jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Morphological variation of Libyan carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Carob tree Ceratonia siliqua L., is an evergreen endemic species found naturally in El-Jabal El-Akhdar region which is located immediately south of the coastal belt in the northeastern region of Libya. Morphological characteristics have been the main descriptive tool to characterize a given collection or germplasm, or to identify and differentiate wild type populations. Eighteen carob population were collected from six different sites in El-Jabal El-Akhdar area. Seven characters on discriminative pods were measured: the length, width, thickness, number of seeds, weight of pulp, and yield as well as one character to seeds: the weight seeds. The present study showed that the choice of pod characters to assess Libyan carob diversity is a useful and powerful tool. The means and standard deviations of morphometric characters measured in Libyan carob showed highly significant differences among the studied populations for all the examined characteristics. Differences in morphometric traits of carob pods and seeds among Libyan carob populations are primarily caused by genetic factors. The pod size of Libyan carob is considered to be the medium size (10.89 – 17.55cm).
Bipolar Supernova Explosions: Nucleosynthesis & Implication on Abundances in Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Hydrodynamics and explosive nucleosynthesis in bipolar supernova explosions are examined to account for some peculiar properties of hypernovae as well as peculiar abundance patterns of metal-poor stars. The explosion is supposed to be driven by bipolar jets which are powered by accretion onto a central remnant. We explore the features of the explosions with varying progenitors' masses and jet properties. The outcomes are different from conventional spherical models. (1) In the bipolar models, Fe-rich materials are ejected at high velocities along the jet axis, while O-rich materials occupy the central region whose density becomes very high as a consequence of continuous accretion from the side. This configuration can explain some peculiar features in the light curves and the nebular spectra of hypernovae. (2) Production of $^{56}$Ni tends to be smaller than in spherical thermal bomb models. To account for a large amount of $^{56}$Ni observed in hypernovae, the jets should be initiated when the compact remnant mass is still smaller than $2-3\msun$, or the jets should be very massive and slow. (3) Ejected isotopes are distributed as follows in order of decreasing velocities: $^{64}$Zn, $^{59}$Co, $^{56}$Fe, $^{44}$Ti, and $^{4}$He at the highest velocities, $^{55}$Mn, $^{52}$Cr, $^{32}$S, and $^{28}$Si at the intermediate velocities, and $^{24}$Mg, $^{16}$O at the lowest velocities. (4) The abundance ratios (Zn, Co)/Fe are enhanced while the ratios (Mn, Cr)/Fe are suppressed. This can account for the abundance pattern of extremely metal-poor stars. These agreements between the models and observations suggest that hypernovae are driven by bipolar jets and have significantly contributed to the early Galactic chemical evolution.
Studies on Carcinostatic Substances. XL. Application of Cell Counting Method to the Screening of Antitumor Substances using the in vitro-cultured Yoshida Sarcoma Cells.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A new method of screening of antitumor compounds employing Yoshida sarcoma cell suspension cultured in vitro was presented. Evaluation of the antitumor effect was carried out by determination of cytomorphological change and inhibition of cell proliferation by cell counting.
Neuroevolution based multi-objective algorithm for gene selection and microarray classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Microarrays allow the expression level analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously; thus, it is a common technique used for cancer detection and diagnosis. However, existing microarray datasets have huge data dimension and class imbalance, therefore, it is important to find relevant genes that accurately set classes apart and allow building more reliable classification models. A multi-objective algorithm is proposed to evolve artificial neural networks' topology and connection weights for microarray classification by minimizing the number of selected genes and the cross-entropy loss. The algorithm is based on the evolutionary multi-objective algorithm SMS-EMOA along with the genetic encoding and the crossover and mutation operators from the neuroevolution algorithms NEAT/N3O. Moreover, a speciation algorithm was implemented to protect the diversity of the selected features within the solutions. To test the algorithm performance, open datasets were used, most of them were gathered from the Curated Microarray Database (CuMiDa). The algorithm performance was measured by the geometric mean, the number of selected features, and the population hypervolume, and it was compared against N3O on microarray binary classification problems with competitive results. Furthermore, the results were investigated for statistical significance and show that the novel algorithm has a promising performance on the problem at hand.
Fundamentals of Ground Combat System Ballistic Vulnerability/Lethality

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While the focus of this book is on ground combat system vulnerability, many of the principles, methodologies, and tools discussed are also applicable to the air and sea system communities. The book begins by introducing the basic language, history, and uses of Vulnerability and Lethality (V/L) analysis, then discusses elements of the V/L analysis process, including the Missions and Means Framework (MMF), initial representations and damage mechanisms, component and personnel dysfunction, target response, and tactical utility. Vulnerability assessment and measures of effectiveness, including mission effectiveness, fault trees, degraded states, and networked systems is followed by V/L modeling and simulation, including empirical/semi-empirical, phenomenological, engineering, system, and force-level modeling; geometric representation; computer environments; and, verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A). V/L application topics such as system acquisition, system life cycle, vulnerability reduction, and tactics and doctrine complete the book. The book is further enhanced with appendices covering such topics as the characterization of penetrating fragments and behind-armor debris (BAD), details on estimating component probability of damage, a case study of an actual VV&A implementation, and more recent developments and applications of the MMF. The complexity of the material has been kept to a modest level to be understandable to those who are entering the discipline as well as to serve as a handy reference for those who regularly practice these disciplines. An attempt has been made not only to share those areas where significant progress has been made but also to identify those areas where methodology is weak or currently nonexistent.
An Artificial Diet for Rearing the Salt Marsh Caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), with Notes on the Biology of the Species12

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Between 1964 and 1965, 12 generations of salt marsh caterpillars, Estigmene acrea (Drury), were successfully reared at Riverside, California, on a semisynthetic diet. Of the criteria measured, the percentage pupation and fertility and the number of eggs laid were the most variable; little difference was noted in sex ratio, pupal weights, percentage emergence, or number of adult deformities. A cup and a tray method for rearing the insect are described. The biology of reproduction of adults was also investigated. Mating behavior appears to be complex and is variable between given pairs of moths.
Expression of a dopamine D2 receptor-activated K+ channel on identified striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

One view of the efferent circuitry of the basal ganglia holds that dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are segregated to striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, respectively. The present studies investigated whether functional D2-like receptors are, in fact, restricted to striatopallidal neurons. Single, freshly dissociated cells from rat striatum were identified as either striatonigral or striatopallidal projection neurons by fluorescence retrograde labeling. By using cell-attached patch-clamp recordings, neurons of each efferent group were evaluated for the presence of a D2-like receptor-activated 85-pS K+ channel as a measure of receptor function. We now report the presence of this D2 receptor-mediated response on both striatal efferent populations, but we observed an approximately 2-fold higher likelihood of encountering the channel on pallidal- versus nigral-projecting neurons. The channel’s conductance properties appeared identical in both groups of neurons, but there was a significantly greater open probability for channels detected on striatopallidal neurons. These results indicate that functional D2 receptors are not segregated to striatopallidal neurons, but may be expressed in a higher proportion of, or at a higher density and/or efficiency of coupling on, pallidal- versus nigral-projecting striatal efferents.
The Sale of FX Aircraft to Taiwan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : In the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979, Congress mandated: The United States will make available to Taiwan such defense articles and defense services in such quantity as may be necessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability. Within the context of this commitment and concern about the reaction of the People's Republic of China (PRC), The Reagan administration on Januaryt 11, 1982 announced its decision to deny the Nationalist Government's request for aircraft superior to the F-5E Tiger because no military need for such aircraft exits. Instead, the United States granted permission to the Northrop Corporation to extend its ten-year agreement with Taiwan beyond 1983 for continued coproduction of the F-5E.
Should Hypopharynx Cancer Continue to be Included in “Multi-Head and Neck” Trials within the RTOG?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose/Objective(s): It is becoming increasingly evident that the behavior of cancers from different subsites of the head and neck varies greatly despite similar histologic appearance. As current head and neck trials are focusing more on a risk-based approach, it is unclear into which trials patients with hypopharyngeal primaries (HP) should be included. Thus, we undertook to examine whether patients with HP perform as well as oropharyngeal primaries (OP) in the definitive setting and whether HP perform as well as larynx primaries (LX) in the post-operative setting in the multi-institutional setting. American Society for Therapeutic Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) 52nd Annual Meeting October 31 - November 4, San Diego, CA
Accurate Estimation of Low Fundamental Frequencies From Real-Valued Measurements

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the difficult problem of estimating low fundamental frequencies from real-valued measurements is addressed. The methods commonly employed do not take the phenomena encountered in this scenario into account and thus fail to deliver accurate estimates. The reason for this is that they employ asymptotic approximations that are violated when the harmonics are not well-separated in frequency, something that happens when the observed signal is real-valued and the fundamental frequency is low. To mitigate this, we analyze the problem and present some exact fundamental frequency estimators that are aimed at solving this problem. These esti- mators are based on the principles of nonlinear least-squares, harmonic fitting, optimal filtering, subspace orthogonality, and shift-invariance, and they all reduce to already published methods for a high number of observations. In experiments, the methods are compared and the increased accuracy obtained by avoiding asymptotic approximations is demonstrated.
Assessment of Perceptions of Shareholders Towards the Benefits of Investing in Shares: the Case of Awash International Bank S.C.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The main focus of this paper is assessing the perception of shareholders towards the benefits of investing in shares. A questionnaire was answered by 86 respondents in Awash International Bank S.C. The sample of this study is relatively heterogeneous, which allows the researcher to have an overview of the perceptions and behavioral tendencies of a variety of shareholder groups in setting objectives, risk-taking, and in understanding the benefits of investing in shares. The majority of shareholders have long-term objectives and in general high risk taking tendencies were observed. In risk- taking, there is a significant difference between gender and among age categories. The findings suggest that the shareholders have inadequate knowledge of the benefits to be realized in relation to investing in shares. The problem spreads across a broad spectrum of shareholders of various categories, both genders, and different academic disciplines. Consistent with previous studies, the results have shown that female shareholders are less knowledgeable about the benefits than male shareholders; non-business majors are less knowledgeable than business majors, and institutional shareholders have better understanding than either individual or joint shareholders. The differences between these groups are statistically significant. The secondary data analysis also supports the hypotheses constructed. On the other hand, the corporate governance practices of the bank in protecting the rights of shareholders are collectively encouraging. Generally, the findings suggest that low awareness levels of the benefits of investing in shares exist among shareholders and the issue needs to be addressed
Appendix B. The Rare Traces Of Constructional Procedures In "Practical Geometries"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the field of the history of Mediterranean naval architecture, the end of antiquity to the beginning of the Early Middle Ages corresponds to a period of profound changes. In a first part, the principal characteristics of naval architecture are recounted, on the basis of archaeological facts. A particular regard bears on the determinant role held by transverse carpentry, as much from the theoretical point of view as practical. In the second part the manner in which the mediaeval written sources testify to this privileged function of the transverse carpentry is examined. In the third part, the fashion in which one word particularly revealing of this vocabulary of mediaeval shipbuilding is found in that of terrestrial architecture of the same period is considered. Keywords: mediaeval written source; Mediterranean naval architecture; terrestrial architecture; transverse carpentry
Socio-demographic variables for child immunisation among Khatik population of Delhi

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: In India, the Expanded Programme on Immunization was introduced in 1978 and renamed the Universal Immunization Programme in 1985 with the intention of immunising at least 85% of newborns. To improve infant mortality and health outcomes in India and other low and middle income countries, it is critical to understand the local immunisation barriers. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted amongst the Khatik population of North East Delhi. All childbearing women were included in the study, and data from 387 mothers was collected. Results: The illiteracy rate amongst women (18.3%) was found to be higher compared to that amongst men (7.1%). A high proportion of the children were immunised (98.7%). The results of the chisquare test revealed that the influence of socio demographic variables was not statistically associated, with the immunisation status of the children ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: However, it was also evaluated that both mothers and fathers with high and intermediate school levels of education were more likely to immunise their child compared to those who were illiterate, and with primary and middle levels of education. Increasing mothers’ knowledge could help to reduce the number of children who are not immunised.
Soft-x-ray investigation of Mg and Al oxides: Evidence for atomic and bandlike features

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Soft-x-ray emission (SXE) and soft-x-ray absorption (SXA) are used to investigate the electronic structure of \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, anodized ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, MgO, and ${\mathrm{MgAl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. It is found that both SXE and SXA are sensitive to the crystal phase, suggesting their use as a structural probe. Comparison of the Al ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$ SXE of \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the Mg ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$ SXE of MgO with local-density-approximation (LDA) density-of-states calculations shows that the agreement is good, and suggests that the final-state rule is valid for the SXE of these oxides. On the other hand, comparisons show that results of the SXA and LDA calculations are not in good agreement. A model based on atomiclike excitations explains a portion of the MgO SXA spectrum well. Evidence which suggests that the remaining features are due to band structure is given.
Differential Gene Expression in Explanted Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells 12-Hours Post-Exposure to 532 nm, 120 ps Pulsed Laser Light

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The use of laser light for military and commercial applications has sharply increased the likelihood of personnel exposure to laser light during operations. The increased potential for human exposure highlights the fact that there is paucity of basic science at the cell and molecular level concerning the effects of laser exposure of human cells. We assessed the sublethal insult to human retinal pigment epithelial cells using a cadaver organ donor explant system for genes differentially expressed 12 hours post-exposure using gene expression microarray technology (gene chip). The 64 pulses of 532 nm light, 107 mJ per square centimeter appeared to induce the cells into cessation of cell cycling. Notably several key genes involved in protein degradation, the inflammatory response, translation initiation, DNA metabolism (repair/replication) and a remarkable percentage of genes involved in ribosomal/translational machinery reconstruction were significantly up-regulationed (37% of the first 100 genes) and also indicate that the ribosome may be the primary chromophore for damage in this exposure regime. Genes up-regulated an order of magnitude are involved in prevention of oxidative damage (thioredoxin, 15 fold; glutathione metabolism, 8 fold) Up-regulated genes involved in the elimination of denatured proteins provided strong evidence for oxygen-related damage (hypoxia and/or ROS.)
Similarity of the Effect of Different Dissolved Gases on Heavy-Oil Viscosity

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Summary An analysis of viscosity data for mixtures of different gases dissolved in three different heavy oils and bitumens revealed that, at the same molar concentrations and at the same pressure, each of these gases reduced the oil-phase viscosity by almost the same amount. Because the gases that were examined included both hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons, it was concluded that this behavior could be generalized to include most of the gases encountered in, or injected into, heavy-oil and bitumen reservoirs. This principle was discovered in the new results of a study on two heavy oils. These oils were mixed with methane or carbon dioxide or propane to achieve vapor/liquid equilibrium at various pressures. When the measured oil-phase viscosities were adjusted to the same pressure without further change to their compositions, and were subsequently plotted against gas concentration in mole percentage, all the values fell on approximately the same curve. The same behavior was subsequently observed in gas/bitumen data that had been published previously by other authors. Although it can be reasoned that the adjusted viscosities must begin to diverge at high concentrations when different gases are used, the differences were not experimentally discernable even at dissolved-gas concentrations as high as 60 mol%. The effect was the same when more than one dissolved gas was present. The application of this uniformity principle is expected to make it easier to compare the costs of using different solvent gases to reduce the viscosity of heavy oils and bitumens during enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) operations.
Inhibitory effect of Weipixiao on apoptosis,the expression of regulating protein Caspase-3 and P_(53) in gastric mucous epithelial cells in chronic atrophic gastritis rats with spleen deficiency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To explore the molecular mechanism of Weipixiao(WPX),a traditional Chinese medicine compound recipe,with the process method of invigorating the spleen and removing blood stasis and toxic substance(JPHYJD): It invigorates the spleen and remove blood stasis and toxic substance, on prevention and treating chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG),to further intervene the occurring of gastric cancer.Methods: The model of CAG rats with syndrome of spleen deficiency was established by N-methyl-N′nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)and irregular fasting combined with purgative drugs;the influence of WPX on apoptosis,the expression of regulating proteins Caspase-3 and P53 in gastric mucous epithelial cells was observed using TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL)technique and immunohistochemical stain.Results: The apoptosis,the expression of Caspase3 and P53 in the cells of the model group were fortified than those of normal group(P0.01);but decreased in the three dose groups of WPX(P0.01).Conclusion: The mechanism of JPHYJD-WPX may be related to down-regulating of the expression of regulating proteins Caspase-3 and P53, and thus decreasing the abnormal activity of apoptosis in the gastric mucous epithelial cells.
Title: High dimensional multiclass classification with applications to cancer diagnosis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Probabilistic classifiers are introduced and it is shown that the only regular linear probabilistic classifier with convex risk is multinomial regression. Penalized empirical risk minimization is introduced and used to construct supervised learning methods for probabilistic classifiers. A sparse group lasso penalized approach to high dimensional multinomial classification is presented. On different real data examples it is found that this approach clearly outperforms multinomial lasso in terms of error rate and features included in the model. An efficient coordinate descent algorithm is developed and the convergence is established. This algorithm is implemented in the msgl R package. Examples of high dimensional multiclass problems are studied, in particular examples of multiclass classification based on gene expression measurements. One such example is the – clinically important – problem of identifying the primary tumor site of lever metastases, this particular problem is studied in detail. In order to adjust for the lever contamination found in biopsies of metastases a computational contamination model is develop. The contamination model is presented in a domain adaption framework and a simulation based domain adaption strategy is presented. It is shown that the presented computational contamination approach