jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Deregulation of Mitochondrial Sphingolipid Metabolism in Diabetes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The goal of this investigation was to identify the sphingolipid responsible for cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. We established that activation of mitochondrial ceramide biosynthesis results in concomitant activation of ceramide utilizing pathways leading to an increase in ceramide metabolite lactosyl-ceramide. The mitochondria from diabetic heart tissue displayed a decreased respiration rate and Ca2+ retention capacity (CRC). We found that C16-lactosyl-ceramide could potently suppress State 3 respiration supported by complex I substrate glutamate and decrease CRC. Treatment of diabetic animals with D-threo-PDMP, the inhibitor of glucosyl-ceramide synthase (GCS), which catalyzes the initial step in lactosyl-ceramide production, resulted in an increase in the subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) respiration rate at state 3 and uncoupled state. Respiration of the interfibrillar mitochondria(IFM) was not affected by the inhibitor. However, the inhibitor increased CRC of IFM, but not SSM. Importantly, there was no decrease in the content of lactosyl-ceramides in both SSM and IFM, indicating that the inhibitor ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic heart by a mechanism other than modulating the GCS activity. The results suggest that although GCS is a promising target to correct mitochondrial abnormalities associated with type 1 diabetes, caution is warranted in the interpretation of the mechanism of action of its inhibitors. We expect that further optimization of dosage/delivery of the GCS drugs should further boost their beneficial effects. Supported by a grant from The American Diabetes Association (#7-12-IN-28) to SAN and by NIH grant R01NS083544 to TIG.
Clinical Diagnosis, Biochemical Findings, Genetics and Incidence of Zellweger Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To analyze the clinical and laboratory data of neonates diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome and to estimate the incidence of the syndrome. Methods: The databases of four institutions that admitted newborns diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome to intensive care units between January 2013 and December 2016 were examined. Results: A total of 105,887 live babies were born in the four centers during the study period. Seven were diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome; the incidence was thus 1/15,126. Birth weights were 2,200 - 3,300 g. Six cases were born to consanguineous parents. Dysmorphic findings, respiratory failure, and hypotonia were evident in all patients. Hepatomegaly was apparent in four cases, congenital cardiac defects in four, characteristic cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings in four, renal cysts in five, hepatic cysts in three, and splenomegaly in one. PEX1 mutations were identified in three patients, and one mutation was novel. Conclusions: The incidences of Zellweger syndrome and cardiac disease were higher than reported previously, being (to the best of our knowledge) among the highest reported worldwide. This is the first time that such incidences have been calculated in Turkey. The syndrome is more common in regions where consanguineous marriage rates are higher.
On a population model with nonlinear boundary conditions arising in ecosystems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we study a model of population which is described by positive solutions to the nonlinear boundary value problem $$ \left\{\begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u = au-bu^{2}-c\frac{u^{2}}{1+u^{2}}-\epsilon, & x\in \Omega,\\ \mathbf{n}.\nabla u+ g(u)=0 , & x\in\partial \Omega.\\ \end{array}\right. $$ Here $\Omega$ is a bounded smooth domain of $\mathbb{R}^{N},$ $\Delta$ is the Laplacian operator, $a,$ $b,$ $c,$ $\epsilon$ are positive parameters and $g \in C^{1}\Big([0,\infty),$ $[\theta,\infty)\Big)$ is decreasing for some $\theta > 0.$ This model describes the dynamics of the fish populations. Our existence results are established via the well-known sub-super solution method.
[Radiographic diagnosis of injuries of the pelvic ring in acute trauma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Data on 58 victims with multifocal damages to the pelvic ring were used to examine the diagnostic potentialities of different radiation diagnostic techniques and to compare their resolving power. The latter was 65.1, 83.3, and 94.7% in plain and multidimensional X-ray studies, and computed tomography, respectively. The paper describes the complex of signs of closed sacral fractures on plain X-ray films and oblique pelvic inlet (cauda), proposed by the authors, which could improve the diagnosis of fractures by 8.8 times, and an original orthopedic gauze-plate for the detection and estimation of invisible pelvic bone displacement, and an original procedure for pelvic X-ray study with targeted load in acute injury. This all can improve the quality of examination of the injured substantially and define indications for different treatments more correctly.
Automated Detection of Ice and Open Water From Dual-Polarization RADARSAT-2 Images for Data Assimilation

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present a new technique for automated detection of ice and open water from RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR dual-polarization HH-HV images. Probability of the presence of ice within 2.05 km $\times2.05$ km areas is modeled using a form of logistic regression as a function of the difference between the wind speeds estimated from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and those obtained from numerical weather prediction short-term forecasts, the spatial correlation between HH and HV backscatter signals, and the spatial standard deviation of the wind speed estimated from SAR. The resulting ice probability model was built based on thousands of SAR images and corresponding Canadian Ice Service (CIS) Image Analysis products covering all seasons and all Canadian and adjacent Arctic regions being monitored by CIS. Extensive verification of the proposed technique was conducted for an entire year (2013) against independent Image Analysis products and Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System ice extent products. Using a probability threshold of 0.95, 72.2% of the retrievals were classified as either ice or open water with an accuracy of 99.2% in the most clean verification scenario against Image Analysis pure ice and water data. The ability to obtain such a large number of retrievals with a very high accuracy makes it feasible to assimilate the resulting retrievals in an ice prediction system. Consequently, the developed ice/water retrieval technique will be implemented as a part of the data assimilation component of the operational Environment and Climate Change Canada Regional Ice-Ocean Prediction System.
Unstable angina pectoris: an examination of modes and costs of therapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Debate exists over the most appropriate form of treatment for patients with unstable angina pectoris. This study examined 106 patients randomized at the University of Alabama in Birmingham as part of the National Cooperative Study Group and focuses on the phenomenon of patients who fail medical therapy and thus require late surgery, and the costs of therapy. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the significant predictors (p less than 0.01) of patients who would later require surgery were: total number of vessels diseased, angina severly, presence of congestive heart failure, hypertension, and number of years that the patient had had angina. By means of this analysis, 85% of the late surgery patients were correctly predicted. Late surgery patients averaged 2.4 diseased vessels vs 1.5 for persistent medical patients (p less than 0.01). Mean charges for the first 2 years in the study were $6,226 (SD $2,967) for persistent medical patients, $10,416 (SD $2,146) for surgery patients, and $20,059 (SD $10,748) for late surgery patients (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that surgery is clearly an expensive procedure; but that it is more expensive for late surgery patients, who have total costs that are twice as high as surgical costs and 3.5 times as high as persistent medical costs.
Geostiba (Sipalotricha) infirma

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Geostiba (Sipalotricha) infirma (WEISE 1878) A d d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: Romania: 10exs., Moldavia,Ciumarapass, 1100 m, deciduous forest, leaves sifted, 29.V.2008, leg. Rougemont (cRou, cAss). This species endemic to the Carpathians, where it is rather widespread and common (ASSING 2005a).
A REVIEW ON OBSTACLE DETECTION AND VISION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Vision is a beautiful gift to human beings by GOD. Vision allows people to perceive and understand the surrounding world. Till date blind people struggle a lot to live their miserable life. Their problems have made them to lose their hope to live in this competing society. Global estimate of the number of visually impaired people according to World Health Organization survey made in 2010 is 285 million people are visually impaired worldwide. Numerous technical aids that have been developed through recent decades for the orientation and mobility that make the lives of the blind easier. For doing so, sonar input and camera input systems are offered.
On Having a Single History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In our country today, a teacher or specialist who has linked himself professionally to the history of Soviet literature finds himself in a difficult position. The new dominant influences are calling for this history to be deemed a failure and as such worthy only of negative attention. They are silently opposed by the cultural experience of half a century gained under socialism and to this day determining a great deal in the preferences of the mass readership. Finally, in the course of the past decade, a whole Atlantis of literature that had been out of favor and had never been mentioned in monographs or been given any kind of theoretical overview came to the surface.
Clinical Implications of Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Asthmatic Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recently the prevalence of both asthma and obesity have increased substantially in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of retinol-binding protein (RBP) 4 in childhood asthma and its association with atopy markers, pulmonary function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in relation to obesity. We studied 160 children between the ages 6 to 10 yr, including 122 asthmatics and 38 controls. The body mass index, pulmonary function tests, and methacholine challenge tests were measured on the same day. Total eosinophil count, serum total IgE, serum eosinophil cationic protein, and serum RBP4 were measured in all subjects. There was no difference in serum RBP4 levels between the asthmatics and the control group. In all subjects or subgroups, serum RBP4 was not associated with total eosinophil count, serum total IgE, serum eosinophil cationic protein, or PC(20). There was no relationship between serum RBP4 and pulmonary function in female asthmatics. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC contributed to serum RBP4 in male asthmatics. Our findings show an association between RBP4 and pulmonary function in prepubertal male asthmatics. This relationship may indirectly affect the high prevalence of childhood asthma in males.
[Epileptic electroencephalogram recognition based on discrete S transform and permutation entropy].

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Electroencephalogram(EEG) analysis has important reference value in the diagnosis of epilepsy. The automatic classification of epileptic EEG can be used to judge the patient's situation in time,which is of great significance in clinical application. In order to solve the problem that the recognition accuracy is not high by using the single feature of EEG signals and avoid the influence of wavelet basis function selection on recognition results,a method of automatic discrimination of epileptic EEG signals based on S transform and permutation entropy is proposed. Firstly, the original signals are decomposed by discrete S transform, and then we calculate the fluctuation index of coefficients of each rhythm and combine the permutation entropy of EEG signals into a feature vector and use Real AdaBoost classifier to discriminate the epileptic EEG signals in muti-period. In this study, we used the epilepsy database from University of Bonn. Three groups of EEG signals, including the data of normal people with their eyes open, the data collected inside of the epileptic foci from patients during their interictal period and the data during their ictal period, were used to test effectiveness. The results of this study showed that the fluctuation index of each rhythm could be used to characterize the normal, interictal and ictal epileptic EEG signals effectively, and the recognition accuracy of multiple features was much higher than that of single feature. The average recognition accuracy could reach 98.13%. Compared with time-frequency feature extraction method or nonlinear feature extraction method only,the recognition accuracy was increased by more than 1.2% and 8.1% respectively, which was superior to the methods recorded in many other literatures. Therefore, this method has a good application prospect in diagnosis of epilepsy.
Impact of ischemic preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat sciatic nerve.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to assess the preventive effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the sciatic nerve of the rat hind limb. This study included two experiments. For Experiment 1, 40 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups that received different IPC treatments prior to IR. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed following reperfusion. Furthermore, we tested the electrophysiological response and ultrastructural changes in the ipsilateral sciatic nerve after IR. After determining the best IPC protocol for protection, we performed a second experiment with 30 SD rats randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Each group underwent 1, 2, or 3 IPC cycles before prolonged ischemia and reperfusion. The same analyses as in Experiment 1 were performed. In Experiment 1, the AST, LDH, and MDA concentrations were decreased in all IPC groups compared with the control group. Concentration of these enzymes showed decreases with increasing IPC cycle number in Experiment 2; however, the difference between 2 and 3 cycles of IPC did not reach significance. Conversely, SOD activity increased in the rapid and delayed groups, and with increasing cycles of IPC. The electrophysiological test showed a decrease in amplitude and increase in conduction velocity with increasing IPC cycles. Moreover, ultrastructural damage decreased with increasing IPC cycles. IPC protected against IR injury in the peripheral nerves. This effect was positively correlated with the number of IPC cycles.
Three‐Dimensional Planning in Maxillofacial Reconstruction of Large Defects Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This chapter shows the complete cone beam computed tomogram (CBCT)-based virtual workflow of fully digitally planned primary and secondary reconstructions of maxillofacial defects with osseous flaps and implant-retained prosthetic reconstructions. The 3D virtual planning of the technique of prefabrication is described. Secondary reconstruction of maxilla-mandibular defects using prefabricated bone grafts always implies that the patient must be willing to undergo at least two surgical procedures. The chapter explains some benefits of using prefabricated bone grafts instead of bone grafts without preplanning of the graft position. The skin graft provides an excellent thin covering around the implants of the fibula bone, as in large maxillofacial defects there is usually not only a bony defect but also a lack of soft tissue. 3D virtual planning provides an essential, powerful tool for complex reconstructions of maxillofacial defects.
Effects of excessive magnesium in irrigation waters on wheat and corn growth

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The effect of Mg/Ca ratio in irrigation water on growth of plants has not been studied to any extent. The objective of the experiments reported herein was to study such an effect. Corn (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were grown in the greenhouse in a noncalcareous clay loam soil. They were irrigated with tap water (EC = 0.080 dS/m, SAR = 0.1, Mg/[Ca + Mg] = 20%) as the "check"; treatment and 18 synthetic waters prepared using three levels of salinity (2, 4, and 6 dS/m) and 6 ratios of Mg/[Ca + Mg] (30, 50, 70, 90, 95, and 100%) for corn and wheat grown in fall and winter, respectively, or 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% for corn grown in summer. Two‐thirds of anion equivalents in the waters was sulfate and the balance Cl. The soils were equilibrated with their respective irrigation waters before planting. A 50% leaching fraction (drainage water quantity: irrigation water quantity) was applied on the corn grown in the fall. A 25% leaching fraction was applied on the wheat grown in winter and corn grown in summer. Wheat grain yield was highest at 50% Mg treatment and was depressed when Mg/[Ca+Mg] exceeded 55–65%. Severe grain yield depression with Ca deficiency symptoms on grain heads were observed when Mg/[Ca + Mg] ratio was about 90%. The highest straw yield was obtained with tap water. Except for 100% Mg treatment, wheat straw yield did not decrease by salinity levels at a given Mg percentage. Total uptake of both Mg and Ca and their ratios increased as their soil solution concentrations and ratios increased for wheat and corn crops. The corn stover dry matter did not decrease with soil solution salinity up to 8 dS/m except at 100% Mg treatment and at an EC level of more than 6 dS/m when grown in winter. In summer corn stover dry matter yields were lower in saline soil solutions of about 8 to 19 dS/m than in the tap water check treatment with lowest yield in 100% Mg treatment at the highest EC. It was not possible for corn to produce grain under the experimental conditions. It is concluded that irrigating wheat grown in noncalcaerous soils with waters containing a Mg/[Ca+Mg] level of more than 50–65% can reduce grain yields due to Mg‐induced Ca deficiency.
PC based precision timing without GPS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A highly accurate monitoring solution for active network measurement is provided without the need for GPS, based on an alternative software clock for PC's running Unix. With respect to clock rate, it's performance exceeds common GPS and NTP synchronized software clock accuracy. It is based on the TSC register counting CPU cycles and offers a resolution of around 1ns, a rate stability of 0.1PPM equal to that of the underlying hardware, and a processing overhead well under 1µs per timestamp. It is scalable and can be run in parallel with the usual clock. It is argued that accurate rate, and not synchronised offset, is the key requirement of a clock for network measurement. The clock requires an accurate estimation of the CPU cycle period. Two calibration methods which do not require a reference clock at the calibration point are given. To the TSC clock we add timestamping optimisations to create two high accuracy monitors, one based on Linux and the other on Real-Time Linux. The TSC-RT-Linux monitor has offset fluctuations of the order of 1µs. The clock is ideally suited for high precision active measurement.
Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in refractory lupus nephritis: a single-center experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives Resistant lupus nephritis (LN) has been associated with the persistence of long-lived plasma cells. Preliminary studies identified bortezomib as a potential treatment option for patients with refractory LN. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of bortezomib in the treatment of severe refractory LN. Methods This retrospective study included 12 female patients diagnosed for the first time with class IV or IV/V LN with acute or rapidly progressive kidney injury ( n = 11) and/or severe nephrotic syndrome ( n = 1) who showed resistance to induction therapy with cyclophosphamide, steroids, mycophenolate, and rituximab, and were treated with either intravenous or subcutaneous bortezomib plus intravenous dexamethasone. Results All patients with acute or rapidly progressive kidney injury showed a significant reduction in both biochemical and immunological activity after a mean of 6 (minimum 5, maximum 7) weekly cycles of bortezomib regimen, with a significant increase in C3 levels and a significant decrease of anti-ds DNA antibody titers, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score, serum creatinine, and proteinuria. One patient (8.3%) achieved a complete response, and 10 patients (83.4%) achieved a partial response. During follow-up, all these patients maintained partial responses under treatment with mycophenolate and low-dose glucocorticoids. The patient with refractory nephrotic syndrome showed a partial response but relapsed 11 months after the end of bortezomib treatment and was resistant to treatment. A significant decrease in serum IgG levels after initiation of bortezomib treatment was observed in all patients, five of them (41.6%) showed hypogammaglobulinemia (<500 mg/dl), but no patient suffered from opportunistic infections; in only two patients (16.6%) hypogammaglobulinemia persisted at the end of follow-up. Two patients (16.6%) suffered from sensory neuropathy, which led to bortezomib treatment discontinuation. Conclusions Bortezomib may be an effective option for refractory LN, but close monitoring must be performed for possible adverse events such as peripheral neuropathy and hypogammaglobulinemia.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of A new RNA synthetic method with a 2'-O-(2-cyanoethoxymethyl) protecting group.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A novel method for the synthesis of RNA oligomers with 2-cyanoethoxymethyl (CEM) as the 2'-hydroxyl protecting group has been developed. The new method allows the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides with an efficiency and final purity comparable to that obtained in DNA synthesis. [structure: see text] PMID: 16048321
Organocatalyzed Transient Dienamine-Mediated Diels-Alder Reactions between α,β-Unsaturated Ketones and Alkenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Organocatalyzed (4+2) cycloadditions (Diels-Alder reactions) are reviewed in this manuscript. Among the different catalytic alternatives, reactions involving α,β-unsaturated ketones and alkenes are considered. In these processes, substituted cyclohexanones are obtained via HOMO activation generated by amine organocatalysis that generate transient dienamine species. Both concerted and stepwise mechanisms are described. In most cases, excellent regio-, diastereo- and enantiocontrol have been observed. Keywords: Organocatalysis, diels-Alder reactions, cycloadditions, michael additions, pericyclic reactions, stepwise mechanisms.