jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Simple Methodology for Calculating the Impact of a Carbon Tax

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This technical note discusses how to implement a carbon tax at the national level. A carbon tax is a tax on fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and crude oil (including fossil fuel products such as gasoline), that is imposed according to the carbon dioxide (CO2) each fuel emits when burnt. The rate at which this CO2 is taxed is known as the carbon tax rate or carbon price. This paper uses simple numerical calculations to model the effect of a carbon tax on fuel prices, fuel use, fiscal revenue, and CO2 emissions. A carbon tax would also have a substantial beneficial effect on local air pollution, although this is not explicitly modelled in this note
Research and Development of Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicle Propulsion: 1989 Annual Report

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The US Department of Energy sponsors a number of research and development activities that have a common goal, the demonstration of advanced batteries that meet the energy, power, and life requirements needed to make electric vehicles a viable alternative to fuel-powered vehicles. An advanced lead-acid battery is one of the technologies being pursued for near-term applications. To this end, Johnson Controls, Inc. (JCI) began work in December 1985 on a new cell concept based on continuous electrolyte recirculation to boost the level of performance beyond the capabilities of conventional lead-acid technology. Superior levels of power and energy were demonstrated for both the flow-through and the more recent flow-by cell designs in the initial years of this program. The cycle-life of these cells, however, fell short of the target for acceptable life. This report summarizes JCI's technical efforts during the period May 1989 to May 1990. During this interval, JCI concentrated on two activities, further research to identify factors that cause and contribute to low cycle-life and continued engineering to evaluate new cell designs.
Physical model experiment on failure mechanism and NPR anchor cable control effect of layered counter-tilted slope

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Taking the large-scale toppling failure counter-tilted slope in Changshanhao open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia as engineering background, a layered counter-tilted slope geological generalized physical model was constructed based on similar theory. Physical model tests were performed under three different conditions: unreinforced, ordinary Possion’s Ratio(PR) anchor cable reinforcement, and constant resistance and large deformation Negative Possion’s Ratio (NPR) anchor cable reinforcement. Then infrared thermal imaging system, strain monitoring system and digital speckle displacement measurement system were used comprehensively to monitor the temperature field, strain field and displacement field respectively during the entire counter-tilted slope excavation test. Finally the deformation characteristics and instability mechanism of layered counter-tilted slope were investigated, and the reinforcement effects under different reinforcement measures were compared and analyzed. The research results show that the deformation process of counter-tilted slope has obvious deformation characteristics of "superimposed cantilever beam". Its toppling mechanism is mainly manifested in three stages: initial crack formation, crack development, and sliding surface penetrating and slope instability. The PR anchor cable failed during the excavation and could not resist the large deformation of the slope. In contrast, the NPR anchor cable has the characteristics of high constant resistance, large deformation and energy absorption, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of counter-tilted slope instability and provide a new way for slope engineering reinforcement.
Physical characters and economics of acrylic and epoxy polymers as frame components of external skeletal fixator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Physical characters of acrylic and epoxy polymers used in constructing external skeletal fixator vis-à-vis economics were compared in the present study. The fixator constructs were prepared using acrylic/epoxy polymer, 1.5 mm K-wires and ultra high density polyethylene rods as a bone substitute. Observations on fabrication ease, weight, radiographic properties and economics of polymers were taken. The epoxy polymer being doughy, less heat producing and fumeless was easier to fabricate into constructs. Hardening time for acrylic was dependent on environmental temperature with an average of 11 min; whereas, epoxy putty hardened in about 22 min and the hardening was independent of environmental temperature. Acrylic fixators were radiolucent and significantly lower in weight. Preparation cost of epoxy constructs was significantly lower than acrylic constructs. Present study provides baseline benchmarks to choose polymers in constructing external skeletal fixators according to available resources, technical expertise and economics involved.
Determination of Aromatic and Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Plasma by HPLC with Electrogenerated Ru(bpy)33+ Chemiluminescence Detection

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An HPLC method is described for the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of amino acids, following cycloaddition reaction of their amino groups with divinyl sulfone (DVS), using electrogenerated tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(III). The derivatization reaction conditions were examined, with the optimum conditions found to be 40 mM DVS (pH 8.0) at 50 degrees C for 15 min. Detection limits for the 15 amino acids examined varied greatly (0.04-8.0 pmol) using a standard solution by flow injection analysis (FIA). These optimized conditions were used for HPLC determination of the amino acids in human plasma. A linear relationship was obtained up to 100 pmol on a column for aromatic and branched-chain amino acids. Recoveries of Tyr, Met, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe and Trp when added to human plasma (1 micromol/10 ml plasma, n=5) were 101.5+/-1.1, 99.0+/-1.2, 98.0+/-1.4, 101.1+/-1.6, 95.1+/-1.6, 99.2+/-1.5 and 97.7+/-1.3 % (mean+/-S.D.) respectively. The concentrations of the amino acids in the plasma are in good agreement with other published data.
Validation of Three-Dimensional Euler Methods for Vibrating Cascade Aerodynamics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this work is to validate a time-nonlinear three-dimensional Euler solver for vibrating cascades aerodynamics by comparison with available theoretical semi-analytical results from flat-plate cascades. First the method is validated with respect to the purely two-dimensional theory of Verdon (for supersonic flow) by computing two-dimensional vibration (spanwise constant) in linear three-dimensional cascades. Then the method is validated by comparison with the theoretical results of Namba and the computational results of He and Denton, for subsonic flow in a linear three-dimensional cascade with three-dimensional vibratory mode. Finally the method is compared with results of Chi from two subsonic rotating annular cascades of helicoi¨dal flat plates. Quite satisfactory agreement is obtained for all the cases studied. A first code-to-code comparison is also presented.
Provisions on Compensation for Losses in Local Regulatory Acts of Corporate Entities and Legal Customs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The borrowing of foreign legal structures into Russian civil and business legislation also affected the institution of compensation for losses. The article analyzes the provisions of the private law institution of compensation for losses, primarily used by participants in civil and commercial turnover in contractual relations. The paper examines the possibility of using this institution when approving local acts of a corporate organization (charter, internal regulations and other internal documents), as well as when adopting legal customs in writing (for example, rules for interpreting trade terms, customs of seaports). The study covers the prospects for applying the institution of compensation for losses in the field of entrepreneurship in general. Additionally, the author examines the sphere of the military-industrial complex where the public interests of the state are clearly demonstrated. In conclusion, it is proposed to use the institution of compensation for losses in the field of local rule making and in the formulation of legal customs. As a general conclusion, it is proposed to supplement domestic civil and business legislation with a rule of law that allows including provisions on compensation for losses in the sources of law under consideration, and not only in the agreements made between the parties.
Using poster presentation to assess large classes: A case study for first year undergraduate module in a South African University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract

Background The massification of higher education is often associated with poor student engagement, poor development of their critical thinking, inadequate feedback and poor student throughput. Novel and innovative methods of teaching, assessing and giving feedback to large groups of learners therefore need to be developed to counter the challenges posed by the large class learning environment. The aim of this study was to obtain the perceptions of 1st year medical students and staff at the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine regarding the value of the posters as a teaching, assessment and feedback strategy. Methods This observational, descriptive cross sectional study explored student and staff perceptions of using posters to manage the assessment and feedback of 1st year students’ work. A student and staff questionnaire using a five point Likert scale was used from which the data were extracted into Excel spreadsheet and analysed. Results 230 questionnaires were completed giving a 92% return (230/250). Most students reported that the poster presentations helped them select important material (92%), understand disadvantage (86%) and make a difference in the community (92%). The majority felt that posters where an efficient (81%) and fair method (75%) of assessment and provided opportunity for meaningful feedback. Discussion and conclusions Posters have been shown to promote learning and active engagement, and the development of higher order thinking, skills and transformative learning, as students were able to illustrate how they made a difference in the Making a Difference community to which they had been allocated. Poster presentations also allowed for quick and efficient marking, immediate feedback and validation of student participation. Poster presentations should be more widely considered as an innovative way of encouraging deeper engagement and learning in a large class setting. Summary
Extragalactic Magnetic Fields and the Arrival Direction of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We studied the propagation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in extragalactic magnetic fields (EGMFs). We report on the effect of the EGMF on the large-scale anisotropy signal measured at Earth. We show how a spurious dipolar and quadrupolar signal can be generated by the EGMF even if the source distribution is isotropic.
Impersonating-Resilient Dynamic Key Management for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Key management in a large portion of ubiquitous sensor networks has been a challenge due to the limited capabilities of their wireless communicating and battery-powered sensors. Moreover, an attacker physically capturing even a few nodes hampers the entire network security by impersonating nodes to inject false data in an undetected manner. To efficiently protect from such impersonating by node capture, we propose a new dynamic key management framework particularly for large-scale clustered sensor networks. In the framework, different keying mechanisms, respectively, secure in-cluster, intercluster, and individual communication by refreshing keys on demand, while adaptively handling node addition and capture. Theoretic analysis and simulation results show that our proposed framework provides higher connectivity and security against impersonating than other existing studies do, for better trade-off with resource overheads.
Abstract 842: Racial disparity in breast cancer: Tissue-specific epigenetic mechanisms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Racial disparity in breast cancer is well recognized. Compared with European American (EA) women, African American (AA) women have higher mortality rate despite low incidence rate, and they are more likely being diagnosed at younger age and with features that are more aggressive. Many risk factors of breast cancer, including social, culture, behavioral, genetics, and environmental factors, are disproportionally distributed across two racial groups. These factors could influence DNA methylation differently, as suggested by recent reports that describe biological differences of breast tumor in different racial group. However, no studies have systematically evaluate tissue-specific epigenetic mechanisms underlying the observed racial disparity in breast cancer development. We conducted a molecular epidemiological study of 276 EA and 186 AA healthy women. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling was performed in normal breast tissue using the Illumina Methyl Captured EPIC-sequencing. Genome-wide association between race and DNA methylation identified differentially methylated sites near genes implicated in metastatic potential and aggressiveness of tumor, tamoxifen-resistance, immune response, and cancer-related metabolic pathways. Many of these genes have not been reported previously to be associated with breast cancer or racial disparities. Further analyses showed that differentially methylated sites across two racial groups were significantly overlapped with differentially methylated sites in tumor and normal breast tissue, suggesting tissue- and racial-specific epigenetic mechanisms underlying breast cancer development. Furthermore, meQTL analyses between known breast cancer risk loci and DNA methylation also suggested AA-specific risk loci were associated with DNA methylation sites implicated in metastatic potential and aggressiveness of tumor. Our study sheds light on tissue-specific genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying racial disparity in breast cancer. Further research is warranted to validate the findings in larger studies and to understand gene regulation network by linking with RNA-seq data. Citation Format: Nan Lin, James Castle, Jinpeng Liu, Aditi Shendre, Chi Wang, Yunlong Liu, Chunyan He. Racial disparity in breast cancer: Tissue-specific epigenetic mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 842.
[Time of gene activity in ontogenesis of Drosophila. 2. Temperature-sensitive period of SSa-40a mutation in Drosophila melanogaster].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the mutants aristapedia (ssa-40a) of D. melanogaster, the temperature-sensitive period (TSP) was determined for the effects observed in the thoracic legs (fusion of tarsal segments). The TSP began in the middle of the first and finished in the end of the second quarter of the 3rd larval instar. The TSP for ssa-40a overlapped the TSP for homoeotic transformation of aristae into tarsi but did not overlap the TSP for spineless effects. An attempt is undertaken to consider the state of determinantion on the basis of the hypothesis of autogenous regulation of gene activity.
Initial-Value Problem for Small Perturbations in an Idealized Detonation in a Circular Pipe

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The thesis is devoted to the investigation of the initial-value problem for linearized Euler equations utilizing an idealized one-reaction detonation model in the case of three-dimensional perturbations in a circular pipe.The problem is solved using the Laplace transform in time, Fourier series in the azimuthal angle, and expansion into Bessel's functions of the radial variable.For each radial and azimuthal mode, the inverse Laplace transform can be presented as an expansion of the solution into the normal modes of discrete and continuous spectra. The dispersion relation for the discrete spectrum requires solving the homogeneous ordinary differential equations for the adjoint system and evaluation of an integral through the reaction zone.The solution of the initial-value problem gives a convenient tool for analysis of the flow receptivity to various types of perturbations in the reaction zone and in the quiescent gas.
Staphylococcal Meningitis as a Complication of Purulent Epiduritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purulent meningitis in children can be both primary and secondary. The latter are the result of various surgical interventions, ENT pathology, immunosuppressive therapy, as well as craniocerebral and spinal trauma, which justifies the need for an integrated approach to differential diagnosis to select the appropriate therapy tactics. The article presents a clinical observation of a child in whom purulent meningitis developed on the background of epiduritis, which was the result of a spinal injury. The diagnostic search algorithm is described. The authors concluded that if the patient has laboratory confirmed purulent meningitis and adequate therapy with clinical improvement in the patient’s condition, but persistent febrile fever, an increase in inflammatory changes in the blood amid a decrease in the level of acute phase inflammation proteins (C-reactive protein) and negative procalcitonin the test requires a search for a local inflammatory focus using additional examination methods, such as MRI or CT, as well as consultations with a neurosurgeon That allows you to specify the diagnosis and to determine the conduct of tactics, thus providing a favorable outcome.
Richard Hooker: The Architecture of Participation. By Paul Anthony Dominiak

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Scholars have long agreed that Richard Hooker employed the idea of participation in his Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. The exact nature of that participation, however, has remained obscure. Dominiak’s work addresses this ambiguity by arguing that ‘the architecture of participation’ provides the proper hermeneutic for rightly interpreting Hooker’s Laws. It begins by giving an overview of participation in current scholarship. Eastern notions of deification are carefully distinguished from Western ideas of participation. Hooker’s theology is said to reflect the ‘theme’ of theōsis rather than the Palamite ‘doctrine’ with its essence–energy distinction (pp. 6–8). In this, Hooker’s theology resembles others in the Western tradition who utilize ‘the biblical themes of adoption, participation, and union’ (p. 7). Although there are two references to it in Book 1 of the Laws (p. 19), participation is predominately a soteriological theme for Hooker who uses the sexual imagery of ‘copulation’ to describe union...
Design and simulation of Dual Z-Source Dual-Input Hybrid 2/3 level inverter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The 2/3-level hybrid inverters are a combination of three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter and conventional two-level inverter, which has the advantage of both two-level and three-level structures with fewer switches than the NPC inverter. In this paper, a new structure of 2/3 hybrid inverter based on dual-Z-‏source network is proposed. The proposed structure improves the performance of the 2/3-level inverter and increases its independent DC input voltages. The output voltage gain can be obtained by selecting the shoot-through interval appropriately in dual Z-source networks. In addition, shoot-through intervals in Z-source networks allow the inverter to run without dead time, thus increasing the output voltage quality. A modified switching method is presented for the proposed inverter, and the necessary calculations are performed. The proposed structure can be used to connect different distributed generation sources to the load separately from the grid or to the low-pressure network. The performed simulations show the accuracy of the proposed structure.
Analysis of students’ financial literacy skills on mathematics teaching and learning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Life success requires a number of strategic skills, one of which is literacy skills, including financial literacy skills. Financial literacy skills is the possession of the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resources. Financial literacy skill is one of the basic skills to achieve a better life and avoid financial problems. Financial literacy consists of aspects of knowledge, skills and attitudes. This study describes the financial literacy of junior high school students in Gunung Kidul Regency Yogyakarta. The results of the study show that students’ financial attitudes for each aspect, namely confidence in financial planning and the tendency to save and not consumptive are categorized as good. Meanwhile, financial knowledge and skills in mathematics learning are also categorized as good. Students who have good financial knowledge tend to have good financial attitudes too.
Active noise control for high frequencies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

There are many applications that can benefit from Active Noise Control (ANC) such as in aircraft cabins and air conditioning ducts, i.e. in situations where technology interferes with human hearing in a harmful way or disrupts communication. Headsets with analogue ANC circuits have been used in the armed forces for attenuating frequencies below 1 kHz, which when combined with passive filtering offers protection across the whole frequency range of human hearing. A dental surgery is also a noisy environment; in which dental drill noise is commonly off-putting for many patients and is believed to harm the dentist’s hearing over a long period of time. However, dealing with dental drill noise is a different proposition from the applications mentioned above as the frequency range of the peak amplitudes goes from approximately 1.5 kHz to 12 kHz, whereas conventional ANC applications consider a maximum of 1.5 kHz. This paper will review the application of ANC at low frequencies and justify an approach for dealing with dental noise using digital technologies at higher frequencies. The limits of current ANC technologies will be highlighted and the means of improving performance for this dental application will be explored. In particular, technicalities of implementing filtering algorithms on a Digital Signal Processor will be addressed.
ETHNO MEDICINAL CLAIMS EXISTING AMONG MISING TRIBES OF ASSAM

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present study attempts to explore the ethno medico system of Mising (Miri) tribe of the Majuli subdivision, Jorhat district of Assam, India. The study mainly deals with the identification of medicinal plant species with the local names, preparation methods, treatment techniques that used frequently for curing several diseases. The practices of herbal treatments were more in the char-chapori(riverine) area as compared to areas nearer to the modern medical facilities. An interesting fact is that the magico-religious practices were done before any type of treatments in the Mising community. The popularity of modern medicines though has increased a lot, but they have ardent faith only on qualitative herbal medicine.