jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Approach for Formulation of Rutin Tablets Targeted for Colon Cancer Treatment

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this study was the improvement of rutin solubility along with targeting its release to colon for effective treatment of colon cancer. Five formulations of compression-coated tablets were prepared with the same core composition including rutin-polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 solid dispersion (rutin-PVP K30 SD) but differ in being coated with either frankincense alone or different combinations of frankincense with gelatin. The superior formula was selected based on the in vitro drug release then further evaluated in terms of physical properties and in vivo performance in dogs using X-ray. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity of rutin, rutin-PVP K30 SD, frankincense, and a mixture of rutin-PVP K30 SD with frankincense in a ratio representing their concentrations in the selected formula was assessed against human colon cancer (HCT-116) cell lines using sulforhodamine B assay . The formula (F4) with the coat consisted of 65%w/w frankincense and 35%w/w gelatin achieved acceptable in vitro controlled drug release. In vivo X-ray in dogs confirmed that F4 tablet could remain intact in the stomach and small intestine until reaching the colon. In vitro cytotoxicity revealed that mixture of rutin-PVP K30 SD with frankincense was more effective in arresting cancer cell growth than rutin or frankincense alone. Moreover, stability studies revealed that F4 tablets were physically and chemically stable. Thus, improving rutin solubility using solid dispersion technique and formulating it into frankincense-based compression-coated (F4) tablets would be a successful approach for colonic delivery of rutin with potential of improving therapeutic efficacy. Graphical Abstract
Inactivation of Influenza a Viruses in the Environment and Modes of Transmission

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Three different, mutually non-exclusive modes of influenza transmission have been identified and controversially discussed so far: droplet, airborne and contact transmission. One factor contributing to the relative importance of each of the three transmission modes is the inactivation of influenza A viruses in different environmental media. We systematically review available information on the environmental inactivation of influenza A viruses and combine these data with information on infectious dose and with results from novel mathematical models to evaluate the relative importance transmission modes. Our analysis shows that daily inactivation rate constants differ by several orders of magnitude: on inanimate surfaces and in aerosols daily inactivation rates are in the order of 1 ¿ 102, on hands in the order of 103, i.e. influenza virus can survive in aerosols for several hours, on hands for a few minutes. Nasal infectious dose of influenza A is several orders of magnitude larger than airborne infectious dose. We conclude that the airborne route is a potentially important transmission pathway for influenza in indoor environments and that the importance of droplet transmission has to be reassessed. Contact transmission can be limited by fast inactivation of influenza virus on hands and is more so than aerosol transmission dependent on behavioural parameters. However, the potentially large inocula deposited in the environment through sneezing and the protective effect of nasal mucus on virus survival could make contact transmission a key transmission mode.
Bilateral Congenital Absence of Stapes Superstructure, Rare Ossicular Anomaly Managed Endoscopically

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The congenital anomalies of ossicular chain of the middle ear are an uncommon event that can present in a variety of ways. Among these malformations, the congenital absence of stapes (CAS) is a very rare condition that is seldom described in the English scientific literature. It was first reported by Mcaskile and Sullivan in 1955 in two patients with conductive hearing loss.
Mechanism of Constipation in Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy: a Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Previously no functional study has been available for the mechanism of constipation in familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP). We performed a gut function test in a 78-year-old woman with transthyretin-type FAP who had severe constipation. The gut function test showed a prolonged colonic transit time, a low anal pressure at rest and upon squeezing, loss of the spontaneous phasic rectal contractions, and weak abdominal strain. All these abnormalities suggested a peripheral autonomic dysfunction, corresponding to the enteric neuropathy that was confirmed upon autopsy.
Sorbates and benzoates in meat and meat products: Importance, application and determination

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Recent views on the use of preservatives sorbic and benzoic acids and their salts in meat products are presented from the point of accordance with current legislation in the Republic of Serbia and the EU, food safety and public health risks, and mainstreams in the methodology for their determination. These preservatives are permitted to be added individually or in combination, the maximum level is applicable to the sum and the levels are expressed as the free acid. Currently set values of the recommended daily intake of sorbate and benzoate are 25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively. These values vary and depend on regulations in different countries. Considering control of the use of these additives, the most common methods for their determination are chromatographic methods based on high performance, or high pressure, liquid chromatography with diode array detectors.
Effects of Land Mines and Unexploded Ordnance on the Pediatric Population and Comparison with Adults in Rural Cambodia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background This paper was designed to evaluate and compare the impact of explosive war remnants on children versus adults in rural Cambodia. Methods A prospective review of trauma database from November 2003 to January 2006 of the Civilian War Victims Surgical Centre in Battambang, Cambodia, run by an Italian NGO called “EMERGENCY” was performed. Age, female ratio, time of evacuation, type of ordnance, pattern of injury, number of operations, transfused patients, hospitalization, mortality, and residual disability were registered and compared. Results A total of 356 patients acutely wounded by antipersonnel land mines, antitank land mines, or unexploded ordnances (UXO) were admitted. Among these, 94 (26.4%) were children (younger than aged 16 years). Females were more common among children than adults (31.9% vs. 11.8%); 61.7% of children were injured by UXO, whereas 72.1% of adults were victims of antipersonnel land mines. Antitank mines victims were uncommon in both groups. The majority of adults (49.2%) were injured to lower limbs, whereas 50% of children were injured to upper limbs, face, and torso. Random wounds, typical of an explosion in vicinity, were observed in 32.9% of children and 18.7% of adults. All differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.005). Time of evacuation, number of operations, and hospitalization did not statistically differ among groups. Number of transfused patients (23% vs. 7.2%), mortality (6.3% vs. 1.5%), incidence of blindness (21.2% vs. 9.5%), and maimed upper limbs (23.3% vs. 8.8%) were significantly higher in children compared with adults ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Long after ceasefire, antitank mines, antipersonnel land mines, and UXO continue to injure and kill civilians. Children are commonly injured and sustain more severe injuries.
Entropic Decision Making

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Using results from neurobiology on perceptual decision making and value-based decision making, the problem of decision making between lotteries is reformulated in an abstract space where uncertain prospects are mapped to corresponding active neuronal representations. This mapping allows us to maximize non-extensive entropy in the new space with some constraints instead of a utility function. To achieve good agreements with behavioral data, the constraints must include at least constraints on the weighted average of the stimulus and on its variance. Both constraints are supported by the adaptability of neuronal responses to an external stimulus. By analogy with thermodynamic and information engines, we discuss the dynamics of choice between two lotteries as they are being processed simultaneously in the brain by rate equations that describe the transfer of attention between lotteries and within the various prospects of each lottery. This model is able to give new insights on risk aversion and on behavioral anomalies not accounted for by Prospect Theory.
Psychopathologies Among European Women Involved in Islamist Radicalization: A Review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Various factors have been found to contribute to an individual's pathway to Islamist radicalization. Signs of psychiatric disorders and psychological problems have been reported to be one of them. While European women have supported and joined the Islamic State (IS), their psychopathologies have rarely been systematically recorded. We set out to review the literature on psychopathologies among European women involved in Islamist radicalization. Out of the seven included studies, two reported psychiatric diagnoses in line with official diagnosis systems. Three studies indicated that they were official psychiatric diagnoses among the sample, without specifying the diagnosis at hand. Psychological problems at the subclinical level were reported among three studies. Psychological familial control and a resulting lack of autonomy during adolescence was reported in three studies. Experienced trauma in the childhood and/or adolescence was reported in four studies. The current review highlights the need for well-designed empirical studies on existing psychopathologies among European women involved in Islamist radicalization. Future studies reporting on female-specific psychiatric disorders and psychological problems while using standardized psychiatric assessment making them comparable to each other are urgently needed.
The Samurai Way of Baseball: The Impact of Ichiro and the New Wave from Japan

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ichiro...Nomo...Hasegawa...Hideki Matsui...one by one they have come to America and made their mark as incredibly gifted and popular ballplayers. But this new wave of athlete-led by the sensational Ichiro Suzuki, whom many refer to as the best all-around player-is just the tip of a fascinating iceberg. Illuminating a deep and very different tradition of baseball, Whiting shows why more Japanese players will be coming to America...and how they will forever transform the way our game is played. Grandly entertaining and deeply revealing, The Samurai Way of Baseball is a classic book about sports, business, and stardom-in a world that is changing before our eyes.
Chronic aortitis following furosemide therapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A significant increase in histopathologic nonspecific chronic aortitis was found when 100 autopsy specimens from 1965 were compared with series from 1974 and 1980. The chronic aortitis was correlated with furosemide diuretic administration during the last hospitalization. Furosemide is albumin bound, produces vasodilation, and is suspected of having induced a subclinical haptenic immunologic reaction in about one third of those treated.
Disentangling economics and culture in European policies for cinema: what can we learn from Portugal and non-commercial exhibition?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Policy orientations by the European Union foreground the need to attend to peripheral territories (especially non-dense urban areas), as they combine multiple socioeconomic and cultural asymmetry factors. This applies to cinema, in-between market- and cultural-driven logics, and film exhibition in particular. Theatrical exhibition in Europe remains concentrated in urban multiplexes, where US blockbusters largely dominate, and although the majority of the films released are European, US films account for the majority of admissions. This paper results from an ongoing research about non-commercial exhibition in Portugal. We will present an overview of the European framework and then an outline of the Portuguese cinema policy settings. This overview will contribute to the clarification of the (minor) place and (high) importance of the cultural dimension of film exhibition, especially the role of non-commercial exhibition, an invisible segment in most official data and reports, although strategic to countering cultural inequalities and homogenisation.
Bisphenol a exposure promotes the migration of NCM460 cells via estrogen receptor‐mediated integrin β1/MMP‐9 pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used industrial chemical and also an environmental endocrine disruptor (EED), which serves as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. BPA enters human body mainly through oral intake, and has been reported as being linked to oncogenesis in many tissues. However, the association of BPA intake with gastrointestinal cancer, such as colon cancer, has received less attention. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of BPA on the migration of normal colon epithelial cells (NCM460 cells) and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our data showed that 1 × 10 −8 M (equivalent to environmental concentration) of BPA potently promoted the migration of NCM460 cells. Interestingly, BPA treatment induced an increase of integrin β1 expression, and the functional blocking of integrin β1 abolished the migration‐promoting effects of BPA. Moreover, the results showed that it was estrogen receptor β but not estrogen receptor α that was involved in this migration promotion. In addition, cellular exposure of BPA stimulated the expression and activity of MMP‐9, a well‐known factor of cell migration. Taken together, these results indicate that environmental concentration of BPA exposure promotes cell migration through activating ERβ‐mediated integrin β1/MMP‐9 pathway, suggesting exposure to BPA in the colon may present a potential cancer risk. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 799–807, 2016.
Composing Collaborationist Collages about Commercial Security

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is an argument about why it is worth taking the trouble to work with feminist, new materialist approaches inspired by Haraway, Mol, Stengers and others, when studying IR questions. It introduces and exemplifies one specific analytical strategy for doing so, namely one of “composing collaborationist collages”, focusing first on the main building blocks of the approach and then on the (dis-)advantages of working with it. In terms of the building blocks, I underline that composing makes it possible to join the heterogeneous and unlikely, that collaging accentuates the scope for playing with heterogeneity and that collaborating is a necessary part of this process as a well as a helpful check on one’s positionality. I then proceed by focusing on the (dis-)advantages of composing collaborationist collages, making the arguments that this research strategy directs attention to (dis-)connections and to the temporal politics of emergence . It also requires a willingness to face the uncertainties associated with creative academic work. The article introduces composing collaborationist collages as a research strategy. It does so working with material from feminist new materialism, practice theories, the exhibition War Games featuring installations by Hito Steyerl and Martha Rosler and my own work on the politics of commercial security.
Optimizing the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor in the management of patients with Crohn’s disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since the approval of the first anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in late 1998, the treatment for Crohn’s disease (CD) has been revolutionized. Anti-TNF therapy has been consistently shown in numerous clinical trials to be effective for patients with more aggressive perianal, internal penetrating, and fistulizing CD. However, the loss of clinical remission is frequent and only one-third of patients remain in clinical remission at 1 year. The pharmacokinetics of anti-TNF is highly variable among patients and could be influenced by many factors including serum albumin, gender, body weight, systemic inflammation and route of administration. The main factor impacting anti-TNF pharmacokinetics and efficacy is the development of immunogenicity where antidrug antibodies accelerate anti-TNF drug clearance. In this review paper, we evaluate the role of combination therapy with anti-TNF drugs and immunomodulators, the role of therapeutic drug monitoring, and strategies to recapture loss of clinical response in order to improve both short- and long-term outcomes in CD patients.
Na+-H+ antiporter of rat colonic basolateral membrane vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The present experiments were conducted, using acridine orange and 22Na uptake techniques, to demonstrate the presence of an electroneutral Na+-H+ exchange process in rat colonic basolateral membrane vesicles. Results consistent with the existence of a distinct Na+-H+ antiporter in these vesicles include the following: 1) an outwardly directed Na+ gradient stimulated proton influx (Na+in, 100 mM; pHin 7.5/pHout 7.5) and an inwardly directed sodium gradient (Na+out, 5-50 mM; pHin 6.0/pHout 7.5) stimulated proton efflux; 2) sodium-stimulated proton influx was minimally decreased (approximately 10-25%) under voltage clamp conditions (addition of valinomycin in the presence of K+ on both sides of vesicles), indicating that Na+ for H+ exchange in these vesicles could not be explained solely on the basis of a membrane potential; 3) an outwardly directed proton gradient (pHin 5.5/pHout 7.5) stimulated 22Na uptake into these vesicles and a threefold "over-shoot" was observed; 4) 22Na uptake and sodium-stimulated proton efflux were saturable with a Km for Na+ of 5.8 +/- 0.9 and 7.0 +/- 0.3 mM, respectively; 5) amiloride (1 mM) significantly inhibited both sodium-stimulated proton efflux (approximately 69%) and 22Na uptake (approximately 89%), but other transport inhibitors (acetazolamide, 4-acetamido-4'isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, and bumetanide) had no effect on 22Na uptake; 6) N-methylglucamine+ (a nonpermeant cation) did not affect pH gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake, whereas Li+ inhibited Na+ uptake; 7) an inwardly directed Li+ gradient stimulated proton efflux and the Km for Li+ was 12.5 +/- 1.5 mM. These findings establish the existence of an electroneutral Na+-H+ exchange mechanism in rat colonic basolateral membrane vesicles.
Optimization of the Performance of a Digital-Data-Transition Tracking Loop

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The steady-state behavior of a data-transition tracking loop, used as a bit synchronizer in a phase-coherent receiver, is considered. Optimization of mean-square phase noise and mean time to first cycle slip is performed when the average power of the reference cross-correlating signal is constrained. It is shown that by adjusting the quadrature channel gain along with the integration interval, a significant improvement in phase noise and cycle slip performances can be achieved over that system which integrates in the quadrature channel over the full symbol period. All the results are derived for a first-order loop filter merely to indicate the approach to the problem and the relative value of optimizing the system.
Islet cells-tight junctions: changes in its number induced by glucose.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cell-tight junctions were counted in rat isolated islets incubated for different periods of time in the presence of different extracellular glucose concentrations. The number of tight junctions increased as a function of the length of the incubation period and the concentration of glucose. These results would suggest the involvement of tight junctions in the regulatory process of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Key words: Tight junctions, islet cell ultrastructure, isolated islets, islet incubation, glucose-induced insulin secretion, islet cell secretory function.
Seizure Characterisation using Frequency Dependent Multivariate Dynamics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The characterisation of epileptic seizures assists in the design of targeted pharmaceutical seizure prevention techniques and pre-surgical evaluations. In this paper, we expand on recent use of multivariate techniques to study the crosscorrelation dynamics between electroencephalographic (EEG) channels. The Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) is applied in order to separate the EEG channels into their underlying frequencies. The dynamics of the cross-correlation matrix between channels, at each frequency, are then analysed in terms of the eigenspectrum. By examination of the eigenspectrum, we show that it is possible to identify frequency dependent changes in the correlation structure between channels which may be indicative of seizure activity. The technique is applied to EEG epileptiform data and the results indicate that the correlation dynamics vary over time and frequency, with larger correlations between channels at high frequencies. Additionally, a redistribution of wavelet energy is found, with increased fractional energy demonstrating the relative importance of high frequencies during seizures. Dynamical changes also occur in both correlation and energy at lower frequencies during seizures, suggesting that monitoring frequency dependent correlation structure can characterise changes in EEG signals during these. Future work will involve the study of other large eigenvalues and inter-frequency correlations to determine additional seizure characteristics.
SmartBlock-SDN: An Optimized Blockchain-SDN Framework for Resource Management in IoT

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Blockchain are leading technologies used worldwide to establish safe network communication as well as build secure network infrastructures. They provide a robust and reliable platform to address threats and face challenges such as security, privacy, flexibility, scalability, and confidentiality. Driven by these assumptions, this paper presents an optimized energy-efficient and secure Blockchain-based software-defined IoT framework for smart networks. Indeed, SDN and Blockchain technologies have proven to be able to suitably manage resource utilization and to develop secure network communication across the IoT ecosystem. However, there is a lack of research works that present a comprehensive definition of such a framework that can meet the requirements of the IoT ecosystem (i.e. efficient energy utilization and reduced end-to-end delay). Therefore, in this research, we present a layered hierarchical architecture for the deployment of a distributed yet efficient Blockchain-enabled SDN-IoT framework that ensures efficient cluster-head selection and secure network communication via the identification and isolation of rouge switches. Besides, the Blockchain-enabled flow-rules record keeps track of the rules enforced in the switches and maintains the consistency within the controller cluster. Finally, we assess the performance of the proposed framework in a simulation environment and show that it can achieve optimized energy-utilization, end-to-end delay, and throughput compared to considered baselines, thus being able to achieve efficiency and security in the smart network.