jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preparation of functionally graded bioceramic coatings

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Functionally graded materials (FGM) are materials that have a compositional gradient and property variation from the surface to the interior of the materials. This report presents the preparation of three functionally graded coating (FGC) systems. The aim of these FGCs is to provide improved reliability, bioactivity and biocompatibility that are the most desired features for biomedical implants. The FGC systems based on (1) various particle size ranges of spherical hydroxyapatite (SHA); (2) tricalcium phosphate (TCP)/HA; and (3) titania (Ti02)/HA are investigated. The coatings are graded in accordance to adhesive strength, bioactivity and biocompatibility. The bond coat on the Ti-6A1-4V substrate is deposited with materials that would provide high adhesive strengths. The top coat is composed of calcium phosphate compounds that would provide high bioresorbability (TCP/HA FGCs) or high biocompatibility (SHA and Ti02/HA FGCs).
The Convergence-Divergence Hypothesis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I propose a hypothesis, called the systems convergence-divergence hypothesis, which attempts to explain how the existence and evolution of supraindividual systems (social, political or economic) might be predicted from an analysis of the basic structures that make up their individual entities (molecules and cells) and how, reciprocally, study of these individuals and of their evolution might be approached from knowledge of such systems.
Research Progress of Radical Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Based on Drug Sensitivity Test as First-Line Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is a global problem that affects about half of the world's population and requires sufficient attention in clinical and scientific work. Due to differences in economic and medical conditions among countries around the world, there is currently no unified treatment plan for anti-HP. In China, empirical quadruple therapy is mainly used. With the abuse of antibiotics, many patients face the problem of secondary eradication after failure, and the resistance rate of HP is gradually increasing. After eradication failure, drug sensitivity cultivation is carried out to choose sensitive antibiotics for treatment. A new strategy is currently needed to address how to improve the eradication rate of HP during the first eradication. This article aims to discuss the first-line treatment plans and research progress for eradicating HP based on drug sensitivity testing before eradication. Compared with traditional empirical therapies, treatment based on drug sensitivity results can effectively improve the eradication rate of HP, and reduce drug resistance rates, and adverse reactions, among other benefits.
Does using SIOP (sheltered instruction observation protocol) help high school ELL students learn elementary mathematics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The research question addressed in this project was, Does using SIOP (Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol) help high school ELL students learn elementary mathematics? It documents one teacher's journey through creating a unique curriculum that incorporates the features of SIOP while addressing Minnesota state standards. The curriculum was developed based on Lindquist's research into the methods that are successful in teaching English Language Learners. The author documents the details of the unit and uses related research literature to construct meaning and validate the study. She describes the struggles and successes of both writing and implementing the curriculum and concludes that: 1) SIOP implementation is time consuming when first adding it to lessons but leads to better student learning and 2) English Language Learners benefit from a curriculum that takes into account their unique learning situation and abilities.
Abundance and composition of cotton insect species in the western cotton growing area (WCGA) in Tanzania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Insect abundance and composition in the Western Cotton Growing area (WCGA) were investigated from November 2018 to April 2019.The aim was to investigate the cotton insect pest abundance in relation to crop phenological stages. The experiment was laid out as factorial in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications in three locations. Data on abundance of insect was collected by counting insects on 36 randomly selected plants per location. The collected data were subjected to two-way Analysis of Variance and mean separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD0.05) procedure. Results show that there were significant variations among locations and phenological phases. The location, Shanwa had higher number of aphids than other insect species during phase one while in later growing stages; Binza had highest number of insect. It is concluded that in all phenological phases of cotton, aphids and ants were the most dominant insect.
Carrier distribution in InGaN/GaN tricolor multiple quantum well light emitting diodes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Carrier transport in InGaN light emitting diodes has been studied by comparing the electroluminescence (EL) from a set of triple quantum well structures with different indium content in each well, leading to multicolor emission. Both the sequence and width of the quantum wells have been varied. Comparison of the EL spectra reveals the current dependent carrier transport between the quantum wells, with a net carrier flow toward the deepest quantum well.
Activation and expansion of hapten- and protein-specific T helper cells from nonsensitized mice.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Hapten- and protein-antigen-specific T helper cells are usually expanded in vitro from lymphocytes obtained from sensitized animals. In this paper we report on the primary activation and proliferation in vitro of T helper cells from nonsensitized animals by using syngeneic cultured epidermal Langerhans cells as a source of potent antigen-presenting cells. The primary in vitro proliferation was blocked with monoclonal antibodies to Ia molecules, to lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), and to L3T4. T helper cell populations sensitized in vitro to haptens and protein antigens showed hapten- and antigen-specific proliferation when restimulated in vitro with spleen cells. Besides its experimental usefulness, in vitro generation of syngeneic specific T helper cells may afford possibilities for adoptive immunotherapy.
Relative clauses in Down Syndrome: evidence from the Greek language

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The aim of the present study is to investigate the comprehension and production of Relative Clauses (RCs) by a group of Greek-speaking individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) and their mentally age-matched peers.The possible asymmetry in performance between Subject-Gap (SG) and Object-Gap (OG) relatives was also examined and an error analysis was conducted.The results indicated that DS individuals encounter difficulties in both comprehending and producing RCs compared to Typically Developing Children (TDC), as well as that both groups performed significantly better in SG than in OG relatives and presented the same pattern of error types.The same pattern of performance observed gives support to the hypothesis that language development in DS could be characterized as more delayed than deviant.
Introduction to Risk Assessment

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Risk assessment tools and techniques can be used to analyze individual jobs for risks. Using the Six Sigma/total quality management philosophy of continuous improvement, risk assessment techniques applied throughout the design life of a system can provide insights into safety that might arise at various points of the system life cycle. Risk assessment is the data gathering component, while risk control is the application of the risk assessment evaluation. Risk assessment is never a one-man show; it should be conducted by a multidisciplinary team, who has a thorough knowledge of the work to be undertaken. Team members should include management, process or facility engineers, technical personnel, supervisors, production operators, maintenance staff, and safety personnel, if available. The goal of the risk assessment team is to reduce risks to tolerable or acceptable levels. The resulting risk assessment report must be evaluated, approved and endorsed by senior management.
Final congenital melanocytic naevi colour is determined by normal skin colour and unaltered by superficial removal techniques: a longitudinal study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Final CMN colour in childhood is related to the genetically determined skin colour of the individual, is unrelated to the colour of CMN at birth, and is unaffected by superficial removal. What's already known about this topic? Final colour of congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN) is considered an important outcome after superficial removal techniques such as curettage, dermabrasion or laser ablation, and is often compared with colour at birth. The phenomenon of spontaneous lightening in CMN, in which naevi lighten gradually and sometimes dramatically during childhood, has been described but not systematically studied. What does this study add? Final CMN colour in childhood is significantly associated with the individual's normal skin colour, and with MC1R genotype, and is therefore genetically determined. Final CMN colour is not predictable from CMN colour in the first 3 months of life. Superficial removal techniques do not alter the final colour of CMN.
Coordination of Pharyngeal and Esophageal Phases of Swallowing

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Although swallowing has been reviewed extensively, the coordination of the phases of swallowing have not. The phases are controlled by the brainstem, but peripheral factors help coordinate the phases. The occurrence, magnitude, and duration of esophageal phase depends upon peripheral feedback activated by the bolus. The esophageal phase does not occur without peripheral feedback from the esophagus. This feedback is mediated by esophageal slowly-adapting mucosal tension receptors through the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves. A similar reflex mediated by the same peripheral pathway is the activation of swallowing by stimulation of the cervical esophagus. This reflex occurs primarily in human infants and animals, and this reflex may be important for protecting against aspiration after esophago-pharyngeal reflux. Not only are there inter-phase excitatory processes, but also inhibitory processes. A significant inhibitory process is deglutitive inhibition. When one swallows faster than peristalsis ends, peristalsis is inhibited by the new pharyngeal phase. This process prevents the ongoing esophageal peristaltic wave from blocking the bolus being pushed into the esophagus by the new wave. The esophageal phase returns during the last swallow of the sequence. This process is probably mediated by mucosal tension receptors through the superior laryngeal nerves. A similar reflex exists, the pharyngo-esophageal inhibitory reflex, but studies indicate that it is controlled by a different neural pathway. The pharyngo-esophageal inhibitory reflex is mediated by mucosal tension receptors through the glossopharyngeal nerve. In summary, there are significant peripheral processes that contribute to swallowing, whereby one phase of swallowing significantly affects the other.
Evaluation of the Text Input Performance of Touch-Based Smartwatches with Different Hand Postures and in Different Body Movements

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Most of the previous studies on smartwatch input methods were conducted in a stable experimental environment (while the user was sitting and using comfortable hand postures), and there have been few studies on the characteristics of input methods using different hand postures and in different body movements. This study evaluated smartwatch performance with different hand postures and in different body movements and compared the result with the ZoomBoard performance. We collected 16 participants' smartwatch input data and analyzed their tapping behavior with four hand postures (index finger support [IS], no finger support, thumb and middle finger support [TMS], and thumb support) and in two different body movements (walking and standing). We studied the input accuracy and speed with different hand postures and the distribution of the touchpoints. The results indicated that IS has the lowest error rate and fastest performance when the user is standing, and TMS when the user is walking. Also, the different hand postures had different touchpoint distributions. Therefore, this paper provides design considerations for future research on human-computer interaction on ultra-small screens, especially smartwatches.
Dairy Wastewaters to Promote Mixotrophic Metabolism in Limnospira (Spirulina) platensis: Effect on Biomass Composition, Phycocyanin Content, and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profile

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study explores the mixotrophic cultivation of Limnospira platensis using dairy byproducts, specifically scotta whey (SW), buttermilk wastewater (BMW), and dairy wastewater (DWW), to promote biomass production and enhance the composition of bioactive compounds. By assessing various concentrations (1%, 2%, and 4% v v−1) of these byproducts in a modified growth medium, this study aims to evaluate their effect on L. platensis growth, phycocyanin (C-PC) content, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. The results show that the optimal biomass production was achieved with 2% scotta and dairy wastewater, reaching maximum concentrations of 3.30 g L−1 and 3.19 g L−1, respectively. Mixotrophic cultivation led to increased C-PC yields, especially in buttermilk and dairy wastewater treatments, highlighting the potential for producing valuable pigments. Additionally, the FAME profiles indicated minimal changes compared to the control, with oleic and γ-linolenic acids being dominant in mixotrophic conditions. These findings support the viability of utilizing dairy byproducts for sustainable L. platensis cultivation, contributing to a circular bioeconomy while producing bioactive compounds of nutritional and commercial interest.
The Fiscal Crisis of the State: A Case Study of Education in Detroit.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

,..s In this case study, the effect of the Detroit fiscal crisis on the city's public school system is analyzed in terms of the history of the fiscal crisis, the reasons for the crisis, and State, eteacher, public and city reaction to the situation. The changing demography of Detroit and the events-leading up to the financial crisis are described. Such factors in cchool budgeting as inflation,. increases in staff ,salaries, militanCy of teacher unions, expansipn Of social services, and a high rate of,disadvantaged youth requiring special programs along with an erodins4 tax base are considered. Problems of inequitability of taxation are discussed in light of the sockal burdens placed upon aging cities. It is concluded that the major barrier ,confronting the Detroit school system's, quest to accumulate revenues to meet rising expenditure demands has been tax resistance by local residents and the tax revolt which has been a product of the rapidly mounting tax burden'experienced by Detroit residents. Also the seeming lack of'4fectiveness.and efficiency of school district programs has been a problem. The future of the fiscal crisis is examined and suggestions are made for finance reform in MichWan. Current State financing methods for education are reviewed. The role of the capitalist system in creating fiscal crises is stressed. Charts and tables illustrate the city's fiscal situation. (WI) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. v*********************************************************************
A systematic review of the clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients with cystic fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives To investigate and summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to improve clinicians’ understanding and decrease the rates of misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses in China. Methods The EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed and SinoMed databases were searched for studies involving Chinese CF patients from January 1975 to August 2019. Results In total, 113 Chinese patients, including 53 males and 60 females, were reported. Nineteen patients had a family history of CF. The median age at diagnosis was 8.7 years. Among Chinese CF patients, 70.8% had bronchiectasis, 9.7% had a hemoptysis history, 33.6% had clubbed fingers, 17.7% had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and 29.2% had chronic diarrhea; the incidence of malnutrition was 52.2%. Five patients had jaundice, 26 patients had hepatomegaly, and 9 patients had meconium ileus in the neonatal period, and the incidence of liver cirrhosis was 5.3%. The predominant organism in airways was Pseudomonas aeruginosa , followed by Staphylococcus aureus . Seventy‐nine patients underwent the sweat test, and all of them were positive, with an average chloride ion level of 122.2 mmol/L. Eighty‐eight Chinese CF patients underwent genetic testing, and 74 CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations were reported. The most common gene mutation was c.2909G→A. One Phe508del gene mutation was observed. Conclusion The common clinical manifestations and CFTR gene mutations in Chinese CF patients are different from those in Caucasian patients. The age at CF diagnosis in China is relatively old, suggesting that the CF incidence in China may be seriously underestimated.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Forced Synchronization of Self-Oscillations in Liquid Ferrocolloid Membranes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A ferrocolloid is a suspension of nanometer-sized ferromagnetic particles (magnetite) in a carrier liquid (kerosene). A unique feature of a ferrocolloid is the fact that layers consisting of densely packed particles are formed near the electrode surface under the influence of an external electric field. Each layer is a liquid membrane, and its formation significantly affects the various properties of the system. For example, the development of a unique phenomenon in a ferrocolloid is self-organization (self-oscillations and autowaves). The applied external periodic force leads to a change (capture) of the frequency of the autowave process-forced synchronization of autowaves. The experimentally obtained synchronization was investigated by the method of electrically controlled interference. After multiple experiments and theoretical studies, a physical mechanism for the synchronization of the autowave process in a cell with a ferrocolloid was proposed for the first time. A mathematical model of forced synchronization of autowaves, which is described by a system of nonlinear differential equations, was proposed for the first time as well. Adding an external periodic force into the model led to a change in the frequency of autowaves; synchronization by an external force was confirmed by computational experiments.
Permanence of paper puts authors on best behaviour

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

EDITOR,--I am nervous, elated, and keyed up with all my faculties a-tingle because I am writing a letter to the BMJ. Because my thoughts may be set for eternity in print, I am on my best behaviour. I shall check my spelling, my facts, and my references, and I shall agonise over construction. Like herpes, letters to the editor are forever. Once the presses roll, that is it. And …
Powassan virus: What is the risk to the blood supply?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick‐borne arbovirus that is found widely in Canada, the Northeastern and Northcentral United States, and the Russian Far East. While still rare, there has been an increase in reported cases of POWV disease over the last decade; most (>90%) cases have been neuroinvasive and the associated fatality rate is high (>10%). Transfusion‐associated risk of POWV remains uncertain; while no intervention is likely indicated, one probable case of transfusion‐transmitted POWV in the context of an increase in the incidence of POWV and other tick‐borne infections, merits vigilance.
Antibiotic resistance pattern of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolated from children under the age of five Years in Anambra State

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Neonates are exposed to Staphylococcus aureus shortly after birth and can become colonized quickly after contact with adult skin or the environment. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) constitutes part of the growing global health problem associated with an increasing number of infections and often multidrug resistant in nature which now poses serious therapeutic problems to clinicians. Eighty-three (83) samples were collected which were cultured on appropriate bacteriological media. Bacterial isolates (S. aureus) were identified by standard biochemical tests and confirmed using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA. The MRSA was determined using Oxacillin antibiotic disk and confirmed by the presence of MecA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of the MRSA isolates to eleven antibiotics was performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standard testing Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Out of the 83 individuals tested, 25 yielded S. aureus of which 22 (88.0%) of them were MRSA positive, 10 (45.5%) females and 12 (54.5%) males. The antibiotic resistant pattern of the 22 MRSA isolates showed Quinupristin/Dalfopristin 13 (59.1%), Fusidic acid 6 (27.3%), Linezolid 8 (36.4%), Clindamycin 10 (45.5%), Vancomycin 5(22.7%), Cefepime 3(13.6%), Doxycycline 4(18.2%), Sulphamethoxazole 22(100%), Fosfomycin 7(31.8%), Cephalexin 7(31.8%), Trimethoprim 19(86.4%). The MIC determination for vancomycin from MRSA isolates showed antibiotic concentration of 4.9 μg/ml and 8.7 μg/ml. This work showed that there is high prevalence rate of resistance to many classes of antibiotic warranting continued surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship. Therefore effective antibiotic susceptibility test should be conducted before prescribing an antibiotic to patients, in as much as patients should strictly adhere to antibiotic prescription to mitigate abuse of drugs.Keywords: Methicillin-resistance, antibiotics, prevalence, S. aureus, susceptibility