jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Timing of spike initiation in cochlear afferents: dependence on site of innervation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. The phase of excitation of inner hair cells (IHCs) relative to basilar membrane motion has been estimated as a function of best frequency (BF) (or, equivalently, cochlear location) by recording responses to tones (100–1,000 Hz) from chinchilla cochlear afferent axons at their central exit from the internal auditory meatus. 2. The time of IHC excitation (i.e., the time of chemical transmitter release) was derived from the neural recordings at near-threshold levels by applying a correction for the latency of synaptic processes and the propagation time of action potentials. 3. The phase of basilar membrane motion at the appropriate innervation site was estimated on the basis of previously measured basilar membrane responses at a location close to the basal end of the cochlea and estimates of mechanical travel time from the basal end to the innervation site, derived from the neural latencies to intense rarefaction clicks, as a function of BF. 4. The derived near-threshold excitation of basal IHCs leads basilar membrane displacement toward scala tympani by approximately 40-60 degrees. 5. At BFs corresponding to midcochlear locations (2–6 kHz) there is an abrupt phase transition. The derived excitation for IHCs located at more apical locations (BFs large in relation to stimulus frequency) corresponds approximately to peak velocity of the basilar membrane toward scala vestibuli. 6. Although the derived response phases of apically located IHCs are consistent with intracellular recordings from IHCs, the derived near-threshold response phases of basal IHCs may be inconsistent with intracellular IHC recordings. 7. The foregoing results, based on responses of nearly 1,000 cochlear afferents to tones 100-1,000 Hz at near-threshold stimulus levels, amply confirm our previous conclusions that were based on a smaller sample of responses to very low frequency tones (less than or equal to 100 Hz): there is a spatial transition at midcochlear regions in the mode of excitation of IHCs, which does not seem to simply reflect the macromechanics of the basilar membrane. 8. It has been proposed that both the paradoxical response phases of high-BF afferents and the spatial phase transition arise from an influence of cochlear microphonics on the transmembrane potential of IHCs. The present results, which show that the spatial phase transition occurs for frequencies at least as high as 400 Hz, would appear to make such an electrical influence of outer hair cells on IHCs less likely. An alternative explanation might be that the phase transition has a mechanical basis, perhaps localized to micromechanical events in the subtectorial regio
Modeling of the process of education of readiness to counteract the ideology of extremism the servicemen of Rosguard

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ideology of extremism is rapidly spreading in the modern world. For these purposes, extremist organizations use any means, in particular, the Internet information and communication network. Rosguard servicemen, performing service and combat tasks, the main purpose of which is to protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the country, become the object of both indirect and targeted influence from extremist organizations. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to develop a model that allows for the process of educating readiness to counter the ideology of extremism in military personnel. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the developed structural and functional model, which includes four blocks: target, methodological, substantive-procedural and evaluative-effective. The result of the implementation of the designed structural and functional model will be an increase in the level of readiness for countering the ideology of extremism among the servicemen of the Rosguard.
The labour market and income distribution in Colombia in the 1990s

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article analyses the behaviour of the Colombian labour market and the changes it underwent during the 1990s. It begins by outlining the reforms carried out in that country and summarizing macroeconomic developments and changes in the production structure in the 1990s. Then it uses data available from household surveys to analyse the dynamic of the labour market by economic sector, educational level and occupational position. After briefly describing the latest advances in research into income distribution in Colombia, it then shows the results of simulation exercises carried out to determine the effects of the changes observed in labour market conditions (sectoral structure of employment, relative wages, unemployment and labour force participation) on income distribution and poverty, both for the country as a whole and for the urban and rural sectors separately. The article concludes that the ability of the economy to generate employment has deteriorated markedly, and that this deterioration has affected lower-skilled workers most of all.
Simultaneous immunization of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and live anthrax vaccines do not interfere with FMD booster responses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in Argentina is compulsory for most of the cattle population and conducted by certified veterinarians. This organized campaign may facilitate the controlled application of other vaccines against endemic diseases, provided immune responses against FMD are not hindered. There is no published information on the interference of immunity against FMD vaccines when applied together with a live bacterial vaccine. In this study we evaluated if the simultaneous application of a Bacillus anthracis live vaccine with a commercial tetravalent oil-based FMD vaccine (FMD-vac) used in Argentina, modifies the antibody booster responses against FMD virus (FMDV) in cattle. Two groups of 16 heifers with comparable liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) titers were immunized with the FMD-vac alone or simultaneously with a commercial attenuated bovine anthrax Sterne strain vaccine (ABV). Serum samples were obtained at 0, 25, 60 and 90 days post vaccination (dpv) and specific antibodies against two FMDV vaccine strains were assessed by LPBE, avidity and IgG-isotype ELISAs. Bovines immunized with FMD-vac or FMDV-V + ABV responded with a boost in the LPBE antibody titers and avidity at 25 dpv, and remained within similar levels up to the end of the study. Animals vaccinated with FMD-vac + ABV had significantly higher LPBE titers at 25 dpv, compared to those immunized with FMD-vac alone; which was due to an increase in IgG2 titers. Overall, antibody titers elicited in both groups were similar and followed comparable kinetics over time. We conclude that the simultaneous application of a live anthrax vaccine with the current FMD tetravalent vaccine used in Argentina in cattle previously immunized against FMD, did not counteract the serological response induced by FMD vaccination.
Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents some central features of Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. The guiding thread is the transcendental reduction, which involves an ambiguity that Husserl never ceased to ponder and has continued to engage Husserl scholars. The ambiguity appears when Husserl attributes "absolute" status to consciousness – the "intentional correlation" between act and object – and it concerns the meaning and scope of the evidence to which phenomenological reflection appeals in this attribution. I will mainly draw on texts where Husserl explains how his transcendental phenomenology differs from Kant's Critical philosophy, and I will generally let Husserl speak for himself. I will take no stand on the adequacy of Husserl's Kant-interpretation, but I will try to clarify what is at stake. Section one introduces the issue with a look at Husserl's "breakthrough" to phenomenology in Logical Investigations. Section two discusses the phenomenological reduction, highlighting Husserl's "Cartesian way" of motivating it. This will lead us to consider the relation between transcendental phenomenology and ontology in section three. Finally, section four elucidates the fundamental ambiguity of the reduction: the relation between transcendental phenomenology and metaphysics. With reference to some contemporary debates, I argue that transcendental phenomenology can, and should, be metaphysically neutral.
Near-Infrared, Organic Chiroptic Switch with High Dissymmetry Factors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Here we unveil a chiral molecular redox switch derived from PDI-based twistacenes─chPDI[2] that has the remarkable attributes of high-intensity and a broadband chiral response. This material exhibits facile, stable, and reversible multistate chiroptical switching behavior over a broad active wavelength range close to 700 nm, encompassing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions. Upon reduction, chPDI[2] exhibits a substantial increase in the amplitude of its circular dichroic response, with an outstanding |ΔΔε| > 300 M-1 cm-1 and a high dissymmetry factor of 3 × 10-2 at 960 nm. DFT calculations suggest that the long wavelength CD signal for doubly reduced chPDI[2] originates from excitation of the PDI backbone to the π* orbital of the bridging alkene. Importantly, the dimer's molecular contortion facilitates ionic diffusion, enabling chiral switching in solid state films. The high dissymmetry factors and near-infrared response establish chPDI[2] as a unique chiroptic switch.
Perceived Effectiveness of Children's Preparation for a Stressful Medical Event

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Four commonly used methods of preparing children for stressful medical situations, including Sensory Information, Medical Education, Coping Strategies, and a Minimal Information “Candy-Coated” approach were evaluated by students drawn from Introductory Psychology classes, Child Psychology classes, and Medical School classes. These students rated films portraying four preparation methods on their relative efficacy in reducing fear, promoting cooperation, and relieving pain in the intravenous therapy of hypothetical 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-year-old children. Although the class from which the subjects were drawn influenced the students' perception of technique effectiveness, in general subjects rated Sensory Information and Coping techniques as most effective, the Candy-coated approach as marginally effective, and the Medical Education technique as having negative effects. The age of the targeted child also influenced subjects' ratings. The Candy-coated approach was generally rated as more effective for younger children, and the Sensory Information and Coping techniques were rated as more effective for older children. The need for further investigations of laypersons' beliefs regarding preparation program effectiveness is stressed.
PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH, DAN DANA ALOKASI UMUM TERHADAP PENGALOKASIAN ANGGARAN BELANJA MODAL PADA KABUPATEN DI PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of economic growth, regional original income and general allocation funds on the allocation of the capital expenditure budget in North Sumatra Regency in 2018-2020. Several previous studies on the capital expenditure budget showed different results. Therefore this research, this research needs to be done to retest the theory of capital expenditure budget. The sample of this study is the entire population consisting of 3 years. The research method used is qualitative by using secondary data sourced from APBD budget reports obtained from the official website of the directorate general of financial balance at the Ministry of Finance and from the Central Statistics Agency. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The analysis process used first is descriptive statistics, classical assumption test, then hypothesis testing. The results of this study partially show that economic growth, local revenue and general allocation funds have a significant effect on the capital expenditure budget. And the simultaneous results of economic growth, regional original income and general allocation funds have a simultaneous effect on the capital expenditure budget
PTH-140 Risk Stratification of upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding with the Glasglow-Blatchford Score: Experience of a District General Hospital in East London, United Kingdom

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The Glasglow-Blatchford Score (GBS) is a risk stratification tool to assess the need for clinical intervention to prevent death in patients with suspected upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding 1 . In the UK it has been validated in four centres, with 99.6% sensitivity for not requiring endoscopic or transfusion therapy in patients with a GBS of zero 1,3 . Latest NICE guidelines recommend the GBS for risk stratification in UGI bleeds 2 . We aimed to establish whether the East London population behaved in a similar fashion to published data. Methods The GBS was calculated retrospectively from audit data collected from patients with suspected UGI bleeding seen by the emergency department (ED) at Whipps Cross University Hospital, London between November and December 2011. During this period, clinical notes for patients with emergency department attendances coded as haematemesis, coffee-ground vomiting and/or melaena were analysed. Patients who were subsequently found to have a different diagnosis were excluded from further analysis. In addition to basic demographic and admission data, we assessed how frequently the GBS was applied. GBS scores were then correlated with endoscopy findings, and the need for endoscopic therapy at the time of endoscopy, and the need for transfusion. Results 97 sets of notes were identified and 42 patients included in the audit, age range 26–96 (median 66 years). 61% of patients were male and 57% of admissions occurred between the hours of 0900 to 1700. In 77% of patients a GBS was not considered by emergency and/or acute medical physicians. All patients with a GBS of 0 were admitted and subsequently discharged with outpatient endoscopy. Abstract PTH-140 Table 1 GBS No. of Patients UGI Pathology Endoscopic Therapy Blood Transfusions 0 5 (12%) 0 0 0 1–5 22 (52%) 3 0 2 6–13 15 (36%) 7 5 13 Of patients scoring 1 to 5, 11% had UGI pathology, 9% (2 patients both GBS of 5) required transfusion only. In patients scoring 6 to 13, 47% of them had UGI pathology, 33% and 87% required endoscopic therapy and blood transfusions respectively. Conclusion UGI bleeds were most commonly found in males over the age of 65. Locally, the GBS is an underused risk stratification tool in determining the need for admission. Our preliminary data suggests patients with GBS of 0 can be discharged with outpatient endoscopy, and patients with a GBS more than 6 represent a high risk population requring emergent endoscopy. We propose that patients with a GBS of 1 or 2 can also be managed as an outpatient as our data suggest that patients in this group do not require admission. Local data suggests this can reduce patient admission rates by up to 17%. Disclosure of Interest None Declared. References Blatchford O et al. Lancet 2000; 256(9238):1318–21 Dworzynski K et al. BMJ 2012; p.e3412 Stanley AJ et al. Lancet 2009; 373(9657):42–7
Evaluation of an in-house indirect immunoperoxidase test for detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

African swine fever (ASF) is a high-consequence transboundary animal disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Given that vaccines are not widely available, ASFV detection, including by molecular and serologic assays, is paramount to efficacious control and mitigation of ASF. ASFV-specific antibodies can be detected as early as 7–10 d postinfection in infected animals and may persist for several months or longer. Accurate detection of ASFV-specific antibody is critical for the identification of chronically infected, subclinically infected, or recovered animals. ELISAs are commonly used for the rapid screening of large numbers of animals for ASFV antibodies. The World Organisation for Animal Health recommends that ELISA-positive results should be confirmed with a second serologic method, such as an indirect immunofluorescent assay, indirect immunoperoxidase test (IPT), or immunoblot test. Commercial kits are not available for those tests. We developed and validated an in-house IPT by using a currently circulating genotype II ASFV strain as antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of the in-house IPT are comparable to the reference IPT developed by an international ASFV reference laboratory and superior to a commercial blocking ELISA.
Novel Assessment of Tricuspid Valve Annulus and Papillary Muscle Geometry in Systolic and Diastolic Normal Heart Using 3D Printed Right Ventricular Models

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Three-dimensional (3D) printing models have been demonstrated to be useful in therapeutic guiding. However, there have been few studies exploring the properties of the heart using 3D printed models. We attempted to assess the inadequately understood tricuspid valve annulus (TA) and papillary muscle (PM) geometrical changes in diastole and systole using 3D printed right ventricular models. Methods: Stereolithographic (STL) files were converted, using ECG-gated 320-detector-row multislice computed tomography in order to analyze the geometry of the TA and PM throughout the cardiac cycle. Right ventricular end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) models were subsequently 3D printed. Results: Characterizing the shape of the annulus, annular height increased from ED to ES (7.0 to 11.0mm), whereas eccentricity (measure of how circular a shape is) decreased from ED to ES (0.88 to 0.70) showing that the annulus became more oval and wave form in ES. Interpapillary muscle distance (IPMD) was measured from papillary tip-to-tip and base-to-base. Tip-to-tip IPMD between septal and anterior(S-A), anterior and posterior(A-P), septal and posterior(S-P) PM decreased from ED to ES respectively (17.0 to 10.0mm, 16.0 to 14.0mm, and 25.5 to 22.5mm). Similarly, base-to-base IPMD between S-A, A-P, S-P PM decreased from ED to ES (19.5 to 19.0mm, 22.0 to 17.0mm, and 36.5 to 33.0mm). Distance between the septal, the anterior and the posterior PM tip to the apex decreased from ED to ES, suggesting a papillary muscle apical movement (45.0 to 38.0mm, 59.0 to 47.0mm, 66.0 to 55.5mm). Conclusions: The tricuspid valve annulus and papillary muscle geometry were remarkably changed between diastole and systole. These preliminary results support that 3D printing of cardiac models at selected cardiac cycle phase enable accurate assessment of valve complexes.
Live fast and prosper: early territory defence is not costly in male collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Males often exhibit subordinate social tactics and grow at high rates when young, but changes in local social conditions may accelerate opportunities to acquire dominant territorial social status. Early territory defence, however, might trade off high energetic costs of advertisement and aggression against requirements for growth; therefore, the accelerated acquisition of dominant social status might carry prohibitive evolutionary costs. I tested this hypothesis by recording data on social behaviour and life-history traits in male collared lizards that acquired territories during their first season with those that remained non-territorial. I used principal components analysis (PCA) to synthesize these variables while controlling for male body size. Principal components analysis revealed four axes that summarized 89.4% of the total variance among males. As expected, first-year males that ascended to territorial status early had higher PCA scores on a social advertisement axis that included behaviour traits demanding expenditure of energy. Surprisingly, energetic investment in advertisement did not reduce male scores on a life-history PCA axis that included rates of growth, foraging and lifespan. My results indicate that accelerated territory acquisition did not impose long-term costs, suggesting that it might be an adaptive ontogenetic option for males in this population of collared lizards.
A conserved requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in neuronal autophagic lysosome reformation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes that degrade engulfed cargo. To maintain lysosomal capacity, autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR) must regenerate lysosomes from autolysosomes using a membrane tubule-based process. Maintaining lysosomal capacity is required to maintain cellular health, especially in neurons where lysosomal dysfunction has been repeatedly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. The DNA-J domain HSC70 co-chaperone RME-8/DNAJC13 has been linked to endosomal coat protein regulation and to neurological disease. We report new analysis of the requirements for the RME-8/DNAJC13 protein in neurons, focusing on intact C. elegans mechanosensory neurons, and primary mouse cortical neurons in culture. Loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 in both systems results in accumulation of grossly elongated autolysosomal tubules. Further C. elegans analysis revealed a similar autolysosome tubule accumulation defect in mutants known to be required for ALR in mammals, including mutants lacking bec-1/BECN1/Beclin1 and vps-15/PIK3R4/p150 that regulate the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) VPS-34, and dyn-1/dynamin that severs ALR tubules. Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. In C. elegans we found that loss of RME-8 causes severe depletion of clathrin from neuronal autolysosomes, a phenotype shared with bec-1 and vps-15 mutants. We conclude that RME-8/DNAJC13 plays a previously unrecognized role in ALR, likely affecting autolysosome tubule severing. Additionally, in both systems, loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 reduced macroautophagic/autophagic flux, suggesting feedback regulation from ALR to autophagy. Our results connecting RME-8/DNAJC13 to ALR and autophagy provide a potential mechanism by which RME-8/DNAJC13 could influence neuronal health and the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Abbreviation: ALR, autophagic lysosome reformation; ATG-13/EPG-1, AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog)-13; ATG-18, AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog)-18; AV, autophagic vacuole; CLIC-1, Clathrin Light Chain-1; EPG-3, Ectopic P Granules-3; EPG-6, Ectopic P Granules-6; LGG-1, LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family-1; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PD, Parkinson disease; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; RME-8, Receptor Mediated Endocytosis-8; SNX-1, Sorting NeXin-1; VPS-34, related to yeast Vacuolar Protein Sorting factor-34