jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Jet Penetration Into a Scaled Microfabricated Stirling Cycle Regenerator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The cooler and heater adjacent to the regenerator of a Stirling cycle engine have tubes or channels which form jets that pass into the regenerator while diffusing within the matrix. An inactive part of the matrix, beyond the cores of these jets, does not participate fully in the heat transfer between the flow of working fluid and the regenerator matrix material, weakening the regenerator's ability to exchange heat with the working fluid. The objective of the present program is to document this effect on the performance of the regenerator and to develop a model for generalizing the results. However, the small scales of actual Stirling regenerator matrices (on the order of tens of microns) make direct measurements of this effect very difficult. As a result, jet spreading within a regenerator matrix has not been characterized well and is poorly understood. Also, modeling is lacking experimental verification. To address this, a large-scale mockup of thirty times actual scale was constructed and operated under conditions that are dynamically similar to the engine operation. Jet penetration with round jets and slot jets into the microfabricated regenerator geometry are then measured by conventional means. The results are compared with those from a study of spreading of round jets within woven screen regenerator for further documentation of the comparative performance of the microfabricated regenerator geometry. Copyright © 2008 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
Nomenclatural novelties in the fossil genus Spinopalmoxylon (Arecaceae) from the Central European Oligocene and Miocene: A whole-plant concept for Spinopalmoxylon daemonorops

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The fossil genus Spinopalmoxylon from the Central European Oligocene and Miocene comprises three species: S. daemonorops , S. parvifructum sp. nov. and S. cicatricosum sp. nov. Here the species S. daemonorops is amended and its name is proposed as nomen conservandum against S. teutonicum . A series of synonyms is provided. In addition, two new species are described from late Oligocene deposits of Niederpleis: S. parvifructum sp. nov. (pistillate inflorescence, fruits, and seeds) and S. cicatricosum sp. nov. (staminate inflorescence and pollen). These three Spinopalmoxylon species together are proposed as a whole plant. Floras with the Spinopalmoxylon palm reflect the vegetation of the near-shore fluvial floodplain and back-swamp environments of the late Oligocene (Chattian) Köln Formation (Clay 1) and early Miocene (Burdigalian) Ville Formation (Seam 6A) in the northern foreland of the Siebengebirge Volcanic Field near Bonn, at the southeastern margin of the Lower Rhine Basin.
Reviewing Publication Discussing the Frequency of ABO and Rhesus-D Blood Groups in Saudi Arabia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Since the discovery of the blood group in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner, the ABO grouping became an essential element in blood transfusion, followed by the Rh blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 by Landsteiner and Wiener. These two systems are considered the most clinically significant blood groups due to the high immunogenicity of their antigens and the naturally occurring antibodies for the ABO system. Knowledge of the ABO and Rh blood groups distribution is necessary to recruit voluntary blood donors. Additionally, building an effective management unit inventory at both the regional and national levels is also required. Identifying these blood groups, ABO and Rh antigens, are vital for planning effective strategies for transfusion. Objective: This study aims to review the literature on the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in Saudi Arabia and critically assess several standards followed by the selected research, including the sample size, represent ability of the Saudi Arabian population, and the availability of ethical approval. Materials and Methods: A computerized systematic literature search was conducted among the PubMed and google scholar search engines using the following keywords: ABO blood group, RhD blood group, Saudi Arabia, and worldwide, to determine the distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups in Saudi blood donors. Results and Conclusion: 32 publications were included in the current study, and the results indicated that most of the blood donors in Saudi Arabia were male. The most common blood group phenotype was O (51+8%), followed by A (27+4%), B (18+8%), and AB (4+2%). The majority of the blood donors were RhD positive (92+2%). The Frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in this study were similar to the worldwide incidence. However, there was an insignificant difference between the researches. For these reasons, producing publications on blood groups should be considered and corroborated by the Saudi health authorities on a large scale.
The Stringent Support Requirements for Independent Candidates in Regional Elections: A Legal Self-Critique of Indonesian Democracy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Local Election is considered not to reflect democracy, there are still obstacles in the form of a large percentage of support requirements that make it difficult for independent candidates. Responding to these problems, this study aims to explain the large percentage of support requirements that are burdensome for independent candidates and the importance of independent candidates in the local election. The research method used is literature study with a legal philosophy approach. The data are literature literacy materials related to the research theme. The results showed that the percentage of support for independent candidates in the local election was considered too large. So that it hinders and makes independent candidates unable to become candidates in the elections. This kills the life of democracy that is being built by Indonesia. Whereas the existence of independent candidates is important as a counterweight and a new color giver in the political saturation of the old ways that do not produce quality leaders. It is necessary to change the percentage of support for independent candidates so as not to hinder democracy.
Intravital Imaging of Axonal Interactions with Microglia and Macrophages in a Mouse Dorsal Column Crush Injury

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Traumatic spinal cord injury causes an inflammatory reaction involving blood-derived macrophages and central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia. Intra-vital two-photon microscopy enables the study of macrophages and microglia in the spinal cord lesion in the living animal. This can be performed in adult animals with a traumatic injury to the dorsal column. Here, we describe methods for distinguishing macrophages from microglia in the CNS using an irradiation bone marrow chimera to obtain animals in which only macrophages or microglia are labeled with a genetically encoded green fluorescent protein. We also describe a injury model that crushes the dorsal column of the spinal cord, thereby producing a simple, easily accessible, rectangular lesion that is easily visualized in an animal through a laminectomy. Furthermore, we will outline procedures to sequentially image the animals at the anatomical site of injury for the study of cellular interactions during the first few days to weeks after injury.
The mining, agricultural and construction equipment protocol to the Cape Town Convention project: The current status

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Cape Town Convention is one of the most successful international commercial law treaties. Through its three Protocols, it provides a global regime for the creation of international interests in mobile equipment. U<scp>nidroit</scp> is currently exploring the possibility of extending the Cape Town Convention to mining, agricultural and construction (MAC) equipment. This article provides an overview of the progress thus far achieved, while also focusing attention on some of the intricate legal issues pertaining to MAC equipment, such as the effect of its affixation to immovable property and adjustments to its scope. Finally, it discusses potential economic and legal benefits of the future MAC Protocol and the manner in which the Protocol could be coordinated with domestic secured transactions frameworks.
Three approaches to assessing the conservation of weight concept

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ion, the Perceptual explanations the third, and the Ambiguous expla­ nations the lowest level of abstraction. Definitions: Conserving statement (C): Same; the weight of the object remained the same. Nonconserving statement (NC); More or less; the weight of the object was altered. Ambiguous explanation (A): An explanation of the preceding statement which indicates the subject is either unable or unwilling to explain the reasoning used to arrive at the given statement and/or emphasizes extraneous observations or irrelevant material to support that state­ ment . Perceptual explanation (P): An explanation of the preceding statement which gives evidence of the subject's dependency on either visual or kinesthetic perceptual cues. The explanation is strictly a verbaliza­ tion of the perceptual cues perceived by the subject. Symbolic explanation (S); An explanation of the preceding statement which emphasizes factors relevant to the conservation of weight concept but is limited in that it focuses on the alterations taking place in a specific test situation. Symbolic-logical explanation (S^): An explanation of the preceding state­ ment which presents, in general terms, those factors relevant to the conservation of weight concept by stating that matter had or had not been added or subtracted by noting identity or by making reference to necessity.
Integral equations for nonlinear structures of electrodynamics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In recent times there have been many investigations and uses of electromagnetic structures (ES) with nonlinear media and devices. The simplest electrodynamic model for a nonlinear device is the introduction of nonlinear boundary conditions. The linear composite (or complex) anisotropic and bianisotropic media present another field of interest. As these media may be nonlinear, it it interesting to develop the model which describes all these cases. This is the goal of the paper, which is achieved using the integral equation.
Phase II results of mitoxantrone in combination with clofarabine in children with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

7036 Background: Despite improved outcomes in pediatric acute leukemia, those who relapse or are refractory do poorly. Mitoxantrone and clofarabine as single agents have proven efficacy in pediatric leukemia. Our previously reported phase I results demonstrated the MTD of this combination to be clofarabine 35 mg/m 2 x 5 days and mitoxantrone 12 mg/m 2 x 4 days. Here, we present our phase II data utilizing the RP2D. Methods: Prospective, open label safety and efficacy study (NCT01842672). Patients 0-30.99 yr old with ALL or AML with relapse OR induction failure were given 1 to 3 cycles of clofarabine (RP2D 35 mg/m2/day) Day 1-5, in combination with mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2/day on Day 3-6. Dexrazoxane was given prior to mitoxantrone. CNS prophylaxis was achieved with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine. MRD was defined by flow cytometry (≥ 0.01%). Results: Total 21 patients have enrolled at the RP2D clofarabine. Median age 8 yrs (0.5-22 yrs). Patient characteristics include 13 ALL (8=Induction Failure, 4=Relapse 1, 1=Relapse 2) and 8 AML (4=Induction Failure, 4=Relapse 1). Overall regimen was well tolerated. One patient with grade IV prolonged myelosuppression. Median time to neutrophil recovery was 24 days. Eighteen of 21 (85.7%) patients achieved an MRD negative CR. Three patients died of progressive disease. All 18 patients achieving CR went on to receive an allogeneic HSCT with no documented transplant associated toxicities attributed to prior MITCL therapy. One patient developed MRD (2.6%) at Day +270 post HSCT and underwent subsequent therapy. The remaining 17 patients continue to demonstrate MRD negativity. Two patients died of transplant associated complications. The overall and event free survival for patients who responded to therapy are 89% (CI 95 0.64-0.98) and 83% (CI 95 0.58-0.96), respectively at a median follow up time of 24 months (range 2-58). Conclusions: The combination of clofarabine and mitoxantrone reinduction therapy for relapsed or refractory acute leukemia has been demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated at a RP2D of 35 mg/m 2 clofarabine in children with poor risk acute leukemias. Phase II data is encouraging with 85.7% MRD negative CR rate in leukemic patients allowing patients to safely proceed to AlloHSCT with a 2 year survival rate of 89%. Longer follow up and a larger cohort is planned and ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT01842672.
MIF as a Disease Target: ISO-1 as a Proof-of-Concept Therapeutic

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated as playing a causative role in many disease states, including sepsis, pneumonia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and cancer. To inhibit the enzymatic and biologic activities of MIF, we and others have developed small-molecule MIF inhibitors. Most MIF inhibitors bind within the hydrophobic pocket that contains highly conserved amino acids known to be essential for MIF's proinflammatory activity. The best characterized of these small-molecule MIF inhibitors, (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) has been validated in scores of laboratories worldwide. Like neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies, ISO-1 significantly improves survival and reduces disease progression and/or severity in multiple murine models where MIF is implicated. This MIF inhibitor, its derivatives and other MIF-targeted compounds show great promise for future testing in disease states where increased MIF activity has been discovered.
On perfection of Procedure for Publicizing Notice for Assertion of Claims in

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The author hold that the present Procedure for Publicizing Notice for Assertion of Claims have a great many defects and it may be perfected from the aspects such as the range of cases to which the procedure applies, parties who can make a claim, relief measures when the claim is rejected and institution of an action of withdrawing the judgment that has been entered.
Integrated catchment and coastal management for resilient urban flood mitigation under climate change

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Urban areas at river mouths are exceptionally vulnerable to flooding due to their dual exposure to coastal and riverine flood risks. These risks are exacerbated by the lack of coordination between coastal zone and river basin management, compounded by climate change impacts, particularly sea-level rise, which increases riverine flooding intensity by raising drainage bases. This review underscores the urgent need for integrated management to address these intertwined challenges. It advocates for an Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) approach, which bridges the management of river basins, coastal zones, and urban areas, to mitigate flood risks. The article examines case studies from Hamburg, Kolkata, and the Haifa Bay area to highlight the necessity and challenges of implementing ICM. Hamburg serves as a model of successful integration, combining robust governance, extensive coastal defenses, and upstream river basin management. Kolkata, by contrast, struggles with frequent flooding and lacks integrated policy frameworks, underlining the critical need for coordinated strategies. The Haifa Bay area, although historically less flood-prone, faces growing risks from climate change, offering a timely opportunity for proactive ICM adoption. Governance systems, institutional structures, and legal frameworks in these contexts are analyzed to extract lessons for global applicability. Despite differences in flood histories and socio-environmental settings, commonalities in successful strategies emphasize the importance of holistic and inclusive management approaches. The study highlights the potential of ICM to mitigate escalating flood risks in coastal urban areas while addressing the limitations posed by governance gaps and resource constraints. By fostering coordination across scales and sectors, ICM offers a pathway to sustainable and resilient flood management in the era of climate change.
Modeling and Analysis of a 3-D Asymmetric Mine-Soil-Hull Floor Interaction Problems with Mine Buried in Dry and Wet Sand

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An above-ground 2.44 m x 2.44 m x 20 cm rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) plate with a total mass of 9000 kg located asymmetrically at a fixed horizontal 61 cm offset and a vertical 46 cm stand-off above a shallow-buried mine with an equivalent charge weight of 9.05 kg TNT and 15 cm depth of overburden in dry and wet sand has been modeled in 3-D using the CTH hydrodynamic code. The purpose is to compare the loading and response of the anvil plate due to detonation of a mine buried in dry and wet sand using a 3-D asymmetric model of a mine-soil-hull floor interaction problem. The model allows parametric study of complex explosive-soil-structure interaction effects due to variation of explosive types and plate dimensions, standoff, types of soil and height of soil overburden and computes momentum loading on the ballistic pendulum anvil plate due to various off-axis locations of the mine in dry and wet soils relative to the hull floor plate located on the underside of an armored vehicle.
Gastric Strongyloides Stercoralis in a Patient with Inflammatory Myopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Strongyloides stercoralis is a free living tropical and semitropical soil nematode which its larva penetrates skin. It can complete its life cycle in human body and causes autoinfection. Most patients have no frank symptoms. But respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin manifestation may occur. We report a 76 year old man admitted to emergency room with muscle weakness, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting while receiving prednisolone 60 mg/d plus methotrexate 15 mg intramuscular injections per week for his underlying polymyositis. His upper endoscopy showed an ulcer and microscopic examination revealed S. stercoralis larvae and adult worm in gastric mucosa. He was treated with a combination of parenteral ivermectin and oral albendazole, the disease course ended in complete improvement with clearing of daily stool samples after more than 2 weeks of treatment. It is noteworthy that the pre-steroid stool examinations were negative for parasites.
Systematic investment in the delivery of guideline-coherent therapy reduces mortality and overall costs in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Results from the Stent for Life economic model for Romania, Portugal, Basque Country and Kemerovo region

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims: The Stent for Life initiative aims at the reduction of mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction by enhancing timely access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. To assess the associated health and socioeconomic impact, the Stent for Life economic project was launched and applied to four model regions: Romania, Portugal, the Basque Country in Spain, and the Kemerovo region in the Russian Federation. Methods and results: The Stent for Life economic model is based on a decision tree that incorporates primary percutaneous coronary intervention rates and mortality. Healthcare costs and indirect costs caused by loss of productivity were estimated. A baseline scenario simulating the status quo was compared to the Stent for Life scenario which integrated changes initiated by the Stent for Life programme. In the four model regions, primary percutaneous coronary intervention numbers rose substantially between 29–303%, while ST-elevation myocardial infarction mortality was reduced between 3–10%. Healthcare costs increased by 8% to 70%. Indirect cost savings ranged from 2–7%. Net societal costs were reduced in all model regions by 2–4%. Conclusion: The joint effort of the Stent for Life initiative and their local partners successfully saves lives. Moreover, the increase in healthcare costs was outweighed by indirect cost savings, leading to a net cost reduction in all four model regions. These findings demonstrate that systematic investments to improve the access of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients to guideline-coherent therapy is beneficial, not only for the individual, but also for the society at large.
Antioxidant functions of beta-carotene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene is an attractive candidate for the prevention of cancer. Indeed, abundant evidence suggests that β-carotene inhibits carcinogenesis. β-Carotene is thought to inhibit carcinogenesis by scavenging free radicals involved in tumor formation. However, there is no direct evidence that β-carotene traps radicals under conditions where it inhibits carcinogenesis. The overall objective of this dissertation research was to identify β-carotene oxidation products from β-carotene antioxidant reactions in model systems. Identification of such products will enable the direct measurement of β-carotene antioxidant activity in systems where it inhibits neoplastic transformation. In hexane solution, β-carotene was oxidized by peroxyl radicals to 5,6-epoxy-β, β-carotene, 15,15'-epoxy-β, β-carotene, a previously unreported product, and several unidentified polar products. Studies on the kinetics of product formation suggested that polar products are formed by both epoxide-dependent and -independent pathways. Because β-carotene may be localized within lipid bilayers in vivo, peroxyl radical oxidation of β-carotene in model membranes was examined. In soy phosphatidylcholine liposomes, β-carotene was oxidized by peroxyl radicals to the 5,6-epoxide and to unidentified polar products. β-Carotene antioxidant activity in the liposome system was the same at 15 torr and 160 torr O₂ and decreased at 760 torr O₂. These results suggest that β-carotene provides equal antioxidant protection in all tissues in vivo. The relative rates of product formation and β-carotene oxidation at different pO₂ suggested that β-carotene antioxidant activity is governed by the relative proportions of β-carotene radical trapping and autoxidation reactions, which do not contribute to radical trapping. Therefore, the loss of β-carotene antioxidant action at 760 torr O₂ may result from an increase in β-carotene oxidation by autoxidation pathways. The 5,6-epoxide was formed during both antioxidant reactions and autoxidation reactions and may be marker for the peroxyl radical oxidation of β-carotene. Attempts to study β-carotene antioxidant reactions in biological membranes were only partially successful. In vitro incorporation of β-carotene into microsomes was attempted by several methods. However, these efforts resulted in only modest β-carotene antioxidant activity in microsomes. These studies provide a basic understanding of β-carotene antioxidant chemistry in model systems. Their results will enable further investigation of β-carotene antioxidant action in biological systems.
Design Features and Application of Booster Pressure Control Circuit for J1140 Type Die-casting Machine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

According to the requirements of J1140 type die-casting machine injection system,boost pressure control circuit was designed. The problem for the change of injection process parameters due to artificial pouring amount different was solved. So the quality stability of die-casting machine parts production is improved,injection force can be adjusted in a wide range,the processrange of die-casting machine is expanded.