jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Observations on the development and nature of pseudocysts and cysts of Toxoplasma gondii

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Various opinions as to the mode of reproduction of Toxoplasma have been discussed. The general opinion exists that schizogony does not form part of the organism's life cycle as we know it, but there is considerable confusion regarding the nature of the membrane which is frequently to be demonstrated about masses of toxoplasms. Particularly confusing is the loose use of such terms as “pseudocyst” and “cyst” by many authors to describe almost any aggregation of toxoplasms in both acute and chronic infections. The behaviour of toxoplasms of three different, highly virulent strains was studied in mice, guinea-pigs, multi-mammate rats and canaries : no evidence of schizogonic division of Toxoplasma was seen in the study of the parasites in a wide variety of tissues from different animals at all stages of the acute disease. The sole mode of reproduction appears to be by longitudinal binary fission. On no occasion was any structure other than the membrane of the enclosing host cell seen to surround the masses of parasites in any tissue and at any stage of the acute infection. During such infections the host-cell membrane of heavily parasitized cells undergoes no apparent modification other than extreme stretching ; the resulting mass of parasites is essentially of a temporary nature and soon breaks down to liberate the toxoplasms. A study was made of the behaviour of Toxoplasma in asymptomatic, chronic infections using 11 strains of negligible pathogenicity in mice, rabbits and one young dog. There is an initial, low grade proliferation of the parasites (acute infection) — particularly within the cells of the lymphoid-macrophage system (e.g. peritoneal exudate). This phase is soon replaced by a much more prolonged period of binary fission in the deeper tissues. It is characterized by the formation of a highly elastic, tough membrane about the parasites and this was shown to be distinctly separate from that of any enclosing host cell. The resulting structures may persist in the host tissues for at least 5 years and probably longer. Their development was studied from the 8th day of infection up to 102 months in the central nervous system of mice and rabbits : similar bodies were studied in the lungs of mice and rabbits where their development was a constant feature of the chronic infection.They were sometimes found in the lumen of alveoli and bronchioles and were demonstrated in the lungs of a chronically infected dog. The terms “cyst” and “pseudocyst” are defined : evidence is offered to suggest that true cysts of Toxoplasma are produced in the chronic disease as distinct from the pseudocysts associated with the acute infection. The significance of the invariable presence of these cysts in association with the natural type of Toxoplasma infection (the chronic infection) is discussed — in particular the presence of the cysts in the lungs. It is suggested that they may play an important role in the natural transfer of the parasite from host to host.
Supplementary Material for: SGLT2 inhibitors decrease overhydration and proteasuria in patients with chronic kidney disease: a longitudinal observational study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: SGLT2 inhibitors are used to reduce the risk of progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with type 2 diabetes, they have been found to reduce extracellular volume. Given the high prevalence of extracellular volume expansion and overhydration in CKD, we investigated whether SGLT2 inhibitors might correct these disturbances in CKD patients. Methods: CKD patients who started treatment with an SGLT2 inhibitor were investigated in this prospective observational study for 6 months. Body composition and fluid status were measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy. In addition, spot urine samples were analyzed for albuminuria, glucosuria and urinary aprotinin-sensitive serine protease activity. Results: 42 patients (29 % with diabetic/hypertensive CKD, 31 % with IgA nephropathy; 88 % dapagliflozin 10 mg, 10 % dapagliflozin 5 mg, 2 % empagliflozin 20 mg; median eGFR 46 mL/min/1.73m² and albuminuria 1911 mg/g creatinine) participated in the study. Median glucosuria increased to 14 (10-19) g/g creatinine. At baseline, patients displayed overhydration (OH) with + 0.4 (-0.2 – 2.2) L/1.73m² which decreased by 0.5 (0.1 – 1.2) L/1.73m² after 6 months. Decrease of OH correlated with higher OH at BL, decrease of albuminuria, glucosuria and urinary aprotinin-sensitive protease activity. Adipose tissue mass was not significantly reduced after 6 months. Conclusion: SGLT2 inhibitors reduce overhydration in patients with CKD, which is pronounced in the presence of high albuminuria, glucosuria and urinary aprotinin-sensitive protease activity.
c-map as c=1 string

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We show the existence of a duality between the c-map space describing the universal hypermultiplet at tree level and the matrix model description of two-dimensional string theory compactified at a self-dual radius and perturbed by a sine-Liouville potential. It appears as a particular case of a general relation between the twistor description of four-dimensional quaternionic geometries and the Lax formalism for Toda hierarchy. Furthermore, we give an evidence that the instanton corrections to the c-map metric coming from NS5-branes can be encoded into the Baker-Akhiezer function of the integrable hierarchy.
Pleasingness of melodic sequences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An experiment was conducted to examine the application of the optimal-complexity model to musical aesthetics. The model seeks to explain the relationship between the complexity of music and the listener's affective response. In this thesis the underlying harmonic structure of 7-tone melodies was systematically manipulated according to the rules of Western harmony.Three sets of melodic sequences were created. Two groups of listeners selected on the basis of musical training rated single presentations of sequences on a 6-point scale of either "pleasingness" or "complexity." Effects of repetition were also investigated by having sequences repeat 10 times in a row with listeners rating sequences after each repetition. The results indicated a positive monotonic relationship between "pleasingness" ratings and harmonic structure. This relationship was mirrored by "complexity" ratings which decreased linearly with structure. Differences between the sets occurred for "pleasingness" ratings but not for "complexity" ratings. Repetition effects varied according to the level of harmonic structure. Results suggest that ability of the model to predict affective responses to music may be limited to wide stimulus ranges.
On the interplay of chemical and physical processes during the combustion of aluminum in water vapor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A model is considered, and the results of numerical calculations of the dynamics of the combustion of pre-prepared gas mixtures of Al and H2O under adiabatic conditions are presented. The formation of the condensed phase is modeled taking into account the homogeneous nucleation of Al2O3 molecules and the processes of condensation, evaporation, and coagulation. The time dependences of the gas composition of the system, the concentration of aerosol particles, and their size distribution during the process are simulated. Details of the mechanism of the interplay of the gas-phase reactions and the formation of aerosol particles during aluminum combustion are discussed.
Broadening political participation: The impact of socialising practices on young people’s action repertoires

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study builds on the well-known civic voluntarism model of political participation. By doing this, we contribute to a political sociology of participation by refining the role of socialisation in political engagement. We suggest that the action repertoires of young people engaging in politics can be narrower or broader owing to their previous embeddedness in certain social settings, which act as spheres of socialising practices. We focus more specifically on three socialising spheres: educational (schools), recreational (social clubs), and civic (community organizations). Our analysis, covering nine European countries, largely confirms our expectations. We find that active engagement in these spheres of socialising practices leads to a broader range of political activities in young people’s action repertoires. This holds in particular for the civic sphere. The findings provide a fresh look at the role played by socialising spheres, shifting the focus from the dichotomy between participation versus non-participation to an analysis of the breadth of participation.
Ellipsis in Dutch possessive noun phrases: a micro-comparative approach

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We discuss ellipsis of the possessee in both pronominal possessor constructions (Dutch: zijn boek 'his book') and possessor doubling constructions (Dutch: John z'n boek, John his book 'John's book') from a micro-comparative perspective. More specifically we show, on the basis of an in-depth study of the nominal system of 57 Dutch dialects, that there are two types of possessee ellipsis. In the first type there is a pro which needs to be licensed by gender agreement. In the second type there is an overt pro-form, similar to English one, and hence no ellipsis. Dialects that have the first type of possessee ellipsis can be further divided into two subtypes. The first has gender agreement on the possessive pronoun, the second one does not. Interestingly, possessee ellipsis can take place in the possessor doubling construction only in the former subtype of dialect. We implement this striking generalization by arguing that in the latter type of dialect pro has to move to Spec,DP in order to be licensed. The doubling possessor also has to be merged in Spec,DP. As a consequence, pro and a doubling possessor cannot co-occur and hence possessee ellipsis and possessor doubling are incompatible. In the former type of dialect, i.e., those dialects that do express gender on the possessive pronoun, pro can be licensed by the gender agreement on the possessive pronoun in a position lower than Spec,DP. Hence, in these dialects Spec,DP is available for a doubling possessor and, consequently, possessee ellipsis and possessor doubling can co-occur.
Hepatology Center for the Management of Patients with Hepatitis: Proposed electronic health record

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The operation of the hepatology center is based on the use of a patient’s health record. It is aprinted record that the physician prepares and fills in at every visit of the patient, keeping in good order allinformation related to the patient’s health problems and which concern mainly the liver problem. The way theprinted record is kept and managed is a procedure that requires optimum organization, order and effort on thepart of the medical personnel. In these efforts, ways to facilitate the procedure could be sought by using the newinformation and communication technologies.The aim of this paper is to depict the actual status and conditions under which the hepatology center of thePPGNP (University Regional General Hospital of Patras) currently operates. To identify the level oftechnological dissemination and to underline the benefits that the practice of medicine gains. Moreover, it aimsat identifying the problems that doctors encounter in their attempt to organize their work and how the adoptionof bioinformatics tools can prove helpful.Conclusions This paper underlines the need to adopt the EHR and modern technologies that bioinformaticsoffers at all levels of practicing the medical profession in the Greek hospitals. Actually, taking into account thespecialized needs of each department and each user, we shall only remain limited to the simple use of a computeror an EHR program, but we shall make all possible efforts to seek for those technologies that will bring a realchange in the way we work and will yield the maximum benefits possible.
Original Article Sleepiness and Head Movements

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Sleepiness in working life is critical and strongly associated to work related accidents. The relationship between sleepiness and head movements is poorly investigated. The pattern of head movements over time was investigated in a laboratory study with ten subjects either sleepdeprived or rested. Head movements were obtained by an inclinometer placed on the subject’s forehead, and the recording was continuous. Results show that subjects when sleep-deprived moved their head more and had more extreme head movements compared to when rested. An increase of the velocity and the number of extreme head movements over time were noted when the subjects were sleep-deprived and when rested. The increase of head movements was more linear over time in the rested condition, whereas in sleep-deprived conditions most of the increase appeared during the first hour. No significant differences of between forward–backward movements and left–right movements could be found. When rested, the changes in head movements correlated with ratings of sleepiness, EEG activity, and heart rate variability. Head movements can be a used as an indicator of sleepiness.
EMU/GAMA: A Technique for Detecting Active Galactic Nuclei in Low Mass Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new method for identifying active galactic nuclei (AGN) in low mass ($\rm M_*\leq10^{10}M_\odot$) galaxies. This method relies on spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting to identify galaxies whose radio flux density has an excess over that expected from star formation alone. Combining data in the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) G23 region from GAMA, Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) early science observations, and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), we compare this technique with a selection of different AGN diagnostics to explore the similarities and differences in AGN classification. We find that diagnostics based on optical and near-infrared criteria (the standard BPT diagram, the WISE colour criterion, and the mass-excitation, or MEx diagram) tend to favour detection of AGN in high mass, high luminosity systems, while the ``ProSpect'' SED fitting tool can identify AGN efficiently in low mass systems. We investigate an explanation for this result in the context of proportionally lower mass black holes in lower mass galaxies compared to higher mass galaxies and differing proportions of emission from AGN and star formation dominating the light at optical and infrared wavelengths as a function of galaxy stellar mass. We conclude that SED-derived AGN classification is an efficient approach to identify low mass hosts with low radio luminosity AGN.
A Study on the Impact of Chinese Monetary Policy on Enterprises' Accrual Earnings Management

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As one of the important means for enterprises to carry out accrual earnings management activities, which mainly relate to the adjustment of accounting estimates and the use of accounting policies to make the values of relevant accounting subjects meet the needs of enterprise managers and reach other stakeholders expectations. This paper empirically examines the relationship between changes in monetary policy and corporate accrual earnings management activities, by taking A-share companies from 2010 to 2020 in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as the sample, and by classifying accrual earnings management activities into positive and negative, it more accurately captures the choice of accrual earnings management activities that companies tend to adopt in different periods. At the same time, this paper also analyzes the influence of ownership attributes on the management behavior of companies' accrual earnings management under different monetary policies from two aspects: state and non-state. By studying the influence of monetary policy on corporate accrual earnings adjustment, this dissertation is not only a supplement to previous researches on earnings management and monetary policy, but also points out new ideas for future research.
Investigation of interface states distribution in metal-oxide-semiconductor structures with very thin oxides by acoustic spectroscopy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

New technique of acoustic spectroscopy to study interface states in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures with a very thin oxide layer based on the acoustoelectric effect resulting from the interaction between the longitudinal acoustic wave and semiconductor-insulator interface is presented. The essential principles and theoretical background of this acoustic spectroscopy technique that can determine the interface states distribution from the measured acoustoelectric response signal as a function of gate voltage (Uac-Ug characteristics) are described. The results obtained on the representative set of MOS structures prepared on both n- and p-type Si substrates by nitric acid oxidation of Si technology and undergone also some thermal treatment demonstrate that the introduced technique of acoustic spectroscopy can be a very useful tool for the interface states characterization.
The Control of Magnesium Deficiency in Apple Rootstock Stoolbeds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Trials lasting nine years have been conducted on two types of magnesium- deficient apple rootstocks to assess the curative value of foliar sprays and/or soil applications of Epsom salt (MgS04.7H20).After the first year, M.IV rootstocks sprayed with 2% Epsom salt solution produced more, larger, and better-rooted shoots than did the untreated plants, giving more than a 60% increase in numbers of high-quality rooted shoots, and three sprayings were as effective as nine. The implications of this finding are discussed.In contrast to M.IV, spraying MM.102 rootstocks did not lead to a sustained improvement in quality of rooted shoots even though symptoms of magnesium deficiency were eliminated and the number of shoots increased. Elimination of foliar symptoms is therefore, of itself, no indication of economic improvements of growth. It is concluded that some other factor, perhaps potassium deficiency, limited growth.Foliar sprays applied nine times annually to M.IV rootstocks raised the percentage of magnesium in the leaves in successive years and eliminated symptoms typical of magnesium deficiency. With only three sprays annually, the magnesium concentration in leaves was also increased, but to a less extent and not until after the second year ; the symptoms were reduced in severity but not eliminated. The percentage of potassium in the leaves fell as the percentage of magnesium rose.Soil applications at the rate of 46 cwt. per acre spread over eight years markedly increased " available ” magnesium in the top 3 ft. of soil, but produced only small increases in the percentage of magnesium in the leaves. Symptoms were only slightly reduced and there was little increase in growth. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment, soil treatment with Epsom salt was ineffective in curing magnesium deficiency.
Synthesis of Metallo-β-Lactamase VIM-2 Is Associated with a Fitness Reduction in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance, especially due to β-lactamases, has become one of the main obstacles in the correct treatment of Salmonella infections; furthermore, antibiotic resistance determines a gain of function that may encompass a biological cost, or fitness reduction, to the resistant bacteria. The aim of this work was to determine in vitro if the production of the class B β-lactamase VIM-2 determined a fitness cost for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. To that end the gene bla VIM-2 was cloned into the virulent strain S . Typhimurium SL1344, using both the tightly regulated pBAD22 vector and the natural plasmid pST12, for inducible and constitutive expression, respectively. Fitness studies were performed by means of motility, growth rate, invasiveness in epithelial cells, and plasmid stability. The expression of bla VIM-2 was accompanied by alterations in micro- and macroscopic morphology and reduced growth rate and motility, as well as diminished invasiveness in epithelial cells. These results suggest that VIM-2 production entails a substantial fitness cost for S . Typhimurium, which in turn may account for the extremely low number of reports of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Salmonella spp.
Evaluation of the fit of zirconia three‐unit fixed partial dentures fabricated by different impression techniques

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of zirconium fixed partial denture using different impression techniques. Methods A Nissin Typodont model, including maxillary central incisor and canine with missing lateral incisor, was selected for the present study. Thirty zirconium frameworks were fabricated following three impression techniques (N = 10), conventional silicone impression (group C), scanned dental impression (group S), and Trios 3 (3Shape) intraoral scanner (group T). An extra‐fine milling strategy was applied. Results Group T had the smallest discrepancy compared to groups C ( P = 0.006) and S ( P = 0.052) at the marginal level, whereas it was larger at the incisal tip. Discrepancies in group T were smaller than group C ( P = 0.004) when measured at the axial walls, and smaller than group S ( P = 0.045) when measured at the chamfer area for the central teeth only. Samples in group T showed a greater percentage of equally extended restorations (52.5%), while other groups were mainly underextended (group C: 63.7%, group S: 68.8%). Conclusion Better adaptation was achieved with the intraoral scanner group, except at the incisal tip. Conventional and scanned impressions revealed a greater percentage of underextended restorations .
A Method for the Titration of Influenza Hemagglutinins and Influenza Antibodies with the Aid of a Photoelectric Densitometer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The construction and use of a simple photoelectric densitometer for agglutination studies have been described. This instrument facilitates the estimation of hemagglutinin and antibody titers when using the red cell agglutination test in influenza work. The use of this instrument makes the determination of end points more precise and objective than the technic previously described.
Supplementary Figure from Post-transplant Malignancies Show Reduced T-cell Abundance and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures as Correlates of Impaired Cancer Immunosurveillance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Figure from Post-transplant Malignancies Show Reduced T-cell Abundance and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures as Correlates of Impaired Cancer Immunosurveillance
Thermodynamic targeting of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction: advantages, limitations, and insights for catalyst design

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Herein is reported the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 with the complex [Ni(bis-NHC)(dmpe)]2+ (1) (bis-NHC = 1,l′:3,3′-bis(1,3-propanediyl)dibenzimidazolin-2,2′-diylidene; dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane).