jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Marcabru, une édition critique. [À propos d'un ouvrage récent]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As far as 1909 Dejeanne published a critical edition of the complete poems of Marcabru, which has not been replaced during ninety-one years. This new critical edition of Marcabru's complete work, prepared by Simon Gaunt, Ruth Harvey and Linda Paterson, has been preceded by a number of partial studies and contributions. The critical apparatus is generally reliable, though incomplete. The huge existing bibliography is duly put to contribution, with the exception of linguistic studies and instruments, which are either absent, either unproperly exploited. Owing to the lack of any suitable linguistic approach, the editors tend to propose a number of textual alterations, most of which must be considered as highly questionable. Indeed, this edition contains a large percentage of words no to be found in any of the mss. concerned. Moreover, the editors ascribe to Marcabru a carelessness of prosodic and metric rules, which they consider as the result of a certain 'primitivism', manifesting itself in a technique not yet sufficiently advanced. Besides totally lacking any conclusive evidence, this hypothesis must be regarded as a quite improbable one, especially when considering Marcabru's well-known, almost extravagant attention to formal devices. Highly inconsistent as a joint project, this edition must be chiefly regarded as a provisional restatement of the main textual questions linked with Marcabru's work. It will be capable of giving some good service to scholars, provided it be consulted with due caution.
The Social Sources of Authenticity in Global Handicraft Markets

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

What happens to authenticity in the age of global markets? Rather than enforce such sharp dichotomies as ‘authentic/inauthentic’ (object) or ‘exploited/not-exploited’ (artisan), this article recognizes that the notion of authenticity evolves and gains strength through a process of differentiation that largely relies on the social situations that the artisans, the sellers and the buyers inhabit. This article documents how the Thai artisans of the Hang Dong district have diversified their notions of authenticity in producing and marketing their ethnic and tourist arts. Handicraft artisans and entrepreneurs sometimes create multiple meanings of authenticity to accommodate, modify, and at times resist, the effects of globalization on local culture and local economic life. These different understandings of authenticity initially direct the course of production and exchange; but new, sometimes unexpected, understandings emerge in the course of action. The four social sources of authenticity are reactive identity, reluctant engagement, complicit appropriation, and transcendental values. Each source has a different effect on how much local control artisans exert in production and exchange and how long traditional motifs and production processes endure in the commercial market for crafts.
IT-14 * MESENCHYMAL GLIOMA STEM CELL EXPRESS ICOSL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human glioblastoma is the most aggressive human primary brain tumor and is currently incurable. Immunitherapies have the pontential to target glioma and glioma stem cells (GSCs) that are resistant to conventional thepies. We previously identified and characterized two mutually exclusive GSC subtypes with distinct dysregulated signaling pathways. Analysis of mRNA profiles distinguished proneural (PN) from mesenchymal (Mes) GSCs and revealed a pronounced correlation with the corresponding PN or Mes HGGs. Here we show the expression of Inducible costimulator-ligand (ICOSL) by glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. We identified that Mes GSCs specificaly expressd ICOSL, however, PN GSCs did not express it. Further, immunohistochemical analysis of human brain tumors demonstrates the expression of ICOSL around the vessels. ICOSL is a member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules related to CD80/CD86, regulates CD4 as well as CD8 T-cell responses via interaction with its receptor, ICOS, on activated T cells. ICOSL could be a novel target for immunotherapy.
A brush-polymer/exendin-4 conjugate reduces blood glucose levels for up to five days and eliminates poly(ethylene glycol) antigenicity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This file contains raw data that support the findings reported in Qi et. al. article titled "A brush-polymer/exendin-4 conjugate reduces blood glucose levels for up to five days and eliminates poly(ethylene glycol) antigenicity" published in Vol.1 of Nat. Biomed. Eng., 2017, doi:10.1038/s41551-016-002.
See full length paper here: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-016-0002
Correction of Thickness Measurement by Ultrasound for Articular Cartilage Using Sound Velocity Estimation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background. Ultrasound measurement of osteoarthritis cartilage thickness is not sufficiently accurate if constant sound velocity is used. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of estimating the sound velocity using echo reflectance from the cartilage surface. Methods. Change in measurement error of cartilage thickness was evaluated using collagenase-treated osteochondral plugs. Sound velocity was calculated from the reflectance ratio, and the reference thickness was measured using a needle method. Findings. The relative errors of thickness measurements using constant sound velocity were increased after collagenase treatment. The errors using calculated sound velocity showed no significant difference between intact and degenerated samples. Interpretation. The collagenase treatment-induced error was reduced from 7% to 2% in absolute value, suggesting the applicability of the correction method for ultrasound measurement.
Estudio sobre una propuesta de indicadores de calidad desde la perspectiva del profesorado en ejercicio para orientar la formación en clave de inclusión educativa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The work we present is an ongoing research project on school inclusion, its implications for education, and an analysis of quality indicators. The research’s main objective is to analyze the beliefs and training needs that teachers have on inclusive education to consider some quality indicators for their training. The research was conducted at all levels of the Spain’s education system, except for higher education, i.e., namely early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, baccalaureate, and training modules. The study uses a qualitative research approach. Interviews were conducted with an open-ended questionnaire, one per interviewee, except for the principal and head teacher, who were interviewed as members of the board. Based on the analysis of data, results, and conclusions, we propose quality indicators to guide teachers’ training. The most relevant indicators are linked to the need to promote an inclusive educational model in which schools develop inclusive institutional projects, and teacher training is aligned with educational inclusion. This model is based on learning programs aligned with inclusive educational practices and needs and focuses on comprehension, democracy, and participation principles
First-Principles Studies of the Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Quantum Dots Functionalized by Ru(II)–Polybipyridine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ru(II)–polybipyridine complexes are efficient oxidizers and charge-transfer agents. Combined with semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) they show promising potential for solar energy conversion. Using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), we study the ground- and excited-state properties of PbSe and ZnO QDs functionalized by Ru(II)–trisbipyridine derivatives. The calculated binding energies elucidate that the most stable QD–complex structures occur through binding of the complex in a bridging mode, when the carboxylate group of the complex is bound to the two metal ions on the QD surface. However, independent of the attachment and the type and size of the QD, the complex introduces unoccupied molecular orbitals near the edge of the conduction band of the QD, while occupied orbitals localized on Ru(II) are deep inside the QDs' valence band. Such an energy alignment of the complex's and QD's orbitals makes the hole transfer from the photoexcited QD to the complex energetically unfavorable but supports a scenario of electron and energy transfer from the photoexcited complex to the QD. For small 1 nm PbSe and ZnO QDs, the lowest absorption peak originates from the complex and is well-separated from the next peak associated with the QD transitions, thus providing well-controlled excitation of either the QD or the complex. For PbSe QDs 2 nm in size and larger, however, the first absorption peak belongs to the QD transitions, while the next peak in the absorption spectra originates from both the QD's and the complex's transitions. The overlap between complex's and QD's optical transitions tends to hinder controllable excitation and regulated charge-transfer processes in experimental probes.
International Migration in Modern Economic Development: With Special Reference to Yugoslavia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes international migration within the framework of modern socioeconomic development, taking as an example the Yugoslav external migration in the period after World War II. How these migration flows fit with generalizations derived from long-run experiences with external migration of other countries is examined. General theoretical reasoning is applied in order to elucidate the basic determinants of migration, thus making a contribution to the integration of the theory and policy of economic development of emigration countries.
Zayn al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī’s Kashf al-Rība ʿan Aḥkām al-Ghība and Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The treatise Kashf al-rība ʿan aḥkām al-ghība (“The Removal of Doubt from the Rules concerning Malicious Gossip”) was composed in 949/1542 by the famous Twelver jurist Zayn al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī (d. 965/1558), known as al-Shahīd al-thānī. It is argued here that Zayn al-Dīn created this treatise by rearranging and editing several sections of al-Ghazālī’s great compendium on Islamic theology and ethics, Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn , that focus on “malicious gossip” ( ghība ), “bearing tales” ( namīma ), “speaking with two tongues” ( kalām dhī l-lisānayn ), and “envy” ( ḥasad ), and by adding Shīʿite ḥadīth s and other reports culled from the Kāfī of al-Kulaynī (d. 329/941), Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn Zuhra al-Ḥalabī’s (fl. 13th c.) collection of forty ḥadīth reports, and other Shīʿite works. In addition to producing a useful ethical work directed at a Shīʿite audience, Zayn al-Dīn may have intended this work to address negative reactions to his popularity as a teacher in Jabal ʿĀmil and particularly to his claim to have attained the rank of mujtahid , which he had made public in 948/1541.
Polygenic risk scores in imaging genetics: Usefulness and applications

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Genetic factors account for up to 80% of the liability for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes associated with increased risk for both disorders. Single SNP analyses alone do not address the overall genomic or polygenic architecture of psychiatric disorders as the amount of phenotypic variation explained by each GWAS-supported SNP is small whereas the number of SNPs/regions underlying risk for illness is thought to be very large. The polygenic risk score models the aggregate effect of alleles associated with disease status present in each individual and allows us to utilise the power of large GWAS to be applied robustly in small samples. Here we make the case that risk prediction, intervention and personalised medicine can only benefit with the inclusion of polygenic risk scores in imaging genetics research.
Behavioral Ecology Invited Commentary Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Moffett provides a very thorough review of the ‘‘supercolony’’ concept, focusing on the biology of the Argentine ant (Linepi-thema humile). The term supercolony is being used more and more frequently in the social insect literature, however, not always to describe the same colony structure. Despite invoking an almost science fiction-like quality, we agree with Moffett that the concept of the supercolony has been valuable, providing considerable insight from both an ecological and an evolution-ary perspective. Ecologically, the term supercolony is often used to describe a polydomous colony that occupies such a large number of nests that it is impossible for all members of the colony to interact in their lifetime (Pedersen et al. 2006). That is, the society occu-pies many nest sites over such a large area that queens and workers who live on one side of the supercolony will never
Gender and age composition of students in secondary specialized educational institutions in the Arctic zone of the European North of Russia in the 1950-1960s (case study of the Komi ASSR)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on statistical data from annual reports of secondary specialized educational institutions operating in the 1950-1960s in the Komi ASSR on the territory located within the boundaries of the modern Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, the paper considers the issues of gender and age composition of students. The information available in the reports made it possible to highlight the issues under study, highlighting data on daytime and evening forms of education. The conclusion is made about significant dynamics in the gender composition of students in the studied educational institutions over the outlined period. There was a noticeable shift in the issue of age composition in the 1960s towards an increase in groups of younger students in daytime education.
Investigation of the spectral properties of LED-based MR16 bulbs for general illumination

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The spectral properties of commercially available halogen and LED-based MR16s were investigated. The metrics used to characterize the MR16s include the total luminous flux (TLF), correlated color temperature (CCT), color-rendering index (CRI), angular variation of CCT, and luminous efficacy. The halogen MR16s were included as a baseline for comparison with LED-based MR16s. Seven LED-based MR16s were investigated, including three constructed from 5-mm LEDs, and four constructed from high-power devices based on a larger die. It is shown that MR16s constructed from white LEDs are not suitable as a direct replacement for existing alternatives at this time, due to their low power efficiency and poor TLF. MR16s constructed with a single phosphor also have poor CRIs and undesirable CCTs. An MR16 with an extra phosphor in the red region of the spectrum shows improvement in CRI and a lower CCT than the other LED-based MR16s. All of the LED-based MR16s had a variation of CCT that was larger than those of the halogen devices.
PRESENT STATUS OF NEUTRON FACTORY PROJECT AT KURRI

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A final goal of the Neutron Factory Project in Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI) is to establish a new neutron source of accelerator driven subcritical reactor (ADSR) as a substitute for the current research reactor KUR. A ring cyclotron system has become a main candidate for the accelerator system. A neutronics design study has intensively been carried out to examine the nuclear features of a research reactor type ADSR. Moreover, an experimental study on the ADSR was initiated in 2000 by using the Kyoto University Critical Assembly (KUCA), where a subcritical assembly can be driven by 14 MeV neutrons. It was found that the nuclear features of ADSR are dominated by the neutron multiplication process in the subcritical core.
Conceptualizing the dynamics of organizations: foundations for situational analysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Complexity of the organizations has created an immense diversity of approaches for research and consultancy. Based on a review of previous work, proposes a new theoretical model for organizational analysis which examines three levels of organizational consultancy. The first level is the level of business organization. The second level focuses on the internal management and organization of resources. The third level examines the individuals and the human behaviour at work. Presents the situational analysis in organization as an evaluation procedure allowing in‐depth analysis of problems in work situations. The ultimate goal of this procedure is to enable consultants to map out the key elements for evaluation in work situations and to test existing relationships between different factors considered in organizational re‐design. The proposed methodology has been developed as part of a consultancy project based on participant observation and conducted by the author in Bulgaria in 1988.
RNA sequencing analysis reveals differential gene expression of CXCL2 in ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background. Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and are associated with RA severity. It has been suggested that ACPA-positive (ACPA+) and ACPA-negative (ACPA-) RA are different disease subsets with distinct differences in genetic variation and clinical outcomes. The aims of the present study were to compare gene expression profiles in ACPA + and ACPA- RA and identify novel candidate gene signatures that might serve as therapeutic targets. Methods. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ACPA + and ACPA- RA patients, and healthy controls was performed via RNA sequencing. Genes with significantly different expressions were analyzed by cluster analysis, Gene Ontology analysis and Ingenuity Pathway analysis. A validation cohort was used to further investigate differentially expressed genes via real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation of differentially expressed genes and the clinical and laboratory data of the patients. The role of differentially expressed genes in osteoclastogenesis was further investigated. Results. There were significant differences in the expression levels of both genes and gene isoforms between ACPA + and ACPA- RA samples. Expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) was significantly increased in ACPA + RA patients than in ACPA- RA patients and healthy controls. Validation of candidate genes expression showed that CXCL2 levels in PBMCs and serum were higher in ACPA + RA patients than in ACPA- RA patients and healthy controls. CXCL2 promoted the migration of CD14 + monocytes and increased osteoclast differentiation in RA patients. RAW264.7 macrophages were used to investigate specific mechanisms, and the results suggested that CXCL2 stimulated osteoclastogenesis via ERK MAPK and NFκB pathways. Conclusion. Novel pathways associated with ACPA + RA were identified via RNA sequencing, and CXCL2 was highly expressed in ACPA + RA than in ACPA- RA. These results reveal a previously unreported role of CXCL2 during osteoclastogenesis in RA, and suggest that the blockade of CXCL2 might be a novel strategy for the treatment of RA.
THE CAPILLARY SPHINCTER IN THE HUMAN RETINA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

STUDIES of the blood vessels of the human retina were primarily stimulated by interest in the anatomy of the structures of the eyeground as they relate to basic aspects of ophthalmoscopy. The paucity of information to be gathered from the literature on the histology of the retinal vascular system made it necessary to undertake investigations of surface preparations of the choroid and the retina. A number of these preparations were stained with a great variety of agents before an occasional satisfactory one was obtained. Most of the material was obtained from eyes enucleated for the usual clinical indications. The retinal preparations found most useful were those stained with Weigert's stain for elastic tissue without counterstain. Fixation was with dilute solution of formaldehyde U. S. P. The best preparations of the choroid were those stained with Mallory's aniline blue. The retina or the choroid was stripped from the underlying layer. In
Elements of a community of learners in a middle school science classroom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The idea of a learning community has gained attention as a desirable environment that could provide opportunities for students to engage in solving problems in collaboration with peers. However, definitions of a community of learners are varied, vague, and not well-developed. The goal of the research described in this study is to examine the nature of a middle school science classroom during the development of a community of learners by focusing on the teacher–student interactions and the connections made by students with people outside the classroom. The first investigator served as both teacher and researcher in this study. The teacher used a project-based approach that allowed learners to find solutions to authentic problems or questions generated by the students. Students used a process of inquiry and collaboration to find these solutions. An analytical framework developed from the literature consisted of the following components: authentic tasks; interdependency in small group work; negotiation of understanding; public sharing; collaboration with experts; and responsibility for shared learning and teaching. The framework was used to analyze the multiple data sources, including videotapes, interviews, a teacher's journal, and electronic correspondence. Eight major themes emerged from the analysis. These themes included: (1) tasks connected to real-world questions generated more collaborative interactions than topic-bound tasks; (2) collaborative interactions in groups increased when tasks were student-initiated; (3) providing instructional support for students contributed to group decision making; (4) group productivity increased when students gained ownership; (5) student dialogue centered on the procedural aspects of the activity when completing teacher-designed activities; (6) when public sharing centered on discussions of their own experiences, students were more cognitively engaged; (7) interactions with outside resource people increased students' investment in the project; and (8) when students worked in teams answering their own questions, they took responsibility for learning and teaching. The findings of this study point to three important factors that influenced the learning community in this middle school classroom: (1) the importance of the driving question in contributing to the authentic nature of the investigations; (2) the importance of the teacher's role in supporting students in collaborating with peers and people outside the classroom; and (3) the extended time required for teams to develop collaborative relationships. The role of the teacher appears critical in transforming the roles of students and teacher in creating a community of learners. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 83:701–723, 1999.