jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Pump in Methane-Charged Shallow Marine Sediments: State of the Art and New Model Perspectives

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Methane transport from subsurface reservoirs to shallow marine sediment is characterized by unique biogeochemical interactions significant for ocean chemistry. Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is an important diagenetic front in the sediment column that quantitatively consumes the diffusive methane fluxes from deep methanogenic sources toward shallow marine sediments via sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Recent global compilation from diffusion-controlled marine settings suggests methane from below and sulfate from above fluxing into the SMTZ at an estimated rate of 3.8 and 5.3 Tmol year–1, respectively, and wider estimate for methane flux ranges from 1 to 19 Tmol year–1. AOM converts the methane carbon to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) at the SMTZ. Organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) and deep-DIC fluxes from methanogenic zones contribute additional DIC to the shallow sediments. Here, we provide a quantification of 8.7 Tmol year–1 DIC entering the methane-charged shallow sediments due to AOM, OSR, and the deep-DIC flux (range 6.4–10.2 Tmol year–1). Of this total DIC pool, an estimated 6.5 Tmol year–1 flows toward the water column (range: 3.2–9.2 Tmol year–1), and 1.7 Tmol year–1 enters the authigenic carbonate phases (range: 0.6–3.6 Tmol year–1). This summary highlights that carbonate authigenesis in settings dominated by diffusive methane fluxes is a significant component of marine carbon burial, comparable to ∼15% of carbonate accumulation on continental shelves and in the abyssal ocean, respectively. Further, the DIC outflux through the SMTZ is comparable to ∼20% of global riverine DIC flux to oceans. This DIC outflux will contribute alkalinity or CO2 in different proportions to the water column, depending on the rates of authigenic carbonate precipitation and sulfide oxidation and will significantly impact ocean chemistry and potentially atmospheric CO2. Settings with substantial carbonate precipitation and sulfide oxidation at present are contributing CO2 and thus to ocean acidification. Our synthesis emphasizes the importance of SMTZ as not only a methane sink but also an important diagenetic front for global DIC cycling. We further underscore the need to incorporate a DIC pump in methane-charged shallow marine sediments to models for coastal and geologic carbon cycling.
A Study of the New Development of the Optimal Adhesive System to Er:YAG-lased Dentin

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

With the ultimate aim of newly developing an optimal dentin bonding system to Er:YAG-lased dentin, the adhesion-promoting effects of priming with hydrophilic monomers on the bonding performance of the resin-modified glass-ionomer adhesive system （RMGI） to laser-affected dentin were investigated. It was revealed that priming with 4-MET and HEMA following acid-conditioning with 10％ citric acid＋2％ ferric chloride solution might be very effective for improving the bond strength of RMGI to Er:YAG-lased dentin.This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K11138.
Bede and Irish Scholarship: Scientific Treatises and Grammars

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper revisits the question of Bede's debt to Irish scholarship. It attempts to show exactly which texts of Irish origin Bede used, not only in his scientific treatises but also in his exegetical works, and, perhaps more importantly, how he used them. He seems to have appreciated the synthetic approach of the Irish masters, but did not hesitate to query their scholarship, supplementing their information with classical and Patristic texts. On the other hand, he failed to understand their humour and is found to be led astray by the witticisms of Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Although Bede does not acknowledge any of Irish masters, his attitude toward the Irish may not have been as negative as it would appear from a modern standpoint.
Dentalion (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) a new genus from tropical America with eleven new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Dentalion gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae), is described from the northern part of the Neotropical region, from Costa Rica to Ecuador and Brazil, and the Caribbean (Trinidad & Tobago). It comprises eleven new species: D. alveum, D. ambonatum, D. apertum, D. apon, D. crassicornis, D. jimenezi, D. mischum, D. noyesi, D. pinguicornis, D. pnigaliae, D. quadrifer. These species are diagnosed, described and illustrated, and a key for their identification is provided. Dentalion is characterized by two putative autapomorphies and two synapomorphies. The phylogenetic implications of these apomorphies are discussed briefly.
Preparation and adhesion performance of transparent acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives for touch screen panel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Transparent acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) comprised semi-interpenetrated structured polymer networks were prepared with different co-monomer compositions. Emphasis was placed on the effect of functional groups in the co-monomer including morpholine and tetrahydrofurane moieties in the typical acrylic PSA formulation. The synthesized acrylic PSA syrups were characterized and the optical properties of the acrylic PSA film were also examined by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, haze meter, and prism coupler. Acrylic PSAs exhibit high transparency in the visible wavelength region. Adhesion performance was measured by the peel strength, cohesion strength, and probe tack tests. With increasing 4-acryloyl morpholine monomer concentration in the acrylic PSAs, the peel strength, cohesion strength, and probe tack increased.
The Salience of Ethnoreligious Identities in the Middle East: An Interpretation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the recent publication of Ethnic and Racial Studies Today, the two editors, Martin Bulmer and John Solomos, note that a distinctive feature of the late 1990s is the “ … much wider recognition of the theoretical centrality of race and ethnicity, [and] the spread of this recognition well beyond the triumvirate of sociology, social anthropology and history into many other disciplines” (Bulmer and Solomos, 1999:2). Similarly, in another recent collection entitled Thinking Identities: Ethnicity, Racism and Culture, the editors note that “the fragmentation of social relations attributed to globalising processes is reflected in the increasing range of competing sociological attempts to respond to perceived major transformations” and in particular to the increasingly recognized centrality of “ … identity at a time of rapid social and cultural change” (Brah et al. 1999:1) Furthermore, the editors go on to argue that “at the present time the concept of culture has become a central theme in a wide range of debates concerning social change within social and human sciences [and] there has been a shift away from the study of structure as the privileged feature of social relations” (Brah et al. 1999:1).
Evaluation of the Persistence and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Foodservice Operations

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that can contaminate food products and colonize food-producing facilities. Foodservice operations (FSOp) are frequently responsible for foodborne outbreaks due to food safety practices failures. We investigated the presence of and characterized L. monocytogenes from two FSOp (cafeterias) distributing ready-to-eat meals and verified FSOp’s compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP). Two facilities (FSOp-A and FSOp-B) were visited three times each over 5 months. We sampled foods, ingredients, and surfaces for microbiological analysis, and L. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics. GMP audits were performed in the first and third visits. A ready-to-eat salad (FSOp-A) and a frozen ingredient (FSOp-B) were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, which was also detected on Zone 3 surfaces (floor, drains, and a boot cover). The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that FSOp-B had persistent L. monocytogenes strains, but environmental isolates were not closely related to food or ingredient isolates. GMP audits showed that both operations worked under “fair” conditions, and “facilities and equipment” was the section with the least compliances. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the environment and GMP failures could promote food contamination with this pathogen, presenting a risk to consumers.
Clinical Study of Jinmaitong Composita(复方筋脉通) on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To verify the effect of Jinmaitong composita (JMTC) on red blood cell aldose reductase activity (RBC-AR), red blood cell sorbitol (RBC-S) and nerve conductive velocity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN) patients. Methods: Sixty-six patients with DN were randomly divided into two groups, 33 patients in the treated group treated with JMTC and 33 patients in the control group treated with Jingui Shenqi capsule (JGSQ). RBC-AR, RBC-S and nerve transmission speed were observed before and after three months treatment.Results: Level of RBC-AR, RBC-S apparently decreased and nerve conductive velocity increased (P0.05, P0.01) after JMTC treatment.Conclusion: JMTC can improve the nerve conductive velocity significantly with a lowering of RBC-AR and RBC-S and has a good result in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
A Specialized Approach for Video Web- Apps without Using Plug-Ins for Smart TVs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Internet is necessity of every client and services of internet applications. It becomes an important part of daily life. Suppose end-user wants to see any movie content on the internet if it is low acceleration then no need to plug-ins for movie content but if the picture quality is in high content then the web-app needs to be plug-in to display web movie for that we proposed a special approach for video web-apps without plug-ins. It mainly deals with movies data base (and playing video in smart TV without plug-ins) especially for any smart TV in the world. Where users can see all movie details at one place. This allows users to select content from multiple sites. Rather users typing URL in browser, just they can search in this website so that user can know which movie is going on, enabling communication and the management of movie database from anywhere.. Keywords-component; Automatic Location Identifier, Distributed Computing, PLUG-IN Mechanism, Smart TVs, Video Web-app Method.
Modelling essential habitat for common scoter (Melanitta nigra) in a disturbed environment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The realised distribution of species in disturbed environments depends upon the degree to which their optimum habitat has been altered by impacts arising from human pressures. We investigated how pressures such as fishing activity, changes in prey availability and habitat quality affect the distribution of Common Scoter (CS) in the north Irish Sea. CS distribution data were obtained from aerial surveys in the winter of 2018–2019. We developed two generalised additive models using covariate information on depth, seabed shear stress, VMS activity of fishing vessels, AIS data of passenger and cargo vessels, portion of fine sand in the benthos, abundance of deep-burrowing bivalves and abundance of surficial bivalves. There was no clear evidence that the fishery, through either disturbance effects nor direct prey competition caused by extraction of razor clams, affected the distribution of CS in the area. However, indirect effects of the fishery, mediated through impacts on abundance and perhaps recruitment of bivalves on CS, could not be ruled out. The absence of a disturbance effect may be due to the small size of vessels in this fleet and their slow fishing speeds. The abundance of surficial bivalves, depth, the portion of fine sand and shear stress at the seabed in the sediments influenced CS distribution. This indicates that the distribution of CS in the area is driven by foraging conditions rather than the presence of fishing vessels.
Biological activities and chemical analysis of phenolic and flavonoid components ofThymus hirtusWilld. andThymus lanceolatusDesf. extracts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This work deals with the determination of the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the hydro-methanolic extract and its fractions of the aerial parts of two medicinal species of thyme: Thymus hirtus Willd and Thymus lanceolatus Desf. A chemical analysis by colorimetric and chromatographic methods was also carried out on the various extracts prepared. The results show that the polyphenol contents of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts of Thymus hirtus are the highest (261.66 ± 3.66 and 272.80 ± 8.88 mgEAG/g.d.e, (respectively) while the largest amounts of flavonoids were observed in diethyl ether and chloroform extracts of Thymus lanceolatus (3.39 ± 0.03 and 3.13 ± 0.08 mg EQ/g.d.e, respectively). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the hydro-methanolic extract revealed its richness in phenolic acids. Concerning antioxidant activity, the diethyl ether fraction of Thymus hirtus was found to be more active than other extracts and demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activity (SC 50 = 13.12 μg/mL) with very high protective capacity of the β- carotene–linoleic acid system (96.65 ± 0.720%). As for the antimicrobial activity, extracts of the species Thymus lanceolatus were the most active and the strains Staphylococcus aureus and Umpelopsis ramaniana were the most sensitive with an MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) ranging from 0.391 to 0.098 mg/mL.
[Effect of mass exchange conditions on the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline].

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An increase in the power input for agitation from 0.4 to 2.7 kw/m3 in oxytetracycline biosynthesis stimulated the antibiotic production due to an accelerated use of carbohydrate and nitrogen and an earlier transition of the culture to the phase of the antibiotic biosynthesis. The procedure for determination of the aeration and agitation conditions by the maximum rate of the oxygen uptake is described. The procedure is recommended for the use in the studies on determination of such conditions for the biosynthesis of of oxytetracycline in large apparatus.
[Strategy and synergy: two levels of equilibrium control during movement. Effects of the microgravity].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Equilibrium is ensured during forward or backward upper trunk movements by displacing the hip and knee simultaneously in opposite directions. When fast movements are performed, a muscle synergy characterized by the early activation of a set of trunk, thigh and leg muscles precedes the onset of the kinematic changes. The question which is addressed concerns the possibility that two levels of equilibrium control might exist during upper trunk movements: the strategy level, which is relatively invariant, is characterized by the displacement in opposite directions of the upper and low segments, and the muscle synergy level at which the strategy is implemented, which may be adaptable to the environmental constraints. When upper trunk movements are performed under microgravity with the subject's feet fixed to the floor of the space cabin, the displacement of upper and lower body segments in opposite directions still occurs, although this is no longer necessary to maintain the equilibrium. This kinematic strategy seems to be aimed at regulating the centre of inertia position with respect to the feet. The muscle synergies associated with these kinematic changes are modified, however, under microgravity. After returning to the ground, the previous synergies do not reappear immediately, but only after a few days. This suggests that a short period of learning is needed to change the synergy. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that two levels of equilibrium control actually exist during upper trunk movements, the strategy level, which is kinematic and invariant, and the synergy level, which is adaptable to the environmental constraints through a short learning process.
Vascular Disease in Mice With a Dysfunctional Circadian Clock

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background—Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States and the world. A profound pattern exists in the time of day at which the death occurs; it is in the morning, when the endothelium is most vulnerable and blood pressure surges, that stroke and heart attack most frequently happen. Although the molecular components of circadian rhythms rhythmically oscillate in blood vessels, evidence of a direct function for the “circadian clock ” in the progression to vascular disease is lacking. Methods and Results—In the present study, we found increased pathological remodeling and vascular injury in mice with aberrant circadian rhythms, Bmal1-knockout and Clock mutant. In addition, naive aortas from Bmal1-knockout and Clock mutant mice exhibit endothelial dysfunction. Akt and subsequent nitric oxide signaling, a pathway critical to vascular function, was significantly attenuated in arteries from Bmal1-knockout mice. Conclusions—Our data reveal a new role for the circadian clock during chronic vascular responses that may be of significance in the progression of vascular disease. (Circulation. 2009;119:1510-1517.) Key Words: circadian rhythm endothelium remodeling thrombus vasculature The cardiovascular system behaves rhythmically overthe course of a day,1–3 coordinating tissue perfusion in accordance with oscillating metabolic and functional de-mands. These oscillations, which occur in blood vessels as
Efficacy of HIV antiviral polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer G2-S16 in the presence of semen

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rafael Ceña-Diez,1–4,* Pilar García-Broncano,1–5,* Francisco Javier de la Mata,4,6 Rafael Gómez,4,6 Mª Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández1–4 1Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 2Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon, 3Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, 4Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 5Laboratory of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center of Microbiology, Health Institute of Carlos III, Majadahonda, 6Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: The development of a safe and effective microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is urgently needed. Unfortunately, the majority of microbicides, such as poly(L-lysine)-dendrimers, anionic polymers, or antiretrovirals, have proved inactive or even increased the risk of HIV infection in clinical trials, most probably due to the fact that these compounds failed to prevent semen-exposed HIV infection. We showed that G2-S16 dendrimer exerts anti-HIV-1 activity at an early stage of viral replication, blocking the gp120/CD4/CCR5 interaction and providing a barrier to infection for long periods, confirming its multifactorial and nonspecific ability. Previously, we demonstrated that topical administration of G2-S16 prevents HIV transmission in humanized BLT mice without irritation or vaginal lesions. Here, we demonstrated that G2-S16 is active against mock- and semen-exposed HIV-1 and could be a promising microbicide against HIV infection. Keywords: G2-S16, dendrimer, HIV-1, SEVI, microbicide, antiretrovirals
Performance and Degradation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells in Stack

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

A Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOE) short stack consisting of anode-supported cells (ASCs in fuel cell mode) was assembled in JÜLICH’s F10-design. ASCs are based on Ni/8YSZ (8 mol-% yttria-stabilized zirconia) with an LSCF air electrode (La 0.58 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3-δ ) and 8YSZ electrolyte. A gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) (Ce 0.8 Gd 0.2 O 1.9 ) barrier layer was deposited between 8YSZ and LSCF by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD). The stack was mainly characterized in a furnace environment in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes, with 50% humidified H 2 at 700 and 800 °C. An endothermic long-term electrolysis operation was carried out at 800 °C with a current density of -0.5 Acm -2 and steam conversion rate of 50%. After 2300 h of operation, the stack showed an average voltage degradation rate of 0.7%/kh. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and analysis of the distribution function of relaxation times (DRT) showed that the degradation was primarily due to the increase in ohmic resistance.
Visualizing Research on Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Medical and Healthcare

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding complex machine learning and artificial intelligence models have always been challenging because these models are black-box, and often we don't know what information models rely upon to infer. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a new exciting field to explain and understand these machine learning models as humans can understand and improve them. In the past few years, there have been numerous research articles on explainable artificial intelligence for medical and healthcare. 1687 documents are being studied and analysed using bibliometric methods in this work. There are certain systematic reviews on the same topic, but this study is the first of its kind to use a quantitative method to analyze a large number of publications. The results of this study show that the research in this field took pace in 2011, and there have been quite many publications in the following years. We have also identified top-cited journals and articles. Through thematic analysis, we have found some important thematic areas of research in the field of XAI for medical and healthcare. The findings showed that the USA is the global leader in XAI research, followed by China and Canada at second and third place, respectively.