jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Confined Willmore energy and the Area functional

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider minimization problems of functionals given by the difference between the Willmore functional of a closed surface and its area, when the latter is multiplied by a positive constant weight $Λ$ and when the surfaces are confined in the closure of a bounded open set $Ω\subset\mathbb{R}^3$. We explicitly solve the minimization problem in the case $Ω=B_1$. We give a description of the value of the infima and of the convergence of minimizing sequences to integer rectifiable varifolds, depending on the parameter $Λ$. We also analyze some properties of these functionals and we provide some examples. Finally we prove the existence of a $C^{1,α}\cap W^{2,2}$ embedded surface that is also $C^\infty$ inside $Ω$ and such that it achieves the infimum of the problem when the weight $Λ$ is sufficiently small.
The reflection of Euro- Mediterranean historical culture on contemporary architecture in Alexandria

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the past thirty years, interest in vernacular and traditional architecture all over the world has grown rapidly and in diverse directions. Architects and all those concerned with the building industry started to realize that buildings at their new current status does not fit properly with their environments in its global term. They realized how most traditional architecture met the needs of the local, worked with the environment and added to the value and culture of their place. \n \nScholars and architects now apply the term "vernacular architecture" to traditional buildings, and “Neo-Vernacular” to concepts that aims to advance recognition and application of vernacular architecture traditions worldwide. Although not all vernacular architecture is climatically responsive, as sometimes social and cultural aspects dominate and govern the needs from climate. However, it is considered more indigenous to a particular place along with its climate. This paper is concerned with the traditional architecture and heritage of Alexandria’s buildings, skyline and facades along the Mediterranean coastal line. This is discussed through an analysis carried out on the buildings of the coastal line of Alexandria, and the timeline influence upon their Architecture.
Immunoglobulin Fc Fragment Tagging Allows Strong Activation of Endogenous CD4 T Cells To Reshape the Tumor Milieu and Enhance the Antitumor Effect of Lentivector Immunization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A major problem with current cancer vaccines is that the induction of CD8 immune responses is rarely associated with antitumor benefits, mainly owing to multiple immune suppressions in established tumor lesions. In this study, we investigated if and how activation of endogenous CD4 T cells could be achieved to influence the suppressive tumor milieu and antitumor effect. We engineered a lentivector (lv) to express a nominal fusion Ag composed of hepatitis B surface protein and IgG2a Fc fragment (HBS-Fc-lv) to increase the magnitude of CD8 response but, more importantly, to induce effective coactivation of CD4 T cells. We found that, remarkably, immunization with HBS-Fc-lv caused significant regression of established tumors. Immunologic analysis revealed that, compared with HBS-lv without Fc fragment, immunization with HBS-Fc-lv markedly increased the number of functional CD8 and CD4 T cells and the level of Th1/Tc1-like cytokines in the tumor while substantially decreasing the regulatory T cell ratio. The favorable immunologic changes in tumor lesions and the improvement of antitumor effects from HBS-Fc-lv immunization were dependent on the CD4 activation, which was Fc receptor mediated. Adoptive transfer of CD4 T cells from the HBS-Fc-lv–immunized mice could activate endogenous CD8 T cells in an IFN-γ–dependent manner. We conclude that endogenous CD4 T cells can be activated by lv expressing Fc-tagged Ag to provide another layer of help—that is, creating a Th1/Tc1-like proinflammatory milieu within the tumor lesion to boost the effector phase of immune responses in enhancing the antitumor effect.
Causal Network Structure Learning Based on Partial Least Squares and Causal Inference of Nonoptimal Performance in the Wastewater Treatment Process

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to environmental fluctuations, the operating performance of complex industrial processes may deteriorate and affect economic benefits. In order to obtain maximal economic benefits, operating performance assessment is a novel focus. Therefore, this paper proposes a whole framework from operating performance assessment to nonoptimal cause identification based on partial-least-squares-based Granger causality analysis (PLS-GC) and Bayesian networks (BNs). The proposed method has three main contributions. First, a multiblock operating performance assessment model is established to correspondingly extract economic-related information and dynamic information. Then, a Bayesian network structure is established by PLS-GC that excludes the strong coupling of variables and simplifies the network structure. Lastly, nonoptimal root cause and and nonoptimal transmission path are identified by Bayesian inference. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified on Benchmark Simulation Model 1.
Regulation of Drosophila wing vein patterning: net encodes a bHLH protein repressing rhomboid and is repressed by rhomboid-dependent Egfr signalling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The stereotyped pattern of veins in the Drosophila wing is generated in response to local EGF signalling. Mutations in the rhomboid (rho) gene, which encodes a sevenpass membrane protein required to enhance signalling transmitted by the EGF receptor (Egfr), inhibit vein development and disrupt the vein pattern. By contrast, net mutations produce ectopic veins in intervein regions. We have cloned the net gene and show that it encodes a basic HLH protein that probably acts as a transcriptional repressor. net and rho are expressed in mutually exclusive patterns during the development of the wing imaginal disc. Lack of net activity causes rho expression to expand, and vice versa. Furthermore, ectopic expression of net or rho results in their mutual repression and thus suppresses vein formation or generates tube-like wings composed of vein-like tissue. Egfr signalling and net exert mutually antagonising activities during the specification of vein versus intervein fate. While Egfr signalling represses net transcription, net exhibits a two-tiered control by repressing rho transcription and interfering with Egfr signalling downstream of Rho. Our results further suggest that net is required to maintain intervein development by restricting Egfr signalling, which promotes vein development, to the Net-free vein regions of the wing disc.
Uncovering Name-Based Biases in Large Language Models Through Simulated Trust Game

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Gender and race inferred from an individual's name are a notable source of stereotypes and biases that subtly influence social interactions. Abundant evidence from human experiments has revealed the preferential treatment that one receives when one's name suggests a predominant gender or race. As large language models acquire more capabilities and begin to support everyday applications, it becomes crucial to examine whether they manifest similar biases when encountering names in a complex social interaction. In contrast to previous work that studies name-based biases in language models at a more fundamental level, such as word representations, we challenge three prominent models to predict the outcome of a modified Trust Game, a well-publicized paradigm for studying trust and reciprocity. To ensure the internal validity of our experiments, we have carefully curated a list of racially representative surnames to identify players in a Trust Game and rigorously verified the construct validity of our prompts. The results of our experiments show that our approach can detect name-based biases in both base and instruction-tuned models.
Characteristics of auroral electron precipitation at 1 geomagnetic latitude 67° over Tromsø

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Key Points: • We use EISCAT UHF ISR data to study the 1-100 keV electron precipitation at 6 66.7° MLAT observed during 21 years. • The auroral electron precipitation occurrence rate as observed by the radar reaches70% in the 05–06 MLT sector of the main auroral oval. • Electron precipitation with 50–100 keV peak energies is more common than with 30–50 keV peak energies after 06 MLT
Improving machine learning detection of Alzheimer disease using enhanced manta ray gene selection of Alzheimer gene expression datasets.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the most prominent neurodegenerative diseases globally is Alzheimer's disease (AD). The early diagnosis of AD is a challenging task due to complex pathophysiology caused by the presence and accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. However, the late enriched understanding of the genetic underpinnings of AD has been made possible due to recent advancements in data mining analysis methods, machine learning, and microarray technologies. However, the "curse of dimensionality" caused by the high-dimensional microarray datasets impacts the accurate prediction of the disease due to issues of overfitting, bias, and high computational demands. To alleviate such an effect, this study proposes a gene selection approach based on the parameter-free and large-scale manta ray foraging optimization algorithm. Given the dimensional disparities and statistical relationship distributions of the six investigated datasets, in addition to four evaluated machine learning classifiers; the proposed Sign Random Mutation and Best Rank enhancements that substantially improved MRFO's exploration and exploitation contributed to efficient identification of relevant genes and to machine learning improved prediction accuracy.
Risk perception of air pollution: An exploration of self-relevancy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Air pollution is a serious environmental issue that has been long recognized. Whereas government policies attempt to reduce air pollution by controlling various pollution sources, research on risk perception of air pollution tends to treat air pollution as a single unified risk and neglects the complication of the polluting sources. Previous research consistently demonstrates that lay people have an inaccurate understanding of air pollution and are unwilling to change their behaviors to decrease pollution. However, these findings can hardly be employed in policy-making because researchers and policy-makers treat air pollution differently. The aim of the present study is to obtain a nuanced understanding of people's risk perception of air pollution from different sources. Moreover, we propose a new risk dimension, Self-Relevancy, and try to understand people's reluctance to change their behaviors to reduce pollution. Three main findings emerged. First, we demonstrated that people perceived each air pollution source differently. Second, factor analysis of risk characteristics showed that ratings of Self-Relevancy questions mainly loaded on the same factor, which indicates the robustness of the Self-Relevancy risk dimension. Finally, we found that people's ratings of Self-Relevancy positively predicted their perceived risk for some of the pollution sources. These findings highlight the importance of investigating sub-categories of risks and exploring the risk dimension of Self-Relevancy in future risk perception research to provide detailed and informative data for policy-makers.
Reduced Medicolegal Risk by Compliance With Obstetric Clinical Pathways

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In Brief OBJECTIVE To estimate whether guideline compliance affected medicolegal risk in obstetrics and whether malpractice claims data can provide useful information on guideline noncompliance by focusing on the claims experience of a large health system delivering approximately 12,000 infants annually. METHODS We retrospectively identified 290 delivery-related (diagnosis-related groups 370–374) malpractice claims and 262 control deliveries at the health system during the period from 1988 to 1998. Clinical pathways for vaginal and cesarean delivery implemented in 1998 were used as a “standard of care.” We compared rates of non-compliance with the pathways in the claims and control groups, calculated an odds ratio for increased risk of being sued given departure from the guideline standards, and calculated the elevated risk of litigation introduced by noncompliance. We also compared the frequencies of different types of departures across claims and control groups. RESULTS Claims closely resembled controls on several descriptive measures (mother's age, location of delivery, type of delivery, and complication rates), but noncompliance with the clinical pathway was significantly more common among claims than controls (43.2% versus 11.7%, P < .001; odds ratio = 5.76, 95% confidence interval 3.59, 9.2). In 81 (79.4%) of the claims involving noncompliance with the pathway, the main allegation in the claim related directly to the departure from the pathway. The excess malpractice risk attributable to noncompliance explained approximately one third (104 of 290) of the claims filed (attributable risk = 82.6%). There were no significant differences in the types of deviation from the guidelines across claims and control groups. CONCLUSION In addition to reducing clinical variation and improving clinical quality of care, adherence to clinical pathways might protect clinicians and institutions against malpractice litigation. Malpractice data might also be a useful resource in understanding breakdowns in processes of care. In addition to reducing clinical variation and improving clinical quality of care, adherence to clinical pathways could protect clinicians and institutions against malpractice litigation.
Absolute Music and Contingent Music: A Theoretical Framework

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although music is often talked about as having one political agenda or another, in Western art music these features are generally thought to be distinct from the "music itself." As straightforward a proposition as this might seem to a reader fully acculturated to the contemporary music ideology, it is not the only possible way of conceiving of music as a social force. There exists music whose aesthetic merits are completely indistinguishable from its social function. More accurately, there exists an attitude about music in which it is not thought of as occupying a separate sphere with autonomous aesthetic principles. This paper creates a theoretical framework with these two attitudes at its extremes: absolute music and what I shall call "contingent" music. This theoretical framework has interesting historical antecedents, and is a useful way of thinking about some of modern music's ideological conflicts. It is also an important part of my own work as a composer, and this paper concludes by describing the way in which the absolute-contingent opposition informs three of my own compositions.
TUNEL Assay and DAPI Staining Revealed Few Alterations of Cellular Morphology in Naturally and Artificially Aged Seeds of Cultivated Flax

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In a search for useful seed aging signals as biomarkers for seed viability prediction, we conducted an experiment using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining to analyze morphological and molecular changes in naturally aged (NA) and artificially aged (AA) flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. A total of 2546 sections were performed from 112 seeds of 12 NA and AA seed samples with variable germination rates. Analyzing 1384 micrographs generated from TUNEL assay and DAPI staining revealed few alterations of the cellular morphology of the NA and AA seeds. Also, the revealed DNA degradations in the aged flax seeds appeared to be associated with seed samples of low germination rates. These results suggest that oily flax seed aging may alter the cellular morphology differently than starchy wheat seed aging. The results also imply that the TUNEL assay and DAPI staining may not yield informative assessments on cellular alterations and DNA degradation after the aging of oily seeds.
Pengaruh Profitabilitas dan Leverage terhadap Penghindaran Pajak dengan Ukuran Perusahaan sebagai Variabel Moderasi: Studi Kasus Tahun 2020-2022 pada Perusahaan Sektor Property and Real Estate yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research aims to examine the influence of Profitability ratio and Leverage ratio on tax avoidance with company size as a moderating variable in the property and real estate sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2020-2022. It's a quantitative research with a causal nature. The population for this study consists of property and real estate sector companies listed on the IDX during 2020-2022. Sample selection was done using purposive sampling method. Data sources included secondary data such as company financial reports. Data collection techniques involved documentation and literature study. Data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis, classic assumption testing, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The research results indicate that the Profitability ratio (ROA) has a significant negative impact on tax avoidance, while the Leverage ratio (DER) does not affect tax avoidance. Company size (SIZE) strengthens the impact of Profitability ratio (ROA) on tax avoidance, but it does not strengthen the impact of Leverage ratio (DER).
The Oxford companion to Australian jazz

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Oxford Companion to Australian Jazz is the first attempt to combine a comprehensive analysis of the development of jazz in Australia with biographical accounts of those who have contributed to that development. In addition to around 300 entries on musicians, bands, and venues, and more than 150 photographs (most of which are published for the first time), there are longer entries and essays on specialist record labels, broadcasting, regional characteristics, and a history of the evolution of attitudes to jazz in Australia. Jazz enthusiasts
Prophylactic sildenafil to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) persists as one of the foremost factors contributing to mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm infants. The effectiveness of administering sildenafil early on to prevent BPD remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of prophylactically administered sildenafil during the early life stages of preterm infants to prevent mortality and BPD. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Ichushi were searched. Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non‐RCTs, interrupted time series, cohort studies, case–control studies, and controlled before‐and‐after studies were included. Two reviewers independently screened the title, abstract, and full text, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias, and evaluated the certainty of evidence (CoE) following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment and Development and Evaluation approach. The random‐effects model was used for a meta‐analysis of RCTs. Results This review included three RCTs (162 infants). There were no significant differences between the prophylactic sildenafil and placebo groups in mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16–10.75; very low CoE), BPD (RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.79–1.83; very low CoE), and all other outcome assessed (all with very low CoE). The sample sizes were less than the optimal sizes for all outcomes assessed, indicating the need for further trials. Conclusions The prophylactic use of sildenafil in individuals at risk of BPD did not indicate any advantageous effects in terms of mortality, BPD, and other outcomes, or increased side effects.
Functional image registration in brachytherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Image-guided radiation therapy has become clinically important as a result of technical advances in both diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. To conduct tumortargeted radiation therapy, the ability to detect and treat regions with aggressive tumor deposits that include radioresistant or hypermetabolic cells is indispensable. Ling et al proposed the term biological target volume (BTV) for the description of these regions.1 Malignant cells within the BTV are considered clinically significant cancer because, at least in radiobiological terms, it is these cells that quite likely determine the ultimate outcome of radiation therapy. Therefore, an ideal imaging tool for radiotherapy treatment planning (RTTP) should provide information on the location and the number of these cells.1
"Heavenly Palace" dome from Longfusi

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the three wooden domes (*zaojing* 藻井, lit. "water-weed wells") originally from the Longfusi (Monastery of Grand Blessings, dated 1452, now lost) in Beijing. This dome is distinctive of its multiple layers of miniature "Heavenly Palace" buildings (*tiangong louge* 天宮樓閣). It is now exhibited in the Museum of Ancient Architecture (古代建築博物館) at the Temple of Agriculture (Xiannongtan 先農壇) in Beijing. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Sediment residence time in alluvial storage of black marl badlands

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this study is to estimate the sediment residence time in the stream network of two small headwater catchments (Laval and Moulin) characterized by a badlands landscape entrenched into Jurassic black marls of the Southern French Prealps. The method is based on an intensive field survey of the alluvial storage along the main stream reaches from which a scaling law between the average thickness of alluvial deposits and their width was established in order to predict the volume of alluvial deposits in the entire stream network. To complete this approach, bedload sediment yield monitored over the last 30 years with topographic surveying of sediment retention basins are used. The assessment of sediment residence time is performed according to a steady-state assumption, validated by the long-term dynamic equilibrium of bedload sediment yields. The results highlighted very close values of residence time between the catchments, around 3 years, despite a one order of magnitude difference in drainage area. It is shown that the rate of increase of alluvial storage with drainage area is the same as for sediment yield. This is likely attributed to the high degree of confinement of the stream network, which prevent the formation of a floodplain or large internal alluvial fans. Implications of these results for the prediction of the effects of bioengineering works in controlling erosion are discussed.