jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Controllable‐Photocorrosion Balance Endows ZnCdS Stable Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Metal sulfide (MS) photocatalysts are highly attracted for visible‐light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE), yet the ubiquitous issue of photocorrosion significantly undermines their photostability, often viewed as a detrimental effect. In this study, the positive impact of controllable‐photocorrosion is highlighted on enhancing the PHE activity of MS photocatalysts. Specifically, it establish a clear structure‐activity relationship for ZnCdS solid solutions fabricated via a unique sulfur‐rich butyldithiocarbamic acid solution process. During the PHE process, the sulfur‐rich surface of ZnCdS not only efficiently scavenges excess photogenerated holes but also facilitates the accumulation of sulfur produced from the surface layer photocorrosion of CdS. Leveraging the robust Zn─S chemical bonds, the photocorrosion of the ZnCdS photocatalyst is effectively confined to the Zn‐subsurface region after the fifth cycle in long‐term photostability tests, thus substantially delaying the internal destruction of ZnCdS. Consequently, the PHE rate of ZnCdS reaches 30.12 mmol g −1 h −1 after a long‐term photostability test, representing a 2.5‐fold increase compared to the initial rate.
Ileal Loop Stenosis: A Late Complication of Urinary Diversion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stenosis of the ileal conduit was a late complication in 12 patients (10 adults) who underwent urinary diversion by this means at our hospital. The duration of the ileal loop at diagnosis ranged from 4 to 14 years, averaging 9 years. Loop stenosis was generally without symptoms and was suggested only by routine excretory urography, while loopography confirmed the diagnosis. The etiology of the condition is not clear. A variety of possible factors is considered, including microvascular ischemia, urine-borne toxic material, infectious and allergic stimuli and an immunologic defect. The pathogenesis of the condition appears to be based upon a chronic inflammatory reaction, with progressive fibrosis in the mucosa and submucosa of the ileal segment.
Memorandum from the Secretary Re: The N.A.A.C.P. and The Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In 1934 W. E. B. Du Bois shocked Walter White and many NAACP officials when he vowed to make segregation the subject of a year-long discussion in the Crisis. The Association had never really defined segregation with clarity; therefore, there was some ambiguity in its working policy of present conditions but of those to which we aspire. In a world where time and space are being demolished by science it is no longer possible to create or imagine separate racial, national, or other compartments of human thought and endeavor. The Negro must, without yielding, continue the grim struggle for integration and against segregation for his own physical, moral, and spiritual well-being and for that of white America and the world at large.
Genome size variation in the North American sunfish genusLepomis(Pisces: Centrarchidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Genome sizes (nuclear DNA contents) were documented spectrophotometrically from individuals of each of nine species of the North American centrarchid (sunfish) genus Lepomis . The distributions of DNA values within and among the nine species were essentially normal and continuous, suggesting that changes in DNA quantity in Lepomis are small in amount, involve both gains and losses of DNA, and are cumulative and independent in effect. Significant differences in mean genome size were found between individuals within populations in all nine species and between species. Nested analysis of variance and comparisons of average genome size difference or distance between individuals drawn from different levels of taxonomic organization revealed that the majority of genome size divergence in Lepomis occurs above the hierarchical level of individuals within populations. The Lepomis data when compared to similar data from North American cyprinid fishes appear to suggest that: (i) genome size evolution in these fishes at least follows a continuous rather than a discontinuous mode; (ii) the general predictions of hypothetical models relating genome size variation as a function of organismal position along adaptive continua may be oversimplified, or not applicable to complex, higher eukaryotes; and (iii) changes in genome size in these fishes may be concentrated in speciation episodes.
Event Quality, Perceived Value, Destination Image, and Behavioral Intention of Sports Events: The Case of the IAAF World Championship, Daegu, 2011

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study proposes a conceptual model to investigate visitors' perceptions of an event's quality according to value and the destination image, and visitors' resulting behavioral intentions in the context of a mega-sports event. This study also examines whether or not perceived value and destination image determine visitors' future behavioral intentions. Using structural equation modeling analysis, this study determines that an event's quality and its perceived value have a significant effect on behavioral intentions. Moreover, perceived value exerted a direct influence on behavioral intentions, and destination image determined visitors' perceptions of value. However, the impact of destination image had an insignificant effect on behavioral intentions. The implications have merit for academic researchers and sports event organizers.
First-Principles Investigation of the Structure and Properties of Au Nanoparticles Supported on ZnO

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a first-principles investigation of the structure, stability, and reactivity of Au nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ZnO. The morphologies of supported Au NPs are predicted using the formation energy of Au surfaces and the adhesion energy between Au and the dominant ZnO surfaces exposed on ZnO tetrapods. We show how Zn interstitials (a stable intrinsic defect in ZnO) are attracted toward the Au/ZnO interface and in the presence of oxygen can lead to the encapsulation of Au by ZnO, an effect that is observed experimentally. We find that O2 molecules absorb preferentially at the perimeter of the NP in contact with the ZnO support. These results provide atomistic insight into the structure of ZnO-supported Au NPs with relevance to CO oxidation.
Abstract 11965: Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction Through a Paleolithic Diet

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The paleolithic diet consists of grass-fed pasture-raised meats, seafood, vegetables, and also includes fruits, seeds, nuts and eggs. This diet has been shown to contribute to weight loss and mimics the diet our hunter-gatherer ancestors may have consumed. Weight loss is achieved through avoiding refined sugars, starches, dairy and legumes while consumption of protein, carbohydrates, and fat is relatively balanced. Objective: To study the effect of the paleolithic diet on the cardiovascular risk factor profiles of adults in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. Methods: 35-85 year old non-diabetic adults, with one or more cardiovascular risk factor, were invited to participate. A comprehensive nutritional education program was provided to each participant prior to the 60-day intervention. Baseline weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, fasting lipid panel and NMR Lipoprofile were assessed through an initial health screen. Each participant maintained daily food logs and met weekly with the multi-disciplinary study team to review their logs. The health screen was repeated after the 60-day intervention and intake logs were evaluated. Results: Weight loss averaged 12 lbs (6.7%, p=0.092). VLDL-particle number (VLDL-P, p=0.045), triglycerides (p=0.003), and HDL-particle number (p=0.011) levels significantly decreased. LDL-particle number (LDL-P) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) did not significantly change, nor did fasting glucose or HbA1c. Blood pressure significantly improved (systolic, p<0.0001; diastolic, p=0.0003). Participants in the lowest tertile for weight loss had higher baseline risk factors including BMI, LDL-P, LDL-C, fasting glucose and HbA1c levels, yet lower baseline VLDL-P, triglycerides and blood pressure. Greater weight loss was associated with greater reductions in VLDL-P, triglycerides and lipoprotein insulin resistance index. Conclusions: The paleolithic diet promoted cardiovascular risk factor modification through weight loss, improved blood pressure, reduced triglyceride, and reduced lipoprotein markers associated with insulin resistance.
Parent–Child Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Relations between parents and adult children play an essential role across the life course. Three topics of particular importance in the study of relations between parents and adult children are relationship quality, exchanges of support, and caregiving in later life. Parent–child relations are closest when children share their parents' values, when children and parents have a history of support, and when parents' marriages are intact. Although relations are closest between mothers and daughters, these dyads also experience the greatest conflict. Gender also plays an important role in exchanges between parents, with daughters and mothers being the most likely to provide one another with support. Gender continues to shape patterns of caregiving when parents experience health declines and need assistance, support that is much more likely to be provided by daughters than sons. Research from Asia, Europe, and the United States shows both differences and similarities in patterns of parent–adult child relations by race, ethnicity, and nationality.
Statistical optimization of photocatalytic degradation process of methylene blue dye by SnO–TiO2–AC composite using response surface methodology

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Photocatalytic activity of bi‐metal oxides SnO–TiO 2 –AC photocatalyst was evaluated in methylene blue (MB) dye degradation In this study, a three‐level, four‐factor, D–optimal experimental design, combined with response surface methodology, was employed to optimize the photocatalytic degradation process of MB dye in a batch reactor. Effectiveness of essential process variables: light intensity (254–400 nm), initial dye concentration (100–200 ppm), photocatalyst dose (0.5–1.5 g/L), and irradiation time (1–5 h) were investigated, modeled, and optimized successfully. To determine the process efficiency, the final concentration of dye together with degradation percentage was defined as response variables. Analysis of variance indicated that the proposed quadratic polynomial models agreed with the experimental study with R 2 and p ‐value of 0.9211, p < 0.001 and 0.8166, p < 0.05 for a final concentration of dye and degradation percentage, respectively. Numerical optimization was carried out based on the desirability function for maximum dye removal. Accordingly, dye removal conditions resulted in light intensity, initial dye concentration, photocatalyst dose, and irradiation time of 400 nm of visible light, 100 ppm, 1.5 g/L, and 3.77 h, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the final dye concentration and degradation percentage were 4.713 ppm and 95.28%. According to Pareto analysis, the order of the operating variables on the dye degradation efficiency was: photocatalyst does < irradiation time < light intensity < initial concentration of dye.
Evaluating the efficacy of independent versus simultaneous management strategies to address ecological and genetic threats to population viability

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Small, declining populations can face simultaneous, interacting, ecological and genetic threats to viability. Conservation management strategies designed to tackle such threats independently may then prove ineffective. Population viability analyses that evaluate the efficacy of management strategies implemented independently versus simultaneously are then essential to the design of effective management plans, yet such quantitative evaluations are typically lacking. We used stochastic individual‐based models, parameterised with high‐quality multi‐year demographic and genetic data, to evaluate the efficacy of independent or simultaneous ecological (supplementary feeding) and genetic (translocations to alleviate inbreeding) management strategies for a red‐billed chough ( Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ) population of major conservation concern. This population is experiencing ecological threats from food limitation and genetic threats from escalating inbreeding. Conservation managers therefore face a dilemma: supplementary feeding may be ineffective if inbreeding is limiting stochastic population growth rate ( λ s ), while translocations may be ineffective if food is limiting. Model simulations suggested that the focal population will decline to extinction relatively rapidly with no conservation management (mean λ s ≈ 0.86) and with genetic management alone ( λ s ≈ 0.90). Ecological management alone reduced, but did not halt the population decline ( λ s ≈ 0.93). However, simultaneous genetic and ecological management yielded population stability ( λ s ≈ 1), with genetic rescue lasting ~25 years. These outcomes arose because the capacity for translocations to alleviate inbreeding depression is limited by food availability, while supplementary feeding cannot achieve population viability in the presence of accumulating inbreeding. However, supplementary feeding improved environmental quality enough to allow expression of variance in fitness and thus inbreeding depression, meaning that reductions in inbreeding following translocations can increase λ s . Synthesis and applications . Our analyses suggest that simultaneous management of ecological and genetic threats will be critical to ensuring viability of Scotland's chough population; neither strategy independently is likely to achieve population persistence and may consequently waste conservation resources. Managers of other resource‐limited, inbred populations should consider that the efficacy of strategies designed to alleviate ecological and genetic threats may be interdependent, such that holistic management is essential to ensure population viability.
Characterization of fluorescein–oligonucleotide conjugates and measurement of local electrostatic potential

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The properties of fluorescein are substantially altered upon conjugation to nucleic acids, affecting not only the molar absorptivities and fluorescence quantum yields but also the protolytic equilibrium constant and fluorescence lifetimes. Around neutral pH, the fluorescein moiety is present as both mono- and dianion, and the pKa relating them is increased from 6.43 for free fluorescein to about 6.90 for fluorescein attached to both single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides of at least 12 bases/base pairs. This difference reflects the local electrostatic potential around the nucleic acid, which is calculated to −28 mV. The molar absorptivities and spectral responses of the conjugated fluorescein protolytic species are also determined, from which the concentrations of fluorescein–oligonucleotide conjugates can be calculated by assuming: ε494 = 62000/[1 + 10−(pH−6.90)] + 12000/[1 + 10(pH−6.90)] (M−1 cm−1). The fluorescence quantum yield of the conjugates depends, in a complex way, on temperature, environment and oligonucleotide length, sequence and conformation, and must be determined for each experimental situation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 46: 445–453, 1998
Hunting, the Duty to Aid, and Wild Animal Ethics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Herein I engage with the very difficult question of whether the duty to aid (sometimes called a duty of assistance of a duty of beneficence) extends so far as to justify harming persons, perhaps even lethally, in order to protect wild animals. I argue that this question is not nearly as settled as our intuitions may suggest and that Shelly Kagan’s arguments on Defending Animals, contained in his book How to Count Animals, More or Less, provide a rich substrate in which to cultivate ideas on this subject (2019, pp. 248–279). My intuition is that killing a person, even one ‘guilty’ of trying to kill an animal for sport or leisure, is far beyond what a duty to aid can command, though admittedly I find my own intuition somewhat morally dumbfounding. I argue further that Tom Regan’s ‘worse-off principle’ may ease the ever-uncomfortable sense of moral dumbfounding by providing a surer foundation for the intuitive sense that we cannot ethically go so far as to threaten a person with lethal force in defense of nonhuman animals.
Bis(2-aminobenzothiazol-3-ium) bis(7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylato-κ3O2,O3,O7)nickelate(II) hexahydrate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the title hydrated mol-ecular salt, (C(7)H(7)N(2)S)(2)[Zn(C(8)H(8)O(5))(2)]·6H(2)O, which is isotypic with its Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) analogues, the Zn(2+) ion lies on a crystallographic inversion centre and a distorted ZnO(6) octa-hedral coordination geometry arises from the two doubly deprotonated O,O',O''-tridentate ligands. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯O(a), N-H⋯O(w), O(w)-H⋯O(a) and O(w)-H⋯O(w) hydrogen bonds (w = water and a = anion).
Eukaryotic Heat Shock Locus V (HslV) Structural and Biochemical Analyses of the Protein Structure and Folding:

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

10.1074/jbc.M113.484832Access the most updated version of this article at doi:.JBC Affinity SitesFind articles, minireviews, Reflections and Classics on similar topics on the Alerts: When a correction for this article is posted• When this article is cited• to choose from all of JBC&apos;s e-mail alertsClick here
Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal disease of prematurely born infants. Maternal milk plays an important protective role against NEC development and is the major source of epidermal growth factor (EGF) for neonates. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of orally administered EGF on the incidence of NEC in a neonatal rat model. Newborn rats were artificially fed either with growth factor-free rat milk substitute (RMS) or RMS supplemented with 500 ng/ml of EGF (RMS+EGF). Experimental NEC was induced by exposure to asphyxia and cold stress. Development of NEC was evaluated by gross and histological scoring of damage in the ileum. Ileal EGF receptor (EGF-R), EGF, and transforming growth factor-α mRNA expression was assessed by RT competitive-PCR, and the EGF-R was localized by immunohistochemistry. EGF supplementation of formula reduced the incidence and severity of NEC in rats (13/16 RMS vs. 4/13 RMS+EGF). Ileal EGF-R mRNA expression was markedly increased in the RMS group compared with RMS+EGF. Enhanced EGF-R expression in the RMS group was localized predominantly in the epithelial cells of injured ileum. These data suggest a new potential therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of NEC.
Impairment ofneutrophil chemotaxis byserum from patients withchronic lymphoproliferat ive disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Itiswellknownthatpeople withchronic lymphoproliferative disease (LPD)mayhavesignificant impairment ofhostdefence mechanisms including that ofimpaired acuteinflammatory response. Subjects withmultiple myelomatosis (MM),' chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL),2 lymphocytic lymphoma(LL),3 andHodgkin's disease (HD),4 have beenreported tohaveincreased susceptibility to infections. Granulocyte dysfunction maycontribute tothis problem especially ifinduced byextracellular factors associated withtheunderlying disorders. Thefollowing mechanisms maybeconsidered: Neutropenia asaresult ofmarrowfailure may occurconsequent uponreplacement ofthemarrow bytumour, suppression bytumourproducts, or damage bythemyelotoxic effects ofchemotherapy. Immunoglobulin (Ig) deficiency isparticularly seen inMM andCLL.Itisoneofthediagnostic criteria fortheformer, andispresent inatleast half ofthe patients withthelatter..5 6Whatever thecause,7 8the resultant lack ofIg, especially ofIgG, leads toloss in efficiency oftheclassical complement activatory mechanisms andtopooropsonisation ofinfecting microorganisms. Complement activation isrequired fortheoptimal functioning ofneutrophils via chemotaxis andphagocytosis. Drugtreatment Although thedeleterious effects of drugs upongranulocyte function haveseldombeen considered intheselection ofdrugs used, they probably contribute significantly toneutrophil dysfunc
Consuming Passions: The Anthropology of Eating

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The relationship of eating behavior to culture and society is explored from an anthropologic perspective. Anthropologists suggest that to discover where, when, what, how and with whom food is eaten is to learn how a society functions. Food habits, customs, beliefs, and attitudes throughout the world are examined. The biological and evolutionary aspects of eating are described. Eating practices are discussed in relation to the life cycle; the association of eating with symbols, status, gift-giving, feasting, social and kinship relations, and ritual is analyzed. Food preferences and avoidances which may characterize an entire culture are considered. Contemporary issues in diet and eating (hunger, obesity, fast foods, food additives, nutrient excesses, food processing, and food safety) are discussed from the anthropologist's viewpoint in an epilogue. (nm)
Sampling-Based Sensitivity Analysis Through Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Cluster Weighted Models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Numerical estimation of the sensitivity of a spatially distributed process to its governing parameters is an essential preliminary step in uncertainty quantication, but it can be computationally costly. A sensitivity analysis (SA) framework is described which uses an equitable sampling method for exploring the parameter space (e.g., Latin hypercube sampling), proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for constructing compact representations of the process’ variability from an ensemble of realizations, and cluster-weighted models (CWMs) for quickly forecasting the process given new parameter samples. New process realizations are computed eciently through coupling the POD basis and CWMs to form a
Assessment of Criminogenic Factors, Program Assignment, and Recidivism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A sample of 107 federally incarcerated male offenders in Canada was followed to examine the outcome of a classification approach, Case Management Strategies. Cases were tracked from point of reception to 6- and 18-month postrelease to assess how criminogenic factors were matched to programs, whether and how these program recommendations were acted on, and whether completion of appropriate programming affected postrelease outcome. The results largely failed to support the efficacy of this case management and program assignment process in classifying offenders to correctional programs as part of the rehabilitation process. Only about half of the program assignments were judged appropriate in targeting criminogenic factors. Only a small proportion of the recommended programs actually were completed by the offenders. Finally, the completion of program interventions, based on appropriate targeting of criminogenic factors, was unrelated to postrelease outcome after 6- and 18-month follow-ups.