jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Not So Smooth Swallowing-Posterior Mediastinal Smooth Muscle Tumor Presenting as Dysphagia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among etiologies for posterior mediastinal masses, esophageal smooth muscle tumors are uncommon; especially in the upper third of the esophagus as highlighted by our patient’s case. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has become an effective mode of evaluation for mediastinal masses. Allowing for a minimally invasive approach to achieving tissue diagnosis.
PENGARUH SISTEM PENGAWASAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PEGAWAI DINAS TENAGA KERJA DAN TRANSMIGRASI KABUPATEN KUTAI TIMUR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

State employee as the government apparatuer in doing the main duty always faced by the complexity of problems. The result shows there is a positive and significant influence from supervision system to the employee’s productivity at Disnakertrans Kutai Timur. Altought actually work productivity also influenced by the other variables, such as leadership, work environment, motivation, education level, amount of employee.
Private law and public law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter talks about private law and public law as if everybody knew what was meant when these words are being used about law. This probably holds true for lawyers and even law students, but not for the general population. The private/public dichotomy is closely related to, but not identical with another distinction: between so-called dispositive and mandatory law. The distinction between private and public law was explicitly recognized by the Romans, but that does not mean of course that it did not exist beforehand. The chapter presents some examples from the earliest Russian law, the Russkaia Pravda (RP). The private/public dichotomy in law is not some sort of mysterious and inherent quality of law which discover by meticulous scientific investigation. It is a device invented by lawyers at a certain moment, when they considered it convenient. Keywords: mandatory law; private law; public law; Russian law; Russkaia Pravda (RP)
Author Response: Morphology and ultrastructure of external sense organs of Drosophila larvae

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Sensory perception is the ability through which an organism is able to process sensory stimuli from the environment. This stimulus is transmitted from the peripheral sensory organs to the central nervous system, where it is interpreted. Drosophila melanogaster larvae possess peripheral sense organs on their head, thoracic, and abdominal segments. These are specialized to receive diverse environmental information, such as olfactory, gustatory, temperature or mechanosensory signals. In this work, we complete the description of the morphology of external larval sensilla and provide a comprehensive map of the ultrastructure of the different types of sensilla that comprise them. This was achieved by 3D electron microscopic analysis of partial and whole body volumes, which contain high-resolution and complete three-dimensional data of the anatomy of the sensilla and adjacent ganglia.Our analysis revealed three main types of sensilla on thoracic and abdominal segments: the papilla sensillum, the hair sensillum and the knob sensillum. They occur solitary or organized in compound sensilla such as the thoracic keilin's organ or the terminal sensory cones. We present a spatial map defining these sensilla by their position on thoracic and abdominal segments. Further, we identify and name the sensilla at the larval head and the last fused abdominal segments. We show that mechanosensation dominates in the larval peripheral nervous system, as most sensilla have corresponding structural properties. The result of this work, the construction of a complete structural and neuronal map of the external larval sensilla, provides the basis for following molecular and functional studies to understand which sensory strategies the Drosophila larva employs to orient itself in its natural environment.
Determination of Citrinin by HPLC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Citrinin is a kind of metabolites of Monascus,which is toxic to kidney.In this paper,we established a effective determination method of citrinin content by HPLC,and it's as follows: The column was Shimadzu Shim-pack VP-ODS C18(250 mm×4.6 mm),the mobile phase composition was V(acetonitrile)∶V(methano1)∶V(water) is 70∶10∶20,pH 2.5.And the column temperature was at 28 ℃,the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.Then citrinin content was detected by a fluorescence detector at λex=331 nm and λem=500 nm.Under this chromatographic conditions,the concentration of citrinin from 0.05 to 5 mg/L has a good linear relationship.The minimum determination limit was 5 μg/L,the average recovery rate was 98.17%,and RSD was 1.8%.
Policy Assessment on the Less Favoured Areas in Britain

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper assesses contemporary British LFAs policy through comparison with Japanese Hilly and Mountainous Areas policy. Decoupled income support and environmental schemes promote extensive agriculture and discourage entrepreneur's innovation. Maintenance of the rural population, encouraging added value production and fostering the human resource must be the critical issue. Promoting diversified enterprise of agricultural firms is not readily achievable although it is often considered as an important policy instrument required in connection with decoupled direct subsidy. Accountability and reliability of government finance must be enforced when direct payment is the major instrument to support agriculture and countryside in place of market price support.
Determination of the Real Influence of the Addition of Four Thickening Agents in Creams Using Rheological Measurements

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study aimed to characterize different emulsions obtained by the addition of four thickening agents, using rheological measurements, beyond analyzing the emulsions by polarized light microscopy looking for liquid crystals on them. The addition of these four thickening agents did not modify the base emulsion rheology, only an improvement in the sensory of the formulation was verified. The polarized light microscopy showed the formation of liquid crystalline structures in all the formulations, thus, the thickening agents did not influence in this parameter too. However, the emulsions could be considered appropriated for cosmetic purposes, probably being highly physically stable. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Bilateral Terrible Triad Elbow the rare injury, an Operative challenge:&nbsp;A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Terrible triad of the elbow are a part of rare complex injury around elbow and consists of posterior dislocation combined with the fractures of the radial head and coronoid process of the ulna. Variable outcome has been reported in such injuries, we report a case of a 44-year-old man presenting with bilateral terrible triad of the elbow joints injured due to fall from height. Our surgical procedure included fixation of the radial head through a lateral approach on one side and excision of fractured fragment on another along with lateral collateral ligament (LCL) repair bilaterally, also fixation of the coronoid process and repair of medial collateral ligament (MCL) done on both sides through an anteromedial incision. Bone union was achieved 3 months after surgery. Patient resumed his routine activities at end of 5 months with good functional outcome.
Business Applications of Big Data

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Twenty-first century organizations face a challenge and an unprecedented opportunity: to build a new model of relationship with current and potential clients which is more efficient and innovative. And this necessarily implies to acquire a completely new corporate culture in which the collection, management and interpretation of information will inspire the entire business. Under this new business scenario, the data is not understood as part of a process but instead to be part of the core business as a decision tool. Only if companies can manage this flood of information will be able to understand what we do and where they are going; identify the tastes and preferences of consumers and, more importantly, anticipate their decisions to adapt the services in real time and in a personalized way. The Big Data points companies beyond the facts: transforms the actions into predictions.
Inhibition of TEM-2 β-Lactamase from Escherichia coli by Clavulanic Acid:  Observation of Intermediates by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry,

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Clavulanic acid, the therapeutically important inhibitor of beta-lactamases containing a nucleophilic serine residue at their active sites, inhibits Escherichia coli TEM-2 beta-lactamase via a complex mechanism. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) studies revealed that a minimum of four different modified proteins are formed upon incubation of clavulanate with the TEM-2 enzyme. These exhibit mass increments relative to the unmodified TEM-2 beta-lactamase of 52, 70, 88, and 155 Da. Time course studies implied that no long-lived forms of clavulanate-inhibited TEM-2 beta-lactamase retain the carbons of the oxazolidine ring of clavulanate. The absence of a 199 Da increment to unmodified TEM-2 suggests rapid decarboxylation of clavulanate upon binding to the enzyme. Proteolytic digestions of purified forms of clavulanate inhibited TEM-2 beta-lactamase followed by analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ESIMS (HPLC-ESIMS) and chemical sequencing were used to provide positional information on the modifications to the enzyme. Increments of 70 and 80 Da increments were shown to be located in a peptide containing Ser-70. A further 70 Da mass increment, assigned as a beta-linked acrylate, was localized to a peptide containing Ser-130. A mechanistic scheme for the reaction of clavulanate with TEM-2 beta-lactamase is proposed in which acylation at Ser-70 and subsequent decarboxylation is followed either by cross-linking with Ser-130 to form a vinyl ether or by reformation of unmodified enzyme via a Ser-70 linked (hydrated) aldehyde. Purified cross-linked vinyl ether was observed to slowly convert under acidic conditions to a Ser-70 linked (hydrated) aldehyde with concomitant conversion of Ser-130 to a dehydroalanyl residue.
Recent advances of medical journals in Korea and and further development strategies: Is it possible for them to publish Nobel Prize-winning research?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Many medical journals from Korea have advanced to the international level since 1996. This study aims to present the current status of Korean medical journals in scholarly literature databases and to suggest strategies for further development. This study focused on the 261 member journals of the Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors (KAMJE). In 2018, 29 journals from Korea were indexed in Medline, of which 22 were KAMJE journals. Since 2008, Korean medical journals have been deposited in PubMed Central. As of 2018, the number of journals deposited in PubMed Central has soared to 116, including 103 KAMJE journals. Ninety KAMJE journals were indexed in Scopus. The average 2017 impact factor of the 40 Science Citation Index Expanded-indexed KAMJE journals was 2.17. Furthermore, 35 journals have been indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index. To promote more medical journals to the international level, the following strategies are suggested: first, recruiting high-quality manuscripts with meticulous review and editing; and second, adopting digital standards of scholarly publishing, including full-text XML, to broaden accessibility. Medical journals from Korea have experienced tremendous success in terms of indexing in international literature databases. To promote journals to the highest level, physicians and researchers should be able to read, submit, cite and use the journal articles in a straightforward and diligent manner. With appropriate development strategies, it may be possible for a Nobel Prize to be awarded based on research published in medical journals in Korea in the near future.
Types of Furniture in Liao Dynasty Images

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper, the furniture in Liao dynasty images is comprehensively and systematically arranged and summarized. According to the standard of function classification, the types of Liao dynasty furniture are divided into tables, seats, beds, furniture for storage and others. Summarize furniture modeling, style, structure and so on. It is concluded that the furniture is mainly mortise and tenon frame structure and decoration is common in structural parts. In-depth analysis of the relationship and cultural connotation between furniture and surrounding food and utensils is convenient to understand the rich diet life of the Liao Dynasty and the nomadic life of leisure.
Respiratory function does not affect by a single bout cycling in obese men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Asthma and obesity are both increasing concomitantly, suggesting that these factors may be causally related. However, the precise mechanisms of any association between them are not completely understood. Our aim was to verify whether a single bout exercise could improve respiratory functional in obese men. For this purpose, nineteen untrained middle-aged obese men were completed a single bout cycling exercise, and underwent a spirometry test before and after exercise in order to determine effect acute exercise on FEV, FVC, FEV/FVC and the other spirometry parameters. No significant differences were found in all spirometry parameters by cycling exercise with compared to baseline. A short-term exercise intervention can not induce favorable changes in respiratory functional in none-asthma obese men.
What Does it Mean to Notice my Students’ Ideas in Science Today?: An Investigation of Elementary Teachers’ Practice of Noticing their Students’ Thinking in Science

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Efforts toward improving K-12 science education emphasize teachers noticing students' thinking as they engage in disciplinary practices and reasoning. This noticing requires specialized teacher knowledge and skills as it involves attending to students' ideas, as well as making sense of and responding to those ideas so that the disciplinary substance in them is recognized, made explicit, and supported. This study investigates three elementary teachers' in-the-moment noticing of students' ideas while teaching science and their thinking about what it means to engage in this teaching practice. Results indicate that teachers notice many different kinds of student science ideas, and also that teachers have different ways of thinking about which student ideas are substantive during a science lesson. This research contributes to our theoretical understanding of the nature of teacher noticing in science. Noticing students' science ideas involves not only the presence of ideas and the ability to notice them, but also a teacher's understanding of this teaching practice in the moment.
Alzheimer’s Disease Detection with a 3D Convolutional Neural Network using Gray Matter Maps from T1‐weighted Brain MRI

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background A practical screening tool to detect Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on brain MRI would be valuable. Here we tested a deep learning method for subject‐wise AD classification; as gray matter (GM) is preferentially affected by AD, we also performed MRI tissue classification on the input data, to test the added value of these input features. We set out to compare different types of imaging data types 1 as inputs to a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the AD classification task. Method We analyzed T1‐weighted brain MRI scans from 1123 subjects (596M/527F, 55.2 ‐ 95.8 years) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). After registering the T1‐w MRI scans to a common brain template, GM was segmented as shown in Figure 1. We subdivided the dataset into training (3,302 scans/853 subjects), validation (413 scans/100 subjects) and test (170 scans/170 subjects) data for the CNN 2 . We also trained the CNN on different proportions (10%, 20%, 50% and 100%) of the overall ADNI training data. We further validated our results independently on 232 scans/232 subjects (78M/154F, 33‐96 years) from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) dataset. Result We summarize our results in Table 1 in terms of the receiver‐operator characteristic curve‐area under the curve (ROC‐AUC). Results were aggregated over two separate runs to demonstrate the model’s stability. The CNN with GM segmented T1‐w MRI as input achieved an Average ROC‐AUC of 0.864, compared to 0.859 with the complete T1‐w MRI. The CNN performs better with gray matter segmented input; this performance boost was more pronounced with smaller training sets, i.e., 10% (330 scans) or 20% (660 scans) as seen in Figure 2. The models trained on gray matter maps from ADNI also yielded better performance on the OASIS test set. Conclusion In this work, we found that using GM extracted from T1‐w MRI scans improves deep learning‐based AD diagnosis. Feature selection is improved by regulating the data input into the CNN. [1] Lu, B., et al., “A Practical Alzheimer’s Disease Classifier… on 85,721 Samples,” bioRxiv Prepr. (2021). [2] Dhinagar, N. J., et al., “3D CNNs for Classification of Alzheimer’s … with T1‐Weighted Brain MRI,” SIPAIM (2021).
Sparse sufficient dimension reduction for directional regression

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Sufficient dimension reduction has emerged as a powerful tool for extracting meaningful information within high dimensional datasets over the past few decades. These methods aim to reduce the complexity of data by focusing on its most informative components and this allows us to avoid ‘curse of dimensionality’. However, many sufficient dimension reduction methods have challenges because their outcome has the form of the linear combinations of the original predictors. This can make the interpretation of the extracted components quite difficult, particularly when working with a large number of variables. To address this issue, we introduce a sparse sufficient dimension reduction method for directional regression. Our approach converts generalized eigendecomposition to regression type optimization problem with LASSO constraint and this promotes interpretability by generating sparse estimates. Moreover, we provide theoretical support for our proposed method, establishing non-asymptotic oracle inequalities and convergence guarantees for the associated optimization algorithm. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by comparing it against existing methods such as non-sparse directional regression, sparse sliced inverse regression, and sliced average variance estimation through comprehensive numerical experiments. We further apply our method to two real-world datasets to present its practical value in extracting meaningful insights from complex data structures.
Among-site variability in the stochastic dynamics of East African coral reefs

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Coral reefs are dynamic systems whose composition is highly influenced by unpredictable biotic and abiotic factors. Understanding the spatial scale at which long-term predictions of reef composition can be made will be crucial for guiding conservation efforts. Using a 22-year time series of benthic composition data from 20 reefs on the Kenyan and Tanzanian coast, we studied the long-term behaviour of Bayesian vector autoregressive state-space models for reef dynamics, incorporating among-site variability. We estimate that if there were no among-site variability, the total long-term variability would be approximately one third of its current value. Thus among-site variability contributes more to long-term variability in reef composition than does temporal variability. Individual sites are more predictable than previously thought, and predictions based on current snapshots are informative about long-term properties. Our approach allowed us to identify a subset of possible climate refugia sites with high conservation value, where the long-term probability of coral cover <= 0.1 was very low. Analytical results show that this probability is most strongly influenced by among-site variability and by interactions among benthic components within sites. These findings suggest that conservation initiatives might be successful at the site scale as well as the regional scale.
Renal agenesis as a diagnostic feature of the crypthophthalmos‐syndactyly syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Four families with the cryptophthalmos‐syndactyly syndrome are reported. Nine affected patients died in perinatal period. Autopsy, performed in 6 cases, revealed renal agenesis (bilateral in 3 and unilateral in 3 cases). These observations together with recent literature data suggest that renal malformations (agenesis or severe hypoplasia) are one of the most common features of the cryptophthalmos‐syndactyly syndrome and may serve as one of diagnostic criteria for this entity.
FOIM: Thermal Foaming of Shape Memory Polyurethane Foil

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This work introduces the semi‐finished product FOIM, a neologism from FOI l and foa M , a phase segregated polyester urethane urea (PEUU) foam, which is synthesized from poly(1,6‐hexylene adipate) diol, 4,4’‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol and water as blowing agent. The PEUU is obtained by following a one‐shot synthesis and is characterized by a hard/soft segment ratio of 1.06 and an open pore content of 78%. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals a melting peak at 45 °C and a crystallization signal at 14 °C, both of which are associated with the phase transitions of the soft segment. The glass transition temperature, which is determined as a local maximum within the tan δ using dynamic mechanical analysis, is 1 °C. During programming, the foam is heavily compressed at 60 °C. Once unloaded at 23 °C, a translucent foil, the FOIM, is obtained. When reheated to 60 °C, the foil switches back to the foam due to its pronounced shape memory properties. Intriguingly, the structure remains largely unaffected by the drastic deformation as indicated by buoyancy and heat transmission measurements. The ease of manufacture and functionality makes the technology attractive for applications, in which both low transport volumes and drastic shape changes are desired.
ANASLYSIS OF NANOELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM BASED MICROMACHINED SENSOR

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper the investigation of membrane of CMUT device has been analyze systematically. Here the resonance frequency has been detected/evaluated which can be appropriate to make the device. The mechanical impedance of the circular membrane is found nearly equal to acoustic impedance of air which makes the CMUT more preferable in a device. The resonance frequency is found here with and without intrinsic stress which are being used to determine the stress area. Here also for diverse gaseous, liquid and solid substances the acoustic impedance value is different with which we will get different equivalent impedance. It has been found that the equivalent resistance increases from gaseous particles to liquid and to the solid.