jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Determination of crystal size distribution by two-dimensional X-ray diffraction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polycrystalline materials properties and behaviour are ultimately determined by their crystallinity, phase composition and microstructure (i.e., crystal size, preferential orientation). Two-dimensional (2D) diffraction patterns collected with an area detector (i.e., CDD), available in modern X-ray diffractometers, contain detailed information about all these important material characteristics. Furthermore, recent advances in detector technologies permits the collection of high resolution diffraction patterns in which the microstructure of the material can be directly imaged. If the size of beam relative to the crystal size in the sample is adequately choosen, the diffraction pattern produced will have spotty rings in which the spots are the diffracted images of individual grains. The resolution of the image is mainly dependent on the characteristics of the X-ray beam (i.e., diameter, angular divergence), which can be modulated by X-ray optics, sample to detector distance, the pixel size of the detector and the sharpness of the point spread function. From these patterns, the crystal size distribution of different crystalline phases present in the sample can be independently determined using specialized software capable of extracting and combining the information contained in these patterns. This technique is applicable to materials with crystal sizes ranging from submicron to mm sizes and is complementary to techniques based on peak profile analyses (i.e., Scherrer method) which are applicable only to nanocrystalline materials. Finally, given the high sensitivity of current detectors, crystal size evolution can be followed in real-time to study important transformation processes such as crystallization, annealing, etc. The use of 2D X-ray diffraction as applied to microstructure characterization will be illustrated through several examples.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus and its predictors among volunteer blood donors in Jimma, Ethiopia, 2018

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Transfusion of contaminated blood causes a significant burden of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally and more than 45,000 infections in Sub-Saharan Africa annually. However, very few studies were conducted in Ethiopia to assess the status of HBV. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV and its predictors among volunteer blood donors in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among volunteer blood donors who consecutively included from March 10 - April 20, 2018. The detection of the virus was made through the investigation of the Hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum. Data collected through a structured questionnaire were entered into Epi-data 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS 20. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval computed using multivariable logistic regression and statistical significance established at P<0.05. Results: A total of 548 (98.7%) volunteer blood donors participated. The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 16 (2.92%) with 12 (4.5%) and 4 (1.4%) prevalence among males and females respectively. Male sex [AOR=3.28, 95%CI: 1.01-10.68], age 18-24 years [AOR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.36-0.78], frequency of donation [AOR= 0.25, 95%CI: 0.08-0.76] and exposure to unsafe therapeutic drug injection [AOR= 6.98, 95%CI: 1.66-29.29] were significant factors for HBV infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV in the study area was intermediate. Age, sex, frequency of donation, and exposure to unsafe therapeutic drug injection were independent predictors of HBV. Therefore, the blood bank should focus on blood donation among identified low-risk groups and should strengthen counseling for repeated volunteer blood donors.
A practical approach to fibromyalgia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The term fibromyalgia refers to a collection of symptoms with no clear physiologic cause, but the symptoms together constitute a clearly recognizable and distinct pathologic entity. The diagnosis is made through the examiner's clinical observations. The differential diagnosis must include other somatic syndromes as well as disease entities, including hepatitis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalance, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Diagnostic criteria serve as guidelines for diagnosis, not as absolute requirements. Treatment of fibromyalgia, which is an ongoing process, remains individualized, relying on a good physician-patient relationship. It is goal-oriented, directed at helping patients get restorative sleep, alleviating the somatic pains, keeping patients productive, and regulating schedules. It can be achieved through a goal-oriented agreement between patient and provider. Because fibromyalgia is chronic and may affect all areas of an individual's functioning, the physician needs to also evaluate the social support systems of patients with fibromyalgia. The approach to treatment should integrate patient education as well as non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic modalities. To keep patients well educated and involved in their healthcare, physicians should provide patients with adequate sources for reliable information.
Factors Influencing Residual HIV-1 Replication in Patients Treated with Tenofovir, Lamivudine and Dolutegravir at the Al-Nadjma Polyvalent Center in N’Djamena, Chad

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to determine the factors influencing low-level residual replication in patients infected with HIV-1 treated with TLD followed at the Center Polyvalent AL-Nadjma in N’Djamena, Chad. This was a retrospective and prospective study with an analytical aim which took place at the Polyvalent Al-Nadjma center from April 2022 to December 2023 in the city of N’Djamena. The study began with the interview of 135 patients, 108 of whom signed informed consent to participate in this study. Patients infected with HIV 1 on ART based on the combination of Tenofovir, Lamivudine and Dolutegravir (TLD) for at least 2 years with a load of 999 copies/mL were included. A total of 108 plasmas were collected and analyzed by the RT-PCR technique. The data from the interviews as well as the RT-PCR results were analyzed with R Studio software. 70% (76/108) of the participants were female with a M/F sex ratio of 0.42. The average age of the patients was 40.58 ± 9.58 years. Factors influencing residual replication were related to age with a prevalence of 27.27% of patients in the age group of 40 to 50 years, to initial HIV VL with 18.66% in patients who had an initial VL between 40 – 200 copies/ml and 22.22% in those with a baseline VL between 501 - 999 copies/ml, at prior ART, most patients were on prior ART consisting of (Viraday®). A prevalence of 23.95% of low-level residual viremia was observed in these patients and also non-compliance with a prevalence of 7.40% of residual viremia. Thus, it was found that factors influencing residual replication were linked to a higher risk of virological failure and poor immune reconstitution. A better understanding of the influencing factors and adverse effects in various states of residual viremia is expected to provide important guidance for HIV treatment.
Fertility transitions of four Chinese populations under different birth planning programs.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes the processes involved in the fertility transition in 4 Chinese populations: mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. In 20 years, the Chinese in Singapore have brought their total fertility rate below replacement level, and Hong Kong is rapidly moving toward this state. Taiwan remains far from the replacement level, but has made substantial progress in the area of birth control. Within 10 years, mainland China has brought fertility from its traditional high level to below replacement. Taiwan, Hong Kong , and Singapore have adopted the Western model of family planning, in which family size decisions and contraceptive choices are largely left to the individual and family planning orgaizations serve as agents to provide contraceptive services. Mainland China, on the other hand, has relied on a planned birth model involving education, persuasion, mass political pressure, and incentives and disincentives. Family size decisions are essentially in the hands of the government. The planned birth model has limited reproduction in mainland China to a 10-year period, whereas the family planning model in the other 3 Chinese populations has concentrated childbaring in the 20-34-year age group. The practice of contraception in the planned birth program is under the initiation, management, and supervision of the government. Mainland China's effective contraceptive users rate (70%) is about 10% higher than that of Singapore, 20% higher than Hong Kong's and at least 50% higher than Taiwan's. The experience in mainland China attests that birth control can be spread even under the most adverse economic conditions if it is viewed as a political issue. The family planning model lacks the power to manipulate the course of the fertility change; mass mobilization and social engineering are required.
European Public Finances and the Great Recession: France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom Compared

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract We compare economic trends over the financial crisis, and the tax and benefit reforms implemented in response, across six EU countries. Countries where the crisis led to a relatively greater increase in public spending than a decline in tax revenues – in particular, France and Italy – are found to have implemented consolidations that are more reliant on tax increases than spending cuts. While in France and Italy households with children have lost less from tax and benefit reforms than pensioner households, the reverse is true in Ireland and the United Kingdom. The pattern of cuts to public services also varies: France, Ireland and the UK chose to protect spending on health and schools from cuts, while Italy and Spain chose to cut spending on these services relatively deeply. One clear improvement has been the introduction of greater independence and transparency in the production of economic and fiscal forecasts. Unfortunately, in many cases, the fiscal response to the crisis missed opportunities to improve the overall efficiency of the tax system.
A Review of Suggested Mechanisms of MHC Odor Signaling

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Although an individual’s mix of MHC immune genes determines its resistance, finding MHC-dependent mate choice occurred by accident in inbred mice. Inbred mice prefer MHC dissimilar mates, even when the choice was restricted to urine. It took decades to find the info-chemicals, which have to be as polymorphic as the MHC. Microbiota were suggested repeatedly as the origin of the odor signal though germ-free mice maintained normal preference. Different versions of the ‘carrier hypothesis’ suggested MHC molecules carry volatiles after the bound peptide is released. Theory predicted an optimal individual MHC diversity to maximize resistance. The optimally complementary mate should be and is preferred as several studies show. Thus, the odor signal needs to transmit the exact information of the sender’s MHC alleles, as do MHC ligand peptides but not microbiota. The ‘MHC peptide hypothesis’ assumes that olfactory perception of the peptide ligand provides information about the MHC protein in a key-lock fashion. Olfactory neurons react only to the anchors of synthesized MHC peptides, which reflect the binding MHC molecule’s identity. Synthesized peptides supplemented to a male’s signal affect choice in the predicted way, however, not when anchors are mutated. Also, the human brain detects smelled synthesized self-peptides as such. After mate choice, the lottery of meiosis of randomly paired oocyte and sperm haplotypes would often produce MHC non-optimal offspring. In sticklebacks, eggs select MHC-compatible sperm, thus prefer the best combination close to the population optimum.
The influence of environmental complexity on the worker morphometry of ant assemblages

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of the present study was to test whether environmental complexity influences the morphology of leaf litter worker ants, as predicted by the size-grain hypothesis. We collected data from three types of vegetation (shrubby, shrubby-arboreal, and arboreal) in Restinga da Marambaia, southeastern Brazil. The shrubby vegetation had a very superficial leaf litter compared to the other two vegetation types. We measured head width, body length, and femur length of the ants collected in each vegetation type. We used average head width (HW) as a proxy for body size. The shrubby-arboreal and arboreal vegetation types were assumed to represent more rugose environments than the shrubby vegetation. Leg length allometry was observed in each and all vegetation types. We did not find significant differences in body size and allometry of ant assemblage among vegetation types. Hence, the size-grain hypothesis was corroborated only for leg allometry, but it did not predict a general environmental influence on ant morphometry.
SCID takes many forms; infection common

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), the most severe of the 30 to 40 primary immunodeficiency diseases, is really "a number of diseases," says Michael Blaese, MD. Blaese, who is a clinical pediatric immunologist and chief of the Cellular Immunology Section of the Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md, points out that there are at least a half dozen to a dozen different forms of SCID. One reason is that SCID can arise sporadically as well as genetically from two different inheritance patterns: X-linked recessive (as with Houston's David) or autosomal recessive (appearing with or without a deficiency in adenosine deaminase). Some forms are more common than others; a deficiency in adenosine deaminase, for example, occurs in only about 15% of SCID cases. "Even within SCID, there are different kinds of problems," Blaese said in an interview withJAMAMEDICAL NEWS. "Some people make abnormal enzymes, some of them lack the
Experimental Study of Allograft Parathyroid Tissues Transplantation to Treat Hypoparathroidism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the function and survival of parathyroid tissue transplanted into the rectus of rat by different pre-treatment.Methods Male,adult Wistar rats(seventy)as donors and adult SD rats(thirty-five)as receptors.Model rats were established by resection of parathyroid and randomly divided into five groups(digital random method):direct transplantation group,high-oxygen culture group,ciclosporin A(CsA) group,60Co irradiated group,and integrated treatment group.Each receptor received four PTG from two donors and the PTG were transplanted into the rectus of the receptors.Changes in concentration of serum calcium and PTH at different time points before and after parathyroid transplantation in each group recipient rats were observed.Results Serum calcium and PTH could reach or remain normal level after thyroid tissue transplantation in all groups in 1 week after operation,which significantly differed from those of pre-transplanted(P0.01).The survival time among the five groups were different: the duration for keeping serum calcium and PTH at normal level(only 3 week and 4 weeks)in direct transplantation group was shortest than that in high-oxygen culture group(5 weeks and 8 weeks),CsA group(6 weeks and 8 weeks),60Co irradiated group(5 weeks and 7 weeks),and integrated treatment group(5 weeks and 9 weeks).Compared with direct transplantation group,the levels of serum calcium and PTH in high-oxygen culture group,CsA group,60Co irradiated group,and integrated treatment group were significantly higher in 4-9 weeks point(P0.05,except high-oxygen culture group in 9 weeks and 60Co irradiated group in 8 weeks after operation had no significant difference).Compared with integrated treatment group,the levels of serum calcium and PTH in high-oxygen culture group,CsA group,and 60Co irradiated group were significantly lower in 7-9 weeks point(P0.05). Conclusions PTG tissues transplanted in rectus can maintain serum calcium level at normal range,and measurement on graft or receptors can prolong the survival period of parathyroid graft.Tissue transplantation of parathyroid after culture may provide a potent way to cure hypothyroidism.
The Rape Epidemic: The Weaponization of Sexual Violence in African Conflicts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rape and sexual violence in an African context have transitioned from opportunistic individual attacks in the background of weak states and judiciaries, to systematized, strategic tools of war targeting specific civilian communities – so much so that “during wartime, it’s often more dangerous to be a woman than to be a soldier”. This sexual violence includes rape, mutilation, molestation, forced incest, and sexual enslavement, and is being employed not only by rebel groups, but also by state security forces and militia. The victims of sexual violence include all genders and age groups targeted as a result of various political, economic and social objectives. These objectives have included: boosting troop morale; and political intimidation or humiliation; revenge; ethnic cleansing and disruption of reproduction; spreading terror to induce a community into leaving its land. The emotional, physical, psychological and social affects of the rape pandemic are staggering. This presentation will examine three pertinent case studies of conflicts where sexual violence was/is widespread – the civil war in Sierra Leone; the Second Congo War in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); and the current genocide occurring in the Darfur region of Sudan. These examinations will illuminate how sexual violence has been and can be used for different ends and the ramifications of this new weapon. This presentation will also review the role the international community has played in discouraging sexual violence. Based on these analyses, this presentation will demonstrate that sexual violence is a potent tool of war because of its versatility of use and devastating ramifications, and that its prevalence in Africa is promoted by the subordinated position of females in both African culture and the international system generally.
Facial pressure beneath a cavesson noseband adjusted to different tightness levels during standing and chewing

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Noseband adjustment should avoid discomfort and allow some jaw movement. Objectives To determine pressure beneath a cavesson noseband at five tightness levels during standing and chewing. It was hypothesised that increased noseband tightness is associated with increases in nasal and mandibular pressures while standing and chewing, accompanied by increases in eye temperature and blink rate. Study design Experimental. Methods Eight highly‐trained dressage horses wore a snaffle bridle with their own bit. Pressure mats over the nasal bones and beneath the mandibular rami recorded sub‐noseband pressures (50 Hz) for five tightness levels (2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0 finger‐equivalents from loosest to tightest) measured using a taper gauge during quiet standing and chewing a treat. Eye temperature and blink rate were recorded synchronously. Data were analysed using Friedmans two‐way ANOVA with Wilcoxon post hoc tests and Bonferroni adjustment for repeated measures. Significance level p ≤ 0.01. Results During standing, total force increased from (mean ± SD) 5.8 ± 4.4 N (nasal) and 12.3 ± 8.2 N (mandibular) at 2.0 finger‐equivalents to 45.1 ± 24.9 N (nasal) and 70.7 ± 25.7 N (mandibular) at 0.0‐finger‐equivalents. Forces and pressures were higher on the mandibles than nasal bones although differences did not always reach statistical significance. Horses willingly ingested and chewed a treat at all noseband tightness levels generating forces ~100 N and pressure >40 kPa without increases in eye temperature or blink rate that would suggest discomfort. Post hoc tests indicated significantly higher pressure for 0.0 finger‐equivalents than 2.0 finger‐equivalents ( p < 0.01). Main limitations Small sample size. Nosebands always tested from loosest to tightest. Conclusions Mandibular pressure exceeded nasal pressure and values at both sites increased with noseband tightness. Horses accepted high noseband pressures when chewing a treat with a cavesson adjusted from 0.0 to 2.0 finger‐equivalents. Blink rate and eye temperature suggest horses were not distressed when chewing at 2.0 to 0.0 finger‐equivalents tightness.
Language ideologies of preschool teachers and translanguaging practices in classrooms.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Translanguaging has been described as a natural practice amongst multilinguals although it remains uncommon in formal and informal educational institutions (Creese & Blackledge 2010). By contrast, Kirsch (forthcoming) has shown that preschool children in trilingual Luxembourg translanguaged frequently during collaborative storytelling on iTEO, an iPad app which allows for the recording and editing of oral language. The 4-year-old emergent multilinguals studied here drew on their entire semiotic repertoire in order to communicate and to make meaning. They used Luxembourgish, their family language and features of other languages picked up from their peers. In order to understand these translanguaging practices, we consider it necessary to examine the underlying pedagogies which are, in turn, influenced by the language ideologies of the teachers (Gkaintartzi & Tsokalidou 2010). The present paper examines the language ideologies of two preschool teachers in Luxembourg and relates them to the translanguaging practices in their classrooms. The data stem from the qualitative, small-scale, longitudinal study iTEO (2013 – 2017) which used a mix-method approach comprising video and audio recordings, interviews, questionnaires and the collection of documents (e.g. written stories, pictures). The data show that the teachers understand language learning as a dynamic social process and have positive attitudes to multilingualism. They embrace language and cultural diversity in their classroom, promote translanguaging, and actively collaborate with parents in order to communicate and share their language practices.
Mental health needs and service utilization in a predominantly black community

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined social indicators of the Mental Health Demographic Profile System as predictors of both mental health needs and utilization of mental health services in a black community served by a metropolitan CMHC. Over a two-year period, it was found that only four social indicators were significant predictors of the need-utilization relationship in that census tracts that had a higher percentage of nonhusband/wife households, large families, overcrowded housing, and working mothers with preschool children tended to have higher service utilization. Further, census tracts that had higher utilization in the first year remained higher utilizers of services in the second year. Implications of these findings in terms of proximity to the CMHC are discussed.
Evaluation of bentonite alteration due to interactions with iron: sensitivity analyses to identify the important factors for the bentonite alteration

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

高レベル放射性廃棄物の地層処分における性能評価は，評価対象となる期間が長期にわたるため，このような長期においては緩衝材が変質し，緩衝材に期待される性能にも影響が生じる可能性がある．本報告では，処分環境において緩衝材が被ると予想される変質のうち，オーバーパックの候補材である炭素鋼（鉄）と緩衝材（ベントナイト）の相互作用を対象とし，鉄による緩衝材の変質影響に関する既往の知見を整理するとともに，それを踏まえた鉄との相互作用による緩衝材の長期的な変質評価のための手法を諸外国における先行事例も参考にしつつ開発した． 変質評価手法の開発に当たっては，鉄－ベントナイト相互作用に伴う長期的な変質影響の評価で考慮すべき主要な現象を概念モデルとして整理した．概念モデルで考慮した現象のうち，緩衝材の変質に影響を与えると考えられる主要な反応・プロセスとして，1) オーバーパックの腐食反応に伴う Fe2+の供給，2) 圧縮ベントナイト中での Fe2+の拡散，3) スメクタイト結晶端への Fe2+の収着や層間でのイオン交換，4) スメクタイトの鉱物学的変化に伴う二次鉱物の生成を抽出した．これらの主要な反応・プロセスを対象に，緩衝材の変質への影響が最も大きいと考えられる要因を解析的に検討した．