jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Insights into the physiomodulatory role of histaminergic receptors in vertebrate skin pigmentation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

All organisms, from simple invertebrates to complex human beings, exist in different colors and patterns, which arise from unique distribution of pigments throughout the body. Being the largest organ of the body, skin is always under the influence of internal and external factors that often react to certain intrinsic agents in an unorthodox manner, modifying the integral pigmentation patterns and resulting into complex physiological aberrancies. One of these intrinsic agents involved in numerous immunological and non-immunological processes within the body is histamine. Histamine mediates its multifarious biological activities stimulated by various immunological and non-immunological stimuli via differential expression of its four classes of receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4) on effector cells. Interestingly, recent studies have described the expression of functional histamine receptors in vertebrate pigment cells melanocytes, emphasizing the potential physiomodulatory effects of this molecule in the phenomenon of skin pigmentation. This noteworthy finding has opened numerous perspectives to elucidate several contentions regarding skin-related conditions. The focus of this review is to provide an updated overview of the involvement and role of histamine and its receptors together with the physiological and pharmacological aspects of their agonists and antagonists impinging the phenomenon of pigmentation and the mechanisms by which they do so.
Quality of life assessment in oral health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

医療を評価するうえで，主観的指標の重要性が注目されている．代表的な主観的指標として，生活の質（Quality of Life：QOL）や症状，満足度などが挙げられる．QOLは広く使用されている言葉であるが，その定義や概念は専門分野によってさまざまである．
Stereo- and enantio-controlled synthesis of (+)-juvabione and (+)-epijuvabione from (+)-norcamphor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

(+)-Juvabione and (+)-epijuvabione, natural sesquiterpenes exhibiting insect juvenile hormone activity, have been synthesized with complete stereo- and enantio-control using (+)-norcamphor as the chiral precursor via both the enantiomeric bicyclo[3.2.1]octenone intermediates.
A Tin‐Free Regioselective Radical De‐O‐benzylation by an Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer on Carbohydrate Templates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Der bemerkenswerte 1,7-Transfer eines benzylischen Wasserstoffatoms auf ein O-Silylmethylen-Radikal löst die regioselektive De-O-benzylierung von benzylierten Sacchariden aus. Die Reaktion endet mit einem ionischen Schritt und kann allgemein auf verschiedenartig funktionalisierte Substrate mit benzylierten Hydroxygruppen angewendet werden. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Head Shape and Size of Adult Males as Possible Indicators of Childhood Stress in Northern Jordan (1900–1978): A Study in Human Biology and Political Economy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Stature, sitting height, stature by weight, and head circumference change with varying economic conditions during early childhood. Our hypothesis is that adult head shape, as well as head size, is influenced by changes in childhood nutrition. When economic conditions are bad, nutrition and health suffer, and the result is dolichocephaly. To test this hypothesis, we measured the head length, width, and circumference of 398 adult males in Jordan. Fifty-six percent are ethnic Jordanians, and 44% are ethnic Palestinians. We divided the modern history of Jordan and the West Bank into four periods developed from historical economic data. The results of the study show that the cephalic index (CI) among Jordanians increased significantly with economic improvement but decreased slightly during the best economic period, whereas CI remained stable across all periods among Palestinians. The pattern among Jordanians can be explained in terms of maternal environment and early childhood nutrition. The lack of pattern in Palestinians may be due to changing nursing practices, bottle feeding, or sleeping position. When economic conditions were bad, Jordanian mothers and infants suffered from malnutrition and deficits in health care services during pre- and postnatal periods. Infants were born with very low birth weight and longer heads. However, the highest mean value of head size, circumference, among Jordanians and Palestinians is obtained from individuals who were children during the bad economic period, an unexpected result. No significant linear or quadratic trend was found for either Palestinians' or Jordanians' head circumference over time.
REPAIR OF THE EXIT WOUND OF A PERFORATING GLOBE INJURY WITH THE AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE: A SURGICAL ADJUVANT FOR EARLY VITRECTOMY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To describe the use of the amniotic membrane for the repair of the exit wound of a perforating injury involving the retina and the choroid. Methods: Case report. Results: A 46-year-old man presented one day after a perforating ocular injury with an exit wound close to the inferior temporal retinal vascular arcade. The next day, the patient underwent a combined vitrectomy and phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. During vitrectomy, a retinochoroidectomy was performed at the exit wound and the internal limiting membrane was peeled over the macula and up to the exit wound. Laser retinopexy was followed by plugging of a piece of the amniotic membrane to the exit wound. A second piece of the amniotic membrane was used to cover the bare retinochoroidectomy area. The surgery was concluded with a silicone exchange. Postoperatively, no sign of proliferative vitreoretinopathy was observed, and at 3 months, the silicone oil was removed. The follow-up was uneventful, and the eye achieved a final visual acuity of 20/30. Conclusion: The amniotic membrane may offer a simple and safe solution for the repair of the exit wounds of perforating injuries involving the retina and the choroid. The use of the amniotic membrane for this purpose may afford the opportunity for early vitrectomy in the management of perforating ocular injuries.
Design and Implementation of VRRP and BFD Linkage Technology in Campus Information Service Platform Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The smart campus information service platform relies on the new generation of information technology to provide various "one-stop" services for teachers, students, and parents. More and more teachers and students are using information service platforms to obtain relevant information, so the real-time and reliable response of network servers to public network access is becoming increasingly important. The uplink, as a key link connecting network users and the Internet, requires reliable and stable uplink to ensure the reliability and efficiency of data transmission, whether it is cloud services, online interaction, or data upload and download in smart campuses. This article proposes a joint monitoring scheme using BFD and VRRP. By studying how to integrate BFD and VRRP technologies into existing network architectures, as well as their collaborative work mechanisms, real-time monitoring of uplink status and rapid fault transfer can be achieved, thereby improving the reliability and stability of the network.
City Politician 1771–1775

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter discusses Wilkes' time in the City of London, which engrossed his political attention in the early 1770s. He deployed his popularity in the city to combat and embarrass the King's government as embodied in the North ministry. He also used this time to wait until the next general election, which was held in 1775. It was during this period when more successes and less failure marked his political career, which are also discussed in detail.
Improved image segmentation method based on Otsu thresholding and level set techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Image segmentation is a complex task in the field of image processing and computer vision, as it faces challenges such as noise, low contrast, and intensity variations. Due to the simplicity, efficiency, and ease of implementation of the Otsu algorithm, as well as its ability to improve accuracy in complex scenarios and enhance robustness against noise and lighting variations, a new grayscale pixel probability selection method has been proposed based on the classic Otsu method and Chan-Vese level set. By applying the Bayesian probability formula, the probability of a grayscale pixel is determined by the global prior and non-local prior. This improved Otsu method is combined with the Chan-Vese level set curve evolution method, resulting in a better image segmentation approach. Comparative experiments have demonstrated the advantages of this method.
Konservasi Tanaman Pangan, Obat, dan Pewarna Berdasarkan Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Desa Sesait, Kecamatan Kayangan, Kabupaten Lombok Utara

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The history of Sesait Village, which used to be 90% of the Kayangan sub-district area. The tradition in Sesait Village is the rules for nurak like "aji makem" in the belek grave. This tradition uses plants as the main ingredients in this tradition. The plants used are betel leaves, bitter melon (pare bulu/pare rau), beleleng, elas. The food, dye and medicinal plants in Sesait Village are very diverse. Food, dye and medicinal plants have various benefits, not only as food, dye and medicinal plants. Efforts to conserve food, dye and medicinal plants are carried out by the people of Sesait Village by planting these plants in their own yards
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Complicated by Coccidiosis and Helminthiasis in Goats: A Case Report

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Two adult brown West African Dwarf goats were presented to the large animal clinic unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Agriculture, Makurdi because of respiratory distress, nasal discharges, anorexia, weakness and diarrhoea. The goats were examined and blood and faecal samples were collected and taken to clinical pathology and parasitology laboratories respectively. Nasal swab was also taken to microbiology laboratory for culture and sensitivity test. The haematology result was within normal limit. Faecal examination showed Eimeria Oocyst and ova of strongyle. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the nasal swab. The animals were dewormed with ivermectin 200ìg/kg and treated with sulphadimidine subcutaneously for five days. The animals recovered after the treatments and were discharged.
Drug-induced nephropathy: a brief overview of prevention, diagnosis, treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Drug-induced nephropathy (DN) is a common cause of kidney injury in outpatients and hospitalized patients, affecting approximately 20% of the adult population. DN occurs especially often when patients are treated with antibiotics, antiviral, antitumor drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A detailed collection of pharmacological and allergological history and assessment of potential risk factors for drug nephrotoxicity are key to DN prevention and diagnosis. The article briefly covers the mechanisms of development and clinical phenotypes of DN, criteria for diagnosis, principles of patient management, including general prevention of DN and prevention of kidney injury associated with certain medications.
After the Dismantling of Districts and Merging of Townships, the Management Structure of Rural Education Must Not Change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Along with the smooth implementation of reforms in the political structure, the work of "dismantling districts and merging townships" is now being extended to all parts of the country. After the Hunan provincial party committee and people's government issued Document No. 6 at the beginning of this year, stipulating the dismantling of districts and merging of townships, the "four powers" of education, i.e., personnel, finances, materials, and affairs, were given over to management by the townships; education administrations at the county level have been playing only a guiding role. This change, which concerns the management structure of rural education, has elicited fairly strong repercussions in all quarters high and low throughout the province.
Form Imagery to Colors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The self-reported form imagery of 118 Ss to 4 color primaries was obtained along 5 dimensions, including shape, size, and directionality. All colors evoked nearly every qualitative and quantitative descriptive category of form. Form images were also differentiated by sex and individual differences in ease of imagery These findings regarding color and form perception, not previously reported, were discussed in terms of their methodological implications and future research possibilities.
COMPUTERISED TURKISH VERSIONS OF TESTS FORCENTRAL AUDITORY PROCESSING DISORDER

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background To detect central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), a test battery is needed that probes the integrity of the central auditory nervous system and describes its response parameters. The audiologist needs to select a well-designed test battery that examines a variety of auditory performance areas. Computer-controlled adaptive tests are recommended because they maximise test efficiency and minimise floor and ceiling effects as well as minimising memory load. In order to increase test efficiency and minimise difficulties and training, we adapted computerised versions of the Frequency Pattern test and the Duration Pattern test. Material and Methods The present study was conducted at Hacettepe University, Turkey, in the Faculty of Medicine’s Otorhinolarnygology Department, Audiology and Speech Pathology Unit. In total, 80 children (43 girls, 37 boys) aged between 7 years 0 months and 11 years 11 months were recruited. Each participant completed an informed consent form and a biographical survey prior to the tests. All tests were administered according to instructions at a comfortable listening level on a calibrated laptop computer which delivered a ‘Frequency Pattern’ test and a ‘Duration Pattern’ test. Results Normative test results are presented. Scores obtained by both tests were evaluated as percent scores for clinical study. Conclusions We adapted the computerised versions of the Frequency Pattern and Duration Pattern tests. Norm percent scores were obtained. We are continuing development of a computerised test battery that will include “gaps in noise” and “dichotic digits” tests using touch-screen protocols.
Microstructure-Weighted Connectomics: dual-site validation of a diffusion MRI protocol for mapping brain structural connectivity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Motivation: Microstructure-weighted connectomes offer valuable insights into brain pathology mechanisms. To ensure a reliable analysis, diffusion model parameters and connectome metrics must remain consistent across protocols and scanners. Goal(s): This work aimed to validate a four-shell diffusion MRI protocol for structural connectome reconstruction and assess the consistency of the extracted network metrics across acquisitions. Approach: Phantom and in-vivo data were acquired on two 3T scanners and processed with DTI and NODDI models. Connectomes were reconstructed from in-vivo data and modelled as undirected weighted networks. Results: The four-shell protocol yielded stable and consistent fit results. Network metrics from microstructure-weighted connectomes demonstrated good agreement across scanners. Impact: This study demonstrates the reproducibility of microstructure-weighted connectomes, supporting their use in investigating brain connectivity. By integrating detailed microstructural information from advanced models like NODDI, these connectomes offer richer characterisation of brain structures, contributing to improved understanding of brain diseases.
An Analysis of the Discovery and Elimination Algorithm in the P2P Environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the current P2P environment the reliability of the P2P system mainly depends on the connection among the nodes in the overlay network, in which cut vertex poses the major threat. Dysfunction of a few cut vertexes can lead to the disconnection of the overlay network. Aiming at improving the expensive cost in communication of the CAM algorithm, this paper puts forward another cut vertex algorithm of passive mode without extra communication cost. The method can auto determine whether itself is a cut vertex and take measures to eliminate instability which it may cause. It has the advantage of high accuracy, low cost and high adaptability.
Mobile IP in UTMS networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This dissertation gives an overview on Mobile IP. It also describes the inner life of GPRS, from which the UMTS standard is an evolution. An overview is given from UMTS and the differences between the GPRS and UMTS standards are pointed out. The study concentrates on Mobile IP in UMTS. How and why Mobile IP should be used in UMTS, and how Mobile IP should be changed to meet the requirements of commercial computing, are questions that this dissertation addresses. The conclusion of this dissertation is one answer based on one investigation if Mobile IP is feasible as the basis of cellular packet data system mobility management.
A didactical approach of large-scale electricity generation systems at the elementary school level

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This work refers to the organising principles and content of a didactical intervention (addresses to children aged 11-12) related to the concept of energy on large- scale electricity generation systems (thermoelectric power plants, hydroelectric power plants, wind farms, photovoltaic farms). These organising principles refer to: (a) the structure and the content of school knowledge of the teaching subject where we distinguish for levels of approach: the phenomenological, the technological, the scientific and the environmental level, (b)the constructivist approach of teaching and learning science which is based on the assumptions that children in the age of 11-12 years using the linear causal reasoning and the systemic thinking will be able to construct a semi-quantitative energy model that is proper to the description and the explanation of large-scale electricity generation systems, and (c)the pedagogical context based on the practice of problem situations and the socio-cognitive approach of teaching. There will also be presented the didactical aims and some elements of the content of didactical intervention which derive from the basic organising principles above mentioned.
Type specimens of Cactaceae names in the Berlin Herbarium (B) [De herbario berolinensi notulae 48]

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A short history of the Cactaceae holdings of the Berlin herbarium and their fate is provided. While a considerable number of historical spirit specimens have escaped the destruction of the herbarium during World War II, the pre-1943 collection of pressed specimens was lost almost entirely. More than half of the present Cactaceae holdings of B were made on the base of cultivated material. The importance of these ?Garden Herbarium? specimens is stressed, especially for succulent plants, where much of the type material, even of recently described taxa, is of insufficient quality or even fragmentary. A complete survey of all extant Cactaceae specimens at B (including the material recently transferred from the former KOELN herbarium) has resulted in a detailed and commented list of type specimens and specimens derived from cultivated descendants of type collections. Nomenclatural and typification problems encountered during this compilation are discussed. A list of photographs preserved at B depicting type material located in other herbaria, is also given. Lectotypes are selected for the names Cereus lamprospermus, C. rhodoleucanthus, C. stenogonus, C. xanthocarpus, Echinocactus umadeave, Echinopsis rhodotricha, Pilocereus setosus, Rebutia steinbachii and Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele var. lausseri.
Analysis of the Pinus sylvestris L. plus tree gene pool in Karelia using microsatellite loci

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this work, based on the results of the microsatellite loci (PtTX2123, PtTX2146, Spac11.8) tests, we provided a comparative evaluation of the genetic structures and levels of genetic diversity of the following populations: two plus stands from Velikaya Guba and Zaozerye, four natural populations from Vodlozero, Zaonezye, Kivach, Sortavala, and a clonal seed orchard of Scots pine. Unlike the natural populations, which were represented by intact rocky pine forests growing on relatively poor soils, the plus stands were represented by secondary v. myrtillus forest stands formed on relatively fertile soils. Amplification of the microsatellite loci of the studied populations and the seed orchard of Scotch pine helped to identify 32 alleles in total. Overall, the allelic diversity of the plus stands proved to be close to the mean value for the studied populations. The tested natural populations, plus stands, and the seed orchard of Scots pine are characterized by different levels of genetic variability. The plus stands, featuring better growing conditions in comparison with the natural populations, demonstrated an intermediate level of genetic diversity. However, the differences between them and the natural populations were statistically unreliable, and the only statistically significant parameter was the Wright fixation index F. The maximum values of this index (0.142 and 0.106) indicate a significant deficit of heterozygotes in the Scots pine plus stands.
Rotator Cuff Disorders: A Survey of Current Uk Physiotherapy Practice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Shoulder pain is a common problem and disorders of the rotator cuff are considered to be the commonest cause of this pain. Despite this, there is a paucity of high-quality research upon which to base practice. There is a clear need to determine the range of current practice as a basis upon which to inform future research. Objectives To describe current physiotherapy practice in relation to the assessment and management of rotator cuff disorders and to gain an insight into the perceived research needs of physiotherapists in the UK. Methods An electronic survey was developed and responses were sought in relation to a case report considered to represent a patient with a typical rotator cuff disorder. Results A total of 110 surveys were completed. The respondents stated that they would undertake a range of diagnostic tests, offer a wide variety of interventions and offer a broad prediction of prognosis. Conclusion Current physiotherapy practice in relation to rotator cuff disorders is variable, which might reflect the lack of high-quality evidence available. There is a clear need for high-quality research to inform physiotherapy practice in this burdensome area.