jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Dynamics of the establishment of intestinal microflora in healthy full-term newborns].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A study was made of the dynamics of establishment of the intestinal microflora in 79 healthy mature neonates born of healthy mothers. A total of 223 bacteriological examinations were conducted. A stable prevalence of bifidobacteria over the aerobic portion of the intestinal biocenosis occurred in all the children from the 8th day after birth. Along with this the following bacteria were continuously present in the intestine: lactic bacilli and streptococci E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci; however, their portion in the biocenosis was not great. Bacteroids, microbes of the Proteus genus, and yeast-like fungi were found in the cultures only before the establishment of a high bifidobacteria level. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and their associations were continuously revealed in 19.8% of healthy mature neonates. Apparently the qualitative prevalence of bifidobacteria prevented the clinical expression of dysbacteriosis in these children.
High dose frusemide in acute renal failure: a controlled trial.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fifty-eight patients in established acute renal failure following trauma or surgery were allocated in a prospective and random fashion to two different diuretic regimes. In the control group, 1 g frusemide was given as a single injection over four hours. In the test group, frusemide was then continued either intravenously or orally in a dose of 3 g/24 hr until a urine output of 200 ml/hr was sustained or until the plasma creatinine fell below 300 mumoles/l. Oliguria was reversed or prevented in 24 of 28 patients given sustained frusemide, but in only 2 patients given a single injection. However, the number of dialyses and duration of renal failure and mortality were not different in the two groups. The serious complication of deafness occurred in two patients and in one of them this was permanent.
Lumbar spine surgery across 15 years: trends, complications and reoperations in a longitudinal observational study from Norway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Studies from different Western countries have reported a rapid increase in spinal surgery rates, an increase that exceeds by far the growing incidence rates of spinal disorders in the general population. There are few studies covering all lumbar spine surgery and no previous studies from Norway. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate trends in all lumbar spine surgery in Norway over 15 years, including length of hospital stay, and rates of complications and reoperations. Design A longitudinal observational study over 15 years using hospital patient administrative data and sociodemographic data from the National Registry in Norway. Setting and participants Patients aged ≥18 years discharged from Norwegian public hospitals between 1999 and 2013. Outcome measures Annual rates of simple (microsurgical discectomy, decompression) and complex surgical procedures (fusion, disc prosthesis) in the lumbar spine. Results The rate of lumbar spine surgery increased by 54%, from 78 (95% CI (75 to 80)) to 120 (107 to 113) per 100 000, from 1999 to 2013. More men had simple surgery whereas more women had complex surgery. Among elderly people over 75 years, lumbar surgery increased by a factor of five during the 15-year period. The rates of complications were low, but increased from 0.7% in 1999 to 2.4% in 2013. Conclusions There was a substantial increase in lumbar spine surgery in Norway from 1999 to 2013, similar to trends in other Western world countries. The rise in lumbar surgery among elderly people represents a significant workload and challenge for health services, given our aging population.
Summary and Conclusions from the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists State-of-the-Science Conference on Microprocessor Knee Control Mechanisms

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article summarizes the results from deliberations by a multidisciplinary group of experts convened by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists (the Academy) to review the state of the science regarding the use of microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee mechanisms (MPKs). Although studies after 2009, bilateral amputations, and powered knee systems were not included in the original systematic review, these topics were discussed in the context of the State-of-the-Science Conference (SSC) to help guide further research proposals. On the basis of the comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature, only a few articles presented up to moderate-quality evidence that the use of MPKs enhanced functional outcomes. Many of the clinical perspectives, however, should give reason and direction for future literature in a way that has yet to be fully explored and should help to differentiate the true functional advantages or disadvantages of the various types of MPKs and the impact that these have on a select patient population with transfemoral amputation.
Psychiatric Hospital Treatment of Adolescents

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In a previous publication, Rinsley and Inge1described the behavior of adolescent psychiatric hospital patients in terms of the child's need to view hospital treatment structure as an adversary with whom he or she is locked in combat. In that publication, the authors listed 11 "devices" by which patients consciously or otherwise seek to defeat the efforts of the treatment team to understand them and to help them accept the hospital as an ally in their struggle to find themselves and to grow psychologically. These devices include both verbal and nonverbal behavior expressing resistance to the treatment milieu; these devices comprise what can best be considered "resistance metaphors." As an outgrowth of these considerations, we postulated that: 1. "Resistance metaphors" comprise much of the verbal and nonverbal behavior of adolescent patients during the initial phase of hospitalization, hence the term, "resistance phase" applied thereto;
Direct and indirect antimicrobial effects of α-mangostin on pathogenic microorganisms

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To test direct and indirect antimicrobial properties of α-mangostin towards a number of bacteria and fungi.
Methods: The experiment was carried out using broth microdilution and checkerboards methods. Activity of α-mangostin paired with an antibiotic was studied by calculating its fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC).
Results: The activity of all four bacteria towards ampicillin, penicillin G, streptomycin and tetracycline showed no interaction with the combination with α-mangostin where the FIC indexes were between the range of 0.5 4. Activity of doxycycline on Pseudomonas aeruginosa fell into other set of range, FICindex≥4 which is an antagonism.
Conclusions: The FIC index is far away in the range. The coupled antibiotic and α-mangostin is considered synergy in action if it lies in FICindex≤0.5 and it was found that the isolated compound, α-mangostin revealed very low synergistic antimicrobial effects when coupled with antibiotics.
Improving Sustainable Access to Electricity in Rural Tanzania: A System Dynamics Approach to the Matembwe Village

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

As it emerges from the literature, electricity access in rural contexts is deeply intertwined with socioeconomic dynamics. However, the advent of a reliable and sufficient source of electricity is not the sole driver that might contribute to local development. Indeed, complementary activities might have a crucial role in sustaining the development of rural communities as well as the electricity access. The current research addresses the lack of counterfactual scenarios in which the impact of complementary activities on electrification projects can be investigated. The authors introduce the case study of Matembwe village, a rural community in the Njombe region of Tanzania. The data collection includes the electricity consumption, number of electricity connections, and number of income-generating activities in a timespan ranging from 1989 to 2015. The analysis is based on system dynamics. The study considers different scenarios representing the dynamics related to the following complementary actions: access to market measures, access to credit measures, and access to usable skills. On the one hand, the study reveals that the effectiveness of the considered complementary actions is limited except from the access to microcredit which fosters an increase in electricity connections by 17%. On the other hand, both access to microcredit and the starting up of a local cooperative by CEFA Onlus that reinvests its profits in the local market impact the socio-economic dimension by 69% and 22%, respectively.
Hepatic-Lipid Changes in Mice Infected with Plasmodium Berghei

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SummaryLipid analyses on hepatic tissue of mice during infection with P. berghei revealed various alterations in fatty-acid composition. Initial changes were followed by an approach toward normal late in the disease. Major changes in the concentrations of C 16:0, C 17:0, C 18:0, C 18:1, C 18:2, and C 20:4 fatty acids were noted within specific lipid classes as well as the total lipid extract.It was of interest that almost exactly opposite changes were noted in the free fatty acids as compared with the other fractions. This is possibly a result of the pool of utilizable fatty acids derived from depot lipids being diverted to some other function, such as biosynthesis in the parasite.A lack of change in lipase activity was shown not to be a factor in the alterations observed from esterified acids to the free fatty-acid class.
Time-series analysis of intraindividual performances of a complex serial gross motor task

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Four case studies of time-series motor performances were designed to examine relationships among serial recall, visual and kinesthetic perceptual attributes, and spatial complexity. The task included four nine-element serial sequences and two tossing sequences. Subjects performed a series of movement patterns that included walking, simple hand motions, ducking under or stepping over obstacles, stacking blocks of differing colors, and walking in geometrically shaped floor patterns. Selected perceptual demand characteristics were structured into the four serial sequences, i. e., high-visual (HV) versus low-visual (LV) attributes and a four- versus nine-destination spatial environment. Subjects first completed two perceptual tests, The Rod-and-Frame Test and the Space relations subtest of the Differential Aptitude Test. Fifteen trials were conducted over three weeks. Performances were timed and coded by trained observers. Timed data included total time for each trial and partial times for each element within the trial. Two interventions changed element order within sequences and sequence order within task.
Downstream flow condition effects on the RR → MR transition of asymmetric shock waves in steady flows

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the regular reflection (RR) to Mach reflection (MR) transition of asymmetric shock waves is theoretically studied by employing the classical two- and three-shock theories. Computations are conducted to evaluate the effects of expansion fans, which are inherent flow structures in asymmetric reflection of shock waves, on the RR → MR transition. Comparison shows good agreement among the theoretical, numerical and experimental results. Some discrepancies between experiment and theory reported in previous studies are also explained based on the present theoretical analysis. The advanced RR → MR transition triggered by a transverse wave is also discussed for the interaction of a hypersonic flow and a double-wedge-like geometry.
[Current status and problems of anticancer drug-induced lung injuries].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Some large-scale clinical investigations on gefitinib-induced lung injury have been performed,which have much new information about anticancer drug-induced lung injuries and indicated significant problems in the development of new anticancer drugs. Analysis of gefitinib-induced lung injury revealed varying patterns of clinical features, ethnic differences in onset, risk factors for development and diagnostic difficulties in anticancer drug-induced lung injuries. Furthermore, we realized again underlying problems in the process of developing new anticancer drugs and the importance of post-marketing surveillance. We must elucidate the mechanism of anticancer drug-induced lung injuries to manage them effectively.
Phase-matched electromagnetic generation and detection of surface elastic waves on nonconducting solids

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have generated and detected surface elastic waves at a fundamental frequency of 15.5 MHz on high-resistivity silicon. The generation process involved the Lorentz forces exerted by a static magnetic field on the current-carrying elements of an evaporated aluminum meander line whose spatial periodicity matched that of the surface waves. The detection process involved the motional emf induced by the magnetic field in the vibrating elements of the receiver meander line. The generation-detection signal amplitude shows a B2 dependence and is a maximum when the magnetic field is parallel to the direction of propagation.
Development of a mathematical model for Bacillus circulans growth and alkaline protease production kinetics

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND: An unstructured mathematical model was developed to understand information on the relationship between Bacillus circulans growth and metabolism‐related protease production (using logistic and Luedeking–Piret equations respectively) in a batch reactor with respect to glucose consumption and fermentation time. The objective was to develop an indispensable tool for the optimisation, control, design and analysis of alkaline protease production. RESULTS: Biomass growth and enzyme production titres changed with a change in substrate concentration. Modelling analysis of biomass and enzyme production titres at different substrate concentrations revealed significant accuracy in terms of statistical consistency and robustness with respect to fermentation kinetic profiles. CONCLUSION: With the B. circulans strain used, an economic protease yield (2837 × 10 3 U g −1 ) with respect to biomass and glucose ratio was achieved at low substrate concentration (10 g L −1 ). The developed model could be effectively utilised for designing, controlling and up‐scaling the protease production process in high‐density fermentation in selected bioreactors with statistical consistency. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of Hand-Scaling Skills of Dental Hygienist Students: Identification of Contact Between Hand-Scaler Blade Tip and Tooth Surface

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Dental hygienist students require a self-learning simulator to learn the correctness of hand-scaling techniques. An essential technique in hand scaling is the maintenance of contact between the tip of the hand-scaler blade and the tooth. However, imaging-based methods cannot effectively reveal this contact because the gingiva and buccal mucosa conceal the blade. Therefore, this study aimed to propose a method to identify the appropriate contact state of the blade with the tooth by using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the hand scaler and a force sensor attached to the target tooth. The hand-scaling motion was measured in an experiment in which participants were instructed to use the tip or middle of the blade to contact the tooth. The contact state of the blade, whether it was the tip or the middle, was identified using 18 features, including the average and standard deviation of nine dimensions of force, acceleration, and angular velocity with a support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that the model using all 18 features could classify the contact state with an accuracy of 97.1%. Furthermore, the accuracy was 95.9% with the 12 features from IMU alone, which was not significantly different from the accuracy with 18 features. The accuracy was 88.8% with six features from the force sensor alone. These results indicate that the IMU alone can identify the correct contact state, highlighting the possibility of creating a realistic simulator for training dental hygienists in evaluating the blade-contact state.
Estimation of Fitness Values for Virulence Genes in Collections of Rice Blast Fungus from Niigata Prefecture.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data on host-pathogen relationship of rice (Oryza sativa) and blast (Pyricularia oryzae) obtained in Niigata Prefecture, Japan were analyzed by application of a simulation model for following the change of pathogen genotype frequencies. The proportion of growing areas of rice varieties with various genotypes for blast resistance were obtained from statistics data and frequencies of blast-fungus genotypes for virulence were calculated from the data from 1976 to 1986 in six areas in Niigata Prefecture. The lowering of fitness values for each of avirulence genes, Av-a, Av-i, Av-k and Av-z, accompanying the mutation to virulence was estimated by simulating the change in the frequencies of each genotype of blast fungus on the frequencies of genotypes of rice plant. Lower fitness values of virulence genes, Av-a+ and Av-i+, were obtained in all areas in Niigata Prefecture. This explains the recent predominance of a pathogen genotype, Av-a Av-i Av-k Av-z (main race 001) in Niigata Prefecture, though predominance of the genotype, Av-a+ Av-i Av-k Av-z (race number 003) was previously obtained in the Kanto District with similar gene frequencies for host resistance to Niigata Prefecture. Reverse tendencies between two genes were observed: fitness values obtained were slightly higher for the Av-a+ gene and significantly lower for Av-i+ gene in mountainous areas in comparison with plain areas.
The Role of User Reviews in App Updates: A Preliminary Investigation on App Release Notes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Release planning for mobile apps has recently become an area of active\nresearch. Prior research in this area concentrated on the analysis of release\nnotes and on tracking user reviews to support app evolution with issue\ntrackers. However, little is known about the impact of user reviews on the\nevolution of mobile apps. Our work explores the role of user reviews in app\nupdates based on release notes. For this purpose, we collected user reviews and\nrelease notes of Spotify, the 'number one' app in the 'Music' category in Apple\nApp Store, as the research data. Then, we manually removed non-informative\nparts of each release note, and manually determined the relevance of the app\nreviews with respect to the release notes. We did this by using Word2Vec\ncalculation techniques based on the top 80 app release notes with the highest\nsimilarities. Our empirical results show that more than 60% of the matched\nreviews are actually irrelevant to the corresponding release notes. When\nzooming in at these relevant user reviews, we found that around half of them\nwere posted before the new release and referred to requests, suggestions, and\ncomplaints. Whereas, the other half of the relevant user reviews were posted\nafter updating the apps and concentrated more on bug reports and praise.\n
Treating Black Hypertensives with Capozide

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twenty-four black men with mild to moderate essential hypertension were enrolled in an open-label trial comparing the efficacy of two doses of Capozide (captopril and hydrochlorothiazide). All antihypertensive drugs were discontinued and patients then received placebo for 2 weeks. Twenty-two patients, mean age 59.1 +/- 14.3 years, with sitting diastolic blood pressure (BP) 92 to 110 mm Hg, entered the 6-week active-drug phase. Eleven patients (Group A) were randomized to Capozide 25/15 and 11 (Group B) to Capozide 50/15. Baseline mean BPs were 151.0/100.7 mm Hg in Group A and 153.1/100.7 mm Hg in Group B. At week 6, mean BPs were 128.7/84.4 mm Hg in Group A and 126.8/82.7 mm Hg in Group B. Uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels rose slightly in both groups. There were no adverse events. Eighteen patients had normal BPs at study completion. Twice-daily Capozide treatment is effective and well tolerated in blacks; patients responded equally well to both doses.
Patterns and Predictions of Barley yellow dwarf virus Vector Migrations in Central Europe

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) is one of the most detrimental pests of cereals, causing harm mainly by transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). R. padi migration has been monitored since 1992 using suction traps at five sites in the Czech Republic. The count data were subjected to the following different analyses: (i) the minimum temperature thresholds for the aphids to take off were determined; (ii) a partial redundancy analysis using the minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, as well as the wind speed, the precipitation total, and past aphid migration descriptors was performed to explain the relationship between aphid occurrences and weather patterns; and (iii) three types of models from the field of machine learning were used to predict aphid occurrences. According to our findings, (i) in Central Europe, 8°C is the temperature threshold for R. padi migration unless insufficient daylight delays the take-off; (ii) weather conditions occurring roughly 9 months before R. padi migration influence the migration size; (iii) the duration of the summer migration influences the autumn migration size; and (iv) the daytime and nighttime temperatures in the autumn determine the summer peak, whereas winter frosts and precipitation influence the autumn peak.
InstanceCap: Improving Text-to-Video Generation via Instance-aware Structured Caption

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Text-to-video generation has evolved rapidly in recent years, delivering remarkable results. Training typically relies on video-caption paired data, which plays a crucial role in enhancing generation performance. However, current video captions often suffer from insufficient details, hallucinations and imprecise motion depiction, affecting the fidelity and consistency of generated videos. In this work, we propose a novel instance-aware structured caption framework, termed InstanceCap, to achieve instance-level and fine-grained video caption for the first time. Based on this scheme, we design an auxiliary models cluster to convert original video into instances to enhance instance fidelity. Video instances are further used to refine dense prompts into structured phrases, achieving concise yet precise descriptions. Furthermore, a 22K InstanceVid dataset is curated for training, and an enhancement pipeline that tailored to InstanceCap structure is proposed for inference. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed InstanceCap significantly outperform previous models, ensuring high fidelity between captions and videos while reducing hallucinations.