jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: a 16-season review of 10 851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002–2019): the Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives The Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project is the largest and longest running rugby union injury surveillance project globally and focuses on the highest level of rugby in England. Methods We examined match injuries in professional men’s rugby over the period 2002/2003 to 2018/2019 and described trends in injuries over this time. Results Over the period 2002/2003–2018/2019, 10 851 injuries occurred in 1 24 952 hours of match play, equating to a mean of 57 injuries per club per season and one injury per team per match. The mean incidence, severity (days absence) and burden (days absence/1000 hours) of injury were 87/1000 hours (95% CI 82 to 92), 25 days (95% CI 22 to 28) and 2178 days/1000 hours (95% CI 1872 to 2484), respectively. The tackle accounted for 43% injuries with running the second most common activity during injury (12%). The most common injury location was the head/face with an incidence of 11.3/1000 hours, while the location with the highest overall burden was the knee (11.1 days/1000 hours). Long-term trends demonstrated stable injury incidence and proportion of injured players, but an increase in the mean and median severity of injuries. Concussion incidence, severity and burden increased from the 2009/2010 season onwards and from 2011 to 2019 concussion was the most common injury. Conclusion The rise in overall injury severity and concussion incidence are the most significant findings from this work and demonstrate the need for continued efforts to reduce concussion risk as well as a greater understanding of changes in injury severity over time.
Image_7_Prognostic Value of Prognostic Nutritional Index in Patients With Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Surgical Treatment.TIF

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background<p>To investigate the relationship between prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and the survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing surgical treatment.</p>Methods<p>In total 1,014 CRC patients who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the features that influenced postoperative complications in CRC patients. Restricted cubic spline was used to assess the dose-response relationship between PNI and survival in CRC patients. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare survival differences between groups of CRC patients. Cox proportional risk regression models was used to assess independent risk factors for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of CRC patients.</p>Results<p>Low PNI was associated with high tumor burden, invasive pathological features, and poor host status. Compared with patients with high PNI, patients with low PNI have a higher incidence of complications and longer hospital stay. Low PNI was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in CRC patients. for every SD increased in PNI, the risk of poor prognosis for CRC patients was reduced by 2.3% (HR = 0.977, 95%CI = 0.962–0.993, p = 0.004) in PFS, and 2.3% (HR = 0.977, 95%CI = 0.962–0.993, p = 0.004) in OS. PNI was an independent prognostic factor affecting the PFS and OS of CRC patients. Finally, we constructed the PNI-based nomograms to predict postoperative complications, 1–5 years PFS and OS in CRC patients. Concordance index and calibration curve indicated that the PNI-based nomograms have moderate prediction accuracy.</p>Conclusion<p>PNI is an independent risk factor affecting postoperative complications, PFS and OS of CRC patients, and is a useful supplement to the TNM stage.</p>
Thulium fiber laser induced vapor bubbles using bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber optic tips

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study characterizes laser-induced vapor bubbles for five distal fiber optic tip configurations, to provide insight into stone retropulsion experienced during laser ablation of kidney stones. A TFL with 1908-nm wavelength delivered 34 mJ energy per pulse at 500-μs pulse duration through five different fibers: 100-μm-core/170-μm-OD bare fiber tip, 150-μm- to 300-μm-core tapered fiber tip, 100-μm-core/300-μm-OD ball tip fiber, 100-μm-core/340- μm-OD hollow steel tip fiber, and 100-μm-core/560-μm-OD muzzle brake fiber tip. A high speed camera with 10- μm spatial and 9.5-μs temporal resolution imaged vapor bubble dynamics. A needle hydrophone measured pressure transients in forward (0°) and side (90°) directions while placed at a 6.8 ± 0.4 mm distance from fiber tip. Maximum bubble dimensions (width/length) averaged 0.7/1.5, 1.0/1.6, 0.5/1.1, 0.8/1.9, and 0.7/1.5 mm, for bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle tips, respectively (n=5). The hollow steel tip exhibited the most elongated vapor bubble shape, translating into increased forward pressure in this study and consistent with higher stone retropulsion in previous reports. Relative pressures (a.u.) in (forward/side) directions averaged 1.7/1.6, 2.0/2.0, 1.4/1.2, 6.8/1.1, and 0.3/1.2, for each fiber tip (n=5). For hollow steel tip, forward pressure was 4× higher than for bare fiber. For the muzzle brake fiber tip, forward pressure was 5× lower than for bare fiber. Bubble dimensions and pressure measurements demonstrated that the muzzle tip reduced forward pressure by partially venting vapors through side holes, consistent with lower stone retropulsion observed in previous reports.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL FLIPBOOK TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The research aims to investigate the implementation of Digital Flipbook (DigiFlip) as an English teaching and learning media to improve students’ reading comprehension in tenth grades of MAN 1 Surakarta during the 2024/2025 academic year. The study used a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design and collected qualitative data through observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Quantitative data was collected through pre-test, post-test 1, and post-test 2, and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman triangulation method. The results showed that the application of digital flipbook effectively improved students’ reading comprehension, with an average score increase of 62 in the pre-test, 71 in post-test 1, and 86 in post-test 2. The classroom environment also showed a significant improvement, with students becoming more pleasant, enthusiastic, active, and conducive during the teaching-learning process. The study’s findings highlight the potential of digital flipbooks in enhancing students’ reading comprehension and English language learning. Keywords: Reading comprehension; digital flipbook; classroom action research
The EU-Korea Panel Ruling and the Evolution of Sustainability Clauses in EU Trade Agreements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

More than four years after the European Union (EU)-Korea panel ruling, this article explores the meaning of the case for the design and follow-up of sustainability clauses in EU trade agreements. It analyses the case in the perspective of the recent history of EU Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) policy. It is argued that the application of a ‘developmental’ approach to sustainability provisions in EU trade agreements constitutes the main innovation brought by the EU-Korea panel ruling. This ‘developmental’ approach entails that TSD provisions – social and environmental clauses – enable the re-embedding of the market into a form of development that is more sustainable. The article will focus on the labour component of TSD provisions. The developmental approach explored entails that social rules contained in EU trade agreements are perceived as productive factors paving the way for sustainable growth and competitiveness that is not solely based on cost factors. In doing so, the panel ruling questions the thirty-year dominance of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Singapore Ministerial Declaration (1996), which considered the trade-labour nexus as two separate pillars. By offering this new paradigmatic approach, the panel ruling has paved the way for a normative intertwining of trade and social issues. In the aftermath of the panel ruling, the European Commission has swiftly built on the opportunities – and the limits – provided by the ruling to strengthen its sustainability provisions, essentially through the amendment of the compliance and ‘essential elements’ clauses. However, the evolution of TSD provisions continues to be controversial. This article will outline options for future TSD provisions and conclude that the structural evolution suggested by the developmental approach promoted in the EU-Korea panel ruling should further strengthen the sustainable policy space.
Structural Properties of Ruthenium Biimidazole Complexes Determining the Stability of their Supramolecular Aggregates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The results of a detailed investigation of the influence of substituents in a variety of ruthenium biimidazole-type complexes [Ru(R-bpy) 2 (R´-bi(bz)imH 2 )] 2+ (R = H, t Bu; R´ = H,Me; bi(bz)imH 2 = 2,2´-bi(benz)imidazole) on selected structural and photophysical properties is reported. The photophysical properties are only marginally influenced by the substituents at the bipyridine and the biimidazole core. All complexes show intense absorptions in the visible range of the spectrum with maxima around 475 nm, and emission from the formed excited state occurs at wavelengths between 650 and 670 nm. The comparison of structural properties determined by X-ray analysis within a series of related complexes shows that the Ru-N bond lengths to the coordinated bipyridines are not significantly influenced by the substituents, but slight differences in the Ru-N bond lengths to the biimidazole-type ligands can be detected. The reactions between ruthenium complexes containing different biimidazole-type ligands with the sulfate dianion, however, show a strong correlation between the substituents at the biimidazole core and the solubility of the product. The bibenzimidazolecontaining complexes precipitate from aqueous solution whereas the ruthenium complex containing unsubstituted biimidazole stays in solution. The solid-state structure of one example of the sulfatecontaining products (2b) shows that strong hydrogen bonds between the secondary amine function of the bibenzimidazole and the oxygen functionalities of the sulfate contribute to this unexpected behavior.
The Photocycloaddition Reactions of Uridine and Related Compounds with 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The photochemical reactions of uracil and 5-fluorouracil derivatives with simple alkenes have been investigated. Photocycloaddition of uracil or 5-fluorouracil derivatives and 2, 3-dimethyl-2-butene in acetone gave an enantiomeric mixture of cross cycloadducts (4, 7) in moderate yields. Under similar conditions, diastereomers of 4-substituted 7, 7, 8, 8-tetramethyl-cis-2, 4-diazabicyclo[4.2.0]octane-3, 5-dione nucleosides (14-17) were formed from uridine or 5-fluorouridine derivatives in good yields. The structures and stereochemistry of these cycloadducts of the nucleoside series were elucidated on the basis of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in major depressive disorder: Enhanced network synchronization with active relative to sham and deep learning-based predictors of remission

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Aim: To investigate neural oscillatory networks in major depressive disorder (MDD), effects of home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment, and predictors of treatment remission. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, EEG data were acquired from 21 MDD participants (16 women, mean age 36.63 ± 9.71 years) with moderate to severe depressive episodes (mean HAMD score 18.42 ± 1.80). Participants were randomized to active (n = 11) or sham tDCS (n = 8). Home-based tDCS treatment was administered for 10 weeks, with 5 sessions per week for 3 weeks, then 3 sessions per week for 7 weeks. Active tDCS was 2 mA, and sham tDCS was 0 mA with brief ramp-up/down periods. Clinical remission was defined as HAMD score ≤ 7. Resting-state EEG data were collected at baseline and at the 10-week end of treatment using a portable 4-channel EEG device. EEG band power and functional connectivity (phase locking value, PLV) were analyzed. Deep learning identified predictors of treatment remission from baseline PLV features. Results: The active tDCS group showed higher gamma PLV in frontal and temporal regions compared to the sham group. Positive correlations between changes in delta, theta, alpha, and beta PLV and depression improvement were observed in the active group. Combining PLV features from theta, alpha, and beta achieved the highest treatment remission prediction accuracy: 71.94 % (sensitivity 52.88 %, specificity 83.06 %). Conclusions: Synchronized brain activity in gamma PLV may be a mechanism of active tDCS. Baseline resting-state EEG could predict treatment remission. Home-based EEG measures are feasible and useful predictors of clinical outcomes.
eLife Assessment: Multiple Guidance Mechanisms Control Axon Growth to Generate Precise T-shaped Bifurcation during Dorsal Funiculus Development in the Spinal Cord

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The dorsal funiculus in the spinal cord relays somatosensory information to the brain. It is made of T-shaped bifurcation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory axons. Our previous study has shown that Slit signaling is required for proper guidance during bifurcation, but loss of Slit does not affect all DRG axons. Here, we examined the role of the extracellular molecule Netrin-1 (Ntn1). Using wholemount staining with tissue clearing, we showed that mice lacking Ntn1 have axons escaping from the dorsal funiculus at the time of bifurcation. Genetic labeling confirmed that these misprojecting axons come from DRG neurons. Single axon analysis showed that loss of Ntn1 does not affect bifurcation but rather alters turning angles. To distinguish their guidance functions, we examined mice with triple deletion of Ntn1, Slit1, and Slit2 and found a completely disorganized dorsal funiculus. Comparing mice with different genotypes using immunolabeling and single axon tracing revealed additive guidance errors, demonstrating the independent roles of Ntn1 and Slit. Moreover, the same defects were observed in embryos lacking their cognate receptors. These in vivo studies thus demonstrate the presence of multi-factorial guidance mechanisms that ensure proper formation of a common branched axonal structure during spinal cord development.
Pengaruh Pengendalian Biaya, Fungsi Penjualan Terhadap Peningkatan Laba Perusahaan Bisnis Era Covid-19

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Profit is the difference between revenue and total costs (implicit costs as well as explicit costs). Implicit costs include the opportunity costs incurred when the firm chooses to use a particular factor of production. Profit in accounting is the difference between the sales price and production costs. Profit is the element of most concern because the earnings figure is expected to be sufficient to represent the company's overall performance. Profits include three levels, namely: semantics, syntax and pragmatics. Then the sales target is to compare the profitability between products with different sizes and also the profitability between one sales area and another. This research focuses on cost control, sales function to increase PT Freeport Indonesia's profit. The population in this study are related units within PT Freeport Indonesia, namely the mining unit, production unit, warehouse unit, sales unit, accounting unit in Papua. These five units are part of the accounting-related department of PT Freeport Indonesia in Papua. The sample collection method is purposive sampling by taking samples from related units. The data analysis technique used in this study was SEM PLS. The results of this study indicate that cost control and sales functions have an effect on increasing the company profit in the Era Covid-19 of PT Freeport Indonesia.Laba adalah selisih antara pendapatan dengan total biaya (biaya implisit maupun biaya eksplisit). Biaya implisit termasuk biaya kesempatan yang terjadi ketika perusahaan memilih untuk menggunakan factor produksi tertentu. Laba dalam akuntansi adalah selisih antara harga penjualan dengan biaya produksi. Laba merupakan elemen yang paling menjadi perhatian karena angka laba diharapkan cukup untuk merepresentasi kinerja perusahaan secara keseluruhan. Laba meliputi tiga tataran, yaitu: semantik, sintaktik, dan pragmatik. Kemudian target penjualan adalah dengan membandingkan profitabilitas antar produk – produk dengan ukuran yang berbeda dan juga profitabilitas antara daerah penjualan yang satu dengan daerah pemasaran yang lainnya. Penelitian ini focus pada pengendalian biaya, fungsi penjualan untuk peningkatkan laba PT Freeport Indonesia. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah unit-unit terkait didalam PT Freeport Indonesia yaitu pada unit bagian tambang, unit produksi, unit gudang, unit penjualan, unit akuntansi di Papua. Kelima unit ini adalah bagian terkait akuntansi pada PT Freeport Indonesia di Papua. Metode pengumpulan sampel adalah purposive sampling dengan mengambil sampel pada pada unit terkait. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan didalam penelitian ini memakai SEM PLS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengendalian biaya, fungsi penjualan berpengaruh dalam peningkatkan laba perusahaan PT Freeport Indonesia Era Covid-19.
Language and Performing Arts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the many consequences of globalization and the new world order is the increased cross border interaction among people, leading to more transfer and exchange of knowledge, technology, values and virtues, vices and viruses, and other traits among nations. One area that has been impacted heavily by this flow, largely aided by the Internet and other emerging media, is culture. To a large extent, though, the transfer of cultural practices appears to be more from the western and more developed world to the weaker, economically and politically less powerful nations. But what is borrowed is indigenized, sometimes entirely altered, to meet the needs of local communities. These changes are reflected in Africa’s music scene, dances, and other genres of popular culture. Within that context, this chapter aims at meeting two goals. First, to analyze the extent to which musicians, especially the youth, have managed to maintain a balance between educating and entertaining society at the local level, while keeping abreast with emerging global trends and influences. Particularly, it will show how the young generation of East African musicians uses music to sensitize the public by serving as critics of the management of public affairs and how this has contributed to political change. Secondly, it will investigate the effects that these emerging practices have had on the use of African languages in the performing arts.
Ways to Improve the Quality of Specialised Translations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The thesis deals with quality of specialised translations in general, focusing on mapping and exploring areas of possible quality improvement. It aims to do several things. First, it should show what the current situation on the translation market is. Second, it should help specialised translators and translation agencies recognize the factors that could help to improve the quality of provided services. Third, it should encourage companies´ involvement in the quality assurance process, and finally, it aims to raise awareness of the profession and strengthen its position among other fields. The thesis deals with translating from a foreign language into Czech and with translation agencies and it is based on a survey designed to elicit responses from translation agencies (translation service providers), companies (translation submitters) and translators (both freelance translators and translators employed at translation agencies) with regard to the quality of specialised translations.
COMPLEXITY OF CONTINUOUS SEMI-FLOWS AND RELATED DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The equicontinuity and scattering properties of continuous semi-flows are studied on a compact metric space. The main results are obtained as follows: first, the complexity function defined by the spanning set is bounded if and only if the system is equicontinuous; secondly, if a continuous semi-flow is topologically weak mixing, then it is pointwise scattering; thirdly, several equivalent conditions for the time-one map of a continuous semi-flow to be scattering are presented; Finally, for a minimal continuous map it is shown that the "non-dense" requirement is unnecessary in the definition of scattering by using open covers.
Development/Plasticity/Repair Cellular Mechanisms Associated with Spontaneous and Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor–cAMP-Induced Survival and Axonal Regeneration of Adult Retinal Ganglion Cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We have shown previously that intraocular elevation of cAMP using the cAMP analog 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (CPT-cAMP) failed to promote axonal regeneration of axotomized adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) into peripheral nerve (PN) grafts but significantly potentiated ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-induced axonal regeneration. Using the PN graft model, we now examine the mechanisms underlying spontaneous and CNTF/CPT-cAMP-induced neuronal survival and axonal regrowth. We found that blockade of the cAMP pathway executor protein kinase A (PKA) using the cell-permeable inhibitor KT5720 did not affect spontaneous survival and axonal regeneration but essentially abolished the CNTF/CPT-cAMP-induced RGC survival and axonal regeneration. Blockade of CNTF signaling pathways such as phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/akt by 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by 2-(2-diamino-3-methoxyphenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one (PD98059), or Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT3) by tyrphostin AG490 also blocked the CNTF/CPT-cAMP-dependent survival and regeneration effects. PKA activity assay and Western blots showed that KT5720, LY294002, and PD98059 almost completely inhibited PKA, PI3K/akt, and MAPK/ERK signal transduction, respectively, whereas AG490 substantially decreased JAK/STAT3 signal transduction. Intraocular injection of CPT-cAMP resulted in a small PKA-dependent increase in CNTF receptor � mRNA expression in the retinas, an effect that may facilitate CNTF action on survival and axonal regeneration. Surprisingly, in the absence of CNTF/CPT-cAMP, LY294002, PD98059, and AG490, but not KT5720, significantly enhanced spontaneous