jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Legal Interpretation of the Issues of Gene Diagnosis: to Know or Not to Know?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The increased dynamics of scientific and technological progress in gene diagnostics, its practical relevance and importance for people’s lives and health, as well as the state’s strategic orientation towards the development of genetic technologies for healthcare and the transition to personalized medicine they provide, objectively actualize the scientific development of the optimal legal form for this group of social relations. The unique properties of gene diagnostics, expressed in high prognosis, potential significance for the family of the person in several generations and entire groups of the population, the immutability of the human genetic constitution, contain an increased risk of violation of the subjective rights of citizens and determine the need for their special and enhanced legal protection. The main problem is seen in the growing prognostic potential of genetic research and the emerging gap between modern diagnostic capabilities, on the one hand, and prevention and treatment, on the other. The burden of knowledge about a genetic predisposition to a disease in the absence of real chances to reduce the risk of its occurrence or eliminate or alleviate its manifestations becomes fatal and becomes unbearable for the patient. To resolve the problem the article, with the application of the comparative legal method, raises and reveals questions about the legal assessment of the possibilities and risks of the development of gene diagnostics, the essence and target orientation of special legal regulation in this area, the variability of its systemic organization, genetic «exceptionalism», differentiation of legal regimes of various types of gene diagnostics, the right to bioinformational self-determination, including the right to know and the right not to know one’s genetic data, the grounds and limits of their restrictions, genetic counseling, quality standards in the field of gene diagnostics, especially the requirement for compliance with the modern level development of science and technology. The results of their scientific and practical understanding seem useful from the point of view of the prospects for institutionalization and the formation of the conceptual foundations of gene diagnostics in domestic law.
Unleash the potential of additive manufacturing with topology optimization

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Markets dig innovation, and rapid innovation requires technologies that provide the creative freedom without compromising on the lead times, volumes and costs. And it is not a single technology that can help, but a combination of best-of-the-breed that achieves this. This paper highlights two such technologies – topology optimization and 3D printing - their individual strengths and shortcomings, as well as how when used in a combination they meet all the parameters necessary for a successful innovation. It will show case the experiment undertaken using solidThinking Inspire, a globally leading tool for topology optimization from Altair Inc. and the mass savings it brings about without compromising on displacement or stress; and meeting all the criteria of manufacturing constraints.
REPORTED SOFT TISSUE NECK INJURIES AFTER REAR-END CAR COLLISIONS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Soft tissue neck injuries or cervical spine distortion (CSD) injuries are dominant injuries in all claimed car collisions. The injury mechanisms are currently not fully understood because some symptoms are rated subjectively and even modern radiological imaging techniques (CT, MRI, PET etcetera) can not detect structures damaged. A first attempt was made using the new internationally accepted QTF (Quebec Task Force) classification on CSD injuries to differentiate between three grades of this minor (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1) injury. This was done within a large retrospective insurance data material, which covers 15.000 car to car collisions with injured occupants in Germany. From this sample, 517 rear-end collisions have been analysed medically and technically in order to get an overview about the real accident scenario. The task of this investigation is to identify risk factors and population at risk, and to define countermeasures against this epidemic injury which can also cause long-term problems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E203725.
Hoarding Disorder: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Hoarding disorder (HD) is a newly added mental disorder in the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In this article, the symptoms, characteristics, and features of HD are described, along with diagnosis and assessment strategies. The most efficacious treatments for counseling clients diagnosed with HD are also discussed.
Recent Advances in Neurosurgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neurosurgery, a new subspecialty, is constantly evolving and changing over a period of time. In recent times, new insights and requirements in terms of knowledge and practice, sub-specialisation among consultants and use of multidisciplinary teams of neurosurgeons, radiologists, anaesthesiologists, and pathologists are involved to tackle neurological problems. In recent years, newer advanced technologies have expanded and redefined the discipline of neurosurgery
Applicability of chromosome-specific SSR wheat markers for the introgression ofTriticum urartuin durum wheat breeding programmes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Triticum urartu , the A-genome donor of tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, is a potential source of novel alleles for crop improvement. A fertile amphiploid between T. urartu (2 n = 2 x = 14; A u A u ) and durum wheat cv ‘Yavaros’ ( Triticum turgidum ssp. durum ; 2 n = 4 x = 28, AABB ) was obtained as a first step to making the genetic variability of the wild ancestor available to durum wheat breeding. The amphiploid was backcrossed with ‘Yavaros’ and the offspring from this cross was selfed. A plant from this progeny (founder line) with 28 chromosomes and active x and y subunits of the Glu-A1 locus of T. urartu was selfed, which resulted in the obtaining of 98 pre-introgression lines (pre-ILs). In this work, a set of 78 wheat chromosome-specific microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR), uniformly distributed over the A genome, was used for marker-assisted selection of T. urartu in a durum wheat background. A total of 57 SSRs allowed a clear discrimination between T. urartu and ‘Yavaros’. This set of markers was further used for characterizing the pre-ILs, identifying and defining the T. urartu introgressed regions. The applicability of these markers is discussed.
Characterization of metal ion-binding sites in bacteriorhodopsin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have investigated the effects of the binding of various metal ions to cation-free bacteriorhodopsin ("blue membrane"). The following have been measured: shift of the absorption maximum from 603 to 558 nm (blue to purple transition), binding isotherms, the release of H+ upon binding, and the decay of the deprotonated intermediate of the photocycle, M412. We find that all cations of the lanthanide series, as well as the alkali and alkali earth metals earlier investigated, are able to bring about the absorption shift, whereas Hg2+ and Pt4+ are not. Sigmoidal spectroscopic titration curves and nonsigmoidal binding curves suggest that there are two high affinity sites for cations in bacteriorhodopsin. Binding to the site with the second highest affinity is responsible for the absorption shift. Divalent cation binding to blue membrane causes release of about six protons, whereas higher numbers of protons are released by trivalent cations, suggesting that the shift of absorption maximum involves proton release from carboxyl group(s). The metal ion bound to this site must be surrounded by carboxyl oxygen atoms acting together as a multidentate ligand with a specific geometry because multivalent ions are effective only when capable of octahedral coordination. Lanthanide ions dramatically inhibit M412 decay at pH above 6.3, an effect probably due to binding to lipid phosphoryl groups.
Construction of Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks for Cyclic Carbonates Synthesis by CO2 Chemical Fixation with Epoxides or Olefins

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Developing lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) for catalyzing CO2 into chemicals is significant due to their luminescence instead of catalysis. In this work, three isostructural Ln-MOFs (Eu-MOF, Ga-MOF, and Tb-MOF) have been hydrothermally synthesized based on 4,4'-(quinoxaline-2,3-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H2qda). Structural analyses indicate that these new MOFs show the same coordination mode with a two-dimensional, porous, and 4-connected sql net. The investigation of their performances in catalyzing CO2 conversion shows that they can efficiently catalyze the conversion of CO2 with epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates under solvent-free and atmospheric conditions with up to 99% conversion. Meanwhile, the catalysts show good recyclability and broad substrate adaptability. Besides, the previously reported H2qda-based Ln-MOF (Eu-MOF-1) with a different coordination mode exhibits similar catalytic activity toward the above reaction. The catalytic data mainly suggest that these isostructural Ln-MOFs show comparably catalytic activity, revealing that the Ln nodes (Eu, Tb, and Ga) and coordination mode have a slight effect on catalytic activity in the CO2 coupling reaction with epoxides. Further, these Ln-MOFs have been used for promoting the one-pot "oxidative carboxylation" from olefins and CO2 to produce cyclic carbonates by the TBHP/Ln-MOF/TBAB composite, achieving over 80% yield under atmospheric conditions.
Effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone on growth rate, feed intake and energy metabolism of steers gaining or losing weight on roughage diets

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone propionate, administered by intramuscular injection, on feed intake, live-weight change and fasting metabolism of steers was determined in two experiments. The first consisted of three growth phases: normal weight-gain on a long-chopped lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) hay diet ad libitum (8 weeks), live-weight loss on a low-quality pasture ( Dichanthium aristatum ) hay diet ad libitum (12 weeks) and recovery gain on a lucerne hay diet ad libitum (8 weeks). During normal weight-gain, the testosterone-treated steers had significantly ( P < 0·01) higher weight gains than untreated steers (1·48 v . 0·95 kg/day, respectively). Feed intakes and fasting metabolic rates of treated and control steers were not significantly different, being 28·2 and 29·1 g dry matter/kg live weight and 85·6 and 91·0 KJ/kg per day, respectively. The efficiency of feed conversion was significantly ( P < 0·01) better in the treated steers (6·7 v . 9·6 feed/kg weight-gain). There was no significant effect of treatment on any of these characters during live-weight loss or recovery gain. The weight changes during these periods were ca. –0·7 kg/day and 1·5 kg/day, respectively. After 12 weeks of severe weight loss, metabolic rate per unit live weight had decreased by 25% compared with that at the start of the weight-loss period. The second experiment examined the effect of the same dose of intramuscular testosterone propionate on another group of steers fed the low-quality roughage diet during a period of weight loss. Again there was no significant effect of treatment on weight loss, feed intake or fasting metabolism. It was concluded that the growth response to pharmacological doses of testosterone in well nourished steers was greater than that usually observed in comparisons between bulls and steers, and that testosterone was ineffective when administered to steers losing weight or in recovery gain after severe weight loss.
Surface Characterization and Platinum-like Electrocatalytic Activity of Nano-Scale Platinum Deposited on Transition Metal Carbide Nanotubes via Atomic Layer Deposition

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Due to the similar electronic and geometric structures between transition metal carbides (TMC) and Platinum (Pt), Pt supported on TMC surfaces (a.k.a., Pt/TMC) has been the focus of significant research interest. This presentation focuses on a new class of electrocatalyst fabrication in which high purity β-molybdenum carbide (referred to as Mo 2 C hereafter) was synthesized into hollow nanotubes and subsequently modified with nanoscale platinum particles (1-5 nm) deposited via rotary Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) (referred to as Pt/Mo 2 C). X-Ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of Mo 2 C and Pt/Mo 2 C showed no molybdenum peaks and a very small amount of unreacted multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the Mo 2 C samples, indicating that Pt was primarily supported on Mo 2 C nanotubes. Strong interaction between Pt nanoparticles and the Mo 2 C nanotube support was observed in lattice spacing changes from high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images, in addition to Pt binding energies from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results of Pt/Mo 2 C. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) measurements of Pt mass in Pt/Mo 2 C samples showed an average of 2.4% Pt loading in Pt/Mo 2 C nanoparticles. The electochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the 2.4% Pt/Mo 2 C was found to be 70% higher than commercial 20% Pt/C, indicating an increased number of electrochemically active sites, possibly resulting from the interaction between ALD-deposited Pt nanoparticles and Mo 2 C nanotube support. Cyclic voltammograms of the 2.4% Pt/Mo 2 C catalyst showed higher hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity than commercial 20% Pt/C, while bare Mo 2 C did not demonstrate any significant HOR activity. For the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the 2.4% Pt/Mo 2 C showed similar activity to the 20% Pt/C, while bare Mo 2 C nanotube showing noticeable, but not significant HER activity. Another focus of this talk is to present the 2.4% Pt/Mo 2 C catalyst performance in a PEMFC anode (HOR), which outperformed the commercial 20% Pt/C with up to a 403% increase in peak power density and 448% increase in current density. Consequently, the reported Pt/Mo 2 C validates a new fabrication approach for practical nanoscale electrocatalysts where the supported catalyst is deposited via atomic layer deposition onto high purity transition metal carbide nanotubes. Ongoing work in our group focuses upon long-term stability, the corrosion mechanism, and ORR activity of the Pt/Mo 2 C catalyst. Furthermore, we are conducting systematic investigations on how the number of ALD cycles affects the size and distribution of Pt on Mo 2 C nanotube and subsequent HER, ORR activity and PEMFC performance of resultant catalysts.
Green IT Segment Analysis: An Academic Literature Review Research-in-Progress

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Research on Green Information Technology (IT) is becoming a prevalent research theme in Green Information Systems (IS) research. This article provides a review of 98 papers published on Green IT between 2007−2013 to facilitate future research and to provide a retrospective analysis of existing knowledge and gaps thereof. While some researchers have discussed phenomena such as Green IT, motivation of Green IT and the Green IT adoption lifecycle, others have researched the importance of Green IT implementation within the organisational and individual level. Throughout the literature, scholars are trying to portray a constructive relationship between IT and the environment. Through our analysis, we can provide an assessment of the status of information systems literature on Green IT and, we provide taxonomy of segments of Green IT publications. Future research opportunities are identified based on the review.
Towards a Circular Bioeconomy? Pathways and Spatialities of Agri‐Food Waste Valorisation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The treatment of organic waste, by‐products and other residual materials from bio‐based industries is currently changing from disposing to recycling and reusing activities, which may create significant added values. However, these valorisation pathways as well as their institutional and geographical contexts are not yet sufficiently understood. From an actor‐centric perspective, we seek to shed light on extant practices of agri‐food waste valorisation using the examples of potato and rapeseed production in Lower Saxony, Germany. Drawing on conceptual thoughts on circular bioeconomies and the nexus approach, we will show that these practices not only depend on the availability of (technological) solutions but are affected by changing economic and political environments in combination with place‐specific conditions and local networks. We further describe the cross‐sectoral relations, synergies and externalities that come along with by‐product valorisation in multi‐use systems, while also revealing the fragile stability of circular bioeconomies that are linked to the food–feed–energy nexus.
The Theory of ‘Promise’ (Waʿd) in Islamic Law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article aims to clarify the concept of promise ( waʿd ) and questions whether a promise, albeit personal or transactional, is by nature binding on the promisor under Sharīʿah law. The term waʿd is also discussed in relation to other concepts involving promise: i.e., ʿaqd (contract), ʿahd (covenant or binding agreement), nudhur (vows), and juʿālah (payment for performing a service). A number of studies have concluded that waʿd is not obligatory on the promisor, unless the promisee incurs a loss due to a breach or deceptive promise. However, after reviewing the opinions of a number of classical Islamic scholars, this study concludes that under Sharīʿah law all promises are generally binding on the promisor, except in light of valid excuses or mitigating circumstances.
Neural Rendering-Based 3D Scene Style Transfer Method via Semantic Understanding Using a Single Style Image

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the rapidly emerging era of untact (“contact-free”) technologies, the requirement for three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments utilized in virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) and the metaverse has seen significant growth, owing to their extensive application across various domains. Current research focuses on the automatic transfer of the style of rendering images within a 3D virtual environment using artificial intelligence, which aims to minimize human intervention. However, the prevalent studies on rendering-based 3D environment-style transfers have certain inherent limitations. First, the training of a style transfer network dedicated to 3D virtual environments demands considerable style image data. These data must align with viewpoints that closely resemble those of the virtual environment. Second, there was noticeable inconsistency within the 3D structures. Predominant studies often neglect 3D scene geometry information instead of relying solely on 2D input image features. Finally, style adaptation fails to accommodate the unique characteristics inherent in each object. To address these issues, we propose a novel approach: a neural rendering-based 3D scene-style conversion technique. This methodology employs semantic nearest-neighbor feature matching, thereby facilitating the transfer of style within a 3D scene while considering the distinctive characteristics of each object, even when employing a single style image. The neural radiance field enables the network to comprehend the geometric information of a 3D scene in relation to its viewpoint. Subsequently, it transfers style features by employing the unique features of a single style image via semantic nearest-neighbor feature matching. In an empirical context, our proposed semantic 3D scene style transfer method was applied to 3D scene style transfers for both interior and exterior environments. This application utilizes the replica, 3DFront, and Tanks and Temples datasets for testing. The results illustrate that the proposed methodology surpasses existing style transfer techniques in terms of maintaining 3D viewpoint consistency, style uniformity, and semantic coherence.
A framework for mining opinions from user generated content

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this thesis we have presented a scalable framework for mining features and opinions from online reviews. Large scale opinion mining requires scalable components for data storage, along with unsupervised learning solutions for extracting features and opinions, with the ultimate goal of generating meaningful summaries. We have built our system using travel reviews but the system can be used on any domain with minimal changes. Our focus is to come up with a highly scalable framework. A system which can scale both horizontally and vertically to deploy on large scale distributed systems. Hence, we presented an architecture by carefully examining every component used in the system including the database for storing reviews. We have compared various choices and chosen state-of-the-art open source technologies that use distributed multi-node architecture. As a result, millions of reviews can be stored and indexed. We have used travel reviews for testing purpose but the system can be used on any domain with minimal changes. We have implemented a dynamic feature extraction engine that utilizes unsupervised learning to associate extracted features and opinions starting with only one domain seed feature. For example, the feature seed word 'hotel' is all that is needed to extract a list of related hotel feature words like 'room' and 'service'. Next we extract the opinions expressed on the dynamically extracted features and perform sentence level sentiment analysis. To present the results to the end user in an intuitive manner, we subsequently created a web interface and experimented with new visualization techniques. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the system and proposed methods. From the analysis of the results we discuss drawbacks of our current approach and future direction of the research. Finally, a fully-functioning prototype has been created to demonstrate the end-to-end system.