jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Towards Dataset-Scale and Feature-Oriented Evaluation of Text Summarization in Large Language Model Prompts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Prompt Engineering have made chatbot customization more accessible, significantly reducing barriers to tasks that previously required programming skills. However, prompt evaluation, especially at the dataset scale, remains complex due to the need to assess prompts across thousands of test instances within a dataset. Our study, based on a comprehensive literature review and pilot study, summarized five critical challenges in prompt evaluation. In response, we introduce a feature-oriented workflow for systematic prompt evaluation. In the context of text summarization, our workflow advocates evaluation with summary characteristics (feature metrics) such as complexity, formality, or naturalness, instead of using traditional quality metrics like ROUGE. This design choice enables a more user-friendly evaluation of prompts, as it guides users in sorting through the ambiguity inherent in natural language. To support this workflow, we introduce Awesum, a visual analytics system that facilitates identifying optimal prompt refinements for text summarization through interactive visualizations, featuring a novel Prompt Comparator design that employs a BubbleSet-inspired design enhanced by dimensionality reduction techniques. We evaluate the effectiveness and general applicability of the system with practitioners from various domains and found that (1) our design helps overcome the learning curve for non-technical people to conduct a systematic evaluation of summarization prompts, and (2) our feature-oriented workflow has the potential to generalize to other NLG and image-generation tasks. For future works, we advocate moving towards feature-oriented evaluation of LLM prompts and discuss unsolved challenges in terms of human-agent interaction.
Data-Driven Predictive Control and MPC: Do we achieve optimality?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we explore the interplay between Predictive Control and closed-loop optimality, spanning from Model Predictive Control to Data-Driven Predictive Control. Predictive Control in general relies on some form of prediction scheme on the real system trajectories. However, these predictions may not accurately capture the real system dynamics, for e.g., due to stochasticity, resulting in sub-optimal control policies. This lack of optimality is a critical issue in case of problems with economic objectives. We address this by providing sufficient conditions on the underlying prediction scheme such that a Predictive Controller can achieve closed-loop optimality. However, these conditions do not readily extend to Data-Driven Predictive Control. In this context of closed-loop optimality, we conclude that the factor distinguishing the approaches within Data-Driven Predictive Control is if they can be cast as a sequential decision-making process or not, rather than the dichotomy of model-based vs. model-free. Furthermore, we show that the conventional approach of improving the prediction accuracy from data may not guarantee optimality.
Crystallography, geometry and physics in higher dimensions. VII. The different types of symbols of the 371 mono-incommensurate superspace groups

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The 371 four-dimensional superspace symmetry groups for the mono-incommensurate modulated structures have been classified with different but equivalent notations by de Wolff, Janner & Janssen (WJJ) and Weigel, Phan & Veysseyre (WPV). The exact correspondence between the two types of symbols and examples of physical modulated structures are given in this paper.
Gene-Tracer: Algorithm Tracing Genes Modification from Ancestors through Offsprings

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Genes acquire many changes and modifications during evolution producing many orthologous and paralogous . One of the main challenges for biologist is tracing back the origin of modified genes in the genomes of various organisms. Tracing genes modifications and developments from the ancestors to offsprings is however a massive task for biologists. Thus, computer programs can help biologists tracking down those changes through sequence alignment. In this paper, we present an algorithm, called Gene Tracer and based on sequence alignment, that given two ancestor sequences and their offspring one, tracks down genes modification in the ancestor sequences and finds related parts of each ancestor in the offspring one. Keywords: Pairwise local alignment; Tracing genes modifications algorithm , Gene Tracer . Availability http://www.bitrides.com/bio-sat/index.php 1. INTRODUCTION alignment method to compare is local alignment [1]During biological evolution, genes acquire many changes and modifications. One of the main challenges for biologists is tracing back the origin of modified genes in the genomes of various organisms. Some of these modifications are desirable while others are notorious. Tracing genes modifications from ancestors to offsprings is, however, a massive task which needs computer programs to help biologists tracking down those changes. In the medical field, such programs will help out in tracing mutated heritable genes responsible for heritable diseases. In this paper, we present an algorithm, called
Surveillance of obesity-related policies in multiple environments: the Missouri Obesity, Nutrition, and Activity Policy Database, 2007-2009.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Except in Missouri schools, the presence of obesity-related policies is limited. More obesity-related policies are needed so that people have access to environments that support the model behaviors necessary to halt the obesity epidemic. The Missouri Obesity, Nutrition, and Activity Policy Database provides a benchmark for evaluating progress toward the development of obesity-related policies across multiple environments in Missouri.
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes aminopeptidases.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In human polymorphonuclear leukocytes a methionine, leucine, arginine, phenylalanine and alanine aminopeptidase activities were detected, both in cytosol and secondary granules. All activities were EDTA sensitive and their pH optima were in the range of pH 6.5 to 8.6. In the cytosol two enzymes could be distinguished, broad substrate specificity aminopeptidase of pH 4.7-4.9 and a chloride dependent arginine aminopeptidase of pI 5.3-5.5. The granules contain aminopeptidase of pI 4.0-4.6 and of pI 9.8-10.2, different from those in the cytosol. Among them broad specificity aminopeptidases and possibly specific methionine and leucine aminopeptidases could be discerned.
Following the Leader: An Analysis of Leadership and Conformity in Business Meetings

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Background: Past research has established the importance of discursive leadership in professional communication, but it has not systematically examined how conformity behaviors emerge as a potentially undesirable consequence of discursive leadership. Literature review: Review of the literature on the centrality of communication in leadership processes and conformity behavior suggest a void of analytic tools to adequately examine the negative consequences of discursive leadership. Research question: Are later interlocutors more likely to speak similarly to earlier ones if the earlier interlocutors occupy a more central position in the conversation network? Methodology: Based on 32,000 words of a transcribed meeting corpus, we measured conformity behaviors using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency scores, which are widely used in the information retrieval setting. We also operationalized the strength of discursive leadership as a positional centrality measure in the conversation network using a matrix algebra approach in social network analysis. Results: Findings support the hypothesis that discursive leadership is associated with conformity in language aligned toward discursive leaders' opinions. Conclusions: This study makes theoretical advances in understanding leadership construction and conformity behaviors between leaders and followers using empirical, authentic meeting data. We also give business people an applied understanding of the process of discursive leadership, which may help them to improve communication efficacy in their organizations by reducing overly conforming behaviors. We recommend that future research include more diverse participants and be combined with a survey to supplement the conversation data.
Intelligent Real-Time Modelling of Rider Personal Attributes for Safe Last-Mile Delivery to Provide Mobility as a Service

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper develops an intelligent real-time learning framework for the last-mile delivery of mobility as a service in city planning, based upon safe infrastructure use. Through a hybrid approach integrating statistics and supervised machine learning techniques, knowledge-driven solutions based on the specific user rather than generalized safe mobility practices are suggested. One of the most important aspects influencing transport mode and route selection, and safe infrastructure usage, i.e., the age of the user, is simulated. This is because this variable has been described in the literature as a significant variable. Nonetheless, few works deal with such modelling or the learning system. The learning system was applied in the Northumbria region of England’s northeast as a case study. It comprised four building toolkits: (a) Input toolkit, (b) Safety Predictive toolkit, (c) Variable causation toolkit, and (d) Route choice toolkit. An accurate dynamic road safety model and understanding of the critical parameters influencing bicycle rider safety is created. The developed deep learning model’s average distinguishing power to reliably predict the riskiest age group was 95%, with a standard deviation of 0.02, suggesting a good prediction accuracy across all age groups. According to the study’s findings, different infrastructural networks represent varying risks to bicycle riders of different ages. The rider’s age impacts how other road users engage with them. The regional diversity in trip intent and traffic flow conditions were significant elements influencing the safe use of infrastructure for a specific age group. The study’s findings have the potential to considerably influence infrastructure route selection, modelling, and planning. The constructed model, which integrates the rider’s fragility, sensitivity to externalities, and the varied safety impact dependent on its features, may even be used for the infrastructure still in the planning/design phase. It is envisaged that this research would aid in adopting sustainable (green) transportation options and the last-mile delivery of mobility as a service. Future work should aim to uncover the sensitivities of a rider from different countries and make a baseline comparison scenario.
Passivation of defect states in surface and edge regions on pn-junction Si solar cells by use of hydrogen cyanide solutions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The local photovoltage of the pn-junction single-crystalline silicon solar cells observed by spot light scanning gradually decreases in the vicinity of edges. The energy conversion efficiency is increased by shadowing the edge regions where the local photovoltage is lower, showing that the defect density is high in the edge regions. From the analysis of the local photovoltage, the spacial distribution of defect states is obtained. The cyanide method, i. e., immersion of solar cells in HCN solutions at room temperature, increases the local photovoltage and increases the energy conversion efficiency.
Promoter-driven splicing regulation in fission yeast

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The meiotic cell cycle is modified from the mitotic cell cycle by having a premeiotic S phase which leads to high levels of recombination, two rounds of nuclear division with no intervening DNA synthesis, and a reductional pattern of chromosome segregation. Rem1 is a cyclin that is expressed only during meiosis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cells in which rem1 has been deleted show a decreased intragenic meiotic recombination and a delay at the onset of meiosis I. When ectopically expressed in mitotically growing cells, Rem1 induces a G1 arrest followed by severe mitotic catastrophes. Here we show that rem1 expression is regulated at the level of both transcription and splicing, encoding for two proteins with different function depending on the intron retention. We have determined that the regulation of rem1 splicing is not dependent on any transcribed region of the gene. Furthermore, when the rem1 promoter is fused to other intron-containing genes, the chimeras show a meiotic-specific regulation of splicing, exactly as endogenous rem1. This regulation is dependent on two transcription factors of the forkhead family, Mei4 and Fkh2. While Mei4 induces both transcription and splicing of rem1, Fkh2 is responsible for the intron retention of the transcript during vegetative growth and pre-meiotic S phase.
Polyploidy Induced by X-rays in Chinese Hamster Cells in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The incidence of polyploidy (specifically, in this case, the doubling of the stemline chromosome number) induced by x-rays in cells cultured in vitro is about the same for both "near-diploid" and "near-tetraploid" sublines of the Chinese hamster. Endoreduplication is a principal cytological mechanism for this form of induced polyploidy.
Role of the TSC1-TSC2 Complex in the Integration of Insulin and Glucose Signaling Involved in Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tuberous sclerosis complex proteins 1–2 (TSC1-TSC2) complex integrates both nutrient and hormonal signaling and is a critical negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1. The use of different β-cell lines expressing or not the insulin receptor (IR+/+ and IR−/−) or with a reconstituted expression of IR isoform A or B (Rec A and Rec B) revealed that both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/TSC/mTOR complex 1 and MAPK kinase/ERK pathways mediate insulin signaling in IR+/+-, IRA-, or IRB-expressing cells. However, glucose signaling was mediated by MAPK kinase/ERK and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways as assessed in IR−/− cells. The effect of insulin on Akt phosphorylation was completely inhibited by the use of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin in IR+/+ and Rec B cells, a partial inhibitory effect being observed in Rec A cell line. The knockdown of TSC2 expression up-regulated the downstream basal phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and mTOR. More importantly, upregulation of p70S6K signaling impaired insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt Ser473 and p70S6K in IR+/+ and Rec B but not in Rec A cell lines. In fact, insulin receptor substrate-1 Ser307 phosphorylation signal in Rec B was stronger than in Rec A cell line during insulin action. Rec A cells induced a higher proliferation rate compared with Rec B or IR+/+ during serum stimulation. Thus, we propose that the regulation of TSC2 phosphorylation by insulin or glucose independently integrates β-cell proliferation signaling, the relative expression of IRA or IRB isoforms in pancreatic β cells playing a major role.
Sperm size and number variation in the red flour beetle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Disruptive selection between large, nutritive gametes and numerous, competing gametes may have driven the evolution and maintenance of anisogamy. Sperm competition can explain why there are so many tiny sperm because numerical competition between rival gametes drives males to maximize sperm number and this may be achieved by minimizing sperm size. Since males operate within a finite reproductive budget and ejaculate production is limited, we might predict that, when variation in sperm size exists, males must trade increases in sperm size against a decrease in sperm number. We use Tribolium castaneum as our model to investigate the existence of a sperm size-number trade-off. We sampled 14 different populations that have been isolated for different periods (up to 39 years) and find across this sample of 70 males that there is significant variation in both sperm length and ejaculate sperm number between males. Despite this significant variance, we find no evidence for any relationship between sperm size and number across males. There is some evidence for a trade-off when we analyse across 14 population means, but this relationship is not robust and disappears when a single outlier is omitted. We conclude that sperm size and ejaculate sperm number vary independently, but that differential allocation to gonadal tissue and/or ejaculation frequency would permit this independent variation.
Two New Nonsense Mutations in Type Ia Antithrombin III Deficiency at Leu 140 and Arg 197

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary Using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing, the molecular basis of hereditary type la antithrombin III (AT III) deficiency was disclosed in two families. One mutation was a change from T to A in the codon of TTA for Leu 140 forming a stop codon of TAA, which was confirmed by mutated primer-mediated PCR-HindIII digestion. The application of this method demonstrated that all four affected members had the mutant allele in a heterozygous state and that none of unaffected subjects had this mutation. Another mutation in the second family was a change from C to T in the codon of CGA for Arg 197 also forming a stop codon of TGA, which was confirmed by PCR-HaeIII digestion. Based on these, it was concluded that the two new nonsense mutations in the AT III gene in a heterozygous state are the molecular basis of hereditary type Ia AT III deficiency.
The outcome of pregnancies complicated by threatened abortion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SummaryPregnancy outcome in women with threatened abortion was compared to that in a control group. Major complications such as prematurity, premature rupture of fetal membranes, antepartum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension, asphyxia and neonatal death were more common following threatened abortion. Fetal outcome was poorer when spontaneous vaginal bleeding occurred before 14 weeks. The incidence of congenital malformations was not significantly increased. Threatened abortion is a risk factor for poor fetal outcome. In this group of patients, prematurity is the main poor outcome predicted. There is need to monitor patients after a threatened abortion to minimise these complications.
Developing injury prevention strategies through design modification of the Human Machine Interface : a tram driver-cabin case study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In 2014, the Tram Division of the Department of Public Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) in South Australia identified a high injury rate involving the left arm amongst tram drivers operating the Citadis tram-type in the Adelaide tram fleet in South Australia. An interdisciplinary project team investigated the issue, with a methodology that converged physical ergonomics assessments, human factorsinvestigations and engineering evaluations. Key considerations related to driver-cab interface, including the design of the hand-operated master-controller, vigilance and deadman safety systems, the driver’s seat. Findings revealed issues with the amount of sustained force that was required to operate the master controller and the position of the foot pedal, and how these interfaced with the driver’s seat. The varying anthropometric requirements of the driver cohort intensified the problemsdue to lack of adjustability in these components. The requirement for drivers to achieve more flexibility in positioning themselves and therefore achieve correct posture when driving was identified. Recommendations for changes were developed following consultation and discussion of findings. This included a mock up of a new driver-cabin configuration, which was constructed after the driver assessments, measurements and structured feedback were undertaken, and redesign of the force requirements for the master controller.
Evolving types of pudendal neuromodulation for lower urinary tract dysfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As a result of a comparison between the various PNM techniques with both sacral neuromodulation and posterior tibial nerve stimulation, we think that PNM should be seen as seriously promising, and we believe it will expand the treatment options for overactive bladder. Even though several studies accordingly showed PNM to be safe and effective, a systematic review and meta-analysis were not feasible. PNM in its various techniques is a promising treatment for LUTD. Nevertheless, further research is needed to include it in treatment algorithms.
AFRICAN BAOBABS WITH A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF STEMS AND FALSE STEMS: RADIOCARBON INVESTIGATION OF THE BAOBAB OF WARANG

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The article presents the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating results of the baobab of Warang, Senegal. The investigation of the baobab revealed that it consists of 18 partially fused stems, which represents the largest number of stems reported for an African baobab. Three stems build the ring that closes a false cavity, while 15 stems grow outside the ring. Seven wood samples were collected from the false cavity and from the outer part of other stems. The dating results evinced that the stems belong to four different generations, out of which the first generation is around 500 years old. We also documented the presence of false stems, which emerge from a large adjacent stem, are triangular in horizontal section and act as an anchor. The baobab of Warang possesses 12 ordinary stems and 6 false stems.
Optical projection lithography at half the Rayleigh resolution limit by two-photon exposure

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, with the advent of femtosecond pulse technology, two-photon absorption has commenced to be used for exposing photo-resists. It is natural to ask then, what is the spatial resolution of two-photon lithography? There has already been some discussion of resolution limits in two-photon, scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. We will find that ordinary two-photon exposure of photo-resist merely enhances the photographic contrast, or gamma. While this improves the spatial resolution somewhat, it does so at the expense of a requirement for tighter control over the incident light intensity. Instead, we introduce a new type of exposure system employing a multiplicity of 2-photon excitation frequencies which interfere with one another to produce a super-resolution stationary image, exhibiting a true doubling of the spatial resolution.