jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Transnational Actors and International Criminal Law: Study of NGOs' influence on formation of International Criminal Court and its juridiction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established on 1 July 2002 after ratification by 60 states of the Rome Statute, with which the Court is governed. The ICC is the first permanent, treaty based, international tribunal, which tries for the most serious crimes to the international community, which are the genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Its development was followed and facilitated by the Nongovernmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court (further the Coalition or the CICC), formed in 1995, when the idea of creation of permanent international criminal court was received its second life. The Coalition became an important figure in the process of the ICC creation, and participated in all phases of its progress. The aim of this work is to analyze the CICC contribution into the ICC and to find out its role in the Courts everyday work.
Rethinking Clientelism, Governance and Citizenship in Social Welfare: the case of Croatia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent work on ‘clientelism’ has sought to address the concept in terms of a broad set of practices in the context of asymmetrical distributional, governance and citizenship relations. Social welfare has, increasingly, been seen as a key site of clientelism in which claims making, akin to the capturing of institutions, resources and services by certain groups, is traded for the political advantage of particular elites (Roniger, 2004). The concept of clientelism has been used by Ferrera (1994) in order to explain the specificities of the Southern European welfare model and clientelist-particularistic relations has been seen as one of the core features, along with religion and the role of the family, in the ‘extended family’ of Mediterranean welfare states (Gal, 2010). Studies of post-communist transformations have been dominated by two paradigms: one focusing on path-dependent internal features and the other on processes of globalisation and Europeanisation, neither of which are sufficient to explain all the features of post-communist welfare transformations, especially in countries marked by a slow and delayed Europeanization. Taking Croatia as a case study, marked as it is by a quite peculiar configuration of Bismarckian, post-communist, and post-conflict legacies, this paper seeks to address clientelism as a set of complex, changing and contested politicised projects, through which social policy is subject to competing and contradictory tendencies in the context of war, new nation state building, and populist authoritarian political tendencies. In a political environment in which power struggles within the ruling party have been as important as externally driven reforms, the paper explores the nature of captured and categorical distributional effects, the dominance of nationality over territorial-based citizenship claims, and the politicisation of the nature and scale of governance The privileging of the rights of war veterans, those of Croatian ethnicity and those with linkages to the ruling party are addressed in the context of competing reform discourses of universalism and rights, on the one hand, and targeting and economic efficiency, on the other.
Biochemical genetics of aerobactin biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Single-gene mutants of Escherichia coli defective in aerobactin biosynthesis were incubated under non-growing conditions for 2 h with radiolabelled lysine. Analysis of the intermediates produced suggested that acetylation of lysine may be the first step in aerobactin production.
Lichen Planus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dermatologic stereoview card. Front of card depicts a person's foot with Lichen Planus. The reverse of the card describes the dermatologic conditions as well as the diagnosis and treatment. Lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis, the elementary lesions of which consist of small polygonal, flat glistening, red or bluish red papules, some slightly umbilicated, which tend to coalesce and form irregular and raised slightly scaling patches. Lichen Planus may be known as Lichen ruber planus. Lichen Planus Verrucosus is the form that occurs most frequently on the legs.
“Clicking vs. Writing”—The Impact of a Chatbot’s Interaction Method on the Working Alliance in AI-based Coaching

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Coaching has become an important didactic tool for reflecting learning processes in higher education. Digital media and AI-based technologies such as chatbots can support stimulating self-coaching processes. For the use case of student coaching on the topic of exam anxiety, the working alliance between a coaching chatbot and a human coachee is investigated. Two coachbot interaction methods are compared: A click-based chatbot (implemented in a rule-based system), where the coachee can only click on one answer, and a writing-based chatbot (implemented in a conversational AI), which allows the coachee to freely type in their answers. The focus is on which coachbot interaction method enables a stronger working alliance between coach and coachee: a click-based or a writing-based chatbot. The working alliance and the technical realization of the chatbot systems were investigated in an exploratory quantitative study with 21 engineering students. The results indicate that the working alliance in both study conditions can be classified as medium to high overall. The results further show higher values for bonding on a writing-based platform than when using a click-based system. However, click-based systems seem to be more helpful as a low-threshold entry point to coaching, as they guide coachees better through the process by providing predefined answers. An evaluation of the technical realization shows that self-reflection processes through digital self-coaching via chatbot are generally well accepted by students. For further development and research, it is therefore recommendable to develop a “mixed” coachbot that allows interaction via clicking as well as via free writing.
Multi-site Evaluation and Research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines multi-site evaluation and research. Differing from single-site research, multi-site research is appropriate for reasons that distinguish it from single-site research. This article examines forms and types of multisite research to illustrate a variety of applications. The article presents examples of multi-site research conducted in the United States, at the national level with reference to mental health services and alcoholism treatment research applications. Additional mental health, child welfare, and social work practice examples are provided from research conducted at the Center for the Study of Social Work Practice in New York City. Advantages and disadvantages of multi-site research are described with suggestions for the conduct of multi-site research.
Gevrey Asymptotics for Logarithmic-Type Solutions to Singularly Perturbed Problems with Nonlocal Nonlinearities

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We investigate a family of nonlinear partial differential equations which are singularly perturbed in a complex parameter ϵ and singular in a complex time variable t at the origin. These equations combine differential operators of Fuchsian type in time t and space derivatives on horizontal strips in the complex plane with a nonlocal operator acting on the parameter ϵ known as the formal monodromy around 0. Their coefficients and forcing terms comprise polynomial and logarithmic-type functions in time and are bounded holomorphic in space. A set of logarithmic-type solutions are shaped by means of Laplace transforms relatively to t and ϵ and Fourier integrals in space. Furthermore, a formal logarithmic-type solution is modeled which represents the common asymptotic expansion of the Gevrey type of the genuine solutions with respect to ϵ on bounded sectors at the origin.
Tropical Geometry and Mechanism Design

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We develop a novel framework to construct and analyze finite valued, multidimensional mechanisms using tropical convex geometry. We geometrically characterize incentive compatibility using cells in the tropical convex hull of the type set. These cells are the sets of incentive compatible payments and form tropical simplices, spanned by generating payments whose number equals the dimension of the simplex. The analysis of the collection of incentive compatible mechanisms via tropical simplices and their generating payments facilitates the use of geometric techniques. We use this view to derive a new geometric characterization of revenue equivalence but also show how to handle multidimensional mechanisms in the absence of revenue equivalence.
Foliar Treatments to Control the Cabbage Looper on Collards, 1978

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract ‘Votes’ collards were direct seeded in 3-ft rows on Jen 13’78, and thinned to 10 inch spacing I month later. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Aug 7, 14, 21 and 30. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 10 col lard plants or by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely injured - plants nearly defoliated.
Implementation Of An Educational Intervention Program To Increase Influenza Vaccination Among Persons With Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Despite the availability and efficacy of an influenza vaccine that is 60% to 80% protective, the 1997 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) demonstrated that the influenza immunization rate among persons with Diabetes Mellitus in Virginia was only 44.4%, (well short of the 60% vaccination rate proposed as the national health objective for high risk individuals during the 2000-2001 influenza season). Objective: The purpose of this outcomes study was to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention (utilizing educational materials provided by the Virginia Department of Health in coordination with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) on the rate of influenza vaccination among high-risk individuals within a number of Richmond, Virginia-based employer groups. Design: Prospective cohort study with a pre/post cross-sectional intervention, using brochures developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), conducted during the 2000-2001 influenza season. A McNemar Test was applied to the rate of influenza vaccination before versus after implementation of the educational intervention. Results: Data for 306 individuals who completed both the pre-intervention and post-intervention self-report survey were included in the analysis. 32 (10.5%) participants in the study reported having Diabetes Mellitus. Only 37.5% of respondents with Diabetes Mellitus reported receiving an Influenza Vaccine during the 1999-2000 Influenza season (baseline). Following the implementation of an educational intervention program during the 2000-2001 influenza season, the influenza vaccination rate among the diabetic population increased to 59.4% (p<0.05). Conclusion: An educational intervention aimed at increasing awareness regarding the need for influenza vaccination among persons with Diabetes Mellitus produces significant increases in the influenza vaccination rate among individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Autism-associated mutations in K V 7 channels induce gating pore current

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Significance Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) adversely impacts >1% of children, causing social interaction deficits, repetitive behaviors, and communication disorders. Genetic analysis of ASD has advanced dramatically through genome sequencing, which has identified >500 genes with mutations in ASD. Mutations in the voltage sensor of the voltage-gated potassium (K V ) channel K V 7 are frequently associated with ASD. We discovered that these ASD mutations cause an ionic leak through the voltage sensor, termed gating pore current. When these mutations were inserted into the genome of mouse dopamine neurons, they caused a dramatic alteration in the ability of those neurons to fire action potentials in response to electrical stimulation. These changes would impair information processing in neurons, leading to broad changes in brain function.
Analysing qualitative data: examples from two studies of end-of-life care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article examines the analysis of qualitative data, identifying and explaining some key approaches which researchers may wish to use to contribute to the developing knowledge base of palliative nursing. Drawing on the work of Grbich (1999), practical examples from the authors’ own studies of end-of-life care are used to illustrate some of the possibilities for analysing interview and observational data. The article concludes with an examination of the concept of ‘rigour’ in qualitative inquiry and suggests some practical ways of helping nurses who are new to palliative care research.
A sensitive technique for measuring thyroidal uptake of iodine-131.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to obtain quantitative estimates of pico-and nanocurie amounts of radioiodine in the thyroid, detection sensitivity can be increased by a combina tion of several techniques: namely, increasing detector size, decreasing back ground and reducing detector-to-thyroid distance to a minimum. The latter measure is potentially responsible for the greatest degree of increased sensi tivity, but requires stringent geometric considerations. Geometric correction can be achieved through the nearly proportional relationship of photopeak to Comp ton scatter ratio with thyroid depth. Use of such techniques to increase detec tion sensitivity is reported in this communication. In addition, data are given in tercomparing this unique system with a routine thyroid uptake system which has been previously calibrated with ORINS standards.5 Presently used routine thy roidal radioiodine uptake systems do not take full advantage of these techniques for increased detection sensitivity (1,2). An approach to increased detection sensi tivity has been reported by Eisenbud, et al (3,4). A shielded dual crystal system was employed in 1962 in an attempt to assess radioiodine in the thyroids of children as a result of environmental exposure (5). Further development of the dual crystal system, however, indicated a need not only to identify the presence of raclioiodine in the thyroid, but also to quantitate it. In 1964 Van Dilla et at (6) suggested either the use of the ratio of the more easily attenuated 30 keV x-ray of 131Iodine or the 27 keV x-ray of 125lodine to the 364 keY gamma ray of 131lodine as a means of assessing the depth of the thyroid within the neck. The concept for an appropriate means of thyroid depth correction is further developed by the technique herein employed, which utilizes the ratio of the 364 keV gamma of 131lodine to the Compton continuum in the energy spectrum.
Saudi Aramco’s immediate focus will be on gas catch up

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Significance Aramco is doubling down on a strategy to become a major player in the global gas sector, with higher production at home and abroad, while boosting efforts to convert an ever-higher portion of its crude oil into petrochemicals Impacts Aramco will look into adding Asian LNG assets to its US and Australian interests. The company will deepen rapidly its strategic energy partnership with China. The firm will seek international partners for export-oriented blue hydrogen projects. Aramco will explore petrochemicals investment opportunities in major growth markets besides China, notably India. Financial resources will become more constrained owing to lower oil prices and the government's corollary fiscal difficulties.
Retinoic acid signaling in spermatogenesis and male (in)fertility

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Spermatogenesis is a very complex, highly organized and timely regulated event, in which spermatozoa originated from undifferentiated spermatogonia that are recruited into the differentiation pathway and meiosis. Spermatogonia entrance into the differentiation pathway is temporally controlled, which in mammals occurs in a progressive nonuniform manner along the tubule at space intervals, allowing spermatozoa production in a continuum. Vitamin A has long been implicated in spermatogenesis homeostasis and fertility. In the past two decades, new insights evidenced that retinoic acid drives the asynchronous initiation of spermatogonial differentiation, promotes the transition from preleptotene to leptotene spermatocyte and therefore the onset of male meiosis, and mediates postmeiotic transitions. Evidence showed that retinoic acid plays a broad and encompassing role in regulating and coordinating spermatogenesis. This chapter provides an overview of the role of retinoic acid signaling in spermatogenesis.
The History of England from the Accession of George III. to the Close of Pitt's First Administration 1760-1801

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The History of England from the Accession of George III. to the Close of Pitt's First Administration 1760-1801 Get access Notes and Queries, Volume s10-IV, Issue 94, 14 October 1905, Pages 318–319, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s10-IV.94.318d Published: 14 October 1905
Effect of the biceps Brachii tendon on elbow flexor force steadiness in men and women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tendons are connective tissue that transmit force to the skeleton. Therefore, mechanical and material properties of the tendon, such as stiffness, strain, stress and Young’s Modulus likely influence force production and control. Men are steadier than women in maintaining isometric elbow flexion force, but the cause of this sex-related difference in force steadiness (FS) has not been established. To-date most FS studies have centred on absolute force as well as motor unit activity, with limited attention given to the interaction between muscle and tendon. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the mechanical properties of tendon differ between men and women, and whether this contributes to men being steadier than women. Ten men (23 ± 4years) and 10 women (22 ± 3years) who were healthy and recreationally active participated in a single session to evaluate maximal force, steadiness and tendon properties. Submaximal forces of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were executed and FS as well as tendon properties were measured during these efforts. Contractions were randomized within and between individuals for the submaximal isometric elbow flexion contractions. All measures were undertaken during the 5 second steady state contraction executed in a neutral wrist position. Results indicated that men were significantly stronger (p < 0.001), steadier (p < 0.001) and the BB tendon was stiffer (p = 0.03) in men than women. Tendon stiffness and CV of force were strongly correlated (r² = 0.60; r = 0.77; p < 0.001) for women but moderately correlated (r² = 0.21; r = 0.46; p < 0.001) for men. Therefore, our results suggest that having a more compliant BB tendon is likely a contributing factor of less stability in the elbow flexors of women compared to men.
Data from A Pan-Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Enhances the Antitumor Activity of B7-H3–Specific CAR T Cells in Solid Tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>The limited efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies with solid malignancies prompted us to test whether epigenetic therapy could enhance the antitumor activity of B7-H3.CAR T cells with several solid cancer types.</p>Experimental Design:<p>We evaluated B7-H3 expression in many human solid cancer and normal tissue samples. The efficacy of the combinatorial therapy with B7-H3.CAR T cells and the deacetylase inhibitor SAHA with several solid cancer types and the potential underlying mechanisms were characterized with <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> experiments.</p>Results:<p>B7-H3 is expressed in most of the human solid tumor samples tested, but exhibits a restricted expression in normal tissues. B7-H3.CAR T cells selectively killed B7-H3 expressing human cancer cell lines <i>in vitro</i>. A low dose of SAHA upregulated B7-H3 expression in several types of solid cancer cells at the transcriptional level and B7-H3.CAR expression on human transgenic T-cell membrane. In contrast, the expression of immunosuppressive molecules, such as CTLA-4 and TET2, by T cells was downregulated upon SAHA treatment. A low dose of SAHA significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of B7-H3.CAR T cells with solid cancers <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i>, including orthotopic patient-derived xenograft and metastatic models treated with autologous CAR T-cell infusions.</p>Conclusions:<p>Our results show that our novel strategy which combines SAHA and B7-H3.CAR T cells enhances their therapeutic efficacy with solid cancers and justify its translation to a clinical setting.</p></div>
Determinants of Rural Nonfarm Employment:A Study in Dibrugarh District of Assam

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rural Non-farm sector has gained considerable importance as an alternative strategy for generating employment, reducing poverty, achieving higher rate of growth and development of rural areas. Majority of rural people nowadays are engaged in a variety of non-farm activities besides involving in farming which is their major activity. This study tries to assess the rural employment situation and also attempts to identify the factors which influence rural workforce to participate in non-farm employment as principal occupation. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey in two blocks of Dibrugarh district of Assam. In order to analyse the determinants that influence workforce to undertake non-farm activity as principal occupation, a Binary Logistic Regression Model is used. Five factors namely, land size, education level, household size, age and ratio of non-farm income to farm income have turned out to be significant determinants of rural non-farm employment.