jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simple object reconstruction using compressive sampling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a method for reconstruction of simple objects by solving the inverse scattering problem using compressive sampling. One is a continuation of research previously developed by the authors for locating point targets. Unlike the latter, now we are dealing with more complex objects which can be seen as a white spot formed by various point target. A series of simple targets were studied using a model developed using convex optimization. This allows us to evaluate the model under different configurations and conditions looking for limiting operation conditions. A thresholding method also is implemented to improve the reconstructed image and we define indicators to measure the error in the reconstructed image like: the global error, the estimation error and the reconstruction error.
The secondary tendinous slip of the extensor hallucis longus (extensor ossis metatarsi hallucis).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 80% of a random sample the extensor ossis metatarsi hallucis was present. In 90% of these occurrences it arose off the medial aspect of the extensor hallucis longus tendon and coursed distally, medially, and inferiorly an average of 4.0 cm., inserting into the sling portion of the extensor apparatus. Variation of this insertion occurred in 10% of the cases in which the sling portion of the extensor apparatus continued to illustrate fibers of the extensor ossis metatarsi hallucis inserting into it. There is little variation in the occurrence of this tendon between the sexes. The frequency of occurrence of the extensor ossis metatarsi hallucis from this study supports a theory that this tendon should be considered to occur as a rule rather than an exception, and because the previously suggested name of extensor hallucis capsularis is not biomechanically sound, perhaps the tendon merely be termed the secondary extensor hallucis longus.
Effects of Pentastarch on Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: With great interest I read the report by Goulin et al. [1] on the effect of pentastarch in experimental global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. With this model, they found that hypervolemic hemodilution (HD) with low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES) had no potential to reduce brain water content [1]. The authors felt encouraged by the results of a single study in which Schell et al. [2], in a rabbit focal cerebral ischemia model, reported that pentastarch reduces cerebral edema. Surprisingly, Goulin et al. did not mention that the same experimental setup (i.e., LMW-HES as the hemodiluent agent in a rabbit focal cerebral ischemia model) has already been employed by Lyden et al. [3]. These authors, like Goulin et al. but unlike Schell et al., did not find any difference in brain water content between the HD group and the control group [1-3]. It was, however, the intention of this study to address the question of whether LMW-HES increases rather than decreases postischemic brain water content. Indeed, to possibly enhance cerebral edema and thus to harm rather than to help is a major concern of clinicians who treat patients who suffered acute stroke or diffuse cerebral ischemia with LMW-HES (range of molar substitution 0.4-0.7) [4-6]. The Hemodilution in Stroke Study Group was forced to prematurely stop their randomized multicenter trial when they found a significant increase in mortality owing to a higher incidence of cerebral edema in patients treated with pentastarch compared to controls [4]. Even as the pathophysiology of global cerebral ischemia differs from stroke, the impact of microvascular hypoxia on blood-brain barrier disrupture and subsequent leakage of intravascular macromolecules into the interstitium might be considered the same in both settings. Olthof et al. [5] postulated that HD is the most important factor in the development of brain edema during coronary bypass surgery. The readers of the article by Goulin et al., however, might consider LMW-HES safe, if not protective, with regard to focal and/or global postischemic brain edema formation [1]. Our own clinical experiences with HD therapy in both acute stroke and global cerebral ischemia after cardiac arrest along with a large body of evidence contradict these experimental results [4-6]. As it is a fundamental desire of all clinicians to get closer to a resolution of this therapeutic dilemma, I would greatly appreciate it if the authors would comment more critically and in greater detail on these controversial clinical and experimental results. Hans-Peter Haring, MD Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
White matter alterations over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons and the effect of a jugular compression collar: A preliminary longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The cumulative effects of repetitive subclinical head impacts during sports may result in chronic white matter (WM) changes and possibly, neurodegenerative sequelae. In this pilot study, we investigated the longitudinal WM changes over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons and explored the long‐term effects of a jugular vein compression collar on these WM alterations. Diffusion tensor imaging data were prospectively collected both pre‐ and postseason in the two consecutive seasons. Participants were assigned into either collar or noncollar groups. Tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach and region of interest‐based approach were used to quantify changes in WM diffusion properties. Despite comparable exposure to repetitive head impacts, significant reductions in mean, axial, and/or radial diffusivity were identified in Season 1 in multiple WM regions in the noncollar group but not in the collar group. After an 8‐ to 9‐month long off‐season, these changes observed in the noncollar group partially and significantly reversed but also remained significantly different from the baseline. In Season 2, trend level WM alterations in the noncollar group were found but located in spatially different regions than Season 1. Last, the WM integrity in the collar group remained unchanged throughout the four time points. In conclusion, we quantitatively assessed the WM structural changes and partial reversal over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons. In addition, the mitigated WM alterations in athletes in the collar group might indicate potential effect of the collar in ameliorating the changes against repetitive head impacts. Hum Brain Mapp 39:491–508, 2018 . © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Additional file 7 of Metabolic responses in blood-stage malaria parasites associated with increased and decreased sensitivity to PfATP4 inhibitors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 7: Table S2. Significantly altered genes in KAE609 (Sheet 1) and PA21A092 (Sheet 2) treated Dd2A211V parasites, shown in Fig. 2C of the manuscript.
Hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas. Part II: syndromic palmoplantar keratodermas – Diagnostic algorithm and principles of therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas ( PPK s) comprise a large and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by persistent thickening of the epidermis at palmar and plantar surfaces. Clinical and genetic features of isolated and complex PPK s have been reviewed in part I of this 2‐part review. Here we focus on clinical and molecular classification of syndromic PPK s which are recognized by additional extracutaneous manifestations, in particular deafness, specific mucosal lesions, cardiomyopathy, inborn errors of metabolism, involvement of internal organs or disorders of sexual development. Other genetic diseases, which may show palmoplantar involvement, such as selected subtypes of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa, various hereditary ichthyoses and other keratinization disorders, several ectodermal dysplasias and some multisystem genetic disorders, are also briefly summarized. PPK diagnosis is based on inheritance pattern, age at onset, morphology, distribution and severity of hyperkeratosis, pattern of additional dermatological and systemic manifestations and laboratory findings. Molecular analysis is at present the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis in PPK forms due to mutations in known causative genes. No specific and curative therapy is currently available for PPK s which highly impair patients’ quality of life. Topical treatments are symptomatic and offer only temporary relief. Among systemic treatments, retinoids improve disease symptoms in the majority of patients.
Price analysis and forecasting patterns of maize grown in the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop in India. It serves as a vital component in the food, feed and industrial sectors and contributing significantly to the agricultural economy. This study analyses the price dynamics and forecasting patterns of maize in India, with a specific focus on the regional markets of Salem in Tamil Nadu and Haveri in Karnataka, over a 10-year period from 2015 to 2024. A comprehensive time series analytical framework was employed, incorporating tools such as the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), seasonal indices, standard deviation and coefficient of variation, along with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, to investigate trends, seasonal behaviour, price volatility and price forecasting. This study highlights long-term trends in the area, production and yield of maize at both national and state levels. The studies revealed that Tamil Nadu demonstrated comparatively stronger growth performance than Karnataka, with higher averages across all parameters. This advantage could be attributed primarily to improved irrigation infrastructure, adoption of hybrid varieties and targeted policy support. Seasonal index analysis uncovered distinct price movement patterns, with Salem showing seasonal peaks in August and Haveri in September, coinciding with lean supply months. Price volatility analysis showed moderate fluctuations, with Salem exhibiting slightly greater variability. The ARIMA model predicted a gradual rise in maize prices from July to December 2025 in both markets. This research provides meaningful insights for farmers, traders, policymakers and agri-business firms to develop better crop planning, price risk management and marketing strategies.
Influence of the recoil-order and radiative correction on the beta decay correlation coefficients in mirror decays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Measurements of the beta decay correlation coefficients in nuclear decay aim for a precision below $1\%$ and theoretical predictions should follow this trend. In this work, the influence of the two dominant Standard Model correction terms, i.e. the recoil-order and the radiative correction, are studied for the most commonly measured beta correlations, i.e. the $β$-asymmetry parameter ($A_β$) and the $β-ν$ angular correlation ($a_{βν}$). The recoil-order correction is calculated with the well-known Holstein formalism using the impulse approximation to evaluate experimentally inaccessible form factors. For the $β-ν$ angular correlation previously unpublished, semi-analytical radiative correction values are tabulated. Results are presented for the mirror beta decays up to $A=45$. We examine the effect of both corrections and provide a comparison between different isotopes. This comparison will help planning, analysing, and comparing future experimental efforts.
Deployment of Workforce in Global Health: What are the Priorities for China?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract BackgroundChina has increasingly emerged as an important player in global health. However, compared to the developed countries, China still lacks the sufficient human resources for global health engagement with limited necessary qualified capacity. The priorities for the deployment of Chinese workforce in global health engagement remains unclear. This study aims to identify the priorities of the deployment of Chinese global health workforce by exploring the core competencies for Chinese global health workforce, factors influencing the deployment and the approach of deployment. MethodA total of 148 key stakeholders from 10 provinces in China conducting global health program during the recent 3 years were selected as the study sample. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect the data on four aspects, including the general information, core competencies, factors influencing deployment, and the deployment way. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents through an online survey tool. All original data was exported to Microsoft Excel 2010 to calculate the frequency and percentage of every option. The descriptive analysis was made on the priorities of deployment of Chinese global health workforce. ResultsMore than half of respondents 51.4% (76/148) regarded “communication” as the most important competency of Chinese global health workforce while a large portion of Chinese Embassies 50.0% (6/12) and international organizations 75.0% (12/16) believed that “professional skills” was the paramount. In addition, 58.1% (86/148) of the participants agreed that incentive factors (salary, professional title, etc.) are the first factors influencing the deployment, whereas, a majority of 75% (12/16) international organization stakeholders emphasized “security” as the foremost factor. Furthermore, 60.8% (90/148) thought that staff should be deployed align with the needs of global health program implementation. ConclusionThe study shows the priorities of the deployment of Chinese global health workforce, including strengthening the competency of communication and professional skills, stressing the personal security and incentives, and catering to the program implementation.
A new species of Homonota (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Paraguay, with a key to the genus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species of Homonota (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Paraguay, with a key to the genus. A new species of Homonota from Paraguay is described. The new taxon can be differentiated from other species in the genus by the body and head pholidosis as well as the coloration. Homonota sp. nov. seems to be very similar to H. uruguayensis, with which it shares the ecological preference of rocky environments, but both are different in their pholidosis. Homonota sp. nov. is currently only known from the type locality and is the only gekkonid lizard that inhabits the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest of Paraguay. An identification key for the species of the genus Homonota is provided.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts of St John s College Cambridge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. James' catalogue of the manuscripts in the library of St John's College, Cambridge, first published in 1913, is reissued here. It will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Review for "Effect of TMS current direction and pulse waveform on cortico‐cortical connectivity: A TMS‐EEG study"

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This vignette is a (slightly) modified version of Mair and Wilcox (2020), published in Behavior Research Methods.It introduces the R package WRS2 that implements various robust statistical methods.It elaborates on the basics of robust statistics by introducing robust location, dispersion, and correlation measures.The location and dispersion measures are then used in robust variants of independent and dependent samples t-tests and ANOVA, including betweenwithin subject designs and quantile ANOVA.Further, robust ANCOVA as well as robust mediation models are introduced.The paper targets applied researchers; it is therefore kept rather non-technical and written in a tutorial style.Special emphasis is placed on applications in the social and behavioral sciences and illustrations of how to perform corresponding robust analyses in R. The R code for reproducing the results in the paper is given in the supplementary materials.
[Characteristics and the first CD4+T lymphocytes test of newly-reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 years and above in the third round of China comprehensive AIDS response program].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To understand the characteristics and the first CD4+T lymphocytes (CD4) test of newly-reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 years and above in the third round of China comprehensive AIDS response (CARES) program. Methods: The data of newly-reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 years and above from 2014 to 2018 were collected from the National Information system for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention of Chinese System for Disease Control and Prevention. The Cochran-Armitage trend test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: There were 8 288, 9 512, 11 315, 13 091, and 14 673 newly-reported cases of HIV/AIDS aged 50 years and above in the third round of China CARES in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively, for a total of 56 879 cases. The majority of cases were male (75.7%). The main route of transmission was heterosexual transmission (87.8%). Most of the cases were diagnosed by medical institutions (68.6%). 69.6% of HIV/AIDS cases completed the first CD4 test within 10 working days after the diagnosis of HIV infection. Among the 29 078 HIV/AIDS cases who had their first CD4 test immediately after diagnosis of HIV infection, the proportions of CD4 cell count <200 cells/μl and <500 cells/μl were 66.5% and 93.8%, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis of the factors related to the first CD4 test immediately showed that, compared to cases with an education level of elementary school and below, OR (95%CI) values for timely CD4 testing of cases with an education level of junior high school, high school or technical secondary school and junior college or above were 1.113 (1.063-1.166), 1.205 (1.128-1.289) and 1.277 (1.160-1.406) respectively. Compared to cases aged 50-59 years, OR (95%CI) values for timely CD4 testing of cases aged 70-79 years and ≥80 years were 0.864 (0.816-0.914) and 0.612 (0.554-0.676), respectively. Compared to cases diagnosed by HIV voluntary counseling and testing, OR (95%CI) value for timely CD4 testing of cases diagnosed by medical institutions was 0.750 (0.714-0.788). Conclusions: The number of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 and above was increasing year by year in the third round of China CARES, with a predominance of men and previous infections. The proportion of timely CD4 tests was drastically increasing. The factors associated with timely CD4 test included primary school or below education level, ≥70 years old, and cases diagnosed by medical institutions. The third round of China CARES should focus on strengthening the prevention of AIDS and early detection of HIV/AIDS cases among the elderly.
Analysis of surface antigen expression per cell of human osteogenic sarcoma cells by fluorescence-labelled monoclonal antibodies.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The relationship between total surface antigen expression per cell (means) - measured by fluorescence-labelled monoclonal antibodies (fluorescence-histograms) and the distribution of cells in the cell cycle (DNA-histograms) and size-scattergrams (cell sorter FACS-IV) were analysed in drug treated unsynchronized and synchronized osteogenic sarcoma cells (2OS) in vitro. Drugs with various sites of action in the cell cycle were used. Adriamycin, Vindesine, in concentrations applied accumulate cells in G2 + M phase. Methotrexate arrests cells in the boundary of G1/S phase. Size-scattergram and DNA-histogram analysis have shown that the entrance of cells to the cell cycle is usually accompanied by an increase in the cells size and amount of their DNA. The size of the cells influenced antigenic expression much more than the distribution of the cells in the various cell cycle phases: in the bigger cells the expression per cell was more pronounced. The increase of antigen expression was the highest for Adriamycin and for Methotrexate treated cells. However, this increase was limited and never exceeded plus 50% in relation to the control. This relatively low difference resulted from the fact, that a given phase of the cell cycle included cells markedly heterogenic in respect of size and antigenic content. It was also shown that lower concentration of serum in culture medium and confluent growth of older cultures decrease surface antigen expression per cell.
Effects of Motion Pattern Characteristics on the Perception of Visual Acceleration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The ability to perceive visual motion is one that we use every day to perform goal-directed activities, such as intercepting or avoiding objects. As objects and observers rarely move at constant velocities, it is important to be able to detect changes in velocity. However, little attention has been paid to how we perceive visual acceleration in the literature. This thesis explored the influence of real world-relevant motion pattern characteristics on visual acceleration perception. Observers rarely see object motion with an unlimited field of view, and therefore we first examined how physically constraining the horizontal distance over which a stimulus can move affects the ability to detect and pursue horizontal acceleration and deceleration at different average velocities. Results indicated that detection improves and smooth pursuit worsens as average velocity increases. Moreover, both improve as the horizontal aperture size increases. Given our asymmetrical experience with the frequency and relevance of upward compared to downward events due to gravity, we then investigated whether acceleration and deceleration detection vary as a function of vertical direction. We also tested whether the effects of aperture size on detection and pursuit persist on the vertical axis. Our data suggested that detection is better for downward than upward motion, and both detection and smooth pursuit improve as the vertical aperture size increases. Considering that we tend to see translation as well as more complex motion patterns outside the laboratory, we subsequently explored whether acceleration and deceleration detection vary between horizontal translation and radial optic flow, which is similar to the motion we see when moving forward or backward while looking straight ahead. We found that detection is better for radial than horizontal motion, although direction within each pattern type has no effect. Finally, we verified that sensitivity to the presence of acceleration is uniform across the optic flow field, regardless of radial direction. In summary, although we detect acceleration and deceleration similarly across a wide range of conditions, overall perception appears to be affected by the unique characteristics of the motion pattern.
Data multiplexing system using u.a.r.t.s

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The note outlines the operation of a bit-interleaved seven-channel data-multiplexing system using universal asynchronous receiver/transmitters (u.a.r.t.s). The scheme has been used in an initial multiplexing system at Thames Polytechnic, connecting a number of terminals to a computer at a remote site over a private line.