jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Behavioural differences of horned and disbudded dairy cows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Die Enthornung von Rindern hat in den letzten Jahren vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Dabei steht häufig die Frage nach den unmittelbaren Folgen des Enthornens im Mittelpunkt. Es ist gut belegt, dass Enthornen bei Kälbern Schmerzen und Verhaltensänderungen verursacht. Mögliche Langzeiteffekte bei adulten Tieren wurden bisher aber nur ansatzweise betrachtet und daher untersuchte die vorliegende explorative Studie das Verhalten von behornten und enthornten Milchkühen in verschiedenen Situationen.Je 10 behornte (H+) und enthornte (H-) Swiss Braunvieh-Milchkühe wurden Test-Situationen unterzogen, die Isolation (2x beobachtet: (i) Arena-Test + Annäherungstest, (ii) Respirationskammer) und Fixierung ((i) Kopffixierung (2x beobachtet), (ii) physische Fixierung in einer Waage, (iii) Anlegen eines Gurts zur Messung von Herzfrequenzen) beinhaltete. Weiters wurde die Aktivität der Tiere in einer neuen Umgebung mittels Accelerometer gemessen.Es wurden situationsabhängige Unterschiede zwischen H- und H+ Tieren beobachtet. Das Verhalten in Isolation zeigte Gruppenunterschiede, welche insgesamt jedoch kein klares Muster ergaben. Bei Fixierung in der Waage zeigten H+ Tiere tendenziell größere Unruhe, indem sie mehr auf der Stelle traten und ihren Rücken mehr krümmten. H+ Tiere zeigten bei Kopffixierung mehr Ziehen am Strick und Schwanzbewegungen und waren bei wiederholter Testung konsistenter hinsichtlich Vokalisationen und Schwanzbewegungen. H-Tiere waren dagegen im Arena-Test konsistenter (Anzahl Zonenwechsel).Die Daten ergaben keine klare Unterscheidung zwischen be- und als Kalb enthornten Kühen. Ein besseres Verständnis der Bedeutung von Hörnern oder von Langzeiteffekten des Enthornens sollte durch weitere Untersuchungen erzielt werden, die auch die Limitierungen dieser Studie hinsichtlich Stichprobengröße und fehlender Information über die Zeitbudgets der Tiere berücksichtigen.
Mutual impact of reservoir sands and acidic liquid radioactive waste

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The work is devoted to the study of the behavior of long-lived alpha-emitting radionuclides (Pu, Am, U, Np) under the conditions of injection of acidic liquid radioactive waste into a sandy rock reservoir bed. Different mineral phases of initial reservoir sands, secondary minerals formed when interacting with waste solutions, as well as phases precipitating from the waste solution are considered in terms of their retention properties towards to actinides.
The efficiency of public and publicly subsidized high schools in Spain: Evidence from PISA-2006

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to compare the efficiency of Spanish public and publicly-subsidized private high schools by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), employing the results provided by a hierarchical linear model (HLM) applied to PISA-2006 (Programme for International Students Assessment) microdata. The study places special emphasis on the estimation of the determinants of school outcomes, the educational production function being estimated through an HLM that takes into account the nested nature of PISA data. Inefficiencies are then measured through DEA and decomposed into two types: managerial (related to individual performance), and program (related to structural differences between management models), following the approach adopted by Silva Portela & Thanassoulis (2001). Once differences in students’ background, school resources and individual management inefficiencies are removed, the results reveal that Spanish public high schools are more efficient than their publicly-subsidized private equivalents.
Experimental analysis of instability and self-oscillations in an electrohydraulic servo drive

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The tendency to self-oscillations is one of the most important problems of closed-loop hydraulic systems. In actual systems losses occur, variation of the transmitted energy and the strength of the system structural elements are always limited. This is the reason why self-oscillations are most often present. The main purpose of the research is to reveal the mechanisms of instability and self-oscillations in an electro-hydraulic servo drive to make a numerical simulation of the drive characteristics. A servo drive has all the conditions for the generation of self-oscillations: the oscillatory element – the movable member of the drive and a column of elastic liquid, the source of energy. Regular oscillations in a drive are maintained due to the energy of compressed liquid, feedback, non-linear character of generated and absorbed energy etc. An experimental analysis of a servo system of the FESTO training simulator was carried out. The aim of the research was to accumulate materials for the development of mathematical models that would adequately represent the main properties of actual systems.
Fish Viruses: A Double-Stranded RNA Icosahedral Virus from a North American Cyprinid

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A previously unreported virus disease of cultured golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) is described. The condition is called golden shiner virus (GSV) disease. The virus is icosahedral, measures approximately 70 nm, is ether and heat resistant, stable at pH 3, 7, and 10, and appears to have a double stranded RNA core. It was not neutralized by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus specific antiserum. GSV causes syncytial like cytopathic effect in fathead minnow cells but not brown bullhead, rainbow trout gonad (RTG-2) or channel catfish ovary cells. Severe mortalities in golden shiner culture ponds do not appear to be associated with GSV infections. Key words: fish viruses, RNA virus, fish pathology, fish cell cultures, Cyprinidae, golden shiner
Plans and Considerations for the Exploration of Space

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Mars Settlement Design Competition is a program for high school students and teachers to experience the process of mission and hardware design. It provides a top level view into how NASA plans to explore space. I will be involved with all three days of this competition. On Friday I plan to give two presentations, one to the employees of White Sands Test Facility and one to students and teachers. On Saturday, I will have a question and answer session with some of the teachers participating in the workshop. Sunday I will serve as one of the judges that will review the students projects created over the weekend. The main emphasis of my talk will focus on exploring the possibilities of the future of space exploration. I will discuss the Mars Reference Mission 3.0, as well as some of the current robotic missions being sent to Mars. Next, I will present a business model perfected by Hum Mandell, showing how the public, private, and commercial sectors all play a major role in sending humans to Mars. I will also discuss the work of the Integrated Design Team at JSC and how that working together approach is key for a successful design. Finally, I will present that the question of how humans can reach out beyond low earth orbit and place permanent settlements on Mars is really a function of the imagination of those who intend on going there.
Pre-season fire management planning: the use of Potential Operational Delineations to prepare for wildland fire events

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

US fire scientists are developing Potential Wildfire Operational Delineations, also known as ‘PODs’, as a pre-fire season planning tool to promote safe and effective wildland fire response, strengthen risk management approaches in fire management and better align fire management objectives. PODs are a collaborative planning approach based on spatial analytics to identify potential wildfire control lines and assess the desirability of fire before ignition. They offer the opportunity to apply risk management principles with partners before the compressed timeframe of incident response. We sought to understand the potential utility of PODs and factors that may affect their use through semistructured interviews with personnel on several national forests. Interviewees said PODs offer a promising shift in the wildland fire management dynamic, particularly by facilitating proactive communication and coordination about wildfire response. Successfully employing PODs will require leadership commitment, stakeholder and partner engagement and interdisciplinary staff involvement. Our work offers insights for national forests and other jurisdictions where managers are looking to strengthen coordination and strategic approaches for wildland fire response by utilising pre-season collaboration and data analytics.
The <i>Bengwenyama</i> Trilogy: Constitutional Rights and the Fight for Prospecting in Community Land

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although developments subsequent to the judgment have undermined the value of the decision for the community involved, the Constitutional Court's judgment in the Bengwenyama matter provides a welcome precedent on the provisions of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 that deal with the existence of an internal appeal, the nature of consultation with interested and affected parties, the role of environmental considerations in the granting of prospecting rights, and the procedural obligations of the DMR in relation to the community preferent right to prospect or mine. However, its deliberations on the duty to consult and particularly the procedural implications of the community preferent right to prospect do not go far enough into the dynamics underlying the implementation of the law, or tackle the problematic linkages between the MPRDA, the law relating to communal land tenure, and the processing of land claims.KEYWORDS: Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act; Bengwenyama; mining and communities; preferential prospecting right
The Cambridge Companion to Sensation Fiction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Introduction Andrew Mangham 1. Sensation in the 1850s Anne-Marie Beller 2. Sensation fiction and the gothic Laurence Talairach-Vielmas 3. Illustrating the sensation novel Mary Elizabeth Leighton and Lisa Surridge 4. Sensation fiction on stage Andrew Maunder 5. Queering the sensation novel Richard Nemesvari 6. The contemporary response to sensation fiction Janice M. Allan 7. Sensation, class and the rising professionals Mariaconcetta Constantini 8. Sensation fiction, empire and the Indian Mutiny Saverio Tomaiuolo 9. Sensation fiction, gender and identity Tara MacDonald 10. Sensation fiction, spiritualism and the supernatural Tatiana Kontou 11. Science and sensation Lillian Nayder 12. Sensation fiction and the publishing industry Graham Law 13. Sensation fiction and the medical context Pamela K. Gilbert 14. Sensation fiction and the New Woman Greta Depledge 15. The sensation legacy Lyn Pykett.
Dimension inequalities on the range of a multilinear function with vector space range

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The following inequalities are given for the image of a multilinear function f with Im(f) a vector space. If V1 ,…V k i,W are finite dimensional vector spaces of V 1×⋯×Vk →W is k-linear and Im(f)=W then dim W⩽ dim V:k +⋯+dim Vk − K+1. Examples are given to show this is the best possible over an algebraically closed field even when f is symmetric. If V, W are finite dimensional over a field of characteristic zero and k-linear, skew-symmetricn=dim V, and Im(f)=W then it is shown that dim W⩽ k( n= k)+1.
A Recurrent Neural Network for Warpage Prediction in Injection Molding

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Injection molding is classified as one of the most flexible and economical manufacturing processes with high volumeof plastic molded parts. Causes of variations in the process are related to the vast number of factors acting during aregular production run, which directly impacts the quality of final products. A common quality trouble in finishedproducts is the presence of warpage. Thus, this study aimed to design a system based on recurrent neural networksto predict warpage defects in products manufactured through injection molding. Five process parameters areemployed for being considered to be critical and have a great impact on the warpage of plastic components. Thisstudy used the finite element analysis software Moldflow to simulate the injection molding process to collect data inorder to train and test the recurrent neural network. Recurrent neural networks were used to understand the dynamicsof the process and due to their memorization ability, warpage values might be predicted accurately. Results show thedesigned network works well in prediction tasks, overcoming those predictions generated by feedforward neuralnetworks.
Mapping Customer-Supplier Relationships

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper proposes that organizational performance improvement could be achieved through improving the relationship between suppliers and customers. Accordingly, the paper proposes that performance could be improved by properly managing differences (gaps) that are usually found between customers expectations and of suppliers perception with respect to services delivered. The paper also proposes that gaps in the relationship between customers and suppliers could be analyzed using mapping techniques. The paper points to the possibility of finding perception gaps and expectation gaps in the interrelated value attributes of goods and/or services; namely quality, cost and time of delivery of goods or services to customers. In addition, the paper suggests that those gaps may impact on the performance from the perspectives of quality, cost and speed of delivery of the service. It is envisaged that this research could assist management in controlling cost and avoid wastage and improve organizational performance.
Design and development of a contoured ossicular replacement prosthesis: clinical trials of 125 cases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A columellar ossicular replacement prosthesis has been developed to simplify ossiculoplasties. The hydroxylapatite head has flattened egg-shaped contours set on a teflon shaft. One hundred and twenty-five prostheses have been implanted and the results of eighty-two cases between five and eighteen months' maturity are presented. Sixty-six percent of good risk partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) cases achieved air-bone closure within ten decibels and eighty-five percent within twenty decibels. Of all total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) and PORP cases, 51.5 percent closed to within ten decibels and 69.5 percent to within twenty decibels. The design has simplified the preparation and implantation techniques and the prosthesis can be used in most ossiculoplasty situations. A malleus handle is not required and interposition of cartilage is unnecessary. The simplicity of the prosthesis should provide particular benefits for the occasional or trainee otologist.
Molecular Typing, Antibiotic Resistance and Enterotoxin Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Humans in South Korea

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has become a grave concern worldwide. In this study, 95 strains of S. aureus isolated from stool samples were collected from Busan, South Korea to characterize their antimicrobial susceptibility, enterotoxin genes, and molecular typing using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. Only two strains showed no drug resistance, whereas resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 87.4% of strains. Ampicillin resistance was the most common at 90% and all strains were susceptible to vancomycin. The distribution of enterotoxin genes encoded in isolates was sea (32.6%), sec (11.6%), seg (19%), sea & sec (2.1%), and sec & seg (34.7%). Molecular typing using both MALDI-TOF MS and RAPD indicated that S. aureus exhibited diverse clonal lineages and no correlations were observed among the profiling of enterotoxin, MALDI-TOF MS, and RAPD. This investigation provides useful information on foodborne pathogenic S. aureus that has a significant public health impact in South Korea.
Pneumomediastinum in a Yorkshire – a case report

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The pneumomediastinum is a rare disease in the veterinary medical routine and is defined as the presence of free air in the mediastinum. It can occur spontaneously or due to trauma. The disease tends to be benign, but it is extremely important to identify its primary cause by means of physical examination and imaging tests. In this study, a Yorkshire-bred male was referred to the medical clinic with subcutaneous emphysema in the chest and neck areas. Since there were no obvious signs of clinical pain or dyspnea, a thoracic radiography was performed, in which the pneumomediastinum was identified. After conservative treatment, the patient returned for new radiographic control and medical discharge. Due to the rare and self-limiting nature of this condition, careful assessment is needed to prevent possible complications, which can vary according to the etiology or triggering factor.
Studies on Thermal Elastic-Plastic Problems (1st Report)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Many papers concerning with thermal stress problems have been published. Recently, the finite element method having widely been developed, the application of the method to thermal stress problems seems to be practical. However, there are some difficulties in welding thermal stress problems due to the fact that temperature dependence of material properties must be taken into consideration as the material is subjected to high temperature.In this paper, special regards are paid to the fact that Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion in elastic region and yield stress in plastic region are temperature dependent. And a general method to solve the thermal elastic-plastic problems is shown by using the incremental technique. In elastic range, stress-strain relation in which temperature dependence of material properties is considerd, can be obtained by taking derivative of the generalized Hooke's law with respect to time. In plastic range, stress-strain relation in which temperature dependence of yield stress is taken into consideration, can also be obtained and the relation coincides with the so-called Dp matrix shown by Prof. Yamada.As numerical examples, some typical thermal elastic-plastic problems are solved by the above-mentioned method and the results obtained are quite satisfactory.
Supplementary Data from Genetic Aberrations in the CDK4 Pathway Are Associated with Innate Resistance to PD-1 Blockade in Chinese Patients with Non-Cutaneous Melanoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Data Supplementary Table S1.Clinical pathological parameters of enrolled patients Supplementary Table S2. The sample information of QuantiGenePlex RNA assay Supplementary Table S3. Correlation of CDK4 pathway aberrations withPD-L1 protein expression in melanoma patients.</p>
The effect of drought on the root growth of winter wheat and on its water uptake from a deep loam

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract. Avalon winter wheat was grown on deep silty clay loam soil (Hook series) under a fixed shelter at Rothamsted with either full drought or irrigation from the end of March to July, 1982. During this time the irrigated crop used 295 mm of irrigation water plus 45 mm of stored soil water, while the droughted crop extracted 223 mm of water from the soil. The roots penetrated to at least 1.8m and water was extracted from 2 m depth. Even with a fully developed root system the crops could transpire at the full rate of atmospheric demand only when the near‐surface soil was well supplied with water. However, the draughted crop extracted enough water from the loamy sub‐soil to maintain a reduced transpiration flow for a further nine weeks after the near‐surface water was depleted. Thus crop growth was maintained with a loss at final harvest of only 10% in total dry weight and even less in grain yield. A summary of other results confirm that yield losses due to drought have been reported only for light soils, except in the exceptional year of 1976, and that drought is not normally an important factor affecting yields of winter wheat in the UK.
Elachista stichospora Meyrick

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Elachista stichospora Meyrick (Figs. 4, 13–16) Elachista stichospora Meyrick, 1932: 217 Material examined: ɗ, labelled: rounded white label with red margin “Holo- | type ”; white rectangle “Khasi Hills, | Assam. |.5.1907; Elachista | stichospora | 1/1 Meyrick | E. Meyrick det. | in Meyrick Coll.; stichospora Meyr.; B. M. ɗ | Genitalia slide | No. 29580”. In BMNH. Male. Forewing length 3.5 mm; wingspan 7.6 mm. Head: Vertex and neck tuft weakly mottled due to brown tips of greyish scales; frons whitish; labial palpus whitish above, fuscous below; flagellum dark brown, weakly ringed in distal part. Thorax: Forewing greyish brown, mottled by dark brown tipped scales; basal part of wing slightly lighter. Dark brown scales formed two elongate spots: in the middle of the wing at fold and another similar spot at 2/3 of the wing. Fringe scales brown; fringe line blackish brown. Hindwing dark brown, nearly concolourous with forewing. Female. Unknown. Male genitalia (Figs. 13–16). Uncus lobes narrow, curved, basally bulbous, narrowed towards tip; ventral surface covered with setae which are in basal part long and thin, in median area short and broad. Basal arms of gnathos reinforced, spinose knob large and oval. Valva rather wide; sacculus basally expanded, medially convex, distally with rather short spine. Digitate process long and narrow, distally dilated and covered with few thin setae. Median margin of juxta lobes strongly sclerotized, weakly S-shaped; lobes rounded, with short setae. Vinculum large, produced into long parallel-sided and blunt-tipped saccus. Aedeagus long and slender, conspicuously longer than valva, gently bent at basal and apical 1/6; a small triangular tooth at apex; basal part broadened, with prominent dorsal lobe of caecum; vesica with an arrow-shaped cornutus. Distribution. India (Fig. 4). Biology. Holotype was captured in May; no other information available. Diagnosis. E. stichospora differs from all other known species in the E. freyerella species-group by a combination of several characters: gnathos large, sacculus with a small distal spine, a single cornutus, and apex of the aedeagus with a lateral tooth.
Standardized Photoelectric Technique as Routine Method for Selection of Amputation Level

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During a period of 11 months 45 amputations, 31 below-knee and 14 above-knee, were performed in 42 patients with gangrene of the lower extremity. A newly introduced standardized photoelectric technique for measurement of local skin perfusion pressure (SPP) was used preoperatively and the result used in selection of the proper amputation level. An overall healing rate of 89 per cent was found. 69 per cent of the amputations were performed below-knee. The healing rates for individual SPP-levels were identical to those obtained with the cumbersome isotope washout technique. The standardized photoelectric technique is simple, rapid and causes the patient only negligible discomfort, allowing repeated measurements on different levels of the leg.