jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Red Queen and the Hard Reds: Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800–1940

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Standard treatments of U.S. agriculture assert that, before the 1930s, productivity growth was almost exclusively the result of mechanization rather than biological innovations. This article shows that U.S. wheat production witnessed wholesale changes in varieties and cultural practices during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Without these changes, vast expanses of the wheat belt could not have sustained commercial production and yields everywhere would have plummeted due to the increasing severity of insects, diseases, and weeds. Revised estimates of Parker and Klein’s productivity calculations indicate that biological innovations contributed roughly half of labor-productivity growth between 1839 and 1909.
Study of risk factors and clinicopathological findings associated with urethral obstruction in tom cats in Kerala

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Twelve clinical cases of urethral obstruction in tom cats presented to University Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Kokkalai and Mannuthythat had undergone urinary diversion procedures on the day of presentation were selected for the study. Signalment and anamnesis of the animals were studied to find the risk factors associated with urethral obstruction. The prevalence of urethral obstruction was found to be higher in uncastrated Persian breed of cats,which were one to two years of age. All cats had history of being fed with dry commercial diet, lowered water intake and living indoor. The stress factors identified were inter-cat conflict, fear, relocation, presence of guests and change in owner’s routine. Haematobiochemical profile of these cats revealed significant changes in haematocrit and total erythrocyte count values.Elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus and potassium were observed which significantly reduced following bladder evacuation. Urinalysis revealed haematuria, proteinuria,leukocyturia and struvituriaas frequently encountered findings in tom cats with urethral obstruction.
Piling On: The Problem of Concurrent Taxation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The preceding chapters have set the stage for an empirical analysis of public finance under jurisdictional overlap. In Chapters 1 and 2, I argued that institutional changes over the past 50 years challenge Tiebout's (1956) vision of the local public sector as a competitive marketplace. The rise of special-purpose districts as the most common and fastest-growing institution of local government in the United States means that spatially overlapping jurisdictions, not the fragmented territorial monopolies envisioned by Tiebout and his followers, dominate the contemporary local government landscape. In Chapter 3, I presented a formal argument that this sort of jurisdictional overlap leads to higher tax rates and fiscal externalities among governments that share a common tax base. These problems arise because individual jurisdictions seek to provide benefits to special-interest constituencies while the costs are borne by all taxpayers. The present chapter is dedicated to providing empirical evidence of the existence and magnitude of this overlap effect.
Clonidine: inpatient studies from 1978 to 1981.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We have studied and reviewed data reported by others, which support a norepinephrine (NE) hyperactivity hypothesis for opiate withdrawal. Other hypotheses explained parts of the opiate withdrawal syndrome but the NE hypothesis had the potential to explain most of the clinical manifestations of abrupt opiate discontinuation in addicted persons. Clonidine's ability to almost completely reverse the opiate withdrawal syndrome in acute withdrawal studies supported the NE hypothesis and suggested a new use of clonidine. Lofexidine's efficacy was additional support for the NE hypothesis. Clonidine is an effective emergency treatment for acute opiate withdrawal and in the detoxification of methadone, heroin, and other opiate addictions. Clonidine reverses the cognitive, affective, and physiological signs and symptoms and continues to suppress their re-emergence when given for 10-14 days in a detoxification protocol. NE hyperactivity in withdrawal may result from endorphin system dysfunction at the level of the locus coeruleus (LC), the mismatch between needed NE, opiate and other inhibition at the LC in the person addicted to high doses of powerful exogenous opiate LC inhibitors and available endogenous inhibitory substances or other mechanisms.
S326 Potential Modifiers and Different Cut-offs in Diagnostic Accuracy of Fecal Immunochemical Test in Detecting Advanced Colon Neoplasia: A Diagnostic Test Accuracy Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Fecal Immunoglobulin Test (FIT) has been advocated as the first line of screening for colorectal cancer in several jurisdictions. Most studies have focused on colorectal cancer as the outcome of interest. Our goal was to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of different threshold of fecal immunochemical testing as compared to colonoscopy for detection of colonic advanced neoplasia and potential modifiers using proper Cochrane methodology. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was performed for studies on FIT using colonoscopy as reference standard, to detect advanced neoplasia. Cochrane methodology was used to perform a diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of different cut-offs of FIT including 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 ng/mL were calculated separately. Meta-regression analysis was also performed to detect potential a priori modifiers including age, location of tumour, time from FIT to colonoscopy. Results: 24 studies were included with no evidence of publication-bias. Sensitivity of FIT did not decrease with lowering the cut-off although specificity increased in higher cut-offs. Commonly used cut-offs of 50 ng/mL, 75 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL for FIT provided sensitivity of 39%, 36%, 27% and specificity of 92%, 94%, 96%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of FIT were 31 (26-36)% and 95 (94-96)%, respectively for distal lesions and 20 (13-27)% and 95 (94-96)%, respectively for proximal lesions (P=0.16). These numbers were 18 (3 - 33)% and 97 (96 - 98)%, respectively in those older than 50 as compared to 10 (1 - 19)% and 98 (97 - 99)%, respectively, for those under 50 (P=0.47). Meta-regression analysis did not show any significant predictability for location of the study (Asian versus non-Asian, P=0.06), inclusion of patients with unclear or high risk (P=0.14), time gap from FIT to colonoscopy (P=0.09) and risk of bias (high or unclear as compared to low) criteria in diagnostic accuracy of FIT (P=0.82). Conclusion: Sensitivity of FIT might have been overestimated in previous studies focusing on colorectal cancer as compared to advanced neoplasia and it seems to be independent of age, location of neoplasia or cut-offs contrary to some previous studies. Lowering the cut-off will reduce diagnostic odds ratio by increasing specificity but without any effect on sensitivity.Figure 1.: SROC of diagnostic accuracy of colonoscopy and different cut-offs of FIT.Table 1.: Diagnostic test accuracy of FIT for most used cut-off.
Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Passiflora spp. Germplasm Grown in Ecuador

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tropical fruits are in high demand for their flavor and for their functional composition because these compounds are considered nutraceuticals. Passion fruit production is of economic importance to Ecuador; however, several Passiflora species are grown and each has to be analyzed to identify their phytochemical composition. In this study, the polyphenol, flavonoid, carotenoid, vitamin C, sugar and organic acid contents were determined. Six different Passiflora spp. germplasms were analyzed, coming from Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, Passiflora alata, Passiflora edulis f. edulis and unidentified Passiflora species (local germplasm). Measurement techniques included reflectometry for vitamin C, spectrophotometry for antioxidant compounds and HPLC for sugars and organic acids. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. Results showed that INIAP 2009 and P10 showed a high amount of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and citric content. Sweet passion fruit had the lowest vitamin C content while Gulupa showed the highest content. In terms of the local germplasm, POR1 showed the lowest content of flavonoids while PICH1 had high flavonoid and carotenoid content. Polyphenols were the main compounds that influenced antioxidant activity. This phytochemical information adds value to passion fruit as a nutraceutical source.
Bentuk Tindak Tutur Berdasarkan Konteks Film “Manusia Setengah Salmon” Babak I

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Speech act is a speech in which there is action. By saying something, the speakers also do something. By telling a speech, the speaker has a goal to be achieved from the partner that people speak with. To translate what was said by the addressees is good to know the context in question. Context is very important in understanding and interpreting the discourse. Context is something that we cannot ignore it, when people are trying to get the real meaning of information is heard or read. Context can affect a person's speech and is important in communicating. In communicating, use appropriate communication media. Film is also a medium to communicate an idea or the idea of the creator to a broad audience. Film creators can pour suggestion, innuendo, or other information in accordance with the events that are usually being much talked about. In this paper, the author selects the object data is a movie called "Manusia Setengah Salmon". The language used by this movie is language that used by teenage now days.Keywords : Speech Act, Context, Film
Regulatory Forum Commentary* Counterpoint

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

High-dose selection for 6-month carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceutical candidates in Tg.rasH2-transgenic mice currently primarily relies on (1) estimation of a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) from the results of a 1-month range-finding study, (2) determination of the maximum dose administrable to the animals (maximum feasible dose [MFD]), (3) demonstration of a plateau in systemic exposure, and (4) use of a limit dose of 1,500 mg/kg/day for products with human daily doses not exceeding 500 mg. Eleven 6-month Tg.rasH2 carcinogenicity studies and their corresponding 1-month range-finding studies conducted at Merck were reviewed. High doses were set by estimation of the MTD in 6, by plateau of exposure in 3, and by MFD in 2 cases. For 4 of 6 studies where MTD was used for high-dose selection, the 1-month study accurately predicted the 6-month study tolerability whereas in the remaining 2 studies the high doses showed poorer tolerability than expected. The use of 3 or more drug-treated dose levels proved useful to ensure that a study would successfully and unambiguously demonstrate that a drug candidate was adequately evaluated for carcinogenicity at a minimally toxic high dose level, especially when the high dose may be found to exceed the MTD.
First person – Georgios Efthymiou

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Georgios Efthymiou is first author on ‘Fibronectin Extra Domains tune cellular responses and confer topographically distinct features to fibril networks’, published in JCS. Georgios conducted the research described in this article while a Labex SignaLife PhD Student in Ellen Van Obberghen-Schilling's lab at Université Côte d'Azur, France. He is now a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Sophie Vasseur at the Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France, investigating crosstalk between composition and mechanical properties of the ECM and cellular metabolism in cancer.
Determinants of Knowledge Workers Retention

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In the modern environment, knowledge worker retention has been described as the most reliable means of ensuring sustainable competitive advantage. On that ground, understanding how to retain knowledge worker has become an inevitable process for companies. Strategic human resource management must be in place and closely involved in every stages during the tenure of employment. It is the best practice for management to recognize who are the knowledge workers inside the organization and to be well-planned for them, thus they will not be burnt out and leave the company. On the other hand, it will create awareness for them to continuously retain in current employment. The importance of retaining knowledge worker was formed into the context of this documentary research. In terms of analysing factors that influences retention level of knowledge worker. It was found from the previous studies that employees’ decision to stay with any given company is reflected on four importance factors which are career development opportunities, recognition and value at work, relationships with supervisor and co-worker, and, salary/bonus/incentive/reward. Positive aspects of these factors will influence their loyalty positively, which will influence overall retention positively. This article will contribute to provide the strategy recommendation of knowledge worker retention to organization. It can be applied to prevent the lose in organization in term of financial and non-financial due to high turnover of knowledge worker. Human resource personnel and supervisors may apply the best practice as recommended in this paper to retain the knowledge worker with current organization. Keywords: knowledge worker, employee retention, sustainable competitive advantage
DNA polymorphism of dogs (Canis familiaris) and its application. IV. mtDNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The structural organization of the mitochondrial genome of dogs is briefly considered, paying more attention to its variable areas, including the control region and its hypervariable parts HV1 and HV2, as well as a block of tandem decameric repeats and a homopolymer tract of cytosines and thymines. It is noted that the detected polymorphism of mitogenomes forming the clades with haplotypes, with few exceptions, are practically unrelated to dog breeds and their geographical place of residence. In general, the polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA of dogs does not allow unambiguously identifying a specific individual and in criminalistics, in most cases, it is possible with one or another probability, depending on the variable areas taken into analysis, only to exclude suspected dogs that could lead to their owners from further investigation. Moreover, this requires the creation of population databases of canine mitogenomes, which can be used to calculate the probability of coincidence of haplotypes. Examples of individual cases of investigation of crimes in which polymorphism of DNA of dogs were used, including those that ended with a conviction, are given. Attention is drawn to the need for wider introduction into forensic practice of usage of canine DNA, which can obtained from traces left by dogs mainly in the form of saliva or wool (individual hairs).
Working for Equality in Health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Unequal social relations are reflected in uneven patterns of health within and between populations. In Working for Equality in Health, health workers and academics distil the results of their efforts to understand, oppose and change health inequalities. Working for Equality in Health brings to bear the understanding of a unique combination of practitioners and activists on a key issue for health experience, policy and practice. Common themes and common obstacles become apparent: the need for ever better understandings of the interactive effects of social disadvantage; the damage wrought to people's health by inegalitarian economic, social and health policies and the benefits of alliances between health professionals and other health workers to combat social and health inequalities.
Effects of selection thinning on beech tree and stand increment on Mt. Juzni Kucaj

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of selection thinning and spontaneous development on beech tree and stand increment were researched in the period 1986-2002. The results show the complexity of the effect of thinning on tree and stand increment. Based on the comparison of growth elements in 2002 and growth elements in 1985 before thinning, the greatest increase of total basal area (173%) and volume (269%) occurred on the control area, where 94% of trees recorded in 1985 showed increment. The lowest increase of basal area (111%) and volume (170%) occurred on the sample plot, which was thinned two times during the study period. As for the future trees, i.e. the collection of trees for comparison on the control plot, the lowest increment of basal area (198%) and volume (278%) occurred on the control plot, and a far greater increase of basal area (256% and 263%) and volume (379% and 399%) occurred on the thinned plots.
Factors affecting changes in blood pressure after acute stroke.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We sought to establish the pattern of blood pressure (BP) change after hospitalization for acute hemispheric stroke. In 292 patients from the Leicester teaching hospitals with acute hemispheric stroke within the previous 24 hours (139 men; median age, 75 years [range, 42 to 98 years]), we prospectively studied BP changes between admission, 24 hours, 1 week, and 4 to 6 weeks. Changes were assessed in relation to the main stroke risk factors, stroke type and severity, and antihypertensive drug treatment. All subjects were followed up for 1 week, with 117 subjects followed up for 4 to 6 weeks. Changes were assessed by repeated-measures ANOVA, and Student's t tests were used to compare group pairs. Systolic and diastolic BP fell by 12 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], 8 to 15 mm Hg) and 7 mm Hg (95% CI, 5 to 9 mm Hg), respectively, in the first 24 hours and 22 mm Hg (95% CI, 18 to 25 mm Hg) and 12 mm Hg (95% CI, 10 to 14 mm Hg), respectively, during the first week (all changes significant at P < .01) but no further thereafter. In those patients receiving no antihypertensive medication before or after stroke, the pattern of change was similar to that of the whole group. Previously diagnosed hypertensive subjects (n = 106) had higher initial BP values than did normotensive subjects, although by 1 week the levels were not significantly different. Patients with cerebral hemorrhage confirmed by computed tomography (n = 20) had higher systolic BP, but not diastolic BP, throughout the first week than those with cerebral infarction (n = 89). The severity of stroke, age, and previous stroke history did not appear to alter the BP pattern. Stroke patients who were moderate to heavy alcohol consumers had lower convalescent systolic BP levels than lighter drinkers or abstainers. We have demonstrated a marked fall in systolic and diastolic BP levels during the first 7 days after acute hemispheric stroke, with little change thereafter. Higher initial systolic BP values were found in patients with cerebral hemorrhage compared with those with cerebral infarct. Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption before stroke was associated with a greater systolic BP decline in the first week after the event compared with stroke patients who were light drinkers or abstainers.
A Deep Transfer Learning Model for the Fault Diagnosis of Double Roller Bearing Using Scattergram Filter Bank 1

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, a deep transfer learning model was developed using ResNet-101 architecture to diagnose double roller bearing defects. Vibration data were collected for three different load scenarios, including conditions without load, and for five different rotational speeds, ranging from 500 to 2500 RPM. Significantly, the speed condition of 2500 RPM has not previously been investigated, therefore offering a potential avenue for future investigations. This study offers a thorough examination of bearing conditions using multidirectional vibration data collected from accelerometers positioned in both vertical and horizontal orientations. In addition to transfer learning using ResNet-101, four additional models (VGG-16, VGG19, ResNet-18, and ResNet-50) were trained. Transfer learning using ResNet-101 consistently achieved the highest accuracy in all scenarios, with accuracy rates ranging from 90.78% to 99%. Scattergram Filter Bank 1 was used as the image input for training as a preprocessing method to enhance feature extraction. Research has effectively applied transfer learning to improve fault diagnosis accuracy, especially in limited data scenarios. This shows the capability of the method to differentiate between normal and faulty bearing conditions using signal-to-image transformation, emphasizing the potential of transfer learning to augment diagnostic performance in scenarios with limited training data.
Electrocatalytic Multicomponent Cascade Cross-Coupling for Synthesis of Chalcogenosulfonates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An method for the electrochemical synthesis of chalcogenosulfonates via a tandem multi-component reaction has been developed. This method is performed in an undivided cell without the requirement of external oxidants, acids, and transition metals. A variety of indoles and sulfinic acid sodium salts can be used in this method, and it is effective for the late-stage modifications of complex molecules. Not only thiosulfonates and selenosulfonates but also sulfonotelluroates could be prepared, making this protocol a useful tool for the devel-opment of new functional molecules. The afforded products are promising for pesticide development.