jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Experimental Validation of a 3D Microwave Imaging Device for Brain Stroke Monitoring

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this work we present the experimental validation of a 3D microwave imaging device to brain observation. The device is conceived as a way to monitor stroke development, supporting physicians in the follow-up of patients in the aftermath of cerebrovascular accidents, and giving to them extra information for decision-making and application of therapies. The device acquires data through antennas placed around the patient head, in a low-complexity system that guarantees that available information is enough for reliable outcome. Experimental testing is performed on a 3-D human-like head phantom with promising results.
Gametophyte niche differences among sympatric tree ferns

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Forest community assembly is usually framed in terms of sporophyte dynamics; however, the recruitment and maintenance of fern populations, frequently influential in forest composition and structure, are initially determined by gametophytes. Sporophytes of three Cyathea tree fern species show habitat partitioning along gradients of phosphorus and light; we asked whether gametophyte niche differences parallel this pattern. To compare niche characteristics among taxa we compared growth rates to a size threshold (≥3 mm) of gametophytes under controlled conditions using a multi-factorial, multi-level (3 × 4) experiment, varying irradiance (5.4 ± 4.4; 59.1 ± 44.3; 107 ± 74.1 µmol m −2 s −1 ) and orthophosphate concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40 mg kg −1 ). Gametophytes of the pioneer species C. medullaris developed to the size threshold across a broad range of phosphate and irradiance treatments (more than 20% of gametophytes in ≥ 7 of the 12 treatments), peaking at 20 mg kg −1 P and 60 µmol m −2 s −1 irradiance. The growth rates of the forest understorey species C. dealbata and C. smithii also peaked at 60 µmol m −2 s −1 but varied across treatments, suggesting niche differentiation along irradiance and orthophosphate gradients. Our analysis suggests that gametophyte development is strategically aligned to the ecological habits of sporophytes and that forest community assembly is likely strongly influenced by the independent gametophyte life-stage.
Epidemiology of Altered Intestinal Permeability to Lactulose and Mannitol in Guatemalan Infants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: Subclinical alterations of small intestinal function have been reported frequently in tropical countries. Studies of small intestinal permeability to lactulose and mannitol were therefore completed in Guatemalan infants from a low‐income, periurban community to assess the prevalence of altered intestinal function and the factors associated with this condition. Methods: Two hundred studies were successfully completed in 158 infants who had been free of diarrhea for at least 1 week before the day of study. Urinary concentrations of lactulose and mannitol during the 5‐hour period after ingestion of 400 mg/kg body weight of lactulose and 100 mg/kg body weight of mannitol were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography and compared by age group, feeding practices, anthropometric indexes, and serum iron and zinc concentrations. Results: The overall prevalence of altered intestinal permeability (defined as a ratio of urinary recovery of lactulose to mannitol [L/M] ≥0.07) was 30%. The urinary L/M recovery ratio was positively associated with age; low weight for age; and, in infants less than 6 months of age, non‐breast‐feeding. Children with serum iron concentrations less than 7.16 µM/l (40 µg/dl) had higher median L/M ratios (L/M = 0.068; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.054, 0.085) than those with iron levels higher than this cutoff (L/M = 0.052; CI = 0.046, 0.058; p = 0.038). The median urinary L/M recovery ratio in 10 currently asymptomatic infants who had diarrhea during the week before testing (0.087; CI = 0.49, 0.154) was higher than that in children who had been free from diarrhea for at least 1 week (0.052; CI = 0.048, 0.056; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Age, feeding practices, low weight‐for‐age, low serum iron concentration, and recent diarrhea were all associated with altered intestinal function in this group of Guatemalan infants.
Regional Temperature Changes in the Brain during Somatosensory Stimulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Time-dependent variations in the brain temperature ( T t ) are likely to be caused by fluctuations of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxidative consumption (CMR O 2 ), both of which are seemingly coupled to alterations in neuronal activity. We combined magnetic resonance, optical imaging, temperature sensing, and electrophysiologic methods in α-chloralose anesthetized rats to obtain multimodal measurements during forepaw stimulation. Localized changes in neuronal activity were colocalized with regional increases in T t (by ∼0.2%), CBF (by ∼95%), and CMR O 2 (by ∼73%). The time-to-peak for T t (42 ± 11 secs) was significantly longer than those for CBF and CMR O 2 (5 ± 2 and 18 ± 4 secs, respectively) with a 2-min stimulation. Net heat in the region of interest (ROI) was modeled as being dependent on the sum of heats attributed to changes in CMR O 2 ( Q m ) and CBF ( Q f ) as well as conductive heat loss from the ROI to neighboring regions ( Q c ) and to the environment ( Q e ). Although tissue cooling because of Q f and Q c can occur and are enhanced during activation, the net increase in T t corresponded to a large rise in Q m , whereas effects of Q e can be ignored. The results show that T t increases slowly (by ∼0.1°C) during physiologic stimulation in α-chloralose anesthetized rats. Because the potential cooling effect of CBF depends on the temperature of blood entering the brain, T t is mainly affected by CMR O 2 during functional challenges. Implications of these findings for functional studies in awake humans and temperature regulation are discussed.
Serving Nationalist Ideologies: Health Professionals and the Violation of Women's Rights: The Case of Apartheid South Africa

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Feminists have critiqued biomedicine as a form of patriarchy that controls female bodies, disregarding women's inherent rights to dignity and bodily integrity. The health professions have also been criticized for their role in maintaining particular global power relations through their support of conservative money market agendas that often violate the human rights of those in the "developing" world. The great majority of South African health professionals and their institutions supported the apartheid state in its violation of the basic human rights of black people. This chapter discusses how the complementary relationship between bioethics and human rights was severely compromised by the South African health profession during apartheid, focusing specifically on reproductive agendas and policies to explore the complex interconnections between science and biomedicine, patriarchy and racist nation building. It concludes by presenting the examples of unethical practices by health professionals that led to violations of women's rights.
An evaluation of four automatic methods of segmenting the subcortical structures in the brain.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The automation of segmentation of subcortical structures in the brain is an active research area. We have comprehensively evaluated four novel methods of fully automated segmentation of subcortical structures using volumetric, spatial overlap and distance-based measures. Two methods are atlas-based - classifier fusion and labelling (CFL) and expectation-maximisation segmentation using a brain atlas (EMS), and two incorporate statistical models of shape and appearance - profile active appearance models (PAM) and Bayesian appearance models (BAM). Each method was applied to the segmentation of 18 subcortical structures in 270 subjects from a diverse pool varying in age, disease, sex and image acquisition parameters. Our results showed that all four methods perform on par with recently published methods. CFL performed better than the others according to all three classes of metrics. In summary over all structures, the ranking by the Dice coefficient was CFL, BAM, joint EMS and PAM. The Hausdorff distance ranked the methods as CFL, joint PAM and BAM, EMS, whilst percentage absolute volumetric difference ranked them as joint CFL and PAM, joint BAM and EMS. Furthermore, as we had four methods of performing segmentation, we investigated whether the results obtained by each method were more similar to each other than to the manual segmentations using Williams' Index. Reassuringly, the Williams' Index was close to 1 for most subjects (mean=1.02, sd=0.05), indicating better agreement of each method with the gold standard than with the other methods. However, 2% of cases (mainly amygdala and nucleus accumbens) had values outside 3 standard deviations of the mean.
Pachydermo-periostosis (Idiopathic Osteoarthropathy)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A number of cases of unilateral bat-ear deformity are described in which the renal tract on the same side as the abnormal ear was affected.This might be co- incidental.Congenital anomalies of the genito-urinary tract occur without associated defects of the ears.In this series this has been in the ratio of 3: 41.Deformity of the ears can occur without deformity of the genito-urinary tract.Appreciation must be expressed to good-humoured colleagues, secretaries, and clinical photographer Miss Stanley.Particular thanks are due to those allowing me to utilize their material and reports, particularly to the medical staff of the Liverpool Maternity Hospital; to Professor Capon, Drs.Rewell, Parry Jones, Adderley, and Jackson for necropsy reports; to Drs.Fawcitt, Livshin, Taylor, and Walton for radiological findings; to Mr. Grime for Cases 9 and 10; and to Professor W.
[Postoperative arrhythmia after operation of esophageal cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The postoperative arrhythmias (exclusive of sinus tachycardia) was reviewed in 77 patients (male: 69, female: 8, mean age: 63.9 years) who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. The results were as follows: 1. The incidence of postoperative arrhythmias in all patients but seven who had preoperative chronic atrial fibrillation (af) or pacemaker rhythm was 47.1%, and af was observed most frequently (45.5%). Postoperative arrhythmias occurred in patients with abnormal preoperative electrocardiographic findings more often than in those with normal preoperative electrocardiographic findings (53% vs 41%). The incidence of postoperative arrhythmias in aged patients (> or = 66 years old) was significantly higher than that in younger patients (< or = 65 years old) (64% vs 35%, p < 0.05). Other risk factors for postoperative arrhythmias were sex and history of hypertension. 2. Postoperative arrhythmias occurred more often in patients who underwent blunt dissection of the thoracic esophagus and reconstruction using the whole stomach via the posterior mediastinal route than in those who underwent esophagectomy with right thoracotomy and reconstruction using the gastric tube via the poststernal route (60.0% vs 45.0%). 3. Most supraventricular premature contractions and ventricular premature contractions occurred immediately after surgery or on the first postoperative day, and af often occurred during the first postoperative night or the second postoperative day. 4. For treatment, various antiarrhythmic agents were administered according to the patient's condition. Glucose-insulin-kalium therapy was especially effective (63%). None of the arrhythmias was fatal.
Reviewing the Implementation of Life Sciences Curriculum in Turkey Using Elicitation Techniques

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aims of this qualitative case study were (1) to investigate the general characteristics of the Life Sciences Curriculum (LSC); (2) to examine how the LSC is implemented in a public primary school from the perspectives of teachers, students and administrators; and (3) to identify whether implementation of the curriculum was in line with the principles of constructivist pedagogy. The study participants consisted of the school administrator, 2 co-administrators, 4 classroom teachers and 87 students from second- and third-grade classrooms chosen from a primary school in one of the districts of Ankara, Turkey. Data was collected through document analysis, classroom observations, semi-structured interviews with administrators, stimulated-recall interviews with teachers, and creative drama activities with students. Findings indicated that LSC was prepared consistent with constructivist pedagogy. Explicitly, multiple intelligences theory and contemporary teaching-learning approaches were kept in view in the design of the LSC, and the curriculum composed of thematic units that focuses on developing skills like critical thinking, creative thinking and problem-solving. Keywords: Curriculum Evaluation, Life Sciences Curriculum, Constructivist Pedagogy, Implementation Evaluation, Elicitation Techniques.
Discrete Logarithms in Finite Fields

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Given a finite field F q of order q, and g a primitive element of F q , the discrete logarithm base g of an arbitrary, non-zero y 2 F q is that integer x, 0 x q \\Gamma 2, such that g x = y in F q . The security of many real-world cryptographic schemes depends on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms in large finite fields. This thesis is a survey of the discrete logarithm problem in finite fields, including: some cryptographic applications (password authentication, the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, and the ElGamal public-key cryptosystem and digital signature scheme); Niederreiter&apos;s proof of explicit formulas for the discrete logarithm; and algorithms for computing discrete logarithms (especially Shank&apos;s algorithm, Pollard&apos;s ae-method, the Pohlig-Hellman algorithm, Coppersmith&apos;s algorithm in fields of order 2 n , and the Gaussian integers method for fields of prime order).
Position Control of a Suspended Mass Through Two Cables Under the Effects of the Catenary

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present article describes the use of controllers, using a profit planner algorithm, to stabilize a mass in a given reference point, using two steel cables and a metal rod, analyzing the catenary behavior of the cable in several points of operation of the system. To obtain a better uniformity of response, a control system was adopted, with reference signals type ramp, to stabilize smoothly and get to the reference quickly, in order to avoid the accelerated start of the three-phase motor and obtain better accuracy in the response of the system. The tuning of the controller is done in several stages, since being a system of non-linear type, proceeds to use the method of extended linearization, adjusting different parameters Kp, Ki and Kd, for the rise or fall of the mass due to the elongation and contraction of the cable. The graphs obtained visualize the solution of the problem and the action of the controllers in the corresponding stages, giving an efficient response to external disturbances, stabilizing the mass in the reference position given in each test performed.
Overtest for Simulated Defense High-Level Waste (Room B): In situ data report (May 1984--February 1988): Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Thermal/Structural Interactions Program

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In 1981 the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Project, under the direction of the US Department of Energy (DOE), began construction of a facility in southeastern New Mexico to develop the technology for disposing of radioactive waste from the defense programs. This facility may eventually become a repository for defense Transuranic (TRU) wastes, provided that the facility is demonstrated to be acceptable. Although the complete facility includes both surface and underground construction, the Repository Isolation Systems Division of the Nuclear Waste Technology Department at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is primarily concerned with development of the underground portion of the facility; we focus on that portion of the facility in this report. This report is specific to the Thermal Structural Interactions (TSI) in situ tests of the Experimental Area and is one of a series intended to document the data obtained from the TSI in situ tests and to make these data available to potential users. 32 refs., 60 figs., 29 tabs.
Field Design of the Main-Ring Bending Magnets of the NAL 200-GeV Synchrotron

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Two types of bending magnets are used to match the beam width in the separated-function FODO lattice of the main ring of the NAL 200-GeV accelerator. Bending magnet B1 has an aperture of 5 in × 1.5 in, an overall dimension of 25 in × 16 in and a 12-turn coil; bending magnet B2 has an aperture of 4 in × 2 in, an overall dimension of 25 in × 14 in, and a 16-turn coil. With proper geometry and a small amount of pole-face crenellation, the good-field regions of these magnets extend over ~80% qf the aperture to beyond 20 kG. At 18 kG which corresponds to 400 GeV the saturation is only 3.7% and the excitation current is 4746 A. The magnetic -field design is performed using computer program TRIM. The factors of consideration and techniques involved in the design will be discussed.
Eighteenth-Century Europe: Tradition and Progress, 1715-1789

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Drawing on the best contemporary scholarship, especially the innovations of French social history, Isser Woloch paints an unusually rich and detailed portrait of eighteenth-century European life and society. Among the new topics he covers are the family economy of the poor, popular culture and the circulation of books, changing patterns of crime and punishment, and the social history of military and religious institutions.
Structural Stability of Tandemly Occurring Noncanonical Basepairs within Double Helical Fragments: Molecular Dynamics Studies of Functional RNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Noncanonical basepairs have gained importance over the past few years because of their various functions in RNA biochemistry. These basepairs appear quite frequently in different double helical stems also, but whether they are stabilized by contextual pressure or act as seeds of folding is not yet clear. We have used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the stability and functional features of a few noncanonical basepairs within two RNA double helical fragments obtained from ribosome crystal structures. It is anticipated that the noncanonical basepairs would open up spontaneously if they had appeared due to contextual pressure. However, we have found from MD simulations that the noncanonical basepairs occurring in tandem at the central regions of double helical stretches are quite stable. Analysis of basepairing parameters carried out in terms of H-bonding edge-specific axis system indicates that dynamics of the noncanonical basepairs are very similar to those of the canonical ones. The stacking parameters for dinucleotide steps consisting of noncanonical basepairs are rather unusual, but the variability patterns indicate their significant stability. The stacking free-energy values as presumed from the distributions of structural parameters also appear to be similar for both canonical and noncanonical basepair steps.
Influence of Sustained-Release Estradiol-17-Beta in Pellet Form on Performance of Growing-Finishing Steers

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Three trials, utilizing a total of 490 growing-finishing steers, were conducted (202-260 d) in different geographical regions (Missouri, Indiana, Kansas) under different feeding and management regimens to evaluate the efficacy of a sustained-release estradiol-17-beta implant. The implant formulation consisted of a copolymer pellet (5 mm long, 2.4 mm in diameter, and 27 mg in total weight) impregnated with 19 mg estradiol and dusted with oxytetracycline-HCl. Treatments were 1) nonimplanted control, 2) positive implanted control, and 3) 19 mg, 4) 38 mg, or 5) 57 mg of estradiol in the test formulation. Implanted steers grazing native range (Kansas) gained faster (P< .05) compared to nonimplanted control steers. However, non-significant improvements were observed for cattle pastured on endophyte-infested tall fescue-red clover (Missouri) or backgrounded on a relatively high energy (75% corn silage:25% high moisture corn) program (Indiana). A treatment X experiment interaction (P< .05) indicated that steers severely restricted in the growing phase (Missouri) had no daily gain response to anabolic implants during the finishing phase. Implanting with 57 mg estradiol increased warm carcass weight by 15.4 kg (P< .05). Implanted steers had less (P< .05) body cavity fat, and tended to have less backfat, lower yield grades and larger ribeye areas. Pooled data indicate that total experiment weight gains were greater (P< .05) for all implant groups compared to the nonimplanted controls. The experimental implant was efficacious for a period of at least 200 d, but the magnitude of response to any anabolic implant may be affected by feeding and management regimen.
Renal artery aneurysms: an angiographic sign of transplant rejection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intrarenal arterial aneurysm is an uncommon manifestation of allograft rejection. We present two cases of transplant rejection with aneurysm formations. One case simulated polyarteritis nodosa, while in the other, the aneurysm appeared similar to those seen in post-stenotic arterial dilatation.
Projecting future drug expenditures—1998

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Drug cost projections for 1998, factors that directly influence drug costs, and tools for projecting drug expenditures are discussed. The producer price index indicates that prices for drugs and pharmaceuticals increased 2.1% between January and June 1997; the increase for prescription preparations was 2.7%. Medi-Span data show an average increase for all drug products of 1.02% during the first six months of 1997; First Data-Bank reports a 1.7% increase for the same period. IMS America data, which take account of weighting for individual drugs or drug classes, show the prices of all drugs increasing 2.3% between the second quarters of 1996 and 1997. Drug industry analysts project the overall price increase in the next 12 months at 2-4%. Group purchasing organizations predict an average increase over the next 12 months of 0.56% for contracted drugs and 3.6% for noncontracted drugs. Various health care provider indexes suggest that increases in drug costs could be smaller over the next few years. The current trend of takeovers and mergers of pharmaceutical companies and health systems is likely to continue into 1998. As a result of generic competition and the loss of patent protection for many pharmaceutical products, the number of drugs to be introduced onto the market and the number of drugs in development are expected to escalate until the year 2000. These and other major changes in the health care environment, including changes in drug distribution and controversies over the use of formularies, will make future forecasting difficult. Compared with previous years, smaller increases in drug costs have been projected for 1998 and beyond, but changes in the health care environment mean that greater knowledge will be required to forecast future drug expenditures.