jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Linear Order and Generative Theory

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The term ‘word order studies’ designates an area of syntax which has become an increasingly central theme in linguistic research. Since, in at least a narrow sense, syntax is the study of how meaningful elements are put together to form sentences, a preoccupation with word order would seem inherent in any syntactic study. However, the focus implied by ‘word order studies’ is anything but trivial, going as it does to the heart of two vital areas of linguistic theory: language universals, and the form of linguistic models. The present collection of papers offers the reader an opportunity to examine some of the more recent ideas in this broad area, concentrating on some of the more controversial issues within the generative-transformational model.
Weighted kernel operators in variable exponent amalgam spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The paper is devoted to weighted inequalities for positive kernel operators in variable exponent amalgam spaces. In particular, a characterization of a weight v governing the boundedness/compactness of the weighted kernel operators K v and K v , defined on R + and ℝ, respectively, under the log-Hölder continuity condition on exponents of spaces is established. These operators involve, for example, weighted variable parameter fractional integrals. The results are new even for constant exponent amalgam spaces. MSC: 46E30, 47B34.
Comparison of Three Supraglottic Airway Devices in Neutral and Cervical Neck Collar Position

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

본 연구는 환자의 경추보호대 착용 여부에 따른 후두마스크기도기(LMA)와 I-gel, Streamlined Liner of the Pharynx Airway(SLIPA) 등 3가지 성문위기구의 삽관 용이성을 비교하기 위해 시행되었다. 응급의료현장에서 활동 중인 119 구급대원 39명에게 3가지 성문위기구에 대한 짧은 교육을 시행한 후 삽관시간과 삽관시도횟수를 측정하였다. 삽관시간은 중립위와 경추보호대 착용 시 모두 I-gel($10.5{\pm}2.2$, $11.4{\pm}5.7$), SLIPA($12.3 {\pm}5.1$, $12.0{\pm}6.8$), LMA($17.2{\pm}3.2$, $18.5{\pm}5.5$) 순으로 빨랐다 (p<0.05). 각 기도기별 중립위와 경추보호대 착용 시 삽관시간의 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 I-gel과 SLIPA가 LMA보다 중립위와 경추보호대 착용 시 모두에서 삽관시간이 더 빠른 결과를 보였다. Purpose of this study was to compare the easiness of insertion of three Supraglottic airway devices(SADs) in a neutral and cervical neck collar position in a manikin setting. Three different SADs-Laryngeal Mask Classic (LMA), I-gel and Streamlined Liner of the Pharynx Airway(SLIPA) were applied. Thirty nine emergency medical technicians (EMTs) who are working in Korea 119 rescue services were taught briefly about the use of the LMA, I-gel and SLIPA in a manikin setting. The time to effective ventilation was shorter in I-gel ($10.5{\pm}2.2$, $11.4{\pm}5.7$) and SLIPA ($12.3 {\pm}5.1$, $12.0{\pm}6.8$) than LMA ($17.2{\pm}3.2$, $18.5{\pm}5.5$) in a neutral and cervical neck collar position, respectively(p<0.05). There was no difference between head positions in each of the airways. In conclusion, in the speed of insertion, I-gel and SLIPA were superior to LMA in the neutral and cervical collar setting of a manikin.
Untangling methodological and scale considerations in growth and productivity trend estimates of Canada’s forests

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In view of the economic, social and ecological importance of Canada's forest ecosystems, there is a growing interest in studying the response of these ecosystems to climate change. Accurate knowledge regarding growth trajectories is needed for both policy makers and forest managers to ensure sustainability of the forest resource. However, results of previous analyses regarding the sign and magnitude of trends have often diverged. The main objective of this paper was to analyse the current state of scientific knowledge on growth and productivity trends in Canada's forests and provide some explanatory elements for contrasting observations. The three methods that are commonly used for assessments of tree growth and forest productivity (i.e. forest inventory data, tree-ring records, and satellite observations) have different underlying physiological assumptions and operate on different spatiotemporal scales, which complicates direct comparisons of trend values between studies. Within our systematic review of 44 peer-reviewed studies, half identified increasing trends for tree growth or forest productivity, while the other half showed negative trends. Biases and uncertainties associated with the three methods may explain some of the observed discrepancies. Given the complexity of interactions and feedbacks between ecosystem processes at different scales, researchers should consider the different approaches as complementary, rather than contradictory. Here, we propose the integration of these different approaches into a single framework that capitalizes on their respective advantages while limiting associated biases. Harmonization of sampling protocols and improvement of data processing and analyses would allow for more consistent trend estimations, thereby providing greater insight into climate-change related trends in forest growth and productivity. Similarly, a more open data-sharing culture should speed-up progress in this field of research.
Evolving science, technology and innovation policies in Belgium: a comparative study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Science, technology and innovation (STI) policies have gone through deep changes since the early 80’s. Multiple scholars have shown that there are new forms of links, or a renewed “contract” between science, as an institution, and the society: effects of neoliberalism, public controversies or technology assessment (TA) practices are some common features of this transformation. Innovation is pushed forward by policymakers as a crucial tool for economic growth and competitiveness of political entities. In other words, there is a new regime of STI governance. As a PhD student, I investigate the policies of science and innovation in Belgium. Since the regionalization of these competences in the 1980’s, the STI regimes have evolved separately in Flanders and Wallonia. The goal of my research is to depict and compare how constitutive elements of the regimes such as discourses, tools, institutions, networks, etc. have changed in the two Regions. Adopting a cognitive approach in policy analysis, I focus on the imaginaries or master narratives that shape programs and individuals at different policy levels. These levels range from the “micro” (individual interactions in the institutions) to the “macro” (the EU and OECD), the “meso” level being the core of the research question (regional programs and institutions). I seek to point out the local enactment of ideas such as “regional competitiveness”, “innovation-led growth”, “clustering” and its impact on STI regime. The research relies on document analysis, participant observation, and in depth semi-structured interviews designed as life stories of key STI informants.
Peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairment associated with a novel monoallelic HARS variant

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background A 49‐year‐old male presented with late‐onset demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar atrophy, and cognitive deficit. Nerve biopsy revealed intra‐axonal inclusions suggestive of polyglucosan bodies, raising the suspicion of adult polyglucosan bodies disease ( OMIM 263570). Methods and Results While known genes associated with polyglucosan bodies storage were negative, whole‐exome sequencing identified an unreported monoallelic variant, c.397G>T (p.Val133Phe), in the histidyl‐ tRNA synthetase ( HARS ) gene. While we did not identify mutations in genes known to be associated with polygucosan body disease, whole‐exome sequencing revealed an unreported monoallelic variant, c.397G>T in the histidyl‐ tRNA synthetase ( HARS ) gene, encoding a substitution (Val133Phe) in the catalytic domain. Expression of this variant in patient cells resulted in reduced aminoacylation activity in extracts obtained from dermal fibroblasts, without compromising overall protein synthesis. Interpretation Genetic variants in the genes coding for the different aminoacyl‐ tRNA synthases are associated with various clinical conditions. To date, a number of HARS variant have been associated with peripheral neuropathy, but not cognitive deficits. Further studies are needed to explore why HARS mutations confer a neuronal‐specific phenotype.
Excitation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Atmospheric Adjustment to Equatorial Heating

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We study the adjustment of the tropical atmosphere to localized surface heating using a Lagrangian atmospheric model (LAM) that simulates a realistic Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)—the dominant, eastward-propagating mode of tropical intraseasonal variability modulating atmospheric convection. Idealized warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies of different aspect ratios and magnitudes are imposed in the equatorial Indian Ocean during MJO-neutral conditions and then maintained for 15 days. The experiments then continue for several more months. Throughout these experiments, we observe a robust generation of an MJO event, evident in precipitation, velocity, temperature, and moisture fields, which becomes a key element of atmospheric adjustment along with the expected Kelvin and Rossby waves. The MJO circulation pattern gradually builds up during the first week, and then starts to propagate eastward at a speed of 5–7 m s −1 . The upper-level quadrupole circulation characteristic of the MJO becomes evident around day 14, with two anticyclonic gyres generated by the Gill-type response to convective heating and two cyclonic gyres forced by the excited Kelvin waves and extratropical Rossby wave trains. A moisture budget analysis shows that the eastward propagation of the MJO is controlled largely by the anomalous advection of moisture and by the residual between anomalous moisture accumulation due to converging winds and precipitation. The initial MJO event is followed by successive secondary events, maintaining the MJO for several more cycles. Thus, this study highlights the fundamental role that the MJO can play in the adjustment of the moist equatorial atmosphere to localized surface heating.
A Study on Flow Structure and Noise Generation in a Separated-and-Reattaching Flow in Multiblade Fan

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to investigate the sound generation from the flow field, the acoustic perturbation equation and the no-reflection boundary condition of the sound wave which is called Sommerfeld radiation condition are implemented in OpenFOAM, a set of computational fluid dynamics codes. Separated-reattaching flows between the blades of multi-blade fan model and the generated sound were calculated. Two types of blade models are used. One has a constant blade thickness, and is named original model. The other has a variable blade thickness, and is named filled model. The structure of the flow field contributing to the sound generation was extracted using the conditional average which refers to the calculated sound signal. As for the original model, it is difficult to extract the flow field contributing to sound generation because the space between the wings are filled with vortices. As for the filled model, it is suggested that sound is emitted at the moment when the coherent pressure fluctuation caused by the vortex exists near the reattachment point of the flow on the blade surface.
Coping with stress amongst males and females in professional occupations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study examines the impact of gender on the coping mechanisms employed to \nmanage work-related stress. \nThe aim of the investigation was to determine whether male and female \nprofessionals differ in terms of the coping mechanisms that they employ in \nmanaging work-related stress. In order to achieve this aim an assessment battery \ncontaining a Biographical Checklist, the Coping Checklist, the Hassles Scale and \nthe Daily Uplifts Scale was distributed to a sample of professional men and \nwomen. \nThe fmdings indicate that male and female professionals differ significantly in only \ntwo of the six coping mechanisms measured, namely social support and symptom \nmanagement; that men and women do not differ significantly in terms of coping \nrepertoire; and that women cope more effectively than their male counterparts with \nwork-related· stress.
[Development and features of infection in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and its influence on disease progression and prognosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute decompensation of chronic liver disease associating with multiple organ failures and high short- term mortality. Patients with ACLF are highly susceptible to infection due to the pathophysiology features including immune function disorder (overlap of excessive inflammatory reaction and immune dysfunction), gut bacterial overgrowth/dysbiosis and translocation of gut microbiota/products. Appropriate empirical antibiotics plays a pivotal role in the management of ACLF with infection.
Deconvolution of capacitive and diffusive charge/lithium storage in lyophilized NiCo2S4–NiCo2O4 composite for supercapattery and lithium-ion battery

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Freeze-dried (lyophilized) NiCo 2 S 4 –NiCo 2 O 4 composite as an electrode for supercapatteries and lithium-ion batteries.
Preparation procedures of proteins and RNA influence the total reconstitution of 5OS subunits from E.coli ribosomes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A two-step procedure has been described for the total reconstitution of 50S ribosomal subunit from E. coli. RNA and proteins are mixed with stoichiometry of 1:1.2 and incubated at 44 degrees C in 4.0 mM Mg2+ followed by a second incubation at 50 degrees C in 20 mM Mg2+ (Dohme and Nierhaus, J. Mol. Biol. 107, 585 (1976)). A modified method recently reported makes use of an altered preparation technique for the RNA and proteins and requires an RNA to protein stoichiometry of 1:2.5 and 7.5 mM Mg2+ in the first incubation (Amils et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 5, 2455 (1978)). The latter requirements are not compatible with the findings obtained with the first procedure. A comparison of the various RNA and protein fractions from the different groups revealed that the Mg2+ dependence of reconstitution is a function of the RNA preparation, whereas the stoichiometry depends upon the technique used for isolation of the protein fraction. The different RNA preparations were compared in the electron microscope.
Development of Drought-Resistant Microbial Inoculants for Arid Mining Areas and Their Promoting Effect on Soil Aggregate Formation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The dilemma of soil degradation and vegetation restoration caused by the deterioration of the ecological environment in arid mining areas urgently requires innovative restoration technologies. In this paper, the research and development path and application value of drought-resistant microbial agents were systematically analyzed, and a mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis system was constructed to enhance environmental adaptability based on the screening of stress-tolerant strains such as bacillus and actinomycetes and the optimization of liquid/solid-state fermentation processes. It was clarified that microorganisms promoted the formation of soil aggregates by secreting extracellular polymers to form cementation networks and synergizing with the physical consolidation of hyphae, which significantly improved the average weight diameter (MWD) and erosion resistance. In view of the constraints such as soil texture heterogeneity, bacterial interaction effect and application methods, a strategy to enhance the function of microbial agents was proposed: molecular markers assisted in the screening of extreme environment tolerant strains, the development of multi-strain synergistic composite microbial agents, the combination of organic amendments to accurately regulate the soil microenvironment, and the establishment of a microbial agent-plant synergistic remediation model. The research results provide a theoretical basis for breaking through the technical bottleneck of soil structure improvement and ecological function reconstruction in arid mining areas, and promote the development of microbial remediation technology in the direction of standardization and engineering.
Immunoglobulin ϰ-chains. Comparative sequences in selected stretches of Bence-Jones proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Three type K Bence-Jones proteins have been fully reduced and carboxymethylated with high-specific-activity iodo[(14)C]acetate. A tryptic digest and a chymotryptic digest of each protein were fractionated on a Sephadex column and the radioactive peptides were purified by paper electrophoresis. All the proteins studied had five unique carboxymethylated cysteine sequences. Three of these were identical with the exception of a single substitution, and two had some variations. The common peptides could be placed in the C-terminal half of the molecule. The variations around the other two half-cysteine residues provided information about the nature of the variability of the primary sequence of immunoglobulin kappa-chains. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the chains derive from a common ancestor by somatic mutation of a small number of genes or by gene doubling and selection in the course of evolution. The isolation of the N-terminal peptide in methionine-containing Bence-Jones proteins is also described.
Blood Profiles Indicate Muscle Damage In Underground Gold-Miners With Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: To compare biochemical and haematological characteristics of underground mine-workers with EAMC with a control group of non-cramping mine workers after a work shift. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive haematological and biochemical profiles of underground mine workers who presented with EAMC over 18 months in a South African gold mine (CRA group) was compared with a prospective control group of similar workers without EAMC from which data were collected before (CONPRE) and after (CONPOST) 8 hour shifts. Despite the large number of CRA participants, some data were non-parametric. Results were summarized using medians and percentiles where appropriate. For comparison of categorical variables, the Chi2 and Fisher-exact tests were used. 95% confidence intervals indicated significant differences between the medians of paired scale data sets. RESULTS: Significant differences between the CRA group and the CONpost group showed signs of dehydration (increased haematocrit and haemoglobin; p<0.001), inflammation (elevated total white cell count; p<0.001), elevated urea and creatinine (p<0.001), and lower fluid intake (p<0.001). Serum sodium and chloride levels were not significantly different between the CRA and CONpost groups. Muscle damage was indicated by elevated but similar (p=0.2) creatine kinase (CK) and in both the CRA and CONpost groups. The most important finding was significantly higher serum myoglobin in the CRA group compared to the CONpost group (median of 51ng/ml compared to 186.5 ng/ml; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: EAMC is associated with elevated inflammatory markers, dehydration and hemoconcentration, elevated creatinine and protein levels. If corrected for dehydration, reduced serum chloride and sodium levels may be shown. Significantly higher s-myoglobin levels in miners with EAMC compared to a control group indicate an association between muscle damage and EAMC. Further investigation into the pathogenesis of EAMC will be guided by these results.
Māori and freshwater: a comparative study of freshwater co-management agreements in New Zealand

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Water governance is a significant local, regional, and national challenge that echoes parallel concerns held around the world. New Zealand has a unique approach to reconciliation between colonised Indigenous Peoples and state control, which is often cited by other Indigenous societies as a model worth investigating. Over the past 20 years, Treaty settlements have been established that have seen the ownership of the beds of lakes and rivers returned to their rightful iwi. This has created the need for co-management agreements in order to meet the needs and challenges facing effective management between Indigenous people and local government. Representative, adaptive, exercising rangatiratanga and the inclusion of Indigenous knowledge are all elements essential to co-management regimes in New Zealand. This research aims to identify how local authorities are responding to and providing co-management avenues for Māori involvement in freshwater governance and establish how effective the various co-management regimes studied are at incorporating Māori involvement. A comparative analysis of three co-management regimes in New Zealand, Te Waihora, Te Arawa Lakes and the Waikato River expose the effectiveness of co-management agreements as well as providing measures that the agreements could implement in order to have more effective co-management.
ROLE OF HERBS, PAPAIN, MICROORGANISMS IN DIGESTION

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The treatment of Ayurveda is totally based on natural herbs and most importantly each herb has certain medicinal value or property. Various herbs have various effects on our body. Herbs work by supplying different nutrients to the body. Some herbs work as general tonic that cleanse, nourish and rebuild on a cellular level. Enzymes are extremely active components in the digestion systems of all animals. Papain is used as an enzyme which helps in digestion as well as it’s usually produced as a crude, dried material by collecting the latex from the fruit of the papaya tree. The latex is collected after scoring the neck of the fruit. A purification step is necessary to remove contaminating substances. This purification consists of the solubilization and extraction of the active papain enzyme system through a government-registered process. This purified papain may be supplied as powder or as liquid. Microorganisms are also present in the digestive systems of all animals. Their main role is to break various components down in order to facilitate absorption. These findings highlight the importance of various herbs and papain enzyme as well as different types of microorganisms in digestion.
Observations on Pre‐enrichment for Isolating Salmonellas from Sewage Polluted Natural Water Using Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth Prepared with Fresh and Desiccated Ox Bile

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Desiccated bile (Oxoid L50) was substituted for fresh bile obtained from the abattoir in Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth. Two versions of the enrichment medium were prepared, one with desiccated bile the other with fresh bile. The efficiency of these two media was compared using 25 ml quantities of sewage polluted natural water as inocula. Direct enrichment and preenrichment techniques were used. With direct enrichment the Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth prepared from fresh bile was more efficient for salmonella isolation. With the pre‐enrichment technique using preliminary culture of the water sample in buffered peptone water prior to enrichment, there was no significant difference between the efficiency of the two versions of tetrathionate. Comparison of direct enrichment with the pre‐enrichment method for isolating salmonellas from sewage polluted water clearly demonstrated the advantages of pre‐enrichment. This would certainly have a bearing on the quantitative estimation of salmonellas in polluted water and might increase the number of serotypes isolated from a sample divided into subsamples.