jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Phylogenetically Conserved Sequence within Viral 3' Untranslated RNA Pseudoknots Regulates Translation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Both the 68-base 5' leader (omega) and the 205-base 3' untranslated region (UTR) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) promote efficient translation. A 35-base region within omega is necessary and sufficient for the regulation. Within the 3' UTR, a 52-base region, composed of two RNA pseudoknots, is required for regulation. These pseudoknots are phylogenetically conserved among seven viruses from two different viral groups and one satellite virus. The pseudoknots contained significant conservation at the secondary and tertiary levels and at several positions at the primary sequence level. Mutational analysis of the sequences determined that the primary sequence in several conserved positions, particularly within the third pseudoknot, was essential for function. The higher-order structure of the pseudoknots was also required. Both the leader and the pseudoknot region were specifically recognized by, and competed for, the same proteins in extracts made from carrot cell suspension cells and wheat germ. Binding of the proteins is much stronger to omega than the pseudoknot region. Synergism was observed between the TMV 3' UTR and the cap and to a lesser extent between omega and the 3' UTR. The functional synergism and the protein binding data suggest that the cap, TMV 5' leader, and 3' UTR interact to establish an efficient level of translation.
Weathering of phosphorus-bearing mineral powder and calcium phosphate by Aspergillus niger

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

由曲霉属菌尼日尔捱过忍受磷的矿物质粉末(PBMP ) 和钙磷酸盐(CP ) 被比较，并且包含的机制为 PBMP 的全面利用被分析。在不同文化时间，粒子的微观结构，和矿物质作文的水溶性的磷(WSP ) 的集中， Mg2+ ，和 Ca2+ 被紫外可见的分光计检验(紫外) ，原子吸收 spectrometry (AAS ) ，扫描电子显微镜学(SEM ) ，和 X 光检查衍射(XRD ) 。结果证明在 WSP， Mg2+ ，和 Ca2+ 的集中的变化与 A 的生长有关。尼日尔和不同矿物质作文。与 CP 相比， PBMP 被真菌更努力捱过。捱过的矿物质的踪迹通过 SEM 被发现。CP 不仅显示出侵蚀损坏的踪迹而且作为一种像菱形体的物质出现了。XRD 测试显示捱过的矿物质能形成水钙盐。进一步的分析表明由 A 捱过的 PBMP 和 CP 的机制。尼日尔是菌丝体 biomechanical 效果和酸的代谢物的酸可溶的角色的合作结果。在 20 d 以后的 PBMP 的磷溶解率是 46.83% ，而在 12 d 以后的 CP 的是 91.01% 。这研究的调查结果对浪费 PBMP 的有效使用并且到低档磷酸盐岩石资源的利用重要。
Numerical Modelling of Wave Fields and Currents in Coastal Area

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design and management of coastal engineering, like harbors and coastal defense structures, requires the simulation of hydrodynamic phenomena. This special issue collects five original papers that address state of the art numerical simulations of wave fields and wave-induced velocity fields in coastal areas. The first paper proposes a turbulence model for wave breaking simulation, which is expressed in terms of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (k − ε); the proposed turbulence model is a modification of the standard k − ε turbulence models. The second paper investigates modalities by which wind interacts with wave motion, modifying the wave propagation dynamic. The third paper proposes a study on waves overtopping over coastal barriers. The fourth paper details the numerical simulation of a tsunami wave that propagates over an artificial reservoir, caused by a landslide that creates a solid mass to detach from the slopes and to slide into the reservoir. The fifth paper examines an application case concerning Cetraro harbor (Italy), which is carried out using three-dimensional numerical simulations of wave motion.
Jail duration, demographic characteristics of offenders, and acquired suicide capability

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The study sought to predict the acquired capability for suicide from length of sentence and socio-demographic characteristics of offenders in a Nigerian prison population. Participants were 139 inmates (mean age = 33.67, SD = 9.24years; mean length of stay = 6.25 years, SD = 5.02years), males (95.7%), They were predominantly incarcerated for armed robbery (39.6%), burglary/stealing (18.0%), homicide (9.4%), and rape (8.6%) in Abeokuta prisons, Nigeria. The participants completed the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale, and socio-demographic characteristic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-test for independence, and multiple regression analysis were computed to predict suicidal capability among prison population from their socio-demographics. Results revealed that demographic characteristics of type of offence, family membership, and type of family were co-joint predictors of suicide capability among prison inmates. Shorter duration of stay (short termers), being incarcerated for aggravated assault, drug related offences, and stealing were risk factors for acquired suicide capability. The role of family membership and family type were negligible as suicidal risk factors. Correctional services should attend to offender demographics in their suicide prevention support for offenders.
Preparation and properties of heteroarm polymers and graft copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene by macromonomer method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Heteroarm polymers as well as graft copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and polystyrene, PSt, were prepared by the macromonomer method to investigate the influence of polymer architecture on polymer properties. Macromonomers used were ω-methacryloyl poly(ethylene oxide), MA-PEOs, and methacryloyloxyethyl polystyrene, MA-PSts, which were prepared by the living anionic polymerization technique. The MA-PEOs were copolymerized with ΜΑ-PSt or styrene monomer using AIBN in benzene to obtain the heteroarm polymers and graft copolymers composed of the same polymer constituents. Polarization microscopic observation and differential scanning calorimetry measurement for solvent cast film specimens revealed that the melting point, Tm, and the crystallinity, Xc, of PEO component were influenced by the existence of PSt chains within the molecule. Tm and Xc decreased with increase in the PSt content in the copolymers, where decrease in Xc was more prominent than Tm and was influenced by the polymer architecture. Hysteresis of contact angles on the film specimens toward water were also influenced by the polymer architecture.
Analysis And Evaluation Of Barriers To The Market Of The Developing Countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to study the existing barriers to the development of tourism in Uzbekistan. The subject of our research is the industry barriers for companies to enter to the new markets in the tourism sector of Uzbekistan. As the main source of information, data from a survey involving 50 travel companies were used. The analysis of the macro-environment and micro-environment allows organizations to create a list of dangers and opportunities that they face in this environment. The assessment of the importance of industry barriers to entry for enterprises in the tourism sector of Uzbekistan showed that the most sensitive to the presence of entry barriers are small firms, as well as newcomers to the industry under study. In the process of studying the problem, it was found that behavioural barriers are the most effective tools for deterring entry to the tourism market. Based on the results of the conducted research, we can say that the main importance for the tourism sector is the characteristics of the reaction of economic agents to each other's actions, and not so much the structural and technological characteristics of the industry. It is concluded that the effective institutional ways of entering the market can be called franchising and direct investment.
Aeromonasload and species composition in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in earthen ponds in the Philippines

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aeromonas load and species composition in the rearing water, sediment, gills and intestines of healthy tilapia Oreochromis niloticus collected every 2 weeks from Days 30 to 120 after stocking in six earthen ponds in the Philippines were determined. Presumptive Aeromonas counts (PACs) in the water and sediment ranged from 101–103 c.f.u./ml and 101–103 c.f.u./g while in the gills and intestines, PACs ranged from 104–107 c.f.u./g and 102–105 c.f.u./g, respectively. Presumptive Aeromonas counts in the water, sediment, and gills of tilapia varied among days of culture while in the intestines of tilapia, PACs markedly dropped by approximately 2 logs at Day 75 and either remained in the same level or decreased by another 1 log at Day 120 of grow‐out culture. Aeromonas hydrophila predominantly constituted 94% of all presumptive Aeromonas spp. examined (n = 343), followed by A. sobria (4%) and A. salmonicida (2%). Taken together, current data provide some putative threshold levels of tilapia reared in earthen ponds to Aeromonas spp. The dominance of A. hydrophila together with negligible population of A. salmonicida and A. sobria indicate that Aeromonas are common commensal bacteria in tilapia and their environment which under conditions of stress could instigate disease epizootics.
TREND: Energy Information Administration. State Energy Data System: Distillate Fuel Oil | Indicator: Distillate fuel oil average price, all end-use sectors., 1970 - 2014. Data Planet™ Statistical Datasets: A SAGE Publishing Resource Dataset-ID: 004-012-007

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

datasets.shared.infosheet.CitationMgr@167 Dataset: Reports estimates of distillate fuel oil consumption, prices, and expenditures for the United States as a whole and for individual states and Washington, DC, as available. Distillate fuel oil is a general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. It includes diesel fuels and fuel oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel are used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those in trucks and automobiles, as well as off-highway engines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric power generation. The State Energy Data System (SEDS) is maintained and operated by the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA). The goal in maintaining SEDS is to create historical time series of energy production, consumption, prices, and expenditures by state that are defined as consistently as possible over time and across sectors. SEDS is used primarily to provide (1) state energy production, consumption, price, and expenditure estimates to Members of Congress, federal and state agencies, and the general public; and (2) the historical time series necessary to develop EIA’s energy models. Efforts are made to ensure that the sums of the state estimates equal the national totals as closely as possible for each energy type and end-use sector as published in other EIA publications. SEDS state energy consumption estimates are generally comparable to the statistics in EIA's Annual Energy Review and Monthly Energy Review consumption tables. Although SEDS incorporates the most consistent series and procedures possible, users of this report should recognize the limitations of the data that are due to changing and inadequate data sources. See the technical documentation for information on data inconsistencies. http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm Category: Energy Resources and Industries Subject: Fuel Consumption, Heating Fuels, Energy Expenditures, Energy Consumption, Petroleum Products, Fuels, Fuel Prices Source: Energy Information Administration The Energy Information Administration (EIA), created by Congress in 1977, is an independent statistical and analytical agency within the United States Department of Energy. Its mission is to provide policy-independent data, forecasts, and analyses to promote sound policy making, efficient markets, and public understanding regarding energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment. https://www.eia.gov/
The N-Terminal 85 Amino Acids of the Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus γb Pathogenesis Protein Contain Three Zinc-Binding Motifs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Barley stripe mosaic virus RNAγ encodes γb, a cysteine-rich protein that affects pathogenesis. Nine of the eleven cysteines are concentrated in two clusters, designated C1 (residues 1 to 23) and C2 (residues 60 to 85), that are arranged in zinc finger-like motifs. A basic motif (BM) rich in lysine and arginine (residues 19 to 47) resides between the C1 and C2 clusters. We have demonstrated that γb binds zinc and that the C1, BM, and C2 motifs have independent zinc-binding activities. To evaluate the requirements for binding, mutations were introduced into each region. Cysteine residues at positions 7, 9, 10, 19, and 23 in the C1 motif were replaced with serines. In the BM, asparagines were substituted for lysines at positions 26 and 35, glutamine for arginine at position 25, and glycines for arginines at positions 33 and 36. The C2 mutations included cysteine replacements with serines at positions 60, 64, 71, and 81, and a histidine-to-leucine change at position 85. These mutations destroyed zinc-binding activity in each of the isolated motifs. γb derivatives containing mutations in only two of the motifs retained the ability to bind zinc, whereas a γb derivative containing mutations inactivating all three motifs destroyed the ability to bind zinc. Plants inoculated with transcripts containing combinations of the C1, BM, and C2 mutations elicited a “null” phenotype in barley characteristic of γb deletion mutants and also delayed the appearance and reduced the size of local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor . These results show that zinc binding of each of the motifs is critical for the biological activity of γb.
Testing the risk premium and cost-of-carry hypotheses for currency futures contracts

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Risk Premium and Cost-of-Carry hypotheses regarding the pricing of futures contracts are tested using nested and non-nested procedures. Cointegrating relationships among the Australian dollar spot and futures prices, and US and Australian risk-free rates of interest, suggest an error-correction representation for the Risk Premium model, and two alternative error-correction formulations for the Cost of-Carry hypothesis. Two significant structural breaks in the futures price series permit a testing of appropriate models for the full sample in the presence of these breaks, for the full sample without explicitly modelling the breaks, and for various subsamples created by these structural breaks. Unit root and cointegration tests yield alternative non-nested formulations of the Cost-of-Carry model for three different subsamples, thereby leading to the use of nested and non-nested tests. The outcomes of these tests provide substantial support for the Cost-of-Carry hypothesis in the pricing of Australian dollar futures contracts.
X-ray Structures, Photophysical Characterization, and Computational Analysis of Geometrically Constrained Copper(I)−Phenanthroline Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series of three geometrically constrained C(2)-symmetric Cu(I) mono-phenanthroline complexes were characterized by X-ray structural analysis, and their photophysical properties were investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy. Visible light excitation yielded metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states with luminescence lifetimes up to 155 ns. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy provided further insights into the excited-state dynamics and suggests for all three complexes the formation of a phenanthroline radical anion. In agreement with electrochemical measurements, the data further indicate that coordinative rearrangements are involved in nonradiative deactivation of the excited states. According to time-dependent density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/6-31G), the major MLCT transitions are polarized along the C(2) axis of the complex and originate predominantly from the copper d(xz) orbital. The computational analysis identifies an excited-state manifold with a number of close-lying, potentially emissive triplet states and is in agreement with the multiexponential decay kinetics of the MLCT luminescence. The relationship between structural and photophysical data of the studied Cu(I) mono-phenanthroline complexes agrees well with current models describing the photophysics of the related Cu(I) bis-diimine complexes.
EDITORIAL COMMENT CT perfusion angiography; beware of artifacts!

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Over the past years, myocardial perfusion imaging has been established as the reference standard for prognosis and clinical decision making of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Myocardial perfusion has predominantly been assessed by single photon emission tomography (SPECT) [1–7] and, more recently, by positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [8–16]. Amongst the advanced cardiac imaging modalities, multi detector computed tomography (CT) angiography has emerged as a reliable non-invasive method for the assessment of coronary anatomy, CAD, and cardiac function [17–22]. Multiple studies involving over several thousands of patients have established that CT angiography is highly accurate for delineation of the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis [23–30]. CT angiography may also reveal the total plaque burden, i.e. both calcified and non-calcified components, for individual patients with coronary atherosclerosis [31–40]. The advent of prospectively gated acquisition techniques for 64-slice CT angiography has allowed Editorial comment on the article of Rodríguez-Granillo et al.
Dioclea violacea lectin ameliorates oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in an experimental model of acute kidney injury.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by rapid and potentially reversible decline in renal function; however, the current management for AKI is nonspecific and associated with limited supportive care. Considering the need for more novel therapeutic approaches, we believe that lectins from Dioclea violacea (Dvl), based on their anti-inflammatory properties, could be beneficial for the treatment of AKI induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Dvl (1 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle (100 µL) was administered to Wistar rats prior to the induction of bilateral renal ischemia (45 min). Following 24 hours of reperfusion, inulin and para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances were performed to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR). Renal inflammation was assessed using myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Kidney sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to evaluate morphological changes. Intracellular superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. IR resulted in diminished GFR, RPF, RBF, and increased RVR; however, these changes were ameliorated in rats receiving Dvl. AKI-induced histomorphological changes, such as tubular dilation, tubular necrosis and proteinaceous casts, were attenuated by Dvl administration. Treatment with Dvl resulted in diminished renal MPO activity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats submitted to IR. Our data reveal that Dvl has a protective effect in the kidney, improving renal function after IR injury, probably by reducing neutrophil recruitment and oxidative stress. These results indicate that Dvl can be considered a new therapeutic approach for AKI-induced kidney injury.
Service marks as novel innovation indicator

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The analysis of services is difficult, due to a lack of appropriate statistical data. In this context, service marks prove to be an interesting novel indicator, showing a significant correlation to innovation. They allow the examination of structures and specialisation in service subsectors, in particular with regard to knowledge-intensive services. Furthermore, it is possible to analyse the area of product-accompanying services in more detail. The recent introduction of European marks has considerably improved the opportunities for country comparison. As the use of service marks as an innovation indicator is still in an early phase, it will be necessary to get more experiences with regard to sectors, countries and offices of registration.
The study of Polish phonotactics: Measures of phonotactic preferability

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie polskiej fonotaktyki z punktu widzenia różnych modeli preferencyjności. Inwentarz zbitek spółgłoskowych występujących na początku i na końcu słowa został wyekstrahowany ze słownika oraz zanalizowany na podstawie założeń Zasady Sonorności oraz Zasady Audiodystansu Netto. Zasada Sonorności określa dystanse między spółgłoskami na podstawie sposobu artykulacji, podczas gdy Zasada Audiodystansu Netto bierze pod uwagę dystanse w sposobie i miejscu artykulacji oraz pomiędzy obstruentami a sonorantami. Ponadto znaczna część zbitek spółgłoskowych w języku polskim jest wynikiem działania morfologii. Drugim celem jest zatem zbadanie stopnia zależności między preferencyjnością zbitek a ich morfologiczną strukturą. Analiza pokazuje, że Zasada Audiodystansu Netto, jako bardziej restrykcyjna miara, odrzuca większą grupę zbitek. Obie zasady natomiast potwierdzają związek między preferencyjnością zbitek spółgłoskowych a ich morfologiczną złożonością.
Cell Fate Switch during In Vitro Plant Organogenesis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

植物成熟细胞有能力颠倒他们区别的状态并且在有教养的条件下面生产新器官。二个阶段，去分化和区别，通常在试管内瀑形成期间被描绘。在这些过程，房间经历外来、内在的因素若干次调整的命运开关，它与再废被联系到房间周期，在 euchromatin 之间的平衡和异种染色质，基因表示的 reprogramming 等等。这篇短文章从植物体细胞在器官新生的机制考察进展在分子， genomic 和 epigenetic 方面，试图在在试管内植物瀑形成期间位于细胞命运开关下面的机制上提供重要信息。