jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SERUM THERAPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The bacterial incitants of infectious disease vary greatly in virulence, in their parasitic adaptation to the tissues of an animal, in the potency of the toxins that they produce and in their immunizing action. It is these capacities that determine not only the character, extent and course of the disease, but also the potency, valence and quality of the therapeutic serums that are prepared from them. From the beginning, the quality of the antipneumococcus, antimeningococcus and antistreptococcus serums that have been generally available has varied greatly.

ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM

At first antipneumococcus serum was thought to have an action similar to that of diphtheria antitoxin. Certainly pneumonia presents sufficiently convincing evidence of the toxemia and of the neutralization of the toxin during the crisis, although ultimate recovery depends on the extent and severity of the bacteremia. Practical results with serum therapy have been attained only in the treatment of type I
[Role of CD163/HO-1 pathway in a rat acute liver failure model].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CD163可以特异地识别血红蛋白-结合珠蛋白复合体,诱导血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)表达,发挥抗炎和抗氧化作用.在内毒素血症[1]和病毒性肝炎[2]中,CD163的激活对机体具有重要作用.本实验采用D-氨基半乳糖(Gal)和脂多糖(LPS)联合腹腔注射建立大鼠急性肝衰竭模型,检测肝组织中CD163和HO-1表达。
Approximation Schemes for a Unit-Demand Buyer with Independent Items via Symmetries

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider a revenue-maximizing seller with $n$ items facing a single buyer. We introduce the notion of symmetric menu complexity of a mechanism, which counts the number of distinct options the buyer may purchase, up to permutations of the items. Our main result is that a mechanism of quasi-polynomial symmetric menu complexity suffices to guarantee a $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximation when the buyer is unit-demand over independent items, even when the value distribution is unbounded, and that this mechanism can be found in quasi-polynomial time. Our key technical result is a polynomial time, (symmetric) menu-complexity-preserving black-box reduction from achieving a $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximation for unbounded valuations that are subadditive over independent items to achieving a $(1-O(\varepsilon))$-approximation when the values are bounded (and still subadditive over independent items). We further apply this reduction to deduce approximation schemes for a suite of valuation classes beyond our main result. Finally, we show that selling separately (which has exponential menu complexity) can be approximated up to a $(1-\varepsilon)$ factor with a menu of efficient-linear $(f(\varepsilon) \cdot n)$ symmetric menu complexity.
Hazard analysis and testing for implemented a HACCP system at a dairy factory in South West Algeria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The poor quality of a food product may have more or less far-reaching consequences, ranging from a simple alteration of the product, causing loss of its organoleptic qualities or its commercial value, to foodborne disease constitutes a danger to human health. The objective of this study is to implement a HACCP system focusing on controlling up stream processes as much as possible in all stages of the food chain which it is developed through surveys and visits of the dairy factory in south-west Algeria (SUDLAIT-IGLI). The investigation showed much more failure in the hygiene context, in the program of human resource development (education, training, and motivation), a complete lack of retreat program and even a loss of control after bagging milk at the transport level, but after the efforts adopted by the leaders of the production unit, a HACCP platform namely prerequisites programs (PRP) can be accessed by the industrials, this is a first step towards the establishment of a quality system. The short and long-term assessment of this approach may contribute to the widening of HACCP strategy. Keywords : HACCP, Milk and milk products, Prerequisite programs, Danger, Safety, SUDLAIT dairy, food-borne disease.
Driven to Distraction: why be mindful in this unmindful world?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

What’s the big deal about the present moment? When we reflect on our most important formative experiences in life — and they do not come along every day — we might have noticed that they have something in common. They tend to be moments of feeling most fully present, aware and intensely alive. What tends to follow from that is also rather interesting and important. They are the moments where we feel connected to ourselves and the world around us, that we experience beauty, discover things about ourselves, and learn life’s most important lessons. Living in the present moment is another way of saying ‘being mindful’. Mindfulness is getting a lot of airtime these days, but for something that appears to be flavour of the month it is useful to remind ourselves that it has a very long pedigree. Wise sages have been speaking about it for thousands of years.
Ligand-Specific Structural Changes in the Vitamin D Receptor in Solution

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. When bound to a variety of vitamin D analogues, VDR manifests a wide diversity of physiological actions. The molecular mechanism by which different vitamin D analogues cause specific responses is not understood. The published crystallographic structures of the ligand binding domain of VDR (VDR-LBD) complexed with ligands that have differential biological activities have exhibited identical protein conformations. Here we report that rat VDR-LBD (rVDR-LBD) in solution exhibits differential chemical shifts when bound to three ligands that cause diverse responses: the natural hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)₂D₃], a potent agonist analogue, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [2MD], and an antagonist, 2-methylene-(22E)-(24R)-25-carbobutoxy-26,27-cyclo-22-dehydro-1α,24-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D₃ [OU-72]. Ligand-specific chemical shifts mapped not only to residues at or near the binding pocket but also to residues remote from the ligand binding site. The complexes of rVDR-LBD with native hormone and the potent agonist 2MD exhibited chemical shift differences in signals from helix-12, which is part of the AF2 transactivation domain that appears to play a role in the selective recruitment of coactivators. By contrast, formation of the complex of rVDR-LBD with the antagonist OU-72 led to disappearance of signals from residues in helices-11 and -12. We present evidence that disorder in this region of the receptor in the antagonist complex prevents the attachment of coactivators.
Recycling of white lupine meal using solid-phase microbiological fermentation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The protein content in white lupine seeds is 35-38%, so it is considered as an alternative to soybeans. After separating the oil from the lupine seeds, the meal remains. Lupine meal is a waste product of lupine oil production. An environmentally friendly method of lupine meal utilization by solid-phase microbiological fermentation is proposed with the prospect of using the fermented product for animal feed. The results of laboratory studies of white lupine meal fermented using Lesnov’s starter have proven that, regardless of the fermentation time, the physicochemical properties of the resulting product are significantly improved in comparison with the native substrate; the obtained fermented product meets the requirements of biological and chemical safety for animal feed.
Strategies for Improving U.S. Air Force Productivity: Developing Methodologies for Assessing the Potential Relationship between Communication Behaviors and Productivity.

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The project was a preliminary testing of a model that specified the relationship between the content of communication and individual work performance of Air Force maintenance specialists. The model states that content of communication is in general positively related to individual work performance; however the specific content of communication is modified by characteristics of the work being performed. That is performance on jobs with differing characteristics should be related to different combinations of communication content rather than one set of communication content dimensions being equally applicable to all work activities. The project developed measures of individual work performance, seven factors of communication content, and seven measures of work characteristics. These were evaluated according to response patterns, factor structure, and/or reliability indicants.
About the first publication of I.M. Sechenov. (To the 195th anniversary of his birth)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov is a Russian physiologist, a natural scientist, and the creator of the Russian physiological school. The classic work «Reflexes of the Brain», published in 1863, became revolutionary in its own way for medicine and society, since the reflex nature of conscious and unconscious activity was proved. Along with numerous well-known scientific works, there is an early student publication in the Moscow Medical Journal published by A. I. Polunin. It describes the medical history of a patient with a tumor who was unsuccessfully treated for a long time in accordance with the humoral theory of pathology. This publication makes it possible to understand why I. M. Sechenov became disillusioned with practical medicine, but found his vocation in the study of physiology. The article is devoted to the 195th anniversary of the birth of I. M. Sechenov.
A theory for the ultrasonic modulation of incoherent light in turbid medium

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer in a medium with varying refractive index has been proposed as a theoretical model for the ultrasonic tagging of fluorescence or FluoroSound, in a scattering medium. It has been found that the diffuse modulation is a defocusing effect. Defocusing is related to scatter - more the scatter, more the defocusing and there exists a component of the defocusing effect of scatter at the ultrasonic frequency. This is in contrast to the modulation for ballistic photons that originates in the focusing effect of the acoustic lens created by the ultrasonic wave. Simulations with circular phantoms of 1.5 and 2.0cm radius have shown that defocusing is minimum when the acoustic lens is midway between the source and the detector. These results are consistent with physics and demonstrate the capability of the model to function as a predictive tool for FluoroSound instrument design. Both ballistic and diffuse FluoroSound signatures can help in the simultaneous localization of the anomaly and determination of its optical properties. As an adjunct, optimally designed ultrasound beams can be also used to enhance diffuse photon modulation signal through acoustic guidance. Optical properties provide a way to discriminate between normal and diseased tissue. FluoroSound could therefore potentially achieve a fusion of anatomical and functional information non-invasively in a single measurement. The additional information made available by this method will improve the speed and accuracy of optical imaging as a tool in the identification and validation of targets.
A neuro-fuzzy controller applying to a Cuk converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A DC-DC power converter is difficult to control due to its nonlinearities and parameter uncertainties. To tackle this problem, a neuro-fuzzy controller is proposed. The controller utilizes the error voltage and the change of error voltage as inputs, and outputs the duty cycle of the PWM switch for controlling the power converter. Instead of relying on expert knowledge, some heuristic rules are derived using the membership functions of the fuzzy variables tuned by a neural network. After offline training, the neuro-fuzzy controller can be applied to regulate a Cuk power converter. Simulation results are to be given to demonstrate the performance of the controller.
It Takes a Village: Designating "Tiny House" Villages as Transitional Housing Campgrounds

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A relatively new proposal to reduce homelessness in the United States involves extraordinarily small dwellings. While the “tiny house” movement is intuitively appealing and has found sporadic success, strict housing codes, building codes, and zoning laws often destroy the movement before it can get off the ground. One possibility for getting around these zoning and building code challenges, without drastic overhauls to health and safety codes, is to create a new state-level zoning classification of “transitional campgrounds.” A new zoning classification would alleviate the issue because campgrounds are consistently subject to less strict building codes, which could permit tiny houses as temporary living quarters. Creating “transitional campgrounds” gives discretion to local level policy makers, allowing for action that reflects the true needs of the local community. In some states, municipalities may be able to implement this proposed regulation directly. With appropriate legislative reform and community support, tiny house villages can be an affordable, alternative temporary housing accommodation option. Part I of this Note discusses the background of the tiny house movement, including an overview of the applicable zoning, building, and housing codes, along with various state laws. Part II explains the difficulties posed by the current regulatory scheme, and Part III proposes a statute designed to alleviate those challenges that could, ideally, be adopted at the state level.
A Case of Intussusception Associated with Peutz-Jeghers Type Polyp in an Adult Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は 32 歳，男性．幼少期に Peutz-Jeghers 症候群と診断され，13 歳時に腸重積により小腸部分切除術を施行されていた．腹痛，嘔吐を主訴に救急外来を受診し，腹部 X 線・腹部 CT 検査にて腸重積による腸閉塞の所見が認められたため緊急開腹手術が施行された．術中所見では，小腸―小腸型の腸重積を認め，壊死小腸の部分切除術を施行した．重積先進部には径 4.0 X 3.0 X 3.3 cm の小腸ポリープを認めた．また，他の空腸に，3 個のポリープを認め，いずれもポリープ切除を施行した．病理所見ではいずれも過誤腫性ポリープであった．本疾患は，新たなポリープによる腸重積の再発や，ポリープの悪性化，消化管外での悪性腫瘍の発生の可能性があり，長期的なフォローが必要であると考えられた．
Mechanism of Microscopic Fracture of Typical Shell Steel under Impact Loading

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of strain rate and metallographic structure on the fracture mode and fracture pattern of a typical shell steel material under impact loading. A ballistic gun was used to launch a spherical tungsten alloy projectile to impact target 50SiMnVB and 60Si2Mn steel plates. The morphological characteristics of the cracks on different target plates were observed under a metallurgical microscope, and the effects of the strain rate and metallographic structure on the fracture mode and fracture pattern were analyzed. The results showed that when the strain rate was relatively low, the material mainly produced ductile fracture and brittle trans-granular fracture under impact loading; when the strain rate was relatively high, intergranular fracture and cleavage fracture were the main modes of fracture under impact loading. In addition, at higher strain rates, the metallurgical form mainly influenced the pattern of fracture of the material, with tempered troostite being more likely to produce a mixture of shear and tensile fractures than tempered sorbite. The results obtained provide an experimental basis for the mechanism of microscopic fracture of shell steel materials and, to a certain extent, reveal the correlations between fragmentation and the strain rate and microstructure of the material.
FenGe–An Interactive Framework for Improving the Utility of Deep Dune Segmentation in Geographical Tasks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Segmenting dunes from remote sensing landforms images with deep vision models is promising by freeing geographers from manual visual interpretation tasks, making them more concentrated on the essential tasks in solving desertification challenges. However, geographers have reported that automated segmentation results may be not satisfactory though achieving high accuracy, implying there are potential gaps between pixel-level metrics and the utility in downstream geographic tasks. Therefore, pixel-wise metrics may be not proper in evaluating the deep dune segmentation in the geography domain, arising the necessity to develop domain-specific, human-centered measurements for deep dune segmentation. This paper first proposes a novel measurement based on geographers’ subjective judgments, which allows the evaluation of the alignment between deep dune segmentation models and geographical utility. We design an interactive framework integrating multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) with geographers’ domain knowledge to improve models’ utility in the domain of geography. Our extensive experiments show that (1) our framework enables the interactive domain knowledge integration in the model-building process, and thus (2) the dune segmentation model better aligns with geographical utility, which ultimately improves the effectiveness of dune segmentation. We have deployed the framework with a number of geographers to support their various tasks including dune segmentation as a component. The results demonstrate our framework’s capabilities.
Treatment with suboptimal doses of raltegravir leads to aberrant HIV-1 integrations

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Integration of the DNA copy of the HIV-1 genome into a host chromosome is required for viral replication and is thus an important target for antiviral therapy. The HIV-encoded enzyme integrase (IN) catalyzes two essential steps: 3′ processing of the viral DNA ends, followed by the strand transfer reaction, which inserts the viral DNA into host DNA. Raltegravir binds to IN and blocks the integration of the viral DNA. Using the Rous sarcoma virus-derived vector RCAS, we previously showed that mutations that cause one viral DNA end to be defective for IN-mediated integration led to abnormal integrations in which the provirus had one normal and one aberrant end, accompanied by rearrangements in the host genome. On the basis of these results, we expected that suboptimal concentrations of IN inhibitors, which could block one of the ends of viral integration, would lead to similar aberrant integrations. In contrast to the proviruses from untreated cells, which were all normal, ∼10–15% of the proviruses isolated after treatment with a suboptimal dose of raltegravir were aberrant. The aberrant integrations were similar to those seen in the RCAS experiments. Most of the aberrant proviruses had one normal end and one aberrant end and were accompanied by significant rearrangements in the host genome, including duplications, inversions, deletions and, occasionally, acquisition of sequences from other chromosomes. The rearrangements of the host DNA raise concerns that these aberrant integrations might have unintended consequences in HIV-1–infected patients who are not consistent in following a raltegravir-containing treatment regimen.
O R IGINAL AR T ICLE REVIEW AR T ICLE Neuroendocrine and cytokines-induced responses to minutes, hours, and days of mental stress

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVES: Previously, a large number of studies reported that psychological stress and psychiatric illness reduces immune responsiveness. However, it turned out that stress reduces immune responsiveness is an oversimplifi ed statement because the interactions between central nervous system, endocrine system and the immune system are undoubtedly complex. Therefore, this study aims in reviewing mental stress models (e.g. brief and written examination stress as subacute and acute type of stressor) that have been utilized to understand the effect of stress on the neuroendocrine and immune systems. METHODS: The published fi ndings from human mental stress models on catecholamines, cortisol, prolactin levels and on T helper (Th) 1 and 2-induced cytokines are presented and discussed with respect to the in vitro and in vivo effects of glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and prolactin on the induction of cytokines. RESULTS: This review shows evidence that short-time (minutes) or preparation to a written examination, in those students who are stressed, induces the production of proinfl ammatory cytokines which may be related to Th1 response. However, longer mental stress (days) causes dysregulation in the immune function by shifting the cytokine response to Th2 response. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome from neuroendocrine and immune function prior to, following and after mental stress depends on multiple variables most importantly on the amount of stress, exposure time, coping behavior and adjustment of the individual. A few minutes of stress may improve immune performance but longer times of mental stress have detrimental effects that may lead to loss of immune integrity. Furthermore, studies on stress and common heath problems are necessary to increase our knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms responsible for producing neuroendocrine-induced immune changes in health and common diseases.
Detection of Osteoarthritis from Multimodal Hand Data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteoarthritis (OA) describes a degenerative joint disorder that is prevalent among older people and typically results in swollen and inflamed joints. The aim of this paper is to develop a method using images, videos and thermal data of 100 patients taken at Keio University Hospital to detect OA in hands. By using hand pose estimation on the video data, joint angles can be calculated and subsequently transformed into feature vectors. For the thermal and RGB images, hand keypoint detectors were trained to identify and crop the appropriate joints within the images. The resulting extracted features are combined and further trained on Support Vector Machines and Convolutional Neural Networks to obtain the final binary classification for each joint. While the proposed method generally shows favorable accuracy and F1-scores on the Proximal (PIP) and Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) joints, the performance on the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints is limited by the low occurrence of affected joints in the dataset. We further compare the different modalities and found that, apart from the combined approach, using video data provides the best results. Clinical Relevance- The proposed method shows promising first results for the usage of visual and thermal data in combination with machine learning in order to detect OA.
A Case Study on Aquatic Biodiversity and its Conservation from Chilika Lagoon, Orissa, East Coast of India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A Case Study on Aquatic Biodiversity and its Conservation from Chilika Lagoon, Orissa, East Coast of India Chilika the largest brackish water lagoon of India, a designated Ramsar site, is a wetland of international repute. It is one of the hotspot of biodiversity in the country and some rare, vulnerable and endangered species which have been listed in the IUCN Red list of threatened animals, inhabit in the lagoon.170 species of plankton, 61 species of foraminifera, 136 species of mollusca, 7 species of sponges, 31 species of polychaetes, 61 species of crustaceans, 4 species of sipuncula and 2 species of echinodermata are found in the lagoon. A total of 259 species of fishes, 28 species of prawns/shrimps and 35 species of crabs are recorded from the lagoon. The lagoon serves as a paradise for millions of aquatic birds during winter season. More than 175 species of birds are available in the lagoon. There are about 18 species of mammals and one river dolphin (Irrawady Dolphin) is found in the lagoon. There are 7 species of amphibians and 30 species of reptiles found in the lagoon.