jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune thyroid diseases: In vivo diagnostics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Autoimmune thyroid disease, Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis, cause changing in morphology and function of the thyroid tissue. Graves disease is characterized by an increased synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (hyperthyrosis). Hashimoto fhyroiditis is characterized by the destruction and regeneration of thyroid follicles, which are clinically expressed by symptoms of hypothyrosis. Less frequently, Hashimoto fhyroiditis is expressed by transient thyrotoxicosis (if the destruction of the thyroid gland tissue is extremely emphasized). In order to examine thyroid morphology and function, there are numerous in iga diagnostic methods. Ultrasono graphy enables the examination of the fine structure and vasculanzation of the thyroid gland, and nuclear medicine methods reflect the function of the thyroid tissue. Radioactive iodine uptake is useful in assessment of the ability of thyrocytes to uptake iodide, and scmtigraphy gives the morpho-functional picture of the thyroid gland. Scintigraphy of orbital tissue gives the insight of orbital accumulation of the activated leucocytes. Although modem imaging methods (positron emission tomography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are very useful in assessment of nodular changes in the thyroid gland and retrostemal goiter, these techniques are not widely applied in diagnostic procedures of autoimmune thyroid diseases. In this study we reviewed in vivo diagnostic methods used in the examination of Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis, we considered their significance in the investigation of pathological process in the thyroid gland and we noticed the factors which could influence the results of morphological and functional investigations of the thyroid gland.
Postlicensure Safety Surveillance for Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) recombinant vaccine was licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006 for use in females aged 9 to 26 years. Within 1 month after licensure, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the vaccine for routine vaccination of girls aged 11 to 12 years. Clinical trials conducted before licensure in more than 21,000 women reported no significant differences in the incidence of solicited systemic clinical adverse events after immunization (AEFIs) between the vaccine group (59%) and the placebo group (60%). Similar rates of serious AEFIs were also found in the 2 groups. This study summarized data for AEFIs reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for females who had received qHPV within 2.5 years after licensure. VAERS reports were classified as serious according to the FDA regulatory definition of a serious AEFI. Separate analyses for individual adverse events were based on prelicensure safety data, public attention to reported AEFIs, and identification of AEFIs of unusual severity. To detect disproportionality in reporting (occurrence more frequent than expected), the empirical Bayesian geometric mean method and the proportional reporting ratio were used. The primary outcome measures were frequency of AEFIs, reported rates per 100,000 doses of distributed vaccine or per person-years at risk and comparison with expected background rates. During the study period, 12,424 reports of AEFIs following qHPV distribution were received by VAERS; this represents a rate of 53.9 reports per 100,000 doses distributed. Of the 12,424 reports, 772 (6.2%) were serious, including 32 reports of death. Reporting rates per 100,000 vaccine doses distributed were as follows: 8.2 for syncope, 7.5 for local site reactions, 6.8 for dizziness, 5.0 for nausea, 4.1 for headache, 3.1 for hypersensitivity reactions, 2.6 for urticaria, 0.2 for venous thromboembolic events, autoimmune disorders, and Guillain- Barré syndrome, 0.1 for anaphylaxis and death, 0.04 for transverse myelitis and pancreatitis, and 0.009 for motor neuron disease. There was disproportional reporting of syncope and venous thromboembolic events among the AEFIs. These findings show that AEFI rates were no greater than the background rates for most patients receiving qHPV in the 2.5 years after licensing, However, disproportional reporting was found for 2 AEFIs, syncope and venous thromboembolic events.
A CFD Analysis for the Advanced Accumulator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new design for the flow control component of an advanced accumulator (ACC) was introduced and numerically investigated in the paper. The flow control component can produce high flow rate and low flow rate at the different stages during the safety injection. The FLUENT computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used in the simulation of the flow pattern in the flow chamber and the outlet. The flow pattern and pressure gradient in the vortex chamber were investigated. The results show the design can realize the high flow and low flow in this design.
Protective Effect of Propolis against Aluminium Chloride Reproductive Toxicity Histopathological and Ultrastruchtural Study

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Human impact on the environment was steadily increasing the amounts of aluminum in the ecosystems. This element accumulated in plants and water. Potentially increased its harmful effect; particularly, it induced free radical-mediated cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Propolis was a resinous material collected by bees from bud and exudates of the plants, mixed with bee enzymes, pollen, and wax. Due to its waxy nature and mechanical properties, bees used propolis in the construction and repair of their hives, and as a protective barrier against external invaders, or weathering threats, Current antimicrobial properties of propolis, was helping for wound healing, treatment of burns, herpes simplex and genital herpes. The present work studied the protective effect of propolis against the reproductive toxicity of aluminum chloride in male rats.
AGRILUS CUPRIPES (CARTER) COMB. N. (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

i Synechocera cupripes Carter is transferred to Agrilus Stephens. Subfamily BUPRESTINAE Tribe AGRILINI Genus Agrilus Stephens Agrilus Stephens, 1830, Ill. Brit Ent. 3: 239. Agrilus cupripes (Carter) comb.n. Synechocera cupripes Carter, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 49: 31.
Multi-objective optimization and comparison of multi-level DC-DC converters using convex optimization methods

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Multi-level flying-capacitor converters are a promising topology for low-power applications. Conventional buck, 3- and 4-level converters have been modeled as a geometric program and optimized for loss and volume. Results show that 3- and 4-level converters are both smaller and more efficient over a wide range of design parameters.
The bioenergetics of the southern catfish (Silurus meridionalisChen): growth rate as a function of ration level, body weight, and temperature

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A feeding‐growth experiment was conducted in the laboratory on 114 young southern catfish ( Silurus meridionalis Chen) with initial weights of 8.71–127.9g at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The experiment consisted of eight weight‐temperature groups, with five ration levels ranging from starvation to satiation in each group. A multiple regression equation fitted to the experimental data was developed to describe the relation between specific growth rate (SGR) and the three factors, ration level (RL), body weight ( W ) and temperature ( T ): SGR = 0.471 + 0.172ln W −0.0443 T +0.0682 T ln(RL + l). This predicts that with increasing temperature the specific growth rate decreases at lower ration levels and increases at higher ration levels. The equation, SGR = a + b ln(RL + l), may be considered as the basic growth model where a is the maintenance metabolism exponent and b is the conversion exponent of the net energy; body weight and temperature influence the two parameters. With this relationship the two antagonistic effects of temperature on growth can be understood, increasing temperature imposes a negative effect on growth due to increment in energy cost for maintenance metabolism, and a positive effect due to higher efficiency of transforming food energy into net energy; the positive effect will increase at higher ration levels. This could also explain why at a restricted ration level relationships between growth and temperature are different in different species.
Therapeutic use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopment disorder, characterized by impairment in social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication and the presence of restricted and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. The condition manifests within the first 3 years of life and persists till adulthood. At present, the etiology of ASD is largely unknown, but genetic, environmental, immunological, and neurological factors are thought to play a role in the development of ASD. The prevalence of ASD has increased dramatically in the past few decades. According to current estimates from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as many as 1 in 91 children have ASD in USA. Studies from the Middle East on this topic are limited. Autism in Saudi Arabia is slightly higher than reported in the developed countries. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been growing in popularity for the treatment of ASD over recent years. However, few studies of its effectiveness have been reported. This article reviews important publications regarding the physiologic and clinical influence of HBO on ASD. Several case series and randomized trials have all proposed that low pressure/ low oxygen concentration hyperbaric treatment can improve the clinical manifestations of autism.
Fractal analysis of structural differences of otolith microrelief in closely related and distant Baikal ichthyotaxa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fractal analysis helped find differences in species in the organisation of fish otolith crystalline surfaces in 2 closely related and 2 distant species. To determine regularities of this organisation, we used the microcanonical method of multifractal spectra. It was revealed that the differences of multifractal spectra were more significant for longer distances of taxonomic divergence.
Infectious Mononucleosis: Age, Civil State and Pregnancy-an Epidemiological Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A retrospective study of age distribution, civil state and pregnancy in 2 large series of patients with infectious mononucleosis (I.M.) cared for at the departments of infectious diseases in Malmö and in Lund during the years 1950–65 is presented. In both series the peak of the age distribution appeared in the late teens. The number of married individuals was significantly lower than that in the normal Swedish population of the same groups. Epidemiological implications of the findings are discussed in the light of recent findings, by the Henle group, of antibodies against the herpes-like virus derived from Burkitt lymphoma in individuals who have had I.M. Only 3 pregnant women with I.M. were found in the 2 series, all of them in the first trimester. Their gestations were normal and their children have developed well.
Composition of fluid transported by locust ileum: influence of natural stimulants and luminal ion ratios

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Unstimulated fluid transport by everted locust ileal sacs in vitro was supported at 50% of control levels by the presence externally of any one of Na + , K + , or Cl − , whereas removal of all but trace levels of these ions reduced fluid transport to 25% of control transport rates. Stimulation of fluid transport by corpus cardiacum or fifth ventral ganglion extracts did not occur unless Cl − was present. The presence of Na + or K + was also required for maximum stimulation of fluid transport by these factors, the greatest stimulation occurring when the Na + :K + ratio was 1:1. Cyclic AMP, and corpus cardiacum and fifth ventral ganglion extracts all stimulated Na + , Cl − , and K + absorption across everted ileal sacs. Stimulation of fluid transport by these factors largely eliminated the anion deficit (Na + + K + −Cl − ) observed under unstimulated conditions. Stimulation caused large decreases in absorbate [Formula: see text] concentrations and pH concurrent with the increased absorbate Cl − levels. These results indicate a switch from low-capacity NaHCO 3 plus NaCl transport under unstimulated conditions to high-capacity NaCl transport under stimulated conditions. Stimulation of fluid transport also causes a 3-fold increase in transepithelial potential (hemocoel negative), indicating stimulation of electrogenic anion (Cl − ) movement to the hemocoel. These results provide the first direct evidence for hormonal control of Na + reabsorption in insect excretory systems.
Shots ANNIE to RAY, the first five tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, 17 March-11 April 1953. Technical report

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This report describes the activites of DOD personnel, both civilian and military, in Shots ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, DIXIE, and RAY, the first five tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE atmospheric nuclear weapons test series. These tests were conducted from 17 March to 11 April 1953 and involved participants from Exercise Desert Rock V, AFSWP, AFSWC, AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories, and the Civil Effects group. This volume also describes the radiological safety activities at each of these shots.
The role of "The Power of Mama" in addressing fires and forest degradation in Ketapang, Indonesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years, the destruction of forests, which can take many forms including deforestation and forest fires, has emerged as a major concern worldwide, and Indonesia is no exception. The deforestation rate in Indonesia is rising annually due to a number of factors, including decentralization and illegal land conversion. Kalimantan, known as the "lungs of the world," is the most impacted area, accounting for 51% of total tree cover loss between 2001 and 2022. This situation is alarming as it undermines the sustainability of the flora and fauna ecosystem and directly affects global warming. The government has intensified its efforts to prevent and manage forest fires, working in collaboration with businesses and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Greenpeace to reduce the risk of forest damage. In addition to these efforts, a protection initiative by a group of women in Ketapang, West Kalimantan, has gained public attention. Known as The Power of Mama, this group, as the one most affected by forest fires, undertakes heroic effortsto stop forest destruction. This research aims to examine the impact of The Power of Mama on forest degradation and fire management in Ketapang, West Kalimantan. Using a nonviolence approach that emphasizes alternative strategies and tactics leading away from violence, this study demonstrates the long-term positive impact of The Power of Mama through patrols, outreach, counselling, and third-party intervention in managing forest damage and fires. Furthermore,using qualitative methods and focusing on secondary data collection, this research reveals several challenges encountered by The Power of Mama in implementing its actions. Despite these challenges, The Power of Mama's nonviolent strategies and efforts have achieved widespread recognition and have positively impacted sustainability. This is particularly evident in the recognition that women are not only victims of environmental degradation but also play a significant role in environmental protection. Keywords: Non-violence; The Power of Mama; forest destruction; forest fires; women community
Construction Informatics as Epistemic Information

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Construction informatics is the field of study that addresses the application of information and communication technologies to architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC), by focusing on technology use within the context of a social dimension. This study is concerned with information as content as it is addressed in epistemology – the study of knowledge. Epistemological thinking addresses different questions related to the conceptualization of information. This research investigates the characteristics of AEC information defined as epistemic information within a framework of knowledge practices. It explores a new AEC information focus based on knowledge as opposed to the traditional community research efforts based on the use of information and communication technologies, most commonly in computing in AEC, under epistemic thinking. Three epistemological characterization for construction information: (1) The validity of the knowledge representation artifacts used for construction information (i.e., how well do the artifacts represent the knowledge that they are designed for? What are the effects of their stability and loss?). (2) The effectiveness of the assumptions made to express both knowledge and knowing through representational artifacts. (3) The flexibility of representational artifacts as actors perform actions and practices by engaging their own perspective (self, physical and social world context conditions). It is expected that this research will define and explain a new model of thinking of knowledge practices within the AEC community. This effort lies on the intersection of a human and computing dimension under the lens of construction informatics. The account focuses on project participants’ power of judgment in using domain concepts to carry out actions, which are contextually located and embedded in the domain practices. The account constitutes the construction informatics as an epistemic information framework.
Generic properties of $3$-dimensional Reeb flows: Birkhoff sections and entropy

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we use broken book decompositions to study Reeb flows on closed 3 -manifolds. We show that if the Liouville measure of a non-degenerate contact form can be approximated by periodic orbits, then there is a Birkhoff section for the associated Reeb flow. In view of Irie’s equidistribution theorem, this is shown to imply that the set of contact forms whose Reeb flows have a Birkhoff section contains an open and dense set in the C^{\infty} -topology. We also show that the set of contact forms whose Reeb flows have positive topological entropy is open and dense in the C^{\infty} -topology.
Oleuropein extraction from olive leaves assisted by moderate electric fields and high-power ultrasound. A parametric study

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Moderate electric field (MEF) or power ultrasound (US) are alternative technologies that could enhance conventional extraction processes, increasing yield and quality, shortening processing and reducing energy needs. This study analyses the feasibility of using MEF and US to improve oleuropein extraction from olive leaf. For this purpose, extraction kinetics (distilled water, 50 °C) were carried out in different olive leaf/water ratios (OLWR: 1, 5, 10, 15 % w/v), with and without the application of MEF (12.5 V cm–1) at different electric frequencies (MEF-FR: 300, 600, 900 and 1200 Hz). Furthermore, the sequential application of MEF and US (3.2 W/L; 21.48 kHz) was also assessed. The experimental extraction kinetics were modelled using Two Terms, Naik and Peleg models. Multi-Factor ANOVAs (p < 0.05) permitted the analysis of the influence of OLWR, MEF-FR and US on the yield. The results showed that the maximum yield (0.016 mg oleuropein/g olive leaf d.m) was found at the lowest OLWR tested (1 % w/v) with MEF application, increasing a 34.2 % the yield of the conventional extraction. As regards the electric frequency, the fastest kinetics and the greatest yield (0.022 mg oleuropein/g olive leaf d.m) were achieved at 300 Hz. The combined application of MEF and US shortened the extraction, finding the maximum yield (0.024 mg oleuropein/g olive leaf d.m) after 10 min instead of the 40 min needed for conventional extraction (0.012 mg oleuropein/g olive leaf d.m), which means an extraction time reduction of 75 %. The modified Peleg model provided the best fit. Therefore, MEF and US significantly improved the efficiency of oleuropein extraction, thus highlighting their potential in extraction processes.
Cost-Utility of Early Breast Cancer Surveillance in Survivors of Thoracic Radiation-Treated Adolescent Hodgkin Lymphoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Adolescent women treated for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are at increased risk of breast cancer (BC). We evaluate the cost-utility of eight high-risk BC surveillance strategies for this population, including the Children’s Oncology Group guideline of same-day annual mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) beginning at age 25 years. Methods A discrete event simulation model was used to simulate the life histories of a cohort of 500 000 25-year-old women treated for HL at age 15 years. We estimated BC incidence and mortality, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), health-care costs, and the relative cost-utility (incremental cost-utility ratio [ICUR]) under the eight assessed surveillance strategies. One-way sensitivity analysis enabled modeling of uncertainty evaluation. A publicly funded health-care payer perspective was adopted. Results Costs across the eight screening strategies ranged from $32 643 to $43 739, whereas QALYs ranged from 24.419 to 24.480. In an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis, annual mammography beginning at age 25 years was associated with an ICUR of $43 000/QALY gained, annual MRI beginning at age 25 years with a switch to annual mammography at age 50 years had an ICUR of $148 000/QALY, and annual MRI beginning at age 25 years had an ICUR of $227 222/QALY. Among all assessed surveillance strategies, the differences in life expectancy were small. Conclusions Current high-risk BC surveillance guidelines do not reflect the most cost-effective strategy in survivors of adolescent HL. The results suggest that groups at high risk of BC may require high-risk surveillance guidelines that reflect their specific risk profile.