jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Maternal obesity and its determinants: A neglected issue?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Maternal obesity is a global public health concern that affects every aspect of maternity care. It affects the short-term and long-term health of the mother and her offspring. Obese pregnant mothers are at an increased risk of developing complications during antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods. Maternal complications include gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, increased rate of cesarean delivery, pulmonary embolism, and maternal mortality; fetal complications include congenital malformation, stillbirth, and macrosomia. Moreover, both mother and infant are at an increased risk of developing subsequent non-communicable diseases and cardiovascular problems later in life. Several factors are associated with the likelihood of maternal obesity, including sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric characteristics, knowledge, and perception of health-promoting behavior. Gaining a sound understanding of these factors is vital to reaching the targets of Sustainable Developmental Goal 3-to reduce global maternal mortality and end preventable deaths of children under 5 years of age-by 2030. It is essential to identify pregnant women who are at risk of maternal obesity in order to plan and implement effective and timely interventions for optimal pregnancy outcomes. Importantly, maternal obesity as a significant pregnancy risk factor is largely modifiable.
The Sceneggiata

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses the canzone sceneggiata (“staged song”), or simply sceneggiata (“staged”), a precursor of neomelodica music. The sceneggiata is a century-old Neapolitan melodramatic musical performance genre that has taken the form of theater, film (silent and sound), and music videos. It heavily influenced neomelodica music, which shares with it many aesthetic features and conjures some of the same sensibilities. In its early life, the sceneggiata was a potent force in popular culture in Campania and in Italian diasporas. This force waned across decades of political economic change. Now the sceneggiata is staged only as fragments in Neapolitan popular culture and performances of everyday life. The reasons for this change are registered in both the waning potency of allegory and the allegorical narrative itself.
Seeking Circularity: A Review of Zimbabwe Waste Management Policies Towards a Circular Economy

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Sustainable waste management practices, Resource Efficiency (RE) and Circular Economy (CE) strategies must be mainstreamed in policies to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The Zimbabwean constitution provides for environmental rights which include pollution and ecological degradation prevention, conservation promotion and encouraging ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while supporting economic and social development.It calls for the development of legislative and other measures for the protection of the environment.Considering this, the legislative framework of Zimbabwe includes the Principal Act which is the Environmental Management Act and its ancillary regulations.Regulations relevant to waste management include the Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal Regulations (SI 6, 2007).This instrument regulates the disposal of waste (solid waste and effluent), using the "polluter pays" principle but does not explicitly promote circularity as industry can budget for the disposal and not work towards circularity.Hazardous Waste Management Regulations (SI 10 2007) provides for the issuing of licenses for the generation, storage, use, recycling, treatment, transportation, or disposal of hazardous waste for waste generators and waste handlers.In addition, the country also has the Integrated Waste Management Plan published in 2014 that promotes integration of waste management practices.The legislative framework (policies, acts, regulations, and ancillary legislations) needs to be aligned to fully encompass sustainable practices in the management of industrial waste towards the transition to a CE.The policies were evaluated, analysed and interpreted for their implications on stakeholders by conducting a SWOT Analysis.The review revealed that environmental risks from industrial waste management are complex and need to be managed in a holistic approach.This requires the implementation and enforcement of policies encompassing industrial ecology, economic instruments, regulations, and strategies that create value through the closed-loop systems, internalising the environmental costs and providing incentives for efficient resource use towards a circular economy and achieving sustainable production and consumption patterns.Most of the policies did not explicitly provide for the implementation of CE strategies from a regulatory point of view as industry felt the policies use the stick rather than the carrot approach.Nevertheless, there is voluntary implementation of the strategies as industry strive to achieve a CE.
Organized Nanorod-Superconductor Composites.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The overall goal of this project is to develop rational approaches for controlling the nanostructure of high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) and other complex solids. Our emphasis on the nanometer scale is motivated by the recognition that control of structure in this size regime leads in general to materials with enhanced and/or novel electrical, thermal, mechanical, optical and magnetic properties. In this regard, our main objective has been to control the nanometer scale defect structure in HTSs to enhance critical currents. The intrinsic problem of thermally-activated flux flow, which limits critical currents in all HTS materials, can be reduced significantly by creating nanometer diameter columnar defect structure in the HTSs. Specific objectives that have been pursued during the past year include (1) the design of a large scale synthesis of MgO nanorods that function as columnar defects in HTSs, (2) elucidation of factors critical to the creation of a well-defined nanorod/HTS nanostructure in bulk materials, and (3) the development of general approaches to the synthesis of nanowires of other materials.
Simultaneous determination of size and refractive index of red blood cells by light scattering measurements

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We present a fast and accurate approach for simultaneous determination of both the mean diameter and refractive index of a collection of red blood cells (RBCs). The approach uses the peak frequency of the power spectrum and the corresponding phase angle obtained by performing Fourier transform on the measured angular distribution of scattered light to determine these parameters. Results on the measurement of two important clinical parameters, the mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin concentration of a collection of RBCs, are presented.
THE ROLE OF İNTONATİON İN THE CONNECTİON OF COMPOUND SENTENCE COMPONENTS İN AZERBAİJANİ FOLKLORE MATERİALS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article deals with intonation as a means, which in Azerbaijani folklore materials plays an important role in the interconnection of the components of a complex sentence.It was noted that in folklore materials intonation is one of the main means that ensure the interconnection of the components of a complex sentence, and also provides a variety, ease, compactness and emotionality of speech.
Heterogeneous Explore-Exploit Strategies on Multi-Star Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the benefits of heterogeneity in multi-agent explore-exploit decision making where the goal of the agents is to maximize cumulative group reward. To do so we study a class of distributed stochastic bandit problems in which agents communicate over a multi-star network and make sequential choices among options in the same uncertain environment. Typically, in multi-agent bandit problems, agents use homogeneous decision-making strategies. However, group performance can be improved by incorporating heterogeneity into the choices agents make, especially when the network graph is irregular, i.e. when agents have different numbers of neighbors. We design and analyze new heterogeneous explore-exploit strategies, using the multi-star as the model irregular network graph. The key idea is to enable center agents to do more exploring than they would do using the homogeneous strategy, as a means of providing more useful data to the peripheral agents. In the case all agents broadcast their reward values and choices to their neighbors with the same probability, we provide theoretical guarantees that group performance improves under the proposed heterogeneous strategies as compared to under homogeneous strategies. We use numerical simulations to illustrate our results and to validate our theoretical bounds.
Regulatory emotional self-efficacy as a mediator between high-performance work system perceived by nurses on their job burnout: a cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between the perception of high performance work system (P-HPWS) and job burnout of nurses, further to detect the mediating effect of regulatory emotional self-efficacy (RES). From November 2019 to January 2020, a cross-sectional survey on working nurses was conducted in 5 hospitals in Lanzhou, China. A total of 1266 nurses were investigated. Demographics and perception of high performance work systems, job burnout, and RES were collected. The data were statistically processed using correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and a test of mediated moderation. The P-HPWS was significantly negatively correlated with job burnout (P < 0.01). The RES played a mediating effect between the perception of HPWS and job burnout. The results support the important role of P-HPWS in the remission of job burnout, and the hospital can improve its management by implementing and perfecting the HPWS.Abbreviations: P-HPWS: Perceived high-performance work system; RES: Regulatory emotional self-efficacy; POS: Perceived self-efficacy in expressing positive emotions; ANG: Perceived self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation; DES: Perceived self-efficacy in managing despondency/distress.
The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty in Comparison to Misleading Advertising

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This thesis concentrates on Dove brand and the Campaign for Real Beauty. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of Dove in terms of branding and the 'ideal beauty' stereotype, as well as the relation of Dove to the contradictory Axe brand and to contrast the Dove Campaign with misleading advertising. The thesis is divided into two parts. Firstly, the theoretical part defines terms connected to marketing and focuses on advertising, especially misleading advertising, the ethics of advertising and stereotypes used in mass media. The practical part uses principles from the theoretical part such as criteria for the analyses of deception in advertising and terms connected to branding in general which are then analysed in the results of the qualitative research. The thesis ends with the interpretation of research results and with future recommendations.
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Gene Duplication of β-Fructofuranosidase Confer Lepidopteran Insects Metabolic Benefits

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a potentially critical source of material for ecological adaptation and the evolution of novel genetic traits. However, reports on posttransfer duplication in organism genomes are lacking, and the evolutionary advantages conferred on the recipient are generally poorly understood. Sucrase plays an important role in insect physiological growth and development. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of insect β-fructofuranosidase transferred from bacteria via HGT. We found that posttransfer duplications of β-fructofuranosidase were widespread in Lepidoptera and sporadic occurrences of β-fructofuranosidase were found in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. β-fructofuranosidase genes often undergo modifications, such as gene duplication, differential gene loss, and changes in mutation rates. Lepidopteran β-fructofuranosidase gene (SUC) clusters showed marked divergence in gene expression patterns and enzymatic properties in Bombyx mori (moth) and Papilio xuthus (butterfly). We generated SUC1 mutations in B. mori using CRISPR/Cas9 to thoroughly examine the physiological function of SUC. BmSUC1 mutant larvae were viable but displayed delayed growth and reduced sucrase activities that included susceptibility to the sugar mimic alkaloid found in high concentrations in mulberry. BmSUC1 served as a critical sucrase and supported metabolic homeostasis in the larval midgut and silk gland, suggesting that gene transfer of β-fructofuranosidase enhanced the digestive and metabolic adaptation of lepidopteran insects. These findings highlight not only the universal function of β-fructofuranosidase with a link to the maintenance of carbohydrate metabolism but also an underexplored function in the silk gland. This study expands our knowledge of posttransfer duplication and subsequent functional diversification in the adaptive evolution and lineage-specific adaptation of organisms.
Biological activity of Echinops spinosus on inhibition of paracetamol-induced renal inflammation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study was designed to evaluate the possible mechanisms through which Echinops spinosus (ES) extract demonstrates nephroprotective effect on the paracetamol acetominophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Twenty-four Swiss albino rats were divided into four groups (six rats each). The placebo group was orally administered sterile saline, the APAP group received APAP (200 mg·kg –1 ·day –1 i.p.) daily, the ES group was given ES extract orally (250 mg/kg), and the APAP + ES group received APAP as for the APAP group and administrated the ES extract as for the ES group. Pretreatment of methyl alcohol extract of ES reduced the protein expression of inflammatory parameters including cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor κB in the kidney. It also reduced the mRNA gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. The ES extract compensated for deficits in the total antioxidant activity, suppressed lipid peroxidation, and amended the APAP-induced histopathological kidney alterations. Moreover, ES treatment restored the elevated levels of urea nitrogen in the blood and creatinine in the serum by APAP. The ES extract attenuated the APAP-induced elevations in renal nitric oxide levels. We clarified that the ES extract has the potential to defend the kidney from APAP-induced inflammation, and the protection mechanism might be through decreasing oxidative stress and regulating the inflammatory signaling pathway through modulating key signaling inflammatory biomarkers.
Behavioural generalism could facilitate coexistence of tropical and temperate fishes under climate change

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Coral‐reef fishes are shifting their distributions poleward in response to human‐mediated ocean warming; yet, the consequences for recipient temperate fish communities remain poorly understood. Behavioural modification is often the first response of species to environmental change, but we know little about how this might shape the ongoing colonisation by tropical fishes of temperate‐latitude ecosystems under climate change. In a global hotspot of ocean warming (southeast Australia), we quantified 14 behavioural traits of invading tropical and local co‐occurring temperate fishes at 10 sites across a 730 km latitudinal gradient as a proxy of species behavioural niche space in different climate ranges (subtropical, warm‐temperate and cold‐temperate). We found that tropical fishes (four species) modified their behavioural niches as well as increased their overall behavioural niche breadth in their novel temperate ranges where temperate species predominate, but maintained a moderate to high niche segregation with native temperate species across latitudinal range position. Temperate species (three co‐occurring species) also modified their niches, but in contrast to tropical species, experienced an increased niche breadth towards subtropical ranges. Alterations to feeding and shoaling behaviours contributed most to niche modifications in tropical and temperate species, while behaviours related to alertness and escape from potential threats contributed least. We here show that at warmer and colder range edges where community structures are being reshuffled due to climate change, behavioural generalism and niche modification are potential mechanisms adopted by tropical range extenders and native temperate fishes to adjust to novel species interactions under climate change.
Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning for Uncertain Polytopic LPV Systems based on MHE-MPC

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a learning-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach for the polytopic Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems with inexact scheduling parameters (as exogenous signals with inexact bounds), where the Linear Time Invariant (LTI) models (vertices) captured by combinations of the scheduling parameters becomes wrong. We first propose to adopt a Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) scheme to simultaneously estimate the convex combination vector and unmeasured states based on the observations and model matching error. To tackle the wrong LTI models used in both the MPC and MHE schemes, we then adopt a Policy Gradient (PG) Reinforcement Learning (RL) to learn both the estimator (MHE) and controller (MPC) so that the best closed-loop performance is achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed RL-based MHE/MPC design is demonstrated using an illustrative example.
Awake daytime oximetry measurements in the management of infants with chronic lung disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To assess the value of 1‐h daytime awake oximetry as a means of weaning oxygen flows in infants with oxygen dependent chronic lung disease. Methods: A cohort study of oxygen dependent infants enrolled in a 3‐month period. One hour of awake oximetry data were compared with equal time periods defined within a polysomnographic study and at the same oxygen flow rate. Sensitivity results were derived from the decision to wean oxygen to a lower flow or air. Results: Twenty‐two infants were enrolled and 27 studies were performed. The infants that could be weaned had an awake median of mean oxygen saturations of 97% and spent 14% of the time ≤ 95% but only 2%≤ 92%, while for those not weaned, the awake median of mean oxygen saturations was 94% with 43% of their time ≤ 95% and 26.8%≤ 92% saturation. Conclusions: Daytime oximetry can predict the outcome of polysomnography with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 65%, and could be used to wean oxygen or as a screening tool for polysomnographic studies in infants with chronic lung disease provided there are reasonably long periods of monitoring and mean oxygen saturations above 95%.
Regulation of Cold Shock-Induced RNA Helicase Gene Expression in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Expression of the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 RNA helicase gene crhC is induced by cold shock. crhC transcripts are not detectable at 30°C but accumulate at 20°C, and levels remain elevated for the duration of the cold stress. Light-derived metabolic capability, and not light per se, is required for crhC transcript accumulation. Enhanced crhC mRNA stability contributes significantly to the accumulation of crhC transcripts, with the crhC half-life increasing sixfold at 20°C. The accumulation is reversible, with the cells responding more rapidly to temperature downshifts than to upshifts, as a result of the lack of active mRNA destabilization and the continuation of crhC transcription, at least transiently, after a temperature upshift. Translational inhibitors do not induce crhC expression to cold shock levels, indicating that inhibition of translation is only one of the signals required to activate the cold shock response in Anabaena . Limited amounts of protein synthesis are required for the cold shock-induced accumulation of crhC transcripts, as normal levels of accumulation occur in the presence of tetracycline but are abolished by chloramphenicol. Regulation of crhC expression may also extend to the translational level, as CrhC protein levels do not correlate completely with the pattern of mRNA transcript accumulation. Our experiments indicate that the regulation of crhC transcript accumulation is tightly controlled by both temperature and metabolic activity at the levels of transcription, mRNA stabilization, and translation.
Public Perception of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Care: Content Analysis of Social Media (Preprint)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

BACKGROUND

High-quality medical resources are in high demand worldwide, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical care may help alleviate the crisis related to this shortage. The development of the medical AI industry depends to a certain extent on whether industry experts have a comprehensive understanding of the public’s views on medical AI. Currently, the opinions of the general public on this matter remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to explore the public perception of AI in medical care through a content analysis of social media data, including specific topics that the public is concerned about; public attitudes toward AI in medical care and the reasons for them; and public opinion on whether AI can replace human doctors.

METHODS

Through an application programming interface, we collected a data set from the Sina Weibo platform comprising more than 16 million users throughout China by crawling all public posts from January to December 2017. Based on this data set, we identified 2315 posts related to AI in medical care and classified them through content analysis.

RESULTS

Among the 2315 identified posts, we found three types of AI topics discussed on the platform: (1) technology and application (n=987, 42.63%), (2) industry development (n=706, 30.50%), and (3) impact on society (n=622, 26.87%). Out of 956 posts where public attitudes were expressed, 59.4% (n=568), 34.4% (n=329), and 6.2% (n=59) of the posts expressed positive, neutral, and negative attitudes, respectively. The immaturity of AI technology (27/59, 46%) and a distrust of related companies (n=15, 25%) were the two main reasons for the negative attitudes. Across 200 posts that mentioned public attitudes toward replacing human doctors with AI, 47.5% (n=95) and 32.5% (n=65) of the posts expressed that AI would completely or partially replace human doctors, respectively. In comparison, 20.0% (n=40) of the posts expressed that AI would not replace human doctors.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that people are most concerned about AI technology and applications. Generally, the majority of people held positive attitudes and believed that AI doctors would completely or partially replace human ones. Compared with previous studies on medical doctors, the general public has a more positive attitude toward medical AI. Lack of trust in AI and the absence of the humanistic care factor are essential reasons why some people still have a negative attitude toward medical AI. We suggest that practitioners may need to pay more attention to promoting the credibility of technology companies and meeting patients’ emotional needs instead of focusing merely on technical issues.