jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rhodopsin and Porphyropsin Fields In the Adult Bullfrog Retina

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Though it had been supposed earlier that the bullfrog undergoes a virtually complete metamorphosis of visual systems from vitamin A2 and porphyropsin in the tadpole to vitamin A1 and rhodopsin in the adult, the present observations show that the retina of the adult frog may contain as much as 30–40% porphyropsin, all of it segregated in the dorsal zone. The most dorsal quarter of the adult retina may contain 81–89% porphyropsin mixed with a minor amount of rhodopsin; the ventral half contains only rhodopsin. Further, the dorsal zone contains a two to three times higher concentration of visual pigments than the ventral retina. The pigment epithelium underlying the retina contains a corresponding distribution of vitamins A1 and A2, predominantly vitamin A2 in the dorsal pigment epithelium, exclusively vitamin A1 in the ventral zone. The retina accepts whatever vitamin A the pigment epithelium provides it with, and turns it into the corresponding visual pigment. Thus, a piece of light-adapted dorsal retina laid back on ventral pigment epithelium regenerates rhodopsin, whereas a piece of light-adapted ventral retina laid back on dorsal pigment epithelium regenerates predominantly porphyropsin. Vitamin A2 must be made from vitamin A1, by dehydrogenation at the 3,4-bond in the ring. This conversion must occur in the pigment epithelium, presumably through the action of a vitamin A-3,4-dehydrogenase. The essential change at metamorphosis is to make much less of this dehydrogenase, and to sequester it in the dorsal pigment epithelium. Some adult bullfrogs, perhaps characteristically taken in the summer, contain very little porphyropsin—only perhaps 5%—still sequestered in the dorsal retina. The gradient of light over the retinal surface has little if any effect on this distribution. The greater density of visual pigments in the dorsal retina, and perhaps also—although this is less clear—the presence of porphyropsin in this zone, has some ecological importance in increasing the retinal sensitivity to the dimmer and, on occasion, redder light received from below.
Permeability and pore structure of blended cement concrete

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Prediction of water permeability of cementitious materials is necessary for predicting durability of concrete structures. In this project, numerical model has been proposed to predict the permeability of cementitious materials from the pore structure. The numerical model has been developed step by step started from cement paste to mortar. The final model can be used to predict the water permeability of mortar using blended cement.
Optimizing Enzymatic Extraction of Pectin from Persimmon Peel

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The extraction of pectin from persimmon peel with the aid of cellulase was optimized by orthogonal array design on the basis of one-factor-at-at-a-time.The optimum extraction parameters were identified as follows: extraction temperature of 45 ℃,enzyme dosage of 3.0 mg/g,pH 4.0,material-to-liquid ratio of 1:35 and extraction time of 2 h,and the resulting extraction rate of pectin was 8.87%.This method has the advantages of simplicity and convenience and can therefore be used for the extraction and determination of pectin.
Understanding the Factors Determining Green Public Procurement Practices Among Local Governments in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the wicked problems communities face worldwide is climate change. Among potential solutions and current efforts is green public procurement (GPP), an innovative policy approach to change business as usual in the governmental sector. Local governments in the U.S. annually spend approximately $1.72 trillion on purchasing goods and services. Given substantial purchasing power of municipalities, GPP practices at the local level can incite a transition toward a more sustainable society. This study is the first to delineate the levels and variations of existing GPP practices among U.S. localities and examine the factors that facilitate or hinder GPP engagement.\nCollaborative governance has been advanced as an approach to overcome barriers that arise from fragmentation of authority at the local level. Prior research suggests that collaboration leads to economies of scale, a more agile procurement process, and enhanced capacity. However, we know little about its impact on GPP practices. Drawing on Feiock’s (2013) Institutional Collective Action framework and resource exchange theory, this research also analyzes the impact of collaboration on GPP utilization.\nI triangulate data from an innovative national survey, conducted in collaboration with the Institute for Public Procurement (NIGP), and multiple case studies. Research evidence shows that a strategic vision, pressures from the federal government, and familiarity with GPP practices motivate U.S. local governments to engage in GPP. Surprisingly, local governments’ use of GPP practices is hindered by availability of green suppliers. I also find that collaborative governance could indirectly enhance GPP implementation. The findings of this dissertation contribute to the advancement of theory and provide actionable recommendations for practice, as well as avenues for future research.
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Suicidal Behavior in Contemporary Ghana

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Suicidal behavior receives considerable coverage in African media. Yet, there has been limited empirical research that focuses explicitly on suicidal behavior in African societies, while comprehensive and reliable official data on the phenomenon are limited. Aims: This article contributes to the empirical research on suicidal behavior in African societies by examining police-recorded data on suicidal behavior in Ghana, West Africa. Methods: Official law enforcement data on suicidal behavior spanning 2006–2008 were analyzed to identify current patterns of suicidal behavior in the country. Results: The results indicate that the persons most prone to suicidal behavior were male, young, and poor. The most frequent methods used were hanging, the ingestion of poisons, and shooting. Conclusions: The relatively low rate of recorded suicidal behavior in the society stems partly from the tabooed and criminal aspects of the phenomenon.
An Adaptation Layer for the Internet: The “6 M's of Modern Internetworking”

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

NASA Research Agreement (NRA) NNA16BD84C identified and developed new Internetworking architectures to support secure reliable Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) needs for Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) operating in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. These studies produced numerous conference publications as well as NASA reports that have been made available in the public domain. Continued work within Boeing and with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and IEEE have provided further shaping. We now consider how the architectures have motivated an Adaptation Layer for the Internet to address the "6 M's of Modern Internetworking". Future mobile communication services for civil aviation, Unmanned Air Traffic Management (UTM), Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) as well as terrestrial and space transportation will require an enhanced Internetworking architecture to securely address "6 M" services including Multilink, Multinet, Mobility, Multicast, Multihop and MTU Assurance. The Automatic Extended Route Optimization and Overlay Multilink Network Interface (AERO/OMNI) technologies comprehensively address these needs by establishing an 'adaptation layer' for the Internet. This paper presents architectural concepts that began under the NASA program and were further shaped by ICAO, IETF, IEEE and Boeing-internal program work. We propose a unified architecture that can address the modern Internetworking needs for all air, land, sea and space mobile device users. The advent of IP parcels and Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) opens further avenues for a more robust, efficient and extensible Internet in both terrestrial and space domains. We finally envision that these technologies will soon become integral components of commercial and tactical public and private domain Internetworks worldwide.
Quantitative Assessment of Outer Retinal Layer and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Layer and Their Relation to Visual Acuity in Diabetic Macular Edema

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose . To compare outer retinal layer (ORL) thickness and photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length between normal eyes and eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME), and also, to study the correlation between central macular thicknesses (CMT), ORL, and PROS length with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in DME. Methods . 80 eyes were included in the study; they were divided into two groups, group Ι (40 normal eyes) and group ΙΙ (40 eyes) with DME. Complete ophthalmic examination and OCT were done for all eyes. Comparison between ORL and PROS was done between both groups; also, correlation between ORL thickness, PROS length, and CMT with BCVA in group ΙΙ was studied. Results . CMT was greater in group ΙΙ than group Ι (392.70 ± 62.91 and 265.73 ± 17.17, respectively) (SS, p<0.001). ORL thickness was statistically significantly greater in group Ι than group ΙΙ (104.80 ± 4.94, 93.68 ± 6.34, p<0.001). Regarding PROS length, it was statistically significantly greater in group Ι than group ΙΙ (31.38 ± 3.4 and 26.65 ± 3.39, respectively, p<0.001). There was moderate correlation between BCVA and ORL thickness ( r = −0.440, p=0.004) and strong correlation between BCVA and PROS length in group ΙΙ ( r = − 0.690, p<0.001), while there was weak correlation between BCVA and CMT ( r = 0.198, p=0.220). Conclusion . Both ORL thickness and PROS length were greater in healthy normal eyes than eyes with DME. BCVA was correlated better with PROS length and ORL thickness than CMT.
A Comparison Study Between Four Different Pachymeters to Measure Corneal Thickness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To compare the correlation and agreement between the central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements with ultrasound pachymeter and three different non-contact pachymeters and to analyze their influence on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements.This prospective study included 102 healthy adults.Optical biometer (OB), scheimpflug corneal topographer (TOPO), ultrasound pachymeter (UP), and non-contact pachytonometer (NCP) were carried out to measure the corneal thickness.Pearson and Spearman correlation and a 95% limit of agreement were calculated.In this prospective study, the CCT of 102 right eyes of 102 healthy volunteers were analyzed.CCT measured with optic biometer, corneal topography, ultrasound pachymeter and non-contact pachytonometer were 534.7 (438-629), 544.8 (444-634), 553.1 (449-674) and 562.9 (464-665 µm), respectively.There were strong correlations between all pachymeters by Pearson correlation analysis.The correlation of Pearson between all measurement methods were over 0.9 50.When the CCT was divided into the three groups according to corneal thickness ranges, the correlation was higher than 0.7 in all groups (r=0.72-0.91 for <510 µm, r=0.85-0.95 for 510-580 µm, r=0.82-0.93 for >580 µm) by Spearman correlation analysis.A significant positive correlation was observed between the IOP values and CCT obtained by all pachymeters with a trend toward increasing the IOP with increasing corneal thickness.The correlations between the pachymeters were high in normal corneal thicknes s, whereas it was slightly lower in the thick and thin cornea.A significant positive correlation was observed between IOP and CCT in all pachymeters.
The Application and Mechanism of Monoclonal Antibodies in Diseases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as a kind of highly specific biological drugs, play an increasingly important role in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Monoclonal antibodies were invented in the 1970s and went through four stages of development to become fully humanized antibodies. The principle is to use cell fusion technology to fuse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes, and then use HAT culture medium to screen successfully fused hybridoma cells. The preparation process of mAbs is varied, and the required biotechnology (protein purification, ELISA, immunofluorescence) and equipment are complex. With the continuous progress of biotechnology, mAb has been widely used in many fields such as tumor, autoimmune disease and infectious disease. At present, there are many mAb drugs on the market for the treatment of various intractable diseases. In tumor therapy, mAbs can inhibit the growth and spread of tumor cells by targeting tumor cell surface antigens, and improve the therapeutic effect. In autoimmune diseases, mAb can target autoantigens, regulate the immune response, reduce symptoms, and improve the condition. In addition, mAbs also play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases, such as neutralizing viruses, bacteria and other pathogens, preventing their infection of cells. The mechanism of mAbs, including binding to antigens, triggering signal transduction, endocytosis and degradation, and inducing immune response, is also introduced. There are also many binding sites where mAbs act on different diseases, such as PD-1, PD-L1, CD20, F and G surface proteins of RSV. MAb has excellent specificity and effectiveness, but it is expensive and has its own risks. With the continuous development and optimization of monoclonal antibody technology, its application prospect in the future disease treatment will be broader.
Megacraspedus Zeller 1839

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Megacraspedus Zeller, 1839 Chilopselaphus Mann, 1867, syn. n. The males of Megacraspedus are sometimes confused with Coleophoridae because of their similarity in the external appearance. The forewing pattern consists of rather distinct spots and/or longitudinal stripes. The frontal part of the head is smooth (Figs. 4–5). The labial palps are characteristic for the genus: long hairscales on the segment II, either extended, laterally broadened, and the segment III rising up from the middle of the segment II, or almost straight and very long with third segment not turned upwards (in the fallax- and balneariellus -groups) (Fig. 6). The females are more or less brachypterous, and in many cases seldom observed or unknown. In the male genitalia, the sacculus is fused with the valva, the valva is clavate with more or less distinct excavation at the basal margins, the saccus is subtriangular and rather large, and the aedeagus is robust and usually almost straight with a bulbous caecum. In the female genitalia, the signum is a sub-oval, dentate and convex plate. There are about 24 species of Megacraspedus in Europe (Karsholt & Riedl 1996). However, it is well known that there still remain several undescribed species in private and institutional collections (see Huemer & Karsholt 2001). Six new species are described in this paper. We consider the genus Chilopselaphus Mann, 1867 a subordinate group within Megacraspedus (like, e.g. the attritellus -group). The three previously known species of that genus, C. fallax Mann, 1867, C. balneariellus Chrétien, 1907 and C. lagopellus (Herrich- Schäffer, 1860), are transferred to Megacraspedus. Furthermore, Trichembola niphorrhoa Meyrick, 1926 is transferred to Megacraspedus and Trichembola neurophanes Meyrick, 1926 is considered a junior synonym of Megacraspedus fallax (Mann, 1867) (see Junnilainen et al. 2010).
How COVID broke my heart: a case report of tamponade after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 leading to COVID-19 is a global pandemic, the likes of which have been unprecedented in our lifetime, with many presentations, unknown complications, and few effective treatment options. The most common organ affected by COVID-19 is the lungs, but another well-known effect of COVID-19 infection is thromboembolic phenomena. In this case, a patient previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 developed chest pain radiating to the back, shortness of breath, and marked hypertension and was diagnosed with an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by a moderate pericardial effusion which led to a cardiac tamponade. The patient had all three of the components of Beck's Triad: muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distention, and hypotension as well as a narrow pulse pressure and had COVID-19 induced myocarditis resulting in a pericardial effusion and tamponade physiology. This COVID-19 associated pericardial effusion has, to our knowledge, been reported only six times in the literature and this presentation was unique because the patient was in the subacute phase with COVID-19, had a cardiac tamponade, and had a thrombosed stent during the catheterization despite being on long term apixaban. The patient underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with two stents and was transferred to the intensive care unit where he was noted to have worsening hypotension despite aggressive vasopressor support. Ultimately, despite an emergent bedside pericardiocentesis, the patient succumbed to complications of COVID-19 infection. To our knowledge, there have only been six reported cases in the literature of COVID-19 associated pericardial effusions, and four had cardiac tamponade. It is imperative that clinicians be wary of, and educated about, the less common effects of COVID-19 infection even after the acute phase has passed, which include a persistent prothrombotic state.
Texture Properties of Freshwater Fish and Their Correlation with Nutritional Components

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Five common kinds of freshwater fish such as Ctenopharyngodon idellus Cuv.et val.(grass carp),Carassius auratus cuvieri(crucian carp),Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cuv(silver carp),Cyprinus carpio Linn(carp) and Megalobrama amblycephala(blunt-snout) from Hubei province were selected to conduct the analysis of texture properties and nutritional components.The results indicated that five kinds of freshwater fish ranked in the order of grasp carp,carp,crucian carp,blunt-snout and silver carp according to muscle hardness.The hardness,springiness,adhesiveness and chewness of the muscle from the five kinds of freshwater fish exhibited an increase trend due to the growth of fish and the increase of body weight.The muscle springiness was positively correlated with the water content and negatively correlated with fat content.Principal component analysis was performed based on 7 parameters of textural profile analysis(TPA).Top 3 factors were selected and the cumulative contribution to variance was up to 94.62%.Muscle hardness and springiness were the dominant factors.
CHRONOPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF CHEMICAL LUMINESCENCE IN THE HYDRAZIDE OF TRI-AMINOPHTHALIC ACID (LUMINOL)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Research was conducted into the variations in intensity and duration of the emission of light which occurs in reactions of the hydrazide of tri- aminophthalic acid (luminol) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iron compounds. Suitable experimental apparatus for taking such measurements were devised, and the results obtained show, in some areas, a significant proportional relationship between the maximum light intensity given off and the concentration of peroxide. A direct relationship was also observed between the maximum light intensity and the concentration of hemin when hemin was used as a catalyzing iron compound.
Does telemonitoring in heart failure empower patients for self‐care? A qualitative study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aims and objectives To explore the extent to which telemonitoring in patients with heart failure empowers them to self‐care. Background Telemonitoring is increasingly used to provide structured follow‐up. In patients with heart failure it has been shown to reduce mortality. However there is limited knowledge of the extent to which it supports the patient to develop self‐care skills. Design A qualitative study including interviews with patients at 2 time‐points. Methods Fifteen patients mean age 74, 11 (73%) male, 9 (60%) symptomatic on moderate activity, 6 (40%) symptomatic on mild exertion were interviewed at two time points: firstly following three months of telemonitoring and the second interview following six months of telemonitoring. Thematic analysis of the data was undertaken using constant comparison. Results Patients undertook a variety of self‐care actions. During the three‐month interview technological skills featured highly in patients accounts and they used telemonitoring to facilitate professional monitoring. However, during the six‐month interview patients described how they used telemonitoring to support their self‐care actions. Such actions were based on the understanding of heart failure that patients developed from their personal experience of symptoms, and their interaction with the telemonitoring and the telemonitoring nurse. We found no difference in self‐care actions regardless of patients age, severity of their heart failure, time since diagnosis with heart failure or living alone. Conclusion In summary, the majority of patients used telemonitoring daily and developed self‐care skills in monitoring their heart failure. Such skills were developed over the six‐month time‐period of the study. Relevance to clinical practice Our findings suggest how the nurse can help patients to use telemonitoring to develop their understanding of their heart failure and empower them for self‐ care decision making.
Tema “Keluarga” dan Relevansinya dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Jerman

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aims to obtain data on the theme of "family" and its relevance in learning German for class XII IIS SMA Negeri 11 Makassar. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The population of this study were all students of class XII SMA Negeri 11 Makassar who studied German which consisted of 3 (three) classes, namely class XII IIS 1, XII IIS 2 and XII IIS 3 with a total of 106 people. The sample technique used was purposive sampling, amounting to 36 students. The data collection technique used an open questionnaire. The data that has been obtained were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that family life in Germany was very good. This can be seen based on the culture of life through the attitude of independence, equal rights (work) in the family, and free time. The relevance of learning in this study is mainly on cultural themes that themes like this are suitable themes to be studied because the purpose of language learning is not only to mastery of language but also to culture, namely by looking for learning materials that are related to cultural and universal themes. but on the one hand it is specific in purpose so that the learning process occurs much faster because the themes used or studied also exist in our culture. In addition, we see that the German family is very punctual and disciplined, so its relevance in the learning process is highly respected by the nature of discipline and timeliness.