jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Is there a relationship between estrogen serum level and symptom severity throughout the menstrual cycle of patients with schizophrenia?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Sex differences in terms of age at onset, symptom expression and course of illness have consistently been demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia. Some studies have reported that schizophrenic symptoms are exacerbated during the premenstrual phase when the blood estrogen level is low. Nevertheless, the results are controversial. We hypothesized that higher levels of estrogen would be associated with a decreased severity of illness in women with schizophrenia. To that end, we examined the relation of gonadal hormone levels to severity of symptoms in 30 women with chronic schizophrenia. Methods: Patients were 30 female in-patients who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria for chronic schizophrenia, aged between 20 and 40 years. All patients received a fixed dose of risperidone (6 mg/day) throughout the study and were assessed over one complete menstrual cycle following 1 month’s hospitalization. During the second month they were assessed from the first day of menstrual flow to the onset of the next menstrual flow period. A trained resident of psychiatry who was blind to the patients’ cycle phase, used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to rate patients. They rated each patient four times during the menstrual cycle: on the third day of menstruation when estrogen and progesterone levels are low; on the tenth day of menstruation when the estrogen level is rising; on the 13th day of menstruation when estrogen level is high (preovulatory peak); and on the 21st day of menstruation (midluteal) when progesterone level is high. Serum levels of estrogen, progesterone and prolactin were measured on the same days. Results: A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant change in the serum level of estrogen and progesterone. Post hoc Tukey comparisons of the estrogen and progesterone serum levels on day 3 with days 10, 13 and 21, revealed a significant increase (p < 0.001). In addition, a repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant changes on the PANSS total scores and all its subscales including positive, negative and general psychopathology. Regarding PANSS total scores and all its subscales, post hoc comparisons of day 3 with the scores on days 10 and 13 by means of the Tukey procedure revealed a significant reduction from day 3 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although more systematic research is needed to understand the etiology of the sex difference in schizophrenia, the present data add to a growing body of research suggesting that estrogen has an important role in the brain and higher estrogen levels in female patients with schizophrenia may be associated with better outcome. Moreover, exacerbation of symptoms during the premenstrual period supports the role of reproductive hormones in schizophrenia.
Further Studies on the Origin of Pregnanetriol in Adrenal Carcinoma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The biotransformation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-4-C14 and 3β, 17-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one-7α-H3 administered simultaneously was studied in a patient with adrenal carcinoma. The specific activities of the metabolites studied varied widely from each other. 3β,17-Dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one appeared to be the major precursor of urinary pregnane-3α,17,20α-triol in this patient; the evidence indicated that compound(s) other than 3β, 17-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one contributed to Δ5-pregnene-3β, 17,20α triol. 3β,17-Dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one-7α-H3 was also studied in a “normal” subject.
Interaction between parkin and alpha‐synuclein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mutations in the parkin gene have been identified in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (ARPD) throughout the world. Several groups have shown that parkin acts as an ubiquitin (Ub) ligase in in vivo and in vitro studies and identified several molecules to be ubiquitinated by parkin. Two rare mutations, Ala53Thr and Ala30Pro, in the α‐synuclein (αS) gene have been identified in autosomal dominant PD cases. αS is a major constituent of Lewy bodies the pathological hallmark of PD. Therefore, αvS metabolism is likely to play a central role in the pathogenesis of PD. We investigated the possible interaction between the two familial PD‐linked gene products, parkin and αS. We first demonstrated that parkin epitopes can be found within Lewy bodies by immunohistochemistry and immuno‐EM. We also detected parkin biochemically in affinity purified Lewy bodies. Furthermore, we identified a protein complex in normal human brain that includes parkin as an E3 Ub ligase, UbcH7 as its associated E2 protein and a novel 22 kDa glycosylated isoform of αS (αSp22) as its substrate. In an in vitro ubiquitination assay, αSp22 was further modified by normal but not mutant parkin into high Mr polyubiquitinated species. We observed accumulation of nonubiquitinated αSp22 in ARPD brain homogenates. Importantly enzymatic digestion of αSp22 abolish the binding of recombinant parkin with deglycosylated αS. We conclude that αSp22 is a substrate for parkin's Ub ligase activity in normal brain, and that loss of function in parkin‐deficient ARPD causes pathological αSp22 accumulation. These findings demonstrate a critical functional relationship between the two PD‐linked gene products.
Initiating the Policy Dialogue on Investing in ECD

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Presents three arguments for investment in early childhood development (ECD) which target each of the main actors in the policy dialogue: ministers of finance, planning, and social affairs; ministers of health; and ministers of education. Evidence shows that delays in cognitive and over-all development well before a child enters primary school often have long-lasting and costly consequences for both families and society, and well-targeted ECD interventions are a cost-effective strategy to help prevent or remedy these delays. Many young children in low-and middle-income households continue to experience high mortality/morbidity from preventable causes, and the important synergies among early childhood stimulation, nutrition, and health are necessary for children to thrive and achieve their full potential. Poor children who do not benefit from quality ECD interventions are often not prepared to learn once they enter primary school; ECD interventions provide a cost-effective strategy to promote school readiness, school achievement, and school completion.
Factors affecting tadpole growth: Development of a rearing system for the Neotropical leptodactylid Physalaemus pustulosus for ecotoxicological studies

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The frog Physalaemus is potentially useful for ecotoxicological studies in the Neotropics, and on the large and neglected family Leptodactylidae. The biology of adults and foam nests is well known but larval growth is little studied, with previous estimates of 40-60 days to metamorphosis. We investigated multiple factors affecting growth and development (water change; water flow; diet type; substrate type; background colour; temperature; container hygiene; aeration; tadpole age; tadpole relatedness) to develop a laboratory rearing system, which finally achieved better than 95% survival and 95% metamorphosis of survivors by 18 d after collection of nests. The final system comprised 10 tadpoles L−1 (360 m−2) in 1 L still water (changed every 3 d) or 2 L flowing water (flow 2-3 L d−1) 4 cm deep at room temperature of 27°C, with 10 g L−1 puddle soil dried at 110°C, and fed ad libitum on pellet fish food. The soil was the most important factor, giving faster growth and development than even warm water (33°C). Pellet food improved dissolved oxygen (DO) compared to flakes and was simpler to use, but gave similar tadpole performance (survival and growth). Aeration was not necessary; this increased DO but did not affect tadpole performance, and neither did background colour or mixing tadpoles from different nests.
MR of craniopharyngiomas: tumor delineation and characterization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MR imaging and CT (with and without contrast enhancement) were performed in 20 patients with an established or clinically suspected diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. Fifteen had biopsy-proven craniopharyngioma and five had presumed craniopharyngioma based on clinical and CT findings. In two cases MR was superior to contrast-enhanced CT in demonstrating the tumor. A variable appearance on T1-weighted MR images reflected the pathologic appearance of craniopharyngiomas. High intensity on T1-weighted images corresponded to high cholesterol content or presence of methemoglobin. MR was the preferred method in the evaluation of tumor extent, especially in the cavernous sinus and posterior clival region. CT was superior to MR in detecting the presence of calcification, which with the clinical history correctly suggested the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. Both MR and CT studies are desired initially to establish the diagnosis and to evaluate tumor extent. MR was the preferred method in detecting the presence of recurrent tumor.
Ice cream cone sign: reversible ballooning of the trachea due to tracheostomy tube cuff overinflation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A woman in her 80s with ventilator-dependent respiratory failure due to severe cardiomyopathy and critical illness myopathy was transferred to our hospital after experiencing recurrent episodes of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. On arrival, there was a significant air leak despite tracheostomy tube (TT) cuff pressures of 50 cm H2O (normal <25 cm H2O). Chest radiography revealed what we term the ‘ice cream cone sign’ (figure 1 and video 1), consistent with proximal trachea …
The Interpretation and Implementation of Peace Agreements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter addresses the challenges arising from the often unclear legal status of intra-state peace agreements in establishing their binding force, applicable law and relevant principles of interpretation, and considers how drafting techniques affect the implementation of such agreements. First, it maps out the means available to participants in a peace process to confer binding status on (the substance of) an agreement under either domestic or international law, including UN Security Council endorsement, domestic entrenchment or constitutional reform. Second, the chapter examines how (predominantly international) courts and tribunals have grappled with the task of determining the law applicable to peace agreements, as well as examining trends in the principles of interpretation applied by adjudicatory bodies. Finally, it turns to the effects of drafting techniques on the implementation of agreements from the perspectives of the constitutive and instrumental approaches, including weighing the merits of constructive ambiguity.
Determinants of Capital Structure of UK Quoted Companies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the determinants of capital structure in UK, seeks to determine, which capital structure theory is more applicable to UK companies, and intends to compare UK findings with previous empirical literature. Five determinants of capital structure, namely firm size, asset tangibility, profitability, growth opportunities and non-debt tax shields, are used in the research. Panel data set of 446 UK public quoted companies during 1998-2007 period is employed. Research methodology encompasses the use of several multiple regression models, namely regression with industry dummies to measure the importance of industry effects in explaining debt ratios, pooled panel OLS regression, and fixed/random effects panel data regression that accounts for firm-specific time-invariant heterogeneity in the data. Additionally, time dummies are added in each regression to include for sample-wide macroeconomic shocks. Each model is tested using both book debt and market debt ratios.\nThe leverage is found to be determined by firm size (+), asset tangibility (+), profitability (-) and growth opportunities (-). A very weak negative effect of non-debt tax shields is also found. Up to 36% of variance in leverage is found to be explained by industry effects. Pooled OLS model can explain up to 49% of variance in leverage. Fixed/random effects model describes up to 27% of variance in leverage. The results are found to be generally robust not only to the method of estimation, which confirms that the same determinants affect debt ratios both within and between firms, but also to alternative definitions of leverage and alternative proxies for the determinants of capital structure. \nNo conclusive evidence is found that one single theory can explain the differences in capital structure in UK better than another. Both pooled OLS and fixed/random effects models provide similarly mixed and inconclusive results. Nevertheless, the findings on UK companies compare favourably to most of the previous empirical tests. The negative link between leverage and profitability remains the main puzzle for the supporters of the trade-off theory. Moreover, limitations of the research are recognised and recommendations for future research are made.
Isolation and identification of oral Candida species in potentially malignant disorder and oral squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: Oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers in the world. More than 95% of the carcinomas of the oral cavity are of squamous cell type in nature. Oral Candida is a “yeast-like opportunistic pathogen.” The Candida genus is comprised of over 150 species of asporogenous “yeast-like” fungi. Aim and Objectives: The aim of study is to correlate the association of oral fungal infection in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant disorders. The current study was undertaken to probe the isolation and identification of oral Candida species in potentially malignant disorder and OSCC versus normal oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients for each abovementioned three lesions were randomly selected by using swabs. These swabs were subsequently inoculated in agar medium. Candida grows as white, convex colonies. Samples growing 1–3 colony-forming units (CFUs) were considered normal flora of the oral cavity. The specimens showing moderate to heavy growth were subjected to tests for identification of species of Candida . The chromogenic medium, HiMedia CHROMagar, has chromogenic substances which helps in the quick detection of Candida species, based on the reactions between the extract enzymes of the dissimilar species and the chromogenic substances. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance test, and post hoc Tukey’s test were utilized. Results: According to our study, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis , and Candida parapsilosis in the culture were found to be in increasing incidence from healthy, OSCC, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). These results clearly indicated that Candida species are increasing in the CFUs ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our study showed a higher intensity of Candida in OPMD and squamous cell carcinoma patients with results. The increasing CFU level and hyphae of Candida species in individual biopsy tissue with oral potentially malignant lesions to OSCC suggest that this pathogen plays a role in disease development and could aid in identifying the pathogenic commensal.
Regulation of water balance between blood and lymph in the frog, Rana pipiens.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To determine the relative importance of the lymphatic system and transcapillary reabsorption in maintaining water distribution between blood and lymph in Rana pipiens, the hematocrit (HCT) was measured (12 frogs) when each frog was: 1) under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) anesthesia, which inactivates the lymph hearts, 2) conscious at rest (control), and 3) conscious after activity. Arterial pressure (AP), lymph-heart rate (LHR), and plasma and lymph protein concentrations and colloid osmotic pressures (COP) were also measured. The average HCT during control state was 26.0 +/- 5.2% (SD), AP was 21.9 +/- 5.2 mmHg, and LHR was 86 +/- 13 bpm. MS222 increased HCT (42.6 +/- 7.9%), and did not affect AP. Experiments, in which plasma volumes were determined by intra-arterial injection of Evans blue-labeled albumin (EB-BSA) (16 frogs), showed that the increased HCT reflected a reduced plasma volume. Activity did not affect HCT, but increased AP (33.1 +/- 6.4 mmHg, p < 0.01), and LHR (115 +/- 26 bpm, p < 0.01). Thus lymph hearts are largely responsible for maintaining blood volume, and changes in transcapillary filtration rate are rapidly mirrored by changes in lymph heart function. Plasma and lymph COP values after MS222 or activity were not significantly different from control. This observation is consistent with the protein and fluid fluxes resulting from Starling forces if an average reflection coefficient to protein, sigma, of 0.5 is assumed, which is consistent with our EB-BSA data.
Compassion, Compassion Fatigue, and Burnout: Key Insights for Oncology Professionals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

When cancer care clinicians become stressed, sad, isolated—and unaware of this—they are placing themselves at risk for burnout and their patients at risk for suboptimal care. Despite their best intentions, clinicians can sink from a healthy work state of compassion, empathy, and well-being into compassion fatigue and burnout. Lessons from first responders demonstrate the importance for clinicians to recognize the warning signs of compassion and fatigue and burnout, as this recognition can enable them to take action towards prevention and/or recovery. The recognition of these issues as a threat to clinician performance has outstripped the development of evidence-based interventions, but interventions tested to date are effective, feasible, and scalable. These interventions could be incorporated systematically into cancer care.
Spain Transformed: The Late Franco Dictatorship, 1959-1975

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The publication of a book in English detailing recent trends of research on the last years of Francoist Spain is well overdue. Between 1959 and 1975 Spain became a modern industrial nation. As two of the contributors to this excellent volume, Pablo Martín Aceña and Elena Martínez have written, ‘Spain stepped into the First World and joined the exclusive club of those countries with a p.a. income of $2000 or more’ (p. 34). Yet this is the first comprehensive English-language study of this period since the appearance in 1976 of Paul Preston's edited volume, Spain in Crisis. After 1975, historians have tended to focus on the bloody origins of the regime in the civil war and the ‘hunger years’ of the 1940s. In his perceptive introduction, Nigel Townson notes that concentration on the early Franco period has been a feature of a ‘Marxist revisionist school’ that equates Francoism with fascism (p. 6); Edward Malefakis in the concluding essay criticises ‘essentialist’ historians who deny the reality of Francoist pragmatism (p. 251).
Radical feminist translations and strategies: A South Korean case

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In South Korea, a recent wave of feminism has brought about substantial changes in the book industry. Many publishing houses have expanded their list of feminism-related titles to cater for a growing number of women readers who seek awareness-raising. In addition, small-scale ventures dedicated to feminist publishing emerged to serve as a new platform for feminist activism. Among these ventures is Yeolda Books, a radical feminist publisher that openly advocates for "trans-exclusionary radical feminism" (TERF) and its translators use experimental language to emphasize women's experiences in a creative and disruptive way. Against this backdrop, the present study discusses various textual representations of radical feminist translation, drawing on four translations by Hyedam Yu, one of Yeolda's translators. The primary focus of this study is a theoretical formulation of feminist writing strategies derived from Yu's translations. Findings could broaden the scope of discussion of (radical) feminist translation performed in a non-Western context.
Evaluation of reduced beam section (RBS) on castellated beam subjected to a seismic load

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The ability of the beam to receive a seismic load can be explained in the experimental study of a castellated beam using RBS (reduced beam section) as a damping factor on earthquake resistant building structure. Evaluation of the structure of the exterior connections was done by subjecting cyclic loads gradually until collapsed to evaluate castellated beam test specimens with and without RBS. The experimental test conducted by cyclic test aimed to determine the ability of deformation and the force that worked due to the influence of RBS placement from the column face on the castellated beam. Investment of RBS positions on the columns in the column face shows that failures occurred due to the bending on the shaft. The results obtained by each load to the drift ratio were as follows. On the test specimens with RBS, the melting point was at 8 kN loading with a 1.05% drift ratio, 2.1% drift load at a 9 kN load, 3.20% drift at a peak load of 12 kN, and necking phase at 10.53 kN load with 4.17% drift.
Melville and the Idea of Blackness

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

By examining the unique problems that &apos;blackness&apos; signifies in Moby-Dick, Pierre, &apos;Benito Cereno&apos; and &apos;The Encantadas&apos;, Christopher Freeburg analyzes how Herman Melville grapples with the social realities of racial difference in nineteenth-century America. Where Melville&apos;s critics typically read blackness as either a metaphor for the haunting power of slavery or an allegory of moral evil, Freeburg asserts that blackness functions as the site where Melville correlates the sociopolitical challenges of transatlantic slavery and US colonial expansion with philosophical concerns about mastery. By focusing on Melville&apos;s iconic interracial encounters, Freeburg reveals the important role blackness plays in Melville&apos;s portrayal of characters&apos; arduous attempts to seize their own destiny, amass scientific knowledge and perfect themselves. A valuable resource for scholars and graduate students in American literature, this text will also appeal to those working in American, African American and postcolonial studies.
Clinical Approach to Fever of Unknown Origin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

発熱疾患は内科医が日常診療において必ず遭 遇するものであり，時に迅速な診断が要求され る．検査技術の進歩や疾患概念の確立は発熱疾 患の診断を容易にしたが，一方では，発熱以外 の症状に乏しく諸検査でも陽性所見が得られな いような不明熱が存在し，診断に難渋すること がある． 本セミナーでは，発熱疾患に対する異なる分 野(総合内科，膠原病内科ならびに呼吸器内科) からの多様なアプローチについて学ぶ． 1． 総合内科でみる不明熱 -免疫抑制薬使用の前に-岐阜大学医学部附属病院総合内科 田口皓一郎 1)はじめに 総合内科ではさまざまな訴えを聞くが，今回 は発熱，特に 3 回の外来や 3 日間の入院での適 切な診療を行っても原因の明らかではない不明 熱の当科の診療を解説する． 古典的不明熱は 38.3 度以上(口腔温)の発熱 が複数回みられ，3 週以上持続するものと定義 されているが 1) ，重症感染症でも高齢者や免疫 抑制薬使用中，腎不全等では微熱にとどまるこ とがあり，家族性地中海熱(familial Mediterra-第 29 回東海支部教育セミナーまとめ(企画：専門医部会) 発熱疾患へのアプローチ 司会 吉富 淳 (静岡市立清水病院呼吸器内科) 春田 純一 (名古屋第一赤十字病院消化器内科)演者 田口皓一郎 (岐阜大学医学部附属病院総合内科) 下山久美子 (浜松医科大学内科学第三講座免疫・リウマチ内科) 横山 俊彦 (名古屋第一赤十字病院呼吸器内科) ディスカッサント 山田 晴生 (医療法人生寿会かわな病院腎臓・リウマチ膠原病内科) 中村 真潮 (陽だまりの丘なかむら内科) 〔日内会誌 110：830～838，2021〕