jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rapid Changes in Light Scattering from Human

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A platelet aggregometer was adapted for the simultaneous measurement ofperpendicular light scattering in addition to light transmission. The addition of chemoattractants to polymorphonuclear leukocyte suspensions evoked a single wave ofincreased light trans- mission, whereas the perpendicular scattering measure- ment demonstrated a previously unrecognized biphasic response. The first perpendicular scattering response had no detectable latency and peaked at 10±1 s, then decayed rapidly. The second response peaked at 40±5 s, and de- cayed over several minutes. The dose-response curve of chemoattractants for inducing the rapid (10±1 s) per- pendicular scattering peak corresponded to that which initiated chemotaxis. Initiation ofthe slow (40±5 s) peak required 10-fold higher amounts ofchemoattractants, and the dose-response curve correlated with the induction of lysosomal enzyme secretion and superoxide anion pro- duction. Low doses ofaliphatic alcohols, which have been shown to enhance chemotaxis but to inhibit secretion and superoxide anion production, abolished the slow per- pendicular light-scattering response but left the fast re- sponse intact. Stimulants of secretion induced only slow and prolonged responses that were best observed in trans- mission measurements. In an attempt to resolve the origin of the light-scattering responses, the morphological
Acquired coagulant factor VIII deficiency induced byBacillus anthracislethal toxin in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Mice treated with anthrax lethal toxin (LT) exhibit hemorrhage caused by unknown mechanisms. Moreover, LT treatment in mice induced liver damage. In this study, we hypothesized that a suppressed coagulation function may be associated with liver damage, because the liver is the major producing source of coagulation factors. The hepatic expression of coagulant factors and the survival rates were analyzed after cultured cells or mice were exposed to LT. In agreement with our hypothesis, LT induces cytotoxicity against hepatic cells in vitro. In addition, suppressed expression of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in the liver is associated with a prolonged plasma clotting time in LT-treated mice, suggesting a suppressive role of LT in coagulation. Accordingly, we further hypothesized that a loss-of-function approach involving treatments of an anticoagulant should exacerbate LT-induced abnormalities, whereas a gain-of-function approach involving injections of recombinant FVIII to complement the coagulation deficiency should ameliorate the pathogenesis. As expected, a sublethal dose of LT caused mortality in the mice that were non-lethally pretreated with an anticoagulant (warfarin). By contrast, treatments of recombinant FVIII reduced the mortality from a lethal dose of LT in mice. Our results indicated that LT-induced deficiency of FVIII is involved in LT-mediated pathogenesis. Using recombinant FVIII to correct the coagulant defect may enable developing a new strategy to treat anthrax.
Study on the formulaic expressions used by Korean learners of French

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 한국의 프랑스어 학습자들의 상투적 표현 사용에 관해 연구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구를 통해서는 우선, 상투적 표현에 대한 정의 및 이들의 기능에 대해 살펴보고, 다음으로, 상투적 표현의 사용이 화용적 능력과 어떠한 관련이 있는지에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한, 한국의 프랑스어 학습자들의 상투적 표현 사용에 대해 알아보기 위해, `DCT(Discourse Completion Test)`에 제시된 특정한 요청 상황을 통해 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 프랑스어 원어민들과 한국인 학습자들의 요청문을 비교, 분석하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 한국의 프랑스어 학습자들은 주어진 요청 상황에서 원어민들에 의해 빈번하게 사용되는 상투적 표현들에 대한 지식이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 학습자들은 원어민들이 잘 사용하지 않는 어휘 및 표현들을 사용하고, 원어민과 비교했을 때 `vouvoiement`을 빈번하게 사용함으로써 원어민과의 의사소통에 있어서 화용적 실패를 범할 수 있음을 보여주었다.
A New Approach To Content-Based Video Indexing Using Hidden Markov Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

. This paper presents one of the first investigations of the use of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for content-based video indexing. A real-time video indexing system for TV news is described, which is able to distinguish between six different classes. The huge potential of these methods for video indexing of movies and TV shows is demonstrated by presenting the first very promising results. 1 INTRODUCTION The increasing amount of digital video in multimedia databases results in a demand for techniques for automatic content-based access to video data. We apply statistical methods using Hidden Markov Models to content-based video indexing. The approach is based on our successful work on image sequence recognition using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for stochastic modeling of visual data. This work has been presented in [1, 2], where the target application for image sequence recognition has been the person-independent identification of gestures using continuous density HMMs. Video inde...
Retinoid X Receptor Ligands Inhibit High-Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress by Antagonizing Rac-1 Activation in Human Endothelial Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim To explore the effects and mechanism of Retinoid X receptor(RXR) agonists 9-cis-RA and SR11237 on high-glucose-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells and to determine whether Rac-1 is involved in the effect of RXR agonists on oxidative stress. Methods Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC),we evaluated the effect of high glucose levels on reactive oxygen species(ROS) production by dihydrodichlorofluorescein and flowcytometry.Rac-1 activity was assessed by both immunoprecipitation of the Rac-p21-activated kinase complex and analysis of Rac-1 translocation to the membrane.Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) oxidase activity in endothelial cells was detected by lucigenin assay. Results ROS production and NADPH activity were increased by high glucose.Treatment of endothelial cells with RXR agonists and Rac-1 inhibitor resulted in significant inhibition of high-glucose-induced ROS production and NADPH activation.Meanwhile,Rac-1 activity and Rac-1 translocation to membrane elevated by high glucose were inhibited by RXR agonists. Conclusion RXR ligands rapidly inhibit high-glucose-induced oxidative stress by antagonizing high-glucose-induced Rac-1 activation.
The effects of radiation from uranium mill tailings on <i>Tradescantia</i>

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

To assess the potential hazard from radioactive wastes, a plant with known radiosensitivity, Tradescantia clone 02, was grown in radioactive soil obtained from uranium mill tailings. The levels of radiation on these tailings varied from 0.03mR/hr (background) to a maximum of 3.00 mR/hr. Tradescantia grown in soil with a radiation level greater than 0.10 mR/hr evidenced significantly reduced reproductive integrity and fecundity, as measured by the number of stunted hairs per stamen, pollen viability, and numbers of somatic mutations. Based on these data, the radioactivity from uranium mill tailings has the potential to alter normal plant succession due to its detrimental effect on any species that is relatively radiosensitive.
Development of a consensus-based occupational therapy treatment template for veterans with combat-related post traumatic stress disorder: a delphi study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects many combat veterans and is known to adversely impact everyday life activities. Occupational therapists treat veterans with PTSD but there is little evidence in the literature to support occupational therapy (OT) intervention with this population. Specifically, occupational therapists have not created and validated an OT treatment approach developed expressly for veterans with combat-related PTSD. The purpose of this research was to develop a consensus-based OT treatment template for veterans with combat-related PTSD. The study utilized a modified Delphi method of consensus attainment. The study employed iterative surveys with Canadian occupational therapists with an interest in mental health practice to develop a consensus of opinion on what should be included in an OT treatment template. The information derived from the study is presented as a model OT treatment template for veterans with combat-related PTSD that is both occupation-focused and occupation-based. The consensus-based treatment template is present-focused, addressing occupational performance in the present, rather than focusing on the past traumatic event. The templated treatment employs five program goals and is based upon theoretical foundations from one OT practice model, the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement, and two cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment models, Behavioral Activation, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The template utilizes six occupational therapy assessment tools: (a) the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, (b) the Role Checklist, (c) the Occupational Questionnaire, (d) the Modified Interest checklist, (e) the Self-efficacy Scale, and (f) the functional assessment of the impact of stress triggers and avoidance behaviors on occupational functioning. The template also employs six specific interventions: (a) education on the cause of PTSD, stress reactions, and how it affects function; (b) life skills training; (c) mindfulness techniques; (d) cognitive and sensory grounding techniques; (e) cognitive restructuring of cognitive distortions; and (f) engagement in scheduled, graded, meaningful occupations and activities to support occupational roles, habits and routines. The author presents a discussion on future directions to convert the treatment template into a manualized intervention.
Which Part of the Heap is Useful? Improving Heap Liveness Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the growing sizes of data structures allocated in heap, understanding the actual use of heap memory is critically important for minimizing cache misses and reclaiming unused memory. A static analysis aimed at this is difficult because the heap locations are unnamed. Using allocation sites to name them creates very few distinctions making it difficult to identify allocated heap locations that are not used. Heap liveness analysis using access graphs solves this problem by (a) using a storeless model of heap memory by naming the locations with access paths, and (b) representing the unbounded sets of access paths (which are regular languages) as finite automata. We improve the scalability and efficiency of heap liveness analysis, and reduce the amount of computed heap liveness information by using deterministic automata and by minimizing the inclusion of aliased access paths in the language. Practically, our field-, flow-, context-sensitive liveness analysis on SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks scales to 36 kLoC (existing analysis scales to 10.5 kLoC) and improves efficiency even up to 99%. For some of the benchmarks, our technique shows multifold reduction in the computed liveness information, ranging from 2 to 100 times (in terms of the number of live access paths), without compromising on soundness.
Available Contraception Lowers Teen Birthrates

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Of those Americans who believed abortion should be legal, the following percentages said abortion should be permitted in the first trimester of pregnancy for the following circumstances: 77%, when the mother's life is endangered by the pregnancy; 65%, when the pregnancy is caused by rape or incest; 54%, when the mother's physical health is endangered; 45% when there is a chance the baby would be deformed; 42%, when the mother's mental health is endangered; and 16%, when the family could not afford to have the child. For all these conditions, approval declined for the second and third trimesters. Percentages 7-33 percentage points higher were found when Catholics and Protestants were asked whether they themselves would have an abortion (or advise their wives to) under these conditions. 77% of Americans said sex education should be taught in schools, 69% said discussion of contraceptives should take place in sex education courses, and 65% favored making contraceptive devices available to teenagers; Protestants and Catholics did not differ significantly in these opinions.
Celecoxib in Women at Increased Breast Cancer Risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract : Cyclooxygenase (COX)-l and COX-2, are present in breast tumors and catalyze the conversion of arachadonic acid to prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has tumor and cell growth promoting activity, and is overexpressed in human breast cancer. We proposed a pilot study of celecoxib administered to women at increased breast cancer risk, defined as a projected 5 year Gail model risk of invasive breast cancer > 1.66%, as well as women with a history of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer. Our hypothesis is that celecoxib will be concentrated in breast fluid compared to corresponding plasma, and that it will decrease POE2 levels in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and in plasma. Our Specific Aims are to determine if 1) celecoxib is delivered to the breast, and 2) PGE2 levels in NAF and plasma increase after a 2 week course of celecoxib, then return to baseline 2 weeks after stopping the medication. Both pre- and postmenopausal women undergo nipple aspiration and blood draw three times: before, 2 weeks after starting celecoxib, and 2 weeks after stopping the medication. Each woman serves as her own control. Thus far we have enrolled 11 women on trial. NAF has been collected successfully in all subjects at each time point. POE2 levels were measurable in all NAF samples, and were significantly higher in NAF than in matched plasma. During the coming year, we hope is to determine if PGE2 levels significantly decrease after celecoxib administration, and if they return to baseline 2 weeks after discontinuing medication.
Suction Apparatus for Ambulances

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: There is increasing evidence of an association between organ specific autoimmune diseases, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease and respiratory morbidity. A study was undertaken to determine whether patients with autoimmune thyroid disease have objective evidence of airway inflammation and dysfunction. Methods: Twenty six non-smoking women with treated hypothyroidism and 19 non-smoking controls completed a symptom questionnaire and underwent full lung function tests, capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity measurement, methacholine challenge test, and sputum induction over two visits. Results: Symptoms of cough (p = 0.01), dyspnoea (p = 0.01), sputum production (p = 0.004), and wheeze (p = 0.04) were reported more commonly in patients than controls. Patients with hypothyroidism had heightened cough reflex sensitivity compared with controls (geometric mean concentration of capsaicin causing five coughs: 40 v 108 mmol/l; mean difference 1.4 doubling doses; 95% confidence interval of difference 0.4 to 2.5; p = 0.008) and a significantly higher proportion of patients had airway hyperresponsiveness (methacholine provocative concentration (PC20) <8 mg/ml: 38% v 0%; p = 0.016). Patients with hypothyroidism also had a significantly higher induced sputum total neutrophil cell count (p = 0.01), total lymphocyte count (p = 0.02), and sputum supernatant interleukin-8 concentrations (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Patients with treated hypothyroidism report more respiratory symptoms and have objective evidence of airway dysfunction and inflammation.
Alterations in the lactate dehydrogenase activity of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria by the wild plant Fagonia bruguieri (Zygophyllaceae).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The wild plant F. bruguieri extracts caused some alterations in the lactate dehydrogenase activity in haemolymph and fat body of the last instar nymphs and newly emerged adults of the desert locust S. gregaria.Each of two concentration levels of methanolic (7.5 and 3.7%), petroleum ether (30.0 and 15.0%) or n-butanolic extract (30.0 and 15.0%) was applied against the penultimate instar nymphs through the fresh clover leaves, Medicago sativa, as a food.Unexceptionally, all F. bruguieri extracts induced the LDH activity in the haemolymph along the nymphal instar, irrespective of the solvent or concentration level.The strongest inducing effect was exhibited in the mid-aged nymphs (62601.3±467.4U/L in comparison with 53696.8±467.4U/L of control congeners) after treatment with the higher concentration level of methanolic extract.On the contrary, the LDH activity was significantly prohibited in the newly emerged adults.The most drastically inhibited enzyme activity was determined (57744.3±467.4U/L, compared to 62871.2±934.7 U/L of control congeners) after nymphal treatment with higher concentration level of n-butanolic extract.With regard to the fat body, all F. bruguieri extracts prohibited LDH activity along the nymphs instar, irrespective of the concentration level.The most dramatically reduced activity was expressed in (9166.4±119.0U/L vs. 22839.5±289.1 U/L of control congeners) after treatment with the lower concentration level of nbutanolic extract.In contrast, the plant extracts pronouncedly enhanced the enzyme activity in the fat body of adults, regardless to the extract.The most stimulatory effect was exhibited after treatment of the nymphs with the lower concentration level of nbutanolic extract.
Employee goal orientation and knowledge sharing: the moderating effect of leader boundary spanning behavior

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The research aims to examine the impacts of two different types of goal orientation, i.e. leaning goal orientation (LGO) and performance-prove goal orientation (PPGO), on employee knowledge sharing, and whether these relationships are altered by leaders' boundary spanning behavior (BSB). Design/methodology/approach A sample of 170 employees and 93 leaders were collected from South Korean organizations. Data were analyzed using path analysis. Findings The results demonstrated that employees with a high LGO are more likely to engage in knowledge sharing, while employees with a high PPGO are less likely to show knowledge sharing. Moreover, the findings showed that highly learning oriented employees tend to engage in knowledge sharing when they are under leaders who show active BSB. Practical implications To encourage knowledge sharing between employees, organizations need to promote a mastery-structured work environment to help employees develop a stronger LGO. Also, organizations could benefit from implementing training programs for leaders that promote their BSB. Originality/value The research aims to provide a more articulate account for how LGO and PPGO affect employee knowledge sharing in opposite ways. More importantly, this research provides new insights regarding the role of leaders' BSB as a contextual factor in promoting employee knowledge sharing. Using social learning theory as a theoretical framework, this study indicates how employees with a high LGO learn the behaviors of boundary spanning leaders and are more willing to engage in knowledge sharing.
Topographical distribution of decrements and recovery in muscarinic receptors from rat brains repeatedly exposed to sublethal doses of soman

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

[3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to rat brain muscarinic receptors decreased after repeated exposure to soman, a potent organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. The topographical distribution of this decrement was analyzed by quantitative receptor autoradiography. After 4 weeks of soman, three times a week, quinuclidinyl benzilate binding decreased to 67 to 80% of control in frontal and parietal cortex, caudate-putamen, lateral septum, hippocampal body, dentate gyrus, superior colliculus, nucleus of the fifth nerve, and central grey. Minor or no decreases were observed in thalamic or hypothalamic nuclei, reticular formation, pontine nuclei, inferior colliculus, nucleus of the seventh nerve, and cerebellum. Scatchard analyses of saturation curves using frontal cortex sections from soman-treated rats revealed a decrease in maximal quinuclidinyl benzilate binding from that in control rats and a return toward control levels by 24 days without any significant change in affinity. These brain areas showing significant decrements in muscarinic receptors recovered with a similar time course. An estimate of the time for 50% recovery for some of the brain areas was 14 days for superior colliculus, 16 days for cortex, and 19 days for hippocampal body. The application of quantitative receptor autoradiography to analyze receptor alterations has been valuable in localizing the telencephalon as a region more susceptible to change in receptor concentration.
A Multilayer and Time-varying Structural Analysis of the Brazilian Air\n Transportation Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper provides a multilayer and time-varying structural analysis of one\nair transportation network, having the Brazilian air transportation network as\na case study. Using a single mathematical object called MultiAspect Graph (MAG)\nfor this analysis, the multilayer perspective enables the unveiling of the\nparticular strategies of each airline to both establish and adapt in a moment\nof crisis its specific flight network. Similarly, the time-varying perspective\nallows multi-scale analysis considering different time periods, and thus\nassessing the impact of the economic crisis on how the different airlines\nestablish their routes as well as the flights that use these routes.\nAltogether, besides the multilayer and time-varying structural analysis of the\nBrazilian air transportation network, this paper also acts as a\nproof-of-concept for the MAG potential for the modeling and analysis of\nhigh-order networks.\n
Effect of ultrasonic activation on the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of calcium silicate sealers

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction : This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of four calcium silicate sealers after ultrasonic activation (UA), using an epoxy resin sealer as a control material. Methods : Ten groups were created: SP without UA in the control group and UA Sealer Plus (SP/UA); Sealer Plus BC (SPBC); SPBC/UA; Bio C Sealer (BCS); BCS/UA; EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC); EBC/UA; BioRoot RCS (BR); BR/UA;. Sealer properties were evaluated using a pH meter and a colorimetric spectrophotometer for the measurement of pH and calcium release at 1, 24, 72 and 168 hours. Solubility and setting times were also evaluated, and Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate structural changes. Data were analyzed statistically, and the level of significance was set at 5%. Results: All bioceramic sealers had higher pH values than SP and SP/AU (P < .05) from 24 hours onwards. BR and BR/AU had the highest pH at all time points. Intragroup analyses revealed that pH was stable in SP and SP/AU at all time points. UA sealers had higher pH values than sealers not activated, but there were no significant differences between them. SP and SP/UA had the lowest calcium release values at all time points (P < .05). Significant differences were found between UA and no activation only for the EBC group at 24 and 72 hours (P < .05). Setting times and solubility of all sealers were not affected by UA (P < .05), but the highest solubility values were found for BCS and BR (P < .05). Raman spectroscopy detected the peaks of UA and not activated sealer samples. Conclusion : UA did not affect the pH of all sealers tested, did not affect calcium release from SP, SPBC and BCS, did not affect setting time and did not change the chemical structure of the sealers tested.