jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gambaran pemberian makanan pendamping ASi anak usia 6-24 bulan di Desa Mopusi Kecamatan Lolayan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Induk

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract: According to Sustainable Development Goals/Millennium Development Goals (SDG's/MDG's), the infant mortality rate is still relatively high due to poor nutrition for pregnant women and infants. The best food for infants aged 0-6 months is breast milk. After 6 months, breast milk will only meet about 60-70% of the infant’s need, while 30-40% should be achieved from complementary foods. This study was aimed to describe the complementary feeding in Mopusi village, Lolayan, Bolaang Mongondow Induk. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. Respondents were 90 mothers with children aged 6-24 months lived at Mopusi village from September 2014 until December 2014. Data were obtained by using questionnaires, and were analyzed with SPSS. The results showed that 32 infants (35.6%) were fed with manufactured complementary food; the most commonly given was formula milk (37.5%) and the least one was pureed Sun (15.6%). Of 58 infants (64.4%) who were fed with family foods, the most given food was rice (25.9%) and the least one was meat (3.4%). Conclusion: In this study, the most complementary food for infants aged 0-6 months was family food, rice. Keywords: breastfeeding, complementary feeding, manufactured, family foods Abstrak: Angka kematian bayi sesuai SDG’s/MDG’s (Sustainable Development Goals/Millenium Development Goals) relatif masih cukup tinggi. Penyebabnya antara lain nutrisi yang buruk untuk ibu hamil dan bayi. Makanan terbaik untuk bayi usia 0-6 bulan ialah ASI. Setelah 6 bulan, ASI hanya memenuhi sekitar 60-70% kebutuhan bayi, sedangkan 30-40% harus dipenuhi dari makanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pemberian MP-ASI di Desa Mopusi, Kecamatan Lolayan, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Induk. Jenis penelitian ini ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Responden ialah ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 6-24 bulan sebanyak 90 orang di Desa Mopusi pada bulan September 2014-Desember 2014. Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan SPSS. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan sebanyak 32 bayi (35,6%) mendapat MP-ASI pabrikan, yang paling banyak diberikan ialah susu formula (37,5%) dan paling sedikit diberikan ialah bubur Sun (15,6%). Sebanyak 58 bayi (64,4%) mengonsumsi MP-ASI lokal, yang paling banyak diberikan ialah nasi (25,9%) dan yang paling sedikit diberikan ialah daging (3,4%). Simpulan: Pada studi ini, jenis MP-ASI yang paling sering diberikan pada bayi usia 6-24 bulan ialah MP-ASI local, yaitu nasi.Kata kunci: ASI, MP-ASI, lokal, pabrikan
Additional file 1 of Mapping regulatory variants controlling gene expression in drought response and tolerance in maize

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Population characterization of 224 maize accessions and the number of RNA-seq reads. Figure S2. Expression pattern clustering of 15,369 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to drought stress and gene ontology enrichment of each cluster. Figure S3. Statistical analysis of dynamic-eQTLs encoding TF genes, estimation of the genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay, comparison of eQTLs detected in maize kernels and leaves, and the distribution of the lead SNPs of the static and dynamic local-eQTLs. Figure S4. Comparison of hotspots, structural variation distribution, and LD on maize chromosomes. Figure S5. Analysis of the causative variation of abh2. Figure S6. Phylogenetic and expression level comparison of abh2 homologous genes.
Hydrogen-surfactant-mediated epitaxy of Ge1− xSnx layer and its effects on crystalline quality and photoluminescence property

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The effect of hydrogen-surfactant-mediated molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of Ge 1− x Sn x layer on Ge(001) substrate on crystalline quality and photoluminescence (PL) property has been investigated. The effect of irradiation of atomic hydrogen (H) generated by dissociating molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) were examined during the MBE growth. H irradiation significantly improves the surface morphology with the enhancement of the two-dimensional growth of the Ge 1− x Sn x epitaxial layer. Enhanced diffuse scattering is observed in the X-ray diffraction profile, indicating a high density of point defects. In the PL spectrum of the H 2 -irradiated Ge 1− x Sn x layer, two components are observed, suggesting the radiative recombination with both indirect and direct transitions, while one component related to the direct transition is observable in the H-irradiated sample. The postdeposition annealing in nitrogen ambient at as low as 220 °C decreases the PL intensity of the H-irradiated Ge 1− x Sn x layer, although the intensity is recovered after annealing at 300 °C, suggesting the annihilation of point defects in the Ge 1− x Sn x layer.
Assessment of a sampling method for measuring safety-critical software reliability

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper addresses the issue of using sampling to assess the reliability of safety-critical software. Several factors are considered, such as the number of test cases required, modifications in the program, determining the operational profile, generating test cases, and checking the correctness of the output. The problems are classified into two broad categories: those that can be overcome via advances in technology and those that are more fundamental in nature. The general conclusion is that, in principle, a combination of testing and verification will be successful in measuring ultrahigh software reliability.< >
Fish stock development in the Central Baltic Sea (1974-1999) in relation to variability in the environment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cod, sprat, and herring are the commercially most important fish species in the Central Baltic Sea. In the present study, dynamics of stock abundance and biomass of these species were reconstructed using Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis. The cod stock declined from an historic high during the early 1980s to its lowest level on record at the beginning of the 1990s, showing no sign of recovery afterwards. The sprat stock size increased to a historic high level concurrently, while herring abundance was slightly reduced. However, a substantial reduction in herring weight at age resulted in a continuous decline of the total biomass from the early 1980s. A review of recruitment processes influenced by the variable physical environment was performed for cod and sprat, i.e. the species most intensively studied and showing the largest variability in stock sizes. The most important processes are (i) egg production in dependence of ambient hydrographic conditions and food availability, (ii) egg developmental success in relation to oxygen concentration and temperature at depths of incubation, (iii) egg predation by clupeids dependent on predator-prey overlap, (iv) larval development in relation to hydrographic processes and food availability, and (v) predation on juveniles. All the above processes negatively affected the cod population, while the sprat stock benefited from them, despite a developing industrial fishery, resulting in a regime shift from a cod to a sprat dominated system in the Central Baltic. Article from Marine Science Symposia Vol. 219 - "Hydrobiological variability in the ICES Area, 1990-1999", symposium held in Edinburgh, 8-10 August 2001. To access the remaining articles please click on the keyword "MSS Vol. 219".
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF ERYTHROCYTE IN EEL (ANGUILLA JAPONICA) STUDIED WITH ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The erythirocyte of eel (Anguilla japonica) was fixed with bufferd osmium tetroxide solution and observed under an electron microscope; and the following findings were made.1. In erythrocyte of eel, an oval nucleus bounded by the nuclear membrane of distinct double membrane structure was observed. In places, the nuclear membrane had pores of 500-1, 000 A diameter and karyoplasm at those positions were homogeneous and varied from other granular parts.2. The cell body was bounded by the cell membrane of approximately 80 A thick. The cytoplasm as a whole showed uniformed a fine reticular structure and probably it was filled with hemoglobin.3. In the cell body a few rod shaped mitochondria were recognized and they were as usually consisted of limiting membrane, matrix and cristae.4. In the cell body, the tubular smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum was observed and it made a contact with the nuclear membrane in one place and with the cell membrane in another place. Also, it showed the gathering in a certain place and formed a reticular cluster, which could be considered as the Golgi apparatus.5. Those findings suggested that this cell was similar to the immature erythrocyte of mammal in several aspects.
Interannual Variation and Trend of Carbon Budget Observed for More Than Two Decades at Takayama in a Cool‐Temperate Deciduous Forest in Central Japan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Long‐term carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux measurements between the atmosphere and the ecosystem have been made since 1993 at a cool‐temperate deciduous forest site (Takayama) in Japan influenced by the Asian Monsoon, constituting the longest data set among all the AsiaFlux sites. Interannual variations (IAVs) and trends in the annual carbon budget components and related environmental factors were examined. Annual net ecosystem production (NEP) (mean ± 1 σ ) during the period of eddy covariance measurements in 1999–2021 was 265 ± 86 gC m −2 yr −1 , and its IAV was dependent more on gross primary production (GPP) than on ecosystem respiration. The annual NEP and GPP were correlated with the monthly mean NEP, GPP and leaf area index from June to September, as well as with the length of the net carbon uptake period. Significantly increasing and decreasing trends in the annual NEP and GPP were detected during 2004–2013 and 2013–2021, respectively. The increasing trends were mainly caused by the vegetation recovery from typhoon disturbances. On the other hand, although the cause of the decreasing trends was not clearly identified, recent extreme weather events and/or forest succession might be related to the trends. Significant positive correlations between the start and the end of the net carbon uptake period, and between the leaf expansion and leaf fall were found. These may be attributed to phenological characteristics and negative correlation between air temperature in spring and solar radiation in early fall associated with ENSO events that can also influence IAVs in annual NEP and GPP.
Genetic influence on East African running success

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract East African athletes now dominate international distance running events from the 800 m to the marathon. Explanations for their phenomenal success have included optimal environmental conditions for developing distance running performance, psychological advantage and advantageous physiological characteristics. It is well established that genetics plays a role in determining inter-individual differences in exercise performance and adaptation to training stimuli. It is not known, however, to what extent inter-population differences (i.e. between ‘races’ and/or ethnic groups) in exercise performance can be attributed to genetics. There have been considerations that ‘black’ athletes are genetically adapted towards performance, given the concurrent success of athletes of West African ancestry in sprint events. However, the current notion of ‘race’ is not universally accepted, and genetic differences within and between populations are not clearly delineated by geographical or ethnic categorizations. Recent findings from mitochondrial DNA show that the populations from which Ethiopian athletes are drawn have not been isolated populations and are not genetically distinct from other Ethiopians. Y-chromosome analysis of the same population shows concurrent results, although some differences are present between athletes and the general Ethiopian population, suggesting an influence of the Y chromosome on athlete status in Ethiopia. It is concluded that there may be a role for genetics in the success of East African athletes; however, any genetic component to their success is unlikely to be limited to East Africans and is more likely to be found in other populations. At present it is unjustified to implicate a role for genetics in the success of East African runners when no genes have been identified as being important to their performance.
Human Microcephaly Protein RTTN Is Required for Proper Mitotic Progression and Correct Spindle Position

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a small brain size with mild to moderate intellectual disability. We previously demonstrated that human microcephaly RTTN played an important role in regulating centriole duplication during interphase, but the role of RTTN in mitosis is not fully understood. Here, we show that RTTN is required for normal mitotic progression and correct spindle position. The depletion of RTTN induces the dispersion of the pericentriolar protein γ-tubulin and multiple mitotic abnormalities, including monopolar, abnormal bipolar, and multipolar spindles. Importantly, the loss of RTTN altered NuMA/p150Glued congression to the spindle poles, perturbed NuMA cortical localization, and reduced the number and the length of astral microtubules. Together, our results provide a new insight into how RTTN functions in mitosis.
Plasma functionalization of polycarbonaturethane to improve endothelialization—Effect of shear stress as a critical factor for biocompatibility control

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Medical devices made of polycarbonaturethane (PCU) combine excellent mechanical properties and little biological degradation, but restricted hemocompatibility. Modifications of PCU might reduce platelet adhesion and promote stable endothelialization. PCU was modified using gas plasma treatment, binding of hydrogels, and coupling of cell-active molecules (modified heparin, anti-thrombin III (ATIII), argatroban, fibronectin, laminin-nonapeptide, peptides with integrin-binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif). Biocompatibility was verified with static and dynamic cell culture techniques. Blinded analysis focused on improvement in endothelial cell (EC) adhesion/proliferation, anti-thrombogenicity, reproducible manufacturing process, and shear stress tolerance of ECs. EC adhesion and antithrombogenicity were achieved with 9/35 modifications. Additionally, 6/9 stimulated EC proliferation and 3/6 modification processes were highly reproducible for endothelialization. The latter modifications comprised immobilization of ATIII (A), polyethyleneglycole-diamine-hydrogel (E) and polyethylenimine-hydrogel connected with modified heparin (IH). Under sheer stress, only the IH modification improved EC adhesion within the graft. However, ECs did not arrange in flow direction and cell anchorage was restricted. Despite large variation in surface modification chemistry and improved EC adhesion under static culture conditions, additional introduction of shear stress foiled promising preliminary data. Therefore, biocompatibility testing required not only static tests but also usage of physiological conditions such as shear stress in the case of vascular grafts.
Optimisation of Surface Textures in Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells with 3D Optical Modelling by Considering Realistic Layer Growth

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rigorous optical simulations were carried out in order to optimize substrate texture in thin-film silicon solar cells. Model of realistic layer growth has been developed enabling consideration of the change in surface morphology from the substrate towards the front interfaces. The model was applied in 3-D optical simulations, using finite element method to solve Maxwell’s equations. 2-D sinusoidal textures introduced by the substrate were optimized in respect of highest gain in the photocurrent for the case of a-Si:H/μc-Si:H micromorph solar cell. The texture with P = 1100 nm and h = 1050 nm is predicted to increase JSC in bottom solar cell by up to 75 %. Besides single sinusoidal also more complex multi-component textures were analyzed by means of 2-D simulations for the case of single-junction a-Si:H solar cell. We show that compared to single sinusoidal component, multi-component textures can lead to higher photocurrents.
Mapping past, present and future dew and rain water resources for biocrust evolution in southern Africa

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Biocrust sustainability relies on dew and rain availability. A study of dew and rain resources in amplitude and frequency and their evolution is presented from year 2001 to 2020 in southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa) where many biocrust sites have been identified. The evaluation of dew is made from a classical energy balance model using meteorological data collected in 18 stations, where are also collected rain data. One observes a strong correlation between the frequency of dew and rain and the corresponding amplitudes. There is a general tendency to see a decrease in dew yield and dew frequency with increasing distance from the oceans, located west, east and south, due to decreasing RH, with a relative minimum in the desert of Kalahari (Namibia). Rain amplitude and frequency decreases when going to west and north. Short-term dew/rain correlation shows that largest dew yields clearly occur during about three days after rainfall, particularly in the sites where humidity is less. The evolution in the period corresponds to a decrease of rain precipitations and frequency, chiefly after 2010, an effect which has been cyclic since now. The effect is more noticeable towards north. An increase of dew yield and frequency is observed, mainly in north and south-east. It results in an increase of the dew contribution with respect to rain, especially after 2010. As no drastic changes in the distribution of biomass of biocrusts have been reported in this period, it is likely that dew should compensate for the decrease in rain precipitation. Since the growth of biocrust is related to dew and rain amplitude and frequency, future evolution should be characterized by either the rain cycle or, due to global change, an acceleration of the present tendency, with more dew and less rainfalls.
α-Selective Glycosylation with β-Glycosyl Sulfonium Ions Prepared via Intramolecular Alkylation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Stereoselective glycosylation remains the main challenge in the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides. Herein we report a simple method to convert thioglycosides into β-sulfonium ions via an intramolecular alkylation reaction, leading to highly α-selective glycosylations for a variety of glycosyl acceptors. The influence of the thioglycoside substituent and the protecting group pattern on the glycosyl donor was investigated and showed a clear correlation with the observed stereoselectivity.
Fully implantable, multi‐channel microstimulator with tracking supply ribbon, multi‐output charge pump and energy recovery

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel energy‐efficient approach dedicated to high‐density implantable stimulators such as visual prostheses is presented. Energy efficiency of the approach proposed in this work is achieved through two ideas: the ‘tracking supply ribbon’ technique and ‘reverse charge pumping’. The proposed approach is implemented, in the multi‐channel case, in such a way that power efficiency of each stimulation channel is enhanced according to its specific voltage/current condition and independently from other channels. For this purpose, a multi‐channel power‐efficient charge pump circuit with small integrated capacitors is proposed. Based on the proposed approach, a fully integrated 16‐channel stimulation backend for a visual prosthesis was designed and simulated in the transistor level in a standard 0.18‐μm triple‐well CMOS technology, occupying 1.41 mm 2 of silicon area. According to post‐layout simulation results, power savings of up to 74% for a single channel and 81.5% for multiple channels are achieved compared to the conventional output stage with a constant supply voltage. Designed for the proposed stimulation backend, the charge pump generates output voltages of 3.48 V, −1.69 V, −3.38 V, and −5.05 V out of a 1.8 V input voltage and exhibits average power efficiency of 92.8% and 86.8% for one‐ and three‐stage circuits, respectively, all in the case of a 100 μA current load. All the aforementioned results are based on post‐layout simulation. Moreover, a proof‐of‐concept prototype was developed using off‐the‐shelf components in order to demonstrate the operation of the proposed tracking supply ribbon idea.
Flow visualization of polymer/water/surfactant droplets in oil using coflow and flow-focusing channels with µpiv technique

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work presents the study of the flow behaviour during drop formation and breakup at a capillary tip with two different channel (coflow and flow-focusing) and capillary (flat and pointy) designs. Utilizing µPIV and streak imaging by means of fluorescence particles, the flow fields of both aqueous and oil phases were simultaneously visualized. The effect of elasticity on drop formation and breakup has also been explored by various Tween20 surfactants and surfactant/guar polymer solutions as the disperse phase.
Impaired alpha rhythm in bad sleeper during nap: A high‐density electroencephalogram study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Summary As the pace of life accelerates, poor sleep quality has become a common health problem. A wealth of sleep studies based on electroencephalogram (EEG) have found that poor sleep quality has decreased alpha rhythm during night‐time sleep. However, whether the EEG rhythm during an afternoon nap has a similar impairment has seldom been investigated. By recruiting 35 subjects for a 90‐min nap, we explored the relationship between sleep quality and the alpha rhythm, and the contribution of naps to subjective sleep experience. We found that the power of alpha rhythm in the occipital lobe negatively correlated with sleep quality. However, there was no correlation between the sleep quality at night and the sleep duration of the nap, nor the sleep quality and the proportion of each sleep period of a nap. Our present results indicated that the quality of night‐time sleep did not affect the macrostructure of the nap. Interestingly, the negative correlation between the alpha rhythm of a nap and sleep quality at night continuously existed in Wake, N1 sleep, and N2 sleep, and had the most substantial value during N2 sleep of a nap. This implies that an impaired occipital lobe alpha rhythm is a robust biomarker for poor sleep. The research is of particular significance for developing electrical neural stimulation therapy to improve sleep quality, especially for the stimuli regions for selection and the time windows for implementation.