jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Electron Beam Deflection: Part II. Applications of the Small-Angle Deflection Theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The theory developed in Part I is applied to a number of typical deflection fields such as the fields produced by parallel plates, parallel cylinders, semi-infinite co-planar sheets, and bent-plates. Graphs for the magnitude of deflection are given. An electrolytic tank potential-plotting device is described which was used for the determination of the potential distribution of some of the deflection fields. The theory shows that the deflection is a function of the initial conditions of the electron beam before entering the field and that it is a slightly non-linear function of the field strength. It follows that the fluorescent spot and the pattern produced on the screen of cathode-ray tubes will show distortions. These distortions were calculated for several deflection fields and electron beam shapes; the results are shown graphically. The problem of the reduction of these distortion effects is discussed.
Primary grassland communities of urban open spaces in Gauteng, South Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A vegetation survey of natural grasslands was undertaken in the urban areas of Gauteng, supporting about 20% of the country's population. Relevés were compiled in 132 sample plots placed in selected open spaces in the study area. A floristic-sociological classification revealed eight grassland communities, represented by 59 relevés. A hierarchical classification, description and ecological interpretation of these plant communities are presented. © 2006 SAAB.
Physician Status Characteristics and Client Satisfaction in Two Types of Medical Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Authors developed and tested a model of client satisfaction with medical care in which sociodemographic characteristics of the physician affect client satisfaction under conditions of unmet expectations and a lack of choice. They hypothesized that in small fee-for-service practices such as solo practice, where the client chooses his or her physician, status characteristics of the doctor would be unrelated to client satisfaction. Conversely, in large prepaid group practices where the client is assigned a physician, nonnormative physician status characteristics would create lower client satisfaction. Because expectations are based on statistical norms, it was hypothesized that clients in large prepaid multispecialty groups would be most satisfied with physicians who fit the norm-middle-aged white males from higher status Protestant or Jewish backgrounds. In a sample of pediatricians and their clients, authors found their hypotheses to be strongly supported, with one modification-the relationship between client satisfaction and the physician's socioeconomic background is parabolic. Furthermore, the negative effect of nonnormative physician religious status on client satisfaction in large prepaid groups is offset by the client-physician match and by experience with the physician.
Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from patients with sexually transmitted diseases from four cities in Southern China

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in high risk populations of STDs from four cities in Southern China.Methods C.trachomatis was detected by a plasmid PCR in 1180 specimens collected in Hengyang,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Jiangmen,and then the major outer membrane protein gene (ompl) was amplified by nested PCR (nPCR) with plas- mid-PCR-positive specimens.The amplicons of ompl were digested by restriction endonuclease Alu I,Msp I,EcoR I,or Dde I.C.trachoraatis was genotyped according to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns.Results Of 301 plasmid-PCR-positive specimens,286 (48 collected from Hengyang,32 from Shanghai,52 from Guangzhou and 154 from Jiangmen) could be genotyped.The most prevalent geno- type was serotype E(30.8%),followed by J(23.8%),D(17.5%),F(10.5%),and G (6.2%).The dis- tribution of various genotypes was not different among different cities.Conclusion Polymorphic genotypes of C.trachomatis are prevalent in Hengyang,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Jiangmen,and there is no significant difference of genotype distribution among these four cities.
Effects of different degradation methods for solubility and bioactive properties of ovomucin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effects of six different degradation methods for solubility and bioactive properties of ovomucin were studied. The highest solubility of ovomucin was achieved by using sonication (12 min) of the single methods tested, while sonication (6 min) + enzymatic hydrolysis was the best of combined methods. Only three ovomucin samples, namely colloid milling, enzymatic hydrolysis and sonication (6 min) + enzymatic hydrolysis, was found to contain moderate antiviral activity against NDV.
Adaptive cancellation of transmitter leakage in frequency-division duplexing transceivers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose an adaptive nonlinear filtering scheme based on a modified normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm for cancellation of transmitter leakage in frequency-division duplexing (FDD) zero intermediate frequency (zero-IF) transceivers. The modified NLMS method is derived from the minimization of the squared Euclidean norm of the change in the weight vector between two consecutive iterations subject to a specific error constraint, where only the second-order intermodulation effect is considered. The most distinct feature of the proposed NLMS scheme is relieving the desired signal suppression issue associated with a previous related NLMS method. It achieves pretty good performance with low computational complexity. Computer simulation results show that the proposed one significantly outperforms the previous related work for transmitter leakage cancellation in FDD zero-IF transceivers.
Challenges relating to comparison of flavonoid glycosides dissolution profiles from Sutherlandia frutescens products

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Unlike the case of conventional drug formulations, dissolution tests have hitherto not been required for herbal medicinal products commercially available in South Africa. This study investigated dissolution of the South African Sutherlandia frutescens using selected flavonoid glycosides as marker compounds. Dissolution of markers was assessed in three dissolution media at pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8, and samples were analysed using a validated HPLC method. The dissolution profile of each marker varied for the different materials investigated. All three media utilised showed differences in flavonoid glycoside dissolution between the S. frutescens products evaluated, with f 2 values < 50 for comparison of flavonoid dissolution from any two of the materials. Dissolution of S. frutescens materials could thus be characterised using the markers in all the media tested. This tool may be employed in the future for comparison of orally administered S. frutescens products, provided between- batch variability is evaluated and found less than between-sample variability.
A Measure of Malpractice: Medical Injury, Malpractice Litigation, and Patient Compensation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For many years, proponents of alternative medical malpractice liability systems would illustrate the shortcomings of the present system with anecdotal evidence. However compelling these individual examples were, they could not and do not form a basis for intelligent discourse on malpractice policy considerations. A Measure of Malpracticerecounts the Harvard Medical Practice Study and meets the need for such a systematic, empirical investigation. In dispassionate, painstaking detail, the specifics of a large number of hospital admissions in New York are recounted, along with subsequent medical negligence allegations and the response of both the medical and legal systems. Inpatient medical records documenting the care afforded to 30 000 hospitalized individuals were examined. Criteria were developed to identify not only adverse events, but also the subset of injuries that were the result of substandard medical care. The varying severity of injury in these adverse incidents was described, and comparative data were collected
Plasma-Initiated Graft Polymerization of Acrylic Acid onto Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide as a Platform for Immobilization of Water-Oxidation Catalysts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The discovery of new and versatile strategies for the immobilization of molecular water-oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is crucial for developing clean energy conversion devices [e.g., (photo)electrocatalytic cells for water splitting]. The traditional approach for surface attachment to transparent conductive oxides [e.g., fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)] is via synthetic modification of the ligand architecture to incorporate functional groups such as carboxylic acids (-COOH) or phosphonates (-PO3H2) prior to immobilization. However, challenges arising from desorption and the cumbersome derivatizations steps have limited the scope and applications of surface-bound WOCs. Herein, we report the successful immobilization of underivatized Ru(II)-based WOCs (Ru-Cat1 = [Ru(tpy) (bpy) (H2O)]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6'2″-terpyridine and bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and Ru-Cat2 = [Ru(Mebimpy) (bpy) (H2O)]2+ (Mebimpy = 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl) pyridine)) and the Ru(II) polypyridyl chromophore Ru-C3 = [Ru(bpy)3]2+ onto a FTO plasma-grafted poly(acrylic acid) surface (PAA|FTO). Various characterization techniques such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry measurements provide evidence for the plasma-induced grafted PAA|FTO film and immobilization. Surface stability and electrocatalytic properties of these new hybrid composite films upon cycling were investigated at different pH values. Immobilized Ru-Cat1 and Ru-Cat2 onto PAA|FTO displayed pH-dependent (RuIII/RuII) couples and onset potentials indicative of PCET (proton-coupled electron transfer) reactions. Based on cyclic voltammetry results and spectroscopic monitoring, the immobilized WOCs Ru-Cat1 and Ru-Cat2 exhibited a higher surface stability in neutral aqueous solutions relative to Ru-C3 upon electrochemical oxidation. We attribute the surface PCET and stability to the presence of a water ligand in the coordination sphere of immobilized Ru-Cat1 and Ru-Cat2 which can H-bond with negatively charged carboxylate groups of the cross-linked PAA brushes. Our findings demonstrate that the plasma-grafted polymeric network onto FTO offers a versatile platform to directly anchor unmodified homogeneous WOCs or chromophores for potential applications in solar-to-fuel energy conversion.
Comparison of microplate, agar drop and well diffusion plate methods for evaluating hemolytic activity of Listeria monocytogenes

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Hemolytic activity is an important characteristic for the differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes from apathogenic Listeria species within of conventional laboratory practices. We compared the efficacy of the agar well diffusion method with respect to two previously described methods such as the agar drop and microplate methods in quantifying hemolysis of L. monocytogenescultures. The hemolytic activities of 13 strains of L. monocytogenes were tested. Two culture media (Mueller Hinton blood agar and Mueller Hinton blood agar supplemented with 0.2% activated charcoal and 1 mmol/L CaCl2) were evaluated, using the agar drop and well diffusion methods as plating procedure. The agar well diffusion method was the best plating procedure for detecting the hemolysis of all strains studied after 24 and 48 h of incubation (p < 0.01). In addition, this plating procedure showed a greater sensitivity compared to microplate method at a read time of 6 h, giving positive reactions with all strains at an inoculum of 108 cfu/ml. The supplementation of charcoal on blood agar had a positive effect only when the plates were incubated after 48 h (p < 0.01). The results indicate that the agar well diffusion method can detect and quantify L. monocytogenes hemolytic activity faster and with higher sensitivity than the other two methods here studied.

Key words: Listeria monocytogenes, hemolytic activity, microplate, agar drop and well diffusion methods
Drug Information for Prescribers and Dispensers: Toward a Model System

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Four alternative ways of providing health care professionals with drug information are examined in terms of medical and social values. It is assumed that maximum patient benefit will result when prescribing decisions can be made in an environment of enlightened neutrality. The alternative of maintaining the status quo is discarded because it does little to provide practitioners with complete data. The second alternative notes major reforms that would further regulate promotional efforts and upgrade the qualifications of detailmen. Because this approach yields a suboptimum solution, a third alternative introduces the concept of a National Drug Education Foundation. This countervailing force would disseminate objective drug information to clinicians through 2,000 therapeutic consultants, subsidize professional journals and schools, develop regional drug information centers, and conduct a variety of related functions. Foundation operations are estimated to cost $167 million per year or about one-seventh of current expenditures for drug promotion and information. Since commercial inputs would not only be redundant but also tend to negate Foundation efforts, the fourth model contends that social benefits can be optimized only when such outlays are terminated.
Digital inpainting with applications to forensic image processing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the development of multimedia processing and applications, multiple types of media security and forensic have been broadly taken into consideration. The media data includes audio, video, graphic, image and etc. There are three main applications of the forensic image processing: hiding data, tampering detection and recovering of the digital information. Some artifacts and lost details on the image or video could lead to an erroneous interpretation. The objective of this paper is to ensure the production of quality forensic imagery using digital inpainting. Inpanting in images and videos aims at filling gaps (holes) occur due to instrumentation error, losses of image data during transmission. The holes may correspond to missing parts or removed objects from the scenes (logos, text, etc.). This paper includes brief descriptions of advantages, disadvantages, and potential of inpainting with applications to the forensic image processing. We present an image inpainting method based on the texture and structure propagation. It is shown that this approach allows restoring a fingerprint, missing blocks and removing a text from the scenes. Several examples considered in this paper show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for large objects removal as well as recovery of small regions on several test images and videos.
Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the gut of Octopus (Octopus spp.) and mussel (Perna indica)

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Seafood constitutes an important food component for a large section of world Population. They come after meat and poultry as staple animal protein. Sea food are prone to bacterial contamination, especially in filter feeding bivalves such as mussel and oysters which constitute a filtration system and, therefore, are ideally suited to trap all bacteria and viruses (AdebayoTayo 2011). They are also found in invertebrates like Octopus, Squids, Cuttlefish, Crabs, Shrimp, Lobsters etc (Adeleye et al., 2010). Vibrios are most commonly associated with sea food as natural contaminants. They are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile, curved rods with a single polar flagellum. Among the members of this genus, 12 species have been reported pathogenic to humans and 8 of them are associated with food borne infection of the gastro intestinal tract. Most of the foods borne infections are caused by V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus(Oliver and Kaper, 1997; Dalsgaard, 1998), V. alginolyticus, V. mimicus, V. fluvalisand V. ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 1 (2015) pp. 543-551 http://www.ijcmas.com
Oryza sativa Linnaeus IRGC 13516

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Oryza sativa Linnaeus
Common name(s): Rice
Other names: KETUMBAR
Conserved by: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines
Local sample unique identifier: IRGC 13516
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1971-10-22
Other identifiers: n/a,319498
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Art. 15 collection
Interlaboratory Comparison of Quantifying Hydrocarbons and Trace Elements in Sediment Samples from a Tropical Estuary

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Marine and Environmental Studies Laboratory at PUC-Rio, in partnership with the PETROBRAS R&D Center (Brazil), conducted an interlaboratory comparison of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and trace element determinations. The goal of this study was to produce a homogeneous and stable material and obtain consensus concentration values for its use as a reference material (RM) for sediments from tropical regions. The prepared material is adequate for use as a reference material because it has remained stable (Test F, ANOVA, p < 0.05) since its preparation in 2007. In this study, several alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were included, and the resulting dispersion was the same order of magnitude as the parental PAH (16 PAH USEPA).
Ultrastructural analysis of the adaptation of articular cartilage to mechanical stimulation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ultrastructural analysis was conducted on samples of articular cartilage taken from both load-bearing and non-load-bearing areas with the aim of evaluating the morphologic adaptation of the articular cartilage to mechanical stimulation and identifying the mechanisms of interaction of the chondrocyte and the matrix. Through this analysis we were able to better define the adaptation process of the cartilage as well as the modalities of mechanical stress transmission. We believe that the complex formed by the chondrocyte, the pericellular matrix, and the pericellular capsule constitutes the biomechanical unit of the articular cartilage which serves as the sensor and transducer of mechanical stress. The arrangement of the collagen fibers and the proteoglycans which make up the pericellular capsule and membrane around the chondrocyte can be compared, from a mechanical standpoint, to a dynamic structure constructed in order to absorb the load stresses and protect the internal environment. From a biological standpoint, these are comparable to an extracellular-scaffold constructed with the aim of mediating the interaction between the chondrocyte and the territorial and inter-territorial compartments.
Quantitation of 99mTc-DPD uptake in patients with transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is a rare but serious infiltrative disease associated with a wide spectrum of morphologic and functional cardiac involvement. 99mTc-labelled 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (DPD), initially developed as a bone-seeking radiotracer, is remarkably sensitive for imaging cardiac ATTR amyloid deposits. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility and utility of estimating 99mTc-DPD uptake in myocardial tissue; this has the potential to yield reliable quantitative information on cardiac amyloid burden, which is urgently required to monitor disease progression and response to novel treatments. Methods: Three methods of quantitation were developed and tested on 74 patients with proven cardiac ATTR amyloidosis who had recently undergone 99mTc-DPD planar whole-body imaging and SPECT-CT. Quantitative results were compared to measurements of extracellular volume fraction (ECV) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, a validated technique for measuring amyloid burden. Results: An experienced clinician graded uptake using a widely-used visual scoring system as 1 (n = 15), 2 (n = 39) or 3 (n = 20). Linear correlations between the SPECT and ECV data (p 99mTc-DPD uptake in the heart was significantly greater in patients with grade-3 uptake than in those with grade-2 uptake. Conclusions: Quantitation of 99mTc-DPD uptake in cardiac transthyretin amyloid deposits is complex and is hindered by competition for radiotracer with amyloid in skeletal muscle. The latter underlies differences in uptake between grade-2 and grade-3 patients, not cardiac uptake.
Comparative Physiological Action of Quaternary Ammonium Salts of the Epinephrine Series.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The classical studies of Barger and Dale on the relationships between chemical constitution and physiological action of compounds related in structure to epinephrine included 3 quaternary ammonium salts, hordenine methiodide, 3:4-dihydroxyphenylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and trimethylaminoacetocatechol chloride. These compounds were found to resemble nicotine, rather than epinephrine, in their physiological actions and the conclusion was tentatively drawn that the relative intensity of these effects paralleled the relative intensity of the sympathomimetic action of the corresponding amino or methylamino derivatives. It became of interest to see if this generalization would hold for other quaternary ammonium salts of the epinephrine group of compounds, since it might be considered to indicate a close similarity in the processes by which nicotine and epinephrine act upon their respective cellular mechanisms. Sixteen compounds of this type have been synthesized and studied. Their structures may be represented by the general formula, where R is C6H5-, p-HO-C6H4-, p-CH3O-C6H4-, p-CH3COO-C6H4-, or m, p-(HO)2-C6H3-; R1 is H, OH, OCOCH3 or OCOC6H5 and R2 is H or CH3. In general, all of these compounds exert a certain degree of activity resembling that of nicotine, with regard to their central nervous system and circulation effects as indicated by the respiratory and pressor responses in dogs following their intravenous injection. Many of these compounds are intensely active, some more active than nicotine on injecting molecularly equivalent concentrations, and the circulatory effects of almost all these compounds in comparison with their central nervous system effects seem to be relatively greater than observed with nicotine.