jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Intrinsically Disordered Region of MBD2 Both Recruits the Histone Deacetylase Core Complex of NuRD and Modifies Kinetics of DNA Binding

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The MBD2 protein recruits and assembles the Nu cleosome R emodeling and D eacetylase (NuRD) complex and thereby uniquely combines binding specificity for methylated DNA with histone deacetylation and chromatin remodeling. This MBD2‐NuRD complex has been implicated in methylation dependent silencing of genes during development and aberrant silencing of tumor suppressor genes during carcinogenesis. We have previously characterized and determined the structures of a coiled‐coil and methylcytosine binding (MBD) domains of MBD2. More recently we have characterized an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of ~120 amino acids linking the MBD and coiled‐coil. NMR, CD, and AUC analyses show that this region, MBD2 IDR , does not adopt a regular structure in isolation or in the context of full‐length protein. Yet the MBD2 IDR stably binds three proteins that form the histone deacetylase core of NuRD. The first two‐thirds of the MBD2 IDR are necessary and sufficient to bind the histone deacetylase core; while mutating two consecutive residues within this region abrogates binding and disrupts the function of MBD2 in cells. At the same time, adding the MBD2 IDR to the MBD2 MBD in vitro reduces the off rate and increases DNA binding affinity by ~100 fold. The MBD2 IDR does not adopt a regular fold in the presence of DNA thereby functioning as a fuzzy DNA binding region. Hence the MBD2 IDR plays a dual role both augmenting DNA binding affinity and recruiting a large portion of the NuRD complex.
THE INFLUENCE OF COBALT ON DENSITY AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF Al–Ni–Co–Ce ALLOYS IN CRYSTALLINE AND LIQUID STATES

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work were studied density (by gamma-absorption method) and electrical resistivity (by contactless method in rotating magnetic field) of Al–Ni–Co–Ce glass-forming alloys with different ratios of transition metals. It was found the existence of a wide two-phase zone was established and jump-like changes in properties at solidus and liquidus temperatures. Increasing of cobalt content from 2 to 4 at % leads to 2% decrease of density and 3% increase of electrical resistivity in crystalline and liquid states. Temperature coefficients of change in properties were calculated. Density hysteresis was detected, which occurs when melts are overheated above 1350 K. This fact is related to the disintegration of large-scale microheterogeneities that exist in melts during heating. It is shown that these results can be used to optimize the process of obtaining rapidly hardened alloys.
The Relationship between Task Characteristics, BI Quality and Task Compatibility: An Explorative Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between task characteristics, business intelligence (BI) quality, and task compatibility. It is essential to investigate this relationship, as BI often builds up data from the organization's existing information systems, and thus, is a supplement. In addition, there is a gap within existing research about task characteristics and BI. We conducted a survey of three companies, where 104 BI end users answered the questionnaire. Our findings reveal that BI users who experience high information quality solve difficult tasks, have a specified job, and their task solution is independent of others experiencing higher task compatibility. The main contribution of the survey is a better understanding of how tasks and BI fit together. In conclusion, the model could be tested in different industries and with different information systems.
THE EVOLUTION OF AN INVASIVE PLANT: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WITH SILENE LATIFOLIA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The damage caused by biological invasions has traditionally been thought to result from alien species taking advantage of ecological differences between the native and introduced ranges. In contrast, the role of evolutionary forces has received relatively little attention. Our results show that evolutionary change in Silene latifolia, a North American weed that was introduced from Europe about 200 years ago, can help explain the plant's successful North American invasion. By growing plants from seed collected in 40 populations from Europe and North America under common garden greenhouse and field conditions, we found significant genetic differences in life history, reproductive, and defensive characters. In general, morphological traits and competitive ability remained unchanged, while North American plants germinated earlier, grew faster, produced more flowers, had greater survival, and invested less into defensive traits (trichomes, fruit capsule) than their European conspecifics. We suggest that as S. latifolia escaped a suite of specialist enemies, natural selection favored individuals that invest more in growth and reproduction and less in defense.
Committee Report

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

“In proposing the following specific recommendations concerning the regulation of clinical laboratories, the Joint Committee of the American Medical Association, the American Chemical Society and the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists wishes to emphasize the importance of encouraging and insuring the adequate education of every laboratory worker in the fundamental sciences which he applies. A clinical laboratory, as that term is used by the committee, is an institution organized for the practical application of one or more of the fundamental sciences by the use of specialized apparatus, equipment and methods for the purpose of ascertaining the presence, progress and source of disease. “It is the unanimous judgment of the committee— 1. That it should be illegal for any person not licensed by law so to do, to assume the responsibility of making the diagnosis or of deciding on the progress or source of disease on the basis of any results of a chemical, pathologic, serologic, bacteriologic, radiologic or microscopic observation or other laboratory examinations undertaken; and that where laws do not now restrict diagnosis or the clinical interpretation of laboratory examinations to licensed classes of medical practitioners, laws should be enacted to effect that end. 2. That any law providing for the licensing of professional workers in laboratories devoted to ascertaining the presence, progress or source of disease should provide for the examination of members of each profession by competent authorities belonging to the same profession. 3. That as long as an organization or individual engaged in examinations to ascertain the presence, source or progress of disease refrains from all diagnostic and prognostic interpretation of the results of such laboratory tests as provided for in Paragraph 1, any effort to force such organization or individual to place itself under the direction of a representative of any other profession is to be deprecated. 4. That the American Chemical Society, the American Medical Association, and the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists should co-operate to establish the principles enumerated in the foregoing resolution whenever legislation in this field may be proposed, and that the co-operation of other national bodies should be solicited. 5. That clinical laboratories be standardized in accordance with the principles laid down in the preceding paragraphs, and legislation should be enacted to insure competent personnel and suitable equipment.” The Joint Committee of the American Medical Association is to be complimented on the above report. However, Paragraph I of this report might have been made a little more specific, as far as radiology is concerned, by making it illegal for any person, not licensed by law so to do, to assume the responsibility of attempting to interpret radiographic and radioscopic findings in terms of pathology.
High Resolution Probe Based Confocal Microscopy for In Vivo Diagnosis of Colorectal Neoplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The high resolution probe-based confocal microscopic system (CFM, Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Tech, Paris) provides in vivo cellular images of the colonic mucosa and may allow immediate diagnosis of neoplastic colorectal lesions based on imaging epithelium during ongoing endoscopy. The CFM system's probe is compatible with any endoscope and allows as-needed use. The aim of the study is to asses the efficacy of the CFM system for diagnosing colorectal neoplasia during routine colonoscopy. Methods: Thirty eight patients underwent colonoscopy using high resolution colonoscopes (Fujinon Inc., Ft Wayne, NJ). Once a colorectal lesion was identified, 5 ml of 10% fluorescein sodium was administered intravenously and the CFM system probe (Minio probe, MKT, France) was passed through the accessory channel of the scope. Then confocal images of the lesion were recorded before its removal. Thereafter, biopsies and/or polypectomies/endoscopic mucosal resection were performed and histologic microscopy findings were reported. The confocal images of colorectal lesions were evaluated in a blinded fashion without knowledge of their histological diagnosis and the endoscopic appearance. The confocal images were graded according to their crypt and nuclear characteristics using a prior classification system developed in early phase of the study. Each lesion was diagnosed as non-neoplastic or neoplastic based on the confocal crypt and nuclear features. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the CFM diagnosis with their respective 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results: Thirty eight patients completed the study (19 men and 19 women;mean age 72). A total of 57 colorectal lesions was identified in 36 patients. Of these 57 lesions (a mean size of 13 mm), 37 were neoplastic (tubular adenoma 25, tubulovillous 8, villous 2, adenocarcinoma 2) and 20 were hyperplastic lesions. The presence of neoplastic changes was predicted by the CFM system with an accuracy of 88% (CI 79–96%), sensitivity of 81% (CI 68.9–93%), and specificity of 100%. Table 1 lists graded confocal characteristics with their estimates of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in distinguishing between malignant and nonmalignant lesions.Table: Graded confocal characteristics with their estimates of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.Conclusion: The probe-based CFM system allows diagnosis of neoplastic colorectal lesions with a high level of accuracy. Use of this method has the potential to avoid unnecessary polypectomies of non-neoplastic lesions and thus lead to fewer complications.
Structural correlations and melting of B-DNA fibres

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Despite numerous attempts, the understanding of the thermal denaturation of DNA is still a challenge due to the lack of structural data at the transition since standard experimental approaches to DNA melting are made in solution and do not provide spatial information. We report a measurement using neutron scattering from oriented DNA fibres to determine the size of the regions that stay in the double-helix conformation as the melting temperature is approached from below. A Bragg peak from the B-form of DNA has been observed as a function of temperature and its width and integrated intensity have bean measured. These results, complemented by a differential calorimetry study of the melting of B DNA fibres as well as electrophoresis and optical observation data, are analysed in terms of a one-dimensional mesoscopic model of DNA.
The long-term clinical impact of high-intensity statin therapy in older patients with acute myocardial infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Despite substantial clinical evidence supporting the benefits of high-intensity statins for acute myocardial infarction, the clinical implications of their use in elderly populations have yet to be fully elucidated. Purpose This study aims to clarify the importance of high-intensity statin therapy at discharge for patients aged over 65 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods In this retrospective cohort analysis conducted with data from the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR), we evaluated 4,147 patients aged 65 and above who experienced acute myocardial infarction (AMI), underwent coronary interventions utilizing second-generation drug-eluting stents, and were prescribed statins at the time of discharge. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 3 years, defined as the composite of all-cause deaths, any myocardial infarction, and any coronary revascularization. The secondary outcome was target-lesion failure (TLF), defined as the composite endpoint of all cardiac deaths, target vessel myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization at 3 years. Results In this study, 1,268 patients (30.5%) were treated with high-intensity statins at discharge. The patients were stratified into two groups using an age threshold of 78 years. In the propensity-matched cohort aged 65 to 78, the use of high-intensity statins was associated with a significant reduction in MACE (19.1% versus 14.5%, p=0.011). In the propensity score-matched cohort aged over 78, however, treatment with high-intensity statins did not lead to a reduction in MACE (24.8% versus 24.5%, p&gt;0.99). Additionally, multivariate analysis revealed that high-intensity statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of MACE (HR 0.69, 95% CI [0.57-0.85], p&lt;0.001) in patients aged 65 to 78. However, the effects of high-intensity statins on TLF were not significant in matched patients aged 65 to 78 (7.9% versus 6.5%, p=0.269) and in those aged over 78 (13.7% versus 12.1%, p=0.638). Conclusion This extensive, nationwide cohort study suggests that treatment with high-intensity statins upon discharge may not offer clinical benefits in reducing MACE and TLF in patients with AMI aged over 78, compared to those aged 65 to 78.
Association Between Walking Speed and Urinary Incontinence in the Older Women. Which Patients Should be Referred to Geriatricians?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: Primary end-point of this study was to detect if there is an association between walking speed and urinary incontinence in older women and secondarily to detect an association between urinary incontinence with other geriatric syndromes.STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective and cross-sectional study. Three hundred and eighty-nine old aged women admitted to the Geriatrics Department of Ankara University were enrolled and urinary incontinence and type of urinary incontinence, Handgrip strength test, Timed up and Go test, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, Lawton Index of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Mini Nutritional Assessment, Mini-Mental State Evaluation, Geriatric Depression Scale, Body Mass Index (BMI) of these participants were recorded. Association of urinary incontinence and these parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: The median age of the study population was 68 (58-86 years of age). Two hundred and fifty-eight (66.32%) had hypertension, 122 (31.36%) had diabetes mellitus, 51 (13.11%) had asthma/Chronic obstructive lung disease, 49 (12.59%) had coronary artery disease and 9 (2.31%) had cerebrovascular disease. One hundred and seventy-eight (45.7%) patients had urinary incontinence (88 urge, 55 stress, 35 mixed). One hundred and eight (27.76%) of patients had Mini-Mental State Evaluation score ≤23. Patients with urinary incontinence detected to have a longer duration of Timed Up and Go test, higher Geriatric Depression Scale score and BMI with p-values 0.005, 0.004, and <0.01 respectively; and lower Activities of Daily Living (Katz-Activities of Daily Living) score with a p-value of <0.01 results. Mini-Mental State Evaluation and Mini Nutritional Assessment scores were not statistically different between the continent and incontinent group.CONCLUSION: Whenever urinary incontinence is detected in an older woman, geriatrician referral should be considered since urinary incontinence is associated with decreased walking speed, Handgrip strength test, Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living or increased Geriatric Depression Scale; any of which is a symptom or result of at least one geriatric syndrome.
Plateau iris configuration in eyes with narrow-angle: an ultrasound biomicroscopic study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: To investigate, through ultrasound biomicroscopy images, the presence of plateau iris configuration in eyes with narrow-angle from patients with open-angle glaucoma and in eyes with previous acute primary angle-closure and compare the biometric features of eyes with plateau iris configuration with those of normal eyes. METHODS: Ultrasound biomicroscopic images from 196 patients with open-angle glaucoma and narrow-angle and 32 patients with acute primary angle-closure were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion and specific criteria for the diagnosis of plateau iris configuration was the presence of an anterior positioning of the ciliary processes, supporting the peripheral iris so that it was parallel to the trabecular meshwork; the iris root had a steep rise from its insertion point, followed by a downward angulation from the corneoscleral wall; presence of a central flat iris plane; an absent (complete plateau iris configuration) or partially absent (incomplete plateau iris configuration) ciliary sulcus. The ultrasound biomicroscopic parameters were compared between complete and incomplete plateau iris configuration. The same parameters of both groups were compared with those of normal eyes. The following measurements were performed: anterior chamber depth; angle opening distance at 500 µm from the scleral spur; peripheral iris thickness at 500 µm from the scleral spur; iris-ciliary process distance; trabecular-ciliary process distance and angle recess area. RESULTS: Plateau iris configuration was found in 33 eyes of 20 (10.2%) out of 196 patients with open-angle glaucoma and narrow-angle and in 4 eyes of 2 (6.3%) out of 32 patients with acute primary angleclosure. Seventeen (77.3%) patients with plateau iris configuration were female and 5 (22.7%) male. Twenty-three (62.2%) out of 37 eyes had complete plateau iris configuration, and 14 (37.8%) had incomplete plateau iris configuration. Complete and incomplete plateau iris configuration presented similar biometric features with the exception of the iris-ciliary process distance. All plateau iris configuration eyes showed biometric parameters completely different from those of normal eyes except for peripheral iris thickness at 500 µm from the scleral spur. CONCLUSIONS: Plateau iris configuration was present in 10.2% of patients with open-angle glaucoma and narrow-angle and in 6.3% of patients with acute primary angle-closure. Biometric features were similar in eyes with complete and incomplete plateau iris configuration with the exception of iris-ciliary process distance. Compared to normal eyes, all plateau iris configuration eyes showed biometric parameters completely different except for peripheral iris thickness at 500 µm from the scleral spur.
PREDICTING NURSERY GROWTH AND TRANSPLANTING SHOCK IN RICE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seedling growth in the nursery and the magnitude of shock experienced by the seedlings after transplanting can affect subsequent growth and development of transplanted rice ( Oryza sativa ). These two processes have not been adequately represented by rice growth simulation models. In this study, seedling growth in the nursery was described with respect to endosperm mobilization, dry matter (DM) distribution and seed size. In addition, the transplanting shock process was represented describing the crop development and growth in relation to seedling age at transplanting. These relationships, as two sub-models, were incorporated into CERES-Rice, a rice growth model, and their performances compared with independent field data. The nursery growth sub-model was also evaluated with another model, RIBHAB. Results of the comparison showed that the nursery growth sub-model, either with CERES-Rice or RIBHAB, closely predicted observed seedling growth. On the other hand, CERES-Rice overestimated root and leaf DM and underestimated culm DM, while RIBHAB underestimated all the growth traits considered in the evaluation. Transplanting shock period predicted by the sub-model closely mimicked observation, whereas CERES-Rice highly overestimated it. It is concluded that the developed nursery growth and transplanting shock sub-models can be incorporated into CERES-Rice and other rice growth models for better simulation of those growth processes.
Non-lethal weapons: peace enablers or troublesome force? Assessing the role of CS and baton rounds in the Northern Ireland conflict

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article seeks to assess the utility of non-lethal weapons (NLWs) under ‘real world’ conditions. A defence technology assessment framework is applied to analyse the use of NLWs during the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland in the late twentieth century. Case analysis demonstrates that the effects of NLW employment in real scenarios significantly depend on the operational context of its use. The approach followed and the assessment outcome can be used to inform the ongoing debate on the utility of existing and novel NLWs to support stabilisation operations in current and future conflict settings.
How Healthy Could a State Be?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective. We predicted the amount of health outcome improvement any state might achieve if it could reach the highest level of key health determinants any individual state has already achieved. Methods. Using secondary county-level data on modifiable and nonmodifiable health determinants from 1994 to 2003, we used regression analysis to predict state age-adjusted mortality rates in 2000 for those younger than age 75, under the scenario of each state's “ideal” predicted mortality if that state had the best observed level among all states of modifiable determinants. Results. We found considerable variation in predicted improvement across the states. The state with the lowest baseline mortality, New Hampshire, was predicted to improve by 23% to a mortality rate of 250 per 100,000 population if New Hampshire had the most favorable profile of modifiable health determinants. However, West Virginia, with a much higher baseline, would be predicted to improve the most—by 46% to 254 per 100,000 population. Individual states varied in the pattern of specific modifiable variables associated with their predicted improvement. Conclusions. The results support the contention that health improvement requires investment in three major categories: health care, behavioral change, and socioeconomic factors. Different states will require different investment portfolios depending on their pattern of modifiable and nonmodifiable determinants.