jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cell surface-bound elastase and cathepsin G on human neutrophils: a novel, non-oxidative mechanism by which neutrophils focus and preserve catalytic activity of serine proteinases.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Serine proteinases of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils play an important role in neutrophil-mediated proteolytic events; however, the non-oxidative mechanisms by which the cells can degrade extracellular matrix in the presence of proteinase inhibitors have not been elucidated. Herein, we provide the first report that human neutrophils express persistently active cell surface-bound human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G on their cell surface. Unstimulated neutrophils have minimal cell surface expression of these enzymes; however, phorbol ester induces a 30-fold increase. While exposure of neutrophils to chemoattractants (fMLP and C5a) stimulates modest (two- to threefold) increases in cell surface expression of serine proteinases, priming with concentrations of lipopolysaccharide as low as 100 fg/ml leads to striking (up to 10-fold) increase in chemoattractant-induced cell surface expression, even in the presence of serum proteins. LPS-primed and fMLP-stimulated neutrophils have approximately 100 ng of cell surface human leukocyte elastase activity per 10(6) cells. Cell surface-bound human leukocyte elastase is catalytically active, yet is remarkably resistant to inhibition by naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors. These data indicate that binding of serine proteinases to the cell surface focuses and preserves their catalytic activity, even in the presence of proteinase inhibitors. Upregulated expression of persistently active cell surface-bound serine proteinases on activated neutrophils provides a novel mechanism to facilitate their egress from the vasculature, penetration of tissue barriers, and recruitment into sites of inflammation. Dysregulation of the cell surface expression of these enzymes has the potential to cause tissue destruction during inflammation.
Toward an understanding of creative solution generation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Researchers have sought a better understanding of creativity for more than a century and the resulting investigations have shed a great deal of light on the subject of creativity. Approaches employed to study creativity can be grouped into four overlapping perspectives (Product, Person, Press, and Process) each with its own strengths and weaknesses. These perspectives, known as the Four P's of creativity, represent a framework to help organize the existing creativity literature. This paper examines the creativity literature in terms of the Four P's and argues that existing theories do not sufficiently explain a cognitive mechanism of creative solution production in a problem-solving environment. The Cognitive Network Model of creativity aims to explain one possible causal mechanism behind the generation of creative solutions to problems. The implications of this model have the potential to influence the design of and techniques for using electronic brainstorming tools and may lead to significant gains in creativity as well as our understanding of how it occurs.
Comparing a novel, virtual, group-based guided self-help to unguided self-help for the treatment of binge-eating disorder in adults: a randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Binge Focused Therapy (BFT) is a 3-session, group-based, guided self-help treatment for binge-eating disorder (BED). In this parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT), adults with BED were randomized to virtual BFT or a traditional unguided self-help approach (Overcoming Binge Eating; Fairburn, 2013). Self-report measures were collected at baseline, week 6, week 10 (posttreatment), 6- and 12-month follow-up. We hypothesized BFT (n = 82) would lead to better BED outcomes and lower dropout than unguided self-help (n = 82). Our intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated a significant effect of treatment group on BED symptomatology (primary outcome; β= - 5.04, p < .001, 95% CI [ - 7.57, - 2.52]), binge frequency (β= - 3.24, p = .001, 95% CI [ - 5.22, - 1.26]), general ED symptomatology (β= - 0.91, p < .001, 95% CI [ - 1.17, - 0.65]), clinical impairment (β= - 6.27, p < .001, 95% CI [ - 8.78, - 3.77]), confidence to change binge eating (β = 1.22, p < .001, 95% CI [0.56, 1.89]), BED remission (OR = 4.98, p = .003, 95% CI [1.72, 14.40]), and treatment attrition (β = 0.456, p < .001), with the BFT group reporting greater improvements and lower dropout. We did not find evidence of a significant effect of group on binge-eating abstinence (OR = 2.01, p = .103, 95% CI [0.87, 4.64]). BFT may be an effective BED treatment that could overcome common barriers to treatment implementation and accessibility.
A disconnect between upslope shifts and climate change in an Afrotropical bird community

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Climate change threatens to push species to higher elevations and eventual extinction. Birds, in particular, are shown to be shifting upslope in the Neotropics and Southeast Asia. Yet previous studies have lacked the temporal resolution to investigate distributional dynamics over time in relation to climatic fluctuations, especially in the understudied Afrotropics. Here, we used 15 years of point‐count data from across an elevational gradient (1,767–2,940 m) in Rwanda, to assess elevational shift rates and dynamics in a community of Afrotropical birds. In general, species shifted their elevations upslope by 1.9 m/year, especially at their lower elevational limits which shifted by 4.4 m/year. Importantly, these shifts occurred despite the fact that local temperature and precipitation showed little trend over the study period. Moreover, the interannual distributions of few species were associated with temperature, suggesting that temperature played little direct role in determining elevational distributions of birds. Instead, upslope shifts may be more related to incremental shifts in habitat and resources which lag behind decades of increased temperature in the region. Precipitation appeared to have more of an effect than temperature in determining interannual elevational changes, allowing species to expand their ranges in years of higher rainfall. Our results highlight the need to understand the mechanisms driving upslope shifts as they occur throughout the tropics. It will be critical for montane regions of the tropics to preserve contiguous blocks of forest across elevational gradients to allow wildlife to shift unimpeded.
Phase I study of docosahexaenoic acid-paclitaxel: a taxane-fatty acid conjugate with a unique pharmacology and toxicity profile.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The starting dose recommended for subsequent studies is 1100 mg/m(2). DHA-paclitaxel dramatically alters the PK profile of derived paclitaxel compared with values observed after a 3-h infusion of paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2)). In addition, its favorable toxicity profile offers potential advantages over existing taxanes.
Resonance Electromagnetic Absorption by Nonspherical Dielectric Objects

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The extended boundary condition method (EBCM) is used to develop a theoretical solution for the internal fields of isotropic and homogeneous nonspherical dielectric objects. The formulation is particularly effective for resonance-sized bodies. The computational capabilities of the technique are demonstrated by presenting numerical calculations of absorption efficiency versus electrical size (ka) and internal-field distributions at resonance for a number of Iossy axisymmetric objects including spheres, spheroids, and a finite cylinder. The numerical limitations are discussed and a method is given which allows extension of the numerical technique to a larger class of problems.
A Prospective Population-Based Study of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality following Treatment for Breast Cancer among Men in the United States, 2000–2019

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Male breast cancer is rare but its incidence and mortality are increasing in the United States, with racial/ethnic disparities in survival reported. There is limited evidence for cardiotoxicity of cancer treatment among men with breast cancer. We evaluated the relation between breast cancer treatment and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among men and investigated the salient roles that race/ethnicity play on this relation. Data were from 5216 men with breast cancer aged ≥ 40 years from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program who were diagnosed from 2000 to 2019 and underwent surgery. Competing risk models were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). During a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 1914 deaths occurred with 25% attributable to CVD. In multivariable-adjusted models, men who received chemotherapy had elevated risk for CVD (HR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.18–2.04). This risk was higher among Hispanic men (HR: 3.96, 95%CI: 1.31–12.02) than non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White men. There was no significant association between radiotherapy and CVD deaths. In this population-based study, treatment with chemotherapy was associated with elevated risk of CVD mortality in men with breast cancer. Racial/ethnic disparities in the association of chemotherapy and CVD mortality were observed.
Li‐Ion Batteries: SnO2 Anode Surface Passivation by Atomic Layer Deposited HfO2 Improves Li‐Ion Battery Performance (Small 14/2014)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A facile approach is demonstrated by H. N. Alshareef and co-workers for the fabrication of α-Fe2O3 mesocrystals/graphene nanohybrids by self-assembly of FeOOH nanorods as the primary building blocks on graphene under hydrothermal conditions, accompanied and promoted by concomitant phase transition from FeOOH to α-Fe2O3. On page 2849, the nanohybrids with unique sufficient porous structure and high electrical conductivity allow effective ion and charge transport in the whole electrode, which shows superior electrochemical performances.
Tensile and Elastocaloric Properties of Natural/Devulcanized Waste Rubber Blends

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The need for eco‐friendly cooling materials and material recycling are two urgent challenges to address. In this paper, the role of the ground tyre rubber treatment (cryo‐grinding and devulcanization) is investigated on the tensile and elastocaloric properties of Natural rubber (NR)/ ground tyre rubber (GTR). The GTR particles that are sieved (<63µm) and devulcanized by microwave irradiation (1 min at 800Watts) exhibit a low network chain density (0.53 × 10 −4 mol.cm −3 ) resulting from crosslinks breakage and rubber chains scission, as supported by FTIR showing a decrease of S─S, C─S, and C─C bonds. The NR/GTR blends show a high elastocaloric effect as compared to the pristine NR, which can be ascribed to the high content of carbon black in the GTR (52 wt.%) and also the high level of devulcanization of the GTR. NR/GTR blends reach a heating of +8 °C and a cooling of >−6 °C, resulting in a material's coefficient of performance COP mat = 2.8–3 compared to 2.6 for the pristine NR. The concomitant effect of cryogrinding and microwave devulcanization is proposed as a way to improve the tensile and elastocaloric properties of natural rubber/waste rubber blends for their possible integration into elastocaloric devices for heating/cooling applications.
Predicting intentions to get the COVID‐19 vaccine in India: An integration of theory of planned behaviour and health belief model

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine intention to receive Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) vaccination in India. An integrated model of Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) and Health Belief Model (HBM) was used. Online survey was conducted in Delhi NCR region to find out the intention to receive vaccination. Data was collected from 845 respondents during 15 February 2021–15 March 2021, just after COVID‐19 vaccination became available in the India. Partial Least Square‐Structural Equation Modelling was used to establish the relationships. The results of the analysis show that proposed framework is significant and explained 71% variance in intentions. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and self‐efficacy from the TPB had direct (or significant independent) effects on intention and perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility from the HBM have indirect effect on the intentions through attitude. The present study can be used to maximise the uptake of vaccination in any future pandemic. This theoretically‐driven model can be used to guide health policy makers and health care providers to increase the uptake of vaccination.
Effectiveness of tongue‐tie assessment tools in diagnosing and fulfilling lingual frenectomy criteria: a systematic review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT It is unclear how effective tongue‐tie classification assessment tools are in diagnosing symptomatic tongue‐tie and fulfilling lingual frenectomy criteria. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine and evaluate any association between tongue‐tie severity, as measured by pre‐treatment assessment tools, and post‐operative outcome following tongue‐tie division. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane search engines were used to retrieve articles published between 1947 and 2021. Included studies consisted of patients with symptomatic tongue‐tie, assessment by either the Coryllos, Kotlow, or Hazelbaker Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function (HATLFF) classification tool, and tongue‐tie division. A total of 205 abstracts were identified; 31 studies met the criteria for a full‐text review, of which, only 14 studies met the criteria for data extraction and analysis. Six studies used the HATLFF, 2 studies used the Kotlow, 5 studies used the Coryllos, and 1 study used a combination of both Kotlow and Coryllos methods. Significant heterogeneity was evident across all studies. No statistical correlation between the two variables could be determined. Although tongue‐tie division procedures appear to provide benefits in breastfeeding and speech, there are no data to suggest a statistically significant association between the severity of tongue‐tie, and the correct identification of patients who would benefit from tongue‐tie division. © 2022 Australian Dental Association.
11.72 cm<sup>2</sup> SiC Wafer-Scale Interconnected 1.8 kV / 64 kA PiN Diode

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To meet the large current handling requirements of modern power conditioning systems, paralleling of a large number of devices is required. This increases cost and complexity through dicing, soldering, and forming multiple wire bonds. Furthermore, paralleling discrete devices increases package volume/weight and reduces power density. To overcome these complexities, PiN diodes were designed, fabricated at high yields, tested, and interconnected on a three-inch 4H-SiC wafer to form an 11.72 cm 2 wafer-scale diode. The wafer-scale diode exhibited a breakdown voltage of 1790 V at an extremely low leakage current density of less than 0.002 mA/cm 2 . Under pulsed conditions, the peak current through the wafer-scale diode is 64.3 kA with a forward voltage drop of 10.3 V. The dissipated energy was 382 J and the action exceeded 1.7 MA 2 -sec.
Effects of functional oligosaccharide on regulating gut microbiota in obese mice: a short review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Obesity is considered a complex and multifactorial disease that is rapidly spreading around the world, and it has become a global epidemic. As an “invisible organ” carrying the “second gene” of the human body, the intestinal flora participates in the metabolism of nutrients and energy in the human body. Current research suggested that gut microbiota might play a role in the development of obesity and associated comorbidities, affecting energy intake, lipid metabolism, immune responses, and endocrine functions. Functional oligosaccharides can be utilized by intestinal microorganisms to produce short-chain fatty acids, which affect the body's energy metabolism, absorption, and intestinal permeability, thereby mediating the occurrence and development of obesity. This study took obese mice as the main object and reviewed the effect of obesity on the gut microbiota, the effect of functional oligosaccharides on gut microbiota structure, and the mechanisms of gut microbiota in improving obesity, which aimed to provide therapeutic ideas for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Xeno-free, chemically defined and scalable monolayer differentiation protocol for retinal pigment epithelial cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

With cell therapies advancing towards the patients’ bedside, there is an increased need for robust and up-scalable protocols to generate clinical grade stem cell-derived products.The protocol we present in the study provides a xeno-free, chemically defined, scalable and robust retinal pigment epithelial cell monolayer differentiation without the need for manual isolation that uses either human embryonic stem cells or human induced pluripotent stem cells as a starting material.
Transaction Costs for Delivering HIV&AIDS Prevention Services in Uganda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The dwindling international funding for HIV&AIDS, limited domestic resources and the growing need for HIV&AIDS services in low-income countries make the cost-minimization of HIV&AIDS services essential to address the shortage of funds. Previous HIV/AIDS studies have addressed the budget constraints using quantitative methods in economic evaluation. Transaction cost analysis in HIV&AIDS service implementation—guided by the Transaction cost economics (TCE) theory sources of costs— asset specificity, service measurability, and opportunism—have not been sufficiently analyzed in the literature, nor have qualitative approaches been applied. Guided by TCE theory, this study (1) characterized transaction complexity levels needed in HIV&AIDS prevention services to safeguard asset specificity and services measurability and avoid opportunism in Uganda, (2) compared the relative transaction costs across three modes of HIV&AIDS prevention services, and (3) assessed whether the HIV&AIDS prevention services mode with the least transactions costs matched the proposition of the transaction (TCE) theory to guide HIV&AIDS transactions design. Data was collected from October to December 2020 from three dominant HIV&AIDS prevention services modes in Rakai, Lira and Mukono in Uganda. These modes were: (1) “ Public sector provision” mode, (2) Community-led HIV&AIDS Initiative—CHAI mode, and (3) Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe—DREAMS mode. These modes corresponded to respective TCE theory provision mode constructs: “ Internal integration,”“ Partnership,” and “ Contracting out.” In each HIV& AIDS prevention services mode, the study conducted key informant interviews, a review of documents, and a focus group discussion. Transaction cost data were analyzed across the three modes based on TCE theory’s sources of transaction costs ( aspect specify, service measurability and opportunism). Safeguarding asset specificity and services measurability in Uganda required transactions characterized by mixed-level complexity whilst avoiding opportunism required transactions characterized by high-level complexity. Based on these transaction characteristics requirements, the “ partnership” (CHAI) was HIV&AIDS prevention service mode most matching the TCE theory for cost minimization in Uganda. The evidence further suggested that CHAI had the least complex transactions to safeguard asset specificity, deal with HIV&AIDS service measurability, avoid opportunism, and hence the lowest transaction cost levels. The “ partnership” (CHAI) was the least costly in dealing with asset specificity, service measurability and opportunism in Uganda and was the most aligned with the proposition of the TCE theory. The findings imply that the TCE theory can be used to guide HIV&AIDS prevention services provision in Uganda.
Formation and functioning of the factor IXa-VIII complex on the surface of endothelial cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The formation and functioning of the factor X activating complex on the surface of cultured human venous endothelial cells (HVEC) were investigated. To the HVEC monolayer human factors IXa, VIII, X, CaCl2, and S-2222 were added, and a gradually increasing activation of factor X was observed. The maximum activity of 88 nmol/L Xa/min was reached after a 12-minute lag phase. In the presence of thrombin-activated factor VIII (VIIIt) the same maximum activity developed in eight minutes, which suggests that VIIIt accelerates the formation of the IXa- VIII complex but does not influence its factor X-activating potential. Anti-VIII IgG did not affect the activity of the full-fledged complex. When anti-VIII IgG was added to the reaction mixture before factor VIII or during the lag phase of the reaction, it induced a concentration- dependent decrease of factor X activation. These results indicate that endothelial cells provide a binding surface for the IXa-VIII complex and that in the HVEC-bound complex factor VIII is protected from the effect of a specific antibody. However, the relatively slow development of the maximum activity indicates that HVEC only partially satisfy the surface criteria for the optimal assembly of the IXa-VIII complex.
Activity tracking

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Activity trackers are increasingly popular, but they have high levels of abandonment and little evidence exists to suggest why this is. This paper explores barriers to engagement with activity trackers. We extend previous research by not only characterising the barriers users experienced, such as tracking accuracy and device aesthetics, but also by reporting the workarounds they created. We discuss implications for the design of activity tracking systems by reflecting on these workarounds, the potential for activity tracker design to help overcome existing barriers, and how customisation could play a role.
Gunshot detection and localization based on Non-negative Matrix Factorization and SRP-hat

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a sound source detection and localization system where the sound source is a gunshot. The proposed system is composed of two consecutive stages: detection and localization. In this manner, the localization system is activated when a gunshot is detected. The detection stage is based on a Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) approach. The localization stage proposes a modification of the method called Steered Response Power Phase transform (SRP-Phat). Firstly, we estimate the delay between multichannel signals that are captured by a six microphone array. Generalized Cross-Correlation (GCC), Generalized Cross-Correlation Phase transform (GCC-Phat), Steered Response Power Phase transform (SRP-Phat) and the proposed localization method are compared. Evaluation indicates that the proposed detection and localization method provides promising results in many acoustic scenarios including noisy environments with low signal-to-noise ratios. The proposed application is designed following the paradigm of smart sound processing and is focused on security needs in a real life scenario.