jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Independent India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After independence, India successfully established a secular state with diverse cultures, religious traditions and languages. Independent India is unique and does not have the characteristics of a typical nation state. It represents oneness in the hearts of all people despite diversity of various dimensions. After independence, a major problem that the nation had to address was extreme poverty and economic development on all fronts became a major goal. While examining various development aspects, Indian leaders decided to seek economic prosperity through a planned effort. A new body called the Planning Commission was established to systematically create a five-year plan to undertake different programs for economic progress. It was also decided that public sector companies would play a major role in the industrial sector especially in the development of basic industries, such as steel, machine tools, aerospace and others.
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANTS OF INCOME SMOOTHING PRACTICES

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Income. smoothing is a corporate. Management.'s effort to reduce the. volatility of financial statements to make them more attractive to investors. This is usually done by manipulating. financial statements, especially in the income statement section.This study aims to understand the impact of profitability, financial leverage, income tax, and winner/loser stocks on the income smoothing of financial industry companies in the banking sub-industry listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2019. This study uses quantitative research and purpose-based sampling techniques to collect data. There have been 22 companies as samples for more than four years, resulting in 88 research samples. Data processing uses SPSS 25.0 application for descriptive statistical and logistic regression analysis. This. study shows that profitability, financial leverage, income tax, and. winner/loser have simultaneous impact on income smoothing. Profitability has a partial positive impact and income tax has a partial negative impact on income smoothing. While financial leverage and winner/loser stocks do not affect the income smoothing.
Parameter map error due to normal noise and aliasing artifacts in MR fingerprinting

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To introduce a quantitative tool that enables rapid forecasting of T 1 and T 2 parameter map errors due to normal and aliasing noise as a function of the MR fingerprinting (MRF) sequence, which can be used in sequence optimization. Theory and Methods The variances of normal noise and aliasing artifacts in the collected signal are related to the variances in T 1 and T 2 maps through derived quality factors. This analytical result is tested against the results of a Monte‐Carlo approach for analyzing MRF sequence encoding capability in the presence of aliasing noise, and verified with phantom experiments at 3 T. To further show the utility of our approach, our quality factors are used to find efficient MRF sequences for fewer repetitions. Results Experimental results verify the ability of our quality factors to rapidly assess the efficiency of an MRF sequence in the presence of both normal and aliasing noise. Quality factor assessment of MRF sequences is in agreement with the results of a Monte‐Carlo approach. Analysis of MRF parameter map errors from phantom experiments is consistent with the derived quality factors, with T 1 (T 2 ) data yielding goodness of fit R 2 ≥ 0.92 (0.80). In phantom and in vivo experiments, the efficient pulse sequence, determined through quality factor maximization, led to comparable or improved accuracy and precision relative to a longer sequence, demonstrating quality factor utility in MRF sequence design. Conclusion The here introduced quality factor framework allows for rapid analysis and optimization of MRF sequence design through T 1 and T 2 error forecasting.
Legality of Expropriations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines the general international law on the legality of expropriation. It analyses the relevant case law of investment tribunals in order to ascertain the relevant criteria for assessing the legality of expropriations. The findings reveal that tribunals are willing to engage in a genuine investigation of whether the legality requirements of expropriation are fulfilled and that they are fairly consistent in requiring compensation in order to regard an expropriation as lawful.
Managing Supplier-Manufacturer Closed-Loop Supply Chain Considering Product Design and Take-Back Legislation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Facing a growing amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), a recent recast of the WEEE directive has put a specific reuse target for manufacturers, aiming to reduce environmental pollution and incentivize a green product design. In this paper, in order to examine whether the above two goals can be achieved by setting a specific reuse target, we have modelled a closed-loop supply chain consisting of a supplier (the leader) and a manufacturer (the follower) with the constraint of a mandated remanufacturing target. In this model, the supplier determines the level of interchangeability in product design and the wholesale price of the key component. The manufacturer buys the key components from the supplier and makes production and remanufacturing decisions under the requirement of a mandated remanufacturing target. We have investigated the supply chain’s members’ optimal decisions and analyzed the impact of the mandated remanufacturing target on the optimal profits of the supply chain’s members and consumer surplus, and finally, we have explored the environmental implications of the mandated remanufacturing target. We found that the supply chain’s members’ optimal decisions are affected by the mandated remanufacturing target and the cost of the new component. In terms of the economic implications of the mandated remanufacturing target, we have demonstrated that the increase in the mandated remanufacturing target has negative effects on the profits of the supply chain’s members and consumer surplus. Regarding the goal of incentivizing green product design, we found that the mandated remanufacturing target cannot always incentivize the supplier to implement product design that is beneficial to remanufacturing. From the perspective of the environment, we further indicate that more stringent mandated remanufacturing targets may bring an undesirable environmental outcome.
Evaluation of the importance of head and probe stabilisation in acoustic rhinometry.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

As yet there is no established procedure to ensure the repeatability of acoustic rhinometry measurements although anecdotal evidence suggests that instrument fixation improves repeatability. The aim of this study is to validate the methodology of acoustic rhinometry and determine whether instrument fixation and head stabilisation is necessary. Four methods were compared in fifteen healthy volunteers, after nasal decongestion: A) Patient holding the probe (patient-held), B) Probe fixed in a probe stand (probe-stand), C) Probe fixed in stand and head stabilised in head rest (head-rest), D) Examiner holding the probe (examiner-performed). The two minimum cross-sectional areas and volume between 0 and 5 cm were recorded. The examiner-performed and probe-stand methods were consistently less variable than the other methods. With examiner-performed method, this was significant (p < 0.05) versus head-rest and patient-held methods for both measures of minimum cross-sectional area. For nasal volume the examiner-performed method was significantly (p < 0.05) less variable than the head-rest method. In conclusion, examiner-performed acoustic rhinometry is more repeatable than combined head stabilisation and instrument fixation and therefore the use of a head-rest may be unnecessary. Instrument fixation or examiner performed test is also preferable to allowing the patient to position the probe. The repeatability of the probe-stand method was similar to the examiner-performed method.
Cofactor requirement of ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A large number of type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from plants (families of Caryophyllaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Phytolaccaceae, and Poaceae) were examined for their requirement for ATP and supernatant factors for full activity. A marked requirement was observed with agrostin among Caryophyllaceae, gelonin among Euphorbiaceae, and with both barley RIP and tritin-S among Poaceae. The distribution of cofactor requirement in Phytolaccaceae discriminates leaf forms (cofactor-independent) from seed and root forms (cofactor-dependent). The results are discussed on the basis of the present knowledge on the tissue localization of RIPs and on the sensitivity of ribosomes to conspecific RIPs.
Clinical Analysis of the 53 Young Patients with Stomach Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To analyze young people's stomach cancer state, clinical diagnosis and surgery treatment.Methods The previous clinical data of 53 young sufferers of 35 years old who suffered from stomach cancer were analyzed.Results When 53 young patients with stomach cancer were treated by operation, no death happened during operation, and the removal rate of radical cure was 56.6%. As a result, the survival rate was 21.3% and 4.3% after 3 to 5 years.Conclusions The incidence of young patients with stomach cancer is heigh when they grow older. The degree of malignant tumor is high, the rate of misdiagnosis is high, the removal rate of operation is low, and the prognosis is bad.
Foresight as an interdisciplinary field: approaches and practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The current world is witnessing profound changes in social, technological, environmental, economic, political, and cultural orders. In this context, the decision-making process is highly vulnerable due to the high uncertainty of the studied system, and what is at stake in the decision is very high. This situation is called post-normal science by Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz. These changes demonstrate that the medium and long term begins to matter, and foresight studies are an essential input for the design of public policies. This paper reflects on the definition of foresight as an interdisciplinary field. The text revolves around two central issues. On the one hand, foresight as a field of intersection between future studies, public policies, and strategic planning. On the other hand, foresight as knowledge production related to the futures of various fields of application and their unavoidable dialogue of knowledge and wisdom. It starts with foresight as a discipline of the social sciences in order to analyze complex systems that allow understanding the current situation, identifying trends and future uncertainties, constructing scenarios, and analyzing their strategic implications. The paper presents some basic notions about foresight as a social production of knowledge. Then, it presents the convergence of the various and different disciplines that feed the field of knowledge. Finally, it presents a practical case of application in socio-territorial tensions in order to analyze the interactions and interrelationships between foresight and interdisciplinarity. Among the main findings, the need to have situated conceptual approaches and management technologies for the conceptualization of foresight as an interdisciplinary field is highlighted.
Synthesis and Reactivity of β-Methoxymethyl Enecarbamates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Beta-methoxymethyl enecarbamates (e.g., 1) have been prepared in a single step from alpha-methoxy carbamates. In the presence of a mild Lewis acid, compound 1 underwent substitution with a variety of nucleophiles including indoles, electron-rich aromatics, silyl enol ethers, and 2-trimethylsilyloxyfuran.
NR4A1 Deletion in Marginal Zone B Cells Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Mice—Brief Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: NR4A orphan receptors have been well studied in vascular and myeloid cells where they play important roles in the regulation of inflammation in atherosclerosis. NR4A1 (nerve growth factor IB) is among the most highly induced transcription factors in B cells following BCR (B-cell receptor) stimulation. Given that B cells substantially contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, we examined whether NR4A1 regulates B-cell function during atherogenesis. Approach and Results: We found that feeding Ldlr −/− mice a Western diet substantially increased Nr4a1 expression in marginal zone B (MZB) cells compared with follicular B cells. We then generated Ldlr −/− mice with complete B- or specific MZB-cell deletion of Nr4a1 . Complete B-cell deletion of Nr4a1 led to increased atherosclerosis, which was accompanied by increased T follicular helper cell–germinal center axis response, as well as increased serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Interestingly, specific MZB-cell deletion of Nr4a1 increased atherosclerosis in association with an increased T follicular helper–germinal center response but without any impact on serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Nr4a1 −/− MZB cells showed decreased PDL1 (programmed death ligand-1) expression, which may have contributed to the enhanced T follicular helper response. Conclusions: Our findings reveal a previously unsuspected role for NR4A1 in the atheroprotective role of MZB cells.
Effects of cadmium exposure on Iberian ribbed newt (<i>Pleurodeles waltl</i>) testes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To characterize the histomorphologic effects of cadmium on adult newt testes, male Iberian ribbed newts (6 months post-hatching) were intraperitoneally exposed to a single dose of 50 mg/kg of cadmium, with histologic analysis of the testes at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Beginning 24 h after cadmium exposure, apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes was observed, and congestion was observed in the interstitial vessels of the testes. Throughout the experimental period, the rates of pyknotic cells and TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 positivity were significantly higher in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes of cadmium-treated newts compared with control newts. There were no significant differences between cadmium-treated and control newts in phospho-histone H3 positivity in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes. These results suggest that spermatogonia and spermatocytes in adult Iberian ribbed newts are highly sensitive to cadmium. This is the first report of the histomorphologic characteristics of cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in newts.
Induction and rationalization of supramolecular chirality in a highly flexible Zn(ii)porphyrin dimer: structural, spectroscopic and theoretical investigations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The transfer and regulation of molecular chirality via 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 host–guest complexation have been reported using a highly flexible diethyl-pyrrole bridged Zn( ii ) porphyrin dimer host with chiral amino alcohols and diols as substrates.
Laparoendoscopic Rendezvous for Concomitant Cholecystocholedocholithiasis: A Successful Modality Even in the Most Difficult Presentations Including Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background . Laparoendoscopic rendezvous (LERV) technique is emerging as an attractive treatment option for concomitant cholecystocholedocholithiasis. In this paper, we report our experience in performing the LERV technique in patients with unusual presentations in terms of anatomical difficulty, pregnancy, multiple comorbid diseases, and postlaparotomy. We aim to highlight the effectiveness of the LERV technique in some clinical situations where conventional methods would fail or carry high risks in adequately managing concomitant cholecystocholedocholithiasis. Methods . Four patients diagnosed to have concomitant cholecystocholedocholithiasis with associated difficult presentation or comorbid diseases were treated using the LERV technique. One patient presented with difficult anatomy where ERCP failed at initial attempts. Another patient was pregnant (first trimester). A third patient had complex comorbid diseases (bronchial asthma, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis). A fourth patient had previous laparotomy and sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease and had severe hospital phobia. Results . All patients tolerated the LERV technique very well; no intraoperative occurrence was reported. The mean operative time was86.3±17.2minutes; mean time of the endoscopic part was29.4±3.57minutes. The mean blood loss was44.3±18.2 mL (range 20–85). Residual stone, postoperative complications, postoperative morbidity, and postoperative mortality were 0 (0%). Postoperative short hospital stay was reported in all patients, average 3 days (range 2–4). Conclusion . LERV procedure is a safe and effective treatment option for the management of concomitant cholecystocholedocholithiasis, even in difficult situations where other methods would fail or carry high risks, or in patients presenting with severe comorbid diseases or pregnancy. This procedure may emerge as an attractive alternative option for high-risk patients. A patient’s wishes may also influence the selection of this procedure. More scientific studies recruiting more patients should be done in order to standardize the LERV procedure.
Introduction to Epidemiologic Thinking

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This chapter introduces the reader to epidemiology, showing why epidemiologic thinking is needed to elucidate the disease burden in a population and the causal connections that are responsible for that disease burden. Common sense is often thought to suffice to reveal the causes of disease. Nevertheless, common sense needs to be refined to avoid basic conundrums, such as why death rates in Sweden appear greater than death rates in Panama, why women in a British town who were smokers had a lower risk of death than those who were nonsmokers, and why it is incorrect to attribute the long life of orchestra conductors to their choice of profession.
Expression of HIF-1α and its relationship with angiogenesis in osteosarcoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the expression of HIF-1αand its relationship with angiogenesis in osteosarcoma.Methods: Osteosarcoma MG-63 cells were cultured in vitro under hypoxia and mimic hypoxia conditions.Thirty paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma tissues and 20 fresh frozen osteosarcoma specimens were collected.The mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1αand VEGF were detected by RT-PCR,Western blotting,ELISA,and immunohistochemistry methods.The mean vessel density(MVD)were also calculated.Results:The mRNA level of HIF-1αhad no change under hypoxia and minic hypoxia conditions,whereas the protein expression was increased dramaticaly.The mRNA and protein expression of VEGF was significantly increased under hypoxia and minic hypoxia conditions.The positive rate of HIF-1αmRNA(90%)and VEGF(100%)in 20 fresh frozen tissues were higher than those of the para-tumor tissues(P0.05).The positive rates of HIF-1αand VEGF protein in paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma were 86.7% and 93.3%,respectively,significantly higher than those in the para-tumor tissues(6.7 %,26.7%,P0.05).Spearman related analysis demonstrated that the expression of HIF-1α(P=0.005,r=0.767) and VEGF(P0.002,r=0.701)had a positive relation with MVD.Conclusion:HIF-1αis overexpressed in osteosarcoma and might be closely associated with tumor angiogenesis.Overexpression of HIF-1αmight indicate a poor prognosis of osteosarcoma.
THE HUMAN COST OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF COBALT MINING IN CONGO

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The report was developed based on a literature review and aims to examine the ethical issues associated with cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo through the prism of international business. It aims to untangle the complex web of economic interests, corporate responsibility, and human rights. Specific examples of the policies undertaken by technology leaders, the circumstances that led to their necessity, and empirical data examining the importance of cobalt on a global scale, are examined.
Experience of Women after a Spontaneous Abortion

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The objective of this research was to explore and describe the experience of women after a spontaneous abortion to facilitate the mental health of these women in future. The participants in this study were seven white South African (ages range 24 to 36 years). Data were collected using in-depth interviews and analysed using a descriptive method of open coding. The results suggest that a spontaneous abortion have physical-, emotional-, social- and spiritual effects on women. Participants identified community resources that helped them cope with the experience of loss from the spontaneous abortion.
ChemInform Abstract: New Tricks from an Old Dog: Bisketenes After 90 Years

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Incomplete isolation in the nonbreeding areas of two genetically separated but sympatric short-tailed albatross populations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus , a globally Vulnerable species recovering from near-extinction, breeds mainly on 2 island groups in the north-western Pacific: Torishima and Senkaku Islands. Recently, it became clear that this is a species complex, composed of 2 populations (‘Torishima’ and ‘Senkaku’ types) that are distinct from both genetic and morphological perspectives, and which mate assortatively on Torishima. We tested the hypothesis of premating isolation as a possible mechanism for genetic differentiation and shifted breeding date in short-tailed albatrosses. Using light-based geolocation and molecular analysis, we examined whether adults from the 2 populations breeding on Torishima differed in their at-sea distribution during the nonbreeding period (June-September) and in their return dates. From 22 bird tracks collected from 12 birds over 4 yr, we identified 2 distinct nonbreeding areas: around the Aleutian Islands in the Bering Sea and near the Kuril Islands in the Okhotsk Sea. All 6 tracks of Torishima-type birds migrated directly to the Bering Sea in all years. In contrast, most of the Senkaku-type birds migrated along northeast Japan to the Okhotsk Sea (9 tracks), with the others moving to the Bering Sea (7 tracks). There was no clear difference in the dates of return to Torishima between the 2 bird types. Overall, no absolute pre-mating isolation in space or time was observed in short-tailed albatrosses, but we highlighted notable divergences in the nonbreeding distribution of both types. This result suggests that Torishima- and Senkaku-type populations should be treated as separate management units.