jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional Data Analysis for Drilling Process in Underground Mines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In many underground mines the excavated ore is produced during the blasting process. Drilling machines that are used to drill the blastholes, where later the explosives will be mounted, are crucial for this task. In order to optimize the currently used techniques, great emphasis is placed on increasing the efficiency and safety of blasthole drilling operations. The natural consequence is the development of monitoring systems and algorithms for processing operational and historical data. In this article, we present the result of the analysis of drilling data carried out as part of the IlluMINEation project. The paper proposes an algorithm for work cycle detection for drilling machines, together with the estimation of general operating parameters and diagnosing the drilling process on the basis of long-term data. Based on the available data, selected components of the drilling cycles have been indicated. Several approaches based on the parameters of the defined cycles are proposed. These approaches can be used in the future to create a full-fledged system for examining the effectiveness and safety of mining drilling rigs.
Structural Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin by Ultraperformance Size Exclusion Chromatography/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Although low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been used as anticoagulant agents for over 2 decades, their structures have not been fully characterized. In this work, we propose a new strategy for the comprehensive structural analysis of LMWHs based on the combination of ultraperformance size exclusion chromatography/electrospray quadruple time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPSEC/Q-TOF-MS) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). More than 70 components, including oligosaccharides with special structures such as 1,6-anhydro rings, saturated uronic acid at the nonreducing end and odd-numbered saccharides units were identified with UPSEC/Q-TOF-MS. Furthermore, a more detailed compositional analysis was accomplished by CZE analysis. PEG10000 and MgCl(2) were added to the background electrolyte to separate those saccharides with the nearly same charge-to-mass ratio. Baseline separation and quantification of all the building blocks of the most complex LMWH, namely, enoxaparin, which include 10 disaccharides, 1 trisaccharide, 2 tetrasaccharides, and, of particular importance, 4 1,6-anhyro derivatives, was achieved using CZE for the first time. Additionally, the peaks of oligosaccharides, in the absence of commercially available standards, were assigned on the basis of the linear correlation between the electrophoretic mobilities of oligosaccharides and their charge-to-mass ratios. These two approaches are simple and robust for structural analysis of LMWHs.
Amines and ammonium compounds. CXCI. The Stevens rearrangement with the participation of the N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Under the influence of powdered potassium hydroxide in benzene ammonium salts containing a group of the allyl or propargyl types in addition to an N,N-dimethyl-carbamoylmethyl group enter smoothly into a Stevens 3,2-rearrangement with the formation of the N,N-dimethylamides of 2-dimethylamino-4-pentenoic and 2-dimethylamino-3,4-pentadienoic acids respectively. The salt, which contains a benzyl group as migrating group, forms a mixture of products from the Stevens and Sommelet rearrangements. The possibility of rearrangement under the influence of sodium in DMSO was demonstrated.
Phase sensitive low-coherence interferometry using microwave photonics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We report on a low-coherence interferometer based on Microwave Photonics (MWP) which allows, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, stable determination of the interferogram’s phase. The interferometer is built on suppressed carrier, double-sideband modulation, dispersive propagation in a chirped fiber Bragg grating, demodulation by electro-optical frequency down-conversion, and suitable signal processing techniques to account for modulation impairments. Taking as a reference a direct normalization of the link’s microwave response, the system retrieves high-resolution interferograms, both in amplitude and phase and free from distortion induced by higher-order dispersion, in an optical path difference of 16.3 mm, surpassing previously reported values based on MWP implementations. We present representative applications targeted to the characterization of C-band sources and components, such as direct analysis of interferograms with 5.5 fs temporal resolution, Fourier-transform spectroscopy with 14 GHz spectral resolution, and optical low-coherence reflectrometry of the impulse response’s amplitude of fiber Bragg gratings with 0.55 μ m spatial resolution.
Compact phased array antenna system based on dual‐band operations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT This article presents a novel approach to shrink the size of the conventional phased array antenna fed by Butler matrix. The proposed size reduction of the phased array antenna is obtained by designing the whole system to operate at dual frequency bands. Due to the dual‐band operation, an N‐element phased array antenna can be used to generate 2N radiation beams, leading to a great size reduction. To verify this design concept, a dual‐band feed network is built based on a dual‐band 4 × 4 Butler matrix. By integrating this dual‐band feed network with a four‐element antenna array, eight distinct radiation beams can be realized. An experimental prototype operating at 5 and 8 GHz is designed and fabricated. It can achieve the same function as the conventional phased array antenna system using single‐band 8 × 8 Butler matrix, realizing a great size reduction. The simulated and measured results show good agreement with the design theory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1391–1396, 2014
Identification and isolation of full-length cDNA sequences by sequencing and analysis of expressed sequence tags from guarana (Paullinia cupana)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The current intense production of biological data, generated by sequencing techniques, has created an ever-growing volume of unanalyzed data. We reevaluated data produced by the guarana (Paullinia cupana) transcriptome sequencing project to identify cDNA clones with complete coding sequences (full-length clones) and complete sequences of genes of biotechnological interest, contributing to the knowledge of biological characteristics of this organism. We analyzed 15,490 ESTs of guarana in search of clones with complete coding regions. A total of 12,402 sequences were analyzed using BLAST, and 4697 full-length clones were identified, responsible for the production of 2297 different proteins. Eighty-four clones were identified as full-length for N-methyltransferase and 18 were sequenced in both directions to obtain the complete genome sequence, and confirm the search made in silico for full-length clones. Phylogenetic analyses were made with the complete genome sequences of three clones, which showed only 0.017% dissimilarity; these are phylogenetically close to the caffeine synthase of Theobroma cacao. The search for full-length clones allowed the identification of numerous clones that had the complete coding region, demonstrating this to be an efficient and useful tool in the process of biological data mining. The sequencing of the complete coding region of identified full-length clones corroborated the data from the in silico search, strengthening its efficiency and utility.
When reality defies delusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a former existence I was training in general practice in the midlands of Ireland, where my psychiatric attachment included home visits with the community psychiatric nurse, Liam. Liam had worked in the area for nearly 40 years. On the day in question our destination was the remote and beautiful Glen of Aherlow, where two farming brothers with schizophrenia lived in a small isolated cottage. The brothers were in their 60s, and Liam had known them since his arrival in the glen.

As Liam drove over the Galtee mountains, I was flicking through the brothers' hospital notes. A recurring and prominent delusional feature was noted in John's chart—that his brother, Jim, regularly appeared on the television …
Abusing Use

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper discusses objections against the idea that the meaning of a word is its use. Sct. 1 accepts Rundle's point that ‘meaning’ and ‘use’ are used differently, but insists that this is compatible with holding that use determines meaning, an therefore holds the key to conceptual analysis. Scts. 2–4 rebut three lines of argument which claim that linguistic philosophy goes astray by reading into the meaning of words non-semantic features of its use: Searle's general speech act fallacy charge, Hacker's use of the Frege-point against Wittgenstein's account of avowals, and Grice's attack on Wittgenstein's discussion of ‘trying’. Sct. 5 argues that Grice's doctrine of conversational implicature fails to show that the features he disregards are pragmatic rather than semantic. Sct. 6 ends with some suggestions about how use can be related to meaning without being abused.
THE NATURE OF THE VEGETATIONAL CHANGES AT ABOUT 5000 b.p. WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE ELM DECLINE: FRESH EVIDENCE FROM CONNEMARA, WESTERN IRELAND

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

S ummary Results of palaeoecological investigations on a core from Lough Sheeauns, N.W. Connemara, a small lake sited in an area with a dense concentration of megaliths datable to the Neolithic, are reported. Pollen analysis, involving continuous sampling over a 41 cm interval spanning the elm decline (c. 5000 B.P.), permitted a detailed reconstruction of the vegetational changes and the nature of human impact. The pollen data are supplemented by chemical analysis and a chronology is provided by radiocarbon dating. Farming, including cereal cultivation, in the century prior to the elm decline is demonstrated. The elm decline emerges as a distinct feature in both percentage and concentration pollen diagrams. It is argued that neither an anthropogenic nor a climatic explanation for that event is sustainable in the light of the available evidence; a disease hypothesis is favoured. In the immediate post‐elm decline period, Landnam, involving major woodland clearance in the context of a pastoral‐based Neolithic economy, is recorded as a distinctive feature in the pollen record.
The Effect of Location, Personal Selling and Price Perception on Consumer Purchasing Decision in Property Company, North Bekasi District

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of location, personal selling and price perception of consumer purchasing decisions at PT. Symbol Nusantara Land housing. This type of research is quantitative. The population in this study amounted to 50 people. Sampling technique using saturated sampling technique. The sample in this study amounted to 50 respondents. Data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires through Google Form. Hypothesis testing in this study using Multiple Linear Regression analysis. The research subjects are consumers who have ordered and who have occupied a housing unit at PT. Symbol Nusantara Land. The results of this study indicate that the variables of Location, Personal Selling and Price Perception partially and simultaneously have a significant and positive effect on the Purchasing Decision variable.
Mobility of fullerene ions in liquid cyclohexane and n-pentane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Positive and negative C/sub 60//C/sub 70/ ions were produced in liquid cyclohexane and n-pentane by charge transfer from radiation-induced positive ions and by electron attachment. Their drift mobility was measured and compared to Stokes-formula predictions. Preirradiation of the solution leads to the formation of larger fullerenes, the ions of which exhibit smaller drift mobilities.
HYBMAP: Global hybrid land-cover maps from 2000 to 2020 with a resolution of approximately 1 km

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Land-cover products provide important data support for monitoring and analyzing land surface changes. In this context, many products have been developed for use by researchers. However, comparisons between land cover products reveal disagreement between them, suggesting that individual products remain highly uncertain. Here, we mixed four sets of land cover products (MODIS-IGBP, ESA CCI, GLC_FCS30 and GlobeLand30) to produce hybrid maps covering the globe from 2000 to 2020 with a resolution of approximately (0.0083333°, 30''). The results showed that HYBMAP effectively reduced the disagreement between data sets and improved the agreement by 8.7%. The results of validation samples showed that HYBMAP improved the classification accuracy of land-cover products with relatively high accuracy. The overall accuracy of HYBMAP for level-0 classification system (nine coarse land-cover types), level-1 classification system (eleven land-cover types), and level-2 classification system (17 land-cover types) was 86.2% (kappa: 0.822), 80.5% (kappa: 0.765) and 75.9% (kappa: 0.733), respectively. From the perspective of time series, the area change of each type of land cover in the world is relatively stable with good time continuity.
Relationship between cardiopulmonary response to exercise and adiposity in survivors of childhood malignancy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many long term sequelae result from previous treatment for malignancy in childhood. However, little information exists on cardiopulmonary response and energy expenditure during exercise and their possible associations with excess body fat. Measurements of body composition and exercise capacity both at low intensity and maximal aerobic capacity were made on 56 long term survivors of childhood malignancy (35 survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 21 survivors of other malignancies) and 32 siblings acting as controls. Female survivors of ALL had significantly greater mean (SD) body fat than survivors of other malignancies and siblings (32.5 (6.4)% v 24.3 (4.4)% and 26.3 (8.5)% respectively, p < 0.005). Energy expenditure at low intensity exercise was reduced in survivors of ALL, and negatively correlated with body fat after controlling for weight (partial r range -0.21 to -0.47, p < 0.05). Stroke volume, measured indirectly, was reduced and heart rate raised in ALL survivors at sub-maximal exercise levels. Peak oxygen consumption was significantly reduced in girls and boys treated for ALL compared with siblings (30.5 v 41.3 ml/kg/min for girls, p < 0.05 and 39.9 v 47.6 ml/kg/min for boys, p < 0.05 respectively). Reduced exercise capacity may account in part for the excess adiposity observed in long term survivors of ALL.
5G fronthaul-latency and jitter studies of CPRI over ethernet

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) is a successful industry cooperation defining the publicly available specification for the key internal interface of radio base stations between the radio equipment control (REC) and the radio equipment (RE) in the fronthaul of mobile networks. However, CPRI is expensive to deploy, consumes large bandwidth, and currently is statically configured. On the other hand, an Ethernet-based mobile fronthaul will be cost-efficient and more easily reconfigurable. Encapsulating CPRI over Ethernet (CoE) is an attractive solution, but stringent CPRI requirements such as delay and jitter are major challenges that need to be met to make CoE a reality. This study investigates whether CoE can meet delay and jitter requirements by performing FPGA-based Verilog experiments and simulations. Verilog experiments show that CoE encapsulation with fixed Ethernet frame size requires about tens of microseconds. Numerical experiments show that the proposed scheduling policy of CoE flows on Ethernet can reduce jitter when redundant Ethernet capacity is provided. The reduction in jitter can be as large as 1 μs, hence making Ethernet-based mobile fronthaul a credible technology.
Cathepsin S expression is up-regulated following balloon angioplasty in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Neointimal development following balloon angioplasty involves many factors including smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Further, in hypercholesterolemic (HC) conditions, there is an influx of macrophage foam cells (FCs) into the restenotic lesion, which also involves degradation of the basement membrane and surrounding ECM. The ECM remodeling that occurs during restenosis has been shown to be mediated by various proteases. Here we have investigated the role of cathepsin S (CatS), a cysteine protease, in this process. Methods and results: We have demonstrated by Taqman quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry that CatS is up-regulated in restenotic lesions of HC rabbits following balloon injury of the iliofemoral artery. CatS mRNA expression was elevated 28-fold in balloon-injured vessels relative to uninjured contralateral vessels in HC rabbits 8 weeks post-angioplasty (p<0.05). CatS protein expression was detected within 1 day post-injury, persisted throughout the entire time course evaluated (60 days post-injury), and was co-localized with SMCs, macrophages, and FCs. In contrast, cystatin C (CysC), the endogenous inhibitor of cathepsins, was only minimally up-regulated following injury. CysC mRNA expression was elevated 3.5-fold in balloon-injured vessels relative to uninjured contralateral vessels in HC rabbits 8 weeks post-angioplasty (p<0.005), and up-regulation of protein expression was not detected until days 28 and 60 post-injury. Additional biochemical studies using recombinant rabbit CatS revealed that rabbit CatS digests laminin, fibronectin, and type I collagen. Further, CatS expression was evaluated in SMCs that were induced to migrate through a matrix-coated Boyden chamber upon platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation. The addition of a selective CatS inhibitor reduced SMC migration dose-dependently with an 80% reduction in migration at 30 nM (p<0.005). Additionally, we have shown that CatS protein expression by human macrophages was increased upon stimulation with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), implying augmentation of CatS production during foam cell formation. Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate an enhanced expression of CatS during neointima formation and it is associated with invading SMCs, macrophages, and FCs, highlighting the importance of CatS in the pathogenesis of restenosis.
Monogenic, polygenic, and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review Familial hypercholesterolemia has long been considered a monogenic disorder. However, recent advances in genetic analyses have revealed various forms of this disorder, including polygenic and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia. We review the current understanding of the genetic background of this disease. Recent findings Mutations in multiple alleles responsible for low-density lipoprotein regulation could contribute to the development of familial hypercholesterolemia, especially among patients with mutation-negative familial hypercholesterolemia. In oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, multiple rare genetic variations contributed to more severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Summary Familial hypercholesterolemia is a relatively common ‘genetic’ disorder associated with an extremely high risk of developing coronary artery disease. In addition to monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, different types of familial hypercholesterolemia, including polygenic and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, exist and have varying degrees of severity. Clinical and genetic assessments for familial hypercholesterolemia and clinical risk stratifications should be performed for accurate diagnosis, as should cascade screening and risk stratification for the offspring of affected patients.
Border Territories of the Russian Empire Through the Eyes of Reviewers of the Literary and Critical Periodical “The Quarterly Review” in 1815—1825

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1815, after defeating Napoleonic France, the victorious powers took leading positions in Europe. Among them were Russia and Great Britain. The former coalition ally and its actions in international politics have become the focus of attention of the political establishment and the general public in the United Kingdom. The internal and foreign policy of St. Petersburg, as well as the specifics of the position of the various possessions of the empire, were actively discussed in the press. Critical periodicals were popular with the British reading public, among which The Quarterly Review occupied one of the leading positions. Historians and literary scholars have repeatedly turned to the critical articles published in the journal. However, the analytical depth and thematic diversity of the publications of The Quarterly Review allow for the formulation of new questions. London reviewers regularly published reviews of new books, which could contain discussions about the specifics of the structure of the Russian Empire, as well as information about its population. Critical articles also published materials about border territories. Their economic, social and cultural development gave the authors the opportunity to express their views on various problems. The situation of the western lands of the empire became an occasion for discussing the current international political situation. The descriptions of the southern regions reflected the critics&apos; ideas about the East and the limits of European civilization. Reports about the remote northeastern borders demonstrated their genuine interest in current geographical discoveries, and also clearly showed their readers the scale of a colossal empire that stretched across two continents. Discussions about the state of Russia&apos;s remote regions prompted the authors to ask questions about the country&apos;s future, while simultaneously expressing their position on the the laws of historical development.