jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ekstraksi Pektin dari Limbah Kulit Jeruk (Citrus sinensis) dengan Metode Ekstraksi Gelombang Ultrasonik Menggunakan Pelarut Asam Klorida (HCl)

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Pectin is complex polysaccharide contained D-galacturonic acid bonded by α -1,4 glucosidic in plant cell walls. Pectin widely used in pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries. This study evaluates the effect of solvent and stirring speed on pectin characteristic. The study utilizes ultrasonic wave and acid solvent at the presence of ethanol to yield pectin following by drying to obtain dried pectin. This study carries out using 25 grams orange peels, 10 %, chloride acid solvent, 60 minutes extraction time, temperature of 60 oC, ultrasonic wave speed 50 KHz and 16 hours settling time at various solvent concentrations 0.025 N; 0.05 N; 0.075 N and stirring speed 0 rpm; 50 rpm; 100 rpm; 150 rpm. The results showed that the highest yield of pectin extraction was obtained at concentration of 0.075 N with 20.12 %; stirring speed 150 rpm, water content 8.0 %; 4,0 % ash content, and 7.44 % methoxyl content.
A Combined Cosmogenic Nuclides Approach for Determining the Temperature‐Dependence of Erosion

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Physical weathering in cold, steep bedrock hillslopes occurs at rates that are thought to depend on temperature, but our ability to quantify the temperature‐dependence of erosion remains limited when integrating over geomorphic timescales. Here, we present results from a 1D numerical model of in‐situ cosmogenic 10 Be, 14 C, and 3 He concentrations that evolve as a function of erosion rate, erosion style, and ground surface temperature. We used the model to explore the suitability of these nuclides for quantifying erosion rates in areas undergoing non‐steady state erosion, as well as the relationship between bedrock temperature, erosion rate, and erosional stochasticity. Our results suggest that even in stochastically eroding settings, 10 Be‐derived erosion rates of amalgamated samples can be used to estimate long‐term erosion rates, but infrequent large events can lead to bias. The ratio of 14 C to 10 Be can be used to evaluate erosional stochasticity, and to determine the offset between an apparent 10 Be‐derived erosion rate and the long‐term rate. Finally, the concentration of 3 He relative to that of 10 Be, and the paleothermometric interpretations derived from it, are unaffected by erosional stochasticity. These findings, discussed in the context of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions, indicate that the 10 Be‐ 14 C‐ 3 He system in quartz offers a method to evaluate the temperature‐sensitivity of bedrock erosion rates in cold, high‐alpine environments.
Effect of metallic mordants on pH and Optical density values of the dyed fabrics by using aqueous extracted eco-friendly natural dye from shells of Juglans regia

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present work explores the potential of eco-friendly phytochromic dyeing of walnut shells with two different kinds of fibres viz. cotton and silk by using some metallic mordants such as copper sulphate, potassium dichromate, stannous chloride and ferrous sulphate. The aqueous extracted natural dye of the walnut shells exhibits good range of colours with varying shades of warm beige, caramel brown, funnel seed, yellow beige and golden beige for different metallic mordants for dyeing of cotton fabric whereas shades like almond white, ochre, golden bronze, warm sand and light beige are observed in the case of silk fabric by using different metallic mordants. Pre-mordanting method was used under this study. The variations in optical density (OD) and pH-values of the solutions (with and without mordanting w.r.t. pre-mordanting method) were also measured (before and after dyeing the fabrics) with the help of UV-Vis- spectrophotometer and pH-meter respectively.
A New Angle on the EMPATH Model: Spatial Frequency Orientation in Recognition of Facial Expressions

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Many have investigated the sensitivity of face processing to both spatial frequencies and face orientation, but few have researched the sensitivity of face processing to the orientation of spatial frequencies. One recent exception has been Yu, Chai, &amp; Chung (2011), which investigated facial expression recognition in regards to the orientation of spatial filters and showed that most information is contained in the horizontal orientation. Here, we model the Yu, Chai, &amp; Chung (2011) study using the EMPATH model, a feed-forward neural network that has been used to model facial expression recognition (Dailey, Cottrell, Padgett, &amp; Adolphs 2002). We used the NimStim set of facial expressions, which were the basis for the Yu, Chai, &amp; Chung (2011) experiment, and followed their method of filtering images through different spatial orientations. Our results show that this simple, biologically plausible model produces very similar results to that of human subjects in their study.
Made to Play House

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Dolls have long been perceived as symbols of domesticity, maternity, and materialism, designed by men and loved by girls who wanted to "play house." In this engagingly written and illustrated social history of the American doll industry, Miriam Formanek-Brunell shows that this has not always been the case. Drawing on a wide variety of contemporary sources—including popular magazines, advertising, autobiographies, juvenile literature, patents, photographs, and the dolls themselves—Formanek-Brunell traces the history of the doll industry back to its beginnings, a time when American men, women, and girls each claimed the right to construct dolls and gender. Formanek-Brunell describes how dolls and doll play changed over time: antebellum rag dolls taught sewing skills; Gilded Age fashion dolls inculcated formal social rituals; Progressive Era dolls promoted health and active play; and the realistic baby dolls of the 1920s fostered girls' maternal impulses. She discusses how the aesthetic values and business methods of women doll-makers differed from those of their male counterparts, and she describes, for example, Martha Chase, who made America's first soft, sanitary cloth dolls, and Rose O'Neill, inventor of the Kewpie doll. According to Formanek-Brunell, although American businessmen ultimately dominated the industry with dolls they marketed as symbols of an idealized feminine domesticity, businesswomen presented an alternative vision of gender for both girls and boys through a variety of dolls they manufactured themselves.
A novel relativistic magnetron with circularly polarized TE11 coaxial waveguide mode

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A novel relativistic magnetron (RM) with a circularly polarized TE11 coaxial waveguide mode and its corresponding mode excitation are investigated in this paper. By operating in the 4π/5 mode in the ten-cavity RM and compactly designing the RM structure with the all cavity-magnetron axial extraction technique, the RM can directly output a circularly polarized TE11 coaxial waveguide mode in a reversible direction of rotation without any mode converters. In addition, the analysis of mode excitation can be generalized to a 2N-cavity RM, where 2N > 4 is the number of cavities. Results of the 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation show that a high power microwave (HPM) with an operating frequency of 4.15 GHz and an output power of 700 MW is obtained from the RM, corresponding to the power conversion efficiency of 50.0%.
A diode-pumped passively Q-switched Tm,Ho:YAP laser with a single-walled carbon nanotube

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this letter we present diode-pumped continuous wave (CW) and passively Q-switched a-cut and b-cut Tm,Ho:YAP lasers with a single-walled carbon nanotube saturable absorber (SWCNT-SA). In the CW regime, a maximum output power of 1.61 W at 2118.3 nm corresponding to a slope efficiency of 33.7% and a maximum output power of 1.23 W with a slope efficiency of 28.7% at 2129.6 nm were achieved from the a- and b-cut Tm,Ho:YAP lasers, respectively. With a SWCNT employed as the saturable absorber, passively Q-switched a- and b-cut Tm,Ho:YAP lasers were both realized. The a-cut Tm,Ho:YAP laser generated a 245 ns pulse at 2128.3 nm with a repetition rate of 400 kHz, while the b-cut Tm,Ho:YAP laser produced a 135 ns pulse at 2130 nm with a repetition rate of 245 kHz.
India’s Perspective of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for Social Development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is imperative need to understand the role of ICTs for the socioeconomic development in 21st century. Information is a vital resource for the national development and ensuring competent national welfare. This information have to be systematically collected, organized and arranged in an order that can be retrieved for the future exigencies. Information is a social resource and it is a social right to the common people. Social development is encompassed with the development of the other sectors like education, agriculture, industry, merchandise and technology etc. The concept of an “Information Technology” is responsible for changing the world in the new millennium in order to bring the radical development in the society. Information access and utilization by the society is playing a major role in enhancing the quality of life of the citizens. Information flows, communications and coordinator mechanisms are being digitalized in many sectors of the society. In the era of globalization and economic liberalizationIndia like many developing countries has embarked seriously on theinformation technology as a pillar to compete globally. Recent studies inInformation and Communication, Technology (ICT) have changed thepossibilities of human interaction and communication in an unprecedented manner and the role of ICT in the rapid growth of economic transactions over the past two decades, geographically as well as monetarily, merit mention here. ICT has exponentially increased the speed of business for commercial interactions and is primarily responsible for rendering global operations of corporations and their management not just possible but feasible and profitable. Friedman (2000) calls the changes in communication technology the “Democratization of Technology” which has been made possible as a result of several innovations that came together in 1980s involving computerization, Telecommunication, miniaturization, compressiontechnology and digitization. In India, the emerging technical infrastructure makes possible a new level of deepening, widening and acceleration in global economic integration Multinational Corporation are decentralizing operations and jobs around the control over decentralized operations. The main paper highlights the significance in using ITC as a tool to bring in both social and economic changes. An illustration showing how ICT through Dr.M.S.Swaminathan Foundation in India has been a success case. A case of this magnitude can be replicated in the Remote spatial areas of Africa.Key Words: communication technology, networking, ICT, social messaging, social development
Urogenital trauma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the safety of a policy of selective nonoperative management (SNOM) in patients with abdominal gunshot wounds.Summary Background Data: Selective nonoperative management is practiced extensively in stab wounds and blunt abdominal trauma, but routine laparotomy is still the standard of care in abdominal gunshot wounds.Methods: The authors reviewed the medical records of 1,856 patients with abdominal gunshot wounds (1,405 anterior, 451 posterior) admitted during an 8-year period in a busy academic level 1 trauma center and managed by SNOM.According to this policy, patients who did not have peritonitis, were hemodynamically stable, and had a reliable clinical examination were observed.Results: Initially, 792 (42%) patients (34% of patients with anterior and 68% with posterior abdominal gunshot wounds) were selected for nonoperative management.During observation 80 (4%) patients developed symptoms and required a delayed laparotomy, which revealed organ injuries requiring repair in 57.Five (0.3%) patients suffered complications potentially related to the delay in laparotomy, which were managed successfully.Seven hundred twelve (38%) patients were successfully managed without an operation.The rate of unnecessary laparotomy was 14% among operated patients (or 9% among all patients).If patients were managed by routine laparotomy, the unnecessary laparotomy rate would have been 47% (39% for anterior and 74% for posterior abdominal gunshot wounds).Compared with patients with unnecessary laparotomy, patients managed without surgery had significantly shorter hospital stays and lower hospital charges.By maintaining a policy of SNOM instead of routine laparotomy, a total of 3,560 hospital days and US$9,555,752 in hospital charges were saved over the period of the study.Conclusion: Selective nonoperative management is a safe method for managing patients with abdominal gunshot wounds in a level 1 trauma center with an in-house trauma team.It reduces significantly the rate of unnecessary laparotomy and hospital charges.
Development of Fatigue Life Model for Rubber Materials Based on Fracture Mechanics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the research on the fatigue damage mechanism of tire rubber materials is the core, from designing fatigue experimental methods and building a visual fatigue analysis and testing platform with variable temperature to fatigue experimental research and theoretical modeling. Finally, the fatigue life of tire rubber materials is accurately predicted by using numerical simulation technology, forming a relatively complete set of rubber fatigue evaluation means. The main research is as follows: (1) Mullins effect experiment and tensile speed experiment are carried out to explore the standard of the static tensile test, and the tensile speed of 50 mm/min is determined as the speed standard of plane tensile, and the appearance of 1 mm visible crack is regarded as the standard of fatigue failure. (2) The crack propagation experiments were carried out on rubber specimens, and the crack propagation equations under different conditions were constructed, and the relationship between temperature and tearing energy was found out from the perspective of functional relations and images, and the analytical relationship between fatigue life and temperature and tearing energy was established. Thomas model and thermo-mechanical coupling model were used to predict the life of plane tensile specimens at 50 °C, and the predicted results were 8.315 × 105 and 6.588 × 105, respectively, and the experimental results were 6.42 × 105, with errors of 29.5% and 2.6%, thus verifying the accuracy of thermo-mechanical coupling model.
Third-order susceptibility measurements by nonlinear image processing

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a two-wave mixing configuration associated with a coherent optical processor (4-f system) to characterize the third-order susceptibility coefficient. An accurate measurement of the spatial structure of the intensity becomes possible with a CCD camera, which simplifies and improves the accuracy of third-order susceptibility measurements. To verify the validity of the method, measurements of reference materials illuminated by linearly polarized light are carried out. Good agreement with other measurements by various authors is obtained.
Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies among Expatriate Teachers in Saudi Arabia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the perceived level of stressors and coping strategies among the faculty of higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia. The faculty stress index (FSI) and a coping strategies questionnaire were used for the collection of data from faculty members. The FSI has five subscales. The higher the score on each of the subscales, the greater would be the stress experienced and perceived by the respondents. The coping strategies are subdivided into seven subscales. The data was collected from 100 faculty members from various institutions in Saudi Arabia. The findings reveal that faculty members with different job titles are experiencing varying levels of stress on each subscale. Three groups of faculty, assistant professor, lecturers, and instructors were significantly different on a reward & recognition subscale of FSI and regarding their viewpoints on tenure. Some coping strategies are found related considerably with the FSI subscale score. There are a few similar studies on Saudi Arabia in the health sector only. This study contributes to the literature by providing insight into perceived stress in the Higher education sector of Saudi Arabia.
Comorbidity of ADHD and Anxiety Disorders in School-Age Children: Impact on Sleep and Response to a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective: This exploratory study measured the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on sleep in children with ADHD and tested the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on these measures. Method: Fifty-seven children (8-12 years old) were assessed with the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Four groups were formed: ADHD ( n = 20), ADHD + Anxiety ( n = 20), Anxiety ( n = 8), and Healthy Controls ( n = 9). A subgroup of 10 children with ADHD + Anxiety underwent CBT for anxiety. Results: The results showed that sleep difficulties were better associated with anxiety than with ADHD. CBT reduced sleep onset latency and marginally decreased the total amount of sleep problems. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that comorbid anxiety in ADHD children is linked with specific sleep disturbances and is sensitive to CBT aimed at reducing anxiety.
Backstepping Fuzzy-Neural-Network Control Design for Hybrid Maglev Transportation System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper focuses on the design of a backstepping fuzzy-neural-network control (BFNNC) for the online levitated balancing and propulsive positioning of a hybrid magnetic levitation (maglev) transportation system. The dynamic model of the hybrid maglev transportation system including levitated hybrid electromagnets to reduce the suspension power loss and the friction force during linear movement and a propulsive linear induction motor based on the concepts of mechanical geometry and motion dynamics is first constructed. The ultimate goal is to design an online fuzzy neural network (FNN) control methodology to cope with the problem of the complicated control transformation and the chattering control effort in backstepping control (BSC) design, and to directly ensure the stability of the controlled system without the requirement of strict constraints, detailed system information, and auxiliary compensated controllers despite the existence of uncertainties. In the proposed BFNNC scheme, an FNN control is utilized to be the major control role by imitating the BSC strategy, and adaptation laws for network parameters are derived in the sense of projection algorithm and Lyapunov stability theorem to ensure the network convergence as well as stable control performance. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the hybrid maglev transportation system is verified by experimental results, and the superiority of the BFNNC scheme is indicated in comparison with the BSC strategy and the backstepping particle-swarm-optimization control system in previous research.
A Method to Formalise Game Design Praxis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The present study employs the qualitative method of Grounded Theory to analyse insights from interviews with 11 game design professionals, with the aim of investigating possible shared approaches and practices. The paper proposes a preliminary comprehensive theoretical framework centred on the core category "Balancing Permanence and Change", revealing designers' nuanced approach to simultaneously maintaining stability and flexibility in their creative process. Collaborative and iterative methods allow them to construct and sustain stable elements while preserving adaptability to potential constraints. The framework can deepen the understanding of game design practices, offering a comprehensive perspective on designers' decision-making processes. In addition, a Pearson's chi-square test was performed to assess the framework's coherence. Future works should evaluate framework's applicability across genres and different cultural contexts.
ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE’S FINANCIAL POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and applied principles and identify problematic aspects of the economic and legal mechanism and the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the state's financial policy in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The results of the conducted research made it possible to establish that the formation and implementation of the financial policy of Ukraine are under the influence of significant destabilizing factors.Significant problems regarding the formation and implementation of the financial policy of Ukraine were identified, in particular: the strengthening of the negative impact of inflationary factors, a significant decrease in the volume of the country's GDP, increased instability of the exchange rate and risks of devaluation of the national monetary unit, an increase in the volume of money supply in circulation, a decrease in the volume of gold and currency reserves, as well as problems of planning and forecasting the parameters of the formation and implementation of the financial policy of the state in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The deviation of the values ​​of Ukraine's financial indicators from the normative values, which testify to the critical drop of the country's GDP in the conditions of military resistance to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation to -45.1%, the increase in the inflation rate to 115%, the increase in the volume of money supply in circulation by all aggregates, the decrease in the level of economy monetization up to 38% and gold and currency reserves up to 25.24 billion US dollars, as well as an increase in the poverty level of the population up to 42%, is proved. It is proposed to improve the economic and legal mechanism for the formation and implementation of the financial policy of the state, taking into account the factors of the state of war in the country, to direct the main efforts to the timely detection and prevention of risks and threats of a financial nature, as well as to stabilize the banking, monetary and credit, budget and currency systems.
INCONTINENCE IN THE ELDERLY: PREVALENCE AND PROGNOSIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a randomly selected sample of 559 subjects 65 years and over living in the community and in institutions the prevalence of urinary incontinence was found to be 11.6%. In those 80 years and over the prevalence rose to 21.7%. Those with dementia were more likely to be incontinent than those with normal mental function. In the majority of those over 80 who were incontinent, the incontinence was associated with either confusion or a combination of factors. The estimated population prevalence of faecal incontinence for those 65 years and over was 3.1%. Urinary incontinence was associated with an increased risk of death. In a review of subjects after three years 73.5% of the incontinent group had died while only 34.9% of those originally continent had died. Because incontinent elderly people are commonly frail, with a number of conditions contributing to the disorder, the extent of investigation of the disorder needs to be carefully assessed for each patient.