jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Diphenyl Ether Derivatives as Antitubercular and Antibacterial Agents

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tuberculosis is one of the leading cause of death worldwide and Mycobacterium tuberculosis still remains to be the fatal human pathogen. In pursuit of novel diphenyl ethers as antitubercular and antibacterial agents, a series of novel substituted N‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenoxybenzyl)‐N‐phenylmethanesulfonamides 4 a‐k were rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular and antibacterial activities. Compounds 4 j and 4 d appeared to be the most promising against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 42 μM and 65 μM, respectively. Compound 4 j exhibited good in vitro antibacterial activity with MIC of 6.97 μM, 13.94 μM, and 27.88 μM against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively, indicating it's broad‐spectrum of activity. The safety profile of the compounds was assessed on HepG2, Vero and RAW 264.7 cell lines. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to study the binding behavior of the compounds.
Hybridising plasma functionalized water and ultrasound pretreatment for enzymatic protein hydrolysis of Larimichthys polyactis: Parametric screening and optimization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Hybridising plasma functionalized water and ultrasound pretreatment for the enzymatic hydrolysis (HPUEH) of Larimichthys polyactis was evaluated by adopting Plackett-Burman design for parametric screening of six key variables, and Box-Behnken design for optimizing three most significant variables including plasma generating voltage (PV), ultrasound treatment time (UT), and enzyme concentration (EC). The models developed for predicting the degree of hydrolysis (DoH), protein recovery (PVY), and soluble protein content (SPC) were sufficiently fitted to the experimental data (R2 ≥ 0.966) with non-significant lack of fit and used for determining the optimum conditions as PV of 70 V, UT of 15 min, and EC of 1.787%, with predictive values of 27.74%, 85.62%, and 3.28 mg/mL for DoH, PVY, and SPC, respectively. HPUEH presented hydrolysates with smaller peptide sizes and molecular weights, enhanced DoH, PVY, SPC, amino acids and antioxidant activity, but reduced emulsifying and foaming properties when compared with conventional enzymatic hydrolysis.
Guide to the identification of Scorpionfish larvae (family Scorpaenidae) in the Eastern Pacific with comparative notes on species of Sebastes and Helicolenus from other oceans /

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Developmental stages of 51 species or forms of scorpionfishes are described and illustrated in this identification guide.Thirty-eight are from the eastern Pacific and represent six of the eight scor- paenid genera known from that region -Sebastes, Sebastolobus, Scorpaenodes, Scorpaena, Pontinus, and Ectreposebastes.Sebastes is the most thoroughly treated; developmental series of six species from the eastern Pacific are described and illustrated; pigment patterns of early larvae of 33 species are given and 23 of these are illustrated.Larval series of three North Atlantic species of Sebastes are described and illustrated as is a series of Sebastes from off Chile; in addition, the published information on eight northwestern Pacific species is summarized and discussed in relation to the eastern Pacific and Atlantic species.The other genera are represented by one or two species.Since larvae of the eastern Pacific species of Helicolenus were not available, a larval series of If. dactylopterus from the Atlantic are described for comparative purposes.Larvae of the eighth eastern Pacific scorpaenid genus, Trachyscorpia, are unknown.Two dichotomous keys to the eastern Pacific genera are included, one for the early larval stages up to the initiation of notochord flexion and one for postflexion larvae.In the text, a summary of the literature and definitive characters is followed by the descriptive accounts of the species.Each species account contains a literature summary, description, set of illustrations, and information on dis- tribution and abundance.
Exciton complexes in ZnSe/BeTe type-II single quantum wells

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have attempted spatially‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements to ZnSe/BeTe type‐II single quantum wells. We have found anomalous PL extended spatially to an order of 300 μm. The spatial extension grew with decreasing temperature. The results were unable to explain by a simple exciton diffusion model. The exciton complexes as a result of high density excitation could be responsible for the striking spatial propagation.
Optimalisasi Pendistribusian Garam Guna Meminimasi Biaya Pengiriman (Studi Kasus : PT JMU)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

PT JMU is a manufacturing company in East Java focused on salt production. The salt products produced by PT JMU include various types of salt, including coarse salt, fine salt, and consumption salt. PT JMU utilizes a region-based distribution model in its distribution process. This model results in limitations in the reach of the distribution fleet, leading to high travel distances and distribution costs. To address this issue, further analysis is required using a combination of the saving matrix method with nearest insert. This combination method utilizes distance matrices from the factory to retail and retail to retail. Thus, it can generate optimal total travel distances and distribution costs. The results of this method can reduce travel distance by 237 km and distribution costs by Rp 546.000.
Comparative evaluation of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and non – microsomal oxidases in Galatea paradoxa exposed to varying concentrations of ‘uproot’ a glyphosate-based herbicide

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study comparatively evaluated antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and nonmicrosomal oxidases in Galateaparadoxa (GP) exposed to varying concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicide uproot.Twenty GP were equally divided into 4 groups ( n = 5).Group A was control (no glyphosate exposure) while groups B, C, and D were exposed to 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, and 30 mg/L of uproot a glyphosate-based herbicide, respectively, for 21 days.At the end of the exposure, the soft tissue of GP was harvested from the shell, homogenized in ice-cold phosphate buffer (0.02 M; pH 7.2), and the supernatant was used to analyse the biochemical parameters employing standard laboratory methods.Results showed elevated (p < 0.05) activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase with respect to increasing concentration of glyphosate exposure.The concentration of nitric acid and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione stransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were elevated (p < 0.05) in exposed GP as compared with the control proportionate to the concentration of glyphosate exposure.The results also indicated that the reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity of exposed GP increased (p < 0.05) at 10 mg/L and 30 mg/L glyphosate exposure as compared with the control group.Again, glyphosate exposure did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and also did not cause changes in the activities of monoamine and sulphite oxidases.Taken together, these results support the possibility of uproot (the glyphosate herbicide) altering the antioxidant defense system in GP and may provide insights into monitoring the ecological consequences which may result from the indiscriminate use of glyphosate in our farmlands and these antioxidant enzymes employed as biomarkers of environmental contamination.
Use of Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Aesculus hippocastanum was studied as a possible biomonitor of the heavy metal pollution in the region of Thrace situated in the European part of Turkey. The urban roadside, city centre, and suburban sites were investigated. The Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations varied between 0.0200.051; 0.001-0.002 0.391-0.594; 0.256-0.38-7 g g(-1) dry weight in the washed leaves, between 0.023-0.119 0.002-0.068; 0.374-0.532 0.322-0.466 mu g g(-1) dry weight in the unwashed leaves, between 0.063-0.628; 0.005- 0.006-, 0.406-0.660; 0.345-1.026 Ag g(-1) dry weight in the bark respectively. In the soils supporting these plants the values of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu varied between 0.812-6.745; 0.002-0.006; 2.196-4.598; 0.517-1.117 mu gg(-1) dry weight respectively. When we compare the concentrations of the heavy metals in the leaves, bark and soils, we can see that the values in the urban roadside are higher than other sites. According to these results concentration of C C:1 heavy metals in A. hippocastanum did not exceed the upper limit. A highly linear regression was obtained for Pb, Zn and Cu between concentrations of the element in surface soil and in the washed leaves of plant but the correlation in the case of Cd was insignificant.
Are Teachers Prepared to Educate in Citizenship?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Education for active citizenship is a fundamental dimension of education, especially in the context of today's world. This is proclaimed by educational institutions and authorities, and has been incorporated into official curricula. But the reality of school is frequently incoherent with those statements. Indeed, the predominant school culture is a factor that conditions the activity of teachers as educators for citizenship. Research carried out in Andalusia (Spain) shows the difficulties teachers have in incorporating any education for citizenship into their subjects. Likewise, projects and initiatives coming from non-formal education are insufficiently exploited. These investigations also indicate that educational proposals organized around social and environmental problems facilitate the integration of education for citizenship into the school curriculum and the training of teachers as educators of citizens by getting them involved in these innovative experiences.
CONSOLIDATION OF Ni3AI POWDERS BY HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT A series of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) consolidation experiments was performed on vacuum gas atomized powders of boron doped Ni3Al and Ni3Al + Cr. The influences of time, temperature, and pressure on final densification were modeled by constructing HIP maps from reasonable estimates of Input data based on available information; model predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experiments. Fine powders undergo final densification predominantly by diffusional mechanisms and densify more quickly than coarser powders for which densification Is primarily controlled by power law creep. Tensile yield strengths of the consolidated alloys were comparable to values reported for fine grained aluminides produced by other means. Ductilities were somewhat lower than those determined for extrusion consolidated powders but could be improved by higher HIP temperatures or by post-consolidation heat treatment.
Impregnation of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) wood by hydrophobic oil and dispersion patterns in different tissues

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wood from Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> L. Karst.) is biologically degraded in exposed conditions. It also has anatomical features that make it difficult to impregnate with preservatives by currently available industrial processes. In the study reported here, we used the new Linotech process to impregnate Norway spruce wood with hydrophobic linseed oil and then quantified its uptake and dispersal in anatomically distinct wood tissues. We also investigated the effects of the wood moisture content on the results of the impregnation. Samples (500 x 25 x 25 mm) were taken from 15 trees in a coniferous forest in northern Sweden (64° 10' N, 160-320 m a.s.l.). The parameters for the Linotech process were 2-3 h treatment time at 0.8-1.4 MPa and 60-140°C. To determine the level of uptake, the linseed oil was extracted from the impregnated wood using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether. The uptake was quantitatively analysed by comparing X-ray microdensitometry values obtained following impregnation both before and after oil removal. In earlywood, initial moisture content had an obvious effect on the impregnation result. Six times more oil was taken up when the moisture content was greater than ∼150 per cent than when it was less than 30 per cent. Theoretical calculations, based on density levels, suggest that the water-filled porosity of the wood (water volume divided by porosity volume) was positively correlated with the linseed oil uptake, and more strongly correlated in earlywood than in latewood. There were also significant differences in uptake between different wood tissues; heartwood/mature wood and heartwood/juvenile wood showed 10-20 per cent weight increases due to linseed oil uptake, compared with 30-50 per cent in sapwood/mature wood. Examination by scanning electron microscopy confirmed these uptake patterns. The moisture content after impregnation was about 5 per cent, irrespective of the Linotech process parameters, tissue type and initial moisture content. In conclusion, the impregnation process used here results in high levels of well-dispersed linseed oil uptake and should facilitate drying.
Adapting to a new normal: the impact of COVID-19 on the mediatization of professional sport organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic created challenges that forced professional sport organizations to adapt to transforming media environments. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the pandemic on sport organizations through dimensions of mediatization: perception, structure, and behavior. Data collection included South Korean and U. S. media outlets (newspapers articles and websites) and participants (three male and two female) who worked in the Departments of New Media and Promotion in the Korean Football and Professional Baseball leagues. Data analyses involved triangulation of evidence from newspapers, websites, and interviews. The findings of the study addressed four themes: disruptions and changes in communication environment, which occurred under an already heightened need for change to enter the global sport market, recognition of the need to develop new media content due to the worldwide impact of the pandemic, development of new media teams, and collaboration for the creation of new media content.
Intense terahertz light-quantum quench and control of superconductivity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This thesis summarizes my PhD work on intense Terahertz (THz) light-quantum quench and control of superconductivity. BCS superconductor Nb3Sn and iron based superconductor Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 are studied by intense THz/optical pump/-weak THz probe ultrafast spectroscopy. I design and develop the experiment setup that reaches the strongest THz pump reported so far in similar tabletop congurations. Single cycle THz pulses up to MV/cm peak E eld open up a new regime to explore the quantum dynamics and emergent phase in condensed matter system, including superconducting (SC) condensate, topological Dirac fermions, exciton phase transition, quantum coherence in perovskite solar cell and 2D materials.
Conformal Prediction Inference in Regularized Insurance Models

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Prediction uncertainty quantification has become a key research topic in recent years, with applications in both scientific and business problems. In the insurance industry, assessing the range of possible claim costs for individual drivers improves premium pricing accuracy. It also enables insurers to manage risk more effectively by accounting for uncertainty in accident likelihood and severity. In the presence of covariates, a variety of regression‐type models are often used for modeling insurance claims, ranging from relatively simple generalized linear models (GLMs) to regularized GLMs to gradient boosting models (GBMs). Conformal predictive inference has arisen as a popular distribution‐free approach for quantifying predictive uncertainty under relatively weak assumptions of exchangeability, and has been well studied under the classic linear regression setting. In this work, we leverage GLMs and GBMs to define meaningful non‐conformity measures, which are then used within the conformal prediction framework to provide reliable uncertainty quantification for these types of regression problems. Using regularized Tweedie GLM regression and LightGBM with Tweedie loss, we demonstrate conformal prediction performance with these non‐conformity measures in insurance claims data. Our simulation results favor the use of locally weighted Pearson residuals for LightGBM over other methods considered, as the resulting intervals maintained the nominal coverage with the smallest average width.
Aminopeptidase activity is related to the amino acids composition of the food in passerine birds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background. Passerine birds exploit different kinds of feeding habits and they have to face seasonal changes in food availability. Therefore, the composition of the principal nutrient in their food differs from the usual. In consequence the digestive function – enzyme hydrolysis and absorption – have to adapt to these nutrients. These changes in digestive physiology could respond to the adaptive modulation hypothesis which postulated that the activities of digestive enzymes should match the levels of their substrates in their diet so energy is not wasted on enzymes that are no need. Thus, we decide to measure intestinal enzymes activities of two species of passerine birds that differ in natural diet. Overall we hypothesized that species with different feeding habits present enzyme activity according to the mainly component of the diet (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins). Our prediction is that the individuals will present enzyme activity proportionally to the primary components of the diets. Methods. We select for study: red ovenbirds (Furnarius rufus), which are strict insectivores and zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ), which are specialist granivores. We complete the analysis with publish data for house sparrows ( Passser domesticus ) feed on high starch from the literature. To examine intestinal enzyme activities, we measured the activity of two disaccharidases (sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamilase) and one dipeptidase (aminopeptidase-N). Results. The average intestinal activity of sucrase shows that the omnivorous P. domesticus presents almost 4 times more activity than the granivorous T. guttata and more than 11 times than the insectivorous F. rufus . This difference is also reflected in the total sucrase hydrolytic capacity where P. domesticus has roughly 10 times more than the other two birds. Surprisingly in F. rufus we found maltase and aminopeptidase activity while sucrase activity was close to zero. In the case of the average activity of maltase for the omnivorous P. domesticus is approximately 40 % more than the granivorous T. guttata and more than 5 times than the insectivorous F. rufus . Although the total maltase hydrolytic capacity of P. domesticus is 5 times more than T. guttata and F. rufus . The average of aminopeptidase-N activity for F. rufus and T. guttata almost doubled the P. domesticus ones. Also F. rufus roughly doubles the other two birds in total aminopeptidase hydrolytic capacity. Discussion. This study has shown that exist a relationship between the levels of amino acids in the diet and the total aminopeptidase capacity, but in the case of carbohydrates this relationship is not evident.
Intercropping of lupin for weed control and complementary grain production in organic farming

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Problem
Lupin crops (white lupin, narrow-leafed lupin) fix nitrogen, produce protein-rich seeds and can diversify crop rotations, However, the low competitive ability of lupin towards weeds and its high yield variability is a barrier to increase its cultivation with no or reduced herbicide use, Solution
A cereal (winter or spring) or camelina (spring) crop can be grown with lupin at a low density. The intercrop can compensate the low utilisation of soil nitrogen and light interception by lupin helping to reduce weed burden for lupin during the early stages of growth.
Vitamin D Level, Respiratory Tract Infections, and Controlled Trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Postembryonal development of the testes in cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During postembryonal development of males of Spodoptera littoralis the paired four-follicular larval testes undergo fusion and torsion, forming in the prepupal stage one gonad composed of eight testicular follicles. From the 6th larval till early pupal stage, the interior of the testicular follicles is divided into the following zones: 1) germarium with apical complex (an apical cell and two kinds of spermatogonia); 2) a zone, in which the single spermatogonia become surrounded by somatic cells, thus forming spermatogonial cysts; 3) a zone in which the spermatogonia inside the cysts undergo six incomplete mitotic divisions to form a syncytium of 64 spermatocytes (eupyrene spermatocytes with spherical nuclei or apyrene ones with polymorphic nuclei); 4) a zone, in which the spermatocytes transform into eupyrene or apyrene spermatids (256 per one cyst). In the mid-period of pupal stage two events occur: the apical cell in germarium degenerates and the eupyrene spermatogenesis ends. The apyrene spermatogenesis starts in the 6th larval instar and ends in the late pupa. In the late pupal and young imago testis, apyrene spermatozoa cysts form a compact layer under the gonadal wall, whereas the eupyrene cysts are loosely scattered in the central region of testicular follicles. The flagellum of the eupyrene spermatozoon is characterized by one mitochondrial derivative, by axonemal microtubules containing electron-dense material and by two kinds of appendage structures on the surface: lacinate appendages and satellite bodies. The flagellum of apyrene spermatozoon possesses two mitochondrial derivatives. It has neither extracellular appendages nor electron-dense material in microtubules. In seminal follicles the apyrene spermatozoa acquire a thick coating exhibiting periodic structure.