jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Peripheral nerves are pathologically small in cerebellar ataxia neuropathy vestibular areflexia syndrome: a controlled ultrasound study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and purpose Sensory neuronopathy is a cardinal feature of cerebellar ataxia neuropathy vestibular areflexia syndrome ( CANVAS ). Having observed that two patients with CANVAS had small median and ulnar nerves on ultrasound, we set out to examine this finding systematically in a cohort of patients with CANVAS , and compare them with both healthy controls and a cohort of patients with axonal neuropathy. We have previously reported preliminary findings in seven of these patients with CANVAS and seven healthy controls. Methods We compared the ultrasound cross‐sectional area of median, ulnar, sural and tibial nerves of 14 patients with CANVAS with 14 healthy controls and 14 age‐ and gender‐matched patients with acquired primarily axonal neuropathy. We also compared the individual nerve cross‐sectional areas of patients with CANVAS and neuropathy with the reference values of our laboratory control population. Results The nerve cross‐sectional area of patients with CANVAS was smaller than that of both the healthy controls and the neuropathy controls, with highly significant differences at most sites ( P < 0.001). Conversely, the nerve cross‐sectional areas in the upper limb were larger in neuropathy controls than healthy controls ( P < 0.05). On individual analysis, the ultrasound abnormality was sufficiently characteristic to be detected in all but one patient with CANVAS . Discussion Small nerves in CANVAS probably reflect nerve thinning from loss of axons due to ganglion cell loss. This is distinct from the ultrasound findings in axonal neuropathy, in which nerve size was either normal or enlarged. Our findings indicate a diagnostic role for ultrasound in CANVAS sensory neuronopathy and in differentiating neuronopathy from neuropathy.
A Causal Comparative Study of the Connection Between Kindergarten Reading Scores and Perceptual-Motor Instruction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference between the reading scores of kindergarten students whose teachers incorporated perceptual-motor activities as part of instruction and kindergarten students whose teachers did not incorporate perceptual-motor activities as part of instruction. Some schools have recognized the advantage motor development can have on emergent readers. For this study, there were a total of six kindergarten classrooms chosen. Three classrooms selected incorporated perceptual-motor instruction and three classrooms selected did not incorporate perceptual-motor instruction. Ten students from each classroom were randomly selected for the study. End of the year Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA) scores were analyzed to determine if a significant difference existed between the two groups. An Independent t-Test was used to compare the two groups. Results indicated there was a significant difference in the reading scores of students who received perceptual-motor instruction and students who did not receive perceptual-motor instruction at the 0.098 level of significance; therefore, the hypothesis was accepted. Results from the study indicated that perceptual-motor instruction benefits the reading level of kindergarten students.
THE FETO-PLACENTAL DHA LOAD TEST BASES, RESULTS, INTERPRETATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

At term the fetal share of adrenal precursors for placental oestrogen production, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S), amounts to 80—90%, that of the mother to 10—20%. The quantity of utero-placental perfusion, the arylsulfatase and aromatizing capacity of the placenta, finally the production rate of fetal adrenal C19-steroids and fetal 16-hydroxylase activity seem to be the most important and limiting factors of oestriol formation. On the basis of these facts we have developed a DHA-S loading test. 50 mg of DHA-S are injected into the mother’s cubital vein. The conversion of this steroid into oestrogens is taken as a measure for the integrity and reserve capacity of the feto-placental unit and a potential danger for the fetus. The increase of oestrogens in 24h urine or plasma following DHA-injection (caused by placental aromatization and fetal 16-hydroxylation) is measured in comparison to control values. The Physiopathologie determinants of this test were investigated by application of 3H-labelled DHA-S. This steroid rapidly crosses to the fetus in a portion up to 50%. Quantitation of DHA-S and oestrogens in the umbilical vessel show that these have recrossed completely after 1 hour. Only very low radioactivity was found in the amniotic fluid and the placenta. The metabolic clearance in the maternal venous plasma was also measured. In the 24-hour-urine of the mother 12—50% of the injected DHA-S appeared as oestrogens. In investigations of normal, toxemic and diabetic pregnancies it was shown that the metabolic clearance of DHA-S from maternal venous blood and utero-placental perfusion were reduced in toxemia and diabetes. In incubation studies the aromatizing capacity of toxemic and diabetic placentas was shown to be considerably diminished. In the umbilical arteries of newborns from mothers with toxemia and diabetes the concentration of DHA was significantly reduced by impairment of fetal adrenal DHA-production. By these findings the understanding and interpretation of the test in normal and pathological pregnancies was greatly promoted. Finally the results of more than 300 DHA tests are presented and the correlation to other tests of fetal condition are shown.
Letter The Relative Risk to Health From Snus and Cigarettes: Response to Grimsrud et al.’s Commentary on “Perceptions of the Relative Harmfulness of Snus Among Norwegian General Practitioners and Their Effect on the Tendency to Recommend Snus in Smoking C

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In their letter to the editor, Grimsrud, Gallefoss, and Løchen (2012) criticize us for putting too little emphasis on the health hazards of snus in our study (Lund &amp; Scheffels, 2012) and suggest that our scientific consensus that snus is much less harmful than cigarettes is faulty. Furthermore, they warn us about the risk of becoming useful tools for the tobacco industry and imply that we have been too selective in our choice of references. It seems timely for us to try and clarify a few misunderstandings in this respect. First, in our article, we do not recommend the use of snus in general. Instead, we suggest that snus might serve as an alternative to other cessation aids for highly nicotine-addicted or heavy smok-ers if other available aids fail to lead to smoking cessation. We do not claim that snus is risk free. The interesting question is, therefore, not whether the use of snus increases the risk for diseases in general or specific illnesses in particular, but rather how the risks from snus
Influence of hydrolysis conditions and membrane casting on quality of regenerated cellulose membrane

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Cellulose microfiltration membranes are widely used in various applications such as wastewater treatment, protein and enzyme filtration. Unfortunately, the poor solubility of cellulose makes it challenging to control membrane manufacturing. To overcome this limitation, in this study, Cellulose derivative membranes were cast and later on deacetylated via hydrolysis with alkali solutions. \nTo achieve the desired macrostructure, different compositions of the casting solution were investigated. Sample membranes were prepared using a semi-automatic casting method on nonwoven support using the Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) method. The coagulation bath was consisting of weak non solvent with the addition of low percentage of solvent and strong non-solvent. Hydrolysis was performed in different stages of the membrane preparation. The best results were obtained when deacetylation was performed on the completely formed membrane. Accelerated regeneration of membranes could be obtained by increase of solution alkalinity. However it can cause irreversible damage to the membrane structure. To maintain the membrane's macrostructure, regeneration at higher temperatures was found to be highly effective, especially when combined with high concentrations of the alkali solution. Since hydrolysis impacts the porosity of the base membrane, adjustments such as decreasing the polymer concentration and employing a mixture of medium and high molecular weight polymer were made in the casting solution to enhance the final structure. \nThe resulting membranes were characterized in terms of their morphology (SEM); physical (air flow, thickness, etc.), and chemical properties (contact angle, FT-IR; etc.). Obtained regenerated cellulose membrane showed 98% deacetylation (FT-IR analysis) with adequate morphology, high hydrophilicity and low protein binding.
The metabolic chiral inversion of 2−arylpropionic acids–-A novel route with pharmacological consequences–-a correction

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract In our recent review (Hutt & Caldwell 1983) on the metabolic chiral inversion of the 2−aryl propionic acids, Fig. 1 presented flying wedge diagrams to depict the three-dimensional structures of the enantiomers, assigned according to Shen (1979). Close examination of the Figure, in the light of model building, reveals that the absolute configurational designation of these structures is incorrect and should be reversed, i.e. the enantiomer labelled by us as R(-) is in fact S(+) and vice versa. We apologise for this error, and would also point out that the diagram of Shen (1979) upon which our assignments were based is similarly incorrect.
Keratins and plakin family cytolinker proteins control the length of epithelial microridge protrusions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Actin filaments and microtubules create diverse cellular protrusions, but intermediate filaments, the strongest and most stable cytoskeletal elements, are not known to directly participate in the formation of protrusions. Here we show that keratin intermediate filaments directly regulate the morphogenesis of microridges, elongated protrusions arranged in elaborate maze-like patterns on the surface of mucosal epithelial cells. We found that microridges on zebrafish skin cells contained both actin and keratin filaments. Keratin filaments stabilized microridges, and overexpressing keratins lengthened them. Envoplakin and periplakin, plakin family cytolinkers that bind F-actin and keratins, localized to microridges, and were required for their morphogenesis. Strikingly, plakin protein levels directly dictate microridge length. An actin-binding domain of periplakin was required to initiate microridge morphogenesis, whereas periplakin-keratin binding was required to elongate microridges. These findings separate microridge morphogenesis into distinct steps, expand our understanding of intermediate filament functions, and identify microridges as protrusions that integrate actin and intermediate filaments.
Diagnostic, Pathologic, and Therapeutic Considerations for Primary CNS Lymphoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare lymphoma representing 3% of CNS malignancies. The diagnosis is complicated by the unique risks associated with brain biopsy, and the treatment is similarly complicated by the restriction of effective therapeutics able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Currently, the majority of individuals diagnosed with this disease are immunocompetent although immune deficiency related to HIV or immunosuppressive therapy remains an important risk factor. Improvements in both frontline therapy and consolidation options, including the use of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, have translated to improved survival. Unfortunately, patients experiencing relapsed or refractory disease often fare poorly. Here, we review key clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PCNSL and highlight challenging clinical scenarios that may be encountered by the treating oncologist.
Pricing Decisions in a Vertically Integrated Live Entertainment Industry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Live Nation has recently been criticized for profiting from resales of tickets. This thesis examines in what
way the pricing decision of a concert promoter differs when it acquires platforms that facilitate ticket
scalpers. I find that a vertically integrated promoter has an incentive to set lower prices in the primary
market for high demand events when artists obtain a sufficiently large share of the profits from the
primary ticket sales and the promoter has a strong position in the secondary market. Vertical integration
does have a welfare diminishing effect though, because, in contrast to an unintegrated market, it does
not lead to an optimal allocation of the tickets.
Rearrangement of poly (dimethylsiloxane) fluids on soil

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRearrangement of poly (dimethylsiloxane) fluids on soilRobert R. Buch and Donald N. IngebrigtsonCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1979, 13, 6, 676–679Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60154a002https://doi.org/10.1021/es60154a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views318Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A pilot study of a modified Balint group using cognitive approaches to physician attitudes about somatoform disorder patients.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This is a pilot study of the use of cognitive therapy theories and techniques in a time-limited Balint group of family physicians with a focus on the care of the somatoform disorders. Family physicians often find these patients difficult and unpleasant to treat. Physicians in the group were compared with other family physicians in a pre and post test of attitudes towards patients with somatoform disorders. In addition, the beliefs of the physicians were elicited. After the 13 session Balint group was completed, attitudes of the family physicians in the group improved so that they were less likely to feel that somatizing patients take up too much of their time (p less than 0.05). Underlying beliefs about somatoform disorder patients were identified in the group and subsequently modified. This study suggests that a time-limited cognitive therapy Balint group, focusing on somatoform disorder patients, results in improved attitudes toward the care of these patients.
Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Whole-Body Composition, and Resistance toAeromonas hydrophilain Nile Tilapia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.40 kcal/g) experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% cinnamon. The diet containing 1% cinnamon resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.05) specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent protein utilization (APU), and energy utilization (EU). In regard to body composition, there was no significant difference in dry matter, protein, lipids, and ash (P > 0.05) contents due to cinnamon supplementation. Blood plasma profile showed an improvement in hemoglobin (HB), red blood cell (RBCS), hematocrite (PCV), total protein, and total lipids, while there was a decrease in creatinin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose in fish fed 1% cinnamon. Cinnamon was found to have an antibacterial activity antagonistic to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish. Performance and FCR improvement translated into a 10% decrease in feed costs associated with the 1% cinnamon diet.
Efficient Streaming for Delay-tolerant Multimedia Applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Delay-tolerant multimedia applications, where clients specify the time when playout must start, fit the profile of many emerging applications, including distance education and corporate training. Such applications typically depend on a Content Delivery Network (CDN), where the Content Service Provider (CSP) disseminates multimedia content to geographically dispersed clients through a distribution network from servers located on the CDN. In these applications, a client Ci connects to the source S at time t0 and requests for contents with base encoding rate Γ and playout duration T ; Ci specifies the time it is willing to wait for the playout to start, its delay tolerance δi; Playout at Ci starts at (t0+δi) and ends at ((t0 + δi) + T ). Note that t0 may also be the start time of a scheduled streaming session. This thesis deals with the issue of maximizing the quality of the multimedia contents delivered at the clients even when link bandwidths are constrained in the path from the source to the clients. To achieve this, we develop a suite of algorithms that can exploit clients’ delay tolerance considering the following parameters: (i) Service type: whether contents are streamed according to a schedule or occur on-demand and (ii) Bandwidth: whether link capacity is static or variable, using appropriate resources at the nodes – Transcoders, Layer encoders, or Streaming servers with transcoding or layering functionality. In particular, we consider the following three cases: (i) Scheduled streaming when bandwidths are static, (ii) Scheduled streaming when bandwidths are varying and predicted, and (iii) On-demand streaming when bandwidths are static. The algorithms developed are a result of formulating the objectives in an optimization framework or by an analysis of properties of the network topology and client requirements. Furthermore, where an optimal algorithm is computationally expensive, we develop algorithms based on heuristics as practical alternatives. The approaches are validated through extensive simulations, using topologies derived from real-world scenarios. The algorithms developed in this thesis would help a CSP serving clients in a subscription based network in: (i) improving the quality of reception at the clients by leveraging their delay tolerance values, (ii) estimating the resources required to provide the best delivered rates to clients, and (iii) determining placement of resources to maximize the delivered rates at clients. Thus, using the analysis presented and algorithms developed in this thesis, a CSP can deploy resources in order to ensure effective quality of service to clients and efficient resource utilization by leveraging clients’ delay tolerance.
Test of health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Health literacy has been evaluated in several countries by tools developed for local language and culture. This study aimed to adapt and to validate the Health Literacy Test (TLS) for the Brazilian Portuguese language based on the Test of functional health literacy in adults (TOFHLA). Method: The TLS, translated and adapted to the Brazilian scenario based on the Test of functional health literacy in adults, was administered to 302 users of a clinic of a University in Santa Catarina from September to October 2013. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, Spearman’s correlation and Analysis of Variance were used to assess the internal consistency, the correlation between the parts of the test and association between sociodemographic variables and the score of the Test, respectively. Results: The average score of the test was 72,2, and 54.6% of participants had adequate health literacy, 19.2% had marginal health literacy and 26.2% had inadequate health literacy. The average score of the test was inversely related to the age of the participants and directly related to the level of education. There was no significant difference in the other sociodemographic characteristics. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.953. The coefficients for the numerical and reading passages were 0.808 and 0.951, respectively. All the sections correlated positively and significantly with the Test, and also with each other. Conclusion: The validation of this test provides a new instrument to determine the literacy level in Brazilian adults.
Atoms and molecules in cavities: A method for study of spatial confinement effects

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A general method for solving the problems of spatially confined quantum mechanical systems is proposed. The method works within the framework of the model space approximation. In the case of atoms and molecules trapped into any‐shape microscopic cavity (like molecular sieves or fullerenes), the method reduces to a simple modification of the commonly used basis‐set quantum chemical calculations. The modification consists of a particular rotation and projection in the model space, leading to solutions better adapted to the boundary conditions of the spatial confinement than the functions that describe the free systems. To illustrate how this method works, it has been applied to the hydrogen atom confined in a spherical well, near a hard wall and confined in a cubic box. The results are also compared to the exact solutions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Payment services of the Bank of Russia and the intraday liquidity management of credit institutions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Subject. This article discusses the payment services of the Bank of Russia and the tools for managing intraday liquidity available to the participants of these services. Objectives. The article aims to analyze and classify the payment services of the Bank of Russia based on their architecture, the order of operation, and the available tools for managing intraday liquidity, as well as identify the positive and negative impacts of the introduction of the digital ruble on the liquidity of credit institutions. Methods. For the study, we used systems, comparative, logical, and structural analyses, as well as the method of abstraction. Results. The article presents a classification of payment services of the Bank of Russia based on the volumes and scales of operations carried out, the architecture and the functioning order, and it describes the factors that may influence the use of the digital ruble by consumers, as well as the impact of its distribution on the liquidity of credit organizations. Conclusions and Relevance. The widespread adoption of the digital ruble will lead to a liquidity outflow from credit organizations under the current platform architecture, which may negatively impact the smooth operation of the payment system of the Bank of Russia. It is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism to eliminate the negative impact.