jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of V-Factor (NAD)-Independent Haemophilus paragallinarum

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In South Africa from early 1989 onward, strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum not requiring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) have been isolated from commercial chickens suffering from infectious coryza. Fifteen of these field isolates were characterized by biochemical typing, serotyping, restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), and ribotyping. The chosen isolates represented diversity in geographic location, time of disease outbreak, and type of flock. All were typical of the species in biochemical properties, except that they were NAD-independent, and all were Page serovar A. REA was performed with three enzymes: HindIII, HpaII, and SspI. All isolates gave identical REA profiles with all three enzymes. Ribotyping was performed using a probe that consisted of the plasmid pUC19 into which the 16S rRNA operon of H. paragallinarum had been inserted. All 15 isolates gave the same ribotyping profile using each of the three enzymes. As a group, the NAD-independent strains gave REA profiles and ribotypes that were very different from a range of classic South African strains isolated before 1989. Our results strongly suggest that the NAD-independent isolates are clonal in nature.
A 3-Bit Current Mode Quantizer for Continuous Time Delta Sigma Analog-to-Digital Converters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The summing amplifier and the quantizer form two of the most critical blocks in a continuous time delta sigma (CT ΔΣ) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Most of the conventional CT ΔΣ ADC designs incorporate a voltage summing amplifier and a voltage-mode quantizer. The high gain-bandwidth (GBW) requirement of the voltage summing amplifier increases the overall power consumption of the CT ΔΣ ADC. In this work, a novel method of performing the operations of summing and quantization is proposed. A current-mode summing stage is proposed in the place of a voltage summing amplifier. The summed signal, which is available in current domain, is then quantized with a 3-bit current mode flash ADC. This current mode summing approach offers considerable power reduction of about 80% compared to conventional solutions [2]. The total static power consumption of the summing stage and the quantizer is 5.3mW. The circuits were designed in IBM 90nm process. The static and dynamic characteristics of the quantizer are analyzed. The impact of process and temperature variation and mismatch tolerance as well as the impact of jitter, in the presence of an out-of-band blocker signal, on the performance of the quantizer is also studied.
Large deviations for small noise diffusions in a fast markovian environment

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A large deviation principle is established for a two-scale stochastic system in which the slow component is a continuous process given by a small noise finite dimensional Itô stochastic differential equation, and the fast component is a finite state pure jump process. Previous works have considered settings where the coupling between the components is weak in a certain sense. In the current work we study a fully coupled system in which the drift and diffusion coefficient of the slow component and the jump intensity function and jump distribution of the fast process depend on the states of both components. In addition, the diffusion can be degenerate. Our proofs use certain stochastic control representations for expectations of exponential functionals of finite dimensional Brownian motions and Poisson random measures together with weak convergence arguments. A key challenge is in the proof of the large deviation lower bound where, due to the interplay between the degeneracy of the diffusion and the full dependence of the coefficients on the two components, the associated local rate function has poor regularity properties.
COVID-19 and aspiration pneumonia: similar pulmonary findings with different diagnoses. A pitfall in [18F]FDG PET/CT.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Since December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a worldwide pandemic. Especially in the centers most affected by the pandemic, symptoms (such as fever, cough, myalgia, or fatigue) and/or radiological signs (such as ground-glass opacity) typically related to COVID-19 often diverted clinicians’ attention from other diseases. Despite the urgency to recognize and cure SARS-CoV-2 infection, a plethora of differential diagnoses must be considered, and other diseases must be equally and promptly treated, as described in this case report.
On the real-structure of biomimetically grown hexagonal prismatic seeds of fluorapatite–gelatine-composites: TEM investigations along [001]

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The central parts of hierarchically ordered fractal aggregates of fluorapatite–gelatine-composites consist of an elongated hexagonal-prismatic seed (5–20 µm in length). The X-ray diffraction patterns of the composite-seeds (gelatine-content 2.3 wt.-%) correspond to fluorapatite single crystals, the fracture area perpendicular to the hexagonal axis, however, shows a radial structure completely different to the fracture surface of pure apatite. This observation had already led to the assumption of the formation of a nano-composite-superstructure. Here, we report on a TEM investigation into the real-structure of biomimetically grown seeds of the fractal composite aggregates. Because of the high complexity of the composite system the present work is first of all restricted to observations along [001] only. Compared to a pure inorganic apatite mineral the composite is characterised by a superstructure with average periodicity of about 10 nm. The superstructure seems to be caused by calcified (triple-helical) gelatine molecules (orientation of their long axes || [001] of the composite seed) which act as nucleation centres for highly mosaic-controlled apatite-subareas at nano-scale.
Association between perceived olfactory dysfunction and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults: A prospective community-based study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Perceived olfactory dysfunction was associated with a high risk of all-cause mortality among Chinese adults. Our study is limited by failure to include a national-representative sample and misclassification of exposure assessment due to use of a subjective question to assess olfactory dysfunction. Further studies with objective are warranted to replicate our findings and understand the underlying mechanisms.
Antibiogram Profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Superficial Wound, High Vaginal and Antral Washout Specimens in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Klebsiella pneumoniae is recognized as an important gram negative opportunities pathogen. It has the ability to adhere to host structures using its polysaccharide capsule, thus facilitating infection. This prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) to establish the prevalence of K. pneumoniae from superficial wounds, high vaginal and antral washout specimens. A total of 2,000 specimens were submitted for routine bacteriological analysis between January and September 2009. Specimens were cultured unto chocolate, blood, and McConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically and anaerobically for 24 hrs. Isolates were identified by standard methods and susceptibility tests were done on nutrient agar according to the method of Bauer and Kirby. One thousand five hundred and eighty nine isolates of various bacteria were obtained from the 2,000 specimens, representing 79.5% recovery rate. K. pneumoniae strains accounted for 146 (9.2%) of all microbial isolates. Others were Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus morganii, Proteus rettgerri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes fecalis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Candida albicans. The K. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamycin, moderately sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate, clarithromycin, cefuroxime and ceftriazone but strongly resistant to lincomycin and cloxacillin. The increasing resistance of K. pneumoniae to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is a big challenge to health care industry. Measures to reduce the misuse of available antimicrobials were suggested. Keywords: Superficial wound infection, Antibiotic resistance, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Burghers versus Bureaucrats: Enlightened Centralism, the Royal Towns, and the Case of the Propinacja Law in Poland-Lithuania, 1776-1793

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the eighteenth-century, European rulers embraced a common policy of enlightened centralism aimed at undermining the prerogatives of local self-government, a trend that even reached the decentralized Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this article, Curtis G. Murphy investigates an example of an Enlightenment centralist policy that failed. A new reformist king sought to convert the burghers' right to produce alcohol, known as propinacja , into a state-controlled monopoly, but the effort produced only chaos and the diminishment of self-government. Contrary to the center's complaint that insufficient force undermined a beneficial effort, Murphy argues that the law failed because the priorities of the locals did not align with the government's goals and the habits of selfgovernment clashed with the bureaucratic methods of enlightened centralism. Historians of Poland have often praised the centralizing reforms of the late-eighteenth century, but the case of the propinacja law questions whether such efforts justified the costs of destroying self-government in the towns.
Systematic Truncation of a Distributed Universal Even-Tempered Basis Set of Gaussian Functions: an Application to the Ground State of the BF Molecule

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Systematic sequences of distributed universal even-tempered basis sets of Gaussian functions have been shown to support an accuracy approaching the sub-μHartree level for the total Hartree-Fock energies for diatomic molecules containing first row atoms. They have also been shown to support high precision correlation treatments. Furthermore, the use of a similar approach for systems containing heavy atoms and for polyatomic molecules has been demonstrated. In this paper, systematic truncation of basis sets developed in this fashion is explored. An application to the Hartree-Fock ground state of the BF molecule at its equilibrium geometry is described. The parent distributed universal basis set, which contains a total of 623 primitive Gaussian functions, is truncated by systematically removing those basis functions for which the magnitude of the elements of the orbital expansion coefficient vector are less than some small τ for all occupied orbitals. The effects of truncation on the description of electron correlation effects using second order many-body perturbation theory is also explored.
What Is Git?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Git is a popular and widely used source management system that greatly simplifies the development cycle. It enables users to create, use, and switch between branches for content development as easily as people create and switch between files in their daily workflow. Git allows everyday users to focus on getting the content right instead of worrying about source management, while providing more advanced users with the ability to record, edit, and share changes at any level of detail. Git has its roots in the development environment for the Linux kernel. From these early beginnings, Git has grown to become an industry-standard tool. As with any sufficiently successful open-source technology, an entire ecosystem has sprung up around Git. Broadly, the Git-based offerings divided into a few categories: core Git, Git-hosting sites, self-hosting packages, ease-of-use packages, plug-ins, tools that incorporate Git, and Git libraries.
Efficient spatiotemporal segmentation and video object generation for highway surveillance video

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The new MPEG-4 video coding standard enables content-based functionality by introducing the video object. It is based on segmentation and tracking of moving objects. A new procedure is described for spatiotemporal segmentation and video object generation of highway surveillance video. First, the representation model is proposed to describe the relationship between the background and the moving objects. Based on this model, we analyze the spatiotemporal information of some successive frames statistically to recover the background image. Then, the moving objects are detected and the video object planes are extracted by the difference between the video sequence and the recovered background image. Finally, the spatiotemporal regional similarity operator is used for object tracking. Based on the correspondence relationship between the video object planes, the video objects are generated successfully. At the same time, highway monitoring is implemented. The experimental results on an actual highway surveillance video show that our method is quite practical and efficient.
The association between obesity and severe disability among adults aged 50 or over in nine high-income, middle-income and low-income countries: a cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The association between obesity and disability may differ between high-income and low-income/middle-income countries but there are no studies comparing this association between these settings. The aim of the study was to assess this association in nine countries using nationally-representative data from the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe (COURAGE) study and the WHO's Study on global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE). Design Population-based cross-sectional study Setting The survey was conducted in China, Finland, Ghana, India, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa and Spain between 2007 and 2012. Participants 42 116 individuals 50 years and older. The institutionalised and those with limited cognition were excluded. Primary outcome measure Disability was defined as severe or extreme difficulty in conducting at least one of six types of basic activities of daily living (ADL). Results The mean body mass index (BMI) ranged from 20.4 kg/m 2 in India to 30.7 kg/m 2 in South Africa. Compared to normal BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ), BMI≥35 kg/m 2 was associated with significantly higher odds for ADL disability in Finland (OR 4.64), Poland (OR 2.77), South Africa (OR 2.19) and Spain (OR 2.42). Interaction analysis showed that obese individuals in high-income countries were more likely to have ADL limitations than those in low-income or middle-income countries. Conclusions The higher odds for disability among obese individuals in high-income countries may imply longer life lived with disability due to factors such as the decline in cardiovascular disease mortality. In South Africa, this may have been due to the exceptionally high prevalence of class III obesity. These findings underscore the importance of obesity prevention to reduce the disability burden among older adults.
Capacity of adaptive free-space optical channel using bi-directional links

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Free space optical (FSO) communication experiences severe fading due to optical scintillation in long-range links. Adaptive schemes based on channel variation can utilize the channel capacity efficiently. In this paper, we propose a truncated variable rate adaptive scheme for FSO channel. We determined the improvement in channel capacity for perfect channel side information (CSI) at the transmitter and receiver using M-ary pulse position modulation (M-PAM) format. We also determined the improvement in capacity for an erroneous feedback channel using one link of a correlated bi-directional FSO link as a feedback link to the transmitter. Both synthetic and experimental channel samples are used to determine the gain. For perfect CSI we have 1-2 dB improvement in channel capacity compared to non-adaptive schemes using 2-PAM and 4-PAM modulation. For an erroneous feedback channel the improvement depends on the channel correlation coefficient. With medium to high correlation it gives good capacity improvement.
Mainstream welfare state variations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the past two decades mainstream scholarship on the welfare state has been characterized by a growing interest in comparing welfare states and social policies in an effort to distinguish between types of welfare state and to identify key dimensions of variation. This chapter addresses the issue of which dimensions of variation have been central to the comparative analysis of welfare states and social policy. Initially it looks at a number of important discussions on welfare state typologies and models of social policy in order to establish how dimensions of variation have been defined, and to flesh out the pros and cons of various approaches. My purpose is to construct a framework for comparison which is subsequently applied to the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Sweden. This comparison provides an initial understanding of the similarities, the range of differences, and the distinctive features of social provision in the four countries. It also sets in sharp relief the limitations of mainstream analysis of welfare state variations, which fails to shed much light on our major questions of investigation: what differences do welfare state variations make for women? And how similar or dissimilar is the impact of welfare state policies on women and men in the four countries?
Aintshop production line optimization using response surface methodology

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper deals with the problem of determining the optimum number of workstations to be used in parallel and workers at some stations using simulation optimization approach in a paint shop line of an automotive factory in Ankara, Turkey. In the optimization stage of the study Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to find the optimum levels of considered factors. Simulation model and optimization stage integration is used both to analyse the performance of the current paint shop line and determine the optimum working conditions, respectively, with reduced cost, time and effort. 1
Intracranial Suppurative Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.—

The paper on "Intracranial Suppurative Disease" (218: 1542, 1971) would lead one to believe that something new had been developed to obviate intracranial surgery for brain abscess. It should be pointed out that a focal intracranial lesion is not necessarily "surgical lesion." The fact that the carotid angiograms were normal in six cases initially bears this out. However, in cases 3 and 7, when carotid angiography disclosed a mass lesion, surgery was carried out in the conventional manner. In case 1, it is stated that "the strongest deterrent to craniotomy was fear of hemorrhage." I could see no indication for craniotomy with normal angiogram and sonoencephalogram. Competent hematologists assure me that plasma thromboplastin component deficiency can be controlled readily by the administration of factor IX at time of surgery. In short, this article emphasizes a dogma taught me as a resident: "... in central nervous system sepsis mass
Special Issue on Biomaterials Mechanical behaviour of dental implants manufactured from metallic powders by μMIM

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The micro metal injection moulding (μMIM) is suitable for producing high series of net shaped parts at competitive cost compared with subtractive processes, as dental implants. The μMIM has five main steps: selection of powders and binder, production of feedstocks (mixing), injection moulding, debinding and sintering. The material selected was the 316L steel due to its wide use as biomaterial associated to low cost of powders and its high injectability. The dental after sintering have a good finishing, and when coated with thin films enhance osseointegration, and their performance can be superior to the commercial implants. The dental were coated with hydroxyapatite to improve the bioactivity. The density, porosity, shrinkage and microstructure of dental were evaluated, as well as the mechanical properties like hardness, Young's modulus and torque resistance evaluated in a bovine rib. The new strategic production leads cheaper implants, called implants for crisis, where surface modification assures a similar or superior bioactivity than commercial implants.
Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Closely-Space Plates

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

*Enhanced radiative heat transfer by proximity effect has been confirmed both theoretically and experimentally since the early 1970’s. The proximity effect indicates that heat transfer increases rapidly with spacing much smaller than dominated wavelength. This topic was recently investigated on dielectric materials for a thermophotovoltaic application, in which photovoltaic efficiency may be enhanced through proximity effect. We report a numerical result on the radiative heat transfer between a pair of parallel electrodes in a new thermotunneling application, in which the spacing between the electrodes is in the nanometers range. Two electron models along with optical data were used for the calculation. Although the calculation is mainly for absorptive materials, review for homogeneous media is also included. The motivation of our work is to compute the heat loss through thermal radiation as part of energy budget in a thermotunneling, direct thermal to electric conversion (DTEC) device. This device may offer a much higher theoretical efficiency than thermoelectric devices since it has a vacuum gap so thermal backflow and Joule loss are minimal in the gap. We have found that the radiative heat loss is greater than Planck blackbody radiation by one to two orders of magnitude.
Molecular crosstalk between insulin‐like growth factors and follicle‐stimulating hormone in the regulation of granulosa cell function

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background The last phase of folliculogenesis is driven by follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and locally produced insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs), both essential for forming preovulatory follicles. Methods This review discusses the molecular crosstalk of the FSH and IGF signaling pathways in regulating follicular granulosa cells (GCs) during the antral‐to‐preovulatory phase. Main findings IGFs were considered co‐gonadotropins since they amplify FSH actions in GCs. However, this view is not compatible with data showing that FSH requires IGFs to stimulate GCs, that FSH renders GCs sensitive to IGFs, and that FSH signaling interacts with factors downstream of AKT to stimulate GCs. New evidence suggests that FSH and IGF signaling pathways intersect at several levels to regulate gene expression and GC function. Conclusion FSH and locally produced IGFs form a positive feedback loop essential for preovulatory follicle formation in all species. Understanding the mechanisms by which FSH and IGFs interact to control GC function will help design new interventions to optimize follicle maturation, perfect treatment of ovulatory defects, improve in vitro fertilization, and develop new contraceptive approaches.