jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of ATOMI system for road database updating from aerial film, ADS40, Ikonos and Quickbird orthoimagery

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Automated road extraction from images has drawn considerable attention for decades due to the need for the efficient acquisition and updating of road data for geodatabases. The development of new digital aerial sensors and high-resolution satellite sensors signifies a revolutionary change in image acquisition and the possibility of fully digital processing from image acquisition to the generation of value-added products for various applications. At ETH Zurich in cooperation with and funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo), we have developed an operational system for the automated extraction of 3D road networks from imagery that integrates the processing of colour image data and existing digital spatial databases. The system focuses on rural areas, can use stereo or orthoimages and can determine 3D road axes, and other road attributes if the roads have a minimum width of ca. 3 pixels. If no road database exists, it can be generated from scratch, using manual measurement of characteristic road seed points. The system has been extensively tested, mainly by swisstopo, on areas with diverse terrain relief and landcover types using different resolution stereo and orthoimages with good results. Tests have also been performed using ADS40, IKONOS and Quickbird data. This paper reports on the performance evaluation of the ATOMI system using different sensor data in two varying test sites. The test results were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using accurate reference data. Visual analysis and quantitative measures of accuracy, correctness and completeness are presented, with typical completeness and correctness values of over 90% and planimetric accuracy of 0.4 m to 1 m. The advantages and disadvantages using different sensor data for road network updating are also discussed.
Shared and unique prototype features of relationship quality concepts and their roles in romantic relationship functioning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

People continually make evaluations of their own and other people’s romantic relationships using various terms of relationship quality. Although relationship quality has been examined intensely among relationship researchers, existing theories have different views on what constitutes relationship quality (e.g., Rusbult, 1980; Sternberg, 1986). In five studies, I used a prototype approach to identify core features of relationship quality which are important for relationship functioning. I proposed that these core features are shared across relationship quality concepts (i.e., commitment, intimacy, love, passion, satisfaction, trust, and relationship quality; Fletcher, Simpson, & Thomas, 2000). Thus, I examined how shared and unique features of relationship quality concepts play a role in romantic relationship functioning. In Study 1, university students listed characteristics of each of the relationship quality concepts. These lists showed both shared features across concepts (e.g., caring, honesty, loyalty, and good communication) and unique features for each concept. In Study 2, another group of university students and a community sample rated how central each feature is to a corresponding concept. The results indicated that shared features were rated as more central to each of the concepts than the unique features. In Study 3, university students rated how important each feature is for good relationship functioning. Overall, as predicted, shared features were rated as more important for relationship functioning than unique features. I recorded reaction times in Study 4 as an implicit measure of judgments about whether shared and unique features were good indicators of relationship functioning. Participants made judgments on shared features more quickly than on unique features. Finally, Study 5 examined how the presence of these prototype features would be related to people’s evaluation of their ongoing romantic relationships. The presence of shared features and unique prototypical features predicted positive relationship evaluation more strongly than the presence of unique non-prototypical features. Overall, the results of these five studies support the idea that there are core characteristics of relationship quality across concepts (i.e., shared features). The current research makes contributions to the area of relationship research by identifying important aspects in evaluating the quality of romantic relationships.
Time-resolved x-ray crystallography capture of a slow reaction tetrahydrofolate intermediate

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Time-resolved crystallography is a powerful technique to elucidate molecular mechanisms at both spatial (angstroms) and temporal (picoseconds to seconds) resolutions. We recently discovered an unusually slow reaction at room temperature that occurs on the order of days: the in crystalline reverse oxidative decay of the chemically labile (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate in complex with its producing enzyme Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. Here, we report the critical analysis of a representative dataset at an intermediate reaction time point. A quinonoid-like intermediate state lying between tetrahydrofolate and dihydrofolate features a near coplanar geometry of the bicyclic pterin moiety, and a tetrahedral sp3 C6 geometry is proposed based on the apparent mFo-DFc omit electron densities of the ligand. The presence of this intermediate is strongly supported by Bayesian difference refinement. Isomorphous Fo-Fo difference map and multi-state refinement analyses suggest the presence of end-state ligand populations as well, although the putative intermediate state is likely the most populated. A similar quinonoid intermediate previously proposed to transiently exist during the oxidation of tetrahydrofolate was confirmed by polarography and UV-vis spectroscopy to be relatively stable in the oxidation of its close analog tetrahydropterin. We postulate that the constraints on the ligand imposed by the interactions with the protein environment might be the origin of the slow reaction observed by time-resolved crystallography.
Writing and Revising Questionnaire Design Guidelines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper will focus on establishment survey questionnaire design guidelines. More specifically, it will discuss the process involved in transitioning a set of guidelines written for a broad, survey methodological audience to a more narrow, agency-specific audience of survey managers and analysts. The process involved the work of a team comprised of individuals from across the Census Bureau’s Economic Directorate, working in a cooperative and collaborative manner. The team decided what needed to be added, modified, and deleted from the broad starting point, and determined how much of the theory and experimental evidence found in the literature was necessary to include in the guidelines. In addition to discussing the process, the paper will also describe the end result: a set of questionnaire design guidelines for the Economic
iscre ti e

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract- The discrete (finite) Gabor scheme is generalized by incorporating multiwindows. Two approaches are presented for the analysis of the multiwindow scheme: the signal domain approach and the Zak transform domain approach. Issues related to undersampling, critical sampling, and oversampling are considered. The analysis is based on the concept of frames and on generalized (Moore-Penrose) inverses. The approach based on representing the frame operator as a matrix-valued function is far less demanding from a computational complexity viewpoint than a straightforward matrix algebra in various operations such as the computation of the dual frame. DFT-based algorithms, including complexity analysis, are presented for the calculation of the expansion coefficients and for the reconstruction of the signal in both signal and transform domains. The scheme is further generalized and incorporates kernels other than the complex exponential. Representations other than those based on the dual frame and nonrectangular sampling of the combined space are considered as well. An example that illustrates the advantages of the multiwindow scheme over the single-window scheme is presented. I.
Synthesis of Tailed Metalloporphyrins Modified with 2‐Chloronicotinic Acid and Interactions with Human Serum Albumin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two kinds of free‐base tailed porphyrins modified with 2‐chloronicotinic acid and the corresponding Zn porphyrins have been synthesized. They have been characterized by elemental analysis and NMR , UV /Vis, fluorescence spectra, and infrared spectroscopies. Their configurations have been optimized through theoretical calculations. The fluorescence quantum yields were determined by a comparative method. The interactions between the Zn porphyrins and human serum albumin have been studied by means of fluorescence spectra. The experimental results showed that the interaction mechanism involved a combined fluorescence quenching process (static and dynamic quenching) and that the main driving force was hydrophobic in nature. Quenching constants, binding constants, thermodynamic parameters, and binding distances have been determined.
The Journalistic and Philosophic Observation of Men in Hemingway’s 1930s Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Brief discussion of To Have and Have Not, Death in the Afternoon, and Green Hills of Africa, connecting all three to Hemingway’s growing despair over the corruption and destruction of his favorite places and people. Sees the dangers of modernism and change as ultimately leading to the loss of self, which is reflected in the author’s works of the 1930s.
A Domain Specific Modeling Approach for Coordinating User-Centric Communication Services

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Rapid advances in electronic communication devices and technologies have resulted in a shift in the way communication applications are being developed. These new development strategies provide abstract views of the underlying communication technologies and lead to the so-called user-centric communication applications. One user-centric communication (UCC) initiative is the Communication Virtual Machine (CVM) technology, which uses the Communication Modeling Language (CML) for modeling communication services and the CVM for realizing these services. In communication-intensive domains such as telemedicine and disaster management, there is an increasing need for user-centric communication applications that are domain-specific and that support the dynamic coordination of communication services commonly found in collaborative communication scenarios. However, UCC approaches like the CVM offer little support for the dynamic coordination of communication services resulting from inherent dependencies between individual steps of a collaboration task. Users either have to manually coordinate communication services, or reply on a process modeling technique to build customized solutions for services in a specific domain that are usually costly, rigidly defined and technology specific.
In Vitro Culture of Vitrified Immature Mouse Testicular Tissue in The Presence of N-acetylcysteine Antioxidant.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Our data revealed that the presence of 125 mM NAC improves the developmental process of vitrifiedwarmed immature mouse testicular fragments during in vitro culture, thus it may have potential implications for in vitro culturing of human prepubertal testicular tissues.
Multimodal Crowdsourcing for Transcribing Handwritten Documents

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

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Use of a sensitive multisugar test for measuring segmental intestinal permeability in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults: A pilot study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Increased intestinal permeability (IP) is associated with sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study aimed to pilot a sensitive multisugar test to measure IP in the nonfasted state. Methods Critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults were recruited from 2 ICUs in Australia. Measurements were completed within 3 days of admission using a multisugar test measuring gastroduodenal (sucrose recovery), small‐bowel (lactulose‐rhamnose [L‐R] and lactulose‐mannitol [L‐M] ratios), and whole‐gut permeability (sucralose‐erythritol ratio) in 24‐hour urine samples. Urinary sugar concentrations were compared at baseline and after sugar ingestion, and IP sugar recoveries and ratios were explored in relation to known confounders, including renal function. Results Twenty‐one critically ill patients (12 males; median, 57 years) participated. Group median concentrations of all sugars were higher following sugar administration; however, sucrose and mannitol increases were not statistically significant. Within individual patients, sucrose and mannitol concentrations were higher in baseline than after sugar ingestion in 9 (43%) and 4 (19%) patients, respectively. Patients with impaired (n = 9) vs normal (n = 12) renal function had a higher L‐R ratio (median, 0.130 vs 0.047; P = .003), lower rhamnose recovery (median, 15% vs 24%; P = .007), and no difference in lactulose recovery. Conclusion Small‐bowel and whole‐gut permeability measurements are possible to complete in the nonfasted state, whereas gastroduodenal permeability could not be measured reliably. For small‐bowel IP measurements, the L‐R ratio is preferred over the L‐M ratio. Alterations in renal function may reduce the reliability of the multisugar IP test, warranting further exploration.
Theurgy in the medieval Islamic world: conceptions of cosmology in Al-Būnī’s Doctrine of the Divine Names

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There are a few people without whose suggestions, interventions and other efforts this thesis would never have come to fruition.

First, I wish to thank my colleagues and compatriots Jeffery Wardwell, Paul Anderson and Amanda Propst, who listened enthusiastically and at great length (or at least pretended convincingly) while I talked my way through the more problematic aspects of this project. They are truly dear and genuine friends. I am further thankful to all my friends in Cairo and abroad who listened while I digested aloud some of the minutiae being synthesized here. They are too numerous to list, but I appreciate their patience.

I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Terri Peszle for her efforts in the final proofreading and editing of this thesis.

I would like to thank least a few individuals whose suggestions set off a chain of events which ended in the writing of this thesis, namely: Stacey Pollard, who taught me the difference between talent and expertise and made me feel comfortable being squarely situated in the humanities; Lennart Sundelin, who gave me the seminar paper assignment which led directly to my interest in the topic at hand; and Mona Mikhail, for introducing me to the advisor of this project and for whose advice I will always be grateful.

This would have been a very different project indeed if not for a research support grant from the American University in Cairo and for those members of the Arab and Islamic Civilizations department who saw fit to recommend me for support. The grant allowed me to travel to Istanbul to conduct research in the SA¼leymaniye Library on several occasions which resulted in the second chapter and appendix contained herein. I am most grateful for the help of the staff of the SA¼leymaniye Library, particularly Amir Bey, for making me feel very much at home as a researcher and providing me with a great deal of digital copies of manuscripts.

I wish to thank my readers Nadya Chishty Mujahid and Amina Elbendary for taking the time to read and critique this work. Their efforts, commentary and suggestions are endlessly appreciated. It is my hope that I did them justice in my final revision.

Finally, I cannot muster sufficient gratitude for my advisor, Saiyad Nizamuddin Ahmad. Without his unfaltering guidance as a mentor, the writing of this thesis would not only have been impossible, but I would also be a different person today. His encouragement and enthusiasm allowed me to grow as a scholar in ways that I had not considered plausible. I am eternally grateful for his willingness, his unbounded interest in the project and, perhaps most of all, his friendship.
Biogeomorphodynamic of fluvial-tidal levees and accommodation space infilling

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;Densely populated low-lying areas are under pressure of relative sea level rise and human impacts. Low-lying areas like most of The Netherlands were built with fluvial-marine sediment supply interacting with peat and vegetation. The morphology and sedimentological architecture of such areas is controlled by initial conditions (e.g. accommodation space), boundary conditions (fluvial-tidal discharges) and internal biogeomorphodynamic feedbacks. The relative importance of these controls varies per system and we need generic rules to better understand the past and future delta and alluvial plain evolution. Here we setup novel long-term idealized morphodynamic models including stratigraphy and vegetation to unravel the effect of initial and boundary conditions in building landscape and creating complex depositional environments. Larger accommodation space creates and preserves a bayhead delta while limited space resulted in ebb-delta growth. Fluvial-tidal discharge fluctuations promote larger levees and more crevasses, contributing to floodplain accretion. The presence of sparse vegetation (i.e. trees) also contributed to floodplain infilling and created wide levees and more crevasses. On the other hand, dense vegetated floodplain inhibits levee widening and the formation of crevasses leaving the floodplain rather starved. Our results agree with the dimensions and evolution from geological reconstructions of the Rhine Delta in The Netherlands. In general, discharge fluctuations by rivers and tides, sediment delivery and (sparse) vegetation are crucial to create more land. These findings are important for the reconstruction of past environments and sediment budget estimative as well to future management of low-lying areas where raising the land-level is a challenge.&lt;/p&gt;
Monovalent influenza A(H1N1) vaccine, 1986-1987. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

These supplemental recommendations provide guidelines for a monovalent influenza A(H1N1) vaccine for protection against a newly emerged variant of influenza that has recently caused outbreaks among children and young adults in Asia. Guidance is provided for the use of this monovalent vaccine, which contains 15 micrograms of A/Taiwan/1/86(H1N1) antigen, as a supplement to the standard trivalent influenza vaccine. Recommendations for the use of the standard trivalent influenza vaccine for the 1986-1987 season and the use of antivirals for the prevention and treatment of influenza remain in effect and should be referred to in conjunction with this supplemental recommendation. The trivalent vaccine is intended to protect against currently circulating strains of influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses and may provide partial protection against the new influenza A(H1N1) variant.
Experimental Study on Ignition Delay and Reaction Characteristics of Zhundong Coal Particles in O2/CO2/H2O Atmosphere

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abundant Zhundong coal has the advantages of easy mining and high stability of combustion. However, its high alkali-metal content may cause problems, including furnace slagging and heating surface contamination, which affect the safety of boiler operation and limit the application of Zhundong coal. Oxy-fuel combustion is a promising technology that may fundamentally alleviate the fouling and slagging problems during the combustion of Zhundong coal, since the combustion temperature could be controlled by flue-gas recirculation. Moreover, lower particle temperature and alkali release could be achieved because of the endothermic reaction of carbon with carbon dioxide and water vapor. In this study, a one-dimensional entrained flow reactor was specifically designed with nonintrusive optical measurement technology to investigate the effects of the flue-gas temperature and composition on particle temperature and ignition delay of combustion in O2/CO2/H2O/N2 atmosphere. The experimental results showed that the ignition was advanced and the particle temperature increased as the flue gas temperature and oxygen concentration increased. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations would delay the ignition and cause a lower particle temperature. When the water vapor concentration increased within the range of 20%–30%, the ignition delay distance first increased and then decreased, while the particle temperature showed an opposite trend simultaneously. When water vapor concentration was 26%, the ignition delay distance reached the maximum value and the particle obtained the lowest surface temperature. Those results may be helpful for efficient combustion and safe application of high-alkali coal.
Association between sleep duration and hypertension of migrant workers in China: a national cross-sectional surveillance study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To examine the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension of migrant workers aged 18–59 years in China. Design Population-based cross-sectional study using a complex survey sampling design. Participants There were 43 655 subjects in our analysis, after excluding people with missing information for key exposure and outcome variables and abnormal values for sleep duration (≤2 or ≥17 hours). Primary outcome measure Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or self-reported history of hypertension diagnosis in hospitals at the township (community) level or above and use of hypertensive medicine in the last 2 weeks. Results Of 43 655 subjects, 15.6% (95% CI 15.1% to 16.1%) of migrant workers had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension decreased with the increased sleep duration, both in males and females. Logistic regression models, using 7–8 hours sleep/day as the reference, showed a greater odds for hypertension among men and women who reported <6 hours of sleep after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, behavioural risk factors, body mass index, diabetes, stroke and myocardial infarction (men: OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.54, women: OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.06, p interaction = 0.096). Further stratified by age and migration time, it revealed that among adults less than 45 years old, those sleeping 9 or more hours had adjusted odds for hypertension of 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.93, p interaction =0.020),while there was no evidence of an association between sleep duration and hypertension among adults aged 45–59 years. Among adults whose migration time was less than 4.5 years, those sleeping 9 or more hours had adjusted odds for hypertension of 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.94, p interaction =0.097). Conclusion The association between sleep duration and hypertension varies by age. Short sleep duration (<6 hours) is associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension in both genders.