jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
P298 The optimisation of a local endoscopy GI bleed service utilising SNOMED CT

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction

The 2015 UK National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) audit highlighted suboptimal acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) management. Guidelines have attempted to define quality standards to improve outcomes, notably timely endoscopic management within the first 24 hours of admission. We therefore aimed to enhance identification of inpatient admissions related to AUGIB using SNOMED clinical terms (SNOMED CT).

Methods

Baseline snapshot data was collected of endoscopic management of inpatients presenting with AUGIB using our endoscopic database from April 2020 to March 2021. This showed deficiencies in the data set itself, as well as notable discrepancies, for example only 62 out of 127 patients who underwent upper GI endoscopies for suspected upper GI bleeding, had upper GI bleeding as a diagnosis. We created a set of pre-defined SNOMED CT to aid identification of patients presenting with AUGIB. SNOMED CT is a precise clinical IT system, providing a consistent clinical vocabulary for recording patient information across the NHS. The use of computerised clinical decision support is growing as an adjunct to enhance clinical practice. Using an inclusion criterion of older than 16 years old, from 01 April 2020 to 31 March 2021, 8 SNOMED codes were used to identify patients presenting with any symptoms or signs of upper GI bleeding from the ED database. We subsequently re-evaluated this new data set and compared it to our initial snapshot data from our endoscopic database.

Results

91 patients were accurately identified using the novel pre-defined criteria; comparatively, only 35 of these patients were found using our previous identification method. 64 out of those 91 patients were scoped during their admission, and 51 out of 64 were scoped within 24 hours. There was appropriate clinical reasoning for all patients receiving a scope after 24 hours of admission. The two most significant reasons why patients were not scoped during the admission were either that they did not have significant evidence of a GI bleed or did not consent to the procedure. Overall results showed a significant improvement in accuracy and comprehension of the identification of AUGIB patients presenting to ED, and an enhanced data set to now evaluate for further quality improvement.

Conclusions

Our aims were achieved within two cycles of a quality improvement project, where we successfully created and optimised a pre-defined admission criteria to help risk stratify patients presenting with AUGIB using SNOMED CT. Recommendations include: regular medical education and quality improvement projects should occur regarding updates on endoscopic care standards so that endoscopic therapy can be performed in a timely manner to improve care outcomes.
Influence of anticoagulant substances on phosphoserine and taurine of human blood.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The influence of heparine (Liquemin) and sodium-EDTA on phosphoserine and taurine of human blood was investigated. Phosphoserine which was not or nearly not present in serum increased after addition of both the anticoagulant substances. The heparine used contained phosphoserine as the only ninhydrinic substance in low concentrations. After addition of heparine phosphoserine in human plasma does not increase proportionally to that change. A mechanism is assumed which leads to the release from cells or which stimulates the synthesis of the substance. A similar effect was found with sodium-EDTA but not with sodium citrate. An opposite effect was detected with taurine in human blood. In serum the highest concentration was measured which decreased slowly under heparine as well as under sodium-EDTA addition.
The atopic image

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author thanks Dr. Jeremy Stolow for introducing her to the work of Marie-José Mondzain and to peers in COMS 642-893.DISCLOSURE STATEMENTNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsM. C. CambreMaria-Carolina Cambre's work explores vernacular visual expression asking: How do people produce and direct the visual space? How is the image a doing? What are the social and cultural work/ings of images? Broadly situated in visual sociology and post-critical pedagogies, her interests range from critical policy analysis, sociology of information, image studies, to the politics of representation. She has ongoing projects on visual processes of legitimation, representation of online sharing, selfies and polymedia literacies. She is the author of: The Semiotics of Che Guevara: Affective gateways (2015/16), and co-author of Towards a Sociology of Selfies: The Filtered Face (2023). https://www.carolinacambre.com/
The education of man: Nyerere's contribution towards an existential philosophy of Education in Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A critical reflection on Nyerere's educational ideas in the light \nof Luijpen's existential phenomenology and of Freire's existential \nphilosophy of education, and with specific reference to Nyerere' s \nthinking a bout the meaning of education in the African context.
Efficient Decompression of Binary Encoded Balanced Ternary Sequences

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A balanced ternary digit, known as a trit, takes its values in {-1, 0, 1}. It can be encoded in binary as {11, 00, 01} for the direct use in digital circuits. In this brief, we study the decompression of a sequence of bits into a sequence of binary encoded balanced ternary digits. We first show that it is useless, in practice, to compress sequences of more than five ternary values. We then provide two mappings, one to map 5 bits to 3 trits and one to map 8 bits to 5 trits. Both mappings were obtained by human analysis and lead to Boolean implementations that compare quite favorably with others obtained by tweaking assignment or encoding optimization tools. However, mappings that lead to better implementations may be feasible.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HIGHLY SKEWED PROPELLER DESIGNED THEORETICALLY WITH RESULTS FROM MODEL TESTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

On the basis of lifting line theory and lifting-plane theory, a highly skewed propeller was designed for a 80000 dwt tanker. The predicted performance of the theoretically designed propeller was found to have satisfactory agreement with the results of both the open-water and self-propelled model tests. Comparisons were also made between the theoretically designed propeller and the installed propeller designed by means of a MAU diagram.
Can the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in western grey kangaroos?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In many sexually dimorphic and polygynous species, individuals exhibit social segregation by grouping with others of their own sex. I tested one hypothesis proposed to explain this form of sexual segregation. The activity budget hypothesis proposes that segregation evolved because sex differences in body size induce asynchrony in activity between the sexes, leading to lower stability of mixed-sex than same-sex groups. Specifically, I examined two assumptions of this hypothesis in western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus, which show strong social segregation: (1) that differences in body size result in activity budget differences, and consequently activity asynchrony, and (2) that activity asynchrony causes mixed-body size groups to be less cohesive than same-body size groups. Definitive tests of the first assumption are lacking in ungulates, because body size is confounded with sex in most ungulates. However, kangaroo populations are composed of a spectrum of body sizes: young adult males are the same size as adult females, and older males may be more than double that size. By exploiting this heteromorphism, I found that differences in body size do not result in activity budget differences, and consequently activity asynchrony in kangaroos: individuals of different body size did not have different transition times between feeding and resting, sex-size classes were not least synchronized when in mixed-body size groups, and synchrony was not lower among mixed-body size than same-body size groups. Activity asynchrony did not cause mixed-body size groups to be less cohesive than same-body size groups in kangaroos. Although mixed-body size groups were fused for less time than same-body size groups, synchrony was not correlated with group stability. These results question the validity of the activity budget hypothesis as a universal cause for social segregation.
Typhoid Leukocidin

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Typhoid leukocidin may readily be demonstrated in the filtrate of a 24-hour culture of Eberthella typhosa grown in plain sodium chloride veal infusion broth, pH 7.4–7.6, without addition of peptone. Typhoid leukocidin passes readily through Berkefeld N, Chamberland L3, and Seitz EK filters. The leukocidin may be adsorbed by the filter unless suitable precaution is taken. The demonstration of leukocidal activity may be accomplished by the Neisser-Wechsberg method as used by Gay and Oram, but we have used a method of direct determination which is simple in principle and has yielded more satisfactory quantitative and qualitative data than the older method. For this purpose we have utilized normal rabbit's blood and non-immune human blood. The blood is collected directly into heparin, mixed, and distributed to tubes before there has been any opportunity for the leukocytes to settle out. Equal volumes of varying dilutions of the toxic filtrate are quickly added to the tubes of blood; appropriate control tubes of blood plus plain broth are always included. The tubes are sealed with paraffined corks and incubated at 37°C. in a rotating box for one hour. Following incubation, the tubes are transferred immediately to a mechanical blood-pipette shaking device and agitation is maintained until total white cell counts and films for differential counts can be obtained. It is necessary to have as many pipettes and counting chambers as there are tubes, to insure a minimal difference of time between the taking of the different counts. Tubes for counting are selected at random rather than in the order of dilution of the filtrate. Counts of control tubes are essential. After the differential counts have been completed, the total number of leukocytes of each type is calculated and the data plotted in order of dilution of the filtrate.
Studies on Amine Oxide Rearrangements: RegioselectiveSynthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2-f ]quinolin-7-ones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A number of derivatives of the hitherto unreportedpyrrolo[3,2-f ]quinolin-7-one tricyclic system have beensynthesised from 6-nitroquinolone by successive reduction,tosylation, methylation, detosylation, prop-2-ynylation andtreatment with m -chloroperoxybenzoic acid.
On the Uniqueness of the Standard Genetic Code

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In this work, we determine the biological and mathematical properties that are sufficient and necessary to uniquely determine both the primeval RNY (purine-any base-pyrimidine) code and the standard genetic code (SGC). These properties are: the evolution of the SGC from the RNY code; the degeneracy of both codes, and the non-degeneracy of the assignments of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) to amino acids; the wobbling property; the consideration that glycine was the first amino acid; the topological and symmetrical properties of both codes.
Qualitative Behavior of the Low-Frequency Vibrational Dynamics of Microtubules and the Surrounding Water

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The dynamics of the low-frequency vibrational modes of microtubules play a key role in many theoretical models regarding their biological function. We analyze these dynamics through large scale, classical molecular dynamics simulations of a microtubule composed of 42 tubulin heterodimers to provide insights into the qualitative nature of the vibrational energy absorption and dissipation mechanisms. The computed microtubule absorption spectra and vibrational density of states in the terahertz regime are presented, along with an analysis of the vibrational dephasing rates of the tubulin monomer center of mass dynamics, which are shown to be overdamped. Additionally, the presence of the microtubule modifies the dynamical properties of the solvation shell structure within roughly 10 Å of the protein. These vibrational properties are similar to those seen in other globular proteins and indicate microtubules are unlikely candidates for any large scale collective vibrational processes in the terahertz regime such as Fröhlich condensates.
Seeking Certainty in Uncertain Times: A Review of Recent Government-Sponsored Studies on the Regulation of Canadian Pension Plans

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The need for reform of the regulation and design of workplace pensions for Canadians sparked three major provincial reviews by Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia, and Nova Scotia between November 2008 and January 2009. While Canadians with incomes below half the average wage are generally well served by government plans (CPP/QPP), those with moderate and higher earnings depend on workplace plans and/or personal savings to avoid substantial drops in their living standards in retirement years. As the three provincial reports make clear, it is time to fix the problems of workplace pension plans.
Bottleneck or Crossroad? Problems of Legal Sources Annotation and Some Theoretical Thoughts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

So far, in the application of legal analytics to legal sources, the substantive legal knowledge employed by computational models has had to be extracted manually from legal sources. This is the bottleneck, described in the literature. The paper is an exploration of this obstacle, with a focus on quantitative legal prediction. The authors review the most important studies about quantitative legal prediction published in recent years and systematize the issue by dividing them in text-based approaches, metadata-based approaches, and mixed approaches to prediction. Then, they focus on the main theoretical issues, such as the relationship between legal prediction and certainty of law, isomorphism, the interaction between textual sources, information, representation, and models. The metaphor of a crossroad shows a descriptive utility both for the aspects inside the bottleneck and, surprisingly, for the wider scenario. In order to have an impact on the legal profession, the test bench for legal quantitative prediction is the analysis of case law from the lower courts. Finally, the authors outline a possible development in the Artificial Intelligence (henceforth AI) applied to ordinary judicial activity, in general and especially in Italy, stressing the opportunity the huge amount of data accumulated before lower courts in the online trials offers.
Intrapartum uterine activity: evaluation of an intrauterine pressure transducer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A newly available intrauterine pressure transducer was evaluated clinically in 100 patients. Successful insertion was accomplished in 95%. There were no significant intrapartum maternal or fetal complications. Partial dehiscence of a surgically scarred uterus did occur in one patient who received the device, but a clear relationship between its attempted insertion and the dehiscence was not apparent. Early in the clinical trial, a number of devices malfunctioned; the manufacturer defined and remedied the problem. The intrauterine transducer required no maintenance and appeared to be practical in laboring women. We suggest that the utility of the intrauterine pressure transducer might be enhanced with several modifications, including the addition of a re-zeroing mechanism and a reduction in the device's length.
Girl Students in Mathematics at Bachelor level Colleges of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Some Problems and Prospects

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Paper is based on the study of girl students studying at Bachelor level in mathematics in six reputed educational institutes situated in Kathmandu Valley. The Paper is guided by three objectives – to examine the historical trend of girl students offering mathematics at the Bachelor level, to examine the possibility of increasing the enrollment of these students, and to identify policy instruments that can help increase their participation. Low number of girl students, low number of female teachers, limited availability of resources and equipment are among the important features that characterize the Bachelor level education in Mathematics. The Paper also enumerates some policy instruments that can assure the future career prospects of girl students studying mathematics.
Short‐Circuit Point Estimation Method for Distribution Lines Using Smart‐Meters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The presence of a substantial short‐circuit current generates a large electromagnetic repulsive force. The energy of such a short‐circuit current increases the likelihood of equipment damage. Furthermore, the occurrence of short‐circuits disrupts the stable supply of electric power. When a short‐circuit occurs in a distribution line, short‐circuit point identification is realized based on information such as overcurrent indicators and equipment damage caused by the short‐circuit. However, there is no established method for promptly pinpointing the short‐circuit location. Therefore, this study proposes a short‐circuit point estimation method for distribution lines using smart‐meters; whose performance is anticipated to improve in the future. The proposed method involved using smart‐meter voltage measurements to measure and determine the changes in the voltage drop slope, caused by the distribution‐substation short‐circuit currents and load currents, from the short‐circuit location to the end point. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Age and sex differences in the incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population‐based Spanish cohort在一个基于人群的西班牙队列中糖尿病发病率的年龄与性别差异

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The prevalence of diabetes mellitus ( DM ) in S pain ranges between 10% and 20%. However, very little is known about the incidence of DM because of difficulties involved in estimating it and its apparent lack of usefulness in practice. The aim of the present study was to describe the incidence of type 1 and type 2 DM ( T1DM and T2DM , respectively) in the C astilla y L eón diabetes cohort ( CODICyL ). Methods New diabetes cases, were registered on a standard form that included diagnostic criteria, background, symptoms, results of clinical examination, complications, other cardiovascular risk factors, and treatment. There were 1 354 619 person‐years monitored between 2000 and 2013. We estimated the incidence of DM and calculated the relative risks adjusted for age, gender, and year of diagnosis with Poisson regression models. Results The incidence of DM in individuals aged ≥15 years was 196.9 per 100 000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [ CI ] 188.4–205.7), whereas in those aged <15 years the incidence was 10.8 per 100 000 person‐years (95% CI 7.8–14.8). Men had a 36% higher risk than women of developing T2DM (95% CI 25%–49%). The greatest incidence of T2DM was found in 55–64‐year‐old men and 65–69‐year‐old women. Conclusions The annual incidence of T2DM is approximately 2 per 1000 person‐years, higher in men, and peaks in middle age. Although specific tests to differentiate between the two types of DM are not available in this study, the estimation of incidence in those <15 years of age (10.8 per 100 000 person‐years) represents a close approximation of the incidence of T1DM .
EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE, OUABAIN, AND SOME IONIC CONDITIONS ON TWITCH CONTRACTION OF BULLFROG VENTRICLE

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1) The effects of adrenaline, ouabain, low-K Ringer, and low-Na Ringer on the time course of twitch contraction were studied in the ventricular preparations of bullfrog, with special reference to their effects on relaxation.2) Adrenaline (10-7-10-6 g/ml) had the effect of enhancing the relaxation of twitch, in addition to its potentiating effect.3) Ouabain (10-7-10-6 M) only potentiated the twitch without an appreciable effect on the relaxation phase.4) Low-K Ringer (0.16 mm-K), as well as low-Na Ringer (50 %-Na), reduced the rate of relaxation of twitch.5) Low-Na Ringer had an additional effect to shorten the time to maximum rate of rise of tension.6) These effects were evaluated quantitatively by an analysis in which the increase in the rate of fall of tension was compared with the increase in peak tension or with the increase in the rate of rise of tension.7) Possible subcellular mechanisms to explain the results were discussed.
Finitely Additive Supermartingales

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The concept of finitely additive supermartingales, originally due to Bochner, is revived and developed. We exploit it to study measure decompositions over filtered probability spaces and the properties of the associated Doléans-Dade measure. We obtain versions of the Doob Meyer decomposition and, as an application, we establish a version of the Bichteler and Dellacherie theorem with no exogenous probability measure.
Modified Cox Models: A Simulation Study on Different Survival Distributions, Censoring Rates, and Sample Sizes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The classical Cox model is the most popular procedure for studying right-censored data in survival analysis. However, it is based on the fundamental assumption of proportional hazards (PH). Modified Cox models, stratified and extended, have been widely employed as solutions when the PH assumption is violated. Nevertheless, prior comparisons of the modified Cox models did not employ comprehensive Monte-Carlo simulations to carry out a comparative analysis between the two models. In this paper, we conducted extensive Monte-Carlo simulation to compare the performance of the stratified and extended Cox models under varying censoring rates, sample sizes, and survival distributions. Our results suggest that the models’ performance at varying censoring rates and sample sizes is robust to the distribution of survival times. Thus, their performance under Weibull survival times was comparable to that of exponential survival times. Furthermore, we found that the extended Cox model outperformed other models under every combination of censoring, sample size and survival distribution.