jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The study on the geometrical homogenization of discrete global grid model

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A new method to assess the geometrical homogenization of the spatial distribution of grid nodes by studying the relative relationship of spatial structure between an individual node and its neighbors was given. New assessing indicators were given, including the ratio of maximum to minimum of distance, the ratio of maximum to minimum of angle and the standard deviation of distance between each two nodes. Six discrete global grid models of different types were selected as the subjects investigated and the rules of grid nodes' homogenization of each model were analyzed based on those indicators.
The cost of policing New Urbanism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The principles of the housing planning guidance known as New Urbanism give little recognition to those that promote crime reduction contained in Secured by Design and the requirements of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Experience and research indicates that there will be consequences for significantly increased crime and disorder. The consequences of New Urbanism are estimated in terms of increased crime, demands for policing and the resource implications.
RAPD Analysis of Genetic Diversity on Hot Pepper Germplasm

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using 11 RAPD primers for 37 Capsicum were PCR amplificated,total 51 amplified bands,36 bands were polymorphic,polymorphism detection rate was 70.6%,different primer bands ranging from 3 to 7.The results showed that the 37 germplasm resources were divided into 5 groups.The genetic relationship of varieties in each group was near.But there was not apparent correlation between genetic relationship and region distance.
A study of molybdenum carbide catalysts supported on carbon derived from petroleum coke for hydrotreating

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Mo₂C catalysts supported on carbon have been investigated for use in hydrotreating reactions that remove S, N and O from oil fractions. The thesis reports on the stability of the catalysts in the presence of different model reactants. The synthesis of mesoporous carbons derived from petroleum coke (petcoke), a by-product of Canadian oilsand upgrading, is described. The impact of the mesoporous carbon as a support of the Mo₂C catalysts is also examined. An activated charcoal (AC) was initially used as the carbon source to prepare Mo₂C/AC and Ni-Mo₂C/AC catalysts by carbothermal hydrogen reduction (CHR). The most active catalyst for 4-methylphenol (4-MP) hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) was obtained at a CHR temperature of 650 ℃. The direct deoxygenation selectivity of this catalyst was > 78%, indicative of high O removal with low H₂ consumption. The effect of a Ni promoter on the synthesis and activity of Ni-Mo₂C/AC catalysts was also assessed. The presence of Ni significantly reduced the CHR temperature required for Mo₂C formation by 100 ℃. However, the Ni accelerated catalyst sulfidation during hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and formed a unique core-shell Mo₂C-MoS₂ structure. Additionally, there was an improved activity in HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in the presence of Ni, provided the Ni:Mo < 0.44. Extending these results to petcoke, the transition of Mo species and the corresponding changes to the activated petroleum coke (APC) morphology that occur during CHR were determined. A maximum mesoporosity of 37% was achieved for a sample reduced to 750 ℃. The activity of the Mo₂C/APC catalysts for the HDO of 4-MP was > 3x’s higher than that of Mo₂C/AC because of the high surface area (~2000 m²/g) of the Mo₂C/APC catalyst, and the high dispersion of the Mo₂C nanoparticles. Finally, the stability of the Mo₂C/APC catalysts during the HDS, hydrodenitrogenation and HDO of DBT, carbazole and dibenzofuran, respectively, was determined as a function of the Mo₂C average particle size. DFT calculations were combined with experimental data to explain the selectivity change from hydrogenation to DDS observed during the HDS of DBT. Both S and N irreversibly deactivated the catalysts; whereas, the effect of O was reversible.
The Case of Muhammad

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

OF MUHAMMAD'S childhood and adolescence nothing is known that would in any way explain the peculiarities of behavior which developed when he was about forty years old. To be sure there are reports which have been taken to indicate epilepsy on two occasions in childhood; but these have been rejected by most competent recent scholarship.' At about twenty-four or twenty-five 2 Muhammad married Khadija, a woman fifteen years his senior. In spite of the disparity of age he lived happily with her until her death, about twenty-five or twenty-six years later. During her lifetime he made no attempt to take another wife; and she appears to have occupied a unique place in his affections even long after her death and after many matrimonial experiences. She bore him at least six, and perhaps as many as seven or eight3 children, although she had come to him when forty years old and already the mother of two children by two previous marriages. For the bearing of Muhammad's children quite obviously we cannot allow less than six years; on the other hand, even assuming that there were eight children, we cannot well allow more than ten years, for at the end of that time Khadija would have been fifty years old, and probably would have been incapable of further childbearing. During these six to ten years, then, Muhammad lived the life of an obscure and contented husband and parent. At the end of that time, however, Khadija probably became senescent; while Muhammad, being in the early thirties, or at most thirty-five, was scarcely middle-aged. The physical stress of this situation is evident. The natural disparity between the sexes in their resistance to old age is nowhere plainer than in the East; and here the disparity was aggravated by an unheard-of seniority in the woman. The strain was heightened by Muhammad's unusual austerity and loyalty. To make
The Blues in Gray: The Civil War Journal of William Daniel Dixon and the Republican Blues Daybook (review)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In The Blues in Gray, Roger S. Durham uses Captain William Daniel Dixon's personal wartime diary and excerpts from the Republican Blues' official daybook to offer a "fresh look at the reality of a Confederate soldier" and his unit (xiii). These previously unpublished documents allow us to follow Dixon and his comrades "through their trials, triumphs, and tribulations" (xvi). They also shed insight into the daily operations of a local militia unit.
The Effect of Population Aging on Healthcare Expenditure from a Healthcare Demand Perspective Among Different Age Groups: Evidence from Beijing City in the People’s Republic of China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Lele Li,1 Tiantian Du,2 Yanping Hu3 1School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen City 518055, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Medical Engineering, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yanping Hu Email nd3388@sina.comBackground: With population aging (PA), the healthcare expenditure (HE) increases. The aim of this study is to analyze the HE of different age groups and the effect of age on HE among different age groups.Methods: Combining PA and HE data, this study used the fixed effect model and parameter estimation method to evaluate the influence of different age groups on HE from 2008 to 2014.Results: The age effect of HE for the population aged 65 or over was the most significant among the different age groups. Based on PA and HE data, HE per capita of the age group 65 years or over is 7.25 times as much as the population aged < 25 years, 1.61 times as much as the population aged 25∼ 59 years, and 3.47 times as much as the population aged 60∼ 64 years. Based on the result of the fixed effect model, HE per capita of the age group < 25 years was 218.39 Yuan (CNY) (USD $31.2). HE per capita of the age group 25∼ 59 years old increased to 1,548.62 Yuan (CNY) (USD $221.2). HE per capita of the 60∼ 64 years age group will be 921.56 Yuan (CNY) (USD $131.7), 4.22 times as much as that of the age group < 25 years. HE per capita in the age group of 65 years or over is 2,538.88 Yuan (CNY) (USD $362.7), 11.63 times as much as that of the age group < 25 years.Conclusion: The results suggest that PA in China is intensifying. In order to control the rising of HE, the government should not only address the supply side such as reforming medical insurance payment, developing new technologies, but also focusing on solving the demand side such as improving the quality of healthcare services, solving environmental pollution, and improving the residents’ health.Keywords: population aging, healthcare demand, healthcare expenditure, different age groups, fixed effect model, parameter estimation method
A Novel Framework to Facilitate User Preferred Tuning for a Robotic Knee Prosthesis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The tuning of robotic prosthesis control is essential to provide personalized assistance to individual prosthesis users. Emerging automatic tuning algorithms have shown promise to ease the device personalization procedure. However, very few automatic tuning algorithms consider the user preference as the tuning goal, which may limit the adoptability of the robotic prosthesis. In this study, we propose and evaluate a novel prosthesis control tuning framework for a robotic knee prosthesis, which could enable user preferred robot behavior in the device tuning process. The framework consists of 1) a User-Controlled Interface that allows the user to select their preferred knee kinematics in gait and 2) a reinforcement learning-based algorithm for tuning high-dimension prosthesis control parameters to meet the desired knee kinematics. We evaluated the performance of the framework along with usability of the developed user interface. In addition, we used the developed framework to investigate whether amputee users can exhibit a preference between different profiles during walking and whether they can differentiate between their preferred profile and other profiles when blinded. The results showed effectiveness of our developed framework in tuning 12 robotic knee prosthesis control parameters while meeting the user-selected knee kinematics. A blinded comparative study showed that users can accurately and consistently identify their preferred prosthetic control knee profile. Further, we preliminarily examined gait biomechanics of the prosthesis users when walking with different prosthesis control and did not find clear difference between walking with preferred prosthesis control and when walking with normative gait control parameters. This study may inform future translation of this novel prosthesis tuning framework for home or clinical use.
P1‐121: Generation and characterization of neuron‐specific mitochondrial targeted DsRed2 transgenic mouse model to image synapse modification in Alzheimer's disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Memory loss is the earliest symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Its underline mechanism is related to synapses' reduction and elimination. However, the detailed correlation between synapses' modification in AD is unclear now especially in vital status. In order to decipher the mechanism of synapse change in AD, we have been generating and characterizing a fluorescent-protein-reporter transgenic mouse. We use thy-1 as promoter to drive dsRed2 expression in a neuron specific pattern. DsRed is a red fluorescent protein with 20%–30% homologous sequence with GFP. Its strong expression in cells is simultaneously with lower auto-fluorescent signals from the background. It also can penetrate tissues deeper. Due to these advantages, we selected DsRed2, a genetic variant of DsRed, which is human codon- optimized for compatible expression in mammalian cells as reporter gene. Our previous in vitro results indicated that the fluorescent protein can show the internal structure of cells more accurately when targeted to the subcellular compartments. In this in vivo study, a mitochondrial targeting sequence (mt) is fused to the 5'-end of DsRed2 to direct the protein expression exclusively in the mitochondria of cells. We cloned the whole fragment of mtDsRed2 into the XhoI site in Thy-1 promoter by T4 ligation. The right clones was validated by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. We also transfected NSC-34 cells by this construct and the results showed the codons are in-frame. Then we utilized zygote-injection-based transgenic approaches to generate the transgenic mouse. Until now we obtained five founders which show strong and right size bands for transgene by genotyping. We are going to observe the formation and plasticity of synapse in vivo by two-photon fluorescent microscopy with this mouse. These data will show the normal status of synapses in cortex. Then, we are going to cross this mouse with inducible APP transgenic mouse to clarify the synapses change in AD. This study will disclose the mechanism of memory loss in AD, which will supply meaningful information to discover and/or invent novel method(s) for diagnosis and interferences of AD in early stage.
Supplementary Data from Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of PTCL-U Reveals a Distinct Subgroup with Genetic Alterations Similar to Lymphoma-Type Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Data from Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of PTCL-U Reveals a Distinct Subgroup with Genetic Alterations Similar to Lymphoma-Type Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
[Effect of anisodine and other cholinergic drugs on conditioned response of the hippocampal theta rhythm in rabbits].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Anisodine is a muscarinic anticholinergic alkaloid from Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim) Pascher or Scopolia tangutica (Maxim) in our institute. It is similar to scopolamine both in chemical structure and in pharmacological prorerties. In this paper effects of anisodine and 4 other cholinergic drugs on learning and memory were studied using conditioned response of the hippocampal θ-rhythm in rabbits. Anisodine (0.25-1.0mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) impaired markedly the processes of acquisition, consolidation and retrieving of memory. The actions of anisodine on learning and memory appeared to be specific. The time span for consolidation of memory was less than 3 h determined by the administration of anisodine shortly after training. There were iv 1.0 mg/kg, qd ×3 d. Physostigmine 0.1mg/kg and oxotremorine 5 μg/kg Improved learning and memory behaviors significantly. Our results convincingly support the view that normal function of the cholinergic system, especially the muscarinic system, is necessary for memory formation in the mammalian brain.
High power digital audio amplifier (output stage)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This thesis presents the output stage for a true digital audio amplifier. A digital amplifier performs amplification of the signal directly from the CD. This offers the advantage of the entire input chain remaining in the digital domain, and reducing the production of noise. To show this concept working, a digitally produced PWM signal of a sine wave has been used to test the output stage constructed in this thesis. The output stage was designed using a full-bridge set of n-channel high power MOSFETs. A pulse referenced error correction (PEDEC) feedback network has been introduced that offers a simple solution to removing the inevitable errors introduced by the power stage. An output stage was built without feedback and tested. Results show the potential for high efficiency, but to realise high fidelity a feedback network will need to be deployed. Current technology and concepts exist that will allow the construction of a commercially viable digital audio amplifier in the near future.
The Connection Between Continuous And Discrete Lattice Filters

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The importance of lattice structures in connection with filtering and prediction has been known for decades. The demand for faster processing has led to steadily increasing sampling rates, and as a result the behavior of the discrete filters as the sampling period tends to zero has become an important theoretical and practical issue. One way of solving the numerical problems that arise in the usual filter structures when the sampling period becomes small compared with the dynamics of the underlying physical processes is to resort to operators instead of delay operators. Although the interrelations between the continuous and discrete lattice structures have been rarely studied, it is known that the lattice naturally leads to a continuous form as the sampling rate increases. This paper addresses this point and establishes the rate of convergence of the discrete lattice filter to the continuous filter as a function of the sampling period or of the filter order. 1. INTRODUCTION The imp...
Thermo‐Mechanical Degradation of LDPE‐Based Nanocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thermo‐mechanical degradation of LDPE‐based nanocomposites was studied by mainly investigating the rheological properties. For all of the investigated processing conditions, the viscosity of the nanocomposites was higher than that of the pure‐LDPE matrix, but on increasing the severity of the mixing conditions, the difference between the viscosity of the nano‐filled polymer and that of the pure LDPE decreased. The X‐ray traces of the nanocomposites suggest that intercalation has been achieved during the melt, when less‐severe processing conditions were used. At severe processing conditions (longer mixing time, high temperature and shear stress) the thermo‐mechanical degradation was accelerated, possibly due to the loss of mass from the organoclay galleries. The variations of the viscosity in the presence of two organo‐modified montmorillonite (MMt) clays were compared to the ones observed with a MMt clay at different processing conditions. magnified image
The «Growth» of Human Rights in the Catholic Doctrine. The Right to Religious Freedom: «Preliminaries», Importance and Limitations of Conciliar Turn

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The text offers an evaluation of the difficult path of the issue of religious freedom at Second Vatican II, underlining both the various problems remained unresolved in the final conciliar declaration on religious liberty "Dignitatis humanae" as its historical significance. Its abandonment of the traditional perspective of the "rights of truth" and its affirmation, instead, that the individual subject was the sole bearer of the right to religious freedom, as well as its confirmation of the illegitimacy of arbitrary transitions from the sphere of the individual's relation to the State to that of the individual's relation to God, certainly represent a fundamental shift.
ADOPTING CONTENT MARKETING IN IT STARTUPS GIVEN BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: EVIDENCE FROM PORTUGAL AND EGYPT

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The growing proliferation of online content and the importance of being found online has inspired practitioners to purposefully develop and target this content until the content marketing concept was born. Technical entrepreneurs who run IT startups without business training can incorporate content marketing into their online marketing plans as they acquire self-taught business management skills. Through an exploratory multiple case study approach, the nature of online marketing activities performed in a group of ten IT startups in Portugal and Egypt is examined, in addition to the familiarity of the concept of content marketing and the key challenges faced. Results demonstrate that even though technical entrepreneurs are heavily oriented towards technology and tend to ignore marketing, they are capable of capitalizing on their challenges and can perform online and content marketing within financial and business knowledge constraints. The study advances the incumbent knowledge about IT startups and the way technical entrepreneurs view and conduct marketing. More importantly the study addresses content marketing as an empirically tested concept.
Minimal gauge invariant couplings at order $\ell_p^6$ in M-theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Removing the field redefinitions, the Bianchi identities and the total derivative freedoms from the general form of the gauge invariant couplings at order $\ell_p^6$ for the bosonic fields of M-theory, we have found that the minimum number of independent couplings in the structures with even number of the three-form, is 1062. We find that there are schemes in which there is no coupling involving $R,\,R_{μν},\,\nabla_μF^{μαβγ}$. In these schemes, there are sub-schemes in which, except one coupling which has the second derivative of $F^{(4)}$, the couplings can have no term with more than two derivatives. We find some of the parameters by dimensionally reducing the couplings on a circle and comparing them with the known couplings of the one-loop effective action of type IIA superstring theory. In particular, we find the coupling which has term with more than two derivatives is zero.
Monetary Policy during Transition: An Overview

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter looks at monetary policy in twenty-six transition countries in Europe and Central Asia from 1989 to 1995. The purpose is to provide a broad characterization of the experience of these countries as they make the transition from a socialist economy, where money and credit were largely determined as a residual, to a market economy, where monetary policy plays an active role in economic management and where economic efficiency is believed to be enhanced by the variety and sophistication of financial instruments. In the process, we classify countries by the extent of market orientation in the use of monetary policy instruments, by indicators of policy stance, and by broad measures of effectiveness. The relationships between these three dimensions are evaluated by cross-country comparison over the transition period and at the time of stabilization.