jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prevention Effect of Spontaneous Combustion of Lignite by Aromatic Amine Antioxidants

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

낮은 탄화도로 휘발분 함량이 높은 저급 석탄인 갈탄은 낮은 발열량을 나타낸다. 높은 휘발분 함량으로 저장 및 운송 과정에서 자연발화로 인하여 활용율이 낮은 탄종이었다. 휘발분 중에는 인화성이 강한 아릴 에테르 등이 포함되어 있으며, 갈탄의 열분해시 메탄과 수소가 발생하는 특성을 나타낸다. 석탄을 단순 연소만이 아닌 IGCC 공정과 같은 가스화 공정 사용시 낮은 회분 함유량과 높은 휘발분과 수분 함유량으로 낮은 발열량에 불구하고 효율적 사용이 가능하다. 갈탄의 휘발분은 다양한 방향족화합물을 함유하고 있으며, 회분에는 FeS를 비롯하여 쉽게 산화될 수 있는 성분을 함유하고 있으며, 분해시 메캡탄 형태로 배출되기도 한다. 다양한 휘발분과 환원된 금속이 대기 중에 노출되면서 산소, 수분과 접촉하여 산화되며, 열을 발생시킨다. 산화반응으로 석탄의 온도상승이 발생되며, 인화성이 강한 휘발분에 의한 발화가 발생된다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 차수 아민계을 산화방지제로 사용하여 갈탄에 도포하고, 아민의 자연발화 억제 효과를 연구하였다. 발화 온도의 상승으로 산화 방지 효과를 측정하였으며, 방향족 아민에 의하여 자연발화가 억제됨을 알 수 있었다. 연소로 조업온도에서 연소성의변화가 없을을 알 수 있었다. Lignite is low-rank coal with a low degree of carbonization and high volatile matter content. Lignite, which has a high volatile content and spontaneous ignition characteristics during storage and transportation, is a type of coal with low utilization. Among the volatile components, lignite contains highly flammable aryl ethers, and methane and hydrogen are generated during the thermal decomposition of lignite. When coal is used in a gasification process, such as the IGCC process, instead of the combustion process, the volatile matter of lignite contains various aromatic compounds, and the ash contains reduced metal and FeS. Lignite contains easily oxidizable components. The sulfur compounds of lignite are decomposed to mercaptan. As various volatile components and reduced metals are exposed to the air, they are oxidized in contact with oxygen and moisture, generating heat. Oxidation reactions cause the temperature of coal to rise. In this study, various tertiary amines were applied to lignite using antioxidants, and the spontaneous combustion inhibitory effect of amines was studied. The antioxidant effect was measured by increasing the ignition temperature, and the aromatic amine suppressed spontaneous ignition. The combustion rate was unaffected by the operating temperature of the furnace.
Methods for Improved Detection of Oxacillin Resistance in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Results of a Multicenter Study

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A multilaboratory study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of the current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) oxacillin breakpoints for broth microdilution and disk diffusion testing of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) by using a PCR assay for mecA as the reference method. Fifty well-characterized strains of CoNS were tested for oxacillin susceptibility by the NCCLS broth microdilution and disk diffusion procedures in 11 laboratories. In addition, organisms were inoculated onto a pair of commercially prepared oxacillin agar screen plates containing 6 μg of oxacillin per ml and 4% NaCl. The results of this study and of several other published reports suggest that, in order to reliably detect the presence of resistance mediated by mecA , the oxacillin MIC breakpoint for defining resistance in CoNS should be lowered from ≥4 to ≥0.5 μg/ml and the breakpoint for susceptibility should be lowered from ≤2 to ≤0.25 μg/ml. In addition, a single disk diffusion breakpoint of ≤17 mm for resistance and ≥18 mm for susceptibility is suggested. Due to the poor sensitivity of the oxacillin agar screen plate for predicting resistance in this study, this test can no longer be recommended for use with CoNS. The proposed interpretive criteria for testing CoNS have been adopted by the NCCLS.
The challenges of promoting global environmental stewardship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the USA, the National Sea Grant College Program has taken its leadership, expertise, and infrastructure over the past several years to develop several national programs to combat scientific illiteracy, to encourage minority participation in the sciences, and to expand the pool of educated, scientifically trained individuals from which future leaders in research, government, business, and industry will be drawn. These two programs are the Global Environmental Change Training the Trainer Programs, and Operation Pathfinder: Oceanography and Coastal Processes for Middle School Teachers. Both these programs are aimed at educators who, in turn, take the training to their individual school or community. Requirements of the training are that they develop educational programs for their peers (fellow teachers) and students. In this way, many more individuals are exposed to the information. This "training the trainer concept" greatly multiplies these efforts.
ABA-induced active stomatal closure in bulb scales of Lanzhou lily

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abscisic acid (ABA) mediated stomatal closure is a highly effective mode of active stomatal regulation under drought stress. Previous studies on stomatal regulation have primarily focused on the leaves of vascular plants, while research on the stomatal behavior of bulbous plants remains unknown. In addition, ABA-induced stomatal regulation in bulbs has yet to be explored. Therefore, we aim to investigate the ABA-induced active regulation in the bulb of the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). The morphological characteristics of epidermal strips were analyzed along with a stomatal aperture assay to investigate the bulb's stomatal response to ABA. Moreover, the mechanism of ABA signaling was explored using treatments with ABA signaling chemicals and corresponding scavengers. This study revealed that stomata are mainly distributed on the upper part and outer surface of the bulb. The guard cells of the lily bulb are inflated, and the stomata have a nearly circular shape with relatively low stomatal density. Exogenous ABA was found to induce varying degrees of stomatal closure in a dose-dependent manner, with significant stomatal aperture reduction observed after treatment with 10 µM ABA. Overall, the study indicated that both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the ABA-induced stomatal closure process, with H2O2 functioning as an upstream component of NO.
Associations with Single Rare Heterozygous NLRP7 Variants for Chinese Patients with Sporadic Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) encompass a group of clinically heterogeneous tumors of trophoblastic cell origin. In some populations and studies, single NLRP7 heterozygous mutations and some non-synonymous variants (NSVs) have been shown to confer genetic susceptibility to sporadic GTDs. Our study aims to investigate whether single rare heterozygous NSVs in NLRP7 predispose patients to GTDs in Chinese. Methods We performed Sanger sequencing of all NLRP7 exons and exon-intron boundaries in a cohort of Chinese patients with non-recurrent sporadic GTDs and normal childbearing women. Using in-silico analysis and several prediction programs, we investigated the effects of identified NSVs on the function of the protein. Then we examine the function in inflammatory pathway to assessing the functional consequences of the identified rare NSVs in in-vitro studies. Results We found that the number of patients with rare single heterozygous NSVs that are predicted to have functional effects on the protein is significantly higher in the first cohort of 292 patients than in the 300 controls (p=0.028). Analysis of the validation cohort of 130 patients confirmed the significant higher number of patients with rare NSVs than controls (p=0.0014). We show that most of the rare variants that are identified only in the patients are predicted to have functional effects on the protein by various algorithms and in-vitro experiments. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that Chinese patients with GTDs have a higher burden of single heterozygous NLRP7 variants which were predicted to have effects on the protein than controls. We suggest that some of these single NSVs may contribute to the genetic susceptibility for GTDs in China.
Functional topography of the neocortex predicts covariation in complex cognitive and basic motor abilities

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Although higher-order cognitive and lower-order sensorimotor abilities are generally regarded as distinct and studied separately, there is evidence that they not only covary but also that this covariation increases across the lifespan. This pattern has been leveraged in clinical settings where a simple assessment of sensory or motor ability (e.g. hearing, gait speed) can forecast age-related cognitive decline and risk for dementia. However, the brain mechanisms underlying cognitive, sensory, and motor covariation are largely unknown. Here, we examined whether such covariation in midlife reflects variability in common versus distinct neocortical networks using individualized maps of functional topography derived from BOLD fMRI data collected in 769 45-year-old members of a population-representative cohort. Analyses revealed that variability in basic motor but not hearing ability reflected individual differences in the functional topography of neocortical networks typically supporting cognitive ability. These patterns suggest that covariation in motor and cognitive abilities in midlife reflects convergence of function in higher-order neocortical networks and that gait speed may not be simply a measure of physical function but rather an integrative index of nervous system health.
Larval transcriptomes reflect the evolutionary history of plant–insect associations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In this study, we investigated whether patterns of gene expression in larvae feeding on different plants can explain important aspects of the evolution of insect–plant associations, such as phylogenetic conservatism of host use and re-colonization of ancestral hosts that have been lost from the host repertoire. To this end, we performed a phylogenetically informed study comparing the transcriptomes of 4 nymphalid butterfly species in Polygonia and the closely related genus Nymphalis. Larvae were reared on Urtica dioica, Salix spp., and Ribes spp. Plant-specific gene expression was found to be similar across butterfly species, even in the case of host plants that are no longer used by two of the butterfly species. These results suggest that plant-specific transcriptomes can be robust over evolutionary time. We propose that adaptations to particular larval food plants can profitably be understood as an evolved set of modules of co-expressed genes, promoting conservatism in host use and facilitating re-colonization. Moreover, we speculate that the degree of overlap between plant-specific transcriptomes may correlate with the strength of trade-offs between plants as resources and hence to the probability of colonizing hosts and complete host shifts.
Relocation Phenomenon (Models of Economic Behavior of Russian Migrants after February, 2022)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The events of February 2022 became the starting point of a new wave of Russian emigration. On the one hand, this phenomenon can be considered within a series of previous migration waves, on the other hand, the modern context leaves its imprint on the current migration process, making it very special from the economic and sociocultural perspectives. The article presents an attempt to analyze this specificity with an emphasis on the characteristics of the economic behavior of emigrants. Empirically, the study is based on a series of in-depth interviews with people who left Russia after February 2022. On the basis of these interviews, the authors built idealized cognitive models of possible options for the economic behavior of migrants. The authors considered a total of four models: relocation, which involves searching for a job in the host country; relocation, which involves remote work for a Russian company; relocation, which involves creating or moving one’s own business; relocation to a branch of a Russian company. Since the economic strategies of migrants are influenced by signals broadcast by the Russian government structures, the article analyzed the statements of representatives of these structures using the method of network cognitive mapping, which made it possible to reveal two types of official discourse in relation to those who left Russia, which differed in the extent of their criticism towards them. In general, the study showed that migrants of the latest wave are internally heterogeneous and fall into several groups that differ markedly in their motivation and patterns of economic behavior. At the same time, a significant part of them continues to cooperate with Russia in one way or another and, in principle, is ready to return to Russia. For them, migration is driven largely by security and/or economic reasons. Only a minority of emigrants left the country due to their disagreement with the current political course and consider the possibility of coming back only if the political course changes radically.
The rise of the genetic counseling profession in China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The rapid development of genetic and genomic technologies has greatly boosted medical genetic researches and clinical services worldwide. Since last century, genetic counseling in the United States has helped individuals and families understand, accept, and cope with their genetic issues. This fledging profession, which is in essence a branch of social work, emerged in China relatively late but has rapidly grown over the last few years. We believe that genetic counseling will continue to play a pivotal role in building communication channels between medical doctors and their patients, the government and the general public, and social organizations and their customers in China. The growth of genetic counseling aims to enable patients and family members to make informed decision which in turn will lead to the reduction of the birth prevalence of severe congenital anomalies and genetic disorders.
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF FARMERS' ASSOCIATIONS FOR SMALL-SCALE GROWERS: LESSONS FROM THE MALELANE MILL CANE COMMITTEE

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

There has recently been a lack of participation in projects aimed at small-scale farmers in the Malelane Mill Area. The authors believe that this problem is being experienced throughout the sugar industry. Investigations conducted by the Canegrowers Grower Support Officer indicated that a lack of institutional capacity at project level, to successfully and sustainably manage financial affairs, has contributed to the collapse of the small-scale projects. The ineffective management of communal accounts was a cause for concern, as ‘free riding’ was evident. Some growers were subsidising others. To strengthen and tighten financial control, it was imperative to provide technical and material support to the project leadership. This was achieved by facilitating compulsory induction training on institutional governance and basic financial management to the project clerks and chairpersons. This was aimed at capacitating the leadership and promoting accountability. Clerks were provided with a template to capture monthly expenditure and balance against bank statements. The Mill Cane Committee (MCC) administrator captures the individual project templates and supervises this process monthly, and the MCC retains copies for record purposes. The implementation of these measures had a positive impact, as it immediately exposed growers who defaulted in paying their association charges. The project chairpersons are now able to present the consolidated financial report at the grower meetings and at the annual general meeting (AGM). The improved accountability by the leadership has minimised delays in routine maintenance and conducting emergency repairs.
El-Muntar el-Abyad (South)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During June-July 2006, a salvage excavation was conducted at El-Muntar el-Abyad (South; Permit No. A-4832; map ref. 246515/710151), after antiquities were damaged during the installation of a sewer line. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and underwritten by the Bet She'an Economic Company, was directed by W. Atrash, with the assistance of Y. Lavan (administration), A. Hajian (surveying), A. Shapiro (GPS), H. Smithline (field photography), Y. Kadosh (graphics) and D. Sandhaus (pottery reading).
General and local stomatological and immunogenetic changes with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Works devoted to the study of homocysteine metabolic disorders in undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia and the dental condition of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia were not found in the available literature. The consideration of etiological factors, some pathologies of oral tissues associated with connective tissue dysplasia, specificity of clinical courses, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment have no unified approaches, which is the main reason for inadequate proper medical and dental care for patients. AIM: This study aimed to examine the dental and immunogenetic state of the oral cavity and the body as a whole in the surveyed people with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study is based on the data obtained from the observation of 48 patients in 20162020 with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia and chronic generalized periodontitis (main group) and 34 patients without signs of musculoskeletal dysplasia but diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis (control group) aged 1837 years. RESULTS: The average dental caries intensity was 16.7 in the studied group of patients with AH. The following is the ratio of Caries Filling Extraction Index elements: caries of 2,1; fillings of 13,3; extracted teeth of 3,2 out of 26:1 teeth; non-carious dental lesions of 4,5; and periodontal tissue pathology of 85,5. Alveolar bone resorption values in the upper and lower jaws of female patients aged 3037 showed that bone loss in the alveolar process of the upper jaw is a bit faster (69%) than in the lower jaw (45%) (p 0.3). CONCLUSION: The state of dental hard tissue on the background of reduced bone mineral density is characterized by the high intensity of the carious process and a significant number of extracted teeth. Disbalance in the calcium-regulating hormone system in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia of middle age of both sexes promotes the development of an aggressive disease course, which is determined by reliably significant periodontal indexes worsening, increased attachment loss, and a higher bone tissue resorption degree.
Understanding the experiences of adults who attended English education institutes for young children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

유아대상 영어학원의 교습 과정과 영향에 대해 명확히 알려진 바가 없는 상황에서도 최근 기관의 증가세가 뚜렷하다. 이에 본 연구는 유아대상 영어학원을 다닌 성인을 대상으로, 해당 기관에서 받은 교습 경험을 탐구하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 유아대상 영어학원의 경험이 2년 이상 있는 성인 4명을 대상으로 심층 면담을 실시했다. 자료 분석 결과, 연구 참여자들은 다음의 경험을 하였다. 첫째, ‘영어가 중심인 세상’에서 영어권 문화에 대한 동경, 정체성의 혼란을 겪었다. 둘째, 학습이 놀이를 대체하는 ‘놀이의 부재’를 경험했다. 셋째, ‘낯선 원어민 교사’와 불편하고 어려운 관계를 경험하였다. 마지막으로, 비일상적이고 신기함과 환상을 특징으로 하는 ‘이벤트성’ 일과를 경험했다. 본 연구의 결과는 유아대상 영어학원이 유아 발달 측면에서, 나아가 인간 발달의 장기적 측면에서 바람직한 경험을 제공하는지 재고가 필요함을 시사한다.
[The geriatric team in the memory clinic].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The early and differential diagnosis of senile dementia is still a problem. The work of a multiprofessional team in the Memory Clinic Essen is reviewed. the combination of qualifications of the team corresponds with the diagnostic algorithms of DMS-III R and ICD 10. Members of the team are a geriatrician, a psychiatrist, a geragoque, and a psychologist. Every specialist examines the patient using his specialized method. The results are discussed in a diagnostic conference. Out of the different methods and views of the specialists a comprehensive image of the patient takes shape and allows a better understanding of the dementia.
The 1968 Aesthetic and Political Radicalization in the Argentinian Avant-Garde

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Tucumán Arde, the best-known collective action of the Argentine avant-garde movement during the 1960s, is usually regarded as an isolated milestone, an exceptional event. However, this chapter considers it instead as the corollary of the hectic process of aesthetic and political radicalization of the experimental artistic groups of the cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario and intends to contextualize that production within this historical period. This chapter summarizes an extensive research begun in the 1990s and carried out by the authors about the relationship between the artistic avant-garde and the political vanguard in 1968 in Argentina. They published the result of this research in the book Del Di Tella a "Tucumán Arde" (Buenos Aires, El cielo por asalto, 2000). Later, they revisited this experience and rediscussed its memory, especially the construction of a mythical narrative about Tucumán Arde as an exceptional event.
Elastic and quasielastic barrier distributions for light neutron-rich nuclei: The role of neutron stripping channels

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent interest in the elastic and quasielastic barrier distributions of systems involving weakly bound light projectiles has concentrated on the influence of coupling to breakup. We show that, for light neutron-rich radioactive beams, single-neutron stripping also has an important effect on the calculated barrier distribution. We also show that the recent suggestion that for such systems the quasielastic barrier distribution will not be exactly equivalent to the true fusion barrier distribution seems to hold true, although in the particular case investigated here the discrepancy in the barrier peak position, $0.25$ MeV, is considerably smaller than that found experimentally for the $^{6}\mathrm{Li}+^{144}\mathrm{Sm}$ system, $1.5$ MeV, where breakup is considered to be most important.
SBA and MTF MCQs for the Final FRCA

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Preparing for the Final FRCA? Wondering what to expect of the SBA questions? Help is at hand. This practical book contains 60 single best answer and 120 multiple true/false questions to help you revise for the Final FRCA MCQ exam. Each question is accompanied by detailed explanations, giving additional information on each topic to enhance revision. SBA and MTF MCQs for the Final FRCA may be used both for examination practice and as a source of knowledge on many of the key topics in the syllabus. A helpful introductory section gives practical advice on how to approach revision and sitting the exam. From the writing team behind the FRCAQ.com website (www.frcaq.com), an outstanding exam preparation source for both the Primary and Final FRCA, this book provides challenging questions and well researched explanations to help you through the Final FRCA MCQ paper. An invaluable tool for your MCQ exam preparation.