jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[The definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The new, revised CDC case definition of AIDS (1) specifies precisely, which laboratory results and which diseases may indicate HIV-infection. The indicator diseases are divided into those with HIV-positive and HIV-not positive laboratory findings. The latter group is subdivided into diseases diagnosed definitely and diagnosed presumptively. Appendices contain directions for the interpretation of results of laboratory examinations indicating, under which circumstances the diagnosis of AIDS can be excluded or can definitely be established or which findings must be considered inconclusive. Further, the methods are listed, which have to be employed in order to provide a definitive diagnosis of an indicator disease and under which conditions a presumptive diagnosis of a disease, indicative of AIDS, is admitted.
Technical Note: Analysis of concentration-discharge hysteresis loops using Self-Organizing Maps

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Analyzing concentration-discharge (C-Q) hysteresis loops is essential for understanding both dissolved and particulate constituent sources and transport mechanisms in watershed hydrology. However, traditional hysteresis analysis methods, including loop classification schemes and hysteresis indices, fail to capture the full variability and gradual transitions between loop patterns. To address these limitations, we introduce an alternative approach for characterizing hysteresis patterns in watersheds using the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm, which better represents loop variability without relying on rigid categories. This technical report outlines the application – and the advantages – of SOM-based hysteresis loop characterization and presents a general workflow for its implementation to characterize C-Q hysteresis for any watershed constituent. We demonstrate the efficacy of the SOM algorithm through a proof-of-concept with sediment transport hysteresis loops. The SOM algorithm was able to classify hysteresis loops with a high degree of accuracy, correctly mapping the amplitude, direction, and concavity of hysteresis loops in the training dataset. We also used the SOM algorithm to develop a General Turbidity-Discharge (T-Q) SOM – which may be used as a standardized benchmark for characterizing primary loop types in sediment hysteresis analysis. We demonstrate the use of the General T-Q SOM in describing loop frequency distributions and exploring associations with hydrologic variables to infer hydrologic controls of loop types for three watersheds. We found that the General T-Q SOM captures key differences in loop shape (and thus sediment transport processes) overlooked by hysteresis indices while preserving the continuum of loop variability lost in classification schemes. Additionally, SOM-based correlation analysis effectively detected associations between loop types and hydrologic variables, enhancing understanding of their hydrologic significance. Combined with high-resolution water quality data, this method offers a powerful tool for advancing the identification of constituent sources and transport mechanisms at the watershed scale. To support broader adoption of the methodology described in this paper, we have developed a Python package, equipped with detailed documentation to facilitate SOM implementation and application in future C-Q analysis.
Bennett's Fracture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bennett's fracture is the retention of the bone to which the beak ligament is attached, and the dorsoradial and proximal subluxation of the base of the metacarpal detached from this part. Key features are intra-articular fracture, oblique fracture pattern, and volar-dorsal fragment. The medial small piece remains in place and maintains its relationship with the second finger via the volar oblique ligament.
CAN Operated on an Optical Double Ring at Improved Fault‐Tolerance

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The use of a fibre optic ring with a multiple access protocol designed to work on an electrical bus is investigated in this study. An algorithm is presented for interfacing the existing network controller with an optical double ring in such a way that the ring appears to be the equivalent of an electrical bus. The trade‐off between cost and performance for a double ring in this application is acceptable and the inherent redundancy in the topology gives good fault tolerance at the expense of an extra hardware and software in each network node.
Chinese Anti-Cancer Association as a non-governmental organization undertakes systematic cancer prevention work in China.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cancer has become the first leading cause of death in the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Facing the increasing trend of cancer incidence and mortality, China issued and implemented "three-early (early prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment)" national cancer prevention plan. As the main body and dependence of social governance, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) take over the role of government in the field of cancer prevention and treatment. American Cancer Society (ACS) made a research on cancer NGOs and civil society in cancer control and found that cancer NGOs in developing countries mobilize civil society to work together and advocate governments in their countries to develop policies to address the growing cancer burden. Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), Cancer Council Australia (CCA), and Malaysian cancer NGOs are the representatives of cancer NGOs in promoting cancer control. Selecting Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (CACA) as an example in China, this article is to investigate how NGOs undertake systematic cancer prevention work in China. By conducting real case study, we found that, as a NGO, CACA plays a significant role in intensifying the leading role of government in cancer control, optimizing cancer outcomes, decreasing cancer incidence and mortality rates and improving public health.
Neural Networks Unleashed

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This chapter gives an overview of how neural networks can optimize traffic management and energy systems in growing cities. As cities expand, the need for efficient transportation and renewable energy grows, and neural networks offer powerful tools for handling complex data and identifying patterns that other methods may miss. The chapter explains how these models help predict traffic congestion and optimize energy distribution, improving both traffic flow and energy efficiency. Case studies from different urban settings show how neural networks can make cities smarter and more responsive. However, challenges such as data quality, model complexity, and the need for collaboration remain. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to use neural networks to improve urban infrastructure and create more sustainable, efficient cities in the future.
Methodology

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present FLP study is primarily centred on an eight-year ethnography of the Campbell family and microinteractional analyses of two corpora of their naturally occurring interactions, recorded in 2009 and 2014. The overall ethnography of the family has been largely shaped by my different interests in their language use, which have shifted over the years due to various different projects. As these shifts in focus have been instrumental in how I analyse the Campbells' FLP for the current project, I will present the methodological account in a chronological format. In doing so, I hope to elucidate the decisions made and challenges overcome looking at how this family's FLP has changed over time.
Shape and size changes of adherent elastic epithelia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Epithelial tissues play a fundamental role in various morphogenetic events during development and early embryogenesis. Although epithelial monolayers are often modeled as two-dimensional (2D) elastic surfaces, they distinguish themselves from conventional thin elastic plates in three important ways - the presence of an apical-basal polarity, spatial variability of cellular thickness, and their nonequilibrium active nature. Here, we develop a minimal continuum model of a planar epithelial tissue as an active elastic material that incorporates all these features. We start from a full three-dimensional (3D)description of the tissue and derive an effective 2D model that captures, through the curvature of the apical surface, both the apical-basal asymmetry and the spatial geometry of the tissue. Crucially, variations of active stresses across the apical-basal axis lead to active torques that can drive curvature transitions. By identifying four distinct sources of activity, we find that bulk active stresses arising from actomyosin contractility and growth compete with boundary active tensions due to localized actomyosin cables and lamellipodial activity to generate the various states spanning the morphospace of a planar epithelium. Our treatment hence unifies 3D shape deformations through the coupled mechanics of apical curvature change and in-plane expansion/contraction of substrate-adhered tissues. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for some biologically relevant processes such as tissue folding at the onset of lumen formation.
Effect of UV-C radiation on basic indices of growth process of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds in pre-sowing treatment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>An investigation of the effects of UV-C radiation from source having the power of 20 W on improvement of seed quality of Ukrainian winter wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum </em>L.) six cultivars: ‘Gratsіia Myronivska’, ‘Trudivnytsia Myronivska’, ‘Vezha Myronivska’, ‘Mudrist Odeska’, ‘Nyva Odeska’ and ‘Lira Odeska’, has been done. In the performed experiment the UV-C irradiation in the range of 50-1000 J m<sup>-2</sup> was applied. Based on the experimental results it is concluded that irradiation of UV-C on wheat seeds stimulated the seed vigour and germination. It has been established the optimal irradiation dose of UV-C radiation - 250 J m<sup>-2</sup> for ‘Trudіvnitsia Myronіvska’, ‘Mudrіst Odeska’, ‘Nyva Odeska’, ‘Lіra Odeska’ cultivars and 500 J m<sup>-2</sup> for ‘Hratsіia Myronіvska’ and ‘Vezha Myronіvska’ cultivars, which leads to maximum effect. The highest biometric indices of seedling structural elements were obtained from the seeds of all wheat cultivars, for which the values of seed vigour and germination were also maximum ones, i.e. at the same irradiation dose.</p>
Next Generation Sequencing in a Case of Early Onset Hydrops: Closing the Loop on the Diagnostic Odyssey!

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe a spontaneously aborted 14 weeks old NIFH fetus with a rudimentary right ventricle, pulmonary valve atresia and pulmonary artery stenosis found at fetopsy. After a normal microarray, whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous missense variant c.2023 C > T (p. Arg675Trp) in the PLD1 gene. Conclusion: Detailed fetopsy and genetic evaluation in this NIFH allowed an etiological explanation, further corroborated the association of PLD1 gene variants and developmental right heart defects, and that this defect can be associated with NIHF.
Identifying the structure as a hot water outflow path using gravity in Jatimulyo, South Lampung

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Geothermal manifestations have been utilized as a tourist attraction (geo-tourism) worldwide. Geothermal manifestation systems could be found in many forms such as hot springs. The path of the hot water flow is controlled by the existence of geologic structures such as faults as the medium. Geophysical methods in general have been used to image and characterize subsurface layers. The gravity method using the natural source has been employed to determine the geological structure, such as faults. This study aims to identify the structure related to the outflow path which is part of the geothermal system using gravity method in Jatimulyo Village, Jati Agung, South Lampung. The result shows the contrast anomaly indicating the existence of a fault that could be a hot water path. An outflow zone which is characterized by low temperatures because it is far from heat sources. The complete Bouguer Anomaly is used to create 2D forward modelling where the model is divided in 2 layers. The first layer is indicated as Lampung Formation (QTl) with density of 1.8 g/cc, and second layer recognized as bedrock with denser rock of 2.78 g/cc representing Tertiary Paleozoic (Pzg) Gunung Kasih Complex Formation.
Design and implementation of initial cell search in 5G NR systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The initial cell search plays an important role during the process of downlink synchronization establishment between the User Equipment (UE) and the base station. In particular, the uncertainty of the synchronization signals on the frequency domain and the flexibility of frame structure configuration have brought great challenges to the initial cell search for the fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR). To solve this problem, firstly, we analyze the physical layer frame structure of 5G NR systems. Then, by focusing on the knowledge of synchronization signals, the 5G NR cell search process is designed, and the primary synchronization signal (PSS) timing synchronization algorithm is proposed, including a 5G-based coarse synchronization algorithm and conjugate symmetry-based fine synchronization algorithm. Finally, the performance of the proposed cell search algorithm in 5G NR systems is verified through the combination of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and personal computer (PC). And the MATLAB simulation proves that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the conventional cross-correlation algorithm when a certain frequency offset exists.
Histories of Nineteenth-Century Education and the Civil War Era

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This review essay analyzes the last generation of writing on nineteenth-century American education, focused on how it speaks to the broader literature on civil-war era debates over citizenship and rights. It begins by surveying new work on the origins of public schooling in the antebellum North, and on the regionally distinct and exclusive educational cultures of the antebellum South and West. It then discusses how this new literature on antebellum education helps contextualize why public schooling was important to Republican and African American plans to remake the South and extend citizenship to freedpeople. Finally, it analyzes recent scholarship on the role of imperialism and white supremacy in stifling inclusive education policy and explains how that scholarship supports the current historiographical trend to see Reconstruction continuing beyond 1877.
in BLMSSM *

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Applying the effective Lagrangian method, we study the flavor changing neutral current process within the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model, where baryon and lepton numbers are local gauge symmetries. Constraints on the parameters are investigated numerically with the experimental data for the branching ratio of . Additionally, we present the corrections to direct CP-violation in and time-dependent CP-asymmetry in . With appropriate assumptions on the parameters, we find the direct CP-violation is very small, while one-loop contributions to can be significant.
Exploring the Trend of New Zealand Housing Prices to Support Sustainable Development

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The New Zealand housing sector is experiencing rapid growth that boosts the national economy but also results in the loss of valuable resources. In line with the growth, the housing market for both residential and business purposes has been booming, as have house prices. To sustain the housing development, it is critical to accurately monitor and predict housing prices so as to support the decision-making process in housing sector. This study is devoted to applying a mathematical method to predict housing prices. The forecasting performance of two types of models: ARIMA and multiple linear regression analysis are compared. The ARIMA and regression models are developed based on a training-validation sample method. The results show that the ARIMA model generally performs better than the regression model. However, the regression model explores, to some extent, the significant correlations between house prices in New Zealand and the macro-economic conditions.
New Histories of British Imperial Communication and the ‘Networked World’ of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract A number of recent histories of Britain’s late‐19th century telegraph network have taken inspiration from many sources, not least historians’ concern to test and delineate the contemporary and modern world of transnational policymaking, the return of maritime history to the forefront of historical studies, and the desire to understand the late 19th century empire that seemed to be drawing strength from technological progress. But another key reason for this new interest in the electric telegraph is clearly the communications revolution of the last 20 years, and the internet’s development as the main means of dealing with information in the modern world. This article demonstrates just how important this present‐mindedness has been, but it also shows just how unlike the internet was the Victorian telegraph system, for it was expensive, patchy and often unreliable, encouraging letter‐writing and ship‐borne commerce just as much as electronic communication. The telegraph’s inauguration reinforced local and imperial nationalisms and rivalries, and arms races, whatever the liberal hopes invested in it; its arrival often led to the concentration of press ownership and a sense of intra‐imperial, rather than global or trans‐continental, links. The example of the telegraph, it is contended, should form a cautionary example of how problematical it is to take present‐day developments and apply them – even as organising concepts – to the past.
A COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SEVERAL STRAINS OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

(1) Some chemical and physico-chemical properties of four strains of tobacco mosaic virus from plants of widely separated families-(1) Nicotiana tabacum mosaic virus-TMV-1, (2) Brassica campestris L. (Youcai) mosaic virus-YMV_(15), (3) Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. var. huaichingensis Tsas (Dihuang) degeneration virus-DDV and (4) Populus tomentosa Carr. bushy top virus-PV-have been studied and compared with those of common tobacco mosaic virus TMV-C.(2) In corroboration of an earlier study on host reactions and serological properties, chemical and physico-chemical evidences likewise bear out the close kinship between these different isolates and common TMV, suggesting that they are different strains of the same virus. The points of similarity are, (1) identical C-terminal threonine, (2) similar ultraviolet absorption spectra and (3) characteristic rod shape as deduced from flow birefringence measurements and observed directly under the electron microscope.(3) Among the four strains, YMV_(15) differs from the others in several respects: (1) the ease with which the virus rods aggregate to form thick bundles and the tendency, stronger than common TMV, to form tactoids, (2) the presence of histidine and methionine in the primary structure of the virus protein and (3) notable differences in the finger-print and the N-terminal map of the enzyme digest of the protein component.(4) The iso-electric points of YMV_(15) and DDV are much higher than those of the other strains studied. DDV is also prone to aggregate. These are in line with the serological closeness found in an earlier study.(5) A method has been found to dissociate the nucleic acid and the protein components of the virus with chloroethanol.
HAMP Downregulation Contributes to Aggressive Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Mechanism Mediated by Cyclin4-Dependent Kinase-1/STAT3 Pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Hepcidin encoded by HAMP is vital to regulating proliferation, metastasis, and migration. Hepcidin is secreted specifically by the liver. This study sought to examine the functional role of hepcidin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Data in the Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to analyze HAMP expression as it relates to HCC prognosis. We then used the 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometric analysis, respectively, to assess proliferation, migration, and the cell cycle. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to find pathways affected by HAMP. Results: HAMP expression was lower in hepatocellular carcinoma samples compared with adjacent normal tissue controls. Low HAMP expression was linked with a higher rate of metastasis and poor disease-free status. Downregulation of HAMP induced SMMC-7721 and HepG-2 cell proliferation and promoted their migration. HAMP could affect the cell cycle pathway and Western blotting, confirming that reduced HAMP levels activated cyclin-dependent kinase-1/stat 3 pathway. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that HAMP functions as a tumor suppressor gene. The role of HAMP in cellular proliferation and metastasis is related to cell cycle checkpoints. HAMP could be considered as a diagnostic biomarker and targeted therapy in HCC.
Health Policy Basics: Health Insurance Marketplaces

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Starting on 1 October 2013, most individuals and small businesses will be able to shop for and enroll in health insurance coverage through their state's health insurance marketplace, also known as an exchange. The health insurance marketplaces will serve as a one-stop resource to help the uninsured and the underinsured find comprehensive health coverage that fits their needs and budget and determine whether they qualify for health insurance tax credits provided by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Physicians may benefit because insured patients are more likely to have a regular source of care, adhere to medical regimens, and access preventive care. However, implementation of the marketplaces may prove challenging if enrollment numbers are insufficient, technical problems arise, and patients are unable to access providers. Despite these potential issues, physicians are encouraged to educate themselves about how the marketplaces work so they can direct their patients to find the coverage that best meets their medical needs.