jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Distributed-Raman-amplification effect on pulse interactions and collisions in long-haul dispersion-managed soliton transmissions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We study the effect of distributed Raman amplification on strongly dispersion-managed soliton interactions and collisions in N×20 Gbit/s wavelength-division-multiplexed long-haul transmissions. The measured reduction of noise accumulation with Raman amplification permits determination of the allowable reduction of signal power, when compared with the case of lumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Hence we analytically estimate the reduction of intrachannel interactions and interchannel collisions induced by distributed Raman amplification and evaluate the corresponding decrease of timing jitter.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Gadolinium Oxyhydride (GdHO) Thin Films: Optical, Photocatalytic, and Electronic Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Oxyhydrides of rare-earth metals (REMOHs) exhibit notable photochromic behaviors. Among these, yttrium oxyhydride (YHO) stands out for its impressive transparency and swift UV-responsive color change, positioning it as an optimal material for self-cleaning window applications. Although semiconductor photocatalysis holds potential solutions for critical environmental issues, optimizing the photocatalytic efficacy of photochromic substances has not been adequately addressed. This research advances the study of REMOHs, focusing on the properties of gadolinium oxyhydride (GdHO) both theoretically and experimentally. The electronic and structural characteristics of GdHO, vital for ceramic technology, are thoroughly examined. Explicitly determined work functions for GdH2, GdHO, and Gd2O3 stand at 3.4 eV, 3.0 eV, and 4.3 eV, respectively. Bader charge analysis showcases GdHO’s intricate bonding attributes, whereas its electron localization function majorly presents an ionic nature. The charge neutrality level is situated about 0.33 eV below the top valence band, highlighting these materials’ inclination for acceptor-dominant electrical conductivity. Remarkably, this research unveils GdHO films’ photocatalytic capabilities for the first time. Even with their restricted surface due to thinness, these films follow the Langmuir–Hinshelwood degradation kinetics, ensuring total degradation of methylene blue in a day. It was observed that GdHO’s work function diminishes with reduced deposition pressure, and UV exposure further decreases it by 0.2 eV—a change that reverts post-UV exposure. The persistent stability of GdHO films, hinting at feasible recyclability, enhances their potential efficiency, underlining their viability in practical applications. Overall, this study accentuates GdHO’s pivotal role in electronics and photocatalysis, representing a landmark advancement in the domain.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 2642 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "TaxonKey is Trifolium subterraneum", "Country is United States of America", "HasCoordinate is true" ] } The dataset includes 2642 records from 48 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0053381-250717081556266/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
High-Performance\nSolid-State Lithium Metal Batteries\nof Garnet/Polymer Composite Thin-Film Electrolyte with Domain-Limited\nIon Transport Pathways

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The integrated approach of interfacial engineering and\ncomposite\nelectrolytes is crucial for the market application of Li metal batteries\n(LMBs). A 22 μm thin-film type polymer/Li<sub>6.4</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>1.4</sub>Ta<sub>0.6</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (LLZTO) composite\nsolid-state electrolyte (LPCE) was designed that combines fast ion\nconduction and stable interfacial evolution, enhancing lithium metal\ninterface stability and cycling performance. The ether-based molecular\ncoordination groups/clusters formed by triethylene glycol dimethyl\nether (TGDE) and anions facilitated the movement of Li<sup>+</sup> between the polymer chain segments. These specific coordination\nclusters significantly “constrained” the interaction\nbetween anions and Li<sup>+</sup>, inducing the anions to follow the\nclusters to the Li metal and preferentially participate in solid electrolyte\ninterface (SEI) derivatization. The inorganic salt-rich gradient SEI\nmodulates Li<sup>+</sup> deposition and inhibits uncontrolled dendrite\ngrowth, achieving stable cycling of Li symmetric cell at 0.2 mA cm<sup>–2</sup> for over 2000 h. Furthermore, the Li||NCM811 cell\nat a rate of 0.1 C exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 194.5\nmAh g<sup>–1</sup>, maintaining a capacity retention rate of\nover 90% after 500 cycles. This work demonstrates the importance of\ndomain-limited ion clusters in ion transport and interfacial evolution,\nproviding a perspective for solid-state LMBs.
Conceptual Site Model Development and Phased Remedy Implementation to Achieve Vapor Screening Goals at a Former Dry Cleaner

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Tetrachloroethene (PCE) releases at a former dry cleaner resulted in impacts to soil and shallow groundwater beneath and adjacent to the building. Subsurface impacts led to vapor intrusion with PCE concentrations between 900 and 1,200 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) in indoor air. The migration pathways of impacted soil vapor were evaluated through implementation of a helium tracer test and vapor sampling of an exterior concrete block wall. Results confirmed that the concrete block wall acted as a conduit for vapor intrusion into the building. A combination of remediation efforts focused on mass reduction in the source area as well as mitigation efforts to inhibit vapor migration into the building. Excavation of soils beneath the floor slab and installation of a spray-applied vapor barrier resulted in PCE concentrations in indoor air decreasing by over 97.9 percent. Operation of an active ventilation system installed under the floor slab and groundwater remediation via injections of nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) further reduced PCE concentrations in indoor air by over 99.8 percent compared to baseline conditions. While significant reductions of PCE concentrations in groundwater were observed within two months after injection, maximum reductions to PCE concentrations in indoor air were not observed for an additional 12 months. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taking Stock: Monetary Policy Transmission to Equity Markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper analyses the effects of U.S. monetary policy on stock markets.We present evidence that individual stocks react in a highly heterogeneous fashion to U.S. monetary policy shocks and relate this heterogeneity to financial constraints and Tobin's q. First, we show that there are strong industry-specific effects of U.S. monetary policy. Second, we also find that for the 500 individual stocks comprising the S&P500 the firms with low cash flows, small size, poor credit ratings, low debt to capital ratios, high price-earnings ratios, or a high Tobin's q are affected significantly more by monetary policy.
Morphological investigations of fibrogenic action of Estonian oil shale dust.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A review of morphological investigations carried out to clarify the pathogenicity of industrial dust produced in the mining and processing of Estonian oil shale is given. Histological examination of lungs of workers in the oil shale industry taken at necropsies showed that the inhalation of oil shale dust over a long period (more than 20 years) may cause the development of occupational pneumoconiotic changes in oil shale miners. The pneumoconiotic process develops slowly and is characterized by changes typical of the interstitial form of pneumoconiotic fibrosis in the lungs. Emphysematous changes and chronic bronchitis also occur. The average chemical content of oil shale as well as of samples of oil shale dust generated during mining and sorting procedures is given. The results of experiments in white rats are presented; these studies also indicate a mild fibrogenic action of Estonian oil shale dust.
DiY (do-it-yourself) postdisciplinary knowledge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A DiY approach to knowledge is a free-ranging approach to postdisciplinarity. DiY knowledge contrasts with the knowledge of the 'specialist', as one who maintains the territory of the discipline, since it seeks to 'burst open' or, less dramatically, to ignore the enclosed territories of the expert. In this chapter, we explore notions of DiY ethos, making and citizenship in order to range freely in a DiY postdisciplinarity and to explore manifestations and contributions of DiY to postdisciplinary knowledge. While the idea of disciplinary and postdisciplinary knowledge is a critical concept in this work, we do not attend specifically to a definition and/or theory of knowledge and its relation to practice. Rather, we explore knowledge, knowledge relationships and practices through observations in a series of DiY projects.
Mycorrhizal status of some plants of southwestern British Columbia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During the summer of 1986, plants were collected from University of British Columbia Research Farm at Oyster River, Vancouver Island, and their mycorrhizal status was determined. Of the 60 plant species examined, 44 were always vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal, 13 were always nonmycorrhizal, and three varied. Nonmycorrhizal plants were found in species belonging to the following families: Araceae, Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Gramineae, Onagraceae, Polygonaceae, and Portulacaceae. The mycorrhizal status of 15 plant species is reported here for the first time. Of these, the nonmycorrhizal species included Lysichitum americanum (Araceae), Stellaria simcoei, Stellaria calycantha (Caryophyllaceae), and Epilobium minutum (Onagraceae), and the mycorrhizal species included Adenocaulon bicolor, Eriophyllum lanatum var. achillaeoides, Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata (Compositae), Poa gracillima (Gramineae), Brodiaea coronaria, Disporum hookerii (Lilaceae), Polypodium glycyrrhiza (Polypodiaceae), Ranunculus uncinatus (Ranunculaceae), Rosa nutkana var. nutkana (Rosaceae), Collinsia parviflora (Scrophulariaceae), and Viola glabella (Violaceae).
Gendering opera: Italian opera as the feminine other in Britain, 1700–42

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This essay explores the discursive gendering of a musical genre, Italian opera, at the specific moment of its reception in early eighteenth‐century Britain. The historical discourse about music illumines both a specific moment in the history of gender ideology, as well as Western universals of male‐female gender relations—especially the figuring of the female as the subordinate Other. The case also serves as an object lesson for how it is both possible and necessary to historicize concepts of sex, gender, and sexuality to avoid ahistorical assumptions about the essential nature of sex and gender. Finally, this case connects music history with the larger cultural moment and helps clarify a cultural (re)construction of male sexuality.
Engineers into managers: how to effect the transition of a competent technical professional into a competent manager

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study reviews the international position on the transition process of a competent technical professional competent manager within the manufacturing industry and then evaluates the Australian experience. New models are presented as a result of this work defining organisational, academic, and individual roles and responsibilities throughout that transition process.\nIn contrast to much of the published literature the occupational motivation, career orientation, and personal characteristics and beliefs of both technical and non-technical respondents in this research group were not substantially different, and the population could be considered a single group in those regards. Role transition within this group was believed to be constrained not by occupational orientation, but by the lack, or inappropriateness of training and experience. This group also believed that management activity was of a sufficiently generic nature that specifically tailored academic programmes are not required. The research validated the proposition that management is not a profession but a craft that is constantly enriched by experience and education and that the Australian education and business environment is not conducive to the creation or development of technical professionals into managers.\nThe research document concludes with a discussions of the implications of this research on the public and private sector, and on the limitations of this research and recommendations for further study.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Ion Trajectories of Reacting Chemical Systems: Mobility of Small Water Clusters in Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

For the comprehensive simulation of ion trajectories including reactive collisions at elevated pressure conditions, a chemical reaction simulation (RS) extension to the popular SIMION software package was developed, which is based on the Monte Carlo statistical approach. The RS extension is of particular interest to SIMION users who wish to simulate ion trajectories in collision dominated environments such as atmospheric pressure ion sources, ion guides (e.g., funnels, transfer multi poles), chemical reaction chambers (e.g., proton transfer tubes), and/or ion mobility analyzers. It is well known that ion molecule reaction rate constants frequently reach or exceed the collision limit obtained from kinetic gas theory. Thus with a typical dwell time of ions within the above mentioned devices in the ms range, chemical transformation reactions are likely to occur. In other words, individual ions change critical parameters such as mass, mobility, and chemical reactivity en passage to the analyzer, which naturally strongly affects their trajectories. The RS method simulates elementary reaction events of individual ions reflecting the behavior of a large ensemble by a representative set of simulated reacting particles. The simulation of the proton bound water cluster reactant ion peak (RIP) in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was chosen as a benchmark problem. For this purpose, the RIP was experimentally determined as a function of the background water concentration present in the IMS drift tube. It is shown that simulation and experimental data are in very good agreement, demonstrating the validity of the method.
Key Proliferative Activity in the Junction between the Leaf Blade and Leaf Petiole of Arabidopsis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Leaves are the most important, fundamental units of organogenesis in plants. Although the basic form of a leaf is clearly divided into the leaf blade and leaf petiole, no study has yet revealed how these are differentiated from a leaf primordium. We analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of mitotic activity in leaf primordia of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in detail using molecular markers in combination with clonal analysis. We found that the proliferative zone is established after a short interval following the occurrence of a rod-shaped early leaf primordium; it is separated spatially from the shoot apical meristem and seen at the junction region between the leaf blade and leaf petiole and produces both leaf-blade and leaf-petiole cells. This proliferative region in leaf primordia is marked by activity of the ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) promoter as a whole and seems to be differentiated into several spatial compartments: activities of the CYCLIN D4;2 promoter and SPATULA enhancer mark parts of it specifically. Detailed analyses of the an3 and blade-on-petiole mutations further support the idea that organogenesis of the leaf blade and leaf petiole is critically dependent on the correct spatial regulation of the proliferative region of leaf primordia. Thus, the proliferative zone of leaf primordia is spatially differentiated and supplies both the leaf-blade and leaf-petiole cells.
Dysfunction of Selective Suppression of Auto-Antibody Production in SLE Mouse and Reconstruction of this Mechanism by Induction of Bone-Marrow Chimerism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Mixed chimerism induced by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but the details of the mechanism by which mixed chimerism reverses the autoimmune state have not been determined.Here, we propose a potential mechanism in which newly developed T cells positively selected by the recipient's thymus are able to regulate auto-reactive B cells.To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/T cell receptor (TCR) cognate interaction was important for the regulation of auto-reactive B cells.We induced an auto-cross-reactive Antibody (Ab) by immunization using a foreign antigen with a homolog to an auto-antigen in a BXSB lupus mouse strain and achieved MHC-matched or mismatched mixed chimerism.Methods: Stable multi-lineage mixed chimeric BXSB mice were established with non-lymphoablative conditioning.In order to induce auto-cross-reactive Ab, a foreign antigen Pigeon Cytochrome C (PCC) was immunized in these chimeric BXSB mice with various MHC combinations.Anti-PCC and anti-Mouse Cytochrome C (MCC: cross-reactive with PCC) Abs were measured by ELISA. Results:In normal mice and MHC-matched/haplo-identical chimeric mice, the titer of the anti-MCC Ab reached plateau at low levels.In BXSB and fully MHC-mismatched chimeric mice, however, both anti-PCC and MCC Ab levels were higher. Conclusion:These results suggest that the regulatory mechanism selectively suppresses auto-reactive Ab production through cognate interaction.Dysfunction of this suppression system is one possible cause of lupus; the induction of BM mixed chimerism may allow us to reconstruct the system.
Prevalence of urinary tract infections in febrile children and role of urine interleukins in diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in the paediatric age group and can contribute to permanent renal damage. Urine culture takes a minimum of 48 hours, thus delaying treatment in suspect cases. It is also expensive and requires training of laboratory technologists. Early diagnosis is important in prevention of serious sequelae such as hypertension and end stage renal disease. Determination of burden of the problem within a population allows appropriate allocation of diagnostic and management resources. Urine interleukins are postulated to be useful adjuncts in diagnosis of UTI.\nObjectives: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of UTI in febrile children aged 12yrs and below, at theAga KhanUniversityHospital. The secondary objective was to determine the diagnostic utility of urine interleukin 8 (IL-8) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), in detection of UTI using urine culture as the gold standard.\nMethodology: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital,Nairobi between March and August 2010. All patients ≤12 years of age with fever presenting at theAga KhanUniversityHospital were enrolled .The minimum sample size was 92. Consecutive sampling was carried out until sample size was achieved. Urine samples were collected as mid stream for toilet trained children and urethral catheterization for children ≤two years of age after consent was obtained.\nPrevalence of UTIs was determined and a 2 by 2 contingency table was used in the calculation of the diagnostic utility of urine IL-6 and IL-8.ROC curves were plotted to illustrate sensitivity and specificity of IL-6 & 8 cut offs.\nResults: A total of 98 patients were enrolled, 52% were male and the mean age of patients recruited was 57.6 months (range 0-144 months). Prevalence of UTI was 13.3% (95%CI 7.95-21.4) and 69% of patients with UTI were female. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of IL-6 were 50% (18.7-81.3%), 69.2% (57.8-79.2%), 17.2% (5.85-35.8%) and 91.5% (81.3-97.2%) while for IL-8 they were 20% (2.52-55.6%), 98.7% (93.1-100%), 66.7% (9.43-99.2%) and 90.6% (82.3-95.8%) respectively. Likelihood ratio for urine IL-6 was 1.6 at >1.8pg/ml (.794-3.24) and 15.6 (1.55-157) for IL-8 at >200pg/ml. Confidence intervals (95%) are shown in brackets.\nConclusion: The overall prevalence of UTI in febrile children at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi was noted to be similar to that reported in Kenya and higher than that in developed countries. The diagnostic utility of urine interleukins was found to be poor and unsuitable as screening tests but useful adjuncts in ruling out UTI. Although a larger study with enough power to determine actual diagnostic utility of IL6/8 would be most appropriate, it is unlikely that a stronger case can be made for these more expensive tests compared to the basic cheaper tests with higher diagnostic utility.
FIG. 34 in New observations on Upper Devonian brachiopods from the Namur-Dinant Basin (Belgium)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

FIG. 34. — Transverse serial sections of Neptunathyris buxi n. gen., n. sp., loc. JG-1995-5, Matagne Formation: A-H, IRScNB a12336; I-Q, IRScNB a12337. Numbers refer to distances in mm from the top of the ventral umbo. Scale bars: 5 mm.
G070022 Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Vegetable Oil Butyl Ester

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In order to use biobutanol instead to methanol at biodiesel production, and to reduce the pour point of biodiesel, coconut oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and soybean oil butyl esters were produced by using 1-butanol. The combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of these butyl esters were investigated using a DI diesel engine, and were compared with that of the methyl esters from same vegetable oils and JIS No.2 diesel fuel (gas oil). As a result, butyl ester of vegetable oil (VBE) has lower pour point compared to methyl ester of same vegetable oil (VME). Although HC, CO and Smoke of VBE are slightly higher than that of VME, VBE has same thermal efficiency and lower HC and Smoke emissions compared to gas oil. The effect of fatty acid ester composition on the exhaust emissions of VBE is almost the same compared to VME.