jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The origin of Chinese glasses and the glass trade along the Silk Road from the Warring States (475 BC – 221 BC) to the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Silk Roads played significant roles in the trade of glass products. Natron glass from the Mediterranean, potash glass and mineral soda alumina glass from South and Southeast Asia have been discovered in different provinces in China. This article-based thesis mainly consists of three individual papers. 1) Lead-barium glass appeared during the late Warring States period in China and was considered a Chinese invention due to the unique presence of high barium. However, the glass replication in this research indicates that lead-barium glass could be a mixture of natron glass and lead-barium minerals, which also explains a high Na2O concentration in this type of glass. 2) To further test this theory, fifty samples, including natron glass, lead-barium glass and lead-barium faience, were analysed through laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). We produced a piece of code that allows us to perform 3D kernel density estimation on four variables (i.e., four-element concentrations) in a tetrahedron plot. Then, we combined Maximum Mean Discrepancy with hypothesis testing to trace the potential silica source for producing lead-barium glass. The result confirmed that the Syro-Palestinian coast was a possible source region for the raw glass used to make lead-barium glass. Moreover, the silica source for producing lead-barium glass was not related to lead-barium faience. 3) In this DPhil project, we analysed twenty-seven mineral soda alumina (m-Na-Al) glass and eighty-seven mineral potassium glass beads unearthed in different provinces in China through LA-ICP-MS. The trace element analysis indicates that m-Na-Al glass and most of the potash glass unearthed from Guangxi were presumably produced somewhere in Southeast Asia and exported through the Maritime Silk Road. M-Na-Al glass in Henan and the rest of the potash glasses from other regions in China were probably produced in southern India or Sri Lanka through the North and Southwest Silk Roads. The connection between the spread of Indo-Pacific beads and Buddhism is discussed. In summary, this DPhil project shows detailed research on various types of glass in China through multiple methods, and the conclusion contributed by this thesis can provide new ideas for archaeologists to rebuild the Eurasian Steppe Road. The future archaeological and archaeological science research on glasses from Central Asia will certainly provide a strong link on how glasses were traded from the Mediterranean to China.
The Clinical Challenges of Thrombotic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) describes syndromes with multiple etiologies, some of which are rapidly fatal without plasma exchange treatment. Although there have been advances in understanding the pathogene-sis of TTP, evaluation and management remain difficult because there are no specific diagnostic criteria, as TTP can be clinically similar to other acute disorders, such as sepsis, disseminated malignancy, malignant hypertension, and preeclampsia, and because urgent treatment is required. An unexpected observation of anemia and thrombocytopenia should trigger consideration of TTP; evidence that the ane-mia is due to microangiopathic hemolysis, suggested by the presence of red cell fragmentation on the blood smear, supports the diagnosis. When the diagnostic criteria of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia without an apparent alternative etiology are fulfilled, plasma exchange treatment is appropriate. However, plasma exchange has risks for severe complications and death; therefore, this management decision must be bal-anced against the confidence in the diagnosis. With plasma exchange treatment, approximately 80 % of patients sur-vive, in contrast to only 10 % in the era prior to the avail-ability of plasma exchange. The continuing mortality from TTP, the risks of plasma exchange treatment, and the poten-tial for recurrent episodes of TTP are clinical challenges that remain to be solved.
What Happens When Internal Auditors Experience that Managers Turn a Deaf Ear in IT Projects?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Information systems projects often go awry and when they do internal auditors are often in a position to bring the problems to management’s attention. However, managers are not always receptive to risk warnings, even when internal auditors who are role prescribed to carry out this function deliver such warnings. This phenomenon is known as the deaf effect. In this paper, we examine: (1) the actions that internal auditors take in order to resolve the deaf effect and (2) how these actions affect the auditor-manager relationship. Based on a multiple case study approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with auditors and examined ten cases of the deaf effect from the auditor’s perspective. Our findings revealed twelve unique actions that auditors took as a reaction to the deaf effect and their immediate consequences for the auditor- manager relationship. Further, by analyzing the sequence of actions taken by the auditor in each case, we identified three distinct patterns that capture the nature of the auditor-manager relationship over time until the deaf effect was ultimately resolved.
Rotenoids And Rutin In Callus Cultures Of Tephrosia Purpurea (L) Pers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The root, stem and leaf calli of Tephrosia purpurea L. Pers were successfully developed and maintained on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. The content of rotenoids and rutin in the callus cultures were estimated by spectrophotometric method.
Thermal effect of contacts on the current-voltage characteristics of high T/sub c/ YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ superconductor films

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The effect of contact-generated heat on the current-voltage characteristics of thin superconducting films is examined. The generation of heat at the contact creates a transient normal zone adjacent to the interface that propagates into the film and causes the electrical characteristics to be nonlinear and time-dependent. A transient one-dimensional fin-type heat equation is utilized to predict the temperature field, which is evaluated by a finite difference scheme. Specific cases of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ films connected via indium leads are considered. Two parameters of importance are introduced: transition time and transition current. The transition time is defined as the time elapsed before a normal zone is created in the superconducting film and the transition current density is the current density that must be reached before a normal zone is created. These parameters are evaluated for three different types of current pulses and for different operating temperatures.< >
Time-varying step-transform algorithm for high squint SAR imaging

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High-squint angle synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging has applications in specific situations such as providing looking angle-dependent scattering information and revisiting an area of interest. It is very difficult for current SAR-imaging algorithms to be used directly in high-squint configurations. This is due to the large range-cell migration and the nonnegligible cubic-phase term in the signal. In this paper, an improved algorithm called the time-varying step-transform algorithm is proposed. It uses different chirp rates to deramp the signal in different subapertures to alleviate the range-focus problem. The interval between subapertures is also varied according to the deramping chirp rate. The nonnegligible cubic-phase term is included in the focusing procedure. The performance of the proposed algorithm in high-squint-angle mode is excellent. By reducing the subaperture length as the squint angle is increased, the performance of the algorithm is almost independent of squint angle. The proposed algorithm is also flexible for multilook processing and motion-error compensation.
Guest Editorial: What is Geocomputation?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The first international conference on `GeoComputation', hosted by the Department of Geography at the University of Leeds in 1996, heralded the launch of a new research agenda in geographical analysis (Openshaw and Abrahart 1996). A measure of the interest generated in this field is that the conference has become established as a yearly event (Otago, New Zealand, 1997; Bristol, UK, 1998) and will be held in Virginia, USA in 1999 (http://www.tec.army.mil/GeoComp99) and in The Netherlands in 2000. Although there is certainly a reliance on computer science as an enabling technology, the term `geocomputation' is not intended as a synonym for GIS or spatial information theory Ð these being somewhat at odds with the original and ongoing vision. This editorial attempts to explain that vision, to describe the enabling technology in terms of what it offers geographical analysis and to outline some of the research questions that geocomputation faces.
The Relationship Between Religious Values and Politics in Türkiye: Research on the Voting Preference of Religious Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the voting preferences of religious communities with a standardized structure in Türkiye. The results of the qualitative research conducted in Diyarbakır with“six” religious congregations that declared that they would support the People's Alliance and “one” religious congregation that declared that they would support the Nation's Alliance before the 2023 elections revealed that religious values are dominant in the vote preferences of religious congregations. However, when we look at the reasons for the emergence of their values, we see that it is not based solely on faith; the religious ideology that emerged as a result of the political traumas caused by the religious policies of the single-party period on the religious community is an important reference point in the vote preference of religious communities. Due to the low number of candidates in an election with two candidates, an understanding of the lesser of two evils was adopted.
Caregiver satisfaction with a multidisciplinary community-based rehabilitation programme for children with cerebral palsy in South Africa

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study sought to determine the levels of satisfaction and experiences of caregivers with a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme. A total of 26 caregivers were recruited at 3 health settings in South Africa. A survey based on the Multidimensional Assessment of Parental Satisfaction for Children with Special Needs and focus-group discussions were conducted at the end of programme. The majority of the respondents were mothers and unemployed. The participants were generally satisfied with the rehabilitation. However, participants held on to myths, stereotypes, and beliefs about the cause of disability and explained the impact of stigma on having a disabled child in their communities. Caregivers perceived the benefit of rehabilitation but believed that lack of communication and consultation with health professionals limited the care. (Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp) S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2016.1254929
Propiedades Psicométricas de una prueba de admisión universitaria

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the psychometric properties of the Aptitude Academic Test of the Instituto Tecnológico of Costa Rica, and it presents evidences about the content, construct and criteria. On this non-experimental and correlational study participated the students who applied for this test on 2019, 57% of them were men and 43% women, 74% came from public high schools and the rest, from private and subsidized schools. The findings demonstrate that the specification table provides the first evidence associated with the test content, whose mathematical and verbal indicators are significantly associated with the trait of academic aptitude. Additionally, the predictive value of these test indicators and the grades of diversified education were verified with the performance of the students in the first period. It is concluded that validation should be a permanent and rigorous process to consolidate the design of a standardized test and guarantee the proper use and interpretation of its results.
[Changes in microcirculation by the administration of sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or nitroglycerin (NTG) were evaluated in hamsters (n = 12). No differences in macrohemodynamic parameters were found during and after hypotension with either drug tested. SNP dilated predominantly the precapillaries and NTG dilated all microvascular segments. Blood cell velocity decreased in both groups. A significant volume of blood was diverted through av-shunts during SNP hypotension of 40 mm Hg. Capillary density decreased significantly during and after SNP-induced hypotension, whereas capillary density remained unchanged when NTG was used. The data favour the use of NTG when hypotension is deliberately induced.
Establishment of an Extraction Method for the Recovery of Tattoo Pigments from Human Skin Using HPLC Diode Array Detector Technology

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tattooing is a widespread process of puncturing pigments into skin, whereas the resulting concentration inside the skin remains unknown. Many tattoo colorants are organic pigments, such as azo pigments, manufactured for other uses. To remove tattoos from skin, laser pulses at very high intensities are applied to the skin to destroy the tattoo pigments. Recent investigations have shown that several azo compounds are cleaved by laser light leading to potentially toxic or carcinogenic compounds. To assess the risk of tattooing and laser treatment of tattoos, the concentration of the pigments and their decomposition products in the skin must be determined. Therefore, an extraction method was established to determine the concentration of tattoo pigments and decomposition products quantitatively. The extraction of two widely used azo compounds, Pigment Red 22 and Pigment Red 9, and their laser-induced decomposition products, 2-methyl-5-nitroaniline, 4-nitrotoluene, 2,5-dichloraniline, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, was accomplished using recovery experiments and HPLC-DAD technology. Despite the poor solubility of the pigments, a nearly complete recovery from aqueous suspension (> 92%) or lysed skin (> 94%) was achieved. The decomposition products were extracted from aqueous suspension or skin showing a recovery of up to 100%, except for the very volatile 1,4-DCB.
Problem issues between the countries of the European Union

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It has been defined that the current state of the world development in the socio-economic and political terms is characterized by the rapid development of the integration processes in the world and, particularly, in Europe. For these reasons, the development of the European integration as well as the problems that arise in the European Union affect not only the countries which are members of the EU but also others, so the problems, which can be solved in the future, have been identified. The problems of capital migration, which influence the economic development of the countries and the factors of deep imbalance in the Eurozone have been investigated. It has been established that the European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership consisting of 28 states. The EU is a unique formation in the system of world relations, which has a powerful economic and political force. The world integration processes that affect both external and internal factors have been singled out, it is indicated that the countries which once used to be the engine of the European integration, now significantly prevent it. The economic parameters of the European Union have been analyzed and their general problems have been highlighted, such as: the problem of ratification of the Constitution of the European Union; European sovereign debt crisis; the growth of populists, nationalist and anti-Western political parties support; the migration crisis and the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EU, called Brexit. The expediency of the European Union expanding as an objective process, which is connected with the globalization of the world economy, has been substantiated. The scenarios of the European Union development on the basis of the integration and prospects of countries in the Euro zone have been suggested.
Distinct effects of reward and navigation history on hippocampal forward and reverse replays

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

To better understand the functional roles of hippocampal forward and reverse replays, we trained rats in a spatial sequence memory task and examined how these replays are modulated by reward and navigation history. We found that reward enhances both forward and reverse replays during the awake state, but in different ways. Reward enhances the rate of reverse replays, but it increases the fidelity of forward replays for recently traveled as well as other alternative trajectories heading toward a rewarding location. This suggests roles for forward and reverse replays in reinforcing representations for all potential rewarding trajectories. We also found more faithful reactivation of upcoming than already rewarded trajectories in forward replays. This suggests a role for forward replays in preferentially reinforcing representations for high-value trajectories. We propose that hippocampal forward and reverse replays might contribute to constructing a map of potential navigation trajectories and their associated values (a “value map”) via distinct mechanisms.
[Chronic cough: common problem, discontended patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of chronic cough is 10 to 15%. It has a strong negative impact on the patients' quality of life and it often causes depression. Many patients find medications unhelpful. Successful management of chronic cough requires the identification of the underlying condition like chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and asthma-like syndrome, and esophageal reflux disease. If the underlying condition cannot be identified or if the drug trials fail to help, the patient probably suffers from idiopathic chronic cough. A new paradigm has been introduced in which chronic cough is regarded as a primary condition.
USE OF A STANDARD CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER FOR AUTOLOGOUS PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL COLLECTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

自家末梢血幹細胞（末梢血幹細胞）採取においては，透析用の中心静脈カテーテル（dCVC）の使用が推奨されている．本研究では，動員化学療法前に鎖骨下静脈に，標準的なCVC（sCVC）を留置し末梢血幹細胞採取を行った造血器悪性腫瘍36例，計74採取について検討した．sCVC留置から末梢血幹細胞採取までの中央値は25日であった．末梢血幹細胞採取は，Spectraを用い，処理量中央値8.8l，流量中央値48.5ml/minの体外循環を行った．末梢血幹細胞動員不足を6例に認めた．採取したCD34+細胞数の中央値は，1.1×106/kg/採取，3×106/kg/患者であった．CVC感染症を2例，CVC血栓症を1例認めたが，sCVCを再挿入し採取は可能であった．アフェレーシス中の血流不足を21回認めたが，19回は血流速度の調節等にて継続可能であった．sCVCを用いた末梢血幹細胞採取は，充分量のCD34+細胞の採取が可能であり，安全に施行できると考えられる．
Detection of Skeletal Trauma on Whole Pigs Subjected to a Fire Environment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fire can cause alterations in bone stability and composition that may impact an anthropological analysis of skeletal morphology and trauma.In this study, the extent that fires of different duration and intensity affected trauma analyses during a compartment fire was tested This study incorporated on site scene analysis to examine the significance of trauma identifications from burnt bodies in forensic cases and the impact that fire investigation plays on the ability to recognize, preserve, and analyze skeletal elements from burned remains.Whole pig carcasses were subjected to sharp force, blunt force, and gunshot trauma to investigate the influence of intense fire conditions on these injuries.The perimortem trauma marks were then assessed in relation to their exposure in a compartment fire that progressed through flashover conditions.This study found that fire can differentially influence an analyst's ability to recognize and analyze wounds in the limbs vs the torso but was still recognizable and often protected in the postcranial body.
132 Corporoplasty with Ossified Plaque Excision and Surgisis Graft

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Penile corporoplasty with grafting technique is the preferred surgical treatment for stable Peyronie disease when curvature is >60º or when there is a complex curvature. This technique usually requires plaque incision, but in those cases with ossified plaque it could be necessary to perform plaque excision. We present the case of a 45 year old man, active smoker, with history of spontaneous pneumothorax, who came to our consultation with a 90º dorsal curvature. The disease started one year ago and it has been stable during the last 6 months, preserving the erectile function but being unable to penetrate. On the clinical examination, he presented a huge dorsal ossified plaque of 2 cm x 3 cm so we decided to make excision in it and to use a Surgisis graft. We perform circumcision, penile deglobing and opening of paraurethral Buck’s fascia. Dissection and lifting of the neurovascular bundle. Gittes’ test: dorsal curvature of 100º. We make excision of the ossified plaque. This result in a tunica albuginea defect which is posteriorly closed by a Surgisis graft. New Gittes’ test shows complete correction of the curvature. Finally, closing of Buck’s fascia, dartos and skin. At 12 months of follow up, he presents with complete resolution of the curvature, good erectile function being able to penetrate and refers satisfactory intercourse.
An Experimental Examination of Nest‐Site Segregation by Two Peromyscus Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The role of interspecific competition for nest sites in the coexistence of the white—footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis) and the cloudland deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae) was experimentally investigated in the montane forests of southwestern Virginia. Radiotelemetry was used on control grids, with both species present, and reciprocal removal grids to contrast nest—site selection with and without contraspecifics present. On control grids, Peromyscus maniculatus used only arboreal nests while P. leucopus used both ground and arboreal nests. In addition, relative to P. maniculatus, those P. leucopus which did select arboreal nests, used lower cavities and trees of smaller diameter at breast height (dbh). These results provide strong evidence for vertical nest—site segregation, and confirmed observations from previous studies. Though both species demonstrated shifts in nest selection between treatments in the removal experiment, the analysis of the P. maniculatus response was statistically suspect and both responses appeared to be ecologically insignificant (that is, shifts were not towards the type of nest site used by the removed species). Additionally, home range analysis and examination of nest availability suggest that large portions of suitable habitat on each grid may not have been used and that nest sites were not a limiting resource. We suggest, therefore, that interspecific competition for nest sites was probably not important to co—existence during the course of the study.