jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report. The Defense of Dak Seang

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : This special CHECO report, The Defense of Dak Seang, is one of a series of such reports devoted to operations associated with the defense of isolated Special Forces/Civilian Irregular Defense Group (SF/CIDG) camps in South Vietnam. Previous CHECO reports examined the defense of such camps at Plei Me in 1965, A Shau in 1966, Dak To in 1967, Khe Sanh and Kham Duc in 1968, and Sen Het in 1969. The defense of all these camps emphasized one central theme--the paramount role of airpower. Even when the camps fell, as happened at A Shau and Kham Duc, it was airpower which made successful evacuations possible. The successful defense of Dak Seang, in April and May 1970, also attested to the primacy of air support. In the words of Lieutenant General A. S. Collins, Jr., the Commanding General of the First Field Force Vietnam, It (air support) has been superb and decisive in the defense of Dak Seang. The body of this report is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 is a broad introduction which discusses general information relative to the Dak Seang operation. Chapter II examines the five phases of the defense of Dak Seang from 1 April through 9 May 1970. Chapter III explores the aerial resupply effort at Dak Seang, a significant contribution in itself. Chapter IV serves as a summary to the report. In addition, there is an epilogue which, in effect, notes the passing of the CIDG camps as originally conceived.
RNZAF C-130 Simulator Training: The Future of a Costly Necessity

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : This paper aims to assist the RNZAF in realizing that some long-term strategic decisions are required about the future of its C-130 training. At present, there exists a distributed trend showing pilot experience, aircraft continuation training, and simulator refresher training to be decreasing insidiously. Most of this is due to budgetary constraints, which have reduced resources to a bare minimum. The current simulator-training scheme is too expensive to yield the required minimum frequency for refresher training and new ways must be identified to enable more training for less cost. This paper reviews the rational for using field simulators and then compares the RNZAF with other air forces to assess whether its C-130 pilots are fulfilling the minimum level of simulator training recommended by those countries. It examines options for increasing the frequency and quantity of flight simulator training then makes recommendations regarding the future of RNZAF C-130 simulator training. The remainder of this abstract provides a basic overview of the current simulator situation.
Fragmentation in biaxial tension

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We have carried out an experiment that places a ductile stainless steel in a state of biaxial tension at a high rate of strain. The loading of the ductile metal spherical cap is performed by the detonation of a high-explosive layer with a conforming geometry to expand the metal radially outwards. Simulations of the loading and expansion of the metal predict strain rates that compare well with experimental observations. A high percentage of the high explosives loaded material was recovered through a soft capture process, and characterization of the recovered fragments provided high- quality data, including uniform strain prior to failure and fragment size. These data were used with a modified fragmentation model to determine a fragmentation energy.
Relation between immersed weight and volume rates of longshore transport /

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

As presently used, the immersed weight rate, I sub l, is the volume rate, Q, of longshore transport, multiplied by a constant. For use in engineering problems, I sub l must be converted back to the equivalent Q. The I sub l formulation may be important where the unit weight of sand differs significantly from the unit weight of sand at the open-coast sites contributing data to the design curve. Increase in void ratio may result in a 10- to 20-percent increase in actual (as compared to predicted) shoaling volumes where sand accumulates in protected water. Void ratio should be measured in field studies of longshore transport.
General Synthesis of N-Trifluoromethyl Compounds with N-Trifluoromethyl Hydroxylamine Reagents

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

N-CF3 compounds constitute valuable targets in medicinal chemistry. Extensive studies have been reported for the preparation of N-CF3 compounds through fluorination and trifluoromethylation of N-containing compounds. The development of new synthetic methods from abundant and easily available substrates is highly desirable but still challenging. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of novel N-Cbz- and N-Boc-N-trifluoromethyl hydroxylamine reagents by silver-mediated oxidative trifluoromethylation. These reagents have been successfully applied to the direct incorporation of a NCF3 moiety into the commonly used unsaturated substrates under photoredox catalysis. This protocol enables the efficient and regioselective C-H trifluoromethylamination of various (hetero)arenes, including complex bioactive molecules. Furthermore, a variety of alkenes, dienes, and isonitriles undergo tandem trifluoromethylamination/functionalization delivering structurally diverse N-trifluoromethyl aliphatic and heteroaromatic amines. Notably, previously unknown cyclic N-CF3 compounds including N-CF3 oxazolidinones and oxazolones were conveniently prepared with N-Boc-N-trifluoromethyl hydroxylamine reagents. Furthermore, diversification of the resulting α-trifluoromethylamino ketones afforded the largely underexplored N-alkenyl- and N-alkynyl-N-CF3 compounds.
Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of the whole plant Borreria articulari .

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Phytochemical activity of the methanol extract of whole plants of Borreria articularis (family: Rubiaceace) was studied to fix the parameters for pharmacognostical standards . These created an interest to test the possible phytochemical activity of the plant. In the screening process of Borreria articularis indicate the presence of carbohydrates, gums, steroids and tannins. This phytochemical study was performed by using standard procedure. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Borreria articularis on carbon tetrachloride showed Hepatotoxicity in Albino rats. Further, detailed studies are needed to know whether in-vivo administration of the extracts is beneficial for patients.
Preventable Trauma Deaths and Corrective Actions to Prevent Them: A 10‐Year Comparative Study at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To determine the rate of preventable trauma deaths in an African hospital, identify the potential effect of improvements in trauma care over the past decade and identify deficiencies in care that still need to be addressed. Methods A multidisciplinary panel assessed pre‐hospital, hospital, and postmortem data on 89 consecutive in‐hospital trauma deaths over 5 months in 2017 at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. The panel judged the preventability of each death. For definitely and potentially preventable deaths, the panel identified deficiencies in care. Results Thirteen percent (13%) of trauma deaths were definitely preventable, 47% potentially preventable, and 39% non‐preventable. In comparison with a panel review in 2007, there was no change in total preventable deaths, but there had been a modest decrease in definitely preventable deaths (25% in 2007 to 13% in 2017, p = 0.07) There was a notable change in the pattern of deficiency ( p = 0.001) with decreases in pre‐hospital delay (19% of all trauma deaths in 2007 to 3% in 2017) and inadequate resuscitation (17 to 8%), but an increase in delay in treatment at the hospital (23 to 40%). Conclusions Over the past decade, there have been improvements in pre‐hospital transport and in‐hospital resuscitation. However, the preventable death rate remains unacceptably high and there are still deficiencies to address. This study also demonstrates that preventable death panel reviews are a feasible method of trauma quality improvement in the low‐ and middle‐income country setting.
Ecological Characteristics of County Drains in the River Raisin, Michigan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Agricultural drainage is widely implemented throughout the U.S. to improve land drainage and increase crop productivity, affecting as much as 50% of cropland area in Midwestern states. Many of the headwater streams of this region are managed under state laws by drainage districts, county drain commissioners or similar entities. The ecological condition of these streams is sparsely documented but considered poor. I evaluated ten stream reaches, each of which contained a segment managed under the Michigan Drain Code and an unmanaged segment (“natural”), using a paired reach sampling design. Habitat quality was significantly lower for seven of nine rapid assessment metrics and for overall habitat quality. Other physical characteristics including woody debris, substrate particle size and sinuosity were all greater in natural reaches. In comparison to natural reaches, county drains were significantly incised and were nearly straight in planform. Biological assessment using macroinvertebrates indicated slightly improved scores in natural reaches but differences were not significant for most metrics. A regression of biological metrics against habitat quality that included data from a wide variety of streams within the watershed reveals poorer biological condition in both stream types than would be expected from habitat alone, suggesting that these systems are challenged by additional stressors.
Elements of episodic memory: insights from artificial agents

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Many recent artificial intelligence (AI) systems take inspiration from biological episodic memory. Here, we ask how these ‘episodic-inspired’ AI systems might inform our understanding of biological episodic memory. We discuss work showing that these systems implement some key features of episodic memory while differing in important respects and appear to enjoy behavioural advantages in the domains of strategic decision-making, fast learning, navigation, exploration and acting over temporal distance. We propose that these systems could be used to evaluate competing theories of episodic memory’s operations and function. However, further work is needed to validate them as models of episodic memory and isolate the contributions of their memory systems to their behaviour. More immediately, we propose that these systems have a role to play in directing episodic memory research by highlighting novel or neglected hypotheses as pursuit-worthy. In this vein, we propose that the evidence reviewed here highlights two pursuit-worthy hypotheses about episodic memory’s function: that it plays a role in planning that is independent of future-oriented simulation, and that it is adaptive in virtue of its contributions to fast learning in novel, sparse-reward environments. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research’.
Diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Angiostrongyliasis is caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis or rat lungworm. Definitive diagnosis via recovery of the worm is uncommon. The diagnosis is done by a combination of methods. Objective: Review of available methods used in the diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Methods: We carried out a systematic review to document the available methods used in the diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis using MEDLINE as the main database supplemented by other resources. Results: At present, only a few cases of this disease are diagnosed by parasitological methods. Thus, more commonly, a diagnosis of A. cantonensis infection is made by the combination of clinical manifestations and a history of ingestion of intermediate or paratenic hosts. In addition, serodiagnosis, including an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblot test are useful in assisting diagnosis of this disease. Conclusion: Further development of diagnostics for human angiostrongyliasis is needed for definite diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis Keywords: Angiostrongyliasis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, diagnosis, eosinophilic meningitis
The Genealogy of Extended War Clauses: Requisition and Destruction of Property in Armed Conflicts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many investment instruments, including those of conflict-ridden states, contain explicit stipulations that prescribe a right to compensation under circumstances of 'war' and 'armed conflict'. These provisions are known as 'war clauses'. One type of these 'war clauses' merely requires non-discrimination in the treatment of losses incurred as a result of the armed conflict and similar situations. The other type of provisions goes further and mandates the payment of compensation to investors for losses resulting from hostilities provided that certain conditions are met (the extended war clause). This chapter focuses on the latter type and looks into the treaty obligation to compensate investors for the requisition or destruction of their property during hostilities. The chapter traces the origins and meaning of the extended war clause to customary war law. It is suggested that the treaty language 'requisition by the armed forces' and 'destruction not required by the necessity of war' (and like formulations) are terms of art with a recognized meaning under international law. Thus, under the rules of the vclt, the meaning of the provision is ascertained by way of examining the content of the customary rules on the treatment of alien property. As for the customary rules on the treatment of alien property, it is argued that these were shaped by, and molded after, customary war law norms as codified in the instruments of the Hague Law of 1907. In turn, the chapter shows that the rules of the Hague Law infiltrated the law on state responsibility for losses to alien property in the framework of claims for injuries to, or wrongful seizures of, private foreign property by revolutionists during civil unrest and by armed forces during the World Wars. This progressive development resulted in the emergence of a set of specific customary rules on state responsibility for damage to private foreign property in war. Today, these rules are reflected in the language of the extended war clause. Overall, it is suggested that tracing the origins of the war clause to customary war law brings further clarity to practical, contested aspects of the provision, namely its scope, burden of proof and threshold of its invocation, and interaction with treaty provisions on expropriation.
Arc spot welding technique for underwater use

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An arc spot welding equipment with special local cavity shroud was developed for underwater salvaging activity. Arc spot welding for lapped plates is an effective method to recover defects. This method in surface is so simple to use widely in the field of railways and chemical plants manufacturing. But there is some problems on the reliability of joint strength and bead shapes. A special arc spot nozzle to improve welding quality was developed. A small outlet of air jet at the bottom of the nozzle was created to maintain the swirl flow of shielding gas and certain rejection of excessive molten metal. This nozzle covers the welding part completely, then it also works as a local cavity shroud under water. This paper describes the design and function of the nozzle for CO{sub 2} arc spot welding system. A programmable controller manages the welding sequence of shielding gas flow, air jet flow, and arcing time. This welding gun is operated manually, but the operation is only to press the gun on the weld point. After that welding will proceed automatically, and arcing time is about three seconds. Whole time for welding which includes pre and post gas flow time is lessmore » than ten seconds for surface use, it is required some more additional pre drying process of welding point for underwater use to guarantee the high quality welding results. Fundamental analysis of welding conditions and the effects of air jet were considered.« less
The theoretical and practical foundations for the implementation the "green" budgeting principles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The subject of the study is the conceptual foundations of the implementation of the principles of "green" budgeting. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the formation of "green" (ecological) budgeting in the developed countries of the world and countries with a transformational economy, to provide suggestions on the possibilities, advantages and risks of introducing the principles of "green" budgeting in the budget process in Ukraine. Method or methodology of research. In the article, a set of methods of scientific knowledge was used to solve the tasks, which made it possible to realize the conceptual unity of scientific research. System method, method of generalization, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, scientific abstraction are applied. Results of the article.. The article discusses approaches to defining the concept of "green" budgeting, environmental labeling of budget expenditures. The factors that determine the success of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the role of "green" budgeting in this process are systematized. The need to revise state policy measures in the sphere of solving issues of social, economic and environmental direction, increasing the level of people's well-being and reducing social inequality in the form of leveling environmental risks and ensuring conditions for the harmonious development of ecosystems as a component of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2023 has been identified. The peculiarities of the introduction of "green" budgeting in the countries of the European Union and the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development were studied, and the level of "greening" of the budget system and budget policy was determined. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the process of reforming the public finance management system in terms of improving the budget process through the gradual introduction of environmental labeling of budget expenditures. Conclusions. Green budgeting can have a broader scope related to a range of environmental goals and starts by labeling budget items related to a narrower range of environmental goals, then these methods provide a useful basis for creating markers related to other environmental goals . The primary tasks of the introduction of environmental labeling are to understand the purpose of such budgetary policy instruments, in particular, to understand the area of ​​problems that the government is trying to solve with such an innovation, to assess whether green labeling is a valid solution to environmental problems, as well as the stage of the budget process at which the introduction of green labeling should begin.
Reproductive Performance Of Bali Cattle Cross Breed Brahman Cattle Through Improving The Genetic Quality Of Local Livestock In Special Effort for Cows to be Pregnant Program

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

One of the problems that exist in the community is the lack of identification of the reproductive performance of prospective brooders of Bali cattle that are artificially inseminated. The researcher conducted a research to determine the reproductive performance of Bali Cattle inseminated with Brahman Cattle Semen in SECP (Special Effort for Cows to be Pregnant Program) Program in Kolaka Regency. The parameters observed in this study were; artificial insemination's first age (Years), How many times the artificial insemination (AI) was pregnant (S/C), Length of pregnancy (months), Calving Interval (CI) (months), Birth weight (Kilograms), Correlation of AI's first age with birth weight. Sources of date used in this study are primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques carried out in this study were observation and interviews. The date obtained was analyzed descriptively, analysis of variance, average, and to calculate the relationship between variables was analyzed by correlation. Reproductive performance of Bali Cattle inseminated with Brahman Cattle Semen in SECP Program in Kolaka district include; first age AI 23.63±1.99 months, Service per Conception (S/C) 1.56±0.55, gestational age 9.03±0.38 months, Calving Interval (CI) 12.24±0 .52 months, birth weight 27.85 ± 2.96 and the correlation between AI prime age and birth spacing was 0.77.
Memanfaatkan Lahan Kosong Di Pekarangan Rumah Guna Menambah Pendapatan Ekonomi Rumah Tangga

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problems that occur where there is an addition to the cost of living while income is fixed, the presence of vacant land in the yard of the house that is not used optimally, and the lack of socialization and motivation for the utilization of vacant land for the residents of Matang Seulimeng Village. In this regard, the purpose of this community service is to assist the community in delivering financial management messages in the health sector, especially regarding efforts to utilize vacant land in the yard of the house to increase household economic income. The research method is through financial management counseling in the health sector. The results of this community service show that people are starting to become aware of managing household finances because of the addition of living costs during pandemic conditions while income does not increase. Increased knowledge of the community in utilizing vacant land by planting vegetables, flowers that can be sold, raising poultry, fish, and so on so that it can increase household economic income as well as guarantee healthy food because plants and livestock are far from the use of fertilizers or pesticides.
A Systematic Review of Digital Marketing in South Africa

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter investigates the extent of digital marketing usage in South Africa, its perceived impact, and factors that influence its adoption in the South African context. The methodology adopted is the systematic review using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework. The results show that digital platforms currently used include mobile marketing (SMS) and social media platforms. The findings suggest that SMS-based marketing may be appealing to other market segments but not to young adults. The findings further suggest that social media marketing has had a significant influence on the purchase intentions among South African millennials (Generation Y). Moreover, the findings suggest that marketers, in their quest to influence customer purchasing decisions, should consider the knowledge that social media followers have regarding a subject matter (such as a product), and make an effort to educate those followers on the subject (or product) before suggesting a purchase.