jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Computational analysis of human genome polymorphism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Whereas the genome-era technologies have produced the sequence of complete human genome, the modern post-genome technologies aim at the understanding of mechanisms of processing of genetic information and elucidation of within-species variation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) comprise the majority of polymorphism in the human population. Non-synonymous coding SNPs together with SNPs in regulatory regions are believed to have the highest impact on complex disease etiology, quantitative traits and response to drug treatment. PolyPhen is a computational tool for prediction of putatively functional nsSNPs with application areas such as genetics of complex disease, birth defects, identification of functional mutations in model organisms and evolutionary genetics.
Association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and pterygium in Sardinian patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pterygium is a common ocular surface disorder characterized by proliferation, inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix breakdown. Epidemiological studies indicate exposure chronic to UVB light as the most important risk factor for the development of pterygium. The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is the major component of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It converts the inactive decapeptide Angiotensin I (Ang I) to the active octapeptide Angiotensin II (Ang II). Ang II is the most potent vasoconstrictor and stimulant of the aldosterone release. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that Ang II is also involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and tissue fibrosis. Moreover, it acts as growth factor and participates in inflammatory responses. The gene encoding ACE is mapped on chromosome 17q23; it contains 25 introns and 26 exons and shows a polymorphism characterized by the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287-bp Alu sequence of DNA in intron 16. The presence or absence of Alu sequence in the ACE gene leads to the D/D, I/D and I/I genotypes. Novel studies have reported that the absence or presence of specific ACE I/D polymorphisms within ACE gene in several illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer, can confer increased risk to develop the pathologies. Due to these evidences and the pterygium features, the aim of our study is to evaluate the ACE I/D gene polymorphism type in a group of Sardinia pterygium patients and to establish the possible correlation between ACE-type polymorphism and the development of pterygium in a case-control study.
Zinc deficiency decreases plasma level and hepatic mRNA abundance of apolipoprotein A-I in rats and hamsters

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The influence of Zn deficiency on the plasma level as well as the hepatic and intestinal gene expression of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I was examined in rats and hamsters. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 wk old) and Golden Syrian hamsters (7 wk old) were assigned to three dietary treatments: Zn adequate (ZA, 30 mg Zn/kg diet), Zn deficient (ZD, <0.5 mg Zn/kg diet), and Zn replete (ZDA, ZD animals fed the ZA diet for the last 2 days). The dietary treatments lasted for 18 days for rats or 6 wk for hamsters. For the measurement of apoA-I mRNA abundance, hamster apoA-I cDNA was cloned from the small intestine. The full-length 905-base pair cDNA shared ∼80% similarity with the human, rat, and mouse apoA-I cDNAs. Hepatic and plasma Zn levels were reduced in ZD animals but normalized in ZDA rats and increased in ZDA hamsters compared with ZA animals. Zn deficiency reduced plasma apoA-I and hepatic apoA-I mRNA levels 13 and 38%, respectively, in ZD rats. The 2 days of Zn replenishment raised plasma apoA-I and hepatic apoA-I mRNA levels in ZDA rats by 34 and 28%, respectively, higher than ZA rats. Similarly, these levels were decreased by 18 and 25%, respectively, in ZD hamsters but normalized in ZDA hamsters compared with ZA hamsters. In contrast to the alterations of hepatic apoA-I mRNA levels, neither Zn deficiency nor subsequent Zn repletion produced alterations in the intestinal apoA-I mRNA abundance. Data from this study demonstrated that Zn deficiency specifically decreases hepatic apoA-I gene expression, which may at least be partly responsible for the reduction of plasma apoA-I levels.
Evaluation of telecommunications regulatory practice in the Kingdom of Bahrain: development and challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study has investigated the evaluation of Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) practice in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Having realised the importance of telecommunication, Bahrain has become one of the leading information and communication technologies (ICT) economies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and is ranked among the top 30 in the world. Such a ranking has encouraged the researchers to take Bahrain's TRA as the focus of this study. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and identify the factors that have influenced the TRA framework in the Kingdom and to investigate the development and challenges of TRA in Bahrain and how to lead to the best performance in the market place. The study also investigated the role of certain factors in telecommunication regulation. Interviews and surveys with the TRA and major operators in Bahrain were conducted. The findings show that licensing, interconnection, price regulation, competition policy and universality access are key factors influencing the telecommunication regulatory framework in Bahrain.
Beyond polyphony: Open Dialogue in a Women’s Shelter in Australia as a possibility for supporting violence‐informed practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Open Dialogue is a family/social network‐centered psychotherapeutic approach to responding to people in crisis and distress. In 2017, Open Dialogue network meetings were implemented in an Australian inner‐city shelter for disadvantaged women. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of participating in these meetings from the perspective of service users and Open Dialogue practitioners. Qualitative interviews were completed with thirteen participants (six service users and seven practitioners) and analyzed thematically. The findings suggested that dialogical processes created safety by attending to multiple voices in nonviolent ways that reduced perceived hierarchies. Notions of expertise were renegotiated, which allowed the women to feel heard in significant ways that were different from their previous experiences with other social and healthcare services. Open Dialogue is an approach that can meaningfully attend to some of the power relations within which women live and within which social and health care services are provided.
Clinical Manifestations,Neuroimaging and Pathological Study of Glutaric Aciduria Type I

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations,neuroimaging and pathological features of glutaric aciduria type Ⅰ.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in glutaric aciduria type Ⅰ patient in our hospital combining other 7 case reported in China these patinents were definited by urease pretreatment-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(UP-GCMS),and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examination.Results All 8 cases were confirmed by UP-GC-MS,and the age of onset was in 1-8 months.The main symptoms were cognitive abnormalities and dyskinesis.Cranial radiological images revealed the changes more common in the both cerebral white matter and basal ganglia areas.1 case from our hospital was performed by brain biopsy.Spongy degeneration was apparent in abnormal white matter,no demyelination changes appeared.Conclusions The main symptoms were cognitive abnormalities and dyskinesis in glutaric aciduria type Ⅰ.Radiological images revealed the changes more common in the double white matter and basal ganglia fields.The cistern of lateral sulcus was dilatation.Spongy degeneration was apparent with brain biopsy.
Management of a prestyloid parapharyngeal first branchial cleft cyst from puncture to surgical excision and how a routine procedure can turn into an emergency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The anatomy of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) is complex and the differential diagnosis of tumours in this area broad. Although primary tumours of the PPS account for only 0.5% of head and neck neoplasms and are benign lesions in 80% of the cases, the surgical management is crucial and needs specific planning and evaluation of CT and/or MRI scans. In literature, there are several ways to surgically deal with PPS tumours and due to location and differentiation, can reach from transparotid, submandibular transcervical and transoral approaches, extending in a mandibulotomy, further radiotherapy. Parapharyngeal cleft cysts are extremely rare and their management can be complex. We describe the presentation, the diagnosis and further management of a 71-year-old woman with a 6 cm first branchial cleft cyst in the PPS from puncture over emergency tracheostomy to elective excision via a combined transcervical/transparotid and transoral approach. We highlight the importance of the differential diagnosis and the and the correct clinical management of this rare entity.
On the Influence of the Laminar-Turbulent Transition in the Numerical Modeling of the Wing Airfoil

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The applicability of numerical methods based on the averaging the Navier–Stokes equations and the use of turbulence models, as well as eddy-resolving methods, under conditions of transition of a laminar flow to a turbulent one and formation of a separation bubble on the wing airfoil surface was studied.
Tether and Accretions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I argue that videogames are structured by conscious fantasy. This project traces two fantasies (tether and accretions) that combine into the genre of the role-playing game, providing a rough timeline for the evolution of these fantasies in videogames. It also engages in close readings of individual works that highlight important aspects of each fantasy. This study can serve as the basis for a formal analysis of games that is reinforced by their divided nature (game and story). Fantasy can serve as an intermediate term between game and story, and as such can incorporate the player into a game’s formal analysis. I also argue that videogames teach us that fantasy is a better term for describing media convergence than story. Note that “fantasy” here does not refer to the literary genre but rather to a dynamic psychological concept related to play.
Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT) development for middle school students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study presents the development of a mathematical creativity test and exploration of its psychometric properties. The study was conducted in six public schools and a high ability center between 2015 and 2018. The sample of the study included 1129 middle school students. The Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT) consists of problem posing, making conjecture, and proof subtests. Each test has two items. The scores of the MCT are composed of fluency, flexibility, and creativity quotient. For construct validity, EFA yielded a 3-factor solution, namely, problem posing, making conjecture, and proof subtests. CFA confirmed the 3-factor solution, and all fit indices were found to be good. For criterion validity, one-way ANOVA for independent samples was conducted in different classes, and it showed that there was a significant difference, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was investigated between MCT scores and the report card grades of the mathematics lesson. There was a strong and positive correlation between the two variables. The internal consistency and the interrater reliability of the test scores were high.
Reconciling Indigenous and Settler Language Interests: Language Policy Initiatives in Nunavut

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This essay examines some of the issues that shape current debates about the development of language politics and language policies in Nunavut. It considers the demography of language use in Nunavut and examines how Inuit and federal government perspectives have shaped the broader political and constitutional context in which language policy is being addressed. It then considers the institutional context that shapes language policy development in Nunavut, before examining two key interconnected language policy arenas in Nunavut: the language of instruction in schools and the language of work in government. Finally, the essay considers recent language legislation in Nunavut, highlighting how this seeks to combine a rights-oriented/anti-discrimination approach to official languages with legislation to protect the Inuit Language from further erosion.
Moderate and heavy alcohol consumption have no favorable effect on lipid values

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Moderate alcohol consumption has been reported to provide protection against coronary heart disease. We studied serum lipid values in 380 men, including 184 controls (37 teetotalers and 147 moderate drinkers), 90 heavy drinkers, and 106 alcoholics. Total cholesterol values were significantly lower among alcoholics than controls (mean±SEM, 5.43±0.15 mmol/L [210±5.8 mg/dL] vs 6.01±0.08 mmol/L [232±3.1 mg/dL]), but their high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values were higher (1.66±0.07 mmol/L [64±2.7 mg/dL] vs 1.14±0.02 mmol/L [44±0.8 mg/dL]). Accordingly, there was a highly significant difference in the HDL/total cholesterol ratio (0.32±0.13 vs 0.19±0.01). Heavy drinkers had significantly higher total cholesterol values than controls (6.30±0.13 mmol/L [244±5.0 mg/dL] vs 6.01±0.08 mmol/L [232±3.1 mg/dL]); the same was true of HDL cholesterol values (1.25±0.07 mmol/L [48±2.7 mg/dL] vs 1.14±0.02 mmol/L [44±0.8 mg/dL]). No significant difference was found in the HDL/total cholesterol ratio between controls and heavy drinkers or between teetotalers and moderate drinkers. Therefore, moderate alcohol intake apparently does not change HDL/total cholesterol ratio; if moderate drinking is protective against coronary heart disease, the mechanism is probably not via lipids. (Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:297-300)
How drawing shapes object representations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Drawing is a powerful tool for communicating ideas visually — a few well-placed strokes can convey the identity of a face, object, or scene. Here we examine how people learn to draw real-world objects in order to understand the more general consequences of visual production on the representation of objects in the mind. As a case study, we ask: How does practice drawing particular objects affect the way that those and other objects are represented? Participants played an online game in which they were prompted on each trial with an image (N=314) or word (N=276) that referred to a target object for them to draw. We used a high-performing, deep convolutional neural network model of ventral visual cortex to guess the identity of the drawn object in real time, providing participants immediate feedback about the quality of their drawing. Objects belonged to one of eight categories, each containing eight items. Each participant was randomly assigned two of these categories. During training, participants drew four randomly selected objects in one category (Trained) multiple times. Before and after training, participants drew the other four objects in that category (Near), as well as the objects in the second category (Far), once each. We found that drawings of Trained items were better recognized by the model after training, and that this improvement reflected decreased confusions with other items in the same category. By contrast, recognition of Near items worsened after training, which reflected increased within-category confusion. Recognition of Far items did not change significantly. These results show that visual production can reshape the representational space for objects: by differentiating trained objects and merging other objects nearby in the space. More broadly, these findings suggest that the outward expression of visual concepts can itself bring about changes to their internal representation. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Reduced effective scanning time in SPECT due to OSEM accelerated reconstruction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We study the increase of image noise which can be observed in images reconstructed with the OSEM algorithm. We argue that the excessive noise is equivalent to shortening scanning time by a factor of 2 or more at high number of subsets (acceleration factors). Therefore, by keeping the number of OSEM subsets low one can significantly reduce image noise, which in turn is equivalent to increasing scanning time or radiation dose. While the OSEM remains a very useful reconstruction method enabling substantial reduction of reconstruction times, it should be used with caution. In particular, high numbers of subsets should be avoided if possible. Whenever the available computing power allows achieving acceptable reconstruction times at lower number of subsets, one can consider reducing scanning time or injected dose, while maintaining the image quality of standard scans reconstructed with higher OSEM acceleration. The recommended maximal "safe" number of subsets, which does not lead to significant increase of image noise, is about 5.
Price and production trends in the marine fish aquaculture in Spain

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Spanish aquaculture sector has undergone a rapid and continuous growth becoming one of the biggest European producers. A wide range of species are farmed and, among them, the sea bass, sea bream and turbot make a significant contribution to the total of the Spanish fish farming output. In this paper, we analyse and predict the medium-term trend of the production and price level for the three leading species previously mentioned. The results obtained show a significant increase in the production of sea bream, sea bass and turbot. The results show also a slight decrease in the sea bream average price, a stable trends for the sea bass and increasing prices for the turbot.
THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION ON PROMOTING EFFECTIVE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE BY USING THE MANAGEMENT SUPPORT IN COMMERCIAL IRAQI BANKS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Good governance became a highly topical business issue at the beginning of the 21st century following a series of large corporate scandals and failures. This paper aims to set the conceptual framework for assessed the effects of internal audit function (IAF) on good governance in the public sector in Iraq. The objective of this paper to evaluate the internal audit function in promoting effective corporate governance among commercial banks in Iraq, While the specific objectives are to analyze the impact of work experience, the positioning, level of independence and the risk identification, measurement and prioritization approach by using management support adopted to internal audit function of commercial banks in Iraq. This paper will try to given that insights to develop the internal audit function in commercial organizations which is an important part of corporate governance reporting since it in a straight line affects the interests of all stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, employees, customers, creditors and government agencies as well highlighting to the need of change in outlook of theÂ organizations team towards the internal audit function bearing in mind the importance of strong internal audit function for the growth of commercial banks which are valuable for the development of Iraq economy
(2700) Proposal to conserve the name Lycopodium mirabile (Phlegmariurus mirabilis) (Lycopodiaceae) with a conserved type

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Excerpt] Lycopodium mirabilewas described by Willdenow (Sp. Pl. 5(1):11. 1810) from Ceylon [Sri Lanka] and Cochinchina [southern Vietnam] citing two synonyms from five earlier works (“Lycopodium phleg-mariaβ.Lam. encycl.3.p. 618.Loureiro cochin.2.p.837”and“Selagoindica orientalis sive Plegmaria admirabilis zeylanica. Breyn. cent. 180. t. 92. Raj. hist. 1582 [sic = t. 1852]. suppl. 655. Dill. musc. t. 61.f.D.E.F.”) and giving the distribution, etc. as “Habitat in Zeylonà,Cochinchina. H. (v. s.)”. All the synonym references refer to a species similar to Lycopodium phlegmaria (≡Phlegmariurus phlegmaria(L.)Holub). Willdenow indicated that he had seen dried material, but specimen details were not cited. The only material labelled L. mirabile in the Willdenow Herbarium at B is barcode B -W 19340 -01 0 (!), which was considered to be the holotype by Øllgaard (in Biol. Skr. 34: 57. 1989). This is technically an inadvertent lectotypification, as additional original elements are known.
Regulation of miRNA degradation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

miRNAs are small RNAs that repress gene expression by guiding the effector protein Argonaute (Ago) to complementary sites in the 3′ UTRs of target genes. The levels of a miRNA in a given cell-type are determined by the balance of its rates of production and decay. Although much is known about miRNA production, relatively little is understood about miRNA degradation. Here, I describe the work that I’ve done to address this gap in our knowledge. \n \nTo understand the extent that degradation rate is individually specified for miRNAs, I measured miRNA dynamics in mammalian cells. Supporting individualized regulation, measured miRNA half-lives spanned two orders of magnitude. Analyses of these data suggested that interactions with targets help shape turnover rates, and indeed, we showed that target RNA-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD) – a phenomenon whereby a highly complementary target site promotes degradation of the bound miRNA – is largely responsible for driving rapid turnover of miR-7. This observation raises the possibility that TDMD might also destabilize other miRNAs. \n \nThe subsequent discovery that the protein ZSWIM8 mediates TDMD, and the identification of many miRNAs that are stabilized upon loss of ZSWIM8, confirmed that this pathway broadly shapes miRNA turnover dynamics. We investigated whether other classes of small RNAs might too be regulated by this pathway, and found that loss of the Drosophila ZSWIM8 homolog, Dora, has no discernible effect on the levels of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Such protection from regulation by Dora is conferred by the Ago protein into which siRNAs load. This finding implies that effector protein identity dictates whether a small RNA is regulated by ZSWIM8. \n \nLoss of Dora is lethal, suggesting an essential role for TDMD during development, yet this lethality precludes the rigorous analysis of dora animals. To circumvent this challenge we disrupted TDMD in a more targeted manner by identifying and perturbing a TDMD-triggering, highly complementary target site for a single miRNA in flies. Although analyses of this fly line reveal some ways in which TDMD shapes organismal development, future studies are needed to fully understand the how the regulation of miRNA degradation operates throughout the Drosophila lifecycle.