jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphological and molecular identification of Haemonchus species in sheep

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract A combined approach in the determination of Haemonchus nematodes from sheep was applied in this trial. Using selected morphological characters 90.2 % females and 84.2 % males of Haemonchus contortus and 9.8 % females and 15.8 % males of Haemonchus placei were identified. Although cluster analysis based on morphological identification clearly separated two Haemonchus species, H. contortus was exclusively detected in all specimens using restriction cleavage of the ITS-2 region with FspBI endonuclease as well as through the sequencing analysis. Because sheep from both farms have never had contact with other ruminants, and the farmers apply only closed flock turnover, we assume that only H. contortus mono-infection occurred on both farms. This opinion is also supported by molecular data. The most striking result of our study was the finding which indicates that the discriminant function is not able to accurately identify Haemonchus males at the species level.
Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino‐atrial node cells.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Two types of calcium currents, the transient type and long‐lasting type, were examined by both whole‐cell and cell‐attached patch‐clamp modes in single isolated sino‐atrial node cells of the rabbit. 2. In the whole‐cell clamp mode, in response to a depolarizing pulse to ‐40 mV from a holding potential of ‐80 mV, a transient type calcium current with an amplitude of 2.1 +/‐ 0.7 pA/pF (mean +/‐ S.D.; n = 15) was recorded. The threshold potential was approximately ‐50 mV. 3. Nickel (40 microM) and tetramethrin (0.1 microM) blocked the transient type calcium current without appreciable effects on the long‐lasting type. Nifedipine and D600 blocked the long‐lasting type, but did not affect the transient type. Cadmium (20 microM) and cobalt (2 mM) inhibited both types of calcium currents equally. 4. Both types of calcium currents showed an increased amplitude with increasing extracellular calcium concentration. The values of the Michaelis constant, Km, were 0.95 mM for the transient type and 3.92 mM for the long‐lasting type, indicating that these types represent two different classes of channels. 5. In the cell‐attached patch‐clamp mode, the single‐channel conductance of the transient type calcium current was 8.5 pS, by using 100 mM‐BaCl2 in the pipette, whereas that of the long‐lasting type was 16.0 pS, under the same conditions. Each of these values was similar to those found in other cells, respectively. 6. In the whole‐cell clamp mode, the transient type current began to inactivate at ‐70 mV and was fully inactivated at ‐40 mV. The steady‐state inactivation curve of the transient type current was approximately 50 mV negative to that of the long‐lasting type. The overlap of the membrane potential between the activation and inactivation curves was small. The time constant of the inactivation shortened from 20 to 5 ms as the potential became progressively positive over the range from ‐80 to +30 mV. 7. Isoprenaline (1 microM) increased the amplitude of the long‐lasting type Ca2+ current, but was not effective on the transient type, suggesting that the long‐lasting type calcium current may be responsible for the positive chronotropic effect of isoprenaline. 8. While recording spontaneous electrical activity of the cell, application of 40 microM‐nickel induced bradycardia and this effect was enhanced when the membrane was constantly hyperpolarized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Congenital Hydrometrocolpos in a 2 Months Old Indian Infant Presented as Dysuria: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Hydrometrocolpos due to vaginal atresia is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by an abdominal mass; girls with this anomaly are prone to develop obstructive uropathy due to compression of bladder and/or urethra.Case: We report the case of a two-month-old girl who presented with an abdominal mass and dysuria.She was found to have a lower vaginal atresia and hydrometrocolpos by MRI.She was successfully treated surgically by reconstruction of vagina and drainage of 100 ml serosanguinous fluid. Summary and Conclusion: Early diagnosis and surgery reduces the incidence of complications such as infection,rupture and renal failure.Diagnosis may be suspected prenatally by ultrasonography and confirmed postnatally by magnetic resonance imaging.
Application of Local Linear Embedding to Nonlinear Exploratory Latent Structure Analysis

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we discuss the use of a recent dimension reduction technique called Locally Linear Embedding, introduced by Roweis and Saul, for performing an exploratory latent structure analysis. The coordinate variables from the locally linear embedding describing the manifold on which the data reside serve as the latent variable scores. We propose the use of semiparametric penalized spline methods for reconstruction of the manifold equations that approximate the data space. We also discuss a crossvalidation strategy that can guide in selecting an appropriate number of latent variables. Synthetic as well as real data sets are used to illustrate the proposed approach. A nonlinear latent structure representation of a data set also serves as a data visualization tool.
NOD proteins expression and function in the pituitary folliculostellate cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Folliculostellate (FS) cells were found to regulate hormonal secretion in pituitary endocrine cells. This cell type share properties with components of the innate immune response such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and it's suggested that they are able to initiate immune responses and act as part of an immunoendocrine regulation system. Members of toll-like receptor (TLR) family recognize bacterial cell wall components and initiate an immune response. Recently, we detected by RT-PCR the TLR4 mRNA expression in FS cell line, TtT/GF. In the present study, we detected the constitutive expression of two members of a novel nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) family of proteins that act as cytosolic receptors. We show that NOD1 and NOD2 are expressed in the human and mouse pituitary glands, and in TtT/GF cells. Furthermore, NOD1-agonistic diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and NOD2-agonistic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) induced (NF)-κB activation in TtT/GF cell cultures. Both NOD agonists in combination with TLR4 agonistic, LPS enhanced NF-κB transcriptional activity, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in these cells. Knocking-down NOD1 and NOD2 markedly inhibited LPS induced IL-6 production in TtT/GF cells. RNA interference for NOD2, but not NOD1, downregulated NF-κB activity. LPS, MDP and LPS plus MDP increased NF-κB expression and transcriptional activity, in a mechanism involving STAT3, since knocking-down this protein abolished NF-κB activation. All together, we revealed that NOD1 and NOD2 are expressed in the pituitary gland and in TtT/GF cells. In addition our findings suggest that FS cells play a predominant role in the context of imune-endocrine interactions during bacterial infection and inflammation and NOD proteins have a central participation in these processes.
The role of people, parks and precipitation on the frequency and timing of fires in a sub-Saharan savanna ecosystem

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Background The Lupande Game Management Area (GMA) and the adjacent South Luangwa National Park (NP) in Zambia allow comparison of fire regimes in African savannas with different human densities. Aims To investigate humans’ effects on fire regimes within a sub-Saharan savanna ecosystem. Methods We delineated burned areas for the Lupande GMA and South Luangwa NP using 156 Landsat images from 1989 to 2017. We performed comparisons of fire regimes between the Lupande GMA and South Luangwa NP using various burned area variables and assessed their association with precipitation. Key results Overall, and compared with the South Luangwa NP, the Lupande GMA had a greater extent of burned area and a higher frequency of repeat burns. The Lupande GMA experienced fires earlier in the fire season, which are typically less damaging to woody vegetation. We observed a significant positive relationship between precipitation and burned area trends in South Luangwa NP but not in the Lupande GMA, suggesting that precipitation increases burned area in South Luangwa NP. Conclusions Results support the theory that human fire management mitigates climate’s effect, particularly rainfall, on interannual burned area variation. Implications This study shows that human-dominated fire regimes in savannas can alter the influence of precipitation.
Our Errant Epistemic Aim

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Often the first issue addressed by a theory of justified belief is the aim, goal, purpose, or objective of epistemic justification.' What, in short, is the point of epistemic justification?Or, to put it a bit differently, why value justification: why is it worth having or pursuing?2Prominent epistemologists, including both externalists and internalists, have proposed (or sometimes just assumed) the following answer: the ultimate aim of epistemic justification is to maximize true belief and minimize false belief.This answer specifies what I'll call the "nominal aim," an aim that gets endorsed (sometimes with qualifications) by a number of well-known accounts of justification.William Alston, an externalist with certain internalist scruples,3 is among the most explicit champions of the nominal aim: Epistemic evaluation is undertaken from what we might call the "epistemic point of view."That point of view is defined by the aim at maximizing truth and minimizing falsity in a large body of beliefs.... [Ojur central cognitive aim is to amass a large body of beliefs with a favorable truth-falsity ratio.For a belief to be justified is for it.. to be awarded high marks relative to that aim.... [A]ny concept of epistemic justification is a concept of some condition that is desirable or commendable from the standpoint of the aim at maximizing truth and minimizing falsity....4 I will be using "goal," "aim," "purpose," "point," and "objective" interchangeably, since I take the concept I have in mind to be captured by any of those terms.Just the same, I am happy to speak instead of the "value of justification" or the "reason that justification is valuable," in case one finds talk of the "aim of justification" uncongenial (see note 2). 2In correspondence, William Alston has objected to the notion that justification, i.e. the status of being justified, has an aim, since, unlike activities, statuses do not typically have aims.I'm therefore content to speak of the value of justification and to understand claims about its aim as claims about its value.For details on Alston's hybrid view of justification, see "An Internalist Externalism," in Alston (1989), 227-45.In the remainder of this paper I will focus on Alston's theory of justification, not because I find it uniquely problematic but principally because Alston is such an explicit proponent of the nominal aim; his theory, then, serves as a natural illustration of its perils.4
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Groups A, B1, B2 and D Isolated from Frozen Foods and Children with Diarrhea in Sanandaj, Iran

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Background: Escherichia coli is usually a commensal of the digestive system, particularly intestine of humans and animals. However, there are many reports indicating that some strains are known to cause serious problems causing various infections among children worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Escherichia coli strains can be classified into four phylogenetic groups: A, B1, B2 and D. The commensal strains are usually placed into the phylogenetic groups; A and B1 and the extraintestinal pathogenic strains into a group B2 and, to a lesser extent, group D.\n Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli groups A, B1, B2 and D from frozen foods and children with diarrhea.\n Materials and methods: From 125 frozen foods of animal origin and 466 rectal swabs from children with diarrhea, E. coli were isolated and identified based on standard procedures. Susceptibility testing to antibiotic was carried out according to the CLSI criteria. The phylogenetic group of each strain was determined by using multiplex PCR.\n Results: In the current study, 47 and 99 E. coli strains were isolated and allocated into four phylogenetic groups (i.e. A, B1, B2 and D). Among the strains isolated from the frozen foods of animal origin, 6.3% were allocated into phylogenetic group B2, and 23.4%% into D. Similarly, among the strains isolated from children with diarrhea 9% were allocated into group B2 and 19% to group D. The data showed that 55.3% and 53.1% of the frozen food-derived E. coli strains were resistant to Tetracycline and Amoxycillin respectively. Similarly, 89.9, 88.9 and 79.8% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, respectively. By a multiplex PCR procedure different phylogenetic E. coli were detected.\n Conclusion: Detection of E. coli isolates is very important and shows that food of animal origin can be of a reservoir for resistant bacteria that potentially could be transferred to humans through the food chain. In addition, results of the current study also revealed the detection of resistant E.coli isolates from children with diarrhea.
Optimal concentration of tacalcitol in once-daily treatment of psoriasis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tacalcitol, 1-alpha,24(R)-dihydroxy vitamin D3, is an analogue of calcitriol, 1-alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. Topical tacalcitol used twice daily has been shown to be effective in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis. The optimal concentration for once-daily treatment is, however, unknown. A randomized, double-blind comparison of seven concentrations of tacalcitol (0.25–16 μg/g), tacalcitol vehicle ointment, hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1%, betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%, calcipotriol (50 μg/g) and an untreated control area was therefore performed in 50 patients. The ointments (16 mg) were applied once daily to 11 2-cm circular areas of lesional psoriatic skin for 23 consecutive days. On days 1, 6, 11, 16, 20 and 24 the test areas were scored according to improvement. Erythema, infiltration and scaling were judged on a four-point scale and healing was judged in percent. The test system was sensitive and able to differentiate between the three positive controls: hydrocortisone butyrate, calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate. Tacalcitol at and above 1 μg/g produced a time-dependent effect on psoriasis which was significantly better than the vehicle control (P 0.05). The efficacy was concentration dependent up to a maximum of 4 μg/g. Using 4 μg/g the mean scores decreased from day 1 to day 24 as follows (95% confidence limits in parentheses): erythema, 2.64 (2.50–2.78) to 1.94 (1.76–2.12); infiltration, 2.48 (2.32–2.64) to 1.20 (1.01–1.39); scaling, 2.29 (2.11–2.47) to 1.26 (1.09–1.43); total score, 7.41 (7.00–7.80) to 4.4 (3.9–4.9). The mean degree of healing on day 24 was 50% (42–57%). In contrast, the vehicle control demonstrated only minor improvement on day 24 with a total score of 6.0 (5.5–6.5) and an average healing of 20% (13–27%). Topical tacalcitol treatment once daily demonstrated efficacy in psoriasis with a maximal effect at 4 μg/g.
Addressing future trade-offs between biodiversity and cropland expansion to improve food security

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Potential trade-offs between providing sufficient food for a growing human population in the future and sustaining ecosystems and their services are driven by various biophysical and socio-economic parameters at different scales. In this study, we investigate these trade-offs by using a three-step interdisciplinary approach. We examine (1) how the expected global cropland expansion might affect food security in terms of agricultural production and prices, (2) where natural conditions are suitable for cropland expansion under changing climate conditions, and (3) whether this potential conversion to cropland would affect areas of high biodiversity value or conservation importance. Our results show that on the one hand, allowing the expansion of cropland generally results in an improved food security not only in regions where crop production rises, but also in net importing countries such as India and China. On the other hand, the estimated cropland expansion could take place in many highly biodiverse regions, pointing out the need for spatially detailed and context-specific assessments to understand the possible outcomes of different food security strategies. Our multidisciplinary approach is relevant with respect to the Sustainable Development Goals for implementing and enforcing sustainable pathways for increasing agricultural production, and ensuring food security while conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services.
The Reckoning: The Return of Genomic Results to 1444 Participants Across the eMERGE3 Network

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(Abstracted from Genet Med 2022;24:1130–1138) As increased accessibility to genetic testing contributes to finding more individuals with genetic predispositions to a specific conditions or diseases, National Institutes of Health–sponsored networks grow in importance when considering the identification and subsequent management of these conditions. The American College of Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) designated 59 genes (this is now higher with subsequent versions of the guideline) as highly actionable owing to availability of effective medical management guidelines for individuals with detected disease-causing variants in one of these genes.
Shakespeare, national poet-playwright

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

List of illustrations Acknowledgements Note on texts Proem: Shakespeare's 'Plaies and Poems' Part I. The Imprint of Shakespearean Authorship: Prelude: Shakespeare, Cervantes, Petrarch 1. The sixteenth-century poet-playwright 2. Francis Meres, the Ovidian poet-playwright, and Shakespeare criticism Part II. 1593-1594: The Print Author Presents Himself: Play Scene: 'Two Gentlemen' to 'Richard III' 3. Authorship and acting: plotting Venus and Adonis along the Virgilian path 4. Publishing the show: The Rape of Lucrece as Lucanian counter-epic of empire Part III. 1599-1601: The Author Brought Into Print: Play Scene: 'Love's Labor's Lost' to 'Troilus and Cressida' 5. 'Tales ... coined': 'W. Shakespeare' in Jaggard's The Passionate Pilgrim 6. 'Threne' and 'scene': the author's relics of immortality in 'The Phoenix and Turtle' Part IV. 1609: Imprinting the Question of Authorship: Play Scene: 'Measure for Measure' to 'Coriolanus' 7. 'O, let my books be ... dumb presagers': poetry and theatre in the sonnets 8. 'Deep-brain'd sonnets' and 'tragic shows': Shakespeare's late Ovidian art in A Lover's Complaint Epilogue. Ariel and Autolycus: Shakespeare's counter-laureate authorship Works cited Index.
Development and initial validation of the Subjective Academic Wellbeing Measure: A new tool of youth wellbeing in school

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the preliminary development and validation of the Subjective Academic Wellbeing Measure (SAWM), which is a six-item self-report rating measure intended for use as a screening tool to assess the positive academic functioning of young people within the elementary and high school context. Exploratory factor analysis was performed with Sample 1 (N= 161), indicating that the SAWM was characterized by a unidimensional measurement model and had strong factor loadings. Results from confirmatory factor analysis, which was carried out with Sample 2 (N= 199), confirmed the measurement model by yielding good data-model fit statistics that were characterized by strong latent construct and internal reliability estimates. Further analyses showed that the scale had good convergent validity considering scores from several self-reported scales of student mental health problems and positive school functioning. Further analyses also showed that configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance were observed across gender groups. These results provide initial evidence suggesting that the SAWM is a reliable and valid measure that can be used to assess the positive academic functioning of students within the school context. Implications are discussed, and some suggestions are provided for future research and practice
Carcinogenicity in Mice of Mutagenic Compounds from a Tryptophan Pyrolyzate

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The compounds 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5 H -pyrido[4,3- b ]indole and 3-amino-1-methyl-5 H -pyrido[4,3- b ]indole, which are potent mutagens in a tryptophan pyrolyzate, are hepatic carcinogens when given orally to mice at concentrations of 200 parts per million in a pellet diet. Female mice showed higher susceptibilities to both compounds than male mice.
Preparation of corn stalk adsorbent and its adsorption performance for Pb2+ in aqueous solution

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, corn stalk adsorbents are prepared by pretreated corn stalks and carboxymethylation reaction. Then the adsorbents are used to remove Pb2+ in the aqueous solution, and the effect of the pH value of the solution, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, the initial concentration of Pb2+ on the adsorption performance, and the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm are discussed. The results show that when the pH is 4.50, the adsorption time is 150 min, the amount of adsorbent is 0.45 g, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent is as high as 928 mg/g, and the Pb2+ removal rate reaches 99.78 %. The adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption of Pb2+ by the adsorbent reached adsorption equilibrium within 150 minutes, the adsorption process conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption mechanism was chemical adsorption. The adsorption isotherm shows that the adsorption process of Pb2+ by the adsorbent conforms to the single-layer adsorption of the Langmuir model.
Hybrid stress quadrilateral finite element approximation for stochastic plane elasticity equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper considers stochastic hybrid stress quadrilateral finite element analysis of plane elasticity equations with stochastic Young's modulus and stochastic loads. Firstly, we apply Karhunen-Lo$\grave{e}$ve expansion to stochastic Young's modulus and stochastic loads so as to turn the original problem into a system containing a finite number of deterministic parameters. Then we deal with the stochastic field and the space field by $k-$version/$p-$version finite element methods and a hybrid stress quadrilateral finite element method, respectively. We show that the derived a priori error estimates are uniform with respect to the Lam$\acute{e}$ constant $λ\in (0, +\infty)$. Finally, we provide some numerical results.