jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reversing Ubi Jus ibi Remedium in Civil Law: The Italian Case of Consumer Protection

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: This paper aims to assess whether, in the Italian legal system, Article 36 (invalidity of unfair terms or nullity for protection of consumers ), Article 64 ( right of withdrawal for distance contracts and contractual offers, or those negotiated outside the office) and Article 130 (free rights of charge by repair or replacement) of Italian Decree No. 206/2005 are not substantive rights, but remedies, as in Common Law. In private law, the traditional approach of Civil Law is to place rights before remedies. In Civil Law legal systems, the qualification of rights in rules is codified before remedies, in contrast with the Common Law system, in which tradition puts remedies before rights – ubi remedium ibi jus . This paper examines the current status of the Civil Law approach in the Italian legal system. It uses the example of Articles 36, 64 and 130 of Decree No. 206/2005 (called the ‘Consumer Code’) and shows how they are creating a Civil Law version of the ubi remedium ibi jus in the European context of a growing circulation of juridical models. Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag beabsichtigt zu untersuchen, ob im italienischen Rechtssystem Artikel 36 (Nichtigkeit einer unbilligen Bestimmung oder Nichtigkeit zum Schutz der Verbraucher), Artikel 64 (Rücktrittsrecht bei Fernabsatzverträgen und vertraglichen Angeboten oder denjenigen, die außerhalb von Geschäftsräumen ausgehandelt wurden) und Artikel 130 (das freie Recht auf Umtausch oder Nachbesserung) des italienischen Dekrets Nummer 206/2005 keine materiell-rechtlichen Bestimmungen sind, sondern wie im Common Law Rechtsbehelfe darstellen. Im Zivilrechtssystemen ist der traditionelle Ansatz, dass materiell-rechtlichen Bestimmungen den Rechtsbehelfen vorgehen. Im zivilrechtlichen Rechtssystemen werden deshalb die materiell-rechtlichen Bestimmungen vor den Rechtsbehelfen bei der Kodifizierung vorgezogen. Im Gegensatz hierzu erfolgt in den Common Law Rechtssystemen traditionellerweise erst eine Kodifizierung der Rechtsbehelfe und dann erst die der materiell-rechtlichen Bestimmungen ubi remedium ibi jus . Dieser Beitrag untersucht den derzeitigen Ansatz in dem italienischen Rechtssystem. Dazu verwendet er die Beispiele der Artikel 36, Artikel 64 und Artikel 13 des Dekrets 206/2005 (auch Verbrauchergesetz genannt) und zeigt, wie sie eine Version des ubi remedium ibi jus Grundsatzes in einem zivilrechtlichen Rechtssystem darstellen, die sich in einem europäischen Kontext einer wachsenden Verbreitung juristischer Modelle befindet.
what's back of a flawless rayon?

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTwhat's back of a flawless rayon?Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1948, 26, 46, 3437Publication Date (Print):November 15, 1948Publication History Published online5 November 2010Published inissue 15 November 1948https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v026n046.p3437Copyright © 1948 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (154 KB) Get e-Alerts
Nasal Construction in Congenital Arhinia Due to Novel SMCHD1 Gene Variant

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Arhinia, or congenital absence of the nose, is an exceedingly rare anomaly caused by pathogenic variants in the gene SMCHD1 . Arhinia exhibits unique reconstructive challenges, as the midface is deficient in skeletal and soft tissue structures. The authors present 2 related patients with arhinia who harbor a novel SMCHD1 gene variant and illustrate their surgical midface and nasal construction. Targeted sequencing was carried out on DNA samples from the 2 affected patients, 1 anosmic and 1 healthy parent, to identify variants in exons 3 to 13 of SMCHD1 . The affected patients and anosmic parent were found to have a novel SMCHD1 gene variant p.E473V. A staged surgical approach was applied. First, both patients underwent a LeFort II osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis to improve the projection of the midfacial segment, followed by tissue expansion of the forehead, and nasal construction with a forehead flap that was placed over a costochondral framework derived from rib cartilage. The novel gene variant could guide future investigations on genetic pathways and molecular processes that underly the physiological and pathologic development of the nose. Further investigations on the variable expressivity ranging from anosmia to arhinia could improve clinical genetic screens for risk stratification of individuals with anosmia on passing on arhinia to their children. Due to the exceptional rarity and complexity of congenital arhinia, most surgical approaches are developed on a single-case basis. This case series, albeit limited to 2 cases, is the largest pedigree of such cases in the literature. It highlights key principles of a staged approach to nasal construction in arhinia and discusses nuances and improvements learned between both patients. It subsequently offers an optimized guide to this surgical strategy.
Constructing an adult orofacial premotor atlas in Allen mouse CCF

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Premotor circuits in the brainstem project to pools of orofacial motoneurons to execute essential motor action such as licking, chewing, breathing, and in rodent, whisking. Previous transsynaptic tracing studies only mapped orofacial premotor circuits in neonatal mice, but the adult circuits remain unknown as a consequence of technical difficulties. Here, we developed a three-step monosynaptic transsynaptic tracing strategy to identify premotor neurons controlling vibrissa, tongue protrusion, and jaw-closing muscles in the adult mouse. We registered these different groups of premotor neurons onto the Allen mouse brain common coordinate framework (CCF) and consequently generated a combined 3D orofacial premotor atlas, revealing unique spatial organizations of distinct premotor circuits. We further uncovered premotor neurons that simultaneously innervate multiple motor nuclei and, consequently, are likely to coordinate different muscles involved in the same orofacial motor actions. Our method for tracing adult premotor circuits and registering to Allen CCF is generally applicable and should facilitate the investigations of motor controls of diverse behaviors.
Plasma Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Has a Central Role in Biomarker Network Analysis and Is Associated With Poor Outcomes in Two Distinct Pediatric Cohorts of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Respiratory Failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a glycoprotein expressed on immune, endothelial, and epithelial cells. In the setting of inflammation, it becomes upregulated and spliced into a soluble form (soluble ICAM-1 [sICAM-1]). This study examined the association of sICAM-1 with clinical outcomes in two large pediatric cohorts with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute respiratory failure (ARF) and examined the relationships between sICAM-1 and other protein biomarkers utilizing network analysis to contextualize its role in ARDS pathophysiology. Design: Secondary analysis of prospective cohort studies. Setting: Multicenter PICUs. Patients or Subjects: Critically ill children with ARDS (Pediatric Acute Lung Injury [PALI], 2008–2014) and ARF (Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Pediatric Insulin Titration Trial [CAF-PINT], 2012–2016). Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: sICAM-1 levels were measured from plasma collected within 72 hours of diagnosis. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes included multiple organ dysfunction and ventilator-free days. We constructed a biomarker correlation-based network that included sICAM-1 and 32 plasma biomarkers reflective of inflammation, endothelial and epithelial injury, and extracellular matrix degradation. Key biomarkers with centrality metrics in the top 10% (≥ 90th percentile) were defined as critical hubs within the network. The study included 214 children from PALI and 251 from CAF-PINT. In-hospital mortality was 18% and 14%, respectively. Baseline median oxygenation index ratios were 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 5.6–19.7) and 8.5 (IQR, 3.5–17.7). Higher plasma sICAM-1 was associated with in-hospital mortality, multiple organ dysfunction, and fewer ventilator-free days in each of the two cohorts (all p < 0.05). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (composite centrality, 0.99), tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (0.83), sICAM-1 (0.74), and interleukin-8 (0.74) were identified as network hubs. Conclusions: Elevated sICAM-1 levels were associated with poor outcomes in two separate cohorts of ARDS and ARF patients. Network analysis revealed sICAM-1 as a central hub, characterized by high centrality metrics. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of sICAM-1 in leukocyte transmigration, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction and highlight its critical role in ARDS pathophysiology.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, and biological studies of tris[(dimethylethylsilyl) methylene]tin mono(or di)thiophosphates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Twenty-one new compounds of the general structure (EtMe2SiCH2)3SnSP(X)(OR1)(OR2) (X=O:R1=C2H5, R2-substituted phenyl; X=S:R1=R2=hydrocarbyl) have been synthesized. Their structures were characterized by IR, 1H, 119Sn, and 31PNMR spectroscopy and by MS and elemental analyses. 119Sn NMR measurements of chemical shifts have shown that there is a good linear relationship of 119Sn chemical shifts with Hammett para-substituent constants. The results of biological tests show that the compounds possess good acaricidal activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:299–305, 1998
Skin permeability of tulobuterol in two transdermal formulations and their followability

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Various generic transdermal formulations of tulobuterol containing rubber and acrylate base polymers are commercially available in Japan. However, none of the formulations have been compared directly with respect to the skin permeability of tulobuterol and to their follow ability. Tulobuterol Tape Sawai of rubber base and Tulobuterol Tape NP of acrylate base were used to conduct the in vitro 24-hour skin permeability test of tulobuterol at receiver solution temperatures of 32°C, 37°C, and 40°C. Furthermore, the followability of these tapes were examined by measuring the depth of the pores that were formed in their adhesive layer. Consequently, the maximum flux of tulobuterol was greater for Tulobuterol Tape NP. Arrhenius plot analysis revealed that Tulobuterol Tape Sawai was more sensitive to skin surface temperature compared with Tulobuterol Tape NP. Skin abrasion had a greater effect on the skin permeability of tulobuterol in Tulobuterol Tape Sawai than in Tulobuterol Tape NP. Followability was greater for Tulobuterol Tape NP than for Tulobuterol Tape Sawai. These results suggest that a transdermal formulation of acrylate base is preferable to that with a rubber base when skin surface temperature varies or when the skin is abraded. In clinical settings, therefore, a formulation of acrylate base is preferable to a formulation of rubber base when skin surface temperature varies or when the skin is abraded. The formulation needs to be applied to the skin of less asperity for the achievement of better transdermal absorption of tulobuterol.
Interleukin-11 binds specific EF-hand proteins via their conserved structural motifs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a hematopoietic cytokine engaged in numerous biological processes and validated as a target for treatment of various cancers. IL-11 contains intrinsically disordered regions that might recognize multiple targets. Recently we found that aside from IL-11RA and gp130 receptors, IL-11 interacts with calcium sensor protein S100P. Strict calcium dependence of this interaction suggests a possibility of IL-11 interaction with other calcium sensor proteins. Here we probed specificity of IL-11 to calcium-binding proteins of various types: calcium sensors of the EF-hand family (calmodulin, S100B and neuronal calcium sensors: recoverin, NCS-1, GCAP-1, GCAP-2), calcium buffers of the EF-hand family (S100G, oncomodulin), and a non-EF-hand calcium buffer (α-lactalbumin). A specific subset of the calcium sensor proteins (calmodulin, S100B, NCS-1, GCAP-1/2) exhibits metal-dependent binding of IL-11 with dissociation constants of 1–19 μM. These proteins share several amino acid residues belonging to conservative structural motifs of the EF-hand proteins, ‘black’ and ‘gray’ clusters. Replacements of the respective S100P residues by alanine drastically decrease its affinity to IL-11, suggesting their involvement into the association process. Secondary structure and accessibility of the hinge region of the EF-hand proteins studied are predicted to control specificity and selectivity of their binding to IL-11. The IL-11 interaction with the EF-hand proteins is expected to occur under numerous pathological conditions, accompanied by disintegration of plasma membrane and efflux of cellular components into the extracellular milieu.
Retired Spouses of Public Safety Personnel in a Psychologist-Facilitated Support Group: Trends of Individual and Group Change

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The current study investigated the effectiveness of the facilitated support group provided to spouses of retired Veterans, firefighters, and correctional officer who are affected by Occupational Stress Transmission provided by WGM Psychological Services in Calgary for 12 months. A total of six participants provided consent to this study, and their Outcome Questionnaire and Group Questionnaire data were collected to examine the symptoms experienced and therapeutic relationships experienced by participants during the therapy. Specifically, the Outcome Questionnaire measured participants’ symptom distress (i.e., discomfort, depression, and anxiety levels), interpersonal relations (i.e., loneliness, conflict with others, and marriage and family difficulties), and social role (i.e., difficulties across different settings); and the Group Questionnaire measured positive bonding relationship, positive working relationship, and negative relationships to evaluate therapeutic relationships between member to leader, member to member, and member to group. The current study investigated if individuals showed change in symptoms, if all participants showed reduction in symptom as a group, if individuals showed improved therapeutic relationships during the therapy, and if therapeutic relationships impacted the successfulness of the professionally facilitated support group. The current study could not utilize a statistical analysis; therefore, the scores were analyzed by trend analysis (i.e., visual analysis of graphs), and utilizing score sorting system and pre-existing sample scores to identify any change to severity of symptoms. The results indicated that five participants experienced reduction in symptoms, therapeutic relationships were stable throughout the therapy, and the variables of therapeutic relationship was found to have no measurable impact on symptom change. The current study had limitations due to the format of the data, more depth interpretation and discussion of the findings, along with implications and future directions are provided in the study.
Controlling the Intensity and Fluctuations of Light upon Its Selective Reflection

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Selective reflection of a semiconductor laser beam by a resonant gas is studied. The experiments were performed under conditions where the laser frequency is determined by the laser cavity mode structure. In this case, characteristic steps—intensity quasi-levels—arise on the reflectivity resonances. It is shown that the height of the quasi-levels depends on the degree of saturation of the resonance reflection by the laser field. Low-noise reflectivity regimes with different sensitivities to external signals are found on these quasi-levels.
423. Increased Incidence of Hepatocellular Change and Neoplastic Disease in AAV-WPRE Treated Pahenu2 Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is among the most common human birth defects occurring in approximately 1 in 16,000 births in the United States. The disease is caused by a single gene defect in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) which results in elevated serum phenylalanine (Phe) levels. Our laboratory is involved in the investigation of AAV applications for the treatment of this disease in a mouse model for PKU.
Microsimulation of the Temporary Housing Situation Following an Urban Disaster: Case Study of an Anticipated Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At present, the expected occurrence of a massive earthquake in the Tokyo metropolitan area is a matter of concern for the Japanese Cabinet Office. In the event of a major urban disaster, it is unclear whether the present policy of housing assistance will work effectively. Microsimulation is a useful research approach to make preliminary proposals for concrete policy issues. To carry out a reliable microsimulation, a household’s behavior model was developed using an Internet-based questionnaire system. In addition, the microdata pertaining to rental housing and construction sites of prefabricated housing were generated. Based on these foundational works, a microsimulation model that illustrates the temporary housing situation following an urban disaster was developed. This article discusses (a) the microsimulation outline, (b) the results of calculations, and (c) the issues concerning and ways to enhance the developed model to resolve these issues.
Composite Multihump Vector Solitons Carrying Topological Charge

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose composite solitons carrying topological charge: multicomponent two dimensional [ (2+1)D] vector (Manakov-like) solitons for which at least one component carries topological charge. These multimode solitons can have a single hump or exhibit a multihump structure. The "spin" carried by these multimode composite solitons suggests 3D soliton interactions in which the particlelike behavior includes spin, in addition to effective mass, linear, and angular momenta.
Prevalence of disordered eating in elite female athletes in team sports in Greece

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to assess (a) the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) in elite female team sports players compared to non‐athletes and (b) to compare DE prevalence in elite female players in basketball, volleyball and water polo. One hundred and seventy‐five females were recruited (age 23.10 ± 5.4, BMI 21.85 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 ), 53 were elite basketball players, 42 were elite volleyball players, 34 were elite water polo players and 46 were non‐athletes. Participants completed the Eating Disorders Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) and a physical activity questionnaire. The EDE‐Q incorporates 36 statements which relate to the occurrence and frequency of key behaviours of eating disorders, under the following four subscales: Restraint, eating concern, shape concern and weight concern and a global score of disordered eating. No differences were found in the EDE‐Q subscale score and global score between athletes and non‐athletes. Only 6.2% of the total number of participants exhibited DE using the global score >2.3. Water polo players had significantly higher scores in the ‘eating concern’ subscale and in the frequency of key behavioural features of DE such as binge eating episodes and objective and subjective bulimic episodes, compared to volleyball and basketball players. In conclusion, team sport elite female players do not exhibit greater prevalence of DE compared to non‐athletes. Water polo, a sport that emphasises leanness and control of body weight for international distinctions, is associated with a higher tendency to exhibit DE, when compared to other team sports.
Diabetes Mellitus in an Urbanized, Isolated Polynesian Population: The Funafuti Survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An epidemiologic study of diabetes in the urbanized Polynesian population of Funafuti has established a prevalence of 8 per cent in subjects aged 10 years and over. Of these, only 0.9 per cent were known diabetics, and the remainder were diagnosed on the basis of a plasma glucose level of at least 160 mg/lOO ml. two hours after a 75 gm. glucose load. A further 5.9 per cent had borderline diabetes as judged by a two-hour postload plasma glucose of 140-159 mg./ 100 ml. In those aged 20 years and over, the prevalence of diabetes was 10.1 per cent, similar to that reported in other accuHurated Polynesian groups. The prevalence of both borderline diabetes and frank diabetes was twice as high in the females as in males. This difference appeared to be related to the greater degree of obesity in the females, but the prevalence was not related to parity. The increase in frequency of diabetes among these islanders coincides with a change of traditional island life style to that of urbanized Western populations. The results suggest that there may be 10 times the actual number of known diabetics in some Pacific populations.
Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma: an asymptomatic patient 8 years after the primary surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare disease. Its prognosis is poor with a median survival time of 24 months, even when adequate and timely treatment is given. This case reports a 61-year-old woman presenting with primary cardiac synovial sarcoma with an 8-year survival time following surgical and adjuvant chemotherapy.
Nutritional profile of edible marine macroalgae: macronutrients

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, the nutritional profile of widely consumed species of seaweed (commercially available in the Portuguese market) was evaluated. Three brown macroalgae, Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Laminaria japonica (Kombu) and Hizikia fusiforme (Hijiki), and three red ones, Palmaria palmata (Dulse), Porphyra tenera (Nori) and Eisenia bicyclis (Arame), from different geographical origins (Japan and Galiza, Spain) were analysed. The chemical analyses were performed to determine moisture, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents. The algae samples are commercialized dry, therefore, the moisture content was very low (~10%). The ash content was around 17-38% in brown algae and 10-17% in red algae. Protein levels ranged from 6 to 33%. The highest levels were found in red species, especially in Porphyra tenera. The fat content was less than 1%. The carbohydrate content, which includes the dietary fibre, ranged from 38 to 69%. The results of this work show that the analysed macroalgae can be interesting alternative sources of protein, minerals, and, eventually, fibre. Further studies are being conducted in order to better characterize these species in what concerns to their chemical composition and potential health effects.