jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dural Septation on the Inner Surface of the Jugular Foramen: An Anatomical Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Preserving cranial nerve (CN) function during tumor removal at the jugular foramen is challenging. No anatomical study has better defined the relevant dural septations on the inner surface of the jugular foramen. This study was undertaken to elucidate this anatomy. Methods Fourteen cadaveric heads (28 sides) were dissected, and relationships of the meningeal coverings of the jugular foramen and adjacent CNs documented. A classification scheme was created to better describe the dural septations of the inner surface of the jugular foramen. Results Four types of dural septations were noted. Type I: 10 sides (36%) where a dural septation was seen between CNs IX anteriorly and X and XI posteriorly. Of these, the septum was ossified in 20%. Type II (32%) was defined as a jugular foramen with no dural septation. Type III (7%) was defined as septation between CNs IX and X anteriorly and XI posteriorly. Type IV (7 sides, 25%) or the chaotic form was defined as multiple septations within the jugular foramen that housed and divided CN rootlets. Conclusions The dural septations defined here can be used in future studies to help correlate operative strategy to meningeal morphology within the jugular foramen.
Multi-host multi-patch mathematical epidemic models for disease emergence with applications to hantavirus in wild rodents

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Most zoonotic pathogens are capable of infecting multiple hosts. These animal hosts can often move through a large territory and many different landscapes. In this investigation, we formulate and analyze multi-host and multi-patch mathematical models for disease emergence. In particular, we examine SIS and SIR epidemic models. We determine under what conditions the disease can emerge. In the multi-host models, we examine a single pathogen that can infect n different hosts. In the multi-patch models, a single host moves through n different patches. For the multi-host models, it is shown that the basic reproduction number increases with the number of hosts. Therefore, the possibility for disease emergence increases with the number of infected hosts. In the multi-patch models, the basic reproduction number for the system lies between the basic reproduction numbers for each disconnected patch. Therefore, connection of patches may or may not lead to disease emergence. It is shown that as the mobility of hosts between patches increases, the basic reproduction number approaches a limiting value. We also examine a three-patch model which supports two hosts. The basic reproduction number is found for this model. For each type of model, we also formulate a set of stochastic differential equations. These stochastic models introduce variability through the demographic changes. Numerical examples illustrate the dynamics of each of the models. The models have applications to Hantavirus in wild rodents as well as other zoonotic diseases with multiple hosts.
The Substrate Specificity of MutY for Hyperoxidized Guanine Lesions in Vivo<sup>†</sup>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The DNA damage product 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanine (8-oxoG) is a commonly used\nbiomarker of oxidative stress. The mutagenic potential of this DNA lesion is mitigated in <i>Escherichia\ncoli</i> by multiple enzymes. One of these enzymes, MutY, excises an A mispaired with 8-oxoG as part of\nthe process to restore the original G:C base pair. However, numerous studies have shown that 8-oxoG is\nchemically labile toward further oxidation. Here, we examine the activity of MutY on the 8-oxoG oxidation\nproducts guanidinohydantoin (Gh), two diastereomers of spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp1 and Sp2), oxaluric\nacid (Oa), and urea (Ur). Single-stranded viral genomes containing a site-specific lesion were constructed\nand replicated in <i>E. coli</i> that are either proficient in DNA repair or that lack MutY. These lesions were\nfound previously to be potently mutagenic in repair competent bacteria, and we report here that these\n8-oxoG-derived lesions are equally miscoding when replicated in <i>E. coli</i> lacking MutY; no significant\nchange in mutation identity or frequency is observed. Interestingly, however, in the presence of MutY,\nSp1 and Sp2 are more toxic than in cells lacking this repair enzyme.
THEORY OF TECHNOLOGY AND METHODS OF ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF HIGH-STRENGTH NANOSTRUCTURED COATINGS FOR ENHANCED SERVICE CHARACTERISTICS OF MILITARY AND CIVIL EQUIPMENT OBJECTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Modern military and civil equipment objects need to improve the service properties of the most critical and loaded contacting elements, which determine their tactical and technical characteristics. So far, traditional and new materials have exhausted such possibilities in many aspects. These capabilities can be dramatically increased by means of strengthening, in particular, application of nanostructured high-strength and multilayer nitride coatings based on titanium nitrides, zirconium, etc., as well as modified vacuum condensates. At the same time, for structural elements with closeshaped contacting surfaces, it is important to choose the structure, composition and methods of application of these high-strength and multilayer nitride coatings and pseudoalloys only in parallel with the analysis of their contact interaction. For this purpose, the paper develops new variational statements of contact problems, perform analysis and develop recommendations on improving the service properties of contacting elements of military and civil equipment objects by forming high-strength and multilayer nitride coatings and pseudoalloys. It is the combination of new author’s approaches in contact mechanics and in the physics of nanostructured metals, on the other hand, that provides the basis for breakthrough technical solutions of modern military and civil equipment objects with increased their tactical and technical characteristics: battle tanks, armored vehicles, robotic combat platforms, turbomachines.
Understanding the Relationship Between Global and Diversity Learning Practice Types, Critical Thinking and Awareness of Self and Others in College Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ability to think critically and complexly amid novel experiences that require self- and other-awareness is something that leaders in an array of social institutions seek to develop in their communities. Global and Diversity Learning (GDL) practices, one category of high impact practices (Kuh, 2008), aim to increase students’ awareness of self and others and imbue critical thinking skills that will help students see how their own background and experiences interact with those of peers. This study aims to understand the relationship of four GDL practices (education abroad, multicultural programming, intercultural living-learning communities, and global studies coursework) to desired learning outcomes. Through completing ANCOVAs and multiple regression analyses on an existing dataset of GDL participants, this study demonstrates the influence of gender, socio-economic status, and citizenship within GDL practice types. The study findings also reveal significant differences between group members’ other awareness and critical thinking capacity. Understanding how different GDL practice types affect capacity development will allow university leadership to direct collaboration between departments and align programming, to allocate resources more effectively, and communicate potential outcomes based on empirical data.
Towards Virtual Research Environments for Open Science: The Case of Agro-Environmental Modelling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Tackling some of the grand global challenges, agro-environmental research has turned more and more into international collaboration, where distributed research teams work together to solve complex research questions. Moreover, the interdisciplinary character of these challenges requires that a large diversity of different data sources and information is combined in new and innovative ways. There is a pressing need to support scientists with environments that allow them to efficiently work together and co-develop research. As research is often data-intensive, and big data becomes a common part of a fair amount of research, such environments should also offer the resources, tools, and workflows that allow the processing of data at scale if needed. Virtual Research Environments (VREs), which combine working in the Cloud with collaborative functions and state of the art data science tools, can be a potential solution. This paper describes how such a VRE, configured and run by the D4Science organisation, was successfully used in the AGINFRA PLUS European Horizon 2020 project to: (i) support exploratory modelling; (ii) run the WOFOST crop simulation model at scale using the standard service oriented interfaces of the available e-Infrastructure; (iii) present data in a web based dashboard; and (iv) sharing of data, notebooks, and models between VRE users. The VRE has meanwhile been evaluated by a substantial group of scientists from the targeted agro-environmental modelling communities with positive feedback in general. Organisational support and interoperability with systems already in use are mentioned as the main concerns. Achieving broad uptake and adoption however can be a challenge, as researchers currently can choose from or are already using quite a few similar tools and environments. Continued, iterative, development driven by user feedback, towards clear key advantages for researchers could prove helpful.
Cultural Ecosystem Services in the Natura 2000 Network: Introducing Proxy Indicators and Conflict Risk in Greece

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Within the ecosystem services framework, cultural ecosystem services (CES) have rarely been applied in state-wide surveys of protected area networks. Through a review of available data and online research, we present 22 potential proxy indicators of non-material benefits people may obtain from nature in Natura sites in Greece. Despite the limitations due to data scarcity, this first distance-based study screens a recently expanded protected area system (446 Natura sites) providing steps towards an initial CES capacity review, site prioritization and data gap screening. Results identify hot spot Natura sites for CES values and wider areas of importance for the supply of CES. Additionally, a risk analysis mapping exercise explores the potential risk of conflict in the Natura sites, due to proposed wind farm developments. Α number of sites that may suffer serious degradation of CES values due to the large number of proposed wind turbines within these protected areas is identified, with 26% of Greece’s Natura sites showing serious and high risk of degradation of their aesthetic values. Screening-level survey exercises such as these may play an important role in advancing conservation effectiveness by increasing the appreciation of the multiple benefits provided by Natura protected areas. Based on this review, we propose recommendations through an adaptive approach to CES inventory and research initiatives in the protected area network.
Impact of Media-Induced Fear on the Control of COVID-19 Outbreak: A Mathematical Study

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the world in threat for a long time. It was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. This disease is mainly caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). So far, no vaccine or medicine has been developed for the proper treatment of this disease, so people are afraid of getting infected. The pandemic has placed many nations at the door of socioeconomic emergencies. Therefore, it is very important to predict the development trend of this epidemic, and we know mathematical modelling is a basic tool to research the dynamic behaviour of disease and predict the spreading trend of the disease. In this study, we have formulated a mathematical model for the COVID-19 outbreak by introducing a quarantine class with media-induced fear in the disease transmission rate to analyze the dynamic behaviour of this epidemic. We have calculated the basic reproduction number R 0 , and we observed that when R 0 < 1, disease-free equilibrium is globally stable whereas if R 0 > 1, then the system is permanent and there exists a unique endemic equilibrium point. Global stability of the endemic equilibrium point is developed by using Li and Muldowney’s high-dimensional Bendixson criterion. Finally, some numerical simulations are performed using MATLAB to verify our analytical results.
Engineering cell lines for production of replication defective HSV‐1 gene therapy vectors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) represents an attractive vehicle for a variety of gene therapy applications. To render this virus safe for clinical use, its cytotoxic genes must be removed without losing its ability to express transgenes efficiently. Our vectors are deleted for the essential immediate early genes ICP4 and ICP27. These genes are controlled by unique promoters having enhancer elements responsive to a viral structural protein VP16. The expression of these genes occurs prior to the activation of all other lytic functions and is thus required to initiate and complete the virus replication cycle. For large scale manufacture of clinical grade vectors, efficient cell lines must be generated that express the essential viral gene products in trans during vector propagation. Here we describe methods for engineering HSV‐1 production cell lines that improve vector growth by altering the kinetics of complementing gene expression. We examined the ability of Vero cells independently transduced with ICP4 and ICP27 under transcriptional control of their respective promoters to support the growth of a replication defective vector (JDTOZHE), deleted for ICP4, ICP27 and approximately 20 kb of internal elements that are not required for virus growth in Vero cells. Vector yield on this cell line was 3 logs lower than wild‐type virus grown on Vero cells. To understand the mechanism underlying poor vector yield, we examined the expression of ICP4 and ICP27 during virus complementation. While ICP27 was expressed immediately on vector infection, the expression of ICP4 was considerably delayed by 8–10 h, suggesting that the ICP4 promoter was not adequately activated by VP16 delivered by the infectious vector particle. Use of the ICP0 promoter to express ICP4 from the cellular genome resulted in higher induction levels and faster kinetics of ICP4 expression and a 10‐fold improvement in vector yield. This study suggests that vector complementation is highly dependent on the kinetics of complementing gene expression and can lead to large differences in vector yield. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1087–1097. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Humic Acid Binder on the Preparation of Oxidized Pellets from Vanadium-Bearing Titanomagnetite Concentrate

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to pursue the goal of low-carbon ironmaking, a new type of humic acid (HA)-based binder was applied to the preparation of oxidized pellets from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite (VTM) in this work. Effects of the HA binder (or with limestone) on the balling, preheating, and roasting behaviors of VTM were comparatively studied with bentonite. The embedded features of each mineral phase in sintered pellets, especially the crystallization and growth state of hematite grains, were deeply investigated by XRD, optical microscopy, and SEM–EDS measures. The binder dosage can be cut down by 50% when HA was used instead of bentonite. Fine hematite grains in HA pellets evolved into plump interlocking grains with ~5% of limestone addition. Pseudobrookite and magnesioferrite spinel phase formed at the optimal sintering temperature of 1250 °C, which could hinder the crystallization of hematite and affect the strength of final pellets.
Access to Justice and Democratic Governance in Cameroon: Which Lessons in the Light of Constitutional Justice?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Through the constitutional law of January 18, 1996, Cameroon endowed itself with a constitutional justice. The question is to what extent do the mechanisms of access to constitutional justice contribute to the democratic governance of the country? To analyse this fact, it appears that the mechanisms of access to constitutional justice in Cameroon are highly prohibitive and deny the rule of law and participatory democracy; all things that are resolutely situated at the antipodes of a democratic governance.
The struggle for recognition: Axel Honneth´s contributions for a moral (and liberal) grammar of social conflicts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the present article I will uphold that Honneth´s version of the theory of recognition (as a logical consequence of Hegel´s concept of ´Sittlichkeit´) has relevant dimensions for the analysis of social conflicts and for the development of social theory in general. I will analyze the arguments in favor of a “normative” content for social theory and I will argue, following Honneth, that the main cause of conflict in the theory of recognition works as a critic of the classic model of conflict in modern social thought (the model of material “survival” in Machiavelli and Hobbes). Later, I will outline the core characteristics that this theory may acquire in the discussion of the communitarian possibilities in democratic life. Lastly, I will point out in the conclusions the main advantages and potentialities that the theory of recognition could eventually gain in every intellectual or politi cal conversation that intent to engage current democratic shapes: in this sense, I think it is possible to affirm that this theory is a fundamental input in the task of shaping a liberal conception of social conflicts
SUMOylation Site Identification Via FRET Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This year’s influenza is estimated to affect more than 20 million people in the United States alone. Although influenza has been extensively researched, it still remains a major public health threat every year. Current methods to cull the spread of the influenza virus are vaccination and anti‐influenza virus drugs. Although these methods can be effective, the infuenza’s capacity to mutate and undergo antigenic shift make these methods fall short. SUMOylation is a post‐translational modification that is important for cellular processes as well as protein function and stability. The dysregulation of SUMOylation has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, many different types of cancers, and viral infections. SUMOylation has been shown to be an important host factor for the influenza A virus but the mechanism still needs to be better understood. Currently, the methodology to identify SUMOylated lysine residues relies on immunodetection after site‐directed mutagenesis. Although this method has yielded great success, it is prone to false positives due to a lack of sensitivity or the breakdown of the isopeptide bond from endogenous SENP. We have developed a highly‐sensitive FRET‐based methodology to identify the exact lysine residue that is targeted by SUMOylation in the NS1 protein of the influenza virus (Figure ). Using our method, we found lysine 131 was SUMOylated, contrary to previous findings (Figure ). Our method can be applied to other proteins and ubiquitin‐like modifications to identify important residues and evaluate posttranslational modifications as druggable targets for cancer and antiviral therapies. Development of in vitro FRET‐based SUMOylation assay of IAV NS1. A) FRET‐based SUMOylation assay of NS1. If a lysine residue is responsible for SUMOylation, the mutation of the lysine residue to alanine will result in a decrease of the FRET emission at 530 nm given a 414 nm excitation. B) The EmFRET RFU is specific to the SUMOylation of NS1, provided the requirements of SUMOylation (SAE1, E2, and ATP). Figure 1 Determination of SUMOylated lysine residues of NS1. A) Table of NS1 lysine mutants for the FRET assay. B) Systematic mutation of NS1 lysine residues to alanine. Figure 2
The Relationship between the Spatial Distribution of Mega-scale Logistics Facilities and Associated Freight Traffic

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Contemporary supply chains require logistics facilities that have a much larger footprint than traditional warehouses. Due to the shortage of available land in cities, many of those logistics facilities have been developed in the suburbs. Practitioners and researchers alike are concerned about the inefficiency of the spatial distribution of logistics facilities and the associated traffic impacts. This study focuses on multi-story, multi-tenant facilities (MMF) that are for-lease facilities which are usually extremely large with multiple-story structures. We use the framework of the agent-based urban freight simulator to evaluate the impact of truck traffic associated with the MMFs.
Sesquiterpene lactones and other chemical constituents of Mikania hoehnei R.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Phytochemical study of Mikania hoehnei yielded lupeyl acetate, stigmasterol, b-sitosterol, campesterol, b-sitosteryl glucopyranoside, stigmasteryl glucopyranoside, benzil 2,6-dimethoxybenzoate, luteolin, kaempferol and two sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone and 8b-hydroxyzaluzanin D. IR, ¹H and 13C NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with previously reported data were used for the identification of these compounds.
Hydrodynamics of membrane bioreactors

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) are used in wastewater treatment processes providing copious advantages such as superior effluent quality, smaller footprint, better disinfection capability, higher volumetric loading and less sludge production as compared to conventional wastewater treatment processes. However, the major drawbacks in MBRs include membrane fouling and high energy consumption caused by aeration in the processes. The development of Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (SMBR) in the late 80’s had shown reduction in the energy consumption with aeration to induce a cross-flow. In this study, investigation was carried out on the effect of centralized aeration on the membrane fouling behaviour under a constant permeate flux. The main purpose is to understand and optimise the hydrodynamic conditions in the bubble column reactor to minimise membrane fouling and to save on operating cost. Desirable membrane filtration performances were observed for bentonite suspension test at a constant flux of 71.66 L/m2∙hr and for yeast suspension test at a constant flux of 28.66 L/m2∙hr. Generally, the magnitude of membrane fouling rate (dTMP/dt) decreases with an increase in air flow rates, especially when the membrane module was placed close to the air sparger together with a moderately high aeration. Enhanced membrane filtration performance were observed in the study because strong turbulence can caused homogenous mixing and reduced concentration polarization. Lastly, in the yeast suspension test under a constant permeate flux of 28.66 L/m2∙hr, where dTMP/dt appeared steady and the rise was relatively slow.