jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DINOFLAGELLATE GENOMICS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Apt, K. E. Martek Biosciences Corp, Columbia, MD 21045 USA Dinoflagellates are a distinct phylum of unicellular, primarily photosynthetic microaglae, characterized by unique cellular and nuclear morphologies. Ecologically they comprise an extremely important group of primary producers, not only as free living organisms, but also as symbionts within the cells of many invertebrates. Dinoflagellates accumulate significant amounts of lipid in the form of triglyceride for carbon storage. These lipids are predominately omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA. Applications for these fatty acids in human nutrition, particularly for infants has developed into a significant consumer market. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway for these fatty acids is a major motivating force driving industry efforts for genomic research. Genome and gene structure in dinoflagellates is poorly understood. The DNA content of these organisms is extremely large for unicellular organisms, reaching an estimated 1011 Mb, which is larger than the human genome. The large genome size makes complete genome sequencing impractical, however sequencing of expressed cDNA's can be done efficiently. The limited number of nuclear encoded genes that have been characterized are present in multicopy repeats. For example, the pcp genes appear to be present in an estimated 5,000 copies. This presentation will provide an overview of both nuclear and plastid genome structure. Along with recent advancements from sequencing projects currently underway by both academic and industry efforts.
Wildland Fire Management Plan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Wildland Fire Management Plan (FMP) for Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) is written to comply with Department of Energy (DOE) Integrated Safety Management Policy; Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review; and Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy and Implementation Procedures Reference Guide. This current plan incorporates changes resulting from new policies on the national level as well as significant changes to available resources and other emerging issues, and replaces BNL's Wildland FMP dated 2014.
Stress corrosion cracking of bainite 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel in acid rain simulated solution

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The effect of carbon content, heat treatment and surface treatment of high strength aircraft 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel on susceptibility to pitting corrosion, on hydrogen transport and on hydrogen embrittlement has been studied in acid rain simulated solution. Under open circuit conditions, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is associated with susceptibility to pitting corrosion and decreases with decreasing carbon content and at application of shot peening. Susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement governed by hydrogen trapping is promoted by carbon segregation at boundaries of bainite laths and parent austenite grains. Decrease in the carbon content caused the decrease in hydrogen trapping resulting in increasing resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Shot peening increased the trapping efficiency within the deformed layer, but the presence of the shot peened layer decreased the hydrogen flux entering the core and thus decreased the susceptibility of the core to hydrogen embrittlement. The shot peened low carbon steel, exhibiting mechanical properties required by the appropriate Standard and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be considered to replace the standard 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni steel for the aircraft parts.
Cardiac Conduction Velocity Estimation During Wavefront Collision

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Catheter ablation therapy is an effective approach to treat different arrhythmias. Cardiac conduction velocity (Cv), extracted from intracardiac electrograms, shows the speed and direction of the wavefront propagation at different sites and is an insightful feature to guide ablation therapy. To create a propagation map, a small mapping catheter with a high density of electrodes is usually used to sequentially collect electrograms from different sites in a desired chamber of the heart. The CV and isochrone surface estimations are very challenging during complex arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, where multiple wavefronts simultaneously excite different cardiac sites. Specifically, the performances of CV estimators significantly degrade at catheter sites where wave- fronts collide. This is mainly because during collision, different wavefronts pass the areas under different electrodes of the catheter. Consequently, the activation times of the electrodes are the results of different wavefronts, and there are sharp changes in isochrone line patterns in the vicinity of the collision's border. In this paper, we propose a method that is able to identify the collision sites and improve the estimation of CV and isochrone maps. The proposed method finds the electrodes of the catheter that are excited by a similar wavefront and then estimates the corresponding isochrone lines for that wavefront. Our simulation results confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method during collision.
Impact of government intervention in the housing market: evidence from the housing purchase restriction policy in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In 2010, a housing purchase restriction policy was announced by China’s central government and implemented gradually by several prefecture governments. In this article, we empirically investigate this policy’s effect on the housing market. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we show that the housing purchase restriction policy reduces housing prices and transaction amounts but does not influence the housing investment or construction markets. Moreover, upstream industry suffers more than downstream industry. The results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. Heterogeneity exists across cities. We find that first- and second-tier cities as well as highly urbanized cities experience great declines in housing prices after the policy’s implementation, especially cites that had high housing prices in 2010 and cities with high real estate investment as a proportion of fixed asset investment. However, the housing policy is less effective in curbing speculative demand.
Professional Development in Higher Education: A Model for Meaningful Technology Integration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While many institutions provide centralized technology support for faculty, there is a lack of centralized professional development opportunities that focus on simultaneously developing instructors’ technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) in higher education. Additionally, there are few professional development opportunities for faculty that continue throughout the practice of teaching with technology. We propose a model of continuing professional development that provides instructors with the ability to meaningfully integrate technology into their teaching practices through centralized support for developing TPACK. In doing so, we draw upon several theoretical frameworks and evidence based practices.
Improving the Activityand Selectivity of a Scorpion-DerivedPeptide, A3a, against Acinetobacter baumannii through Rational Design

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The rise in antimicrobial resistance has led to an increased desire to understand how antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be better engineered to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Previously, we showed that C-terminal amidation of a peptide, identified in scorpion Androctonus amoreuxi venom, increased its activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Here, we incorporate all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in a rational design strategy to create analogues of A3a with greater therapeutic potential. We discover two novel AMPs which achieve greater potency against, and selectivity toward, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 but via two distinct mechanisms and which are effective in Galleria mellonella models of A. baumannii burn wound infection. While CD spectroscopy indicates A3a adopts an α-helix conformation in the presence of models of the Gram-negative bacterial plasma membrane, MD simulations reveal it adopts a hairpin conformation during initial binding. Three different strategies, designed to stabilize this hairpin conformation, produce substantially different outcomes. Deletion of Ile6 and Ile10 restricts conformational flexibility, characteristic of A3a, during membrane binding, prevents adoption of the α-helix conformation in the steady state, and abrogates the antibacterial activity. In contrast, substitution of arginine 7 to lysine (A3a[R7K]) or isoleucine 14 to tryptophan (A3a[I14W]) does not consistently affect peptide conformations. Both of these new analogues are rapidly bactericidal toward A. baumannii ATCC 19606 but A3a[R7K] also causes rapid permeabilization and while the antibacterial potency and selectivity are increased for both peptides, this is greatest for A3a[I14W]. Integration of atomistic MD simulations into a multidisciplinary approach to understanding antimicrobial peptide mechanism of action is a valuable tool for interpreting the effects of rational design strategies.
Genocide and Political Groups

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This book provides an examination of the crime of genocide in connection with political groups. It offers an empirical study of the current status of political groups under customary international law, as well as a theoretical analysis of whether political genocide should be recognized as a separate crime by the international community. The book analyses whether a stand-alone crime of political genocide should be recognized under international law. It begins by examining the historical development of genocide and critically assessing the unique requirements of the crime. It then demonstrates that other international offences—notably crimes against humanity and war crimes—are not workable substitutes for a specific offence that protects political groups. This is followed by an analytical study of the protection of human groups under international law. The book proposes a new theory that links the protection of groups to individual rights of a certain character that give rise to the group's existence. It then applies this 'rights-based approach' in evaluating whether political groups are legitimate candidates for specific protection from physical and biological destruction 'as such'. The writing includes an analysis of state practice and opinio juris on the treatment of political groups. It empirically refutes claims that political groups are protected already from genocide by virtue of post-Convention developments in customary international law. In response to this legal reality, however, the book analyses the theoretical and public policy justifications for international criminal law and demonstrates that the international community would be well served by creating a separate international crime to address political genocide.
Electrophysiological and psychophysical tests of age-related changes in vision

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

There is evidence from the psychophysical literature which suggests that low spatial frequency-high temporal frequency visual input is distinctly impaired in older observers. We are investigating these changes by measuring evoked potential amplitudes elicited by gratings of 0.6 and 6 cycles/deg flickered at 15 and 7.5 Hz, respectively, presented at a variety of contrasts. Three groups of subjects (young, middle-aged, and older) were composed of ten males each. The slope of the function relating VEP amplitude to stimulus contrast provides an index of visual system gain at low grating contrasts and serves as the dependent measure of the study. The psychophysical method of magnitude estimation is being employed as well to determine if age related changes in electrophysiological measures of amplitude are in agreement with changes in perceived contrast.
Framing, agency and multiple streams– a case study of parks policy in the Northern Territory

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is increasing interest in the role of agency in policy processes for creating effective change. In this paper I explore the critical role of policy entrepreneurs in both creating and capitalising on windows of opportunity through creative framing of issues. I combine Kingdon's multiple streams framework of the policy, problem and politics streams with the three types of social movement framing – diagnostic, prognostic and motivational – to analyse a case study of pragmatic and innovative policymaking in Australian Indigenous policy. I find that pragmatic policy entrepreneurs used framing to actively refine available policy solutions, particularly in response to structural barriers, and played an active role in brokering the problem in ways to make it politically acceptable. This confirms the importance of ideational processes, and the critical role of framing, in creating windows of opportunity for significant reform.
A Comparison of Cajal and Bielschowsky-Gros Silver Impregnations in Wallerian Degeneration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In 500 albino rats, the Wallerian degeneration of the lateral olfactory tract, after making a lesion in the olfactory bulb, was studied with the most important variations of Cajal's silver impregnation methods for blocks and with the Bielschowski-Gros method for sections. Cajal's variations were, in general, excellent for the study of the lesion and for the degeneration proximal to it, but were inaccurate for degeneration at a greater distance from the lesion (distal degeneration). For this distal degeneration and for thin collaterals, the Bielschowski-Gros method was better, and allows one to map consistently and accurately the distribution of the tract.
Enantioselective Fluorination of tert-Butoxycarbonyl Lactones and Lactams Catalyzed by Chiral Pd(II)-Bisphosphine Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An efficient catalytic enantioselective fluorination of tert-butoxycarbonyl lactones and lactams is reported. Reactions of the lactone substrates proceeded smoothly in an alcoholic solvent with a catalytic amount of chiral Pd(II) complex. In the case of the less acidic lactam substrates, concurrent use of the Pd complex and 2,6-lutidine as a cocatalyst was effective. Under the reaction conditions, the fluorinated lactones and lactams were obtained in good yield with excellent enantioselectivity (94-99% ee).
Ka Waihona A Ke Aloha: ka papahana ho'oheno mele: An interactive resource center for the promotion, preservation and perpetuation of mele and mele practitioners

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Through mele our küpuna were able to express themselves spiritually, physically and emotionally. Mele served as a way to memorialize and preserve the thoughts and feelings of the haku mele and were perpetuated and maintained by the stewardship and performance of the ho'opa'a. Although there were many different kinds of mele, the role they played and the reason why they were composed seemed to be for the sole purpose of transmitting information. As a result, haku mele, mele, and ho'opa'a played an important role in a highly sophisticated oral society. They were, if you will, a "Holy Trinity" of successful orality, separately having their own significances and benefits, however, very much interrelated and depended on one another. With the illegal overthrow of our kingdom in 1893, we lost political control of our home and as result, our küpuna became subjects to a foreign imperialistic authority and were then forced to assimilate into a foreign culture with foreign spiritual beliefs and foreign ways of thinking and doing. This assimilation prompted the near demise of our language and subsequently affected every aspect of our people's well--being. Today in order to contribute to present Hawaiian language revitalization and restoration efforts it is important that attention is given to the importance of mele and those responsible for the composition and performance thereof. For this reason Ka Waihona A Ke Aloha, the Mele Institute of Kawaihuelani was created. Ka Waihona A Ke Aloha was born solely out of the realization that if our generation did not begin to recover old documentations of mele and mele practitioners and put them in a format that would be more accessible for today, we would begin to lose a good amount of cultural knowledge, poetic language usage, native expressions, place names, rain names, and so forth. Furthermore, if we do not create venues through which we are able to document mele and mele practitioners today, we may not have information about their personal stories that highlight our present time for future generations to come.
Formulating questions – the ‘music and society’ nexus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When Howard Becker published Art Worlds in 1982, his ‘art as a form of work’ perspective publicized a trend that had been developing in American scholarship since the 1970s. Known as the ‘production of culture’ approach, and developed by scholars such as Richard Peterson (1976), Lewis Coser (1978), Janet Wolff (1981) and Vera Zolberg (1990), this new perspective provided an antidote to the brand of cultural sociology that Bennett Berger cheerfully referred to as ‘culturology’ (Berger 1995). By this, Berger meant a kind of sociology devoted to the ‘reading’ of works or styles so as to ‘uncover’ or decode their social content. In Berger's eyes, the great virtue of the production approach was its ability to unhook the study of art works from the grand but often imprecise matter of associating styles of art with styles of social being and with patterns of perception and thought.
Seromonitoring in small laboratory animal colonies. A five year survey: 1984-1988.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

From 1984 to 1988 one thousand serologic investigations of laboratory animal colonies originating from 10 different European countries were performed. The most prevalent infections in mouse stocks were caused by Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Minute virus of mice (MVM), Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (TEMV), Reovirus type 3 (Reo3), Sendaivirus, and Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). In mice no infections with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM), Polyomavirus, Mouse adenovirus, and K-virus were recorded. Only two colonies were infected by Ectromelia virus. The first six virus infections of mice were also found in rat colonies as well as the rat-specific Coronaviruses (Sialodacryoadenitisvirus--SDA, Rat corona virus--RCV) and Parvovirus (Kilham rat virus--KRV, Toolan H-1 virus) being endemic. Antibodies to Bacillus piliformis were detectable in about 50% of rat stocks screened. This is in contrast to the mouse, where only about 10% of the colonies were found to be positive. A similar picture was seen for M. pulmonis which is primarily an infection of the rat. In mice no case was detected during the last two years. The number of investigations performed from guineapig, hamster and rabbit colonies was relatively low. Nevertheless, antibodies against the following antigens were detectable: In guineapig stocks: Reo3, PVM, Sendai, Simian virus 5 (SV5) and B. piliformis; in rabbits: Reo3, Sendavirus, SV5, and B. piliformis; in hamsters: PVM, LCM and B. piliformis. The overall contamination rate showed a continuous decrease until 1988. Nevertheless, about 50% of mouse and rat stocks still exhibited antibodies to one or more viral infections.
Immediate and overnight effects of zopiclone 7.5 mg and nitrazepam 5 mg with ethanol, on psychomotor performance and memory in healthy volunteers.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effects of ethanol (0.2-0.4 g/kg) taken in conjunction with a single nocturnal dose of zopiclone 7.5 mg or nitrazepam 5 mg, on the early morning performance were investigated by means of psychomotor tests in 9 female volunteers. While there was no noticeable difference in the Choice Reaction Time (CRT) for any of the drug-ethanol combinations and ethanol alone, the zopiclone combination appeared to be initially more sedative in the Critical Flicker Fusion test (CFF). Both drug combinations impaired short-term memory and induced retrograde amnesia to the same extent, although only the nitrazepam-ethanol treatment caused further anterograde amnesia as compared to ethanol alone. Finally, both drug-ethanol combinations exhibited equivalent hypnotic properties as assessed by the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) without any more residual effects than with ethanol alone. These results suggest neither zopiclone, nor nitrazepam potentiate the effects of ethanol at the doses used.
Effects of Binaural Beats on EEG and Reaction Time While Driving

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Speed and accuracy are important in the cognition, judgment, and action processes of drivers while driving. The better these processes are performed, the lesser are the chances of accidents occurring. The purpose of this study is to propose the use of binaural beats (BBs) to shorten the reaction time (RT) (cognition, judgment, and action) while driving. The hypotheses of this study are as follows. First, the higher the appearance of β-waves during concentration and awakening, the shorter is the RT. Second, β-waves can be increased using BBs. To test these hypotheses, physiological responses were observed during driving without BBs and driving with BBs. The electroencephalogram of six female drivers was measured using a graphic driving simulator, and frequency and spectrum analyses were conducted. The results showed that the β-power was more predominant and the RT score was higher when driving with BBs (6 and 18 Hz) than when driving without BBs. Therefore, the use of BBs can be effective in avoiding traffic accidents by reducing the RT (cognition, judgment, and response) while driving.
Toleration in Comparative Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Toleration in Comparative Perspective is a collection of essays that explores conceptions of toleration and tolerance in Asia and the West. It tests the common assumption in Western political discourse and contemporary political theory that toleration is a uniquely Western virtue. Toleration in modern Western philosophy is understood as principled noninterference in the practices and beliefs of others that one disapproves of or, at least, dislikes. Although toleration might be seen today as a quintessential liberal value, precedents to this modern concept also existed in medieval times while Indigenous American stories about welcome challenge the very possibility of noninterference. The modern Western philosophical concept of toleration is not always easily translated into other philosophical traditions, but this book opens a dialogue between various traditions of thought to explore precisely the ways in which overlap and distinctions exist. What emerges is the existence of a family of resemblances in approaches to religious and cultural diversity from a program of pragmatic noninterference in the Ottoman Empire to deeper notions of acceptance and inclusiveness amongst the Newar People in the Kathmandu Valley. The development of an Islamic ethic of tolerance, the Daoist idea of all-inclusiveness, and Confucian ideas of broad-mindedness, respect, and coexistence to the idea of ‘the one in the many’ in Hindu thought are examined along with sources for intolerance, tolerance, and toleration in Pali Buddhism, early modern Japan, and contemporary India.