jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Historical geography 2008—2009: Mundus alter et idem

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The 400th anniversary of the English translation of Joseph Halls’ humanist geographical tract, Mundus alter et idem, is used as the springboard for an analysis of current research in historical geography organized around three themes: new discoveries in the history of geography; the fascination with the cold worlds of the polar regions; and the resurgent centrality of maps and images to the practice of historical geography. Despite pressures to conform to a ‘big science’ model, current work suggests the vibrancy of a humanist conception of historical geography, and makes the subdiscipline an inheritor of Joseph Hall’s vision.
Art history or literature? Documenting Icelandic artists’ books

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The project of creating a catalogue of Nordic collections holding artists’ books, initiated at ARLIS/Norden’s annual meeting in Helsinki in May 1996, was the starting point for a survey of the material held in Icelandic art libraries. This focused on the type and size of the collections of artists’ books in four art institutions covering twentieth century art in Iceland, and examined the current documentation standards applied to artists’ books in Icelandic collections and the extent of national bibliographic control.
An Anti-Noise Full Frequency Expansion Approach for Seismic Data based on Compressed Sensing

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary Frequency bandwidth usually determines seismic profile quality. Most methods of improving resolution only broaden the medium and high frequency energy. Compressed Sensing (CS) theory is used to exploit the sparsity of the reflection coefficient in the frequency domain to expand the low and high frequency components reasonably, thus improving the data quality. However, the conventional CS method is greatly affected by noise, and the effective expansion of frequency bandwidth information can only be realized in the case of a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, CS denoising theory is introduced into the optimization solution function to constrain the inversion process of the estimated reflection coefficient, and then, the frequency bandwidth of the original data is expanded by extracting the high and low frequency information of the inverted reflection coefficient. It has been proved by multiple real data processing results that the objective function of estimating the reflection coefficient constrained by denoising based on CS theory can improve the anti-noise interference ability of the inversion process and expand the high and low frequency information well in the case of a low SNR.
Enantioselective Mannich-type Reactions Promoted by Strained Silane Lewis Acids: Selective Generation of Two Contiguous Stereocenters and Entry into a Novel Class of Pyrrolidines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Efficient highly enantioselective nitro-Mannich and Mannich-type reactions with hydrazones promoted by strained silanes are described. Nitro-Mannich reactions of aromatic benzoyl hydrazones and the TES enolates of nitroethane, nitropropane, and β-phenylnitroethane provide products in 57–88% yield, 4:1 to 6:1 dr, and 85–92% ee. The addition of silyl ketene imines to both aromatic and aliphatic benzoyl hydrazones provides α, α-disubstituted, β-amino carboxylic acid equivalents in 36–84% yield, 4:1 to >20:1 dr, and 83–97% ee. The homoallylic variants of this class serve as substrates for metal-free, diastereoselective hydroamination reactions to access highly substituted pyrrolidines.
Neighborhood discovery in a wireless sensor networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Neighborhood discovery (ND) in a wireless sensor network is a process of identifying the sensors that a given node can communicate directly. In this paper, our main contribution is to model the ND protocol in a wireless sensor network. In ND task, each node is assigned its own N timeslots, with equal slot intervals. In each slot, each node chooses either to transmit or listen, with probabilities p and 1 -- p. Our objectives are to analyze the optimal value of p, and model the formulation of N by mapping the problem into the coupon's collector problem. The simulation results show close match to the theoretical results.
Upregulation of Complement Factor H by SOCS-1/3–STAT4 in Lung Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Complement factor H (CFH) is a fluid phase regulator of complement proteins and functions to prevent complement attack and immune surveillance. CFH is known to inactivate therapeutic antibody-dependent complement-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. We found that CFH was highly expressed in human lung cancer cells and tissues. To investigate mechanisms of CFH upregulation, we searched for a CFH transcription factor and its regulatory factors. First, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) expression patterns coincided with CFH expression patterns in lung cancer tissues. Knockdown of STAT4 led to decreased CFH secretion from lung cancer cells. STAT4 bound directly to the CFH promoter, as demonstrated by luciferase reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, suggesting that STAT4 is a transcription factor for CFH. In addition, a low level of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1/3, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was observed in lung cancer cells and its transfection decreased CFH protein levels and promoter activity. Unexpectedly, the low level of SOCS-1/3 was not due to epigenetic silencing. Instead, differential methylation was found on the regulatory region of STAT4 between normal and lung cancer cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that CFH is upregulated by constitutive activation of STAT4, which is accounted for by SOCS silencing in lung cancer cells.
“My Pain Is Unbearable…I Cannot Recognize Myself!” Emotions, Cognitions, and Behaviors of People Living With Musculoskeletal Disorders: An Umbrella Review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To summarize (1) the emotions, cognitions, and behaviors of people who are living with musculoskeletal disorders related to symptoms and (2) the interactions of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors with the person's environment (family, social, and work roles). Design An umbrella review of qualitative research syntheses and meta-summaries (metasynthesis, meta-ethnographies, meta-aggregation, meta-summary). Literature Search We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, PsycEXTRA, PsycINFO, PubMed, and PubPsych from database inception to January 2021. We also searched gray literature via Open Grey and Google Scholar. Study Selection Criteria We included qualitative evidence syntheses evaluating adults with musculoskeletal disorders, based on the multidimensional diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic pain. Emotions, cognitions, and behaviors were the phenomenon of interest. Data Synthesis We developed 3 categories of themes ([1] emotions, [2] cognitions, and [3] behaviors) for each objective. We selected the 3 most common emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that appear as themes in our narrative synthesis. Results We included 20 qualitative evidence syntheses that retrieved 284 original qualitative studies. Despair, distress, and fear were the main emotions reported by people living with musculoskeletal disorders. The alterations of the self and how people described their symptoms, what caused them, and how the symptoms impacted their lives were the most common cognitions. Cognitive strategies (ie, acceptance) and perceptions about social support emerged. People often used passive behaviors (eg, social isolation or hiding symptoms) to cope with the challenges that arose related to musculoskeletal symptoms. However, some people actively faced their symptoms, planning their activities or practicing them despite their symptoms. Conclusion Clinicians who support people living with musculoskeletal disorders should consider (1) assessing other emotions than pain-related fear (eg, despair and distress), (2) observing their cognitive responses (ie, acceptance), and (3) evaluating what type of behaviors people use (eg, active or passive). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(5):243–261. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10707
Language service provision in the 21st century: challenges, opportunities and educational perspectives for translation studies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Translators have contributed significantly to the evolution of culture and to ever-increasing globalization. With advances in AI, notably in Machine Translation, new opportunities and challenges have emerged. Increased recognition of language as a human right and not-for-profit translation have added to opportunities and challenges within the global translation sector. This in turn creates opportunities and challenges for training of translators in the higher education sector. Translation Studies as an academic discipline has sought to agree on competence models that guide teaching practice. However, with the speed of change in AI especially, the discipline needs to assess how competence requirements will change and what the translator of the future will need to do. We propose to expand the types of skills currently taught and to do this through collaborative programs across EU universities.
Application of soy protein isolate modified by transglutaminase in low-fat meat products

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Soy protein isolate(SPI) modified by transglutaminase was used in low-fat meat products. The functional properties of modified SPI were better than that of meat-used SPI, except viscosity of 70℃. The best concertration of modified SPI was 5% in low-fat meat products. Emulsion stability and product yield of the modified SPI in the meat products increased by 14% and 7%, compared with that of meat-used SPI, respectively.
Fun in the workplace and employee turnover: is less managed fun better?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Despite previous research indicating that fun in the workplace has favorable outcomes, the effect of fun on turnover has not been definitively determined. The present study analyzed the direct effects on turnover of three dimensions of fun: fun activities, coworker socializing and manager support for fun, and the moderating influence of managed fun (e.g. whether fun is perceived as contrived). Design/methodology/approach Logistic regression was used to analyze the fun in the workplace-turnover relationship with a sample of 491 hourly associates from 141 stores of a US national retailer. Data on the fun were obtained through surveys that were paired with turnover data collected six months afterward from corporate records. Findings Fun activities were only found to be associated with a lower turnover when employees perceived fun as less managed. When employees perceived fun as more managed, fun activities had no effect on turnover. Coworker socializing was associated with a lower turnover when fun was perceived as less managed and higher turnover when fun was perceived as more managed. Research limitations/implications As the data were obtained from employees from one organization, further research would be valuable with additional samples to substantiate the generalizability of the results. Practical implications Given the challenge of turnover and the increasing prevalence of efforts to promote fun in the workplace, organizations should allow fun activities to be less managed (and thus more organic) to help reduce turnover. Originality/value While previous research has addressed managed/less managed fun in qualitative research, the present study represents the first investigation to examine this aspect of fun in the workplace from a quantitative perspective and to examine its relationship with employee turnover.
Harry Potter and the Goblin Bank of Gringotts

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Gringotts Wizarding Bank is well known as the only financial institution in all of the Wizarding UK as documented in the works recounting the heroics of Harry Potter. The concentration of power and wealth in this single bank needs to be weighed against the financial stability of the entire Wizarding economy. This study will consider the impact to financial risk of breaking up Gringotts Wizarding Bank into five component pieces, along the lines of the Glass-Steagall Act in the United States. The emphasis of this work is to calibrate and simulate a model of the banking and financial systems within Wizarding UK under varying stress test scenarios simulating rumors of Lord Voldemort's return or the release of magical creatures into an unsuspecting muggle populace. We conclude by comparing the economic fallout from financial crises under the two systems: (i) Gringotts Wizarding Bank as a monopoly and (ii) the split-up financial system. We do this comparison on the level of minimal system-wide capital injections that would be needed to prevent the financial crisis from surpassing the damage caused by Lord Voldemort.
Synchronous measurements of prefrontal activity and pulse rate variability during online video game playing with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) play a crucial role in modulating perception, cognition, and emotion production. Previous studies on CNS–ANS interactions, or heart–brain coupling, have often used heart rate variability (HRV) metrics derived from electrocardiography (ECG) recordings as empirical measurements of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a functional brain imaging modality that is increasingly used in brain and cognition studies. The fNIRS signals contain frequency bands representing both neural activity oscillations and heartbeat rhythms. Therefore, fNIRS data acquired in neuroimaging studies can potentially provide a single-modality approach to measure task-induced responses in the brain and ANS synchronously, allowing analysis of CNS–ANS interactions. In this proof-of-concept study, fNIRS was used to record hemodynamic changes from the foreheads of 20 university students as they each played a round of multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game. From the fNIRS recordings, neural and heartbeat frequency bands were extracted to assess prefrontal activities and short-term pulse rate variability (PRV), an approximation for short-term HRV, respectively. Under the experimental conditions used, fNIRS-derived PRV metrics showed good correlations with ECG-derived HRV golden standards, in terms of absolute measurements and video game playing (VGP)-related changes. It was also observed that, similar to previous studies on physical activity and exercise, the PRV metrics closely related to parasympathetic activities recovered slower than the PRV indicators of sympathetic activities after VGP. It is concluded that it is feasible to use fNIRS to monitor concurrent brain and ANS activations during online VGP, facilitating the understanding of VGP-related heart–brain coupling.
Structural Phase Transition from Rhombohedral to Cubic in LaCoO3

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Lanthanum cobalt oxide LaCoO3 has a rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure with the crystal space group of R3c.1-3) Raccah and Goodenough have reported that the crystal space group varies with increasing temperature from R3c to R3 around K. In the high temperature phase, two kinds of inequivalent Co atoms order preferentially on alternate (111) Co 2) They have also reported a first order insulator-to-metal phase transition at 1210K accompanied with an abrupt drop of the rhombohedral angle from 60.4◦ to 60◦ keeping R3 symmetry through the transition. In addition, they reported an endothermic first order transition at 1210K, and higher order phase transitions at around 550 and 900K from the differential thermal analysis. A powder neutron diffraction study has revealed that LaCoO3 has R3c symmetry between 4.2 and 1248K, with possible exception at 668K. According to the study, the rhombohedral angle remains 60.3◦ even at 1248K. Their study does not support the first order phase transition at 1210K. In order to investigate the structural phase transition of LaCoO3, we performed X-ray powder diffraction measurement, and thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) at high temperatures. The results suggest a second order crystallographic phase transition from rhombohedral to cubic around 1610K, and show that any anomaly previously reported is not intrinsic one in pure LaCoO3. The powder samples of LaCoO3 for X-ray diffraction measurements were obtained from single crystal grown with a lamp-image floating zone furnace. The X-ray powder diffraction measurements were performed using a high-accuracy X-ray powder diffractometer equipped with a parabolic multilayer and parallel slit analyzer between 300 and 1700K in air atmosphere. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) was performed between 300 and 1773K for both single crystalline bulk and polycrystalline powder samples with a TG-DTA (Rigaku TG-8120D) coupled with a mass spectrometer (Q-MS, Rigaku Thermo-Mass QA550
Chinese Women in Both the United States and Hong Kong Have Cortical Microstructural Advantages and More Trabecular Plates Compared With White Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT We cross‐sectionally compared racial differences in bone quality between Chinese women in the United States (US) and Hong Kong (HK) with white women. A total of 514 women were included. We measured bone geometry, mass, microstructure, and stiffness by high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT), individual trabecula segmentation (ITS), and microfinite element analysis (μFEA). After adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI), premenopausal Chinese women in the US and HK had smaller bone area but greater radial cortical (Ct.) thickness and Ct. and trabecular (Tb.) volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) versus white women but did not differ from each other. At the radius, Tb. number was lower and spacing greater in Chinese women from HK and the US versus white women, whereas Chinese women did not differ from each other. Tb. thickness was highest in Chinese women from HK, intermediate in Chinese‐Americans, and lowest in white women. Chinese women had more trabecular plates versus white women, leading to greater age‐ and BMI‐adjusted stiffness for premenopausal Chinese women in HK and the US (both p < 0.05) versus white women. Tibial differences were similar in premenopausal women; analogous trends in microstructure were present in postmenopausal women at the tibia, although stiffness did not differ. In contrast, at the radius, cortical, plate‐to‐rod ratio, and stiffness were similar between postmenopausal HK and white women. Adjusting for age, weight, and height rather than age and BMI tended to reduce differences in bone size and Tb. parameters but accentuate cortical differences such that Chinese premenopausal women in both locations and postmenopausal women from HK had higher stiffness at both skeletal sites compared with white women. Compared with white women, Chinese women in the US and HK have vBMD and microstructural advantages leading to higher or similar mechanical competence in pre‐ and postmenopausal women, respectively, despite smaller bone size. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Contact-free and sub-surface 3D imaging of tissues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The availability and the cost of 3D imaging systems are still a problem nowadays, which brings us to the need and urgency of a new way to democratize optical biopsy. Inspired by structural illumination and diffuse optical imaging, we propose a 3D-multiplexed diffused optical imaging (3D-mDOI) solution, a technique to reconstruct the 3D optical properties of the tissue from 2D diffuse images and estimate the depth of tissue lesions. 3D-mDOI uses a low-cost and contact-free design of the imaging acquisition platform, integrating a digital micromirror device (DMD) and an infrared-enhanced CCD camera. The imaging setup that creates custom sampling patterns for tissue photon migration enables spatial multiplexing to overcome low photon signals. We design a hybrid reconstruction pipeline for harvesting the benefits from existing mathematical solutions. The analytical solution of the steady-state radiation transfer equation is utilized to compute each pixel's optical properties in 2D. Monte Carlo simulation provides the stochastic solution for 3D photon diffusion patterns on the discretized tissue volume. We then map the 2D optical properties to the corresponding 3D photon diffusion patterns between a light source and a detector. To better correct the instrumental noises, we design multiple calibrations. 3D-mDOI is versatile, non-invasive, and cost-effective, containing 3D insights to subsurface molecular composition. The technique reconstructs lesions up to 5mm below the surface with 0.2mm axial spatial resolution. We could apply the solution to broad applications in the scientific and medical fields, including the rapid estimation of melanoma staging.
2168 Type II Choledochal Cyst With Obstructive Jaundice and Chronic Pancreatitis: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Choledochal cysts are a rare congenital cystic dilation of the biliary tract and occur commonly in female infants and young children. Although rare in Western countries, choledochal cysts are more common in East Asian countries with Type II cysts accounting for only 2% of reported cases. We present an interesting case of a Type II choledochal cyst in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 56 year old male presented with abdominal pain associated with nausea and non-bloody emesis. He also had reduced appetite, dark urine, and a 10 pound weight loss over several months. Physical examination revealed scleral icterus and epigastric abdominal tenderness. Laboratory investigations revealed mild leukocytosis (11.1), elevated total bilirubin (8.6), aspartate aminotransferase (77), alanine aminotransferase (128), and alkaline phosphatase (556). A CT with intravenous contrast (Figure 1) demonstrated coarse calcifications within the pancreas, a large cystic lesion within the head of the pancreas with marked pancreatic ductal dilation, atrophy, and intraductal calcifications. Gallbladder distension with sludge and upstream biliary dilatation was also noted. Endosonographic images (Figure 2) revealed an anechoic cystic lesion in the head of the pancreas with compression of the common bile duct (CBD). Fine needle aspiration was performed with aspirated fluid highly suggestive of bile. A cholangiogram confirmed the presence of an intrapancreatic cystic cavity in direct communication with the distal CBD in a diverticular configuration suggestive of a Type II choledochal cyst with narrowing of the adjacent CBD. A pancreatic sphincterotomy followed by pancreas stone lithotripsy and stone extraction was performed. A biliary stent was placed into the CBD. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was scheduled for multidisciplinary discussion pending brush cytology. DISCUSSION: Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies which results in cystic dilation of the biliary tree. Adults are more likely to present with biliary or pancreatic symptoms whereas children present with an abdominal mass and jaundice. Malignancy is associated with Type I and IV cysts while Types II, III, and V cysts have minimal neoplastic risk. Treatment is based on the cyst type. Diverticulectomy of Type II choledochal cyst followed by primary CBD closure at the diverticulum neck is usually sufficient. A multidisciplinary approach may be warranted based on patient clinical status and co-morbidities.