jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Correlation with a limited set of behavioral niches explains the convergence of somatic morphology in mygalomorph spiders

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Understanding the drivers of morphological convergence requires investigation into its relationship with behavior and niche-space, and such investigations in turn provide insights into evolutionary dynamics, functional morphology, and life history. Mygalomorph spiders (trapdoor spiders and their kin) have long been associated with high levels of homoplasy, and many convergent features can be intuitively associated with different behavioral niches. Using genus-level phylogenies based on recent genomic studies and a newly assembled matrix of discrete behavioral and somatic morphological characters, we reconstruct the evolution of burrowing behavior in the Mygalomorphae, compare the influence of behavior and evolutionary history on somatic morphology, and test hypotheses of correlated evolution between specific morphological features and behavior. Our results reveal the simplicity of the mygalomorph adaptive landscape, with opportunistic, web-building taxa at one end, and burrowing/nesting taxa with structurally-modified burrow entrances (e.g., a trapdoor) at the other. Shifts in behavioral niche, in both directions, are common across the evolutionary history of the Mygalomorphae, and several major clades include taxa inhabiting both behavioral extremes. Somatic morphology is heavily influenced by behavior, with taxa inhabiting the same behavioral niche often more similar morphologically than more closely-related but behaviorally-divergent taxa, and we were able to identify a suite of 11 somatic features that show significant correlation with particular behaviors. We discuss these findings in light of the function of particular morphological features, niche dynamics within the Mygalomorphae, and constraints on the mygalomorph adaptive landscape relative to other spiders.
The Defensin NldefB as a Potential Target for Brown Planthopper Control Based on the Combination of RNA Interference and Fungal Insect Pathogen

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Defensins are a class of small cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play vital roles in immune-regulating insect–microbe interaction, offering great potential for developing pest control approaches using RNA interference (RNAi) and insect pathogens. However, the biocontrol potential of defensins from the destructive rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper, BPH) remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a defensin-encoding gene NldefB in BPH. The open reading frame (ORF) of NldefB is 315 bp in length, encoding 104 amino acids with a conserved Knot1 domain. The qRT-PCR results showed that the transcription level of NldefB went upward with the increasing developmental stages, with the highest expressions in the female adults and their fat body. The expression of NldefB was continuously induced by bacterial pathogens but exhibited a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease when challenged by a fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. RNAi-mediated silencing of NldefB significantly decreased the host survival rate, egg production and hatchability, as well as the capability to resist fungal infection. Additionally, NldefB suppression resulted in a significant increase in microbial loads. Our findings underscored that NldefB plays essential roles in regulating host development, pathogen defense, and microbial maintenance, providing a potential target for RNAi- and microbe-mediated BPH biocontrol.
Bitki fenoliği kersetinin SW620 kolon karsinoma hücre hattında ksenobiyotik metabolize eden CYP1A1, CYP2E1, NQO1 ve GST enzimlerinin protein ve mRNA ekpresyonlarına etkisi.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Quercetin has been one of the most studied flavonoids for years because of its widespread effects on various health problems and is known to be a potent anti-carcinogenic compound. One possible mechanism that flavonoids may prevent or treat cancer is by regulation of phase I and phase II enzyme activity. Phase I enzymes are xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes whose functions are activating or inactivating xenobiotic compounds. CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 enzymes are actively found on cancer cells and modify carcinogenic compounds. Phase II enzymes are responsible from conjugation reactions in the body. GSTP1 and NQO1 enzymes are important representatives of phase II enzymes and their function is elimination of possibly carcinogenic metabolites by reduction and conjugation reactions. This study focused on the effects of quercetin on CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTP1 and NQO1 enzymes in human colon carcinoma cell line SW620. In order to study these effects, cells were grown as in 5% CO2 incubator prior to the treatment with quercetin with respect to IC50 value that is determined as 90 µM, and then the effects of quercetin on protein and mRNA expressions are analyzed according to the control groups by Western Blotting and q-RT-PCR, respectively. Quercetin treatment caused 47 % decrease in CYP1A1 protein expression (p<0.01) and 17 % decrease in CYP2E1 protein expression (p<0.01). Furthermore, quercetin treatment caused 85 % decrease in CYP1A1 mRNA expression and 97 % decrease in CYP2E1 mRNA expression with respect to control cells and results are normalized with GAPDH as an internal reference. Moreover, quercetin treatment also caused 35 % decrease in GSTP1 protein expression (p<0.001) and 29 % decrease in NQO1 protein expression (p<0.001). In addition, quercetin treatment caused 75 % decrease in GSTP1 mRNA expression (p<0.05), whereas NQO1 mRNA expression is increased 1.6 fold (p<0.01) after quercetin treatment. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that plant phenolic quercetin can modulate the progression of colon carcinoma by affecting the expression of protein and mRNA of xenobiotic metabolizing phase I and phase II enzymes CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTP1 and NQO1.
Assessing the completeness and accuracy of South African National Laboratory CD4 and viral load data: a cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To assess the accuracy of the South African National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) corporate data warehouse (CDW) using a novel data cross-matching method. Methods Adults (≥18 years) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who visited a hospital-based HIV clinic in Durban from March to June 2012 were included. We matched patient identifiers, CD4 and viral load (VL) records from the HIV clinic’s electronic record with the NHLS CDW according to a set of matching criteria for patient identifiers, test values and test dates. We calculated the matching rates for patient identifiers, CD4 and VL records, and an overall matching rate. Results NHLS returned records for 3498 (89.6%) of the 3906 individuals requested. Using our computer algorithm, we confidently matched 3278 patients (83.9% of the total request). Considering less than confident matches as well, and then manually reviewing questionable matches using only patient identifiers, only nine (0.3% of records returned by NHLS) of the suggested matches were judged incorrect. Conclusions We developed a data cross-matching method to evaluate national laboratory data and were able to match almost 9 of 10 patients with data we expected to find in the NHLS CDW. We found few questionable matches, suggesting that manual review of records returned was not essential. As the number of patients initiating ART in South Africa grows, maintaining a comprehensive and accurate national data repository is of critical importance, since it may serve as a valuable tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the country’s HIV care system. This study helps validate the use of NHLS CDW data in future research on South Africa’s HIV care system and may inform analyses in similar settings with national laboratory systems.
CARMEN MARTIN GAITE’NİN “ENTRE VISILLOS” VE IRSE DE CASA” ADLI İKİ ROMANI İLE BU ROMANLARINDAKİ KAHRAMANLARIN KİŞİLİK ARAYIŞLARI”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Carmen Martin Gaite, (1925-2000) Ispanyol Ic Savasi’ni yasamis ve edebiyatin her dalinda eser vermis cok uretken bir yazardir. General Primo de Rivera’nin diktatorlugu sirasinda dogan yazarin babasi Madridli annesi Galisyalidir. Sekiz yasinda edebiyata gonul vermis ve 23 Temmuz 2000 yilinda son nefesini verdigi ana kadar da yazmayi surdurmustur. Universiteyi bitirdigi 1948 yilinda ilk siir ve makalelerini yayimlamaya baslayan yazar 1954 yilinda “Kaplica” adli eserinden sonra ilk uzun oykusu “Perde Arkasinda” ile “Nadal” odulunu almistir. Edebi yasami boyunca “El Anagrama de Ensayo”, “El Nacional de Literatura”, “El Principe de Asturias de las Letras y el Castilla y LeÂI³n de las Letras” gibi bircok odule layik gorulmustur. Donemin degerli yazarlarindan Rafael Sanchez Ferlosio ile evlenen yazarin iki cocugu olmustur. Bir sene suren evliliginin ardindan, kizini cok genc yasta kaybeden Gaite, yasama sevincini kendini edebiyata vererek surdurmeye devam etmistir. Eserlerinde, insanlarin icinde yasadigi toplumu gercekci bir dille yansitan yazar icin iliman bir feminist tanimini kullanmak yanlis olmaz.“Perde Arkasinda” ve “Evden Kacis” adli iki romaninda, Carmen Martin Gaite’nin okuyucusu ile bulusturdugu kahramanlari, feminist bir yazar olmasindan dolayi cogunlukla genc kizlar ya da tek baslarina hayat mucadelesi veren kadinlardan olusmaktadir. Bu insanlar, icinde bulunduklari toplumun baskici tutumundan bunalmis, fakat baskaldiracak gucu kendilerinde bulamamislardir. Sahip olduklari hayat gunden gune daha da sikici ve monoton bir hale gelmektedir ve onlar bu yalnizliklarindan, bulunduklari mekÂI¢ndan kacarak kurtulmayi tek kurtulus yolu olarak benimsemislerdir. Ozellikle genc kizlar, tamamiyla babanin fikirlerini kabul etmeye mahkumdurlar. Aile buyukleri ile konusma ve tartismanin imkansiz oldugu boylesine sert bir toplum ve aile yapisi icinde iletisim sansini yakalayamayanlar kendi yalnizliklarina mahkum mutsuz bir yasam surdurmek zorunda birakilmislardir.
Prosperity and Fairness? Can New Labour Bring Fairness to the 21st Century by Following the Dictates of Endogenous Growth?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

By the late 1980s changes in the British and global political, social and economic situation necessitated a major rethink of the Labour party's policy approach. This rethink began with the 1987 Policy Reviews and continues to develop under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. In contrast to many critics of New Labour's economic and social reforms this article argues that the party is not acting on simple pragmatic grounds, nor are they simply a ‘kinder’ neo-liberal party. Rather, it is argued that there is a clear coherence to New Labour's governing approach and that this is itself guided by the leadership's understanding of endogenous growth theory. The long-term goal is that by adopting an endogenous growth strategy the government will be able to reinstitute an activist policy regime capable of promoting the party's traditional values of equality, justice and fairness within a socioeconomic policy designed to ensure long-term growth and prosperity.
Efficacy of cement stabilisation for ultra-soft clay

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As the need for land in Singapore rises, new land reclamation projects are moving closer to the outer areas of Singapore. Offshore land reclamation is very challenging when there is lack of granular fill and the ultra-soft soil such as dredged clay slurry has to be used. The dredged clay slurry usually has a very high water content, e.g. can be higher than twice of its liquid limit. Due to the extremely high water content, some traditional ground improvement methods, such as chemical stabilization using ordinary Portland cement (PC), may be not very cost effective for the dredged clay slurry.Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) is a material that has come into the spotlight recently as an alternative to PC in terms of soil improvement. In order to strengthen and reach its full activation, an activator known as carbide slag (CS) is added together with GGBS. In this report the use of GGBS and CS is investigated and its effect on soil with very high water content is studied at different curing ages and binder ratios. This report also seeks the optimum ratio of CS/GGBS to benefit the cost factor for use in actual sites.
Strengthening social relationships through community archaeology at Nueva Esperanza, El Salvador: Challenges and lessons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Though collaborative community archaeology continues to grow worldwide, it is still an underdeveloped aspect of archaeological research in Central America. In this article, I describe an attempt to conduct community archaeology in the community of Nueva Esperanza, El Salvador. This article outlines how archaeological findings and collaborative archaeological practices impacted the people living at the site and how a community's collaboration impacts archaeologists. I explore the nature and significance of an open communication between archaeologists and communities in archaeological practice. This enriches our understanding of the past, thereby creating new values and meanings in relation to the archaeological material. The archaeological site provides a gathering place where collective memories are forged, and social relationships between different generations, genders, and other communities in the region are strengthened.
Radiologic imaging of acute pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Acute pancreatitis comprises a broad spectrum of inflammatory changes in the gland and has a variety of causes. The most common are alcoholism and biliary tract disease. This paper discusses the current concepts of diagnosis and the relationship between morphology as depicted by imaging, pancreatic function tests and treatment planning. Conclusions. Our understanding of the morphologic changes produced by the inflammatory process has expanded in the last decade as more sophisticated imaging techniques have been used for evaluation.
Análisis de la influencia de características físicas y genéticas en cross training con aprendizaje automático

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT: The aim of this work is to study the influence that genetics and physical condition have or may have in sports, specifically in cross training, with target variables related to power and percentage of fat-free mass. We work with data generated in Wingate tests, with a duration of 30 seconds; these are physical exercises at the maximum intensity possible in an ergometer. During the performance of this test, physical predictors that give an idea of the individual’s anaerobic capacity are measured. Two tests of this type were carried out, with a 5 minute interval during which both the above-mentioned physical predictors and the target variables of interest were continuously monitored. Prior to the test, the genetic variants (SNPs) presented by the individuals were analyzed for a set of 209 genes, along with physical predictors of anthropometric character. To achieve this objective, different machine learning models were studied: Random Forest, Bayesian Networks, traditional and optimized Multiple Linear Regression (with Best Subset Selection, Principal Components Analysis and Partial Least Squares) and K-Nearest Neighbors. It was found that the truly interesting relationships appear when both genetic and physical predictors are combined.
Linaria glauca Chaz.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Antirrhinum glaucum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1111. 1759. ["Habitat in Hispania."] Cent. I Pl.: 16 (1755). RCN: 447. Replaced synonym: Antirrhinum molle L. (1755), nom. illeg., non L. (1753). Type not designated. Original material: as replaced synonym. Current name: Linaria glauca (L.) Chaz. (Scrophulariaceae). Note: A. nomen novum for A. molle L. (1755), nom. illeg. (non 1753).
Does Dataset Complexity Matters for Model Explainers?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Strategies based on Explainable Artificial Intelligence - XAI have emerged in computing to promote a better understanding of predictions made by black box models. Most XAI measures used today explain these types of models, generating attribute rankings aimed at explaining the model, that is, the analysis of Attribute Importance of Model. There is no consensus on which XAI measure generates an overall explainability rank. For this reason, several proposals for tools have emerged (Ciu, Dalex, Eli5, Lofo, Shap and Skater). An experimental benchmark of explainable AI techniques capable of producing global explainability ranks based on tabular data related to different problems and ensemble models are presented herein. Seeking to answer questions such as "Are the explanations generated by the different measures the same, similar or different?" and "How does data complexity play along model explainability?" The results from the construction of 82 computational models and 592 ranks shed some light on the other side of the problem of explainability: dataset complexity!
Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates inflammation and impairs ovarian functions of polycystic ovary syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of infertility in child‐bearing‐age women. It is characterized by ovulation dysfunction, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism. Inflammation is likely to be a crucial contributor to the pathogenesis of PCOS. However, the association between the inflammatory cytokines and the development of PCOS has not been reported. To explore the relationship between the inflammatory cytokines and PCOS, alterations of serum proteins in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)‐induced PCOS rats were screened by protein array, and the concentration of IFN‐γ was further measured by using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DHEA‐induced PCOS rats had a decreased level of IFN‐γ compared with the control rats, which was restored partly in flutamide (an androgen receptor antagonist)‐treated rats. Moreover, the level of IFN‐γ in serum of patients with PCOS was also lower than that in healthy women. Using the ovarian granulosa cells (KGN), we demonstrated that DHEA downregulated the expression and secretion of IFN‐γ in dose‐ and time‐dependent manners, which could be restored to some extent by treating with flutamide. Furthermore, flutamide ameliorated the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and promotive effect on cell apoptosis by DHEA. The results also revealed that IFN‐γ promoted the proliferation but inhibited the apoptosis of KGN cells, which was suppressed by DHEA via activating the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, these results showed that DHEA inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells through downregulating the expression of IFN‐γ which could be restored by flutamide, and IFN‐γ may serve as a potential inflammatory biomarker for PCOS detection.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Generation of a Functionalized Tertiary‐Alkyl Radical for Copper‐Catalyzed Tertiary‐Alkylative Mizoroki—Heck Type Reaction.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract For the first time a Cu‐triamine catalyzed tertiary‐alkylative reaction of a variety of styrenes with functionalized tertiary‐alkyl halides under mild condition is presented.
Accuracy Of The NHANES Treadmill Test In Estimating Aerobic Fitness In Adolescents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Use of the submaximal treadmill test to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents has been widely accepted. The National Youth Fitness Survey (NYFS) adopted the same protocol as previously used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Questions have arisen as to the appropriateness of this test in adolescents due to maturation differences. In a recent study of fitness in Hungarian adolescents, the NYFS treadmill protocol was used in combination with VO2 measured test to maximal effort. These data provides an opportunity to test the difference between actual and estimated VO2peak values in a sample of youth ages 11-18 years. PURPOSE: To test gender and age group differences in actual and estimated VO2max to establish if interpretation of the submaximal test is within acceptable accuracy. METHODS: A random sample of 578 adolescents were tested in five laboratories across Hungary. From 482 completed treadmill tests, a total of 288 subjects’ data (males = 153, females = 135) was included in the analyses using standard VO2max criteria. Estimates of VO2max were calculated using HR response to exercise stages and compared actual measures of VO2peak. Repeated measures ANOVA and regression analyses were used to test for interactions and relationships respectively. RESULTS: The mean age for this subjects was 15.3±2.3 years distributed over 8 age groups. The ANOVA indicated a significant (p=0.011) interaction of gender and differences in VO2max measures. For the boys, the estimated mean of 49.8±9.4 was not significantly (p=0.153) different with the actual measure of 50.8±7.7 however the girls’ estimate was significantly (p=0.039) higher at 43.0±8.6 than the actual mean measure of 41.7±8.0 mL/kg/min. No gender specific age group differences were significant. Significant (p<0.001) relationships between VO2max values for the subject population were found however the model explained only 25% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: It seems the NYFS treadmill protocol for adolescents provide an acceptable group estimate of VO2max. While girls’ group means were significantly different, the residual was less than 2 mL/kg/min, a value within daily variances. Moderate relationship between the two measures might indicate individual differences however age did not seem to affect the differences.
BA.plot: An R function for Bland-Altman analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Bland-Altman analysis is a very commonly used method in the biomedical research. This method is used to study the agreement between two measurements that are in continuous scale. Although this method is commonly used in medical research, the statistical software packages do not have the menu-driven operation for the Bland-Altman analysis. Hence this paper intends to provide an R function (BA.plot) for Bland-Altman analysis.