support from 17 pediatric ICUs from 2009 to 2017 reported within the Virtual Pediatric Systems database. We determined the frequency of invasive and noninvasive respiratory support over the study period by measuring the number of admissions with either invasive or noninvasive support within a given year divided by the total number of pediatric ICU admissions with respiratory support during the same year. Factors associated with invasive support were examined in univariate and multivariate regressions.

RESULTS:

A total of 69,262 cases of respiratory support were included. There was a decrease in the rate of invasive support over the study period from 66.9% to 48.5% (P value for test of trend < .001) and an increase in the rate of noninvasive support from 28.7% to 57.7% (P value for test of trend < .001). Trauma cases and subjects < 1 month old were more likely to receive invasive support. Cases occurring in later years and subjects with Black or Hispanic race were less likely to receive invasive support.

CONCLUSIONS:

From 2009 to 2017, the frequency of admissions with invasive respiratory support decreased, and those with noninvasive respiratory support increased. By 2017, the frequency of noninvasive respiratory support was greater than that of invasive respiratory support.
Neoliberalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Neoliberalism first arose in the 1940s but came to prominence in the 1970s. It has a number of important strands, Austrian and monetarist, laissez‐faire and social market. The ordoliberalism of the 1940s sought to give priority to market rather than bureaucratic means of ordering the economy within a framework of law. Economic liberals after 1945 set up the Mont Pelerin society to campaign for the rule of law, a minimal state, and individual liberty. For a time these ideas had little practical impact, but that changed in the 1970s following the crises which overwhelmed the postwar liberal order of national Keynesianism. Key neoliberal ideas on inflation, public spending, and trade unions, became the dominant common sense. Neoliberals favor reducing the role of government in the economy as much as possible, giving primacy to markets and the free play of competition. They advocate deregulation, privatization, marketization, and lower taxes. The state retains a major role because a free economy requires a strong state to establish and maintain the institutional arrangements for it. Neoliberals are often hostile to democracy, because of the primacy they give to safeguarding the market order. Challenged by the 2008 financial crisis, neoliberalism has so far proved resilient.
The Royal Red-Headed Variant: The Prisoner of Zenda and the 1893 Heredity Debates

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Prisoner of Zenda (1894) was conceived and written as the “heredity debates” between Herbert Spencer and August Weismann raged in the popular press. This “light” adventure novel can be seen as being influenced by Weismann in that the hero benefits from unchanging heredity traits that allow him to take the place of his distant cousin, a king, and rescue him from his captors. What is more, Rudolf Rassendyll springs from “hybrid” blood, which runs counter to much Victorian thinking that hybrids were inclined to weakness. The novel succeeds in championing the role of women as proper guardians of biological inheritances; in demonstrating that the “hybrid” Britons—a mixture of Anglo-Saxons and others—are the ideal “breed” for meeting the needs of the upcoming twentieth century; and in revitalizing the otherwise masculine genre of the New Romance.
Removal of inherent ash minerals in coals

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Conventional coal cleaning process deals with coal practically in as-received state, in which mineral matters at micronized size embedded within organic matrix of separated particles could not be removed. Removal of such finely disseminated minerals by physical process requires ultra-fine coal grinding for mineral liberation, separation of ultra-fine particulate system and dewatering of ultra-fine coal products, which as a whole is a new phase of physical coal cleaning. Liberation followed by separation of valuable minerals is the conventional beneficiation process of most metallic ores. Applying the same in coal cleaning, peculiar technical problems should be solved in conjunction of economy to render it practical. This paper describes the development of such process, gives examples of coal cleaning performance and foresees its application.
Recombination Monophosphoryl Lipid A-Derived Vacosome for the Development of Preventive Cancer Vaccines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Recently, there has been an increasing interest for utilizing the host immune system to fight against cancer. Moreover, cancer vaccines, which can stimulate the host immune system to respond to cancer in the long term, are being investigated as a promising approach to induce tumor-specific immunity. In this work, we prepared an effective cancer vaccine (denoted as "vacosome") by reconstructing the cancer cell membrane, monophosphoryl lipid A as a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, and egg phosphatidylcholine. The vacosome triggered and enhanced bone marrow dendritic cell maturation as well as stimulated the antitumor response against breast cancer 4T1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, an immune memory was established in BALB/c mice after three-time preimmunization with the vacosome. After that, the immunized mice showed inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival period (longer than 50 days). Overall, our results demonstrate that the vacosome can be a potential candidate for clinical translation as a cancer vaccine.
Syllable phonology and cross-syllable temporal production in Greek

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The present study examined the durations of voiced vs. voiceless fricatives as well as their intrasyllabic and intersyllabic duration effects as a function of variable focus applications.In accordance with a production experiment, the results indicate the following: (1) voiceless fricatives are significantly longer than voiced fricatives; (2) the voice distinction of fricatives has both intrasyllable and intersyllable duration effects as well as compensation duration effects; (3) focus application is confined on a lengthening effect of the vowel in stressed syllable context.
DINAMIKA PENERJEMAHAN AL-QUR’AN DI KALANGAN ORIENTALIS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The translation of the Qur'an into various languages is not only done by Muslims, but non-Muslims (orientalists) also participate in translating it. There was a very long polemic during the translation of the Qur'an. The purpose of this research is to elaborate on the role and development of the Qur'an translation among orientalists that later gave birth to the characteristics (model) of translation. This research uses descriptive analytical method with library research. The data were obtained through books, articles, journals, and other writings related to the research theme. The results show that there are three characteristics of translation in the role and development of al-Qur'an translation by orientalists. First, the translation was aimed at undermining Islam. This lasted from the 12th century AD to the 17th century AD. Second, the translation of the Qur'an began to reduce the elements of hatred against Islam and they began to be open to the corpus of Muslim interpretations, although there were still few traces of their predecessors. This period lasted from the 17th century to the 19th century, and it should be noted that the 18th century became the starting point of the translation paradigm shift. Third, the translation of the Qur'an that has begun to be objective. Third, the translation of the Qur'an that has been friendly and objective. The 9th century until now is a bright spot for orientalists who translate the Qur'an. Many of the orientalists began to be open and gentle in explaining Islam, they also often use Muslim interpretations as a reference. In fact, some of them when explaining Islam there are trying to defend Islam from the attacks of previous orientalists.
Solution methods for multiple objective decision models

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis is concerned with an investigation of solution methods for continuous multiple objective decision models (MODM's). A number of different solution methods which have appeared in the literature are reviewed with an emphasis on the underlying concepts of the methods. The following chapter examines the solution of MODM’S from the other side, namely the behavioural aspects of decision making. Having gained an appreciation of exactly how people do make decisions I the intent of the thesis is twofold. Firstly, to develop new solution methods which can accommodate the decision maker (DM) in whatever his or her particular decision strategy is. And secondly, it is to empirically examine four solution methods with respect to users' preferences among them. Of these four solution methods, three are among the most well known in the literature and all can cite practical application. Two new solution methods have been developed. Both of these methods are based on a specific formulation of the MODM which is known as the maxmin formulation. The theory of the maxmin formulation is developed in Chapter 4. By using the Lagrange multipliers at the optimal solution, suitable pairwise tradeoff information can be presented to the DM. This forms the basis for the first solution method, which interacts with the DM as he or she progressively provides preference information. The other solution method makes use of a branch of Psychology called Social Judgement Theory and incorporates this into the solution method. This second method is especially applicable to the multiple DM situation. In the empirical examination of solution methods it was found that one solution method was clearly preferred over the other three. The thesis concludes with a discussion of approaches for reducing the number of objectives in a MODM.
The therapeutic effects of curcumin and capsaicin against cyclophosphamide side effects on the uterus in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the impact of systemic cyclophosphamide treatment on the rat uterus and investigate the potential therapeutic effects of natural antioxidant preparations curcumin and capsaicin against cyclophosphamide side effects. Methods: A 40 healthy adult female Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Rats were randomly divided into four groups to determine the effects of curcumin and capsaicin against Cyclophosphamide side effects on the uterus (n=10 in each group); Group 1 was the control group (sham-operated), Group 2 was the cyclophosphamide group, Group 3 was the cyclophosphamide + curcumin (100mg/kg) group, and Group 4 was the cyclophosphamide + capsaicin (0.5 mg/kg) group. Results: Increased tissue oxidative stress and histological damage in the rat uterus were demonstrated due to the treatment of systemic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy alone. The level of tissue oxidant and antioxidant markers and histopathological changes were improved by the treatment of curcumin and capsaicin. Conclusion: Cytotoxic effects of natural alkylating chemotherapeutic agents like cyclophosphamide on the uterus can be prevented by curcumin and capsaicin.
Functional Central Limit Theorem and Strong Law of Large Numbers for Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the mixing properties of an important optimization algorithm of machine learning: the stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD) with a fixed step size. The data stream is not assumed to be independent hence the SGLD is not a Markov chain, merely a \emph{Markov chain in a random environment}, which complicates the mathematical treatment considerably. We derive a strong law of large numbers and a functional central limit theorem for SGLD.
Vision, Kinesthesis, and Control of Hand Movement by Young and Old Adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study examined the accuracy with which 20 young (18 to 24 yr.) and 32 old (55 to 85 yr.) adults were able to move their hands when not allowed to guide them visually. They tried to touch a target spot given either visually or kinesthetically, under conditions in which the target either remained present during the response or was discontinued prior to the response. They also tried to touch points on the face with eyes closed and wrote their names and common words with and without visual input. While there was slight evidence of age-related decline in accuracy of moving the hand to a target location in some conditions, older adults appear to use kinesthetic cues to the target location as effectively as visual cues. The absence of age effects on touching the face or writing with the eyes closed suggests that the kinesthetic and motor control systems are relatively well preserved in healthy older adults.
Posttraumatic Growth in the Context of Grief: Testing the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the context of traumatic grief, mindfulness might facilitate posttraumatic growth (PTG). The cognitive processes by which trait mindfulness predicts PTG, and for whom this pathway is most relevant, remains unclear. We tested the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory of grief in a cross-sectional study of mindfulness, meaning-making, and PTG among those who had lost a loved one. Mindfulness most strongly predicted higher PTG for individuals high in traumatic grief. Meaning-making mediated the effect of mindfulness on PTG most strongly for those low-to-average in traumatic grief. Results suggest meaning-making as a pathway, but may not explain the mindfulness-PTG link in more traumatized individuals.
P-D14 Increasing the Level of Tyrosine Sulfation Alters the Antigenic Profile of the BG505 SOSIP.664 Trimer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Env glycoprotein displayed on the surface of HIV-1 contains all the critical determinants for viral entry, which also represent key targets for neutralization and vaccine design. Significant advances have been made in our knowledge of the native Env conformation, including the recent crystallization of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, soluble gp140 trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664), which exhibits several antigenic features of the native Env. However, this trimer still reacts with anti-V3 antibodies that do not neutralize the homologous virus, binds with intermediate affinity to monomeric CD4, and shows suboptimal interaction with trimer-preferring anti-V2 antibodies. We recently documented the presence of sulfated tyrosines within the V2 loop of gp120, which stabilize the intramolecular interaction between V2 and V3, shifting the conformational equilibrium of the envelope spike toward the closed trimeric state. Here, we aimed at evaluating whether increasing the efficiency of tyrosine sulfation during trimer manufacturing could further reduce the antigenic gap between SOSIP.664 and native Env trimers. Thus, 293T cells were either cotransfected with the sulfotransferase TPST2 or treated with the sulfotransferase inhibitor, sodium chlorate. The results demonstrated that the SOSIP trimer produced in cells overexpressing TPST2 has increased levels of tyrosine sulfation and displays an altered antigenic profile. Most notably, it shows reduced reactivity with antibodies to V3 (19b, 38F) and to the coreceptor-binding site (412d), while binding more effectively to the trimer-preferring antibody PG16. These data suggest that tyrosine sulfation induces the SOSIP.664 trimer to adopt a more native-like conformation.
Opportunity of Implementing Buy the Service (BTS) Subsidies for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) to Improve the Quality of Public Transport Services in Padang Panjang City

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the cost of subsidies and the opportunity to implement Buy the Service (BTS) for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Padang Panjang City. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. Primary data collection includes observation and distribution questionnaires with respondents using public and non-public transport users. The information obtained from the distribution of questionnaires is the origin of the destination, characteristics of public transportation behavior, and the willingness to pay of the community towards public transportation modes that follow public transportation service standards. The operational costs of public vehicles are obtained from the survey results of the basic costs of public transportation, which consist of direct and indirect costs. The results of this study formulate 3 (three) main route trajectories scenarios and cost analysis of BTS implementation that meets Minimum Service Standards (SPM). The estimated subsidy cost for implementing BTS in the three main corridors is 10.09 billion, with the highest subsidy cost being in corridor 1. which is 4.41 billion but has a smaller headway than the other two corridors. The results of this study also recommend the need for continuous socialization to the community regarding the ease and convenience of using BRT as well as equalizing perceptions between local governments and operators regarding the mechanism for providing BRT subsidies.
Ecological functions of wheat/cotton intercropping system

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wheat/cotton intercropping has a long history in China.This paper summarized the structural characteristics of this intercropping system,its functions in ecosystem material and energy cycling,and the relationships between these functions and the interactive effects of wheat and cotton.Some suggestions for further study were proposed on the arrangement modes of this intercropping system to maintain cotton field biodiversity and ecosystem balance,enhance land and natural resources(radiance,heat and water)utilization efficiency,and achieve higher ecological and economical benefits in cotton field.
Prevalence of nutrition and exercise counseling in patients with hypertension

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

JNC-VI recommends lifestyle modification, with or without pharmacologic therapy, for the treatment of all hypertensive patients. This study sought to evaluate physician exercise and dietary counseling trends for hypertensive patients using nationwide survey data. Data were obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for the years 1999 and 2000. These yearly surveys obtain data on a random selection of patient visits to physician offices and outpatient departments of representative hospitals across the United States. All visits with a diagnosis of hypertension were included and examined for rates of nutrition and exercise counseling. For the combined 1999-2000 surveys, 6720 identified patient encounters had a diagnosis of hypertension. Dietary and exercise counseling were given at 29.5% and 19.2% of visits, respectively; one or both interventions were offered at only 32.4% of visits. Men were more likely than women to receive exercise counseling (20.6% vs. 18.3%, p=.02). Asians were more likely to undergo counseling, while African-Americans received less exercise counseling (see ). Patients in western states were more likely to receive exercise counseling while patients in the Midwest received less dietary or exercise counseling (see B). Dietary intervention and regular aerobic exercise lower blood pressure. We found that fewer than one third of visits associated with a hypertension diagnosis included counseling for nutrition or physical activity. While there were significant differences in counseling rates with respect to gender, race, and geographic location, counseling for therapeutic lifestyle change was sub-optimal throughout the sample. Physicians need heightened awareness of the importance of non-pharmacologic therapy in this large, high-risk population(see Table). Racial (A) and Geographic (B) Differences in Lifestyle Counseling for Hypertensive Patients P ≤ .001 Racial (A) and Geographic (B) Differences in Lifestyle Counseling for Hypertensive Patients P ≤ .001
Vibro-Acoustic Signatures of Various Insects in Stored Products

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Stored products, such as grains and processed foods, are susceptible to infestation by various insects. The early detection of insects in the supply chain is crucial, as introducing invasive pests to new environments may cause disproportionate harm. The STAR Center at Stevens Institute of Technology developed the Acoustic Stored Product Insect Detection System (A-SPIDS) to detect pests in stored products. The system, which comprises a sound-insulated container for product samples with a built-in internal array of piezoelectric sensors and additional electret microphones to record outside noise, was used to conduct numerous measurements of the vibroacoustic signatures of various insects, including the Callosobruchus maculatus, Tribolium confusum, and Tenebrio molitor, in different materials. A normalization method was implemented using the ambient noise of the sensors as a reference, to accommodate for the proprietary, non-calibrated sensors and allowing to set relative detection thresholds for unknown sensitivities. The normalized envelope of the filtered signals was used to characterize and compare the insect signals by estimating the Normalized Signal Pulse Amplitude (NSPA) and the Normalized Spectral Energy Level (NSEL). These parameters characterize the insect detection Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for pulse-based detection (NSPA) and averaged energy-based detection (NSEL). These metrics provided an initial step towards the design of a reliable detection algorithm. In the conducted tests NSPA was significantly larger than NSEL. The NSPA reached 70 dB for T. molitor in corn flakes. The insect signals were lower in flour where the averaged NSPA and NSEL values were around 40 dB and 11 dB to 16 dB, respectively.
The concept of necessity under the GATT and national regulatory autonomy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The intrusive effects of the WTO on Members regulatory freedom have been a growing concern since the establishment of the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS). An assessment of the WTO case law exposes that the Appellate Body (AB) has introduced some elements within the<br />necessity test under GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) article XX which do not find support in the text of the agreement and are potentially invasive of countries regulatory autonomy. This paper examines the evolution of the WTO case law in relation to the necessity concept within GATT 1994. Finally, an adjustment in the application of the necessity test to make it more consistent with the GATT text and to achieve greater balance between free trade and WTO members’ regulatory autonomy is suggested.