jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simulation of high efficiency solar cell devices

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The conventional methods of producing electricity have resulted in climate changes because of the pollutants that come along with it. Researchers from all around the world are now looking at the possible methods to produce energy. Solar energy, being in abundance and clean is found to be very suitable. The project aims to utilize EtaOpt that is an object oriented program based on Wolfram Research Mathematica to carry out simulations on the single junction, dual junction, triple junction and quadruple junction cell. EtaOpt is based on the detailed balance limit model that only takes into account of the radiative recombination as the only loss mechanism in any solar cell junction. This is the only fundamental limiting process. Photons with energy greater than the energy bandgap of the solar cell will be absorbed and all else will be transmitted.
Cancer Genomic Rearrangements and Copy Number Alterations from Errors in Cell Division

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Analysis of cancer genomes has shown that a large fraction of chromosomal changes originate from catastrophic events including whole-genome duplication, chromothripsis, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, and chromoplexy. Through sophisticated computational analysis of cancer genomes and experimental recapitulation of these catastrophic alterations, we have gained significant insights into the origin, mechanism, and evolutionary dynamics of cancer genome complexity. In this review, we summarize this progress and survey the major unresolved questions, with particular emphasis on the relative contributions of chromosome fragmentation and DNA replication errors to complex chromosomal alterations.
Nonvolatile Resistance Switching on Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the complex oxide interfaces have brought about considerable interest for the application of the next-generation multifunctional oxide electronics due to the exotic properties that do not exist in the bulk. In this study, we report the integration of 2DEG into the nonvolatile resistance switching cell as a bottom electrode, where the metal-insulator transition of 2DEG by an external field serves to significantly reduce the OFF-state leakage current while enhancing the on/off ratio. Using the Pt/Ta2O5-y/Ta2O5-x/SrTiO3 heterostructure as a model system, we demonstrate the nonvolatile resistance switching memory cell with a large on/off ratio (>10(6)) and a low leakage current at the OFF state (∼10(-13) A). Beyond exploring nonvolatile memory, our work also provides an excellent framework for exploring the fundamental understanding of novel physics in which electronic and ionic processes are coupled in the complex heterostructures.
Concepciones del alumnado del Grado en Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Huelva en torno al patrimonio de Huelva capital

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research focuses on the exploration of conceptions about heritage among students of the Degree in Primary Education, with a particular focus on heritage perspective, knowledge of heritage typology and teaching-strategies learning that influence such conceptions. The purpose is to achieve a significant learning rooted in the foundations of civilization, emphasizing the importance of understanding the conceptions of teachers in formation about the heritage of Huelva. The study focuses on analysing the conceptions of teachers in training about the heritage of Huelva, with the aim of understanding how they will teach this heritage from the initial educational stages. The research, in mixed format, is carried out among fourth-year students of the Degree in Primary Education of the University of Huelva, using a questionnaire on the Google Forms platform and a system of categories for analysis. The results reveal concepts related to visible and physically valuable heritage elements, such as the Columbus Monument, a historical heritage perspective, and the importance attributed to the natural and historical-temporal heritage typology. As for the teaching-learning strategies for the development of their initial training, the preference for master classes, talks and colloquiums, as well as the development of general curricular elements, stands out, including conceptual content and competence in linguistic communication. These results point to the need for a genuine dissemination of history through future teachers, thus ensuring the effective transmission of cultural heritage.
Anonymity and Online Self-Disclosure: A Meta-Analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

When an individual is anonymous online, they may communicate more boldly than they would in a face-to-face situation—a phenomenon called the online disinhibition effect. While much is known about the toxic effects of online disinhibition, social effects (such as self-disclosure) receive less scholarly attention. This meta-analysis (k = 14, random effects assumed) examined the relationship between anonymity and online self-disclosure as a form of benign disinhibition. Results indicated anonymity had a positive average correlation with self-disclosure (r = .184). However, there was substantial heterogeneity across studies that could not be explained by moderators including type of anonymity (visual or discursive), the measure of self-disclosure (self-report or content analysis), or the type of interaction task (social, task, none present).
[Study of the action of black stone (also known as snakestone or serpent stone) on experimental envenomation].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Black stone has been used since Antiquity to treat snake bites and local infections. Its efficacy is debated. Since no clinical trial has been performed, we conducted a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments in a murine model. After determining the LD50 of batches of venoms of Bitis arietans, Echis ocellatus and Naja nigricollis according to the Spearman-Kärber's method, we used four separate methods. First, we injected a fixed lethal amount of venom (triple the LD50) IM to the shaved thighs of lots of five mice and applied the black stone with an adhesive plaster at the point of injection at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 180 minutes. In another series of experiments, we administered increasing amounts of venom to each group of 5 mice according to the same protocol used to measure the LD50; and applied black stone as above, immediately after the administration of each amount of venom. In the third series of experiments, we reduced black stone to powder and mixed 3 LD50 of each venom with an increasing amount of powder for 30 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was injected into mice and mortality measured. Two control groups (venom alone and black stone alone) were used in all the cases. Venom adsorption on black stone surface was assessed in vitro by measurement of residual proteins in supernatant after mixing black stone powder and venom for thirty minutes and centrifugation. The results showed the absence of effectiveness of the black stone when applied on wounds after venom injection. However, the direct contact between the black stone powder and the venom did reduce venom toxicity, as if black stone fixed venom proteins and removed the venom from the inoculum. The mechanical effectiveness of black stone can thus be shown. However, its efficacy in treating envenomation seemed very doubtful because of it is very nonspecific and because the venom diffuses rapidly from the wound.
Evidence for a transient potassium membrane current dependent on calcium influx in crab muscle fibre.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Voltage‐clamp experiments were achieved on crab muscle fibre with the double sucrose‐gap technique. 2. The accuracy of the imposed voltage has been controlled with an impaled micro‐electrode connected to an external circuit. 3. Step depolarizations elicit two kinds of records. In type I fibres, the initial current exhibits only an inward calcium component. In type II fibres, the initial current exhibits a hump, transient outward current, mixed with the calcium current; these fibres exhibit always action potentials with fast repolarization. 4. A potassium origin is suggested for this outward current, due to its dependence on [K]o and its inhibition by TEA. 5. In fibres with a composite initial current, the voltage dependence of the availability of the measured inward current appears complex. It can be shown to be the sum of a simple calcium inactivation (which is observed alone in TEA solution) and a fast potassium inactivation. This potassium conductance is nearly half‐available at the resting membrane potential. 6. The origin of the transient outward current is tentatively described. Consecutive to a transient internal increase of calcium ions (due to the calcium current) its activation curve is shifted in an hyperpolarizing direction resulting in an increased activation for an apparent identical depolarization. 7. This fast outward current which overlaps the calcium inward current can account for the low amplitude and the variability of the electrical activity of crab muscle fibres.
Building Shared Understandings in Introductory Physics Tutorials Through Risk, Repair, Conflict & Comedy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Collaborative inquiry learning environments, such as <italic>The Tutorials in Physics Sensemaking</italic>, are designed to provide students with opportunities to partake in the authentic disciplinary practices of argumentation and sensemaking. Through these practices, groups of students in tutorial can build shared conceptual understandings of the mechanisms behind physical phenomena. In order to do so, they must also build a shared <italic>epistemological</italic> understanding of what they are doing together, such that their activity includes collaboratively making sense of mechanisms.\n\n Previous work (Conlin, Gupta, Scherr, & Hammer, 2007; Scherr & Hammer, 2009) has demonstrated that tutorial students do not settle upon only one way of understanding their activity together, but instead build multiple shared ways of understanding, or <italic>framing</italic> (Scherr & Hammer, 2009; Tannen, 1993a), their activity. I build upon this work by substantiating a preliminary finding that one of these shared ways of framing corresponds with increased evidence of the students' collaboratively making sense of physical mechanisms. What previous research has not yet addressed is <italic>how</italic> the students come to understand their activity as including collaborative sensemaking discussions in the first place, and how that understanding develops over the course of the semester. In this dissertation, I address both of these questions through an in-depth video analysis of three groups' discussions throughout the semester.\n\n To build shared understandings through scientific argumentation and collaborative sensemaking, the students need to continually make repairs of each other's understanding, but this comes with the risk of affective damage that can shut down further sensemaking discussions. By analyzing the discourse of the three groups' discussions throughout the semester, I show how each group is able to manage this essential tension as they each build and maintain a safe space to sensemake together. I find that the three groups differ in how soon, how frequently, and how deeply they engage in collaborative scientific sensemaking. This variability can be explained, in part, through differences in how the groups use hedging, irony, and other discourse moves that epistemically distance the speakers from their claims. This work highlights the connection between students' epistemology and affect in face-to-face interaction.
Response of late-transplanted rice to NPK under irrigated conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This article 'Response of late-transplanted rice to NPK under irrigated conditions' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.
Pulmonary Hypertension Parameters Assessment by Electrocardiographically Gated Computed Tomography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) parameters such as pulmonary artery or right ventricular size can be measured easily on computed tomography (CT). However, there are limited data on electrocardiographically (ECG) gated CT. We sought to determine age-specific and sex-specific normal reference values for PH parameters normalized by body surface area (BSA) using ECG-gated cardiac CT in a Chinese population. Materials and Methods: In total, we enrolled 519 non-PH patients undergoing ECG-gated CT coronary angiography and measured PH parameters, including main pulmonary artery (MPA) and right pulmonary artery (RPA) diameters and distension, the ratio of MPA to ascending aorta (AAO) diameter (MPA/AAO), and the ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular diameter (RV/LV). Maximum MPA and RPA diameters were also normalized to BSA (nMPA, nRPA). Results: Age, sex, BSA, and body mass index (BMI) were variably associated with PH parameters. Age was an independent predictor of all PH parameters. The maximum MPA diameter (26.5±2.7 mm), maximum RPA diameter (20.9±3.0 mm), nMPA (15.8±2.0 mm/m 2 ), nRPA (12.4±2.0 mm/m 2 ), and RV/LV (0.85±0.11) increased with age. MPA/AAO (0.80±0.10), MPA, and RPA distension (25.4%±7.1%; 23.3%±6.7%) correlated negatively with age. Although absolute MPA and RPA diameters were slightly larger in men, women had significantly larger nMPA and nRPA values. MPA and RPA sizes and RV/LV were correlated positively with BSA and BMI. Conclusions: Using ECG-gated cardiac CT, we determined the normal reference values of PH parameters for non-PH adult Chinese patients, and these values were variably influenced by age, sex, BSA, and BMI.
Toxicity study and analgesic activity of methanol extract of baobab (<i>Adansonia digitata</i>) seed in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The difficulty and complexity associated with the management of pain are related to side effects, efficacy and cost of current agents used in its management. We exploited some natural product resources in Africa in a bid to provide alternatives to the current agents used in pain management. We extracted the seeds of Adansonia digitata using methanol. We screened the fractions for phytochemicals, acute toxicity and analgesic properties using the tail-flick and hot plate methods. The phytochemical analysis of the seed powder revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids. Oral LD50 did not reveal any toxicity in mice at doses ranging from 10-5000 mg/kg. Except for urea levels at the highest dose for the oily extract, the methanol extract of Adansonia digitata seeds demonstrated relative safety in laboratory mice. The methanol extract of Adansonia digitata significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the reaction latency to pain thermally induced in mice by both the tail-flick and hot plate methods. The highest dose of the extract exhibited a mean reaction time range of 12.2-19.9 sec as against 5.2-6.43 sec for the control for the tail-flick method. It also exhibited a mean reaction time range of 15.7-20.0 sec as against 5.48-10.62 sec for the control for the hot plate method. Overall, the extract of Adansonia digitata seed did not exhibit any acute toxicity at the experimental doses and demonstrated analgesic activity in mice.
Staining pattern of acid non-specific esterase in lymphocytes, plasmocytes, monocytes, and leukemic cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The pattern of staining for ANAE in lymphocytes, plasmocytes, monocytes and leukemic cells has been studied and the effect of NaF and E 600 on this staining reaction has been investigated. In lymphocytes the transition occasionally occurring between a dot-like (T type) and granular positivity may cause difficulties when using this reaction as a marker of resting T lymphocytes. In plasmocytes as well as in myeloma cells a number of coarse granules was present in most cells and in some cases even large blocks of the reaction product occurred. NaF and E 600 inhibits already in lower concentration (2 mM and 10 micronM respectively) the strong diffuse reaction in monocytes, the effect on other cells being negligible. Using higher concentrations the inhibitory effect of NaF (20 mM) was more pronounced in plasmocytes in comparison with T lymphocytes which on the other hand, were, in general more sensitive to E 600 (10 mM). Partially diffuse or dense granular pattern of ANAE was found in a number of hairy cells. "Lymphoblastic" leukemias in children most frequently displayed negative or fine granular reaction in a varying number of blasts and similar findings were noted in the majority of cytochemically undifferentiated leukemias in adults. In some of them, however, a similar pattern of ANAE as in myeloblastic leukemias with dispersed or partial diffuse positivity was observed. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
Letters to the editor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTLetters to the editorJulius Sumner Miller Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1954, 31, 12, 667Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1954Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 December 1954Published inissue 1 December 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/ed031p667.1RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (417 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Mourning Women Sarcophagus - Robert Fleischer: Der Klagefrauensarkophag aus Sidon. (Istan-buler Forschungen, 34.) Pp. viii + 88; 48 black and white plates. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth, 1983. DM. 51.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Mourning Women Sarcophagus - Robert Fleischer: Der Klagefrauensarkophag aus Sidon. (Istan-buler Forschungen, 34.) Pp. viii + 88; 48 black and white plates. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth, 1983. DM. 51. - Volume 35 Issue 1
Integration of an adaptive swing control into a neuromuscular human walking model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the neuromuscular control underlying human locomotion has the potential to deliver practical controllers for humanoid and prosthetic robots. However, neurocontrollers developed in forward dynamic simulations are seldom applied as practical controllers due to their lack of robustness and adaptability. A key element for robust and adaptive locomotion is swing leg placement. Here we integrate a previously identified robust swing leg controller into a full neuromuscular human walking model and demonstrate that the integrated model has largely improved behaviors including walking on very rough terrain (±10 cm) and stair climbing (15 cm stairs). These initial results highlight the potential of the identified robust swing control. We plan to generalize it to a range of human locomotion behaviors critical in rehabilitation robotics.
Distal transfer of the greater trochanter for the correction of trochanteric overgrowth.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For the correction of trochanteric overgrowth resulting from ischaemic necrosis following conservative therapy in early childhood for congenital dislocation of the hip, 83 trochanteric transfers were carried out whose results were analysed over a mean follow-up period of 4.5 years (3-10 years). During operation the insertion of the gluteal minimus muscle to the trochanter was carefully detached in a way that only the fibres of the gluteus medius remained on the bone. Thus the gluteus medius could maximally be stretched in isolation, by a distal transfer of the greater trochanter and that was the way for obtaining the best results. To prevent subluxation of the head of the femur surgical correction of the acetabulum was carried out (usually Chiari's pelvic osteotomy) if the covering of the head was imperfect. The trochanter was fixed using A0 cancellous bone screw, no plaster fixation was applied and full loading was allowed 4 weeks after surgery. On the basis of changes in Trendelenburg's sign in patients operated before the age of 14 years, good results were found in 92%, whereas in older patients the result was 75%. Subjective opinions were quite similar in both groups. Positive evaluation of the results was given in 70% and 68% by patients in the younger and older group, respectively.
A Deep Unsupervised Residual - Convolutional Auto-Encoder: Multifocus Image Fusion based on Local Binary Pattern

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Image fusion has become a frequently used approach for improving the visual awareness for various applications such as medical diagnosis, surveillance, military , computer vision, robotics, enhanced vision systems, biometrics, and remote sensing and many. From literature, most of the Image fusion technique requires sophisticated pre-processing and post-processing steps to create image patches to train the network, generate the focus map, consistency verification but the fused image results in blocking artifacts and smoothening effects. This paper focuses on simple novel Deep Unsupervised Residual-Convolution Auto-Encoder Network (R-CAEN) to address these limitations. R-CAEN is trained with proposed Euclidean Loss Function in keras-tensorflow platform. The encoder-decoder model learns to extracts the deep features from the source images in a residual approach. A normalized Local Binary Pattern (LBP) codes for the corresponding encoder features are calculated for fusion. The decoder decodes the fused features and the fused image is evaluated with the objective measures: Correlation Coefficient, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Measure of Structural Similarity Index, Entropy and Visual Information Fidelity. The subjective and objective analysis of R-CAEN is compared with six existing methods and the results shows that the performance of R-CAEN outperforms the existing methods.