jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acids Composition of Sudanese Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Moringa oleifera is a robust and fast growing tree considered as one of the most beneficial trees worldwide since almost all parts of it used as food, medicines and for industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of M. oleifera seed oil. The oil was extracted by Soxhlet using n-hexane; the physicochemical properties of the seed oil were assessed by standard and established methods, as well the fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined by GC-MS. The golden yellow with characteristic odor oil obtained from the seeds had the following physicochemical properties: yield, 42.87%; freezing point, 0 °C; melting point, 21 °C; boiling point, 225 °C; refractive index (25 °C), 1.447; iodine value, 96.6 g/100g of oil; peroxide value, 7.6 meq.O2/kg of oil; free fatty acids, 0.07%; acid value, 1.4 mg of KOH/g of oil; saponification value, 185.2 mg KOH/g of oil; unsaponifiable matter, 3.2; moisture and volatile value, 4.91 (wt.%); density, 0.900 g/cm3; viscosity, 60.99 mm2/s; specific gravity, 0.907. The fatty acids composition showed that oleic- acid (51.74%) was the major fatty acid and followed by behenic- (10.54%), palmitic- (9.20%), stearic- (8.46%), arachidic- (6.41%), gondic- (4.88%), lignoceric- (3.08%) and palmitoleic acid (2.85%). Therefore, more and advanced research should be undertaken for this abundant source of natural oil for edible oil and possible industrial applications.
Molecular characterization of ltp3 and ltp4, essential for C24-branched chain sterol-side-chain degradation in Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM 43269

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A previously identified sterol catabolic gene cluster is widely dispersed among actinobacteria, enabling them to degrade and grow on naturally occurring sterols. We investigated the physiological roles of various genes by targeted inactivation in mutant RG32 of Rhodococcus rhodochrous, which selectively degrades sterol side-chains. The ltp3 and ltp4 deletion mutants were each completely blocked in side-chain degradation of β-sitosterol and campesterol, but not of cholesterol. These results indicated a role for ltp3 and ltp4 in the removal of C24 branches specifically. Bioinformatic analysis of the encoded Ltp3 and Ltp4 proteins revealed relatively high similarity to thiolase enzymes, typically involved in β-oxidation, but the catalytic residues characteristic for thiolase enzymes are not conserved in their amino acid sequences. Removal of the C24-branched side-chain carbons of β-sitosterol was previously shown to proceed via aldolytic cleavage rather than by β-oxidation. Our results therefore suggest that ltp3 and ltp4 probably encode aldol-lyases rather than thiolases. This is the first report, to our knowledge, on the molecular characterization of genes with specific and essential roles in carbon-carbon bond cleavage of C24-branched chain sterols in Rhodococcus strains, most likely acting as aldol-lyases. The results are a clear contribution to our understanding of sterol degradation in actinobacteria.
First Results on Mid-Term Outcomes of Decellularised Aortic Homografts Implanted in Pulmonary Position

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Decellularised pulmonary homografts (DPH) have shown excellent results in pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Cryopreserved aortic homografts, when used for PVR, have shown inferior results to cryopreserved pulmonary grafts, predominantly due to pronounced calcification leading to early degeneration. Animal data demonstrate lack of calcification of decellularised aortic homografts (DAH) in PVR. Here, we report mid-term outcomes of DAHs for PVR in children and young adults. Methods: Prospective DAH follow-up including echocardiography and CMR. Outcomes were compared to prospective DPH data. Results: 6 patients (3 females) received DAH for PVR between 2/2010 and 4/2011. Reason for DAH implantation was unavailability of an appropriate-sized DPH. One patient was excluded as no optimal operative result was achieved due to multiple previous procedures resulting in residual stenosis and immediate valvular regurgitation. The remaining 5 patients had a median age of 5.6 yrs. (range 4.4-34.8 yrs.) at the time of the operation; the mean follow up was 7.1 yrs. (6.8-7.6 yrs.). Mean DAH diameter at implantation was 23.8 mm (20-27 mm). The mean initial trans-conduit gradient after implantation was 10.1 mmHg (5.8-14.4 mmHg) and mean regurgitation (mild 1, moderate 2, severe 3) after implantation was 0.2 (0-0.5). Mean z-score was 1.8 (0.7-3.4). Freedom from explantation was 100% until August 2018 for DAH. At latest follow-up the mean peak trans-conduit gradient was 18.1 mmHg (8.4-31.2 mmHg). Mean regurgitation was 0.8 (range 0-1.5), the mean z-score was 0.9 (-1.2-1.6). At 7 years of follow-up in 235 DPH patients (at implantation 19.0±12.8 yrs., DPH diameter 24.3±3.6 mm, mean z-score 1.5±2.06), the freedom from explantation was 96.7±2.1%. The peak trans-conduit gradient was 21.5±13.0 mmHg in mean, regurgitation was 0.8±0.6 and the mean z-score -0.1±1.97. Conclusions: DAH showed excellent mid-term outcomes in PVR and may be seen as an alternative option once the results are reproduced in larger cohorts.
Disinfection of Hands: Removal of Transient Organisms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Antiseptic detergent mixtures containing hexachlorophane or iodine have been found to cause a large reduction in the " resi- dent " skin flora when used repeatedly for washing the hands- an effect which was not obtained by the use of ordinary soap and water (Traub, Newhall, and Fuller, 1944 ; Seastone, 1947; Lowbury, Lilly, and Bull, 1963).Hexachlorophane has little immediate effect after a single application, but repeated use of the antiseptic causes a progressive reduction in the number of resident organisms.The poor activity of hexachlorophane against Gram-negative bacilli is another limitation which does not affect its value in reducing the resident flora, among which Staphylococcus aureus is the only common pathogen.Suppressing or removing " transient " organisms from the skin presents a different problem.The transient flora include any bacteria that are deposited on the skin, such as Pseudomonas pyocyanea and strains of salmonella, shigella, and Escherichia coli which may be carried on the hands of nurses in wards where infection with these pathogens occurs ; Staph.aureus may also be carried as a transient organism.Antiseptics and ablutions are required to remove these organisms rapidly rather than to suppress them by a progressive or cumulative action residual antiseptic on the skin may, nevertheless, be useful in preventing contamination or in destroying contaminants which are deposited after antiseptic ablutions or treatment with anti- septic creams.In this paper we report a comparative study on alternative methods for the removal of transient flora ; we also describe experiments on the survival of bacteria deposited on the skin after treatment with antiseptics.Comparison of Methods for Removal of Ps. pyocyanea and Staph.aureus Materials and MethodsOvernight nutrient-broth cultures of Staph.aureus (62/2904) and Ps.pyocyanea (62/1274) were washed three times and resuspended in distilled water, the staphylococcus in the same volume and the pseudomonas, because of its poor survival on drying, in one-tenth of the volume of the original culture.One drop (0.02 ml.) of the bacterial suspension was inoculated on a marked area of the palm of each hand in volunteers, the hands
First report of Colletotrichum scovillei causing anthracnose of pepper in Kosovo

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Colletotrichum scovillei is one of several species in the C. acutatum complex causing anthracnose on pepper, currently present in eastern Asia, Brazil and South Carolina (USA). A severe anthracnose infection on pepper fruits was identified in two commercial fields in Kosovo. Infection assays, morphological analyses and sequencing identified the causal agent as C. scovillei. It could be considered an emerging disease as the severe crop losses, together with the spread of the pathogen/disease to areas and regions where it was never reported in previous times. This is the first report of C. scovillei infecting pepper in Kosovo and Europe.
Caesar and Roman Politics, 60-50 B.C.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Roman political history of the first century BC offers an almost embarrassing wealth of source material — the contemporary testimony of Caesar and Cicero, the full derivative accounts of Appian and Dio, the biographies of Suetonius and Plutarch, to name but a few. This selection, of some 400 extracts from over twenty authors, presents in English translation a fair selection of those sources concentrating on Caesar around the mid-century. The passages are arranged thematically rather than chronologically, and introductions andinterpolation guide the student through the material. This is an ideal book to encourage a student to form opinions — and criticise those of others — about the achievements of Julius Caesar in the dying Republic’s crucial years, 60-50 BC.
Acute Confusional State: A Common Clinical Condition with Versatile Variability-A Prospective Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute confusional state account for a substantial proportion of admissions to emergency wards. As the etiology of acute confusional state are numerous and presentation also variable, so many time create confusion regarding the actual diagnosis and thus delay the prompt management which may result in fatal outcome. The objectives of this study was to explore the etiology and age & sex distribution of acute confusional state among hospitalized patients. In this prospective hospital based study, 345 adult patients presenting with acute confusional state were collected from medicine unit Dhaka Medical College Hospital during the period of July’08 to October’08. Patients known to have previous history of stroke, chronic dementing neurological disease were excluded from the study. This study revealed that, patients with acute confusional state constitute about 21% of total hospital admission in medicine wards. Peak incidence of acute confusional state was found to be in two age groups: one in 2nd to 3rd decades and another in 5th to 6th decades. The first peak was due to acute poisoning, CNS infection and hepatic encephalopathy; and the second peak was due to stroke, electrolyte imbalance, systemic infection and disturbance of glucose metabolism. This study also showed male preponderance over female and metabolic causes higher than the structural causes. Stroke comprised the highest percentage (25%) of cases in this series. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v13i1.10047 JOM 2012; 13(1): 46-50
Using Nodes to Develop Strategies For Combat with Multiple Enemies

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Nodes (or waypoints) are commonly used in computer games for the navigation of computer controlled characters (also known as non-player characters or NPCs). The following paper demonstrates how these nodes can also be used to develop combat strategies for NPCs that engage in combat with multiple enemies. By storing data about node relationships in a bit string class, tactical information about locations in the environment can efficiently calculated and exploited by NPCs.
Algorithmic Fairness and Statistical Discrimination

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Algorithmic fairness is a new interdisciplinary field of study focused on how to measure whether a process, or algorithm , may unintentionally produce unfair outcomes, as well as whether or how the potential unfairness of such processes can be mitigated. Statistical discrimination describes a set of informational issues that can induce rational ( i.e. , Bayesian) decision‐making to lead to unfair outcomes even in the absence of discriminatory intent. In this article, we provide overviews of these two related literatures and draw connections between them. The comparison illustrates both the conflict between rationality and fairness and the importance of endogeneity ( e.g. , “rational expectations” and “self‐fulfilling prophecies”) in defining and pursuing fairness. Taken in concert, we argue that the two traditions suggest a value for considering new fairness notions that explicitly account for how the individual characteristics an algorithm intends to measure may change in response to the algorithm.
Glenea nicobarica Breuning 1956

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

31. Glenea nicobarica Breuning, 1956 Glenea (Glenea) nicobarica Breuning, 1956j: 726. Type Locality: India: Nicobar Is. (HT ♂); BMNH. Distribution: India (Nicobar Is.).
Trust, Beliefs and Cooperation: Excavating a Foundation of Strong Economies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

One reason trust is positively correlated with standard of living across societies may be that people treat trustworthiness in sequential social dilemmas as a sign that others will also cooperate in simultaneous collective action problems, and trust tends to correlate with trustworthiness. Trustworthiness and cooperation may both reflect the same disposition: reciprocity. Whether trust itself predicts cooperation is less clear, a priori. We conduct a laboratory experiment and find that subjects infer cooperativeness from trustworthiness and on average cooperate more when they predict others to be more cooperative. A novel result is that subjects make the same inferences from trusting as from trustworthiness. We find that subjects' priors entail considerable heterogeneity of trustworthiness, trust and cooperation within the population. Finally, conditional cooperation explains contributions better than guilt aversion, in our data.
A rejoinder to Leaf: What constitutes efficient, applied, and trial and error

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In my response to Leaf (2011 Leaf, JB. (2011). An experimental approach for selecting a response-prompting strategy for children with developmental disabilities: A reply to Gast. Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, 5, 226–233 [Google Scholar]), we agree that more comparative studies on response prompting procedures need to be conducted, and that it is "hard to justify the use of any trial and error procedure". There appears to be disagreement, however, on several points, including: a) the need to separate the discussion of a procedure's effectiveness and efficiency; b) what constitutes an applied or functional skill; c) that NNP is a trial and error procedure; d) the importance of researchers explicitly reporting multiple measures of efficiency so that readers can independently evaluate the efficiency of the prompting strategies being compared; and e) that error correction procedures are inappropriate during early stages of learning. I briefly address my position regarding each. Source of funding: No source of funding reported.
Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus in a Population of Healthy Nigerian Students

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The nasal carrier-rate of Staphylococcus aureus in 548 Nigerians aged 9-32 years and attending various educational establishments was 56.4%. This rate decreased with increasing age. A significantly greater proportion of females (65.0%) than males (46.5%) were carriers, but the excess in females was apparent only in subjects aged greater than 20 years. Mucoid strains of S. aureus, which gave a negative slide-coagulase reaction, were found in 21.5% of carriers aged 10-15 years, but were absent from members of other age-groups. A considerable proportion of all the strains tested were resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS AS AN INNOVATION INDICATOR: EVALUATION OF IA SPECIFICS IN A RUSSIAN COMPANY AS AN EXAMPLE

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As IAS (International Accounting Standards) were published and came into force in Russian Federation since January 2012.The critical differences between intangible assets control under Russian and international requirements have immediately been brought to light. The current article presents a study of intangible assets structural changes of a certain industrial company on a report day carried out under different control estimation.
Coherent beam combining of stimulated Brillion scattering based multiwavelength lasers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Multiwavelength seed laser can suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and improve the ultimate output power of the fiber laser amplifier. Coherent combining of multiwavelength lasers/amplifiers is a promising way to get much higher total output power than coherent combining of the single frequency lasers/amplifiers. Coherent beam combining of stimulated Brillouin scattering based multiwavelength fiber lasers is proposed and demonstrated. Multiwavelength laser is generated using stimulated Brillouin scattering effect by seeded a 10 kilometer single mode fiber laser with a single frequency laser and phase locking is achieved using stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. Experiment results shows that more than 15 wavelengths are generated for the laser. With active phase control, mean power of the main-lobe in close-loop is 1.37 times of that value in open-loop and the visibility of the long exposure interference pattern is 0.37. Scale up this architecture to higher power involves introduction of power amplifiers, increasing channel number of amplifiers and power of each individual amplifier.
Climate-Induced Migration and Instability: The Role of City Governments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rural-to-urban migration due to slow or sudden-onset climate change is expected to continue in the coming decades, with Northwest Africa, India and Bangladesh, the Andean region, and China being "hotspots." Many climate migrants are moving to "fragile cities" characterized by poor governance and limited capacity to provide their residents with adequate infrastructure and social services.Influxes of climate migrants are likely to exacerbate these problems, and migrants may experience exclusion from government services when they arrive in cities in low-and middle-income countries. •As the world becomes more urban, the focus within the discourse on governance, peace, and security is increasingly shifting from the fragile state to the fragile city.Poor governance and an inability to deliver services in fragile cities result in city dwellers being exposed to violence and instability.There will also be a rise in the number of fragile cities due to urban population growth in fragile states. •The existing research on provision of social services and integration into governance systems suggests that in general, exclusion from the procedures or benefits of such systems can contribute to intergroup tensions, crime, and political instability.In fragile cities, city-level governance can represent a specific point of failure that prevents specific groups from accessing public goods.Climate migrants are a significant stressor for these already fragile systems, and may contribute to the crime, instability, and conflict. •These dynamics mean that city governments can play an important role in peace and security.In contrast to national and international actors, local government authorities are in close proximity to their residents and can design policies and initiatives rooted in local realities.Strategies to improve public infrastructure, legal systems, and service delivery and include local groups in city governance can reduce the vulnerabilities of climate migrants and associated security risks. •In order to tackle local-level challenges, city institutions need to build partnerships with international actors.They should strengthen ties with UN agencies, multinational companies, regional and international banks, think tanks, and international humanitarian and peacebuilding organizations.The building of bridges with global research programs can fill in the gaps in knowledge on urban trends, governance, migration, and security.Enhanced knowledge can help city leaders design better policies and programs to address the climatemigration-security nexus.Stronger partnerships with humanitarian organizations can help effectively deliver humanitarian assistance to climate-displaced people.
Catalase studies on protein-depleted rats bearing the Jensen sarcoma.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary Liver catalase activity is decreased by the growth of the Jensen sarcoma in protein-depleted rats, but the decrease is not so severe as that achieved in tumor-bearing rats on a normal diet. This may be related to the smaller amount of tumor growth in the former. Protein-depleted rats with tumor show evidence of liver and kidney catalase synthesis in the presence of tumor when supplied with a diet of 100 per cent casein. Normal levels of liver catalase activity with appreciable tumor growth are attained initially but are eventually lowered to levels characteristic of animals bearing rapidly growing Jensen sarcoma. Kidney catalase activity of normal or tumor-bearing rats is elevated by a 100 per cent casein diet above that of rats on a normal protein diet.
An Enhanced Secure User Authentication and Authorized Scheme for Smart Home Management

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to rapid and advanced technology, home automation has gained popularity, making daily life easier. Digitalization and automation have encompassed a wide range of activities and industries. IoT will make home automation more affordable and appealing. With IoT-enabled remote appliance control, smart home automation should improve living standards. A home gateway configures smart, multimedia, and home networks for IoT devices. Safety of life and property is essential to human fulfilment. Automating homes and using related apps have increased the ease, comfort, security, and safety of living in one. Home automation systems have motion detection capabilities and surveillance features to enhance home security. The logic of avoiding excessive or fraudulent notifications remains difficult. Using intelligent response and monitoring mechanisms improves the efficiency of smart home automation. This study introduces a smart home automation system designed to control household devices, monitor environmental conditions, and identify unauthorized entry inside the smart home network and its immediate surrounding area. A smart home network design and configuration that enables secure IoT services with an Access Control List (ACL) for home networks. The research aims to design a robust authentication scheme for guaranteed secure communication in a smart home environment. Implementing a Next Generation Access Control (NGAC) technique serves with Telnet, SSH, IPSec and VPN to detect unauthorized access and mitigate security issues. The efficacy of the suggested design and configuration is validated using a simulation, demonstrating a notable performance in the context of enhanced security measures.