jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Vaccines: New Ground for Optimism?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against genital herpes has proven problematic. Difficulties are associated with the complexity of the virus life cycle (latency) and our relatively poor understanding of the mechanism of immune control of primary and recurrent disease. The types of effector cells and the mechanisms responsible for their activation and regulation are particularly important. Studies from my and other laboratories have shown that recurrent disease is prevented by virus-specific T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (viz., gamma interferon) and activated innate immunity. Th2 cytokines (viz., interleukin-10 [IL-10]) and regulatory (suppressor) T cells downregulate this immune profile, thereby allowing unimpeded replication of reactivated virus and recurrent disease. Accordingly, an effective therapeutic vaccine must induce Th1 immunity and be defective in Th2 cytokine production, at least IL-10. These concepts are consistent with the findings of the most recent clinical trials, which indicate that (i) a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD-2) vaccine formulated with a Th1-inducing adjuvant has prophylactic activity in HSV-2- and HSV-1-seronegative females, an activity attributed to the adjuvant function, and (ii) a growth-defective HSV-2 mutant (ICP10ΔPK), which is deleted in the Th2-polarizing gene ICP10PK, induces Th1 immunity and has therapeutic activity in both genders. The ICP10ΔPK vaccine prevents recurrent disease in 44% of treated subjects and reduces the frequency and severity of recurrences in the subjects that are not fully protected. Additional studies to evaluate these vaccines are warranted.
Oscillating universe from an inhomogeneous equation of state and coupled dark energy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An occurrence of an oscillating Universe is showed using an inhomogeneous equation of state for dark energy fluid. The Hubble parameter described presents a periodic behavior such that early and late time acceleration are unified under the same mechanism. Also, it is considered a coupling between dark energy fluid, with homogeneous and constant EoS, and matter, that gives a periodic Universe too. The possible phantom phases and future singularities are studied in the oscillating Universe under discussion. The equivalent scalar-tensor representation for the same oscillating Universe is presented too.
Purification and Characterization of a Catalytic Subunit of an Adenosine 3': 5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase from Human Erythrocyte Membranes1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protein kinase [EC 2.7.1.37] of human erythrocyte membranes was solubilized with 0.5 M NaCl in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.7 at 4 degrees C and purified on a CM-Sephadex C-50 column, followed by affinity chromatography on a histone-Sepharose 4B column. The purified protein kinase gave a single band (molecular weight; 41,000) on examination by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 8.0 and a millimolar range of concentration of Mg2+ was required for its maximum activity. Histone and protamine were well phosphorylated by the protein kinase but casein and phosvitin were poor phosphate acceptors for the enzyme. The enzymic activity was not stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). A cAMP-finding protein from human erythrocyte membranes inhibited the activity of the protein kinase, but the activity was restored with cAMP. A heat stable protein inhibitor from rabbit skeletal muscle also inhibited this enzyme. From these observations, this protein kinase seemed to be a catalytic subunit of the membrane bound cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This enzyme was strongly inhibited with Ca2+ in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2. Various sulfhydryl reagents and polyamines also had inhibitory activity on the protein kinase. Natural substrates of the enzyme were investigated using heat treated membranes and 0.5 M NaCl extracted membrane residues. Band 4.1, 4.2, and 4.5 proteins were phosphorylated but band 2 (spectrin) and band 3 proteins were poor substrates for this protein kinase.
Diamond film growth by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Diamond particles and continuous films have been successfully grown by Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (MPECVD). The particles and films were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. Current-Voltage measurement and secondary ions mass spectrometry were being used to verify the presence of boron in the boron-doped diamond film. Silicon (Si) is mainly used as a substrate for the experimental studies.
Adenoviral Vectors for Gene Replacement Therapy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Adenovirus-based vectors are promising vehicles for gene replacement therapy due to their ability to efficiently transduce a wide variety of proliferating and non-proliferating cells. Over the past decade, different versions of adenoviral vectors (Ads) have been developed. These vectors can be classified into two major categories, based on whether the viral coding sequences are partially (first or second-generation Ads) or completely deleted (helper-dependent or gutted Ads). Both types of Ads have been tested in a variety of gene delivery studies, and major obstacles to their clinical application have been identified. Currently, innate and adaptive host immune responses to Ads remain major challenges, limiting both the initial viral dose and the effectiveness of subsequent administrations. Recent developments in vector design and delivery methods have improved the potential of Ads for successful gene therapy application.
The Decline and Fall of Spectacle

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article analyses the decline and fall of most forms of Roman spectacle in Late Antiquity, as the empire contracted in some places and collapsed in others. It explores the evolution and development of various other spectacles—especially equestrian games like tournaments, hunting, and palii—in Rome’s medieval and early modern Latin, Byzantine, and Islamic successor societies, which shared many of the characteristics of ancient spectacle in terms of function if not necessarily form. It also examines the privatization of public spectacle and sites of spectacle in the Middle Ages, as well as the enduring impact of the images of Roman spectacle—especially those associated with the hippodrome in Constantinople—as expressions of political power in medieval and early modern Europe.
Institutional Investors’ Corporate Site Visits and Firms’ Sustainable Development

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Institutional investors are essential stakeholders of the firm, and they care about firms’ sustainable development. In this study, we focused on a prevalent and essential type of information acquisition activity of institutional investors: corporate site visits, which refers to their trip to the firms’ headquarters and factories. We investigated the impact of institutional investors’ corporate site visits on firms’ likelihood of environmental violation. Using Chinese listed manufacturing firms in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2017, the econometric analysis shows that institutional investors’ corporate site visits significantly decrease firms’ likelihood of environmental violation. Moreover, this effect is more pronounced for firms in heavily polluting industries, firms not owned by the government, and firms with less institutional shareholding. Furthermore, we show that institutional investors’ corporate site visits prevent environmental violations by increasing firms’ environmental investment. Our study highlights the importance of institutional investors’ corporate site visits by showing that they are beneficial to the firms visited.
Resource-saving technology for growing young cattle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Currently, in Uzbekistan, livestock accounts for 57.9% of the total gross agricultural output. The article discusses a new method of growing and feeding young cattle in the hot climate of Uzbekistan. The factors influencing the growth and development of animals in the early postembryonic period, methods of feeding milk and colostrum, modern methods of feeding, zoohygienic parameters of the microclimate in lightweight rooms and in individual houses, morphological parameters of blood and exterior features of calves are taken on different ways of content. For the purpose of more intensive rearing of young cattle in the hot climate of Uzbekistan, is recommended to use inexpensive lightweight premises and individual houses. Analysis of the data on the content of erythrocytes, leukocytes and hemoglobin indicates that age-related changes in these indicators in bulls of all groups are within the physiological norm.
Mycoremediation (bioremediation with fungi) – growing mushrooms to clean the earth

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Some of the prospects of using fungi, principally white-rot fungi, for cleaning contaminated land are surveyed. That white-rot fungi are so effective in degrading a wide range of organic molecules is due to their release of extra-cellular lignin-modifying enzymes, with a low substrate-specificity, so they can act upon various molecules that are broadly similar to lignin. The enzymes present in the system employed for degrading lignin include lignin-peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), various H2O2 producing enzymes and laccase. The degradation can be augmented by adding carbon sources such as sawdust, straw and corn cob at polluted sites.
Delineating the contributors towards brand loyalty for fast food restaurants : the case of McDonald’s Singapore.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Using data obtained from self-administrated surveys, this study examined the attributes that motivates consumers to patronize McDonald’s in Singapore. Specifically, we seek to investigate the relative significance of these operational attributes in influencing purchase intention, and subsequently brand loyalty. Using factor analysis and regression analysis, our study uncovers five components that appear instrumental in instilling brand loyalty. We found that strong purchase intention, efficient service crew, extensive menu and reasonably priced food contribute towards loyalty for, and continued patronage at McDonald’s. In addition, purchase intention not only instills brand loyalty, to some extent, it also mediates the influence of other factors on brand loyalty. Notably, our study found that positive service crew attributes and strong purchase intention jointly exerts considerable impact in determining one’s brand loyalty. In sum, while our study focused solely on McDonald’s in Singapore, it has also unveiled relevant insights into areas which local fast food operators can work on to strengthen loyalty among its consumers.
Academic Publishing: Making the Implicit Explicit

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For doctoral students, publishing in peer-reviewed journals is a task many face with anxiety and trepidation. The world of publishing, from choosing a journal, negotiating with editors and navigating reviewers’ responses is a bewildering place. Looking in from the outside, it seems that successful and productive academic writers have knowledge that is inaccessible to novice scholars. While there is a growing literature on writing for scholarly publication, many of these publications promote writing and publishing as a straightforward activity that anyone can achieve if they follow the rules. We argue that the specific and situated contexts in which academic writers negotiate publishing practices is more complicated and messy. In this paper, we attempt to make explicit our publishing processes to highlight the complex nature of publishing. We use autoethnographic narratives to provide discussion points and insights into the challenges of publishing peer reviewed articles. One narrative is by a doctoral student at the beginning of her publishing career, who expresses her desires, concerns and anxieties about writing for publication. The other narrative focuses on the publishing practices of a more experienced academic writer. Both are international scholars working in the Canadian context. The purpose of this paper is to explore academic publishing through the juxtaposition of these two narratives to make explicit some of the more implicit processes. Four themes emerge from these narratives. To publish successfully, academic writers need: (1) to be discourse analysts; (2) to have a critical competence; (3) to have writing fluency; and (4) to be emotionally intelligent.
Application of hybrid external fixation in the treatment of complex extremity fracture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of treating complex extremity fracture by hybrid external fixation.Methods Retrospective analysis was made on 94 cases of orthopedic fracture patients who were received treatment in the author's hospital from January 2010 to January 2012.All patients were treated with hybrid external fixation,and observed the clinical effects and complications in patients after surgery.Results Patients were followed up for 3-20 months,the healing of the fracture site were in good condition,and up to 100%.Conclusion It has small trauma,reliable fixation,high cure rate and lower complication of hybrid external fixation treating in complex extremity fractureIt is worthy of promotion.
Passage : an editorial design project.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

passage is an editorial design project in the form of a cultural magazine. There are a number of existing publications that talk about countries like India, but they are always in terms of a travel perspective, discussing the ideal tourist spots to visit. This project is not attempting to convince readers to visit India; it is simply striving to show the beauty and wonder of the country while breaking stereotypes. This project attempts to tell people about India from the inside, to show them the soul. This is achieved by taking an extremely personal viewpoint rather than a textbook one. The hypothesis is that a magazine displaying the modernity and traditions of India can be used to break existing stereotypes about the country due to misrepresentations in current media; and create a new image in the mind of the reader by using interviews and personal opinions that tell people’s stories. The magazine is to be made available for convenient reading in places of commute such as airports, planes, bus interchanges, train stations and taxis.
Current perspective of gut-lung axis (GLA) in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The potential organic cross-talk of gut-lung and complex pathways including their corresponding microbiota have emphasized the existent of a gut–lung axis (GLA). Evidences considered the indispensable role of inter-kingdom crosstalk in maintaining host homeostasis by shaping local cell function, immune responses, and intercede the course of respiratory diseases, including pulmonary tuberculosis infection (PTB). A significant decrease of gut microbiota species number and diversity in TB patients compared to healthy group has conveyed that the gut microbiota may impact on M. tuberculosis (MTB) infection. In this review, we will provide an overview of the possible functional part of the gut microbiota in TB immunity and its role as the host-microbiota directed therapy (HMDT) in TB management. The literature search of this review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with specific terms and no specification of article publication time. Microbial-host immune interaction in TB infection studies and potential use of microbial-based therapy in TB are listed and described. In sum, further researches are needed to identify strain-specific effect, gut microbiota anti-tubercular mechanism, and the role of other non-bacteria kingdom in immune function and disease.
Development of solid surface modification technologies on the base of magnetron plasma sources in Nuclear Physics Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Research was carried out aiming at development of technologies and industrial scale equipment for processing of large area sheet materials using magnetron sputtering systems (MSS). The properties of MSS with cylindrical and planar diodes, and with cathodes made from various materials, were investigated. The problems of their calculation and design, volt-ampere characteristics, emissive properties, and role of gas medium, were studied. Magnetic field parameter optimization, heat injection and thermal protection of cathodes, spatial heterogeneity of particle flow, were analyzed. Studies of deposited coating properties were carried out in parallel: rate of deposition, adhesion to substrate, optical characteristics. Optimal deposition modes for formation of technical and household mirrors, colored sheet glasses, preparation of metal, oxide, nitride and oxide-nitride coatings, were found. Multilayer optical deposition technology was worked out. In particular, hard heat preserving coatings were obtained. They are transparent in the visible optical range and reflect up to 90% in the infrared. On the basis of these results, some variants of industrial scale technologies and MSS plants were developed and manufactured.
Causal Decision Theory, Two-Boxing, and Deliberation-Compatibilism: A Reply to Sandgren and Williamson

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The possibility of predetermined choices raises a challenge for Causal Decision Theory [Ahmed 2014b]. Sandgren and Williamson [2021] have recently proposed a response—Selective Causal Decision Theory—that they hope will avoid Ahmed’s counterexamples, maintain (a particular kind of) compatibilism, and endorse universal Two-boxing in Newcomb’s Problem—CDT’s raison d’être. Their proposal does an admirable job of satisfying the first two desiderata. However, in this reply I raise several worries about whether it can satisfy the third.
Üç Vatan Şairi ve Şiirlerinde Mekân Ögeleri / Three Motherland Poets and the Features of Place in Their Poems

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>In poetry, “place” is an important term and impacts text or context beside other elements such as theme, symbol and image. Defining elements of place in poetry helps us reveal the main parts of the poem.</p><p>In terms of the influence of used rhetoric on readers, using place elements is complementary for the mind and sensation.</p><p>Furthermore, it can present hints about poet’s poetic world and highlight some parts of his private life; it can touch upon poet’s social and political views, even on some truths about his philosophy on existence.</p><p>Place in a poem is the place where situation takes place; a depiction of a place; a reference to a place or just a simple name. It can be abstract or concrete and can have some symbolic or allegorical features according to the purpose. While it has a great influence on characters and tone, it can also determine the mood in the poem. This study analyses the elements of place in the poems by Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı, Sezai Karakoç and Ahmet Arif, who will be called “Motherland Poets” as they give importance to the theme of love for motherland, which is the common characteristic of three poets. </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>“Mekân”; şiirde tema, sembol ve imge gibi edebi ögelerin yanında mâna ya da içeriğe etki eden önemli bir kavramdır. Mekân unsurlarının tespiti -deyim yerindeyse- şiirin mühürlendiği ana damarların ortaya çıkarılmasını sağlar. Kullanılan söz sanatlarının okur üzerindeki etkisi açısından ise şiirde mekân unsurlarına yer verilmesinin zihnî ve hissî anlamda tamamlayıcı olduğu söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte, şairin şiir evrenine dair önemli ipuçları verip yaşamından kesitler sunabilir; sosyal ve siyasi fikirlerine ve hatta kendi varoluş felsefesine dair bilgilere işaret edebilir. En basit tanımıyla şiirde mekân unsurları olayın geçtiği yer olmakla birlikte bir mekân tasviri, mekâna gönderme şeklinde kendini gösterir. Şiirde mekân somut veya soyut olabilirken, amaca göre gerçek ya da sembolik/alegorik bir nitelik taşıyabilir. Mekân, karakterler ve üslup üzerinde oldukça tesirliyken, şiire hâkim olan duygu durumunun da belirleyicisi olabilmektedir. İçerik analizine dayalı bu çalışma Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı, Sezai Karakoç ve Ahmet Arif’in kullandığı mekân ögelerini ve bunların önemini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Üç yazarın mekân tercihlerinde ve tasvirlerinde kesişen yönler incelendiğinde en belirgin ortak yönlerinden birinin vatan temasına verdikleri önem olduğu görüldüğünden bu üç şair tarafımızca “Vatan Şairi” olarak anılmaktadır. </p>
The role of wildfire and topography in shaping aspen regeneration after the Hayman Fire, CO, USA

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Unusually rapid and widespread mortality in Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) has been documented throughout the 21st century primarily as a result of warm, dry weather conditions. Although aspen are not drought-adapted, aspen are well adapted to wildfire. Increases in wildfire severity and extent as a result of climate change may provide opportunities for aspen regeneration, especially at mid- and high-elevation sites. Aspen's sensitivity to drought suggests that regeneration following fire might be constrained to cooler and wetter topographic locations on the landscape which reduce drought stress on vegetation. While aspen mortality is demonstrated to occur at low elevation sites, aspen establishment and persistence is known to occur at high elevation sites due to cooler, wetter conditions. Low- and high-elevation aspen persistence is well-understood; however, patterns of aspen regeneration and persistence at mid-elevation sites is still relatively unexplored. We use the 2002 Hayman fire (Colorado, USA) to explore whether high-severity wildfire has provided opportunities for aspen regeneration at mid-elevations in which aspen was not observed before the fire. If regeneration has occurred, we ask if regeneration is contingent on topographic conditions. Cool, wet microclimates created by fine-scale topography at mid-elevations may allow for increased aspen regeneration, however this is unexplored in the Hayman landscape. Our findings demonstrate that the Hayman fire provided opportunities for aspen regeneration at mid-elevation sites in which aspen were not observed before the fire and that the density of regeneration is contingent on topography. Specifically, aspen regeneration is most dense at mid-elevations on steep slopes. Ecosystem management may focus on threats to aspen health and vigor (i.e. ungulate herbivory) on steep slopes at mid-elevations rather than at low-elevation sites.