jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Field trial on the interaction between mycotoxin producers Fusarium graminearum and F.poae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a very important cereal fungal disease. In Italy, it has been permanently present in wheat since 1995. The most frequent species of Fusarium causing the disease are F. graminearum, F. culmorum and recently F. poae. These species are responsible for yield losses and decreasing grain quality characteristics, including the accumulation of mycotoxins responsible of serious health effects to humans and animals. The most dominant F. graminearum mycotoxins are the trichothecenes, with deoxynivalenol and nivalenol being the most prevalent derivatives. F. poae is able to produce an extensive range of mycotoxins and, in some cases T-2 toxin and its derivative HT-2. T-2 toxin is the most dangerous among all trichothecenes of classes A and B, with an LD50 value 20-times lower than deoxynivalenol. \nF. graminearum and F. poae strains, producing different mycotoxins, were tested for their interaction in vitro and in vivo trials. The strains were inoculated singularly or mixed in a durum wheat cultivar sensible to FHB. The incidence and the severity of the disease were also evaluated. In the flour obtained from the grains, real-time PCR and HPLC-MS were used to estimate the biomass of F. graminearum/F. poae and determine the amounts of mycotoxins, respectively. \nThe aim of this work was to investigate the direct interaction between F. graminearum and F. poae, which might substantially contribute to the population dynamic of these species in the field. The interest of the scientific community in F. poae has been steadily growing due to its potential to produce dangerous mycotoxins. In order to control Fusarium head blight and limit the contamination of grain with mycotoxins, we need to better understand the role of F. poae in the disease and its ecology including interaction with other pathogens colonizing wheat ears.
Employment Vulnerability, Wages, and Subjective Well-Being in Kyrgyzstan

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This research examined the impact of employment vulnerability on wages and subjective well-being in Kyrgyzstan with special reference to gender-based differences. Analyses were based on panel data for 2010-2013 and 2016 from the â€œLife in Kyrgyzstanâ€ household survey. A panel data fixed-effects model with Instrumental Variable within the Lewbel (2012) method was applied to estimate an earnings equation. Results of estimations of both earnings and of subjective well-being indicated increased employment vulnerability. Employment in vulnerable jobs was not compensated at a higher rate. Analysis of subjective well-being by quintile groups of earnings showed that, for both men and women, womenâ€™s employment vulnerability was most evident in groups with the lowest earnings. Women experienced this negative effect more severely. Given these empirical findings, government labour-market policy should not focus on increasing employment alone but should also address the issue of vulnerability of employment, improvement of working conditions, and expanding the employment of women.
Treatment of Blepharitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

M(EDICAL JOURNAL curvature and not on the line of the lesser curvature, as is the rule in chronic gastric ulceration.The stomach contents consisted of the typical coffee-ground fluid with some super- natant small clots of blood.From their shape, their number, and their bleeding character, we may accept these as acute ulcers similar to those in the previous case, and more especially as there was in Case 2 no history of any previous subjective or objective gastric disturbance.
Urinary cotinine level in passive smoker nondiabetic children of diabetic families

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to measure urinary cotinine level as a biomarker of passive smoking in children.BackgroundChildren's exposure to passive smoking is associated with a number of health hazards such as prenatal damage to the fetus, poor growth, respiratory illness, atopy and asthma, coronary heart disease, and sudden infant death syndrome.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted on 54 nondiabetic children from attendance of Genetic and Endocrine Units of Pediatric Department, Menofiya Faculty of Medicine.They were divided into two groups: group A (34 children exposed to passive smoking) and group B (20 children not exposed to passive smoking).The studied groups were subjected to detailed history taking, clinical examination, investigations (measurement of cotinine level by competitive enzyme immunoassay for the specific detection of cotinine in urine samples), and family counseling.ResultsThere is significantly higher urinary cotinine levels among children with history of exposure to passive tobacco smoke (152.06 ± 106.92) in comparison with children with no history of exposure (3095.0 ± 1160.09; P ≤ 0.001). The urinary cotinine levels were found to be dependent on daily exposure to tobacco smoke as indicated by the number of cigarettes consumed by the smoker in the presence of the child.ConclusionPassive smoking is a risk factor for many health hazards, and cotinine is a valuable biomarker for assessing exposure to passive tobacco smoking especially in children.
A first look at dissolved Ge isotopes in marine sediments

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The removal of chemical species from seawater during the precipitation of authigenic minerals is difficult to constrain but may play a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles of some elements, including silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge). Here, we present Ge/Si, δ74Ge, and supporting chemical data of pore waters and core incubations at three continental margin sites in California and the Gulf of Mexico. We used these data to partition Ge release and uptake by the various allogenic (delivered via sedimentation) and authigenic (formed in situ) phases in these sediments. About half of the pore water Ge (δ74Ge_pw = 1.3-2.4‰) is supplied by biogenic silica dissolution (δ74Ge ~3‰), with the other half contributed by lithogenic particulates (δ74Ge ~0.6‰). The highest Ge/Si (~ 3µmol/mol) and lowest δ74Ge (1.3-1.9‰) are observed at the Fe redox horizon, suggesting a supply from detrital Ge-rich Fe oxides. The precipitation of authigenic phases (most likely aluminosilicate clays) in deeper sediments preferentially incorporates Ge over Si, resulting in low pore water Ge/Si (~ 0.3µmol/mol). The lack of corresponding δ74Ge_pw trend indicates negligible Ge isotope fractionation during this process. Ge fluxes measured via core incubations were variable and appeared strongly controlled by Fe redox behavior near the sediment-water interface. In some cases, reductive Fe oxide dissolution appeared to enhance the benthic Ge flux by over 100% and released fractionated low δ74Ge of ~–0.7‰, resulting in overall benthic δ74Ge_inc between -0.2 and 3.6‰, depending on Fe oxide contribution to Ge flux. We estimate that detrital inputs supply 12-31% of total dissolved Ge to continental margin pore fluids globally, resulting in an average average pore water and benthic flux δ74Ge between 2.2-2.7‰. Assuming 10-60% of pore water Ge is captured by the authigenic aluminosilicate sink, the dissolved Ge flux to the ocean derived from terrigenous inputs should be roughly 2.5-6.6 Mmol/y, much higher than previously estimated. Our results imply that authigenic Si burial in continental margins should be in the range of 1-8 Tmol/y (best estimate 3.1 Tmol/y), sufficient to close the global marine Si budget.
Leukocyte and Dried Blood Spot Arylsulfatase A Assay\nby Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Liquid chromatography–tandem\nmass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)\nassays were developed to measure arylsulfatase A (ARSA) activity in\nleukocytes and dried blood spots (DBS) using deuterated natural sulfatide\nsubstrate. These new assays were highly specific and sensitive. Patients\nwith metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and multiple sulfatase deficiency\n(MSD) displayed a clear deficit in the enzymatic activity and could\nbe completely distinguished from normal controls. The leukocyte assay\nreported here will be important for diagnosing MLD and MSD patients\nand for monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic treatments. ARSA activity\nwas measured in DBS for the first time without an antibody. This new\nARSA DBS assay can serve as a second-tier test following the sulfatide\nmeasurement in DBS for newborn screening of MLD. This leads to an\nelimination of most of the false positives identified by the sulfatide\nassay.
[Bone health in Geneva retirees].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

GERICO (Geneva Retirees Cohort) is a cohort of 953 men and women recruited at the age of 65 in Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, providing a picture of bone health at retirement time. Despite few comorbidities and good nutritional intake and vitamin D status, 30% of subjects have a history of vertebral or clinical fracture after the age of 45, 20% of women and 11% of men have osteoporosis assessed by DXA. 22% have a 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture assessed by FRAX greater than 15%, -i.e. the current intervention thresholds recommended in this age-class in Switzerland. Nevertheless, only 1.4% subject benefits of an anti-osteoporotic drug. These data underscore the importance of primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis and fractures in healthy elderly at time of retirement.
Foraging Decisions of Nocturnal Mice Under Direct and Indirect Cues of Predation Risk

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The perception of increased predation risk by nocturnal mice and other small mammals has been shown to reduce activity levels, particularly in foraging effort. Various cues of predation risk have been used in previous studies, but few have assessed the potential interactions between different types of cues. I conducted field, laboratory, and enclosure experiments using predator scents, artificial light, and microhabitat variables to determine the effects of direct and indirect cues of predation risk on foraging behavior in wild nocturnal mice. Experimental foraging trays served as artificial resource patches, and giving-up densities were measured in order to test for foraging persistence in patches exposed to cues of predation risk.\nCotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) were used in laboratory and enclosure trials, and were the most common mice present at the sites used for field trials. Although previous foraging studies have used other Peromyscus species, this species has not been tested, but ranges over densely populated areas of the United States where artificial light could potentially affect its behavior.\nIn outdoor and laboratory enclosures, cotton mice showed no aversive response to bobcat urine, cloths rubbed on cats, or snake sheds, but did exhibit avoidance of cat fur and artificial light. In the field experiment, mice showed a strong preference for covered microhabitats, but did not avoid bobcat urine or artificial light. Foraging in artificial resource patches also increased throughout the duration of the field experiment, possibly coinciding with a reduction in naturally-available forage. Mice in this population appear to use cover as their primary means of avoiding detection or capture by predators, though they do avoid artificial light and at least one fur-derived odor when their available options for escape are reduced.
A data-driven approach to gas demand prediction in the USA using machine learning

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Natural gas is crucial for energy generation, industrial production, and residential heating in the United States. The demand is difficult to forecast due to economic fluctuations, energy price instability, and seasonal temperature variations. Time series analysis and linear regression may fail to account for the nonlinear interactions in gas demand data, potentially resulting in inaccuracies. This work addresses the necessity for precise gas demand projections, which are essential for energy planning and resource management. Natural gas is crucial for electricity production, industrial processes, and residential heating; nevertheless, demand is influenced by weather conditions, economic activity, and energy pricing. Conventional forecasting models are inadequate for capturing these intricate processes, necessitating the employment of more sophisticated predictive methodologies. This research employs decision trees, linear regression, gradient boosting, and random forests to examine data from 10 significant US states spanning 2000 to 2019. The random forest model accurately anticipated demand patterns, achieving an R-squared of 99.67% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 34.53. These findings demonstrate that machine learning can elucidate nonlinear relationships in gas demand data. The study provides a framework for improved demand forecasting, aiding energy providers and legislators in optimising resource allocation, increasing cost-efficiency, and promoting environmental sustainability.
Social Trust and Reciprocity Among Adolescent Girls Exposed to Interpersonal Violence

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Trauma research has traditionally focused on altered emotion regulation and its role in psychopathology, whereas mechanisms of social behavior remain comparatively unexplored, particularly among adolescents. It has been previously reported that adolescents with histories of interpersonal violence (IV) demonstrate disrupted social learning, and the degree to which they are impaired during social interactions requiring trustful behaviors may be associated with their levels of anxiety. In the present study, 52 adolescent females ( n = 26 control; n = 26 IV-exposed) between ages of 11 and 17 completed a multi-round adaptation of the Trust Game in which they interacted with a confederate peer run by a computer program, alternating between the roles of investor and investee. The task was designed to operationalize the social behaviors of trust and trust reciprocity, where the magnitude of the participants’ monetary investment in the confederate during the investor role represented trust while the proportion of investment returned to the confederate in the investee role represented trust reciprocity. IV-exposed and control participants did not differ in trust (i.e., as investors); however, IV-exposed participants without anxiety diagnoses demonstrated lower trust than those with anxiety diagnoses. For trust reciprocity (i.e., as investees), there were again no differences between IV-exposed participants and controls; however, IV-exposed participants with anxiety diagnoses had increased trust reciprocity compared with both other groups. Similarly, caregiver-reported anxiety symptoms were associated with trust reciprocity behaviors among the IV-exposed adolescents. Findings suggest that IV exposure and associated anxiety impacts adolescents’ trust behaviors, demonstrating potential mechanisms for maladaptive social behavior among trauma-exposed youth.
Barriers to interbreeding in the Eriophyllum lanatum (Asteraceae, Helenieae) species complex

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sampling 426 plants from 271 populations of Eriophyllum lanatum , a western North American species complex, revealed 195 diploid ( x = 8), 61 tetraploid, ten hexaploid, and five octoploid populations. Polyploids were ∼400% more frequent in taxonomic intermediates. One to four supernumerary chromosomes were found in 13% of the populations. Artificial hybridizations were made in 58 of the 65 possible diploid‐level combinations involving the ten varieties of E. lanatum and E. confertiflorum var. confertiflorum. Aberrations, mostly failure to pair normally, were observed in diakinesis or M 1 cells of progeny in 23 of 99 crosses. Studies of pollen stainability in cotton blue‐lactophenol and other fertility indicators in 886 F 1 's from 191 crosses involving 81 populations showed that strong (22–40% pollen stainability) to weak (60–76% pollen stainability) barriers to interbreeding existed among diploids of the E. lanatum varieties and among them and E. confertiflorum var. confertiflorum. Pollen stainability was much higher in progenies of tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid intra‐ and interspecific crosses involving E. confertiflorum var. tanacetiflorum, E. jepsonii , and E. latilobum than in diploid ones, supporting the hypothesis that polyploidy has mainly served to stabilize the products of intervarietal and interspecific hybridizations.
Wnt signals provide a timing mechanism for the FGF-retinoid differentiation switch during vertebrate body axis extension

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Differentiation onset in the vertebrate body axis is controlled by a conserved switch from fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to retinoid signalling,which is also apparent in the extending limb and aberrant in many cancer cell lines. FGF protects tail-end stem zone cells from precocious differentiation by inhibiting retinoid synthesis, whereas later-produced retinoic acid (RA)attenuates FGF signalling and drives differentiation. The timing of RA production is therefore crucial for the preservation of stem zone cells and the continued extension of the body axis. Here we show that canonical Wnt signalling mediates the transition from FGF to retinoid signalling in the newly generated chick body axis. FGF promotes Wnt8c expression, which persists in the neuroepithelium as FGF signalling declines. Wnt signals then act here to repress neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, although FGF inhibition of neuronal differentiation involves repression of the RA-responsive gene,retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ), Wnt signals are weaker repressors of neuron production and do not interfere with RA signal transduction. Strikingly, as FGF signals decline in the extending axis, Wnt signals now elicit RA synthesis in neighbouring presomitic mesoderm. This study identifies a directional signalling relay that leads from FGF to retinoid signalling and demonstrates that Wnt signals serve, as cells leave the stem zone, to permit and promote RA activity, providing a mechanism to control the timing of the FGF-RA differentiation switch.
Promoting mobile payment adoption : emphases of security and convenience via gain and loss frames

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study seeks to understand the specific message content and frames that best promote adoption of really new innovations in financial technology such as mobile payment. It examines how emphasizing security and convenience values of mobile payment in advertising messages influences adoption intention. This study also investigates how the perception of convenience-security trade-off may lead to variations in advertising effectiveness. Furthermore, this study examines how the presentation of gain-framed and loss-framed advertising messages to audiences in different stages of change may influence the advertising outcome. A 3 (no emphasis vs loss-framed convenience emphasis vs gainframed convenience emphasis) × 3 (no emphasis vs loss-framed security emphasis vs gainframed security emphasis) between-subject factorial design was devised to analyse the variables in this study. Participants (N = 340) were assigned to each of the nine treatment groups. Despite not finding any significant influence of message emphases and frames on perceived security, perceived convenience, relative advantage, and adoption intention, this study found that there was a one-sided trade-off effect between convenience and security emphasis in advertisement message.
[The usefulness of combined measurements of transcranial Doppler sonogram and somatosensory evoked potentials during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serial and simultaneous measurements of the blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-V) by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were performed in 7 adult patients during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB was instituted by alpha-stat blood gas management until the rectal temperature stabilized at 24 to 28 degrees C and gas management was converted from alpha to pH-stat by adding 4-7% of CO2 gas into the oxygenator for 10 minutes. MCA-V during hypothermic CPB by alpha-stat management was identical with normothermic prebypass MCA-V. However it significantly increased after pH-stat conversion, suggesting that CO2 reactivity was preserved even in the hypothermic situation above 24 degrees C of body temperature. Latency of all wave components of SEP and central conduction time (CCT) prolonged and wave voltages decreased as the body temperature dropped and SEP waves almost completely recovered following the temperature resumed to the prebypass temperature. There were no significant changes developed in latency and wave forms of SEP by conversion of the blood gas management from alpha-stat to pH-stat. The combined technique of TCD and SEP for detecting the real time changes of cerebral blood flow and brain function is considered to be useful to minimize the brain damage during open heart surgery.
Assessing the impact of temperature on employee health in Binh Duong province

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Binh Duong is a locality with strong economic growth in the region and attracts a lot of workers across the country. This study was conducted to assess heat-related health risks for employees in Binh Duong province in 2020 by the heat index and wet bulb globe temperature. The results indicate that the HI of 12 months is very high, between 34°C and 61°C. Most months are classified as dangerous levels of II-IV that affect workers’ health, especially in June, October, and November. The WBGT values are also light high, ranging from 31°C to 42°C, exceeding the limitation value of WBGT regulated at QCVN 26:2016/BYT for all kinds of works, even with the exposing time being below 25% of working time. Research results indicate that heat hazards from solar energy are of great concern in working conditions.
Resilience Techniques for an Automatic Car Parking System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One example of the advancement of information technology that exhibits to the usual life in the city is an automatic car parking system. The automatic car parking model consists of many different parking modes and situations. Thus, in the design of software structure, it is exceedingly difficult to find defects which might be occur during the design process because the software system is complicated. This paper presents a method to design the structure of the software to be suitable and easy to find faults and errors using the software resiliency techniques. The objective of this work is to make the structure of the system more appropriate and easier to maintain the reliability of software. It also includes the finding of software defects easier, reducing cost and increasing system performance. The major contribution of this work is to improve the resiliency of the software with reasonable costs and test the performance of software testing in the large systems which can be tested continuously and show test results efficiently. In the case of problems are encountered during the test, the information will be collected and the results of software errors will be generated in the form of log file. It also indicates the cause of errors in each point of the software; therefore, it is easy to diagnose and solve problems by using less time to find the cause of the software defect. The experiments show that our resilience design pattern can reduce the number of LOC executed by 1.5 times as compared to the original design pattern, while the number of statements executed is reduced by 18.92%.