jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The obligatory use of vowel duration in speaking rate normalization

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Speech segment duration varies with speaking rate and phonetic identity. This study explored how listeners normalize for speaking rate when variation in segmental duration was a result of phonetic identity. Listeners identified the initial consonant in series that ranged from ‘‘beat’’ to ‘‘wheat’’ and ‘‘bead’’ to ‘‘weed.’’ Even though the endpoints of the series were spoken at the same speaking rate, the vowel duration in ‘‘bead’’–‘‘weed’’ was longer than ‘‘beat’’–‘‘wheat.’’ Luce and Charles-Luce [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1949–1957 (1985)] showed that vowel duration is an acoustic correlate of final stop voicing. Even though the vowel duration difference was an acoustic correlate of the final consonant voicing, listeners responded to the series as if vowel duration variation were also a cue to speaking rate. Listeners gave more /b/ responses to the ‘‘bead’’–‘‘weed’’ series. These data are inconsistent with models of perception in which acoustic correlates are uniquely assigned to sources in speech production. Instead, speaking rate normalization appears to be an early, autonomous process and the perceptual utilization of duration information for multiple aspects of speech perception may be obligatory. [Work supported by NIDCD Grant No. RO1DCOO219 to SUNY at Buffalo.]
TCLA: A Triangular Cross-Layer Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many cross-layer architectures have been proposed in recent years. Most of them extend the traditional protocol stack in order to keep compatibility, which add complexity by incorporating many components. And very few are revolutionary, which break the stack structure to pursue good performance at the cost of compatibility. In this paper, we propose a network architecture with a layering and non-stack hybrid approach for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), called TCLA (Triangular CL Architecture). TCLA merges the protocol layers of OSI model into three virtual functional modules and organizes them in a non-stack way. TCLA breaks the stack structure and maintains the compatibility at the same time. TCLA aims to provide great flexibility, efficiency and scalability for WSNs. We believe that TCLA can serve as a generic architecture for the development of cross-layer design.
Biofuels and Sustainable Development: Environmental Perspectives

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

There is growing interest in biofuels in many developing countries as a means of modernizing biomass use and providing greater access to clean liquid fuels while helping to address energy costs, energy security and global warming concerns associated with petroleum fuels. At a time when the focus is on global warming, CO2 emission, secure energy supply, and less consumption of fossil-based fuels, the use of renewable energy resources is essential. Biofuel has gained importance in the recent past year as a renewable fuel. The environmental issues concerned with the exhaust gases emission by the usage of fossil fuels also encourage the usage of biofuels which have proved to be eco-friendly far more than fossil fuels. Links between biofuels and sustainable development are varied and complex. On the one hand, biofuels may improve energy security, economic gains, rural development, elevate energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to standard fuels. On the other hand, production of energy crops could result in the expansion of the agricultural frontier, deforestation, monocropping, water pollution, food security problems, poor labour conditions and unfair distribution of the benefits along the value chain. The positive impacts and trade-offs involved vary depending on the type of energy crop, cultivation method, conversion technology and country or region under consideration. This paper seeks to provide a preliminary identification of the main sustainable development and environmental issues involved in the debate around production and trade of biofuels.
The Inspiration of Boredom: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Boredom and Creativity

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present thesis investigated the novel question of whether boredom could inspire creativity through two studies, the first focusing on trait creativity and the second on creative performance. The results reflect boredom and creativity’s complex, potentially null relationship. Study 1 found that trait boredom, controlling for overall personality structure, was not associated with creative personality. Study 2 found that neither state boredom nor the interaction between state and trait boredom was predictive of creative performance. Trait boredom, controlling for overall personality structure, was a positive predictor of curiosity (Study 1), and curiosity in turn was found to be a positive predictor of creative performance (Study 2), suggesting a potential mediated relationship. Future work exploring this possibility is encouraged. Researchers exploring the relationship between boredom and creativity are also urged to assess arousal and regulatory focus. Finally, work exploring multiple, potentially interacting components of creativity–particularly rater characteristics–is proposed.
Comment on essd-2021-37

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The NY-Ã lesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment (NYTEFOX) was a field experiment at the Ny-Ã lesund Arctic site (78.9ââN, 11.9ââE) and yielded a unique meteorological data set. These data describe the distribution of heat, airflows, and exchange in the Arctic boundary layer for a period of 14âd from 26Â February to 10Â MarchÂ 2020. NYTEFOX is the first field experiment to investigate the heterogeneity of airflow and its transport of temperature, wind, and kinetic energy in the Arctic environment using the fiber-optic distributed sensing (FODS) technique for horizontal and vertical observations. FODS air temperature and wind speed were observed at a spatial resolution of 0.127âm and a temporal resolution of 9âs along a 700âm horizontal array at 1âm above ground level (a.g.l.) and along three 7âm vertical profiles. Ancillary data were collected from three sonic anemometers and an acoustic profiler (minisodar; sodar is an acronym for âsound detection and rangingâ) yielding turbulent flow statistics and vertical profiles in the lowest 300âmâa.g.l., respectively. The observations from this field campaign are publicly available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756836, Huss et al.,Â 2021) and supplement the meteorological data set operationally collected by the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) at Ny-Ã lesund, Svalbard.
Genome-Scale Metabolic Model Analysis of Metabolic Differences between Lauren Diffuse and Intestinal Subtypes in Gastric Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide; it has a high mortality rate, particularly in East Asia. Recently, genetic events (e.g., mutations and copy number alterations) and molecular signaling associated with histologically different GC subtypes (diffuse and intestinal) have been elucidated. However, metabolic differences among the histological GC subtypes have not been studied systematically. In this study, we utilized transcriptome-based genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) to identify differential metabolic pathways between Lauren diffuse and intestinal subtypes. We found that diverse metabolic pathways, including cholesterol homeostasis, xenobiotic metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, the MTORC1 pathway, and glycolysis, were dysregulated between the diffuse and intestinal subtypes. Our study provides an overview of the metabolic differences between the two subtypes, possibly leading to an understanding of metabolism in GC heterogeneity.
Incremental wave analysis method: An alternative to load factor method in SACS pushover analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Many offshore jacket platforms in Malaysia are operating beyond their design life. In reassessment for life extension, Pushover Analysis is used to acquire the reliability of the platforms. Pushover Analysis imposes loadings onto platform model by incrementally increasing the Load Factor (LF) until the platform exceeds specified displacement or collapse limit. Recent study has established a new approach to perform Pushover Analysis. It is called the Incremental Wave Analysis (IWA) method. IWA increases wave height which coherently increases lateral load acting on the platform. Hence, to quantify the differences, this study compares both the methods; including analyzing Reserve Strength Ratio (RSR) and failure mechanism. In IWA apart from wave height other prospective significant parameters such wind speed and wave period are studied. The study concludes that IWA results in a lower RSR than LF, even when the wave period is included. But LF has more member failures compared to IWA.
Serum IgM and C-Reactive Protein Binding to Phosphorylcholine of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Increases Complement-Mediated Killing

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) colonizes the human upper respiratory tract without causing disease symptoms, but it is also a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and elderly, respectively. NTHi synthesizes various molecules to decorate its lipooligosaccharide (LOS), which modulates the level of virulence.
STUDY OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CROPS IN THE ERA OF MODERN PLANT BREEDING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Modern plant breeding has transformed food production and will be essential to guaranteeing food security on a global scale. Striking a balance between increasing crop output in response to climate change and reducing crop failure in difficult conditions is crucial for sustainable agriculture. A fuller understanding of how plant breeding affects agricultural genetic diversity is necessary to make this trade-off. Molecular marker technology has been applied to research agricultural genetic diversity throughout the past three decades. Our results disproved our hypothesis that current plant breeding diminishes agricultural genetic diversity by revealing temporal patterns of genetic diversity. This review analyzed theoretical and empirical estimates of agricultural genetic variety, focusing on how genetic diversity varies in response to artificial selection through time, in an effort to understand these oscillations. Numerous studies on agricultural genetic diversity lacked sufficient experimental design, including technical biases related to cultivar and genome sampling, and were not intended to look at how certain plant breeding efforts affected diversity. Theoretical research on how plant breeding affects agricultural genetic diversity has received little attention. Computer simulations of five standard breeding strategies show that plant breeding has a considerable impact on the preservation of heterozygosity over generations. It is crucial that additional plant breeding research investigates the geographical and temporal diversity of agricultural genetics in order to achieve sustainable crop output.
Combined Rayleigh and Raman Airborne Temperature Lidar at 355 nm with a Non-Maxwellian Barium Vapor Filter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1069.vid This work describes the development of an airborne lidar approach for temperature profiling which incorporates both filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) and a Raman reference signal. Utilizing a novel excited state barium vapor filter, this system operates with the third harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser, resulting in greater signal return and increased eye-safety when compared with current visible airborne lidars. Experimental spectra of the barium absorption feature motivate the non-Maxwellian filter function examined in this work, which is compared to a thermally broadened filter. To determine the optimal configuration, this work considers both nitrogen vibrational Raman at 386.7 nm and pure rotational Raman signals for FRS referencing. The combined model for a look-down temperature lidar, including descriptions of the barium vapor absorption models, Rayleigh and Raman lidar return signal models, and data inversion are described in detail. When employed for simulated lidar measurements, the non-Maxwellian filter lineshape exhibits slightly decreased sensitivity to temperature when paired with the nitrogen vibrational Raman reference, but increased sensitivity when paired with the stronger, rotational Raman reference. The most sensitive configuration was found to include a rotational Raman reference and non-Maxwellian filter. Simulations with this system predict uncertainties at the ground near 2 K for an integration time of 60 s, height resolution of 100 m, and aircraft flight altitude of 15.4 km.
Idiographic analyses of motivation and related processes in participants with schizophrenia following a therapeutic intervention for negative symptoms

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract

Background : Motivational negative symptoms hinder quality of life and daily functioning of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A recently developed intervention, Switch, has shown promising effects on negative symptoms and functional outcomes. Switch targets multiple cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes associated with motivation and goal directed behaviours. We aimed to investigate its effects on motivation and associated processes in a naturalistic setting, and to explore the dynamics between the processes. Methods : We used a single case approach ( n = 3), with a pre-post and follow-up assessment design, which also included ambulatory assessments (experience sampling method, ESM; and step count). We computed autoregressive lag 1 models to evaluate the effects of the intervention on daily motivation levels and related processes, descriptive pie-charts, and vector autoregressive modelling to reveal the dynamics of the processes over time. Results : The intervention was beneficial for each participant according to traditional evaluations of motivational negative symptoms, apathy, daily functioning and quality of life. The effects on the ESM variables revealed distinct outcomes for each individual. The dynamics between the various processes differed between participants, and fluctuated within participants (when comparing baseline, intervention phase, and follow-up). Conclusions : This study used an innovative approach to look at the effectiveness of an intervention. The intervention seems to lead to meaningful improvements in motivational negative symptoms and functional outcomes. The mechanisms of change need to be further investigated.
Factors Influencing the Spatiotemporal Variability in the Irrigation Requirements of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain under Climate Change

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The North China Plain is a major grain-producing area, but faces water scarcity, which directly threatens food security. The problem is more severe under climate change and the seasonal impact of climate change on winter wheat is different. Thus, it is of great importance to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of irrigation requirements (IR) and the factors influencing IR in different growth periods of winter wheat, but it has not received much attention. Therefore, we used relative contribution, partial correlation and path analyses to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of the IR and primary factors influencing the IR of winter wheat in various growing stages in the North China Plain. The results indicated that wind speed and net solar radiation showed a significant downward trend; no prominent trend was noted in IR (multiyear average, 302.3 mm). Throughout the growing season of winter wheat, IR increased gradually from the southern to northern extent of the North China Plain. The irrigation demand of winter wheat in stage P2 (green-up to heading) was the largest. Furthermore, the dominant drivers of IR in terms of spatial distribution and inter-annual variation were phenological period (Phe), effective precipitation (Pe) and relative humidity (RH); however, the degree of their effects varied across the growth stages and growing regions of winter wheat. Each factor exerted both direct and indirect effects on IR and Phe exhibited the strongest indirect effect on IR. The major factors contributing most to IR were Pe and RH in the P1 stage (sowing to green-up) and Phe, Pe and RH in the P2 and P3 (heading to maturity) stages. Pe and RH limited IR, whereas Phe promoted it. Our findings will help improve agricultural water management in the future.
Patient Perceptions of Risky Drinking: Knowledge of Daily and Weekly Low-Risk Guidelines and Standard Drink Sizes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Effective intervention for risky drinking requires that clinicians and patients know low-risk daily and weekly guidelines and what constitutes a “standard drink.” The authors hypothesized that most patients lack this knowledge, and that education is required. Methods Following primary care visits, patients completed anonymous exit questionnaires that included the 3 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT-C) questions, “How many drinks (containing alcohol) can you safely have in one day?” and questions about size, in ounces, of a standard drink of wine, beer, and liquor. Descriptive analyses were done in Stata. Results Of 1,331 respondents (60% female, mean age: 49.6, SD = 17.5), 21% screened positive on the AUDIT-C for risky drinking. Only 10% of those accurately estimated daily low-risk limits, with 9% accurate on weekly limits, and half estimated low-risk limits at or below guidelines. Fewer than half who checked “Yes” to “Do you know what a ‘standard drink’ is?” provided accurate answers for beer, wine, or liquor. Patients with a positive screen were twice as likely to say they knew what a standard drink is, but only a third gave accurate estimates. When asked about plans in the next month regarding change in drinking behavior, 23% with a positive AUDIT-C indicated they were at least considering a change. Conclusions Most patients in primary care don't know specifics of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) guidelines for low-risk drinking. Exploring patient perceptions of low-risk guidelines and current drinking behavior may reveal discrepancies worth discussing. For risky drinkers, most of whom don't know daily and weekly low-risk guidelines or standard drink sizes, education can be vital in intervening. Findings suggest the need for detailed and explicit social marketing and communication on exactly what low-risk drinking entails.
The 21st-century impact of European Muslim minorities on ‘Official Islam’ in the Muslim-majority world

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article argues that the growth of religious service provision directed at the Muslim diaspora in Europe has led to greater professionalization and pluralism within the Islam state in Muslim countries. Contemporary Muslim governments have claimed a monopoly over public prayer and religious education and have heavily invested in a network of infrastructure and services – the Islam state. The recent breakthrough of Islamist parties into governments in Turkey and across North Africa poses a challenge to the continued ‘civilian control’ over religion. What will become of the enormous Islamic Affairs ministries that Islamist parties have inherited – the hundreds of thousands of public servants of state Islam across the region, the tens of thousands of mosques and thousands of religious schools? Liberals demand the abolition of the Islam state because it violates the separation of religion and state; Islamists detest it for its repressive qualities. Despite progressive liberalization, governments in the past decade have not sought disestablishment, and have instead increased the resources and policing of state-run religion. I draw on the experience of Muslim governments in the competitive field of state–Islam relations in European countries to explain the modest beginnings of reform of the official religion apparatus in Muslim-majority countries.
Dairy Cow and Human Sensitivity to Short Duration, 60 Hertz Currents

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The effect of length of duration of 60 Hz, sinusoidal electric current (1, 10, and 100 cycles) on the current magnitude to which lactating dairy cows responded was studied and the residual effect of previous shock was evaluated. Significantly higher currents were required for the 1 cycle current duration than for 10 and 100 cycle durations. Results of a study to determine human response to currents of similar durations are also reported.
Stimulus‐Specific Patterns of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Type A and B Subjects: Evidence for Enhanced Vagal Reactivity in Type B

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Recent evidence suggests that the differences in cardiovascular reactivity between individuals exhibiting the Type A behavior pattern and those that do not are not limited to excessive betaadrenergic reactivity in Type A's. Research also suggests the possibility of a tendency for enhanced alpha‐adrenergically and vagally mediated cardiovascular reactivity in Type B's. In the present study, Type A and Type B subjects were exposed to stressor stimuli known to elicit either betaadrenergic or alpha‐adrenergic and vagal responses in the cardiovascular system. Heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow and vascular resistance responses were measured. The two Types did not differ in response to the beta‐adrenergic stimulus (mental arithmetic). However, the alpha‐adrenergic/vagal stimulus (cold face stimulus) produced more prolonged heart rate and blood flow responses in Type B subjects. Results suggest that Type B's show hyperreactivity (compared to Type A) when alpha‐adrenergic or vagal cardiovascular responses are elicited. The nature of this hyperreactivity suggests possible mechanisms for reduced cardiovascular disease risk in Type B individuals.