jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment and Planning for Offshore Oil Spill Response Preparedness

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Following the April 2010 Gulf of Mexico (Macondo) oil spill and the Montara incident in Australia, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) formed the Global Industry Response Group. This Group identified nineteen oil spill response recommendations that are being addressed via an Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP) during 2012-2014. The OSR-JIP is managed by IPIECA on behalf of OGP, in recognition of IPIECA’s long-standing experience with oil spill response matters One of the nineteen recommendations concerned the development of an international guideline for offshore oil spill risk assessment and a method to better relate oil spill response resources to that risk. This paper describes the development and content of the guideline, including how the oil spill risk assessment process provides structured and relevant information to oil spill response planning for offshore operations. The process starts by defining the context of the assessment and describing the activity to be assessed. Thereafter it addresses a series of key questions, such as: What can go wrong, leading to potential release of oil?What happens to the spilled oil?What are the impacts on key environmental - both ecological and socio-economic - receptors?What is the risk for environmental damage?How is the established risk utilised in oil spill response planning? The guideline draws on existing good practice in the determination of oil spill response resources. It promotes consideration, in tactical and logistical detail, of the preferred and viable response strategies to address scenarios covering the range of potential oil spills up to the most serious. The methodology to consider the scenarios follows a series of questions: What are the viable techniques/strategies to deliver response with greatest net environment benefit?What are the tactical measures required to implement the identified response strategies, considering technical, practical and safety factors?What Tiered resources are required to mount the tactical measures and achieve effective response? The paper sums up useful tools, key information and the necessary level of detail that are essential to perform an oil spill risk assessment and use this in oil spill response planning.
Protocol for a single patient therapy plan: A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled N‐of‐1 trial to assess the efficacy of cannabidiol in patients with intractable epilepsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim This paper describes the use of the single patient therapy plan (SPTP). The SPTP has been designed to assess the efficacy at an individual level of a commercially available cannabinoid product, cannabidiol, in reducing seizure frequency in paediatric patients with intractable epilepsy. Methods The SPTP is a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled N‐of‐1 trial designed to assess the efficacy of treatment in a neurology outpatient setting. The primary objective of the SPTP is to assess the efficacy of cannabidiol in reducing seizure frequency in each patient with intractable epilepsy, with change in seizure frequency being the primary outcome of interest. The analysis adopts a Bayesian approach, which provides results in the form of posterior probabilities that various levels of benefit (based on the primary outcome measure, seizure frequency) have been achieved under active treatment compared to placebo, accompanied by decision rules that provide thresholds for deciding whether treatment has been successful in the individual patient. The SPTP arrangement is most accurately considered part of clinical practice rather than research, since it is aimed at making clinical treatment decisions for individual patients and is not testing a hypothesis or collecting aggregate data. Therefore, Human Research Ethics Committee approval was considered not to be required, although it is recommended that hospital Clinical Ethics Committees provide ethical oversight. Conclusion: These SPTP resources are made available so that they may inform clinical practice in the treatment of severe epilepsy or adapted for use in other conditions.
Poultry Processing, Product Sanitation, and HACCP

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Poultry is one of the world's fastest growing meat sources. Poultry includes mainly broilers, other chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese; however, broilers account for nearly 70% of the total. This growth in the world poultry market has resulted from increased income and demand. Between 1970 and 1990, developing countries boosted poultry output nearly four times, which resulted in an increase of the world poultry meat share from 25 to 36%.
Documentation and Ethanobotanical analysis of indigenous medicine plants used by communities in Nawabganj Bareilly Uttar Pradesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is an important aspect of cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation. This study aims to document and analyze indigenous medicinal plants used by the local communities in Nawabganj, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted through interviews with local healers, elderly villagers, and practitioners of traditional medicine. A total of 35 medicinal plant species were recorded, belonging to 25 families, used for treating various ailments such as cough, fever, skin diseases, and digestive disorders. The findings highlight the rich traditional knowledge of the area and the need for its conservation and scientific validation.
Facies Analysis of the Transitions Between Subtidal, Intertidal, and Supratidal Zones of the Entrada Sandstone, South-Central Utah: A Provisional Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Facies analysis suggests that much of the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Entrada Sandstone of south-central Utah is dominated by mudstone-rich intertidal facies. These intertidal deposits interfinger with subtidal ooid shoals as well as supratidal sabkha and erg-margin eolian deposits. Three sections of the Entrada Sandstone in south-central Utah were measured in detail to improve understanding of the lateral and vertical facies transitions away from the understudied, mudstone-dominated portion of the formation. Understanding facies transitions is necessary for constraining the paleogeography and evaluating the economic potential of the Entrada Sandstone as a hydrocarbon reservoir. The thickness of the Entrada Sandstone varies from the southwest (369.1 m), to the north (194.9 m), and to the east (92.1 m), a lateral distance of 193 km. This variation indicates that during Callovian time the rate of developing accommodation space was high along the southwestern shoreline and relatively low along the northeastern shoreline. This is likely the result of the western sections being closer to the Jurassic Western Cordilleran. However, the eastern section displays a more complete range of facies, from the subtidal to supratidal erg-margin. Although accommodation space was highest to the west, sediment supply from the west kept pace with, and eventually outpaced subsidence. To the east, sediment supply was significant but was at one time outpaced by subsidence causing deposition of subtidal ooid shoals and bars. Along this eastern shoreline, erg-margin coastal dunes associated with the larger erg to the east eventually prograded westward. The variation in subsidence, sediment supply, and sediment source makes sequence stratigraphic correlation difficult. We conclude that candidate sequences interpreted for each section cannot be correlated with certainty without the aid of absolute ages.
L-shaped data, GLM(M) and double constrained correspondence analysis

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Presentation summarizing 5 papers on trait-environment relations in ecology, L-shaped data or bipartite graphs. It starts with a description of the data, a simple loglinear (GLM) model and the Rao score test on interaction. This leads to the Legendre's fourth-corner correlation and, for multi-trait, multi-environment problems, double constrained correspondence analysis, which then enables testing and selection of the important trait and environmental variables. A comparison is made with RLQ and double constrained principal component analysis. An alternative title: from fourth-corner correlation to double constrained correspondence analysis and their relation with GLM(M) models. The pptx and pdf files contain the same information.
FRONTIERS IN COSMIC RAYS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This rapporteur review covers selected results presented in the Parallel\nSession HEA2 (High Energy Astrophysics 2) of the 10th Marcel Grossmann Meeting\non General Relativity, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 2003. The subtopics\nare: ultra high energy cosmic ray anisotropies, the possible connection of\nthese energetic particles with powerful gamma ray bursts, and new exciting\nscenarios with a strong neutrino-nucleon interaction in the atmosphere.\n
Assessment of the Potential Skin Application of Plectranthus ecklonii Benth.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. has widespread ethnobotanical use in African folk medicine for its medicinal properties in skin conditions. In this study, two different basic formulations containing P. ecklonii extracts were prepared, one in an organic solvent and the other using water. The aqueous extract only contained rosmarinic acid (RA) at 2.02 mM, and the organic extract contained RA and parvifloron D at 0.29 and 3.13 mM, respectively. RA in aqueous solution permeated skin; however, in P. ecklonii organic extract, this was not detected. Thus, P. ecklonii aqueous extract was further studied and combined with benzophenone-4, which elevated the sun protection factor (SPF) by 19.49%. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed from the aqueous extract. The Staphylococcus epidermidis strain was used to determine a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 10 µg·mL−1. The aqueous extract inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase by 59.14 ± 4.97%, and the IC50 value was 12.9 µg·mL−1. The association of the P. ecklonii extract with a UV filter substantially elevated its SPF efficacy. Following the multiple bioactivities of the extract and its active substances, a finished product could be claimed as a multifunctional cosmeceutical with broad skin valuable effects, from UV protection to antiaging action.
<title>An Analysis Of The Fundamental Limitations Of Screen-Film Systems For X-Ray Detection. II. Model Calculations</title>

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A range of model DQE calculations illustrates the detailed influence of the most important screen-film parameters. The screen is characterized by typical values for the primary x-ray absorption, spread function associated with secondary photons, and statistics associated with the gain of the conversion process. An existing film DQE model is used to explore the effect of film parameters on screen-film performance. Examples are given of the conditions under which screen-film DQE becomes independent of both film DQE and screen-film MTF. The influence of all these factors on system performance is discussed.
A Review of: “Gathering Intelligence from Prisoners of War”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsStéphane LefebvreStéphane Lefebvre is Section Head—Strategic Analysis at Defence R&D, Canada's (DRDC) Centre for Operational Research and Analysis (CORA). The opinions expressed in this review are his own and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the DRDC or of the Government of Canada.
Salinas Valley Cross Section: ABSTRACT

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This transverse section extends from the Tertiary outcrop section west of the San Antonio River (R. 25 S., R. 10 E.), Monterey County, in a general north-northeast direction across the San Antonio Hills, the Salinas River, the San Ardo oil field, and the Gabilan Mesa to the San Andreas fault (T. 21 S., R. 12 E.). Several interesting features are shown including the relationship of the deep Miocene shale basin underlying the San Antonio Hills to the thin veneer of sediments in the San Ardo field and the Gabilan Mesa, the King City thrust fault, and two interpretations of the stratigraphy in the controversial San Ardo group. The name Aurignac is proposed for the lower producing zone in the San Ardo field. The Aurignac is separated from the upper producing sand, the Lombardi, by a thin siltstone bed and is underlain by basement within the limits of the field. The term Orradre sand was formerly applied to the Aurignac in the Campbell pool, but subsequent drilling has proved the two sands to be one. It is suggested that the name Orradre sand be dropped. The name Lombardi silt is proposed for the siltstone member underlying the Santa Margarita and overlying the Lombardi sand. The name Aurignac silt is proposed for the siltstone separating the Lombardi and Aurignac sands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2633------------
Liability for negligently issued anti-mafia certificates

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the different forms of liability that might apply under Italian private law to anti-mafia advisors who negligently perform their duties, with particular regards to auditors concerning the drafting of mandatory anti-mafia certificates as bidding documents for public procurement contracts. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on the comparative law methodology of dissociation of “legal formants”, that is, on the study of separate contributions by each element of the legal system – from black-letter provisions to judicial dicta, from scholars’ arguments to administrative practices – to the making of legal rules in a given setting. Findings Neither case law nor academic writing is abundant on this topic. Yet, it can be fairly assumed that an advisor who negligently drafts anti-mafia certificates might incur both contractual and tortious liability. Originality/value The paper investigates an area, which has so far been largely unexplored, and, thus, contributes to paving the way for a better understanding of the legal framework applicable to the cases under examination.
A contribution to the study of flexural reliability of steel-concrete composite beams designed according to NBR 8800:2008

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This work assesses the flexural reliability of compact sections and full-interaction steel-concrete composite beams designed according to NBR 8800:2008. Reliability indexes are obtained for different grades of concrete, slab heights, and load combination. The results show a lower level of safety in situations where live loads are predominant in the load combination. A partial safety factors calibration procedure is also proposed based on a target reliability index βT = 3.5. It is shown that the calibrated partial safety factors reduce the variability of reliability indexes in the proposed design situations.
MITIGATING AGRICULTURAL RISKS THROUGH CROP INSURANCE: EVIDENCE FROM ANKOBER WOREDA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in promoting economic growth, poverty alleviation, and food security in developing nations such as Ethiopia. Despite its importance, the sector continues to struggle with persistent challenges that hinder productivity and sustainability. Low agricultural productivity is often attributed to a combination of socioeconomic and technological limitations, including management inefficiencies, inadequate access to modern technologies and reliance on traditional farming methods, weak institutional support services, poor infrastructure, and unfavorable agricultural policies. These challenges are exacerbated by the exposure of farming activities to numerous risks stemming from the volatile economic and biophysical environment. Uncertainty in agriculture—driven by climate variability, erratic weather patterns, and natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and landslides—leads to unstable yields and income fluctuations for smallholder farmers. These risks threaten not only household livelihoods but also national food security and rural development. One viable strategy for mitigating such risks is the adoption of agricultural insurance mechanisms, particularly crop insurance. Crop insurance serves as a financial safety net, protecting farmers against yield losses and providing them with a level of resilience in the face of environmental and market shocks. This study aims to explore the role of crop insurance in managing agricultural risks, with a focus on its potential to safeguard smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. It highlights how the implementation of effective insurance schemes can empower farmers to invest in improved farming practices and technologies, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing vulnerability. The findings underscore the need for supportive policy frameworks, increased awareness, and strengthened institutional capacity to ensure the success of crop insurance as a risk management tool in Ethiopian agriculture..
Possible involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity associated with leptin resistance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Leptin is a hormone, which plays a central role in inhibiting food intake and body weight gain. Leptin is secreted from exocrine as well as endocrine cells. Circulating leptin activates JAK-STAT tyrosine kinases through Ob-Rb leptin receptor in the hypothalamus and brain stem. In recent years, "leptin resistance" has been considered to be one of the main causes of obesity. However, the detailed mechanisms of leptin resistance are not well understood. Recently, we hypothesized possibility that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in leptin resistance. In the present manuscript, we would like to mention possible mechanisms of ER stress-induced leptin resistance and possible implication in obesity. In addition, pathophysiological role of leptin's action in regulating endocrine as well as exocrine functions at the state of ER stress are discussed.
A Theory of the Dynamics of Security Returns around Market Closures

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Numerous empirical studies document patterns in the means and variances of security returns measured over periods that are punctuated by market closures. This article develops a multiperiod model in which closures delay the resolution of uncertainty, thereby redistributing risk across time and agents. Since agents are risk averse in the model, this redistribution affects the equilibrium price, altering risk premia, liquidity costs, and the degree of informational asymmetry. As a consequence, closures alter both the means and variances of returns. The article demonstrates that closures can generate a variety of mean and variance effects, including those that mirror the empirical phenomena.
Early Modern Europe 1500–1700

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter considers the history of alcohol during the early modern period, from 1500 to 1700. It covers the Protestant Reformation, which had important consequences for the history of alcohol in Europe; alcohol consumption rates; the popularity of Spanish wine; the origins of sparkling wine and port; increased attention to the aesthetic variations and therapeutic qualities of wine; the growth of public drinking places; and the relationship of public houses to crime.
Energy Management Strategy Optimization for Application of an Electrical Variable Transmission System in a Hybrid Electric City Bus

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The present study assesses utilization of an Electrical Variable Transmission system for application in the drivetrain of a hybrid electric city bus. To this end, first the corresponding modeling for a hybrid bus topology is performed in presence of a gearbox. Secondly, two optimization-based energy management strategies (EMS) coupled into a Rule-based EMS are examined. The corresponding investigations are performed towards achieving optimized EMSs for efficient power distribution between the drivetrain components. The main outcome of this research addresses improving the fuel consumption while sustaining the State of Charge of the battery for the studied city bus.
Defeat and Disarmament: Allied Diplomacy and the Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918-1922

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book traces Austria's attempts in 1918-1922 to create and control a new army, and to do so under the limitations imposed by the Paris Peace Conference. The tragic tale that emerges is one in which optimism ironically feeds the currents of distrust and bitterness which finally cause the demise of the embryonic Austrian republic, and adds to our understanding of the failure of Europe as a whole to achieve a secure peace between the wars.
Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in 101 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of tacrolimus (TAC) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The first 101 consecutive RA patients in whom TAC treatment was initiated were prospectively registered and their data analyzed. Clinical variables were extracted from the Institute of Rheumatology, Rheumatoid Arthritis (IORRA) database. The 101 patients included 85 females and 16 males. Average doses of TAC were 1.62 mg/day at entry and 2.13 mg/day at month 12. The average doses of concomitantly prescribed prednisolone (6.92 mg/day) and methotrexate (MTX; 8.59 mg/week) were higher than those in all RA patients in the IORRA cohort. At month 12, 57 patients remained on TAC therapy; 18 patients had discontinued TAC due to side effects, and 16 patients had discontinued due to inefficacy. Adverse reactions responsible for discontinuation included gastrointestinal symptoms, renal dysfunction, and infection. According to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria, 56.5% of the patients who continued TAC at 12 months experienced “good” or “moderate” responses. Through the use of last observation carried forward (LOCF) methodology, the average Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28 significantly improved. We confirmed the usefulness of TAC for the treatment of RA and found that TAC is suitable for RA patients who are unable to use biologic agents or to tolerate a high dose of MTX because of their complications or background factors.
The Use of Alliteration in a Norwegian Medieval Law – just for Fun?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The article explores the use of alliteration in an ecclesiastical law from medieval Norway. While earlier scholars considered alliteration to be a remnant from preliterate times, von See’s and Ehrhardt’s studies revealed that alliteration was more frequent in younger laws, and therefore supposedly introduced by the Church and the royal government. The material from the Norwegian law confirms that the alliterative formulations are added later on. However, in this particular case, the alliteration has contributed to corrupting the content, an observation which clashes with the ideal of clarity, which was also important in medieval canon law. This fact, in turn, leads to the conclusion that the paragraph draws on different legal traditions, both native, customary law and learned, canon law.