jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Documentation and valuation of tree species used in traditional agroforestry systems by nyishi tribe of arunachal pradesh, eastern himalaya.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Agroforestry is considered as a potential landuse system in the Eastern Himalaya for the protection of environment, food security, conservation of biological diversity, etc.The present study emphasised on both documentation and valuation of tree species used in agroforestry systems by the Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh.A total of 45 tree species representing 26 families were recorded.Arecaceae and Leguminosae were the dominant families.About 88.89% species of the tree species were used as fuelwood, followed by food (66.67%), field use (46.67%), tool (37.78%), construction (31.11%) and other uses (80%). Mangifera indica was found maximum Cultural Importance index value (3.27), Cultural value index (2.447) and Relative value index with relatively higher frequency of citation (FC=94) and use reports (NU=7). Terminalia chebula ranked 1 st in RelativeFrequency of citation value with highest number of citations (FC=102).However, male had significantly higher knowledge than female in certain use categories like medicine, field use, fodder and tools, which show that male, were more knowledgeable than females in the traditional agroforestry systems.
Teacher Education, Agency and Knowledge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, we link a Lacanian reading of agency to Fricker's notion of epistemic injustice to explore constraints and opportunities regarding the development of professional knowledge in English teacher education contexts. Drawing on Lacan's theory of four discourses, we examine examples of current issues in teacher education from the perspective of trainee teachers and teacher educators as knowing subjects. We consider how the knowing subject is positioned in four discoursal contexts aimed at developing teachers' professional knowledge: discourses centring teacher education around national education policy; evaluative discourses involving England's Early Career Framework; discourses drawing on a shadow economy of online profession-led knowledge; and discourses involved in not knowing and uncertainty in teaching practicum. For each example, we articulate the symbolic order in which the knowing subject is implicated and the conditions of epistemic justice/injustice produced in the development of teacher knowledge. Finally, we consider what may be learned by bringing together a philosophical theory of knowledge and a psychoanalytic theory of discoursal agency, arguing for wider opportunities in England's teacher education programmes where subliminal and sublime forms of agency can take root and flourish.
Plant regeneration from barly (Hordeum vulgare) immature inflorescences cryopeserved by vitrification

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Vitrification is a new technique of cryopreservation. Immature inflorescences of berley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) were precultured in medium supplemented with 0.5mol/L sucrose for 2 days and dehydrated in PVS2 at 0℃ for 5 min before plunged into liquid nitrogen. After rapid warming and unloading. the survival of three cultivars 81G1, Gebeina, and Xu 9 was 100%. 82.5% and 50% respectively. Callus formation and plant regeneration was achieved from recovered inflorescences. The non-precultured samples could not survival in liquld nitrogen. Desiccation-tolerance and freeze-tolerance affected plant survival. Vitrification shared the advantages of high levels of survival. short period of lag stage and complete viability of cryopreserved organs.
Test of cold asphalt storability based on alternative approaches

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Cold asphalt products for potholes repairs should be workable (soft enough) for long time to ensure their applicability. Storability is assessed indirectly using various tests of workability. Therefore, simple test methods (self-compaction and disintegration test) was developed and verified to investigate changes of storability of this group of cold asphalts. Selfcompaction of the tested mixture in the upturned Abram's cone for the cement concrete slump test and in the mould for the California Bearing Ratio test was assessed in first stage. After that the video record of disintegration test was taken. During this test, the mould was lifted up and the mixture fell off the mould (Abram's cone) or disintegrate (CBR mould). The drop of surface after 10 min self-compaction and netto time related to falling out or disintegration of the mixture were used to evaluate the mixture from storability point of view. It was found out the self-compaction test has not a potential to reveal and prove changes of mixture properties. Based on the disintegration test results it can be stated this test at 5 °C using the upturned Abram's cone could be a suitable approach to determine qualitative changes of a cold mixture from storability point of view.
The Effects of a Tornado Disturbance and a Salvaged Timber Extraction on the Seed-Rain and Recruitment Community of an Eastern Temperate Deciduous Forest

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Understanding forest-regeneration pathways following salvage-logging operations and windthrow disturbances is a step towards the sustainable management of forests. To accomplish this, assessment of the relative contribution of seed dispersal and post-dispersal abiotic and biotic factors in shaping post-disturbance seedling recruitment is necessary. In a temperate deciduous forest located in western Pennsylvania, we measured the seed rain over 2 years and the resulting woody-plant recruitment in 2 tornado-disturbed stands. Our data shows that the salvage logging operation and the dispersal mode of plants (wind, animal) affected the composition of the seed rain. Communities of plant recruits, in contrast, were more strongly determined by soil-cover variables than by the net inputs of seed rain. Our results indicate that salvage logging following natural windthrow events has minimal negative impacts on forest regeneration capacity.
1-(2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)thiourea

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The title compound, C14H8Cl4N2OS, shows the typical geometric parameters of substituted thio­urea derivatives. The dihedral angle formed by the two benzene ring planes is 38.39 (7)°. The crystal packing is characterized by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds.
Instruments of lesson-drawing: comparing the knowledge brokerage of the OECD and the World Bank

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank, the two largest global actors in the education sector, in their capacity as knowledge brokers. For these actors, positioning themselves between research and policy and circulating their versions of evidence has become a popular governance instrument to amplify their impact at the national level. To compare the strategies and targets of the OECD and the World Bank, we analyze three publication series: the OECD’s Education Policy Outlook and Reviews of National Policies for Education and the World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education reports. The results reveal significant differences between the OECD’s and the World Bank’s approaches to producing evidence and brokering knowledge. We interpret the differences against the backdrop of the idiosyncrasies of the two organizations: The World Bank sees itself as a transnational actor, and its knowledge production and brokerage are highly decontextualized transcending national experiences. By contrast, the OECD is an intergovernmental organization that views itself as a facilitator of cross-national peer exchange. Situating the findings within the broader framework of the global–national nexus, we argue that the World Bank’s approach promotes vertical policy learning, while the OECD’s approach pursues horizontal policy learning.
Implementation of Naive Bayes for Classification and Potentially MSMEs Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role for a country in significantly increasing its economic growth, its high absorptive capacity to labor can reduce unemployment, and has become the biggest contributor of gross domestic product value. Therefore, the government should give more attention to MSMEs. However, the government does not have any information on the results of clustering analysis and prediction of potential business types from existing MSMEs data. This study aims to assist the government by presenting the results of potential MSMEs processing analysis in Tangerang region based on business characteristics in each region, using Naive Bayes. From the data of the number of MSMEs in Tangerang region, it has been successfully classified and the result of its analysis has become recommendation for the government in establishing the grow up as well as the provision of business assistance for the potential business field.
Plasma formation using a capillary discharge in water for biotechnological applications

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present work reports plasma creation by means of a specially designed underwater discharge system and investigates the sterilization of E. coli by using the system. The underwater plasma was formed from a tungsten electrode inserted in a narrow dielectric capillary, producing a plasma by electrical breakdown. This produced various reactive plasma species from dissociation of water vapor; there species contain atomic oxygen, atomic hydrogen, and hydroxyl radicals. These are wellknown to be very helpful to sterilize microorganisms in water. The disinfection test comfirmed that the underwater discharge was effective in killing E. coli, showing a define D-value of 2.8 s.
Numerical concepts and error analysis for elliptic Neumann control problems with pointwise state and control constraints

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Optimization in technical applications described by partial differential equations plays a more and more important role. By means of the control the solution of a partial differential equation called state is influenced. Simultaneously a cost functional has to be minimized. In many technical applications pointwise constraints to the state or the control are reasonable. It is well known that the Lagrange multipliers with respect to pure state constraints are in general only regular Borel measures. This fact implies a lower regularity of the optimal solution of the problem.

In this dissertation a linear quadratic optimal control problem governed by an elliptic partial differential equation an Neumann boundary control is investigated. Furthermore, we consider pointwise state constraints in an inner subdomain and bilateral constraints on the boundary control. Despite the above mentioned problems, we benefit from the localization of the Lagrange multiplier in the inner subdomain such that a higher regularity of the optimal control is shown. However, the so called dual variables of the optimal control problem are not unique. Hence, the application of well known and efficient optimization algorithms becomes difficult.

Presenting a regularization concept, we will avoid these problems. We introduce an additional distributed control (virtual control) which appears in the cost functional, the right hand side of the partial differential equation and in the regularized state constraints. The effect of regularization is influenced by several parameter functions. We derive an error estimate for the error between the optimal solution of the original problem and the regularized one. Moreover, under some assumptions on the parameter functions we obtain certain convergence rates of the regularization error.

In the following a finite element based approximation of the regularized optimal control problems is established. Based on appropriate feasible test functions, we derive an error estimate between the optimal solution of the unregularized original problem and the regularized and discretized one. Thereby, we consider the regularization and discretization simultaneously and we propose a suitable coupling of the parameter functions and the mesh size.

Forthcoming, we present the primal-dual active set strategy as a optimization method for solving the regularized optimal control problems. Moreover, we derive an error estimate between the current iterates of the algorithm and the optimal solution. Based on this, we construct an error estimator, which is reliable as an alternative stopping criterion for the primal-dual active set strategy.

Finally, the theoretical results of this work are illustrated by several numerical examples.
Xanthine Oxidoreductase Mediates Nitrite-Induced Platelet Inhibition

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a potential missing link in platelet hyperactivity and cardiovascular diseases. Bioconversion of NO2- to NO by XOR modulates platelet reactivity as we observed rises in plasma NO2- levels after Xdh allele deletion in mice. This higher plasma NO2- in Xdh heterozygous mice was associated with greater platelet reactivity demonstrated in a tail bleeding, thrombus formation, and platelet aggregation study. There is also a potential of nitrate on platelet inhibition in wild-type mice, which developed smaller thrombus formation.
Effect of added MoO3 and tungsten on photoelectrochemical behavior of thermally decomposed WO3 electrodes.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

パラタングステン酸アンモニウムの熱分解により得られた多結晶WO3n-型半導体電極は, 酸性溶液中 (0.5mol/dm3 硫酸水溶液) で, 金属タングステンの直接酸化, CVD などにより調製された WO3 薄膜電極と同様の良好な光応答性を示した。さらに熱分解で得られた WO3に, MoO3 およびタングステン金属粉末を添加した電極について光電気化学特性および積分球を用いた光吸収スペクトルを測定することにより, 不純物添加効果を検討した。その結果MoO3 ならびにタングステン金属粉末の添加濃度がWO3 に対するモル比で 5×103 付近で光電流は, WO3 単一組成電極の約 1.5 倍に増大した。これらの挙動は不純物によるドナー濃度の変化によるものと推定された。これら電極の光電流は, 光励起により生成したホールが関与した酸素発生反臨であった。また光吸収スペクトル測定により得られたみかけの光吸収係数とフォトンエネルギーの依存性より光学的バンドギャップを決定した。その結果バンドギャップエネルギーに対する不純物添加の顕著な影響は認められず,得られたバンドギャップ値 2.6eV は, バンド-バンド間接遷移によるバンドギャップに対応していた。
Online Configuration of Personalized Solutions Based on Extension Reasoning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Online customization is becoming an important business model in manufacturing industry, and the configuration of online personalized demand has become an urgent problem to be solved in this new business model. This paper proposes a matching customization method based on extension reasoning. First, we use extension description to describe and organize the case knowledge, and build a relatively complete knowledge base of "modules" and "components". Then, the implementation process of online configuration of personalized customization scheme based on extension reasoning is analyzed in detail. In view of the shortcomings that the calculation method of similarity in the past is difficult to meet the requirements of actual engineering design and assembly, a similarity function for matching degree calculation is studied and constructed in depth.
Institutional financial aid

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to examine leverage awarding, an approach to financial aid used by many colleges and universities in the United States. Leverage awarding uses institutional grants strategically to influence the composition of the enrolling student population, while generating the maximum revenue possible. This study examines the motivations that drive the size of the institutional grant offers using a sample of institutions that use a particular approach to leverage awarding. Traditional conceptions and dialogue about financial aid typically center on access and affordability, often accompanied by rewarding academic merit. Given the social missions traditionally associated with the distribution of financial aid, this study also examines how the schools in this sample publicly frame their approach. Thus the study consists of two analyses; the first includes a text analysis of financial aid web pages from a subset of the larger sample of schools that use leverage awarding; the second part of the study examines student level data on 77,810 students from the full sample of 28 leverage awarding institutions to determine the variables that contribute to the actual distribution of institutional grant offers. The text analysis finds that most commonly, institutions focus on need and merit but the majority also infuse vague language in their descriptions of financial aid which provides the schools significant leeway to define their criteria without directly misleading prospective students. The quantitative analyses used for the second part of the study finds that that while need and merit are considerations, multiple factors such as state residency, ethnicity, gender, commuter status and several others are utilized to determine institutional grant offers.
Mutational analysis of the adeno-associated virus type 2 Rep68 protein helicase motifs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) Rep78 and Rep68 proteins are required for viral replication. These proteins are encoded by unspliced and spliced transcripts, respectively, from the p5 promoter of AAV and therefore have overlapping amino acid sequences. The Rep78 and Rep68 proteins share a variety of activities including endonuclease, helicase, and ATPase activities and the ability to bind AAV hairpin DNA. The part of the amino acid sequence which is identical in Rep78 and Rep68 contains consensus helicase motifs that are conserved among the parvovirus replication proteins. In the present study, we mutated highly conserved amino acids within these helicase motifs. The mutant proteins were synthesized as maltose binding protein-Rep68 fusions in Escherichia coli cells and affinity purified on amylose resin. The fusion proteins were assayed in vitro, and their activities were directly compared to those of the fusion protein MBP-Rep68 delta, which contains most of the amino acid sequences common to Rep78 and Rep68 and was demonstrated previously to have all of the in vitro activities of wild-type Rep78 and Rep68. Our analysis showed that almost all mutations in the putative helicase motifs severely reduced or abolished helicase activity in vitro. Most mutants also had ATPase activity less than one-eighth of the wild-type levels and lacked endonuclease activity.
Increasing business-to-business buyer word-of-mouth and share-of-purchase

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose – This study aims to examine the satisfaction-loyalty framework on word-of-mouth communications (WOMC) and share-of-purchases in situations where business-to-business (b-t-b) buyers have a relationship with both the salesperson and the selling firm. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses an online panel to examine respondents with b-t-b purchasing authority for their given firm. Lisrel 8.52 was used to examine the proposed structural model. Findings – This study finds that satisfaction, loyalty and WOMC with regards to the salesperson directly impacts satisfaction, loyalty and WOMC with the selling firm, respectively. Also, the study finds that certain levels of buyer satisfaction and loyalty impact post purchase behavior and spending. Research limitations/implications – Several contributions emerge from the proposed model to advance relationships within b-t-b markets by examining methods in which salespeople can directly influence their company’s financial outcome in the form of increased customer spending; examining methods for increasing buyers’ WOMC; expanding the current body of knowledge examining the buyer–selling firm relationship as two unique, but related, relationships; and further revealing the dichotomy between consumer markets and b-t-b markets. Originality/value – This research authenticates the need to examine satisfaction, loyalty and WOMC from a multi-level perspective in b-t-b environments. Further, the understanding of share-of-purchases is advanced.
Conformational and Structural Characterization of Carbohydrates and their Interactions Studied by NMR

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

: Carbohydrates, either free or as glycans conjugated with other biomolecules, participate in a plethora of essential biological processes. Their apparent simplicity in terms of chemical functionality hides an extraordinary diversity and structural complexity. Deeply deciphering at the atomic level their structures is essential to understand their biological function and activities, but it is still a challenging task in need of complementary approaches and no generalized procedures are available to address the study of such complex, natural glycans. The versatility of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) often makes it the preferred choice to study glycans and carbohydrates in solution media. The most basic NMR parameters, namely chemical shifts, coupling constants, and nuclear Overhauser effects, allow defining short or repetitive chain sequences and characterize their structures and local geometries either in the free state or when interacting with other biomolecules, rendering additional information on the molecular recognition processes. The increased accessibility to carbohydrate molecules extensively or selectively labeled with 13C is boosting the resolution and detail which analyzed glycan structures can reach. In turn, structural information derived from NMR complemented with molecular modeling and theoretical calculations can also provide dynamic information on the conformational flexibility of carbohydrate structures. Furthermore, using partially oriented media or paramagnetic perturbations, it has been possible to introduce additional longrange observables rendering structural information on longer and branched glycan chains. In this review, we provide examples of these studies and an overview of the recent and most relevant NMR applications in the glycobiology field.
On the Ex-Ante Cross-Sectional Relation Between Risk and Return Using Option-Implied Information, working paper

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper examines cross-sectional relations between ex ante expected returns and ex ante betas. As a proxy for ex ante expected returns, we use the implied mean returns obtained from the risk-adjusted option pricing model suggested in this paper. We find that ex ante expected returns have a positive and significant cross-sectional relation with ex ante betas in all investment horizons considered. This significant relation is maintained regardless of the inclusion of firm size, book-to-market, and momentum. The cross-sectional regression estimate of ex ante market risk premium has a statistical significance as well as an economic significance in that it contains significant forward-looking information on future macroeconomic conditions. Further, we find that ex ante betas have significant explanatory power for realized ex post returns. A significant relation between ex ante forward returns and forward betas is also found. Other interesting findings are that, in an ex ante world, firm size is still negatively significant, but book-to-market is negatively significant, which is the opposite of the ex post results; also, investors ’ ex ante expectation on returns is not predicated on past stock performance.