jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the wave function of an atom hit by a photon in a three-grating interferometer

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In 1995, Chapman et al. (1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 2783) showed experimentally\nthat the interference contrast in a three-grating atom interferometer does not\nvanish under the presence of scattering events with photons, as required by the\ncomplementarity principle. In this work we provide an analytical study of this\nexperiment, determining the evolution of the atom wave function along the\nthree-grating Mach-Zehnder interferometer under the assumption that the atom is\nhit by a photon after passing through the first grating. The consideration of a\ntransverse wave function in momentum representation is essential in this study.\nAs is shown, the number of atoms transmitted through the third grating is given\nby a simple periodic function of the lateral shift along this grating, both in\nthe absence and in the presence of photon scattering. Moreover, the relative\ncontrast (laser on/laser off) is shown to be a simple analytical function of\nthe ratio d_p/\\lambda_i, where d_p is the distance between atomic paths at the\nscattering locus and \\lambda_i the scattered photon wavelength. We argue that\nthis dependence, being in agreement with experimental results, can be regarded\nto show compatibility of the wave and corpuscle properties of atoms.\n
Genomic Analysis in the sting-2 Quantitative Trait Locus for Defensive Behavior in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have sequenced an 81-kb genomic region from the honey bee, Apis mellifera, associated with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) sting-2 for aggressive behavior. This sequence represents the first extensive study of the honey-bee genome structure encompassing putative genes in a QTL for a behavioral trait. Expression of 13 putative genes, as well as two transcripts that were present in a honey-bee EST database, was confirmed through reverse transcription analysis of mRNA from the honey-bee head. Whereas most transcripts exhibited little or no variation between European and Africanized honey-bee alleles, one transcript demonstrated significant nonsynonymous substitutions, deletions, and insertions. All 13 putative genes lacked similarity to known invertebrate or vertebrate proteins or transcripts. This observation may be reflective of the processes that determine the genomic evolution of an insect with social behavior and/or haplo-diploidy and are an indication of the unique nature of the honey-bee genome. These results make this sequence an invaluable research tool for the ongoing honey-bee whole-genome sequencing effort.
The relationship between digestibility, methane energy loss and metabolisable energy of whole crop wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Recognition of the potential of whole crop wheat (WCW) as an ‘environmentally friendly’ complement to grass silage has led to several studies on its nutritive value. Most of these quantified nutritive value using the in vivo digestibility technique. In spite of the number of studies on the subject, there is little information available on the relationship between the digestibility and metabolisable energy (ME) content of WCW. The complications of measuring methane production have also meant that where reported, ME values for WCW have been estimated rather than measured. Accurate ME measurements are integral for the inclusion of WCW when formulating livestock diets. This study examined the relationship between digestibility in vivo and ME content derived using measured methane contents of WCW harvested at different stages of maturity and conserved using contrasting methods. The study forms part of an on-going MAFF LINK project that aims to develop equations for the laboratory-based prediction of the nutritive value of WCW.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Traditional and Alternative Principal Preparation Programs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study sought to determine the effectiveness on increasing student achievement of principals trained in a traditional principal preparation program and those trained in an alternate route principal preparation program within the same Mississippi university. Sixty-six Mississippi principals and assistant principals participated in the study. Of the 66 participants, 41 competed a traditional principal preparation program, and 25 completed an alternate route principal preparation program at the same university. The data included the type of principal preparation the participant received, the number of consecutive years served as a principal or assistant principal, and student achievement data for their assigned schools. The results of this study suggested the type of principal preparation program had no significant impact on student achievement in Mississippi public schools.
On concretization and interpretation in Economic Law (On the example of relations in the field of accounting)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article shows the current position of scientists in the field of legal theory on the need to distinguish between the specification and interpretation of law. In this regard, the author justifies the position that the basis of legal regulation of relations in the field of accounting is contained in such forms of law as the Constitution of the Russian Federation, International financial reporting standards (contains the basic principles), and Federal legislation on accounting. Specification of legal regulation of accounting consists in such forms of law as national accounting standards, and interpretation is made at the level of local acts of the subject of economic activity (in the accounting policy and explanatory notes attached to the reporting). At the same time, it is suggested that numerous in the economic field of the so-called valuation concepts (materiality, interest, integrity, etc.) should not be interpreted arbitrarily, but on the basis of officially established algorithms (as an example, the provisions of the audit standards are given – minimizing audit risk, evidence in the audit, etc.). Such established rules should be sufficient, but not excessive, as this may lead to "cementing" the interpretation process.
Reduced or Diminished Stabilization of the Telomere G-Quadruplex and Inhibition of Telomerase by Small Chemical Ligands under Molecular Crowding Condition

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Telomere DNA in human cells shortens during each round of DNA replication. In cancer cells, telomere shortening is compensated by telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) mechanism to maintain cell division potential. The G-rich strand of telomere DNA can fold into a G-quadruplex structure and disrupt these two processes. Therefore, stabilization of the G-quadruplex by chemical ligands is emerging as a promising anticancer strategy. So far, in vitro studies on such ligands are exclusively carried out in dilute solutions. However, the intracellular environment is highly crowded with biomolecules. How G-quadruplex ligands behave under molecular crowding condition is critical for their in vivo anticancer effect. In this work, we studied several ligands for their ability to stabilize the telomere G-quadruplex and inhibit telomerase under both dilute and crowding conditions. Surprisingly, the ligands became significantly less effective or even lost the ability to stabilize the G-quadruplex and inhibit telomerase under crowding conditions. Our data attributed this consequence to the decreased binding affinity of ligands to the G-quadruplex as a result of reduced water activity and increased viscosity of the medium associated with molecular crowding. This effect is irrelevant to and overweighs the influences from other factors such as the G-quadruplex structure, cation, and ligand species. Our work illustrates a possibility that molecular crowding inside cells may reduce or limit the potency of ligands although they may be effective in dilute solution, thus strongly arguing for the necessity of evaluating ligands under more physiologically relevant conditions and designing drugs with this concern in mind.
Bridging the Common Law-Civil Law Divide in Arbitration

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION has evolved as a system for resolving disputes among parties from different countries. Not surprisingly, those parties tend not only to use different languages, but also to approach dispute resolution from the perspective of very different legal systems. The two most widespread legal systems are the common law systems, in use in most English-speaking countries, and the civil law systems, in use in Continental Europe and the many countries around the world influenced by Continental Europe, from Japan to most of Africa and all of Latin America. The common law and the civil law differ significantly in how a dispute is commenced, developed, and presented. An international arbitration with participants from each side of the common law-civil law divide has traditionally required arbitrators to follow the practice of one party or the other at each stage of the arbitration. In recent years, however, converging practices have emerged that embrace elements of both systems. These converging practices are rapidly gaining acceptance in international arbitration as a middle ground acceptable to parties from both sides of the divide.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE TELETSKOE REGION

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A detailed geomorphological study was performed in this region for the first time. The main relief elements and their relationships are described. Clear block structure and main fault systems have been identified. General features of recent tectonic movements which caused three relief levels and lake basin formation were identified on the basis of geomorphological interpretation. Numerous displacements along subvertical faults in Holocene and also two recent structures similar to thrust faults have been identified according to geomorphological features.
Dietary exposure assessment and risk characterization of lead based on lead contaminant research (online) in Indonesia and Indonesian Individual Food Consumption Survey (IFCS)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An exposure assessment was performed to estimate the potential of lead dietary intake in the Indonesian population. Dietary exposure assessment requires information on lead concentration in food and food consumption data. The data of lead concentration in food was a secondary data obtained through online research from several online scientific resources with keywords “lead in food, lead contamination”. Food consumption data were obtained from Indonesian Individual Food Consumption Survey. Lead dietary intakes were estimated with a deterministic approaches that used lead concentration in food and maximum level (ML) of lead in food based on Indonesia Nation Agency of Drug and Food Control (INA-DFC) regulation with the average value of food consumption. Risk characterization was conducted by comparing dietary intakes with a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI). The results have shown that the infant group (0-59 months) had highest lead dietary intakes. Lead dietary intakes of mean concentration of lead from references are lower than lead dietary intake of INA-DFC ML of lead in all age groups. Risk characterization results showed that lead dietary intake of average level data and ML are at high risk (>100% PTWI) in all age groups. Major contributors to lead dietary intakes are fish and seafood.
High-Efficiency Rechargeable Fe-CO2 Battery: A Route for Effective CO2 Conversion and Energy Storage

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Because of their high theoretical energy density, metal-CO2 batteries based on Li, Na, or K have attracted increasing attention recently for meeting the growing demands of CO2 recycling and conversion into electrical energy. However, the scarcity of active anode material resources, high cost, as well as safety concerns of Li, Na, and K create obstacles for practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time a high-efficiency (η = 77.2%) rechargeable Fe-CO2 battery that is composed of iron (Fe) anode and MoS2-catalysts deposited carbon cathode. MoS2 catalysts are crucial to the successful acceleration of reaction kinetics of Fe during charge and discharge with a minimum overpotential of the cell. The Fe-CO2 cell has a higher initial specific capacity of 12,500 mA h g-1 with an average discharge potential of 0.65 V and operates reversibly with a lower overpotential than that of Li-CO2 batteries with a cutoff capacity of 500 mA h g-1. Our Fe-CO2 battery can effectively convert CO2 greenhouse gas into electrical energy by consuming 1 ton of CO2 with usage of 1.23 tons of iron.
The purpose of policy space for developing and developed countries in a changing global economic system

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper discusses the need to recognise the evolving purpose of policy space for developing and developed countries in a changing global economic system. This paper examines the changes in rules and regulations in the global economic system, as well as the rise of Global Value Chains (GVCs), which create a different landscape of opportunities and challenges for developing countries than what the currently developed countries experienced. Rather than continuing the debate on whether or not countries have enough policy space, this paper asks ‘who are the shapers of policy space?’. Interstate power imbalances shape policy space in a way that is ignored by the mainstream literature, and to picture this imbalance, the paper applies Albert Hirschman’s ‘Exit, Voice and Loyalty’ (1970) framework, as well as Mushtaq Khan’s political settlement theory (2010), to conceptualise how suitable policy space for development prospects could be negotiated. This paper focuses on the literature within development economics and concludes that the way in which policy space is determined as the outcome of power distributions offers insufficient flexibility for not only developing countries to move up to higher value-added opportunities but also for developed countries to adapt to changing circumstances in the global economy. To thrive in an increasingly complex world, where the drivers of economic development and prosperity may need to centre around alternative models, increased flexibility is needed. How much flexibility and who should decide the extent of flexible policy space? This paper agrees with suggestions for global collective action and collaboration as the foundation for determining suitable policy space. Ultimately, policy space can serve as a mediation mechanism for countries to adapt to change during development and this paper emphasises the risks of rigid policy space, which can simply perpetuate mainstream logic.
The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Muscle Contusion Healing in a Rat Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Current therapy for muscle contusions is usually limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or use of the RICE principle (rest, ice, compression, elevation); thus, other forms of treatment that can potentially accelerate the rate of healing are desirable. Hypotheses: A local injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) would lead to accelerated healing rates compared with controls; also, delayed administration of PRP would lead to a blunted response compared with immediate treatment. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Forty-six male Lewis rats each underwent a single blunt, nonpenetrating impact to the gastrocnemius muscle via a drop-mass technique and subsequently received either a single injection of saline into the area of injury immediately after injury (controls, n = 11) or rat PRP (either immediately after injury [PRP day 0, n = 12], the first day after injury [PRP day 1, n = 12], or the third day after injury [PRP day 3, n = 11]). The primary outcome was maximal isometric torque strength of the injured muscle, which was assessed before injury as well as on postinjury days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14. All animals were sacrificed on postinjury day 15. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on 6 specimens from each group after sacrifice. Results: The mean platelet concentration in the PRP was 2.19 × 10 6 (±2.69 × 10 5 )/μL. The mean white blood cell count in the PRP was 22.54 × 10 3 /μL. Each group demonstrated statistically significant decreases in maximal isometric torque strength after injury when compared with preinjury levels, followed by significant increases back toward baseline values by postinjury day 14 (controls, 90.6% ± 7.90%; PRP day 0, 105.0% ± 7.60%; PRP day 1, 92.4% ± 7.60%; PRP day 3, 77.8% ± 7.90%) ( P = .121). There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups at any of the time points. There were also no statistically significant differences between any of the groups in the percentage of centronucleated fibers (controls, 3.31% ± 5.10%; PRP day 0, 0.62% ± 1.59%; PRP day 1, 3.24% ± 5.77%; PRP day 3, 2.13% ± 3.26%) ( P = .211) or the presence of inflammatory cells and macrophages. Conclusion: In this rat contusion model, a local injection of PRP into the injured gastrocnemius muscle resulted in no significant differences in functional or histological outcomes, indicating no likely benefit to healing. Additionally, there was no significant difference between immediate or delayed administration of PRP. Clinical Relevance: Before PRP can be recommended for the treatment of muscle contusion injuries, further translational and clinical investigations need to be performed.
Algorithm of allergic rhinitis treatment in patients with various types of nasal septum deviation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. To improve treatment efficacy of adult patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and nasal septum deviation (NSD) depending on NSD type. Patients and methods. The number of patients equal 127 with confirmed AR and NSD diagnoses, who has been underwent correction of the nasal septum, and 20 patients with AR diagnosis and without clinically significant NSD, have been examined. Quantitative assessment of patient’s complaints intensity was done using visual analogue scale. Optical endoscopy of the nose, evaluation of the nasal cavity patency, mucociliary transport, computed tomography of the nose and paranasal sinuses were performed. The standardized SNOT-22 questionnaire was used to determine the impact of AR and NSD on patients’ life quality. The analysis of subjective symptoms, as well as the results of clinical functional examinations were carried out in all patients before the beginning of conservative treatment, after 1 month of conservative treatment and after 6 months of surgery. Results and conclusion. The study results showed a negative impact of NSD on AR course, as well as decrease of treatment efficacy by intranasal glucocorticosteroids in AR combined with NSD.
Heterotopia and Postmodern Community in the Context of Migration and Relationship Towards Migrants

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This work approaches the issue of migration of the Arab population to Europe within the idea of postmodern community and the concept of heterotopia. The social and historical context (of globalization and migration) imposes necessity to discuss the community and postmodern circumstances. In this paper we refer to Foucault’s heterotopic elements within the context of migrations; places of refuge, shelters and migrants’ asylums present certain heterotopias of our society; absolute other places that give a mirror-like mixing experience. Our analysis shows how the underlying motives for resolving some of the key social problems of contemporary Europe and new community formation are not (just) at the level of social forms, but in the vital transformation of people, their lives and relations towards the Other.
P68 Surgery for mesothelioma: the case for macroscopic complete resection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Objective</st> The role for radical surgery for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) remains controversial. There are advocates of less radical ‘debulking surgery’ who argue against the need for removal of diaphragm and pericardium because of increased morbidity. We test the hypothesis that survival is increased by the more radical operations intended to remove all visible tumour and achieve macroscopic complete resection (MCR). </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> Over a 13-year period, 362 patients underwent therapeutic surgery for MPM: in-group MCR: 232 (64%) patients underwent either extra-pleural pneumonectomy (135 patients (37%)) or radical pleurectomy-decortication (97 patients (27%)) with resection of diaphragm and pericardium. Whilst in group D: 130 (36%) underwent debulking surgery leaving macroscopic tumour in situ (55 patients (15%) by thoracotomy and 75 patients (21%) by VATS). The patients in the MCR group were younger (mean age 57.9 vs 66.1, p<0.0001) and more had epithelioid subtype (167 (72%) vs 86 (66.2%), p<0.0001). We compared the hospital outcomes and overall survival between these two groups. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> The mean length of stay was longer in group MCR than in group D (16.0&emsp14;days vs 9.6&emsp14;days, p<0.0001) but 30-day mortality was similar (12 (5.2%) vs 8 (6.2%), p=0.811). In univariate analysis, overall survival was significantly longer in the MCR group (mean survival 22&emsp14;months vs 13&emsp14;months, p<0.0001). A similar benefit was observed for the epithelioid pathological subgroup (mean survival 25.8&emsp14;months vs 16.6&emsp14;months, p<0.0001). Cox regression showed that surgery intended to achieve MCR was associated with a significantly reduced hazard of death after adjusting for age and pathological subtype (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.93, p=0.014). </sec> <sec><st>Conclusions</st> Surgery to increase survival in mesothelioma should be based on an intent to achieve macroscopic complete resection. This strategy should form the basis of future trials to evaluate the role of surgery in this disease. </sec>