jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length With Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) decreases over the adult life course owing to the cumulative burden of oxidative stress, inflammation, and exposure to vascular risk factors. Left ventricular (LV) mass is a biomarker of long-standing exposure to cardiovascular disease risk factors. We hypothesized that LTL is related inversely to LV mass. Methods and Results— We related LTL (measured by Southern blot analysis) to echocardiographic LV mass and its components (LV diastolic dimension and LV wall thickness) in 850 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age 58 years, 58% women) using multivariable linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, and smoking. Overall, multivariable-adjusted LTL was positively related to LV mass (β-coefficient per SD increase 0.072; P =0.001), LV wall thickness (β=0.053; P =0.01), and LV diastolic dimension (β=0.035; P =0.09). We observed effect modification by hypertension status ( P for interaction=0.02 for LV mass); LTL was more strongly associated with LV mass and LV wall thickness in individuals with hypertension (β-coefficient per SD increment of 0.10 and 0.08, respectively; P <0.01 for both). Participants with hypertension who were in the top quartile of LV mass had LTL that was 250 base pairs longer than those in the lowest quartile ( P for trend across quartiles=0.009). Conclusions— In contrast to our expectation, in the present community-based sample, LTL was positively associated with LV mass and wall thickness, especially so in participants with hypertension. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that longer LTL may be a marker of propensity to LV hypertrophy.
Criminal Responsibility and Mental Health Disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract: The intersection of criminal responsibility and mental health disorders is a complex and evolving area of law and psychology. This abstract explores the key concepts and issues surrounding the determination of criminal responsibility in individuals with mental health disorders. It examines the criteria used to assess competency to stand trial, the insanity defence, and the challenges in balancing justice and mental health treatment. The abstract also reviews current research and legal precedents, highlighting the varying approaches across different jurisdictions and the ethical considerations involved. Finally, it discusses the implications for policy, clinical practice, and future research directions in this critical field at the intersection of law and mental health.
Locally Broken Shock Wave Detection with One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network in Shock Turbulence Interaction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We attempted to detect a locally broken shock wave by deep learning based on data obtained by direct numerical simulations (DNS). DNSs were performed for three conditions: (M_s,M_t )=(1.1,0.06),(1.3,0.13) and (1.1,0.13), for the shock wave Mach number M_s and turbulent Mach number M_t. In deep learning, the input data are one-dimensional data set consisting of 256 points each, which is the profiles of pressure P and velocity in the x-direction u from the three-dimensional data obtained by DNS. If the shock wave does not exist in the data, the 257th element is substituted with 1 and all other elements with 0. As a result, no problems specific to deep learning were encountered during training. In addition, when the pressure gradient almost disappeared, the deep learning model is able to recognize the absence of shock waves in the data. However, when the pressure gradient is extremely large, the shock wave is recognized to exist in the data, but its location cannot be detected accurately. Therefore, we used the minimum value of the gradient to detect the location of the shock wave, and let the deep learning model determine whether or not the shock wave exists, and found that the structure observed in the model-only output results is maintained, while the model is able to eliminate the false detection of the position, maintaining the structure as seen in the model-only output results.
Political Negotiations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter focuses on princely strategies during negotiations over the establishment of a federation of British India and the princely states during the 1930s. Both British and princely officials relied on divisible sovereignty to redraw the boundaries among the domestic, the imperial, and the international spheres. Some British officials considered the division of sovereign powers in a federation to be a means to extend British authority over South Asia while others regarded it as a disastrous policy that would result in the loss of imperial territory. The princes were also divided about federal proposals. Although they considered the divisibility of sovereignty in federal arrangements to be a useful mechanism to allow the states to maintain their autonomy while cultivating relationships with the Crown and with British India, they disagreed on the implications of federation for state sovereignty. The federationists argued that the federal structure would legalize the existing mechanism of paramountcy by minimizing British and nationalist interference in state affairs to issues that were specifically set out in negotiated constitutional documents. The anti-federationists feared being constitutionally united with anticolonial nationalists in British India and instead favoured a looser model of confederation with British India together with the provision of imperial guarantees for the protection of state affairs from nationalist interference. This chapter examines three key moments in the federal debates—the birth of federation, the fracas over federation and confederation, and the final federal offer—to trace the princes’ varied political projects that were supported by articulations of divisible sovereignty.
Frontispiece: A Chemo‐Enzymatic Cascade for the Smart Detection of Nitro‐ and Halogenated Phenols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Biocatalysis A chemoenzymatic cascade to convert nitro- and halogenated phenols into d-luciferin is described by P. Chaiyen et al. in their Communication on page 13254. The reaction is coupled with firefly luciferase to generate bioluminescence.
Accounting for Militarized Interstate Disputes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter consists of three sections, the first two of which convey the results of data analysis in accounting for MID involvement, and the third provides a case study. The first section presents a series of logistic regression models that preserve continuity with the general approach taken in the field. The second section follows up on the potentially pathbreaking method put forward by Beck et al. (2000) with respect to the application of neural networks to the study of international conflict, crisis, and war. Taken together, the empirical results from the two sections of the analysis should provide a good sense of whether civil-military dynamics and political communications are relevant to the new quest for international peace. The third and final section of this chapter addresses the most persistent anomaly in the findings, namely, the apparent connection of diplomatic channels with MID involvement. The role of diplomacy is reassessed through a contemporary case: the interactions of the United States with North Korea over the latter's nuclear program during the first term of President George W. Bush.
Demonstration of the cold sintering process study for the densification and grain growth of ZnO ceramics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the cold sintering process ( CSP ), it was found that adding acetic acid to an aqueous solution dramatically changed both the densities and the grain microstructures of the ZnO ceramics. Bulk densities >90% theoretical were realized below 100°C, and the average conductivity of CSP samples at around 300°C was similar to samples conventionally sintered at 1400°C. Frequently, ZnO is also used as a model ceramic system for fundamental studies for sintering. By the same procedure as the grain growth of the conventional sintering, the kinetic grain growth exponent of the CSP samples was determined as N =3, and the calculated activated energy of grain growth was 43 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that reported using conventional sintering. The evidence for grain growth under the CSP is important as it indicates that there is a genuine sintering process being activated at these low temperatures and it is beyond a pressurized densification process.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Evaluation of Some New Aryl Substituted Purine Derivatives

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Reaction of 4, 6-dichloropyrimidine-2, 5-diamine hydro chloride with different substituted anilines in presence of alcohol results in the formation of aryl substituted pyrimidine derivatives (1-5).Aryl substituted pyrimidine derivatives react with Tri ethyl ortho formate in presence of acid form respective 6-chloro purine derivatives (6-10).Further 6-chloro purine derivatives react with cyclopropyl amine results in the formation of substituted purinyl derivatives (11)(12)(13)(14)(15).The structures of these compounds have been established by 1 H NMR studies, IR studies and Mass data.All the substituted purinyl derivatives were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria and three fungi activities.Some of the compounds found to have fairly good activity.
Characteristics of viable-but-nonculturable Vibrio parahaemolyticus induced by nutrient-deficiency at cold temperature

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been consistently found to be involved in the food-borne disease outbreaks every year. Particularly, V. parahaemolyticus can be induced into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under cold-starvation conditions. In this physiological state, V. parahaemolyticus losses its colony-forming ability and shows reduced metabolic activities. The subsequent failure of its detection may threaten public health-hygiene practices. Until now, evident information on physiological properties of VBNC V. parahaemolyticus and its underlying mechanism remains unclear and unorganized. Therefore, this review summarized survival behavior, persistence, and entry of pathogenic microorganisms into a VBNC state in response to various environmental conditions and discussed distinctive characteristics of VBNC cells. To survive under unfavorable environments, VBNC V. parahaemolyticus shows marked modifications in cell membrane composition, fatty acid synthesis, morphology, metabolism, gene expression, and capability of adhesion and virulence. These physiological modifications might be closely associated with an imbalance in maintaining essential biological processes within VBNC cells, thereby causing a decrease in cell membrane fluidity. To develop an efficient surveillance method and to prevent the recovery of VBNC cells in food, the induction of a VBNC state needs to be profoundly understood.
FAP20 is an inner junction protein of doublet microtubules essential for both the planar asymmetrical waveform and stability of flagella inChlamydomonas

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The axoneme—the conserved core of eukaryotic cilia and flagella—contains highly specialized doublet microtubules (DMTs). A long-standing question is what protein(s) compose the junctions between two tubules in DMT. Here we identify a highly conserved flagellar-associated protein (FAP), FAP20, as an inner junction (IJ) component. The flagella of Chlamydomonas FAP20 mutants have normal length but beat with an abnormal symmetrical three-dimensional pattern. In addition, the mutant axonemes are liable to disintegrate during beating, implying that interdoublet connections may be weakened. Conventional electron microscopy shows that the mutant axonemes lack the IJ, and cryo–electron tomography combined with a structural labeling method reveals that the labeled FAP20 localizes at the IJ. The mutant axonemes also lack doublet-specific beak structures, which are localized in the proximal portion of the axoneme and may be involved in planar asymmetric flagellar bending. FAP20 itself, however, may not be a beak component, because uniform localization of FAP20 along the entire length of all nine DMTs is inconsistent with the beak's localization. FAP20 is the first confirmed component of the IJ. Our data also suggest that the IJ is important for both stabilizing the axoneme and scaffolding intra–B-tubular substructures required for a planar asymmetrical waveform.
Transfer Learning via Contextual Invariants for One-to-Many Cross-Domain Recommendation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The rapid proliferation of new users and items on the social web has\naggravated the gray-sheep user/long-tail item challenge in recommender systems.\nHistorically, cross-domain co-clustering methods have successfully leveraged\nshared users and items across dense and sparse domains to improve inference\nquality. However, they rely on shared rating data and cannot scale to multiple\nsparse target domains (i.e., the one-to-many transfer setting). This, combined\nwith the increasing adoption of neural recommender architectures, motivates us\nto develop scalable neural layer-transfer approaches for cross-domain learning.\nOur key intuition is to guide neural collaborative filtering with\ndomain-invariant components shared across the dense and sparse domains,\nimproving the user and item representations learned in the sparse domains. We\nleverage contextual invariances across domains to develop these shared modules,\nand demonstrate that with user-item interaction context, we can learn-to-learn\ninformative representation spaces even with sparse interaction data. We show\nthe effectiveness and scalability of our approach on two public datasets and a\nmassive transaction dataset from Visa, a global payments technology company\n(19% Item Recall, 3x faster vs. training separate models for each domain). Our\napproach is applicable to both implicit and explicit feedback settings.\n
Effects of Postconditioning, Preconditioning and Perfusion of L-carnitine During Whole Period of Ischemia/ Reperfusion on Cardiac Hemodynamic Functions and Myocardial Infarction Size in Isolated Rat Heart.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The results of the present work showed that LC produced protective effects against I/R injury. These protective actions were reversed by concomitant use of etomoxir (a CPT-I inhibitor), suggesting that the efficacy of LC could be due to its mitochondrial action, probably related to the raise in glucose oxidation of the reperfused hearts.
Reactions of low molecular weight polypropylene induced by titanium compounds

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The thermal and thermooxidative reactions of polypropylene oligomer in the presence of α‐TiCl 3 , TiOCl 2 , Ti(O‐i‐Pr) 4 , and HCl were studied. HCl is formed during the reaction of α‐TiCl 3 with hydrocarbon; the rate of formation is a function of the C–H bond strength. In the oxidation reactions of the polypropylene oligomer Ti 3+ acts as a terminator of the oxidation chain and, if its concentration is higher than that of the hydroperoxides, it inhibits the process. Ti 4+ (TiOCl 2 , Ti(O‐i‐Pr) 4 ) retards oxidation, and HCl acts as catalyst.
The instrumental method of pregnancy and infertility diagnosis in cattle: Age-wise efficiency

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Background and Aim. This article shows the results of the effectiveness of an instrumental method for diagnosing pregnancy and infertility of cows, taking into account the age of the animals. Due to changes in the body of animals of different ages, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the work on the diagnosis of pregnancy and infertility. Materials and Methods. Research work was carried out in 3 farms. The determination of pregnancy in animals is carried out using clinical and biophysical studies. The device "Pregnancy diagnosis" was used for the instrumental diagnostic method. Results. The effectiveness of an instrumental diagnostic method has been revealed, which allows to diagnose pregnancy and infertility of cows with high accuracy in the conditions of livestock farms in veterinary medicine, paying attention to the results in cows of different ages. The effectiveness of the instrumental method in the diagnosis of cows under the age of 2 years, 3-5 years of pregnancy is 83%, infertility is 84.6%; and in cows older than 5 years of pregnancy is 79.6%, infertility is 63.6%. The determination of pregnancy of cows showed an error of 7%, and the determination of infertility-3.3%. Conclusion. There are many methods for early detection of pregnancy in cows, but the most accurate and common are ultrasound and rectal palpation. These methods are safe and effective for diagnosing pregnancy in cattle. Although ultrasound may be more expensive, in this regard, our research shows the results of an instrumental method for diagnosing pregnancy.
Comments on “Screening and Identification of Novel Ochratoxin A-Producing Fungi from Grapes. Toxins 2016, 8, 333”—In Reporting Ochratoxin A Production from Strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Recently a species in the genus Talaromyces, a uniseriate species of Aspergillus section Nigri and an isolate each of two widespread species, Penicillium rubens and P. commune, were reported to produce ochratoxin A. This claim was based on insufficient biological and chemical data. We propose a list of criteria that need to be met before an unexpected mycotoxin producer is reported. There have only been convincing data on ochratoxin A production for Penicillium verrucosum, P. nordicum, P. thymicola, all from Penicillium series Verrucosa, and from species in three sections of Aspergillus: section Circumdati, section Nigri and section Flavi.
Operation and Performance of a Compact, Isochronous Cyclotron

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The apparent need for an inexpensive, reliable, and easy-to-operate cyclotron for isotope production, trace element analysis, and nuclear medicine has led to the design and construction of a 30-inch AVF cyclotron. This cyclotron has accelerated very stable beams of protons to 15 MeV, deuterons to 8 MeV, He3++ to 20 MeV, and alpha particles to 16 MeV. External beam currents in excess of 50 μA have been obtained for protons and deuterons. The required magnetic field for acceleration of all four particles is attained in a three-sector configuration without the use of profile coils. Two 120° dees provide an energy gain of 100 keV per turn. The ion source, using ion-heated cathodes instead of the usual hot-filament, has allowed internal beams of more than one mA of protons and deuterons to be accelerated to full energy. A 30 μA external beam of 15 MeV protons has also been obtained by accelerating and stripping H- ions.
A Model for Interfacial Activity of Acidic Crude Oil/Caustic Systems for Alkaline Flooding

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The interaction of the alkali in floodwater and the acids in reservoir crude results in the in-situ formation of surfactants, which are responsible for the lowering of interfacial tension (IFT) in caustic flooding. The extent to which IFT is lowered depends on the specific properties of the crude oil and the injection water. Therefore, it is important to establish the relationship between IFT and the essential chemical properties of the acidic oil and the floodwater. This paper presents such a relationship. In this discussion, the adsorption and the desorption of the active species at the interface are modeled as ionic processes using the Gouy-Chapman theory of the diffuse double layer. The interfacial potentials calculated using this model show a fair agreement with the experimentally measured trend of elcctrophoretic mobility. Also, the model rationalizes the experimentally observed effects of alkali concentration, salinity, and the oleic- to aqueous-phase ratio on IFT. We conclude that the acid number of the crude oil may not correlate directly with interfacial activity. Even in cases of low-acid-number crudes, significant interfacial activity could be obtained because of highly hydrophobic active species in the crude.
Heavier Ester analogues : synthesis of amidinate-stabilized aryloxo silanechalcogenones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first amidinate-stabilized aryloxosilylene [LSi(OAr)] (II, L = PhC(NtBu)2, Ar = 2,6-tBu2-4-MeC6H2) was synthesized by the reaction of the amidinate-stabilized chlorosilylene I with lithium 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyloxide in E120. After that, the amidinate-stabilized aryloxosilylene-borane adduct [L(ArO)Si~BH3] (III) and the amidinate-stabilized aryloxosilanechalcogenones [L(ArO)Si=E] [E = S (IV) and Se (V)] were synthesized by treatment of II with BH3, elemental sulfur and elemental selenium, respectively. The structures of the amidinate-stabilized aryloxosilylene, aryloxosilylene-borane adduct and aryloxosilanechalcogenones were determined by X-ray crystallography, and NMR spectroscopy. The 29Si NMR results showed that the amidinate-stabilized aryloxo silanechalcogenones [L(ArO)Si=E] [E = S (IV) and Se (V)] are upfield shifted compared with those of three-coordinate silanechalcogenones with Si=E double bond. However, the coupling constant of the silicon atom with the selenium atom in V is larger than that in the silaneselenide containing bridging Si-Se bonds. In the solid state, the four-membered Si-N-C-N rings in compounds II, III, IV and V are planner, and the phenyl rings are orthogonal to these planes. In addition, the bond lengths of C-N bonds are intermediate between single and double bond lengths, which indicate that the N-C-N skeletons are partially conjugated and there are electron delocalizations. From the X-ray crystallographic data, the bond lengths of the Si=E bonds [E = S (IV) and Se (V)] are intermediate between double and single bond due to the resonance structures between the Si=E double bond structure and the strongly delocalized Si+-E- single bond structure.
Effects of neuropeptide Y on food intake, glycemia and pancreatic secretion in the lizardPodarcis s. siculain early spring

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract In early spring, neuropeptide Y injections in the lizard Podarcis s. sicula caused an increase of appetite in animals compared with those injected with saline alone. Glycemia determination showed an annual cycle with a maximum of blood glucose in summer when animals feed, and a minimum in winter when they undergo a semi‐hibernation period during which they do not eat. In NPY‐treated lizards, blood glucose dropped as the NPY dose increased to reach significantly lower values than those of controls fed for the whole time of treatment. Both endocrine and exocrine pancreas was affected by the treatment. In particular, the insulin immunoreactive B cells appeared less intensely immunostained than those of the controls, with a progressive reduction of immunostaining, according to the NPY doses used. Optical density of immunostaining measurements of B cells, showing a progressive reduction of this parameter in the treated lizards, supported the morphological observations. Acinar cells, too, exhibited reduced immunostaining when tested for carboxypeptidase. Taken together, the findings suggest that exogenous NPY stimulated an increase of food intake, and basal insulin secretion, but lowered blood glucose by a direct and/or indirect mechanism via insulin secretion.