jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TheManual de artillerìaof al-Ra'is Ibrāhīm b. Aḥmad al-Andalusī with particular reference to its illustrations and their sources

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The final expulsion of Moriscos from Spain in 1609 brought a new wave of Spanish Muslims to Tunis to join that substantial community of their fellow-countrymen which had increased steadily in number from the fall of Naṣid Granada onwards. Among these refugees and immigrants were some with considerable technical expertise: architects, military men, and skilled craftsmen whose arrival on Muslim territory caused a minor technological renaissance.
Ternary Weight Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a memory and computation efficient ternary weight networks (TWNs) - with weights constrained to +1, 0 and -1. The Euclidian distance between full (float or double) precision weights and the ternary weights along with a scaling factor is minimized in training stage. Besides, a threshold-based ternary function is optimized to get an approximated solution which can be fast and easily computed. TWNs have shown better expressive abilities than binary precision counterparts. Meanwhile, TWNs achieve up to 16$\times$ model compression rate and need fewer multiplications compared with the float32 precision counterparts. Extensive experiments on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet datasets show that the TWNs achieve much better result than the Binary-Weight-Networks (BWNs) and the classification performance on MNIST and CIFAR-10 is very close to the full precision networks. We also verify our method on object detection task and show that TWNs significantly outperforms BWN by more than 10\% mAP on PASCAL VOC dataset. The pytorch version of source code is available at: https://github.com/Thinklab-SJTU/twns.
A New Perspective to Integrate Different Social Capital Concepts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The debate about ‘social capital’ is presented in brief. It is assumed that the discussion about it reissues the since the Enlightenment existing debate about the relation between individual and society. In this debate two lines of argumentation can be identified. On the one hand, a rather individualistic concept exists which sees social capital as an individual resource; and on the other hand, a rather collective understanding which sees social capital as pan-social phenomenon. The main goal of this article is to offer a new perspective that makes the integration of these two paradigms possible. Therefore new insights from the field of analytic philosophy are used to modify the concepts of social capital, focussing on the individualistic direction and in particular on Becker’s human capital theory. The resulting new perspective turns social capital into the core social category and is also calling for a new understanding of economics and management.
A Porous Crystalline Nitrone‐Linked Covalent Organic Framework**

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Herein, we report the synthesis of a nitrone‐linked covalent organic framework, COF‐115, by combining N , N′ , N′ , N ′′′‐(ethene‐1, 1, 2, 2‐tetrayltetrakis(benzene‐4, 1‐diyl))tetrakis(hydroxylamine) and terephthaladehyde via a polycondensation reaction. The formation of the nitrone functionality was confirmed by solid‐state 13 C multi cross‐polarization magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of the 13 C‐isotope‐labeled COF‐115 and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The permanent porosity of COF‐115 was evaluated through low‐pressure N 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 sorption experiments. Water vapor and carbon dioxide sorption analysis of COF‐115 and the isoreticular imine‐linked COF indicated a superior potential of N ‐oxide‐based porous materials for atmospheric water harvesting and CO 2 capture applications. Density functional theory calculations provided valuable insights into the difference between the adsorption properties of these COFs. Lastly, photoinduced rearrangement of COF‐115 to the associated amide‐linked material was successfully demonstrated.
Cyclodium C. Presl.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

6. Cyclodium C.Presl. Cyclodium is a genus of Neotropical ferns, with 13 recognized species. Six species are recorded for Brazil, distributed within the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Rainforest biomes (Bohn et al. 2020). In the study area, a single species was recorded.
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Alcohols in the Liquid Phase Using Ethylene as a Hydrogen Acceptor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic Dehydrogenation of Alcohols in the Liquid Phase Using Ethylene as a Hydrogen AcceptorWilkins Reeve and Homer AdkinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 10, 2874–2876Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01867a068https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01867a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views188Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Breeding Habitat and Microhabitat Choices by Male and Female Frogs: Are There Differences Between Sexes and Seasons?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Breeding success of frogs depends, among other factors, on male and female habitat choices, which may be based in part on environmental features that aid offspring survivorship and development. Frogs can respond to habitat features in varied scales, including types of bodies of water and microhabitats within them, and the correspondence between male and female choices may contribute to a successful reproduction. We compared habitat and microhabitat choices by males and females of a Scinax species from the catharinae clade, focusing on microhabitat selection by both sexes, including variation between dry and wet seasons. We also compared the distribution of males and females across a stream size gradient and related their abundance with numbers of tadpoles in each stream to assess successful breeding. We found males and females to be similar in microhabitat preferences, but their abundances did not correlate across streams. Male abundance, however, correlated with number of tadpoles, indicating that number of females may have been underestimated due to their shorter permanence at breeding sites or lower detection probability. Competition and predation did not seem to influence distribution of Scinax gr. catharinae among streams. Male and female Scinax gr. catharinae seem to show highly coordinated responses when selecting breeding habitats and microhabitats, apparently resulting in high breeding success at the study site.
Optical sensing with disordered photonic crystal waveguides

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Optical sensing is of preeminent importance for a variety of applications: it can enable detection of harmful or desired contaminants, it can confirm that expected reactions have taken place and it can be used for quantitative analysis of the processes under study. We report on photonic crystal optical sensors based on disorder-induced light confinement in photonic crystal waveguides in silicon nitride, showing that we can make use of fabrication imperfections as a means to add functionalities to the fabricated devices. We prove their suitability for the detection of liquid contaminants at room temperature and investigate their response to refractive index changes. We also show that temperature can be used to tune and modify the quality factor of the cavity resonances, allowing local temperature sensing. Compared to engineered photonic crystal cavities, making use of disorder as a resource allows the spontaneous formation of tens of high-quality optical cavities in a fabricated device that does not require time-consuming optimizations or exact repeatability of the fabrication process - an important result in view of scalability of photonic crystal sensors.
Cost modelling incorporating procalcitonin for the risk stratification of febrile infants ≤60 days old

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Procalcitonin testing is recommended to discriminate febrile young infants at risk of serious bacterial infections (SBI). However, this test is not available in many clinical settings, limited largely by cost. This study sought to evaluate contemporary real-world costs associated with the usual care of febrile young infants, and estimate impact on clinical trajectory and costs when incorporating procalcitonin testing. Methods We assessed hospital-level door-to-discharge costs of all well-appearing febrile infants aged ≤60 days, evaluated at a tertiary paediatric hospital between April/2016 and March/2019. Emergency Department and inpatient expense data for usual care were obtained from the institutional general ledger, validated by the provincial Ministry of Health. These costs were then incorporated into a probabilistic model of risk stratification for an equivalent simulated cohort, with the addition of procalcitonin. Results During the 3-year study period, 1168 index visits were included for analysis. Real-world median costs-per-infant were the following: $3266 (IQR $2468 to $4317, n=93) for hospitalized infants with SBIs; $2476 (IQR $1974 to $3236, n=530) for hospitalized infants without SBIs; $323 (IQR $286 to $393, n=538) for discharged infants without SBIs; and, $3879 (IQR $3263 to $5297, n=7) for discharged infants subsequently hospitalized for missed SBIs. Overall median cost-per-infant of usual care was $1555 (IQR $1244 to $2025), compared to a modelled cost of $1389 (IQR $1118 to $1797) with the addition of procalcitonin (10.7% overall cost savings; $1,816,733 versus $1,622,483). Under pessimistic and optimistic model assumptions, savings were 5.9% and 14.9%, respectively. Conclusions Usual care of febrile young infants is variable and resource intensive. Increased access to procalcitonin testing could improve risk stratification at lower overall costs.
The timer compression of information

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper is devoted to a transform-based quantitative data compression technique involving rapid enumeration in a unary-binary time-based numeral system (NS). The symbols comprising the alphabets of human-computer interaction languages (HCIL), which are used in an informational message (IM), are collected in primary code tables, such as the ASCII table. The statistical-oriented data compression method using unconventional timer encryption and encoding information are proposed by us. It was constructed probability - discrete model of the set of character sequences and characterized some probabilistic algorithms associated with the recovery of text by its public key and its cipher. We find the possibility of parallel implementation of this method by building a block of timer tags. The necessary complex assessments are made. The method can be used to compress SMS messages. Probabilistic-statistical analysis and evaluation of their effectiveness are obtained.
Evaluation of the potential of chicoric acid as a natural food antioxidant

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dietary fat is important for human health, while its excessive consumption or the oxidation of lipids may cause various diseases. In the present study, the potential of chicoric acid (CA) as a natural food antioxidant was evaluated. To evaluate this, spectrophotometry analysis measured CA antioxidant activity, the analytical method of the sanitary standard of edible lard and rapeseed oil measured CA anti-oil oxidation, the Oxford cup method measured CA anti-microbial activity, Oil red O staining assessed intracellular triglycerides following CA administration, and RT-qPCR analysis and ELISA assessed CA anti-inflammatory activity. The results indicated that CA had a marked scavenging capacity for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, as well as a reductive action, and after incubation for 5 days, 0.05% CA achieved a significantly higher peroxide value than 0.02% tert-butylhydroquinone used as a reference (P<0.05). In addition, 160 nM CA inhibited the growth of a variety of common pathogenic microbes in humans, significantly inhibited fat droplet formation (P<0.05) and reduced the production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Therefore, functional foods containing CA may be used as natural antioxidant supplements to prevent the oxidation of oil and protect human health.
Age-related changes in photosensitivity and cellular sensitivity to ultraviolet B in a xeroderma pigmentosum group E patient.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Skin phototesting and cellular sensitivity studies were performed in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) complementation group E (XP80TO) at the ages of 50 and 55 years. She showed a reduced minimal erythema dose at both ages, but the dose at age 55 was much lower than that at age 50 when tested with monochromatic ultraviolet (UV) light (280, 290 and 300 nm). The cellular sensitivity to UVC (254 nm), UVB and UVA and UVC-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis were examined using fibroblasts obtained by skin biopsy at the ages of 50 and 55 (XP80TO-1 and XP80TO-2, respectively). DNA synthesis was similar in both cell lines. XP80TO-2 cells were more sensitive to UVB cytotoxicity than XP80TO-1 cells in both the dividing and quiescent phases, but both cell lines exhibited a similar sensitivity to UVC and UVA. These results suggest that the in vitro cellular sensitivity to UVB may correlate with the clinically observed erythema reaction. Further, the results suggest that some XP complementation group E cases at least may show an increase in photosensitivity in vivo and in vitro with aging.
PMO-133 A naturally occurring model of liver regeneration? changes in mRNA expression of markers of hepatic regeneration in liver tissue from dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts following partial attenuation

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Introduction There has been increasing interest in the possibility of using spontaneous canine hepatic disease as a model for those in human beings. 1 Dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) have hypoplasia of the liver and intrahepatic portal veins. While the condition is extremely rare in people, it is more common in dogs. Surgical CPSS attenuation results in liver growth and development of the intrahepatic portal vasculature, associated with clinical improvement. 2 The precise mechanism of this hepatic response is unknown; we hypothesised that it is due to hepatic regeneration and angiogenesis. The study aimed to measure the mRNA expression of growth factors and receptors involved in liver regeneration and angiogenesis in liver biopsies from dogs with CPSS before and after partial attenuation. Methods Dogs treated for CPSS were prospectively recruited to the study and liver biopsy samples were collected and placed in RNAlater . The expression of nine genes related to liver regeneration and angiogenesis were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Differences in gene expression were assessed using independent or paired T tests. Significance was set at the 5% level (p=0.05). Results Liver biopsies were collected from 49 CPSS dogs to seven control dogs. 24 dogs tolerated complete attenuation of their CPSS and 25 tolerated partial attenuation. A second surgery was performed in all partial attenuation dogs to achieve complete attenuation and a follow-up biopsy was taken. HGF mRNA expression was significantly decreased in CPSS dogs compared with controls. There were significant increases in mRNA expression of HGF, MAT2α andVEGFR2 following partial CPSS attenuation. In addition, dogs that could tolerate complete attenuation had significantly greater MAT2α, VEGFR2 and TGFβR2 mRNA expression. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the liver regeneration and angiogenesis are involved in the hepatic response to surgery in dogs with CPSS. This suggests that canine CPSS could be a useful, naturally occurring model of liver regeneration. Competing interests None declared. References 1. Kruitwagen HS , Arends B, Spee B, et al . Recombinant hepatocyte growth factor treatment in a canine model of congenital liver hypoplasia. Liver Int 2011; 31 :940–9. 2. Lee KC , Lipscomb VJ, Lamb CR, et al . Association of portovenographic findings with outcome in dogs receiving surgical treatment for single congenital portosystemic shunts: 45 cases (2000-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229 :1122–9.
Purism, Prescriptivism, and Privilege: Choctaw Language Ideologies and Their Impact on Teaching and Learning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Oklahoma Choctaw, a Muskogean language originally spoken in the American southeast, is currently the focus of language revitalization efforts by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. The School of Choctaw Language, which has hosted community language classes since 1997 faces significant challenges in attempting to produce fluent speakers, chief among them language ideologies that may be impacting the teaching and learning context. Using a collaborative, community-based ethnographic design and discourse analysis, this research describes an interrelated set of three language ideologies affecting the Choctaw language teaching and learning community: purism, prescriptivism and valorization of literacy. Essentialist/purist linguistic and ethnic ideologies prevalent among Choctaw Language Community Class members, though rooted and fixed in an immediately post-contact era, frame contemporary linguistic performance, linguistic meta-discourse, and language revitalization work to alienate some Choctaws while simultaneously providing motivation for language learners. Two competing discourses, prescriptivism and pluralism, are strategically employed by Choctaw community class members to authenticate speaker’s status and to resist discourses and covert policies privileging one dialect. Ideologies of purism, correctness, and valorization of literacy, as well as valorization of expert linguistic knowledge further impact community classes by a) reducing class effectiveness through a focus on grammatical analysis and literacy and b) creating an atmosphere of ethno-linguistic risk which inhibits speaker performance. Teachers’ ideological awareness may enable mitigation of the potential negative effects of the purist and prescriptivist ideologies and strategic employment in motivating learners.
Exploring Aigialomycin D and Its Analogues as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Targets

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The natural product aigialomycin D (1) is a member of the resorcylic acid lactone (RAL) family possessing protein kinase inhibitory activities. This paper describes the synthesis of aigialomycin D and a series of its analogues and their activity for the inhibition of protein kinases related to cancer pathways. A preliminary study of these compounds in the inhibition of CDK2/cyclin A kinase has found that aigialomycin D and analogues 11 and 23 are moderate CDK2/cyclin A inhibitors with IC50 values of ca. 20 μM. Kinase profiling of aigialomycin D against a panel of kinases has led to the identification of MNK2 as a promising target (IC50 = 0.45 μM), and preliminary structure-activity relationship studies have been carried out to identify the essential functional groups for activity.
Nitrite Determination by Colorimetric and Fluorometric Griess Diazotization Assays Simple, Reliable, High-Throughput Indices of Reactive Nitrogen Species in Cell-Culture Systems

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated as part of inflammatory reactions, mostly as a consequence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (reviewed in refs. , , ). Typically, nitric oxide (•NO) is produced by macrophage-type cells or, in the central nervous system (CNS), by reactive microglia. The iNOS enzyme catalyzes the oxidative conversion of arginine to citrulline, plus •NO free radical. Normally, iNOS activity is high and sustained irrespective of cytosolic Ca2+ levels. This contrasts sharply with the activity of constitutively expressed forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), such as neuronal NOS (nNOS) or endothelial NOS (eNOS), which normally generate only small bursts of •NO in response to transient Ca2+ currents (). Under some circumstances, constitutive forms of NOS may generate profligate quantities of •NO. For instance, eNOS can be phosphorylated by a protein kinase B (AKT)-dependent pathway, after which the phosphorylated enzyme loses Ca2+ dependence and becomes a copious producer of RNS (, ). •NO per se is a vasodilator and neurotransmitter, but likely not a major toxin. The •NO free radical is relatively unstable in the biological milieu, reacting via complex pathways to yield secary and tertiary RNS, such as peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and •NO2 free radical. These products may be much more deleterious than the original •NO radical (reviewed in ref. ).
Construction and Expression of Eukaryotic Expression Vector for I Kappa B Alpha Mutant Gene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective: To construct eukaryotic expression plasmid of IκBα mutant (IκBαM)gene and to investigate its expression in endothelial cells.Methods: IκBαM cDNA was obtained from plasmids pSP64TL-IκBα M by digestion with Hind Ⅲ and Xba Ⅰ,and cloned into pcDNA 3.1/myc-His to construct pcDNA 3.1/myc-His - IκBαM eukaryotic expression vector.The sequence of the plasmid was confirmed by restricting enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing.Then the plasmid was transfected into endothelial cells by liposome-mediated gene transfer method,and IκBαM protein and its activity were determined.(Results:) pcDNA 3.1/myc-His -IκBαM contained the correct nucleotide sequence of the full length of IκBαM cDNA fragment.The IκBαM cDNA fragment had been inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA 3.1/myc-His A,and was formed into the pcDNA 3.1/myc-His(A-IκBαM.) The IκBαM gene was expressed successfully in the transfected endothelial cells.The level of IL-6 secreted by the transfected cells was decreased.Conclusion: The pcDNA 3.1/myc-His A- IκBαM,an eukaryotic expression plasmid for IκBαM was constructed successfully.The IκBαM gene was expressed successfully in the transfected endothelial cells with good biological activity.
Lactose intolerance in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides): case report.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A female stumptail macaque had signs of intermittant diarrhea and chronic weight loss over a 2-year period during which she was fed a commercial laboratory maintenance diet. Intolerance of this individual to lactose, a ubiquitous constituent of most commercial primate diets, was diagnosed on the basis of lactose tolerance tests and favorable clinical response to dietary carbohydrate substitution with glucose. Oral administration of varying doses of glucose to this animal consistently produced elevations in plasma glucose concentrations exceeding 20 mg/dl, while orally-administered doses of lactose did not cause significant elevations in blood glucose concentrations.