jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pupillary Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and during Muscular Effort

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The pupils of a normal subject are generally described as equal, reacting by constriction or dilatation to various stimuli. Inequality of the pupils as an isolated finding is said to be relatively common, but impairment of the light reflex, especially in conjunction with pupillary inequality, is held to be strongly indicative, if not pathognomonic, of organic disease of the nervous system. An exception is the “tonic pupil,” for whose abnormally protracted reactions to light and accommodation an organic lesion has not yet been demonstrated. However, impairment of the light reflex is known to occur in subjects in whom there is no evidence of organic nervous disorder. These abnormalities of the light reflex have attracted little attention in this country, and are ignored almost entirely in text-books of neurology and psychiatry. Redlich (1908) made the important observation that muscular exertion might lead to dilatation of the pupil with impairment of the light reflex. Levine and Schilder (1942), in an extensive investigation of this phenomenon, concluded that muscular effort would produce dilatation and impairment of the light reflex in any pupil which initially retained its response to light, and would accentuate a pre-existing abnormality or bring out a latent tendency to impairment of the light reflex. Westphal (1907) first described the pupillary abnormality in catatonic schizophrenia to which the term “catatonic pupil” has been applied. This abnormality consists of pupillary dilatation with impairment of the light reflex, and is usually bilateral. The reactivity to light may vary from moment to moment, or from day to day; or pupillary rigidity may persist for a considerable time, with transient periods of brisk reactivity. Estimates of the frequency of the “catatonic pupil” vary remarkably—from 54 per cent. (Schilder and Parker, 1931) to 3.4 per cent. (Reichmann, 1913). Apparently a higher incidence has been found where repeated examinations have been carried out on the same subjects, but proper comparison is impossible, as the technique of examination has not been detailed by any of the authors.
THE SEQUENCE OF ACTIVITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED ENGLISH SPEAKING

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An important component of foreign language communicative competence of teachers who implement subject-language integrated learning (CLIL) is their professionally oriented competence in speaking, which, as evidenced by experience in teaching foreign languages in Ukraine and the world, needs improvement.The relevant research analysis also indicates the actuality of developing CLIL teachers’ linguistic competence. The research aims at substantiating a sequence of activities for the development of professionally oriented speaking skills of CLIL teachers. It has been established that the requirements for the level of language proficiency of teachers are not the same in different educational contexts and are determined in the range from level B1 to C2 according to the Common European Framework of Reference. The sequence of activities has been developed within the electronic refresher course for teachers. The necessity to ensure the development of professionally oriented speaking competence of subject teachers through formal education and self-education, in particular, via an electronic course has been substantiated. E. Gierlinger’s L4C model has been analysed and recognized as the basis for the development of exercises and tasks for the e-course lesson “Language” within the topic “CLIL in the classroom”. The structure of the sequence of exercises and tasks, their types and kinds have been determined. We consider it expedient to distinguish two groups of exercises in the sequence structure: 1) to improve general speaking skills and abilities; 2) to improve professionally-oriented speaking skills. The sequence includes receptive non-communicative, reproductive semi-communicative exercises for substitution of elements into speech patterns, transformation and additions, expansion and completion of speech patterns, answers to questions, productive semi-communicative exercises for combining speech patterns into supra-phrase dialogic units monologues and dialogues) and communicative tasks. Examples of these exercises and tasks have been given. Exercises and tasks of the sequence have been discussed with colleagues, piloted in classes on methods of teaching foreign languages, and approved by experts. A conclusion has been made about the need to increase the motivation of teachers to self-education to teach subjects in a foreign language. The prospect of further research lies in peer evaluation of the course content and piloting the course on the MOODLE platform.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN GAS EXCHANGE KINETICS AT THE ONSET OF MODERATE BICYCLE EXERCISE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Circadian rhythms (diurnal variations) in many physiological parameters have been reported. However, there are no data on gas exchange kinetics at the onset of exercise. The purpose of this study was to establish whether there are circadian rhythms in gas exchange kinetics at the onset of exercise.Six male subjects performed 120W exercise on a cycle ergometer for 7 min in the morning (AM; 7: 30-8: 30) and evening (PM; 16: 30-17: 30) . Rectal temperature (Tr) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) at rest were significantly higher PM than AM, the differences being 0.9±0.2°C and 0.7±0.2°C, respectively. Respiratory and circulatory parameters at rest and during exercise were not different between AM and PM. The time constants of oxygen uptake (Vo2), carbon dioxide output (Vco2), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and oxygen pulse (Vo2/HR) showed the same results. There was no relationship between temperature parameters (Tr, Tsk) and the time constants.It is suggested that circadian rhythms reflected by the change in body temperature do not have any effect on gas exchange kinetics at the onset of moderate bicycle exercise.
Study of the critical behaviour of three-dimensional Ising-like systems on the basis of the 6model with allowance for microscopic parameters: I. High-temperature region

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The behaviour of a three-dimensional Ising-like system at temperatures above the critical value of Tc is studied in the approximation of the sextic distribution for modes of spin density oscillations (ρ6 model). The original collective variables method is developed in this higher non-Gaussian approximation for calculating the thermodynamic characteristics of the system near Tc taking into account the first confluent correction. The calculations are illustrated by an example of a simple cubic lattice and an exponentially decreasing interaction potential. The main distinctive feature of the method is the separate inclusion of the contributions to the thermodynamic functions from the short-wave and long-wave spin density oscillation modes. The dependences of the phase transition temperature, leading critical amplitudes, and correction-to-scaling amplitudes for the specific heat and susceptibility on the microscopic parameters of the system are investigated.
Precision Distance Measurement Using a Continuous Wave Laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the field of precision distance measurements there is a need for linear measurement devices that combine the precision of classical interferometers and the ruggedness and simplicity of conventional machine shop equipment, such as strain gauges, linear variable differential transformers, and so on. The purpose of this thesis is to describe a crystal laser device that is proposed to meet the above requirements. The device is analyzed in both a qualitative and quantitative manner and compared with existing competitive devices. This analysis shows that the device will give a variation in output amplitude for a corresponding change in optical cavity length at precision of at least ±50 microinches. A detailed design of the experimental equipment necessary to verify the operating principles is presented; and a recommended experimental procedure and analysis of thermal effects is also given. In addition to the application mentioned above the device may also find application as a readout for spherical-rotor gyros. Other possible applications are also mentioned.
Application of sodium diacetate, potassium lactate and calcium lactate as a microbial decontaminant during processing and storage of the traditional meatballs (rista)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The traditional meat products undergo microbial spoilage and lipid oxidation like other meat products because of their suitability as a medium for microbial growth, which in turn affect safety, quality and shelf life. In the case of traditional meat products like rista, ghostabha, kebab and several other products prepared in Kashmiri wazwan, organic acids or their salts have not been used to date. The present study was therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of different organic acid salts and storage conditions on various quality parameters of traditional meat products. Sodium diacetate (0.25%), potassium lactate (2.5%) and calcium lactate (2.5%) were used in three batches of traditional meat products. Sodium diacetate (SDA) treated samples showed lower total plate count (TPC) under refrigerated storage as compared to ambient storage. The SDA-treated sample retained the lowest value for TBARS (1.9 mg MDA/kg) and free fatty acid (3.2%) on the 15th day of refrigerated storage. Significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) higher values for L*, a* and b* were maintained by SDA treated samples as compared to control, potassium lactate (PL) and calcium lactate (CL) treated samples under refrigeration conditions throughout the storage period. Organic acid treatment improved the quality attributes of the meat product during the storage period. The use of organic acids as a preservative in these products will help in reducing the use of synthetic agents. Further increase in the shelf life of traditional meat products by application of organic acids will help in their commercialization, marketing and round the year availability. Graphical Abstract
Cantor set fractal antennas for switchable ultra wideband communication applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two Cantor set fractal antennas with switchable and notched band characteristics for ultra wideband (UWB) applications have been investigated in this paper. The notch functions are achieved using a U-shaped slot etched in the coplanar waveguide (CPW) ground plane and a T-shaped stub inserted in the inner of wide slot, respectively. The switchable characteristics are obtained using switches in the middle of the U-shaped slot and the T-shaped stub. The notch band can reduce the potential interference between UWB and wireless local area network (WLAN). The switchable characteristic can control the proposed antennas which can work in UWB, notch band UWB and dual band communication applications. The proposed antennas have been designed, simulated and analyzed in details herein.
Steroids. Part XXXV. Removal of the 4-methyl groups in 4,4,14α-trimethyl-steroids: conversion of lanosterol into 14α-methylcholest-4-en-3-one

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

3,4-Seco-5α-lanost-4(30)-en-3-onitrile, obtained by ‘second-order’ Beckmann cleavage of 3-hydroxyimino-5α-lanostane, has been used as an intermediate in the conversion of lanosterol into 14α-methylcholest-4-en-3-one.
Fala, escrita e gramática

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The present work attempts to bring together spoken language,written language, and grammar teaching in the context of languageteaching, in particular the teaching of Brazilian Portuguese. Amongthe topics discussed, emphasis is placed on the need to take spokenlanguage into account when it comes to language teaching. Ipropose that one should take the dynamics of speech as the startingpoint in the examination of the processes that are responsible forthe organization of languages. These processes result from thecommunicative-interactional activities in which language users arenormally engaged.
Time-resolved serial crystallography to track the dynamics of carbon monoxide in the active site of cytochrome c oxidase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cytochrome c oxidase (C c O) is part of the respiratory chain and contributes to the electrochemical membrane gradient in mitochondria as well as in many bacteria, as it uses the energy released in the reduction of oxygen to pump protons across an energy-transducing biological membrane. Here, we use time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography to study the structural response of the active site upon flash photolysis of carbon monoxide (CO) from the reduced heme a 3 of ba 3 -type C c O. In contrast with the aa 3 -type enzyme, our data show how CO is stabilized on Cu B through interactions with a transiently ordered water molecule. These results offer a structural explanation for the extended lifetime of the Cu B -CO complex in ba 3 -type C c O and, by extension, the extremely high oxygen affinity of the enzyme.
Motion and Task Planning for Mobile Robot Navigation Under Uncertainty

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The efficacy and efficiency of mobile robots in real-world applications are challenged by the presence of uncertainty embedded within the environment or the task. This dissertation provides algorithmic solutions for safe and reliable motion and task planning to strengthen the performance of robots while operating under uncertainty. The dissertation's specific focus is threefold: exploration and coverage of unknown regions for information retrieval, handling untrustworthy or inaccurate prior information regarding both the environment and the task during task execution, and navigation in unseen environments.In the first focus direction, we develop online hex-decomposition-based motion planning algorithms, which address the problem of how to distribute one or a team of mobile robots to explore an unknown, obstacle-cluttered environment cognizant of mobility and sensing capabilities. Here the goal is to fully explore and cover and environment using smooth and continuous paths for robots with non-holonomnic constraints. In the second focus direction, we propose a new stochastic task planning approach that jointly determines optimal task allocation given approximate prior information and expected (yet uncertain) task cost, and decides an optimal stopping time to avoid exceeding given capacities. In the third focus direction, we propose a learning-based method to find feasible, efficient paths for robots to reach the designated task location safely without access to a map of the operating environment. In addition, minimalistic neural network architectures, capable of fulfilling the objective of obstacle prediction, are identified. Together, these three components advance the state-of-the-art in motion and task planning for robot navigation under uncertainty. Moreover, the proposed approaches are scalable and online, hence they can benefit applications that involve real-time motion planning and decision making in the presence of uncertainty.
Women Economists and the Changes in the Discipline of Economics in Germany (1895-1961)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In Germany, women could attend universities as regular students only in the twentieth century. However, in the 1890s the female pioneers of economics and the social sciences attended seminars as guests. Their research was published in the journals of their supervisors. The changes in the (higher) education system and the discipline of economics are the background to the presentation of four generations of female economists in this paper. Selected biographies and the research of the respective economists are analyzed and the developments of the broader context reflected on this background. The selected works span the time period between 1895 and 1961. Starting with the historical-ethical school the analysis also sheds light on the evolution of the discipline of economics in Germany and the approach towards the Anglo-American mainstream beginning after World War I.
Teacher Perspectives on Supporting Students With Stuttering in Schools and Preschools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the research presented in this article was to explore the opinions of kindergarten and elementary school teachers on supporting students with stuttering in their functioning within educational institutions. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate teachers’ knowledge about stuttering and their approaches to supporting students with this condition. A diagnostic survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire, gathering responses from 155 kindergarten and elementary school teachers. The survey focused on assessing their general understanding of stuttering in children. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argumentation process involves identifying the problem, presenting the survey results, drawing generalized conclusions from the findings, and extrapolating these conclusions to provide actionable recommendations for teachers working with students who stutter. RESEARCH RESULTS: The study results indicate that the level of knowledge among preschool and elementary school teachers about stuttering and methods to support affected students is insufficient. Teachers expressed a need for additional training, which highlights the necessity of systematic educational efforts in this area. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: A critical first step to increasing teachers’ awareness of stuttering is incorporating evidence-based content into the Integrated Learning Platform. Promoting current, research-backed knowledge through training sessions and mentoring programs would also prove highly beneficial. Practical applications of this research include implementing teacher training programs at both local and national levels and creating initiatives such as InterACT to reduce stigma and exclusion. These measures would better prepare educators to support students with stuttering, contributing positively to their emotional and social development.
Can Preschool Out-of-Kindergarten Tutoring Improve Approaches to Learning for Children? Evidence from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012 to 2020

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020, this study used propensity-score matching to investigate whether preschool out-of-kindergarten tutoring impacts children’s approaches to learning. We discovered the following: (1) approximately one sixth of the preschool children in the sample participated in out-of-kindergarten tutoring, and the participation rate increased year on year; (2) preschool children with a higher family socioeconomic status and a higher level of urbanization in their local area participated more in out-of-kindergarten tutoring; and (3) the effect of preschool out-of-kindergarten tutoring on improving children’s approaches to learning was very limited. In particular, participation in subject-based tutoring to prepare for elementary school failed to improve children’s approaches to learning. Based on the above findings, we recommend that parents make rational choices concerning preschool out-of-kindergarten tutoring, based on a comprehensive understanding of their children. In addition, the government should increase the systematic supervision and strict regulation of institutions that provide preschool out-of-kindergarten tutoring, while actively constructing a collaborative parenting system involving home, school, and community to promote children’s healthy comprehensive development.
Gender, sexuality, and CAT

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter suggests that people inhabit living bodies that are dynamic systems developing in relationship with their social and historical context. There is a live relationship between societal norms and expectations of how our bodies are defined, what we do with them, and how power is exercised. Throughout history different practices have been variously criminalized, pathologized, marginalized, celebrated, and legitimized. Current debate creates a dichotomy between personal relationships based on individual choice rather than on gendered roles. The former risks ignoring societal and political power dynamics, and the latter perpetuates norms established within the heterosexual nuclear family. Meg-John Barker’s reworking of Gayle Rubin’s charmed circle offers a more progressive, less reductionist model. This chapter argues that sexuality and gender have not always attracted the attention and the debate they require within the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) community. A substantial shift is critical for CAT therapists to develop specific and up-to-date competencies in this field. An approach informed by diversity, and intersectional thinking and adopting affirmative practice provides the foundation. Understanding the relationship to these issues enables the therapist to be consciously aware of what they are bringing to the therapeutic process and of how different factors intersect in shaping the relationships of power in the therapy room. There is a need to promote collaborative, consensual practices that normalize differences without invalidating the unique ways in which people define and express their embodied presence in the world.
Suspensions of Bernoulli shifts

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show that for a given finitely generated group, its Bernoulli shift space can be equivariantly embedded as a subset of a space of pointed trees with Gromov-Hausdorff metric and natural partial action of a free group. Since the latter can be realised as a transverse space of a foliated space with leaves Riemannian manifolds, this embedding allows us to obtain a suspension of such Bernoulli shift. By a similar argument we show that the space of pointed trees is universal for compactly generated expansive pseudogroups of transformations.
Stress, Performance and Learning Optimization in IGP Dogs

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This article explores how stress, arousal, and learning performance interact in IGP working dogs. The paper outlines how optimal stress levels support task reliability, drive clarity, and long-term cognitive performance. Integrating principles from neuro-behavioral science, drive theory, and canine working-dog psychology, it presents a functional model describing how trainers can regulate the dog’s arousal state to improve resilience, performance consistency, and learning retention in high-pressure environments.
Possible method to observe the breathing mode of a magnetic domain wall in the Josephson junction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A magnetic domain wall (DW) behaves as a massive particle with elasticity. Sliding and oscillation of the DW have been observed experimentally, whereas vibration of a width in the DW, "breathing mode", has not been measured so far. We theoretically propose how to observe the breathing mode by the Josephson junction having a ferromagnetic layer between superconducting electrodes. The current-voltage (I-V) curve is calculated by an equivalent circuit of the resistively shunted junction model. The breathing mode is identified by stepwise structures in the I-V curve, which appear at the voltages V=n(hbar/2e)omega with the fundamental constant hbar/e, integer number n, and the frequency of the breathing mode omega.