jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vibration analysis of fluid-conveying multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite shells with respect to agglomeration of nanofillers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The vibration problem of a fluid conveying cylindrical shell consisted of newly developed multi-scale hybrid nanocomposites is solved in the present manuscript within the framework of an analytical solution. The consistent material is considered to be made from an initial matrix strengthened via both macro- and nano-scale reinforcements. The influence of nanofillers’ agglomeration, generated due to the high surface to volume ratio in nanostructures, is included by implementing Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme. Afterwards, the equivalent material properties of the carbon nanotube reinforced (CNTR) nanocomposite are coupled with those of CFs within the framework of a modified rule of mixture. On the other hand, the influences of viscous flow are covered by extending the Navier-Stokes equation for cylinders. A cylindrical coordinate system is chosen and mixed with the infinitesimal strains of first-order shear deformation theory of shells to obtain the motion equations on the basis of the dynamic form of principle of virtual work. Next, the achieved governing equations will be solved by Galerkin’s method to reach the natural frequency of the structure for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. Presenting a set of illustrations, effects of each parameter on the dimensionless frequency of nanocomposite shells will be shown graphically.
Was the nineteenth-century Denbighshire coalfield a worthwhile investment? An analysis of the investors and their returns

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As the nineteenth century progressed, more capital was needed to finance industry and businessmen found that they were increasingly unable to raise the funds required from a small pool of family, friends and acquaintances. The introduction of limited liability in 1855 provided a solution to this problem and share ownership became increasingly widespread. The purpose of this article is to analyse the shareholders of Denbighshire coal companies in terms of their occupation, geographical location and motives for ownership, and also to examine whether their shareholdings gave them a reasonable return on investment.
Paying for the view? How nursing home prices affect certified staffing ratios

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Many countries limit public and private reimbursement for nursing care costs for social or financial reasons. Still, quality varies across nursing homes. We explore the causal link between case‐mix adjusted nurse staffing ratios as an indicator of care quality and different price components in Swiss nursing homes. The Swiss reimbursement system limits and subsidizes the care price at the cantonal level, which implicitly limits staffing ratios, while the residents cover the nursing home‐specific lodging price privately. To estimate causal effects, we exploit (i) the exogeneity of the Swiss care price regulation, (ii) nursing‐home fixed effects estimations and (iii) instrumental variables for the lodging price. Our estimates show a positive impact of prices on certified staffing ratios. We find that a 10% increase in care prices increases certified staffing ratios by 3–4%. A comparable 10% increase in lodging prices raises certified staffing ratios by 1.5–10% (depending on the model). Our findings highlight that price limits for nursing care impose a limit on staffing ratios. Furthermore, our results indicate that providers circumvent price limits by increasing lodging prices that are privately covered. Thus, this cost shifting implicitly shifts the financial burden to the residents.
Report: Hospital waste management — awareness and practices: a study of three states in India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh in India. Hospitals/nursing homes and private medical practitioners in urban as well as rural areas and those from the private as well as the government sector were covered. Information on (a) awareness of bio-medical waste management rules, (b) training undertaken and (c) practices with respect to segregation, use of colour coding, sharps management, access to common waste management facilities and disposal was collected. Awareness of Bio-medical Waste Management Rules was better among hospital staff in comparison with private medical practitioners and awareness was marginally higher among those in urban areas in comparison with those in rural areas. Training gained momentum only after the dead-line for compliance was over. Segregation and use of colour codes revealed gaps, which need correction. About 70% of the healthcare facilities used a needle cutter/destroyer for sharps management. Access to Common Waste Management facilities was low at about 35%. Dumping biomedical waste on the roads outside the hospital is still prevalent and access to Common Waste facilities is still limited. Surveillance, monitoring and penal machinery was found to be deficient and these require strengthening to improve compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules and to safeguard the health of employees, patients and communities.
Olfactory Habituation in Fasted Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Sensory perception is tightly modulated by the individual’s internal states. In particular, it has been shown that olfactory processes are constantly influenced by metabolic signals reflecting the energy status of the body. Thus, it is important to implement novel approaches to evaluate the impact of body energy changes on olfactory performance. Here, we describe a behavioral protocol to accurately evaluate olfactory habituation in fasted mice (Soria-Gomez et al., 2014) using basic equipment that mice are familiar with. Briefly, the mouse is placed in a test cage where it is presented first, an odorless solvent (the control), then an odor A (twice) and finally an odor B. This test relies on the fact that animals present an attenuation of the behavioral response after several presentations of the same olfactory stimulus.
What does professionalization mean? Developing a conceptual framework of professionalization in sports federations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Professionalization seems to be an appropriate strategy for sports organizations to meet organizational pressure due to challenges of a more complex and dynamic changing environment (e.g. Shilbury & Ferkins, 2011). However, despite the increasing number of studies attempting to disclose professionalization in sports organizations, it still remains unclear, what the term professionalization actually mean, and which aspects a suitable concept of professionalization for studying the phenomena should consist in (Dowling et al., 2014). To bridge this gap, we firstly display scholars’ perspective of professionalization in sports organizations in order to explore the common ground as well as divergences in previous approaches. We will then consider practical views of Swiss experts to gain valuable insight, as pointed out by Slack (2014), into current thinking and acting towards professionalization in sports federations in Switzerland. In semi-structured interviews, we asked six experts, who accompany the professionalization processes of Swiss national sports federations, about their subjective understanding of professionalization, and its characteristics. The interviews were analyzed applying hermeneutic approach to systematically reconstruct the observed characteristics of professionalization resulting in three main topics: (1) changed management philosophy, (2) specialization and functional differentiation, and (3) management tools. Based on the literature review as well as insights from the Swiss experts, we will provide a synthesis of crucial aspects for developing a conceptual framework of professionalization that can be useful for further studies.
References
Dowling, M., Edwards, J., & Washington, M. (2014). Understanding the concept of professionalisation in sport management research. Sport Management Review, 17, 520-529.
Shilbury, D., & Ferkins, L. (2011). Professionalisation, sport governance and strategic capability. Managing Leisure, 16, 108-127.
Slack, T. (2014). The social and commercial impact of sport, the role of sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14, 454–463.
[Ventricular arrhythmias in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Continuous electrocardiographic study].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ventricular arrhythmias are thought to be responsible for the high incidence of sudden death among patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOC). 24-h ECG recording was applied to 27 HOC patients before any treatment and repeated under beta-blockade with propranolol in doses not lower than 320 mg/day (mean dose : 354 mg/day). ECG tracings showed that 26/27 patients (96%) had ventricular arrhythmia; the arrhythmia was repetitive in 15 patients (55%), 3 of whom (11%) had bouts of ventricular tachycardia. These figures are very different from those found in normal subjects, i.e. : 40-50% ventricular arrhythmia and less than 5% repetitive arrhythmia. The most severe forms of ventricular arrhythmia (categories IVA and IVB in the Ryan, Lown and Horn classification) were exclusively seen in patients who had one or several syncopes. Statistically, the only positive correlations of arrhythmias were with age and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure on the one hand, and age and left ventricular systolic pressure gradient on the other hand. Propranolol had no effect on arrhythmia, which seems to contradict studies suggesting that high doses of propranolol play a substantial role in the prevention of sudden death among patients with HOC. Beta-blockers might act by preventing the transformation of arrhythmia into ventricular fibrillation.
Cortical oscillations implement a backbone for sampling-based computation in spiking neural networks

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Being permanently confronted with an uncertain world, brains have faced evolutionary pressure to represent this uncertainty in order to respond appropriately. Often, this requires visiting multiple interpretations of the available information or multiple solutions to an encountered problem. This gives rise to the so-called mixing problem: since all of these "valid" states represent powerful attractors, but between themselves can be very dissimilar, switching between such states can be difficult. We propose that cortical oscillations can be effectively used to overcome this challenge. By acting as an effective temperature, background spiking activity modulates exploration. Rhythmic changes induced by cortical oscillations can then be interpreted as a form of simulated tempering. We provide a rigorous mathematical discussion of this link and study some of its phenomenological implications in computer simulations. This identifies a new computational role of cortical oscillations and connects them to various phenomena in the brain, such as sampling-based probabilistic inference, memory replay, multisensory cue combination, and place cell flickering.
Managers’ transactions

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter covers Article 19 of the Market Abuse Regulation (MAR). This Article provides for the public disclosure of certain transactions entered into by persons discharging managerial responsibilities within an issuer or closely associated persons with them. It requires that persons discharging managerial responsibilities within an issuer and closely associated persons notify the issuer and the national competent authority of every transaction conducted on their own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of that issuer. The main purpose of this disclosure obligation consists in the improvement of the transparency of financial markets. More specifically, it is a preventive measure against market abuse, particularly insider dealing. The public disclosure of such transactions also contributes to the information available to investors and to the effectiveness of the competent authorities’ supervision.
Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives During open orthopaedic surgery, joints may be exposed to air, potentially leading to cartilage drying and chondrocyte death, however, the long-term effects of joint drying in vivo are poorly understood. We used an animal model to investigate the subsequent effects of joint drying on cartilage and chondrocytes. Methods The patellar groove of anaesthetised rats was exposed (sham-operated), or exposed and then subjected to laminar airflow (0.25m/s; 60 minutes) before wounds were sutured and animals recovered. Animals were monitored for up to eight weeks and then sacrificed. Cartilage and chondrocyte properties were studied by histology and confocal microscopy, respectively. Results Joint drying caused extensive chondrocyte death within the superficial regions of cartilage. Histology of dried cartilage demonstrated a loss of surface integrity at four weeks, fibrillations at eight weeks, and an increased modified Mankin score (p < 0.001). Cartilage thickness increased (p < 0.001), whereas chondrocyte density decreased at four weeks (p < 0.001), but then increased towards sham-operated levels (p < 0.01) at eight weeks. By week eight, chondrocyte pairing/clustering and cell volume increased (p < 0.05; p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions These in vivo results demonstrated for the first time that as a result of laminar airflow, cartilage degeneration occurred which has characteristics similar to those seen in early osteoarthritis. Maintenance of adequate cartilage hydration during open orthopaedic surgery is therefore of paramount importance. Cite this article: Dr A. Hall. Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:137–144. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000594.
Isolation and characterization of three natural compounds from the stem bark of Cassia grandis L.f

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Three known natural compounds named n-heptacosan-1-ol (1), bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-tetracosandioate (2) and moracin B (3) were firstly isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark of Cassia grandis L.f. Their structures were elucidated by modern spectra including ESI-MS, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and by comparison with published data.
Deep Learning AI Applications in the Imaging of Glioma

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This manuscript will review emerging applications of artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning, and its application to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Current deep learning approaches, commonly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), that take input data from MR images to grade gliomas (high grade from low grade) and predict overall survival will be shown. There will be more in-depth review of recent articles that have applied different CNNs to predict the genetics of glioma on pre-operative MR images, specifically 1p19q codeletion, MGMT promoter, and IDH mutations, which are important criteria for the diagnosis, treatment management, and prognostication of patients with GBM. Finally, there will be a brief mention of current challenges with DL techniques and their application to image analysis in GBM.
Amplify Your Impact: Reframing Reference as Outreach: Expanding Engagement and Inclusion Through Reference Services

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A reference team of librarians and MLIS students from the Charles E. Young Research Library at UCLA embarked on a reference services awareness campaign designed to reach out to marginalized populations in their student body. This column was initially scheduled to be published in spring 2020, but was delayed due to the pandemic.—Editors
Crystal Structure of Fragment D from Lamprey Fibrinogen Complexed with the Peptide Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide,

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The crystal structure of fragment D from lamprey fibrinogen has been determined at 2.8 A resolution. The 89 kDa protein was cocrystallized with the peptide Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide, which in many fibrinogens-but not lamprey-corresponds to the B knob exposed by thrombin. Because lamprey fragment D is more than 50% identical in sequence with human fragment D, the structure of which has been reported previously, it was possible to use the method of molecular replacement. The space group of the lamprey crystals is P1; there are four molecules in the unit cell. Although the fragments are packed head to head by the same D:D interface as is observed in other related preparations containing fragments D, the tails are uniquely joined by an unnatural association of the terminal sections of the residual coiled coils from adjacent molecules. Some features of the lamprey structure are clearer than have been observed in previous fragment D structures, including the beta-chain carbohydrate cluster, for one, and the important gamma-chain carboxyl-terminal segment, for another. The most significant differences between the lamprey and human structures occur in connecting loops at the entryways to the beta-chain and gamma-chain binding pockets.
Presystemic metabolism of meperidine to normeperidine in normal and cirrhotic subjects

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of meperidine and its metabolite normeperidine were determined after intravenous and oral administration to 11 men; five men had hepatic cirrhosis and six were normal. Systemic clearance of meperidine was smaller and bioavailability and half-life greater in the cirrhotic patients than in the normal subjects. Plasma concentrations and 24-hr urinary excretion of normeperidine was lower and persistence of normeperidine in plasma longer in the patients with cirrhosis. The route of administration did not alter the fraction of normeperidine generated from meperidine. The results suggest that in patients requiring repeated meperidine dosage the drug should be taken parenterally rather than orally to allow maximal analgesia and minimal formation of normeperidine. Patients with cirrhosis may be relatively protected from normeperidine toxicity because of impaired formation, but the risk of cumulative toxicity may be greater than in normal subjects because of slower elimination of the metabolite and greater sensitivity to the effects of narcotics on the central nervous system.
Comparative analysis of beet sugar industry development of agro-industrial complex in Russia and Ukraine in the context of food security

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Subject. The article addresses the activities of sugar beet and sugar industries of Russia and Ukraine to ensure the food security of these countries under sanctions. Objectives. The aim is to consider the origin, formation, and activities of sugar beet industry in the said countries, describe and compare certain results of retrospective analysis of these industries’ development in the context of increasingly tougher regime of foreign trade restrictions. Methods. The study draws on methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping and comparison, abstraction, generalization, and analogy. It employs the analysis of statistical data, using the methods of mathematical modeling, and systems analysis. Results. The analysis of trends in the development of sugar beet industries in Russia and Ukraine enabled to describe the levels of provision of the population with sugar and confectionery, and the provision of the food and processing industry with sugar and by-products of its production. Conclusions. At present, Russia has a real opportunity, to maintain a high level of consumption of sugar and confectionery by the population of the country; to provide sugar and by-products of its production to the food and processing industries; to increase the export of sugar beet products of the agro-industrial complex of Russia. The findings can be used in long-term planning of the Russian sugar beet industry development and in scientific research.
Relationship Between Serum Levels of Oxidized Lipoproteins, Circulating Levels of Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase 1, and Diet in Young Subjects with Insulin Resistance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) are involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression and have been linked to insulin resistance (IR). Myeloperoxidase is a potent oxidant of lipoproteins related to atherogenic risk. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are considered antioxidants due to their association with paraoxonase 1 (PON1). However, HDL can also be oxidized (ox-HDL), and its relationship with IR has not been described. This study evaluated the relationship between circulating levels of myeloperoxidase and paraoxonase 1, diet, and serum levels of ox-LDL and ox-HDL in young people with IR. This cross-sectional study examined 136 young subjects (67 and 69 with and without insulin resistance, respectively). Serum levels of ox-LDL, ox-HDL, myeloperoxidase, and PON1 were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nutritional dietary content of the foods was determined with a food frequency questionnaire, which was analyzed with Nutrimind 2013 software. Serum ox-HDL levels were higher in young subjects without IR than those with IR (p = 0.031). Women with IR presented increased ox-LDL levels compared with women without IR (p = 0.012) and men with IR (p < 0.001). In the IR group, serum ox-LDL levels were negatively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C, whereas the correlation was positive in the insulin-sensitive group. Consumption of vitamins B1 and B2 was related to increased HDL-C levels, while higher ox-LDL levels were related to vitamin K intake. In addition, low energy consumption and phosphorus increased PON1 levels. The results suggest that insulin resistance in young women may promote lipoprotein oxidation, and the intake of B complex vitamins may have an antiatherogenic effect.
Fast Facts: Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma characterized by the presence of an immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. WM is a chronic, indolent disease, which can remain undiagnosed for years. A better understanding of the role of signaling pathways in the development of the disease and the identification of clinica
An easy way to a theorem of Kira Adaricheva and Madina Bolat on\n convexity and circles

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Kira Adaricheva and Madina Bolat have recently proved that if $U_0$ and $U_1$\nare circles in a triangle with vertices $A_0,A_1,A_2$, then there exist $j\\in\n\\{0,1,2\\}$ and $k\\in\\{0,1\\}$ such that $U_{1-k}$ is included in the convex hull\nof $U_k\\cup(\\{A_0,A_1, A_2\\}\\setminus\\{A_j\\})$. We give a short new proof for\nthis result, and we point out that a straightforward generalizaton for shperes\nfails.\n