jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Micro-fabricated Field Emitter Arrays ～For New Applications～

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fabrications of gated field emitter array (FEA), such as Si-FEA and Spindt-type FEA, is overviewed from the conventional method to the latest one. The invention of an etch-back method makes it possible to form the gate electrode on the emitter tip, irrespective of the emitter shape, and also possible to form the multi-stacked gate electrode for beam focusing. A hafnium carbide coating can enhance the electron emission and emission lifetime, significantly. The historical Spindt-type FEA fabrication is also progressing. Using a double-layered photoresist, instead of aluminum parting layer, makes it possible to apply the multi-gate formation even on the Spindt-type FEA. These FEAs are applicable for many kinds of attractive devices, such as ultra-high sensitive image sensor, radiation tolerant electronics, and stationary X-ray source for medical applications.
Environment & Pollution Laws In India – An Overview

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Protection and improvement of deteriorating natural environment is a common cause and obligation of all the citizens and it is the right time for introspection by every citizen and nation as to what our future generation are going to inherit from us. It is they who will reap the grim consequences of our failure to act timely on the programmes which are needed now if we are to prevent future disaster and natural resource depletion. The constitution gives right to life for every citizen, an onerous obligation which we owe to posterity is clean air, potable water and liveable natural environment and these ought to be elevated to the status of birth rights of every citizen born today and in future. The Constitution of India was amended in 1976, to incorporate the provisions for protection of environment and imposing a fundamental duty upon the citizens of this country to protect and improve the natural environment. Article 51A mentions “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India - (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. The objective of the author in the article is to create awareness among all concerned in the society about the various laws on environment and pollution control that are existing in our country to ensure that justice prevails on all matters related to environment protection, which is the basis of sustenance of life on earth.
The effect of customer service and place attachment on loyalty to hot

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper aims to explore how the place attachment influence the relationship between customer service
quality and loyalty in hot spring resort. The data was collected in 3 hot spring resorts located in north
China, southwest China and south China. The proposed “customer service–place attachment–customer
loyalty” model was tested with a structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis. The results indicated that
the proposed model is supported and place attachment mediates the effect of Customer service on loyalty.
Hot spring customer’ loyalty could be predicted by customer service through the place attachment. Place
attachment is important to obtain the loyalty in hot spring resort. The industry need to consider the ways
to improve the level of place attachment to the hot spring resort.
EFFECTS OF UNIVERSITY NAMING ON PREFERENCES, CREDIBILITY, IMAGE AND ENROLMENT INTENTION OF ITALIAN STUDENTS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research focused on city-of-location vs. region-of-location naming strategies and showed that university naming is a tool for influencing its perceived credibility, image and enrolment intention. An experimental study was carried out on a sample of 200 students at an untested Italian university, who were recruited as potential users living outside of the tested areas of three different existing Italian universities with a region-of-location-based name (i.e., the University of Insubria, the University of Sannio, and the University of Tuscia). These were paired with as many experimentally manipulated fictitious city-of-location-based university names (i.e., the University of Varese and Como, the University of Benevento, and the University of Viterbo, respectively). A close-ended questionnaire was developed for each university, containing two dichotomic measures regarding the recognition of the university location and the name preference, respectively. For each of the six experimental conditions (three universities × two naming strategies), the questionnaire also contained: a three-item seven-point perceived credibility scale, based on Ohanian’s (1990) approach; a ten-item university perceived personality scale, based on the Five-Factor Model (cf. Digman 1990); a composite measure of enrolment intention; and a 12-item seven-point “place-of-origin” image scale, developed from Pisharodi and Parameswaran’s (1994) study. Results showed that experimental subjects were more able to recognise investigated universities and their locations when their names integrate the city rather than the corresponding geographical region where such institutions are located. They also showed that potential users prefer a city-of-location-based name to a region-of-location-based one. Perceived credibility levels of the investigated universities were found to be higher when their names integrate the city of location rather than the corresponding geographical region. Results of a repeated-measure ANOVA carried out on perceived personality scores showed significant effects of university naming strategy on image profile. Both the “place-of-origin” image and the enrolment intention were also found to be higher when university names integrate the city of location rather than the corresponding regional context. Both theoretical and operational implications are discussed.
Evaluation of the relationship between epidemiological factors and laboratory findings with the cause of pediatric neutropenia: A cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aim: Neutropenia is defined as the absolute count of neutrophils less than 1500 per cubic millimeter. Due to the importance of early detection of the cause of neutropenia and appropriate measures to reduce mortality and financial costs, so this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the cause of neutropenia and the severity of neutropenia with clinical and laboratory symptoms to take appropriate measures.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. In this study, 111 patients with neutropenia in a three-year period from 2014 to 2016 in Hazrat Masoumeh Hospital in Qom were studied by census. Necessary information was obtained from the patients' medical records through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: During the study of the relationship between the cause of neutropenia and demographic and laboratory findings, showed that between the cause of the disease with age (P.value = 0.007), the severity of neutropenia (P.value <0.001), disease outcome (P.value <0.001 There was a significant relationship between length of hospital stay (P.value <0.001), Hb (P.value <0.001) and WBC (P.value <0.001). The prevalence of neutropenia in the studied patients was 54.1% viral, 24.3% sepsis, 10.8% malignancy, 4.5% anemia, 3.6% idiopathic 2.7% ITP, respectively.Conclusion: The present study showed that there is a significant relationship between demographic and laboratory findings with the cause and severity of the disease. Therefore, considering these factors at the beginning of hospitalization can play a key role in promoting proper management in the treatment of patients with neutropenia
The concept of creativity : the relationship between usefulness and creativity

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The concept of creativity has often been defined as “the ability to produce work that is novel (which can be defined as both original and unique), useful and generative” (Sternberg & Lubart, 1996). However, recent card sorting studies by Wolf (2014) and van der Velde et al. (2015) revealed that usefulness might not actually be a component of creativity.

The aim of the current study has been twofold: investigating whether it is possible to design an EEG study in Dutch with respect to creativity and how usefulness is related to the concept of creativity. In order to address these issues, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment was based on the study by Jauk et al. (2012) and included both the Word Association Task and the Alternate Uses Task. The experiment contained three conditions: common, uncommon and useful. These conditions refer to the instructions that participants received before the start of a trial. No actual EEG data was recorded. The second experiment included an online survey during which the responses given by participants on the first experiment were rated with respect to creativity.

The results of the current study revealed that the current research design appears to be suitable for an EEG study. Further, the results revealed that the creativity of the responses was lowest when participants received an instruction to think of a common response, highest when they received the uncommon instruction and intermediate when they received an instruction to think of useful responses. Kris (1952) has proposed two phases of the creative process, the inspiration phase (generating new ideas) and the elaboration phase (a logical, practical and realistic process). Based on the aforementioned results, the current study hypothesizes that usefulness is related to the second phase of creativity, the elaboration phase, which is proposed to be more related to convergent thinking as opposed to divergent thinking.
Haemophilus influenzae Osteomyelitis in Adults: A Report of 4 Frontal Bone Infections and a Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Haemophilus influenzae occasionally causes hematogenous long-bone osteomyelitis in children. In adults, however, bone infections caused by this organism are extremely rare. We report four adult cases of H. influenzae frontal bone osteomyelitis and review 12 cases from the literature.
Exploring the AGN Accretion Disks Using Continuum Reverberation Mapping

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the innermost regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), matter is understood to be flowing onto the Supermassive black hole (SMBH), which forms an accretion disk. This disk is responsible for the optical/UV continuum emission observed in the spectra of AGN. Reverberation Mapping of the accretion disk using multiple bands can yield the structure of the disk. The emission is expected to be of the black body type peaking at different wavelengths. Hence, depending on the temperature of the disk, continuous, simultaneous monitoring in multiple wavelength ranges to cover hotter inner regions and cooler outer regions can yield the structure and temperature profile of the accretion disk itself. In this study, we present initial results from our accretion disk reverberation mapping campaign targeting AGN with Super High Eddington Accreting Black Holes (SEAMBH). Our analysis on one of the sources, IRAS 04416+1215, based on the broadband observations using the Growth India telescope (GIT), reveals that the size of the accretion disk for this source, calculated by cross-correlating the continuum light curves is larger than expected from the theoretical model. We fit the light curves directly using the thin disk model available in JAVELIN and find that the disk sizes are approximately four times larger than expected from the Shakura Sunyaev (SS) disk model. Further studies are needed to understand better the structure and physics of AGN accretion disks and their role in the evolution of galaxies.
Date seed ( Phoenix dactylifera ) extract reduces the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, DNA damage and superoxide‐dependent iron release from ferritin in vitro (829.20)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

It has been well established that date seeds contain high amounts of polyphenols (50.2 mg/g), mainly epicatechin and catechin, and exert antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. These polyphenolic compounds have been shown to inhibit or attenuate the initiation, progression and spread of cancers in vitro and in animals in vivo. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of date seed extract on the proliferation of Mia‐Pa‐Ca‐2 pancreatic cancer cells, DNA damage and superoxide‐dependent iron release from ferritin in vitro. Interestingly, date seed extract inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in a dose‐dependent manner, reaching about 90% inhibition at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml after 48‐hour exposure. Moreover, DNA damage and superoxide‐dependent iron release from ferritin were also reduced in a dose‐dependent manner by date seed extract. Additionally, date seed extract dose‐dependently exerted free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities in vitro, as evidenced by results obtained from using the DPPH, ABTS, Nitric Oxide, FRAP, and Total Antioxidant Capacity assays. Results obtained support a very promising anticancer potential of date seed extract. Studies are underway to determine the antitumor property of date seed extract on various cancer cell lines, determine the underlying mechanisms, and investigate its in vivo anti‐tumorigenic properties.
Landmark article Sept 9, 1944: Penicillin treatment of early syphilis: II. By J.F. Mahoney, R.C. Arnold, B.L. Sterner, A. Harris and M.R. Zwally

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a preliminary report1the influence of penicillin therapy on the clinical manifestations and serologic reactions of patients with early syphilis was presented. The report was based on the results of a curtailed period of observation of a group of 4 patients. It is our purpose in the present paper to record the findings of post-treatment observation of the original group for periods in excess of three hundred days. It is also desired to record certain items of information which have resulted from the treatment of an additional 100 patients.

REVIEW OF ORIGINAL GROUP

Of the group of 4 patients the records of whom formed the basis for the preliminary report,1all have been maintained under observation. It will be recalled that these patients displayed dark field positive lesions of early syphilis at the time of treatment. The therapy consisted of an intramuscular injection of 25,000 units of penicillin
Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many studies have focused on EVs, with promising results indicating their potential role as biomarkers in MS and helping us better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent evidence suggests that there are novel subpopulations of EVs according to cell origin, with those derived from cells belonging to the nervous and immune systems providing information regarding inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, astrocyte and microglia reaction, blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and ultimately synaptic loss and neuronal death in MS. These biomarkers can also provide insight into disease activity and progression and can differentiate patients’ disease phenotype. This information can enable new pathways for therapeutic target discovery, and consequently the development of novel treatments. Recent evidence also suggests that current disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for MS modify the levels and content of circulating EVs. EVs might also serve as biomarkers to help monitor the response to DMTs, which could improve medical decisions concerning DMT initiation, choice, escalation, and withdrawal. Furthermore, EVs could act not only as biomarkers but also as treatment for brain repair and immunomodulation in MS. EVs are considered excellent delivery vehicles. Studies in progress show that EVs containing myelin antigens could play a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells as a novel strategy for the treatment as “EV-based vaccines” for MS. This review explores the breakthrough role of nervous and immune system cell-derived EVs as markers of pathological disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers of treatment response in MS. In addition, this review explores the novel role of EVs as vehicles for antigen delivery as a therapeutic vaccine to restore immune tolerance in MS autoimmunity.
Orofacial pain: an enigma for diagnosis and treatment; a prospective clinical study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine most common cause of orofacial pain and gender distribution. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study that included 200 patients that reported to our Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with orofacial pain. Results: Out of 200 patients 130 (65%) were females and 70(35%) were males with age range of above 15 to 65 year. Temporomandibular disorders were most common cause orofacial pain .58 cases (29%) out of 200 were temporomandibular disorders with 38(19%) cases of females and 20(10%) cases of males followed by myofacial pain in 48% cases and least incidence of traumatic neuritis in 3% cases. Conclusion: Chronic orofacial pain is a diagnostic challenge and it is possible therefore to make a misdiagnosis Multidisciplinary OFP assessment ideally also includes psychometrics, pain profiling, quantitative sensory testing, haematology and imaging where indicated. Keywords: Orofacial pain, Neuropathic pain, Nociceptive pain, Somatosensory.
Media treatment of the problems of the environment in the Islamic sites across the Internet Network "Alukah" site model -An analytical study-

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to address the media treatment of the problems ofthe environment in the Islamic sites across the Internet the way, and wasselected for that network, "Alalokh" site model, and for this purpose ithas been the adoption of content analysis method for analyzing a sampleof the research community, and has led the study analytical to the set ofresults The most important are: Interesting site all the data of environmental problems and the predominance of Islamic discourse inaddressing these problems, what gives the impression that the environment is an important angle in the Islamic system, and with all that he could not site at addressing the problems of the environment can benefit from the online features in openness to other cultures on the grounds that the treatment language added a shadow on the Arabic language making it locked in the community where I was born.
Dilepton Measurements with CERES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report on dilepton measurements for central Pb on Au collisions at the top CERN SPS energy with the upgraded CERES experiment. The dilepton mass spectrum of 2000 data with improved mass resolution shows an enhancement over the expectation from hadron decays that is well described by a model including a strong broadening of the {rho} spectral function. The measured excess yield excludes the dropping mass scenario. We also report on the {phi} meson measured simultaneously both in the K{sup +}K{sup -} and in the dilepton decay channel for the first time in high energy heavy-ion collisions. An excellent agreement is found between the rapidity densities and the shape of the measured transverse momentum spectrum. The data rule out a possible enhancement of the {phi} yield in the leptonic over hadronic channel by a factor larger than 1.6 at 95% CL. CERES results are in agreement with NA49 results.
Development in a Complex World: The Case of Ethiopia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This research compendium provides an explanation of Ethiopia’s fundamental economic challenge of slowing economic growth after an exceptional growth acceleration — a challenge that has been compounded by COVID-19, conflict, and climate change impacts. Ethiopia has experienced exceptional growth since the early 2000s but began to see a slowdown in the capacity of the economy to grow, export, and produce jobs since roughly 2015. This intensified a set of macroeconomic challenges, including high, volatile, and escalating inflation. This compendium identifies a path forward for more sustainable and inclusive growth that builds on the government’s Homegrown Economic Reform strategy. It includes growth diagnostics and economic complexity research as well as applications to unpack interacting macroeconomic distortions and inform diversification strategies. Drawing on lessons from past success in Ethiopia and new constraints, this compendium offers insights into what the Government of Ethiopia and the international community must do to unlock resilient, post-conflict economic recovery across Ethiopia. The research across the chapters of this compendium was developed during the Growth Lab’s research project in Ethiopia from 2019 to 2022, supported through a grant by the United States Agency of International Development (USAID). This research effort, which was at times conducted in close collaboration with government and non-government researchers in Ethiopia, pushed the boundaries of Growth Lab research. The project team worked to understand to intensive shocks faced by the country and enable local capability building in the context of limited government resources in a very low-income country. Given the value of this learning, this compendium not only discusses challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia in significant detail but also describes how various tools of diagnostic work and economic strategy-building were used in practice. As such, it aims to serve as a teaching resource for how economic tools can be applied to unique development contexts. The compendium reveals lessons for Ethiopian policymakers regarding the country’s development path as well as numerous lessons that the development community and development practitioners can learn from Ethiopia.