jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Patterns of the consumption of pharmaceutical products in two towns in Bahia, Brazil

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A study among families in two villages in rural Bahia, Brazil, reveals that presently pharmaceutical products, are being used in self - medication on a large scale. Traditional remedies appear to have a limited place only. People's attitude towards modern medicines proved to be highy positive. However, when biomedicaly evaluated, the use of the pharmaceutical products has to be considered irrational. Complicating factors are: 1) a preference for the application of pharmaceutical products in infants, 2) the high financial burden to which the population is subject resulting from drug acquisition and 3) the exaggerated expectation with regard to antibiotics, analgesics and vitamin preparations. It is recommended did to do more research into local conditions of drugs use, resulting in creative solutions for irrational drug-use. Self medication could become an important instrument in Primary Health Care, provided that people have more information. Public Health could play a keyrole in this research and the consequent educational programmes.
Inequality and the Relative Size of Minority Populations: A Comparative Analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Socioeconomic differentials separating whites and blacks have been shown to correlate positively with the percentage of blacks in a population. However, in multiracial or multiethnic populations, it is necessary to take into account the effects of the relative size of each minority present in nonnegligible numbers. In the research reported here, the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and the proportion of Mexican Americans and blacks in the population of metropolitan areas was decomposed through path-analytic techniques. Analysis of model incorporating the impact of the size of both minorities indicates that minority income levels are inversely related to minority size and that disparities between majority and minority income and occupation tend to grow as relative minority size increases. Mexican American occupational levels vary positively with the percentage of blacks, but black occupational status was foud th be virtually unrelated to the proportional representation of Mexican Americans in metropolitan areas. Finally, the positive relationship between minority percentage and inequalities of income and occupation persists net of the effects of a number of plausible alternative explanations.
Segmentation of the Liver using a 3D Statistical Shape Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an automatic approach for segmentation of the liver from computer tomography (CT) images based on a 3D statistical shape model. Segmentation of the liver is an important prerequisite in liver surgery planning. One of the major challenges in building a 3D shape model from a training set of segmented instances of an object is the determination of the correspondence between different surfaces. We propose to use a geometric approach that is based on minimizing the distortion of the correspondence mapping between two different surfaces. For the adaption of the shape model to the image data a profile model based on the grey value appearance of the liver and its surrounding tissues in contrast enhanced CT data was developed. The robustness of this method results from a previous nonlinear diffusion filtering of the image data. Special focus is turned to the quantitative evaluation of the segmentation process. Several
Pyrosequencing Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in 14 Wastewater Treatment Systems in China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT To determine if there is a core microbial community in the microbial populations of different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and to investigate the effects of wastewater characteristics, operational parameters, and geographic locations on microbial communities, activated sludge samples were collected from 14 wastewater treatment systems located in 4 cities in China. High-throughput pyrosequencing was used to examine the 16S rRNA genes of bacteria in the wastewater treatment systems. Our results showed that there were 60 genera of bacterial populations commonly shared by all 14 samples, including Ferruginibacter , Prosthecobacter , Zoogloea , Subdivision 3 genera incertae sedis , Gp4, Gp6, etc., indicating that there is a core microbial community in the microbial populations of WWTPs at different geographic locations. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results showed that the bacterial community variance correlated most strongly with water temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) content. Variance partitioning analyses suggested that wastewater characteristics had the greatest contribution to the bacterial community variance, explaining 25.7% of the variance of bacterial communities independently, followed by operational parameters (23.9%) and geographic location (14.7%). Results of this study provided insights into the bacterial community structure and diversity in geographically distributed WWTPs and discerned the relationships between bacterial community and environmental variables in WWTPs.
Making Reshoring Decisions - the Case of a Norwegian Manufacturing Firm

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Relocating activities to low-cost countries has been, and still is, a prevalent\nmethod of reducing production costs for manufacturing companies. In recent\nyears, however, many companies have reconsidered this strategy, and started\nto move activities back to their home country. Opportunities to reduce labor\ncosts through automation have certainly contributed to this process.\nThe rationale behind the phenomenon, called \\reshoring", has been discussed\nto a large extent in current research literature. How companies make\nsuch reshoring decisions, on the other hand, is generally under-researched\n(Wiesmann, Snoei, Hilletofth, & Eriksson, 2017). This will be the primary\nfocus of this master's thesis, which aims to understand the role of managerial\naccounting information in reshoring decisions. In order to understand this,\nwe have adopted a single case study methodology. Two embedded cases in\na Norwegian manufacturing company have been studied by interviewing key\ndecision-makers.\nWe found that the company had a rather pragmatic approach to decisionmaking.\nFinancial and non- nancial information were integrated by using a\nmulti-criteria analysis method. This approach did not emphasize the quanti\n cation of qualitative factors, but drew on the experience of decision-makers\nto weigh qualitative factors. Important factors such as proximity to innovation\nenvironments, protection of intellectual property, and e ciency of\ncommunication without cultural boundaries had signi cant in\nuence on the\ndecision. These factors are acknowledged by literature, but this thesis provides\nmore in-depth understanding of how they a ect the reshoring choice.\nA model of the company's decision-making process is presented, and is found\nto have a distinct resemblance to the generic purchasing process de ned by\nvan Weele (2014). For this company, reshoring is a special case of sourcing\nwhere the best option is in the home country.
Endometrial Epithelium of Neonatal Mouse Separated in Vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In order to find a new way to separate and culture cells of endometrial epithelium from uterus horns of neonatal mouse in vitro,1%typsin-0.02%EDTA solution is used to gently digest uterus horns get from 3 to 4 days mice under 4 ℃ for 90 minutes,then these uterus horns are blow out though the bore of a Pasteur pipette tip which equal or slightly smaller than the cross-sectional diameter of the uterine piece till the layers of endometrial epithelium and the stroma separated。The results show that the method of separating neonatal mouse endometrial epithelium is effective and make the technique that separate and culture cells of endometrial epithelium from isolated endometrial epithelium become true.
Modelled gas hydrate stability zone extents for Svalbard's fjord and near-shore settings

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Supplementary data to the published paper 'Modelling of the gas hydrate potential in Svalbard's fjords' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104127). This archive includes geopackage files for each of the targeted fjords and contains (amongst others) bathymetric depth (Z, metres), top and base of the modelled GHSZ (GHSZ_T/GHSZ_B, metres depth), cumulative GHSZ cell count (#, 25 metres per), and the number of CTD data points within the radius (CTD_count and CTD2deep). Included onshore modelling data is to be ignored and considered a modelling artefact.
Occupational Violence at Lebanese Emergency Departments: Prevalence, Characteristics and Associated Factors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Occupational Violence at Lebanese Emergency Departments: Prevalence, Characteristics and Associated Factors: Mohamad Alameddine, et al. Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon— Background Emergency departments (EDs) workers are at increased risk of exposure to occupational violence. The prevalence of occupational violence is potentially higher and consequences are more serious in areas with poor security conditions. Objectives We investigated the prevalence, characteristics and factors associated with the exposure of ED workers to violence at Lebanese hospitals. Methods All ED employees at six tertiary hospitals in Lebanon were surveyed using a cross‐sectional design. The survey instrument included four sections collecting demographic/professional information and measuring exposure to violence, degree of job satisfaction and degree of professional burnout. The questionnaire was distributed to all ED employees at participating hospitals and was completed by 256 ED workers (70.3% response rate). Multinomial and binary logistic regressions were used to investigate factors significantly associated with verbal and physical violence. Results Over the past 12 mo, four in ive ED employees were verbally abused and one in four was physically assaulted. Exposure to verbal abuse was associated with serious outcomes including significantly higher levels of occupational burnout and an increased likelihood to quit current job. Exposure to physical violence was associated with increased likelihood‐to‐quit, nurse status and “public hospital” employment. Conclusion Violence largely prevails at Lebanese EDs. Most vulnerable are nurses and employees of public hospitals who are disproportionally exposed to violence. ED stakeholders must work collaboratively to investigate the root causes of violence and devise and implement effective antiviolence policies and measures. Such measures will be necessary to protect the well‐being and decrease the turnover of ED workers.
Characterization of a major histocompatibility class II A gene (Clha‐DAA) with an embedded microsatellite marker in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

An Atlantic herring major histocompatibility class II A ( Clha‐DAA ) cDNA sequence has been characterized and was shown to encode a leader peptide, alpha‐1 domain, alpha‐2 domain, connecting peptide, transmembrane and cytoplasmic region. The Clha‐DAA protein sequence has all the characteristics of a teleost class II A protein with conserved cysteines in both the alpha‐1 and the alpha‐2 domains and two potential N‐linked glycosylation sites. Exon 2 sequences encoding the polymorphic alpha‐1 domain from different individuals were analysed and revealed the presence of at least two loci. The Clha‐DAA gene consists of four exons and three short introns. Four unique intron 3 sequences from multiple individuals were obtained and were shown to contain a (TG) n microsatellite sequence. Primers were optimized such that only a single microsatellite locus designated Clha‐DAA‐INTR3 was amplified. Four herring populations from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea were genotyped for Clha‐DAA‐INTR3 . In total, 16 Clha‐DAA‐INTR3 alleles were detected; the distribution of the alleles showed no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectation. Levels of genetic differentiation among samples were of similar magnitude as have been reported earlier for neutral microsatellite loci between northern North Sea and Baltic Sea herring populations.
Egypt’s Arabism: Aḥmad Ḥasan az-Zayyāt: From Islam’s Community to the wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Az-Zayyāt often felt strong supra-Arab Islamic community emotions in topical contemporary contexts and perpetuated themes about pristine classical Islam from the old pre-World War I type of political pan-Islamism in Egypt. He carried forward Al-Afġānī’s identification with the world-wide military conquests of the early Muslim Arabs, and the universalist Islamic states (empires) that they founded almost overnight. This supra-Middle Eastern scope of the classical Arabs’ role posed problems for the rigorous territorialization of an Arab nation indispensable for a viable Arab nationalism in Egypt.
Community engagement to co-design and deliver public health interventions in newly arrived migrants

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Alison Crawshaw will talk about her participatory research that uses design thinking to develop community-based strategies to improve health outcomes in migrant populations. She will summarise the benefits of using community-based approaches and co-designing public health initiatives with affected migrant communities, bringing in lessons learned from a recent project with the Congolese community in London.
Role of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Malaria Severity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) known as human gammaherpesvirus is latently present in more than 95% of the world adult population. The virus undergoes lytic replication and latent cycle to insure its spread and the episomal persistence of the viral genome respectively. Under certain conditions that dysregulate the host immune system, latent EBV infection reactivates. EBV reactivation has been involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases and cancers. Many studies describe the association between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and malaria severity. It is suggested that the reactivation of EBV infection (lytic replication) impairs the immune response to malaria, exacerbates its pathogenesis, and increases the frequency and susceptibility to severe malaria. However, the immunological mechanisms are not clear. A thorough understanding of the specific role of EBV reactivation in the severity of malaria, is crucial to the development of effective vaccine. In this review, we provide a summary of the impact of Epstein-Barr Virus reactivation on malaria in the current scientific literature.
LHD NB1arm #169295.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel.
Thrombocytopenic Purpura Complicating Infectious Mononucleosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Anterior mesoderm (AM) and definitive endoderm (DE) progenitors represent the earliest embryonic cell types that are specified during germ layer formation at the primitive streak (PS) of the mouse embryo. Genetic experiments indicate that both lineages segregate from Eomes expressing progenitors in response to different NODAL signaling levels. However, the precise spatiotemporal pattern of the emergence of these cell types and molecular details of lineage segregation remain unexplored. We combined genetic fate labeling and imaging approaches with scRNA-seq to follow the transcriptional identities and define lineage trajectories of Eomes dependent cell types. All cells moving through the PS during the first day of gastrulation express Eomes. AM and DE specification occurs before cells leave the PS from discrete progenitor populations that are generated in distinct spatiotemporal patterns. Importantly, we don’t find evidence for the existence of progenitors that co-express markers of both cell lineages suggesting an immediate and complete separation of AM and DE lineages.

Summary statement

Cells lineages are specified in the mouse embryo already within the primitive streak where Mesp1+ mesoderm and Foxa2+ endoderm are generated in a spatial and temporal sequence from unbiased progenitors.
[Effect of fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor on the cellular proliferation and functional activity of isolated islands of Langerhans].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) on DNA synthesis and insulin secretion were studied in 4-5-day cultures of the isolated neonatal rat islets. FGF (0.1 ng/ml) stimulated significantly the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of the isolated islets, but failed to change either insulin content in the islets or the rate of insulin secretion. NGF (0.1-1000 ng/ml) did not affect the above parameters. The responses of the islets of Langerhans to increasing concentrations of glucose and isobutylmethylxanthine were not modified after prolonged exposure to NGF. The role of FGF and NGF in the regulation of proliferation and secretory process in pancreatic islet cells is discussed.
Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7½-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9½ years. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting General community. Participants The starting sample included 1258 children (66.7% boys and 33.2% girls) who were still bedwetting at 7½ years. Outcome measure Risk of bedwetting at 9½ years. Results Using propensity score-based methods, we found that two of the parental strategies used at 7½ years were associated with an increased risk of bedwetting at 9½ years, after adjusting the model for child and family variables and other parental strategies: lifting (risk difference=0.106 (95% CI 0.009 to 0.202), ie, there is a 10.6% (0.9% to 20.2%) increase in risk of bedwetting at 9½ years among children whose parents used lifting compared with children whose parents did not use this strategy) and restricting drinks before bedtime (0.123 (0.021 to 0.226)). The effect of using the other parental strategies was in either direction (an increase or decrease in the risk of bedwetting at 9½ years), for example, showing displeasure (−0.052 (−0.214 to 0.110)). When we re-analysed the data using multivariable regression analysis, the results were mostly consistent with the propensity score-based methods. Conclusion These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7½-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9½ years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective.
Meanings of Practice, Morals of Error

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper is about an unsuccessful scientific instrument. Since its conception, the four theodolites Portuguese naval officer, geographer, and later aviation pioneer Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho (1869–1959) ordered from the Italian maker and engineer Angelo Salmoiraghi (1848–1939), which were used in surveying missions to the African colonies, caused problems and disagreements. From the user’s perspective, the instruments were poorly manufactured; from the maker’s perspective, the user’s incompetence was to blame. By focusing on a well-documented set of scientific instruments, I will analyse social features concerning scientific practice, material culture, and instrument trade. I will show how the meaning of an adapted and untrustworthy instrument changed during practice; how a crisis between distanced user and maker, concerning design, precision, and error, developed; and how a clash for scientific and professional authority intertwined moral and scientific attributes.
Energy stable and convergent BDF3-5 schemes for the molecular beam epitaxial model with slope selection

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

AbstractThe backward differential formulas of order 3-5 (BDF3-5) are applied to simulate the molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) model with slop selection. The fully implicit BDF3-5 schemes are uniquely solvable under an estimated time-step requirement. We prove that the schemes conserve the modified discrete energy dissipation laws by utilizing the discrete gradient structures of BDF3-5 formulas. Furthermore, we present a new convolution inequality to handle the nonlinear term for the error estimate. More importantly, the L2 norm convergence analysis of the BDF3-5 schemes are proved rigorously without the assumption of Lipschitz boundedness. Numerical examples are shown to verify the efficiency and the accuracy of the developed schemes.Keywords: The molecular beam epitaxial modelslope selectionBDF3-5 schemesenergy dissipation lawerror estimateMSC Classifications (2020): 74A5035Q9965M12 Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingWe would like to acknowledge support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11701229, 11701081, 11861060), Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61833005) and ZhiShan Youth Scholar Program of SEU, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M651634), High-level Scientific Research foundation for the introduction of talent of Nanjing Institute of Technology (No. YKL201856).
A Stably Protonated Adenine Nucleotide with a Highly Shifted pKa Value Stabilizes the Tertiary Structure of a GTP‐Binding RNA Aptamer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract RNA tertiary structure motifs are stabilized by a wide variety of hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Protonated A and C nucleotides are normally not considered to be suitable building blocks for such motifs since their p K a values are far from physiological pH. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of an in vitro selected GTP‐binding RNA aptamer bound to GTP with an intricate tertiary structure. It contains a novel kind of base quartet stabilized by a protonated A residue. Owing to its unique structural environment in the base quartet, the p K a value for the protonation of this A residue in the complex is shifted by more than 5 pH units compared to the p K a for A nucleotides in single‐stranded RNA. This is the largest p K a shift for an A residue in structured nucleic acids reported so far, and similar in size to the largest p K a shifts observed for amino acid side chains in proteins. Both RNA pre‐folding and ligand binding contribute to the p K a shift.