jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Achieving equitable food security: How can food bank mobile pantries fill this humanitarian need

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Hunger occurs in all locations around the globe, from developing to developed countries. In fact, there were over 37 million food insecure individuals (those without access to consistent nutritious food) in the United States in 2018, and this number increased in recent years due to the COVID pandemic. In many countries, food banks are used to consolidate food donations from individuals or government agencies and then provide that food to local partner agencies (such as food pantries and soup kitchens), who distribute it to food insecure individuals. As nonprofit humanitarian organizations, food banks strive to achieve geographic equity in their food distribution, so one area (or county) is not favored over others. However, food banks also want to maximize food distribution with their limited budgets. This equitable distribution versus cost balancing act is made even more challenging since food banks experience extreme variability in both the supply (donations) of food and partner agencies' capacity to deliver food to the food insecure. Our paper focuses on how mobile pantry programs, additional food bank storage capacity, and improved partner agency capacity can be utilized to address this supply and distribution capacity variability while considering food expiration times. Mobile pantry programs allow food banks to distribute food directly to the food insecure by sending their own trucks and employees to locations where food is most needed. Although all three of these approaches can be helpful, our results show that mobile pantries are a more effective approach to achieve high equity levels. This is especially true in the case of produce with relatively short expiration times. We also find that utilizing mobile pantry programs can increase equitable partner agency distribution considerably, because even small amounts of mobile pantry distribution in under‐served areas allow for more equitable partner agency distribution in areas with available partner agency distribution capacity. Our research is based on data from our partner food bank, but our modeling and extensive sensitivity analysis should be applicable to many food banks with a similar collection and distribution structure.
Symmetry Detection In Human Vision

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A basic assumption underlying this paper is that the construction of a high-speed, high-accuracy, and general-purpose artificial recognition system might profit from theories and data about the principles of the human visual system. More specifically, it is argued that perceptual organization in general and symmetry detection in particular are interesting processes required between the initial stage of edge detection and the final stage of object recognition. Therefore, theories and data about detection of regularities such as symmetry in human vision are summarized. Furthermore, a general scheme is proposed that might enable the detection of image regularities in a way that is in good agreement with these experimental data and theoretical models. In addition, some of our own experiments about human detection of bilateral and skewed symmetry in dot-patterns are presented to show the plausibility of the scheme. Although the results are promising, a lot of work remains to be done, both with respect to the empirical foundation of the model and with respect to its mathematical and computational specification.
An evaluation of the current minimum legal size limit for the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) fishery near Tofino, British Columbia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) trap fishery in British Columbia has been regulated by a minimum legal size limit of 165 mm spine-to-spine carapace width (CW, 154 mm notch-to-notch CW) since early this century. Evaluation of the size limit by yield- and eggs-per-recruit analyses has been precluded by a lack of information on basic population variables such as growth, mortality, movement and mating behavior. Information on these variables was obtained in an intensive two year study of the Dungeness crab fishery near Tofino, B.C. from April 1985 until March 1987. A cohort of pre-recruit males and females was followed as the males entered the fishery and were subsequently exploited, yielding information on moult increments-at-size , length of intermoult periods, size-at-maturity, size of mating pairs, mortality, movement, commercial fishing success and exploitation rates. Male C .magister entered the fishery during their fourth year after settlement. Size frequency analysis revealed that nearly all legal-sized (>154 mm notch-to-notch CW) males are within the 155.0±11.2 mm instar (≈50% of this instar). Sublegal-sized males in this instar have a high annual natural mortality rate (M=2.8-4.5), hence a low probability (<10%) of surviving to legal size. Legal-sized males have a high annual fishing mortality rate (F=5.1-6.9). Consequently, a small component of the commercial catch is composed of males in larger instars. Despite females not being landed, the negative slope of female catch curves from four regional fisheries was steepest for the most heavily fished region and shallowest for the most lightly fished region. Females mate after moulting while accompanied by a larger male, and in a heavily fished population larger males may be absent. Thus, the catch curves suggested the possibility of reduced mating and moulting, and consequently fewer large females, in heavily fished populations. Yield-per-recruit analysis suggests landings might be markedly improved by lowering the minimum legal size limit. However, eggs-per-recruit analysis, which modeled the possible consequences of removing large males, suggests that for a heavily fished population the current size limit may result in up to a 50% decline in population egg production relative to an unfished population. The historical presumption that the current minimum legal size limit for males does not impact on population egg production should be reconsidered. To facilitate calibration of trap samples biased by differences in soak times, parameters for models describing changes in bait effectiveness over time, and agonistic interactions between crabs within a trap and those attempting to enter that trap, were estimated. Parameter estimates were obtained by simulating the entry and exit of crabs into and out of traps based on experiments which (1) emphasized the above two processes, and (2) estimated the daily probabilities of crabs of different sizes escaping traps.
Forces behind the passing of the 'Grants for Public Worship Prohibition Act' of 1862 (N.S.W.)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On 29 July 1836 the eighth governor of the colony, Sir Richard Bourke, and his Legislative Council passed an Act to promote the building of Churches and Chapels, and to provide for the Maintenance of Ministers of Religion in New South Wales, 7 William IV, No. 3 5 or the Church Act as it was commonly called. Its clauses were straightforward and may be grouped into three divisions. First: once a denominational body had collected voluntary donations to the amount of £300 for the purpose of building churches or ministers' houses, the government pledged itself to contribute a like sum provided that this did not exceed £1000. Second: those who had given donations towards the building were responsible for nominating not less than three nor more than five trustees who would then be entrusted with the management of the temporal affairs connected with the building. The government stipulated that one sixth of the sittings were to be free. For those churches already built and maintained at the public expense, the governor, with the advice of the executive council, was to nominate the trustees. Thirds the government would pay stipends for officiating ministers on certain conditions. If a group of at least one hundred people lived within a reasonable distance of the proposed church, they could obtain an annual stipend of £100 for the minister by presenting a declaration expressing their desire to attend the church, When such a group numbered two hundred, the annual stipend was £150. The maximum stipend was £200 and this was given when at least five hundred people signed a declaration. Provision was also made for an area where it was not thought practicable for a church to be erected: if the people of the area raised £50 towards the support of a minister, the government added £100. Before the annual stipend could be issued, the government had to be assured of the minister s regular performance of his duties towards the people.
Design of Analog CMOS-Memristive Neural Network Circuits for Pattern Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present circuit design methods based on an open-source circuit simulator (Memr-SPICE) for implementing CMOS-memristive neural networks. We compare several CMOS circuits that implement the neural network activation functions and their performance in pattern recognition by memristive analog circuits. The simulation performance of the open-source Memr-SPICE is examined. Also the circuit-level pattern recognition results are cross-verified by software simulation.
Study on the Changes of Land Use in Xinjiang Altay Region in Recent 15 Years

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, We obtain the data of the temporal and spatial dynamic change of land use of three phrases (the end of 1980’s, the end of 1990’s, 2005), and the distribution of the salinized cultivated land use in 2005 in the area of Aletai by using the methods of remote sensing and geography information systems, and carry on the spatial statistics analysis on the change process which reflects the characters of changes of land use in Aletai. The results are as follows within the 5 years from the end of 1990’s to 2005 in Aletai, the areas of grassland and water were obviously reduced, the area of farmlands was significantly enlarged, On the whole other change degrees are smaller than that from the end of 1980’s to the end of 1990’s.
Test of Clean Air Act Assessment Package-1988 predictions of Oxidized Tritium for Los Alamos National Laboratory

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

remediation efforts to include hand/digging, standard hand auger/sampling, excavation using machinery such as backhoe and front end loader and small drill rig. Heavy equipment will traverse the floodplain and spoils piles will be staged in the floodplain within developed or previously disturbed areas (e.g., existing paved roads and parking areas). The project will utilize and maintain appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to contain excavated materials, and all pollutants, including oil from machinery/vehicles. The project will stabilize disturbed areas as appropriate at the end of the project.
Verifying ‘where’ in the supplier network builds resilience and strengthens brand trust

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Opaque supply chains are a liability, especially for businesses that want to maintain their brand integrity, adhere to regulations and stabilise their investments. It is no longer profitable or ethical for supply chain owners to remain in the dark about the locations and operations of their multiple tiers of suppliers. Reputable brands, financial institutions and regulators are pushing for more transparency in each step of the value chain to safeguard regional resources and ensure business continuity. These organisations have established that location intelligence is the foundation for transparency, as the verification of links in a supply chain begins with where a product starts its journey as a raw material. That is why a group of location-based industries and major goods producers formed the Supply Chain Data Partnership, which has developed a proof-of-concept verification process and registry for increasing the end-to-end transparency of global supply chains. Modern geographic information system (GIS) technology and ample availability of satellite imagery make it possible to partially verify locations in a less costly and more efficient manner, as well as maintain and monitor those verifications in a secure independent registry. The business incentive for a supplier to participate in such a verification process is their ability to obtain a unique label or stamp that serves as proof of independent verification to meet growing buyer demands for transparency. The label or stamp would be theirs to use for marketing purposes and to attach on goods in a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag or barcode. A supplier could also use the label or stamp to attract new business from supply chain owners seeking verified suppliers. Ultimately, the label or stamp would be a contribution to a finished product’s digital passport, a traceability measure that will soon be mandated for goods sold inside the European Union (EU) and may be mandated elsewhere in the future. This paper discusses the Supply Chain Data Partnership’s endeavour to create a location verification process and registry to promote supply chain transparency. The paper presents the results of a proof of concept focused on soybeans, then discusses the potential positive impact of adopting these processes and tools. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.
Energy Harvesters: Hybrid Energy Harvesters: Toward Sustainable Energy Harvesting (Adv. Mater. 34/2019)

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In article number 1802898, Sang-Woo Kim and co-workers summarize the recent progress in hybrid energy harvesters for sustainable energy harvesting. In order to sustainably harvest mechanical, thermal, and solar energy from natural and artificial energy sources, a variety of flexible and stretchable nanogenerators have been developed and hybridized using a variety of materials and structures.
Investigation into the acquisition mechanism of malignant phenotypes in aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma K2 cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The acquisition of stemness, which epigenetically induced and maintained by Yamanaka factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, is a hallmark of malignant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found that deregulated expression of Sry (sex-determing region Y) is involved in the acquisition of tumor malignancy of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced male rodent (r) HCC K2 cells, in which 89% of the population is cancer stem cells (CSCs) due to the robust potentiation of Sry/SGF29/c-Myc pathway. In human (h) HCCs, overexpressed Sry activates directly the CSC marker Oct4 expression, while its knockdown decreases Oct4 expression and CSC natures including self-renewal, tumorigenicity and chemoresistance. Thus, these facts indicate that Sry takes part in the induction and maintenance of CSCs in HCCs. Moreover, CSCs from hHCCs could differentiate into Tuj1-positive and Ki67-negative neurons having long neurites in the presence of retinoic acid (RA). Taken together with the fact that deregulated expression of Sry mRNA can be detected in three out of the eighteen male patients with HCC tested, differentiation-inducing therapy targeting HCCs-derived CSCs, which play a central role in tumor redevelopment, is fully promised for rooting out of cancer.
Evaluation of the Hypolipemic Property ofCamellia sinensisVar.ptilophyllaon Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A naturally decaffeinated tea, Camellia sinensis var. ptilophylla (cocoa tea), has long been popular in southern China as a healthy beverage. Our experiments indicate that a single oral administration of 500 mg/kg of cocoa tea extract suppresses increases in plasma triacylgycerol (TG) levels when fed with 5 mL/kg of olive or lard oil in mice and that the inhibition rates are 22.9% and 31.5%, respectively, compared with controls. Under the same condition, cocoa tea extract did not affect the level of plasma free fatty acid. Likewise, the extract reduced the lymphatic absorption of lipids at 250 and 500 mg/kg. Also, cocoa tea extract and polyphenols isolated from cocoa tea inhibit pancreatic lipase. These findings suggest that cocoa tea has hypolipemic activity, which may be due to the suppression of digestive lipase activity by the polyphenols contained within the tea.
Is the Sui Generis Right a Failed Experiment: A Legal and Theoretical Exploration of How to Regulate Unoriginal Database Contents and Possible Suggestions for Reform

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Controversial from its inception, the European Database Directive protects unoriginal contents in contrast to the United States where there is no statutory protection. Despite this extra incentive, empirical evidence seems to indicate that database production in the European Community remains largely unchanged while that in the United States is increasing, at least in the short term. Dissatisfaction with the Directive has sparked efforts to revise database protection policy, including by the European Commission. In order to determine the best method of regulation, three factors are explored in this Ph.D. thesis: the nature of the database industry, regulatory theories emanating from economic analysis of the law and the evidence offered by the US and EC protection regimes. A major insight that emerges is that the productive potential of secondary producers, what the author terms re-users, is being undervalued in Europe. A greater emphasis on access could harness their economic potential. However, this conclusion comes with a twist based upon the American experience. A reduction in statutory protection could result in a switch to production models that emphasize access. But it could also result in models that reduce access even more than at present. In order to ensure a productive future, rigorous monitoring and regulatory adjustment is in order.
Radiance Short-term experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Over a 9-month period, the author has injected Radiance (BioForm, Inc., Franksville, WI), a soft tissue filler, into lips, nasolabial folds, glabellar creases, labiomental folds, tear troughs, and lateral jawlines in 130 patients. Here he presents his clinical findings. (Aesthestic Surg J 2003;23:495-499).
Monoclonal antibodies to Streptococcus mutans serotype f polysaccharide cross-react with the ‘mutans group’ of oral streptococci

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Eleven stable clones producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against serotype polysaccharide f were generated from rat IR 983F myeloma cells and splenocytes from rats immunized with formalin-killed whole Streptococcus mutants OMZ 175. These MAbs were IgG 2b, they had different affinities towards polysaccharide f and all but three were able to inhibit saliva binding to S. mutants OMZ 175 cells. Two specificities were recognized on S. mutans serotype f polysaccharide. One MAb (K24) recognized an epitope on the poly-rhamnose core, as determined by competitive ELISA using different sugars. The ten other MAbs recognized an epitope which seems principally formed of glucose subunits. Purified polysaccharides from other ‘mutans streptococci’ were able, to different extents, to inhibit the binding of the MAbs to polysaccharide f, confirming the presence of common epitopes in the different strains.
Effects Of Alcohol And Paracetamol On Hepatic Glutathione Concentration In Albino Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effect of paracetamol on hepatic glutathione concentration in rats after chronic alcohol and given intoxication was investigated using biochemical indices. Male albino rats were grouped into five and the different dosage regimens of paracetamol (300 mg/kg) and 12% alcohol. Hepatic glutathione concentration and the percentage liver weight to body weight were then measured. The administration of alcohol alone increased the percentage liver weight to body weight by 5.9% as well as the hepatic glutathione concentration to as high as 19.5% whilst that of paracetamol alone caused a reduction in percentage liver weight to body weight of 5.9% and hepatic glutathione concentration of 23.8%. The administration of paracetamol to alcohol intoxicated rats reduced the enzyme inducting effect of alcohol, as shown by mean percentage liver weight to body weight of 2.9% and GSH percentage depletion of 9.5%. There was a significant increase in the activity of Glutathione-s- Transferase in rats administered alcohol and paracetamol for four days compared to control. In conclusion the administration of paracetamol after excessive consumption of alcohol may cause more damage than the expected relief. KEY WORDS: Hepatic Glutathione concentration, Paracetamol and alcohol which revealed that administration Journal of Medical Investigation and Practice Vol. 4: 2003: 8-11
Elimination Reactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This Chapter Contains Sections titled: E1cB and E2 Mechanisms Pyrolytic Reactions Acid Derivatives Halogen Derivatives Oxygen Derivatives Elimination Reactions in Synthesis Other Reactions References This chapter considers three possible mechanisms, the concerted, addition–elimination, and elimination–addition channels, via an isocyanate intermediate. The results demonstrated that the most favourable mechanism is the elimination–addition channel for all of the aminolysis reactions in the gas phase. The effect of steric hindrance in the reactions of chloride and cyanide anions with increasingly methylated alkyl iodides has been studied using crossed beam velocity map imaging. The chapter discusses pyrolytic reactions and its acid, halogen, and oxygen derivatives. Recent advances in the field of carbon–carbon bond formation involving decarboxylation as a key step have been reviewed. Pyridinium perrhenates were found to be effective catalysts at much lower temperatures than those in the previous reports, outperforming primary, secondary, and tertiary ammonium salts, while quaternary ammonium salts are effectively inactive.
Investigation of particle penetration through building cracks

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Contaminants may be carried by air particles from outdoors to indoors through cracks in the building envelop. This project aimed to experimentally investigate the efficiency of airborne particles can penetrate through those building cracks. Two chambers were made and linked a slot that mimics a building crack. A small pressure difference was established between the two chambers, which induce the air flow through the slot. Indoor refers to home and factory building and outdoor refers to the environment surrounding the former two. The crack size for the experiment can be adjusted by adding the number of slots and pressure difference of the two chambers could be varied. Experiment data was collected base on the particle concentration, pressure difference of the two chambers and the crack size. Slot has a triangular cross sectional area, its height is 4 mm, width is 3 mm and length is 50mm and 150mm. increase number of slots or the length of the slots, the penetration result will be affacted. Particle penetration diminishes for larger particles as well as small pressure difference. Particle penetration increases when the number of slots increase (the flow cross sectional area increase) for all particle sizes.