jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Students’ Study Approaches in the First Semester of Organic Chemistry: Patterns of Evolution Diverge According to Students’ Achievement Level

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study reports quantitative evaluation of changes in students' study approaches during the first semester of organic chemistry. Students were surveyed by a modified M-ASSIST (OCH-adjusted M-ASSIST) instrument adjusted to the specific student population. The validity of the data-model fit was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. Students were surveyed twice per semester, and 93 individually paired responses afforded pairs of deep and surface learning scores (number on 1–5 scale) for each respondent on each sampling date. The statistical significance of the changes in the two mean learning scores between the two sampling dates was assessed separately for the four achievement level (final grade) groups. Statistically significant differences were observed for changes in deep learning scores for groups A and B, suggesting an increased adoption of the deep learning approaches, and in surface learning scores for the group C, indicating an increased reliance on surface learning approaches. The results revealed a characteristic pattern of evolution in the mean learning scores for the achievement level groups A/B versus C versus D/F. Students in higher achieving groups (A and B) increased their adoption of deep learning approaches without a change in their surface learning scores, whereas scores for students in the lowest achieving group (D/F) did not change. Notably, scores for students in the achievement level group (C) indicated an increased adoption of surface learning approaches. The study provides a valuable insight into how students of each achievement level modify their learning approaches in response to the demands of the organic chemistry course.
Does Market Reward Diversity? The Impact of Board Gender Composition on Analyst Evaluation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Current theories tend to focus on the consequences of board diversity only inside the boardroom. Departing from this conventional approach, this study argues that board diversity also serves as a market signal that could influence an organization’s rating. I propose two theoretical processes. First, I extend institutional theory to suggest that an organization’s perceived value depends not only on its conformity to institutionalized policies and practices but also on its conformity to demographic norms. Gender diversity on boards should increase a firm’s rating when its industry peers also have a high level of gender diversity on boards. Second, I extend the theory of in-group preference to organizations, suggesting that individuals from underrepresented groups should favorably evaluate organizations that have larger numbers of in-group members in leadership positions. In this case, gender diversity on boards should increase an organization’s rating by female evaluators. I examine these hypotheses in the context of security analysts. Using a unique longitudinal sample of 239,298 security analyst ratings as well as robust dyadic fixed-effects models, I find strong support for both theoretical mechanisms. These findings show the importance of an organization’s demographic composition to its market performance and the role of social context in moderating this effect.
Efficient Congestion Management: Optimizing Non-Firm Capacities for Maximized Grid Utilization

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The surge in renewable integration and escalating loads has posed significant challenges for distribution system operators (DSOs), resulting in increased congestion within distribution networks (DNs). This paper aims to analyze the impact of the new legal procedure to manage congestion in the Netherlands and optimize grid utilization for connecting new customers. Based on the comprehensive analysis, two optimization problems are formulated to address these challenges. Firstly, consumers share their demand forecasts with DSOs, who analyze the data to identify congestion points. In response to congestion, the DSOs employ the first optimization problem to optimize non-firm capacity limits, minimizing the cost of load curtailment. Subsequently, a second optimization problem is formulated to maximize grid utilization for connecting new customers. This problem identifies optimal loads that can be connected to each node in the DN. To solve these optimization problems, a hybrid genetic and pattern search algorithm is employed. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated using the IEEE 33-node test feeder. The results demonstrate a reduction in congestion and maximized grid utilization achieved by connecting new loads at each node of the DN.
Level-Crossing Sampling with Multiple Temporal Resolutions for Speech Signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Level-crossing sampling (LCS) is an alternative to the uniform sampling method and is suitable for sparse and bursty signals. LCS, which is adaptive to amplitude variations of the signals, mainly focuses on reducing the total number of samples. Presently, speech signals are sampled with LCS methods that have a constant temporal resolution, and they require time-to-digital converters (TDC) with a wide dynamic range. A long sequence of overflow counts of the TDC counter may be generated during silence regions if the dynamic range is reduced. This paper proposes level-crossing samplers with multiple temporal resolutions for speech signals. Frequency scaling is applied to standard LCS, adaptive LCS and peak sampling. During the silence region, the frequency of the TDC clock is scaled down, which enables the representation of longer intervals with smaller words. The number of bits per sample and hence the total number of samples generated are decreased due to the reduction in the dynamic range of the TDC. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the conventional level-crossing samplers, which do not employ frequency scaling. In addition to a significant reduction in data size, this method can also be used for real-time automatic detection of silence regions in a speech signal.
Increased Brain Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 After Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Human Stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— Abnormal expression of some matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) has shown to play a deleterious role in brain injury in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. We aimed to investigate MMP-2 (gelatinase A) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B) in brain parenchyma in both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Methods— Postmortem fresh brain tissue from 6 ischemic and 8 hemorrhagic stroke patients was obtained within the first 6 hours after death. Finally, 78 brain tissue samples from different areas (infarct, peri-infarct, perihematoma and contralateral hemisphere) were studied. To quantify gelatinase content we performed gelatin zymograms that were confirmed by Western Blot Analysis, immunohistochemistry to localize MMP source, and in situ zymography to detect gelatinase activity. Results— Among ischemic cases, gelatin zymography showed increased MMP-9 content in infarct core although peri-infarct tissue presented also higher levels than contralateral hemisphere ( P <0.0001 and P =0.042, respectively). Within infarct core, MMP-9 was mainly located around blood vessels, associated to neutrophil infiltration and activated microglial cells. In peri-infarct areas the major source of MMP-9 were microglial cells. Tissue around intracranial hemorrhage also displayed higher MMP-9 levels than contralateral hemisphere ( P =0.008) in close relationship with glial cells. MMP-2 was constitutively expressed and remained invariable in different brain areas. Conclusions— Our results demonstrate in situ higher levels of MMP-9 in human brain tissue after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, suggesting a contribution of MMP-9 to ischemic brain injury and perihematoma edema.
Role of occupational therapy in reducing and managing violence among mental health inpatients: a scoping review protocol

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Violence is pervasive among psychiatric inpatients and has profound consequences for its victims, its perpetrators and mental health services. Currently, the unique contribution of occupational therapists to reducing and managing violence among this patient group has not been systematically explored. However, an a priori model which provides an initial understanding of its role in this respect can be identified from the wider scholarly literature. This scoping review aims to apply and refine this model, thereby producing an amended version that will form the basis for further research. Methods and analysis This scoping review is based upon guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute, Levac, Colquhoun and O’Brien’s scoping review framework, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Scoping Review checklist. Electronic databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus, PsycINFO, Medline, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest Health and Medicine, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) and Google Scholar) and grey literature will be searched to identify relevant papers. Included articles will apply occupational therapy theory or occupational science to the reduction or management of violence among psychiatric inpatients and will be critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Study characteristics will be presented using frequency counts, and qualitative data will be analysed using ‘best-fit’ framework synthesis and secondary thematic analysis to produce an overall model of occupational therapy’s contribution to violence management and reduction. Ethics and dissemination Results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed academic journal and via professional conferences. The review will collect secondary data and therefore will not require ethical approval.
Dysregulated production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 by peripheral blood lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals is associated with altered proliferative responses to recall antigens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The loss of immune function following infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may result from altered production of immunoregulatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12. In this study, we analyzed IL-10 and IL-12 production by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV+ individuals and correlated their levels with proliferative responses to the recall antigens HIV p25 and influenza virus. We report two distinct groups of HIV+ patients. One group produced small amounts of IL-10, had PBMC that proliferated in response to recall antigens, and demonstrated enhanced recall antigen-induced proliferation upon addition of anti-IL-10 antibodies and/or IL-12. Conversely, the second group produced high levels of IL-10, had PBMC that failed to proliferate to recall antigens, and did not demonstrate enhanced proliferation upon addition of anti-IL-10 antibodies and/or IL-12. Mitogen-stimulated PBMC from both groups produced significantly lower levels of IL-12 than did those from HIV- controls. Analysis of the source of the IL-10-producing cell subset in PBMC demonstrated that in HIV+ individuals, IL-10 is produced by monocytes, while in HIV- controls, it is produced by both T cells and monocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that monocytes from HIV+ individuals secrete decreased amounts of IL-12, a Th1-type cytokine, which may lead to the development of Th2-type responses characterized by high IL-10 secretion and immune dysfunction.
Data from Disruption of Autophagic Degradation with ROC-325 Antagonizes Renal Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Although autophagy plays important roles in malignant pathogenesis and drug resistance, there are few clinical agents that disrupt this pathway, and the potential therapeutic benefit of autophagy inhibition remains undetermined. We used medicinal chemistry approaches to generate a series of novel agents that inhibit autophagic degradation.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> ROC-325 was selected as a lead compound for further evaluation. Comprehensive <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies were conducted to evaluate the selectivity, tolerability, and efficacy of ROC-325 in preclinical models of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with HCQ serving as a comparator. Markers of autophagy inhibition and cell death were evaluated in tumor specimens.</p><p><b>Results:</b> ROC-325 exhibited superior <i>in vitro</i> anticancer effects compared with the existing autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in 12 different cancer cell lines with diverse genetic backgrounds. Focused studies of the mechanism of action and efficacy of ROC-325 in RCC cells showed that drug treatment induced hallmark characteristics of autophagy inhibition, including accumulation of autophagosomes with undegraded cargo, lysosomal deacidification, p62 stabilization, and disruption of autophagic flux. Subsequent experiments showed that ROC-325 antagonized RCC growth and survival in an ATG5/7-dependent manner, induced apoptosis, and exhibited favorable selectivity. Oral administration of ROC-325 to mice bearing 786-0 RCC xenografts was well tolerated, was significantly more effective at inhibiting tumor progression than HCQ, and inhibited autophagy <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings demonstrate that ROC-325 has superior preclinical anticancer activity compared with HCQ and support the clinical investigation of its safety and preliminary efficacy in patients with RCC and other autophagy-dependent malignancies. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2869–79. ©2016 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy could be an important tool in the diagnostic dilemma inherent in perforated peptic ulcer: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute abdomen is a common and sometimes dramatic clinical condition, which can be fatal if diagnosis is not made in time. Perforated peptic ulcer is a cause of an acute abdomen, which can be diagnosed by imaging investigations. However, erect chest X-ray and CT scan may not always establish the diagnosis. Herein we report a case of a patient with acute abdomen, where radiological imaging and CT scan were not able to provide a clear diagnosis. The patient was diagnosed with perforated peptic ulcer by esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy, and underwent laparotomy to repair the anterior wall duodenal perforation with an omental patch. Early endoscopic evaluation seems to be an essential tool for upper gastrointestinal evaluation in acute abdomen cases with inconclusive imaging results.
The heterogeneous landscape of innovation in female led-businesses – cross-country comparisons

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Female led-businesses are nowadays regarded as a vehicle for worldwide economic and social wellbeing. Seen as a mechanism for better social inclusion, empowerment, wide institutional change and local economic development, female entrepreneurship has been the focus of many scholarly pursuits. However, one field in which the interest in female-led businesses has been somewhat overlooked and overshadowed by other topics is the field of innovation studies. There are various national and international programs meant to increase the level of innovativeness of female-led businesses and there are reports presenting somewhat contradictory results in which women business owners are portrayed either as more innovative or at a disadvantage when it comes to the resources needed for innovation in comparison to their male counterparts. Thus, this study seeks to disentangle the various aspects which affect the landscape of innovation in female led-businesses by focusing on the way in which the national contexts creates opportunities or barriers for innovation. Based on the qualitative data provided by the GEM 2012 Adult Population Survey, we show that, in the case of the six countries included in the sample, the landscape is highly heterogeneous and that macrolevel indicators such as percentage of female entrepreneurs, public support for high growth female entrepreneurship and gender equality are not capable of fully explaining the innovation behavior of female-led businesses. The results presented here contribute to advancing the research on innovation and female entrepreneurship by opening up new avenues for research which will renounce the paradigm of an ideal type of female-led business, and start to seriously take into consideration the heterogeneity of these businesses and of the landscapes in which they operate.
The antibacterial activity of a new cephalosporin, cefamandole

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The antibacterial activity of a new cephalosporin, cefamandole, has been assessed. The antibiotic was active against high and low inocula of penicillin-sensitive and-βlactamase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and against large inocula of various strains of Proteus sp. (especially Pr. mirabilis, although Pr. vulgaris appeared to be resistant) and non β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Concentrations much higher than minimum inhibitory levels were needed to bring about lysis. Typical penicillin-like morphological variants were induced in Gram-negative bacteria.
American options in nonlinear markets

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study unilateral valuation problems for American options within the framework of a general nonlinear market by extending results from Bielecki et al. [9, 12] who examined contracts of European style. A BSDE approach is used to establish more explicit pricing, hedging and exercising results when solutions to reflected BSDEs have additional desirable properties. We employ for this purpose results on solutions to BSDEs and reflected BSDEs driven by RCLL martingales obtained by Nie and Rutkowski [62, 63].
ILI: an adaptive infrastructure for dynamic interactive distributed applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Addresses the middleware that is necessary to realize the construction of distributed laboratories in which scientists can construct and use complex computations and then analyze and share their results across geographically separated collaborations. We present a model of such middleware for heterogeneous distributed computing platforms and also show how middleware can dynamically adapt to changes in the behavior of instruments and end users. To address the demands of applications executing in a distributed laboratory, we have developed an infrastructure, called ILI (Interactivity Layer Infrastructure), that can dynamically adapt to changes in the behavior of the computational instruments and end users across a shared and dynamically changing set of computational nodes and networks.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTRIBUTION RELATED TO AQUISITION OF MANAGERIAL POSITION BY WOMEN, ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN MANAGERS, SEXISM AND SEX DIFFERENCES

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between attribution related to acquisition of managerial position by women, attitudes toward women managers, sexism and sex differences. 201 workers from various positions in various firms participated in the present study. Findings indicated that male participants exhibited more negative attitudes toward women managers than did female participants. Participants who were high on hostile sexism revealed more negative attitudes toward women managers than participants who were low on hostile sexism. Additional analysis further revealed that unique contributions of sex and HS were found as predictive factors to explain the reason of both negative and positive attitudes toward women managers. Also, findings indicated that the main effects of sex difference and positive attitude toward women managers on ability and effort attributions were not found significant. However, there were significant main effects of sex difference and negative attitude toward women managers on task difficulty and luck attributions. That is to say, men attributed women managers’ success more to task difficulty, whereas women attributed women managers’ success more to luck than men. In addition, participants who were high on negative attitudes toward women managers attributed women managers’ success more to task difficulty than participants who were low on negative attitudes toward women managers. The major contributions of this thesis were (1) investigating the relationship between hostile sexism, sex difference and negative attitude toward women managers; (2) comparing the effects of sex difference and hostile sexism on positive and negative attitudes toward women managers and (3) showing the effects of sex difference, negative and positive attitudes toward women managers on four attributional explanations about women managers’ success (ability, effort, task difficulty and luck).
Evidence of hepatitis A virus infection in the patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Gorakhpur region, North India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The etiological agent remained unidentified in a large number of patients hospitalized for acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in 2008-2009 in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, north India. All patients were found to present with fever and altered sensorium, while 28%, 19% and 13% showed hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and meningeal signs, respectively. Involvement mostly of children with abnormal hepatic features prompted us to undertake an exploratory study on viral hepatitis A to determine its association, if any, with hepatic derangements. AES patients (n = 2515) and healthy children (n = 167) were investigated for the presence of serum anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) IgM and anti-Japanese encephalitis (anti-JE) virus IgM by ELISA. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs, n = 595) and rectal swabs (n = 182) were examined for anti-HAV IgM and/or HAV RNA. Anti-HAV IgM was detected in the sera of 14.6% patients as against 6.6% of healthy children (p = 0.0042). Anti-JE virus IgM positivity was Keywords: acute encephalitis syndrome; cerebrospinal fluid; hepatitis A virus; anti-HAV IgM; non-Japanese encephalitis.
A new approach for minimizing torque ripple in a BLDC motor drive with a front end IDO dc-dc converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a front end integrated dual output (IDO) dc-dc converter for commutation torque ripple reduction in a permanent magnet brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. The current ripple owed to the inductance and resistance of the motor during commutation instant results in torque ripple. In this work the dc link voltage of the converter is varied at commutation instants to minimize current ripple and hence torque ripple. The wider output range and faster response of the IDO converter make it a suitable choice as a front end converter for minimizing torque ripple. Simulation results validate the proposed converter for the BLDC motor drive. Experimental analysis of a conventional drive is performed to verify the simulation results.