jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Corporate CO2 Offsetting in Small- and Medium-Seized Firms in Germany

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Voluntary CO2 offsetting by individuals, firms, and organizations is increasingly considered as a direction of climate policy that is complementary to traditional approaches such as sub-sidies or CO2 taxes. Based on data from a large-scale survey among corporate decision mak-ers, this paper empirically examines corporate CO2 offsetting and its determinants in small- and medium-sized firms in Germany. Our descriptive analysis shows both a rather limited engagement in corporate CO2 offsetting as well as a strong lack of knowledge about its mechanism. The econometric analysis reveals that some firm-specific characteristics like the average age of the employees, firm size, and firm age matter for CO2 offsetting. However, the main estimation results refer to the relevance of general environment-related variables like the implementation of environmental product and service innovations or the share of employees that carry out environment-related tasks and especially of climate-related factors and activities. In particular, the implementation of climate targets and the participation in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) are strongly significantly positively correlated with CO2 offsetting. In line with similar findings at the individual level, these estimation results imply that corporate CO2 offsetting also does not substitute or crowd out other climate pro-tection and further pro-environmental activities, but rather complements them.
HARDI dMRI imaging of cervical spinal cord

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our work established an automatic pipeline of cervical spinal cord high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data. Our pipeline that projects the diffusion results into high-resolution anatomical space utilizes Spinal Cord Toolbox (SCT), FSL libraries, in-house developed scripts and TORQUE-based batch system for grid computational engines. As one of the first, we are investigating multiple-direction models for human in-vivo spinal cord HARDI dMRI data. The visually inspected preliminary results indicate that significant 2nd directions are observable as expected based on previously presented mainly animal models. Our work provides an essential clinical tool that will allow quantifying spinal cord and dorsal spinal roots alterations in various neurological diseases in vivo.
[Chronification of neuroses--on the critical phase of the inpatient-ambulatory care transition].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The contribution deals with the critical transition from ward treatment and follow-up care as an outpatient. Patients with primary psychic maldevelopment are compared with those of a secondary psychic development. Changes in symptoms and personality were measured with a battery of tests during a pre-post follow-up study (intervals of eight weeks between tests). Special attention is paid to changes after discharge from hospital and deterioration, which was common among the patients with secondary psychic maldevelopment, is discussed.
Activation of CREB-binding protein ameliorates spinal cord injury in tabersonine treatment by suppressing NLRP3/Notch signaling

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) alters the integrity of the spinal cord, which leads to loss of multiple organs’ function including locomotor function. The present study evaluates the protective effect of tabersonine against SCI. Material and methods SCI was induced by traumatic injury and animals were treated with tabersonine 20 and 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for the period of 10 days. Tabersonine’s effect was determined by estimating locomotor and neurological function in spinal cord injured rats. Moreover, mediators of inflammation were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the effect of tabersonine on Notch/inflammasome signaling was estimated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot assay and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis of neuronal cells was estimated by staining with Nissl stain on spinal cord tissue in SCI rats. Results Data of the study suggest that neurological and motor functions were improved in the tabersonine treated group compared to the spinal cord injured (SI) group. There was a decrease in the mediators of inflammation in the spinal cord tissue of the tabersonine treated group compared to the SI group. Treatment with tabersonine ameliorates the altered expression of NICD, Nestin and Hes-1 protein and mRNA expression of Notch-1 and Hes-1 in the SCI rats. It was also observed that the tabersonine treated group showed activation of CREB and inhibition of the NLRP-3 pathway in SCI rats. Moreover, apoptosis of neuronal cells was reduced in the tabersonine treated group compared to the SI group. Conclusions Data of the investigation suggest that tabersonine protects against spinal cord injury by activating CREB and reducing NLRP3/Notch signaling.
Injury Characteristics and Outcomes in Elderly Trauma Patients in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Traumatic injury in the elderly is an emerging global problem with an associated increase in morbidity and mortality. This study sought to describe the epidemiology of elderly injury and outcomes in sub‐Saharan Africa. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients (≥ 18 years) with traumatic injuries presenting to the Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi, over 5 years (2009–2013). Elderly patients were defined as adults aged ≥65 years and compared to adults aged 18–44 and 45–64 years. We used propensity score matching and logistic regression to compare the odds of mortality between age groups using the youngest age group as the reference. Results 42,816 Adult patients with traumatic injuries presented to KCH during the study period. 1253 patients (2.9 %) were aged ≥65 years with a male preponderance (77.4 %). Injuries occurred more often at home as age increased (25.3, 29.5, 41.1 %, p < 0.001) and falls were more common (14.1, 23.8, 36.3 %, p < 0.001) for elderly patients. Elderly age was associated with a higher proportion of hospital admissions (10.6, 21.3, 35.2 %, p < 0.001). Upon propensity score matching and logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of mortality for patients aged ≥65 was 3.15 (95 % CI 1.45, 6.82, p = 0.0037) compared to the youngest age group (18–44 years). Conclusions Elderly trauma in a resource‐poor area in sub‐Saharan Africa is associated with a significant increase in hospital admissions and mortality. Significant improvements in trauma systems, pre‐hospital care, and hospital capacity for older, critically ill patients are imperative.
Scheduling Policy for Value-of-Information (VoI) in Trajectory Estimation for Digital Twins

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This letter presents an approach to schedule observations from different sensors in an environment to ensure their timely delivery and build a digital twin (DT) model of the system dynamics. At the cloud platform, DT models estimate and predict the system's state, then compute the optimal scheduling policy and resource allocation strategy to be executed in the physical world. However, given limited network resources, partial state vector information, and measurement errors at the distributed sensing agents, the acquisition of data (i.e., observations) for efficient state estimation of system dynamics is a non-trivial problem. We propose a Value of Information (VoI)-based algorithm that provides a polynomial-time solution for selecting the most informative subset of sensing agents to improve confidence in the state estimation of DT models. Numerical results confirm that the proposed method outperforms other benchmarks, reducing the communication overhead by half while maintaining the required estimation accuracy.
Controlled Radical Polymerization: Industrial Stakes, Obstacles and Achievements

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The extraordinary scientific development of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) contrasts with the very limited number of commercially available products derived from these technologies. The present comprehensive survey takes up existing public knowledge on industrial features of CRP and gives a critical point of view on its global status, and on each CRP technique in particular. The main techniques, namely RAFT/MADIX, NMP, ATRP, OCRP, OHRP and (R)ITP, are introduced. The focus is put on their current status in industry, based on selected patent literature, conference proceedings, professional press releases and technical data sheets of commercial products. This includes the industrial availability of CRP agents, the types of polymers that have been already commercialized or that are at an advanced stage of development, and the related applications and markets. The strengths and weaknesses are given for the different CRP techniques, and ways of improvements are suggested. As is often the case for strong technological breakthroughs, the CRP processes face a multitude of hurdles (at different degrees depending on the type of CRP), that must be overcome and which greatly increase the time‐to‐market for polymer products compared to mature technologies. In spite of its slow development, CRP is seen as a revolutionary method to produce precisely controlled, next generation specialty polymer additives and materials. magnified image
Current understanding of the treatment of newborns with intestinal malrotation: a systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This review aimed to analyze and organize information on the treatment of newborns with bowel malrotation. A systematic review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and eLibrary and journals of Pediatric Surgery, Russian Bulletin of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, and Pediatric Surgery from 2010 to 2020. The search terms were as follows: malrotation, neonatal, infant, newborn, intestinal malrotation, malrotation, neonatal period, Ledds syndrome, and midgut volvulus. All journal issues were reviewed for the selected period. Following the screening of published articles, six full-text articles that met the selection criteria were included in the systematic review. A total of 191 patients with bowel malrotation that received various treatments were described: 98 patients underwent defect correction by laparoscopy and 93 patients underwent laparotomy. Bloating was found in 103 children. Reoperations were performed on 18 newborns because of relapse. Complications in the postoperative period were noted in 25 cases, and treatment of 16 children was fatal. No study was performed following a high methodological level. To date, studies on the surgical treatment of newborns with bowel malrotations are limited. In addition, none of the studies were conducted at a high methodological level. The lack of randomized controlled trials can be compensated for by closer collaboration between medical clinics, collection of a larger evidence base based on the analysis of the results of cohort and casecontrol studies, and examination of the reasons for the variability of results among centers.
Estudo sobre a origem da Corrente de Jato do Nordeste Brasileiro e suas ligações inter-hemisféricas

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The knowledge regarding the main synoptic systems that affect the weather in the State of Alagoas, in the Northeast of Brazil, would provide information that is fundamental to advancing the understanding and prediction of the weather. The Brazilian Northeast Jet Streams (BNEJSs) are one of the main systems that are related to intense rainfall in Alagoas. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the origin of BNEJSs and their connections with the Jet Streams (JSs) from Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH). A 10-year period, between 2000 to 2009 was chosen for this analyzes. Reanalysis data provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), in the level of 200 hPa at 00Z time, were used during this research. An important finding of this research is that inter-hemispheric connections through BNEJSs occurred not only with the participation of the Subtropical Jet Stream (SJS), but also in conjunction with Polar Jet Streams (PJS), meaning that all JSs are able to connect in the process. For the purpose of further understanding the connections among all the JSs, it has been established three circulations patterns of BNEJS: the Meridional, the Tranvsersal and the Zonal. It was observed that the Zonal BNJESs pattern did not connect to all JSs. The most common occurrence pattern is the Meridional CJNEB type, where all the JSs also remained connected longer. In contrast the Transversal pattern was the type with short duration, lasting on average only one day. These three established types of BNEJSs circulation patterns were associated according to the presence of the Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortex (UTCV) or the Upper Tropospheric Trough (UTT). The axis and the position of the UTCV and the UTT were instrumental for the association or separation process of all JSs. Hence, it was noted that the Meridional BNJESs type should present a UTCV or UTT with also a Meridional axis, in order to have the union between all JSs and maintain longer days of connection. Otherwise, the separation or inhibition of connections is more likely to occur. When analyzing the Transversal BNJESs type, it was noted that the axis of UTCV or UTT should also be Transversal to promote the connections between of all JSs. In relation to UTCV or UTT position, it was noticed that the closer they are to the Brazilian Northeast (BNE), the easier will be the establishment of connections between all JSs. Another key finding of this research, was that a unusual event called: Rare Event, was detected – it was observed two particular cases where the connections of all CJs occurred during the Autumn in the SH. Furthermore, it was verified that the origin of the BNEJSs was related to the two Hemispheres - alternating between as a branch of the Northern Subtropical Jet Stream (NSJT) and as the branch of the Southern Subtropical Jet Stream (SSJT).
Impact of Altered Cholinergic Tones on the Neurovascular Coupling Response to Whisker Stimulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Brain imaging techniques that use vascular signals to map changes in neuronal activity rely on the coupling between electrophysiology and hemodynamics, a phenomenon referred to as “neurovascular coupling” (NVC). It is unknown whether this relationship remains reliable under altered brain states associated with acetylcholine (ACh) levels, such as attention and arousal and in pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. We therefore assessed the effects of varying ACh tone on whisker-evoked NVC responses in rat barrel cortex, measured by cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neurophysiological recordings (local field potentials, LFPs). We found that acutely enhanced ACh tone significantly potentiated whisker-evoked CBF responses through muscarinic ACh receptors and concurrently facilitated neuronal responses, as illustrated by increases in the amplitude and power in high frequencies of the evoked LFPs. However, the cellular identity of the activated neuronal network within the responsive barrel was unchanged, as characterized by c-Fos upregulation in pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons coexpressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In contrast, chronic ACh deprivation hindered whisker-evoked CBF responses and the amplitude and power in most frequency bands of the evoked LFPs and reduced the rostrocaudal extent and area of the activated barrel without altering its identity. Correlations between LFP power and CBF, used to estimate NVC, were enhanced under high ACh tone and disturbed significantly by ACh depletion. We conclude that ACh is not only a facilitator but also a prerequisite for the full expression of sensory-evoked NVC responses, indicating that ACh may alter the fidelity of hemodynamic signals in assessing changes in evoked neuronal activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurovascular coupling, defined as the tight relationship between activated neurons and hemodynamic responses, is a fundamental brain function that underlies hemodynamic-based functional brain imaging techniques. However, the impact of altered brain states on this relationship is largely unknown. We therefore investigated how acetylcholine (ACh), known to drive brain states of attention and arousal and to be deficient in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, would alter neurovascular coupling responses to sensory stimulation. Whereas acutely increased ACh enhanced neuronal responses and the resulting hemodynamic signals, chronic loss of cholinergic input resulted in dramatic impairments in both types of sensory-evoked signals. We conclude that ACh is not only a potent modulator but also a requirement for the full expression of sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling responses.
Outcomes and long-term effects of hematopoietic stem cell transplant in sickle cell disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the only readily available curative option for sickle cell disease (SCD). Cure rates following human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related donor HSCT with myeloablative or non-myeloablative conditioning are >90%. Alternative donor sources, including haploidentical donor and autologous with gene therapy, expand donor options but are limited by inferior outcomes, limited data, and/or shorter follow-up and therefore remain experimental. Outcomes are improving with time, with donor type and conditioning regimens having the greatest impact on long-term complications. Patients with stable donor engraftment do not experience SCD-related symptoms and have stabilization or improvement of end-organ pathology; however, the long-term effects of curative strategies remain to be fully established and have significant implications in a patient’s decision to seek therapy. This review covers currently published literature on HSCT outcomes, including organ-specific outcomes implicated in SCD, as well as long-term effects. HSCT, both allogeneic and autologous gene therapy, in the SCD population reverses the sickle phenotype, prevents further organ damage, can resolve prior organ dysfunction in both pediatric and adult patients. Data support greater success with HSCT at a younger age, thus, curative therapies should be discussed early in the patient’s life.
“Some do and some doesn’t”: Verbal concord variation in the north of the British Isles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Among the chief characteristics of the northern dialects since Middle English times has been the so-called Northern Subject Rule, a systemic split in the verbal concord system which allows for invariant verbal -s forms everywhere except when the verb is directly accompanied by a simple personal pronoun. This study provides a geographical and comparative survey of the reflexes of this pattern in the northern dialects, drawing attention to their variability and to their interaction with other related and/or competing patterns of concord variation. A corpus investigation reveals that over and above the ‘hard’ constraints that define the Northern Subject Rule as such, there exist a number of ‘soft’ probabilistic constraints governing its effects which are also near-universally shared between the varieties in question. I then go on to discuss the likely paths of historical development that have given rise to this grammatical pattern, and critically review some attempts that have been made to account for it in terms of formal syntactic theories. I show that existing formal models fail to account for the range of variability of this pattern, both in a comparative, diatopic perspective and on the level of individual speakers. I finally argue that variation phenomena of this kind can theoretically be better accounted for in a usage-based model in the vein of current functionalist and emergentist theories.
Theoretical study of a body-centered-tetragonal phase of carbon nitride

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We present the results of a theoretical study of a body-centered-tetragonal (BCT) phase of carbon nitride (CN) with 1:1 stoichiometry using a self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding method. This CN phase is highly stable and has a small $c/a$ ratio of 0.34 with complicated N and C dimerization along the c axis. The N atoms form a quasi-one-dimensional polymeric chain structure. Bond lengths as short as $1.16 \AA{}$ between C atoms and $1.11 \AA{}$ between N atoms are obtained along the c axis. However, the bond lengths in the $a\ensuremath{-}b$ plane are considerably longer, yielding only a modest bulk modulus of 243 GPa. We examine the structural and electronic properties to characterize and understand this CN phase.
Risk of stillbirth from occupational and residential exposures.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the risk of stillbirth from 12 residential and occupational maternal exposures during pregnancy. METHODS: Stillbirths and neonatal deaths in 1984 within 24 hours of birth from 10 California counties were identified from death certificates. Controls were randomly selected from live births born in 1984 and frequency matched to cases by maternal age and county. Data sources included vital statistics and a self-administered postal questionnaire. Logistic regression and proportional hazards modelling were performed; the proportional hazards considered the truncated opportunity for exposure among cases. Special focus was given to two cause of deaths groups: congenital anomalies (12% of deaths) and complications of the placenta, cord, and membranes (37% of deaths). RESULTS: Occupational exposure to pesticides during the first two months of gestation was positively associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0 to 5.9), and during the first and second trimesters with stillbirths due to all causes of death (risk ratios (RR) 1.3-1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) and stillbirths due to complications of the placenta, cord, and membranes (RR 1.6-1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3). Occupational exposure to video display terminals in the third trimester was found to have a modest inverse association with stillbirths (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6, 0.9). Home pesticide exposure was positively associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to pesticides, especially during early pregnancy, had a clear positive association with stillbirths regardless of cause of death. Methodologically, this study of stillbirths is unique in its analysis of specific causes of death and use of time specific exposure windows.
DWPF Sampling Device Development Test Results and Design Recommendation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report summarizes the development and testing of a sample device for the DWPF sample cells. The clamp actuated manual Hydraguard valve used in conjunction with the concentric needle fill device is recommended for use in the DWPF. This is based on test results which indicate that this sampler is capable of obtaining samples within five percent of the solids concentration of the process stream at flow rates from 0.5 to 3.5 gpm.