jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Past, present, and future of genetic strategies to control tolerance to the main fungal and oomycete pathogens of grapevine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The production of high-quality wines is strictly related to the correct management of the vineyard, which guarantees good yields and grapes with the right characteristics required for subsequent vinification. Winegrowers face a variety of challenges during the grapevine cultivation cycle: the most notorious are fungal and oomycete diseases such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, and gray mold. If not properly addressed, these diseases can irremediably compromise the harvest, with disastrous consequences for the production and wine economy. Conventional defense methods used in the past involved chemical pesticides. However, such approaches are in conflict with the growing attention to environmental sustainability and shifts from the uncontrolled use of chemicals to the use of integrated approaches for crop protection. Improvements in genetic knowledge and the availability of novel biotechnologies have created new scenarios for possibly producing grapes with a reduced, if not almost zero, impact. Here, the main approaches used to protect grapevines from fungal and oomycete diseases are reviewed, starting from conventional breeding, which allowed the establishment of new resistant varieties, followed by biotechnological methods, such as transgenesis, cisgenesis, intragenesis, and genome editing, and ending with more recent perspectives concerning the application of new products based on RNAi technology. Evidence of their effectiveness, as well as potential risks and limitations based on the current legislative situation, are critically discussed.
Tailoring the Solid-State Fluorescence of BODIPY by Supramolecular Assembly with Polyoxometalates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A cationic boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative (1+) has been successfully combined with two polyoxometalates (POMs), the Lindqvist-type [W6O19]2- and the β-[Mo8O26]4- units, into three new supramolecular fluorescent materials (1)2[W6O19]·2CH3CN, (1)2[W6O19], and (1)4[Mo8O26]·DMF·H2O. The resulting hybrid compounds have been fully characterized by a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and UV-vis spectroscopies, and photoluminescence analyses. This self-assembly approach prevents any π-π stacking interactions not only between the BODIPY units, responsible for aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effects, but also between the BODIPY and the POMs, avoiding intermolecular charge-transfer effects. Noticeably, the POM units do not only act as bulky spacers, but their negative charge density drives the molecular arrangement of the 1+ luminophore, strongly modifying its fluorescence in the solid state. As a consequence, the 1+ cations are organized into dimers in (1)2[W6O19]·2CH3CN and (1)2[W6O19], which are weakly emissive at room temperature, and in a more compact layered assembly in (1)4[Mo8O26]·DMF·H2O, which exhibits a red-shifted and intense emission upon similar photoexcitation.
Lisch nodules: a diagnostic sign for Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It was in 1882 that Von Recklinghausen described the components of neurofibromatosis. This disease represents one of the most common of the phakomatoses occurring in approximately 1 out of every 3,000 live births. The genetic inheritance is that of autosomal dominant with variable expressivity. Cafe-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, and numerous tumors which are derived from the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves and neurofibromas of the central nervous system characterize this disease. Although it is congenital, signs and symptoms of Von Recklinghausen's may not become apparent until late childhood or early adulthood. Approximately 33% of all cases of Von Recklinghausen's disease are discovered accidentally on routine examination.
Improving isobutanol titers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with over-expressing NADPH-specific glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf1)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Isobutanol is a more promising biofuel than ethanol due to its higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a model eukaryote, has the potential advantage to produce isobutanol because of its greater tolerance to higher alcohols. NADPH is a key cofactor for isobutanol synthesis, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf1) is one of the main NADPH-supplying sources in S. cerevisiae. In this study, we investigated the effects of over-expressing ZWF1 on isobutanol titers. Our results showed that engineered strain HZAL-7023 produced 6.22 mg isobutanol per g glucose, which increased by 6.64-fold compared with the parent strain, while engineered strain HZAL-7023 22-ZWF1 produced 11.46 mg isobutanol per g glucose, which increased by 1.82-fold compared with engineered strain HZAL-7023. These results suggested that improvement of NADPH supply through over-expressing ZWF1 contributed to isobutanol biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. These results also verified the proposed concept of increasing isobutanol titers in S. cerevisiae by resolving cofactor imbalance. Finally, this study provides a new strategy for enhancing isobutanol biosynthesis.
Peptidoglycan\nCross-Linking Preferences of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Penicillin-Binding Proteins Have Implications\nfor Treating MRSA Infections

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)\ninfections are a global public health problem. MRSA strains have acquired\na non-native penicillin-binding protein called PBP2a that cross-links\npeptidoglycan when the native <i>S. aureus</i> PBPs are\ninhibited by β-lactams. It has been proposed that the native <i>S. aureus</i> PBPs can use cell wall precursors having different\nglycine branch lengths (penta-, tri-, or monoglycine), while PBP2a\ncan only cross-link peptidoglycan strands bearing a complete pentaglycine\nbranch. This hypothesis has never been tested because the necessary\nsubstrates have not been available. Here, we compared the ability\nof PBP2a and two native <i>S. aureus</i> transpeptidases\nto cross-link peptidoglycan strands bearing different glycine branches.\nWe show that purified PBP2a can cross-link glycan strands bearing\npenta- and triglycine, but not monoglycine, and experiments in cells\nprovide support for these findings. Because PBP2a cannot cross-link\npeptidoglycan containing monoglycine, this study implicates the enzyme\n(FemA) that extends the monoglycine branch to triglycine on Lipid\nII as an ideal target for small molecules that restore sensitivity\nof MRSA to β-lactams.
Role of Penetration Enhancers in the Topical Delivery of Adapalene by Transfersomal Gel: An in vitro Investigation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objectives: To formulate and investigate the role of various penetration enhancers in the transfersomal gel delivery of adapalene. Methods: Transfersomes were formulated by reverse-phase evaporation method and the influence of various parameters was investigated and optimized for particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency using the Design of Experiment approach. Optimized formulation was subjected to various characterizations such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, turbidity measurement, and deformability study, and then transfersomes were incorporated into a suitable gel (Carbopol 934). The transfersomal gel was then characterized for gel characteristics such as pH, spreadability, viscosity, homogeneity, extrudability, etc. Appropriate essential oils used as natural permeation enhancers like eucalyptus oil, menthol, peppermint oil, and turpentine oil were included in the transfersomal gel of adapalene, and then in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation, and flux study was conducted and compared. Results: The adapalene loaded transfersomal gel showed particle size of 152.1 nm, PDI of 0.315, the zeta potential of -42.9 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 58.65 %. FTIR studies showed no interactions among the drug, lipids, and polymers used. Among the essential oils used as the permeation enhancers, the formulations containing peppermint oil displayed better in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation than the other formulations containing remaining essential oils. Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that the developed formulation can enhance the topical penetration of the drug and thereby improve therapy, which certainly adds quality to the transfersomal preparation.

Key words: Transfersomes, Adapalene, Eucalyptus oil, Turpentine oil, Menthol oil, Peppermint oil.
Immune Regulation by the TIM Family Molecules: the Role of Costimulatory Molecules in CD4 T-Cell Function, and Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

TIM family molecules may have an important role in diseases including autoimmunity and asthma. A PhD student in our class read journal reviews before contradictions in the study findings were discussed by a working group and all students.
[Role of the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus in nociception and pain: data obtained in the normal rat and in a model of clinical pain].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Recent anatomical, electrophysiological, neuropharmacological and behavioural studies have provided new elements for the understanding of the role of the thalamus in nociceptive and pain mechanism. Data presented here demonstrate that the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB), which receives direct afferents from the spinothalamic tract in the rat and monkey, plays a role in the sensory-discriminatory component of pain in these two species. Apart from the electrophysiological aspect, we discuss the effects of analgesic compounds on neuronal responses observed at this level and modifications in a nociceptive reaction threshold after lesions of this structure in the non-anesthetized freely moving animal. Data obtained in the normal rat are compared with those obtained under the same experimental conditions in a clinical pain model: the arthritic rat. In these animals the capacity of the VB neurons to respond to somatic stimuli is profoundly modified, many of them being activated by moderate stimuli from inflamed joints (lateral pressure, movements). Spinal tracts transmitting messages from these joints appear to differ (at least in part) from those transmitting nociceptive messages in the normal rat. Finally, at similar doses, morphine is much more effective in these animals than in the normal rat. Results of these studies show that nociception and clinical pain are not always exactly dependent on the same systems.
Analytical Subcellular Fractionation of Guinea-pig Myocardium with Special Reference to the Localization of the Adenosine Triphosphatases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Conference Article| October 01 1974 Analytical Subcellular Fractionation of Guinea-pig Myocardium with Special Reference to the Localization of the Adenosine Triphosphatases FREDERICK J. BLOOMFIELD; FREDERICK J. BLOOMFIELD 1Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Midical School, London W12 OHS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar T. J. PETERS T. J. PETERS 1Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Midical School, London W12 OHS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1974) 2 (5): 1098–1101. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0021098 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation FREDERICK J. BLOOMFIELD, T. J. PETERS; Analytical Subcellular Fractionation of Guinea-pig Myocardium with Special Reference to the Localization of the Adenosine Triphosphatases. Biochem Soc Trans 1 October 1974; 2 (5): 1098–1101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0021098 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1974 Biochemical Society1974 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Predictors of Gaming Behavior among Military Peacekeepers – Exploring the Role of Boredom and Loneliness in Relation to Gaming Problems

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The aim of the current study was to explore gaming problems in post-deployment veterans and to investigate whether boredom and loneliness can predict levels of gaming problems. The general well-being of veterans post their deployments to war zones is linked to an array of negative health consequences, and veterans may be at risk for developing gaming problems after homecomings. Problems that may be related to engagement in gaming include coping with negative emotions, such as boredom and loneliness, which are often faced by homecoming veterans as well. The sample in this study comprised Afghanistan veterans (N = 246), with a mean age of 37.5 years (standard deviation = 9.6 years), and 8.8% of the veterans showed symptoms indicative of problem gaming. This is not higher than that found in the general adult population in Norway. Logistic regression analyses showed that boredom proneness (lack of internal stimulation) and enhancement motivation were independent significant predictors of gaming problems, after controlling for age, gender, coping motivation, social motivation, anxiety, depression, loneliness, lack of external stimulation, hazardous drinking, and combat exposure. These factors accounted for as much as 65.8% of the variance in gaming problem status. We conclude that veterans who are highly motivated by enhancement motives and score low on lack of internal stimulation may be prone to developing gaming problems.
Effects of the Curves® Fitness Program on Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Maximal Aerobic Capacity

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

0533 PURPOSE: To examine the effects of the Curves fitness and diet program on muscular strength, muscular endurance, and maximal aerobic capacity. METHODS: 123 sedentary women (38.7 ± 8 yr; 93.2 ± 19 kg; 44.8 ± 4.8% body fat) participated in a 14- wk exercise and diet program. Subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise and no diet group (END); an exercise and high calorie mixed diet (2,600 kcals/d for 2 wks at 55% C, 15% P, 30% F; 8 wks at 40% C, 30% P, 30% F; 4 wks at 55% C, 15% P, 30% F) group (HCD); or, a low calorie high carbohydrate (HCHO), high protein (HP), or very high protein (VHP) diet group. Subjects consumed 1,200 kcal/d for 2-wks and 1,600 kcal/d for 8 wks. Subjects then ingested 2,600 kcal/d and 1,200 kcal/d diet at 3/2, 3/2, 5/2, & 10/2 day intervals in an attempt to maintain weight loss. Diets were standardized with 30% dietary fat with carbohydrate intake ranging from 40–55% on the HCD and HCO diets and protein intake ranging from 50–63% on the HP and VHP diets. Subjects participated in a supervised 30-min resistance training circuit program combined with calisthenic exercises 3-d per week. At 0, 10, and 14 weeks, subjects performed 1RM bench press and leg press, 80% of 1RM maximal repetition tests on the bench press and leg press, and a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Repeated measures ANOVA results are presented as means ± SD from baseline. RESULTS: Training significantly increased bench press 1RM (2.37 ± 3.8 kg, p<0.006; 0.04 ± 0.04 kg/kg, p<0.001) and leg press 1RM (15.5 ± 38 kg, p<0.002; 0.27 ± 0.39 kg/kg, p<0.001) [10–15% gain in strength]. Bench press lifting volume (80% weight × repetitions) was unchanged (9.1 ± 126 kg, p = 0.20; 0.3 ± 1.4 kg/kg, p = 0.60). However, significant interactions (p<0.05) were observed indicating the END group experienced greater gains in bench press lifting volume. Leg press lifting volume significantly increased in all groups (325 ± 1,521 kg, p = 0.03; 4.1 ± 14 kg/kg, p = 0.006) with no significant differences among groups. Relative maximal oxygen uptake was significantly increased in all groups by about 7% (1.6 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min, p<0.002) primarily due to a significant weight loss. Resting heart (−4.2 ± 14.0 bpm, p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (−3.2 ± 13 mmHg, p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (−2.1 ± 10 mmHg, p<0.03) decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The Curves fitness program promotes increases in muscular strength, muscular endurance, and maximal aerobic capacity while decreasing resting heart rate and blood pressure. These findings indicate that this program appears to be an effective and appropriate level exercise program for this population.
Monitoring ovarian function in oncology studies: Results and insights from the DeFi phase 3 study of nirogacestat in desmoid tumor.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

11520 Background: Initiated in 2019, DeFi (NCT03785964) was a phase 3 study that incorporated comprehensive assessment of ovarian function prior to the 2023 ASCO guidance (Cui et al. Lancet Oncol) on assessing ovarian toxicity (OT) in oncology clinical trials. In DeFi, OT was identified as a safety signal with nirogacestat (niro), a selective gamma secretase inhibitor FDA-approved for adults with progressing desmoid tumors. We provide results and insights in assessing OT in females of reproductive potential (FORP) from DeFi. Methods: Patients were randomized to twice-daily oral niro or placebo (pbo). Investigator-identified OT and resolution in FORP were based on abnormal reproductive hormone values (increased follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] or luteinizing hormone; decreased progesterone, anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], or estradiol) assessed via scheduled testing, perimenopausal symptoms, or both. Based on the ASCO guidance, patient-level post hoc analyses included return of menses and last-reported FSH levels to within normal limits (WNL; ≤20.4 mIU/mL). Results: In the DeFi safety population, 73 were FORP (niro = 36, pbo = 37). Investigators identified OT in 0% of FORP receiving pbo and 75% (27/36) receiving niro. As of Oct2022, investigators reported that OT resolved in 78% (21/27): 100% (11/11) after stopping niro treatment for any reason (4 discontinued niro due to OT) and 71% (10/14) while remaining on niro; 2 were lost to follow-up. Of the 11 patients with off-treatment resolution, all met at least one of the recommended ASCO criteria for assessing OT resolution; all 9 with available menstruation information experienced return of menses and 8 had FSH WNL. Insights: Study limitations included timing of hormonal assessments (scheduled to study visits and not menstrual cycle), lack of menstrual diaries, and incomplete hormone assessments for some patients. Capture of OT can pose challenges, as MedDRA coding may not reflect adverse events observed in the female reproductive system. Further, hormone levels during DeFi could have been impacted by baseline ovarian function and prior use of gonadotoxic drugs/multiple lines of therapy. Hormone measures in clinical studies are important to determine a drug’s effects on ovarian function. However, there is presently no scientific consensus for hormone monitoring during cancer therapy or niro treatment in clinical practice. Ultimately, it is important to understand the patient’s fertility goals and to monitor ovarian function during oncology clinical trials. Conclusions: In DeFi, 75% of FORP treated with niro experienced OT. Most events resolved, including in 100% who stopped treatment for any reason, suggesting OT with niro is transient. Though initiated prior to the ASCO guidance, OT assessments in DeFi generally align with and support the use of both clinical measures and hormone biomarkers in oncology clinical trials. Clinical trial information: NCT03785964 .
Contexts, Prospects, and Contradictions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter provides an exploratory overview of research into Internet-based digital journalism in Africa by exploring trends and perspectives taken by different researchers in this field. It discusses the "mixed" opinions characteristic of early research into the impact of the Internet on journalism in Africa. Despite the fact that Africa is the least connected continent on the Internet, traditional journalism has not escaped the complexities and contradictions associated with the 1990s crusade towards the adoption of the Internet in journalism. A number of early researchers also focused on the impact of specific technological features on journalism, especially the interactivity of online newspaper editions. The chapter provides an emerging corpus of critical research that transcends the tension between advocates and cynics by adopting a more "balanced" approach, sensitive to the multiple factors that shape the adoption and use of the Internet in African journalism.
Thyroid cancer in the West Birmingham population: The impact of affluence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. Effective prevention relies upon an accurate assessment of VTE risk and prompt administration of prophylaxis. This study set out to evaluate VTE risk assessments conducted in the ear, nose and throat department at Salford Royal Foundation Trust.MethodsA retrospective audit of 115 patients over a 4-month period was conducted. All completed VTE assessments were appraised to determine the accuracy of risk factor identification, the appropriateness of the prescribed prophylaxis and the rate at which this prophylaxis was administered.Results96.5% of patients had a documented risk assessment, however only 46.8% of these identified all the present risk factors in any given patient, and just 34.2% prescribed the most appropriate form of prophylaxis. Overall, only 25.2% of assessments undertaken were compliant with both aspects. Fortunately, a lack of prescription did not correlate with a lack of provision, but the rate at which appropriate prophylaxis was administered still remained substandard at 71.2%. Overall, only 10.4% of patients had appropriate prophylaxis provided based on an accurate risk assessment.ConclusionThis audit has shown it cannot be assumed a completed assessment is representative of a patientu2019s actual risk of VTE. More must be done to ensure patients are provided with prophylaxis based on accurate, documented evidence of their risk. It has been recommended that the assessment form be redesigned and must be conducted pre-operatively; it is hoped that these changes will help to provide future patients with effective and timely prophylaxis.