jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The role of hydrothermal treatment in the biorefining of macroalgae

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Bioenergy is a key part of the renewable energy sector which has yet to reach its full potential. Macroalgae as a biomass feedstock has many benefits over the first and second generation biofuels. The organic-rich aqueous phase resulting from the hydrothermal processing of macroalgae could additionally provide a means of supplying commodity chemicals or feedstock for anaerobic digestion (AD) as a by-product from the biofuel production. The work for this PhD has focussed on the hydrothermal carbonisation of some key species of seaweed: Saccharina latissima (SL) and Fucus serratus as well as Miscanthus giganteus. Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) was performed on the samples along with some key model compounds and co-processed mixes of the terrestrial and algal biomass/model compounds in a 80:20 ratio, respectively. HTC was performed at 150◦C, 200◦C or 250◦C, for one hour. The hydrochars and aqueous phase products were characterised via ultimate and proximate analysis and XRF analysis along with mass balance calculations. The aqueous phase samples were also analysed via NMR, TOC, HPLC, pH, and GC-FID analysis. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) was also performed for the two 100% seaweed samples using a AMPTS(II) digester. A higher heating value of 24.2 MJ/kg was achieved for the co-processed mix at 250◦C, and the effect of co-processing was promotive in increasing the hydrochar yield up 4% at this temperature. The main findings indicate that the sugars in the pure biomass feedstock tend to decompose more at higher temperatures, as expected due to the hydrolysis of the polysaccharides, and produce more shorter chain acids at higher temperatures, eventually degrading into more gases at the 250◦C temperature. The abundance of VFAs increases with temperature, due to acidogenesis and degradation of the amino acids and fatty acids. The co-processed hydrochars shows significantly reduced heavy metals content compared \nto the 100% seaweed hydrochars, due to the lower proportion of seaweed feedstock. However, the hydrochar from the co-processed mix falls remains just short of the slagging and fouling limits. It is recommended that further research on co-processing uses a 85:15 Miscanthus:Saccharina latissima ratio to increase the likelihood that the hydrochar produced adheres to slagging and fouling limits. Anaerobic digestion tests of the seaweed aqueous phase feedstocks yielded successful BMP production levels, achieving 160 ml CH4/gCOD for the SL 250◦C sample. The proposed biorefinery concept involving AD post-HTC treatment is therefore possible with the qualities of the aqueous phase suitable for anaerobic digestion, in addition to other potential further uses. The relatively new technology of Hydrothermal Carbonisation, coupled with the use of seaweed as part of the feedstock mix, is hence shown to be an important consideration for further development, to help bridge the gap between our current renewable energy capacity and the UK’s future renewable energy targets, to enable a more sustainable future.
Provision of Social Infrastructure for Resettled Victims of the 2004 Tsunami: Evidence from the grass roots

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

2004 Indian ocean tsunami is one of the deadliest disasters in the history of Sri Lanka, which led to the loss of family members, employment, inherited lands and houses, regular income, and former social standing of the coastal population of the country. Studies show that social infrastructure is one of the critical components in promoting social well-being of disaster victims, particularly for the affected population who had lost their tangible and intangible assets and had been resettled away from their familiar environments. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the adequacy of social infrastructure provision for the resettled population. Case study approach has been adopted as the main method for this study. Accordingly, five tsunami resettlement sites were selected as cases in the Galle district, which is one of the highly affected districts in the country. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions, informal discussions and field observations were employed as data collection techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the provision of essential social infrastructure facilities to improve the quality of life of the people in one resettlement site has been highly successful. While in others, either the basic facilities had not been adequate, or they were provided at the initial stages but since then has been neglected by both the external agencies as well as the communities. As a result, most of the settlers are facing hardships even today, and some have moved back to their original coastal settlements, at least partly due to poor social infrastructure in the new settlement.
Efficiency of various plant essential oils in stabilization of canola oil and of its purified triacylglycerols

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, the efficacy of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and bay (Laurus nobilis) essential oils in stabilizing canola oil and its purified triacylglycerols (TAGs) during accelerated storage was investigated. β-carotene bleaching test, 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test and conjugated diene tests indicated the antioxidant activity of thyme to be comparable with that of synthetic antioxidants. In oven test, thyme was most effective in decreasing the conjugated diene (CD) content, peroxide value (PV) and the p-anisidine value (AV) of canola oil, being followed by rosemary and sage. The lowest specific extinction (K232 and K270) values during oxidation of essential oils supplemented TAGs were also obtained for thyme. The induction periods of canola oil increased slightly with essential oils. Protection factors were in the range of 1.10–1.19 at 110°C, while the protection factors were high (1.01–4.08) in triacylglycerols at 80°C. Based on the results, thyme was found to be suitable for the stabilization of vegetable oils.
Challenges for Large Housing Estates: Problems and solutions during three decades

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines policies and improvement programmes implemented to improve troubled housing estates during three decades. It is based on evaluations of implemented programmes conducted for the Danish ministry of housing and the National Building Fund as well as similar studies from other European countries. Case studies illustrate local developments and outcomes and are the base for questioning the original identification of problems and thus the chosen solutions. Perspectives for current policy initiatives in the field of troubled housing estates are discussed in a general housing market context.
Treatment and Management of Mental Health Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: To assess the evidence regarding safety and efficacy of psychiatric medications to treat mental health conditions during pregnancy and lactation. The conditions reviewed include depression, anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, bipolar disorder, and acute psychosis. For information on screening and diagnosis, refer to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Clinical Practice Guideline Number 4, “Screening and Diagnosis of Mental Health Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum” (1). TARGET POPULATION: Pregnant or postpartum individuals with mental health conditions with onset that may have predated the perinatal period or may have occurred for the first time in pregnancy or the first year postpartum or may have been exacerbated in that time. METHODS: This guideline was developed using an a priori protocol in conjunction with a writing team consisting of one specialist in obstetrics and gynecology and one maternal–fetal medicine subspecialist appointed by the ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Obstetrics and two external subject matter experts. ACOG medical librarians completed a comprehensive literature search for primary literature within Cochrane Library, Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE. Studies that moved forward to the full-text screening stage were assessed by two authors from the writing team based on standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included studies underwent quality assessment, and a modified GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) evidence-to-decision framework was applied to interpret and translate the evidence into recommendation statements. RECOMMENDATIONS: This Clinical Practice Guideline includes recommendations on treatment and management of perinatal mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, and acute postpartum psychosis, with a focus on psychopharmacotherapy. Recommendations are classified by strength and evidence quality. Ungraded Good Practice Points are included to provide guidance when a formal recommendation could not be made because of inadequate or nonexistent evidence.
Vinyl carbanions. 2. Simultaneous hydrogen-deuterium exchange and addition of ethyl [2H]alcohol to trans-cinnamonitrile catalyzed by sodium ethoxide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVinyl carbanions. 2. Simultaneous hydrogen-deuterium exchange and addition of ethyl [2H]alcohol to trans-cinnamonitrile catalyzed by sodium ethoxideB. A. Feit, R. Pazhenchevsky, and B. PazhenchevskyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 20, 3246–3250Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00882a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00882a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Isolation and Characterization of Xylanase-producing Paenibacillus sp. HY-8 from Moechotypa diphysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Xylan이 풍부한 식물체를 먹이로 하는 하늘소의 장내에 존재하는 xylanase 생산 미생물의 탐색 과정에서 털두꺼비하늘소 (Moechotypa diphysis) 성충의 장으로부터 우수한 xylanase 생산균주 Paenibacillus sp. HY-8을 분리하였다. 생화학적, 계통학적 분석결과를 바탕으로 이 분리균은 Paenibacillus 속에 속하는 종으로 분석되었다. HY-8 균주에서 xylanase 생산은 제한배지에 xylan을 첨가함으로써 유도되는 특성을 나타내었고 1% 의 yeast extract와 0.5%의 birchwood xylan이 포함된 M9 배지에서 $25^{\circ}C$, 24시간의 배양에 의해 xylanase의 생산이 최대치에 도달하였다. HY-8 균주가 생산하는 xylanase는 pH6.0에서 여러 가지 식물성 사료의 원료에 대하여 대조구로 사용된 Tricoderma sp. 유래의 xylanase에 비해 우수한 분해능을 나타내었다. From the course of screening of useful xylanase producing microorganism from a phytophagous longicorn beetle, we isolated an extra-cellular xylanase producing strain, Paenibacillus sp. HY-8 from the intestine of Moechotypa diphysis adult. On the basis of morphological, biochemical and phylogenetic studies of the new isolate was identified as a Paenibacillus species. Production of xylanase in this strain was strongly induced by adding xylan to the growth medium and repressed by glucose or xylose. The highest xylanase production was attained in the M9 media containing 1% yeast extract and 0.5% birchwood xylan when cultured at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs. HY-8 producing xylanase showed superior hydrolytic activities against various plant source feedstuff than control xylanase produced by Tricoderma sp. at pH 6.0.
Prospects of herbivore egg‐killing plant defenses for sustainable crop protection

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Due to a growing demand of food production worldwide, new strategies are suggested to allow for sustainable production of food with minimal effects on natural resources. A promising alternative to the application of chemical pesticides is the implementation of crops resistant to insect pests. Plants produce compounds that are harmful to a wide range of attackers, including insect pests; thus, exploitation of their natural defense system can be the key for the development of pest‐resistant crops. Interestingly, some plants possess a unique first line of defense that eliminates the enemy before it becomes destructive: egg‐killing. Insect eggs can trigger (1) direct defenses, mostly including plant cell tissue growth or cell death that lead to eggs desiccating, being crushed or falling off the plant or (2) indirect defenses, plant chemical cues recruiting natural enemies that kill the egg or hatching larvae (parasitoids). The consequences of plant responses to eggs are that insect larvae do not hatch or that they are impeded in development, and damage to the plant is reduced. Here, we provide an overview on the ubiquity and evolutionary history of egg‐killing traits within the plant kingdom including crops. Up to now, little is known on the mechanisms and on the genetic basis of egg‐killing traits. Making use of egg‐killing defense traits in crops is a promising new way to sustainably reduce losses of crop yield. We provide suggestions for new breeding strategies to grow egg‐killing crops and improve biological control.
Adhesion of poly(4,4 &apos;-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) to copper metal using a polymeric primer: Effects of miscibility and polyimide precursor origin

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Poly(amic acid) (PAA) and poly(amic diethyl ester) (PAE) precursors of poly(4,4&apos;-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) (PMDA-ODA PI) were synthesized. Miscibility of these precursors with poly(arylene ether benzimidazole) (PAEBI), which is known to exhibit a strong cohesive adhesion to copper metal, was investigated in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as well as in the condensed and the imidized state. PAEBI is completely miscible with the PAA precursor in NMP and also in the condensed state. This miscibility might result from complex formal of imidazole groups of PAEBI and carboxylic acid groups of precursor. Furthermore, the imidized blend films are optically transparent. However, aggregation of polyimide chains in the films is evident from X-ray diffraction patterns. In contrast, the miscibility of PAEBI and PAE precursor in NMP is limited up to a concentration of 11.06-15.9 wt.-%. They were almost fully immiscible in the condensed state so that phase separation took place during soft-baking. This suggests that there are relatively weak interactions of the imidazole groups of PAEBI with both ester and amide linkages in the precursor, leading to phase separation in the blend. The phase separation occurred further during thermal imidization. The phase separated domains were in a size of greater than or equal to 2.3 mu m, depending on the blend composition. Only the 10/90 and the 90/10 blend films were observed to be optically transparent. The difference in the miscibility of PAEBI with the polyimide precursors is correlated with the adhesion strength of PI/PAEBI/copper joints: higher miscibility results in higher peel strength.
MIGRATION DIPLOMACY IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH - A CASE OF QATAR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This abstract discusses the impact of international migration on foreign policy-making, focusing on the host country Qatar and the home countries in the Arab and Asian regions. While research on migration has predominantly focused on sociological and economic aspects, there is a lack of understanding regarding the influence of migration on international relations and foreign policy. The study employs a case study approach, interviewing five migration and international scholars along with five diplomats. Through content analysis of the collected data, the findings indicate that international migration affects interstate relationships between Qatar and other migrant states both positively and negatively. Qatar has implemented migration diplomacy measures to attract and protect international migrants, relying on their labor and skills. The country offers economic incentives such as high wages, benefits for families, and a comprehensive welfare system encompassing healthcare, education, and transport for migrant workers and their families. This migration diplomacy has contributed to stability in Qatar, reducing poverty levels among citizens and improving living standards for all residents.
Intercalation and reactions of CO under single layer graphene/Ni(111): the role of vacancies

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We use synchrotron radiation-induced core level photoemission spectroscopy to investigate the influence of vacancies, produced by ion bombardment, on monolayer graphene/Ni(111) exposed to CO at pressures ranging from ultra-high vacuum up to near ambient (5.6 mbar) conditions.
Socio-Economic Changes in a Himalayan Mountain Village under Rapid Economic Growth in India: The Re-Investigation of a Village in the State of Uttarakhand

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examined the recent socio-economic changes of a village in Uttarakhand that has shown rapid economic growth. We selected K Village as a study field, where we conducted a survey in 2007. Therefore, our primary intention was to examine the changes that occurred over the 10-year period since our original investigation. The research results are as follows. First, we found some changes in the employment structure. The agricultural sector continued to play an important role in employment opportunities, though the number of people who engaged in agricultural work decreased. There was an increase in non-agricultural jobs, particularly in the opportunity for office-work in Indian metropolitan areas (as well as overseas). Second, considering the benefits of tourism development in the village, some residents pointed out positive effects, such as employment creation and increase of aided businesses related to tourism. On the contrary, other residents emphasized negative effects, such as the deterioration of the environment due to improper development. Third, for the future development of agriculture, it is important to develop strategies for improving agricultural mechanization and increasing the value of products as the number of agricultural workers has marginally decreased in recent years. Fourth, we confirmed the continuous progress in income, education, and the spread of consumer goods over the 10-year period. Our 2017 reinvestigation of K Village was able to confirm the tendency for the village to continuously develop, though there were some issues to be solved.
Compendious Review on “Internal Flow Physics and Minimization of Flow Instabilities Through Design Modifications in a Centrifugal Pump”

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Centrifugal pumps are one of the significant consumers of electricity and are one of the most commonly encountered rotodynamic machines in domestic and industrial applications. Centrifugal pumps operating at off-design conditions are often subject to different periodic flow randomness, which in turn hampers functionality and performance of the pump. These limitations can be overcome by modification in the conventional design of different components of a centrifugal pump, which can assuage flow randomness and instabilities, reconstitute flow pattern and minimize hydraulic flow losses. In this article, flow vulnerabilities like pressure and flow inconsistency, recirculation, boundary layer separation, adverse rotor–stator interaction, and the effects on operation and performance of a centrifugal pump are reviewed. This article also aims to review design modification attempts made by different researchers such as impeller trimming, rounding, geometry modification of different components, providing microgrooves on the impeller and others. Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that some design modifications of the impeller, diffuser, and casing result in improvement of functionality, efficiency, and reduction in pressure fluctuations, flow recirculation, and vibrations. Design modifications should improve the performance without hampering functionality and useful operational range of the pump. Considerable research is still necessary to continue understanding and correlating flow physics and design modifications for the pump impeller, diffuser, and casing.
Efectores positivos y negativos de la embriogénesis somática y de microsporas de especies cultivadas y forestales: regulacion hormonal, pared celular y muerte celular

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

El proceso de embriogénesis somática in vitro es un ejemplo fascinante de totipotencia celular y una potente herramienta biotecnológica que permite la regeneración de plantas completas a partir de la reprogramación de distintas células somáticas. Cuando la célula reprogramada es la microspora (célula precursora del polen), el proceso se denomina embriogénesis de microsporas. In vivo, las microsporas siguen una ruta de desarrollo estrictamente regulada que conduce a la producción del grano de polen maduro. Sin embargo, mediante tratamientos de estrés, la microspora puede reprogramarse in vitro hacia una ruta embriogénica, produciendo embriones y plantas haploides y doble-haploides de gran utilidad en mejora vegetal. A pesar del enorme interés de la embriogénesis somática, aún se desconocen muchos de los mecanismos que regulan este proceso, lo cual resulta clave para poder mejorar su eficiencia en especies de interés agronómico y forestal...
Evaluasi kualitas lingkungan sebagai dampak beroperasinya Jalan tol ruas tol Solo -Mantingan segmen Colomadu - Karanganyar

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The development of the surrounding environment with the operation of the toll road section provides benefits to the community including travel time to the destination closer and faster and at night enough to provide lighting for residents along the toll road section. The research method used is descriptive quantitative and accidental sampling for the impact on the community. Furthermore, an evaluation of the tendency (trend) of changes in environmental quality in a certain range of space and time is carried out. To conduct this evaluation, monitoring data from time to time (time series data) is absolutely necessary, because the assessment of changes in trends can only be done with data for different monitoring times. The results of the analysis will provide information on follow-up efforts to improve the environment.
Spatial Transferability of the Albatross Model System: Empirical Evidence from Two Case Studies

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Results of a test of the spatial transferability of Albatross are reported. Albatross is a rule-based model for predicting transportation demand developed for the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works, and Water Management. The test first uses the choice rules extracted from data pertaining to Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht to predict activity–travel patterns in Voorhout and Apeldoorn and then assesses the correspondence between observed and predicted activity–travel patterns in the latter municipalities. Results of this test indicate that the spatial transferability of the model is satisfactory.