jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trevecca College

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the influence that its achievements (and shortcomings) had upon later forms of ministerial education, and for the impact on evangelical and other congregations of the more than two hundred students who attended Trevecca in the twenty-three years of its existence. The chapter discusses the origins of the college, the initial plans for its curriculum and staffing, and the backgrounds and recruitment of the students. It describes the often haphazard nature of the educational regime at Trevecca (including the conflicting demands of study and preaching); the college’s involvement in foreign missions; its theology; and the diverse sources of authority and influence to which the students were subject. The successor to Trevecca opened at Cheshunt in 1792; its ground rules (particularly clearly defined courses of study, and strict limits on outside preaching) showed that some of the lessons of Trevecca had been learned.
Recovery of Leafy Spurge Seed from Sheep

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sheep are often used to graze North American rangelands infested with leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), a long-lived perennial forb from Eurasia. Our objective was to determine if sheep grazing infested rangelands disperse leafy spurge seed by transport in their fleece or by depositing seeds in their feces. Twenty-four yearling Targhee ewes grazed a 2.4 ha native bunchgrass range site infested with leafy spurge from late-May through mid-August of 1993 and 1994. Six of the 24 ewes were shorn in October 1993. To recover leafy spurge seeds from those fleeces, we used a standard method to test wool for vegetable matter. On average, 38 seeds were recovered per fleece. During these summers, 6 small groups (n = 4 sheep per group) each grazed 3 separate paddocks. We estimated the density of leafy spurge seed before the groups were moved into 1 of 3 paddocks. After the sheep were moved into a paddock (day 0), we collected fresh feces from each group on or about day 4, 10, and 14. Feces were then washed over sieves to recover leafy spurge seeds. All seeds were tested for germinability and viability. The number of viable seeds excreted daily per ewe was estimated. In 1993, 1,796 +/- 405 (S.E.) leafy spurge seeds m-2 were produced in the field, whereas in 1994, 399 +/- 63 (S.E.) leafy spurge seeds m-2 were produced. The summer of 1994 was much drier than the summer of 1993. We estimated that 41 to 144 leafy spurge seeds were excreted daily per animal in mid-July 1993. Viability of seeds in the feces averaged 5%, whereas viability of seeds collected from seed stalks was 42%. We estimated that the ewes excreted from 2 to 41 leafy spurge seeds daily at the peak in mid-July 1994. Viability of seeds excreted during 1994 averaged 24%, whereas viability of seeds collected from seed stalks was 68%. Sheep can pick up leafy spurge seed in their fleece, and will consume and pass viable seed. However, viability of seed recovered from feces was highly variable and almost always lower than seed collected in the field. Despite reduced seed numbers and viability, sheep have the potential to spread leafy spurge and should be managed accordingly.
The international relations in the politics of the Partido Africano da Independncia da Guin e Cabo Verde

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The end of colonialism in Africa, and the establishment of the independent states, was reached variously through peaceful ways or violent ones. In the Guinean case, the establishment of the nation-state was made possible by the development of an armed struggle for national liberation, in which the Partido Africano da Independncia da Guin e Cabo Verde (PAIGC) played a crucial role. The victories that were achieved in the Guinean territory were largely possible due to the diplomatic efforts requested by the PAIGC representatives. The exhaustive information sent throughout these years to the United Nations Committee on Decolonisation, and the presence of PAIGC representatives in international organisations, contributed to the positive evolution of the liberation struggle. The aim of the present article is to analyse the manner and the context in which the PAIGC obtained international support and its significance for the process of self-determination in Guinea-Bissau.
Asymptotic stability of systems: Results involving the system topology

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we answer the following question for a large class of (linear and nonlinear) dynamical systems. Given is a system with dissipation and given is the associated conservative system. Suppose the associated conservative system is stable. What properties of the system topology (system configuration) will ensure that the overall system with dissipation is asymptotically stable? Both linear and nonlinear (Hamiltonian) systems are treated. For the linear case, necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are established, while for the nonlinear case, sufficient conditions and also some necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained. It is emphasized that the application of the present results to specific problems will usually not require a search for appropriate Lyapunov functions. Indeed, a stability analysis by the present method involves the following two steps: (a) given a system with dissipation, the stability of its trivial solution (equilibrium) is ascertained by determining the stability of the associated conservative system, i.e., by determining whether the potential energy is a minimum at the equilibrium; and (b) attractivity of the equilibrium of the entire system (with dissipation) is determined from the system topology (system configuration). This approach to stability analysis appears to be new. Furthermore, since the present method involves concepts from control theory (namely, the notion of observability), these results provide further insight into the mechanisms of stability (and stabilization). To provide motivation and to demonstrate the applicability of the results, some specific examples are considered.
The use of free chimeric flaps in head and neck reconstruction: technical pearls and clinical applications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Head and neck region reconstructions are often delicate procedures that require different solutions at different layers. The use of chimeric flaps offers the interesting characteristic of combining different tissues, which is extremely valuable in this setting. In the present work, we share our experience with different types of conventional flaps, such as the radial flap, the medial sural artery perforator flap, and the fibula osteocutaneous flap.
Widespread Ranavirus and Perkinsea infections in Cuban Treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) invading New Orleans, USA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Invasive species can negatively impact ecosystems in numerous ways, including vectoring pathogenic organisms. In amphibians, a lineage globally threatened by multiple pathogens, this spread of disease via invasive species could contribute to declines in native populations. The Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) is invasive in the southeastern USA. To assess whether O. septentrionalis is a potential reservoir host for the pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), Ranavirus (Rv), and Perkinsea (Pr), we sampled 82 individuals from a recently invaded site in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. We used quantitative PCR to assess prevalence and intensity of Bd, Rv and Pr in mouthparts and tail clips from 22 larvae and in toe clips from 60 metamorphosed frogs. We compared infection prevalence and intensity across host characteristics, including Fulton’s body condition (K), sex, and life stage. None of the individuals were infected with Bd, 72% were infected with Rv, and 44% were infected with Pr. Twenty-three individuals (28%) were co-infected with Rv and Pr, but co-infection did not significantly predict the prevalence or intensity of either Rv or Pr. Although we did not observe any disease signs, Pr infections were significantly associated with lower body condition, suggesting sub-lethal fitness costs. Our study establishes that invasive O. septentrionalis in New Orleans are infected with two pathogens of global concern for amphibians. Understanding host-pathogen dynamics in O. septentrionalis in Louisiana is a critical step towards understanding how this invasive species could threaten amphibian biodiversity in the region by transmitting infectious pathogens.
Environmental Assessment For the Expansion and Relocation of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Preliminary Course to Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : This Environmental Assessment (EA) is an evaluation of the proposal to expand the Air Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) preliminary training course, and to relocate the course from Lackland Air Force Base (AFB), Texas to Sheppard AFB, Texas. The expansion and relocation of the course would allow the Air Force to provide improved training in preparation for the joint Naval School EOD (NAVSCOLEOD) at Eglin AFB, Florida. Sheppard AFB encompasses approximately 5,297 acres in north-central Texas. It is located six miles south of the Texas/Oklahoma border (Figure 1) at an elevation of approximately 1,015 feet above mean sea level (amsl). It is adjacent to and north of the city of Wichita Falls in Wichita County, Texas. The western and southern portions of the Base are located within the Wichita Falls city limits, and the remainder of the installation lies within unincorporated Wichita County. Located midway between Dallas, Texas, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Wichita Falls is accessible by US Highways 82, 281, 287, and Interstate Highway 44. Aerial imagery of Sheppard AFB is provided in Figure 2.
Production of shochu on a commercial scale from crushed-rice by a newly developed recycling process with the addition of enzyme and citric acid using post-distillation slurry kept at ambient temperature for one day

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Laboratory scale fermentation tests for the production of rice shochu from crushed-rice, which is not suitable for eating, were carried out using a post-distillation slurry kept at ambient temperature for one day. Commercialized cellulase enzyme V originating from Trichoderma sp. was selected in order to reduce the high viscosity of the moromi mash. It was found that citric acid at a concentration of 3, 000 mg l-1 of moromi mash worked well for the prevention of contamination. On the basis of these results, commercial scale fermentation tests by a recycling process with a two-step addition of the curshed-rice and the addition of commercialized cellulase enzyme V were carried out using the post distillation slurry kept for one day after the addition of citric acid at a concentration of 3, 000 mg l-1 of moromi mash. The moromi mash was not sticky and the maximum viscosity was only 6, 500 cp, thus it was easy to stir the moromi mash during fermentation. After adding citric acid, the concentration of acetic acid in the moromi mash was less than 180 mg l-1 and contamination was not observed. After 7-d fermentation the ethanol concentration increased to 18%v/v and the residual glucose concentration was less than 0.04g l-1. A 9-d fermented moromi mash was distilled under vacuum and the yields of pure ethanol were 467 and 478 ml kg-1 of rice. These values were higher than the avarage value (450 ml kg-1) when shochu is made in the standard manner on a commercial scale. The shochu produced on a coommercial scale by the newly developed recycling process is a bit brightly with a high ester aroma, but is sweet and smooth, and received high scores in sensory tests.
Genetic Diversity of IGHM and IGHE in the Leporids Revealed Different Patterns of Diversity in the Two European Rabbit Subspecies (O. cuniculus algirus and O. c. cuniculus)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been an important model for immunological studies but the study of its immunoglobulins (Ig) has been restricted to its unique IgA and IgG. Here, we studied the genetic diversity of IgM and IgE in several species of leporids and performed population genetics studies on European rabbit wild populations and domestic breeds. The leporids sequencing showed that these Ig are well conserved (98% sequence similarity among leporids), For IgM the Cµ1 and Cµ4 were the most diverse and most conserved domains, respectively, while for IgE the Cε1 was the most diverse domain and Cε2 and Cε3 the most conserved domains. The differences in the pattern of most conserved and most diverse domain between the Ig isotypes are most likely related to each isotype function. The genetic population data showed contrasting results for IgM and IgE. For both Ig, as expected, a greater diversity was observed in the original species range, the Iberian Peninsula. However, unexpectedly the genetic diversity found for IgE in the domestic animals is higher than that for the French wild populations. These results will increase knowledge of the genetic diversity of leporids and wild and domestic rabbit populations and are important tools for the management of wild populations and rabbitries.
Socioeconomic Inequality of Non-Communicable Risk Factors among People Living in Kurdistan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The most fundamental way to decrease the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is to identify and control their related risk factors. The goal of this study is to determine socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for NCDs using concentration index based on Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance Survey (NCDSS) data in Kurdistan province, Islamic Republic of Iran in 2005 and 2009. Methods: The required data for this study are taken from two NCDSSs in Kurdistan province in 2005 and 2009. A total of 2,494 persons in 2005 and 997 persons in 2009 were assessed. Concentration index was used to determine socioeconomic inequality. To assess the relationship between the prevalence of each risk factor and socioeconomic status (SES), logistic regression was used and odds ratio (OR) was calculated for each group, compared with the poorest group. Results: The concentration index for hypertension was -0.095 (-0.158, -0.032) in 2005 and -0.080 (-0.156, -0.003) in 2009. The concentration index for insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables was -0.117 (-0.153, -0.082) in 2005 and -0.100 (-0.153, -0.082) in 2009. The concentration index for the consumption of unhealthy fat and oil was -0.034 (-0.049, -0.019) in 2005 and -0.108 (-0.165, -0.051) in 2009. The concentration index for insufficient consumption of fish was -0.070 (-0.096, -0.044) in 2005. The concentration index for physical inactivity was 0.008 (-0.057, 0.075) in 2005 and 0.139 (0.063, 0.215) in 2009. In all the cases, the OR of the richest group to the poorest group was significant. Conclusion: Hypertension, insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables, consumption of unhealthy fat and oil, and insufficient consumption of fish are more prevalent among poor groups. There was no significant socioeconomic inequality in the distribution of smoking, excess weight, and hypercholesterolemia. Physical inactivity was more prevalent among the rich groups of society in 2009. The reduction of socioeconomic inequalities must become a main goal in health-care policies.
From Vietnam to Hong Kong : Britain, China and the everyday Cold War, 1965–7

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on British policy and relations with China between 1965 and 1967, a period when the Vietnam War escalated and the radical phase of the Chinese Cultural Revolution was underway. The Cold War encounter between Britain and China appeared insignificant and uneventful: the relationship was not vital to their national interests, and was not characterized by high drama as compared with the Sino–American confrontation. The British diplomatic outpost in Shanghai was particularly vulnerable to Chinese pressure. The radicalism of the Cultural Revolution spilled over into Hong Kong, where left-wing elements exploited an industrial dispute to launch large-scale anti-colonial riots. The Chinese diplomats posted to Western European countries had always felt that they were ‘sitting on a cold bench’ in a hostile Cold War environment.
Quantification of excitation energy distribution between photosystems based on a mechanistic model of photosynthetic electron transport

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Absorbed light energy is converted into excitation energy. The excitation energy is distributed to photosystems depending on the wavelength and drives photochemical reactions. A non‐destructive, mechanistic and quantitative method for estimating the fraction of the excitation energy distributed to photosystem II ( f ) was developed. For the f values for two simultaneously provided actinic lights (ALs) with different spectral distributions to be estimated, photochemical yields of the photosystems were measured under the ALs and were then fitted to an electron transport model assuming the balance between the electron transport rates through the photosystems. For the method to be tested using leaves with different properties in terms of the long‐term and short‐term acclimation (adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry and state transition, respectively), the f values for red and far‐red light (R and FR) were estimated in leaves grown (~1 week) under white light without and with supplemental FR and adapted (~10 min) to R without and with supplemental FR. The f values for R were clearly greater than those for FR and those of leaves grown with and adapted to supplemental FR tended to be higher than the controls. These results are consistent with previous studies and therefore support the validity of the proposed method.
List of figures

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Featuring twelve original essays by leading Beckett scholars and media theorists, this book provides the first sustained examination of the relationship between Beckett and media technologies. The chapters analyse the rich variety of technical objects, semiotic arrangements, communication processes and forms of data processing that Beckett's work so uniquely engages with, as well as those that – in historically changing configurations – determine the continuing performance, the audience reception, and the scholarly study of this work. Greatly enlarging the scope of earlier discussions, the book draws on a variety of innovative theoretical approaches, such as media archaeology, in order to discuss Beckett's intermedial oeuvre. As such it engages with Beckett as a media artist and examine the way his engagement with media technologies continues to speak to our cultural situation.
The effects of a number of management practices on chiller beef production in Victoria. II. Live measurements

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data are presented from a factorial experiment on the effects of a number of management practices on live measurements of young growing Aberdeen Angus cattle. Sire and dam influenced most measurements, as did supplementary feeding. Season of birth and sex were the two most important factors affecting all body measurements. Year of birth had a slight effect. Correlation coefficients are presented for corresponding measurements of dams and progeny, and for liveweights and measurements at successive ages. Birth weight was highly significantly correlated with weaning and slaughter weights (r = +0.432, +0.504; P&lt;0.001), independent of the sex effect on growth rate. Body measurements at 6 weeks had a fair predictive value for corresponding measurements at 32 weeks (pre-weaning) and 84 weeks (pre-slaughter). The growth curves of heart girth and width of hooks closely paralleled that of liveweight (r = +0.985, -0.982). Length and height measurements were less close, followed by cannon measurements and depth of chest. Width of head and round measurements were least well correlated with weight.Under conditions of nutritional stress, bone growth may continue little impaired, despite loss of liveweight. Birth weights, or weights at a fixed time shortly after birth, could have a useful predictive value in selecting cattle for high weaning weight and post-weaning weight-for-age under southern Australian conditions of husbandry.
Comparative Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Ability of Green and Red Cabbage Based on Their Antioxidant Vitamins and Phytochemical Constituents

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background: Nowadays, bioactive moieties of plants are gaining attention amongst the masses to mitigate lifestyle related dysfunctions owing to their safe nature and functional properties. Objective: Considering phytochemistry and cost-effectiveness of cabbage, the current project was designed to probe the antioxidant capacity of locally grown green and red cabbage. Methods: The total polyphenols and free radical scavenging ability of red and green cabbage were determined using spectrophotometer while HPLC analysis was carried out to further fractionate phenolic acids and flavonoid constituents. Apart from this, antioxidant vitamins including vitamin C tocopherol and β-carotene were also detected using HPLC system. Results: The red cabbage showed higher amount of total polyphenols and flavonoids (224.37±6.96 & 219.15±10.30 mg/100g F.W.) than green cabbage (58.41±3.01 & 34.04±1.06 mg/100g F.W.) along with the existence of anthocyanins (69.86±4.12 mg/100g F.W.) in red cabbage. Comparative HPLC analysis regarding antioxidant moieties showed significant proportion of kempferol (171.10±5.99 mg/100g F.W.) followed by vitamin C (139.07±2.23 mg/100g F.W.) in red cabbage however, vitamin C (121.46±3.28 mg/100g F.W.) was found as the major antioxidant in green cabbage. The red cabbage depicted higher free radical quenching and reducing ability in contrast to green cabbage using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)], FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and PFRAP (potassium ferricyanide reducing antioxidant power) and H2O2 scavenging ability assays. Conclusion: In the nutshell, red cabbage showed better free radical scavenging ability as compared to green cabbage based on variation and quantification of antioxidant indices.
Querying Web Accessibility Knowledge from Web Graphs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Web Accessibility is a hot topic today. Striving for social inclusion has resulted in the requirement of providing accessible content to all users. However, since each user is unique, and the Web evolves in a decentralized way, little or none is known about the shape of the Web's accessibility on its own at a large scale, as well as from the point-of-view of each user. In this chapter the authors present the Web Accessibility Knowledge Framework as the foundation for specifying the relevant information about the accessibility of a Web page. This framework leverages Semantic Web technologies, side by side with audience modeling and accessibility metrics, as a way to study the Web as an entity with unique accessibility properties dependent from each user's point of view. Through this framework, the authors envision a set of queries that can help harnessing and inferring this kind of knowledge from Web graphs.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.