jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Frontier movement and economic development in northeastern Ontario, 1850-1914

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is an examination of frontier movement and economic development in a portion of the Canadian Shield--Northeastern Ontario--in the period from 1850 to 1914. The process of frontier advance is examined with reference to five key elements: (1) the nature and distribution of resources; (2) external economic and cultural forces; (3) technological change, with emphasis on transportation developments; (4) public policy; and (5) entrepreneurship. The interrelationships of these factors are analysed to explain the spatial distribution of settlement and frontier-core interaction in the Nipissing Lowlands, the Algoma-Sudbury district, and the Timiskaming area. Significant changes occurred in both the process and pattern of frontier advance. The direction of movement in the nineteenth century was foreshadowed by the earlier fur trade, which was followed in some areas by logging and subsidiary agriculture. Inward movements of people and frontier-core interaction were oriented toward Montreal via the Ottawa Valley transportation linkages. In the twentieth century, northward extension of the railway system from southern Ontario gave rise to a dynamic mining frontier. A strong north-south interaction emerged, contrasting with the earlier east-west pattern. Northeastern Ontario, at first almost wholly within the sphere of influence of Montreal, had become part of the economic and cultural hinterland of Toronto by 1914. By 1914 there was established a pattern of land occupance which is still strongly in evidence at present. It was characterized by a high degree of nucleation and a linear orientation of settlement along transportation corridors. The distribution of population and the location of economic activity were usually influenced by the distribution of resources, ease of access, and the presence or absence of government stimulus, entrepreneurial skill, and capital. Economic development was (and still is) based predominantly on the extraction and processing of natural resources for consumption outside the region. Frontier-core interaction was characterized by outbound movements of commodities such as furs, minerals, and wood, either unprocessed or in various stages of manufacture. The introduction of resource-processing industries depended on whether there was less cost to the external consuming area, and to some extent on public policy.
Evangelical free will. Philipp Melanchthon's doctrinal journey on the origins of faith. By Gregory B. Graybill. (Oxford Theological Monographs.) Pp. xvi+342. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. £75. 978 0 19 958948 7

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Evangelical free will. Philipp Melanchthon's doctrinal journey on the origins of faith. By Gregory B. Graybill. (Oxford Theological Monographs.) Pp. xvi+342. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. £75. 978 0 19 958948 7 - Volume 62 Issue 2
Anti-Tumor Activity of Genetically Redirected T Cells Against Orthotopic Kidney Cancer in Mice~!2010-01-06~!2010-03-24~!2010-05-13~!

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In order to test the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy against renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a mouse model relevant to human disease, we first generated two murine renal cell carcinoma cell lines expressing the human tumor-associated antigen erbB2 by genetic modification of the Renca and SIRCC cell lines.When injected into the kidneys of mice, these cell lines rapidly formed a primary kidney tumor that metastasized to lung, liver and various peritoneal locations.Tumor-specific mouse T cells were generated by genetic modification of splenic T cells in vitro.The transgene encoded a chimeric receptor (T-body) specific for erbB2, in which a single-chain (scFv) anti-erbB2 antibody was linked to T cell activation and costimulatory domains (scFv-erbB2-CD28-zeta), to enable tumor recognition in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner.Gene-modified T cells expressed the T-body on their surface, and could respond specifically against erbB2-expressing tumor cells as demonstrated by secretion of interferon-gamma.Adoptive transfer of T-body-expressing T cells could lead to inhibition of primary tumor and metastases.Systemic delivery of these gene-modified T cells led to complete eradication of disease in a proportion of mice, and this was associated with peri-vascular tissue inflammation composed of activated lymphoid cells, with macrophages and lesser numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils.This study demonstrated, for the first time, the efficacy of genetically redirected T cells against orthotopic renal cell carcinoma in mice.
Interventions to optimise prescribing for older people in care homes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We could not draw robust conclusions from the evidence due to variability in design, interventions, outcomes and results. The interventions implemented in the studies in this review led to the identification and resolution of medication-related problems and improvements in medication appropriateness, however evidence of a consistent effect on resident-related outcomes was not found. There is a need for high-quality cluster-randomised controlled trials testing clinical decision support systems and multidisciplinary interventions that measure well-defined, important resident-related outcomes.
The Effects Of Rhodiola Rosea Supplementation On Time To Fatigue And Recovery After Exercise In Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rhodiola rosea is one of the most popular adaptogens claimed to promote physical/cognitive vitality, with ability to reduce the effects of prolonged and minor physical exhaustion that results in fatigue. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of Rhodiola rosea standardized extract supplementation on exercise tolerance and muscular recovery in rats submitted to a 8 weeks swimming training protocol. The study was designed to evaluate the interaction between the Rhodiola rosea supplementation and a physical training program in the variables of the enzymatic adaptations and their gene expressions related to the glycogen resynthesis after exercise. METHODS: The study was conducted with 30 rats: Control group (n=10) Exercise group (n=10) and Rhodiola+exercise group (n=10). The training and supplementation protocol consisted in a 8 weeks period. In the Rhodiola+exercise group the animals received 50 mg/kg/day of the product by gavage (intragastric administration). The training protocol consisted in a swimming time of approximately 2h/day 5 days/week. The animals were also submitted to a time to fatigue evaluation test pre and post the 8 weeks program. The analyzed variables were: muscle and hepatic glycogen, gene expression of glycogen synthase and time to fatigue. RESULTS: Post exercise muscular glycogen content was lower in the Rhodiola+Exercise group (0,13±0,01 mg/100mg of tissue) compared with the exercise group (0,64±0,02 mg/100mg of tissue). Post exercise liver glycogen content was also lower in the Rhodiola+Exercise group (0,89±0,01 mg/100mg of tissue) compared with the exercise group (1,77±0,16 mg/100mg of tissue). Gene expression (mRNA) of glycogen synthase was higher in the Rhodiola+Exercise group (1,29±0,43) compared with the exercise group (1,05±0,32). The time to exhaustion was higher in the Rhodiola+Exercise group (93,0±0,34 minutes) compared with the exercise group (71,8±0,43 minutes). CONCLUSION: 8 weeks of Rhodiola rosea supplementation improved the muscle and glycogen mobilization, increasing the time to fatigue. The Rhodiola rosea also increased the gene expression of the glycogen synthase which suggests its benefits on the recovery time after an intense exercise.
Poly Vinyl Alcohol-Based Sol-Gel Synthesis of V2O5 Nanoflakes as Positive Electrodes of Li-ion Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This work shows a new method to synthesize V2O5 nanostructures by poly vinyl alcohol-based sol-gel method. The precursor NH4VO3 and polyvinyl alcohol is dissolved in a binary (ethanol/water) solvent to obtain a sol solution and heated until to obtain a homogeneous polymeric gel. During gel pyrrolysis in an electrical furnace, vanadium salt is calcined to V2O5. The prepared samples are investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD and TGA-DTA. By this method, uniform V2O5 nanoflakes with 37 nm average thickness can be synthesized. Electrochemical behaviors of V2O5 samples are also investigated in a 0.1M LiClO4 electrolyte solution prepared in the 1:1 (V/V) ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate solvents by cyclic voltammetry. Finally, some selected V2O5 nanomaterials are used as positive electrode materials of Li-ion batteries. The obtained results shows the morphologies and the particles sizes of the cathodic materials can significantly change the redox kinetic rates and charge/discharge performance of the batteries. The Battery made with V2O5 nanoflakes shows the highest discharge capacity of 430 mAh g-1 and 280 mAh g-1 for cycles of 1 and 100 at a current density of 100 mA g-1, respectively.
Respiratory distress syndrome in moderately late and late preterm infants and risk of cerebral palsy: a population-based cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is a known risk factor for intracerebral haemorrhage/intraventricular haemorrhage (ICH/IVH) and periventricular leucomalacia. These lesions are known to increase the risk of cerebral palsy (CP). Thus, we wanted to examine the long-term risk of CP following IRDS in moderately late and late preterm infants. Design Population-based cohort study. Setting All hospitals in Denmark. Participants We used nationwide medical registries to identify a cohort of all moderately and late preterm infants (defined as birth during 32–36 full gestational weeks) born in Denmark in 1997–2007 with and without hospital diagnosed IRDS. Main outcomes measures We followed study participants from birth until first diagnosis of CP, emigration, death or end of follow-up in 2014. We computed the cumulative incidence of CP before age 8 years and used Cox's regression analysis to compute HRs of IRDS, comparing children with IRDS to those without IRDS. HRs were adjusted for multiple covariates. Results We identified 39 420 moderately late and late preterm infants, of whom 2255 (5.7%) had IRDS. The cumulative incidence of CP was 1.9% in infants with IRDS and 0.5% in the comparison cohort. The adjusted HR of CP was 2.0 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.9). The adjusted HR of CP was 12 (95% CI 4.5 to 34) in children with IRDS accompanied by a diagnosis of ICH/IVH. After restriction to children without diagnoses of perinatal breathing disorders other than IRDS, congenital heart disease and viral or bacterial infections occurring within 4 days of birth, the overall adjusted HR was 2.1 (95% CI 1.4 to 3.1). Conclusions The risk of CP was increased in moderately late and late preterm infants with IRDS compared with infants without IRDS born during the same gestational weeks.
Reactivity of Sera from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjogren’s Syndrome Patients with Peptides Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus p24 Capsid Antigen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated that about one-third of patients with either Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) react to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 core protein antigen without any evidence of exposure to, or infection with, HIV itself. Herein, we further characterize the specificity of this reaction using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to peptides representing fragments of p24. Characteristic epitope-specific profiles were seen for SS and SLE patients. SS patients had significantly increased responses to peptides F (p24 amino acids 69 to 86) and H (amino acids 101 to 111) and diminished reactivity to peptides A (amino acids 1 to 16) and P (amino acids 214 to 228). SLE patients had increased reactivity to peptides E (amino acids 61 to 76), H, and P. Utilization of peptide P hyporeactivity as the criterion to select for SS patients results in a screen that is moderately sensitive (64%) and specific (79.3%). Adding hyperreactivity to one other peptide (F or H) as an additional criterion yields an expected decrease in sensitivity (to 41%) while increasing specificity (to 93.1%). All sera-reactive peptides from regions of known structure of HIV p24 were located in the apex of the p24 molecule. Thus, the specificity of the peptide reactivities described here indicates a specific pattern of a nonrandom cross-reactivity between HIV type 1 p24 and autoimmune sera which may be partially syndrome specific. The future focus of our work will be to optimize assays of the peptide as diagnostic tools.
Evolution and Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance: Small Molecule Inhibitors of Bacterial Recombination Enzymes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are an ever-increasing problem for the modern chemotherapy of bacterial infectious diseases. The loss of effective antibiotic therapies due to antibiotic resistance and the withering antibiotic pipeline are resulting in a reemergence in deaths from bacterial infections. New strategies are needed to combat pathogenic bacteria and in this context bacterial targets involved in the development of resistance are emerging an intriguing candidates for inhibition studies. Recent evidence suggests that bacterial stress response pathways (i.e., SOS and competence for transformation) are responsible for accelerated genetic changes that ultimately establish antibiotic resistance. Intervening in these pathways by small molecule inhibition of key recombination enzymes, RecA and EndA, would impact the DNA repair, SOS mutagenesis and recombination-based horizontal gene transfer activities of these enzymes and hinder the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria having loss-of-function mutations in the recA gene are more sensitive to antibiotic treatment and develop resistance more slowly or not at all. In addition, endA-null strains of S. pneumoniae have diminished transformation efficiencies and are unable to acquire resistance-conferring DNA. Therefore, we believe chemotherapeutic agents that impart these bacterial phenotypes could act synergistically with currently prescribed antibiotics to prevent the accumulation of populations that are resistant to them. Towards this goal, we sought to identify properly designed inhibitors of RecA and EndA. High-throughput screening (HTS) is recognized as a powerful tool in drug discovery to identify target-specific lead compounds. We developed rational high-throughput screening programs to discover small-molecule inhibitors of RecA and EndA. Through these studies, we have identified novel chemical classes that specifically target RecA or EndA and demonstrate that these enzymes hold potential as novel targets in the treatment of bacterial infections.
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation using CORDIC algorithm for Single Phase Matrix Converter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the implementation of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) on FPGA using Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm for the application of Single Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC). The CORDIC is used here to replace common technique i.e Look-Up Table (LUT) technique in generating the sinusoidal wave used in SPWM. The SPWM has been implemented on ALTERA's Cyclone II (EP2C70F896C6) and it shows that the number of memory bits used in FPGA can be significantly reduced if CORDIC is used compared to calculated tables techniques which requires excessive memory usage when better resolution is employed.
La surface de la glace : structure, dynamique et interactions : implications astrophysiques

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this work, the structure and dynamics of ice surface at low temperature and their different interactions with gases are studied. First, the surface of different kinds of ice is characterized with the help of the comparison between the adsorption properties of nitrogen and argon. For hexagonal ice, the study focused on powders obtained by crushing mnocristals at 77K. We point out the polar character of this type of surface and we analyse the reduction of the adsorption capacities observed after annealing at higher temperature (>190K). A mechanism of water molecules diffusion is suggested to explain these surface evolution kinetics. Then, we show that amorphous ice condensed at 77K has a porous structure, the arrount and the distribution of pores depending on the conditions of condensation. Moreover, it appears that a great instability characterizes these condensates. An interpretation of the properties of these ice condensates is proposed with the aid of the aggregation models. Secondly, a study of CO2 clathrate hydrate formation and decomposition by gas-ice interaction is done at low temperature (about 200K). We point out that a diffusion of water molecules controls the growth of the clathrate structure. For clathrate decomposition, the results suggest a diffusion mechanism of the guest molecules trough the clathrate network and a reorganization of this structure. These different results are applied to two astrophysical problems : In the case of interstellar grains we show that the rate of synthesis of molecular hydrogen is very high on the surface of an amorphous and porous ice grain. For comets , we analyse the different outgassing mechanisms that can occur during the thermal evolution of the nucleus. Particularly, we point out that clathrate hydrate occurence cannot be infered from the gas production observations and we set down the basis of a new type of models for ccmetary nucleus evolutions
Mutable Reality and Unknowable Future: Revealing the Broader Potential of Pragmatism

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this dialogue paper, we consider Zellweger and Zenger’s (2021) conceptualization of entrepreneurs as scientists, rooted in pragmatism. While we agree that pragmatism provides a useful but neglected foundation for studying the entrepreneurial journey, we maintain that entrepreneurs are more than scientists – in addition, they are engineers, artists, and designers. Our view is predicated on enfolding considerations of time, emergence, and the associated unsurmountable epistemological barrier of unknowability, which enable entrepreneurs to not only describe (predict) the world as scientists do, but also actively shape the future to fit their “mind.”
Doublet-Lattice Method Correction by Means of Linearised Frequency Domain Solver Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The main objective of this paper is to present a methodology to correct the air loads computed with traditional potential flow models by means of linearised frequency domain analysis. The correction will be compared with the reference accurate steady and unsteady aeroelastic calculations performed with an OpenFSI methodology which strongly couples the structural solver MSC Nastran and the CFD code DLR TAU. This framework has demonstrated the capability to perform static and gust calculations for the FFAST wing, which is representative of a modern civil transport wing. An updated version of the framework will allow rigid body modes of heave and pitch to be included in the analysis. The linearised frequency domain solver has shown higher computational performance compared to unsteady time accurate simulation, hence will allow a reduction in the time necessary to compute the necessary corrections.
On pathwise uniqueness for stochastic heat equations with non-Lipschitz coefficients

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the existence and pathwise uniqueness of the stochastic heat equation with a multiplicative colored noise term on ℝ<sup>d</sup> for d≥1. We focus on the case of non-Lipschitz noise coefficients and singular spatial noise correlations. In the course of the proof a new result on Hölder continuity of the solutions near zero is established.
Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathological disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Much of the controversy over the causes of electro-hypersensitivity (EHS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) lies in the absence of both recognized clinical criteria and objective biomarkers for widely accepted diagnosis. Since 2009, we have prospectively investigated, clinically and biologically, 1216 consecutive EHS and/or MCS-self reporting cases, in an attempt to answer both questions. We report here our preliminary data, based on 727 evaluable of 839 enrolled cases: 521 (71.6%) were diagnosed with EHS, 52 (7.2%) with MCS, and 154 (21.2%) with both EHS and MCS. Two out of three patients with EHS and/or MCS were female; mean age (years) was 47. As inflammation appears to be a key process resulting from electromagnetic field (EMF) and/or chemical effects on tissues, and histamine release is potentially a major mediator of inflammation, we systematically measured histamine in the blood of patients. Near 40% had a increase in histaminemia (especially when both conditions were present), indicating a chronic inflammatory response can be detected in these patients. Oxidative stress is part of inflammation and is a key contributor to damage and response. Nitrotyrosin, a marker of both peroxynitrite (ONOO°-) production and opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), was increased in 28% the cases. Protein S100B, another marker of BBB opening was increased in 15%. Circulating autoantibodies against O-myelin were detected in 23%, indicating EHS and MCS may be associated with autoimmune response. Confirming animal experiments showing the increase of Hsp27 and/or Hsp70 chaperone proteins under the influence of EMF, we found increased Hsp27 and/or Hsp70 in 33% of the patients. As most patients reported chronic insomnia and fatigue, we determined the 24 h urine 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS)/creatinin ratio and found it was decreased (<0.8) in all investigated cases. Finally, considering the self-reported symptoms of EHS and MCS, we serially measured the brain blood flow (BBF) in the temporal lobes of each case with pulsed cerebral ultrasound computed tomosphygmography. Both disorders were associated with hypoperfusion in the capsulothalamic area, suggesting that the inflammatory process involve the limbic system and the thalamus. Our data strongly suggest that EHS and MCS can be objectively characterized and routinely diagnosed by commercially available simple tests. Both disorders appear to involve inflammation-related hyper-histaminemia, oxidative stress, autoimmune response, capsulothalamic hypoperfusion and BBB opening, and a deficit in melatonin metabolic availability; suggesting a risk of chronic neurodegenerative disease. Finally the common co-occurrence of EHS and MCS strongly suggests a common pathological mechanism.
Nostalgia, Ritual, and the Rhetorical Possibility of Southern Baking

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although the South is well known for its desserts, it might not always be clear how Southern dessert traditions developed as they did and how they figure in shaping the identities of the region’s people and practices. Burke (1966) reminds us that terministic screens direct our attention to certain realities and away from others, whereby we forget that baking constituted back breaking, sweaty repression for certain groups of Southerners. This chapter argues that familiar Southern desserts may tie us to our pasts, but through certain types of nostalgia and ritual they also provide space to help change the South’s narratives about race, gender, and community. Southern desserts are suspect in limiting women’s subjectivities, worry modern health sensibilities with their Southern sweetness, and carry the weight of troubling African American history. Our meal ends, however, by investigating how these traditions might offer a taste of connection and resilience along with satisfaction.