jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Actinomycosis on left submandibular area: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative and granulomatous bacterial infection characterized by contiguous spread, abcess formation and sinus tract formation. There are four clinical forms according to the lesional site, as 1) cervicofacial, 2) thoracic, 3) abdominal, and 4) disseminated form. Recently, we experienced a case of 54 year-old patient with left mandibular actinomycosis. The pathognomonic findings of actinomycosis is sulfur granule with multiple filaments in Gram-stain and the treatment of actinomycosis is surgical excision of mass or sinus tract with massive antibiotics(esp. Penicillin) therapy for 6 to 12 months.
LHD 4p5-U_C_01 #181608.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 4.5-U port camera, where ROI is (800,470) - (884,566) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Nucleo-cytosolic shuttling of FoxO1 directly regulates mouse Ins2 but not Ins1 gene expression in pancreatic beta cells (MIN6).

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Forkhead box transcription factor FoxO1 regulates metabolic gene expression in mammals. FoxO1 activity is tightly controlled by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, resulting in its phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion. We sought here to determine the mechanisms involved in glucose and insulin-stimulated nuclear shuttling of FoxO1 in pancreatic β cells and its consequences for preproinsulin (Ins1, Ins2) gene expression. Nuclear-localized endogenous FoxO1 translocated to the cytosol in response to elevated glucose (3 versus 16.7 mM) in human islet β cells. Real-time confocal imaging of nucleo-cytosolic shuttling of a FoxO1-EGFP chimera in primary mouse and clonal MIN6 β cells revealed a time-dependent glucose-responsive nuclear export, also mimicked by exogenous insulin, and blocked by suppressing insulin secretion. Constitutively active PI3K or protein kinase B/Akt exerted similar effects, while inhibitors of PI3K, but not of glycogen synthase kinase-3 or p70 S6 kinase, blocked nuclear export. FoxO1 overexpression reversed the activation by glucose of pancreatic duodenum homeobox-1 (Pdx1) transcription. Silencing of FoxO1 significantly elevated the expression of mouse Ins2, but not Ins1, mRNA at 3 mM glucose. Putative FoxO1 binding sites were identified in the distal promoter of rodent Ins2 genes and direct binding of FoxO1 to the Ins2 promoter was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. A 915-bp glucose-responsive Ins2 promoter was inhibited by constitutively active FoxO1, an effect unaltered by simultaneous overexpression of PDX1. We conclude that nuclear import of FoxO1 contributes to the suppression of Pdx1 and Ins2 gene expression at low glucose, the latter via a previously unsuspected and direct physical interaction with the Ins2 promoter.
Putting POP to the pavement: captains in the Charlotte–Mecklenburg Police Department share their experiences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problem‐oriented policing (POP) has been in existence for approximately 30 years. Very little research has examined officer perceptions pertaining to their engagement in POP. This research utilizes interviews with captains in the Charlotte–Mecklenburg Police Department to explore officer behaviors and perceptions pertaining to their engagement in POP. A content themes analysis conducted on the captain interviews provides a discussion regarding what the captains feel is necessary to successful POP projects, what they feel has contributed to the success/failure of their projects, what they have learned from their engagement in POP efforts, how they have implemented POP and how they supervise officers engaging in POP.
Protecting the Right to Know in Japan: Social Advocacy versus the Special Secrecy Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Present research deals with the civil society and social advocacy regarding the Special Secrecy Law in contemporary Japan. The purpose of this work is to examine the ability of the civil society groups to influence the governmental policymaking by tracking the activities of an NGO network in its resistance towards the Special Secrecy Law in a case study, which acts as a mean to examine the process of influencing governmental decision making. \n \nThe ability to make such an impact is measured through a scale of strictly defined factors, such as ability to draw attention of the mass media to the problem, ability to influence the opinion polls, etc. This thesis utilizes discourse analysis, quantitative and qualitative archival materials of the chosen NGO network and five major Japanese newspapers to examine the process and means of influencing the policymaking by studying the NGO network’s activities and their outcomes, and measuring those to the set of measuring factors. \n \nI found out that despite the vast grassroots support and increasing professional input within the civil society, social advocacy in Japan has no influence on the governmental policymaking. Nevertheless, it has the ways to communicate the information down towards the citizens as well as communicate its concerns up to the state very clearly by maintaining a lot of channels. The NGO network does not have much back-up from non-Japanese actors, but it has a solid national support within the country. \n \nWhen the attempt of the NGO network to stop the promulgation of the ambiguous and potentially dangerous law failed, the examined NGO network turned to the educational activities aiming spread of information about the law and methods of protection for Japanese NGOs operating outside Japan or working with other entities and individuals outside Japan, which might be influenced by the Special Secrecy Law. Thus, with no power to influence the policymaking, civil society in Japan has a lot of resources to create awareness and provide assistance in order to limit the impact of the law. \n \nPresent research may become of use to those who are interested in the changing dynamics of the civil society in East Asian countries and in Japan in particular. The law might also be studied in the context of influencing the foreign policies of Japan, media-scape within the country or probability of changing the Constitution of Japan through adoption of the laws of a similar nature, as for example, the newly suggested Conspiracy law.
High-pass Filtering and Gaussian Process Regularization: Stellar Activity Characterization Techniques Applied to the 55 Cancri Planetary System

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Doppler planet searches are complicated by stellar activity, through which cyclical changes in the host star’s photosphere and chromosphere can mask or mimic planetary signals. A popular technique for modeling stellar activity is to apply a quasiperiodic Gaussian process (GP) kernel, which provides a flexible model with rigorous error propagation. However, observers must guard against overfitting, as a GP may be flexible enough to subsume other signals besides the one it is intended to model. To counteract overfitting, we introduce a curvature-penalizing objective function for fitting GP models to long-term magnetic activity cycles. We also demonstrate that a Gaussian filter can be an effective method of detrending radial velocities (RVs) so that shorter-period signals can be extracted even in the absence of a mathematical model of the long-term trend. We apply our methods to the heavily studied 55 Cancri system, fitting Keplerian orbits plus the GP activity-cycle model. We show that a four-Keplerian model that includes planets b, c, e, and f combined with a GP for the activity cycle performs at least as well as the widely agreed upon five-planet system with its own GP activity model. Our results suggest that the existence of planet d cannot be established from the RVs alone; additional data are required for confirmation.
Reduced insulin sensitivity as a marker for acute mountain sickness?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dexamethason (Dex) verringert bei Bergsteigern die Symptome der Höhenkrankheit. Neben den gewünschten Effekten hat Dex viele Nebenwirkungen, wie z.B. eine Verschlechterung des Glukosemetabolismus, Euphorie und Schlaflosigkeit. Ziel der Studie war es, durch die Analyse von Parametern von Bergsteigern, die 5 Tage auf 4559m Höhe verbrachten, Informationen über den Effekt von Dex auf den Metabolismus in grosser Höhe zu erhalten. Blutproben wurden in Zürich (ZH, 490m) und an den Tagen 2 und 4 auf der Capanna Regina Margherita (MG2, MG4; 4559m) genommen. Das Blutplasma wurde auf verschiedene Hormone wie Insulin, Cholecystokinin (CCK) sowie auf verschiedene Metaboliten wie Glukose untersucht. Eine Probandengruppe bestand aus Bergsteigern, die aufgrund von akuter Höhenkrankheit am Abend von MG2 mit Dex behandelt wurden, eine weitere Gruppe blieb unbehandelt. Neben den erwarteten Effekten von Dex auf den Glukosemetabolismus (Glukose, Insulin und Laktat am Tag 4 erhöht) hatte die mit Dex behandelte Gruppe bereits in Zürich, d.h. vor jeglicher Behandlung und Höhenexponation, eine geringere Insulinsensitivität. CCK war in der mit Dex behandelten Gruppe im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Gruppe an MG4 niedriger. Wir vermuten, dass Individuen mit niedriger Insulinsensitivität empfänglicher für akute Höhenkrankheit sind. CCK könnte am positiven Effekt von Dex auf höhenbedingte Appetitlosigkeit beteiligt sein. \n \nDexamethasone (dex) alleviates the symptoms of mountaineers suffering from acute mountain sickness (AMS). However, besides its benefits, dex has a wide range of side effects on mountaineers such as a diabetogenic impact on glucose metabolism, euphoria and insomnia. To study the effect of dex on metabolism at high altitude, we analyzed parameters obtained from mountaineers who spent 5 days at 4559m of altitude. Blood samples were taken in Zurich (ZH, 490m) and 2 and 4 days after a fast ascent to the Capanna Regina Margherita (MG2 and MG4, 4559m). Plasma was analyzed before and after ingestion of a 430kcal solid meal for several hormones including insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and erythropoietin (EPO) and several metabolites including glucose. One group consisted of mountaineers that required dex in the evening of day 2 due to the occurrence of AMS and the other remained untreated. Besides expected effects of dex on glucose metabolism (increased glucose, insulin and lactate levels on day 4), the dex–treated group had a lower insulin sensitivity and lower levels of EPO already at baseline in Zurich i.e. before any treatment and exposure to hypoxia. CCK was lower on MG4 in the dex–treated group compared to the untreated group. We speculate that individuals with low insulin sensitivity are more susceptible to AMS. CCK may be involved in the improving effect of dex on high altitude anorexia.
Gender, Race, and Moral Enhancement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the central bioconservative objections to pursuing human enhancement technologies highlights the risk that the development and dissemination of such technologies will exacerbate existing inequalities, with a particular focus on general considerations of distributive justice. This line of objection, typically framed to target cognitive enhancement's potential to exacerbate inequality, has also been extended to moral enhancement, which will be this chapter's focus. What will be suggested here is a comparatively more optimistic picture of the relationship between moral enhancement and inequality. It will be shown that there are at least two very specific kinds of moral enhancement proposals—i.e. Socratic artificial intelligence (AI) and psychedelic moral enhancement—which offer promising resources for combatting existing patterns of marginalisation and injustice in the case of both gender and race, and with important relevance to both feminism and social equality and justice effort more broadly. By exploring these benefits, we'll see that the question of whether moral enhancement would threaten to exacerbate existing inequalities is much more complex than some critics have appreciated, and consequently, that inequality-related risks identified by such critics should be suitably weighted against the kinds of benefits outlined herein.
Psychological Factors Related to Drug Use in College Athletes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the psychological factors associated with drug use in a group of college athletes and to compare athlete drug users to nonusers. A questionnaire was given to male ( N =377) and female ( N =167) Division I college athletes asking them about their use or nonuse of drugs. Frequency, intensity, and duration of use/nonuse of seven drug categories (alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, barbiturates, cocaine, hallucinogens, and marijuana) were used to divide subjects into categories of high user and low user/nonuser on each of the drugs. Dependent measures included the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Test, and questions assessing the stressors athletes experience in their dual role as student-athletes. A MANOVA was conducted to distinguish significant differences between high and low drug users on the dependent variables. Results indicated that alcohol, the most widely used drug, produced the most significant results. Specifically, discriminant analysis revealed high alcohol users (75th percentile) had significantly higher scores on the POMS anger, fatigue, and vigor subscales than did the low alcohol users (25th percentile). In addition, females in the alcohol low user/nonuser group felt more pressure from coaches to perform well than did females in the high user group; for males, the reverse was true. Future research recommendations include using larger subject pools and athletes of different ages and skill levels.
African feminism, activism and decolonisation: the case of Alimotu Pelewura

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Consequent to colonial policies that restricted women's participation in public space, the Nigerian woman of the colonial era experienced strenuous socio-political and economic marginalisation/oppression. This marginalisation spurred many of the affected women into acts of subtle and overt resistance. However, historical narratives have typically downplayed narratives portraying women's agency as an integral and essential part of the anti-colonial resistance. Contemporary efforts at redressing this imbalance have resulted in the identification of women activists including Funmilayo (Ransome) Anikulapo-Kuti (FRK), Margaret Ekpo and Oyinka Abayomi to mention a few. Such efforts at identifying feminists and women activists have nevertheless significantly downplayed or outrightly ignored earlier generations of women activists whose successful activisms paved way for this group of identified activists. This study, therefore, sets out to interrogate the socio-economic and political philosophy of Alimotu Pelewura, an unlettered activist and the leader of the first mass-based women's interest group in colonial South-west Nigeria. Utilising historical and analytical research methods, it presents an exposition of Pelewura's economic, social and political activities and subjects such to critical analysis, with a final aim of distilling her socio-political and economic philosophies from these activities, thus, presenting Pelewura's philosophy as an African feminist narrative towards decolonisation efforts.
Interacting Influences of Sleep, Pain, and Analgesic Medications on Sleep Studies in Rodents

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This overview provides a brief summary of the complex interactions that link sleep, pain, and analgesic medications. Sleep scientists and clinicians are well aware of these relationships and understand that maintaining healthy pain-free subjects in a stable environment is essential to generating interpretable data and valid conclusions. However, these concepts and the data that support bidirectional interactions between sleep and pain may be less known to those who are not sleep scientists yet need such information to protect and advance both animal wellbeing and research validity (for example, veterinarians, IACUC members). Abundant human evidence supports the disruptive effect of pain and the modulatory effects of analgesic drugs on sleep; however, analgesic drugs can alter both sleep and the electroencephalogram, which is the primary objective measure for identifying sleep and evaluating sleep properties in both humans and animals. Consideration of the modulatory and interactive relationships of sleep, pain, and analgesic medications is essential to designing and conducting valid and reproducible sleep research using animal subjects.
A Rare Appearance of Influenza A(H1N2) as a Reassortant in a Community Such as Yamagata Where A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) Co‐Circulate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract To find a new influenza subtype A(H1N2), 383 isolates identified as H1 by hemagglutination inhibition test between the 1998–1999 and 2001–2002 seasons in Yamagata, Japan, were screened by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. As a result, 3 strains from the 1999–2000 season were identified as possibly being A(H1N2). Although several of their clones were found to be A(H1N2), A(H1N1) and A(H3N2), we could not confirm the origin of the A(H1N2) clones without the original specimens. These results suggest that a reassortment to produce A(H1N2) does not readily occur even when A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) co‐circulate in a community such as Yamagata.
From punch card to compiler

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Based on personal experience, the author traces the path from acquaintance with the basics of programming in high school to the creation of a compiler for the Ada language as a university thesis. The article describes the role in this played by the newly introduced structures of teaching programming for schoolchildren, created for the first time in the USSR, focused not only on out-of-school education, but projecting the introduction of teaching programming to the mass school.
IRRIGATION WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR RASPBERRIES GROWN IN DRIP IRRIGATION CONDITIONS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To determine the irrigation water productivity for raspberries during their cultivation in the soil-meteorological conditions of the area of the village of Chelopechene - Sofia, studies have been carried out with drip irrigation of a plantation with the variety Lyulin. Various regimes have been studied - from full satisfaction of the daily needs of the culture to water, to irrigation with 20% and 40% reduction in irrigation regulations.

The meteorological conditions during the study period determined the number of irrigations and the size of the irrigation and irrigation norms of the culture.

On average, over the survey period, the highest yields were obtained with the watered with 100% irrigation norm option. The increase in yields resulting from the irrigation is about three times the non-irrigated option in surface drip irrigation.

The highest irrigation water productivity of 4.3 kg of raspberries per cubic meter of water is obtained in variants irrigated with a 40% reduced irrigation rate.
Immunology of Sarcomas

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

There is evidence for common sarcoma antigens expressed on a variety of sarcomas of bone and soft tissues. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses to sarcoma-associated if not sarcoma-specific antigens have been demonstrated in tumor-bearing patients. Antibodies have also been found in contacts and parents of affected individuals. Common antigenicity and a response to sarcoma antigens by ostensibly normal individuals provide circumstantial evidence for a viral etiology, supported by experiments inducing sarcomas with known viruses in rodents. Immunotherapy that takes advantage of the immunogenicity of sarcomas is in its infancy, but has significant promise.
Long-term Agricultural Growth in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh from 1901/02 to 2001/02

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the growth performance of agriculture in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh in the twentieth century. The use of unusually long-term data that correspond to the current borders for the period 1901-2002 and the focus on crop shifts as a source of growth distinguish this study from the existing ones. The empirical results show a sharp discontinuity between the preand the post- independence periods in all three countries: growth rates in total output, labor productivity, and land productivity rose from zero or very low figures to significantly positive levels, which were sustained throughout the post-independence period. The improvement in aggregate land productivity explained the most of this output growth, of which approximately one third was attributable to shifts to more lucrative crops.
Targeted In Vivo Labeling of Receptors for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— A method for identifying tissue experiencing hypoxic stress due to atherosclerotic vascular disease would be clinically useful. Vascular endothelial growth factor-121 (VEGF 121 ) is an angiogenic protein secreted in response to hypoxia that binds to VEGF receptors overexpressed by ischemic microvasculature. We tested the hypothesis that VEGF receptors could serve as markers for ischemic tissue and hence provide a target for imaging such tissue with radiolabeled human VEGF 121 . Methods and Results— A rabbit model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia was created by femoral artery excision (n=14). Control rabbits (n=5) underwent identical surgery without femoral excision. On postoperative day 10, rabbits were intravenously administered 100 μCi of 111 In-labeled recombinant human VEGF 121 , and biodistribution studies and planar imaging were conducted at 3, 24, and 48 hours. On postmortem gamma counting, there was greater accumulation of 111 In-labeled VEGF 121 in ischemic than in control tissue ( P <0.02). Differential uptake of isotope by ischemic muscle was not seen in rabbits injected with 125 I-labeled human serum albumin (n=6). Radioactivity imaged in hindlimb regions of interest was significantly higher in ischemic muscle than in sham-operated and contralateral nonoperated hindlimb at 3 hours ( P <0.02). Immunohistochemical staining confirmed upregulation of VEGF receptors in ischemic skeletal muscle. Conclusions— Identification of the ischemic state via targeted radiolabeling of hypoxia-induced angiogenic receptors is possible. This approach could be useful for monitoring the efficacy of revascularization strategies such as therapeutic angiogenesis.
Effect of chemoradiation on high-grade gliomas can be forecasted by mid-treatment images via image-driven mathematical modeling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Technical advances in imaging and radiotherapy in the last decade have motivated the development of patient-specific treatment plans accounting for the underlying tumor biology that ultimately informs treatment efficacy. A fundamental challenge is how to leverage imaging data to optimize patient response to radiotherapy. Towards this end, we have developed an approach to forecast tumor response prior to the conclusion of therapy to enable a spatially-resolved map of response to chemoradiation. Our forecasting approach can accurately identify statistically significant changes in cell density that could potentially inform treatment adaptations.