jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the performance of a passive tubular daylighting device using a parabolic-profile collector

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

With the rise of renewable energy systems, there is an increased demand for improved designs of daylighting devices that work without any external energy source to illuminate the deep dark spaces of buildings. Most of the present designs deliver only low light levels especially during the early morning and late evening. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation of specifically designed parabolic-profile collector that redirects the low altitude incident rays of the sun efficiently into a mirror light pipe and thus enhances the lighting to desired levels in the building. Numerical analyses of the same were carried out for the summer solstice, winter solstice, and the autumn equinox for clear sky conditions. Experimental results for the proposed design validated the enhancement in light levels during low altitude sun and controlled lighting during the mid-day sun. The average lighting value obtained through the configured collector during low altitude sun was more than twice the lighting value achieved by a conventional daylight-collecting dome and was ∼20% higher than a prismatic collector.
Regulation of cell wall invertase by a proteinaceous inhibitor

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Suspension-cultured tobacco cells express a cell wall invertase (CWI) and a proteinaceous invertase inhibitor. Both proteins have been purified and characterized. A CWI cDNA clone has been isolated. The N-terminal protein sequence of the inhibitor has been determined showing high similarity with the N-terminal sequence of a tomato invertase inhibitor. A polyclonal antiserum has been raised against the denatured inhibitor protein. The observed changes of CWI activity during cell culture are partially the result of changes in gene expression, however, evidence has accumulated for further regulation by the inhibitor protein. In vivo regulation of CWI by the inhibitor is likely for the following reasons: (1) CWI inhibition is dependent on pH within the range relevant for the apoplasmic space, (2) divalent cations in the millimolar range affect CWI inhibition, (3) substrate protects CWI (but not vacuolar invertase) against inhibition, (4) CWI and inhibitor are co-expressed and co-localized in the apoplasmic space, (5) addition of inhibitor to intact cells causes substrate-protectable inhibition of CWI, (6) an in situ formation of tight complexes between CWI and inhibitor upon starvation of cells could be demonstrated. The results indicate that suspension-cultured tobacco cells are a suitable system to study the effects of an invertase inhibitor on CWI.
Self-Organization Regimes Induced by Ultrafast Laser on Surfaces in the Tens of Nanometer Scales

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A laser-irradiated surface is the paradigm of a self-organizing system, as coherent, aligned, chaotic, and complex patterns emerge at the microscale and even the nanoscale. A spectacular manifestation of dissipative structures consists of different types of randomly and periodically distributed nanostructures that arise from a homogeneous metal surface. The noninstantaneous response of the material reorganizes local surface topography down to tens of nanometers scale modifying long-range surface morphology on the impact scale. Under ultrafast laser irradiation with a regulated energy dose, the formation of nanopeaks, nanobumps, nanohumps and nanocavities patterns with 20–80 nm transverse size unit and up to 100 nm height are reported. We show that the use of crossed-polarized double laser pulse adds an extra dimension to the nanostructuring process as laser energy dose and multi-pulse feedback tune the energy gradient distribution, crossing critical values for surface self-organization regimes. The tiny dimensions of complex patterns are defined by the competition between the evolution of transient liquid structures generated in a cavitation process and the rapid resolidification of the surface region. Strongly influencing the light coupling, we reveal that initial surface roughness and type of roughness both play a crucial role in controlling the transient emergence of nanostructures during laser irradiation.
Optimal hybrid health insurance under budget constraints for a large population

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This thesis proposes a model that sheds lights on the fundamental problem: How does an integrated healthcare system, consisting of universal basic insurance and supplementary insurance, outperform a single-payer system? Standing from the viewpoint of the government, our model attempts to simulate the outcome of insurance policies subject to certain premises and constraints. Inspired by several statistical models and health economics models, we devise a financial utility function that consists variables representing individuals’ income and health risk factors. Applying statistical theories and approaches, we derive and calculate the levels of the copayments and premiums then compare the values in different settings. Eventually, we are able to obtain and select the optimal scenario which optimizes the use of the hybrid health insurance in the population as a whole.
Optimization of auto-introduction based fermentation media components for biomass production of Escherichia coli BL21-AI expressing recombinant bromelain

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In this study, bromelain, a naturally available therapeutic protease enzyme from
pineapple stem, was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21-AI using auto-inductionbased
fermentation media. Recently, many recombinant proteins efficiently expressed in
soluble form in E. coli using this auto-induction approach. Indeed, our preliminary
experiment showed that this media was proven to be able in producing a high-density
batch culture as claimed. Still, since overall soluble expression level is thought to be
both protein and host’s strain specific depending on the type of media used, further
optimization step for legitimate optimal production of recombinant bromelain is
therefore required. Moreover, to our knowledge, as of now optimization study on
performance of the production of recombinant bromelain in E. coli using the autoinduction
media has yet been initiated elsewhere in the literature. Statistical analysis of
results shows that complex nitrogen sources, carbon sources, buffering salts were
indeed significant in increasing the biomass production. The optimized values of these
three factors were obtained by RSM based on the result of a face-centered central
composite design. Under these proposed optimized medium, the model predicted a
biomass productivity of 5.567 g/l and its corresponding recombinant bromelain specific
activity was reasonably well at 0.1976 U/mg.
Solvent effects on the orientaion of naphthalene rings in the side chain of poly‐γ‐1‐naphthylmethyl‐L‐glutamate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The orientation of naphthalene rings in the side chain of poly‐γ‐1‐naphthylmethyl‐ L ‐glutamate (PNLG) in mixed solvents of dichoroethane (DCE) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) has been studied together with its conformation by infrared, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectra. The CD pattern of PNLG varies with the solvent composition while it maintains the α‐helical conformation. The fluorescence spectra of PNLG in solution show excimer emission of the naphthalene chromophores. The ratio of intensity of the excimer emission to that of the normal fluorescence decreases as the HFIP component in the solvent increases. It is suggested that the naphthalene rings in the side chain of α‐helical PNLG are more rigidly orientated in the solvents of higher HFIP ratio.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PURPORTED USE OF ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE USES OF ASSESSMENT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to explore teacher's beliefs about the uses of assessment and their actual assessment practices. The sample consisted of 387 primary teachers. The results indicate that these teachers are using a wide variety of assessment methods, but assessment is predominately used to provide feedback for the teacher rather than the learner and parents. The types of assessment methods chosen appear to support these beliefs about the uses of assessment.
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum CWI 79454

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum
Common name(s): Wheat
Other names: 20248-3
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
Local sample unique identifier: CWI 79454
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2006
Other identifiers: n/a,CWI79454, n/a,GID 6084099, n/a,CID 544852 SID -3
Historical: No
Biological status: Breeder's line
MLS status: Included
3D Kidney Segmentation from Abdominal Images Using Spatial-Appearance Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Kidney segmentation is an essential step in developing any noninvasive computer-assisted diagnostic system for renal function assessment. This paper introduces an automated framework for 3D kidney segmentation from dynamic computed tomography (CT) images that integrates discriminative features from the current and prior CT appearances into a random forest classification approach. To account for CT images’ inhomogeneities, we employ discriminate features that are extracted from a higher-order spatial model and an adaptive shape model in addition to the first-order CT appearance. To model the interactions between CT data voxels, we employed a higher-order spatial model, which adds the triple and quad clique families to the traditional pairwise clique family. The kidney shape prior model is built using a set of training CT data and is updated during segmentation using not only region labels but also voxels’ appearances in neighboring spatial voxel locations. Our framework performance has been evaluated on in vivo dynamic CT data collected from 20 subjects and comprises multiple 3D scans acquired before and after contrast medium administration. Quantitative evaluation between manually and automatically segmented kidney contours using Dice similarity, percentage volume differences, and 95th-percentile bidirectional Hausdorff distances confirms the high accuracy of our approach.
BMP4 knockdown of NCSCs leads to aganglionosis in the middle embryonic stage

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Transplacental bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4 RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique used to knockdown genes in embryos. BMP4 are essential for the development of nervous system in the differentiation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). The failure of differentiation and migration of NCSCs may lead to aganglionosis. In the present study, pregnant mice were divided into three groups: Ringer's group, pSES group and RNAi‑BMP4 group. In order to silence the BMP4 gene in the first generation (F1), 11.5 day pregnant mice were injected with the small interfering RNA BMP4 plasmid, pSES or Ringer's solution via the tail vein. Semi‑quantitative reverse transcriptase‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR)and western blotting were employed to ensure the downregulation of BMP4. Finally, X‑rays were performed following a barium enema. Aganglionosis was diagnosed by general anatomy and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the control group, transplacental RNAi was able to downregulate the BMP4‑Smad4 of 11.5 day embryos, as determined by semi‑quantitative RT‑PCR and western blotting. The megacolons of the mice were demonstrated by X‑ray and confirmed by general anatomy. Aganglionosis of colonic mucosa and submucosa were diagnosed by pathology, and immunohistochemistry. Knockdown of BMP4 in pregnant mice at the middle embryonic stage led to aganglionosis. It was therefore demonstrated that BMP‑Smad was essential to the NCSCs of middle stage embryos. BMP‑Smad served important roles in the generation of aganglionosis. This technique of knockdown BMP4 gene may be used to establish an aganglionosis mouse model.
Elliptical Features Extraction Using Eigen Values Of Covariance Matrices, Hough Transform And Raster Scan Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we introduce a new method for elliptical object identification. The proposed method adopts a hybrid scheme which consists of Eigen values of covariance matrices, Circular Hough transform and Bresenham-s raster scan algorithms. In this approach we use the fact that the large Eigen values and small Eigen values of covariance matrices are associated with the major and minor axial lengths of the ellipse. The centre location of the ellipse can be identified using circular Hough transform (CHT). Sparse matrix technique is used to perform CHT. Since sparse matrices squeeze zero elements and contain a small number of nonzero elements they provide an advantage of matrix storage space and computational time. Neighborhood suppression scheme is used to find the valid Hough peaks. The accurate position of circumference pixels is identified using raster scan algorithm which uses the geometrical symmetry property. This method does not require the evaluation of tangents or curvature of edge contours, which are generally very sensitive to noise working conditions. The proposed method has the advantages of small storage, high speed and accuracy in identifying the feature. The new method has been tested on both synthetic and real images. Several experiments have been conducted on various images with considerable background noise to reveal the efficacy and robustness. Experimental results about the accuracy of the proposed method, comparisons with Hough transform and its variants and other tangential based methods are reported.
The Evaluation of the Comparative Corrosion Behaviour of Conventional and Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel: Hercules™ Alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Austenitic stainless steels require approximately 8% Ni to maintain austenitic microstructure at room temperature for alloys such as 304 stainless steel (304SS). Ni contributes approximately 60% of the total material cost and its price fluctuates, making the cost of austenitic stainless steel unpredictable. The use of low-nickel austenitic stainless steels as a substitute has been considered in order to remedy costs associated with Ni price fluctuations. Alloying elements such as Mn and N have been considered, however they have been found to reduce corrosion resistance. A new alloy namely Hercules™ has been developed with reduced Ni content (1.8–2% Ni). This chapter presents a comparative study of the corrosion behavior of Hercules™ and 304SS in different solutions. The alloys were evaluated using cyclic polarisation technique and immersion tests. The results demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of Hercules™ is comparable to that of 304SS. This presents the alloys as potential industrial substitutes of each other.
Spatio-Temporal Changes and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Xinjiang, China from 2001 to 2022

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Net primary productivity (NPP), a key indicator of terrestrial ecosystem quality and function, represents the amount of organic matter produced by vegetation per unit area and time. This study utilizes the MOD17A3 NPP dataset (2001–2022) to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of NPP in Xinjiang and projects future trends using Theil-Sen trend analysis, the Mann–-Kendall test, and the Hurst Index. By integrating meteorological data, this study employs partial correlation analysis, the Miami model, and residual analysis to explore the driving mechanisms behind NPP changes influenced by climatic factors and human activities. The results indicate that: (1) The average NPP in Xinjiang has increased over the years, displaying a spatial pattern with higher values in the north and west. Regions with increasing NPP outnumber those with declining trends, while 75.18% of the area shows un-certain future trends. (2) Precipitation exhibits a stronger positive correlation with NPP compared to temperature. (3) Climate change accounts for 28.34% of the variation in NPP, while human activities account for 71.66%, making the latter the dominant driving factor. This study aids in monitoring ecological degradation risks in arid regions of China and provides a scientific basis for developing rational coping strategies and ecological restoration initiatives.
Langerhans' cell histiocytosis of the vulva: the Iowa experience.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Presentation of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis as a vulvar primary condition is rare and probably underdiagnosed as its clinical presentation can vary. Such patients often have been treated for recurrent yeast or presumed herpes simplex virus infections. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in females who present with chronic pruritus, pain, ulcerations or intermittent rashes.
Catalytic and substrate-binding domains of endoglucanase 2 from Bacteroides succinogenes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Endoglucanase 2 (EG2) of the cellulolytic ruminal anaerobe Bacteroides succinogenes is a 118-kilodalton (kDa) enzyme which binds to cellulose and produces cellotetraose as the end product of hydrolysis. The purified enzyme was treated with the protease trypsin in an attempt to isolate peptides which retained the ability to either hydrolyze soluble carboxymethyl cellulose or bind to insoluble cellulose. There was no loss in endoglucanase activity (carboxymethylcellulase) over a period of 2 h following the addition of trypsin. In comparison, there was a greater than eightfold reduction in the binding of carboxymethylcellulase activity to crystalline cellulose. A Lineweaver-Burk plot with amorphous cellulose as the substrate revealed that the trypsin-digested enzyme had an identical Vmax but a 1.9-fold-lower Km in comparison with the intact enzyme. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the trypsin-digested enzyme revealed two major peptides of 43 and 51 kDa (p43 and p51). The 43-kDa peptide was able to bind to both amorphous and crystalline cellulose, whereas p51 did not. Purified p51 had a molar activity toward carboxymethyl cellulose which was identical to that of the intact enzyme, but activity toward both amorphous and crystalline cellulose was reduced approximately twofold. Two high-titer monoclonal antibodies from mice immunized with the intact protein recognized p43 but not p51. The results are consistent with a bifunctional organization of EG2, in which the 118-kDa enzyme is composed of a 51-kDa catalytic domain and a highly antigenic 43-kDa substrate-binding domain. In terms of its domain structure and activity toward cellulose, EG2 is very similar to cellobiohydrolase II of Trichoderma reesei.
The quest for the ideal business translator profile in the Romanian context

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract An ideal translator profile is a crucial issue for both translation providers, who want to deliver impeccable performance, and translation beneficiaries, whose purpose is to obtain flawless services. In the context of Romanian higher education, two distinct educational profiles of providers are distinguished in the business translation market: graduates of Philology, who have been trained in translation (3-year BA and 2-year MA programmes in Translation Studies), and graduates of Faculties of Economics or Business who have undertaken 3-year and/or 2-year MA study programmes in a foreign language. Showing the results of a study conducted with groups of third year Bachelor students of the University of Craiova, Romania (students in Translation Studies and students in the Finance and Banking English-taught programme), across a 3-year period (2015–2017), our research aims at providing answers to the following questions: To what extent does each of these two profiles match the ideal one of a business translator? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of the two training profiles? What specific actions can and should be taken for each of the two target groups in terms of university training?
Traditional and Advanced Technologies in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the past decade, rapid urbanization and the increase in vehicles have worsened traffic conditions. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are considered an ideal solution to optimize urban transportation and tackle traffic challenges. This article comprehensively discusses the current development of basic and new technologies used in ITS. It includes specific subdivisions for these technologies, their application in ITS, as well as current and potential future challenges. The review indicates that vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technology is increasingly focused on the advancement of Cellular V2X (C-V2X). Sensor technology research and development has reached a high level of maturity. Reinforcement learning as a robust machine learning algorithm, is being extensively applied in traffic management. The article also provides examples of recent research-based applications using these technologies and explores potential directions for their future development. These reviews and analyses can serve as practical references for traffic managers and researchers working on further advancements in ITS.
Optimum Harvesting Time Based on Growth Characteristics of Four-year Ginseng

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was carried out to find out the optimum harvesting time on the basis of physiological characteristics, yield and commercial value in four years old ginseng. For this purpose, the changes of agronomic growth characteristics of the aerial and underground parts with different growing stages were examined with fourth year ginseng. The leaf growth was dramatically increased from the mid-April (shooting stage) to the mid-May (flowering stage), and the growth was nearly completed by the mid-May, but the stem growth continued by the mid-August. The weight of fresh root decreased from the April (20.7g) to the June (18.2g), but increased from the June to the October(45. 1g). The yield of fresh root per Kan was 1.5 kg, 1.2kg and 1.3kg at the April, the May and the June, respectively, thereafter continually increased to 2.9 kg of the October, which showing the maximum yield. In conclusion, the ginseng root was generally harvested from the September to the October at farm-house, but it had better be harvested after the mid-October rather than from September to October considering the weight of dry root and the yield of fresh ginseng.h ginseng.
Performance of Semiconductor Radiation Sensors for Simple and Low-cost Radiation Detector

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

簡易型放射線測定器に利用できる半導体放射線検出素子について，その光子検出性能を校正場での実測とモンテカルロシミュレーション計算で明らかにした。低価格の検出素子として，Si p-i-nフォトダイオード及びCdTe検出器を選択した。周辺線量当量H*(10)に対するエネルギー特性を60keVから2MeVのエネルギー領域で評価した。CdTe検出器はエネルギーの増加とともに感度が大きく減少することがわかった。一方，Siダイオードは150keV以上のエネルギーで感度がほぼ平坦になるという利点を有する。自然放射線に対する検出素子の感度は，4～6cpmである。放射線レベルの検出下限レベルを評価したところ，原子力発電所や燃料加工施設などの事故時に放射線レベルの上昇を把握できることがわかった。
Additional file 2 of Gender influences resident physicians’ perception of an employee-to-employee recognition program: a mixed methods study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 2. Characteristics of Hi-5s received by pediatric residents during study period. Counts are of Hi-5s received, percents represent proportions within each category, with column A representing all Hi-5s, column B those received by female residents and column C those received by male residents. Females compromised 77% of the 2020-2021 class and 66% of the 2021-2022 class.