jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neighbouring group participation by the carboxy-group in the solvolysis of the acylamino-acids in acetic acid at low water concentrations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The kinetics of solvolysis of some acylamino-acids have been studied in acetic acid solution containing 0·25M water. For the alkyl-substituted compounds the rates pass through a maximum at relatively low acid concentrations of ca. 0·05M. Increasing methylation at the carbon atoms adjacent to the amide bond produces increasing rates, which is a behaviour characteristic of ring closure reactions. The interpretation of the data is consistent with the rate-controlling step at the higher acid concentrations being a participation by the terminal carboxy-group to form an azlactone or its solvate which is followed by a rapid acid catalysed ring fission to form the products. When account is taken of the acid–base equilibria in the system, it is shown that the ring closure consists of simultaneous reactions by the protonated amide and the non-protonated amide through its zwitterion. The acid–base equilibrium constants which have been estimated from the kinetic data vary with structure in a similar manner to those of the corresponding acetamides which previously had been determined spectrophotometrically. Formylglycine has a faster rate than acetylglycine and its homologous acylglycines which is inconsistent with its lack of methyl groups to aid a ring closure reaction. These slower rates of the homologous acylglycines are due to the inductive effect of the α-carbon atom which is located at the point of ring closure. Methyl groups, therefore, are ambiguous in their behaviour and their position in the molecule determines whether they cause a rate increase or decrease. Strongly electronegative groups such as trifluoroacetyl and the positive terminal amino-group of a dipeptide have a reaction order of one with respect to the acid concentration and show no rate maximum even at the very high acid concentrations. It is suggested in these cases that the rate-controlling step is the acid catalysed ring fission for which the strongly electronegative groups will cause a decrease in the rate of ring fission and an acceleration in the ring closure.
HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION MAPPING OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION RISK IN THE GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA, USING LANDSAT TM SATELLITE IMAGERY

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding local variability in malaria transmission risk is critically important when designing intervention or vaccine trials. Using a combination of field data, satellite image analysis, and GIS modeling, we developed a high-resolution map of malaria entomological inoculation rates (EIR) in The Gambia, West Africa. The analyses are based on the variation in exposure to malaria parasites experienced in 48 villages in 1996 and 21 villages in 1997. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) varied from 0 to 166 infective bites per person per rainy season. Detailed field surveys identified the major Anopheles gambiae s.l. breeding habitats. These habitats were mapped by classification of a LANDSAT TM satellite image with an overall accuracy of 85%. Village EIRs decreased as a power function based on the breeding areas size and proximity. We use this relationship and the breeding habitats to map the variation in EIR over the entire 2500-km 2 study area.
Potential Management Options for the Invasive Moth Spodoptera frugiperda in Europe

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract We here review and discuss management options that growers in Europe could take in response to the expected invasion of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The focus is put on maize but the information provided is also relevant for other crops potentially affected. A sound forecasting system for fall armyworm both on a regional as well as at local scale should be established to alert growers as early as possible. Whilst a number of cultural control methods are adopted by maize growers in different regions globally to fight fall armyworm, many of them may either not be highly effective, too laborious, or otherwise unfeasible within the mechanized crop production systems used in Europe. Potential is seen in the stimulation of natural enemies through conservation biocontrol approaches, e.g., the planting of flower strips or intermediate cover crops, reducing tillage intensity, and avoiding broad-spectrum insecticides. To manage fall armyworm infestations, several effective biologically-based products are available globally, and some in Europe, e.g., based on specific baculoviruses, certain Bacillus thuringiensis strains, few entomopathogenic nematodes, and a number of botanicals. These should be given priority to avoid a major influx of insecticides into the maize agro-ecosystem once the fall armyworm arrives and in case growers are not prepared. Plant protection companies, particularly biocontrol companies should act proactively in starting registration of ingredients and products against fall armyworm in Europe. European maize growers should be made aware, in time, of key features of this new invasive pest and appropriate control options.
Expression of HPV16/18 in Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma in Taixing Area

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the expression of human papilloma virus 16/18(HPV16/18) in esophageal squamous carcinoma.Method We applied double-exploring probe to detect HPV16/18 in 72 cases of esophageal squamous carcinoma,18 cases of normal esophageal normal mucosa,12 cases of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 18 cases of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and studied its relationship with esophageal squamous carcinoma.Results The positive rate of HPV16/18 in esophageal squamous carcinoma was 55.67%(40/72).The positive rate of HPV in normal esophageal epithelium,high-grade intraepithelia neoplasia and low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia was remarkably lower than that of esophgeal carcinoma and it had statistic significance(P 0.05).Conclusion HPV16/18 had no correlation with the clinical staging,pathological grading,gross morphology,lymph node metastasis,sex,age and the invasive depth of esophageal squamous carcinoma,but had some correlation with maglignant transformation of esophageal squamous epithelium and can provide proof for preventive treatment of esophageal squamous carcinoma.
Introduction of NDN with Comparison to Current Internet Architecture based on TCP/IP

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

the years number of people using Internet has escalated. The primary motive of the Internet has been revised. To deal with this drastic change, network architecture has to be redesigned considering future trends. The future architecture of Internet can be developed only after scrutinizing various aspects of current Internet architecture. Thus study of strengths and weaknesses of existing architecture will guide the learners to build a robust future architecture of Internet. This paper represents comparative study of TCP/IP model of existing architecture and Name Data Networking approach of Content Centric Networking of proposed model. This paper discusses fundamental factors such as approaches to current and future architectural model, Packet formats and differences in security mechanisms of these models. once a video goes viral, it receives large number of requests from different parts of the world simultaneously. To be able to satisfy such high number of requests simultaneously, implementation of latest multicast algorithms is required. NDN architecture handles such situations effectively as it is multipoint to multipoint protocol unlike TCP/IP. Internet model of TCP/IP is based on the conversation between two machines. This conversation requires addresses of source and destination machine. Todays internet model is not best suited for information dissemination. The proposed model of NDN is implemented using Content Centric Networking approach. In this architecture the content is named. The objective of NDN architecture is to efficiently handle the issues that current internet architecture faces. This future architecture promises better utilization of bandwidth, aims to improve throughput and decrease the network traffic generated during the transfer of popular web content. In this paper detail comparison of existing TCP/IP model and proposed NDN model is given. This paper will aid the reader to comprehend fundamental differences between current internet architecture and future internet architecture. This Paper represents a comparison of two architectures in a simplified manner. It includes basic functioning approach and architectural components of both the systems. It emphasizes on distinguishing factors between TCP/IP and NDN model. Packet formats and Security implementations are also discussed in this paper. By the end of this paper reader will have a clear understanding of how these architectures differ.
The ams-1 and rne-3071 temperature-sensitive mutations in the ams gene are in close proximity to each other and cause substitutions within a domain that resembles a product of the Escherichia coli mre locus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Two temperature-sensitive mutations, ams-1 and rne-3071, in the ams (altered mRNA stability) gene have been used extensively to investigate the processing and decay of RNA in Escherichia coli. We have sequenced these temperature-sensitive alleles and found that the mutations are separated by only 6 nucleotides and cause conservative amino acid substitutions next to a possible nucleotide-binding site within the N-terminal domain of the Ams protein. Computer analysis revealed that the region altered by the mutations has extensive sequence similarity to a predicted gene product from the mre (murein pathway cluster e) locus of E. coli, which has been implicated previously in determining bacterial cell shape.
Finding Kuhn, Finding Myself

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Research Article| November 01 2012 Finding Kuhn, Finding Myself Bruce V. Lewenstein Bruce V. Lewenstein Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences (2012) 42 (5): 538–541. https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2012.42.5.538 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Bruce V. Lewenstein; Finding Kuhn, Finding Myself. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 1 November 2012; 42 (5): 538–541. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2012.42.5.538 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentHistorical Studies in the Natural Sciences Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2012 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Presss Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintinfo.asp.2012 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
A comparison of tree-ring records and glacier variations over the past 700 years, northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The ecological environment of the headwater area of the Yellow River, west China, is seriously deteriorating because of the harsh natural environment, weakened ecological systems and intensified human activities as well as regional climate changes. Forests and glaciers coexist in this area. Glaciers in the area have retreated over the last decade because of climate change. Most glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) tend to retreat during warm intervals and advance during cold intervals. Tree-ring records provide an important index for examining past climate changes. A total of 139 core samples from 97 living cypresses ( Juniperus przewalskii ) in the central region of the Yellow River headwater area, the Animaqin mountains, northeastern TP, were sampled from three sites that are close to each other. The chronologies were developed using the ARSTAN program. Analyses indicate that these tree-ring width records reflect the summer maximum temperature of the study area over the past 700 years. The tree-ring records and the glacier advances recorded by terminal moraines are compared. Inferred summer maximum temperatures suggest three cold periods during the Little Ice Age, around AD1500, 1700 and 1850. These cold intervals are consistent with the glacier moraine record from the region.
Ancient and primordial collisional families as the main sources of X-type asteroids of the inner main belt

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Aims. The near-Earth asteroid population suggests the existence of an inner main belt source of asteroids that belongs to the spectroscopic X complex and has moderate albedos. The identification of such a source has been lacking so far. We argue that the most probable source is one or more collisional asteroid families that have escaped discovery up to now. Methods. We apply a novel method to search for asteroid families in the inner main-belt population of asteroids belonging to the X complex with moderate albedo. Instead of searching for asteroid clusters in orbital element space, which could be severely dispersed when older than some billions of years, our method looks for correlations between the orbital semimajor axis and the inverse size of asteroids. This correlation is the signature of members of collisional families that have drifted from a common centre under the effect of the Yarkovsky thermal effect. Results. We identify two previously unknown families in the inner main belt among the moderate-albedo X-complex asteroids. One of them, whose lowest numbered asteroid is (161) Athor, is ~3 Gyr old, whereas the second one, whose lowest numbered object is (689) Zita, could be as old as the solar system. Members of this latter family have orbital eccentricities and inclinations that spread them over the entire inner main belt, which is an indication that this family could be primordial, that is, it formed before the giant planet orbital instability. Conclusions. The vast majority of moderate-albedo X-complex asteroids of the inner main belt are genetically related, as they can be included into a few asteroid families. Only nine X-complex asteroids with moderate albedo of the inner main belt cannot be included in asteroid families. We suggest that these bodies formed by direct accretion of the solids in the protoplanetary disc, and are thus surviving planetesimals.
Synthesis of high purity rutile nanoparticles from medium-grade Egyptian natural ilmenite

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The Egyptian magmatic ilmenite is classified as a medium-grade ore. The present work is an attempt to produce a high-quality TiO2 that can be used in several industries from this medium-grade raw material using the mechanical activation, carbothermic reduction, hydrochloric acid leaching and calcination. A mixture from the ilmenite (FeTiO3) and activated carbon was milled for 30 h. This mixture was annealed at 1200 °C for one hour and the product was leached by hydrochloric acid and calcined at 600 °C for two hours. The role of the ball milling was to grind the raw ilmenite to obtain the nano size, and the carbothermic reduction was to reduce all the Fe-Ti phases to a mixture from Fe metal and TiO2. Leaching procedure was carried out to remove all the Fe metal and obtain a high-grade TiO2. After leaching and calcination of the milled and annealed mixture of FeTiO3/C under the optimal conditions, TiO2 nanoparticles with a size of 10–100 nm and purity more than 95% were obtained. The qualifications of the synthesized high purity rutile nanoparticles from the Egyptian natural ilmenite match the conditions of many industrial applications.
Dynamic web server construction on the intranet using a change management framework

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As organizations increasingly emphasize effective collaborative working through networked systems, the World Wide Web (WWW) server and associated intranet technologies are gaining wider acceptance as a new enterprisewide information systems paradigm. In an intranet collaborative working environment, data used in the web server are usually modified more frequently than are those used in a traditional Internet web server. Thus, to support synchronous collaboration without causing any inconsistency among multiple concurrent users, the intranet web server must provide users with synchronized and consistent views of shared data. However, current web technologies have limitations in supporting this, largely because the existing Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is unidirectional and does not allow web servers to send messages to their web browsers without first receiving requests from them. This paper proposes a web-based change management framework that can overcome such limitations and support synchronous collaboration in an intranet computing environment. The web-based change management framework facilitates management of dependency relationships between shared data in the web server and dependent user views in the client web browser and allows the web server to actively propagate changing details of the shared objects to all users referencing them. On the basis of the change management framework, we propose a dynamic web server that can support synchronous collaboration in various intranet-based collaborative systems including concurrent engineering design systems and electronic approval systems. The prototype system of the dynamic web server is developed on a commercial Object-oriented Database Management System (ODBMS) called OBJECTSTORE using the C++ programming language. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of Methodologies Used in the Evaluation of the Weed Seed Bank under Mediterranean Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of two methodologies, seed germination (SG) and seed physical extraction SPE), to assess the weed community from two locations with different soil and climatic conditions: M, with dry and low soil fertility, and S with high soil humidity and fertility. Over three years of study, the analysis of both methodologies confirmed differences in seed bank composition. In M, fewer seeds were recorded by SG than SPE (13.5% and 86.5% respectively), while in S, the difference between percentages was less (31.58% by SG and 68.41% by SPE). Our findings confirmed that Portulaca oleracea L., Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson and Chenopodium album L. were abundantly found in M. Anacyclus clavatus (Def.) Res. seeds were also found, mainly detected by SG. In S, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. was widely found. All species found in S were similarly detected by SG and SPE. The results confirmed that climatic and soil conditions influenced the efficiency of the methodology used to assess the seed bank. M conditions led to an increased seed reservoir, and both methodologies were necessary to obtain the seed bank composition. In S conditions, the seed bank was continuously renewed, and either one of methodologies defined the seed bank composition equally well.
High complex crane system design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Mobile crane is a popular lifting machine widely used by a variety of industries. The two major issues that industries concern are safety and productivity. Accidents may easily happen in work sites of mobile cranes due to several reasons such as lack of operation knowledge, lack of safety awareness, lack of information about the environment and incorrect guidance or calculation from the supervisor or engineer. These factors may also influence the productivity by wasting time, energy and resource in unnecessary operations, stagnations and safety costs. Simulation and planning system for mobile crane lifting is an effective and efficient tool highly desired by the industry. An ideal system required should have realistic 3D simulation, high interaction level, user-friendly interface, proper and fast collision detection and powerful lift planning function. NTU has developed a simulator platform to aid in the planning of operations, but the problem is the lengthy development time required to produce accurate crane models. Now this report uses a 3-stage approach to presents the development of a new concept system (Product-family design) that is targeted at solving this problem. At last the process has a good result reducing the development time. However given the relatively new introduction of such a concept, there are still much more studies that can be done in future as indicated in the recommendation section.
Dielectric terahertz waveguides

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given. We believe we report the first demonstration of waveguide propagation of sub-ps THz pulses in a dielectric fiber. The experimental arrangement employed for coupling of free-space single-cycle THz radiation to the fiber is similar to that used for investigations of THz propagation in metallic waveguides. Briefly, the THz radiation is focused by a silicon lens to a waist diameter of /spl ap/200 /spl mu/m with the fiber entrance face placed at the waist position. An identical arrangement is used at the exit face of the sapphire fiber.
Fuzzy-multi-mode Resource-constrained Discrete Time-cost-resource Optimization in Project Scheduling Using ENSCBO

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Construction companies are required to employ effective methods of project planning and scheduling in today's competitive environment. Time and cost are critical factors in project success, and they can vary based on the type and amount of resources used for activities, such as labor, tools, and materials. In addition, resource leveling strategies that are used to limit fluctuations in a project's resource consumption also affect project time and cost. The multi-mode resource-constrained discrete-time–cost-resource optimization (MRC-DTCRO) is an optimization tool that is developed for scheduling of a set of activities involving multiple execution modes with the aim of minimizing time, cost, and resource moment. Moreover, uncertainty in cost should be accounted for in project planning because activities are exposed to risks that can cause delays and budget overruns. This paper presents a fuzzy-multi-mode resource-constrained discrete-time–cost-resource optimization (F-MRC-DTCRO) model for the time-cost-resource moment tradeoff in a fuzzy environment while satisfying all the project constraints. In the proposed model, fuzzy numbers are used to characterize the uncertainty of direct cost of activities. Using this model, different risk acceptance levels of the decision maker can be addressed in the optimization process. A newly developed multi-objective optimization algorithm called ENSCBO is used to search non-dominated solutions to the fuzzy multi-objective model. Finally, the developed model is applied to solve a benchmark test problem. The results indicate that incorporating the fuzzy structure of uncertainty in costs to previously developed MRC-DTCRO models facilitates the decision-making process and provides more realistic solutions.
The case for recording events in clinical trials.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The value of clinical trials in detecting unwanted effects of new medicines would be enhanced if doctors recorded all adverse events experienced by patients and not just those regarded as adverse reactions to drugs. All events should be reported to the centre co-ordinating the trial and analysed in treated patients and controls. This method might have revealed the ocular toxicity of practolol before the drug was marketed in 1970.