jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ecotourism as a tool in salt lick conservation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study was conducted to determine whether ecotourism plays an important role in the conservation of salt licks. Salt licls has been overlooked as important component of habitat biodiversity for wildlife. A Salt lick have been taken for granted as anatural geological formation but lacking the emphasis on its significant role to the ecosystem abd wildlife. Many scientific studies on physico-chemical analysis and wildlife visitations at salt licks document their significance. Due to neglect and other reasons, many salt licks have been destroyed by development that encroached into natural landscape such as logging, poaching damming and plantation developments.However,many salt licks in national and state parks,and forest reserves have been successfully exploited for ecotourism attractions and these exploitations undeniably have benefited conservation of those salt licks. The study methodology focuses mainly on field research using empirical investigations,interviews and in-situ visits to many of the salt lick conservation sites in Malaysia. The findings show that ecotourism can be an important tool in salt lick conservation. A well managed touristic salt lick can sustain wildlife habitat and environment conservation.
Nuptial Colour Loss and Signal Masking in Gasterosteus: an Analysis Using Video Imaging

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Threespine stickleback vary greatly in male nuptial display, from full red expression between the throat and pelvis to total melanism without any traces of red. The dominant expression for any population is correlated with the underwater spectral irradiance and many populations with melanistic nuptial colour occur in bog habitats where the aquatic spectrum is shifted to long wavelengths. Field observations indicate that in these bog habitats, the typical red nuptial signal is 'spectrally masked' and this might reduce the effectiveness of display during male-male and male-female interactions. We used video imaging techniques to test whether the spectral composition of the visual background influences female preference for nuptial colouration in male threespine sticklebacks. Throat colour preference tests were carried out in which females chose between video images of red and black-throated males superimposed on either a blue or a red background. Despite belonging to a red-throated population, females were found to respond preferentially to the black-throated male image viewed against a red background, indicating that preference was not determined by throat patch hue. This suggests that preference for an epigamic optical signal is likely a function of its efficacy in generating visual contrast rather than its intrinsic spectral characteristics.
Sustainable Agriculture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fisheries play an important role in the agriculture-based economy of Bangladesh; inland water bodies comprise 12 percent of the total geographical area of the country. Still, the majority of the population is protein deficient. Per capita fish availability is 20.9 gm, which is only 26 percent of the standard nutrition level. More than 70 percejnt of the farmers are small and resource-poor and have no capacity to become involved in the semi-intensive and intensive fish culture, because most of the modern aquaculture practices are high-yielding but input costs are too high, not cost-effective, and involving higher risk.
Cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers of cerebral malaria mortality in Ghanaian children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Plasmodium falciparum can cause a diffuse encephalopathy known as cerebral malaria (CM), a major contributor to malaria associated mortality. Despite treatment, mortality due to CM can be as high as 30% while 10% of survivors of the disease may experience short- and long-term neurological complications. The pathogenesis of CM and other forms of severe malaria is multi-factorial and appear to involve cytokine and chemokine homeostasis, inflammation and vascular injury/repair. Identification of prognostic markers that can predict CM severity will enable development of better intervention.Postmortem serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained within 2-4 hours of death in Ghanaian children dying of CM, severe malarial anemia (SMA), and non-malarial (NM) causes. Serum and CSF levels of 36 different biomarkers (IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, Eotaxin, FGF basic protein, CRP, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IP-10, MCP-1 (MCAF), MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, SDF-1alpha, CXCL11 (I-TAC), Fas-ligand [Fas-L], soluble Fas [sFas], sTNF-R1 (p55), sTNF-R2 (p75), MMP-9, TGF-beta1, PDGF bb and VEGF) were measured and the results compared between the 3 groups.After Bonferroni adjustment for other biomarkers, IP-10 was the only serum biomarker independently associated with CM mortality when compared to SMA and NM deaths. Eight CSF biomarkers (IL-1ra, IL-8, IP-10, PDGFbb, MIP-1beta, Fas-L, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2) were significantly elevated in CM mortality group when compared to SMA and NM deaths. Additionally, CSF IP-10/PDGFbb median ratio was statistically significantly higher in the CM group compared to SMA and NM groups.The parasite-induced local cerebral dysregulation in the production of IP-10, 1L-8, MIP-1beta, PDGFbb, IL-1ra, Fas-L, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 may be involved in CM neuropathology, and their immunoassay may have potential utility in predicting mortality in CM.
Measurement of Surface Tension for Saturated Liquid by Ring Method

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Measurement of surface tension by ring or plate method is usually carried out at an atmospheric pressure to avoid the complexity of the apparatus used. We have developed an apparatus with a ring for measuring the surface tension of the liquid under pressure. The present apparatus has a load cell to detect force from the surface tension and also a device to control the distance between the ring and the surface of test liquid by making use of gravitational force. The overall uncertainty in surface tension with this apparatus is estimated to be less than ±5%. Measurements for R134a at 283 K and 288 K reveal that the deviation of present data from the reference is within ±2.5% and the data reproducibility is also within ±2.5%.
Consequence modelling for Arctic ship evacuations using expert knowledge

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Risk-based decision-making is central to the development of Arctic shipping policy and regulation. Policy-makers within the International Maritime Organization rely on the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) methodology to evaluate proposed regulatory changes and Arctic ship operators rely on it to establish operating limits and procedures. The FSA recommends incorporating life-safety consequence in the assessment of maritime industry risk. This paper presents an expert-based assessment of the factors that influence the potential for loss of life during an Arctic ship evacuation and quantified consequence severities for a range of evacuation scenarios. A two-phased mixed methods design is used to elicit expert knowledge. Sixteen experts in the fields of Arctic seafaring, policy and regulation, academia and research, and ship design participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews elicited perspectives on the factors that influence the expected number of fatalities resulting from an evacuation in Arctic waters. Surveys were administered in which evacuation scenarios were rated for the level of life-safety consequence severity they pose. This study provides a scenario-based life-safety consequence model for Arctic ship evacuations. Results show evacuation of passenger vessels poses the highest consequence severity of evaluated ship types. Response time and the time available to evacuate have the greatest levels of influence on consequence severity. Implications for Arctic marine policy include the need for enhanced competency and training for Arctic ship crews and SAR services, continued research and development of Arctic life-saving appliances to satisfy Polar Code functional requirements, heightened regulatory oversight of Arctic cruise operations, and consideration of inclusion of fishing vessels under the Polar Code. Application of the results to the FSA methodology is discussed.
10. Fat Grafting Supplemented with Platelet Rich Plasma Overcomes Oral Fibrosis in a Prrx1 Mouse Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Oral scarring is common side effect of head and neck radiation therapy causing long term pain and taste disturbance for patients. Fat grafting has shown to improve the outcomes of irradiated skin. Platelet rich plasma (PRP), consists of growth factors which have shown to improve skin fibrosis. We have previously identified Prrx1 fibroblasts as having a role in fibrosis in mice. Using a radiation oral murine model, we aimed to understand the regenerative effects of fat grafting supplemented with PRP in oral irradiation. Methods: Adult (60-day old) Prrx1Cre;R26mTmG transgenic mice (n=24) underwent total body irradiation with 9 Gy for immunodepletion. Mice were then immediately reconstituted with 2 million nucleated bone marrow cells from donor NSG(NOD.CB17-Prkdcsscid/J) mice via retro-orbital injections. Reconstitution was confirmed with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) 2 weeks after whole body irradiation. The mice were then randomized to one of four conditions (n=6/per group): 1. Oral cavity irradiated with 5 Gy every other day for 12 days (30 Gy total) (Control group), 2 Irradiation to the oral mucosa with simultaneous treatment with human lipoaspirate (Fat group), 3. Irradiation to the oral mucosa with simultaneous treatment with human lipoaspirate + PRP (Fat + PRP group), and 4. Irradiation to the oral mucosa with simultaneous treatment with PRP (PRP group). Mice were then euthanized at 4 weeks post irradiation for histological and flow cytometry analysis (FACS). Oral sections underwent immunofluorescent staining for fibrosis (e.g., collagen type I/col-I, alpha smooth muscle actin/a-SMA), vascularization (CD31 staining), and inflammation (F4/80 antigen) and were imaged on a confocal microscope. Results: Two weeks post bone-marrow transplant, >90% of circulating hematopoietic cells (CD45+) cells in prrx1Cre;R26mTmG reporter mice were non-fluorescent, signifying successful reconstitution. At 4 weeks post irradiation Prrx1+GFP cells were significantly reduced by FACS in the Fat + PRP group than irradiated mucosa treated with PRP or Fat grafting alone (p < 0.05), signifying less presence of Prx1+ fibroblasts. Histological confirmation revealed reduced dermal thickening and collagen deposition in the mucosa treated with Fat + PRP compared to PRP or Fat grating alone (p < 0.05). Lastly immunohistochemistry demonstrated improved vascularisation with greater CD31 staining and reduced inflammation with decreased F4/80 staining in the Fat + PRP group compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our novel murine model suggests that fat grafting is beneficial in reducing the burden of oral fibrosis. A combination of PRP and fat holds promise to improving the outcomes of radiation induced fibrosis by reducing pro-fibrotic fibroblasts.
3. Clinical Behaviour Analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

At its core, Clinical Behaviour Analysis (CBA) is the application of empirically established behavioural learning principles to the clinical domain, providing a framework for the systematic analysis of a person’s historical and current contexts, in terms of the personal learning that has occurred through interaction with those contexts, and using this information to understand the function and maintenance of an individual’s clinically-relevant behaviour. Unlike other established approaches to formulation and therapy, CBA is often misunderstood by individuals who are unfamiliar, or only partially familiar, with the central tenets of the approach. Common charges levied against CBA include: the apparent dismissal of thoughts, feelings and emotions as unobservable and therefore unimportant to the clinician or analyst; the use of aversive techniques and punishment to change behaviour; and the reduction of the complexity of individual experience into simplistic behavioural units. While these criticisms may be valid for some forms of mechanistic behaviourism or misinformed individual therapists, they do not apply to the radical behaviourism of B F Skinner – the behavioural philosophy that underpins our approach. Within this chapter, we formulate the case of ‘Molly’, using the principles of CBA to understand her presentation, current difficulties, and potential areas for intervention.
New Frontiers in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One of the major puzzles in medical research and public health systems worldwide is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), reaching nowadays a prevalence near 50 million people. This is a multifactorial brain disorder characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, apathy, and mood and neuropsychiatric disorders. The main risk of AD is aging; a normal biological process associated with a continuum dynamic involving a gradual loss of people’s physical capacities, but with a sound experienced view of life. Studies suggest that AD is a break from normal aging with changes in the powerful functional capacities of neurons as well as in the mechanisms of neuronal protection. In this context, an important path has been opened toward AD prevention considering that there are elements of nutrition, daily exercise, avoidance of toxic substances and drugs, an active social life, meditation, and control of stress, to achieve healthy aging. Here, we analyze the involvement of such factors and how to control environmental risk factors for a better quality of life. Prevention as well as innovative screening programs for early detection of the disease using reliable biomarkers are becoming critical to control the disease. In addition, the failure of traditional pharmacological treatments and search for new drugs has stimulated the emergence of nutraceutical compounds in the context of a “multitarget” therapy, as well as mindfulness approaches shown to be effective in the aging, and applied to the control of AD. An integrated approach involving all these preventive factors combined with novel pharmacological approaches should pave the way for the future control of the disease.
Actividad antibacteriana de Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hér. sobre Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis y Streptococcus mitis frente a clorhexidina Antibacterial activity of Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her. against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis versus chlorhexidine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

RESUMEN Introduccion: Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her (geranio hiedra) es ampliamente utilizado en medicina natural para el tratamiento de enfermedades bucales, pero se desconocen aun sus propiedades farmacologicas, actividad antibacteriana y la composicion de sus fitoconstituyentes. Objetivo: realizar un estudio comparativo de la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto acuoso obtenido de las hojas de Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her (geranio hiedra) sobre S treptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis y Streptococcus mitis, frente a la clorhexidina. Metodos: para el ensayo antibacteriano se empleo el metodo de difusion en agar. Se trabajo con 18 muestras de microorganismos de cada especie mencionada, aisladas de los pacientes de una clinica dental. Posteriormente, se prepararon 6 concentraciones diferentes del extracto acuoso, para comparar la actividad antibacteriana frente al colutorio de clorhexidina. El analisis fitoquimico preliminar se realizo mediante el ensayo a la gota. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a analisis estadisticos como estimadores de media y dispersion, analisis de varianza unifactorial y prueba de Tukey.
Kualitas Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Puskesmas Tampa Padang

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<p align="center"><em>Pharmaceutical services are a form of pharmaceutical care that aims to maintain the quality of pharmaceutical preparations and support the success of therapy undergone by patients in treatment. The level of patient satisfaction is one way to measure the quality of pharmaceutical services. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at the Tampapadang Health Center. This study was a descriptive study using a measuring instrument in the form of a questionnaire containing a list of questions containing 5 dimensions of quality, namely reliability, responsiveness, empathy, tangible, and assurance of service quality. The sample size in this study was 67 respondents determined using accidental sampling. The results of the study showed that the level of satisfaction per dimension was: reliability = the majority was satisfied (100%), responsiveness = the majority was satisfied (97%), empathy = the majority was satisfied (100%), tangible = the majority was satisfied (99%), assurance = the majority was satisfied (96%). Overall, the majority of respondents stated that they were satisfied (99%). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that patients were satisfied with the pharmaceutical services at the Tampa Padang Health Center.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: pharmaceutical services; health center; satisfaction; patient</em></p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p> </p><p>Pelayanan kefarmasian adalah wujud dari asuhan kefarmasian yang bertujuan untuk menjaga mutu sediaan farmasi dan menunjang keberhasilan terapi yang dijalani oleh pasien dalam pengobatan. Tingkat kepuasan pasien merupakan salah satu cara ukur untuk mengetahui kualitas pelayanan kefarmasian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Puskesmas Tampapadang. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan alat ukur berupa kuesioner yang berisi daftar pertanyaan yang memuat 5 dimensi kualitas yaitu <em>reliability</em>, <em>responsiveness</em>, <em>emphaty, tangible, </em>dan<em> assurance</em> kualitas pelayanan. Ukuran sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 67 responden yang ditentukan dengan menggunakan <em>accidental sampling</em>. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepuasan per dimensi adalah: <em>reliability</em> = mayoritas adalah puas (100%), <em>responsiveness</em> = mayoritas adalah puas (97%), <em>empathy</em> = mayoritas adalah puas (100%), <em>tangible</em> = mayoritas adalah puas (99%), <em>assurance</em> = mayoritas adalah puas (96%). Secara keseluruhan mayoritas responden menyatakan puas (99%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa para pasien merasa puas terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Puskesmas Tampa Padang.</p><p><strong>Keyword: </strong>pelayanan kefarmasian; puskesmas; kepuasan; pasien</p>
Planning of design works and formation of the initial permissive documentation for projects of general education institutions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this article, the stages of erecting the building of a general education institution (GEI) from the moment of the formation of the idea of construction to the transfer of the object into operation are considered. Based on the personal experience of the authors, as well as the study of the corresponding regulations for obtaining the initial permissive documenta-tion (IPD), a list of IPDs was formed. In addition, during the study, a con-ditional schedule was drawn up for the collection of the IPD, as well as the necessary approvals for the initial phase of the object design.
On the evolution of noise-dependent vocal plasticity in birds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Signal plasticity is considered an important step in the evolution of animal communication. In acoustic communication, signal transmission is often constrained by background noise. One adaptation to evade acoustic signal masking is the Lombard effect, in which an animal increases its vocal amplitude in response to an increase in background noise. This form of signal plasticity has been found in mammals, including humans, and some birds, but not frogs. However, the evolution of the Lombard effect is still unclear. Here we demonstrate for the first time the Lombard effect in a phylogentically basal bird species, the tinamou Eudromia elegans . By doing so, we take a step towards reconstructing the evolutionary history of noise-dependent vocal plasticity in birds. Similar to humans, the tinamous also raised their vocal pitch in noise, irrespective of any release from signal masking. The occurrence of the Lombard effect in a basal bird group suggests that this form of vocal plasticity was present in the common ancestor of all living birds and thus evolved at least as early as 119 Ma.
Mechanism of Genome Protection by Homologous Recombination Repair: A single molecule DNA-protein interaction study

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

textabstractChanges in our hereditary information are welcome in terms of generating diversity and driving evolution of the species. At the same time the integrity of the genome should not be compromised. As described in chapter 1, a number of compounds react with DNA thereby causing damaging lesions. If those lesions are left unrepaired, they can interfere with replication, transcription and lead to deregulations of their gene products. These in turn can cause diseases and aging. There are DNA repair mechanisms in place that repair DNA lesions and thus maintain and protect genome integrity.\nThis thesis focuses on the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks by homologous recombination.
Antitumor effects of an immunotoxin made with Pseudomonas exotoxin in a nude mouse model of human ovarian cancer.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An immunotoxin composed of Pseudomonas toxin coupled to an antibody to the human transferrin receptor was evaluated for its effect on ovarian cancer. In the tumor model employed, 60 million human ovarian cancer cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity of an immunodeficient nude mouse. By day 5, cancer cells were implanted and growing in small clusters throughout the peritoneal cavity. On days 5-8, 0.3-2 micrograms of immunotoxin was injected into the peritoneal cavity. Control mice died with malignant ascites at 34-58 days after the implantation of tumor cells, whereas immunotoxin-treated mice lived to 100 days or longer. Irrelevant immunotoxins or antibody alone had no antitumor activity. These findings suggest that intraperitoneal injection of immunotoxins may have a role in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader IGF2BP1 facilitates clear-cell renal cell carcinoma aerobic glycolysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Emerging articles have reported that N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification is mainly involved in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumorigenesis. However, the regulatory mechanisms of m 6 A reader IGF2BP1 involved in ccRCC tumor energy metabolism are currently unknown. Results showed that the m 6 A reader IGF2BP1 exhibited significantly higher expression in ccRCC cells. Functionally, results by gain/loss functional assays indicated that IGF2BP1 promoted the glycolytic characteristics, including glucose uptake, lactate production and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Mechanistically, IGF2BP1 recognized the m 6 A modified sites on LDHA mRNA and enhanced its mRNA stability, thereby accelerating tumor energy metabolism. Thus, our work reveals a novel facet of the m 6 A that promoted mRNA stability and highlighted the functional importance of IGF2BP1 as m 6 A readers in post-transcriptional gene regulation.