jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Principles of Spectral Doppler

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Spectral-Doppler ultrasound provides a quantitative visual presentation of blood-flow information. The spectral display is a real-time presentation of Doppler shift vs. time on the vertical and horizontal display axes, respectively. The vertical axis is normally calibrated in flow-speed units by solving the Doppler equation with Doppler angle incorporation (by the instrument operator). The spectral display provides flow information (presence, direction, speed, character) at the site of observation (sample volume location). Information regarding proximal and distal flow conditions can also be derived from the spectral display. Pulsed wave Doppler systems provide the ability to select the depth from which Doppler information is received. Spectral analysis provides visual information on the distribution (spectrum) of Doppler-shift frequencies resulting from the distribution of scatterer velocities (speeds and directions) encountered within the sample volume. The spectrum is derived electronically using the fast Fourier transform and is presented on the display as Doppler shift versus time, with brightness or color indicating the strength of the Doppler shifts. Flow conditions at the site of measurement are indicated by the (vertical) width of the spectrum, with spectral broadening indicative of disturbed and turbulent flow. Flow conditions downstream, especially distal flow impedance, are indicated by the relationship between peak systolic and end-diastolic flow speeds. Proximal stenosis is indicated by the tardusparvus waveform. Aliasing displaces systolic Doppler shifts to the wrong side of the baseline when the Nyquist limit is exceeded. Aliasing is corrected by baseline shifting and, in extreme cases, scale change, which increases the sampling rate (PRF).
A case of sellar/suprasellar neurocysticercosis mimicking a craniopharyngioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) commonly presents with seizures in developing countries such as Nepal. It may also present with raised intracranial pressure due to obstructive hydrocephalus when cyst is located in the fourth ventricle or foramen of Monro. There are four main stages of NCC (1) Vesicular, (2) Colloidal vesicular, (3) Granular nodular, and (4) Nodular calcified. The colloidal vesicular stages can cause arachnoiditis and thus can cause hydrocephalus whereas obstructive hydrocephalus is usually caused by racemose type of NCC. This case was a suprasellar cyst mimicking craniopharyngioma, supported with clinical history of poor visual acuity, endocrine abnormality, suggested radiological findings by computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. Suprasellar NCC was confirmed only by intraoperative findings and histopathology report.
Expression of retinol–binding protein 4 in rats with diabetes and atherosclerosis and the intervention of telmisartan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective
To assay serum retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) and advanced oxidation protein product(AOPP) levels in rats with diabetes and atherosclerosis, and to explore the correlation between RBP4 and Diabetic macroangiopathy.

Methods
45 healthy male Wistar rats in SPF level were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15). Group A for the normal group, fed normal diet. Group B for diabetic atherosclerosis group. Group C for diabetes atherosclerosis intervention group plus telmisartan. Rats in group B and C were fed with high fat and high sugar diet, and to a one–time high–dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and to vitamin D3 orally, make the establishment of diabetic atherosclerosis model. Two mouths later, modeling success was confirmed, rats in group B were continued feeding high–fat and high–sugar diet, C group fed high–fat and high–sugar diet as well as simultaneously to telmisartan (5 mg·kg–1·d–1) gavage. Experiment lasted 16 weeks, all rats after fasting overnight, 10% chloral hydrate intraperitoneal anesthesia, centrifugal separation after the cardiac blood serum, automatic biochemical analyzer measured serum TC, TG, HDL–C, LDL–C. Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured serum RBP4, UV spectrophotometer measured serum AOPP content. Execution of the rat abdominal aorta to do HE staining.

Results
Surem TG, TC, LDL–C in group B increased than those in group A, and surem HDL–C reduced.But it is not obvious that surem TG, TC, LDL–C in group C increased and HDL–C were lower than group A. RBP4 and AOPP in group B were significantly higher, but group C significantly reduced after the intervention of telmisartan. RBP4 correlated with AOPP. Abdominal aortic HE staining showed in group B fibrous tissue of the artery intimal medial wall were hyperplasia, and some fibrosis and hyalinization, and calcification significantly. In group C artery intimal medial wall showed only slight fibrosis and hyalinization.

Conclusions
Based on the above results, we speculate that RBP4 may affect the blood lipid profile and intima enhanced oxidative stress involved in diabetic macroangiopathy of the occurrence and development.

Key words:
Diabetic angiopathies; Vitamin A; Advanced oxidation protein products; Telmisartan
How are network centrality metrics related to interest rates in the Mexican secured and unsecured interbank markets?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In financial stability, it is essential to know the determinants of interest rates in interbank markets because they are important vehicles for liquidity allocation among banks and are relevant for monetary policy transmission. Recent research indicates that banks with excess liquidity exercise their market power by rationing liquidity during periods of financial stress. This confirms the value of knowing the banks connections and identifying liquidity spreaders in such markets to manage contagion risk, liquidity hoarding and to preserve financial stability. In addition to well studied bank features such as size, liquidity and credit risk, we study which network metrics relate to interest rates during different periods. Using transaction level data on unsecured and secured lending, we apply an approach that employs network theory, econometric models and machine learning to analyze the structural properties of the secured and unsecured interbank markets in Mexico. Our findings support the “too-interconnected-to-fail” hypothesis. In the secured interbank market, PageRank shows a relationship with interest rates, while metrics associated with the notion of influence and systemic risk (Katz and DebtRank) are relevant in the unsecured interbank market. In general, a bank with high centrality lends at higher rates and gets funding at lower rates.
Survei Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Pemain Sepakbola Nazaro (NZR) Kota Malang

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine and assess the level of physical fitness of football players Nazaro (NZR) Malang City. The researcher used a survey research design. The object of this research is the level of physical fitness of the players Nazaro (NZR) Malang City. Based on the results of the percentage descriptive data analysis, the data classification or overall test level category of Nazaro (NZR) football players in Malang City, the very good category was 0 with a percentage of 0 percent, the good category was 7 players with a percentage of 29.17 percent, the medium category was 12 players with a percentage 50 percent, the category of less than 4 players with a percentage of 16.67 percent, the category of less than 1 player with a percentage of 4.16 percent, it can be concluded that the level of physical fitness of football players Nazaro (NZR) Malang City is in the medium category. Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji tingkat kebugaran jasmani pemain sepakbola Nazaro (NZR) Kota Malang. Peneliti menggunakan desain penelitian survei. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah tingkat kebugaran jasmani para pemain Nazaro (NZR) Kota Malang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data deskriptif persentase diperoleh klasifikasi data atau kategori tingkat tes keseluruhan pemain sepakbola Nazaro (NZR) Kota Malang, kategori sangat baik sebanyak 0 dengan persentase 0 persen, kategori baik sebanyak 7 pemain dengan persentase 29.17 persen, kategori sedang sebanyak 12 pemain dengan persentase 50 persen, kategori kurang sebanyak 4 pemain dengan persentase 16.67 persen, kategori kurang sekali sebanyak 1 pemain dengan persentase 4.16 persen, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa tingkat kebugaran jasmani pemain sepakbola Nazaro (NZR) Kota Malang masuk dalam kategori sedang.
Learning trajectories related to bivariate data in contemporary high school mathematics textbook series in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Bivariate relationships play a critical role in school statistics, and textbooks are significant in determining student learning. In recent years, researchers have emphasized the importance of learning trajectories (LTs) in mathematics education. In this study, I examined LTs for bivariate data in relation to the development of covariational reasoning in three high school textbooks series: Holt McDougal Larson (HML), The University of Chicago School of Mathematics Project (UCSMP), and Core-Plus Mathematics Project (CPMP). The LTs were generated by coding for the presence of variable combinations, learning goals, and techniques and theories. Task features were analyzed in relation to the GAISE Framework, NAEP mathematical complexity, purpose and utility, and the CCSSM Standards for Mathematical Practice. The LTs varied by the presence, development, and emphases of bivariate content and alignment with the GAISE Framework and CCSSM. Across three series, about 80% to 90% of the 582 bivariate instances addressed two numerical variables. The CPMP series followed the GAISE's developmental progression for all combinations whereas UCSMP deviated for two categorical variables. All CCSSM learning expectations were found in HML and CPMP but not in UCSMP. At the same time, several bivariate learning expectations present in textbooks were not found in CCSSM. For the task features, few instances were at a high level of mathematical complexity and rarely included a Collect Data component. Analyses revealed the accordance of the GAISE and mathematical complexity frameworks. Research findings provide implications for curriculum development, content analysis, and teacher education, and challenge the notion of CCSSM aligned curricula.
Rituell kontinuitet: En jämförelse av gravritualer hos Ertebølle- och gropkeramisk kultur

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

New data shows that there is genetic continuity between the Scandinavian Mesolithic Ertebølle culture and the Scandinavian Neolithic Pitted Ware culture. To examine whether it is possible to demonstrate the continuity in other aspects than the genetic, this paper examines graves from three Mesolithic grave fields (Skateholm I & II and Vedbæk) and two Neolithic grave fields (Ajvide and Västerbjers), their burial customs and ritual practices. The focus is placed on the position of the body, the placement of grave goods and the presence of red ochre in the grave. Using theory of practice and the theory of ritualization, the burial customs of the Ertebølle culture and the Pitted Ware culture are compared, to answer whether change in culture is a faster process than the process of genetic change. The outcome of the questions asked in this paper is that while there are some minor aspects that both cultures are similar in their ritualized actions, the differences are bigger. The use of red ochre, the amount and placement of the grave goods in the graves as well as the position of the head differs too much. Therefore it is not possible to find any proof of continuations by examining the burial customs and ritual practices.
Analyzing Empirical Notions of Suffering: Advancing Youth Dialogue and Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article explores the possibilities of advancing youth dialogue and education among the Filipino youth using empirical notions of students on suffering. Examining empirical data, this analysis exposes uncharted notions of suffering and shows relevant meanings that underscore the plausible trappings of youth dialogue and its benefits on education via the Christian-Hindu analysis. The Christian-Hindu experience is one aspect of the Asian dialogue via student mindsets of suffering. Their stories of human suffering account for some appealing narratives which touch on their need for God. Youth narratives of suffering reflect the human struggle in faith to find God.
Cartography: mapping and producing existential and relational territories

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We understand as very relevant the development of other forms of doing research, which seeks to overcome the subject-object dichotomy, which is marked in traditional ways of scientific and project work, and which allows us to consider the plurality of ecosystem relations involved in the territory to be investigated. This article aims to present cartography and its theoretical and design references, through the review of different documents: scientific publications, popular works, project reports and sites. Also, some understandings about cartography are summarized, proposed as an ethical and methodological proposition for a regenerative design oriented towards a relational and ecological worldview.
Pearlescence and Patience

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

'Pearlescence and Patience' is a fictional narrative specially commissioned by Zoe Williams and Spike Island Bristol to accompany Williams' exhibition, 'The Flight of O' which took place at Spike Island (30th April – 6th June 2010). The text, included in the publication 'The Flight of O,' designed by Modern Activity, was written in the form of a literary fairy tale and responded obliquely to images and materials used or emulated in Williams’ work. The text was informed by research into Williams’ use of the craft of inlaying, its historical practice in the applied arts and the themes of flight, transformation and material luxury versus nature, as developed in fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault.
Possible imprints of cosmic strings in the shadows of galactic black holes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We examine the shadow cast by a Kerr black hole pierced by a cosmic string. The observable images depend not only on the black hole spin parameter and the angle of inclination, but also on the deficit angle yielded by the cosmic string. The dependence of the observable characteristics of the shadow on the deficit angle is explored. The imprints in the black hole shadow left by the presence of a cosmic string can serve in principle as a method for observational detection of such strings.
High and dry: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) yield benefits from tree presence in a temperate alley cropping system during a drought year

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Alley cropping systems (ACS) are promoted as sustainable, resilient and multifunctional land-use systems. However, concerns about yield reductions persist and whether these are driven by microclimate alterations or below-ground competition for water remains unclear. In this study, we measured wind speed, air temperature, and global radiation at seven positions within a 48 m wide crop alley of a short rotation ACS in Germany with summer barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and poplar ( Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii and P. trichocarpa Torrey & A. Gray ) and on a treeless reference field (OF) during a particularly dry and warm year. Additionally, gravimetric soil water content and crop yield were assessed with high spatial resolution. Our results show that tree strips influenced all measured parameters. Global radiation and air temperature patterns varied dynamically with shading, while night-time air temperatures were unexpectedly highest on the OF. Wind speeds were reduced by up to 98% near tree strips and 81% further away. Soil water content displayed a U-shaped pattern, with higher values near tree strips, a rare observation in ACS. Crop yields in the ACS were twice as high as in the OF, despite being lower near tree strips. Yields were strongly correlated with global radiation but not with air temperature, wind speed, or soil water content. These findings provide preliminary evidence that tree presence in ACS can, under certain conditions, contribute to increased crop yields. The results suggest that ACS provide potential benefits for sustainable land-use, but further multi-year and multi-site studies are needed to validate the observed yield patterns across different environments and years, particularly under varying climatic conditions. Further research should also explore the indirect effects of microclimate modifications on soil water dynamics, including evapotranspiration.
Analytical Model of Four-cell Grid-connected Multilevel Cascaded H-bridge DC-to-AC Converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Multilevel inverters are very interesting alternative for medium- and high-power applications. One of the most flexible configurations of this type is the cascaded multi-cell inverter. This article presents an analytical model of a single-phase four-cell grid-connected cascaded H-bridge inverter. The model offers a flexible and clear view of the power balance within the cells and between the power converter and the grid. A generalized modeling approach of determining the inverter operating power factor is given. The ripple contents of the grid current and DC-link capacitors are calculated from the proposed steady-state model. Consequently, the proposed model can be used in the design of the DC-link capacitors and smoothing line inductor. This modeling approach can be extended to other single-phase multilevel grid-connected cascaded H-bridge inverters. Analytical, simulation, and experimental results are presented for unity and leading power factor operations.
On Fuzzy Subhypernear-Ring

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this study, two main goals were achieved. In near-ring N, we have proven that, the level set is a subnear-ring of N if and only if the fuzzy set is the fuzzy subnear-ring of N. Similarly, in hyper near-ring R, it has been proven that, a fuzzy set is a fuzzy hypernear-ring if and only if level set is a sub-hypernear-ring of R. A direct proof method was used to reach these results, which will contribute to expanding the field of study on fuzzy near-ring and fuzzy hyper near-rings.
A Caribbean Afrofuturism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: Afrofuturism is understood as encompassing critical, narratival, aesthetic, and activist practices that, in the words of Ytasha Womak, "redefine culture and notions of blackness for today and the future." While the Caribbean might seem a natural site for Afrofuturist cultural exploration, until recently, few works of Hispanophone Caribbean literature had been identified as belonging to this subgenre. That situation changed with the publication of Prietopunk: antología de afrofuturismo caribeño (2022), which announces itself as the first Spanish-language anthology of Caribbean Afrofuturism. This article explores the collection's articulation of Afrofuturism through an analysis of four of its stories: Rafael Acevedo's "La orisha 2034 es tremenda máquina," Erick Mota's "En candela con Ochosi," Aníbal Hernández Medina's translation of Junot Díaz's "Monstro," and Gretchen López Ayala's "Crioulo." It argues that these stories present a specifically Caribbean futurism, one that, while it may not center explicitly on Black imaginaries, reveals an Antillean desire to engage the future possible in a way that highlights the importance of African-derived cultural elements, explores the region's complex racial dynamics, and underscores the weight of Caribbean histories.
Magnetism, muteness, magic Spectacle and the Parisian lyric stage c1830

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>This study explores four works staged at the Paris Opera between 1827 and 1831 in a theatrical context. After an introductory chapter, in which the importance of <i>spectacle</i> to the Parisian public is considered, and the theatrical and critical context for my study is set out, there is a short chapter that considers a conspicuous failure at the Opera: Chelard's <i>Macbeth</i> (1827), which attempted to break new ground, but was criticised for the mishandling of its melodramatic subject. In the second chapter the <i>ballet-pantomime La Somnambule</i> (1827) is examined, together with the general representation of sleepwalking in a number of works at the secondary theatres, against the background of the growing interest in the phenomenon of magnetism. Chapter Three deals with the interest in mute heroines surrounding the premiere of Auber's opera <i>La Muette de Portici</i> (1828). A consideration of works staged at the secondary theatres reveals both the difficulties and the potential in the representation of communication through mime and music and provides a context in which to assess the opera.</p><p>The final chapter traces the fortunes of <i>Faust</i> in Paris from 1823, the year that saw the first translations of Goethe's work into French, to 1831, when the Opera staged its phenomenally successful Faustian opera <i>Robert le diable</i>. The intervening years saw a number of adaptations of the legend as operas and <i>mélodrames</i>, and this chapter suggests how the Opera absorbed elements of these versions of Goethe and transformed them. In short, these works illustrate the relation between high and low culture, music and <i>mise en scène</i>, creation and reception. The dissertation as a whole both helps to explain the emergence of <i>grand opéra</i> and its impact on later European music theatre, and provides an insight into the expectations of audiences and critics at the end of Bourbon Restoration in Paris.</p>
Pollen analysis of honey from Chubut (Argentinean Patagonia)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The pollen content of 140 samples collected between 1995 and 2004 was used to characterise the honey and determine the source of nectar that Apis mellifera L. uses in Chubut (Argentinean Patagonia). A diverse spectrum of 139 pollen types from 53 families was identified with the Asteraceae and Fabaceae being most frequent. Forty‐eight per cent of the samples analysed were classified as monofloral, whereas the remaining were multifloral. Predominant pollen types were: Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), in twenty‐one samples; Rosaceae and Melilotus spp. (Fabaceae) in nine samples; Trifolium spp. (Fabaceae) in eight; Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) in six; Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae) in four; Colletia/Discaria (Rhamnaceae) in three; Escallonia spp. (Saxifragaceae) in two; Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae), Myrtaceae, Phacelia secunda J. F. Gmel (Hydrophyllaceae), Prosopidastrum globosum (Hook & Arn) Burkart (Fabaceae), and Schinus patagonica (Phil) I. M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) in one sample. Thirty per cent of the identified pollen corresponded to native flora. Six native taxa made up 18% of the monofloral honey. They included: Prosopidastrum globosum, Colletia/Discaria‐type, Phacelia secunda, Schinus patagonica, Aristotelia chilensis and Escallonia spp. All of these are new monofloral types in Argentina. Characteristic pollen associations gave a geographical identity to these honeys.