jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From Tissue Physoxia to Cancer Hypoxia, Cost-Effective Methods to Study Tissue-Specific O2 Levels in Cellular Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The human body is endowed with an extraordinary ability to maintain different oxygen levels in various tissues and organs. The maintenance of physiological levels of oxygen is known as physoxia. The development of hypoxic conditions plays an important role in the biology of several pathologies, including cancer. In vitro studies using normal and neoplastic cells require that culture conditions be carried out under appropriate oxygen levels, either physoxic or hypoxic conditions. Such requirements are difficult to widely implement in laboratory practice, mainly due to the high costs of specialized equipment. In this work, we present and characterize a cost-effective method to culture cells under a range of oxygen levels using deoxidizing pouches. Our results show that physoxic and hypoxic levels using deoxidizing absorbers can be achieved either by implementing a gradual change in oxygen levels or by a regimen of acute depletion of oxygen. This approach triggers the activation of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells while stimulating the expression of HIF-1α. Culturing cancer cells with deoxidizing agent pouches revealed PI3K oncogenic pathway exacerbations compared to tumor cells growing under atmospheric levels of oxygen. Similar to the PI3K signaling disturbance, we also observed augmented oxidative stress and superoxide levels and increased cell cycle arrest. Most interestingly, the culture of cancer cells under hypoxia resulted in the accumulation of cancer stem cells in a time-dependent manner. Overall, we present an attractive, cost-effective method of culturing cells under appropriate physoxic or hypoxic conditions that is easily implementable in any wet laboratory equipped with cell culture tools.
Expanding Knowledge Acquisition Frontiers in University Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the fundamental principles of contemporary postsecondary education system is that knowledge is rooted in experience. Contemporary andragogy and experiential learning theories recognise the ability of people to learn in a variety of places, times, and styles, thereby challenging rigid, subject-matter-centred pedagogies. Accreditation of Learning Outcomes (ALO) is the assessment of previously unrecognized skills and knowledge an individual has achieved outside the formal education and training system. The ALO initiative is imbued with substantial potential to benefit learners, higher education sectors, employers, and the society at large. This chapter reviews the concept of ALO and successful initiatives for standardising the accreditation process for learning from experience—work experience, in-service training, self-study, or community work—in South Africa. Approaches for addressing the barriers encumbering ALO implementation are discussed.
Modeling and dynamic monitoring of ecosystem performance in the Yukon River Basin

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Central Alaska is ecologically sensitive and experiencing stress in response to marked regional warming. Resource managers would benefit from an improved ability to monitor ecosystem processes in response to climate change, fire, insect damage, and management policies and to predict responses to future climate scenarios. We have developed a method for analyzing ecosystem performance as represented by the growing season integral of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which is a measure of greenness that can be interpreted in terms of plant growth or photosynthetic activity (gross primary productivity). The approach illustrates the status and trends of ecosystem changes and separates the influences of climate and local site conditions from the influences of disturbances and land management.We emphasize the ability to quantify ecosystem processes, not simply changes in land cover, across the entire period of the remote sensing archive (Wylie and others, 2008). The method builds upon remotely sensed measures of vegetation greenness for each growing season. By itself, however, a time series of greenness often reflects annual climate variations in temperature and precipitation. Our method seeks to remove the influence of climate so that changes in underlying ecological conditions are identified and quantified. We define an "expected ecosystem performance" to represent the greenness response expected in a particular year given the climate of that year. We distinguish "performance anomalies" as cases where the ecosystem response is significantly different from the expected ecosystem performance. Maps of the performance anomalies (fig. 1) and trends in the anomalies give valuable information on the ecosystems for land managers and policy makers at a resolution of 1 km to 250 m.
Supply Chain Elastic Strain

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The introduction of the concepts of shear elastic strain (ε−) and tensile elastic strain (ε+) is a catalyst for new horizons of research into supply chain elasticity. Functional formulas encompassing the metrics of ε− and ε+, their critical point, maximum strain value, and similar parameters are established through rigorous mathematical derivations. The supply chain elasticity of agricultural commodities, including grains, apples, and wheat, are assessed by utilizing the derived formulas. The results show that the metrics of supply chain elastic strain serve as direct metrics of measuring the supply chain’s anti-interference capability, and they also facilitate an objective assessment of the supply chain’s safety and stability. The formula is succinctly derived, and it yields objective outcomes with general applicability, particularly suited for research and application for supply chain elasticity.
Pre‐operative femoral nerve block for hip fracture—A systematic review with meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Pre‐operative pain management of hip fracture patients is complex. Femoral nerve block (FNB) is used for hip fractures to reduce pain and demand for systematic analgesia. The objective of the study was to systematically investigate the efficacy of single‐shot FNB for hip fracture patients. Methods Five databases were searched from inception until 8 May 2019. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT's) assessing pain relief in patients with hip fractures. Intervention was pre‐operative FNB compared to any systemic analgesic (eg opioids, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or paracetamol). Primary outcomes assessed were pre‐operative pain and use of rescue analgesics. Secondary outcome was cognitive impairment. We present a bias assessment, a meta‐analysis and a grading of certainty of evidence. Results We included five trials (n = 254), where participants received FNB 30 minutes or more prior to surgery; all were judged as having high risk of bias. All studies found significantly decreased pain scores at least once in the intervention group compared to the control group. Meta‐analysis on the primary outcome of pain showed significance. Mean difference was −2.13 point (in cm) (CI:‐3.53,‐0.72) on visual analogue scale in the intervention group, but is judged low on certainty. Conclusions The quantity of evidence supporting pre‐operative single‐shot FNB for hip fractures is very low, and the certainty of evidence supporting pre‐operative single‐shot FNB for hip fractures is low. No studies using ultrasound guided technique were identified. Data on non‐ultrasound guided FNB’s suggest a decreased pain score compared to the use of systemic analgesia.
Bayesian inference for pulsar-timing models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The extremely regular, periodic radio emission from millisecond pulsars makes them useful tools for studying neutron star astrophysics, general relativity, and low-frequency gravitational waves. These studies require that the observed pulse times of arrival be fit to complex timing models that describe numerous effects such as the astrometry of the source, the evolution of the pulsar’s spin, the presence of a binary companion, and the propagation of the pulses through the interstellar medium. In this paper, we discuss the benefits of using Bayesian in-ference to obtain pulsar timing solutions. These benefits include the validation of linearized least-squares model fits when they are correct, and the proper char-acterization of parameter uncertainties when they are not; the incorporation of prior parameter information and of models of correlated noise; and the Bayesian comparison of alternative timing models. We describe our computational setup, which combines the timing models of tempo2 with the nested-sampling inte-grator MultiNest. We compare the timing solutions generated using Bayesian inference and linearized least-squares for three pulsars: B1953+29, J2317+1439, and J1640+2224, which demonstrate a variety of the benefits that we posit. Key words: pulsar timing – – data analysis – Bayesian inference – gravitational waves. 1
Awake intubation with the Pentax Airway Scope

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We read with interest the article by Dr Teoh et al. comparing three videolaryngoscopes (Pentax Airway Scope® (AWS; Pentax Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), C-MAC™ (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) and Glidescope® (Verathon, Bothell, WA, USA)) with the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation during anaesthesia in patients without predictors of difficult intubation. The Pentax Airway Scope performed well in their study for intubating times, ease of intubation and laryngeal views obtained [1]. The Pentax Airway Scope has also previously been used for awake intubation [2, 3]. We would like to share our experience of using this device. We have been using a variety of videolaryngoscopes regularly in our institution. We have found the Pentax Airway Scope useful in difficult intubations as well, and have therefore started using the device as an alternative to awake fibreoptic intubation in patients with adequate mouth opening. The sedation and local anaesthetic regime we use are the same as for an oral awake fibreoptic intubation. We have found several advantages in using the Pentax Airway Scope compared with the fibreoptic bronchoscope. In our experience, it is quicker and easier to set up, is battery-operated, comes with an attached screen and has a single-use disposable blade, and proficiency in its use requires less training and practice. Grade-1 Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopic views are typically obtained even in patients with grade-3 and -4 views with conventional laryngoscopy [4]. Anaesthetists encountering difficult airways on a sporadic basis may prefer to use the Pentax Airway Scope for awake intubation. The main disadvantage is that approximately 25 mm of mouth opening is required for its insertion. No external funding and no competing interests declared. Previously posted at the Anaesthesia Correspondence website: http://www.anaesthesiacorrespondence.com.
Autologous Breast Reconstruction is Associated with Lower 90-day Readmission Rates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Breast reconstruction is associated with improved quality of life after mastectomy. Options for breast reconstruction include autologous and implant-based methods. Although autologous reconstruction is more technically challenging and requires longer operative time, it is thought of as the gold standard. Our study examined differences in 90-day readmission rates between implant-based and autologous breast reconstruction using discharge data from the National Readmission Database, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Methods: The National Readmission Database was used to identify patients undergoing postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Patients were selected using ICD-10 PCS codes linked to autologous and implant-based reconstruction. Ninety-day readmission rates were determined. After matching the two groups on a 1:1 basis for baseline comorbidities and demographics, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to variables associated with higher readmission rates. Results: The leading diagnoses associated with readmissions were infectious and pulmonary. After one to one matching, autologous breast reconstruction, private insurance versus Medicaid, and income quartile 4 versus 1 were all less likely to be readmitted within 90 days of discharge. Patients with a high Charlson index and those with a longer length of initial hospital stay are significantly more likely to be readmitted within 90 days. Conclusions: Patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction were 23% less likely to be readmitted within 90 days from discharge. Fewer comorbidities, shorter length of hospital stay, and higher socioeconomic status are also associated with lower readmission rates following breast reconstruction.
Examining the experiences of non-heterosexual men in heteronormative Singaporean families

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This is a study of non-heterosexual men’s experiences with the idealized, heteronormative Singaporean family unit. Qualitative interviews with 20 non-heterosexual men were conducted and analyzed in relation to both the formation and confirmation of their sexual identities. Examining the emergence of ‘plastic sexuality’ (Giddens, 1992) vis-à-vis the sexual socialization process, findings indicate that families, among other social institutions, perform facilitative roles in the formation of individualized sexual identities. Both the family of origin and procreation are observed to remain significantly relevant to the lives of sexual minorities as pivotal sources of support, especially in the context of a heteronormative society. Providing empirical evidence of diversity in the family unit, this project surfaces problems with assuming the centrality of the family in the (hetero)sexual socialization of children, while highlighting impetus for the state’s increasing role in the management of a diverse, ‘inclusive’ society as an imperative for its citizenry.
COX-2 regulation of vaccination responses in lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

New targeted therapies are needed for lung cancer chemoprevention in high-risk patients and for therapy in all clinical stages of the disease. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that is found in lung cancer cells that is responsible for suppressing patients’ immune systems and therefore contributing to the growth of lung cancer. This research is designed to evaluate the importance of COX-2 in lung cancer and to test in laboratory models the capacity of specific COX-2 inhibitor drugs to boost the immune system against lung cancer. COX-2 inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for lung cancer and other malignancies. This proposal evaluates COX-2 inhibition as a means to augment the immune response against lung cancer. COX-2 inhibitors may be beneficial when combined with other standard and experimental therapies. These agents may also be utilized in various vaccination strategies to enhance the response to tumors. We are focused on understanding how COX-2 expression regulates the progression of tumor growth in lung cancer in an effort to foster an informed approach for the use of COX-2 inhibitors in prevention and therapy for lung cancer. In addition, the studies described in this proposal will contribute to understanding the complex relationship between tumor and host immune cells in the generation of immune suppression in lung cancer.
References

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book presents new theories and international empirical evidence on the state of work and employment around the world. Changes in production systems, economic conditions and regulatory conditions are posing new questions about the growing use by employers of precarious forms of work, the contradictory approaches of governments towards employment and social policy, and the ability of trade unions to improve the distribution of decent employment conditions. Designed as a tribute to the highly influential contributions of Jill Rubery, the book proposes a 'new labour market segmentation approach' for the investigation of issues of job quality, employment inequalities, and precarious work. This approach is distinctive in seeking to place the changing international patterns and experiences of labour market inequalities in the wider context of shifting gender relations, regulatory regimes and production structures.
Luddites and the Demographic Transition

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Technological change was unskilled-labor-biased during the early Industrial Revolution, but is skill-biased today. This is not embedded in extant unified growth models. We develop a model which can endogenously account for these facts, where factor bias reflects profit-maximizing decisions by innovators. Endowments dictate that the early Industrial Revolution be unskilled-labor-biased. Increasing basic knowledge causes a growth takeoff, an income-led demand for fewer educated children, and the transition to skill-biased technological change. The simulated model tracks British industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries and generates a demographic transition without relying on either rising skill premia or exogenous educational supply shocks.
Scale-invariant measurability in Wiener space

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The fact that change of scale is a pathological transformation in Wiener space has long been known.For many problems, this pathology causes no special difficulties.However it is sometimes necessary to consider functions of the form F(λx) where λ varies over the positive reals and x varies over Wiener space.In this setting a variety of conceptual subtleties arise.In this paper we give a framework and several results which prove useful in dealing with these difficulties.In the last section of this paper we discuss several papers in the recent literature in the light of this framework.1* Notation and terminology; introduction* Let T = [0, 1] and let C 0 (T) denote Wiener space, that is, the space of real-valued continuous functions on T which vanish at t = 0 (The notation C Q (T) will never be abbreviated to C o .The latter notation will be introduced latter for a certain proper subsets of C 0 (T).).Let & denote the Borel measurable subsets of C 0 (T) and let m 1 denote Wiener measure.One can complete (C 0 (Γ), &, mj in the usual way to obtain (C 0 (Γ), S^u m x ) where Sf x is the class of all Wiener measurable sets.Let σ n be the partition 0 = t 0 < t λ < < ί 2 » = 1 where t k = k/2 n for k = 0, 1, -, 2\ Given x in C 0 (T), let S σn (x) = Σf=i [»(«*)α(**-i)] a .For λ ^ 0, let C λ = {x in C 0 (T): lim^ S σ Jx) = λ 2 } and let D = {x in C 0 (T):lim^S σ J>) fails to exist}.Note that \C μ = C λμ .Clearly D and the sets C λ9 λ ^ 0, are all Borel sets and C 0 (T) is the disjoint union of this family of sets.The key to our discussion is the following result due to Levy [35] and independently, but later, to Cameron and Martin [8].THEOREM 1. m^CJ = 1.
Mood Effects of Televised Sports Events

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Television viewers attend to sports programs primarily to gain emotional rewards. As not only wins but also defeats are inherently rooted in sport competitions, television viewers can be positively as well as negatively affected in their feelings when watching sports on television. Interestingly, some studies were able to show that the feelings evoked by watching sport television also influence viewers’ judgments, following feeling-as-information theory. The present study builds on these results by investigating the mood effect of viewing televised football Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cup games on personal as well as economic estimations of viewers. A quasi-experimental design was employed, assessing the moods and estimations of viewers before and after a win and a defeat of the German national team. The results support feeling-as-information theory, as viewers reported enhanced mood and estimations after watching the victory. Results of previous studies are extended, as longer term effects are included and the mediating role of mood was explicitly tested and supported.
Analysis of prognostic-related risk factors in ovarian clear cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma and to explore the prognostic-related risk factors.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 102 patients diagnosed with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) in Fujian Cancer Hospital from January 2007 to December 2018. Progression-free survival time (PFS) and overall survival time (OS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier curve, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were summarized for the clinical outcomes.Results The median follow-up time of 102 patients was 89.62 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 59.2% and 50.0%. Cox regression univariate analysis showed that stages, concurrent endometriosis, chemotherapy, standardized treatment, platinum chemoresistance, CA-125 normalization, the last CA125 ≤ 20U/ml, and venous thrombosis were associated with OS and PFS (P<0.05). The lymph node status was only related to OS (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that stage (HR = 3.475, 95%CI: 1.559–7.744, P = 0.002), standardized treatment (HR = 0.298, 95%CI༚0.137–0.648, P = 0.002) and platinum resistance (HR = 9.325, 95%CI༚4.076–21.334, P<0.001) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Standard treatment (HR = 0.347, 95%CI༚0.161–0.750, P = 0.007) and platinum resistance (HR = 62.709, 95%CI༚18.687-210.431, P<0.001) were independent prognostic factors for PFS.Conclusion Stage ,platinum resistance and platinum-based chemotherapy are important prognostic factors in patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma. CA125 levels ,endometriosis, lymph node status and venous thrombosis are also associated with prognosis.
Homelands: A Conceptual Essay

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The crucial component of a definition of homelands is the bonding of ethnic groups to the land. This bonding varies in its intensity and may be greatest for folk or more primitive cultures in which belief systems of animism persist. Animism involving a belief in spirits inhabiting the land provides a cultural foundational construct for an emotional psychological tie between ethnic groups, most primitively speaking, the tribe, and their social territory, i.e. zones of exclusivity. In the European evolution of these animistic beliefs Romanticism and nationalism developed as cultural expressions of homeland bonding. Among ethnic groups the development of cultural myths often focuses on supposed homeland hearth areas. The result is the development of mythic homelands or hearth areas. The size or scale of homelands and the internal structure of homelands, i.e. the degree of fragmentation, are issues that are preeminently the domain of the cultural geographer.
Clinical Results of Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Stage III Pancreatic Cancer: A Single Institutional Experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Japan, pancreatic cancer represents the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer. Recently, diagnostic methods and treatment technology for pancreatic cancer has been progressed; however, the mortality rate has not declined. At the time of the initial diagnosis, there are few patients who are resectable absence of the invasion of major vessels or the presence of distant metastasis. The three-year overall survival rate of the patients who were resectable is reported to be only 20%.