jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effect of cutting and fish‐orientation systems on the deheading yield of carp

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Applied research into carp‐deheading yield indicated that the V‐cut with two circular knives averaged 77.9%; the V‐cut with one cup‐type knife – 75.6%, and the straight cut at a 79° angle to the fish backbone – 77.4%. The yield averages for deheaded and gutted carp were 63.6%, 62.4% and 62.9%, respectively. Standard analysis of variance demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean yields of these three deheading systems. Furthermore, the potential influence of the fish‐orientation system in close connection with the cutting systems on the deheading yield was analysed. This indicated that, with the same yields, the straight‐cutting system simplifies the precise orientation of the fish in relation to the cutting knives.
Caries prevalence in heroin addicts.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of caries in patients who are heroin addicts and the effects of salivary flow and saliva pH on its prevalence. The study included 200 subjects (100 subjects diagnosed with heroin addiction as the test group and 100 subjects taking no addictive substances as the control group). In both groups, saliva status was established by determining flow rates and pH of stimulated and unstimulated saliva. The total number of dental caries cases was determined using the DMFT index and their more specific detection in the context of localization on the tooth using the DMFS index. The DMFT index was higher in the test group (mean 18.78) than in the control group (mean 5.32), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.000). The highest caries prevalence in both groups was recorded on occlusal dental surfaces (44.70% in the test group and 16.20% in the control group). The prevalence of caries of vestibular dental surfaces was higher in the test group (9.40%) than in the control group (2.34%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.000). A statistically significant correlation was established between heroin addiction and reduced production of unstimulated saliva (P < 0.001) and stimulated saliva (P < 0.002), as well as pH values of stimulated saliva (P < 0.001) and unstimulated saliva (P < 0.001). In conclusion, a higher prevalence of caries of hard dental tissue was found in the test group. The flow of stimulated and unstimulated saliva as was as saliva pH was lower in the test group.
Efficiency of weak brain connections support general cognitive functioning

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Brain network topology provides valuable information on healthy and pathological brain functioning. Novel approaches for brain network analysis have shown an association between topological properties and cognitive functioning. Under the assumption that “stronger is better”, the exploration of brain properties has generally focused on the connectivity patterns of the most strongly correlated regions, whereas the role of weaker brain connections has remained obscure for years. Here, we assessed whether the different strength of connections between brain regions may explain individual differences in intelligence. We analyzed‐functional connectivity at rest in ninety‐eight healthy individuals of different age, and correlated several connectivity measures with full scale, verbal, and performance Intelligent Quotients (IQs). Our results showed that the variance in IQ levels was mostly explained by the distributed communication efficiency of brain networks built using moderately weak, long‐distance connections, with only a smaller contribution of stronger connections. The variability in individual IQs was associated with the global efficiency of a pool of regions in the prefrontal lobes, hippocampus, temporal pole, and postcentral gyrus. These findings challenge the traditional view of a prominent role of strong functional brain connections in brain topology, and highlight the importance of both strong and weak connections in determining the functional architecture responsible for human intelligence variability. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4566–4582, 2014 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .
Screening of putative resistant sources against Indian and exotic isolates of Albugo candida inciting white rust in rapeseed-mustard

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effect of irrigation frequency and row spacing on growth, yield and water use efficiency of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] cultivar Pusa Tarak was studied at J.N.K.V.V., College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh), India during two consecutive Rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications, consisted three irrigation frequencies viz., I0 (no post sowing irrigation), I1 (one irrigation at 40 DAS) and I2 (two irrigation at 40 and 75 DAS) as main plot treatments and three row spacing viz., S1 (20 cm), S2 (30 cm) and S3 (40 cm) as sub-plot treatments. Results showed that application of two irrigations at 40 and 75 DAS (I2) resulted into significantly greater plant height, more number of branches (plant-1), total dry biomass (g plant-1), LAI at 75 DAS, more number of siliquae (plant-1), number of seeds (siliqua-1), seed yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index followed by one irrigation (I1) and the lowest under no post sowing irrigation (I0). Irrigation frequency increased the consumptive water use (CU) considerably and an increased in CU by application of two irrigations (I2) and one irrigation (I1) was 33.1% and 8.34%, respectively over no-post sowing irrigation (I0). On the other hand, WUE (kg ha-1-mm) was recorded significantly higher with the application of one irrigations (I1) followed by 2 irrigations (I2) and no-post sowing irrigation ((I0)). WUE between no-post sowing irrigation (I0) and application of 2 irrigations (I2) did not differ significantly. The significantly greater plant height at harvest was observed at closer spacing of 20 cm (S1) followed by 30 cm (S2) and 40 cm (S3). The significantly more number of branches (plant-1), LAI, dry biomass (g plant-1), number of siliquae (plant-1), number of seeds (siliqua-1) and higher 1000 seed weight (g) were recorded at wider spacing of 40 cm (S3) and these parameters were the lowest at closest spacing of 20 cm (S1). Similarly, wider spacing of 40 cm (S3), been on par with 30 cm (S2) also produced significantly higher seed yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield (kg ha-1) over the closer row spacing of 20 cm (S1). Harvest index among row spacing did not differ significantly. WUE was realized significantly higher with 40 cm (S3) followed by 30 cm (S2) and 20 cm (S1). However, consumptive water use was higher with closer row spacing of 20 cm followed by row spacings of 30 cm and 40 cm. Higher accumulation of dry biomass, more number of branches, more number of siliquae and more number of seeds in mustard ultimately elevated the seed yield as confirmed by relationship study between seed yield and these parameters.
Trust and consumer confidence in the safety of dairy products in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose This study aims to explore the degree of Chinese consumers' trust and confidence in the Chinese dairy products supply chain and the relationships between trust and overall confidence in dairy products safety and quality. Design/methodology/approach This study collected data from 1,278 respondents by field survey from five provinces of China. The data were analyzed using ordered logit model. Findings This study shows the following results: (1) Chinese consumer confidence in domestic dairy products and trust in actors of the dairy chain are at a moderate-to-low level. (2) Government regulators are considered to take the most responsibility, with both an optimism-enhancing and a pessimism-reducing effect (the former effect is greater), while perceived trust in dairy farmers and retailers has little effect. (3) Perceived care has both an optimism-enhancing and a pessimism-reducing effect, and the former effect is stronger. Competence and openness have an optimism-enhancing effect and a pessimism-reducing effect, respectively. (4) The importance of the three dimensions of trust related to optimism-increasing and pessimism-reduction is limited, except in the case of government regulators. Originality/value This study contributes to a better understanding of consumer trust in food safety and also help demonstrate to the actors and institutions involved in the dairy supply chain the best way to improve the performance of their duties to meet the consumers' needs for safe and quality dairy products.
AIH-PBC Overlap Syndrome Unmasked by Tuberculosis Treatment: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article presents two patients who were diagnosed with genuine autoimmune liver disease (autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome) during anti-tuberculosis therapy, which is a rarely reported occurrence. It highlights the challenges in distinguishing drug-induced liver injury from authentic autoimmune liver disease. It also points out the importance of considering autoimmune liver disease as a potential diagnosis revealed by the setting of drug-induced liver injury.
Developing Empirical Donning Times for Smoke Hoods

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Few studies exist that report donning times for personal fire escape masks (aka; smoke hoods).Methods Engineering and Work Measurement are subfields of Industrial Engineering that have established statistically based techniques to empirically develop standards for donning and doffing times, including those for PPE such as smoke hoods.Subjects were trained on the proper method to don a smoke hood and performed five trials in succession with a short rest period between trials.Performance raters independently rated each element for speed and consistency.Times were checked for outliers and normalized for standard development.For the studied hood, the donning time totaled 39.1 seconds.An independent validation using a predetermined time and motion system resulted in a donning time of 36.4 seconds.It is important for researchers to utilize statistically recognized techniques and include sufficient details when conducting and reporting time study research, particularly when it regards safety critical issues.
Serum angiopoietin‐2 levels predict regression of Mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer‐based liver fibrosis after hepatitis C virus eradication by direct‐acting antiviral agents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim It is desirable to identify predictors of regression of liver fibrosis after achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) by direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to antihepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy. Here, we retrospectively investigated the serum angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) level as a predictive indicator of regression of liver fibrosis after successful HCV eradication by DAA therapy. Methods The study subjects were recruited from a historical cohort of 109 chronically HCV‐infected patients who had achieved SVR by DAA therapy and whose serum Mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) levels at baseline (before DAA therapy) were ≥2.0 the cut‐off index (COI). We defined patients with M2BPGi levels <1.76 and ≥1.76 COI at 2 years after the end of treatment (EOT) as the regression (R, n = 69) and nonregression (NR, n = 40) groups, respectively. Results Multivariate analyses revealed that the Ang‐2 level at baseline and the Ang‐2 level, albumin–bilirubin score, and FIB‐4 index at 24 weeks after the EOT were significantly associated with regression of M2BPGi‐based liver fibrosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that the Ang‐2 level at 24 weeks after the EOT had the largest area under the curve values (0.859). The same results were obtained even when the serum M2BPGi levels were aligned by propensity score matching and in patients with advanced M2BPGi‐based liver fibrosis: M2BPGi levels ≥3.3 COI at baseline. Conclusions The serum Ang‐2 level at 24 weeks after the EOT is a feasible predictor of regression of M2BPGi‐based liver fibrosis after achieving SVR by DAA therapy.
Measuring homonegativity: A psychometric analysis.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although several good instruments have been developed to measure homonegativity, a comparative psychometric analysis of such instruments has not been published since Schwanberg (1993). The current investigation draws on several samples (including an annual survey of introductory human sexuality students) to examine the psychometric properties of 3 commonly used measures of homonegativity: Hudson and Ricketts' (1980) Index of Homophobia, Herek's (1984, 1988) Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men, and Morrison and Morrison's (2002) Modern Homonegativity Scale. The validity of each instrument was assessed, and each demonstrated approximately normally distributed data, high reliability, and a unidimensional factor structure. The 3 instruments are strongly intercorrelated and demonstrate a high degree of both convergent and discriminant validity. It is suggested that the Modern Homonegativity Scale has a slight advantage because it results in somewhat more normally distributed data than the other 2 scales.
Technosol Micromorphology Reveals the Early Pedogenesis of Abandoned Rare Earth Element Mining Sites Undergoing Reclamation in South China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The process of anthropogenic pedogenesis has necessarily become an important aspect of the study of today’s soils. The sustainable reclamation or remediation of soils degraded by industrial or mining activities is currently of great interest worldwide. In this field, the study of thin soil sections can provide relevant answers, particularly to questions concerning the evolution of these soils under the impact of reclamation practices. Here, we describe an experiment to reclaim former rare earth element mining sites in China using organic soil amendments and plantations of a local fiber plant, Boehmeria nivea. Two years after the start of the experiment, a study of soil structure, considered as an indicator of soil biofunctioning, was carried out on the different plots, supplemented by monitoring of physico-chemical properties. Morphological (light microscopy) and analytical (SEM-EDX, µ-XRF) characterization of thin sections allowed us to pinpoint some pedological processes as aggregation with particular reference to the contribution of biological factors and mineral species, highlighting the impact of the practices implemented. Using a soil micromorphology approach enabled us to track the rapid evolution of the early stages of pedogenesis of these Technosols and to provide insight into the potential for reclamation of these mined sites in the future.
RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF FINE GRAINED MINERALS AND MINERAL MIXTURES

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Drained direct-shear tests have been performed on very thin samples of fine-grained minerals, mineral mixtures and natural soils to determine their residual strength characteristics. It was found that for pure minerals the angle of residual shear strength could vary from as low as 3 deg to as high as 35 det, the larger-lattice minerals providing the lowest values (mont-morillonite, kaolin, mica, illite) and the massive minerals providing the highest values (quartz, calcite). For mixtures of two pure minerals, the residual strength was found to be primarily dependent on the two constituent minerals and their relative volumes. The residual strength of natural soils were similarly found to be primarily dependent on the constituent minerals. It is concluded that residual shear strength of minerals and natural soils is controlled largely by mineralogy. No unique relationships were found to exist between residual strength and grain size or plasticity. /Author/
Hepatosis diaetetica in pigs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Extract Hepatosis diaetetica of pigs (nutritional liver necrosis, toxic liver dystrophy, etc.) is a disease entity characterized by necrosis of parenchymal cells without any particular distribution within the liver. It has long been known that it could be produced by adding cod liver oil to the diet and prevented by adding vitamin E. Nutritional liver necrosis in the pig is now known to be one of the many manifestations of deficiency of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and/or selenium which occur in numerous animal species. Some of these conditions are: white muscle disease (nutritional muscular dystrophy or degeneration) which is known in all the domestic and many non-domestic species; dietetic microangiopathy (mulberry heart) of pigs; exudative diathesis and encephalomalacia of chickens ; yellow fat disease of pigs, rats and mink ; oesophago-gastric ulcers in pigs.
Supplementary material from "Seascape ecology of juvenile gadoid nursery areas"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Availability of juvenile fish habitat provision can impact recruitment. This study focused on identifying which environmental variables characterise the juvenile habitats of three commercially important gadoid species: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Stereo baited remote underwater video surveys were conducted in the South Arran Marine Protected Area between 2013 and 2019 to collect presence/absence data on juvenile gadoids (>20mm <120mm) and demersal and epibenthic communities. Data were analysed using binomial generalised additive mixed models. The results revealed spatial segregation among species, each favouring distinct habitats. Predictive modelling suggests a substantial increase in presence probability from 0.25 to 0.75 as the Inverse Simpson's Diversity Index increases, suggesting that biodiversity appears to be associated with species distribution. Boundary regions between seabed types were associated with variation in species distribution, underlining the importance of seascape heterogeneity. This study underscores the importance of conserving and restoring benthic and epibenthic biodiversity across spatially heterogeneous landscapes. Consequently, reducing benthic pressures could promote early survival for these species, thereby supporting broader ecosystem health and fisheries management goals.
Epidemiological Profile of Hospital Morbidity and Mortality from Malignant Neoplasms of the Stomach in the Northern Region of Brazil Between 2011 and 2021

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stomach cancer is a neoplastic pathology affecting the inner lining cells of this digestive organ, representing a significant public health concern globally due to its mortality and the strain it places on health systems. Various risk factors are associated with this neoplasm, such as age, sex, color/race, diet, among others. In the northern region, stomach cancer is the second most common type of neoplasm among men. Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile of hospital admissions for stomach cancer in the northern region of Brazil from 2011 to 2021. Methodology: this is a longitudinal epidemiological study based on secondary data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) regarding the number of hospital admissions, gender, age group, and color/race, as well as the mortality rate from gastric tumors in the northern region of Brazil from 2011 to 2021. Results: during the analyzed period, 13,965 hospital admissions for gastric neoplasms were recorded in the north. The state of Pará recorded the highest numbers in the period, with 5,595 cases, followed by the state of Amazonas. The profile of hospitalized patients was: population over 60 years old, male sex, and mixed race. The mortality rate was 22.13% with the same epidemiological profile as the admissions. Conclusion: the impact of gastric cancer on the northern population is a public health problem that requires the creation and maintenance of public policies for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Fluorescence Induction as a Biomarker of Creosote Phototoxicity to the Aquatic Macrophyte Lemna Gibba

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity to aquatic plants were developed using the wood preservative creosote. We tested physiological indicators of photosynthetic performance in cultures of the floating aquatic macrophyte Lemna gibba (G3). Creosote was applied at concentrations ranging from 1–300 ppm, and plants were grown under laboratory lighting that mimics the relative levels of UV radiation found in natural sunlight (simulated solar radiation; SSR). Population growth bioassays demonstrated that similar to individual PAHs, creosote exhibited UV-enhanced phototoxicity. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence induction parameters were also diminished by creosote, and closely corresponded to functional responses of population growth by the end of each experiment. Fluorescence induction thus is a validated biomarker assay that is closely and functionally related to population growth inhibition in aquatic plants.
Issue prioritisation decisions by local politicians: the role of order effects and justification requirements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When taking issue prioritisation decisions within local governments, politicians have to process extensive performance information that includes multiple dimensions. As politicians are subject to cognitive constraints, this study advances our understanding of issue prioritisation decisions through a behavioural perspective, integrating arguments from the literature on performance information and order effects. More specifically, this study investigates how the order of performance information affects local politicians' issue prioritisation decisions. In addition, the study examines a debiasing technique (justification requirements) to reduce potential biases within local governments. Using survey-experiment data (n = 1,291), this study finds that the order of the evidence does not influence politicians' issue prioritisation decisions at the local level. Yet, local politicians pay more attention to the evidence when asked to justify their issue prioritisation decisions. This study also discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the study findings.
Modelling of patterns and estimation of characteristic parameters

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A two-dimensional pattern represents a fingerprint of the process that generated it. It is therefore expected that the information about the production process can be extracted from the pattern. In this paper, a non-parametric statistical method for modelling chaotic two-dimensional patterns and the estimation of the characteristic parameters is proposed. It is based on the joint probability density function of samples taken from known two-dimensional patterns representing a database. A new pattern with an unknown production process is reproduced by comparing parts of the new pattern with samples taken from the database. Because the samples in the database also include information about the production process, relevant parameters and the type of production process can be estimated simultaneously with the reproduction of patterns.