jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Churchland's Metamers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Paul Churchland proposed a conceptual framework for translating reflectance profiles into a space he takes to be the color qualia space. It allows him to determine color metamers of spectral surface reflectances without reference to the characteristics of visual systems, claiming that the reflectance classes that it specifies correspond to visually determined metamers. We advance several objections to his method, show that a significant number of reflectance profiles are not placed into the space in agreement with the qualia solid, and produce two sets of counterexamples to his claim for metamers. <l type="ord"><li> Introduction </li><li> Preliminary Explanations and Objections <l type="tab"><li> 2.1 Color spaces and solids </li><li> 2.2 Visual metamers </li><li> 2.3 Matching and appearance </li><li> 2.4 Effect of light on appearance of objects </li></l> </li><li> Churchland's ‘Canonical Approximation’ Hypothesis </li><li> Does the CA Cylinder House SSRs in Agreement with the Perceptual Color Solid? </li><li> Two Sets of Metameric Counterexamples <l type="tab"><li> 5.1 Three metameric grays </li><li> 5.2 Three metameric yellows </li></l> </li><li> Birds, Bees, and Anthropocentrism Redux </li></l>
Uterine Sarcomas and Unusual Endometrial Carcinomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cancers of the uterus are the most curable of the 10 most common cancers that affect women. However, certain histologies are associated with aggressive clinical behavior, often presenting with advanced stages of disease or recurring shortly after therapy for apparent early stage disease. This chapter will focus on these aggressive histologies-specifically uterine sarcomas and nonendometrioid uterine tumors.
Renal Apoptosis in the Mycotoxicology of Penicillium polonicum and Ochratoxin A in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Penicillium polonicum K. M. Zaleski, which is common on foodstuffs in Balkan regions that are notable for their history of endemic nephropathy, has been shown experimentally to cause a striking histopathological renal change in rats that are given feed contaminated by this fungus. The nephrotoxic agent(s) are only partially characterized. The principal change seen in the cortico-medullary region is karyocytomegaly, but apoptosis, identified with the ApopTag® methodology, is the first response to a dietary extract of P. polonicum-molded wheat after a few days of exposure. Chromatin debris migrates along the nephrons into the medulla, but whether the damaged epithelial fate is via autophagy is unclear. In intermittent exposure experiments, renal apoptosis was resolved with the cessation of exposure and was restored with renewed exposure. Apoptosis became less evident after 3 months of chronic exposure. In contrast, a relatively high dose of dietary ochratoxin A, a potent nephrocarcinogen in male rats after many months of dietary exposure, gave no evidence of apoptosis in asymptomatic weanlings over a few days of dietary exposure. This was attributed to a masking effect by concomitant marked histological disruption in renal tissue. However, in young adults, renal apoptosis was a primary outcome of dietary exposure to either the P. polonicum extract or to ochratoxin A, but the histopathological response to the former was less distorted. The apparent conflicted use in the literature of P. polonicum as a descriptor is highlighted.
Symptoms and Causation of the Planarian Disease Related to Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The disease provoked by injections of water and other harmless liquids or wounds without tissue loss, is characterized by the regression of certain organs, opening in the epidermis, pigmentary anomalies and malignant tumors. The very few worms which recover spontaneously, regenerate the eliminated parts or develop supernumerary structures. Wound are producing the disease less frequently when planarians are undernourished. The disease can also manifest itself spontaneously, especially in the summer. Diseased worms become unable to regenerate. During a transitory period epimorphosis is still possible but is not followed by morphallaxis. The symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in the regenerated parts. A fragment cut out from a worm that just became diseased regenerates and recovers completely. The results give additional evidence to the earlier conclusions about the "type I cell" system of planarians. The disease is provoked by an excessive activity of this system with respect to the animal's actual need and is analogous both to cancer and the consequences of X-ray treatment.
Electrocatalytic mechanism for overall water splitting to produce sustainable hydrogen by 2D Janus MoSH monolayer

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the present work, we investigates the potential of two dimensional (2D) Janus MoSH monolayer as an electrocatalyst for overall water splitting using first-principles calculations. Our results shows that 2D Janus MoSH monolayer exhibits excellent structural stability and electronic properties, which are essential for efficient electrocatalysis. We find that the charge transfer mechanism between Mo and S atoms plays a crucial role in the electrocatalytic activity of 2D Janus MoSH monolayer. Due to the asymmetric structure of MoSH monolayer, it has intrinsic electric field with dipole moment of 0.24 D. Moreover, we demonstrate that 2D Janus MoSH monolayer exhibits high catalytic activity for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with overpotential 0.04 V and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with overpotential 0.11 V, making it a promising candidate for overall water splitting. Our findings have significant implications for the design and optimization of 2D monolayered materials for renewable energy production. By providing insights into the underlying mechanisms of HER and OER on 2D Janus MoSH monolayer, our study paves the way for the development of efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts for water splitting. We hope that current work will be helpful in understanding the electrocatalytic mechanism of 2D Janus MoSH monolayer and its potential applications in renewable energy production.
Morphotaxonomic Authentification of Ethno-medicinal plants from Gautala and Pitalkhora of Kannad, District Aurangabad Maharashtra

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The ethno medicinal plant occupies a key position a mong the plant wealth as they form main ingredients of drugs formulation among the tribal p opulation. The experienced local practitioners have developed their own way of treat ment by acquiring the knowledge from their predecessors. In the present paper, the herbal medi cinal plants have been studied in details for their morphotaxonomic features along with their eth no medicinal plants can be included in the traditional system of medicine and can also form a part of alternative bioresources for pharmaceutical industries .
The effects of venlafaxine on motor function and independent living ability recuperation in patients with acute cerebral-vascular disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the effects of venlafaxine on the motor outcome and the recovery of independency in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage and infarction.Methods Overall 66 patients were randomly separated into control group(treated by ordinary medicine and rehabilitation management) and venlafaxine group(ordinary treatment combined with venlafaxine 75 mg qd.The Hamilton depression score,Barthel index(BI) and NIHSS score were checked before,14 and 90 d after the treatment in both groups.Results 14 d later,NIHSS score in venlafaxine group(8.72±4.25) was significantly lower than that of control group(10.93±4.39)(P0.05);BI in venlafaxine group(48.8±13.62) was not significantly different from that of control group(40.74±15.91)(P0.05).90 d after cerebral stroke,BI in venlafaxine group(67.69±20.19) was significantly higher than that of control group(58.70±20.55)(P0.05).Among the patients without post stroke depression(HAMD≤8),at 90 d post stroke,BI in venlafaxine group(81.88±11.93),was significantly higher than that of control group(71.25±11.88)(P0.05).Simultaneously among patients with mild post stroke depression(HAMD 8～24),BI index at 90 d after stroke in venlafaxine group(73.25±12.59) was also significantly higher than that of control group(64.17±16.49)(P0.05).Conclusions Venlafaxine treatment can promote the post stroke motor function and elevate independency,but which does not necessarily associate with the presence of post stroke depression.
Copurification of -Adrenergic Catecholamine Receptors and Hormone-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase with Uterine Smooth Muscle Plasma Membranes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A putative plasma membrane fraction isolated from rat uterine smooth muscle was substantially enriched in both β-adrenergic catecholamine receptors as detected by radioligand binding methods and adenylate cyclase. Receptors for adrenergic catecholamines as well as series E prostaglandins were functionally coupled to the enzyme in the purified membranes by a GTP-requiring process. Localization of receptors and enzymes to the same subcellular compartment suggest that in myometrium, as in other target tissues, β-adrenergic catecholamines and perhaps series E prostaglandins exert their effects by regulating cAMP production.
Employee Representatives in Denmark. How Employers See Them and What They Expect

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The current Danish labor market system dates back to 1899 and has been regulated through general agreements since then. We refer to it as the Danish model. The social partners have responsibility over wages and working conditions, only health and safety are regulated by law. There is a long tradition for conflict resolution at company level and through labor law jurisdiction. Consequently, the labor market is highly flexible; employers can easily let workers off, however they will be supported by public security systems. Nevertheless, employers find bodies like the works council and the safety committees to be very old fashioned and troublesome to work with. However, there is a positive expectation of a possible reinvention of the Danish model through better training and education of ERs. Employers especially call for an improvement of the ERs' competences to analyze and negotiate a more proactive attitude from ERs. To achieve this they find that it's necessary for unions and ERs to leave the conflicting attitude aside.
SCIENCE'S POWERS AND LIMITS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What are science's powers and limits? That is, where is the boundary between what science is and is not able to discover? The American Association for the Advancement of Science has identified that issue as a critical component of science literacy: "Being liberally educated requires an awareness not only of the power of scientific knowledge but also of its limitations," and learning science's limits "should be a goal in all science courses" (AAAS 1990:20–21; also see p. xv). As Caldin (1949:vii) warned, "The prestige of science to-day is very great; scientists have therefore a certain responsibility to consider carefully the scope and limitations of their professional activities."
A Novel Approach to Incremental Diffusion for Continuous Dataset Updates in Image Retrieval

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Diffusion is well known for its success in improving retrieval performance by exploiting the local structure of data distribution. Some recent works have focused on improving its efficiency by shifting the computing burden offline. However, we find that efficient offline diffusion handles continuously updating datasets with difficulty, which directly hinders its application in the real world. Unlike previous methods that apply diffusion to the entire gallery, we introduce an anchor graph to serve as an agent of the complete gallery graph. By doing that, we empower diffusion with the ability of retrieving newly added images at acceptable computational cost. We demonstrate that our proposed method is a good approximation of diffusion featuring fast online search speed and the ability of handling growing data. Moreover, experiments on benchmark datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the state of the art by a large margin with proper parameter settings.
Remember That Gradient?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

During early development, morphogen gradients provide information that instructs the differentiation of distinct cell types in proper spatial order. Exposure of cells to a specific concentration of morphogen can specify cell fate, but the exposure to morphogen does not need to be continuous for the several hours needed to complete execution of the gene expression program that drives the cell's response. Jullien and Gurdon explored how cells "remember" a brief exposure to morphogen by studying responses of Xenopus embryo cells to activin. Exposure of cells to activin for 10 minutes resulted in changes in gene expression several hours later. This response appeared to require continuous receptor signaling because it could be inhibited at later stages by a pharmacological inhibitor of kinase activity of the activin receptor. Continued signaling also appeared to require receptor internalization, because a dominant-negative form of dynamin that prevents internalization of receptors from the plasma membrane inhibited activin-dependent gene expression when injected into embryonic cells. Expression of mutant Rab proteins (a small guanosine triphosphatase) that increase trafficking of membrane protein through the lysosomal pathway (and thus increase the rate at which they are degraded) did not affect the "memory" of the activin signal. Thus, the authors conclude that the signaling receptors have not yet entered the degradation pathway. Rather, it seems to be a critical persistence of vesicles moving from the plasma membrane to the lysosome that accounts for the signal. Ubiquitination of receptors is known to influence their sorting. Indeed pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome enhanced activin signaling, whereas enhancement of receptor movement to the lysosome by overexpression of a receptor ubiquitin ligase complex suppressed the transcriptional response. Thus, the authors propose that receptors activated by brief exposure to activin provide a prolonged signal as they continue to signal from endosomes that have not yet been targeted to lysosomes, where the signal is finally extinguished. J. Jullien, J. Gurdon, Morphogen gradient interpretation by a regulated trafficking step during ligand-receptor transduction. Genes Dev. 19 , 2682-2694 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tobacco use among individuals with mental illness: nurses' knowledge, confidence, attitudes, and practice

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of smoking among individuals living with mental illness is high. The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, confidence, attitudes, training, nursing practice, perceived overall ability, interest and demographics of psychiatric/mental health nurses regarding tobacco use among psychiatric inpatients. A non-experimental descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. Sixty surveys were returned with an overall response rate of 39%. A minority of nurses were knowledgeable about the “5As” of smoking cessation, (Ask about smoking, Advise to quit, Assess readiness to quit, Assist with quitting, Arrange follow-up), a well known intervention framework. Most psychiatric/mental health nurses were confident about assisting patients with tobacco use and attitudes toward intervention were more positive than reported in the literature. However, actual tobacco-related nursing practice was sub-optimal. Minimal tobacco-related training during entry level into nursing practice may be one reason for this situation. Nurses require systemic support to enhance tobacco-related nursing practice.
The Genetic Toxicology of Substitutionally Inert Transition Metal Complexes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A variety of compounds of rhodium(III), chromium(III), cobalt (III), and platinum(IV) have been tested for their genetic toxicology using lethality assays on selected repair deficient Escherichia coli bacterial strains, and by reverse mutation assays in Salmonella. The nature of the ligands, charge of the complex, and stereochemistry of the complex profoundly affect the mutagenicity of these compounds. For rhodium(III), unicationic complexes with adjacent leaving groups are most active. The pattern of differential lethality indicates that it involves interstrand DNA crosslinking. A different pattern of activity is demonstrated for chromium(III). The strong mutagenic effects of chromium(III) compounds suggest that this valence state may be responsible for the carcinogenic activity of chromium. The general activity of substitutional ly inert metal ions suggests that this class of compounds should be systematically examined for anti tumor activity. It is apparent that the toxic effects of heavy metals as environmental pollutants can be influenced by the oxidation state of the metal and the available (ambient) ligands, and thus rather complicate the prediction of toxicological patterns.
Threshold Voltage Characteristics for Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor With a Double-Layer Gate Structure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the threshold voltage characteristics of silicon nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a double-layer gate structure are presented. This type of device is considered to be the most promising application of nanodevice in ultralarge-scale integration, due to several advantages such as similar operation principle as the junctionless nanowire transistor, the screening effect of the upper gate (UG) to shield the lower gate MOSFETs from external electromagnetic disturbance, the tradeoff between the short channel and the thick-gate oxide layer, and the compatible fabrication process with the conventional MOS technology. In this paper, the relations of threshold voltage versus the gate length, the UG bias, the substrate bias, the drain bias, and the temperature are measured and analyzed. Moreover, the penetration effect of the UG electric field is proposed to interpret the short-channel characteristics of the device, and a piecewise curve model is presented to reveal the underlying physics of the relation of the threshold voltage versus the drain bias. The double-layer gate structure technology enables the design of many devices, such as small-signal analog circuit units, single-electron devices, and quantum bit cells.
SCREENING OF KETOTIFEN FOR ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL IN ALBINO RATS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The study is about the anti-inflammatory activity of ketotifen in acute and sub acute animal model. Adult albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 grams were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals in each. The control, the standard and the test group received Gum acacia (1ml of 1%), indomethacin 8 mg/kg and ketotifen 0.36 mg /kg respectively. Acute inflammatory activity was assessed by carageenan induced paw oedema, Turpentine induced arthritis and sub acute activity was assessed by cotton pellet induced granuloma model. In carageenan induced paw oedema model, percentage of inhibition of paw oedema (anti-inflammatory activity) by indomethacin and ketotifen with respect to control were 48% and 38% respectively and the test group was 77.5% of standard.The percentage of inhibition of knee arthritis by ketotifen with respect to control and standard were 60% and 40% respectively and the test group was 67.1% of standard. The percentage of inhibition of granuloma by standard and ketotifen were 49% and 34% respectively and the test group was 77.7% of standard. In this study ketotifen showed significantly good anti-inflammatory activity in carageenan induced paw model and cotton pellet induced granuloma model and good anti-inflammatory activity in turpentine induced arthritis model. It can be a promising antiinflammatory agent in inflammatory conditions apart from its conventional use in bronchial asthma.
Managing prairie dogs for prairie heritage, biodiversity, and wildlife tourism

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The black-tailed prairie dog is a keystone species of the North American short-grass prairie, large parts of which are devoted to cattle ranching. However, the prairie dog population has been dramatically reduced by eradication programs developed in response to the animals' competition for, and consumption of, grasses that would otherwise feed cattle and to the long-held belief that their burrows pose a threat to livestock. This article will discuss the important role the black-tailed prairie dog plays in biodiversity as ecosystem engineer and prey as well as in the natural and cultural heritage and economy of the short-grass prairie, which has been dramatically transformed by Euro-American settlement. It will focus on the case study involving a group of ranchers in western Kansas' Logan County whose alternative land management practices include rotation grazing and maintaining prairie dogs for the animals' role in supporting other wildlife, despite fierce opposition by neighboring ranchers and government officials, These ranchers' lands provide opportunities for wildlife watching and tourism centered on the prairie dogs and their predators such as the endangered and recently reintroduced black-footed ferret.
Material manipulation and separation using the horizontal magneto-Archimedes effect

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We have studied the manipulation and the separation of substances using the horizontal magneto-Archimedes effect. By ingenerating a high magnetic field gradient in the horizontal direction, it is possible to move the target substance to a designated position in the horizontal direction. We attempted to separate several kinds of valuable metals by applying the horizontal magnetic force to the metals falling vertically into a paramagnetic medium. In order to enhance the magnetic force, we set up the ferromagnetic core array in magnetic fields. According to the trajectory analysis for the metal particles and the magnetic separation experiments, we succeeded in dynamically separating the metal mixture dropped to the vertical direction due to the strong horizontal magnetic force in relatively low magnetic fields. It is expected that this method creates a new device for the separation of substances.