jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The genetics of obesity: the role of the melanocortin 4 receptor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Obesity, which is described clinically by a body mass index (BMI) of > 30 kg/m2 is increasing at an alarming rate, and is recognised as a \nchronic disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). This epidemic decreases life expectancy, and its prevalence is increasing within the \nglobal paediatric and adult populations in most African countries, South Africa included. Research has revealed the importance of the genetic \ncomponent of obesity, with much emphasis to date having been placed on monogenic disease. Polymorphisms within the gene encoding \nfor the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a hypothalamic receptor with the primary function of regulating food intake, are a significant cause \nof severe human obesity. Studies have shown a correlation between the degree of MC4R dysfunction and the severity and age of onset \nof obesity. The accepted mode of inheritance for MC4R mutations is co-dominance with modulation of penetrance and expressivity, which \nwould explain why homozygous carriers are more obese than heterozygotes. MC4R mutation frequency is also dependent on the ethnicity \nof the population. The use of genetic markers for diagnostic strategies and as predictors of therapeutic outcome will be of importance in the \nfuture management of obesity.
Impact of visibility limiting conditions on satellite and high-altitude platform quantum key distribution links

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Satellite and aerial platforms are critical in the deployment of global quantum communications networks. Currently, there remain significant challenges including operation during daytime and robustness to visibility limiting conditions. In this work we investigate, through simulation, the impact of visibility limiting conditions on low-Earth orbit CubeSat dimensioned satellites, small satellites and high-altitude platform implementations. Three different operational wavelengths were considered: currently used near-infrared (at 850 nm); next-generation short-wave infrared (at 1550 nm); and a candidate longer wavelength (at 2133 nm). We present channel attenuation and consider quantum key distribution (QKD) system performance parameters. Results indicate that the “best wavelength” for an implementation depends on the minimum visibility rated and the single-photon detector technology utilized. In the cases where tolerated meteorological visibility is short, 1550 nm and 2133 nm wavelengths provide better performance. In cases when the visibility is long, the operational wavelength of 850 nm provides better QKD system performance.
Strengthening and Toughening of Hot Isostatically Pressed SiC Based Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Si3N4, TiC and SiC whisker reinforced SiC matrix composites were Hot Isostatically Pressed,and the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The strengthening and tougheningmechanisms are different depending on the incorporation of second phase. Si3N4 in the matrixmay induce the radius compressive force because of the difference of thermal expansion coefficientand elastic modulus. As a result, the crack propagation will be hindered. TiC in the matrix willinduce the radius tension force so that the crack will be deflected. The incorporation of SiCw canproduce the composed strengthening and toughening mechanism such as crack deflection, pull out,so that both of the strength and fracture toughness will be improved.
'A different way to look at things' : the development of consultancy in a residential service for children and young people

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The support of consultancy and the tasks associated with consultation are considered to play a vital role in the development of good practice in residential care and in safeguarding children and young people. Back in the 1970s, Berry (1975) recommended that all residential workers should have opportunities for support and consultation and 'every residential unit requires a special senior supporter who devotes himself (sic) to the staff without being directly responsible for the children... a consultant, counsellor, supervisor or therapist (but not an inspector)' (Berry, 1975, p. 134). More recently, however, Warner (1992) highlighted that too often staff in children's homes are left to cope with abused, disturbed and violent young people without access to the specialist psychiatric and psychological services that are needed (Warner, 1992, p. 144). He stressed the need for support from specialists in other agencies such as child psychiatrists and educational psychologists and for staff care schemes such as stress counselling (Warner, 1992, pp. 154-155). Over half the heads of units in the survey of residential establishments in Scotland felt they needed additional support such as a specialist adviser, consultant or psychologist, and 'often such a specialist was required to provide a service both to residents and/or staff, such as an independent counsellor' (Harvey, 1992, pp. 27-28).
Pingali Suranna. The Demon's Daughter: A Love Story from South India. Trans. Velcheru Narayana Rao and David Shulman, pp. xvi, 122. Albany, State University of New York Press, 2006

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION OF METHANE AT A PPT SENSITIVITY LEVEL IN MID-IR WITH A LONG-PATH MULTIPASS CELL

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Highly sensitive detection of methane is important for biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, and the detection of leaks in the gas and oil industry. \nAn ultra-high sensitivity sensor employing a mid-IR (MIR) interband cascade laser (center wavelength of 3.37 micron) and a multi-pass cell (MPC) was developed for methane detection. \nThe ultra-high sensitivity is achieved due to the high absorbance in the MIR, a long interaction path length, and the implementation of a wavelet denoising processing algorithm. \nThe long interaction path of 580 m was achieved with a confocal MCP and the distance between the mirrors of 1 m. \n The performance of the sensor was tested in two measuring modes: direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) and wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS).\n For the sensor working in the DAS measurement mode the optimal set of sub-wavelet functions was determined and utilized for denoising and the minimum of the \nAllan deviation of the sensor of 3 ppb was achieved with an averaging time of 200 s. For the WMS measuring mode the sensor detection limit for methane of 560\n ppt with 290 s averaging time was determined from the Allan deviation analysis. The developed sensor is suitable for a compact and portable design and has broad \napplicability in the high-sensitivity measurements of methane and other trace gases.\nThis work was supported by the Robert A Welch Foundation, grant No A1546 and the T3 grant from Texas A and M University and Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics (SKLA02020001A12).\n\n[1] Jinbao Xia et al. A sensitive methane sensor of a ppt detection level using a mid-infrared interband cascade laser and a long-path multipass cell, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 334, 129641 (2021).\n[2] Jinbao Xia: State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, 130033, China
High-tech Wars, the Future of Peace Ethics and the Role of Religious Actors

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The integration of AI into military systems is transforming warfare, raising ethical and humanitarian concerns. This article examines AI-driven military technologies, their trend toward autonomy, and the overstated promises of precision. Using Israel's Gaza conflict and AI tools like “The Gospel” and “Lavender” as examples, it highlights the devastating risks of automated targeting. It critiques the dangers of shortening the “kill chain,” calls for public ethical discourse, and proposes initial steps for international AI warfare regulations
Effect of Forest Management Practices on Water Balance Across a Water–Energy Gradient in the Upper Kings River Basin, USA

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Headwater watersheds and forests play a crucial role in ensuring water security for the western United States. Reducing forest biomass from the current overgrown forests can mitigate the severity and impact of wildfires and offer additional competing ecohydrological benefits. A reduction in canopy interception and transpiration following forest treatments can lead to an increase in available water for the remaining trees and runoff. However, the impact of forest management on water balance can be highly variable due to differences in climate, topography, location and vegetation. In this study, we used the Soil Water Assessment Tool Plus model to investigate how decisions regarding location, intensity and scale of forest treatments can affect both evapotranspiration and streamflow in a large watershed such as the upper Kings River Basin (3998 km 2 ). The model was parameterized using a multiobjective calibration of streamflow, snow water equivalent and evapotranspiration. Various forest treatment scenarios were simulated across different years and regions in the landscape. Modelling results show that during dry years, streamflow gains from biomass reduction are primarily originated from energy‐limited regions (i.e., 82% of total streamflow increase in the first year). In water‐limited regions, the water is prioritized for sustaining remaining trees, improving forest health and recharging subsurface storage, rather than increasing streamflow. During wet years, the contribution to streamflow from biomass reduction comes from both energy‐ and water‐limited areas. These findings emphasize the importance of evaluating forest treatments on a larger scale. The competing benefits for forests and downstream users are driven by the energy and water limitations of the vegetation targeted by forest treatments, as well as the climate variability that modulates the water availability and forest recovery time.
On-line process decisions using convolutional neural network for centering high-precision short-focus lens

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study integrated the use of a centering machine with an automatic optical axis measuring technique to improve the centering process for short-focus lenses, which are widely used in interferometric inspection, microscopy, and spectrometry. A major concern of the centering process is coma aberrations during the axis centering of a lens, which leads to deformation of the image system. Because of the small size and high curvature of short-focus lenses, high optical axis error and unstable grinding quality are highly problematic within the high-precision centering process. To reduce optical axis error and improve manufacturing quality, an on-line optical axis measuring system that applies convolutional neural network (CNN) machine learning for the evaluation of centering stability was developed. According to experimental results, the CNN achieved 95% accuracy. With the use of trace classification and optical axis measurements, the optical axis error was controlled to <150 μrad, the range of cracks to
A survey on energy detection schemes in cognitive radios

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the miniaturisation of the computing devices, the technological market has seen a rapid surge in various wireless technologies penetrating into our lives. The scarcity of spectrum is well established fact. Thus it is extremely essential that this scarce resource needs to be optimally utilized. Cognitive Radio technology has evolved as a pioneering technology to address issues relating effective spectrum utilization. Various methodologies exist for sensing the voids in spectrum, primarily owned by Primary Users, which if vacant, can be temporarily utilized by various Secondary Users. This paper aims at providing an insight into various energy detection schemes for spectrum sensing.
Dynamic Responses of HTS Maglev System Under Track Random Irregularity

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic levitation (maglev), with the advantages of low-energy consumption, simple mechanical structure and environment-friendly, has the potential to become a high-speed transportation. In rail track lines, the track random irregularity is ineluctable due to the defects of permanent magnets in production and construction, which will further affect the operation stationarity. In practical operation, the vibration is usually vertical-lateral coupled because of the lateral excitations from the track irregularity and the guideway deformation. In this paper, an HTS maglev vehicle-bridge coupled model considering vertical-lateral coupling effect is built based on the Universal Mechanism (UM) software. To study the dynamical response of the maglev system, a track irregularity spectrum was built based on our group's existing guideway. Different speeds and spans were adopted in this model. The Sperling index is used to evaluate the system stationarity performance under different working conditions. The results show that HTS maglev can run very safely and smoothly on existing guideway and more flexible bridges. This study suggests the limitation of the running speed and the designs of bridges in HTS maglev under track random irregularity, as well as provides references for the engineering.
The Key Goals and Objectives of Event Management Associations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Event management associations are playing an increasingly significant role in the professional support to the industry and its managers. This paper reviews the literature on professional associations and explores specifically the goals and objectives of event management associations gleaned from an analysis of the goals and objectives of 147 professional associations worldwide.\nThe study concludes that event management associations have a strong record in developing goals and objectives as part of their strategic planning framework. The key variables that emerge from the analysis are: information exchange, education and training, identity and recognition, ethical standards and networks and collegiality.
Cupric Yersiniabactin Is a Virulence-Associated Superoxide Dismutase Mimic

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Many Gram-negative bacteria interact with extracellular metal ions by expressing one or more siderophore types. Among these, the virulence-associated siderophore yersiniabactin (Ybt) is an avid copper chelator, forming stable cupric (Cu(II)-Ybt) complexes that are detectable in infected patients. Here we show that Ybt-expressing E. coli are protected from intracellular killing within copper-replete phagocytic cells. This survival advantage is highly dependent upon the phagocyte respiratory burst, during which superoxide is generated by the NADPH oxidase complex. Chemical fractionation links this phenotype to a previously unappreciated superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of Cu(II)-Ybt. Unlike previously described synthetic copper-salicylate (Cu(II)-SA) SOD mimics, the salicylate-based natural product Cu(II)-Ybt retains catalytic activity at physiologically plausible protein concentrations. These results reveal a new virulence-associated adaptation based upon spontaneous assembly of a non-protein catalyst.
Examining Moderators of the Hindsight Bias in the Context of Civil Legal Decision-Making: Counterfactuals, Causal Proximity, and Self-Referencing

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The current research sought to clarify the diverging relationships between counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias observed in the literature thus far. In a non-legal context, Roese and Olson (1996) found a positive relationship between counterfactuals and hindsight bias, such that counterfactual mutations that undid the outcome also increased participants’ ratings of the outcome’s a priori likelihood. Further, they determined that this relationship is mediated by causal attributions about the counterfactually mutated antecedent event. Conversely, in the context of a civil lawsuit, Robbennolt and Sobus (1997) found that the relationship between counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias is negative. The current research sought to resolve the conflicting findings in the literature within a legal context. In Experiment One, the manipulation of the normality of the defendant’s target behavior, designed to manipulate participants’ counterfactual thoughts about said behavior, did moderate the hindsight effect of outcome knowledge on mock jurors’ judgments of the foreseeability of that outcome as well as their negligence verdicts. Although I predicted that counterfactual thinking would increase, or exacerbate, the hindsight bias, as found by Roese and Olson (1996), my results provided some support for Robbenolt and Sobus’s (1997) finding that counterfactual thinking decreases the hindsight bias. Behavior normality did not moderate the hindsight effect of outcome knowledge in Experiment Two, nor did causal proximity in Experiment Three. Additionally, my hypothesis that self-referencing may be an effective hindsight debiasing technique received little support across the three experiments. Although both the self-referencing instructions and self-report measure consistently decreased mock jurors’ likelihood of finding the defendant negligent, and self-referencing instructions decreased their foreseeability ratings in studies two and three, the self-referencing manipulation did not interact with outcome knowledge to moderate a hindsight bias effect on either foreseeability or negligence judgments. The consistent pattern of results across the three experiments, however, suggests that self-referencing may be an effective technique in reducing the likelihood of negligence verdicts.
DEVELOPING COMPLETE URBAN DIGITAL TWINS IN BUSY ENVIRONMENTS: A FRAMEWORK FOR FACILITATING 3D MODEL GENERATION FROM MULTI-SOURCE POINT CLOUD DATA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The proliferation of affordable LiDAR technology and photogrammetry sensors has revolutionized 3D data acquisition in built environments, enabling comprehensive data capture from citywide scales to interior structures. This data can be transformed into digital twins, providing valuable resources for city planners, architects, engineers, and decision-makers. However, current studies often overlook the limitations of real-world point cloud datasets derived from LiDAR systems, which are voluminous, noisy, incomplete, and lacking information, which hinders monitoring, interpretation, and automated analysis. To address these challenges, methods are required to prepare point cloud data, ensuring accurate and reliable 3D representations. This research proposes a detailed framework for point cloud data preparation in busy urban environments. It includes precise algorithms, software, and parameter guidelines, allowing for the creation of comprehensive point cloud datasets. The framework has been successfully implemented on datasets acquired in Toronto, converting point cloud data from various platforms and parameters into an integrated dataset. Results demonstrate the framework's effectiveness in producing accurate and complete point cloud datasets for applications such as classification, information extraction, 3D model generation, and smart cities' monitoring and management.
<i>Theologia</i> and the <i>ideologia</i> of language, nation and gender – Gateway to the future from a deconstructed past

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article is a contribution to the centennial celebration of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria. It forms part of the section in the programme titled ‘Ethos – Critical perspectives on our past and a gateway to our future’ and is dedicated to Yolanda Dreyer who was the first female professor appointed in the Faculty of Theology of the University of Pretoria. The article reflects on aspects of the present-day populist discourse in South Africa and globally, which is enhanced by neonationalistic separatism. The following issues are critically discussed: homophobia regarding sexual minorities, a lack of sensitivity for the negative effects of male domination and the objection to English as the lingua franca for teaching. These aspects are assessed against the background of the Derridean notion of ‘deconstruction’ and the contributions of the first professors employed in the Faculty of Theology since its inception in 2017.
Allosteric Control\nof the Catalytic Properties of\nDipeptide-Based Supramolecular Assemblies

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Allostery, as seen in extant biology, governs the activity\nregulation\nof enzymes through the redistribution of conformational equilibria\nupon binding an effector. Herein, a minimal design is demonstrated\nwhere a dipeptide can exploit dynamic imine linkage to condense with\nsimple aldehydes to access spherical aggregates as catalytically active\nstates, which facilitates an orthogonal reaction due to the closer\nproximity of catalytic residues (imidazoles). The allosteric site\n(amine) of the minimal catalyst can concomitantly bind to an inhibitor\nvia a dynamic exchange, which leads to the alternation of the energy\nlandscape of the self-assembled state, resulting in downregulation\nof catalytic activity. Further, temporal control over allosteric regulation\nis realized via a feedback-controlled autonomous reaction network\nthat utilizes the hydrolytic activity of the (in)active state as a\nfunction of time.
Unveiling the Pathways: Mapping and Understanding Hidden Homelessness Among 2SLGBTQ+ Youth in Ontario

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transphobic and homophobic violence and discrimination within homes and housing programs lead many 2-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (2SLGBTQ+) youth to find alternative, temporary, and insecure housing. These types of living situations are considered “hidden homelessness”. This study interviewed 2SLGBTQ+ youth (n = 6) and key informants (n = 12) who have experienced and/or who support hidden homelessness across three sites in Ontario (Toronto, York Region, and London). The results suggest experiences of hidden homelessness for 2SLGBTQ+ youth are nonlinear, with pathways driven by family conflict combined with the high cost of living and lack of employment, making independent living unaffordable. Additionally, youth avoid services where they experience discrimination and often experience social isolation. In rural and suburban areas, youth have fewer options for safe and inclusive services. When services are accessible, wrap-around supports that address the complexity of their situations help youth exit hidden homelessness. Prevention strategies should focus on addressing family conflict and supporting reunification when it is safe to do so. For those who are unable to return home, there is a need for increased financial support and more affordable housing. Building comprehensive population-based support services is recommended to address the overrepresentation of 2SLGBTQ+ youth experiencing homelessness.