jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
William Falconer and the Rhetoric of the Sea

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay explores how William Falconer's A Universal Dictionary of the Marine exemplifies the “rhetoric of the sea,” which operates according to an inclusive approach to maritime knowledge, which maritime authors adopted in an effort to translate into writing a unique, physical practice at sea. Since maritime practice involved diverse processes in an environment that could not be controlled, maritime and navigation books thereby contained diverse styles and forms, from poetry, to criticism, to illustrations, to definitions, in an effort to reflect the diversity, and experience, of the sea itself. This essay places Falconer's Dictionary (1769) into a longer history of maritime and navigation books, especially dictionaries, including John Smith's Seaman's Grammar and Dictionary (1626), and the development of specialized dictionaries in English. Building on developments in “blue ecocriticism,” this essay concludes by suggesting that the eighteenth-century rhetoric of the sea provides us an understanding of the semantic and physical power of the world's oceans.
The suprafascial course of lower leg perforators: An anatomical study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Perforator mapping has been well described in the literature. Once the suprafascial plane is reached, the course of perforators is considered constant. However, the surgeon must be aware of whether an anastomosis exists between perforators superficially to the fascia, in order to choose the best vessel upon which to base the reconstruction. Our retrospective in vivo anatomical study of lower leg perforator flaps presents the first description of variations in the suprafascial path of perforators, which may influence preoperative flap design. Methods An anatomical study of lower limb perforators was performed on 46 nonconsecutive patients who were referred to our department from June 2012 to October 2018. Reconstruction with perforator-based propeller flaps was planned for each of the patients. In total, 72 perforators were preoperatively identified and surgically isolated. The suprafascial course of each perforator was reported. Results During suprafascial surgical exploration, branching patterns were observed in four perforators. These perforators had been classified as single vessels in the preoperative ultrasonographic analysis. However, after surgical dissection, distal converging branches were noted in two of them. Conclusions Our study is the first description in the literature of suprafascial converging perforators, which might constitute an obstacle to planned reconstruction procedures. Despite the accuracy of preoperative evaluations, anatomical variations were present. Knowledge of suprafascial perforator variations may help surgeons to choose the correct perforator upon which to base a planned flap.
Junction temperature measurement on light-emitting diodes and its application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recently, the GaN based LED white light illumination technology has been developed rapidly. It is required to measure the p-n junction temperature of LED which has been encapsulated in the lamp with the temperature measurement error less than 1K. We present a spectroscopy approach to measure this p-n junction temperature of LED encapsulated in the lamp. The electroluminescence peak shift is used to determine the temperature difference between the junction and the ambient. At ambient temperature of 300K, the junction temperature can be determined by the formula of T=300+27.8▵λp-1.22▵λp 2 with the unit of temperature T in K and electroluminescence peak shift ▵λp in nm. This method has been used on the high power lamp made by LED. The LED lamp has been fabricated for the illuminated application on the satellite and the spacecraft in China.
Phosphorous removal from aqueous solutions by agricultural by-products: A critical review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Phosphorous plays an essential role in the development of living organisms. Nevertheless, phosphorous pollution, known as the eutrophication, is regarded as one of main causes of water quality deterioration. Hence, the decontamination of phosphorous from aqueous solutions is of importance for eutrophication control and phosphorous recovery. This review paper investigates the potential use of agricultural by-products (ABPs) as biosorbents in remediation of phosphorous contaminated waters. It was found that the modified ABPs exhibit equivalent or higher sorption capacity of phosphorous compared to conventional adsorbents. The efficient removal of phosphorous by ABPs requires some chemical modifications. The application of ABPs is highly recommended because of their significant advantages, including the abundant availability, low cost, high efficiency and without detrimental impacts on the environment. As adsorptive removal of phosphorous by ABPs is a relatively new process, there are still many aspects for future research, such as development of novel and cost-effective modification techniques, modeling for process optimization, desorption, cost-benefit analysis etc. The improvements in these aspects are expected to make it the method of choice in the future.
Investigating domain function and protein interactions of the ELMOD family proteins involved in pollen aperture formation in Arabidopsis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In flowering plants, the ancient eukaryotic Engulfment and Motility Domain (ELMOD) genes play a role in the formation of pollen apertures. Apertures are hole-like structures on the pollen surface that develop at distinct plasma membrane domains and lack pollen wall exine. Apertures are conserved within a plant species, yet quite diverse across species. Openings provided by the apertures can allow pollen tubes that carry sperm cells to exit from pollen grains and, in some plant species, loss of apertures leads to male sterility. Two of the Arabidopsis thaliana ELMOD proteins–ELMOD_B (also known as MCR) and ELMOD_A–control the number of apertures while a third protein, ELMOD_E, causes changes in aperture shape when mis-expressed in developing pollen. However, the biochemical function of ELMOD proteins in plants has yet to be deciphered. We have investigated the importance of the ELMOD protein domains by deleting and swapping domains of the ELMOD genes. We demonstrate that 1) all three protein domains in the Arabidopsis ELMODs are essential for these proteins’ function; 2) the C-terminus and the putative GAP region are important for nuclear enrichment; and 3) the N-terminus of ELMOD_E is responsible for its distinct effect on aperture formation while the N-terminus of MCR is important for its function. To identify interactors of the ELMOD proteins, we have also performed protein-protein interaction assays. So far, these assays have discovered weak protein interactions and suggested that plant ELMOD proteins may have biochemical activity different from their mammalian counterparts.
Properties and Metabolic Role of Mesaconate Hydratase of an Aerobic Bacterium1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Properties and Metabolic Role of Mesaconate Hydratase of an Aerobic Bacterium Get access Shintaro SUZUKI, Shintaro SUZUKI Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto UniversitySakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Takashi OSUMI, Takashi OSUMI Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto UniversitySakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hirohiko KATSUKI Hirohiko KATSUKI Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto UniversitySakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 81, Issue 6, June 1977, Pages 1917–1925, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131654 Published: 01 June 1977 Article history Received: 09 November 1976 Published: 01 June 1977
Building the International Movement We Need Why a Consistent Defense of Democracy and Equality Is Essential

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As a researcher, I study teachers’ work and their unions. However, my most valuable education on the subject occurred when I began my career as a teacher in a California secondary school more than thirtyfive years ago. I was recruited to the local of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) by another teacher I knew from my involvement in anti–Vietnam war activity. At my first union meeting I heard—and voted on—the “plan of action” presenting union members’ negotiating demands on issues ranging from how curricula were determined to class size maximums, as well as salary and medical benefits. Even before the first meeting of the local, another union member in my school welcomed me—and asked me to help by putting informational material in teachers’ mailboxes.
Secure Key Exchange using RSA in Extended Playfair Cipher Technique

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In today's digital world cryptography is used to secure information in order to provide the privacy for the intended sender and receiver by managing the message with the public key.The objective of this work is to securing the key of Playfair cipher using RSA algorithm.It is a two stage application, in first stage the existing methods of Playfair cipher modified by increasing in the size of matrix, so that the restrictions of earlier works of PF cipher using 5×5 matrix were overcome in the proposed work.The proposed method use a 12×8 matrix which contain all alphabetic, numeric and special character use in keyboard as input.This work is an enhancement to the existing algorithms that uses 5×5 matrix to pick cipher characters.It makes use of alphabets both lower and upper case characters, number and special characters for constructing the contents of the matrix.In the second stage, RSA public key encryption technique is used for sending the key of the PF ciphers securely.Finally, the security strength of the whole system has been analyzed and tried to fulfil the requirement of security.
Influencer marketing for a small business owner: Planning an influencer marketing campaign

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In Finland influencer marketing is still a relatively new concept compared to the phenomenon world-wide. It is a marketing opportunity for businesses regardless the size of the company. The purpose of this thesis was to give advices for a case company to facilitate the start of the influencer marketing campaign. The objectives were to define characteristics of a good influencer in general and to provide knowledge for identifying a suitable influencer matching the case company’s brand and values. The last objective was to introduce to the business owner different ideas to collaborate with the chosen influencer. \n \nA qualitative research method was used to conduct the study. The data was gathered by using observation technique and document analysis. The research was including four Finnish influencers and the observation period was in total eight weeks. The research was narrowed down by observing certain areas determined beforehand such as content quality, followers’ interaction and paid partnerships. There were two social media channels included in the study; Instagram and Blogs. The results were presented from each influencer separately to provide perspective to the reader about their different styles and characteristics. As the results and analysis were based on researcher’s observations and opinions, it was important to add influencers’ straight quotations and examples of their postings to increase the validity of the research. \n \nThe analysis was carried out with the support of the theory by using the ABCC- tool. This abbreviation indicates the most important factors when selecting the influencer; authenticity, brand fit, community and content. The analysis of the results implied two of the observed influencers could be potential candidates for the case company. As a part of the results, certain influencer characteristics were emphasized, and campaign ideas suggested. The results led to the conclusion that the case company can either consider the influencer options researcher provided or use the information given in the thesis to search and identify other suitable prospects.
Geochemistry and hydrogeologic framework of the saline-freshwater interface and the calculation of net recharge in the Dorado area, north-central Puerto Rico

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The upper aquifer near Dorado, Puerto Rico, is a major source of water for both public and private supply. The aquifer is composed of portions of the Aguada Limestone, Aymam6n Limestone, and adjacent permeable portions of unconsolidated deposits. As water moves through the aquifer it changes from a calcium-bicarbonate type water in the upgradient portions of the aquifer to a sodium-chloride type water in the downgradient portions of the aquifer near the coast. Pumping from the aquifer for industrial use and public supply has lowered the water table to near sea level in some areas, causing saline intrusion to be a concern. The saline-freshwater interface was located by drilling and borehole geophysics. Drilling and borehole geophysics helped locate the lower limit of the aquifer. The saline-freshwater interface is narrow close to the coast and thickens with distance from the coast. Ground-water hydrographs in the study area were simulated with a deterministic model that allows net recharge to be calculated from precipitation data and ground water level data. Calculated net recharge rates ranged from 160 millimeters per year in 1995 at the Santa Rosa well site to 260 millimeters per year in 1996 at the Maguayo well site.
The presence in experimental animals of a colon specific Mr 40,000 protein(s) with relevance to ulcerative colitis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In patients with ulcerative colitis a colon tissue bound IgG and serum antibodies against an Mr 40,000 colonic protein(s) has been identified. Using an anti-Mr 40,000 protein monoclonal antibody, 7E12H12, by an immunocytochemical method, the protein was localised in human tissue exclusively to colonic epithelial cells. In this study the presence of the Mr 40,000 protein was assessed in experimental animals by the direct and inhibition enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the anti-Mr 40,000 protein monoclonal antibody, 7E12H12 (IgM isotype). In addition, a total of 129 specimens including colon, small intestine, gall bladder, biliary tract, and kidney from nine strains of rats and mice, and from human tissue were studied by the immunocytochemical method using 7E12H12. All colon specimens from both humans and animals reacted with 7E12H12 in the immunocytochemical and ELISA assays. None of the non-colonic organs reacted with 7E12H12. While in human colon 7E12H12 recognised the absorptive epithelial cells, in all the animals it recognised mainly the colonic goblet cells. Extracts of animal colon but not of small intestine inhibited the binding of 7E12H12 to the human colon extract. This study shows the presence of an organ specific Mr 40,000 colonic epithelial protein(s) in humans and experimental animals. A differing cellular localisation of the Mr 40,000 protein(s) in human v animal tissue was also shown. Further characterisation of the Mr 40,000 protein(s) may provide important clues regarding the autoimmune mechanisms in ulcerative colitis.
Infrared Sensory Systems in Pyrophilous Insects

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The highly pyrophilous "Little Ash Beetle" Acanthocnemus nigricans is attracted by forest fires and is equipped with one pair of unique prothoracic sensory organs. Our results have revealed that these organs most probably serve as infrared receptors. Bach organ consists of a cuticular disc (diameter 150 micrometers) which is fixed over an air-filled cavity. On the outer surface of the disc, about 90 tiny cuticular sensory organs (sensilla) are situated. The poreless outer peg of each sensillum is 2 - 4 micrometers long and is surrounded by a cuticular wall. One ciliary sensory cell innervates the peg, the dendrite of which is divided into an outer and an inner dendritic segment. As a unique feature, the outer dendritic segment is almost totally replaced by an electron-dense rod, which most probably represents the hypertrophied dendritic sheath. The inner dendritic segment and the soma are fused indistinguishably forming a common cellular space. Thin, leaflike extensions of glial cells deeply extend into that enlarged lumen which also contains large numbers of mitochondria. The sensilla of the sensory disc- of A. nigricans obviously represent a new type of insect sensillum. Electrophysiological investigations indicate that the sensilla function as warm receptors. Therefore, the prothoracic sensory organs of Acanthocnemus can be regarded as a micobolometer of reduced thermal mass. If the massive rod inside- a disc-sensillum should function as a heat conducting structure, the Acanthocnemus IR organ can serve as a model for new uncooled IR sensor arrays having a size about one order of magnitude below the size of current microbolometer arrays.
ECOLOGICAL EXPERTISE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ecological forensic expertise is becoming increasingly in demand by the legal process. Every day there are cases of environmental "disasters" all over the world, most of which are due to man-made factors. Often, human activities that have an impact on the environment are not intentional, but there are situations when this activity becomes criminal. In such cases, an important role in clarifying the circumstances of the case is played by ecological expertise - the only procedure capable of providing solutions for the court through scientific methods. The quality of justice is directly proportional to the reliability and availability of the evidence on which expert decisions are based. It is important to correctly assess the value of the forensic expert's conclusions with reference to ecological issues, based on the fact that they are founded on solid scientific support, so that the court can be sure of its decision. This is why ecological forensic expertise needs sound methodological and scientific assurance to meet the needs of forensic practice. Keywords: anthropogenic factor, ecology, ecological forensics, ecological balance, ecological crime.
Random Circles and Fields on Circles.

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The aim is to describe the exact shapes of objects that were meant to be circles or cylinders. The shapes are modeled as random fields whose parameter spaces are the intended shapes. A specific random fields on a true circle is introduced via exponential smoothing of a random noise, on the circle, with stationary and independent increments. The result is a stationary stochastically continuous random field. When the noise is the white noise, the result is the unique continuous stationary Gaussian random field on the circle. A similar definition for cylinders yields infinite dimensional Ornstein Uhlenbeck processes.
Nailfold capillaroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry during standardised cold challenge to evaluate capillary pattern and digital flow in idiopathic acrocyanosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Quantitative correlation between capillary morphologic patterns and digital pulp flow in idiopathic acrocyanosis (IA) is as yet unexplained. We studied capillary pattern, scored according mainly to capillary dilatation and tortuosity. Digital flow was recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry during a standardised cooling and rewarming thermal challenge in a controlled thermostatic chamber. A negative correlation was found by linear regression analysis between increasing capillary abnormalities and decreasing flow rates both at rest and during cooling, while a positive correlation was observed among the presence and intensity of the flow stop reaction during cold challenge and the decrease of hyperaemic re-flow in the rewarming phase. Further investigations may be justified to assess the nature of these abnormalities, whether constitutional or induced by prolonged cold exposure. For this purpose, a standardised method, as the cooling-rewarming challenge, could verify the several pathophysiological hypotheses proposed for vascular acrosyndromes. We need to use a subjective method such as capillaroscopy-based scoring (as in our study endorsed by an objective technique) to acquire the necessary reliability and reproducibility in the functional diagnosis. In fact IA patients with lower morphologic scores show better flow properties.
The Rise of Merchant Empires, 1400–1700: A European Counterpoint

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Glory of empire! Most unfruitful lustAfter vanity that men call fame!It kindles still, the hypocritic gust,By rumor, which as honor men acclaim.What thy vast avengeance and thy sentence justOn the vain heart that greatly loves thy nameWhat death, what peril, tempest, cruel woe,Dost thou decree that he must undergo!—Luis Vaz de Camoëns
one board is worth a thousand wires

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTone board is worth a thousand wiresCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1961, 39, 13, 42Publication Date (Print):March 27, 1961Publication History Published online6 November 2010Published inissue 27 March 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v039n013.p042Copyright © 1961 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (236 KB) SUBJECTS:Wires Get e-Alerts
Karakterisasi, Pengaruh Sumber Nitrogen dan Karbon terhadap Produktivitas Enzim Lipase Rhizopus microsporus var oligosporus UICC 550

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Effect of nitrogen and carbon source on the production of extracellular lipase by R.microsporus var. oligosporus UICC 550 was studied. The enzyme activity was alsocharacterized in terms of temperature, pH, stability at room temperature, and effectof divalent ion. The amount of 2.5% (w/v) of olive oil as carbon sources and 5% (w/v)peptone as nitrogen sources were the optimum for production of lipase enzyme.Partial purifications using ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis showed that at pH6.5 and temperature 35oC was the optimum condition, respectively. The stability(remaining up to 80% of the optimum enzyme) was recorded at pH 6.5 after 24 hoursincubation at room temperature. The optimum activity remained 40% of the after onehour incubation at 35oC. Divalent ions concentration at 1 mM, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ andFe2+ inhibited the lipolytic activity.