jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A program for calculating expansion-tube flow quantities for real-gas mixtures and comparison with experimental results

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A computer program written in FORTRAN 4 language is presented which determines expansion-tube flow quantities for real test gases CO2 N2, O2, Ar, He, and H2, or mixtures of these gases, in thermochemical equilibrium. The effects of dissociation and first and second ionization are included. Flow quantities behind the incident shock into the quiescent test gas are determined from the pressure and temperature of the quiescent test gas in conjunction with: (1) incident-shock velocity, (2) static pressure immediately behind the incident shock, or (3) pressure and temperature of the driver gas (imperfect hydrogen or helium). The effect of the possible existence of a shock reflection at the secondary diaphragm of the expansion tube is included. Expansion-tube test-section flow conditions are obtained by performing an isentropic unsteady expansion from the conditions behind the incident shock or reflected shock to either the test-region velocity or the static pressure. Both a thermochemical-equilibrium expansion and a frozen expansion are included. Flow conditions immediately behind the bow shock of a model positioned at the test section are also determined. Results from the program are compared with preliminary experimental data obtained in the Langley 6-inch expansion tube.
Co-occurring Medical Multimorbidity, Mental Illness, and Substance Use Disorders Among Older Criminal Legal System-Involved Veterans

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Older veterans involved in the criminal legal system (CLS) may have patterns of multimorbidity that place them at risk for poor health outcomes. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of medical multimorbidity (≥2 chronic medical diseases), substance use disorders (SUDs), and mental illness among CLS-involved veterans aged 50 and older. Research Design: Using Veterans Health Administration health records, we estimated the prevalence of mental illness, SUD, medical multimorbidity, and the co-occurrence of these conditions among veterans by CLS involvement as indicated by Veterans Justice Programs encounters. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the association between CLS involvement, the odds for each condition, and the co-occurrence of conditions. Subjects: Veterans aged 50 and older who received services at Veterans Health Administration facilities in 2019 (n=4,669,447). Methods: Mental illness, SUD, medical multimorbidity. Results: An estimated 0.5% (n=24,973) of veterans aged 50 and older had CLS involvement. For individual conditions, veterans with CLS involvement had a lower prevalence of medical multimorbidity compared with veterans without but had a higher prevalence of all mental illnesses and SUDs. After adjusting for demographic factors, CLS involvement remained associated with concurrent mental illness and SUD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.52, 95% CI=5.35–5.69), SUD and medical multimorbidity (aOR=2.09, 95% CI=2.04–2.15), mental illness and medical multimorbidity (aOR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01–1.06), and having all 3 simultaneously (aOR=2.42, 95% CI=2.35–2.49). Conclusions: Older veterans involved in the CLS are at high risk for co-occurring mental illness, SUDs, and medical multimorbidity, all of which require appropriate care and treatment. Integrated care rather than disease-specific care is imperative for this population
Immunohistochemical distribution of Amyloid Deposits in 25 Cows Diagnosed with Systemic AA Amyloidosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The distribution of amyloid deposits was histopathologically and immunohistochemically examined in 25 cows aged 5 to 10 years that had been diagnosed with systemic AA amyloidosis. This examination revealed that amyloid deposits were also present in the hypophysis, ovary, uterus, mammary gland and skeletal muscle, in addition to the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gastrointestinal mucosa, heart, lung and lymph nodes. The examined cows tended to have chronic inflammations, including chronic mastitis (six cases) or chronic pneumonia (four cases), which is thought of as a causative agent of AA amyloidosis. In contrast, five cases did not exhibit any chronic inflammation.
The impact of prolonged contrast reduction on visual contrast coding

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

How does prolonged reduction in retinal-image contrast affect visual-contrast coding? Rubin and Legge (Vision Research, 29, 79–91, 1989) proposed that vision through cataracts and some other ocular-media opacities can be modeled by a contrast-reducing “filter” in front of an otherwise normal visual system (contrast attenuation model). Recent evidence, however, indicates that some forms of long-term visual deprivation result in compensatory perceptual and neural changes in the adult visual pathway. The goal of our study is to investigate the impact of prolonged contrast reduction on contrast coding with both behavioral and neuronal measures. If long-term contrast reduction results in a form of neural compensation, we might expect to see improvement in behavioral contrast discrimination and an increase in the gain of neuronal contrast responses compared with the unadapted condition. In order to test this hypothesis, normally sighted participants adapted by viewing the world through contrast reducing goggles (approximately three fold reduction of image contrast) for four hours. During the adaptation period, participants went about their usual daily activities. Participants' contrast-discrimination functions (psychophysics) and neuronal contrast response functions (fMRI BOLD) were measured before and after adaptation. Data from two participants showed that after adaptation, there were significant decreases in contrast discrimination thresholds (improved contrast discrimination) and increased BOLD responses in the early visual cortical areas of the brain (V1 and V2) compared to unadapted values. There was also evidence that these changes in contrast coding were more pronounced for contrasts below about 30%, i.e., within the range of contrasts available during adaptation. These findings indicate that the early visual pathway adapts to prolonged exposure to a reduced-contrast world. The adaptation appears to be compensatory, such that the precision of contrast coding is improved for low retinal-image contrasts.
The cost of Indigenous cultural safety training: examining facilitator burnout and the impacts on health and wellness

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This research represents an in-depth exploration of the lived experience, demands and risks of facilitating Indigenous cultural safety and the impact it has on the health and wellness of Indigenous cultural safety facilitators. Using Indigenous and qualitative methodologies, this study gathered data from 11 Indigenous cultural safety facilitators in the Vancouver Island and Vancouver regions through in-depth interviews. Issues around training, preparation, boundaries and capacity within Indigenous cultural safety spaces were examined, as well as the resistance, harm, violence, emotional taxation, hardships and burnout often experienced by Indigenous cultural safety facilitators. With a focus on how facilitating Indigenous cultural safety affects physical, emotional, mental and spiritual wellness, as well as emphasizing the high risk of burnout, this research demonstrates that Indigenous cultural safety environments can be unsafe for Indigenous cultural safety facilitators and exposes a need to explore further how social and structural supports can better protect the health and wellness of Indigenous cultural safety facilitators.
Some properties of fuzzy ideals on a lattice

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A study of fuzzy ideals on a lattice is presented, concentrating on the complete lattice structures which can be constructed from such ideals. While the subject is interesting in itself, being neglected in the literature in favour of fuzzy ideals on group or ring structures, the intent of this publication is to provide a theoretical basis for a very important application of fuzzy ideals on a lattice.
Effect of Moss Killer on Dissolved Oxygen and Turbidity of Western Washington Lakes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Several studies have been conducted on the effects of various pollutants on freshwater water systems in Washington state; however, research into the effects of increased concentrations of zinc, particularly via moss control products (representing a significant portion of the accumulative zinc pollution in Washington waterways) is scarce. The goal of this study is to shed light on the effect of moss control on the health of native aquatic microbial communities in Western Washington, measured via rate of change of dissolved oxygen and turbidity levels. Samples from Green Lake, Martha Lake, and Lake Washington were collected and introduced to varying concentrations of moss control, and the dissolved oxygen and turbidity levels of these samples were monitored over five days. It was discovered that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between concentration of moss control and both dissolved oxygen and turbidity. More research is needed to verify and further investigate these relationships.
Fragmentation of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae exposes cryptic D-mannose-binding sites

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cells of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli are able to attach to various host cells by means of a mannose-specific adhesin associated with type 1 fimbriae. Here we show that fragmentation of type 1 fimbriae by freezing and thawing results in increased mannose-binding activity as demonstrated by increased hemagglutination, increased stimulation of human lymphocyte proliferation, and increased binding of the mannose-containing enzyme horseradish peroxidase. Increased activity in all three assays was mannose sensitive and was not exhibited by FimH- mutant type 1 fimbriae lacking the adhesin. Scatchard analysis of the data from peroxidase binding assays showed that unfrozen and frozen fimbriae contain binding sites displaying two classes of affinity. Frozen and thawed fimbriae expressed an increase in the number of high-affinity binding sites. These results show that fragmentation of the fimbrial structure exposes cryptic mannose-binding activity associated with type 1 fimbriae, presumably that of internally located adhesin molecules. Our data support earlier observations that adhesin moieties of type 1 fimbriae are located both at the tips and at intervals along the length of the fimbriae. In addition, our data suggest that only the adhesin moieties that are located at the fimbrial tips are functional in binding mannose. Adhesins located along the length of the fimbriae have their mannose-binding activity buried within the fimbrial structure and hence are not functional. We propose an updated model for the structure of type 1 fimbriae that is in agreement with the above observations.
Investigating retroviral envelope proteome plasticity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background We have recently demonstrated that under highly artificial conditions, retroviral envelopes can acquire new proteins carrying a post-translationally added glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor [1,2]. Subsequently, we are interested to see if retroviral particles may acquire novel protein functions post-exit under physiological conditions either using GPI-anchored or, eventually, other protein species. Therefore we are trying to assess how mutable the envelope proteome is in response to external stimuli. New functionalities acquired in such processes, i.e. protection from the complement system, may prove beneficial for the virus, especially in zoonotic infections.
A Case of Fatal Ileo-Cæcal Intussusception

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

of any kind.There is no condition in which patients bear and require such large losses of blood as in eclampsia.Mrs. W., having suffered with oedema of the lower extremities before confinement with her third child, was seized soon after labor had bep-un with severe convulsions, for the relief of which a vein was opened in the arm, and some twenty-five ounces of blood were drawn.Shortly after the bleeding, the membranes, without being meddled with, were rupt- ured, the liquor amnii was evacuated, and the labor progressed rapidly without assistance of any sort, until the head began to press on the outer strait, when the convulsions again returned.The bandage was removed from the arm, and the vein allowed to bleed to the extent of fifteen ounces more, when the convulsions ceased, and a male child was born.Some tincture of nux vómica was given and repeated to restore tone to the nerves of the kidneys, which soon began to act freely, and the patient recovered without further untoward symptom of any sort.If bleeding in this class of cases is to be abandoned altogether, what restorative agency do advanced modern therapeutists propose to set up in its place ?At the very time that Dr. Todd was giving brandy, as in his judgment the sole and only indispensable agent required in the treatment of pneumonia, M. Grisolle was experimenting as to the therapeutic efficacy of loss of blood in greater or less quantity, and each doubtless thought the other a fit subject for a mad-house.How fortunate it would have been if, abandoning preconceived ideas and prejudice, these honest searchers after truth could have become co-workers, and have put their seemingly antagonistic theories to the crucial test of applying them conjointly and contemporaneously in the same cases of pneumonia.If M. Grisolle, when bleeding his patients largely and successively, had given them a cup of beef tea and a tablespoonful of brandy every two hours, does any one doubt that his list of recoveries would have been much larger and longer ?A CASE OF FATAL ILEO-C\l=AE\CAL INTUSSUSCEPTION.
Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with confirmed severe and mild COVID-19 at one large maternity hospital in Chile

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We conducted a prospective observational cohort study in 458 pregnant and puerperal women, with confirmed COVID-19 at Hospital San Jose, Santiago, Chile, to determine the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and confirm safety and feasibility of a management protocol based on clinical presentation of the disease. 25.5% (117/458) of women were severe and 74.4% (341/458) mild presentation. Three percent (9/341) of mild presentations required a subsequent hospitalization. Overall, 26/458 women (5.6%) were admitted to ICU, and 13/458 (2.8%) required mechanical ventilation. One maternal death occurred at 49-days postpartum. Severe presentation, infection above 24 weeks, and comorbidities were associated with an adverse maternal outcome. Of total deliveries, 16.5% (36/217) were <37 weeks. Perinatal mortality was 6/226 (2.7%), mostly due to the fetal component. A quarter of the women had severe COVID-19 that, combined with occurrence of disease in the second half of pregnancy, resulted in substantial maternal compromise. Perinatal morbidity and mortality in women with severe disease were high and warrant consideration. Outpatient management was safe for mild cases.
A SEASONAL MATING SYSTEM FOR BEEF CATTLE IN CENTRAL QUEENSLAND

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary In a central Queensland Hereford herd, data collected over a period of six years showed that when cows were mated from October to March an average pregnancy rate of 94 per cent for the herd was obtained with no significant variation between years. Rate of conception, as assessed at pregnancy diagnosis, varied significantly between years in all age groups. The mean proportion of cows pregnant by the end of December was 49 per cent. Relationship between rainfall during the previous November-April period and conceptions to the end of December indicated that 93 per cent of the variation could be attributed to rainfall. A significantly larger (p < 0.01) number of two-year-old maiden heifers had conceived by the end of December than either three-year-old or mature lactating cows. At the end of mating there was no significant effect of age on pregnancy rate.
Legg reduction maneuver for patients with anterior shoulder dislocation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Few manual techniques for reducing anterior shoulder dislocations are easy to perform in the clinical setting, and many of these techniques require sedation. The authors describe a technique, the Legg reduction maneuver, that is easy to perform on site and requires no premedication. Clinical experience indicates that proper use of this maneuver can successfully relocate a patient's anterior shoulder dislocation. The relocated arm can then be placed in an immobilizer and receive further medical management as appropriate. The Legg reduction maneuver allows the physician to work with the natural tendencies of muscle groups in the patient, rather than against them. Thus, the technique can be performed without sedation. In addition, because no traction is placed on the injured shoulder, the potential for neurovascular injury is decreased.
Graphene foam/hydrogel scaffolds for regeneration of peripheral nerve using ADSCs in a diabetic mouse model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The functional recovery of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is unsatisfactory, whereas diabetes mellitus (DM) and its related complications further attenuate the restoration of diabetic PNI (DPNI). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are promising candidates for treatment of DPNI due to their abundant source, excellent differentiation and paracrine ability. Our results showed that ADSCs remarkably enhanced the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells and endothelial cells, and tube formation. Mechanistically, ADSCs could regulate Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, showing multiple functions in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and regulating cell metabolism, growth, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, differentiation of Schwann cell and myelin formation. In current study, novel graphene foam (GF)/hydrogel-based scaffold was developed to deliver ADSCs for treatment of DPNI. GF/hydrogel scaffold exhibited excellent mechanical strength, suitable porous network, superior electrical conductivity, and good biocompatibility. In vitro results revealed that GF/hydrogel scaffold could obviously accelerate proliferation of Schwann cells. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that ADSCs-loaded GF/hydrogel scaffold significantly promoted the recovery of DPNI and inhibited the atrophy of targeted muscles, thus providing a novel and attractive therapeutic approach for DPNI patients. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Retrobulbar respiratory epithelial orbital cyst in a dog: A case report

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract A 10‐month‐old female, neutered French Bulldog presented with a history of unilateral right‐sided intermittent conjunctivitis and exophthalmos. The patient suffered blunt force trauma to the right eye after a tennis ball impact approximately five months prior to presentation. Examination identified the patient was visual with exophthalmos, lateral strabismus, conjunctival hyperaemia, episcleral congestion, and papilloedema. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography identified an approximately two centimeter diameter fluid‐filled structure directly posterior to the globe leading to displacement of the optic nerve and distortion of the posterior globe wall. Centesis of the lesion demonstrated neutrophilic and macrophagic inflammation with evidence of prior hemorrhage. Within four weeks, the structure had re‐filled to its original size and was subsequently excised in its entirety, via a lateral orbitotomy. Histopathologic findings indicated a non‐keratinising orbital cyst, the lining of which was consistent with a respiratory epithelial cyst. Recurrence had not occurred seven months' post‐surgery. To the author's knowledge, previous reports of retrobulbar respiratory epithelial cysts have not been documented in animals.
Beyond good and evil impacts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It is by now widely accepted that social and professional issues are an important part of any computer science curriculum. The approach taken in most social issues courses is to articulate the social impacts of different computer technologies and then apply macro-ethical theories to those impacts. This paper argues that this approach has a number of drawbacks. First, it is based on a technological deterministic style of social explanation that has been in disrepute in the academic social sciences for decades. Second, it uses an algorithmic approach to ethics that simplifies the social complexity and the uncertainty that is the reality of socio-technological change. It concludes by suggesting that the alternative to the ethical evaluation of impacts is to focus the course instead on the social context; that is, on clarifying and unpacking the complexity involved in the relationship between technology and society.
The decomposition of chemically activated ethyl, propyl, and butyl fluorides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Activated ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl fluorides have been formed by the insertion of singlet methylene into the carbon–hydrogen bonds of appropriate alkyl fluorides or by the combination of alkyl with fluoroalkyl radicals. The reactivities of the carbon–hydrogen bonds towards insertion have been compared with the reactivity of the bonds in neopentane.The rates of elimination of hydrogen fluoride from the molecules originally formed have been found and compared with the rates of deactivation by collision. Evidence that the deactivation of ethyl fluoride occurs in steps of a few kcal. mole–1 has been found. The size of the steps depends upon the colliding molecule and, for nitrogen, on the temperature.
Analysis of NH3 Powered Turbofan Engine With sCO2 Waste Heat Recovery System

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the search for alternative aviation fuels, ammonia shows much promise. The higher density and boiling point of ammonia compared to hydrogen could mean ammonia could be used without a dramatic rethinking of aircraft architecture. Instead, the possibility exists that current aircraft and engines could be retrofitted to use ammonia instead of traditional jet fuel. This paper aims to address the engine aspect of such a retrofit. The open-source Toolbox for Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS) is modified to allow for the modeling of ammonia fueled engines and the addition of heat exchangers and other technologies. A thermodynamic cycle model of a baseline ammonia engine is created retaining the turbomachinery maps, duct sizes, nozzle areas, and bleed flow rates from a kerosene engine. This engine is then modified by adding heat exchangers and a supercritical CO2 waste heat recovery (WHR) cycle to produce power for the engine and aid in the preheating of the ammonia. Preliminary analysis is performed to determine the ideal location of heat exchangers to benefit cycle efficiency. This analysis suggests that using the ammonia as a heat sink to intercool and recuperate the engine allows for significant improvements over baseline performance. From there, optimization of the geometry of the added heat exchangers is performed to limit heat exchanger size and minimize engine fuel consumption at cruise. The addition of these heat exchangers allows for a reduction in fuel burn of 3%–9% over the baseline engine. Additionally, the WHR cycle can produce the required 250 horsepower (186 kW) of electrical power for the aircraft and the ammonia temperature is increased from 420°R to over 1400°R (233K to 778K). Investigating the results of the optimization shows that making more substantial changes to engines could allow for further improvements to engine performance past that of a retrofit.