jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Aerosol Delivery During Mechanical Ventilation: From Basic Techniques to New Devices

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and nebulizers are routinely employed for aerosol delivery in mechanically ventilated patients. A significant proportion of the aerosol deposits in the ventilator circuit and artificial airway, thereby reducing the inhaled drug mass. Factors influencing aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation differ from those in spontaneously breathing patients. The English language literature on aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation was reviewed. Marked variations in the efficiency of drug delivery with pMDIs and nebulizers occur due to differences in the technique of administration. Careful attention to five factors, viz., the aerosol generator, aerosol particle size, conditions in the ventilator cir-cuit, artificial airway, and ventilator parameters, is necessary to optimize aerosol delivery dur-ing mechanical ventilation. Factors influencing drug delivery during NPPV are not well un-derstood, and the efficiency of aerosol delivery in this setting is lower than that during invasive mechanical ventilaiton. With an optimal technique of administration the efficiency of aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation is similar to that achieved during sponta-neous breathing. Further research is needed to optimize aerosol delivery during NPPV.
Activation of early gene transcription in polyomavirus BK by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Polyomavirus BK (BKV) is a serious problem for immunocompromised patients, where latent virus can enter into the lytic cycle causing cytolytic destruction of host cells. BKV infects >80 % of the population worldwide during childhood and then remains in a latent state in the kidney. In the context of immunosuppression in kidney transplant patients, reactivation of the viral early promoter (BKV E ) results in production of T antigen, enabling virus replication and transition from latency to the lytic phase, causing polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Reactivation of BKV can also cause complications such as nephritis, atypical retinitis and haemorrhagic cystitis in AIDS patients. Here, the effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteins Tat and Vpr on BKV transcription were investigated and it was demonstrated that Tat dramatically stimulated BKV E . Site-directed mutagenesis analysis of potential Tat-responsive transcriptional motifs complemented by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that Tat activated BKV E by inducing binding of the NF- κ B p65 subunit to a κ B motif near the 3′ end of BKV E . In addition, a sequence within the 5′ UTR of BKV E transcripts (BKV E -TAR) was identified that is identical to the HIV-1 transactivation response (TAR) element. The BKV E -TAR sequence bound TAT in RNA EMSA assays and deletion of the BKV E -TAR sequence eliminated Tat transactivation of BKV E transcription. Thus, Tat positively affected BKV E transcription by a dual mechanism and this may be important in diseases involving BKV reactivation in AIDS patients.
TBA for the Toda chain

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We give a direct derivation of a proposal of Nekrasov-Shatashvili concerning the quantization conditions of the Toda chain. The quantization conditions are formulated in terms of solutions to a nonlinear integral equation similar to the ones coming from the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. This is equivalent to extremizing a certain function called Yang's potential. It is shown that the Nekrasov-Shatashvili formulation of the quantization conditions follows from the solution theory of the Baxter equation, suggesting that this way of formulating the quantization conditions should indeed be applicable to large classes of quantized algebraically integrable models.
Parent-child interaction style and adjustment to pediatric cancer treatment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Substantial gains in the survival rate of children diagnosed with cancer have been achieved; however, a large body of evidence exists that children and their families are at increased psychosocial risk. Missing from our understanding is how real-time, moment-to-moment interactions build to long-term, developmental changes in child functioning. This project expands our understanding of the variation in child distress during procedures as well as long-term adjustment. Real-time coding and global ratings of parent and child behaviors were used to describe parent-child interactions in terms of dyadic flexibility and dyadic mutuality.\nTo carry out this project, a new system of collecting data needed to be created or an existing system needed to be adapted. Based on previously published examples and pilot testing, two systems were selected for adaptation for the current project. The SPAFF is a real-time coding system that uses a holistic approach of integrating verbal statements, non-verbal behaviors, and tone of voice to create an overall label of emotional state (Coan & Gottman, 2007; Lunkenheimer et al., 2011). This system was used to examine emotional flexibility in a parent-child dyad during a hospital visit for a port start procedure that was part of the child’s cancer treatment regimen. Dyadic mutuality was adapted from the PARCHISY (Deater-Deckard et al., 1997) which uses global ratings of parents and children. The specific aims of this study were Aim 1: evaluate the implementation of the coding and rating system in a hospital setting, Aim 2: examine the association between child temperament and the observations of the parent-child dyad in the hospital room, Aim 3: investigate the association between parent-child hospital room behaviors and child distress & cooperation during the procedure, and Aim 4: assess the predictive ability of parent-child hospital room behaviors on long-term child internalizing and externalizing problems.\nThe overall findings of this study support a model in which child ego-resilience is associated with parent-child hospital room behaviors. Parent-child hospital room flexibility and mutuality are associated with long-term child externalizing problems. These findings are consistent with previous work from the same research sample as well as the general child development literature.
217 Acceptability of Hempseed Meal in Horses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Congress passed US Farm Bills legalizing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), after which hemp-farming increased, resulting in an abundance of hemp by-products, like hempseed meal (HSM). As such, HSM must be evaluated as a potential animal feedstuff. A study was designed to evaluate the acceptability of HSM over time in horses, using 6 stock-type geldings (11.5 ± 3.4yr, 539.6 ± 31.9kg, BCS 6). Horses were offered 1 kg of HSM pellets over two 5-min periods, 1 h apart each day, and offered 1 kg of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay between offerings. Horses remained on a commercial ration during a 1-d feeding-pattern acclimation prior to the 6-d trial. Data (mean ± SEM) were analyzed using a Repeated Measures ANOVA within R Statistical Program. One horse was removed from the study due to complete diet refusal. Intake of HSM on d1 (0.287 ± 0.081kg; P = 0.062), d2 (0.378 ± 0.084kg; P = 0.07), and d3 (0.446 ± 0.087; P = 0.077) tended to be lower than d5 (0.695 ± 0.071 kg). Similarly, d1 (P = 0.043), d2 (P = 0.036), and d3 (P = 0.048) were less than d6 (0.652 ± 0.064 kg). Day 4 (0.530 ± 0.09 kg) tended to be less than d5 (P = 0.09), but there was no difference between d5 and d6 (P = 0.73). Hay consumption was greater on d1 (0.702 ± 0.026kg; P = 0.003) and d2 (0.723 ± 0.041kg; p = 0.001) than d6 (0.410 ± 0.051kg). Hay consumption and HSM intake were not correlated (R2 = 0.001), but the proportions of HSM consumed between feedings were highly correlated (R2 = 0.947), increasing at 0.4 of Feeding 1. These findings indicate that HSM consumption increases after 4 days of exposure but is not impacted by hay consumption.
Skin Cancer Classification Using Image Processing with Machine Learning Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This chapter explores skin cancer classification methods using image processing and deep convolutional neural networks. Although instances of melanoma, a potentially fatal skin cancer, have been increasing at an alarming rate due to the high incidence of ultraviolet radiation, early diagnosis resulting in appropriate treatment measures has been found to improve survival chances. The naked eye is unable to assess the actual probability of a cancerous cell, but deep neural networks enable accurate identification of the presence of an underlying cancerous cell. We begin this chapter with training a deep neural network over thousands of images belonging to the classes benign and malignant. Interpreting the non-linear interactions in the LCNet model helps specify whether the image is benign or malignant. This AI-based automated clinical approach not only facilitates more efficient classification but is also tuned to avoid a large number of false positives and false negatives.
The Aspergillus galactomannan Ag VIRCLIA® Monotest and the sõna Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay show comparable performance for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Rapid galactomannan tests, such as the sõna Aspergillus GM Lateral Flow Assay (GM‐LFA) and the Aspergillus Galactomannan Ag VIRCLIA® Monotest (GM‐Monotest), which are suitable for the analysis of single samples, have the potential to accelerate diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Objectives To compare the performance of the GM‐Monotest and the GM‐LFA for the diagnosis of IA. Patients/Methods Two patient cohorts were analysed: adults who had received an allogeneic haematopoietic stem‐cell transplant (alloHSCT‐cohort) and patients with proven/probable IA from a 5‐year period (cross‐sectional IA‐cohort). In the alloHSCT‐cohort, weekly serum samples were tested, whereas in the cross‐sectional IA‐cohort sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were analysed. The diagnostic performance was calculated using two definitions for positivity: (1) a single positive GM result and (2) at least two positive GM results from consecutive samples. IA classification followed EORTC/MSG 2019. Results The alloHSCT‐cohort included 101 patients. Four had proven/probable IA, 26 possible IA and 71 no IA. The specificity for one positive serum and two consecutively positive sera was 88.7% and 100% (GM‐Monotest) and 85.9% and 98.6% (GM‐LFA). Comparison of ROC curves in the alloHSCT‐cohort showed no significant difference. The cross‐sectional IA‐cohort included 59 patients with proven/probable IA. The sensitivity for one positive sample and two consecutively positive samples was 83.1% and 55.1% (GM‐Monotest) and 86.4% and 71.4% (GM‐LFA). Conclusions Both assays showed comparable diagnostic performance with a higher sensitivity for the GM‐LFA if two consecutive positive samples were required for positivity. However, due to poor reproducibility, positive GM‐LFA results should always be confirmed.
Dose-dependent Respiratory Depression by Remifentanil in the Rabbit Parabrachial Nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse Complex and Pre-Bötzinger Complex

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background Recent studies showed partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the pre-Bötzinger complex and the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex. The hypothesis for this study was that opioid antagonism in the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex plus pre-Bötzinger complex completely reverses respiratory depression from clinically relevant opioid concentrations. Methods Experiments were performed in 48 adult, artificially ventilated, decerebrate rabbits. The authors decreased baseline respiratory rate ~50% with intravenous, “analgesic” remifentanil infusion or produced apnea with remifentanil boluses and investigated the reversal with naloxone microinjections (1 mM, 700 nl) into the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Bötzinger complex. In another group of animals, naloxone was injected only into the pre-Bötzinger complex to determine whether prior parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex injection impacted the naloxone effect. Last, the µ-opioid receptor agonist [ d -Ala, 2 N-MePhe, 4 Gly-ol]-enkephalin (100 μM, 700 nl) was injected into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex. The data are presented as medians (25 to 75%). Results Remifentanil infusion reduced the respiratory rate from 36 (31 to 40) to 16 (15 to 21) breaths/min. Naloxone microinjections into the bilateral Kölliker–Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Bötzinger complex increased the rate to 17 (16 to 22, n = 19, P = 0.005), 23 (19 to 29, n = 19, P < 0.001), and 25 (22 to 28) breaths/min ( n = 11, P < 0.001), respectively. Naloxone injection into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex prevented apnea in 12 of 17 animals, increasing the respiratory rate to 10 (0 to 12) breaths/min ( P < 0.001); subsequent pre-Bötzinger complex injection prevented apnea in all animals (13 [10 to 19] breaths/min, n = 12, P = 0.002). Naloxone injection into the pre-Bötzinger complex alone increased the respiratory rate to 21 (15 to 26) breaths/min during analgesic concentrations (n = 10, P = 0.008) but not during apnea (0 [0 to 0] breaths/min, n = 9, P = 0.500). [ d -Ala, 2 N-MePhe, 4 Gly-ol]-enkephalin injection into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex decreased respiratory rate to 3 (2 to 6) breaths/min. Conclusions Opioid reversal in the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex plus pre-Bötzinger complex only partially reversed respiratory depression from analgesic and even less from “apneic” opioid doses. The lack of recovery pointed to opioid-induced depression of respiratory drive that determines the activity of these areas. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Late gestation over‐ and undernutrition predispose for visceral adiposity in response to a post‐natal obesogenic diet, but with differential impacts on glucose–insulin adaptations during fasting in lambs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim To investigate if late gestation under‐ or overnutrition has similar adverse impacts on visceral adiposity, metabolic and endocrine function in sheep, and if subsequent exposure to a high‐fat diet in early post‐natal life exaggerates the prenatal programming outcomes later in life. Methods Thirty‐six twin‐pregnant ewes were fed a NORM (fulfilling 100% of daily requirements for energy and protein), LOW (50% of NORM ) or HIGH diet (150% of energy and 110% of protein requirements) during the last 6 weeks of gestation (term = 147 days). Post‐natally, the twin lambs were subjected to a high‐fat or a moderate diet until 6 months of age (around puberty), where metabolic and endocrine adaptability to fasting was examined, and subgroups of animals were killed. Results Animals exposed to either prenatal under‐ or overnutrition had reduced subcutaneous fat deposition when fed a high‐fat diet, resulting in higher ratios of mesenteric and peri‐renal fat relative to subcutaneous fat compared to controls. This was not related to prenatal influences on plasma glucose or insulin. Irrespective of the prenatal diet, high‐fat‐fed lambs underwent changes resembling the metabolic syndrome with higher plasma glucose, cholesterol, non‐esterified fatty acids, triglyceride and lactate combined with abdominal obesity. Peri‐renal fat appeared to be a particular target of a high‐fat diet post‐natally. Conclusion Both prenatal under‐ and overnutrition predisposed for abdominal adiposity, apparently by reducing the expandability of subcutaneous adipose tissue and induced differential physiological adaptations to fasting. This study does not suggest that exposure to gestational overnutrition will provide a protective effect against development of hyperglycaemia later in life.
Multiphasic health testing - current status

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Multiphasic health testing (MHT) has a long history of irregular development and sporadic diffusion as it has attempted to satisfy a variety of objectives in preventive medicine and in health care delivery. MHT systems have problems of interfacing with people, both patients and health professionals; while most patients find it very acceptable, yet many physicians are reluctant to adopt it. Some national governments have a policy of actively supporting MHT and others discourage it. Industry has not found it profitable to market, yet many companies make MHT available to their employees. With increasing occupational health hazard monitoring and public support of health promotion, it is likely there will always be a place for some form of MHT.
A novel mutant-enriched liquidchip technology for the qualitative detection of somatic mutations in KRAS gene from both serum and tissue samples

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Somatic mutations in the KRAS gene have been reported to confer drug resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and some monoclonal antibodies. However, current DNA mutation detection technologies are primarily DNA sequencing-based and not high throughput, nor sensitive enough to meet clinical needs. Methods: A mutant-enriched PCR method was designed by introducing a unique restriction enzyme site to the PCR product. This allowed the wild-type KRAS sequence to be selectively removed by restriction enzyme digestion before application to the Luminex liquidchip system. Results: A total of 100 copies of mutant KRAS DNA fragment mixed with 1×10 5 copies of the wild-type KRAS DNA could be detected to achieve a sensitivity of 0.1%. This technology is currently used for clinical testing of KRAS somatic mutations for the purpose of pharmacogenomic evaluation. Serum samples from 109 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were tested and 34 mutations were detected (34/109). The formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples from 60 patients with colorectal cancer were tested and 19 mutations were detected (19/60). Conclusions: A novel, qualitative, sensitive, reliable and high throughput liquidchip technology has been developed for detecting KRAS mutations using clinical serum and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1103–6.
Cloning the HSP20 Gene of B.bigemina Isolated in Xinjiang and Construction of the Eukaryotic Expression Plasmid

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The special primers were designed by the heat shock protein gene sequence of B.bigemina pubulished in GenBank.and a 699 bp HSP20 gene fragment was amplified by PCR from the whole blood genome in the infected cattle.The PCR product was cloned into a pMD18-T vector,then was sequenced and identified.The 699bp HSP20 gene was then cloned into Eukaryotic vector pcDNA3.1(+)to construct a eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1-HSP20 before sequencing and identifying again.Following the pcDNA3.1-HSP20 was transiently expressed in mice injected by invena caudalis,the total RNA was abstructed from murine liver and a 534 bp of bright stripe was found by RT-PCR amplification,suggesting the eukaryotic expression plasmid was successfully constructed.
Association of psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis with autoimmune diseases: the experience of two Italian integrated Dermatology/Rheumatology outpatient clinics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The systemic nature of psoriasis and its association with arthropathy, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease is well established. In contrast, the association between psoriatic disease and other autoimmune disorders is still a matter of debate and data available in the literature are scarce. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the association of common autoimmune diseases (ADs), specified a priori , in an Italian cohort of patients affected by psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), referred to two integrated Dermatology/Rheumatology outpatient clinics, over a 3‐year period. Methods Five hundred and two patients, affected by plaque psoriasis, PsA ‘sine psoriasis’ or a combination of psoriasis and PsA and with a diagnosis of at least one AD, were retrospectively evaluated. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was employed to identify possible association between psoriasis, PsA, psoriasis‐PsA and ADs, by calculating corresponding odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Patients with psoriasis or PsA may develop one or more autoimmune diseases during their lifetime, with a higher prevalence of most ADs in psoriasis subgroup. We demonstrated for the first time that the combination of psoriasis‐PsA appears to be protective towards some autoimmune diseases. However, a gender effect should always be considered due to the different distribution of autoimmune disorders between males and females. Conclusion The new concept of psoriatic disease, focusing on genetic and molecular aspects which are at the basis of the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its related manifestations, extended the traditional idea of a disease confined to skin and joints. In this context, the multidisciplinary assessment of patients in the combined Dermatology/Rheumatology outpatient clinics would allow to identify early clinical and laboratory abnormalities not limited to skin and joint.
MilekSupplementalMaterial – Supplemental material for “Eavesdropping on Happiness” Revisited: A Pooled, Multisample Replication of the Association Between Life Satisfaction and Observed Daily Conversation Quantity and Quality

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Supplemental material, MilekSupplementalMaterial for “Eavesdropping on Happiness” Revisited: A Pooled, Multisample Replication of the Association Between Life Satisfaction and Observed Daily Conversation Quantity and Quality by Anne Milek, Emily A. Butler, Allison M. Tackman, Deanna M. Kaplan, Charles L. Raison, David A. Sbarra, Simine Vazire and Matthias R. Mehl in Psychological Science