jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Quality of Service (QoS) in 4G wireless networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Quality of Service (QoS) of 4th Generation Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) networks is directly affected by two factors: congestion in the network caused by changes in population density and application demand distribution; and varied attributes of network traffic such as minimum rate and delay requirements.
The current 4G BWA specifications define QoS parameters for each type of traffic, but do not provide QoS mechanisms including Radio Admission Control (RAC), scheduler and congestion prevention mechanism to ensure the QoS to existing and new connections within the network. Significant amount of research is dedicated to provide QoS and control congestion using RAC and scheduler. Current QoS mechanisms are inadequate to deal with network congestions and provide fairness among the traffic flows.
In this thesis, we have proposed a QoS framework and control algorithms for 4G BWA networks, Mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE). The framework includes a new load control mechanism, the Fair Intelligent Congestion Control (4G-FICC) and an intelligent admission control, the Fair Intelligent Admission Control (4G-FIAC), based on the QoS architecture of 4G BWA networks.
4G-FICC avoids and controls congestion at the base station of WiMAX and LTE networks, respectively. It avoids congestion through traffic balancing, while handles congestion when unavoidable, allocates resources fairly and minimizes resource underutilization. It estimates fair share of bandwidth for each type of service based on its current resource utilization, QoS constraints and load at the network. It ensures that the traffic is scheduled in a way that fairness is guaranteed among the traffic flows, without violating the QoS requirements of connections.
We have identified critical parameters of 4G-FICC and discuss the impact of various settings of these parameters on the network performance. Detailed and comprehensive simulations are performed in ns-2 and OPNET. The results show that 4G-FICC is always active in the network, whether the network is overloaded or underutilized. It performs extremely well in allocating resources fairly among different type of services, yet preserving their QoS requirements in terms of throughput, delay and jitter. Furthermore, 4G-FICC is simple to implement, robust and relatively insensitive to parameter settings.
To ensure end-to-end delay and QoS, we propose a predictive RAC, the Fair Intelligent Admission Control for 4G networks (4G-FIAC). It admits or rejects an incoming connection based on the resource availability and the current load in the network. The key idea is to utilise feedback from the load control module to determine load in the network. The proposed RAC is based on the bandwidth borrowing and degradation of over provisioned connections in order to minimise blocking probability and maximise resource utilisation in the network.
Therefore, 4G-FIAC along with 4G-FICC avoids congestion in the network to guarantee QoS to end-users. Detailed and comprehensive simulations are performed in ns-2 and OPNET to…
[Cryptococcosis--a common fungal infection in immunosuppressed patient].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cryptococcus is a leading mycological cause of morbidity among HIV-infected patients. In many patients, cryptococcosis is the first indication of AIDS. The lung is invariably the portal of entry and initial site of infection for C. neoformans. In immunosuppressed patients all areas of the body can be infected, and central nervous sistem involvement is the most severe complication. Cryptococcosis is an important fungal infection thatshould be considered in the differential diagnosis of the pulmonary infiltrates in the immunosuppressed patient. The purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge of the management and treatment strategies of cryptococcosis.
The door to recovery: overcoming drug and alcohol addiction.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Whether it’s because they are in denial, are ashamed, or simply are not ready for help, patients don’t always reveal their battles with addiction. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reports insufficient evidence to recommend for or against alcohol screening in adolescents, and substance abuse screening in both adolescents and adults, but it does recommend screening for alcohol misuse in adults and pregnant women. However, in my personal experience as a family physician, I have found it revealing to screen adolescents and adults for substance and alcohol abuse, especially at the very first visit. Screenings should also be performed when patients present with ongoing or unexplained symptoms, during pregnancy, after motor vehicle crashes or unexplained or recurrent injuries, and in those with mental health diagnoses. Alcohol and drug use is an important part of the social history that often gets overlooked. However, since some patients may want help and are too ashamed to seek medical attention, or simply may not know how to get help, it is important that we, as family physicians, offer our support and resources to help them.
La risa, regulador social de los estados emocionales y la ﬁjación del aprendizaje

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The following “Theoretic proposal called: the laughter as the real emotional regulator,social and ﬁxing of learnings” this study is conclusive in three fundamental principles: thelaughter is an emotional regulator, the laughter is a social regulator, the laughter is a ﬁxinglearning. This was proved with students from the Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza NationalUniversity of Amazonas – Peru and groups of people in study.The study was ethnographic-qualitative, with IAP or Participative Action Research. Themethodology was based on the transactional method. We used the qualitative method. Withits own qualitative categorizations of the social science. The technique were the observationand analysis. The data about the eﬀect to arrive to those principles were collected withinstruments as the structured interview, a notebook and ﬁlms. I can deduce that this is acontribution to the diﬀerent kinds of socio-educative disciplines and others because we getnew principles mentioned in the ﬁrst lines; which represents a theoretic contribution inteaching and learning.This study is made with a test and posttest design and with fortuitous groups whoseobjective is appreciate the real eﬀect of laugh. This research with a value to education,sociology and others sciences that study the human being. In conclusion: the laugh moderatethe emotions, the laugh moderate the social relationship and ﬁnally the laugh is a ﬁxer ofcomplex learning. The following research project was made in the Awajun ethnic inAmazonas region (out in the north-eastern part of Peru).Keywords: didactic technique, laughter, ﬁxation and retention.
The modern treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)is a choroidal vascular diseases commonly found in Asians and colored people with a higher incidence in our country. Indocyanine green angiography showes a polypoid expansion of choroid blood vessels is a gold standard for diagnosis of PCV. Always,PCV is seen as a subtype of wet age- related macular degeneration. But with the development of medicine,controversy of the pathogenesis of PCV arises. PCV is an independent disease or subtypes of age- related macular degeneration has not any unified standard,PCV clinical diagnosis,optimal treatment options and prognosis are different from that of wet age- related macular degeneration. In this paper,the PCV clinical characteristics,imaging examination and clinical aspects are included. Although PCV pathogenesis is unclear,we believe that through our unremitting efforts,the diagnosis and understanding of PCV pathogenesis will be further improved.
Democracy Concepts of the Fundamentalist Parties of Algeria and Tunisia — Claim and Reality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses democratic elements in early Islamic sources and in the programs of the Algerian FIS (Front Islamique du Salut) and ANNAHDA in Tunesia. According to historic writings, Islam includes the principles of democratic consensus, consultation, and freedom of opinion, and an understand- ing that the sources of Islamic jurisdiction are subject to interpretation, that the sharia can be changed, and that religious authorities’ power to issue in- structions on worldly matters is limited. These are the type of expectations that fundamentalist parties arouse when they speak of an Islamic caliphate as a state system. Against this background, an examination of the political system proposed until 1992 by the Algerian FIS shows that this system would have resulted in a very restrictive form of Islam. An investigation of the political system of the Tunisian fundamentalist leader Rached al-Ghannouchi reveals that the system he proposes may be designated as an Islamic democracy, since it takes into account separation of powers and pluralism of po- litical parties. The head of state would be subject to the law in the same manner as the people. However, it is no liberal democracy, as he categorically rejects secularism, intends to punish apostates, and is only willing to allow political parties that are based on the religion of Islam. His state would only be a state of those citizens who follow Islam, completely neglecting secularist groups. Social conflicts and unrest are thus predetermined.
Emotorics: A Psychomotor Model for the Analysis and Interpretation of Emotive Motor Behavior: Yona Shahar-Levy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Archetypal Developmental Directionality 279
Archetypal Core-Potentials of Emotive-Movement 279
Motor Activity Is an Ongoing Process of Psychomotor Choices 280
e Typology of Archetypal Interpersonal Settings and EmotiveMotor Prototypes Lays the Foundation for a Binary System
for Emotive-Movement Assessment 281General Remarks on the Binary Principle 281
Part Two: e Binary Model for Emotive-Movement Assessment 281e Paradigmatic Binary Matrix of Emotive Movement Analysis 282
Binary Transitions Links and Interweaving between[P-0] Potential Units and the [P-1] Potential Units 282
Notation of Movement Processes in the Binary Chart 283
Contents of Binary Proles 287Part ree: Dierential Evaluation of Emotive Motor Behavior
Based on Binary Proles 287
Comparison of Vera and Nina Based on eir CumulativeBinary Proles 292
A Final Word 292
Endnote 294
References 294
Bibliography 296Emotive movement•
Paradigmatic typology of emotive movement•
Archetypal relational settings•Self within a parental envelope•
Self in forceful, vertical postures in a relatively open inter-•
personal spaceUniversal prototypes of emotive motility•
e attachment psychomotor prototype•
e forceful face-to-face psychomotor prototype•Paradigmatic potentials of emotive movement vs. Personal move-•
ment Patterns
Physical gravity vs. interpersonal gravitation•
Psychomotor choices•
A binary matrix of potential emotive motor elements•22 Binary potentials•
3 Dynamic modiers•
Binary transitions and interweaving•Primary motor behavior vs. secondary motor behavior•
Retrieved memory clusters•e motor system is the overt aspect of brain functioning and psychological processes. It speaks in the language of visible body shapes, postural
attitudes, tension contours, and rhythmic patterns. e basic grammar
of this language consists of muscle contraction vs. muscle relaxation, of
movement ow vs. movement inhibition, of body parts and joint orchestration, and of the body’s varying relations to space, time, and objects.1
Mechanical Fracture Parameters of Extruded Polystyrene

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Extruded polystyrene (XPS) is a material with applications in the building industry, where it is typically used as thermal insulation. Fracture experiments in the three-point bending configuration were conducted on XPS beam specimens with an initial stress concentrator made before testing. The nominal dimensions of the beams were 40 × 40 × 160 mm. The depth of the initial edge notch on the bottom side of the specimen was approximately 1/3 of specimen height. The span length was 120 mm. Load vs. displacement diagrams were recorded during fracture tests, and subsequently the modulus of elasticity ( E ), effective fracture toughness ( K Ice ) and specific fracture energy ( G F ) of the XPS were determined. The mean values obtained for the mechanical fracture parameters and coefficients of variation (number of specimens) were the following: E = 10.7 MPa, 9.2 % (7); K Ice = 0.0547 MPa∙m 1/2 , 16.7 % (3); G F = 183.2 J∙m –2 , 34.3 % (3).
Characterization of CONSTANS, an Arabidopsis gene that promotes flowering.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Under long day conditions Arabidopsis thaliana plants grow vegetatively for approximately two weeks before they initiate flowering while under short day conditions the vegetative period lasts around six weeks. The constans (co) mutant flowers later than wild type under long days but at approximately the same time as wild type under short days. This suggests that the CO product promotes flowering in response to long days. The CO gene was cloned previously by chromosome walking and encodes a 373 amino acid protein containing two zinc fingers suggesting that it binds DNA and is involved in regulation of gene expression.
A series of mutant alleles of the CO gene was characterized and the effect of each mutation on flowering time examined. All seven co mutants are semi-dominant, with the heterozygotes having flowering times and leaf numbers intermediate between wild type and the homozygous co parent, and all differ quantitatively with respect to flowering time and leaf number.
The co alleles were characterized at the molecular level and the mutations were clustered into two regions of the gene that define important domains of the predicted CO protein. Five of the mutations affect the zinc finger region near the N-terminus of the protein and the remaining two mutations affect adjacent amino acids in a basic domain near the C-terminus of the protein. Both of these domains and the individual amino acids affected by the mutations are highly conserved. Homology searches revealed a family of at least 14 closely related genes in Arabidopsis and homologues in a number of other plant species.
The seven co mutations all cause in-frame changes and none were unambiguous null alleles. To investigate the effect of loss of CO function a putative null allele, co-8, was isolated after gamma-irradiation. This was characterized at the molecular level and found to contain a 1.3 kb deletion which removes approximately 1 kb of the promoter and 0.3 kb of the coding sequence at the 5’ end of the CO ORF that includes the zinc finger domain. The new co-8 mutant has an intermediate flowering time with respect to the seven previously isolated co mutants, and is also semi-dominant.
A number of constructs designed to express derivatives of the CO protein were introduced into Arabidopsis to investigate whether it was possible to repress flowering by the creation of dominant negative mutations. However, with the exception of one or two small effects these did not greatly affect flowering time.
A Brassica napus homologue of the CO gene was isolated. The predicted protein is 74% identical to the Arabidopsis CO protein, with the greatest conservation over the zinc fingers (91% identical) and C-terminal basic domain (94% identical). The homologue was able to complement the Arabidopsis co-2 mutation and restore wild type flowering time.
Strong similarities in antigen fine specificity among DRB1* 1302-restricted tetanus toxin tt830-843-specific TCRs in spite of highly heterogeneous CDR3.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We investigated the Ag fine specificity of four TCRs that shared the same V beta segment but used V alpha s of three different subfamilies and displayed highly heterogeneous alpha and beta CDR3. The TCRs recognized the tetanus toxin tt830-843 (QYIKANSKFIGITE) epitope presented by DRB1*1302. By using a large panel of monosubstituted peptide analogues, we first defined the requirements for tt830-843 binding to DRB1*1302. We found that three residues, I832, N835, and G840, were critical for the interaction with DRB1*1302. Residues potentially contacted by the four TCRs were functionally defined by measuring the IL-2 response to the analogues. Except for the first and the last three residues, as well as I832 and G340, all of the others appeared to provide contacts with the four TCRs, indicating a considerable overlapping in the way these TCRs interact with the peptide. More importantly, and contrary to expectations, the two TCRs expressing the same V alpha/V beta germ-line segments showed a strikingly similar reactivity toward nearly all substitutions; moreover, more pronounced differences were observed when comparing TCRs using different V alpha segments. These results indicate that TCRs with entirely distinct CDR3s in the context of conserved V segments may not differ substantially in the way they recognize the ligand, and may provide new insights into understanding the formation of TCR/peptide/MHC ternary complexes. During these studies, we noticed that analogues with nonconservative substitutions at I832, which bound very unstably to DRB1*1302, could effectively stimulate T cells, suggesting a role of the TCR in contributing toward stabilization of peptide binding.
Household Labor and Child Care Needs among Philippine Highland Farmers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores implications of Chayanovian analysis, the New Home Economics, and anthropological household studies for understanding relationships among reproductive and productive activities in farming households. Data on labor recall, household membership, and farming practice are analyzed from households in a community in Benguet Province, Philippines. These households include some which practice traditional rice and root farming and others which plant commercial vegetable crops as well. Variation among these households demonstrates a correspondence of three-generation extended families with traditional farming practices and of active recruitment of adult labor with households practicing commercial farming. These households appear to vary in the degrees to which they commit to productive or reproductive activity, and most may actively coordinate these two endeavors through management of household membership and choices of productive strategies. I suggest that attention to the relationships among management of both childcare needs and farm production is necessary in order to develop appropriate agricultural technologies, policies, and programs for Third World countries.
Development and investigation of aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with copper, nickel, zinc and silicon carbide particle

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The metal matrix composites is a main and important mechanical properties with comparison to the metals over a wide range of the operating condition system. This makes them an attractive option to the adding and replacing metals for various engineering applications. The copper is a composite material and relative conductivity is 394 and atomic number of copper is 29. Silver is also a composite material and relative conductivity is 418 and the atomic number of silver is 47 and the melting point of copper and silver is 1084.62°c and 961.78°c. Silicon carbide has good thermal conductivity and high melting temperature and it is used for the purpose of mass production 1893.4%, 6%, 8% and 10% using induction casting process. Till now this composition is not used in composite material. In this work i use copper, nickel, zinc &silicon carbide particles in aluminum alloy. To get different properties of copper aluminum metal matrix composites. In this work, the mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, %elongation and micro structure analysis will be carried out.
Poly[chlorido-μ3-1,2,4-triazolato-iron(II)]

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The title compound, [Fe(C2H2N3)Cl]n, was prepared from a hydro­thermal reaction of iron(II) chloride and 1,2,4-triazole. It is isostructural with its MnII, CoII, NiII and ZnII analogues. The FeII cation shows a slightly distorted square-based pyramidal coordination environment, being surrounded by three crystallographically independent N atoms of three different triazolate ligands and a chloride ligand. A polymeric layer is formed by the triply bridging nature of the 1,2,4-triazolate ligand, which is bonded to three different Fe atoms through its three N atoms. The layer contains both binuclear units and tetra­nuclear units. In the binuclear units, two Fe atoms are bridged by two nearly coplanar triazolate groups through the 1,2-positions, affording a six-membered ring around an inversion center. Each binuclear unit is further connected to four parallel units through the coordination of the N atoms of the triazolate groups. Four adjacent units, which are pairwise parallel, afford 16-membered tetra­nuclear units, in each of which the two nearest-neighbor Fe atoms are bridged by a single triazolate group through the 1,4-positions.
The Wilderness Paradox

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This is a review essay covering three recent books related to Native Californian agroecological practices: M. Kat Anderson, Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Ira Jacknis, Food in California Indian Culture (Berkeley: Phoebe Hearst Museum Press, 2004); and Kent G. Lightfoot and Otis Parrish, California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).
Bi-Lagrangian structures and the space of rays

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper focuses on local curvature invariants associated with bi-Lagrangian structures. We establish several geometric conditions that determine when the canonical connection is flat, building on our previous findings regarding divergence-free webs (Domitrz and Zubilewicz 2023 Anal. Math. Phys. 13 4). Addressing questions raised by Tabachnikov (1993 Differ. Geom. Appl. 3 265–84), we provide complete solutions to two problems: the existence of flat bi-Lagrangian structures within the space of rays induced by a pair of hypersurfaces, and the existence of flat bi-Lagrangian structures induced by tangents to Lagrangian curves in the symplectic plane.
Simulation of Correlated Financial Defaults through Smoothed Cross-Entropy

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Credit risk, deriving from borrowers defaulting on their debts, represents an ever growing source of concern for financial operators. An established model to describe the associated risk scenario, where correlation among defaults is present, is the t-copula, whose use allows us to evaluate the probability of losses exceeding a given threshold. However, the typically large number of variables involved calls for a simulation approach. A simulation method, based on the use of the Cross-Entropy (CE) technique, is here proposed as an alternative to non-adaptive Importance Sampling (IS) techniques so far presented in the literature, the main advantage of CE being that it allows to deal easily with a wider range of probability models than ad hoc IS. A full description of the method is provided along with the results obtained for an extended set of model instances. The proposed Cross-Entropy technique is shown to provide accurate results even when the sample size is several orders of magnitude smaller than the inverse of the probability to be estimated.