jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genetic and genomic background of lactose in bovine milk

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Milk lactose has recently gained interest in the scientific community thanks to its association with udder health and the need of novel indicators for cattle breeding. Moreover, there is economic interest behind solid lactose worldwide for manufacturing purposes, especially food and pharmaceutical industry. This is fully demonstrated by the increased number of papers dealing with lactose in the last decade. Most publications report lactose percentage (LP) to be negatively correlated with milk somatic cell count (SCC), used as indicator of mastitis together with its score (SCS). On the other hand, lactose yield (LY) directly determines milk volume. \nThe overall aims of the present thesis were: i) to identify sources of variation of LP and LY; ii) to assess genetic parameters of LP and LY; iii) to estimate phenotypic and genetic associations of LP and LY with traditional traits (milk yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage), milk coagulation properties, freezing point, and minerals content; iv) to estimate genetic correlations of LP and LY with mastitis and other common health disorders; and v) to identify genomic regions coding for LP and LY, and search for overlaps with regions coding for SCS and mastitis. \nChapter 1 provides an overall picture of phenotypic and genetic variation of LP and LY in Italian Holstein breed, and of their associations with traditional milk-related traits, including SCS. In Chapter 2, the relationships of LP and LY with milk freezing point, minerals and coagulation properties predicted from milk mid-infrared spectra are presented and discussed. Chapter 3 deals with estimation of genetic correlations of LP and LY with major health disorders of dairy cows diagnosed by veterinarians, namely mastitis, ketosis, milk fever, retained placenta, and ovarian cysts. Finally, results of the genome-wide association study carried out for LP and LY are presented in Chapter 4. \nBased on the results of the present thesis, LP is a potential indicator of udder health and mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. However, due to limited variability of LP at population level, some derived traits, e.g. based on lifetime LP trend in cow, should be further investigated and exploited in order to maximise response to selection in the long term. \n
International Environmental Governance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

International Environmental Governance: Towards UNEPO offers a significant contribution to practitioners and scholars involved in international debates regarding environmental governance. Clarifying the insufficiency of the 1972 UN General Assembly's model of a small UN Environment Programme in helping nations stem the accumulating degradation of the environment across the globe, the work poses the remaining question: how should international environmental governance be accomplished? The volume is timely in its examination of the post-Rio+20 period, and furthermore addresses the vital issue of the evolution of UNEP into a 'specialized agency' designated the UN Environment Protection Organization (UNEPO), a 'new mandate' to revive the UN Trusteeship Council to supervise environment and the commons, as well as law-making and institution-building processes as reflected in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and other multilateral forms. International Environmental Governance: Towards UNEPO addresses the law-making challenge presented by growth in MEAs and proliferation of international environmental institutions, with a thorough consideration of the debate regarding the need for and efficacy of global governance in the field of environment. Dr. Desai's timely analysis will assist diplomats, lawyers and scholars, citizens and civil servants alike in finding the new roads forward.
Improvement in the quality of patient notes: A report of a closed loop audit quality improvement project at a neurosurgical department in Pakistan.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: To identify the deficiencies in patient note record-taking with the aim of improving the quality to meet international standards. Methods: The prospective clinical quality improvement audit study was conducted at the department of Neurosurgery, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Jinnah Hospital Lahore from January 219 to February 2020. The first audit cycle was carried out in July 2019, after data anonymisation, the notes from 1st January to 31st June were analysed in the first audit cycle against a hybrid proforma containing entries deemed essential in operative notes according to the guidelines of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The guidelines were subsequently disseminated among postgraduate trainees using various methods. Post-intervention, randomly selected patient-notes from 1st August to 31st December 2019 were analysed in the second audit which was done in February 2020. The result of the two audits were compared to assess significance of association between the cycles for each categorical variable. Results: Of the 100 patient-notes audited, 50(50%) were part of each of the two cycles. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were seen between the two cycles in time of operation, pre-op status, post-op care: monitoring instruction, mobilisation, feeding instructions, wound care and position. There was 100% improvement in entries including name, age and sex, date of operation, elective/emergency, name of the procedure and name of operating surgeon and assistant, and the name of anaesthetist. Overall, marked improvement was observed in all parameters except in 'use of antibiotic prophylaxes'. Conclusion: Regular audits are needed to monitor and improve, Continuous..
Recent Advances in Functional 2D MXene‐Based Nanostructures for Next‐Generation Devices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Similar to graphene and black phosphorus (BP), 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are of great interest in a variety of fields, such as energy storage and conversion, sensors, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and photothermal therapy due to their excellent conductivity and hydrophilicity, large specific capacitance, high photothermal effect, and superior electrochemical performance. To further broaden applicable ranges beyond their existing boundaries and fully exploit these potentials, functional 2D MXene nanostructures in recent years have been rationally designed and developed by various approaches, such as doping strategies, surface functionalization, and hybridization, for next‐generation devices with the merits of low power consumption, intelligence, and high‐integration chips. This review provides an overview of the synthetic routes and fundamental properties of functional 2D MXene nanostructures, including surface‐modified 2D MXenes and mixed‐dimensional MXene‐based heterostructures, highlights the state‐of‐the‐art progress in the applications of functional 2D MXene nanostructures with regard to energy storage and conversion, catalysis, sensors, photodetectors, EMI shielding, degradation, and biomedical applications, and presents the challenges and perspectives in these burgeoning fields. It is hoped that this review will inspire more efforts toward fundamental research on new functional 2D MXene‐based devices to satisfy the growing requirements for next‐generation systems.
Les odeurs de la ville

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Experience and cultural influences stand out as what most likely determines the appraisal or rejection phenomenon linked to odours. In participating to a psychosensory experiences of the urban environment, odours determine one's feelings. That is the reason why odours and their representations are likely to become the characteristics of a situation, of a place, and of each and everybody' sindividual expérience in city life. Our aim here, was to understant how olfactive representations express themselves and how they link together in the city of Paris Through our observations, we were able to notice the existence of a consensus for the classification of odours which we reckon we can impute to a common sociocultural knowledge, fruthennore, it turns out that the level of emotional attachment to the city of Paris influences the structure of olfactive representations itself, lastly, the influence of situationnal, contextual or environmental factors seems to determine the interpretation of the olfactive message to a certain extent. Thus partly accounting for interpersonal differences. Odours and their representations therefore noticeably participate to the elaboration of the image of the city of Paris, to influence on our behaviour in some cases. Olfactive representations seem to come whitin the framework of a complex system, where they become in turn either subject or object of influence in the perception and the evaluation processes of environment.
How do parents influence their children’s attitudes to life?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In December 2014, the government’s Horizon Scanning Programme published a report on the Social Attitudes of Young People. Svenja Ottovordemgentschenfelde takes a closer look and shares insights into the significant roles that parents play in shaping their children’s take on life. Svenja is a doctoral researcher at LSE’s Department of Media and Communications and contributes to the Parenting for a Digital Future research project.
Proliferation and migration of hepatoblastoma cells are mediated by IRS-4 via PI3K/Akt pathways.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Levels of IRS-4 (insulin receptor substrate-4) in hepatoblastoma cells from the patients, HepG2 and HuH-6 cell lines were measured by Western Blot analysis, and they were all found significantly higher than those of normal hepatic cells. When the HepG2 and HuH-6 cells cultivated in vitro were treated with IRS-4 and infected with recombinant adenovirus containing IRS-4 gene, the proliferation and migration of the cells were significantly improved. Meanwhile, the expressions of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase), pS473 Akt (Protein Kinase B) and pThr308 Akt were positively regulated by IRS-4 overexpression. These results indicated that IRS-4 was very likely to be involved in PI3K/Akt path way, which was further confirmed by the fact that the PI3K/Akt blocker LY294002 attenuated the proliferation and migration of the hepatoblastoma cells. In conclusion, IRS-4 enhanced the proliferation and migration of the hepatoblastoma cells via PI3K/Akt pathways.
First Report of Meloidogyne partityla Infecting Water Oak (Quercus nigra) in Florida

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In 2009 and 2014, roots presumably infected with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) were collected from water oak (Quercus nigra), Alachua County, FL, and sent to the Nematode Diagnostic Laboratory, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL. Small galls were observed on secondary and tertiary roots, large galls were found only on secondary roots. Females were found inside of the galls and egg masses were outside. Nematode species were identified using both morphological and molecular analyses. A notably thickened region between the stylet cone and stylet shaft in males (n = 10) and swollen rectums with deep longitudinal grooves were present in second-stage juveniles (n = 20): two defining morphological characteristics reported in the original description of Meloidogyne partityla (Kleynhans 1986). Perineal patterns of females and body length and width, stylet, and tail length of second stage juveniles (n = 20) were consistent with that previously reported for M. partityla. At least 10 single females were extracted from roots and molecular identification was performed using isozyme and DNA analyses. Isozyme phenotypes (EST = Mp3; MDH = N1a) were identical to earlier reports of this species (Brito et al. 2008). An amplicon of 530 bp was produced with mtDNA primers C2F3 (5′-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3′) and 1108 (5′-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3′) (Powers and Harris 1993), which coincided to previously published data for M. partityla (Powers et al. 2005). Based on the result attained with the mtDNA primers, two regions were subsequently chosen to sequence to confirm species identification. First, a region in the ribosomal ITS was amplified with ITS-1 F (5′-CGCAGTGGCTTGAACCGG-3′) and a species-specific primer, MpSpec (5′-TGAACTTTTATTGGTGAAAG-3′) (Stamler 2009). This primer set produced a fragment of 630 bp, identical to M. partityla found infecting pecan in Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas (GenBank Accession No. KR047556) (Stamler 2009; Brito et al. 2008). Secondly, the 18S region was amplified and sequenced (KT825143) using primers 18Ss1.2 (5′-GGCGATCAGATACCGCCCTAGTT-3′) and 18SR2B (5′-TACAAAGGGCAGGGACGTAAT-3′) (Baldwin et al. 1997). A GenBank BLAST search produced a 99% match to an isolate of M. partityla from New Mexico (AY757874.1). This finding strengthens the hypothesis that this nematode species can survive in the wild on hosts outside of Juglandaceae. This is of particular importance when establishing both new pecan nurseries and orchards. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. partityla occurring on Q. nigra.
Digital optics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The authors discuss digital optics, a technology for processing, transport, and storage of optical digital information. Digital optics offers both the high temporal bandwidth of fiber communications and the high connectivity and information density of optical imaging. The energy dissipation per bit of communicated information, as well as the chip area dedicated to interconnections, can be significantly lower in optics than in high-speed electronics. This motivates the introduction of parallel optical interconnections through free space in communication-intensive areas of digital information processing such as switching in telecommunications and within multiprocessors. Digital optical circuits can be constructed by cascading two-dimensional planar arrays of optical logic gates interconnected in free space. The state of the art and the trends in digital optical information processing systems for optical logic, optoelectronic interfaces, and optical free-space interconnection systems are reviewed.< >
Why a Politics of Listening?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter explains the aims of the book: to explore listening as a social and political process. The politics of listening can disrupt power and privilege and harmful binaries of 'Us and Them', with the aim of political equality. The chapter explores why we should listen and how, in adversarial, tense and unequal political moments. This intervention takes place at the boundary of politics and sociology. Key characteristics of a politics of listening are identified – interdependence, recognition and micropolitics – in dialogue with the work of key scholars Les Back, Susan Bickford and Nick Couldry. The 'where' and 'when' of a politics of listening are outlined: the possibilities and challenges for democratic life in France, Canada, England, that each chapter then explores.
Reducing copyright piracy using entrepreneurial intermediary platforms

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of intermediary platforms, such as Pandora and Spotify, in reducing piracy of digital music. Design/methodology/approach – The authors modify a predator-prey theoretical framework of copyright piracy to account for the impact of intermediary platforms on the consumption of original works and illegal copies. Findings – The theory shows that an increase in the number of legal alternative platforms available to consumers of digital music results in an unambiguous increase in the consumption of legitimate music and an unambiguous decrease in the consumption of unauthorized copies. Practical implications – The results suggest that policies to encourage entrepreneurship by intermediary platforms in the music industry serve as a complement to other policies currently being employed to combat piracy of digital music. Originality/value – The paper is the first of its kind to analyze the important role of intermediary platforms in reducing piracy of digital music while encouraging innovation by artists. Historically, entrepreneurship in this field has been controversial, given the gray areas surrounding what is and is not copyright infringement in the ever-evolving digital age. This paper highlights that once copyright laws are clearly defined, business growth in this area can be a highly effective solution to the piracy problem.
Die NHKA op reis na inklusiwiteit I: Die anatomie van ’n gefragmenteerde/eskatologiese ekklesiologie

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The NRCA en route to inclusivity I: The anatomy of a fragmented/eschatological ecclesiology This is the first in a two-part series that aims to examine the growing pains the Netherdutch Reformed Church is experiencing in its journey towards Christian inclusivity. This first article examines the fragmentation in the Church’s understanding of ecclesiology, which becomes apparent in the debates concerning the meaning and range of inclusivity in ecclesiology. The roots of this fragmentation are examined. It is concluded that the root of the fragmentation is an eschatological understanding of the essence of the church, which is, in turn, due to a fragmented view of humanity. In order for the Church to continue its journey towards inclusivity it should revisit its understanding of humanity and theological anthropology. The second article will focus on the content and implications of a revisited theological anthroplogy.
THE RESEARCH PROGRESS ON BREAST CONSERVING SURGERY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With the increase of the proportion in early breast cncer cases and the increase in the young,as Awareness of breast cancer treatment at home and abroad gradually changing,this has prompted the modified radical mastectomy by a surgical breast-conserving surgery became imperative.In this paper,to improve breast cancer treatement,the advantages of breast-conserving surgery and related issues were discussed.
The synthesis and crystal structure of a new rare-earth molybdenum phosphate supramolecular compound

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An unprecedented rare-earth molybdenum phosphate supramolecular compound(H3O)3[Nd(DMF)4(H2O)5][P2Mo18O62]·DMF(DMFN,N′-dimethylformamide) was synthesized under room temperature with water and organic mixed solution,and the crystal structure was determined.The compound crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a2.220 8(4) nm,b1.624 2(3) nm,c3.037 5(6) nm,α90.00°,β110.17(3)°,γ90.00°,V10.284(4) nm3,Z8,R10.041 5,wR20.092 7.
[Pharmacological sensitivity of the photopic c-wave in the electroretinogram of the chicken. I. Effects of sodium azide, adrenaline, and a barbiturate].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The c-wave recorded in the chicken electroretinogram proved to be cone-triggered. The effect of various drugs active on pigment epithelium and on c-waves in scotopic retinas were tested in order to determine whether a similar mechanism may underlie both rod- and cone-triggered c-waves. Our results indeed point to such a similar reactivity of both types of c-waves. Pentothal, a short-acting barbiturate induced--as it does in the sheep--a transient disappearance of the c-wave. Sodium azide and adrenaline produced very similar effects: when injected i.v., these drugs produced a transient increase in the resting potential of the eye (the "azide potential"). When injected im or i.p., both drugs provoked--as they do in rabbit or in rat retinas--an increase in the voltage of the c-wave, but this increase was preceded in the chicken by a partial or total suppression of this component.
Morphological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) roots to phosphorus supply in two contrasting soils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY To cope with phosphorus (P) deficiency, plants adapt root morphology to enhance inorganic P (Pi) acquisition from soil by allocating more biomass to roots, but whether the responses can be modified across gradients of P supply is not fully understood. The present study examined changes in root-length density (RLD), root-hair density (RHD) and root-hair length (RHL) of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in two contrasting soils, the Rough and Barnfield soils. Wheat plants were grown for 3 weeks in thin-plate rhizotrons in two soils with additions of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg P/kg soil. Contrary to published literature, as P additions increased it was observed that a concomitant increase in RHL (250 to 1054 µ m in the Rough soil and 303–1075 µ m in the Barnfield soil) and RHD (57 to 122/mm in the Rough soil and 56–120/mm in the Barnfield soil), while RLD generally decreased (2480–1130 cm/cm 3 in the Rough soil and 1716–865 cm/cm 3 in the Barnfield soil). The levels of added P that resulted in critical P concentrations in the soils enabling maximum shoot biomass production were 50 mg/kg P in the Rough soil and 100 mg/kg P in the Barnfield soil, and these additions influenced root morphological changes. Under severe P deficiency, P supply increased RHL and RHD, but RLD was decreased. Improvement in lateral root and root-hair responses in wheat at extreme P deficiency may be a worthy target for breeding more sustainable genotypes for future agroecosystems.
Aging test results of an asphalt membrane liner

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The objective of the asphalt aging study described in this report was to determine the expected performance lifetime of a catalytically airblown asphalt membrane as a seepage barrier for inactive uranium mill tailings. The study, conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratory for the Department of Energy's Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Program, showed through chemical compatibility tests that the asphalt membrane is well suited for this purpose. The chemical compatibility tests were designed to accelerate the aging reactions in the asphalt and to determine the accelerated aging effect. Higher temperatures and oxygen concentrations proved to be effective acceleration parameters. By infrared spectral analysis, the asphalt was determined to have undergone 7 years of equivalent aging in a 3-month period when exposed to 40/sup 0/C and 1.7 atm oxygen pressure. However, the extent of aging was limited to a maximum penetration of 0.5% of the total liner thickness. It was concluded that the liner could be expected to be effective as a seepage barrier for at least 1000 years before the entire thickness of the liner would be degraded.
Application of settlement monitoring of underground excavation station vault based on inverted rule method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the urban rail transit engineering, there is a great risk in the underground excavation construction of the existing railway station, and the monitoring accuracy of the underground excavation construction is very high. Taking station A of a project as the research object, combined with the construction situation and the structural characteristics of the station, this paper discusses the influencing factors of the vault settlement monitoring in the undercut section of the existing metro station, and formulates the vault settlement monitoring scheme in the undercut section. The feasibility of the method is verified by setting up two sets of independent elevation system and adopting the method of setting up a single station to measure the inverted ruler, and then the error control measures are given. The results show that the method can meet the accuracy requirements of the vault settlement monitoring in the underground excavation section of metro station. This method can provide some technical reference for the similar monitoring project of underground subway station.