jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
3D Hierarchical Panoptic Segmentation in Real Orchard Environments Across Different Sensors

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Crop yield estimation is a relevant problem in agriculture, because an accurate yield estimate can support farmers' decisions on harvesting or precision intervention. Robots can help to automate this process. To do so, they need to be able to perceive the surrounding environment to identify target objects such as trees and plants. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to address the problem of hierarchical panoptic segmentation of apple orchards on 3D data from different sensors. Our approach is able to simultaneously provide semantic segmentation, instance segmentation of trunks and fruits, and instance segmentation of trees (a trunk with its fruits). This allows us to identify relevant information such as individual plants, fruits, and trunks, and capture the relationship among them, such as precisely estimate the number of fruits associated to each tree in an orchard. To efficiently evaluate our approach for hierarchical panoptic segmentation, we provide a dataset designed specifically for this task. Our dataset is recorded in Bonn, Germany, in a real apple orchard with a variety of sensors, spanning from a terrestrial laser scanner to a RGB-D camera mounted on different robots platforms. The experiments show that our approach surpasses state-of-the-art approaches in 3D panoptic segmentation in the agricultural domain, while also providing full hierarchical panoptic segmentation. Our dataset is publicly available at https://www.ipb.uni-bonn.de/data/hops/. The open-source implementation of our approach is available at https://github.com/PRBonn/hapt3D.
Preliminary design and verification of divertor module for CFETR system code

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An integrated simulation and optimization system code is being developed for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The main function of the CFETR system code is to achieve consistent physical objectives with achievable engineering parameters. As one of the most important works in a tokamak R&D, the design of divertor must consider many aspects, such as high heat loads removal, particles pumping, electromagnetic forces sustaining, remote handling compatibility, etc. However, it is difficult to ensure all parameters are optimum due to some divertor parameters may be conflict or highly interdependent. An underdeveloped divertor module code may address these issues. The purposes of developing this module code are to explore key elements of divertor system, simplify design process and determine main engineering parameters by iteration of a self-consistent workflow. The divertor module code incorporates submodules with input, output, material and criterion database, simulation and optimization CAE tool-box including CATIA, ANSYS and OPTIMUS. This paper also presents some simulation work to verify this workflow.
Linking Visitor Impact Research to Visitor Impact Monitoring in Protected Areas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Growing demand for natural area recreation and tourism has seen a rise in visitor numbers to protected areas. In response, there has been an increase in research into visitor impacts. There has also been increased interest in establishing and maintaining visitor impacts monitoring programs. Here, we evaluate the relationship between recreation ecology research and visitor impact monitoring and discuss how the aims and scope of these two activities often differ. We highlight that recreation ecologists design observational and experimental treatments to test causal relationships between a particular load or stress and environmental indicator(s) of interest. Some of these studies identify thresholds of concern, with the intention that managers can use thresholds of indicator response in their monitoring programs. However, agencies interested in monitoring visitor impacts often do not need to establish causality, but rather detect change in the indicator of interest. Therefore, simplified protocols which can be easily conducted by agency staff in the field at regular and operationally appropriate time intervals can be used. We present a visitor assessment flow chart that demonstrates how research and monitoring objectives can interact and contribute to the cost-effective management of heavily visited sites within protected areas.
The Mandate System as a Messianic Alternative in the Ultra-Religious Jurisprudence of Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Dr Rabbi Isaac Breuer, a German jurist and Jewish rabbi, represented the ultra-orthodox community in Palestine before the international committees which considered the future of the Palestine Mandate. In his work, Breuer criticised the concept of sovereignty and introduced an alternative regime for global governance of developing peoples. His unique position, as analysed in this article, can contribute to contemporary debates surrounding the role of sovereigns as trustees of humanity, sovereignty and international law and ways of promoting global peace and human welfare. By introducing Breuer's thought, this article seeks to contribute additional sources – both Jewish and universal – to these ongoing debates. Letting these neglected voices in international legal history enrich the debate can convince us, once again, of the importance of the periphery and of peripheral voices for the development, vitality and relevance of international law. Breuer's model replaces the notions of ‘sovereignty’ and ‘rights’ with those of internalised obligations and subservience to law and justice. Limiting any national aspirations to total sovereignty, he implored the United Nations to refrain from elevating the Jewish national home to statehood. Opposing the Zionist position, he insisted that the Mandatory power and international institutions would enable two nations to develop side by side, in what he termed ‘the state of peace’, under international trusteeship. We carefully draw on Breuer's insights to reflect on present debates on trusteeship, sovereignty and the management of areas devastated by conflict.
Are Airway Stents a Valuable Alternative for Silicone Breast Implants?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Postpneumectomy syndrome is a rare condition, occurring most often after right-sided pneumectomy. Treatment usually consists of restoring the disturbed anatomy using invasive surgical techniques. We present 4 patients with postpneumectomy syndrome and 3 patients with postlobectomy syndrome, treated successfully with less invasive endobronchial stent placement.
Analysis of Laminar Mixed Convective Plumes Along Vertical Adiabatic Surfaces

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Laminar mixed forced and free convection from a line thermal source imbedded at the leading edge of an adiabatic vertical surface is analytically investigated for the cases of buoyancy assisting and buoyancy opposing flow conditions. Temperature and velocity distributions in the boundary layer adjacent to the adiabatic surface are presented for the entire range of the buoyancy parameter ξ (x) = Grx/Rex5/2 from the pure forced (ξ(x) = 0) to the pure free (ξ(x) = ∞) convection regime for fluids having Prandtl numbers of 0.7 and 7.0. For buoyancy-assisting flow, the velocity overshoot, the temperature, and the wall shear stress increase as the plume’s strength increases. On the other hand, the velocity overshoot, the wall shear stress, and the temperature decrease as the free-stream velocity increases. For buoyancy opposing flow, the velocity and wall shear stress decrease but the temperature increases as the plume’s strength increases.
The use of tooth marks for new research into identifying and understanding the first domestic dogs in Palaeolithic populations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The domestication of wolves is a topic of great interest. To date, the most accepted hypotheses associate this phenomenon to the end of the Upper Palaeolithic, while many propose an earlier date closer towards the Aurignacian. The latter proposal hinges on extensive research using palaeontological, morphometric, biomolecular-isotopic, genetic data and microwear contributing valuable information to the current debates. Nevertheless, few confront the theoretical reasoning behind this process, analysing the sociocultural implications that link humans with canids. Under this premise the current overview considers the motivation behind this process while proposing new lines of investigation that may help confront these questions across the indirect methods using new technologies applied study of tooth marks of the sites.
Factors Associated With Refusal of Intramuscular Vitamin K in Normal Newborns

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Refusal of intramuscular (IM) vitamin K administration by parents is an emerging problem. Our objective was to assess the frequency of and factors associated with refusal of IM vitamin K administration in well newborns in the United States. METHODS: We determined the number of newborns admitted to well newborn units whose parents refused IM vitamin K administration in the Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns network and, in a nested patient-control study, identified factors associated with refusal of IM vitamin K administration by using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of 102 878 newborns from 35 Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns sites, parents of 638 (0.6%) refused IM vitamin K administration. Frequency of refusal at individual sites varied from 0% to 2.3%. Exclusive breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1–5.5), non-Hispanic white race and/or ethnicity (aOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2–2.4), female sex (aOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.3), gestational age (aOR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1–1.4), and mother’s age (aOR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02–1.08) were significantly associated with refusal of IM vitamin K administration. Refusal of the administration of both ocular prophylaxis and hepatitis B vaccine was also strongly associated with refusal of IM vitamin K administration (aOR = 88.7; 95% CI: 50.4–151.9). CONCLUSIONS: Refusal of IM vitamin K by parents of newborns is a significant problem. Interventions to minimize risks to these newborns are needed.
Effect of Different Mulch Paper on Growth and Yield of Different High Value Vegetables in Bangladesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study was undertaken to identify the suitable mulch paper for different high-value vegetables during the winter season of November 2019 to March 2020 at the Olericulture research field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh. The study was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Four vegetable varieties viz., tomato, brinjal, capsicum and broccoli and 3 mulch treatments viz., T1 = Silver over black mulch; T2 = Black mulch; T3 = No mulch were included in this study. Different vegetables responded differently with the changes of mulches irrespective of different characters. it was clear that fruit number, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter were strongly related to soil moisture content. The effect of different plastic mulches on fruit weight per plant and yield (t/ha) was significant. Mulching produced higher fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per hectare than for the control, indicating that the mulch had a positive effect in generating increased fruit yield. Silver over black plastic mulch produced the highest fruit yield viz., 98.05 t/ha (tomato), 54.11 t/ha (brinjal), 34.33 t/ha (capsicum), 26.09 t/ha (broccoli) followed by black and no mulches, while the control plot produced the lowest fruit yield.
Peliosis hepatis and systemic lupus erythematosus: A rare condition identified by magnetic resonance imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Peliosis hepatis is a rare benign disorder characterized by the presence of multiple cavities filled with blood with no preferential localization in the liver parenchyma. It may be related to several etiologic conditions, especially infections and toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. To our knowledge, there are only three articles reporting the association between peliosis hepatis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this report, we describe a case of this rare condition, highlighting the importance of magnetic resonance imaging. A short review of this subject is also presented.
The Dynamics of the Revenue–Expenditure Nexus

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Using data from the contiguous US states from 1951 to 2008, this study examines the dynamics of the intertemporal budget constraint to better understand persistent budget deficits. The direction of causality between tax revenues and expenditures is of primary interest in answering the four hypotheses set forth in the literature: tax-spend, spend-tax, fiscal synchronization, and institutional separation. Overall, the results convey evidence in favor of the tax-spend hypothesis. The dynamics differ, however, in that states with relatively higher debt levels respond slower to fiscal imbalances and rely more on expanding debt levels. These results present a clear illustration of the fiscal adjustment mechanism and how states adapt under various institutional restraints.
The 12 Best cars Berkshire Accounts to Follow on Twitter

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Required for compromise: You can obtain just about anything you desire if you're acquiring a new automobile. If you're going with a used design, you may not have every choice readily available to you. You'll need to stay flexible to obtain the most effective bargain on the most effective auto. For example, you might not obtain the color you desire if you choose the vehicle that supplies better history or mileage. One means to maximize your benefits is to go with a certified pre-owned lorry. These top quality, low-mileage options commonly imply an excellent equilibrium for cars and truck buyers. Is it far better to buy a brand-new or previously owned vehicle? The response relies on the certain auto buyer and what you desire most from your purchase. New, flashy features and reduced maintenance costs include new cars. Used vehicles, on the other hand, can save you a lot of money generally.
Permeability of a Cell Membrane Junction

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The ion permeability of the membrane junctions between Chironomus salivary gland cells is strongly depressed by treatments that are generally known to inhibit energy metabolism. These treatments include prolonged cooling at 6°–8°C, and exposure to dinitrophenol, cyanide, oligomycin, and N-ethylmaleimide. Intracellular injection of ATP appears to prevent depression of junctional permeability by dinitrophenol or to reverse it. Ouabain, azide, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, reserpine, and acetazolamide fail to depress junctional permeability. Thus the ion permeability of the junctional membranes appears to depend on energy provided by oxidative phosphorylation. Possible energy-linked processes for maintaining junctional permeability are discussed, including processes involving transport of permeability-modifying species such as Ca++.
Ethanol Production from Dilute-Acid Pretreated Cassava Peel by Fed-Batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peel, a by-product of cassava starch factory processing, which has high starch content is a potential feedstock for a cleanalternative energy bio ethanol production. To obtain high concentration of ethanol from cassava peel, cassava peel was pretreated with acid to remove noncellulose components, and then subjected to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). An ethanol concentration as high as 7.62 g/L was achieved with 2.5 % dry matter (DM) using batch SSF, resulting in an 84.34% overall ethanol yield. A fed-batch process using a high solid concentration was also investigated. Dry substrate was pretreated with stream and dilute sulfuric acid at 135°C under pressure of 15 lb/in 2 , and then added at different amounts during the first 24 h, to yield a final dry matter content of 20% (w/v). Fed batch SSF conditions with cellulase loading of 100 FPU/g, xylanase 25 IU/g, pectinase 25 IU/g and amylase with amyloglucosidase loading of 50 and 75 U/g, respectively, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) loading of 2 g/L and substrate supplementation every 4 h yielded the highest ethanol concentration of 58.73 g/L after 72 h. This corresponded to a 76.47 % overall ethanol yield.
Isogeometric multi-patch topology optimization based on pix2pix

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present a novel approach that combines the power of pix2pix, an image-to-image translation framework, with the advanced capabilities of isogeometric multi-patch analysis for topology optimization. The proposed method adds the Nitsche’s methods into the advantages of Isogeometric analysis (IGA), thus gaining the ability to handle complex geometries by generating locally smooth and well-converged results. Additionally, the usage of generative adversarial network based pix2pix allows for a more efficient representation of the design space, reducing the computational cost of the optimization process. This approach has shown promising results in various numerical examples. This technique aims to improve the efficiency of conceptual design in complex engineering applications.
Neuroprotective Effect of 1,4-Naphthoquinones in an In Vitro Model of Paraquat and 6-OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Targeted screening using the MTT cell viability test with a mini-library of natural and synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinones and their derivatives was performed in order to increase the survival of Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells in in vitro paraquat and 6-hydroxydopamine models of Parkinson’s disease. As a result, 10 compounds were selected that could protect neuronal cells from the cytotoxic effects of both paraquat and 6-hydroxydopamine. The five most active compounds at low concentrations were found to significantly protect the activity of nonspecific esterase from the inhibitory effects of neurotoxins, defend cell biomembranes from lytic destruction in the presence of paraquat and 6-hydroxydopamine, and normalize the cell cycle. The protective effects of these compounds are associated with the suppression of oxidative stress, decreased expression of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide formation in cells and normalization of mitochondrial function, and restoration of the mitochondrial membrane potential altered by neurotoxins. It was suggested that the neuroprotective activity of the studied 1,4-NQs is attributable to their pronounced antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity and their ability to reduce the amount of reactive oxygen species formed by paraquat and 6-hydroxydopamine action on neuronal cells. The significant correlation between the neuroprotective properties of 1,4-naphthoquinones and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship descriptors describing the physicochemical properties of these compounds means that the hydrophobicity, polarity, charge, and shape of the molecules can be of decisive importance in determining the biological activity of studied substances.
Chaos, Cosmos and Creation in Early Greek Theogonies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Cosmological narratives like the creation story in the book of Genesis or the modern Big Bang are popularly understood to be descriptions of how the universe was created. However, cosmologies also say a great deal more. Indeed, the majority of cosmologies, ancient and modern, explore not simply how the world was made but how humans relate to their surrounding environment and the often thin line which separates humans from gods and animals.
The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in injured sensory neurons and along the entire nociceptive pathway within the central nervous system. It is usually chronic and challenging to treat. In order to study neuropathic pain and its treatments, different models have been developed in rodents. These models derive from known etiologies, thus reproducing peripheral nerve injuries, central injuries, and metabolic-, infectious- or chemotherapy-related neuropathies. Murine models of peripheral nerve injury often target the sciatic nerve which is easy to access and allows nociceptive tests on the hind paw. These models rely on a compression and/or a section. Here, the detailed surgery procedure for the "cuff model" of neuropathic pain in mice is described. In this model, a cuff of PE-20 polyethylene tubing of standardized length (2 mm) is unilaterally implanted around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. It induces a long-lasting mechanical allodynia, i.e., a nociceptive response to a normally non-nociceptive stimulus that can be evaluated by using von Frey filaments. Besides the detailed surgery and testing procedures, the interest of this model for the study of neuropathic pain mechanism, for the study of neuropathic pain sensory and anxiodepressive aspects, and for the study of neuropathic pain treatments are also discussed.
Research on Work as a Calling

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research on work as a calling has increased substantially in the last 5 years within vocational psychology and related disciplines. This special issue brings together a diverse group of scholars who address four key needs of empirical research on calling: (a) research on the measurement of calling and closely related constructs, (b) research with participants from outside the United States, (c) research using qualitative and longitudinal designs, and (d) research and theory that explores the conditions in which a sense of calling can lead to negative outcomes. Our hope is that these articles will advance the growing literature on the study of work as a calling.
Interaction of Apolipoprotein Model Peptides with Liposomes: A High Performance Liquid Chromatography Study.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The apparent partition constants of two amphiphilic peptides, Amp1 and Amp2, for partitioning into phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylcholine bilayer were measured using size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatograph. The exposed amino groups of vesicle-bound peptides were studied by TNBS assay. It was proposed that their N-terminals were exposed to the aqueous phase, and that the main explanation for the stronger interaction of Amp1 with lipid bilayer compared with Amp2 was its stronger lipid binding ability, though Amp1 was also buried deeper in the lipid membrane. It was also found that the two peptides were polymerized in buffer, with their amino groups almost totally buried within the polymers.