jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4959: Multispectral imaging of chromogenic multiplex IHC assays as an alternative to fluorescent methods

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Detection and analysis of two or more co-localized antigens by light microscopy has been hindered by the difficulty in discerning and quantifying overlaying chromogens. Performing multi-analyte immunohistochemistry has many potential benefits and applications in the field of drug target evaluation and patient screening, including: 1) determination and quantification of immunoreactivity co-localization; 2) evaluation of spatial relationships between immunoreactive cell types; 3) signal transduction pathway activation studies; 4) reduction in tissue depletion; and 5) decreased reagent utilization. Multiplex immunofluorescence is not widely used as an analytical technique for clinical samples due to its lower sensitivity than chromogenic methods and concerns about autofluorescence in formalin-fixed tissue. Through the use of multispectral imaging, the absorption pattern of overlapping chromogens can be spectrally unmixed into quantitative individual dye components. This process works accurately when chromogens are developed to a lower intensity than typical for most standard pathology laboratories. The chromogens must be developed to a point where they do not scatter light or block subsequent chromogenic development. The current study was performed to define the accuracy of spectral unmixing of chromogens and evaluate whether interference existed between chromogens. Stained samples were imaged using multispectral imaging, and quantitative grayscale images for each analyte were created by spectral unmixing. The grayscale images were analyzed using image analysis software to determine the overall expression levels of each analyte. Development with Vulcan Red followed by DAB produced little interference, while high density development with DAB decreased the subsequent Vulcan Red staining intensity. Vulcan Red, DAB and hematoxylin unmixed properly and quantitatively. In summary, when multiplexed chromogenic IHC assays were developed using methods optimized for multispectral imaging, the technique demonstrated excellence performance characteristics without suffering from drawbacks commonly associated with fluorescence-based techniques. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4959.
Gender, Democracy, and National Development in Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines the relationship among gender, democracy, and national development in Nigeria. This translates to a discussion of the possible linkages among gender identity, gendered representation, and national development in the country. Beyond the typical gender theorization, this article squarely focuses on women’s political representation within the Nigerian state and the power implications of the inherent challenges. The work reechoes the issue of underdevelopment as a societal phenomenon. The methodology of the contribution is normative argumentation. The theoretical framework is the power theory. The study concludes that the disarticulations between gendered representation and democracy have invariably led to contentious national development in Nigeria.
Plant Water Relations and Seedling Growth of Three Pistachio Cultivars as Influenced by Irrigation Frequency and Applied Potassium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Despite the economic importance of pistachio (Pistasia vera L.) crop, very little information is available on its water needs and nutrient requirements. Therefore, the effects of three irrigation frequencies (1, 3, and 7 d) and five potassium (K) levels (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg kg− 1) on the plant water relations and growth of three pistachio cultivars ('Badami,' 'Ghazvini,' and 'Sarakhs') were studied in a greenhouse experiment. After 30 weeks, the dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots were measured and the total leaf area determined together with the number of leaves per pot and stem height. The effect of water frequency and K application on the leaf water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor potential was studied. Water frequency decreased all of the above growth parameters. Shoot dry weights were reduced by 50% and 68% for 'Badami,' 42% and 66% for 'Ghazvini,' and 26% and 46% for 'Sarakhs' at the three and seven-day irrigation intervals, respectively. Root dry weights were significantly reduced by 27% and 47% for 'Badami,' 18% and 48% for 'Ghazvini,' and 10% and 28% for 'Sarakhs' at the three and seven-day irrigation intervals, respectively. Leaf water potential, and turgor potential were unexpectedly increased by increase in water frequency. However, water frequency decreased leaf osmotic potential. The K application had no significant effect on the leaf water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor potential. It seems that NH4OAc-extractable K (70 mg kg− 1) was probably sufficient for optimum seedling growth of pistachio. Furthermore, 'Sarakhs' proved to be the cultivar most tolerant to drought stress in the present study.
Students’ motivation to study music: The United States of America

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As a part of a larger international mapping exercise to examine students’ motivation to study music as compared to other school subjects, this article draws upon data from a sample of 3037 students in the USA to observe perceptions of values, competence and interest in music study (in school versus outside of school) among music learners and non-music learners. Students were grouped into three grade levels: (a) 6, (b) 7—9, and (c) 10—12. Music learners in the USA had significantly higher motivational profiles for music and some other school subjects as compared to non-music learners. Music interest inside of school was ranked significantly lower than for any other subject, while music interest outside of school was ranked second highest for any subject in grades 6 and 7—9, and highest of all subjects in grades 10—12. This article addresses cultural and contextual issues in the USA to consider how music advocates might better demonstrate the importance and usefulness of music study as an academic course. Practical recommendations include encouraging a broader emphasis beyond performance and competition, and promoting opportunities for autonomous music learning within the school setting.
Protein Models on Demand in Virtual Reality

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Protein visualization is a valuable tool that aids in both scientific research and education. A protein’s structure determines its function, so a model of the physical structure of a protein is useful to fully understand its purpose. Many fields rely on understanding protein function, from drug discovery to generating electricity out of ambient humidity. Most protein modeling software such as Jmol, UCSF Chimera, and Foldit are used on two-dimensional monitors. Two-dimensional displays of three-dimensional objects have several limitations, the major of which is that they lack information on model depth. To get accurate insight into the shape of proteins, and therefore to their function, a three-dimensional display is necessary. Virtual reality (VR) provides an interface where this is possible. VR can provide a three-dimensional view of models, offering researchers and students something they could not achieve before: a holistic view of protein models. With VR technologies becoming more prevalent in research and education, VR viewing and manipulating of protein models is a natural next step in understanding proteins. This project offers a VR protein viewer which allows its users to hold and move any protein accessible in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB).
Table_1_LcpB Is a Pyrophosphatase Responsible for Wall Teichoic Acid Synthesis and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolate ST59.DOCX

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>The community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) causes severe pandemics primarily consisting of skin and soft tissue infections. However, the underlying pathomechanisms of the bacterium are yet to fully understood. The present study identifies LcpB protein, which belongs to the LytR-A-Psr (LCP) family, is crucial for cell wall synthesis and virulence in S. aureus. The findings revealed that LcpB is a pyrophosphatase responsible for wall teichoic acid synthesis. The results also showed that LcpB regulates enzyme activity through specific key arginine sites in its LCP domain. Furthermore, knockout of lcpB in the CA-MRSA isolate ST59 resulted in enhanced hemolytic activity, enlarged of abscesses, and increased leukocyte infiltration. Meanwhile, we also found that LcpB regulates virulence in agr-independent manner and the key sites for pyrophosphatase of LcpB play critical roles in regulating the virulence. In addition, the results showed that the role of LcpB was different between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). This study therefore highlights the dual role of LcpB in cell wall synthesis and regulation of virulence. These insights on the underlying molecular mechanisms can thus guide the development of novel anti-infective strategies.</p>
Biochemical Alterations and Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypercholesterolemic Rats: Effects of Bezafibrate

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a serious problem cause biohazards for human health and endothelial dysfunction. Objective: The current study was conducted to test effects of hyperlipidemia alone or in combination with bezafibrate at various doses. Total cholesterol, triacylglecerol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B, endothelin-1, histamine, nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, creatinine and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were assayed Methodology: Rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats each). The first group fed a normal diet and represents the control group. The second group fed normal diet enriched with 1% cholesterol and 5% coconut oil (cholesterol-fed group). The third group fed on normal diet and bezafibrate at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. The fourth group is cholesterol fed and subdivided into A, B, C and supplemented with bezafibrate at various concentration 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day respectively. Feeding was continued daily for 6 weeks after incidence of hypercholesterolemia. Results: The current study revealed that total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein B, and LDL concentration were significantly elevated in the cholesterol-fed rats compared to control alone and control plus bezafibrate. In addition, plasma endothelin-1, histamine and IL-6 concentration were significantly elevated in the cholesterol-fed rats compared to bezafibrate and control group rats. Bezafibrate administration to rats fed high cholesterol diet normalized significantly the changes in all parameters except NO levels compared to hyperlipidemic group. Meanwhile, the plasma nitric oxide in all groups was not significantly different from those of control. However, plasma HDL concentration in the cholesterol fed rats was significantly lowered compared to bezafibrate treated rats. Conclusion: Bezafibrate may acts as a mixed blessing drug to normalize lipid profiles and endothelial dysfunction during hyperlipidemia. © 2013 GESDAV
Effect of Solvent on the Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ether Using ab initio Continuum Methods

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of Solvent on the Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ether Using ab initio Continuum MethodsMark M. Davidson, Ian H. Hillier, Richard J. Hall, and Neil A. BurtonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 20, 9294–9297Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00099a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00099a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views324Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cytoplasmic inclusions of TDP-43 in neurodegenerative \ndiseases: A potential role for caspases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) \nproteinopathies are classified based upon the extent of \nmodified TDP-43 inclusions and include a growing \nnumber of neurodegenerative diseases including \namyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal \nlobar degeneration with ubiquitin immunoreactive, tau \nnegative inclusions (FTLD-U) and FTLD with motor \nneuron disease (FTLD-MND). In addition, TDP-43 \ninclusions have also been identified in a number of other \nneurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s \ndisease, corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body related \ndiseases and Pick’s disease. Current understanding \nsuggests that in these diseases, TDP-43 is relocated from \nthe nucleus to the cytoplasm and sequestered into \ninclusions that contain modified TDP-43. Major \nmodifications of TDP-43 have been identified as being \nhyperphosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage by \ncaspases. In this review a summary of the major findings \nregarding the proteolytic modification of TDP-43 will be \ndiscussed as well as potential toxic-gain mechanisms \nthese fragments may cause including cytoskeletal \ndisruptions.
The Effect of Parent-Adolescent Communication and Positive Psychological Capital on Self-esteem of College Students Majoring Public Health Administration: The Mediating Effect of Stress

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

연구 목적: 본 연구는 보건행정 전공 대학생의 부모-자녀 의사소통과 긍정심리자본이 자아존중감에 미치는 영향과 스트레스의 매개 효과를 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 방법: J도에 위치한 대학 보건행정 전공 학생 대상 설문지 237개를 SPSS win 26.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였고, 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하기 위하여 Sobel test를 시행하였다. 연구 내용: 부모-자녀 의사소통과 긍정심리자본은 자아존중감에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 스트레스는 자아존중감에 부(-)의 영향을 미치며, 부모-자녀 의사소통과 긍정심리자본이 자아존중감에 미치는 영향에서 스트레스의 매개 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 및 제언: 보건행정 전공 대학생의 자아존중감을 높이기 위해서는 부모와 자녀 사이의 원활한 의사소통, 긍정심리자본수준의 향상 및 스트레스 감소를 위한 방안의 마련이 필요하다.
Inhibiting chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 ameliorates hyperplastic arterial remodelling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Hyperplastic arterial remodelling is characterized by intima-media thickening, lumen narrowing, inflammation and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans, the unbranched polysaccharide chains of proteoglycans, are important components of ECM. We previously found CS accumulated in adversely remodelled heart and artery, aggravating cardiac deterioration. Objective We aim to explore a therapeutic strategy to interfere with CS synthesis and investigate its potential in ameliorating hyperplastic arterial remodelling. Methods Through single-cell RNA sequencing of non-cardiomyocytes cardiac cells from mouse myocardial infarction model, chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) was identified as the primary CS synthase and was increased during disease progression. A Chsy1 knockout (KO) mouse strain was generated. Fibrosis and arterial remodelling were induced using: (i) 4 weeks of angiotensin II/phenylephrine (AngII/PE) infusion through subcutaneous osmotic minipumps; and (ii) transverse aortic constriction surgery. To assess the therapeutic potential of CHSY1 inhibition in ameliorating hyperplastic arterial remodelling, Chsy1 was knockdown by dsiRNA post disease onset. Mechanism of action was investigated using primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results Chsy1 KO reduced CS and its stereoisomer dermatan sulfate in the heart to 42 ± 22% and 36 ± 7% respectively, whereas other types of glycosaminoglycans remain intact. KO mice were protected against phenotypes of hyperplastic arterial remodelling induced by the two disease models in both the coronary and carotid arteries. For example, 90.1% of coronary arterial fibrosis and 79.7% of macrophage infiltration induced by AngII/PE was declined in KO mice compared to WT mice, while cardiac function as stroke volume was augmented by 41.3%. Concomitantly, carotid arterial wall thickening was lower by 36.5% and distensibility was higher by 36.7%, validating Chsy1 as a potent target. As a therapeutic approach, weekly intravenous injection of dsiRNA achieved Chsy1 reduced to 30.2 ± 5.5% in the carotid artery and 72.5 ± 4.7% in the heart. Post disease onset, Chsy1 KD therapy reduced fibrosis by 59.9% in the coronary artery (P = 0.006) and improved stroke volume by 25.6% (P = 0.036). The structural integrity and function of carotid arteries were well-reserved, manifesting as improved distensibility (29%, P = 0.016), increased elastin/perimeter ratio (15%, P = 0.002), and reduced macrophage infiltration (38%, P = 0.029). In vitro, CHSY1 inhibition suppressed migration and cytokine production of macrophages, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, and VSMC hyperproliferation. NOTCH3 signalling was found to be positively correlated with CHSY1 modulation. Conclusions We demonstrated that inhibiting CHSY1 is necessary and sufficient to block CS synthesis. Chsy1 KD by dsiRNA is an effective therapy to ameliorate hyperplastic arterial remodelling.
Protection of Prisoners with Mental Health Disorders in Italy: Lights and Shadows after the Abolition of Judicial Psychiatric Hospitals

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Italy, a person suffering from a mental disorder who commits a crime will be given a custodial security order and serve the period of admission at a Residenza per la esecuzione delle misure di sicurezza (REMS) (Residence for the Execution of Security Measures, hereinafter “REMS”). These institutions have been established recently and though equipped with the necessary safety measures, the focus is on psychiatric therapy. Despite being present on a national scale, access is very limited in terms of capacity. Immediate remedial measures are needed, so much so that the European Court of Human Rights recently condemned Italy for this very reason. This article, through a review of the constitutive principles of these institutions, shows how they have very positive aspects such as the attention to necessary psychotherapy in order to protect the right to health and the real taking charge of the fragility of the subjects; however, it is seen how there are many negative aspects linked above all to the scarce availability of places in these structures. The article provides suggestions on a more comprehensive strategy for facilities for detainees with mental disorders.
Radiology case of the month. An unusual case of hemorrhage with rapid deterioation. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 42-year-old female presented to the emergency room with altered mental status and visual disturbances. Patient has a known history of recent liver transplant and currently takes cyclosporine. Patient underwent multimodality imaging, including CT and MRI and suffered rapid deterioration within 24 hours.
BROKER AS A CENTRE OF INNOVATION IN THE STRATEGY OF THE MALOPOLSKA PROVINCE

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Scientific and technical development and practical use of its results increasingly determine the competitive position of regions. In addition, the openness of business, willingness to collaborate, support for implementation of modern technologies, creating demand for innovation, and finally the creation of institutions that focus on innovation and smart specialization in the long term can contribute to the creation of products able to compete not only on the local market but also globally. The objective is to discuss issues related to the functioning of the "Broker Innovation", an indication of the directives determining its effective operation, filling assumptions economic of the model of open innovation and knowledge organization, assuming the use of internal and external resources and sources of innovation.
Supplementary File 1 from Adaptation to life on land at high O2 via transition from ferredoxin-to NADH-dependent redox balance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) and iron only hydrogenase ([Fe]-HYD) are common enzymes among eukaryotic microbes that inhabit anaerobic niches. Their function is to maintain redox balance by donating electrons from food oxidation via ferredoxin (Fd) to protons, generating H2 as a waste product. Operating in series, they constitute a soluble electron transport chain of one-electron transfers between FeS clusters. They fulfil the same function—redox balance—served by two electron-transfers in the NADH- and O2-dependent respiratory chains of mitochondria. Although they possess O2-sensitive FeS clusters, PFO, Fd and [Fe]-HYD are also present among numerous algae that produce O2. The evolutionary persistence of these enzymes among eukaryotic aerobes is traditionally explained as adaptation to facultative anaerobic growth. Here, we show that algae express enzymes of anaerobic energy metabolism at ambient O2 levels (21% v/v), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expresses them with diurnal regulation. High O2 environments arose on Earth only some approximately 450 million years ago. Gene presence/absence and gene expression data indicate that during the transition to high O2 environments and terrestrialization, diverse algal lineages retained enzymes of Fd-dependent one-electron-based redox balance, while the land plant and land animal lineages underwent irreversible specialization to redox balance involving the O2-insensitive two-electron carrier NADH.
Web 2.0 and Libraries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The objective and scope of this paper is to assess and highlight the potential of Web 2.0 in the context of libraries. The concept of Web 2.0 such as social networks, RSS feeds, blogs, streaming media, podcasts,Wikis, tags, mashups, Facebook and twitter etc. is defined and the possible applications in various library functions and activities are mentioned. In addition, the difference between the Web 2.0 and Web 1.0 is given and how during the past several years, new advances in web technologies have enabled libraries to create new interactive services, such as virtual reference services, personalized interfaces of online catalogues, and audio-visual media that can be downloaded by the user community irrespective of their physical locations.