jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
HVPE homoepitaxy on freestanding AlN substrate with trench pattern

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Conditions on chemical surface treatment and thermal treatment of sublimation‐freestanding AlN substrates were investigated to remove damage layers on surfaces for high‐quality and crack‐free AlN films grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). By wet etching, the residue on the surface was removed and the polishing scratches were reduced. Atomic steps were formed on the surface by the subsequent thermal treatment at 1450 °C for 10 min, and surface layer of 220 nm in thickness was removed, Homoepitaxial growth on freestanding AlN substrate with trench pattern was also performed. A crack‐free AlN film with atomic steps was obtained on the trench‐patterned bulk AlN substrate, and the emission at the band edge near 206.9 nm was dominant. The wavelength of luminescence from cross‐sectional and surface of the HVPE‐AlN layer was maintained. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Treatment Cost for Typhoid Fever at

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to estimate treatment cost for typhoid fever at two hospitals in Kolkata, India. This study was an incidence-based cost-of-illness analysis from the providers ’ perspective. Microcosting approach was employed for calculating patient-specific data. Unit costs of medical services used in the calculation were directly measured from the study hospital by standard method. The study hospitals were selected based on accessibility to data and cooperation. Eighty-three Widal-positive and/or cultureconfirmed patients with typhoid fever during November 2003–April 2006 were included in the study. Most (93%) patients were children. Eighty-one percent was treated at the outpatient department. The average duration of hospitalization for child and adult patients was 8.4 and 4.2 days respectively. The average cost of treating children, adults, and all patients was US $ 16.72, 72.71, and 20.77 respectively (in 2004 prices). Recalculation based on 80 % occupancy rate in inpatient wards (following the recommendation of the World Health Organization) found that the cost of treating children, adults, and all patients was US $ 14.53, 36.44, and 16.11 respectively.
A Geometric Surprise In Dürer'S Engraving Of St. Jerome In His Study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An extended abstract of the present paper was print-published as "Abstract of: A Geometric Surprise in Dürer's Engraving of St. Jerome in His Study" in Leonardo Volume 51, Issue 5, October 2018. That abstract has a DOI, https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01543 . The complete paper was concurrently posted by Leonardo/MIT Press as "supplementary material" to the abstract, but without its own DOI. The present paper is identical to that one except for having different permissions for figures 11a and 11b.
Ceramic Electrolytes in the CeO2-Gd2O3-SrO System -Preparation, Properties and Application for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Both Pechini method (A) and hydrothermal treatment of co-precipitated gels (B) solutions were used to synthesize nanopowders of Ce0.8-xGd0.2SrxO2-δ for 0
Strategic Dynamic R&D Investments

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this paper we present a model, which describes firms’ strategic R&D investment under technological uncertainty. It assumes two symmetric firms making strategic decisions about undertaking two-stage R&D subject to uncertainty in the outcome of the first exploratory stage. The model concludes that using real options to evaluate the R&D investments allows the firm to undertake larger investment projects when uncertainty is large. Also using the real options creates more complex strategic interactions between the competing agents in a duopoly. If the R&D is profitable for both agents, they will invest symmetrically and compete later in production. But the technological uncertainty together with the strategic interaction between two agents can lead to the outcome when it is profitable for one agent to invest in R&D only when another agent does not. The leader gets a larger market share and is capable of conducting the R&D in amounts, which otherwise are nonprofitable under regular symmetric conditions or if the first-stage exploratory R&D did not succeed.
Detection of Tl(I) Transport through a\nGramicidin−Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine Monolayer Using\nthe Substrate Generation−Tip Collection Mode of\nScanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We report the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to control the generation of Tl(I) at\na mercury substrate and detect this species at a mercury-coated tip to study the transport of these ions\nthrough ion channels. The transport of Tl(I) across gramicidin D half-channels imbedded in a\ndioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) monolayer supported on a Tl amalgam hanging mercury drop electrode\n(HMDE) was studied using the substrate generation−tip collection mode of SECM. A Hg/Pt “submarine”\nelectrode, used as the SECM tip, was made through simple contact of the Pt ultramicroelectrode with the\nHMDE. The tip transient response for the collection of generated Tl(I) at the amalgam HMDE was recorded\nfor several tip to substrate distances. This collection−generation experiment was repeated with a DOPC-modified Tl/HMDE and a gramicidin−DOPC-modified Tl/HMDE. An apparent heterogeneous rate constant\n(<i>k</i><sub>het</sub> = 2.8 (±0.1) × 10<sup>-4</sup> cm/s) for the transport of Tl(I) through the gramicidin to the tip was extracted.
Crosstalk between the mTOR and DNA Damage Response Pathways in Fission Yeast

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cells have developed response systems to constantly monitor environmental changes and accordingly adjust growth, differentiation, and cellular stress programs. The evolutionarily conserved, nutrient-responsive, mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling (mTOR) pathway coordinates basic anabolic and catabolic cellular processes such as gene transcription, protein translation, autophagy, and metabolism, and is directly implicated in cellular and organismal aging as well as age-related diseases. mTOR mediates these processes in response to a broad range of inputs such as oxygen, amino acids, hormones, and energy levels, as well as stresses, including DNA damage. Here, we briefly summarize data relating to the interplays of the mTOR pathway with DNA damage response pathways in fission yeast, a favorite model in cell biology, and how these interactions shape cell decisions, growth, and cell-cycle progression. We, especially, comment on the roles of caffeine-mediated DNA-damage override. Understanding the biology of nutrient response, DNA damage and related pharmacological treatments can lead to the design of interventions towards improved cellular and organismal fitness, health, and survival.
$b\to s\ell\ell$ and Lepton Universality at LHCb

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Lepton universality, meaning the equal coupling of the electroweak gauge bosons to the different lepton flavours, is a central property of the Standard Model (SM). Tests of lepton universality in ratios of rates of $b\to s\ell^+\ell^-$ decays involving electron and muon final states profit from precise SM predictions, free from hadronic uncertainties. They therefore constitute particularly powerful probes for New Physics (NP) scenarios. These proceedings summarise the latest and most precise tests of lepton universality in rare $b\to s\ell^+\ell^-$ transitions by the LHCb collaboration.
Electroexcitation of nuclear magnetic dipole transitions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The field of electroexcitation of nuclear M1 transitions is reviewed. The subject is introduced with an elementary description of the relationship between backward-angle electron scattering and M1 excitation. Data analysis methods as well as 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} electron scattering techniques are also treated. The discussion of experimental results emphasizes the strength of the spin-flip transition, the concentration of M1 strength in self-conjugate nuclei, the degree of fragmentation of this strength in other nuclei, the response of odd-$A$ rotational nuclei to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} electron scattering, and the possible existence of an M1 giant resonance among the nuclides, especially the heavy nuclei.
DEFINING WOMEN IN AMERICAN AND INDIAN PRIME TIME: A CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Defining Women in American and Indian Prime Time is an in depth analysis of viewer's perceptions of the roles played by women on prime time, in two different cultural settings. The research is directed towards respondents with two different media and cultural experiences. The first are interviewees who are simply familiar with American prime time, and the second, are those who are acquainted with both the American and the Indian content. The research questions address specifics of representations associated with the American and the Indian media, the roles women play on prime time, whether the viewers can associate with the characters, possible difference between prime time representations and reality, as well as possible overlaps between ways of reading media's constructions of femininity in these culturally different stage sets. Analysis of the findings in the study acknowledge more analogous ways of deriving meaning out of gender reproductions on prime time in comparison to distinct perceptions of reading gender images in the American and Indian media.
Video-mediastinoscopy in management of patients with lung cancer: a preliminary study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cervical mediastinoscopy is widely employed for biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes and staging of lung cancer. The application of video-assisted technology to mediastinoscopy in a series of patients with lung cancer has not been reported. Preliminary experience with the use of video-mediastinoscopy in diagnosis and staging of lung cancer is presented. Fifteen patients with lung cancer were studied. Results of previous computed tomography scans had shown the presence of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes in the retrovascular plane in all of the cases. Video-mediastinoscopy was performed under general anesthesia using a specifically designed rigid scope connected to a mono-charged-coupled device video camera (model INH 002756; Karl Storz-Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany). Neither fatalities nor major complications related to the procedure were observed. In all cases, video-mediastinoscopy proved useful for diagnosis or staging of lung cancer, therefore contributing to clinical decision making. The optimal visualization of mediastinal structure and the possibility for the surgeon to operate with both hands are appreciable characteristics of this technique.
Effect of Shieldings on Ambient Equivalent Dose Rate Reduction Inside Resident's House after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故により汚染された地域の住民の被ばく線量を低減することを目的として，7軒の住家内で2mm厚の遮蔽材3種類の空間線量率低減効果を調べた。波高分布をunfoldingして入射γ線のエネルギー・スペクトルを取得し，放射性セシウムからの散乱線/直接線(S/U)の線量率比を評価した。いずれの遮蔽材でもS/U比が大きいほど遮蔽効果が大きく，最大27％まで線量率を低減させることができた。本法は散乱線を遮蔽する目的にはかなり有効であることがわかった。低線量地域においては，遮蔽材の住家への適用が被ばく線量低減のための合理的かつ効率的な方法となる可能性がある。
Political and social issues in French digital games, 1982-1993

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite numerous publications about the history of digital games in the United States and Japan, there are few studies which aim to explore the past European trends in game design. For example, the French gaming industry remains unknown to the vast majority of game researchers. However, from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s a certain tendency emerged in this industry: political and social issues became overtly discussed within digital games. To examine such a tendency, the author follows the ‘emancipatory’ paradigm in digital game research (to cite Jaakko Suominen), instead of the ‘enthusiast’ Trans-Pacific-oriented ones. The objects of the analysis are several adventure games developed in France between 1982 and 1993 whose popularity during this period made them influential for the development of the French gaming industry. The author indicates three factors that contributed to the rapid growth of adventure games. These are the advancement of the personal computer market, the modest but existing support from French national institutions, and the article published by Guy Delcourt in the August 1984 issue of Tilt gaming magazine, which gave critical insight into previous development practices and suggested drawing inspiration from current events. The author distinguishes five thematic genres: Froggy Software’s avant-garde digital games, postcolonial and feminist games, investigative games, science fiction, and horror. Each of these provided numerous references to political affairs, economic stagnation and postcolonial critique of the past, which were severe issues in France during the 1980s and 1990s. Despite strong genre diversity, French adventure games shared similar pessimistic outlooks on the emerging “liquid modernity” (Zygmunt Bauman), during which France had to cope with more unstable work conditions, globalization, and immigration from the Maghreb countries. Because the French gaming industry in this period concentrated on local gamers and referred to their national culture, the author encourages game historians to turn their attention not only to Trans-Pacific games, but also to those manufactured outside Japan and the United States.
Roads, market access and regional economic development

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The increase in market access that the expansion of the road network and the growth of Europe created between 1990 and 2012 raised GDP, employment and attracted population. An increase in market access by 1% increases GDP in a region, on average, by 0.2%, employment by 0.7% and population by 0.6%. The positive effect of market access appears to be the strongest over long-distances, most likely based on trade links that are aided by better access to regions in other countries. Predominantly urban, intermediate and predominantly rural regions benefit equally from improvements in access, however, the investment required to create the same degree of improvement in the three types of regions varies substantially. Northern, Western and Central Europe benefited consistently from market access improvements. Southern European regions with better market access gained population and employment but lacked clear GDP improvements. Conversely, Eastern Europe lost employment and population for market access improvements that occurred in a 3-hour travel time radius but had the highest economic gains in GDP and GDP per capita, 1.7% and 2.2% respectively.
The cellular mechanism by which the rostral ventromedial medulla acts on the spinal cord during chronic pain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Clinical therapies for chronic pain are limited. While targeted drugs are promising therapies for chronic pain, they exhibit insufficient efficacy and poor targeting. The occurrence of chronic pain partly results from central changes caused by alterations in neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in the brainstem regulatory pathway. The RVM, which plays a key role in the descending pain control pathway, greatly contributes to the development and maintenance of pain. However, the exact roles of the RVM in chronic pain remain unclear, making it difficult to develop new drugs targeting the RVM and related pathways. Here, we first discuss the roles of the RVM and related circuits in chronic pain. Then, we analyze synaptic transmission between RVM neurons and spinal cord neurons, specifically focusing on the release of neurotransmitters, to explore the cellular mechanisms by which the RVM regulates chronic pain. Finally, we propose some ideas for the development of drugs targeting the RVM.
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Terhadap Perbuatan Gratifikasi Dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi (Studi Putusan No : 35/Pid.Sus.Tpk/2016/PN. Mdn)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Gratuity is a new thing in the criminal act of corruption. Changes made to the previous regulation aim at overcoming the many modes and series of actions of civil servants and state administrators that have an impact on state financial losses and public welfare. The research method used is a normative method and this research is analytical descriptive. Regulations on acts of gratuity in corruption and criminal liability given by judges based on decision number: 35 / Pid.Sus.TPK / 2016 / PN.Mdn. Laws and regulations governing gratification have been set out in Article 12 B of Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Corruption, Factors for Acceptance of Gratuity due to greed, organization, and conflict of interests of civil servants or state administrators, and criminal liability given by the judges based on their considerations have considered mitigating and burdensome matters as well as paying attention to the absence of justification and forgiveness for imposing penalties in the form of imprisonment for 5 years and a fine of Rp. . 200,000,000 towards the perpetrators.
Dynamic effects of regulation and deregulation in goods and labour markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Modern macroeconomic models with a Keynesian flavour usually involve nominal rigidities in wages and goods prices. A typical model is static and combines wage bargaining in the labour markets and monopolistic competition in the goods markets. As central policy implication it follows that deregulating labour and/or goods markets increases equilibrium employment. We reassess the consequences of deregulation in a dynamic model. It still increases employment at the fixed point, which corresponds to the static equilibrium solution. However, deregulation may also lead to stability loss and endogenous fluctuations.
Comparison of Interviewer-Administered and Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recalls in 3 Diverse Integrated Health Systems

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls provide high-quality intake data but have been prohibitively expensive for large epidemiologic studies. This study's goal was to assess whether the web-based Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Recall (ASA24) performs similarly enough to the standard interviewer-administered, Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM) 24-hour dietary recall to be considered a viable alternative. In 2010-2011, 1,081 adults from 3 integrated health systems in Detroit, Michigan; Marshfield, Wisconsin; and Kaiser-Permanente Northern California participated in a field trial. A quota design ensured a diverse sample by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Each participant was asked to complete 2 recalls and was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 protocols differing by type of recall and administration order. For energy, the mean intakes were 2,425 versus 2,374 kcal for men and 1,876 versus 1,906 kcal for women by AMPM and ASA24, respectively. Of 20 nutrients/food groups analyzed and controlling for false discovery rate, 87% were judged equivalent at the 20% bound. ASA24 was preferred over AMPM by 70% of the respondents. Attrition was lower in the ASA24/AMPM study group than in the AMPM/ASA24 group, and it was lower in the ASA24/ASA24 group than in the AMPM/AMPM group. ASA24 offers the potential to collect high-quality dietary intake information at low cost with less attrition.
Dataset CO2 Emission per Capita Forecast 2020-2100

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The dataset includes Business As Usual (BAU) forecast of the world's global CO2 emissions per capita (CpC) for 2020-2100. The CO2 emission forecast is from the publication “Dataset Global Warming Forecast using Acceleration Factors” [3]. According to this publication, the CO2 emissions without international transport will change from 33,803 MtCO2/y in 2020 to 70,191 MtCO2/y in 2100, a 108% increase. The population forecast applies a parabolic trendline of the last 30 years. According to this calculation, the world population will change from 7,795 million in 2020 to 15,206 million in 2100, a 95% increase. CO2 emissions per capita (CpC) are calculated by dividing the CO2 emissions per year by the population in the same year. The world CpC was 4.3366 tCO2/y,cap in 2020. The CpC forecast for 2100 is 4.6160 tCO2/y,cap, 6.4% increase.
Slurry behaviour in separation devices

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Four different modelling approaches for slurry behaviour in cyclones are considered: bulk flow models, a simple continuum model, hydrodynamic models and so-called wet granular flow models. The aim is to consider the utility of each approach for design purposes. It is concluded that bulk flow models and the simple continuum model are inadequate for such use, principally because they are unable to account for geometrical effects which affect the flow. However, both the hydrodynamic models and the wet granular flow approach show considerable promise for the task, due to recent increases in computer power and improved models and algorithms. Of these two approaches, the hydrodynamic models are the more mature, but the wet granular flow approach has the advantage of being based explicitly on particle motion.
E4Orf6-E1B-55k-Dependent Degradation of De Novo-Generated Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Rep52 and Capsid Proteins Employs a Cullin 5-Containing E3 Ligase Complex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Degradation of de novo-generated adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5) Rep52 and capsid proteins is part of the limited target specificity displayed by adenovirus type 5 E4Orf6-E1B-55k as part of a cullin 5-containing E3 ligase complex. Both Rep and capsid proteins can be found in the ligase complex, and their presence is dependent on interaction between E4Orf6 and elongins B and C. Degradation of AAV5 proteins can be inhibited by a dominant-negative ubiquitin that prevents chain elongation or by small interfering RNA directed against cullin 5.
Research on fatigue failure mechanism and fatigue life model of the Self-Piercing Riveting

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Self-piercing riveting process can punching, riveting, once completed, can be effective for coatings and coating steel, alloy plate, polymer materials and composites new technology connection. In order to achieve self-pierce riveting technology in the field of dynamic load applications are solved self-pierce riveting fatigue design and fatigue life assessment connection. Items to be based on the actual car running, riveting study of factors affecting the strength of the mechanism of fatigue failure and fatigue life assessment. Fatigue test method using orthogonal design riveting point multi-component analysis of the structure under various failure modes riveting, multi-component fatigue failure mechanisms; riveting point of fretting statics and dynamics analysis, by simplifying the stress and strain fields, based on a combination of fatigue failure mechanism established riveting process parameters, material properties, environmental factors riveting point dynamic load off brittle fracture and ductile failure probability equivalent model; based on fatigue cumulative damage theory, plasticity, fracture mechanics and reliability theory to determine the plastic deformation, breaking strength factor equivalent function to establish the mechanism of fatigue damage and destruction of riveted steel bridge riveted structures certainty and probabilistic fatigue life assessment model. Fracture mechanics of plates and shells using finite element theory regression riveted structure experimental data, failure analysis and fatigue life assessment model modified model riveting member.