jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bringing Digital Learning to Madrasah Ibtidaiyah: Undestanding Its Influence on Student Motivation and Engagement in Grades 4-6

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research examines the influence of digital learning on student motivation and engagement in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, particularly in grades 4-6. Despite the development of digital technology, the implementation of digital learning in madrasah is still limited and not optimal in influencing the learning process. The main issue raised is the extent to which digital technology can increase students' learning motivation and engagement in the madrasah environment. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of digital learning on student motivation and engagement, as well as to identify factors that support or hinder its implementation. This research used a qualitative approach, with data collection through in-depth interviews and observation. Data was analyzed using N-Vivo assistance. The results show that digital learning significantly increases student motivation and engagement, with factors such as interactivity of digital media, use of relevant content, and teacher support playing an important role in the achievement. The main impact of this study is to provide insights for curriculum development and teacher training to improve the effectiveness of technology-based learning in madrasah.
Phenotypic plasticity, sexual dimorphism and Rensch's rule in turtles

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rensch's rule (RR) states that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with body size in male-biased SSD taxa, and decreases with body size in female-biased SSD taxa. This pattern implies that males change body size faster than females through evolutionary time, and that sexual selection might be the main evolutionary force behind this pattern. Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a proximate potential mechanism of RR by affecting body growth in a differential manner in males and females. In this dissertation I studied the role of phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism affecting sexual size and shape dimorphism in two turtle species exhibiting contrasting SSD: Chelydra serpentina that exhibits male-biased SSD, and Podocnemis expansa that exhibits female-biased SSD. I found that males of the male-biased SSD species exhibited increased growth plasticity relative to females, thus supporting the differential plasticity hypothesis as a mechanism that facilitates body size enhancement and thus the evolution of SSD in a manner consistent with RR. Whether differential plasticity enhances body size of the larger sex in general, or of males in particular, was addressed in the second experiment. In this second experiment I found no differences in growth plasticity between males and females, thus failing to support the differential plasticity hypothesis in the female-biased SSD species. The combined evidence from both studies suggest that differential plasticity is neither specific to males nor to the larger sex, but instead that it is species-specific. Whether turtles follow Rensch's rule or not was tested in a third analysis by correlating body size of males and females of 138 turtle species in a phylogenetic context and at multiple taxonomic levels. I found no support for Rensch's rule in turtles at the order level and in most families. Instead, results suggest that SSD has evolved independently of the species average body size in those clades. I also found that the family Chelydridae and one subclade within the Testudinidae family follow Rensch's rule, while the Podocnemididae family follows a pattern exactly opposite to Rensch's rule. These results are in agreement with the result of the common garden experiments. Namely, I found support for sex-specific growth plasticity as a mechanism facilitating RR in C. serpentina, a species belonging to the family Chelydridae that follows RR. Furthermore, no support for sex-specific growth plasticity as a mechanism facilitating RR was detected in P. expansa, a species belonging to the family Podocnemididae that does not follow RR. Further research is warranted to test the role of the sex-specific growth plasticity in female-biased SSD species belonging to clades that follow Rensch's rule. Likewise, similar studies should be conducted in male-biased SSD species belonging to clades that do not follow Rensch's rule.
The impact of topography filter processing and horizontal diffusion on precipitation prediction in numerical model

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In high-resolution modeling,there is a problem of the prediction of unrealistic precipitation field in mountainous regions with deep valleys and 'singular' mountain tops.To solve the problem,digital filtering and horizontal diffusion were used in this paper to process topography and computational noise,respectively.The filter consists of different one-dimensional high-order low-pass implicit tangent filters and can selectively remove different scale noises that result from the change of topographical gradient.Horizontal diffusion was used to control small-scale noise that results from numerical dispersion,nonlinear instability,and discontinuous physical processing,etc.by adding a linear forth-order monotonic horizontal diffusion with orographic flux limiting to the prediction equation.Our tests show that the phenomenon is eliminated in which extremely large amount of precipitation occurs directly over mountain tops and at the same time no precipitation occurs in deep valleys and at mountain lee-sides by using both topography filter processing and horizontal diffusion.Therefore,the precipitation patterns appear to be more realistic.
Spontaneous milk ejection during lactation and its possible relevance to success of breast-feeding.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a woman suckling twins it became apparent that both suckling-induced and precisely timed, spontaneous bursts of milk ejection were occurring. Observations on days 14, 28, 56, and 112 of lactation disclosed highly significnat increases in intervals between episodes of spontaneous milk ejection. Furthermore, at all stages of lactation the interval between a feed and the next episode of spontaneous ejection was significantly longer than the interval between spontaneous ejections. The decrease in frequency of episodes of spontaneous milk ejection during lactation may be related to the decreasing release of prolactin in response to suckling. Spontaneous milk-ejection episodes are felt only when the breast is full and may signal its readiness for a further suckling episode. Such bursts of milk ejection may stimulate the suckling response in babies, suggesting that rigid three- or four-hour feeding regimens may be unphysiological and pose a threat to the success of breast-feeding in the early postnatal period.
BS1 Reprogramming human macrophages with drug X: potential mechanisms for stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaques

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Ischemic stroke is commonly caused by large artery atherosclerosis. Patients with a high atherosclerotic burden (stenosis) and inflamed or ulcerated plaque are at increased risk of early recurrent ischaemic events. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents may therefore reduce stroke incidence and recurrence in patients with this condition, but in vitro human studies of the possible mechanisms are lacking. We hypothesised that an anti-inflammatory compound (denoted drug X*) alters the expression of macrophage specific genes, including scavenger receptors in in vitro models of human carotid plaque macrophages.

Methods

CD14+ monocytes were collected from whole blood donations (volunteers) and differentiated to monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Macrophage polarisation with M1 (100 ng/ml LPS + 20 ng/ml INF-γ) and M2a (20 ng/ml IL-4) markers was performed in complete media supplemented with 3 different clinically relevant concentrations of drug X. Gene expression (RT-qPCR) analysis (n=10) was carried out in the differentiated hMDMs to test for macrophage specific genes and scavenger receptors. Western Blot analysis (n=7) and immunofluorescence stain (IF) (n=5) was performed on drug X- treated MDMs to validate changes in the expression of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1 (OLR1). The physiological effect of drug X was also tested on oxLDL (25 μg/ml) uptake by macrophages (n=5).

Results

Our data suggest that drug X may re-program macrophages to a less inflammatory state (an M2 state) by significantly altering Mannose Receptor C-type 1 (MRC1) gene expression (p:0.0183). Drug X also alters the expression level of Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1 (MSR1) gene, provoking the pacification of the M1 state and resulting in a beneficial effect on LDL uptake (p: 0.0845). Using OLR1 gene expression as a readout, in both M1 and M2a macrophages, the average OLR1 expression was reduced by treatment with drug X (p: 0.0003). This implies that M1 macrophages can bind less oxLDL which could reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the vessel wall. OLR1 protein expression was also reduced (p:0.0003) following 24-hour exposure of the macrophages to drug X. In functional tests, oxLDL uptake by drug X treated hMDMs was reduced by 44% (p:0.003).

Conclusions

The gene expression of macrophage specific genes and scavenger receptors in human M1 and M2a macrophages was significantly altered following 24-hour exposure to clinically relevant concentrations of drug X in vitro. Drug X reduced 'active' and pathogenic cell behaviours e.g., lipid uptake and promoted the polarisation to the M2 state. These data demonstrate that human macrophages can be reprogrammed to a less pathogenic state in vitro and they provide a potential mechanism for the effectiveness of drug X in the stabilisation of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in humans. * Drug X is used for ongoing IP/patent assessment

Conflict of Interest

No
Development of Aluminum LEKIDs for Balloon-Borne Far-IR Spectroscopy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We are developing lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) designed to achieve background-limited sensitivity for far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy on a stratospheric balloon. The Spectroscopic Terahertz Airborne Receiver for Far-InfraRed Exploration (STARFIRE) will study the evolution of dusty galaxies with observations of the [CII] 158 $μ$m and other atomic fine-structure transitions at $z=0.5-1.5$, both through direct observations of individual luminous infrared galaxies, and in blind surveys using the technique of line intensity mapping. The spectrometer will require large format ($\sim$1800 detectors) arrays of dual-polarization sensitive detectors with NEPs of $1 \times 10^{-17}$ W Hz$^{-1/2}$. The low-volume LEKIDs are fabricated with a single layer of aluminum (20 nm thick) deposited on a crystalline silicon wafer, with resonance frequencies of $100-250$ MHz. The inductor is a single meander with a linewidth of 0.4 $μ$m, patterned in a grid to absorb optical power in both polarizations. The meander is coupled to a circular waveguide, fed by a conical feedhorn. Initial testing of a small array prototype has demonstrated good yield, and a median NEP of $4 \times 10^{-18}$ W Hz$^{-1/2}$.
The Structure of the Earth's Crust and Prospects of Oil-and-Gas Contents for the Zone of Junction of the Siberian Plate

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In the east of continental Russia there are two largest oil-and-gas provinces, namely the West-Siberian plate and Siberian platform. A zone of their junction is over 300 km wide and extends to 2 000 km from south to north covering a vast territory. The pr
Lossless Compression of 3D MRI and CT Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a conceptually simple method for lossless compression of medical image and volume data. The method can be divided into three steps: the input data is decomposed into several subbands with the help of nonlinear lifting filters, the resulting subbands are block-sorted according to a method suggested by Burrows and Wheeler, and the redundancy is removed with the help of an adaptive arithmetic coder. Moreover, we suggest a new method to implement (non-linear) lifting filters. We describe these filters with the help of a small filter description language, which is compiled into a shared object file and dynamically loaded at run time. The source code of the program is freely available for testing purposes. Keywords: Wavelets, lifting filters, filter description language, lossless compression, medical image data. 1. INTRODUCTION Modern medical diagnostics are often based on X-ray computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The raw three-dimensio...
A Two-Part Framework for Estimating Individualized Treatment Rules From Semicontinuous Outcomes

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Health care payments are an important component of health care utilization and are thus a major focus in health services and health policy applications. However, payment outcomes are semicontinuous in that over a given period of time some patients incur no payments and some patients incur large costs. Individualized treatment rules (ITRs) are a major part of the push for tailoring treatments and interventions to patients, yet there is a little work focused on estimating ITRs from semicontinuous outcomes. In this article, we develop a framework for estimation of ITRs based on two-part modeling, wherein the ITR is estimated by separately targeting the zero part of the outcome and the strictly positive part. To improve performance when high-dimensional covariates are available, we leverage a scientifically plausible penalty that simultaneously selects variables and encourages the signs of coefficients for each variable to agree between the two components of the ITR. We develop an efficient algorithm for computation and prove oracle inequalities for the resulting estimation and prediction errors. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in simulated examples and in a study of a health system intervention. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Abnormalities of neutrophil function do not cause the migration defect in Crohn's disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Skin window tests were performed on 60 patients with Crohn's disease, 20 with ulcerative colitis, 16 with peptic ulceration, and 40 healthy controls. The numbers of neutrophils that migrated into the skin window chambers were significantly lower in patients with Crohn's disease. This abnormality was unrelated to the activity of the disease, site of involvement, or treatment. No significant abnormalities were found in the patients with other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The abnormality of neutrophil migration in the Crohn's patients does not seem to be due to a cellular defect, as neutrophils from patients with Crohn's disease migrate and phagocytose normally in vitro. Sera from patients with Crohn's disease did not inhibit cell migration or contain inhibitors of chemotaxis. The addition of serum that had been activated with zymosan to the chamber enhanced the emigration of neutrophils from the skin of patients with Crohn's disease. These results suggest that the depression of neutrophil migration into skin windows that is normally observed in Crohn's disease is due to a deficient local inflammatory response. This defective inflammatory response in Crohn's disease and the consequent delay in the accumulation of neutrophils could explain granuloma formation, the high recurrence rate after surgery, and the clinical course of exacerbations and remissions.
Elevated leukocyte count in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination is often part of the diagnostic work‐up of a patient suspected of having chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). According to the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) criteria, an elevated protein level without pleocytosis (leukocytes <10 cells/µl) is supportive of the diagnosis CIDP. It is unclear how many CSF leukocytes are compatible with the diagnosis CIDP and how extensive the diagnostic work‐up should be in patients with a demyelinating neuropathy and pleocytosis. We performed a retrospective study at two tertiary neuromuscular referral clinics and identified 14 out of 273 (6%) patients with CIDP with elevated CSF leukocytes (≥10 cells/µl). All these patients met the EFNS/PNS criteria for definite or probable CIDP. Eight patients (57%) presented with a subacute onset and four patients with an antecedent infection. Most patients responded well to therapy, and eight patients are currently in remission. In four patients, lumbar puncture was repeated. A spontaneous decrease in leukocytes before start of treatment was found in three patients. Our data indicate that a mild to moderate pleocytosis in CSF does not exclude the diagnosis of CIDP, especially in patients with a subacute onset of disease.
Novel Application of 2D and 3D-Similarity Searches To Identify Substrates among Cytochrome P450 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a class of enzymes where the substrate identification is particularly important to know. It would help medicinal chemists to design drugs with lower side effects due to drug-drug interactions and to extensive genetic polymorphism. Herein, we discuss the application of the 2D and 3D-similarity searches in identifying reference structures with higher capacity to retrieve substrates of three important CYP enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4). On the basis of the complementarities of multiple reference structures selected by different similarity search methods, we proposed the fusion of their individual Tanimoto scores into a consensus Tanimoto score (T(consensus)). Using this new score, true positive rates of 63% (CYP2C9) and 81% (CYP2D6) were achieved with false positive rates of 4% for the CYP2C9-CYP2D6 data set. Extended similarity searches were carried out on a validation data set, and the results showed that by using the T(consensus) score, not only the area of a ROC graph increased, but also more substrates were recovered at the beginning of a ranked list.
Does intellectual capital enhance firm efficiency Evidence from Vietnam's banking sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As a result of the rise of a knowledge-based economy, intellectual capital (IC) has replaced tangible inputs as the primary resource and driver of organisational performance. This is the first study to examine the relationship between IC and its components of Vietnamese banks from 2011 to 2018, utilising the modified value-added intellectual coefficient (MVAIC) and stochastic frontier analysis to determine technical efficiency. We find substantial variation in the performance of Vietnamese banks and note a decreasing trend in efficiency, with foreign banks being among the least efficient. Examining the relationship between IC and efficiency as a collective revealed a positive correlation. When the IC components were examined separately, human capital efficiency (HCE) was discovered to be the most significant contributor to efficiency. At the same time, other forms of IC failed to show statistical significance and may even establish a significant inverse relationship. As some valuable resources may be value-destructive, the findings herein have significant implications for resource-based theory. In addition, practitioners may wish to note that HCE is the most significant contributor to efficiency in the Vietnamese banking sector.
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Level in Patients with Head and Neck Malignancy Treated with Radiotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Early detection followed by properly planned treatment usually increases the life expectancy of the patient but unfortunately most of the common available diagnostic tools detect tumor when it is more than 5mm in size and hence the prognosis is poor. If micro nuclear level alterations due to malignancy are detected with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, it might prove to be an effective tool in management of cancer. Few of the serum enzymes play a pivotal role in this regard and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an important biochemical tumor marker among them. The aim of the present study was to analyze the significance of LDH in head and neck malignancies treated with radiotherapy as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Methodology: Serum LDH levels were analyzed before, midway and at completion of radiotherapy and monthly follow up for six months in 90 biopsy proven head and neck cancer cases treated with radiotherapy. Results: It was observed that in all the malignant cases the pretreatment enzyme level was much higher [293 .6±36.9IU/L] than that of control group [168.5±27.271U/L]. Further, it was observed that as the radiotherapy progresses, the serum LDH levels decreases and during follow-up in the patients with no apparent disease activity, the levels approached near to that of the control group. Serum LDH showed significant association with the disease activity. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicates that serum LDH may be a prognostic tool in head and neck malignancies and the treatment strategies can be optimized accordingly.
Inflammatory markers in lean Polycystic Ovary Syndrome subjects are not associated with the spectrum of dyslipidemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HIGHLIGHTS 1. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) might be a condition of chronic low degree inflammation and dyslipidemia.2. Association between inflammation markers and dyslipidemia in PCOS patients was investigated.3. Dyslipidemia and chronic low degree inflammation were present in lean PCOS patients, but inflammation markers related insignificantly with dyslipidemia. ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to address the detailed lipid profile in lean woman with PCOS and investigate the relationship between chronic low grade inflammation (using NLR, PLR, and monocyte/HDL ratio) and dyslipidemia (defined as total cholesterol level > 190 mg/dL). Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted from June – December 2020 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, involving 45 women aged 18 – 35 years old, diagnosed as having PCOS with normal BMI (18.5 – 22.9 kg/m2). To compare quantitative variables, data analysis was carried out using the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate; whereas, to compare categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used. Results: We found that although the median BMI was within normal limits at 21.48 kg/m2, the mean values of the lipid profiles were found to be either abnormal or borderline, indicating the high possibility of dyslipidemia. No statistically association between NLR, PLR and MHR with dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia and chronic low-grade inflammation were found in lean PCOS subjects, but there was no significant association between inflammation markers (NLR, PLR and MHR) and dyslipidemia. Further studies should investigate other factors that cause the inflammation.