jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Fraudulent Financial Information Based on Data Classification Method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Finance fraud of companies is an international difficult problem with a long history.The finance fraud problem is concerned by lots of people.Some researchers make a lot of qualitative or quantitative researches and get some valuable conclusions.In this article , we mainly applies empirical research method, combined with normative research method.First of all, this paper reviews the relevant literatures of financial fraud detecting of listed companies, expounds existing research results from the aspects of motives, signs and detecting methods.We appraise these results are ordering to national conditions and characteristics, analyze the definition of financial fraud.We established a new method which is partial least squares (PLS) and support vector regression (SVR) to solve the above problem in finance.The PLS are able to reduce dimension effectively, acquire nonlinear factor matrix, and SVR has many advantages, such as high imitation degree, effective classification and strong robustness.The model which combines PLS and SVR has great recognition effect.
On Physical Analysis of Some Topological Indices for Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the field of Medical Science, concerning the definition of the topological index on the molecular structure and corresponding medical, biological, chemical, pharmaceutical properties of drugs can be studied by the topological index calculation. The application of graph theory in chemical and molecular structure research has far exceeded people's expectations, and it has recently grown exponentially. In this article, we compute some of the general multiplicative topological properties of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine that the results in this article may be useful in finding new drug and vaccine for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
Development of a new patient-derived xenograft humanised mouse model to study human-specific tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective As the current therapeutic strategies for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been proven to have limited effectiveness, immunotherapy becomes a compelling way to tackle the disease. We aim to provide humanised mouse (humice) models for the understanding of the interaction between human cancer and immune system, particularly for human-specific drug testing. Design Patient-derived xenograft tumours are established with type I human leucocyte antigen matched human immune system in NOD- scid Il2rg −/− (NSG) mice. The longitudinal changes of the tumour and immune responses as well as the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors are investigated. Results Similar to the clinical outcomes, the human immune system in our model is educated by the tumour and exhibits exhaustion phenotypes such as a significant declination of leucocyte numbers, upregulation of exhaustion markers and decreased the production of human proinflammatory cytokines. Notably, cytotoxic immune cells decreased more rapidly compared with other cell types. Tumour infiltrated T cells have much higher expression of exhaustion markers and lower cytokine production compared with peripheral T cells. In addition, tumour-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are found to be highly enriched in the tumour microenvironment. Interestingly, the tumour also changes gene expression profiles in response to immune responses by upregulating immune checkpoint ligands. Most importantly, in contrast to the NSG model, our model demonstrates both therapeutic and side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and ipilimumab. Conclusions Our work provides a model for immune-oncology study and a useful parallel-to-human platform for anti-HCC drug testing, especially immunotherapy.
Schistosoma mansoni in the Nile Delta, Egypt. A large scale epidemiological study in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This is an early descriptive report of the 'Epidemiology 123' project in Egypt which makes use of large probability sampling methods. These results focus on Schistosoma mansoni infection in the northern Nile Delta Governorate of Kafr El Sheikh. A probability sample of 18,777 persons, representing the rural population of the entire Governorate, was drawn. The sample was designed not to exclude villages based on location or presence of health care facilities and to include representation of the smaller ezbas or hamlets. The objective was to obtain detailed estimates on age and sex specific patterns of S. mansoni infection, and to provide a baseline for prospective studies. Stool specimens were examined by the Kato method. The estimated prevalence of S. monsoni infection in the rural population was 39.3% (SE +/- 3.3) in 44 villages and ezbas after weighing for the effects of the sample design. The estimated geometric mean egg count per gram stool (GMEC) was 72.9 (SE +/- 7.3). Prevalence and GMEC varied considerably by village and ezba, with ezbas having a significantly higher prevalence. Villages and ezba specific prevalence was strongly associated with GMEC (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.001). The prevalence of S. mansoni infection increased by age to 55.4% (SE +/- 3.2) at age 16, without significant change in the adult ages. There was no gender difference until age six, after which males were consistently higher until middle age, when the differences converged. The age and sex specific pattern of GMEC varied widely, however, when the GMEC data were collapsed into five year age groups, GMEC peaked at 81.5 (SE / + - 12.1) epg in the 10 to 14 year age group. These estimates provide the basis for evaluating control measures for reducing prevalence, intensity of infection, and transmission.
Epidemiological patterns of HCV genotypes in KPK region of Pakistan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatitis C virus is a significant mediator for development of hepatitis and related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has several genotypes and subtypes. Epidemiology of HCV genotypes is crucial to understand as they play a key role in defining the outcomes of HCV infection. This study was conducted to analyze the epidemiology of HCV genotypes and HCV viral loads in Charsada, Peshawar, Kohat and Frontier Region Peshawar of KPK Pakistan. A total of 1305 HCV infected patients visiting HMC Peshawar were included in this study. Blood samples were collected and HCV RNA quantification and genotyping were carried out through RT-PCR. Viral loads and hameto-biochemical markers were also analyzed for the studied patients. Chi square analysis and odds ratios were used to compare the differences in HCV genotypes prevalence. In total of 1305 samples, 55.7% were males and 44.2% were females. The most prevalent genotype was genotype 3a (44.2%) was highest in both genders followed by genotype 2a (25.4%), 1a (6%) and Untypable genotypes (6%) (p>0.05). Demographic analysis showed that HCV genotype 3a was the dominant genotype in all four regions with the prevalence of 48.2% in FR region, 44% in Peshawar, 44.2% in Charsada and 41.4% in Kohat region of KPK. Medium viral load of 6×105-8×105 IU/ml was the most prevalent load in 41% of the patients. Highly significant association (p<0.0001) was found among the levels of clinical parameter prevalence in studied patients. This study concludes that HCV genotype 3a is the most prevalent genotype in Peshawar, Kohat, Charsada and FR Peshawar regions of KPK. HCV genotype 2a is an emerging genotype in the KPK population.
Understanding the genetics of autoimmune thyroid disease--still an illusive goal!

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Understanding the genetics of autoimmune thyroid disease--still an illusive goal! Get access N R Farid N R Farid Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 74, Issue 3, 1 March 1992, Pages 495A–495B, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.74.3.1740482 Published: 01 March 1992
333 OCT-4 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN F0 AND F1 PORCINE OG2 TRANSGENICS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

OG2 transgenic pigs provide a new large animal model in which to study Oct-4 expression and the derivation, migration and maintenance of pluripotent cells. They may also prove to be a valuable tool for the development of cell-based therapies. The OG2 transgene consists of the genomic sequence of the murine Oct-4 gene with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter gene inserted between the promoter and the coding sequences. As previously reported, 11 OG2 founder animals were produced (7 male and 4 female). Two of the OG2-F0 transgenic boars were mated with 3 wild-type sows and with 2 OG2-F0 transgenic sows. The pregnancy of 1 wild-type sow was terminated at Day 5 after fertilization, and approximately 60% (14/23) of the flushed blastocysts expressed EGFP, demonstrating germ line transmission. The remaining 2 wild-type sows delivered 21 piglets, of which 11 were transgenic. The 2 OG2-F0 sows delivered 9 piglets, all of which were transgenic. Transgenesis and tissue-specific expression of the transgene were determined by Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and real-time PCR analysis. Germ cell-specific expression of the OG2 construct was confirmed in both F0 and F1 transgenics by fluorescence microscopy. Testis isolated from male transgenic piglets exhibited weak EGFP fluorescence in some cells within the seminiferous tubules, whereas testis tissue from adult transgenic boars gave strong EGFP expression in pre-spermatogonial cells. In contrast, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and fluorescence microscopy of ejaculated spermatozoa from 3 mature OG2-F0 boars displayed no EGFP fluorescence, as expected. Northern blot analysis of EGFP mRNA revealed stronger EGFP expression in the testis of adult transgenic pigs than in the testis from transgenic piglets. No EGFP mRNA was detected in other organs or in control testis isolated from wild-type piglets. Real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis showed that the time course and signal intensity of EGFP expression in OG2 testis paralleled expression of the endogenous Oct-4 gene in both transgenic and in wild-type testis, confirming that there is indeed stronger expression of Oct-4 in the adult testis than in testis from younger animals. We conclude that the OG2 founders exhibit germline transmission and that the offspring express EGFP in a pattern that faithfully mimics expression of the endogenous Oct-4 gene, thus providing a marker for pluripotent cells. We are currently using FACS to isolate EGFP-positive germ cells (pre-spermatogonial stem cells) from the testis of OG2 boars for further characterisation. Funded by BMBF.
Point-of-care hand-held ultrasound for peripheral intravenous cannulation: a scoping review protocol

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Billions of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are used globally each year, with 44-58% of first attempts failing. Ultrasound use for PIVC insertion has demonstrated improved first pass success, reduced attempts, and improved satisfaction. With the expansion of point-of-care and hand-held ultrasound units, there is a need to identify and explore options for clinical use. <br /><br /> Aim We aim to conduct a scoping review of peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature to identify articles that explore the nature and distribution of research activity and current state of evidence in the adoption and use of point-of-care and hand-held ultrasound for PIVC insertion. <br /><br /> Methods A search using keywords and Medical Subject Headings for published and unpublished literature in English between the years 2000 to 2021 will be undertaken in electronic databases and clinical trial registry sites. Two independent reviewers will screen all titles and abstracts for eligibility and extract data from relevant articles into a standardised electronic data collection form. Quantitative studies will be classified into groups investigating similar interventions, strategies and outcomes, and data presented as descriptive statistics, as appropriate. A thematic analysis will be conducted on the information extracted from qualitative studies and findings presented using narrative synthesis. <br /><br /> Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval is not required for this review. The findings will be published and presented to audiences invested in peripheral intravenous cannulation success.
Clay mineral variations in Holocene terrestrial sediments from the Indus Basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We employed X-ray diffraction methods to quantify clay mineral assemblages in the Indus Delta and flood plains since ~ 14 ka, spanning a period of strong climatic change. Assemblages are dominated by smectite and illite, with minor chlorite and kaolinite. Delta sediments integrate clays from across the basin and show increasing smectite input between 13 and 7.5 ka, indicating stronger chemical weathering as the summer monsoon intensified. Changes in clay mineralogy postdate changes in climate by 5–3 ka, reflecting the time needed for new clay minerals to form and be transported to the delta. Samples from the flood plains in Punjab show evidence for increased chemical weathering towards the top of the sections (6–≪ 4 ka), counter to the trend in the delta, at a time of monsoon weakening. Clay mineral assemblages within sandy flood-plain sediment have higher smectite/(illite + chlorite) values than interbedded mudstones, suggestive of either stronger weathering or more sediment reworking since the Mid Holocene. We show that marine records are not always good proxies for weathering across the entire flood plain. Nonetheless, the delta record likely represents the most reliable record of basin-wide weathering response to climate change.
On the Mechanistic Origins of the pH-Dependency in Au-Catalyzed Glycerol Electro-Oxidation: Insight from First Principles Calculations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol (EOG) is an attractive approach to convert surplus glycerol to value-added products. Experiments have shown that EOG activity and selectivity depend on the electrocatalyst, but also on the electrode potential, the pH, and the electrolyte. For broadly employed gold (Au) electrocatalysts, experiments have demonstrated high EOG activity under alkaline conditions with glyceric acid as a primary product, whereas under acidic and neutral conditions Au is almost inactive producing only small amounts of dihydroxyacetone. In the present computational work, we have performed an extensive mechanistic study to understand the pH- and potential- dependency of Au-catalyzed EOG. Our results show that activity and selectivity are controlled by the presence of surface-bound hydroxyl groups. Under alkaline conditions and close to the experimental onset potential, modest OH coverage is preferred accord- ing to our constant potential calculations. This indicates that both Au(OH)ads and Au can be active sites and they cooperatively facilitate the thermodynamically and kinetically feasible formation of glyceric acid thus explaining the experimentally observed high activity and selectivity. Under acidic conditions, hydroxide coverage is negligi- ble and the dihydroxyacetone emerges as the favored product. Calculations predict slow reaction kinetics, however, which explains the low activity and selectivity towards dihydroxyacetone reported in experiments. Overall, our findings highlight that com- putational studies should explicitly account for pH and coverage effects under alkaline conditions for electrocatalytic oxidation reactions to reliably predict electrocatalytic behaviour.
Post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis assessed using criteria for acute pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Aim International consensus on the definition and classification of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) has been reached. However, the diagnosis and severity of PEP are often assessed according to the diagnostic criteria and classification for acute pancreatitis (AP). This study determined the incidence, severity, and risk factors of PEP diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria and classification for AP in a large cohort. Methods This prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study conducted at five high‐volume centers included 1932 patients who underwent ERCP‐related procedures. The incidence, severity, and risk factors for PEP were evaluated. Results PEP occurred in 142 patients (7.3%); it was mild in 117 patients (6.0%) and severe in 25 patients (1.3%). According to the Cotton criteria, PEP occurred in 87 patients (4.5%); it was mild in 54 patients (2.8%), moderate in 20 patients (1.0%), and severe in 13 patients (0.7%). In the multivariate analysis, female sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.239; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.546–3.243), naïve papilla (OR 3.047; 95% CI 1.803–5.150), surgically‐altered gastrointestinal anatomy (OR 2.538; 95% CI 1.342–4.802), procedure time after reaching the papilla (OR 1.009; 95% CI 1.001–1.017), pancreatic duct injection (OR 2.396; 95% CI 1.565–3.669), and intraductal ultrasonography (OR 1.641; 95% CI 1.024–2.629) were independent risk factors. Conclusion According to the diagnostic criteria and classification for AP, the incidence of PEP was higher than that according to the Cotton criteria and the severity of PEP tended to be severe.
AnApproach toMeasuringtheEffects ofSurface Stepson Transition Using a Propelled-Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Anexperimental study wasundertaken todetermine theeffects ofstepexcrescences onboundary layer transition using aunique ground testfacility inwhichthetest modelwas propelled thoughstill air.Thestudymadeuseofamodel withinfinitely adjustable stepsizes andasingle measurement surface forallcases.Thetestconditions examined and measurements madebuilt onearlier workconducted inalow speedwindtunneltomeasuretheinfluences ofpressure gradient ontherelation betweensurface excrescences and boundarylayertransition. The initial experience with propelled-model testing indicated thatthisapproachis capable ofproviding alowdisturbance testenvironment with Reynolds numbersrepresentative offlight conditions.
Application of vibrational microspectroscopy to biology and medicine

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Vibrational microspectroscopic (Raman and infrared (IR)) techniques are rapidly emerging as effective tools to probe the basic processes of life. This review mainly focuses on the applications of Raman and IR microspectroscopy to biology and biomedicine, ranging from studies on cellular components in single cells to advancement in techniques for in vitro to in vivo applications. These techniques have proved to be instrumental in studying the biological specimen with minimum perturbation, i.e. without the use of dyes and contrast-inducing agents. These techniques probe the vibrational modes of the molecules and provide spectra that are specific to the molecular properties and chemical nature of the species.
Contested Care: The Limitations of Evidence-Based Maternity Care Reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Promoting evidence-based medicine is a leading strategy for improving quality of care and reducing costs in the U.S. health care system. Obstetrics is one health care specialization where the disjunction between standard practice and the latest in scientific evidence is particularly stark. Advocates have increasingly turned to evidence-driven strategies as a primary mode of support for their campaigns to shift away from a medicalized model of childbirth and improve both maternal and infant outcomes. Evidence-based advocacy influences norm setting in a variety of different legal and quasi-legal contexts; these range from formal legislative change, to amendment of the professional guidelines that establish standards of care for practicing obstetricians, to revision of the institutional policies that determine the quality of care women receive when giving birth in hospitals. In the highly contested terrain of childbirth, evidence-based medicine thus serves as an important frame for debates about control over medical decision-making, the limits of acceptable risk for women and their babies, and the very meaning of a positive birth outcome. This Article examines the state of maternity care in the United States, offering a critical analysis of reform efforts that employ evidence-based arguments as their main strategy to change the laws, policies, and practices that shape childbirth. The critique is grounded in feminist concerns about overreliance on professional experts and scientific knowledge, the limitations of study design and research methodologies, and the role of structural economic and legal conditions that impact decision-making about women’s bodies and health. The Article concludes that evidence-driven approaches to changing maternity care hold great potential for legal and policy reform but should be pursued alongside other arguments grounded in law and morality, lest the promotion of evidence-based maternity care limit attainment of the ultimate goal reformers share: better birth for women and babies.
Paper No P41: Predicting Change in Cell Gap in LCD Panels Subjected to Touch Force

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with touch‐screen capabilities are becoming increasingly popular. When a user pushes a screen too hard, the cell gap changes and causes a blur (known as touch mura) around the push location. This paper uses finite element analysis to predict the change in cell gap when an LCD panel is subjected to a touch force.
Phytochemical genomics in Arabidopsis thaliana: A case study for functional identification of flavonoid biosynthesis genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The completion of the whole genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana has made it possible to explore the phytochemical genomics in this species by determining gene-to-metabolite correlation through the comprehensive analysis of metabolite accumulation and gene expression. In this study, flavonoid profiling of wild-type plants and T-DNA insertion mutants was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/photodiode array detection (PDA)/electrospray ionization (ESI)/multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MS n ). Detailed analysis of the metabolite changes in the mutants suggested the functions of genes that have been mutated. In silico coexpression analysis of genes involved in flavonoid metabolism in Arabidopsis was performed using a publicly available transcriptome database of DNA microarrays. We inferred a coexpression framework model of the genes involved in the pathways of flavonol, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin synthesis, suggesting specific functions and coregulation of the genes of pathway enzymes and transcription factors. The metabolic profiling of the omt1 mutant lacking a methyltransferase gene narrowed down by the coexpression analysis showed that AtOMT1 (At5g54160) is involved not only in the production of lignins and sinapoyl esters but also in the methylation of flavonols forming isorhamnetin. These results suggest that the functional genomics approach by detailed target-metabolite profiling with transcriptome coexpression analysis provides an efficient way of identifying novel gene functions involved in plant metabolism.