jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Anti-phase variation of long eccentricity and precipitation in inland Asia during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The mechanisms and pace of orbital forcing on precipitation in inland Asia during the Cenozoic remain poorly understood. Many previous studies using magnetic proxies for precipitation have shown a consistent signal of long eccentricity (405 kyr) in hydrological records of central China that are younger than ca. 11 Ma. Most studies suggest that variations in rainfall amount were controlled by Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, and the peak of precipitation is associated with eccentricity maxima. Here, we report multiple magnetic records dating back to the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO, ~14–17 m.y. ago), including a detailed record from a new section in the Qaidam Basin, which was dated using magnetostratigraphy, U-Pb geochronology, and apatite low-temperature thermochronology. Our records show the exact opposite: 405 kyr wet-dry cycles dominated, but the wetter intervals correspond to eccentricity minima and ice-volume maxima during the MMCO. Taken at face value, these results question the origin—monsoonal or westerly-derived—of the precipitation that reached central China during the middle Miocene and the mechanisms that enhanced monsoonal penetration of inland Asia. We also suggest that this anti-phase relationship could also reflect biases in magnetic proxies for precipitation during the wettest climatic phases, which can result in the dissolution of magnetic minerals and a significant underestimation of past rainfall.
PReT: A Tool for Automatic Phase-Based Regression Testing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present our tool PReT, which performs automatic performance regression testing on software. PReT does non-intrusive profiling based on application snapshots to learn behaviour for performance regression tests and can identify any changes in the testing behaviour by comparing the current behaviour against a learned model. PReT annotates resource usage profiles with application stacktraces and uses a variation of k-means to learn the models per regression test online. On top of that, PReT uses version information of the software to identify change(s) that introduce(s) performance issue(s) if any. We show the usefulness of PReT in correctly identifying two real world performance bugs in Cassandra database server. We show that PReT is able to characterize the performance tests being run for the software with higher accuracy than a purely resource utilization based characterization technique.
Clinical response and survival time of cats with carcinoma of the nasal cavity treated with palliative coarse fractionated radiotherapy

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objectives Carcinoma is the second most common tumour of the nasal cavity in cats. Few studies assessing the response and survival of cats with carcinoma of the nasal cavity treated with palliative coarse fractionated radiotherapy have been published. Methods Twenty-eight cats were diagnosed with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the nasal cavity. All patients treated with a coarse fractionated radiotherapy protocol were retrospectively reviewed. Results Improvement of the clinical signs were reported in 24 cases; median survival time (MST) was 342 days; and cats with Adams modified stage IV and facial deformity had a significantly reduced MST of 152 days ( P = 0.0013) and 67 days ( P = 0.0002), respectively. Severe radiotherapy-related clinical signs were not reported and alopecia and leukotrichia were the most common side effects reported in ten cases. Conclusions and relevance Coarse fractionated radiotherapy treatment for carcinoma of the nasal cavity in cats is effective in relieving clinical signs. Long survival times can be achieved, in particular in cases with a less advanced stage of the tumour.
Optical Implementation Of A Novel Accurate-Location Radar And Sonar.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An optical implementation is considered for a novel system, recently invented by the author, for accurately locating objects relatively close to an array from distributed backscatter. Processing is partitioned into handling scatterers in annuli rather than in pie shaped regions as in conventional systems which use beamforming followed by matched filtering. The advantages of the new design are discussed. Precomputing a matrix containing geometric and transmission pulse information leaves only a matrix-vector computation to be performed in real-time. Experimental results are shown for a 100 by 100 matrix-vector multiplication with a new device, a spatial light rebroadcaster (SLR). A method of constructing an optical sonar or radar is proposed using the new concept and the optical matrix-vector multiplier.
Texts and the institutions of municipal government: The power of texts in the public process of land development1

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article explores the textual practices organizing participation in municipal planning and its public discourse. The process in which the assessment and public approval of private land development takes place is a complex sphere of actions involving local government professional staff, clerks, lawyers, private developers and consultants, provincial government staff in several ministries, publicly elected officials and, often, local residents. It is part of the institutions of municipal government. What takes place publicly co-ordinates and characterizes individual actions as part of the institution of local government and its 'politics'. 1 An earlier version of this article was presented at the conference Social Transformation and Activism: The Application of Institutional Ethnography, Arizona State University West, Phoenix. Arizona. March 12, 1999. I am indebted to Paul Luken and Suzanne Vaughn of ASU for a congenial forum for this work, and to Tim Diamond, Peter Grahame, Liza McCoy, Eric Mykhalovskiy and Dorothy E. Smith for their thoughtful comments. I thank the reviewers for their careful readings and editorial suggestions. This version has benefitted from them. 1 An earlier version of this article was presented at the conference Social Transformation and Activism: The Application of Institutional Ethnography, Arizona State University West, Phoenix. Arizona. March 12, 1999. I am indebted to Paul Luken and Suzanne Vaughn of ASU for a congenial forum for this work, and to Tim Diamond, Peter Grahame, Liza McCoy, Eric Mykhalovskiy and Dorothy E. Smith for their thoughtful comments. I thank the reviewers for their careful readings and editorial suggestions. This version has benefitted from them. Notes 1 An earlier version of this article was presented at the conference Social Transformation and Activism: The Application of Institutional Ethnography, Arizona State University West, Phoenix. Arizona. March 12, 1999. I am indebted to Paul Luken and Suzanne Vaughn of ASU for a congenial forum for this work, and to Tim Diamond, Peter Grahame, Liza McCoy, Eric Mykhalovskiy and Dorothy E. Smith for their thoughtful comments. I thank the reviewers for their careful readings and editorial suggestions. This version has benefitted from them.
Measuring "Risk Perception Index" To Improve the Safety of Offshore Teams

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Measuring the "Risk Perception Index" of individuals could provide a step change from the current plateau in HSE performance. By taking into account each individuals ability to detect, assess and react to hazardous situations and their knowledge and willingness to follow rules and procedures we may more effectively select personnel requiring non-technical skills training, then test its effectiveness and gauge the necessity for and effectiveness of existing hazard controls. In this study "Risk Perception Index" was measured in a computer virtual reality simulation of the working environment. Seventy-two participants were immersed into a realistic scenario where they focussed on completing a task. Risk stimuli were initially presented in subtle ways, then more apparently, to detect the participant's degree of risk perception each participant's reaction to the stimuli was recorded and scored. 6% of the participants demonstrated excellent risk perception by "stopping the job" when they were uncertain. 33% of the participants demonstrated good risk perception by following rules. 38% of the participants initially demonstrated good risk perception then broke rules when put under additional time pressure but interpreted cues and went back to following rules. 23% of the participants broke rules, then failed to respond to cues and endangered themselves. It is expected that a knowledge of "Risk Perception Index" will assist in the reduction of incidents and accidents where root causes include ‘poor risk assessment’.
Thermodynamic basis for the use of two independent stress state variables in unsaturated soil mechanics

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Using the theory of mixtures with interfaces (TMI) the thermodynamic basis for two independent stress state variables in unsaturated soils is investigated. Overall balance of linear momentum of all the bulk phases and the interfaces leads to a definition of total stress for unsaturated soils. Consideration of constitutive equations within the realm of the second law of thermodynamics provides an expression for effective stress in unsaturated soils. In addition to including total stress, pore air and water pressures, the expression for effective stress also includes, explicitly, the properties of the interfaces. The inclusion of these interfacial properties explains the experimentally observed dependence of effective stress on stress paths and soil types in unsaturated soils. It is argued that it is preferable to consider two independent stress state variables rather than a single, but complex, effective stress in describing the behavior of unsaturated soils.
On Allocation Policies for Power and Performance

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the increasing popularity of Internet-based services and applications, power efficiency is becoming a major concern for data center operators, as high electricity consumption not only increases greenhouse gas emissions, but also increases the cost of running the server farm itself. In this paper we address the problem of maximizing the revenue of a service provider by means of dynamic allocation policies that run the minimum amount of servers necessary to meet user's requirements in terms of performance. The results of several experiments executed using Wikipedia traces are described, showing that the proposed schemes work well, even if the workload is non-stationary. Since any resource allocation policy requires the use of forecasting mechanisms, various schemes allowing compensating errors in the load forecasts are presented and evaluated.
The critical interval in dolphin echolocation: What is it?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A backward masking function relating target detection to masker delay was generated for a bottlenosed dolphin in an active echolocation target detection task. The masker was triggered by each outgoing echolocation click and could be temporally adjusted from coincidence with the target echo to delays of 700 μs. The animal reported target condition using a go/no-go response procedure. A modified method of constants was used to present the four masking delay intervals. Results indicated that 700- and 500-μs delays had little effect on target detection. However, as the delay was reduced to 100 μs, detection dropped to chance performance. The calculated 70% detection threshold corresponded to a delay of 265 μs. The results are discussed in support of the view that time separation pitch (TSP) may be an analytic mechanism used by the dolphin to discern various within-echo target attributes rather than an analytic mechanism for determining target range.
A cell-surface molecule selectively expressed on murine natural interferon–producing cells that blocks secretion of interferon-alpha

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Natural interferon (IFN)-producing cells (IPCs) recognize certain viruses and DNA containing deoxycytidylate-phosphatedeoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs through the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, resulting in secretion of IFN-α, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and proinflammatory chemokines. Human IPCs are found mainly in inflamed lymph nodes, where they are presumably recruited from the blood to activate both innate and adaptive responses to microbial infections. Demonstrating IPC recruitment and function in murine infection models has been difficult because multiple antibodies are required to distinguish IPCs from other immune cells and very few IPCs can be recovered from lymph nodes. Here we describe a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that exclusively detects murine IPCs in all lymphoid organs under both normal and inflammatory conditions. Using this antibody, we demonstrate that IPCs are normally present in the T-cell zone of lymph nodes and spleen and that inoculation of peripheral tissues with inflammatory stimuli triggers recruitment of IPC into sentinel lymph nodes, whether the stimuli are able to directly stimulate IPCs through TLR or not. Remarkably, we show that incubation of IPCs with the antibody in vitro or administration of the antibody in vivo dramatically reduce secretion of IFN-α in response to CpG DNA without causing IPC depletion. Thus, the antibody identifies an IPC-specific surface molecule that, when engaged, inhibits IFN-α secretion. (Blood. 2004;103:4201-4206)
Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment Process on Deformation of Half Axle Gear After Heat Treatment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Based on the material thermodynamics and heat treatment commercial simulation software,and taking the actual heat treatment process of the half axle gear of the automobile into account,the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the deformation of the half axle gear is explored. Taking the 20CrMnTi half axle gear as the research object,by using the DEFORM software,the process of gear carburizing-quenching and deep cryogenic treatment is simulated,by using the JMATPRO software,the material performance database of 20CrMnTi half axle gear is established. The gear deformation information after gear carburizing-quenching and deep cryogenic treatment is obtained. The simulation results show that there is deformation after carburizing-quenching and the radial deformation affects the performance,that is,after the deep cryogenic treatment,the deformation range is reduced,while the radial deformation does not change.
Policies for Providing Honorary Teacher Welfare in Order to Improve the Quality of Education in Surabaya

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study discusses the Policy of Provision of Welfare for Honorary Teachers in Order to Improve the Quality of Education in the City of Surabaya, this study also uses a Qualitative research method. In this study, it has been found that there is a policy program that has been provided by the government for honorary teachers. What I found in this study is the Government Policy Program provided is PPPK, the PPPK program provided is intended to provide certainty of career levels for honorary teachers. With the inclusion of the name of the honorary teacher in the PPPK program data collection, the status of the honorary teacher is no longer an honorary teacher but has changed to a PPPK teacher. In this study, I found that there are inhibiting factors for the government in providing welfare for honorary teachers, these inhibiting factors are the low salaries and incentives received by honorary teachers. Some honorary teachers still often get salaries that are far below the regional minimum wage (UMR), some of them are also seen not getting incentives (allowances) from the government.
Elliot Lake, Ontario uranium mines a legacy perpetual care case study

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Twelve uranium mines were opened in the vicinity of Elliot Lake, Ontario Canada between 1955 and 1958.In the early 1960s, eight of these mines were acquired and amalgamated to form Rio Algom Limited (RAL), now a subsidiary of BHP.During the 1960s only two mines were operational with remaining mines placed in care and maintenance.Two mines were reactivated and one expanded in the late 1970s and subsequently closed between 1990 and 1996.This construction and operating history produced eight tailings management areas with 102 Mt of tailings (range of 0.08 to 46 Mt), covering 920 ha (range of 13 ha to 400 ha) and various cover configurations (water, vegetated and combinations thereof).As part of the federal environmental assessment review process for closure, all facilities were subject to cost-benefit analysis to select final closure configuration.Closure was implemented at all facilities between 1992 and 2000 to meet then best practice for nuclear waste facilities.This paper will provide a 20-year post-closure perspective of water management, water treatment and watershed performance and key learnings for these perpetual care facilities.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Bioactive Metabolites from a Marine‐Derived Bacterium Nocardia sp. ALAA 2000.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hormonal contraceptives as a risk factor for invasive breast cancer in black women in Johannesburg, South Africa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Black South African women are known to have a high usage rate of \ninjectable contraceptives. Breast cancer is the second leading cancer after malignant \ncervical neoplasms in black South African women. There is evidence that sex \nhormones are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. In the \nWestern Cape, investigators suggested that injectable contraceptives, more \nspecifically DMPA, may increase breast cancer risk. In another study conducted in the \nsame province, a weak association between breast cancer and women taking \ncombined oestrogen/progesterone oral contraceptives was found, though no risk \nassociated with injectable progestogen contraceptives (DMPA) was confirmed. \nStudy Objective: This study aimed to determine whether there is an association \nbetween hormonal contraceptive use and an increased risk of cancer of the breast. \nMethods: Data was obtained from an ongoing case control study set up by \nMRC/Wits/NHLS Cancer Epidemiology Research Group (CERG) in 1995 to \ninvestigate risk factors associated with cancer among the black population in \nJohannesburg. Data was processed using STATA, version8 and analysed using \nunivariate, bivariate and multivariate unmatched logistic regression models. \nResults: There was evidence that an overall use of oral contraceptives increases the \nrisk of breast cancer; cases (n= 221), controls :( n= 153), OR=2.01 (95% CI:1.45, \n2.80), p<0.0001. \nThere was evidence of an association between use of injectable contraception and the \nrisk of breast cancer; cases (n=244), controls (n=202), OR=1.51(CI: 1.14, 2.01),p=0.004 Surprisingly, no other use characteristic of either hormonal contraceptive method was \nstatistically significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer in our dataset. \nThe combined use of both oral and injectable contraception was associated with an \nincreased risk of breast cancer, OR=1.68(1.21, 2.33), p =0.002. There was a strong \neffect modification (interaction) between oral contraceptive use and injectable \nprogesterone associated with the risk of breast cancer, (p=0.008). \nConclusion: After adjusting for all potential risk and confounding factors, as \ncollected in the dataset, there was evidence of an association between combined oral \ncontraceptive use and breast cancer. An association between cancer of the breast and \noverall use of injectable progesterone use was also established. There was evidence of \nassociation between the use of both hormonal contraceptive methods and an increased \nrisk of breast cancer. However, whether these findings reflect the reality in terms of \ncausal relationship or are the result of bias must be ascertained.
Primary Events in the\nBlue Light Sensor Plant Cryptochrome:\nIntraprotein Electron and Proton Transfer Revealed by Femtosecond\nSpectroscopy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Photoreceptors are chromoproteins that undergo fast conversion\nfrom dark to signaling states upon light absorption by the chromophore.\nThe signaling state starts signal transduction in vivo and elicits\na biological response. Therefore, photoreceptors are ideally suited\nfor analysis of protein activation by time-resolved spectroscopy.\nWe focus on plant cryptochromes which are blue light sensors regulating\nthe development and daily rhythm of plants. The signaling state of\nthese flavoproteins is the neutral radical of the flavin chromophore.\nIt forms on the microsecond time scale after light absorption by the\noxidized state. We apply here femtosecond broad-band transient absorption\nto early stages of signaling-state formation in a plant cryptochrome\nfrom the green alga <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>. Transient\nspectra show (i) subpicosecond decay of flavin-stimulated emission\nand (ii) further decay of signal until 100 ps delay with <i>nearly</i> constant spectral shape. The first decay (i) monitors electron transfer\nfrom a nearby tryptophan to the flavin and occurs with a time constant\nof τ<sub>ET</sub> = 0.4 ps. The second decay (ii) is analyzed\nby spectral decomposition and occurs with a characteristic time constant\nτ<sub>1</sub> = 31 ps. We reason that hole transport through\na tryptophan triad to the protein surface and partial deprotonation\nof tryptophan cation radical hide behind τ<sub>1</sub>. These\nprocesses are probably governed by vibrational cooling. Spectral decomposition\nis used together with anisotropy to obtain the relative orientation\nof flavin and the final electron donor. This narrows the number of\npossible electron donors down to two tryptophans. Structural analysis\nsuggests that a set of histidines surrounding the terminal tryptophan\nmay act as proton acceptor and thereby stabilize the radical pair\non a 100 ps time scale.
High-repetition-rate few-attosecond high-quality electron beams generated from crystals driven by intense X-ray laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Advances in X-ray laser sources have paved the way to relativistic attosecond X-ray laser pulses and opened up the possibility of exploring high-energy-density physics with this technology. With particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate the interaction of realistic metal crystals with relativistic X-ray laser pulses of parameters that will be available in the near future. A wakefield of the order of TV/cm is excited in the crystal and accelerates trapped electrons stably even though the wakefield is locally modulated by the crystal lattice. Electron injection either occurs at the sharp crystal–vacuum boundary or is controlled by coating the crystal with a high-density film. High-repetition-rate attosecond (20 as) monoenergetic electron beams of energy 125 MeV, charge 100 fC, and emittance 1.6 × 10−9 m rad can be produced by shining MHz X-ray laser pulses of energy 2.1 mJ onto coated crystals several micrometers thick. Such a miniature crystal accelerator, which has high reproducibility and allows sufficient control of the parameters of the electron beams, greatly expands the applications of X-ray free electron lasers. For example, it could serve as an ideal electron source for ultrafast electron diffraction and ultrafast electron microscopy to achieve attosecond resolution.