jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Medicine, Morals and Mental Deficiency: the contribution of doctors to the development of special education in England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many people with mental handicaps live in hospitals as if they were sick and their difficulties were the result of disease. Doctors, then, have a great deal of power to direct their lives, especially if an impairment is apparent from birth. Growing demands for the re-integration of people with disabilities into the community, into ordinary educational provisions and into more open employment, reflect a critical questioning of this medical model of handicap. Yet the understanding of social problems in pathological terms is by no means restricted to medical practitioners: medical ideas are widespread in education. John Quicke, an educational psychologist, has recently canvassed the views of a large number of local authority psychologists and found that: The notion of handicap and its physical and biological connotations that emerged as a dominant concept in the rationale of special education made it possible to conceive of those children with special needs as a relatively fixed group of individual 'bodies'... Educational difficulties were therefore attached to a separate group of children objectively different from the rest [1]. Two aspects of this view strike me particularly: first, that educational difficulties are seen as recognisable symptoms which characterise the 'sufferers' in a sealed compartment and second, that children with special needs are mindless. The medical model of handicap becomes a vehicle to fill with personal values, popular prejudices and professional vested interests, passengers whose season-tickets have still not expired. The influence of doctors in special education can be illuminated by tracing their early involvement in state-funded provisions for children with physical and mental impairments. Doctors defined and classified disabilities; their categories became the non-educational basis for educational legislation and provision; they assessed the children referred for separate schooling; they inspected the special schools; they frequently dictated the curriculum, time-table and teaching methods, and they drafted educational policy documents as School Medical Officers within the Board of Education.
Developing e-government in reforming Romania

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the reasons for citizens to still pay tribute to traditional methods of service delivery instead of those new electronic ways like e-Tax, e-Vote, e-Market, e-Procurement, etc. Existing studies of e-government concentrate on the supply-side by focusing on the availability and level of sophistication of online services and usage but there is also a problem of citizens acceptance, of citizens level of knowledge when comes to ITC, focusing in the evolution of ITC in Romania and how this may affect the absorption of the new electronic services delivered to citizens by the government.
Cascading effects of host plant inbreeding on the larval growth, muscle molecular composition, and flight capacity of an adult herbivorous insect

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary A primary function of adult winged insects is dispersal. Limiting larval dietary intake (partial starvation) has been shown to affect the flight muscle metabolism of adult moths reared on artificial diet, but a more ecologically relevant question is whether natural variation in host plant quality can lead to differences in the flight capacity of adult insects. Recent studies have shown that inbreeding compromises plant antiherbivore defences. We created inbred and outbred progeny from locally collected horsenettle ( Solanum carolinense L.) and examined how host plant inbreeding affects the growth, development, and flight muscle physiology of tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta L.), a specialist herbivore on Solanaceae. We tested the hypothesis that within population genetic variation in host plant quality, resulting from inbreeding, can create significant changes to the larval development and flight physiology of an adult insect. We found that Manduca larvae reared on inbred horsenettle plants grew faster and developed into larger pupae compared to larvae reared on outbred plants. Adult flight metabolic rate was greater in adults reared on inbred plants compared to outbred plants, and this elevation was independent of body mass when we excluded one plant family that produced small, low metabolic rate moths regardless of breeding regime. Differences in mass‐specific flight metabolism were associated with changes in alternative splicing of troponin t, a flight muscle protein that regulates muscle contraction. These results show that host plant inbreeding can create effects that cascade through larval and pupal development to affect dispersal‐related traits of the adult stage. Hence, plant inbreeding may also impact herbivore population dynamics, particularly their ability to spread away from, and possibly into, isolated patches of inbred plants creating increased herbivore pressure on these plant populations. More generally, our findings reveal that changes in population biology at one trophic level can affect the metabolic physiology and flight capacity of an animal at a higher trophic level.
The normal organization of the lateral posterior nucleus of the golden hamster

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract As a first step in analyzing the influence of various afferent projections on the development of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus, its normal organization was studied using both light and electron microscopic techniques. Rostrolateral, rostromedial, and caudal subdivisions were identified. The rostrolateral subdivision receives dense projections from the ipsilateral superior colliculus and posterior neocortex, as well as sparser, more restricted projections from the contralateral colliculus and retina. The ipsilateral colliculus is by far the major source of medium‐sized (M)terminals with round vesicles. These terminals synapse around the shafts of large central dendrites to form distinctive synaptic clusters. The contralateral colliculus and retina contribute a few M‐terminals to the clusters. In contrast, axons from the posterior neocortex form very large (RL‐)terminals with round vesicles from the posterior neocortex form very large (RL)terminals with round vesicles which synapse onto numerous appendages of a single proximal dendrite, are surrounded by glial lamellae, and rarely participate in the clusters. Axons from all four sources also form small (RS)terminals with round vesicles which synapse on the shafts of small dendrites. Finally, F‐terminals with flat or pleomorphic vesicles form symmetric synaptic contacts both within and outside the clusters. The only identified projection to the rostromedial subdivision is from the ipsilateral posterior neocortex, which contributes RL‐ and RS‐ terminals. F‐terminals are also found, but neither M‐terminals nor synaptic clusters are present. The caudal subdivision also receives RL‐ and RS‐terminals from the ipsilateral posterior neocortex. Small inputs from the ipsilateral and contralateral colliculi are present, but their axons form only RS‐terminals. No M‐terminals or synaptic clusters are found. These results indicate that a large neonatal superior colliculus lesion would eliminate the vast majority of the M‐terminals in the synaptic clusters of the ipsilateral lateral posterior nucleus. In subsequent studies (Crain and Hall, '80 a, b, c), we will examine how the remaining inputs from the retina, contralateral superior colliculus, and posterior neocortex contribute to the synaptic organization when it develops after such a lesion.
Patients’ perception of the outpatient pharmaceutical service quality in hospital pharmacies with auditable pharmaceutical transactions and services in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To ensure the availability of quality pharmaceutical products and effective pharmaceutical services, a package of interventions named auditable pharmaceutical transactions and services (APTS), was implemented in the tertiary and secondary hospitals across Ethiopia since 2014. This study aimed to evaluate outpatients’ perception of pharmaceutical service quality in hospitals with APTS in Ethiopia. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Seven hospitals of Tigray, Ethiopia. Participants 794 patients coming for pharmaceutical services. Main outcome measures SERVQUAL instrument was employed to collect the patient’s perception of pharmaceutical services. The mean perception score of pharmaceutical service quality was the main outcome measurement. Results Out of 810 patients approached, 794 participated in the study (response rate of 98.02%). Overall, the mean perception score of the service quality was 3.1 of 5. Among the five dimensions of SERVQUAL, dimension of empathy achieved the highest result with a mean score of 3.71, and tangibility was the second (3.19), followed by responsiveness (3.08), assurance (2.87) and reliability (2.81). The perception of patients in tertiary hospitals of service quality was more positive compared with patients in secondary hospitals (3.265>3.011, p=0.04). However, the difference was only significant in the dimension of assurance when considering the five dimensions separately. Respondents who were older, widowed, illiterate, farmer, retired or Orthodox were found to have better quality service experience compared with others (p=0.001). Conclusion Generally, outpatients’ perception of pharmaceutical service quality was positive. However, two dimensions of the service quality (assurance and reliability) were negatively perceived. To improve the service quality, we recommended the following: (1) managers should provide more training for pharmacists to strengthen their professional knowledge and encourage them to cooperate with other professionals; (2) the government needs to develop guidelines on information provided to patients and train the pharmacists to follow them; (3) hospitals can apply various procurement methods and efficient inventory management methods.
Comprehensive analysis of spherical bubble oscillations and shock wave emission in laser-induced cavitation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The dynamics of spherical laser-induced cavitation bubbles in water is investigated by plasma photography, time-resolved shadowgraphs, and single-shot probe beam scattering enabling to portray the transition from initial nonlinear to late linear oscillations. The frequency of late oscillations yields the bubble's gas content. Simulations with the Gilmore model using plasma size as input and oscillation times as fit parameter provide insights into experimentally not accessible bubble parameters and shock wave emission. The model is extended by a term covering the initial shock-driven acceleration of the bubble wall, an automated method determining shock front position and pressure decay, and an energy balance for the partitioning of absorbed laser energy into vaporization, bubble and shock wave energy, and dissipation through viscosity and condensation. These tools are used for analysing a scattering signal covering 102 oscillation cycles. The bubble was produced by a plasma with 1550 K average temperature and had 36 $μ$m maximum radius. Predicted bubble wall velocities during expansion agree well with experimental data. Upon first collapse, most energy was stored in the compressed liquid around the bubble and then radiated away acoustically. The collapsed bubble contained more vapour than gas, and its pressure was 13.5 GPa. The pressure of the rebound shock wave initially decayed $\propto r^{-1.8}$, and energy dissipation at the shock front heated liquid near the bubble wall above the superheat limit. The shock-induced temperature rise reduces damping during late bubble oscillations. Bubble dynamics changes significantly for small bubbles with less than 10 $μ$m radius.
Home interactions of high and low antisocial male alcoholics and their families.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although expectations regarding generational differences across groups were confirmed, findings regarding the two alcoholism subgroups were opposite to expectations; that is, we had hypothesized that high antisocial alcoholics and their families would exhibit more overtly disruptive behavior than low antisocial alcoholics and their families. The interpretation and implication of these findings were discussed in terms of the importance and impact of the observational setting: in particular, that the home setting may allow for certain family coping strategies (e.g., disengagement) more so than a task-structured, laboratory setting.
Cardiovascular Risk, Risk Knowledge, and Related Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Individuals with diabetes must be informed about cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which is the most important cause of mortality of diabetes, and the interventions should be planned according to their risk status. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular risk, risk knowledge, and related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 188 participants were included in this descriptive study. Data were collected using Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire (HDFQ) and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Calculator. Spearman test and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Participants did not have sufficient knowledge related to CVD risk factors, and they were in the moderate CVD risk group. CVD risk was lower in subjects with high level of knowledge regarding CVD risk and lower duration of diabetes. Our findings highlight the need for interventions related to CVD, which can reduce its risk. These interventions can be specifically targeted at individuals with advanced age, a long duration of diabetes, low education level, and decreased metabolic control.
Epigenetic Alterations in DCIS Progression: What Can lncRNAs Teach Us?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Some transcripts that are not translated into proteins can be encoded by the mammalian genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that can function as decoys, scaffolds, and enhancer RNAs and can regulate other molecules, including microRNAs. Therefore, it is essential that we obtain a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs. In cancer, lncRNAs function through several mechanisms, including important biological pathways, and the abnormal expression of lncRNAs contributes to breast cancer (BC) initiation and progression. BC is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide and has a high mortality rate. Genetic and epigenetic alterations that can be regulated by lncRNAs may be related to early events of BC progression. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive BC that is considered an important preinvasive BC early event because it can progress to invasive BC. Therefore, the identification of predictive biomarkers of DCIS-invasive BC progression has become increasingly important in an attempt to optimize the treatment and quality of life of patients. In this context, this review will address the current knowledge about the role of lncRNAs in DCIS and their potential contribution to the progression of DCIS to invasive BC.
Neacanista Gressitt 1940

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Neacanista Gressitt, 1940 Neacanista Gressitt, 1940: 182; Gressitt 1951: 518.— Breuning 1978: 39.— Nakamura, Makihara & Saito 1992: 95.— Hua, Nara & Yu 1993: 285.— Löbl & Smetana 2010: 210.— Lin 2014: 128. Type species: Neacanista tuberculipenne Gressitt, 1940. Hoploranomimus Breuning, 1959: 87. syn. nov..— Breuning 1960: 18.— Breuning 1978: 48.— Löbl & Smetana 2010: 209. Type species: Acanthocinus harmandi Pic, 1939. Paracanthocinus Breuning, 1965a: 52. syn. nov..— Rondon & Breuning 1970: 497, 508.— Breuning 1978: 41.— Hua, Nara & Yu 1993: 286.— Löbl & Smetana 2010: 210. Type species: Paracanthocinus laosensis Breuning, 1965a. The genera Hoploranomimus and Paracanthocinus have been synonymized with Neacanista based on following characters: 1) head distinctly narrower than prothorax, frons with a narrow and mesial line extending from the base of clypeus up to the apical margin of the pronotum, lower lobes of eyes longer than genae; 2) antennae slender, distinctly longer than body; 3) pronotum transverse, with a tubercle at each side; disc punctured, with a pair of tubercles at sides of middle; procoxal cavities closed posteriorly; 4) elytra elongate, distinctly broader than prothorax at base, gradually narrow from near apical 1/3, truncated and notched apically, marginal angles processed outwards, sutural angles rounded; disc punctured and longitudinally ridged, with a pair of tubercles at base and near scutellum, with a pair of bumps behind the tubercles; 5) mesocoxal cavities closed externally to mesepimera; 6) femora strongly clavate, mesofemora and metafemora pedunculate at basal 1/2, mesotibia with an oblique external preapical groove. Distribution. Bhutan; China; Laos; Thailand. Remarks. Gressitt (1940) mentioned the differences between Neacanista and Acanista Pascoe, 1864 in the original description. Actually, Neacanista is more similar to Trichorondonia Breuning, 1965b, but differs from Trichorondonia by antennomeres I-VIII not fringed with long hairs beneath, and mesotibia with an oblique external groove near apex.
Comparison of Validation Results Obtained by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Agricultural Products

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the field of food analysis and regulation, different instruments are used to determine the accuracy of quantification values. This is essential, as inconsistencies in values are commonly encountered. To visualize the degree of these discrepancies in each food matrix, we compiled a validation study based on a routine method developed in our laboratory, for 121 pesticides in six agricultural products, namely the grapefruit, potato, paprika, cabbage, spinach, and brown rice. These were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, and the results were compared mainly on the basis of trueness. According to the results of the validation study when using GC-MS/MS, of the 121 pesticides tested in each product class, the number of analytes that satisfied the criteria of the Japanese validation guidelines was 97 in grapefruit, 111 in potato, 110 in paprika, 118 in cabbage, 111 in spinach, and 63 in brown rice. In contrast, in the analysis of the same samples by using LC-MS/MS, the number of analytes that satisfied the criteria of the validation guidelines was 50 in grapefruit, 114 in potato, 103 in paprika, 112 in cabbage, 100 in spinach, and 103 in brown rice. Inconsistences in the differences of trueness were mainly attributed to matrix effects of each instrument, as well as to food matrices, of which the most diverged matrix was that of brown rice (over 20%).
Effects of TNF-α on corticosteroid synthesis of mouse adrenal cortex cell lines Y1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) on the synthesis of corticosteroid of mouse adrenal cortex cell lines Y1(Y1 cells) and the key gene StAR.Methods The Y1 cells were treated with 50 U/ml TNF-α or/and 10-9mol/L ACTH during different times.Trypan blue coloring method was used to ensure the cell population.Corticosteroid synthesis level of the cells was determined by radioimmunoassay.The change of steroid acute regulatory protein-related gene(StAR) was tested by RT-PCR.Results After treated with 50 U/ml TNF-α and 10-9mol/L ACTH during different times,synthesis of corticosteroid of Y1 cells had notably reduced (P0.05),and StAR mRNA expression was significantly lowered.However,solitary TNF-α did not significantly inhibit the synthesis of corticosteroid and StAR mRNA expression of Y1 cells.ACTH alone could increase the synthesis of corticosteroid and StAR mRNA expression of Y1 cells significantly.Conclusion When associated with ACTH,TNF-α can inhibit the synthesis of corticosteroid by depressing StAR expression.TNF-α alone could not inhibit the synthesis of corticosteroid,but ACTH could increase the expression.
The Phenomenology of Spirit

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Phenomenology of Spirit (Phenomenology; PhS) is at once one of the strangest and most fascinating of philosophical works. Its uniqueness has much to do with the union of two philosophical capabilities that do not always fall together in a single work or philosopher: a genuinely sympathetic philosophical imagination for what the experience of various “forms of life” – Hegel's word is “shapes of consciousness” – might be like (the “phenomenological” side of Hegel's project) and a speculative rigour concerned with what would be required for the enterprise of philosophy to become in a genuine way “science” (and hence for a critique of all the modes of finite knowledge that lead to what Hegel will call “absolute knowing”).
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of S355J2W+N Weathering Steel Welded Joints

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

S355J2W+N weat hering steel is the main material producing high-speed bogie frame.By using tensile,bending,impact,hardness and metallographic test methods,the mechanical properties and microstructures of S355J2W+N weathering steel welded joint were studied.Results show that,the joints of S355J2W+N weathering steel with wire G42 4 G3Si1 have fine strength,flexural properties and low-temperature mechanical properties.The microstructure in welded seam mainly contains pro-eutectoid ferrite appearing along the grain boundaries,acicular ferrite and pearlite appearing within the grains,and some granular bainite distribute at certain locations;microstructure in the heat-affected zone mainly contains pro-eutectoid ferrite,acicular ferrite,a little pearlite and bainite,the base metal contains ferrite and pearlite.
Spectroscopic Observation and Modeling of Photonic Modes in CeO2 Nanostructures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Photonic modes in dielectric nanostructures, e.g., wide gap semiconductor like CeO2 (ceria), have the potential for various applications such as information transmission and sensing technology. To fully understand the properties of such phenomenon at the nanoscale, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope was employed to detect and explore photonic modes in well-defined ceria nanocubes. To facilitate the interpretation of the observations, EELS simulations were performed with finite-element methods. The simulations allow the electric and magnetic field distributions associated with different modes to be determined. A simple analytical eigenfunction model was also used to estimate the energy of the photonic modes. In addition, by comparing various spectra taken at different location relative to the cube, the effect of the surrounding environment on the modes could be sensed. This work gives a high-resolution description of the photonic modes' properties in nanostructures, while demonstrating the advantage of EELS in characterizing optical phenomena locally.