jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of ultraintense laser radiation in an assembly of molecular clusters

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a theoretical and computational study of the effects of the laser light intensity attenuation, due to absorption by an assembly of ${({D}_{2})}_{n∕2}$ $(n=250--{3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{4})$ clusters in ultraintense laser fields (peak intensity ${I}_{M}={10}^{16}--{10}^{18}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$). The laser intensity attenuation was described by a relation between the local, time-integrated energy flow of the laser pulse and the energy deposited per ion in the Coulomb explosion products. In the cluster vertical ionization (CVI) domain, the local laser intensity manifests a linear decrease along the plasma filament, so that under the conditions of partial light absorption the energy absorbed by the plasma filament is independent of the incident laser intensity. In the non-CVI domain, the local laser intensity decreases exponentially across the plasma filament and the energy absorbed is proportional to the incident intensity. Cluster sizes for total light absorption were established on the basis of numerical solutions of our first-order differential equation for the local laser intensity. The effect of strong light absorption on the kinetic energy distribution of the ions from Coulomb explosion in an assembly of clusters results in a marked deviation from the energy distribution under CVI conditions. This exhibits a sharp rise in the range of low energies with the location of a low-energy maximum in the energy distribution providing a benchmark for the assessment of the contributions of laser absorption effects. Finally, we consider the effects of laser light absorption in a single cluster, demonstrating that both in the CVI and in the non-CVI domains the attenuation of the laser intensity is small for the cluster sizes considered in this work, while in the non-CVI domain laser light absorption by a single large (${R}_{0}=330\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ and $n\ensuremath{\sim}{5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{6}$) deuterium cluster can be realized.
QSAR Models for Predicting the Antioxidant Potential of Chemical Substances

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Antioxidants are widely studied compounds with significant applications in the nutraceutical and dietary industries. To enable the rapid screening of large libraries of substances for antioxidant activity and to provide a useful tool for the initial evaluation of substances of interest with unknown activity, we developed Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models to predict the antioxidant potential of chemical substances. We started from a dataset of 1911 antioxidant substances, retrieved from the AODB database by selecting the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assay and the experimental value of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Different machine learning algorithms were applied to build regression models, and the goodness-of-fit of each model was assessed using the statistical parameters of R squared (R2), the Root-Mean-Squared Error, and the Mean Absolute Error. The Extra Trees model outperformed the other models in both internal and external validations, achieving the highest R2 of 0.77 and the lowest RMSE on the test set. Gradient Boosting and eXtreme Gradient Boosting also achieved promising results with R2 values of 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. Given these results, we developed an integrated method that not only outperformed the individual models, achieving an R2 of 0.78 on the external test set, but also provided valuable insights into the range of predicted values.
High-k passivated electrodes: on the electrodynamic behavior of cells under the influence of capacitively coupled electric fields

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Elektroporation bezeichnet die Manipulation lebender Zellen mittels elektrischer Felder. StudentInnen der Biologie sind durch mikrobiologische Einführungskurse mit dem Vorgang der elektrischen Transformation von Bakterien vertraut. Hat man das Einbringen von DNA in ein Bakterium zum Ziel, empfiehlt sich folgende Vorgehensweise; Die Bakteriensuspension samt fremd-DNA in einer Küvette mit Metallelektroden vermischen, den Knopf drücken und anschließend die schäumende Flüssigkeit mit der genetisch veränderten Bakterienkultur weiterzüchten. Doch wie können wir uns diesen Vorgang erklären? Werden lebende Zellen einer ausreichenden elektrischen Feldstärke ausgesetzt, führt das zur Porenbildung in der Äußeren Zellmembran. Dieser Zusammenbruch der selektiven Barrierefunktion ermöglicht das Eindringen von geladenen Teilchen aus der umliegenden Lösung. Die Entstehung dieser “Elektroporen” kann, entsprechend der gewählten Intensität der Behandlung, zur elektrischen Lyse, Zellfusion oder eben zum Einschleusen von genetischem Material verwendet werden.Während der Elektroporation wird in der Lösung elektrische Energie in thermische und chemische Energie umgewandelt. Diese Formen der Energieumwandlung sind deshalb problematisch, weil deren Einflüsse auf die enthaltene Zellpopulation nicht kontrollierbar sind. Die Anzahl an getöteten und erfolgreich manipulierten Zellen wird bei wiederholter Anwendung stark variieren.Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer technologischen Innovation, welche die Komplexität der Methode um jene Faktoren reduziert, die auf elektrochemischen Vorgängen basieren; Elektroden werden mit einem dielektrischen Material beschichtet und dadurch elektrisch passiviert. In Folge kommt der spezifische Einfluss elektrischer Felder zur Geltung und manifestiert sich in einer hohen Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse.
SF-36 Physical Function improvement and worsening, difference from baseline to 6 years.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<p>Percentages of patients who have experienced various degrees of change in SF-36 Physical Function from baseline to 6 years. The three columns represent the CycloME trial participants and the rituximab and placebo groups from the RituxME trial. (A) shows improvement and (B) shows worsening. The colours indicate treatment groups, described in the Figure.</p>
DEVICE FOR INVESTIGATING THE MIXING OF GASES IN A TURBOJET BYPASS ENGINE,

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A description is given of a device used for investigating the mixing gas flows in a turbojet bypass engine. The device contains a mixing chamber and a heater. To increase the measurement range of the jet parameters, an afterburner chamber with variable separators of the main and bypass-duct flows is mounted in the flow passage behind the mixing chamber to regulate the length of the mixing zone. (Author)
Design of Light-Load Regenerative Brake Control System with Load Power Estimation for DC Electrified Railways

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In DC-electrified railway systems, light-load regenerative brake control prevents the occurrence of overvoltage at the filter capacitor (FC) of the traction inverter of the regenerative vehicle. However, such control can restrict regenerative power more than necessary when the distance between the powering train and regenerative train is increased, although a sufficient load exists in the electric traction system. This study clarifies the principle of the method to restrict torque current of the regenerative train based on the load power. Subsequently, a method is proposed to design the load power estimation controller.
Ytterbium-doped InP light-emitting diode at 1.0 μm

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Light-emitting pn junction diodes have been realized in ytterbium-doped InP. The p-type epitaxial layers, which contained the dopant ytterbium (Yb), were grown by liquid phase epitaxy on (100) oriented n+-type InP substrates. Ohmic contacts were alloyed, and the diodes biased in forward direction. At 77 K, emissions were observed at 1.38 eV (0.90 μm) and 1.24 eV (1.00 μm) due to near band-edge electron hole recombination and transitions between the spin-orbit levels 2F5/2→2F7/2 of Yb3+(4f13), respectively. The dependence of the electroluminescence intensity with applied voltage is presented. The external quantum efficiency was determined to be 8×10−4 at 77 K.
Video Modeling for Teaching Daily Living Skills to Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This pilot study investigated the efficacy of point-of-view video modeling as an intervention strategy to improve self-help skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A single-subject A-B design was implemented with eight school-aged children ages 7.5 years to 13.5 years. Six of the students participated in general education classes with varying levels of support, and two were in a special education classroom. All were able to follow basic directions and answer simple questions verbally. Results suggest that point-of-view video modeling using an iPad may be an effective technique for teaching students with ASD self-care and daily living skills, with students showing an average of 50.5% improvement in task performance during a 6-week study period.
Carnauba wax as a wall material for urea microencapsulation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND The high ureolytic activity of rumen microbiota is a concern when urea is used in ruminant feed, because it leads to fast urea conversion, resulting in possible intoxication and lower nitrogen utilization. This study intended to microencapsulate urea using carnauba wax to obtain slow‐release systems in the rumen. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial, with the urea encapsulated with carnauba wax in ratios of 1 : 2; 1 : 3, and 1 : 4 (U ME 2; U ME 3, and U ME 4) and two particles sizes (small, P S ; and large, P L ). RESULTS All formulations showed excellent properties, including inhibition of urea hygroscopicity. The formulation U ME 2 exhibited the greatest yield (91.6%) and microencapsulation efficiency (99.6%) values, whereas the formulation U ME 4 presented the greatest thermal stability (259.5 °C) and lowest moisture content (1.81%). The U ME 2 formulation presented a slower release than the other U ME formulations studied. CONCLUSION The production of urea microspheres using carnauba wax was successful for all microencapsulated systems developed, evidencing the promising potential for use in ruminant animal diets. The U ME 2 formulation with large particles is the most recommended because it permitted greater resistance to microbial attack, allowing a slower release of urea into the rumen, reducing the risk of intoxication or ruminal alkalosis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Prevention of intra-abdominal adhesions by a hyaluronic acid gel; an experimental study in rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background In 80% to 90% of the patients intra-abdominal adhesions occur after abdominal surgery, which can cause small-bowel obstruction, chronic abdominal pain, female infertility and difficulty during reoperation. A novel crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel is evaluated regarding its anti-adhesive capacities in an ischemic button model in rats. Method 51 adult, male Wistar rats from a registered breeder, received eight ischemic buttons each and were treated with hyaluronic acid gel (HA, HyaRegen © ), hyaluronic acid carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC, Seprafilm © ) or no anti-adhesive barrier. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed and adhesions were scored macroscopically. The number of buttons and organs involved in adhesions were recorded. Per animal, one button with adhesions and one without adhesions was explanted for qPCR analysis. Mann-Whitney U, Fisher’s exact and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for data analysis. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results Macroscopic evaluation of adhesion formation did not differ between the groups. The number of organs involved in adhesions in the HA gel group was significantly lower compared to HA-CMC (p = .041) and the control group (p = .012). A significantly, 1.36-fold higher clec10a (p = 0.25), 1.80-fold higher cd163 (p = 0.003) and 5.14-fold higher mmp1 expression (p = 0.028) was found in ischemic buttons with adhesions compared to buttons without adhesions. Conclusion HA gel application reduces the number of organs involved in adhesions in an ischemic button model, but no overall reduction in adhesion formation was encountered. Macrophage subtype 2 polarization and high mmp1 expression are associated with adhesion formation. Further investigation is needed in the exact pathophysiologic process of adhesion formation and the role of macrophage polarization.
Nitric Oxide Prevents Fe Deficiency-Induced Photosynthetic Disturbance, and Oxidative Stress in Alfalfa by Regulating Fe Acquisition and Antioxidant Defense

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Iron (Fe) deficiency impairs photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth and biomass yield. This study aimed to reveal the role of nitric oxide (NO) in restoring Fe-homeostasis and oxidative status in Fe-deficient alfalfa. In alfalfa, a shortage of Fe negatively affected the efficiency of root andshoot length, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), Fe, S, and Zn accumulation, as well as an increase in H2O2 accumulation. In contrast, in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, these negative effects of Fe deficiency were largely reversed. In response to the SNP, the expression of Fe transporters (IRT1, NRAMP1) and S transporter (SULTR1;2) genes increased in alfalfa. Additionally, the detection of NO generation using fluorescence microscope revealed that SNP treatment increased the level of NO signal, indicating that NO may act as regulatory signal in response to SNP in plants. Interestingly, the increase of antioxidant genes and their related enzymes (Fe-SOD, APX) in response to SNP treatment suggests that Fe-SOD and APX are key contributors to reducing ROS (H2O2) accumulation and oxidative stress in alfalfa. Furthermore, the elevation of Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway-related genes (GR and MDAR) Fe-deficiency with SNP implies that the presence of NO relates to enhanced antioxidant defense against Fe-deficiency stress.
Heterogeneity of 5′-Nucleotidase Activity in Lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase was determined in lymphocyte plasma membranes from 14 normal subjects and 10 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Whereas the enzyme was present in the preparation from normal lymphocytes, in 7 out of 10 CLL patients the membranes had markedly decreased or no detectable 5'-nucleotidase activity. The lack of this activity from the lymphocytes of most patients with CLL constitutes an alteration in a plasma membrane enzyme from the normal cell. The presence of the enzyme in the lymphocytes of some patients with CLL and its decrease in others provide further evidence for biochemical heterogeneity among patients with this disorder.
New Schiffbase and Its Complexes Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Metalcomplex can be synthesised by metalion and schiffbase containing N.S.Some complexes have characteristics of antibacteriantvirus and anti-cancer.Some complexes are used in organic chemistry and biochemistry.In this paper a new schiffbase ligand and its complexes containing Cu (II),Zn(II),Ni(II),Co(II) are synthesized by 2,5dihydoxyacetophone with ethanolamine;its structure has been characterized by IR and uv/vis.
Multichannel processing element simulation for neural networks applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, hardware implementation of neural networks has received increasing attention from researchers. Various techniques for implementation have been used, such as analog, digital and a hybrid of both. This thesis describes the design and simulation of a digital hardware processing element. It focuses on the implementation of digital neural hardware based on bit-serial transmission and information processing which is known as the Pulse-Stream Implementation (PSI). Stochastic computing is an important PSI technique, and currently two techniques of stochastic computing are in use; they are binary stochastic computing (BSC) and pulse density modulation (PDM). As a model of neural hardware, the mapping network for modelling of freeform surfaces is discussed in geometrical terms.
HOW MANY TIMES SHOULD YOU SHUFFLE A DECK OF CARDS?1

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper a mathematical model of card shuffling is constructed, and used to determine how much shuffling is necessary to randomize a deck of cards. The crucial aspect of this model is rising sequences of permutations, or equivalently descents in their inverses. The probability of an arrangement of cards occuring under shuffling is a function only of the number of rising sequences in the permutation. This fact makes computation of variation distance, a measure of randomness, feasible; for in an n card deck there are at most n rising sequences but n! possible arrangements. This computation is done exactly for n = 52, and other approximation methods are considered. 1
Application of data protection laws with a proposal for a flexible regime for humanitarian organisations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Humanitarian organisations often operate in emergency contexts where strict compliance with data protection laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), can pose significant practical challenges. This paper explores the need for a differentiated data protection regime tailored to the realities of humanitarian crises, balancing efficiency and the fundamental rights of data subjects. By analysing key European Court of Justice cases, including Schrems II (C-311/18), Nowak (C-434/16) and Pankki S (C-579/21), the paper highlights the importance of adapting core GDPR principles to crisis situations. It also examines the integration of human rights principles, emphasising the protection of dignity and autonomy during emergencies. Furthermore, it addresses regulatory challenges, proposing proactive engagement with authorities to ensure accountability and trust. Practical solutions are proposed such as simplified Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs), the use of pseudonymisation, data minimisation and standardised Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) to replace complex contractual requirements. These measures aim to ensure compliance while enabling rapid and effective responses in emergencies. The paper concludes by calling for the development of a flexible regulatory framework that integrates data protection into the operational needs of humanitarian organisations without compromising ethical and legal standards.
Facklamia Hominis Pyelonephritis in a Pediatric Patient: First Case Report and Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Pyelonephritis is one of the most serious bacterial illnesses during childhood. Gram-negative organisms account for up to 90% of the cases. Gram-positive bacteria are uncommon causes of urinary tract infections, and only a few cases caused by Facklamia hominis have been reported in the literature. Case presentation: A five-year-old girl with tracheostomy and gastrostomy and past medical history of congenital lymphangioma presented with a two-week history of with intermittent fever, frequent urination, and vesical tenesmus. Diagnosis of pyelonephritis was made. Urine culture reported colonies with alpha-hemolysis in blood agar at 48-hours of incubation and Facklamia hominis was identified by MALDI-TOF. The patient was successfully treated with gentamicin. Conclusions This is the first reported case of pyelonephritis by Facklamia hominis in a child, and the second involving infection in a pediatric patient. Although this pathogen is uncommon, current treatment of F. hominis is a challenge for physicians. This case illustrates the requirement to standardize identification and treatment of care to avoid treatment failure and antimicrobial resistance.
40KM/H TIME BASED SCHOOL SPEED ZONES (TBSSZ) ISSUES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the effectiveness and issues associated with introducing a 40 km/h Time Based School Speed Zone (TBSSZ) at two schools in the City of Stonnington. In 2001 the City of Stonnington formed its Road Safety Advisory Committee, comprising representatives from Victoria Police, VicRoads, local schools and resident and business representatives to tackle road safety issues within the City. As part of the committee's review of road safety, it was identified that safety in and around primary schools should be priority. The Committee recommended a 40 km/h speed limit for roads near schools during drop off and pick up times. The objectives of the school speed zone are to: 1. reduce the incident of accidents; 2. reduce the severity of accidents; 3. improve driver behaviour in and around schools; 4. highlight to motorists that they are approaching a school and should modify their behaviour accordingly (ie. travel more slowly, be more alert). (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E208059.
Evaluating elbow joint kinematics with the Stewart Platform Mechanism

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Joint measurement is necessary for studying joint laxity.Joint laxity in elbows is a problem which normally comes with age.However, it can increase to critical levels with rupture or damage to the ligaments of the elbow and affects the stability and capabilities of the joint, interfering even with daily activities.A new Stewart platform based elbow joint measurement was developed.The study focused on flexion, extension, valgus and varus motions and all experimental data were taken from a real experimental setup.The centre of rotation and motion of the angles of the forearm were found by the kinematics of the Stewart Platform Mechanism with a simmechanics based program algorithm.The joint motions of two male subjects were measured and the results of these measurements were compared with graphs.Comparisons demonstrate that the Stewart platform based measurement device sufficiently measures all motions of the elbow with six axes.
A new species of Amboroppia (Acari, Oribatida, Oppiidae) from the Peruvian Andes, with remarks on generic diagnosis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species of the neotropical genus Amboroppia (Oribatida, Oppiidae), A. andensis sp. nov. is described, based on adults collected from upper soil and leaf litter in primary mountain forest in the Andes, Central Peru. Additions to the generic diagnosis of Amboroppia are presented.