jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
46 Template Topology and Transcription

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

OVERVIEW For two decades it has been known that DNA supercoiling influences transcription. More recently, transcription has also been shown to affect the supercoiling of intracellular DNA. The theoretical framework and experimental results on how DNA topology and transcription are interrelated are summarized in this chapter. INTRODUCTION Studies on the relationship between DNA topology and transcription were initiated a few years after the discovery of supercoiled DNA. Vinograd was the first to recognize that the spatial contortion of a double-stranded DNA ring with intact strands is very sensitive to winding or unwinding of the double helix; small alterations of the helical How the binding of an RNA polymerase might change the double-helix structure was of particular interest. Indirect evidence and theoretical considerations suggested that RNA polymerase might unpair a short segment of DNA, so as to copy the genetic information encoded by the exposed bases of the template strand via the Watson-Crick pairing scheme (for review, see Chamberlin 1974). To test this model, pairs of differently radiolabeled nicked DNA samples were converted by DNA ligase to the closed circular form. For each pair, one sample was ligated in the presence of RNA polymerase and the other in its absence. If RNA polymerase unwinds DNA, then after ligation and removal of bound protein, the DNA ligated in the presence of the polymerase should be underwound or negatively supercoiled relative to the DNA ligated in the absence of the polymerase; the more compact shape of the supercoiled form would in turn make...
Mycobacterium africanum Is Associated with Patient Ethnicity in Ghana

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mycobacterium africanum is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and an important cause of human tuberculosis in West Africa that is rarely observed elsewhere. Here we genotyped 613 MTBC clinical isolates from Ghana, and searched for associations between the different phylogenetic lineages of MTBC and patient variables. We found that 17.1% (105/613) of the MTBC isolates belonged to M. africanum, with the remaining belonging to M. tuberculosis sensu stricto. No M. bovis was identified in this sample. M. africanum was significantly more common in tuberculosis patients belonging to the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio: 3.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.67-5.47, p<0.001). Stratifying our analysis by the two phylogenetic lineages of M. africanum (i.e. MTBC Lineages 5 and 6) revealed that this association was mainly driven by Lineage 5 (also known as M. africanum West Africa 1). Our findings suggest interactions between the genetic diversity of MTBC and human diversity, and offer a possible explanation for the geographical restriction of M. africanum to parts of West Africa.
Pollen morphology of six species of subfamily Stachyoideae (Lamiaceae) in Saudi Arabia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The pollen morphological characters of 6 species belonging to 4 genera of the subfamily Stachyoideae (Lamiaceae) growing naturally in Saudi Arabia were investigated with the aid of light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to find new features that might increase knowledge of pollen morphology of the species, and also to help the taxonomic characterization of the Stachyoideae genera. The morphological characters studied were size, shape, tectum surface ornamentation, number and type of the colpi. The study indicated that the average size of the pollen was different among the species since the smallest size was that of Nepeta deflersiana (P = 25.2 ± 2 and E = 15 ± 3) while the largest size was that of Salvia aegyptiaca (P =36.5 ± 2 and E = 30.3 ± 2). Pollen shape is spheroidal to sub-spheroidal or prolate. The fine structure of the exine of pollen was slightly different among investigated species. The number and type of colpi of the pollen in species studied were 6-zonocolpate type except those of N. deflersiana and Otostegia fruticosa ssp. schimperi having 3-zonocolpate. Key words: Pollen grains, pollen morphology, Lamiaceae, Stachyoideae, Saudi Arabia.
Fine-structure mixing in Cs atoms excited to intermediate nD5/2states colliding with ground-state Cs atoms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The collisional excitation transfer fine-structure mixing cross sections for nD states of Cs (n=11-13) are measured by the technique of selective two-photon excitation with pulses of radiation from a N2 laser-pumped dye laser and observation of collisionally induced fluorescence.
Hazard identification by extended multilevel flow modelling with function roles

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

HAZOP studies are widely accepted in chemical and petroleum industries as the method for conducting process hazard analysis related to design, maintenance and operation of th e systems. In this paper, a HAZOP reasoning method based on function-oriented modelling, multilevel flow modelling (MFM) is extended with functi on roles to complete HAZOP studies in principle. A graphical MFM editor, which is combined with the reasoning engine (MFM Workbench) developed by DTU is applied to automate HAZOP studies. The method is proposed to suppor t the ‘brain-storming’ sessions in traditional HAZOP analysis. As a case study, the extended MFM-based HAZOP methodology is applied to an o ffshore three-phase separation process. The results show that the cause-consequence analysis in MFM can infer the cause and effect of a deviation used in HAZOP and used to fill HAZOP worksheet. This paper is the first pa per discussing and demonstrating the potential of the roles concept in MFM to supplement the completeness of HAZOP analysis in theory
Reliability-Based Maintenance Management of a Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridge

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

: In recent years significant progress has been made in accurately determining the behaviour of existing bridge structures. During the life of a concrete bridge uncertainties exist in relation to the loading and deterioration of the materials. Nonetheless, compliance with the requirements for structural safety is of utmost importance during the whole life-time of a given structure. In this paper an innovative approach for the assessment and maintenance planning of a 30+ year old post-tensioned concrete bridge structure is presented, taking into account the uncertainties of the relevant variables on the loading (traffic loads and intensities) and resistance side (material properties). This approach is based on the determination of the reliability of the structure during its life-time by means of probabilistic analysis considering increasing traffic loads, as well as deterioration of concrete and post-tensioning steels over time due to corrosion. For the critical limit states the reliability index of the structure at different points in time is calculated and compared to the required reliability index from the relevant codes. Thus, the remaining life-time, ie, the time until safety requirements are no longer fulfilled, can be determined. Based on this information maintenance planning, as well as repair and strengthening measures on the bridge, are optimized in such a way that the service life of the bridge is extended. Introduction Description of the Structure Determination of Critical Failure Modes Modeling of the Limit State Function and its Variables Determination of the Reliability of the Structure Over Time Summary and Outlook References
The Dilemma of Pernkopf's Atlas

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A University of Vienna investigation determined in 1998 that Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy department used bodies of executed prisoners from the Gestapo and from Vienna's assize court to produce the illustrations in his Topographical Anatomy of Man . What should anatomists in 2010 do with an atlas that is both scientifically valuable and morally tainted? Researchers remain deeply divided.
A novel sensor for antiviral drug Favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19 designed by G/In 2 O 3 nanomaterial

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The world health organization (WHO) declared that the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 constituted a public health emergency of international concern. Thus, accredited fevipiravir (FVP) was one of the potential drugs for the treatment of Covid-19 infected patients. Hence it is of interest to study the electrochemical behavior of FVP. We report the performance of a low-cost composite of graphene and indium oxide (G/In 2 O 3 ) nanomaterial drop casted on pencil graphite electrode employed to detect FVP. The G/In 2 O 3 was prepared by a simple precipitation method. The electrochemical study of FVP was carried out by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry. The G/In 2 O 3 modified electrode detects FVP well in Britton Robinson (BR) buffer pH of 7.2. The oxidation peak was observed at the potential range of 1.0 to 1.23 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The linear range detection limit was estimated to be 10 µl to 70 µl. The calculated sensitivity is 17.49 µA µM -1 cm -2 and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 3.0nM and 10.0nM. The fabricated cost-effective G/In 2 O 3 electroactive biosensor was effectively employed to regulate FAV in urine and tablet samples with adequate repossession. The proposed sensor offers good selectivity, sensitivity and long-term stability.
THE ROLE OF FINANCING THE ACTIVITIES OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS WITH BORROWED CAPITAL IN THE OPINION OF INDIVIDUAL FARMERS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to present the opinions of farmers about financing agricultural holdings with borrowed capital. The research addressed the purpose of using borrowed capital, its determinants and the assessment of the benefits of its use in the opinions of farmers. The survey was conducted with the use of interview questionnaire in the group of 100 farmers running individual agricultural holdings in the Mazowieckie voivodeship. These entities applied agricultural accounting within FADN system. The criterion for the division of the surveyed units included the economic size expressed in ESU, which allowed taking into account the level of profitability of these entities. The main problem of the management of finance sources, according to the farmers, consisted in the maintenance of financial liquidity on the safe level. The farmers saw benefits of the increase of financing with borrowed capital for the faster modernization of agricultural assets. The farmers choose a conservative financing strategy; preferring long-term financing sources, they wanted to minimise financial risk. The farmers listed the following main determinants of the level of debt: the value of the investment, own contribution required and subsidies to interest on subsidised loans.
Resilient Borders and Cultural Diversity: Internationalism, Brand Nationalism, and Multiculturalism in Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"This book discusses how the evolution of market-driven cultural globalization has reinforced the administration of national cultural borders in Japan. As a result of these processes, a particular kind of cross-border connectivity and exchange is embraced while cross-border dialogue and engagement with multicultural questions within Japan are discouraged"...Provided by publisher
MiR‐486 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in myeloid cells by targeting Cebpa in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The monocytic MDSC (M‐ MDSC ) is one of the major types of MDSC s, which play important roles in suppression of antitumor immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying how M‐ MDSC s so heavily accumulate in patients with cancer are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to identify mi RNA s that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of M‐ MDSC s. Microarray analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed mi RNA s between tumor‐induced M‐ MDSC s ( TM ‐ MDSC s) and their counterparts from tumor‐free mice. The mi RNA s and their target genes that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of myeloid cells were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and validated by RT ‐ qPCR . Luciferase reporter assays were used to analyze the relationships between mi RNA s and target genes. Overexpression of candidate mi RNA s and target genes in myeloid cells was conducted to verify their functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Our data showed that miR‐486 was overexpressed in TM ‐ MDSC s. Cebpa was predicted to be one of the target genes of miR‐486 that regulates the proliferation of myeloid cells. Expression of Cebpa was inversely correlated with miR‐486 in TM ‐ MDSC s, and we found that overexpression of miR‐486 suppressed the expression of Cebpa in both 293T cells determined by luciferase reporter assays and in myeloid cells determined by RT ‐ qPCR . Overexpression of miR‐486 promoted proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in myeloid cells, as opposed to overexpression of Cebpa, which promoted the opposing phenotype. Overexpression of either miR‐486 or Cebpa inhibited differentiation of myeloid cells. This study indicates that miR‐486 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in myeloid cells by targeting Cebpa in vitro, suggesting that miR‐486 and Cebpa might be involved in the expansion of TM ‐ MDSC s in tumor‐bearing mice.
Employee Commitment Effect on Organizational Effectiveness: Malaysian Perspective on a Mediator Roles in Leadership Style

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Leadership style and employee commitment are important human resources in determining organizational performance. It is worth noting that these factors are closely interrelated. To elaborate, implementing a leadership style that caters to the needs of the employees can certainly influence employee commitment levels in an organization. This study aimed to examine the effects of transformational and transactional leadership styles, either as partial or full mediators, on employee commitment to organizational effectiveness. The study involved 130 randomly selected public service officers. Furthermore, three research instruments were used to aid this study, namely, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to measure the respondents’ perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership styles, a three-component model of employee commitment to measure employee commitment, and the Index of Perceived Organizational Effectiveness to measure organizational effectiveness. To determine the effect of a mediator on employee commitment, three regression equations based on the Baron and Kenny model were run through multiple regression analyses. The findings demonstrated that transformational and transactional leadership styles have a partial mediator effect on employee commitment to organizational effectiveness. This study provides some insights into the importance of transformational leadership, especially into the dimension of individualized consideration and the influence of employee commitment on enhancing the effectiveness of an organization.
CASE REPORTS Chlamydia Pneumoniae Respiratory Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of respiratory infection in a child due to Chlamydia pneumoniae is reported. The diagnosis was made by the detection of chlamydial antigen in the tracheal secretion and a significant increase in C. pneumoniae antibody titre. The infection responded well to erythromycin therapy. Key words: C. pneumoniae
Protective Immunity Induced with Malaria Vaccine, RTS,S, Is Linked to Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Producing IFN-γ

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein-based pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine, RTS,S, induces a high level of protection against experimental sporozoite challenge. The immune mechanisms that constitute protection are only partially understood, but are presumed to rely on Abs and T cell responses. In the present study we compared CS protein peptide-recalled IFN-γ reactivity of pre- and RTS,S-immune lymphocytes from 20 subjects vaccinated with RTS,S. We observed elevated IFN-γ in subjects protected by RTS,S; moreover, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ in response to CS protein peptides. Significantly, protracted protection, albeit observed only in two of seven subjects, was associated with sustained IFN-γ response. This is the first study demonstrating correlation in a controlled Plasmodia sporozoite challenge study between protection induced by a recombinant malaria vaccine and Ag-specific T cell responses. Field-based malaria vaccine studies are in progress to validate the establishment of this cellular response as a possible in vitro correlate of protective immunity to exo-erythrocytic stage malaria vaccines.
The effect of Womersley number and particle radius on the accumulation of lipoproteins in the human aorta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of the different physical factors on lipoproteins accumulation in the aorta artery. Results revealed that hemodynamic parameters (WSS, OSI, RRT) together affect spatial distributions of lipoproteins concentration in the human aorta. Moreover, decreasing the frequency of pulsatile flow and particle size leads to more lipoproteins accumulated on the luminal surface. In addition, given the same flow rate, the pulsatile flow could reduce lipoproteins concentration in the luminal surface of aorta relative to a steady flow condition. The present computer strategy may have great potential in predicting the local atherosclerosis lesion.
The role of the red fox as a predator of species of human concern in a mediterranean rural habitat: A case Study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is generally considered a pest species, especially in rural habitats where it is perceived as a predator of livestock and game species. In many countries, population-control programs are carried out to prevent predation on species of human concern. However, most of these programs occur without an analysis of the real fox impact. This study analyzed the diet of red foxes inhabiting a farmland area characterized by the presence of both free-ranging livestock and game species. We analyzed a total of 147 scats belonging to 32 food samples. Invertebrates represented the main food category (recorded on 66% of food samples), followed by fruit and small mammals, both recorded on 59% of food samples. The seasonal variation of the diet matched the availability of food resources, as demonstrated by the outcome of small mammal trapping activity in the area. The livestock consumption regarded almost exclusively carrions, since only hair of adult sheep were recorded with high frequency. Wild boar hair were found in two food samples, lamb and hare hair were found in only one. Our study showed an easy protocol to assess the role of red fox as a predator of livestock and game species before planning management actions. In the analyzed farmland, for instance, a population-control program should not be justified despite the presence of lambs, piglets, hares and pheasants.
Design and thermodynamic analysis to avoid preheating in gas grid pressure reduction stations

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Paying close attention to the environmental risks associated with traditional forms of energy, particularly the serious issue of global warming caused by the release and concentration of greenhouse gases, has become a paramount concern. This growing awareness has prompted governments worldwide to prioritize the benefits of alternative energy sources and develop comprehensive plans accordingly. Moreover, it is crucial to thoroughly consider and explore existing potentials in our quest for sustainable energy solutions. One such potential lies in the energy loss experienced due to gas pressure reduction in urban gas reduction stations. Furthermore, as we increase the amount of natural gas preheating, we observe a corresponding rise in the temperature within the expansion turbine, ultimately resulting in a significant boost in power generation. In this paper, we delve into the exciting possibility of harnessing electricity generation by utilizing a turbo expander within a municipal gas pressure reduction station. To maximize the work generation capacity, we propose preheating the gas input to the turbo expander using geothermal energy. Our study reveals that the turbo expander exhibits optimal performance, boasting an impressive isentropic efficiency of 92.3%, when the inlet temperature is maintained at 84 °C and the amount of preheating reaches 192.3 kJ/kg.
Planar imaging techniques in turbomachinery - Current status and future trends

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While the development and application of planar velocimetry methods are finding an increased range of applications throughout the engineering field involving fluid mechanics, the successful application of these advanced methods remain a challenge in many of the real-world applications. The validation of numerical tools used in turbomachinery in particular requires highly spatially (ideally temporally) resolved data of oftentimes secondary flow phenomena in environments that are representative of real facilities (e.g. combination of high pressure, velocity and temperature with and without reaction). The successful implementation of modern imaging diagnostics in turbomachinery test facilities requires adequate handling of a wide variety of problems, ranging from optical access, choice of proper seeding material, image acqusition strategy, post-processing, etc. Even under seemingly ideal conditions measurements are not always successful and advanced image processing methods such as multigrid PIV algorithms with image-deformation is necessary to extract usable data. The presentation highlights several challenging applications of particle image velocimetry (PIV), Doppler global velocimetry (DGV) and OH-chemiluminescence in large combustor facilities, highly loaded compressors as well as an automotive application. Driven by the frequently high facility operational costs, the future will see the application of several imaging measurement techniques in parallel thus permitting even further insights in the underlying flow physics (e.g. simultaneous measurements of temperature, concentration and flow field).
Impact of Self-Esteem and Job Stress on Job Satisfaction of the Emergency Medical Technicians

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem and job stress which might influence job satisfaction of the emergency medical technicians. The partcipants were 135 emergency medical technicians in hospital. Data were collected from August 15 to September 10, 2009. The collected data was analyzed with the SPSS win 15.0 version. The average self-esteem score was 3.47, job stress 3.16, job satisfaction 3.14. The score for job satisfaction. showed significant difference motivation of desire(F=3.169, p=.016) and region(F=3.414, p=.011). Self-esteem had significant positive correlation to job satisfaction(r=.296, p=.000). Job stress had significant negative correlation to job satisfaction(r=-.327, p=.000). Self-esteem and job stress were significant predictor and accounted for 16% of the variance in job satisfaction of the emergency medical technicians. Future job satisfaction management program for the emergency medical technicians should be considered their self-esteem and job stress.