jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Storm Peak and Intrastorm Directional–Seasonal Design Conditions in the North Sea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Specification of realistic environmental design conditions for marine structures is of fundamental importance to their reliability over time. Design conditions for extreme waves and storm severities are typically estimated by extreme value analysis of time series of measured or hindcast significant wave height, HS. This analysis is complicated by two effects. First, HS exhibits temporal dependence. Second, the characteristics of HSsp are nonstationary with respect to multiple covariates, particularly wave direction, and season. We develop directional–seasonal design values for storm peak significant wave height (HSsp) by estimation of, and simulation under a nonstationary extreme value model for HSsp. Design values for significant wave height (HS) are estimated by simulating storm trajectories of HS consistent with the simulated storm peak events. Design distributions for individual maximum wave height (Hmax) are estimated by marginalization using the known conditional distribution for Hmax given HS. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of model bias and quantification of model parameter and design value uncertainty using bootstrap resampling. We also outline existing work on extension to estimation of maximum crest elevation and total extreme water level.
Emergency Thoracotomy for Massive Spontaneous Haemopneumothorax

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BmDICAL JouRNA of surgical and obstetrical cases of thrombophlebitis are associated with loss of blood through natural or opera- tional causes or through trauma, such loss of blood, if not corrected, and that quickly, sets in action, to a greater or lesser degree, the differential distribution of the remaining blood volume.The lower limbs, when they are inactive, tend to suffer most from the cuts in blood supply, as Sheehan (1949) found in obstetrical shock.The risk of post-partum thrombosis is greater in women with a family history of varicose veins, leg ulcers, or venous thrombosis, and inquiries about this should always be made.An attempt to prevent post-partum thrombosis must take these points into consideration.It is clearly important that special precautions be taken in primigravidae with a positive family history who have difficult labours.Haemorrhage should be treated promptly.Ochsner (1947) has stressed the value of leg exercises to prevent thrombosis in recumbent patients, especially when the limbs have been compressed from toes to groin.The treatment of venous thrombosis is not considered here, but mention must be made of the importance of firm elastic support of the affected leg in order to prevent chronic oedema and ulceration later.The patients in the present series had not been treated in this way.Summary A series of 160 patients suffering from leg ulcers following post-partum venous thrombosis are considered and certain aetiological factors determined.The import- ance of intravaginal or intrauterine intervention during or after labour and the importance of haemorrhage are stressed.Inquiries about the family bistory are shown to be useful.It should be possible, by attention to the aetiology of the condition, to do more to prevent it and certainly to foresee when it is likely to occur.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. John T. Ingram, of Dr. F. F. Hellier, and of other colleagues and prac- titioners who have referred patients to me.
How to Construct a Combined S-CO2 Cycle for Coal Fired Power Plant?

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

It is difficult to recover the residual heat from flue gas when supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle is used for a coal fired power plant, due to the higher CO2 temperature in tail flue and the limited air temperature in air preheater. The combined cycle is helpful for residual heat recovery. Thus, it is important to build an efficient bottom cycle. In this paper, we proposed a novel exergy destruction control strategy during residual heat recovery to equal and minimize the exergy destruction for different bottom cycles. Five bottom cycles are analyzed to identify their differences in thermal efficiencies (ηth,b), and the CO2 temperature entering the bottom cycle heater (T4b) etc. We show that the exergy destruction can be minimized by a suitable pinch temperature between flue gas and CO2 in the heater via adjusting T4b. Among the five bottom cycles, either the recompression cycle (RC) or the partial cooling cycle (PACC) exhibits good performance. The power generation efficiency is 47.04% when the vapor parameters of CO2 are 620/30 MPa, with the double-reheating-recompression cycle as the top cycle, and RC as the bottom cycle. Such efficiency is higher than that of the supercritical water cycle power plant.
Examination of ERα Signaling Pathways in Bone of Mutant Mouse Models Reveals the Importance of ERE-Dependent Signaling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The mechanisms of estrogen receptor (ER)-α activity can be categorized into those involving direct (classical) or indirect (nonclassical) DNA binding. Although various mouse models have demonstrated the importance of ERα in bone, the specific gene expression patterns affected by these modes of ERα action are unknown. In this report, the gene expression patterns of ERα-deficient (ERKO) mice and nonclassical ER knock-in (NERKI) mice, which can function only by nonclassical means, were analyzed. Three-month-old mice were ovariectomized and implanted with estrogen pellets for 1 month to normalize estrogen levels. Microarray analysis of flushed cortical bone revealed 28% (210 of 763) of the genes differentially expressed in ERKO mice were altered in NERKI mice, suggesting estrogen response element-dependent regulation of these genes in bone. Pathway analysis revealed alterations in genes involved in focal adhesion and extracellular matrix interactions. However, the majority of genes regulated in ERKO mice (72%) were unique (i.e. not altered in NERKI mice), suggesting these are regulated by nonclassical mechanisms. To further explore the pathways affected in ERKO mice, we performed focused quantitative PCR arrays for genes involved in various aspects of bone physiology. Genes involved in bone formation, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy were significantly regulated. Overall, the majority of the genes regulated by ERα in bone are via nonclassical pathways. However, because NERKI mice display an osteoporotic phenotype, it can be deduced that the minority of the estrogen response element-dependent genes/pathways play critical roles in the regulation of bone physiology. These data demonstrate the importance of classical ERα signaling in regulating bone metabolism.
Analysis of the FLC with shrinking span membership functions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article aims to investigate the input-output parametric relationship of a class of crisp-type fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) using various t-norm-sum-gravity inference methods. Two most frequently used t-norms, namely the standard intersection and the algebraic product, are applied in calculating the matching level of each control rule, and the summation operator and the center-of-gravity method are applied to evaluate the final crisp output. The explicit mathematical forms of reasoning surfaces are addressed. Reasoning surfaces of these crisp-type FLCs are proved to be composed of a two-dimensional multilevel relay, no matter which t-norm is used, and a local position-dependent nonlinear compensator with output pattern influenced by the t-norms selected.
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Austenite Stainless Steel Samples

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

X-ray diffraction measurements have been performed on austenite stain-less steel samples which exhibit structural and magnetic phase transitions. The electronic band structures of stainless steel samples with face-and body-centered cubic structures have been computed by the Korringa-KohnRostoker (KKR) Green function method with the coherent potential approximation (CPA). It is found that the KKR-CPA band calculation gives a good explanation of the structural and magnetic phase transition of these stainless steel samples.
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in the regulation of nuclear functions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins. During this process, molecules of ADP-ribose are added successively on to acceptor proteins to form branched polymers. This modification is transient but very extensive in vivo, as polymer chains can reach more than 200 units on protein acceptors. The existence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer was first reported nearly 40 years ago. Since then, the importance of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has been established in many cellular processes. However, a clear and unified picture of the physiological role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation still remains to be established. The total dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on DNA strand breaks strongly suggests that this post-translational modification is involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids. This view is also supported by the identification of direct protein-protein interactions involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (113 kDa PARP), an enzyme catalysing the formation of poly(ADP-ribose), and key effectors of DNA repair, replication and transcription reactions. The presence of PARP in these multiprotein complexes, in addition to the actual poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of some components of these complexes, clearly supports an important role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in DNA transactions. Accordingly, inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by any of several approaches and the analysis of PARP-deficient cells has revealed that the absence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation strongly affects DNA metabolism, most notably DNA repair. The recent identification of new poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzymes with distinct (non-standard) structures in eukaryotes and archaea has revealed a novel level of complexity in the regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism.
Love Fighting Hate Violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter outlines the Love Fighting Hate Violence (LFHV) project: an anti-violence initiative aimed at inspiring reflection and generating pedagogical interventions within martial arts and combat sports. The goal of LFHV is to harness the potential of these activities for educating people about violence, specifically with respect to understanding the principles of consent and violation. The chapter provides a theoretical overview of the project's core philosophy by way of an interactionist reading of fights as social encounters, before discussing some of the practical materials already developed for use within LFHV.
Adaptation Possibilities of Transitional Countries to Accounting Harmonization of EU - the Case of Croatia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The paper deals with the most important factors that influence accounting harmonisation process in a particular country as: (1) belonging to a Roman or Anglo-Saxon law system, (2) prevailing capital market system and enterprises financing, (3) accounting organizations and boards impact and (4) historical conditions. It analyses implementation of International Accounting Standards in Croatian accounting practice in the areas of: accounting reporting, tangible and intangible assets accounting, income, costs and profit or loss accounting and financial instruments accounting. Four groups of difficulties connected with International Accounting Standards implementation in transitional countries are researched: (1) difficulties connected with law prescriptions and regulations, (2) difficulties connected with concept, structure and contents of International Accounting Standards, (3) difficulties connected with undeveloped capital and financial markets and (4) difficulties connected with insufficient experience and number of experts in the area of valuation and performance judgement.
Using ERF Devices to Control Deployments of Space Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A report proposes devices containing electrorheological fluids (ERFs) damper for controlling deployments of lightweight, flexible structures in outer space. The structures would include spring members that could be wound or compressed for compact stowage during transport. The ERF based damper would keep the structures compacted and/or regulate the speeds with which the structures would spring out for deployment. After deployment, ERF based dampening mechanism could be used to rigidize the structures or damp their vibrations. An experimental ERF deployment controlled structure described in the report comprised two metal carpenter s measuring tapes sandwiched together, held slightly apart by rubber-band spacers, and placed in a bag filled with an ERF. The viscosity of the ERF varied with the voltage applied to the tapes, such that it was possible to hold the tapes in the wound condition or slow the speed with which they sprung from the wound to the straight condition. The report describes several potential variations on the basic concept of an ERF-controlled structural member, including compartmentalization of the interior volume to prevent total loss of the ERF in case of a leak and the use of multiple, individually addressable electrode pairs to enable more localized control.
THE FATE OF YIDDISH DICTIONARIES

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The idea for a biographical dictionary of Yiddish theatre first occurred to Zalmen Zylbercweig in 1914; active work on it began in 1918. Zylbercweig’s vision for this work was always expansive, embracing the famous as well as the minor figures of all countries and eras. The initial creation of the work was tied in fundamental ways to the creation of new Jewish identities and new cultural forms to serve those identities. The practical difficulties of publishing, however, ensured that the project took decades to achieve, seriously altering its course. Although two volumes were published before the Second World War, the volumes published after it became tied to a different project: one of commemoration and grief. Both aspects, however, work towards formation of collective identity and the creation of real and virtual communities, functions of biographical dictionaries in general. The introductory notes and the title pages of each volume provide valuable insight into the nature of the project and the continuous reappraisals necessary to continue it under changing circumstances. The work retained its comprehensive nature throughout its half‐century production history, and this fact is responsible for its pre‐eminence in supporting study of Yiddish theatre—an explicit goal of its creator.
Do infants have a sense of numerosity? A p-curve analysis of infant numerosity discrimination studies

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research demonstrating that infants discriminate between small and large numerosities is central to theories concerning the origins of human numerical abilities. To date, there has been no quantitative meta-analysis of the infant numerical competency data. Here, we quantitatively synthesize the evidential value of the available literature on infant numerosity discrimination using a meta-analytic tool called p-curve, in which the distribution of available p-values is analyzed to determine whether the published literature examining particular hypotheses contains evidential value. P-curves demonstrated evidential value for the hypotheses that infants can discriminate between both small and large numerosities. However, the analyses also revealed that the data on infants’ ability to discriminate between large numerosities is less robust and statistically powered than the data on their ability to discriminate small numerosities. We argue there is a need for adequately powered replication studies to enable stronger inferences when grounding theories concerning the ontogenesis of numerical cognition.
The effect of Nandrolone Decanoate on the frequency and concentration of satellite cells in skeletal muscle

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nandrolone Decanoate is the most commonly used steroid to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength. However, little is known of its effect on satellite cells (SCs) which permit muscle growth and regeneration by becoming new myonuclei. We hypothesize that Nandrolone will increase the frequency (SCs/SCs+myonuclei) and concentration (number of SCs/plasmalemma surface area) of SCs as a mechanism of inducing hypertrophy. The Nandrolone group (n=4) was injected (30 mg) at weekly intervals into the left pectoralis muscle of female white leghorn chickens aged 63 days post‐hatch. The control group (n=4) received saline. After four weeks the pectoralis of each bird was excised and weighted, and samples removed. An antibody against Pax7 was used to identify SC nuclei. Applying immunocytochemical techniques and computer image analyses, fiber sizes and numbers of SCs and myonuclei were quantified. There was an approximate 24% increase in the fiber diameter. Also, the frequency and concentration SCs were significantly ( P <0.05) increased in the Nandrolone compared to the control group. These results demonstrate that Nandrolone induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is associated with increased SC frequency and concentration. A Discovery Grant awarded to BWCR from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada provided funds for this study.
Evaluation of the knowledge of pregnant women about the relationship between oral diseases and pregnancy complications

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Chronic persistent low-level infection in pregnant women, such as periodontal disease (PD) may impair maternal-fetal unit, since the infectious process induces the release of chemical mediators involved in the process of prematurity. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of mothers as regards the relationship between oral diseases and pregnancy complications. METHOD: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with 104 pregnant women indexed in the Primary Care Information System (SIAB), in the Family Health Strategies (FHS), using a structured questionnaire. Data were recorded in SPSS and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, considering a significance level of 5%. RESULT: Most patients (64.4%) were domestic workers, (48.1%) aged 24 to 34 years, (55.8%) showed complete the 2nd grade and incomplete high school education, and (49%) were primiparous. Among the participants, 76% were unaware of the relationship between oral disease, prematurity and giving birth to low birth weight babies. Statistically significant association was found between: educational level and knowledge about prenatal dental care (p = 0.012); since it was shown that 90.4% ignored the existence of this activity and 65.4% had never received information about the care of baby's oral hygiene (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Most women were unaware of the relationship of PD with prematurity, and showed lack of information about the care of mother and baby oral hygiene, highlighting the need for greater integration between the dental surgeon and other primary care professionals to promote oral health care of pregnant women and reduce the ratio of PD with pregnancy complications.
Taxation of hybrid instruments and the impact of the amended Parent-Subsidiary Directive in Finland

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This thesis examines the taxation of hybrid instruments and the impact of the new amendments adopted to the EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive in Finland. A Government Bill 59/2015 proposed the Directive amendments to be implemented to 6a§ of the Business Income Tax Act (EVL) to tackle hybrid mismatch arrangements and to prevent any misuse of the Directive.\n\nHybrid instruments are financial instruments that have both equity and debt characteristics, which makes the classification to either equity or debt difficult. Finnish legislation does not recognize hybrid instruments but the classification in practice follows the legal form of the instrument. Classification problems typically arise when a hybrid loan has equity characteristics but there has been no case law so far where a hybrid loan has been reclassified as equity for tax purposes. Hybrid mismatches are born in cross-border transactions e.g. when hybrid instrument is classified differently in different tax jurisdictions. These arrangements can lead to double non-taxation, i.e. to an outcome where the income generated by the instrument is not taxed anywhere.\n\nLately, EU and OECD have aimed to prevent aggressive tax planning and the amendments to the Parent-Subsidiary Directive are part of EU's larger plan to strengthen the fight against tax fraud and tax evasion. Amendments aim to refrain from granting the Directive benefits, i.e. tax exemption on direct investment dividends in the parent company's Member State, in situations where the same distribution is considered tax deductible in the Member State of the subsidiary. Furthermore, a general anti-abuse clause was adopted to prevent any misuse of the Directive and to ensure a greater consistency in its application in different Member States. It is applicable in situations where the arrangement is not seen "genuine" or if one of its main purposes is tax avoidance. Amendments to the Directive were implemented to Finnish Business Income Tax Act 6a§ by adding paragraphs 8 and 9, which are applied from tax year 2016 onwards.\n\nImpacts to Finnish entities remain somewhat unclear regarding the new anti-abuse rule. Since hybrid instruments are in principle considered as debt, situations where a Finnish entity is a debtor in a hybrid arrangement seem more common than vice versa. Thus, the impact of the new legislation regarding new paragraph 8 is not likely very significant. However, companies' administrative burden will grow, as tax treatment of the dividend distribution in the source state needs to be figured out. The new regulation will also overrule any dividend exemptions in tax treaties, since it is argued that the purpose of the new regulation is to prevent double non-taxation whereas double tax treaties' purpose is to eliminate double taxation, not to enable it.
Multinuclear Magnesium Hydride Clusters: Selective Reduction and Catalytic Hydroboration of Pyridines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Multinuclear magnesium hydride complexes react with pyridine, forming 1,2- and 1,4-dihydropyridide (DHP) complexes. Reaction of PARA3Mg8H10 with pyridine initially formed 1,2-DHP and 1,4-DHP product mixtures which converted at 60 °C into PARA-[Mg(1,4-DHP)]2·(pyridine)2 (PARA = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N]2-(p-C6H4)). Reaction of [NN-(MgH)2]2 with pyridine gave exclusive formation of the 1,2-DHP product NN-[Mg(1,2-DHP)]2·(pyridine)2 (NN = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N-]2). Both products were characterized by crystal structure determinations. The unusual preference for 1,2-addition is likely caused by secondary intramolecular interactions based on mutual communication between the metal coordination geometries: an extended network of C-H···C π-interactions and π-stacking interactions is found. Whereas PARA3Mg8H10 is hardly active in magnesium-catalyzed hydroboration of pyridines with pinacolborane, [NN-(MgH)2]2 shows efficient coupling. However, the regioselectivity of the stoichiometric reaction is not translated to the catalytic regime. This result is taken as an indication for a potential alternative mechanism in which magnesium hydride intermediates do not play a role but the hydride is transferred from an intermediate borate complex.