jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5°N, 144.8°E) during January–February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information for quantifying the influence of convection on the vertical distributions of active species. The airborne in situ measurements up to 15-km altitude fill a significant gap by characterizing the abundance and altitude variation of a wide suite of trace gases. These measurements, together with observations of dynamical and microphysical parameters, provide significant new data for constraining and evaluating global chemistry–climate models. Measurements include precursor and product gas species of reactive halogen compounds that impact ozone in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. High-accuracy, in situ measurements of ozone obtained during CONTRAST quantify ozone concentration profiles in the upper troposphere, where previous observations from balloonborne ozonesondes were often near or below the limit of detection. CONTRAST was one of the three coordinated experiments to observe the TWP during January–February 2014. Together, CONTRAST, Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX), and Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST), using complementary capabilities of the three aircraft platforms as well as ground-based instrumentation, provide a comprehensive quantification of the regional distribution and vertical structure of natural and pollutant trace gases in the TWP during NH winter, from the oceanic boundary to the lower stratosphere.
Prostate cancer resistance leads to a global deregulation of translation factors and unconventional translation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Emerging evidence associates translation factors and regulators to tumorigenesis. However, our understanding of translational changes in cancer resistance is still limited. Here, we generated an enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) model, which recapitulated key features of clinical enzalutamide-resistant PCa. Using this model and poly(ribo)some profiling, we investigated global translation changes that occur during acquisition of PCa resistance. We found that enzalutamide-resistant cells exhibit an overall decrease in mRNA translation with a specific deregulation in the abundance of proteins involved in mitochondrial processes and in translational regulation. However, several mRNAs escape this translational downregulation and are nonetheless bound to heavy polysomes in enzalutamide-resistant cells suggesting active translation. Moreover, expressing these corresponding genes in enzalutamide-sensitive cells promotes resistance to enzalutamide treatment. We also found increased association of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with heavy polysomes in enzalutamide-resistant cells, suggesting that some lncRNAs are actively translated during enzalutamide resistance. Consistent with these findings, expressing the predicted coding sequences of known lncRNAs JPX, CRNDE and LINC00467 in enzalutamide-sensitive cells drove resistance to enzalutamide. Taken together, this suggests that aberrant translation of specific mRNAs and lncRNAs is a strong indicator of PCa enzalutamide resistance, which points towards novel therapeutic avenues that may target enzalutamide-resistant PCa.
Tree Development, Yield and Leaf Nutrient Levels of Old-clone Lemon Trees on Eight Rootstocks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The effects of rootstock on tree development, leaf nutrient levels and yields of two old-clone lemon cultivars, Eureka and Villafranca, were studied. The largest canopy development and yields were obtained on Alemow and Volkameriana; red rough lemon failed due to foot rot; Rangpur lime trees were severely stunted; and Citremon induced high chloride and relatively low boron contents in the leaves.
Impact of Data Leakage in Vibration Signals Used for Bearing Fault Diagnosis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Bearing fault diagnosis is a well-developed field and an active area of research in which the combination of model-free machine learning techniques with vibration data has become a popular approach. However, vibration data from rotating machines has the potential to contain domain shifts beyond the accepted causes in this research area (different part models, operating conditions and sensor locations) which can enable data leakage between training and test datasets. To demonstrate the impact of data leakage, six common bearing diagnosis methods are applied to two datasets using three data splitting methods to compare classification performance. Diagnosis is preformed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Supervised Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) in combination with frequency analysis and envelope analysis feature extraction methods. Datasets from McMaster University and Paderborn University are used as experimental data sources, and produce vastly differing results (over a 40% drop in accuracy) depending on the selected dataset splitting method, revealing a previously unknown domain shift. Despite great results for diagnosis methods using frequency response analysis on the data from McMaster, these results are not expected to generalize due to possible data leakage. Out of fifty-five previous works using the Paderborn dataset, ten are identified as likely to be affected and only six properly address the problem. Recommendations are given for future experiment design, model creation and model evaluation.
Rhodium Dopants on Zn2GeO4 Surfaces as Active Sites for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Doping has been widely used to engineer efficient photocatalysts for the water‐splitting process in energy conversion and storage systems. Although composition tuning through heteroatom doping is one of the strategies to enhance photoactivity, the origin of the increased activity by doping remains unclear and most illustrations of its role fall in the band engineering area. Herein, it is reported that the rhodium dopants on the surface of Zn 2 GeO 4 , which affect the band structure negligibly, can act as active sites for water splitting. As a result, the Rh δ+ /Zn 2 GeO 4 photocatalyst demonstrates excellent stability for up to 460 days and significant enhancement of the photocatalytic activity to that of the undoped photocatalyst. The findings in this work may open the door for a rethink of the detailed principles of dopants in photocatalysis, and highlight a feasible route to fabricating efficient photocatalysts.
Personal Archives in the Library of the University of Botswana

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The 1998 University of Botswana Collection Development Policy compiled by J.O. Asamani, the then Acquisitions Coordinator, is explicit on materials generated through purchase. It is also clear on acceptance of gifts and donations. The policy was not specific on the collection of private archives even though it did not sanction the function. The whole process of collection development has since been narrowly confined to published collections and papers that are either published in journals or those that have been presented at workshops and conferences. It is the view of the present paper that for the sake of the interested user it is important for the collection development policy to stretch beyond published material. The University of Botswana library has been in existence since 1971. The UB Library system consists of the main library on the Gaborone Campus and three branch libraries.
Extracellular beta-Glucosidase production by marine Aspergillus sydowii BTMFS 55

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The beta-glucosidase enzyme purified from the marine fungus, Aspergillus\nsydowii BTMFS 55 showed a good yield of enzyme production under solid state\nfermentation. The statistical optimization of the media components revealed that\nmoisture content, concentration of peptone and inoculum are the major parameters\nwhich supported the maximal enzyme production. The purified enzyme showed low\npH activity and stability, glucose tolerance and activation by ethanol. It could produce\nethanol from wheat bran and rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and\nfermentation with yeast.The glucosidase purified from Aspergillus sydowii BTMFS 55\nshows great potential for several biotechnological applications such as the production\nof bio-ethanol from agricultural biomass and improvement in the aromatic character\nof wines and fruit juices through the hydrolysis of flavour glucosidic precursors.\nThere is immense scope for the application of this marine fungus in the biofuel\nproduction besides in other industries provided further studies are pursued in\nexploiting this enzyme and the organism particularly scale up studies with respect to\napplication. There is also ample scope for cloning of the gene encoding beta-glucosidase\nin domesticated hosts such as Pichia pastoris or S. cerevisiae that can produce ethanol\ndirectly from cellulosic biomass.
DPCNN: a modular chip for large CNN arrays

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The VLSI implementation of Cellular Neural Networks is a relevant task which is very important for the future development of neural networks. In this paper a a modular VLSI implementation of a 3×3 Digitally Programmable Cellular Neural Networks is presented. This chip is the first successfully tested fully programmable Cellular Neural Network hardware implementation. It covers most of the available one-neighborhood templates for image processing applications. Moreover, it has been designed to be easily interconnected to others to give very large CNN arrays
Wavelet analysis of EEG for seizure detection: Coherence and phasesynchrony estimation.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This paper deals with the wavelet analysis method for seizure detection in EEG time series and coherence estimation. The main part of the paper presents the basic principles of signal decomposition in connection with the EEG frequency bands. Wavelet analysis method has been used for detection of seizure onset. The wavelet filtered signal is used for the computation of spectral power ratio. The results show that our method can identify pre seizure, seizure, post seizure and non seizure phases. When dealing with seizure detection and prediction problems it is important to identify seizure precursor dynamics and necessary to identify information about onset and spread of seizures. Therefore in the second part the coherence and phase synchrony during pre seizure, seizure, post seizure and non seizure are computed. We expect this method to provide more insight into dynamic aspects of the seizure generating process.
Evolution of the Mating Type Locus: Insights Gained from the Dimorphic Primary Fungal Pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum , Coccidioides immitis , and Coccidioides posadasii

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Sexual reproduction of fungi is governed by the mating type ( MAT ) locus, a specialized region of the genome encoding key transcriptional regulators that direct regulatory networks to specify cell identity and fate. Knowledge of MAT locus structure and evolution has been considerably advanced in recent years as a result of genomic analyses that enable the definition of MAT locus sequences in many species as well as provide an understanding of the evolutionary plasticity of this unique region of the genome. Here, we extend this analysis to define the mating type locus of three dimorphic primary human fungal pathogens, Histoplasma capsulatum , Coccidioides immitis , and Coccidioides posadasii , using genomic analysis, direct sequencing, and bioinformatics. These studies provide evidence that all three species possess heterothallic bipolar mating type systems, with isolates encoding either a high-mobility-group (HMG) domain or an α-box transcriptional regulator. These genes are intact in all loci examined and have not been subject to loss or decay, providing evidence that the loss of fertility upon passage in H. capsulatum is not attributable to mutations at the MAT locus. These findings also suggest that an extant sexual cycle remains to be defined in both Coccidioides species, in accord with population genetic evidence. Based on these MAT sequences, a facile PCR test was developed that allows the mating type to be rapidly ascertained. Finally, these studies highlight the evolutionary forces shaping the MAT locus, revealing examples in which flanking genes have been inverted or subsumed and incorporated into an expanding MAT locus, allowing us to propose an expanded model for the evolution of the MAT locus in the phylum Ascomycota .
Heavy-ion beam irradiation facility for biological samples in RIKEN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biological samples are irradiated with heavy-ion beams at a heavy-ion beam irradiation facility in RIKEN to perform mutation breeding. The energies of the heavy-ion beams are sufficiently high to irradiate biological samples of macroscopic thickness in air. A uniform dose distribution is a key to a systematic study of the effect of the heavy-ion beams, and thus to the improvement of mutation efficiency. We selected a sufficiently high beam energy to avoid the Bragg peak to realize a uniform dose distribution along the beam path. The outline of the beam line is presented. The linear energy transfers (LETs) of the heavy-ion beams are selected using a range shifter and an energy adjuster to investigate the LET dependence of the irradiation effect. More than five hundred samples are automatically sent to the beam position using an automatic sample changer, which put the heavy-ion beam induced mutation breeding to practical use. The structure and function of the automatic irradiation system are also presented.
Treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Modern treatment of newly diagnosed MM has led to improved responses and markedly improved survival[1,2]. However, despite excellent responses and disease control most patients will eventually relapse and require further therapy. Management of relapsed disease is therefore a critical aspect of overall care. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the determinants of and general approaches to therapy as well as a review of specific treatment regimens.
A Line in Space: Pricing, Location, and Market Power in Agricultural Product Markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Agricultural economists have a long history of emphasizing and analyzing the spatial dimension of agricultural and food markets. Despite a rich body of literature and important contributions to agricultural and spatial economics, one aspect is frequently disregarded: the oligopsonistic nature of agricultural markets due to spatial competition of neighboring buyers of farm products. This review presents the theoretical foundations of spatial pricing, competition, and location in terms of buyer power and discusses concepts that are relevant for agricultural markets. By providing a comprehensive overview of prior work, we highlight the multifaceted areas of applications to agricultural markets. Additionally, we discuss future research avenues for and challenges of the analysis of spatial competition in agricultural economics.
Epidemiological Analysis of the Second Wave of COVID-19 in a Moroccan Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a sudden and substantial worldwide increase in hospitalizations for pneumonia with multi- organ disease. The aim of this work was to study the demographic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects, as well as the study of risk factors associated with an unfavorable evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our work consisted of a retrospective descriptive and analytical study of 192 cases of COVID-19, collected at the Avicenna Hospital of Marrakech, during a 3-month period from July 26 to October 31, 2021. Our patients were predominantly (65%) male, with a median age of 65 years. Diabetes was the most frequent comorbidity (37.5%) followed by hypertension (28.1%). 62% were vaccinated. Fever was the most frequent symptom in 74% of cases followed by dyspnea which was present in 65.5% of patients. 76.6% of patients had an SpO2%<95%. The biological profile of our study series was diverse, RT-PCR was positive in 68.2%, CRP was increased in 97.9%, LDH was increased in 96.1% of cases, Ferritinemia was increased in 59.4%, extension of lesions on chest CT of 50-70% was predominant in 25.5% of cases. In our study, the parameters of evolution, whose statistical variation was significantly associated with an unfavorable evolution (p<0.05) were age>60 years [p: 0.036], diabetes [p: 0.029], vaccination status [p: 0.004], CRP>100mg/l [p: 0.013]. Treatment in our series was mostly corticosteroid therapy in 94.3%, anticoagulants in 90.1% with a favorable evolution in 83.9% of patients. The second wave of COVID-19 with a rapid recrudescence of cases overwhelmed the health system with a higher proportion of severe COVID-19 cases and higher mortality, thus underlining the need for advance planning, preparation and strengthening of health systems at all levels.
Nestedness and niche‐based species loss in moorland plant communities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Communities in isolated habitat patches surrounded by inhospitable matrices often form a nested subset pattern. However, the underlying causal mechanisms and conservation implications of nestedness in regional communities remain controversial. The nested ranks of species in a nested species‐by‐site matrix may reflect a gradient of species vulnerability to extinction or of colonization ability. However, nestedness analysis has rarely been used to explore determinants of species rank; consequently, little is known of underpinning mechanisms. In this study, we examined nestedness in moorland plant communities widely interspersed within the subalpine zone of northern Japan. Moorland sites differed in area (1000–160 000 m 2 ) and were naturally isolated from one another to various extents within an inhospitable forest matrix. We also determined whether site characteristics (physical and morphometric measures) and species characteristics (niche position and breadth, based on species’ traits) are related to nestedness. Moorland plant communities in the study area were significantly nested. The pH and moorland kernel density (proxy for spatial clustering of moorlands around the focal site) were the most important predictors of moorland site nested rank in a nestedness matrix. Niche breadths of species (measured as variation in leaf mass area and height) predicted species’ nested ranks. Selective environmental tolerances imposed by environmental harshness and selective extinction caused by declines in site carrying capacities probably account for the nested subset pattern in moorland plant communities. The nested rank of species in the nestedness matrix can therefore be translated into the potential order of species loss explainable by species niche breadths (based on variation in functional traits). Complementary understanding of the determinants of site ranking and species ranking in the nestedness matrix provides powerful insight into ecological processes underlying nestedness and into the ways by which communities are assembled or disassembled by such processes.
Pulmonary artery endothelial cell exposure to hepcidin affects BMP-signalling; relevance to vascular remodelling in PAH

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is characterised by vascular remodelling and sustained elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. Previous studies demonstrate that hepcidin/ferroportin axis disruption contributes to proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. However, the relevance of hepcidin in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) has yet to be elucidated. Aims: To investigate the effects of hepcidin on PAEC gene expression, targeting BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signalling, known to be disrupted in PAH. Methods: PAECs were treated with hepcidin (1 μg/mL). Gene expression was identified by RT-PCR and Western Blot (WB). Results: BMPR2 mRNA was downregulated in PAECs after 3 hours of treatment (n= 5; *p<0.05), as was protein expression (n= 3; *p<0.05). WB analysis also revealed increased phosphorylation of SMAD 1/5 after 1h and 2h of exposure; a pathway regulated by BMP signalling. ID1 mRNA expression was reduced by 50 % (n= 2) after 1h exposure to hepcidin, however after 3h treatment ID1 mRNA expression increased 2-fold (n= 2) as compared to control; ID1 affects the regulation of cell cycle progression and proliferation in endothelial cells. Conclusions: There is a complex relationship between hepcidin and BMP-signalling in PAECs. Disruption of the hepcidin/ferroportin axis may present a plausible mechanism for these observations. Further investigations will establish the role of hepcidin in BMP-signalling modulation and consequent relevance for PAH.
Learning Based CSI Feedback Prediction for 5G NR

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Acquisition of accurate channel state information (CSI) is critical in multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems to achieve efficient link adaptation. As CSI is typically estimated at the receiver, effective and efficient acquisition at the transmitter is challenging. The primary concerns are estimation accuracy, reporting overhead, and channel aging effects caused due to delayed CSI usage. In this paper, we design a deep learning based CSI prediction framework (DCP) to address these challenges. The DCP consists of a channel prediction network to compensate the aging effects, followed by a deep learning based CSI estimator (DCE) for accurate estimation. Through simulations, we show that the DCE can yield up to 15% higher spectral efficiency (SE) due to the improved estimation accuracy while significantly lowering the complexity compared to conventional approaches. Moreover, for the same CSI reporting overhead, DCP can improve the SE by up to 20% over conventional techniques. Further, even at 50% of the CSI reporting overhead, DCP improves the SE by up to 6.5% over the conventional methods.
An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Multi-School Zoning Policy on Educational Equity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In order to explore the impact of the multi-school zoning policy on the level of educational equity, this article uses a questionnaire survey to collect data on parents demographics, perception of the policy, its impact, satisfaction levels, and suggestions for improvement. The study finds that the multi-school zoning policy has improved the equitable allocation of educational resources to a certain extent, alleviated the pressure on popular schools, and increased the quality of education in other schools. However, there are also some problems during its implementation. For example, parents satisfaction with school choice is low, and some parents believe that the multi-school zoning policy does not fairly consider the interests of all students. Based on the survey results, this article puts forward some recommendations for improving the multi-school zoning policy, with the aim of further promoting educational equity.