jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilic substitution reactions at planar four-co-ordinate monoanionic platinum(II) complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The kinetics of displacement of chloride from complex anions of the type [Pt(4R-pydca)Cl]–(pydca = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate; R = H, Cl or OMe) by a number of anionic and neutral nucleophiles have been studied in aqueous solution, at 25.0 °C, I= 0.50 mol dm–3(LiClO4). Apart from the reactions with OH–, the reactivities of the substrates are not greatly sensitive to the nature of the substituent in the 4 position. Anionic nucleophiles can be as much as two orders of magnitude less reactive than neutral nucleophiles with similar n0pt values. The rate law for the reaction with OH– takes the form –dln[substrate]/dt=ks+k3[OH–]2, where ks is the first-order rate constant for the solvolytic pathway observed in all the substitution reactions, and where k3 is sensitive to the basicity of the nitrogen in the terdentate ligand.
Are some meteoroids rubble piles?

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The possibility that some meteoroids in the size range 1 – 20 meters are rubble piles i.e. assembles of boulders of various sizes held together only by small van der Waals forces, is investigated. Such meteoroids are expected to start disrupting into individual pieces during the atmospheric entry at very low dynamic pressures of ~ 25 Pa, even before the onset of ablation. The heterogeneous bodies as Almahata Sitta (asteroid 2008 TC 3 ) and Benešov are primary candidates for rubble piles. Nevertheless, by analyzing the deceleration, wake, and light curve of the Benešov bolide, we found that the meteoroid disruption started only at a height of 70 km under dynamic pressure of 50 kPa. No evidence for a very early fragmentation was found also for the Chelyabinsk event.
Histological Observation on the Retina of Chrysolophus pictus and Jspalura splendida

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To explore the relationship between the structure and enginery of retina,the retina structure of Chrysolophus pictus and Jspalura splendida have been studied by LM and SEM.The results show that the retina of C.pictus and J.splendida are all made up of four cell layers and can be divided into ten layers under the microscope.The thickness of the C.pictus's retina is 225.2 μm,and the ratio of the visual cells to the ganglion cells is 2:1;the thickness of J.splendida's retina is 156.2 μm,and the ratio of the visual cells to the ganglion cells is 1:1.The average photoreceptor densities in C.pictus and J.splendida are 124 828±24 404 cells/mm2 and 33 165±7 034 cells/mm2,respectively.These results demonstrate the diurnal characteristics of retina in C.pictus and J.splendida.
Numerical modeling of wave interaction with a porous floating structure consisting of uniform spheres

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Porous materials are increasingly being used in the design of floating structures in coastal and ocean engineering, but there is a lack of numerical tools that can aid in the design of a movable floating porous structure. To close this gap, the existing volume-averaged numerical model for flow interacting with a fixed porous body was extended to floating scenarios by (1) using the relative velocity in the porous friction force, (2) calculating rigid body motion using volume integral of porous body force, and (3) modifying a dynamic mesh algorithm for a mobile porous body. As a demonstration, the developed model was applied to a porous floating structure consisting of cubically packed uniform spheres. Two sets of model applications were involved. The first set considered three-dimensional flow around a fixed porous block placed beneath the free surface. The measured total force on the block under wave or steady flows was predicted accurately with an error less than 10%. The second set involved a two-dimensional wave interacting with a floating porous block representing a breakwater. For free-floating conditions, the model can accurately predict the dynamic response of the structure, including the time varying movement of its rigid body and the mean drift. For mooring-restrained conditions, the mooring force and wave transmission coefficients were also predicted well with an error less than 20%. The proposed numerical approach can be applied to other floating structures with a rigid volumetric porous body. Future research is also required to study the microscopic pore flows, upon which more detailed parameterization of the porous media can be derived.
Validity and reliability of the MD Anderson dysphagia inventory in English and Chinese in head and neck cancer patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims Patient‐reported outcome measures are important in assessing the impact of dysphagia on quality of life. Our aim was to adapt and examine the cultural validity and reliability of a swallowing‐related quality of life measure, the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), in English and Chinese, with head and neck cancer patients. Methods We adapted the MDADI to Chinese through formal forward‐backward translation. Sixty‐six head and neck cancer survivors completed the MDADI, Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL‐QOL) questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in English or Chinese. Swallowing status was scored on the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). Seventy‐four percent ( n = 49) of participants completed a repeat administration of the MDADI for test–retest reliability analysis. Results The MDADI showed high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α , 0.82 ≤ α ≤ 0.94), and test–retest reliability in both English (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.81) and Chinese (ICC = 0.72). Criterion validity was established through moderate to strong correlations with relevant SWAL‐QOL domains. Convergent validity was determined by significant correlations to the HADS and FOIS. Divergent validity was determined by nonsignificant association to the SWAL‐QOL Sleep domain. The MDADI also presented as hypothesised to most known‐group theoretical constructs. Conclusions The MDADI showed good psychometric properties in English and Chinese. This avails a reliable and psychometrically valid MDADI for Chinese speakers.
Fish Intake, Independent of Apo(a) Size, Accounts for Lower Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Bantu Fishermen of Tanzania

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract —Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels are largely genetically determined by sequences linked to the gene encoding apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], the distinct protein component of Lp(a). Apo(a) is highly polymorphic in length due to variation in the numbers of a sequence encoding the apo(a) kringle 4 domain, and plasma levels of Lp(a) are inversely correlated with apo(a) size. In 2 racially homogeneous Bantu populations from Tanzania differing in their dietary habits, we found that median plasma levels of Lp(a) were 48% lower in those living on a fish diet than in those living on a vegetarian diet. Considering the relationship between apo(a) size and Lp(a) plasma concentration, we have extensively evaluated apo(a) isoform distribution in the 2 populations to determine the impact of apo(a) size in the determination of Lp(a) values. The majority of individuals (82% of the fishermen and 80% of the vegetarians) had 2 expressed apo(a) alleles. Additionally, the fishermen had a high frequency of large apo(a) isoforms, whereas a higher frequency of small isoforms was found in the vegetarians. When subjects from the 2 groups were matched for apo(a) phenotype, the median Lp(a) value was 40% lower in Bantus on the fish diet than in those on the vegetarian diet. A significant inverse relationship was also found between plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and Lp(a) levels ( r =−0.24, P =0.01). The results of this study are consistent with the concept that a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and not genetic differences, is responsible for the lower plasma levels of Lp(a) in the fish-eating Bantus and strongly suggest that a sustained fish-based diet is able to lower plasma levels of Lp(a).
Sudan low changes affecting rainy days in southwestern Iran over six decades (1957–2019)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The present study evaluated the dynamic changes in Sudan low systems over six decades (1957–2019), which were classified based on solar cycles. Rainfall days were extracted in January using data from 42 synoptic stations in the south and southwest regions of Iran. Then, the rainy days due to the Sudan low system were separated from the precipitation of the other atmospheric systems using the visual analysis of the maps. The synoptic analysis indicated that the sea level pressure has been decreasing at all sampling stations from the first to the sixth decade. Furthermore, decreasing elevation to −80 m (negative anomaly) in the 500 hPa level atmosphere from the first decade to the sixth decade indicated further atmospheric instability and more strengthening of the Sudan low compared to previous decades. The contribution of advection moisture to the area increased within the region at 700 hPa. This implies that the role of the transferred moisture from the intertropical convergence zone is increasing in the systems transferred from Sudan and in the study area. In general, the share of Sudan low precipitation is increasing in the south and southwest regions of Iran. This result is a positive effect of the climate change on the study area.
Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Bullfighting has long been perceived as an antiquated, barbarous legacy from Spain's medieval past. In fact, many of that country's best poets, philosophers, and intellectuals have accepted the corrida as the embodiment of Spain's rejection of the modern world. In his new interpretation of bullfighting, Adrian Shubert maintains that this view is both the product of myth and a complete misunderstanding of the real roots of the contemporary bullfight." "Shubert analyzes the business of the sport, and explores the bullfighters' world: their social and geographic origins, careers, and social status. Here also are surprising revelations about the sport, such as the presence of women bullfighters - and the larger gender issues that this provoked. From the political use of bullfighting in royal and imperial pageants to the nationalistic "great patriotic bullfights" of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this is both a fascinating portrait of bullfighting and a vivid recreation of two centuries of Spanish history."--BOOK JACKET.
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Therapies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Current cholesterol treatment guidelines target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the primary goal of therapy and recommend statins as first line therapy. However, despite aggressive treatment and success at reaching the recommended goals, coronary heart disease is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Thus, other lipoproteins, such as high-density lipoprotein, are now being looked to as the next promising targets of therapy to help reduce the burden of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. This review details currently available strategies to raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and then turns to several new compounds in development that target the varying components of the complex metabolism of high-density lipoprotein.
Honduras's Growth Performance During 1970-97

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

For more than three decades, Honduras’s average annual growth in real per capita GDP has been almost zero and highly uneven, even though its total investment-to-GDP ratio has been relatively large. This paper argues that policy and efficiency variables seem to have had less of an influence on growth in Honduras than they had on other countries. Instead, lack of growth can be attributed to the offsetting negative influence of low labor and capital productivity, which result from deficient levels of human capital and inadequate composition of investment. Other constraints to growth in Honduras include inadequate physical and institutional infrastructures.
Chikungunya Virus Transmission at Low Temperature by Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Aedes albopictus is an important vector of chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In Australia, Ae. albopictus is currently only known to be present on the islands of the Torres Strait but, should it invade the mainland, it is projected to spread to temperate regions. The ability of Australian Ae. albopictus to transmit CHIKV at the lower temperatures typical of temperate areas has not been assessed. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were orally challenged with a CHIKV strain from either Asian or East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotypes (107 pfu/mL), and maintained at a constant temperature of either 18 °C or 28 °C. At 3- and 7-days post-infection (dpi), CHIKV RNA copies were quantified in mosquito bodies, and wings and legs using real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while the detection of virus in saliva (a proxy for transmission) was performed by amplification in cell culture followed by observation of cytopathic effect in Vero cells. Of the ≥95% of Ae. albopictus that survived to 7 dpi, all mosquitoes became infected and showed body dissemination of CHIKV at both temperatures and time points. Both the Asian and ECSA CHIKV genotypes were potentially transmissible by Australian Ae. albopictus at 28 °C within 3 days of oral challenge. In contrast, at 18 °C none of the mosquitoes showed evidence of ability to transmit either genotype of CHIKV at 3 dpi. Further, at 18 °C only Ae. albopictus infected with the ECSA genotype showed evidence of virus in saliva at 7 dpi. Overall, infection with the ECSA CHIKV genotype produced higher virus loads in mosquitoes compared to infection with the Asian CHIKV genotype. Our results suggest that lower ambient temperatures may impede transmission of some CHIKV strains by Ae. albopictus at early time points post infection.
Development of a rapid test kit for screening of infectious diseases

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In point-of-care (POC) setting, lateral flow devices remain popular for the use in healthcare management. They are affordable, simple to use, disposable, capable of storage at room temperatures and enable visual interpretation of the test results. We have utilised a wash-step free ELISA lateral flow system into developing a POC device. This system improves the sensitivity of the device by use of an enzyme label, and reduces the sample volume required. However, the long shelf-life of an enzymatic substrate is typically achieved by storing as solution at 4°C (i.e. not at room temperature). The objective of this project is to determine the optimal conditions for storing the enzymatic substrate in dried form at room temperature for 2 years, and have a comparable assay sensitivity to the enzymatic substrate in solution form. To achieve this, we focus on 1) optimizing the enzymatic substrate concentration for drying and its long-term storage at room temperature, 2) determining the configuration of test strip layout, and 3) optimizing the resolubilization buffer solution used to rehydrate the dried enzymatic substrate. After optimization, testing of infectious diseases (Dengue NS1 and Hepatitis B surface antigen) in the POC device has shown to require only 5 µL of sample, rapid turnaround time of 15 minutes, and a limit-of-detection of 47.05 ng/mL and 20.52 ng/mL respectively.
Information technology investment and rural bank performance in Ghana: the moderating role of ICT diffusion and financial development

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose This study sought to examine the interaction between rural bank performance, information and communication technology (ICT) investment, ICT diffusion and financial development. Design/methodology/approach Data were sourced from the Association of Rural Banks (ARB) Apex and World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period 2014–2020. A total of 122 rural banks were used for this study. The study adopted the two-step system generalized method of moments (SGMM) estimation technique in assessing the interactions among variables. Findings This study found compelling evidence to support the positive effect of ICT investment on banks’ performance (return on asset and net interest margin). Further, ICT diffusion and financial development positively influence banks’ performance. The results show a positive moderating effect exerted by ICT diffusion and financial development on the impact of bank risk (bank stability) and ICT investment on all three performance measures. Originality/value The study focuses on the rural banking sector in the Ghanaian economy, compared to related studies that examine the subject matter for commercial banks. The moderating effects of ICT diffusion and financial development are assessed to guide policy on rural banking development in Ghana.
Studies on chemical constituents of the marine sponge Craniella australiensis from the South China Sea

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective To study the chemical constituents of marine sponge Craniella australiensis collected from the South China Sea.Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were identified based on spectral analyses and chemical evidence.Results Four compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract and identified as: β-sitosterol(Ⅰ);3β,6β-stigmast-4-en-3,6diol(Ⅱ);1,12-diazacyclodocosane-2,11-dione(Ⅲ);uracil(Ⅳ).Conclusion All these compounds were isolated from this sponge for the first time.
[Depressive effect of dibucaine and bupivacaine on the growth of axons from cultured neuron of Lymnaea stagnalis].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The depressive effect of dibucaine (n = 8) was compared with that of bupivacaine (n = 9) using identified cultured neurons (A cluster) of Lymnaea stagnalis. Cultured interneurons exhibit extensive neurite outgrowth within 14-20 hours when placed in brain conditioned media. The changes of cultured neuron were recorded using a color video camera directly connected to an inverted microscope and the images were stored on digital video tape. Local anesthetics were added to the culture dish, with final concentrations of 1 x 10(-6) M-8 x 10(-4) M of dibucaine and 1 x 10(-5) M-8 X 10(-3) M of bupivacaine. We examined the damage of growth cone before and 30 minute after local anesthetics administration. Histologic damage were scored from moderate to severe compared to the control before dibucaine or bupivacaine administration. Dibucaine or bupivacaine damaged the growth cone moderately in the concentration of 1 x 10(-5) M or 4 x 10(-4) M, respectively. While dibucaine or bupivacaine damaged it severely in the concentration of 8 x 10(-5) M or 2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. These results suggest that bupivacaine is safer than dibucaine with the concentration we use in clinical practice.
Stećak Tombstone from Donji Bakići

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Stećak Tombstone from Donji Bakići, (site known as Klisa), near Olovo. On display at the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo. Data were collected as part of a joint research project between GDH and the Association for the Digitization and Informatisation of Cultural Heritage (DIGI.BA) in Sarajevo, in full collaboration with the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo. Description provided by Ana Marić, Curator. Model was created from 204 images from a Canon 5D Mark IV. All data were processed in Reality Capture. Project ID NMB Stecak 2. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
An overview of Favolus from the Neotropics, including four new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Favolus is a monophyletic genus of polypores that causes white rot of various woody plants. The genus has a worldwide distribution and is ecologically and economically important. Several taxa have been described or reported from the Neotropics, and F. brasiliensis, described originally from Brazil, is the type species for the genus. Based on molecular investigations, F. brasiliensis is now known to represent a species complex. The species is morphologically and phylogenetically circumscribed and epitypified here, and F. rugulosus is proposed as a new related species. Favolus grammocephalus and Polyporus philippinensis, initially described from Asia, have also recently been recorded from the Neotropics, so these taxa were included in this investigation employing morphological and multigene (mitochondrial, ribosomal, and protein-coding regions) phylogenetic analyses. These latter two species do not occur in the Neotropics, but the misapplied names actually represent three new species: F. pseudogrammocephalus, F. radiatifibrillosus, and F. yanomami. Nine species of Favolus are documented now for the Neotropics. Detailed descriptions of F. brasiliensis and all new taxa are provided, along with comments, illustrations, a map of potential distribution, and a key for neotropical species of Favolus.
Effect of GaAs/GaSb Combination Strain-Reducing Layer on Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dots

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Self-assembled quantum dots capping with a GaAs/Gasb combined strain-reduced layer (CSRL) are grown by MBE. Their structural and optical properties are investigated by AFM and photoluminescence (PL). PL measurements have shown that stronger emission about 1.3 μm can be obtained by Sb irradiation and capping QDs with 3 ML GaAs/2ML GaSb CSRL at room temperature. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the PL spectrum is about 20.2meV (19.9meV) at room temperature (20K), indicating that the QDs have high uniform, The result of FWHM is much better than the recently reported result, which is due to the fact that lower QD growth rate and growth interruption after the QDs deposition are adopted in our experiments.
Central European genera of the Boletaceae and Suillaceae, with notes on their anatomical characters.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A taxonomic survey of Central European genera of the families Boletaceae and Suillaceae with tubular hymenophores, including the lamellate Phylloporus , is presented. Questions concerning the delimitation of the bolete genera ar ediscussed. Descriptions and keys to the families and genera are based predominantly on anatomical characters of the carpophores. Attention is also paid to peripheral layers of stipe tissue, whose anatomical structur ehas not been sufficiently studied. The study of these layers, above all of the caulohymenium and the lateral stipestratum, can provide information important for a better understanding of relationships between taxonomic groups in these families. The presence (or absence) of the caulohymenium with spore-bearing caulobasidia on the stipe surface is here considered as a significant generic character of boletes. A new combination, Pseudoboletus astraeicola (Imazeki) Šutara, is proposed.