jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Attenuation Characteristics of Bessel-Gauss Beam by Spheres

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This study uses the generalized Lorentz-Mie theory to investigate the interaction between Bessel-Gaussian beams and aerosol particles, focusing on the effects of polarization, beam waist radius, and incident angle on the efficiency factor. The results show that the zero-order vector Bessel-Gaussian beam with radial polarization has the lowest extinction efficiency factor and better transmission characteristics.
Snake Envenomation: A Component- Based Review on Hemostatic Alterations

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Considered by the World Health Organization a neglected public health problem, snakebites occur predominantly in tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Approximately 2.7 million people worldwide are victims of snakebites each year, of which between 81,000 and 138,000 later die. Among the survivors, about 400,000 have some permanent disability. The entirety of the mechanism responsible for the venom pathophysiology is not completely understood. However, most of the venom toxins affect human hemostasis, as Bothrops venom components, which destabilize endothelium, affect platelet aggregation, blood clotting and fibrinolysis. Such effects are not only components of the clinical picture of patients who have suffered envenomation, but are also directly associated with the severity of the accident. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the main hemostatic alterations observed in envenomation’s by snakes of the genus Bothrops, which is predominant in South America. Therefore, this review describes the hemostatic changes that occur in Bothrops snakebites, to further improve the understanding of the general pathological mechanisms of snake envenomation’s and the correlation between endothelium dysfunction and coagulation/fibrinolysis systems as a result of the interaction of each class of venom components with human hemostasis. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new effective therapeutic approaches, attenuating the severity of snakebites and reducing amputations and deaths. Besides this, a molecular comprehension of the hemostatic alterations caused by each component of Bothrops venoms may help to identify new molecules and targets for therapeutic applications.
Data from Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Performance in Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Specimens

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Establishing a cancer screening biomarker's intended performance requires “phase III” specimens obtained in asymptomatic individuals before clinical diagnosis rather than “phase II” specimens obtained from symptomatic individuals at diagnosis. We used specimens from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial to evaluate ovarian cancer biomarkers previously assessed in phase II sets. Phase II specimens from 180 ovarian cancer cases and 660 benign disease or general population controls were assembled from four Early Detection Research Network or Ovarian Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence sites and used to rank 49 biomarkers. Thirty-five markers, including 6 additional markers from a fifth site, were then evaluated in PLCO proximate specimens from 118 women with ovarian cancer and 474 matched controls. Top markers in phase II specimens included CA125, HE4, transthyretin, CA15.3, and CA72.4 with sensitivity at 95% specificity ranging from 0.73 to 0.40. Except for transthyretin, these markers had similar or better sensitivity when moving to phase III specimens that had been drawn within 6 months of the clinical diagnosis. Performance of all markers declined in phase III specimens more remote than 6 months from diagnosis. Despite many promising new markers for ovarian cancer, CA125 remains the single-best biomarker in the phase II and phase III specimens tested in this study. <i>Cancer Prev Res; 4(3); 365–74. ©2011 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Prolonged Treadmill Load Carriage: Acute Injuries and Changes in Foot Anthropometry

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract : The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the distribution of injuries occurring during loaded treadmill marching, (2) determine if there are significant anthropometric changes that occur in the foot during this marching, and (3) identify variables (speed, load) that may affect these injuries and foot changes. This study documented a large number of minor injuries (N equals 82) among physically fit soldiers marching on a treadmill at fast speeds and over a long distance with heavy loads. Significant pre to post foot anthropometric changes (P less than .05) were observed in ball of foot and instep circumferences with a tendency for these changes to occur with the heavier loads while ankle circumference changes occurred throughout most of the conditions. The results of this study indicate that: (1) load carriage injuries occurring during a prolonged treadmill march primarily involve the lower extremities and back, (2) foot blisters were the most common injury recorded, (3) the standard Army practice of using foot powder and undergoing frequent sock changes does not prevent blister formation during prolonged treadmill marches, (4) the most common types of back injury was upper back straining.
Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing at the Cross-Roads of the Human Right to Science and International Biodiversity Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As the debate about the need to clarify the content of the human right to science intensifies, this article assesses opportunities for opening a scholarly and policy dialogue on fair and equitable benefit-sharing between international human rights and biodiversity lawyers. To that end, the article contrasts the emerging conceptualizations of the right to science in the context of international cultural rights and of fair and equitable benefit-sharing under international biodiversity law. It then critically assesses the potential for cross-fertilization with specific regard to: the sharing of scientific information and promotion of scientific cooperation, the transfer of technology, and the protection and valorization of traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities. While acknowledging that both the right to science and fair and equitable benefit-sharing are far from being fully understood or operationalized, the article argues that developments in international biodiversity law concerning the latter may provide insights into how a vague and optimistic concept can (and when it cannot) lead to tangible outcomes, rather than remaining merely rhetorical.
Community perspectives of hunting and conservation in north-central Vietnam

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Biodiversity is in crisis in Vietnam due to persistent issues including food insecurity and demand for wildlife. Some existing conservation practices, such as preservationist forest protection models, have been shown to be ineffective, and forest-adjacent communities continue to be excluded from conservation decision-making, despite these communities’ potential to be powerful drivers of change. We conducted focus group discussions with minority ethnic group communities in north-central Vietnam, in the Nghe An Biodiversity Preserve. We discussed community perspectives on hunting wildlife and existing conservation processes, and ideas for improving livelihoods and safeguarding biodiversity. We found that all communities relied on hunting and harvesting wildlife for basic sustenance, but wanted to see wildlife stabilize and increase in their area. Across discussions, community members wanted to be able to participate and given a voice in conservation efforts. We suggest a first step in the NABP be the inclusion of community representatives in conservation management.
Effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on short‐term weight loss and long‐term weight loss maintenance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Effective strategies are needed to help individuals lose weight and maintain weight loss. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intermittent energy restriction ( IER ) compared to continuous energy restriction ( CER ) on weight loss after 8 weeks and weight loss maintenance after 12 months. Secondary aims were to determine changes in waist and hip measurements and diet quality. In a randomized parallel study, overweight and obese (body mass index [ BMI ] ≥ 27 kg m −2 ) women were stratified by age and BMI before randomization. Participants undertook an 8‐week intensive period with weight, waist and hip circumference measured every 2 weeks, followed by 44 weeks of independent dieting. A food frequency questionnaire was completed at baseline and 12 months, from which diet quality was determined. Weight loss was not significantly different between the two groups at 8 weeks (−3.2 ± 2.1 kg CER , n = 20, −2.0 ± 1.9 kg IER , n = 25; P = 0.06) or at 12 months (−4.2 ± 5.6 kg CER , n = 17 −2.1 ± 3.8 kg IER , n = 19; P = 0.19). Weight loss between 8 and 52 weeks was –0.7 ± 49 kg CER vs. −1 ± 1.1 kg IER ; P = 0.6. Waist and hip circumference decreased significantly with time ( P < 0.01), with no difference between groups. There was an increase in the H ealthy E ating I ndex at 12 months in the CER compared with the IER group ( CER 8.4 ± 9.1 vs. IER −0.3 ± 8.4, P = 0.006). This study indicates that intermittent dieting was as effective as continuous dieting over 8 weeks and for weight loss maintenance at 12 months. This may be useful for individuals who find CER too difficult to maintain.
IMPROVEMENT OF MARKETING ACTIVITY OF WHOLESALE TRADE ENTERPRISES

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

More recently, the crisis of the economy of Ukraine suttєvo vlylnuli on the efficiency of the robots of wholesale trade enterprises, which have become part of the commodity flow of the state. It is shown that the model of the functional model of economics in the meaning of the world plays the role of wholesale trade, the role of wholesale trade, and the result of this problem is on the quality of business and development, as a result of this, as a result of this, as a result of this, as a result of this, as a result of this, as a result of the development of this type of business. It is broken visnovka wholesale wholesale trading dolly singing hard to get out of action to get rid of the rest of the rest of the rest of the rest of the rest of the rest of the village, but also the rest of the rest of you . It is established that one of the reasons for this will be, about zagalnoe komponenimi factors, the lack of coordination of regulatory and methodological processes, as well as on wholesale markets of all types of goods significantly increased competitiveness from the side of the merchant that online store, one of one, and the market has become one of the most important competitors from the side of the trade market, which is one of the main trade markets, and the market has one of the most important factors. ppdpriєmstv in the idleness of self-objec Wisunuto's position, the way of adapting the wholesale trade companies to rinky minds, flickering around the companion marketing methods of the goods in the minds of the goods in the minds of the non-significant and diversified. It is shown that a very efficient wholesale trading robot enterprise in the meaning of the miri to lay out the methods of the best price conditions for the repository of commodity stocks. Oskіlki znachnі kіlkіst faktor_v, yakі vpvyvayut on this process, to be of a vipadkovy character, the method of repossession of commodity stocks is guilty of rummaging on ymovіrnyh methods p_dtrimki management rіshen. It is necessary, in the middle of the market minds, to be vrahuvati, that the applications from the wholesale distributors are satisfied with the product distributors discretely at the moment of delivery by deliveries of the goods to the market. This is the method of “implementing” for a wholesale wholesale trade enterprise, which is supposed to be active in your own marketing activity.
CoPc/rGO and CuPc/rGO Nanocomposites: Comparative Characterization and Study of Their Gas Sensing Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nanocomposites made of tetrahexyloxy-substituted Co or Cu phthalocyanines adsorbed onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been prepared for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Such nanocomposites could be formed in organic solvents, thanks to the high solubility of the substituted phthalocyanines, establishing van der Waals and π-π stacking interactions with rGO. UV-visible, FT-IR, and XPS characterizations evidenced the energy transfer between rGO and the phthalocyanines; this adsorption ability is highly suitable to form nanocomposites exhibiting improved electronic properties. The gas sensing properties of various VOCs were explored by conductometric measurements conducted on interdigitated electrodes modified with the nanocomposites, highlighting the effect of the alkyloxy substituents and phthalocyanine's metal. All exhibited high affinity to ammonia gas compared with other VOCs. The CuPc/rGO nanocomposites showed higher sensitivity with a lower limit of detection (0.4 ppm) compared to CoPc/rGO (1 ppm), while phthalocyanines alone give lower sensitivity, where the limit of detection of CuPc(OHex)4 is 5.7 ppm and CoPc(OHex)4 shows a nonlinear fit. We explained this behavior by improved energy transfer between rGO and CuPc(OHex)4, favoring the coordination of ammonia. Detection of ammonia gas in real samples has been achieved to further demonstrate the efficiency of these sensors.
When forecasting earnings, it pays to be right!

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

S ecurity analysts spend a great deal of effort searching for any information that will help them make a more precise valuation of a security. Foremost in their search is an accurate forecast of earnings.’ The earnings forecast is widely used in stock selection, because analysts have found that movements in stock price are closely linked to earnings changes.2 Because evidence shows that earnings are not always fully and correctly reflected in stock price^,^ it would appear that an accurate forecast of earnings should lead to superior stock selection performanae. What kinds of benefits can be expected to accrue from an accurate earnings forecast? One way of gaining insight into this question is by studying the relationship between forecast error (analysts’ estimates compared to reported earnings per share) and stock price performance. In one of the earliest studies in this area, Niederhoffer and Regan analyzed the performance of the 50 bestand 50 worst-performing stocks on the New York Stock Exchange in 1970. They found stock performance to be closely related to the type of earnings forecast error. Those stocks whose earnings had been underestimated performed in a superior manner, while those whose earnings had been overestimated performed very poorly. These results demonstrate a basic relationship between forecast errors and stock price performance. This study is different from Niederhoffer and Regan’s, in that it analyzes a much larger sample of stocks, conducts a time-series analysis over a 10-year period, and utilizes a more advanced statistical methodology. The study also determines the relationship between the relative size and type of the forecast error
Energy-Based Dynamic Model for Variable Temperature Batch Fermentation by Lactococcus lactis

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT We developed a mechanistic mathematical model for predicting the progression of batch fermentation of cucumber juice by Lactococcus lactis under variable environmental conditions. In order to overcome the deficiencies of presently available models, we use a dynamic energy budget approach to model the dependence of growth on present as well as past environmental conditions. When parameter estimates from independent experimental data are used, our model is able to predict the outcomes of three different temperature shift scenarios. Sensitivity analyses elucidate how temperature affects the metabolism and growth of cells through all four stages of fermentation and reveal that there is a qualitative reversal in the factors limiting growth between low and high temperatures. Our model has an applied use as a predictive tool in batch culture growth. It has the added advantage of being able to suggest plausible and testable mechanistic assumptions about the interplay between cellular energetics and the modes of inhibition by temperature and end product accumulation.
Trilocked Photodynamic Senolytic Inducer Potentiating Immunogenic Senescent Cell Removal for Liver Fibrosis Resolution

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Liver fibrosis is a major global health problem without effective therapies, and targeted elimination of senescent cells is beneficial for hepatic function and organism survival. We report a new trilocked photodynamic senolytic inducer (PDSI) strategy for liver fibrosis resolution using a type-I photodynamic agent for immunogenic clearance of senescent cells. We demonstrate that this trilocked PDSI not only facilitates efficient production of superoxide anions (O2•-) in lysosomes of senescent cells for photodynamic therapy, but also permits NIR fluorescence and photoacoustic (NIRF/PA) imaging of senescent cells. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the trilocked PDSI elicited senescent cell clearance predominantly via the immunogenic necroptosis pathway. Moreover, this PDSI with a liver-targeting moiety enables high-contrast NIRF/PA imaging and effective liver fibrosis resolution in vivo. This liver-targeting PDSI exhibits remarkable immunogenic ablation of senescent cells, with enhancing dendritic cell maturation and cytotoxic T cell recruitment in liver fibrosis. Our study highlights the potential of trilocked type I PDSI for boosting immunity for senescent cell clearance and liver fibrosis treatment.
A TACROLIMUS-RELATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT WITH BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES DISTINCT FROM THOSE OF TACROLIMUS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug 50-100 times more potent than cyclosporine (CsA), the current mainstay of organ transplant rejection therapy. Despite being chemically unrelated, CsA and tacrolimus exert their immunosuppressive effects through the inhibition of calcineurin (CaN), a critical signaling molecule during T-lymphocyte activation. Although numerous clinical studies have proven the therapeutic efficacy of drugs within this class, tacrolimus and CsA also have a strikingly similar profile of unwanted side effects.Our objective has been to identify a less toxic immunosuppressant through the modification of ascomycin (FK520). Quantitative in vitro immunosuppression and toxicity assays have demonstrated (see the accompanying article, p. 18) that we achieved our goal with L-732,531 (indolyl-ascomycin; indolyl-ASC), a 32-O-(1-hydroxyethylindol-5-yl) ascomycin derivative with an improved therapeutic index relative to tacrolimus.We report that the attributes of indolyl-ASC may result from its distinctive biochemical properties. In contrast to tacrolimus, indolyl-ASC binds poorly to FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12), the major cytosolic receptor for tacrolimus and related compounds. However, the stability of the interaction between the FKBP12-indolyl-ASC complex and CaN is much greater than that of the FKBP12-tacrolimus complex. These distinguishing properties of indolyl-ASC result in the potent inhibition of CaN within T lymphocytes but may lower the accumulation of the drug at sites of toxicity.Indolyl-ASC may define those properties needed to increase the therapeutic efficacy of a macrolactam immunoregulant for treating both human autoimmune disease and organ transplant rejection.
The Forces and the Future

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To write on the future of the Bundeswehr appears at first glance not to be too difficult since there seems to be little change as far as the determinants, i.e. the threat and the strategy, are concerned. But a closer look reveals some uncertainty regarding the future of the Bundeswehr. It is helpful then to start with a brief discussion on the strategic setting and force structure options appropriate to it. The chapter will conclude with aspects of realization and ideas on the Bundeswehr 2000.
Anthropological Presuppositions of Indigenous Advocacy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One often comes across the idea that social scientists must refrain from expressing opinions which can be characterized as political. It is high time we all recognize this dilemma as part of an old doctrine of academic conduct inherent in contemporary social science. Any concern with politically sensitive issues can be branded as political, due among other reasons, to the fact that our research draws its data from human reality, which is at the same time the very object of activities and decisions of politicians. Confronted by a world where genocide, exploitation and deprivation of control over one's own life are constant facts of life for fellow human beings, social science must become the indefatigable eye watching over human inviolability. Only then will the social scientist become anything more than a predator consuming data. And only then will the concept of responsibility mean more than a buttonhole flower worn at academic ceremo· nies.
The Discovery of Macitentan – A Standard Medicinal Chemistry Program?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A plethora of properties are typically studied during a medicinal chemistry program and many of these parameters may shape the cascade of compound selection. Given the task to discover a molecule with a profile superior to that of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan, we tailored our compound profiling cascade to the specific properties that were not optimal in bosentan, namely in vivo efficacy and safety. Contrary to conventional thinking, we therefore focused on corresponding in vivo experiments. In the following, we highlight and illustrate some key learnings of our approach that led to the discovery of macitentan (1), an orally available potent dual endothelin receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Collecting Fibre Arts in Arnhem Land

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Fibre arts, collecting and women area combination works well in the increased knowledge and awareness of the role of women and their perspectives in the making and collecting of objects in the twenty-first century. This case study examines an Aboriginal community in Arnhem Land in Australia. It provides a view into the community of Gapuwiyak (Lake Evella) with a snapshot of some of the fibre works made by women of that community that now form the Louise Hamby Collection within the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection housed at the University of Virginia, United States. The collection positions Kluge-Ruhe at the centre for studies of contemporary Aboriginal women's fibre art in America. The intentionality of the women makers and the author/collector presented in this case study will enhance our understanding of the cross-cultural relationships at the basis of collecting practice and the Louise Hamby collection in particular.