jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vacuum deposited optical coatings experiment (AO 138-4)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this experiment was to test the optical behavior of 20 components and coatings subjected to space exposure. Most of them are commonly used for their reflective or transmittive properties in spaceborne optics. They consist in several kind of metallic and dielectric mirrors designed for the 0.12 to 10 microns spectrum, UV, and NIR bandpass filters, visible, and IR antireflecting coatings, visible/IR dichroic beam splitters, and visible beam splitter. The coatings were deposited on various substrates such as glasses, germanium, magnesium fluoride, quartz, zinc selenide, and kanigened aluminum. Several coating materials were used such as Al, Ag, Au, MgF2, LaF3, ThF3, ThF4, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO, Ge, and ZnSe. Five samples of each component were manufactured. Two flight samples were mounted in such a way that one was directly exposed to space and the other looking backwards. The same arrangement was used for the spare samples stored on ground in a box identical to the flight one and they were kept under vacuum during the LDEF mission. Finally, one set of reference components was stocked in a sealed box under a dry nitrogen atmosphere. By comparing the preflight and postflight optical performances of the five samples of each component, it is possible to detect the degradations due to the space exposure.
Prolongation of the Q-T Interval in a Victim of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 3-week-old infant died of sudden infant death syndrome (crib death, cot death). Although prolongation of the Q-T interval was found on an electrocardiogram taken at birth, this child appeared to have died of terminal respiratory failure as judged by a postmortem arterial oxygen tension of 4 mm Hg. The heart showed right ventricular hypertrophy, a finding consistent with chronic hypoxemia. The prolongation of the Q-T interval may have contributed to the death of this child with hypoxia predisposing to a fatal episode of ventricular fibrillation.
Earnings of foreign-born doctoral engineers in the United States: intersectionality of citizenship status and gender

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Foreign-born scientists and engineers in the United States make significant contributions to their fields. While some studies of their career outcomes investigate the internal differences among immigrant scientists and engineers, there is little scholarly attention to how immigration status and gender work together in shaping their career outcomes. This study employs the intersectionality framework and uses National Science Foundation’s Survey of Doctorate Recipients 2008, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2017 to examine how citizenship status and the intersection of citizenship status and gender affect earnings among engineers with doctoral degrees. Findings show that naturalized U.S. citizens do not earn less than comparable native-born citizens, but permanent residents and temporary residents do. In terms of intersectional effects, U.S.-born women experience an earnings disadvantage due to their gender, naturalized U.S. citizen women and permanent resident women face earnings disadvantages because of both citizenship status and gender, and temporary resident women earn less because of their citizenship status. The preceding findings persisted in the period of study with one exception. These findings reveal the internal variations among foreign-born engineers, intersectional effects of citizenship status and gender, and the complexity and persistence of these effects, suggesting the intersectional and enduring nature of inequality.
Perceived Wellness Measured by the National Wellness Institute’s Wellness Focus Survey Tool among Women in Al Ain, UAE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives: While there is a plethora of women’s studies conducted on psychosocial variables such as mental health, quality of life, and burden of care, there is a dearth of studies on the dimension of “wellness,” particularly from the Arabian Gulf population. This study was designed to investigate perceptions of personal wellness among women residing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) using six dimensions of wellness, namely; Spiritual, Emotional, Intellectual, Occupational, Physical, and Social. The related aim was to examine the relationship between perceived wellness and socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: This online cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2021 to October 2021 among women residing in the UAE. The outcome measure included the National Wellness Institute’s Wellness Focus Survey Tool, which was adapted to suit local dialect and social modesty. The newly adapted questionnaire was translated into Arabic. The study also included pertinent socio-demographic variables. Results: A total of 325 women living in Al Ain, UAE participated in the study. Out of the participants, 60.8% were Emiratis, aged between 31 and 40 years (37.3%) and married (57.8%). The participants were mainly employed (59.7%) and most of them lived in private (61.5%) accommodation. The analysis reveals the following ranking order of the six dimensions of wellness; Spiritual (mean = 4.30, SD = 0.84), followed by Social (mean = 4.05, SD = 0.85), Occupational (mean = 3.93, SD = 1.05), Emotional (mean = 3.76, SD = 0.91), Intellectual (mean = 3.73, SD = 1.01), and Physical (mean = 2.41, SD = 1.04). Among the women’s characteristics, age and marital status were found to be significantly associated with the Emotional Dimension. Moreover, nationality and accommodation were significantly associated with the Intellectual Dimension. Overall, using factor analysis of the instrument, we found that only one component was sufficient to adequately explain either the Occupational or Spiritual Dimensions, while two components were needed to explain each of the following; Intellectual, Emotional, Social, and Physical dimensions of wellness. Conclusion: Wellness is of great importance to UAE women, with significant associations with some socio-demographic characteristics. The Spiritual Dimension, in particular, was perceived to be of highest importance, closely followed by Social, Occupational, Emotional, Intellectual, and Physical dimensions. In particular, age and marital status had significant association with the Emotional Dimension, while nationality and accommodation were significantly associated with the Intellectual Dimension. These findings are of importance to future endeavors that are aimed towards the betterment of the quality of life of women in the UAE, by indicating which spheres of wellness are prioritized and which ones require further scrutiny.
Additional file 1: Table S1. of Sex-specific gene expression in the mosquito Culex pipiens f. molestus in response to artificial light at night

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spreadsheet listing all differentially expressed genes in males exposed to the ALAN treatment. Gene = gene ID; base Mean = the mean of the normalized counts for all samples;log2FoldChange = Log 2 fold change in expression low-light relative to control; lfcMLE = unshrunken maximum likelihood estimates of Log2 fold change in expression; lfcSE = Standard Error of log2FoldChange; Stat = Wald statisic; pvalue; padj = p value adjusted after Benjamini-Hochberg; Annotation = functional annotation of the gene; Domain(s) = Interpro domain annotations. Genes that are differentially expressed with an absolute fold change greater than 2 (FC > 2) are shown in bold. (XLS 65 kb)
Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome c oxidase. Excitation in the 600-nm region

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The resonance Raman (RR) spectra of oxidized, reduced, and oxidized cyanide-bound cytochrome c oxidase with excitation at several wavelengths in the 600-nm region are presented. No evidence is found for laser-induced photoreduction of the oxidized protein with irradiation at lambda approximately 600 nm at 195 K, in contrast to the predominance of this process upon irradiation in the Soret region at this temperature. The Raman spectra of all three protein species are very similar, and there are no Raman bands which are readily assignable to either cytochrome a or cytochrome a3 exclusively. The Raman spectra of the three protein species do, however, exhibit a number of bands not observed in the RR spectra of other hemoproteins upon exicitation in their visible absorption bands. In particular, strong Raman bands are observed in the low-frequency region of the RR spectra (less than 500 cm-1). The frequencies of these bands are similar to those of the copper-ligand vibrations observed in the RR spectra of type 1 copper proteins upon excitation in the 600-nm absorption band characteristic of these proteins. In cytochrome c oxidase, these bands do not disappear upon reduction of the protein and, therefore, cannot be attributed to copper-ligand vibrations. Thus, all the observed RR bands are associated with the two heme A moieties in the enzyme.
The Mitomycin Antibiotics. Synthetic Studies. XIII.1a Indoloquinone Analogs with Variations at C-5

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Mitomycin Antibiotics. Synthetic Studies. XIII.1a Indoloquinone Analogs with Variations at C-5Reta H. Roth, William A. Remers, and Martin J. WeissCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 4, 1012–1015Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01342a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01342a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synchronous Dynamics of Microtine Rodent Populations on Islands in Lake Inari in Northern Fennoscandia: Evidence for Regulation by Mustelid Predators

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We surveyed the densities of small mammals on 17 islands in Lake Inari in Finnish Lapland during 5 yr to estimate the degree of spatial synchrony in the dynamics of microtine rodents (Clethrionomys, Microtus) and shrews (Sorex). Microtine rodents have a 4-5 yr population cycle in Lapland. Most island populations of microtine rodents were in complete synchrony with the mainland populations and each other, and the same-island rodent and shrew populations showed largely synchronous population changes. The few exceptions included small and isolated populations of Microtus oeconomus fluctuating out of synchrony
URANIUM GEOCHEMISTRY OF SELECTED ROCK UNITS FROM THE MARYSVALE VOLCANIC FIELD, PIUTE COUNTY, UTAH

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Marysvale Volcanic Field is an area rich in uranium. This study was undertaken to determine if the uranium deposits might be of volcanogenic origin. The leaching, migration, and redeposition of uranium from silicic volcanic rocks are the primary processes responsible for concentrating uranium in volcanogenic systems. This geochemical study consisted of determining the major, minor and trace element concentrations of the major volcanic units, and the relationships of the rock chemistry to uranium mineralization. The units in the Marysvale Volcanic Field, used in this study, consist of ash-flow tuffs, intermediate lava flows, and associated intrusives of the Bullion Canyon volcanics and ash-flow tuffs, volcaniclastic deposits, domes and stocks of the Mount Belknap volcanics. When compared to overlaying welded tuff or rhyolitic units, results of selected trace element analyses indicate that the vitrophyric samples from the Mount Belknap volcanic units, are all enriched in F, Cs, and U, and that 50% of the vitrophyres are enriched in Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Zr, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn. The presence of anamalous Cs in all of the vitrophyres may indicate that an important trace element indicator for uranium exploration has been overlooked. This indicates that the overlying units have been devitrified and have released U as well as other trace elements into the volcanogenic system. This study has reevaluated the Marysvale Central Mining District and has proposed another theory as to the origin of the uranium deposits in that area. This hypothesis places a previously unidentified caldera around the area, and this author has named it the Marysvale caldera. Evidence for this caldera includes: arcurate faults which surround the region; alteration patterns which appear to form a circular pattern along the boundary of the proposed caldera; the presence of small monzonite intrusive bodies appear to ring the caldera; the presence of ash-flow tuffs which thicken appreciably along the northeast boundary of the caldera; and the central intrusive which may represent a resurgent phase of the proposed caldera. The rhyolite flow domes and small stocks associated with the Mount Belknap Volcanics, and the small Red Hills caldera may represent a recycling of caldera evolution with these later volcanics being emplaced along the other caldera structure. This seems to be a viable alternative to the magmatic hydrothermal origin for the uranium deposits presently proposed for the Central Mining District.
A hybrid method for Chinese address segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Chinese address segmentation is a serious challenge in geographic information system geocoding. Most previous studies have relied on predefined gazetteers without considering the information contained by a raw address corpus. In this paper, a hybrid method employing both rule-based and statistical methods is proposed for Chinese address segmentation without a predefined gazetteer. This approach utilizes statistical methods to extract address information from a raw address corpus and a rule-based method to segment Chinese addresses. Two typical statistical methods and their combinations with rule-based methods are compared with the hybrid method in an experiment involving approximately 460,000 address items in Shenzhen City, China. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves an F-score of over 0.8, which is better than those of existing methods, thus validating the proposed method.
Fundamental Rights and the Transformation of Governance in the European Union

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It has been argued in many places, and in different forms, that the establishment between the EU Member States of an internal market, and now of an area of freedom, security and justice, requires the European Union to legislate in the field of fundamental rights, either in order to avoid a form of regulatory competition between the Member States or in order to ensure mutual trust allowing for mutual cooperation between judicial, police and administrative national authorities. ‘Negative integration’, in the form of the lowering of barriers to the movement of goods, services, persons and capital, or in the form of mutual recognition of judicial decisions or exchange of information between national authorities, should thus be followed with, or compensated by, ‘positive integration’, in the form of the setting of common standards applicable throughout the EU Member States. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, moreover, provides the baseline from which to act, since it represents a set of values which all the Member States have agreed to consider as fundamental. The question (so it would seem) is now that of implementing the Charter, by using the legal bases provided for in the treaties to the fullest extent possible.
Can doctors and patients correctly estimate cardiovascular risk? A cross-sectional study in primary care

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Accurate cardiovascular risk estimations by patients and doctors are important as these affect health behaviour and medical decision making. We aimed to determine if doctors and patients were accurately estimating the absolute cardiovascular risk of patients in primary care. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in primary care clinics in Malaysia in 2014. Patients aged 35 years and above without known cardiovascular disease (CVDs) were included. Face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire were used to collect sociodemographic and clinical data as well as patients’ perception and doctors’ estimate of the patients’ CVD risk. Associations were tested using χ 2 , correlation and independent t-tests. Results We recruited 1094 patients and 57 doctors. Using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) alone, 508 patients (46.4%) were in the high-risk group. When diabetes was included as high risk, the number increased to 776 (70.9%). Only 34.4% of patients and 55.7% of doctors correctly estimated the patient’s CVD risk in comparison with the reference FRS. Of the high-risk patients, 664 (85.6%) underestimated their CV risk. Factors associated with underestimation by patients included not having family history of CVD (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.705, 95% CI 1.538 to 4.757), smaller waist circumference (AOR: 0.979,95% CI 0.960 to 0.999) and ethnicity in comparison with the Malay as reference group (indigenous/others: AOR: 0.129, 95% CI 0.071 to 0.235). Doctors underestimated risk in 59.8% of the high-risk group. Factors associated with underestimation by doctors were patients factors such as being female (AOR: 2.232, 95% CI 1.460 to 3.410), younger age (AOR: 0.908, 95% CI 0.886 to 0.930), non-hypertensive (AOR: 1.731, 95% CI 1.067 to 2.808), non-diabetic (AOR: 1.931, 95% CI 1.114 to 3.348), higher high-density lipoprotein levels (AOR: 3.546, 95% CI 2.025 to 6.209), lower systolic blood pressure (AOR: 0.970, 95% CI 0.957 to 0.982), non-smoker (AOR: 2.246, 95% CI 1.354 to 3.726) and ethnicity in comparison with the Malay as reference group (Indian: AOR: 0.430, 95% CI 0.257 to 0.720; indigenous/others: AOR: 2.498, 95% CI 1.346 to 4.636). Conclusions The majority of consultations occurring between doctors and patients are being informed by inaccurate cardiovascular risk estimation.
Design an ultrasound sensor for biomedical detections

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report records and illustrates the possibility of combining the microwave induced thermal acoustic signal with the microwave scattered signal collected to better image and diagnose the condition of the cancer patient in defining the benign from malignant cancer. This project is a continuation of a previous study to investigate the possibility of using Ultra-wideband (UWB) signal for breast cancer detection. [47].The main objective of this project is to study the theoretical and practical feasibility and the performance of the combination to these two imaging method to better differentiate the normal tissues from the cancerous tissues.
Circulating FGF21 and Ketone Bodies Modify the Risk of MASLD and Mortality: Insights from the PREVEND Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and ketone bodies are markers of metabolic dysregulation, independently associated with metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and mortality. We studied their interaction with MASLD and all-cause mortality in 6025 participants from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) cohort. Plasma FGF21 (immunoassay) and ketone body concentrations (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were measured at baseline. A Fatty Liver Index ≥60 was used as a proxy of MASLD. Logistic regression assessed associations with MASLD, and Cox models evaluated all-cause mortality over a median follow-up of 10.3 years. FGF21 and ketone bodies were not correlated (r = 0.02, p = 0.06), but FGF21 (OR: 1.93 [1.81–2.05], p < 0.001) and ketone bodies (OR: 1.29 [1.19–2.05], p < 0.001) were independent of each other associated with MASLD, with a positive interaction (p = 0.004). Higher FGF21 (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.32, p < 0.001) and ketone bodies (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.34–1.59, p < 0.001) were associated with mortality, as well as with a positive interaction (p = 0.038). After adjustment for potential confounders, only ketone bodies remained independently associated, while the association of FGF21 became dependent on ketone body levels (interaction p = 0.005). These biomarkers may serve as integrated metabolic stress markers, improving risk stratification for MASLD and adverse outcomes.
The analysis of effects of clean energy power generation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

As pollution has become a significant issue in China, developing clean energy power generation is one of the main strategies to promote the sustainable economy. Based on the partially closed input-output model corresponding to 29 industries in 2012, this paper categorized power generation sectors to coal-fire power generation, gas power generation, wind power generation, photovoltaic generation, biomass energy power generation, and nuclear power generation to analyze the impacts on environment and social-economic developments. The results showed that improving single clean energy technology would lead to different degrees of positive impacts on environment, but the effects of GDP development and employment are highly correlated with the various generating costs. For the high generating costs, the clean-energy technologies would contribute to the positive effects; however, the drawbacks of social economic development could overweight the benefits for the low generating costs in short run. In addition, improving diverse clean energy generating approaches could promote GDP growth, reduce pollution, and increase employment. Finally, this paper provided some policy suggestions for the green-energy power supply and low-carbon economic developments.