jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Defense of Yogacara Buddhism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There have been many discussions in India, where Yogacara originated, and elsewhere. Inevitably it was misrepresented and the misrepresentation repeated and copied. Now, this situation is much more complicated than would first appear. In India there was a practice starting from the Veda of memorizing texts by repetition and transmitting them orally. Much later in the A.D. period there was a writing down of such scriptures, and then a copying of them. The Buddhists transmitted their scriptures in a comparable manner, and the written-down canon was also copied. Such scriptures-whether Hindu or Buddhist-are regarded by the respective groups as conveying truth. Therefore, we cannot argue against copying itself. Clearly, it is what is copied that concerns us now, namely, whether or not there are misrepresentations. Then, as concerns 'misrepresentations', it could be asked: What is wrong with them? Well, some are good-natured and some are rather venomous. In general there is a great range of such, extending from speculations and guesses to downright lies, that are repeated and copied. In the case of misrepresentations of the Yogacara, I accept them as usually of the good-natured kind, whether it be a type of refutation in a Hindu commentary, or by a Buddhist opponent of the Yogacara. An important illustration of the Hindu type of refutation comes from the commentaries on the Brahmasutras, where the author, say Sarkara, can write in terms of the system itself, setting forth its tenets, or attempts to express certain tenets, while distorting an opposing system.1 These Hindu systems and their rival systems were established by geniuses or otherwise brilliant persons. It might have been thought better that these rival systems not be presented correctly, or followers might get confused, wondering if their own system was indeed better, or whether a certain tenet being refuted was not really identical with a tenet of their own system. Therefore, when the Buddhist system supposedly being refuted in such a Hindu commentary can reasonably be identified with a sort of Yogacara position, it seems fair to conclude that it is a good-natured type of refutation-one necessary for a successful commentary. Perhaps the same judgment could be rendered for the quarreling between the Hindu logic school and the Buddhist logicians, which at least in modern times is acknowledged to have sharpened the arguments on both sides, so that when Buddhism left India around A.D. 1200, the Hindu logic school began to stagnate for lack of intelligent opposition. I interpret also the Madhyamika Buddhist refutation of the Yogacara philosophical position to be a good-natured type-probably more an exercise in discourse, with the premise that some tenets can be expounded Professor Emeritus of Sanskrit at Columbia University
The Clathrin Adaptor AP-1 and Type II Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase are Required for Glue Granule Biogenesis in Drosophila

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Regulated secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes and other biologically active molecules requires formation of secretory granules. However, the molecular machinery required for secretory granule biogenesis is incompletely understood. I used powerful genetic approaches available in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the factors required for biogenesis of mucin-containing âglue granules,â which form within epithelial cells of the third-instar larval salivary gland. I discovered that clathrin and the clathrin adaptor protein complex (AP-1), as well the enzyme type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KII), are indispensable for glue granule biogenesis.\nClathrin and AP-1 are necessary for maturation of exocrine, endocrine and neuroendocrine secretory granules in mammalian cells. I found that Drosophila clathrin and AP-1 colocalize at the TGN and that clathrin recruitment requires AP-1. I further showed that clathrin and AP-1 colocalize with secretory cargo at the TGN and on glue granules. Finally, I demonstrated that loss of clathrin or AP-1 leads to a profound block in secretory granule biogenesis. These findings establish a novel role for AP-1/clathrin-dependent trafficking in the formation of mucin-containing secretory granules.\nType II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KII) generates the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) at the trans-Golgi network and is required to recruit cargo to endosomes in mammalian cells. I generated null mutations in the sole Drosophila PI4KII and demonstrated a role for PI4KII in both glue granule and pigment granule biogenesis. PI4KII mutant salivary gland cells exhibit small glue granules and mislocalize glue protein to abnormally large late endosomes. Additionally, PI4KII mutants exhibit altered distribution of the granule specific SNARE, SNAP-24. These data point to a crucial role for PI4KII in sorting of regulated secretory products during granule biogenesis. Together, my results indicate that the larval salivary gland is a valuable system for investigating molecular mechanisms involved in secretory granule biogenesis, and provide a framework for future studies using this system.
In Pursuit of Constructive Communication: Designing Tools to Support Development of Constructive Communication Metrics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Toxic polarization on social media as well as growing intensity of in-person civic debates have sparked a renewed energy within civic communication spaces to design healthy venues for deliberation and discourse in the public sphere. Emerging work explores how we might define, measure, and evaluate constructiveness of communication, and through practice, it is clear that apart from the topic and style of contribution, how participants engage in relationship to one another is key. Do they build upon what others have said, offer new ideas, impact other's contributions? With such complexity is an opportunity ripe for design intervention and exploration. In this paper, we present our conversation visualization tool to support our development of constructive communication metrics. We explore responsivity between participants as a measure of constructive communication, and discuss implications of exploring relationship in metrics and visualization of conversation.
One-Step Syntheses of Tetrapyrido[2,3-a:3',2'-c:2'',3''-h:3'', 2'' '-j] Phenazine and Dibenzo[a:c](Dipyrido[2,3-h:2',3'-j]) Phenazine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The one-step syntheses of two fully aromatic planar bis-terdentate bridging ligands are described. Notes Even in the shortest back-to-back bis-terpyridine 2,3,5,6-(2′-pyridyl)-pyrazine, steric repulsions between the 3′ hydrogen atoms of the pyridine rings prevent full planarity of the ligand.
DRASTIC Modeling for Vulnerability Assessment Using ArcGIS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper uses DRASTIC Model to evaluate vulnerability impact on aquifers from nitrate contamination. The contamination occurs due to fertilizer application in agricultural areas in central States of United States. This nonpoint source pollution problem can be effectively analyzed using the DRASTIC Model integrated on an ArcGIS platform. This research presents an example of analysis in Enid region in Oklahoma for nitrate contamination. The results are validated with observed data of high nitrates in Enid area for 2004–05. The methodology is versatile and can be applied to aquifers anywhere in the US or around the world.
Toward Portable Artificial Kidneys: The Role of Advanced Microfluidics and Membrane Technologies in Implantable Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Globally, around 2.6 million people receive renal replacement therapy (RRT), and a further 4.9-9.7 million people need, but do not have access to, RRT [1]. The next generation RRT devices will certainly be in demand due to the increasing occurrence of diabetes, atherosclerosis and the growing population of older citizens. This review provides a comprehensive, yet concise overview of the cleared and remaining hurdles in the development of artificial kidneys to move beyond traditional dialysis technology-the current baseline of renal failure treatment. It compares and contrasts the state-of-the-art in 'cell-based' and 'non-cell-based' approaches. Based on this study, a new engineering perspective on the future of artificial kidneys is described. This review suggests that stem-cell-based artificial kidneys represent a long-term, complete solution but it can take years of development due to the limitations of current cell seeding technology, viability and complicated behaviour control. Alternatively, there is much potential for near- and medium- term solutions with the development of non-cell-based wearable and implantable devices to support current therapies. Based on recent fundamental advances in microfluidics, membranes and related research, it may be possible to integrate these technologies to enable implantable artificial kidneys (iAK) in the near future.
Essays in empirical macro-finance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Do financial intermediaries influence firms’ (real and financial) outcomes? Are there interactions with monetary and macroprudential policy? This thesis tackles those questions from multiple perspectives. The first chapter asks whether monetary policy shocks alter the maturity structure of US corporate debt. I find that looser monetary conditions lengthen non-financial firms’ debt maturity, especially among very big corporations and driven by increased risk-taking by bond-market investors. The second and third chapter analyze the effects of prudential capital controls on corporate debt and real outcomes, looking at the recent experience of Colombia. Capital controls are shown to reduce corporate debt during a boom - either directly, or indirectly, i.e. by amplifying the contractionary effects of higher policy rates on banks’ credit supply - thereby improving firm performance during the bust.
Sonographic Findings of a Semi-Professional Football Player with 1st MTP Joint Pain: Gout or Turf Toe?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose\nAim : To review the applications and indications of sonography for forefoot disorders, especially gout and plantar plate injury of 1st MTP joint.\nIntroduction Forefoot disorders are common but forefoot ultrasound is underutilized. Point-of-Care Ultrasound was utilized in initial workup evaluating acute on chronic 1st MTP joint pain in our case study.
1947: The UN Plan of Partition for Palestine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter revisits UN General Assembly resolution 181(II) recommending the partition of Palestine. It undertakes critical international legal analysis of the resolution with reference to the work of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine whose report formed the basis of the resolution. Contrary to the traditional historiography, this chapter posits that the resolution was neither procedurally ultra vires the General Assembly, nor were its terms substantively consistent with prevailing international law as regards self-determination of peoples. Set against the larger context of the international legal status of Palestine from WWI to the end of the British Mandate, this chapter argues that resolution 181(II) was the opening act in the reification of Palestine’s legal subalternity within the newly minted UN system. It demonstrates that the resolution was an embodiment, in legal terms, of the lingering tension between the rule by law of late-European empire and the ostensible rule of law of the post-WWII era. It also shows that the resolution helped hasten the dissolution of Palestine and the dispersal of its people, the consequences of which remain with us today.
Metamaterial-based nanobiosensors, nanophotodetectors and perfect absorbers (Conference Presentation)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this talk, we will present metamaterial based nanobiosensors, nanophotodetectors and perfect absorbers. Our results show that a plasmonic structure can be successfully applied to bio-sensing applications and extended to the detection of specific bacteria species. A highly tunable design for obtaining double resonance substrates to be used in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy will also be presented. Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering experiments are conducted to compare the enhancements obtained from double resonance substrates to those obtained from single resonance gold truncated nano-cones. We will present a UV plasmonic antenna integrated metal semiconductor metal (MSM) photodetector based on GaN. We designed and fabricated Al grating structures. Well defined plasmonic resonances are measured in the reflectance spectra. Optimized grating structure integrated photodetectors exhibit more than eight-fold photocurrent enhancement. We also demonstrate a facile, lithography free, and large scale compatible fabrication route to fabricate ultra-broadband wide angle perfect absorber based on metal-insulator-metal-insulator (MIMI) stack design. 600 nm band-width (400 nm – 1000 nm) is attained utilizing this planar design. This design is later improved by introduction of non-uniform texturing and employing disordered nano hole plasmonic patterns where the overall process is large scale compatible and lithography free. Our findings show that the optimized design can retain light absorption above 90% over a wide range wavelength of 400 nm – 1490 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this bandwidth is the highest among other reported studies that employ such multilayer architectures.
Oncogenes and onco-suppressor gene in adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

While the activation of the proto-oncogenes has been implicated in the development and progression of cancer of many tissues, the role of oncogenes in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma has not been defined. Fifteen patients who had undergone resection for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and 15 who had undergone oesophagectomy or biopsy for Barrett's oesophagus were studied. The latter patients also had adjacent normal gastric mucosa biopsied for comparison with the metaplastic oesophageal mucosa. The mucosal samples were snap frozen and subsequently stained with monoclonal antibodies to the following oncogene associated proteins; c-erbB2 (neu and CE-1) (external domain), c-erbB2 (NCL-CB11) (internal domain), c-src, c-ras, c-myc, c-fos, c-jun, and the onco-suppressor gene--p53. All tumours were well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas arising from the lower third of the oesophagus. Eleven specimens showed strong membraneous staining with both c-erbB2 (neu) and c-erbB2 (CBL-CB11). Seven specimens showed strong nuclear staining with p53 onco-suppressor gene. Three specimens were positive for c-ras and c-src, and two were positive for c-jun. In Barrett's epithelium, nine specimens were positive for c-erbB2 (neu and CB11), three were positive for c-src, two were positive for c-ras and c-jun, and one was positive for c-fos. Two of the gastric mucosal biopsy specimens expressed c-erbB2 weakly but no other oncogenes were found. The frequency of positive staining for c-erbB2 is very high, compared with the expression of these genes in other tumours. It is also concluded that errors in the onco-suppressor gene p53, and especially in the external and internal domains of c-erbB2, which is also often expressed in Barrett's mucosa, may be implicated in the development of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus.
Forward to the Past: Wolves in the Northern Rockies and the Future of ESA Politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As the 30th birthday of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) passes and the act moves toward middle age, it is possible to discern a new generation of ESA-related issues. One of these is the management of the small number of species that have recovered or will recover to the point where they can be delisted. The delisting of some species raises two important questions that are the focus of this article. First, how will the delisting of species affect the relationship between state governments and the federal government? Second, how will state efforts to manage delisted species seek a balance between utilitarian and ecological values? This article examines the planned delisting of the gray wolf in the northern Rocky Mountains and three state management plans (Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming). It argues that the compromises entailed in these management plans suggest a sense of the future direction of the politics of species conservation.
Growing a Creative Preneure Through the Living Museum at Vocational School of PPN Lembang

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Problems that occur in SMK PPN Lembang.as a result of students' lack of understanding of historical awareness in the surrounding environment even though the role of history is closely correlated with historical agriculture.The lack of hours of history subjects at the SMK level makes it difficult for teachers to step into many things in connecting a material because it is required to complete learning.Given the urgency of implementing history subjects as an educative-constructive process, there needs to be a creative learning innovation.The focus of article writing introduces the concept of living museum as a solution idea in increasing the capability of students to innovate to produce quality agricultural products and have economic value.The research approach used is qualitative with research subjects all students of class X SMK PPN Lembang.The data collected in this article through observation, literature study, and interviews.The results show that students have understood the concept of living museum marked by the growth of the entrepreneurial spirit in each individual who is productive in producing agro-industrial products.Moreover, SMK PPN Lembang facilitates students to market their products by establishing a cafe called Gloriosis Kafe so that students are more enthusiastic in doing business in agriculture according to their expertise.The results show that students have understood the concept of living museum marked by the growth of the entrepreneurial spirit in each individual who is productive in producing agro-industrial products.Moreover, SMK PPN Lembang facilitates students to market their products by establishing a cafe called Gloriosis Kafe so that students are more enthusiastic in doing business in agriculture according to their expertise.The results show that students have understood the concept of living museum marked by the growth of the entrepreneurial spirit in each individual who is productive in producing agro-industrial products.Moreover, SMK PPN Lembang facilitates students to market their products by establishing a cafe called Gloriosis Kafe so that students are more enthusiastic in doing business in agriculture according to their expertise.
Simian virus 40 gene A function and maintenance of transformation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Transformants have been isolated after infection of rat embryo cells at 33 C with either wild-type simian virus 40 or with the temperature-sensitive gene A mutants, tsA7 and tsA28. Examination of properties usually associated with transformation such as growth in 1% serum, growth rate, saturation density, and morphology show that these properties are temperature dependent in the tsA transformants characterized, but are not temperature dependent in the wild-type transformants that have been examined. In the most thoroughly characterized tsA transformants the expression of T antigen also appears to be temperature dependent. These data suggest that an active A function is required for the maintenance of transformation in these cells. In the lytic cycle, the A function is involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis. Thus transformation by simian virus 40 may be the direct consequence of the introduction of the simian virus 40 replicon and the presence of its DNA initiator function, which causes the cell to express a transformed phenotype.
“Twin” phosphorous atoms of tetraethyl 2‐methyl‐piperyd‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Recently, bisaminophosphonates found applications as therapeutic agents for curing bone disorders. When trying to relate the structures of substituted piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic with their biological properties, non‐typical findings that in 31 P NMR spectra of 2‐methyl‐piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic and 2‐ethyl‐piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic acids, two separate singlets from each of the phosphonic groups were observed, while their analogues bearing substituent in position 3 exhibit only one signal. Their presence was explained by freezing of the molecular motions by strong hydrogen bonding between NH and P = O atoms. In this work, synthesis as well as spectroscopic and theoretical investigations of the tetraethyl esters of 2‐methyl‐piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic in its racemic and enatiomerically pure forms are reported. Their 31 P NMR spectra revealed two sets of dublets, which indicate the presence of two non‐equivalent phosphorous atoms. More detailed NMR and theoretical studies indicated that the nonequivalent phosphorous signals in 31 P NMR spectra may results from the absence of C 2 symmetry of the molecule along with the presence of large ester groups blocking the internal molecular motion around C—N bond, and thus blocking the interchange of ring conformation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:774–781, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20349
Who’s It? Acting the Actress in Shakespearean Comedy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Comedy was the mainstay of the Shakespearean stage, which constantly adapted roles, methods, and plot elements from the Italians, who performed and disseminated both scripted and improvised plays. Using Italian sources about the playing and materials of star actresses, this chapter tracks their imprint in the roles of Bianca in The Taming of the Shrew, Julia in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Beatrice in Much Ado about Nothing, Viola in Twelfth Night, and Helena in All’s Well that Ends Well. Each bears a distinctive comic profile with un-English female traits—such as improvisatory wit, Latin learning, violent passions, delight in acting, and showy poeticism—in ways that stress alien theatricality, agency, and glamour. Some aspects satirize racialized traits, for example Catholic deviousness, Sicilian violence, and Italianate “sexual strangeness.”