jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of regimes of induction heating and cooling in view of phase transformations and residual stresses for superficial high intensive hardening of details

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The features of regimes of induction heating and cooling for superficial high intensive hardening of details are considered. The opportunities of the software package developed for the calculation of parameters of an electromagnetic field, non-stationary thermal and thermo-elastic-plastic state at heating and cooling, and the residual stresses after hardening with the use of a final element method are shown. Investigations of high-frequency induction heating processes for superficial high intensive hardening with different specific superficial powers, including the definition of thermal stress at any moment in the heating and cooling process, are carried out. The distributions of residual stresses are determined in view of phase transformations into a material of a detail. The results of investigations and recommendations are given for the choice of parameters and regimes of induction superficial hardening of details in view of the restrictions on thermal and residual stresses.
[Familial polymorphism of spinal amyotrophy in childhood].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors describe a familial form of childhood spinal amyotrophy. Among 7 patients in the M. family, 5 were diagnosed to suffer from type II spinal amyotrophy and 2 from type III. It is of interest to mention that type II was observed only in boys whereas type III in girls. The data of the clinical and electromyographic examination of two M. siblings of male and female sexes have been analyzed. Possible mechanisms of the clinical polymorphism of childhood spinal amyotrophy are under discussion.
On the possible optical resonance in carbon nanotubes based cavities

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An enhanced interference phenomenon in the IR absorbance-wavenumber profiles of ship-shaped carbon nanotubes powder has been observed by attenuated total reflection at room temperature. This room temperature interference phenomenon was considered as possibly originating from an optical resonance effect and that single carbon nanotubes could act as individual Fabry-Perot or Lummer-Gehrcke resonant cavities. It is demonstrated that this interference phenomenon could be an Anderson type localisation phenomenon due to resonant modes in the semi-disordered ship-shaped carbon nanotubes nanopowder which could form a plausible resonant cavity.
Lycopene inhibits hepatic steatosis via microRNA‐21‐induced downregulation of fatty acid‐binding protein 7 in mice fed a high‐fat diet

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Scope Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disorder characterized by hepatic fat accumulation and abnormal lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the protective effect of lycopene on high‐fat diet‐induced hepatic steatosis and fatty acid‐induced intracellular lipid accumulation by mi RNA regulation. Methods and results C 57 BL /6 J mice were fed high‐fat diet with or without 0.05% lycopene for 8 weeks. Hepa 1–6 cells were treated with stearic acid ( SA ) after 24 h pretreatment with lycopene. Treatment of lycopene improved hepatic steatosis in high‐fat‐fed mice and reduced intracellular lipid accumulation induced by SA in Hepa 1–6 cells. We demonstrated that mi R ‐21 expression was decreased in livers from high‐fat diet‐fed mice and Hepa 1–6 cells treated with SA . Lycopene normalized the downregulation of mi R ‐21, which led to the downregulation of fatty acid‐binding protein 7 ( FABP 7), a direct target of mi R ‐21, at both the transcriptional and translational levels. This specific negative regulation of mi R ‐21 was achieved by targeting the FABP 7 3′ UTR . Upregulation of mi R ‐21 markedly blocked SA ‐induced intracellular lipid accumulation by blocking FABP 7 expression. Moreover, silencing of FABP 7 reduced SA‐evoked lipid accumulation in Hepa 1–6 cells. Conclusion The results suggest that lycopene may be a useful functional compound for treating NAFLD by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
Joint Asymmetric Tolerance Design and Manufacturing Decision-Making for Additive Manufacturing Processes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Tolerance allocation is a design tool that is proven crucial for enhancing the cost effectiveness and productivity of manufacturing systems. The growing implementation of additive manufacturing (AM) with its unique characteristics requires novel tolerance allocation methodologies to be developed. More specifically, many of the assumptions in traditional tolerance allocation methods such as normality assumption, a priori known probability density function of data, and symmetricity of tolerances cannot be seamlessly applied to AM processes. Furthermore, as the obtained dimensional errors of components in AM processes are significantly affected by the decisions made during the manufacturing stage (e.g., selected process, material, layer thickness, and build direction), the manufacturing parameters need to be jointly considered for allocating feasible and optimum tolerances during the product design phase. In this paper, a methodology for joint dimensional tolerance allocation and manufacturing of assemblies fabricated by AM processes is proposed based on the asymmetric distribution of errors and considering assembly requirements, namely, specification and confidence level. The bootstrap statistical technique is used to estimate the unknown population's statistics. A cyclic optimization approach is adopted to tackle the formulated problem. The numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Abundance of phosphorylated Apis mellifera CREB in the honeybee's mushroom body inner compact cells varies with age

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Hymenopteran eusociality has been proposed to be associated with the activity of the transcription factor CREB (cAMP‐response element binding protein). The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a eusocial insect displaying a pronounced age‐dependent division of labor. In honeybee brains, CREB‐dependent genes are regulated in an age‐dependent manner, indicating that there might be a role for neuronal honeybee CREB ( Apis mellifera CREB, or AmCREB) in the bee's division of labor. In this study, we further explore this hypothesis by asking where in the honeybee brain AmCREB‐dependent processes might take place and whether they vary with age in these brain regions. CREB is activated following phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue. An increase of phosphorylated CREB is therefore regarded as an indicator of CREB‐dependent transcriptional activation. Thus, we here examine the localization of phosphorylated AmCREB (pAmCREB) in the brain and its age‐dependent variability. We report prominent pAmCREB staining in a subpopulation of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. In these neurons, the inner compact cells (IC), pAmCREB is located in the nuclei, axons, and dendrites. In the central bee brain, the IC somata and their dendritic region, we observed an age‐dependent increase of pAmCREB. Our results demonstrate the IC to be candidate neurons involved in age‐dependent division of labor. We hypothesize that the IC display a high level of CREB‐dependent transcription that might be related to neuronal and behavioral plasticity underlying a bee's foraging behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1165–1180, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coronavirus Pandemic - #STAYHOME: How Are You Holding Up? Questions And Tips For 11-18 Year Olds To Make It Better

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Backgrounds . Adolescents have to cope with several challenges and restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with many of those incongruent with the typical developmental tasks of adolescent age. Some adolescent might be particularly vulnerable in this situation, including those who are deprived of psychological, social or health care services and/or are exposed to abuse or neglect in their home environment.The aims of the current international multicentre follow-up study are to: 1. collect data on the mental health and quality of life of adolescents during and after the pandemic; 2. improve their mental health by providing an online prevention program that addresses their actual needs on a weekly basis; 3. accelerate the development of culturally adapted prevention programs by involving an international team, and 4. to contribute to adequate preparation for any potentially occurring, similar situation in the future. Methods. Participants aged 11-18 years and their parents/caregivers from different parts of Europe and non-European countries are recruited online. Data are collected on a weekly basis by means of structured self-administered online questionnaires on adolescents’ mental health, quality of life and current attitudes and needs. The prevention program is developed and provided based on the continuously analysed incoming data. Discussions. Prevention based on the results of the study is expected to contribute to maintaining adolescents’ mental health, improve their quality of life, increase their and their environment’s cooperation with the necessary restrictions during the pandemic, and to make reintegration easier once the restrictions are over. Furthermore, the study has the potential to inform on the wellbeing of children and adolescents in extreme situations in general, thus contribute to future preventive measures and policymaking.
Anterior transvertebral interbody cage with posterior transdiscal pedicle screw instrumentation for high-grade spondylolisthesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

✓Adult high-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis represents the extreme end of the spectrum for spondylolisthesis and is consequently rarely encountered. Surgical management of high-grade spondylolisthesis requires constructs capable of resisting the shear forces at the slipped L5–S1 interspace. The severity of the slip, sacral inclination, and slip angle may make conventional approaches to 360° fusion difficult or hazardous. Transdiscal pedicle screw fixation, transvertebral fibular graft fusion, and transvertebral cage fixation are techniques that have been developed to establish anterior column load sharing and to resist shear forces at the L5–S1 interspace, given the anatomical constraints accompanying high-grade spondylolisthesis. In this technical note the authors describe the procedure for implanting an in situ anterior L5–S1 transvertebral cage and performing L4–5 anterior lumbar interbody fusion, followed by placement of posterior S1–L5 vertebral body transdiscal pedicle screws for management of high-grade spondylolisthesis.
Reading literacy in connection with teaching geometric concepts in the fourth grade of primary school

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the theoretical part of the master's thesis, reading literacy, its role and importance in today's educational system are stressed. Reading literacy was also connected to the subject of mathematics and we searched for their common points. In the process, we present the connections between the language and mathematics, and the ways how to stimulate the development of vocabulary in pupils, and thus its use within mathematics. We also made an overview of concepts and symbols which are introduced to the pupils at the primary level at the planar geometry. Furthermore, we mention the development of the geometric concepts by the two theorists, Piaget and van Hiele. We present their models and search for differences among them. In the empirical part of the master’s thesis, we were interested in how successful pupils are in the use of mathematical terminology, mathematical symbolic notation, and the symbols in the planar geometry. We were mostly interested in words or language which is used in the description of certain geometrical concepts and forming definitions. The pattern of our research was the pupils of the fourth grade of two town elementary schools. Together, we thus included five classes of the fourth-graders. By the examination which we composed, we checked the use of some basic terms of the planar geometry (a point, a line segment, a line, and a ray). Among others, we were also interested in knowing the terms in connection with the circle and the circumference (a center, a radius, and a diameter) and the terms parallelism, perpendicularity, and symmetry. The uses of symbolic notation and the symbols were checked with the appropriate mark of lines (a line segment, a line, and a ray), notation of mutual position of lines, notation of compliant line segments, and the notation of length and the sums of lengths of the segment lines. \nThe results of the research showed that most pupils recognize and appropriately name the basic geometrical concepts and mark them with a symbol appropriately. The difficulties begin to emerge in the description of geometrical concepts in form of a few-sentential notation and in the notation of the difference between geometrical concepts where words are in the forefront again. This can tell us that pupils are still not used to the use of language i.e. the use of words in mathematics, by which they could present certain concepts. They present the concepts by drawing the picture more easily, while they are still pretty modest in the use of the appropriate terms and technical words. As we mentioned van Hiele and the levels of geometric thinking, we can say that pupils included in our pattern are on the descriptive level, as predicted by the model. However, we believe in spite of that that the knowledge of the pupils is not yet perfect and that in the following years some deeper understanding will have to be acquired in certain geometrical concepts. \n
A study of permeability and porosity in pulverized coal

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this research was to experimentally investigate the relationship between porosity and permeability in pulverized coals. Permeability is defined as the ease with which a fluid passes through a porous medium and is a critical characteristic in the dense phase pneumatic transport of pulverized coal. Porosity is relative volume of the interparticle voids in comparison with the actual solid particulate volume. Porosity can be measured in both static and dynamic situations while permeability is measurable only in the static state and is dependent on particle size, size distribution, state of compaction and porosity. (VC)
The Effect of Metarhizium Anisopliae on Control Locust in Mountain Meadow

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the current study, Metarhizium Anisopliae was used as a pesticide to prevent crops from locust attack in Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The results showed that Metarhizium Anisopliae could effectively control locust without violation in non-target areas, and thereby maintain biodiversity and the ecological balance in this locust-invaded region. Thus, the use of Metarhizium Anisopliae is justified.
MR lymphangiography in lymphedema

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lymphedema is a chronic disorder, defined as progressive and excessive accumulation of protein-rich fluid, inflammation and fibrosis in the interstitial space, resulting from impaired lymphatic drainage. It is vulnerable to misdiagnosis and has been badly reputed as an incurable disease. Nowadays, the lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) is icrosurgical technique for bypassing the obstructed segment of the lymphatic pathway into the venous system. MR lymphangiography (MRL) is an advance imaging technique using 3D volumetric contrast-enhanced MR angiography with high temporal and spatial resolution, which can evaluate both anatomy and function of the lymphatic system. It is a quick less invasive imaging technique, which aids in diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and follow up. For the experience and technical detail of MRL in PSU will be described in this article.
Decreases in slow wave sleep associate with a higher risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease dementia in a community sample

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Sleep disturbance is common in dementia, although it is unclear whether changes in sleep architecture precede dementia onset. We examined the prospective association of changes in sleep architecture with the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia in the community‐based Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Methods Our sample comprised a subset of 294 FHS Offspring participants who participated in the Sleep Heart Health Study Visit 1 (1995‐1998) and Visit 2 (2001‐2003), were dementia‐free and aged over 60 years at the time of Visit 2. Stages of sleep were quantified using home‐based overnight polysomnography. Annualized change in the sleep metrics were computed by subtracting Visit 1 from Visit 2 measures divided by the time interval (in years) between the two visits. Surveillance for incident AD dementia commenced at visit 2 and continued for up to 17 years (mean follow‐up 11 (SD, 4)). We used a series of proportional hazards models to relate changes in sleep to the risk of incident AD dementia, adjusting for age, sex, APOE ε4 allele status, smoking status, and sleeping medication, antidepressant and anxiolytic use. Results Participant mean age was 69 years (SD, 6, 49% male). Over 17‐years follow‐up, we observed 27 cases of AD dementia. The two sleep assessments were separated by a mean of 5.2 years (SD, 0.4). Levels of wake after sleep onset increased by a mean of 4.8 minutes (SD, 11.7) per year whereas both sleep efficiency and the percentage of slow‐wave sleep declined by 0.4% (SD, 2.3) and 0.6% (SD, 1.5) per year, respectively. Each percentage reduction in slow‐wave sleep associated with a 30% increase in the risk of incident AD dementia (HR, 0.70; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.91, P=0.007). Changes in other stages of sleep (stage 1, 2 and REM), sleep fragmentation (sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset), and respiratory disturbances (apnea‐hypopnea index) did not associate with dementia risk. Conclusions By linking decreases in slow‐wave sleep to the risk of clinical AD up to 17 years later, our results extend observations suggesting that slow‐wave sleep is important for synaptic plasticity underlying memory and for glymphatic clearance of neurotoxins that potentially lead to AD dementia.
What’s mathematics doing here? The role of mathematics in German Physics Olympiad tasks

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Physics competitions target at motivating students for engaging in physics and at promoting students talented in physics. Physics competitions also aim at conveying a picture of physics as a scientific discipline, going beyond regular physics classes in school, and should thus also include a more intense mathematization of physics problems. Given that physics students often struggle with mathematics, mathematics in the competition may pose a challenge beyond the intended physics challenge. The present paper therefore presents an analysis of theoretical tasks employed in the German Physics Olympiad. Mathematical requirements were (1) identified by analyzing sample solutions and (2) compared to mathematics curricula. Then, (3) the solutions were categorized regarding whether the mathematics employed was used in a tool-like manner, a structuring manner, or both. Findings indicate that the first competition round typically includes rather basic mathematical requirements which are addressed in lower secondary mathematics education. In the higher rounds, more advanced mathematics is needed, which is only taught in the last years of high school, or not taught at all. The structural role of mathematics proved to be essential in the analyzed tasks. Beside the (intended) physics challenges, participants thus have to deal with mathematics they have not learned at school and have to apply mathematics in a different way than is often done at school when participating in the competition. As a consequence, unintended negative effects may occur, potentially counteracting the aim to promote students talented in physics. Implications for science education and future research are discussed.
Detection of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses Using in situ Hybridization and Non-Radioactive Probes

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The in situ hybridization assay was developed for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infections in chickens. Bursal tissue samples were harvested 4 days following infection with the ST-C, MD, E, IN, or SAL IBDV strain. The cDNA clones STC-243, located on genome segment A, and STC-119, located on genome segment B, were used to prepare non-radioactive probes. Probes were labeled with digoxigenin and detected the homologous ST-C virus and also heterologous viruses in bursal tissue sections. No positive cells were observed in tissue sections from uninfected control chickens.
Occupational Radiation Exposure and Safety Practices in Nuclear Medicine: A Review of Monitoring Studies in Bangladesh

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Bangladesh has a rich history of nuclear medicine, dating back to the 1960s. Over the years, technological advancements and an increasing number of facilities have led to significant improvements in medical diagnostics and therapeutic services. However, occupational exposure to ionizing radiation remains critical for workers handling unsealed radioactive sources in practices like nuclear medicine. Hence, occupational exposure to radionuclides in nuclear medicine requires stringent monitoring to ensure worker safety. This review evaluates the internal and external radiation doses received by nuclear medicine workers in Bangladesh based on seven studies conducted from 2010 to 2024. Data from these studies were analyzed to estimate effective doses and assess compliance with international safety standards. The results show that effective doses across various facilities were well below the annual average dose limit prescribed by national regulation and international organizations like the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). However, variations in methodology and monitoring practices highlight the need for standardized protocols and routine evaluations. This study emphasizes the importance of continued adherence to safetyprinciples and provides evidence for improving occupational radiation monitoring programs in nuclear medicine practices in Bangladesh. While current safety protocols maintain exposure below prescribed limits, significant variability in individual doses and the increasing complexity of nuclear medicine practices necessitate ongoing monitoring and safety protocol enhancements in the country.
The present state of development and utilization of alfalfa leaf protein

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Leaf protein ,especially alfalfa leaf protein belongs to excellent vegetal protein . Its nutritive value is very high and feeding effect is good. Alfalfa leaf protein may substitute for part or all of other protein fodder in assorted fodder. As a new protein resource, more and more people recognize and pay attention to alfalfa leaf protein. This article chiefly reviewed the nutritive value,feeding value,edible value,medical value and the existed questions and the development prospect for alfalfa leaf protein,furthermore it suggested that it would be one of the effective way of solving the deficiency of protein fodder to exploit alfalfa leaf protein concentrate in China.