jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A marginal effect approach to analyzing the contingent effects of perceived political instability and informal competition on the relationship between foreign technologies and product innovation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper empirically examines how foreign technologies impact firms' product innovation; specifically, we consider the moderating effects of perceived political instability and informal competition. This study uses the strategy tripod view theory to develop a novel theoretical model to explain how perceived political instability and informal competition impact the relationship between foreign technologies and product innovation. Our empirical model, which is based on survey and national-level data from thousands of firms across several emerging markets, shows that (i) low levels of perceived political instability and increased foreign technologies marginally increase the chances of introducing new products or services. (ii) Low levels of informal competition and high levels of foreign technologies marginally increase product innovation. (iii) High levels of perceived political instability and informal competition marginally reduce the likelihood of product innovation. (iv) The interaction between perceived political instability, informal competition, and foreign technologies marginally increases firms’ product innovation. Other results reveal the significance of firm characteristics, activities, and managerial experiences. Some implications for practice, policy, and theory are discussed.
School ethos and the association to upper secondary school students’ school engagement: A multilevel study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Students’ school engagement has an intrinsic democratic value and is positively associated to a range of student outcomes. It is also established in international and national policy guidelines that students have the right to participate in decision-making concerning their education. Previous research shows that students’ school engagement is influenced by a variety of factors at different structural levels, but few comprehensive studies have assessed the relation to school-contextual factors, such as school ethos, while also taking student-level sociodemographic characteristics into account. Therefore, this study aims to examine the associations between teacher-rated school ethos and three dimensions of students’ school engagement: a) participation in educational planning; b) involvement in decision-making of important issues; and c) students’ opportunities for influence. Data were collected with two separate surveys among 5,168 students and 1,204 teachers across 58 upper secondary schools in Stockholm, and subsequently linked together. Due to the hierarchical nature of the data, multilevel modelling was applied. Two-level linear regression analyses showed that schools with a strong school ethos were associated with higher ratings of the three dimensions of students´ school engagement. Results indicate that a strong and vital school ethos has the potential to raise the levels of students’ school engagement.
A new and simple synthesis of Mosher's acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA new and simple synthesis of Mosher's acidYuri Goldberg and Howard AlperCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 13, 3731–3732Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00039a043https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00039a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1321Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The exemplary and the right. Contemporary virtue ethics, action guidance, and action assessment

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper, I will account for the importance of the notion of exemplarity within the contemporary virtue-­ethical debate, both in its classic formulation (e.g., Hursthouse 1999) and in the recent exemplarist moral theory advanced by Linda T. Zagzebski (2015;; 2017). Despite their differences, which I will discuss extensively, both theories are centered on a characterization of an exemplary virtuous agent that serves as a standard for determining what, in a given situation, is right, wrong, dutiful and forbidden. The first two sections will be devoted to an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches. In the third, I will propose a different role of radical (i.e., exceptional) individuals, i.e., saints and heroes, within a virtue-ethical theory of right action.
Insights into Regional Wetting Behaviors of Amphiphilic Collagen for Dual Separation of Emulsions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Industrial manufacture generates a huge quantity of emulsion wastewater, which causes serious threats to the aquatic ecosystems. Water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are two major types of emulsions discharged by industries. However, dual separation of W/O and O/W emulsions remains a challenging issue due to the contradictory permselectivity for separating the two emulsions. In the present investigation, the amphiphilicity-derived regional wetting mechanism of water and oil on the amphiphilic collagen fibers was revealed based on the combination of numerous experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Electrostatic interactions and van der Waals force were manifested to be the driving forces of regional wetting in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, respectively. The regional wetting endowed amphiphilic collagen fibers with underwater oleophobicity and underoil hydrophilicity, which enabled dual separation of emulsions by selectively retaining the dispersed water phase of W/O emulsions in the hydrophilic regions while the dispersed oil phase of O/W emulsions in the hydrophobic regions. The achieved separation efficiency was higher than 99.98%, and the flux reached 3337.6 L m-2 h-1. Initial wetting status significantly affects the regional wetting-enabled dual separation. Based on the MD simulations, amphiphilic intramolecular conformations of tropocollagen were suggested to be the origins of regional wetting on collagen fibers. Our findings may pave the way for developing high-performance dual separation materials that are promising to be utilized for the practical treatment of emulsion wastewater.
"Lukerya's eﬀ ect": the [ol] > [o] transition in the history of Russian

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article describes a previously unknown phonetic feature of Old Nov-gorod dialect - transition of [ol] to [o] in closed syllables. Twice attested by the birchbark letter № 1102, this feature, as it turned out, is also reﬂ ected by other birchbark documents in which it has not so far been identiﬁ ed. The analysis of dialectal data shows that [ol] > [o] transition in closed syllables was not limited to the dialect of Old Novgorod but took place in many North Russian dialects as well.
Quantifying intraspecific shape variation in the Kangaroo Humerus using geometric morphometrics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Kangaroos exhibit one of the largest variations in body size for any vertebrate, with males being 1.5 times larger in body mass compared to females. Therefore it is assumed that sexual selection plays a major role in the behavioural and physical characteristics of kangaroos. Male and female kangaroos demonstrate marked differences in musculature of the forelimb. I investigated if the humerus (the upper bone of the forearm) of the western grey kangaroo (Marcopus)fuliginosus) displays sexual dimorphic characteristics, and if these characteristics are correlated with muscle mass. 28 landmarks were digitised in 72 male and 23 female humeri and analysed using geometric morphometric approaches. Muscles were collected from fine dissection and residual muscle masses were calculated for analyses of each sex. Males and females were sexually dimorphic in shape, with the most obvious change at the deltoid crest where the crest was significantly increased in size and the shaft was in a bent orientation. This study suggests that a humerus from a western grey kangaroo can be classified by correct sex 92% of the time. There was a significant relationship between muscle mass and bone shape that indicate that muscles affect the morphology of the humerus. Male humeri are robust and slightly bent, conversely female obtain a more gracile form. Geometrics morphometrics is an advantageous technique that allows the morphology of shape to be investigated; by including fine muscle dissection we have determined how shape and muscles influence one another. The methods in this study can be applied to multiple studies that wish to investigate the morphology of shape and the influence of muscles.
Role of desmin in active force transmission and maintenance of structure during growth of urinary bladder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

of desmin in active force transmission and maintenance of struc-ture during growth of urinary bladder. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295: C324 –C331, 2008. First published June 18, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.90622.2007.—Role of the intermediate filament protein desmin in hypertrophy of smooth muscle was examined in desmin-deficient mice (Des/). A partial obstruction of the urethra was created, and after 9–19 days bladder weight increased approxi-mately threefold in both Des/ and wild type (Des/) animals. Bladder growth was associated with the synthesis of actin and myosin. In the hypertrophic Des/ bladder, the relative content of desmin increased. In Des/ mice, desmin was absent. No alterations in the amount of vimentin were observed. Although Des/ obstructed bladders were capable of growth, they had structural changes with a partial disruption of the wall. Des/ bladders had slightly lower passive stress and significantly lower active stress compared with
Abstract 4077: ATOR-1144 is a tumor-directed CTLA-4 x GITR bispecific antibody that acts by depleting Tregs and activating effector T cells and NK cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract ATOR-1144 is a human CTLA-4 x GITR bispecific IgG1 antibody generated by fusing a high affinity CTLA-4 binder, derived by FIND® optimization of the CTLA-4 binding domain of CD86, to an agonistic GITR antibody isolated from the human antibody library ALLIGATOR-GOLD®. CTLA-4 and GITR are highly expressed on Tregs in the tumor microenvironment, and GITR is also expressed on NK cells and certain tumor cells. ATOR-1144 was designed to induce a tumor-directed immune activation for treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The in vitro activity of ATOR-1144 in terms of Treg depletion and activation of T cells and NK cells was investigated using purified cells from healthy human donors. ATOR-1144 induced depletion of primary Tregs in an ADCC assay with NK cells. T-cell activation in terms of IL-2 and IFN-γ release was demonstrated in the presence of CTLA-4 and Fcγ receptor crosslinking. NK cells treated with ATOR-1144 released IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme B, and displayed enhanced cytolytic killing of tumor cells. Moreover, NK cell-mediated depletion of CTLA-4-expressing cells was significantly improved upon stimulation with ATOR-1144 compared to monospecific anti-CTLA-4, indicating that NK cells activated via GITR acquire an enhanced capacity to induce ADCC. In conclusion, ATOR-1144 is a first-in-class bispecific tumor directed antibody targeting CTLA-4 and GITR. ATOR-1144 acts through several mechanisms, including depletion of Tregs, activation of effector T cells and activation of NK cells for enhanced Treg depletion and tumor cell killing. Citation Format: Sara Fritzell, Mattias Levin, Ida Åberg, Maria Johansson, Magnus Winnerstam, Karin Enell Smith, Peter Ellmark, Christina Furebring, Per Norlén, Anne Kvarnhammar. ATOR-1144 is a tumor-directed CTLA-4 x GITR bispecific antibody that acts by depleting Tregs and activating effector T cells and NK cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4077.
Towards a therapist-centered programming environment for creating rehabilitation games

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the developed world. Motion based video games show promise in helping people with hemiparesis (or partial paralysis) due to a stroke recover motor abilities. However, commercially available games are typically only playable by a minority of people with hemiparesis. Custom games can address the needs of a broader group of people with hemiparesis, but are expensive and time consuming to build. Environments that enable therapists to quickly create motion-based games tailored to individuals with hemiparesis may enable faster research exploration of the rehabilitation game design space and, ultimately, wider use of games in stroke recovery. This paper presents guidelines for and research challenges in the design of programming tools for therapists drawn from two studies. In the first study, we asked ten therapists to describe the relationship between players performing therapeutic motions and the motions of objects within the game world. Based on the language study results, we augmented an existing novice programming environment with support to detect and react to therapy motions. A second study, in which we asked pairs of therapists to design and build a therapeutic game, suggests guidelines for supporting therapists in programming games. These include including focusing on the player rather than input devices and using a mixture of events and constraints to capture player motion.
Narrativas juveniles sobre el narcotráfico en Sinaloa: ingreso, riesgos y planes a futuro

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article’s objective is to understand the youth experiences, assessment, and meaning construction of drug trafficking. The fieldwork was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in Culiacán, Sinaloa. A qualitative approach was made to the sociocultural understanding of drug trafficking. We interviewed 16 young persons between the ages of 18 to 29 who collaborated or were involved with drug trafficking. The results highlight drug trafficking entrance motivation and experience; permanence, risk assessment, and consequences of the activities carried out; making plans within and outside drug trafficking. It is concluded that young people join and remain in drug trafficking due to the idealization of a successful life, economic retribution, acceptance, legitimacy, and recognition of drug trafficking in the context. For young people, drug trafficking is constituted as a space for work, projection, and building a future.
ANALISIS HUBUNGAN KUALITAS AIR DAN KADAR GULA DARAH Gambusia affinis DI PERAIRAN SUNGAI BRANTAS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ikan merupakan salah satu biota perairan yang digunakan sebagai bioindikator karena sangat peka terhadap perubahan lingkungan perairan. Kondisi perairan yang tidak mendukung dapat menyebabkan stress pada ikan yang salah satunya ditandai oleh perubahan kadar gula darah ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan kualitas perairan Sungai Brantas dengan kadar gula darah Ikan Gambusia ( Gambusia affinis ). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada sepuluh lokasi sampling di sepanjang aliran Sungai Brantas dengan mengukur enam parameter kualitas air (in-situ dan ex-situ) dan mengambil sampel Ikan Gambusia untuk diukur kadar gula darahnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar gula darah tertinggi dan melampaui batas normal ditemukan pada sampel Ikan Gambusia yang ditangkap di wilayah Mojokerto. Kondisi ini berkaitan erat dengan rendahnya kadar DO dan tingginya konsentrasi BOD, ammonia, dan fenol di lokasi tersebut.
[Characterization of endogenous phosphorylation substrates of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments from fast skeletal muscles of the rabbit].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Separation of phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fragments by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in the presence of Na-DS revealed that the radioactivity is distributed in protein zones with molecular weights of 95,000 and 6000-8000. The phosphorylation of the protein with m. w. of 95,000 is Ca2+-dependent. The tryptic hydrolysis of the phosphorylated SR fragments from fast skeletal muscles results in a loss of radioactivity by 60-70%; phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii reduces the labelled phosphate content by 40-50%. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor decreases the phosphorylation of both substrates. The substrate of phosphorylation with m. w. of 6000-8000 is not stained with Amidoschwartz 10B or Coumassie brilliant blue. Extraction by an acidified chlorophorm--methanol mixture results in a proteolipid with specific radioactivity exceeding that of the original preparation of phosphorylated SR membranes 3-4-fold. Thin-layer chromatography on Silufol plates and Silicagel KSK showed that the proteolipid is not chromatographically homogeneous after 2-fold precipitation by diethyl ether and is localized in a band with Rf varying from 0.6 to 0.8. The fluorescence spectrum of the proteolipid in a chlorophorm--methanol--HCl solution is represented by an assymmetrical structure-free band with a maximum at 350 nm. A possible role of phosphorylase b and proteolipid in manifestation of the functional activity of the SR fragments is discussed.
Exploring the Impact of Personal and Social Media-Based Factors on Judgments of Perceived Skepticism of COVID-19

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Skepticism of COVID-19 has consequences for public health. We examined several variables that we reasoned were related to skepticism, including demographic factors, people’s perceptions and experiences related to COVID-19, and social media usage. The sample consisted of 294 participants recruited in April of 2020. Participants filled out a survey that included questions related to demographics, social media use, COVID-19 anxiety, COVID-19 interference, and COVID-19 skepticism. In the main, biological sex, ethnicity, and social media use were not significantly associated with skepticism regarding COVID-19. Alternatively, older participants and those who experienced greater anxiety related to the pandemic were less skeptical of COVID-19. Interestingly, people who experienced more interference in their lives because of COVID-19 were more skeptical of the pandemic. Finally, social media use moderated the influence of anxiety and interference on skepticism. The negative effect of anxiety on skepticism became weaker as people’s use of social media increased. The positive effect of interference related to COVID-19 on skepticism became stronger as people used more social media. Our findings underscore the importance of personal beliefs, attitudes, and experiences when explaining skepticism of the pandemic.
A Bridge across the Ocean: The United States and the Holy See between the Two World Wars

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Castagna has investigated a long-neglected period of relations between the United States and the Holy See. He has done this through prodigious mining of archives on both sides of the Atlantic, producing an analysis that will be an indispensable reference for any student of this topic. Especially valuable for the reader not familiar with United States history is his summary, but thorough, examination of the roots and expressions of anti-Catholicism in America that sets the context for his work. As he brings his investigation into the early twentieth century, Castagna does not neglect the tensions and occasional serious disputes within the American Church, and particularly within the American hierarchy, on the matter of relations with the Holy See. He begins by citing President John Adams's famous comment regarding the United States never accepting an “ecclesiastical tyrant,” or nuncio. There follows a political and cultural analysis of both actors, each viewing the other with great concern and suspicion. Much of the American political attitude reflected a general Protestant-inspired view of the Catholic Church and the Holy See dating back to Plymouth Rock. While the United States had sent a minister “Near the Holy Seat,” as quaintly described on the stationary of the American legation, for two decades in the nineteenth century and had consular relations with the Papal States for a longer period, full diplomatic relations would take two centuries to achieve, in spite of continual Vatican efforts in this direction.
The Effect of Liner Placement under Bulk-Fill Resin Composite Restorations on Cuspal Deflection in Maxillary Premolar Teeth.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study investigated the cuspal deflection in premolar teeth restored with different bulk-fill resin composites with or without using a liner. Materials and Methods: 60 extracted human upper premolar teeth were used. The samples in this study were divided into three main groups (20 samples for each) according to the materials used; Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to presence of liner. Standardized large MOD cavities were prepared. The distance between two reference points on cusp tips was measured before the restoration using a universal microscope. Then the teeth were restored with different bulk-fill resin composites (Filtek bulk fill, X-tra fil bulk fill and Activa Bioactive Restorative Material) with and without a liner (Activa Bioactive base/ liner). Second reading of cuspal deflection was measured 15 min after the completion of restorations. All samples were subjected to thermal cycling using thermal cycler machine. Then the third reading of cuspal deflection was measured. The data were statistically analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Results: no statistically significant difference was found between the mean cuspal deflection of the three composites and cuspal deflection without liner showed statistically significantly higher mean value than with liner. Conclusion: The placement of Activa Bioactive base/liner beneath the bulk-fill resin composite restorations decreased cuspal deflection.