jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Competition between Elimination Pathways in the Reactions of a Wide Variety of Bases with 2-Fluoro- and 2-Chlorobutane in the Gas Phase

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ab initio methods are used to examine the regio- and stereoselectivities of the elimination reactions of 2-fluorobutane and 2-chlorobutane with a series of nucleophiles (F(-), HO(-), CH3O(-), (CH3)3CO(-), NH2(-), CH3(-), H(-), Cl(-), HS(-), and PH2(-)). The data suggest that regiochemistry is most closely related to the nature of the transition state on the E2 spectrum with E1cb-like reactions favoring the least-substituted alkene product and E1-like reactions favoring the most-substituted alkene product. There appears to be no correlation between the extent of π-bond formation (as measured by the Cα-Cβ distance) and the preference for forming the more highly substituted alkene. The stereochemistry (E vs Z) is less sensitive to the nucleophile and is relatively constant with the exception of a few systems that appear to have long-range interactions that reduce the bias against the Z product. Comparisons with experimental results in solution show, with a few exceptions, similar reactivity trends in solution and the gas phase.
Outlines for improvement of clinical care quality.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper presents a set of quality outlines that can be used in the total quality management improvement process for clinical care. The outlines describe problems, potential causes, quality improvement opportunities, and potential methodologies and solutions to improve 15 clinical areas. The necessary improvement steps will depend on the area evaluated, and enhancements can only occur through the commitment of the medical staff and the taking of action steps. When the improvement of quality is given priority, financial gains for the hospital and decreased malpractice risk for the medical staff will follow.
Calculation of Numbers-Needed-To-Treat in Parallel Group Trials Assessing Ordinal Outcomes: Case Examples from Acute Stroke and Stroke Prevention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Number-needed-to-treat describes the magnitude of the effect of an intervention, underpins health economic analyses, and is typically calculated for binary events. Ordered categorical outcomes provide more clinical information and their analysis using ordinal approaches is usually more efficient statistically. However, to date, techniques to calculate number-needed-to-treat based on ordinal outcomes for parallel group trials have had important limitations. Aims Numbers-needed-to-treat may be calculated for ordinal data from parallel group trials by using an unmatched comparison of all subjects or by generating matched pairs of patients nested within the study. Methods The above approaches were assessed and compared with numbers-needed-to-treat calculated for binary outcomes using individual patient data from acute and prevention stroke trials testing the effect of interventions of varying utility and efficacy. Results Numbers-needed-to-treat were generally lower numerically for ordinal vs. binary, and matched vs. unmatched analyses, and the lowest in highly efficacious interventions: hemicraniectomy, ordinal matched 2·4 vs. ordinal unmatched 2·5 vs. binary matched 12 vs. binary unmatched 9 (one trial, 12 month outcome); alteplase, 4·5 vs. 6·6 vs. 8·4 vs. 8·4 (one trial with two parts, three-months); aspirin, 42 vs. 58 vs. 76 vs. 80 (one trial, six-months); and stroke units, 3·6–5·3 vs. 6·2 vs. 4·7–5·9 vs. 6·3–7·0 (two trials, three- to 60 months). Similar trends were seen for aspirin/dipyridamole vs. aspirin in secondary prevention, 22 vs. 20 vs. 31 vs. 31 (one trial, 24 months). Conclusions Number-needed-to-treat may be calculated for ordinal outcome data derived from parallel group stroke trials; such numbers-needed-to-treat are lower than those calculated for binary outcomes. Their use complements the use of ordinal statistical approaches in the analysis of ordered categorical data.
Education, Service Quality, Accountability, Awareness, and Taxpayer Compliance: Individual Taxpayer Perception

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study is to investigate how education, service quality, and accountability affect taxpayer compliance and awareness. A model was developed and tested by using a sample of 253 taxpayers listed on the Directorate General of Taxation in Riau, Indonesia. Data were collected and analyzed by using least squares regression and moderated regression analyses. Results show that education, service quality, and accountability affect taxpayer compliance. The results also indicate that tax awareness strengthen the effects of education, service quality, and accountability on taxpayer compliance.
Avoiding cultural false positives

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

article Avoiding cultural false positives Share on Authors: Deborah Mrazek Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-PackardView Profile , Cynthia Baldaccini Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-PackardView Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 4Issue 4July/Aug. 1997 pp 19–24https://doi.org/10.1145/259330.259345Online:01 July 1997Publication History 5citation665DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations5Total Downloads665Last 12 Months2Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Supplementary Figure 5 from Resistance to BRAF Inhibition in BRAF-Mutant Colon Cancer Can Be Overcome with PI3K Inhibition or Demethylating Agents

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>PDF file - 140K, HT29 and Colo205 parental and PLX-resistant (RC) cell lines were profiled by Affymetrix MIP array (OncoScan� FFPE Express 2.0 Services) for copy number. The following copy number plots were produced by Affymetrix Nexus CN 6.0. (build 6461). In the HT29 parental and HT29RC, the black arrows represent an increase in copy number in chromosome 7p acquired in the HT29RC. Similarly, in the Colo205RC, there is an acquired increase in copy number in chromosome 12p, denoted by the black arrow.</p>
Inhibitory Effects of 14 Polysaccharides on Sarcocarcinoma S_(180) of Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

After inoculated sarcocarcinoma S180 into the armpit,14 kinds of polysaccharides(100mg/kg) were fed into stomach of the mice every day.The inhibition rate,weight,thymus and splen index,the number of red cells and white cells were investigated.The results showed that the polysaccharides,isolated from Codonopsis Pilosula(Fr.) Nannf.Polysaccharide,Adenophora tetraphylla(Thunb.) Fisch Polysaccharide,Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.)Vent.Polysaccharide,Rosa roxburghii Tratt Polysaccharide,Balanophora spicata Hayata.Polysaccharide,Rosa laevigata Michx.Polysaccharide,Epimedium pubescens Maxim Polysaccharide,Campanumoea javanica B1.var.japonica Makino Polysaccharide,Curculigo orchioides Gaertn Polysaccharide,Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb.) Mikino.Polysaccharide,and the Disporopsis pernyi(Hua) Diels.Polysaccharide demonstrated inhibitory effects on S180 tumor.
Learning of Children with Special Needs in Inclusive Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Inclusion schools are educational services provided to children with special needs in obtaining a proper education. In the implementation of inclusive schools, children with special needs learn together with normal children and are served like normal children and treated like normal children. Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to find out how children with special needs learn in inclusive schools. Method: The research method used is a literature review by looking at various literature on the learning process, children with special needs, and inclusion schools Results: The results of the literature review show that the learning of children with special needs in schools is carried out by teachers with sufficient competence to serve children with special needs and normal children at one time. Teachers understand the characteristics in the form of the nature of students' strengths and weaknesses with various learning strategies and methods. Conclusion: Inclusion schools are organized as regular schools, but accept children with special needs as learners by providing a system of educational services tailored to the needs of both normal learners and students with special needs through curriculum adjustments, strategies or learning methods, assessment, and preparation of infrastructure.
Screening patients in general practice for advanced chronic liver disease using an innovative IT solution: The Liver Toolkit

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Identifying patients with undiagnosed advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) is a public health challenge. Patients with advanced fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis have much better outcomes than those with decompensated disease and may be eligible for interventions to prevent disease progression. Methods: A cloud-based software solution (“the Liver Toolkit”) was developed to access primary care practice software to identify patients at risk of ACLD. Clinical history and laboratory results were extracted to calculate aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and fibrosis 4 scores. Patients identified were recalled for assessment, including Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) via transient elastography. Those with an existing diagnosis of cirrhosis were excluded. Results: Existing laboratory results of more than 32,000 adults across nine general practices were assessed to identify 703 patients at increased risk of ACLD (2.2% of the cohort). One hundred seventy-nine patients (26%) were successfully recalled, and 23/179 (13%) were identified to have ACLD (LSM ≥10.0 kPa) (10% found at indeterminate risk [LSM 8.0–9.9 kPa] and 77% low risk of fibrosis [LSM <8.0 kPa]). In most cases, the diagnosis of liver disease was new, with the most common etiology being metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (n=20, 83%). Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index ≥1.0 and fibrosis 4 ≥3.25 had a positive predictive value for detecting ACLD of 19% and 24%, respectively. Patients who did not attend recall had markers of more severe disease with a higher median aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index score (0.57 vs. 0.46, p =0.041). Conclusions: This novel information technology system successfully screened a large primary care cohort using existing laboratory results to identify patients at increased risk ACLD. More than 1 in 5 patients recalled were found to have liver disease requiring specialist follow-up.
Could information theory provide an ecological theory of sensory processing?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The sensory pathways of animals are well adapted to processing a special class of signals, namely stimuli from the animal's environment. An important fact about natural stimuli is that they are typically very redundant and hence the sampled representation of these signals formed by the array of sensory cells is inefficient. One could argue for some animals and pathways, as the author does in this review, that efficiency of information representation in the nervous system has several evolutionary advantages. Consequently, one might expect that much of the processing in the early levels of these sensory pathways could be dedicated towards recording incoming signals into a more efficient form. The author explores the principle of efficiency of information representation as a design principle for sensory processing. He gives a preliminary discussion on how this principle could be applied in general to predict neural processing and then discuss concretely some neural systems where it recently has been shown to be successful. In particular, he examines the fly's LMC coding strategy and the mammalian retinal coding in the spatial, temporal and chromatic domains.
Tracking urban heartbeat and policy compliance through vision and language-based sensing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sensing activities at the city scale using big data can enable applications to improve the quality of citizen life. While there are approaches to sense the urban heartbeat using sound, vision, radio frequency (RF), and other sensors, capturing changes at urban scale using such sensing modalities is challenging. Due to the enormous amount of data they produce and the associated annotation and processing requirement, such data can be of limited use. In this paper, we present a vision-to-language modeling approach to capture patterns and transitions that occur in New York City from March 2020 to August 2020. We use the model on ~1 million street images captured by dashcams over 6 months. We then use the captions to train a language model based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation [4] and compare models from different periods using probabilistic distance measures. We observe distribution shifts in the model that correlate well with social distancing policies and are corroborated by different data sources, such as mobility traces. This language-based sensing introduces a new sensing modality to capture dynamics in the city with lower storage requirements and privacy concerns.
Searching for SUSY and decaying gravitino DM at the LHC and Fermi-LAT with the $μν$SSM

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The `$μ$ from $ν$' supersymmetric standard model ($μν$SSM) solves the $μ$ problem of supersymmetric models and reproduces neutrino data, simply using couplings with the three families of right-handed neutrinos $ν$'s. Novel signatures of supersymmetry at the LHC are expected through these new states, and couplings breaking $R$ parity. All supersymmetric particles are potential candidates for the lightest one, which is not stable leading to prompt or displaced vertices and producing final states with multi-leptons/taus/jets/photons and missing energy. Besides, a decaying gravitino turns out to be an interesting candidate for dark matter. It can be searched through gamma-ray observations, such as those of the Fermi Large Area Telescope. The latter, depending on the region of the parameter space of the model, already imposes an upper bound on the gravitino mass of the order of $5-20$ GeV and a lower bound on the lifetime of about $10^{25-28}$ s.
The case of 1.5 eV neutrino hot dark matter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The lensing data of the galaxy cluster Abell 1689 can be explained by an isothermal fermion model with a mass of 1-2 eV. The best candidate is the 1.5 eV neutrino; its mass will be searched down to 0.2 eV in KATRIN 2015. If its righthanded (sterile) modes were created too, there is 20% neutrino hot dark matter. Their condensation on clusters explains the reionization of the intercluster gas without Pop. III stars. Baryonic structure formation is achieved by gravitional hydrodynamics alone, without dark matter trigger.
Efficient Hierarchical Markov Random Fields for Object Detection on a Mobile Robot

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Object detection and classification using video is necessary for intelligent planning and navigation on a mobile robot. However, current methods can be too slow or not sufficient for distinguishing multiple classes. Techniques that rely on binary (foreground/background) labels incorrectly identify areas with multiple overlapping objects as single segment. We propose two Hierarchical Markov Random Field models in efforts to distinguish connected objects using tiered, binary label sets. Near-realtime performance has been achieved using efficient optimization methods which runs up to 11 frames per second on a dual core 2.2 Ghz processor. Evaluation of both models is done using footage taken from a robot obstacle course at the 2010 Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition.
On the Effective Hamiltonian for Pseudoscalar Meson with Pseudoscalar Coupling with Nucleon

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The method of canonical transformation is applied to the pseudo-scalar meson theory with pseudoscalar coupling. It well be shown that the Tani-Foldy transformation results as the best one when regarded as a variational function among the similar family of transformation. The resulting Hamiltonian was ordered assuming some cut-off for the virtual meson momentum, and performing the mass renormalization. This Hamiltonian shows a good tendency to account for the S-phase shifts for the nucleon π-meson scattering; the L-S coupling (τ·φ×π) in the isotopic spin space, which is positive for the T=3/2 state and negative for the T=1/2 state, becomes twice as large as obtained by the perturbation theory.
An Accurate and Efficient Empirical Approach for Calculating the Dielectric Self-Energy and Ion−Ion Pair Potential in Continuum Models of Biological Ion Channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents empirical formulas for calculating the dielectric self-energy and ion-ion pair interactions in cylindrical ion channels. The proposed approach can be extended to more complex channel structures, for example, (i) a "straight" channel with variable radius and (ii) a "curved" channel with constant radius. For calibration purposes, we compare results obtained based on the approximate effective potentials developed herein to exact electrostatic calculations obtained via the algorithm of Graf et al.: the agreement is satisfactory. A dynamic lattice Monte Carlo (DLMC) technique is used to further assess the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed empirical potentials. The concentration profiles and current-voltage curves produced with our simple empirical energy formulas are in excellent agreement with numerical results obtained using the algorithm of Graf et al., which calculates all relevant electrostatic forces exactly. The use of effective ion-ion potentials greatly reduces the computer memory required to perform DLMC ion permeation simulations in dielectrically inhomogeneous environments, thus enabling treatment of larger systems than can be handled by numerically exact techniques.
Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Many systems have been designed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is readily transmitted, resulting in the rapid spread of disease in human populations. Frequent testing at the point of care (POC) is a key aspect for controlling outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging pathogens, as the early identification of infected individuals can then be followed by appropriate measures of isolation or treatment, maximizing the chances of recovery and preventing infectious spread. Diagnostic tools used for high-frequency testing should be inexpensive, provide a rapid diagnostic response without sophisticated equipment, and be amenable to manufacturing on a large scale. The application of these devices should enable large-scale data collection, help control viral transmission, and prevent disease propagation. Here we review functional nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical biosensors for accessible POC testing for COVID-19. These biosensors incorporate nanomaterials coupled with paper-based analytical devices and other inexpensive substrates, traditional lateral flow technology (antigen and antibody immunoassays), and innovative biosensing methods. We critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nanobiosensor-based approaches compared to widely used technologies such as PCR, ELISA, and LAMP. Moreover, we delineate the main technological, (bio)chemical, translational, and regulatory challenges associated with developing functional and reliable biosensors, which have prevented their translation into the clinic. Finally, we highlight how nanobiosensors, given their unique advantages over existing diagnostic tests, may help in future pandemics.
Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis for Web Access Failure under Uncertainty Using a Compensatory Operator

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In most of the existing fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA) methods, basic events in the form of fuzzy numbers are connected through operators representing their interactions with each other and generally do not provide any compensation between small and large degrees of membership. So, this chapter proposed a novel FFTA method to evaluate fault interval of web access failure and ranked its critical basic events for managerial decision making. The proposed method uses FTA, basic events as triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs), compensatory operator to connect basic events, and α-cut based fuzzy arithmetic operations to obtain fault and reliability intervals of the system. The use of the compensatory operator in the proposed method provides the flexibility to connect the fuzzy sets through a parameter. Based on the suitable choice of the parameter value, more realistic results can be obtained. In numerical verification, web access failure analysis has been conducted based on a real web server LOG data. The proposed fuzzy approach produces a more appropriate and flexible result compared to the traditional approaches.
The Unity of the Manifest and Scientific Image by Self-Representation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Sellars (1963) distinguished in Empiricism and Philosophy of Mind between ordinary discourse, which expressed his “manifest image”, and scientific discourse, which articulated his “scientific image” of man-in-the-world in a way that is both central and problematic to the rest of his philosophy. Our contention is that the problematic feature of the distinction results from Sellars theory of inner episodes as theoretical entities. On the other hand, as Sellars attempted to account for our noninferential knowledge of such states, particularly in correspondence with Castañeda, discussed by Lehrer and Stern (2000), he is lead to account of representation of such states that incorporates the states into what Lehrer has called exemplar representation (2004, 2011a) and Ismael reflexive self-description (2007). What is common to the three accounts, with some differences, is that such states may be function reflexively in selfrepresentation. Our argument is that the elaboration of this account, suggested in Sellars, shows how the discourse of the manifest image can be transformed into the discourse of the scientific image as self-representations of scientific entities.