jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Straight Skeletons of Three-Dimensional Polyhedra

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper studies the straight skeleton of polyhedra in three dimensions. We first address voxel-based polyhedra (polycubes), formed as the union of a collection of cubical (axis-aligned) voxels. We analyze the ways in which the skeleton may intersect each voxel of the polyhedron, and show that the skeleton may be constructed by a simple voxel-sweeping algorithm taking constant time per voxel. In addition, we describe a more complex algorithm for straight skeletons of voxel-based polyhedra, which takes time proportional to the area of the surfaces of the straight skeleton rather than the volume of the polyhedron. We also consider more general polyhedra with axis-parallel edges and faces, and show that any n-vertex polyhedron of this type has a straight skeleton with O(n^2) features. We provide algorithms for constructing the straight skeleton, with running time O(min(n^2 log n, k log^{O(1)} n)) where k is the output complexity. Next, we discuss the straight skeleton of a general nonconvex polyhedron. We show that it has an ambiguity issue, and suggest a consistent method to resolve it. We prove that the straight skeleton of a general polyhedron has a superquadratic complexity in the worst case. Finally, we report on an implementation of a simple algorithm for the general case.
The eight-port homodyne detector: the effect of imperfections on quantum random number generation and on detection of quadratures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The eight-port homodyne detector is an optical circuit designed to perform the monitoring of two quadratures of an optical field, the signal. By using quantum Bose fields and quantum stochastic calculus, we give a complete quantum description of this apparatus, when used as quadrature detector in continuous time. We can treat either the travelling waves in the optical circuit, either the observables involved in the detection part: two couples of photodiodes, postprocessing of the output currents. The analysis includes imperfections, such as not perfectly balanced beam splitters, detector efficiency, electronic noise, phase and intensity noise in the laser acting as local oscillator; this last noise is modelled by using mixtures of field coherent states as statistical operator of the laser component. Due to the monitoring in continuous time, the output is a stochastic process and its full probability distribution is obtained. When the output process is sampled at discrete times, the quantum description can be reduced to discrete mode operators, but at the price of having random operators, which contain also the noise of the local oscillator. Consequently, the local oscillator noise has a very different effect on the detection results with respect to an additive noise, such as the noise in the electronic components. As an application, the problem of secure random number generation is considered, based on the local oscillator shot noise. The rate of random bits that can be generated is quantified by the min-entropy; the possibility of classical and quantum side information is taken into account by suitable conditional min-entropies. The final rate depends on which parts of the apparatus are considered to be secure and on which ones are considered to be exposed to the intervention of an intruder. In some experimentally realistic situations, the entropy losses are computed.
Correlation of transition to turbulence in a constant-acceleration pipe flow

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An experiment was conducted to determine the conditions for transition to turbulence in a pipe flow started from rest at a constant rate of mean velocity increase. The data were taken at the Naval Underwater Systems Center's Unsteady Flow Loop Facility, which has a 5-centimeter-diameter test section approximately 30 meters long, fitted with static pressure, fluctuating pressure, and surface shear stress sensors, as well as a laser Doppler velocimeter and a transient flowmeter. A downstream control valve produced uniform mean flow accelerations varying from 2 to 12 meters/second. In each of the 37 cases run, the time of transition to turbulence was constant to within 3 percent throughout the pipe, indicating that a global instability occurs.
Nanodot Formation of Ferrocene-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Self-assembly of molecular monolayers is a very useful technique for fabricating chemically modified electrodes with various functions. This technique enables to form a uniform molecular monolayer on a metal surface without guidance from outside. On the other hand, it is still difficult for this technique to fabricate patterned monolayers or to integrate multiple functionality within a monolayer. Although soft-lithography of self-assembled monolayers such as microcontact printing has already been reported, further advancement in forming nanoscale features of molecular monolayers is awaited for creation of multifunctional electrodes. In this study, molecular nanodots are formed on Au(111) surfaces using a novel electrochemical nanolithographic method combining reductive desorption of thiols with AuNP-assisted local stabilization of the monolayers. The left panel of the figure shows a topographic image and I-V curves measured on nanopatterned monolayers of 4-methylbenzenethiols on Au(111) using current-AFM. As a result of the local removal of the molecular monolayers, the exposed surface showed metallic conductivity. On the other hand, the other area showed rather low conductivity with the exponential profile, indicating that the molecular layers remained with nanoscale domains. The right panel shows that average molecular nanodot sizes was controllable by alternating the size of AuNP template or by changing the ionic strength for reductive desorption. Electrochemical responses of ferrocene-terminated monolayer nanodots will be also demonstrated in the talk. Figure (left) I-V curves measured on molecular nanodots and on the exposed Au(111) (right) Average sizes of molecular nanodots vs. sizes of AuNP templates. Figure 1
Curious case of gut dysmotility

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A previously fit 78-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of dysphagia, epigastric pain, bloating, intermittent vomiting and 1½ stone weight loss. There was no history of new medications or recent travel abroad. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) showed a ‘cup and spill’ stomach with mild gastritis. Oesophageal biopsies were normal. CT scan of abdomen/pelvis showed extensive small bowel dilatation to the caecum but no transition point (figure 1A). Exploratory laparotomy revealed dilated small bowel loops without mechanical obstruction. Initial duodenal biopsies showed non-specific flattened villi with thickening and eosinophilia of submucosal vessels. Autoimmune screen including tissue transglutaminase and anti-neuronal antibodies were negative. The patient had normal renal and cardiac function.

Figure 1
(A) CT showing dilated, fluid-filled loops of small …
‘Romanità’ throughout the Ages

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Exhibition of 1938, held in honour of the bimillenary of the birth of Augustus (‘Mostra Augustea della Romanità’), magnificent though it was, represented only one phase in a continuous scheme for displaying by means of monuments the full extent of the Roman dominion—its origin, growth, development and the abiding effect of its culture on the modern world. Hardly has it closed but a grandiose scheme is shaping rapidly for reconstructing it on a vast and permanent basis. This new ‘Mostra’ will form part of the International Exhibition of the year 1942— the ‘E. 42’, as it is already commonly called—a large model of which has now been set up in a pavilion outside the Exhibition grounds together with numerous plans and views of details.
Effect of Vermicompost and Planting Pattern on Oil Production inSatureja sahendicaL. under Competition with Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The sahendi savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) is a native medicinal species of Iran which is subjected to extinction. Regarding to the importance of weed management and soil organic fertilization our study focused on plant growth responses to different nutrition systems and competition of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexux L.) in two planting pattern (rectangles, zigzag). Experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and factorial arrangement of treatments at the Ismael Abad Research Station, Qazvin Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center on 2010 to 2012. Nutritional treatments include: NPK plus foliar application of micronutrients, four tone/ ha of vermicompost, two tone/ha vermicompost plus 40 liters/ha vermi-tea (liquid formulation of vermicompost). Pigweed density has also been studied at four levels of 0, 6, 12 and 18 plants per square meter. Effect of fertilizer treatments on essential oil percentage of sahendi savory was not significant and relative superiority of essence belonged to vermicompost fertilizer as 2 tone/ha plus 40 liters of vermi-tea .Also among the harvests second harvest was superior than first harvest. Weed treatment had no significant effect on essential oil percentage of sahendi savory. Thymol content in plots fertilized by 4 tons per hectare vermicompost was the highest value (42.95%) and had inverse relation with the p-cymen content (35.3%). Weed free condition produced the highest thymol content (45.18 %), meanwhile and the lowest amount (38.6%) were found in high weed density (18 plants per square meter).
Conclusion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that the demise of a visible Native political life in the Hudson Valley by the early 1780s should not obscure the fact that the Indian societies in this area had been remarkably tenacious. The Hudson Valley Indians had stood in the direct path of European expansion since the early seventeenth century. Given the odds stacked against them, it is remarkable that such groups as the Wappingers, the Esopus Indians, and the Mahicans managed to maintain a strong presence in their homeland for as long as they did. Part of the reason for the persistence of a visible Native presence in the Hudson Valley for almost two centuries after sustained European contact may be found in the strong ties that linked the various Native peoples in the area to one another. These ties created a diplomatic network capable of ensuring overwhelmingly peaceful and cooperative relations among its participants.
Research on System Architecture and Fine-Grained Access Control Strategy of Collaborative Development Platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With 3D Prototype model as its core, collaborative development platform is a closed loop information system focus on the process lifecycle management of requirements analysis、 product design、process design、frock design 、manufacturing execution as well as logistics integrated supporting, issues of system architecture、 information integration and fine-grained access control strategy of collaborative development platform are key research contents in this paper. firstly, a distributed system architecture of collaborative development platform is introduced to achieve flexibility、integration and interoperability. Then information integration solution between collaborative development platform and other information systems based on web service is defined and investigated, an implementation process between enterprise collaborative development platform and enterprise resource planning (ERP) via ontology and web services is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed information integration solution. Finally, fuzzy trustworthiness-involved role based access control strategy (FT-RBACS) is proposed for collaborative development platform, its formalization expression and numerical algorithm are developed to implement fine-grained authorization management and access control for collaborative development platform.
A case report on aggressive fibromatosis of the arm and shoulder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Aggressive fibromatosis is a locally aggressive tumor that originates from the deep musculo-aponeurotic structures. In this report, we describe the case of an adolescent male with painless, progressively growing swelling in his right arm necessitated surgical excision and postoperative pathologic examination revealed aggressive fibromatosis.Case presentation: A 15-year-old boy presented with a painless, progressively growing swelling of his right arm. The swelling was firm, non-tender and with restricted mobility. MRI imaging revealed a well-defined, heterogenous, lobulated swelling extending beneath arm and shoulder muscles. Wide local excision of the swelling was done under general anesthesia and pathologic examination revealed aggressive fibromatosis of the arm. Adjuvant radiotherapy was provided to the patient to reduce the risk of local recurrence of the tumor.Conclusion: Aggressive fibromatosis of the upper limb presents as a painless, progressively growing swelling. Assessment with MRI is imperative for making a preliminary diagnosis. Wide local excision with safety margin with adjuvant radiotherapy is the main line of treatment to minimize the incidence of recurrence and preserve the limb.
Spatial–Temporal Changes in Shallow Groundwater Quality with Human Health Risk Assessment in the Luxi Plain (China)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Groundwater is an essential water source for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industrial production in Luxi Plain, Shandong Province, China. Understanding the spatial–temporal changes in groundwater quality and its influencing factors in the region were required for better utilization of groundwater resources and efficient design of groundwater management strategies. In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the study area were analyzed, and significant evolution was found from 2018 to 2020 due to silicate and carbonate weathering, evaporation and human activities. Moreover, the entropy water quality index (EWQI) was used to assess groundwater quality from 2018 to 2020. The EWQI values in 2018–2020 were 129.5, 90.5 and 94.0, respectively, and 31.7% of the groundwater in 2019 and 20.0% in 2020 can be used directly for drinking in the study area; others can be used for domestic water or irrigation. The potable groundwater, with an EWQI value of <50 (ranked as class Ⅰ or Ⅱ water quality), was mainly distributed in the west and southeast of the study area. The potential health risk due to oral intake and dermal intake was further assessed based on the human health risk assessment (HHRA) model. The results showed that, 37.3%, 6.7% and 3.3% of the groundwater samples for adults exceeded the acceptable limit for non-carcinogenic risk of 1.0 in 2018–2020, while for children, they were 88.2%, 30.0% and 56.7%, respectively. The high non-carcinogenic risks virtually all occurred in the counties or districts with higher agricultural or economic values. This work may provide useful information for local groundwater conservation and management and help to ensure a sustainable and healthy water supply for drinking, domestic and agricultural needs.
Between the Science and the Nation: the ‘Comité d’Etudes et Documents sur la Guerre’, an Epistemological and Textual Analysis (1914-1916)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The First World War changed the dynamics of the European intellectual landscape in terms of international collaboration, the development of disciplines and new institutional visions. The conflict not only destroyed much of Europes material cultural heritage, it also damaged the 19th-century humanist conception of the function of thought and problematised the position of the thinker in society. What is the intellectuals task in a time of destruction and death? This book spotlights the ways in which the war redrew the map of knowledge production and changed traditional paradigms, fundamentally altering the approach to intellectual work. Thinking became more democratic and specialised, with a range of voices tackling specific problems created by the war, but now more conspicuously related to particular causes. The focus on the viewpoints of the 19141918 intellectual cadre throws into perspective the ways in which the war changed the contents, methods and organisation of intellectual work. Part One looks at the war as an object of study; Part Two explores the methodological challenges the war entailed; and Part Three sheds light on the ways in which the conflict and its aftermath redrew the map of collaborative intellectual networks. The case-studies come from different disciplines and cover a range of contexts, from German engineering to British wartime periodicals. Revisiting the early 20th-century intellectual situation not only enriches our understanding of the dynamics of the Great War, it also assists in repositioning the role of the intellectual in the 21st century.
If “Everyone Does It,” Then You Can Too

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I argue that the “But Everyone Does That” (BEDT) defense can have significant exculpatory force in a legal sense, but not a moral sense. I consider whether legal realism is a better theory of the law than the more orthodox view of respecting the law as it is written. I next examine what the purpose of the law is, especially attending to how widespread disobedience is treated. Finally, I attempt to fit BEDT within Paul Robinson’s framework for categorizing defenses. I conclude that, first, BEDT can have significant exculpatory force; second, a BEDT plea does not comport with either Robinson’s definition of an excuse or other commonly held conceptions and so needs its own classification; and finally, BEDT does not exonerate the offender in a moral sense—only in a legal context.
Orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex using MEG: an inverse oblique effect?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Orientation discrimination is much better for horizontal or vertical than for orientations with a 45-degree tilt. In partial support of these behavioural findings, some animal physiology studies show that a moderately larger number of neurons are tuned to cardinal than oblique orientations in primary visual cortex, and the former are more tightly tuned to their preferred orientation. A limited number of human neuroimaging studies also support this classic ‘oblique effect’, with the BOLD response localising the neural effect to V1, and EEG demonstrating both increased response magnitudes and reduced latencies. How is orientation selectivity reflected in the magnetoencephalography signal? The animal literature shows that GABAergic interneurons play a critical role in orientation selectivity. As these inhibitory interneurons are also important for stimulus-induced gamma oscillations, it is likely that responses in the gamma spectrum are influenced by orientation. We measured the evoked response, as well as the initial spike and sustained induced gamma response to maximum contrast, 3 cycle/degree, stationary black/white sine-wave circular grating patches of diameter 4 degrees. Three orientations (0, 45 and 90 degrees from vertical) were randomly chosen and presented in the lower left quadrant 2.5 degrees from fixation. Our results point towards a larger induced gamma response for oblique stimuli over cardinal ones in contralateral V1, reflected both in the initial spike as well as in the sustained response during stimulus presentation. The specific frequency of the peak response did not differ. Interestingly, in contrast to the EEG findings, we also found this ‘inverse oblique effect’ in the evoked response around 80ms post-stimulus. These results may suggest that V1 neurons have a more complex response tuning to non-preferred orientations. Alternatively, the results may be due to an oddball phenomenon, implicating that cardinals are grouped in perception, and that oblique stimuli attracted attention.
Phenomenology and Physical Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Physical education is often justified within the curriculum as academic study, as a worthwhile activity on a par with other academic subjects on offer and easy to assess. Part of the problem has been that movement studies in physical education are looked upon as disembodied and disconnected from its central concerns which are associated with employing physical means to develop the whole person. But this, Merleau-Ponty would say, is to ignore the nature of experience and to consider the cognitive aspects of our perceptual experience in isolation from the personal meaning gained when looked at from the 'inside' or participatory perspective of the moving agent. In this sense, physical education has lost meaning for some students because our embodied relationship with the world is not an external or contemplative one. Phenomenology, according to Merleau-Ponty, is significant for physical education because it highlights what it is like to be embodied and recognises the role corporeal movement and embodiment plays in learning, in, by and through physical education. What makes this account educationally significant for physical education is that the whole person should benefit by the experience, as it includes an emphasis on all three educational domains (the psychomotor, the cognitive and the affective), rather than as separate physical and mental qualities that bear no relation to each other.
Russia‘s involvement to the Northern Europe through the Northern Dimension

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is plenty of literature which researches the concrete problems, policies and institutions of the Northern Dimension. However, an analysis of the interests which the ND represents is still missing. Therefore, the aim of this master’s thesis is to analyze why the ND is needed and why the regional involvement of Russia is important to the EU. In order to answer those questions I put forward the hypothesis that the Northern dimension is a neoliberal policy, corresponding to the neorealistic and neoliberal interests of the EU. The object of my thesis will be the EU’s relations with Russia through the ND.\nThe timing of the analysis is apt as this year the EU strategy for the Baltic Sea region is being prepared, which will give Russia’s involvement in the Northern Europe an even more significant position on the EU’s agenda. Therefore the analysis of the proceeding policy of the ND is both important and relevant.\nThe main aim of my Master’s thesis is to understand the EU’s ambition of involving Russia in Northern Europe and creating regional interdependence through the ND in a wider sense and I chose the following tasks to achieve this aim: firstly, it was important to describe recent changes in the world’s structure, secondly, it was necessary to evaluate the EU and Russia’s positions in the new world order, then the aims and problems of the ND had to be analyzed, thereafter the security of Northern Europe had to be explored and finally it was expedient to examine the ND’s... [to full text]