jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
You say tomato, I say potato: high-quality genome assembly of the sister-group species Solanum etuberosum provides insights into genome and trait evolution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To elucidate the evolutionary history and basis of chromosomal, molecular and phenotypic differences between tomato and potato, genomic data from a key outgroup species is needed. Solanum etuberosum, a non-tuber-bearing species from Chile, fulfills this requirement: its ancestors diverged from the tomato-potato lineage shortly before the split of the tomato and potato clades. With the aim of investigating both genome and trait evolution, we sequenced and assembled the genome of S. etuberosum. The initial Illumina assembly consisted of 3666 scaffolds with the N50 statistic of 1.7Mb and captured 94% of the predicted 702 Mb genome size. The assembly was further scaffolded usingBioNano genome mapping, yielding a final genome assembly that surpassed an N50 of 5Mb.Hence, it is one of the most contiguous Solanum genome assemblies thus far, and with 97% coverage of the expected gene space, also one of the most complete ones. We subsequently annotated the genomesequence and reconstructed the evolution of genes crucial to potato and/or tomato phenotypes and specifically related to tuber formation, pathogen resistance, flower color and glycoalkaloid biosynthesis. The genome of S. etuberosum thus proved to be an invaluable resource for novel insights in the Solanum genus.
Correlation between the expression of high motility group protein A2 and the malignancy of human brain gliomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the relevance between the expression of high motility group protein A2(HMGA2) and the malignancy of human brain gliomas.Methods The expression of HMGA2 was detected in 47 human glioma samples and 7 normal brain samples using immunohistochemistry,RT-PCR and Western blotting.Results Western blotting showed positive expression of HMGA2 in 86%(18/21) of high-grade glioma samples,31%(8/26) of low-grade glioma samples,but no expression in normal brain tissue.RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry investigation showed similar results;the expression of HMGA2 was positively related with the grading of brain gliomas.Conclusion The expression of HMGA2 is correlated with the malignancy of brain gliomas.
[Treatment with metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus - new routines when renal function is reduced and in connection with administration of iodine contrast media].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metformin is eliminated through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion in the kidneys. New guidelines recommend use of metformin down to a GFR of 30 mL/min under the condition that the dose is adjusted. As the risk of inducing lactic acidosis is very low in connection with administration of iodine contrast media, new recommendations in Sweden say that metformin must be stopped only when GFR is below 45 mL/min. Determination of metformin levels in serum is useful to guide therapeutic dose when GFR is low but also to confirm that lactic acidosis is caused by metformin.
Commercialising drug repurposed products: what works and what doesn’t

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Finding new drug repurposed opportunities is rarely a problem, but selecting the right ones is challenging and developing them to the market is in most cases a particularly difficult issue that needs to be overcome. While drug repurposing is increasingly recognised as a valuable strategy in pharmaceutical R&D, it is often associated in its 'pure' form with low value by the companies that need to invest in the commercialisation process. Modifications of the original drug product for its new indication can arbitrage regulatory jurisdiction, route of administration, dose, combinations with another drug or administration in specific medical contexts. Examples of each will be presented. Repurposing thrives in difficult or complex regulatory environments and withers in vanilla ones. Thus, merely taking the same existing marketed generic product for a different indication is rarely a successful strategy, but finding the ideal presentation and integrating it into medical practice in a way appropriate for the new use can be. Identifying and then focussing the development towards this new environment should be inherent in the repurposing concept from the start.
Resection of tracheal tumour under cardiopulmonary bypass: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary tracheal tumours can cause critical airway obstruction, challenging standard anaesthetic management. We report the case of a 66-year-old male with a large subglottic tracheal tumour causing severe airway compromise. Due to a high intubation risk, endoscopic transoral laser resection was performed using femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for oxygenation, uniquely deferring endotracheal intubation until after tumour removal. Despite a brief intraoperative desaturation episode and postoperative bleeding requiring intervention, the benign oncocytoma was successfully resected, and the patient recovered well. This case demonstrates femoro-femoral CPB as a safe and effective alternative for airway management during resection of severely obstructing tracheal tumours.
Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov., a new amphisphaeriaceous ascomycete inhabiting senescent and fallen leaves of mangrove

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov. in the Amphisphaeriaceae is described from senescent and fallen leaves of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in mangrove forests in the Southwest Islands, Japan. The fungus produces immersed ascomata in leaf tissue, cylindrical asci with an apical ring staining blue with iodine, and oblanceolate ascospores with a septum above the middle. Studies on the fungal succession on the mangrove leaves revealed that L. amphibia infects senescent leaves on the tree and inhabits intertidal fallen leaves, showing the highest frequency of occurrence at the late stage of decomposition, in culture the optimal conditions for hyphal growth were 20 ppt salinity and 30°C, and those for sexual reproduction were 10 ppt salinity and 25°C. Growth at 0 ppt (fresh water) was depressed. The fungus has amphibious habits, growing on the tree and in intertidal water; and it is adapted to the high osmotic conditions in leaf tissues of the mangrove tree and to the subtropical, brackish water environment of mangrove forests.
Value Addition of Banana (Musa paradisiaca): Development and Storage Evaluation using Osmo Solar Dehydration Technique

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Osmo Solar Dehydration Technology is an emerging technology in the food processing sector.Banana is a good source of potassium, magnesium and soluble fibre pectin; it plays a vital role in maintaining normal blood pressure, healthy digestion and eases out constipation.Therefore in this study, Osmo-solar dehydration technology was used to develop a value added Banana product using fresh banana.With this objective, the study was conducted to develop Osmo-solar dried banana (Musa paradisiaca) figs, with 13 sunny hours of drying time with a yield of 18.8%, and 14.2% moisture content in the product.The banana figs were packed into two different packaging material viz., Aluminium and Polypropylene pouches.Physico-chemical characteristics and nutritional parameters along with microbiological quality and shelf life at ambient temperature were studied.The results showed that acidity in Osmo-solar dehydrated banana was high (0.91) than the fresh fruit (0.21) due the addition of citric acid to the osmotic solution, sugar content is also observed to be high (77.23) in Osmo solar when compared to fresh fruit (11.78) due to the overnight dip in osmotic solution.The results indicated that using Osmo-solar dehydration technique many of the nutrients (vitamin C, fiber and potassium) can be retained with less energy consumption.The sensory scores showed that the samples in aluminium pouch were superior in appearance and taste when compared to polypropylene pouch samples after 60days of storage.Thus this product can be used as snack food.The value addition of Banana Figs was done by coating them with chocolate.
Genetic Diversity Studies on Selected Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes based on Gel Consistency and Alkali Digestion

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Knowledge of rice genetic diversity is necessary to ascertain the germplasm conservation and the development of improved rice genotypes with good quality traits through various breeding programs. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity based on gel consistency and alkali digestion among selected Kenyan and Tanzanian genotypes using SSR markers. PowerMarker version 3.25, GenAlEx version 6.41 and DARwin 6.0.12 statistical software were used to carry out data analysis. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 4 with an average of 2.75 across the 8 markers used. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.5224 (RM577) to 0.1411 (RM85) with an average of 0.3673 observed across all the markers. Gene diversity ranged from 0.5764 (RM577) to 0.1528 (RM85) with an average of 0.4181 with one rare allele was detected at RM577 loci. Pairwise genetic dissimilarity matrix ranged from ranged from 0.9333 to 0.1818 with the least genetic distance being observed between IR 54 and BS 370 while the highest, 0.9333 being between Saro 5 and IR 2793. The unweighted neighbour joining tree clustered the rice genotypes into three major clusters and subsequent sub clusters hence effectively differentiating the Kenyan and Tanzanian genotypes based on gel consistency and alkali digestion. This clustering was complemented with the findings in the principal coordinate analysis. These results show that determination of genetic diversity using SSR markers cam be successfully achieved. In this study RM577 was the best and most informative SSR marker given it showed the highest PIC, gene diversity and allele per locus. In addition, it's the only marker that showed a rare allele at 400 bp.
Recovery from Psychosis in a Forensic Service: Assessing Staff and Service Users’ Perspectives Using Q Methodology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Recovery has become a guiding principle for mental health service delivery. However, the implementation of recovery-oriented services is hindered by conceptual multiplicity, and forensic services in particular face additional challenges. The perspectives of both those receiving and providing services are central in understanding how the recovery approach can best be supported in practice. Therefore, this study used Q methodology to explore staff and service-users' views regarding factors deemed important to recovery from psychosis in a forensic service. Ten service-users and 13 mental health professionals completed a 60-item Q-sort to obtain their idiosyncratic views about recovery in this context. Q analysis produced a four-factor solution (accounting for 60% of the variance), revealing four distinct perspectives. The first placed emphasis on "personal growth and psychosocial aspects of recovery," the second on "gaining insight and reducing recidivism," the third placed importance on "self-focused aspects of recovery," and the final factor highlighted "making amends & service engagement" as important to recovery. The heterogeneity of recovery beliefs indicated that multiple dimensions of recovery are important in clinical practice. The bio-medical model of care appeared most prominent, suggesting the need for greater choice in alternative treatments and improved access to alternative models of care. To better apply recovery values, service-users and mental health professionals require a better understanding of the various recovery dimensions, and this broad conceptualisation of recovery should be reflected in service provision.
Gastrointestinal motility and law of the intestine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Modern gastroenterology, which occupies the pages of scientific journals without an alternative, began as an initiative of manufacturers of equipment for pH monitoring. DeMeester et al, in contradiction to scientific research, suggested the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux, which does not damage the esophagus. Therefore, they began to perform pH research in the esophagus. This is how a group led by DeMeester arose, who in 1976 published the DeMeester score, i.e., the normal limit for esophageal pH monitoring. pH <4, less than 4% of the time per day was considered normal, i.e., it was unreasonably claimed that such reflux is physiological. However, this study was carried out with numerous methodological errors, which led to an erroneous conclusion. For a long time, pH monitoring was considered the gold standard and with its help hypotheses were proposed that form the basis of modern gastroenterology. Numerous articles using pH monitoring have publicized this method. When practice showed the low diagnostic efficiency of pH monitoring, devices for impedance pH monitoring were proposed, the principle of which was based on previous false ideas about the pathological physiology of reflux disease. As a control for determining the normal limits for high-resolution manometry (HRM), individuals were selected who claimed that they had no complaints. They did not undergo an objective study, including pH monitoring. Therefore, the results of HRM are not accurate and scientific. This article proves the fallacy of 13 hypotheses, which are presented as theories. Conclusion This study provides a list of hypotheses that were previously considered theories, but since scientific evidence has proven these assumptions to be false, they should be excluded from subsequent use and citation.
Can tax competition boost demand? Causes and consequences of the global race to the bottom in corporate tax rates

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Corporate tax rates have been consistently falling around the world for decades now. This paper aims to explain the causes and consequences of this ‘global race to the bottom’. In particular, the author wishes to test the hypothesis that this race to the bottom is driven by demand-boosting corporate tax competition, where, contrary to traditional Kaleckian theory, lower corporate taxes may positively affect demand through increased investment due to multinational enterprises (MNEs) that seek higher net profits through (re)locating in low-tax jurisdictions. In order to do so, the author builds a general theory of the effect of average effective corporate tax rates (AECTRs) on MNE location. This theory is used to justify the addition of a tax-sensitive foreign direct investment channel in the investment function of a canonical Kaleckian model. As a result, this paper determines the conditions under which a country may be ‘tax-competition-led’, where lowering AECTRs increases demand through increased MNE investment and in spite of the negative effect on government expenditure given a balanced budget. The findings of this paper are that it is possible for an economy to be tax-competition-led, though it is unlikely in many cases given the existence of a coordination problem that lessens or nullifies the effect of lowering AECTRs when many countries do so simultaneously. The author refers to this problem as the ‘paradox of tax competition’, since, like other fallacies of composition commonly identified in Post-Keynesian thought, this is a phenomenon where the benefits of one country acting alone are reduced or eliminated if other countries act the same way at the same time. Based on this model, crude but nonetheless informative estimates are given that indicate that the race to the bottom has had a negative effect on demand in the vast majority of OECD countries. In this sense, the author finds that the persistence of policymakers to continue to compete on corporate taxes ‘imprudent’. Model-consistent policy recommendations are offered, chief among which are tax coordination or, failing that, technical changes in how individual countries collect corporation tax.
‘This is time we’ll never get back’: a qualitative study of mothers’ experiences of care associated with neonatal death

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aims To explore the perceptions and experience of women whose baby died in the neonatal period about their care in the perinatal period, on delivery suite, in the neonatal unit and afterwards, expressed in their own words. Design Secondary analysis of the Listening to Parents study, using thematic analysis based on the open text responses from a postal survey of parents whose baby died in the neonatal period in England. Women were asked about care during the pregnancy, labour and birth, around the time the baby died and about neonatal care. Women whose pregnancy was terminated for fetal abnormality were excluded from this analysis. Results Completed questionnaires were received from 249 mothers of whom most (78%) responded with open text. Overarching themes identified were ‘the importance of proximity’, ‘recognition of role and identity as a parent’ and ‘the experience of care’ and subthemes included ‘hours and moments’, ‘barriers to contact’, ‘ being able to parent, even for a short time’, ‘missed opportunities’, ‘being heard’ and ‘sensitive and responsive care’. Conclusion The findings identify what is most important for mothers in experiencing the life and death of a baby as a newborn. Physical contact with the baby was paramount, as was being treated as a mother and a parent and being able to function as such. The way in which healthcare staff behaved and how their babies were cared for was critical to how mothers felt supported and enabled at this time. If all women whose babies die in the neonatal period after birth are to receive the responsive care they need, greater understanding of the primary need for closeness and proximity, for active recognition of their parental role and staff awareness of the limited time window available is essential.
Using Probabilistic Risk Modeling for Cost-Benefit Analysis: Application to Road Safety Measures

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a modeling approach to investigate the association of the probability of traffic accident with road safety measures. First, the probability of traffic accident is defined as the ratio of the number of accidents to the number of motor vehicles in a region or country during a period of time. To improve road safety, i.e. decreasing the probability of traffic accidents, road safety measures should be implemented. The law of diminishing marginal returns indicates that as the total investment in a single road safety measure increases, the total return on investment (probability of transportation accident) decreases. Regression analysis is employed to build the relationship between effect (probability of traffic accident) and the cost of a single safety measure based on the limited count data. The expected net benefit, which equals benefit minus the cost of safety measure is given by probabilistic risk model, if the net benefit exceeds zero the corresponding safety measure is identified as cost effective.
Electrical properties of p-Zn1 − x Cd x GeAs 2 〈Mn〉

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient of the high-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor p-Zn1 − x Cd x GeAs2〈Mn〉 have been measured as a function of pressure near room temperature. The features in the curves obtained attest to a structural phase transition at particular pressures. With increasing manganese content, the phase transition shifts to lower pressure. The features observed in the pressure-dependent Hall coefficient of the crystals containing more than 0.06 wt % manganese, in which ferromagnetic behavior is more pronounced, are probably due to the anomalous component of the Hall effect and its modulation in the presence of narrow impurity bands.
The protective effect of childhood infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Papers p 390

Although infectious diseases are by no means defeated, the past 100 years have seen a dramatic decline in some previously common childhood infections. Many serious viral and bacterial infections can now be prevented or treated by vaccination or antibiotics. In contrast, the prevalence of asthma and atopic disease has increased, particularly during the past 30 years. This increase is certainly not accounted for by a change in genetic risk factors: genetically similar populations in East and West Germany had very different rates of asthma before unification (although former east Germany is now catching up with the west1). In a landmark study of hayfever, hygiene, and household size in 1989 Strachan proposed that improved hygiene was the factor that explained this rise.2

The immunological arguments that underlie this “hygiene” hypothesis can be …
Pemphigus lonicerae Hartig 1841

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pemphigus lonicerae Hartig, 1841 Pemphigus lonicerae Hartig, 1841: 367. SYNTYPES: 9 (152 [4.23] lost; 153 [4.25]; 154 [4.22]; 155 [4.24]; 157 [4.21] lost), Lonicera xylosteum. Prociphilus (Stagona) xylostei (De Geer, 1773) (senior synonym— Kaltenbach, 1843: 187, “ Pemphigus xylostei ”). Valid Specimens. Presumed to have originally been nine specimens mounted on points or pinned on five pins. However, five pointed specimens on a single pin (157), as well as another specimen (152), are lost. Only host tissue remains on the pin for specimen 157. Specimen 153 is an alate, and 154 and 155 are wax covered apterae. Specimens 152-155 were collected mid-July, 1840 from Lonicera xylosteum. Specimens 157 were collected in June, 1840 from an ash leaf gall (pinned in the collection) in the ducal forest garden (i.e. Herzogliche Forstgarten, from here on referred to as Forstgarten) near Riddagshausen, Braunschweig, Germany, established by Hartig in 1838 (Hartig 1870). Remarks. Specimens 157 may be misidentified or misplaced P. fraxini within the collection since Prociphilus xylostei (De Geer, 1773) does not occur on ash. Hartig’s P. fraxini specimens are pinned in the same row.