jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Magnetic relaxation and formation of magnetic domains in ultrathin films with perpendicular anisotropy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have simulated the magnetic relaxation and the formation of magnetic domains in very thin films with strong anisotropy perpendicular to the film plane. We have used Monte Carlo simulation based on a two-dimensional classical Ising model on a square lattice including the long-range dipole-dipole interaction and an external magnetic field. Starting with all magnetic moments aligned, the magnetic relaxation exhibits two distinct behaviors, depending upon the relation $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ between the dipole-dipole and the exchange interactions. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}<{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}\ensuremath{\cong}0.37$, the magnetization follows an exponential decay, $\frac{M(t)}{M(0)}=\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{t}{\ensuremath{\tau}({T}^{\ensuremath{'}})}]$ ($\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the relaxation time and ${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ the reduced temperature) and the domain pattern at the beginning of the relaxation process is characterized by the nucleation of a few domains, followed by a rapid growth of the magnetic domain size. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}<{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$, the magnetization follows a power-law time decay, $\frac{M(t)}{M(0)}=a(\ensuremath{\alpha}, {T}^{\ensuremath{'}}){t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}({T}^{\ensuremath{'}})}$, with a demagnetization process associated with the nucleation of many domains at random positions in the film. In both cases, the system relaxes towards the ground state which, depending on the value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, exhibits a striped structure. With the present model we were able to obtain the energy of domain nucleation, ${E}_{N}$, for $\ensuremath{\alpha}<{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$, despite the complexity associated with long-range dipole-dipole interactions; we have also obtained the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ dependence of the energy of domain nucleation, ${E}_{N}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$.
Physical Activity And Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Does The 2:1 Concept Hold True?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans suggest that individuals get equivalent health benefits by participating in twice as much moderate intensity physical activity (MPA) as vigorous intensity physical activity (VPA) or a 2 to 1 rule of thumb. For example, participating in 150-300 minutes of MPA or 75-150 minutes of VPA provides similar health benefits. PURPOSE: To determine if cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels are similar between MPA and VPA based on the 2 to 1 rule of thumb. METHODS: 12,252 men (age = 47±10 years) completed a preventive medical examination between 1987 and 2007 which included a comprehensive medical history questionnaire and a maximal treadmill test. These men also reported participating in MPA or VPA at minimally recommended levels or higher. The questionnaire included detailed physical activity (PA) questions to assess the frequency and duration of up to 14 activities. The volume of PA as a function of frequency, intensity, and duration was stratified based on the recent PA guidelines in accordance with the 2 to 1 concept. Participation in MPA for 150-300 minutes or VPA for 75-150 minutes was considered meeting recommended levels (MMR and VMR, respectively). We classified men reporting >300 minutes of MPA or >150 minutes of VPA as exceeding (MER and VER) recommended levels. CRF was quantified as duration of a symptom-limited maximal treadmill test. CRF categories were based on age-specific distributions of exercise duration defined as low fit (lowest 20%) and fit (highest 80%). RESULTS: 45% (5495) of men were meeting recommendations and 55% (6757) exceeded recommendations. Of those meeting recommendations, 35% participated in MPA. 13% of men exceeding recommendations participated in MPA. Results from a logistic regression model that included age, health status, and body mass index showed men participating in VPA were more than twice as likely to be considered fit compared to men participating in MPA, regardless of PA duration. Odds ratios (95% CI) for being fit were 2.1 (1.6-2.8) and 2.6 (1.8-3.8) among men classified as VMR and VER, respectively, compared to their moderately active counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that men performing twice as many minutes of MPA compared to VPA do not necessarily gain similar CRF benefits.
Strategies to Improve the Oxygen Supply to Microencapsulated Islets

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Strategies for islet encapsulation have progressed exponentially during the past decade. Innovative and biocompatible materials have been engineered for optimized islet immunoisolation as successfully demonstrated in small and large animal models.1 Nevertheless, the inadequate oxygen supply to encapsulated tissue prevents the long-term survival and function of transplanted islets when implanted in highly efficient immunoprotective devices as previously described.2 Unless the delivery of oxygen to encapsulated cells is not substantially improved, local graft hypoxia represents the major limitation to the translation of islet encapsulation into the clinical setting. Although different mathematical models have suggested that the oxygen supply using macroencapsulation devices is inferior compared with microencapsulation techniques, the latter still requires substantial improvement in terms of oxygenation of the encapsulated cells.3,4 In their article, Safley et al5 present an interesting attempt to optimize oxygenation of microcapsules by implementing oxygen carriers into the encapsulation material. This group used an experimental model, which was first applied to different graft sites in rats,6 to measure the local oxygen levels in nonhuman primates using a noninvasive technique. Although a continuous decrease of the local Po2 was noted in the peritoneal cavity during an observation period of 7 days, this approach enabled oxygen levels in or around the cell-free capsules that are higher as the Po2 measured in the peritoneal cavity of different species.1 To bring this concept closer to clinical application, experiments in nonhuman primates transplanted with islet-loaded microcapsules are essential in the near future to provide a proof of concept. In this context, previous observations, indicating that perfluorochemical-based oxygen carriers seem to have a detrimental effect on the viability of encapsulated islets, have to be carefully considered.7 In order to manufacture alginate composites with a superior biocompatibility and minimal proinflammatory potency, innovative materials with oxygen-delivering properties, such as the hemoglobin-related pigment from marine invertebrates, should be implemented in comparative studies.8
Cancer Immunotherapy: An Updated Overview of Current Strategies and Therapeutic Agents.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After several years of discouraging results, immunotherapy finally becomes a powerful, clinically valid and approved treatment for numerous types of cancer. Immunotherapy involves treatment approaches that work in various ways; some boost the body's immune system while others help guide and direct the immune cells to attack cancer cells specifically. In this review article, we summarize the current cancer immunotherapy strategies; immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cellular therapy, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and the monoclonal antibodies and discuss the recent progress and future trends of the combination therapies.
Receptor Sites on Human Monocytes for Complement: BINDING OF RED CELLS SENSITIZED BY COLD AUTOANTIBODIES

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

S ummary Receptor sites on isolated human monocytes were assessed by the demonstration of rosette formation by sensitized red cells around monocytes. This type of binding to monocytes occurred using red cells sensitized with a typical monoclonal IgM cold agglutinin but (in contrast to IgG antibodies) only if the red cells were also coated with complement (C) components. Prior treatment of monocytes with trypsin (1 mg/ml) inhibited the detection of the C receptor but not the detection of the IgG receptor. Although this reaction resembled the phenomenon of immune adherence to some extent, it required the presence of Mg 2+ ions and was inhibited by EDTA. The effects of temperature variation on C‐dependent rosette formation and on haemolysis were comparable. The binding of sensitized erythrocytes to monocytes, however, required significantly less antibody than for haemolysis. C‐coated red cells remained reactive with mononuclear phagocytes after elution of the cold antibody as well as under conditions when C was bound to red cells without antibody.
Sustainable Tourism and Policy Implementation: Lessons from the Case of Calviá, Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To date there is much literature identifying the need for sustainable tourism and for policy to address this need, however, there are few studies addressing sustainable tourism at a practical level or the effectiveness of policy implementation. This research focuses on the operational level of policy in order to gain a greater understanding of the barriers and possible solutions to implementation of sustainable tourism policy. This research focused on one of the Mediterranean's most popular sun, sea and sand tourist resorts – Calviá, located in Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Calviá is an example of a mass tourism destination which, from a result of tourism pressure in the late 1980s, faced significant economic, social and environmental decline. By taking an integrated and collaborative approach to implement a sustainable tourism policy [using the participatory process of Local Agenda 21 (LA21)] Calviá received much international acclaim. This descriptive case study outlines the motivations behind establishing a sustainable tourism policy, the process, successes and barriers of implementation and lessons learned. By outlining sustainable tourism policy from development to evaluation, this case study hopes to provide recommendations for other destinations who aim to work towards sustainable tourism goals.
Indicators of Foodborne Pathogens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The numbers and some types of microorganisms in or on a food may be used to decide the microbiological safety. Safety is determined by the presence or absence of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications of Foods (ICMSF) introduces general principles for the establishment and application of microbiological criteria and standards for all principal foods and food ingredients. Coliforms are the most widely used indicators, and present in many raw foods and food ingredients. Coliforms are recommended over Escherichia coli, since coliforms show high resistance and are often present in high numbers than E. coli and aerobic bacteria. Indicator E. coli is considered as a non-pathogen and is naturally present in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, animals, and birds. It is mostly present in soil and its spores are resistant to heat treatment and survives under the conditions that inactivate enteric pathogens.
Competition between Li+ and Mg2+ for red blood cell membrane phospholipids: A 31P, 7Li, and 6Li nuclear magnetic resonance study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The mode of action of the lithium ion (Li + ) in the treatment of manic depression or bipolar illness is still under investigation, although this inorganic drug has been in clinical use for 50 yr. Several research reports have provided evidence for Li + /Mg 2+ competition in biomolecules. We carried out this study to characterize the interactions of Li + and Mg 2+ with red blood cell (RBC) membrane components to see whether Li + /Mg 2+ competition occurs. 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift measurements of the phospholipids extracted from the RBC membranes indicated that the anionic phospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, bind Li + and Mg 2+ most strongly. From 6 Li relaxation measurements, the Li + binding constant to the phospholipid extract was found to be 45±5M −1 . Thus, these studies showed that the phospholipids play a major role in metal ion binding. 7 Li spin‐lattice relaxation measurements conducted on unsealed and cytoskeleton‐depleted RBC membrane in the presence of magnesium indicated that the removal of the cytoskeleton increases lithium binding to the more exposed anionic phospholipids (357±24 M −1 ) when compared to lithium binding in the unsealed RBC membrane (221±21 M −1 ). Therefore, it can be seen that the cytoskeleton does not play a major role in Li + binding or in Li + /Mg 2+ competition.
REFLEX DYSKINESIA IN CHILDREN

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

THE OVERACTIVE child remains a topic of prime interest to the diagnostician and the therapeutist. The various sources of overactive behavior in childhood have recently been surveyed by Schneider. 1 Their proper differentiation is a goal that will still require much concerted effort on the part of all workers dealing with this problem. The basic understanding of overactivity in children, although remarkably advanced by progress in psychologic testing and analysis, is often handicapped by incompleteness of examination, by lack of awareness of the various organic factors involved and by failure to appreciate their importance. The neurologic testing of children presenting overactive behavior is no doubt an indispensable requisite for the objective evaluation of the etiologic possibilities. Moreover, it remains doubtful whether the time-honored technic of simple observation will permit a final judgment as to the nature of abnormal behavior patterns unless aided by special investigations which the individual case may
Table_1_Negative Impacts of COVID-19 Induced Lockdown on Changes in Eating Behavior, Physical Activity, and Mental Health as Modified by Digital Healthy Diet Literacy and eHealth Literacy.DOCX

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<p>Background: The COVID-19-induced lockdown has been implemented in many countries, which may cause unfavorable changes in lifestyles and psychological health. People's health literacy, healthy diet, and lifestyles play important roles in mitigating the negative impacts of the pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to examine associations of COVID-19 lockdown with changes in eating behavior, physical activity, and mental health; and the modification effects by digital healthy diet literacy (DDL) and eHealth literacy (eHEALS) on the associations.</p><p>Methods: We conducted an observational study on 4,348 outpatients from 7th April to 31st May 2020. Data from 11 hospitals in Vietnam included demographic characteristics, DDL, eHEALS, eating behavior, physical activity, and mental health changes. Multiple logistic regression and interaction models were performed to examine associations.</p><p>Results: Patients under lockdown had a lower likelihood of having “unchanged or healthier” eating behavior (odds ratio, OR, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI, 0.29 to 0.51; p < 0.001), “unchanged or more” physical activity (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.90; p < 0.001), and “stable or better” mental health (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.89; p < 0.001), as compared to those after lockdown. In interaction models, as compared to patients after lockdown and with the lowest DDL score, those under lockdown and with a one-score increment of DDL had a higher likelihood of having “unchanged or healthier” eating behavior (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.07; p < 0.001), and “stable or better” mental health (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04; p < 0.001). Similarly, as compared to patients after lockdown and with the lowest eHEALS score, those under lockdown and with a one-score increment of eHEALS had a higher likelihood of having an “unchanged or more” physical activity (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05; p < 0.001).</p><p>Conclusion: The COVID-19 lockdown measure could negatively affect eating behavior, physical activity, and mental health among outpatients. Better DDL and eHEALS were found to mitigate the negative impacts of the lockdown, which may empower outpatients to maintain healthy lifestyles and protect mental health. However, this study holds several limitations that may undermine the certainty of reported findings.</p>
Benzodiazepines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Benzodiazepines are the oldest class of antispasticity drugs and continue to have widespread clinical use (1). Although several more recently developed medications are now used more frequently than benzodiazepines, this class of drug still has a place in the management of spasticity, especially as adjunctive therapy and for the treatment of nocturnal spasms. The following will review the mechanisms of action and pharmacology, clinical trials, and administration of benzodiazepines, specifically as it relates to spasticity management.
The Efficacy of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate in Men with Moderate Symptoms of Prostatism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transurethral resection of the prostate represents the operation most commonly performed by urologists in the United States. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of transurethral prostatectomy in men with moderate symptoms of prostatism. The efficacy parameters evaluated included peak urinary flow rate, obstructive and irritative symptom scores, and the global assessment by the patient of the voiding symptomatology. The mean peak urinary flow rate improved 108% after transurethral prostatectomy, and the mean obstructive and irritative symptom scores decreased 88 and 65%, respectively. The observed changes in urinary flow rates and symptom scores were statistically and clinically significant. Over-all, 84% of the patients indicated that the voiding symptoms were markedly improved after prostatic resection. Baseline urodynamic parameters were of no value for prediction of postoperative outcome. Several investigators recently reported their clinical experience with various pharmacological approaches for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Over-all, the degree of improvement in urinary flow rates and symptom scores achieved after transurethral prostatectomy exceeds all other therapeutic options that presently are available for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Educational Outcomes For Aboriginal School Students In Tasmania: Is The Achievement Gap Closing?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A quality education is a basic societal right. Yet for many Aboriginal students that right is not yet a reality. This paper focuses on the situation of Aboriginal/palawa school students in Tasmania and employs a quantitative methodology to examine the comparative educational achievements of Aboriginal school students. State level Grade 3, 5, 7 and 9 numeracy and reading test results from the National Assessment Program of Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) 2008 - 2016 support the analysis. Results indicate that Aboriginal students remain more likely to be at or below minimum literacy and numeracy standards than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. It is also found that Aboriginal studentsâ€™ academic achievement declines as they move through the schooling system. Further, Aboriginal students are less likely to partake in NAPLAN due to higher absenteeism on test days. These results are discussed in the context of education policy and the broader national and international literature on factors influencing academic achievement for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school students. Despite an increasing awareness and the development of strategic policies to address Aboriginal educational inequality, it is evident that little has changed between 2008 and 2016. It is strongly argued that Aboriginal studentsâ€™ underachievement is more likely tied to schooling and policy environments that do not adequately meet their needs, rather than the students themselves. As such, policies and interventions that create long term, embedded improvement of Aboriginal studentsâ€™ schooling experiences and the engagement of their families and communities are a prerequisite for improving Aboriginal student outcomes.Â
3D Printing in Digital Prosthetic Dentistry: An Overview of Recent Developments in Additive Manufacturing

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Popular media now often present 3D printing as a widely employed technology for the production of dental prostheses. This article aims to show, based on factual information, to what extent 3D printing can be used in dental laboratories and dental practices at present. It attempts to present a rational evaluation of todays´ applications of 3D printing technology in the context of dental restorations. In addition, the article discusses future perspectives and examines the ongoing viability of traditional dental laboratory services and manufacturing processes. It also shows which expertise is needed for the digital additive manufacturing of dental restorations.
Unilateral Lymphadenopathy Frequency and Sonographic Features of Axillary Lymph Nodes After Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccination

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thank you very much for joining EUSOBI 2021 ONLINE and celebrating the Breast Cancer Awareness Month with us! This year we had a terrific programme and we are indebted to Dr. Ritse Mann and his Programme Committee for all their hard work in putting this together. We had a wonderful selection of international speakers who gave the latest updates in all your favourite topics and ensured that you are kept up to date with the latest developments in breast imaging. A special focus was given to the interactivity of this year’s programme, by adding expert discussions and concluding with the first virtual edition of our famous Breast Interpretation Quiz. Thanks to all of you who submitted abstracts and therefore having been an important part of this scientific event. We are also very grateful for the support of our industry partners who are listed here: https://www.eusobi.org/congress-sponsors-2/ Most of them have contributed to the extension of our scientific programme by offering interesting sessions and workshops. Have a look by scrolling through all sessions. All sessions have been recorded and are available on-demand.
What impact does the learning environment have on self-concept?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Self-concept is a subjective construct at the individual phenomenological level which represents perceptions of one's own attributes, skills and knowledge. With the suggestion that positive self-concept is integral to emotional wellbeing as well as associated with academic success, it has significant relevance within the field of educational psychology. While understanding of the formation, structure and impact of self-concept continues to grow, it also lacks consensus. There is general acceptance, however, that self-concept is nested within social contexts and that significant others such as parents and peers play an integral role. Based on the proposal that self-concept is formed through experience with the environment (Shavelson, Hubner & Stanton, 1976), this review explores the impact of the learning environment on self-concept in adolescence, an age premised to signify the greatest exploration and development of sense of self (Erikson, 1950). When taken in synthesis, the evidence from ten published studies suggests practices within the educational environment may have significant impact on self-concept. The majority of studies (N=7) focused on the impact of ability grouping / setting with evidence suggesting that such practices may result in adverse changes in self-concept. However, this review suggests it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions on the impact of the learning environment on self-concept due to issues of self-concept definition and methodological concerns. It is therefore proposed that there is a need to focus further study at the phenomenological level and seek wider exploration of factors moderating across domains of self-concept.