jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or co-culture model. This system is suitable for a variety of experimental needs requiring either a glass or plastic growth substrate and can also be used for culture of other types of neurons. Rat cortical neurons obtained from the late embryonic stage (E17) are plated on glass coverslips or tissue culture dishes facing a feeder layer of glia grown on dishes or plastic coverslips (known as Thermanox), respectively. The choice between the two configurations depends on the specific experimental technique used, which may require, or not, that neurons are grown on glass (e.g. calcium imaging versus Western blot). The glial feeder layer, an astroglia-enriched secondary culture of mixed glia, is separately prepared from the cortices of newborn rat pups (P2-4) prior to the neuronal dissection. A major advantage of this culture system as compared to a culture of neurons only is the support of neuronal growth, survival, and differentiation provided by trophic factors secreted from the glial feeder layer, which more accurately resembles the brain environment in vivo. Furthermore, the co-culture can be used to study neuronal-glial interactions1. At the same time, glia contamination in the neuronal layer is prevented by different means (low density culture, addition of mitotic inhibitors, lack of serum and use of optimized culture medium) leading to a virtually pure neuronal layer, comparable to other established methods1-3. Neurons can be easily separated from the glial layer at any time during culture and used for different experimental applications ranging from electrophysiology4, cellular and molecular biology5-8, biochemistry5, imaging and microscopy4,6,7,9,10. The primary neurons extend axons and dendrites to form functional synapses11, a process which is not observed in neuronal cell lines, although some cell lines do extend processes. A detailed protocol of culturing rat hippocampal neurons using this co-culture system has been described previously4,12,13. Here we detail a modified protocol suited for cortical neurons. As approximately 20x106 cells are recovered from each rat embryo, this method is particularly useful for experiments requiring large numbers of neurons (but not concerned about a highly homogenous neuronal population). The preparation of neurons and glia needs to be planned in a time-specific manner. We will provide the step-by-step protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons as well as culturing glial cells to support the neurons.
On-line Signature Authentication

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary Authentication systems which are covenant with a measurable behavioral trait are essential in on-line system. The flow of signature with respect to time is termed as on-line signature data. This paper deals with, authentication of an individual's on-line signature patterns using continuous dynamic programming [CDP]. Modern systems aim to move security from simple static passwords to more dynamic security measures to suit the comfort level of the user in mobile-commerce and web-commerce. Recognition of individual's signature is text dependent self-certification process with constant behavioral variation. CDP aid in recognition process with a concept of grouping items with similar characteristics together. Segmentation is possible for online data because signature is a ballistic motion which is learnt over a period of time.
A New Approach to Assess Quality of Motion in Functional Task of Upper Limb in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

(1) Background: This study presents a new method for the motion quantitative analysis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (DMD) performing functional tasks in clinical conditions. (2) Methods: An experimental study was designed to define how different levels of external mass (light and heavy) influence the performance of the upper limbs of a tested DMD and reference subject (RS) during horizontal movements (level of the waist) under natural conditions (NC) and passive manipulator conditions (PMC); the kinematic data and muscle activity of four chosen superficial muscles (EMG) were recorded. (3) Results: A piecewise linear multi-regression analysis revealed high statistically significant results (R2 ≥ 0.75) between the tested muscle activities and kinematic data in the tested DMD patient and RS. These results were used to define whether the neural control of the four tested muscles (processed EMG data) was correlated more with the displacement of the wrist joint or the center of mass of the tested upper limb while performing functional tests with a given external weight in a horizontal plane under NC or PMC. (4) Conclusions: The proposed approach can be used to estimate the contributions of the tested muscles to patients’ motion performance and define whether this contribution is correlated with the kinematics or dynamics of the tested arm.
A Self‐Assembled Palladium(II) Barrel for Binding of Fullerenes and Photosensitization Ability of the Fullerene‐Encapsulated Barrel

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fullerene extracts obtained from fullerene soot lack their real application due to their poor solubility in common solvents and difficulty in purification. Encapsulation of these extracts in a suitable host is an important approach to address these issues. We present a new Pd 6 barrel ( 1 ), which is composed of three 1,4‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrrole panels, clipped through six cis ‐Pd II acceptors. Large open windows and cavity make it an efficient host for a large guest. Favorable interactions between the ligand and fullerene (C 60 and C 70 ) allows the barrel to encapsulate fullerene efficiently. Thorough investigation reveals that barrel 1 has a stronger binding affinity towards C 70 over C 60 , resulting in the predominant extraction of C 70 from a mixture of the two. Finally, the fullerene encapsulated barrels C 60 ⊂ 1 and C 70 ⊂ 1 were found to be efficient for visible‐light‐induced singlet oxygen generation. Such preferential binding of C 70 and photosensitizing ability of C 60 ⊂ 1 and C 70 ⊂ 1 are noteworthy.
Physical oceanography during the cruise SO269 in South China Sea in August 2019, station SO269_163-4-21 (SCS58_22)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This dataset provides 131 CTD profiles measured on board of the German R/V Sonne (cruise SO269) in the northern South China Sea, under the project SOCLIS – South China Sea Natural Laboratory under Climatic and Anthropogenic Stress, in August and September 2019. The 131 profiles of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity, surface irradiance (SPAR) and Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and sound velocity were measured using a CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus, together with oxygen sensor (SBE 43), PAR sensor (Biospherical, QCP-2350 + QSR-2200), and a fluorometer (WET Labs ECO-FLNTU(RT)D). Additionally, oxygen saturation, potential temperature and sigma-theta (with reference to the surface) were calculated. The 131 CTD profiles are distributed by 81 stations and aim to study the impact of a growing anthropogenic pressure around the Pearl River Estuary into the northern shelf of the South China Sea towards the deep sea. The dataset was used to study the presence and spatial distribution of natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the Pearl River Estuary and northern shelf of the South China Sea.
Tunability range of 245 nm in a diode-pumped Tm:BaY 2 F 8 laser at 1.9 µm: a theoretical and experimental investigation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Extremely wide wavelength tuning ranges of up to ∼ 300 nm around 1.9 µm are theoretically predicted in a Tm- doped BaY2F8 crystal, on the basis of near-infrared measure- ments of emission and absorption cross sections. A tunability interval of 245 nm, from 1849 nm to 2059 nm, has been demon- strated by room-temperature laser experiments using a 8% Tm- doped crystal.
Blended Teaching Practice of “Second Foreign Language (Japanese) I” Based on “SPOC+BOPPPS”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The “SPOC+BOPPPS” blended teaching model is a novel instructional approach that integrates the SPOC and BOPPPS methodologies. It seeks to enhance students’ learning experiences and boost educational outcomes by utilizing a combination of online and offline teaching strategies. This study investigates the application of the SPOC+BOPPPS blended teaching approach in the “Second Foreign Language (Japanese) I” course. The goal is to effectively develop students’ overall Japanese language proficiency and intercultural communication skills, aligning with societal demands for practical talent.
Estimating Sources, Fluxes, and Ecological Risks of Antibiotics in the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River, China: A Year-Long Investigation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To our knowledge, ours is the first study to investigate the annual fluxes, environmental fate, and ecological risks of five categories of antibiotics from the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River (China). All the 24 antibiotics we tested for were detected in water, with total concentrations of 17.11–867.2 ng/L (mean: 63.69 ng/L), and 19 antibiotics were detected in sediment, at 0.02–287.7 ng/g (mean: 16.54 ng/g). Sulfonamides, amphenicols, and macrolides were the three most prominent antibiotic classes in water, and fluoroquinolones were the most prominent in sediment. Farming activities (animal husbandry and aquaculture) are proposed as the largest contributors to antibiotic pollution in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River according to the Unmix model, followed by municipal wastewater and mixed sources. Higher pollution levels were observed downstream (combined discharge of these sources). Monthly monitoring data (12 months) were used to estimate antibiotic annual fluxes, with 101.5 t (uncertainty: 5.6%) in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River. Risk assessments showed that erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin posed medium and high ecological risks and were found in 9%–35% and 1.8%–3.7% of all water samples, respectively; enrofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol posed medium resistance risks in 1.9%–16.7% of waters in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River. Our results have filled data gaps on antibiotic sources, annual fluxes, and resistance risk in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River and demonstrated the importance of further management of antibiotic use in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:605–619. © 2022 SETAC
Comparison of Experimental and Computationally Predicted Sulfoxide Bond Dissociation Enthalpies

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The accurate estimation of S-O bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) of sulfoxides by computational chemistry methods has been a significant challenge. One of the primary causes for this challenge is the well-established requirement of including high-exponent d functions in the sulfur basis set for accurate energies. Unfortunately, even when high-exponent d functions were included in Pople-style basis sets, the relative strength of experimentally determined S-O BDE was incorrectly predicted. The aug-cc-pV(n+d)Z basis sets developed by Dunning include an additional high-exponent d function on sulfur. Thus, it was expected that the aug-cc-pV(n+d)Z basis sets would improve the prediction of sulfoxide S-O BDE. This study presents the S-O BDE predicted by B3LYP, CCSD, CCSD(T), M05-2X, M06-2X, and MP2 combined with aug-cc-pV(n+d)Z, aug-cc-pVnZ, and Pople-style basis sets. The accuracy of these predictions was determined by comparing the computationally predicted values to the experimentally determined S-O BDE. Values within experimental error were obtained for dialkyl sulfoxides when the S-O BDEs were estimated using an isodesmic oxygen transfer reaction at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory. However, the S-O BDE of divinyl sulfoxide was overestimated by this method.
The Sanctimony of Contract*

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Our centenary year should be a time for a restatement of our objectives as lawyers at the LSE. How can lawyers contribute to the projects of a School of social sciences? In reconsidering those objectives in this inaugural lecture, it is worth reflecting on how the four previous holders of this Chair in English Law defined their respective contributions. They were important pioneers in our distinctive endeavours in legal education and scholarship. Building on their work, we have the exciting opportunity to delineate a new agenda for legal scholarship.
Trained and untrained children explore school spaces in Albania: assessment and participation in children’s well-being

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study focuses on evaluating school spaces with children’s participation, aiming to learn its impact on children’s well-being and their involvement in school design. The study uses data from a visual and a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) questionnaire, conducted with randomly selected (N = 92) untrained children (age 10–14) and another group (N = 25) trained earlier in several participatory workshops. The first questionnaire asks both groups to evaluate international examples of innovative school buildings. The second is a POE of the involved children’s school building. The primary objective is to examine the evaluation of both groups and their preferences about school spaces. The questionnaires showed that children focus on specific school spaces, whereas visuals encourage them to think holistically. Girls and younger children from both groups are more expressive, meanwhile all trained children exhibit positive social interaction. When evaluating their school, trained children’s fairness is significantly higher than the untrained group. Insights collected help drive change in school management and design. The study suggests using both a visual questionnaire and POE with trained and untrained children as complementary tools to provide a comprehensive and reliable method to collect information about school design. Systematic involvement of children positively affects their well-being.
Narratives of Resistance in the Literary Archives of Slavery

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on modes of resistance in the writings of Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (1772), Ignatius Sancho (1782), Ottobah Cugoano (1787), Olaudah Equiano (1789), and Mary Prince (1831), who published some of the first publications in English by writers of African descent. The chapter describes their different backgrounds and explores how they used diverse literary forms, including letters, essays, polemics, and life-writing, to address a range of social and cultural issues. Comparative in focus, it examines how these writers' published works can be linked through an analysis of the genres of life-writing and autobiography as narratives of resistance to slavery, the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and its inequalities and inconsistencies. It places these publications in the context of Enlightenment racism, and shows some of them, especially Equiano and Cugoano, were written in the context, and to advance the cause, of the campaign for the abolition of the slave trade. The chapter ends with a consideration of the literary legacy of this body of writing by showing how they have been reimagined by contemporary black British novelists.
Data from SLFN11 is Widely Expressed in Pediatric Sarcoma and Induces Variable Sensitization to Replicative Stress Caused By DNA-Damaging Agents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Pediatric sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies that exhibit variable response to DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Schlafen family member 11 protein (SLFN11) increases sensitivity to replicative stress and has been implicated as a potential biomarker to predict sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents (DDA). SLFN11 expression was quantified in 220 children with solid tumors using IHC. Sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor talazoparib (TAL) and the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan (IRN) was assessed in sarcoma cell lines, including SLFN11 knock-out (KO) and overexpression models, and a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model (PDOX). SLFN11 was expressed in 69% of pediatric sarcoma sampled, including 90% and 100% of Ewing sarcoma and desmoplastic small round-cell tumors, respectively, although the magnitude of expression varied widely. In sarcoma cell lines, protein expression strongly correlated with response to TAL and IRN, with SLFN11 KO resulting in significant loss of sensitivity <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Surprisingly, retrospective analysis of children with sarcoma found no association between SLFN11 levels and favorable outcome. Subsequently, high SLFN11 expression was confirmed in a PDOX model derived from a patient with recurrent Ewing sarcoma who failed to respond to treatment with TAL + IRN. Selective inhibition of BCL-xL increased sensitivity to TAL + IRN in SLFN11-positive resistant tumor cells. Although SLFN11 appears to drive sensitivity to replicative stress in pediatric sarcomas, its potential to act as a biomarker may be limited to certain tumor backgrounds or contexts. Impaired apoptotic response may be one mechanism of resistance to DDA-induced replicative stress.</p></div>
Abstract 346: Subcutaneous Resistance Artery Remodeling And Function In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with cardiovascular (CV) complications. However, interventional trials targeting classical CV risks factors have been often unsuccessful in advanced stage CKD, which emphasizes the need to better understand CKD-associated vascular disorders. Resistance arteries are a key determinant of blood pressure (BP) and their changes in different CV conditions contribute to target organ damage. The aim of the present study was to characterize resistance artery remodeling and function in CKD patients, compared to vessels from hypertensive (HTN) subjects. Method: Twenty-two stage 4 CKD patients (aged 63.6±3.1 years) and 16 HTN subjects (45.6±16.1 years) were included in the present study. They all underwent a subcutaneous biopsy under local anaesthesia. Small artery remodeling and function were studied on a pressurized myograph, and subcutaneous fat CD3 infiltration and media fibronectin expression by immunostaining. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were counted after hematoxilin-eosin staining. Results: CKD systolic BP was similar to HTN (133±18 vs. 143±10 mmHg, respectively). Vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine were lower in CKD compared to HTN (maximal relaxation (%), 74.3±3.4 vs. 87.5±2.7, P<0.05). Media/lumen at 60 mmHg was lower in CKD than in HTN (6.7±0.5 vs 8.8±0.7, P<0.05). Resistance artery stiffness was lower in CKD compared to HTN (strain at 120 mmHg, 0.845±0.126 vs 0.585±0.099, P<0.05). Fibronectin staining in resistance arteries was lower in CKD than HTN (8.2±0.8 vs 23.3±1.7 RFU/μm2, P<0.001). Less VSMCs were present in the arterial wall of CKD compared to HTN (5.4±0.4 vs 7.2±0.5 cells/μm2, P<0.05). Subcutaneous fat presented fewer CD3+ cells in CKD than HTN (12.8±4.1 vs 23.7±12.8 cells/mm2, P<0.05). Conclusion: Despite higher levels of BP, resistance arteries isolated from CKD patients exhibited no vascular remodeling and lower arterial stiffness compared with HTN patients. These results are in line with the maladaptive hypotrophic remodeling observed in large vessels in CKD, suggesting a generalized vascular defect in mechanotransduction in CKD.
Post-disaster reconstruction in the rural-urban fringe following the Great East Japan Earthquake

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although many studies have been conducted since the Great East Japan earthquake, most have focused only on recovery processes in particular affected areas. However, southern Miyagi Prefecture belongs to the rural-urban fringe of the Sendai Metropolitan Area; hence, disaster reconstruction in this area is closely related to the urban system and long-term land development. Based on these ideas, this paper explores the interaction between wider social trends and the disaster reconstruction process. The results indicate that disaster reconstruction in this area was an extension and acceleration of existing social trends such as “selection and concentration” and “intensification of agricultural competitiveness” as a whole. However, there is a unique agricultural land-use system and related community organization rooted in the peculiar history and environmental conditions of this area. Existing disaster reconstruction policies do not pay sufficient attention to such historical contexts, which has caused several conflicts and problems. Disaster studies should pay careful attention to such tensions between wider political trends and local historical contexts while focusing on land-use changes.
An Analysis of Simulated USAF Facility Contingency Requirements in the NATO Theatre.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In contingency situations of short duration (180 days or less), USAF facility requirements for operations are normally met with organic resources and Bare Base provisioning. When conflicts escalate into sustained operations (greater than 180 days), USAF must satisfy its facility requirements through other channels. Two sources of support are the Army Functional Component System (AFCS) and the Navy Advanced Base Functional Component System (ABFCS). Use of either the AFCS or the ABFCS requires USAF to identify required facility support. Identification is accomplished via a base development plan. This research uses a simulated base development plan for a NATO base to evaluate the capability of the AFCS and ABFCS to satisfy USAF facility requirements. The assets of both systems are manually searched for facility support. Since the Army has primary construction support for USAF requirements overseas per DOD Directive 1315.6, the AFCS is further researched through a simulated requisition for logistical information of facility delivery to a NATO base. Analysis of the ABFCS and AFCS organization, the search process, and the simulated requisition exercise are discussed with emphasis on the capability of the AFCS and ABFCS to support USAF facility requirements. (Author)
A contemporary theory of social entrepreneurship: the views of Muslim social entrepreneurs in Malaysia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The issue of social entrepreneurship got immense importance in the eyes of the researchers recently. Moreover, data are very limited in the context of Malaysia especially for Muslim entrepreneurs. Realizing these current needs and trends, this study aimed at understanding the current level of practice of social entrepreneurship among the Muslim entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This study has conducted total five in-depth interviews of various Muslim social entrepreneurs to reveal the entrepreneurial dimension that is prevailing in the non-profit organizations. Moreover, this study addresses the research gap and proposes a model of social entrepreneurship for Muslim social entrepreneurs. To end with, this study summarized that, social enterprises have a valuable role to play in creating and sustaining civil society, the benefits of which are consumed by the whole of society. It is in society’s interest therefore to ensure that their contribution in this respect is protected.