jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Carbon-carbon bond formation. 6. Alkyl halide coupling from an electrochemically generated iron promoter

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-carbon bond formation. 6. Alkyl halide coupling from an electrochemically generated iron promoterJeffrey L. Hall, Richard D. Geer, and Paul W. JenningsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 22, 4364–4366Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00416a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00416a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views83Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Market Model for Demand Response under Block Rate Pricing

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Renewable sources are taking center stage in electricity generation. However, matching supply with demand in a renewable-rich system is a difficult task due to the intermittent nature of renewable resources (wind, solar, etc.). As a result, Demand Response (DR) programs are an essential part of the modern grid. An efficient DR technique is to devise different pricing schemes that encourage customers to reduce or shift the electric load. In this paper, we consider a market model for DR using Block Rate Pricing (BRP) of two blocks. We use a utility maximization approach in a competitive market. We show that when customers are price taking and the utility cost function is quadratic the resulting system achieves an equilibrium. Moreover, the equilibrium is unique and efficient, which maximizes social welfare. A distributed algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pricing of both blocks and the load. Both the customers and the utility runs the market. The proposed scheme encourages customers to curtail or shift their load. Numerical results are presented to validate our technique.
Use of outdoor artificial streams to determine threshold toxicity concentrations for a petrochemical effluent

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A system of six partly flow-through, partly recirculating, streams was constructed outdoors from stainless steel and divided into pool and riffle sections to closely simulate a natural stream environment. The organic fraction extracted from the effluent of a petrochemical manufacturing plant was identified as a mixture of chlorinated ethers. The effluent extract was applied to three of the streams to maintain nominal concentrations of chlorinated ethers of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/L for a period of 28 d. A fourth stream was treated with 0.25 mg/L for 21 d; this was then increased to 4.0 mg/L for a further 7 d. Two streams were untreated and served as controls. There were no detectable effects of the treatments on macroinvertebrate population densities. There was a marked effect on the drift of macroinvertebrates at a concentration of 2.0 mg/L, but there was no effect at lower concentrations. There was an effect on the feeding rates of Gammarus pulex at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/L, but there were no effects at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L. The results of this experiment were compared with those obtained in 7-d, single-species toxicity tests. On the basis of the toxicity tests, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for the most sensitive biological response—growth of Daphnia magna — was 1.0 mg/L. On the basis of the field test, the NOEC for the most sensitive biological response — feeding rate of G. pulex — was 0.5 mg/L.
Caffeic acid and quercetin protect erythrocytes against the oxidative stress and the genotoxic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in vitro

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) is a synthetic pyrethroid with a broad spectrum of insecticidal and acaricidal activities used to control wide range of insect pests in a variety of applications. The aim of this study was to examine (i) the potency of LTC to induce oxidative stress response in rat erythrocytes in vitro and (ii) the role of caffeic acid (20 μM) and/or quercetin (10 μM) in preventing the cytotoxic effects. Erythrocytes were divided into four portions. The erythrocytes of the first portion were incubated for 4 h at 37°C with different concentrations (0, 50 and 100 μM) of LTC. The others portions were pretreated with caffeic acid and/or quercetin for 30 min prior to LTC incubation. Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage were examined. LTC at different concentrations causes increased levels of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Combined caffeic acid and quercetin pretreatments significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation markers, that is thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PCO) and decreased DNA damage in LTC portion. Further, combined caffeic acid and quercetin pretreatment maintain antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content near to normal values. These results suggest that LTC exerts its toxic effect by increasing lipid peroxidation, altering the antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage. Caffeic acid and quercetin pretreatments prevent the toxic effects of LTC, suggesting their role as a potential antioxidant.
The current state of terrorism in the Russian Federation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article analyzes the specific provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of countering terrorism in a rapidly changing reality, as well as problematic issues arising from the implementation of these provisions; identification of criminologically significant causes and conditions for the commission of terrorist crimes; identification of legislative gaps and law enforcement problems in this area, development of sound proposals for their solution. In this regard, the problem of terrorism turns out to be relevant not only for Russia, but also for the entire world community. This fact is due to the fact that terrorism poses a danger to the state, its integrity, sovereignty, various institutions (public, legal, state, economic, etc.), property, legitimate human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as encroach on the health and life of an individual, etc. The article notes that various manifestations of terrorism encroach on various.
A New Perspective on Sylvia Plath’s “The Rival” and its Themes, Subject, and Inspiration

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Numerous critics have attributed Sylvia Plath's "The Rival" to a variety of inspirations, often Ted Hughes and his mistress, but an unfortunately overlooked subject is a miscarried child.Coupled with the possibility of Plath also suffering from an eating disorder (ED), this creates a new approach to studying the poem through the lens of what we know of mental disorders in mid-century America as well as her personal struggles during the period in which she drafted the poem.
Anesthetic Management of Pediatric Awake Craniotomy with Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Awake craniotomy in pediatric group is challenging.Its success depends on maintaining a good rapport with the child, careful titration of anesthetic agents, and managing intraoperative challenges.Methodology/Description: An awake craniotomy with neurophysiological monitoring was planned for this 10-year-old girl with lesion at the right motor cortex.After adequate counseling, she was acquainted to the environment with repeated visits to the perioperative suite.She was also familiarized with the motor function testing during surgery.Under standard monitoring, propofol infusion at 100 to 150 μg/kg/min and fentanyl infusion at 0.5 μg/kg/h were initiated after a bolus dose of 15 μg of fentanyl.A 22-gauge cannula was inserted in the right radial artery for blood pressure monitoring.Scalp block was performed with mixture of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline and 0.5% ropivacaine (7 mL each).Sedation was continued during painful procedures like pin fixation, insertion of needle electrodes, and all steps of craniotomy.Throughout the procedure oxygen was given through nasal prongs and her respiration was monitored with the chest leads used for ECG.Propofol infusion was stopped after exposure of duramater.She was comfortable throughout the procedure and co-operated for motor assessment of limbs.Careful titration of sedatives helped in electrophysiological assessment like cortical and subcortical mapping and ECoG.Propofol infusion was restarted after dural closure.No significant complications occurred and the patient recovered without any motor deficits. Conclusion:Our case report illustrates that with proper planning and careful titration of anesthetics, awake craniotomy along with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is safe and feasible in pediatric age group.
RemakingThe Making: E.P. Thompson’s Reception in Argentina and the Shaping of Labor Historiography

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article traces the reception of E.P. Thompson’s work in Argentina over the past three decades. It explores the context in which Thompson was read by labor historians as a means to analyse the way in which the country’s labor historiography was shaped over this period. It argues that, in the 1980s and the 1990s, against a context characterized by a crisis of the political left and a downturn in the labor movement, Thompson’s appropriation was focused on his critique of Marxist “determinism”. While this corresponded to similar developments in other countries, Argentinian labor historiography started to show a different path in the early 2000s, when a tremendous social, political, and economic crisis shook the country. The article concludes that recent developments in labor historiography in Argentina show a different pattern to those seen in the “Global North”.
Development of Low Cost Smart E-Pants Using Intermittent Electrical Stimulation for Preventing Pressure Ulcers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In this work, a fully-functional working prototype of a low-cost smart E-pants has been designed and developed for preventing pressure ulcers. Smart E-pants are able to redistribute the excess pressure formed under the bony prominences of immobile patients by stimulating the gluteal muscles upon detecting exposure to prolonged pressure exceeding the threshold value. This device incorporates electrodes into specially designed undergarment that automatically deliver intermittent electrical stimulation bursts through interferential current protocol. The electrical circuit consists of two major units namely: stimulation signal generator and stimulation duration controller with prolonged pressure detector. A special voltage conductive fabric is used for the stimulation delivery. The premodulated waveform, allowable current and voltage range from the smart E-pants are comparable with that of a clinical standard electrical muscle stimulator machine. Based on the feedback from healthy volunteers, the smart E-pants have shown great performance in reducing prolonged sitting discomfort. In addition, the total cost of the current working-prototype is at least 7 fold lower than the other prototypes of E-pants. Thus, our developed cost-effective smart E-pants have shown promising results for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Still, there are scopes of further optimization in terms of the efficacy, safety and cost.
Ecological Prominence of Juniperus phoenicea L. Growing in Gebel Halal, North Sinai, Egypt

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Identifying diversity, distribution, and habitats of interest species is an important task for developing conservation and restoration programs. Juniperus phoenicea has suffered immense destruction and degradation over the last few decades on the anticlines of North Sinai. Therefore, this study evaluated the ecological status of J. phoenicea assemblages in Gebel Halal, and analyzed floristic composition, distribution and species diversity in different habitats. Germination treatments Juniper seeds were also considered. The results showed that the surveyed area of Gebel Halal harbors 73 plant species including 50 medicinal plant species representing 69% of the recorded species, of which 17 species were found only in the mountainous area. Soils of gorge habitats are the richest soil in organic matter (2.22%), and silt and clay content (17.19%). These conditions support dense vegetation of J. phoenicea assemblages associated with many sub-shrubs, shrubs and annuals. Mean canopy cover of J. phoenicea at gorge habitats is 14.21% (±6.45 SD, ±3.73 SE), and mean diameter is 3.53 m (±1.29 SD, ±0.74 SE). The study area showed also assemblages of Acacia pachyceras at wadi habitats; Anabasis articulata, Ballota undulata and Lycium shawii at slope habitats. Associated species include Zygophyllum dumosum, Chiliadenus montanus and Globularia arabica. Ecological characterization and floristic composition were most influenced by climatic and edaphic factors. Isolated patches of the remnant assemblages of Juniperus phoenicea persist in gorges (220-400m altitude) growing on fractures of smooth-faced limestone outcrops of Gebel Halal. Assemblages of J. phoenicea are considered local threatened endemic Mediterranean type mainly due to human disturbances. The results of the preliminary germination experiments showed low germination percentages when seeds were shaken with gravel and coarse sand for 15 minutes (20%), and when seeds were soaked in concentrated acids for 5 or 10 minutes (10%). In conclusion, the ecological conditions for J. phoenicea indicated that it is an endangered species. Immediate protection of the remaining J. phoenicea trees and future restoration programs should be the priority for conservation strategies of this endemic assemblage type. The anticlines of North Sinai that harbor J. phoenicea assemblages should be listed as a priority habitat in the national conservation plan.
Study on the Electricity Light of Plecoglossus altivelis According to Circulating Water Cultivation and Artificial Gather Eggs Technology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

为研究通过人为控制香鱼性腺发育，2011~2012年在福井县内水面综合中心开展了循环流水电照培养香鱼亲鱼试验。试验结果表明：2011年和2012年通过循环流水电照培养获得成熟的雌性亲鱼487和580尾；雄性亲鱼108和131尾。用干导法人工授精，受精率95.30%和80.67%；发眼率47.18%和48.15%，孵化率均为80.00%，获得孵化仔鱼317万和351万尾。本研究表明香鱼亲鱼在人工培养关键技术确立及成熟应用。人工电照培养亲鱼采卵的授精率、发眼率及仔鱼孵化率不如天然捕获亲鱼，但是能解决天然亲鱼由于气候等自然条件原因造成亲鱼数量及采卵不稳定因素，且具有人为控制育苗规模及提前开展人工育苗的优势。 To artificially control gonad development of Plecoglossus altivelis, water recirculating and electric lighting were used to cultivate sweetfish broodstock in surface comprehensive center of Fukui prefecture in 2011-2012. The result showed: 487 and 580 mature females, 108 and 131 males were obtained respectively. In 2011 and 2012, 3.17 and 3.51 million hatching larvae were gained using a wet artificial method in 2011 and 2012, with fertilization success of 95.30% and 80.67%, eyed eggs of 47.18% and 48.15%, and common hatching rate of 80.00%. This study shows the es-tablishment and mature application of key technologies in artifically cultivating sweetfish broodstock. Fertilization rate, eyed larvae rate and hatching rate by artificial electric lighting are inferior to natural capture; however, it can solve the problem which brings many difficulties to natural capture, such as the instability of broodstock number and eggs collecting caused by climate and other natural conditions, and has advantages in artificially controlling breeding scale and time to carry out breeding plan in advance.
Non-simultaneous double-way trigonometric leveling

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary The investigations of the accuracy of the proposed method of double-ended non-simultaneous trigonometrical leveling by topographical electronic tachometers on the Berezhany training and research geodetic site were performed. The comparative analysis of the results of double-ended trigonometrical leveling and II class geometrical leveling on the chosen geodetic network was conducted. It was established that the differences between the elevations obtained by double-ended trigonometrical leveling and geometrical leveling correspond to accuracy tolerance of the II class.
On 2-Clubs in Graph-Based Data Clustering: Theory and Algorithm\n Engineering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Editing a graph into a disjoint union of clusters is a standard optimization\ntask in graph-based data clustering. Here, complementing classic work where the\nclusters shall be cliques, we focus on clusters that shall be 2-clubs, that is,\nsubgraphs of diameter two. This naturally leads to the two NP-hard problems\n2-Club Cluster Editing (the allowed editing operations are edge insertion and\nedge deletion) and 2-Club Cluster Vertex Deletion (the allowed editing\noperations are vertex deletions). Answering an open question from the\nliterature, we show that 2-Club Cluster Editing is W[2]-hard with respect to\nthe number of edge modifications, thus contrasting the fixed-parameter\ntractability result for the classic Cluster Editing problem (considering\ncliques instead of 2-clubs). Then focusing on 2-Club Cluster Vertex Deletion,\nwhich is easily seen to be fixed-parameter tractable, we show that under\nstandard complexity-theoretic assumptions it does not have a polynomial-size\nproblem kernel when parameterized by the number of vertex deletions.\nNevertheless, we develop several effective data reduction and pruning rules,\nresulting in a competitive solver, clearly outperforming a standard CPLEX\nsolver in most instances of an established biological test data set.\n
The interaction effect between vibrations and temperature simulating truck transport on the flavor stability of beer

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Beer flavor stability is important to brewers as a result of the increased global demand for beer. Increasing export leads to prolonged periods of transportation and storage and causes fresh flavor deterioration. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of different temperatures in combination with vibrations on beer quality. Beer was exposed to vibrations (50 Hz, 15 m s −2 , simulating transport) at 5, 30 and 45 °C for 22, 38 and 90 h and (for half the samples) aged for 60 days at 30 °C. RESULTS The results obtained indicated decreased oxygen concentrations as a result of an elevated temperature and vibrations. There was no effect ( P > 0.05) on color and a limited effect of temperature and vibrations on iso‐α‐acids. The parameters temperature and vibrations have a significant influence ( P < 0.05) on aldehyde concentrations, namely total aldehydes, and especially ‘2‐methylpropanal’, ‘2‐methylbutanal’ and ‘furfural’. CONCLUSION The impact of vibrations on the aldehydes concentrations was substantial when subjected to an elevated temperature. Furthermore, a forced aging test of shorter duration than traditional methods might be developed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A STUDY OF EFFICACY OF PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES IN COMPARISON WITH TIMOLOL MALEATE AS FIRST DRUG OF CHOICE IN THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND \nGlaucoma is an ischaemic optic neuropathy comprising of three entities; one is raised intraocular pressure, second one is optic \ndisc changes and third one is visual field defects. Intraocular pressure remains the major modifiable risk factor. \nThe aim of the treatment is to lower the IOP and thereby prevent the significant functional visual defect and preserve the \nvisual function. \nMATERIALS AND METHODS \nThe current study is a prospective hospital-based observational study conducted over a period of two years in a sample of 50 \npatients attending the Outpatient Department, Department of Ophthalmology, Rangaraya Medical College, Government General \nHospital, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh. \nRESULTS \nA study of efficacy of prostaglandin analogues in comparison with timolol maleate as first drug of choice in the treatment of \nprimary open- angle glaucoma. \nCONCLUSION \nAccording to the study, prostaglandin analogues showed higher efficacy in reducing the intraocular pressure as compared to \nthat of the timolol maleate.
The Entrepreneur in Youth

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Entrepreneur in Youth offers one of the most comprehensive assessments to date of African American, Latino, and white high school students’ aspirations, knowledge, opinions and educational views related to entrepreneurship and philanthropy. A key strength is its longitudinal approach to analysis and interpretations, made possible by extensive surveys of over 11, 000 respondents from high school youth and other groups, including adults and business owners. The key findings exhibit an extraordinarily high level of interest in entrepreneurship among youth as well as a strong desire to give back to their communities. However, they lack the knowledge and experience to achieve their aspirations.
Stream Segregation and Perceived Syncopation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many movements from Bach’s unaccompanied string works contain implied polyphony. Although earlier approaches describe this technique as a way of using arpeggiation to embellish a melodic line, disguise an otherwise unacceptable melodic progression, delay the resolution of dissonance, or create underlying voice-leading patterns, these descriptions cannot account for the variety and complexity of the implied polyphony in these pieces. This paper presents an additional analytical approach that uses research on auditory stream segregation and phenomenal accents to determine transitions between implied voices. Based on this type of analysis, it is proposed that Bach did not treat implied polyphony as solely a melodic feature. He instead used implied polyphony to apply irregular accent patterns to the isochronous surface of the music, thereby creating perceived rhythmic variety at the fastest levels of the metric hierarchy.
Cardiovascular Risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Management of fractures in patients with multiple traumatic injuries occurs within thecontext of the American College of Surgeon's Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)algorithm (1). The physician who initially evaluates the patient seeks to identify life-threatening conditions and begins prompt resuscitation. Research has demonstrated ahierarchy of potentially lethal conditions beginning with airway problems and extend-ing to life-threatening thoracic conditions, hypovolemia, and intracranial injuries.Definitive fracture management is considered after addressing these life-threateningconditions.