jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stable‐isotope studies on the collagenic and hydroxylapatite components of fossils: Palaeoecological implications

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Collagenic material has been extracted and analysed for stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope ratios from Henschke Cave, a Late Pleistocene fossil locality, South Australia. The carnivore Thylacoleo carnifex most likely consumed omnivores (Parameles spp.) with a palaeodiet of C3 plant material under a forest canopy, which was also recorded in the herbivores analysed (Macropus spp., Sthenurus spp. and Diprotodon spp.). A forested environment supports previous interpretations of extant fauna and their modern habitats. The presence of negative nitrogen-isotope ratios in herbivores has been interpreted as non-diagenetic on the basis of carbon/nitrogen ratios and amino acid spectra, and in fact may be indicative of acidic soils. Analyses on bone and enamel carbonate hydroxylapatite from the same species support the conclusion that bone is unreliable for palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological research. However, bone carbonate hydroxylapatite may prove valuable in assessing the extent of isotopic fractionation during diagenesis. A review of carbon-isotope analyses on fossil collagenic material and enamel carbonate hydroxylapatite suggests a carnivore-herbivore boundary. The application of this boundary in palaeoecological research requires further investigation. Future palaeoecological research on fossils needs to incorporate stable-isotope analyses on the carbonate hydroxylapatite and collagenic components of fossils.
Initial and Delayed Metabolic Activity of Palatine Tonsils Measured with the PET/CT-Dedicated Parameters

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One of the most critical elements in the palatine tonsils (PT) patients’ management is to distinguish chronic tonsillitis and malignant tumor. The single-time-point (STP) 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG PET/CT) examination offers the most significant sensitivity and specificity in the head and neck (H&N) region evaluation among commonly used methods of imaging. However, introducing dual-time-point (DTP) scanning might improve the specificity and sensitivity of the technique, limited by the 18 F-FDG non-tumor-specific patterns, especially when comparing different metabolic parameters. The study aims to compare several surrogates of the maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax), obtained in 36 subjects, divided into confirmed by pathologic study PT cancer and tonsillitis in patients who underwent DTP 18 F-FDG PET/CT scanning. In this study, we observed the increased sensitivity and the specificity of the DTP 18 F-FDG PET/CT when compared with the standard PET/CT protocol. It could be concluded that DTP 18 F-FDG PET/CT improves the PT cancer and chronic tonsillitis differential diagnosis.
西周金文所見「師某」名稱研究= A study of names in the form "Shi X" as seen in Western Zhou bronze Inscriptions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

西周金文中稱呼為「師某」（「師某父」）的一類人，以前往往認為「師」是其官職。張亞初、劉雨的《西周金文官制考》一書將這些人與大師等放在一起，列為「師官類官」。前人在談及這一類人的時候，往往結合單篇的銘文對他們的身份進行確認，因此出現了「師」是「師氏」的簡稱或者「大師」的簡稱等看法。這些觀點由於取材範圍過窄，或者由於有結論先行的弊病，故而有失偏頗。西周金文中這些稱作「師某」的人是一類較為特殊的人群，他們的官職各不相同，許多人確實是武官，且有帶兵打仗的記錄，但也有一些人的職責與軍事無關或者不直接相關。西周時期的官制系統已較為成熟，不應出現一種官職名稱對應多種差別巨大的職責範疇的現象，因此「師某」的稱呼並非以官職冠於私名之上。職責差別之外，「師」的社會地位有高下的不同，並且上司和下屬、子輩和父輩祖輩可以同時稱為「師」，前者說明「師」不是一種尊稱，後者說明「師」不是一種世襲的爵位。在地緣方面，「師」大都集中在周人的兩個重要的活動中心----宗周和岐周。而在血緣方面，「師」表現出一定的家族性特征，在宗周和岐周也分別有一個由「師」組成的家族。「師」的家族具有著深厚的歷史傳承，是較為強大的地方勢力。總而言之，師是西周時期宗周地區對某些具有一定社會地位的有官職的貴族的稱呼，他們擁有一定的功業或者社會名望，同時也擁有強大的家族勢力。This dissertation takes issue with the interpretation that people in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions referred to by "Shi師X" (or "Shi師X fu父") had to have been officials because of these names, and argues against the view that these names were associated with or abbreviations of the offices called "Shi shi師氏" or "Da shi大師". Point in fact, people whose names were preceded by "Shi 師" had wide-ranging duties. They were military officers, secretaries, education officials, and even regents. The Western Zhou had a sophisticated official system, and it is unlikely that one position was set to administer such a multitude of tasks and duties. In addition, people of different classes and of different generations could be called "Shi 師", and a collation of all the data suggests that it was not an honorific appellation nor a hereditary title. Archaeological information from unearthed bronzes with inscriptions reveals that these people called "Shi師X" were centered mainly in Zong Zhou宗周 and Qi Zhou岐周, these two places being the political and religious centers of the Western Zhou rulers. I argue that "Shi" was a term used by nobles who possessed a certain amount of meritorious deeds or attained a certain social status.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has two distinct neurologic phenotypes: the slowly progressive adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and the rapidly progressive inflammatory cerebral phenotypes (CERALD).1 The main pathologic abnormality in AMN is a non-inflammatory distal axonopathy that affects the long tracts in the spinal cord most severely.2 A recent spectroscopy study demonstrated evidence of axonal pathology in the brain of pure AMN patients.3 In CERALD there is an inflammatory cerebral myelopathy associated with intense perivascular cuffing by cells, most of which are CD8 cytotoxic T-cells. The CD1 mediated presentation of lipid antigens that contain the saturated very long chain fatty acids that are characteristic of ALD may be a key pathogenetic element.4 More than 400 different mutations in ABCD1 , the gene that is deficient in ALD, have been identified. They do not correlate with the neurologic phenotype.1 AMN and CERALD often co-occur in the same family. The inability to predict whether a young asymptomatic boy with ALD is at risk for AMN or for CERALD is one of the most serious gaps in knowledge about ALD.

While there is as yet no consistently effective therapy for AMN, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can benefit patients with CERALD. This is documented in the recent study by Peters et al. …
Reaction sequence of perovskite formation process in PFW-PFN system by B-site precursor method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Reaction sequence of perovskite-phase formation crystallographic properties in the PFW-PFN system are reported. Investigation is focused on the formation of perovskite phase by a "B-site precursor method." B-site precursors were formed directly from the constituent oxides or through a competition with a pyrochlore-related phase, while perovskite phases were developed through a competition with pyrochlores. Lattice parameters of PFW and PFN were 3.985 and 4.016 /spl Aring/, respectively.
Optimization of Investments in Natural Gas Distribution Networks

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents an optimization model and solution procedure for planning investments in gas distribution networks for residential customers. The situation can be considered a capital budgeting problem under uncertainty. There is uncertainty about whether a potential customer will convert to gas service if a distribution main is built, the revenue generated if the household does convert, and the cost of constructing the main. A fixed annual budget is allocated to a set of discrete, competing projects over time. The allocation is done by maximizing the expected net present value (NPV) given the decision-maker’s risk preferences. The probability distribution of the NPV for each competing project is created from two statistical models. A binary probit model is used to estimate the probability of conversion for a potential customer. A random effects regression model is used to estimate the revenue generated should a particular potential customer switch to gas. A rollout value greedy heuristic was devised to solve the resulting optimization formulation. Two case studies based on data from a large gas company illustrate the analysis.
Factors Associated With Radiographic Trapeziometacarpal Arthrosis in Patients Not Seeking Care for This Condition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: A common adage among hand surgeons is that the symptoms of trapeziometacarpal (TMC) arthrosis vary among patients independent of the radiographic severity. We studied factors associated with radiographic severity of TMC arthrosis, thumb pain, thumb-specific disability, pinch strength, and grip strength in patients not seeking care for TMC arthrosis. Our primary null hypothesis was that there are no factors independently associated with radiographic severity of TMC arthrosis according to the Eaton classification among patients not seeking care for TMC arthrosis. Methods: We enrolled 59 adult patients not seeking care for TMC arthrosis. We graded patients’ radiographic TMC arthrosis and asked all patients to complete a set of questionnaires: demographic survey, pain scale, TMC joint arthrosis–related symptoms and disability questionnaire (TASD), and a depression questionnaire. Metacarpophalangeal hyperextension and pinch and grip strength were measured, and the grind test and shoulder sign were performed. Results: Older age was the only factor associated with more advanced radiographic pathophysiology of TMC arthrosis. One in 5 patients not seeking care for TMC arthrosis experienced thumb pain; no factors were independently associated with having pain or limitations related to TMC arthrosis. Youth and male sex were associated with stronger pinch and grip strength. Conclusions: There are a large number of patients with relatively asymptomatic TMC arthrosis. Metacarpophalangeal hyperextension and female sex may have a relationship with symptoms, but further study is needed. Our data support the concept that TMC arthrosis does not correlate with radiographic arthrosis.
Management of patients with treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose. This study evaluates the efficacy of intravitreal injections (IVI) of faricimab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and retinal pigment epithelium detachment (RPED) resistant to other anti-VEGF agents. Material and methods. The study included 61 patients (61 eyes) with nAMD previously treated with aflibercept and/or brolucizumab IVIs. Three groups were formed: group 1 received aflibercept IVI (32 eyes), group 2 received brolucizumab IVI (14 eyes), and group 3 received aflibercept followed by brolucizumab IVI (15 eyes). All patients received four monthly loading injections of faricimab (Vabysmo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland) at a dose of 0.05 ml (6 mg), with disease activity assessed at month 4. For active disease, injections were administered at 4-week intervals; for inactive disease, injections were done at 8-week intervals. Results. In group 1, significant improvement was observed in all parameters by month 4 (p<0.05), accompanied by an increase in visual acuity. Similar findings were recorded at month 6. In group 2, no statistically significant change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was found; however, a notable reduction in central retinal thickness and maximum RPED height was seen at both months 4 and 6, due to decrease in fibrous and fibrovascular layers (p<0.05). No signs of prechoroidal cleft were detected. In group 3, monthly IVI resulted in reductions in all parameters except prechoroidal cleft height (p>0.05), although by month 6 the values returned to baseline pre-treatment levels (p>0.05). Conclusions. Intravitreal injections of faricimab may prove to be an effective treatment for nAMD in patients resistant to other anti-VEGF agents.
Some remarks on the model theory of epistemic plausibility models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Classical logics of knowledge and belief are usually interpreted on Kripke\nmodels, for which a mathematically well-developed model theory is available.\nHowever, such models are inadequate to capture dynamic phenomena. Therefore,\nepistemic plausibility models have been introduced. Because these are much\nricher structures than Kripke models, they do not straightforwardly inherit the\nmodel-theoretical results of modal logic. Therefore, while epistemic\nplausibility structures are well-suited for modeling purposes, an extensive\ninvestigation of their model theory has been lacking so far. The aim of the\npresent paper is to fill exactly this gap, by initiating a systematic\nexploration of the model theory of epistemic plausibility models. Like in\n'ordinary' modal logic, the focus will be on the notion of bisimulation. We\ndefine various notions of bisimulations (parametrized by a language L) and show\nthat L-bisimilarity implies L-equivalence. We prove a Hennesy-Milner type\nresult, and also two undefinability results. However, our main point is a\nnegative one, viz. that bisimulations cannot straightforwardly be generalized\nto epistemic plausibility models if conditional belief is taken into account.\nWe present two ways of coping with this issue: (i) adding a modality to the\nlanguage, and (ii) putting extra constraints on the models. Finally, we make\nsome remarks about the interaction between bisimulation and dynamic model\nchanges.\n
Fluorescent detection of C-reactive protein using polyamide beads

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bacterial infection causes Sepsis which is one of the leading cause of mortality in hospitals. This infection can be quantified from blood plasma using C - reactive protein (CRP). A quick diagnosis at the patient's location through Point-of- Care (POC) testing could give doctors the confidence to prescribe antibiotics. In this paper, the development and testing of a bead-based procedure for CRP quantification is described. The size of the beads enable them to be trapped in wells without the need for magnetic methods of immobilization. Large (1.5 mm diameter) Polyamide nylon beads were used as the substrate for capturing CRP from pure analyte samples. The beads captured CRP either directly through adsorption or indirectly by having specific capture antibodies on their surface. Both methods used fluorescent imaging techniques to quantify the protein. The amount of CRP needed to give a sufficient fluorescent signal through direct capture method was found suitable for identifying bacterial causes of infection. Similarly, viral infections could be quantified by the more sensitive indirect capture method. This bead-based assay can be potentially integrated as a disposable cartridge in a POC device due to its passive nature and the small quantities needed.
Speech development in children with sequelae of obstetrics palsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Obstetrics plexus occurs in 0.44 cases per 1000 newborns. Moreover, 70%92% of the patients have mild injuries that spontaneously recover within 2 months after delivery, and the remaining patients have secondary deformities of the limbs, leading to motor disorders of varying severities. Studies have reported that the limited or absence of hand motor functions can lead to cognitive deficits and speech underdevelopment. AIM: To study the features of speech development in children with obstetrics palsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2020 to 2021, we performed speech examination of 33 children with obstetrics palsy from the age of 315 (average age, 8.10 3.71) years. All patients were divided into four groups: group 1 (34 years, n = 6), group 2 (56 years, n = 10), group 3 (710 years, n = 9), and group 4 (1115 years, n = 8). Speech examination and orthopedic, neurological, and statistical tests were performed. The results of the examination were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: In this study, 78.8% of the patients with obstetric palsy had speech pathology. Children with speech disorders had more severe neurology and motor disturbance than children without speech pathology. In group 1, speech disorders were identified in 66.7%; group 2, 90.0%; group 3, 66.7%; group 4, 87.5%. Group 1 had speech development delay and phoneticphonemic underdevelopment. Group 2 had general speech underdevelopment and phoneticphonemic underdevelopment. Group 3 had general speech, lexicalgrammatical, and phoneticphonemic underdevelopment, Group 4 had general speech and lexicalgrammatical underdevelopment. Moreover, 73.1% of the children had minimal dysarthria (predominantly in children of groups 1 and 2). Groups 3 and 4 had written expression disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates a high incidence of speech disorders in children with obstetrics palsy. These children demand early speech examination and timely correction of existing disorders.
Blockchain Technology Solution for Financial Inclusion of African Small Farmers: A Systematic Literature Review

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Integrating Africa's small farmers to the agricultural supply chains is necessary for their economic growth and development.Nonetheless, the lack of access to finance prevents many African farmers from taking part in the supply chain.the agriculture sector has a persistent problem with getting financial from finance institutions.Smallholder farmers have been mostly excluded from the access to financing services.Blockchain has been applied to resolve a variety of issues in numerous sectors.In the agricultural industry, Blockchain is utilized to increase the supply chain's transparency, security, and traceability.the deployment of Blockchain technology, known as distributed and immutable ledger could be utilized to strengthen agriculture finance.Regarding this, we suggest a systematic literature review to gather all pertinent research on the applications of Blockchain technology for financial inclusion of African small farmers in order to identify current research themes.This research makes a concrete contribution by discussing how blockchain technology might help address the problem of financial exclusion of African small farmers, laying the groundwork for a potential solution that could link these farmers to the global agricultural supply chain.
Repopulation by Aquatic Insects in Streams Sprayed with DDT1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Population changes in Ephemerida, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera in two high-gradient mountain streams were studied over a 4-year period, following a large scale spray operation. A drastic and widespread reduction in all forms took place immediately after spraying. Trichopterans in cases of the type constructed by the family Leptoceridae were extremely numerous before spraying. No live specimens of this form were obtained during the succeeding 4-year period. Over this period, increase in numbers of Ephemerida in one stream was linear. Analysis of variance tests showed that, in every other instance, no numerical relationship existed in the repopulation of ephemerids or trichopterans. Population numbers of these two forms did not level off until 3 years after spray application. Populations of plecopterans leveled off the year following the spraying.
Constrained Multiagent Rollout and Multidimensional Assignment with the Auction Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider an extension of the rollout algorithm that applies to constrained deterministic dynamic programming, including challenging combinatorial optimization problems. The algorithm relies on a suboptimal policy, called base heuristic. Under suitable assumptions, we show that if the base heuristic produces a feasible solution, the rollout algorithm has a cost improvement property: it produces a feasible solution, whose cost is no worse than the base heuristic's cost. We then focus on multiagent problems, where the control at each stage consists of multiple components (one per agent), which are coupled either through the cost function or the constraints or both. We show that the cost improvement property is maintained with an alternative implementation that has greatly reduced computational requirements, and makes possible the use of rollout in problems with many agents. We demonstrate this alternative algorithm by applying it to layered graph problems that involve both a spatial and a temporal structure. We consider in some detail a prominent example of such problems: multidimensional assignment, where we use the auction algorithm for 2-dimensional assignment as a base heuristic. This auction algorithm is particularly well-suited for our context, because through the use of prices, it can advantageously use the solution of an assignment problem as a starting point for solving other related assignment problems, and this can greatly speed up the execution of the rollout algorithm.
Intra-operative 3D imaging system for robot-assisted fracture manipulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Reduction is a crucial step in the treatment of broken bones. Achieving precise anatomical alignment of bone fragments is essential for a good fast healing process. Percutaneous techniques are associated with faster recovery time and lower infection risk. However, deducing intra-operatively the desired reduction position is quite challenging due to the currently available technology. The 2D nature of this technology (i.e. the image intensifier) doesn't provide enough information to the surgeon regarding the fracture alignment and rotation, which is actually a three-dimensional problem. This paper describes the design and development of a 3D imaging system for the intra-operative virtual reduction of joint fractures. The proposed imaging system is able to receive and segment CT scan data of the fracture, to generate the 3D models of the bone fragments, and display them on a GUI. A commercial optical tracker was included into the system to track the actual pose of the bone fragments in the physical space, and generate the corresponding pose relations in the virtual environment of the imaging system. The surgeon virtually reduces the fracture in the 3D virtual environment, and a robotic manipulator connected to the fracture through an orthopedic pin executes the physical reductions accordingly. The system is here evaluated through fracture reduction experiments, demonstrating a reduction accuracy of 1.04 ± 0.69 mm (translational RMSE) and 0.89 ± 0.71 ° (rotational RMSE).
Developing an oasis-based irrigation management tool for a large semi-arid mountainous catchment in Morocco

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study is concerned with the management of water resources and development of a DSS (Decision Support System) in MMS (Modular Modelling System) for the semi-arid, mountainous Drâa catchment in SE Morocco. The catchment relies heavily on oasis irrigation in three different geographical units. These include firstly, the High Atlas mountains, secondly, the basin of Ouarzazate above the Mansour Eddahbi dam reservoir and thirdly the ancient date palmeries below the reservoir. In 1972 the dam was put into operation for hydroelectricity and irrigation. Following decades of drought the dam’s main function nowadays is irrigation. A DSS requires an efficient hydro-meteorological monitoring system including the infill levels of the reservoir and the water use upstream of the reservoir. It also involves close collaborative feedback between the developers and the water planning authorities and local end-users. In the mountains surface water is still more or less an unlimited resource but in the forelands it is very limited for irrigation. Uncontrolled spread of mechanised pumping is seriously straining the groundwater resources. In terms of potential end-users, farmers in the mountain areas will be unable to implement a DSS due to high illiteracy. However, the interest will be high for centralized agricultural and regional hydrological organisations involved in water planning such as the ORMVAO (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur Agricol de Ouarzazate), farming organisations and the ABH (Agence du Bassin Hydraulique) du Souss-Massa-Drâa.