jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Urban Design Guidelines for Optimum Urban Carrying Capacity

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

India's urbanisation has surpassed all expectations. As a result of urbanisation, numerous socioeconomic concentrations have emerged. Due to population density overshoot and varied activities in urban areas, cities rely more heavily on both manmade and natural resources, exceeding the "urban capacity limit." The purpose of this study is to suggest methods for maintaining optimal urban carrying capacity in a neighborhood in city. The greatest number of people that may be sustained by a region is determined by maximizing the use of available resources. Each person that relies on resources to make a life leaves their mark. The term "ecological footprint" refers to a theory and practice of urban space and planning design that takes into account the impact of the built environment. A quantitative study conducted in Panampilly Nagar, Ernakulam, Kerala, India, illustrates how different constructed forms aid in the reduction of EF and the creation of a sustainable ecosystem. The goal of the study is to identify the urban characteristics that influence UCC.
Study of Methanol Electro-Oxidation on Thin Nickel Films by Sampled Current Voltammetry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nickel-based electrocatalysts have shown good catalytic activity for the electrochemical oxidation of alcohols in alkaline media, which has generated significant interest in using nickel films and nickel oxides in alcohol fuel cells. In this work, Ni films were deposited by the galvanostatic method on gold electrodes. The electrocatalytic activity for the electro-oxidation of methanol from these deposits was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and sampled current voltammetry (SCV). Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that depending on the Au electrode roughness, the position NiOOH formation peak of the electrodeposited Ni deposits could differ. The deposits were divided depending on whether the NiOOH formation peak was below or above 0.39 V vs. Ag|AgCl reference electrode. Sampled current voltammograms showed that the former presented greater specificity for the oxidation of methanol, and the latter, showed electrocatalytic activity for both the oxidation of methanol and for the oxygen evolution reaction.
SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS PROFILE IN DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOTIC EGYPTIAN PATIENTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bacterial infections are common and life-threatening in cirrhotic patients with ascites.Among patients who survived the first episode of SBP, about 70% experienced a recurrence within a year.Bacterial causative agent(s) and response to treatment were evaluated in 104 decompensated cirrhotic patients with ascites who were presented to Tropical Medicine Department, Ain Shams University Hospitals from February 2019 to June 2022 were evaluated for incidence of SBP, bacterial causative agent(s) and response to treatment.They were divided into two groups: GA received Rifaximin (N=52) and GB received Norfloxacin (N=52), Diagnostic paracentesis was done as needed for ascitic fluid analysis and culture, clinical and bacteriological profile of SBP was recorded.The results showed that the ascitic fluid infection in patients was 28.8% in both group, with symptoms of abdominal pain (100%) and fever (63.3%).Culture negative neutrocytic ascites (CNNA) was in 63.33%, Monomicrobial non neutrocytic bacterascites was in 33.3% and polymicrobial ones was in 3.33%.The isolated bacteria were E. coli and Staph.coagulase negative, of 30 % in each group.
Evaluation of the toxicity of WS-5 in a 90-days nose-only exposure in sprague-dawley rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction WS-5 is a flavor ingredient that provides a cooling sensation similar to that of menthol but without the characteristic menthol flavor. In the available toxicological evaluations of WS-5 there was no data specific to inhalation exposure. Methods A 90-days nose-only inhalation study was conducted using Sprague Dawley rats exposed to Filtered air, propylene glycol/glycerin (40/60 by weight; vehicle control), or one of three WS-5 concentrations (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8% by weight) to assess the inhalation toxicity of WS-5. The study design was consistent with the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation test guideline 413 and included a 28-day and 6-week recovery sacrifices, in addition to the 13-week assessment. Results Food consumption and body weights were unaffected by WS-5 exposure compared to vehicle control or Filtered air. No WS-5 exposure related alterations were observed in serum chemistry, hematology, coagulation, urinalysis or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and clinical chemistry. Macroscopic examinations and terminal organ weights revealed no observations associated with exposure to WS-5. Discussion Histopathology findings of alveolar hemorrhage and mixed cell infiltration at the 28-day necropsy were either not present in the WS-5 exposed groups or were present at similar frequencies in the vehicle control and/or Filtered air groups at the 13-weeks necropsy and thus, were not considered to be vehicle control or WS-5 related. Conclusion Based on the absence of adverse effects, the no-observed-adverse effect concentration was considered to be 2.5 mg/L of aerosolized 0.8 w% WS-5 that achieved a mean measured exposure concentration of approximately 18 μg WS-5/L
1 Teaching Information Science students for the use of

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

a learning unit designed Research Methodology. As a teacher of this discipline I encourage students to develop research studies using either qualitative or quantitative methods applied to possible future professional scenarios, namely when analyzing librarians ’ users satisfaction. The aim of this communication is to present some examples of those research essays and to discuss future ways for teaching and learning those issues as well as different professional frames where those methods are needed to solve problems.
What Is and What Should Be: Sociology of Studying Russia in the U.S.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article examines the process of knowledge formation about Russia in American academia since the end of the Cold War. The article’s hypothesis is that knowledge formation largely reflects the social and national and cultural conditions of the country and its research community. Although many scholars strive for objectivity and ethical detachment from the object of their research, they most often approach its study from positions that reflect and project the interests and values of the societies in which they work. This hypothesis is formulated within the framework of the sociological approach to knowledge formation undertaken in the article, which involves understanding the conditions of its formation and the social demands that it meets. American knowledge about Russia, which they have long viewed and continue to view as a threat and challenge to the interests and values of the United States, bears the stamp of national assumptions, preferences, beliefs, and emotions. In studying reality, they are far from always able to free themselves from the American understanding of what should be, projecting into their research how, in their opinion, Russia should develop. Since the second half of the 2000s, this gap has been widening. Compared to the Cold War, knowledge about Russia in America has lost its former status of priority and privilege, and has become more politicized, especially in matters aﬀecting international security and the politics of values. In addition, this knowledge has been integrated into generally accepted theories of international relations and comparative politics in the West.These changes reflect Russia’s declining status in the international hierarchy compared to the United States and the growing conviction of American social scientists in the universal validity of their approaches and theories. Contemporary Russia is increasingly perceived as developing in the wrong direction, threatening Western “liberal democratic” values and security, and, with its desire to be an “empire,” the very structures of modern society. Although not all American researchers share such concepts and theories, the latter express the mood of the mainstream in both politics and science. The final part sums up the results and discusses the possibilities of forming less biased and ideologically loaded knowledge about Russia. Approaches to obtaining such knowledge in the United States exist, although they do not dominate.
A dataset of community perspectives on living conditions and disaster risk management in informal settlements: A case study in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article describes a dataset of community perspectives on living conditions and disaster risk management in Khan Road, a non-serviced informal settlement, located in Pietermaritzburg, the capital of KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The data were collected by local community researchers via a structured questionnaire of 159 participants conducted between August and September 2022, using mobile phones via KoboToolbox. The dataset was analysed using exploratory data analysis (EDA) techniques. This household survey is part of a research project aiming to develop an evidence base of opportunities, risks and vulnerabilities related to housing construction and resource management in incremental upgrading of informal settlements in South Africa. This dataset can be used by local practitioners and policymakers involved in decision-making for informal settlement upgrading and help them prioritise resources and upgrading interventions based on what informal dwellers need. Furthermore, this cleaned dataset could support the analysis of further South African data guiding the development of digital platforms as a real-time resource management tool or guide the enhancement of existing theoretical frameworks in the field of participatory design and co-production used by academic scholars.
Enhancing the bioavailability of Phyllanthus amarus: implications for traditional and modern medicine in Africa

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Phyllanthus amarus has been a cornerstone of traditional medicine in Africa, renowned for its hepatoprotective, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. However, its therapeutic applications in modern medicine are limited by poor bioavailability due to challenges such as low solubility, rapid metabolism, and instability of its bioactive compounds. Addressing these limitations is essential for optimizing its pharmacological potential and enabling its broader integration into evidence-based healthcare systems. This review highlights various strategies to enhance the bioavailability of Phyllanthus amarus , including nanotechnology, phytosome technology, biopiperine supplementation, fermentation, and sustained-release formulations. These approaches not only improve solubility and absorption but also stabilize the herb’s phytochemicals, ensuring better therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the review explores how bioavailability enhancement can transform Phyllanthus amarus into a standardized therapeutic agent, bridging the gap between traditional and modern medicine. Enhancing the bioavailability of Phyllanthus amarus has profound implications for healthcare in Africa. Improved formulations can amplify its therapeutic efficacy in traditional practices, while enabling its adoption in modern pharmacology through clinical validation and pharmaceutical-grade products. By addressing cost, accessibility, and regulatory challenges, these advancements can ensure that Phyllanthus amarus continues to be a vital, sustainable resource in addressing pressing health issues across the continent.
Bullying on the School Bus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the nature of bullying on the school bus. Videotapes were used to identify occurrences of bullying on buses of elementary school students. Incidents were reviewed for forms of bullying, fullness, presence of friends, and severity of acts. Results indicated that approximately two incidents occurred per bus ride and that both frequency and severity differed by bus fullness. Gender differences were observed for types of bullying; however, the presence of friends was not found to be protective for either gender. Implications for bus safety and future research are discussed.
Factors and motivations associated with use of e-cigarette among primary care patients in a prospective cohort study: e -TAC study protocol

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction While the relationship between electronic cigarette use and smoking has often been studied, the association between electronic cigarette use and socioeconomic factors has received less attention. This is a study protocol aiming to describe the relationship between the consumption of psychoactive products (in particular: smoking) or some socioeconomic factors and the evolution of the use of electronic cigarette in primary healthcare over 1 year. Methods and analysis Electronic cigarette, Tobacco, Alcohol and Cannabis ( e -TAC) is a prospective multisite cohort study, including 473 patients at baseline and carrying out in general practices in the Aquitaine area (France). The volunteer patients participated in the study regardless of their initial reason for consultation. They filled out a self-administered questionnaire at baseline and will also do so after 12 months by phone, email or letter. The study will focus on the factors that explain the experimentation with or the current use of the electronic cigarette, as well as factors associated with their evolutions over time using multivariate logistic regression modelling or Cox regression modelling. Ethics and dissemination This study received ethical approval from the University of Bordeaux Committee for the protection of persons. It was also approved by the National Commission for Data Processing and Freedoms. Findings will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and we will disseminate them by presentations at national or international conferences. Trial registration number RCB: 2015-A00778-41; Pre-results.
Effects of Acidification with and without Rennet on a Concentrated Casein System:  A Kinetic NMR Probe Diffusion Study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The self-diffusion coefficients of 620 and 96 750 g/mol poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were measured by pulsed field gradient (PFG)-NMR throughout the coagulation processes of a concentrated casein suspension induced by acidification alone and with the concomitant action of chymosin. The diffusion of water molecules was also investigated during the acidification process. In all experiments, the diffusion coefficient of the molecule studied was modified nonlinearly, and the precise moments at which its evolution changed corresponded to key stages of both coagulation processes. These variations were not directly related to sol−gel transitions as revealed by rheological measurements but were caused by other types of structural changes in the sample whatever its viscoelastic state (solution or gel). The diffusion of the large PEG was very sensitive to variations in the size of the casein particles and the casein aggregates constituting the network before and after gelation, respectively. In contrast, the diffusion of the small PEG and of water was sensitive to changes in the internal structure of the colloidal matter. The evolution of the sample microstructure could thus be monitored by diffusion measurements throughout the coagulation processes. In comparison, rheometry, stiffness measurements, and scanning electron microscopy revealed these modifications in the gel state only.
Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Profile of Brachystegia eurycoma Leaves

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aim: This study investigated the proximate and phytochemical composition of Brachystegia eurycoma leaves. Methods: Crude ethanol extract of B. eurycoma leaves was obtained by cold extraction method. AOAC method was used for proximate analysis. Phytochemical profiling was done with qualitative phytochemical evaluation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical method. Matching and interpretation of the spectral was done with the National Institute standard and Technology (NIST05) library. Results: The proximate analysis result showed B. eurycoma leaves to be abundant in param­eters evaluated in the order of 31.47±0.43% Carbohydrate > 15.15±0.04% Ash > 14.45±0.15 crude fibre > 13.83±0.32 protein > 13.14±0.22 moisture > 1.97±0.01 fat. Qualitative phytochemical analysis detected alkaloid, saponin, tannin, diterpenes, phenol, quinine, flavonoid, protein, xanthoprotein and cardiac glycoside in the leaves of B. eurycoma. GC/MS data showed that the prevailing volatile bioactive compounds in ethanol leaf extract of B. eurycoma were 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose (13.23%), cis-9-Hexadecenal (10.40%), Desulphosinigrin (10.34%), Phytol (7.58%), Hydroquinone (7.23%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (6.61%), Oleoyl chloride (6.10%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (5.89%), Hexadecanoic acid, (2.97%), Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-(1.94%), Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) (1.92%). Conclusion: The result of this preliminary investigation reveals the potentials of B. eurycoma leaves as candidate for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries.
Effect of X-irradiation on vitamin B12 binding capacity to intrinsic factor.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effects of whole-body X-irradiation on vitamin B12-protein complex formation in gastric juice after oral administration of [57Co]-B12 have been studied. Two proteins with B12-binding activity have been isolated by gel filtration from gastric juice. 57Co-activity, recovered from B12-protein complex in gastric juice, is found to be about 30% less in the X-irradiated rat. In serum, vitamin B12 is mainly associated with alpha1-globulin. Radioactivity distribution in serum globulins after intraperitoneal injection of [57Co]-B12 was similar in control and X-irradiated rats.
ZDependence of Positive Pion Production by 340-Mev Protons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The relative yield of positive pions produced in various elements by the 340-Mev external beam of protons from the 184-in. Berkeley cyclotron was measured using a counter telescope to identify the mesons. The target materials used were Li (normal), Be, ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, C, Al, Cu, Ag, and Pb. Mesons from these elements with energies 36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 Mev and 63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 Mev were observed at an angle of 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the proton beam.The effect of the penetration of the protons into the heavier nuclei on the resultant yield of pions was observed and the result compared with Gasiorowicz's theory. In the lighter nuclei, the effects of the increasing momentum-density distribution from Li to C were noted and approximate $\frac{1}{e}$ values were obtained for assumed Gaussian momentum distributions.
Boundedness of weak solutions of degenerate quasilinear equations with\n rough coefficients

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We derive local boundedness estimates for weak solutions of a large class of\nsecond order quasilinear equations. The structural assumptions imposed on an\nequation in the class allow vanishing of the quadratic form associated with its\nprincipal part and require no smoothness of its coefficients. The class\nincludes second order linear elliptic equations as studied by D. Gilbarg and N.\nS. Trudinger [1998] and second order subelliptic linear equations as studied by\nE. Sawyer and R. L. Wheeden [2006 and 2010]. Our results also extend ones\nobtained by J. Serrin [1964] concerning local boundedness of weak solutions of\nquasilinear elliptic equations.\n
Picosecond pulse shaping using dynamic carrier heating in a gain-switched semiconductor laser

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Complementary modulation involving dynamic carrier heating along with carrier injection is reported as means for the picosecond pulse shaping in a gain-switched semiconductor laser. By numerical simulation based on the earlier developed model of a GaInAsP/InP laser operating in the 1.55 μm wavelength, we show that it is possible to produce the ideal-shaped low-chirp high-intensity optical pulses at multi-Gbit/s repetition rate. A three-terminal laser device, in which hot electrons with well-defined and tunable energy are injected by resonant tunneling, is proposed to implement this modulation technique.
The Safety and Efficacy of Psychosocial Adherence Interventions in Young People with Early Psychosis: A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The role of antipsychotic medication in supporting young people in their recovery from early psychosis is complex and controversial. It is common for young people, often given antipsychotic medication for the first time, to express a choice to stop treatment, potentially increasing the risk of relapse and admission to hospital. Our systematic review aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of psychosocial interventions to enhance antipsychotic medication adherence in young people with early psychosis. Methods: We reviewed studies using any experimental design of psychosocial interventions specifically focused on enhancing adherence with antipsychotic medication in young people with early psychosis. Cochrane CENTRAL Register, Medline, Embase, PsychINFO and CINAHL were searched on 19 November 2021 without time restriction. Studies were assessed for quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Results: Our initial search identified 3469 documents. Following title, abstract and full-text screening, we included three published studies and one unpublished experimental study that met our inclusion criteria. Outcome data were available for three studies that tested adherence–coping–education, adherence therapy, and a health dialogue intervention, all having a positive effect on medication adherence. None of the trials reported data on the safety of the experimental interventions. Conclusion: There is a paucity of evidence from high-quality randomized controlled trials that establish the safety and effectiveness of any type of psychosocial intervention to enhance medication adherence in young people with early psychosis. Further high-quality trials are warranted. This review was registered on the Open Science Framework prior to undertaking out initial searches.
Long-term Follow-up Study on Perthes Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To analyze the efficacy of various therapies on Perthes disease and summarize a systematic treatment strategy. Methods : One hundred and sixty-fwe cases were long-term followed. The advantages and disadvantages of various therapies were compared. Results: Each method had its advantage and disadvantage; the effects were correlated with the stages and types of the patients and the therapy they were given. Simple treatment is recom-mended for type Ⅰcases . For typeⅡ, simple procedures can be used in stage Ⅰ of the patients and surgery was usually contraindicated for stage Ⅲ cases . For type Ⅲ , vascularized fibula grafting may be considered for cases of stage Ⅰ ,Ⅱ andⅢ. For type Ⅳcases, combined therapies should been considered. Conclusion : The therapy should be individualized to patient.