jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inflammasome activation causes dual recruitment of NLRC4 and NLRP3 to the same macromolecular complex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family members, NLRC4 and NLRP3, activate the inflammasome to provide host defenses against infection. The precise molecular constituents of an inflammasome are unknown; however, it is believed that receptor-specific complexes containing apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1 are formed. Here, we used confocal and superresolution microscopy to show that in macrophages infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, a pathogen that activates two distinct NLRs, ASC forms an outer ring-like structure that comprises NLRC4, NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-8, and pro–IL-1β within the same macromolecular complex. These results suggest that the inflammasome is a highly dynamic macromolecular protein complex capable of recruiting different NLRs and effectors to coordinate inflammasome responses to infection.
Prediction of Roller Skewing in Tapered Roller Bearings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper proposes a comprehensive model to predict the skew movement of a roller in tapered roller bearings. Numerical solutions are given on a LM48548/LM48510 bearing. The effect of the shaft speed, ring misalignment, and lubricant temperature on the roller skew angle is presented and compared to the experimental data available in the literature. The results indicate that the skew angle depends first on the misalignment angle between the cup and the cone. The roller skew is also greatly influenced by the traction at the roller-flange contact, the skew angle increasing with the traction at this contact, and by the geometry of the roller end.
Preoperative Delays in the US Medicare Population With Breast Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Although no specific delay threshold after diagnosis of breast cancer has been demonstrated to affect outcome, delays can cause anxiety, and surgical waiting time has been suggested as a quality measure. This study was performed to determine the interval from presentation to surgery in Medicare patients with nonmetastatic invasive breast cancer who did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and factors associated with a longer time to surgery. Methods Medicare claims linked to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data were reviewed for factors associated with delay between the first physician claim for a breast problem and first therapeutic surgery. Results Between 1992 and 2005, 72,586 Medicare patients with breast cancer had a median interval (delay) between first physician visit and surgery of 29 days, increasing from 21 days in 1992 to 32 days in 2005. Women (29 days v 24 days for men; P < .001), younger patients (29 days; P < .001), blacks and Hispanics (each 37 days; P < .001), patients in the northeast (33 days; P < .001), and patients in large metropolitan areas (32 days; P < .001) had longer delays. Patients having breast conservation and mastectomies had adjusted median delays of 28 and 30 days, respectively, with simultaneous reconstruction adding 12 days. Preoperative components, including imaging modalities, biopsy type, and clinician visits, were also each associated with a specific additional delay. Conclusion Waiting times for breast cancer surgery have increased in Medicare patients, and measurable delays are associated with demographics and preoperative evaluation components. If such increases continue, periodic assessment may be required to rule out detrimental effects on outcomes.
The relationship between Suicidal Ideation and Internet Gaming Disorder-Game Genres in Adolescents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Psychiatric disorders can cause the development of suicidal ideation. One of them is internet gaming disorder. Internet gaming disorder is also under the influence of the genres of games played. We have limited information about whether the game genres cause the development of suicidal ideation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between suicidal ideation and internet gaming disorder with game genres. Materials and Method: 1337 adolescent participants aged 12-18 years were included in the study. Demographic and online game data forms, game addiction scale-short form and children's depression scales were filled in by the participants. A comparison was made between the two groups that described suicidal ideation and those that did not. Results: In the comparison, female gender, internet gaming disorder and major depressive disorder were significant between the groups. A significant difference was found only in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games among game genres. Conclusion: Suicidal ideation; It is an important public problem leading to suicide planning, attempting and completed suicide. Problematic use of internet video games in adolescents is increasing. We think that some genres of games mediate the development of suicidal ideation.
Changes of Quality Characteristics of Boiled Mutton During Low Temperature Storage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to deeply study the quality change characteristics of different tissues of boiled mutton during low-temperature storage, the lean meat, fat lean phase and fat meat part of boiled mutton were used as the main raw materials. The changes of pH, texture characteristics, color difference, total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N), total number of colonies and sensory evaluation were studied during its storage at 4 ℃ or low temperature for 28 days (samples were taken every 1 week) by vacuum packaging. The results showed that the pH value of different tissues of cooked mutton decreased first and then increased when stored at 4 ℃. The texture characteristics of fat meat were higher than those of lean meat and fat lean meat. During storage, the L* value and a* value of different tissues of mutton decreased gradually (P<0.05), the b* value of lean meat increased (P<0.05), while the fat lean and fat meat decreased (P<0.05). The contents of total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) and total bacterial count in three different tissues of mutton had been increasing, and the increasing speed and quantity of fat meat were higher than that of lean meat and fat lean tissue, and their sensory evaluation showed a gradual downward trend. Moreover, the quality of mutton had deteriorated when the storage time reached 14 days. The results showed that the quality of lean meat tissue was better during storage.
Plasmacytoid leukemia in seawater reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A plasmacytoid leukemia was observed in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared in seawater netpens in British Columbia, Canada.The disease was first observed in market-size salmon (2 to 4 kg) and caused high mortality at several facilities.The disease, referred to as marine anemia by fish farmers, is characterized by pallor of the gills due to anemia, enlargement of the spleen and kidney, and ascites.Some affected fish exhibited prominent bilateral exophthalmia.Histological examination revealed massive proliferation of plasmacytoid cells (plasmablasts) in the kidney interstitium, spleen, intestinal lamina propria, pancreas, liver, and heart.Fish with exophthalmos exhibited massive proliferation of the plasmablasts in the periorbital connective tissue, ocular muscles, and choroid gland.In tissue sections, the plasmacytoid cells had large, often lobate or clefted nuclei, and a moderate amount of amphophilic cytoplasm.In Giemsa imprints, cells had a smooth contour, contained a large nucleus, an intense staining cytoplasm, and in some cells a juxtanuclear hof was visible.Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry revealed the plasmacytoid features of the proliferating cells.The cells contained a well organized, rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae being distended with a lightly granular material.Immunoglobulin was detected in the cells in tissue sections with a goat antitrout immunoglobulin peroxidase stain.Although an infectious etiology (e.g.oncogenic virus) for the disease was suspected, no viruses have yet been detected by cell culture or electron microscopy.
Effects of technology-based mindfulness training on wellbeing and stress

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

More and more people practice mindfulness to reduce stress and improve their wellbeing. In this regards, technology-based interventions such as smartphone apps provide an interesting potential. Our study explores effects on users' perceived wellbeing and stress on the example of the mindfulness-based app My Blossom. Forty-four new users answered four online questionnaires in one-week intervals, containing established multi-item wellbeing and stress scales for as well as single-item direct explicit questions about perceived changes in wellbeing and stress. In combination, these two forms of assessment provided insights to what degree users are conscious of a possible change and whether these perceptions are in parallel to the more indirect measures. Paired t tests show significant improvements in positive and negative affect, mood and stress in both scales and overall ratings after three weeks of mindfulness-training with My Blossom compared to the pre-intervention baseline. These findings suggest mindfulness-training in form of an app as an interesting alternative to mindfulness-trainings under instructions of a physically present trainer and the power to increase wellbeing and decrease stress. Future research should concentrate on the specific mechanisms and possible design factors of app-based mindfulness-trainings (e.g., variety of training offers, degree of guidance, reminder functions) as well as long term effects.
[Evaluation of the risk of acute poisoning with chemicals in inhabitants of Krakow in from 1983 to 1987].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Kraków in 1983-1987 11,664 cases of acute poisoning by chemical substances were reported: 11,123 patients were hospitalized; 541 patients died before was given any medical intervention. Among those patients who were treated there were 9725 adult patients older than 14 years--hospitalized in Toxicological Department and 1398 children who were treated in the pediatric departments of many hospitals in Kraków. The cases of the poisoning due to suicidal attempt in the studied period mean 43% and during this time the decreasing tendency was evident (from 47.6% in 1983 to 34.4% in 1987). Narcotic and drug addicts covered only 2% of the whole material concerning the cases of the acute poisoning. Overall incidence rate of poisoning by chemical substances per 10,000 inhabitants of Kraków ranged from 33.9 in 1983 to 32.7 in 1987, and it was always higher in adult population (32.6 in 1983-35.0 in 1987) than in children (24.5 in 1983-23.4 in 1987). During the whole studied period and its successive years the most common poisoning was the poisoning due to: drugs (mean 50%), ethyl alcohol (mean 22%), and carbon monoxide (mean 18%). The highest incidence rate of the acute poisoning was presented to the hospital or clinic in January and October; on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays; between 12 p.m. and 12 a.m., whereas the lowest was noted during summer months; on Sunday; between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. Our studies gave us a real picture of the poisons the population in Kraków is exposed to; and total mortality rate amounts 0.8%, yet being calculated on the base of clinical studies goes up to 5.4% when forensic data are taken into account.
A Formal Characterization of the Local Search Topology of the Gap Heuristic

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The pancake puzzle is a classic optimization problem that has become a standard benchmark for heuristic search algorithms. In this paper, we provide full proofs regarding the local search topology of the gap heuristic for the pancake puzzle. First, we show that in any non-goal state in which there is no move that will decrease the number of gaps, there is a move that will keep the number of gaps constant. We then classify any state in which the number of gaps cannot be decreased in a single action into two groups: those requiring 2 actions to decrease the number of gaps, and those which require 3 actions to decrease the number of gaps.
Triterpene saponins with α-glucosidase inhibition and cytotoxic activity from the leaves of Schefflera sessiliflora

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

From the leaves of Schefflera sessiliflora De P. V., two new triterpene saponins including one oleanane-type saponin, named scheffleraside C (1) and one lupane-type saponin scheffleraside D (2), together with six known triterpene saponins (3-8), were isolated by various chromatography methods. Among them, 3 was found for the first time from natural sources, while 6-8 were isolated for the first time from the genus Schefflera. Their structures were elucidated by IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, NMR 1D and 2D experiments, and comparison of their NMR data with previously reported data. Their α-glucosidase inhibition and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. The isolates (1, 3-5, 8) showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 5.99-76.58 μM) than the standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 214.50 μM). At the concentration of 100 μg/ml, the isolates (1, 2) showed appreciable cytotoxic activity (67.92, 63.83%, respectively).
Further Remarks on Irrational Systems and Their Applications

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Irrational Systems (ISs) are transfer functions that include terms with irrational exponents. Since such systems are ubiquitous and can be seen when solving partial differential equations, fractional-order differential equations, or non-linear differential equations; their nature seems to be strongly linked with a low-order description of distributed parameter systems. This makes ISs an appealing option for model-reduction applications and controls. In this work, we review some of the fundamental concepts behind a set of ISs that are of core importance in their stability analysis and control design. Specifically, we introduce the notion of multivalued functions, branch points, time response, and stability regions, as well as some practical applications where these systems can be encountered. The theory is accompanied by some numerical examples or simulations.
<title>Plasmid topoisomer separation by capillary gel electrophoresis</title>

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We report capillary electrophoretic separation of pUC8 and pBr322 plasmid topoisomers in cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAA) gels in 1X TBE buffer. Plasmid topoisomers are supercoiled forms that have exactly the same chain length but differ in their number of superhelical turns. Because the size in base pairs is invariant, topoisomer mobilities reflect conformational details and differ by only small increments. In cross-linked PAA rapid topoisomer separation can be achieved by DC electrophoresis in capillary lengths as short as 3 cm and near-baseline resolution in longer capillaries. We propose that the separation depends upon the regular structure obtained when a gel is prepared intra-capillary. The isothermal environment promotes formation of a cross-linked polymer of low polydispersity. Such PAA is a sieving matrix of high resolving power, but usable over a relatively narrow DNA size range. It is also possible to prepare gels in which a wide base pair range of supercoiled and nicked plasmids as well as linear ds-DNA may be separated, but without topoisomers resolution. In this paper, we discuss the latest results in topoisomer resolution using a range of plasmids employed in molecular biology and gene therapy.
The French Public Welfare System the Sécu in a Minor Key. The Outlook of the Press Immediately after the War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The birth of French social security after the liberation of France gave rise to relatively little coverage in the written press given the upheaval the institution brought about and the major role it played socially. It was furthermore the subject, in the opinion press in particular, of an attempt to monopolize the service to defend vested interests and ideological choices. Such a lack of coverage and instrumentalisation explain its difficulty to cover a social problem with which the public could get to grips and take ownership.
Plannng primary education to ameliorate the wrenching effects of adjustment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Structural Adjustment Programme has negative effects on participation in primary schooling, funding of education and quality of primary education developing countries. Owing to the declining proportions of government budget to education, the growing number of children to educate and the rigidity of the institutional framework for planning, there has been serious gaps betvveen vision and action in the provision of education. Highlights of the suggested policyframework for improving the planning of primary education to ameliorate the effects of SAP in Nigeria include: expansion of access to schooling, improving equiry in the provision ofeducation, enhancing quality and learning achievements, imp roving teachers' performance, increasing funds and resources and managing them for optimum utilization. Practical activities for carrying out the policies are suggested.
COPD case finding in primary care: A pilot study in the West Midlands, UK

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of targeted versus opportunistic case finding for COPD in primary care. Background: COPD is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality, and underdiagnosis is common. The recent draft Clinical Strategy for COPD for the UK NHS recommended piloting case finding. Methods: Patients from two general practices, aged between 35 and 79 years with a smoking history and no prior diagnosis of COPD or asthma were randomised to either a targeted or opportunistic case finding arm. Patients in the targeted arm were posted a respiratory questionnaire. Those in the opportunistic arm received a questionnaire when they next presented at their general practice over a 6 month period. Patients with positive symptoms were invited to attend spirometry. Those with an FEV1%predicted Results: 351 (32.7%) of 1073 distributed questionnaires were returned. 247 (70.4%) participants who returned the questionnaire were symptomatic. Of those who underwent spirometry 14.3% were identified with airway obstruction. 10 out of 815 patients (1.23%) contacted in the targeted arm and 4 out of 258 (1.55%) in the opportunistic arm were identified with airway obstruction (difference 0.32%, 95% CI -1.37%, 2.01%). Overall 77 patients had to be contacted to identify one patient with airway obstruction; 82 in the targeted and 65 in the opportunistic arm. Conclusion: 17 more patients had to be contacted in the targeted than in the opportunistic arm to identify one patient with airway obstruction in this pilot. Further work is needed with a wider range of practices to determine which approach is more efficient.
Jagged1 is the major regulator of notch‐dependent cell fate in proximal airways

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: The Notch signaling pathway plays complex roles in developing lungs, including regulation of proximodistal fates, airway cell specification and differentiation. However, the specific Notch‐mediated signals involved in lung development remain unclear. Results: Here we report that Jagged1 is expressed in a subset of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, where it controls proximal airway cell fate and differentiation. In agreement with previous studies involving disruption of all Notch signaling, we found that deletion of Jagged1 in airway epithelium increased the number of ciliated cells at the expense of Clara cells, a phenotype associated with downregulation of Hes1 . Deletion of Jagged1 also led to an increased number of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC), suggesting that Jagged1/Notch signaling inhibits PNEC cell fate. As expected, Jagged1 deletion did not affect alveolar cell differentiation, although alveolar septation was impaired, likely an indirect effect of proximal airway defects. Finally, in the postnatal lung, Jagged1 deletion induced mucous metaplasia, accompanied by downregulation of Hes1 and Hes5 . Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that Jagged1‐mediated Notch signaling regulates multiple cell fate decisions as well as differentiation in the respiratory system to coordinate lung development and to maintain a balance of airway cell types in adult life. Developmental Dynamics 242:678–686, 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of Feline Foamy Virus-derived MicroRNAs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) classified as non-coding RNAs regulate various metabolic systems and viral life cycles. To date, numerous DNA viruses, many of which are members of the herpesvirus family, and a relatively small number of RNA viruses, including retroviruses, have been reported to encode and express miRNAs in infected cells. A few retroviruses have been shown to express miRNAs, and foamy viruses (FVs) were initially predicted by computational analyses to possess miRNA-coding regions. Subsequent studies on simian and bovine FVs confirmed the presence of functional and biologically active miRNA expression cassettes. We herein identified feline FV-derived miRNAs using a small RNA deep sequencing ana-lysis. We confirmed their repressive functions on gene expression by dual-luciferase reporter assays. We found that the seed sequences of the miRNAs identified in the present study were conserved among all previously reported FFV isolates. These results suggest that FFV-derived miRNAs play a pivotal role in FFV infection.
Indoor Airborne Particle Level in the Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Shanghai

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Exposure to biogenic aerosols such as airborne bacterium has hazardous effects upon human health. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria is a highly pathogenic microbe and arises large challenges to the enclosed laboratories for biosafety and the health of people working in them. Number concentration and size spectra of indoor aerosols were examined in the Animal Biosafety Level 3 (ABSL-3) laboratory located in Shanghai’s south suburb in July 2010. Mean particle concentration at center of the core room in dissecting experiment to MTB infected mouse (200 cm -3 ) was equivalent to feeding experiment to MTB infected mouse (200 cm -3 ), and roughly 2 times higher than background (91 cm -3 ). Mean particle size distribution at center of the core room exhibited a bi-peak feature under dissecting and feeding conditions, but a mono-peak feature under background condition. Because of dual negative air pressure and high frequency cleaning, MTB bacteria emitted from infected agents did not appear in the air of the preparation and core rooms. Airborne particle sampling demonstrated that MTB aerosol contamination was not detected in the indoor air. This result indicates that online monitoring for particle microphysical properties is one valuable approach to early warn and protect the safety of ABSL-3 laboratories.