jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The importance of being quantitative

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A recent PNAS article (1) presents single-molecule fluorescence (SMF) data on the microsecond folding protein BBL, showing a bimodal FRET efficiency distribution near the denaturation midpoint, which is interpreted as direct evidence of two populations of molecules (folded and unfolded) separated by a free-energy barrier. This contrasts with our previous conclusion that BBL folds downhill (a single population that shifts during unfolding) based on quantitative analysis of a wealth of thermodynamic and kinetic data (see, for example, ref. 2). More surprisingly, we have independently performed SMF experiments on BBL and see a sharp unimodal distribution that shifts from high to low FRET efficiencies at increasing chemical denaturant (ref. …)
Extension of methods for jellyfish and ctenophore trophic ecology to large-scale research

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Science has rapidly expanded its frontiers with new technologies in the 20th Century. Oceanography now is studied routinely by satellite. Predictive models are on global scales. At the same time, blooms of jellyfish and ctenophores have become problematic, especially after 1980. Although we have learned a great deal about gelatinous zooplankton ecology in the 20th Century on local scales, we generally have not scaled-up to estimate the extent, the causes, or effects of large blooms. In this age of global science, research on gelatinous zooplankton needs to utilize large-scale approaches and predictive equations. Some current techniques enable jellyfish populations (aerial, towed cameras), feeding (metabolic rates, stable isotopes), and dynamics (predictive modeling) to be studied over large spatial and temporal scales. I use examples of scyphomedusae (Aurelia spp., Cyanea capillata, Chrysaora quinquecirrha) and Mnemiopsis leidyi ctenophores, for which considerable data exist, to explore expanding from local to global scales of jellyfish trophic ecology. Regression analyses showed that feeding rates of Aurelia spp. (FR in copepods eaten medusa−1 d−1) generally could be estimated ±50% from in situ data on medusa wet weight (WW) and copepod density; temperature was not a significant factor. FR of C. capillata and C. quinquecirrha were similar to those of Aurelia spp.; the combined scyphomedusa regression underestimated measured FR of C. quinquecirrha and Aurelia spp. by 50% and 180%, respectively, and overestimated measured FR of C. capillata by 25%. Clearance rates (CR in liters cleared of copepods ctenophore−1 d−1) of M. leidyi were reduced in small containers (≤20 l), and a ratio of container-volume to ctenophore-volume of at least 2,500:1 is recommended for feeding experiments. Clearance rates were significantly related to ctenophore WW, but not to prey density or temperature, and estimated rates within 10–159%. Respiration rates of medusae and ctenophores were similar across habitats with greatly ambient different temperatures (10–30°C), and can be predicted from regressions using only mass. These regressions may permit estimation of feeding effects of gelatinous predators without exhaustive collection of feeding data in situ. I recommend that data on feeding and metabolism of jellyfish and ctenophores be entered in a database to allow generalized predictive relationships to be developed to promote inclusion of these important predators in ecosystem studies and models.
Ethnography in sociolinguistic studies of youth language

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Lithuanian sociolinguistics ethnography is a new method; there are no comprehensive ethnographic studies. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to ethnography and to show why it is important to include ethnography in linguistic studies and how this method can enrich the analysis of linguistic material. When applying the ethnographic method it is not only possible to provide a picture of the distribution of linguistic variables in the community, but also to discover the social meaning which is associated with those variables. What is unique about ethnography is that it allows the scientist to discover social meanings instead of presupposing them and to examine the construction and organization of the social meaning of linguistic variables. Even though ethnographic studies are often treated as case studies, the results of a well-constructed ethnographic study are reliable and replicable, for instance, the ethnographically discovered social categories and social meanings, associated with them, can be tested in a different community with a help of match-guise technique. Following the sociolinguistic wave theory, I explain how and why ethnography has been employed in sociolinguistic studies. The studies in the first sociolinguistic wave applied survey and quantitative methods to examine the relation between linguistic variation and the traditional social categories – class, age, sex, and ethnicity. However, the quantitative methods were not sufficient enough in explaining which social mechanisms caused linguistic variation. Studies in the second wave employed ethnography in order to find the relation between linguistic variation and locally determined social categories. Studies in the third wave departed from the dialect-based approach of the first two waves, employed stylistic practice approach and examined any linguistic material that is socially meaningful in the community. I also discuss the main aspects of ethnographic method: participant observation, fieldnotes, ethnographic interview and other types of interviews. I come in with advice for researchers who plan to use ethnography in their research. The examples of ethnographic studies that I’m using in my paper are mostly taken from studies of youth language. Nevertheless, the paper can also be useful to any researcher who is willing to conduct an ethnographic sociolinguistic study.
The elusive extremities: a case of extramammary Paget disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Extramammary Paget disease is a rare dermatological condition resembling Paget disease that occurs most commonly in the anogenital area and axilla. We present the case of an elderly male who had come with complaints of an itchy, erythematous and raised lesion in the perianal region for 3 months that did not respond to antifungals. A biopsy was taken from the lesion site and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. It is important to be aware of conditions like extramammary Paget disease when an elderly individual presents with a non-specific pruritic lesion in the perianal area that is non-responsive to treatment; the diagnosis of which can be made only by doing a biopsy from the concerned site. This highlights the importance of histopathological examination in such ambiguous cases.
Perspectives on next steps in classification of oro‐facial pain – Part 3: biomarkers of chronic oro‐facial pain – from research to clinic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The purpose of this study was to review the current status of biomarkers used in oro‐facial pain conditions. Specifically, we critically appraise their relative strengths and weaknesses for assessing mechanisms associated with the oro‐facial pain conditions and interpret that information in the light of their current value for use in diagnosis. In the third section, we explore biomarkers through the perspective of ontological realism. We discuss ontological problems of biomarkers as currently widely conceptualised and implemented. This leads to recommendations for research practice aimed to a better understanding of the potential contribution that biomarkers might make to oro‐facial pain diagnosis and thereby fulfil our goal for an expanded multidimensional framework for oro‐facial pain conditions that would include a third axis.
Thinking the unthinkable: older lesbians, sex and violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Dominant discourses about intimate lives, as Jamieson (1998) suggested, have a significant impact on both public and private lives. Current generations of older lesbians have experienced profound social changes over the course of their lives. Many were at the forefront of cultural and social sexual change (Giddens 1992), witnessing or being actively engaged in the transformation of what it means to experience ageing and sexuality. Despite such social shifts, ageism, heterosexism and sexism impact on their lives in various and complex ways, frequently rendering them invisible culturally and socially (Traies 2012). Thus, older lesbians experience an unfortunate paradox, in that they live in a time of an increasingly sexualised society, and at a time when arguably it is easier to be gay. Yet, they also live in a society where they are told that their sexuality is distasteful. In addition, as older members of the LGBT ‘community’ – arguably a commercialised, youth-orientated community - many older lesbians feel marginalised, reeling from the impact of homonormativity (Duggan 2002). Based on interviews from ESRC-funded research into community responses to lesbian domestic violence, and data from a survey into LGBT lives in Lancashire, I argue that cultural stereotypes about women, sexuality and age have a significant impact on whose sexual story is listened to and the types of stories heard.
[Erythroblast antigen expression in murine hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. 2. An immunofluorescent study in pre- and postnatal ontogeny using monoclonal antibodies].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The expression of erythroblast antigen (Ag-Eb) in cell membranes during pre- and postnatal mouse development was studied by immunofluorescence using the monoclonal antibody MAE-15. Ag-Eb was detected in embryonic liver, spleen, epithelia of intestine, various glands and skin, as well as in extraembryonic tissues (yolk sac and trophoblast). In pregnant mice positive immunofluorescence was observed in placenta and on the surface of decidual cells in uterus. In adult non-pregnant mice Ag-Eb expression was detected not only in membranes of erythroid cells, but also in non-hemopoietic tissues, such as epithelia of various glands, intestine, kidney and testis, brain endothelium, basal layer of epidermis, and intercalated discs of the heart muscle. A possible role of Ag-Eb in processes of cell transport is discussed.
Photochemical reactions of azo compounds. XVII Photoinduced reaction of 2,2,4,4,-tetrachloroazobenzene with acetyl chloride

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The photoinduced reaction of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene with acetyl chloride has been found to give an unexpected mixture of products, incorporating only a relatively poor yield of the predicted main product, N,N '-diacetyl-2,2',4,4',6-pentachlorohydrazobenzene. It has been found, moreover, that the latter compound in aqueous methanolic potassium hydroxide, in addition to yielding the expected hydrolysis/oxidation product, 2,2',4,4',6-pentachloroazobenzene, undergoes an interesting side reaction which regenerates 2,2',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene.
Successful pregnancy and delivery in a woman with gray platelet syndrome.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

[B] Electron microscope image (x 10,000) of a normal platelet showing the presence of dense (black arrow) and α-granules (green arrow) Transmission of gray platelet syndrome is autosomal-dominant in some cases but recessive in others, suggesting heterogeneity in the origin of the defect [2]. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is not rare. It is observed in 6% to 15% of pregnant women at the end of pregnancy and is usually moderate. Gestational thrombocytopenia is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, occurring in approximately 7% of women. It is thought to be caused by estrogen-mediated suppression of megakaryocytopoiesis [3]. The potential effect of pregnancy on the platelet count in gray platelet syndrome has not been described and the outcome of such pregnancies is unknown. In this report, we describe the course of a pregnancy and delivery in a patient with gray platelet syndrome.
Strict and Uniform Shariah Screening Methodologies in Selected Asian Countries in Comparison with the United States

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

<p>This paper focuses mainly on the Shariah screening methodologies for Shariah-Compliant firms. This paper compares the Shariah screening methodologies which are used in selected Asian countries and the United States, a ‘powerhouse’ nation. In order to include the analysis of the new benchmark introduced in Malaysia as part of this study, the timeline used in this paper is from November 2013 until November 2014. It can be found that there are similarities and differences between the various Shariah screening methodologies in all the 5 countries, in terms of feasibility, duration, economic viability and fund requirements. It also appears that the Shariah screening methodologies implied in the United States is far more stringent than those implied in the selected Asian countries. On the whole, the results point towards the possibility of generalising the implementation of strict and uniform Shariah screening methodologies within all the country-specific Shariah Indices amongst Muslim nations, globally.</p>
Noninferiority study evaluating dexamethasone (DEX)-sparing regimens administered with NEPA, a fixed combination of netupitant and palonosetron, for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) caused by high-dose cisplatin.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

12093 Background: Corticosteroids such as DEX continue to play a key role for the prevention of CINV. Although they are generally considered safe when used in combination with other anti-emetic agents, corticosteroids can cause a range of side effects. To reduce the overall exposure to DEX in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy, we evaluated the non-inferiority of DEX on day 1, with or without low-dose DEX on days 2 and 3, combined with oral NEPA, a fixed combination of the NK 1 receptor antagonist (RA), netupitant and 5-HT 3 RA, palonosetron, compared with NEPA plus the guideline-recommended use of 4-day DEX (reference arm). Non-inferiority was met for both DEX-sparing regimens and the reference arm for the primary endpoint of complete response (CR: no emesis and no rescue use) during the overall (0-120h) phase post-chemotherapy. In this analysis secondary efficacy endpoints were evaluated for the single-dose DEX-sparing group versus the 4-day DEX arm. Methods: In this analysis from an open-label, multicenter study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04201769) chemotherapy-naïve patients undergoing high-dose cisplatin (≥70 mg/m 2 ) received either NEPA and DEX (12 mg) on day 1 only or NEPA and DEX [12 mg on day 1 plus 4 mg twice daily on days 2-4 (DEX4)]. Efficacy endpoints included complete protection (CR plus no significant nausea), no emesis, and no significant nausea (<25 mm on a 100 mm visual analog scale) during the acute (0-24h), delayed (>24-120h) and overall phases. The non-inferiority margin was set at -15% difference (DEX1 minus DEX4). Results: One-hundred fifty-two patients, 76 in each arm, were included. Non-inferiority was met for the DEX1 arm and the DEX4 reference arm for all efficacy endpoints (Table). Conclusions: A simplified regimen of NEPA plus single-dose DEX offers comparable CINV prevention throughout 5 days post-chemotherapy with the advantage of sparing patients additional doses of DEX in the high emetic risk setting of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Clinical trial information: NCT04201769. [Table: see text]
Book Review of Drug Metabolism in Drug Design and Development

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTBook Review of Drug Metabolism in Drug Design and DevelopmentJeffrey P. JonesView Author Information Department of ChemistryFulmer 455Washington State UniversityPullman, Washington 98164-4630Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 9, 2868Publication Date (Web):April 5, 2008Publication History Published online5 April 2008Published inissue 1 May 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm800306khttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm800306kbook-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 Request reuse permissionsArticle Views386Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Drug discovery,Enzyme kinetics,Metabolism,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
Massive thymic hyperplasia in an infant with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report the clinical and postmortem findings in a newborn with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and pulmonary hypoplasia. The infant was found to have a massively enlarged thymus gland that apparently caused pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory insufficiency. Massive hyperplasia of the thymus gland should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
Automatic face recognition in real-time

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the rise of Internet of Things, the interest in face recognition increases as well. Real-time Automatic Face Recognition is a particularly attractive approach, as it focuses on the primary identifier that humans use to distinguish one person to the other. In this project, a small and compact system is implemented using the Nvidia Jetson TX2 developer module in conjunction with the You Only Look Once v3 algorithm. The report will go over specifications of the Nvidia Jetson TX2 and integration details with the YOLOv3 algorithm.
Relative Effects on Virulence of Mutations in the sap, pel, and hrp Loci of Erwinia chrysanthemi

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

We constructed strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 with múltiple mutations involving three virulence systems in this bacterium, namelypel (coding for the major pectate lyases pelABCE), hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity), and sap (sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides). The relative effects on virulence of those mutations have been analyzed on potato tubers and chicory leaves. In potato tubers, the sap mutation (BT105) had a greater effect in the reduction of the virulence than the peí (CUCPB5006) and hrp (CUCPB5039) mutations. This reduction was similar to that observed in the pel-hrp double mutant (CUCPB5037). The analysis of the strains affected in Pel-Sap (BT106), Hrp-Sap (BT107), and Pel- Hrp-Sap (BT108) suggested that the effects of these mutations are additive. In chicory leaves, the mutation in the sap locus appeared to have a greater effect than in potato tubers. The competitive Índices of strains BT105, UM1005 (Peí"), CUCPB5039, and CUCPB5037 have been estimated in vivo and in vitro. These results indícate that the mutation in the hrp locus can be complemented in vivo by coinfection, whereas the mutations in peí and sap cannot.
Surgical approach for kidney transplantation under spinal anesthesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It has been shown to improve quality of life as well as extending life of patients with ESRD as compared to renal replacement therapy (5-year survival rate of 68% after transplant vs 36% dialysis) (Hart A, Smith JM, Skeans MA. OPTN/SRTR 2015 annual data report: kidney. Am J Transplant 2017;17:21–116). Traditionally, patients undergo general endotracheal tube anesthesia for this surgery. During the COVID-19 pandemic, general anesthesia drugs and airway equipment were in short supply. Additionally, airway manipulation was avoided when possible due to concern for virus spread from aerosolizing procedures (i.e. intubation/extubation). In this case report, we review a 65-year-old female with an ESRD due to hypertension and diabetes that underwent deceased donor kidney transplant under spinal anesthesia. We will further discuss the benefits of spinal anesthesia in renal transplant operations.
A historical outline of surgical treatment for congenital chest wall deformities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper presents the most important events concerning the surgical treatment of congenital chest wall deformities from the early twentieth century to current times. This historical outline features the most deserved and most prominent surgeons in this field, such as F. Sauerbruch, M. Ravitch, D. Nuss, and others. We also recall the Polish pioneers of the surgical treatment of chest wall deformities, including M. Rzepecki, R. Drews, and J. Fibak, at the same time referring to contemporary experiences.
<title>Dynamic light scattering spectroscopy of in-vivo human vitreous</title>

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In-vivo dynamic light scattering measurements in the vitreous of the human eye are presented. The set-up employs single-mode optical fibers for the delivery of the excitation beam and for the collection of the scattered light. High sensitivity and good spatial resolution are achieved using a novel scattering geometry: the excitation beam is shaped into a hollow cone and the scattered light collected through its central part. The apparatus exhibits excellent safety characteristics: the optical power entering the patient's eye is 36 times less than the maximum laser power at the cornea recommended for intrapupil exposure by the ANSI standard. Following a description of the instrument, examples of in-vivo measurements in the vitreous are discussed in order to demonstrate the possible clinical use of this technique.