jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Revision of five Mesozoic beetles from Southern China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Five fossil beetles originally described from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Hunan,Guangxi and Anhui of southern China are revised here.Artinama qinghuoensis from the Lower Jurassic of Wenjia City,Hunan Province is reassigned from Acanthocuemidae to the family Elateridae,and represents the oldest record for this family from China.Mercata festira from the Shiti Formation of Zhongshan City,Guangxi formerly placed in Silphidae,is re-interpreted to be an early member of the family Cerophytidae,whereas Gripecolous enallus,previously described as a member of the family Silphidae from the same deposit,is here proposed to be a click beetle.The click beetle Archaeolus funestus is also revised.Mesagyrtes lintouensis from the Middle Jurassic Hanshan Formation of Anhui Province probably belongs to the family Elateridae.Our revisions greatly broaden knowledge of the early distribution of the superfamily Elateroidea.
Design Perspective and Theoretical Analysis of Performance Parameters on CZTS Solar Cell

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS)-based solar cells show promising performance due to better efficiency with different architectures. In this study, numerical simulations and optimization of ZnO-Al/i-ZnO/n-CdS/CZTS/Mo structure have been done using device simulation software. The effects of the thickness of various layers, temperature, series, and shunt resistance were investigated on the cell performance. The primary goal of this study is to improve device efficiency by using materials that are less expensive than traditional CIGS. By optimizing the device parameters, we have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 22.8% under AM 1.5 illumination, which indicates better prospective for low cost high performance CZTS solar cell
Responsive Polymer‐Based Assemblies for Sensing Applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Poly ( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm)‐based hydrogels and hydrogel particles (microgels) have been extensively studied since their discovery and “popularization” a few decades ago. While their uses seem to have no bounds, this Feature Article is focused on their development and application for sensing small molecules, macromolecules, and biomolecules. Hydrogel/microgel‐based photonic materials with order in one, two, or three dimensions are highlighted, which exhibit optical properties that depend on the presence and concentration of various analytes. image
Characterizing Granular Material Coarseness and Micromechanical Properties with a Small-Diameter Penetrometer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A micromechanical theory and data from a penetrometer with a small base area were used to characterize the average microstructural and micromechanical properties of snow, a granular material composed of ice. The micromechanical theory also was used to describe penetration in soil and successfully explains the dependence of penetration resistance for granular materials on penetrometer base area. Material coarseness (microstructural element dimension), elastic modulus, and compressive strength were determined by interpreting penetration resistance measurements by the micromechanical theory. Predictions of the macroscale (continuum) mechanical properties for the snow were made by the micromechanical measurements and theory. The average microstructural dimensions for snow were 3.6 mm (coarse grained) and 1.45 mm (fine grained). Micromechanical strength and modulus of elasticity of snow depend on internal structure and bonding at grain boundaries; grain size by itself was not a good indicator of the mechanical properties for snow. The accuracy of determining micromechanical and microstructural properties for individual microstructural elements decreases as the ratio of the penetrometer base area to the microstructural element cross-sectional area increases. Average micro-and macroscale structural and mechanical properties of a granular material can be determined by interpreting penetration resistance data with a micromechanical penetration theory. The resolution of measurement of material properties increases as the size of the penetrometer tip decreases.
Is Sex Tourism Intention Uncontrollable? The Moderating Effects of Ethics and Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores one of the biggest social issues in South Korea, that is, sex tourism, which is illegal but remains in high demand. The study recruited a total of 1,003 respondents, whose responses were analyzed to understand their intentions for sex tourism. Study 1 revealed that sex tourism intention was largely influenced by subjective norms and moderated by ethical awareness and knowledge of illegality. In Study 2, sex tourism intention non-significantly differed across three scenarios of traveling, namely, to a general destination; to an area where prostitution is legal by local law; and with companions with positive opinions about sex tourism. However, Studies 3 and 4 found that the extent to which reminders and warnings about ethics and illegality reduced sex tourism intention differed according to the scenario. The results suggest that sex tourism intention is conditional and controllable, and, thus, government interventions are justified.
Formulation Development & Optimization of Immediate Release Tablet of fexofenadine Hydrochloride

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The investigation was concerned with design and characterization of oral immediate release tablets of Anti allergic drug, in order to improve efficacy and better patient compliance. The API is selective 2 nd generation, non sedative, Histamine H1 receptor blocker. The API has become first line drug in the pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis. This is because the drug possesses tolerability and safety advantages over the Histamine H1 receptor blocker. The aim was to formulate various formulations of immediate release tablet of Anti allergic drug using different disintegrant and superdisintegrants (Sodium Starch Glycolate, Croscarmellose sodium) and by using different methods dry granulation and wet granulation. The drug-excipients interaction was investigated by FTIR showed no interaction of API with excipients. The granules and tablets of API were evaluated for various pre and post compression parameters like Angle of repose, Compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, Tablet hardness, Friability, Weight variation, Drug content and invitro dissolution. Their results were found satisfactory. The invitro dissolution studies show the release in the following order of superdisintegrants: Croscarmellose > Sodium Starch Glycolate. Maximum in vitro dissolution was found to be with Formulation F8 and it clearly shows due to optimum concentration (4%w/w) of Croscarmellose sodium and optimum concentration 2.5%w/w povidone. Based on linearity, the drug release data fit well to Higuchi equation plot (r 2 = 0.915) indicating the diffusion rate limited drug release from tablet formulation. Drug release mechanism in all media (pH1.2, pH4.0, pH6.8, water) was found as diffusion controlled (i.e., n value- 0.219 to 0.042).Higuchi square root law which indicates that the drug release follows diffusion release mechanism. Accelerated stability study was conducted as per ICH guidelines for 1 month. Developed formulation was stable for 1 month as compared to initial and innovator product from similarity factor f2 of invitro drug release study.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure amplitude on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In articular cartilage, chondrocytes are subjected to various mechanical signals among which, hydrostatic pressure (HP) has been suggested to improve the phenotype of chondrocytes and enhance the chondroinduction of stem cells. The objective of this work, was to compare the effect of applying 3 MPa and 5 MPa of intermittent hydrostatic pressure on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were isolated from human abdominal fat tissue and examined for expression of MSC surface proteins and multilneage differentiation. In SC and GF groups, cells were incubated in culture medium and chondrogenic medium containing growth factor, TGF-β1 for 10 days, respectively. In 3 MPa- and 5 MPa-HP groups, cells were incubated in culture medium and subjected to 3 MPa and 5 MPa of HP from the 4th day of culture for 7 days (4 hours/day). In 3 MPa- and 5 MPa-HP-GF groups, cells were incubated in chondrogenic medium and subjected 3 MPa and 5 MPa of HP for 7 days (4 hours/day). Real-Time PCR method was used to examine the expression of collagen II, as a chondrogenic specific gene. The highest collagen II expression, close to that of the native cartilage tissue, was obtained in 5 MPa-HP-GF group, suggesting that combination of this loading regime with using growth factor can be used as an effective tool in cartilage tissue engineering for directing stem cells toward chondrogenic phenotype.
The Epidemiology of Blood Pressure and Its Worldwide Management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite the vast amount of evidence on the benefits of blood pressure lowering accumulated to date, elevated blood pressure is still the leading risk factor for disease and disability worldwide. The purpose of this review is to summarize the epidemiological evidence underpinning the association between blood pressure and a range of conditions. This review focuses on the association between systolic and diastolic blood pressures and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Evidence for and against the existence of a J-shaped curve association between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk, and differences in the predictive power of systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure, are described. In addition, global and regional trends in blood pressure levels and management of hypertension are reviewed.
La crise socio-politique au Burkina Faso en 2014-2015 : manifestations, ressorts nationaux et internationaux de prévention et de gestion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract. Some multiform crises marked out the history of Burkina Faso (former Haute Volta). The mobilisation of key personalities, national and international institutions was necessary to their management. So, crucial crises ended up with the reconciliation of the different opponents. Two main crises in the history of Burkina Faso are the popular uprising of January 3rd 1966 which ended the power of the President Maurice Yameogo, and that of October 30-31st 2014. It pushed down the President Blaise Compaore. These political jolts had on the one hand, distant causes, and on the other hand immediate causes. National and international mediations permitted the government of transition to bring peace in to the oppositions and reconciliate the protagonists, then creating the bases of a democratic renewal. Mots-clés : prévention, gestion, médiation, crise socio-politique, Burkina Faso, communauté internationale. Keywords: prevention, management, mediation, socio-political crisis, Burkina Faso, international community
Thai Marriage Migrants in Germany and their Employment Dilemma after the Residence Act of 2005

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book provides one of the most comprehensive researches on Thai marriage migrants in Germany to date. It investigates the employment dilemma of Thai marriage migrants after implementation of the new Residence Act of 2005 in Germany. Also it sheds light on the underlying problems that hinder Thai marriage migrants’ potential as full-time labourers, examines the Thai diaspora and explores the present-day trans-nationalism of Thai marriage migrants in Germany. Most importantly, it applies Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical concept of capital, habitus and social space to better understand Thai marriage migrants’ career choices in the German milieu.
Personnel Psychology for Disaster Response and Recovery

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Relief and rebuilding work after disasters involves a more extensive effort than traditionally assumed. It is more than the distribution of food and medical supplies. Workers will include people from relief agencies as well as from the local community. Compared to the general population, these people are more susceptible to psychological risk. It is agreed that proper selection and training are essential to protect them and to ensure work effectiveness. The reasons are discussed and elaborated in the first section. In the second part, we describe the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics essential to this kind of work, and recommend that we start developing instruments for personnel selection. In the third part, we review training programmes for aid workers, and propose future directions. Finally, we identify a few areas in which industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists can make valuable contributions.
Journal of Neuroscience Methods 169 (2008) 374–390 Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We propose a method for the time-resolved joint analysis of two related aspects of single neuron variability, the spiking irregularity measured by the squared coefficient of variation (CV 2) of the ISIs and the trial-by-trial variability of the spike count measured by the Fano factor (FF). We provide a calibration of both estimators using the theory of renewal processes, and verify it for spike trains recorded in vitro. Both estimators exhibit a considerable bias for short observations that count less than about 5–10 spikes on average. The practical difficulty of measuring the CV 2 in rate modulated data can be overcome by a simple procedure of spike train demodulation which was tested in numerical simulations and in real spike trains. We propose to test neuronal spike trains for deviations from the null-hypothesis FF = CV 2. We show that cortical pyramidal neurons, recorded under controlled stationary input conditions in vitro, comply with this assumption. Performing a time-resolved joint analysis of CV 2 and FF of a single unit recording from the motor cortex of a behaving monkey we demonstrate how the dynamic change of their quantitative relation can be interpreted with respect to neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence cortical variability in vivo. Finally, we discuss the effect of several additional factors such as serial interval correlation and refractory period on the empiric relation of FF and CV 2.
Data-Driven Stochastic Motion Evaluation and Optimization with Image by Spatially-Aligned Temporal Encoding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a probabilistic motion prediction method for long motions. The motion is predicted so that it accomplishes a task from the initial state observed in the given image. While our method evaluates the task achievability by the Energy-Based Model (EBM), previous EBMs are not designed for evaluating the consistency between different domains (i.e., image and motion in our method). Our method seamlessly integrates the image and motion data into the image feature domain by spatially-aligned temporal encoding so that features are extracted along the motion trajectory projected onto the image. Furthermore, this paper also proposes a data-driven motion optimization method, Deep Motion Optimizer (DMO), that works with EBM for motion prediction. Different from previous gradient-based optimizers, our self-supervised DMO alleviates the difficulty of hyper-parameter tuning to avoid local minima. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with a variety of experiments with similar SOTA methods.
[in vitro activity of carbapenems against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa hyperproducers of group 1 chromosomal beta-lactamases].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Resistance to imipenem and meropenem, reported sporadically in Enterobacteriaceae and more frequently in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can be caused, among other mechanisms, by the combination of changes in permeability and hyperproduction of inducible chromosomal beta-lactamases. In this study, the in vitro activity of imipenem and meropenem was analysed by the agar dilution method against cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam resistant clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae (n = 202) and P. aeruginosa (n = 90). This phenotype is consistent with the hyperproduction of group 1 chromosomal beta-lactamases and was previously determined in stably derepressed mutants in the same species, obtained from strains with inducible beta-lactamase expression by selection with cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Likewise, the activity of imipenem and meropenem against the same number of clinical isolates susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam was evaluated. In general, imipenem and meropenem showed an excellent activity, which was intrinsically greater for meropenem against Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa organisms. Nevertheless, imipenem and meropenem activity was slightly affected on cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam resistant isolates of E. cloacae (MIC90, 1 and 0.2 microgram/ml, respectively), E. aerogenes (1 and 0.2 microgram/ml), C. freundii (1 and 0.1 microgram/ml), M. morganii (1 and 0.5 microgram/ml), and S. marcescens (4 and 0.5 micrograms/ml). On the other hand, the activity of imipenem and meropenem against ceftazidime and aztreonam resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa was more significantly affected, with MIC90 values of 64 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively.
Super Camassa–Holm-type systems associated to the Kuper–Ramond–Schwarz superalgebra

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We describe a class of super integrable systems with a local bi-super-Hamiltonian structure, including super Camassa–Holm-type systems, which can be realized as Euler-type systems on the dual of the Kuper–Ramond–Schwarz superalgebra.
The perceived conditions for living well: Positive perceptions of primary goods linked with basic psychological needs and wellness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We integrate John Rawls' concept of primary goods with self-determination theory, to examine the links between people's perceptions of primary goods (i.e., views of society as providing access to the necessities of a meaningful life), basic psychological needs, and well-being. In Study 1 (N = 762, countries = Australia, the United States, South Africa, India, and the Philippines) and Study 2 (N = 1479, groups = ethnic minority, sexual minority, political group, religious group), we used partial least squares structural equation modelling to assess associations between primary goods' perceptions and wellness, and the intermediary role of basic psychological needs. Across groups, primary goods' perceptions linked positively to well-being (average effect size = 0.48), and negatively to ill-being (average effect size = −0.46), mediated strongly by basic psychological needs (average percentage mediated: 53% Study 1, 68% Study 2). Results signify the importance of primary goods' perceptions to individuals' wellness.
Lyme disease: a review.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the last decade, Lyme borreliosis has emerged as a complex new infection whose distribution is worldwide. The multisystem disorder, which primarily affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system at different stages, is caused by the tick-borne spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi. After the first weeks of infection almost all patients have a positive antibody response to the spirochaete and serological determinations are currently the most practical laboratory aid in diagnosis. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics is usually curative.
Homosexuality and the Lords: shifting definitions of marriage and the family

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I N FitzPatrick v. Sterling Housing Association Ltd. [1999] 2 F.L.R. 1027 the House of Lords by a bare majority (Lords Hutton and Hobhouse dissenting) allowed in part the appeal of Martin FitzPatrick from the majority decision of the Court of Appeal (noted at (1998) 57 C.L.J. 42) to the effect that he was neither the spouse nor a member of the family of his deceased homosexual partner, John Thompson, for the purposes of the Rent Act 1977.
Anton Pelinka. Austria: Out of the Shadow of the Past. Nations of the Modern World: Europe. ed. Smith Rand and Remington Robin. Boulder, Colo.: West-View Press, 1998. Pp. vi, 256, tables.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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Capping carious exposures in adults: a randomized controlled trial investigating mineral trioxide aggregate versus calcium hydroxide

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim The aim of this multicentre, parallel‐group randomized clinical trial was to compare the effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and a conventional calcium hydroxide liner ( CH ) as direct pulp capping materials in adult molars with carious pulpal exposure. Methodology Seventy adults aged 18–55 years were randomly allocated to two parallel arms: MTA (White ProRoot, Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK , USA ; n = 33) and CH (Dycal ® , Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany; n = 37). The teeth were temporized for 1 week with glass–ionomer (Fuji IX , GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and then permanently restored with a composite resin. The subjects were followed up after 1 week and at six, 12, 24 and 36 months. The primary outcome was the survival of the capped pulps, and the secondary outcome was postoperative pain after 1 week. Survival was defined as a nonsymptomatic tooth that responded to sensibility testing and did not exhibit periapical changes on radiograph. At each check‐up, the pulp was tested for sensibility and a periapical radiograph was taken (excluding the radiographs taken at the 1‐week follow‐up). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and log‐rank test were used to assess the significant difference in the survival curves between groups. Chi‐square test was used to assess the association between the materials and preoperative and postoperative pain. Results At 36 months, the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed a cumulative estimate rate of 85% for the MTA group and 52% for the CH group ( P = 0.006). There was no significant association between the capping material and postoperative pain. Conclusions Mineral trioxide aggregate performed more effectively than a conventional CH liner as a direct pulp capping material in molars with carious pulpal exposure in adult patients. This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 01224925.
Exploring the potential of the Maul Education Community for the realization of educational equality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

본 논문은 교육평등의 중요성에 주목하여 마을교육공동체의 전개과정 및 지향점을 중심으로 교육평등 실현을 위한 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 마을교육공동체의 출현배경과 전개과정, 학교교육을 둘러싼 교육평등에 대한 논쟁, 교육 불평등 해소를 위한 교육정책의 효과성을 관련 연구들을 중심으로 검토, 분석하였다. 교육평등을 위한 마을교육공동체의 가능성은 첫째, 정책적 차원에서 정부 및 교육기관 주도에서 지역민이 중심이 된 민간주도 교육운동으로 협업적 거버넌스 구축을 통해 정책적 공공성을 확보할 수 있고 둘째, 사회적 차원에서 협력과 상생을 기반으로 한 마을공동체를 지향함으로써 지나친 경쟁과 자본주의사회 시장논리에 의한 교육 불평등에 대해 교육의 공공성 회복이 가능하며 셋째, 교육적 차원에서 공급자 중심 교육에서 수요자 중심으로, 그리고 교육과 삶이 분리되지 않는 교육의 본질을 지향한다는 데서 찾아질 수 있다. 마을교육공동체는 지역민이 중심이 된 협업적 거버넌스를 통해 공동체적 삶을 지향한다는 점에서 기존 교육정책과 차이를 지닌다.