jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of liveweight gain of pregnant 15-month-old Angus heifers on the milk intake of their first calves and the liveweight of their first and second calves

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nutritional methods of manipulating birthweight of calves would be useful to beef cattle farmers as a tool for managing dystocia, particularly in 2-year-old heifers. This experiment examined the impact of liveweight gain during pregnancy on birthweight, liveweight to weaning, body dimensions and milk intake of the calves, as well as subsequent liveweight and maternal performance of the heifers. Treatments were high (1.22 ± 0.12 kg/day; H) or moderate (0.56 ± 0.11 kg/day; M) liveweight gain for 10 days before conception, and moderate liveweight gain (0.54 ± 0.30 kg/day; M) or liveweight loss (–0.11 ± 0.30 kg/day; L) for the first trimester (93 days) of pregnancy. HL heifers delivered calves that were lighter absolutely and relative to postpartum liveweight of the heifers than the HM, MM or ML heifers. The 8–15% reduction in birthweight could have a substantial impact on incidence of dystocia, but mechanisms for the reduction were unclear. Liveweight gain treatments had no effect on body dimensions or milk intake of the calves. MM and HM calves were heavier during the rearing period than ML calves. There was no effect of treatment on days to calving or inter-calving interval between first and second calves. Conception rate at the third joining period was not different among treatments. The liveweight gain treatments applied achieved a reduction in birthweight and generally had only minor effects on the subsequent performance of the heifers.
Adolescent Sexuality: Negative Outcomes of a Normative Behavior

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter reviews the recent trends in sexual behavior, the role of other risk behaviors in sexual behavior, the negative health outcomes from unprotected coitus, and directions for prevention. Pubescence, adolescence, and sexuality are interactive. Puberty is the maturational stage of the life cycle during which time the organism goes from a state of reproductive immaturity to full reproductive competence. Sexual behavior does not arise de novo with the onset of adolescence. Autoerotic experiences such as sexual fantasy, nocturnal orgasms with emissions, and masturbation occur during adolescence and are influenced both by hormonal and psychological factors. The incidence of sexual activity increased dramatically from 1971 to the late 1980s in both younger and older age cohorts of adolescents. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the most common pervasive and destructive infectious diseases among adolescents.
Application of Communication Skills in New Nurse Patient Relationship

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the application and significance of communication skills in the establishment of a new type of nurse patient relationship. Methods 2014 to March 2015 March, patients hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics of our hospital and screening 536 patients with complete clinical data as the research object, 536 patients underwent clinical nursing, nurses and patients to communicate, to establish a new nurse patient relationship. Results Good communication and communication between the patients and the patients were good. Conclusion Good communication needs nurses have solid professional skills and relevant cultural knowledge and good communication skills to enable patients to really accept the scientific, a full range of modern nursing can improve the medical quality and the quality of life. The correct communication skills and communication methods are important in the maintenance of harmonious nurse patient relationship.
The Effects of Posture on Mind Wandering

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract: Using two executive tasks, we explored how body posture influences mind wandering, a universal internally self-generated activity. Specifically, participants were instructed to perform the Sustained Attention Response Task (SART) and the Flanker task under three postural conditions: lying supine, sitting, and standing upright. These tasks reflect the proactive and reactive modes of executive control, respectively. To measure the frequency of mind wandering, we employed the probe-caught technique, presenting prompts at irregular intervals. The results indicate that, compared to standing and sitting positions, lying supine significantly increased mind wandering, while posture had no effect on either measure of executive control. We suggest that changes in posture alter cognitive activity related to self-generated thoughts and external tasks, whereas the relationship between mind wandering and executive control requires further research.
Compositional turbulence and layering in the gaseous envelopes of forming planets

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Differential settling and growth of dust grains impact the structure of the radiative envelopes of gaseous planets during formation. Sufficiently rapid dust growth can result in envelopes with substantially reduced opacities for radiation transport, thereby facilitating planet formation. We revisit the problem and establish that dust settling and grain growth also lead to outer planetary envelopes that are prone to compositional instabilities, by virtue of their inverted mean-molecular weight gradients. Under a variety of conditions, we find that the radiative envelopes of forming planets experience compositional turbulence driven by a semi-transparent version of the thermohaline instability (’fingering convection’). The standard double-diffusive thermohaline theory does not apply here and is replaced by a simplified first-principle treatment for the semitransparent regime of interest. The compositional turbulence seems efficient at mixing dust in the radiative envelopes of planets forming at super-au distances (say 5 au) from a Sun-like star, but not so at sub-au distances (say 0.2 au). We also address the possibility of compositional layering in this context. Distinct turbulent regimes for planetary envelopes growing at sub-au versus super-au distances could leave an imprint on the final planets formed.
Corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, argyrophilic grain disease, and rarer neurodegenerative diseases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders include a variety of cognitive and motor syndromes with varying clinical presentations and pathologic findings. Tauopathies are a distinct subset due to abnormal deposition of the protein tau and include corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy which will be discussed in this chapter, as well as some forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha synuclein leads to another spectrum of parkinsonian disorders including multiple system atrophy which has prominent autonomic dysfunction. Clinical syndromes along with neuropsychology, imaging findings, neuropathologic features, and management options will be discussed for each disorder.
PROtective Ventilation with a low versus high Inspiratory Oxygen fraction(PROVIO) and its effects on postoperative pulmonary complications:protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) is the most common perioperative complication following surgical site infection (SSI), which prolongs the hospital stay and increases health care cost. Lung-protective ventilation strategy is considered better practice in abdominal surgery to prevent PPCs. However, the role of inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO₂) in the strategy remains disputable. Previous trials have focused on reducing SSI by increasing inhaled oxygen concentration but higher FiO₂ (80%) was found to be associated with a greater incidence of atelectasis and mortality in recent researches. The trial aims at evaluating the effect of different FiO₂ added to lung-protective ventilation strategy on the incidence of PPCs during general anesthesia for abdominal surgery. Methods: PROtective Ventilation with a low versus high Inspiratory Oxygen fraction trial（PROVIO）is a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial planning to recruit 252 patients undergoing abdominal surgery lasting for at least 2 hours. The patients will be randomly assigned to (1) a low FiO₂ (30% FiO₂) group and (2) a high FiO₂ (80% FiO₂) group in lung-protective ventilation strategy. The primary outcome of the study is the occurrence of PPCs within the postoperative 7 days. Secondary outcomes include the severity grade of PPCs, the occurrence of postoperative extrapulmonary complications and all-cause mortality within the postoperative 7 and 30 days. Discussion: PROVIO trial assesses the effect of low versus high FiO₂ added to lung-protective ventilation strategy on PPCs for abdominal surgery patients and the results will provide practical approaches to intraoperative oxygen management. Trial registration number: Registered at www.ChiCTR.org.cn on 13 February 2018 with identifier no. ChiCTR18 00014901. Keywords: Postoperative pulmonary complications, Lung-protective ventilation, Fraction of inspired oxygen, Abdominal surgery.
A digital method of measuring cartilage defects under an arthroscope.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Measurements of cartilage defect size under an arthroscope are essential for prognosis and treatment decisions. A new method called arthroscopic measurement by computer graphics (ACG) was developed to accurately calculate the size of the cartilage under an arthroscope. This study aimed to validate the accuracy and utility of this method. In this controlled laboratory study, the ACG method was validated by measuring the sizes of three cartilage defects in a knee joint of a pig, using the following techniques: traditional arthroscopic measurement by ruler (TAR), ACG, incised measurement by computer graphics (ICG), and incised measurement by ruler (IR, control, gold standard). Measurements were conducted by two blinded trained observers. Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were determined by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Consistency among TAR, ACG, ICG and IR was analyzed using the command "Concord" in Stata. For arthroscopic measurements using ACG and ICG, the overall ICC intra- and inter-observer values were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, which showed excellent reproductivity. The concord value showed consistency of various approaches relative to the gold standard method. The average concord value for TAR was 0.813, and the average concord value for ACG and ICG was 0.886 and 0.917, respectively. ACG utilizes computer graphics for measuring the size of cartilage defects of any size under an arthroscope, without reconditioning the injured cartilage. ACG showed excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility and satisfactory accuracy. This method would make it possible to more accurately match the graft with the defect, thereby facilitating cartilage repair.
Accessibility Practices & The Inclusive Museum: Legal Compliance, Professional Standards, and the Social Responsibility of Museums

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The desire of museums to improve accessibility for diverse visitors is often driven by the need to satisfy legal obligations. However, many museums share a fundamental goal to engage the most diverse audience as possible. This thesis illustrates the distinction between perceiving accessibility within cultural institutions as a legal or social issue and how that perception influences museum practice, within the United States. Bridging museum studies, disability theory, and advocacy practice this thesis works to answer the question: How does viewing accessibility as a social responsibility, rather than legal necessity influence an institution’s ability to be inclusive to diverse communities? This work investigates various interpretations of “accessibility” within the field, as well the implementation of access efforts by museums in the United States over the past thirty years. Additionally, this thesis discusses contemporary case studies of effective accessibility practice with the aim to support proactive access efforts in the future.
Physician Recruitment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

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EC regulation of unfair commercial practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To encourage cross-border transactions in the Single Market of the European Community, the Commission has proposed general framework legislation to set general standards that forbid unfair marketing practices towards consumers, thereby increasing consumer confidence when deciding whether or not to shop abroad in the Community, either in person or through modern methods of electronic purchasing through the Internet. The essays in this volume critically examine the proposed Directive that prohibits unfair commercial practices, and in particular they consider the potential legal and economic implications of a legal duty to trade fairly in the context of general contract law, the protection of consumers, and the needs of competition policy. The distinguished authors of these essays, from Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom, explain the different approaches of national legal systems to the legal regulation of marketing practices, and assess the compatibility of the proposed Directive with national law and its likely success in achieving the promotion of trade in the Single Market.
[Philippe Pinel and the legendary "chain liberation" in the Bicêtre (1793) and Salpêtrìere (1793) Paris hospitals. I: Pinel's personality and previous reform attempts].

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Philippe Pinel is generally regarded as the leading con-founder of scientific psychiatry. His "chain liberation" of the insane is in this context often seen as breakbrough to an human conception of psychiatry. This article describes in two parts the historical backgrounds of Pinels activities and analyses the discipline-genetic myths connected with them. Part one follows Pinels carrier upto the 1790ies and describes contemporary efforts to reform psychiatric asylums.
HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS screening of phytochemical compounds and the bioactive properties of different plant parts ofZizyphus lotus(L.) Desf.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Zizyphus lotusL. (Desf.) presented flavonoids and secoiridoids derivatives and revealed to have cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential.
Linkages Between Patient-centered Medical Homes and Addiction Treatment Organizations

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: To meet their aims of providing comprehensive and coordinated care, patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) need to coordinate services for individuals with substance use disorders. Yet, the 14,000 addiction treatment (AT) organizations across the United States that provide services for more than 1 million individuals daily are generally ill-prepared to work with PCMHs (eg, AT organizations often lack electronic health records). Objectives: To examine the extent to which AT organizations have formal linkages through contracts with PCMHs; to identify key dimensions of linkages between PCMHs and AT organizations (eg, shared use of electronic health records); to identify characteristics of AT organizations and their environments associated with these linkages. Materials and Methods: We draw on data from a 2014 nationally representative survey of directors and clinical supervisors from 695 AT organizations (n=1390 survey respondents). Results: Thirty-eight percent of patients across the nation are receiving treatment in AT organizations linked by contracts to PCMHs. This number increases to 51% in states that expanded Medicaid (vs. only 6.2% of patients in non-Medicaid expansion states). Yet, the great majority of linkages are relatively weak; they do not include the exchange of patient information. Results from multivariable analyses show that larger, nonprofit and publicly owned AT organizations, as well as those located in the northeast and in states that expanded Medicaid coverage, are more likely to have contracts with PCMHs. Conclusions: Without stronger linkages between AT organizations and PCMHs or the development of other models that integrate services, individuals with substance abuse disorders may continue to receive uncoordinated care.
Cryosurgical treatment of tonsillar hypertrophy in children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eighteen children with tonsillar hypertrophy and signs of upper respiratory obstruction during sleep have been treated by cryosurgery. Nitrous oxide has been used as the refrigerent and the freezing time has been 3 minutes X 2 on each tonsil, with spontaneous thawing in between. All the children had earlier undergone adenoidectomy without relief on their symptoms. Fourteen children are free of obstruction two years after treatment, 12 after one treatment and two after two treatments. The treatment has been found to be free from complications. Cryosurgery represents an alternative to conventional tonsillectomy in the treatment of upper respiratory obstruction caused by enlarged tonsils in children.
Using System Dynamics modelling in South African water management and planning

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The effective governance and management of water has many environmental, socio- political, economic and technical dimensions, which frequently interweave in a ‘wicked web’ that presents significant challenges to planners, policy makers and networks of citizens. This chapter evaluates the use of system dynamics modelling (SDM) as a tool for policy analysis and planning, with emphasis on the management and governance of water in an African context. The strengths and limitations of SDM are related to the characteristic challenges of integrated water management and participatory water governance. A conceptual framework is posited for distinguishing between diverse motivations for undertaking modelling for developmental planning. The framework is used for reflecting on a selection of South African cases between 1980 and 2016. Three of these case studies are then described and discussed, emphasising how SDM was variously used to address some of the key challenges facing planning at different scales of water management. The outcomes of SDM-based interventions are discussed, including examples of models being used to inform the design of more equitable operational policies for water releases; the use of SDM to create shared focal points amongst stakeholder groups; modelling as an integrative activity that can synthesise knowledge drawn from different specialists and fields; and the appropriateness of SDM in the data-scarce and politically charged contexts of African water and coastal management.
Alternative splicing and differential targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in the pregnant rat uterus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Recent studies suggest that steroid effects on uterine cell proliferation may be moderated by polypeptide growth factors. We now provide evidence that high affinity fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors are present temporally and spatially in the pregnant rat uterus (days 4-6) to support the idea that basic FGF action occurs via binding to its high affinity FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain amplification indicates that both the full-length transcript and an alternatively spliced messenger RNA are present in the uterus. Western immunoblot analysis confirms that rat uterine membrane proteins contain two receptor isoforms, and these receptors bind basic FGF with high affinity and specificity. Immunolocalization of FGFR1 revealed receptor-positive cells in both the uterine stroma and epithelia on days 4-6 of pregnancy. However, the receptor was differentially localized in the disparate cell types. The nuclei of stromal cells were positive for FGFR1, whereas epithelial cell nuclei were negative. Together, these results suggest that FGF signal transduction in uterine stromal cells is mediated by activation of FGFR1.
A Case Report of Lumbar Disc Herniation Migrated to Posterior Epidural Space Combined with Bladder Bowel Disturbance.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We experienced a case of lumbar disc herniation migrated to the posterior epidural space, combined with bladder bowel disturbance.A 64-year-old man had lumbar pain, bilateral weakness in both legs, and bladder bowel disturbance. He was admitted to our hospital. Myelogram, CTM, and MRI showed a mass compressed epidural space at L1/2 level. We suspected lumbar disc herniation migrated to the posterior epidural space or epidural tumor.After laminectomy at L1/2, a mass posteriorly compressed the dura, reaching in a stalk to the L1/2 space. Histopathological examination showed this mass to be a composed disc with inflammatory cell infiltration.
Met-enkephalin increase in patients with fibromyalgia under local treatment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fibromyalgia is a chronic debilitating condition of unknown etiology. The clinical picture suggests increased activity and/or supersensitivity in nociceptive pathways or inadequate activity in endogenous pain attenuation mechanisms. One therapeutic approach in the treatment of this syndrome is the administration of serial local injections of lidocaine hydrochloride in the painful points. To evaluate the effect of this treatment on plasma met-enkephalin (ME) levels we studied 15 patients, all women with fibromyalgia under local treatment in the tender points, grouped as follows: 5 were treated with local injection of lidocaine hydrochloride, 5 were treated with local injection of saline and 5 treated with dry needling. Significant increases in plasma ME concentrations were observed in all groups in the last sampling of each session studied. These results show an increase in plasma ME levels 10 minutes after finishing each session, which is independent of the maneuver employed.