jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cancer Incidence by Marital Status: U.S. Third National Cancer Survey2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Site-specific cancer incidence rates were computed by sex, age, and marital status for whites and blacks separately for ages 35-64 years with the use of population-based incidence data from the Third National Cancer Survey (1969-71) and with demographic data from the 1970 U.S. Census. Although rates were presented for all cancer sites combined and for 44 specific sites or rubrics, discussion focused on the 17 most common cancers. Within age, race, and sex groups, patterns of cancer incidence by marital status were compared by means of standardized incidence ratios, and the consistency of marital status patterns across age groups was assessed statistically. Among the most notable findings were: excess cancer rates across most sites and age groups in single black males, consistently high rates for cancer of the lung and bronchus in divorced white males and in single black females, low rates for the hormone-dependent reproductive tumors (prostate gland, breast, uterine corpus, and ovary) in separated white males and females, and high rates for cervical cancer among separated white women. Marital status patterns, where found, frequently differed between whites and blacks and between males and females.
Crush syndrome after the Marrakesh earthquake: a case report and review of the literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Crush trauma of extremities, resulting from a crushing force, can be life-threatening even without involving vital organs. Crush syndrome, or traumatic rhabdomyolysis, occurs when muscle cell breakdown releases contents into the bloodstream, leading to systemic complications like acute renal failure. A 35-year-old woman trapped under rubble during11 hours during a seismic event, presenting with compartment syndrome in her left arm and thigh and crush syndrome. Emergent fasciotomy and aggressive fluid resuscitation were performed, preventing renal failure and metabolic derangement. Post-fasciotomy, pulses returned to her affected limbs. She was extubated and moved to the ICU under close surgical supervision. Early, aggressive resuscitation is critical, ideally before extrication, to minimize complications. Awareness of hyperkalemia and acute renal failure risk post-extrication is essential. Continuous fluid resuscitation is the cornerstone of treatment, and prompt fasciotomies are crucial for compartment syndrome management.
Influence of Chemical Composition on Layer Properties of Barrel Steels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This article deals with influence of chemical composition on depth of diffusion layers and porosity of compound layers after gas nitriding process. Experiments are focused on utilizing of gas nitriding processes for surface treatment. Gas nitriding technologies were applied to steels C 35 (sample A1), 34Cr4 (sample A2) and steel 42CrMo4 (sample A4), which were subsequently evaluated by electron microscopy, GDOES and microhardness methods. The measurements showed the influences of chemical composition of alloying elements in core of material after chemical-heat treatment process on depth of diffusion and influence of technology on development of porosity. Nevertheless, the main task was the description of the porosity development in compound layer after gas nitriding and the increasing of surface hardness and of the depth of diffusion layer according to chemical composition. Gas nitriding process was applied for increasing of surface hardness of material in depth and improving of mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of tested material were significantly increased.
A Review of the Role of Human Capital in the Organization

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Today, the concepts of human capital and strategic management of human resources are very common in the organizations in terms of philosophy and technique. The term of "human capital" is considered as a key element in improving the assets of an organization, since it is a sustainable competitive advantage and increases the employees' efficiency. Some organizational theorists apply the rules of human capital theory to prove the ability to create useful competitions between companies by means of developing individual human resources. Therefore, in the present research, after studying more than 100 papers, the role of human capital in the organization and the characteristics of human capital have been studied. The results indicate that the common index, which is important at all levels of management in the organization, is human skill. Those who work in the central core of the organization must develop higher skills. These people must have enough knowledge, information, innovation, and creativity to increase the customer's satisfaction and create competitive advantage for the organization.
Signs of Urban Identity in the Cities of Terra d’Otranto: A Contribution to Historical Research and Issues about Conservation Practices

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The cities of Terra d'Otranto own a stratified architectural heritage, strongly connected with the local rural resources.From 15th to 19th century important phases of urban development contributed to creating an incisive characterization of many small cities holding precious cultural traces, appreciable in the specific use of construction materials and in the peculiar image of the historic city landscapes.Steeples and church pediments can be identified as signs of urban identity, alongside monumental walls, city gates, fortified buildings and other explicit representations of religious and secular authority.Moreover squares, courtyards and surroundings of undeniable cultural interest, form a typical environmental heritage that the communities have enriched with many tangible and intangible values.In regard to the vulnerability of the building heritage, considerations on the broad scope of conservation are more important than ever, especially in relation to the required implementation of knowledge through scientific research and more attentive restoration practices on the architectural heritage of the historic cities.Ultimately, an in-depth study of the urban palimpsest is necessary for the proper identification of the features to safeguard, considering the risk of losing important testimonies for the collective memory.
Teaching diffraction gratings by means of a phasor analysis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Diffraction gratings play a very important educational role in describing wave properties of light.In this work we present a simple phasor technique to fully describe binary amplitude diffraction gratings with different slit widths relative to the grating period, as well as binary phase gratings with different phase shift.This analysis, which is directly derived from the Huygens principle, introduces a slit phasor to account for the diffracted orders relative intensity, and a grating phasor that accounts for the grating's resolving power.The proposed phasor technique is mathematically equivalent to the Fourier transform calculation of the diffraction orders amplitude, and it can be useful to explain binary diffraction gratings in a simple manner in introductory physics courses.Experimental results probing this theoretical analysis are included with the use of a liquid crystal display.
A cochlear neuron based robust feature for speaker recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a robust feature for text-independent speaker recognition is proposed, which simulate the response mode of cochlear neurons in processing acoustic signal. The feature is derived from sparse coding coefficient which is computed on a learned over-complete dictionary, and the dictionary is considered similar to part of speech sensitive cochlear neurons. Furthermore, the feature is generated without dimension reducing and de-correlation. The robust feature is implemented to address the problem of mismatch situation between training and testing. Experiments show that the proposed feature outperforms the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) feature, especially under noisy environments, the equal error rate (EER) of the MFCC drops to 21.6% (10 dB) from 10.3% (25 dB), while the EER of the proposed feature is also 6.6% (10 dB) with no degradation.
Design research on calculus: Students’ journey in learning definition of definite integral

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Some researchers report that students find difficulties in learning definition of definite integration. Therefore, classroom activities designed with design research method to help university students gain better understanding on this topic. In order to support students, realistic mathematics approach was chosen. Series of instructional activities had been designed to reach mathematical goal. Thirty of first year university students in Universitas Negeri Padang were chosen to implement the classroom activities that have been designed. This paper will report students’ journey in learning definition of definite integral in our local instructional theory (LIT). The research shows that students understanding about area, function, inscribed/circumscribed polygon, limit play important role to understand the definition of definite integral. Students need to see those concepts as a unit which cannot be separated to understand the definition of definite integral in a designed classroom activity.
The effect of a pre-operative and post-operative exercise programme versus standard care on physical fitness of patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer undergoing neoadjuvant treatment prior to surgery (the PERIOP-OG trial): a randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Although the benefits of post-operative rehabilitation in cancer surgery are well established, the role of prehabilitation is less defined. Oesophagogastric cancers present a unique opportunity to study the impact of prehabilitation during the neoadjuvant window, whether with chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (NCT) in patients who are frequently nutritionally depleted. This trial examines the impact of a community-based exercise programme on patient fitness during and after the neoadjuvant window. Methods: A pragmatic, randomized controlled multicentre trial was undertaken in three centres. Inclusion criteria were patients aged at least 18 years planned for NCT and esophagectomy or gastrectomy. Participants were randomized 1:1 to an exercise prehabilitation group (EX) or to usual care (UC). The primary endpoint was cardiorespiratory fitness between baseline and pre-surgery time point using the 6-minute walk test (MVT). Secondary endpoints included a hand dynamometer, 10-s sit-to-stand, activity behaviour, body mass index, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires assessing the quality of life, surgical fear, general self-efficacy and mastery. Results: Between March 2019 and December 2020, 71 participants were recruited: EX ( n =36) or UC ( n =35). From baseline to pre-surgery, the difference-in-difference (DID) for EX showed a significant improvement in 6MWT of 50.7 m ( P =0.05) compared to UC [mean (SD): 522.1 m (+/−104.3) to 582.1 m (+/−108) vs. 497.5 m (+/−106.3) to 506.0 m (+/−140.4). There was no statistically significant DID for secondary outcome measures. Conclusions: This community exercise prehabilitation programme significantly improves physical fitness for surgery, is feasible and provides a standardized framework for the prescription of exercise in oesophagogastric cancer patients undergoing NCT.
The Effects of Different Ethanol Concentration on Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content In Malaysian Propolis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract As compared to honey, propolis was considered ‘less explored’ in active compounds characterization study. The abundance of phytochemicals in propolis contributes to various medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, anticancer, wound healing and antioxidative. The most common antioxidant groups found in propolis are phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, in the current study, we investigated the relationship between different ethanol concentrations on the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) extracted from propolis. Crude propolis was crushed and sieved before ultrasonic extractions using different ethanol concentrations (20, 50, 80%). The determination of total phenolic content was obtained from the reaction of propolis extract with Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. The result of the total phenolic content was obtained from gallic acid calibration curve and represented in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Meanwhile, quantification of total flavonoid content was obtained from the reaction of the extract with methanolic solution of aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ). The result of the total flavonoid content of the propolis was acquired from quercetin calibration curve and represented in quercetin equivalent (QE). The highest TPC and TFC were recorded at 80% ethanol being 8.898 mg GAE/ml and 0.034 mg QE/ml respectively. From the experimental data, it is shown that TPC and TFC are directly propotional to ethanol concentration.
Evaluating the Effect of Planting Density on Yield and Morphology of Savory (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To evaluate the effect of planting density on yield and morphology of savory, this experiment was conducted in 2008-2009 in west Iran (Khorramabad). The experiment was conducted in factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatment of the experiment included three inter-row spacing (IRS; space between rows) as the main factor (60, 70 and 80 cm) and three on-row spacing (ORS; space between plants on a row) as the sub factor (25, 35 and 45 cm). At the full flowering stage, traits such as plant height, canopy diameter, the number of main stems, the number of lateral branches, internodes length, leaf length and width were measured. At early fall, plants were harvested and weighted. Then, flowering branches were separated and were considered as the net yield (medicinal) of savory. Results indicated that the lowest flowering shoot yield was achieved in the lowest ORS (25 cm); the highest canopy diameter was achieved in the highest ORS (45 cm) and the lowest planting density (45 × 80 cm). The highest flowering shoot yield was achieved in the lowest IRS (65 cm) and the lowest ORS (25 cm). Regarding the obtained results and the flowering shoot yield, the most suitable planting density for obtaining the highest shoot yield is the highest planting density (6.67 plants/m2). This proves that although canopy diameter and leaf size of each plant reduce in high planting density; however, the total flowering shoot yield increases.
Breathing a mixture of inert gases: disproportionate diffusion into decompression bubbles.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To study the consequences of diving with gas mixtures, we simulated growth of decompression bubbles using an equation system that accounts for major determinants of bubble behavior. When breathing a mixture, bubbles are smaller than expected from linear interpolation between bubbles with either of the unmixed component gases because of disproportionate diffusion effects: a) When few bubbles form, the inert gas that permeates fastest becomes over-represented, relative to the breathing gas, inside bubbles during growth; this slows further entrance of the fast gas and enhances entrance of the slower gas. b) With N2-He mixtures and few bubbles, the over-represented gas is He in aqueous tissue, but is N2 in lipid tissue. c) When many bubbles form, the over-represented gas is the one with higher tissue solubility. Our simulations indicate that the smallest bubbles always occur with breathing of one of the component gases, but which gas that is depends on whether the tissue is lipid or aqueous and whether few or many bubbles form.
Measure-Valued Low Mach Number Limits of Ideal Fluids

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

As a framework for handling low Mach number limits we consider a notion of measure-valued solution of the incompressible Euler system which explicitly formulates the usually suppressed dependence on the pressure variable. We clarify in which sense such a measure-valued solution is generated as a low Mach limit and state sufficient conditions for this convergence. For the special case of pressure-free solutions we are able to give such sufficient conditions only on the incompressible solution itself. As a necessary condition for low Mach limits we obtain a Jensen-type inequality. The same necessary condition actually holds true for limits of weak solutions or vanishing viscosity limits. We illustrate that this Jensen inequality is not trivially fulfilled. Since measure-valued solutions in the classical sense are always generated by weak solutions, this shows that our solution concept contains more information and that low Mach limits lead to a partial selection criterion for incompressible solutions.
Index coronary angiography use in Manitoba, Canada: a population-level descriptive analysis of First Nations and non-First Nations recipients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To investigate recipient characteristics and rates of index angiography among First Nations (FN) and non-FN populations in Manitoba, Canada. Setting Population-based, secondary analysis of provincial administrative health data. Participants All adults 18 years or older who received an index angiogram between 2000/2001 and 2008/2009. Primary and secondary outcome measures (1) Descriptive statistics for age, sex, income quintile by rural and urban residency and Charlson Comorbidity Index for FN and non-FN recipients. (2) Annual index angiogram rates for FN and non-FN populations and among those rates of ‘urgent’ angiograms based on acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-related hospitalisations during the previous 7 days. (3) Proportions of people who did not receive an angiogram in the 20 years preceding an ischaemic heart disease (IHD) diagnosis or a cardiovascular death; stratified by age (<65 or ≥65 years old). Results FN recipients were younger (56.3vs63.8 years; p<0.0001) and had higher Charlson Comorbidity scores (1.32vs0.78; p<0.001). During all years examined, index angiography rates were lower among FN people (2.67vs3.33 per 1000 population per year; p<0.001) with no notable temporal trends. Among the index angiogram recipients, a higher proportion was associated with an AMI-related hospitalisation in the FN group (28.8%vs25.0%; p<0.01) and in both groups rates significantly increased over time. FN people who died from cardiovascular disease or were older (65+years old) diagnosed with IHD were more likely to have received an angiogram in the preceding 20–30 years (17.8%vs12.5%; p<0.01 and 50.9%vs49.5%; p<0.03, respectively). FN people diagnosed with IHD who were under the age of 65 were less likely to have received an angiogram (47.8%vs53.1%; p<0.01) Conclusions Index angiogram use differences are suggested between FN and non-FN populations, which may contribute to reported IHD disparities. Investigating factors driving these rates will determine any association between ethnicity and angiography services.
Comparing service user perspectives of an early intervention in psychosis service before and during COVID-19 lockdowns: a service evaluation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose This service evaluation aims to understand the experiences of service users (SUs) who accessed an early intervention in psychosis (EIP) service during the Coronavirus pandemic using qualitative and quantitative methodologies and compare these to a previous pre-pandemic study conducted within the same service (Watkins et al. , 2018). Design/methodology/approach This paper collated experiences of individuals accessing an EIP service to inform service development. Questionnaires and individual interviews were conducted to provide quantitative and qualitative data. Descriptive statistics and T-test confidence intervals were created from the results and compared to findings of Watkins et al. (2018). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis. Findings Data showed participants were largely satisfied with all areas of the service with “work or education”, “living skills”, and “addictions” scoring highest. Though participants reported no overall dissatisfaction, satisfaction levels dropped in “social activities” compared to the findings of Watkins et al. (2018), perhaps due to the national restrictions put in place to manage the spread of Coronavirus during this time. Interview analysis identified three themes of importance consistent with prior literature, highlighting the importance of relationships and validation during recovery. Research limitations/implications This evaluation did not consider whether participants had accessed the service prior to the pandemic or only during, meaning that some participants could have a point of comparison with the service pre-pandemic, whereas others might not. Similarly, the participants were not the same as those of the Watkins et al. ’s (2018) evaluation, meaning that direct comparisons of pre- and post-pandemic experiences were not possible. In addition, this evaluation collected data at only one time point early in the pandemic; therefore, it is unknown if client experiences of services differed as the pandemic and restrictions continued over time. Originality/value The Covid-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented challenge for health services, and the effects of this are becoming widely reported. This evaluation of clinical services offers a valuable perspective of service user experience of receiving mental health services during a global health crisis further offering a comparison to pre-pandemic services and the experiences of those who used them.