jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Grafting on Tomato Fruit Quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study aimed to assess if grafting affects tomato fruit quality. The research has been conducted in greenhouses where grafted and ungrafted tomatoes have been produced. A Romanian tomato hybrid and a Dutch tomato hybrid, ‘Siriana’ F1 and ‘Abellus’ F1, were used as scions and four cultivars of the Lycopersicon genus, ‘Emperador’ F1 (Dutch hybrid), ‘L542’, ‘L543’ and ‘L544’ (Romanian cultivars) were used as rootstocks. Eight grafted variants (‘Siriana’×‘Emperador’, ‘Siriana’×‘L542’, ‘Siriana’×‘L543’, ‘Siriana’×‘L544’, ‘Abellus’× ‘Emperador’, ‘Abellus’×‘L542’, ‘Abellus’×‘L543’, ‘Abellus’×‘L544’) and two ungrafted variants (‘Siriana’, control and ‘Abellus’, control) were obtained. The tomato fruit quality has been observed at ‘Siriana’ and ‘Abellus’ grafted on all rootstocks. Compared to ungrafted tomatoes, which have yielded 80.1% and 85.3% of extra and first quality fruits, ‘Siriana’ and ‘Abellus’ grafted on ‘Emperador’ have had a very good fruit quality, 82.3% and 86.8% and grafted on Romanian cultivars have had a quality between 79.1-79.8% and 84.1-84.4% to the same quality standards. Analyzing the dependence between the quality categories (extra and first class) and the soluble dry substance content, a positive dependence was observed between grafted plants and ungrafted plants at both hybrids, ‘Siriana’ r2 = 0.4914 and ‘Abellus’ r2 = 0.1517 and the carbohydrates content, a negative dependence was observed between grafted plants and ungrafted plants at both hybrids, ‘Siriana’ r2 = 0.017 and ‘Abellus’ r2 = 0.798. The total vitamin C content has decreased after grafting. The grafting has had an influence on the soluble dry substance content, the total amount of carbohydrates and vitamin C at all grafting combinations. It can be said that the rootstocks played an important role on the fruit quality. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********
The Angler in the Environment: Social, Economic, Biological, and Ethical Dimensions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

<i>Abstract</i>.—The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) repeated its saltwater angler expenditure survey in 2006. This time around, it was truly a national survey, with every coastal state included. For this effort, the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistical Survey (MRFSS) was used to collect trip expenditures in the field and collect a sample frame for a follow-up mail survey of annual expenditures on the East and Gulf coasts. For California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Hawaii, and Texas, states not participating in the MRFSS in 2006, a license frame mail survey was conducted, collecting both trip and annual expenditure information. Additionally, recreational Highly Migratory Species (HMS) permit holders were surveyed, a telephone survey of nonrespondents was conducted, and a side-by-side survey mode comparison was conducted. Selected expenditure and economic impact estimates will be presented, and a number of comparisons will be made among survey mode, respondents and nonrespondents, and HMS anglers and non-HMS anglers. Additionally, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service conducted its survey in 2006 and the NMFS estimates will be compared to its estimates with an eye toward explaining the differences. These comparisons will prove useful to any agency designing an expenditure data collection program.
JR-Δa Curves of 9 mol % Ce-TZP Ceramics with Different Grain Size and Specimen Geometry

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Transformation and R-curve behaviours have been investigated in 9 mol % Ce-TZP ceramics with different grain sizes. Both single edge notched beam (SENB) and short double-cantilever-beam (s-DCB) specimens were tested to measure the crack-resistance curves. The size and shape of the transformation zone do not only depend on grain size, but are also strongly influenced by the specimen geometry. This different transformation behaviour has led to different crack-resistance curves. These experimental results are discussed in terms of the thermodynamics of transformation, the autocatalytic effect and fracture mechanics.
Occurrence and distribution of extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in companion animals in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The increasing incidence of infections with extended spectrum-lactamase \n(ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant \nStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in humans in the last decade is a matter of \nconcern. There is a paucity of data on the incidence of infections with these \nbacteria in animals, partly because veterinary diagnostic laboratories do not \nroutinely test for these organisms in clinical specimens. The carriage rate of \nthese bacteria by companion animals is also unknown. \nThis PhD project aimed to investigate the occurrence of ESBL/AmpCproducing \nEnterobacteriaceae and MRSA in clinical specimens from animals \nin New Zealand, and examine the carriage of multidrug-resistant (MDR), \nESBL/AmpC-E. coli, and MRSA in cats and dogs in Auckland. \nThe results of this project indicate that ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and \nMRSA cause clinical infections in companion animals in New Zealand. The \ncirculation of these bacteria is likely to be posing therapeutic challenges to \nunaware veterinarians. The bacteria causing infections or carried by \ncompanion animals are genetically similar to those found in humans in New \nZealand, raising public health concerns about the role of carrier animals as \npotential sources of zoonotic infections.
STUDIES ON SEROLOGICAL NEUTRALIZATION OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The mechanism of neutralization of T1 bacteriophage by the anti-T1 rabbit serum was investigated as to the polyvalency of the virus particle. T1 can develop nearly equal number of plaques on two Shigella, BIII and Shiga strains as well as on Escherichia coli, strain B, but on Shigella KA strain the efficiency of plating was about 0.2.The rate and final survivors of T1 inactivation by the specific antiserum depend markedly upon the bacterium used for assay. However, the choice of host used in growing the phage stock has no effect. The T1 phage inactivation by the specific antiserum was partially reversible, i.e., a slight reactivation of the neutralized T1 phage occurred on dilution by broth media. The degree of the recovering was estimated to be about 10 to 20 per cent when it was assayed with B or BIII cells, but less than 1 per cent with Shiga cell.From these findings we concluded that T1 particle has a rather complex antigenic structure in its infectious site, and that the pattern required for invasion to the different host cells may be different each other.
Non-destructive assay employing 2D and 3D digital radiographic imaging acquired with thermal neutrons and reactor-produced radioisotopes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The inner structure of some objects can only be visualized by using suitable techniques, when safety reasons or expensive costs preclude the application of invasive procedures. The kind of agent rendering an object partially transparent, unveiling thus its features, depends upon the object size and composition. As a rough rule of thumb, light materials are transparent to gamma and X-rays while the heavy ones are transparent to neutrons. When, after traversing an object, they hit a proper 2-D detector, a radiograph is produced representing a convoluted cross section, called projection, of that object. Taking a large number of such projections for different object attitudes, it is possible to obtain a 3-D tomography of the object as a map of attenuation coefficients. This procedure however, besides a time-consuming task, requires specially tailored equipment and software, not always available or affordable. Yet, in some circumstances it is feasible to replace the 3-D tomography by a stereoscopy, allowing one to visualize the spatial configuration of the object under analysis. In this work, 2-Dand 3-D radiographic images have been acquired using thermal neutrons and reactor-produced radioisotopes and proper imaging plates as detectors. The stereographic vision has been achieved by taking two radiographs of the same object at different angles, from the detector point of view. After a treatment to render them red-white and green-white they were properly merged to yield a single image capable to be watched with red-green glasses. All the image treatment and rendering has been performed with the software ImageJ.
The effect of different concentrations of TDZ and BA on in vitro regeneration of Iranian cannabis (Cannabis sativa) using cotyledon and epicotyl explants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was carried out to investigate micropropagation possibility and determine the optimal medium composition and plant growth regulators (PGRs) combinations under in vitro conditions. The cotyledon and epicotyl explants obtained from 1 month old in vitro grown seedlings were used in MS medium containing BA (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg-1) and TDZ (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg-1) either alone or in combination with 0.5 mg-1 IBA. The response of cannabis explants to PGRs treatments was much different from those observed in most of plant species. That is, callus formation had priority over direct regeneration in most of the PGRs treatments. Comparing the two explants, cotyledon had higher callus formation frequency and the largest callus volume was obtained for this explant in MS medium supplemented with 3 mg-1 TDZ + 0.5 mg-1 IBA. The highest callus fresh weight (3.15 gr) was obtained for cotyledon explant treated with 2 mg-1 TDZ+ 0.5 mg-1 IBA. In shoot formation step, the highest rate of shoot regeneration was achieved in the calli produced from epicotyl explant treated with 2 mg-1 BA + 0.5 mg-1 IBA; and the highest length of regenerated shoots (1.23 cm) was observed in 2 mg-1 BA + 0.5 mg-1 IBA treatment. In general, cotyledon was the best explant and TDZ in combination with IBA was the best treatment for callus formation. Epicotyl explant also showed better regeneration compared to cotyledon.
Regulation of mRNA translation in renal physiology and disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Translation, a process of generating a peptide from the codons present in messenger RNA, can be a site of independent regulation of protein synthesis; it has not been well studied in the kidney. Translation occurs in three stages (initiation, elongation, and termination), each with its own set of regulatory factors. Mechanisms controlling translation include small inhibitory RNAs such as microRNAs, binding proteins, and signaling reactions. Role of translation in renal injury in diabetes, endoplasmic reticulum stress, acute kidney injury, and, in physiological adaptation to loss of nephrons is reviewed here. Contribution of mRNA translation to physiology and disease is not well understood. Because it is involved in such diverse areas as development and cancer, it should prove a fertile field for investigation in renal science.
The Relationship Between Body Mass Index with Body Fat Percentage of Participants EXPO 2021 Universitas Teuku Umar

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Body mass index (BMI) is to monitor nutritional status adults, especially those related to deficiency and overweight. Body fat percentage can describe the risk of degenerative diseases.This study was conducted to measure the relationship between BMI and body fat percentage. Methods An analytical study was conducted to 41 male and 51 female participant from Universitas Teuku Umar. The body weight was measured using scales, whereas the body height was measured using microtoise. The body fat percentage was measured using Karada Scan. The BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight in kilogram divided by body height in meter square. Data was collected from 16-18th February 2021 and analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test. The results showed BMI underweight, normal, and overweight were 10,9, 57,6, and 31,5. High body fat percentage in men were 75,6% and in women were 35,5%. There is a relationship between the nutritional status of the women group and the body fat percentage with p-value is obtained = 0.021. Furthermore, for men, there is no relationship between nutritional status in the men group and the body fat percentage. There is a relationship between nutritional status and body fat percentage in women. Among this population, BMI can still be used to determine body fat percentage
Could land‐based early photosynthesizing ecosystems have bioengineered the planet in mid‐Palaeozoic times?

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The Ordovician and Silurian periods were times of major geological activity as regards palaeogeography, volcanism and climate change, the last of these evidenced by a series of cooling episodes and glaciations that climaxed in the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician). The presence of cryptospores in the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) marked the advent of higher plants on land. A critical survey of direct (mega‐ and microfossils) and some indirect evidence in succeeding rocks indicates the presence of algae, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Fungi, probable lichens, cryptophytes and basal tracheophytes. Similar associations of photosynthesizers and decomposers occur today in cryptogamic covers (CCs), for example biological crusts, except that bryophytes replace cryptophytes (basal embryophytes) and tracheophytes are absent. Thus, extant CCs, which make significant contributions today to global carbon and nitrogen fixation and prevention of erosion, provide an excellent analogue for the impacts of early land vegetation on both lithosphere and atmosphere. As a prerequisite to assessing impacts in Ordovician–Silurian times, with particular consideration of parameters used by climate modellers, the effects of a number of abiotic factors on the growth and survival of extant cryptogamic ground covers and their environmental impacts are reviewed. Factors include photosynthetically active radiation, ultraviolet radiation, temperature, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, surface roughness and albedo. A survey of the nature and extent of weathering facilitated by such vegetation concludes that it was limited based on depth of weathering when compared with that from rooted tracheophytes today, with minor effects on carbon dioxide drawdown. As global net productivity from Ordovician–Silurian CCs was very probably lower than today, and while the small fraction of intractable material in their organic carbon would have resulted in a more rapid turnover of terrestrial biomass, we conclude that there was decreased possibility of long‐term organic carbon burial. Hence, there would have been very limited increase in atmospheric oxygen and decrease in carbon dioxide resulting from carbon burial.
Arresting inflammation: contributions of plasma membrane and endosomal signalling to neuropeptide-driven inflammatory disease

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor) signalling at the plasma membrane is under tight control. In the case of neuropeptides such as SP (substance P), plasma membrane signalling is regulated by cell-surface endopeptidases (e.g. neprilysin) that degrade extracellular neuropeptides, and receptor interaction with β-arrestins, which uncouple receptors from heterotrimeric G-proteins and mediate receptor endocytosis. By recruiting GPCRs, kinases and phosphatases to endocytosed GPCRs, β-arrestins assemble signalosomes that can mediate a second wave of signalling by internalized receptors. Endosomal peptidases, such as ECE-1 (endothelin-converting enzyme-1), can degrade SP in acidified endosomes, which destabilizes signalosomes and allows receptors, freed from β-arrestins, to recycle and resensitize. By disassembling signalosomes, ECE-1 terminates β-arrestin-mediated endosomal signalling. These mechanisms have been studied in model cell systems, and the relative importance of plasma membrane and endosomal signalling to complex pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, pain and proliferation, is unclear. However, deletion or inhibition of metalloendopeptidases that control neuropeptide signalling at the plasma membrane and in endosomes has marked effects on inflammation. Neprilysin deletion exacerbates inflammation because of diminished degradation of pro-inflammatory SP. Conversely, inhibition of ECE-1 attenuates inflammation by preventing receptor recycling/resensitization, which is required for sustained pro-inflammatory signals from the plasma membrane. β-Arrestin deletion also affects inflammation because of the involvement of β-arrestins in pro-inflammatory signalling and migration of inflammatory cells. Knowledge of GPCR signalling in specific subcellular locations provides insights into pathophysiological processes, and can provide new opportunities for therapy. Selective targeting of β-arrestin-mediated endosomal signalling or of mechanisms of receptor recycling/resensitization may offer more effective and selective treatments than global targeting of cell-surface signalling.
Enhanced Effect of Metal Sulfide Doping (MgS-TiO2) Nanostructure Catalyst on Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methanol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The conversion of CO2 gas from the global emission to methanol can be a route to look at in addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) issues. Photocatalysis has been attracting attention in the conversion of CO2 to methanol, as it is seen to be one of the most viable, economic, and sustainable strategies. The biggest hindrance to the use of metal oxide photocatalysts was the poisoning by sulfur content in the CO2 gas feedstock. Therefore, in the development of photocatalysts using metal oxide-based additives, the metal needs to be in the form of metal sulfides to avoid catalyst poisoning due to the presence of H2S. The magnesium sulfide-based TiO2 (MgS-TiO2) photocatalyst has not been synthesized and studied for its photocatalytic potential. In this study, a novel MgS-TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized using a combination of wet impregnation and hydrothermal method and characterized to determine the physical and chemical properties of the photocatalyst. Characterization results have shown the presence of MgS on the native TiO2 photocatalyst. The optimization of MgS-TiO2 formulation was conducted, wherein the MgS and TiO2 ratio of 0.5 wt % has been shown to give the highest methanol yield of 229.1 μmol/g·h. The photocatalytic parameter optimization results showed that temperature and catalyst loading were the most important factors that impacted the photocatalytic process. In contrast, reaction time had the least significant effect on the CO2 photocatalytic reduction to methanol. This concludes that the MgS-TiO2 photocatalyst has potential and can be used for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.
Cancer of the ovary. Survival studies based upon operative therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The clinical characteristics, therapy, and results are reported on 262 patients who had primary ovarian cancer. Twenty-four per cent were Stage I and serous cystadenocarcinoma was the most frequent diagnosis (55 per cent). Only 30 per cent of patients had total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. The complete operation enhanced long-term survival in Stage I patients. Forty-four per cent of patients had an objective response to chemotherapy, while 31 per cent had a similar response to radiotherapy. Advanced ovarian cancer was present in 76 per cent of patients. Radiotherapy was given in localized advanced disease, and 73 per cent of patients received palliation. Chemotherapy was used in disseminated disease and provided palliation for 64 per cent of patients. Radiotherapy after operation enhanced the 2 year survival of patients with Stage IV disease. Chemotherapy did not seem to improve the survival of patients. Cumulative survival rates for patients with Stage I disease was 60 per cent at 5 years, and with Stage IV disease it was 20 per cent at 2 years and 6 per cent at five years.
“Researchers blow my mind”: Ethical research with community-based organizations

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Public health research frequently relies on collaborations with community-based organizations, and these partnerships can be essential to the success of a project. However, while public health ethics and oversight policies have historically focused on ensuring that individual subjects are protected from unethical or unfair practices, there are few guidelines to protect the organizations which facilitate relationships with – and are frequently composed of – these same vulnerable populations. As universities, governments, and donors place a renewed emphasis on the need for community engaged research to address systematic drivers of health inequity, it is vital that the ways in which research is conducted does not uphold the same intersecting systems of gender, race, and class oppression which led to the very same health inequities of interest. Methods: To understand how traditional notions of public health research ethics might be expanded to encompass partnerships with organizations as well as individuals, we conducted qualitative interviews with 39 staff members (executive directors and frontline) at community-based organizations that primarily serve people who use drugs, Black men who have sex with men, and sex workers across the United States from January 2016 – August 2017. We also conducted 11 in-depth interviews with academic researchers with experience partnering with CBOs that serve similar populations. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using emergent codes and a priori codes derived from the Belmont Report. Results: The concepts of respect, beneficence, and justice could and should apply to the treatment of organizations that participate in research just as they apply to individual human subjects, although their implementation will differ when applied to CBOs vs individual human subjects. Conclusions: Academic-CBO partnerships are likely to be more successful for both academics and CBOs if academic researchers work to center individual-level relationship building that is mutually respectful and grounded in cultural humility.