jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Review Paper On: Nanostructured Lipid Carriers [NLCs] In Cosmeceutcals

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nanostructured lipid carriers [NLCs] are novel drug delivery system that have gained huge significance in cosmeceuticals industry due to their qualities such as high drug loading capacity, improved stability and increased skin penetration. NLCs has been found to be comparatively more efficient and effective than first generation nanoparticles i.e. SLNs overcoming its drawbacks .These NLCs are solid lipid matrix mixed with a liquid lipid, resulting in a distinct structure allowing better drug entrapment and release characteristics . They have been employed as carriers in cosmeceuticals to improve transport and its performance on the targeted site. NLCs are advanced approach in Targeted Drug Delivery System, having characteristics like better penetration into skin, improved absorption and rapid onset of action including elimination of first pass metabolism. This review article will provide an overview of types of NLCs, its method of preparation, cosmeceuticals benefits on NLC, its current use in cosmetics, interaction with skin and factors affecting permeation of NLC through skin etc. Furthermore, its mechanism of action is also discussed.
Effects of Annealing Conditions of Corn Starch Slurry on the Formation of Phosphorylated Cross-linked Resistant Starch

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

옥수수 전분의 인산화 가교반응에 의한 RS4 제조 시 최적 annealing 조건을 검토하였다. 전분유에 NaOH를 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5%/st.ds의 농도가 되게 첨가하고 복합인산염(STMP/STPP 혼합)을 이용하여 인산화 가교반응 할 경우 NaOH 농도가 높을수록 반응 초기에 RS 함량이 빠르게 증가되었으나 NaOH 농도에 상관없이 반응 12시간 후에는 비슷한 RS 함량을 나타내었다. 전분유의 Annealing 처리는 인산화 가교반응 전에 실시하였다. 전분유를 pH 2-10, 온도 $40-60^{\circ}C$, 0-14시간으로 처리한 후 인산화 가교반응을 하였다. Annealing 처리시 pH가 낮을수록 RS 함량이 높아지는 결과를 보였으며 pH 2에서 annealing 온도 $50^{\circ}C$, 2시간 annealing에서 최고의 RS 함량을 나타내었다. 따라서 최적 인산화 가교반응 조건은 먼저 pH 2.0, $50^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 annealing 처리를 한 후 황산나트륨 농도 10%/st.ds, NaOH 농도 1.2%/st.ds 조건에서 12시간 인산화 가교반응을 행하는 것으로 생각된다. RS 함량은 인산염 투입량이 증가함에 따라 직선적으로 증가하였다. 본 연구결과에 의한 최적조건을 활용하여 복합인산염 10%/st.ds의 농도로 RS4를 제조한 결과 RS 함량은 72.3% 였으며 인의 함량은 0.36%/st.ds로 한국 식품첨가물 공전에 적합하여 식품용 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. The optimum annealing conditions of corn starch slurry were studied for RS4 type resistant starch production by phosphorylated cross-linking. When a corn starch slurry was cross-linked by using phosphate salts (STMP/STPP mixture) in the presence of 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5% NaOH/st.ds, a high concentration of NaOH resulted in a rapid increase of the RS contents at the early reaction stage. However, similar RS contents were obtained after 12 h of cross-linking regardless of NaOH concentrations. The annealing treatment was conducted under various conditions such as pH between 2-10, temperature $40-60^{\circ}C$, time 0-14 h followed by phosphorylated cross-linking. The lower slurry pH was for the annealing treatment, the higher RS contents were obtained after cross-linking. When the slurry annealed for various period of time and temperature, a maximal amount of RS was formed after 2 h of annealing at $50^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature of the starch slurry (pH 2.0). Therefore, an optimal annealing conditions at pH 2.0 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 2 h were proposed under the cross-linking conditions of sodium sulfate 10%/st.ds, NaOH 1.2%/st.ds and 12 h of the reaction time. The RS contents were linearly increased with the increase of phosphate salt addition. The RS4 prepared under the optimal conditions contained RS 72.3% and its phosphorus content was 0.36%/st.ds, which was below the limit (0.4%/st.ds) of modified starch by Korea Food Additives Code.
Keynote 2: "Computing for big-data: Beyond CMOS and beyond Von-Neumann"

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the most critical challenges for today's and future data-intensive and big-data problems (ranging from economics and business activities to public administration, from national security to many scientific research areas) is data storage and analysis. The primary goal is to increase the understanding of processes by extracting highly useful values hidden in the huge volumes of data. The increase of the data size has already surpassed the capabilities of today's computation architectures which suffer from the limited bandwidth (due to communication and memory-access bottlenecks), energy inefficiency and limited scalability (due to CMOS technology). This talk will first address the CMOS scaling and its impact on different aspects of IC and electronics; the major limitations the scaling is facing (such as leakage, yield, reliability, etc.) will be shown and the need of a new technology will be motivated. Thereafter, an overview of computing systems, developed since the introduction of Stored program computers by John von Neumann in the forties, will be given. Shortcomings of today's architectures to deal with data-intensive applications will be discussed. It will be shown that the speed at which data is growing has already surpassed the capabilities of today's computation architectures suffering from communication bottleneck and energy inefficiency; hence the need for a new architecture. Finally, the talk will introduce a new architecture paradigm for big data problems; it is based on the integration of the storage and computation in the same physical location (using a crossbar topology) and the use of nonvolatile resistive-switching technology, based on memristors, instead of CMOS technology. The huge potential of such architecture in realizing order of magnitude improvement will be illustrated by comparing it with the state-of-the art architectures for different data-intensive applications.
Reliability of photobioreactors in life support systems: an investigation of methods to restore Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures after heat stress

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Microalgal cultures in photobioreactors are essential in biological life support systems for space flight. However, photobioreactor cultures are sensitive to environmental parameters outside of their tolerance range, and crew time for repair is limited. This work aimed to increase resilience and decrease vulnerability of photobioreactor cultures by exploring methods for restarting photobioreactor cultures after heat shock, with as little use of crew time as possible.

Using the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two paths for restarting a photobioreactor culture were explored. In the first path we tested the heat resistance of C. reinhardtii biofilms, hypothesizing that microalgal biofilms would have a higher heat tolerance than planktonic cultures. That would make it possible to use a subset of microalgal culture, grown as a biofilm inside the planktonic photobioreactor culture, to restart the planktonic culture after a heat shock event, making it essentially self-restarting.

As biofilm substrate we used alumina (Al2O3). Several combinations of porosities and surface functionalization were tested for biofilm growth and potential harm to cells. Alumina with pore sizes around the size of a C. reinhardtii cell had the most cells attaching to them. To test heat tolerance of C. reinhardtii biofilm, and compare it to that of planktonic cultures, we designed a heat stress test setup. We could not, however, detect any difference in heat stress tolerance between C. reinhardtii biofilm and C. reinhardtii planktonic culture.

The second path explored the suitability of a silica sol-gel, manufactured with a novel method, for encapsulation of C. reinhardtii cells for medium term storage. The silica sol gel manufacturing method has been designed to be less stressful to biological cells and also consists of fewer steps than other similar methods described in literature. The method proved successful, the algal cells survived and stayed healthy for several weeks.
The Lesbian Premodern

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When has using the term “lesbian” not been considered an anachronistic gesture? This question lies at the heart of this important new collection of essays. The Lesbian Premodern engages key scholars in the field of lesbian studies and queer theory in an innovative conversation in print. Transgressing traditional period boundaries The Lesbian Premodern challenges those interested primarily in contemporary lesbian theory, history and literature to pay full attention to significant and often overlooked theoretical, empirical and textual work on female same-sex desire and identity in premodern cultures. This provocative and innovative collective book offers a radical new methodology for writing lesbian history, geography, literary criticism and theory.
NORMAL VALUES OF ESOPHAGEAL 24-HOUR IMPEDANCE-PH AMBULATORY IN AN ARGENTINE COHORT OF HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background There are no data of reference values on 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (pH-MII) monitoring in Argentinian populations. Objective Our aim was to obtain the normal values of pH-MII variables among healthy asymptomatic volunteers in a metropolitan Health Care Center of Argentina, and to compare them with data already published from other regions around the world. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary referral center in Buenos Aires. We enrolled healthy subjects and asked them to undergo esophageal pH-MII 24hours monitoring. pH-MII variables were recorded and described. Results Median reflux events was 20.5 (25-75%, 95%) interquartile range: (14-46, 50) and proximal reflux episodes was 2.5 (0-10, 11). Sixty percent were acid reflux episodes: 12 (5-29, 38), representing a relatively low value when compared to those reported in European, American and Chinese populations. Conclusion Our study shows the first reference of normal values of gastroesophageal reflux in an Argentinian population. We found a total number of reflux events and a total number of proximal reflux events lower than what was reported until this date by other authors.
Why Do We Need to Know the Differences Between the East and West?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinical practice in colorectal surgery varies among countries. For example, clinical guidelines of colorectal cancer in the United States, Europe, and Japan are completely different. Not only these countries, I have learned a lot of diversities in clinical practice from my personal visits to Latin America, Korea, China, Russia, and South-East Asian countries. Such wide diversity in the “standard practice” likely means that none of them are perfect. Yet, the only way to improve global patient care is to exchange mutual knowledge and experiences, learn from each other, and combine each strategy to create a better one.
Protection of environmental rights of citizens in the courts of Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses the topical issues of judicial protection of environmental rights of citizens in Ukraine, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the Supreme courts and constitutional courts, their potential positive influence on the practice of lower courts is demonstrated. The process of implementation and the results of the Aarhus Convention in Ukraine and the Republic of Kazakhstan are considered. The chapter reveals the main problems of legal protection pertaining to the environmental rights of citizens. For example, they include: the lack of clear criteria for the identification of substantive environmental rights such as the right to a favourable environment; the lack of procedural environmental rights; insufficient training of judges of national courts to resolve environmental disputes; and corruption. Finally, the chapter formulates proposals for improving the mechanism of judicial protection of environmental rights.
Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans fromSchisandra neglectaand their anti-HIV-1 activities

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Two new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, schinegllignans A and B (1 and 2), together with 11 known (3–13) were isolated from the fruit of Schisandra neglecta. Their structures and stereochemistries were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their anti-HIV activities, and they showed moderate anti-HIV-1 activities with therapeutic index values of 18.5 and 24.6.
What They Are Fighting For – Introducing the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although conflict issues – the stated goals of actors engaged in conflict – hold a privileged position in many theoretical explanations of the occurrence, dynamics, and resolution of civil war, global issue data are scarce beyond datasets that focus on specific thematic areas. This article aims to bring issues into the forefront of civil war scholarship by presenting the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset (CID). This global yearly dataset contains 14,832 conflict issues – divided, at the most disaggregated level, into 120 sub-categories – raised by armed non-state groups involved in intrastate armed conflict in 1989-2017. By bringing issues back in, the UCDP CID provides opportunities to reevaluate several central questions about the onset, duration, intensity, and resolution of civil war.
Blame the baby boomers for depressed wage growth

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

▀ While ‘blame’ may sound harsh, the reality is that in an ageing society, the over‐60s accounting for a bigger share of the workforce equals lower wage growth. This is particularly pertinent for the eurozone right now with the baby boomer generation entering the last phase of their working life. Our analysis shows that the very sizeable over‐60 cohort is depressing aggregate wage growth by up to 0.3 ppts annually. That may also help explain why inflation is still subdued . ▀ European policy makers are scratching their heads about why wage growth has not picked up in line with economic growth over the past two years. For the ECB this is relevant as it tries to understand why inflation remains low. While much of the debate centres around unemployment and the Phillips curve, this article looks at the impact of an ageing society on wage growth. ▀ Even though this is more of a structural, rather than a cyclical, perspective, it is particularly important for the eurozone economies right now, because the large post‐World War II baby boomer generation is strongly pushing up the elderly share of employment (measured as those aged 60 and above). As the share of the over 60s in total employment grows, so does their weight in aggregate wage growth. ▀ The crucial point is that wages increase with age, but at a decreasing rate, and stay essentially flat above 55. The main reasons are that the elderly invest much less in continued education and are less inclined to switch to better‐paying jobs. ▀ Our analysis shows how substantial the negative impact of an ageing workforce is on wage growth in the eurozone. By simulating an alternative demographic scenario, we estimate that wage growth in 2015–17 would have been 0.3 ppts per year higher had it not been for the ageing baby‐boomers. Similarly, forecasts for 2018–20 not accounting for the baby‐boomers may overstate wage growth by some 0.2 ppts or more annually.
Pathways to Higher Education for Native Hawaiian Individual Development Account Participants

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As the cost of higher education rises, a growing body of theory and research suggests that asset holding in the form of savings and net worth positively influence education expectations and outcomes. Native Hawaiians, like other Indigenous peoples, have disproportionately low college enrollment and graduation rates tied to a history of colonization. Using data from an Individual Development Account (IDA) program for Native Hawaiians, I examine the trajectories through the program and find: (a) welfare receipt and unemployment reduces the chances of IDA enrollment; (b) net worth increases the probability of IDA graduation; and (c) IDA graduates were more likely to gain a college degree over time compared to non-graduates. The study provides empirical evidence to the debate on asset-based interventions for Indigenous peoples.
Data from The Role of Minimal Residual Disease Testing in Myeloma Treatment Selection and Drug Development: Current Value and Future Applications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Treatment of myeloma has benefited from the introduction of more effective and better tolerated agents, improvements in supportive care, better understanding of disease biology, revision of diagnostic criteria, and new sensitive and specific tools for disease prognostication and management. Assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) in response to therapy is one of these tools, as longer progression-free survival (PFS) is seen consistently among patients who have achieved MRD negativity. Current therapies lead to unprecedented frequency and depth of response, and next-generation flow and sequencing methods to measure MRD in bone marrow are in use and being developed with sensitivities in the range of 10<sup>−5</sup> to 10<sup>−6</sup> cells. These technologies may be combined with functional imaging to detect MRD outside of bone marrow. Moreover, immune profiling methods are being developed to better understand the immune environment in myeloma and response to immunomodulatory agents while methods for molecular profiling of myeloma cells and circulating DNA in blood are also emerging. With the continued development and standardization of these methodologies, MRD has high potential for use in gaining new drug approvals in myeloma. The FDA has outlined two pathways by which MRD could be qualified as a surrogate endpoint for clinical studies directed at obtaining accelerated approval for new myeloma drugs. Most importantly, better understanding of MRD should also contribute to better treatment monitoring. Potentially, MRD status could be used as a prognostic factor for making treatment decisions and for informing timing of therapeutic interventions. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 3980–93. ©2017 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Faster cytotoxicity with age: Increased perforin and granzyme levels in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells boost cancer cell elimination

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the altered efficiency of CTLs in elderly organisms. In particular, the efficacy of antiviral CD8 + T cells responses in the elderly has come back into focus since the COVID‐19 pandemic outbreak. However, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to alterations in T cell function and the origin of the observed impairments have not been fully explored. Therefore, we investigated whether intrinsic changes affect the cytotoxic ability of CD8 + T cells in aging. We focused on the different subpopulations and time‐resolved quantification of cytotoxicity during tumor cell elimination. We report a surprising result: Killing kinetics of CD8 + T cells from elderly mice are much faster than those of CD8 + T cells from adult mice. This is true not only in the total CD8 + T cell population but also for their effector (T EM ) and central memory (T CM ) T cell subpopulations. TIRF experiments reveal that CD8 + T cells from elderly mice possess comparable numbers of fusion events per cell, but significantly increased numbers of cells with granule fusion. Analysis of the cytotoxic granule (CG) content shows significantly increased perforin and granzyme levels and turns CD8 + T cells of elderly mice into very efficient killers. This highlights the importance of distinguishing between cell‐intrinsic alterations and microenvironmental changes in elderly individuals. Our results also stress the importance of analyzing the dynamics of CTL cytotoxicity against cancer cells because, with a simple endpoint lysis analysis, cytotoxic differences could have easily been overlooked.
A simple hazard scenario identification method for risk assessment on chemical hazards to prevent fire and explosion for open space work

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

When performing risk assessment on chemical hazards, such as fire and explosion, it is necessary to comprehensively identify the hazards and the scenarios leading to the occurrence of fire and explosion in order to consider specific risk reduction measures. It is required to utilize specialized knowledge about the characteristics of chemical substances related to the reaction process, ignition phenomena, and associated functions. Especially in medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), it is difficult to perform risk assessments for hazardous chemicals. This paper proposes a simple hazard scenario identification method focusing on the three elements of combustion (fire triangle), that is fuels, ignition source, and oxygen. Hazard scenarios of causing a fire or explosion when combustible chemicals are handled in an open area can be classified into four patterns. Based on the confirmed pattern for hazard scenarios, the triggering event could be comprehensively identified, and the hazard scenario leading to the occurrence of fire and explosion could be easily identified. Furthermore, by considering workplace condition, etc., the occurrence of industrial accidents and the spread of damage to the surrounding area could be included in the hazard scenario.
Innovative Approaches in Railway Management: Leveraging Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Maintenance of Track Geometry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces and describes a method for extracting, processing, and analyzing large amounts of track geometrical data. It allows for a more accurate description of the orbital deterioration correlations than currently applied procedures, and it seems to be more valuable and efficient in practice. The initial data were the track geometry measurement and classification data for the whole national network provided by the Hungarian State Railways, i.e., the MÁV PLC. The MÁV provided data for the whole Hungarian railway network for 27 half-years, measured and recorded by the FMK-004 type special diesel locomotive (i.e., track geometry measuring car). The paper discusses the development of a procedure to automatically compute important condition ratings from the available data set of millions of units according to the algorithms created for railway industry colleagues, thus helping the maintenance and renewal decision-making process. Functions have been developed to classify the track geometry condition of a given railway line, to predict how long the service level can be maintained without intervention (i.e., e.g., lining, leveling, and tamping with a mechanized maintenance train), to determine the time of the necessary maintenance intervention, the time of the upgrade (rehabilitation or modernization), and to develop a track geometry prediction procedure that makes full use of the mathematical and computational possibilities of the present day.