jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and expression of hipA, a gene of Escherichia coli K-12 that affects frequency of persistence after inhibition of murein synthesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The hipA gene at 33.8 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome controls the frequency of persistence upon inhibition of murein synthesis; for strains bearing hipA+ the frequency is 10(-6), and for hipA- strains the frequency is 10(-2). hip+ has been cloned by selection for a kanamycin resistance determinant at 33.9 min. hipA+ is dominant over hipA- in both recA+ and recA- backgrounds. The smallest DNA insert which contains hipA+, as determined by the ability of the plasmids to complement hipA- strains, is 1,885 base pairs. Both orientations of hipA+ are obtained when the cloning site of vector is remote from strong promoters; both orientations complement hipA-, and both encode a unique peptide of 50,000 Mr. The probable direction of transcription has been deduced from the pattern of peptides encoded by plasmids from which either end of the insert and adjacent vector sequences have been deleted. This information and the recovery of only one orientation of hipA+ when the cloning site is close to a strong promoter suggest that a high level of expression of the gene is not tolerated by E. coli.
The focal species – Emergent properties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on the adaptive syndrome of Euura lasiolepis, it is evident that the emergent properties of distribution, abundance, and population dynamics are all very dependent on the availability of suitable resources provided by the willow host population. These resources are highly variable in space and time, the critical factor being the local production of the rapidly growing, more juvenile type of shoots. These high-quality resources are generally in short supply, as illustrated for well-established clones in Figures 3.2 and 3.6. Therefore, an appreciation of willow module variation over a landscape is necessary to understand the ecology of the sawfly.
Addition reactions of heterocyclic compounds. Part LVII. Reactions of pyridines with acetylenic esters in the presence of carbanion sources

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Pyridine, methylpyridines, isoquinoline, and acridine react with methyl propiolate and nitromethane to give mainly dihydro-N-trans-methoxycarbonylvinyl derivatives with a nitromethyl group usually para to the ring nitrogen atom. Replacing nitromethane by methyl acetoacetate or cyanoacetate, acetylacetone, or malononitrile, gives corresponding products. Acridine reacts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in nitromethane to give Diels and Alder's 'red adduct,' identified as tetramethyl pyrido[2,1-e]acridine-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylate. The structures of the new compounds are deduced mainly from their n.m.r. spectra.
Pharmacotherapy for sexual dysfunction: current status

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Throughout the ages, man of all cultures has sought drugs to modify his sexual performance and an enormous number of preparations of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin have been extolled to have aphrodisiac properties. Even today, vast sums of money are spent on alleged aphrodisiacs, the majority of which are at best ineffective and at worse toxic. In the past there has been very little research effort directed at finding drugs to treat sexual dysfunction and, with few exceptions, most of the drugs that are now used for this purpose were originally developed for other indications. Indeed in the United Kingdom today no drug has been licensed by the Department of Health specifically for the treatment of sexual dysfunction although the butyrophenone, benperidol, is registered for the control of deviant and antisocial behaviour and the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, is licensed for severe hypersexuality and sexual deviance in the male.
Bracon (Cyanopterobracon) urinator FABRICIUS 1798

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bracon (Cyanopterobracon) urinator FABRICIUS, 1798 Material: Mil steppe, May, 1934, 2  , leg. Bogachev; dist. Qakh, Elisuh, 30.VII.1934, 1 , leg. Bogachev; dist. Tovuz, Steppe Turut (now Steppe Gazakh), 26. VI.1940, 2  , leg. Bogachev; Karabakh, 24.VIII.1933, 1 , leg. Bogachev; dist. Lerik,. 20. VI.1965, 1 , leg. Bogachev; dist. Astara, 19.VII.1965, forest, 9  , 9   leg. Bogachev; dist. Qusar, 12.VII.1960, fruit garden, 1 , leg. Abdinbekova; dist. Masally, 20.5.1965, 3  , leg. Abdinbekova; dist. Julfa, 13. VI.1967, 2  , leg. Abdinbekova; dist. Yardimly, 11  , 1 , leg. Abdinbekova; dist. Kalbajar, 8. VI.1966, meadows, forest, 1 , leg. Abdinbekova. Hosts: Rhinocyllus conicus FRÖL., Rh. latirostris F., Larinus sturnus SCHALL., L. saussureae MARSH. (Curculionidae), Tephritis pulchra LW. (Tephritidae). Distribution: Western Europe, Northern Africa, Asia Minor, Iran, Mongolia, China, India, Mid Asia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Siberia. Distribution: Whole Palearctic, introduced in New Zeeland.
Can insurance deal with negative effects arising from climate policy measures?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Articles 4.8 and 4.9 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Article 3.14 of the Kyoto Protocol seek to limit adverse effects on developing countries due to the implementation of response measures to climate change, i.e. mitigation and adaptation. In the short term, the availability of renewable energy technology can be affected by mitigation measures. Carbon storage projects can enhance timber supply and reduce revenues from timber sales of other countries. Large-scale technical adaptation programmes can increase prices for commodities used as inputs. Societal adaptation programmes can have negative impacts on neighbouring countries by reducing natural resource availability. However, climate policy measures will not only generate losses but also benefits, often in the same countries that experience losses. Notably, emission reduction measures could reduce import bills (and volatility) for developing countries that import fossil fuels. Losses are unlikely to be insurable due to the characteristics of events with regard to timing, predictability and inseparability of causes. Emitters could be made liable for their emissions, with liability covering direct and indirect effects of the emissions. Market-based financial derivatives allow hedging against fuel price losses, albeit only in the short term. In the long term, the best approach to prevent losses and even reap benefits is an economic diversification. Here the CDM can be used as leverage to mobilize funds, as CER revenues are perfectly negatively correlated with losses from reduced revenues of carbon-rich fuels. Keywords: Climate policyLossesOPECInsuranceDiversificationLiability
A clinical study of benzydamine for the treatment of radiotherapy-induced mucositis of the oropharynx.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A double-blind, randomized clinical study was undertaken to determine the analgesic and antiinflammatory effectiveness of benzydamine in patients with radiation-induced mucositis of the oropharynx. Of the 67 patients in the study, 37 patients were on benzydamine and 30 patients on a placebo. The results of the study showed that benzydamine possessed a significant analgesic activity as evidenced by relief of mouth and throat pain induced by radiation therapy. It is also noted that the patients on benzydamine exhibited a cumulative relief of oral pharyngeal pain and discomfort over the time of treatment, as compared to those on the placebo. These effects of benzydamine in the present study might be a result of the antiinflammatory property of the drug. The cumulative and prolonged effectiveness of benzydamine makes it of distinct value compared with the commonly available local anaesthetics such as lidocaine. Benzydamine appears to provide a useful addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for alleviating the symptoms of oral pharyngeal mucositis.
Does adipocyte hypercellularity in obesity exist?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adipose tissue samples were biopsied from three subcutaneous sites in 80 obese and 27 non-obese patients. Additional samples were taken from intra-abdominal sites in 44 of the patients. There was a small increase in the calculated number of fat cells in the more obese patients, but there was no relation between fat-cell number and obesity of childhood onset. Omental fat cells were one-third the size of subcutaneous cells. Thus the calculated number of fat cells, usually based solely on subcutaneous samples, is an underestimate of the true number, and most obese patients can accommodate their fat without needing to recruit new cells. The diagnosis of "hyperplastic" obesity--that is, an excess number of fat cells--is unreliable and its relation to infantile obesity doubtful.
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 209: Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Labor causes severe pain for many women. There is no other circumstance in which it is considered acceptable for an individual to experience untreated severe pain that is amenable to safe intervention while the individual is under a physician's care. Many women desire pain management during labor and delivery, and there are many medical indications for analgesia and anesthesia during labor and delivery. In the absence of a medical contraindication, maternal request is a sufficient medical indication for pain relief during labor. A woman who requests epidural analgesia during labor should not be deprived of this service based on the status of her health insurance. Third-party payers that provide reimbursement for obstetric services should not deny reimbursement for labor analgesia because of an absence of “other medical indications.” Anesthesia services should be available to provide labor analgesia and surgical anesthesia in all hospitals that offer maternal care (levels I–IV) (1). Although the availability of different methods of labor analgesia will vary from hospital to hospital, the methods available within an institution should not be based on a patient's ability to pay. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists believes that in order to allow the maximum number of patients to benefit from neuraxial analgesia, labor nurses should not be restricted from participating in the management of pain relief during labor. Under appropriate physician supervision, labor and delivery nursing personnel who have been educated properly and have demonstrated current competence should be able to participate in the management of epidural infusions. The purpose of this document is to review medical options for analgesia during labor and anesthesia for surgical procedures that are common at the time of delivery. Nonpharmacologic options such as massage, immersion in water during the first stage of labor, acupuncture, relaxation, and hypnotherapy are not covered in this document, although they may be useful as adjuncts or alternatives in many cases.
Reorganization of a medical service network to manage pandemic waves: A real case study

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

During Covid-19, medical service networks (MSNs) faced new challenges, such as an impressive increase in hospital visits, a shortage of hospital beds and staff, and insufficient information to estimate the number of mild and critical cases. In addition, governments were encountered to implement appropriate quarantine policies. Dealing with these problems became more complex and challenging when a new wave of disease occurred. This study develops a mixed-integer linear programming model for reorganizing an MSN to manage future pandemic waves. The model aims at reallocation medical staff to prevent a shortage of hospital beds. A fuzzy approach is employed to estimate the uncertain number of patients in each period. As a result, direct hospital visits are decreased by 60% on average, and shortages of beds are avoided by adding the fewest beds possible in each period. The model can also optimize several performance ratios, e.g., the ratio of hospitalized patients to the specialized personnel assigned to each hospital, which is decreased by approximately 40% in our case.
On the mechanism of reorientational and structural relaxation in supercooled liquids: The role of border dynamics and cooperativity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Molecular dynamics simulation and analysis based upon the many-body potential energy landscape (PEL) are employed to characterize single molecule reorientation and structural relaxation, and their interrelation, in deeply supercooled liquid CS2. The rotational mechanism changes from small-step Debye diffusion to sudden large angle reorientation (SLAR) as the temperature falls below the mode-coupling temperature Tc. The onset of SLAR is explained in terms of the PEL; it is an essential feature of low-T rotational dynamics, along with the related phenomena of dynamic heterogeneity and the bifurcation of slow and fast relaxation processes. A long trajectory in which the system is initially trapped in a low energy local minimum, and eventually escapes, is followed in detail, both on the PEL and in real space. During the trapped period, “return” dynamics occurs, always leading back to the trap. Structural relaxation is identified with irreversible escape to a new trap. These processes lead to weak and strong SLAR, respectively; strong SLAR is a clear signal of structural relaxation. Return dynamics involves small groups of two to four molecules, while a string-like structure composed of all the active groups participates in the escape. It is proposed that, rather than simple, nearly instantaneous, one-dimensional barrier crossings, relaxation involves activation of the system to the complex, multidimensional region on the borders of the basins of attraction of the minima for an extended period.
Heterogeneity in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia Clinical Trials Complicates Interpretation of Findings

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We systematically evaluated randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). There was intertrial heterogeneity in cohort characteristics, including bacteremia source, complicated SAB, and comorbidities. Reporting of cohort characteristics was itself variable, including bacteremia source and illness severity. Selection bias was introduced by exclusion criteria relating to comorbidities, illness severity, infection types, and source control. Mortality was lower in RCT control arms compared with observational cohorts. Differences in outcome definitions impedes meta-analysis. These issues complicate the interpretation and application of SAB RCT results. The value of these trials should be maximized by a standardized approach to recruitment, definitions, and reporting.
Antibiotics for respiratory illness.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

suggested by Mr Pearson and Miss Weaver, record many fewer movements per unit time than when they record for shorter periods.Presumably this is an effect of fatigue and reduced alertness.Recording during meals, conversation, reading, listening to music, etc, is not reliable.We instruct the women to assess and record each fetal movement for periods of 30-60 min three times a day.If the number of movements is less than three per hour the recording is continued for 6-12 hours in the day.From the sum of the movements recorded the rate per 12 hours-daily fetal movement recording (DFMR)-is calculated.Employing this method for a total of 1 5-3 hours a day the computed DFMR in 114 women with a normal outcome varied between 4 and 1440 per 12 hours.The majority of DFMRs were between 200 and 600 per 12 hours.In addition, the number of fetal movements recorded by an electromagnetic device' varied between 25 and 235 per hour.The patients recorded 87'. of
AIM HD-CKD study: assessment of the efficacy and safety of ferric carboxymaltose in iron deficiency anemia management in haemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Intravenous (IV) iron supplementation is essential for managing IDA in these patients, and ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has emerged as a promising treatment option. Methods: This multicentric, retrospective observational study was conducted from April to August 2023, involving 52 adult HD-CKD patients with IDA in India. During dialysis sessions, 48 patients received 4 weekly doses of 100 mg FCM IV push, while 4 patients received 3 doses. Hematological parameters, including haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were measured at baseline and after the final FCM dose. The primary outcome was the change in Hb levels, with secondary outcomes focusing on changes in ferritin, TSAT, CRP, eGFR, and the safety profile of FCM. Results: Following FCM administration, a significant increase was observed in Hb levels (+0.69 g/dl, p<0.001), serum ferritin (+8.61 ng/ml, p=0.003), and TSAT (+3.69%, p<0.001). CRP levels showed a slight, non-significant decrease, while eGFR slightly increased, and neither reached statistical significance. No serious adverse events were reported, indicating a favorable safety profile for FCM. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that 100 mg IV FCM is an effective and safe treatment for managing iron deficiency anemia in Indian HD-CKD patients. The significant improvement in Hb, ferritin, and TSAT levels post-FCM administration supports its use as a reliable therapeutic option in this patient population.
A constructional DDM model for risk management of Virtual Enterprise

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

To guarantee the profit, Virtual Enterprise (VE) has to manage its risk effectively. Due to VE's distributed characteristics, such as the diversity of members and distribution of cooperative regions, we introduce a distributed decision making (DDM) model for risk management of VE. In detail, we propose a constructional DDM model, which focuses on the situation of team or enforced team relationship between partners of VE. A taboo search (TS) algorithm is designed to solve the model. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the model and the proposed algorithm.
Analysis and Research on Book Recommendation Model Based on Big Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the context of big data, how to define user behavior models and provide personalized reading services for readers by mining large amounts of user data is a problem that the current reading platform needs to optimize urgently. First, we need to analyze the user behavior model to construct the research status and existing problems, in order to provide large data personalized services, targeted user behavior model based on reading platform construction strategies and construction methods, and designs a user logging library is utilized to extract the user interest in dominant and recessive demand ontology of personalized service plan. The user behavior model based on ontology can be technically seamlessly connected with the big data analysis platform, so as to provide real-time and accurate services, which can effectively deal with the challenges of "knowledge trek", "information overload" and "emotional loss" faced by the personalized service of the reading platform in the current big data environment.
Cornerstones in the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Chronic pancreatitis is a disease with various frequency depending on social and geographic factors. Nowadays genetic predisposition is well studied in cases of familial disease. The most common etiology is related to alcohol consumption. In the progression of the disease, the exocrine and endocrine function are impaired, which leads to disability. Moreover, chronic pancreatitis is linked to increased risk of pancreatic cancer.Surgical treatment is required in cases of complications, increased ductal pressure, and pain syndrome, associated pancreatic cancer. Different types of surgical interventions are introduced in practice for improvement of the patient’s condition—surgical drainage and different types of pancreatic resections. Drainage procedures are related to successful management of the pain syndrome, combined with pancreatic function preservation. Resection may decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, but is often linked to insulin-dependent diabetes type 3C.Aim: The aim of this article is to assess different types of surgical interventions for treatment of chronic pancreatitis and its complicationsMaterials and Methods: This article presents a review of the literature data and comparison between the methods for surgical drainage and resection of the pancreas depending on specific pathologic changes of the pancreatic gland and complications of the disease.Discussion: In the middle of the nineteenth century, for the first time, methods for pancreatic decompression of the duct system were described in the literature. This is related to pain reduction. Subsequently, numerous other methods were introduced in the practice. Combinations of pancreatic resection and drainage have been reported to provide the best results in the management of pain. Other publications suggest pancreatic resections as the best option in the surgical treatment of the chronic pancreatitis.Conclusion: Internal surgical drainage is the best alternative in cases of elevated intraductal pressure and complications of the disease related to this. Small duct disease is a condition requiring a combined resection/drainage procedure. A resection of the pancreas is required in cases of groove pancreatitis, cases of jaundice due to a pancreatic tumor or associated cancer.
PERI-OPERATIVE OUTCOMES OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT IN ETHIOPIA, THE FIRST FOUR YEARS EXPERIENCE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Kidney Transplant is at its early childhood in Ethiopia, only 3 and half years since the first successful surgery. Surgical outcomes of the donors and recipient is an important parameter to assess the center performance. Objective: determine socio-demographic characteristics, types of surgery, morbidity and types of complications in the first 100 living kidney donors and recipients in the national transplant center of Ethiopia. Methodology: A retrospective review and analysis of medical records of the first 100 living kidney donors and recipients was done. Descriptive statistics on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the donors and the patients was performed. Result: In the first four years 137 kidney transplants were performed, an average of 34 transplants a year. Males made 50.4(69) % of the donors. The mean age of donors was 33 years (ranged 18-66years). Siblings were the main donors 44%.Except the first 44 donor nephrectomies which were hand assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomies (HALDN) the rest were open subcostal flank incision. HALDN was abandoned due to cost of consumables. All nephrectomies were left side. Except one patient who developed small bowel obstruction and needed laparotomy all donors were discharged with smooth post- operative course. Only one patient was readmitted for symptomatic retro-peritoneal hematoma which required drainage. Males made 71.5% (98) of the recipients. The age of patients ranged from 12 to 62 with a mean of 33.0. The cause of ESRD was unknown in most patients, 65.7%. The mean BMI of patients was 20kg/m2. The average time from out of ice to revascularization was 30.5 minutes. SSSI was the commonest postoperative complication seen in 6%. Three patients had early graft loss, while 2 patients had delayed graft function. Nearly 98% (134) of the patients were discharged with functioning graft. Conclusions: the outcomes of both the donor and the recipient is Excellent revealing transplant can be done and sustained successfuly in a developing nation. Keywords: Donor, Recipients, outcome, Morbidity, Surgical site infection