jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Graph based Representation to Extract Value from Open Government Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Open government data refers to data that is made available by government entities to be freely reused by anyone and for any purpose. The potential benefits of open government data are numerous and include increasing transparency and accountability, enhancing citizens' quality of life, and boosting innovation. However, realizing these benefits is not always straightforward, as the usage of this raw data often faces challenges related to its format, structure, and heterogeneity which hinder its processability and integration. In response to these challenges, we propose an approach to maximize the usage of open government data and achieve its potential benefits. This approach leverages knowledge graphs to extract value from open government data and drive the construction of a knowledge graph from structured, semi-structured, and non-structured formats. It involves the extraction, transformation, semantic enrichment, and integration of heterogeneous open government data sources into an integrated and semantically enhanced knowledge graph. Learning mechanisms and ontologies are used to efficiently construct the knowledge graph. We evaluate the effectiveness of the approach using real-world public procurement data and show that it can detect potential fraud such as favoritism.
Why Promoting Safety Culture?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract In recent years, the challenge of reducing accident costs, the results of inquiries into large-scale disasters has highlighted the important role of a proactive approach to safety management. This has led to many organizations assigning high priority to improve an organization's safety culture. Safety Culture of any organization has an impact on organization image, productivity and profitability. This paper describes the importance of applying safety culture into the company business and provide a practical knowledge required to put safety culture characteristics in place. Many organizations have realized that this provides the perfect opportunity for them to streamline their operational process and optimize the associated management and control system. It is also true to say that people do not really know what a "safety culture" is. Busy Managers asked ‘what does an identifiable safety culture look like?’ Definition saying that it is the product of people's values and beliefs, their behavior, and their commitment to Health and Safety programs. Different levels of efforts are concerned with developing strategic plans, converting these into action plans and implementing these so that the organization can fully integrate safety into all of its systems. Then the most important indicator of a positive safety culture is the extent to which employees are actively in safety on daily basis. So many organizational endeavors, one of the most salient features that affects people's motivation is the total commitment of senior management and line management. This feature in particular has been shown to account for much of the variation in safety performance at many different levels in an organization. Since the development of a proactive safety culture is an empowering process that aims to win people's hearts and minds, it is absolutely vital that senior management actively demonstrate their commitment by providing the necessary leadership.
Changes in skeletal muscle in males and females following endurance training

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gender differences in substrate selection have been reported during endurance exercise. To date, no studies have looked at muscle enzyme adaptations following endurance exercise training in both genders. We investigated the effect of a 7-week endurance exercise training program on the activity of β-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain enzymes, and fiber type distribution in males and females. Training resulted in an increase in [Formula: see text]O 2peak for both males and females of 17% and 22%, respectively (P < 0.001). The following muscle enzyme activities increased similarly in both genders: 3-β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (38%), citrate synthase (41%), succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (41%), and cytochrome c oxidase (COX; 26%). The increase in COX activity was correlated (R 2 = 0.52, P < 0.05) with the increase in [Formula: see text]O 2peak / fat free mass. Fiber area, size, and % area were not affected by training for either gender, however, males had larger Type II fibers (P < 0.05) and females had a greater Type I fiber % area (P < 0.05). Endurance training resulted in similar increases in skeletal muscle oxidative potential for both males and females. Training did not affect fiber type distribution or size in either gender.Key words: endurance training, oxidative potential, gender.
Chilled or bored? Inactivity in cattle

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Inaktivität ist häufig bei Tieren in restriktiven Haltungsformen zu beobachten und wird in ersten Studien als ein Ausdruck von Langweile oder Depression gedeutet. Wissen darüber, wie Inaktivität bei verschiedenen Tierarten aussieht, ist rar. Daher haben wir ein Inaktivitäts-Ethogramm für Mastrinder entwickelt. Dieses Ethogramm umfasst Informationen zu Körperhaltungen, Kopf-, Ohr-, und Schwanzpositionen sowie darüber, ob die Augen geschlossen oder geöffnet sind. Wir haben das Ethogramm bei Färsen in „intensiven“ (Vollspaltenboden), „semi-intensiven“ (Liegefläche mit Stroheinstreu) und „extensiven“ (Weide) Haltungssystemen angewendet. Pro Haltungssystem wurden drei Betriebe an zwei verschiedenen Tagen besucht und bei jedem Besuch wurde das Verhalten von 16 Tieren 15 Minuten lang kontinuierlich aufgezeichnet.Die deskriptive Auswertung zeigt, dass mit steigender Intensität des Haltungssystems die Dauer des inaktiven Verhaltens zunahm. Wenn die Tiere inaktiv waren, verbrachten sie doppelt so viel Zeit im Liegen wie im Stehen; laterales Liegen wurde nur selten beobachtet. 75 % der Beobachtungszeit hatten die Tiere ihren Kopf in einer erhobenen Position. Hängende Ohren, ein potentielles Zeichen von Entspannung, wurden bei Färsen auf der Weide mehr beobachtet als bei Färsen von intensiven und semi-intensiven Betrieben. Die am häufigsten beobachtete Kombination von Positionen auf intensiven und semi-intensiven Betrieben war das Liegen mit erhobenem Kopf, nach hinten gerichteten Ohren, geöffneten Augen und hängendem Schwanz, während auf der Weide diese Kombination, jedoch mit hängenden Ohren und geschlossenen Augen, am häufigsten auftrat. Diese Studie gibt einen ersten Einblick in das inaktive Verhalten von Rindern in verschiedenen Haltungssystemen. Das Inaktivitäts-Ethogramm bildet die Grundlage für zukünftige Forschungen im Zusammenhang mit Inaktivität und positiven (z.B. Entspannung) bzw. negativen (z.B. Langeweile, Depressionen) affektiven Zuständen bei Rindern.
Comparing Public-Private Partnership Infrastructure Financing Approach in a Developing and Developed Economy

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study compares the strength of PPP financing approach in a developed country (United Kingdom) and the limitations in a developing country (Nigeria), the largest economy in Africa by GDP. It observes the missing gap between the practices and successes of both countries with the aim of fostering positive outcomes for PPP in Nigeria. Results from the literature analysis assert the critical success factors in the UK as: transparent procurement, quality private consortium, public support, strong political support, apt risk allocation, etc. These present clues to be adopted by the Nigerian economy in maximizing the PPP approach to infrastructure financing.
Design of OTN Time-division Conversion Method Based on Time-to-space Transposition Matrix

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the increasing informatization and digitalization of modern society, the commercialization of Optical Transport Network is more and more extensive. In order to meet the requirements of 5G bearers with low delay and improve the OTN transmission efficiency, it is necessary to design an efficient slot to time processing method. This paper designs the multiplexing mapping structure and timeslot processing method of ODUk, takes OPU25 demultiplexing as the research and explanation object, loads 4-channel OPU25 timeslot data into the first-level RAM, reorganizes the timeslot data based on the T2S transpose matrix, writes it into the second-level RAM, and uses barrel shift to avoid RAM address conflicts. Then the timeslot data are read as an address index, and finally, the time division data are output to complete the conversion of the timeslot data to the time-division data of the lower-order channel. The experimental results show that the conversion of timeslot data to low order channel time-division data can reduce the difficulty of RTL design and implementation, and has high conversion efficiency.
Gender Influences Epidemiologic Characteristics of Secondary Malignant Neoplasms in Classical Ph Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To explore the influence of gender on the incidence of secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) among patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), based on The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER). Methods: We used the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) for Oncology, third edition (codes 9950, 9961, and 9962) to assemble a retrospective cohort of patients with PV, ET and PMF diagnosed between 2000 and 2018 in SEER 18. SMNs were defined as new cancer diagnoses occurring in patients with diagnosis of PV, ET and PMF at least 6 months prior to the diagnosis of a new malignancy. Other exclusion criteria included unknown age and diagnosis by autopsy or death certificate only. Results: The cohorts enrolled 35645 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including 17416 male patients (48.9%) and 18229 female patients (51.1%). The incidence of SMNs in male patients was higher than female patients (11.7% versus 9.1%，P＜0.001). This trend was also observed across PV,ET and PMF patients (11.4% versus 9.8%, 12.6% versus 8.7%, 10.9% versus 8.3% respectively，all P value＜0.05). The median time from diagnosis of MPNs to SMNs in male and female patients were similar [48 (6-217) versus 49.5 (6-207) months, P=0.884]. In subgroup analysis, the median time from diagnosis of PV and ET to SMNs in male patients were 54 (6-200) and 50.5 (6-207) months respectively, similar to those in female patients [54 (6-227) and 49 (6-201) months with P=0.994 and 0.645, respectively]. However, the median time from diagnosis of PMF to SMNs in male patients was shortened when compared with female patients [30(6-159) versus 38 (7-186) months, P=0.046]. In terms of the spectrum of SMNs, the most common site of non-hematological solid SMNs in male patients were prostate (2.5%), lung (1.5%), skin (0.7%), bladder (0.5%), gastrointestinal (0.4%) and kidney (0.4%), while breast (1.5%), lung (1.2%), reproductive system (0.5%), skin (0.3%), gastrointestinal (0.3%), kidney (0.3%) and thyroid (0.2%) cancers dominated the top of non-hematological solid SMNs in female patients. Survival analysis showed that the cumulative incidence of SMNs, leukemia, non-leukemic hematological cancers (including myelodysplastic syndromes and lymphoma) and solid SMNs were similar between male and female patients with PV and ET (all P value＞0.05). However, male patients with PMF suffered higher incidence of SMNs and leukemia than female patients with PMF (P=0.002 and 0.005, respectively), but the cumulative incidence of non-leukemic hematological cancers and solid SMNs in male PMF patients did not differ with female PMF patients (P=0.52 and 0.081, respectively). Conclusion: Gender influences incidence and spectrum of SMNs in MPNs. Male patients with PMF developed SMNs earlier and suffered higher incidence of SMNs, especially leukemia, over time.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst Selection for Hydrogenation of 1,2‐Dihydroacenaphthylene

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Purification of Two β-N-Acetyl-d-glucosaminidases from Beef Spleen

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Two enzymes (A and B), each with β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase and β-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminidase activity, were obtained from beef spleen extracts. Final purifications: Enzyme A, 310-fold; B, 260-fold. Purity was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. Only A was bound by DEAE-cellulose, at pH 7.0. The two enzymes had identical weight-average and z-average molecular weights: the latter was unchanged by addition of guanidine hydrochloride or dithiothreitol, but decreased greatly when both were present, indicating more than one peptide chain in each enzyme. Amino acid compositions were similar, but more sialic acid and neutral carbohydrate were present in A than in B. Optical rotatory and circular dichroism spectra also were similar: no Cotton effects were observed at 250 to 300 nm, and rotations and ellipticities were very low at wave lengths l250 nm. Enzyme structure could not be deduced by fitting with calculated curves. Km values were identical but Vmax was slightly greater in A; changes in pH affected Km and Vmax of both enzymes. Kinetic studies showed that the two p-nitrophenyl substrates tested compete for the active sites on both enzymes. Stimulation by bovine serum albumin enhanced Vmax but did not affect Km. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by various metal ions; neither was affected by sulfhydryl reagents, but activity vanished during treatment with dithiothreitol.
Additional file 4: of Construction of high-density genetic map and QTL mapping of yield-related and two quality traits in soybean RILs population by RAD-sequencing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

8 QTL hotspots detected in Zhonghuang24 × Huaxia3 RIL population in 2 years. **marked by QTL name indicates a new, stable QTL that was detected in both years; aChr indicates chromosome; bLOD indicates the logarithm of odds score; cPercentage of phenotypic variation explained. (PDF 62 kb)
Direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: meta‐analysis by geographic region with a focus on European patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims To analyse clinical outcomes with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation according to geographic region. Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, websites of regulatory agencies, clinical trials registers and conference proceedings for randomized controlled trials of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban or edoxaban) against warfarin for prophylaxis of stroke and systemic embolic events (SEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Two investigators independently extracted data. Relative risks of stroke and SEE as well as major bleeding depending on geographic region were estimated using a random effect meta‐analysis. Results Five trials in 72 963 patients were analysed; 32 089 (44%) patients were recruited in Europe (Western Europe: 13 676; Eastern Europe: 18 413). We found significant subgroup differences for stroke/SEE depending on the geographic region (interaction P = 0.003; I 2 88.5%), with a neutral effect of the DOAC vs . warfarin in Europe [relative risk (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.11, I 2 0%] and a significant reduction of stroke/SEE in other regions including North America, Latin America and Asia‐Pacific/other (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63–0.83, I 2 33%). There was a similar reduction in risk of major bleeding in Europe (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.92, I 2 0%) and in other regions (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.72–1.02, I 2 78%). Conclusion The DOAC did not provide additional benefit in reducing the risk of stroke/SEE compared with warfarin in European patients with AF, but were generally associated with a lower bleeding tendency than warfarin regardless of geographic region.
Their arrows will darken the sun: the evolution and science of ballistics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The science of ballistics has a long history and starts with one question: How does a projectile move through the air? Even before physicists worked that one out, military engineers had been tinkering with ballistic devices for centuries. The trebuchet of the Middle Ages has given way to rocket power, and the science of ballistics has evolved to match the technology. Mark Denny's survey covers this dynamic subject from prehistory to the weapons of tomorrow. Taking the bang-whiz-thud approach, Denny first talks about internal ballistics-Bang!-from before gunpowder to the development of modern firearms. External ballistics-Whiz!-are next, with discussions about short- and long-range trajectories. Denny's lesson ends with a Thud!-an explanation of terminal ballistics. Throughout, Denny conveys applicable physics principles in a way that will appeal to technology buffs and ballistics enthusiasts alike. His fun and factual explanations are free of complicated equations; notes cover the key aspects of ballistics physics for the more technically inclined. Denny has perfected this engaging balance of science and story. For study or hobby, Their Arrows Will Darken the Sun is an entertaining guide to the world of ballistics.
Influence of hot‐air treatment, superatmospheric O2 and elevated CO2 on bioactive compounds and storage properties of fresh‐cut pomegranate arils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The impact of heat treatment using hot air (HT 45 °C and 55 °C for 1 h) and two active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions of high oxygen atmosphere (HOA: 80 kPa O 2 , 20 kPa N 2 ) and high CO 2 atmosphere (HCA: 20 kPa CO 2 , 80 kPa N 2 ), individually or combined, on the antioxidant capacity, polyphenols, vitamin C content, total anthocyanins, polyphenoloxydase (PPO) activity and shelf life of fresh‐cut (FC) pomegranate arils stored for 14 days at 4 °C was studied. The results indicate that HT 45 °C along with HOA inhibited PPO activity and prevented loss of antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and phenolic compounds in arils, in comparison with control and HT 55 °C. All treatments reduced the accumulation of anthocyanins, but HCA‐treated arils lost more anthocyanins besides having worse a * colour parameter values. No significant differences in titrable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) were observed between treatments. The combination of HOA and HT 45 °C enhanced the benefits of applying each treatment separately and could be useful to improve and extend postharvest life of pomegranate FC arils.
Implicit Language Model in LSTM for OCR

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Neural networks have become the technique of choice for OCR, but many aspects of how and why they deliver superior performance are still unknown. One key difference between current neural network techniques using LSTMs and the previous state-of-the-art HMM systems is that HMM systems have a strong independence assumption. In comparison LSTMs have no explicit constraints on the amount of context that can be considered during decoding. In this paper we show that they learn an implicit LM and attempt to characterize the strength of the LM in terms of equivalent n-gram context. We show that this implicitly learned language model provides a 2.4\% CER improvement on our synthetic test set when compared against a test set of random characters (i.e. not naturally occurring sequences), and that the LSTM learns to use up to 5 characters of context (which is roughly 88 frames in our configuration). We believe that this is the first ever attempt at characterizing the strength of the implicit LM in LSTM based OCR systems.
Water Adsorption on the β-Dicalcium Silicate Surface from DFT Simulations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

β-dicalcium silicate (β-Ca2SiO4 or β-C2S in cement chemistry notation) is one of the most important minerals in cement. An improvement of its hydration rate would be the key point for developing environmentally-friendly cements with lower energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding on the water/β-C2S surface interactions. In this work, we aim to evaluate the water adsorption on three β-C2S surfaces at the atomic scale using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results indicate that thermodynamically favorable water adsorption takes place in several surface sites with a broad range of adsorption energies (−0.78 to −1.48 eV) depending on the particular mineral surface and adsorption site. To clarify the key factor governing the adsorption of the electronic properties of water at the surface were analyzed. The partial density of states (DOS), charge analysis, and electron density difference analyses suggest a dual interaction of water with a β-C2S (100) surface including a nucleophilic interaction of the water oxygen lone pair with surface calcium atoms and an electrophilic interaction (hydrogen bond) of one water hydrogen with surface oxygen atoms. Despite the elucidation of the adsorption mechanism, no correlation was found between the electronic structure and the adsorption energies.
Critic Theories: Henry James seen by Northrop Frye and David Lodge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The present paper represents our attempt to decipher the literary ideas that Henry James, Northrop Frye and David Lodge brought in criticism, therefore our main focus is on The Art of Fiction and The Art of the Novel, both belonging to Henry James, The Anatomy of Criticism-by Northrop Frye and The Art of Fiction of David Lodge. Particular attention is going to be given to Henry James and the concepts that he introduced in narratology, to the way Frye and Lodge regard ”The Master’s” work from a critic point of view.
Morphometric studies of myelination in the spinal cord of mice exposed developmentally to aluminum.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to diets containing 7 or 1000 microg aluminum (Al)/g as Al lactate from conception through maturity (45 days of age). This exposure has previously been shown to cause changes in CNS myelin composition and peroxidizability; in this study myelin sheath widths were measured. Initially, samples of epon embedded, toluidine blue stained cervical spinal cord sectioned at 0.5 mm were examined light microscopically. Qualitatively, Al-treated mice appeared to have a diffuse paleness in nerve tracts. No indication of myelin structural damage (splitting, degeneration) was noted. Quantitative microscopy was performed using images captured with Scion Image Dage 1.59 at 1000x with oil. Axon perimeters and sheaths were measured with NIH image using a standardized sampling pattern in the right medial dorsal and ventral regions of the cervical spinal cord in 6 mice (3 male, 3 female) per group. Mean myelin sheath widths were 16% smaller in the Al-treated group compared to controls (p=.03). There was no effect of sex or region (dorsal/ventral). Axon perimeters were also smaller on the average in the Al treated group but this difference was not significant (p=.16). The relationship between sheath width and axon diameter was similar in the two groups. The density of myelinated axons was greater in some areas for the Al-treated group. The data indicate that dietary aluminum exposure can interfere with myelination in the spinal cord.