jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Growth of ex situ diffuse intragroup light in simulated galaxy groups

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Context. Deep surface photometry has revealed the presence of a faint and diffuse baryonic component permeating the intragroup space in a significant fraction of galaxy groups. This intragroup light (IGL) is primarily formed by stars that are removed from their host galaxies through gravitational interactions and now drift freely, unbound to any particular galaxy. Aims. We conducted a detailed analysis to investigate how various physical parameters of galaxy groups influence the formation of ex situ IGL during the earliest stages of group assembly, and to explore their correlations with the mass and fractional abundance of this component. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of the IGL as a luminous tracer of the total mass distribution in galaxy groups, with a particular focus on systems that are far from dynamically relaxed. Methods. We used controlled numerical simulations of 100 low-mass galaxy groups spanning a range of masses and numbers of constituent galaxies to track the formation and evolution of IGL during the earliest pre-virialization stages of these systems. Results. We show that the IGL typically begins to form in significant amounts after the turnaround epoch, which in our simulated groups occurs at a median redshift ($ \bar{z}_\mathrm{{ta}} $) of ∼0.85, increasing steadily thereafter. We observe a sub-linear relationship between the masses of this component and the brightest group galaxy, which indicates intertwined formation histories but differing growth rates. This suggests that other group members may also significantly contribute to the diffuse light. Additionally, we observe indications that IGL formation is enhanced in groups with lower internal velocity dispersions, which suggests that gravitational interactions between member galaxies become more efficient when their relative velocities are reduced. For two-thirds of our groups, the radial surface density profiles of the total and IGL mass are significantly aligned, with fractional discrepancies below 25%. This supports the notion that this diffuse and faint baryonic component serves as a reliable tracer of the total gravitational potential in galaxy aggregations, regardless of their dynamical state. However, the results also indicate that the degree of similarity depends on the viewing direction.
Neuromuscular and Metabolic Responses during Repeated Bouts of Loaded Downhill Walking

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this study was to compare vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles for their nervous and mechanical adaptations during two bouts of downhill walking (DW) with load carriage performed 2 wk apart. Moreover, we investigated cardiometabolic and perceived exertion responses during both DW bouts. Methods Seventeen participants performed two 45-min sessions of loaded DW (30% of body mass; slope, −25%; speed, 4.5 km·h −1 ) separated by 2 wk. Rating of perceived exertion, cost of walking, heart rate, and EMG activity of thigh muscles were assessed during the DW. Muscle shear elastic modulus ( μ ) of RF and VL were assessed before each exercise bout. Maximal voluntary contraction torque was assessed before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 24 and 48 h after the two exercise bouts. Results Maximal voluntary contraction torque decreased from POST (−23.7% ± 9.2%) to 48 h (−19.2% ± 11.9%) after the first exercise (Ex1), whereas it was significantly reduced only at POST (−14.6% ± 11.0%) after the second exercise (Ex2; P < 0.001). Rating of perceived exertion (Ex1: 12.3 ± 1.9; Ex2: 10.8 ± 2.0), heart rate (Ex1: 156 ± 23 bpm; Ex2: 145 ± 25 bpm), cost of walking (Ex1: 4.5 ± 0.9 J·m −1 ·kg −1 ; Ex2: 4.1 ± 0.7 J·m −1 ·kg −1 ), and RF EMG activity (Ex1: 0.071 ± 0.028 mV; Ex2: 0.041 ± 0.014 mV) were significantly decreased during Ex2 compared with Ex1 ( P < 0.01). RF μ was significantly greater in Ex2 (0.44 ± 0.18) compared with Ex1 (0.56 ± 0.27; P < 0.001). Conclusions The RF muscle displayed specific mechanical and nervous adaptations to repeated DW bouts as compared with VL. Moreover, the muscle adaptations conferred by the first bout of DW could have induced greater exercise efficiency, inducing lesser perceived exertion and cardiometabolic demand when the same exercise was repeated 2 wk later.
Modelling effects of inter-group contact on links between population size and cultural complexity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Human populations rely on cultural artefacts for their survival. Populations vary dramatically in the size of their tool repertoires, and the determinants of these cultural repertoire sizes have been the focus of extensive study. A prominent hypothesis, supported by computational models of cultural evolution, asserts that tool repertoire size increases with population size. However, not all empirical studies have found such a correlation, leading to a contentious and ongoing debate. As a possible resolution to this longstanding controversy, we suggest that accounting for even rare cultural migration events that allow sharing of knowledge between different-sized populations may help explain why a population’s size might not always predict its cultural repertoire size. Using an agent-based model to test assumptions about the effects of population size and connectivity on tool repertoires, we find that cultural exchange between a focal population and others, particularly with large populations, may significantly boost its tool repertoire size. Thus, two populations of identical size may have drastically different tool repertoire sizes, hinging upon their access to other groups’ knowledge. Intermittent contact between populations boosts cultural repertoire size and still allows for the development of unique tool repertoires that have limited overlap between populations.
Artemisinin Derivatives with Antimelanoma Activity Show Inhibitory Effect against Human DNA Topoisomerase 1

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Artesunic acid and artemisinin are natural substances with promiscuous anticancer activity against different types of cancer cell lines. The mechanism of action of these compounds is associated with the formation of reactive radical species by cleavage of the sesquiterpene pharmacophore endoperoxide bridge. Here we suggested topoisomerase 1 as a possible molecular target for the improvement of the anticancer activity of these compounds. In this context, we report that novel hybrid and dimer derivatives of artesunic acid and artemisinin, bearing camptothecin and SN38 as side-chain biological effectors, can inhibit growth of yeast cells overexpressing human topoisomerase 1 and its enzymatic activity in vitro. These derivatives showed also anticancer activity in melanoma cell lines higher than camptothecin and paclitaxel. In silico molecular docking calculations highlighted a common binding mode for the novel derivatives, with the sesquiterpene lactone scaffold being located near the traditional recognition site for camptothecin, while the bioactive side-chain effector laid in the camptothecin cleft.
Long‐Term Effects of the COVID‐19 Open Strategy on the Mental Health of Chinese University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background In December 2022, the Chinese government shifted its COVID‐19 prevention and control policy to full openness, leading to a widespread pandemic within a short period. This study aimed to examine the trajectories of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among Chinese university students within 1 year after the implementation of the open policy. Additionally, it investigated the influence of sleep quality, psychological resilience, and medical specialization on these psychological trajectories. Methods A cohort study was conducted among Chinese university students using stratified sampling. Follow‐up assessments were conducted at three time points: T1 (December 2022–January 2023), T2 (May–June 2023), and T3 (December 2023–January 2024). Generalized Estimating Equations were used to estimate mean differences in symptom levels over time and to examine the influence of sleep quality, psychological resilience, and medical specialization on these changes. Results At T1, a total of 2,062 university students were recruited. By T3, the follow‐up rate was 63.43%, resulting in a final analytical cohort of 1,308 participants. Among them, 769 (58.8%) were female, and 539 (41.2%) were male. The majority (54.7%, n = 716) were between 19 and 22 years old. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels were highest among Chinese university students at the beginning of the open policy and gradually decreased over the following year. Students with poor sleep quality and poor psychological resilience exhibited worsening psychological trajectories, which showed more severe and persistent symptoms. Medical and Nonmedical students consistently exhibited similar psychological trajectories. Conclusions Collectively, the present study indicated that the change of COVID‐19 prevention and control policy had more serious negative impacts on the mental health of Chinese university students than the epidemic itself. Thus, strengthening psychological treatments and psychosocial interventions for university students would be crucial in the context of a protracted infectious disease epidemic.
Exploring the impact of excluding intrahepatic segmental vessels on liver stiffness measurement and advanced fibrosis diagnosis using magnetic resonance elastography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The impact of excluding intrahepatic segmental vessels from regions of interest (ROIs) on liver stiffness measurement (LSM) via magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) remains uncertain. Purpose To determine the effect of excluding intrahepatic segmental vessels from ROIs on LSM obtained from MRE. Material and Methods This retrospective analysis included 95 participants who underwent successful two-dimensional gradient recalled-echo MRE before hepatic tumor resection (n = 49) or living liver donation (n = 46). The conventional LSM was determined by manually drawing ROIs on the elastogram within the 95% confidence region, staying 1 cm within the liver capsule and excluding large hilar vessels, the gallbladder, hepatic lesions, and artifacts. In addition, the modified LSM was determined by excluding intrahepatic segmental vessels. LSMs obtained by the two methods were compared with paired sample signed-rank test. Diagnostic performance for advanced fibrosis was calculated and compared using McNemar's test and Delong's test. The stage of hepatic fibrosis was assessed using surgical specimens by the METAVIR system. Results The modified LSM was larger than the conventional LSM (2.4 kPa vs. 2.2 kPa in reader 1; 2.7 kPa vs. 2.4 kPa in reader 2; P < 0.001). The modified LSM showed superior sensitivity (0.841 vs. 0.659 in reader 1; 0.864 vs. 0.705 in reader 2; P < 0.05) and area under the curve (0.901 vs. 0.820 in reader 1; 0.912 vs. 0.843 in reader 2; P < 0.05) for detecting advanced fibrosis (≥F3) than conventional LSM. Conclusion The exclusion of intrahepatic segmental vessels from ROIs in MRE affected the LSM and enhanced diagnostic performance for advanced fibrosis.
Temporins : activity and mechanism.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The rise of antibiotics resistance bacteria is causing a huge problem worldwide. Hence, there is a pressing need to discover new alternatives to current antibiotics. One such alternative is temporins. Temporins are an important class of short antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted from the glands of frog’s skin. These frogs live in harsh conditions and the presence of temporins indicates the importance of these peptides as part of a frog’s innate defense. Despite being the shortest AMPs found to date, temporins are not only effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal and viruses. Some temporins are even able to kill solid tumors. In addition, some temporins can synergize with each other to enhance their antimicrobial activity. Most temporins induce their antibacterial activity by forming transmembrane pores and allowing molecules to leave and enter the cell, thereby killing it. Unlike antibiotics, there is low likelihood for bacteria to develop resistance against these peptides as this will require the alteration of their membrane composition, which is a costly solution. With these benefits mentioned above, temporins can be ideal candidate as an anti-infective agent especially with the increasing rise of antibiotic resistance pathogens.
Destruction of Trypanosoma cruzi by Natural Killer Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi or stimulated with poly(inosinic ⋅ cytodylic acid) were found to possess splenic and peritoneal exudate cells with enhanced cytotoxic activity against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi . By use of specific alloantiserums it was determined that the effector cells responsible for this cytotoxic activity were typical natural killer cells.
Endosomal compartmentalization in three dimensions: Implications for membrane fusion

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Endosomes are major sorting stations in the endocytic route that send proteins and lipids to multiple destinations in the cell, including the cell surface, Golgi complex, and lysosomes. They have an intricate architecture of internal membrane structures enclosed by an outer membrane. Recycling proteins remain on the outer membrane, whereas proteins that are destined for degradation in the lysosome are sorted to the interior. Recently, a retrograde pathway was discovered whereby molecules, like MHC class II of the immune system, return from the internal structures to the outer membrane, allowing their further transport to the cell surface for T cell activation. Whether this return involves back fusion of free vesicles with the outer membrane, or occurs via the continuity of the two membrane domains, is an unanswered question. By electron tomography of cryo-immobilized cells we now demonstrate that, in multivesicular endosomes of B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, the inner membranes are free vesicles. Hence, protein transport from inner to outer membranes cannot occur laterally in the plane of the membrane, but requires fusion between the two membrane domains. This implies the existence of an intracellular machinery that mediates fusion between the exoplasmic leaflets of the membranes involved, which is opposite to regular intracellular fusion between cytoplasmic leaflets. In addition, our 3D reconstructions reveal the presence of clathrin-coated areas at the cytoplasmic face of the outer membrane, known to participate in protein sorting to the endosomal interior. Interestingly, profiles reminiscent of inward budding vesicles were often in close proximity to the coats.
Supple Figs. S1-S4 from RAD50 Expression Is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes after Radiotherapy for Resected Non–small Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure S1. Q-Q plot of NSCLC cell line radiosensitivity distribution. Supplementary Figure S2. Kaplan-Meier curve of in-field recurrence free survival in high-RAD50 and low-RAD50 tumors in all patients (Suppl. Fig. S2A) and in stage III patients (Suppl. Fig. S2B). Supplementary Figure S3. Column graph of RAD50 H-score in patients with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Supplementary Figure S4. Cell cycle distribution of H23-SAM-RAD50 and H23-SAM-Control cells, with or without radiation.</p>
Limb Development and Regeneration

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Experiments on developing and regenerating vertebrate limbs have led to the idea that pattern formation and growth control are causally linked. The mechanism by which position-specific growth occurs is termed intercalation, and evidence is presented that implicates intercalation in the initiation, maintenance and cessation of growth during limb formation. We conclude that among the variety of cell types present in limbs, only fibroblasts have been shown to possess the positional information necessary for intercalation. Hence we propose that the limb pattern is generated by intercalation between fibroblasts to give rise to a connective tissue scaffold, which in turn dictates the positioning and morphogenesis of all of the differentiated cell types of the limb. Finally, we review evidence that regenerative failure among higher vertebrates is linked to defects in the intrinsic cellular mechanisms of growth control (intercalation) and conclude that progress towards the goal of stimulating regenerative limb outgrowth in non-regenerating vertebrates will be contingent upon a better understanding of these intrinsic mechanisms.
Performance evaluation on error probabilities of coded BPSK system using the Linear (23, 12) Golay code with hard-decision decoding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Channel impairment due to the existence of noise and interference is a major problem in the communication system. To combat this problem, channel coding technique is often used. In this paper, Bit Error Rate (BER) performance is evaluated by a simulation in a MATLAB program using the linear (23,12) Golay Code with coded BPSK system for the fading channel. The performance of the coded Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is investigated. It is shown that the performance of coded signal in terms of BER is better than the uncoded signal in this study. However, the main focus is to compare the BER of linear (23,12) Golay Code using linear and cyclic code techniques with coded BPSK in hard decision. The simulation results show that the linear code has a better performance of BER compared to the cyclic code.
Developing the PEER‐U scale to measure parents' expectations, experiences and reactions to routine ultrasound examinations during pregnancy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to develop and test a specific questionnaire to measure parents' expectations, experiences and reactions in connection with routine ultrasound examinations during pregnancy. A questionnaire consisting of ultrasound specific questions was constructed in two parts, one to be used before and one after the examination. It was examined for face validity and a pilot study was then conducted with women and their partners (n=156). Explorative factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to test validity and reliability. Factor analysis gave a solution where part one measures seven dimensions of expectations before the ultrasound examination and part two five dimensions of experiences and reactions. The dimensions that measured the parents' state of mind were used to calculate an index. The index was also compared to the results of State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC). The PEER-U questionnaire was tested and showed satisfactory validity and reliability. The ultrasound state of mind index can be used to measure the impact of an ultrasound examination on the parents, before and after this takes place.
A History of California Labor Legislation. With an Introductory Sketch of the San Francisco Labor Movement. By Lucile Eaves, Associate Professor of Practical Sociology at the University of Nebraska. (Berkeley: University Press. 1910. Pp. xiv, 461.)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article A History of California Labor Legislation. With an Introductory Sketch of the San Francisco Labor Movement. By Lucile Eaves, Associate Professor of Practical Sociology at the University of Nebraska. (Berkeley: University Press. 1910. Pp. xiv, 461.) Get access A History of California Labor Legislation. With an Introductory Sketch of the San Francisco Labor Movement. By Eaves Lucile, Associate Professor of Practical Sociology at the University of Nebraska. (Berkeley: University Press. 1910. Pp. xiv, 461.) George Elliott Howard George Elliott Howard Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, January 1911, Pages 369–370, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/16.2.369 Published: 01 January 1911
Management of Congenital Aural Atresia and Microtia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microtia is commonly associated with aural atresia, which will cause cosmetic problems as well as hearing impairment. The management of microtia and aural atresia should improve the aesthetic of the external ear and enhance functional hearing. The reconstruction of the auricle can be performed with autologous rib cartilage or a porous polyethylene framework. Surgeons ideally perform the autologous costal cartilage method at 9 years old or higher considering the development of costal cartilage. For porous polyethylene microtia repair, surgical reconstruction can be performed after 5 years of age. Atresiaplasty can be performed in patients who have normal inner ear function and a well-developed middle ear. The Jahrsdoerfer grading scale is used for assessment of middle ear anatomy and scoring 7 or higher expects good results. The other options for hearing rehabilitation include bone conduction hearing devices or middle ear implants. The surgery for bone conduction devices or middle ear implants can be proposed after 5 years of age. Atresiaplasty is recommended in combination with or after autologous rib graft microtia repair and before porous polyethylene microtia repair. The implantation of the hearing devices should not interfere with auricular reconstruction. It can be performed after autologous rib graft microtia repair or combined with ear elevation.
A Non-Systolic Matrix Product Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Most parallel matrix-matrix product algorithms for MIMD architectures are systolic. These algorithms can be adapted to be used on a general purpose architecture, such as the CHiP or cube machines. When the processors already contain the matrices, the algorithm can still be used by modifying it to circulate the data as if it was being fed in from an external source. We present a non-systolic matrix product algorithm in which the data movement is not the circulation pattern of the adapted systolic algorithms. Rather, it uses technique similar to Strassen's algorithm. The running time is O(n) using n- squared processors for nxn matrices. We compare this algorithm to a systolic algorithm and give experimental results. Keywords: Wavefront array processors; XX Parallel language.
THE ROLE OF CULTURAL ASPECTS ON DISEASE TRANSMISSIONS IN HOSPITALS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Transmission of disease in hospitals is of particular concern at this time considering that this is one of the main causes of high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. One aspect that plays a role in this incident is the cultural aspect. Various cultural aspects such as habits, beliefs, traditional values, attitudes and knowledge and perceptions of hospital residents can trigger this infection. Several cultural aspects that play a role in disease transmission in the hospital include a culture of clean and healthy living habits (PHBS), a culture of visiting and gathering, a culture of shaking hands, salim and kissing the cheeks, culture due to bad mentality such as penetrating, false discipline and irresponsibility. and the traditions of people who are susceptible to infection with germs. Cultural aspects can also be applied to anticipate disease transmission in hospitals such as health promotion in hospitals, clean culture, optimization of work culture and the application of local wisdom, such as song beduda titinin, arousal of financial actions, fatigue and embarrassment of goloh duri and Tat twam Asi.