jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evidence of Methods and Timing of Proper Follow-Up for Head and Neck Cancers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: For patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), after a single or multi-modality treatment, a specific follow-up strategy is needed, but there is no agreement between the main international societies on the proper methods and timing of follow-up. Methods: We performed a descriptive review to evaluate the available data and compare the main guidelines, giving some practical guidance to perform effective personalized follow-up strategies. Results and Conclusions: While clinical and endoscopic follow-up alone seems to be appropriate for early-stage HNSCCs, the addition of close radiologic follow-up in locally advanced HNSCCs is still debated, as there are no data indicating that an earlier detection of recurrence correlates with increased survival, while it is mandatory in the first three-six months to define the response to treatment. For patients who have undergone conservative surgery or have major pathological risk factors, the incidence of locoregional recurrence is higher, and locoregional radiologic follow-up (magnetic resonance imaging is preferred to computed tomography) should be considered. Positron emission tomography may be useful in cases of suspected locoregional persistence of disease, differentiating it from post-irradiation outcomes. Distant radiological follow-up can be considered in the detection of the second primary in cases of specific risk factors and for virus-related tumors. For the latter, the use of circulating DNA should always be considered. A brain scan is not recommended without specific symptoms. For all patients who do not fall into the above categories, clinical and endoscopic follow-up should be proposed, reserving radiological investigations only at the onset of symptoms.
Preparing Adolescents for Success in School

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Adolescents enrolled in alternative school settings evidence risk behaviors at a higher rate compared to students attending regular high schools. Histories of substance use, juvenile delinquency, high school expulsion, poor school attendance, and HIV-risk behaviors are typical. These youth are particularly vulnerable to HIV-risk behaviors and substance use. This paper describes a school-based indicated prevention model for adolescents in the alternative high school setting. Preparing Adolescents for Success in School (PASS) combines the indicated programs Reconnecting Youth and Street Smart and adapts them for use in this setting. Program goals include reducing substance use, delinquent behavior, HIV-risk behaviors, school problems, and negative mood states and increasing decision-making skills, coping skills, social support, and knowledge of HIV prevention.
Russia and the Yemeni Civil War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the motivations for and manifestations of Russia's strategic nonalignment policy in Yemen. As Russia possesses few material interests in Yemen and is not compelled to support any particular faction, Moscow has used its distinct approach to the Yemeni civil war as a lever to strengthen its regional influence. The inextricable links between Russia's Yemen policy and its broader geopolitical aspirations undergird this study, as these connections have received comparatively little attention in extant literature on Russian policy towards the Middle East. Subsequently, this chapter assesses the implications of Russia's approach to Yemen and its relationships with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). After laying out the regional-level impact of Russia's strategic nonalignment policy in Yemen, the chapter examines Russia's vision for an inclusive peace settlement in Yemen, which includes a policy of constructive engagement with the Houthis. The study concludes with an overall evaluation of Russia's policy of strategic nonalignment in Yemen and its effectiveness in advancing Moscow's geopolitical interests.
Optical Sensor System for Chemical Flow Rate Monitoring with Direct Nozzle Injection

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Highlights A novel optical sensor system was developed to accurately measure simulated chemical (water with dye) flow rates observed with direct nozzle injection systems for agricultural sprayers. The average error in chemical flow rate estimates was only 2% across a typical range of injection rates. The prototype optical sensor system was capable of detecting dye dilutions to a level of 1:150,000. Abstract . Direct injection systems have the potential to provide several benefits to spray applicators (e.g., easing boom cleanout procedures); however, lag time and proper mixing continue to hinder adoption. Development efforts have typically focused on moving the chemical injection point closer to the nozzle to improve the application rate response. This poses an important challenge for proper metering of the chemical, i.e., accurate measurement of extremely low chemical flow rates. In this study, an optical sensor system was integrated with a typical carrier flowmeter and calibration methodology to measure chemical flow rates for a direct nozzle injection sprayer. The optical sensor used a light-emitting diode (LED) and photodiode pair to measure the absorbance of a dye mixed with a simulated chemical solution. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the measurement accuracy of the system in which sensor output was compared directly to measurements from a spectrophotometer. Results indicated that the calibrated sensor system was able to estimate the simulated chemical flow rate with an average error of 2%. The sensor system was also capable of accurate measurements as the initial concentrations of dye mixed with the chemical solution varied. Keywords: Application equipment, Pesticides, Sprayers, Spraying equipment.
Electronic Discourse in Language Learning and Language Teaching

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

New technologies are constantly transforming traditional notions of language use and literacy in online communication environments. While previous research has provided a foundation for understanding the use of new technologies in instructed second language environments, few studies have investigated new literacies and electronic discourse beyond the classroom setting. This volume seeks to address this gap by providing corpus-based and empirical studies of electronic discourse analyzing social and linguistic variation as well as communicative practices in chat, discussion forums, blogs, and podcasts. Several chapters also examine the assessment and integration of new literacies. This volume will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, teachers, and students interested in exploring electronic discourse and new literacies in language learning and teaching.
Cross-cutting issues

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The 2003-2007 UNDP programme support to GoB had many cross-cutting issues (governance, institutional capacity building, human resource development, human rights, youth, education, health, gender, population issues, and information communication technology). The challenge with having several cross-cutting issues is that the greater the number of these issues, the less likely it is that they will be given special attention. The other challenge is that once an issue is designated as a cross-cutting issue, there is a tendency to pay little attention to the issue. Some cross-cutting issues, such as education and health, are less of cross-cutting issues and more of stand-alone sectors in their own right. If there is no special strategy to ensure that cross-cutting issues are carefully addressed and monitored, they tend to be ignored. For example, while gender equality, equity and women’s empowerment are critical components for effective development, the design of the programme implementation lacked a clear strategy for ensuring that gender issues were adequately addressed across all practice areas.
Darkness at night during the new moon period alters the expression levels of the clock genes in the brain of a moon-related spawner, the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Some fish in tropical and subtropical waters exhibit moon-related rhythmicity in their reproduction and migration. We investigated the involvement of the subtypes of cryptochrome (mgCry) in moon-related rhythmicity of the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus, which spawns around the new moon period. Under natural photoperiodic conditions, the levels of mgCry1 and mgCry2 showed daily variation with peaks at 11:00 and 19:00, respectively, in the diencephalon (including the pituitary), regardless of the moon phase. The weekly changes in mgCry2, but not mgCry1, were moon-dependent, with higher levels around the new moon. When fish were reared under natural moonlight, mgCry2 in the pituitary was higher at 15:00 and 11:00 during the new moon period than the full moon period. Rearing fish under moonlight-exposed or moonlight-blocked conditions resulted in increases in mgCry genes in the pituitary during the night at full moon, suggesting that the pituitary is a target organ of the moonlight-dependent clock system. These findings indicate that mgCry genes in the brain of the Malabar grouper exhibits moon dependency, with changes according to the duration of darkness at night. We conclude that weekly changes in Cry genes in the brain play a role in entraining moon-dependent events in the Malabar grouper.
CD44-Targeting PLGA Nanoparticles Incorporating Paclitaxel and FAK siRNA Overcome Chemoresistance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Chemotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of ovarian cancer, yet most ovarian cancers harbor inherent resistance or develop acquired resistance. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches to overcome chemoresistance are required. In this study, we developed a hyaluronic acid-labeled poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle (HA-PLGA-NP) encapsulating both paclitaxel (PTX) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) siRNA as a selective delivery system against chemoresistant ovarian cancer. The mean size and zeta potential of the HA-PLGA-NP were 220 nm and -7.3 mV, respectively. Incorporation efficiencies for PTX and FAK siRNA in the HA-PLGA-NPs were 77% and 85%, respectively. HA-PLGA-NP showed higher binding efficiency for CD44-positive tumor cells as compared with CD44-negative cells. HA-PLGA (PTX+FAK siRNA)-NP caused increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis in drug-resistant tumor cells. Treatment of human epithelial ovarian cancer tumor models HeyA8-MDR (P &lt; 0.001) and SKOV3-TR (P &lt; 0.001) with HA-PLGA (PTX+FAK siRNA)-NP resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, in a drug-resistant, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, HA-PLGA (PTX+FAK siRNA)-NP significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with PTX alone (P &lt; 0.002). Taken together, HA-PLGA-NP acts as an effective and selective delivery system for both the chemotherapeutic and the siRNA in order to overcome chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma. Significance: These findings demonstrate the efficacy of a novel, selective, two-in-one delivery system to overcome chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6247–56. ©2018 AACR.
Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Surah Al-Baqarah

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The phenomenon of character crisis is now increasingly experienced by various age groups, which causes discomfort in society. The Al-Quran, as a source of solutions to various problems, as contained in QS al-Baqarah verses 261-267, can be a way to overcome character crises and teach good character which includes religious, personal and social values. This research is qualitative in nature and uses the literature study method. The subject of this research is Al-Qur’anul Karim. Data collection techniques include data collection and classification; The final step of this process is to group the data according to the theory used in the research. The character education values ​​found in Surah Al-Baqarah verses 261-267 include: (1) religious values, (2) personal moral values, such as good habits and generosity, and (3) social care values , such as keeping your word and giving the best of yourself.
Analytical reference materials. Part VII. Development and certification of a sediment reference material for total polychlorinated biphenyls

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A lake sediment reference material naturally contaminated with PCBs was prepared. Subsamples of this material were subjected to repetitive in-house analyses for total PCBs. The quantitative recovery of PCBs was demonstrated by performing ultrasonic and Soxhlet extractions under various conditions. Sample extracts were usually cleaned-up with Florisil and the cleaned extracts were shown to be free from other major interferences, except for sulphur, which was later removed by mercury. The presence of PCBs in the samples was confirmed by the perchlorination of the sample extract and by GC-MS techniques. Most of the sample extracts were quantitated against a 1 + 1 + 1 mixture of Aroclors 1242, 1254 and 1260 on a 3% OV-1 packed column using the technique described by Webb and McCall. These results were further confirmed by the quantitative GC-MS analyses of EC-1 and by interlaboratory results provided by independent laboratories. The reference material showed no signs of degradation of its PCB content over a six-year storage period at –20 °C in the dark.
Detection and genotyping of cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic stools by PCR/RFLP analyses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To compare microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as methods for diagnosing Cryptosporidium spp. and identifying the genotype of the parasite in diarrheic stool. Materials and methods: Stool samples from diarrheic patients admitted to Dokuz Eylül University Medical Faculty were collected on a specific day of the week. Stool samples sent to our laboratory from patients affected by a diarrhea epidemic in İzmir were also included in the study. A total of 162 stool samples were examined by microscopic and molecular methods, and the validity of the molecular method was investigated. Results: Using Kinyoun acid-fast dye, Cryptosporidium spp. was found in 18 stool samples. Using PCR, Cryptosporidium spp.-specific bands were found in 15 of these cases. In stool samples that showed no Cryptosporidium spp. by Kinyoun acid-fast dye, a parasite-specific band was obtained in 6 of 144 cases. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was applied in the cases in which the parasite was found with PCR. Cryptosporidium meleagridis was found in the stool sample of 1 case, and Cryptosporidium parvum-specific bands were seen in the stool samples of 20 cases. The mean age of those who were diagnosed with Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly lower than the mean age of study participants who were not diagnosed with the parasite (P = 0.006). It was found that the families of 44.4% of those diagnosed with Cryptosporidium spp. had similar complaints. This rate was statistically significant (P = 0.01). It was found that 88.9% of those diagnosed with Cryptosporidium spp. drank artesian and well water, and 11.1% drank bottled water. The rate of Cryptosporidium spp. in those who drank artesian and well water was significantly higher than the rate of those who drank city or bottled water (P < 0.001). While the Kinyoun acid-fast method is considered the gold standard, the sensitivity of the PCR method is 83.3% and the selectivity is 95.8%. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Kinyoun acid-fast dye, which can be used as a referential diagnostic method, has some limitations and that PCR is more sensitive and allows for identification of the parasite genotype.
[Radiation pneumonitis resembling bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after postoperative irradiation for lung cancer: a case report].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of BOOP-type pneumonitis after postoperative irradiation for lung cancer. A 60-year-old woman with adenocarcinoma in the right lung underwent lobectomy followed by radiotherapy of 50.4 Gy. After a shadow of typical radiation pneumonitis was resolved in the irradiated site, two relapses, in which migratory infiltrative shadows appeared outside the radiation field, occurred at 6 and 12 months after the completion of radiotherapy. These shadows disappeared spontaneously at 10 and 18 months after the completion of radiotherapy. The radiological findings and clinical course suggested that BOOP-type pneumonitis was the most likely diagnosis for these lesions. This type of lung damage after radiotherapy of the thoracic region should be identified and properly treated.
A neonate with ‘amphibian heart’: A rare combination of complex congenital heart diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare congenital malformation of the heart. It arises from the ventricular cavity through a common ventriculo-arterial junction and is usually associated with doubly committed ventricular septal defect. Common arterial trunk arising from single ventricle is very rare. We describe a case of single arterial trunk arising from univentricular heart. The heart of an amphibian, such as frog has three chambers; two atria, single ventricle and common arterial trunk. Our case highlights the resemblance of primitive embryologic defect to amphibian heart.
Intentional Memory Instructions Direct Attention But Do Not Enhance Visual Memory

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The current experiment investigated the role of intentional-encoding instructions and task relevance at study on visual memory performance. Task relevance was manipulated by having participants keep a running tally of either the to-be-remembered objects or an irrelevant category of objects during study. Half of the participants within each level of task relevance were further instructed to remember one category of objects for a subsequent recognition test, and the other half of the participants were not informed of a memory test. Intentional-encoding instructions improved recognition discrimination only when participants were not already keeping a tally of the to-be-remembered objects. This result suggests that intentional-encoding instructions may improve visual memory via generic attentional modulation, not encoding-specific processes.
Advanced research of bamboo leaf flavonoids(I):Existence and significance of phenolic acids in bamboo-leaf-flavonoid preparations

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Bamboo-leaf-flavonoid(BLF)is a new kind of botanical flavonoid preparation with multiple biological functionalities.The antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB),which comes from the phenolic component of bamboo leaves,has been approved by China government as a novel food additive and listed in GB 2760 since 2004,and now can be used in many kinds of food.This paper deals with the quality control and standardization issues of BLF preparations,especially taking about the existence and significance of phenolic acids,in order to provide advices and guidance for effective utilization of BLF in food industry as dietary supplement and/or ingredient of health foods.
Structure Analysis of BaTiO3Film on the MgO(100) Surface by Impact-Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Time-of-flight impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) using 2 keV He? ion was applied to study the geometrical structure of the BaTiO₃ thin film which was grown on the MgO(100) surface. Hetero-epitaxial BaTiO₃ layers were formed on the MgO(100) surface by thermal evaporation of titanium followed first by oxidation at 400℃, subsequently by barium evaporation, and finally by annealing at 800℃. The atomic structure of BaTiO₃ layers was investigated by the scattering intensity variation of He ions on TOF-ICISS and by the patterns of reflection high energy electron diffraction. The scattered ion intensity was measured along the 〈001〉 and 〈011〉 azimuth varying the incident angle. Our investigation revealed that perovskite structured BaTiO₃ layers were grown with a larger lattice parameter than that of the bulk phase on the MgO(100) surface.
Genetic heterogeneity in the Salmonella Typhi Vi capsule locus: a population genomic study from Fiji

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A corrigendum of this article has been published full details can be found at 10.1099/mgen.0.001310. Typhoid fever is endemic in many parts of the world and remains a major public health concern in tropical and sub-tropical developing nations, including Fiji. To address high rates of typhoid fever, the Northern Division of Fiji implemented a mass vaccination with typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid) as a public health control measure in 2023. In this study we define the genomic epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi in the Northern Division prior to island-wide vaccination, sequencing 85% ( n =419) of the total cases from the Northern and Central Divisions of Fiji that occurred in the period 2017–2019. We found elevated rates of nucleotide polymorphisms in the tviD and tviE genes (responsible for Vi-polysaccharide synthesis) relative to core genome levels within the Fiji endemic S . Typhi genotype 4.2. Expansion of these findings within a globally representative database of 12 382 S . Typhi (86 genotyphi clusters) showed evidence of convergent evolution of the same tviE mutations across the S . Typhi population, indicating that tvi selection has occurred both independently and globally. The functional impact of tvi mutations on the Vi-capsular structure and other phenotypic characteristics are not fully elucidated, yet commonly occurring tviE polymorphisms localize adjacent to predicted active site residues when overlayed against the predicted TviE protein structure. Given the central role of the Vi-polysaccharide in S . Typhi biology and vaccination, further integrated epidemiological, genomic and phenotypic surveillance is required to determine the spread and functional implications of these mutations.
Ecological and biological study of groundwater in Al-falluja city-West Iraq

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study has been on wells water and river to detect some quality and biological properties of groundwater and river, within Alfalluja City. In addition, start examined the environmental characteristics (physical, chemical and biological factors) during the study period from June 2013 to April 2014. From result was narrow variance in plurality wells water temperature, EC values almost wells high recorded and the total dissolved solids in wells was recorded high values too. compared with unacceptable for drinking use as standard world values, The PH values were narrow ranged because buffering capacity to bicarbonate, And almost wells water were hardness, Almost wells were high recorded values to calcium, magnesium, sodium. Plurality wells water to Chloride values was did not walk past. The acceptable boundary and sulphates values was high recorded but nitrate, phosphate values low recorded. In the qualitative study of phytoplankton it's found in four wells only 2-5-7-8, The algae diagnosis six genus, Four genus from diatoms algae class (Gomphonema sp, Navicula sp, , Cymbella sp, Fragilaria sp) and one genus from blue-green algae (Oscillatoria sp) and last genus to Euglena algae class (Euglena sp).