jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Determination of Nerve Fiber Diameter Distribution From Compound Action Potential: A Continuous Approach

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

When a signal is initiated in the nerve, it is transmitted along each nerve fiber via an action potential (called single fiber action potential (SFAP)) which travels with a velocity that is related with the diameter of the fiber. The additive superposition of SFAPs constitutes the compound action potential (CAP) of the nerve. The fiber diameter distribution (FDD) in the nerve can be computed from the CAP data by solving an inverse problem. This is usually achieved by dividing the fibers into a finite number of diameter groups and solve a corresponding linear system to optimize FDD. However, number of fibers in a nerve can be measured sometimes in thousands and it is possible to assume a continuous distribution for the fiber diameters which leads to a gradient optimization problem. In this paper, we have evaluated this continuous approach to the solution of the inverse problem. We have utilized an analytical function for SFAP and an assumed a polynomial form for FDD. The inverse problem involves the optimization of polynomial coefficients to obtain the best estimate for the FDD. We have observed that an eighth order polynomial for FDD can capture both unimodal and bimodal fiber distributions present in vivo, even in case of noisy CAP data. The assumed FDD distribution regularizes the ill-conditioned inverse problem and produces good results.
THE STRUCTURE AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTRUM OF $C_{3}H$ IN SOLID $ARGON^{1}$

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

$^{1}$Work supported by the Welch Foundation (Grant P-0786) and the W.M. Keck Foundation. $^{2}$ J.W. Huang and W.R.M. Graham, J. Chem. Phys. 93 , 1583 (1990).
Dual Little Strings and their Partition Functions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the topological string partition function of a class of toric, double elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau threefolds $X_{N,M}$ at a generic point in the Kähler moduli space. These manifolds engineer little string theories in five dimensions or lower and are dual to stacks of M5-branes probing a transverse orbifold singularity. Using the refined topological vertex formalism, we explicitly calculate a generic building block which allows to compute the topological string partition function of $X_{N,M}$ as a series expansion in different Kähler parameters. Using this result we give further explicit proof for a duality found previously in the literature, which relates $X_{N,M}\sim X_{N',M'}$ for $NM=N'M'$ and $\text{gcd}(N,M)=\text{gcd}(N',M')$.
Replication Data for: Are Initiatives an End Run Around the Legislative Process? Divided Government and Voter Support for California Initiatives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Interest groups and policy advocates often view the initiative process as a way to circumvent a gridlocked state legislative process. A major assumption behind this strategy is that this alternative path can be successful. We theorize that the same conflict and lack of consensus that killed the legislation in the legislative process may resurface in the electorate and jeopardize the measure’s chances of success at the ballot box. We test this proposition on all initiatives in California from 1912 to 2020 and on a smaller subset of the data that controls for campaign spending and the economy. We find clear and consistent evidence that voter support for initiatives, especially fiscal initiatives, declines under periods of divided government. In addition, interactive models show that increasing levels of party polarization exacerbate these effects. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for the debate about whether the initiative process makes states more responsive to constituent opinion.
Korban Dan/Atau Pelaku: Atribusi Victim Blaming pada Korban Kekerasan Seksual Berbasis Gender di Lingkungan Kampus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sexual harassment frequently occurs in educational institutions such as colleges. The issue is exposed on the internet or reported directly by the authorized party. However, these reports lead society tendentiously to blame the victim. The victim-blaming phenomenon in sexual harassment cases particularly, when the victim object is female college students effecting them feeling frustrated, and scared, and even their rights as the victim cannot be obtained at all. This form of attribution of victims of violence often spurs the emergence of a victim mentality for victims of the stigma attached to dualism, as victims as well as contributing to the occurrence of violent events that befell them (the perpetrator). These things cause the victims to prefer remaining silent, than to reveal the case that has been going through due to worrying to be blamed. This research aims to figure out how the victim-blaming phenomenon happens to the victim of sexual harassment based on gender in educational institutions to provide policy recommendations to protect the victim and also for the student organization or the college. The method of this research is qualitative descriptive by utilizing triangulation data sources as data validation for the research approach. Data is obtained by documentation, field study, and depth interview with the victim of sexual harassment and policy experts from the college by using purposive sampling. Data analysis is performed together with the collecting data process by using qualitative techniques consisting of data reduction, display data, and conclusion. The result of this study shows that the student organization and college can role to form some preventive efforts on the victim-blaming phenomenon which can be implemented through a program or activity that is carried out online or offline.
Racialization Without Racism in Scholarship on Old Age

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Population aging and international migration have propelled the aging of ethno-cultural minorities to the forefront of social scientific inquiries. Examining how scholarship on old age makes sense of ethnicity and race has become relevant. Based on a scoping review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1998 and 2017 (n = 336), the present article asks whether the notions of racialization and racism inform this scholarship and argues that a racism-sensitive research agenda is needed.
Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Pathophysiology and Pain Management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of neuropathy in the Western world. There are 12,000,000 patients with non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM) in the USA and 1,000,000 patients with insulin dependent DM (IDDM). At present 20% of people more than 65 years old have DM, by 2010 it will be more than 30%. Neuropathy occurs in NIDDM and IDDM, but may develop sooner after diagnosis in NIDDM. Medication selection should be individualized, considering side effects, potent beneficial or deleterious effects on comorbidities, and whether prompt onset of pain relief is necessary.
Event-Driven Optimal Feedback Control for Multiantenna Beamforming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Transmit beamforming is a simple multiantenna technique for increasing throughput and the transmission range of a wireless communication system. The required feedback of channel state information (CSI) can potentially result in excessive overhead especially for high mobility or many antennas. This work concerns efficient feedback for transmit beamforming and establishes a new approach of controlling feedback for maximizing throughput under a constraint on the average feedback rate. The feedback controller using a stationary policy turns CSI feedback on/off according to the system state that comprises the channel state and transmit beamformer. Assuming channel isotropy and Markovity, the controller's state reduces to two scalars. This allows the optimal control policy to be efficiently computed using dynamic programming. Consider the unquantized feedback channel free of error, where each feedback instant pays a fixed price. The corresponding optimal feedback control policy is proved to be of the threshold type. This result holds regardless of whether the controller's state space is discretized or continuous. Under the threshold-type policy, feedback is performed whenever a state variable indicating the accuracy of transmit CSI is below a threshold, which varies with channel power. The practical quantized feedback channel is also considered. The optimal policy for quantized feedback is proved to be also of the threshold type. The effect of CSI quantization is shown to be equivalent to an increment on the feedback price. Moreover, the increment is upper bounded by the expected logarithm of one minus the quantization error. Finally, simulation shows that feedback control increases throughput of the conventional periodic feedback by up to 0.5 bit/s/Hz without requiring additional bandwidth or antennas. © 2010 IEEE.
Support needs of carers making proxy healthcare decisions for people with dementia: a systematic review based on the Noblit and Hare meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative studies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background There are 50 million dementia sufferers worldwide. Decisions about healthcare often need to be made when the person with dementia lacks capacity to do so. Understanding the support needs of carers acting as proxy healthcare decision-makers will be vital in improving the decision-making process for people with dementia and addressing the holistic needs of carers. Objective The objective of this study was to review the existing literature on the support needs of carers acting as proxy healthcare decision-makers for people with dementia. Design A qualitative systematic review protocol was published on PROSPERO. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist was used to appraise study quality. A meta-ethnographic synthesis was performed to develop third-order constructs. Data sources A search was conducted using three online databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO). Eligibility criteria Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria: primary qualitative research involving carers of people with dementia who had been involved in making proxy healthcare decisions. Data extraction and synthesis Two independent researchers conducted validity assessments for each paper selected for inclusion, and discrepancies were resolved by discussions with a third reviewer. Nvivo software was used and conceptual findings from study papers lead to interpretations of findings by the team. Results From the 15 papers included in the study, three main domains arose from the meta-ethnography; informational, practical and emotional. Informational support needs included information about dementia itself and the anticipated disease trajectory. Practical needs included continuity of care, person-centred care and the use of legal frameworks. Emotional support included recognising the guilt that healthcare decisions can provoke and the importance of providing guidance in an empathic manner. Conclusions This meta-ethnography highlights opportunities for healthcare professionals and policymakers to improve experiences of carers making proxy healthcare decisions for people with dementia. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020124485.
Félicien Rops, graveur de la décadence latine

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

By examining several late nineteenth-century editions, in particular the first volumes of Joséphin Péladan's La Décadence latine , illustrated with frontispieces by Félicien Rops that combine Latin inscriptions and iconic elements, this essay explores an "iconotextual" configuration characteristic of fin-de-siècle literary works. At a time marked by the revival of patristic and Late Latin, the integration of Christian, pagan and modern references in Rops' iconography provides the illustrated works with a tangled aesthetic frame, based on anachronism and religious subversion, which situate the literature of the decadence in a staggered art-historical dimension.
Genomic structure and assessment of the retinally expressed RFamide-related peptide gene in dominant cystoid macular dystrophy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Purpose: Computer-assisted sampling of EST data contained within the UniGene human sequences collection is being used to establish a catalog of novel genes that are expressed exclusively or predominantly in the human retina. This provides a valuable source for candidate genes possibly involved in retinal degeneration. In this report we present the characterization of the C7orf9 gene locus encoding RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) and its evaluation in dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (CYMD). Methods: Bioinformatics and cDNA library screening were used to isolate the full-length cDNA sequence and to determine the genomic organization of C7orf9. Expression profiling was done by RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. C7orf9 was evaluated as a candidate gene for CYMD by DNA sequencing and Southern blot analysis in two affected individuals from an extended Dutch CYMD family. Results: The C7orf9 cDNA transcript consists of 1190 bp and is organized into 3 exons on the short arm of chromosome 7 within the critical region for CYMD. The transcript is specifically expressed in the retina but not in a large range of other human tissues. No disease-causing mutations or larger gene rearrangements were found. Conclusions: We provide the genomic organization of the RFamide-related peptide gene, C7orf9, which encodes a precursor protein for at least two small neuropeptides, referred to as NPSF (alias RFRP-1) and NPVF (alias RFRP-3) and show that it is abundantly expressed in the human retina. Results of our comprehensive mutation analysis suggests that C7orf9 is not the CYMD gene.
Research practices and research misconduct

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background: Research on research integrity has tended to focus on frequency of research misconduct and factors that might induce someone to commit research misconduct. A definitive answer to the first question has been elusive, but it remains clear that research misconduct occurs too often. Answers to the second question are so diverse, it might be productive to ask a different question: What about how research is done allows research misconduct to occur? Methods: With that question in mind, research integrity officers (RIOs) of the 62 members of the American Association of Universities were invited to complete a brief survey about their most recent instance of a finding of research misconduct. Respondents were asked whether one or more good practices of research (e.g., openness and transparency, keeping good research records) were present in their case of research misconduct. Results: Twenty-four (24) of the respondents (39% response rate) indicated they had dealt with at least one finding of research misconduct and answered the survey questions. Over half of these RIOs reported that their case of research misconduct had occurred in an environment in which at least nine of the ten listed good practices of research were deficient. Conclusions: These results are not evidence for a causal effect of poor practices, but it is noteworthy that good research practices such as those listed would make it more difficult if not impossible for someone in such an environment to commit research misconduct.
Although drought intensity increases aflatoxin contamination, drought tolerance does not lead to less aflatoxin contamination

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drought stress is known to increase aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and establishing a possible relationship between drought tolerance and resistance to aflatoxin contamination could contribute to a more efficient selection of aflatoxin-resistant genotypes. In recent work, the reference collection of groundnut had been assessed across seasons varying for drought intensity, i.e. two moderate temperature (rainy season) and two high temperature (dry season) experiments under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions (Hamidou et al., 2012, Hamidou et al., 2013). Here aflatoxin concentration (AC) in seeds is measured in these trials, first for possibly identifying germplasm with low aflatoxin concentrations and second for investigating possible relationships between aflatoxin concentration and drought tolerance. Drought stress intensity increased aflatoxin concentration in seeds and higher aflatoxin contamination was observed under combined drought and high temperature conditions than under drought alone. No germplasm with lower AC than resistant check (55-437) were found. Aflatoxin contamination showed very high GxE interactions, which suggest that selection for resistance to aflatoxin contamination must be specific to environment. Across trials, using means for each environment, there was a clear positive relationship between the aflatoxin concentration and the grain yield reduction due to drought, indicating that a higher drought severity led to higher aflatoxin concentration. However, within trial, the same relationships applied to individual genotypes, or to cohorts of tolerant/sensitive genotypes, were not significant. The major conclusion of this work is that while drought intensity did increase the level of aflatoxin contamination, as expected and previously reported, there seemed to be no direct relationship between tolerance to drought and aflatoxin concentration, suggesting that the mechanisms of drought tolerance and aflatoxin contamination are likely not common.
Wireworm Control on Potatoes in Idaho with Side-Dressed and Broadcast Insecticides123

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Side-dressed and broadcast applications of insecticides Were evaluated for wireworm, mostly sugarbeet wire-worm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim), control on potatoes in 2 separate field experiments in Idaho. In the 1st experiment, Bay-38156 (O-ethyl-S-p-tolyl ethyl-phosphonodithioate) and disulfoton were side-dressed at rates of 8 ami 18, Agritox® (O-ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl ethylphosphonothioate) and Dasanit® (O, O-diethyl O-[p- (methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate) at 0.8 and 1.8, and propoxur at 0.9 and 1.7 oz active in gredient (AI) /1000 ft of row. All treatments resulted in significant reductions in wireworm injury. The treatments are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: llay-38156 > disulfoton > Dasanit and propoxur > untreated control. Control with Agritox was midway between that with disulfoton and Dasanit, but not signilificantlv different from either. In the 2nd experiment, chlordane was broadcast at the rate 10 lb; diazinon and parathion at 6 lb, phoxim at 3 lb, and Dyfonate® (O-ethyl-S-phenyl ethylphosphono dithioate) and Agritox at 4 lb AI/acre. Phorate was side dressed at 2.3 oz and dichlorvos at 3,8 oz AI/1000 ft of row. Each plot was paired with an untreated control. Reductions in damage to tubers were: Agritox, Dyfonate, and chlordane> parathion> phorate, Damage in plots treated with phoxim, dichlorvos, and diazinon did not differ from that in plots treated with Agritox, Dyfonate, and chlordane or from the plots treated with parathion, Dichlorvos side-dressed at 12.4 and 3.8 oz AI/1000 ft of row resulted in better control than that obtained with 2.0 oz. None of the chemicals gave satisfactory control. If wireworm control were to depend on one of the organo-phosphate materials, the wireworm population would be expected to increase slowly until wireworm injury again would be be of the major problems confronting potato growers in Idaho.
Syntheses and Structures of New Organoaluminum Fluorides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports the synthesis of (Cp2ZrMe)(μ-F)[(Me3Si)3CAlF2] (1), [(Cp2Zr)(μ-F)2[(Me3Si)3CAlF]]2O (2), and [Na(Me3Si)3CAlF3(THF)]4 (3). 1 was prepared by the reaction of [(Me3Si)3CAlF2]3 with Cp2ZrMe2 and Me3SnF. Compound 1 reacts with THF to form 2. The reaction of (Me3Si)3CAlMe2(THF) with Me3SnF and NaCl affords 3. The molecular structures of compounds 1−3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis.
A theoretical equation of state for methane

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A theoretical equation of state for methane is derived and compared with experimental data. The EOS for the solid phase was constructed from the Debye model. The EOS for the fluid phase was constructed from thermodynamic perturbation theory. Tables of the calculated thermodynamic properties are available for temperatures from 20 to 104 K and for densities up to 2.5 g/cm3. Agreement with experiment is good.
Siganus stellatus: Carpenter, K.E., Jiddawi, N., Borsa, P., Obota, C., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Yahya, S.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.
Circadian pattern in the onset of acute myocardial infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate whether there is a circadian pattern in the onset of acute myocardial infarction.
Methods: This study included 60 patients. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction was by ECG and/or enzyme abnormalities. Patients
were sub-grouped based on age, sex, prior history of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Time of onset of
symptoms was noted. For calculation of frequency of onset of symptoms, the day was divided into 4 quarters.
Results: Statistically significant peaks were observed in the second and third quarter of the day. Highest number of patients had
onset of events in 2nd quarter of day. Similar pattern of distribution was observed in females, patients above and below 60 years,
diabetics, hypertensives, and ischaemic heart disease patients. In males, highest frequency was seen in 3rd quarter.
Conclusion: There were statistically significant peaks in the onset of acute myocardial infarction in the 2nd and 3rd quarter of the
day.
Significance of symbionts in Hippobosca equina L. (Diptera: Hippoboscidae).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hippobosca equina females fed on defibrinated blood containing oxytetracycline, sulphaquinoxaline or lysozyme showed a severe damage in symbionts. The fecundity of these flies was greatly decreased. The most effective antibiotic was found to be oxytetracycline, where the mean number of puparia laid by the female in its whole life span was 2.4, 2.8 and 2.9 - for flies fed on blood treated with oxytetracycline, lysozyme and sulphaquinoxaline, respectively. The results obtained showed that the flies do not reproduce after 60 days from emergence in all the cases. It could be concluded that primarily the symbionts in the flies are damaged, which secondarily leads to sterility.

Zusammenfassung

Zur Bedeutung der Symbionten fur Hippobosca equina L. (Dipt., Hippoboscidae)

H.-equina-Weibchen, die von definibriertem Blut frasen, das Oxytetracyclin, Sulphaquinoxalin oder Lysozym enthielt, zeigten eine wesentliche Beeintrachtigung ihrer Endosymbionten. Die Vermehrung solcher Fliegen war stark vermindert. Als wirksamstes Antibiotikum wurde Oxytetracyclin festgestellt, bei welchem die mittlere Zahl der von 1 Weibchen wahrend seines Lebens abgelegten Puparien 2.4, 2.8, bzw. 2.9 bei Ernahrung mit Blut betrug, das mit Oxytetracyclin, Lysozym bzw. Sulphaquinoxalin behandelt war. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das sich die Fliegen in allen Fallen innerhalb von 60 Tagen nach dem Schlupfen noch nicht fortgepflanzt hatten. Es kann daraus geschlossen werden, das primar die Symbionten in den Fliegen geschadigt wurden, was sekundar zur Sterilitat fuhrte.