jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Global Analysis of the Differences Between the MODIS Vegetation Index Compositing Date and the Actual Acquisition Date

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Image compositing enables the generation of continuous and equidistant time series of vegetation indices (VIs) as a requisite for deriving phenological metrics. This is achieved by selecting a representative choice from available observations within a compositing period. Commonly, phenological processors associate the VI value with a reference date rather than the actual acquisition date. This letter focuses on a global assessment of the resulting temporal discrepancy between the assumed reference date and the actual acquisition date using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-VI day of composite (DOC) information from 2000 to 2015. It is shown that the long-term global mean DOC coincides with the midday of a compositing period (day 8.44 ± 0.44). The global summarized 2-D frequency distributions of succeeding compositing periods revealed that only 16.93% of all occurrences indicate a 16-day difference. The commonly used assumptions that the DOC coincides with the first, mid, or last day of the compositing period on average only hold true for 7.02%, 6.07%, and 6.03% of temporal succeeding compositing periods, respectively. Spatial patterns of 2-D frequency distributions occur as a result of climatic regions and seasonality. A MODIS tile is on average composed of more than 50% DOC combinations, indicating deviations (1–31 days) from the 16-day difference. Since information about the actual acquisition date is available, and methods for the incorporation of irregular data into phenological analysis do exist, it is recommended to incorporate this information into the phenology research based on VI time series to avoid unnecessary uncertainty.
Natural Hepatotoxins

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Natural Hepatotoxins SIR,-The juxtaposition of your recent leading article (15 May, p. 1261) on natural hepatotoxins with that on communication difficulties inherent in the increasing proliferation of specialist journals (" Too Many Words," p. 1264) was timely.For the ques- tion, " Are these toxins in any part responsible for the chronic liver disease which is so wide-
Personal Web Usage in the Workplace: A Guide to Effective Human Resources Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

An important aspect of managing human capital in the 21st century workplace is managing the interface between humans and information technology, particularly the World Wide Web. The Web has changed not only how and where business is conducted, but also how and where work is done. Personal web usage has created many desirable organizational outcomes such as, reducing the cost of communication, restructuring how work is performed. However, it has also generated undesirable outcomes, for instance, loss of intellectual property, sexual harassment lawsuits, productivity losses due to surfing usage, security threats, and network bandwidth overload by visiting web sites for travel, leisure, and sports, and news. The mechanisms controlling the interface of individual and institution in this flexible, open, autonomous work environment created by the Web are emergent phenomena, and the lines between legitimate usage and usage are just beginning to be understood. Personal Web Usage in the Workplace: A Guide to Effective Human Resources Management examines topics which embrace a wide array of Personal Web Usage issues such as antecedents of Web usage, frameworks/models of Web usage, Web technologies for monitoring usage, Web usage within other cultures and countries, Measurement issues of Web usage, and the impact of Web usage among others
The class A scavenger receptor SR-A/CD204 and the class B scavenger receptor CD36 regulate immune functions of macrophages differently

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

SR-A/CD204 and CD36 are major receptors responsible for oxidized lipoproteins uptake by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Both receptors also share the role as receptors for different pathogens, but studies on their signaling have been hampered by the lack of selective ligands. We report that, upon specific ligation by Ab, SR-A does not induce cytokine production, but mediates inhibition of LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-12/23p40, enhancement of IL-10 release, and has no effect on TNF-α and RANTES production in murine macrophages. In contrast, anti-CD36 Ab alone stimulated production of all these cytokines, with IL-10 production being exceptionally high. Effects of anti-CD36 Ab, except of IL-10 production, were mediated by CD14 and TLR2, whereas those of SR-A ligation by heterotrimeric Gi/o proteins and by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Surprisingly, we found that LPS uptake by macrophages was mediated in part by CD36 cooperating with CD14, whereas SR-A was not involved in this process. Finely, during in vitro Ag presentation to naïve CD4 + lymphocytes, pre-incubation of macrophages with anti-CD36 Ab enhanced IFN-γ production in the co-culture, but exerted the opposite effect under conditions enabling IL-10 accumulation. In contrast, anti-SR-A Ab was ineffective alone, but reversed the Th1-polarizing effect of LPS.
Activity selection games and the minimum‐cut problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The connection between the minimum‐cut problem in a capacitated network and certain combinatorial problems is well‐known. This article presents and analyzes a selection problem in the context of a cooperative game, with emphasis on the key role of associated minimum‐cut problems. Each coalition selects economic activities from private activities available to its members and public activities available to all coalitions. For each coalition, a minimum‐cut problem finds an optimal selection and the value of the characteristic function. The game is a convex game. Applying the Greedy Algorithm involves solving n minimum‐cut problems, where n is the number of players. The solution of n minimum‐cut problem determines whether a proposed payoff vector is in the core. An optimal selection of activities varies monotonically with the coalition membership and with the value of each activity. The Shapley value and each extreme point of the core vary monotonically with the value of each activity.
Molecular evolution of the intracellular targeting of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The subcellular distribution of the hepatic metabolic enzyme alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) has changed on numerous occasions throughout the evolution of mammals. The AGT distribution in the livers of these species seems to show a relationship to diet. Thus AGT tends to be mitochondrial in carnivores, peroxisomal in herbivores and both mitochondrial and peroxisomal in omnivores. The archetypal mammalian AGT gene has the potential to encode an N-terminal mitchondrial targeting sequence (MTS) and a C-terminal peroxisomal targeting sequence type 1 (PTS1). The variable subcellular distribution of AGT results from the variable use of two alternative transcription and translation start sites which include or exclude the MTS from the open reading frame (ORF). The functionality and evolution of the targeting sequences of AGT are extraordinary. The MTS of AGT is often excluded from the ORF and the PTS1 is protein context dependent. This study further investigates the following: 1. The molecular mechanism for the variable distribution of AGT in different species 2. The selective pressure that acts on the targeting of AGT to cause its variable localization. The results presented in this thesis show the following: The molecular explanation for the unusual mitochondrial and cytosolic distribution of amphibian AGT was determined, using the xenopus as a representative species. It is the first AGT gene studied, which does not encode a peroxisomal targeting sequence. Xenopus AGT has the potential to encode two RNA transcripts. One of these includes the MTS and the other has no targeting information. Two novel molecular mechanisms for a solely peroxisomal distribution of AGT were suggested for certain primate species. These were the loss of a transcription start site excluding the MTS from the RNA transcript, and accumulation of mutations in the MTS that are incompatible with its function. The context specificity of PTS1s, in general, was explored by undertaking an extensive literature survey of C-terminal tripeptides that have some characteristics of PTS1s. This information was related to the peroxisomal targeting of AGT. Analysis of the relative number of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations accumulated in the region of primate AGT genes, encoding the MTS, suggested that there has been recent strong, yet episodic, positive selection pressure to lose, or diminish, mitochondrial AGT targeting in anthropoid primates. The selection pressure is possibly connected to diet. Non-mammalian AGT homologues were identified from sequence databases. These, along with the xenopus AGT data, suggested a new hypothesis for the ancestral distribution of AGT. Stronger evidence for the theory of diet as the selective pressure driving the evolution of AGT subcellular targeting was acquired by comparative analysis of the distribution of AGT and diet, which showed a significant correlation.
INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL-COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN ADMINISTRATION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Education decentralization in Nepal was initiated by naming all government schools as ‘community school’ which encouraged community participation in management and funding. However, integration of school facilities with communities for informal learning has been less practiced. Therefore, this study on 45-community schools analyses decentralization patterns of education system constructed from the history of transformation seen in each school. Furthermore, school facility types were analysed based on their assignment of functions within the integration approach. Four transformation patterns and three integration approaches were identified and compared to clarify the prospects of integrated approach.
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Endotoxin-Releasing Properties in Trauma Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:

To test the hypothesis that antibiotics leading to greater endotoxin release are associated with greater mortality in septic trauma patients.

Design:

Post hoc analysis of data from a previously conducted prospective, randomized, multicenter study designed to evaluate the efficacy of interferon gamma in preventing infection and death in trauma patients.

Setting:

Nine level I trauma centers.

Patients:

Severely injured trauma patients at high risk for sepsis. Eighty percent (N=334) of the enrolled patients developed some manifestation of gram-negative sepsis, defined by the administration of gram-negative specific antibiotics.

Main Outcome Measures:

The in-hospital mortality rate of patients who received penicillin-binding protein 3/tumor necrosis factor (PBP3/TNF)–specific antibiotics associated with the greatest degree of endotoxin release and TNF production (PBP3/TNF group, n=78: aztreonam. ceftazidime, and cefotaxime sodium) was compared with that of patients not receiving these agents (non-PBP3/TNF group, n=256).

Results:

Mortality in the PBP3/TNF group (17%) was higher than in the non-PBP3/TNF group (8%, P=.02). The two groups were similar in their mean (±SD) Injury Severity Scores (34±9), ages (31 ± 12 years), and initial degree of bacterial contamination.

Conclusions:

Antibiotics that are associated with greater release of endotoxin and production of TNF are also associated with greater mortality in septic trauma patients. Decisions regarding antibiotic administration may need to consider the endotoxin-releasing properties of antibiotics in addition to their antibacterial sensitivity spectrum. Prospective studies of the effect of endotoxin-releasing properties of antibiotics on mortality are warranted. (Arch Surg. 1995;130:1234-1241)
Analysis of barrel support saddles and forces between modules during assembly.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As the Barrel Tile Calorimeter is constructed, the support saddles and the modules will be subjected to different forces, stresses, and deflections than when completely assembled. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the forces, stresses, and deflections acting on the support saddles and modules at various stages of assembly. The nominal weight of a barrel module is 20 tons. CERN Document number ATL-LB-EA-0001 'Summary of the Structural Analysis of the Barrel Support Saddles' describes in detail the structural analysis of the saddles and the completed barrel assembly. These calculations followed Eurocode 3. This paper examined several load cases which occur during the assembly of the Barrel. The following are the main conclusions: (1) The assembly is not stable until 18 modules are in place, and only then can the support cradle be removed; (2) The forces between modules are nominal and are far less that the forces in the completed cylinder with 64 modules in place and the cryostat load applied; (3) All of the stresses in the connections between modules are within acceptable limits; and (4) The interface between the cryostat supports and the cryostat move approximately 1.0 mm in the X and Y directions when the load of the cryostat is transferred to the Barrel.
OMCVD growth of strained Al/sub x/Ga/sub y/In/sub 1-x-y/As for low threshold 1.3 mu m and 1.55 mu m quantum well lasers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

It is shown that low threshold current density compressive and tensile strained lasers with AlGaInAs QWs (quantum wells) can be fabricated with easily controllable QW thicknesses in the range of 7-15 nm. It is also shown that it is possible to adjust the emission wavelength from 1.32 to 1.62 mu m while maintaining the QW thickness and strain. The presence of Al in the QWs does not degrade the laser performance, with a threshold current density as low as 96 A/cm/sup 2/ being obtained for compressively strained 1.32- mu m lasers. Tensile strained 1.36- mu m lasers with a threshold current density as low as 256 A/cm/sup 2/ were achieved for the first time.< >
The influence of greenfluencer credibility on green purchase behaviour (Influencia de la credibilidad del greenfluencer en el comportamiento de compra de productos verdes)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The communication of environmental awareness through social media can act as a mechanism for adopting more responsible consumption patterns. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyse the impact of greenfluencer credibility on attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, as well as the effect these have on purchase intentions and of the latter on green purchase behaviours. Quantitative, non-experimental, explanatory, cross-sectional research was conducted on 201 Mexican subjects between the ages of 15 and 60, all followers of environmental influencers on Facebook. The results shows that the credibility of greenfluencers had a positive effect on attitude, subjective norms and behavioural control. In addition, both attitude and perceived behavioural control positively impacted purchase intentions, although subjective norms did not. Finally, purchase intentions had a significant effect on the actual purchase of green products. Further exploration would be useful on the role of greenfluencers in the adoption of sustainable lifestyles.
Metabolome and transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals anthocyanins in the red flowers of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) flowers display a white or red color. The white flowers are a popular food in Chinese markets, while the red flowers have high ornamental value. In this study, combined analysis of the transcriptome and flavonoid metabolome was performed to investigate the key genes and metabolites involved in flower pigmentation in the red and white flowers of black locust. A total of 308 flavonoid metabolites were identified, and five anthocyanins were significantly higher in the red flowers compared to the white flowers. Transcriptome sequencing yielded about 66 Gb data, from which 53,992 unigenes were assembled. Compared with the white flowers, 1,394 unigenes were up-regulated and 1,201 unigenes were down-regulated in the red flowers. Three anthocyanin structural genes, F3'H, ANS, and 3GT, were significantly up-regulated in the red flowers, representing the key genes for anthocyanin accumulation in the red flowers. Nine MYB and four bHLH genes were up-regulated in the red flowers, representing the candidate genes regulating the anthocyanin pathway. These results provide a theoretical basis for the development of black locust flowers as a food and also provide a foundation for the study of anthocyanin regulation in black locust.
Growth Profile of Chamaedorea cataractarum (Cascade Palm) Seedlings with Different Colored Plastic Mulch

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cascade palms (Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart.) are slow growing, ornamental plants suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of colored plastic mulch on the growth of Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart. Seedlings grown in soil were compared with those grown using red and blue plastic much cover. The study was conducted in triplicate settings at two different green houses and at two different locations in one of the green houses. Plant growth was monitored for plant height, stem thickness at the base, number of leaves and leaflets, chlorophyll a and b, root density, root length and shoot dry weight. Data were analyzed in a randomized complete block design. Light reflected from both mulch colors and the bare substrate had low radiance values in the blue, red and far-red wavelengths. Mulch color had a relatively small significant effect on plant height (P = 0.0728). Plants grown on red mulch had smaller height than those grown on bare substrate and on blue mulch. Although the differences were not significant, plants grown on blue mulch had higher growth rates (height, stem diameter), as well as higher number of leaves and leaflets.
Sudden hearing loss.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article describes a patient with documented sudden, severe, unilateral, sensorineural hearing loss occurring four days after audiometric evaluation for nonspecific complaints. He was hospitalized immediately; treatment included I.V. histamine and oral steroid therapy. He noted improvement within two days, and serial audiometry has documented recovery to the initial audiometric levels. We believe that this documentation of recovery to pre-illness levels is unique.
Bringing The Future Within Reach - Celebrating 75 Years of the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, has been making the future for 75 years. The center's work with aircraft engines, high-energy fuels, communications technology, electric propulsion, energy conversion and storage, and materials and structures has been, and continues to be, crucial to both the Agency and the region. Glenn has partnered with industry, universities, and other agencies to continually advance technologies that are propelling the nation's aerospace community into the future. Nonetheless these continued accomplishments would not be possible without the legacy of our first three decades of research, which led to over one hundred R&D 100 Awards, three Robert J. Collier Trophies, and an Emmy. Glenn, which is located in Cleveland, Ohio, is 1 of 10 NASA field centers, and 1 of only 3 that stem from an earlier research organization-the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Glenn began operation in 1942 as the NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (AERL). In 1947 the NACA renamed the lab the Flight Propulsion Laboratory to reflect the expansion of the research. In September 1948, following the death of the NACA's Director of Aeronautics, George Lewis, the NACA rededicated the lab as the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory. On 1 October 1958, the lab was incorporated into the new NASA space agency and was renamed the NASA Lewis Research Center. Following John Glenn's return to space on the space shuttle, on 1 March 1999 the center name was changed once again, becoming the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center.
Quantum vacuum effects from boundaries of designer potentials

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Vacuum energy in quantum field theory, being the sum of zero-point energies\nof all field modes, is formally infinite but yet, after regularization or\nrenormalization, can give rise to finite observable effects. One way of\nunderstanding how these effects arise is to compute the vacuum energy in an\nidealized system such as a large cavity divided into disjoint regions by\npistons. In this paper, this type of calculation is carried out for situations\nwhere the potential affecting a field is not the same in all regions of the\ncavity. It is shown that the observable parts of the vacuum energy in such\npotentials do not fall off to zero as the region where the potential is\nnontrivial becomes large. This unusual behavior might be interesting for tests\ninvolving quantum vacuum effects and for studies on the relation between vacuum\nenergy in quantum field theory and geometry.\n
Supplementary Figure S14 from LNS8801 inhibits Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Inducing the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Activating the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>LNS8801 does not inhibit AML in systemic in vivo model (A) Proliferation assay of luciferase-expressing MV4-11 (MV4-11-Luc) cells. Cells were incubated for 72 hours and were counted with trypan blue dye. 5 replicates were used for experiment. P-values were calculated via pairwise t-tests (*p=<0.05, **p=<0.01, ***p=<0.001, ****p=<0.0001). (B) Systemic in vivo experiment done with MV4-11-Luc. Male NSG mice were used for the experiment. Mice were treated with vehicle or LNS8801 daily through oral gavage. 3 animals were used per condition.</p>
[Bifidobacteria and inulin-type fructans which stimulate their growth].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Both Bifidobacteria and carbohydrates they metabolize have attracted attention of food and pharmaceutical industries for several decades. Extensive research on bifidobacteria is dictated by the growing knowledge about the role of these microorganisms in the environment which they dwell. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on bifidobacteria and inulin type fructans they ferment. The first part of the article contains description of bifidobacteria, including their occurrence and the documented, beneficial impact on human health. The characterization of inulin-type fructans, including their structure and occurrence, and enzymes which hydrolyze beta-(2,1)-glycosidic bonds in fructans as well as different activities of bifidobacteria in degradation of these sugars are described in the second part.
SYNTHESES AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF 1,2,4-TRIAZOLO-[3,4-B][1,3,4]THIADIAZOLE DITHIOPHOSPHATES

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract In this article, we incorporated the organic phosphorus group on to a triazolothiadiazole ring to prepare the title compounds fused 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole heterocyclic compounds. From the results on biological activities, we found that most compounds showed weak activities, and thus the structures need to be further optimized for improved activity. Keywords: Biological activityorganic phosphorussynthesistriazolothiadiazole The authors were very grateful for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 29832050) for the support of this project.