jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Reactions with Trifluoromethyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Synthesis of fluorine-containing compounds is greatly dependent upon the development and application of fluorinated reagents.Thanks to the unique fluorine effects, fluorinated reagents usually exhibit different properties and reaction profiles from those of the non-fluorinated analogues.Among various trifluoromethoxylation reagents, trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate has drawn much attention in recent years because of its easy preparation, low cost and diverse reactivities.This reagent rapidly decomposes to form trifluoromethoxy anion in the presence of fluoride ion, thus regarded as a reservoir of trifluoromethoxy anion, and has been widely used in the nucleophilic trifluoromethoxylation reactions.Moreover, the trifluoromethoxy anion derived from trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and nucleophiles has poor thermal stability and tends to decompose at room temperature to afford fluorophosgene and fluorine anion, which can be used as a carbonylation reagent, a fluoroformylation reagent, a condensation agent or a nucleophilic fluorination reagent.The trifluoromethoxylation, carbonylation and fluorination reactions with trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as the reagent are reviewed.
Prior knowledge distillation based on financial time series

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the major characteristics of financial time series is that they contain a large amount of non-stationary noise, which is challenging for deep neural networks. People normally use various features to address this problem. However, the performance of these features depends on the choice of hyper-parameters. In this paper, we propose to use neural networks to represent these indicators and train a large network constructed of smaller networks as feature layers to fine-tune the prior knowledge represented by the indicators. During back propagation, prior knowledge is transferred from human logic to machine logic via gradient descent. Prior knowledge is the deep belief of neural network and teaches the network to not be affected by non-stationary noise. Moreover, co-distillation is applied to distill the structure into a much smaller size to reduce redundant features and the risk of overfitting. In addition, the decisions of the smaller networks in terms of gradient descent are more robust and cautious than those of large networks. In numerical experiments, we find that our algorithm is faster and more accurate than traditional methods on real financial datasets. We also conduct experiments to verify and comprehend the method.
Mode-switching Control Method of TCSC Considering Dual Impedance Phenomenon

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The mode-switching control method of thyristor controlled series capacitor(TCSC) is of great importance to power system stability.The switching control method becomes more complex because of the dual impedance phenomenon of TCSC.There is no way to realize mode-switching only by changing firing angles.Considering the influence of dual impedance phenomenon,a set of mode-switching control methods is proposed.By means of forced synchronization of current in thyristor branch with the line current,the mode switching from capacitive mode to Bypass can be implemented.In the switching strategy from capacitive mode to inductive veriner mode,a method of thyristor conditional firing is put forward.The thyristors will be fired and conducted on condition that both line current and capacitor voltage are inphase.To provide synchronization signal of line current for switching control in time,a method to forecast the zero-crossing point of the current is given.Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed switching methods can make the switching process fast and possess good dynamic performance.
Demonstration gallery for perceptual characteristics and the related signal processing education

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We have known for long the fact that our human eyes and ears have unique (or imperfect) characteristics in visual perception. It is also easy to understand the importance of modeling such characteristics in multimedia system design for performance improvement. However, there is lack of awareness of the possibilities and the benefits for perception-based manipulations to students and engineers. In this project, we aim at building an attractive demonstrating system to showcase various perceptual phenomena related to audio, speech, image, video and graphic processing, for educational purpose. Examples to be demonstrated include background adaptation, signal masking, visual attention, change blindness, memory, multimedia interaction, etc.
Estimation of Minimum Viable Population of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1821) in Support of Wildlife Management in Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Most long-tailed macaques (LTMs) in Southeast Asia are commensal animals, which means they can coexist and benefit from humans. This interaction potentially triggers disturbance and disease transmission caused by LTMs, for instance, in Ir. Djuanda Grand Forest Park (GFP). A previous study indicates an overpopulation of LTMs in this area. The need for population control of this macaque requires appropriate ecological considerations, including determining the minimum viable population (MVP). This study aims to estimate the MVP of LTMs in Ir. Djuanda GFP area is the key input for its population control scheme. The MVP is determined based on population growth simulation using the Lefkovitch matrix. In combination with the estimate of population growth, the MVP was used to formulate the population control scheme of LTMs, by considering the current wildlife management regulations and the perception of Ir. Djuanda GFP area manager obtained through interviews. This study found six groups of LTMs in Ir. Djuanda GFP with a total population of 229 individuals, a sex ratio of 1:1.05, an age class ratio of infants, juveniles, sub-adults, and adults of 16.6%:25.7%:32,3%:25.3%, and a population growth rate of 19.7%/year. The estimate of MVP of this primate is 230 individuals, with an average group size of 38 individuals and an age class ratio of infants, juveniles, sub-adults, and adults 30%:9.1%:27.4%:23.5%. Based on wildlife management regulations and area manager perceptions, population control schemes can be implemented for relocation and captive purposes. The population control scheme consists of an age-class control scheme and a group control scheme. The age-class control scheme controls the population by 334 individuals, while the colony control scheme controls 406 individuals.
14 Businesses Doing a Great Job at finding treasure with a metal detector

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Often people that own bronze, zinc or other metal sculptures and other works of art, want to clean up and polish their piece at home rather than have it done by a professional. This is perfectly fine as long as the utmost care and consideration is taken. What most people do not realize is that many commercial waxes can produce an acid that can cause damage to their piece.™ Generally speaking it is recommended to keep most sculptures waxed, particularly if they are displayed outdoors. Raw metal reacts with moisture, air and anything else it comes in contact with such as pollutants in the air or acids in human skin. Extreme direct sunlight can also play a big part in metal damage on outdoor pieces. The right wax provides a protective layer between the metal and damaging elements.
Receiver Model for Depolarized Signal Due to Polarization-Mode Dispersion and Partially Polarized Noise Due to Polarization-Dependent Loss in an Optical Fiber Communication System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We systematically investigate the combined effect on the system performance in an optical fiber communication system of a signal that is depolarized due to polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and noise that is partially polarized due to polarization-dependent loss. We derive a formula for the variance of the electric current of the signal due to the signal-noise beating between a depolarized signal and partially polarized noise. We validate this theoretical formula by comparing the Q -factor calculated using the theory to results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. We show that the system performance strongly depends on the power-splitting ratio, the degree of polarization of the noise, and the angle between the states of polarization of the signal and the polarized part of the noise. Although the theoretical formula is derived assuming that the optical fiber only has first-order PMD, we show that for arbitrary fiber, this formula still produces a reliable estimate of the Q-factor provided that the second-order PMD is on the order of 300 ps 2 or less.
Dielectric Properties of Hemoglobin. I. Studies at 1 Megacycle

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDielectric Properties of Hemoglobin. I. Studies at 1 MegacycleShiro TakashimaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 3, 541–546Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01584a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01584a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views80Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Innovative Practice and Teaching Reform Strategies of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Teaching of Higher Vocational Food Testing

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The modern practice of teaching food safety testing technology at a higher vocational level emphasizes the cultivation of innovative and application-oriented talents, combining theory with practice. This paper integrates the classroom system reform and practical teaching system reform needs and puts forward the basic + professional + expansion of the three modules, innovative practice teaching mode. The reform of food testing teaching, through the introduction of relevant food safety hot news or topics, the use of the “introduction, measurement, learning, practice, solid, evaluation” six-step teaching method, and innovative classroom teaching links. Analyze the spectral data model commonly used in food testing, solve the parameter optimization problem for the SVM model, and improve the professional technology for food testing. Utilizing virtual reality technology to build a test operation environment, build an environment for practical food testing, and update the traditional test operation. Simulate the optimization of the scene for food testing in a virtual operation environment. Comparative analysis of various learning dimensions of higher vocational students to illustrate the role of higher vocational food testing teaching reform using the six-step teaching method. The satisfaction levels of senior students with traditional teaching and teaching reform are 3.45 and 4.25, respectively, and the difference between them is 0.8.
A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power and Voltage Control Considering Voltage Security Assessment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a particle swarm optimization for reactive power and voltage control (VQC) problem formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem (MINLP) considering voltage security assessment. The proposed method realizes loss minimization and determines VQC strategy with continuous and discrete control variables such as AYR operating values, OLTC tap positions, and amount of reactive power compensation equipment. The method also considers voltage security assessment using a continuation power flow and voltage contingency analysis technique when determining the control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed method for the problem is demonstrated and compared with reactive tabu search and enumeration method on practical power system models with promising results.
HGG-29. INTEGRATED MOLECULAR PROFILING OF &gt;2000 PAEDIATRIC-TYPE DIFFUSE HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA TUMOURS AND &gt;100 PATIENT-DERIVED MODELS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Paediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma (PDHGG) is recognised in the WHO2021 CNS Tumour Classification as biologically distinct from ‘adult-types’, and comprises four major categories based on distinct biology and clinical presentation, though sub-types within these are less well-defined. METHODS Published and unpublished genome/exome/targeted sequencing from n=1593 cases were integrated with n=2027 cases with methylation array profiling, with an overlap of n=761. These were supplemented with varying availability of bulk/single-cell RNAseq, ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq, and analysed alongside data from ~100 patient-derived models representing 16 PDHGG sub-types. RESULTS Around half of cases were diffuse midline glioma with H3K27 alterations (DMG-H3K27), which can be split into sub-types based upon either the specific histone alteration (DMG-H3.3K27M/-H3.1K27M/-EZHIP) or co-segregating pathway activating mutations (DMG-EGFR/-MAPK/-ACVR1). These showed distinct copy number, transcriptomic and epigenetic signatures depending on the anatomical location, replicated in ~50 models established as 2D/3D cultures and CDX/PDX. By contrast, diffuse hemispheric glioma with H3G34 mutations (DHG-H3G34) presented a homogenous genomic landscape (TP53/ATRX/PDGFRA) but with a higher degree of transcriptional diversity in both tumours and models. In high-grade glioma, H3/IDH-wild-type (HGG-WT) samples, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subtypes are split by the presence or absence of co-segregating mutations (BCOR/SETD2/NF1) and copy number changes. Across methylation-based subtypes, genetic drivers are associated with distinct phenotypes or drug responses independent of location. EGFR mutations are largely confined to the highly infiltrative pedHGG_RTK2 hemispheric (enriched in gliomatosis cerebri) and DMG-EGFR (bithalamic glioma) subtypes, whilst PDGFRAmutations span DMG-H3.3K27M, DHG-H3G34, and pedHGG-RTK1, and exhibit a differential drug response to targeted therapies depending on the nature of the alteration. Hypermutant tumours are split between pedHGG-RTK1A and the emerging ‘HGG-E’ subtype. CONCLUSIONS These data aim to catalogue the diversity of PDHGG subtypes in order to identify biologically rational targets, and credential patient-derived models which can be exploited for mechanistic/preclinical studies.
Polyoxometalate-Cross-Linked Proton Exchange Membranes with Post-Assembled Nanostructures for High-Temperature Proton Conduction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) are key components in high-temperature energy storage and conversion technologies, which require excellent proton conductivity and mechanical strength. However, it is difficult for HT-PEMs to balance their mechanical and conductive properties. Here, we present a strategy to prepare HT-PEMs based on the combination of polyoxometalate (POM)-dominated noncovalent cross-linking and H3PO4 (PA)-induced post-assembly. Hybrid membranes containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(terphenyl piperidine) (PTP), and H3PW12O40 (PW) are prepared, where the polymers are electrostatically cross-linked by PW and maintain certain mobility. When the membranes adsorb PA, the polarity difference between the PVP–PW–PA moieties and the PTP–PW–PA moieties increases, causing the chains to rearrange into bicontinuous structures via a post-assembly process. The resultant membranes show a break strength over 7 MPa and a proton conductivity of ∼55 mS cm–1 at 160 °C. The high-temperature supercapacitors based on such membranes exhibit a specific capacitance of 145.4 F g–1 and a capacitance retention of 80% after 3000 charge–discharge cycles at 150 °C. Their H2/air fuel cells display a peak power of 273.6 mW cm–2 at 160 °C. This work provides a paradigm for using POMs as dynamic cross-linkers to fabricate nanostructured PEMs, which paves a feasible route to developing high-performance electrolyte materials.
Research on Piecewise Polynomial Fitting Algorithm for PV Cell Simulator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the research of photovoltaic( PV) cell simulator,how to determine the PV characteristic curve is a key issue. In view of the large amount of calculations of the PV cell index model and poor portability of the polynomial model,a uniform piecewise polynomial fitting algorithm is provided. According to the partings,the algorithm estimates which segment the input voltage belongs to and then load the interpolated points. Finally the function is established by Lagrange interpolation formula. Compared with other models,the accuracy of this model can be controlled by setting segment fitting number and insertion points,and the curve trend can be changed on request. The influence of taking points piecewise on fitting precision is analyzed using four-segment method,with research results given.
Hyperaemic and non-hyperaemic pressure indices of coronary stenosis severity in patients with chronic kidney disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Evidence regarding the use of pressure indices for the assessment of coronary stenoses in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is scarce. Methods We assessed the relation between eGFR, FFR and resting Pd/Pa in 1147 consecutive patients (1316 vessels) included in the International Collaboration of Comprehensive Physiologic Assessment Study. We also compared FFR and Pd/Pa against a standardized cut-off of coronary flow reserve (CFR&lt;2.0). Finally, we examined the occurrence of vessel-oriented composite outcome (VOCO: cardiac death, vessel-specific revascularization, vessel-specific myocardial infarction) across negative/positive results of both FFR and CFR in patients with and without CKD. Results FFR increases as renal function worsens (beta −10.5, 95% CI −20.0 to −11.03, p=0.030), a relation that was not seen with resting Pd/Pa (beta −6.14, 95% CI −19.9 to 6.78, p=0.351). Both indices had similar diagnostic accuracies for the detection of a CFR&lt;2.0 in the presence of CKD (AUC 0.629 for FFR vs 0.663 for resting Pd/Pa, p=0.192). However, CKD patients showed a higher proportion of vessels with negative FFR but low CFR (24.5% vs 13.4%, p=0.015). CFR decreased linearly with deteriorating eGFR, and this was mainly driven by higher resting coronary flow in CKD patients (p=0.026), while hyperaemic coronary flow remained similar (p=0.403). IMR did not change significantly with eGFR (beta −0.02, 95% −0.09 to 0.05, p=0.557). The incidence of VOCO was higher in patients with CKD and FFR&gt;0.80 when compared to non-CKD patients and FFR&gt;0.80 (12.7% vs 6.90%, p=0.062). Prognosis was worse for those with CKD, negative FFR and CFR&lt;2.0 (20.59% vs. 8.44% in non-CKD, p=0.038). Conclusions The assessment of a given coronary stenosis in patients with CKD with either FFR or resting Pd/Pa is equivalent when compared to underlying coronary flow. In CKD, impaired CFR is caused by a state of increased resting flow. The assessment of CFR on top of standard pressure wire examination significantly improves prognostic stratification in CKD patients. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
Continuous discrimination between sudden changes in pulse repetition periods

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes a pulse rate discriminator designed for discriminating pulse repetition periods over a wide range extending from 100 μsec. to i m. sec. with pulse width 50 μsec. The discriminator gives an output, suitable for operating a pen-recorder or for display on an oscilloscope, only when the pulse repetition period is suddenly changed. The unit can be used in the study of the state of ionized layers of ionosphere.
Effect of asbestos on lipid peroxidation in the red cells.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In vitro exposure of red cells to vie International Union against Cancer (UICC) standard reference asbestos samples resulted in an increase of thiobarbituric acid substances. Chrysotiles developed the largest amounts of lipid peroxides, followed by anthophyllite, amosite, and crocidolite in decreasing order. Compared with the control samples erythrocytes free of dusts, all types of the asbestos examined disclosed significant differences. The results obtained provide support for the cytotoxic potential of amosite and crocidolite and, on the other hand, suggest that a lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may be involved in the mechanisms(s) of membrane-damaging effects of asbestos dusts.
Mushroom Bodies of Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea: Insecta): Structure and Sources of Formation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

It has been established that mushroom bodies of stick insects are formed by Kenyon cells collected in numerous groups of cells the processes of which originally form individual bundles going into the calyx. The majority of such bundles lose their identity already in the cellular layer, and therefore, complex bundles usually enter the calyx. The merging of bundles progresses in the calyx, and even the peduncle keeps a fascicular structure. Only lobes have a classical concentric structure. In the embryonic period, mushroom bodies are formed by two proliferative centers with one neuroblast per center. It is supposed that the neuroblasts of mushroom bodies of stick insects are neuroblasts of type II and that groups of Kenyon cells are generated by intermediate neural progenitors.
High-temperature fusion of nitrogen compounds at laser influence on refractory metals

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The processes of laser burning and ignition on the surface of refractory metal (such as Zr, Ni, Hf) are researched in this paper. The regime of gas phase limit, at which the metal heating leads to the high temperature fusion of nitrogen compounds on their surface under condition Plimit. P has been performed, and it leads only to the creation of oxide compounds at Plimit. < P. It is shown that nitrogen creation has been a sharp appearance of new phase in the target heating dynamics. It is possible that its diagnostic as a non-stable metal burning product in the air could be done by optical method registration of non- monotonous changing of reflect capability R of the foliated system 'metal - oxide'.