jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Accessibility Level of Cigudeg Village as Prospective Capital City of West Bogor Regency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article contains a spatial review concerning the appointment of Cigudeg Village as a candidate of the capital city of Bogor Barat Regency. Bogor Barat Regency is one the regencies are being proposed to be a new regency in West Java Province. This research aimed to determine the feasibility of Cigudeg Village as the capital city candidate from the spatial accessibility point of view. The research begun by proposing other locations instead of Cigudeg Village as a comparison. The selection of village candidates was based on 3 scenarios: (1) all villages in Cigudeg District were deserved to be chosen as the capital city candidates; (2) all villages within the Bogor Barat Regency were deserved to be selected as the capital city candidates; (3) a centroid of Bogor Barat Regency was deserved to be included in the selection of the capital city of Bogor Barat Regency. The analysis of location-allocation weighted by the total population per district, was used to obtain the chosen village based on the above scenarios. The analysis resulted in three different chosen villages, that are Cigudeg (scenario 1), Leuwiliang (scenario 2) and Bayuresmi 2 (scenario 3). A comparative analysis then carried out to choose which village among those three that actually has a highest value of accessibility. Travel distance, travel time, and public transportation cost used a base of comparative analysis. The result of comparative analysis shows that Leuwiliang Village has the highest accessibility level, followed by Cigudeg and Bayuresmi 2 on the third place.
Potential of phenolic compounds and their gut microbiota-derived metabolites to reduce microbial TMA formation: Application of an in vitro fermentation high throughput screening model

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a pro-atherosclerotic product of dietary choline metabolism generated by a microbiome-host axis. The first step in this pathway is enzymatic metabolism of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) by the gut microbiota. This reaction could be targeted to reduce atherosclerosis risk. We aimed to evaluate potential inhibitory effects of select dietary phenolics and their relevant gut microbial metabolites on TMA production via a human ex vivo-in vitro fermentation model. Various phenolics inhibited choline use and TMA production, especially larger compounds or their larger metabolites, without altering cell respiration or cell growth. However, inhibitory effects decreased at late fermentation times, which suggest that these compounds delay choline metabolism rather than completely inhibiting TMA formation. Overall, caffeic acid, catechin and epicatechin were the most effective non-cytotoxic inhibitors of choline use and TMA production. Thus, these compounds are proposed as lead bioactives to test in vivo.
Drug Users and Cannabis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drug abuse is a major social problem faced by all countries. From the past to the present, although there are many different drugs, some have a more important place than others. One of the most important drugs in the drugs trade is cannabis which is the most produced and most used drug substance in the world and in Turkey. It has a different position among other drugs because it is herbal. Over time, this feature has caused a common belief in society that it is harmless. Despite this general belief, it has been proven by many studies that cannabis causes serious damage to individuals’ physical and mental well-being. In this research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 cannabis users living in the Turkish cities of Istanbul (7), Mersin (7) and Diyarbakır (6). In this context, issues such as how cannabis users experience cannabis for the first time, how they make it permanent, and what they experience under the influence of cannabis are analyzed. The conclusion reached is that friends and peers have an important role in drug use. According to the findings, the first experience and the experience when they get high provides important information on drug use. This information is thought to be effective in fighting drug abuse.
Effects of differentially reinforced pre-exposure on simultaneous odour discrimination learning in the albino and pigmented rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Pigmented dark agouti and albino Wistar rats were compared for the effect of differentially reinforced pre-exposure to peppermint as a positive and vanilla as a negative odour cue. Both types of rat showed significantly enhanced performance on the simultaneous odour discrimination task with the same cues, when compared to control groups not pre-exposed to the odour cues. However, the pigmented rats had steeper learning curves than the albinos, with the albino controls performing significantly worse than the other groups. The results are discussed in terms of task components of cue significance and response regulation. It appeared that the response component was more difficult for the albino rats compared to the pigmented rats.
Photoacoustic Characterization of PC/PMMA blends doped with Eu(acac)$_3$

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Samples of PC/PMMA blend having proportion 6/4, 4/6 and 2/8 were doped with acetyl-acetonate of Eu(acac)$_3$ having concentrations of 0-16%. Through Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) the interaction of Eu$^{3+}$ with the blends was studied using the visible range 200-530 nm, monitoring a wide absorption band from 280 to 320 nm, where results pointed that 2/8 blend presents the highest absorption. Preliminary luminescent emission showed higher emission for lower Eu(acac)$_3$ amounts and suggests that the 2/8 blend as more efficient at 615 nm. In addition, it is presented a study of thermal diffusivity and heat capacity evolution related to the doping amount for all blend proportions. Normalized thermal diffusivity is higher for 2/8 blend ($\\alpha_{\\rm mean} \\sim 5.64 \\times 10^{-3}$ cm$^2$s$^{-1}$) and the specific heat was almost constant (c$_{\\rm p(mean)}\\sim 1.66$ Jg$^{-1}$K$^{-1}$).
THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS AS CONDENSERS

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) have been widely used as condensers in process industries during the past years. However, the knowledge about their performance is very limited due to the relatively short experience. In order to further expand this application, work must be carried out to improve the prediction of thermal and hydraulic performance for PHEs as condensers. Therefore, a summary of the current status is of importance, which can identify the future research directions in this field. This paper firstly introduces different types of PHEs and their industrial applications as condensers. The reasons for choosing PHEs as condensers are explained. Afterwards, reviews of the available correlations for predicting heat transfer and pressure drop of vapour condensation for PHEs are conducted. The influence factors (e.g., mass flow rate, pressure, steam quality) on the thermal and hydraulic performance are identified. For the thermal performance, a reasonably good correlation is available for the prediction of condensation heat transfer coefficient, although further verification work is necessary. For the hydraulic performance, there is a big deviation in predicting condensation pressure drop in different works, and intensive research is urgently expected.
Thrombotic microangiopathy, DIC-syndrome and COVID-19: link with pregnancy prothrombotic state

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For last months, humanity has faced a formidable unknown enemy, which is presented as a new coronavirus infection. Despite the fact that the causative agents of new diseases appear at a certain frequency and that the virus SARS-CoV-2 has certain common properties with its predecessors, at the moment we are dealing with a new unknown pathogenesis of the development of severe complications in patients with risk factors. A final understanding of pathological process mechanisms is the goal of the scientific community. Summarizing research data from different countries, it became obvious that in severe cases of viral infection, we are dealing with a combination of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Thrombotic microangiopathy is represented by a group of different conditions in which thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and multiple organ failure occur. The article reflects the main types of TMA, pathogenesis and principles of therapy. The main participants in the process are described in detail, including the von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS-13. Based on the knowledge available, as well as new data obtained from patients with COVID-19, we proposed possible models for the implementation of conditions such as sepsis, TMA, and DIC in patients with severe new coronavirus infection. Through a deeper understanding of pathogenesis, it will be possible to develop more effective diagnosis and therapy.
Features of cultivating dendrological collections in the greenhouses of botanical gardens (as exemplified by greenhouse collections of the BIN RAS Botanical Garden of Peter the Great)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Today, over 12 500 taxa (species, varieties and cultivars) are cultivated in the greenhouse collections of the BIN RAS Botanical Garden of Peter the Great, approximately half of them are a wood and tree-like forms. 241 families are grown in the greenhouses; 154 of them are woody plants, including shrubs and lianes, 15 families are tree-like forms. This report is about the main positive and negative factors faced by greenhouse employees while growing woody forms.
[Clinical, anatomo-pathologic aspects and therapeutic results in 63 malignant ORL non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sixty-three children with non Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the ENT zone (Waldeyer's ring) were treated between 1975 and 1985 at the Institut Gustave-Roussy. The tumors were localized in the cavum (32 cases), tonsils (16 cases), mandibles (9 cases) whereas 6 patients had more than one of these sites involved. At the time of diagnosis, 16 (25%) had neuro-meningeal involvement. Distribution, according to stages and histology was as follows: 4 stages I, 27 stages II, 12 stages III, 17 stages IV and 3 were unclassifiable. A Burkitt type of lymphoma was diagnosed in 37 (58%), a convoluted lymphoblastic type in 6 (10%) and 20 (32%) fell in a broad category of "other lymphoblastic variety" (32%). With regard to therapy, two consecutive time periods could be identified: from 1975 to 1980 all patients were given the same treatment and neuro-meningeal prophylaxis consisted of irradiation of the skull and intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Since 1981, the therapeutic regimen is designed according to the histo-immunological classification of the tumors and neuro-meningeal prophylaxis is carried out with the use of high dose methotrexate. With this new approach the survival rate has increased from 45 to 80% and the incidence of neuromeningeal relapses has decreased.
The Interpretation Error in Molecular Beam Experiments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This study is concerned with the interpretation of the ionization gauge detector signal in a molecular beam experiment as a particular functional of the reflected molecule distribution function, called the nominal value of the detector signal. The detector configurations examined are those used to measure number density and time-of-flight velocity distributions. Expressions for the actual detector signals are established on the basis of the apparatus geometry; the nominal expressions are derived as approximations to the actual signal. Differences between these actual and nominal functionals are examined quantitatively using the Nocilla reflection model. It is found that in the density case the significant apparatus parameter is the solid angle subtended at the detector by the illuminated target area. If this solid angle is large, the error introduced by assuming the detector signal to be represented by the nominal expression becomes significant when the reflection is highly anisotropic. In the velocity distribution measurement, the significant factor is the shutter function. For slow shutter speeds, differences between the actual and nominal expressions for the detector signal increase rapidly as the error in the time the shutter is open increases.
Identification of the MN antigen as a diagnostic biomarker of cervical intraepithelial squamous and glandular neoplasia and cervical carcinomas.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A new tumor-associated antigen, MN, has been identified whose expression correlates with the tumorigenic phenotype of HeLa x fibroblast somatic cell hybrids. Because HeLa is a cell line derived from a cervical carcinoma, we investigated the diagnostic utility of MN expression in cervical neoplasia. It was found that normal cervical tissue does not express the antigen, or does so in occasional focal areas of weakly staining reserve cells. In contrast, significant immunoreactivity (immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded sections) was observed in cervical intraepithelial neoplasias, adenocarcinoma in situ, and frank carcinomas, both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. Varying patterns of immunoreactivity were observed and were characterized as diffuse, diffuse/focal, or focal. Greater than 90% of dysplastic or malignant tissues showed immunoreactivity. An interesting observation was that normal cervical tissue associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasias, or adenocarcinoma in situ showed a staining pattern in the reserve cells and/or normal columnar cells that approximated the level of intensity exhibited by the dysplastic tissue. These results indicate that MN antigen expression has potential utility as a biomarker of cervical neoplasms.
Validation of the modified health assessment questionnaire in First Nations persons with rheumatoid arthritis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Standardized outcome measures used in assessment of chronic disease need to be relevant to the client if interventions based on the results are to be meaningful. The Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ) (Pincus et al., 1983) is an eight-item questionnaire used commonly with individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) to assess self-reported function. This scale has been translated and validated in multiple languages and cultures but has never been evaluated for its relevance with a Canadian Indigenous population despite its frequent application in clinical and health research settings. Purpose: The primary objective of the following study was to determine whether or not the MHAQ is an appropriate measurement tool to adequately document the lived experiences of activity and participation in First Nations individuals diagnosed with RA. Methodology: A mixed methods sequential explanatory approach was utilized. The quantitative component consisted of secondary analysis of an existing clinical database developed at the University of Manitoba Health Sciences Arthritis Centre (UMHSAC). MHAQ scores and other indicators of disease activity of First Nations (n=252) and Caucasian (n=633) individuals with RA were examined for significant differences. The results informed a qualitative phase using interpretive description methodology whereby semi-structured interviews were held with 25 First Nations individuals with RA. Results: A significant relationship was observed between ethnicity and MHAQ score (p<0.001) where the First Nations cohort demonstrated significantly higher scores in pain and MHAQ scores (p<0.001), as well as physician global assessment and morning stiffness (p<0.05). Pain was the single greatest predictor of MHAQ score (p<0.001). In contrast, a convergence coding matrix comparing MHAQ scores to first-hand narratives found only 65% agreement in responses. The thematic analysis of the qualitative component resulted in three key themes: Ka-wachi-wa-pinaywin (“Coldness in the bones”), Adaptive Resilience, and Family Relations. Conclusion: Concurrent validity of the MHAQ in a First Nations population was supported through statistical analyses but convergent validity was not supported by subsequent qualitative and mixed methods approaches. The assessment of disability requires an integrated approach that takes into consideration an individual’s personal context. Both barriers and facilitators in the environment, as well as personal factors, must be addressed.
On the application of special self-calibration algorithm to improve impedance measurement by standard measuring systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper self-calibration measuring methods are introduced to improve the accuracy of impedance measuring systems composed of standard instruments. Reference resistors are used for the self-calibration of measuring systems. The random errors are reduced by data processing using averaging and smoothing. The systematic errors are self-corrected by special self-calibration algorithms. These methods are applied to the impedance measurements of electrical elements and systems and the characterization of dielectric materials under high field intensities. Analysis and measurement results show an accuracy improvement compared with the measuring systems without self-calibration. Using the self-calibration methods precise impedance measurements are realizable in the measuring systems of lower accuracy and lower product cost.
Tweeting Beyond Tahrir

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

abstract Do online social networks affect political tolerance in the highly polarized climate of postcoup Egypt? Taking advantage of the real-time networked structure of Twitter data, the authors find that not only is greater network diversity associated with lower levels of intolerance, but also that longer exposure to a diverse network is linked to less expression of intolerance over time. The authors find that this relationship persists in both elite and non-elite diverse networks. Exploring the mechanisms by which network diversity might affect tolerance, the authors offer suggestive evidence that social norms in online networks may shape individuals’ propensity to publicly express intolerant attitudes. The findings contribute to the political tolerance literature and enrich the ongoing debate over the relationship between online echo chambers and political attitudes and behavior by providing new insights from a repressive authoritarian context.
Inference of putative cell-type-specific imprinted regulatory elements and genes during human neuronal differentiation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Genomic imprinting results in gene expression bias caused by parental chromosome of origin and occurs in genes with important roles during human brain development. However, the cell-type and temporal specificity of imprinting during human neurogenesis is generally unknown. By detecting within-donor allelic biases in chromatin accessibility and gene expression that are unrelated to cross-donor genotype, we inferred imprinting in both primary human neural progenitor cells and their differentiated neuronal progeny from up to 85 donors. We identified 43/20 putatively imprinted regulatory elements (IREs) in neurons/progenitors, and 133/79 putatively imprinted genes in neurons/progenitors. Although 10 IREs and 42 genes were shared between neurons and progenitors, most putative imprinting was only detected within specific cell types. In addition to well-known imprinted genes and their promoters, we inferred novel putative IREs and imprinted genes. Consistent with both DNA methylation-based and H3K27me3-based regulation of imprinted expression, some putative IREs also overlapped with differentially methylated or histone-marked regions. Finally, we identified a progenitor-specific putatively imprinted gene overlapping with copy number variation that is associated with uniparental disomy-like phenotypes. Our results can therefore be useful in interpreting the function of variants identified in future parent-of-origin association studies.
Mechanical properties of methyl functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Molecular dynamics simulations have been conducted to investigate the effect of methyl (CH3) functionalization on the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). Small numbers of CH3 radicals were chemically absorbed on SWCNT in two ways: axially and circumferentially. It is found that for axial functionalization, the tensile properties of SWCNT will decrease by about 15% after the first CH3 radical is added. Further addition of CH3 had less effect on the tensile properties. Addition of CH3 group only has significant effect on the compressive properties of the SWCNT when more than 1 CH3 group is added. The effect of circumferential functionalization on the mechanical properties of the SWCNT is found to be greater. The decrease in tensile strength and compressive strength is about 18% and 20% respectively. We also noted that the elastic modulus of the SWCNT is less sensitive to the effect of functionalization as compared to the tensile strength and fracture strain. Studies of the effect of temperature variation on the different SWCNT were also performed. Temperature tested were 10K, 300K, 500K and 1000K. We found that at higher temperature, the tensile strength, fracture strain, compressive strength and buckling strain drop by as much as 58.8%, 61.7%, 33.7% and 25.5% respectively. Our results suggest that the loss in the mechanical properties of functionalized SWCNT must be taken into account when evaluating the performance characteristics of SWCNT applications such as mass sensors and mechanical nanoresonators. Furthermore, the effect of temperature variation must also be accounted for its influence on the mechanical properties.
Dual Diplomacy of Chosŏn and the Debate on Dispatching Troops in 1618

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article mainly focuses on the debate held by Chosŏn court, whether to comply with the Ming’s demand of dispatching troops in 1618. In order to withstand the threat posed by the later Jin Khanate, Chosŏn had no choice but to remain in complete alliance with the Ming both for their own strategic need and the duty as a vassal state. But in the realm of real politics, Ming’s demand sparked a heated debate in Chosŏn court. The fundamental reason for the debate was Chosŏn’s Dual Diplomacy that has been implemented for decades towards Ming and Later Jin Khanate respectively. Until now, the debate on dispatching troops during Kwanghaegun’s reign was discussed in a dichotomy of the confusion justice and the practical benefit. It was depicted that Kwanghaegun who was reluctant to dispatch troops, tried to implement the neutral diplomacy, but yielded to the coercion of the justification discourse. This article sees that the debate was triggered not from ‘the Neutral Diplomacy of Kwanghaegun’, but from ‘the Dual Diplomacy of the Chosŏn court’. Here it is argued that the relation between the Chosŏn and the Ming court should be differentiated from that between Chosŏn and Liaodong Yamen, that the Chosŏn negotiated with the Jianzhou Jurchens and the later Jin Khanate consistently for the stability of the borders, and that the debate itself was not to weigh the pros and cons but to discuss how to respond to the Liaodong Yamen’s request of troop dispatch. Simultaneously, since the Ming and the later Jin Khanate, who were the counterparts of the dual diplomacy to the Chosŏn, began the full-scale war against each other, the Chosŏn was left to the agony even though the support for the Ming was strategically required and justifiably inevitable.