jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Singapore residential property market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This report seeks to explain the demand factors that lead to the large increase in prices of private residential properties in 1993 and 1994. Next, the potential supply situation for the next few years is investigated. Following that, the impact of spiraling property prices on aspirations of most young graduates to own a private property is examined. This is accomplished through the construction of an affordability index. as a measurement of the ability of young married graduates to purchase private homes after working for several years. Finally, in the last chapter, various factors are analysed to forecast the future direction of the private property market.
Initial Access, RRC and Mobility

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP), the control plane (CP) functions related to radio-specific functionality are standardized in the form of the radio resource control (RRC) protocol. This chapter covers the CP procedures for the access of a user equipment (UE) to the network. It covers the initial access, including the transmission of system information, optimized Random Access CHannel (RACH) access, and various enablers for initial access in the context of beam-based connectivity. It then describes the fundamentals of user equipment (UE) state handling and why 5th generation (5G) requires a new state to support better battery savings and faster setup for data transmissions. The chapter also covers mobility, discussing both normal handover (HO) with enhancements, and mobility in the context of multi-connectivity. It explores how to handle beamforming and mobility.
Comparative study on the hypandrium of the Neotropical Biblidinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biblidinae is a subfamily of Nymphalidae with over 250 species for the Neotropical Region. All males have a modified eighth sternum, this being the hypandrium. In order to demonstrate the structural variability and to assist in species identification, the morphological variations in species of 24 genera are illustrated and analyzed. Methods traditionally applied to dissection in Lepidoptera were used. To illustrate the variations, drawings were done with the aid of a camera lucida attached to a stereomicroscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The sclerite showed great variation with special highlight to the format, folds in the integument, the presence of spines and bristles.
Outcomes of video assisted thoracic surgery compared with open thoracotomy in patients with early stage lung cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e20061 Background: Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) has become the recommended approach for treatment of early stage lung cancer; however, no large randomized clinical trial has been conducted to formally compare VATS to open thoracotomy (OT). The current study sought to assess differences in patients and tumor characteristics for VATS and OT. Additionally, treatment outcomes that included margin status, postoperative length of stay (LOS) and overall survival (OS) were also compared. Methods: A single institution retrospective charts review was conducted for patients diagnosed with stage I-III lung cancer and treated with VATS or OT from May 2005 - May 2015. Patients and tumor characteristics included age at diagnosis, sex, tobacco use, tumor location, stage, size and receipt of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Chis-square and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare demographic, tumor characteristics and LOS. Multiple logistic and Cox regressions were used to compute relative risk (RR) for positive margins and mortality hazards ratio along with 95 percent confidence interval limits (95%CI), respectively. Results: A total of 232 patients underwent lung resection for cancer diagnosis; VATS n = 99 and OT n = 133. Age at diagnosis, sex, tobacco use, tumor location, and size were not significantly different between the two groups. VATS was more frequently performed for stage I lung cancer compared to OT, p = 0.043. The risk of positive margin RR = 0.49 (95%CI = 0.15, 1.60) and mortality HR = 1.49 (95%CI = 0.90, 2.46) were similar between the two groups. However, the median LOS was significantly shorter (4 days) for VATS than OT (6 days), p = 0.001. Conclusions: Our results show that both short and long-term oncologic outcomes are comparable between VATS and OT. VATS results in shorter LOS and should be considered as the approach of choice for patients undergoing lung resection for cancer. [Table: see text]
A pocket history of Ulster

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In straightforward text, this book sets out to unravel the complicated origins, causes and course of Ulster history. It traces the roots of the social divide in the early settlement of the area, and outlines the emergence of Nationalism and Unionism. It also explains the reasons for partition, which led to the setting-up of Northern Ireland in 1921, describes the operation of its government, and explores the reasons for its descent into instability. There is also coverage of the Civil Rights movement and the modern violent upheavals, the rise and strategies of the current protagonists, and the role of the Irish and British governments.
Relationship between Water Content and Mineralization of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils Varying in Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

An understanding on relationship between water content and mineralization of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) across soils varying in physical and chemical characteristics is required to assess the influence of soil physico-chemical properties on soil organic matter decomposition. However, such information is rarely available. Relationship between C and N mineralization of three soils varying in physico-chemical properties with different measurements of water content (water-filled pore space, gravimetric water content, volumetric water content, and water holding capacity) was studied through an incubation experiment for 8 weeks. Results of the experiment showed that C and N mineralization increased with increasing water content, reached a maximum, and then decreased with subsequent increasing water content levels. Maximum C and N mineralizations were observed at 70-80% and 50% water-filled pore space (WFPS), respectively. The ranges of WFPS for C and N mineralization were the narrowest among other measurements of water content. Therefore, it was likely that a single WFPS could be used in subsequent incubations to examine either C or N mineralization of soils with different characteristics. Result of this study suggests that the preliminary experiment on the relationship between mineralization of C and N and water content is necessary to do where mineralization is needed to be assessed in soils that have different physico-chemical characteristics.
SP4.1.10 Colorectal Cancer Services During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, UK health services ceased National Bowel Cancer Screening programme and non-emergency diagnostic services were halted. This retrospective study evaluated the colorectal cancer (CRC) service at a district general hospital during that period by comparing the CRC services from 31/03/2020 to 28/06/2020 to services offered during the same 3-month period of the previous year. Methods 65 patients were included in the study (47 from 2019 and 18 from 2020). Demographics, referral modes, treatment aims and Dukes cancer staging at diagnosis were compared. À2 and Fisher’s exact tests were used. Results There was a 61.7% decrease in the volume of patients managed and 65.7% reduction in operations relative to the previous year. The mean age(years) of 66.6 (S.D 14.1) during the pandemic was lower than the average during the non-COVID year (75.5(S.D 13)) but gender distribution was similar. COVID-year referrals originated from rapid access pathway (61%), emergency (28%), routine referrals (11%), screening (0%) compared to 56%, 21%, 21%, and 2% respectively during the non-COVID period. Dukes staging varied with Dukes D doubling (39% vs 17%) and no Dukes A (6% in 2019) during the pandemic. The treatment goal during the pandemic was palliative in 44% vs 32% in the other group. Conclusion Cessation of non-emergency diagnostic pathways that support identification of early disease contributed to diagnostic delays with increased proportion of palliative/Dukes D disease. Normal CRC services should be sustained during future pandemics to avoid missing curable disease.
An Analysis of Two Actor Plays of the Turkish Women Writers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this study the two-person plays of Adalet Ağaoğlu and Gülten Akın are evaluated on the basis of events, actors, time and places. The two actor plays of different characteristics first appeared in the Turkish theater in the 1960’s and from then on, many examples have been produced. Four of these plays are written by the two female authors mentioned above
How does self-concept clarity influence happiness in social settings? The role of strangers versus friends

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Self-concept clarity (SCC), defined as the extent to which the content of an individual’s self-beliefs is clearly and confidently defined and internally consistent, influences experiences in social relationships. This paper extends the previous literature on SCC by proposing and demonstrating that high-SCC individuals anticipate and experience more happiness than low-SCC individuals when they share a social setting with friends and anticipate and experience less happiness than low-SCC individuals when they share a social setting with strangers and that this is because of perceived interpersonal distance. A series of four studies, including both online studies and a field study, support these predictions. Alternative explanations of self-esteem and self-efficacy are also ruled out. The findings yield both theoretical contributions and practical implications.
From RAE to REF: Trust and Atmosphere in UK Higher Education Reform

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This analytical paper aims to examine trust and research atmosphere in higher education in the case of UK.It takes an economics perspective and draws on a conceptual framework developed by Hallén and Sandström (1991).It argues that the current Higher Education reform risks making the research atmosphere move from 'trustful' towards 'opportunist'.The UK government has recently taken a new turn with regard to its research and funding policies for universities: changing from a supply to a demand model, with an emphasis on research impacts.Initiatives, such as Research Excellence Framework (REF), can have adverse effects on trust and research atmosphere in higher education.Without trust, the integrity of scientific enquiry in higher education is undermined.This paper therefore investigates the detrimental impacts of such turn of research and funding policies on higher education.A call is made for real politics in higher education.
Evaluation of <em>In Vitro</em> Antibacterial Activity of<em> Liquidambar orientalis </em>Mill. Essential Oil Against Clinically Important Bacterial Pathogens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most critical challenges in treating bacterial infections today. The widespread and often inappropriate use of antibiotics has accelerated the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, making many conventional therapies ineffective. Without effective strategies to address this growing issue, bacterial pandemics that pose severe threats to global public health could emerge in the future. Objectives: This aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. essential oil against strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mannheimia haemolytica, Brucella melitensis, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Methods: The volatile constituents of L. orientalis Mill. essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and its antibacterial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. The McNemar test was used to statistically evaluate the difference in the detection rates of resistance/sensitivity between disc diffusion test and well diffusion test results. Results: GC-MS analysis identified 21 chemical constituents in L. orientalis Mill. essential oil, with cinnamyl cinnamate (62.56%), (1-methylcyclobutyl) benzene (31.30%), and squalene (2.96%) as the major components. Minor constituents such as α-pinene, camphene, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol were detected at concentrations below 1%. The essential oil demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains, with inhibition rates of 58.3% and 62.5% in the disc diffusion and agar well diffusion tests, respectively. Antibacterial activity was slightly higher against Gram-positive bacteria (80.0%) compared to Gram-negative strains (78.57%). The highest activity was observed against S. aureus in the disc diffusion test and against B. melitensis in the agar well diffusion test. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two methods regarding resistant/sensitive detection rates. Conclusions: L. orientalis Mill. essential oil exhibited strong in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. melitensis, E. coli, E. faecium, K. pneumoniae, and M. hemolytica, particularly at concentrations of 62.5, 31.25, and 15.62 µg/ml. These results suggest its potential as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Notably, when combined with antibiotics, it may offer therapeutic advantages against B. melitensis, the primary causative agent of human brucellosis. However, further in vivo studies are required to validate these findings and assess its practical applications in treating bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine.
Efficacy of Intravenous Dexamethasone and Placebo in Postop Sore Throat Prevention after Oral Endotracheal Intubation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To compare the efficacy of intravenous dexamethasone with placebo in preventing POST after endotracheal intubation in general surgical patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration of study: Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Pain Management, Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi from 12th January 2015 to 11th July 2015. Methodology: Sixty six patients underwent elective surgical procedures with tracheal intubation were included. Patients were randomly divided in Group A treated with dexamethasone and Group B treated with normal saline. Anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later. Tracheal intubation was performed after ensuring maximum neuromuscular blocking affect. At the end of the 24 hours after surgery POST was evaluated by VAS. Results: Thirty seven (56.1%) were males and 29(43.9%) were females. Efficacy was significantly high in group A as compare to group B (84.4% vs. 33.3%; p=0.0005]. Conclusion: Prophylactic intravenous administration of dexamethasone was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of POST after tracheal extubation. Keywords: Sore throat, Dexamethasone, Endotracheal intubation, General surgical
Organizational and economic support of export activity of a manufacturing enterprise in the conditions of globalization

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The article describes the concept of export, export activity. There are differences between these concepts. The essence of organizational and economic support of export activity of manufacturing enterprise is revealed. The factors that influence the slowdown / termination of export activity of manufacturing enterprises have been identified. Seven main aspects of organizational and economic support of a manufacturing enterprise in the conditions of globalization are highlighted: regulatory and legal support; infrastructure; information support; innovative provision; investment support; resource support; organizational support. Recommendations have been developed to improve several aspects of organizational and economic support of a manufacturing enterprise in the context of globalization.
Evaluation of Mutagenicity Testing of Extracts from Processed Oil Shale

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity assay was used to screen processed oil shale extracts for potentially carcinogenic chemicals. Positive mutagenic activity was detected in organic solvent extracts of all four spent shales tested. This result combined with the fact that most carcinogens (90 percent) have been detected as mutagens in the Ames test, indicates that these extracts contain carcinogens. Aqueous extracts of spent shale exhibited marginal or no mutagenic response, presumably because the techniques for extracting and concentrating trace quantities of these nearly water-insoluble compounds are inadequate. Several problems which might limit application of the Ames assay for environmental screening were also explored. The results of assays of one-to-one mixtures of two mutagens which exhibited different dose response curves when assayed separately indicated the response to the mixture was non-additive. F~rthermore, the response to the mixture was determined to be statistically indistinguishable (chi square analysis) from the dose response curve of one of the mutagens in the majority of cases. This masking effect was found to persist for one strong mutagen (benzo(a)pyrene) even when it composed only 10 percent of the mixture. The effect of various non-toxic solvents on the mutagenic response of certain mutagens was also determined. The present study showed that the choice of solvent (ethanol, methanol, dimethylsulfoxide. p-dioxane) can significantly alter the magnitude of the mutagenic response. Certain solvents may also confer a toxicity to compounds which are not otherwise toxic when assayed at the same concentration in another solvent.
Third-Order Noncanonical Neutral Delay Differential Equations: Nonexistence of Kneser Solutions via Myshkis Type Criteria

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to add some new asymptotic and oscillatory results for third-order neutral delay differential equations with noncanonical operators. Without assuming any extra conditions, by using the canonical transform technique, the studied equation is changed to a canonical type equation, and this reduces the number of classes of nonoscillatory solutions into two instead of four. Then, we obtain Myshkis type sufficient conditions for the nonexistence of Kneser type solutions for the studied equation. Finally, employing these newly obtained criteria, we provide conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the studied equation. Examples are presented to illustrate the importance and the significance of the main results.
Ethnicities and multiculturalisms: politics of boundaries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How far have ethnic studies advanced past the finding that ethnicity is constructed, not primordial? While the "decolonization of ethnicity" is still under way, at times the stream of ethnic studies seems to add up to little more than a series of vignettes. Ethnicity is still talked about in a generalizing fashion, as if in each contribution the sociology of ethnicity has to be reinvented again and again. But what if we unpack ethnicity by means of a typology and taxonomy of ethnicities, and thus bring the sociology of ethnicity to the foreground and bring finesse and method into the discussion? This is the aim of the first chapter.
New epoxy/silica‐titania hybrid materials prepared by the sol–gel process

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A new type of inorganic‐polymer hybrid materials of epoxy/silica‐titania had been prepared by incorporating grafted epoxy, which had been synthesized by epoxy and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), with highly reactive TEOS and tetrabutyltitanate (TBT) by using the in situ sol–gel process. The grafted epoxy was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopic technique. Results of FT‐IR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that epoxy chains have been covalently bonded to the surface of the SiO 2 ‐TiO 2 particles. The particles size of SiO 2 ‐TiO 2 are about 20–50 nm, as characterized by AFM. The experimental results showed that the glass‐transition temperatures and the modulus of the modified systems were higher than that of the unmodified system, and the impact strength was enhanced by two to three times compared with that of the neat epoxy. The morphological structure of impact fracture surface and the surface of the hybrid materials were observed by scanning electron microscopy and AFM, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1075–1081, 2006
Implimentasi Sistem Bunga dan Bagi Hasil Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perbankan

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This research is aimed to know difference of the financial performance of the conventional banking and the syariah banking. Financial is measured by using ratios: ratio of capital to asset deliberated by according to risk, ratio of earning asset which classified to earning asset (KAP. I), ratio of allowance for possible earning losses to classified earning asset ( KAP.II), ratio of net operating income to operating income (NPM) representing proxy from management, ratio of profit before interest and tax to total asset ( ROA), ratio of operating expenses to operating income (BOPO), ratio of current assets to current liabilities and ratio of loan to deposit (LDR). This research use the saturated simple, that all bank of state of the public ownerships (BUMN) and bank of the Muamalat Indonesia, by using data of the secondary publicized by the Bank Indonesia each of semester, between period 2003-2011. The analysis instruments used was Multivariate Discriminant Analysis (MDA). Results of this research indicate that the CAMEL approach can determine banking financial performance. Pursuant to statistical test really there was financial performance difference between conventional banking and syariah banking, where conventional banking has better finance performance from syariah banking. This research found that CAR dan LDR; significantly differentiate conventional banking finance performance and syariah banking, in which the CAR was the most dominant