jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermal transport in high electron mobility transistors: A Boltzmann transport equation study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

AlGaN/GaN based high electron mobility transistors (AG-HEMTs) are strong candidates for the future high power and high frequency applications. But the formation of hot-spots and high temperature in these localized regions can limit their applications due to performance degradation and break-down. Understanding the underlying thermal transport processes will be an important step towards solving heat dissipation challenges in these devices. The objectives of the current study is to develop a multi-scale thermal transport model based on Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) to predict the hot-spot temperature accurately for a given bias voltage. At present, there are no reliable models to predict the energy (temperature) distribution near the hot spot in these devices. We developed coupled electro-thermal model to extract key information about hot-spot location and dissipated power. This information is further utilized to investigate the thermal performance of the device using BTE based model which can provide detailed view of the non-equilibrium nature of the phonon transport in the hot-spot. The interface between GaN and silicon substrate is treated with diffusive mismatch model (DMM). We calculated the spatial temperature distribution in a GaN device on silicon substrate and estimated the maximum temperature of hot spots. We also compared BTE and Fourier models for estimating the temperature distribution and found that Fourier model would significantly under predict the hot spot temperature. The multi-scale model can be used to investigate thermal transport in multi-finger devices and to explore the effect of cross-talk between different fingers.
Molecular Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To determine whether the expression of specific molecular markers in the rectal cancer biopsies prior to treatment, can correlate with complete tumor response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) as determined by the pathology of the surgical specimen. Methods: We retrospectively examined pretreatment rectal biopsies of patients aged 18 years or older with locally advanced rectal cancer who had been treated with neoadjuvant CRT and surgical resection in our tertiary-care, university-affiliated medical center, between January 2001 and December 2011. Samples were analyzed for expression of B-cell lymphoma 2, P53, Ki67, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and the tumor regression grade after CRT and radical surgery. Results: Forty-seven patients were included in the final analysis. Main outcome measures were the correlation between the expression of the molecular markers tested in the pretreatment biopsy, and complete tumor response. Complete pathologic response after CRT was attained in 27% of the patients. Percentage of cells expressing EGFR in the pretreated biopsies of patients having complete pathologic response after CRT and surgery was 33.08±7.87% compared to 19±15.36% ( P =0.38), 6.66±2.83% ( P <0.003), and 12.5±4.93% ( P =0.033) in patients with partial response and tumor regression grades of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The other molecular markers tested in the pretreatment biopsy did not corresponded with complete pathologic response. Conclusions: EGFR expression pattern in the pretreatment biopsies of rectal tumors can assist in identifying patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant CRT.
Evaluating the effects of interactive innovations at farm level: the potential of FADN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Purpose: This study explores the potential of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) to assess the technical, economic and environmental effects of cooperative innovation projects at farm level.Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis of the FADN potential relies on the classification of innovations and the co-identification, through the Most Significant Change (MSC) approach, of the most relevant indicators for tracking and assessing the performances of innovations and attributing to them the effects of a specific innovation.Findings: The study shows that the FADN has a certain range of useful indicators and that they have a good coverage of the different types of innovation. Furthermore, the farm visits let emerge the importance of participatory approaches to capture the different changes and interplays occurred in farming processes.Practical implications: The paper lays the foundations for the adaptation of the current methodology for data collecting and provides useful insights concerning the overcoming representativeness claims, costs' issues, and problems related to the observation time limit.Theoretical implications: The paper reveals the importance of participatory monitoring and evaluation approaches in helping the collection of more robust and relevant account data on farm, as well as in attributing certain results to a specific innovation and recognising synergies and side-effects of cooperative processes.Originality/Values: The paper provides some recommendations on how to enlarge the scope of the FADN survey in order to be used effectively in the analysis of the performance of cooperative innovations at farm level.
Domestic violence in China Keitetsi’s Child Soldier

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses China Keitetsi's autobiographical narrative Child Soldier (2002) by looking at the complexity of gendered violence, specifically against female children. The text presents domestic violence as a motive for the protagonist's voluntary recruitment into Yoweri Museveni's Popular Resistance Army (PRA) which later joined the Ugandan Freedom Fighters (UFF) to create the National Resistance Army (NRA). The narrative shocks its readers as page after page unravels gendered violence at home, as experienced by the protagonist. I argue in this chapter that Keitetsi represents vividly violence against children and the suffering that accompanies it, compelling her readers to think deeply about the ways in which autobiographical writing contributes to the discourse on gendered violence and human rights violations.
Determinants of Risk Management Disclosures of Life Insurance Companies in India: An Empirical Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The insurance sector, with a focus on life insurance companies, has become an essential component of India’s financial landscape. It not only safeguards individuals and families from financial risks but also contributes to the country’s economic development by channelling funds into long-term investments. In the pursuit of this mission, they are tasked with managing a diverse spectrum of risks, including market risk, credit risk, morbidity risk, operational risk, persistency risk, and catastrophe risk. Risk management disclosures in life insurance companies are essential for providing stakeholders with a clear understanding of the risks the company faces and how it manages those risks. Keeping in view the certain limitations, the data of major private and public sector players (as a sample) in the field of life insurance has been taken into consideration for the period of 10 years commencing from 2013-14 to 2022-23, and to justify the study, the various statistical methods like coding, ranking, ratio analysis, and pooled regression analysis have been used. The study is an attempt to analyse the impact of risk disclosure on the financial performance of life insurance companies in India because in a sector where trust and financial stability are paramount, prioritising high-quality risk disclosures is crucial for the long-term success and resilience of life insurance companies in India. The findings of this study highlight that the effective risk management is crucial to uphold the life insurers’ financial stability, meet policyholders’ claims, and maintain solvency.
Adverse Events of Subcutaneous Loop Recorders: Insights from the MAUDE Database

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Complications using internal cardiac monitors are have been reported at a low rate. Targeted analyses of complications have not been well described. Objective: To investigate and describe complications associated with internal cardiac monitor (ICM) events reported to the FDA’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database. Methods: Our team reviewed all reported events for the Reveal LINQ loop recorder submitted to the MAUDE database over seven years (1/1/2013-12/31/2019). A 5% random selection of reports was audited by two researchers to ensure report validity. Two cardiologists manually reviewed death and incongruent events for final interpretation. Results: 12,652 records were obtained during the observed time period. A total of 15,587 device complications were reported. Of this, under-sensing (n = 4509, 28.93%), premature discharge of battery (n = 3262, 20.93%), over-sensing (n = 2788, 17.89%), and other sensing issues (n = 1532, 9.83%) were most commonly reported. Patient adverse events were reported 1,030 times. Pain or discomfort (n = 275, 26.70%), site infection (n = 213, 20.68%), erosion (n = 138, 13.40%), and impaired healing (n = 49, 4.76%) were most commonly reported to affect patients. Death was reported four times; after expert review, no reports justified the device or procedure as a reasonable cause. Verification of events reported 99.53% accuracy of reporting. Conclusion: Several non-life-threatening ICM complications were commonly noted from the analysis. This study supports the safe use of ICMs. A better understanding of the complication profile will help providers select patients, provide informed consent, and expected management.
Comparative Evaluation of Mineralized Bone Allografts for Spinal Fusion Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The primary objective of this review is to evaluate whether the degree of processing and the clinical utility of commercially available mineralized bone allografts for spine surgery meet the 2020 US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guideline definitions for minimal manipulation and homologous use, respectively. We also assessed the consistency of performance of these products by examining the comparative postoperative radiographic fusion rates following spine surgery. Based on the FDA’s criteria for determining whether a structural allograft averts regulatory oversight and classification as a drug/device/biologic, mineralized bone allografts were judged to meet the Agency’s definitional descriptions for minimal manipulation and homologous use when complying with the American Association of Tissue Banks’ (AATB) accredited guidelines for bone allograft harvesting, processing, storing and transplanting. Thus, these products do not require FDA medical device clearance. Radiographic fusion rates achieved with mineralized bone allografts were uniformly high (>85%) across three published systematic reviews. Little variation was found in the fusion rates irrespective of anatomical location, allograft geometry, dimensions or indication, and in most cases, the rates were similar to those for autologous bone alone. Continued utilization of mineralized bone allografts should be encouraged across all spine surgery applications where supplemental grafts and/or segmental stability are required to support mechanically solid arthrodeses.
The diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae surface polysaccharides

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered an urgent health concern due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains for which vaccination offers a potential remedy. Vaccines based on surface polysaccharides are highly promising but need to address the high diversity of surface-exposed polysaccharides, synthesized as O-antigens (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and K-antigens (capsule polysaccharide, CPS), present in K. pneumoniae. We present a comprehensive and clinically relevant study of the diversity of O- and K-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters across a global collection of over 500 K. pneumoniae whole-genome sequences and the seroepidemiology of human isolates from different infection types. Our study defines the genetic diversity of O- and K-antigen biosynthesis cluster sequences across this collection, identifying sequences for known serotypes as well as identifying novel LPS and CPS gene clusters found in circulating contemporary isolates. Serotypes O1, O2 and O3 were most prevalent in our sample set, accounting for approximately 80 % of all infections. In contrast, K serotypes showed an order of magnitude higher diversity and differ among infection types. In addition we investigated a potential association of O or K serotypes with phylogenetic lineage, infection type and the presence of known virulence genes. K1 and K2 serotypes, which are associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae, were associated with a higher abundance of virulence genes and more diverse O serotypes compared to other common K serotypes.
The Surgery of The Common Congenital Cardiac Malformations, by Christiaan N. Barnard, M.D., M.Med. (Cape Town), M.S., Ph.D. (Minnesota), F.A.C.S., F.A.C.C., and Velva Schrire, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.D. (Cape Town), F.R.C.P.E., F.R.C.P., F.A.C.C. New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row, Publisher (49 E. 33rd Street, New York, New York 10016), 1969, 179 pp., no price given

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This short (179 pages), well-composed text includes a presentation of the anatomy, hemodynamic characteristics, and surgical management of five congenital cardiovascular abnormalities. Although not much in the way of new information is offered, the material is easy to read and is followed by an excellent bibliography. Chapters dealing with patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation, atrial and ventricular septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot comprise the materials covered by the text. With certain exceptions, for instance, the routine use of chloramphenicol as a postoperative antibiotic, the discussion of the surgical treatment and postoperative management of these anomalies is very well done.
Identification of crucial genes and pathways associated with colorectal cancer by bioinformatics analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignant tumour type arising from the colon and rectum. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of the development and progression of CRC. Initially, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CRC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues were obtained by analysing the GSE15781 microarray dataset. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was then utilized for functional and pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Proteins database and visualized by Cytoscape software. Furthermore, CytoNCA, a Cytoscape plugin, was used for centrality analysis of the PPI network to identify crucial genes. Finally, UALCAN was employed to validate the expression of the crucial genes and to estimate their effect on the survival of patients with colon cancer by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. A total of 1,085 DEGs, including 496 upregulated and 589 downregulated genes, were screened out. The DEGs identified were enriched in various pathways, including 'metabolic pathway', 'cell cycle', 'DNA replication', 'nitrogen metabolism', 'p53 signalling' and 'fatty acid degradation'. PPI network analysis suggested that interleukin-6, MYC, NOTCH1, inhibin subunit βA (INHBA), CDK1, cyclin (CCN)B1 and CCNA2 were crucial genes, and their expression levels were markedly upregulated. Survival analysis suggested that upregulated INHBA significantly decreased the survival probability of patients with CRC. Conversely, upregulation of CCNB1 and CCNA2 expression levels were associated with increased survival probabalities. The identified DEGs, particularly the crucial genes, may enhance the current understanding of the genesis and progression of CRC, and certain genes, including INHBA, CCNB1 and CCNA2, may be candidate diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as targets for the treatment of CRC.
SU-FF-T-326: On the Use of Ice as a Water-Equivalent Solid Medium for Brachytherapy Dosimetry Measurement

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: It is well-known that fluctuation in chemical compositions can lead to significant errors in the dosimetry of low-energy brachytherapy sources using the traditional “water-equivalent” solid phantoms. The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using ice as a consistent water equivalent solid medium for low-energy brachytherapy dosimetry. Methodod and Materials: The MCNP Monte Carlo code was used to compute the solid-phantom-to-water conversion factor for ice (Rice) and for SolidWater™ (RSW) irradiated with mono-energetic photons of 10 keV to 2.0 MeV and photons of six brachytherapy sources at various physical distances from the source. The RSW for different chemical compositions observed in SolidWater™ was also calculated. The feasibility of making precise ice phantoms was explored theoretically from an engineering point of view. Results: The uncertainty associated with the chemical composition of the SolidWater™ phantom can cause large errors in RSW for photons emitted by source: 9% at 1 cm, 47% at 5 cm and 72% at 10 cm radial distance while ice would be free from such errors. However, due to its lower physical density compared to liquid water, the Rice was found to depend on both the photon energy and distance from the source. At the distance of 1 cm used in reference dosimetry, Rice varied from 0.890 at 15 keV to 1.015 at 50 keV. A practical approach for making ice slabs with pre-designed molds of brachytherapy sources and dosimeters was proposed. Conclusions: A comprehensive set of Rice has been calculated for mono-energetic photons and for photons emitted by existing brachytherapy sources at various measurement depths. Using Rice with an ice phantom would eliminate errors resulted from chemical composition fluctuations in traditional SolidWater™ phantom while retaining the positioning advantages of a solid phantom. Experimental measurements using ice phantom are being planned.
Investigating the intersection of ESG investing, green recovery, and SME development in the OECD

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study investigates how ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) investing, the development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and various control variables affect the utilization of green energy across 10 OECD (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries from 2005 to 2020. The findings show a significant positive relationship between ESG investing and the growth of renewable energy, with a 1% increase in ESG investments leading to a 0.19% rise in short-term and a 0.32% rise in long-term renewable energy use. SMEs are also key drivers of renewable energy growth, contributing a 0.10% increase in the short term and a 0.11% increase in the long term for each 1% rise in their revenues. The positive impact of SMEs is attributed to their resource allocation towards sustainable practices and innovation. Control variables reveal that air pollution and labor productivity support renewable energy expansion, while mobile data usage has a negative effect. In the post-COVID-19 context, OECD countries are advised to adopt comprehensive policies that promote ESG investing, support SME growth, focus on clean energy initiatives, and encourage responsible digital practices to boost renewable energy development.
Depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice limits angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and growth

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: The role of chronic inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is controversial. CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (dendritic cells (DCs)) have been reported in human AAA samples but their role is unclear. The effect of conditional depletion of CD11c+ cells on experimental AAA was investigated in the angiotensin II (AngII)-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE–/–) mouse model. Approach: CD11c-diphtheria toxin (DT or D.tox) receptor (DTR), ovalbumin (OVA) fragment aa 140–386, and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-ApoE–/– (CD11c.DOG.ApoE–/–) mice were generated and CD11c+ cell depletion achieved with D.tox injections (8 ng/g body weight, i.p., every-other-day). AAA formation and growth were assessed by measurement of supra-renal aortic (SRA) diameter in vivo by serial ultrasound and by morphometry assessment of harvested aortas at the end of the study. Results: Depletion of CD11c+ cells by administration of D.tox on alternative days was shown to reduce the maximum diameter of AAAs induced by 28 days AngII infusion compared with controls (D.tox, 1.58 ± 0.03 mm vs Vehicle control, 1.81 ± 0.06 mm, P&lt;0.001). CD11c+ depletion commencing after AAA establishment by 14 days of AngII infusion, was also shown to lead to smaller AAAs than controls after a further 14 days (D.tox, 1.54 ± 0.04 mm vs Vehicle control, 1.80 ± 0.03 mm, P&lt;0.001). Flow cytometry revealed significantly lower numbers of circulating CD44hi CD62Llo effector CD4 T cells, CD44hi CD62Llo effector CD8 T cells and B220+ B cells in CD11c+ cell-depleted mice versus controls. CD11c+ depletion attenuated SRA matrix degradation indicated by decreased neutrophil elastase activity (P=0.014), lower elastin degradation score (P=0.012) and higher collagen content (P=0.002). Conclusion: CD11c+ cell-depletion inhibited experimental AAA development and growth associated with down-regulation of circulating effector T cells and attenuated matrix degradation. The findings suggest involvement of autoreactive immune cells in AAA pathogenesis.
In vitro screening of fungicides and antagonists against Sclerotium rolfsii

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A study was conducted in the microbiology laboratory of Plant Pathology Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, during 2010 to 2011 to control Sclerotium rolfsii with fungicides and Trichoderma harzianum . Six fungicides namely Provax-200, Bavistin, Ridomil, Dithane M-45, Rovral 50 WP and Tilt were screened at 100, 200 and 400 ppm concentration for their efficacy against the radial colony growth of S. rolfsii. The complete inhibition was obtained with Provax-200 at all the selected concentrations. Complete inhibition also obtained at the highest concentration of Tilt. The highest concentration of Rovral 50WP inhibits 93.88% radial growth and significantly superior to Dithane M-45 at the highest concentration. Bavistin and Ridomil were found to be significantly lower when used against the test pathogen. A total of 20 T. harzianum isolates collected from rhizosphere and rhizoplane of different crops were screened against S. rolfsii following dual plate culture technique. The screened isolates of Trichoderma showed significantly variable antagonism ranging from 65.01 to 83.06% reduction of radial growth of S. rolfsii. Among the screened antagonists, the isolate TH-18 of T. harzianum showed the highest (83.06%) inhibition of radial growth of S. rolfsii. Key words : Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma harzianum , fungicides, antagonist.