jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE MARK I BUSINESS SYSTEM SIMULATION MODEL

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

IN 1959 THE System Development Corporation undertook a research program in management control systems. The research centered around the development of a large-scale business simulation model as a vehicle for doing research in management controls. The major results of the program were the development of the Mark I business simulation model and the Simulation Package (SIMPAC). SIMPAC is a method and set of programs facilitating the construction of large simulation models. The object of this document is to describe the Mark I Corporation model, state why parts of the business were modeled as they were, and indicate the research applications of the model. (Author)
Has the contemporary legislative chaos invalidated thedogmatics of tax law?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The author seeks to find an answer to the question whether the condition of today’s tax law has, in an unbiasedapproach, dethroned the dogmatism of tax law as a superior method of interpretation. This observation is supported,in particular, by: (i) an excessive amount of regulations introduced without adequate waiting periods; (ii)conceptual chaos causing that some new regulations tend to be amended, modified or replaced prior to theircoming into effect; (iii) a disproportionate amount of transitional, episodic, and final regulations forming altogethera multilayer structure of the legislation-in-force; (iv) legislative slovenliness and untrustworthiness of thelegislator owing to the stakeholders’ influence on the regulatory content. The major new phenomenon affectingthe legislator’s trustworthiness is the suspicions expressed by taxpayers that the regulations might have beenmade not on a bona fide basis, i.e. in compliance with public interest (however the latter might be understood).Given the circumstances, a phenomenon emerges of taxpayers’ boycotting the untrustworthy regulations—somethingthat never appeared on a larger scale in the past. In determining the content of the ‘read law’ (i.e. the onethat the entity concerned has got acquainted with and intends to understand; or, the one that is directly appliedby the tax-law entity concerned), a (passive) use of the formal-dogmatic interpretation proves to be unreliable, ifpossible at all. Those taxpayers who have been the most loyal adherents of this interpretative method tendnowadays to apply an equitable or intuitive interpretation inst ead.
Multi-institutional evaluation of a deep learning model for fully automated detection of aortic aneurysms in contrast and non-contrast CT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We developed and validated a research-only deep learning (DL) based automatic algorithm to detect thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms on contrast and non-contrast CT images and compared its performance with assessments obtained from retrospective radiology reports. The DL algorithm was developed using 556 CT scans. Manual annotations of aorta centerlines and cross-sectional aorta boundaries were created to train the algorithm. Aorta segmentation and aneurysm detection performances were evaluated on 2263 retrospective CT scans (154 thoracic and 176 abdominal aneurysms). Evaluation was performed by comparing the automatically detected aneurysm status to the aneurysm status reported in the radiology reports and the AUC was reported. In addition, a quantitative evaluation was performed to compare the automatically measured aortic diameters to manual diameters on a subset of 59 CT scans. Pearson correlation coefficient was used. For aneurysm detection, the AUC was 0.95 for thoracic aneurysm detection (95% confidence region [0.93, 0.97]) and 0.94 for abdominal aneurysm detection (95% confidence region [0.92, 0.96]). For aortic diameter measurement, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.973 (p<0.001).
Effect on moisture permeability of typewriting on unit dose package surfaces.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effects of typewriting on labels of two unit dose packages with respect to moisture permeability were examined. Using an electric typewriter, a standard label format was imprinted on two different types of class A unit dose packages: (1) a heat-sealed paper-backed foil and cellofilm strip pouch, and (2) a copolyester and polyethylene multiple-cup blister with a heat-sealed paper-backed foil and cellofilm cover. The labels were typed at various typing-element impact settings. The official USP test for water permeation was then performed on typed packages and untyped control packages. The original untyped packages were confirmed to be USP class A quality. The packages for which successively harder impact settings were used showed a corresponding increase in moisture permeability. This resulted in a lowering of USP package ratings from class A to class B and D, some of which would be unsuitable for use in any unit dose system under current FDA repackaging standards. Typing directly onto the label of a unit dose package before it is sealed will most likely damage the package and possibly make it unfit for use. Pharmacists who must type labels for the unit dose packages studied should use the lowest possible typewriter impact setting and test for damage using the USP moisture-permeation test.
Enhancing Driver Drowsiness Detection for Data Acquisition Stage using Electrocardiogram

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Road accidents can occur based on many factors and one of them is due to driver drowsiness. These fatalities could cause death which affects our country's economy. Thus, this study proposed a driver drowsiness detection based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) for the data acquisition stage. ECG has been used in collecting data from the human body that used electrodes and place it on human skin to detect the electrical activity of the heart. This study proposed a drowsiness detection through ECG signal involving 10 subjects aged in their early 20s regardless of their gender. All subject used for this test is free from any kind of drugs, alcohol or even caffeine. The ECG data were collected from a source called The ULG Multimodality Drowsiness Database (DROZY). Next, the signal obtains from the database does not need to undergo the filtering process since the R-peak of the data can easily be detected. The feature that has been extracted is the R peak so the HRV analysis can be used to classify the state of the subject, either awake or drowsy. Other than that, the data of the cardioid of each subject also being measured and the Euclidean distance of it being compared. The outcome of this study shows that the amplitude of the drowsy phase will be lower compared to the normal state and the same goes for the Euclidean distance of Cardioid based graph.
Comparing Deterministic and Probabilistic Risk Assessment at a Coking Plant Site in China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Application of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and deterministic risk assessment (DRA) at a coking plant site were compared. By DRA, Hazard Quotient (HQ) following exposure to Naphthalene (Nap) and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) following exposure to Benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) are 1.87 and 2.12×10 -4 . PRA reveals valuable information regarding the possible distribution of risk, and the outputs show that Nap HQ ranges from 6.18×10 -7 to 6.62 and Bap ILCR ranges from 8.67×10 -10 to 6.89×10 -4 . Risk estimates of DRA locates at the 99.59th and 99.76th percentiles in the risk outputs of PRA, indicating the DRA overestimates the risk. Sensitivity analysis was done by calculating a contribution to variance for each exposure parameter and it is found that contaminant concentration in the soil (C s ), exposure duration (ED), soil ingestion rate (IR s ) are the most important parameters for risk calculations
Cytotoxicity of Etch-and-Rinse, Self-Etch, and Universal Dental Adhesive Systems in Fibroblast Cell Line 3T3

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate in fibroblast cultures the direct cytotoxic effects of etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and universal adhesive systems. The sterile glass cover slips (n=3) were then immersed in culture medium to obtain the eluates for the experimental groups: (1) Adper™ Single Bond 2; (2) Ambar; (3) Adper™ Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose; (4) Scotchbond™ Universal; (5) Ambar Universal; and (6) OptiBond All-In-One. As a negative control, sterile glass cover slips were immersed in culture medium only. After 24 h, the eluate obtained was applied on fibroblast culture. Cell viability and cell morphology were evaluated by MTT assay and SEM, respectively. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests (α=0.05). All adhesive systems except universal reduced cell viability in 3T3 cells to between 26.04% and 56.57%, and Scotchbond Universal and Ambar Universal reduced cell viability to 2.13% and 3.57%, respectively, when compared to the negative control. Cytoplasmic membrane shrinkage and cell-free areas with residual membrane fragments from dead cells were observed. In conclusion, improvements in universal adhesive system formulations and their mechanisms of action are not accompanied by increased toxicity compared with those in other systems, warranting commitment to the use of these dentin-pulp complexes.
A case of recurrent ameloblastoma in soft tissue 21 years after segmental resection of a tumor.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

We encountered a case of recurrent ameloblastoma in soft tissue that appeared 21 years after segmental resection of a tumor. The patient was a 47-year-old woman who had undergone segmental resection and reconstruction of the mandible with iliac bone in 1978.The clinical, radiographic, and histopathological findings suggested that the reccurence originated from the amputated end of the soft tissue. Reccurence may have been caused by seeding of tumor cells into the adjacent periosteum and mucosa.Among 7 patients who underwent radical resection over the past 20 years, 6 had recurrences of ameloblasoma from the amputated end of the soft tissue. The average interval to postoperative recurrence was 14.5 years.Ameloblasoma indicated for segmental resection of the mandible often extends to soft tissue after penetrating bone. Therefore, ameloblastoma should be resected with a safety margin of soft tissue and followed up for 15 to 20 years.
Low-field electron transport mechanism in GaAs Gunn diodes and GaAs/GaAs/sub ins/ layers (MBE)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the basis of resistance calculations of Gunn diodes in a magnetic field and its dependence on field direction angle to the diode plane. Also the influence on the experimental results of diode electrode shape is considered. The current transport between electrodes and diode subsurface layers is shown to be tunnelling. For comparison the transport properties of thin GaAs/GaAs/sub ins/ layers are presented. The transport in the thin Gunn diodes layers is significantly better. We consider that the cause of such behaviour is the lower compensation ratio in the VPE layers of Gunn diodes material in contrast to MBE epitaxial layers.
Physicians' group seeks nuclear arms ban

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The history and recent activities of the International Physicians for\nthe Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) are reported. Founded in 1980 by\ncardiologists Bernard Lown of the United States and Eugene Chazov of the\nSoviet Union, the group has attracted well over 100,000 members from 51\ncountries. Following the organization's fifth congress in Budapest in June\n1985, a four-city tour of the United States by three American and four Soviet\nphysicians was co-sponsored by IPPNW, Physicians for Social Responsibility,\nand the Soviet Committee of Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. \nThrough separate lecture series aimed at physicians and laypersons, the\ndoctors sought to persuade colleagues to take an active stand against nuclear\nwar, and to increase public awareness of the medical realities of a nuclear\nattack. A similar tour of the Soviet Union is planned. (KIE abstract)
Design and construction of underground infrastructure at airports

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Underground space development as part of airport infrastructure is relatively new but is fast becoming a feature in most of the large airports. This is mainly due to the rapid growth in the numbers of passengers which in turn requires the expansion of existing facilities or building new. The vast above ground space an airport occupies, strict safety and security restrictions to move freely at the ground surface as well as the need for quick access to the aircraft, terminals and in between terminals are other reasons for promoting the construction of facilities underground. The key underground infrastructure at airports are roads and rail tunnels as well as stormwater, sewer and utility tunnels. Some airports also have tunnels for the pedestrians, baggage handling and people mover systems. Giving due consideration to underground space development and planning these underground infrastructure at the initial master-planning stage will later aid in aerodrome efficiencies and seamless operations. Construction works below runways and taxiways necessitate careful considerations to prevent ground settlement or sinkholes. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) has set standards and recommended practices with respect to permissible runway slopes and surface roughness of pavement. These in turn govern the allowable ground settlement arising from construction of tunnels under runways and taxiways. In addition, there are further considerations that apply to construction works at airports. The paper covers key and unique challenges related to the planning, design and construction of underground infrastructure at airports together with feasible solutions.
Active matrix factorization for surveys

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Amid historically low response rates, survey researchers seek ways to reduce respondent burden while measuring desired concepts with precision. We propose to ask fewer questions of respondents and impute missing responses via probabilistic matrix factorization. A variance-minimizing active learning criterion chooses the most informative questions per respondent. In simulations of our matrix sampling procedure on real-world surveys as well as a Facebook survey experiment, we find active question selection achieves efficiency gains over baselines. The reduction in imputation error is heterogeneous across questions and depends on the latent concepts they capture. Modeling responses with the ordered logit likelihood improves imputations and yields an adaptive question order. We find for the Facebook survey that potential biases from order effects are likely to be small. With our method, survey researchers obtain principled suggestions of questions to retain and, if desired, can automate the design of shorter instruments.
Judicial Sovereignty and Public Policy under Chinese Arbitration Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Public Policy is a very important, albeit highly controversial, issue for the \nenforcement of international arbitration awards.1 \n According to Article V.2(b) of \nthe United Nations Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign \nArbitral Awards (the New York Convention), a national court may refuse to \nrecognize and enforce a foreign arbitration award if the court finds that doing so \nwould be contrary to the public policy of the courtís country.2 \n The UNCITRAL \nModel Law on International Commercial Arbitration (the Model Law) contains a \nvery similar provision.3 \n There is, however, no clear definition on what public \npolicy means under the New York Convention, nor does there exist a universally \naccepted definition of public policy among the worldís jurisdictions.4 \n This is \nlargely because public policy essentially relates to the fundamental legal and \nmoral policies of the country where recognition and enforcement of a foreign \narbitration award is sought, and, not surprisingly, each country is in a unique \nsituation from that perspective.
On the Spectroscopic Analyses of Protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Amino acids are the building block of proteins so that some three amino acids with different forms were subjected to spectroscopic analyses. D-alanine, L-asparagine and glycine were studied by XRD, FTIR and molecular modeling. Structural geometry data are introduced based on FTIR and DFT molecular modeling. B3LYP/6-31g ∗∗ shows comparable results with FTIR experimental spectra, accordingly this model has been utilized to describe the structural properties of the studied amino acids. Bond lengths, bond angles are obtained. No significant differences were observed as one compares non hydrated and hydrated amino acids bond lengths. While bond angles show significant differences between non- and hydrated amino acids.
Role of the cAMP signaling pathway in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in GT1 cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We studied the signaling pathways coupling gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion to elevations in cAMP levels in the GT1 GnRH-secreting neuronal cell line. We hypothesized that increased cAMP could be acting directly by means of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels or indirectly by means of activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). We showed that GT1 cells express the three CNG subunits present in olfactory neurons (CNG2, -4.3, and -5) and exhibit functional cAMP-gated cation channels. Activation of PKA does not appear to be necessary for the stimulation of GnRH release by increased levels of cAMP. In fact, pharmacological inhibition of PKA activity caused an increase in the basal secretion of GnRH. Consistent with this observation activation PKA inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity, presumably by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase V expressed in the cells. Therefore, the stimulation of GnRH release by elevations in cAMP appears to be the result of depolarization of the neurons initiated by increased cation conductance by cAMP-gated cation channels. Activation of PKA may constitute a negative-feedback mechanisms for lowering cAMP levels. We hypothesize that these mechanisms could result in oscillations in cAMP levels, providing a biochemical basis for timing the pulsatile release of GnRH.
Talking about bioelectrical potentials using rings of the mesenteric artery without glass micropipettes

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the present study, a practical activity is proposed to adopt an experimental approach to demonstrate the relationship between the equilibrium potential for K + and transmembrane electrical potential without glass micropipettes. A conventional setup for recording contractile activity of isolated smooth muscle preparations was used based on the events elegantly described by Somlyo and Somlyo in the 1960s. They showed that, in response to a given stimulus, smooth muscle cells may contract, recruiting electromechanical or pharmacomechanical coupling by mechanisms that involve, or not, changes in transmembrane potential, respectively. By means of contractions and relaxations of a ring-like preparation from the rat mesenteric artery, it is possible to observe the functional consequences of handling K + concentration in the extracellular compartment and the effects caused by opening K + channels in that preparation, which are significant when the cell membrane establishes an electrical potential difference between intra- and extracellular compartments (driven mainly by K + permeability under resting conditions). The effects observed by students fit well with values predicted by Nernst and Goldman-Hodgin-Katz equations, and we demonstrated that the activity is able to improve students' comprehension regarding basic principles of bioelectricity.
Abstract 3582: In vitro pharmacological studies of water soluble garlic extract (WSGE) in the management of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Garlic (allium sativum) is one of the oldest cultivated plants, used in spices, food, and herbal medicine for over 4000 years. The therapeutic efficacy of garlic has a wide variety of ailments, including cardiovascular, cancer, hepatic and microbial infections. Although the therapeutic efficacy of garlic in the prevention of cancer and other diseases has received increasing attention in recent years, little is known about its mechanism for therapeutic action. In this research, we hypothesize that the pharmacological effect of garlic may be mediated through oxidative stress, DNA damage, modulation of annexin-5 and caspase-3 in human leukemia (HL-60) cells. To test this hypothesis, HL-60 cells were treated with various doses of water soluble garlic extract (WSGE) for 12 h. Cell survival was determined by MTT-assay. The extent of oxidative cell/tissue damage was determined by measuring the level of malonaldiahyde (MDA) concentrations. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using annexin V and caspase-3 kits, respectively. MTT assay indicated a strong dose-response relationship with regard to the cytotoxic efficacy of WSGE in HL-60 cells. There was a slight increase in MDA concentrations in WSGE-treated cells compared to the control, but this was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05) probably due to the antioxidant property of garlic. WSGE-induced apoptosis was characterized by a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in the percentages of annexin-5 and caspase-3 positive cells. In summary, the pharmacotherapy of WSGE may be associated through induction of moderate toxicity, induction of DNA damage, phosphatidylserine externalization and caspase-3 activation characteristic of apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3582.
Factors Affecting Depression and Quality of Life in the Elderly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: This study was conducted to assess depression and quality of life in the elderly and the factors influencing these methods.
Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 450 individuals, 65 years of age and older, who presented to the Family Healthcare Centers in the provincial center of Erzincan between October 2010 and March 2011. The data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Older Adults Module (WHOQOL-OLD) and Europe Health Impact Scale- World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (EUROHIS-QOL.8-WHOQOL-8.Tr).
Results: It was determined that 62.2% of older people suffer from depression. The mean WHOQOLOLD subdomain scores of older people were moderate and their overall scores were low. As the study participants’ mean WHOQOL-OLD and EUROHIS-QOL.8 scores increased, the mean GDS score declined, and the difference in between was statistically significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Our study results showed that the majority of older people were at risk for depression, and as the mean depression risk score increased, the mean quality of life score decreased.