jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Educational Policies Committee Program Proposal, Emma Eccles Jones College of Education and Human Services, March 20, 2008 – Name Change: Expert and Applied Psychological Science

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This is a request to change the name of a specialization within the existing doctoral training program in the Department of Psychology at Utah State University. The specialization is currently called “Research and Evaluation Methodology.” The new name will be “Experimental and Applied Psychological Science.”
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL GEOPOTENTIAL MODELS IN KAZAKHSTAN BASED ON GEOID HEIGHTS AND GRAVITY ANOMALIES

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Orthometric height is required for all surveying work in civil engineering. The most effective and less labor-intensive method for determining orthometric heights on the ground is the use of GNSS technologies. But to use GNSS technologies, it is necessary to determine the geoid height (the difference between ellipsoidal and orthometric heights). This article reviews and compares the latest high-resolution Global geopotential models (GGM) in order to select the optimal model for creating a model of the geoid of Kazakhstan. The study consists of three stages. In the first stage, the GGMs were evaluated using 112 GNSS/leveling points distributed over the test area. In the second stage, selected GGMs were evaluated based on gravity data. In the third stage, some of the best performing models were further compared using spectral information contained in their spherical harmonic coefficients. The EIGEN-6C4 model demonstrated advantages over other GGMs (XGM2019e_2159, GECO, SGG-UGM-2, EGM2008) that participated in the accuracy assessment, showing a standard deviation of 0.267 m at the first stage. When analyzed to match ground-based gravity data, the EIGEN-6C4 model demonstrated a match with a standard deviation of 5.341 mGal. Based on the evaluation results, it is decided that EIGEN-6C4 is the most suitable model for generating local geoid, which will contribute to the development of geodesy in civil engineering in the future.
[A brief history of the development of Turkish pharmacognosy].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1839-1909: The Foundation Period: The education of pharmacy through the apprenticeship system ended up as a "Pharmacology Branch" of the "Military Medical School" which was founded in 1839 in Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire. A "Civil Pharmacology Branch" was founded in 1867. The education of pharmacognosy, called "Matiere Medicale" and "Mufredat-i Tip" too, was started during this period. 1909 (1913)-1945: The Institutionalization Period; The education of pharmacognosy as it is understood today was included in the curriculum of the Pharmacology School in 1909, before the foundation of the Turkish Republic; however, the pharmacognosy education was eventually started in 1913. During this period, the School of Pharmacology was administratively a part of the Medical School: and later the School of Science; then it was reattached to the Medical School, yet it had its own separate building. 1945-1963: The Period of Development: This is the period when academic studies on pharmacognosy started and a "Pharmacognosy Institute" was established as a part of the Pharmacology School of the Medical School in 1945. Professor doctor Sarim Celebioglu, who had a Ph.D from Berlin University, was appointed as a director of this institute and directed it until 1962. Approximately for 40 years the education and research on pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical botany was handled only in the Istanbul University. 1962-1997: Reform and Improvement Period: Today there are eight pharmacology schools in Turkey; three in Ankara, one in Erzurum (1997), one in Eskisehir, two in Instanbul and one in Izmir. Pharmacognosy education is carried out in all of these schools. Additionally, there are three research centers which were founded by the pharmacognosy divisions of the Ankara, Anadolu and Istanbul Universities.
Kwantificatie van T-celinfiltraat met digitale PCR

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In een kwantitatieve tumorbeschrijving wordt de aanwezigheid van specifieke cellen uitgedrukt in percentages. Deze waarden kunnen het onderzoek naar het ontstaan en beloop van de kanker ondersteunen, en mogelijk worden gecorreleerd aan bepaalde prognostische of therapeutische uitkomsten. Met dit onderzoek introduceren wij een nieuwe en unieke methode om op relatief eenvoudige wijze accuraat het T-celinfiltraat in kankersamples en ander weefsel te kwantificeren. Hierbij wordt geisoleerd DNA geanalyseerd middels digitale PCR. In klasse IIb-oogmelanomen kan met deze methode een uitgebreid T-celinfiltraat worden aangetoond.
Changes of BB Isoenzyme of Creatine Kinase,CaATPase and Calpain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Aim:To investigate the changes of BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase(CK-BB),CaATPase and calpain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) mouse brain and spinal cord. Methods:C57BL/6 mice were induced into the models of EAE with multiple sclerosis by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) peptides. Behavioral changes of the EAE mice were observed and recorded. With HE staining,LFB myelin staining,the changes of the central nervous tissues,CK-BB,CaATPase and calpain activity were assayed in the peak incidence by using microplate reader and spectrophotometer (19 days after immunization). Results:Compared with the control group,the results of the EAE group were as follows:①Mean daily clinical scores and cumulative scores were increased(P0.01). ②HE staining:Central inflammatory cell infiltration became obvious(P0.05). ③LFB stain:Myelinoclasis became obvious. ④Enzyme activity:The activities of CK-BB and CaATPase decreased while calpain activity was increased(P0.05). ⑤Cumulative average daily scores of each EAE mouse had negative correlation with the activities of CK-BB and CaATPase(P0.05). ⑥ Cumulative average daily scores of each EAE mouse had positive correlation with the calpain activity(P0.05). Conclusion:The decrease of acitivities of central CK-BB and CaATPase and the activity increase of calpain in the peak were the consequences of EAE occurrence,suggesting EAE occurrence involves the central energy metabolism and CaATPase,calpain pathological damage.
Sufi Tradition in Spiritual Culture of the Golden Horde

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The author considers the special nature of the penetration of the Sufi tradition in the spiritual culture of the Golden Horde. Being a part of the spiritual culture, literary monuments from the Golden Horde epoch played a significant role in the spread of Islam in the Golden Horde. Islam rooted in the Golden Horde thanks to the fact that Sufism gave the Muslim form to the Turkic-Mongolian beliefs. The «Nahj al-Faradis» («Pathway to the Heavens»), the literary monument from the Golden Horde era, narrates about the introduction and diffusion of Islam in the Turkic-Mongolian religious and mundane traditions.
The Abservation of Cervical Spondylosis of Arterial(CSA) Treated by Acupuncture with Fengchi Acupoint Combined with Gongxue Acupoint

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective:To observe the clinical effects of Fengchi acupoint combined with Gonexue acupoint which were used to treat CSA. Methods: 52 cases were randomly divided into 2 groups. The treatment group were treated with Fengchi acupoint combined with Gonexue acupoint ,the control group were treated with neck to Jiaji acupoint ,the both groups all used acupuncture with electric stimulation,and the clinical effects were observed two weeks later. Results: The total effective rate of treatment group was 96.15% ,and the control group was 92.30%. Conclusions: CSA which treated with Fengchi acupoint combined with Gonexue acupoint is a more effective method than the troditional neck to Jiaji acupoint.
Quantitative separation of the influence of copper (II) chloride mass migration on the chemo-responsive shape memory effect in polyurethane shape memory polymer

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Chemo-responsive shape memory effect in polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) composite triggered by mass migration of copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) has been experimentally demonstrated. In this study, we present a comprehensive study on quantitative separation of the effect of CuCl2 particle mass migration on the chemo-responsive shape recovery behavior of polyurethane SMP composites with different concentrations of CuCl2 particles. It is found that the SMP is featured with a critical release rate of the mechanical energy storage associated with the shape recovery behavior due to mass migration of the CuCl2 particle. A sequence of molecular interactions among CuCl2 particles, polyurethane macromolecules and water molecules, i.e., assembly of the CuCl2 particle with polyurethane macromolecules, and then disassembly and dissolution of the CuCl2 particle in water, results in an acceleration of water-induced shape recovery of polyurethane SMP. This study focuses on the quantitative separation of the influence of mass migration on the chemo-responsive shape recovery behavior of polyurethane SMP in response to water. It is expected to promote and achieve the actuation of chemo-responsive SMPs in a fully controllable manner.
The photospheric energy and helicity budgets of the flux-injection hypothesis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The flux-injection hypothesis for driving coronal mass ejections (CMEs) requires the transport of substantial magnetic energy and helicity flux through the photosphere concomitant with the eruption. Under the magnetohydrodynamics approximation, these fluxes are produced by twisting magnetic field and/or flux emergence in the photosphere. A CME trajectory, observed 2000 September 12 and fitted with a flux-rope model constrains energy and helicity budgets for testing the flux-injection hypothesis. Optimal velocity profiles for several driving scenarios are estimated by minimizing the photospheric plasma velocities for a cylindrically symmetric flux-rope magnetic field subject to the flux budgets required by the flux-rope model. Ideal flux injection, involving only flux emergence, requires hypersonic upflows in excess of the solar escape velocity 617 km/s over an area of 6x10^8 km^2 to satisfy the energy and helicity budgets of the flux-rope model. These estimates are compared with magnetic field and Doppler measurements from Solar Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager on 2000 September 12 at the footpoints of the CME. The observed Doppler signatures are insufficient to account for the required energy and helicity budgets of the flux-injection hypothesis.
Development of Autoimmunity against Transcriptionally Unrepressed Target Antigen in the Thymus of Aire-Deficient Mice

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene mutation is responsible for the development of organ-specific autoimmune disease with monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance. Although Aire has been considered to regulate the elimination of autoreactive T cells through transcriptional control of tissue-specific Ags in thymic epithelial cells, other mechanisms of AIRE-dependent tolerance remain to be investigated. We have established Aire-deficient mice and examined the mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance. The production and/or function of immunoregulatory T cells were retained in the Aire-deficient mice. The mice developed Sjögren’s syndrome-like pathologic changes in the exocrine organs, and this was associated with autoimmunity against a ubiquitous protein, α-fodrin. Remarkably, transcriptional expression of α-fodrin was retained in the Aire-deficient thymus. These results suggest that Aire regulates the survival of autoreactive T cells beyond transcriptional control of self-protein expression in the thymus, at least against this ubiquitous protein. Rather, Aire may regulate the processing and/or presentation of self-proteins so that the maturing T cells can recognize the self-Ags in a form capable of efficiently triggering autoreactive T cells. With the use of inbred Aire-deficient mouse strains, we also demonstrate the presence of some additional factor(s) that determine the target-organ specificity of the autoimmune disease caused by Aire deficiency.
Laryngoceles and the laryngeal tube

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The laryngeal tube (LT) [1] is a relatively new device for airway maintenance during elective surgery. It has two cuffs – one pharyngeal and the other oesophageal, which effectively seal the hypopharynx when properly placed [2], such that the hypopharynx communicates only with the larynx. This has the advantage of preventing aspiration of stomach contents and allows the use of high airway pressures (up to 40 cmH2O) [3] during controlled ventilation, but can at the same time prove deleterious as illustrated by the following case report. A 14-year-old girl (35 kg, 144 cm), ASA I, was scheduled to undergo reconstructive hand surgery. After consent from the patient's guardians, a LT was chosen to maintain the airway during surgery. After adequate pre-oxygenation, anaesthesia was induced with thiopental 5 mg.kg−1, and after muscle relaxation with vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg−1, a size 3 LT was inserted and its cuffs inflated in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications [4]. The lungs were ventilated with halothane 0.5% in a 50 : 50 oxygen and nitrous oxide mixture, with an airway pressure of 24 cm H2O. Two minutes later, bilateral neck swellings in the infra hyoid region became apparent. Alarmed by these, the decision was made to remove the LT, although there was no problem with lung ventilation and the SpO2 was 100%. The lungs were ventilated with a facemask while a 6-mm tracheal tube was prepared for intubation. During mask ventilation, the neck swellings increased and collapsed with positive pressure. The tracheal tube was subsequently inserted using a TrachlightTM and the rest of the surgery was uneventful. Post-operatively the patient recovered satisfactorily, but the patient's guardians refused any further investigations. We believe that the lateral neck swellings were a previously undiagnosed laryngoceles. The properly placed LT allowed the high airway pressures to be transmitted to the larynx, thereby exposing the laryngoceles.
Estimating Water Flux in a Granitic Aquifer from Temperate Profile Measurements in Borewells of a Hard Rock Region, India

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature logging were carried out in twenty-five borewells/piezometers in a hard rock region of Telangana, India at an interval of 1 and 2 m right from the water table till the bottom of the borewell to study the fracture zones at different depths and to recognize temperature variation with depths. The temperature and EC profiles of the groundwater were recorded at regular intervals along the depths of the borewells, the sensitivity of the sensor of the logger being limited to 0.1 K. An attempt was made to calculate the vertical component of the water flux in 25 borewells using the temperature profile measurements in these borewells by applying the heat convection and conduction equation and taking into account the volumetric heat capacity of water and the thermal conductivity of rocks (in the present study, granite). The temperature data was first linearly fitted. The dispersion that would exist in thermal conductivity under the assumption as uniform flux for 22 of the borewell’s is unlikely, and data was fitted to the exponential trend of the temperature profile, considered to a non-zero water flux. This approach resulted in a comparatively better fit than the linear variation. Thus the water flux was calculated for 22 sites using the exponential variation relationship. It was found that the water flux ranges from 4 to 30 mm/year, which shows significant large variation from one location to other. It was also observed using the temperature measurements at the surface (from the temperature recorded at the meteorological station) that the temperature at depths is not affected by the variations at the surface, which confirms the reliability of vertical velocity/flow rate determination.
Health education: analysis of teachers' and future teachers' conceptions from 16 countries in Europe, Africa and Middle East

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

School is an important setting for health education and health promotion, and it has been recognised that teachers’ conceptions play a crucial role for the effective implementation of school health education. With the European FP6 Biohead-Citizen project on “Biology Health and Environmental education for better citizenship” we analysed the potential differences between several countries by associating teachers’ and future teachers’ conceptions to controlled parameters, such as level of training, religion, political view. A questionnaire was constructed during the first year of the project, and following a pilot test, the final questionnaire was applied to 6379 teachers and future teachers. We then used well-suited statistical multivariate methods to investigate complex data featuring the conceptions of many individuals, according to many topics. We show that a prominent source of variation in teachers’ conceptions is related to countries, and further suggest that there are differences in two kinds of conceptions: a) individual health responsibilities and abilities; b) social policies. Religion, academic level or training had also an impact in teachers’ conceptions of health education. Another important feature is the gap between what teachers and future teachers say about their own health and what they say it should be taught in school. Results are then discussed.
Seasoned judgments: the American Constitution, rights, and history

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Leonard Levy's new book, a compendium of his law review articles, book chapters, and basic shorter writings on themes with which he has long been identified, is a treasure chest of sound and reasonable analysis of American constitutional history. As one reviewer of the manuscript put matters: There is a clinker amongst them. For anyone who thinks that liberal analysis has grown soft and flabby, a good dose of Levy's book should set the record straight. Seasoned Judgments is divided into three parts: Rights, Constitutional History, and The Marshall Court. In this progression from the general to the concrete, Levy never ignores the context as well as the content of the judicial process. Indeed, it is this linkage that separates him from nearly all other commentators and writers on the subjects covered. Whether discussing why the original Constitution lacked a Bill or Rights, or why the Fourth Amendment uses the imperative form shall not rather than the conditional form ought not, the reader enters a world of explanation rich in detail and carful scholarly elaboration. Well-known as editor in chief of the multivolumed Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, this new volume extracts some of Levy's own contributions to that effort. As a result, one can, for the first time, gain a clear sense of the author's own profound sense of the major issues confronting American law from the founding fathers to the present. The analysis of such still unresolved issues as flag desecration, the exclusionary rule, testimonial compulsion, taxation without representation, and the nature of the Constitution itself, will be of tremendous appeal to historians and political scientists as well as attorneys and judges.
[Surgical treatment of funnel chest].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 1976-1985, 39 patients were operated for the funnel chest. All patients were enrolled for the intensive rehabilitation program in the hospital, and correction exercises followed by swimming were recommended after release home. A favourable cosmetic effect was achieved in all patients in early postoperative period. However, a recurrence of the funnel chest has been noted in 10 patients (26%), later. Abnormality has been less advanced except 1 patient in whom subjective worsening has been noted.
Augmented regeneration of partial liver allograft induced by nuclear factor-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides-modified dendritic cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM:To investigate the effect of NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynuleotides (ODNs) - modified dendritic cells (DCs) on regeneration of partial liver allograft.METHODS:Bone marrow (BM)- derived DCs from SD rats were propagated in the presence of GM-CSF or GM-CSF+IL-4 to obtain immature DCs or mature DCs, respectively. GMCSF-propagated DCs were treated with double-strand NF-κB decoy ODNs containing two NF-κB binding sites or scrambled ODNs. Allogeneic (SD rat to LEW rat) 50% partial liver transplantation was performed. Normal saline (group A),GM-CSF-propagated DCs (group B), GM-CSF+IL-4-propagated DCs (group C), and GM-CSF+NF-κB decoy ODNs(group D) or scrambled ODNs -propagated DCs (group E) were injected intravenously into recipient LEW rats 7 days prior to liver transplantation and immediately after transplantation.DNA synthesis (BrdU labeling) and apoptosis of hepatocytes were detected with immunostaining and TUNEL staining postoperative 24h, 48h, 72h and 84h,respectively. Liver graft-resident NK cell activity, hepatic IFN-γ mRNA expression and recipient serum IFN-γ level at the time of the maximal liver allograft regeneration were measured with ^51Cr release assay, semiquantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.RESULTS: Regeneration of liver allograft was markedly promoted by NF-κB decoy ODNs-modified immature DCs but was significantly suppressed by mature DCs, the DNA synthesis of hepatocytes peaked at postoperative 72h in group A, group B and group E rats, whereas the DNA synthesis of hepatocytes peaked at postoperative 84h in group C rats and 48h in group D rats, respectively. The maximal BrdU labeling index of hepatocytes in group D rats was significantly higher than that in the other groups rats.NF-κB decoy ODNs-modified immature DCs markedly suppressed but mature DCs markedly promoted apoptosis of hepatocytes, liver-resident NK cell activity, hepatic IFN-γ mRNA expression and recipient serum IFN-γ production.At the time of the maximal regeneration of liver allograft,the minimal apoptosis of hepatocytes,
[Spontaneous rhinorrhea of a rare etiology (apropos of empty sella turcica)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors report a case of non traumatic rhinorrhea due to an empty sella turcica. Such an intra sellar arachnoidocele compress the pituitary gland against the posterior wall, erode the floor and lead to CSF rhinorrhea through the sphenoidal sinus. Diagnosis and treatment are best accomplished by a team approach involving otolaryngologist, neurosurgeon and neuroradiologist. CT Scan and IRM explain the diagnosis. Treatment can be accomplished by a transeptal transphenoidal approach with localization and repair of the leak in the absence of increased intracranial pressure.
Primordial Superheavy Element 126

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Based on the shell corrections obtained from an extrapolated potential, the superheavy nucleus 126 in a spherical configuration does not appear to have a half-life as long as the age of the universe. Hartree-Fock calculations with Skyrme interactions do not reveal extra stability for element 126 ($A=354$). There is thus the possibility that the primordial superheavy element 126 observed by Gentry et al may not be spherical. The distinction between spherical and toroidal shapes can be made by measuring the mass number of the observed superheavy element.