jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of an anionic polyelectrolyte (polyethylene sulfonate) in patients with cancer Clinical pharmacology of a macromolecule

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Polyethylene sulfonate, an anionic polymer of average molecular weight (13,000) with anticoagulant and lipolytic activity, was given by intramuscular and intravenous routes to 49 patients with cancer. Three patients of 35 who received an adequate trial of drug showed objective tumor regression, but clinical improvement was seen in only 1. Acute toxicity produced by polyethylene sulfonate after intravenous injection was characterized by hypotension, pain, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, cyanosis, paresthesia, convulsive seizures, confusion, and amnesia. Chronic toxicity occurred after both intramuscular and intravenous injection and was characterized by diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, and elevation of acid phosphatase. Thrombocytopenia was seen in all patients who were studied adequately and was not associated with changes in other marrow elements. Factor V, the labile prothrombin accelerator, was reduced by drug administration. Polyethylene sulfonate proved to have minimal tumor‐inhibiting activity, and its use was limited by serious toxicity. Further clinical studies of its action as a tumor inhibitor in man are not warranted.
Self‐Radiation Damage in Curium‐244 Oxide and Aluminate

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Self‐radiation from α‐decay of 244 Cm causes lattice swelling, phase transformations, and loss of structure in several Cm compounds. In Cm oxides, the percentage swelling at saturation decreases with decreasing symmetry: Swelling in fluorite (fee) CmO 2 (∼0.3%) is approximately twice that in bee C ‐type Cm 2 O 3 ; monoclinic Cm 2 O 3 does not swell. CmO 2 swells with time according to Δa/α=3.0×10 −3 (1–e −1.7×104λt ), essentially the same relation as for PuO 2 and AmO 2 . The rate of structure loss of Cm oxides decreases with increasing temperature of prior heatings. In CmAlO 3 the metamict state is produced before swelling reaches saturation. Radiation‐induced transformation at room temperature produces metastable phases that normally exist at higher temperatures, e.g. bcc C ‐type Cm 2 O 3 transforms to hexagonal A‐type Cm 2 O 3 , and rhombohedral CmAlO 3 becomes cubic.
Opuntia spp. as Alternative Fodder for Sustainable Livestock Production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During the past decades, livestock production has increased significantly, which has led to the degradation of rangelands due to overgrazing. The lack of water in several arid areas has led to a decline in crop and animal husbandry. As a consequence, the demand for drought-resistant crops has increased significantly so as to keep crop and animal husbandry systems viable and sustainable. Cactaceae have adaptive characteristics that ensure their development progress under drought conditions. The present review provides information on the nutritive value of Opuntia in animal fodder production, its effects on animal performance, and the quality of the animal-derived products. In conclusion, the use of Opuntia as innovative alternative feed would render animal production systems more sustainable.
Estimation of Solute Carbon Concentration by Electrical Resistivity Measurement in Martensitic Steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electrical resistivity of low-carbon martensitic steels was measured to estimate the carbon concentration in solid solution. Since electrical resistivity is influenced not only by solute carbon but also by substitutional elements, lattice defects and second phase, the effects of these factors need to be subtracted from total electrical resistivity, in order to obtain the accurate solute carbon concentration by this method. As a result, the effects of dislocations and grain boundaries were much smaller than that of solute elements, being only 1 - 2% of the measured electrical resistivity, in martensitic steel. On the other hand, substitutional elements and retained austenite were found to be significantly effective. By subtracting these effects from the measured value, the change in electrical resistivity due to solute carbon, Δρsol.C, could be formulated as a function of the carbon concentration in solid solution of martensite, Csol, as follows:
Post-stroke pneumonia at the stroke unit â a registry based analysis of contributing and protective factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background To investigate prevalence and risk factors for post stroke pneumonia (PSP) in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated at stroke units (SU). Method We analysed data from the Austrian Stroke Unit registry concerning admissions from January 2003 to December 2013 and assessed the prevalence of PSP at the stroke unit. Patients with and without PSP were compared in univariate and multivariate models searching for factors associated with the occurrence of PSP at the SU. Results Three thousand one hundred eleven patients (5.2Â %) of 59,558 analysed patients were diagnosed with PSP. While age and stroke severity were non-modifiable factors associated with PSP, modifiable risk factors included chronic alcohol consumption and atrial fibrillation. Patients who developed neurological, cardiac, and other infective complications showed a higher prevalence of PSP, an increased prevalence was also found in connection with the placement of nasogastric tubes or urinary catheters. Female sex, left hemispheric stroke, cryptogenic stroke pathogenesis and additionally, treatment with lipid lowering drugs were factors associated with a lower PSP prevalence. Conclusion Pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke is associated with a variety of modifiable and unmodifiable factors that allow to identify patients at high risk of developing PSP and to focus on early preventive measures at the SU. Further studies could use the results of this study to explore potential benefits of specific interventions targeted at these factors.
Peak flow meter and digital spirometer: A comparative study of peak expiratory flow rate values

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is one of the important and widely used lung function tests as it is very easy, reliable, and reproducible. PEFR is very sensitive and accurate index of airway obstruction and the strength of respiratory muscles. Many factors are known to affect its value such as age, sex, height, and body surface area, the normal range for males and females is 450550 L/min and 320470 L/min, respectively. PEFR can be determined using both peak flow meter and digital spirometer. Peak flow meter is a simple inexpensive handheld device; hence, it is relatively easy to measure PEFR by peak flow meter. The digital spirometers measure PEFR along with various other lung function parameters. It has been recorded in the previous studies that the PEFR values given by various peak flow meters and spirometer varies, in laboratory calibration tests, the error has been shown up to 26%. The present comparative study is undertaken to determine whether the PEFR values derived from peak flow meter and spirometer has any significant difference or not.

Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine and compare the PEFR values using peak flow meter and digital spirometer.

Materials and Methods: The study comprises 200 healthy male medical students in the age group of 1825 years, conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The subjects will be instructed about the procedure for recording PEFR. All the subjects will be made acquainted with peak flow meter and spirometer before actual recording. PEFR will be recorded in sitting position. Three readings will be taken and the best among these will be taken as final value.

Results: The mean PEFR measured by peak flow meter and spirometer was 338.7 ± 122.45 L/min and 299.6 ± 121.63 L/min, respectively. PEFR value is significantly greater when measured by peak flow meter than by spirometer (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Even though the values measured by both instruments vary, still the peak flow meters can still be advised for measuring PEFR in healthy individuals and daily monitoring of symptoms in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients as these are not very expensive, and procedure can be easily performed by all and repeated tests give almost same results.
Neural correlates of the experience of ugliness

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the experience of beauty is dependent upon the co‐activity of field A1 of the medial frontal cortex and sensory areas. This leaves us with the question of ugliness; are the same neural mechanisms involved in this experience, including neural activity patterns, or are different mechanisms at play? This question arises because ugliness, although often regarded as the opposite of beauty, could possibly be a distinct aesthetic category. Subjects were asked to rate faces according to how ugly they found them to be while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. There was moderate agreement in the experience of ugliness of faces among subjects. Univariate parametric analyses did not reveal any brain regions with increasing activity as the declared intensity of the experience of ugliness increased. In contrast, increasing activity appeared in the striatum and posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex with decreasing levels of ugliness. As with studies on facial beauty, representational similarity analysis revealed distinct neural activity patterns with the experience of facial ugliness in sensory areas relevant for face processing and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Thus, similar neural mechanisms appear to be involved in the experience of facial beauty and ugliness, the difference being the level and distribution of activity within the neural network. This suggests that ugliness and beauty are on the same aesthetic continuum.
Cavity Resonance Suppression Using Miniature Fluidic Oscillators

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present a novel approach to suppressing jetcavity interaction tones using miniature fluidic devices. We first characterize miniature fluidic oscillators and then assess their effectiveness for cavity tone suppression. Further, we evaluate mass flow requirements for effective unsteady fluid mass addition. The fluidic devices used had no moving parts and could provide oscillatory flow of prescribed waveforms (sine, square, and saw-toothed) at frequencies up to 3 KHz. Our testbed for a detailed evaluation of the fluidic excitation (square wave) technique was the flow-induced resonance produced by a jet flowing over a cavity with an (length/depth) ratio of 6. In addition to schlieren photography and acoustic measurements we used photoluminescent Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) to map pressures on the cavity’s floor for the unperturbed and fluidically excited cases. When located at the upstream end of the cavity floor, the miniature fluidic device was successful in suppressing cavity tones by as much as ’ Senior Research Engineer, Associate Fellow AIAA ’ Principal Research Scientist, Senior Member AIAA 3 Electronics Engineer Copyright
Direct 3D printing of silicone elastomer soft robots and their performance comparison with molded counterparts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications and addresses many challenges inherited from conventional molding techniques such as human error, multistep fabrication, and manual handling. However, 3D printing soft functional robots with two-part platinum cure silicones requires development to match the material performance of the molded counterparts. In this paper, we present a custom 3D printer and an extrusion mechanism capable of 3D printing soft functional robots. Moreover, we compare the performance differences between our 3D printed soft robots and molded counterparts via lamination casting and lost wax casting. We validate our results by conducting multiple experiments such as blocked force, bend angle, failure pressure, and dimensional quality analyses. We demonstrate that our method enables 3D printing of soft robots that can perform better, or match the performance of molded counterparts while being more reliable and robust with the usage of the same materials.
Information Extraction from Microarray Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Nowadays, a huge amount of high throughput molecular data are available for analysis and provide novel and useful insights into complex biological systems, through the acquisition of a high-resolution picture of their molecular status in defined experimental conditions. In this context, microarrays are a powerful tool to analyze thousands of gene expression values with a single experiment. A number of approaches have been developed to detecting genes highly correlated to diseases, selecting genes that exhibit a similar behavior under specific conditions, building models to predict disease outcome based on genetic profiles, and inferring regulatory networks. This paper discusses popular and recent data mining techniques (i.e., Feature Selection, Clustering, Classification, and Association Rule Mining) applied to microarray data. The main characteristics of microarray data and preprocessing procedures are presented to understand the critical issues introduced by gene expression values analysis. Each technique is analyzed, and relevant examples of pertinent literature are reported. Moreover, real use cases exploiting analytic pipelines that use these methods are also introduced. Finally, future directions of data mining research on microarray data are envisioned.
Physiological Closed-Loop Control (PCLC) Systems: Review of a Modern Frontier in Automation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Over the past decade, there has been an unprecedented international focus on\nimproved quality and availability of medical care, which has reignited interest\nin clinical automation and drawn researchers toward novel solutions in the\nfield of physiological closed-loop control systems (PCLCs). Today,\nmultidisciplinary groups of expert scientists, engineers, clinicians,\nmathematicians, and policy-makers are combining their knowledge and experience\nto develop both the next generation of PCLC-based medical equipment and a\ncollaborative commercial/academic infrastructure to support this rapidly\nexpanding frontier. In the following article, we provide a robust introduction\nto the various aspects of this growing field motivated by the recent and\nongoing work supporting two leading technologies: the artificial pancreas (AP)\nand automated anesthesia. Following a brief high-level overview of the main\nconcepts in automated therapy and some relevant tools from systems and control\ntheory, we explore -- separately -- the developments, challenges,\nstate-of-the-art, and probable directions for AP and automated anesthesia\nsystems. We then close the review with a consideration of the common lessons\ngleaned from these ventures and the implications they present for future\ninvestigations and adjacent research.\n
ChemInform Abstract: Hh‐Gli Signaling Pathway Functions and Its Therapeutic Potential in Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Performance measurement system change in an emerging economy bank

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose This study aims to describe and understand performance measurement system (PMS) change in an emerging economy bank. Design/methodology/approach Using institutional theory as a theoretical lens, the study uses Kasurinen's accounting change model to explain management accounting change as a product of motivators, catalysts and facilitators. The model also focuses on how confusers, frustrators and delayers inhibit PMS change and the role of leaders in the change process. Data were gathered from multiple sources including relevant internal and external documents covering a ten‐year period (1997‐2007), and semi‐structured interviews with managers from different hierarchical levels. Findings The bank's PMS experienced two significant changes from 1997 to 2007. While uncertain economic conditions, increasing competition, and pressures to improve performance and enhance accountability motivated changes in the bank's performance measurement system, the major catalysts of change were the financial losses experienced, major regulatory changes, and the appointment of a new board of directors and president. The change leader played an important role in overcoming resistance to change and in ensuring adequate technical support and training was provided to facilitate the change. Practical implications Bank managers must be aware of the influence of institutional factors on PMSs. In particular, they need to be aware of the factors that can necessitate change (motivators), initiate change (catalysts) and the prevailing conditions required to support change (facilitators) in order to maintain the utility of PMSs. Originality/value The paper provides a more detailed insight into the impact of institutional factors on changes in PMSs in the context of an emerging economy, which will assist practitioners in addressing issues concerning PMSs changes in similar contexts.
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in adolescents: a clinical, electrocardiographic and genetic diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is one of the most lethal channelopathies, characterized by ventricular arrhythmias triggered by stress or physical activity. We present the case of an adolescent who consulted for recurrent syncope precipitated by exercise. In the diagnostic approach, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia was reached, with a mutation in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene, Heterozygous c.14311G&gt; A (p.v4771I exon 100), antiarrhythmic drugs and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator were necessary with satisfactory evolution. Clinical suspicion, stress test and genetic tests are essential for a timely diagnosis and management of this pathology.
Manual corneal thickness measurements of healthy equine eyes using a portable spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography device

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Summary Reasons for performing study Corneal thickness measurements of the equine globe using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography ( SD‐OCT ) have not been reported. Objectives To determine corneal thickness measurements and the intra‐ and interoperator reliability of a portable SD‐OCT device in equine eyes. Study design Prospective observational study. Methods Horses free of ocular disease were used for this study. Gentle manual restraint, in combination with detomidine hydrochloride and a head stand, were employed to ensure proper animal positioning. Corneal pachymetry measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal 3 times by 2 operators in succession. A 6 mm corneal pachymetry protocol was performed using a portable SD ‐ OCT device. All measurements were obtained manually by one operator ( C.G.P. ) using the integrated calliper function. Measurements included epithelial thickness, stromal thickness, D escemet's membrane thickness and total corneal thickness. All recorded measurements were analysed to determine both intra‐ and interoperator reliability. Results Thirty horses with a mean age of 10.6 ± 6.4 years were examined. Mean epithelial, stromal, D escemet's membrane and total corneal thickness values obtained were, respectively, 174.7 ± 13.6, 599.2 ± 45.4, 38.4 ± 15.3 and 812.0 ± 44.1 μm for operator A and 175.9 ± 12.9, 599.2 ± 44.9, 38.4 ± 15.0 and 812.9 ± 42.9 μm for operator B . A positive correlation was found between D escemet's membrane thickness and age, whereby D escemet's membrane thickness increased by 2 μm/year (P<0.0001). The coefficients of variation for both operators were <4% for all measurements. Intraclass correlations ranged from 0.92 to 0.98. Conclusions Manual corneal thickness measurement using a portable SD ‐ OCT device provides epithelial, stromal, Descemet's membrane and total corneal thickness measurements with clinically acceptable intra‐ and interoperator reliability in healthy equine eyes.
1 A Case Study in Group Polarization (with Warnings for the Future)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Why did the overwhelming majority of Republicans, representatives and citizens alike, support the impeachment of President Clinton? Why did the overwhelming majority of Democrats, inside and outside Congress, oppose impeachment? Consider some remarkable numbers. In the House of Representatives, 223 of 228 Republicans, or 98 percent, voted for impeachment on at least one count, whereas 5 of 206 Democrats, or 2 percent, voted for impeachment on at least one count. In the Senate, 51 of 55 Republicans, or 93 percent, voted to remove the President from office, whereas 0 of 45 Democrats, or 0 percent, voted to remove the President from office. Within the citizenry, there were also exceedingly sharp divisions, with the vast majority of Democrats believing that impeachment would be a mistake, and the vast majority of Republicans believing exactly the opposite. (Independents typically opposed impeachment, and helped produce the large anti-impeachment numbers among the public as a whole.) What accounts for this difference? To get ahead of the story, I ask this question because I believe that the answer involves a general phenomenon, one with implications for a wide range of issues in a diverse democracy. The phenomenon, sometimes called group polarization, involves the tendency of like-minded individuals, engaged in discussion with one another, to fortify their prediscussion views, and indeed to move toward a more extreme point in the general direction in which they were already tending. If Republicans are talking with Republicans, if Democrats are talking with Democrats, if members of the religious right speak mostly to each other, and if the same is true for feminist
Modeling of Belt Friction for Simulation of Belt Slip with Stick-slip Phenomenon

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this investigation, a numerical procedure that accounts for stick-slip phenomenon for analysis of belt slip is developed. The mechanism of the belt slip is confirmed by the physical model and the experiment. In order to model the stick-slip phenomenon between the belt and the pulley, the belt is split into the multiple elements and the fixed constraint is used for representation the stiction. If the tension applied to the belt element is smaller than static friction force, then the fixed constraint is enabled, else it is disabled and calculated under the dynamic friction. The numerical results obtained by the proposed model are compared with the measurement results for validation and that validity is confirmed.
ANALGETIC ACTIVITY OF SUBSTITUTED 1-(2-IMIDAZOLETHYL)-3- PYRROLINE-2-ONS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The article presents the review of initial stage of carried out studies of an analgetic activity of substituted 1-(2-imidazolethyl)-3-pyrroline-2-ons. We have established that compound marked with laboratory cipher as GKN-1165 at a dose of 50 mg/kg has analgetic activity close to the activity of ethanol of nimesulid comparison taken at the same dose.