jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Contemporary Ijtihad in Malaysia: Analysis on Fatwas of Malaysian National Fatwa Council

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning by qualified jurist) has been a siginificant process in the development of Islamic Law as witnessed throughout the history of Muslim society. Ijtihad has always been an important tool and source for Muslims to find Islamic rulings on various current and newcoming issues which they found no direct answers both in the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad’s traditions. As a largest community in Malaysia, Muslim society which form 60% of 30 million of total population experiences a lot of new issues in their current life, from issues of personal religious duties to various mundane issues such as economics, ethnic relations, medicines etc. The urgent need of religious answers for these issues has engendered a rapid growth of ijtihad in its various form: fatwas (edicts), academic researches and legislation. This paper focuses on fatwas issued by Malaysian National Fatwa Council as it is regarded as highest and respectable religious institution in Malaysia. This institution has issued more than three hundred fatwas since its establishment in 1970. In completing this paper the reasearcher uses the datas acquired through funded research grant by University Malaya (RG421-12HNE) which is undertaken from 2012 until 2014.
Depressant Drugs: Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) are central nervous system (CNS) depressants. GHB is both a metabolite and a precursor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acts on both GABA-B and at their own so-called GHB receptors. GHB/GBL also release noradrenaline and therefore produce, at low doses, euphoric effects similar to those of stimulants. The effects of GHB usually occur 15–20 minutes after ingestion, with peak effects at 30–60 minutes after use. Effects can last for up to 3–4 hours. GHB is undetectable in urine after approximately 12 hours.
The macrobenthic communities and distribution of the Lancang River

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The macrobenthic species composition,distribution and biomass in the Lancang River were investigated from April,2009 to August,2011.Total 119 taxa of macrobenthic belonging to 66 families,7 classes and 4 phyla were indentified.The average density and biomass of macrobenthic were 243.2ind./m2 and 13 016.8 mg/m2,respectively.The density and biomass(from upstream to downstream) of macrobenthic presented a high-low-high mode.Diversity of benthic fauna downstream is higher than that in the upstream and midstream.For the similar habitat sites,the cluster analysis revealed that the macrobenthic composition was similar.Compared with the Nu River,the macrobenthic density and biomass composition were not significantuy different,but the Lancang benthic species River were significantly higher than those in the Nu River.
Persistent mTORC1 signaling in cell senescence results from defects in amino acid and growth factor sensing

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and cell senescence are intimately linked to each other and to organismal aging. Inhibition of mTORC1 is the best-known intervention to extend lifespan, and recent evidence suggests that clearance of senescent cells can also improve health and lifespan. Enhanced mTORC1 activity drives characteristic phenotypes of senescence, although the underlying mechanisms responsible for increased activity are not well understood. We have identified that in human fibroblasts rendered senescent by stress, replicative exhaustion, or oncogene activation, mTORC1 is constitutively active and resistant to serum and amino acid starvation. This is driven in part by depolarization of senescent cell plasma membrane, which leads to primary cilia defects and a resultant failure to inhibit growth factor signaling. Further, increased autophagy and high levels of intracellular amino acids may act to support mTORC1 activity in starvation conditions. Interventions to correct these phenotypes restore sensitivity to the mTORC1 signaling pathway and cause death, indicating that persistent signaling supports senescent cell survival.
Broadband Dual-Polarized Stacked Patch Antenna with High Isolation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a wideband dual-polarized stacked patch antenna at S-band with high port isolation is presented.By adopting the structure of H-shaped coupling slots placed in "T" configuration, the proposed antenna achieves dual polarizations and high port isolation, and the impedance bandwidth is significantly enhanced by the use of stacked structure.The antenna is designed, fabricated and measured.The measured return loss exhibits an impedance bandwidth (S11 < -10 dB) of over 31% at both ports.The isolation between two ports is better than 40 dB and cross-polarization discriminations in both E and H planes are better than 21 dB within the forward half-space over the entire band.
Endothelial function in humans. Studies of forearm resistance vessels.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The endothelium is increasingly recognized as a modulator of vascular tone, and evidence also is accumulating for an important role of the endothelium in humans in vivo. Endothelial release of prostacylin appears to regulate hyperemic blood flow after ischemia and muscle exercise, and the potent vasodilating properties of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) are well established. Tonic release of EDRF plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone in normal subjects, and a reduction of EDRF release in response to muscarinergic stimulation has been described in subjects with uncomplicated hypertension and also in hyperlipidemic patients. These observations point toward an early disturbance of endothelial function in disorders known as risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, altered EDRF release and responsiveness to stimuli may be involved in the disturbed regulation of peripheral vascular tone in congestive heart failure. The physiological role of the vasoconstricting peptide endothelin-1 is not yet defined, but the study of the vascular actions of the peptide in humans has shown a vasodilating effect (for low dosages or when the vasconstricting effects are blocked), as well as a marked and long-lasting vasoconstricting effect. Although the mechanisms leading to vasodilation are not clear in humans, endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction appears to be completely dependent on the activity of voltage-operated calcium channels and can be blocked by organic calcium antagonists but not by nitrovasodilators or EDRF. Further clarification of the role of the endothelium will provide a better understanding of circulatory physiology and pathophysiology and eventually may lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities.
Landscapes of Capital: Representing Time, Space, and Globalization in Corporate Advertising

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Detailed Table of Contents Acknowledgements 1.Mapping the symbolic landscape of corporate capital 2. Dreamworks of the new economy' 3. Landscapes of fictitious capital 4. The social relations of production in the network economy 5. Landscapes of speed: blurred visions of capital 6. Deterritorialized and reterritorialized: the semiotic architecture of capital 7. The cultural geography of the corporate imaginary 8. Mapping the terrain in a sign economy Bibliography
Computer Assisted Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The broad range of Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) represents the integration of computer technology in surgical procedures for presurgical planning, guiding or manipulation. Surgical robots and surgical endoscopic navigation are the most challenging applications to urology. A surgical robot is defined as a computer-controlled manipulator with artificial sensing which can be programmed to move, and position tools to carry out surgical tasks. In urology, robots have been tested in two areas: endourology and laparoscopy Surgical navigation allows the surgeon to process data from pre- and intraoperative sources, aiming at purification and presentation of the most relevant information. Image-guided systems (IGS), augmented reality (AR) and navigation in endoscopic soft tissue surgery represent the three main topics of surgical urological navigation. IGS involve matching the coordinates from medical imaging (preoperative registration) with coordinates from the patient in the operating room (registration and updating images). IGS have become the standard of care in providing navigational assistance during neurosurgery, offering subsurface and functional information to the surgeon.
High-temperature removal of cadmium compounds using solid sorbents

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh-temperature removal of cadmium compounds using solid sorbentsMohit Uberoi and Farhang ShadmanCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 7, 1285–1289Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00019a009https://doi.org/10.1021/es00019a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views411Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ORIGINAL ARTICLE DISTANT METASTASES AFTER TRANSORAL LASER MICROSURGERY FOR LARYNGEAL AND HYPOPHARYNGEAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(TLM) resection of laryngeal–hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas has become a standard procedure. The objective was to evaluate whether there is a relationship between TLM and a higher incidence of distant metastases. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 340 con-secutive patients with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with TLM. Results. Distant metastases occurred in 24 of 340 (7.1%) patients. The mean time of distant metastases diagnosis was 19.1 months (range, 1–41) postsurgery. Univariate study demon-strated an association with alcoholism (p 5.008), tumor site (p&lt;.001), grade of differentiation (p 5.032), stage (p&lt;.001), tumor classification (T; p5.001), node involvement (N; p&lt;.001), extracapsular node spread (p&lt;.001), and positive surgical mar-gin (p 5.004). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, loca-tion (sinus piriform: OR 5 15.37, p 5.025), node involvement (N2: OR 5 7.36, p 5.003; N3: OR 5 19.28, p 5.027), and the affected surgical margin (OR 5.32; p 5.005) predicted an increased likelihood of distant metastases. Conclusions. Development of distant metastases after TLM in patients with squamous cell carcinoma depends mainly on the tumor site, the presence of metastatic lymph node disease, and the margin status after resection. VC 2008 Wiley Periodi-
Exploring the Ingredient Choices and Maximum Budget for Fresh Food Boxes in Taiwan

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Fresh food boxes have been popular in many countries for providing convenience and supporting local production, while the convenient access of various market channels in Taiwan makes it difficult to develop. The COVID-19 events shed light on the opportunity to promote fresh food boxes. Due to the complexity of consumer preferences, it is important to investigate the market opportunity of fresh food boxes. A total of 748 valid survey data were collected throughout Taiwan from July to September in 2019. The analysis of variance and interval regression model with random utility theory was adopted to explore food product preferences and to elicit the maximum budget for the fresh food box. Results show that marrow vegetables, fruits, and meats are the major categories that must be included in the list of the fresh food box. The average maximum budget for a fresh food box is about NTD 702 (about USD 25), while the highest maximum budget can reach up to NTD 1202 (about USD 43) for some potential consumers. Although fresh food boxes have a market opportunity in Taiwan, the market potential may be more focused on those who have online market shopping experiences. Marketers would need more marketing strategies to enhance more potential shoppers to adopt the online purchase for fresh food boxes.
Automatic Inspection, Diagnostic and Prognostic System (AIDAPS) - Test Cell Data Collection and Technical Support.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report covers the work accomplished in direct support to the AIDAPS prototype development. Work covered includes: test cell data for the AIDAPS developer to use in determining diagnostic and prognostic logic; collection of engineering data and technical support for AIDAPS integration into the UH-1 and AH-1 aircraft; and providing technical representation at AIDAPS development sites. AIDAPS was intended for use in Army aircraft and was intended to be used to reduce maintenance cost and improve flight safety by continuous in-flight monitoring of aircraft subsystems.
Thin-film coating of vibro-fluidized microparticles via R. F. Magnetron sputtering

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent improvements in microparticle synthesis and handling have prompted new research into the engineering and fabrication of single and multilayered microspheres through traditional physical and chemical vapor depositions. At the University of Delaware, we have developed a custom batch coating process utilizing a vibro-fluidized mixing vessel to deposit thin-films onto the surface of microparticle substrates through R.F. magnetron sputtering. This process opens up a number of design possibilities for single and multilayered microsphere technologies that can be used to improve the optical performance of several optical filtering applications. Through the use of custom design and simulation software, we have optimized a number of filter designs and validated these findings through commercial software. Specifically, we have aimed to improve upon the mass extinction performance seen by traditional materials in the long wave infrared spectrum (LWIR, λ=8-12μm). In order to do this, we have run a series of experiments aimed at creating ultra-lightweight metallic hollow-spheres. Aluminum thin-films have been successfully deposited onto a number of substrates including hollow glass microspheres, high density polyethylene microspheres, and polystyrene foam spheres. By depositing the thin-films onto polymer substrates we have been able to remove the solid core after deposition through a thermal decomposition or chemical dissolution process, in an effort to reduce particle mass and improve mass extinction performance of the filter. A quantum cascade laser measurement system has been used to characterize the optical response of these fabricated aluminum hollow-spheres and have largely agreed with the expected simulated results.
[Extending the survival time of allogenic rat kidney transplants by PUVA treatment of the recipient].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After temporary postoperative PUVA treatment of the graft recipient the survival time of rat renal allotransplants is significantly prolonged. In the semiallogeneic F1 model all animals survived without rejection signs. The mechanism of action should be cleared and as adjunctive method introduced into clinical organ transplantation.
All-inclusive Safety Models Limit Imaging Performance at 7T

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Safety models on scanners are patient-position unaware and may include multiple patient positions to ensure safety. This may lead to overestimation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and limit scanning performance. This study investigates the effect of an all-inclusive safety model on SAR estimation for parallel-transmit and quadrature-excitation at 7T. Results show that more than 4-fold SAR overestimation can be commonly observed. RF shimming suffered the most, with 11-fold overestimation at the worst-case and more than 4-fold overestimation in 37% of cases. RF shimming also offered the lowest peak local SAR and may be unnecessarily penalized by overconservative safety models.
Translational Cell & Animal Research in Space 1965-2011

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Translational Cell and Animal Research (TCAR). For nearly 50 years, the NASA Space Biology Program has funded, and Ames Research Center (ARC) has managed, a robust program of fundamental research including studies using a wide range of animal cells, tissues and organisms. Much of this research was conducted on spacecraft in microgravity environments including diverse platforms such as: Gemini Spacecraft, US Biosatellites, Apollo Command Modules, Skylabs, Russian Biosatellites, NASA Space Shuttles, NASA/Mir, and most recently, the International Space Station (ISS). During the Space Shuttle Era (1981–2011), the science of space biology took an enormous step forward with 45 missions that afforded researchers with new opportunities to conduct systematic and complex experiments aimed at a deeper understanding of how life adapts to the space environment. Beginning in the 1990s, the products of these experiments, comprised of research summaries and rare, unused biospecimens, were collected and catalogued within the ARC Life Sciences Data Archiving Office, a branch of NASA’s Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) managed from the NASA Johnson Spaceflight Center.
Determining Clinically Relevant Measures for Evaluating Recovery in Collegiate Athletes using Heart Rate Variability and RESTQ-Sport

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Effective training involves the accumulation physical stresses in an effort to produce overload and effect physiological change. The ability to quantify the balance of training stress and recovery on an individual basis is lacking, as is the ability to identify athletes who are not fully recovered in order to make changes earlier in their training. Evaluating recovery on a regular basis has the advantage of indicating an increased need for rest prior to performance declines allowing the athlete to resume normal training and competition following a brief respite. The method of collecting this data should be easy and readily available to the athlete, be validated against existing methods and allow for changes that are clinically relevant even if they are not statistically significant. Four separate studies were used to evaluate recovery methods in Collegiate Student athletes using subjective and objective measures. Methods: Heart rate variability was assessed using traditional ECG methods of data collection as well as with photoplethysmography using the flash form a smartphone and a smartphone application. Subjective stress levels were assessed using the RESTQ-Sport and evaluation of training load, the product of minutes trained times RPE. Conclusions: While time domain and frequency domain measures cannot be used interchangeably, the HF power of AR is an acceptable alternative to RMSSD, the preferred time domain measure. There is a clear curvilinear relationship between HRV measures and stress in collegiate athlete however there is not one measure that best associates to any one RESTQ-Sport scale. The use of a smartphone application is acceptable for evaluating the time domain measures of HRV but not the frequency domain measures as the application uses different methods of calculation. The RR intervals obtained from the smartphone can be assessed using Kubios HRV software in order to determine HRV measures. The SRM is an appropriate statistical measure for evaluating change in daily HRV measures for collegiate football players. The 0.5 SD of change appears too conservative of a measure to evaluate change and a 90% CI is more appropriate, especially in athletes who primarily undergo anaerobic training.
<title>Large-area high-resolution thermal neutron imaging detectors</title>

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have developed a high resolution thermal neutron imaging detector, combining a composite solid neutron convertor and a low-pressure gaseous avalanche electron multiplier. Neutron-induced charged particles from a primary convertor element induce multiple low- energy secondary electrons from a second electron-emissive film. These are multiplied in the gas upon their emission. A localization resolution of the order of 0.5 mm (FWHM) was measured with detectors equipped with Gd and Li convertors coated with thin CsI films. These detectors are characterized by good imaging properties (also in divergent neutron beams), fast time resolution, low sensitivity to gamma background, and the capability of operating at very high neutron flux. Possible applications are discussed.
Searching for the source of the Footprint Tuff (Laetoli, Tanzania): a petrological and indicator-mineral perspective

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The East African Rift System represents the world's quintessential example of an active intracontinental rift system. Within the Rift, a complexly stratified 152-m thick tuff sequence at Laetoli (northern Tanzania) is a well-preserved paleoanthropological site. This sequence comprises fossil- and artifact-rich aeolian, water-infiltrated and air-fall tuff beds, the best-known of which is the so-called Footprint Tuff, which hosts the earliest record of hominin bipedalism. This stratified carbonate-rich air-fall tuff unit is located approximately 30 km southwest of the Sadiman volcano. It has been a matter of debate for years whether the Sadiman volcanism could be the source of the Footprint Tuff. Based on the petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological data obtained in the present work, volcanic activity at Sadiman can no longer be ruled out as one of the sources of the Laetolil tuffs because indicator minerals from these two localities (including melilite, garnet, perovskite, titanite and apatite) share many compositional similarities in the distribution and abundance of trace elements. The Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of nephelinites from Sadiman suggest that their parental magmas originated by partial melting of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle source affected by plume activity. An Ar-Ar phlogopite age of 4.3 ± 0.1 Ma, obtained in the present work, provides further constraints on the timing of this magmatism. The possible evolutionary paths of parental magmas were reconstructed for the first time on the basis of petrographic observations and trace-element fractionation models.