jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
<strong>Tyrosine Hydroxylase, the Rate- Limiting Enzyme in Catecholamine Biosynthesis Could be an Index of Functionality in Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis</strong>

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Excess release of catecholamines is a characteristic for pheochromocytomas. The rate of catecholamine synthesis is determined by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme. Usually, TH is detected by immunohistochemistry. In our study, we evaluated this enzyme in plasma from pheochromocytoma subjects establishing correlations with some metabolites. Subjects and Methods:10 subjects (9 women /1man aged 40-72 years ) clinically suspected of pheochromocytoma, were biochemically investigated for free plasma normetanephrines (NMNp)/ metanephrines (MNp), plasma chromogranin A (CgA), plasma TH and IGF-1.Comparison of tumoral metabolites values was done with our lab normal range. Statistical analysis used multiple regression to evaluate relationship between TH and all 3 parameters: NMNp/MNp/CgA. Results: All subjects showed excessive plasma NMNp (median: 1434 pg/mL); in 7 cases we observed an over-secretion of MNp (median: 441pg/mL) and CgA was higher in 9 cases (median: 668 ng/mL). TH was identified in all plasma samples with a median of: 2.08 ng/mL. Higher values of TH were detected in cases with an over-excess of metabolites. Good correlations were established between NMNp/TH (0.51), MNp/TH(0.81) and NMNp/CgA (0.71). Conclusion: Metabolites in excess are well correlated with TH values proving a great rate of catecholamine synthesis in some cases. We could affirm TH could be used as an index of functionality in pheochromocytoma diagnosis.
Skin imaged by femtosecond laser irradiation: a risk assessment for in vivo applications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During the last couple of years new imaging techniques using femtosecond lasers (fs-lasers) in the near infrared spectral range evolved for a variety of in vitro applications. We wanted to know, whether fs-lasers have a non-invasive imaging potential for in vivo applications for human skin. So far, little is known about possible risks of this irradiation type. To estimate the risk of irradiation damage in human skin we used a "biological dosimeter" in this investigation. We irradiated fresh human skin samples with both an fs-laser and a solar simulator (UV-source) for comparison. DNA damage introduced in the epidermis was evaluated using fluorescent antibodies against cyclobutane-pyrimidin-dimers (CPDs) in combination with immuno-fluorescence image analysis. Various fs-irradiation regimes were evaluated differing in laser power and step width of horizontal irradiation scans. When using 15 mW or 30 mW fs-laser power combined with horizontal irradiation scans applied every 5 mm in depth around the epidermal-dermal junction no induction of CPDs was found. However, induction of CPDs could be seen using 60 mW laser power and 5 μm step width. Narrowing the step width to 1 mm and using increasing laser power (up to 35 mW) from the surface of the skin to the epidermis led to CPD formation, too. Quantitative comparison of CPD production at various laser regimes with CPD production using a solar simulator was done. We could show that the number of CPDs formed by the 60 mW laser irradiation regime is comparable to an UV-irradiation giving 0.6 MED (minimal erythemal dose). The smaller step width laser irradiation regime (1 μm step width and up to 35 mW) was comparable to a UV-irradiation regime resulting in 0.45 MED.
Interactions of the bean rust and cowpea rust fungi with species of the Phaseolus–Vigna plant complex. II. Histological responses to infection in heat-treated and untreated leaves

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A comparison of the histological responses of species within the Phaseolus–Vigna plant complex to single isolates of the bean and cowpea rust fungi revealed that no particular response was restricted to any plant taxonomic group, although species differed in the proportion of infection sites at which a particular response was exhibited. Related species did not always show similar frequencies of responses and sometimes there were differences between different genotypes within a nonhost species. In host and nonhost species, preinoculation heat treatment commonly inhibited prehaustorial defenses and delayed the death of the invaded cell. Growing fungal colonies subsequently developed in many species, even those considered nonhosts, particularly if they exhibited a high frequency of prehaustorial defenses in untreated leaves. It is argued that a lack of heat-induced colony formation is a sign of parasite-specific resistance, which most likely evolved only in originally susceptible plants. Consequently, the data suggest that the bean rust fungus has had a long association with American species of the complex and that extant nonhost species may have evolved from susceptible ancestors. In contrast, the cowpea rust fungus appears to have had little evolutionary contact with these American species and may not be as closely related to the bean rust fungus as originally thought.
#3041 High prevalence of lifetime depressive symptoms in patients referred for clinical amyloid-PET: a retrospective study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives/Aims Depression has been reported as a possible risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease, but also as one of the clinical features of Alzheimer’s as well as other dementias. Further, depression has long been associated with cognitive impairment in the absence of neurodegeneration (Connors et al . 2018). Here we sought to ascertain the prevalence of clinical depression in patients meeting widely accepted Appropriate Use Criteria for Amyloid PET Imaging (API). We examined the prevalence of lifetime depression in patients undergoing clinical API in a real-world clinical setting and compared our findings with population data from community-dwelling older adults. We also examined whether rates of depression were higher in amyloid positive or negative groups. Methods One-hundred-and-eighty-five older adults (mean age 67.079.37, 49% females) underwent diagnostic workup, including API, at the Imperial Memory Clinic between January 2017 and June 2019. API was performed in line with appropriate use criteria after multidisciplinary team discussion. History of depressive symptoms and features of depression were evaluated through a review of hospital records and clinical correspondence. Patients were defined as having a history of depression if there was evidence of previous or current depressive symptoms and/or of a formal diagnosis of depression in their clinical records. Results Based on visual reads, 83 individuals had positive Amyloid-PET scans and 102 were negative. Overall, 102 (55%) patients(mean age=66.758.99, 56% females) had a history of lifetime depressive symptoms, compared with just 12 and 19% of elderly individuals in the general population (McDougall et al. 2007; Biddulph et al. 2014). Of the 92 patients for whom further information regarding depression onset were available, 54 (58.7%) had early symptom onset (age <60), and 38 (41.3%) had late symptom onset (age ≥s60). At the time of the clinical assessment at the Imperial Memory Clinic, 71 of those 102 (69.6%) were on active treatment for depression. Finally, depression was not associated with amyloid status (χ 2 (1) =1.12 p =.26), with 42 (41.2%) amyloid-positive and 60 (58.8%) amyloid-negative patients reporting a history of depression. Conclusions Over half of patients with suspected cognitive impairment and meeting appropriate use criteria for clinical API had a history of depression, regardless of amyloid status. Depression is an important but incompletely understood factor in referral for evaluation with Amyloid-PET.
Testosterone Production in Normal and Virilized Women and in Women with the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome or Idiopathic Hirsutism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Testosterone production rates have been measured in normal and virilized women and in patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome and idiopathic hirsutism. In patients with virilization, production rates were increased. However, production rates were within the normal range and plasma testosterone levels varied from normal to high in patients with Stein-Leventhal syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism. Suppression studies indicated that the adrenal cortex was a significant source of the plasma testosterone in all groups. HCG did not increase either measure of androgen metabolism in the normal woman but was effective in some of the subjects with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome.
Annealing and Regeneration in Optical Fibres

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Here, we'll review recent work suggesting that even low temperature annealing of optical fibres exposed to UV light leads to nanoscale changes in physical dimensions of waveguides. These changes are responsible for many observations made with gratings within trimaterial fibre systems and we will show that these changes can be significant with appropriate fibre composite design, particularly when a doped inner cladding is present. Long period gratings (LPGs) offer tremendous sensitivity to these changes which can explain some of the insensitivity to temperature observed even in conventional LPGs. These are compared with regenerated LPGs.
TME6/365: Teleconsultation and Telescreening for Eye Diseases

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: The estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus is 6.6 % of the population in Western industrial countries. Approximately 85% of the population eventually develop a diabetic retinopathy (DR). About half of the patients with the severe form of DR - proliferative DR will become blind within 5 years. Blindness can be prevented by an early treatment avoiding severe status. Screening diabetes patients or even the general population at risk can make the difference between blindness and cure. Telescreening is one approach to establish such a service. Cataract is an eye disease, mainly of the ageing population, changing the properties of the eye lens by becoming opaque. Replacing this lens by an artificial one is the current approach to treatment. This surgery gives back the patients their visual acuity before the lens became opaque. Pre- and postoperative care is given by private ophthalmologists. The surgery itself is performed in hospitals or by other private surgeon-ophthalmologists. Therefore the patient has to visit two different ophthalmologists. Getting all partners within this process together by means of telecommunication solutions can reduce the effort and strengthen the communication and co-operation. METHODS: A telescreening system for DR has been developed. Two 45° fundus images per eye are taken by a Topcon fundus camera with a dilated pupil. The digital images (Topcon image net) are sent together with additional data about the patient to graders. Special software based on Internet standards has been developed combining images and other data in one report. Investigating perioperative cataract - OP - management a combination of synchronous and asynchronous teleconsultation has been realized using PGP-encrypted Internet e-mail and commercially available videoconferencing equipment. RESULTS: Regarding telescreening two studies have been performed. The first multi-center study dealt with diagnostic accuracy of the telescreening solution versus a gold standard. The quality of the telescreening has been proven as high enough to apply this technology for screening of diabetes patients. A second study was about the diagnostic accuracy of the approach to detect macular edema. The perioperative cataract - OP - management has been accepted by the patients. Their effort has been reduced by one physician's visit. The co-operation between the ophthalmologists and the surgeon was improved. DISCUSSION: Both teleconsultation applications show their feasibility and applicability in the domain of ophthalmology. Both are prototype solutions. The next steps have to be a broader application and well-defined outcome studies to make it real-life services.
Ataxic Gait and Back Pain in an Immunocompetent 5-Year-Old Boy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bartonella henselae is a Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD). Atypical presentations of B. henselae that involve musculoskeletal, hepatosplenic, or neurologic systems are rare. In this case report, we describe a case of B. henselae osteomyelitis involving the thoracic spine at the level of T2, complicated by both hepatic and splenic granulomas in a 5-year-old generally healthy male patient. Although B. henselae is a rare cause of osteomyelitis, it should be considered in patients with a possible cat exposure, who present with fever, pain, and lymphadenopathy.
<i>Alteromonas</i> As a Key Agent of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation\nin Crude Oil-Contaminated Coastal Sediment

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Following the 2007 oil spill in South Korean tidal flats,\nwe sought to identify microbial players influencing the environmental\nfate of released polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Two years\nof monitoring showed that PAH concentrations in sediments declined\nsubstantially. Enrichment cultures were established using seawater\nand modified minimal media containing naphthalene as sole carbon source.\nThe enriched microbial community was characterized by 16S rRNA-based\nDGGE profiling; sequencing selected bands indicated <i>Alteromonas</i> (among others) were active. <i>Alteromonas</i> sp. SN2\nwas isolated and was able to degrade naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene,\nand pyrene in laboratory-incubated microcosm assays. PCR-based analysis\nof DNA extracted from the sediments revealed naphthalene dioxygenase\n(NDO) genes of only two bacterial groups: <i>Alteromonas</i> and <i>Cycloclasticus</i>, having gentisate and catechol\nmetabolic pathways, respectively. However, reverse transcriptase PCR-based\nanalysis of field-fixed mRNA revealed <i>in situ</i> expression\nof only the <i>Alteromonas</i>-associated NDO genes; in\nlaboratory microcosms these NDO genes were markedly induced by naphthalene\naddition. Analysis by GC/MS showed that naphthalene in tidal-flat\nsamples was metabolized predominantly via the gentisate pathway; this\nsignature metabolite was detected (0.04 μM) in contaminated\nfield sediment. A quantitative PCR-based two-year data set monitoring <i>Alteromonas</i>-specific 16S rRNA genes and NDO transcripts\nin sea-tidal flat field samples showed that the abundance of bacteria\nrelated to strain SN2 during the winter season was 20-fold higher\nthan in the summer season. Based on the above data, we conclude that\nstrain SN2 and its relatives are site natives--key players in PAH\ndegradation and adapted to winter conditions in these contaminated\nsea-tidal-flat sediments.
The Gene Orders on Human Chromosome 15 and Chicken Chromosome 10 Reveal Multiple Inter- and Intrachromosomal Rearrangements

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Comparative mapping between the human and chicken genomes has revealed a striking conservation of synteny between the genomes of these two species, but the results have been based on low-resolution comparative maps. To address this conserved synteny in much more detail, a high-resolution human-chicken comparative map was constructed from human chromosome 15. Mapping, sequencing, and ordering of specific chicken bacterial artificial chromosomes has improved the comparative map of chromosome 15 (Hsa15) and the homologous regions in chicken with almost 100 new genes and/or expressed sequence tags. A comparison of Hsa15 with chicken identified seven conserved chromosomal segments between the two species. In chicken, these were on chromosome 1 (Gga1; two segments), Gga5 (two segments), and Gga10 (three segments). Although four conserved segments were also observed between Hsa15 and mouse, only one of the underlying rearrangement breakpoints was located at the same position as in chicken, indicating that the rearrangements generating the other three breakpoints occurred after the divergence of the rodent and the primate lineages. A high-resolution comparison of Gga10 with Hsa15 identified 19 conserved blocks, indicating the presence of at least 16 intrachromosomal rearrangement breakpoints in the bird lineage after the separation of birds and mammals. These results improve our knowledge of the evolution and dynamics of the vertebrate genomes and will aid in the clarification of the mechanisms that underlie the differentiation between the vertebrate species.
Characterization of the Metabolism of Exogenous Cyclic AMP by Perfused Rat Heart and Incubated Prepubertal Rat Ovary

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In order to study the metabolism of extracellular 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), rat hearts were perfused and prepubertal rat ovaries incubated with 3H- and 32P-labelled cAMP (0.025-1 muM). The rate of disappearance of cAMP from the medium was determined by "Ba-Zn-precipitation" and degradation products of 3H- and 32P-CAMP by paper chromatography. Both tissues degraded cAMP to 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), but the enzyme kinetic for this phosphodiesterase activity was different (apparent Km value for the heart 3.95 muM and for the ovary 0.2 muM). AMP was further degraded, since also other labelled substances were found in the medium. An uptake of both 3H- and 32P-labelled substance(s) into the heart and the ovary was noticed. Tissue extracts contained several labelled purines, but the amounts of labelled cAMP did not exceed expected amounts in the extracellular space. In the ovary the uptake of cAMP and AMP seemed to be low, since the uptake of labelled substances was inhibited by high concentrations of unlabelled AMP or adenosine. The degradation of 32P-cAMP was unchanged when AMP was present, strongly suggesting that the phosphodiesterase enzyme was acting extracellularly. In the heart added AMP was very rapidly degraded making it impossible to elucidate whether cAMP was degraded extracellularly or not. It is concluded that elimination of extracellular cAMP under physiological conditions can be due to degradation of cAMP by various tissues. At least for the ovary this phosphodiesterase enzyme is extracellularly active.
Spin, Bose, and Non-Fermi Liquid Metals in Two Dimensions: Accessing via Multi-Leg Ladders

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Characterizing and accessing quantum phases of itinerant bosons or fermions in two dimensions (2D) that exhibit singular structure along surfaces in momentum space but have no quasi-particle description remains as a central challenge in the field of strongly correlated physics. Fortuitously, signatures of such 2D strongly correlated phases are expected to be manifest in quasi-one-dimensional "$N$-leg ladder" systems. The ladder discretization of the transverse momentum cuts through the 2D surface, leading to a quasi-1D descendant state with a set of low-energy modes whose number grows with the number of legs and whose momenta are inherited from the 2D surfaces. These multi-mode quasi-1D liquids constitute a new and previously unanticipated class of quantum states interesting in their own right. But more importantly they carry a distinctive quasi-1D "fingerprint" of the parent 2D quantum fluid state. This can be exploited to access the 2D phases from controlled numerical and analytical studies in quasi-1D models. The preliminary successes and future prospects in this endeavor will be briefly summarized.
Congress and Higher Education in the Nineteenth Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Congress and Higher Education in the Nineteenth Century. By George N. Rainsford. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1972. xi + 156 pp. Table, appendixes, notes, bibliography, and index. $6.95.) Get access David Madsen David Madsen University of Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 60, Issue 3, December 1973, Pages 798–800, https://doi.org/10.2307/1917721 Published: 01 December 1973
Multi resonant Component-Based Grid-Voltage-Weighted Feedforward Scheme for Grid-Connected Inverter to Suppress the Injected Grid Current Harmonics Under Weak Grid

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The grid voltage full feedforward scheme is an effective method to improve the injected grid current quality of the grid-connected inverter. However, due to the digital control delay, the suppression of the injected grid current harmonics is weakened, and the inverter output impedance has an additional negative phase shift, which deteriorates the system stability under weak grid. In this article, a multi resonant component-based grid-voltage-weighted feedforward scheme is proposed, which introduces a series of quasi-resonant components into the grid voltage full feedforward path so that only the background harmonics in the grid voltage are fed forward. By properly designing the quasi-resonant components, the phase lag due to the digital control delay is compensated and the feedforward weights at different harmonic frequencies are introduced in the grid voltage feedforward path. Thus, the suppression of the injected grid current harmonics and the system stability is improved. The experimental results from a 6-kVA prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed grid-voltage-weighted feedforward scheme.
Tumors in green turtles

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Virology![Figure][1]

A new approach allows for the culture of a herpesvirus that may cause cancer in green sea turtles.

PHOTO: SHANEMYERSPHOTO/ISTOCKPHOTO

Green turtles are an endangered species, and, like many marine species, they can have cancer. Green turtles can develop a fatal condition, fibropapillomatosis, which involves the development of multiple tumors in the skin and various other organs. Fibropapillomatosis is thought to be caused by a herpesvirus, ChHV5, but this remains unproven because the virus is not easily cultured. Work et al. report a method to culture ChHV5 in sections of green turtle skin and in three-dimensional matrices that resemble the structure of skin. This method should allow the study of ChHV5 (and other viruses that cannot be grown in culture), thereby answering the question of whether it is the cause of fibropapillomatosis.

J. Virol. 10.1128/JVI.00404-17 (2017).

[1]: pending:yes
Time-of-flight studies of charge-carrier mobility in hydrated bovine serum albumin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Charge-carrier mobilities are reported for compressed samples of bovine serum albumin as a function of hydration. A novel time-of-flight technique is employed in which positive or negative ions are instantaneously deposited on the free surface of the samples. Clear evidence for dispersive transport is obtained. The macroscopic mobility, µ, which may be deduced appears to be independent of sign of carrier, to vary inversely with field and to increase with hydration according to the law µ=µd exp(βm) where µd is the mobility in the dry state (ca. 10–11 m2 V–1 S–1), m(wt %) is the level of hydration and the coefficient β was ca. 1.3 at a field of 104 V m–1. At hydration levels of 18 wt %, the macroscopic mobility exceeds 10–4 m2 V–1 S–1 and it is concluded that electronic transport is being observed. A model based on transport in delocalised bands and localised bands tails is developed in which the effects of hydration can be introduced according to the polarization model of Rosenberg.