jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Learning German One-on-One through Guided Independent Study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Situation: your department is small; your first-year courses are always full, but more advanced courses have marginal enrollments. The dean says that you can offer only a very limited number of lowenrollment advanced courses. The only way you can justify offering more courses is to increase enrollments, but students complain that reason they don't enroll is lack of variety and choice: Catch-22. How do you escape from this vicious circle? The situation described occurs, unfortunately, with increasing frequency. enrollments have been declining even faster than those of foreign languages in general, and it is a difficult situation to deal with. My own way of increasing options has been to develop a program of guided independent study courses that offer our majors and other advanced students some options beyond our limited offerings, but that cost relatively little time and effort to administer-a sine qua non, since these courses don't count as part of one's regular teaching load. The program seems effective both in meeting student needs and in increasing our enrollment. Since its effectiveness derives at least in part from way it came into existence, let me describe briefly that process of development. In 1968 University of Rochester asked me to design a that would teach students with little or no prior background in how to read without worrying about other language skills, in hope of increasing enrollments in undergraduate literature courses. While that particular was not an overwhelming success, problem of the reading course had caught my attention, and when I moved to Cleveland State University in 1970, I developed a Reading Tutorial course.' In 1973 I worked with my colleague, late Professor Robert Oszlanyi, on designing a new Scientific German that had no language prerequisites, and in 1975 I took over myself. This began to interact with independent-study Reading Tutorial to produce, over several years, a remarkably effective and unusual in Reading Technical German.2
Computerised Interpretation of Fetal Heart Rate During Labour (INFANT): A Randomized Controlled Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(Lancet . 2017;389:1719–1729) Although continuous electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring in labor has been widely used for several years, its ability to significantly improve neonatal outcomes has not yet been realized. The difficulty of correctly interpreting FHR tracings has been suggested as a contributing factor to this lack of improved outcomes.
[Minutes of the 2013 China rhinology annual meeting].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

由中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志编辑委员会鼻科组和中华医学会耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学分会鼻科学组主办、南京医科大学第一附属医院（江苏省人民医院）和苏州大学附属第一医院协办的＂2013年全国鼻科年会暨第五届鼻部感染与变态反应疾病专题学术会议＂于2013年7月4-6日在江苏省苏州市举行（图1）.开幕式由中华医学会杂志社副社长魏均民编审和中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志副总编许庚教授主持,本刊总编辑韩德民教授（图2）、中华医学会耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学分会主任委员韩东一教授（图3）、江苏省医学会耳鼻咽喉科学分会主任委员程雷教授、苏州大学附属第一医院葛建一院长分别致辞.
Change of Weed Community in No-till Corn with Legume Cover Crops as Living Mulch

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

이른 봄 녹비피복작물 생육에 따른 잡초의 발생은 헤어리베치구에서 크림손클로버구의 76%수준이었으며, 발생한 잡초총은 헤어리베치구에서 4종(냉이, 쇠별꽃, 점나도나물 및 꽃다지), 크림손클로버구에서 3종(냉이, 쇠별꽃 및 꽃다지)이었다. 두 피복작물 재배지에서 발생한 잡초 중 냉이는 다른 초종보다 현저히 많았고, 이에 따른 건물생산량도 가장 높았다. 크림손클로버구는 냉이 외에도 쇠별꽃의 개체수가 많았으며, 건물생산량도 쇠별꽃이 가장 높았다. 옥수수 생육중기의 경작지 발생 잡초는 관행구에서 9종으로 다양하였으며, 잡초의 개체수도 가장 많았다. 한편 헤어리베치구와 크림손클로버구의 발생 잡초는 각각 4종과 6종이었으며, 건물생산량은 각각 관행구의 18과 25% 수준으로 낮았다. 옥수수 수확 후 각 재배지 발생 잡초는 관행구에서 초종이 현저히 감소하여 바랭이를 비롯한 5종, 헤어리베치와 크림손클로버구에서 각각 5종과 4종이었다. 잡초의 건물율은 관행구에서 23.5%였으며, 헤어리베치와 크림손클로버구는 각각 13.8과 14.7%로 관행구에 비해 현저히 낮았다. 한편 피복작물 재배구는 토양 피복에 의한 낮은 지온과 광차단 등으로 인하여 관행구에서 발생하지 않았던 쇠별꽃이 지속적으로 생육하였다. Cover crop can be used to suppress weeds by competition for light and nutrient. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of legume cover crops on change of weed community in no-till corn cultivation. Two legume cover crops, hairy vetch and crimson clover were grown in the field, and succeeding corn was sown on 4 May, 2010. The distribution of weed was surveyed at 15 April, 1 June, and 20 August. At 15 April, the weed biomass in hairy vetch field was higher than in crimson clover field. The dominant weeds were Capsella bursa-pastoris L. and Stellaria aquatica L. in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. At vegetative stage of corn, occurred weeds in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields were four and six species, respectively, while the weed was occurred with nine species in conventional. Also the dry weight of weed was decreased by 82 and 75% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields compared to conventional. On the other hand, after harvest of corn, occurred weed in hairy vetch, crimson clover and conventional was five, four and five species, respectively. Dry weight percentage of occurred weed in conventional was 23.5%, and the value was higher than 13.8 and 14.7% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. Stellaria aquatica L. as winter annual weed only occurred in cover crop field during corn growing season. It is these possibilities that low soil temperature and light interception by soil cover of legume cover crop.
Land Utilization under Homestead in Kerala: Current Status of Homestead Cultivation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper is an attempt to analyse the land use under homestead, the features of homestead gardening, its importance and socio economic profile of the homestead farmer. Homesteads are traditionally used for self-sufficiency. But due to rapid urbanization, we observe large scale conversion of agricultural land and fragmentation of holdings. In this context, homestead cultivation is considered to be the most suitable form of cultivation. The study finds the status of the homestead farmers, dependents on homestead and investigate cropping pattern of food crops and livestocks.
Elephantine Revisited

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Judean community at Elephantine has long fascinated historians of the Persian period. This book, with its stellar assemblage of important scholarly voices, provides substantive new insights and approaches that will advance the study of this well-known but not entirely understood community from fifth-century BCE Egypt.
Since Bezalel Porten’s pioneering Archives from Elephantine, published in 1968, the discourse on the subject of the community of Elephantine during the Persian period has changed considerably, due to new data from excavations, the discovery and publication of previously unknown texts, and original scholarly insights and avenues of inquiry. Running the gamut from archaeological to linguistic investigations and encompassing legal, literary, religious, and other aspects of life in this Judean community, this volume stands at a crossroads of research that extends from Hebrew Bible studies to the history of early Jewish communities. It also features fourteen new Aramaic ostraca from Aswan. The volume will appeal to students and scholars of the Hebrew Bible and ancient Judaism, as well as to a wider audience of Egyptologists, Semitists, and specialists in ancient Near Eastern studies.
In addition to the editor, the contributors to this volume include Annalisa Azzoni, Bob Becking, Alejandro F. Botta, Lester L. Grabbe, Ingo Kottsieper, Reinhard G. Kratz, André Lemaire, Hélène Nutkowicz, Beatrice von Pilgrim, Cornelius von Pilgrim, Bezalel Porten, Ada Yardeni, and Ran Zadok. Moreover, a video recording of an interview conducted with Porten on his long career in Elephantine studies accompanies the book through a link on the Eisenbrauns website.
Early English language learning materials in Finland - Action-based exercises in Jump in and Go

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Tutkielma käsittelee toiminnallisia tehtäviä varhennetun englannin opetukseen suunnatuissa oppikirjoissa Jump in ja Go. Vuosiluokkien 1-2 A1-kielen opetussuunnitelman perusteissa korostetaan, että opetuksessa tulisi korostua toiminnallisuus ja työtavoissa tulisi yhdistyä leikinomaisuus, musiikki, draama, pelit ja liike sekä eri aistien hyödyntäminen. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten paljon ja millaisia toiminnallisia tehtäviä varhennetun englannin oppimateriaaleissa on, sekä millaisia elementtejä nämä toiminnalliset tehtävät sisältävät. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että toiminnalliset työtavat voivat tukea oppimista ja ovat myös varhennettua kieltä opettavien opettajien suosimia tehtävätyyppejä. \n \nAineistona tutkimuksessa käytettiin Otavan Jump in -oppimateriaalia sekä Sanoma Pron Go -oppimateriaalia, jotka on molemmat suunnattu varhennetun englannin opetukseen. Tutkielmassa analysoitiin oppilaille tarkoitettuja oppikirjoja sekä opettajan digiopetusmateriaalia, mutta vain oppikirjojen sisältämät tehtävät analysoitiin yksityiskohtaisesti. Oppikirjojen toiminnalliset tehtävät analysoitiin fokusoiden niiden sisällöllisiin elementteihin. Analysoidut sisältöelementit olivat liike, musiikki, kirjoittaminen, lukeminen, draama sekä värittäminen/piirtäminen. Pelit luokiteltiin toiminnallisiksi tehtäviksi, mutta ne analysoitiin erikseen niiden suuren määrän vuoksi. \n \nTutkimuksen pohjalta voidaan todeta, että molemmat oppimateriaalit sisälsivät toiminnallisia tehtäviä, mutta tehtävät ja niiden elementit olivat erilaisia. Liike ja puhuminen olivat yleisimmät elementit toiminnallisissa tehtävissä, kun taas peleissä puhuminen oli yleisin elementti. Oppimateriaalien välillä oli myös eroavaisuuksia, sillä Go -oppikirjan toiminnalliset tehtävät sisälsivät enemmän draamaelementtejä, kun taas Jump in -oppikirja otti paremmin huomioon oppilaat, joiden lukutaito ei ole vielä vahva.
The Rise and Fall of Management of Innovation. The Transformation of a Concept and of Management Practice in the Knowledge Economy

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Management of innovation (as a concept) was invented by Burns and Stalker (1961). Managing innovations, of course, was the natural outcome of a process, which, among innovation theorists, has been called the Schumpeter Mk II mode, that is, the transformation of innovations to corporate research and development (R&D) departments. This phenomenon, discussed in Schumpeter (1943 [19811), was one of the consequences of the development of corporate capitalism, observed by Berle and Means (1932) and Burnham (1941) already but was a process with origins (also) in the German chemical industry in the late 19th century (cf. Schmookler, 1957; Freeman, 1974; Mowery & Rosenberg, 1998). This chapter argues that the management of innovation concept has become increasingly irrelevant for the understanding of management problems — and thus as a basis for management decisions — related to industrial change. The conditions for this loss of relevance were present in the 1980s already, that is, during the phase when management of innovation theory developed as a research field in academia. This loss of relevance is also, it is argued, related to the emerging problem of isolating 'innovations' from activities in general in the knowledge-based economy.
Baseline predictors for visual acuity loss during observation in diabetic macular oedema with good baseline visual acuity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To investigate clinical baseline characteristics and optical coherence tomography biomarkers predicting visual loss during observation in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and good baseline visual acuity (VA). Methods A sub‐analysis of a 12‐month, retrospective study, including patients with baseline VA ≤0.1 logMAR (≥20/25 Snellen) and centre‐involving DMO. The primary outcome measure was the correlation between baseline characteristics and VA loss ≥10 letters during follow‐up. Results A total of 249 eyes were included in the initial study, of which 147 eyes were observed and 80 eyes received anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment at baseline. Visual acuity (VA) loss ≥10 letters occurred in 21.8% (observed cohort) and in 24.3% (treated cohort), respectively. Within observed eyes, presence of hyperreflective foci [HRF; odds ratio (OR): 3.18, p = 0.046], and disorganization of inner retina layers (DRIL; OR: 2.71, p = 0.026) were associated with a higher risk of VA loss ≥10 letters. In observed eyes with a combined presence of HRF, DRIL and ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, the risk of VA loss was further increased (OR: 3.86, p = 0.034). In eyes with combined presence of DRIL, HRF and EZ disruption, risk of VA loss was 46.7% (7/15 eyes) in the observed cohort, and 26.3% (5/19 eyes) in the treated cohort (p = 0.26). Conclusion Patients with DMO and good baseline VA, managed by observation, are of increased risk for VA loss if DRIL, HRF and EZ disruption are present at baseline. Earlier treatment with anti‐VEGF in these patients may potentially decrease the risk of VA loss at 12 months.
Film Structure Dependence of Demagnetization Time Scale of RE-TM GdFeCo Alloy Thin Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In conventional magneto-optical (MO) recording which triggered with nanoseconds pulsed laser irradiation, the time scale of heat-up and cool-down process depends on thermal diffusion property in multilayered recording media. The speed limits of heating and cooling process are important issue for fast heat assisted magnetic recording. Femtosecond pulsed laser light allow excitation of magnetic systems much shorter than the time scale of thermal diffusion. In this study, we investigated the film structure dependence of ultrashort laser-induced demagnetization of 20 nm thick GdFeCo alloy films, under the variety of with / without intermediate dielectric layer and heat sink layer. After the laser excitation, we found two time region from magnetic behavior: rapid step-like reducing process of magnetization and following recovering process with precessional motion. The time scale of first rapid step-like demagnetization processes is conformed as within picoseconds range for all the cases.
«RUSSKAYA GRAMMATIKA» («RUSSIAN GRAMMAR») BY A.L. SHLJOCER 1764

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article is dedicated to the history of «Russkaya grammatika» («Russian Grammar») by A.L. Shljocer written for foreigners in 1764 in German. The grammar wasn’t finished and stayed unknown for a long time though it could be the useful guidebook on Russian language. One of the reasons was the negative response of M.V. Lomonosov. The article aim is to give the description of «Russkaya grammatika» («Russian Grammar») origin and prove its value as the grammar guidebook. The reasons of the negative response of M.V. Lomonosov of A.L. Shljocer’s work are covered in the article. The statements taken by other authors from Shljocer’s grammar book and influenced on Russian language grammar system were determined. Particularly this book in part of “nouns” form the basis of training «Russkaya grammatika » («Russian Grammar») by N.I. Grech.
Supplementary Tables from Pooled Clustering of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Gene Expression Leads to Novel Consensus Subtypes Associated with Survival and Surgical Outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Table 1. Key clinical characteristics of public cohort with respect to individual 14 studies Supplementary Table 2. Key clinical characteristics of Mayo Clinic HGSOC cohort Supplementary Table 3. Expression centroids of five de novo subtypes Supplementary Table 4. Expression centroids of four Tothill's HGSOC subtypes (C1/C2/C4/C5) Supplementary Table 5. Cross-tab between de novo subtypes and two other subtyping systems in public cohort Supplementary Table 6. The differential expression analysis results between s1.MES and rest de novo subtypes in public cohort Supplementary Table 7. The differential expression analysis results between s2.IMM and rest de novo subtypes in public cohort Supplementary Table 8. The differential expression analysis results between s3.RPO and rest de novo subtypes in public cohort Supplementary Table 9. The differential expression analysis results between s4.DIF and rest de novo subtypes in public cohort Supplementary Table 10. The differential expression analysis results between s5.ANM and rest de novo subtypes in public cohort Supplementary Table 11. Distribution tables of HGSOC molecular subtypes vs. surgical outcomes (optimal- and sub-optimal debulking) in Public and Mayo Clinic cohorts Supplementary Table 12. Previously reported debulking-predictive genes and their differential expressions related to s1.MES subtype in HGSOC public cases Supplementary Table 13. Enriched pathways (q-value <=0.1) for s1.MES vs. rest de novo subtypes comparisons Supplementary Table 14. Enriched pathways (q-value <=0.1) for s2.IMM vs. rest de novo subtypes comparisons Supplementary Table 15. Enriched pathways (q-value <=0.1) for s3.PRO vs. rest de novo subtypes comparisons Supplementary Table 16. Enriched pathways (q-value <=0.1) for s4.DIF vs. rest de novo subtypes comparisons Supplementary Table 17. Enriched pathways (q-value <=0.1) for s5.ANM vs. rest de novo subtypes comparisons Supplementary Table 18. Distributions of BRCAness status versus de novo subtypes for TCGA cases with mutation and methylation calls: "mBRCA" indicates cases with germline or somatic deleterious mutations in BRCA1/2; "meth.BRCA1" indicates cases with BRCA1 promoter methylation; "wtBRCA" indicates cases without known BRCA1/2 mutations or promoter methylations.</p>
One Aspect of the Akbarian Turn in Shīī Theology*

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter is a companion piece to an article published in 2004 in the journal Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. There the article examined the history of one of Avicenna's most famous contributions to the history of philosophy, a distinction between ‘the necessary of existence in itself’ (wāji al-wujīd bi-dhātih) and ‘ the necessary through another’ (wāji al-wujīd bi-gharih, which Avecenna took to be convertible with the ‘the possible of existence in itself’, mumkin al-wujīd bi-dhātih). The focus of this chapter is on Shī'ī rather than Sunni kalām, and specifically on the transformation that took place in Shī'ī theology after mutakallimūn began to appropriate elements of the metaphysics of Muhyī al-Dīn Ibn al-'Arabi. In order to give sense of the continuities that existed between the Akbarian turn in Shī'ī theology and the Avicennian turn in Sunni theology that began two centuries earlier, this chapter restricts its scope to the divine attributes and to the evolution of distinction between God's of Majesty (sifat al-jalāl) and His ‘attributes of Beauty’ (sifat al-jamār). After discussing the early history of the distinction, the chapter then discusses Ibn al-Arabi's short treatise entitled Kitab al-Jalal wa-manba al-anwar which will pinpoint how and why his understanding of the distinction differed from that of Ibn al-Arabi.
Visible-Light-Induced Radical gem-Iodoallylation of 2,2,2-Trifluorodiazoethane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A visible-light-induced radical gem-iodoallylation of CF3CHN2 was developed under mild conditions, delivering a variety of α-CF3-substituted homoallylic iodide compounds in moderate to excellent yields. The transformation features broad substrate scope, good functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. The described protocol provides a convenient and attractive tool to apply CF3CHN2 as CF3-introduction reagent in radical synthetic chemistry.
Instrument based on MEMS accelerometer for vibration and unbalance analysis in rotating machines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present work shows a low-cost instrument, based on MEMS accelerometer, specially designed to analyse unbalance in rotating machines. The acceleration signals, acquired using a sample rate of 817 Hz in two perpendicular axes at a free wheel shaft, were used to analyze the shaft vibration in the frequency domain by its Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). These signals from orthogonal accelerometers are also used to calculate the shaft unbalance. The instrument prototype was mounted on the shaft of a bicycle wheel, freely rotating at 120 rpm. Composing the characterization apparatus, some weights were introduced at the endings of a rim spokes to simulate a mechanical wheel unbalance. The experimental results show that both: vibration and unbalance can be measured successfully.
Danish L1 according to the learning materials used—a quantitative study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Textbooks or learning materials are an important and essential link between the intended and implemented curriculum in schools, and they play a vital role in how the curriculum is taught in classrooms. The learning material market in Denmark is open and dominated by private companies with no official approval system, and historically, Danish teachers have had a large influence on which materials they use.
Research on the characteristics and use of learning materials is therefore of importance to researchers, policy makers and teachers. Little systematic research has been conducted into the learning materials used in Danish L1, and even internationally, research into the content and pedagogical approaches of the learning materials used is limited. This article highlights the pedagogical learning materials used in L1 in Denmark by presenting a representative survey of which learning materials Danish L1 teachers (n = 639) reported using. The listed materials (n = 2,132) were analysed for content and pedagogical approaches, and Danish L1 is characterized from a learning material perspective. The results show a subject dominated by a repetitive pedagogical approach as well as repetitive spelling instruction and literary analysis, which
is not in line with the national curriculum.
Identification of RipAZ1 as an avirulence determinant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Solanum americanum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in many plant species. Type III‐secreted effectors (T3Es) play crucial roles in bacterial pathogenesis. However, some T3Es are recognized by corresponding disease resistance proteins and activate plant immunity. In this study, we identified the R. solanacearum T3E protein RipAZ1 ( Ralstonia injected protein AZ1) as an avirulence determinant in the black nightshade species Solanum americanum . Based on the S. americanum accession‐specific avirulence phenotype of R. solanacearum strain Pe_26, 12 candidate avirulence T3Es were selected for further analysis. Among these candidates, only RipAZ1 induced a cell death response when transiently expressed in a bacterial wilt‐resistant S. americanum accession. Furthermore, loss of ripAZ1 in the avirulent R. solanacearum strain Pe_26 resulted in acquired virulence. Our analysis of the natural sequence and functional variation of RipAZ1 demonstrated that the naturally occurring C‐terminal truncation results in loss of RipAZ1‐triggered cell death. We also show that the 213 amino acid central region of RipAZ1 is sufficient to induce cell death in S. americanum . Finally, we show that RipAZ1 may activate defence in host cell cytoplasm. Taken together, our data indicate that the nucleocytoplasmic T3E RipAZ1 confers R. solanacearum avirulence in S. americanum . Few avirulence genes are known in vascular bacterial phytopathogens and ripAZ1 is the first one in R. solanacearum that is recognized in black nightshades. This work thus opens the way for the identification of disease resistance genes responsible for the specific recognition of RipAZ1, which can be a source of resistance against the devastating bacterial wilt disease.