jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disorder most likely caused by gene–environment interactions. There is a latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence and vitamin D deficiency has been strongly implicated in MS aetiology. Iran is a country of high levels of sunshine which has previously been considered a low–risk MS region. However, Iran has recently observed an 8.3–fold rise in the incidence of MS between 1989–2006.1 Previous studies have indicated a genetic predisposition to MS in the Iranian population but genetic changes are unlikely to account for the substantial rise in MS over the last few decades. Thus, we aimed to develop a novel hypothesis to explain the identification of Iran as a high–risk MS region. We believe that the influence of decreased sunshine exposure and vitamin D levels on MS risk needs to be strongly considered in the context of Iran9s history. In 1979 the Iranian Revolution took place and a country previously under great Western influences became an Islamic republic. It became a government requirement for women to wear loose–fitting clothing and the veil in public; it has previously been shown that veiled women have lower vitamin D levels compared to unveiled women. This significant cultural shift would not only potentially explain the observed increase in MS but notably, it would account for the increasing female preponderance of MS in Iran. Given that the average age of MS onset is 30 years old and that MS incidence in Iran just over 30 years following the revolution is the highest so far recorded, an association with the Iranian revolution and reduced subsequent vitamin D levels in particularly pregnant women is likely. Lifestyle changes such as urbanization and use of sunscreen may to some extent have contributed to increased vitamin D deficiency, but these are unlikely to contribute to the particularly high increase in MS observed in Iran as these changes occurred across the developed world and there is no evidence to suggest that they were particularly great in Iran. A similar high incidence of MS has been observed among Iranian immigrants in countries at high latitude such as Sweden where Iranian immigrants have a reported greater prevalence of MS compared to the general population, despite wearing a veil not being a requirement. Instead it is well–known that UVB exposure is lower in countries at high latitude and thus, a similar effect of increased MS incidence due to vitamin D deficiency may be observed among those in Iran wearing the veil and those resident in countries at high latitude, even if they are not wearing the veil. Therefore, vitamin D repletion is a critical public health issue for Iranians both within and outside Iran, and could help prevent an emerging MS epidemic in this population. More generally, this region is highly interesting for MS research and highlights that regions of exception to the latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence are an under–appreciated and very useful resource in evaluating MS aetiology.
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND QUANTIFICATION OF LECTIN PROTEIN CONTENTS IN CHAMERION ANGUSTIFOLIUM L. DRIED RAW MATERIAL AND THE STUDY OF ITS ACTIVITY USING RATUSERYTROAGGLUTINATION

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective: To isolate, identify and quantify lectin protein contents in Chamerion angustifolium L. dried raw material species namely; leaves in the flowering stage, buds, and flowers and the study of its activity. Methods: Lectin activity has been determined using the biological method called ratuserytroagglutination. This method is based on the formation of aggregates of lectins and rat erythrocytes using the floor amount of lectins that agglutinate erythrocytes as a unit of measurement. Additionally, the protein contents of the extracts have been determined using the Bradford assay method. Results: lectins activity from Chamerion angustifolium L. in leaves in the flowering stage, buds, and flowers were 2.72±0.06, 0.24±0.008, and 0.56±0.014 units/mg protein, respectively. The greatest lectins activity was in the leaves in the flowering stage followed by flowers and then in buds. Protein contents in leaves in the flowering stage, buds, and flowers were 4.71±0.03, 6.77±0.02, and 5.76±0.14 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: All proteins obtained from the Chamerion angustifolium L. plant raw material were shown to possess rat erythrocytes agglutinating activity. The crude extract of leaves in the flowering stage exhibited the strongest hemagglutinating activity of about 2.72 units/mg proteins, whereas the buds showed the lowest activity of about 0.24 units/mg proteins. It should be highlighted herein, although many plant lectins mimic the behavior of plant storage proteins, these lectins should not be classified as storage proteins.
Effect of Different Storage Time of Petai (Parkia speciosa) on Amino Acid Score and Protein Digestibility (In Vitro)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Stink bean, locally known as petai, is widely consumed fresh as meals’ side dish. Petai often stored at room temperature for a relatively long time. This study aims to determine differences in amino acid scores and protein digestibility (in vitro) in petai with differences in storage time. Petai was
The potential of hydrogel‐free tumoroids in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Head and neck malignancy, and in particular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), is responsible for a significant disease burden globally. The lack of an optimal in vitro model system to accurately recapitulate in vivo response to therapy in HNSCC remains a challenge. The development of patient‐derived three‐dimensional tumour cultures, or tumoroids, has enabled improved modelling of the tumour microenvironment through simulation of important characteristics such as tumour hypoxia, cell–cell interactions and nutrient diffusion characteristics. Methods We performed a comprehensive English‐language literature review of current methods of tumoroid development utilising Matrigel and Cultrex Basement Membrane Extract 2 (key terms: tumour organoids, tumoroids, hydrogels, Matrigel, Cultrex, squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck)—two common proprietary murine‐derived hydrogels containing extracellular matrix proteins. Nascent literature on the establishment of a novel hydrogel‐free platform for tumoroid development as distinct from these existing methods was also explored. Results Whilst useful for facilitating cell‐matrix interactions and providing a scaffold for three‐dimensional cell growth and organisation, murine‐derived cell matrix methods were noted to have notable limitations including temperature sensitivity and the medium forming a barrier to analysis of the supernatant. A novel hydrogel‐free method of establishing in vitro tumoroid cultures has been subject to experimentation in colorectal but not head and neck malignancy. The absence of a hydrogel provides for the de novo synthesis of extracellular matrix native to the tumour and self‐organisation of cells within this scaffold through the use of ultralow attachment plates. This model demonstrates similar structural and physiological properties to native tissue, whilst enabling more accurate biomimicry of the tumour microenvironment for drug testing. Conclusions In the absence of prior experimentation on a hydrogel‐free method for establishing HNSCC tumoroids, and comparisons between hydrogel and hydrogel‐free models, the future development of a comparative protocol encompassing recruitment, collection, processing and analysis represents a valuable opportunity.
The Work Function of Thorium

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The average work functions of vacuum-deposited thorium films and of thorium foil have been measured by the Kelvin contact potential difference method, under ultra-high vacuum conditions. A reproducible value of 3.455 ± 0.012 ev was found for the work function of the vacuum-deposited films. In the case of the foil, the work function increased continuously with the duration of electron bombardment, eventually reaching a limiting value of 3.728 ± 0.010 ev after ninety-seven hours of bombardment. Reasons are discussed for identifying this value with the average work function of well-aged, polycrystalline thorium.
ECONOMICALLY AND ALIMENTARY IMPORTANT TRUFFLE SPECIES, ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRUFFLE CULTURE IN XIROMERO REGION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Subterranean Fungi of the genus Tuber live and grow only in symbiosis, with certain trees or plants roots (various species of oak, hazel, pine, linden, poplar, juniper, etc.), requiring specific pedoclimatic conditions. The truffle is a plant product, particularly rich in nitrogen, minerals, lipids, carbohydrates, organic acids, cellulose, colored substances, etc. Among the numerous existing species of truffle, just some of them are economically and alimentary important, such as: white truffle (Tuber magnatum), black truffle (Tuber melanosporum), the summer truffle (Tuber aestivum), whitish truffle (Tuber borchii), Tuber uncinatum etc. Establishment of truffle plantations can be achieved only with inoculated seedlings in specialized nurseries and under controlled conditions. Seedling inoculation is done through several methods, depending on the spores of the truffle species used, but also on the host plant species used.
N-Hetaryl-[2(1H)-pyridinyliden]cyanamides: A New Class of Systemic Insecticides

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The new chemical class N-hetaryl-[2(1H)-pyridinylidene]cyanamides were inspired by the long known five-ring structure 2-chloro-5-[2-(nitro-methylene)-1-imidazolidinyl]-pyridine (Shell) and the current development candidate flupyrimin (Meiji Seika Pharma) via scaffold hopping and the concept for designing "shortened structures" by omitting the "methylene link" as a structural feature. The most active N-hetaryl-[2(1H)-pyridinylidene]cyanamides can be synthesized on a technical scale by a simple manufacturing procedure. As full nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, the compounds bind with low affinity at the orthosteric binding site of nAChR. In molecular modeling studies, structural differences are visible in the superposition of active N-[6'-(trifluoromethyl)[1(2H),3'-bipyridin]-2-ylidene]cyanamide onto imidacloprid (IMD) and sulfoxaflor (SXF) in bound conformation. On the basis of their physicochemical properties, the most active xylem systemic candidates offer excellent aphicidal activity in vegetables and cotton, when applied as a foliar spray, by soil drench application, or, in particular, as seed dressing for seed treatment uses. Selected candidates show good plant compatibility and reveal a better risk profile with respect to bee pollinators than the majority of currently registered nAChR competitive modulators for seed treatment uses. Applied as a seed dressing in greenhouse profiling, good to excellent control of different aphid species has been observed. In field trials, an interesting level of activity potential against cereal grain aphids (inclusive virus vector control), corn rootworm, and wireworm could be demonstrated. According to molecular modeling investigations (Fukui functions, dipole moments, and electrostatic potentials), there is a broad scope for structure optimization of the chemical class leading to proposals for novel bicyclic insecticides.
Clothoid-based Planning and Control in Intelligent Vehicles (Autonomous and Manual-Assisted Driving)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

[EN] Nowadays, there are many electronic products that incorporate elements and features coming from the research in the field of mobile robotics. For instance, the well-known vacuum cleaning robot Roomba by iRobot, which belongs to the field of service robotics, one of the most active within the sector. There are also numerous autonomous robotic systems in industrial warehouses and plants. It is the case of Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGVs), which are able to drive completely autonomously in very structured environments. Apart from industry and consumer electronics, within the automotive field there are some devices that give intelligence to the vehicle, derived in most cases from advances in mobile robotics. In fact, more and more often vehicles incorporate Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), such as navigation control with automatic speed regulation, lane change and overtaking assistant, automatic parking or collision warning, among other features.\n\nHowever, despite all the advances there are some problems that remain unresolved and can be improved. Collisions and rollovers stand out among the most common accidents of vehicles with manual or autonomous driving. In fact, it is almost impossible to guarantee driving without accidents in unstructured environments where vehicles share the space with other moving agents, such as other vehicles and pedestrians. That is why searching for techniques to improve safety in intelligent vehicles, either autonomous or manual-assisted driving, is still a trending topic within the robotics community.\n\nThis thesis focuses on the design of tools and techniques for planning and control of intelligent vehicles in order to improve safety and comfort. The dissertation is divided into two parts, the first one on autonomous driving and the second one on manual-assisted driving. The main link between them is the use of clothoids as mathematical formulation for both trajectory generation and collision detection. Among the problems solved the following stand out: obstacle avoidance, rollover avoidance and advanced driver assistance to avoid collisions with pedestrians.
Traversing the spaces of higher education through writing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Writing functions as an important tool that spans various spaces in higher education. Moving away from a ‘skills approach’ to writing, this article argues that the writing centre serves as an intermediary between students and academic lecturers. The article discusses how the current practices at the writing centre promotes the development of writing as a key construct that spans a number of spaces in higher education. The article draws on the collaborative initiatives with two different disciplines. The data collection on stakeholders’ responses indicates that a more structured, purposeful writing-intensive approach needs to be undertaken within the disciplines in order to address institutional objectives of access and success in higher education.
Recruit and retain adult students in times of low unemployment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In April 2018, the U.S. economy reported an unemployment rate of 3.9 percent, one of the lowest since the economic recession of 2008. Historically, low unemployment rates spell doom for college and university enrollment — particularly for adult education programs. The Recruiting & Retaining Adult Learners Advisory Board convened to speak about the challenges currently facing those who work in adult education, as well as the solutions different campuses have found to boost enrollment and graduation rates.
Fluorescent lamp modelling for voltage fluctuations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The wide use of fluorescent lamps means their influence on the power system needs to be studied. A set of models that enables the evaluation of the electrical behaviour during steady state is presented in this paper. These models have different levels of complexity; starting by taking into account all the non‐linearities of the lamp, passing through neglecting the non‐linearities of the reactance, supposing the voltage wave shape of the tube to be square and, finally, treating the variations in the RMS source voltage as an steady‐state phenomenon. The most complex model needs an iterative algorithm to get results, however analytical expressions can be achieved with the other models. Several situations can be analysed with the different models but special attention is paid to the sinusoidal voltage source and the modulated voltage source cases. Also, the study presented in this paper is focused on obtaining the waveshape of current, voltage and power in the tube. These waveforms allow the study of the normal steady‐state functioning and the flicker phenomena. In this paper the simulation results for the above models in the two kinds of situations are shown. As a result, a performance test between the models is made and it is used to validate them.
Long‐term control of large pontine arteriovenous malformation using gamma knife therapy: a review with illustrative case

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Brain stem arteriovenous malformations ( AVMs ) are rare and their clinical management is controversial. A location in highly eloquent areas and a greater risk of radionecrosis are both serious issues for radiosurgery of this entity. We report a case of a pontine AVM treated successfully with gamma knife therapy. At 3 years angiographic follow‐up, imaging demonstrated complete thrombosis and there were no new neurological deficits, and at 7 years clinical follow‐up, the patient continued to be neurologically stable. Although all treatments carry risk of neurological compromise, gamma knife therapy may offer the best treatment option for brain stem AVMs as seen in the case presented herein. This case illustrates a rare case of holo‐pontine AVM tolerating gamma radiation with complete angiographical response and minimal neurological sequalae.
Influence of the plasma zonal E × B drift on the electron concentration in the low-latitude ionospheric F region at the minimum of solar activity near the spring equinox

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The three-dimensional nonstationary theoretical model of the concentrations and temperatures of electrons and ions in the ionospheric F region and plasmasphere at low and middle latitudes is used to study variations in the concentration NmF2 and height hmF2 of the ionospheric F2 layer under the action of the plasma zonal drift in the direction geomagnetic west-geomagnetic east perpendicularly to the electric E and geomagnetic B fields. The calculated and measured values of NmF2 and hmF2 for 16 ionospheric sounding stations during the quiet geomagnetic period on March 28–29, 1964 at low solar activity are compared. This comparison made it possible to correct the input parameters of the model: [O] from the NRLMSISE-00 model and the meridional component of the neutral wind velocity from the HWW90 model. It is shown that the nighttime NmF2 values decrease up to twice at low solar activity in the low-latitude ionosphere, and the hmF2 values change by up to 16 km, if the plasma zonal E×B drift is not taken into account. Under the daytime conditions, the influence of the plasma zonal E×B drift on NmF2 can be neglected.
Stability in Grammatical Morphology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While grammaticalization is often conceptualized as a tidy process by which lexical elements develop into bound morphology, this chapter emphasizes that the relationship between the lexical-functional distinction and the syntax-morphology distinction is typologically and regionally variable. In languages of western Amazonia, the prevalence of verb serialization and noun incorporation may contribute to blurring the distinction between syntax and morphology, which can itself be understood to both feed and be fed by processes of grammaticalization. This situation may foster two outcomes that challenge our assumptions of 'normal' diachronic processes: on one hand, the relative stability of elements whose behavior can be understood as in some sense indeterminate between morphology and syntax; on the other, a relatively fast turnover in grammatical morphology. This idea is explored via a comparative case-study of grammaticalization processes facilitated by serial verb constructions in two sister languages of the northwest Amazon, Hup and Dâw (Naduhupan family).
Review of War of the Fantasy Worlds: C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkein on Art and Imagination

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Charles Franklyn Beach: Review of Martha C. Sammons, War of the Fantasy Worlds: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien on Art and Imagination (Santa Barbara, 2010). xv + 237 pages. $44.95. ISBN 9780313362828.
Organic carbon – how much is stored in ice-rich permafrost?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Rapid changes are observed in the Polar Regions. With ongoing climate change, the Arctic will continue to warm approximately twice as fast as the lower latitudes. Vast areas of the Arctic are affected by permafrost where degradation processes such as thermokarst and thermal erosion are expected to increase considerably. Large areas in Alaska and Siberia are covered by ice-rich permafrost, such as yedoma permafrost. These deposits reach a thickness up to 50 m and include large ice-wedges. Thus, warming can trigger deep thaw processes which can mobilize organic carbon well below 1 m soil depth. Consequently, permafrost carbon storage is becoming increasingly vulnerable with ongoing permafrost thaw. Undisturbed yedoma deposits are characterized by relatively high quality organic carbon stored and are presumably highly susceptible for future degradation. We aim to identify the quantity and quality of the organic matter, in order to improve the estimates of the rate and amount of organic carbon that can be released from permafrost thaw with warming.
Application of ANFIS Power Control for Downlink CDMA-Based LMDS Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rain attenuation and intercell interference are two crucial factors in the performance of broadband wireless access networks such as local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) operating at frequencies above 20 GHz. Power control can enhance the performance of downlink CDMA-based LMDS systems by reducing intercell interference under clear sky conditions; however, it may damage system performance under rainy conditions. To ensure robust operation under both clear sky and rainy conditions, we propose a novel power-control scheme which applies an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for downlink CDMA-based LMDS systems. In the proposed system, the rain rate and the number of users are two inputs of the fuzzy inference system, and output is defined as channel quality, which is applied in the power control scheme to adjust the power control region. Moreover, ITU-R P.530 is employed to estimate the rain attenuation. The influence of the rain rate and the number of users on the distance-based power control (DBPC) scheme is included in the simulation model as the training database. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme improves the throughput of the DBPC scheme.