jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Influence of Breed and Plane of Nutrition on Performance of Dairy, Dual-Purpose and Beef Steers. II. From 180 Days of Age to Slaughter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In two trials a total of 186 Holstein, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, Angus and Hereford steers were fed from 180 days of age to slaughter at an estimated 55 to 60% of mature bull weight of the breed or to 27 months of age if individuals had not reached prescribed weight. Prior to 180 days of age the steers had been reared at two levels of nutrition. From 180 days to slaughter three diets were used: (1) 75% concentrate, (2) all hay with equal parts alflafa and timothy, or (3) a sequence of all hay for most of the period followed by the concentrate diet. Rate and efficiency of live weight gain on all diets and for both Phase I treatments were highest for the Holsteins followed in order by the Milking Shorthorns, beef breeds (Angus and Hereford) and Jerseys. Efficiency of lean production in relation to caloric intake followed the pattern of live weight gain efficiency. Efficiency of fat production and total caloric efficiency was highest for the beef breeds. Beef steers produced fatter carcasses which graded higher by usual U.S. standards. Palatability and tenderness evaluation of cooked meat ranked the Jerseys and beef breeds highest followed by Holsteins and Milking Shorthorns. The concentrate diet produced fatter carcasses than the hay or combination diets. Carryover effects of low Phase I nutrition levels resulted in more rapid and efficient live weight gains.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antitumor activities of the red propolis Alagoas

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, toxicity and phytochemical screening of the Red Propolis Alagoas. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method. Determination of antioxidant activity was performed using the DPPH assay (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FTC (ferric thiocyanate) and determination of phenolic compounds by Follin method. Toxicity was performed by the method of Artemia salina and cytotoxicity by MTT method. The phytochemical screening for the detection of allelochemicals was performed. The ethanol extract of propolis of Alagoas showed significant results for antimicrobial activity, and inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Candida krusei. The antioxidant activity of the FTC method was 80% to 108.3% hydrogen peroxide kidnapping, the DPPH method showed an EC50 3.97 mg/mL, the content of total phenolic compounds was determined by calibration curve gallic acid, resulting from 0.0005 mg/100 g of gallic acid equivalent. The extract was non-toxic by A. salina method. The propolis extract showed high activity with a higher percentage than 75% inhibition of tumor cells OVCAR-8, SF-295 and HCT116. Chemical constituents were observed as flavonones, xanthones, flavonols, and Chalcones Auronas, Catechins and leucoanthocyanidins. It is concluded that the extract can be tested is considered a potential source of bioactive metabolites.
Intersexual Selection and Reproductive Success in the Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Some recent sexual selection models predict that female choice in species without paternal care may function to discriminate among males in order to pass "good genes" to offspring. Data quantifying the relationship between female mate choice and reproductive success are scarce. In a Swedish population of pheasants females prefer to mate with long-spurred males. Male viability also correlates with male spur length. We used DNA fingerprinting to measure individual pheasants' reproductive success in terms of both hatchlings and surviving offspring. The data show that long-spurred males sired more hatchlings and surviving offspring and also that the females' production of surviving offspring correlated with their mate's spur length. The analyses also indicate that offspring of females who mated with long-spurred males experienced an increased survival rate.
Implementation and Analysis of an Improved PCA technique for DDoS Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With ever-increasing numbers of IoT devices becoming an essential part of our everyday life, the risk of compromised data security has grown many folds. SDN is state-of-the-art technology in the networking domain. Combined with IoT, it provides centralized control to the controller enabling better management of the traffic and prevention of certain DDoS attacks in layer 3 and layer 7 of the OSI model. But the centralized management of the network makes the controller vulnerable to a new type of DDoS attack which targets the controller itself, thereby bringing the entire network down. This paper presents an improved Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique with weighted principal components to counter this attack. The entire network is partitioned into different subnets and the improved PCA technique is applied to each part independently. The proposed method helped counter the DDoS attacks targeted at the controller or the switch with 95.24% accuracy in contrast with 92.3% of the previous partitioned PCA scheme.
473 Viral Vanity: Unmasking Plastic Surgery Trends on Instagram and TikTok

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim Social media exerts substantial influence on contemporary life, shaping the collective narrative. A current rising trend known as “academic social media” involves healthcare professionals leveraging social platforms for networking, patient education and recruitment. This cross-sectional analysis of Instagram and TikTok short video content aims to identify the perceptions of plastic surgery on social media. Method A search of the term “plastic surgery” was performed on Instagram and TikTok, and the first 100 short videos on each platform (TikTok’s and Reels) were reviewed. Posts were categorised based on their country of origin, the poster’s profession, content’s nature, sub-specialty, the accuracy of information and impact. Results The assessed videos garnered 355,909,365 views (302,881,140 on TikTok). Predominantly, the content was informative (66 posts), closely followed by advertisements and before-and-after visuals (59 each). Only 13 videos featured educational material. Aesthetic surgery overwhelmingly dominated, with only 5 videos addressing a different subspecialty. Plastic surgeons generated most content (42% on TikTok and 75% on Instagram), followed by patient-documented material. Cross-platform overlap was minimal. Approximately 27% of TikTok and 12.5% of Instagram videos contained inaccuracies with documented unsafe practices, such as a patient recounting an additional cosmetic procedure performed without consent. Conclusions The widespread popularity of short-form plastic surgery videos is evident. While many come from reliable sources, there is a notable emphasis on cosmetic procedures, presenting a skewed view of the diverse practices within plastic surgery. The significant prevalence of inaccuracies on TikTok, especially given its growing popularity compared to Instagram, raises concerns about the public dissemination of misinformation.
A 16-Week Open-Label, Multicenter Pilot Study Assessing Insulin Pump Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Suboptimally Controlled with Multiple Daily Injections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: We assessed the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of insulin pump therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were suboptimally controlled with a multiple daily injection (MDI) regimen. Methods: In this subanalysis of a 16-week multicenter study, 21 insulin-pump-naïve patients [age 57 ± 13 years, hemoglobin A1c (A1C) 8.4 ± 1.0%, body weight 98 ± 20 kg, total daily insulin dose 99 ± 65 U, mean ± standard deviation] treated at baseline with MDI therapy with or without oral antidiabetic agents discontinued all diabetes medications except metformin and initiated insulin pump therapy. Insulin was titrated to achieve the best possible glycemic control with the simplest possible dosing regimen. Outcome measures included A1C, fasting and postprandial glucose, body weight, incidence of hypoglycemia, and PROs. Results: Glycemic control improved significantly after 16 weeks: A1C 7.3 ± 1.0% (−1.1 ± 1.2%, p < .001), fasting glucose 133 ± 33mg/dl (−32 ± 74 mg/dl, p < .005), and postprandial glucose 153 ± 35 mg/dl (−38 ± 46 mg/dl, p < .001). At week 16, the mean daily basal, bolus, and total insulin doses were 66 ± 36, 56 ± 40, and 122 ± 72 U (1.2 U/kg), respectively, and 90% of patients were treated with two or fewer daily basal rates. Body weight increased by 2.8 ± 2.6 kg ( p < .001). Mild hypoglycemia was experienced by 81% of patients at least once during the course of the study with no episodes of severe hypoglycemia. There were significant improvements in PRO measures. Conclusions: Insulin pump therapy using a relatively simple dosing regimen safely improved glucose control and PROs in patients with T2DM who were unable to achieve glycemic targets with MDI therapy. Controlled trials are needed to further assess the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of insulin pumps in this patient population.
Effects of mammalian corticotrophin on the ultrastructure of presumptive interrenal cells in the opisthonephros of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The administration of mammalian corticotrophin to larvae and adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., results in changes in fine structure of cells within presumptive interrenal tissue located in the opisthonephric kidneys. Compared to controls, stimulated cells show increases in the volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus with an accompanying decrease in numbers of lipid droplets. In addition, the plasma membrane near a perivascular space is commonly highly folded. Mitochondria are often of unusual configuration and possess “puffs” and the cristae are more tubular than in controls. The enlarged Golgi apparatus is accompanied by large numbers of coated vesicles. The morphological features of corticotrophin‐stimulated presumptive interrenal cells of lampreys closely resemble the appearance of adrenocortical cells of mammals and the interrenal cells of other vertebrates after similar stimulation. These results suggest that these cells in lampreys and adrenocortical cells are likely homologs.
A novel viral RNA species in Sindbis virus-infected cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sindbis virus (SIN), the type alphavirus, has been studied extensively to identify the viral cis-acting sequences and proteins involved in RNA transcription and replication. However, very little is known about how these processes are coordinated. For example, synthesis of the genomic RNA and the subgenomic mRNA depends on the minus strand. Do these activities occur independently on different templates, or can replication and transcription take place simultaneously on the same template? We describe the appearance of a SIN-specific, plus-sense RNA that is intermediate in size between the genomic and subgenomic RNA species. This RNA, designated RNA II, is observed in a number of different cell lines, both early and late in infection. The number of RNA II species, their sizes, and their abundances are influenced by the subgenomic promoter. We have mapped the 3' end of RNA II to a site within the subgenomic promoter, four nucleotides before the initiation site of the subgenomic mRNA. Our results indicate that the appearance of RNA II is correlated with subgenomic mRNA transcription, such that strong or active promoters tend to increase the abundance of RNA II, relative to weak or less active promoters. RNA II is most abundantly detected with the full promoter and is at much lower abundance with the minimal promoter. The possible origins of RNA II are discussed.
Lymphocytic infiltration of the brain in sleeping sickness.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells from 40 patients with advanced Gambian sleeping sickness were examined for intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin and for B- and T-lymphocyte markers. About 5% of mononuclear cells were plasma cells. Most of the lymphocytes present were B cells. These findings suggest that the considerable lymphocytic infiltration of the nervous system seen in advanced sleeping sickness is not a cell-mediated immune reaction to trypanosomes. Immune complexes may play a part in producing the brain damage characteristic of this disease.
Breeding High Forage and Seed Yielding Varieties in legumes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the past, production of varieties was limited to vigorous, hardy commercial varieties developed with no selection for high grain yield and forage quality. The production and nutritive quality of forages can be improved to a great extent by giving emphasis on developing high forage yielding varieties possessing high seed yield and resistance to diseases and pests. The diseases and pests mainly attack the leaves and tender branches which cause loss in yield as well as quality. The research directed on these aspects in cluster-bean (Cyamposis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub), cowpea (Vigna sinenis Endl) and berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) had resulted in the evolution of dual purpose varieties ‘FS 277’ and ‘Cowpea 74’ and high forage yielding berseem variety, ‘Punjab BL-1’. Guara FS 277 has given 33 and 64% higher green fodder and grain yield, respectively than ‘Guara No. 2’. It is also more resistant to guara blight. ‘Cowpea 74’ has out yielded standard varieties ‘FOS 1’ and ‘No. 10’ by 32 and 31% giving an average forage yield of 294-56 quintals against 222-94and224-89 quintals per hectare. Similarly in grain yield it has out yielded the checks by 21 and 160%, and yielding on an average 13–48 quintals against 11–10 and 5–19 quintals per hectare. ‘Punjab BL 1’ has given 29% more green fodder and 25% more dry matter than the standard variety ‘Mescavi’.
Variation of Specific Gravity in Acacia mangium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study involved 13-year old provenance trials of Acacia mangium which were established at five sites in Sabal, Jakar, Oya, Labang and Sawai in Sarawak, Malaysia. Five provenances were planted in the trial. Three provenances were from Australia and two from Indonesia. The main objectives of this study are to establish a radial trend of specific gravity from pith to bark and to establish the extent of variation contributed by planting site, provenance, tree, orientation and radial position on specific gravity. Radial variation in specific gravity increased from pith to bark. It ranged from 0.20 at pith to 0.80 at bark with a mean and coefficient of variation of 0.56 and 17.05%, respectively. Site, provenance and radial contributed significantly towards specific gravity in Acacia mangium . Interaction between provenance and site was highly significant which involved a change in provenance ranking across the sites. Radial was the largest contributor to the total variance component in specific gravity.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of High rates of primary production in structurally complex forests.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Structure-function relationships are central to many ecological paradigms. Chief among these is the linkage of net primary production (NPP) with species diversity and canopy structure. Using the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) as a subcontinental-scale research platform, we examined how temperate-forest NPP relates to several measures of site-level canopy structure and tree species diversity. Novel multidimensional canopy traits describing structural complexity, most notably canopy rugosity, were more strongly related to site NPP than were species diversity measures and other commonly characterized canopy structural features. The amount of variation in site-level NPP explained by canopy rugosity alone was 83%, which was substantially greater than that explained individually by vegetation area index (31%) or Shannon's index of species diversity (30%). Forests that were more structurally complex, had higher vegetation-area indices, or were more diverse absorbed more light and used light more efficiently to power biomass production, but these relationships were most strongly tied to structural complexity. Implications for ecosystem modeling and management are wide ranging, suggesting structural complexity traits are broad, mechanistically robust indicators of NPP that, in application, could improve the prediction and management of temperate forest carbon sequestration.© 2019 by the Ecological Society of America. PMID: 31397885 Funding information This work was supported by: Division of Emerging Frontiers,
Assisted robotic arm for patient with cerebral palsy.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Many diseases can affect the motility of an individual, such as Parkinson’s disease and cerebral palsy (CP). This project focuses on creating a prototype for a wearable assistive device which aims to provide support to patients who have been affected by a chronic illness influencing their mobility. We will be focusing on the medical, mechanical, and biopsychosocial aspects in designing our wearable assistive device to cater to the patients’ needs.
Applications of Supersymmetric Polynomials in Statistical Quantum Physics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We propose a correspondence between partition functions of ideal gases consisting of both bosons and fermions and algebraic bases of supersymmetric polynomials on the Banach space of absolutely summable two-sides sequences ℓ1(Z0). Such an approach allows us to interpret some combinatorial identities for supersymmetric polynomials from a physical point of view. We consider a relation of equivalence on ℓ1(Z0) induced by the supersymmetric polynomials, and semiring algebraic structures on the quotient set with respect to this relation. The quotient set is a natural model for the set of energy levels of a quantum system. We introduce two different topological semiring structures on this set and discuss their possible physical interpretations.
Peek Community Eye Health - mHealth system to increase access and efficiency of eye health services in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Globally eye care provision is currently insufficient to meet the requirement for eye care services. Lack of access and awareness are key barriers to specialist services, in addition, specialist services are over utilised by people with conditions that could be managed in the community or primary care. In combination, these lead to a large unmet need for eye health provision. We have developed a validated smart phone-based screening algorithm (Peek Community Screening App). The application (app) is part of the Peek Community Eye Health system (Peek CEH) that enables Community Volunteer (CVs) to make referral decisions about patients with eye problems. It generates referrals, automated short messages service (SMS) notifications to patients and carers and has a program dashboard for visualizing service delivery. We hypothesize that a greater proportion of people with eye problems will be identified using the Peek CEH system and that there will be increased uptake of referrals, compared to those identified and referred using the current community screening approaches. Methods: A single masked, cluster-randomised controlled trial. The unit of randomisation will be the “community units”, defined as a dispensary or health centres with its catchment population. The community units will be allocated to receive either the intervention (Peek CEH system) or the current care (periodic health centre-based outreach clinics with onward referral for further treatment). In both arms, a triage clinic will be held at the link health facility four weeks from sensitization, where attendance will be ascertained. During triage participants will be assessed and treated, and if necessary referred onwards to Kitale eye unit. Discussion: We aim to evaluate a M-health system (Peek CEH) geared towards reducing avoidable blindness through early identification and improved adherence to referral for those with eye problems and reducing demand at secondary care for conditions that can be managed effectively at primary care level. Trial registration: The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR), 201807329096632. Registered 8th june 2018, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za. Keywords: Eye problems, Visual Impairement, Access, Primary eye care , Community Eye Health system, Community volunteres, Peek community screening app., cluster randomised controlled trial.
Reliabilities of χ2- and F Tests in Gauss-Markov Model

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Power and level breakdown points are used in robust statistics to determine the global reliability of a test. A method for calculating the finite-sample versions of these for tests such as χ2 or F is given here when observations have the Gauss-Markov model. Outliers are compared with the generating model using a coordinate transformation and simulated samples. Outliers are considered in two groups, namely, "doubtful" and "clear." The reliability of a χ2- or F test changes with the magnitude, number, and kind of outliers (i.e., random outliers or influential outliers), and also with the level of significance, α. The χ2- and F tests are generally insensitive to both doubtful and clear outliers. The χ2 test can reliably reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.05, when the observations contain multiple clear random outliers, only if the magnitude of one of them is at least greater than 5σ. Also, the F test can reliably reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.05, when the observations contain multiple clear random outliers, only if the magnitude of one of them is at least greater than 6σ. The greater the magnitude and number of clear outliers that are contained in the observations, the more successful is the χ2- or F test in rejecting the null hypothesis. The reliabilities of the χ2- and F tests decrease as the number of unknowns increases. For this case, the power and level finite-sample breakdown points of the χ2- and F tests are estimated here to be approximately 1/2.