jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Development During Plan Era In India

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Agriculture plays predominant role in Indian economy. Post the success of Green Revolution, Indian agriculture has become cereal-centric, regionally-biased and input-intensive (land, water, and fertilizer) also, rapidly changing trends in environment and consumption pattern requires a new paradigm increasing productivity by getting “more from less”. Agriculture plays vital role in Indian Economy and is the backbone of India economy. It provides employment to around 55 per cent of the total work force in the country. It provides raw material for industries and market for industrial goods. It is the supplier of food for 121 crore people. India is the land of producing multiple crops. In our country agriculture is not only an important occupation of people but also a way of life, culture and custom. Even after six devades of industrialization, agriculture still occupies a place of pride. Agriculture has shown remarkable progress in the developed countries like Denmark, Australia, New Zealand etc. the countries like Sweden and Canada achieved good progress even though the percentage of people depends on agriculture is high. Every country assigns more importance to agriculture sector in initial stages of economic development. India stands first in the World in the production of pulses, jute and milk and second in the production of rice, wheat, groundnut, sugarcane, cotton, vegetables and fruits. Thus, Indian agriculture occupies international importance. Agriculture development is central to economic development of the country.
Consortium for Algal Biofuel Commercialization (CAB-COMM) Final Report

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The Consortium for Algal Biofuel Commercialization (CAB-Comm) was established in 2010 to conduct research to enable commercial viability of alternative liquid fuels produced from algal biomass. The main objective of CAB-Comm was to dramatically improve the viability of algae as a source of liquid fuels to meet US energy needs, by addressing several significant barriers to economic viability. To achieve this goal, CAB-Comm took a diverse set of approaches on three key aspects of the algal biofuels value chain: crop protection; nutrient utilization and recycling; and the development of genetic tools. These projects have been undertaken as collaboration between six academic institutions and two industrial partners: University of California, San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Rutgers University; University of California, Davis; Johns Hopkins University; Sapphire Energy; and Life Technologies.
Efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability of the etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

I&amp;ntilde;aki Lete, Maialen P&amp;eacute;rez de Arrilucea, Mar&amp;iacute;a Rodr&amp;iacute;guez, Eskerne BelloDepartment of Gynecology, University Hospital Araba, Vitoria, Spain Abstract: The contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR) is a combined hormonal contraceptive method, containing ethinyl estradiol and etonogestrel, that works by inhibiting ovulation. It differs from combined oral contraceptives (COCs) in the route of administration, which is vaginal, and the frequency of administration, which is monthly. The efficacy of the CVR is similar to that of COCs but compliance appears to be better in typical users. The CVR enables appropriate control of the menstrual cycle, with a similar side effect profile to COCs, while achieving good user acceptance. Different studies have established noncontraceptive beneficial effects of the CVR; for example, it can be useful for treating dysmenorrhea or excess menstrual bleeding. Recent epidemiological studies have confirmed that the risk of venous thromboembolism with the CVR is similar to that of COCs, including COCs that contain levonorgestrel. Keywords: contraceptive vaginal ring, efficacy, cycle control, acceptability, safety
Nonbinary type-II hybrid ARQ in Rician fading channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Type-II Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) is extended to the nonbinary case, where shortened half-rate RS code is used in the FEC subsystem instead of binary BCH code. RS code is a powerful burst-error-correction code and has the biggest minimum distance among all the codes with the same code length, thereby providing more flexible adaptation. The throughput, reliability, and delay of nonbinary type-II HARQ with M-ary PSK (MPSK) over Rician fading channel are analyzed. Binary HARQ is analyzed also for comparison. The analytical results show that nonbinary HARQ outperforms its binary counterpart with respect to throughput, reliability, and average delay, when the modulation scheme, and the error-detection and error-correction codes are selected properly. © 2004 IEEE.
A guide to good practice in Mediterranean surface survey projects

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article deals with a relatively new form of archaeological research in the Mediterranean region – intensive surface survey, coverage of the landscape by teams walking in close order, recording patterns of human activity visible on the landsurface as scatters of pottery and lithics, or building remains. Since 2000, archaeologists from Dutch and Belgian universities working on Mediterranean survey projects have gathered annually to discuss methodological issues in workshops that gradually attracted landscape archaeologists from other European countries and Turkey. On the basis of these discussions, this paper, written by regular workshop contributors and other invited authors with wider Mediterranean experience, aims to evaluate the potential of various approaches to the archaeological surface record in the Mediterranean and provide guidelines for standards of good practice in Mediterranean survey.
Trends in sport participation at South African universities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Higher education institutions provide students with a relatively well-resourced and specialised environment for recreation and high performance sport participation. The relatively short duration of an athletic career contributes to role conflict of being a student and athlete with parallel sets of influences towards professional socialisation. The student-athlete as a unique population and their organisational management is faced with many issues, including the issue of inclusion, ethnic diversity, gender disenfranchisement and risk behaviours. The participation figures of sixteen universities obtained through two questionnaires, six interviews and nineteen focus groups reveal high success rates in league competitions, ranging between 62.1 per cent and 86.6 per cent for finishing in the first three positions. With an adaptation to the exact figure of 7 552, an estimated 10 000 students participated in league competitions in 2008. Three clusters based on number of participants emerged. Overall league participants represented a gender bias of 5 857 males (58.5%), 3 343 females (41.5%), and 606 athletes playing in mixed teams. The sports of the six universities with the highest numbers include rugby (n=1 270), hockey (n=1 248), cricket (n=748), football (n=537), netball (n=420), athletics (n=388), basketball (n=168), tennis (n=126) and volleyball (n=120). Issues of inclusion and gender equality should be addressed, as the majority of sports uphold the ethos of masculinity. Other social issues that warranted research and action include sporadic binge drinking, risk behaviour and role-conflict of being a student and athlete often experiencing contradictory and unreasonable expectations.
Strong ergodicity phenomena for Bernoulli shifts of bounded algebraic dimension

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The algebraic dimension of a Polish permutation group $Q\leq \mathrm{Sym}(\mathbb{N})$ is the smallest $n\inω$, so that for all $A\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ of size $n+1$, the orbit of every $a\in A$ under the pointwise stabilizer of $A\setminus\{a\}$ is finite. We study the Bernoulli shift $P\curvearrowright \mathbb{R}^{\mathbb{N}}$ for various Polish permutation groups $P$ and we provide criteria under which the $P$-shift is generically ergodic relative to the injective part of the $Q$-shift, when $Q$ has algebraic dimension $\leq n$. We use this to show that the sequence of pairwise $*$-reduction-incomparable equivalence relations defined in [KP21] is a strictly increasing sequence in the Borel reduction hierarchy. We also use our main theorem to exhibit an equivalence relation of pinned cardinal $\aleph_1^{+}$ which strongly resembles the equivalence relation of pinned cardinal $\aleph_1^{+}$ from [Zap11], but which does not Borel reduce to the latter. It remains open whether they are actually incomparable under Borel reductions. Our proofs rely on the study of symmetric models whose symmetries come from the group $Q$. We show that when $Q$ is "locally finite" -- e.g. when $Q=\mathrm{Aut}(\mathcal{M})$, where $\mathcal{M}$ is a locally finite countable structure with no algebraicity -- the corresponding symmetric model admits a theory of supports which is analogous to that in the basic Cohen model.
THE THIRD ORDER NONLINEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INTERACTING ONE-DIMENSIONAL FRENKEL EXCITONS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An analytical expression of the third order nonlinear susceptibility χ (3) has been derived rigorously for a system of interacting Frenkel excitons in a one-dimensional chain of size N with the periodic boundary conditions. It has been clarified that the magnitude of interacting potential between excitons strongly influences the size dependence of χ (3) in the long wavelength approximation, which is well explained in terms of the cancellation effect between the contributions from [ground state] - [one-exciton] transitions and those from [one-exciton] - [two-exciton state] transitions.
The Catholic Church and its Orthodox sister churches twenty-five years after Balamand

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1993 the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church promulgated what became known as the Balamand Document, 'Uniatism, Method of Union of the Past and the Present Search for Full Communion'. While the first agreed statements of that ecumenical dialogue aroused great enthusiasm and hope for Catholic-Orthodox unity, the Balamand documented interjected a period of instability in Catholic-Orthodox relations that has persisted to this day. 00These sixteen essays by Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic and independent scholars bring together studies on the quarter century since the Balamand document was first proclaimed. 0The first section of this book presents the historical and theological context of modern Orthodox-Catholic ecumenical dialogue. What is often at stake in movements of reconciliation are the healing of painful memories of the past. 0The second part of the book examines the reception and, in some cases, non-reception of the Balamand Document in Central and Eastern Europe, while the third section engages the reception of the Balamand Document in the Middle East, with chapters on the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Assyrian Church of the East. 0The various authors reveal the great diversity that exists in the spiritual, theological, historical and liturgical traditions of the Eastern Catholic Churches, especially in their relations with the Orthodox Churches. The studies also examine differing perspectives on both the benefits and problematics of directly engaging Eastern Catholics in ecumenical dialogue, and the role that they might play in a vision of full communion so that reconciliation and unity have a truly authentic and lasting significance.
Selective Dehydrocoupling of Phosphines by Lithium Chloride Carbenoids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The development of a simple, transition-metal-free approach for the formation of phosphorus-phosphorus bonds through dehydrocoupling of phosphines is presented. The reaction is mediated by electronically stabilized lithium chloride carbenoids and affords a variety of different diphosphines under mild reaction conditions. The developed protocol is simple and highly efficient and allows the isolation of novel functionalized diphosphines in high yields.
Process characterisation of deep reactive ion etching for microfluidic application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of parameters of the Bosch deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process on etched surface profile, sidewall profile and etch rate of micrometre silicon features. By investigating these parameters, we found the conditions to obtain smooth sidewall, high etch rate and balance of chemical and physical etching in the DRIE process. In this paper, the silicon surface was covered by a thin silver patterning, created by lift-off, as a hard mask for the DRIE process. The etched samples were characterised by optical microscopy and mechanical profilometry. The results show smooth sidewall of 136 μm-deep silicon trenches obtained at a high etch rate of 4 μm/min using 5 sccm C4F8, 8 sccm O2 and 24 W of bias power.
Anadenanthera Colubrina vell Brenan: anti-Candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
Post-restoration grassland management overrides the effects of restoration methods in propagule-rich landscapes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Grassland restoration is gaining momentum worldwide to tackle the loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Restoration methods and their effects on ecological community reassembly have been extensively studied across various grassland types, while the importance of post-restoration management has so far received less attention. Grassland management is an important surrogate for natural disturbances, which most ancient grasslands have co-evolved with. Thus, without the reintroduction of management-related disturbance, restoration targets are unlikely to be achieved in restored grasslands. In this study, we aimed to explore how 20 years of management by mowing once a year or light cattle grazing, affects restoration success in Palearctic meadow-steppe grasslands restored by either sowing native grasses (‘sown sites’), applying Medicago sativa as a nurse plant (‘Medicago sites’), or allowing spontaneous succession (‘spontaneous sites’). We found that following mowing, sown sites maintained long-lasting establishment limitation, while Medicago sites seemed to have experienced a delay in succession. These limitations resulted in low total and target species richness, low functional redundancy and distinct species and functional composition compared to reference data from ancient grasslands. Spontaneous sites that were mowed reached a more advanced successional stage, although they did not reach reference levels regarding most vegetation descriptors. Sown and Medicago sites that were grazed had higher total and target species richness than those that were mowed, and showed restoration success similar to that of spontaneous sites, on which grazing had only moderate further positive effects. Grazed sites, irrespective of the restoration method, were uniformly species rich, functionally diverse and functionally redundant, and thus became important biodiverse habitats with considerable resilience. We conclude that an optimally chosen post-restoration management may have an impact on long-term community reassembly comparable to the choice of restoration method. Restoration planners may, therefore, need to put more emphasis on future management than on the initial restoration method. However, our findings also imply that if local constraints, such as potentially high invasive propagule pressure, necessitate the application of restoration methods that could also hinder the establishment of target species, the long-term recovery of the grassland can still be ensured by wisely chosen post-restoration management.
Design and Analysis of E-Bike with Electrical Regeneration and Self-Balancing Assist

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this time and age where the demand for a clean, efficient and comfortable mode of transportation is high, an E-bike would be just what needed. The problem with the existing E-bike is their lack of range and their tendency to go off balance the solution for these predicaments is achieved by the addition of regeneration and self-balancing unit along with motoring unit to a cycle. This paper provides information regarding the steps involved in the fabrication of an E-bike with electrical regeneration and self-balancing using the steering angle control method. The controller-based throttling unit, microcontroller and optocoupler based switching unit boost converter unit, microcontroller and rotary encoder based speed sensing unit, accelerometer and microcontroller-based tilt angle sensing unit and potentiometer and microcontroller-based turn angle sensing unit are some of the areas where deeper analysis has been done. The relation between ideal and practical duty ratio of boost converter, the relation between stepper motor angle and handlebar turn angle and the determination of the stable region of operation of an e-bike are some of the key results obtained.
CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH NISOLDIPINE OR ENALAPRIL THE EFFECT OF NISOLDIPINE AS COMPARED WITH ENALAPRIL ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION R

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has recently been reported that the use of calcium-channel blockers for hypertension may be associated with an increased risk of cardio-vascular complications. Because this issue remains controversial, we studied the incidence of such com-plications in patients with non-insulin-dependent dia-betes mellitus and hypertension who were randomly assigned to treatment with either the calcium-chan-nel blocker nisoldipine or the angiotensin-convert-ing–enzyme inhibitor enalapril as part of a larger study.
Seeking relationship between vegetation and Picea pollen in surface soils of Xinjiang, northwestern China

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

pollen records from surface soils of the Tianshan Mountains, the Altay Mountains, the Kunlun Mountains, the Tarim Basin and the Jungger Basin in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China, were collected from 1986 to 2001. Based on the statistic analysis of content of Picea pollen in these pollen records, we evaluated the major factors such as the distance away from spruce forest, elevation, air current and water course, that influence the content of Picea pollen in surface soils. Relationship between vegetation and Picea pollen was then quantified, and some characteristics of transport of Picea pollen in this region was revealed. Results show that, (1) Picea pollen appears in the surface soils of all the vegetation zones in Xinjiang. This indicated that Picea pollen disperses extensively and transports widely. (2) Distance is the most important factor that affects the content of Picea pollen in surface soils in this region. Beyond 10 km away from the spruce forest stand, the content of Picea pollen is less than 5%. From 5 to 10 km away from the forest stand, the content of Picea pollen increases with a range of fluctuation. From 1 to 5km away from the forest stand, the content increases significantly and reaches more than 10%. (3) Due to the differences in diversity of other plant species, the minimum content of Picea pollen is relatively high, with an average from 50%～60%, but the amplitude of such variation is also large. It's known that Picea forest occurs if the content of Picea pollen exceeds 30% in Xinjiang region. (4) In desert and desert-steppe, the content of Picea pollen is below 5% and 6%, respectively. (5) The influences of rivers and streams on the content are mainly revealed by pollen characteristics in river valley forest and lowland meadow, where the content of Picea pollen is changeable. The Picea pollen content is relatively higher than that in desert and desert-steppe with the similar distance away from the spruce forest as the river valley forest and lowland meadow. (6) The influence of air current on the content is mainly reflected from pollen characteristics in the vegetation above the forest line, such as subalpine and alpine meadow, alpine cushion vegetation and “rocky shoal” vegetation. In these vegetation zones, the content of Picea pollen in surface soils is significantly higher than that in steppe below the lower limit of spruce forest but with the similar distance away from the forest. (7) In the surface soils of desert, the percentage of Picea pollen, which is almost not influenced by the concentration of Picea pollen, cannot represent the “real” pollen diagram. More caution is needed in the procedure of palaeovegetation reconstructions and environmental explanations based on pollen diagrams from such region.
<title>Data fusion of multiple-sensors attribute information for target-identity estimation using a Dempster-Shafer evidential combination algorithm</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The research and development group at Loral Canada is in the second phase in the development of a data fusion demonstration model (DFDM) for a naval anti-air warfare platform to be used as a workbench tool to perform exploratory research. The software has been designed to be implemented within the software environment of the Canadian Patrol Frigate (CPF). The second version of DFDM has the capability to fuse data from the following CPF sensors: surveillance radars, electronics support measure, identification friend or foe, communication intercept operator and a tactical data link. During the first phase, the project has demonstrated the feasibility of fusing the sensor attribute information using a modified version of the Dempster-Shafer evidential combination algorithm. A significant enhancement has been the addition of pruning rules to reduce the set of identity propositions which otherwise would be too large to comply with the DFDM real- time requirements. Another improvement has been the use of fuzzy logic to make possible the fusion of apparently incomplete attribute information coming from different sensors. This paper describes the main features of the evidential combination algorithm that we have implemented in the DFDM system. A benchmark scenario has been selected to quantitatively demonstrate the capability of the attribute fusion algorithm.