jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interpolation and extrapolation of the boundary of uni- and bimodality of a two-component Gaussian mixture

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A two-component Gaussian mixture with equal variances and different mathematical expectations is studied. It is ascertained that the set of degenerate critical points of its probability density is the boundary of the uni- and bimodality. An approximate equation of this boundary is expressed by the distribution parameters. The domain of bifurcations of the investigated function is given in the probabilistic form. An experiment on the extrapolation of the equation of this boundary to the small segment is presented.
Oxidation state investigation of iron oxide minerals by ELNES

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

One excellent technique to determine the oxidation states of different mineral phases is to investigate the ELNES (Electron Loss Near Edge Structure). Especially for iron oxide minerals the near edge structure of the O-K edge [1] and the Fe L-edge can be used to determine the oxidation state, the iron oxide phase, and additionally the chemical composition. This work deals with iron bearing minerals in two systems. The first system was composed of colloidal magnetic iron-based nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are used for medical purposes to enhance the contrast between normal and diseased tissues or to indicate organ functions or blood flow. Their structure is supposed to consist of an oxidized rim and iron core [2,4]. CTEM investigations enable the imaging and measurement of the rim and core size. Fig 1 (a). HRTEM confirms the crystalline structure of the particles. This investigation uses the ELNES of the O K-edge shown in Fig. 1 (b), to differentiate between the possible iron-oxide phases of the rim (FeO, -Fe2O3 (hematite), -Fe2O3 (maghematite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), -FeO(OH) (goethite)). Quantitative analysis of the EELS spectrum yields a chemical composition consistent with maghematite. The second batch of analysis examined diminute iron oxide minerals in alkali feldspars of granitic rocks (Fig2 (a)). It has long been supposed, that the clouded pink-red feldspars in granites owe their colour to hematite inclusions [3], but optical petrography and microprobe analysis can’t resolve the diminute structure in many cases. Using TEM and EELS these precipitates can be analysed. The ELNES investigation of the O K-edge confirms that the iron oxide phase of the small precipitates consists of hematite, as can be seen in Fig2 (b). The investigations were performed using two different TEM’s. A conventional JEOL 3010 operating at 297 kV equipped with a LaB6 cathode, postcolumn Gatan Imaging Filter and a 1 K slow-scan CCD camera and a LIBRA 200FE operating at 200 kV, equipped with a field emission gun, a 4 K slow-scan CCD Camera and a 90° incolumn Omega energy filter.
Use of Trans-sphenoidal Hypophysectomy in Diabetic Retinopathy: Preliminary Assessment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia-Elderkin et at.BwRITI 727 admission, but the finding of a hyperresonant distended chest and striking chest recession suggested bronchiolitis.Unfortunately no chest x-ray film was taken on admission; the importance of taking such a film in every case of bronchiolitis is illustrated by this case.Deaths from bronchiolitis have not been described as fully in the literature as their importance merits; more detailed clinical, virological, bacteriological, and pathological studies are needed if we are to achieve rational and effective treatment for this condition. SummaryVirological studies of 106 children with bronchiolitis and 45 with pneumonia are reported.Viruses regarded as responsible for the disease were identified in 62 % of the cases of bronchiolitis, R.S.V. being the dominant agent.Evidence of virus infection was also found in 42% of the children with pneumonia.Bacteriological studies of cough swabs taken on admission from 39 of the cases of bronchiolitis and 26 of those with pneumonia are reported.Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from a minority and their incidence did not exceed figures available for healthy children.No evidence was found for the view that Haemophilus influenzae plays a part in the aetiology of bronchiolitis.Clinical and bacteriological evidence together would suggest that Staph.aureus is the chief bacterial hazard.The scarcity of information about secondary bacterial infection and the causes of death in bronchiolitis is stressed.An appraisal has been attempted of present attitudes to therapy, and suggestions are made for a more discriminating approach for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchiolitis.We would like to thank Professor S. D. M. Court for his interest and help.
Access to Career Guidance through Information and Communication Technology by Learners with Visual Impairment in Selected Secondary Schools of Zambia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study explored why learners with visual impairment in selected secondary schools of Zambia were more braille inclined in accessing career guidance information than through ICT. Key among the objectives that guided the study was to identify why learners with visual impairment were more braille inclined in accessing career guidance than through ICT. UTAUT theory guided this study. A case study design was used in presenting and discussing the findings. Population was all pupils with visual impairment and their teachers in selected secondary schools in Zambia, while the sample size was fifty-two (52) segmented as fourty (40) pupils, four (4) head teachers, four (4) career guidance teachers and four (4) grade teachers. The study found that due to inadequate or non-availability of ICT facilities, learners with visual impairment did not access career information through ICT. In addition, inadequate ICT trained teachers and ICT unclear policy contributed to learners being more braille inclined than ICT. Instead, learners accessed career information through braille and word of mouth only. For these reasons learners did not participate in ICT practical lessons and examinations consequently, restricted in their career choices. The study therefore, recommended that the Ministry of General Education should supply ICT facilities, train teachers in ICT, formulate clear policy on ICT for learners with visual impairment and ECZ should introduce practical examination in ICT.
To enter and lead: renegotiating meanings of leadership and examining leadership theory of social power from the perspectives of African American women leaders in predominantly white organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This qualitative, phenomenological study examined the leadership experiences of 10 African American women (AAW)--current or former leaders in predominantly white organizations--to gain an understanding of how well, or not, AAW‟s leadership is represented by traditional and dominant leadership theory. The purpose of this study was to bring the interlocking system of race, gender, and social class (intersectionality) to the conversation on leadership by adding the perspectives of AAW and challenging the traditional and dominant assumptions about the phenomenon of leadership. The data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using a form of narrative analysis. This study confirmed findings from prior research that AAW in positions of leadership: 1) often encounter disempowering experiences whereby their authority is questioned or challenged, 2) experience exclusion from the good ole boy social networks, 3) experience being an outsider-within--feelings of alienation as the only African American person in group settings, 4) express needing to have their qualifications validated before being accepted in their roles, and 5) are challenged to de-myth the stereotypical images that society has sanctioned upon AAW. The most salient encounters the women in this study had were disempowering experiences whereby their race, gender, and/or social class were perceived as creating a challenge to their positions of leadership. Based on the experiences of the participants in this study, traditional and dominant leadership theories, such as French and Raven's (1959) theory of social power that have generally represented the perspectives of white, middle class men, are inadequate for explaining the experiences of AAW. On the other hand socio-cultural theories such as black feminist thought and critical race theory (CRT) offer a wealth of knowledge for explaining how social systems such as race, gender, and social class can be used to maintain a status of marginalization. This study contributes to the fields of HRD and Higher Education (HE). First, leadership development programs should emphasize the socio-cultural challenges to leadership. Second, researchers should broaden the theories that inform the study of leadership. Finally, both fields should begin introducing and utilizing culturally inclusive terms, such as intersectionality, that are not generally associated with the study of leadership.
Synthesis of p -fluorophenoxy propionic acid by phase transfer catalysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The p - fluorophenoxy propionic acid was synthesized by p -fluorophenol and 3 - chloropropanoic acid as row materials and catalized by PEG -400/KI. The factors, such as radio of row materials, reaction time and catalyst, have been studied, and the better method was found.
[Neurologic pathology in children born using vacuum extraction].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a vacuum extraction 36.2% of the children were born in asphyxia, in 20.9%-with symptoms of disturbed cerebral circulation. In children from the age of 1-7 years-16.3% of them demonstrated pathological signs of the different parts of the nervous system. In this connection the authors suggest a screening by the neurologists during the first days of life of all children born by vacuum extraction.
How Can Smart Digital Technology Improve the Security Resilience of Old Urban Communities? The Chain Mediating Effect of Residents’ Sense of Safety and Safety Behaviors

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Old communities are the weak link in urban security resilience, and smart governance could be a useful tool to address this issue. However, the existing research does not provide a definitive explanation of the mechanisms through which smart governance affects resilience. Based on the Accident Causation Theory and the ABC Theory of Emotion, a mixed-methods approach utilizing NCA and SEM is used to analyze the impact of smart digital technology on the security resilience of old urban communities and to explore the mediating roles of residents’ sense of safety and safety behaviors. The findings from on old urban communities in China reveal that smart digital technology and residents’ safety compliance behaviors are essential for community security resilience. Smart digital technology significantly and positively influences the security resilience of old urban communities. Residents’ sense of safety and safety participation behaviors mediate the relationship between smart digital technology and security resilience of old urban communities; residents’ sense of safety, safety compliance behaviors, and safety participation behaviors also exhibit a chain mediating role in the relationship between smart digital technology and security resilience of old urban communities. Therefore, old urban communities need to strengthen the application of smart digital technologies, while considering the human factor and emphasizing the facilitating role of residents’ sense of safety and safety behaviors.
Tingkat Oksigen Dalam Darah Terhadap Kejadian Cardiac Arrest Pada Pasien Cidera Kepala Berat

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The most common causes of severe head injuries are motor vehicle accidents and falls from a height that cause cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest resulted in the patient being unconscious, no breathing, and no pulse. The incidence of cardiac arrest is mostly because the patient is hypoxic. Patients with severe head injuries are characterized by a Gasglow Coma Scale (GCS) of 8 or less. Patients with severe head injuries who often have decreased oxygen saturation should require a definitive airway to prevent patient death. This study aims to determine the level of oxygen in the blood on the incidence of cardiac arrest in patients with severe head injury. The research was conducted at Gambiran Hospital, Kediri City. Correlational research with cross sectional approaches. The sample of this research is 18 respondents. The sampling technique is total sampling. The statistical test of this research is Spearman's rho. The results of this study p value = 0.035 which means p < (α = 0.05). There is a relationship between the level of oxygen in the blood and the incidence of cardiac arrest in patients with severe head injury. Keywords: Blood Oxygen Level, Cardiac arrest, Severe Head Injury.
Susceptibility of food spoilage Bacillus species to chlorine dioxide and other sanitizers : research letter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The efficacies of a chlorine dioxide (CD)-containing sanitizer, a
twin-chain quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) blend, and a
peroxyacetic/peroxyoctanoic acid (PPA) combination sanitizer
were evaluated against Bacillus cereusl/Ig DL5 and B. subtilisl/Ig EL39
cells in suspension or attached to stainless steel surfaces (PPS). In
addition, quenching of the bactericidal activity of the sanitizers by
organic matter (Tryptone Soya Broth, TSB) was determined against B. cereusl/Ig DL5 cells. lIgBacillusl/Ig cells were grown in TSB or one-tenth
strength TSB. Sanitizers were tested against 8- and 24-h-old cells at
recommended and double recommended concentrations, for 1 min
or 10 min, or at recommended concentrations against 24-h-old
planktonic cells allowing 1 min exposure for quenching studies.
The surface morphology and viability of planktonic B. cereusl/Ig DL5
cells exposed to double recommended concentrations of each
sanitizer were also assessed by scanning electron microscopy and
confocal scanning laser microscopy, respectively. Bacillus cereus
DL5 was generally more susceptible to all sanitizers than B. subtilis
EL39, and attached cells of both isolates were less susceptible to all
sanitizers than corresponding planktonic or PPS cells. Double the
recommended sanitizer concentrations and exposure times of
10 min generally resulted in higher percentage kills for all cell types
of both isolates. In the absence of TSB, log reductions were significantly
(P < 0.05) higher than in its presence for CD and PPA but not
for QAC. Microscopic observations were based on plate count
results and indicated that CD and QAC were more effective than
PPA. Overall, chlorine dioxide was the most effective sanitizer
against all cell types of both isolates in the absence of TSB. Organic
matter such as soils on food contact surfaces may lower the
efficacy of CD- and PPA-based sanitizers. These results have implications
for the food processing industry.
Changes in mucosa‑associated lymphoid tissue 1 predicts therapeutic response and survival in patients with advanced melanoma receiving programmed cell death‑1 inhibitor monotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Advanced melanoma is an aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors are recommended treatment options for patients with advanced melanoma. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) impairs CD8+ T-cell activation to induce immune escape, leading to a reduction in the antitumor effect of PD-1 inhibitors. The present study aimed to assess the prognostic implication of MALT1 in patients with advanced melanoma receiving PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy. Blood MALT1 levels were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 20 healthy controls (HCs) after enrollment and in 49 patients with advanced melanoma before (T0), as well as 2 months (T1) and 4 months after (T2) PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy. The maximum level of MALT1 in HCs (3.100) was used as the cut-off in patients with advanced melanoma. MALT1 levels at T0 were significantly increased in patients with advanced melanoma compared with in HCs (P<0.001). In patients with advanced melanoma, MALT1 was significantly decreased from T0 to T2 (P<0.001). Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 28.6 and 59.2%, respectively. MALT1 levels at T1 were significantly negatively associated with overall therapeutic response (P=0.001), ORR (P=0.009) and DCR (P=0.004). MALT1 levels at T2 were significantly inversely associated with overall therapeutic response (P=0.021) and ORR (P=0.036). Moreover, MALT1 levels >3.100 at T0 (P=0.027) and T1 (P=0.045) were significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS), and MALT1 levels >3.100 at T1 were significantly associated with a poor overall survival (OS; P=0.022). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that MALT1 levels at T0 (>3.100 vs. ≤3.100) were significantly associated with a poor PFS [hazard ratio (HR)=2.248; P=0.037], and MALT1 levels at T1 (>3.100 vs. ≤3.100) were significantly associated with a poor OS (HR=4.332; P=0.007). In conclusion, MALT1 levels are reduced following PD-1 treatment, and a high MALT1 level is associated with a poor therapeutic response and shorter survival in patients with advanced melanoma receiving PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy.
Nerve Growth Dynamics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The quantitative analysis of nerve growth dynamics is critical to our understanding of nerve development and regeneration, but only recently has a quantitative framework begun to emerge to help define key objectives and to direct experimental measurements towards achieving this goal. Conceptually, the framework centers on the dynamic processes commonly observed for individual growth cones of growing neurites at the phase microscopy level, namely lamellipodial and filopodial extension and retraction. Because these activities essentially define the position of the axon tip, understanding how they are regulated offers to yield direct insight into factors governing the growth trajectory of the axon. In addition, much biological interest and effort is focused on the lamellipodial and filopodial behavior of the growth cone, which should facilitate experimental quantitation. Characterization of lamellipodial and filopodial activity has not been straightforward, however, because their inherent randomness leads to a requirement for considerable data and for less common mathematical techniques, such as time-series analysis. The work reviewed above has identified key analytical tools and experimental parameters needed to develop an integrated model of growth cone dynamics. Detailed measurement and analysis will be required to carry this development process to the next step. The cellular model of growth cone motility resulting from the characterization of lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics represents an intermediate description that can be extended to encompass both molecular mechanisms of growth cone behavior and axonal growth in multicellular tissue environments. For example, on the molecular level, filopodia contain a central core of actin filaments whose polymerization and depolymerization is thought to correspond to filopodial extension and retraction, with significant regulation possible through receptor-mediated effects on actin dynamics. By rewriting the parameters of filopodia dynamics in the current model in terms of these molecular events, one can begin to investigate their effects on growth cone behavior and to examine hypotheses of molecular mechanisms. Processes underlying lamellipodial behavior can be examined in a similar manner. At the tissue level, the effects of environmental factors on model parameters can be incorporated to yield predictions of the neurite outgrowth response to a particular environment. Such predictions offer a basis for designing microenvironments with optimal characteristics for enhancing nerve regeneration or manipulating the nerve growth response. Although the quantitative framework described here has focused on growth by peripheral nerve cells, it represents concepts known to apply to neurons of the central nervous system, as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Spectral Imaging: Instrumentation, Applications, and Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe a new filter that simultaneously achieves spectral filtering and image replication to yield a two-dimensional,
snapshot spectral imager. Filtering is achieved by spectral demultiplexing; that is without rejection of light; so optical throughput efficiency is, in principle, unity. The principle of operation can be considered as a generalisation of the Lyot filter to achieve multiple bandpasses. We report on the design and experimental implementation of an eight-band system for use in the visible. Proof-of-concept demonstrations are reported for imaging of the ocular fundus and microscopy of fluorescently labelled living cells.
Different fate, extractability, bioavailability and toxicity ofphenanthrene in natural and artificial soils

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial soil is used routinely as a standardized substrate
for soil tests and consequent risk assessment. The key question
is, if the results could be extrapolated to the natural soils.
Generally accepted approach for hydrophobic pollutants is based
on recalculation the results according to the organic matter
content in the soils. Our study was aimed to verify this
concept. Three artificial soils were prepared to contain the
same organic carbon content as three natural soils (arable,
grassland, and forest). The same dose of 14C-labelled
phenanthrene was spiked to all soils. Total content,
extractability by three different extraction techniques,
bioavailability to microbes and Enchytraeus albidus, and
toxicity to enchytraeid species were measured after 1, 14, 42,
and 84 (effects of aging). When the soils were compared, the
total content, extractability, and bioavailability were
significantly lower in artificial soils. Also changes in time
due to aging were different. Our results suggest, that the risk
for natural soils could not be simply predicted from results of
the tests using artificial soil.
[Contraception and congenital heart disease].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Contraception counselling should be an integral part of any adolescent or adult congenital heart disease program. Both the cardiovascular safety and contraceptive efficacy of each contraceptive method should be considered for each cardiac condition. The method recommended should combine acceptability to the woman with the highest efficacy and safety profile. Agent with low dose estrogen combined with varying amounts of progestin referred to as combined oral contraceptives is one of the most effective contraception and is the most used in France. But the thrombogenicity of the estrogen component of combined hormonal contraceptives makes this method unsuitable for many women with severe congenital heart disease. Progestogin only methods offer a good alternative when estrogen is contraindicated, but efficiency differs according contraceptive preparation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Phosphonates and Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Derived from 2′ ‐Deoxyisoguanosine and 2′‐Deoxy‐2‐haloadenosines.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth ICP 11767

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth
Common name(s): Pigeonpea
Other names: SCG 1-2, ICP 11767
Conserved by: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India
Local sample unique identifier: ICP 11767
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1981-06-20
Other identifiers: n/a,SCG 1-2
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included