jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Peer Review #1 of "Differences in small noncoding RNAs profile between bull X and Y sperm (v0.2)"

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The differences in small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), including miRNAs, piRNAs, and tRNAderived fragments (tsRNAs), between X and Y sperm of mammals remain unclear.Here, we employed high-throughput sequencing to systematically compare the sncRNA profiles of X and Y sperm from bulls (n=3), which may have a wider implication for the whole mammalian class.For the comparison of miRNA profiles, we found that the abundance of bta-miR-652 and bta-miR-378 were significantly higher in X sperm, while nine miRNAs, including bta-miR-204 and bta-miR-3432a, had greater abundance in Y sperm (p < 0.05).qPCR was then used to further validate their abundances.Subsequent functional analysis revealed that their targeted genes in sperm were significantly involved in nucleosome binding and nucleosomal DNA binding.In contrast, their targeted genes in mature oocyte were significantly enriched in 11 catabolic processes, indicating that these differentially abundant miRNAs may trigger a series of catabolic processes for the catabolization of different X and Y sperm components during fertilization.Furthermore, we found that X and Y sperm showed differences in piRNA clusters distributed in the genome as well as piRNA and tsRNA abundance, two tsRNAs (tRNA-Ser-AGA and tRNA-Ser-TGA) had lower abundance in X sperm than Y sperm (p < 0.05).Overall, our work describes the different sncRNA profiles of X and Y sperm in cattle and enhances our understanding of their potential roles in the regulation of sex differences in sperm and early embryonic development .
Impact of face mask wearing on the Strength of the Halo Effect (Aesthetics x Trustworthiness)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The aim of the experiment is to verify how wearing a mask influence the perception of the Trustworthiness of strangers, and if the difference between mask vs no mask faces is modulated by the Age, Gender, or Ethnicity of presented faces. Previous works reveladed the existence of a Halo Effect for which the perceived trustworthiness of strangers is highly correlated with their aesthetic appearance. However, no work has investigated how wearing a mask, that leads to a change in the aesthetic appearance of a face, influences the trustworthiness of strangers. Moreover, controversial results have been found with regards to the effects of the Age, Gender, and Ethnicity of a face on the relationship between perceived Aesthetic Appearance and Perceived Trust. Here we aim to investigate how the presence of a mask change the strength of the Halo Effect (Aesthetics x Trustworthiness) and how different Age, Gender, and Ethnicity concur in shaping the strength of the Halo Effect.
[Prevalence of mental disorders in the metropolitan area of the Republic of Argentina].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The survey was carried out during 1979 (September-December). The sample covered the whole Federal District and the nineteen counties of the Greater Buenos Aires with a population of 9.908.001 persons; 18.61% in F. D. and 10,24% en G.B.A. refused to answer; 3411 were interviewed. The responses to the Present State Examination (PSE) were used for case-finding. The PSE is a semistructured interview that has been extensively tested with inpatients and outpatients. It has a technique for case-defining: the index of Definition (I.D.). A set of rules were developed to allocate the profile of symptoms present in the PSE (ninth edition) to one of the eight levels of definition. The rules were incorporated in a computer program called Catego. The prevalence of cases, as defined in the study, is 26% (ID 5-8) (30.8% in the feminine population and 20.3% in the masculine). If the threshold level (5) is excluded, the rate is 10,2%. (6,9% among males and 11,9% among females). The diagnosis derived from the Catego Program, fitted descriptively with the International Classification of Diseases (chapter 5) show the 13% of the population with neurotic perturbations, specially of depressive type, 6% with affective psychosis, 4% of schizophrenic psychosis and 1,3% of paranoic states. The major associations of prevalence rates are with sex and socioeconomic level. There is a preponderance of women with high Index of Definition. Future studies must prove the relationships between disorders and sex. We think that the interdependence of being married, children at home below 14 years, having no employment, can explain the high rates in the female population. The highest levels of the Index of Definition are associated with the lowest socioeconomic levels. The analysis of data presented here suggests more detailed studies, specially on the aetiology of depression and on the relationship between women and mental disorders.
Family Support, Friends' Support And Significant Others On Self Efficacy In Women Islamic Students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Female students face additional stress and difficulties in adjusting to higher education which has a negative impact on academic achievement. This is because of the dual roles played by female students, so social support is needed in forming self-efficacy in female students to achieve learning goals. This research aims to examine the relationship between family support, friend support and significant others on self-efficacy in female Islamic students. In this research, researchers used a quantitative method with 286 female Islamic student subjects with the sampling technique used was a non-probability sampling technique.In this study, researchers used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using Lisrel 8.8 to test the validity of the measuring instrument. In looking at descriptive statistics, the researcher uses SPSS 23 software. The conclusion obtained from the results of this research is that there is a significant and positive influence between social support and self-efficacy of Islamic students of 0.109 or 10.9% while the remaining 80.1% is influenced by other variables outside the research.. Based on testing the influence of each independent variable on the dependent variable in this study, there are three dimensions with significant regression coefficient values, namely: the dimensions of family support and significant others. Apart from that, there is one dimension of social support that is not significant, namely the support friends dimension.
Virtual-Class: An adaptive Gadget Integration Platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Here in this paper we proposed a virtual class environment by applying off the shelf cot integration methodologies in a traditional classroom, the model we proposed helps to remove the boundaries between tele-education and physical classroom activities in terms of the teacher’s experience and seamlessly integrates these two currently separate educational practices. More specifically, we replace the legacy desktop based tele education system. Hence the teachers are not opting to mouse and keyboards than marker and whiteboard. In the proposed model, teachers can use multiple traditional approaches while interacting with students who are available on virtual class.
Serving Astronomy: the Aim of the IAU

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The IAU was founded in 1919 “to facilitate the relations between astronomers of different countries where international co-operation is necessary or useful” and “to promote the study of astronomy in all its departments” . These aims have led the IAU throughout the century of its existence, but the way it has tried to fulfil them has changed. We have tried to trace the changing role of the IAU in the international astronomical community through the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. The IAU has striven – occasionally struggled – to protect international scientific cooperation across the deep political divides that characterized the 20th century, while maintaining an important function in the context of the rapidly evolving science itself and the changing fabric of institutions involved in astronomy. We especially argue how the emphasis of the IAU’s activities has shifted from the first aim – facilitating collaboration by organizing meetings and defining common standards – to the second aim: promoting astronomy by outreach and development programs.
Research on Control Strategy of Buck Converter Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Fuzzy PID

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Because buck converter is a typical non-minimum phase system, the traditional PID algorithm has the disadvantages of low control accuracy and high system overshoot, while fuzzy PID control only slightly improves the control effect. Therefore, this paper designs a control strategy based on particle swarm optimization fuzzy PID algorithm to enhance the control effect of the buck converter and combines chaotic variables to optimize the quality of the initial particle swarm. Finally, Matlab simulation experiments verify that the control strategy of fuzzy PID optimization using particle swarm optimization combined with chaotic variables has the advantages of short response time, high stability, and low system overshoot compared with the traditional PID algorithm and fuzzy PID algorithm.
Local Distribution Obfuscation via Probability Coupling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a general model for the local obfuscation of probability\ndistributions by probabilistic perturbation, e.g., by adding differentially\nprivate noise, and investigate its theoretical properties. Specifically, we\nrelax a notion of distribution privacy (DistP) by generalizing it to\ndivergence, and propose local obfuscation mechanisms that provide divergence\ndistribution privacy. To provide f-divergence distribution privacy, we prove\nthat probabilistic perturbation noise should be added proportionally to the\nEarth mover's distance between the probability distributions that we want to\nmake indistinguishable. Furthermore, we introduce a local obfuscation\nmechanism, which we call a coupling mechanism, that provides divergence\ndistribution privacy while optimizing the utility of obfuscated data by using\nexact/approximate auxiliary information on the input distributions we want to\nprotect.\n
Improvement of Contamination Flashover Voltage Performance of Cylindrical Porcelain Insulators

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Superior contamination flashover voltage performance of polymer insulators for transmission or distribution line is attributable not only to the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber housing material but also to their configurations. In the case of transmission or distribution line polymer insulators, core diameters are small and so the ratio of shed to core diameters is very large enough to improve the voltage distribution along the insulator owing to the divided and allotted voltages to its individual core portions having much higher surface resistances compared with shed portions due to the heavier leakage current density. We tried to improve the contamination flashover voltage performance of a porcelain long-rod insulator by applying hydrophobic silicone rubber coating only to all its core surfaces without coating shed surfaces and successful results have been confirmed. In this paper, contamination flashover voltage performances were evaluated among four kinds of specimens with different silicone rubber coatings by the salt fog test method. The detailed investigation results are presented.
Random migration precedes stable target cell interactions of tumor-infiltrating T cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The tumor microenvironment is composed of an intricate mixture of tumor and host-derived cells that engage in a continuous interplay. T cells are particularly important in this context as they may recognize tumor-associated antigens and induce tumor regression. However, the precise identity of cells targeted by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) as well as the kinetics and anatomy of TIL-target cell interactions within tumors are incompletely understood. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal conditions of TIL locomotion through the tumor stroma, as a prerequisite for establishing contact with target cells, have not been analyzed. These shortcomings limit the rational design of immunotherapeutic strategies that aim to overcome tumor-immune evasion. We have used two-photon microscopy to determine, in a dynamic manner, the requirements leading to tumor regression by TILs. Key observations were that TILs migrated randomly throughout the tumor microenvironment and that, in the absence of cognate antigen, they were incapable of sustaining active migration. Furthermore, TILs in regressing tumors formed long-lasting (≥30 min), cognate antigen–dependent contacts with tumor cells. Finally, TILs physically interacted with macrophages, suggesting tumor antigen cross-presentation by these cells. Our results demonstrate that recognition of cognate antigen within tumors is a critical determinant of optimal TIL migration and target cell interactions, and argue against TIL guidance by long-range chemokine gradients.
Auden and Shamlou's Subversive Voices against Capitalism: A New Historicist Study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Under the influence of their main advocate, Stephen Greenblatt, the new historicist critics have almost always argued that in the interactions between literary texts and their socio-political milieu, texts act rebelliously to highlight the falsifications hidden beneath the verisimilitude of the accepted reality of an era. Applying such a remark on the poems of W. H. Auden and Ahmad Shamlou—the former being a British poet, and the latter an Iranian poet—the researcher aims to display how selected poems of these two poets act subversively to show up what claims to be hidden beneath the reality of a socio-historical culture called capitalism. In fact, in the present study, the researcher shows how the two poets provide the readers not with the fantasy of growth and improvement—these being advertised by the capitalists' authorities—but with the despondencies that the capitalist system has brought about for the people.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this extended introductory essay, Catherine Gander and Sarah Garland suggest new ways of looking at the correspondences between visual and verbal practices to consider their material and conceptual connections in a specifically American set of histories, contexts and interpretive traditions. Tracing a lineage of experiential philosophy that is grounded in the overturning of a Cartesian mind/body split, the authors argue for pluralistic perspectives on intermedial innovations that situate embodied and imaginative reader-viewer response as vital to the life of the artwork. Gander and Garland chart two main strands to this approach: the pragmatist strain of American aesthetics and social politics, rooted in the essays of transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and emanating from the writings of John Dewey and William James; and the conceptualist strain of French-American Marcel Duchamp, whose ground-breaking ideas both positioned the artwork as a phenomenological construction and liberated the artist from established methods of practice and discourse. The 'imagetext' (after W. J. T. Mitchell) is therefore, argue Gander and Garland, a site consisting of far more than word and image – but a living assemblage of language, idea, thing, cognition, affect and shared experience.
Medical Aspects of the Special Air Service

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The historical development of the Special Air Service (S.A.S.) is traced from its inception during World War ll.A particular type of soldier is required for the work undertaken by this unit of the British Army and the present day selection and training procedures of these men are discussed.Problems of particular concern to the S.A.S. are those of prolonged isolation and combat survival in addition to more tangible health hazards.A comparison is made between the sickness experience of the S.A.S. with that of the British Army as a whole.Because S.A.S. are geared to operate in small groups of four men, the emphasis is not so much upon the difference of sickness experience as upon the different management re'luired for the ill and injured until such time as conventional .medical help may be made available.Medical training within the S.A.S. evolved to meet the varying needs of particular theatres of combat.Normal principles of military preventive medicine are stressed and the concept of a specially trained medical auxiliary introduced.The training and deployment of the auxiliaries, known as " Medical Aides ", is the responsibility of the Commanding Officer of the S.A.S.A contrast is made with the training of Medical Aidmen of the United States Special Forces.The most striking distinctions are in the educational background of the trainees and the training facilities available to them; Training objectives for S.A.S. ",Medical Aides " .aregiven.Modern strategy recognises the essential requirement of the Military, as a matter of policy, to direct its resources towards the aid of the Civil Community.It is recognised that long-term policies cannot be effective unless and until the Military have the goodwill of the Civil Community.Thus Military Aid to the Civil Community (M.A.C.C.) is described and the role of the S.A.S. within such policy is discussed with particular reference to the ethics and practice of limited medical help.The status of the" Medical Aide " is the' key to the effectiveness of his deployment.Such status depends upon the proper development and control of these soldiers to whom much medical responsibility is delegated. .The S.A.S. "Medical Aide " requires a programme of initial training and regular continuation training in which there is a strong lemphasis both upon exposure to supervised clinical experience and subsequent assessment under operational conditions.Only in this way can control be e~ective.guest.
[HIV infection rate in people aged 50 years and older in China: a Meta-analysis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in people aged ≥50 years is increasing in China, resulting in another focus for AIDS prevention and control. A Meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the HIV infection, its area and time distributions in people aged ≥50 years in China to provide evidence for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Methods: Information on HIV infection rate in people aged ≥50 years in China were collected from Wanfang digital database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed and Embase. The R Studio1.1.456 software was used to calculate the pooled infection rate, and assessed the publication bias. Results: A total of 30 studies which covered 13 provinces were selected. From 2010 to 2018, the pooled HIV infection rate in people aged ≥50 years was 1.68% (95%CI:1.00%-2.79%). The HIV infection rate (2.60%) was higher in eastern China than in central and western China (0.16%, 2.13%). Conclusion: The overall HIV infection rate in people aged ≥50 years is generally high in China. It is important to control the HIV infection in this population to facilitate the AIDS prevention and control in China.
Invertebrate structure proteins. Characterization of the operculum of the gastropod mollu Buccinum undatum.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The operculum of the whelk Buccinum undatum consists of a protein with a high small amino acid content. Glycine, alanine and serine together constitute over 50% of the total amino acid residues. The aspartic acid content is also high. A number of unidentified amino acids are also present in significant amounts. The amino acid composition suggests affinities with the collagen group of proteins. The operculum has a low carbohydrate content (less than 1% of the dry weight) made up of fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose in the molar ratios 4:1:4:2:2 together with 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose and 2-amino-2-deoxygalactose in 2:1 ratio. The X-ray diffraction pattern suggests a fibrous protein with elements of β-structure. Although the major body of the operculum is insusceptible to solution by protein solvents or enzymes a small proportion can be brought into solution by autoclaving. This fraction has a similar amino acid composition to whole operculum and may represent precursor of the major opercula protein which may be hardened by cross-linking. The operculum of Nucella has a similar amino acid composition to Buccinum, including the unidentified amino acids. The proteins of gastropod operculae appear to constitute a new class of structure protein and it is suggested that these be named the ‘operculins’.
Essays on horizontal merger simulation: the curse of dimensionality, retail price discrimination, and supply channel stage-games

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the words of Joel I. Klein, former Assistant Attorney General of the United\nStates, Ã¢ÂÂ[a]ntitrust enforcement in the merger area has never been as time-consuming,\ncomplex, or as central to the functioning of our economy as it is todayÃ¢ÂÂ (Klein, 1998).\nAs such, the development of transparent, efficient, and accurate merger analysis tools is\nan endeavor whose value continues to increase in the eyes of regulators and industry\nparticipants alike. Arguably, the most visible result of such endeavors is the emergence\nand advancement of a practice known as merger simulation.\nThe first goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the merits of the Distance Metric\n(DM) demand model and its usefulness in merger simulations. Revered by its creators as\neasy-to-use, flexible, and able to handle large numbers of products, the DM approach\nhas not received the Ã¢ÂÂroad-testingÃ¢ÂÂ necessary for establishing its practical usefulness.\nThe DM model is used to estimate demand elasticities for 45 bottled-juice products.\nElasticities are then used to simulate numerous hypothetical mergers. While adding\nvalidity to the alleged strengths of the DM approach, an additional contribution is made\nby demonstrating the robustness of merger simulation results across 22 DM\nspecifications. Despite the oft-recognized reality of zone pricing by food retailers, this form of\nprice discrimination has received little attention within the context of upstream merger\nanalysis. Thus, the second objective of this dissertation is to relax the conventional\nmerger simulation assumption of uniform pricing by retailers, allowing us to explore the\nimpacts of zone pricing on post-merger price effects. Using the ready-to-eat cereals\nindustry as a backdrop, it is shown that ignoring retail price discrimination veils a\npotentially diverse set of price effects that are otherwise lost in uniform pricing analyses.\nThe goal of the final essay is to explore the implementation of more realistic\nsupply channel interactions in merger simulations. In particular, a two-stage pricing\ngame is used to conduct merger simulations in the refrigerated orange juice category.\nThe overriding finding is that comparisons with conventionally used models will not be\npractical until the relationship between demand specification and two-stage game\nmodeling is better understood.