jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Abstract 552: Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease is Aassociated with Total or Central Body Adiposity?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Obesity is reported as an important contributor for vitamin D (VitD) deficiency. Nevertheless, most of the studies use body mass index (BMI) to evaluate this relationship and results are not clear. In CKD, obesity and VitD deficiency are common conditions, however the association of body adiposity and VitD in nondialyzed CKD patients is not known. Objective: Determine the association of VitD with total and central body adiposity in nondialyzed CKD patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in nondialyzed CKD outpatients under regular treatment. Inclusion criteria: clinically stable; age≥18 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI) (eGFR)≤ 60 ml/min. Body adiposity: BMI (classified by WHO criteria; 1998); waist circumference (WC); waist-to-height ratio (WheiR); waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); total body adiposity (TBA) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and by body adiposity index (BAI). VitD[25(OH)D] analysed by Passing-Bablok method and leptin, used as TBA marker, by radioimmunoassay. Participants were stratified as: VitD-deficient (<20 ng/ml; 23%/n=40; VitD=16±3 ng/ml) and VitD-no-deficient (≥20 ng/ml; 77%/n=135; VitD=31±8 ng/ml). Results: We studied 175 nondialyzed CKD (57.7% men/n=101), 66±13 years, eGFR=29±13ml/min., BMI=26±5 kg/m2, VitD=27±9.7 ng/ml. CKD stages (CKD-s) profile was (%/n): 3A-15%/26; 3B-32%/56; 4-39%/68; 5-14%/25. VitD-deficient patients compared with VitD-no-deficient showed higher TBA evaluated by DXA (38±7 vs. 33±9%,p=0.003), BAI (32±7 vs. 29±5%,p=0.009) and leptin (median; interquartil interval=6.2; 5-10 vs. 11; 10-19 ng/dl,p=0,01), but showed no differences (p≥0.05) for BMI and central adiposity parameters (WC;WheiR;WHR). Serum 25(OH)D values were negatively associated with TBA (DXA: r= -0.3; p=0.0008; BAI: r= -0.22; p=0.008), but was not associated with BMI and with WC, WheiR, WHR. In multiple regression analysis TBA (by DXA and by BAI), but not BMI, was independently associated with VitD (p=0.001) after adjusted by age, gender, eGFR. Conclusion: Total body adiposity, but not BMI or central adiposity, was independently associated with vitamin D levels in this population with CKD.
Instant Neural Graphics Primitives Framework and its Emerging Applications in Digitalization of Dental Care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The ongoing development of the digital dentistry has a significant contribution on the enhancement of the dental treatment procedures making them significantly faster and less painful. Cutting edge technologies such as generating digital dental models have brought a major improvement over the traditional mold models, which are uncomfortable to patients and time-consuming to dentists. In this paper we study the Neural Radiance Fields neural network and the Instant Neural Graphics Primitives framework and their emerging application in the field of dental care. The Neural Radiance Field is a fully connected deep network trained on a sparse set of 2D images that synthesizes new views of complex 3D scenes. The Instant Neural Graphics Primitives is a novel framework that makes possible to train almost instantly various models, including Neural Radiance Fields models. We generate two digital 3D models corresponding to the lower and upper arch physical dental models using the Instant Neural Graphics Primitives trained on a novel dataset that we introduced. In addition to this, we also compare the obtained results with the 3D models generated through the use of a photogrammetry software.
Depressive Mood and Adolescent Illicit Drug Use: A Longitudinal Analysis

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with rigidity percolation in composite materials consisting of a dispersion of mineral particles in a microstructured viscoelastic matrix. The viscoelastic matrix in this specific case is a hydrocarbon refinery residue. In a set of model random composites the mean interparticle surface-to-surface distance was controlled, changing particle volume fraction phi and particle number density independently. This was achieved by mixing two sets of monodisperse particles with widely differing radii (0.35 mu m and 17.5 mu m) with the matrix. A scaling exponent of 3.9 +/- 0.6 for the storage modulus G' vs phi-phi(c) was observed above a threshold phi(c), in good agreement with theoretical values for rigidity percolation. It is found that at the rigidity-percolation threshold the pore structure, as characterized by the mean surface-to-surface distance for the filler, rather than the filler volume fraction, is similar for different types of composites. This behavior is explained from the internal structure of the viscoelastic matrix, which consists of fractal solid aggregates dissolved in a viscous medium; the effective radius of these aggregates and the mean surface-to-surface distance together determine whether or not the aggregates are capable of providing rigidity to the composite. The explanation is further supported by a qualitative comparison with effective-medium calculations. These indicate that the observed breakdown of time-temperature superposition near phi(c) is due to the appearance of a time scale characteristic for the mechanical interplay between the viscous binder phase and the purely elastic solid particles.
Initiating Effects of Calcium on Pollen Germination and Its Regulative Role in Pollen Tube GroWth

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The initiating effects of Ca￣(2+)on pollen germination and its regulative role in pollen tube growth were investigated in Pinus yunnanensis and Nicotiana tabacum. High concentration of Ca￣(2-)(10￣(-1)～IO￣(-2)mol/L)in the medium caused severe inhibition of pollen germination and tube growth,but lower concentration of Ca￣(2+)or Ca￣(2+)-deficiency(10￣(-3～0mol/L)had little effect on pollen ger-mination and tube growth. Measurement of Ca content in germinating pollen showed that there was a significant Ca￣(+2) release from pollen during the hydration and early germination phase. How-ever,Ca￣(2+)specific chelating agent EGTA led to the inhibition of pollen germination,and this inhibi-tion could be eliminated by re-adding excess Ca￣(2+)to the medium containing EGTA. Ca￣(2+)channel blockers verapamil and Co￣(2+)also caused the inhibition or failure of pollen germination, In addition,Ca￣(2+)ionophore A23187 impeded pollen germination and tube growth. Unlike veraparmil and Co￣(2+)treatments,pollen tube growth was more sensitive to A23187 than pollen germination. These results suggested that Ca￣(2+)is indispensible for pollen germination and tube growth although exogenous addition of Ca￣(2+)to the medium is not necessary. The uptake of Ca￣(2+)occurred mainly in early germi-nation phase, and Ca￣(2+)could act as an initiator of pollen germination and also as a regulator of pollen tube growth.
A Recurring Question — How Many Beds for Dementia?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Experience at Crichton Royal in dealing with dementia over a thirty year period has been used to develop two models of bed requirements for dementia sufferers. The first based on results from the periods 1957 to 1959 and 1974 to 1976 and the second on experience in the years 1974–75 and 1984–85. The variables considered were demographic change, admission of a constant proportion of the at risk group and changes in individual patient survival between groups of patients admitted. Projections based on the earlier model suggested that the SHAPE provision of 10 beds per 1000 of the over 64 population would be insufficient to maintain established standards of care. The later model, however, finds SHAPE numbers appropriate. The reasons for the change of view — Inaccuracy in estimate of increasing male survival and significant under-estimates of population growth — Nullify each other. The conclusion is that SHAPE is a useful model provided the demographic changes and patient survival change are carefully monitored.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Human Colorectal Tumour Cells (Study of 70 Cases)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Estrogen and progesterone receptors were studied in 70 cases of human colorectal cancer by a cytochemical technique. 28.5% of the cases were estrogen-receptor positive and 42.8% progesterone-receptor positive. There was no difference between the sexes for estrogen receptors but the women had more tumours with progesterone receptors than men. The presence of receptors is unrelated to the differentiation of the tumour. More colon tumours were positive than those of the sigma and rectum. The concentration of cells with receptors in positive cancer cases tended to be low or medium-low.
Gastroesophageal intussusception in a 4-week-old German shepherd puppy.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The surgical treatment of a gastroesophageal intussusception (GEI) in a 4-week-old male intact German shepherd puppy is described in this report. Bilateral gastropexies were performed; an incisional gastropexy on the right and a gastrostomy tube gastropexy on the left. The dog recovered well and is thriving long-term with no clinical signs of persistent megaesophagus. With the combination of early detection and surgical correction of GEI, mortality rates may be lower than the 95% mortality rate that has been reported in previous literature and supports new studies that have reported a 65% survival rate long-term. Key clinical message: Young animals presenting with vague clinical signs require thorough evaluation to identify uncommon, yet life-threatening diseases such as GEI. Early detection and interventions can subsequently lead to successful outcomes.
MBIST Repair Mechanishm and Implementation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Today's deep submicron technologies allow the implementation of multiple memories on a single chip. Due to their high density, memories are more prone to faults. These faults impact the total chip yield [1]. Keeping the memory cores at a reasonable yield level is thus vital for SOC products. For such purpose, memory designers usually employ redundancy repair logic using spare rows and columns to improve the yield. The BISR (Built in Self Repair) technique is a promising and popular solution for enhancing the yield of memories with the redundancy logic. Furthermore, redundancies of memories are not just for defects, redundancies can also be used to recover yield due to process variation in addition to yield recovery for defects.
Drug and Substance Abuse among Youth: Factors, Effects and Prevention Methods

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drug and substance abuse has become an increasingly pressing issue worldwide, especially among youth. This conceptual article aims to discuss the factors contributing to drug and substance abuse, the effects of drug and substance abuse on youth, methods of preventing drug and substance abuse among youth, and the importance of spirituality in youth. Drug and substance abuse refers to the uncontrolled, excessive, or illegal use of certain chemicals or substances that can alter a person's mental, emotional, or physical state. Several factors make it easy for youth to get involved in drug and substance abuse, such as being easily influenced by friends, experiencing stress or depression, having poor family dynamics, lacking socioeconomic support, and having neurobiological differences. Drug and substance abuse impacts youth in terms of health, social, and economic well-being. The importance of a holistic approach in prevention should be emphasized by promoting education about drug and substance abuse awareness, fostering protective factors such as spirituality, and recognizing the role of parents and families in forming a positive environment that does not support drug and substance abuse. The importance of the spiritual element in youth is also described as a defense against drug and substance abuse.
Suspension of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) as an Intraoperative Wound Irrigation to Prevent Infection After Fracture Fixation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This was underlying data as part of the article "Suspension of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) as an Intraoperative Wound Irrigation to Prevent Infection After Fracture Fixation"
Adsorption Behavior of Water on Virgin and Modified Cyclodextrin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Relationship between water molecules and parent and hydroxypropylated cyclodextrins (denoted as CD and HP-CD) was assessed in this paper. The trends in ad-desorption isotherms of CD for water molecule were quite different compared to those of HP-CD. Ad-desorption isotherms of CD showed the hysteresis under our experimental conditions. The molar ratio of hydration (R-value) using α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD, HP-α-CD, HP-β-CD, and HP-γ-CD was 7.1, 11.4, 13.5, 12.5, 14.0, and 16.7, respectively. These results indicated that the adsorption capability of water molecule of HP-CD was greater than that of CD. Additionally, the changes in characteristics of CD and HP-CD at different water activity conditions were demonstrated. X-ray diffraction patterns were significantly different between CD and HP-CD. The crystal structure of HP-α-CD, HP-β-CD, and HP-γ-CD showed amorphous at different water activity conditions. Finally, sorption entropy and heat of sorption of water molecules were calculated in this experiment. In summary, these results provide useful information for understanding the relationship between water molecules and parent and hydroxypropylated cyclodextrins.
Preparation of conical pinholes suitable for Xeray projection micro- scopic techniques

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Attempts were made to fabricate a conical pinhole for studying biological specimens using the techniques of X-ray projection microscopy. Mechanical, photolithographic, electroforming, and jet electropolishing methods were employed for this purpose. It was found that whereas the electroforming methods yield a better conical shape, better polishing is obtained with the last method.
Reinforcement Learning with Delayed, Composite, and Partially Anonymous Reward

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigate an infinite-horizon average reward Markov Decision Process (MDP) with delayed, composite, and partially anonymous reward feedback. The delay and compositeness of rewards mean that rewards generated as a result of taking an action at a given state are fragmented into different components, and they are sequentially realized at delayed time instances. The partial anonymity attribute implies that a learner, for each state, only observes the aggregate of past reward components generated as a result of different actions taken at that state, but realized at the observation instance. We propose an algorithm named $\mathrm{DUCRL2}$ to obtain a near-optimal policy for this setting and show that it achieves a regret bound of $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}\left(DS\sqrt{AT} + d (SA)^3\right)$ where $S$ and $A$ are the sizes of the state and action spaces, respectively, $D$ is the diameter of the MDP, $d$ is a parameter upper bounded by the maximum reward delay, and $T$ denotes the time horizon. This demonstrates the optimality of the bound in the order of $T$, and an additive impact of the delay.
INFRARED ABSORPTION IN PARTIALLY DISORDERED K2CuCl4·2H2O-TYPE COMPOUNDS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An approximate relationship for the coefficient of optical absorption valid, in principle, for the infrared range, corresponding to K 2 CuCl 4 ·2 H 2 O -type compounds is derived from a model for electronic density of states. These compounds are assumed to be partially disordered from the point of view of the general theory of solids.
Electroosmotic Flow Dipole: Experimental Observation and Flow Field Patterning

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We experimentally demonstrate the phenomenon of electroosmotic dipole flow that occurs around a localized surface charge region under the application of an external electric field in a Hele-Shaw cell. We use localized deposition of polyelectrolytes to create well-controlled surface charge variations, and show that for a disk-shaped spot, the internal pressure distribution that arises, results in uniform flow within the spot and dipole flow around it. We further demonstrate the superposition of surface charge spots to create complex flow patterns, without the use of physical walls.
The Jekyll and Hyde Roles of Cysteine Derivatives during Oxidative Stress

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cysteine is one of the least frequently employed amino acids in biosynthesis (1), presumably due in part to its reactivity relative to other amino acids, particularly with respect to oxidation. However, it is this reactivity that is exploited by many defensive mechanisms for oxidative stress. Nonetheless, the reactivity of the sulfhydryl group can be burdensome when reactive sulfur species (2-4) are formed. Ironically, there is mounting evidence that under certain circumstances, derivatives of cysteine can act as pro-oxidants. We focus our attention in this report on the apparent deleterious roles of cysteine in the presence of the archetypal biocides hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite.
Identification of progastrin derived peptides in colorectal carcinoma extracts.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The possible production of gastrin by colorectal carcinomas has been studied. Extracts of 44 tumours and adjacent macroscopically normal tissue were examined in radioimmunoassay using the following antibodies: (i) L289 raised to a C-terminal fragment of progastrin which shows specificity for intact progastrin, but not the extreme C-terminal tryptic peptide; (ii) LW60 raised to a C-terminal fragment of progastrin which reacts with progastrin and its C-terminal tryptic peptide; (iii) 109-21 which was raised to, and reacts with, Gly-extended forms of heptadecapeptide gastrin--that is, biosynthetic intermediates on the pathway producing active gastrin; and (iv) L2 which reacts with amidated, biologically active gastrins. All samples contained detectable material in assays using LW60; in general, concentrations measured with this antibody were higher than with the other antibodies, and in particular there were higher concentrations in tumour compared with normal tissue extracts. Tumour extracts also contained higher concentrations of immunoreactivity compared with normal tissue, in assays using antibodies L289 and 109-21. In contrast, amidated gastrins were found in similar concentrations in tumour and normal tissue, and concentrations were the lowest of those recorded in the four assays. Separation on Sephadex G50 revealed peaks compatible with progastrin and its C-terminal flanking peptide, and two other peaks that are so far unidentified. In conclusion most colorectal carcinomas contain peptides derived from the gastrin precursor, progastrin, but for the most part these tumours do not convert progastrin into biologically active products.
Correction: Family and Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Inequalities in Childhood Trajectories of BMI and Overweight: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in longitudinal patterning of childhood overweight could cause marked differentials in total burden by adulthood.This study aims to determine timing and strength of the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and children's body mass index (BMI) in the pre-and primary school years, and to examine socioeconomic differences in overweight trajectories across childhood.Methods: Participants were 4949 children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.BMI was measured at four biennial waves starting at age 4-5 years in 2004.Developmental trajectories of childhood overweight were identified with latent class analyses.Composite variables of family and neighbourhood SES were used.Results: Socioeconomic differences in mean BMI z-scores already present at age 4-5 more than doubled by age 10-11 years, reflecting decreasing mean BMI among advantaged rather than increasing means among disadvantaged children.Latent class analysis identified children with 'stable normal weight' (68%), and with 'persistent' (15%), 'late-onset' (14%), and 'resolving' overweight (3%).Risks of persistent and late-onset childhood overweight were highest among low SES families (e.g.most disadvantaged quintile: OR persistent = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.83-3.43),and only partly explained by birth weight and parental overweight.Relationships with neighbourhood SES were weaker and attenuated fully on adjustment for family SES.No socioeconomic gradient was observed for resolving overweight.Conclusions: Childhood has become the critical period when socioeconomic inequalities in overweight emerge and strengthen.Although targeting disadvantaged children with early overweight must be a top priority, the presence of childhood overweight even among less-disadvantaged families suggests only whole-society approaches will eliminate overweight-associated morbidity.
Analysis of results obtained during calibration of force transducers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper demonstrates difference between results obtained during calibration of force transducers using standard method, which includes "warm up" of transducer before starting calibration, according to ISO 376 and calibration which does not include "warm up". Transducers were calibrated with dead weight machines Schenck Df-0.2 and DF-1.0. Paper will show is there significant difference between these two methods.
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience-New Combined Scoring System for Predicting Respiratory Failure in Iraqi Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome-Frequency distribution _ bar diagram of the combined score of ventilated patients .jpg

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to obtain the range of scores that represent 95% of the observations that ended inrespiratory failure, we used the frequency distribution curve (fig 9) with (2SD) above and below thecalculated mean. This gives a value of (16-24) as the limits of interval including the score ofpatients at risk of developing respiratory failure.
Formalism and Pragmatism in Criminal Procedure

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many jurisdictions define a special procedural regime for people facing “criminal” charges; hence, whether a case is considered “civil” or “criminal” can have important consequences for access to a wide array of procedural rights. Conventionally, the distinction between “civil” and “criminal” law is drawn by reference to whether the law in question is intended to be punitive. This chapter explores an alternative approach. Drawing upon the capabilities approach literature, this chapter develops an account of the allocation of procedural rights on the basis of whether the law in question has the potential to impair effective access to central capability. The appeal of the capabilities approach is contrasted to Kolber’s proposal to index punishment by reference to subjective utility or preference. Although appeal to capabilities is novel in this context, well-known features of due process analysis in American constitutional law are broadly consistent with a capabilities-based approach to rights allocation.