jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mating behavior of nemerteans: present knowledge and future directions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In most nemertean species, members of the two sexes aggregate before fertilization takes place. Few specific studies on the mating behaviour of nemerteans have been conducted but several observational reports indicate that important processes known from other organisms, such as sexual selection and sperm competition, may also be at work in nemerteans. Herein, we review some of these observations and discuss their possible implications. We produce a summary table and reproduce some important observations, placing them in an evolutionary context. Four types of gamete‐transfer mechanisms are distinguished: (1) free‐spawning, where members of both sexes release gametes freely into the water column; (2) mucus‐spawning, where gametes are released within a mucus matrix; (3) internal fertilization, where spermatozoans are transferred to the immediate vicinity of oviducts, which they penetrate; and (4) gamete transfer aided by specific structures. While little is known about the last transfer mechanism, anecdotal observations are mainly available for the first three mechanisms. Mating interactions frequently involve more than two individuals. In several species, individuals only invest part of their gametes in a single mating interaction, apparently saving additional gametes for potential future mating events. These observations suggest that males of some species are exposed to mating competition. Males might counteract sperm competition by producing large numbers of sperm, as suggested by their high fertilization potential. Previous authors inferred that sperm morphology may be an adaptation to spawning behavior and possibly also to the risk of sperm competition. Based on the results of our analysis and the above observations, we suggest that sexual selection and sperm competition are not uncommon in nemerteans.
Evaluating the Prognosis of Surgical Treatment in Atypical Temporal Lobe Epilepsy-A Study Based on Ictal Onset Patterns and Extratemporal Early Propagations on Stereo-Electroencephalography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Our aim is to examine ictal onset patterns (IOPs), extratemporal early propagations (EPs) and inner relationship between them based on stereo-electroencephalography recordings in the patients with atypical temporal lobe epilepsy, and to evaluate their impact on seizure prognosis and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery. Methods: Forty-three patients were included in this retrospective study. Five to sixteen multilead electrodes were implanted per patient. All of them underwent a standard craniotomy for tailored resection of the hypothetical epileptogenic zone. Post-operative seizure status and cognitive outcomes were evaluated by Engle’s classification, Wechsler intelligence and Wechsler memory scale. Results: Four types of IOPs were identified in the 43 patients. The patients with low frequency highamplitude periodic spikes (LFPS) and spike or poly-spike fast discharges (SpFD) had better seizure outcomes. There were ten patients with extratemporal EPs, who had worse clinical outcomes than those without extratemporal EPs (Engel’s class I: χ2 =10.689, p=0.001; Engel’s class Ia: χ2 =4.251, p=0.039). Three conditions related to IOPs and extratemporal EPs were combined to predict the seizure prognosis after operation. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% and 78.6% for Engel’s class I, and were 87.0% and 55.0% for Engel’s class Ia. The patients with LFPS showed more significant improvement in memory quotient (MQ) but not in full intelligence quotient (FIQ) than those with other IOPs. Conclusions: IOPs and extratemporal EPs are closely related to seizure status and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery in atypical TLE patients.
A Concise History of the University of Ulster, Trans-Gender Archive (1986-2010)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Trans-Gender Archive (TGA) was founded in January 1986 by Richard Ekins at the University of Ulster, UK. It was the first such collection in the world to be housed within a University setting. In 1986, the term ‘trans-gender’ was barely in use. The TGA became ‘The Transgender Archive’ in 2000, in recognition of the widespread use of the term ‘transgender’ by that time. The Archive ceased its connection with the University of Ulster in July 2010, by which time Richard Ekins had become Emeritus Professor of Sociology and Cultural Studies at the University. This extensive collection includes transgender books, magazines, newspaper clippings, scholarly papers, audio tapes, video tapes, films, photographs, artifacts, ephemera, biographical and autobiographical writings, and miscellaneous papers. It was acquired by the University of Victoria, Vancouver Island, Canada in 2013.
Giant Magnetic Anisotropy of Transition-Metal Dimers on Defected Graphene

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Continuous miniaturization of magnetic units in spintronics and quantum computing devices inspires efforts to search for magnetic nanostructures with giant magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and high structural stability. Through density functional theory calculations, we found that either Pt-Ir or Os-Ru dimer forms a stable vertical structure on the defected graphene and possess an MAE larger than 60 meV, sufficient for room-temperature applications. Interestingly, their MAEs can be conveniently manipulated by using an external electric field, which makes them excellent magnetic units in spintronics and quantum computing devices.
Study on the Heat Shock Protein—Hpc60 from Pea Leaf Cytosol

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of NaCl, PEG and exogenous ABA on the expression of the heat shock protein—Hpc60 from pea (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated. The results showed that PEG elevated the quantity of this heat_shock protein, much similar to heat_shock stress. Although NaCl was able to reduce water potential at the same extent with or even higher than PEG, but it did not increase the level of this protein. This phenomenon was closely correlated with the variations of cytoplasmic ion levels. The authors postulated that NaCl treatment caused the influx of Na +, thus disrupted the ion homeostasis, whereas PEG treatment did not. So a rather stable Na +/K + ratio was sustained in the plant cell treated with PEG, which might be prerequisite for the induction of Hpc60. In addition, exogenous ABA was employed in the authors' experiment which showed no influence on the synthesis of this heat_shock protein.
Oxidative Stress Mediates Vascular Tortuosity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vascular tortuosity is associated with various disorders and is being increasingly detected through advances in imaging techniques. The underlying mechanisms for vascular tortuosity, however, remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress mediates the generation of tortuous vessels. We used the bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) ligation model to induce vascular tortuosity. Both young and adult rats showed basilar artery tortuous morphological changes one month after bilateral CCA ligation. These tortuous changes were permanent but more pronounced in the adult rats. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis revealed that these tortuous changes were accompanied by the induction of oxidative stress-related genes. Moreover, the indicated model in rabbits showed that tortuous morphological changes to the basilar artery were suppressed by antioxidant treatment. These results are highly suggestive of the significance of oxidative stress in the development of vascular tortuosity. Although further studies will be needed to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which oxidative stress enhances vascular tortuosity, our study also points toward possible prophylaxis and treatment for vascular tortuosity.
Structure of water nanoconfined between hydrophobic surfaces

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We report the results of a series of molecular-dynamics simulations of liquid water confined between two graphite plates with separations ranging from 7to15Å. Energies and free energies are provided, indicating also the corresponding stability density span of confined water phases. The structure of the different liquid layers is also discussed for all the considered systems. In particular, we studied atomic density profiles, two-dimensional radial distribution functions, hydrogen bonding, and angular orientations near the carbon plates.
Towards a Supercontinuum Generation in an All-Fiberized Holmium-Doped ZBLAN Fiber Amplifier

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A supercontinuum (SC) was first generated in a holmium-doped ZBLAN (ZrF 4 -BaF 2 -LaF 3 -AlF 3 -NaF) fiber amplifier (HDZFA) with a spectral coverage of 2.03-2.9 μm, then was further red-shifted to 3.7 μm by cascading a piece of passive ZBLAN fiber. The amplifier consisted of a 2050-nm pulsed fiber laser and a piece of holmium-doped ZBLAN fiber (HDZF), which was in-band pumped by a 1950-nm continuous wave thulium-doped fiber laser. A fusion splicing was achieved between passive silica fiber and the HDZF. The spectral and power characteristics of the amplifier were carefully investigated. The SC obtained in the amplifier showed a spectrum ranging from 2.03 to 2.9 μm with an output power of 248 mW and a maximal slope efficiency of 43.3%. The spectral broadening in the amplifier was halted by a strong absorption induced by an excited state absorption (ESA) of Ho 3+ in the range ~2.7-2.8 μm. An SC with 20-dB spectral coverage of 2.05-3.71 μm was finally obtained by cascading a piece of passive single-mode ZBLAN fiber after the amplifier, with the purpose of overcoming the ESA-induced loss of holmium ions. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first demonstration of an SC generation in an HDZFA.
Calibration and Field Verification of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Measuring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) has become common in environmental sampling of nonpolar organic contaminants, yet few data exist for the uptake or sampling rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Two separate laboratory calibration experiments were conducted to determine the sampling rates of 28 individual PAH and 19 homologues. PAH with a log Kow > 4.5 remained in the linear uptake phase for 30 days, but PAH with a log Kow < 4.5 began to approach steady state within 15 days. Sampling rates, corrected for dissolved organic carbon, ranged from 2.11 to 6.06 L d(-1). Shear flow across the membrane had no statistically significant effect on rates over the range of 0.01-0.50 cm s(-1). Field verification of these sampling rates yielded agreement within about a factor of 2 for most PAH and a factor of 4 for all PAH. The worst agreement was for the most hydrophobic PAH, where partitioning into dissolved and particulate organic carbon pools are more important and less certain. These SPMD sampling rate data will allow quantitative estimations of freely dissolved concentrations of 47 compounds that are commonly used for PAH and petroleum product source identification and allocation.
Development of Nanosilicate–Hydrogel Composites for Sustained Delivery of Charged Biopharmaceutics

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nanocomposite hydrogels containing two-dimensional nanosilicates (NS) have emerged as a new technology for the prolonged delivery of biopharmaceuticals. However, little is known about the physical-chemical properties governing the interaction between NS and proteins and the release profiles of NS-protein complexes in comparison to traditional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel technologies. To fill this gap in knowledge, we fabricated a nanocomposite hydrogel composed of PEG and laponite and identified simple but effective experimental conditions to obtain sustained protein release, up to 23 times slower as compared to traditional PEG hydrogels, as determined by bulk release experiments and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Slowed protein release was attributed to the formation of NS-protein complexes, as NS-protein complex size was inversely correlated with protein diffusivity and release rates. While protein electrostatics, protein concentration, and incubation time were important variables to control protein-NS complex formation, we found that one of the most significant and less appreciated variable to obtain a sustained release of bioactive proteins was the buffer chosen for preparing the initial suspension of NS particles. The buffer was found to control the size of nanoparticles, the absorption potential, morphology, and stiffness of hydrogels. From these studies, we conclude that the PEG-laponite composite fabricated is a promising new platform for sustained delivery of positively charged protein therapeutics.
Hypoxia-Induced Tumor Progression and Drug Resistance: From Current Understandings to Future Perspectives

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypoxia is a common feature of most cancers and contributes to aggressive phenotype and chemoresistance. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) not only plays important roles in developmental and physiological hypoxic adaptation, but also a crucial mediator in hypoxiainduced tumor progression and chemoresistance. It has been demonstrated that HIF-1α is overexpressed in tumor cells by different kinds of mechanisms, including the presence of hypoxic stress, mutations in von Hippel Lindau (VHL), and hyperactivation of mitogen activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. HIF-1 regulates anaerobic metabolism, drug efflux, and expression of anti-apoptotic genes, thus promoting tumor growth, survival, and drug resistance. Due to the common failure of classic chemotherapeutic agents in treating hypoxic cancers, some strategies have been developed to target tumors under hypoxic conditions including bioreductive drugs and inhibitors against pathways that were depended by tumor cells for their growth and survival. These new strategies may provide more effective and specific methods in targeting hypoxic tumors.
Computer simulations of dense molecular fluids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Molecular dynamics simulations are reported for ensembles of several models of homonuclear diatomic molecules. The systems were studied all at a single phase point (i.e. at a single value of reduced temperature and density), but with potential functions that varied primarily by changing the strength of the quadrupolar part of the intermolecular interaction. Both translational and rotational motions of single molecules were studied, either by calculation of the autocorrelation functions for velocity or orientation or of the distributions of atomic or molecular displacements. It is shown that the simulations of orientational correlation functions do not correspond well to the predictions of any of the better-known models for reorientation in fluids. It is argued that theories in which the mean square forces and torques play a prominent role should give a better description of these systems than binary collision approaches.
Studying the Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes and Hypertension in the State of Qatar-Retrospective Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) in pregnancy are one of the common cause of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of DM and HTN in pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes in the state if Qatar. MethodA retrospective population-based cohort study including 15,428 singleton deliveries during the 2017 year was carried out. Maternal health was stratified into three groups. The first group included women with DM (pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (Pre-DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GD)), the second group included women with HTN (Essential HTN (E HTN), Gestational HTN (GHTN), and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia), and the third group included women with no DM and no HTN (healthy controls). Maternal and neonatal outcomes data were obtained from the Pearl Peristat registry. One way ANOVA, with post hoc Bonferroni, and chi-square analyses were performed using SPSS v24.1 software. ResultsThe prevalence of DM in pregnancy was found to be 28.5% (N: 4,401), GDM 26.2% (N: 4,044) and pre-GDM 2.3% (N: 358). Of total population 1,368 (35.7%) women had cesarean sections delivery. Diabetes in pregnancy was significantly associated with higher neonatal birth weight (p<0.013), and macrosomia (p<0.002) and neonates of mothers with DM had significantly more admissions to the intensive care unit (NICU) (p<.001). On the other hand, the prevalence of HTN was 5.4% (N: 831) (E-HTN: 1.1%; N: 177; G-HTN: 2.0%; N: 301; pre-eclampsia eclampsia: 2,3%; N: 353). Cesarean section and preterm delivery were found to be significantly higher in women with HTN than controls (p<.001) and neonates of women with HTN had significantly lower birth weight (p<001), lower Apgar score at 5 min (p<.003), and more frequent admissions to NICU (p<.001) compared to controls. No significant association was found between stillborn births and DM and HTN disorders in pregnancy. ConclusionOur study confirms that both DM and HTN in pregnancy were significantly associated with maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes.
Static tensile properties for jute fiber reinforced composite

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In fiber reinforced composite, glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) are widely used.But they have a disadvantage from the viewpoint of reuse and recycling.Instead of GFRP, natural fibers such as bamboo, jute, kenaf and hemp fibers are focused upon for environmental friendliness.In this study, jute fiber is chosen as reinforcement because of the huge market and low cost.Polypropylene and emulsion type biodegradable resins are used as the matrix because of their recycling properties and cost.The tensile properties for Jute Fiber Reinforced Plastics (JFRP) are examined.There are few reports about strength reduction from the viewpoint of residual strain and damage accumulation.So in this study, cyclic loading (load-unload) tests were conducted for improving the mechanical properties.Heat treatment is also conducted for JFRP to examine the strength.As a result, the following conclusions are obtained.Young's modulus is improved for load-unload tensile tests.In the case where the load is less than 75% of the ultimate load and the number of cycles is ten, the residual strain has no effect on the tensile strength after load-unload tests.In the case where the load is 82.5% of the ultimate load, the tensile strength decreased.In the case where the load-unload test used 50% and 70% of the ultimate load, the residual strains are 0.12% and 0.40% respectively.There is no effect for tensile strength in the case where heat treatment is conducted to the pre-preg using PLA resin.
Induction of manganese peroxidase and laccase by Lentinula edodes under liquid culture conditions and their isozyme detection by enzymatic staining on native-PAGE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The white-rot basidomycete Lentinula edodes often produces the lignin-degrading enzymes manganese peroxidase (MnP; EC 1.11.1.13) and laccase (Lcc; EC 1.10.3.2) in sawdust-based media. In the present study, MnP from L. edodes was induced under liquid culture supplemented with sawdust extracts of Castanopsis cuspidata. Lcc activity was induced by the addition of 2 mM CuSO4 5H2O into the same media 7 days after initial inoculation. Phenoloxidase enzymes were distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native- PAGE), followed by sequential enzymatic staining with an improved staining solution. The isozyme bands detected under MnP-induced conditions were identified as manganese peroxidase (lemnp2) and bands detected under Lcc-induced conditions were identified as laccase (lcc1) by Q-TOF mass spectrometry.
Psychophysical assessment of the affective components of non-painful touch

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A novel psychophysical procedure for the evaluation of the affective components of touch was developed. A fabric material was stroked across the test site at a controlled direction and velocity, after which the subject provided a numerical estimate of pleasantness. Significant differences were detected for the sites tested (FACE vs ARM), the fabric materials used (VELVET, COTTON and PLASTIC MESH), and the velocity of motion (0.5, 5 and 50 cm/s). Attesting to their validity, estimates of pleasantness correlated negatively with estimates of unpleasantness obtained for the same stimuli. Moreover, subjects were reasonably consistent in their ratings upon stimulus replication. These findings demonstrate that the hedonic qualities of touch can be psychophysically evaluated, and that valid and reliable estimates are obtained.
Computational tools to model and analyze biomolecular structures and interactions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Development of the interdisciplinary branch, bioinformatics, is a blessing for life \nscience research. It made the analysis, model, pattern recognition a \nnd visualization \nof biological data much easier, efficient and accessible. Now the research in life \nscience is much stronger with efficient outcomes in a shorter period with minimized \nerror, cost and labor. The bioinformatics tools have helped us in better \nunderstanding of a process or pathway with aiding us to analyze them with our \nconvenience. In my thesis work I have worked on three fields, modelling of 3 \ndimensional nucleic acid structures, finding the steric hindrance in molecules and \nidentifying the a \nmino acids surrounding the sugar ligand in a catalytic pocket to \nidentify catalysis sites in the protein as they are highly conserved invariant of the \nsource organism. The nucleic acid models generated through our server can be \nutilized as starting model f \nor different research purposes related to nucleic acids and \ninteractions associated to them. Steric hindrance identifier will help in validating \nmodels and the identified conserved aminoacids will further be used in automated \nidentification of catalytic si \ntes in glycosidases and can also be useful in explaining \nthe cause specificity and selectivity of the proteins towards a specific sugar moiety
Analyzing scientific activity dominancies on scientific workflow models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose an algorithmic approach for analyzing (control-flow and data-flow driven) dominancies among scientific activities in a scientific workflow model supported by data intensive experiment procedures and large scale computing environments. Upon the SClCN-based scientific workflow model, we explicate the proposed approach from devising an activity dominancy analysis algorithm to exemplifying its application to a pseudo SClCN-based scientific workflow model, and finally define the activity dominancy net to represent the output of the algorithm formally and graphically. We expect that the analyzed activity dominancies ought to be helpful not only in the design of load balancing mechanisms for large scale distributed workflow systems, but also in the implementation of exception-handling and recovery mechanisms for concretizing data intensive and flexible scientific workflow systems.