jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior with and without extinction in a human operant model

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract One of the most common treatments for severe challenging behavior involves placing the challenging behavior on extinction and differentially reinforcing an alternative response (DRA). However, extinction is not always feasible and may be unsafe or impractical to implement in some circumstances. Thus, implementing a DRA without extinction intervention may be necessary for some cases. Currently, the extent to which DRA without extinction produces durable treatment outcomes, particularly as it relates to the resurgence of challenging behavior, is unclear. The present study investigated resurgence following DRA with and without extinction using a three‐phase resurgence evaluation in a translational human operant model with college students as participants. All participants demonstrated resurgence across both experimental groups. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence, magnitude, or persistence of resurgence between groups, levels of resurgence magnitude were relatively higher in the DRA‐without‐extinction group than in the DRA‐with‐extinction group. Clinical implications of these findings and directions for future human operant investigations of resurgence are discussed.
The Wax Moth Pheromone, Moth Influence, and Associated Glands

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The wax moth male secretes various pheromones to attract the female for mating. The volatiles induce species-specific influence, which modulates the behaviour of other members of the same species. The primary pheromones include nonanal and undecanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, decanal, undecanol, and 6, 10, 14 - trimethylpentadecanon-2. The specific chemicals are secreted by a pair of glands on the forewings of the male moth in the greater and lesser wax moth. These volatiles are essential for the adult stage and plays a critical role in larval and pupal aggregation. The specific chapter elaborates on the chemical composition of the pheromones, their influence on the conspecific individuals, and their role in modulating the mating behaviour, in the case of the greater wax moth (GWM) and the lesser wax moth (LWM).<br>
The Phonological Skills of Two-Way Immersion Learners: An Acoustic Analysis of Spanish Vowels

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Native-like pronunciation is necessary for membership into somesocial groups and to be considered a legitimate speaker of a language. Two-way bilingual immersion (TWBI) aims to develop bilingual individuals, able to participate in multiple global communities, and while the lexical, syntactic, and sociolinguistic development of TWBI learners is well documented, their phonological skills remain unexplored. This study sets out to address this gap by investigating TWBI learners' pronunciation of Spanish vowels, a sound class known to lead to a foreign accent, comparing the production of native English-speaking learners to those of their native Spanish-speaking peers and considering development over (apparent) time. A total of 80 TWBI students participated in this study, twenty (10 native English speakers, 10 native Spanish speakers) from each of four grade levels. Students were recorded carrying out an animal picture sorting task in pairs. Twenty tokens of each of the five Spanish vowels, for a total of 100 tokens per subject, were isolated and examined acoustically in order to measure first and second formant values. Analysis reveals that L2 learners of Spanish in the early elementary grades (first and third) differ considerably from their native Spanish-speaking peers. By fifth grade, the vowel space of the L2 learners resembles that of their Spanish-speaking peers in shape, size, and location. These findings will be discussed in light of previous work with other groups of immersion learners as well as adult L2 learners of Spanish.
A Comparison of Vitamin and Lutein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Four Asian Countries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vitamins are the essential elements for human life and, particularly, for infant health. Human milk is the best source of nutrients for newborns, however, the information of vitamins in Asian maternal milk is still limited. In this study, we have collected 580 Asian maternal milk samples from Korea (n = 254), China (n = 137), Pakistan (n = 92), and Vietnam (n = 97). The vitamin concentrations, including vitamin B-groups (8 vitamins), fat-soluble vitamin (retinol, D, E, K) and lutein in the breast milk of were investigated. The concentration of thiamin (B1), biotin (B7), and folic acid (B9) in mother’s milk of four countries were not considerably different, while riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and pyridoxine (B6) level in Vietnam samples were significantly lower than those in other countries. In contrast, retinol (A) and tocopherol (E) were found to be higher levels in Vietnamese maternal milk. Korean and Chinese maternal milk had low concentrations of retinol that may cause vitamin A deficiency in children. However, Chinese mother’s milk was distinguished with a high concentration of lutein. Pakistani mother’s milk was observed as having a significant problem of folic acid (B9) deficiency. Regardless of the country, vitamin B12, K, and D did not seem to be provided sufficiently through maternal milk. The moderate positive correlations were found between vitamin concentrations in each country and the pooled sample. The data obtained in this study were able to provide vital information to assess the nutritional status of breast milk in Asian countries and contributed to the efforts of ensuring the best nutrition for Asian children.
Sounding native: rating speakers of English from Asia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study explores whether a shift is taking place in terms of how the native speaker construct is viewed in relation to Asian Englishes. It investigates this issue through a speech ratings task. The goal of the current research is not to judge nativeness or ultimate attainment of the participants. Rather, the study investigates whether the construct of native speaker is being redefined as new varieties of English are gaining acceptance as legitimate varieties of English. The study comprises ratings of speech samples from 33 native speakers of English from Asia and 7 native speakers of English from Inner Circle countries. A total of 45 listeners rated each sample for nativeness on a 9-point Likert scale. The study also examined how listeners' perceptions of where the speaker was from and which the variety they felt the speaker spoke influenced ratings, as well as how the listeners' own backgrounds influenced ratings.
Tin-free radical reactions under minimal solvent conditions for the synthesis of substituted chromones and coumarins

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An alkyltin-free radical methodology carried out under minimal solvent conditions is presented. This free radical addition process allows for the preparation of a variety of substrates, including substituted chromones and coumarins. This method is high yielding, conducted at ambient temperature and, in nearly all instances, classical purification techniques such as chromatography are not needed.
Identification of chemoresistance-associated miRNAs in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to determine candidate miRNAs that could help to evaluate whether patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) would benefit from docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy. We downloaded the expression profiles of HSCC patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. miRNA profiles were analyzed via Principal Components Analysis (PCA), followed by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The Database Annotation for Visualization and Integrated Discovery tool was utilized for enrichment analysis; STRING and Cytoscape were used for network construction. We detected that hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p, and hsa-miR-130a-3p might act as crucial regulators in chemoresistance of HSCC, and they may play as prognosticators and therapeutic targets in the future. [Med-Science 2020; 9(1.000): 160-3]
Geo-environmental Hazards in the Coastal Regions of West Bengal, India

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The coastal zone is the area of interaction between land and sea. It includes both terrestrial as well as marine resources, which may be renewable as well as non-renewable. This paper assessed and cartographically analysed the impact of recent coastal geo-environmental hazards on coastal resources and also human life. Cyclonic storms, high wave action, tidal bore, coastal flood and also coastal erosion are the main geo-environmental hazards over the Bay of Bengal coastal area, especially the Kanthi coastal tract of west Bengal. Intensive visits to the study area, an extensive literature survey, and experimental documentary analysis were the three key measures in preparing this paper and conducting this study. Digha - Junput coastal tract over which this study was concentrated is a part of the Kanthi coastal plain of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Sea surface temperature over a period of 50 years was observed through this study to be changing up to the magnitude of about 0.019oC/year over the Bay of Bengal between the period from 1972 to 2005. As a result, the accelerated trend for the genesis and favourable conditions for the severe cyclones of 1978, 1988, 1989, 1995, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. The local sea level has risen, on average 15 cm/last 3 decades. High wave action and coastal floods due to cyclonic storms and also high rainfall during the monsoon seasons (In record and evidence of the highest sea gauge during the last 30 years generally increasing which is relatively 2 m to 3 m) have been affected to coastal environment. On the other hand, coastal erosion is another geomorphic hazard identified in this study to be due to high wave action during the cyclonic period and also the monsoonal season. As a result, about 25 m to 50 m/year of coastal land has been eroded at Digha-Shankarpur and adjoining coastal tract. For this reason, the popular and famous beach tourism spot Digha-Mandarmoni of West Bengal has been extremely affected and also destroyed the gentle sea beach in recent times. Agricultural crops mainly food grains, vegetables, cashew nuts, betelvine and many commercial crops and horticulture have been affected by the geo-environmental hazards of this area. So, resource depletion and resource crisis are the main problems in this area in recent times. On the other hand, numerous geo-environmental hazards throughout the year have attacked the coastal inhabitants. For this reason, the coastal people of the Kanthi coastal area have been suffering continually during the last 50 years. As a result, thousands of people are environmental refugees. The situation can be tackled by enhancing risk preparedness and the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities. So, it is right for the planning of coastal zone management by the proper and cartographic techniques.
Three-dimensional coherence beamforming using row-column arrays and matrix arrays

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Much advancement in 3D ultrasound imaging has been achieved in recent years, allowing for its implementation in many research capacities. Translation of 3D imaging to a clinical setting has been hindered by small fields of view, expensive equipment and poor image quality. For ultrafast imaging, these challenges are accentuated by the need for a small number of transmission events. The row-column array is an emerging technology which can produce large field-of-view 3D ultrasound images, however, they can produce major artefacts when operated at high frame rates. Here we present some techniques which have been developed to improve the image quality and reduce the artifact level of row-column arrays by exploiting the incoherence of the transmission schemes. Presented will be the Row-Column specific Frame Multiply and Sum beamforming along with a technique for implementing Acoustic Sub-Aperture Processing which improves signal-to-noise ratio whilst also increasing the effective frame rate. Additional coherence-based algorithms, which have previously been developed for 2D imaging, are implemented and presented here for 3D imaging using a matrix array probe. All of the above algorithms have been optimised for super-resolution but should improve all types of 3D ultrasound imaging.
Does Foreign Aid Increase Foreign Direct Investment?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The notion that foreign aid and foreign direct investment (FDI) are complementary sources of capital is conventional among governments and internationalcooperation agencies. This paper argues that the notion is incomplete. Within the framework of an open economy Solow model we show that the theoretical relationship between foreign aid and FDI is indeterminate. Aid may raise the marginal productivity of capital by financing complementary inputs, such as public infrastructure projects and human capital investment. However, aid may also crowd out productive private investments if it comes in the shape of physical capital transfers. We therefore turn to an empirical analysis of the relationship between FDI and disaggregated aid flows. Our results strongly support the hypotheses that aid invested in complementary inputs draws in foreign capital while aid invested in physical capital crowds out FDI. The combined effect of these two types of aid is small but on average positive.
Fabrication of hierarchical Ti6Al4V structures by hydrothermal treatment and laser interference lithography with enhanced ice resistance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Icing widely exists in aerospace, transportation and electric power communication, causing great safety risks to people's production and life. Inhibiting icing is of great significance in practical engineering applications, and thus, employing an economical and efficient anti-icing method is a research hotspot. In this work, an anti-icing structured surface was fabricated by combining direct laser interference lithography (DLIL) with hydrothermal treatment. A micro-pillar array structure on the tc4 substrate was easily fabricated by DLIL, and a layer of nano-grass structure on the micro-pillar array was grown by hydrothermal treatment. These hierarchically textured surfaces exhibited low-temperature-adaptive water repellency (150° at −10°C, which delayed the frozen time (DT∼1h) and dropped frozen temperature. The above conditions were analyzed from the angle of wettability and heat conduction, and the influence of structure and wettability on ice resistance was discussed.
Research and Design of Short Message Service System Based on ARM and GPRS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, data service has been gaining popularity in embedded system and general packet radio service (GPRS). In this paper, we first analysis the embedded system theory, short message service (SMS), and combine with the latest computer technology, network technology, communication technology and GPRS technology, then propose an method to design the short message service system based on ARM and GPRS. We put forward the system principle block diagram and the hardware circuit of GPRS. At the same time, we give the software process flow and specific algorithm, namely, GPRS initialization module, port 1 receiving interruption module, GPRS communicate with S3C2410's port 1 module and sending message module. This proposed technique is well suited for various applications and has good prospects.
Incidence of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and hypothyroidism in patients with metastatic cancer treated with cabozantinib: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

204 Background: Cabozantinib is an oral inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, including VEGFR, KIT, RET and MET, and is proven to be beneficial in different types of tumors. Nevertheless, there are noteworthy safety concerns. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to determine the risk of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) and hypothyroidism among patients with metastatic cancer treated with cabozantinib. Methods: We systematically conducted a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE databases and meeting abstracts through January 31, 2017. The randomized controlled phase 3 trials that mention PPE and hypothyroidism as adverse effects were incorporated in the analysis. Mantel-Haenszel method was used to calculate the estimated pooled risk ratio (RR), and risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Random effects model was applied. Results: Three phase 3 RCTs with a total of 1999 patients were eligible for analysis. Studies compared cabozantinib (C) vs everolimus, C vs placebo, C vs prednisone, were included in the analysis. All grade-PPE incidence was 499 (36.6%) in cabozantinib arm vs 26 (3.36%) in control arm with a RR of 13.998 (95% CI: 5.409 – 36.224, P < 0.0001). The absolute RD was 0.374 (95% CI: 0.258 – 0.489, P < 0.0001). High-grade PPE was reported in 93 (7.58%) in cabozantinib group vs 3 (0.39%) in control group with a RR of 12.486 (95% CI: 4.529 – 34.426, P < 0.0001). The RD was 0.080 (95% CI: 0.045 – 0.115, P < 0.0001). The overall incidence of hypothyroidism was noted in 292 (23.82%) in cabozantinib arm vs 24 (3.1%) in control arm. The pooled RR of hypothyroidism was 15.825 (95% CI: 1.229 – 203.820, P = 0.034) and RD was 0.237 (95% CI: 0.113 – 0.361, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that cabozantinib contributed to significant toxicity of all-grade and high-grade PPE as well as hypothyroidism. Identifying these toxicities may aide physicians in providing good supportive care and patients’ quality of life.
Imaging the effect of acupuncture needling on human connective tissue in vivo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The therapeutic effects of acupuncture have been known fro thousands of years. However, only recently have there been significant attempts to understand the underlying mechanism and provide a scientific basis behind these effects. In this paper, ultra-sound based motion estimation techniques are used in order to understand the effect of acupuncture. It is expected that the understanding of the mechanism of acupuncture will establish the latter in the western world as a valid alternative for treatment of certain pathologies. In vivo ultrasonic imaging using a System FiVe (Vingmed) at 7.5 MHz was performed on the thigh muscle of four human subjects at different stages of needle motion, which included rotation or no rotation (depending on the case), and downward and upward movement using a computer-controlled acupuncture needling instrument based on Langevin et al. (2002) and Langevin et al. (2001). Zero, four, eight and 16 full (360/spl deg/) needle rotations using a disposable stainless steel needle (0.25 mm in diameter) were applied and compared to the cases without rotation. Displacements were estimated using the ultrasonic radio-frequency data, and crosscorrelation techniques were utilized as previously described in elastography by H.M. Langevin and J.A. Yandow (2002) with a 2mm window and a window overlap of 60%. Seventy RF scans were acquired continuously during each experiment at the rate of 13.2 frames/s. Cine-loop displacement images were generated off-line during and between the different needle movement. We found that tissue displacement could be estimated using only the stimulus caused by the needle movement. Tissue displacement amplitude increased by up to five-fold during needle rotation. Rotation also had a significant effect on tissue displacement during downward (P<0.001) and upward (P<0.05). This technique therefore provided successful mapping and quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal tissue behavior during acupuncture needle manipulation, and may become a valuable tool for future studies of acupuncture's mechanism of action.
Fungi of the Northwestern Himalayas: Ustilaginales

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYTwenty-one collections of smuts made by Dr. R. R. Stewart and Mrs. I. D. Stewart in North Western India have been investigated. Of these Ustilago Cordai, Ustilago reticulata, Cintractia Elynae, Pericladium Grewiae and Urocystis Colchici are new records for India. Two smuts, Sphacelotheca Stewartii and Cintractia Kohresiae, are proposed as new species. The smut on Grewia which was placed in the genus Ustilago by Hennings has been restored back to the genus Pericladium proposed by Passerini for its reception and the genus itself has been transferred from the Uredinales to the Ustilaginales. Zundel's genus Xylosorium has been shown to be a synonym of Pericladium and his Xylosorium Piperii is proposed as Pericladium Piperii (Zundel).
Music in the Making: experimenting with an open and collaborative learning environment

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The musical world of young conservatoire graduates is increasingly diverse. Many graduates end up playing in educational performances, musical theatre performances or other innovative crossover musical practices. Such multidisciplinary practices seem to demand different skills than technical virtuosity alone. How can we train tomorrow’s musicians? What kinds of non-musical skills and competencies do they need to flourish in contemporary music practices? These questions inspired our experimental learning environment Music in the Making. Acknowledging the changing musical practices of young musicians, we set out to experiment with learning skills that evolve around collaboration, creativity and engagement. In this article we outline some of our findings from Music in the Making and discuss implications for the role students and teachers play in such a learning process.