jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Progestogens Used in Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: Differences in Their Pharmacological Properties, Intracellular Actions, and Clinical Effects

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The safety of progestogens as a class has come under increased scrutiny after the publication of data from the Women's Health Initiative trial, particularly with respect to breast cancer and cardiovascular disease risk, despite the fact that only one progestogen, medroxyprogesterone acetate, was used in this study. Inconsistency in nomenclature has also caused confusion between synthetic progestogens, defined here by the term progestin, and natural progesterone. Although all progestogens by definition have progestational activity, they also have a divergent range of other properties that can translate to very different clinical effects. Endometrial protection is the primary reason for prescribing a progestogen concomitantly with postmenopausal estrogen therapy in women with a uterus, but several progestogens are known to have a range of other potentially beneficial effects, for example on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Because women remain suspicious of the progestogen component of postmenopausal hormone therapy in the light of the Women's Health Initiative trial, practitioners should not ignore the potential benefits to their patients of some progestogens by considering them to be a single pharmacological class. There is a lack of understanding of the differences between progestins and progesterone and between individual progestins differing in their effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, the breast, and bone. This review elucidates the differences between the substantial number of individual progestogens employed in postmenopausal hormone therapy, including both progestins and progesterone. We conclude that these differences in chemical structure, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, affinity, potency, and efficacy via steroid receptors, intracellular action, and biological and clinical effects confirm the absence of a class effect of progestogens.
Three-dimensional CMOS image sensor with 4x64 pixel array

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A 3D CMOS imager based on time-of-flight (TOF) has been developed and successfully tested. It uses an active pulsed class 1 laser operating at 905nm to illuminate a 3D scene. The scene depth is determined by measurement of the travel time of reflected pulses by employing a fast on-chip synchronous shutter. A so-called "Multiple Double Short Time Integration" (MDSI) enables suppression of the background illumination and correction for reflectivity variations in the scene objects. The sensor chip contains 2 pixel lines with each pixel containing twin photodiodes, thus the chip contains 4×64 sensors. The chip allows two operating modes; the first is the binning mode (mode0 and mode1 are activated), where the twin pixels are short-circuited (tow lines on the die) and the average signal is measured. The second mode is the high-resolution mode (either mode0 or mode1 is activated). In this mode the pixels operate separately (four lines on the die). The chip has been realized in 0.5μm n-well standard CMOS process. The pixel pitch is 130μm. To get a good fill factor, the readout circuitry is located at the sides of the chip.
Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for the identification of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) genotypes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The potential application of the Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) for the objective quantitative description of leaf morphology, combined with the use of a Back-propagation Neural Network (BPNN) for data modelling, was evaluated to characterize and identifiy 12 Sangiovese-related accessions (Vitis vinifera L.). The results enable us to distinguish, with considerable certainty, between 10 accessions. Cluster analysis revealed the existence of a uniform group for the Prugnolo (acerbo, medio and dolce) ecotypes showing a high degree of relatedness. Among all accessions only the so-called Casentino ecotype significantly diverged from all the others, indicating probably a different origin. The application of EFA coupled with the use of artificial neural networks opens interesting prospects for the characterization of varieties, allowing to study differences and/or relationships which can not be detected by standard ampelographic systems.
Trade-offs in Swedish Constitutional Design: The Monarchy under Challenge

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Sweden, the head of state (the monarch) no longer takes part in the process of government formation. It is the speaker of the Riksdag who appoints a candidate for prime minister. This candidate must be approved by the Riksdag. He or she is approved unless more than half of all members of parliament vote against the candidate. This constitutional rule was designed in the early 1970s. In this chapter I explain why the Swedish parties removed the monarch from the process of government formation and, for that matter, from most other formal functions and powers. At the heart of the explanation lie choices based on multiple goals in multiple arenas.
Economic benefits of membrane chromatography versus packed bed column purification of therapeutic proteins expressed in microbial and mammalian hosts

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Membrane chromatography has been accepted as the polishing step in several commercial processes for production of monoclonal antibody therapeutics over the past decade. This study aims to compare the performance of the traditional column chromatography with membrane chromatography for the two major classes of biotherapeutics, a therapeutic protein expressed in a microbial host and a monoclonal antibody product expressed in mammalian cells. RESULTS It is observed that membrane chromatography underperforms in applications that require high resolution separation. However, membrane chromatography offers several key advantages for applications that do not require high resolution separation, such as flow through process steps. These advantages include not only the ease of use but also a significantly lower cost (consumables and operating time). Cost advantage is also seen for cases when short manufacturing campaigns (less than 10 lots) are required and the resin will be discarded at the end of the campaign. CONCLUSIONS This is a first‐of‐a‐kind study with respect to examining applicability of membrane chromatography for purification of a microbial and a mammalian product and also consideration of the process economics. The study demonstrates that membrane chromatography offers significant advantages in certain applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF CaO–PdNps FROM LAWSONIA INERMIS LEAF EXTRACT: CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF METHYLENE BLUE WITH CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN-ENHANCED NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTION

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this work, small-sized CaO–PdNps nanocomposites were synthesized using Lawsonia inermis leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the produced nanocomposites. Based on these investigations, the average particle size was found to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm, with a predominantly spherical morphology. The resulting nanocomposite was then tested for catalytic activity in methylene blue reduction. The mass of the catalyst and dye, the concentration of sodium borohydride ([NaBH4]), and the reaction time were all optimized using a central composite design (CCD). A significant correlation between predicted and experimental degradation percentages was shown by the CCD model ([Formula: see text]), which also proved statistically significant (p-[Formula: see text]). Furthermore, a deep learning neural network (DLNN) was used to improve the prediction accuracy over and beyond CCD. There was a good connection between the two models as a result of using the CCD output as DLNN validation data. Mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and [Formula: see text] were used to assess the performance of the DLNN. The results ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) validated that all four metrics were successful in forecasting the percentage of degradation.
The Effects of Vitamin Antioxidants on Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Liver Microsomes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We observed the effect of the administration of vitamin A,C and E with β-naphthoflavone and piperonyl butoxide on cytochrome P-450 level and lipid peroxidation in rats liver. The level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 decreased after vitamin A,C and E was administration. In contrast, β-naphthoflavone, when administered with vitamin A,C and E, the increase of cytochrome P-450 was prevented. Lipid peroxidation was decreased after vitamin A, C, and E was administered. Moreover when β-naphthoflavone was administered together with vitamin A, C and E lipid peroxidation was not increased. When piperonyl butoxide was administered together with vitamin A,C and E, both cytochrome P-450 and lipid peroxidation were decreased. These results indicate that vitamin antioxidants can prevent lipid peroxidation by a cytochrome P-450 dependent terminal oxidase system in rat liver microsomes.
Comparison of the first-phase insulin secretion and insulin resistant in patients with DM2 in different inheritances

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the changes of the first-phase insulin secretion and insulin resistant in patient with DM2 but without diabetes family history and NGT first-degree relatives of DM2 patients. Methods: The newly-diagnosed DM2 subjects without diabetes family history [TH(-) group, n=25], the NGT first-degree relatives of diagnosed diabetes patients [NH(+) group, n=25] and the healthy control [NH(-) group, n=25] were selected. The levels of fasting serum insulin and 2-min, 4-min, 6-min serum insulin after intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT) were determined by ECLIA. Results: TH(-) group showed higher levels of BMI,HOMA-IR than NH(-) group, however, the fasting insulin increased and the first-phase insulin secretion did not reach the normal level. ② NH(+) group showed lower levels of fasting insulin and first-phase insulin secretion than NH (-) group. ③ TH (-) group showed higher levels of HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and the insulin level at 6min than NH (+) group. Conclusions: There is obvious insulin resistance in patients with newly-diagnosed DM2 without family history, and significantly lower first-phase insulin secretion in non-obesity first degree relative in type 2 diabetic families. Different patients with type2 diabetes mellitus may have different initiating agents, so different interferences should be given out.
Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914, by Bernard Porter

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914, by Bernard Porter Get access Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914 by Bernard Porter. London, Macmillan Co., 1968.—xvi, 369 pp. Raymond F. Betts Raymond F. Betts Grinnell College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 86, Issue 2, June 1971, Pages 324–325, https://doi.org/10.2307/2148036 Published: 15 June 1971
A Systematic Review on Viruses in Mass-Reared Edible Insect Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Edible insects are expected to become an important nutrient source for animals and humans in the Western world in the near future. Only a few studies on viruses in edible insects with potential for industrial rearing have been published and concern only some edible insect species. Viral pathogens that can infect insects could be non-pathogenic, or pathogenic to the insects themselves, or to humans and animals. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the viruses detected in edible insects currently considered for use in food and/or feed in the European Union or appropriate for mass rearing, and to collect information on clinical symptoms in insects and on the vector role of insects themselves. Many different virus species have been detected in edible insect species showing promise for mass production systems. These viruses could be a risk for mass insect rearing systems causing acute high mortality, a drastic decline in growth in juvenile stages and in the reproductive performance of adults. Furthermore, some viruses could pose a risk to human and animal health where insects are used for food and feed.
A missing link in the carbon cycle: phytoplankton light absorption under RCP emission scenarios

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Marine biota and biogeophysical mechanisms, such as phytoplankton light absorption, have attracted increasing attention in recent climate studies. Under global warming, the influence of phytoplankton on the climate system is expected to change. Previous studies analyzed the impact of phytoplankton light absorption under prescribed future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the role of this biogeophysical mechanism under freely evolving atmospheric CO2 concentration and future CO2 emissions remains unknown. To shed light on this research gap, we perform simulations with the EcoGEnIE Earth system model (ESM) and prescribe CO2 emissions out to the year 2500 following the four Extended Concentration Pathway (ECP) scenarios, which for practical purposes we call Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. Under all RCP scenarios, our results indicate that phytoplankton light absorption leads to a shallower remineralization of organic matter and a reduced export efficiency, weakening the biological carbon pump. In contrast, this biogeophysical mechanism increases the surface chlorophyll by ∼ 2 %, the sea surface temperature (SST) by 0.2 to 0.6 °C, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 8 %–20 % and the atmospheric temperature by 0.3 to 0.9 °C. Under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios, the magnitude of changes due to phytoplankton light absorption is similar. However, under the RCP8.5 scenario, the changes in the climate system are less pronounced due to decreasing ecosystem productivity as temperature increases, highlighting a reduced effect of phytoplankton light absorption under strong warming. Additionally, this work highlights the major role of phytoplankton light absorption on the climate system, suggesting highly uncertain feedbacks on the carbon cycle with uncertainties that may be in the range of those known from the land biota.
The Genesis of a Saga Narrative: Verse and Prose in Kormaks Saga

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Introduction to the saga: the saga's structure the saga author possible sources. Kormakr's courtship: the first meeting (verses 1-10) Nrfi (verses 11-14) the ambush (verses 15-19) the betrothal (verses 20-1). Kormakr and Bersi: the failure of the marriage agreement the pursuit of the bride (verses 22-6) Bersi's duel with Kormakr (verses 27-35). The Bersi digression: how the Bersi material is woven into the saga how Bersi's verses are arranged in the prose (verses 36-50). Porvaldr tinteinn: Steingerdr's second marriage (verses 51-2) Kormakr's exploits abroad (verses 52-58) Kormakr's reunion with Steingerdr (verses 59-63) the false insult verse (verses 64-5) the duels (verses 66-75). The final stages: Kormakr and Steingerdr in Norway (verses 76-81) Kormakr's death (verses 82-85). Conclusions, the genesis of a saga narrative: the saga's component parts the saga as a whole.
Lidocaine conformers calculated at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ in the gas phase and solvated.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Energy minima for lidocaine calculated at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory in the gas phase and with COSMO water. Files include electronic energies and zero point energies. Filenames with "w" include COSMO solvation.
Item validity of the physical demands from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles for functional capacity evaluation of clients with chronic back pain

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study assessed the item validity of 15 of the physical demands from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT), as evaluated in a new approach to functional capacity evaluation (FCE) for clients with chronic back pain, the Gibson Approach to FCE (GAPP FCE). Fifty-two occupational therapists were sent the specifications of the items in the GAPP FCE procedures and were asked to rate the items in terms of item-objective congruence, relevance and difficulty. A response rate of 59.2% was obtained. The majority of the therapists agreed that most of the items were congruent with the objectives based on the definition of the physical demands from the DOT. The items evaluating Balancing and Pushing and Pulling had the lowest item-objective congruence. The evaluation of Balancing and the Lifting, Carrying and Pushing and Pulling of loads greater than light-medium weight (10–16 kg) were not considered significantly relevant. Concerns were raised about the difficulty and safety of the evaluation of Lifting, Carrying and Pushing and Pulling with clients with chronic back pain, particularly if the therapist evaluates the manual handling of medium to heavy loads. These results may have implications for other FCEs, particularly those which are based on the DOT, or when assessing clients with chronic back pain.
Comparative study of Cognitive Metaphors in Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis takes Chinese and Korean dietary vocabulary, namely Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’ as the research object. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, it is a detailed comparative analysis. In the overall structure of the thesis, the similarities and differences between the Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’ conceptual domains are compared from the concept domain and the concept type. The reference example data in the corpus of Chinese and Korean is cited and used as the basis for the analysis of the thesis. It mainly focuses on the conceptual metaphor phenomenon and the specific metaphorical concept types in the metaphor mapping process from Chinese to the target domain in Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’. It summarizes the commonality and personality characteristics of Chinese ‘饭’ and Korean ‘밥’ in the process of metaphor mapping. This provides a meaningful reference for the cognitive semantic research of Chinese and Korean dietary vocabulary.
Optimization of antique assembly building frame construction based on BIM technology and Matlab genetic algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the rapid development of science and technology, the traditional construction industry is facing the urgent need for transformation and upgrading, and how to achieve the performance optimization of the assembly building frame has become an urgent problem to be solved. The research constructs the antique assembly building frame using BIM technology and uses a Matlab genetic algorithm to optimize the model of the building frame. The efficacy of the optimized assembly building is analyzed, and the safety performance of the BIM-Matlab frame building proposed in this paper is compared with that of the traditional frame building and the anti-buckling frame building to explore the effectiveness of the performance optimization of the BIM-Matlab frame building. The values of the structural non-lateral stiffness ratio of the BIM-Matlab assembly building are all greater than or equal to 1, and the seismic shear weight ratio meets the requirements. The displacement ratio and inter-story displacement ratio meet the code requirements under all working conditions. The building foundation’s zero stress zone is 0.00%, and the minimum stiffness-to-weight ratio value of 38.69 is enough to pass the overturning resistance and stability test. The BIM-Matlab framed building can endure earthquakes with greater intensity and safety reserves than conventional framed buildings and anti-flexural framed buildings, which are more secure in earthquakes.
Organizational mechanism for regional service economy management

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article informatively describes service economy and ascertains the goals which, if solved, can make for its formation with the use of regional potential available. The authors substantiate that this process is reasonable to be carried out by using a system approach. This approach stipulates a strategy with a concrete content and implementation mechanism. The article presents the most important components of the organizational mechanism for regional service economy management, the author's interpretation of general and subsidiary principles for strategic territorial management and the functions of regional management. (Tonysheva L.L., Fedorova O.B., Chizhevskaya E.L. Organizational mechanism for regional service economy management. Life Sci J 2014;12(12):597-599) (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 115
THE APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS TO FOLDING, ALIGNING AND MODELING HOMOLOGOUS RNA SEQUENCES

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs) are applied to the problems of folding, aligning and modeling families of homologous RNA sequences. SCFGs capture the sequences&apos; common primary and secondary structure and generalize the hidden Markov models (HMMs) used in related work on protein and DNA. The novel aspect of this work is that SCFG parameters are learned automatically from unaligned, unfolded training sequences. A generalization of the HMM forward-backward algorithm is introduced to do this. The new algorithm, Tree-Grammar EM, based on tree grammars and faster than the previously proposed SCFG inside-outside training algorithm, produced a model that we tested on the transfer RNA (tRNA) family. Results show that after having been trained on as few as 20 tRNA sequences from only two tRNA subfamilies (mitochondrial and cytoplasmic), the model can discern general tRNA from similarlength RNA sequences of other kinds, can find secondary structure of new tRNA sequences, and c...
Textbook enriched with video augmented reality: Contextual in motion concept learning in junior high school

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are many misconceptions in learning natural science in junior high school. The use of video media can reduce misconceptions. Video media will make the concepts learned more contextual. This article will describe the results of research and development of junior high school science books enriched with video media based on Augmented Reality technology so that learning is more contextual. The research used the Dick & Carey model of research and development (R&D) method. Product feasibility is tested using a questionnaire by experts. Questionnaires were developed to test the feasibility of the material, the feasibility of the media and the feasibility of learning. The results of the material feasibility test were 81.29%, with very good or very complete interpretations. Media feasibility is 93.57% with very good or very complete interpretation. The feasibility of learning 83.78% with very good or very complete interpretation. It can be concluded that the resulting textbook products received appropriate interpretations to support the contextual learning process of the concept of motion.