jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Effect on Tree Radial Growth Depends on Drought and Tree Sizes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tree radial growth is one of the most direct measures of tree performance and is also sensitive to climate. Growth performance is the consequence of the interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes. However, the effect of the evolutionary relatedness among species (i.e., phylogeny) on tree radial growth, especially under stressful conditions, remains largely unknown. Furthermore, there is still no ecological evidence for the influence of phylogeny on tree growth across different tree attributes (i.e., tree diameter variation and tree canopy height) and topographic habitat types. We used Blomberg's K to quantify the tree growth phylogenetic signal (TGPS) using two long‐term dendrometer data sets: one a continuous census of 225 tree species at 3‐month intervals in a tropical forest in southwest China from 2009 to 2017; the other, 12 tree species measured at 6‐month intervals in a temperate forest in Washington State, USA from 2013 to 2019. We found that TGPS values were higher in the temperate forest than in the tropical forest. Precipitation, tree diameter, canopy strata, and habitat types all influenced TGPS values. TGPS values were significantly ( p < 0.05) and negatively related to precipitation in Xishuangbanna, and the three of four tree diameter classes in the temperate forest, respectively. Stressful growing conditions arose from either based on low precipitation or among large‐diameter trees competing with each other in the upper canopy led to phylogenetic conservatism in trees' radial growth performance. We conclude that phylogeny is pivotal to understanding the growth response differences among species and their responses to climate variability.
PDE4B as a microglia target to reduce neuroinflammation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The importance of microglia in immune homeostasis within the brain is undisputed. Their role in a diversity of neurological and psychiatric diseases as well as CNS injury is the subject of much investigation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a critical regulator of microglia homeostasis; as the predominant negative modulator of cyclic AMP signaling within microglia, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) represents a promising target for modulating immune function. PDE4 expression is regulated by inflammation, and in turn, PDE4 inhibition can alter microglia reactivity. As the prototypic PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram, was tested clinically in the 1980s, drug discovery and clinical development of PDE4 inhibitors have been severely hampered by tolerability issues involving nausea and emesis. The two PDE4 inhibitors approved for peripheral inflammatory disorders (roflumilast and apremilast) lack brain penetration and are dose‐limited by side effects making them unsuitable for modulating microglial function. Subtype selective inhibitors targeting PDE4B are of high interest given the critical role PDE4B plays in immune function versus the association of PDE4D with nausea and emesis. The challenges and requirements for successful development of a novel brain‐penetrant PDE4B inhibitor are discussed in the context of early clinical development strategies. Furthermore, the challenges of monitoring the state of microglia in vivo are highlighted, including a description of the currently available tools and their limitations. Continued drug discovery efforts to identify safe and well‐tolerated, brain‐penetrant PDE4 inhibitors are a reflection of the confidence in the rationale for modulation of this target to produce meaningful therapeutic benefit in a wide range of neurological conditions and injury. GLIA 2016;64:1698–1709
Differential Effect of Mucosal NKp44+ Innate Lymphoid Cells and Δγ Cells on Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Outcome in Rhesus Macaques

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract NK cells are essential for controlling viral infections. We investigated NK cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) dynamics and function in rhesus macaque rectal tissue and blood following mucosal priming with replicating adenovirus (Ad)–SIV recombinants, systemic boosting with SIV envelope protein, and subsequent repeated low-dose intravaginal SIV exposures. Mucosal memory-like NK and ILC subsets in rectal and vaginal tissues of chronically infected macaques were also evaluated. No differences in NK cell or ILC frequencies or cytokine production were seen between vaccinated and Ad-empty/alum controls, suggesting responses were due to the Ad-vector and alum vaccine components. Mucosal NKp44+ ILCs increased postvaccination and returned to prelevels postinfection. The vaccine regimen induced mucosal SIV-specific Ab, which mediated Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and was correlated with mucosal NKp44+CD16+ ILCs. Postvaccination NKp44+ and NKp44+IL-17+ ILC frequencies were associated with delayed SIV acquisition and decreased viremia. In chronically SIV-infected animals, NKp44+ ILCs negatively correlated with viral load, further suggesting a protective effect, whereas, NKG2A− NKp44− double-negative ILCs positively correlated with viral load, indicating a pathogenic role. No such associations of circulating NK cells were seen. Δγ NK cells in mucosal tissues of chronically infected animals exhibited impaired cytokine production compared with non-Δγ NK cells but responded to anti-gp120 Ab and Gag peptides, whereas non-Δγ NK cells did not. Mucosal Δγ NKp44+ and Δγ DN cells were similarly associated with protection and disease progression, respectively. Thus, the data suggest NKp44+ ILCs and Δγ cells contribute to SIV infection outcomes. Vaccines that promote mucosal NKp44+ and suppress double-negative ILCs are likely desirable.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Nutrient Content and Their Uptake by Soybean Crop (Glycine max L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aim: To study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on nutrient content and uptake by soybean crop (Glycine max L.). Study Design: Randomized block design. Place and Duration of Study: One-year field experiment at Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Abhilashi University, Chail Chowk, Mandi, (H.P.), during kharif of 2023. Methodology: The experiment was conducted with three replications and nine treatments viz. T1= Absolute control, T2= 100% RDF, T3= 100% RDF + Rhizobium, T4 = 75% RDF + 25% N by FYM, T5= 75% RDF + 25% N by Vermicompost, T6= 50% RDF + 50% N by FYM, T7= 50% RDF + 50% N by Vermicompost, T8= 50% RDF + Rhizobium + 25% N by FYM + 25% N by Vermicompost and T9= 100% RDF + Rhizobium + 25% N by FYM + 25% N by Vermicompost. Results: The study of the data revealed that there is a non-significant effect of integrated nutrient management practices on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grains and straw of soybean crop, whereas, the application of treatment T9 noted the highest content of these nutrients in grains and straw of the soybean crop. Treatment T9 also recorded the significantly maximum uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by grains, straw and total uptake by soybean crop, which was statistically at par with treatments T3 and T2. However, the minimum content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grains and straw along with their uptake by grains, straw and total uptake by soybean crop were found under the treatment T1 during the field experiment. Conclusion: This study showed that the different integrated nutrient management practices do not affect the content of nutrients in soybean crop significantly, however, it has significantly affected the uptake of nutrients by soybean crop.
End-to-end spectral response characterization of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System sensors from 0.3 to 200 microns

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments each contain three spectrally broadband scanning sensors operating in the bands from 0.3 to 5 /spl mu/m, 8 to 12 /spl mu/m and 0.3 to >150 /spl mu/m. The broad spectral response of the third band is limited only by the reflectance of two protected silver coated mirrors and the response of a thermistor bolometer detector. The end-to-end relative spectral response of this sensor over the entire spectral range must be accurately measured to permit longwave radiometric calibration with a blackbody radiance standard. This spectral response is measured with a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) as a source for a vacuum chamber facility which operates over the entire spectral range from 0.3 to 200 /spl mu/m. The FTS is capable of operating in a step scan mode so that the dwell at each point in the interferogram is long enough for the CERES sensor to respond at a time constant of 8 milliseconds. The sensor's relative spectral response is referenced to a windowless, uncoated pyroelectric trap detector consisting of two specular detectors in a wedge configuration. This wedge produces a total of 10 reflections of input radiant power from the two detector surfaces. The resulting spectral absorptance of the reference detector is flat and or well characterized over most of the spectral range from 0.3 to 200 /spl mu/m. The facility and reference detector designs and spectral measurement techniques are described. Measurements made to validate the pyroelectric reference detector performance are presented.< >
Automatic accuracy management of quantum programs via (near-)symbolic resource estimation.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

When compiling programs for fault-tolerant quantum computers, approximation errors must be taken into account. We propose a methodology that tracks such errors automatically and solves the optimization problem of finding accuracy parameters that guarantee a specified overall accuracy while aiming to minimize a custom implementation cost. The core idea is to extract constraint and cost functions directly from the high-level description of the quantum program. Then, our custom compiler passes optimize these functions, turning them into (near-)symbolic expressions for (1) the total error and (2) the implementation cost (e.g., total gate count). All unspecified parameters of the quantum program will show up as variables in these expressions, including accuracy parameters. After solving the corresponding optimization problem, a circuit can be instantiated from the found solution. We develop two prototype implementations, one in C++ based on Clang/LLVM, and another using the Q# compiler infrastructure. We benchmark our prototypes on typical quantum computing programs, including the quantum Fourier transform, quantum phase estimation, and Shor's algorithm.
Positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges in Kathmandu thunderstorms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The occurrence of positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges in thunderstorms in the vicinity of Kathmandu, Nepal (27.4°N, 85.2°E) has been recorded during the 21‐month period from March 1987 to November 1988 inclusive, using the daily registrations of a CGR3 lightning flash counter that provided records of the approximate numbers of positive ground flashes, negative ground flashes, and cloud flashes, with effective ranges of about 12 km for cloud flashes, 14 km for negative ground flashes, and 16 km for positive ground flashes. The detection of positive ground flashes was based on the presence of a relatively large negative‐going step in the electric field change caused by the positive return stroke in the discharge. It was found that the overall mean proportion of positive ground flashes to all ground flashes was 0.28, and that the overall mean positive ground flash density was 0.6 km −2 yr −1 . The uncertainty in these values is about ±50%. The proportions of positive ground flashes in three of the climatic periods in the year were 0.26 in the premonsoon period (February to May inclusive), 0.34 in the monsoon period (June to August inclusive), and 0.38 in the postmonsoon period (September to November inclusive). This apparent increase in the proportion is accompanied by a seasonal decline in electrical activity, the premonsoon period being the most active, and the postmonsoon the least active. The increase also appears to be associated with a decrease in the proportion of cloud flashes to total flashes. The proportion of positive ground flashes is larger than is observed in most low‐altitude tropical and subtropical sites but is smaller than that observed in winter thunderstorms at some higher‐latitude sites. Possible reasons for the relatively high rate of occurrence of positive ground flashes (unsupported by concurrent atmospheric soundings) are the site altitude, thundercloud charge heights, vertical wind shear and the mountainous nature of the terrain.
Predictoren voor de effectiviteit van Cognitieve Gedragstherapie in de preventie van depressie bij adolescenten

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

To understand how Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can contribute to depression prevention in adolescents and what factors should be taken into account in practice, it is important to distinguish factors that predict the effectiveness of CBT for depression prevention in adolescents. Current research has therefore examined whether age group, gender, school level and ethnicity are predictors for the effectiveness of a whole CBT-prevention program (consisting of 12 sessions), and for the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral modules separately (all 3 sessions). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI-2). The data included data from N = 145 participants and a multiple regression analysis was performed. Results showed that age group, gender, and school level were not significant predictors of the effectiveness of CBT. Ethnicity was found to be a predictor, with depressive symptoms decreasing more in Dutch ethnicity than in non-Dutch ethnicity. With respect to the cognitive modules, no significant differences were found for change in depressive symptoms according to age, gender, and ethnicity. However, school level did provide a significant result, with the effectiveness of the cognitive modules of CBT found to be highest for adolescents with low school levels. For the behavioral modules, none of the variables significantly predicted the effect. The findings provide recommendations for professionals using CBT in the context of depression prevention among adolescents. More research is needed to confirm current results and gain further insight into for whom CBT works.
Biomass Yield of 37 Different SRC Poplar Varieties Grown on a Typical Site in North Eastern Germany

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A total of 37 different poplar varieties were grown in a randomized mini-rotation short rotation coppice (SRC) (harvest every three years) on a light sandy soil under continental climatic conditions in the south of the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. Along with well-known poplar varieties, newly bred ones that have not yet been approved for commercial use were selected for this study. Survival rates were determined after the first growing season in 2013 as well as at the first and second harvests in 2015 and 2018. Furthermore, the number of shoots, plant height, diameter at breast height, dry matter content and biomass yield of the varieties were recorded. After the second rotation period, only seven poplar varieties yielded more than 11 tadm ha−1 y−1 and can be recommended for commercial use. However, many varieties only reached about 8 tadm ha−1 y−1, and six varieties even had less than 4 tadm ha−1 y−1, among them newly bred varieties. Given the changing climate conditions, the cultivation of these varieties in SRC is not recommended. Our data also show that the biomass yield of several varieties decreased from the first to the second harvests. Since the survival rates were high and no damage by pest species was observed, the site-specific yield capacities of the individual clones are assumed to be the cause for this.
Coexistence of a left posteroseptal tract with persistent left superior vena cava. Ablation through an anomalous superior vena cava.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of a young male with WPW syndrome due to a left posteroseptal tract associated with a persistent left superior vena cava is described. After unsuccessful ablation attempts with a number of different approaches at conventional target sites, the accessory connection was successfully ablated within the coronary sinus. This was achieved only when the ablation catheter was introduced through the persistent left superior vena cava.
Atanassov's Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Linguistic Multicriteria Group Decision-Making Method Based on the Trapezium Cloud Model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The cloud model, which can implement uncertain transformation between a qualitative concept and its quantitative instantiations, has attracted great attention in multicriteria decision-making problems with linguistic information. This paper proposes some operations and a possibility degree of trapezium clouds, as well as several new aggregation operators: the trapezium cloud weighted arithmetic averaging operator, the trapezium cloud ordered weighted arithmetic averaging operator, and the trapezium cloud hybrid arithmetic operator. Moreover, a method with Atanassov's interval-valued intuitionistic linguistic numbers (AIVILNs) based on trapezium clouds is presented, which can provide solutions to multicriteria group decision-making problems with Atanassov's interval-valued intuitionistic linguistic information. In this method, AIVILNs are first converted into trapezium clouds and aggregated by trapezium cloud aggregation operators. Then, the ranking of alternatives is determined by the possibility degree matrix of trapezium clouds. Finally, an illustrative example confirming the validity and feasibility of the proposed method is given.
Pharmacokinetic Characterization and Tissue Distribution of Fusion Protein Therapeutics by Orthogonal Bioanalytical Assays and Minimal PBPK Modeling

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Characterization of pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and target tissue distribution of therapeutic fusion proteins (TFPs) are critical in supporting in vivo efficacy. We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of an investigational TFP consisting of human immunoglobulin G4 fused to the modified interferon alpha by orthogonal bioanalytical assays and applied minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to characterize the TFP pharmacokinetics in mouse. The conventional ligand binding assay (LBA), immunocapture-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (IC-LC/MS) detecting the human IgG4 peptide or the interferon alpha peptide were developed to measure the TFP concentrations in mouse plasma and tumor. The minimal PBPK model incorporated a tumor compartment model was used for data fitting. The plasma clearance measured by LBA and IC-LC/MS was comparable in the range of 0.5–0.6 mL/h/kg. However, the tumor exposure measured by the generic human IgG4 IC-LC/MS was significantly underestimated compared with the interferon alpha specific IC-LC/MS and LBA. Furthermore, the minimal PBPK model simultaneously captured the relationship between plasma and tissue exposure. We proposed the streamlined practical strategy to characterize the plasma exposure and tumor distribution of a TFP by both LBA and IC-LC/MS. The minimal PBPK modeling was established for better understanding of pharmacokinetic profile of investigational TFPs in the biotherapeutic discovery.
Medulloblastoma with epithelioid features in the cerebellar vermis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A 6‐year‐old girl was admitted with a mass lesion in the cerebellar vermis. She underwent subtotal tumor resection, and on immunohistopathology the tumor consisted of two different parts: typical medulloblastoma (MB) characteristics and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) features, despite positive integrase interactor 1 expression. The patient was diagnosed with MB with epithelioid features. Chemoradiation therapy was started because of tumor recurrence at the primary site and dissemination to the spinal cord, as determined on magnetic resonance imaging 2 weeks after surgery. The patient died due to tumor progression 13 months after initial diagnosis, although transient partial remission was achieved.
A Simplified Approach for Unstable Scaphoid Fracture Fixation Using the Acutrak Screw

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ann Arbor, Mich. From the Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System. Received for publication August 3, 2001; revised September 26, 2001. Kevin C. Chung, M.D. Section of Plastic Surgery The University of Michigan Health System 1500 E. Medical Center Drive 2130 Taubman Center Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109-0340[email protected]
Leadership, change management and social sourcing

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

• Basic principles of Change Management\n• Group practice\n• TheoryU and Social Networking theory as framework for Leadership\n\n• Theory about Lean thinking as a method for improving Leadership skills and strategy deployment\n• Group practice in collegial peer coaching\n• Summary and mission setting for personal practice\nCollege Master MIM Tilburg University/TiasNimbas Business School
CO2 Emissions from air transport

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

By moving goods and people over large distances, air transport facilitates international trade and tourism and thus contributes to economic growth and job creation. At the same time, it also comes with environmental challenges, largely related to air emissions and their impact on global warming. Air transport has been disproportionately negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with associated reductions in air emissions. However, recent projections show that, in the absence of accelerated technological developments and more ambitious policy measures, aviation-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will grow again at a rapid pace after the pandemic. This paper describes a new OECD database providing near-real-time and global information on aviation-related CO2 emissions, with allocations across countries following either the territory or the residence principle. This database provides a public good for both statistical measurement and environmental policy analysis. On the statistical front, it will facilitate the compilation of global Air Emission Accounts according to the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA), bring granular and timely information on a significant source of CO2 emissions, and allow tracking their evolution during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison with official statistics that are available with a significant delay and at lower frequency demonstrates the accuracy of the OECD estimates. On the environmental policy front, it is expected that the OECD database will help monitor the impact of technological developments and policy measures to curb aviation-related CO2 emissions in the future.
Effects of water in organic solvents on the synergistic extraction of zinc(II) with pivaloyltrifluoroacetone and 1,10-phenanthroline.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

亜鉛 (II) を1,1,1-トリフルオロ-5,5-ジメチル-2,4-ヘキサンジオン (ピバロイルトリフルオロアセトン, PTA) を含む有機溶媒又は1,10-フェナントロリン (phen) とPTAの混合溶液に抽出したときの分配比から, クロロホルム, 四塩化炭素, ヘキサン中でのZn(PTA)2のphen付加錯体の生成定数, β1 (β1=[Zn(PTA)2・phen]o[Zn(PTA)2]o-1[phen]o-1) を決定した. log β1を純溶媒中への水の飽和溶解度の対数値に対してプロットすると, 傾き-2の直線となった. これは, 付加錯体生成平衡は, 2分子の水が関与した平衡Zn(PTA)2・2H2O(o)+phen(o)→←Zn(PTA)2・phen(o)+2H2O(o), で表すことができ, この平衡定数は溶媒によらず一定であることを示す. 今回の結果は, 従来, 抽出にかかわる化学種の活量や溶媒の極性から説明されていた協同抽出の溶媒効果が, 化学量論的な化学平衡によることを示した.