jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Problems facing adult literacy in Central Divison of Kitui Central District

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study sought to investigate the factors that affect adult literacy programmes in Kitui central division of Kitui Central district. The study used three sub- populations: The learners, the teachers and the key informants. The study adopted a survey research design, using the descriptive method. A simple random sampling design was used to sample the centres and the respondents standard questionnaires and interview schedules provided qualitative and quantitative data. The collected data was analyzed using the SPPS software. \n \nThe data collected revealed that the adult education centres (AEC'S) got inadequate funding from the government and therefore faced financial challenges. It was also revealed that there were inadequate teachers. The teachers were also unhappy about the salaries they were paid. The centres also did not have adequate teaching and learning materials. The study also revealed that most the adult literacy centres did not have adequate physical facilities centre did not have adequate physical facilities. Most of the centres were based in primary schools and did not have furniture of their own. \n \nThe study recommended that the government should provide adequate funds to support the programmes, just as it allocates financial support for primary and secondary schools. Adult Education plays a major role in development therefore it should be adequately funded. The study also recommended that the government should employ more teachers for all the centres. The study also recommended more research in other areas of the country as the study dealt with Kitui central division.
An investigation of Generation Y from the perspective of social gender roles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The fact that people born in a certain time period exhibited similar behaviors, values ​​and attitudes as a result of being exposed to the same sociological, technological and economic events caused the fertility of the concept of generation. Generation Y consists of individuals born between 1980-2000. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of gender stereotypes of Y generation university students on career choice. Mahmure Gökçen and Ayşenur Büyükgöze-Kavas's K The Role of Gender in the Choice of Gender Scale Seçim (MSTCRÖ) was used in the study. As a result of the factor analysis, a total of 17 items came in two dimensions. The resulting factor dimensions have been named as traditional judgments and egalitarian judgments in the choice of profession. T-test was used to determine whether there is a difference in gender variables of Y generation students. The students have studied the department, income status, whether they are present in the working life or not by ANOVA technique. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Belirli zaman aralığında doğan kişilerin aynı sosyolojik, teknolojik ve ekonomik olayların etkileşimlerine maruz kalmaları sonucunda benzer davranış, değer ve tutumlar sergilemeleri kuşak kavramının oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Y kuşağı 1980-2000 yılları arasında doğan bireylerden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Y kuşağı üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik yargıların meslek seçimindeki etkisini incelemektir. Mahmure Gökçen ve Ayşenur Büyükgöze Kavas tarafından geliştirilen “Meslek Seçiminde Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Rolü Ölçeği” (MSTCRÖ) çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda toplam 17 maddeden oluşan ölçek iki boyutta çıkmıştır. Çıkan faktör boyutları meslek seçiminde geleneksel yargılar ve eşitlikçi yargılar olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Y kuşağı öğrencilerin cinsiyet değişkenlerinde farklılık olup olmadığı t-testi ile incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerin okudukları bölüm, gelir durumları, anne ve babanın çalışma hayatında var olup olmadıkları ANOVA ile incelenmiştir.
Research Planning and Evaluation in the U.S. Forest Service

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As public agency budgets have tightened in recent years, research policymakers and administrators have recognized the need to improve the planning and evaluation of research projects and programs. This article describes the current planning and evaluation process in U.S. Forest Service research. Options for improving this process are then discussed, including strengthening medium-range research planning, introducing formal preevaluation, monitoring research progress more closely, and strengthening postevaluation of research investments. Refinements in research planning and evaluation such as these will help strengthen the case for public support, improve the allocation of scarce research dollars, and help direct research programs into the most socially profitable areas.
The physiologic responses of Dutch belted rabbits infected with inhalational anthrax.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a category A priority pathogen that causes extensive damage in humans. For this reason, B. anthracis has been the focus of numerous studies using various animal models. In this study, we explored physiologic parameters in Dutch belted rabbits with inhalation anthrax to characterize the disease progression in this model. To this end, we infected Dutch belted rabbits with 100 LD(50) B. anthracis Ames spores by nasal instillation and continuously recorded various physiologic parameters by using telemetry. In addition, samples were collected at selected times for serum chemistry, hematology, and blood gas analysis. The animals exhibited hemodynamic and respiratory changes that coincided with those reported in human cases of inhalational anthrax infection, including hypotension, altered heart rate, and respiratory distress. Likewise, hematology, serum chemistry, and blood gas analysis revealed trends comparable to human anthrax-related pathophysiology. The Dutch belted rabbit model of inhalational anthrax exhibited most of the physiologic, hematologic, and biochemical sequelae noted in human cases. Therefore, this rabbit model fulfills several of the criteria of a useful animal model for studying disease pathogenesis and evaluating therapeutics during inhalational anthrax.
Potential drug interactions in surgical patients

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The incidence and frequency of potentially serious drug interactions were evaluated in hospitalized surgical patients. Drug profiles of patients on the general surgical service of a tertiary-care teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed for two six-month periods to determine how often drugs that are known for major interactions were prescribed concurrently. Interactions were studied that were relatively well documented and potentially harmful to the patients. A total of 1825 patient profiles were reviewed (21,888 patient days). At least one potential drug interaction was found in 17% of the patients. Interactions were found to occur at the rate of 1 for every 59 patient days. Digoxin and cimetidine were the potential interacting drugs in almost 90% of the cases. Hospitalized surgical patients require close monitoring because they frequently receive potentially interacting drugs.
A Model Matching Tuning Based on Characteristics Similarity for Microwave Filter Tuning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a novel model matching tuning method is proposed for cavity filter. The proposed method does not require to use information about the filter topology. In this proposed method, the systematic sampling method is used to obtain tuning model samples. The corresponding detuned scattering characteristics of these samples are analyzed using full-wave electromagnetics. The parameters of tuning elements and detuned scattering characteristics of the sample are combined to form a tuning model matching library. According to the similarity of the detuned scattering characteristics of the detuned filter and the tuning model samples, the detuned filter is matched with the tuning model samples in the tuning model matching library. Finally, the corresponding deviations of the tuning elements between the tuning model sample and the detuned filter guide the tuning of the detuned filter. A metal cavity filter is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of the tuning method. The results show that the model matching tuning method can achieve efficient tuning.
Clinical supervision: community nurses’ experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Since the publication of A Vision for the Future (Department of Health (DH) 1993) there has been a range of initiatives aimed at introducing models of clinical supervision into the nursing profession (Bishop 1998, Bond and Holland 2001, Lyth 2000, Morton-Cooper and Palmer 2000). Despite the belief that clinical supervision is beneficial to both the practitioner and client, and indeed to the advancement of clinical practice (Bowles and Young 1999), there have been varying degrees of success in introducing clinical supervision activities to nurses. Research shows there are potential problems with changing nurses’ professional behaviours (Abbot and Hotchkiss 2001, Grange et al 1998, Lima-Basto 1995), and recent studies have emphasised the importance of understanding the users’ perception of change management initiatives (Wood et al 1998). With these factors in mind, three primary care trusts in the North West of England, in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire, evaluated a pilot implementation of clinical supervision by collecting the views of the community nurses involved before and 12 months after a formal system was introduced. This article briefly describes how the pilot was initially implemented, then gives a detailed account of the evaluation which shows how a formal system of clinical supervision was interpreted and adapted by the nurse participants.
Effect of hypocalcaemia on glucose tolerance, insulin release and free fatty acid levels in human subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Eight patients with hypocalcaemia who presented with frank or latent tetany due to parathyroid insufficiency or nutritional osteomalacia were studied. Their serum calcium ranged from 6·85 to 7·7 mg/100 ml (mean 7·33±0·36 mg/100 ml). In six of them, serum calcium after treatment varied from 8·4 to 9·2 mg/100 ml. In ten healthy normal subjects the serum calcium levels were 9·0-10·2 mg/100 ml (9·50±0·47 mg/100 ml). The blood glucose levels during a 3 hr oral GTT were significantly elevated during hypocalcaemia and returned to normal levels after treatment. Serum insulin levels were low at 60 and 120 min after the administration of glucose in hypocalcaemia but returned to normal once the serum calcium levels were above 8·4 mg/100 ml. The FFA levels were high during the low calcium state and reached normal levels after treatment. The above studies suggest that an optimal level of serum calcium is essential for glucose-induced insulin release.
Response of contrasting tomato cultivars to depth of applied mulch and irrigation frequency under hot, dry tropical conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mulching depth and irrigation frequency for optimum production of one determinate and one indeterminate tomato cultivar were studied under hot, dry tropical conditions. No substantial yield increase was achieved by applying a dried barnyard grass surface mulch beyond 10 cm depth. Disease, insect pests and sunburn-damaged fruits were less with increasing mulching depth from the determinate cv. CL 11D, but not for the indeterminate cv. Redkhaki. The yields of both cultivars improved with increasing irrigation frequency from two to four times week −1 , with 1.5 l of water applied plant −1 at each irrigation time(.)
Glioblastoma Multiforme

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glioblastoma multiforme is a malignant tumor with a uniformly fatal course. Palliation achieved by conventional radiation and surgical techniques can be measured in terms of months. The urgent need for new avenues of approach prompted a review of current laboratory and clinical investigation relating to glioblastomas. Tissue Culture and HeterotransplantationNeuroglial tumors have been grown by a variety of tissue culture techniques during the past 30 years. Russell and Bland37studied 20 gliomas in tissue culture and established the basis for their identification and classification in vitro. Lumsden21recently published his extensive experience with the astrocytoma-glioblastoma group of tumors and reviewed previous contributions to this subject. He differentiated normal and neoplastic astrocytes in plasma clot preparations by their rate of migration and by the number and branching of their processes. These observations were made in short-term cultures, and not until 1959 did Manuelidis26report long-term culture of
Adhesion of gold and copper thin films deposited on alumina and magnesium oxide

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Scratch and pull-off methods for adhesion measurement were applied to various film/ substrate systems. The film crystallographic structure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to correlate it to the adhesion strength. We also correlate the film and substrate electronic structures (in particular the electronegativity) to the adhesion strength. The results of adhesion measurement are also discussed with respect to the substrate temperature. The main results are that the adhesion strength is greater when the film is deposited on magnesium oxide than on alumina substrates, and for the copper than for the gold deposit. Also, the adhesion strength increases with the substrate temperature.
External Fixation in Experimental Scoliosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of spinal external fixation in scoliosis. Two of four ribs on the right side of growing rabbits were partially resected. Between 4 and 6 weeks later, moderate right-convex thoracic scoliosis had developed. Then, in seven rabbits, a mini-Orthofix or fixano fixator was attached by Kischner wires to T9/10 and L1/2. The average Cobb angle was 27.1 degrees before external fixation, and was 13.6 degrees at initial correction just after attaching the fixator. In three of these, the fixators were removed at more than 8 weeks after the operation. Only slight progressive vertebral curvature was seen in these rabbits after removal of the fixator, with a relatively good effect of prophylaxis of progression compared to the controls. We propose that the effects of this spinal external fixation for scoliosis was due to correction of the axial rotation at the apical vertebra rather than to the traction force.
Rurality as a predictor of perinatal mental health and well‐being in an Australian cohort

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective Perinatal emotional well‐being is more than the presence or absence of depressive and anxiety disorders; it encompasses a wide range of factors that contribute to emotional well‐being. This study compares perinatal well‐being between women living in metropolitan and rural regions. Design Prospective, longitudinal cohort. Participants/setting Eight hundred and six women from Victoria and Western Australia recruited before 20 weeks of pregnancy and followed up to 12 months postpartum. Main outcome measures Rurality was assessed using the Modified Monash Model (MM Model) with 578 in metropolitan cities MM1, 185 in regional and large rural towns MM2‐MM3 and 43 in rural to remote MM4‐MM7. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID‐IV) was administered at recruitment to assess depression, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Edinburgh Post‐natal Depression Scale and the State and Trait Anxiety Scale, respectively. Other measures included stressful events, diet, exercise, partner support, parenting and sleep. Results The prevalence of depressive disorders did not differ across rurality. There was also no difference in breastfeeding cessation, exercise, sleep or partner support. Women living in rural communities and who also had depression reported significantly higher parenting stress than metropolitan women and lower access to parenting activities. Conclusions Our study suggests while many of the challenges of the perinatal period were shared between women in all areas, there were important differences in parenting stress and access to activities. Furthermore, these findings suggest that guidelines and interventions designed for perinatal mental health should consider rurality.
Science, Characterization and Technology of Joining and Welding

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue entitled "Science, Characterization, and Technology of Joining and Welding" of Metals, I am pleased to have this book published by MDPI. Joining, including welding, soldering, brazing, and assembly, is an essential requirement in manufacturing processes and is classified as a secondary manufacturing process. This Special Issue of Metals includes technical and review papers on, but not limited to, different aspects of joining and welding, including welding technologies (i.e., fusion-based welding and solid-state welding), characterization, metallurgy and materials science, quality control, and design and numerical simulation. This Special Issue also includes the joining of different materials, including metal and non-metals (polymers and composites), including 17 peer-reviewed papers from several researchers all around the globe (China, Germany, Brazil, South Koria, Slovakia, USA, Taiwan, Canada, and India). As of this date (April 2020), the papers in this Special Issue have been cited 47 times by other researchers, which I think is an eminent number and shows the high quality of the published papers in this Issue. This Special Issue includes a large diversity of various subjects in the field of joining: laser welding, friction stir welding, diffusion bonding, multipass welding, rotary friction-welding, friction bit joining, adhesive bonding, weldbonding, simulation and experimentation, metal/FRP joints, welding simulation, plasma–TIG coupled arc welding, liquation cracking, soldering, resin bonding, microstructural characteristics, brazing, and friction stir butt and scarf welding. I would like to sincerely thank all the researchers who contributed to this Special Issue for their high-quality research. I also would like to acknowledge Mr. Toliver Guo, Senior Assistant Editor at MDPI, who continuously and tirelessly contributed toward this Special Issue by assisting me with inviting the authors and the follow ups. I think this Special Issue will enhance our knowledge and understanding in the field of joining and assembly. I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Mehrnoosh, for her continued support and encouragement.
Farmer's Preferences for Plant Performance on Rice Cultivation in Rainfed Fields Using Silicate Granule Fertilizer in Gunungkidul of Yogyakarta

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The striking difference of productivity between irrigated rice and rainfed rice is determined some limited factor, i.e. abiotic factors, soil fertility degradation, and pest attacks. The high plant sensitivityy to pests is caused by low silicates content in plant. This study aims to determine the preferences of farmers on crop performance in several rice varieties grown in rainfed lowland rice fields using several doses of granular silicate fertilizer. The research was carried out in Semanu, Gunungkidul on October 2017 to February 2018. Preference assessment was based on plant height, number of tillers, number of grain and form of grain. Preference test was conducted before harvest the plants. Based on observation of plant height and number of tillers, the plant performance showed significant differences in rice variety, silicate fertilizer, and their interaction. Based on the respondent's choices on each parameter, the preferred varieties were Ciherang (V4), Inpari Blast (V2) and Inpari 42 (V3) with the innovation of rice cultivation technology based on silicate granule fertilizer.
Interrogative word is the focus of question in the WH question sentences in Mandarin Chinese?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In nontonal languages, intonation is a very important prosodic feature to distinguish sentence meanings. But in tonal languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, declarative and interrogative sentences both have falling intonation. In this case, interrogative sentences differ from the former by having a question particle in the final position of the sentence or a question word. At the prosodic level, what are the prosodic features which distinguish declarative and interrogative sentences, if these two types of sentences have similar intonational contour patterns? Following Lyons (1977) and Li & Thompson (1979), question words are the focus of questions in an interrogative sentence. They should have a phonetic, acoustic realization more important than other words in the sentence. However, in the primary study about the interrogative word ‘‘ji’’ with third tone (how many) in WH-question sentence, ‘‘ji’’ had a short duration, it had not undergone the 3-tone tone sandhi, and was realized as a neutral tone. This study will examine in detail the acoustic phonetic realizations of interrogative words, to find out their prosodic features and to know how listeners react to these features.
Vitamin D, sunlight and longevity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Humans acquire vitamin D through skin photosynthesis and digestive intake. Two hydroxylations are needed to obtain the bioactive compound, the first produces 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and the second 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. There is no consensus regarding the appropriate cut-off level to define the normal serum 25(OH)D range. Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies have related low vitamin D status with longevity. Although some results are controversial, low serum 25(OH)D levels have been linked to all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer and infectious related mortality. Throughout life span a significant proportion of human beings display insufficient (20-30 ng/mL) or deficient (<20 ng/mL) serum 25(OH)D levels. Appropriate lifestyle changes, such as regular short exposures to sunlight (15 min a day), and an adequate diet that includes vitamin D rich components, are not always easily accomplished. Studies relating to vitamin D supplementation have methodological limitations or are based on relatively low doses. Therefore, dosages used for vitamin D supplementation should be higher than those traditionally suggested. In this sense, there is an urgent need for prospective controlled studies using high daily vitamin D doses (2,000 IU or higher) including cardiovascular, cancer, infectious and other endpoints. Relationship between vitamin D and health outcomes is not linear, and there are probably various optimal vitamin D levels influencing different endpoints.