jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Growing like China revisit : a quantitative analysis during 1998 -- 2015

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The growth pattern of the Chinese economy since 1990s is very controversial: the high output growth is accompanied by sustained increases in returns on capital, investment rates, and saving rates. Song et al. (2011) have proposed a theory of economic transition which can comprehensively explain Chinese experience from 1992 to 2007. But from 2008 onwards, due to the global recession and financial crisis, the Chinese economy has experienced tremendous changes including government’s four-trillion-Yuan stimulus package, the reform of state-owned firms and the revolution in the capital market. Therefore, we modify Song’s model to mimic China’s economic development until 2015. The private firms operated by entrepreneurs are more productive, but the financial imperfections force them to rely on internal savings to raise capital. State-owned firms with low-productivity depend on their superiority in the financial market to remain in the game. As the financial market in China becomes more developed, financial frictions gradually decrease; meanwhile, the continuous growth of the saving rate increases entrepreneurial firms’ capital stock and relaxes the limits of the high-productivity firms’ growth. While the calibrated model, in general, captures the features of the Chinese economy, it no longer matches as perfectly as before. This is likely due to the government intervention, housing bubble, foreign direct investments and overseas investments.
Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time of Hydrangea sect. Macrophyllae (Hydrangeaceae) revealed by genome-wide SNPs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Hydrangea sect. Macrophyllae comprises deciduous shrubs including two species with seven infraspecific taxa distributed throughout the Japanese Archipelago and adjacent areas. In this study, we revealed a phylogeny of Hydrangea sect. Macrophyllae by using a larger dataset of genome-wide SNPs than those employed in a previous study and by adding more comprehensive taxa/populations, which cover the entire distribution of the section. We then revised the taxonomic treatment of sect. Macrophyllae based on the higher-resolution phylogenetic trees obtained in this study. The phylogenetic trees estimated in this study showed five major clades, suggesting that H. serrata var. minamitanii and var. yesoensis should be treated as independent species from other H. serrata , that H. serrata var. australis and var. yakushimensis could be subclassified under the major clades and that var. angustata could be a synonym of var. serrata . The divergence time of these major clades was estimated to be in the Pleistocene.
Pathology of Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Cholangiocarcinoma: An Update

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a rare primary liver cancer that is composed of both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular differentiated cells. It is slightly more common in men and among Asian and Pacific islanders. Overall, risk factors are similar to classic risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The classification has significantly evolved over time. The last WHO classification (2019) mainly emphasized diagnosis on morphological basis with routine stainings, discarded previously recognized classifications with carcinomas with stem cell features, introduced intermediate cell carcinoma as a specific subtype and considered cholangiolocarcinoma as a subtype of cholangiocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemical markers may be applied for further specification but have limited value for diagnosis. Recent discoveries in molecular pathway regulation may pioneer new therapeutic approaches for this poor prognostic and challenging diagnosis.
Human Herpesvirus-6, -7, and -8 After Solid Organ Transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HHV-6 is a beta herpes virus that establishes latency after primary infection with most infections occurring in the childhood. Active HHV-6 infection occurs in 20–50 % of transplant recipients and is largely due to endogenous reactivation of the latent virus. Infection typically develops in the early posttransplant period. The most frequently observed clinical features of HHV-6 are febrile dermatosis and bone marrow suppression and less commonly encephalitis, interstitial pneumonitis, and hepatitis. HHV-6 also has immunomodulatory effects that may facilitate superinfections with other opportunistic infections, particularly CMV and fungal infections. Treatment of HHV-6 remains challenging. Based on in vitro and anecdotal data, ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir have been used clinically. The role of HHV-7 as a pathogen in transplant recipients is not fully defined. KSHV is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The incidence of posttransplant KS varies widely and largely parallels the geographic seroprevalence of KSHV. Cutaneous lesions are most common; however, up to 40 % of transplant recipients may develop visceral disease. Reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppression remains the mainstay of the management of KS in transplant recipients.
Observations of the gamma-ray flux from the galaxy Mk 501

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present two-year-long observations of the flux of very-high-energy (∼1012 eV) gamma rays from the active galactic nucleus Mk 501 performed with a Cherenkov detector at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. A gamma-ray flux from the object was shown to exist at confidence levels of 11 and 7 standard deviations for 1997 and 1998, respectively. The flux varied over a wide range. The mean flux at energies >1012 eV, as inferred from the 1997 and 1998 data, is (5.0±0.6)×10−11 and (3.7±0.6)×10−11 cm−2 s−1, respectively. The errors are the sum of statistical observational and modeling errors. The mean power released in the form of gamma rays is ∼2×1043 erg s−1 sr−1.
INLUENCE OF MULCH AND IN-GROUND AMENDMENTS ON ROOT WEIGHT AND DISTRIBUTION OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Brightwell and Climax plants were established in March, 1987, under the following above-ground treatments: 1) polyfabric weed barrier, 2) a 6 cm deep, 1-meter wide strip of continuous bark, and 3) zero. Below-ground treatments included, 1) 19 liters peatmoss, 2) 19 liters pine bark, 3) a continuous bark strip, tilled in, and 4) zero. A randomized complete block design was utilized with above-ground treatments as main plots and in-ground. treatments as split plots. After three years, plants under polyfabric had higher above-ground dry weights, growth indexes, plant height, root dry weights and root lengths than plants under continuous bark or zero. In the deep, coarse, easily-leached sand, all roots were very shallow (0-20cms) and concentrated along the drip line and in organic matter fractions. There were no significant differences between in-ground treatments.
An interprocessor memory access arbitrating scheme for the S-3800 vector supercomputer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Reports an instruction-based variable priority scheme which achieves high sustained memory throughput on a tightly coupled multiprocessor (TCMP) vector supercomputer. We analyze the two types of priority control for arbitrating interprocessor memory access conflict. In the case of request level priority control, mutual obstruction causes performance degradation, while in the case of fixed priority control, it is caused by memory bank occupation. Mutual obstruction is caused by requests of different instructions that interfere with each other, and memory bank occupation is caused by continuous accessing of the same memory bank by higher priority instructions. The instruction-based variable priority scheme works as follows: (1) the priority of each pipeline is usually changed at the end of an instruction. (2) The priority is changed more than once in the middle of an instruction, such as a stride multiple-of-8 or indirect access instruction which may occupy the same memory bank by itself. This strategy reduces mutual obstruction because the priority of each pipeline is stable in the middle of an instruction. It also reduces memory bank occupation because opportunity for memory access among different instructions is made equal by changing the priority at the end of on instruction. Moreover, it prevents memory bank occupation by stride multiple-of-8 or indirect access instruction, by changing the priority more frequently. Consequently, high sustained memory throughput can be achieved on TCMP vector supercomputers. We implemented this scheme in Hitachi's S-3800 supercomputer.< >
Haemosiderotic Synovitis Secondary to Anticoagulant Use: An Unusual Mechanism of Failure of a Unicompartmental Knee Replacement.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Haemosiderotic synovitis is a rare condition caused by recurrent or chronic haemarthroses. This may lead to intra-articular destruction, a painful joint, and, if untreated, ankylosis of the joint. We highlight a case of an elderly lady who presented to an orthopaedic clinic with left knee pain, following recurrent left knee atraumatic haemarthroses secondary to oral anticoagulant use. At her presentation, she had a left medial unicompartmental knee prosthesis in situ. Weight bearing radiographs of the left knee showed marked loss of lateral joint space with valgus alignment. These radiographic findings were not present on the radiographs taken at her first presentation with haemarthrosis nine months previously. A left revision total knee arthroplasty was performed, and a diagnosis of haemosiderotic synovitis was made following histological analysis of intraoperative tissue samples. This case highlights an unusual mechanism of failure of a unicompartmental knee replacement. Though haemosiderotic synovitis is an exceedingly rare condition, it must be considered following recurrent haemarthrosis as, due to its destructive nature, prompt recognition and treatment is paramount.
Robotic assistants in factory routines - the ethical implications

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is concerned with the problems which arise when humans are working alongside robotic assistants. The main question which appears is how to define the difference between humans and robots in terms of characteristics, similarities or differences and how to consequently treat humans and robots in the factory routine. Based on a literature analysis, a common ground for the treatment of human and robotic workforce in the manufacturing industry is established. Subsequently, a framework for their cooperation is deduced and an implementation of the solution suggested.
Rapid Synthesis of Propargyl-gamma-modified Peptide Nucleic Acid monomers for Late-Stage Functionalization of Oligomers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The exceptional hybridization properties of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) coupled with the ease of their synthesis has made this artificial nucleic acid mimetic a desirable platform for diagnostics, therapeutics and supramolecular engineering. PNA backbone modifications have been extensively explored to finetune physicochemical properties and for conjugation of functional molecules. Here, we detail the synthesis of a universal g-propargyl-PNA backbone from serine, and its acylation with the four DNA canonical nucleobases. The availability of serine as D or L enantiomer provide simple accesses to PNA oligomers for hybridization with natural oligonucleotides or for orthogonal hybridization circuitry. We show that late-stage conjugation enables optimization of the physicochemical properties. This approach is appealing due to its orthogonality to Fmoc-SPPS, its flexibility and ease for introducing diversity by on-resin copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). We exemplified the utility of these novel monomers with PNA based hybridization chain reactions (HCRs).
Supplementary Figures from Inducible Activation of MyD88 and CD40 in CAR T Cells Results in Controllable and Potent Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Solid Tumor Models

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplemental Figure 1: Activation of iCO molecules in T cells enhances NF-κB signaling;Supplemental Figure 2: Activation of iCO molecules enhances cytokine production in T cells;Supplemental Figure 3: CID dose-dependent IL2 production of HER2ζ.iCO T cells can be controlled by CID;Supplemental Figure 4: iCO activation enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of HER2ζ.iCO T cells;Supplemental Figure 5: Signal 1 is critical for HER2ζ.iCO T-cell effector function;Supplemental Figure 6: HER2ζ.iCO and HER2.CD28ζ T-cell lines have similar T-cell subset composition;Supplemental Figure 7: HER2ζ.iCO T cells have reduced PD-1 surface expression;Supplemental Figure 8: Recurrent tumors from HER2ζ.iCO T-cell + CID and HER2.CD28 ζ T-cell treated mice express HER2;Supplemental Figure 9: HER2ζ.iCO and HER2.CD28ζ T-cell lines have similar T-cell subset composition in vivo;Supplemental Figure 10: Anatomic location of tumors in treated mice;Supplemental Figure 11: Chemokine secretion of A549 cells, and chemokine receptor expression of T cells;Supplemental Figure 12: PD-L1 expression in tumor cell lines;Supplemental Figure 13: Generation of T-cells expressing HER2.CD28ζ.iCO;Supplemental Figure 14: iCO activation enhances expansion and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of HER2ζ.iCO and HER2.CD28ζ.iCO T-cells;Supplemental Figure 15: iCO activation enhances cytolytic activity of HER2ζ.iCO and HER2.CD28ζ.iCO T-cells; Supplemental Figure 16: Second CID injection eliminates recurrent tumors in 2/3 mice</p>
Patterns of extreme events in the climate over the South China Sea

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Just like any other natural disasters, severe tropical storms can be catastrophic. As more countries are becoming developed, which means that coastal regions will most likely be developed with infrastructures and buildings, the resulting impact will be even more disastrous, should the coastal regions be struck by a natural disaster. With the changing climate brought about by global warming, it is vital that we understand and predict the likely trend that we will experience, along with the impacts. This report aims to explain the natural phenomenon of tropical storms that happen in the South China Sea, a water body that involves the boundary of Singapore. Climate parameters of South China Sea and the tropical storms parameters will be analysed, showing the current and likely future trends. Subsequently, research articles are selected to put forth three reported geneses of tropical storms. Tropical storms that have happened in South China Sea will be analysed along with the effect brought about by their occurrence on the coastal regions. Finally on the basis of the above, the report concludes with the possible impact to be experienced with the future trend of the climate in the South China Sea using a hypothetical evaluation of the characteristics of tropical storm.
Significant diversity of human anelloviruses revealed by novel viral sequences identified in human metagenomic data

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human torque teno viruses are emerging infectious agents distributed globally and have increasingly been reported to be associated with human diseases. To identify potential anelloviral sequences in available metagenomic data, an in silico screening was performed mainly employing the ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3 nucleotide/protein queries of known human anelloviruses and identified 217 complete ORF1 regions. Pairwise nucleotide‐identity analysis with a 69% cut‐off – consistent with ICTV species demarcation – revealed 117 novel species across the 3 major human‐infecting genera: 15 in Alphatorquevirus , 51 in Betatorquevirus and 51 in Gammatorquevirus . In nearly all cases, these species assignments correspond precisely to monophyletic clusters in maximum‐likelihood phylogenies of ORF1 amino acid sequences. Using AlphaFold3-guided modelling together with representative ORF1 alignments, we delineated capsid motifs – the conserved jelly-roll (JR) β -sandwich core ( β -strands B–I) and the outward projection domains P1/P2 – and quantified motif lengths across genera, revealing tightly constrained JR lengths with genus-specific but overlapping variation in P1/P2. A few exceptions – where pairwise‐based groupings split or merge slightly differently – highlight ongoing challenges in delineating rapidly evolving viruses. Notably, the two deeply branching isolates retain the canonical JR core while exhibiting a TTMDV-like short P2, indicating preservation of key capsid architecture in the newly proposed genus. This work nearly doubles the known species richness of human anelloviruses and introduces a novel genus, underscoring the vast, hidden diversity of the gut virome and its potential impact on human health. By coupling taxonomy with structure-informed ORF1 motif analysis, our study provides biological context for these lineages and a framework for future functional and immunological investigations.
Improving public transportation via line-based integration of on-demand ridepooling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ride-sourcing companies have worsened congestion in numerous cities worldwide, as many users are attracted from more sustainable modes. To reverse this trend, it is crucial to leverage the technology of connecting users and vehicles online and use it to strengthen public transport, which can be achieved by integrating on-demand pooled services with existing fixed-line services. We propose an efficient and practical integration idea: namely, to complement fixed bus lines with a fleet of smaller vehicles that follow flexible (on-demand) routes side-by-side with the fixed routes, so that part of the demand that would have used the fixed line can ride the flexible service instead. With this scheme, a smaller bus fleet is required, partially compensating for the increase in operators’ costs stemming from the flexible vehicles. This integration strategy favors mostly two types of users: those traveling in low-demand periods, through lower waiting times, and those located far from the bus stops, because the on-demand vehicles can reduce their access time. We develop simulations in real-world scenarios from Santiago, Chile, and Berlin, Germany, for the cases of human-driven and automated vehicles. Results show that when vehicles are automated: (i) A small number of on-demand vehicles can reduce average walking times from approximately 12 to 2 min while reducing operators’ costs, leading to a Pareto improvement, (ii) A larger number of on-demand vehicles can diminish total costs by 13%–39%, through a reduction in users’ costs, although increasing operators’ costs. If vehicles are not automated, total costs are reduced by more than 10% in all of the scenarios analyzed, but a Pareto improvement is not always possible. In general, this mixed fixed/on-demand system outperforms the use of on-demand ridepooling only. Results are more promising in Berlin, because large buses are cheaper in Santiago and run more crowded, so it is more costly to partially replace them by smaller vehicles.
Conformation-specific antibodies to the alpha chain COOH terminus of hemoglobin A0.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

An anti-hemoglobin antiserum obtained from a sheep immunized with human carboxyhemoglobin A0 demonstrated little difference in its reactivity with deoxy- or carboxyhemoglobin A0. However, a subpopulation of this antiserum isolated by synthetic peptide affinity chromatography clearly distinguished between these two hemoglobin species. This subpopulation, designated alpha(129-141) anti-hemoglobin antibodies, represents less than 1% of the total anti-hemoglobin antibodies. They are nonprecipitating by Ouchterlony analysis, and fluorescence-quenching studies demonstrate the interaction of a single antibody binding site per hemoglobin dimer. These antibodies bind preferentially to carboxyhemoglobin with a median affinity constant of 5 X 10(8) M-1 compared to binding to deoxyhemoglobin with a binding affinity of less than 1 X 10(8) M-1. Furthermore, the presence of these antibodies in stoichiometric amounts increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, and thus antibody and oxygen binding to hemoglobin can be considered as a linked function.
Meta-Stock: Task-Difficulty-Adaptive Meta-learning for Sub-new Stock Price Prediction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sub-new stock price prediction, forecasting the price trends of stocks listed less than one year, is crucial for effective quantitative trading. While deep learning methods have demonstrated effectiveness in predicting old stock prices, they require large training datasets unavailable for sub-new stocks. In this paper, we propose Meta-Stock: a task-difficulty-adaptive meta-learning approach for sub-new stock price prediction. Leveraging prediction tasks formulated by old stocks, our meta-learning method aims to acquire the fast generalization ability that can be further adapted to sub-new stock price prediction tasks, thereby solving the data scarcity of sub-new stocks. Moreover, we enhance the meta-learning process by incorporating an adaptive learning strategy sensitive to varying task difficulties. Through wavelet transform, we extract high-frequency coefficients to manifest stock price volatility. This allows the meta-learning model to assign gradient weights based on volatility-quantified task difficulty. Extensive experiments on datasets collected from three stock markets spanning twenty-two years prove that our Meta-Stock significantly outperforms previous methods and manifests strong applicability in real-world stock trading. Besides, we evaluate the reasonability of the task difficulty quantification and the effectiveness of the adaptive learning strategy.