jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness of single-visit cervical cancer screening in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a model-based analysis accounting for the HIV epidemic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) face elevated risks of human papillomavirus (HPV) acquisition and cervical cancer (CC). Coverage of CC screening and treatment remains low in low-and-middle-income settings, reflecting resource challenges and loss to follow-up with current strategies. We estimated the health and economic impact of alternative scalable CC screening strategies in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, a region with high burden of CC and HIV. Methods We parameterized a dynamic compartmental model of HPV and HIV transmission and CC natural history to KwaZulu-Natal. Over 100 years, we simulated the status quo of a multi-visit screening and treatment strategy with cytology and colposcopy triage (South African standard of care) and six single-visit comparator scenarios with varying: 1) screening strategy (HPV DNA testing alone, with genotyping, or with automated visual evaluation triage, a new high-performance technology), 2) screening frequency (once-per-lifetime for all women, or repeated every 5 years for WLHIV and twice for women without HIV), and 3) loss to follow-up for treatment. Using the Ministry of Health perspective, we estimated costs associated with HPV vaccination, screening, and pre-cancer, CC, and HIV treatment. We quantified CC cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted for each scenario. We discounted costs (2022 US dollars) and outcomes at 3% annually and calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Results We projected 69,294 new CC cases and 43,950 CC-related deaths in the status quo scenario. HPV DNA testing achieved the greatest improvement in health outcomes, averting 9.4% of cases and 9.0% of deaths with one-time screening and 37.1% and 35.1%, respectively, with repeat screening. Compared to the cost of the status quo ($12.79 billion), repeat screening using HPV DNA genotyping had the greatest increase in costs. Repeat screening with HPV DNA testing was the most effective strategy below the willingness to pay threshold (ICER: $3,194/DALY averted). One-time screening with HPV DNA testing was also an efficient strategy (ICER: $1,398/DALY averted). Conclusions Repeat single-visit screening with HPV DNA testing was the optimal strategy simulated. Single-visit strategies with increased frequency for WLHIV may be cost-effective in KwaZulu-Natal and similar settings with high HIV and HPV prevalence.
Intrapulmonary shunting associated with sildenafil treatment in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We reported a case of a 30-year-old Hispanic patient with a history of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A baseline catheterisation showed a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of 58 mm Hg, capillary wedge pressure of 14 mm Hg, cardiac index of 2.7 l/min/m2 and pulmonary vascular resistance of 7.5 WU, with no response to adenosine. A pulmonary CT scan ruled out thromboembolism or significant abnormalities (such as glass opacities, septal lines or mediastinal node enlargement commonly seen in venocclusive disease1); albumin macroaggregate lung perfusion scan showed normal perfusion without significant intrapulmonary shunt (IPS). He was started on diuretics, oxygen and sildenafil 25 mg three times a day. Despite treatment, dyspnoea worsened and 2 months later the patient was referred …
Homer's Human Animal: Ritual Combat in the Iliad

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Freud called Darwin's revelation of man's animality a blow to human narcissism on par with Copernicus's finding that Earth is not the center of the solar system. While Darwin hinted at our bestiality in the Origin of Species, in later publications he conveyed the disturbing and fantastic news that our ancestors were, as he playfully wrote in private notebooks, "monkey men." 1 Adam and Eve were not lovingly molded from the clay; they were the rude grandchildren of a "hairy, tailed quadruped, probably arboreal in its habits, and an inhabitant of the Old World." 2 Darwin's news was greeted by his contemporaries with a range of responses, from hooting derision to holy indignation, to resigned acceptance. Yet his hypothesis has been amply verified by the work of geneticists, primatologists, biologists, archaeologists, paleoanthropologists, and others. Nowadays we are not too chagrined to hear that we share a common ancestor with the other apes; it is orthodox evolutionary theory.
What plant breeding may (and may not) look like in 2050?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract At the turn of 2000 many authors envisioned future plant breeding. Twenty years after, which of those authors’ visions became reality or not, and which ones may become so in the years to come. After two decades of debates, climate change is a “certainty,” food systems shifted from maximizing farm production to reducing environmental impact, and hopes placed into GMOs are mitigated by their low appreciation by consumers. We revise herein how plant breeding may raise or reduce genetic gains based on the breeder's equation. “Accuracy of Selection” has significantly improved by many experimental‐scale field and laboratory implements, but also by vulgarizing statistical models, and integrating DNA markers into selection. Pre‐breeding has really promoted the increase of useful “Genetic Variance.” Shortening “Recycling Time” has seen great progression, to the point that achieving a denominator equal to “1” is becoming a possibility. Maintaining high “Selection Intensity” remains the biggest challenge, since adding any technology results in a higher cost per progeny, despite the steady reduction in cost per datapoint. Furthermore, the concepts of variety and seed enterprise might change with the advent of cheaper genomic tools to monitor their use and the promotion of participatory or citizen science. The technological and societal changes influence the new generation of plant breeders, moving them further away from field work, emphasizing instead the use of genomic‐based selection methods relying on big data. We envisage what skills plant breeders of tomorrow might need to address challenges, and whether their time in the field may dwindle.
Study on a Strain of High Chitinase Producing Bacteria Against Plant Pathogens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The result of this study showed that the chitinase antigonist bacteria NKE-E can produce high activity chitinase and also it had high inhibition activity to the Curvularia lunata.and the other plant pathogens.The inhibition rate of cell free culture filtrate to Curvularia lunata was 69.86%.Under microscope the treated pathogen hyphae showed unnormal growth.
Computational Study of Alkyne‐Acid Cycloisomerization in Gold‐Functionalized Resorcinarene Cavitand

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Herein, we report density functional theory calculations to investigate the reaction mechanism and the selectivity of the cycloisomerization of alkynoic acids inside a gold‐functionalized resorcinarene‐based cavitand. This cavitand has experimentally been shown to catalyze the cycloisomerization of a number of substituted alkynoic acids to give the corresponding γ‐lactones. Three representative substrates, with different substitution patterns, are considered in the calculations, and for each of them, the geometries and energies of various binding modes are first characterized. Next, the cycloisomerization reaction mechanism is evaluated, which is shown to consist of an intramolecular addition of the carboxylic acid to the gold‐activated alkyne triple bond, followed by a protodeauration step. Both 5‐ exo ‐dig and 6‐ endo ‐dig cyclizations were considered, leading to γ‐ or δ‐lactones, respectively, and the involvement of the triflate counterion in the cyclization step is discussed. Finally, the influence of the cavitand walls on the reactivity is evaluated by using a model catalyst in which the walls were removed.
A Spectropolarimetric Comparison of the Type II-Plateau Supernovae SN 2008bk and SN 2004dj

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Type II-Plateau supernova (SN II-P) SN 2004dj was the first SN II-P for which spectropolarimetry data were obtained with fine temporal sampling before, during, and after the fall off of the photometric plateau -- the point that marks the transition from the photospheric to the nebular phase in SNe II-P. Unpolarized during the plateau, SN 2004dj showed a dramatic spike in polarization during the descent off of the plateau, and then exhibited a smooth polarization decline over the next two hundred days. This behavior was interpreted by Leonard et al. (2006) as evidence for a strongly non-spherical explosion mechanism that had imprinted asphericity only in the innermost ejecta. In this brief report, we compare nine similarly well-sampled epochs of spectropolarimetry of the Type II-P SN 2008bk to those of SN 2004dj. In contrast to SN 2004dj, SN 2008bk became polarized well before the end of the plateau and also retained a nearly constant level of polarization through the early nebular phase. Curiously, although the onset and persistence of polarization differ between the two objects, the detailed spectropolarimetric characteristics at the epochs of recorded maximum polarization for the two objects are extremely similar, feature by feature. We briefly interpret the data in light of non-Local-Thermodynamic Equilibrium, time-dependent radiative-transfer simulations specifically crafted for SN II-P ejecta.
Investigation of the relationship between joint position sense acuity and postural stability during stance

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Postural stability is important as it greatly influences our ability to perform daily activities safely. Reduced in stability, usually seen in elderly increased the risk in falling. This is very undesirable as an elderly will take a longer time to recover as compared to younger adults and children. Falls are devastating and undesirable in any places and situation. It is the most common and often causes major problems in the elderly to the extent of death. Many of these falls are related to some factors such as low postural stability.
The psychiatric assessment of a Vietnamese refugee through art

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

liver and urine from fatal poisoning. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 9. Greenblatt DJ, Allen MD, Noel BJ, Ct al: Acute overdosage 34:16-26, 1974 with benzodiazepine derivatives. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21:4978. Nasilowski W, Sybirska H, Gajdzinska H: Legal-medical and 514, 1977 toxicological evaluation of 18 lethal cases of poisoning by phe10. Reynolds PC, Som CW, Herrmann PW: Loxapine fatalities. nothiazine derivatives. Z Rechtsmed 74:293-299, 1974 Clin Toxicol 14:181-185, 1979
A timing formula for main-sequence star binary pulsars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In binary radio pulsars with a main-sequence star companion, the spin-induced quadrupole moment of the companion gives rise to a precession of the binary orbit. As a first approximation one can model the secular evolution caused by this classical spin-orbit coupling by linear-in-time changes of the longitude of periastron and the projected semi-major axis of the pulsar orbit. This simple representation of the precession of the orbit neglects two important aspects of the orbital dynamics of a binary pulsar with an oblate companion. First, the quasiperiodic effects along the orbit, due to the anisotropic $1/r^3$ nature of the quadrupole potential. Secondly, the long-term secular evolution of the binary orbit which leads to an evolution of the longitude of periastron and the projected semi-major axis which is non-linear in time. In this paper a simple timing formula for binary radio pulsars with a main-sequence star companion is presented which models the short-term secular and most of the short-term periodic effects caused by the classical spin-orbit coupling. I also give extensions of the timing formula which account for long-term secular changes in the binary pulsar motion. It is shown that the short-term periodic effects are important for the timing observations of the binary pulsar PSR B1259--63. The long-term secular effects are likely to become important in the next few years of timing observations of the binary pulsar PSR J0045--7319. They could help to restrict or even determine the moments of inertia of the companion star and thus probe its internal structure. Finally, I reinvestigate the spin-orbit precession of the binary pulsar PSR J0045--7319 since the analysis given in the literature is based on an incorrect expression for the precession of the longitude of periastron.
ERIC ED382975: Collecting Their Thoughts: Using Museums as Resources for Student Writing.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Inviting students to look, explore, and think, this booklet offers practical ways for teachers to use museums--in particular, the artworks, artifacts, collections, and other materials they contain--as a basis for secondary students' writing. If taking students on field trips is not feasible, educators can adapt most of the activities in the booklet for use in the classroom. The key concepts in the booklet are based on the tenet that writing is a skill students can develop through practice, trial, and error. The teacher's role in the activities in the booklet is to guide students through writing, emphasizing process in addition to product. The booklet presents five major activities--Telling a Painting's Story; Conversing with an Object; Explaining How Things Work; Telling Your Story; Creating a Classroom Museum; and Beyond the Museum--as well as advice on how educators can design their own activities. A 15-item annotated list of additional resources is attached. (RS)
Scale-Invariant Cosmological Models: Resolution of the Hubble Tension, the S<sub>8</sub> Tension, and Decreasing Dark Energy Density

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The standard cosmological model, Lambda-CDM, has been very successful as a model of the cosmos, but measurements increasingly show deviations from its predictions. The Hubble tension is well known and recent measurements show increasing statistical significance for the different values of the Hubble constant derived from early versus late universe data. The S8 tension, representing differing values for the fluctuations in matter density between early and late universe measurement, is comparable in magnitude to the Hubble tension, but opposite in direction, with late universe values smaller than early universe values. This qualitative difference between the Hubble and S8 tensions is a significant challenge to models to replace Lambda-CDM. The Dark Energy Survey Instrument (DESI) Data Release 2 (DR2) finds a 3-4 σ preference for time-varying dark energy versus the constant rate in the baseline Lambda-CDM model. We show that a cosmological model based on a scale-invariant formulation of contraction of the material world, rather than expansion of space as in the Lambda-CDM model, resolves those discrepancies as well as other concerns. In particular, a model of the universe where the material world is contracting with time with respect to an unchanging fabric of spacetime resolves the Hubble and S8 tensions as well as predicts the current observed rate of decrease of the dark energy density. The vacuum energy is the leading explanation for the force of dark energy, but the vacuum energy force is ~10122 larger than that derived from the observed acceleration of the expansion of space. However, a force that large is a plausible candidate as a compression mechanism for contraction of the material world. Additionally, a scale-invariant cosmological model preserves the conservation of energy over time, and explicitly has all material objects moving at sub-luminal relative velocities, both of which are violated in the Lambda-CDM model. Scale invariance ensures the physical laws for dynamics, electromagnetism, quantum field theory, and general relativity are unchanged when the measurable quantities of length, time, mass, and charge contract synchronously, as well as ensuring the speed of light and the gravitational constant do not change with time. It is shown that a scale invariant model based on the vacuum energy as a driver of scale contraction retains the successful features of Lambda-CDM, agrees with the recent DESI measurements of the expansion rate of the universe, explains the unexpectedly large number of early galaxies observed by JWST, resolves some inconsistencies in the age of the universe and early galaxies, and resolves the Hubble tension and the S8 tension as a ~10% correction to Lambda-CDM due to a decreasing scale factor for the material world. The current scale factor is estimated to be ~70% of its value at the Big Bang.
TOWARDS VIRTUAL MACHINE TOOL ENGINEERING: MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF COMPLEX CNC-FEED DRIVE ARCHITECTURES FOR HIGH SPEED MILLING (HSM)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents some results of a research finalized to optimize the dynamic performances of a machining centre for HSM, in a virtual design approach. CNC software and the feedback chains to/from machine tool actuators and transducers are nowadays highly sophisticated. It is necessary to analyse, model and simulate the real complex algorithms for motion control, in order to define a true, realistic model of the functions of the CNC and interfaced digital modules mastering the machine tool dynamics. An in-depth study of their architecture and functions led to the development of a simulation module now operating inside the whole Mechatronic model of the machine tool. The analyses performed, the bottlenecks encountered and some simulation results, together with their experimental validation, are presented and discussed.
In Situ Structure Refactoring of Bismuth Nanoflowers for Highly Selective Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) has been considered a promising route toward carbon neutrality and renewable energy conversion. At present, most bismuth (Bi) based electrocatalysts are adopted to reduce CO 2 to formate (HCOOH). However, the mechanism of different Bi nanostructures on the electrocatalytic performance requires more detailed exposition. Herein, a combined chemical replacement and electrochemical reduction process is reported to realize in situ morphology reconstruction from Bi@Bi 2 O 3 nanodendrites (Bi@Bi 2 O 3 ‐NDs) to Bi nanoflowers (Bi‐NFs). The Bi@Bi 2 O 3 ‐NDs are proven to undergo a two‐step transformation process to form Bi‐NFs, aided by Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 as the intermediate in KHCO 3 solution. Extensive surface reconstruction of Bi@Bi 2 O 3 ‐NDs renders the realization of tailored Bi‐NFs electrocatalyst that maximize the number of exposed active sites and active component (Bi 0 ), which is conducive to the adsorption and activation of CO 2 and accelerated electron transfer process. The as‐prepared Bi‐NFs exhibit a Faradaic efficiency (FE formate ) of 92.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE and a high partial current density of 28.5 mA cm −2 at −1.05 V versus RHE for the electroreduction of CO 2 to HCOOH. Moreover, the reaction mechanism is comprehensively investigated by in situ Raman analysis, which confirms that *OCHO is a key intermediate for the formation of HCOOH.
Lunar International Science Coordination/Calibration Targets

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A new era of international lunar exploration has begun and will expand over the next four years with data acquired from at least four sophisticated remote sensing missions: KAGUYA (SELENE) [Japan], Chang'E [China], Chandrayaan-l [India], and LRO [United States]. It is recognized that this combined activity at the Moon with modern sophisticated sensors wi II provide unprecedented new information about the Moon and will dramatically improve our understanding of Earth's nearest neighbor. It is anticipated that the blooming of scientific exploration of the Moon by nations involved in space activities will seed and foster peaceful international coordination and cooperation that will benefit all. Summarized here are eight Lunar International Science Coordination/Calibration Targets (L-ISCT) that are intended to a) allow cross-calibration of diverse multi-national instruments and b) provide a focus for training young scientists about a range of lunar science issues. The targets, discussed at several scientific forums, were selected for coordinated science and instrument calibration of orbital data. All instrument teams are encouraged to participate in a coordinated activity of early-release data that will improve calibration and validation of data across independent and diverse instruments.
Physics of Elasticity and Crystal Defects

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mechanical properties of crystalline materials are almost always dominated by the defects within them. The ability to shape metals into pipes, girders and furniture stems from the generation, motion and interaction of these defects. Defects are also the agents of chemical changes within crystals, enabling mass transport by atomic diffusion and changes of phase. Defects distort the crystal and these distortions enable defects to interact over large distances. The theory of elasticity is used to describe these interactions. Assuming no familiarity with the theory, this book introduces the reader to linear elasticity and its application to point defects, dislocations and cracks. A unique feature of the book is the attention given to the atomic structure of defects and its influence on their properties and their elastic fields. Where it is available brief biographical information is provided about prominent contributors to the field. This textbook is written for postgraduate students in physics, engineering and materials science. It is very likely that even those students with some knowledge of elasticity and defects will find much that is new to them in this book.There are exercises to help the student check their understanding as they work through each chapter. The student is guided through more advanced problems at the end of each chapter. Worked solutions to all exercises and problems are available to course instructors from the OUP website. The last chapter describes four technologically important areas requiring fundamental research, with suggestions for possible PhD projects.