jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Indicators of Glucose Metabolism in Children and Adolescents Characterized as Having “Metabolically Healthy” and “Metabolically Unhealthy” Obesity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Objectives: Some individuals with obesity may exhibit fewer metabolic disturbances and face a lower long-term risk of complications. However, the existence of this so-called &quot;metabolically healthy obesity&quot; (MHO) compared to &quot;metabolically unhealthy obesity&quot; (MUO) remains a topic of debate. The aim of this study was to comparatively assess glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity markers between children and adolescents diagnosed with MHO and MUO. Methods: This study recruited prospectively 104 children and adolescents (aged 6–16 years, 47 boys) with obesity. All participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and a comparative analysis was performed on HOMA-IR, QUICKI, insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulinogenic index (IGI), disposition index (DI), and oral disposition index (oDI). Glucose metabolism indices were compared in subgroups according to pubertal status. Results: Forty-seven children (45.2%) were diagnosed with MHO. The whole-body ISI differed significantly between MHO and MUO groups (4.02 vs. 2.7,p&amp;lt;0.01). The IGI was statistically lower in the MHO group compared to MUO (1.26 vs. 1.54,p&amp;lt;0.01), while neither the DI nor the oDI differed significantly between the two groups. A significantly higher ISI (4.5 vs. 3.9,p&amp;lt;0.01) was observed in prepubertal MHO individuals compared to MHO adolescents. Conclusions: Nearly half of the children with obesity were classified as having MHO. However, insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism markers indicated that these children do not exhibit a much better glycemic control overall compared to their MUO peers, suggesting that MHO patients could be at increased risk of developing obesity-related complications compared to their normal-weight counterparts.
Emergence and dynamics of self-producing information niches as a step towards pre-evolutionary organization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As a step towards understanding pre-evolutionary organization in non-genetic systems, we develop a model to investigate the emergence and dynamics of proto-autopoietic networks in an interacting population of simple information processing entities (automata). Our simulations indicate that dynamically stable strongly connected networks of mutually producing communication channels emerge under specific environmental conditions. We refer to these distinct organizational steady states as information niches . In each case, we measure the information content by the Shannon entropy, and determine the fitness landscape, robustness and transition pathways for information niches subjected to intermittent environmental perturbations under non-evolutionary conditions. By determining the information required to generate each niche, we show that niche transitions are only allowed if accompanied by an equal or increased level of information production that arises internally or via environmental perturbations that serve as an exogenous source of population diversification. Overall, our simulations show how proto-autopoietic networks of basic information processors form and compete, and under what conditions they persist over time or go extinct. These findings may be relevant to understanding how inanimate systems such as chemically communicating protocells can initiate the transition to living matter prior to the onset of contemporary evolutionary and genetic mechanisms.
TET2 Favors Mesoderm and Hematopoietic Differentiation in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Abstract 2418 TET2 belongs to the TET family proteins that catalyze 5-methylcytosine (5mc) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmc) and plays an important role in normal and malignant adult hematopoiesis. The role of TET2 in human hematopoietic development remains unknown. Here we show that TET2 is expressed at low level in human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines and that its expression increases during hematopoietic differentiation in three different hES. TET2 knockdown does not modify hmc level and pluripotent properties of ES cells. However TET2 depletion by two different shRNA skewed differentiation into neuroectoderm at the expense of endoderm and mesoderm. This was associated with a decrease or an increase in promoter methylation of neuroectoderm and meso/endoderm genes, respectively during hES specification. Subsequently, we observed a decrease in hematopoietic progenitors (CD34+CD43+) and their cloning capacities due to a marked increase in apoptosis. Alteration of hematopoietic differentiation was coupled with a profound alteration in gene expression with up and down regulated genes including the abnormal expression of neuronal genes in hematopoietic cells. Thus our results suggest that TET2 regulates embryonic development by inhibiting neuroectoderm specification and enabling hematopoietic differentiation in hES cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Taurine transport by the flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) intestine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Taurine transport by the flounder gut was characterized in isolated strips of intestine mounted between Ringer's solutions. Taurine was transported into the cell, against its concentration gradient, by a sodiumdependent system present in both the mucosal and serosal membranes. This system appears to be specific for β‐amino acids and is regulated by cyclic nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP). Kinetic analyses indicated that under physiological conditions the magnitudes of the bidirectional taurine uptake rates would favor net absorption of taurine from lumen to blood.
Rancidity in Selected Sites of Frozen Catfish Fillets

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Gas chromatographic volatiles and TBA values for three external fillet sites (lateral line, visceral‐side and skin‐side) and the fillet interior were compared with sensory evaluations of baked fillets to determine rancidity development. A sampling technique was developed that allowed procurement of the various fillet site tissues from whole fillets after storage at ‐20°C for up to 6 mo. The lateral line had the most rancidity while internal tissues had the least. Instrumental examination of the lateral line proved effective for predicting sensory detection of rancidity. Correlation coefficients for lateral line total volatiles and TBA values with flavor were 0.98 and 0.95, respectively.
DNA, RNA and Immunohistochemical Characterization of the HER-2/neu Oncogene in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HER-2/neu overexpression appears to play a role in determining the malignant potential of some human cancers. To date, no urothelial malignancies appear to have been evaluated for HER-2/neu DNA amplification, mRNA expression and protein overproduction. By Southern hybridization we detected DNA amplification and a possible structural rearrangement of the HER-2/neu oncogene in one of 12 bladder tumors. A 14 kb DNA fragment in addition to the expected 12.5 Kb fragment was found. Additionally, the HER-2/neu oncogene was amplified sixfold in the tumor compared to placental DNA. Five of 14 (36%) bladder tumors overexpressed HER-2/neu mRNA three to 38-fold compared to normal urothelium. HER-2/neu overexpression occurred in superficial and invasive tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the one tumor with DNA amplification and the 14 tumors evaluated for mRNA expression. The tumor with DNA amplification and three of the five tumors with HER-2/neu mRNA overexpression stained positively for the p185HER-2/neu protein. These findings suggest that DNA amplification occurs infrequently in bladder cancer. Thirty-six percent of bladder cancers overexpress HER-2/neu mRNA. Immunohistochemical analysis with a p185HER-2/neu polyclonal antibody, on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue, was specific for HER-2/neu overexpression but not as sensitive as Northern analysis.
Using quality improvement science to reduce the risk of pressure ulcer occurrence – a case study in NHS Tayside

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Pressure ulcer prevention is core to nursing practice and as such is often overlooked as a safety risk. A multifaceted quality improvement initiative guided by both Felgen’s Model and the Model for Improvement delivered implemented in a systematic way led to significant improvements in the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers. Prevalence of all ulcers was reduced from 21% to 7% and to 3.1% when grade 1 ulcers are removed from analysis. Incidence (i.e. ulcers acquired in hospital) was reduced from 6.6% to 2.4% and 1.4% when grade 1 ulcers are removed from the analysis. Furthermore, improvements have been sustained for more than 2 years. This paper presents a case study of framework for change developed across a healthcare region NHS Tayside in Scotland.
Kinetic–spectrophotometric determination of diquat based on a charge-transfer complex with cysteine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reaction involving the formation of a charge-transfer complex between diquat and cysteine was studied. The initial rate of the reaction, measured as a change in absorbance at 495 nm during 60 s, was linearly related to diquat concentrations from 0.5 to 28.0 µg cm–3. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the determination of diquat in commercial herbicides, waters, soils and potatoes.
A Design of Experiments Strategy to Enhance the Recovery of Polyphenolic Compounds from Vitis vinifera By-Products through Heat Reflux Extraction

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of the present study was to establish the best experimental conditions that lead to the extracts richest in polyphenolic compounds obtained from pomace and canes of Vitis vinifera. In this regard, a D-Optimal design of experiments (DoE) method was applied to investigate the extraction process parameters from each of three materials: red pomace (RP), white pomace (WP) and canes (C). The input variables were the extraction temperature and the ethanol ratio and as response, the total polyphenols content (TPC) was determined. A design space was generated for each of the plant materials and the most concentrated polyphenol extracts were obtained using 50% ethanol at a temperature of 80 °C. Further, the phenolic profiles of the concentrated extracts were detected by LC/MS/MS and the results showed that WP extract was richer in polyphenolic compounds, both flavonoid and phenolic acids, followed by the RP and C extracts. The antioxidant assays revealed that WP and RP extracts exhibited a higher antioxidant activity which correlated to the high content of polyphenols. These findings revealed that RP, WP and C, currently considered agricultural wastes from winery, may be valorized as an important source of natural antioxidants.
Elucidation of phase I and phase II metabolic pathways of rhein: species differences and their potential relevance.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Because of previously observed species differences in rhein tolerability, with rabbits being very susceptible to kidney disturbances, in vivo and in vitro biotransformation studies were performed to find out whether the differences in the undesired effects of rhein are associated with qualitative, species-dependent differences in its metabolism. First hints on species-dependent biotransformation profiles were obtained from in vivo experiments with 14C-labeled rhein in rat, rabbit, dog, and man. TLC-analysis of urine samples obtained after oral administration of 14C-rhein to rabbits revealed an additional, hydrophilic metabolite fraction in rabbit urine as compared with dog and human urine, all of which contain phenolic monoglucuronide and monosulfate as major metabolites. An investigation of urine samples (obtained from dogs, rabbits, rats, and human volunteers after oral application of unlabeled rhein) was conducted by means of mass spectrometric tandem techniques including on-line HPLC-MS/MS. In vitro experiments with subcellular liver fractions of rats and rabbits revealed the presence of three monohydroxylated metabolites of rhein, their quinoid oxidation products, and a bishydroxylated derivative of rhein. The hydroxylated phase I metabolites were detected as glucuronides in urine samples of all investigated species, whereas the quinoid product was present only in rabbit urine. Moreover, two regioisomeric phenolic glucuronides and sulfates or glucosides of rhein were found as major phase II metabolites in urine of all species. Furthermore, acyl glucuronides of rhein and monohydroxylated rhein and their respective isomeric acyl migration products were identified in human urine. In rabbit urine we discovered different bisglucuronides (bisphenolic glucuronide, mixed ether/ ester glucuronides), whereas in rats only the bisether/ether glucuronide was present. In addition, the investigations of dog and human urine showed the formation of two regioisomeric phenolic glucosides. With respect to a potential reactivity with endogenous macromolecules the quinoid metabolites as well as the bisester/ether glucuronides appear most relevant.
Responses of different income groups to tax on sugar-sweetened beverages:a censored demand approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) taxes on consumption, bodyweight and tax burden for low-income, middle-income and high-income groups using an Almost Ideal Demand System and 2011 Household level scanner data. A significant contribution of our paper is that we compare two types of SSB taxes recently advocated by policy makers: A 20% flat rate sales (valoric) tax and a 20 cent/L volumetric tax. Censored demand is accounted for using a two-step procedure. We find that the volumetric tax would result in a greater per capita weight loss than the valoric tax (0.41 kg vs. 0.29 kg). The difference between the change in weight is substantial for the target group of heavy purchasers of SSBs in low-income households, with a weight reduction of up to 3.20 kg for the volumetric and 2.06 kg for the valoric tax. The average yearly per capita tax burden on low-income households is $17.87 (0.21% of income) compared with $15.17 for high-income households (0.07% of income) for the valoric tax, and $13.80 (0.15%) and $10.10 (0.04%) for the volumetric tax. Thus, the tax burden is lower, and weight reduction is higher under a volumetric tax.
Non‐invasive and Sensitive Fluorescence Detection of Phenylpyruvic Acid via a Guanidinomethyl‐modified Calixarene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Detection of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) is important for the diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU). In this study, we designed a guanidinomethyl‐modified calix[5]arene that can strongly and selectively bind with PPA. Via indicator displacement assay, we set up a calibration line for accurately determining PPA concentration down to the μM range in artificial urine based on the linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and PPA concentration. This work provides a low‐cost, easy‐to‐operate, rapid, and sensitive method for PPA detection, and may offer an alternative for PKU diagnosis in clinical study.
Dire l’autre et l’ailleurs ? Récit, guerre et pouvoir dans l’Anabase de Xénophon

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Tales of the Other, tales of Elsewhere? Narrative, war and power in Xenophon’s Anabasis. All through Anabasis, Other (meaning Persians and other Barbarians) and Elsewhere (Asia and Thrace) are omnipresent. The approach to worlds unknown to the Greek mercenaries recruited by Cyrus is subordinated to the advance of the army and its needs. The Greek adapt their fighting methods and their command structure to those of the people they encounter. War and power are the heart of the narrative and of Xenophon’s thoughts on authority as a constant between self and Other. The arrival in the cities of Pontus marks a turning point in the situation. Other could be Self, the Greek mercenary considered as an intruder, including in Byzantium then in the hands of the Spartans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Diseases, Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is Gram negative bacteria that can adapt to extreme environmental conditions and withstand to different antibacterial agents. It si responsible for arrays of infections both community and hospital acquired especially ICU infections. Respiratory tract infection, blood stream infection, wound infection, burn infection, and urinary tract infections ware top five P. aeruginosa infections. Additionally as an opportunistic bacteria, it may be associated with healthcare infections in intensive care units (ICUs), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated blood stream infections, surgical site infections, otitis media, and keratitis. P. aeruginosa can form biofilms as self-produced extracellular matrix to protects the cells from antibiotics and the host immune response. Antibiotic resistance was an prominent feature of this pathogen and can donate it one of the three resistance patterns: Multidrug (MDR), extensive drug (XDR) and pan drug resistance. It exploit many resistance mechanisms ranged from overexpression of drug efflux systems protein, modifying enzyme production, reducing the permeability and using shelters like biofilms.
The Collaboration between Keynes and Robertson during the Second World War: A Perspective from the National Archives

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The relationship between John Maynard Keynes and Dennis Robertson has been widely examined in the literature,1 and three periods are com¬monly distinguished: intensive scientific partnership in the 1920s, a drift apart following the publication of the Treatise on Money and widening dur¬ing work on the General Theory, and finally renewed collaboration during the Second World War.2KeywordsTrade PolicyNational IncomeEconomic JournalNational ArchiveEconomy CampaignThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
MDA Development in Manufacturing Execution System by UML and Supplementary Document

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose evaluation and verification about the MDA development by UML which aims at the improvement in productivity and maintainability of MES. We consider why MDA (Model Driven Architecture) is not widely spread in the development of MES (Manufacturing Execution System) and propose a method to overcome the problem which prevents the developers of MES from adopting MDA. The method makes it possible to apply the MDA development with UML (Unified Modeling Language) to the development of MES by introducing additional documents to supplement. We evaluated the proposed method by using the prototype system which was developed with a UML modeling tool and Excel macros. The application of the system to a practical example showed that the proposed method required about half number of documents and software development workers of the conventional one. It is expected that the MDA development of MES with UML and the proposed supplemental documents encourage the reuse of the documents and the productivity and the maintainability are remarkably improved.
Intention to use immediate-postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives and associated factors among pregnant women in third-trimester at Arba Minch town, South-Ethiopia, 2024; Using Theory of Planned Behaviour

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Ethiopia has made significant strides in reducing unintended pregnancies and empowering individuals to manage their family size through the national reproductive health strategy. This strategy has decentralized services to provide a comprehensive range of family planning options, ensuring quality. However, the intention to use and actual utilisation of immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives is still low, contributing the least to the contraceptive mix. Hence this study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with the intention to use immediate-postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives among third-trimester pregnant women in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 6 July to 2 August 2024. A total of 373 third-trimester pregnant women were includedin the study using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire developed based on a qualitative elicitation study. And analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27. Multiple linear regression was employed, variables with a p-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The strength of the associations was estimated using beta coefficient and their 95% confidence interval. Result: The prevalence of the intention was found to be 35.6%. Direct attitude (β=0.286, p=0.012), direct subjective norm (β=0.182, p<0.001), direct perceived behavioural control (β=0.504, p<0.001), history of long-acting reversible contraceptive use (β=-1.765, p=0.029) and age of women (β=0.098, p=0.019) were significantly associated factors. Conclusion: Local health authorities should prioritise addressing beliefs behind the constructs through targeted social and behavioural change communication campaigns and capacity building of healthcare professionals to improve intention to use of these contraceptives. Non governmental organisations working in maternal and child health are encouraged todevelop culturally applicable educational materials targeting the beliefs identified and advocate benefits of using these methods.
The impact of litigation risk on the association between audit quality and auditor size: Evidence from China

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract We examine whether audit quality varies across different sizes of CPA firms under high or low auditor‐specific litigation risk exposure. We measure audit quality by the issuance of modified audit opinions and the audit fees charged to clients, and we use the organizational form of CPA firms as the proxy for auditors’ litigation risk exposure, where a partnership (limited liability) CPA firm represents a high (low) litigation risk exposure. Built on Choi, Kim, Liu, and Simunic's (2008) theoretical framework, we hypothesize that the litigation risk exposure of CPA firm moderates the association between auditor size and audit quality. Our results show that when the auditor's liability is capped (i.e., registered as a limited liability form of CPA firm), larger size CPA firms are associated with higher audit quality when compared to smaller size CPA firms. However, this positive association between auditor size and audit quality disappears for audit firms that are subject to high litigation risk exposures (i.e., registered as a partnership form of CPA firm). Our research provides new insights on the impact of auditor‐specific litigation risks on the relation between audit quality and auditor size. In particular, we show that only when auditor‐specific litigation risk is limited, do large CPA firms appear to perform higher quality audits than small CPA firms.