jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exploring Morale in an Active Warzone: A Study of the Predictors of Morale During Deployment to Afghanistan

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Soldiers’ morale is an important determinant for the success of military operations. However, the military morale literature lacks studies that rely on a theoretical background, use comparative data from pre-deployment periods, or specify the factors that affect morale during deployment. This article aims to provide a theoretically-informed analysis of aspects understood to influence the morale of Danish soldiers during deployment in an active warzone. We use an explorative approach to investigate the main determinants of morale in a deployed unit using the following eight factors: cohesion, esprit de corps, leadership, shared purpose/common goal, resilience, preparedness and training, discipline and working conditions. The theoretical background provided by van ‘t Wout and van Dyk provides a multidimensional focus on morale, focusing on cohesion, leadership, discipline, purpose, and work environment. The data were obtained from questionnaires given to the soldiers in the Danish battlegroup prior to and during deployment in the southern part of Afghanistan in 2007; 423 were included in the study. Our results indicate that leadership, cohesion and common purpose are the three most important determinants of forming the perception of morale.
Multi-response robust design by principal component analysis

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Abstract Most previous Taguchi method applications have only addressed a single-response problem. However, more than one correlated response normally occurs in a manufactured product. The multi-response problem has received only limited attention. In this work, we propose an effective procedure on the basis of principal component analysis (PCA) to optimize the multi-response problems in the Taguchi method. With the PCA, a set of original responses can be transformed into a set of uncorrelated components. Therefore, the conflict for determining the optimal settings of the design parameters for the multi-response problems can be reduced. Two case studies are evaluated, indicating that the proposed procedure yields a satisfactory result.
Electronic and compositional properties of the rear‐side of stoichiometric CuInSe2 absorbers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In‐depth understanding and subsequent optimization of the contact layers in thin film solar cells are of high importance in order to reduce the amount of nonradiative recombination and thereby improve device performance. In this work, the buried MoSe 2 /CuInSe 2 interface of stoichiometric absorbers is investigated with scanning tunneling spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy combined with compositional measurements acquired via photo‐electron spectroscopy after a mechanical lift‐off process. We find that the local density of states, as measured with scanning tunneling spectroscopy, is similar to the front‐side of ultra‐high vacuum annealed CISe absorbers. The grain boundaries exhibit a weak upward band bending, opposite to Cu‐poor CuGaSe 2 , and we measure an increased Cu accumulation at the rear CISe surface compared to the bulk composition and a non‐zero concentration of Cu on the Mo‐side. Grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction measurements corroborate that a small amount of a Cu x Se secondary phase is present at the MoSe 2 /CuInSe 2 interface in contrast to reports on Cu‐poor material. Our findings shed new light into the complex interface formation of CuInSe 2 ‐based thin film solar cells grown under Cu‐rich conditions.
The Effect of Large Wood Accumulations With Rootwads on Local Geomorphic Changes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Large wood (LW) can be transported along a river during floods, increasing flood‐associated hazards, particularly when it accumulates at river‐spanning infrastructures such as bridges and weirs. While most flume studies have explored LW movement with simple wooden elements (dowels), only a few studies have used elements with more complex LW geometries, such as rootwads, under unsteady flow conditions. Quantitative assessment of interactions amongst more complex wood elements and river flow has rarely been attempted the effect of this additional complication has even been ignored, in both field and laboratory studies. In this study, flume experiments were conducted to assess the effect of rootwads on local scour and deposition in a flume with a mobile gravel‐bed. The experiment was conducted under unsteady flow conditions, with a constricted segment of the reach, recreating conditions to wood accumulations and blockage. Results revealed that LW with rootwads tends to generate more stable accumulations than LW without rootwads, leading to the formation of more porous loosely packed accumulations. In this initial set of flume experiments, the patterns of scour were quite variable, but on average, the porous and stable LW accumulations with rootwads showed more spatially extensive disturbance of the bed. LW accumulations without rootwads led to the development of scour pits that reached the bottom of the flume more quickly than in the LW accumulations without rootwads. The mean accumulated bedload volumes were of similar magnitude overall, however, highlighting the many contingencies in the chain of processes between dam formation and resultant bed scour.
Tuning Octahedral Tilting by Doping to Prevent Detrimental Phase Transition and Extend Carrier Lifetime in Organometallic Perovskites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

As one of the most promising materials for next-generation solar cells, organometallic perovskites have attracted substantial fundamental and applied interest. Using first-principles quantum dynamics calculations, we show that octahedral tilting plays an important role in stabilizing perovskite structures and extending carrier lifetimes. Doping the material with (K, Rb, Cs) ions at the A-site enhances octahedral tilting and the stability of the system relative to unfavorable phases. The stability of doped perovskites is maximized for uniform distribution of the dopants. Conversely, aggregation of dopants in the system inhibits octahedral tilting and the associated stabilization. The simulations also indicate that with enhanced octahedral tilting, the fundamental band gap increases, the coherence time and nonadiabatic coupling decrease, and the carrier lifetimes are thus extended. Our theoretical work uncovers and quantifies the heteroatom-doping stabilization mechanisms, opening up new avenues to enhancing the optical performance of organometallic perovskites.
Value for Money Audit: A Veritable Tool for Expenditure Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As a constitutional creation, it is the statutory responsibility of public sector organizations at federal, state and local government levels to embrace the concepts of value for money audit and integrate it in their organizations. However, determining how economical, efficient and the extent to which the related programmes are effective in meeting their objectives is still a subject of debate in most jurisdictions. Triangulating existing knowledge regarding the basic processes, while stating the ideas in practical and useable form, this paper examines the importance of value for money audit as a veritable tool for expenditure management and evaluates its crucial objectives and essential features. Using the desktop analytical approach, result shows that lack of value for money audit processes affects the smooth running and growth of an organization. The paper recommends for proper value for money audit in organisations and the independence of Internal Audit for the purposes of value for money audit functions.
Three-dimensional microfabrication using local electrophoresis deposition and a laser trapping technique

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We describe a novel fabrication method of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures using local electrophoresis deposition together with laser trapping. A liquid cell consisting of two-faced conductive substrates was filled with a colloidal solution of Au nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were trapped by a laser spot and positioned on the bottom substrate, then deposited onto the surface by the application of electrical voltage between the two substrates. By moving the liquid cell downward while maintaining the deposition, 3D microstructures were successfully fabricated. The smallest diameter of the fabricated pillar was 500 nm, almost the same as that of the Airy disc. The Young's modulus of the fabricated structure was 1.5 GPa.
Effects of Yersinia enterocolitica infection on rabbit intestinal and colonic goblet cells and mucin: morphometrics, histochemistry, and biochemistry.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The effects of Yersinia enterocolitica on intestinal goblet cells were investigated in New Zealand white rabbits. Animals infected with Y enterocolitica were compared with weight matched and pair fed controls. Goblet cell hyperplasia developed in the distal small intestine of infected rabbits on day 1, in the mid small intestine on day 3, and in the upper small intestine on day 6. In all regions hyperplasia persisted throughout the 14 day study. The degree of hyperplasia was greater in the distal small intestine than the upper and mid regions. Goblet cells in the proximal colon of infected animals seemed to respond as those in the distal small intestine. Thus goblet cell hyperplasia developed more rapidly and to a greater extent in the ileocaecal region where mucosal injury was most severe. These changes resulted directly from Y enterocolitica infection since goblet cell numbers did not increase in pair fed controls. Histochemically, goblet cell mucins from infected rabbits were unchanged at either six or 14 days. Biochemical analysis, however, established that purified mucins from animals on day 6 after infection were less sialylated (in the small intestine) and more sulphated (in the small intestine and proximal colon). In addition, mucins from the distal small intestine and the proximal colon seemed to contain fewer but longer oligosaccharide chains.
Coordinating Charitable Donations with Leontief Preferences

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We consider the problem of funding public goods that are complementary in nature. Examples include charities handling different needs (e.g., protecting animals vs. providing healthcare), charitable donations to different individuals, or municipal units handling different issues (e.g., security vs. transportation). We model these complementarities by assuming Leontief preferences; that is, each donor seeks to maximize an individually weighted minimum of all contributions across the charities. Decentralized funding may be inefficient due to a lack of coordination among the donors; centralized funding may be undesirable as it ignores the preferences of individual donors. We present a mechanism that combines the advantages of both methods. The mechanism efficiently distributes each donor's contribution so that no subset of donors has an incentive to redistribute their donations. Moreover, it is group-strategyproof, satisfies desirable monotonicity properties, maximizes Nash welfare, returns a unique Lindahl equilibrium, and can be implemented via natural best-response spending dynamics.
Rare cause of obstructive haemobilia with recurrent biliopancreatic complications: a paradigmatic case

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Haemobilia is an unusual but significant cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Two-thirds of haemobilia cases are secondary to invasive hepato-biliopancreatic procedures. Biliary angiodysplasia is exceptionally unusual, with only three cases reported. Herein, we report the case of an autonomous 80-year-old woman with a history of cholecystectomy 5 years ago and cardiovascular disease—hypertension, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and non-valvular atrial fibrillation, anticoagulated with apixaban 2.5 mg two times per day. Since July 2019, she had four episodes of acute cholangitis of mild-to-moderate severity, having undergone broad spectrum antibiotics treatment and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), with sphincterotomy and bile sludge extraction. After 3 months, the patient presented with a new episode of acute cholangitis, this time with haemobilia (Quincke’s triad). An abdominal CT angiography showed no evidence of active bleeding, with plastic biliary prosthesis left by ERCP. The patient continued presenting new episodes of acute cholangitis with haemobilia, some of them with associated pancreatitis. A cholangioscopy with Spyglass DS II was performed, showing an angiodysplasia occupying half of the luminal circumference of the middle choledoccus, without active haemorrhage. After a multidisciplinary meeting and given the high haemorrhagic/thrombotic risk (CHA2DS2-VASc 8), closure of the left atrial appendage was considered. However, relapse of the condition after beginning the antiaggregation protocol for cardiovascular intervention made it unfeasible. Another cholangioscopy with an ultra-thin endoscope for argon-plasma coagulation was attempted, without success. The abdominal CT angiography was repeated, this time with identification of dilated ramifications of the gastroduodenal and inferior pancreatic arteries. After embolisation of these aberrant vessels with microcoils, the patient went well, with no recurrence of bleeding or biliopancreatic complications. We present a case of obstructive haemobilia with multiple biliopancreatic complications, secondary to an extremely rare cause—choledochal angiodysplasia. Cholangioscopy had a decisive role in the diagnosis and therapeutic guidance. The diagnostic/therapeutic challenge associated with haemobilia stands out, with the need for a personalised and multidisciplinary approach.
Drought Stress Affecting Growth and Some Physiological Characters of Three Cocoa Clones at Seedling Phase

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drought stress can have substantial negative impacts on cocoa plant growth until affect the death of plant. The present study aimed to determine theeffect of drought stress on the some physiological characters of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings. The research was carried out at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from January–December 2017. The experiment was designed by using completely randomized block design with two factors and with three replications. The first factor was clones, namely ICS 60, Sulawesi 1 and KW 641 clones. The second factor was interval of watering treatment, namely watering every 2 days (control/adequate water condition), watering every 5 days (moderate stress), and watering every 8 days (severe stress). Result of this study concluded that drought stress reduced the growth of cocoa seedlings, mainly as a result of reducing photosynthetic activities in all stressed cocoa clone seedlings. Under drought stress, KW 641 and Sulawesi 1 had higher leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and photosynthetic rate than ICS 60 clone.
Optimal Damper Location for Mid-High Frequency Vibration Control on Built-Up Structures: Case Study Using VA One

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a guide to identify optimal damper location to reduce vibration on built-up structures. The guide is derived from simulation studies carried out on a set of benchmark models. Optimization is carried out using genetic algorithm. Optimal location is found using found using Generic algorithm and the hybrid method. The hybrid modelling method combines the finite element method (FEM) and Statistical energy analysis (SEA) to provide an efficient response predication for mid-high frequencies. The guide to find optimal damper location is tested on a fuselage model of Boeing 737. The fuselage model is developed using VA One software. Good agreement is seen for the optimal locations using the simple guide and result from VA One.
A Highly Regioselective Approach to Multiple Adducts of C60 Governed by Strain Minimization of Macrocyclic Malonate Addends

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the paper by A. Hirsch et al. published in Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2261–2273, the double bonds in the alkyl bridges of formulae 16 and 22 (Scheme 6) should be replaced by single bonds. Equally, the double bonds within the cyclopropane rings in formula 13 (Scheme 3), formula 19 (Figure 10), and formulae 19 and 24 (Scheme 7) should be replaced by single bonds.
Technology and Ethical Behavior in Running Sports: An Actor-Network Theory Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Wearable technologies' popularity in sporting practices continues to grow. Runners use GPS watches and activity trackers to track steps, log miles, map courses, and monitor heart rates. Likewise, wearables are integrated into long distance running events, with race officials relying on technologies to effectively execute events. However, technologies can also enable and monitor cheating. Many studies focusing on the individual explore why cheaters make unethical decisions. Actor-Network Theory shifts cheating's focus from the individual and moral failings to an assemblage that includes not only the runner, but nonhumans, such as technology, as well. A 2015 Canadian Ironman cheating incident case study illuminates intricate relationships and networks between humans and nonhumans. By examining the intersections of cheating and technology in running sports, the authors see where and how technology works as intended or is repurposed. Whereas a human-centered approach to sport and cheating dismisses wearables' agency, Actor-Network Theory reveals their underexamined, sociotechnical complexities.
Efficient and Stable 2D@3D/2D Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Dual Optimization of Grain Boundary and Interface

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The development of perovskite solar cells has been faster than that of other photovoltaic cells, but their practical application is limited by further improvements in their performance and stability. A 3D/2D hybrid perovskite, combining the high efficiency of a 3D perovskite and the prominent stability of a 2D perovskite, is very promising. Herein, a strategy is designed by introducing 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine (2-PyEA) molecules with 2D structure and N atoms with a lone electron pair into perovskite. As an additive, 2-PyEA promotes the generation of 2D@3D perovskite; as a post-treated modifier, 2-PyEA facilitates the formation of 2D@3D/2D perovskite. The grain boundary and interface thus are dual-optimized in 2D@3D/2D perovskite by 2-PyEA. It is verified that defect density is reduced, residual stress is relieved, gradient energy is generated, charge transfer is improved, and carrier life is extended. Consequently, the dual-optimized PSC achieves a maximum power conversion efficiency of 23.2% with a negligible hysteresis and satisfactory stability, demonstrating a wonderful effect of 2-PyEA in forming efficient and stable PSCs.
Boosting MS1-only Proteomics with Machine Learning Allows 2000 Protein Identifications in Single-Shot Human Proteome Analysis Using 5 min HPLC Gradient

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Proteome-wide analyses rely on tandem mass spectrometry and the extensive separation of proteolytic mixtures. This imposes considerable instrumental time consumption, which is one of the main obstacles in the broader acceptance of proteomics in biomedical and clinical research. Recently, we presented a fast proteomic method termed DirectMS1 based on ultrashort LC gradients as well as MS1-only mass spectra acquisition and data processing. The method allows significant reduction of the proteome-wide analysis time to a few minutes at the depth of quantitative proteome coverage of 1000 proteins at 1% false discovery rate (FDR). In this work, to further increase the capabilities of the DirectMS1 method, we explored the opportunities presented by the recent progress in the machine-learning area and applied the LightGBM decision tree boosting algorithm to the scoring of peptide feature matches when processing MS1 spectra. Furthermore, we integrated the peptide feature identification algorithm of DirectMS1 with the recently introduced peptide retention time prediction utility, DeepLC. Additional approaches to improve the performance of the DirectMS1 method are discussed and demonstrated, such as using FAIMS for gas-phase ion separation. As a result of all improvements to DirectMS1, we succeeded in identifying more than 2000 proteins at 1% FDR from the HeLa cell line in a 5 min gradient LC-FAIMS/MS1 analysis. The data sets generated and analyzed during the current study have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD023977.
Numerical simulations of thin accretion discs with PLUTO

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Our goal is to perform global simulations of thin accretion discs around compact bodies like neutron stars with dipolar magnetic profile and black holes by exploiting the facilities provided by state-of-the-art grid-based, high resolution shock capturing (HRSC) and finite volume codes. We have used the Godunov-type code PLUTO to simulate a thin disc around a compact object prescribed with a pseudo-Newtonian potential in a purely hydrodynamical (HD) regime, with numerical viscosity as a first step towards achieving our goal as mentioned above.
Prediction of GMA Welding Characteristic Parameter by Artificial Neural Network System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nowadays, demand for automated Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is growing and consequently need for intelligent systems is increased to ensure the accuracy of the procedure. To date, welding pool geometry has been the most used factor in quality assessment of intelligent welding systems. But, it has recently been found that Mahalanobis Distance (MD) not only can be used for this purpose but also is more efficient. In the present paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has been used for prediction of MD parameter. However, advantages and disadvantages of other methods have been discussed. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was found to be the most effective algorithm for GMAW process. It is known that the number of neurons plays an important role in optimal network design. In this work, using trial and error method, it has been found that 30 is the optimal number of neurons. The model has been investigated with different number of layers in Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) architecture and has been shown that for the aim of this work the optimal result is obtained when using MLP with one layer. Robustness of the system has been evaluated by adding noise into the input data and studying the effect of the noise in prediction capability of the network. The experiments for this study were conducted in an automated GMAW setup that was integrated with data acquisition system and prepared in a laboratory for welding of steel plate with 12 mm in thickness. The accuracy of the network was evaluated by Root Mean Squared (RMS) error between the measured and the estimated values. The low error value (about 0.008) reflects the good accuracy of the model. Also the comparison of the predicted results by ANN and the test data set showed very good agreement that reveals the predictive power of the model. Therefore, the ANN model offered in here for GMA welding process can be used effectively for prediction goals.