jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On the multinucleate state in the early stage of the ontogeny in the flowering plants. (A preliminary note).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. In the early stage of development the gametophyte, especially the female gametophyte, of flowering plants passes through a multinucleate stage without exception. Non-appearance of the multinucleate stage in the male gametophyte must be due to the suppression of the development of the early stage of the gametophyte generation. In the embryo formation in the gymnosperm plants and the endosperm formation in the angiosperm plants the multinucleate stage also precedes the uninucleate stage. These data show us the common presence of the genes concerning this character in these plants. The common occurrence of the genes in such a large group of plants can not be considered as due to the appearance of these genes in a later stage in their phylogeny, but is more adequate to consider that the genes were inherited through common ancestral form, of these plants : The regression of the multinucleate stage in the development of the female gametophyte in the flowering plants, from the systematically primitive forms. to the recent ones suggests that the multinucleate stage were probably more developed among ancestral groups.2. The gametophyte of the flowering plants is of multinucleate and of aquatic type, while the sporophyte is of uninucleate and. of terestorial type. But in their ancestral forms these two generations would have been alike, namely both were aquatic having longer anterior multinucleate, stage and rather shorter uninucleate posterior stage in their lives. In the phylogenetically later stage, in the gametophyte the anterior multinucleate stage is maintained while the posterior uninucleate stage is abridged mostly. On the contrary in the Sporophyte the anterior multinucleate stage is abridged while the posterior uninucleate stage is developed vigorously and highly differentiated; moreover the root formation a most important, and a unique mutant character has appeared in this group. By the development of the root the plant got the capacity of obtaining numerous new materials from the soil, and became possible to grow vigorously as land plant.3. The parasitic condition of the sporophyte in the early stage of embryo development on the gametophyte had a role for obtaining the terestorial habit of the sporophyte. On the other hand the vigorous growth of the sporophyte on the soil should have led the parasitic habit of the gametophyte on the sporophyte.4. The multinucleate condition is regarded as the original structure of the protoplast in which the differentiation of uninucleate condition has subsequently been established.
The nitroalkane anomaly - solvent dependence

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe nitroalkane anomaly - solvent dependenceJ. R. Keeffe, J. Morey, C. A. Palmer, and J. C. LeeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 5, 1295–1297Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00499a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00499a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views172Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The 2008 HMDA Data: The Mortgage Market during a Turbulent Year

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The data that mortgage lending institutions reported for 2008 under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (HMDA) reflect the ongoing difficulties in the housing and mortgage markets. This article presents a number of key findings from a review of the 2008 HMDA data. In particular, it documents a reduction in lending activity that was experienced by all groups of borrowers, highlights the Federal Housing Administration&amp;amp;#x27;s greatly expanded role in the mortgage market, and examines how atypical changes in the interest rate environment affected the incidence of reported higher-priced lending in 2008 relative to earlier years.
Modules whose quotients have finite Goldie dimension

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

If M is a module and M is a submodule of M, then N is irreducible in M if N cannot be written as a proper intersection of two submodules of M. The purpose of this note is to study modules whose submodules can be written as a finite intersection of irreducible submodules.Such modules are characterized by the fact that their quotients all have finite Goldie dimension, so they are called q.f.d.modules.The main result is: A module M is q.f.d.if and only if every submodule N has a finitely generated submodule T such that N/T has no maximal submodules.Because T is finitely generated this generalizes a theorem of Shock (using his ideas), who showed a q.f.d.module M having the property that every subquotient of M has a maximal submodule must be noetherian (and conversely, of course).
Degradable and Printed Microstrip Line for Chipless Temperature and Humidity Sensing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Research on chipless and passive architectures for environmental sensing is generating high interest because they do not require any semiconductor components or batteries to operate, thus resulting in an eco‐friendlier footprint. This study demonstrates a printed microstrip line with multiple resonators using biodegradable materials to continuously monitor temperature and relative humidity (RH). Constructed with a paper substrate and printed zinc conductive lines, and encapsulated with beeswax to protect against the interference of humidity, the microstrip line integrates spiral‐shaped resonators. One resonator operates at 1.2 GHz for temperature sensing, while another, coated with konjac glucomannan serves for relative humidity sensing at 2 GHz. The multi‐resonating features allow for a simultaneous assessment of temperature and humidity. The microstrip line displays a linear sensitivity to temperature of −1.35 MHz °C −1 and a non‐linear relative humidity sensitivity ranging between −0.8 and −8 MHz/%RH from 30% to 70% RH. Its degradation in a lab‐made compost for 70 days shows the removal of the transducing layer in 7 days and degradation of the cellulosic substrate starting after 5 weeks. The developed environmental sensing devices are notably promising for future applications in smart packaging and the tracking of goods aiming at the minimization of electronic waste.
Industrial integration and value creation: a three-sector production function approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The extension of agricultural industry to manufacturing and service industry is the development direction of the rural industrial integration. Empirical evidence demonstrates that industrial chain extension and reinforcement significantly enhance value creation. This research examines how industrial integration influences the value-added processes of the industrial chain, focusing on agricultural industry transformation. We discuss the industrial integration and its impact on value creation using a combination of theoretical and empirical methods. We develop a three-sector production function by extending the classical two-sector function. Empirical analysis verified the consistency with the theoretical model from both Chinese data and international experiences. The results represent that the integration model, planting structure, and factor productivity have elastic effects on the industrial chain’s value creation. ①The agricultural industry exerts a significant spillover effect on the manufacturing industry, and the manufacturing industry, in turn, has a markedly substantial spillover effect on the service industry. ②Factors marginal productivity in the agricultural and manufacturing industries is higher than that of the service industry. ③The integration model, the planting structure, and the quality of input factors exert significant external impacts on the industrial chain’s value creation. ④There are structural contradictions and regional imbalances in industrial integration. These findings suggest that optimizing the structure of agricultural production, promoting manufacturing, and fostering technological progress can create industrial chain value and support high-quality industrial development.
Effect of Perforation Methods on Fracture Propagation in Gelatin‐Based Matrices

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources has positioned hydraulic fracturing as a pivotal technology in shale oil extraction, where understanding fracture propagation mechanisms is critical for reservoir stimulation optimization. This study employs gelatin‐based visualized experiments to systematically investigate the effects of perforation modes, flow rates, fluid volumes, and bedding conditions. Experimental results reveal that reducing the number of perforations increases fracture initiation pressure (12%), and adjusting perforation density within clusters modifies initiation locations without fully resolving propagation heterogeneity. Elevated flow rates significantly reduce initiation pressure (40%) and systematically shift fracture origins from the wellbore heel to the toe. Nonlinear correlations between fluid volume and fracture propagation area suggest the mutual influence between injection pressure and boundary constraints. In layered heterogeneous models, higher flow rates enhance interfacial crossing capabilities, and a complex fracture behavior often corresponds to more intricate pressure curves. These findings provide experimental validation for perforation strategy optimization and fracture geometry control in unconventional reservoir stimulation.
Epicentral influence via agent‐based modelling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract One limitation of corpus‐based research into the epicentre hypothesis is that it only provides information on structural similarity/difference of varieties but not on the role that attitudes may play in the choice of variants in a pluricentric language. In our case study on verb complementation patterns, we use simulation as a complementary methodology. We build an agent‐based model for two speaker communities with English as a second language (ESL) which allows for attitudes towards American and British English to affect the choice of verb complementation. This approach enables us to gauge the likely effect that attitudes towards potential epicentres might have on the choice of variants and to predict patterns of variation we should see in language use. We provide preliminary data from the News On the Web corpus to test whether the predictions are, in fact, borne out.
Development of geopolymer binders

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The scale of consumption of raw materials is large, and to a greater extent, it is the building materials industry that has a detrimental effect on the environment, thereby disturbing the pristine appearance and landscape of nature. Production volumes of Portland cement clinker have exceeded the mark of 5 billion tons per year. But the key dilemma lies in the emission of greenhouse gases, because during the high-temperature processing of raw materials to produce clinker, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are released into the atmosphere. At the same time, slag-alkali and geopolymer binders can be considered as an alternative to resource-intensive Portland cement; they have found practical application in many developed countries of the world. A large backlog of research has allowed the authors of the work to model materials of both technogenic and natural origin “technogenic reaction powder – natural component – alkaline activator” in one binder system. Microanalysis confirmed the effectiveness of the integrated use of sodium silicofluoride and finely dispersed bentonite additives in the binder system, which had a beneficial effect on the pore structure of the stone and the properties of the cement stone. Using a properly designed binder composition “aspiration dust – finely dispersed bentonite – sodium silicofluoride – alkaline binder”, it is possible to obtain high-quality and durable composites with a low carbon footprint, thereby solving many environmental problems.
Intertrait relationship and path analysis in potato

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Twenty six genotypes of potato were evaluated for knowing correlation and path coefficient for yield and its contributing characters during Kharief 2008 at the Experimental Farm of Division of Olericulture, SKUAST-K, Shalimar. Studies on genotypic and phenotypic correlations revealed positive and significant correlation of tuber yield/plant with number of stems/hill, leaf area, plant height, plant spread, number of stolons/plant, stolon length, number of tubers/plant, average tuber weight, yield/ha. The average tuber weight exerted highest positive direct effect on tuber yield/plant followed by number of tubers/plant, stolon length and plant height suggesting that these traits were the strongest forces influencing tuber yield in potato.
[Hypothyroid iodine deficiency struma in 2 siblings as a sequela of alternative nutrition].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two siblings aged 4 and 7 years presented with a goitre and growth retardation. Laboratory data revealed hypothyroidism with elevated TSH, low T4 und T3, and a decreased urinary iodine excretion. Both children suffered from neurodermitis and because of that for already two years on a vegetarian diet free of any milk products; their nutrition contained sufficient calories but not enough iodine or vitamin B.
Letters to the Editor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Letters to the Editor: Caffeine consumption and symptoms Get access BRENDA J MORRISON BRENDA J MORRISON Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, V6T 1W5, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 14, Issue 3, September 1985, Page 484, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/14.3.484 Published: 01 September 1985
The Double Movement of Immovable Property Rights in Papua New Guinea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of many countries around the world where the relationship between customary land tenure and economic development has been hotly debated for a long time. A commonplace of the debate in PNG is that 97% of the nation's land is held under customary tenure, while only 3% has been alienated, and these proportions have not changed since the country became independent in 1975. This paper shows that the boundary between customary and alienated forms of land or immovable property was already showing signs of instability in the late colonial period, and this instability has been greatly magnified in the post-colonial period. The areas of land subject to some form of partial alienation have increased along with the ways and means by which immovable property has been 'mobilised', while a variety of customary claims to previously alienated areas have grown stronger over the same period. Although Karl Polanyi's idea of a 'double movement' can throw some light on this phenomenon, the PNG case also reveals a new side to the application of this concept.
Collective Self-Determination, Institutions of Justice, and Wars of National Defence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wars of national self-defence are often thought to be legitimate and are often argued for through an analogy with individual violent self-defensive action. Although this analogy is superficially plausible, it has been subject to critical scrutiny by David Rodin. This chapter pursues a line of argument about national defence initially suggested by Rodin, who argues that it is difficult to justify wars unless we give an irreducible role to collective actors. This chapter is motivated by noting that warfare involves an assault on a high value of international society, i.e. individual human rights. How can this be justified? Why is it permissible to kill the innocent in order to defend a political interest? In order to approach an answer to this question, it is necessary to provide an account of what goods are embedded in political communities and therefore worth defending.
Modulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation and Glucose Uptake by Oxytocin in Adipocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Oxytocin (OT) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide synthesized and secreted by OT neurons. In addition to its conventional role in reproductive physiology, central OT also regulates various social behaviors, such as care, trust, and emotions. Central and subcutaneous OT infusions stimulate lipid metabolism in mice and rats when fed standard or high fat diets. Mice lacking the OT receptor (OTR) or OT peptide develop late-onset obesity with greater fat pad weights, larger adipocyte size and elevated plasma levels of leptin. To study the effects of OT on lipid metabolism, we examined the effects of serial OT doses (0, 10, 30, 100, 150, 300 nM) on 3T3L1 adipocytes, together with long (144 hours, 6 days) and short (24 hours, 1 day) term treatments. The short-term treatment with 150 nM OT increased triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation and decreased mRNA expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT-1α) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). After long-term incubation with 150 nM OT, only the CPT-1α mRNA was decreased. In differentiated adipocytes derived from pig adipose tissue stem cells, only hormone sensitive lipase mRNA was decreased after short- or long-term treatment with OT. To obtain further insight into the underlying mechanism of OT induction, we tested the involvement of the AKT/PKB pathway; however, AKT phosphorylation was decreased after treatment with 150 nM OT, suggesting that OT effects may be independent from the AKT/PKB pathway. Taken together, OT effects on adipocyte glucose and lipid metabolism are probably through mechanisms other than the AKT/PKB pathway.
Indian media professionals’ perspectives regarding the role of media in suicide prevention and receptiveness to media guidelines: a qualitative study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives Crime reports of suicide incidents routinely feature in the Indian mass media, with minimal coverage of suicide as a broader public health issue. To supplement our recently published content analysis study, we undertook qualitative interviews to examine media professionals' perspectives and experiences in relation to media reporting of suicide-related news in India. Design and setting In 2017–2018, we undertook semistructured qualitative interviews with media professionals with experience reporting on suicide-related news. A semistructured interview guide was designed to initiate discussions around their perspectives and experiences in relation to reporting on suicide. Interviews were digitally audio-recorded and transcribed, and a deductive and inductive approach to thematic analysis was used. Participants Twenty-eight interviews were undertaken with media professionals in Delhi, Chandigarh and Chennai. Results A clear role for media in suicide prevention framed around educating and informing the public was articulated by several participants and a majority of participants also reported concerns and anecdotal accounts that their reporting may negatively influence vulnerable people in the population. Nonetheless, a fatalistic attitude towards suicide was evident among several participants including dismissing or minimising concerns around imitation suicides. Several participants also expressed doubts around the quality of suicide helplines in India and were hesitant to add such contact details to their reports. Participants were largely very receptive to the idea of developing voluntary media guidelines for the Indian context, although doubts were raised around compliance unless additional initiatives were taken to engage media professionals at the highest levels. Conclusions Our findings reveal the perspectives of media professionals operating in the Indian context and can be used to support constructive partnerships between media professionals and suicide prevention experts. There is a clear need for a genuine and sustained partnership between suicide prevention experts and media professionals at all levels.
On Marine Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Notwithstanding the very few experience we have in construction and operations of LNG carriers throughout the world, recently, there is a remarkable tendency to rapidly increase the ship's size only from a view point to improve the; economical feasibility in transportation cost.The writer is afraid that this concept will not satisfy the expectation for a scale merit but rather lead to concentration of risks, whereas the LNG tank has a fatal restriction in unit tank volume due to technical problems, both in the case of the self-supporting type or the membrane type, and this boundary is quite different from the case of conventional oil tankers.
Infantile Refsum Disease: A Rare Case

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders are a group of rare genetic disorders due to impairment in one or more peroxisomal function. Infantile Refsum disease (IRD) is a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder caused by a defect in phytanic acid metabolism. We report the case of a 6-year-old boy who presented with developmental delay, ataxia, hypotonia, areflexia, vision and hearing impairment, dysmorphism, and hepatomegaly. His plasma very long chain fatty acids analysis revealed increased levels of phytanic acid, pristanic acid, and higher ratios of C24/22 and C26/22 than the normal. This confirmed the diagnosis of IRD in our case. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed progressive white matter changes involving cerebral white matter, cerebellar white matter, and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, along with progressive corticocerebellar atrophy which have been infrequently described in the literature. Owing to the rarity of cases of IRD being reported especially from India, and the peculiar imaging findings, we wish to report this case.
Shampooing and Shampoos

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The word ‘shampoo’ is derived from the Hindustani word champo, which means to press or rub. Shampooing is the act of pressing or rubbing. To shampoo is to wash, cleanse or remove all
dirt

dust

grease

lacquer

setting aids

other matter
from the surface of the hair and skin by the process of shampooing or hair washing. This is important for the preparation of the hair for hairdressing techniques and processes, e.g. grease left on the hair may prevent a colouring product, or a wave lotion, from acting.