jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of Isospora bigemina in dogs and other mammals

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The life-cycle of canine Isospora bigemina was studied in dogs, cattle, cats and mice. Under experimental conditions dogs served as both definitive and intermediate hosts. Unsporulated oocysts (11 × 12 μm) were shed in the faeces and sporulated outside the host within 12 h at 30–37 °C and 36 to 48 h at 23 °C. Sporulated oocysts measured 12 × 13 μm and contained 2 sporocysts which in turn contained 4 sporozoites. Sporocysts averaged 6 × 9 μm and sporozoites averaged 2 × 6 μm. Although no stages were found microscopically in tissues or in faeces of 23 dogs orally inoculated with sporulated oocysts, the oocysts were infectious because 5 of 14 dogs that ingested tissues of dogs fed oocysts, shed oocysts. Prepatent periods were 7 to 15 days; patency was 1–3 days. No dogs became ill. In the naturally infected dog and one experimentally infected dog, schizonts were found in epithelial cells, distal to the host cell nucleus at the tips of villi throughout the small intestine. Schizonts were 5–7 μm and contained 3–12 merozoites. In the naturally infected dog, gametes were found in the same location. Male gametocytes were 6–8 μm and contained 6–12 microgametes, and female gametes were 7–8 μm. Sporulated I. bigemina oocysts from a naturally infected dog were not infectious to cattle, cats or mice. Structurally identical oocysts were shed by 2 dogs after ingesting hearts and diaphragm from naturally infected cattle; these oocysts were also not infectious to cattle. Although dogs acted as both intermediate and definitive hosts under experimentation, this is not likely to occur in nature. A canine-bovine-canine cycle would appear to be the natural mode of infection but I. bigemina was not infectious to cattle under experimental conditions.
Reparation Movements in Africa, Asia and the United States: Ten Reasons Why Black Reparation is a Good Idea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is arguable that, historically, Africans and peoples of African descent, as victims of slavery and colonialism, have borne the heavy burden of collective humiliation more than any other group. The consequence of slavery and colonialism is, of course, more far-reaching than what is apparent in the realm of psychology. Africa‟s political economy, its international relations as well as its civil societies, or their absence, bear testimony that the continent continues to pay an incalculable price for the disruption caused by the intrusion of the West in Africa and African affairs. Trans-Atlantic slave trade and colonialism were inspired by white man‟s cultural arrogance and economic greed. And yet the quest of black peoples both on the continent of Africa and in the Diaspora for redress to these historical injustices and reparation for the harms caused by these sorry episodes of human history have yet to bear fruit. Focusing on the reparation movement in the United States, I re-examine and scrutinize the case which had been made as a counter-argument to the repeated call for reparation. I also attempt to bolster the argument for reparation in the light of recent evidence from a comparative perspective.
TRUCKING FUEL TAXES AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN PRIMARY GRAIN TRANSPORTATION

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A tax on fuel is one of the primary mechanisms for reducing truck transport externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, road damage, congestion, and accidents. The economic efficiency properties of a fuel tax are examined for the farm-to-elevator grain trucking sector--a sector for which the road damage externality is often severe. Because trucking volumes cumulate more rapidly near the delivery points, marginal external cost is generally not proportional to distance. Further, noncompetitive FOB pricing by grain buyers implies that road tax discounts to offset price markups should be independent of location. In both cases, a fuel tax is not capable of efficiently addressing the externality. With discriminatory pricing by buyers, "cross-hauling" emerges and the optimal fuel tax is unexpectedly high because the buyer passes on only a portion of the tax to the farmer. In a simple example with discriminatory pricing, the optimal fuel tax reduces excess average trucking distance by less that 50%.
Factors Affecting Bone Mineral Density in Urban FieldPractice Area in South India: A Cross Sectional Study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Osteoporosis as an important, global health problem that will increase in significance as the world population
both increases and ages . Osteoporosis is a silent disease reflected many times by low bone mineral density(BMD) until a
fracture occurs It has been called as ‘silent epidemic as it is a growing problem and many patients are asymptomatic. Most
of the risk factors are modifiable through life style modifications thus preventing low BMD and osteoporosis. Thus the
present study was undertaken to study the burden of low BMD and factors affecting the same. Methodology: A cross
sectional study was carried out in urban field practice area of a private medical college enrolling 149 participants. Results:
The mean BMD was 2.08± 0.9. Osteoporosis and osteopenia was detected in 36.2% and 46.4% study subjects
respectively. BMD was correlated negatively with age , age at onset of menopause and height but positively with BMI and
weight. In multiple linear regression analysis the independent parameters associated with BMD were menopause (attained
vs not attained) ,physical activity ( yes vs .no ) and age. Conclusion: Low BMD was positively associated with modifiable
risk factors like BMI, weight and physical activity.
Preparation and Quality Attributes of Egg-reduced Pound Cake Incorporating Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella) Protein Concentrate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research evaluates the quality and acceptability of 25%, 50%, and 75% fish protein concentrate (FPC) egg substituted cakes. Proximate chemical composition, batter and cake physical quality, microbial activity, and sensory evaluation were carried out. An impressive increase in protein, fats and ash content was noticed in GPSC. By increasing the FPC concentration, the viscosity of batters and cake volume decreased, while the specific gravity increased. In texture, the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess were increased while elasticity and cohesiveness were decreased with increase in substitution. An increase in substitution increased baking loss (BL) but reduced the water activity (aw) and the number and size of air bubbles in cake batter. By evaluating microbial activity, the total plate count (TPC) value increased, and the total fungal count (TFC) decreased while the cake crumb showed inconsistent change. The cake with 75% egg substitution was highly nutritious but displayed lower sensory attributes due to slight fishy flavor and dark color, while 25% and 50% GPSCs showed almost similar sensory attributes but nutritional value of 50% GPSC was higher than 25% GPSC. So, the cake with 50% substitution is a better option to prepare a good quality protein-enriched cake with acceptable sensory attributes.
Crystal structure of oxide layers on Mo‐added Fe‐Cr Alloys studied by GIXS and XPS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The grazing incident X‐ray scattering (GIXS) and XPS measurements were carried out for as‐polished surfaces of polycrystalline Fe‐Cr ferritic alloys with and without Mo. The GIXS patterns from the oxide layers consist of the diffraction peaks from Cr 2 O 3 and the broad scattering peaks. The intensities of the diffraction peaks tended to increase as the thickness of the oxide layers on the samples became larger and their content of Cr estimated by XPS decreased. However, the intensities of the diffraction peaks changed independently of the alloy compositions as well as the dependence of the thickness and Cr content of the layers on the alloy compositions. Contaminations such as Na and S spontaneously mixed during polishing treatments are considered to be a possible reason of the formation of crystalline Cr 2 O 3 on the surfaces. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the control algorithm for a vehicle with a hybrid power plant

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Along with the rapid growth of fuel prices, the increase of car fleet in the world, including Russia, has focused on reducing fuel consumption by vehicles. One of the ways that can reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon fuels is to use vehicles with an electromechanical powertrain. The energy source for such vehicles is both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The results of a study of fuel consumption by a hybrid vehicle with various control algorithms are presented. The methods of mathematical and simulation modeling were used. Fuel consumption data is given when using various algorithms for turning on the gasoline internal combustion engine, depending on the vehicle speed. As a result of simulation modeling, it was found that in order to ensure the greatest fuel economy, it is necessary that the gasoline engine starts when the car reaches a speed of at least 60 km/h, then fuel consumption in the urban driving cycle is reduced by 50% compared to the gasoline engine start mode at a speed of 30 km/h.
The growth-strain method based on the inverse variational principle. An approach to maximum-stiffness shape analysis.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The growth-strain method was previously proposed as a shape optimization method which is the deforming of shapes by generating bulk strain. Hitherto, we have shown that the uniform-strength shapes can be analyzed by the method where the bulk strain is generated according to the magnitude of a strength parameter. The objective of the present paper is to devise the formulation of the method in order to apply it to maximum-stiffness shape analysis. First, by reforming the inverse variational principle of the principle of minimum potential energy, we obtain a uniform condition of the potential energy density as a necessary condition to obtain maximum stiffness. Based on the theory, the proposed formulation is to set the potential energy density on the generation measure of the bulk strain. The effectiveness of this formulation is examined on beam and column problems. The notable advantage is confirmed with the latter problem.
Technology-Driven Financial Risk Management: Exploring the Benefits of Machine Learning for Non-Profit Organizations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study explores how machine learning can optimize financial risk management for non-profit organizations by evaluating various algorithms aimed at mitigating loan default risks. The findings indicate that ensemble learning models, such as random forest and LightGBM, significantly improve prediction accuracy, thereby enabling non-profits to better manage financial risk. In the context of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis, which underscored the volatility of financial markets, this research assesses a range of risks—credit, operational, liquidity, and market risks—while exploring both traditional machine learning and advanced ensemble techniques, with a particular focus on stacking fusion to enhance model performance. Emphasizing the importance of privacy and adaptive methods, this study advocates for interdisciplinary approaches to overcome limitations such as stress testing, data analysis rule formulation, and regulatory collaboration. The research underscores machine learning’s crucial role in financial risk control and calls on regulatory authorities to reassess existing frameworks to accommodate evolving risks. Additionally, it highlights the need for accurate data type identification and the potential for machine learning to strengthen financial risk management amid uncertainty, promoting interdisciplinary efforts that address broader issues like environmental sustainability and economic development.
Pharmacokinetics of injectable beta-cyclodextrin-oridonin inclusion complex, a novel formulation of oridonin in Wistar rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aim:Oridonin is a new anti-tumor drug candidate with promising antitumor activity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the single- and repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of injectable beta-cyclodextrin-oridonin inclusion complex in rats. Methods: Rats were given single- or multiple-dose (7 days) of injectable beta-cyclodextrin-oridonin inclusion complex (single-dose: 33 mg/m2, 99 mg/m2, 296 mg/m2; repeatede-dose: 99 mg/m2 calculated as oridonin) by intravenous injection. Plasma oridonin was analyzed by LC–ESI-MS. The main pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated and compared. Results: The PK data of single-dose injectable beta-cyclodextrin-oridonin inclusion complex in rats were best fit by a three-compartment model.The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2z) of oridonin ranged from 8.72±1.14 to 10.87±2.03h. AUC (0-t) and Cmax for oridonin showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between singledose and repeated dose. Conclusion: Our study has led to the view that injectable beta-cyclodextrin-oridonin inclusion complex can increase the bioavailability of oridonin in rats and is suitable for once a day dosing. However, caution should be taken when injectable beta-cyclodextrin-oridonin inclusion complex is given by i.v. repeatedly.
The G191R variant in the PRSS2 gene does not play a role in protection against tropical calcific pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a cross-over RCT, portable NIV (pNIV) reduced dynamic hyperinflation (DH) compared to pursed lip breathing (PLB) during intermittent exercise in COPD, but not consistently in all subjects. In this post-hoc analysis, DH response was defined as a reduction ≥4.5% of predicted resting inspiratory capacity with pNIV compared to PLB. At exercise iso-time (where work completed was consistent between pNIV and PLB), 8/24 patients were DH non-responders (DH: 240±40ml, p=0.001 greater using pNIV). 16/24 were DH responders (DH: 220±50ml, p=0.001 lower using pNIV). Compared to DH responders, DH non-responders exhibited greater resting DH (RV/TLC: 65±4% versus 56±2%; p=0.028) and did not improve exercise tolerance (pNIV: 30.9±3.4 versus PLB: 29.9±3.3 min; p=0.603). DH responders increased exercise tolerance (pNIV: 34.9±2.4 versus PLB: 27.1±2.3 min; p=0.001). Resting RV/TLC% was negatively associated with the magnitude of DH when using pNIV compared to PLB (r=-0.42; p=0.043). Patients with profound DH were less likely to improve exercise tolerance with pNIV. Further studies using auto-adjusted ventilators are warranted.
High‐permeability cellulose nanocrystals mediate systemic zinc redistribution through nsLTP2‐dependent immune potentiation in plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Zinc (Zn 2+ ) is an essential micronutrient that regulates plant growth, immunity and antiviral defence mechanisms. However, its limited bioavailability often necessitates excessive application, resulting in inefficiencies in production and environmental stress. In response, we propose an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to enhance the utilization of Zn 2+ . We developed CNC@PDA@Zn 2+ by embedding Zn 2+ into the polydopamine (PDA) coating of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Leveraging the high cell permeability of CNCs, this material increased the transport capacity of Zn 2+ in plants and demonstrated the ability to inactivate viral particles in vitro . Moreover, CNC@PDA@Zn 2+ showed a superior induction of resistance while reducing Zn 2+ content, specifically by reprogramming the expression and localization of the resistance‐related non‐specific lipid transfer protein 2 (nsLTP2), which enhanced the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway in plants. Furthermore, the high conservation of nsLTP2 in flowering plants increases the potential application range of CNC@PDA@Zn 2+ . Importantly, CNC@PDA@Zn 2+ represents the most effective Zn 2+ ‐based antiviral nanomaterial to date, achieving its effects at the lowest reported Zn 2+ concentration. Overall, our results highlight that CNC@PDA@Zn 2+ can more effectively upregulate the conserved nsLTP2, thereby inducing viral defence responses via the SA pathway. This strategy not only improves the operation and utilization rate of Zn 2+ but also reduces its environmental residues, laying a theoretical foundation for the development of antivirus defence.
RESPONSE OF HYBRID GRP/STEEL SUPERSTRUCTURES TO BLAST LOADING - THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The characteristics of nuclear air blast loading on ships' superstructures are discussed and theoretical methods of response analysis are outlined. A numerical study is described in which the performance of all-GRP deckhouse construction is contrasted with that of hybrid construction employing GRP cladding attached to steel framing: the greater elastic rigidity and ductility of the steel framing are found to convey advantages under moderate and severe blast loads. Tests are described of a full-scale hybrid GRP/steel panel representing a superstructure deck and of a corresponding 3-dimensional deckhouse module. Results provide validation of theoretical response predictions and demonstrate the capability of this form of construction under blast loading.
ACCEPTABILITY AND DISCONTINUATION OF INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE - A FOLLOW UP STUDY AT SECONDARY CARE HOSPITAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Intrauterine devices are increasingly used as a method of family planning, but satisfaction of women who have adopted intrauterine device need further characterization. Our specific aims were to review systematically women who accepted IUD 380-A as post partum IUD , following MTP or IUD only, their experience, satisfaction and complications with this choice of contraception. Material and Methods : We studied 272 women who came for follow up of cu-t 380 –A, in the Gynaecology OPD of hospital of Delhi government from January 2013 to February 2015. We assessed their acceptance with continuation, complication & rejection of cu-t 380 –A. Results: Maximum patients were in the age group of 20-24 years. 79% patients continuing with IUD, while 10.2% experienced the complications. 21% visited for removal of IUD with most frequent reason being prolonged bleeding. Conclusion: Women who received cu-t 380 –A show a high level of satisfaction with this choice of contraception and the rates of expulsion were low enough such that the benefit of contraceptive protection outweigh the potential inconvenience of needing to return for care in that subset of women.
Predictive significance of a complex approach in determining the vascular wall stiffness parameters in patients with arterial hypertension and in patients with arterial hypertension after ischemic stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The article presents the information about the predictive significance of a complex approach in determining vascular wall stiffness parameters. A total of 159 people with arterial hypertension (AH) and AH after a previous ischemic stroke were examined. A model with a conditional linear predictor (LP) was constructed, using a binary regression equation with a probit-link function for prediction of cardiovascular events. LP is a combination of indicators such as age (А), glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI), pulse wave velocity (PWV), intima- media thickness (IMT), cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and augmentation index (AI). The equation has the following form: LP = –6.6139 – 0.0978A + 0.031CKDEPI + 0.0758PWV + 3.2086IMT + 0.4421CAVI + 1.2429AI. The cut-off threshold for LP = 0.0238, sensitivity (Se) 85.71 %, specificity (Sp) 77 % and accuracy (Acc) 78.07 %.
Afterword to “Anthropology and Human Rights in a New Key”: The Social Life of Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, I argue for an ethnographic approach to human rights that recognizes the plural and fragmentary nature of the international rights regime and the ideological promiscuity of rights talk. Instead of determining in advance the social or political character of rights, anthropologists could profitably draw from the insights of early‐20th‐century “legal realists” and look closely at the underlying assumptions and hidden practices of political and legal processes. Studying the “social life of human rights” would involve focusing on, inter alia, the performative dimensions of human rights, the dynamics of social mobilization, and the attitudinal changes of elite and nonelite social actors towards formulations of “rights” and “justice,” both inside and outside the legal process. I conclude with a review of recent anthropological research on human rights epistemology and evaluate its implications for human rights policy.
Degradation of atrazine by an acclimatized soil fungal isolate

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A fungal strain able to use atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) as a source of nitrogen was isolated from a corn field soil that has been previously treated with the herbicide. This strain was purified and acclimatized to atrazine at a higher level in the laboratory. A supplemented N was required to trigger the reaction. Atrazine was degraded at a faster rate in inoculated mineral salt medium (MSM) than non-inoculated MSM. Within 20 days, nearly 34% of the atrazine was degraded in inoculated medium while only 2% of the herbicide was degraded in non-inoculated medium. Degradation of atrazine by the isolated fungal strain was also studied in sterile and non-sterile soil to determine the compatibility of the isolated strain with native microorganisms in soil. The degradation of atrazine was found to be more in inoculated sterile soil than in inoculated non-sterile soil. Cell free extract (CFE) of fungal mycelium degraded about 50% of the atrazine in buffer in 96 hours compared to the control. Four atrazine metabolites were isolated and characterized by LCMS. On the basis of morphological parameters the isolate was identified as Penicillium species. Results indicated that the microorganism may be useful for remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil. Keywords: Atrazinedegradationremediationmicrobialacclimatizedfunguscrude enzyme extractmetabolites Acknowledgments Authors thank the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India for granting a project to accomplish this work. Divisional Contribution No. – 914 Notes 1Average of three replicates; Values followed by different letters within a row are significantly different at 5% level. Values in parenthesis are respective mean error.
A CASE OF HEPATOBLASTOMA LOCATED CLOSE TO THE HEPATIC HILUM THAT WAS RESECTED AFTER PREOPERATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY USING THE J·PLT PROTOCOL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 11-month-old girl was noted to have hepatomegaly, and abdominal echography, CT scan and MRI revealed a huge tumor in the medial segment of the left lobe, located close to the hepatic hilum and involving the anterior segment of the right lobe. It was made clear that tumor resection was impossible at the exploratory laparotomy. We started the chemotherapy using THP-Adriamycin and Cis-platinum according to J·PLT-91B2 protocol. After four courses of chemotherapy, the tumor had regressed markedly and was resected with medial segmentectomy at second look operation. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with two courses of chemotherapy. The serum level of AFP is not within normal limits, but she is doing well without any evidence of disease 6 months after hepatectomy.