jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Least Significant Bit Steganography Using Genetic Algorithm to Improve Data Security

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Instant message is one of popular application for chatting. This application was already equipped with many security features, but most of these applications saved their chat history in the smartphone database. With so many apps on the internet, recover your chat from the application database is not difficult. Our chat could be recovered using the tools, but most of this application cannot retrieve images with the same quality as what we send in conversation. Steganography using Least Significant Bit (LSB) could embed the message in the picture, but this method is more accessible to detect. One of the techniques that could identify the amount of character inserted using LSB is RS Steganalysis. This paper proposes LSB enhancement using Genetic Algorithm to obscure RS Steganalysis. Genetic Algorithm is used to randomize the embedding character in the pixel so the resulting image (stegoimage) would be hard to analyze. The result showed that the stego-image was difficult to recover or analyze by the general extraction method of Least Significant Bit because Genetic Algorithm has randomly embedded the placement of secret message. The experimental results also demonstrated that the Genetic Algorithm is used to obscure RS Steganalysis while maintaining image quality. Using iteration of the experiment showed fitness value decreasing and get better at 5.855 which only alter 5.3% of 65.536 pixels. The increasing amount of character embedded is also increased RS Steganalysis error.
Transgender prejudice reduction and opinions on transgender rights: Results from a mediation analysis on experimental data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Fears, phobias, and dislikes about minorities should be strong determinants of whether Americans support policies protecting such minorities. Studies suggest that discussions and information about transgender people can reduce transphobia. However, these studies also indicate that experimental treatments do not necessarily affect individual attitudes on policies concerning transgender rights. Scholars contend that durably reducing prejudice should increase public support for minority rights. In this study, we examine this causal mechanism utilizing an experiment. We find that reducing transphobia is a reliable mechanism to increase public support for transgender rights. These results are robust to causal identification assumptions, suggesting that this mechanism provides a clear avenue for stigmatized groups to increase public support of rights for those groups.
Multimorbidity and Mental Health‐Related Quality of Life and Risk of Completed Suicide

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Physical functioning indexed multimorbidity is strongly associated with long‐term mortality, but its role in poor mental health has not been quantified. Methods A total of 252 002 community‐dwelling adults in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), NHS II, and Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (HPFS) prospective cohorts reported physician‐diagnosed diseases and the Short Form‐36 over 8 years and had 24‐year follow‐up for suicide mortality. We quantified multimorbidity using a multimorbidity‐weighted index (MWI). We used multivariable‐adjusted proportional hazards models with competing risks for suicide mortality and mixed‐effects models to estimate mental health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). Results Multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk of suicide mortality in an approximately linear manner, with roughly two‐ to threefold higher risk in adults with the highest vs lowest quartile MWI in adjusted models: NHS hazard ratio (HR) = 3.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48‐6.11); NHS II HR = 3.04 (95% CI = 1.82‐5.09); HPFS HR = 1.74 (95% CI = 1.08‐2.81). Greater MWI was associated with worse mental HRQOL 8 years later across all scales and the mental component summary (MCS) in a dose‐response manner. This association was attenuated but persisted after adjustment for baseline mental HRQOL and other covariates. Adults with the highest quartile MWI had lower MCS in adjusted models compared with those with the lowest quartile MWI: NHS ß = −0.61 (95% CI = −0.78 to −0.44); NHS II ß = −1.25 (95% CI = −1.44 to −1.06). Conclusion Multimorbidity is associated with substantially higher suicide mortality risk and worse mental HRQOL across all available scales, even when indexed to physical functioning. These results highlight the substantial mental health burden imposed by multimorbidity at all ages and sexes. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:511–519, 2019.
Aid Activities in Europe and Oceania

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aid Activities in Europe and Oceania is OECD’s annual report providing detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of foreign aid to European and Oceanian countries for the year. It records the commitments reported by countries represented in the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the CRS Aid Activity database (Creditor Reporting System). For each commitment listed, data are provided on the recipient country, the donor country, the type of aid, the amount committed in US dollars, the purpose description and code, the percentage that is a grant, and whether the commitment has any gender, environmental, or participatory development/good governance aspects. These annual reports have now been discontinued, but the database continues to be maintained and is available online.
TRANSFORMATION OF RURAL SPACE AND PLANNING DRIVEN BY THE REFORM IN SOUTHERN JIANGSU

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on the analysis of the rural reform process and its impact on the rural area of Southern Jiangsu,this paper makes an empirical investigation and research,and comprehensively summarizes the characteristics and content of spatial transformation in the rural area of Southern Jiangsu.Also,it examines the appearance of new rural space because of the transformation.Finally,it puts forward preliminary proposals on the planning direction in the rural area of Southern Jiangsu.
Estimation of Heritability of Threshold Characters

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many traits of dairy cattle such as disease resistance and type breakdown scores may have an underlying distribution of values which are approximately normal but must be measured on a yes or no basis.Theory from literature suggests that heritability estimated from such binomial data is only Z2/p(1-p) as large as heritability if it could be measured on the normal scale where z is the ordinate on the normal distribution at the threshold point corresponding to a fraction p of the population having the character.Data were generated from a pseudo-normal distribution to test this theory for estimates derived from parent-offspring correlation and paternal sib correlation.The adjustment from theory was quite satisfactory for the paternal sib correlation but would lead to substantial overestimates of heritability on the normal scale when p is small and normal heritability is actually large.
Graviton Fluctuations in Gravitational Wave Patterns: Analysis via Iterations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Detections of gravitational waves since GW150914 has gained renewed interest in potential quantum-classical correspondences between GWs and gravitons. While a complete quantum theory of gravity remains elusive, graviton fluctuations have been hypothesized as sources of stochastic noise in gravitational interactions. Utilizing the Einstein-Langevin equation that describes graviton fluctuations, in attempt to form a correlation with GW generation, we treat the coalescing binary heuristically as a rotating, contracting Gaussian volume. This stochatic picture of GW formation implies the treatment of the contained gravitons as a Brownian bath. From the Einstein-Langevin equation, we establish a scaling relation where quanta dissipation depends inversely with the contracting volume (i.e., coalescence). Using an Euler iteration scheme, we simulate the graviton fluctuations from inspiral to merger as a Wiener process, revealing a signal that qualitatively resembles macroscopic GW waveforms. While inherently heuristic, this approach provides a computational framework for exploring graviton-scale perturbations in GW formation, with reproducible implementations in Wolfram Mathematica and equivalent Python code in the appendix.
Hydrogen Production from Biomass using Nuclear Fusion Energy

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Hydrogen deserves of a future energy medium in terms of global environmental issues and fossil resource constraints. This study intends to examine the feasibility of hydrogen production process by nuclear fusion heat. This process potentially provides hydrogen at significantly better efficiency than other proposed reaction such as electrolysis from renewable source with little CO 2 emission, and is formulated as (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n+mH 2 Orarr6nH 2 +6nCO-n814 kJ. The experimental result at 1273 K showed complete gasification of cellulose, and hydrogen was obtained at the conversion efficiency of respectively 40 percent of material and 50% of heat. A concept of a reactor and fusion-hydrogen plant is presented
Interests and Institutions in the Netherlands: An Assessment by the People and by Parliament

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes the background of the very dense and highly institutionalized network of interest groups in the Netherlands. This well-integrated system has recently come under some strain, as a large number of new action groups have sprung up next to the political parties and the older, more established interest groups. On the basis of surveys among members of the Dutch Parliaments in 1968 and 1972 and with a cross-section of the population in 1972, the article analyzes the relative influence—both actual and desired—which members of Parliament and the population ascribe to cabinet ministers, expert members of Parliament, civil servants and party executives; to the more important economic interest groups of employers, workers, farmers and retailers; to the churches; and to voters, action groups, newspapers, radio and tele vision and public opinion polls.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A METHOD OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXING TEST FOR INJECTION OF MITOMGCIN-C.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To establish a method of bacterial endotoxing test for injection of mitomgcin-c.Methods:To study and test bacterial endotoxing under the guiding ideology of China codex Pharmacopoeia Edition 2000.Results:Bacterial endotoxin test could be used for injection of mitomgcin-c with 0.25 EU/ml TAL.Conclusion:Bacterial endotoxin test could be used for injection of mitomgcin-c.
PENGUNGKAPAN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (SURVEI PADA PERUSAHAAN YANG TERMASUK DALAM INDEKS SRI KEHATI)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study is to examine the influence of corporate governance mechanism on the disclosure of CSR. Studies conducted on the companies included in the SRI KEHATI index during 2011-2014. The study obtained 18 companies as sample of this study. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the audit committee and independent commissioner have no influence on the disclosure of CSR, while institutional ownership was found to have influence on the disclosure of CSR. The study implies that the stakeholders are able to change the dimensions of CSR implementation, whereby previously it was only for humanitarian and environmental aspects, CSR is now able to increase its profit and finally the goal to sustainability can be manifested
Hsp104 facilitates the endoplasmic‐reticulum–associated degradation of disease‐associated and aggregation‐prone substrates

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are selected for ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). More than 60 disease‐associated proteins are substrates for the ERAD pathway due to the presence of missense or nonsense mutations. In yeast, the Hsp104 molecular chaperone disaggregates detergent‐insoluble ERAD substrates, but the spectrum of disease‐associated ERAD substrates that may be aggregation prone is unknown. To determine if Hsp104 recognizes aggregation‐prone ERAD substrates associated with human diseases, we developed yeast expression systems for a hydrophobic lipid‐binding protein, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), along with a chimeric protein harboring a nucleotide‐binding domain from the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) into which disease‐causing mutations were introduced. We discovered that Hsp104 facilitates the degradation of ER‐associated ApoB as well as a truncated CFTR chimera in which a premature stop codon corresponds to a disease‐causing mutation. Chimeras containing a wild‐type version of the CFTR domain or a different mutation were stable and thus Hsp104 independent. We also discovered that the detergent solubility of the unstable chimera was lower than the stable chimeras, and Hsp104 helped retrotranslocate the unstable chimera from the ER, consistent with disaggregase activity. To determine why the truncated chimera was unstable, we next performed molecular dynamics simulations and noted significant unraveling of the CFTR nucleotide‐binding domain. Because human cells lack Hsp104, these data indicate that an alternate disaggregase or mechanism facilitates the removal of aggregation‐prone, disease‐causing ERAD substrates in their native environments.
Research on the Location of the Target Based on Regular Triangle Array

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The traditional vibration detection system is inevitably and affected by environmental interference. In view of the disadvantage, the vibration detection system prone to the false information and does not work normally, and the detection blind area exist simultaneously. To complement the limitation of the target location, the mechanism of passive vibration location on the ground by the vibration array of regular triangle is given in this paper. The localization formula not only is applied to the far field, but also is applied to the near field. Experimental tests show that the location of the vibratory object on ground can be done effectively by using the vibration array of regular triangle, and provides the theoretical basis for the further research on the target location.
Words in Motion: Slurs in Indirect Report

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary Slurs are pejorative epithets that express negative attitudes toward a class of individuals sharing the same race, country of origin, sexual orientation, religion, and the like. The aim of this paper is to show what happens in communication when slurs are reported. It focuses on the derogatory content of such expressions and on the persistence of their performative effects in reported speech. In this respect, the question concerning the attribution of responsibility for the derogatory content conveyed by the slurs is relevant. Indeed, reporting a slur involves quoting not only the content but also the speaker’s personal commitment and (negative) attitude. Different theories on the status of the derogatory component of slurs make different predictions about their offensiveness in reported speech and about the speaker’s “responsibility” for the attitude and feelings conveyed by that word, be she the original speaker or the reporter. The results of a questionnaire show empirically that no single theory can provide a conclusive statement on this matter.
Interaction of digestive biopolymers with zinc chloride as a model for zinc-enriched foods and cosmetics

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Zinc is an essential trace element and is ingested daily by humans, partly in dissolved form. The first contact is with saliva, in which many ions are dissolved whose solubility product with zinc can be low. This could result in compounds forming, possibly in nanoparticular form, which could have different effects on the organism than pure zinc ions. Available biopolymers, e.g. α-amylase, can in turn stabilise as-formed nanostructures.
In this study, we report on the saliva stage of the artificial digestion of zinc chloride as a model substance for zinc ions. To facilitate in situ measurements, the sample is continuously passed through a small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) system. This custom-made machine is capable of measuring over a wide q-range and thereby able to resolve structures from around 250 nm down to the crystal structure. It is thus an excellent tool for investigating both the particle size distribution and the atomic structure of the sample.
By curve fitting (see Figure 1), we found that shortly after addition of zinc chloride to saliva, small particles with a mean radius of 1.9 ± 0.1 nm and a distribution width of 0.6 ± 0.1 nm formed. These particles are aggregated to compact mass fractals with a fractal aggregate size of 14.7 ± 0.1 nm and a fractal dimension of 2.96 ± 0.02. Approximately 7200 single particles stick together by protein and form mass fractals, whose radii of gyration were found to be 36 ± 1 nm. To determine the compound that was formed, infrared spectroscopy was used in addition to the SAXS measurements, and zinc phosphate was identified as the product.
Robust implicit regularization via weight normalization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Overparameterized models may have many interpolating solutions; implicit regularization refers to the hidden preference of a particular optimization method towards a certain interpolating solution among the many. A by now established line of work has shown that (stochastic) gradient descent tends to have an implicit bias towards low rank and/or sparse solutions when used to train deep linear networks, explaining to some extent why overparameterized neural network models trained by gradient descent tend to have good generalization performance in practice. However, existing theory for square-loss objectives often requires very small initialization of the trainable weights, which is at odds with the larger scale at which weights are initialized in practice for faster convergence and better generalization performance. In this paper, we aim to close this gap by incorporating and analysing gradient flow (continuous-time version of gradient descent) with weight normalization, where the weight vector is reparameterized in terms of polar coordinates, and gradient flow is applied to the polar coordinates. By analysing key invariants of the gradient flow and using Lojasiewicz’s Theorem, we show that weight normalization also has an implicit bias towards sparse solutions in the diagonal linear model, but that in contrast to plain gradient flow, weight normalization enables a robust bias that persists even if the weights are initialized at practically large scale. Experiments suggest that the gains in both convergence speed and robustness of the implicit bias are improved dramatically using weight normalization in overparameterized diagonal linear network models.
Exploring an Area by Groups of UAVs in the Presence of a Refueling Base

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This research investigates the problem of area exploration using groups of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under limited fuel constraints, where each group is assigned backup or search role depending on the situation. This paper presents an exhaustive approach in finding a way to explore the search area with the least energy consumption by discretizing the search length into intervals and designating points where a search group goes back to the base to refuel and the backup group continues the job the returning group was doing before returning. This approach guarantees that the search operation is not interrupted by this switch operation for refueling. Since the exhaustive approach takes exponential time, we propose a measure, for an allowed maximum execution time, to determine the way to search the area that costs the least energy consumption.
Skin Cancer Detection utilizing Deep Learning: Classification of Skin Lesion Images using a Vision Transformer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Skin cancer detection still represents a major challenge in healthcare. Common detection methods can be lengthy and require human assistance which falls short in many countries. Previous research demonstrates how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can help effectively through both automation and an accuracy that is comparable to the human level. However, despite the progress in previous decades, the precision is still limited, leading to substantial misclassifications that have a serious impact on people's health. Hence, we employ a Vision Transformer (ViT) that has been developed in recent years based on the idea of a self-attention mechanism, specifically two configurations of a pre-trained ViT. We generally find superior metrics for classifying skin lesions after comparing them to base models such as decision tree classifier and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, as well as to CNNs and less complex ViTs. In particular, we attach greater importance to the performance of melanoma, which is the most lethal type of skin cancer. The ViT-L32 model achieves an accuracy of 91.57% and a melanoma recall of 58.54%, while ViT-L16 achieves an accuracy of 92.79% and a melanoma recall of 56.10%. This offers a potential tool for faster and more accurate diagnoses and an overall improvement for the healthcare sector.
Linking Sfl1 Regulation of Hyphal Development to Stress Response Kinases in Candida albicans

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Candida albicans is a commensal as well as a pathogen of humans. C. albicans is able to mount a cellular response to a diverse range of external stimuli in the host and switch reversibly between the yeast and hyphal growth forms. Hyphal development is a key virulence determinant. Here, we studied how C. albicans senses different environmental signals to control its growth forms. Our study results suggest that robust hyphal development requires downregulation of two transcriptional repressors, Nrg1 and Sfl1. Acidic pH or cationic stress inhibits hyphal formation via stress-responsive kinases and Sfl1.