jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Share a Tiny Space of Your Freezer to Increase Resilience of Ex-situ Seed Conservation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

More than 95% of the crop genetic erosion articles analyzed in [9] reported changes in diversity, with nearly 80% providing evidence of loss. The lack of diversity presents a severe risk to the security of global food systems. Without seed diversity, it is difficult for plants to adapt to pests, diseases, and changing climate conditions. Genebanks, such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, are valuable initiatives to preserve seed diversity in a single secure and safe place. However, according to our analysis of the data available in the Seed Portal, the redundancy for some species might be limited, posing a potential threat to their future availability. Interestingly, the conditions to properly store seeds in genebanks, are the ones available in the freezers of our homes. This paper lays out a vision for Distributed Seed Storage relying on a peer-to-peer infrastructure of domestic freezers to increase the overall availability of seeds. We present a Proof-of-Concept focused on monitoring the proper seed storing conditions and incentive user participation through a Blockchain lottery. The PoC proves the feasibility of the proposed approach and outlines the main technical issues that still need to be efficiently solved to realize a fully-fledged solution.
FIXED AMMONIUM IN NIGERIAN SOILS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary In soil profiles from Nigeria native fixed ammonium was positively and significantly correlated with per cent silt, per cent clay, per cent silt plus clay, pH, exchangeable potassium and cation exchange capacity but not with exchangeable ammonium or organic matter. The results of multiple and partial regression analyses indicated that native fixed ammonium was most closely correlated with per cent clay, exchangeable potassium, and cation exchange capacity.
Small Blob Detection and Classification in 3D MRI Human Kidney Images Using IMBKM and EDCNN Classifier

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The spatial and temporal resolution is dramatically increased due to the quick development of medical imaging technology, which in turn increases the size of clinical imaging data. Typically, it is very challenging to do small blob segmentation as of Medical Images (MI) but it encompasses so many vital applications. Some examples are labelling cell, lesion, along with glomeruli aimed at disease diagnosis. Though various detectors were suggested by the prevailing method for this type of issue, they mostly used 2D detectors, which may render less detection accuracy. To trounce this, the system has developed an efficient small Blob Detection (BD)as well as classification in 3D Magnetics Resonance Imaging (MRI) human kidney images utilizingImproved Mini Batch K-Means (IMBKM)and Enhanced Deep Convolutionals Neural Network (EDCNN) classifier. To segment the blob portions,the image is first ameliorated via Enhanced Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (ECLAHE) followed by the IMBKM algorithm. After that, to determine the segmentation performance, the pixels’ percentage in the detected blob portion is gauged. In addition, statistical, GLCM, together with shape features are extracted as of the segmented blob potions. Lastly, the EDCNN takes care of the classification, which classifies '4' classes, say, Normal, Glomerulonephritis, Stone, and Pyelonephritis. The experimental outcomes exhibit that IMBKM and EDCNN have the potential to automatically detect blobs and classify the blobs efficiently than the top-notch methods.
Orbit Spaces of Compact Linear Groups

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The P-matrix approach for the determination of the orbit spaces of compact linear groups enabled to determine all orbit spaces of compact coregular linear groups with up to 4 basic polynomial invariants and, more recently, all orbit spaces of compact non-coregular linear groups with up to 3 basic invariants. This approach does not involve the knowledge of the group structure of the single groups but it is very general, so after the determination of the orbit spaces one has to determine the corresponding groups. In this article it is reviewed the main ideas underlying the P-matrix approach and it is reported the list of linear irreducible finite groups and of linear compact simple Lie groups, with up to 4 basic invariants, together with their orbit spaces. Some general properties of orbit spaces of coregular groups are also discussed. This article will deal only with the mathematical aspect, however one must keep in mind that the stratification of the orbit spaces represents the possible schemes of symmetry breaking and that the phase transitions appear when the minimum of an invariant potential function shifts from one stratum to another, so the exact knowledge of the orbit spaces and their stratifications might be useful to single out some yet hidden properties of phase transitions.
Papyrus - Design and Evaluation of a Dual Display Notebook PC Form Factor enabling Writing/Annotation and Parallel Tasking

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present Papyrus, a dual-display form factor for a notebook PC, featuring a large touch-screen display mounted in place of the track-pad. The new form factor is motivated by the abundant evidence in support of multiple displays for performing a variety of everyday tasks, and the need to support seamless switching between typing on the one hand, and writing and annotation on the other. We describe salient aspects of the design of this dualdisplay notebook and some specific interactions we designed to support common tasks. We also present the results of a large user study that was conducted to understand the subjective preferences between a conventional notebook and Papyrus. The results indicate that the new form factor is preferred by the users within the task conditions. We also discuss some interesting insights about the challenges of designing interactions for such form factors for e.g. cursor switching between discontinuous display surfaces.
Novel micromagnetics for high-temperature applications and modeling of ultra-fast laser-induced magnetization dynamics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Several recently appeared applications such as spin-caloritronics, heat-assisted magnetic recording or ultra-fast laser induced magnetization dynamics involve high temperatures. The standard micro-magnetic approach is known to fail there due to the conservation of the magnetization length. Recently proposed micromagnetics based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch (LLB) equation overcomes this limitation and extends the micromagnetic modeling up to and above the Curie temperature. The LLB micromagnetics is naturally based on the multi-scale approach via the incorporation of the ab-initio and atomistic information. While the classical LLB equation is based on the atomistic spin dynamics, its quantum version incorporates the scattering mechanisms. The two-sublattie LLB equation is useful to describe distinct dynamics of the components of an alloy. The most successful example of the novel micromagnetics is the modeling of the ultra-fast magnetization dynamics. The FePt material is one of the promising candidates for the future magnetic recording due to a high value of the magnetic anisotropy, assuring long-time thermal stability . From this point of view, the possibility to switch this material by ultra-fast laser pulses is very important for future technological applications . Recent experiments using the linearly polarized pulses in FePt show the change of the magnetization dynamics from fast to slow recovery as the pulse intensity increases . It has been also recently reported that circular polarized lasers are capable to switch the magnetization in FePt . This talk will present the results on micromagnetic modelling of ultra-fast magnetisation dynamics in FePt thin films induced by both linear and circular polarized lasers .
Simple design method for space-time trellis codes with and without serial concatenation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a simple method to construct a good space-time trellis codes. As with any trellis code, the space-time trellis codes can be realized with a convolutional encoder followed by a mapping rule. Herein, we devise an improved space-time trellis codes by optimizing the convolutional code and mapper for the Jakes time correlated flat fading model. This new, simple method can be used to construct both non-recursive and recursive space-time codes where the latter is essential for serial concatenation. A simple encoding system is presented which is 1.8 dB away from the channel capacity for the 2-input/2-output fully interleaved MIMO channel.
[The alterations in fatty acids content of membranes of erythrocytes and insulin resistance syndrome under primary gout].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The content of fatty acids of lipids of membranes of erythrocytes in patients with primary gout depending on presence of insulin resistance syndrome. The alterations of content of fatty acids in patients with gout and insulin resistance syndrome are characterized by increase of content of saturated fatty acids and decrease of unsaturated fatty acids. At that, in the pool of unsaturated fatty acids the content of monounsaturated acids is increased and the content of polyunsaturated acids is decreased. In the pool of polyunsaturated fatty acids the increase of content of gamma-linolenic and digomo-gamma-linolenic acids and significant decrease of arachidonic and docosapentaenic acids are noted. The shifts mentioned above can play a certain role in the formation of insulin resistance syndrome in patients with primary gout.
A Test of the Relative Income Hypothesis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The original permanent income and life cycle models were constructed around the view that savings rates are independent of the level of long-run income [19]. Since then, it has been well documented using household data that savings rates rise with long-run income.' To be consistent with the empirical evidence, Modigliani suggests modifying the life cycle hypothesis to include a bequest motive. His hypothesis, however, is that the share of lifetime resources that a household plans to devote to bequests is an increasing function of its lifetime resources relative to others in the same age cohort [17]. The share of resources devoted to bequests is made a function of the relative, and not the absolute, level of resources so as to be consistent with Menchik and David's empirical study of the bequest function [16]. But if saving for bequests is influenced by relative income, why not other forms of saving? A simple model in which all types of saving are influenced by relative income was proposed by Duesenberry in 1949 [4]. His basic hypothesis was that households are concerned about community consumption standards and that this concern leads to savings rates being an increasing function of a household's position in the income distribution. Although a per se desire for status is seen by some economists as inconsistent with rational behavior, it is clear that a relative advantage is often instrumental in achieving absolute goals [6; 7; 10; 11; 22]. While several policy implications of the relative income hypothesis have come to light [2; 6], it has rarely been analyzed empirically. The purpose of this paper is to present a test of the relative income model. The hypothesis is that if income rank is really the variable driving savings rates, then it should be possible to hold the level of income constant and still see the average propensity to save (APS) moving with income rank. Section II presents a simple model of the savings decision in which concern for relative standing in the current consumption hierarchy is integrated into a permanent income framework. The model is then used to explore the issue of functional form. Section III discusses the data, the equation to be estimated, and the regression results. Section IV presents a summary and concluding remarks.
The risk factors for ocular biological parameters in Chinese preschool children: a Beijing eye study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background To investigate the genetic and environmental factors associated with axial length (AL), the corneal radius of curvature (CR) and the axial length to corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) ratio among 3- to 6-year-old children in Beijing, China. Methods This cohort study of kindergarten children in Tongzhou District, Beijing, started in November 2021 and was conducted over three months. A total of 1403 children aged 3–6 years from 9 kindergartens were randomly selected for ocular biological parameter measurements and cycloplegia refraction. Ocular biological parameters, including axial length (AL) and the corneal radius of curvature (CR), were collected before cycloplegia. The spherical equivalent (SE) and AL-to-CR ratio (AL/CR) were calculated. The questionnaire of each child's parental myopia and environmental influence was completed by the children’s parents. Results A total of 1403 participants (733 males, 52.25%) aged 3–6 years (mean 4.36 ± 0.82 years) were included. According to the one-way analysis of variance, longer ALs were associated with male sex, older age, myopic diopter and parental myopia. A greater CR was associated with male sex and more outdoor time. A greater AL/CR ratio was significantly associated with male sex, older age, myopic refractive strength and parental myopia. Multiple regression analysis revealed that a longer AL and a greater AL/CR ratio were significantly associated with male sex, older age, diopter with myopia and parental myopia. CR values were greater in males. In addition, when the time spent outdoors increased, the CR value increased, and the AL/CR ratio decreased. Conclusion Ocular biological parameters are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A longer AL was associated with older age, male sex and parental myopia among children aged 3–6 years in Beijing, China. Parental myopia and male sex are associated with a greater risk of a higher AL/CR ratio in preschool-aged children. When the time spent outdoors increases, the CR increases, and the AL/CR decreases.
Villosiclava virens infects specifically rice and barley stamen filaments due to the unique host cell walls

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Rice false smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Villosiclava virens , is one of the most important rice diseases in the world. Previous studies reported that the pathogen has less number of cell wall‐degraded genes and attacks dominantly rice stamen filaments and extends intercellularly. To reveal why the fungus infects plant stamen filaments, inoculation test on barley was carried out with the similar protocol to rice. The experimental results showed that the fungus could penetrate quickly into barley stamen filaments and extends both intracellularly and intercellularly, usually resulting in severe damage of the stamen filament tissues. It also attacked young barley lodicules and grew intercellularly by chance. The light microscopic observations found that the epidermal and cortex cells in barley stamen filaments arranged loosely with very thick cell walls and large cell gaps. Cellulose microfibrils in barley stamen filament cell walls arranged very sparsely so that the cell walls looked like transparent. The cell walls were very soft and flexible, and often folded. However, V. virens extended dominantly in the noncellulose regions and seemed never to degrade microfibrils in barley and rice cell walls. This suggested that the unique structures of rice and barley stamen filaments should be fit for their function of elongation in anthesis, and also endow with the susceptibility to the fungus, V. virens .
Palladium-CATALYZED TANDEM COUPLING REACTION OF ALKYNE, CONJUGATED DIENE, AND TRIETHYLBORANE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Pd(0) catalyst promotes three-component coupling reactions of allylic alcohols and vinylcyclopropanes with terminal alkynes and triethylborane to provide (E)-1-substituted 2-ethyl-1,4-pentadienes and (E)-1-substituted 2-ethyl-1,4-heptadienes involving geminal ethylation and allylation at the acetylenic terminal carbon atom with high regio-and stereoselectivities. 1,3-Butadiene and bis-dienes can act as allylating agents to undergo the multi-component coupling reactions, accompanied by dimerization of the diene moieties, to provide 1,4,9-decatrienes and pyrrolidines with excellent regio-and stereoselectivities.Multi-component coupling reactions are among the most efficient and useful strategies for construction of complex molecules in synthetic chemistry. 1Specifically, allylic alkylations are convenient and effective methods for transformation of allyl halides and allyl acetates to valuable unsaturated hydrocarbons and fine chemicals.We have previously developed the direct activation of allyl alcohols, promoted by a combination of a Pd catalyst and triethylborane, to form a !"allylpalladium intermediate. 2This species serves as an allyl cation equivalent for a wide variety of soft nucleophiles, such as amines, polyphenols, and active methylene compounds. 3Recently, we reported that indole serves as an effective nucleophile toward C-allylic alkylation to give 3-allylindole and 3,3-diallylindolenine in excellent yields (Scheme 1). 4 Furthermore, we extended the efficient tandem cyclization to afford pyrroloindole alkaloid frameworks by means of allylic alkylation of tryptamine with 1,3-butadiene via bis-!-allylpalladium key intermediates.
Causal Inference Under Unmeasured Confounding With Negative Controls: A Minimax Learning Approach

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the estimation of causal parameters when not all confounders are observed and instead negative controls are available. Recent work has shown how these can enable identification and efficient estimation via two so-called bridge functions. In this paper, we tackle the primary challenge to causal inference using negative controls: the identification and estimation of these bridge functions. Previous work has relied on completeness conditions on these functions to identify the causal parameters and required uniqueness assumptions in estimation, and they also focused on parametric estimation of bridge functions. Instead, we provide a new identification strategy that avoids the completeness condition. And, we provide new estimators for these functions based on minimax learning formulations. These estimators accommodate general function classes such as Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces and neural networks. We study finite-sample convergence results both for estimating bridge functions themselves and for the final estimation of the causal parameter under a variety of combinations of assumptions. We avoid uniqueness conditions on the bridge functions as much as possible.
Are the needs of racialized lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer newcomers in Newfoundland and Labrador being met? Preliminary findings from a focus group discussion with Canadian stakeholders

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This qualitative case study explored whether the settlement and integration needs of racialized lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) newcomers were being met. A total of eight stakeholders, representing either a settlement organization or an LGBTQ‐serving organization in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, participated in an invitation‐only focus group discussion. Informed by intersectionality theory and using thematic analysis of memos and triangulated arts‐informed visual recording, two overarching themes were identified: (i) challenges encountered in providing settlement and integration services; and (ii) solutions generated to improve their delivery. Preliminary findings suggested that the settlement needs of racialized LGBTQ newcomers were not being met; services were found to be sorely lacking; and settlement and LGBTQ providers lacked training, substantial knowledge, and resources to implement needed supports and services. However, stakeholders also envisioned the possibility of improved services for this population, such as adoption of an LGBTQ‐affirmative practice. Implications and recommendations for settlement practices, programs, and future research are discussed. Key Practitioner Message: • Settlement and LGBTQ service provider organizations must address current system inequities and commit to providing settlement and integration services to racialized LGBTQ newcomers in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; • Interprofessional collaboration between settlement and LGBTQ service provider organizations can support the implementation of, and improve access to, culturally appropriate settlement services and programs for racialized LGBTQ newcomers ; • Using data‐driven methodologies, racialized LGBTQ newcomers should be consulted on their settlement and integration needs, to align these needs with service delivery .
The Settlement of Disputes Regarding Foreign Investments: the Role of the World Bank, With Particular Reference To Icsid and Miga

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The World Bank (the Bank) is often regarded as being simply an international institution which provides loans for producave purposes in its member countries. However, the Bank's mandate is not liniited making loans. Indeed, the founders of the Bank thought that direct lending would be a secondary funciion of the institution.l Early plans for the Bank show that it was expected that the principal function of the Bank would be to encourage international investment by private investors.2 The Ariicles of Agreement of the Bank3 reflect this expectaiion. Ariicle I Of the Ariicles of Agreement emphasises the role of the Bank in facilitating the invescment of capital for produciive purposes4 and describes the promotion of private foreign investment as one of the chief objectives of the Bank.s In the 40 years since its inception, the Bank has pursued this objective in a variety of ways. In acting as a financial intermediary between its borrowers and foreign capital markets, and as a provider of funds which mainly finance imports from foreign suppliers, the Bank can be seen as carrying out its mandate encourage international investment. Through co-financing and the exercise of its guarantee power, the Bank also stimulates increased international investment by courmercial banks in particular.6 The provision of advice and other technical assistance, either in conjunction with its financing operations or separately, is a further means by which the Bank has been able help its members attract foreign investment.7 One of the most visible and interesting actions of the Bank has been its sporlsorship of the establishment of three