jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Isolation of the Constituent of Hawthorn Leaves

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective:The purpose is to study the compound in the leaves of Crataegue pinnatifida Bge.var major.Methods:Separating the compound with thin layer and column chromatography,purified by macro polymorous resin,and the compound was identified using the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) method.Results:Viterin-2″-o-rhamnoside and viterin-4″-O-glucoside was obtained at last.Conclusion:The purity of viterin-2″-O-rhamnoside and viterin-4″-O-glucoside was 99% identified by HPLC method.
Regulation of ferroptosis by nanotechnology for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The manuscript underscores the promising yet intricate landscape of ferroptosis in immunotherapy. It emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of ferroptosis' impact on immune cells and the TME to develop more effective cancer treatments, highlighting the potential of nanoparticles in enhancing the efficacy of ferroptosis and immunotherapy. It calls for deeper exploration into the molecular mechanisms and clinical potential of ferroptosis to fully harness its therapeutic benefits in immunotherapy.
Functional selectin ligands mediating human CD34+ cell interactions with bone marrow endothelium are enhanced postnatally

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) can home to the bone marrow (BM) after a simple intravenous injection, but the adhesive mechanisms mediating the initial interactions of human HPCs with the BM endothelium have not been evaluated in vivo. Using fluorescence intravital microscopy and homing assays in NOD/SCID mice, we show that endothelial selectins are necessary for human adult CD34+ cell homing, since rolling on BM endothelium and retention in the BM compartment are drastically reduced (>90%) in endothelial selectin–deficient NOD/SCID mice. Comparative analyses of CD34+ cells collected from adults and from cord blood (CB) reveal that neonatal cells display reduced rolling fractions compared with adult CD34+ cells obtained from peripheral blood or BM, suggesting abnormal selectin ligand function on neonatal progenitors. Flow cytometric and intravital microscopy studies suggest that this defect results from nonfunctional P-selectin ligand on a subset (∼30%) of neonatal CD34+ cells. Further analyses indicate that P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is expressed in a nonfunctional form among neonatal CD34+ cells that do not bind P-selectin and that this subset is enriched in primitive CD34+CD38lo/– progenitors. These results underscore the potential to improve homing of CB CD34+ cells to the BM by manipulation of selectins and their ligands.
Lateral Response to Suggestion in Relation to Handedness and the Side of Psychogenic Symptoms

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Summary A left-sided preponderance of psychogenic symptoms has often been reported. A Suggestion Test for the study of the laterality of psychogenic symptoms is described. Psychiatric patients and nurses received, on tape, the suggestion of a sensation in the hand to which they could give either right, left or bilateral responses. In both groups there was a majority of left-sided responses. Also, a history was obtained of previous psychogenic symptoms. These had occurred more on the left than on the right side of the body, and an association was found between left-sided symptoms and left-sided response to the test in individual patients. Left-sided symptoms were more prevalent among patients who were not strongly right-handed. These findings are considered in relation to ideas about the differential involvement of the cerebral hemispheres in the production of psychogenic symptoms.
Reassessment of rust fungi on weeping willows in the A mericas and description of M elampsora ferrinii sp. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rust fungi in the genus M elampsora usually cause disease on hosts in the Salicaceae. Identification of M elampsora species is often complicated due to few differences in spore morphology and little publicly available comparative sequence data. Weeping willow trees (primarily S alix babylonica and its hybrids) have been reported to be infected by 11 M elampsora species; however, most of these records are based on morphological characterization. New collections of rust fungi on weeping willows from the central USA were analysed using a combination of morphology, ITS and LSU r DNA sequencing, and host data to determine that they represent an undescribed rust fungus, M elampsora ferrinii sp. nov. Additional studies of herbarium material revealed that M . ferrinii has occasionally been collected but identified as M . epitea . In addition to N orth A merica, M . ferrinii is also present in S outh A merica and has been infecting weeping willows there since at least the 1990s.
Monitoring of the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in a large drinking water distribution system

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) are ubiquitous in chlorinated drinking water. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated that DBPs formed in chlorinated drinking water is a potential health risk to the general public. Numerous studies have shown association with long-term DBP exposure and bladder, rectal and colon cancer, as well as reproductive and developmental health effects. This is a major public health issue and a cost to society due to required health treatment, loss of mobility and sickness days. \n \n DBP levels vary as a function of water residence time, temperature, seasonal variations of the concentration and reactivity of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and treatment methods at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP). Due to climate change, more intense precipitation and higher average temperature,\n the surface waters' NOM content is expected to increase and thus, cause more frequent DBP spikes. \n \n While periodic sampling and analysis of a limited number of drinking water samples are expensive, there is a need to develop online methods and predictive models to quantify DBP concentrations in real time in distribution systems. With a rapid development in the quality of online monitoring sensors, decrease in their costs, expansion of the set of water quality parameters that can be quantified, now it is time to pursue a consistent implementation of proactive monitoring of DBPs in drinking water systems. \n \n This study examined DBP data of discrete sampling and online monitoring that have been generated over 10 years in the Seattle water distribution system. The main objectives with the data processing were to identify potential factors influencing high DBP concentration and map "hot spots" of the DBP formation in the Seattle Water Supply System. The results obtained were used to select optimal locations for implementation of online monitoring sensors in the distribution system. A Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was conducted to estimate the net benefits for the Seattle city to deploy a system of online monitoring sensors.
What is A Philosophical Question?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract There are many ways of understanding the nature of philosophical questions. One may consider their morphology, semantics, relevance, or scope. This article introduces a different approach, based on the kind of informational resources required to answer them. The result is a definition of philosophical questions as questions whose answers are in principle open to informed, rational, and honest disagreement, ultimate but not absolute, closed under further questioning, possibly constrained by empirical and logico‐mathematical resources, but requiring noetic resources to be answered. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the consequences of this definition for a conception of philosophy as the study (or “science”) of open questions, which uses conceptual design to analyse and answer them.
Design of orthogonal near-symmetric scaling filters by using differential evolution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The use of differential evolution in the design of a near-symmetric orthogonal scaling filter is studied. Parametrization is used for maintaining the orthogonality while the symmetry and moment conditions are optimized. Several near-symmetric scaling filters have been found and the results are compared with filters found by Grobner basis method. Especially a very near-symmetric and smooth 8-tap orthogonal filter is constructed.
The Vigilance Decrement Reflects Limitations in Effortful Attention, Not Mindlessness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, and Yiend (1997) proposed that the decline in performance efficiency over time in vigilance tasks (the vigilance decrement) is characterized by “mindlessness” or a withdrawal of attentional effort from the monitoring assignment. We assessed that proposal using measures of perceived mental workload (NASA-TLX) and stress (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire). Two types of vigilance task were employed: a traditional version, wherein observers made button-press responses to signify detection of rarely occurring critical signals, and a modified version, developed by Robertson et al. to promote mindlessness via routinization, wherein button-press responses acknowledged frequently occurring neutral stimulus events and response withholding signified critical signal detection. The vigilance decrement was observed in both tasks, and both tasks generated equally elevated levels of workload and stress, the latter including cognitions relating to performance adequacy. Vigilance performance seems better characterized by effortful attention (mindfulness) than by mindlessness. Actual or potential applications of this research include procedures to reduce the information-processing demand imposed by vigilance tasks and the stress associated with such tasks.
Antiferromagnetic spin valve from heterostructure of two-dimensional hexagonal crystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Spin valves consisting of heterostructures of single-layer hexagonal crystal on an antiferromagnetic substrate or of bilayer hexagonal crystal intercalated between two (anti)ferromagnetic insulators, with the current-in-plane geometry, are proposed. The two-dimensional hexagonal crystals such as graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene are modeled by the tight binding model of honeycomb lattice. The magnetization orientation of the antiferromagnetic substrate(s) controls the band gap and topological properties of bulk, which in turn control the transport of three types of spin valve geometries: (i) the in-plane transport of bulk; (ii) the transport of topological edge states along nanoribbon with bulk gap; (iii) the transport of chiral edge state along domain wall. The heterostructures are investigated by a tight binding model with an (anti)ferromagnetic exchange field, Hubbard interaction and(or) spin-orbital coupling. For the first type of spin valve geometry, the Hubbard interaction could enlarged the effective band gap of bulk, which in turn improve the sensitivity of the spin valves to the antiferromagnetic exchange field. For the second and third types of spin valve geometries, the topological phase diagrams of varying types of heterostructures with spin-orbital coupling serve as guideline for designing the spin valve. The coexistence of the Hubbard interaction and the spin-orbital coupling could enlarge the topological gap in bulk and improve the quality of the chiral edge states at the domain walls between regions with different topological numbers.
Prevalence of ocular abnormalities in relation to sickle cell disease severity among children in South-western, Nigeria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) ranks high among genetic disorders worldwide. It is characterised by repeated vaso-occlusion with resultant end-organ damage. This process can occur in all vascular beds in the body, including ocular blood vessels and may cause irreversible blindness in advanced stages. Little is known of the relationship between the prevalence of ocular abnormalities among children with SCD and their disease severity. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Paediatric Haematology Clinics and the Eye Centre of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife. Children with SCD in steady state were recruited from the Haematology Clinics and examined for ocular abnormalities at the Eye Centre of the hospital. The subjects SCD severity grade was determined using a previously validated scoring system. Results: One hundred and twenty (120) children aged 5 to 15 years were examined. Of these, 72 had one or more ocular abnormalities giving the prevalence of ocular abnormalities among them to be 60.0%. Though a higher proportion of children with moderate disease, 23 (65.7%) of 35, compared to those with mild disease, 49 (57.6%) of 85 had ocular abnormalities, this difference was not statistically significant, p = 0.412. Conclusion: Ocular abnormalities among Nigerian children with SCD are common even in steady-state, but not significantly associated with disease severity. Periodic screening for ocular abnormalities should thus be done on them irrespective of disease severity.
Angiography of Malignant Tumors in Mice Following Irradiation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a previous communication (3), studies of the vascular patterns of five malignant tumors in mice were reported, disclosing that these neoplasms have specific and characteristic vascular arrangements. Growth studies of the tumors showed the basic vascular pattern to remain the same. When certain tumors became large, their growth rate slowed and necrosis became a prominent feature. Several neoplasms had identical angiograms despite transplantation into different strains of mice. With the above material as controls, experiments were designed to observe the vascularity and vascular patterns in the tumor and its bed by angiography. A study was undertaken to investigate: 1. Similarities or differences in the response of these tumors to irradiation, with determination of any correlation with radiosensitivity. 2. Serial changes in five tumors (sarcoma 37, hepatoma, lymphosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the breast, and rhabdomyosarcoma) , following varying amounts of irradiation. This would include instances where the tumors were regressing, where they had recurred, and where irradiation was without apparent effect. 3. Effect of multiple courses of irradiation associated with regression and recurrence of the tumor. 4. Effect on the nonirradiated tumor in mice bearing two transplanted tumors, one of which was irradiated while the remainder of the mouse was shielded. 5. Effect on the tumor of irradiation of the opposite, nontumor-bearing flank. 6. The vascular patterns of tumors originating from transplants from irradiated tumor tissue and from nonir-radiated tumor taken from the shielded tumor in mice with two transplants (see 4 above). The total number of tumor-bearing mice used in this study was 737. The types of control and irradiated tumors and their respective host strains are listed in Table I. Methods Viable areas of tumor tissue were cut into pieces of approximately 1 mm. diameter and inoculated by trocar into the subcutaneous tissues of the flanks of mice. In a few cases the transplant was made intramuscularly into the thigh. Angiography was performed on Nembutal-anesthetized animals after the insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the exposed left ventricle. Thorotrast2 was the contrast material used in a vast majority of cases. A fine suspension of Micropaque3 was injected into a smaller group. Exposures were made on Eastman Kodak Industrial Type M film after the injection of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml. of contrast material. To enhance detail and decrease scatter, a 0.3 mm. focal spot was used along with a pinhole opening in a lead diaphragm placed just below the roentgen tube. The angiograms of the tumor and the surrounding tissue were enlarged ten times photographically. The physical factors for the radiation therapy were: 220 kvp, 15 rna, 1.9 mm. Cu h.v.L, 450 r output per minute, at a focal skin distance of 20 cm., through a 0.5 mm. Cu and a 1.0 mm. A1 filter.
Perancangan Sistem Informasi Pendaftaran Mahasiswa Baru Berbasis Mobile pada Universitas Islam As- Syafiiyah

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

At the time of admission of new students, the new student admissions committee experienced difficulties with incoming files and data. Prospective applicants also experience time, energy and financial difficulties during the registration process. Errors in the process of entering and processing data by administrators are also unavoidable because there is no application that can handle all processes into one system. Therefore, the presence of computer technology in the development of mobile-based information systems. greatly simplify and speed up registration for prospective students and data processing handled by the new student admissions committee at the As-Syafiiyah Islamic University. processing of registrant data and computerized data stored in the information system. registration of prospective students becomes easier and faster and can be accessed anywhere and anytime and makes it easier for the new student admissions committee to obtain complete data regarding the data of prospective new students who register. The output of this research is expected to make it easier for prospective new students to register for college entrance at the As-Syafi'iah Islamic University
Quality Managers ‐‐ How Shall We Educate Them?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

SUMMARY This paper argues from a personal view of teaching, drawing on forty years of experience, supplemented by what has been learned from academics studying teaching in five years of graduate classes. The stance towards these data is phenomenological and hermeneutic. The question is asked ‘What do university teachers experience teaching to be, both when they are teaching, and when they are reflecting on it?’ while also trying to illuminate the larger, generic question ‘What does it mean for anyone to be a teacher?’ The immediate concern is to study the implications of four possible answers to that question, for the theory and practice of ‘quality management’ in universities today. Four conceptions of teaching are described and each in turn discussed in the context of quality management.
Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Evolution

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily includes, in addition to ligandactivated transcription factors, members called orphan receptors, for which no ligand has yet been identified. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the nuclear receptor superfamily can be split into six subfamilies. Interestingly, there appears to be no relationship between the position of a given liganded receptor in the tree and the chemical nature of its ligand. For example, RAR and RXR, which both recognize retinoids, belong to two different subfamilies, suggesting an independence between the evolutionary history of the receptors and their ligand binding abilities. A PCR screen for the presence of NR genes in several phyla of early- and nonmetazoan organisms suggests that NR are specific to metazoans and also reveals that the NR genes in Hydra or Anemonia appear to be limited to homologues of orphan receptors. Taken together these data suggest that the first members of the superfamily were probably orphan receptors that later on gained the ability to bind a ligand. Finally, we observed that SmFTZ-F1 and SmRXR are expressed at different levels along the life cycle of the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. This suggests that these receptors may play a role in the control of the development of this organism.
Hand Written Digit Prediction Using Neural Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Handwritten grants a skill away from micro to predict the calligraphy digits picked escape starting points such as profile, test, meet screens, and others. It is an arduous duty as a gadget model as typed in numerals is not at all ideal to must live made with a lot of distinct flavours. In this paper, we will use various ML algorithms like CNN, SVM, Decision Tree, Gaussian Naive Bayes, etc.We import information from the image net dataset for both testing and training the machine design. MNIST includes 70000,28*28 images of handwritten digits ranges 0 to 9.
Absolute extreme-ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance monitor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux, nominally 10–120 nm, is the principal source of energy for heating the terrestrial thermosphere. Models of this region, which are used for studying its composition and dynamic properties, require the best available input parameters. The solar radio flux at 10.7 cm (F10.7) has been used as a proxy measure of the solar EUV flux in models that determine the density of the upper atmosphere and assess the effects of atmospheric drag on spacecraft design and operations. However, F10.7 is not adequate for accurate, timely, and spatially detailed nowcasts and forecasts of atmospheric density.
Identifying the Latent Space Geometry of Network Models through Analysis of Curvature

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Statistically modeling networks, across numerous disciplines and contexts, is fundamentally challenging because of (often high-order) dependence between connections.A common approach assigns each person in the graph to a position on a low-dimensional manifold.Distance between individuals in this (latent) space is inversely proportional to the likelihood of forming a connection.The choice of the latent geometry (the manifold class, dimension, and curvature) has consequential impacts on the substantive conclusions of the model.More positive curvature in the manifold, for example, encourages more and tighter communities; negative curvature induces repulsion among nodes.Currently, however, the choice of the latent geometry is an a priori modeling assumption and there is limited guidance about how to make these choices in a datadriven way.In this work, we present a method to consistently estimate the manifold type, dimension, and curvature from an empirically relevant class of latent spaces: simply connected, complete Riemannian manifolds of constant curvature.Our core insight comes by representing the graph as a noisy distance matrix based on the ties between cliques.Leveraging results from statistical geometry, we develop hypothesis tests to determine whether the observed distances could plausibly be embedded isometrically in each of the candidate geometries.We explore the accuracy of our approach with simulations and then apply our approach to data-sets from economics and sociology as well as neuroscience.