Dealing with radon emissions in respect of new development : evaluation of mapping and site investigation methods for targeting areas where new development may require radon protective measures

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Radon gas comes from uranium that occurs naturally in the ground. The variation in radon levels between
different parts of the country is mainly controlled by the underlying geology. Radon decays to form
radioactive particles that can enter the body by inhalation. Inhalation of the short-lived decay products of
radon has been linked to an increase in the risk of developing cancers of the respiratory tract, especially of the
lungs, and is considered to cause approximately 5% of deaths from lung cancer in the UK. In order to limit
the risk to individuals, the Government has adopted an Action Level for radon in dwellings of 200 becquerels
per cubic metre (Bq m-3). The Government advises householders that, where the radon level exceeds the
Action Level, measures should be taken to reduce the concentration.
In the early 1990s, administrative and policy responses to radon problems in new development had limitations in
that:
− new development was not adequately covered by existing responses in radon-prone areas which had not been
designated as radon Affected Areas.
− the mapping procedures used to identify those areas where protective measures were required in new
dwellings in some cases resulted in radon protection not being installed where required, and vice versa.
− they did not adequately cover material change of use or non-domestic development, including workplaces
and certain residential institutions.
− procedures were not in place to ensure that developers were made aware of requirements for protective
measures in new dwellings or of employers' responsibilities with regard to radon under the Health and Safety at
Work etc. Act 1974 and Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 at the planning or pre-planning stage.
− developers and future occupiers of buildings subject to material change of use (for example from
agricultural or workplace to domestic use (e.g. barn conversions)) but not subject to Requirement C2 of
Schedule 1 of Building Regulations 1991 were not necessarily made aware of the possible need for
protective or remedial measures.
These limitations have been addressed by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
(DETR) research programme ‘Dealing with radon emissions in respect of new development’ which aimed to
identify the circumstances, if any, where new development may be adversely affected by radon emissions and the
appropriate response to such problems. Fulfilment of these objectives will help to ensure that occupiers of new
domestic and non-domestic developments will be adequately protected against the harmful affects of radon.
The research programme, carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) working in collaboration with the
Building Research Establishment Ltd. (BRE), Land Use Consultants (LUC) and the National Radiological
Protection Board (NRPB).
The report Dealing with radon emissions in new development: Summary report and recommended framework for planning
guidance (Appleton et al., 2000) explains the background to dealing with radon in new development. It
highlights where improvements to the responses could be made and identifies the available options for dealing
with radon in new development, including their relative advantages and disadvantages. The report also
identifies the potential role of the planning system and presents conclusions and recommendations on which
option(s) would be most appropriate and effective for ensuring that new development is protected against
radon emissions.
This report summarises an evaluation of mapping and site investigation methods currently available for
targeting areas where new development may require radon protection. The report also describes the system
adopted in revised guidance (BR211, 1999) to determine the level of protection needed in new dwellings and
discusses mapping and site investigation costs.