jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Silvicultural characterization of the Cantabrian beech forest: the influence of site conditions and anthropic uses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The goal of this study is the description of different structures within the Cantabrian beech forests, and the assessment of the influence in the stand structure of factors of ecological site and human use. As a first approach, a typological classification of the Cantabrian beech forests was established. Based on this classification the relation between forest structure and previously established ecological classifications was analysed: regions of provenance, territorial areas and potential areas derived from population ecology studies. The data base for the establishment of the typological classification was the Third National Forest Inventory. The multivariate analysis of the IFN3 plots with beech as dominant species in the Cantabrian range allowed us to define seven beech forest structure types. The main difference between groups was stand density, diametric distribution and species diversity. Finally we compared the stand types obtained with the different ecological and administrative classifications. Beech forests in the southern Cantabrian range presented more pole stages while the presence of timber stages was more important in the northern part of the Cantabrian range. The results show that structural heterogeneity in the beech forest is determined by the union of ecological and anthropic factors.
Osteosclerotic myeloma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 49-year-old man with an osteosclerotic lesion of a thoracic vertebra had peripheral neuropathy, lymphadenopathy, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal immunoglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings, not usually seen in "classical" myeloma, have been noted in different combinations in the osteosclerotic variety. (JAMA236:1872-1874, 1976)
Visions and Faces of the Tragic

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite the pervasive early Christian repudiation of pagan theatrical art, especially prior to Constantine, this monograph demonstrates the increasing attention of late-ancient Christian authors to the genre of tragedy as a basis to explore the complexities of human finitude, suffering, and mortality in relation to the wisdom, justice, and providence of God. The book argues that various Christian writers, particularly in the post-Constantinian era, were keenly devoted to the mimesis, or imaginative re-presentation, of the tragic dimension of creaturely existence more than with simply mimicking the poetics of the classical tragedians. It analyzes a whole array of hermeneutical, literary, and rhetorical manifestations of “tragical mimesis” in early Christian writing, which, capitalizing on the elements of tragedy already perceptible in biblical revelation, aspired to deepen and edify Christian engagement with multiform evil and with the extreme vicissitudes of historical existence. Christian tragical mimetics included not only interpreting (and often amplifying) the Bible’s own tragedies for contemporary audiences, but also developing models of the Christian self as a tragic self, revamping the Christian moral conscience as a tragical conscience, and cultivating a distinctively Christian tragical pathos. The study culminates in an extended consideration of the theological intelligence and accountability of “tragical vision” and tragical mimesis in early Christianity, and the unique role of the theological virtue of hope in its repertoire of tragical emotions.
Use of the sigma probability in Tomita's filter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An image smoothing algorithm, the Sig-Tomita algorithm, based on the sigma probability used in the sigma filter and the directional method used in the Tomita's filter is proposed. The sigma probability used in sigma filter is integrated with Tomita's (1977) directional smoothing process. In this approach, the geometric shape of the subregion selected is varied instead of a square shape as used in most edge-preserving algorithms. It is shown that a more homogeneous neighbourhood will be found for smoothing with the proposed algorithm. This method is effective in smoothing complex-shaped images such as remotely sensed data. The regularity of the masks used in the algorithm is simple to implement. The comparison with Tomita's and sigma filters is illustrated.
Conserved B-Cell Epitopes among Human Bocavirus Species Indicate Potential Diagnostic Targets

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus species 1-4 (HBoV1-4) have been associated with respiratory and enteric infections in children. However, the immunological mechanisms in response to HBoV infections are not fully understood. Though previous studies have shown cross-reactivities between HBoV species, the epitopes responsible for this phenomenon remain unknown. In this study, we used genomic and immunologic approaches to identify the reactive epitopes conserved across multiple HBoV species and explored their potential as the basis of a novel diagnostic test for HBoVs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We generated HBoV1-3 VP2 gene fragment phage display libraries (GFPDLs) and used these libraries to analyze mouse antisera against VP2 protein of HBoV1, 2, and 3, and human sera positive for HBoVs. Using this approach, we mapped four epitope clusters of HBoVs and identified two immunodominant peptides--P1 (¹MSDTDIQDQQPDTVDAPQNT²⁰), and P2 (¹⁶²EHAYPNASHPWDEDVMPDL¹⁸⁰)--that are conserved among HBoV1-4. To confirm epitope immunogenicity, we immunized mice with the immunodominant P1 and P2 peptides identified in our screen and found that they elicited high titer antibodies in mice. These two antibodies could only recognize the VP2 of HBoV 1-4 in Western blot assays, rather than those of the two other parvoviruses human parvovirus B19 and human parvovirus 4 (PARV4). Based on our findings, we evaluated epitope-based peptide-IgM ELISAs as potential diagnostic tools for HBoVs IgM antibodies. We found that the P1+P2-IgM ELISA showed a higher sensitivity and specificity in HBoVs IgM detection than the assays using a single peptide. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of the conserved B-cell epitopes among human bocavirus species contributes to our understanding of immunological cross-reactivities of HBoVs, and provides important insights for the development of HBoV diagnostic tools.
Fast Violence Recognition in Video Surveillance by Integrating Object Detection and Conv-LSTM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Video surveillance involves petabytes of data storage requiring expensive hardware, which might also be time-inefficient. The aim of this article is, therefore, to develop an intelligent system capable of analyzing long sequences of videos captured from CCTV, helping to mitigate catastrophe and mitigate the violent threats faced by citizens every day, economically and efficiently. Existing models have achieved high accuracy on available datasets, the primary focus is to improve speed (time-efficient) of violence detection and use very little storage (economical) such that the system can be used in real-time. The paper presents an end-to-end hybrid solution for detecting violence in real-time video frames incorporating both human and weapon detection algorithms applied in a synchronized way. The focus of this article is to propose a generic HWVd (Human Weapon Violence detection) model to detect all kinds of public violence. HWVd is a three-tier ensemble model to detect violence in videos. The first tier is human detection, which uses a LightTrack framework. In the second tier, a Fast Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (F-RCNN) to detect any weapon in videos is used. The third tier uses a pre-trained VGG 19 (a pre-trained model of CNN) for spatial feature extraction and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) to detect violent activity. Lastly, the output of this framework is sent to the Support Vector Machine to classify the activity as (i) violence not involving weapon, (ii) violence involving weapon and (iii) non-violent. The accuracy obtained using the proposed model is 98%.
Fatigability of rat hindlimb muscles after acute irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional impact of acute irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on the fatigability of medial gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats. After treatment with methanesulfonyl fluoride (a lipid-soluble anticholinesterase), which reduced their AChE activity by >90%, these muscles were subjected to an in situ indirect stimulation protocol, including a series of isolated twitch and tetanic contractions preceding a 3-min fatigue regimen (100-ms trains at 75 Hz applied every 1.5 s). During the first minute of the fatigue regimen, the effects of AChE inhibition were already near maximal, including marked reductions in peak tension and the force-time integral (area), as well as a decrement of compound muscle action potential amplitudes within a stimulus train. Neuromuscular transmission failure was the major contributor of the force decreases in the AChE-inhibited muscles. However, despite this neuromuscular transmission failure, muscles of which all AChE molecular forms were nearly completely inhibited were still able to function, although abnormally, during 3 min of intermittent high-frequency nerve stimulation.
Splinting the penis for split skin grafting: Use of longitudinally split plastic syringe

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT We describe a new method of splinting the penile shaft following split skin grafting for avulsion injuries of the penis. A 10 ml syringe is split longitudinally and one half is applied either dorsally or ventrally after placing absorbent dressing on the grafted area. This is then held in place with either tape or bandage.
Auditory perception of reverberant surroundings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Three experiments on perception of reverberant surroundings were performed. In the first experiment, listeners were presented with binaural recordings of a speech signal and a set of photographs taken in different rooms, and were asked to point out where each recording was made. Most listeners performed very well in this task (average number of correct answers was 70%), showing that reverberation contains information on room properties that the listeners are able to extract. In the second experiment, listeners were asked to judge the relative size of different rooms by listening to the recorded signals. The results show substantial individual differences, with some listeners being close to veridical performance while others had only a few correct answers. A scaling analysis suggests that some listeners use the direct/reverberant energy ratio, while others use reverberation time as a cue for room size. In the third experiment, artificial reverberation generated by a geometric room model (including individual reflections) and from a stochastic model (controlling only energy measures) were compared with signals generated directly from measured room impulse responses. The results show comparable performance, suggesting that energy measures are the most important for assessing information on room parameters. [Work supported by ONR Grant No. N00014-96-1-0675.]
Ionization and dissociation of diethylamine by field ionization mass spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The field ionization mass spectrum of diethylamine on a 5 μm activated wire at 300 K yields surface product ions like protonated molecular ions and doubly charged ions as well as gas phase ions like parent minus CH 3 group. Variations of the reaction rate as a function of the decomposition times in the range 10 −11 ‐10 −6 s for the elimination of a CH 3 group are studied. The reaction rates are evaluated with the help of the retarding potential technique.
Digital Condylar Parameter Assessment Using Cadiax® 2 and Modjaw®

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: The main aim of this research was to assess the reliability of two systems designed specifically for condylar movement recording using condylar slope and Bennett angle information. The objectives were to evaluate the validity of two subsequent null hypotheses: (1) there is no significant difference between the measurements of condylar slope and Bennett angle taken at T0 (initial) and T1 (after one week) using the same equipment; (2) there is no notable difference in the values of the condylar slope and Bennett angle measurements obtained using Modjaw and Cadiax 2. Methods: An observational, descriptive, and prospective study was conducted with a selected group of 25 individuals (13 females and 12 males) aged between 22 and 27. Results: The results of Cadiax 2 and Modjaw showed excellent measurement repeatability for both parameters, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) above 0.90, indicating excellent reliability between T0 and T1, both at 3 mm and 5 mm of displacement. Modjaw had an overall average value relatively higher than Cadiax 2, even though Modjaw’s condylar slope at 5mm had a significantly lower average value (37.4 ± 6.31) with an interval of 24.5–48.1, which was lower than Cadiax 2 (48.4 ± 10.6) with an interval of 30.5–68.5. Regarding the primary aim, it can be stated that both Modjaw and Cadiax 2 demonstrated excellent repeatability on their own, demonstrating robust reliability since there was no discernible difference between the T0 and T1 measurements. On the contrary, analyses of the two devices’ measured values for the secondary aim showed a considerable difference. Conclusions: Even though each device is reliable on its own, the absolute values that are obtained are different. Technological differences between the systems may account for these variations.
Identification of a unique endoplasmic retention motif in the Xenopus GIRK5 channel and its contribution to oocyte maturation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

G protein‐activated inward‐rectifying potassium (K + ) channels (Kir3/GIRK) participate in cell excitability. The GIRK5 channel is present in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In an attempt to investigate the physiological role of GIRK5, we identified a noncanonical di‐arginine endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention motif (KRXY). This retention motif is located at the N‐terminal region of GIRK5, coded by two small exons found only in X. laevis and X. tropicalis . These novel exons are expressed through use of an alternative transcription start site. Mutations in the sequence KRXY produced functional channels and induced progesterone‐independent oocyte meiotic progression. The chimeric proteins enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐GIRK5‐WT and the EGFP‐GIRK5K13AR14A double mutant, were localized to the ER and the plasma membrane of the vegetal pole of the oocyte, respectively. Silencing of GIRK5 or blocking of this channel by external barium prevented progesterone‐induced meiotic progression. The endogenous level of GIRK5 protein decreased through oocyte stages in prophase I augmenting by progesterone. In conclusion, we have identified a unique mechanism by which the expression pattern of a K + channel evolved to control Xenopus oocyte maturation.
Changes in Dietary or Eating Behavior in Frontotemporal Dementia Versus Alzheimer's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Changes in dietary or eating behavior are common in dementia and may help distinguish between different dementing illnesses. Objective: To evaluate and characterize differences in dietary and eating behavior among patients with early frontotemporal dementia (FTD) versus Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: This study administered the Food-Related Problems Questionnaire (FRPQ) to caregivers of 16 patients with FTD and 16 comparable patients with AD. The FRPQ was evaluated at initial presentation when patients presented for a diagnostic evaluation. Results: Compared with the AD patients, the FTD patients had significantly more changes on the FRPQ. Subscale analysis indicated that the FTD patients showed impairment of observed satiety, improper taking of food, and inappropriate responses when food was not available. Conclusions: The use of food-related questionnaires, such as the FRPQ, can help distinguish FTD patients, early in their course, from those with AD and can further characterize the altered dietary and eating behavior.
SOME ASSUMPTIONS ON THE METHODOLOGY OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF FORMATION OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES AS A GROUP OF LOCAL LEVEL SYSTEMS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article has an attempt to reflect the transformation of the process of scientific achievements with reflection of them in real urban planning activities in the formation of the concept of formation and development of territorial communities as group resettlement systems at the local level. An attempt to determine how scientific developments affect the development of urban development theory, practice, norms, laws. Particular attention is paid to territorial planning at the regional level where in the process of administrative-territorial reform there was a new element of the regional system - the territorial community. The scientific and theoretical foundations of the systemic approach of regional planning are considered and substantiated. As a result, six basic conceptual bases of systemicity (system as such, demoecological systems, systems modeling, management of systems, group systems and social aspects of systems are allocated. Given a city-based understanding of a new object of regional planning - a territorial community, the main advantages and difficulties are allocated in substantiation as such and further development. The methodology for developing the concept of formation of a territorial community as a group system of resettlement of a local level is proposed. A number of shortcomings are defined, which are not taken into account today in the development of project documentation. A number of assumptions are proposed that in the future it is necessary to scientific confirmation in the implementation of the methodology for forming a strategy for the formation and development of group forms of settlement of the local level (territorial communities). It is proved that the group system of settlements (territorial community) as an object of design and planning activity is a subsystem of the overall system of resettlement of Ukraine. The main factors characterizing the information bank of data formation of the local system are highlighted.
Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An 8-year-old boy presented with a lifelong history of a vascular mass overlying his right mandible with central coarse telangiectasias and peripheral pallor. Histopathologic examination showed a proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis. Ultrasound examination identified a mix of high- and low-flow vessels within the lesion. These findings were consistent with a noninvoluting congenital hemangioma, a rare vascular tumor that is fully formed at birth that subsequently grows proportionately with the patient and does not regress.
SecCDV: A Security Reference Architecture for Cybertwin-Driven 6G V2X

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, the proposed Cybertwin-driven 6G network architecture has attracted attentions from academia, which can support the communication anchor, security agent and other functions for physical devices. Especially, Cybertwin can provide promising Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications in future. However, security and privacy of Cybertwin still face various threats and challenges, which may impact future deployments for Cybertwin-driven 6G V2X. In this paper, we first introduce the architecture and promising applications of Cybertwin-driven 6G V2X. Then, we analyze essential data security and privacy preservation requirements for Cybertwin-driven 6G V2X. Particularly, we present the security reference architecture of Cybertwin-driven 6G V2X. As a case study, we investigate the migration of Cybertwin caused by vehicle mobility, and propose a handover authentication scheme to create new Cybertwin between vehicle and edge server based on proxy ring signature technique. Finally, we discuss several open research directions for achieving more secure Cybertwin-driven 6G V2X.
Potential clinical usage of ashwagandha root extract: A review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Ashwagandha, an herb commonly used in traditional Indian medicine, has been gathering attention as a potential drug in various specialties such as psychiatry, neurology, or endocrinology and even as a possible cancer treatment. In this review we aim to summarize reports form recent years on potential clinical usage of Ashwagandha. REVIEW METHODS The literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar online databases. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Several studies evaluating potential pharmacological uses of Ashwagandha root extract has been published. There are clinical trials conducted in India using the plant in treatment of insomnia that resulted in improved sleep quality. Ashwagandha root extract has been successfully administered in stress-related disorders. There are reports of improvement in cognitive functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment and better symptom control in obsessive-compulsive disorder after Ashwagandha supplementation. Ashwagandha has been studied in endocrine diseases, showing potential in alleviating climacteric symptoms during perimenopause and in subclinical hypothyroidism. The study aimed to assess effect of Ashwagandha on vitality and hormonal changes in elderly men showed mixed results, with improvement in some hormonal levels and not statistically significant improvement in quality of life compared to placebo group. It has also been noted that ashwagandha root extract has positive effect on cardiovascular system, as well as enhancing muscle strength and recovery in otherwise healthy adults. SUMMARYAshwagandha root extract seems to possess beneficial properties that allow for its use in several branches of medicine. However as current findings are reported from small sample studies, further research on a larger scale is needed.
General Perspective on Islamic political thought: Views of Prominent Modern Islamists

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The collapse of the Caliphate triggered a substantial debate among experts about the Caliphate. The Khalifah has traditionally been the sole type of Islamic politics that has existed since the Prophet's time (SAW). As a result, the early Muslims developed a complete philosophy that addressed the caliphate's beginnings, the qualification of the caliph, the nature and process of election, and the purpose of government. Modern Islamic political doctrines have remained nearly comparable to the previously theoretically idealised notion of the caliphate presented by famous Muslim intellectuals and jurists such as al-Mawardi, al-Ghazali, and al-Baqillani. It was a reworking of the caliphate concept and its detailed organisation. This new method has been written about by Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul-Ala Maududi, and others. This paper is an endeavour to recapitulate the views of modern writers on Islamic polity.