jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GAMA: A Large Audio-Language Model with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilities

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Perceiving and understanding non-speech sounds and non-verbal speech is essential to making decisions that help us interact with our surroundings. In this paper, we propose GAMA, a novel General-purpose Large Audio-Language Model (LALM) with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilities. We build GAMA by integrating an LLM with multiple types of audio representations, including features from a custom Audio Q-Former, a multi-layer aggregator that aggregates features from multiple layers of an audio encoder. We fine-tune GAMA on a large-scale audio-language dataset, which augments it with audio understanding capabilities. Next, we propose CompA-R (Instruction-Tuning for Complex Audio Reasoning), a synthetically generated instruction-tuning (IT) dataset with instructions that require the model to perform complex reasoning on the input audio. We instruction-tune GAMA with CompA-R to endow it with complex reasoning abilities, where we further add a soft prompt as input with high-level semantic evidence by leveraging event tags of the input audio. Finally, we also propose CompA-R-test, a human-labeled evaluation dataset for evaluating the capabilities of LALMs on open-ended audio question-answering that requires complex reasoning. Through automated and expert human evaluations, we show that GAMA outperforms all other LALMs in literature on diverse audio understanding tasks by margins of 1%-84%. Further, GAMA IT-ed on CompA-R proves to be superior in its complex reasoning and instruction following capabilities.
LIGHT (TNFSF14/CD258) Is a Decisive Factor for Recovery from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The TNF superfamily ligand LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator [HVEM], a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) has been shown to play a role in T cell costimulation and be involved in apoptosis of mononuclear cells. As both T cells and monocytes are key components in the development and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we studied the role of LIGHT in EAE. Following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (35–55), LIGHT-deficient mice developed severe EAE that resulted in an atypically high mortality rate. Histological examinations revealed intensive activation of microglia/macrophages in the CNS and higher numbers of apoptotic cells within the CNS parenchyma of LIGHT-deficient mice. However, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide–specific CD4+ T cells from LIGHT-deficient mice showed reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production and migration. Serum levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates and CNS transcripts of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were also substantially decreased in the absence of LIGHT. EAE adoptive transfer experiments and bone marrow chimeras indicated that expression of LIGHT on donor cells is not required for disease induction. However, its expression on CNS host cells is a decisive factor to limit disease progression and tissue damage. Together, these data show that LIGHT expression is crucially involved in controlling activated macrophages/microglia during autoimmune CNS inflammation.
Detection of nodavirus in barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), using recombinant coat protein‐based ELISA and RT–PCR

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The coat protein encoded by the nodavirus RNA2 gene originally isolated from greasy grouper, Epinephelus tauvina , was cloned, expressed as a recombinant polyhistidine‐tailed fusion protein and characterized by immunoblot analysis. The purified recombinant protein was used to develop an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect body exudate and plasma antibodies against the coat protein in both experimentally infected and commercial barramundi. In addition, the nucleotide sequence was employed to develop a RT–PCR detection assay based on the T4 region. The results showed that the virus could be detected as early as 3 days post‐infection by RT–PCR while antibodies against the recombinant coat protein were detectable on day 6 post‐infection. Among 112 commercial barramundi samples collected from October 1999 to April 2000, 9% showed positive ELISA results which were further verified by Western blot.
22q11.2 Deletion Status and Disease Burden in Children and Adolescents With Tetralogy of Fallot

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot experience variable outcomes for reasons that are incompletely understood. We hypothesize that genetic variants contribute to this variability. We sought to investigate the association of 22q11.2 deletion status with clinical outcome in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Methods and Results— We performed a cross-sectional study of tetralogy of Fallot subjects who were tested for 22q11.2 deletion, and underwent cardiac magnetic resonance, exercise stress test, and review of medical history. We studied 165 subjects (12.3±3.1 years), of which 30 (18%) had 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Overall, by cardiac magnetic resonance the right ventricular ejection fraction was 60±8%, pulmonary regurgitant fraction was 34±17%, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume was 114±39 cc/m 2 . On exercise stress test, maximum oxygen consumption was 76±16% predicted. Despite comparable right ventricular function and pulmonary regurgitant fraction, on exercise stress test the 22q11.2DS had significantly lower percent predicted: forced vital capacity (61.5±16 versus 80.5±14; P <0.0001), maximum oxygen consumption (61±17 versus 80±12; P <0.0001), and work (64±18 versus 86±22, P =0.0002). Similarly, the 22q11.2DS experienced more hospitalizations (6.5 [5–10] versus 3 [2–5]; P <0.0001), saw more specialists (3.5 [2–9] versus 0 [0–12]; P <0.0001), and used ≥1 medications (67% versus 34%; P <0.001). Conclusions— 22q11.2DS is associated with restrictive lung disease, worse aerobic capacity, and increased morbidity, and may explain some of the clinical variability seen in tetralogy of Fallot. These findings may provide avenues for intervention to improve outcomes, and should be re-evaluated longitudinally because these associations may become more pronounced with time.
Solvent Effect on the Product Distributions in the Photocycloaddition of Electron-rich Olefins to 1,2-Naphthoquinone

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Irradiation of 1,2-naphthoquinone in the presence of electron rich olefins such as 2-methoxypropene, ethyl vinyl ether, or 2,3-dihydrofuran, afforded two isomers of cycloadducts, i.e., dihydrodioxins and dihydrofuran derivatives. The distributions of these two products strongly depended on the solvent polarities. In the reaction in benzene, dihydrodioxins were almost exclusively obtained, whereas in acetonitrile or methanol dihydrofuran derivatives were exclusively produced in high yields.
ERIC ED294786: Freedom of Speech: Where To Draw the Line. National Issues Forums.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The goal of community forums is to stimulate and sustain citizen dialogue about public issues. Topical issues and controversies are used to explore the issue of freedom of expression. The discussion is framed around three different views. Those comprising the first view believe that the balance has swung too far toward unlimited freedom and that words and pictures can cause serious physical, moral, and social harm. Although these people differ on what kinds of speech should be curtailed, they all agree that some additional restriction on freedom of expression are appropriate. Proponents of a second point of view hold that adults need not be protected from controversial or offensive images. But they are concerned about the effects of certain materials on minors. They believe that adults have the judgment not to be swayed by extremist rhetoric, prurient stories, or blatant stereotypes. To them, the only appropriate action for government is to erect certain barriers so that young people are not exposed to objectionable messages. A third viewpoint would apply Justice Holmes'"clear and present danger" rule quite strictly. Even forms of expression that many people find offensive must be tolerated. Their solution to the problem of offensive ideas is to combat them with preferred ideas. More speech, they conclude, is always better than less. (SM)
Interactive Speech Understanding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces at robust interactive method for speech understatnding. The generatlized LR patrsing is enhanced ill this approach. Patrsing proceeds fl'om left to right correcting minor errors. When at very noisy portion is detected, the patrser skips that portion using a .fake nonterminal symbol. The unidentified portion is resolved by re-utterance of thatt portion which is parsed very efliciently by using the parse record of the first utterance. The user does not have to speak the whole sentence again. This method is also catpatble of hatndling unknown words, which is imlmrtatnt in pra.ctical systems. 1)erected unknown words earn I)e incrementatlly incorporatted into the dictionary after the interatction with tile user. A pilot system has shown great elfectiveness of this atpproach.
RETROCAVAL BURIAL - THE RARE REASON FOR HYDRONOPHROSIS - THE CHILD OF 1.5 YEARS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The article describes a clinical case in a child with a rare cause of hydronephrosis - a retrocaval localization of the ureter. This anomaly presents certain difficulties for diagnosis and is most often detected intraoperatively. In the given clinical example, a good result was obtained after laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a child with an intraoperatively detected retrovascular ureter.
Ideals on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Supra Topological Spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this paper, is introduce the notion of ideals on intuitionistic fuzzy supra topological spaces.Also present the notion of S-compatible with the intuitionistic fuzzy ideal I and investigation some properties of intuitionistic fuzzy supra topological spaces S with the intuitionistic fuzzy ideal I.Moreover, introduce an intuitionistic fuzzy set operator Ψ S and study its properties.
Substantiation of extension of zones of application of new drilling cores in mining production technologies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Целью данной работы является оценка фактора и возможностей новой буровой коронки в расширении зоны её применения в различных технологических процессах горного производства, как при традиционных буровзрывных работах, так и при безвзрывных.
Control of Leafminer Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Drenches, 1984

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Crude neem seed extract and an experimental formulation of neem, Margosan-0 (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI), were applied as soil drenches and compared for efficacy with Trigard in a leafminer-infested commercial greenhouse in Perry Hall, MD. Bed-grown, disbudded chrysanthemums were treated and sampled (4 plants/plot) biweekly, 5 times during the cropping cycle (19 Mar-13 Jun). Each treatment plot (2.3 m x 1 m) contained 150 plants, and plots were arranged randomly along the length of the bed. Except for the Trigard-sprayed plot, each plot was drenched with 15.6 liters of specified solution on each treatment date. Bed (23 m x 1 m) soil consisted of topsoil to which a bale of peat had been added. Plants were fertilized daily with a solution of 20N:20P:20K. Greenhouse temperatures averaged 27°C (day) and 16°C (night). Foliage from sampled plants was removed, and leafminers were reared from foliage at 24°C, 18:6 h photoperibd.
Co$^{3}$Gesture: Towards Coherent Concurrent Co-speech 3D Gesture Generation with Interactive Diffusion

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Generating gestures from human speech has gained tremendous progress in animating virtual avatars. While the existing methods enable synthesizing gestures cooperated by individual self-talking, they overlook the practicality of concurrent gesture modeling with two-person interactive conversations. Moreover, the lack of high-quality datasets with concurrent co-speech gestures also limits handling this issue. To fulfill this goal, we first construct a large-scale concurrent co-speech gesture dataset that contains more than 7M frames for diverse two-person interactive posture sequences, dubbed GES-Inter. Additionally, we propose Co$^3$Gesture, a novel framework that enables coherent concurrent co-speech gesture synthesis including two-person interactive movements. Considering the asymmetric body dynamics of two speakers, our framework is built upon two cooperative generation branches conditioned on separated speaker audio. Specifically, to enhance the coordination of human postures with respect to corresponding speaker audios while interacting with the conversational partner, we present a Temporal Interaction Module (TIM). TIM can effectively model the temporal association representation between two speakers' gesture sequences as interaction guidance and fuse it into the concurrent gesture generation. Then, we devise a mutual attention mechanism to further holistically boost learning dependencies of interacted concurrent motions, thereby enabling us to generate vivid and coherent gestures. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art models on our newly collected GES-Inter dataset. The dataset and source code are publicly available at \href{https://mattie-e.github.io/Co3/}{\textit{https://mattie-e.github.io/Co3/}}.
Nitrogen Fertility Effects on Bt δ‐Endotoxin and Nitrogen Concentrations of Maize during Early Growth

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nitrogen deficiencies interfere with protein synthesis and growth in general in maize ( Zea mays L.). Transgenic maize hybrids with the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) gene produce proteins that are solubilized and become insecticidal in the highly alkaline midgut of certain lepidopteran insects. The effect N fertility has on Bt δ‐endotoxin and how whole‐plant N concentrations relate to Bt δ‐endotoxin levels has yet to be documented in early‐growth maize. Two Bt maize hybrids (‘Pioneer 33V08’ 1 with Bt event MON‐810 and ‘Dekalb 626Bty’ 1 with Bt event DBT 418) were grown in pots in duplicate greenhouse experiments with N fertility rates of 0, 112, 224, and 336 kg ha −1 N as NH 4 NO 3 . Fertilizer was blended into a potting mixture of a 2:1:1 ratio of peat moss/sand/soil at planting. Plants were harvested at growth stage V5 and assayed for Bt δ‐endotoxin using a commercial quantification plate kit. Whole‐plant N concentrations were determined by semimicro‐Kjeldahl. Whole‐plant N concentrations were 25.8, 33.1, 35.1, and 37.7 mg g −1 , and Bt δ‐endotoxin concentrations were 350, 367, 486, and 534 μg kg −1 at N fertility levels of 0, 112, 224, and 336 kg ha −1 , respectively. Increased available N likely increases Bt δ‐endotoxin–synthesizing proteins and thus increases the Bt δ‐endotoxin concentration. The response of the two Bt hybrids to increased N fertility was similar. Adequate levels of N fertility during early growth appear essential for Bt δ‐endotoxin production by the plant and may affect the ability of maize plants to resist insect predation.
A study on the effects of the crısıs ın 2008 on the textıle sector ın uşak (from the vıewpoınt of productıon - costs - prıcıng and export processes)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Uşak is considered to be one of the outstanding textile centers in our country. Blankets and rugs made in Uşak are known within the country and abroad. The crisis in 2008 affected all the sectors in our country as well as the textile companies in Usak. While some of these companies reduced production, some came to the verge of closing point. The title of the research is “ A Study on the effects of the crisis in 2008 on the Textile Sector in Uşak“. It aims to study to what extent the textile sector in Uşak was affected by the crisis mentioned above. The subjects of the research will be the textile firms employing over 20 workers in the city center. In this study, methods such as survey, interview and observation will be applied. Finally the findings will be evaluated and suggestions for overcoming the crisis will be made.
Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits megakaryocyte differentiation in CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a membrane‐derived lysophosphoipid which exerts its functions through binding to various LPA receptors (LPARs), which belong to family of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In our previous studies, we have demonstrated that LPA induces erythropoiesis in the cord blood‐derived human CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) by activating LPAR 3 with addition of erythropoietin under serum‐free culture. In this study, we attempt to investigate the role of LPA in megakaryopoiesis. Our data demonstrated that under TPO/SCF induced MK differentiation condition, megakaryocyte (MK) increased LPAR expression during differentiation period, and LPA treatment can significantly decrease megakaryopoiesis, which is detected by protein expression of CD41a and CD61. Simultaneously treatment with LPA and Ki16245, which is an antagonist of LPAR 1 and LPAR 3 , rescued the inhibition of MK differentiation by LPA. We further demonstrated that specific agonist for LPAR 3 block the megakaryopoiesis. On the other hand, the specific agonist of LPAR 2 didn¡¦t have significant effects on megakaryocyte differentiation. These results indicate that LPA plays an important role in hHSC differentiation, and LPAR 3 may be a critical regulator for both erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis.
LHD TESPEL #29366.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Tracer-Encapsulated Solid Pellet(TESPEL) is a double-layered impurity pellet, which basically consists of polystyrene polymer (-CH(C6H5)CH2-) as an outer shell and tracer particles as a core. TESPEL can be utilized for various physics-oriented experiments, e.g. impurity injection for the perturbative impurity transport, induction of a cold pulse propagation.
Ancora sul concilio di Alessandria del 362, e dintorni

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In relation to the recent monograph of Karmann on Meletius of Antioch, some important episodes concerning the Arian controversy in the East between 360 and 364 are examined. The presence of the Meletians at the Council of Alexandria in 362 is ruled out and the meaning of the Trinitarian and Christological formulas in the Tomus ad Antiochenos is critically evaluated. The more political than doctrinal meaning of the formula issued by the Council of Antioch in 363 is accentuated, and the significance of the contentious relationship between Athanasius and Meletius is considered in depth. That the doctrinal decisions of the Alessandrian council of 362 might have anticipated the passage from Nicenism to Neo – Nicenism is ruled out; this is confirmed by the Trinitarian reflection of Basil of Caesarea.
Direct Numerical Simulation Based Analysis of RANS Predictions of a Low-Pressure Turbine Cascade

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The state-of-the-art design of turbomachinery components is based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solutions. RANS solvers model the effects of turbulence and boundary layer transition and therefore allow for a rapid prediction of the aerodynamic behavior. The only drawback is that modeling errors are introduced to the solution. Researchers and computational fluid dynamics developers are working on reducing these errors by improved model calibrations which are based on experimental data. These experiments do not typically, however, offer detailed insight into three-dimensional flow fields and the evolution of model quantities in an actual machine. This can be achieved through a direct step-by-step comparison of model quantities between RANS and direct numerical simulation (DNS). In the present work, the experimentally obtained model correlations are recomputed based on DNS of the same turbine profile simulated by RANS. The actual local values are compared to the modeled RANS results, providing information about the source of model deficits. The focus is on the transition process on the blade suction side (SS) and on evaluating the development of turbulent flow structures in the blade's wake. It is shown that the source of disagreement between RANS and DNS can be traced back to three major deficiencies that should be the focus of further model improvements.
Textual Data Structuring

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This chapter explores the different approaches of text analysis, text mining, and text analytics, which all refer to processes that assist in extracting meaning from textual data. The chapter highlights the significance of data structuring as a fundamental process, which can be regarded as an advanced form of data cleansing, processing, and organizing. The organization of information is vital for the efficient implementation of text analytics techniques. The key strategies discussed include text parsing and filtering; association, clustering, and classification; keyword identification and frequency analysis; text normalization; named entity recognition; and relationship extraction. The key process involves breaking down lengthier texts into smaller, more manageable units. These methods together allow for more precise and perceptive study of text, establishing the foundation for more extensive examination of textual data in different situations.
Takayasu's Arteritis and Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a chronic idiopathic granulomatous arteriopathy involving the large vessels and its first degree branches. Clinical presentation has been described as two or three phases. The early stage is an inflammatory period with granulomatous arteritis of the aorta and its branches. Subsequent phases include vascular inflammation that results in vessel tenderness or pain. Finally, the late phase can occur months to years after the active phase. Diagnosis for TA can be a complex endeavor. A careful history and physical examination are helpful. The cornerstone to therapy for active disease has traditionally been high-dose glucocorticoids (1 mg/kg for four weeks). TA has a higher prevalence in young women, which increases the likelihood of pregnancy in patients with this disease. Ideally, preconception evaluation should be performed including disease status and peripartum immunosuppressant management, functional capacity, and presence and severity of hypertension as well as other possible cardiac conditions.
Thriving in the New Normal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Language education in higher education has been significantly impacted by COVID-19, and this has placed significant pressure on practitioners around the world irrespective of their respective experience prior to the pandemic. Teachers are now expected to deliver classes utilising new mediums whilst learning how to use different technologies. This can place a significant strain on individuals, institutions, and education sectors as everyone is expected to become proficient in a new normal working environment. In light of this, this chapter considers the in-service professional development needs and experiences of 88 language teachers at a Sino foreign university in Mainland China. The aim is that the insights provided here will help education providers better understand the challenges that their staff may be facing and consider ways in which teacher learning can be addressed. This chapter should be of interest to educators, managers, leaders, and policymakers in a wide range of international settings.