jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ShadeTreeAdvice methodology: Guiding tree‐species selection using local knowledge

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Selection of shade tree species for agroforestry systems must take the complexity of these systems into account. Tree species selection should maximize the provision of ecosystem services while minimizing disservices. Selected species must be adapted to local agroecological conditions and cater to farmers' needs, while considering their preferences and constraints. The ShadeTreeAdvice methodology was developed to support said selection process using farmers' local ecological knowledge. It provides the steps to rapidly identify tree species and evaluate their impacts on a range of locally important ecosystem services. Results are uploaded to a decision support tool to tailor tree species recommendations to individual farmers' needs ( www.shadetreeadvice.org ). During the 5 year timeframe between 2016 and 2020, eight studies following this methodology were conducted in various coffee and cocoa growing regions across Africa, Asia and Central America. This article looks back at these studies to synthesize their findings and evaluate the methodology. We identified similarities in the use of tree species across different study areas, notably regarding leguminous and fruit tree species. We showed that the method was efficient to evaluate tree species' impacts on soil and climate regulation, crop production, and economic benefits. It was less efficient for evaluating impacts related to incidence of pests and diseases, often associated with knowledge gaps. The method also successfully allowed investigating the links between LEK and socio‐economic groups or environmental factors. Furthermore, we suggest a series of improvements in the methodology for future studies. These improvements include (i) broadening the scope of studies beyond tree species provision of ecosystem services to include tree species impact on farming practices; (ii) allowing the comparison of tree performances in agroforestry systems versus in full sun; (iii) providing a clear pathway for validation of the results; (iv) using tree species' functional traits to generalize the results. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Local Disciplines, Local Cultures: Praise and Criticism in British and Spanish History Book Reviews

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The use of a critical voice in book reviews seems to depend on factors rooted in the discipline community reviewers belong to and on the language and culture which hosts the review.Adopting a cross-cultural perspective, this study analyses 60 book reviews from British and Spanish history journals in terms of the entities and aspects evaluated and the polarity (positive/negative) of the evaluation.Divergences are found in the distribution of positive and negative evaluation, revealing that even if in both cultures positive evaluation is more frequent, in Spanish book reviews negative evaluation is almost nonexistent.Interviews with informants show that these divergences respond to the local character of the disciplinary communities which host the reviews and to a different understanding of what this evaluative genre implies.
Topological Ring-Current and Bond-Current Properties of the Altans of Certain K-Factorizable Conjugated Systems Containing “Fixed” Single-Bonds

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rudimentary Hückel-London-Pople-McWeeny (HLPM) formalism, which frequently mimics the predictions of more-sophisticated ab initio approaches, is used to investigate the π-electron ring-current and bond-current properties of four novel altan-structures, the parents of three of which are conjugated structures with "fixed" single carbon-carbon bonds: namely, acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, and perylene. Such structures are nowadays sometimes called "K-factorizable". Non-K-factorizable peropyrene is also considered, for comparison. The remarkably contrasting sizes of the bond-currents in the unshared bonds situated in the centers of perylene and peropyrene, first noted more than 40 years ago, are preserved in the corresponding bonds of the respective altan-structures. Current patterns in the parent structures frequently remain semiquantitatively intact when the parent is formally converted to the corresponding altan, a finding that largely agrees with the predictions of previous ab initio calculations. The circulations around the [4n]-perimeters of all four of the altans considered here are (as expected) in the clockwise (paramagnetic) direction.
Biosynthesis of acyclic and cyclic carotenoids in higher plants and the control by phytochrome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Radish plants ( Raphanus sativus L. cv. Saxa treib) were grown in the presence of three different herbicides interfering with the biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids. The herbicides caused an accumulation of acyclic biosynthetic intermediates. Plants were then irradiated using four different light programs in order to gain more insight into the first steps of carotenoid biosynthesis and their control by light and phytochrome. Plants grown in the dark in the presence of SAN 6706 or aminotriazole accumulated the acyclic intermediate phytoene, and those treated with J 852, the intermediates phytoene, phytofluene and zeta‐carotene. In herbicide‐treated plants short time irradiation with red light enhanced the formation of phytoene, phytofluene, zeta‐carotene or lycopene, consistent with an effect of phytochrome on the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids was also enhanced by red light in the untreated controls. In amitrole‐treated plants formation of β‐carotene, but not that of xanthophylls was stimulated by red light. In many cases neither the red light‐induced biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids nor the formation of acyclic intermediates could be prevented by a subsequent irradiation with far‐red light. Similar enhancement as with red light was also obtained after treatment with far‐red light only. Presented data may be taken as evidence that the biosynthesis and dehydrogenation of phytoene and the cyclization of lycopene are activated by a low threshold of active phytochrome. This may be further supported by the observation that far‐red light itself stimulated carotenoid biosynthesis.
In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Polysaccharide Fraction of Green Seaweed Codium fragile Extract (Suringar, 1867)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Marine seaweeds are a renewable source that possess different biological activities. The current study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and selected biological activites of the polysaccharide fraction of methanol crude from Codium fragile (Family: Codiaceae). Dried seaweed was extracted with 70% methanol and the polysaccharide fraction was separated. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined using standard methods. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin (protein) denaturation, trypsin (proteinase) inhibitory and membrane stabilisation assays, while antioxidant activity was conducted using DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. TPC, TFC values were 21.01±0.90 μg GE/g, 24.14±4.50 μg QE/g, respectively. Ferric ion reducing power recorded as 10.84±0.58 μg TE/g and IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 1685.3±4.4 μg/ml and less effective than Trolox standard (IC50=10.4±0.4 μg/ml). IC50 values of albumin (protein) denaturation was 506.2±1.8 μg/ml and less effective than Aspirin standard (29.3±0.5 μg/ml). Anti-inflammatory potential according to the trypsin (proteinase) inhibitory assay and membrane stabilisation assay were 65.4±0.4 μg/ml and 3027.6±4.7 μg/ml, respectively and these values were less effective than that of diclofenac sodium standard (IC50=14.2±0.5 μg/ml). According to the results, the polysaccharide portion showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity compared to antioxidant properties. Hence further investigations on anti-inflammatory properties and isolation of active compounds are warranted. Keywords: Codium fragile, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Polysaccharide, Green algae
Teaching Science and Mathematics Subjects Using the Excel Spreadsheet Package.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The teaching of scientific subjects usually require laboratories where students can put the theory they have learned into practice. Traditionally, electronic programmable calculators, dedicated software, or expensive software simulation packages, such as MATLAB have been used to simulate scientific experiments. Recently, spreadsheet programs have replaced the electronic calculators and are now widely used by science, engineering and mathematics education in modelling and solving complex problems. One of the advantages of a spreadsheet application in science education is that a given problem can easily be modelled and then simulated with varying parameters. The change of the output can then easily be displayed in graphical format as the simulation progresses. This paper describes how spreadsheet programs such as the Microsoft Excel can be used for the simulation of digital logic circuits thought to undergraduate students.
Strategic weed management for the aboriginal lands of the top end.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Aboriginal lands constitute nearly 50% of the Northern Territory (NT) and are vital to contemporary Aboriginal life. However northern Australian ecosystems, especially wetland and riparian habitats, are under threat of invasion from a number of weed species which affect both the structure and function of an ecosystem and could have a major impact on the lives of Aboriginal people. Weeds located on Aboriginal land in the wet-dry tropics pose unique management problems. Aboriginal lands are often vast, but the people are few and often without the physical, financial and technical resources available to control weeds. The aim is to develop a weed management strategy for Aboriginal land under the Northern Land Councils jurisdiction (Figure 1) using the collective wisdom available locally and internationally to ensure that the weed control dollar is spent in the most effective way. This paper describes the process proposed in developing such a strategy.
Cloning and characterization of a Bacteroides conjugal tetracycline-erythromycin resistance element by using a shuttle cosmid vector

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Bacteroides conjugal tetracycline resistance (Tcr) elements appear not to be plasmids. In many cases, resistance to erythromycin (Emr) is cotransferred with Tcr. Using a newly constructed shuttle cosmid, pNJR1, we cloned 44 to 50 kilobase pairs of a conjugal Tcr Emr element on overlapping cosmid clones. Cosmid libraries were made in Escherichia coli with DNA from the original clinical Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron DOT strain containing Tcr Emr-DOT or from a Bacteroides uniformis Tcr Emr-DOT transconjugant strain. The cosmid clones were mobilized from E. coli into B. uniformis in groups of 10 to 20 per filter mating, with selection for Tcr or Emr transconjugants. The Tcr and Emr genes were cloned both separately and together on 30-kilobase-pair fragments. Several of the Tcr clones also contained transfer genes that permitted self-transfer of the cosmid from B. uniformis donors to E. coli or B. uniformis recipients. Neither the Tcr nor the Emr gene conferred resistance on E. coli, and the transfer-proficient clones did not self-transfer out of E. coli. Southern blot analysis was used to compare DNA from independently isolated Bacteroides strains carrying conjugal Tcr or Tcr Emr elements and their respective B. uniformis transconjugants. Results of these analyses indicate that there are large regions of homology, including regions outside the Tcr and Emr genes, but that the elements are not identical. Some Tcr clones contained a region which hybridized to chromosomal DNA from the wild-type B. uniformis recipient strain that did not carry the Tcr Emr-DOT element. This region of homology appeared not to be a junction fragment. It was not required in a Bacteroides recipient for successful transfer of the Tcr Emr element. Although we are not sure we have cloned a junction fragment between the Tcr Emr-DOT element and the B. uniformis chromosome, the preliminary function and restriction map appears to be linear.
Pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the guinea pig. Effect of indomethacin.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Deleterious pulmonary effects of hyperoxia are thought, in part, to be mediated by high-energy radicals and inflammatory reactions. It has been suggested that arachidonate metabolites, such as leukotrienes, may be responsible for the latter mechanism. We sought to demonstrate that concurrent exposure to hyperoxia and indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, would increase pulmonary inflammation. A total of 50 female guinea pigs were treated as pairs with 95.6% oxygen or air and separately with 0.3 mg/kg of indomethacin or normal saline every 12 h for 3 days. A significant increase in leukocytes in bronchopulmonary lavage subsequent to combined oxygen and indomethacin treatment was observed when compared with either oxygen, indomethacin, or air treatments alone (p less than 0.05). Although oxygen treatment did alter pulmonary volume-pressure relations (p less than 0.05), hyperoxia alone or with concurrent indomethacin treatment did not alter elastance or histologic structures. These findings suggest that pulmonary inflammation in response to hyperoxia may be augmented by indomethacin. We speculate that increased lipoxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism may be partially responsible for these changes.
Electronic micropayments in Singapore : the consumers' perspective.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This project offers insights into the consumer's perspective of 2 main forms of electronic payments in Singapore. Namely, Ez-Link (non-transit) and Mobile payments. The consumer's perspective is explored in the following aspects:Consumer's Awareness of E-paymentsFactors encouraging adoption of e-payments, Factors discouraging adoption of e-payments, recommendations for implementation of e-payment systems.
Pathophysiology, Functional Assessment and Prognostic Implications of Nutritional Disorders in Systemic Amyloidosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gastrointestinal involvement is a common clinical feature of patients with systemic amyloidosis. This condition is responsible for invalidating gastrointestinal symptoms, a significant macro and micronutrient deficit, and is a marker of disease severity. Gastrointestinal involvement should be actively sought in patients with systemic amyloidosis, while its diagnosis is challenging in patients with isolated gastrointestinal symptoms. The nutritional status in systemic amyloidosis plays an essential role in the clinical course and is considered a significant prognostic factor. However, the definition of nutritional status is still challenging due to the lack of internationally accepted thresholds for anthropometric and biochemical variables, especially in specific populations such as those with systemic amyloidosis. This review aims to elucidate the fundamental steps for nutritional assessment by using clinical and instrumental tools for better prognostic stratification and patient management regarding quality of life and outcomes.
A method for determining ice-thickness change at remote locations using GPS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Ice-thickness changes at remote locations on ice sheets can be determined by means of precise Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys with interferometric solutions. Remote sites are precisely surveyed relative to GPS receivers on rock. Repeat observations of the position of a remote site provide its vertical velocity. The difference between this velocity and accumulation rate is an indicator of change in ice-sheet thickness. Allowance must be made for the movement of survey markers due to firn compaction and down-slope ice motion, To allow for firn compaction, very long- poles arc placed to a sufficient depth in the firn that the densification rate can be considered steady. This assumption may be tested by measurements with poles set to different depths. An analysis of errors in pilot studies indicates that the limit to precision is the determination of accumulation rate.
Knowledge Translation in Africa for 21 st Century Integrative Biology: The “Know-Do Gap” in Family Planning with Contraceptive Use among Somali Women

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract An emerging dimension of 21 st century integrative biology is knowledge translation in global health. The maternal mortality rate in Somalia is amongst the highest in the world. We set out to study the “know-do” gap in family planning measures in Somalia, with a view to inform future interventions for knowledge integration between theory and practice. We interviewed 360 Somali females of reproductive age and compared university-educated females to women with less or no education, using structured interviews, with a validated questionnaire. The mean age of marriage was 18 years, with 4.5 pregnancies per marriage. The mean for the desired family size was 9.3 and 10.5 children for the university-educated group and the less-educated group, respectively. Importantly, nearly 90% of the university-educated group knew about family planning, compared to 45.6% of the less-educated group. All of the less-educated group indicated that they would never use contraceptives, as compared to 43.5% of the university-educated group. Prevalence of contraceptive use among ever-married women was 4.3%. In the less-educated group, 80.6% indicated that they would not recommend contraceptives to other women as compared to 66.0% of the university-educated group. There is a huge gap between knowledge and practice regarding family planning in Somalia. The attendant reasons for this gap, such as level of education, expressed personal religious beliefs and others, are examined here. For primary health care to gain traction in Africa, we need to address the existing “know-do” gaps that are endemic and adversely impacting on global health. This is the first independent research study examining the knowledge gaps for family planning in Somalia in the last 20 years, with a view to understanding knowledge integration in a global world. The results shall guide policy makers, donors, and implementers to develop a sound family planning policy and program to improve maternal and child health in 21 st century primary healthcare.
Which competences and what managerial training for the health professions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The process of passage to be e-profit and loss organization following the reform of the Italian health system, especially in a context of fiscal federalism and administered competition among the public and private producers, causes implications on the competences of whom develops his/her own professional activity. The aim of the paper is to give some inputs for discussion about the training of manager: starting from the meaning of the word ?management? and using the model elaborated by Mintzberg and Simon with the purpose to identify who is involved in such training, trying to make explicit that the analysis of the organizational positions and the profile of the resource that will go to occupy it is a forced passage for building the training package and to make clear characteristics and contents of the training offer.
The Relative Rate of Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation in Fishes: Tests Using DNA Sequence Divergence between Sister Species and among Clades

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The diversification of endemic fishes within lakes is one of the most peculiar and interesting aspects of speciation in vertebrates. Cichlid fishes in the African great lakes and the cottoid (sculpins) fishes of Lake Baikal, Russia, are perhaps the best-known examples of such “species flocks,” that is, complexes of closely related species endemic to a geographically confined area (Brooks 1950; Fryer and Iles 1972; Greenwood 1974; Echelle and Kornfield 1984). However, there are several other less familiar lacustrine species flocks, such as the cyprinids of Lake Lanao in the Philippines (Kornfield and Carpenter 1984); killifishes in Lake Titicaca in the Andes (Parenti 1984; Parker and Kornfield I 995); pupfishes in Lake Chichancanab, Mexico (Humphries 1984); cyprinids in Lake Tana, Ethiopia (Nagelkerke et al. 1994, 1995); and even extinct semionotid fishes from Mesozoic lakes in North America (McCune et al. 1984; McCune 1987, 1996). The endemism ofmonophyletic clades within lakes has led many to believe that diversification occurred in situ, leading in tum to controversy over whether this intralacustrine speciation was allopatric, microallopatric (microgeographic of Mayr 1947), or sympatric (e.g., Worthington 1954; Kosswig 1963; Ribbink 1994).
Rozważania o koncepcji e-demokracji w unijnym porządku prawnym

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The subject of this paper is the concept of e-democracy in the EU legal order, the concept understood as striving towards a model of society which participates in democratic processes using electronic means of communication in the age of global digitalisation. Technological transformation is an inherent phenomenon of contemporary society and plays an important role in the context of the Union’s aspirations as a space for technological and economic innovation. The progressive digitization of public space is a global fact, which, on the one hand, is linked to the expectation that technology can be used to legitimize the actions of public authorities and engage citizens in democratic processes. On the other hand, the uncontrolled digitisation of the democratic space is associated with the risk of erosion of the foundations of democracy. This papers is intended to address both theoretical and legal aspects of these phenomena.
The Potential for Violence in Germany

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Three variations of Milgram's experimental test of obedience behavior were carried out in Munich, West Germany. Milgram's base‐line condition, a model variation, and also a third variation which removed experimenter compliance pressures were performed. Large differences were observed under the three experimental conditions: 85% of the base‐line, 52% of the modeling, and 7% of the “non‐pressured” subjects administered all 30 shocks to their immobilized victims. Nearly all subjects were completely convinced of the genuineness of the experiment. These and Milgram's published results with American subjects are compared and an attempt is made to put the findings into an empirically justified perspective.