jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Structure and vibrational properties of sodium silicate glass surfaces

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Using molecular dynamics simulations we investigate the dependence of the structural and vibrational properties of the surfaces of sodo-silicate glasses on the sodium content as well as the nature of the surface. Two types of glass surfaces are considered: A melt-formed surface (MS) in which a liquid with a free surface has been cooled down into the glass phase and a fracture surface (FS) obtained by tensile loading of a glass sample. We find that the MS is more abundant in Na and non-bridging oxygen atoms than the FS and the bulk glass, whereas the FS has higher concentration of structural defects such as two-membered rings and under-coordinated Si than the MS. We associate these structural differences to the production histories of the glasses and the mobility of the Na ions. It is also found that for Na-poor systems the fluctuations in composition and local atomic charge density decay with a power-law as a function of distance from the surface while Na-rich systems show an exponential decay with a typical decay length of $\approx2.3$~Å. The vibrational density of states shows that the presence of the surfaces leads to a decrease of the characteristic frequencies in the system. The two-membered rings give rise to a pronounce band at $\approx880$~cm$^{-1}$ which is in good agreement experimental observations.
The comparative analysis of effectiveness of barley intercalar and apical meristems applying for bioindication of lead influence genotoxicity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background. Lead is the one of the major pollutants in natural and artificial ecosystems, but mechanisms of it influence on the plant organism still arent completely clear. With the growing industrial pollution of the environment, and in particular, arable lands, the methods of bioindication of chemical compounds influence on the plant organism are obtained a big significance in modern biology. The cytogenetic analysis is well proven method for assessment of the environmental stress. The current research was devoted to the analysis of the cytogenetic aberrations bounds with the biometric and biochemical indexes and productivity of barley plants, which were grown on the lead polluted soil at terms of the vegetative experiment. An estimation of the comparative effectiveness of the barley plants intercalary and apical meristem applying for the indication of the lead toxicity are presented in the current work. Materials and methods. The vegetative experiment was carried on the barley plants variant Zazerskii 85 on the podzol loamy soil with the inserting of the nutrient elements and lead in the different concentrations at the form of salts. Plants were grown in the pots with the capacity of 5 kg by the standard methodic. For the cytogenetic analysis samples were taken on V1 phase of the ontogenesis and fixed in the acetyl alcohol. Temporary squashed preparations was stained with the acetoorsein and examined by the microscope. Frequencies of the cytogenetic anomalies and aberrant cells were scored. Results. It was shown, that forms of dose curves of the frequencies of the aberrant cells at the intercalary and apical meristems are compatible and changes of the mitotic index arent significant. A major part of the cytogenetic anomalies are bound with the division spindle breaches. A suitability of the apical and intercalary meristems for the assessment of the heavy metals influence on the agricultural plants was proven. Conclusions. On the base of collected data the cytogenetic analysis can be recommended as the reliable tool for the assessment of the industrial pollution consequences for the agricultural ecosystems and for the researching of the mechanisms of the living objects response to the environmental stress. For the heavy metals influence monitoring the intrecalar meristems is preferable as more sensitive, but for plants productivity prognosis the apical meristems is suitable.
Assessment of Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Patients with Surgical Site Infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and are associated with substantial health care costs, with increased morbidity and death. The Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) contains standards that are nationally reported with the aim of improving patient outcomes after surgery. Our institution's standards for antimicrobial prophylaxis in the perioperative period are more stringent than these measures and may be considered “beyond SCIP.” The 4 elements of appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis are timing, antibiotic selection, dosing, and intraoperative redosing. Objective To quantify antimicrobial SSI prophylaxis compliance in accordance with institutional standards and to identify potential opportunities for improvement. Methods Patients aged 18 years or older were included if they had an SSI between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2010, according to the database maintained prospectively by the Infection Prevention and Control Unit. Adherence to our institution's practice standards was assessed through analysis of antibiotics administered—timing in relation to the incision, closure, and tourniquet inflation times for the procedure and antibiotic selection, dose, and redosing. Results Overall noncompliance with all 4 elements of antimicrobial prophylaxis was 75.4% among the 760 cases. Repeat dosing had the greatest noncompliance (45.1%); antibiotic selection had the lowest incidence of noncompliance (10.8%). Conclusions Noncompliance existed in each element of antimicrobial SSI prophylaxis, with antibiotic redosing leading in noncompliance. With the implementation of tools to assist the surgical team in following institutional standards, noncompliance will likely decline and additional research opportunities will exist.
Sequence Stratigraphy of Late Paleozoic Coal-bearing Measures and the Transgressive Coal-formed Features in Ordos Basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The identification of sequence boundaries is the key point for sequence stratigraphic classification. Both the higher-order sequences and the units within the sequences are bounded with the key sediments or isochronous surfaces. It is common that regional erosion and event sedimentation, resulting from transgression occurred in epicontinental sea basin infill. So, water flow washing surface originated from the overspreading and shrinking of water over a large area, the large scale switchover surfaces between depositional systems and the filling surface of incised valley caused by rejuvenated river and flow washing during basin inversion are the important surfaces in classifying sequences. The forming of a coal seam is a special event that could be the end or start of an event and then could become the basis for sequence classification. It is classified into nine third-order sequences and three second-order sequences from Benxi formation to Xiashihezi formation. The four-order sequence of epicontinental sea basin is composed of two units, that is, the Transgressive System Tract (TST) and Highstand System Tract (HST).Both the infill sequence during basin inversion and that of continental basin are composed of three parts: Low system tract, water invasion system tract and highstand system tract. Transgressive coal forming and coal forming under event are the essential features of Late Palaeozoic coal accumulation in Ordos basin.
A “Vaccination” of Willamette Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) to Prevent Large Populations of Pacific Spider Mites on Grapevines

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grape vineyards, Vitis vtnifera L., in the San Joaquin Valley that support populations of Willamette spider mites, Eotetranychus willamettei (McGregor), tend not to have outbreaks of Pacific spider mites, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor. Pacific spider mites are considered the more economically damaging of the mite species on grapes in this region. Earlier, small-scale experiments indicated strong negative interactions between these two species. We introduced Willamette spider mites into a commercial 'Zinfandel' vineyard that had a history of chronic problems with Pacific spider mites. In 1988, populations of Pacific spider mites were reduced significantly on rows to which we had released Willamette spider mites in fall 1987 compared with control rows. The effect was apparent throughout the growing season. The grower treated the vineyard with acaricide once in mid-summer and effectively reduced spider mite populations to undetectable levels. When populations of Pacific spider mites resurged in late summer, they were three times higher on control rows compared with rows to which we had previously released Willamette spider mites. When these rows were censused in 1989, we found no differences in mite populations between the two treatments. A second experiment releasing Willamette spider mites was done in 1989 in a different part of the same vineyard. At peak densities, Pacific spider mites were 3.5 times more numerous on control vines compared with vines that we had infested with Willamette spider mites earlier in the spring. In the first study in 1988, the two treatments did not differ in berry yield or sugar concentration measured at harvest. In 1989, yield for these vines also did not differ between treatments, but sugar concentration was higher for vines that we had inoculated with Willamette spider mites. In the second experiment, yields did not differ between treatments, but sugar concentrations were higher for vines that had received Willamette spider mites.
Coordinated fractional frequency reuse

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) has become an attractive transmission technology, which is part of various emerging system standards for broadband cellular communications. Examples include the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 802.16e WiMAX. In OFDMA, mobile terminals are multiplexed in time and frequency. A major problem in these systems is the inter-cell interference, which is caused by neighboring cells when transmitting on the same time and frequency slots. This problem can be solved by using beamforming antennas and coordinating the transmissions among base stations. This is known as interference coordination. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm for interference coordination, which enhances the cell edge performance with global information provided by a central coordinator. The signaling delay during the communication with the central coordinator can be on the order of seconds, while an additional local interference coordination in each base station ensures a high performance even in dynamic environments. This combination of global and local coordination enhances the overall spectral efficiency by 50% compared to a Reuse 3 system while maintaining the same cell edge performance.
Zoo visitors influence behaviour and enclosure use in lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to assess the impact that zoo visitors had on captive lion-tailed macaque behaviour, an observational study was conducted on five individual macaques housed at Chester Zoo.\n \nFrom the literature review it was established that zoo visitors may have an effect on the behaviour of captive primates. However, too few studies had been conducted on the effect zoo visitors may have on lion-tailed macaques.\n \nAs the species is endangered, any research that can shed light on how they are coping in captivity was considered vital. The behaviour of the macaques, and their vertical location within the enclosure was observed during times of high, medium and low visitor presence. Also, both visitor numbers and visitor coverage of the macaque enclosure were recorded.\n \nIt was found that visitors did not affect the macaques’ social behaviour, but they did affect non-social behaviour. Visitors also had an impact on the vertical location of the macaques within the enclosure. The present study was one of the first to indentify a visitor effect on lion-tailed macaques in an enriched enclosure.\n \nFrom the study it was suggested that zoo visitor effects may be alleviated by the use of a retreat space within the macaque enclosure.\n \nFuture research may consider not only the vertical location of the macaques, but also whether they spend more time near the front or back of the enclosure in relation to visitor numbers.
Carboxy-Terminal Region Involved in Activity of Escherichia coli TolC

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli TolC acts as a channel tunnel in the transport of various molecules across the outer membrane. Partial-deletion studies of tolC revealed that the region extending from the 50th to the 60th amino acid residue from the carboxy terminus plays an important role in this transport activity of TolC.
Mechanisms of Sugar Uptake Into Endosperm and Aleurone Protoplasts Isolated From Developing Wheat Grains

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grain-filling in cereals depends upon imported assimilates, and in wheat all assimilates entering the grain pass through the endosperm cavity which is part of the apoplast separating the maternal from the filial generation. The outermost layer of the endosperm, the aleurone layer is in contact with the contents of the endosperm cavity. Entry into the endosperm necessitates passage through the plasmalemma. Putative mechanisms involved in the transport of carbohydrate into the endosperm have been evaluated by characterising the mechanism(s) transporting sugars into protoplasts prepared from cells isolated from the aleurone layer and the starchy endosperm separately. Protoplasts obtained from both types of cells absorbed sucrose, glucose and fructose by diffusion. Only in the case of sucrose uptake by aleurone protoplasts was there evidence for a saturable carrier mechanism. Based on calculated rates of uptake by the protoplasts it can be estimated that transport by diffusion is sufficiently fast to support observed rates of starch synthesis, and that carrier mediated transport of sucrose can account for only a small fraction of the total import.
On the Definition and Estimation of the Value of a ‘Statistical Life’

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The presentation will discuss the economic meaning of the concept of the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) and review some of its properties. In particular, the age pattern of the VSL is considered. The presentation will also review recent estimates of the magnitude of a VSL taken from different countries and cultures. The value of preventing a fatality or (saving) a statistical life is an important question in health economics as well as environmental economics. This paper reviews several of the issues discussed in the literature. For example, how do we define the value of a (statistical) life? Are there really strong theoretical reasons for believing that the value of a life declines with age? The paper derives definitions of the value of a statistical life in both single-period models and life-cycle models. Models with and without actuarially fair annuities are examined, as well as the age-profile of the value of a statistical life
Effects of member similarity on group norm conformity, group identity and social participation in the context of social networking sites

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose Facilitating members' continual participation in a community is crucial for ensuring the community's long-term survival. However, knowledge regarding whether member similarity is related to member participation and the mechanism underlying this relationship is limited. Drawing on similarity–attraction, social exchange and social identity theories, this study explored the influences of different facets of similarity (i.e. value, personality and goal similarity) on group norm conformity, group identity and social participation. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 444 Taiwanese members of social networking sites (SNSs), and structural equation modeling was employed to examine the hypothesized relationships. Findings The results revealed that value similarity directly affected group norm conformity but did not directly affect group identity; personality similarity influenced group identity but not group norm conformity. Goal similarity had positive influences on group norm conformity and group identity. Moreover, group norm conformity had direct and positive influences on group identity and social participation; group identity also had a positive influence on social participation. Originality/value On the basis of the aforementioned findings, this study contributes to the understanding of factors facilitating SNS members' participation from the perspective of similarity. These findings can serve as a reference for SNS administrators to facilitate social participation by emphasizing member similarity.
Importance of Understanding Consumption Dynamics In Market Recovery Periods

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Periods of reduced supplies due to exogenous shocks and subsequent high price levels have occurred for many agricultural commodities in the past decade. Consumers' adjustments to these events depend on the magnitude of the shocks and characteristics of the commodity. Understanding consumers' responses to these events requires recognition of rigidities that result in delays in consumer responses to prices. Recognition of rigidities in consumption relationships by using dynamic stock and flow adjustment models was popularized by Houthakker and Taylor [2]. The models recognize the role of inventories and habits resulting from previous purchase patterns in determining current consumption decisions.
Antibiotic Potentiation as a Promising Strategy to Combat Macrolide Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antibiotics, which hit the market with astounding impact, were once called miracle drugs, as these were considered the ultimate cure for infectious diseases in the mid-20th century. However, today, nearly all bacteria that afflict humankind have become resistant to these wonder drugs once developed to stop them, imperiling the foundation of modern medicine. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surge in macrolide use to treat secondary infections and this persistent use of macrolide antibiotics has provoked the emergence of macrolide resistance. In view of the current dearth of new antibiotics in the pipeline, it is essential to find an alternative way to combat drug resistance. Antibiotic potentiators or adjuvants are non-antibacterial active molecules that, when combined with antibiotics, increase their activity. Thus, potentiating the existing antibiotics is one of the promising approaches to tackle and minimize the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Several natural and synthetic compounds have demonstrated effectiveness in potentiating macrolide antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. The present review summarizes the different resistance mechanisms adapted by bacteria to resist macrolides and further emphasizes the major macrolide potentiators identified which could serve to revive the antibiotic and can be used for the reversal of macrolide resistance.
Synthesis and Comparison of the Optical Properties of Platinum(II) Poly-ynes with Fused and Non-Fused Oligothiophenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The synthesis and characterization of the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and dithieno[3,2-b:2'3'-d]thiophene containing platinum(II) poly-ynes and their molecular precursors is described and the electronic structure is established by absorption, luminescence and photoinduced absorption measurements. A comparison of the electronic structure of the fused and the nonfused oligothiophenes, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene, 2,2'-bithiophene, and 2,2':5',2 ''-terthiophene incorporated in platinum(II) poly-ynes is reported. We find the singlet Si and triplet, T, and T. excited states to be at higher energy in thin films made from the fused systems than from the nonfused systems. For ligands with the same number of rings, we attribute this to the decreased number of double bonds in the fused system and to the presence of an additional sulfur atom in spacers with the same number of double bonds.
The Socio Demographic Status of Small Scale Fishers of Inland Open Water Area: A Case Study from Chalan Beel Area of Bangladesh

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Fisheries are significantly contributing to the different aspects of a community such as livelihoods, supplying of food and ensuring security of food at both local and global levels. It also provides a vital source of protein as well as cash income for many families in the developing world. Though, fisheries sector is supporting about 11% of the total populationâ€™s livelihood of Bangladesh but fisherman is one of the most vulnerable communities in Bangladesh. Moreover, like other developing countries in Bangladesh, small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are making significant support regarding food nutrition and ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and sustainable livelihoods of the people. However, the livelihood of SSFs are undervalued both in the global and national scale by the scholars. Â Considering the above fact, it is very necessary to overview the current livelihood status of small scale fishing communities of inland open water area of Bangladesh. This study discussed the socio demographic status of SSFs in the Chalan Beel area of Bangladesh. Using a primary data survey this study discussed the SSF household headâ€™s sex, age, marital status, education, household size, household dependency ratio, livelihood, general health, food and water management and social networking, for three upazilas (subdistricts) which are part of Chalan Beel of Bangladesh.
The Role of Civil Society in Preventing Conflicts: Kazakhstan Experience

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the main conditions of preventing destructive political conflicts is a formation of mature civil society. In most developed countries establishing of power institutes and private sector preceded the formation of public sector, while in Kazakhstan, as well as in other post-soviet countries the development of these sectors are taken place at the same time. Thus the formation of institutes of civil society in Kazakhstan is still continued and has its specific features. As it is known, the stability in democratic society is based on the system of social partnership, which should harmonize the interests of different social groups. In Kazakhstan, it was created the system of social partnership, which also has its peculiarities. According to the authors despite the fact that the whole attribute of social partnership is obvious it's difficult to say that this system functions effectively. One of the elements of civil culture of Kazakhstani society it is distrust to political parties. On the whole, Kazakhstani citizens do not see the parties as a linking mechanism between power and citizens. Thus, comparative rate of people's trust to state authorities and institutes of civil society demonstrates that first of all, people give credence to state authorities. Nevertheless, authors believe that under current conditions an increasing role of non-governmental organizations will be essential for further development of civil society.