jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Flux transfer events: Spontaneous or driven?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Since flux transfer events (FTEs) occur predominantly under conditions of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), one might expect that FTEs could be associated with the southward turning of the IMF which could lead to a transient increase in the merging rate. Lockwood and Wild [1993] recently suggested, in fact, that FTEs are driven by the IMF variations in which the Bz becomes more southward and rather than arising spontaneously during periods of steady IMF. To test this hypothesis, we have surveyed observations of the IMF during the flux transfer events observed in the dayside magnetopause by ISEE spacecraft. The upstream solar wind data from IMP‐8 or ISEE 3 are carefully compared with the magnetosheath data from ISEE to determine the time lag between them, which enables us to survey the simultaneous solar wind data during the FTEs. We find no evidence that FTEs are directly correlated with southward turning of the IMF. Rather, the FTEs more frequently occur when the IMF Bz is steady. A survey of 10‐minute intervals of simultaneous IMF data preceding each FTE show that the IMF fluctuates between northward and southward for less than 20% events and few of these turnings appear to be consistent with triggering the FTE. For majority of events, the IMF stays southward with fluctuations of clock angle less than 30° over the 10‐minute period. Thus we conclude that FTEs do occur spontaneously for steady southward IMF and are not simply directly driven by the observed fluctuations in the IMF Bz component.
Cyclin D1 levels are involved in the resistance to m-TOR inhibitors in human bronchial carcinoids

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Bronchial carcinoids (BC) are still orphan of medical therapy. We previously demonstrated that the typical BC human cell line NCI-H727 is sensitive to Everolimus, in terms of cell viability reduction, while the atypical human BC cell line NCI-H720 is not. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully clarified.\n\nAim: The aim of our study is to investigate the mechanisms of resistance to mTOR inhibitors in BC cells.\n\nMethods: Cell cycle protein profiling was performed throughout G0/G1/S phases evaluating important complexes regulated during these transition phases at different cell-cycle times, such as CDK2/Cyclin E, CDK4/CyclinD1 and p27Kip1.\n\nResults: The two human BC cell lines, NCI-720 and NCI-727 cells, showed different levels of cell cycle-regulating proteins during cycle progression. We found that under starvation the resistant cell line (NCI-720 cells) still expressed most of the cell cycle regulating protein, while in the sensitive cell line (NCI-727 cells), proteins as p27, cyclin D1 and E were highly down regulated. In addition we observed that, during cell cycle progression, CyclinE/CDK2 complex seems to be more expressed in resistant NCI-H720 cells as compared to NCI-727 cells. In contrast, CyckinD1/CDK4 is more expressed in the sensitive NCI-H727 cell line, while p27 does not show a different expression pattern during cell cycle progression in the two cell lines.\n\nConclusion: The pattern of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation is clearly different in the two cell lines, suggesting a possible involvement of these molecules in the mechanism of mTOR inhibitors resistance.
[Pleuroscopy and talc pleurodesis in recurrent pleural effusions: experience with 51 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

From January '92 up to January '94 thoracoscopy was performed in 51 patients with recurrent pleural effusion: 49 of these patients underwent talc pleurodesis. 10 pleural mesotheliomas, 29 diffuse metastasic pleural involvement and 12 benign effusions were diagnosed. Intrapleural talc therapy allowed a definitive pleurodesis in 43 patients with a success rate of 87%.
Allelic frequencies of two DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism systems collected from an undefined population : application to DNA profiling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule were analysed to determine the extent of their ability to provide discriminating human DNA profiles for forensic identification. The two types of RFLPs studied were variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), the technique commonly used by North American forensic laboratories, and dimorphic restriction endonuclease recognition site (RES) developed in this laboratory. Data bases showing allele frequencies were collected for four VNTR hypervariable regions, D2S44, D16S85, INS, and D14S13 from an undefined population group obtained from the Greater Vancouver Area. Allele frequency distributions from this group were similar to the larger and more statistically defined allele distributions obtained by other laboratories, the RCMP Molecular Biology Unit in Ottawa and Promega associated laboratories in all of which analysed Caucasian populations. An alternative technology to VNTR was based on the selection of five regions within the human genome that contain dimorphic restriction endonuclease recognition sites (RES). A nucleotide sequence of approximately one kilobase that contained the RES was selected from the genes of the following proteins: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), prealbumin (PALB), adenine deaminase (ADA), carbonic anhydrase II (CAH) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). After amplification of the nucleotide sequence by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the presence or absence of the internal RES was analysed by restriction endonuclease digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. From the pattern (size and number) of the restriction fragments generated, it is possible to make genotype assignments with respect to the RES. Restriction endonuclease activity was monitored by the presence of a control DNA fragment which is also cleaved by the restriction endonuclease used for each specific analysis. Statistical calculations demonstrated that by using 16 unlinked dimorphic RES, rapid individual identification to a certainty of one in 6.5 million is possible. Analysis of casework and/or laboratory simulated forensic specimens indicate that both the VNTR and RES system are discriminating and can be applied to non-ideal specimens. However, the RES system offers a much simpler and more reliable methodology.
SAR Image Formation Process and Non-stationary ErrorsInfluence in Aircraft Motion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

On account of large amount of signal processing required in SAR imagery, the early SAR designs implemented optical processing techniques.The ground speed is biased by the inertial navigation unit drifts and to which SAR processing is extremely sensitive.It can also be recovered from the GPS technique, but this requires a GPS receiver on the ground.Another complication is that the synthesis process is made non-stationary by the nonlinearities in the aircraft motion.This is motion compensation problem.Therefore, this paper provides a fine resolution SAR image platform and finished the relationship with SAR imagery errors between the stationary and non-stationary platform to continue future motion compensation process.A new Matlab based program for SAR image formation is also developed in this paper and a few visualization enhancement features facilitates processing data and producing desired output.The SAR properties in range and azimuth directions are also described.The received echo SAR signal is described.Moreover, the simulation results and comparison would show the way of making effects on SAR image resolution related to the motion compensation.
Economic aspects of reactive power compensation at gas-chemical plant

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The use of energy saving technologies, reduction of losses of electric power and the electric power are actual tasks of modern power industry. The cheapest and at the same time the most effective means of increasing the technical and economic indicators of electrical systems is reactive power compensation. The paper considers three variants of reactive power compensation: installation of high-voltage capacitor banks; installation of low-voltage capacitor banks); overexcitation of synchronous machines. The comparative analysis was conducted on models compiled in the program MATLAB Simulink. The costs of generation and transmission reactive power using synchronous motors were defined. The costs of generation and transmission reactive power using low-voltage capacitor banks were defined.
The stability of whipped cream structure: The effect of heat treatment and the addition of stabilizer/emulsifier

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Whipping cream, with 35% butter fat, was high-temperature, short time pasteurized (75°C, 16s), and ultra-high temperature sterilized (140°C, 4s), with and without the addition of stabilizer/emulsifier, to study the effect of these processing conditions on the stability of foam structure. Processed creams were whipped to maximum overrun using a double beater system. Duplicate foams were refrigerated for 24 hours to compare with fresh foams. Low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) was conducted to image foams and establish visual criteria for foam stability through quantitative stereology. Air bubble size, lamella length and volume fraction of air in the foam were calculated through computer assisted global measurement. Fresh foams were similar but significant differences in aged foam morphology were caused by heat treatment in both the stabilized and unstabilized foams. Results showed more large bubbles, thicker lamella and a higher volume fraction of air in aged HTST pasteurized foams compared to aged foam prepared from UHT sterilized cream. Rheological measurement of foam properties was then conducted by dynamic oscillatory testing to quantify visco-elasticity of foams structure to explain differences. Again, fresh foams were similar and differences were expressed in aged foams. Aging of stabilized foams caused a significant decrease in G' (storage modulus) and G ?(loss modulus) values regardless of heat treatment. Differences due to heat treatment were expressed through tan[delta] (G/?G' ) because of a proportionally higher value for G' and greater dependence on frequency measured in the aged foam prepared from stabilized UHT sterilized cream. This result is indicative of lower visco-elasticity and less ability to withstand destabilization processes. Further work concentrated on study of the proteins in the foam to determine if the more severe heat treatment was affecting structure and therefore, the contribution of proteins to serum phase viscosity and integrity of bubble interface. It has been reported that [beta]-lactoglobulin denatures above temperatures of 70°C and could account for loss of foam structure. However, electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) did not show differences in the quantity of [beta]-lactoglobulin or [alpha]-lactalbumin at the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Transmission electron microscopy did show differences in serum phase morphology with a loss in network structure caused by aging particularly in foam whipped from stabilized UHT sterilized cream.
Verrucous Carcinoma of the Penis: Retrospective Analysis of 32 Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Between 1972 and 1987, 34 patients with verrucous carcinoma of the penis were referred to our national cancer institute. We analyzed retrospectively the followup of 32 patients treated by surgery, exclusive radiotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. No patient died or had recurrent verrucous penile carcinoma. Lymph nodes removed from 15 patients without previous treatment did not reveal metastatic invasion. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed for more limited surgery in 3 of 6 patients treated.
The Garment Export Boom : An analysis of Swedish exports of ready-made clothing

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This essay is investigating the increasing Swedish garment export during the period 1997-2003. Despite a long-lasting national production decrease and stronger global competition Swedish designed clothing are exported at higher rates than ever. The hypothesis that this increase is due to increased trade and changed production stage specialization is investigated. The theory used to investigate this is basic trade theory including Hecksher-Olin and New Trade theory with a focus on comparative advantage and specialization. This is completed with production theory that is particularly relevant for the garment industry: product and price competition, fashion cycles and vertical specialization. Trade, production and labor data is analyzed according to this and the main results are based on the unit price development: exports had a much higher growth in unit prices than imports. This is indicating that Sweden has a revealed comparative advantage in capital intensive production stages, a fact further supported by high education levels and high production value per worker. The industry has chosen to focus on product competition rather than price competition and has managed to shorten its product cycles in order to better exploit the fashion cycles. In some garment groups the image is more complex and one of the main theories of a design heavy garment such as jeans being the core of the success is revised. The export success is to a large extent due to an increasing specialization in the industry’s strong areas.
On the measurement of cosmological parameters

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have catalogued and analysed cosmological parameter determinations and their error bars published between the years 1990 and 2010. Our study focuses on the number of measurements, their precision and their accuracy. The accuracy of past measurements is gauged by comparison with the WMAP7 results. The 637 measurements in our study are of 12 different parameters and we place the techniques used to carry them out into 12 different categories. We find that the number of published measurements per year in all 12 cases except for the dark energy equation of state parameter w_0 peaked between 1995 and 2004. Of the individual techniques, only BAO measurements were still rising in popularity at the end of the studied time period. The fractional error associated with most measurements has been declining relatively slowly, with several parameters, such as the amplitude of mass fluctutations sigma_8 and the Hubble constant H_0 remaining close to the 10% precision level for a 10-15 year period. The accuracy of recent parameter measurements is generally what would be expected given the quoted error bars, although before the year 2000, the accuracy was significantly worse, consistent with an average underestimate of the error bars by a factor of ~2. When used as complement to traditional forecasting techniques, our results suggest that future measurements of parameters such as fNL, and w_a will have been informed by the gradual improvment in understanding and treatment of systematic errors and are likely to be accurate. However, care must be taken to avoid the effects of confirmation bias, which may be affecting recent measurements of dark energy parameters. For example, of the 28 measurements of Omega_Lambda in our sample published since 2003, only 2 are more than 1 sigma from the WMAP results. Wider use of blind analyses in cosmology could help to avoid this.
Beyond the blur: using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is a powerful technique for investigating the electrostatic properties of material surfaces, enabling the imaging of variations in work function, topology, surface charge density, or combinations thereof. Regardless of the underlying signal source, SKPM results in a voltage image which is spatially distorted due to the finite size of the probe, long-range electrostatic interactions, mechanical and electrical noise, and the finite response time of the electronics. In order to recover the underlying signal, it is necessary to deconvolve the measurement with an appropriate point spread function (PSF) that accounts the aforementioned distortions, but determining this PSF is difficult. Here we describe how such PSFs can be determined experimentally, and show how they can be used to recover the underlying information of interest. We first consider the physical principles that enable SKPM, and discuss how these affect the system PSF. We then show how one can experimentally measure PSFs by looking at well defined features, and that these compare well to simulated PSFs, provided scans are performed extremely slowly and carefully. Next, we work at realistic scan speeds, and show that the idealised PSFs fail to capture temporal distortions in the scan direction. While simulating PSFs for these situations would be quite challenging, we show that measuring PSFs with similar scan conditions works well. Our approach clarifies the basic principles of and inherent challenges to SKPM measurements, and gives practical methods to improve results
Lipid based approach for bioavailability enhancement of boswellia serrata

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In past numerous studies reported the potential effect of Boswellia serrata in the treatment of various topical and systemic inflammatory diseases. Despite of potential pharmacological effects the oral delivery of BS is challenging due to poor bioavailability limiting its clinical applications. The objective of this study was to formulate and optimize lipid-based sustained release pellets of Boswellia serrata in order to improve solubility and oral bioavailability. Initially, solid dispersions were formulated by fusion method using hydrophilic grade lipids Gelucire 44/14 and 50/13 in different ratio (1: 0.25, 1: 0.5, 1:0.75, 1:1, and 1:2 w/w). Extrusion spheronization technique was used to further formulate solid dispersion of Boswellia serrata into sustained release pellets utilizing hydrophobic grade lipid carrier gelucire 43/01 and ethyl cellulose as a release retarding agent. Using a 3-level, 2-factor factorial design, the effect of the amount of gelucire 43/01 and ethyl cellulose was investigated and optimized. Compared to pure drug, solid dispersion of Boswellia serrata (batch-F9) demonstrated a 5-fold increase in aqueous solubility and dissolution behavior. The optimum system (batch-F16) achieved a maximum drug release of 95.69 % in 6 hours. In comparison to the marketed preparation, pharmacokinetic investigation in male Wistar rats revealed a 2.52-fold improvement in relative bioavailability of the optimized formulation. The obtained BS lipid-based pellets could be a promising choice for its efficient use in various clinical applications. The developed system could be effectively applied to deliver other phytochemicals having potential pharmacological effects but limited clinical use due to poor bioavailability. Keywords: Boswellia serrata, Gelucire, Solid dispersion, Pellets, Spheronization, Bioavailability.
Grower acceptance of entomopathogenic nematodes: case studies on three continents.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Projects to manage arthropod pests using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in Brazil, Korea and USA are reviewed to identify conditions and practices that affected the use of EPNs for pest management. A proliferation of covered agriculture in Korea, the growth in demand for high value, pesticide-free produce in Korea and Brazil, and the cost-effectiveness of EPNs created favorable conditions for the widespread adoption of EPN products in Brazilian guava orchards and Korean vegetable greenhouses. In Florida, EPNs imported from South America function successfully as classical biocontrol agents against invasive mole crickets attacking pasture and turf. However, the low value of pasture and the availability of cost-effective chemical insecticides in turf have depressed the demand for EPN products to control mole crickets. In Florida citrus orchards, a recent, dramatic increase in the use of chemical insecticides to control an arthropod vector of a devastating bacterial disease of citrus (huanglongbing) reduced the demand for EPN products to control Diaprepes root weevils. Nevertheless, a rich and diverse EPN fauna in the Florida peninsula provides significant control of subterranean stages of root weevils in some habitats, and is the focus of research to develop cultural practices that exploit the potential for increased pest management through EPN conservation.
SOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGIES FOR ORGAN DONATION IN MALAYSIA: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF ‘DERMA ORGAN’ FACEBOOK PAGE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Organ donation, with its low donation rate and high demands, is undoubtedly one of Malaysia's most important health-related challenges. Despite the government's extensive efforts, little has changed in terms of swaying public opinion to pledge as an organ donor. There is ever-increasing number of people needing transplantation and the organs made available is definitely less. As numerous individuals require transplants, there are obviously fewer available organs to meet the demand. The study aims to contribute towards this issue, focusing on examining the social media strategies used by the government in transmitting the organ donation information as well as persuading Malaysians to pledge as an organ donor. The study intends to make a contribution to this issue by evaluating the social media tactics the government uses to disseminate information about organ donation and encourage Malaysians to sign up as donors. Using qualitative content analysis, information was gathered from the official ‘Derma Organ’ Facebook page. The data has been evaluated and associated to the engagement rates using cognitive, affective and conative message strategies. The analysis resulted with the majority of posts used a cognitive technique, while affective strategy appears to have a greater rate of engagement. To improve the public's desire to commit as an organ donor, more emphasis should be placed on valuing emotive strategy when creating social media content. Keywords: Affective; cognitive; conative; organ donation; social media strategy.