jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On the Effects of Including Counterrotating Angular Momentum in Simulations of Galactic Disk Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe the evolution of two-dimensional disk systems constructed with significant portions of their angular momentum counterrotating. We confirm that counterrotating angular momentum stabilizes an otherwise bar unstable disk. Further, we show that is possible to realize novel bar/disk and bar/bar configurations by varying our initial conditions. We find that it is possible to construct models that evolve to the following configurations: two counterrotating bars, a cospatial bar and bulgelike component, and a slow counterrotating bar. We examine the possible implications of such systems and whether they might exist in nature.
Novel Chiral “Calixsalen” Macrocycle and Chiral Robson-type Macrocyclic Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A family of novel chiral "calixsalen" Schiff base macrocycles R,R-H(3)L4, R,R-H(3)L5, containing three chiral diamino moieties were synthesized by an efficient self-assembly and characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. The systematic synthesis, structure, and coordination properties of the [2 + 2] and [3 + 3] Robson-type Schiff base macrocyclic mono-, di-, tri-, and tetranuclear metal complexes were explored.
A Unique Transcendence: Deng Xiaoping’s China And Mao Zedong’s China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The rural production reforms and the opening to the outside world through special economic zones are the two great practical breakthroughs of China's reform. The first is the theory of the beginning stage of socialism. The second is the theory of the socialist market economy. The problem is figuring out what to call socialism, and how to construct and develop socialism. Concepts and strategies that had not yet been proposed or emphasized during Deng-era China were collectively proposed by party leaders at appropriate times according to new requirements of the national and international development situations. As the waves of the Yangtze push each other forward, so does each generation of party members and Chinese people continue fighting for the realization of Chinese modernity and a great renaissance of the Chinese nation along the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics. Keywords: China; Deng Xiaoping; Mao Zedong; socialism; transcendence
High Versus Low Ligation of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery During Rectal Resection for Cancer: Oncological Outcomes After Three Years of Follow-Up From the HIGHLOW Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To determine the disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence in patients who underwent laparoscopic low anterior rectal resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) with either high or low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Background: The level of IMA ligation during anterior rectal resection with TME is still a matter of debate, especially in terms of oncological adequacy. Methods: Between June 2014 and December 2016, patients scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic low anterior resection (LAR) and TME in 6 Italian nonacademic hospitals were randomized into 2 groups in the HIGHLOW Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02153801) according to the level of IMA ligation: high ligation (HL) versus low ligation (LL). DFS, DSS, and recurrence were inquired. Recurrence was determined at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and every 6 months thereafter. Patients and tumor characteristics as well as surgical outcomes were analyzed to identify risk factors for recurrence. Results: One hundred ninety-six patients from the HIGHLOW trial were analyzed. Median follow-up for DFS was 40.6 (interquartile range [IQR], 6–64.7) and 40 (IQR, 7.6–67.8), while median follow-up for DSS was 41.2 (IQR, 10.7–64.7) and 42.7 (IQR, 6–67.6) in the HL and LL groups, respectively. The 3-year DFS rate of HL and LL patients was 82.2% and 82.1% ( P = 0.874), respectively. The 3-year DSS for HL and LL patients was 92.1% and 93.4% ( P = 0.897), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the local recurrence rate (2% HL vs 2.1% LL), in the regional recurrence rate (3% HL vs 2.1% LL), and in the distant recurrence rate (12.9% HL vs 13.7% LL). Multivariate analysis found conversion to open surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 3.68; P = 0.001) and higher stage of disease (HR, 7.73; P < 0.001) to be significant determinant for DFS. Conclusions: The level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation during LAR and TME for rectal cancer does not affect DFS, DSS, and recurrence.
The Exports Transmission Mechanism of Foreign Business Cycles to Australia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The present paper examines the impact of foreign business cycles on Australian exports. After accounting for the effect of domestic activity on exports it has been found that foreign activity has at times had a large impact on Australian exports and, therefore, also on Australian GDP. Evidence is also found that the US and Japan have a high output elasticity of demand for Australia’s exports. Consequently, their business cycles have a larger impact on Australia’s exports than that suggested by their market shares of Australian exports.
Dissecting the Multivariate Extremal Index and Tail Dependence

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A central issue in the theory of extreme values focuses on suitable conditions such that the well[1]known results for the limiting distributions of the maximum of i.i.d. sequences can be applied to stationary ones. In this context, the extremal index appears as a key parameter to capture the effect of temporal dependence on the limiting distribution of the maxima. The multivariate extremal index corresponds to a generalization of this concept to a multivariate context and affects the tail dependence structure within the marginal sequences and between them. As it is a function, the inference becomes more difficult, and it is therefore important to obtain characterizations, namely bounds based on the marginal dependence that are easier to estimate. In this work we present two decompositions that emphasize different types of information contained in the multivariate extremal index, an upper limit better than those found in the literature and we analyse its role in dependence on the limiting model of the componentwise maxima of a stationary sequence. We will illustrate the results with examples of recognized interest in applications.
Myocarditis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter discusses the history, signs and symptoms, assessment, investigations and treatment of myocarditis. Myocarditis is a life-threatening inflammatory disease affecting the myocardium. It can occur as a result of infection or from a noninfectious cause, such as sarcoidosis. The subsequent myocardial inflammation can lead to systolic dysfunction and eventually dilated cardiomyopathy, manifesting as acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Myocarditis is most frequently caused by viral infection such as enteroviruses or Parvovirus, but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, parasitic or protozoal infection. Diagnosis of myocarditis is notoriously difficult due to the array of clinical features associated with it, which may differ with the underlying cause. Patient assessment may reveal signs associated with infection and heart failure but also acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which must be rapidly ruled out. Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard diagnostic tool to enable identification of the cause of myocarditis.
Inequality and Household Debt in America, 1948 - 2013

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The historical waves of the U.S. Survey of Consumer Finances starting in 1948 are little known and even less exploited. In this paper, we use this rich source of long-run household micro data to study the much debated nexus between rising inequality and increasing household indebtedness over the entire post-WW2 era. A popular explanation for the surge in household debt is that poor households with stagnating incomes used debt to keep up with rich households. The long-run SCF data put as in a unique position to track the cross-sectional co-evolution of income and household debt. The long-run SCF data pour cold water on the idea that rising debts of poorer households played a major role for the increase of household debt. Relative to income, household debt tripled since 1950, but this is predominantly an (upper) middle-class phenomenon, linked to rising mortgage borrowing. The share of debt held by households below the 80th percentile of the income distribution has fallen. Debt-to-income ratios have risen most strongly for households between the 80th and 90th percentile.
Isolation of Bacillus subtilis CK-2 Hydrolysing Various Organic Materials

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

섬유소를 비롯한 단백질, 지질, 녹말을 분해할 수 있는 세균을 된장으로부터 분리하여 동정한 결과 Bacillus subtilis로 분류되었으며, Bacillus subtilis CK-2로 명명하였다. 분리균주는 $40\sim45^{\circ}C$의 비교적 넓은 온도 범위와 pH 6~9의 넓은 pH 범위, 그리고 NaCl 0~3% 범위에서 잘 자랐으며, 높은 자가분해효소 활성을 갖는 것을 알 수 있었다. B. subtilis CK-2가 분비하는 가수분해효소들은 대부분 세균의 생장과 거의 비례적으로 세포외 활성을 나타내는 1차 대사산물로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 B. subtilis CK-2는 농수임산물 폐기물이나 음식물 폐기물의 퇴비화, 사료 생산 등에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. A bacterium hydrolysing various organic materials including cellulose, protein, starch and lipid was isolated. The isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis, and named Bacillus subtilis CK-2 in this paper. This bacterium showed optimal growth at $40\sim45^{\circ}C$, pH 6~9, and 0~3% of NaCl. B. subtilis CK-2 seemed to synthesis highly active autolysin. The hydrolytic enzymes produced by B. subtilis CK-2 were primary enzymes because extracellular enzyme activities varied similarly to the growth curve. The hydrolytic enzymes seemed to be stable at basic pH conditions. From these results, B. subtilis CK-2 was found to bea useful bacterial agent for composting, or for use in feed-production waste in agriculture, fishery, forest materials, livestock farming, and food.
A Microalgae-Based Biodiesel Refinery: Sustainability Concerns and Challenges

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The interest in using microalgae to produce biodiesel is rapidly increasing in an effort to search for renewable and alternative energy. In an attempt to support algal biodiesel industry, the exploration of sustainability concerns involved in biodiesel refinery is becoming more and more necessary and important. From a sustainability perspective, this paper addresses the environmental, economic, social, and cultural implications of microalgae-based biodiesel refinery. From an environmental standpoint, there are four main related concerns: first, less water is required and water used can be recycled greatly, but it might cause water and even groundwater pollution; second, although low-value lands can be used for construction, it might cause land use changes and soil erosion; third, infrastructure construction and eutrophication by water pollution will threaten on local biodiversity; finally, there are some disputes of energy input and greenhouse gases emissions. From an economic point of view, the main benefit lies in an increase of employment and incomes, while the main drawback is the overwhelming investments required due to high costs. Socially, it can improve energy security and create jobs, while, on the other hand, it might affect the health of local animals and people. From a cultural viewpoint, algal biodiesel concept is a new element, and it requires time for people to adapt. With effective use of measures in technologies and policies, the microalgae-derived biodiesel industry will commercialize at levels of sustainability.
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN INOVASI PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI PUSKESMAS JAYA MUKTI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Public service innovation policies are still new in the implementation of public services at this time. Puskesmas Jaya Mukti is one of the government institutions that innovates through the Optima cycle. The research method used is a qualitative approach, analysis of interactive models and interactive analysis in various qualitative analyzes as a continuous, repetitive and continuous effort. The results of the study showed that the policy implementation of the Proven Health Center using the Optima Cycle had gone well, automatically not making the patient's satisfaction in the Puskesmas increased. The inhibiting factors of the application of cyclical optima are the length of the report download from sikda optima, and in the application of the cyclical optima application there is still no recapitulation of the patient's history below 2016. And the latter requires a supportive policy such as the policy generator used to turn off the lights.
Effect of Fresh-mixed Palm Oil Mill Effluent after Short-term Aging and Impact Assessment on Selected Soil Enzymes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Background and Objectives: The fresh palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be harmful to the soil if discharged untreated to the environment.The organic load and elemental content help to improving soil fertility and enzymes functionality.This study evaluated the impact of different regimes of POME on soil enzymes.Materials and Methods: The POME was mixed with chicken-droppings at varying quantities.The unmixed POME was determined after 4 weeks of aerobic aging.Soil samples were contaminated with fresh and aged POME and left for 24 h.The uncontaminated soil sample was used as a control.Results: The nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the mixed aged POME-soil samples were high compared to the control.Dehydrogenase and urease activities increased in all the soil samples over time.The mixed POME-soil sample had the highest activities (57.22±0.96,61.40±1.20 and 68.76±0.83)for sample B5 and 1.79±0.01,2.74±0.01,2.84±0.06,respectively for samples B7 at week 4.The catalase activity indicates a reduction in the mixed samples of the control.Conclusion: The study concluded that mixing POME with poultry droppings increased soil fertility.Whereas, mixing fresh POME with poultry droppings allow for complete oxidation of the phenols in the fresh POME.Thus a combination of the fresh and aged POME may constitute a heavy pollutant to the soil, but the addition of chicken droppings greatly reduced POME impact on the soil enzymes.
Influence of Buyuan Congnao Decoction to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Rat Models's Behavior and GSH-PX 's Activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:Discuss the protection mechanism of Buyuan Congnao Decoction(BCD)to ibotenic acid(IBO)and the Amyloid β Protein Fragment 1-42(A β1-42)leading to AD rat models.Methods: To adopt IBO and A β1-42 of the mixed solution inject to sea horse area establish AD rat models,and apply Morris water maze method to examine study and memory abilities on AD rat models,Use chromometry to mensurate GSH-Px activity of rat models on sea horse area.Results: BCD can obviously improve ability to the study and memory of the AD rat models and increase the activity of GSH-PX.Conclusions: BCD has a certain protect function to the AD rat models,its function mechanism probably has something to do with enhance GSH-Px activity and develops its antioxidation action.
Julian Bond: "A Collision Course in a Divided Society"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist and leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor and writer. While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the early 1960s, he helped establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1971, he helped found the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama, and served as its first president for nearly a decade. He also taught at American University and the University of Virginia. Bond was elected to serve four terms in the Georgia House of Representatives and later he was elected to serve six terms in the Georgia State Senate, serving a total of twenty years in both legislative chambers. From 1998 to 2010, he was chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Rates of Undiagnosed Bladder Cancer in Women Due to Misdiagnosis as Urinary Tract Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Bladder cancer is the seventh-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Presenting signs include hematuria and irritative voiding symptoms including dysuria and frequency. Formal evaluation includes cystoscopy, upper tract imaging, cytology, and urine culture. There is no agreed upon screening guideline for bladder cancer between the American Urological Association (AUA) and USPSTF. Primary care providers bear the burden of making the decision when to refer and when to treat in the primary setting. Many bladder cancers are diagnosed later due to the masking symptoms of UTI, especially in women, resulting in a delayed diagnosis of cancer, and a later stage of cancer limiting treatment options.\nMethods: An exhaustive search of online medical literature was performed using MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and CINAHL-EBSCO. Keywords used included: bladder cancer, urinary tract infection, hematuria, primary care, and gender disparities. Eligible studies were assessed using the GRADE criteria.\nResults: A total of one hundred sixty seven articles were reviewed, eleven articles read in their entirety, and two articles met inclusion criteria and were analyzed using the GRADE guidelines. Both studies were retrospective cohort studies and showed that a delay in diagnosis of bladder cancer is concealed by symptoms resembling urinary tract infections, especially in women. The overall quality of the studies is very low due to observational studies. Further studies need to be conducted to improve quality of evidence in regards to the effects of delayed diagnosis and laxity in following guidelines.\nConclusion: Delaying referral and formal evaluation for the source of urinary tract infections and hematuria in the primary care setting is delaying the diagnosis of bladder cancer, especially in women. Strict adherence to the AUA guidelines needs to be followed for referral and evaluation for the source of the irritative symptoms.
High-isolation and Side Lobe Level Reduction for Dual-band Series-fed Centre-fed X/Ku Shared Aperture Binomial Array Antenna for Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research paper introduces a novel dual-band single-polarized (DBSP) series-fed centerfed open stub (SFCFOS) Binomial Antenna Array synthesis technique to improve side lobe levels (SLL) and better isolation for the use in Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (AIR-SARs).The antenna utilizes a shared-aperture array (SAA) architecture, operating in both X-and Ku-bands with center frequencies of 9.3 and 13.265 GHz with a frequency ratio of 1 : 1.426.The SAA consists of a 7-element linear array of square microstrip patches for the X/Ku-band.The inter-element spacing between patches is set at 0.7λ to meet the ±25 • scan range requirements.The X-band (9.3 GHz) frequency is ideal for soil moisture estimation in agricultural areas, while the Ku-band (13.265GHz) is suitable for applications in snow-covered regions, cold areas, and disaster monitoring.To validate the antenna design, a prototype is fabricated and tested for S-parameters, radiation characteristics, and gain measurements.The size of the shared-aperture antenna is 200 mm × 50 mm × 0.787 mm.The measured results of the prototype align well with the simulated ones, exhibiting excellent radiation performance and high isolation.The bandwidth of 1.07% (X-band) and 1.5% (Ku-band) and return loss of 25 dB/-15.7 dB at 9.3/13.265GHz are achieved.The measured isolation is -45 dB which provides a large signal separation at X/Ku-bands.The antenna design shows a side-lobe level (SLL) of -39.5 dB at E-plane (φ = 0 • and -17.9 dB for H-plane (φ = 90 • ) for the X-band and -35 dB at φ = 0 • -19 dB for H-plane (φ = 90 • ) for the Ku-band.Additionally, it achieves high gain values of 12.8 dBi for the X-band and 13.2 dBi for the Ku-band.This research presents the first reported shared-aperture X/Ku-band single polarized planar array with binomial amplitude distribution synthesis technique, which holds significant value for AIR-SAR applications.All the measured results were in line with simulated ones and matched reasonably well.
Integration of substrate in biofloc based system: Effects on growth performance, water quality and immune responses in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon culture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To evaluate effect of substrate integration in biofloc based system, a 52-day growth experiment was conducted using black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.32 ± 0.07 g). The factorial design consisted of floc, F (with or without) as first factor and substrate (bamboo mat, B; nylon mesh, N; and without substrate) as second factor. This resulted six treatments; F + B, F + N, F, B, N and a control without biofloc and substrate. Shrimps were stocked at 110 nos. m–3 in Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) tanks and, rice flour was used as carbon source in biofloc based treatments. Incorporation of nylon mesh and bamboo mat in biofloc system trapped 31.3%–38.6% and 8.5%–13.5% total suspended solids respectively and reduced bottom solid deposition. Among the substrate based groups, significantly better development of biofilm with higher microbial population noticed in F + B compared with nylon mesh. Similarly, significantly higher final growth (p < 0.01) was recorded in F + B system followed by F + N while no significant difference in body weight recorded among floc, F or substrate based groups (B, N). Biofloc and substrate integration (F + B and F + N) resulted significantly (p < 0.01) lower feed conversion ratio compared to control and floc. Incoporation of bamboo substrate in biofloc, (F + B) improved shrimp immune responses through higher hemocyte counts and prophenoloxidase activity compared to other treatments. The study revealed that integration of substrate in the biofloc system improved growth performance, FCR and immune parameters in shrimp by trapping the suspended biofloc particles, better water quality parameters, enhanced biofilm growth and provision of quality natural food.
Jejunoileal Diverticulosis and Its Complications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acquired diverticula of the jejunum and ileum are uncommon and asymptomatic in the majority of patients. They should not always be dismissed as an incidental finding, because they may be the cause of vague, chronic symptomatology. Acute complications, including intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage and perforation, are rare, but may necessitate immediate surgical intervention. Due to the relative rarity of these lesions and their complications, diagnosis is often difficult and delayed. The high mortality of the acute complications is related to delayed diagnosis and the advanced age of the patients. Four cases with complications of jejunoileal diverticulosis and three cases of asymptomatic jejunoileal diverticula are presented and the literature is reviewed.