jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Intensity of Adopting Rice Farm Innovations Among Smallholder Rice Farmers in the West Kano Irrigation Scheme, Kenya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to identify the determinants influencing the intensity of adoption of farm innovations among smallholder rice farmers in the West-Kano Irrigation Scheme amid the rising demand for rice in Kenya, which significantly outpaces local production. Despite the introduction of various innovations, adoption rates and influencing factors remain scarcely explored. Data were collected from 116 smallholder rice farmers using a standardised questionnaire. The Standard Poisson Model was employed for data analysis due to its suitability in handling count data, specifically the number of innovations adopted by farmers. This model helped identify key factors influencing innovation uptake. Findings reveal that several factors significantly impact adoption of farm innovations, including number of household income contributors, the proportion of land used for farming, decision-maker's farming experience, land ownership, and access to transportation and infrastructure. Notably, 98 per cent of farmers used improved seeds, 38 per cent adopted the line transplant method, and 97 per cent implemented pest management practices. Additionally, 47 per cent used the urea deep placement method and all participants engaged in some form of mechanised farming. The study concludes that understanding these factors can optimise policies aimed at enhancing rice productivity and commercialisation. Recommendations include employing the use of demonstration farms, collaborating with key rice value-chain actors, and building capacity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform policy formulation and strategic interventions that support the adoption of agricultural innovations, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and growth of the rice sector in Kenya.
Exploring Multi‐Subsite Binding Pockets in Proteins: DEEP‐STD NMR Fingerprinting and Molecular Dynamics Unveil a Cryptic Subsite at the GM1 Binding Pocket of Cholera Toxin B

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ligand‐based NMR techniques to study protein–ligand interactions are potent tools in drug design. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy stands out as one of the most versatile techniques, allowing screening of fragments libraries and providing structural information on binding modes. Recently, it has been shown that a multi‐frequency STD NMR approach, differential epitope mapping (DEEP)‐STD NMR, can provide additional information on the orientation of small ligands within the binding pocket. Here, the approach is extended to a so‐called DEEP‐STD NMR fingerprinting technique to explore the binding subsites of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). To that aim, the synthesis of a set of new ligands is presented, which have been subject to a thorough study of their interactions with CTB by weak affinity chromatography (WAC) and NMR spectroscopy. Remarkably, the combination of DEEP‐STD NMR fingerprinting and Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics has proved to be an excellent approach to explore the geometry, flexibility, and ligand occupancy of multi‐subsite binding pockets. In the particular case of CTB, it allowed the existence of a hitherto unknown binding subsite adjacent to the GM1 binding pocket to be revealed, paving the way to the design of novel leads for inhibition of this relevant toxin.
Single-cell RNA-sequencing Unravels Heterogeneity of Cardiomyocytes and Signaling Pathways in Pressure Overload

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background This study aimed to unravel the heterogeneity of cardiomyocytes and probed out hub genes and hub pathways for cardiac hypertrophy based on transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse models using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Methods scRNA-seq data of TAC mouse models were retrieved from the GSE95140 dataset. After filtering, cell clusters were detected using scRNA-seq data, followed by identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was presented. GSVA scores of hub pathways were calculated. After that, hub genes were detected by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and expression association analysis. Cell subtypes were clustered using UMAP and the expression patterns of hub genes across different cell subtypes and different stages of cardiac hypertrophy were visualized. Finally, hub genes and hub pathways were verified using the GSE76 and GSE36074 datasets. Results Following data filtering and normalization, 3408 DEGs were identified between TAC and sham operation. As shown functional enrichment analysis, hub pathways were identified including cardiac hypertrophy, ion transport, myocardial remodeling, apoptosis, HIF pathway and metabolise. Eight hub genes (Vldlr, Ugp2, Tgm2, Pygm, Flnc, Ctsd, Clu and Atp1b1) with the highest degree in the PPI network and the strongest correlation with GSVA calculated score of hub pathways were identified for cardiac hypertrophy. Six cell subtypes were clustered, composed of fibroblast, CM-A, CM-V, trabecular CM and endothelial cell. There was a distinct heterogeneity in the expression patterns of hub genes and the GSVA scores of hub pathways across different cell clusters and different stages of cardiac hypertrophy. The hub genes and hub pathways were externally verified by the two independent datasets. Conclusion Our findings identified hub genes and hub pathways for cardiac hypertrophy, which had a distinct heterogeneity across different cell clusters and different stages of cardiac hypertrophy.
Cytomegalovirus UL91 Is Essential for Transcription of Viral True Late (γ2) Genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus-encoded UL91 is a betagamma gene that is essential for viral replication. Here we show that the 111-amino-acid (aa) UL91 protein controls accumulation of true-late (γ2) viral transcripts. The primate betaherpesvirus conserved N-terminal region from aa 1 to 71 is sufficient to fully reconstitute function. Evaluation of viral DNA, RNA, and antigen revealed that UL91 protein is expressed with leaky-late (γ1) kinetics, localizes in the nucleus without influencing viral DNA synthesis, and must be present from 48 h postinfection to support full expression of late viral transcripts and proteins. In the absence of UL91, viral capsid assembly in the nucleus of infected cells is significantly reduced, and mature, cytoplasmic virions fail to form. Taken together, the evidence shows that UL91 regulates late viral gene expression by a mechanism that is apparently conserved in betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses.
VJM: A Novel Grid Resource Co-Allocation Model for Parallel Jobs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The resources in a grid are distributed in multiple autonomic domains. Hence, itpsilas always a time consuming process to perform the resource co-allocation in grids especially for parallel jobs due to the diversity of local domain policies and the dynamic resource workloads. Even worse, the resource competing among multiple parallel jobs may result in resource allocation deadlock. In this paper, a novel synchronized resource co-allocation model for cross-domain parallel jobs, called virtual job model (VJM), is proposed. VJM uses virtual jobs to co-reserve the earliest available resources for real parallel jobs with considering the local resource policies and the current resource availability in multiple domains. The co-reservation algorithm implemented in VJM is not only able to detect potential deadlocks, but able to relieve the resource competing via the resource reorganization mechanism. At last, we demonstrate that VJM is able to reduce the time cost of resource co-allocation significantly via experiments.
Ethnomethodology and Sociology: An Introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Arising as a powerful challenge to programmatic views of sociology that sought to determine stable laws underpinning social order, ethnomethodology set out an alternative programme to reveal social order as a dynamic, contingent ‘ongoing accomplishment’. This programme was neither micro nor macro, but was concerned with different contexts of accountability in which both individuals and institutions are given identity and reproduced. Recognising everyday life as an achievement, collective sense making, and the central importance of talk as a social process, ethnomethodology had an impact on all those arenas of sociology where ordinary interaction is an element. This introduction to the special section discusses the contributions of each of the papers – which cover mundane reasoning, social learning, the early acquisition of social competence, and the application of membership categorization analysis to gender – in relation to the continuing relevance of Garfinkel's legacy to contemporary sociological theory and practice.
A Wind Tunnel Study of the Flow-Induced Vibrations of a Cylindrical Piezoelectric Transducer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Piezoelectric transducers are used as a sensing device to study the fluids’ motion. Moreover, they are used as a harvester of energy of Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV). The current FIV harvesters in the literature rely on piezoelectric cantilevers coupled with a bluff body that creates flow instabilities. This paper studies the use of piezoelectric cylinders as a novel transducer in the field of fluid mechanics, where the transducer makes use of its bluff geometry to create instability. The study was based on wind tunnel measurements performed on four piezoelectric cylinders of different sizes over a speed range of 1–7 m/s. The paper looks at the variation of the generated voltage across the Reynolds number. It also compares the spectra of the generated open-circuit voltage to the turbulence spectra features known from the literature.
Projection-optimal local Fisher discriminant analysis for feature extraction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a novel dimensionality reduction algorithm called projection-optimal local Fisher discrimi- nant analysis (PoLFDA) is proposed in order to address the multimodal problem. Novel weight matrices defined on the projected space can represent the intraclass compactness and the interclass separability. Based on the novel weighted matrices, the local between-class scatter matrix and the local within-class scatter matrix are defined such that the local structure can be preserved. In order to enhance the discriminant ability, we impose an orthogonal constraint on the objective function, which can be regarded as a trace ratio problem. In general, a trace ratio problem does not have a closed-form solution; however, it can be solved using some efficient iterative algorithms. Therefore, we optimize the projection matrix by solving the trace ratio problem iteratively. Experiments on toy data, face, and handwritten digit data sets are conducted to evaluate the performance of PoLFDA; the results and comparisons verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ СТЕЙКХОЛДЕРІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ЯК СКЛАДНИКА ЙОГО ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The study emphasizes that modern methods for assessing enterprise economic security do not take into account the degree of economic security of its stakeholders as well as the effects from the contractors’ security which reduce the effectiveness of actions aimed at ensuring the overall enterprise security. The purpose of the research is to improve the methodology for assessing the economic security of enterprise stakeholders as part of its overall economic security. To attain the research goals, the following scientific methods have been employed: generalization – to explore the views of economists in the subject matter of the study and summarizing the results of the content analysis of primary sources; analysis and synthesis – to interpret the major scientific categories of the research and specify the indicators related to stakeholders’ economic security. The article suggests a general framework of enterprise stakeholders’ economic security with a particular focus on the need to assess separately its degree and development stage. It is argued that stakeholders’ economic security is characterized by the degree of relevant indicators approaching their threshold (minimum necessary) values whereas the state of economic security of stakeholders (subject to their own resources, reserves and processes) is determined by the combination of specific conditions and settings of their environment and reflect the possibility to restore the adequate degree of economic security with regard to time and trends requirements. The study presents an improved classification of enterprise stakeholders’ economic security in terms of the dependence of their interests on the economic security of the enterprise. It has been proved that the assessment process should account for the internal (endogenous) security of stakeholders which depends on a particular enterprise and which can combine the security of personnel, owners and the territorial community. It is proposed to define indicators for assessing the degree and the state of internal economic security of this group of stakeholders taking into account the value of unexploited expenses, and the economic security index – with due regard to stakeholders’ security. For the first time, for this indicator it is proposed to take into account the effects of economic security of external stakeholders as shown using the case of financial and credit institutions and suppliers. An improved methodology for assessing the economic security of enterprise stakeholders will enable an isolated evaluation of this security type as well as take it into account when calculating enterprise economic security indicators. The above proposals offer a range of practical implications since they could be used by enterprise planning and economic departments for planning and designing a more effective approach to the selection of stabilization actions to enhance its business performance, in particular through developing a balanced policy of cooperation with contractors.
Triangle-Shaped Cerium Tungstate Nanoparticles Used to Modify Carbon Paste Electrode for Sensitive Hydroquinone Detection in Water Samples

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we propose an eco-friendly method for synthesizing cerium tungstate nanoparticles using hydrothermal techniques. We used scanning, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to analyze the morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. The results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were uniform and highly crystalline, with a particle size of about 50 nm. The electrocatalytic properties of the nanoparticles were then investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We further used the synthesized nanoparticles to develop an electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode that can detect hydroquinone. By optimizing the differential pulse voltammetric method, a wide linearity range of 0.4 to 45 µM and a low detection limit of 0.06 µM were obtained. The developed sensor also expressed excellent repeatability (RSD up to 3.8%) and reproducibility (RSD below 5%). Interferences had an insignificant impact on the determination of analytes, making it possible to use this method for monitoring hydroquinone concentrations in tap water. This study introduces a new approach to the chemistry of materials and the environment and demonstrates that a careful selection of components can lead to new horizons in analytical chemistry.
Postglacial Isobases from Northern Ellesmere Island and Greenland: New Data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Over seventy new 14 C dates on former relative sea levels from Hall Land, northwest Greenland, and Clements Markham Inlet, northern Ellesmere Island, are combined with previous data to revise the regional isobases for this area. These isobases show : 1) a centre of maximum postglacial emergence over northwest Greenland extending to; 2) an intervening cell of lower emergence over northeast Ellesmere Island which was isostatically-dominated by the Greenland Ice Sheet; in turn, extending to 3) a higher centre of emergence over the Grant Land Mountains, northernmost Ellesmere Island, associated with the independent history of local ice caps there. Radiocarbon dates from raised marine shorelines show a 2000 year lag between glacial unloading on northwest Greenland and northernmost Ellesmere Island. This lag in glacioisostatic adjustments suggests a considerable range in the glacier response times and/or glacioclimatic regimes in this area. Throughout the area the last ice limit was ca. 5-60 km beyond present ice margins. Maximum emergence at these ice limits is marked by shorelines built into a full glacial sea which range from 124 m asl in Clements Markham Inlet to 150 m asl in Hall Land. This indicates that similar emergence (120-150 m) in other areas does not necessarily require the removal of entire ice sheets although this has been commonly assumed in the literature. The geophysical implications of this warrant consideration.
Everyday Authoritarianism: Class and Coercion on Housing Estates in Neoliberal Britain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In Britain, especially in the 2010s, neoliberal reform involved an extension of legal coercion into the domestic and community lives of marginalized citizens. On two postindustrial housing estates in Britain, working‐class residents experience this “everyday authoritarianism” in areas that the liberal state typically constructs as private and purports to leave alone: the home and the intimate relations that frame it. Residents engage this legal coercion by adopting responses that range from defensive avoidance to co‐opting officials to acts of vigilantism. By doing so, they negotiate the presence of an authority that is often out of sync with their own expectations for protection, and in some cases actively undermines their efforts to remain safe. Their pluralism can be framed neither in terms of an acceptance of state authority nor as a straightforward refusal to be governed. Rather, it reveals the contradictory ways in which marginalized citizens define their relationship to the state under contemporary conditions of class fragmentation. By adding detail on everyday life to meta‐narratives of an authoritarian turn, this article theorizes the political potential and limits of people's daily engagements with the state for contesting the latter's authority. [class, coercion, liberal governance]
Quantitative Analysis of Inclusions in Ductile Iron by Electrolytic Extraction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Spheroidizing treatment is an important step in the production of ductile iron, in this paper, with the different amount of nodulizer, the morphology and composition of inclusions in molten iron, spheroidized samples and test blocks were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and the inclusions were extracted from the three kinds of samples by electrolytic extraction, XRD analysis was carried out to quantitatively study the effect of residual magnesium content on graphite morphology and spheroidizing rate.The results showed that the amount of inclusions in the molten iron sample was relatively small, whether the amounts in spheroidized samples and test blocks were rather more, and when addition of nodularizer increased from 1.1% to 1.3%, the total content of inclusions in the castings increased from 0.83% to 0.93%.
Prolonged Esophageal Button Battery Impaction in a 15 Month-Old: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 15 month-old female was transferred to the emergency department from a gastroenterologist's office after a chest x-ray revealed an esophageal foreign body. The patient was undergoing evaluation for regurgitation of food and refusal to eat solid food for three months with their primary care physician. X-ray of the neck upon arrival in the emergency department revealed that the foreign body was consistent with a button battery. The button battery was likely lodged in the esophagus for the three months that the child was having difficulty with feeding.
A Bayesian Approach for Characterizing and Mitigating Gate and Measurement Errors

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Various noise models have been developed in quantum computing study to describe the propagation and effect of the noise that is caused by imperfect implementation of hardware. Identifying parameters such as gate and readout error rates is critical to these models. We use a Bayesian inference approach to identify posterior distributions of these parameters such that they can be characterized more elaborately. By characterizing the device errors in this way, we can further improve the accuracy of quantum error mitigation. Experiments conducted on IBM’s quantum computing devices suggest that our approach provides better error mitigation performance than existing techniques used by the vendor. Also, our approach outperforms the standard Bayesian inference method in some scenarios.
Immunoediting

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.