jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Ratio of Length of 2nd Digit to 4th Digit (2D:4D) among Transgender Women (MtF) and Cisgender People in South Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Transgender refers to an individual whose gender identity differs from the sex that was assigned at birth. Transgender women (MtF) were assigned male at birth but later recognised themselves as female. The length of the index finger (2D) in males is shorter than the length of the ring finger (4D), resulting in a low finger ratio due to higher androgen levels, whereas in females, the ratio is high due to low androgen levels. The index to ring finger length ratio in males and females is influenced by testosterone hormone levels during early foetal life, exhibiting sexual dimorphism. The 2D:4D ratio serves as one of the determinants for future generations to identify the transgender women population. Aim: To determine the 2D:4D ratio among transgender women and the cisgender population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Annapoorana Medical College and Hospitals, Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College Hospitals, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 392 adult participants between 19 years and 60 years of age were selected. The samples of transwomen were collected with the help of the President of Salem Thirunangaigal Nala Sangam (STNS) and Koovagam Koothandavar Temple in Tamil Nadu. Cisgender samples were collected from volunteers in Salem, Tamil Nadu. The 2D and 4D digit lengths of both hands were measured using Digimizer software with the help of images obtained by a Canon 220 photo scanner. Another type of classification was done by naked eye analysis without any calculations, based on which the 2D:4D ratio among males, females and transgender women was categorised into types 1, 2 and 3. The paired t-test was used to compare the male, female and transwomen populations. Results: Out of 392 participants, 122 were cis females, 130 were cis males and 140 were transgender females. The p-value of the mean 2D:4D ratio was found to be significant in the right and left hands when comparing the 2D:4D ratio of males with females and transgender women with females. The p-value of the 2D:4D ratio for males with transgender women in the right and left hands was 0.451 and 0.943, respectively, which was statistically insignificant due to the high levels of androgen in these two groups. Conclusion: The present study helps scientists in the gender study field to advance their knowledge about transgender individuals, which can fill the gaps in available information and overcome existing lacunae in this field.
Novel Porphyrin Zr Metal–Organic Framework (PCN-224)-Based Ultrastable Electrochemiluminescence System for PEDV Sensing

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The sensitive detection of coronavirus is of vital importance for the prevention of its rapid spread. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and death in neonatal piglets. In this work, a novel PCN-224-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system was constructed for PEDV detection with high sensitivity. We found that PCN-224 can be employed as an ECL reporter with a strong signal because of its zirconium-based organic porous frame nanomaterial with a large specific surface area and stable structure. TiO2 nanoparticles were used as an accelerator for the first time to promote the reduction of coreactant potassium peroxydisulfate on the cathode; thus, the initial ECL signal of PCN-224 was significantly amplified. In the presence of PEDV, the ECL signal decreased due to the block effect to electron transfer. As a result, the novel "signal off" biosensor achieved a sensitive detection of PEDV ranging from 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.4 pg/mL (S/N = 3). Importantly, the PCN-224 nanomaterial enriched the ECL system in biological analysis, and the proposed strategy provided a new route for coronavirus detection.
A Fluorous Phosphate Protecting Group with Applications to Carbohydrate Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first fluorous protecting group for phosphate is reported. This group can be used as a facile tag for purification and be removed under mild reducing conditions using zinc and ammonium formate. Synthesis of a disaccharide from <i>Leishmania</i> using this fluorous protecting group demonstrated the group’s stability to the acidic conditions necessary for glycosylation as well as its orthogonality to several other common protecting groups.
Medication Optimization Using Pharmacogenomic Testing in a Complex Mental Health Population Prescribed Psychiatric Polypharmacy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The use of polypharmacy has become significantly more common over the past two decades, increasing the risk of drug–drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) assays have the purported benefit of being able to predict an individual's response to a specific medication based on genetic markers, which may facilitate the development of optimized medication regimens for patients prescribed polypharmacy. This 12‐week pilot study examined the impact of the PGx results on the clinical management of Veterans who were prescribed psychiatric polypharmacy. Psychiatric medication providers were given access to the PGx assay results, including notification of drug–drug–gene interactions computed from an algorithm decision tool, to assist with medication management decisions. Veteran outpatients (N = 53) prescribed polypharmacy (mean = 13.15 medications) were enrolled into the study. In 92.4% of cases, providers changed medications at baseline, with 83% of providers indicating that they changed their original medication plan based on the PGx results. Clinical improvement over the 12‐week treatment phase was seen in depression ( F (1.63, 45) = 5.45, P = .01, η 2 = .11) and mental health quality of life ( F (2.00, 45) = 4.16, P < .05, η 2 = .16). Adverse drug effects were unchanged or improved over time. Rates of polypharmacy remained unchanged. The results suggest that medication changes based on the PGx assay may be beneficial in a complex patient population prescribed polypharmacy.
Assessing the obstacles to green supply chain management in Bangladesh's footwear industry using SWARA and ISM-MICMAC methods

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study aims to identify and analyze the barriers to Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in the footwear industry of Bangladesh, which is essential for improving sustainability and gaining a potential benefit in the global market. Despite the growth of Bangladesh’s footwear industry, environmental challenges and a lack of green practices have hindered its ability to meet international standards. The study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach, combining Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) with MICMAC (Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification) analysis. Using literature reviews and expert opinions from industry professionals, 19 barriers were initially identified, which were narrowed down to 12 for further analysis. SWARA was used to rank these barriers, while ISM-MICMAC was applied to assess the interrelationships between them. The findings reveal that the most significant barriers to GSCM implementation are insufficient training and poor supplier commitment, followed by a lack of knowledge and experience. The ISM-MICMAC analysis highlights the interdependencies among these barriers, suggesting that addressing one may impact others. This research is novel in its application of a hybrid SWARA-ISM-MICMAC approach to the footwear industry, a sector in Bangladesh that has not been extensively studied in the context of GSCM. The study provides practical implications for managers and policymakers by offering insights into the most critical barriers and their interrelations, guiding targeted interventions. By addressing these barriers, the footwear industry can enhance its sustainability practices, improve market competitiveness, and meet growing environmental demands.
On the Plausibility of Psychotic Hallucinations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we describe several factors that can contribute, from the patient’s viewpoint, to the plausibility of psychotic hallucinations. We sketch then a Plausibility of Hallucinations Scale, consisting of a 50-item questionnaire, which aims at evaluating the degree of plausibility of hallucinations. We also emphasize the utility of pointing out to the patient the several factors that contribute to the plausibility of his/her hallucinations, in the context of cognitive therapy for schizophrenia.
Extending lab results to advices for leadership facilitating creativity in organizations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In today's innovation-dependent environment, organizations should constantly innovate to survive in the marketplace. However, fixation imposes major constraints on the creativity of employees in organizations. In recent years, experimental laboratory studies have proposed leadership-based methods to overcome fixation. In this study, we propose and test a research method that extends the results of these studies to organizations and demonstrate how this can help uncover new organizational leadership variables promoting creativity that are not usually considered in the literature. We use a set of historical and empirical material to validate the importance of including these criteria when studying " leadership for creativity. "
Participation in a datafied environment: questions about data literacy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In politics, participation can be understood as citizen involvement in decision making, including mechanisms for people to intervene in political and social choices, among other areas of action. Those mechanisms are crucial since democracy hinges on civic participation in political life. However, in the big data era, participation is not possible without people’s access to and control of data; that is, civil rights become digital rights. This article deals with data literacy as a filter for participation in a datafied environment and the role of ordinary people in data processes. Because participation in a datafied world depends of people’s ability to enter the fray, questions about where lines can be drawn to separate experts from non-experts (i.e. ordinary citizens) and whether intervention in the data infrastructure requires a degree of data literacy for effective participation constitute a relevant discussion for the practice and theory of activism as a form of political or civic engagement. Political engagement is understood here as coordinated action aimed at problem-solving, campaigning and assisting others. Namely, to rescue political participation in a datafied domain, a degree of skill is necessary. Drawing from a taxonomy of data mining involvement (Kennedy, 2016) and empirical cases of crisis mapping (Gutierrez, 2018a; 2018b), this theoretical article offers conceptualisations to think about what participation entails today.
Lower urinary tract infections and the effects of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women in the Zagreb region [Infekcije donjeg dijela mokraćnog sustava i utjecaj hormonskog liječenja u žena u postmenopauzi na području Zagreba]

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Urinary tract infections (UTI) remain one of the most common bacterial infections seen in adult women of all ages. In postmenopausal women, the aging process contributes to local complaints in the lower urogenital tissue, including UTI. Our study was conducted at gynecological practices of the health centers in the Zagreb region, Croatia, during 2009. The study included postmenopausal women with urinary symptoms divided into two groups: hormone therapy (HT) users and controls. The objectives were to estimate microbiologically proven lower UTIs (LUTIs) in postmenopausal women with urinary symptoms and the effect of regular HT use on microbiologically confirmed LUTIs. Out of 2338 postmenopausal patients, there was a significantly higher rate of women with urinary symptoms in HT users, namely 64.4% (143/221), compared to the control group at 4.8% (102/2116). Of the 245 patients with urinary symptoms, in 58.8% (144/245) the infection was microbiologically confirmed. Hormone therapy users showed a statistically significant lower rate of microbiologically proven LUTIs (46.9%, 67/143) compared to controls (75.5%, 77/102, p < 0.001). Data analysis also showed the efficacy of local as well as systemic HT treatment compared with the control group (p < 0.00, p = 0.049). But there was a significant difference in the frequency of LUTIs between patients who used local (30.3%, 20/66) and systemic (61.1%, 47/77) HT (p < 0.001). The patients who, regulary used therapy, in the local HT group as well as in the group on systemic HT showed a lower incidence of LUTIs compared to controls (p < 0.00, p = 0.006). In patients who did not regulary use therapy, there were no significant differences between either local (63.6%, 7/11)) or systemic (76.9%, 20/26) HT non- regular users and the control group (75. 5%, 77/102) (p = 0.917, p = 0.625). The high percentage of patients with non-microbiologically confirmed LUTIs (41.2%, 101/245) suggested the significant role microbiological testing has in LUTI diagnosis. Both local and systemic HT use was related to LUTI reduction.
Effect of different levels of nitrogen on phonological parameters of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars under different climatic conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of different levels of nitrogen on phonological parameters of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars under different climatic conditions of Punjab (Pakistan) (College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Regional Agriculture Research Institute Bahawalpur and Adaptive Research Farm Dera Ghazi Khan) during the year 2016. These different environments have resulted in the adoption of the same crop management practices and cultivars comprising both conventional and non-conventional varieties (MNH-786 non –Bt and FH-142 and FH-Lalazar Bt) with different doses of nitrogen fertilizer viz. 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg nitrogen per hectare. Results of the experiment showed that among different levels of nitrogen minimum number of days to bud initiation(39.19 days) in Dara Ghazi Khan, flowering ( 50.66 days) in Dara Ghazi Khan, boll opening (99.44 days) Dara Ghazi Khan and boll maturation (108.94 days) in Bahawalpur location was recorded where we applied no dose of nitrogen (0 kg ha-1). While among different varieties the minimum number of days to bud initiation (35.18 days) in Sargodha location by non-BT MNH-786, day to flowering (53.06 days) in Dara Ghazi Khan by non-BT MNH786, day to boll opening (105.19 days) in Dara Ghazi Khan by BT variety FH Lalazar and boll maturation (116.49 days) in Bahawalpur location by cotton cultivar FH 142. It concluded that no application of nitrogen to cotton cultivars under Dera Ghazi Khan location result in maximum phonological parameters of cotton.
Adapting Global Palm Oil Deforestation-free Trade to Benefit Local Economies and Landscapes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Current practices in palm oil production and trade result in economic and conservation trade-offs. •There is an established link between global green deals and environmental certification in palm oil and local economic downturns and environmental benefits in palm-oil-producing countries. •This brief recommends that all palm oil producing and market countries adopt policies and practices that align with the UK and EU's green deal
Digital Inequality in East Asia: Evidence from Japan, South Korea, and Singapore

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the extent and causes of digital inequality in three countries of East Asia: Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Using individual-level microdata collected in the three countries between 1997 and 2000, the study highlights differences in the socioeconomic and demographic patterns of technology adoption, usage, and skills across countries and over time. Despite the high overall diffusion rates of information communication technology (ICT) in all three countries, there remain clear divides in access and use among various demographic groups. Household income, education, and gender are the key determinants of digital inequality in all three countries, but there is sizable variation in their magnitudes. In general, inequality in ICT access, use, and skills reflects pre-existing inequality in other socioeconomic areas.
Dynamic Obstacle Detection Using Visually Informed Scan Matching

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a real-time dynamic obstacle detection algorithm using a scan matching method considering image information from a mobile robot equipped with a camera and a laser scanner. By combining image and laser scan data, we extract a scan segment corresponding to the dynamic obstacle. To complement the performance of scan matching, poor in dynamic environments, the extracted scan segment is temporarily removed. After obtaining a good robot position, the position of the dynamic obstacle is calculated based on the robot’s position. Through two experimental scenarios, the performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated.
Data and scripts from "Congruent trophic pathways underpin global coral reef food webs"

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ecological interactions uphold ecosystem structure and functioning. However, as species richness increases, the number of possible interactions rises exponentially. More than 6,000 species of coral reef fishes exist across the world’s tropical oceans, resulting in an almost innumerable array of possible trophic interactions. Distilling general patterns in these interactions across different bioregions stands to improve our understanding of the processes that govern coral reef functioning. Here, we show that across bioregions, tropical coral reef food webs exhibit a remarkable congruence in their trophic interactions. Specifically, by compiling and investigating the structure of six coral reef food webs across distinct bioregions, we show that when accounting for consumer size and resource availability, these food webs share more trophic interactions than expected by chance. In addition, coral reef food webs are dominated by dietary specialists, which makes trophic pathways vulnerable to biodiversity loss. Prey partitioning among these specialists is geographically consistent, and this pattern intensifies when weak interactions are disregarded. Our results suggest that energy flows through coral reef communities along broadly comparable trophic pathways. Yet, these critical pathways are maintained by species with narrow, specialized diets, which threatens the existence of coral reef functioning in the face of biodiversity loss.
Serum alkaline phosphatase types in North American indians and negroes.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Arfors, Beckman, and Lundin, 1963a, b; Shreffler, 1964; Beckman, 1964; Evans, 1965; Bamford, Harris, Luffman, Robson, and Cleghorn, 1965).Arfors et al. (1963a) reported that phosphatase type 2 (Pp 2) was uncommon in people having blood group A. Beckman (1964) also demonstrated that the frequency of Pp 2 was correlated with the ABO blood groups, being present in 30% of group 0 and B subjects, 15% of AB, and only 2% of the A group.In contrast with results given by Shreffler (1964), Beckman did not find a significant dif- ference in the frequency of Pp 2 between A1 and A2 subjects.The association of phosphatase types with the secretor phenomenon was originally suggested by Arfors et al. (1963b) because of the highly signifi- cant correlation of phosphatase type with the Lewis red blood cell groups.It has been shown that in adults, Le (a-b+) subjects are salivary secretors on ABH substance; those who are Le (a+ b -) are non-secretors; and those who are Le (a-b-) are usually, but not invariably, secretors (Race and Sanger, 1962).Arfors et al. (1963b) examined group 0 donors and found that the sera from all 16 Le (a + b-) subjects, presumably non-secretors, formed a single major zone in starch gel zymograms stained for phosphatases (phosphatase type 1, Pp 1).Of 41 sera from Le (a -b +) subjects, presumably secretors, 30 produced in addition a less rapidly migrating zone (phosphatase type 2, Pp 2).Shref- fler (1964) found that amongst the secretors of ABH substances, Pp 2 was present in decreasing amount according to the ABO blood group: 0 or B> A2
Analysis of Migrant Children's Problems and Coping Strategies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the process of social transformation, the scale of population mobility continues to expand, and the group of migrant children continues to grow. This study focuses on the problems of migrant children, comprehensively uses the theories of social stratification, socialization and social integration, and uses literature research, questionnaire survey and interview methods to carry out the analysis. The study found that while the scale of migrant children is growing, they face many difficulties in terms of education, health and family economy, and there are significant problems in social integration, access to educational resources and mental health. In terms of institutional factors, household registration and education policies restrict the protection of their rights and interests. In terms of family factors, educational concepts and economic conditions affect their growth. Among the socio-environmental factors, social discrimination and lack of community support hinder its development. Through case analysis, this paper summarizes the lessons and lessons of successful integration and integration difficulties, draws on relevant experiences at home and abroad, and puts forward solutions from the aspects of improving policies and systems, strengthening family support, and building a social support system, aiming to promote the healthy growth and social integration of migrant children, and promote the harmonious development of society.