jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Using caddisfly (Trichoptera) case-building behaviour in higher level phylogeny reconstruction

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Higher level phylogenetic analyses rarely include behavioural data, predominantly because such groups seldom have complex behaviours that are susceptible to analysis. Even when broad groups do share a complex behaviour, there is skepticism about the appropriateness of using behavioural traits in higher level phylogenetic analyses. The Integripalpia is a suborder of caddisflies and is an appropriate group to investigate the use of behaviour in higher level analyses because all larvae use a complex suite of behaviours to build portable cases. A thorough investigation of case-building in 10 families (19 exemplar genera) yielded 24 behavioural characters. A parsimony analysis produced 87 equally parsimonious trees (length = 56 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.84, retention index (RI) = 0.88) that supported the monophyly of the integripalpian families, except for the Limnephilidae. Interfamilial relationships, although resolved, were not well supported with behaviour. Certain interfamilial relationships have also been difficult to establish reliably with morphological information, indicating a need for more characters (e.g., molecular) at this taxonomic level. This study indicates that if taxa share a complex behaviour (e.g., case building), then regardless of taxonomic level, one is likely to find shared derived behavioural characters that are useful for phylogeny reconstruction.
Letter: Effects of α-lipoic Acid on Differentiation of Thyroid Cancer Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

분화갑상선암은 다른 조직에서 발생한 암에 비해 비교적 천천히 자라고 예후가 양호한 것으로 알려져 있으나, 10-15%에서 원격전이 가 발생되고 20년 누적재발률이 30%에 이릅니다[1]. 전이 혹은 재발 된 갑상선암은 역분화가 잘 일어나는 것으로 알려져 있는데, 역분화 된 갑상선암은 sodium iodine symporter (NIS)와 갑상선 글로불린 (thyroglobulin, Tg)의 발현이 감소되어 방사성 요오드 치료의 효과 가 감소됩니다[2]. 역분화된 갑상선암의 치료법으로 갑상선암의 재 분화를 유도하는 연구들이 이뤄지고 있으나 아직 효과적인 약물이 없는 상태입니다. 그러므로, 역분화된 갑상선암의 재분화 유도제로 서 α-lipoic acid (ALA)의 가능성을 제시한 본 연구는 임상적으로 의 미가 있다고 생각합니다. 본 연구의 결과와 관련하여 궁금한 점이 있어 몇 가지 질문을 드리고자 합니다. 첫째, ALA는 호기성 대사 반응, Kreb 주기 등 세포의 대사에 관여 하며 항산화 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있습니다. 또한, 대장암 세 포주인 HT-29에서 ALA 100 μM 농도부터 세포자연사가 유도되어 1,000 μM 농도에서 세포자연사가 60% 이상 발생했다는 연구 등을 기반으로 하여 항암치료제로 활발히 연구되고 있습니다[3]. 본 연구 에서 다른 연구와는 달리 ALA 200 μM에서 통계적으로 유의한 세포 생존 억제 효과가 일어나지 않았는데, ALA에 의한 세포자연사 유도 가 연구에 사용된 세포에 따른 특성인지 아니면 다른 이유가 있는 지 알려주셨으면 합니다. 둘째, 갑상선 글로불린 유전자의 발현은 갑상선 특이적 전사인자 에 의해 조절되며, 이런 전사인자에는 TTF1, TTF2, PAX8이 있습니 다[4]. 본 연구에서는 ALA 사용 후에 TTF1 mRNA의 발현이 증가하 였는데, 이의 약물학적 기전에 대하여 조금 더 자세히 설명을 하여 주셨으면 합니다. 셋째, ALA는 AMPK의 활성화를 일으킨다고 알려져 있으며, 이런 효과는 심근세포, 혈관내피세포 등 다양한 세포에서 확인되었습니 다[5]. 본 실험에서는 다른 실험들과는 달리 ALA에 의해 인산화된 AMPK의 변화가 없었던 이유에 대하여 궁금합니다. 역분화된 갑상선암을 치료 할 수 있는 효과적인 방법이 없는 상태 에서 갑상선암 치료제로서 ALA 가능성을 제시한 연구를 수행하신 점에 대해 감사 드리고, 좋은 연구에 대한 두서 없는 질문에 대한 소 중한 답변을 기대합니다.
Application and assessment of a problem based research model to develop critical thinking skills in undergraduate pharmacy students in UCC

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This research focused on the introduction of self-directed student research into the undergraduate curriculum of the PF4008 module, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for 4th year pharmacy students in UCC. A constructivist approach was utilised to actively engage students in their own learning by challenging them to think about experimental design and active research in the lab environment using a problem based practical research model in comparison to traditional lab practicals which can be prescriptive. One of the primary motivating factors for integrating the self-directed research activity was to develop independent higher order thinking by moving learning from lower cognitive skills to higher level skills of application, evaluation, design and analysis. Pharmacists have diverse careers path from clinical evaluation to developing new drug technologies hence there is an inherent need for graduates to be competent to research, assimilate and integrate information (both existing and new), apply it to trouble-shoot and logically solve problems that readily arise during ones profession.As part of the self-directed projects students were assigned research questions that reflected the focus of current research and which were in line with the module theme (Novel drug delivery). Students worked in small groups and were required to investigate the research question (problem), examine prior knowledge, develop learning outcomes to guide their investigations, design, organise and execute experiments, interpret the data and present their findings. A number of methods were employed including survey instruments, semi-structured interviews and observational methodologies to investigate the impact on student learning.Students displayed critical thinking through novel design; trouble-shooting and analysis. In addition to benefits in the cognitive and psychomotor domains, a positive impact on the affective domain was observed with students actively taking responsibility, acting independently, taking leadership roles and supporting the generation of a good group dynamic through effective communication and reasoning.
POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT LINE OUTAGE CONDITIONS

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Power System Reliability Assessment is a crucial and significant feature of power system design, planning, and operation. A power system comprises many components that are interconnected in meaningful and rational ways. In the present paper, a simulation is carried out for line outage conditions. In a power system, some of the lines are extremely important. If such a line outage is happening then a cascading failure may occur. This failure leads to grid collapse. So, a power engineer needs to know which line will be more important. In the present work, reliability was done for different line outage conditions to check the importance of the line. This report defines a transmission network, generation system, and load model that can be used to compare the power system of reliability assessment methods. The objective is to estimate the reliability index for improvement of power system reliability analysis for different line outage conditions. The improvement in reliability assessment was evaluated with a reliability index that includes ACCI (Average Customer Curtailment Index), AENS (Average Energy Not Supplied), ASAI (Average Service Availability Index), ASUI (Average Service Unavailability Index), CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index), CTAIDI (Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index), EENS (Expected Energy Not Supplied), SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index), and SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) for different line-outage conditions using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The transmission system comprises 24 load/generation buses that are connected by 38 switches or transformers with two voltages that is, 138 KV and 230 KV. Transmission system data consists of line, transformer, impedance, and reliability data.
Instability of inclined fluid-film flow with substrate filtration

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Gravity-driven flows of thin fluid films with a free surface along a porous substrate occur in many important circumstances found in industry and natural settings. In this thesis a model for such flows is derived by coupling the Navier-Stokes equations governing the clear flow in the fluid film with Darcy's law for the filtration of fluid through the porous medium. A linear stability analysis is conducted and the effect of various parameters on the state of neutral stability is investigated. A simplified model is developed by reducing the dimensionality of the problem, which is then employed in order to determine the nonlinear effects on the stability of the equilibrium flow.
Effects of artificial diet on the biological characteristics of the ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus is an important natural enemy of aphids, scale insects, whitefly, and lepidopteran larvae. Mass rearing of this natural enemy is limited due to the lack of effective artificial feed. We compared the biological performance of C. septempunctata , reared on four artificial diets (A, B, C, and D), while the pea aphid Aphis craccivora served as a control treatment (CK). Results showed that the developmental time before emergence ranked from short to long follow as: CK (12.30d)<D (16.66d)<A (17.38d)<C (17.54d)<B (18.57d). The eclosion rate of larvae ranked from high to low follow as: CK (90.00%) > C (87.50%) = D (87.50%) > B (80.00%) > A (57.50%), and new adult weight from high to low follow as: CK (339.50 g*0.0001) > A (205.33 g*0.0001) > D (197.68 g*0.0001) > B (174.89 g*0.0001) > C (169.46 g*0.0001). The ratios of fecundity between the experimental group and the control group were 80.46% (A), 39.24% (B), 45.31% (C), and 53.02% (D). The hatch rates were 59.50% (A), 46.00% (B), 57.65% (C), 54.50% (D), and 53.88% (CK). The mortality of C. septempunctata adults fed on a combined artificial diet was higher than those fed on the control diet. Compared to the control diet, C. septempunctata did not significantly reduce oviposition when fed on artificial diet A. Therefore, diet A can be used in mass‐rearing of C. septempunctata .
Role of Vasopressin in Abnormal Water Excretion in Cirrhotic Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twelve stable cirrhotic patients with ascites received a 20 mL/kg water load. Seven patients had abnormal water excretion (27.3% +/- 5.4% of the water load in 5 hours) and a minimal urine osmolality of 262 mosmol/kg water. Five patients excreted 82.6% in 5 hours and had a minimal urine osmolality of 65 mosmol/kg water. Mean plasma arginine vasopressin values after water load were significantly higher in Group 1 (1.34 +/- 0.36 pg/mL) than in Group 2 (undetectable). An effective blood volume lower in Group 1 than Group 2 patients was suggested by a lower plasma albumin (2.5 versus 3.3 g/dL, p less than 0.02), a higher pulse rate (96 versus 72, p less than 0.001), a higher plasma renin activity (7.8 versus 1.5 ng/mL . h, p less than 0.005), a higher plasma aldosterone (66 versus 21 ng/dL, p less than 0.05), and a lower urinary sodium excretion (2.7 versus 14.2 meq Na/5 h, p less than 0.005). The results suggest that nonosmotic stimulation of vasopressin secondary to a decrease in effective blood volume is an important factor in the abnormal water excretion of cirrhosis.
Comprehensive Neural Cryptanalysis on Block Ciphers Using Different Encryption Methods

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we perform neural cryptanalysis on five block ciphers: Data Encryption Standard (DES), Simplified DES (SDES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Simplified AES (SAES), and SPECK. The block ciphers are investigated on three different deep learning-based attacks, Encryption Emulation (EE), Plaintext Recovery (PR), Key Recovery (KR), and Ciphertext Classification (CC) attacks. The attacks attempt to break the block ciphers in various cases, such as different types of plaintexts (i.e., block-sized bit arrays and texts), different numbers of round functions and quantity of training data, different text encryption methods (i.e., Word-based Text Encryption (WTE) and Sentence-based Text Encryption (STE)), and different deep learning model architectures. As a result, the block ciphers can be vulnerable to EE and PR attacks using a large amount of training data, and STE can improve the strength of the block ciphers, unlike WTE, which shows almost the same classification accuracy as the plaintexts, especially in a CC attack. Moreover, especially in the KR attack, the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)-based deep learning model shows higher average Bit Accuracy Probability than the fully connected-based deep learning model. Furthermore, the RNN-based deep learning model is more suitable than the transformer-based deep learning model in the CC attack. Besides, when the keys are the same as the plaintexts, the KR attack can perfectly break the block ciphers, even if the plaintexts are randomly generated. Additionally, we identify that DES and SPECK32/64 applying two round functions are more vulnerable than those applying the single round function by performing the KR attack with randomly generated keys and randomly generated single plaintext.
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome, a Rare Case in Korea Confirmed by Genetic Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Simple benign tumors can present as part of a syndrome with substantial mortality. Fibrofolliculomas are benign skin tumors most often associated with the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS). The most life-threatening complication of this syndrome is renal cancer and other major features include multiple lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax. We present the case of a 54 year-old man with multiple flesh-colored papules on his face confirmed histologically as fibrofolliculomas. He had a history of recurrent pneumothorax and chest computed tomography showed multiple lung cysts. To confirm the diagnosis of BHDS, we conducted gene analysis that revealed a single nucleotide duplication in the folliculin (FLCN) gene (Exon 11, C.1285dupC). BHDS confirmed by the FLCN gene mutation is rarely reported in Korea. Appropriate investigation is recommended whenever a patient with benign skin tumors is encountered.
Greetings from the cornbelts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“A mail art project that arrives as five different postcards in succession. The recipient also receives a special envelope and small poster. The work draws connections between the Midwest of the US where most genetically modified corn is grown, and the contamination of the Mexican seat of maize genetic diversity with GMO varieties. The project also presents the efforts of Mexican peasant organizations to preserve their genetic heritage.”--Statement from the artist. Includes three of the five postcards with text and color photographs, an envelope, a folded poster, and a small cardboard info sheet. Nontoxic offset printing at Mission printers in Chicago on responsibly sourced paper. Text in English and Spanish.
Correlation between tetracycline binding and mineralization in dentin and enamel

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Experiments were conducted on the incisor of young rats to show (1) the precise areas and manner in which the tetracycline fluorophore combines with dentin and enamel and (2) the relation between the tetracycline localization and mineralization. For the objectives mentioned above rats were injected with tetracycline and a combination of tetracycline and Ca 45 . Detailed examination of the teeth of specimens injected with tetracycline show a rapid uptake and localization of fluorophore in areas undergoing mineralization. Areas adjacent to the increments undergoing mineralization also reveal the presence of the fluorophore, but to a lesser extent. Comparison of the same area of the tooth injected with tetracycline and Ca 45 show that the fluorophore is localized exclusively in areas undergoing mineralization, and to a lesser extent in adjacent, incompletely mineralized regions. Despite the fact that our observations have demonstrated the avidity tetracycline exhibits for mineralizing and recently mineralized areas of dentin and enamel, we have not been able to exclude the possibility that the fluorophore may combine with the organic matrix of these tissues as well as the mineral component.
Internationalization of State Multilatinas: A Multi-Case Study in The Oil Sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In general the study of internationalization process of companies from Latin America is scarce compared with companies from Europe and USA. Likewise the study of state ownership in the region is scarce. In this regard, the main aim of this paper is analyze the internationalization patterns of the main state multilatinas: PEMEX (Mexico), PETROBRAS (Brazil) and PDVSA (Venezuela). Considering the interpretation of the main internationalization theories as: Eclectic paradigm and Uppsala model, a multi-case method was carried out in order to fulfill the purpose of this paper. The main results suggest an integrated operation, combined with innovation and technological development is used by the studied companies. Likewise, the three companies follow similar internationalization patterns as exports, joint ventures and foreign direct investment. The main difference is the place where they go abroad, PEMEX mainly focus its international operations in Europe and USA, PDVSA, go mainly USA and Asia and PETROBRAS go to Latin America and Africa.
Femtosecond transient photoinduced transmission measurements on a novel conjugated zinc porphyrin system

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We present a comparative study on the ultrafast nonlinear optical response of a novel conjugated zinc porphyrin system. The linear optical absorption spectra of these molecules all show the Q-band and B-band transitions of the basic porphyrin unit. We have taken spectrally resolved ultrafast pump–probe measurements on monomer, dimer, and polymer solutions, which allows us to compare their excited state dynamics and relate these to their linear optical absorption. The spectra show several common features, but these features have markedly different decay dynamics. The bleaching is preferential in the Q band for the polymer and the B band for the monomer. The polymer Q-band bleaching shows a two-component decay, of approximately 700 fs and 170±50 ps time constants in a biexponential fit, which we attribute to both exciton–exciton annihilation and exciton diffusion to recombination centers on the polymer chain. The Q band of the dimer also has a two-component decay with 13±5 and 1250±70 ps time constants which we attribute to rotational diffusion of the excited molecule in solution, and decay to the ground state, respectively. The B-band bleaching in the monomer is long lived and has a decay constant of approximately 3.5±0.5 ns; from the absorption recovery of the B band we estimate a triplet yield of 0.8. All molecules exhibit broad π*−π* absorptions in the visible spectral region (between the Q band and the B band). In particular, we show that the monomer has potential as a broadband optical limiter in the visible region from 455 (2.72 eV) to 620 nm (2.00 eV); we estimate that its excited state absorption cross section is 8.5 times that of its ground state cross section at 532 nm (2.33 eV). There is also clear evidence of triplet transitions in the dimer and monomer; the triplet absorption feature ranging from 940 (1.32 eV) to 1000 nm (1.24 eV) rises 10 ps after excitation in the dimer which suggests a short intersystem-crossing time.
Chirality-Induced Magnetization of Magnetite by an RNA Precursor

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

Life is homochiral and homochirality is a fundamental feature of living systems on Earth. While the exact mechanism that led to homochirality is still not fully understood, any realistic scenario on the origins of life needs to address the emergence of homochirality. In order to impose and maintain chirality in a prebiotic network, an environmental factor functioning as a chiral agent is demanded. Magnetized surfaces are prebiotically plausible chiral agents, shown to be effective in enantioseparation of ribose-aminooxazoline (RAO), a ribonucleic acid (RNA) precursor, due to the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. As such, mechanisms for breaking the magnetic symmetry of magnetic minerals are of the utmost importance. Here we report the avalanche magnetization of magnetite (Fe3O4) by the crystallization of enantiopure RAO. The observed breaking of the magnetic symmetry is induced by the chiral molecules due to the CISS effect and spreads out across the magnetic surface like an avalanche, providing a way to uniformly magnetize a magnetic surface without fully covering it. Considered together with our previous results on enantioseparation by crystallization on a magnetic surface, chirality-induced avalanche magnetization paves the way for a cooperative feedback between chiral molecules and magnetic surfaces. With this feedback, a weak natural bias in the net magnetization can be amplified and spin-selective processes can be accommodated on magnetic minerals on a persistent basis.
LHD 6T-AH01-03-03-NF #181162.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.
Seeking a new paradigm for analyzing poverty impact of climate change after Rio+20

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The standard method commonly used among economists to analyse the economic impact of climate change is to use the past data, such as, temperature, GDP per capita, consumption, capital, wages, or poverty rate to predict the future values. This has been justified on the grounds that (i) each factor (e.g. GDP per capita) is persistent over time, (ii) interrelationships (e.g. temperature and GDP per capita; GDP per capita and poverty) are not changed and (iii) risk factors (e.g. the probability of floods, temperature rises) will be observed in the future as in the past. ?The past to the present? approach works well in predicting the near future, but this may not be suitable for the long-term prediction because of the unpredictability of climate change. This is particularly important for most of the countries in Asia as a large section of people are vulnerable to weather shocks or poverty. Economists, researchers as well as policy-makers may need to shift their paradigm to ?the future to the present? approach whereby the present policy and actions are guided by the future state and the fully integrated model to connect the future and the present.
Sound Intensity Mapping of Two Stroke Engine by Using Hemispherical Surface Coordinate Arrangement

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents to investigate the noise source identification of two stroke engine for different engine speed and different general case in two stroke engine without rear cover, with rear cover, with rear cover (composite fibre), and with rear cover (acoustic foam). The experiment carried out utilizing by sound intensity in hemispherical surface arrangement and sound intensity mapping method for engine speed at range 800 to 4800 revolution per minute (rpm). A single module of microphone is used to identify sound power level in hemispherical surface coordinate arrangement while a pair microphone in sound intensity mapping. This method can be applied on-site rather than in an anechoic chamber as long as the background noises are stationary. The sound power level is within 73.7 dB to 81.3 dB in the range of engine speed. The noise level is increasing with engine speed. Rear cover should be applied in order to reduce the sound power level. The project delivers the reliable input for the engineering practice to reduce engine noise level.