jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Variable refrigerant flow HVAC units in classrooms—Calculations versus measurements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An elementary school renovation and addition design seeking LEED certification included use of a variable refrigerant flow system for classroom heating and cooling. Previous challenges have been identified with use of these types of units, most notably that sound data provided by equipment manufacturers is non-standardized to AHRI or other United States or internationally recognized HVAC sound data collection procedures. Methods for estimating corrections to the non-standardized noise data developed by others were deployed to estimate room noise levels in design phases, but compliance with LEED noise level requirements of 40 dBA was not able to be satisfactorily determined. Post-construction field measurements were conducted, and results will be presented and compared to design calculations.
Effects of low pH on the chorion of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, Salmo trutta f. fario

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Morphological studies on the effect of low pH on egg shells (chorion) of rainbow trout, Oncorhynrhus mykiss Walbaum (formerly Salmo gairdneri ), and brown trout, Salmo trutta f. fario L., showed that the plugs of the outer layer of the chorion, which block the channels of the underlying layer, developed distinctive vacuolization at low pH exposure. This may lead to loss of chorional semi‐permeability. Chorions were incompletely degraded at low pH inducing hatching problems. Partially hatched alevins showed only a small local zone of dissolution of the chorion around the head of the embryo preventing the larvae from being freed.
Role of serotonin 1A receptors in the median raphe nucleus on the behavioral consequences of forced swim stress

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Despite the intense research on the neurobiology of stress, the role of serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors still remains to be elucidated. In the hippocampus, post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors activation induces anxiolytic effects in animals previously exposed to stressful situations. However, little is known about somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in the median raphe nucleus (MRN). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT1A receptors located in the MRN in rats exposed to forced swim stress. After recovering from surgery, rats were forced to swim for 15 min in a cylinder. Intra-MRN injections of saline, 8-OH-DPAT (3 nmol/0.2 µL) and/or WAY-100635 (0.3 nmol/0.2 µL) were performed immediately before or after pre-exposure or 24 h later (immediately before test). Non-stressed rats received the same treatment 24 h or 10 min before test. Our data showed that 8-OH-DPAT increased latency to display immobility while decreasing time spent immobile in almost all experimental conditions. These effects were not prevented by previous treatment with WAY-100635. No effects of different treatments were described in non-stressed animals. Taken together, our data suggest that in addition to activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT7 receptors may also be involved in the behavioural consequences of exposure to swim stress.
Slow Gas Heating Process in an Atmospheric- Pressure Streamer Discharge Visualized by High-Speed Schlieren Method

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Temporal variations in the gas density gradient occurring in an atmospheric-pressure streamer discharge are visualized by the schlieren method to investigate the effects of the background gas species on the temporal variations of the gas heating process after the discharge. The streamer discharge is generated in needle-to-plane electrode configurations in dry-nitrogen, humid-nitrogen, dry-air, and humid-air conditions. The discharge characteristics are measured by the voltage and current waveforms and the spatial distribution of the discharge emission of light. The results of the schlieren visualization show that the gas density gradient increases after the discharge and its rate of increase is accelerated by the presence of water molecules. In addition, the degree of the increase in the density gradient is higher in humid-nitrogen discharges than in humid-air discharges. These characteristics are subsequently explained by the vibrational to the translational energy-transfer process of nitrogen, oxygen, and water molecules.
Specificity and phenotype of IL-2 expanded clones of human large granular lymphocytes.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Clones of human large granular lymphocytes (LGL) derived from a single blood donor were grown in culture medium supplemented with interleukin-2 (IL-2). The source of IL-2 was the supernatant of a gibbon lymphosarcoma cell line, MLA-144. Of 89 LGL clones tested for their ability to lyse a panel of natural killer (NK)-susceptible tumor cell lines in a cytotoxicity assay, a total of 12 clones were cytotoxic, showing a heterogeneous pattern of reactivity. In contrast, all clones from T lymphocytes grown in the same conditions were consistently negative against all the targets. Four of the cytotoxic LGL clones lysed K562 and Alab and also had antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); three clones were cytotoxic only for K562; two clones were reactive only in ADCC; one lysed both the ADCC target and Alab; two lysed only Daudi. Thirty LGL clones (among which 9 demonstrated cytotoxic activity) were also studied for their surface phenotypes with monoclonal antibodies. Most of these LGL clones were OKM1+ and weakly OKT3+. Of the clones with cytotoxic activity, 55% reacted with OKT8 and OKT10 whereas among the noncytotoxic clones, 90% were OKT10+, and 10% were OKT8+. These results demonstrate diversity among cytolytic clones of LGL, supporting the hypothesis of a clonal distribution of specificity within the NK cell population.
Soil health and synergy of ecological determinants of green cocoa productivity in different soil ecotypes in Ghana

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction Soil health is critical for the efficient management of soil fertility and crop yield in "green" cocoa (GC) ( Theobroma cacao L .) agroforestry systems. However, knowledge about agroecosystem factors that affect healthy soil productivity in "green" cocoa agroforestry systems is patchy in West Africa. Based on organic cocoa (OC) and conventional cocoa (CC) agroforestry systems in Ghana, this study examined the soil health and synergy of ecological factors that determine the yield of GC. Methods Using multi-stage random sampling, 11 CC and 11 OC farms were sampled from three soil types (ferralsols, lixisols, and leptosols) within selected agroecological zones. Socioeconomic and farm data, including bulked soil samples, were collected at 0–30 cm depth for analysis of soil chemical and physical properties. Results The results showed intricate relationships between the ecological factors and the yield of GC (1.07 t ha −1 ), which comprised dry beans of OC (1.24 t ha −1 ) and CC (0.89 t ha −1 ). The green cocoa yield increased for fields owned by female farmers and for native farmers who inherited or outrightly owned farmlands. The cocoa yield was also positively related to physicochemical factors such as soil organic carbon (0.21%), pH (5.8), and carbon–nitrogen ratio (40.8%). The carbon–nitrogen ratio and pH together exerted the highest positive influence (0.62%) on the yield. Biological factors such as plant density (>7 cocoa trees per 23.4 m 2 ) and black pod rots reduced the cocoa yield. Discussion This study provides comprehensive empirical determinants of green cocoa productivity and offers a more reliable estimate of cocoa plant density. The findings suggest that Ghana's cocoa can be much greener if stakeholders promote healthy farm soil productivity and empower women who engage in soil organic carbon-conserving agroforestry.
Discovery of 6‐Arylurea‐2‐arylbenzoxazole and 6‐Arylurea‐2‐arylbenzimidazole Derivatives as Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and in vitro Biological Evaluation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract We embarked on a structural optimization campaign aimed at the discovery of novel anti‐angiogenesis agents with previously reported imidazole kinase inhibitors as a lead compound. A library of 29 compounds was synthesized. Several title compounds exhibited selective inhibitory activities against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR‐2) over epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase; these compounds also displayed selective and potent antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for anti‐angiogenesis activity by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Among them, 1‐(2‐(2‐chlorophenyl)benzo[ d ]oxazol‐5‐yl)‐3‐(4‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea (compound 5 n ) showed the most potent anti‐angiogenesis capacity, efficient cytotoxic activities (in vitro against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), H1975, A549, and HeLa cell lines, with respective IC 50 values of 8.46, 1.40, 7.61, and 0.28 μ m ), and an acceptable level of VEGFR‐2 kinase inhibition (IC 50 =0.25 μ m ). Molecular docking analysis revealed 5 n to be a type II inhibitor of VEGFR‐2 kinase. In general, these results indicate that these 6‐arylurea‐2‐arylbenzoxazole/benzimidazole derivatives are promising inhibitors of VEGFR‐2 kinase for potential development into anti‐angiogenesis drugs.
Psychological therapy for children with PTSD : impact on parents' own post-traumatic stress symptoms and other mental health outcomes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Context: Parents of children with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are recommended to be included in their child’s treatment as they are considered integral to the child’s recovery. Studies have found an association between child PTSD and parent PTSD and depression, making it likely that parents are experiencing their own mental health difficulties alongside their child’s. However, little work has been conducted exploring the impact of child PTSD therapy on parental mental health. \n \nAim: This research portfolio aimed to investigate whether parents’ own mental health improves as a result of their child receiving a psychological intervention for PTSD. \n \nDesign: The project is presented in a thesis portfolio format combining two main research papers: a systematic review with meta-analysis and a quantitative empirical paper. The systematic review searched the existing literature for studies measuring parent depression and PTSD and investigated whether these parent mental health outcomes improved as a result of their child receiving Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-BT) or Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD. The empirical paper investigated whether parents reported any improvements in PTSD, depression, anxiety or general mental health following the child receiving Cognitive Therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD) in the early stages following a trauma. \n \nResults: The systematic review identified some tentative, preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychological interventions at reducing parent PTSD, emotional reactions and depression. The empirical paper found preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of CT-PTSD delivered to the child at reducing parent PTSD, depression, anxiety and general mental health. \n \nConclusion: The findings provide preliminary evidence that parents’ own mental health outcomes improve following their child receiving a psychological intervention for PTSD. Further research is required to explore which parents are likely to benefit and why.
Indaziflam Herbicidal Action: A Potent Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. Therefore, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have a potentially broad-acting herbicidal mode of action and are also useful tools in decoding fundamental aspects of cellulose biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the herbicide indaziflam as a CBI and provide insight into its inhibitory mechanism. Indaziflam-treated seedlings exhibited the CBI-like symptomologies of radial swelling and ectopic lignification. Furthermore, indaziflam inhibited the production of cellulose within &lt;1 h of treatment and in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike the CBI isoxaben, indaziflam had strong CBI activity in both a monocotylonous plant (Poa annua) and a dicotyledonous plant (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Arabidopsis mutants resistant to known CBIs isoxaben or quinoxyphen were not cross resistant to indaziflam, suggesting a different molecular target for indaziflam. To explore this further, we monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins in living cells of Arabidopsis during indaziflam exposure. Indaziflam caused a reduction in the velocity of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN:CESA6 particles at the plasma membrane focal plane compared with controls. Microtubule morphology and motility were not altered after indaziflam treatment. In the hypocotyl expansion zone, indaziflam caused an atypical increase in the density of plasma membrane-localized CESA particles. Interestingly, this was accompanied by a cellulose synthase interacting1-independent reduction in the normal coincidence rate between microtubules and CESA particles. As a CBI, for which there is little evidence of evolved weed resistance, indaziflam represents an important addition to the action mechanisms available for weed management.
The Effect of High-fat Diet on Transforming BK_(Ca) and IK_(Ca) Gene Expression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Use the male SD rats as the research model,and apply histopathology and one-step reverse transcription technique to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on transforming BKCa and IKCa gene expression in vascular endothelial cells,and to explore its mechanism for inducing atherosclerosis in the level of gene expression.Also the paper pointed out that IKCa is possible to be one early promoter factor of atherosclerosis.This opinion contributes to the early detection and prevention of atherosclerosis.
Is banana value chain in East Africa sustainable? Evidence from Ethiopia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Banana is an essential commercial fruit for smallholder farmers in East Africa including Ethiopia. It is also lifeblood of the majority of the farmers in Arba Minch district of Ethiopia. However, this sector is experiencing many constraints with limited investment on sustainable value chain management. Thus, this study aims to examine the sustainability performance assessment of the banana value chain by comparing and analyzing 25 attributes through triple bottom-line indicators. The critical aspects of the qualitative data were analyzed using Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems version 3.0 at Ethiopian context. The results show that banana product flow from the farmer and ends with the consumer through three market channels which link farmers directly with rural retailers, traveling traders, and farmer cooperatives. Largest volume of banana was sold through the traveling trader channel while the smallest volume was sold via the rural retailer channels. The banana payment flow begins from consumers and ends with input suppliers. Farmers have limited access to alternative markets for their banana products, but wholesalers have many connections and marketing options across the country. The results of the banana value chain sustainability assessment also reveal that the economic, social, and environmental indicators have moderate sustainability performance in the study area. The value of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.7993 which shows that the five-point scale items of the experts’ judgment on the sustainability of banana value chain are consistent and reliable. The chain has several advantages in terms of profitability, emission of air pollutants, employment, and constraints in terms of coordination, profit margin, value share, market diversity, transportation, product and market information, safety and hygiene, and waste management. Thus, Government and non-governmental organizations give due attention towards the sustainable banana value chain.
Construction and identification of the eukaryotic expression vector containing genes of hammerhead ribozyme targeting HOGG 1 mRNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

目的设计并合成人8-羟基鸟嘌呤-DNA糖苷酶(HOGG1)特异性的锤头状核酶(hammerhead ribozyme)基因并构建其真核表达载体.鉴定含有核酶靶基因HOGG1 cDNA保守序列的真核表达载体.方法运用计算机软件人工设计并合成核酶基因(RZ),将核酶基因克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA 3.1中,重组子由BamH I和EcoR I酶切,琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定及DNA测序证实.含有HOGG1基因cDNA保守序列的真核表达载体经BamHI和EcoRI酶切电泳鉴定.结果RZ人工合成后与pcDNA 3.1连接,酶切电泳及DNA测序证实合成的核酶基因序列正确并已被准确克隆入pcDNA 3.1的BamH I和EcoR I位点之间,命名为pcDNA 3.1-RZ.1.3kb的HOGG1基因cDNA保守序列准确克隆于pcDNA 3.1的BamH I和EcoR I酶切位点之间,命名为pcDNA 3.1-HOGG1.结论成功合成HOGG1特异性的锤头状核酶基因并构建了该基因的真核表达载体,以及核酶靶基因的真核表达载体.
The number of exceptional people: Fewer than 85 per 1 million across key traits

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Cognitive biases can lead to overestimating the expected prevalence of exceptional multi-talented candidates, leading to potential dissatisfaction in recruitment contexts. This study aims to accurately estimate the odds of finding individuals who excel across multiple correlated dimensions. According to the literature, the three key individual differences variables are intelligence, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. Consequently, data were simulated using a multivariate normal distribution (N = 20 million), where the three variables were standardized (mean of 0 and SD of 1). The correlations were specified as: intelligence with conscientiousness (−0.03), intelligence with emotional stability (0.07), and conscientiousness with emotional stability (0.42). Cases were classified into four categories based on z-scores across the three dimensions: notable (≥ 0.0 SD), remarkable (≥ 1.0 SD), exceptional (≥ 2.0 SD), and profoundly exceptional (≥ 3.0 SD). Approximately 16% of cases were classified as notable, 1% as remarkable, and only 0.0085% met the exceptional criterion of 2 SDs above the mean. Just one case was identified as profoundly exceptional. These findings highlight the rarity of individuals excelling across multiple traits, suggesting a need to recalibrate recruitment expectations. Even moderately above-average individuals on these key dimensions may merit greater recognition due to their scarcity.
Scholarship in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTScholarship in the Chemical Sciences and EngineeringJohn W. Moore View Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 11, 1383Publication Date (Web):November 1, 2000Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 November 2000Published inissue 1 November 2000https://doi.org/10.1021/ed077p1383RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views331Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (56 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Chemical engineering and industrial chemistry Get e-Alerts
Design Strategies for High-Efficiency Ratiometric Two-Photon-Excited Fluorescent and Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Probes for Hypochlorous Acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) plays a critical role in the natural defense system, but excessive production of HOCL leads to many diseases. It is very essential to monitor the distribution and level of endogenous HOCL. However, the applicable two-photon-excited fluorescent (TPEF) and phosphorescent probes for biological imaging and quantitative detection is rare due to low efficiency and vague mechanism. Therefore, we thoroughly researched the electron structures and luminous mechanisms of turn-on and ratiometric TPEF probe compounds and provide design strategies for high-efficient ratiometric TPEF probes. The designed ratiometric TPEF probe benza1-COCL and product benza1-CO have quite large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections (143 GM/898 nm, 168 GM/988 nm), high fluorescence efficiencies (0.15, 0.28), and spectral resolution, contributing to the real-time monitoring level of HOCL in vivo. Besides, a long-lived two-photon-excited room-temperature phosphorescent probe benza2-COCL is provided first, which possesses a large TPA cross section (144 GM/838 nm) and time-resolved biological imaging (1.09 ms).
Microbial Reduction of Chromium(VI): In-Situ Environmental Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy Study Using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The geochemistry and toxicity of chromium is controlled by its valence state. Chromium is a redox active 3d transition metal with a wide range (− to +6) of possible oxidation states; however only Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are stable. Hexavalent Cr(VI) can be readily reduced to the trivalent state by Fe2+, S2−, organic compounds, wetland plants, and several species of microorganisms. The associated mechanisms of Cr(VI) reduction are technologically and biologically important because they convert a toxic, mobile element into a less toxic, immobile form. Reduction of Cr(VI) by the bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis (previously classified Shewanella putrefaciens strain MR-1), was studied by absorption spectrophotometry and in-situ, environmental cell (EC) - transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Shewanella oneidensis (S. oneidensis), a gram-negative, facultative bacterium is capable of respiring aerobically and anaerobically using a variety of compounds, including O2, Fe(III), Mn(IV), NO2 −, NO3 −, SO2, SO3 2−, thiosulfate (S2O3 2−), trimethyamine oxide, fumarate, U(VI), and Cr(VI) as terminal electron acceptors.