jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ethanolic Fermentation in Hypoxic Cotton Seed

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots die within a few hours in the total absence of O2, but can continue growing for several hours at a reduced rate very low at O 2 concentrations, even <10 mmol O 2 mol −1 . The physiology of this adaptive response has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to determine if ethanolic fermentation occurs in cotton seeds under hypoxic conditions that inhibit but do not prevent radicle growth. Germinating seeds, after 23 h imbibition at 32 °C, were incubated for ≤4.5 h at 28 °C in sealed flasks. Hypoxic conditions (6‐9 mmol O 2 mol −1 ) were imposed by gassing flasks with either N 2 or CO 2 . Fermentation was measured as the production of ethanol and acetaldehyde, which were quantified by gas‐liquid chromatography. Both ethanol and acetaldehyde were readily produced during hypoxia at an average rate of 439 and 9.69 nmol h −1 seed −1 , respectively, at 28 °C. Acetaldehyde‐and ethanol‐forming capacity increased substantially during the first 16 h following onset of imbibition. Seeds imbibed under hypoxia for only 3 h produced little ethanol or acetaldehyde. Small amounts of acetaldehyde and ethanol were produced by hydrated seeds imbibed in air. Ethanol produced during fermentation was rapidly assimilated if O 2 stress was relieved. During a 2‐h hypoxic stress that promoted fermentation, radicle growth was halted, but resumed at a reduced rate. Inhibition was short‐lived and radicle growth recovered fully in air. Results indicate that ethanolic fermentation is a major metabolic response to hypoxia in germinating cotton seeds.
Technology as an Instrument to Promote Settlement in Advance of Court Adjudication—Developments in England and Wales

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter discusses how the digitalization of dispute resolution processes often seeks to encourage amicable settlements prior to the engagement of a more costly and adversarial court adjudication. In so doing, it examines the encouragement of settlements before litigation in England and Wales, highlighting the role of legal and technological advancements in facilitating amicable resolutions. Accordingly, the chapter discusses how online dispute resolution (ODR) processes are integrated at various stages of a civil dispute’s life cycle. Firstly, it points out that certain sector-specific laws mandate businesses in regulated industries to engage in ODR to address consumer complaints. Secondly, it reviews procedural regulations that obligate parties involved in family, employment, and personal injury disputes to attempt settlement before formally initiating court proceedings. Lastly, the chapter considers how the Civil Procedure Rules endorse alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods for defended claims in advance of the trial, particularly noting the recent introduction of compulsory telephone mediation for small claims in online proceedings. The integration of ADR within the court proceedings, in particular by making ADR a mandatory step as part of an increasingly digital process, is transforming ADR from an alternative process to an integral component of litigation. Furthermore, it not only signifies an additional shift towards prioritizing settlements as the preferred outcome for resolving civil disputes but also heralds the emergence of a more process-pluralistic approach within the English civil justice system.
Cumulative Fatigue Damage Under Stress-Controlled Conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A theoretical analysis of uniaxial cumulative fatigue damage is presented together with a large number of experimental results on unnotched specimens of A-201 and A-517 steels. The theory developed permits the prediction of fatigue curves for stress-controlled conditions with zero or positive mean stress as well as the evaluation of the damage accumulated during a fatigue test and hence the prediction of the remaining life of a specimen. Theory is in good agreement with the experimental results as well as with published data on other materials. The development may be extended to other types of tests such as strain-controlled or random loading conditions.
Dual-Modal Cellular Nanoparticles for Continuous Neurotoxin Detoxification

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Neurotoxins are known for their extreme lethality. However, due to their enormous diversity, effective and broad-spectrum countermeasures are lacking. This study presents a dual-modal cellular nanoparticle (CNP) formulation engineered for continuous neurotoxin neutralization. The formulation involves encapsulating the metabolic enzyme N-sulfotransferase (SxtN) into metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticle cores and coating them with a natural neuronal membrane, termed "Neuron-MOF/SxtN-NPs". The resulting nanoparticles combine membrane-enabled broad-spectrum neurotoxin neutralization with enzyme payload-enabled continuous neurotoxin neutralization. The studies confirm the protection of the enzyme payload by the MOF core and validate the continuous neutralization of saxitoxin (STX). In vivo studies conducted using a mouse model of STX intoxication reveal markedly improved survival rates compared with control groups. Furthermore, acute toxicity assessments show no adverse effects associated with the administration of Neuron-MOF/SxtN-NPs in healthy mice. Overall, Neuron-MOF/SxtN-NPs represent a unique biomimetic nanomedicine platform poised to effectively neutralize neurotoxins, marking an important advancement in the field of countermeasure nanomedicine.
Intraspecific patterns of ectoparasite abundances on Paraguayan bats: effects of host sex and body size

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Although levels of parasitism can vary greatly among individual bats of the same species, little is known about the characteristics of hosts that affect such variation. Bats were captured via mist nets from June 1995 to July 1997 from 28 localities throughout Paraguay. Over 17 500 ectoparasites were collected from 2909 bats; however, analyses of ectoparasite abundance were restricted to more abundant taxa of host and ectoparasite. We quantified the abundances of 29 taxa of ectoparasite on 19 species of bat host, as well as total abundance of ectoparasites regardless of taxonomic affiliation for 22 species of bat from Paraguay. The effects of host sex and host body size on these estimates of ectoparasite abundance were evaluated separately for each species of host. Ectoparasites did not respond consistently to host body size: ectoparasite abundance increased with host body size in 12 instances and decreased with host body size in 11 instances. Regardless of the existence or direction of effects of host body size on ectoparasite abundance, female hosts generally harboured more ectoparasites than did male hosts. Differences in host quality associated with the sex of bats, especially those related to behaviour, may be a more important determinant of ectoparasite abundance than are differences in size. Opportunities for host transfer are critical for species persistence of ectoparasites; consequently, ectoparasite populations on host individuals that form social groups or colonies should be larger, less prone to stochastic extinction, and have greater opportunity for speciation.
Sereoprevalence of Immunoglobulin-G and of Immunoglobulin-M Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: In Ethiopia, only a few studies on the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis have been carried out among HIV/AIDS patients. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among HIV/AIDS patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, and to determine risk factors associated with seroprevalence. Methods: Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 150 HIV-positive patients and IgM and IgG anti-toxoplasma antibodies were quantified by using Enzyme immunoassay technique (HUMAN-ELISA, GERMANY). Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University. Questionnaire was administered to assess the risk factors associated with the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV patients. Results: Of the one hundred fifty patients 108 (72%) were females and 42 (28%) were males. The mean (sd) age was 38.4 (9.5). Based on IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies status, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients was 94%. No IgM antibody was detected. Consumption of raw vegetables and not having primary information about toxoplasmosis were significant association with the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibody (p<0.05). Inexact logistic regression analysis consumption of raw vegetable (adjusted OR=7.49, 95% CI 1.29-58.93) was significant risk factor for toxoplasmosis and having information about toxoplasmosis (adjusted OR=.083,95% CI .011-.499) had significant protective effect. The mean (sd) CD4 count was 341.1 (173.6) cells/μl. The association between the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibody and CD4+ T lymphocyte cells count was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings showed that there is a high prevalence of chronic toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients and the risk factors were consumption of raw vegetable and lack of information about toxoplasmosis. Therefore, routine screening for Toxoplasma should be undertaken for all HIV-infected patients. Moreover, creating awareness about toxoplasmosis and its risk factors should be prioritized.
Production of the effector cytokine interleukin-17, rather than interferon- , is more strongly associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Interleukin-17A is the signature cytokine of the Th17 subset and drives inflammatory pathology, but its relevance to autoantibody-mediated diseases is unclear. Th1 cells secreting interferon-γ have been implicated in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, so the aim was to determine which cytokine is more closely associated with disease severity.Design and Methods Interferon-γ and interleukin-17A were measured in the sera of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and healthy donors, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with autologous red blood cells, or a panel of peptides spanning red blood cell autoantigen.Results Serum interleukin-17A, but not interferon-γ, was significantly raised in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (P
Study Progress about the Relationship between TLR2 in Vascular Endothelial Cells and Development of Atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nowadays,atherosclerosis is considered to be a chronic inflammatory disease,TLR2 can participate the initiation of specific immune response,promote the progression of inflammatory,and play an important role in atherosclerotic disease by activating native immunity.Meanwhile,Endotheliocytes also have functional disturbance during the process of AS,and can produce many cytokines to promote the genesis and development of AS.Besides,there is somewhat coaction between TLR2 and endothelium,which also have some influences on AS.
Primary research Percutaneous tracheostomy: comparison of Ciaglia and Griggs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Although the standard tracheostomy described in 1909 by Jackson has been extensively used in critical patients, a more simple procedure that can be performed at the bedside is needed. Since 1957 several different types of percutaneous tracheostomy technique have been described. The purpose of the present study was to compare two bedside percutaneous tracheostomy techniques: percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) and the guidewire dilating forceps (GWDF). Materials and methods: A prospective study in two medical/surgical intensive care units (ICUs) was carried out. Sixty-three critically ill patients who required endotracheal intubation for longer than 15 days were consecutively selected to undergo PDT (25 patients) or GWDF (38 patients) technique. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: Age (mean ± standard error) was 63 ± 1.1 years. The patients had been mechanically ventilated for an average of 19.8 ± 1.2 days. The GWDF technique was significantly faster than PDT technique (P=0.02). Fifteen complications occurred in 10 out of 63 (15%) patients. They were as follows: tracheal tear (one patient in each group; in one case this was due to false passage); transient hypotension (one patient in the PDT group and two patients in the GWDF group); atelectasis (one patient in the PDT group); and haemorrhage (one patient in the PDT group and three patients in the GWDF group). In both patients with tracheal tear, reduced arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) with concomitant subcutaneous emphysema ensued. Conclusion: We found no statistical differences between complications with both techniques. The surgical time required for the GWDF technique was less than that for PDT.
Clinical characteristics of patients with a severe course of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised in the Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CĂ­l: AÄkoli je infekce SARS-CoV-2 (covid-19) vysoce nakaĹžlivĂĄ, pediatriÄtĂ­ pacienti pĹedstavujĂ­ jen malou ÄĂĄst ze vĹĄech diagnostikovanĂ˝ch nemocnĂ˝ch. CĂ­lem tĂŠto prĂĄce bylo zhodnotit klinickĂŠ charakteristiky pacientĹŻ hospitalizovanĂ˝ch s vĂĄĹžnĂ˝m prĹŻbÄhem akutnĂ­ infekce SARS-CoV-2 na PediatrickĂŠ klinice FakultnĂ­ nemocnice v Motole. Metody: Do retrospektivnĂ­ observaÄnĂ­ studie byli zaĹazeni pacienti hospitalizovanĂ­ na naĹĄem pracoviĹĄti v obdobĂ­ od 1. 1. 2020 do 1. 4. 2021. AnonymizovanĂĄ data byla zĂ­skĂĄna z lĂŠkaĹskĂ˝ch zprĂĄv. KritĂŠrium vĂĄĹžnĂŠho prĹŻbÄhu bylo stanoveno jako respiraÄnĂ­ selhĂĄnĂ­ s nutnostĂ­ minimĂĄlnÄ oxygenoterapie. VĂ˝sledky: Ve sledovanĂŠm obdobĂ­ bylo na naĹĄĂ­ klinice hospitalizovĂĄno celkem deset pacientĹŻ. MediĂĄn vÄku byl 15 let (rozmezĂ­ 2-17), pĹevaĹžovali chlapci (60 %). VĹĄichni pacienti mÄli pĹidruĹženĂĄ chronickĂĄ onemocnÄnĂ­, nejÄastÄji (60 %) se jednalo o nadvĂĄhu Äi obezitu. ZĂĄvÄr: Z naĹĄĂ­ zkuĹĄenosti vyplĂ˝vĂĄ, Ĺže vĂĄĹžnĂ˝m prĹŻbÄhem akutnĂ­ infekce SARS-CoV-2 jsou ohroĹženy dÄti s komorbiditami, zejmĂŠna jedinci obĂŠznĂ­ Äi s nadvĂĄhou. Tento fakt tĂŠĹž zdĹŻrazĹuje vĂ˝znam vakcinace prĂĄvÄ pro tuto ÄĂĄst pediatrickĂŠ populace.
Techniques for enumerating protozoa in saturated subsurface sediments

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Three techniques were investigated for the enumeration of small (2-5 $\\mu$m in diameter) flagellates and amoebae in sediments collected within and outside of a wastewater contaminated ground water plume at the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Research site, located on Cape Cod, MA. An epifluorescent direct count technique was developed to enumerate DAPI stained protozoa on polycarbonate membrane filters. These estimates were compared to the those from the Darbyshire liquid media MPN and Singh solid media MPN techniques. In Fall 1991, sediment samples were collected to investigated the variability of the hold time of cores, total and encysted protozoan populations (MPN techniques only), and sites.\nThe population estimates changed significantly (with 95% confidence) from 1 to 28 days hold time: 1.22 $\\times$ 10$\\sp4$ to 7.71 $\\times$ 10$\\sp3$ protozoa/gdw for the epifluorescent technique; 2.94 $\\times$ 10$\\sp4$ to 3.82 $\\times$ 10$\\sp4$ total MPN/gdw for the Darbyshire MPN technique; and 6.85 $\\times$ 10$\\sp2$ to 1.74 $\\times$ 10$\\sp5$ total MPN/gdw for the Singh MPN technique. The epifluorescent technique had the lowest variability of all techniques. The encysted population did not exceed 42% of the total population by either MPN technique.\nProtozoan populations by all enumeration techniques were significantly higher from three cores at a contaminated site compared to those from three cores at an uncontaminated site. The largest source of variation for the protozoan estimates was the cores for the epifluorescent and Darbyshire MPN techniques and the subsamples within the cores for the Singh MPN technique. The maximum probable error calculated for each enumeration technique based on the components from the sampling of the contaminated site were: 6.07 $\\times$ 10$\\sp3$ protozoa/gdw for the epifluorescent technique; 5.56 $\\times$ 10$\\sp4$ total MPN/gdw for the Darbyshire MPN technique; and 5.86 $\\times$ 10$\\sp4$ total MPN/gdw for the Singh MPN technique. The changes over the hold time were within the detectable difference for the epifluorescent and Darbyshire MPN techniques. However, the significant increase in the Singh MPN estimates over time was not explained by the errors in the sampling technique and should be further investigated.
Supplementary Data from A Novel ACKR2-Dependent Role of Fibroblast-Derived CXCL14 in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>FIGURES. Fig S1, Bioinformatics reveal potential CXCL14-receptor candidates; Fig. S2, Expression of CXCL14 correlates with EMT in breast cancer patients; Fig. S3, Expression of CXCL14 correlates with EMT in breast, prostate and ovarian cancer patients; Fig. S4, Enhanced expression of CXCL14 and ACKR2 correlates with EMT in ovarian and prostate cancer patients; Fig. S5, CXCL14-fibroblasts stimulate the EMT program in xenograft tumors; Fig. S6, Soluble factors secreted by CXCL14-fibroblasts induce EMT of breast cancer cells in vitro; Fig. S7, CXCL14-fibroblasts enhance invasion of breast cancer cells; Fig. S8, CXCL14-responsive and non-responsive breast cancer cell lines; Fig. S9, CXCL14 signals through a Gαi-coupled receptor; Fig. S10, CXCL14 responses depend on ACKR2; Fig. S11, Downregulation of ACKR2 abolishes CXCL14-induced ERK signaling; Fig. S12, CXCL14 is not a direct ligand of ACKR2; Fig. S13, Correlation of CXCL14 expression levels and EMT does not reflect stroma abundance; Fig. S14, Enhanced expression of CXCL14 and ACKR2 predicts worse outcome in breast cancer patients; Fig. S15, Identification of potential mediators of CXCL14-fibroblast- stimulated breast cancer EMT; Fig. S16, A CXCL14-ACKR2-NOS1 axis in fibroblasts stimulates EMT and invasion of breast cancer cells // TABLES. Table S1, Primers for the amplification of human and murine genes by qRT-PCR; Table S2, Scored levels of E-Cadherin and CytK8/18 in MCF7 breast xenograft tumors, and CytK8/18 in LnCaP prostate xenograft tumors; Table S3, CXCL14 candidate receptor expression in CXCL14-responsive and non-responsive cell lines; Table S4, Multivariable analysis for CXCL14high/ACKR2high subgroup of breast cancer patients from the TCGA gene expression dataset; Table S5, Univariable cox-regression analyses for the CXCL14 (high)/ACKR2(high) subgroup (90-percentile) in publicly available gene expression datasets (TCGA) from 13 different tumor types.</p>
Everyday Creation of the Nation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The chapter investigates the ways in which the nation is created, given meaning and maintained by everyday/banal acts of cooking, talking about and consuming food. The chapter pursues its aim by exploring the parameters of everyday nationalism, in particular talking and choosing the nation, and through the case study of Japanese-style pasta. In this case study, the creation, revision and maintenance of ‘Japaneseness’ are examined, with data collected from two recipe sites to which interested members of the public submit their recipes for collective evaluation without explicit commercial motive. By analysing the ways in which the Japaneseness of Japanese-style pasta is constructed, claimed and evaluated, the chapter charts the process of making a foreign food item — pasta — into an item which is widely recognised as Japanese through the accumulative participation of ordinary people. The chapter seeks to illuminate the ways in which everyday actions of the individual reinforce the dominant idea of the nation as well as contest the official version, leading to an emergence of an alternative view.
[Randomized study of cefatrizine versus cefaclor in conjunctivitis otitis syndrome].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The association conjunctivitis-otitis is highly suggestive of Haemophilus influenzae infection. This conjunctivitis otitis syndrome could be a good model to assess the efficacy of different antibiotic regimen in the treatment of acute otitis media due to HI without tympanocentesis. This prospective randomized trial compared the efficacy of two orally cephalosporins which demonstrate in vitro an activity against HI. This study was conducted from 4.20.1988 to 3.15.1989 and involved 73 children with COS examined in an outpatient clinic. The mean age was 17.7 months. Before treatment culture were taken from the lower palpebral conjunctivae. 81 strains was found: HI 61 (beta-lactamase-producing 15), Streptococcus pneumoniae 16, Branhamella Catarrhalis 4. The 73 patients were treated with 40 to 50 mg/kg/day of the test drug for ten days, 25 with Cefaclor in 3 divided dose (group 1), 24 with Cefatrizine in 3 divided dose (group 2), 24 with Cefatrizine in 2 divided dose (group 3). The recoveries was obtained in 17/25 in the group 1, 18/24 in the group 2, 15/24 in the group 3. There was no significant difference between the 3 groups.
On Movement-based Location Update. A Lookahead Strategy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a lookahead strategy for a movement-based location update procedure that reduces the signaling traffic of the classical movement-based scheme. Our proposal is based on the observation that many trips of the mobile users are daily trajectories according to certain routines, for instance from home to the working place and vice-versa. Also we assume that the network can predict the mobile's position at the cell level. Based on those aspects, our scheme works as follows. If the mobile terminal visits an expected cell, a target cell, before a certain movement threshold M is reached, its movement counter is reset to zero. If the movement counter of the mobile terminal reaches the threshold M before visiting the target cell the mobile terminal will trigger a location update message. With this strategy, since mobile terminals have less contacts with the network, the uncertainty on their location increases and as a consequence of that, in order to keep the terminal paging cost below reasonable bounds, a selective polling strategy based on the expected trajectory of the mobile terminal should be applied. To that purpose a selective line-paging-like procedure is considered. Two step and three step paging procedures have been implemented. The net effect is a significant saving in the total signalling load (location update + paging) supported in the air interface. The assertion of this expected result has been carried out using a suitable Markovian analytical framework.
Nested Layer Particle Swarm Optimization for Detection of Saddle-Node Bifurcation Point in One-Dimensional Discrete Time Dynamical Systems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper expands a bifurcation point detection strategy, that uses a nested layer particle swarm optimization (NLPSO), to a saddle-node (SN) bifurcation. We confirm that the modified NLPSO is effective to the detection of the SN bifurcation point in one-dimensional discrete time dynamical systems although it does not use the Newton-Raphson method.