jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Unconventional correlated insulator in CrOCl-interfaced Bernal bilayer graphene

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Gap opening in a wide-enough doping range, whilst keeping high conductance outside this gapped state, has remained a grand challenge in graphene since decades. Here, we show a unique heterostructure of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene (BLG) atop few-layered CrOCl, which enables a surface state in CrOCl under vertical electric fields, and it promotes electron-electron(e-e) interactions in BLG via Coulomb long ranged coupling. Consequently, at the charge neutral, a crossover from single particle insulating behavior to an unconventional correlated insulator is seen, below a critical temperature. The over1 GΩ insulating ground state exists in a widely accessible gate range, and can be switched into a metallic state with an on/off ratio up to 107, by applying an in-plane electric field, heating, or by gating. A logic inverter using such correlated insulator is demonstrated, despite that it works still at low temperature. Our findings of the correlated insulating phase in CrOCl/BLG heterosystem paves the way for future engineering of exotic quantum electronic states in the paradigm of interfacial charge coupling.
Direct testing by VITEK® 2: A dependable method to reduce turnaround time in Gram-negative bloodstream infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Bloodstream infections pose a major health-care burden worldwide. Routine microbiological methods are time-consuming, thereby delaying appropriate treatment. AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the method of direct testing of identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of positive blood culture bottles by VITEK®2. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a prospective study at a tertiary level hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred positive BACTEC blood culture bottles with monomicrobial Gram-negative organisms on microscopy were tested in parallel by direct ID/AST as well as conventional method. Results obtained by two methods were compared in terms of ID/AST and turnaround time (TAT). Results: Of the 100 isolates tested, only one was misidentified by the direct method and there was no unidentified isolate. The AST results demonstrated 99.74% categorical and 99.65% essential agreement. Of 1144 organism-antibiotic combinations, there were 0.44% major error, no very major error, or minor error observed. Conclusions: While conventional method is the gold standard, the direct ID/AST methods have demonstrated that it can be successfully utilized to decrease TAT to the final results by 18–24 h, without sacrificing test accuracy. This technique will help to tailor antimicrobial therapy, thereby reducing patient morbidity, mortality, and antibiotic resistance, as well.
Rhoda‐Electrocatalyzed Bimetallic C−H Oxygenation by Weak O‐Coordination

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Rhodium‐electrocatalyzed arene C−H oxygenation by weakly O ‐coordinating amides and ketones have been established by bimetallic electrocatalysis. Likewise, diverse dihydrooxazinones were selectively accessed by the judicious choice of current, enabling twofold C−H functionalization. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment, mass spectroscopy and cyclovoltammetric analysis provided support for an unprecedented electrooxidation‐induced C−H activation by a bimetallic rhodium catalysis manifold.
Mitochondria Released by Apoptotic Cell Death Initiate Innate Immune Responses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract In solid organ transplantation, cell death arising from ischemia/reperfusion leads to the release of several damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) initiate proinflammatory responses, but it remains unknown whether the mode of cell death affects the inflammatory properties of mitochondria. Murine and human cell lines induced to selectively undergo apoptosis and necroptosis were used to examine the extracellular release of mitochondria during programmed cell death. Mitochondria purified from healthy, apoptotic, and necroptotic cells were used to stimulate macrophage inflammasome responses in vitro and neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo. Inhibition of specific mtDAMPs was performed to identify those responsible for macrophage inflammasome activation. A rat liver transplant model was used to identify apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in graft tissue following ischemia/reperfusion. Both apoptotic and necroptotic cell death occur in parallel in graft tissue. Apoptotic cells released more mitochondria than necroptotic cells. Moreover, mitochondria from apoptotic cells were significantly more inflammatory in terms of macrophage inflammasome activation and neutrophil recruitment. Inhibition of cellular synthesis of cardiolipin, a mitochondria-specific lipid and mtDAMP, significantly reduced the inflammasome-activating properties of apoptosis-derived mitochondria. Mitochondria derived from apoptotic cells are potent activators of innate immune responses, whereas mitochondria derived from healthy or necroptotic cells are significantly less inflammatory. Cardiolipin appears to be a key mtDAMP-regulating inflammasome activation by mitochondria. Methods of inhibiting apoptotic cell death in transplant grafts may be beneficial for reducing graft inflammation and transplant allosensitization.
Cost effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery for non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review protocol

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Review question/objective The overall research question for this systematic review is: what is the cost effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery for non-melanoma skin cancer? More specifically, the objectives are to: Examine the evidence on the cost effectiveness, cost benefit, cost minimization, and cost utility of Mohs micrographic surgery, compared to other surgical/ablative interventions such as excisional surgery and radiation therapy, as well as non-surgical/chemotherapeutic interventions such as topical 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod immunotherapy, for non-melanoma skin cancer clinical care outcomes; Determine the cost effectiveness, cost benefit, cost minimization and cost utility of Mohs micrographic surgery from the patient, provider, healthcare system and societal perspectives in order to elucidate the economic and clinical benefits of the procedure at these various levels; Provide a comprehensive assessment of the relative economic and clinical effectiveness of this procedure for patients with non-melanoma skin cancer in different contexts globally. Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies that include participants with an established diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer. For the purposes of this review, an established diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer will consist of either squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma , confirmed histologically or clinically or both, by a healthcare provider trained to do so. Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest This review will consider studies that evaluate Mohs micrographic surgery as a treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that measured any clinical care outcomes related to non-melanoma skin cancer, including but not limited to mortality, quality of life, quality-adjusted life years , incidence and recurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer lesions, and frequency of adverse events. However, to be considered for inclusion, studies must also provide an economic evaluation of the relative costs of using Mohs micrographic surgery as a therapeutic modality when compared to other known treatment modalities.
Histamine-lnduced Villous Damage in the Rat Duodenum

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A single s.c. administration of histamine dose-dependently (5-20 mg/kg) induced villous damage of the proximal duodenum in 24-hr fasting rats. Time course studies indicate that histamine (20 mg/kg) induced severe exfoliation of the epithelial cells at the villous tips of the duodenal mucosa 0.5 hr after administration. The damage, however, tended to heal with time, and recovery was nearly complete 8 hr later. This villous damage was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with sodium bicarbonate given orally or Cimetidine, omeprazole and NC-1300 given subcutaneously. Histamine (20 mg/kg) significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion and lowered the intraduodenal pH for 1 hr. Gastric content was significantly greater than that in the control group for 1 hr after histamine administration, probably due to stimulated gastric secretion and delayed emptying. We conclude that a single administration of histamine induces microscopical duodenal damage by stimulation of gastric acid secretion, but the damage heals with time, probably as a result of the short periods of acid stimulation and delayed emptying.
Experimental Study on Speed Control of Ultrasonic Motor using Intelligent IMC-PID Control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the speed control of Ultrasonic Motor (USM) which contains nonlinearity and characteristic changes, an intelligent IMC-PID control using Neural Networks (NNs) combined with Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced to obtain satisfactory control performance. With the proposed intelligent control method, the gain in IMC-PID control is autotuned to minimize the errors in the speed control. The proposed method is with simple structure and easy to be implemented in realtime estimation. The proposed hybridization of NN and PSO makes the intelligent scheme superior in usefulness and effectiveness. In this paper, the control performance and effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed and studied according to experimental results on an existing USM servo system.
Supplementary data for: Abducens nerve palsy with ipsilateral excessive eye tearing attributed to internal carotid artery sympathetic plexus schwannoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 65-year-old man developed subacute horizontal diplopia due to left-abducens nerve (AN) palsy and excessive left-eye tearing. Brain-MRI revealed a hyperintense T2-lesion with an elongated course within the left-carotid canal, presenting homogenous contrast-enhancement (Figure-1). The imaging findings were characteristic for an internal-carotid-artery sympathetic plexus (ICSP) schwannoma compressing the left-AN. Subsequent irritation of the deep petrosal nerve originating directly from ICSP and continuing as the vidian nerve may have led to the lacrimal gland edema and excessive left-eye tearing (Figure-2). ICSP schwannoma represents an uncommon cause of AN palsy that may also manifest with excessive ipsilateral-eye tearing due to vidian nerve involvement.
Post-Processing Algorithm for Workplace Safety Risk Monitoring System Based on Deep-Learning Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Surveillance cameras are ubiquitously used as a part of the safety risk monitoring system. Powered by the artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the system started to detect the anomalies by implementing deep-learning detection models. However, missed or unexpected warnings are happening frequently. And thus this problem is considered as a major flaw to the AI safety risk monitoring system. This study proposes a post-processing algorithm called PDAR aiming to enhance the accuracy of workplace safety risk monitoring system powered by deep-learning models. The PDAR consists of 3 types of algorithms with 3 typical situations: making warning when an action or an object detected, making warning when an absence or an inaction detected and making warning when joint objects or actions detected. The warning accuracy is significantly increased with PDAR validated with intensive experiments. An improvement of warning accuracy from 55.15% to 98.53% was observed in the test result. Moreover, an evaluation framework is also introduced which evaluate the warning accuracy by considering the missed warning and unexpected warning equally since either a missed warning or an unexpected warning would make serious consequences in safety risk monitoring scenarios. The dataset used in the experiments are now open sourced at: www.github.com/freelectry/PDAR.
Self-Assembly and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Tip-Induced Motion of Ferrocene Adamantane Trithiolate Adsorbed on Au(111)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have studied the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of adamantane-based trithiolate, which consists of a ferrocene derivative at the head (ferrocene adamantane trithiolate; ferrocene-ATT), on Au(111) using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It was found that the adsorption behavior of ferrocene-ATT is similar to that of bromine adamantane trithiolate (BATT) adsorbed on Au(111). This indicates that adsorption of adamantane-based trithiol is controlled by three legs (CH2S) connected to bridgehead positions of the adamantane cage. Molecules, which form an ordered structure, are stable under low-bias-voltage scanning, i.e., a sample bias voltage lower than 1 V. STM tip-induced diffusion, however, was observed both for small clustered molecules and for molecules bound around the edge of an ordered molecular island. Furthermore, applying a high bias voltage (5 V) resulted in the destruction of SAMs structures.
What is More Effective: Corticosteroid Injections or Platelet Rich Plasma Infections in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Lateral epicondylitis is a common degenerative tendinopathy that affects a wide variety of individuals. One patient population that often suffers more than others are workers with manual labor jobs that use vibrating tools and repetitive motions.1 Procedural costs and disease burden associated with lateral epicondylitis have increased in recent years.3 Current treatment of lateral epicondylitis using corticosteroid injections is beginning to fall out of favor. Corticosteroid injections help decrease inflammation; however, research looking into the histology of lateral epicondylitis favors more of a degenerative tendinopathy rather than an inflammatory condtion.1 In addition, several studies have found corticosteroid injections to be helpful in the acute phase of lateral epicondylitis but detrimental long-term with rates of relapse in pain and functional impairment.5 Platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections are proving to be an alternative type of injection to treat lateral epicondylitis. PRP contains growth factors and cytokines that help stimulate the healing process.7 Several promising studies have shown that PRP might be more helpful in long-term treatment of lateral epicondylitis. One systematic review found that corticosteroid injections proved to be beneficial for pain relief and function in the short-term (2-8 weeks); whereas PRP injections was shown to be beneficial for long term (8 weeks) pain relief and function.2
Phase Retrieval using Lipschitz Continuous Maps

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this note we prove that reconstruction from magnitudes of frame coefficients (the so called "phase retrieval problem") can be performed using Lipschitz continuous maps. Specifically we show that when the nonlinear analysis map $α:{\mathcal H}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^m$ is injective, with $(α(x))_k=||^2$, where $\{f_1,\ldots,f_m\}$ is a frame for the Hilbert space ${\mathcal H}$, then there exists a left inverse map $ω:\mathbb{R}^m\rightarrow {\mathcal H}$ that is Lipschitz continuous. Additionally we obtain the Lipschitz constant of this inverse map in terms of the lower Lipschitz constant of $α$. Surprisingly the increase in Lipschitz constant is independent of the space dimension or frame redundancy.
Heterogenization of a manganese(ii) acetonitrile complex on AlMCM-41 and AlMCM-48 molecular sieves by ion exchange

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An acetonitrile complex of composition [Mn(NCCH3)6][B(C6F5)4]2 (1) is grafted on Na-AlMCM-41/48 and H-AlMCM-41/48 by ion exchange. A metal loading of 0.25–0.6 wt% is achieved; the grafting of complex 1 is found to yield higher loading on Na-AlMCM-41/48 compared to H-AlMCM-41/48. Powder X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption and TEM analysis of the grafted materials confirm the retention of long range ordering of the materials throughout the grafting process. FT-IR, EPR, TG-MS and elemental analyses confirm the successful grafting of the Mn(II) complex in the channels of the mesoporous materials, retaining the octahedral nitrile environment around the Mn2+ cation. The obtained materials are applied as heterogeneous initiators for the polymerization of isobutene.
Contribution of Integrated Farming System (IFS) Units Towards Household Income in Kerala

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

From an economic point of view, combining various components in the same unit helps to diversify farmers’ income. An attempt was made to determine the contribution of various components, adopted in an IFS unit, to the annual household income among the IFS units of Kerala during 2022. In this study, total annual household income was computed by summing up the gross income from all the on-farm sources. The study revealed that 52.78 per cent of respondents were found in the low-income category, followed by one-third in the medium-income category. Among the selected components, the contribution of income from the crop component, dairy component, and poultry component, was found to be low to medium, while the trend in income generation from fish component was from medium to low. In the case of apiculture and mushroom components, medium to high-income generation was also noticed. It was also found that farm size, experience in farming, economic motivation, training undergone, and herd size were positively correlated with the total farm income of households.
Can small farmers survive in a globalized world?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The answer is yes. Dr. Prabhu Pingali, Director of the Agriculture and Development Economics Division of Rome-based Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, says that "If we make farmers move from viewing agriculture as a way of life into viewing it as a business" - they can happily hop in and get the best seat inside the entrepreneurial wagon. To follow this roadmap, howeve, Pingali urges policymakers to hurdle the two main challenges, a) ensuring participation of small farmers and rural poor in the emerging agri-industry systems, and b) enabling the transformation and competitiveness of agrifood systems.
A Parallel Prolog Abstract Machine and its Multi-Transputer Implementation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A second and revised version of the Parallel Prolog Abstract Machine (PPAM) is described in the paper. PPAM-2 is suitable for implementing Prolog on communicating process architecture-type, highly parallel computers with regular interconnection network. The parallel computational model behind PPAM-2 is an extended cellular-dataflow model, whose main features have been published elsewhere.16 Based on the model, Prolog programs are transformed into a dataflow search graph representing the static structure of the program. The paper explain in detail how the Prolog programs can be transformed into the dataflow graph form. The dynamic behaviour of the program is determined by the extended transition functions of the operators. By modifying the extended transition functions different kinds of parallelism can be achieved during the execution of the PPAM-2 code. In the paper an informal description is given of the transition functions realising OR-parallelism and pipelined AND-parallelism. A multi-transputer implementation of PPAM-2 has been investigated in the paper. First the chosen interconnection topology of the multi-transputer-based machine is described, then the method for mapping the dataflow search graph of Prolog programs on to the chosen topology. Finally, the realisation of the dataflow operations on transputers are overviewed.
Seasonal Changes in Leaf Chlorophyll Contents of Tree Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

樹木が旧葉を落葉させたり, 新葉を展開させるときの葉内クロロフィル濃度の変化について, 市販の葉緑素計を用いて, 常緑樹のアラカシ, クスノキ, シャリンバイ, シラカシ, トベラ, 落葉樹のアキニレ, ケヤキ, コナラの8樹種35個体のSPAD値を13カ月間, 非破壊的に測定した。クロロフィル濃度とSPAD値の問には, いずれの樹種でも高い相関が認められた。しかし, 樹種ごとに回帰係数は異なり, SPAD値は葉厚とクロロフィル濃度の影響を受けることが示唆された。シラカシ, クスノキの旧葉ではSPAD値は前年の冬から徐々に減少し, 新葉の展開とともに落葉した。翌春枝に残った葉ではクロロフィルの再生が行われた。一方, シャリンバイ, トベラでは落葉直前にクロロフィルが分解されて, 急に葉色が変化して落葉した。新しく展開してきた葉のクロロフィル濃度が安定するまでの期間は落葉樹のほうが常緑樹よりも短く, 安定な期間は長かった。新葉が展開していく過程でのSPAD値と葉面積の関係には3つの違ったパターンが認められ, 葉面積が拡大する過程でのクロロフィル生産と葉構造の生産のバランスに樹種間で違いのあることが示唆された。
The Impact of Autism Traits and Psychosis Traits on Mentalizing in Individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Disruptions in social processes cause significant impairment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs; Chisholm, Lin, Abu-Akel, & Wood, 2015). These conditions share aspects of behavioral expressions and genetic and environmental risk factors. Furthermore, the behaviors and cognitive styles that characterize ASD and PSDs are conceptualized as dimensional traits (autism traits and psychosis traits, respectively) present in the general population at non-clinical levels (i.e., levels that do not cause impairments in everyday functioning). One specific social cognitive process disrupted in ASD and PSDs is mentalizing - an ability that is important for the perception and understanding of others (Crespi & Badcock, 2008). Relative levels of autism traits and psychosis traits within individuals are potentially useful for understanding intact and impaired mentalizing. In individuals without clinical diagnoses, high levels of both autism traits and psychosis traits produce a "normalizing" effect on mentalizing performance, such that individuals with high levels of both sets of traits performed similarly to individuals with low levels of traits (Abu-Akel, Wood, Hansen, & Apperly, 2015). However, it is unknown whether this normalizing effect extends to individuals with clinical conditions, and such knowledge will be useful for understanding the nature of social functioning across conditions. The current study embraced a dimensional transdiagnostic approach by examining self-reported autism traits, psychosis traits, and mentalizing accuracy and levels of mentalizing in 76 adolescents and young adults with (n = 32) and without (n = 44) ASD. We hypothesized that each set of traits would negatively affect performance on the mentalizing tasks (i.e., high levels of either autism traits or psychosis traits would be related to less accurate mental state attributions and more atypical levels of mentalizing) and that concordant levels of both sets of traits (i.e., both low or both high) would be associated with a normalizing effect on mentalizing. Results showed a negative main effect of autism traits on mentalizing accuracy but not on mentalizing levels. Psychosis traits were not associated with either mentalizing accuracy or levels. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found an enhancing negative effect of concordant high levels of autism traits and psychosis traits on mentalizing levels, such that as levels of both sets of traits increased, mentalizing levels decreased. We found a similar enhancing negative effect of traits on mentalizing accuracy; however, this result did not reach statistical significance. Results from this study contribute to the conceptualization of psychopathology as arising from combinations of dimensional traits within individuals and may inform the personalization of social cognition interventions for individuals with distinct profiles of traits.