jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On the natural cell size of European honey bees: a “fatal error” or distortion of historical data?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SummaryAs a possible way to help control varroa mites, some beekeepers advocate the use of cells smaller than the regular size commonly used by beekeepers. This paper addresses two of their principal arguments, namely that honey bees built smaller cells under natural conditions in the past, and that a "fatal" error occurred at the turn of the 20th century when a new and allegedly misleading method of estimating cell density was introduced. Historical data show not only that cell sizes were not smaller in the past, but also that estimating cell densities was not an issue before the introduction of wax foundation. Moreover, not realizing that the two methods of estimating cell densities are equivalent, the proponents of small cells have erroneously corrected the data reported by the authors of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. In conclusion, the claim that cells were smaller in the past is not only not supported by the historical records, but rests on a distortion of the historical records resulting from an incorrect transformation of the original data.
Urban Conflict Actors and Their Strategies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present research featured the concept of conflict. The authors defined and classified urban conflicts, as well as the strategies chosen by their main actors, i.e. state and municipal authorities, business structures, and urban communities. The article introduces three cases of urban conflicts that happened in the Yaroslavl region in 2020–2021 and were triggered by such events as the transport reform, the "We Decide Together!" public vote, and the new master plan for the historical town of Pereslavl-Zalessky. The analysis focused on the main actors, i.e. their interaction, interests, strategies, patterns of action, key methods, and tools. The authors particularly stressed the importance of protests and digital tools. The analysis revealed two main strategies of urban conflicts: administrative-legal and informational-organizational. The dialogue between the conflict parties proved to be the most effective strategy. The article also contains some recommendations, e.g. collective appeals, information campaigns, etc.
Impact of Organic Amendments and Inorganic Fertilizers on Production Potential, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Balance in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tomato plant demands adequate plant nutrients especially nitrogen for optimum growth and yield. Amount of dry matter produced per unit of nitrogen applied or absorbed can be judged by estimating the nitrogen use efficiency of different nutrient sources used for tomato cultivation. The present experiment was aimed to examine the effect of 15 different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth and yield attributes, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen balance. The result revealed that tomato growth and yield attributes as well as different parameters of nitrogen use efficiency (PFP, AE, PUE and AR) were remarkably influenced by the application of different sources of nutrients. Substitution of 25% of recommended fertilizer dose was possible when higher amount of organic manures and biofertilizer were combined together. Vermicompost emerged as better organic nutrient source over farmyard manure. Inoculation with biofertilizer exerted more positive result over uninoculated treatments and benefits of biofertilizer application were prominent in presence of vermicompost. The nutrient schedule comprising of 75% recommended fertilizer dose of inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost (4 t/ha) inoculated with biofertilizer was found best for growth, yield attributes as well as the NUE parameters and soil nitrogen balance. This should be practiced to achieve desired yield, nutrient use efficiency and sustaining the fertility and productivity of soil.
LoC-SERS Platform Integrated with the Signal Amplification Strategy toward Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Multiplexed detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) biomarkers is of great significance for early diagnosis and personalized treatment. In this study, we fabricated a robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering-enabled lab-on-a-chip (LoC-SERS) platform for simultaneous quantification of α-synuclein, phosphorylated tau protein 181, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Herein, the antibody-DNA conjugate was designed to introduce the catalytic hairpin self-assembly (CHA) amplification into the protein detection. Au nano-stars (AuNSs) modified with Raman reporter molecules and hairpin-structure DNA 1 were applied as the SERS nanotags. Au-coated silicon nanocone array (Au/SiNCA) fabricated based on the maskless plasma etching-prepared high-density Si nanocone array (SiNCA) and surface ion sputtering was used as the capture substrate after the modification of hairpin-structure DNA 2. Benefitting from the antibody-DNA conjugate-induced CHA amplification, numerous AuNSs can be connected to the Au/SiNCA surface, which significantly amplify the plasmonic coupling effect for ultrasensitive SERS detection, and the limit of detection was less than the pg/mL level. The application of highly uniform Au/SiNCA and antibody-DNA conjugate endows the LoC-SERS platform excellent analytical performance, including superior reproducibility, satisfactory universality, and high sensitivity. In addition, a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice model was established, and satisfactory results were obtained in real sample analysis with the LoC-SERS platform, which may be enlightening for exploiting protein biomarkers in PD monitoring.
Epidemiology of Candidemia in Latin America: A Laboratory-Based Survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The epidemiology of candidemia varies depending on the geographic region. Little is known about the epidemiology of candidemia in Latin America.We conducted a 24-month laboratory-based survey of candidemia in 20 centers of seven Latin American countries. Incidence rates were calculated and the epidemiology of candidemia was characterized.Among 672 episodes of candidemia, 297 (44.2%) occurred in children (23.7% younger than 1 year), 36.2% in adults between 19 and 60 years old and 19.6% in elderly patients. The overall incidence was 1.18 cases per 1,000 admissions, and varied across countries, with the highest incidence in Colombia and the lowest in Chile. Candida albicans (37.6%), C. parapsilosis (26.5%) and C. tropicalis (17.6%) were the leading agents, with great variability in species distribution in the different countries. Most isolates were highly susceptible to fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and anidulafungin. Fluconazole was the most frequent agent used as primary treatment (65.8%), and the overall 30-day survival was 59.3%.This first large epidemiologic study of candidemia in Latin America showed a high incidence of candidemia, high percentage of children, typical species distribution, with C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis accounting for the majority of episodes, and low resistance rates.
The value of social capital in farmland leasing relationships

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of social capital on the rate at which agricultural land is rented between landowners and tenants using data from the state of Kansas. Design/methodology/approach A survey of tenants provides data on the rental rate of farmland as well as characteristics of the lease, the land, and the landowner. Findings Results support the hypothesis of a negative impact on rental rates from longer-term leasing relationships. The model estimates a 10.0 percent discount relative to market rates when the leasing relationship increases from 11 to 22 years. At the sample average of $64 per acre, this is a $10 per acre discount. Research limitations/implications Increased levels of social capital, as measured by the length of the leasing relationship between landowner and tenant, reduce the rental rate. A 10 percent increase in the number of years a parcel of land is leased to the same tenant will decrease the annual rental rate by 1 percent. Originality/value Research adds to the understanding of informal relationships underlying farmland leases. A large number of farmland tracts may turnover in the coming years. This turnover may affect the rental rates for tenants who have had long-term leasing relationships over time.
Posttraumatic Peripheral Vertigo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Posttraumatic vertigo can be defined as the vertiginous disorder occurred after head and neck trauma without other pre-existing vestibular disorder. Central, peripheral, and combined deficits might cause this condition. Especially, various peripheral vestibulopathies are possible causes of posttraumatic vertigo; benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, temporal bone fracture, perilymphatic fistula, labyrinthine concussion, posttraumatic hydrops, and cervical vertigo. Since the differential diagnosis of the posttraumatic vertigo is often difficult, it is essential to acquire knowledge of their pathophysiology and clinical features. In this review, peripheral vestibulopathy as the possible causes of posttraumatic vertigo were described according to the current literature. Keywords: Posttraumatic vertigo; Peripheral vestibulopathy; Head trauma ì¤ì¬ ë¨ì´: ì¸ì í íí, ë§ì´ ì ì ì§í, ëë¶ ì¸ì
A pivotal role for cADPR‐mediated Ca 2+ signaling: regulation of endothelin‐induced contraction in peritubular smooth muscle cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

cADPR, a potent calcium‐mobilizing intracellular messenger synthesized by ADP‐ribosyl cyclases regulates openings of ryanodine receptors (RyR). Here we report that in the rat testis, a functional cADPR Ca 2+ release system is essential for the contractile response of peritubular smooth muscle cells (PSMC) to endothelin (ET). We previously showed that this potent smooth muscle agonist elicits intracellular Ca 2+ release in PSMC and seminiferous tubule contraction via activation of ETA and ETB receptors. ETB‐R induces the mobilization of a thapsigargin‐sensitive but IP 3 ‐independent intracellular Ca 2+ pool. Stimulation of permeabilized PSMC with cADPR was found to elicit large Ca 2+ releases blocked by either a selective antagonist of cADPR or a RyR blocker, but not by heparin. Western blotting and confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated the specific expression of type 2 RyR in perinuclear localization. ET was found to stimulate the activity of ADP‐ribosyl cyclase. Microinjection of the selective cADPR antagonist 8NH 2 ‐cADPR completely abolished subsequent stimulation of Ca 2+ signaling via ETA and ETB receptors. cADPR therefore appears to have an obligatory role for ETA‐R and ETB‐R‐mediated calcium signaling in PSMC. However, ETB‐R seem to be coupled exclusively to cADPR whereas ETA‐R activation may be linked to IP 3 and cADPR signaling pathways.
Development of an Islamic-based English textbook for third Grade Elementary Students

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The development of textbooks is one of the main factors in successful learning. This Islamic-based English textbook has the distinctive characteristics of contextual and Islamic-based material which is equipped with 4 aspects of language skills. This research aims to develop an Islamic-based English textbook and examine the validity and attractiveness of the textbook being developed. The research method used is research and development using the Borg & Gall design. The results of this research show that the development of English textbooks has good qualifications, as evidenced by the results of validation by material experts with a percentage of 80%, design experts with a percentage of 92%, and class teachers with a percentage of 94%. Textbooks have a high level of attractiveness as evidenced by the results of interviews and questionnaires with students with a percentage of 90.04%, so textbooks have fulfilled aspects of development & needs in the learning implementation process.
Efficacy of Chewing Gum versus Early Mobilization on Bowel Motility for Children After Abdominal Surgery

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Post-operative ileus is a major focus of concern for nurses because it increases duration of hospitalization, cost of care and post-operative morbidity. Aim: this study aimed to determine the efficacy of chewing gum versus early mobilization on bowel motility for children after abdominal surgery. Design: a quasi experimental research design. Subjects and method: a convenience sample of 90 children aged from 6 to 18 years. Setting: this study was conducted at the pediatric surgery unit in Assuit University Children's Hospital. Tools: two tools were used to collect the necessary data, a structured questionnaire and bowel motility monitoring sheet. Method: A pilot study was carried out on 10% of children to test the clarity and applicability of the sheet. Results: revealed that (56.7%) of the chewing gum group and (43.3%) of the early mobilization group return their bowel sound during 12-<24 hrs, time to return of bowel sound, passage of first flatus, first feces, return of appetite, time of liquid and regular diet were statistically significant difference in the chewing gum group while only time to passage of first flatus and first feces were statistically significant difference in the early mobilization group. Conclusion: it was found that chewing gum was slightly more effective than early mobilization but the difference was not statistically significant. Recommendation: the use of chewing gum and early mobilization as routine interventions to improve bowel motility for children after abdominal surgery.
Design of retrovirus vectors for transfer and expression of the human beta-globin gene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Regulated expression of the human beta-globin gene has been demonstrated in cultured murine erythroleukemia cells and in mice after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. However, the low titer of recombinant viruses described to date results in relatively inefficient gene transfer, which limits their usefulness for animal studies and for potential gene therapy in humans for diseases involving defective beta-globin genes. We found regions that interfered with virus production within intron 2 of the beta-globin gene and on both sides of the gene. The flanking regions could be removed, but intron 2 was required for beta-globin expression. Inclusion of beta-globin introns necessitates an antisense orientation of the gene within the retrovirus vector. However, we found no effect of the antisense beta-globin transcription on virus production. A region downstream of the beta-globin gene that stimulates expression of the gene in transgenic mice was included in the viruses without detrimental effects on virus titer. Virus titers of over 10(6) CFU/ml were obtained with the final vector design, which retained the ability to direct regulated expression of human beta-globin in murine erythroleukemia cells. The vector also allowed transfer and expression of the human beta-globin gene in hematopoietic cells (CFU-S cells) in mice.
Quantitative methods and the study of film

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This talk addresses the analysis of film – its texts, its audiences, its political economy – in higher education, arguing for the abandonment Film Studies as either a subject or a discipline and approaching the cinema as a complex object of inquiry that demands an ecumenical methodological perspective in order that its numerous and various dimensions are fully comprehended. Though used widely by those studying the cinema beyond the narrow methodological confines of Film Studies, quantitative methods are at present underused by film scholars. To fix their place in the study of film and place the study of film in the wider world – particularly the BFI&apos;s recent recognition of the importance of evidence-based policy making – I argue there is much to be gained from the application of quantitative methods in studying film and its audiences, and I illustrate this claim by drawing on a range of empirical studies.
Executive summary

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The competition assessment review of laws and regulations in Tunisia's tourism sector is part of a broader project aiming at fostering pro-competitive reforms in the country. Tourism is a key part of Tunisia's economy and has been an important source of job creation and domestic value added for years. This competition assessment review was carried out by the OECD to identify rules and regulations that may hinder the competitive and efficient functioning of markets in Tunisia's tourism sector.
Characterization of Melt Blown Web Properties using Air Flow Technique

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fiber size, pore size, and air permeability are three important properties in melt blown (MB) webs. Air permeability governs the air resistance or the pressure drop of the air through the web. One of the major applications of MB webs is for air filters. Fiber size dominates the web air filtration efficiency. Liquid filtration is another major application of MB webs. Pore size of the web determines the rated particle size in liquid filtration. Air permeability can be easily determined by air permeability testers. Fiber size and pore size in MB webs are difficult to measure by optical microscopy or other methods. However, they can be determined in fibrous products from the air flow rate through the web.
Preparation and Characterization of a Complex of Paeonol and Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Purpose: To improve the solubility of paeonol in water by complexing with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and also to characterize the physicochemical properties of the complex.Methods: The complex of paeonol and HP-β-CD was prepared by freeze-drying method. Its physicochemical properties were studied by phase-solubility method, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV), infrared spectrometry (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC).Results: The phase-solubility results showed that paeonol formed a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with HP-β-CD while UV and IR spectra suggested that HP-β-CD and paeonol in the complex interacted by a non-covalent bond. SEM and XRD indicate that the heat stability of paeonol was significantly improved by complexing with HP-β-CD.Conclusion: Paeonol can be efficiently complexed with HP-β-CD to form a complex by freeze-drying method. The aqueous solubility and heat stability of paeonol is significantly improved by complexation HP-β-CD.Keywords: Paeonol, Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, Complexation, Aqueous solubility, Heat stability
Effect of Plant Spacing Within a Row on the Competitive Ability of Soybean Genotypes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Intra‐row intergenotypic competition among two sets of three soybeans ( Glycine max L. Merrill) genotypes were compared in pure stands and in mixtures using 10‐, 20‐, 41‐, and 81‐cm spacings between plants. Differences among genotypes for plant height and maturity were considerably greater in set I than in set 2. Competition effects were less for set I under the unfavorable enviromnent of 1964 and greater under the more favorable environment of 1965, while the reverse occurred for set 2. In both years, competition effects in set 1 were mostly additive. In set 2, competition effects were non‐additive in 1964, a decrease in yield, height, number of branches, nodes and pods per plant occurring in mixtures as compared with pure stands. In 1965, competition effects were additive for most characters except seed weight and seeds per pod, where the non‐additive effects were positive and negative, respectively. The magnitude of competition effects at different spacings was somewhat erratic. In general, competition effect increased as the distance between plants decreased in set 2. In set 1, competition effect increased as plant spacing increased from 5 to 20 cm in 1964 and from 5 to l0 cm in 1965; thereafter it decreased. At the 81 cm spacing no competition effect occurred for yield.
Enrichment Law and Controlling Factors of CBM in the Xishanyao Formation of the Hedong Mining Area, Urumqi

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The enrichment laws and key controlling factors of coalbed methane (CBM) in the Xishanyao Formation of the Hedong mining area remain unclear, restricting exploration progress. Based on well data and experimental analyses, this study investigates CBM enrichment characteristics and geological controls using genetic identification diagrams. Results demonstrate that CBM exhibits a “high in northwest and low in southeast” planar distribution. Vertically, CBM content is extremely low above 360 m due to weathering oxidation and burnt zone effects, increases within the 360–950 m interval (peaking at 750–950 m), and declines from 950 to 1200 m because of limited gas contribution. Genetic analysis indicates predominantly primary biogenic gas, with a minor component of early thermogenic gas. Enrichment is controlled by structure and hydrogeology: the medium-depth range (358–936 m) on the northern syncline limb and western part of the northern monoclinal zone forms a high-efficiency enrichment zone due to compressive stress from reverse faults and high mineralization groundwater (TDS > 8000 mg/L). While the southern limb, characterized by high-angle tensile fractures and active groundwater runoff, suffers gas loss and generally low gas content (<3.5 m3/t). This study clarifies CBM enrichment laws and enrichment mechanisms, supporting exploration of low-rank CBM in the Hedong mining area.
Solidarity All Around: How Spatial Context Influences Perceptions of Organizational Solidarity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

More than seventy years of research in social networks and microgeography have shown that spa- tial proximity offers individuals opportunities to interact and form social ties, aggregating up to a structural influence of the arrangement of space on social networks among organization members. But space has the power to do more than structure opportunities for individuals to interact directly. Spatial design also structures opportunities to observe others’ interactions, an extra-network in- formation channel that may influence social perceptions, and consequently the way individuals relate to their organization. One important way in which individuals relate to their organization is the degree to which they perceive it as a strong ‘community’, where their colleagues are mutually supportive and socially cohesive, best captured by the long-established concept of social solidar- ity. Social solidarity has largely been conceived of as arising from social interactions and social network structures among workers. We present an extra-network information theory of spatial ar- rangement’s influence on individual perceptions of social solidarity in their organization. Testing this theory in the context of a North American financial technology company, our results suggest that there is indeed an influence of spatial arrangements on perceptions of social solidarity. This apparent influence of spatial context is not mediated via the social network among workers, suggesting that spatial design may be able to directly influence the way in which workers relate to their organization.