jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stability augmentation for a free flying ducted fan

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A control system design for the Marine Corp's AROD (Airborne Remote Operated Device) vehicle is described. The AROD vehicle consists of a single gasoline engine and propeller enclosed in a circular airfoil shroud, with the engine throttle and four control vanes (located just aft of the shroud) providing the necessary control authority. Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and classical controller synthesis techniques were evaluated, with LQR producing a superior design for the coupled dynamics attitude controller because of the relatively slow response of the quarter-scale model airplane servos used to drive the control vanes. The controller design methodology is explained, and a combination of time responses and singular value analyses are used to evaluate the performance of the control system. Preliminary flight test data confirm the validity of the control system design.
Superluminous supernova progenitors have a half-solar metallicity threshold

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Host galaxy properties provide strong constraints on the stellar progenitors of superluminous supernovae. By comparing a sample of 19 low-redshift (z < 0.3) superluminous supernova hosts to galaxy populations in the local Universe, we show that sub-solar metallicities seem to be a requirement. All superluminous supernovae in hosts with high measured gas-phase metallicities are found to explode at large galactocentric radii, indicating that the metallicity at the explosion site is likely lower than the integrated host value. We found that superluminous supernova hosts do not always have star formation rates higher than typical star-forming galaxies of the same mass. However, we confirm that high absolute specific star formation rates are a feature of superluminous supernova host galaxies, but interpret this as simply a consequence of the anticorrelation between gas-phase metallicity and specific star formation rate and the requirement of on-going star formation to produce young, massive stars greater than ∼10–20 M⊙. Based on our sample, we propose an upper limit of ∼0.5Z ⊙ \n∼0.5Z⊙ \n for forming superluminous supernova progenitors (assuming an N2 metallicity diagnostic and a solar oxygen abundance of 8.69). Finally, we show that if magnetar powering is the source of the extreme luminosity, then the required initial spins appear to be correlated with metallicity of the host galaxy. This correlation needs further work, but if it applies, it is a powerful link between the supernova parameters and nature of the progenitor population.
High-throughput fractionation coupled to mass spectrometry for improved quantitation in metabolomics

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Metabolomics is emerging as an important field in life sciences. However, a weakness of current mass spectrometry (MS) based metabolomics platforms is the time-consuming analysis and the occurrence of severe matrix effects in complex mixtures. To overcome this problem, we have developed an automated and fast fractionation module coupled online to MS. The fractionation is realized by the implementation of three consecutive high performance solid-phase extraction columns consisting of a reversed phase, mixed-mode anion exchange, and mixed-mode cation exchange sorbent chemistry. The different chemistries resulted in an efficient interaction with a wide range of metabolites based on polarity, charge, and allocation of important matrix interferences like salts and phospholipids. The use of short columns and direct solvent switches allowed for fast screening (3 min per polarity). In total, 50 commonly reported diagnostic or explorative biomarkers were validated with a limit of quantification that was comparable with conventional LC-MS(/MS). In comparison with a flow injection analysis without fractionation, ion suppression decreased from 89% to 25%, and the sensitivity was 21 times higher. The validated method was used to investigate the effects of circadian rhythm and food intake on several metabolite classes. The significant diurnal changes that were observed stress the importance of standardized sampling times and fasting states when metabolite biomarkers are used. Our method demonstrates a fast approach for global profiling of the metabolome. This brings metabolomics one step closer to implementation into the clinic.
Robust and Adaptive Temporal-Difference Learning Using An Ensemble of Gaussian Processes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Value function approximation is a crucial module for policy evaluation in reinforcement learning when the state space is large or continuous. The present paper takes a generative perspective on policy evaluation via temporal-difference (TD) learning, where a Gaussian process (GP) prior is presumed on the sought value function, and instantaneous rewards are probabilistically generated based on value function evaluations at two consecutive states. Capitalizing on a random feature-based approximant of the GP prior, an online scalable (OS) approach, termed {OS-GPTD}, is developed to estimate the value function for a given policy by observing a sequence of state-reward pairs. To benchmark the performance of OS-GPTD even in an adversarial setting, where the modeling assumptions are violated, complementary worst-case analyses are performed by upper-bounding the cumulative Bellman error as well as the long-term reward prediction error, relative to their counterparts from a fixed value function estimator with the entire state-reward trajectory in hindsight. Moreover, to alleviate the limited expressiveness associated with a single fixed kernel, a weighted ensemble (E) of GP priors is employed to yield an alternative scheme, termed OS-EGPTD, that can jointly infer the value function, and select interactively the EGP kernel on-the-fly. Finally, performances of the novel OS-(E)GPTD schemes are evaluated on two benchmark problems.
Extraction and integration of data entities on the web

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the use of the Internet among people increases, location-based search services have become more and more common as well. Location-based search services are services that associate the geographical location of an entity with its non-spatial information (such as name, phone number, etc.). This brings convenience to users who can easily access the information of any entity near them. In Singapore, there are also many location-based search services, such as HungryGoWhere, Yelp and Foursquare. However, it is unlikely that all the available services will have exactly the same information, and so, for convenience of the user as well as to save space, it is beneficial to integrate data from multiple sources. The objectives of this project are first, to first extract all the spatial and non-spatial information of each location-based search service, and second, to integrate any similar information that belong to multiple sources. We will look at some widely-used spatial and non-spatial data integration algorithms, and decide which is a more accurate algorithm among them.
Ephedra alenda from the Algerian Sahara: Ethnobotanical Investigation, Evaluation of Total Polyphenols, Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Properties

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: This study is part of the contribution to the development of the medicinal plant Ephedra alata from the region of Bechar, Algeria. This work aimed to measure yields, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial evaluation. Methods: In this laboratory investigation during March 2023 to December 2023, the samples were macerated; total phenolic and flavonoids contents were analyzed using a colorimetric method, while antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH. The antibacterial essay was carried out by the disc diffusion method on a solid medium using Muller Hinton. Result: Phytochemical screening confirms the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, free quinones, reducing sugars, saponins, sterols, tannins and terpenes. Methanol extract represents the highest yield (4.41%), followed by butanol extract (3.3%), ethyl acetate extract (1.25%) and dichloromethane extract (0.69%). The dosage carried out revealed the content of plyphenols and flavonoids in the methanol extract was (175.73±0.25 μg EAG/mg DE) and (35.2±0.17 μg QE/mg DE), respectively. The evaluation of the antioxidant effect of the crude extracts by free radical scavenging DPPH gave the IC50 values of the extracts methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (0.170, 0.244, 0.324 and 2.23 mg/mL), respectively. The investigation into antibacterial activity revealed that the methanol extract significantly inhibited all tested bacteria, while the dichloromethane extract showed the lowest inhibition of Escherichia coli.
Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Lymphatic Drainage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The lymphatic system is a system that drains the leaked tissue fluid back into the circulation. Its components are lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs, lymph nodes, and widely scattered lymphoid tissue within the connective tissue. Lymph is the tissue fluid flowing through these lymphatic channels.Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent the backflow of transported lymph. The lymphatic vessels are so thin that the mere presence of valves gives the lymphatic channels the beaded appearance. Lymph flow from the peritoneum navigates through the thoracic duct to the intrathoracic lymph nodes. This extracellular fluid then returns to the bloodstream. Lymph is usually colorless, but that flowing from the intestinal organs is whitish (milky) due to the massive deposition of fat droplets within it and referred to as chyle. The lymphatic system in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract helps regulate the transport of chyle and balance interstitial fluid. A stimulant, such as feeding, activates lymph flow in the GI tract. It is also activated by cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, endothelin, bradykinin, substance-P, dopamine, serotonin, and many more. Lymph flow in the GI tract can also be inhibited by anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and acetylcholine. The lymphatic system in the intestines mainly functions to provide homeostasis in the GI tract by filtering fluids, blood cells, and plasma proteins that enter the tissue from the blood. The regions above and below the umbilicus drain into axillary lymph nodes and superficial inguinal nodes, respectively. Thus a watershed line is formed horizontally passing through the umbilicus where the lymphatic channels do not cross. The superficial inguinal nodes also receive lymph from the buttocks, penis, scrotum, labium majus, and the lower parts of the anal canal and vagina. This system eventually leads to the external iliac nodes, and finally, the lumbar aortic nodes. The pre-aortic nodes encompass the following nodes: celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric. These nodes drain lymph from the GI tract, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, and liver. The para-aortic nodes, also known as the lumbar aortic nodes, drain lymph from the kidneys, suprarenal glands, testes, ovaries, uterus, and uterine tubes.The lymphatic vessels are present in all the tissues except the bone marrow, eyeball, central nervous system, epidermis, cartilage, internal ear, teeth, cornea, and placenta.
Acute effects of low-load resistance exercise with different rest periods on muscle swelling in healthy young men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of high-load resistance training on muscle strength and muscle mass depend on rest periods between sets. However, whether differences in rest period length during low-load resistance exercise (RE) has an influence on improving muscle characteristics remains unclear. Better understanding such effects would enable us to prescribe low-load resistance exercise more safely and effectivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of low-load RE on muscle swelling with different length rest periods between sets. A total of 42 young men (age, 22.9 ± 2.4 years; height, 172.1 ± 5.4 cm; body mass, 65.6 ± 6.5 kg) were recruited to participate in this study. They were assigned to one of three groups with different rest periods between sets (20 s [seconds], 60 s, or 180 s). A total of 12 sets of 10 repetitions of RE with 30% of one repetition maximum on knee extensor muscles were performed. Muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis was measured using ultrasonography as an indicator of muscle swelling every 3 sets. Muscle thickness significantly increased after 3 sets of RE in the 20-s (3.9 ± 3.3%) and 60-s groups (5.9 ± 3.8%), but only after 12 sets in the 180-s group (4.3 ± 3.1%). RE with rest periods shorter than 60 s could result in exercise-induced muscle swelling after fewer sets of RE.
Protein–Nucleic Acid Interaction: Major Groove Recognition Determinants

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Protein–nucleic acid interactions play a crucial role in central biological processes. It is known that the most common binding element of proteins is an α helix and the primary binding site on DNA is in the major groove. Some general rules of the α helix binding to the DNA major groove have been derived, but there is no general code (one‐to‐one correspondence) for recognition.
ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS BY VEGETABLES GROWN IN MINE WASTES

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lead, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc were quantified in mine wastes and in soils mixed with mine wastes. Metal concentrations were found to be heterogeneous in the wastes. Iceberg lettuce, Cherry Belle radishes, Roma bush beans, and Better Boy tomatoes were cultivated in mine wastes and in waste-amended soils. Lettuce and radishes had 100% survival in the 100% mine waste treatments compared to 0% and 25% survival for tomatoes and beans, respectively. Metal concentrations were determined in plant tissues to determine uptake and distribution of metals in the edible plant parts. Individual soil samples were collected beneath each plant to assess metal content in the immediate plant environment. This analysis verified heterogeneous metal content of the mine wastes. The four plant species effectively accumulated and translocated lead, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc. Tomato and bean plants contained the four metals mainly in the roots, and little was translocated to the fruits. Radish roots accumulated less metals compared to the leaves, whereas lettuce roots and leaves accumulated similar concentrations of the four metals. Lettuce leaves and radish roots accumulated significantly more metals than bean and tomato fruits. This accumulation pattern suggests that consumption of lettuce leaves or radish roots from plants grown in mine wastes would pose greater risks to humans and wildlife than would consumption of beans or tomatoes grown in the same area. The potential risk may be mitigated somewhat in humans, as vegetables grown in mine wastes exhibited stunted growth and chlorosis.
Is Betula Papyrifera Marshall Indigenous to Ohio

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Betula papyrifera Marshall (Betulaceae) frequently is included in the indigenous Ohio flora. This status is based upon collections from a single tree in Lucas Co., Ohio, in 1934. Betula alleghaniensis Britton was collected from the same site at the same time. Neither of these species had been collected earlier in this section of Ohio, and neither has been observed since in the area. Both species are isolated from the main portions of their total range. The true status of Betula papyrifera in Ohio may never be known conclusively, but the native origin of the single Ohio tree is at best dubious.
An application of the reduction method to Sutherland type many-body systems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study Hamiltonian reductions of the free geodesic motion on a non-compact simple Lie group using as reduction group the direct product of a maximal compact subgroup and the fixed point subgroup of an arbitrary involution commuting with the Cartan involution. In general, we describe the reduced system that arises upon restriction to a dense open submanifold and interpret it as a spin Sutherland system. This dense open part yields the full reduced system in important special examples without spin degrees of freedom, which include the BC(n) Sutherland system built on 3 arbitrary couplings for m
COVID-19: From a clinician's perspective.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. As of March 30, 2020, there have been 693,224 reported patients with COVID-19 worldwide, with 1,446 in Japan. Currently, although aspects of the route of transmission are unclear, infection by contact and by inhaling droplets is considered to be the dominant transmission route. Inflammatory symptoms in the upper respiratory tract persist for several days to 1 week after onset, and in some patients symptoms of pneumonia worsen and become severe. The presence of underlying diseases and advanced age are risk factors for increased severity. Diagnosis is based on detection of SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of nasopharyngeal swabs or sputum. Symptomatic management is the main treatment for this disease. Although the efficacy of several agents is currently being tested, at present there is no effective therapeutic agent. To prevent infection, in addition to standard preventive measures, measures that counteract infection by contact and droplet inhalation are important. In addition, if procedures that cause aerosolization of virus are used, then measures that prevent airborne infection should be implemented.
Description of Ektaphelenchus oleae n. sp. (Rhabditida: Ektaphelenchinae) from Iran

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ektaphelenchus oleae n. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular data from the rhizosphere of an olive tree ( Olea europium ) from the suburbs of Gorgan, Golestan Province, in northern Iran. The new species is characterised by females 441-652 μ m long, stylet 15-19 μ m long with wide lumen without basal swelling, labial region set off by a clear constriction, appearing bowl-like, four incisures in lateral field, excretory pore always located posterior to median bulb and anterior to hemizonid, post-uterine sac 43-73 μ m long, conoid tail, and the presence of four pairs of male subventral caudal papillae. The new species is typologically similar to species belonging to three genera: Anomyctus , Ektaphelenchus and Seinura , by a combination of morphological characters, e.g. , head with expanded lips, forming a small bowl-like structure, stylet without knobs or swellings at the base, short conical tail and a vestigial anus and rectum in most individuals. Molecular analysis of the new species was performed using sequences of SSU and LSU ribosomal DNA genes.
Statistical agreement of gonioscopy performed as a puppy and as an adult in the Samoyed dog

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To assess whether gonioscopy performed on Samoyed puppies (6–14 weeks of age) is a reliable predictor of their gonioscopy results as adults (>11 months of age). Procedure A retrospective medical record search was performed to identify Samoyed dogs that had undergone gonioscopy as a puppy (6–14 weeks of age). A second prospective gonioscopy examination was performed as an adult (>11 months of age) and the results were compared. Gonioscopy was assessed on two characteristics: percent of iridocorneal angle (ICA) unaffected by pectinate ligament abnormalities (PLA) and ICA width, with PLA results categorized into unaffected (75% open), moderately affected (50%–74% open), and severely affected (<50% open) and the width categorized into wide, moderate, narrow, and closed groups. A multivariate model was created that considered factors such as PLA, angle width, sex, puppy age, neuter status, and time between examinations. Results The eyes of 77 Samoyed dogs (154 eyes) met inclusion criteria. When assessing PLA, 90% of dogs had the same categorization as a puppy and as an adult. When assessing ICA width, 53.2% of dogs had the same width classification as a puppy and as an adult. There is strong evidence that variation between puppy and adult results increases with time between examination ( p = .03). Conclusion Puppies unaffected by PLA and with a wide ICA angle, are likely to retain these features as adults. Selection of puppies with desirable gonioscopic traits may help breeders to choose dogs likely to retain these traits as adults for breeding. This may reduce the incidence of glaucoma in the breed. Puppy examinations should be performed in both eyes. Examination of adults prior to breeding remains prudent.
The Minkvits Thesis (Sandal Wood) is on the Verge of Extinction

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

According to the 2016 edition of the Data of the Republic of Uzbekistan, four places of growth of this plant have been identified, and more than 50 bushes have been found. Several alkaloids have been found in the Minkvits thesis. This plant was first discovered by the Russian botanist Karl Anotonovich von Meyer (1795-1855). It is included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Forehead Zygomatic-Orbital Artery-Based Island Flap

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Milan, Italy From the Unit of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Instituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori. Received for publication November 10, 2003; revised April 12, 2004. Presented at the 52nd National Congress of the Italian Society of Plastic Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery, in Florence, Italy, September 19, 2003. Egidio Riggio, M.D., Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Instituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, Milano 20133, Italy, [email protected]
Identifiability of nonparametric mixture models and Bayes optimal clustering

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Motivated by problems in data clustering, we establish general conditions under which families of nonparametric mixture models are identifiable, by introducing a novel framework involving clustering overfitted \emph{parametric} (i.e. misspecified) mixture models. These identifiability conditions generalize existing conditions in the literature, and are flexible enough to include for example mixtures of Gaussian mixtures. In contrast to the recent literature on estimating nonparametric mixtures, we allow for general nonparametric mixture components, and instead impose regularity assumptions on the underlying mixing measure. As our primary application, we apply these results to partition-based clustering, generalizing the notion of a Bayes optimal partition from classical parametric model-based clustering to nonparametric settings. Furthermore, this framework is constructive so that it yields a practical algorithm for learning identified mixtures, which is illustrated through several examples on real data. The key conceptual device in the analysis is the convex, metric geometry of probability measures on metric spaces and its connection to the Wasserstein convergence of mixing measures. The result is a flexible framework for nonparametric clustering with formal consistency guarantees.