jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Calibration and Performance Evaluation of Cost-Effective Capacitive Moisture Sensor in Slope Model Experiments

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the factors that contribute to slope failures, such as soil saturation, is essential for mitigating rainfall-induced landslides. Cost-effective capacitive soil moisture sensors have the potential to be widely implemented across multiple sites for landslide early warning systems. However, these sensors need to be calibrated for specific applications to ensure high accuracy in readings. In this study, a soil-specific calibration was performed in a laboratory setting to integrate the soil moisture sensor with an automatic monitoring system using the Internet of Things (IoT). This research aims to evaluate a low-cost soil moisture sensor (SKU:SEN0193) and develop calibration equations for the purpose of slope model experiment under artificial rainfall condition using silica sand. The results indicate that a polynomial function is the best fit, with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.918 to 0.983 and a root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 1.171 to 2.488. The calibration equation was validated through slope model experiments, with soil samples taken from the models after the experiment finished. Overall, the moisture content readings from the sensors showed approximately a 12% deviation from the actual moisture content. The findings suggest that the cost-effective capacitive soil moisture sensor has the potential to be used for the development of landslide early warning system.
Brand Identity and Positioning in Selected Indian Chain Hotel Companies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Indian hospitality industry has emerged as one of the key businesses driving the growth of the services sector and, thereby, the Indian economy. The impressive overall growth resulted in massive investment and expansion of the Indian hotel chains, along with the International hotel chains. Brand identity and positioning is the key to build a strong brand reputation and to gain a competitive advantage among the hotels. The chapter aims to identify the business strategies that the Indian chain hotels are employing to establish their brand identity and for effective product positioning. This aim is achieved by in-depth scrutiny and exhaustive comparison of the brand portfolios of selected Indian chain Hotels. The chapter starts with a detailed background to the theme and proceeds towards establishing theoretical linkage in strategies for branding and positioning within the Indian hotel chain companies. The discourse of the chapter also helps in identifying various corporate strategies the Indian Hotel Chain companies are applying to create the differentiated brand image for unique positioning in the hospitality market. It will further aid in ascertaining the similarities and uniqueness amongst these hotel chain companies.
Genotypes & Phenotypes in Belgian Patients with Albinism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To study the different genotypes and phenotypes in Belgian patients with albinism. Methods Phenotypes and genotypes in a cohort of 89 patients were studied in detail. These patients were then grouped according to genotype. Results A total of 40 patients with isolated oculocutaneous ( OCA ), and 11 with XL ocular albinism ( XLOA ) were molecularly confirmed. Nine syndromic OCA patients were identified. Genotypes of 29 patients were unknown at the time of study. Although not statistically significant due to small sample size, patients with a proper TYR mutation in combination with a temperature sensitive variant ( TS ) generally showed milder characteristics. A study of one specific family showed 3 affected siblings with this genotype. However, 2 normal children, each of a different patient, also had this genotype. There was perfect concordance between fundoscopic identification of lyonization in 15 female carriers of XLOA , and molecular confirmation of heterozygosity. Two adult patients with Chediak‐Higashi syndrome showed OCA in combination with neurodegeneration. Systemic abnormalities in 7 Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome patients were very variable. Conclusions Molecular analysis is essential to confirm clinical phenotyping in albinism. A causal relationship between a combination of a TYR mutation and the TS variant is as yet uncertain and requires more in depth analysis.
Natural Excipients-An Alternative to Synthetic Excipients: A Comprehensive Review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Though the utilization of natural excipients to del iver the bioactive agents has been hampered by the synthetic materials, but the added advantages o ffered by these natural excipients are their being non-toxic, less expensive and freely availabl e. The performance of the excipients to some extent determines the quality of the medicines. The traditional concept of the excipients as any constituent other than the active substance has und ergone a substantial evolution from an inert and cheap vehicle to an essential constituent of the fo rmulation. Earlier used natural excipients are carrageenan, thaumatin, lard, shilajit, aerosil, my robalan, storax. Excipients are any component other than the active substances deliberately added to formulation of a dosage form for it proper formulation. Novel drug delivery systems are develo ped to address the challenges of drug development such as bioavailability, permeability, and poor solubility. Global excipients markets are expected to grow rapidly with the emerging tren ds in the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry is marketing refinement in the physical structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The present review would facili tate to comprehend various natural excipients and their role in pharmaceutical products.
Region-Based Automated Localization of Colonoscopy and Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Polyps

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The early detection of polyps could help prevent colorectal cancer. The automated detection of polyps on the colon walls could reduce the number of false negatives that occur due to manual examination errors or polyps being hidden behind folds, and could also help doctors locate polyps from screening tests such as colonoscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy. Losing polyps may result in lesions evolving badly. In this paper, we propose a modified region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) by generating masks around polyps detected from still frames. The locations of the polyps in the image are marked, which assists the doctors examining the polyps. The features from the polyp images are extracted using pre-trained Resnet-50 and Resnet-101 models through feature extraction and fine-tuning techniques. Various publicly available polyp datasets are analyzed with various pertained weights. It is interesting to notice that fine-tuning with balloon data (polyp-like natural images) improved the polyp detection rate. The optimum CNN models on colonoscopy datasets including CVC-ColonDB, CVC-PolypHD, and ETIS-Larib produced values (F1 score, F2 score) of (90.73, 91.27), (80.65, 79.11), and (76.43, 78.70) respectively. The best model on the wireless capsule endoscopy dataset gave a performance of (96.67, 96.10). The experimental results indicate the better localization of polyps compared to recent traditional and deep learning methods.
User adoption and use of e-government online service / Mas Anom Abdul Rashid and Mohd Noor Azman Othman

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is evidence of a universal shift toward modern online public services. Governments and public sector organ-izations around the globe have to take notice of this phenomenon, becoming aware of its potentials and incorporat-ing information technology in delivering better services to the public via e-government. The prime aim of e-government in Malaysia is to serve the ‘rakyat’ (citizen) and to have better online service. Although it is clear that citizen is the main user of e-government online services, there are only few studies conducted on the issue of citizen adoption of the online service. This paper presents the level of citizen adoption as one of the perspectives of e-government implementation. The model is built on the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and Technology Plan-ning Behaviour (TPB) and literature related to these models.
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration using Silicone Rubber Chamber Combined by Local Administration of Cyclosporin a in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction:The repair of peripheral nerve injuries is still one of the most challenging tasks and concerns in neurosurgery.Effect of cyclosporin (CsA) loaded silicon conduit as an in situ delivery system of CsA in bridging the defects was studied using a sciatic nerve regeneration model in diabetic rats.Methods: A 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using a silicon conduit (SIL/CsA) filled with 10 µL carrier-drug dilution (10 ng/mL CsA).In control group (SIL), the conduit was filled with the same volume of the phosphate buffered solution.The regenerated fibers were studied 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after surgery. Result:The functional and electrophysiological studies confirmed faster recovery of the regenerated axons in CsA treated than control group (P < 0.05).The mean ratios of gastrocnemius muscles weight were measured.There was statistically significant difference between the muscle weight ratios of SIL/CsA and SIL groups (P<0.05).Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in SIL/CsA were significantly higher than in control group. Conclusion:Cyclosporin when loaded in a silicon conduit resulted in improvement of functional recovery and quantitative morphometric indices of sciatic nerve in diabetic rats.drugs have been used combined with tube grafting to promote nerve regeneration [2,8].It has been reported that using silicone tubes in bridging of nerve defects could be promising because it is inert and does not induce extensive scarring or degeneration after implantation [9].The advantages like no donor morbidity, availability, affordability and no foreign reactions make silicone rubber chamber an attractive alternative to other standard grafts [10].It has been demonstrated that silicone rubber tubes are well tolerated in humans even after 3 years of implantation [11].Immunosuppressants were originally introduced to prevent rejection of allografts; later, it was discovered that FK506 also possessed nerve regenerative properties when applied systemically and topically loaded at sub-immunosuppressant doses in non-nerve grafts [12][13][14][15].Cyclosporine has been widely employed in organ transplantations in association with other drugs, allowing a significant morbidity reduction when compared to early immunosuppression methods [16].Mechanism of action of cyclosporine in nerve regeneration remains controversial [17][18][19][20].The role of cyclosporine A (CsA) on peripheral nerve regeneration has been investigated after peripheral nerve allografting in experimental models immunosuppressed with CsA [21,22].Most of these studies were concentrated on allograft
<title>Thermal effects in multiple-pass p-i-n photodiodes</title>

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Photonic links operating in the 1.55 micrometers erbium gain band are finding their way into an increasing variety of microwave applications. At present, the performance of high power photonic links is limited by the characteristics of the photodetector. For microwave links at 1.55 micrometers , the most successful photodetector architectures have been implementations of surface-illuminated, InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes. One photodetector design issue has been the tradeoff between microwave bandwidth, responsivity, and maximum average DC current. Low bandwidth photodiodes, for example, can be operated at a few GHz with average currents on the order of 50 mA, but are typically constructed with illuminated diameters on the order of 50 micrometers or more. By contrast, high-responsivity photodetectors with bandwidths on the order of 20 GHz are restricted to diameters of around 25 micrometers , and limited to 20 mA average current. It would be beneficial to extend the current capability of 20 GHz photodetectors to the 100-mA range.
ABCD 3.0 Ready to Use

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The TDWG standard ABCD (Access to Biological Collections Data task group 2007) was aimed at harmonizing terminologies used for modelling biological collection information and is used as a comprehensive data format for transferring collection and observation data between software components. The project ABCD 3.0 (A community platform for the development and documentation of the ABCD standard for natural history collections) was financed by the German Research Council (DFG). It addressed the transformation of ABCD into a semantic web-compliant ontology by deconstructing the XML-schema into individually addressable RDF (Resource Description Framework) resources published via the TDWG Terms Wiki (https://terms.tdwg.org/wiki/ABCD_2). In a second step, informal properties and concept-relations described by the original ABCD-schema were transformed into a machine-readable ontology and revised (Güntsch et al. 2016). The project was successfully finished in January 2019. The ABCD 3 setup allows for the creation of standard-conforming application schemas. The XML variant of ABCD 3.0 was restructured, simplified and made more consistent in terms of element names and types as compared to version 2.x. The XML elements are connected to their semantic concepts using the W3C SAWSDL (Semantic Annotation for Web Services Description Language and XML Schema) standard. The creation of specialized applications schemas is encouraged, the first use case was the application schema for zoology. It will also be possible to generate application schemas that break the traditional unit-centric structure of ABCD. Further achievements of the project include creating a Wikibase instance as the editing platform, with related tools for maintenance queries, such as checking for inconsistencies in the ontology and automated export into RDF. This allows for fast iterations of new or updated versions, e.g. when additional mappings to other standards are done. The setup is agnostic to the data standard created, it can therefore also be used to create or model other standards. Mappings to other standards like Darwin Core (https://dwc.tdwg.org/) and Audubon Core (https://tdwg.github.io/ac/) are now machine readable as well. All XPaths (XML Paths) of ABCD 3.0 XML have been mapped to all variants of ABCD 2.06 and 2.1, which will ease transition to the new standard. The ABCD 3 Ontology will also be uploaded to the GFBio Terminology Server (Karam et al. 2016), where individual concepts can be easily searched or queried, allowing for better interactive modelling of ABCD concepts. ABCD documentation now adheres to TDWG’s Standards Documentation Standard (SDS, https://www.tdwg.org/standards/sds/) and is located at https://abcd.tdwg.org/. The new site is hosted on Github: https://github.com/tdwg/abcd/tree/gh-pages.
Speaking-Rate Effect On Prosodic Grammar Of Mandarin Read Speech

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of speaking rate (SR) on the prosodic grammar of Mandarin read speech inferred previously is investigated. A speech corpus comprising four parallel subcorpora with different SR of fast, normal, medium and slow is used in the study. The changes of the break-type distributions at critical junctures of the syntactic patterns considered in the two sets of prosodic grammatical rules due to the SR change are explored. Based on the variations of break-type distribution, the SR influence for a juncture is characterized by three newly-defined matrices: prosodic boundary strength, occurrence of strong break, and non-paused break probability range. Experimental results showed that the SR influence varies wildly from juncture to juncture. For most junctures, the SR effect mainly lies in the occurrences of many B NP to B PW changes as SR decreases from fast to slow, while the two strong paused breaks of B PPh and B PG are affected slightly.
Ruthenium(II) Complex of a Tridentate Azoaromatic Pincer Ligand and its Use in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Isopropanol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this work, a new Ru(II) complex with the redox‐active pincer 2,6‐bis(phenylazo)pyridine ligand (L) is reported which acts as a metal‐ligand bifunctional catalyst for transfer hydrogenation reactions. The isolated complex [(L)Ru(PMe 2 Ph) 2 (CH 3 CN)](ClO 4 ) 2 ; [ 1 ](ClO 4 ) 2 is characterized by a host of spectroscopic measurements and X‐ray structure determination. It is diamagnetic and single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis reveals that [ 1 ] 2+ adopts a distorted octahedral geometry where L binds Ru center in meridional fashion. The observed elongation in the coordinated azo bond length (1.29 Å) is attributed to the extensive π‐back bonding, dπ(Ru II )→π*(azo)L. The complex [ 1 ](ClO 4 ) 2 acts as an efficient catalyst, which brings about catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions of a broad array of aldehydes and ketones in isopropanol and in inert conditions. The selectivity of the catalyst for aldehyde reduction over the other reducible functional groups such as nitro, nitrile, ester etc was also investigated. Mechanistic studies, examined by suitable control reactions and isotope labelling experiments, indicate synergistic participation of both ligand and metal centres via the formation of a fleeting Ru−H intermediate and hydrogen walking to the coordinated azo function of L.
Evaluation of erythrocyte membrane oxidation due to their exposure to shear flow generated by extracorporeal blood pump

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Several similarities have been found between shear stress-induced erythrocyte damage and physiological aging of erythrocytes in terms of elevated mechanical fragility, increased erythrocyte aggregation, and decreased membrane surface charge. Accordingly, we hypothesized that blood pump circulation, which generates shear stress, would accelerate erythrocyte aging, manifesting as oxidation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of blood pump circulation on erythrocyte oxidation. Fresh porcine blood was acquired from a slaughterhouse and anticoagulated with sodium citrate. About 500 mL of anticoagulated whole blood was circulated for 180 min in an in vitro test circuit comprising a BP-80 blood pump with a pump speed and a pump pressure head of 100–120 mmHg. A blood sample was taken at the start of the circulation and 180 min afterward. The hemolysis level and oxidation amount of the erythrocyte membrane were analyzed and compared between samples. Hemolysis increased with the prolongation of shear exposure inside the pump circuit. After 180 min of blood pumping in circuit, the oxidation level of the erythrocyte membrane showed an increase of 0.1 nmol/mg protein. Moreover, the membrane oxidation levels of sheared erythrocytes were greater than those of control erythrocytes. These results suggest that blood pump circulation accelerates erythrocyte aging and give us a greater understanding of the effects of blood pump perfusion.
A Comparative Study of Various Sensitivity Analysis Methods in Building Application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to present a comparison study on the performances of different SA methods in building energy simulation. Firstly, a literature review on the principles and applications of several popular SA methods was conducted. Secondly, an EnergyPlus based Monte Carlo simulation was performed as the case study. Then, various SA methods were used to compute the sensitivity indexes. Finally, a comprehensive comparison of the SA methods in terms of the time and computational costs, accuracy, convergence rate, and the complexity was provided. This study is expected to provide a specific and detailed guidance on the selection of the SA method to the practitioners in the building simulation field.
Cooling energy savings with dry cooler equipped plants in office buildings

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The cooling energy requirements are a key issue for office buildings in warm climates, but they have become considerable also in temperate climates, ‘cause the growing level of buildings thermal insulation. \nThis aspect is more critical in office blocks than in residential buildings, due to the higher value of thermal energy supplied by internal loads. Office buildings are usually equipped with cooling systems in order to guarantee thermal comfort conditions for the office workers. \nThe aim of this work is the evaluation of energy saving reachable in office blocks cooling requirements, using a water indirect free cooling operating procedure for the plant. \nIt is assumed that the HVAC plant is equipped with dry-coolers that work as coolers of the refrigeration equipment condensers or just as coolers of the water to be supplied to fan coils. \nAs the more solar radiation there is, the more cooling power is needed, dry-coolers, equipped with on-board photovoltaic panels, have been considered. \nThe cooling loads of the office block have been evaluated through Energy Plus hourly time-step simulations for different climate conditions. Finally, electrical consumption of dry-c and energy produced by PV panels in different climates and with different tilts have been evaluated and compared.
Indoor Determination of virulence test of sixteen fungicides on tomato early blight

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The toxicities of total sixteen kinds of fungicides on tomato early blight pathogen were determined in the lab. The purpose of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for field chemical control. The results showed that: Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim, Thiophanate-methyl and Kresoxim -methyl had worse antimicrobial effect on the pathogen of tomato early blight, with EC 50 up to 19 922.166 μg.mL -1 , 14 874.246 μg.mL -1 , 14 556.324 μg.mL -1 and 12 179.057 μg.mL -1 , respectively. Methylthio iprodione, Procymidone, Difenoconazole and Cantharidin had better antimicrobial effect than others, with EC 50 being only 1.551 μg.mL -1 , 1.356 μg.mL -1 , 0.577 μg.mL -1 and 0.099 μg.mL -1 , respectively.
Irish Zionist

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter recounts the chilly November day in 1990 when Newsday columnist Jim Dwyer traveled to Israel from New York City to cover the funeral of Meir Kahane. Dwyer observed the hostile atmosphere at the funeral, which was marked by aggressive supporters of the late militant. The chapter then shifts to Paul O'Dwyer's post-World War II support for militant Zionists in New York and how he was driven by parallels he saw with Irish nationalism. It discusses O'Dwyer's involvement with the Bergson Group in aiding the Irgun, which reflected a broader American Jewish and non-Jewish support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland. It also traces the complex interplay of militant and mainstream Zionist movements, British colonial policies, and the contributions of the O'Dwyer brothers to Jewish causes, illustrating the historical and personal dimensions of their advocacy.