jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Understanding Cycles of Protest and Elections in Lebanon

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract While contentious politics literature links protest and voting as connected forms of claim making, in Lebanon, scholars, activists, and citizens generally have treated them as distinct phenomena, resulting in cycles of anti-system protests and elections characterized by wins by the status quo and low turnout. This unusual situation reflects how confessionalism has become deeply intertwined with neoliberalism, closing off necessary opportunity structures for change. Neoliberal policies, even while causing general harm to the average Lebanese citizen, generated high rents which sectarian parties could then distribute to supporters. To keep this system going, the collusive sectarian elite consciously and largely successfully removed economic policy as an electoral issue. By starting from how the ruling sectarian parties dominate the economy, it is possible to explain the cycles of protest and voting behavior.
Transcriptome engineering for improved industrial phenotypes in cyanobacteria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Industrial production of biofuels using microorganisms is facing many challenges. Among these low stress toerlance, low growth rate and low productivity are found. To address these problems transcriptome engineering is a method of increasing interest. In this study transcriptome engineering was employed to find ways to create industrial strains of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. Transcription factors know to be involved in stress response or in carbon fixating regulatory mechanisms in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 were overexpressed, deleted or mutated to evaluate their effect of improving solvent tolerance in particular, but also tolerance to high temperature and oxidative stress, or of improving the growth rate and partitioning carbon fluxes towards biofuels. A 2-3 fold increase in heat tolerance of strains overexpressing Hik34 or SigB and a Hik34 knock out strain was found, a library of Ycf30 of 10 000 members with 4-7 mutations per gene was created, cultivation conditions facilitating growth of large number of cultures were established and methods for assessing butanol tolerance was determined.
Characterization of the reduced scattering coefficient for optically thin samples: theory and experiments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Diffusion theory is currently used to characterize highly scattering media from time and/or spatially resolved measurements. However, many of the limits of validity of the diffusion approximation in its standard form have been set through assumptions taken during its derivation, and it is generally believed that the diffusion equation holds only for length scales much larger than the transport mean free path (ltr). We here present several modifications to the standard diffusion approximation to provide a simple expression for characterizing optically thin scattering slabs. The improvements concern mainly the correct modelling of the temporal and spatial distribution of the source term and the use of a frequency dependent diffusion coefficient and boundary conditions. This novel expression is put to the test against Monte Carlo simulations and experimental data taken from measurements with phantoms of known optical properties. The reduced scattering coefficient can be retrieved accurately for slab widths of the order of the mean free path.
The level of oxidized,malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoproteins and their autoantibodies in patients with diabetes mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the correlation of oxidized(ox),malondialdehyde-modified(MDA) low density lipoprotein(LDL)and their autoantibodies with diabetes mellitus(DM) and others blood lipids.Methods The levels of plasma ox-LDL,MDA-LDL and their autoantibodies in 60 patients with DM and 60 healthy controls were determined by enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay(ELISA),and blood lipid levels were also determined.Results The levels of ox-LDL,MDA-LDL and their autoantibodies in patients with DM were significantly higher than control group(P0.01).The ox-LDL,MDA-LDL and their autoantibodies were found positively related with total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG) and LDL cholesterol(LDL-C),while negatively related with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C).Furthermore,positive relationships were found between ox-LDL,MDA-LDL and their autoantibodies,respectively.Conclusions ox-LDL,MDA-LDL and their autoantibodies increase in DM patients,and may play an important role in atherosclerosis.
PRIME LABELING OF SOME WEB GRAPHS WITHOUT CENTER

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The prime labeling of a graph \(G\) of order \(n\) is a bijection function from the set of vertices in \(G\) to the set of the first \(n\) positive integers, such that any two adjacent points in \(G\) have labels that are coprime to each other. In this paper we discuss the primality of the graph \(W_0(2,n)\) along with its combinations with similar graphs and various types of edges subdivisions in the graph \(W_0(2,n)\). Moreover, it is also presented the necessary and sufficient conditions for the graph to be prime.
Effect of a Web-enhanced Clinical Practicum on Learning Outcome of Adult Nursing Practicum in Nursing Students

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

This study was conducted to develop Web-based multimedia content that assists undergraduate students in a clinical practicum on adult nursing. The study examined whether students in the intervention group could obtain clinical knowledge and perform more effectively when encouraged to learn Web content as compared with students in the conventional group. Web-based multimedia content consisting of 13 learning modules was developed based on real patients' scenarios through collaboration among college professors. A total of 120 nursing students (74 for the intervention and 46 for the conventional groups) from two universities in G-city, who engaged in a 3-week long clinical practicum in the digestive and respiratory units of a university hospital, participated in the study. Students' knowledge, self-directed learning, and clinical performance ability were measured using self-administered questionnaires. Data for pre- and posttests were collected over a 2-month period, between May and June of 2009. Clinical knowledge and self-reported clinical performance scores were significantly higher in students using the Web-enhanced clinical practicum than in those in the conventional group. However, there was no significant difference in self-directed learning ability between the 2 groups. These results demonstrate that Web-based multimedia content can be an effective educational tool for enhancing students' clinical knowledge and performance.
Sustainable Wheat Production and Food Security of Domestic Wheat in Tajikistan: Implications of Seed Health and Protein Quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Staple crop yield, quality and sustainable production are critical for domestic food security in developing countries. In Tajikistan, both seed-borne diseases and protein quality impair the yield and the quality of the major staple crop, wheat. Here, we used a detailed two-year survey of fields on 21 wheat-producing farms in Tajikistan, combined with lab analyses on seed health and protein quality, to investigate the presence of seed-borne diseases and bread-making quality in Tajik wheat. Seed samples were collected for the analysis of: (i) the presence of common bunt (Tilletia spp.) using the centrifuge wash test, (ii) the major pathogenic fungi on/in the seed using the agar plate test and (iii) the protein amount and size distribution using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Field occurrence of common bunt and loose smut was generally low (3 farms in year one (14%) showed common bunt occurrence), but the presence of fungi was observed microscopically on most seed samples (on seeds from 19 out of 21 farms = 91%). Tilletia laevis was the dominant agent in common bunt (present in 19 farms compared to T. tritici present in 6 farms). Altogether, 18 different fungi were identified from seed samples by microscopy. Protein composition, measured with high-performance liquid chromatography as protein amount and size distribution (known to correlate with bread-making quality), differed significantly between samples from different farms and years, although the farm type and land elevation of the farm were not the determinants of the protein composition. The presence of certain fungi on the seed correlated significantly with the protein quality and could then have an impact on the bread-making quality of the Tajik wheat. The presence of seed-borne diseases, a low protein content and weak gluten were the characteristics of the majority of the grain samples, mostly irrespective of farm type and farmer’s knowledge. For sustainable development of the Tajik farming systems, and to strengthen the food security of the country, the knowledge of Tajik farmers needs to be increased independently of farm type; in general, plant breeding is required and certified seeds need to be made available throughout the country.
Critical Reflexivity in Political Ecology Research: How can the Covid-19 Pandemic Transform us Into Better Researchers?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is not just the world but our ways of producing knowledge that are in crisis. The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed our interconnected vulnerabilities in ways never seen before while underscoring the need for emancipation in particular from the hegemonic knowledge politics that underpin “business-as-usual” academic research that have both contributed to and failed to address the systemic challenges laid bare by the pandemic. Political ecologists tasked with knowledge generation on vulnerabilities and their underlying power processes are particularly well placed to envision such emancipatory processes. While pausing physically due to travel restrictions, as researchers in political ecology and rural development at the same university department, we want to make a stop to radically rethink our intellectual engagements. In this article, we aim to uncover “sanitized” aspects of research encounters, and theorize on the basis of anecdotes, feelings and informal discussions—“data” that is often left behind in fieldwork notes and personal diaries of researchers—, the ways in which our own research practices hamper or can be conducive to emancipation in times of multiple interconnected health, political, social, and environmental crises. We do so through affective autoethnography and resonances on our research encounters during the pandemic: with people living in Swedish Sapmi, with African students in our own “Global North” university department and with research partners in Nepal. We use a threefold focus on interconnectedness, uncertainty and challenging hegemonic knowledge politics as our analytical framework. We argue that acknowledging the roles of emotions and affect can 1) help embrace interconnectedness in research encounters; 2) enable us to work with uncertainty rather than “hard facts” in knowledge production processes; and 3) contribute to challenging hegemonic knowledge production . Opening up for emotions in research helps us to embrace the relational character of vulnerability as a pathway to democratizing power relations and to move away from its oppressive and colonial modes still present in universities and research centers. Our aim is to contribute to envisioning post-Covid-19 political ecology and rural development research that is critically reflexive and that contributes to the emergence of a new ethics of producing knowledge.
OXIDATION MECHANISMS IN REAL FOOD EMULSIONS: METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF MAYONNAISE BY ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT With the aim of studying partition coefficients of antioxidants and secondary oxidation products in a real food emulsion a method for the separation of mayonnaise was developed. The method included freezing and a mild precentrifugation step followed by ultracentrifugation at 197,500 x g. The precentrifugation separated most of the oil (96%) from the rest of the mayonnaise. The ultracentrifugation separated the remaining fraction into four phases: a small oil phase constituting 0.25% of the total, a relatively small emulsion phase (approximately 5%, w/w), an almost translucent aqueous phase that constituted the largest fraction (88%, w/w), and lastly a precipitate (6%, w/w). The objective of the present investigation was to test the efficiency of the method to separate a hydrophobic compound, the methyl ester of C23:0, and a hydrophilic compound, NaCl. The oil soluble compound (C23:0) was almost completely recovered (96%) in the oil phase after the preseparation step, whereas the water soluble compound (NaCl) was almost completely recovered (86%) in the aqueous phase obtained
Mindset and Meditative Inquiry

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper discusses Carol Dweck’s work on growth and fixed mindset and offers a conceptual critique of both mindsets’ limitedness from a holistic perspective. Toward this critique, the author draws on Ashwani Kumar’s writing on meditative inquiry. Kumar’s writing is based on the premise that our external conflicts result from our fractured, internal psychological states. Whereas growth mindset posits that we should constantly be striving toward something, Kumar’s writing asserts that striving toward a goal will only result in more internal conflict. Growth, for Kumar, is only desirable in as much as it does not interfere with one’s self-understanding. Through holding Dweck’s work in conversation with Kumar’s, new insights into both perspectives emerge. This paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of meditative inquiry and growth mindset for teachers and students, ultimately encouraging both groups to ask serious questions and give themselves time to answer them.
Characteristics of training devices for the development of physical qualities of archers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: to give a description of training devices and a method of use for the development of physical qualities of archers. Participants: 20 athletes aged 10-15 years, engaged in archery in the KZ KhM SDYUSSHOR, Kharkov. Methods: theoretical and methodological analysis of literature data. Results: the description and purpose of the technical devices "Posture development", "Elbow pad" are presented. It is recommended to use technical devices to develop the physical qualities of archers.
Using Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) to exchange laboratory data among three academic hospitals.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Using a standard set of names and codes to exchange electronic laboratory data would facilitate multiinstitutional research and data pooling. This need has led to the development of the Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) database and its test naming convention. We conducted a study which required 3 academic hospitals (in 2 separate medical centers) to extract raw laboratory data from their local information system for a defined patient population, translate tests into LOINC, and provide aggregate data which could then be used to compare laboratory utilization. We found that the coding of local tests into LOINC can often be complex, especially the "Kind of Property" field, and apparently trivial differences in choices made by individual institutions can result in nonmatches in electronically pooled data. In our study, 72-86% of the failures of LOINC to match the same tests between different institutions were due to differences in local coding choices. LOINC has tremendous potential to eliminate the needing for detailed human inspection during the pooling of laboratory data from diverse sites, and perhaps even a built-in capability to adjust matching stringency by selecting subsets of LOINC fields required to match. However, a quality, standard coding procedure at all sites is critical.
American Interests in the Western Sahara Conflict

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The dispute over the status of the Western Sahara is one of Africa's longest running conflicts. This article reviews U.S. policy on this question from the Ford administration to the Obama administration. The argument is advanced that not only is it in American interests to promote a realistic solution, but that the lack of such is the greatest obstacle to achieving U.S. policy objectives in the Maghreb region and beyond.
pH Dependence of Cyanogen Potentials of Local Wines (Buruku and Pito) Using Cyanomethemoglobin Complex

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The cyanogen potentials of local wines (burukutu, pito,) and the effect of pH (5.6-9.0) on the samples was determined using cyanomethemoglobin complex method. A total of 108 test samples were analyzed and the hydrogen cyanide content was found to vary considerably from 0.0313±0.0052 mg/L to 0.2444±0.0010 mg/L. pito was found to have the highest cyanogen potential with mean concentration of 0.2444±0.0010 mg/L at pH of 8.4 and burukutu found to have the lowest cyanogen potential with mean concentration of 0.0313±0.0052 mg/L at pH of 8.2. The highest mean concentration of cyanogen potential found in this study (0.2444±0.0010 mg/L) is lower than the recommended WHO and ISO standard (10mg/kg; 0.5-3.5 mg/kg body weight) and thus the samples may be consumed without the risk of cyanide poisoning.
AGENCY GROWTH, SALARIES AND THE PROTECTED BUREAUCRAT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In contrast to numerous assertions in the literature on bureaucratic behavior that government employees seek to promote the growth of their agencies to increase their salaries, this paper offers empirical evidence indicating the absence of a significant positive relationship between agency growth and salaries. The impact of agency growth on salaries is estimated using a random sample of individual federal white‐collar employees. Inspection of civil service rules reveals that most federal employees are highly insulated from fluctuations in agency staffing or budget appropriations. The existence of a highly protected bureaucracy raises questions about the control and performance of federal workers.
A spatial analysis of health and pharmaceutical firm survival

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The presence of knowledge spillovers and shared human capital is at the heart of the Marhall–Arrow–Romer externalities hypothesis. Most of the earlier empirical contributions on knowledge externalities; however, considered data aggregated at a regional level so that conclusions are based on the arbitrary definition of jurisdictional spatial units: this is the essence of the so-called modifiable areal unit problem. A second limitation of these studies is constituted by the fact that, somewhat surprisingly, while concentrating on the effects of agglomeration on firm creation and growth, the literature has, conversely, largely ignored its effects on firm survival. The present paper aims at contributing to the existing literature by answering to some of the open methodological questions reconciling the literature of Cox proportional hazards model with that on point pattern and thus capturing the true nature of spatial information. We also present some empirical results based on Italian firm demography data collected and managed by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT).
Multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: effects of diet on early growth.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A large multicentre study on the short and long term clinical and developmental outcome of infants randomised to different diets is being undertaken. This report represents an interim analysis of the early postnatal growth performance of an unselected population of 194 preterm infants (gestation, mean (SD) 31 . 0 (2 . 9) weeks; birthweight, mean (SD) 1364 (294) g), both ill and well, examined in two (of four) parallel trials. One trial compared banked breast milk with a new preterm formula (primary trial); the other compared these diets as supplements to maternal milk (supplement trial). A major dietary effect on the number of days taken to regain birthweight and subsequent gains in weight, length, and head circumference was observed in the primary trial. Infants fed banked breast milk and weighing less than 1200 g at birth took a calculated additional three weeks to reach 2000 g compared with those fed on the preterm formula. A significant influence of diet on body proportions was seen in the relation between body weight, head circumference, and length. Similar though smaller differences in growth patterns were seen in the supplement trial. By the time they reach 2000 g, infants of birthweights 1200 to 1849 g fed on banked breast milk and infants below 1200 g fed on either banked breast milk or maternal milk supplemented (as necessary) with banked breast milk, fulfilled stringent criteria for failure to thrive (weight less than 2 SD below the mean for age). Only infants fed the preterm formula as their sole diet had maintained their birth centile by discharge from hospital. The misleading nature of comparisons between extrauterine and intrauterine steady state weight gains is emphasised.
Diabetes mellitus prediction: An efficient pipeline of data imputation and oversampling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Diabetes is a chronic disease which indicates the high level of body glucose level. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), 422 million people were diabetic until 2014. This paper develops an accurate classification machine learning model and an efficient usage of data pre-processing pipeline to improve overall accuracy. For the purpose, six algorithms: Support Vector Machine with Linear kernel (Linear-SVM), Support Vector Machine with RBF kernel (RBF-SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree and Random Forest are used for classification purpose and their comparative accuracy is analyzed. Data Imputation, Oversampling and Feature scaling techniques are the constituents of Data preprocessing pipeline. Experiments are performed on a well-known dataset of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the PIMA diabetes dataset. The data preprocessing techniques, data imputation and Synthetic Minority Oversample Technique (SMOTE) analysis improved classification accuracy from 77% on raw data, to 88.12% (on Random Forest Classifier) and 91% (on ANN Classifier), respectively. Furthermore, a new feature generation approach is applied and performance is analyzed using the SVM model. Original data attributes BMI and Insulin are replaced with new features BMI_NORMAL and INSULIN_NORMAL, respectively. The significant improvement by proposed technique is confirmed by statistical testing followed by post-hoc analysis.