jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
<title>Superresolution HRR ATR performance with HDVI</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A goal of super-resolution, in addition to improving probability of correct classification (Pcc) in automatic target recognition systems, is to reduce radar resource requirements in achieving a given Pcc. These studies address the MIT Lincoln Laboratory 1-D template-based ATR algorithm that was developed and tested on super-resolved high range resolution (HRR) profiles formed from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of targets taken from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) data set. Previous studies on HRR ATR demonstrated encouraging results for recognition of stationary targets from their HRR profiles, although the low probability of correct classification dictates a large margin of improvement in Pcc is needed before the system can be operational. In this work, a super- resolution technique known as High Definition Vector Imaging (HDVI) is applied to the HRR profiles before the profiles are passed through the ATR classification. The new 1-D ATR system using super-resolved HRR demonstrates significantly improved target recognition compared to previous 1-D ATR systems that use conventional image processing techniques. This paper discusses the improvement in HRR ATR performance in terms of radar resource requirements as a result of applying HDVI.
To meat or not to meat?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We are facing a pandemic: climate change. In order to sustain a future population with a healthy diet, we need drastic changes in our food systems. With the demand for change both in our eating behaviour and the food industry, this opinion article dives into a currently disputed food resource with regards to climate impact: meat. First, the importance of understanding the dynamic term ‘sustainability’ is stressed. We argue that an interdisciplinary approach, which encounters not only social, economic and environmental factors, but also historical and especially taste aspects, are essential to change the current behaviour, aspects which are often forgotten in the discussion about sustainability. In the light of taste, and in particular the liking hereof, we argue that ‘umamification’ should be part of the consideration in a sustainable food system, which could come from alternative protein sources, such as marine animals or using meat in small amounts as a seasoning rather than not eating meat at all. The sustainable taste should not be tasteless but should be even tastier in the future in order to create a sustainable food system.
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF ASSET PRICING MODELS: A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM PERSPECTIVE

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper studies asset returns adopting an alternative strategy to assess a model's goodness of fit. Based on spectral analysis, this approach considers a model as an approximation to the process generating the observed data, and characterizes the dimensions for which the model provides a good approximation and those for which it does not. Our aim is to offer new evidence regarding the size and the location of approximation errors of a set of stochastic growth models considered to be decisive steps in the progress of the asset pricing research program. Our specific objective is to reevaluate the results of Jermann's (1998) model extending the calculations to the spectral domain. Spectral results are relatively satisfactory: the benchmark model needs very few contributions of approximation errors to account for the empirical equity premium. Second, the location of the approximation errors, when they are substantial, seems to be essentially concentrated at high frequencies.
EFFICIENCY OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In accordance with the Ankylosing Spondylitis Assessments (ASAS) International Working Group guidelines, tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors are recommended in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) refractory to at least two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and in those with the peripheral form of the disease. Previous investigations suggest that when long used, infliximab (INF) shows a steady-state efficacy in the vast majority of patients with active AS. Works evaluating the efficiency of combined therapy using NSAIDs and INF are scarce. Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of therapy with NSAIDs and INF in patients with AS from the results of a prospective study.Subjects and methods. A total of 72 men with a valid diagnosis of AS were followed up. All the patients were allocated to two groups according to the option of basic therapy: 1) 29 patients received combined therapy with INF and NSAIDs; 2) 43 had NSAID monotherapy. Clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examinations were performed every 12 months. Results and discussion. At 12 months of INF therapy, there were significant reductions in the values of BASDAI, BASFI, back pain, fatigue, and patient-rated global activity assessment. High BASDAI values remained in only 10 patients.At 24-month follow-up, the above measures did not significantly change as compared to the results obtained at 12 months and remained stable at 36 months. At 12 months of NSAID therapy, there were significant reductions in the values of BASDAI, back pain, fatigue, and patient-rated global activity assessment (p &lt; 0.05). The reduction in BASFI values was insignificant. At 24 months of treatment all the measures versus those obtained after 12 months did not significantly change, except pain in the examined region of the spine, which became significantly severer than that at the 12-month follow-up. These results were also preserved at 36 months. There were more patients achieving 20% and 40% improvements and remission according to the ASAS criteria, and those with a 50% BASDAI improvement after 36 months of INF + NSAID therapy versus NSAID monotherapy (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion. The highest clinical effect of INF + NSAID therapy was observed within the first year and the measures in question remained stable at the 36-month follow-up after both treatments.
Minimal Geršgorin sets and ω-matrices

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

If G(C) denotes the minimal Geršgorin set for C ∈ Cn,n, and if, for any nonempty subset α of the first n positive integers, C[α] denotes the principal minor of C determined by α, then conditions are determined which characterize matrices A and B in Cn,n such that the inclusions G((D + B)[α]) ⊆G((D + A)[α]) are valid for all subsets α of the first n positive integers, and for all diagonal matrices D in Cn,n. Connections with the newly defined set of ω-matrices are also included.
Antiendomysial and antitissue transglutaminase antibodies in gluten-induced enteropathy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although the gold standard for diagnosis of coeliac disease remains the small bowel biopsy, the broad spectrum and the non-specific nature of many of the clinical manifestations makes biopsy as the initial investigation impossible. So, much effort has been put into the identification of serological screening tests with adequate sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to identify antiendomysial and antitissue-transglutaminase antibodies as serum markers of coeliac disease in a group of patients admitted in the 3rd Medical Clinic, 4th Medical Clinic and 1st Pediatric Clinic as well as in the general population. The study was made on serum samples collected from 64 persons, adults and children with or without documented coeliac disease. Antitissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies were determined by the sandwich ELISA technique, using a commercial kit. Antiendomysium (EMA) antibodies were dosed by indirect immunofluorescence. Twenty-four subjects were positive for IgA anti-tTG and 23 for EMA. We found that IgA anti-tTG were 100% positive in patients with clinical suspicion of coeliac disease, the diagnosis being confirmed by biopsy. All, but two patients on a gluten-free diet had small or zero EMA levels. We also found that serum EMA levels correlated perfectly with the degree of histological alterations. A very good correlation was found between the serum concentrations of the two antibodies studied
The provision of critical care outreach services in England: findings from a national survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the development, introduction, implementation, and current models of critical care outreach services.Materials and Methods: We conducted a national postal survey of National Health Service acute care hospitals in England that routinely provide care for level 1 patients (n = 239).Results: Completed questionnaires were received from 191 (79.9%) hospitals; 139 (72.8%) had a formal critical care outreach service. A third (32.8%, 45/137) of services covered more than one hospital; 33.8% (45/133) of hospitals provided telephone advice 24 hours a day for 7 days per week, but less than 15% of hospitals offered follow-up or direct bedside clinical support on the same basis. There was wide variation in the proportion of hospital wards covered, the size and composition of the team, the aims of the service, and the balance between provision of direct care and advice.Conclusions: There are still a significant number of National Health Service acute care hospitals in England with no formal critical care outreach service. In addition, critical care outreach is being delivered in many different ways across the country, and thus means different things in differenthospitals. The variation may reflect the lack of evidence as to which approaches are likely to be most effective.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Human Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Diacylglycerol (DAG) occupies a central position in the synthesis of complex lipids and also has important signaling roles. For example, DAG is an allosteric regulator of protein kinase C, and the cellular levels of DAG may influence a variety of processes including growth and differentiation. We previously demonstrated that human endothelial cells derived from umbilical vein express growth-dependent changes in their basal levels of diacylglycerol and diacylglycerol kinase activity (Whatley, R. E., Stroud, E. D., Bunting, M., Zimmerman, G. A., McIntyre, T. M., and Prescott, S. M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16130-16138). To further explore the role of diacylglycerol metabolism in endothelial responses, we used a degenerate reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method to identify diacylglycerol kinase isozymes expressed by human endothelial cells. We report the isolation of a 3.5-kilobase cDNA encoding a novel diacylglycerol kinase (hDGKzeta) with a predicted molecular mass of 103.9 kDa. Human DGK zeta contains two zinc fingers, an ATP binding site, and four ankyrin repeats near the carboxyl terminus. A unique feature, as compared with other diacylglycerol kinases, is the presence of a sequence homologous to the MARCKS phosphorylation site domain. From Northern blot analysis of multiple tissues, we observed that hDGKzeta mRNA is expressed at highest levels in brain. COS-7 cells transfected with the hDGKzeta cDNA express 117-kDa and 114-kDa proteins that react specifically with an antibody to a peptide derived from a unique sequence in hDGK zeta. The transfected cells also express increased diacylglycerol kinase activity, which is not altered in the presence of R59949, an inhibitor of human platelet DGK activity. The hDGKzeta displays stereoselectivity for 1,2-diacylglycerol species in comparison to 1,3-diacylglycerol, but does not exhibit any specificity for molecular species of long chain diacylglycerols.
The Validity of Self-Reported Cost Events by Substance Abusers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The following review considers data on the validity of self-reports in addict populations, and then it discusses (a) the types of cost-related questions and the assumptions underlying them that are useful to the evaluation of addictions treatment, (b) both internal and external sources of invalidity, (c) the limits on cost-related information that is gathered from administrative databases, (d) methods for assessing measure validity, and (e) the means for improving the validity of self-reports of cost events. With some important exceptions, addicts provide valid data about both medical and criminal cost events. Skilled socioeconomic researchers able to monetarize these events should be able to produce significant cost of illness, cost offset, cost-benefit, and cost-effectiveness research using self-report data.
Endogenous Biosynthetic Precursors of (+)-Abscisic Acid. I. Incorporation of Isotopes From 2H2O, 18O2 and [5-18O]Mevalonic Acid

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

RS-[5-18O]mevalonolactone has been synthesised and fed as the free acid via the transpiration stream or through the roots to tomato seedlings, to avocado fruit just prior to the climacteric, to cultures of the hyphomycete, Cercospora rosicola, to excised barley embryos and to an excised barley embryo cell-free system. Small amounts of 18O from [5-18O] mevalonolactone were detected in the abscisic acid from tomato plants and from the barley cell-free system but the mechanism involved is unclear. No 18O was detected in abscisic acid from the other tissues. Mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzyl derivative of abscisic acid extracted from tomato plants that had been waterlogged in 2H2O (55 atom %) for 8 or 9 days showed that 40-47% was unlabelled or contained just one 2H atom. The remainder was seen as an envelope of peaks containing from two to 17 2H atoms. When plants waterlogged in 2H2O were subsequently wilted in an atmosphere, 80-90% of the multiply deuteriated abscisic acid was also labelled with 18O while only 43% of the mono/undeuteriated abscisic acid was so labelled. By saponification and re-analysis it was shown that most of the 18O, in the multiply deuteriated category of abscisic acid, was present in the carboxyl group. In the mono/undeuteriated abscisic acid a maximum of 50% was labelled with an 18O atom in the carboxyl group. These experiments led to the conclusion that there were two precursor pools involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis and that neither of these pools consisted of carotenoids.
Culturally Responsive School Leadership and Gifted Identification in a Heterogeneous School: A Case Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive single case study is to gain a deeper understanding of how school leaders approach giftedness identification in a school that serves students who are racially, ethnically, linguistically, and economically diverse through the lens of culturally responsive school leadership. This study utilizes descriptive case study methods to examine the screening of first-grade students using data collected over six weeks through interviews, a focus group, observations, journaling, and document reviews. Data analysis employs an iterative coding process aided by NVivo to discover themes and develop thick descriptions of the gifted identification process within this context. Study participants include staff members who directly and indirectly provide educational services for the screened students. The findings and conclusions of this study further the dialogue for helping school leaders improve teacher practice and build capacity for identifying giftedness in students from diverse backgrounds and cultures.
ORGaNICs: A Theory of Working Memory in Brains and Machines

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Working memory is a cognitive process that is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information. Most of the empirical neuroscience research on working memory has focused on measuring sustained activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and/or parietal cortex during simple delayed-response tasks, and most of the models of working memory have been based on neural integrators. But working memory means much more than just holding a piece of information online. We describe a new theory of working memory, based on a recurrent neural circuit that we call ORGaNICs (Oscillatory Recurrent GAted Neural Integrator Circuits). ORGaNICs are a variety of Long Short Term Memory units (LSTMs), imported from machine learning and artificial intelligence. ORGaNICs can be used to explain the complex dynamics of delay-period activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during a working memory task. The theory is analytically tractable so that we can characterize the dynamics, and the theory provides a means for reading out information from the dynamically varying responses at any point in time, in spite of the complex dynamics. ORGaNICs can be implemented with a biophysical (electrical circuit) model of pyramidal cells, combined with shunting inhibition via a thalamocortical loop. Although introduced as a computational theory of working memory, ORGaNICs are also applicable to models of sensory processing, motor preparation and motor control. ORGaNICs offer computational advantages compared to other varieties of LSTMs that are commonly used in AI applications. Consequently, ORGaNICs are a framework for canonical computation in brains and machines.
Internal Referencing for 13C Position-Specific Isotope Analysis Measured by NMR Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The intramolecular (13)C composition of a molecule retains evidence relevant to its (bio)synthetic history and can provide valuable information in numerous fields ranging from biochemistry to environmental sciences. Isotope ratio monitoring by (13)C NMR spectrometry (irm-(13)C NMR) is a generic method that offers the potential to conduct (13)C position-specific isotope analysis with a precision better than 1‰. Until now, determining absolute values also required measurement of the global (or bulk) (13)C composition (δ(13)Cg) by mass spectrometry. In a radical new approach, it is shown that an internal isotopic chemical reference for irm-(13)C NMR can be used instead. The strategy uses (1)H NMR to quantify both the number of moles of the reference and of the studied compound present in the NMR tube. Thus, the sample preparation protocol is greatly simplified, bypassing the previous requirement for precise purity and mass determination. The key to accurate results is suppressing the effect of radiation damping in (1)H NMR which produces signal distortion and alters quantification. The methodology, applied to vanillin with dimethylsulfone as an internal standard, has an equivalent accuracy (<1‰) to that of the conventional approach. Hence, it was possible to clearly identify vanillin from different origins based on the (13)C isotopic profiles.
Semantic Networks and the Market Interface: Lessons from Luxury Watchmaking

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The conception of markets as interfaces connecting semi-autonomous systems of producers and customers has led to an extensive use of social network analysis. So far, the network focus has been on connections among people, paying less attention to the crucial role played by connections between cultural elements (e.g., concepts, representations, ideas) in the way markets are formed and sustained. Such connections constitute "semantic networks" and are the focus of the present article. We attend to them by developing a network view of the cultural dimension of markets and apply it in an empirical setting where culture plays a crucial role – luxury watchmaking – to illustrate the impact of market semantic networks on a major outcome: price.
Artificial intelligence in scabies diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Typical symptom of scabies is intense itching, especially at night, accompanied with a red, nodular skin rash. Scabies can be transmitted directly through skin-to-skin contact or indirectly through clothing, towels or bed sheets used by someone who is infected. Scabies is highly prevalent in environments where people live with close proximity such as Islamic boarding schools, dormitories, nursing homes and prisons. Since 2017, the WHO has classified scabies as one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). The estimated global prevalence of scabies is between 100-200 million cases, with 455 million cases occurring annually. According to the Global Burden of Scabies Disease study in 2015, Indonesia ranked first for the highest number of scabies infections. Scabies is in the 3rd most common disease in Indonesia accounting for 5.77% of newly diagnosed skin cases. The highest prevalence of scabies in Indonesia was founf in Islamic boarding schools, reaching 76.9% in 2019. Scabies had a prevalence of 6% -8.7% and ranked as the second most common skin diseases in the Dermatology and Venereology outpatient clinic at Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang from 2014 to 2018.
A Taxonomic Account of Hover Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae) with 4 New Records from Cold Dry Zones of Himachal Pradesh, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Eighteen (18) species of hover flies (Insecta:Diptera:Syrphidae) under 14 genera and 2 subfamilies has been reported from the Cold dry zone of Himachal Pradesh which includes Kinnaur, Lahul & Spiti and Pangi range of Chamba districs. 4 species namely Chrysotoxum violaceum Brunetti, 1923, Sphiximorpha triangulifera (Brunetti, 1913),Mallota (Mallota) orientalis (Wiedemann, 1824), Mallota (Mallota) varicolor(Walker, 1856) has been reported from the first time from this cold and dry zone zone as well as from the state of Himachal Pradesh. Their taxonomic keys and detail diagnosis of the reported species has been discussed along with the distributional pattern of these species along the cold dry zone of Himachal Pradesh.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymerized Acrylamide\nCoupled with Acrylamido-2-Methyl-1-Propane Sulfonic Acid-Montmorillonite\nStructure as a Novel Nanocomposite for Cd (II) Removal from Aqueous\nSolutions

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study introduces a novel hydrogel\nnanocomposite as a superabsorbent\nfor the water decontamination of cadmium ions. The absorbent was prepared\nby the intercalation of polymerized acrylamide (AAm) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane\nsulfonic acid (AMPS) in the presence of montmorillonite (MMT). The\nstructural, morphological, and thermal properties of the synthesized\nhydrogel were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy,\nscanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric\nanalysis (TGA). The prepared organic structure was next tested in\nthe removal of Cd (II) ions from an aqueous solution. Solution pH,\nretention time, metal-ion concentration, and absorbent dose were the\ntracked parameters during the removal of Cd ions. Successful elimination\nof cadmium ions from polluted water, by the absorbent, has been generally\nachieved under various operating conditions. The maximum Cd removal\nwas observed under operating conditions of pH 5, absorbent dose 0.2\ng/L, and time 105 min. The prepared hydrogel was able to absorb 301.5\nmg of Cd (II) per each gram of its mass. The elevated absorption capacity\nof the presented hydrogel (AAm/AMPS/MMT) is explained by the presence\nof versatile functional groups within its structure and also by the\nnetwork distributions onto its surface. Ion exchange between the absorbent\nand Cd (II) is another key factor for the observed absorption activity.\nThe subsequent absorption/desorption cycles of the spent AAm-AMPS/MMT\nabsorbent could show its high reliability in reusing with a display\nof consistent activity during the capture of Cd ions.