jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Diversity, Identity and Indeterminacy of the Size of Nations: A Critique of the Alesina School from the Viewpoint of Evolutionary Political Economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Recently economists have explored the impact of ethnic and social diversity on nation size and on the relative efficicacy of the production of private and public goods. In a neoclassical framework with perfect and complete information, diversity increases the costs of government, and both the size of government and of the nation are limited. In an evolutionary framework with imperfect and incomplete information there is no necessary causal relation between nation size and diversity, because a) political organization is crucial for the endogenous formation of preferences, b) the separation between private and public goods is open to continuous innovation, and c) heterogeneity plays an important role for the coordination among actors.
Mapping genes for growth rate and fatness in a Large White x Meishan F2pig population

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

DNA-based markers and genetic maps of major livestock species have been developed in the last few years. These, together with experimental populations and appropriate statistical methods, provide the tools to dissect causes of economically important genetic variation in livestock. A cross between genetically diverse lines is a powerful experimental design for such a study. In an F 2 or backcross population from such a cross, markers are likely to be highly informative and the genes that control the differences between the lines will be segregating. We have been developing such a resource population based on a cross between the British Large White and Chinese Meishan pigs. These breeds differ for many traits, with the Meishan being inferior for growth rate and fatness, but superior for reproduction traits. Here we report the mapping of major genetic effects on growth rate and fatness in our cross.
High-resistance liquid-crystal lens array for rotatable 2D/3D autostereoscopic display

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A 2D/3D switchable and rotatable autostereoscopic display using a high-resistance liquid-crystal (Hi-R LC) lens array is investigated in this paper. Using high-resistance layers in an LC cell, a gradient electric-field distribution can be formed, which can provide a better lens-like shape of the refractive-index distribution. The advantages of the Hi-R LC lens array are its 2D/3D switchability, rotatability (in the horizontal and vertical directions), low driving voltage (~2 volts) and fast response (~0.6 second). In addition, the Hi-R LC lens array requires only a very simple fabrication process.
What's so Sectarian about Sectarian Politics? Identity Politics and Authoritarianism in a New Middle East

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Shia/Sunni sectarianism figures prominently in post‐Arab uprising claims that the Middle East is witnessing a darker kind of authoritarianism drawing on exclusionary and xenophobic forms of identity politics. This article explores whether sectarianism per se is associated with a distinct form of identity politics or if authoritarian techniques involving the use of the ‘sectarian card’ should be subsumed under a broader category of authoritarian identity politics involving the inclusion or exclusion of social groups based on identity and implemented with varying degrees of repression. The article shows how Brubaker's analytical distinction between a ‘diacritical’ and ‘normative ordering power’ understanding of religious identities gives rise to different expectations in regard to whether sectarianism leads to different and more violent forms of repression than other forms of identity politics. Against this background, the article compares authoritarian identity politics in Bahrain, Kuwait, Jordan, and Egypt, which all differ from each other both in terms of the importance of a Shia/Sunni distinction compared to other identity cleavages, and also as regards the intensity and level of the regime's response to the Arab uprisings. From this comparison five general lessons about sectarianism and authoritarian identity politics can be drawn.
Understanding Recent Trends in Inflation in India

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The study aims at investigating the factors associated with the overall inflation in India with focus on food inflation in the recent past. Based on the empirical results it can be inferred that the overall increase in the general price level is primarily driven by the increase in the prices of primary products, manufactured products, fuel and power, and food grains. The findings also indicate that a fairly stable positive growth in the private final consumption expenditure has influenced the demand for food grains during 2005-11. On supply front, a relatively slow growth in the production and distribution of food grains affected the supply of the said items in the last one decade.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Possible Sources of Individual Mineral Particles in a Dust Storm Episode in Beijing, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Beijing frequently experiences dust storms during spring, which result in deteriorated visibility and cause negative health impacts. In this paper, the dust particles were collected during a dust storm episode on 4–5 May 2017 in Beijing, and the samples before and after the dust storm were also collected. The morphology and elemental and mineralogical compositions of the dust samples were investigated using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (TEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TEM-EDX results showed that the particles in the dust samples were mainly Si-rich, Ca-rich, S-rich, Fe-rich, Al-rich, Ti-rich, K-rich, Na-rich and Mg-rich particles. The XRD results demonstrated that the minerals in PM10 samples were mainly clay, calcite, quartz, dolomite, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and hematite, in descending order of their contents. The clay minerals, having the highest content, were mainly kaolinite, chlorite and illite. The mixing state and aging degree of mineral particles before, during and after the dust storm episode behaved very differently. The mineral particles collected before and after the dust storm tended to have an internal mixing state, dominated by the S-rich particles internally mixed with alkaline mineral particles, revealing a more serious ageing degree. The mineral particles collected during the dust storm did not show clear internal mixing, revealing a less serious ageing degree. The amount of the Si-rich, Al-rich, Ca-rich and Ti-rich particles was highest during the dust storm, indicating that these particles mainly originated from long-distance transportation. The S-rich, Fe-rich, K-rich, Na-rich and Mg-rich particles were mainly enriched in the samples before and after the dust storm episode, indicating that they mainly originated from local sources. A comparison of the values of S/(Si + Al) in the individual particles with the particle sizes revealed that the finer mineral particles were associated with higher S contents before and after the dust storm, while the coarse particles were associated with lower S contents during the dust storm.
Effect of X-Rays on the Chromosomes ofChrotogonus IncertusBolivar (Acrididae)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY1. Specimens of Chrotogonus incertus were exposed to 400 r, 500 r and 800 r and spermatocytes were examined twentyfour hours subsequent to exposure.2. Exposure to 800 r caused aggregation of chromosomes into large vacuolated masses, which were inequally divided between the secondary spermatocytes. Another effect was extreme fragmentation of chromosomes.3. Exposure to 400 r and 500 r caused comparatively moderate aberrations—lagging and incomplete breaks.
Tenofovir versus entecavir for tertiary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B infection after curative therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Entecavir (ETV) and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are the first‐line drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the impact of these two antiviral agents on the outcome of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative therapy remains to be explored. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of ETV and TDF on recurrence and mortality after curative treatment for HBV‐related HCC. A comprehensive literature search of multiple electronic databases was conducted from 2000 to January 2022 for studies comparing ETV and TDF for HBV‐related HCC patients after curative therapy. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were pooled using a random‐effects model. A total of nine studies with 5298 patients were included in the final meta‐analysis. TDF was associated with a lower risk of HCC recurrence [aHR 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.81] compared to HCC. TDF reduced the risk of late recurrence compared to ETV (aHR 0.58, 95% CI 0.45–0.76) but not early recurrence (aHR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76–1.02). The mortality risk was also lower with TDF compared to ETV (aHR 0.62, 95% CI 0.50–0.77). TDF was associated with a lower risk of recurrence and mortality than ETV after resection or ablation of HBV‐related HCC. Further prospective randomized controlled studies are warranted to validate these results.
Preflare Nonthermal Emission Observed in Microwaves and Hard X-Rays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a detailed examination on nonthermal emissions during the preflare phase of the X4.8 flare that occurred on 2002 July 23. The microwave (17 GHz and 34 GHz) data obtained with the Nobeyama Radioheliograph at Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory and the hard X-ray data taken with the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager obviously showed nonthermal features in the preflare phase. We also found a faint ejection associated with the flare in the EUV images taken with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer. We discuss the temporal and spatial features of the nonthermal emissions in the preflare phase, and their relation with the ejection.
Triple junction energy and prospects for measuring it

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

By considering three different experiments that might be used to measure the energy of triple junctions, we demonstrate some less than obvious properties of these defects. Grain boundary triple junctions in polycrystals are shown to have distinct energy components some of which relate to their structure, but also another of which is determined only by the grain size. Complications of each of the proposed experimental techniques are discussed and it is shown why there have not yet been any convincing measurements of triple junction energy.
Cell viability tests of OVCAR-3 cells (a) and HeLa cells (b) after treated with aptamer only, SPION-CDs and APT-SPION-CDs.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

the figure demonstrate that APT-SPION-CDs led to the significant decrease in toxicity for HeLa cells compare to SPION-CDs. This means that uptake of SPION-CDs was reduced in STIP1-negative cells treated with APT-SPION-CDs, so the cytotoxicity for HeLa cells would also be decreased.
An Empirical Analysis on the Selection Attributes for Rural Experience of City Dwellers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research analyzed the effects of satisfaction factors of rural experience of city dwellers. The main research results are summarized as follows. The selection attributes for the rural experience of urbanites were divided into their interests into the programs, variety of the programs and convenience of the facilities. According to the multiple regression analysis, interests into the programs had impacts on the level of satisfaction. The types of rural tourism had statistical relevance with people's interests into the programs, convenience of the facilities and variety of the programs. In addition, those at the age of 40 to 50 reported higher satisfaction in their interests of the programs and convenience of the facilities among the general attributes of the respondents. In occupation, office workers had higher satisfaction in their interests into the programs while homemakers were more satisfied than others in convenience of the facilities and variety of the programs. When it comes to the monthly family income, those in the group who earn 2 to 3 million won a month had higher satisfaction in terms of convenience of the facilities and variety of the programs.
Additional file 2 of A comparison of DNA methylation in newborn blood samples from infants with and without orofacial clefts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Table S1. CpG probes with association P value less than 10−5 in any one of the cleft subtype analysis. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to test for association between DNA methylation M value and cleft status (shared controls vs. each cleft type). Covariables adjusted in each test are control surrogate variables, plate, gender, calendar year of baby’s birth, gestational age, and blood cell subtype composition. Table S2. Sensitivity analysis results by further adjusting for mother’s smoking status, BMI, drinking, folate intake and gestational age. Shown are CpG probes with association P value less than 10−5 in any one of the cleft subtype analysis. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to test for association between DNA methylation M value and cleft status (shared controls vs. each cleft type). Total covariables adjusted in each test are control surrogate variables, plate, gender, calendar year of baby’s birth, gestational age, blood cell subtype composition, smoking, BMI, drinking, folate intake and gestational age. Table S3. CpGs reported to be associated with cleft using Mendelian randomization analysis by Howe et al. 2018. Shown are the analysis results in NCL dataset: mean methylation level in control groups, all cleft case combined group(case), and case subgroups; case-control logistic regression estimated coefficient and P values for the combined case group and case subgroups. Table S4. Methylation means and association P values (controls compared to combined cleft cases) in Alvizi et al. (Scientific Reports, 2016) study and NCL study. Shown are the overlapped CpGs between NCL study and 578 CpGs reported by Alvizi et al. Table S5. Candidate gene results. Shown are CpGs around literature reported cleft-associated genes with methylation association P value less than 0.01 in any one of the cleft subtype analysis. Table S6. Differentially methylated regions (DMR) with Sidak multiple testing corrected P value
Identification and genomic characterization of the first isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 5 detected in Australia

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Bluetongue virus ( BTV ), transmitted by midges (Culicoides sp), is distributed worldwide and causes disease in ruminants. In particular, BT can be a debilitating disease in sheep causing serious trade and socio‐economic consequences at both local and global levels. Across Australia, a sentinel cattle herd surveillance program monitors the BTV activity. Prior to 2014, BTV ‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, ‐9, ‐15, ‐16, ‐20, ‐21 and ‐23 had been isolated in Australia, but no bluetongue disease has occurred in a commercial Australian flock. We routinely use a combination of serology, virus isolation, RT ‐ PCR and next generation and conventional nucleotide sequencing technologies to detect and phylogenetically characterize incursions of novel BTV strains into Australia. Screening of Northern Territory virus isolates in 2015 revealed BTV ‐5, a serotype new to Australia. We derived the complete genome of this isolate and determined its phylogenetic relationship with exotic BTV ‐5 isolates. Gene segments 2, 6, 7 and 10 exhibited a close relationship with the South African prototype isolate RSA rrrr/5. This was the first Australian isolation of a Western topotype of segment 10. Serological surveillance data highlighted the antigenic cross‐reactivity between BTV ‐5 and BTV ‐9. Phylogenetic investigation of segments 2 and 6 of these serotypes confirmed their unconventional relationships within the BTV serogroup. Our results further highlighted a need for a revision of the current serologically based system for BTV strain differentiation and importantly, implied a potential for genome segments of pathogenic Western BTV strains to rapidly enter Southeast Asia. This emphasized a need for continued high‐level surveillance of vectors and viruses at strategic locations in the north of Australia The expansion of routine characterization and classification of BTV to a whole genome approach is recommended, to better monitor the presence and level of establishment of novel Western topotype segments within the Australian episystem.
Powder bed 3D printing with quarry waste

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With 3D printing, material consumption can be reduced: It allows to place material only where needed, therefore structurally optimized building parts or formworks can be printed. Currently this technique uses an epoxy based resin to glue layer by layer an inert sand bed. However, this material choice holds a large improvement potential from an environmental and health perspective. It was shown previously, that the organic glue, that releases unhealthy volatile organic compounds, can be replaced by a mineralic binder, namely a geopolymer. With geopolymers and alkali activated materials, the embodied energy can be reduced, especially when built from waste materials. In this study, we focus on the replacement of the sand, which is becoming a scarce resource. The waste from a local gneiss quarry in Ticino (Switzerland) could be a good alternative. The powder bed of the 3D printing is made of aggregates of crushed quarry waste mixed with an aluminosilicate powder. The printing liquid is an alkaline solution that activates the aluminosilicate and reacts to a geopolymer. Droplet penetration experiments on different powder mixes were performed to adjust the binder composition. With a custom built powder bed 3D printer, samples with varying compositions and porosities were printed and tested on compression. It could be shown that samples printed with quarry waste perform as well as samples printed with silica sand in terms of compression strength and accuracy. This new material system is promising: with 3D printing of geopolymers and quarry waste, we can combine the environmental benefits of a new building technique with a low carbon intense material. The application of this technique may help the sustainable development of the local quarry sector by consuming the volumes of waste that causes storing and ecological issues and keep small quarries running.
Robust Fully Screen‐Printed Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Synergistic Ostwald Ripening

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fully screen‐printed process for low‐cost manufacturing significantly enhances the commercial competitiveness of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the controllable crystallization in screen‐printed perovskite thin films using high‐viscosity ionic liquids has been suggested to be difficult, which hampers further development of fully screen‐printed perovskite devices in terms of application expansion and performance improvement. Here, we report a synergistic ripening strategy to fully control crystallization by employing methylamine propionate (MAPa) ionic liquid and water (H 2 O, moisture in the air). We found that a reversible and sustainable ripening process was activated by integrating MAPa/H 2 O in both externally and internally into perovskite crystals. MAPa effectively prevents the loss of organic salts and maintains the dispersion of Pb‐I framework, preventing the perovskite component loss and decomposition. H 2 O and organic salts trends to form hydration complexes, which lowers the energy barrier and enhances the reactivity of the humidity‐induced Ostwald ripening reaction. These improvements allow the screen‐printed perovskite thin films achieve controlled secondary growth and ion exchange, thereby reducing defects and optimizing energy level alignment. The resulting fully screen‐printed PSCs exhibits a record power conversion efficiency of 19.47 % and an operational stability over 1,000 h with maintaining 91.6 % of the highest efficiency under continuous light stress at maximum power point.
Exploring long-term trends in marine ecosystems: machine-learning approaches to global change biology

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The observation of marine systems and the acquisition of physical, chemical, biological, and ecological data have increasingly grown in the last century. Marine systems are undergoing multiple and overlapping impacts that menace ecological communities, but global change impacts on the ecosystem functioning are not easily assessable, for several reasons. For instance, because time-series datasets can include a sizeable amount of sparse and missing values, and the physical-biological interrelationships establishing within marine ecosystems can determine ample fluctuations, incoherent peaks and, overall, a high variance in the variables under study. Herein, we propose coupling linear statistics and different categories of Machine Learning techniques as a good compromise to construct and test suitable mechanistic models for hindcasting and forecasting the dynamics of key ecological processes, such as primary productivity in the open ocean.
IL-21 promotes autoreactive germinal center development in BXD2 mice partially by regulating TFR. (P4116)

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Follicular regulatory T cells (TFR) are a regulatory CD4 (Treg) subset that suppress germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) promotes T follicular helper (TFH) differentiation. In the present study we investigated the modulatory effects of IL-21 on TFR in autoimmune BXD2 mice that develop spontaneous GCs with accumulation of IL-21+TFH cells in the spleen. In BXD2-Il21-/- mice, GL-7+Fas+GC B cells and CXCR5+ICOS+TFHs were significantly reduced, but the frequency of TFR cells was 2-fold higher than that in wild-type BXD2 mice. Most CXCR5+ICOS+CD4 T cells in BXD2-Il21-/- mice highly expressed Treg markers including FoxP3, CTLA4, TGF-β1 and GITR. FoxP3+TFR cells were localized in spleen follicular areas of BXD2-Il21-/- mice. Surprisingly, transfer of TFRs from BXD2-Il21-/- mice into BXD2 mice reduced IgM but not IgG autoantibody producing B cells in the spleen. This may be due to the suppressive effects of IL-21 on TFRs as administration of AdIL-21 increased GC B cells and decreased the ratio of TFR/TFH in the spleen of BXD2-Il21-/- mice in vivo. In vitro, IL-21 increased TFH but decreased TFR cells and significantly reduced Tgfb expression by TFRs. IL-21 also counteracted TFR-induced B cells death and inhibition of TFHs. The present study suggests that IL-21 positively promotes autoreactive GC reactions in BXD2 mice at least partially by decreasing TFRs and compromising the suppressive function of TFRs on B cells and TFHs.