jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Extending the traditional resection limits of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior skull base

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Preliminary report to evaluate the efficacy of resection of squamous cell carcinomas that demonstrate intracra‐nial invasion. Methods A retrospective review of all cases of extracranial squamous cell carcinomas that extend intracranially treated by a single surgeon. Results A total of 21 cases were reviewed. In 6 cases, there was noted to be overt brain invasion. Complete resection of the intracranial disease was achieved in each of the remaining 15 cases. There were no instances of CSF leak, meningitis, brain abscess, stroke, or other intracranial complication noted either acutely or secondarily. In follow‐ups that ranged from 10 months (single patient died of disease at 10 months) to 6 years (average, 3.8 years), there were no instances of intracranial recurrence. There was a disease‐free control rate of 67.7% at an average follow‐up of 4.1 years. Conclusions Extending the resection of squamous cell carcinoma into the intracranial vault judiciously as outlined appears to be associated with acceptable outcomes in the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skull base.
Model approach to low-energy inelastic silicon–hydrogen collision processes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Cross sections and rate coefficients for inelastic processes in Si + H and Si+ + H– collisions are calculated for all transitions between 27 low-lying states up to and including the ionic state. The electronic molecular structure is determined within a recently proposed model approach based on the asymptotic method. Nonadiabatic nuclear dynamics is treated by means of the multichannel formula for nonadiabatic transition probabilities based on the Landau–Zener model. It is shown that the highest rate values correspond to excitation and de-excitation processes between states in the optimal window, as well as for ion pair formation and neutralization processes between these states and the ionic one.
Consciousness: Psychological, neuroscientific, and cultural perspectives

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

From a historical viewpoint, consciousness is one of the most remarkable phenomena. Some time ago, it was regarded as the genuine subject of psychology. Then, in the first half of the twentieth century, mainstream psychology rejected consciousness as an object of science. In the course of the cognitive revolution, consciousness was reintroduced, and became a major subject of several disciplines. Yet some psychologists have remained suspicious of this development and still hold that consciousness should be left to philosophy, theology, and art. The idea of consciousness as a kind of reflection can be found throughout the whole history of philosophy and psychology. The most current approach is the neuropsychological. The neurosciences have much advanced in the last two decades, and their progress is generally regarded as fascinating. However, it is not yet possible to specify necessary and sufficient conditions for consciousness.
Perforated Meckel's Diverticulitis and an Ileal Ulcer in Rheumatoid Arthritis:

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract perforation is a serious complication in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This complication has been reported in the eras of both disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics for RA. However, the etiopathogenesis of this condition has not been satisfactorily clarified to date. We experienced the case of an 83-year-old male treated with adalimumab, methotrexate (MTX) and prednisolone (PSL) who developed hematochezia. The operation demonstrated perforated Meckel's diverticulitis and an ileal ulcer; these complications occurred after the interruption of RA treatment for eight weeks. The pathology showed an artery with organized thrombi in the diverticular wall associated with recanalization and a fresh thrombotic arteriole beneath the ileal ulcer, although there was no evidence of arteriosclerosis, angiitis, amyloidosis or infection. The former site of arterial thrombosis was presumed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of perforated Meckel's diverticulitis and the ileal ulcer in this case. The onset of arterial thrombosis during or shortly after the discontinuation of biologic treatment has rarely been described. However, the potential for arterial thrombosis should thus be considered in patients receiving such treatment who present with perforation or ulcers of the GI tract.
Comparison of RF‐induced calcium efflux from chick brain tissue at different frequencies: Do the scaled power density windows align?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The recent suggestion that the pattern of positive and negative results of RF‐induced calcium efflux from chick brain tissue, when appropriately scaled, matches at three frequencies is examined. Close scrutiny of this recently reported analysis by Joines and Blackman suggests that the uncertainties in the calculated scaling quantities are too large to permit meaningful conclusions.
Domestic and Transboundary Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Bound Mercury in Remote Areas of China: Evidence from Mercury Isotopes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Isotopic composition of atmospheric particulate bound mercury (PBM) was obtained at four remote sites in different geographical regions of China for three to 12 month periods. Mean (±1σ) Δ199HgPBM was the highest at the site in southwestern China (0.66 ± 0.32‰), followed by the site in northeastern China (0.36 ± 0.34‰), the site in the marine boundary layer of East China Sea (0.35 ± 0.33‰), and was the lowest at the site in northwestern China (0.27 ± 0.22‰). Δ199HgPBM was relatively higher in cold than warm season at the sites in northwestern and southwestern China, whereas the opposite was found at the site in northeastern China. We propose that the seasonal variations of Δ199HgPBM were influenced by the exposure of air masses to regional (e.g., anthropogenic and dust related) and long-range (e.g., anthropogenic and oceanic) sources in the preceding several days, with the former characterized by lower Δ199HgPBM and the latter characterized by more positive Δ199HgPBM due to sufficient atmospheric transformations. Modeling results from Potential Source Contribution Function suggested that domestic anthropogenic emission was the major contributor to PBM pollution at the sites in northeastern and eastern China, whereas long-range transboundary transport of PBM from South Asia played a more important role at the sites in southwestern and northwestern China.
A Discussion on the Historical Function of the Original Religion of the Wa Nationality

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Original religion is the outcome of nature adoration of Wa Nationality during their infancy period,which once played an important role in conquering nature disasters,maintaining the social order,inheriting science and culture of Wa Nationality and protecting the ecological environment.We have to carefully study the original religion of Wa Nationality,take its essence and abandon its defects in order to promote the progress of modernization of Wa Nationality on the basis of effective protection of their original religion.
Abstract 703: Highly selective HSV virotherapy for glioblastoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer for which there is no effective treatment. Oncolytic HSV vectors (oHSV) are attenuated lytic viruses that have shown promise in the treatment of human GBM models in animals. Although proven safe for treatment of GBM in patients, oHSVs efficacy has been limited, a consequence of poor intra-tumoral virus replication and spread. To counter these limitations, we have developed oHSVs whose selective replication in GBM cells does not rely on defective genes. This was accomplished by (i) full retargeting of oHSV to utilize the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for infection of human GBM tumor cells and (ii) further vector engineering to modify the essential HSV immediate early gene (ICP4) for sensitivity to repression by the microRNA mir-124. Mir-124 is highly expressed in neurons but virtually absent in GBM and highly conserved among different species. The mir-124-regulated vector was unable to replicate in nude mice following intracranial inoculation supporting vector safety and was shown to be effective in the treatment of human GBM in nude mice. To enhance vector intra-tumor vector spread, our EGFR retargeted-mir-124 controlled vector was further modified by vector arming with the matrix metalloproteinase gene encoding MMP9. MMP9 degrades collagen type IV, a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membranes of glioblastomas but absent in normal brain tissue. Studies are ongoing to determine whether MMP9 expression enhances vector spread in GBM neurospheres and as a therapeutic agent for enhanced treatment of human GBM in animals Citation Format: Aofei Li, Marco Marzulli, Lucia Mazzacurati, Hiroaki Uchida, Justus Cohen, Joseph Glorioso, Paola Grandi. Highly selective HSV virotherapy for glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 703. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-703
EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE BRICS-T COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY: 2000-2023 PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Knowledge is vital for economic growth, so it's important to invest in research, communication, and education to make the most of it. The Knowledge Economy Index, a tool used by the World Bank, is a good way to measure this. This index employs a multifaceted approach to evaluate knowledge economies across seven key headings. For the seven subheadings, we analyze Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey for the years 2000-2023. A panel data analysis was conducted using AMG and CCEMG methods. The aim of the study is to assess Turkey and other applicant countries against the BRICS knowledge economy index and to make policy recommendations. Many studies have looked at the economic effects of knowledge economy components, but not many include Turkey or BRICS countries. In Turkey's candidacy period for BRICS full membership, the present study will significantly contribute to literature. It will provide valuable guidance for researchers and policymakers on evaluating the membership's consequences. The analysis shows that the knowledge economy is linked to economic performance in Turkey and the BRICS countries. The CCEMG and AMG models demonstrate how regulatory quality and life expectancy after births are positive and significant, while exports to GDP and foreign direct investment are negative and significant. Service sector employees to the labor force, internet users to the total population, and GDI variables did not yield significant results. Brazil and China are more impacted by regulation than Turkey. The study shows FDI positively impacts Turkey's economic growth. Brazil's is driven mainly by GDP. Analysis reveals a big disparity in productivity between Turkey and the BRICS countries. Research indicates high quality and longevity benefit the economy.
Radially Aligned Porous Silk Fibroin Scaffolds as Functional Templates for Engineering Human Biomimetic Hepatic Lobules

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Bioengineering functional hepatic tissue constructs that physiologically replicate the human native liver tissue in vitro is sought for clinical research and drug discovery. However, the intricate architecture and specific biofunctionality possessed by the native liver tissue remain challenging to mimic in vitro. In the present study, a versatile strategy to fabricate lobular-like silk protein scaffolds with radially aligned lamellar sheets, interconnected channels, and a converging central cavity was designed and implemented. A proof-of-concept study to bioengineer biomimetic hepatic lobules was conducted through coculturing human hepatocytes and primary endothelial cells on these lobular-like scaffolds. Relatively long-term viability of hepatocyte/endothelial cells was found along with cell alignment and organization in vitro. The hepatocytes showed special epithelial polarity and bile duct formation, similar to the liver plate, while the aligned endothelial cells generated endothelial networks, similar to natural hepatic sinuses. This endowed the three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs with the capability to recapitulate hepatic-like parenchymal-mesenchymal growth patterns in vitro. More importantly, the cocultured hepatocytes outperformed monocultures or monolayer cultures, displaying significantly enhanced hepatocyte functions, including functional gene expression, albumin (ALB) secretion, urea synthesis, and metabolic activity. Thus, this functional unit with a biomimetic phenotype provides a novel technology for bioengineering biomimetic hepatic lobules in vitro, with potential utility as a building block for bioartificial liver (BAL) engineering or as a robust tool for drug metabolism investigation.
Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect of Chebulagic Acid from the Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the present study, we firstly compared rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by different ethanol-aqueous extractions from the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. The enzymatic assay showed that the 80% ethanol extract was more potent against maltase activity than both 50% and 100% ethanol extracts. By HPLC analysis, it was determined that the 80% ethanol extract had a higher content of chebulagic acid than each of 50% or 100% ethanol extract. Next, we investigated how efficiently chebulagic acid could inhibit sugar digestion by determining the glucose level on the apical side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. The result showed that the maltose-hydrolysis activity was down-regulated by chebulagic acid, which proved to be a reversible inhibitor of maltase in Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, chebulagic acid showed a weak inhibition of sucrose-hydrolysis activity. Meanwhile, chebulagic acid did not have an obvious influence on intestinal glucose uptake and was not effective on glucose transporters. Further animal studies revealed that the oral administration of chebulagic acid (100 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose levels by 11.1% in maltose-loaded Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats compared with the control group, whereas the oral administration of chebulagic acid did not show a suppressive effect on postprandial hyperglycemia in sucrose- or glucose-loaded SD-rats. The results presented here suggest that chebulagic acid from T. chebula can be used to control blood glucose and manage type 2 diabetes, although clinical trials are needed.
Structures of LIG1 engaging with mutagenic mismatches inserted by polβ in base excision repair

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

DNA ligase I (LIG1) catalyzes final ligation step following DNA polymerase (pol) β gap filling and an incorrect nucleotide insertion by polβ creates a nick repair intermediate with mismatched end at the downstream steps of base excision repair (BER) pathway. Yet, how LIG1 discriminates against the mutagenic 3'-mismatches at atomic resolution remains undefined. Here, we determined X-ray structures of LIG1/nick DNA complexes with G:T and A:C mismatches and uncovered the ligase strategies that favor or deter ligation of base substitution errors. Our structures revealed that LIG1 active site can accommodate G:T mismatch in a similar conformation with A:T base pairing, while it stays in the LIG1-adenylate intermediate during initial step of ligation reaction in the presence of A:C mismatch at 3'-strand. Moreover, we showed mutagenic ligation and aberrant nick sealing of the nick DNA substrates with 3'-preinserted dG:T and dA:C mismatches, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that AP-Endonuclease 1 (APE1), as a compensatory proofreading enzyme, interacts and coordinates with LIG1 during mismatch removal and DNA ligation. Our overall findings and ligase/nick DNA structures provide the features of accurate versus mutagenic outcomes at the final BER steps where a multi-protein complex including polβ, LIG1, and APE1 can maintain accurate repair.
Constitutional Engineering

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It serves no useful purpose, in my opinion, to refer 'constitutionalism' all the way back to the Greeks and the Romans. The Greek term for what we call constitution was politeía (which is also translated 'republic'), and the Latin constitutio had nothing to do with what we call constitution (Sartori, 1962). As we reach the middle of the seventeenth century, during Cromwell's protectorate the notion of constitution had yet to appear. The time of Cromwell was the time in which the English especially engaged in what we conceive as constitution-drafting. Yet, the documents of the time were called covenants, instruments, agreements, and fundamental law — never 'constitution'. The term constitution and with it the notion of 'constitutionalism' is, then, an eighteenth century coinage, and gained general acceptance in our meaning of the concept in the wake of the American constitution-making experience.
Indigenous innovators: the role of web marketing for cultural micro-enterprises

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Indigenous cultural sector is a dynamic and highly valuable to the Australian economy, returning an estimated $100 million annually. The majority of Indigenous cultural producers are micro-enterprises—businesses consisting of fewer than five employees. Many of these struggle to market their products, some from extremely remote and isolated locations; others with few resources in urban areas.

This paper initially approaches a conceptual orientation to Web marketing as a potential signifier of innovation and entrepreneurship. The paper draws on previous literature and a current exploratory study of Indigenous Cultural Micro-Enterprises (ICMEs), focussing on two case studies for deeper analysis. The two exemplary cases outlined are Maningrida Arts Centre, and the performing arts organisation Kooemba Jdarra. Specifically, their innovative use of recent technology (multimedia websites) will be assessed to answer the question: What are the attributes of effective ICME Web marketing?

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated approach to military aircraft selection and concept evaluation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The design (or evaluation) of military aircraft, by nature, is a process consisting of conflicting goals and objectives at the conceptual, preliminary, and detailed level.Affordability, mission capability, availability (operational readiness), wartime survivability, and peacetime safety are five of the main attributes required of modern weapon systems.Traditional approaches for system evaluation or optimization have focused on one, perhaps two, of these attributes in isolation.At Georgia Tech's Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory (ASDL), a methodology has been developed which takes account of the combined effect of each of the "-ilities" plus safety in providing a means to evaluate alternative designs.The centerpiece of this approach is the Overall Evaluation Criterion (OEC).The OEC is an equation consisting of five metrics; one for each of the attributes.These five terms are pre-multiplied by so-called attribute importance coefficients which represent the ability to tailor the OEC to the evaluator's preferences.The purpose of this paper is to detail the form of this OEC, describe the appropriate metrics for each of the five attributes which make up the criterion, illustrate an algorithm for their concurrent calculation, and conclude by suggesting a novel way of quantifying an evaluation by accounting for the "voice of the customer".
Clinical and cost effectiveness of a corticosteroid injection versus exercise therapy for shoulder pain in general practice: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (SIX Study)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Shoulder pain is common and the prognosis is often unfavourable. Dutch guidelines on the treatment of shoulder pain in primary care recommend a corticosteroid injection or a referral to exercise therapy, if initial pain management fails and pain persists. However, evidence of the effectiveness of a corticosteroid injection compared with exercise therapy, especially in the long term, is limited. This trial will assess the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a corticosteroid injection compared with physiotherapist-led exercise therapy over 12 months follow-up in patients with shoulder pain in primary care. Methods and analysis The SIX Study is a multicentre, pragmatic randomised clinical trial in primary care. A total of 213 patients with shoulder pain, aged ≥18 years presenting in general practice will be included. Patients will be randomised (1:1) into two groups: a corticosteroid injection or 12 sessions of physiotherapist-led exercise therapy. The effect of the allocated treatment will be assessed through questionnaires at 6 weeks and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome is patient’s reported shoulder pain-intensity and function, measured with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, over 12 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes include cost effectiveness, pain-intensity, function, health-related quality of life, sleep quality, patient’s global perceived effect, work absence, healthcare utilisation and adverse events. Between group differences will be evaluated using a repeated measurements analysis with linear effects models. A cost-utility analysis will be performed to assess the cost effectiveness using quality-adjusted life years from a medical and societal perspective. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam (MEC 2020-0300). All participants will give written informed consent prior to data collection. The results from this study will be disseminated in international journals and implemented in the primary care guidelines on shoulder pain. Trial registration number Dutch Trial Registry (NL8854).