jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A novel cell-free multi-omics approach for enhancing multi-cancer early detection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

103 Background: While circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)-based assays for multi-cancer early detection (MCED) have shown significant potential, their performance is hindered by the limited amount and inherent variability of ctDNA, particularly in cancer types with low ctDNA shedding. To enhance the accuracy of MCED, recent studies have focused on profiling cell-free RNA (cfRNA), which is secreted not only by tumor cells but also by other cell types to reflect the systemic tumor responses. Herein, we developed a novel cell-free multi-omics approach integrating cfDNA and cfRNA analyses from a single blood draw to improve the sensitivity of an MCED assay, especially for detecting low-shedding ctDNA cancer types. Methods: We recruited 535 healthy subjects and 287 patients across five cancer types (77 breast cancers, 102 colorectal cancers, 35 gastric cancers, 34 liver cancers, and 42 lung cancers). We established a multi-omics workflow to comprehensively profile cfDNA signatures (methylation, fragment length, motif ends, and copy number alterations), and cfRNA signatures (cfmRNA). Distinctive signatures were identified to differentiate cancers from healthy subjects and used for constructing robust machine learning classifiers. Results: We identified multiple significantly different features distinguishing cancer from healthy individuals, with 81% originating from cfDNA. Notably, cfmRNA features, accounting for 19% of total significant features, were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways, reflecting tumor-immune cell interactions. The cfDNA-based model achieved 81.2% accuracy, with highest performance in detecting liver cancer (100%) and 64%, 42%, and 36.4% for breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers, respectively, at 93% specificity. Combining cfDNA and cfRNA signatures increased sensitivity to 73%, 71%, and 46% for breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. Overall, the multi-omic model achieved 85.6% accuracy and 72.7% sensitivity for detecting five cancer types at 92.6% specificity. Conclusions: The cell-free multi-omics approach holds potential for improving ctDNA-based MCED tests by simultaneously profiling both cfDNA and transcriptomic cfmRNA from a single blood draw. Validation on larger cohorts could lead to a paradigm shift in cancer screening practices.
Autocorrelation functions and Doppler spectra measured by the TIGER SuperDARN radar

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

4 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 CHAPTER 1: THE IONOSPHERE 7 1.1 GEOSPACE 7 1.2 THE NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE 8 1.3 THE IONOSPHERE 10 1.4 IONOSPHERIC IRREGULARITIES AND THEIR CREATION 13 1.4.1 Plasma instabilities 14 1.4.1.1 Gradient drift instability 15 1.4.1.2 Two-stream instability 15 1.4.2 Largeand small-scale structures 16 1.5 OPEN-CLOSED MAGNETIC FIELD LINE BOUNDARY 16 1.6 THEORY OF COLLECTIVE WAVE SCATTERING 17 1.6.1 Scattering in the limit of long correlation length fluid turbulence 19 1.6.2 Scattering in the limit of short correlation length 19 1.6.3 Intermediate case 20 CHAPTER 2: THE INSTRUMENTATION 22 2.1 SUPERDARN 22 2.2 TIGER AND HALLEY SUPERDARN RADARS 23 2.2.1 The Tasman International Geospace Environment Radar (TIGER) 23 2.2.2 The Halley SuperDARN radar 26 2.3 PULSE SET TECHNIQUE AND DATA ANALYSIS 27 2.3.1 Autocorrelation (ACFs) and “FITACF” 27 2.3.2 Summary plots 31 2.3.3 TGRaw 32 2.4 MULTI-PEAKED SPECTRA 32 CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF THE DEEP POLAR IONOSPHERE 35
Book review: Black citymakers: how "The Philadelphia Negro" changed urban America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"Black Citymakers: How ‘The Philadelphia Negro’ Changed Urban America." Marcus Anthony Hunter. Oxford University Press. April 2013. --- W.E.B. DuBois immortalized Philadelphia’s Black Seventh Ward neighbourhood, one of America’s oldest urban black communities, in his 1899 sociological study The Philadelphia Negro. In the century after DuBois’s study, however, the district has been transformed into a largely white upper middle class neighbourhood. Black Citymakers revisits the Black Seventh Ward, documenting a century of tenement collapses, housing activism, black-led anti-urban renewal mobilization, and post-Civil Rights political change from the perspective of the Black Seventh Warders. Reviewed by Nathan Bullock.
Exploring virtual value chain in hospitals : a case study at Singapore General Hopital (SGH)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study introduces the virtual value chain evolution in health care industry, the up-to-date virtual value chain functions and how the virtual value chain creates value by using hospital information system. After face to face discussion with staff from the Singapore General Hospital, the case study in this dissertation reengineered a patient management process, and with the help of simulation software, the case study proved the efficiency of the optimized process. It also illustrates that the common approach to develop a virtual value chain is by using information to reengineer the traditional process, and shows how much the virtual value chain can improve the hospital service.
Extending Single-Molecule Microscopy Using Optical Fourier Processing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article surveys the recent application of optical Fourier processing to the long-established but still expanding field of single-molecule imaging and microscopy. A variety of single-molecule studies can benefit from the additional image information that can be obtained by modulating the Fourier, or pupil, plane of a widefield microscope. After briefly reviewing several current applications, we present a comprehensive and computationally efficient theoretical model for simulating single-molecule fluorescence as it propagates through an imaging system. Furthermore, we describe how phase/amplitude-modulating optics inserted in the imaging pathway may be modeled, especially at the Fourier plane. Finally, we discuss selected recent applications of Fourier processing methods to measure the orientation, depth, and rotational mobility of single fluorescent molecules.
[Clinicoencephalographic study of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in infants].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The mechanism of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) still remains unclear, although it has been the subject of a number of theories. We investigated the relationship between the level consciousness and PLEDs in order to clarify both the clinical significance and the mechanism of PLEDs. We studied two neonates and two infants with acute organic lesions of the brain (cerebral infarction, meningoencephalitis, cerebral hemorrhage, acute infantile hemiplegia), of whom all showing PLEDs in EEG. In each case, we analyzed sequential EEG records and the level of consciousness, and measured the periodicity, voltage and duration of PLEDs by a computer controlled digitizer. In each case, the periodicity and voltage of the discharges were related to the level of consciousness. The appearance rate of PLEDs was relatively high at the level of consciousness from III-100 to III-200. The inverse correlation between the frequency (1/periodicity) and the voltage of PLEDs was significant in 53% of the total records of PLEDs; it was also frequently observed at the level of consciousness between III-100 and III-200. From above findings we concluded that an appropriate degree of damage to produce PLEDs is required in both the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter corresponding to the level of consciousness from III-100 to III-200.
Simulation and Optimization of the Ethane Cracking Furnace Using ASPEN PLUS and MATLAB: A Case Study from Petrochemical Complexes

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ethylene production is one of the most abundant activities in petrochemical industries. So, the main objective is to develop detailed models to describe a pyrolysis section in the real ethylene plant furnace located at the petrochemical complex (PC1), Basra, Iraq. Those models were utilized to evaluate the effects of the reaction temperature, steam to ethane ratio (DS/HC), and feedstock flowrate on the ethylene yield using different feedstock compositions. The simulation validity was tested by comparing the simulation results with the real data collected from the PC1 and showed an acceptable similarity and reliability depending on relative error values. A genetic algorithm coded by MATLAB and Aspen Plus optimizer was used to obtain the optimal operating conditions to give a maximum profit. The optimization results of Aspen Plus and GA showed an increase in the profit equal to 10.541 and 9.823% respectively when the reaction temperature, DS/HC and outlet flowrate of hydrocarbons were in the range of 850–920°C, 0.2–0.5, and 2421–1064 Kmole/hr respectively. Also, Increasing the ethane content in feedstock leads to an increase in the feedstock production of 16–19% ethane content.
Capabilities of Layered Ultrasound Tomography

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article discusses the capabilities of layered ‘‘2.5D’’ schemes in ultrasound tomography, in which the emitters and detectors are located in the same plane. The primary application of this method is medical imaging technology for early-stage breast cancer diagnosis. The inverse problem of tomographic image reconstruction is posed as a coefficient inverse problem for the wave equation, where the wave propagation velocity is an unknown function of two coordinates. In this formulation, the problem has much less computational complexity than in a 3D formulation, in which the wave velocity is reconstructed as a function of three coordinates. Nevertheless, the inverse problem in the layered ‘‘2.5D’’ formulation is non-linear and requires the use of supercomputers. A practically feasible parallel implementation of the image reconstruction algorithms on a GPU cluster is proposed. This study shows that the layered model is applicable if the imaged objects are close to cylindrical. Refraction of ultrasound waves in the vertical direction cannot be taken into account by the layered model. The more significant is the refraction, the more the reconstructed image differs from reality. The experiments were carried out using the test bench developed at the Scientific Research Computing Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Modeling Correlated Systemic Liquidity and Solvency Risks in a Financial Environment with Incomplete Information

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper proposes and demonstrates a methodology for modeling correlated systemic solvency and liquidity risks for a banking system. Using a forward looking simulation of many risk factors applied to detailed balance sheets for a 10 bank stylized United States banking system, we analyze correlated market and credit risk and estimate the probability that multiple banks will fail or experience liquidity runs simultaneously. Significant systemic risk factors are shown to include financial and economic environment regime shifts to stressful conditions, poor initial loan credit quality, loan portfolio sector and regional concentrations, bank creditors' sensitivity to and uncertainties regarding solvency risk, and inadequate capital. Systemic banking system solvency risk is driven by the correlated defaults of many borrowers, other market risks, and inter-bank defaults. Liquidity runs are modeled as a response to elevated solvency risk and uncertainties and are shown to increase correlated bank failures. Potential bank funding outflows and contractions in lending with significant real economic impacts are estimated. Increases in equity capital levels needed to reduce bank solvency and liquidity risk levels to a target confidence level are also estimated to range from 3 percent to 20 percent of assets. For a future environment that replicates the 1987-2006 volatilities and correlations, we find only a small risk of U.S. bank failures focused on thinly capitalized and regionally concentrated smaller banks. For the 2007-2010 financial environment calibration we find substantially elevated solvency and liquidity risks for all banks and the banking system.
Path planning for UAV based on improved dynamic step RRT algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Path planning is an important problem in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, it is inefficient for many rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) based methods to rapidly find a feasible solution in a complex environment. To solve the path planning problem for the UVA in a complex environment, an improved dynamic step size RRT algorithm combined with a new path length control strategy is proposed. Firstly, the algorithm adopts a biased-goal sampling strategy to guide the growth of the tree, and an expansion direction constraint strategy is adopted to limit the expansion direction of the tree. Secondly, an improved dynamic step size strategy is proposed to speed up the path searching process. Thirdly, a path length constraint strategy is designed, which is used to constrain the path length during the searching process for a solution. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves improvement in both computational time and the path quality.
A HEAT COAGULABLE PROTEIN FROM GELATIN

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA HEAT COAGULABLE PROTEIN FROM GELATINS. E. Sheppard, J. H. Hudson, and R. C. HouckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1931, 53, 2, 760–765Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1931Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1931https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01353a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01353a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chiton;Gymnoplax;Mucrosquama;Radsia;Rhyssoplax;Sypharochiton;Tegulaplax Rafinesque 1815

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Subfamily Chitoninae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Rhyssoplax Thiele, 1893 Type species. Chiton affinis Issel, 1869, by subsequent designation (International Committee of Zoological Nomenclature 1971, Opinion 951, as proposed by Beu et al. 1969). Distribution. Rhyssoplax is reported from the Oligocene up to the Recent, with a present distribution in the Indo-West Pacific, and eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean included. The fossil record encompasses the Oligocene of New Zealand (Lee et al. 2014; Wu & Lee 2024), Neogene of Europe (Dell’Angelo et al. 2004, 2015a; Garilli et al. 2005; Studencka & Dulai 2010), Africa (Algeria: De Lamothe 1911; Tunisia: Castany et al. 1956), New Zealand (Beu & Maxwell 1990; Sutherland et al. 1995) and Japan (Itoigawa et al. 1976), Pleistocene of the Red Sea (Dell’Angelo et al. 2020a) and Madeira (Gerber et al. 1989), Holocene of Japan (Kuroda et al. 1980). Remarks. The genus Chiton was subdivided into numerous subgenera by Kaas et al. (2006), some of which (e.g., Rhyssoplax Thiele, 1893) later erected to genus by Sirenko (2006), based mainly upon soft part morphology. We consider here ten species attributed to Rhyssoplax, whose characteristics are summarized in tables 14 and 15, conveniently arranged in two groups based upon differences in tegmentum sculpture of HV, LA and PA. The first group includes four species, with the presence of more or less pronounced radial ribs [R. miocenica (Michelotti, 1847), R. olivacea (Spengler, 1797), R. saeniensis (Laghi, 1984) and R. sulcomarginata ((Dell’Angelo, Giuntelli, Sosso & Zunino, 2016)] (Tab. 14). The second group includes 6 species [R. assurrecta Dell’Angelo, Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2018, R. capecchii (Chirli, 2004), R. corallina (Risso, 1826), R. etrusca (Dell’Angelo & Forli, 1995), R. garillii sp. nov. and R. phaseolina (Monterosato, 1879)], whose areas are instead smooth (Tab. 15).
Mortality after multivitamin supplementation: Nearly 35‐year follow‐up of the randomized Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The objective of this study was to update the association between multivitamin supplementation and total or cause‐specific mortality in a population with a high prevalence of undernutrition in China. Methods The Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in which 3318 persons aged 40–69 years with esophageal squamous dysplasia were assigned to receive daily multivitamin supplementation or a placebo for 6 years and were followed for 29 years. The primary outcome was esophageal/gastric cardia cancer mortality. The data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression models. Subgroup analyses were performed by common characteristics such as age and gender. Results The cumulative total mortality was 83.5%. Multivitamin supplementation did not affect total or cause‐specific mortality in the participants as a whole (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–1.03). Subgroup analyses showed that no association between multivitamin supplementation and all‐cause mortality was observed in men (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81–1.01), women (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91–1.12), younger participants (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87–1.08), or older participants (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.85–1.04). Significant reductions in heart disease mortality (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.87) and cerebrovascular disease mortality (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56–1.00) were seen in older men. In a subgroup of younger men and a subgroup of moderate or severe dysplasia, subjects receiving multivitamin supplementation had a lower risk of esophageal/cardia cancer mortality (HR for younger men, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–0.99; HR for moderate or severe dysplasia, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–1.00). No association between multivitamin supplementation and any cause‐specific mortality was observed in a mild dysplasia population. Conclusions Multivitamin supplementation in a population with esophageal squamous dysplasia was not associated with the risk of total mortality in the 35‐year follow‐up of this randomized controlled trial. In light of this and previous trials, multivitamin supplements should be used thoughtfully to improve health status of populations with esophageal squamous dysplasia. Lay summary Multivitamin supplementation is common, yet its effect on mortality is unclear. The aim of this study was to update the long‐term effects of multivitamin supplementation on total and cause‐specific mortality during nearly 35 years of follow‐up in the Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial in China. Multivitamin supplementation in a population with esophageal squamous dysplasia was not associated with the risk of total mortality in the 35‐year follow‐up of this randomized controlled trial, and this indicates that multivitamin supplements should be used thoughtfully to improve health status.
Glycerol-induced fluid shifts attenuate the vestibulosympathetic reflex in humans

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The glycerol dehydration test (GDT) has been used to test for the presence of Ménière's disease and elicits acute alterations in vestibular reflexes in both normal and pathological states. Activation of the vestibulosympathetic reflex (VSR) increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and peripheral vascular resistance. We hypothesized that the GDT would attenuate the VSR through fluid shifts of the inner ear. Sixteen male subjects (26 ± 1 yr) were randomly assigned to be administered either glycerol mixed with cranberry juice (97 ± 3 ml glycerol + equal portion of cranberry juice; n = 9) or a placebo control [water + cranberry juice (100 ml each); n = 7]. Subjects in both groups performed head-down rotation (HDR), which engages the VSR, before and after administration of either the glycerol or placebo. MSNA (microneurography), arterial blood pressure, and leg blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) were measured during HDR. Before glycerol administration, HDR significantly increased MSNA burst frequency (Δ8 ± 1 bursts/min; P < 0.01) and total activity (Δ77 ± 18%; P < 0.01) and decreased calf vascular conductance (−Δ20 ± 3%; P < 0.01). However, HDR performed postadministration of glycerol resulted in an attenuated MSNA increase (Δ3 ± 1 bursts/min, Δ22 ± 3% total activity) and decrease in calf vascular conductance (−Δ7 ± 4%). HDR significantly increased MSNA burst frequency (Δ5 ± 1 and Δ5 ± 2 bursts/min) and total activity (Δ58 ± 13% and Δ52 ± 18%) in the placebo group before and after placebo, respectively ( P < 0.01). Likewise, decreases in calf vascular conductance during HDR before and after placebo were not different (−Δ13 ± 4% and −Δ14 ± 2%, respectively; P < 0.01). These results suggest that fluid shifts of the inner ear via glycerol dehydration attenuate the VSR. These data provide support that inner ear fluid dynamics can have a significant impact on blood pressure regulation via the VSR in humans.
Artificial Intelligence Counseling to Alleviate Psychological Anxiety among Medical Interns: a Qualitative Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study employed a qualitative research methodology to investigate the emotional and experiential dimensions of AI counseling for the purpose of alleviating the anxiety of medical interns.Additionally, the intrinsic factors were explored in order to provide a foundation for the enhancement of the mental health of medical interns and the development of a scientific training curriculum for mental health education.Methods: A purposive sampling method was employed to select 21 undergraduate medical interns for the study.Semistructured interviews were conducted, and the Colaizzi 7-step analysis was utilized to analyze the data.Results: Three themes emerged from the data: a lack of professional competence, anxiety about relationships and future career development; and facilitators and impediments to AI counseling to alleviate psychological anxiety.Conclusion: AI psychological counseling has some positive effects in alleviating psychological anxiety of medical interns, and there are also hindering factors.Medical interns should strengthen their professional skills training, improve interpersonal relationships, and reasonably plan their future career development.In addition, the technology of AI psychological counseling should be continuously improved to meet the individual needs of medical interns.
Nonlinear Stability of Rarefaction Waves for a Viscoelastic Material with Memory

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we will discuss the stability of rarefaction waves for a viscoelastic material with memory. The rarefaction waves for which the stability is tested are not themselves solutions to the integrodifferential equations (1.1) governing the viscoelastic material. They are solutions to a related equilibrium system of conservation laws given by (1.11). We shall show that if the forcing term and the past history are small and if the initial data are close to the rarefaction waves, the solutions to (1.1) will approach the rarefaction waves in sup norm as the time goes to infinity.