jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Outcome Assessment of Fracture Distal End of Radius Treated with Percuteneous Multiple K-Wire

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the fracture distal end of radius treated with percuteneous multiple k-wire. Methods: This was a prospective, comparative observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, PMCH, Patna. About 75 patients with Distal Radial Fractures presented to PMCH, Patna, Bihar, India All 50 patients, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were included in the study. Results: The majority was men (64%). Majority of the patients (70%) sustained the injury due to fall. The side of involvement was nearly equal and that there was no predominance of the either sides. Majority of the patients (80%) did not have associated injuries. In our study, according to AO classification, 29 cases were of Type A, 15 were of Type B and 6 were of Type C. In our study, 70% of the cases showed ―Excellent, 24% of the cases showed ―Good, 4% cases showed―Fair and only 2% cases showed ―Poor result. At final follow-up by the Gartland & Werley Criteria for Functional Outcome 35 (70%) patients had―Excellent result, 12 (24%) had ―Good result, 2 (4%) had ―Fair result and 1 (2%) had a ―Poor result. There were no major complication noted except for pin site infection in 8 (16%) cases and pin loosening in 2 (4%) cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that percutaneous Kirschner wire pinning is a minimally invasive technique that provides an effective means of maintaining the anatomical fracture reduction. It does not required highly skilled personnel or sophisticated tools for application. It is a suitable method for fixation of displaced Colles fracture with minimal intra-articular involvement. The technique involves a minimal procedure that provides anatomic reduction, fracture fixation, and maintenance of reduction with an adequate method of immobilization.
Higher Education and Development in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents the experiences of more than two years of scientific advisory responsibility in China, relying on universities and their relationship with industry. First, the history and development process of higher education as well as the scientific achievements of universities are presented on the achievements of universities.
China's scientific capabilities and publications, and to some extent comparisons with the world, are discussed. Some of the scientific centers that play an important role in building China today and tomorrow, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences, are briefly described, and finally, the joint scientific activities between industry and academia, namely patents and joint papers.
Cardiac gene expression profile and lipid accumulation in response to starvation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Starvation induces many biochemical and histological changes in the heart; however, the molecular events underlying these changes have not been fully elucidated. To explore the molecular response of the heart to starvation, microarray analysis was performed together with biochemical and histological investigations. Serum free fatty acids increased twofold in both 16- and 48-h-fasted mice, and cardiac triglyceride content increased threefold and sixfold in 16- and 48-h-fasted mice, respectively. Electron microscopy showed numerous lipid droplets in hearts of 48-h-fasted mice, whereas fewer numbers of droplets were seen in hearts from 16-h-fasted mice. Expression of 11,000 cardiac genes was screened by microarrays. More than 50 and 150 known genes were detected by differential expression analysis after 16- and 48-h-fasts, respectively. Genes for fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were increased, and genes for glycolysis were decreased. Many other genes for metabolism, signaling/cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and tissue antigens were affected by fasting. These data provide a broad perspective of the molecular events occurring physiologically in the heart in response to starvation.
Asynchronous Time-Aware Shaper for Time-Sensitive Networking

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The Time Sensitive Networking Task Group of the IEEE 802.1 Working Group has developed a number of enhancements to the priority queueing architecture used by Ethernet. Perhaps the most notable one is the time-aware shaper (TAS), which can perfectly isolate priority classes in time with periodically scheduled traffic gates, thereby enabling ultra low latency applications to coexist with lower priority traffic on the same network. It requires near-perfect clock synchronization across the entire network, though, and a central network controller to calculate the timings for the traffic gates, based on known propagation delays on the network links. As a cheaper alternative, we have developed the asynchronous TAS that needs no clock synchronization, network planning, or a central controller. It uses local processes at each switch port to track the high priority streams, predict the arrival times of their next frames, and control the traffic gates such that the low priority streams are not interfering. We show how a simple predictor with minimal computation requirements can be used to track the high priority streams, and we demonstrate via simulations that this gating mechanism can protect the high priority traffic from interference.
Analysis of Nonlinear Relationship between Environmental Pollution and Regional Income in Korea through Panel Spatial Durbin Model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

본 연구는 공간의존성(spatial dependence)을 고려하는 패널공간계량모형을 이용하여 1988년부터 2014년까지 한국의 16개시도 간 대기오염배출량(일산화탄소, 이산화질소, 아황산가스)과 한국 지역소득간의 비선형관계를 분석하였다. 공간 및 시간고정효과를 동시에 고려한 모형의 검정결과에서 한국지역 배출량 간에 공간의존성이 존재하는 것으로 나타났고 패널공간더빈모형(SDM)이 우수한 분석모형으로 판명되었다. 특정지역의 오염배출로 인한 주변지역들의 피드백효과(feedback effect)와 인접지역 자체의 오염배출로 오는 파급효과(spillover effect)까지 모두를 반영하는 총 효과분석에서 일인당 변수의 일산화탄소, 이산화질소, 아황산가스 모두에 대해 환경쿠즈네츠가설(EKC)이 기각되었다. 즉 경제가 발전할수록 오염수준이 다시 증가하는 N자 형태를 보여주었다. 또한 오염배출량의 확률커널분석에서 일산화탄소나 이산화질소의 경우 시간이 지날수록 지역 간 배출격차가 유지되거나 확대되고 양봉(兩峯)의 형태 중 배출이 증가하는 쪽으로 몰리고 있음을 확인하였다.
Important Cabbage Head Traits and Their Relationships at Five Points in Development

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We set out to document events and relationships among key traits throughout cabbage head formation, particularly in early stages, in order to help develop and implement efficient strategies to increase crop yield and quality. Head traits used as indicators of horticultural maturity and crop quality were documented at five stages of development in 3 commercial fresh market/slaw and processing cabbage cultivars grown in 2001 and 2002 at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural and Development Center in Wooster, Ohio. Seedlings containing 2–4 true leaves were planted in June of both years. Trait measurement began 35 days prior to the estimated market maturity date for each cultivar and continued weekly for five weeks. Harvest timing affected all head traits evaluated. Head weight, diameter, volume, and density and core volume generally increased with harvest date, while the ratio of head polar to equatorial diameter and the percent of head volume occupied by the core decreased. A strong curvilinear relat...
Nano Communication Systems Using Carbon Nanotube

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

나노 통신 시스템 기술은 통신기술과 나노기술의 융합 분야로서 밀리미터 수준의 통신 모듈 크기에 머물고 있는 현 기술수준을 뛰어넘어 수백 나노미터에서 수십 마이크로미터 이하 단위의 극소형 무선통신 시스템 구현을 가능케 하는 미래 핵심 기술 분야이다. 특히, 최근 제안된 탄소나노튜브의 전기적/기계적 속성을 활용한 신규 극소형 나노 무선 통신시스템 기술은 기존 송수신 구조를 단순히 소형화하는 것이 아니라 구조 자체를 바꾸는 새로운 접근 방식을 제시하고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 탄소나노튜브(carbon nanotube, CNT)를 활용한 극소형 나노 무선 송수신기 실현 관점에서의 연구현황을 살펴보고 나노 기술과 통신 기술의 융합을 위한 주요 핵심 연구이슈를 제시한다. Nano communication system technologies are future core technologies that facilitate the implementation of tiny wireless communication systems with sizes in the range of hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers, which cannot be implemented by current wireless communication system technologies. In particular, novel nano communication system technology, which is based on electrical and mechanical resonance characteristics of carbon nanotube(: CNT), does not simply miniaturize system modules, but suggests a new approach that changes system architectures. Therefore, this paper surveys the state of the art on CNT-based nano communication technologies in aspects of system implementation, and proposes important research issues for convergence of nano and communication technologies.
Application of Analysis of Variance Method in Evaluating Construction Project Cost Performance: A Case Study of the Ministry of Finance Apartment Complex in Jayapura

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a stage of project implementation, there are problems that can cause a project to experience cost overruns so that it can cause losses. Seeing from the problems found to get maximum results with good quality and quality of work, it is necessary to evaluate and control costs on project profits as a whole. During the construction of the Jayapura Ministry of Finance flat project, there were 5 addendums when the structural work was carried out starting from January to August. These changes have a major impact on the overall time and cost of a project and have a direct and indirect adverse impact. The method used in a control is the Variant Analysis method. Control aims to be able to find out the cost of the most dominant variant during the working period. This method will show the difference between the implementation cost and the budget. The application of this variant analysis method is only in the work of the structure of the flats of the Ministry of Finance of Jayapura from January to August. Based on the analysis using the Variance Analysis method, the most dominant cost variance occurs in the 2nd floor work item with a variance value - RP. 58,239,966.11 then in the lower structure work with a variance value - RP. 46,060,221.40 and in the 3rd floor work with a variance value - Rp. 36,434,137.98.
Spontaneous neuroma of the bile duct: a case report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report on a 65-year-old man with a stenosis of the bile duct which was caused by spontaneous neuroma, with no history of laparotomy. Although he had a gallstone and slightly abnormal parameters on liver function tests, he had no known history of abdominal pain or jaundice. This is a very rare case of a benign stenosis of the common bile duct.
Development of improved method to identify and analyze lung fibrocytes with flow cytometry in a reporter mouse strain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fibrocytes are emerging myeloid-derived circulating cells, which can migrate into damaged tissues and usually contribute to repair of them. Key features of fibrocytes include: they express myeloid markers; they produce extracellular matrix proteins and secrete many humoral factors that activate resident fibroblasts; and they also have a potent to differentiate into fibroblasts. However, specific surface markers to identify fibrocytes in vivo have not been identified. One reason could be the method to detect fibrocytes require the intracellular staining of collagen. In the present study, to establish improved method for detection of lung fibrocytes and to analyze viable fibrocytes, we used collagen I(α)2-green fluorescent protein (Col-GFP) reporter mice, undergone intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. Using flow cytometric strategy to gate out cells with autofluorescence, we clearly found CD45+ GFP+ cells resided in lungs of Col-GFP mice at steady state and these cells increased after bleomycin injury, peaking at day14. These cells expressed not only known cell surface markers of fibrocyte, but also some novel markers in addition to low level of collagen I compared with CD45- GFP+ cells. These data suggest that the improved method can be a useful for detection of pure lung fibrocytes, and allows us to further analyze characteristics of viable fibrocytes.
On best constants in L2 approximation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper we provide explicit upper and lower bounds on certain $L^2$$n$-widths, i.e., best constants in $L^2$ approximation. We further describe a numerical method to compute these $n$-widths approximately and prove that this method is superconvergent. Based on our numerical results we formulate a conjecture on the asymptotic behaviour of the $n$-widths. Finally, we describe how the numerical method can be used to compute the breakpoints of the optimal spline spaces of Melkman and Micchelli, which have recently received renewed attention in the field of isogeometric analysis.
The role of macrophages in the regulation of erythroid colony growth in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Depletion of macrophages from murine marrow by the use of a monoclonal anti-macrophage antibody resulted in a significant increase in the number of erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E). This increase could be neutralized by the addition back to culture of macrophages or macrophage conditioned medium indicating that the suppression was mediated by soluble factors. To further characterize this effect, the addition to culture, either alone or in combination, of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the growth of BFU-E and the colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) was examined in macrophage-containing and macrophage-depleted cultures. The addition of IL-1 alpha to culture stimulated the release of both TNF alpha and GM-CSF and acted synergistically with both cytokines, resulting in a dose-dependent suppression of BFU-E and stimulation of CFU-GM growth. The increase in CFU-GM caused by the addition of IL-1 alpha was mediated by GM-CSF but not by TNF alpha as the increase was prevented by the addition of a monoclonal anti-GM-CSF antibody but not by anti-TNF alpha. When either TNF alpha or GM-CSF was neutralized by monoclonal antibodies the addition of IL-1 alpha resulted in a significant increase in BFU-E growth. The addition of GM-CSF to culture caused a dose-dependent suppression of BFU-E that was mediated by TNF alpha, as colony number was not reduced when GM-CSF and a monoclonal anti-TNF alpha antibody were simultaneously added to culture. TNF alpha- induced suppression of BFU-E only occurred in the presence of macrophages. In macrophage-depleted cultures, a dose-dependent suppression of BFU-E could be induced if subinhibitory concentrations of IL-1 alpha or GM-CSF were simultaneously added with increasing concentrations of TNF alpha. The effects of IL-1 alpha or GM-CSF and TNF alpha were markedly synergistic so that the doses required to induce suppression when added simultaneously was only 10% of that required when either were added to culture alone. Suppression of BFU-E by GM-CSF or the combined addition of GM-CSF and TNF alpha did not require IL-1 alpha because inhibition was not neutralized by the addition of anti-IL-1 alpha antibody.
Graphene Adhesion Mechanics on Iron Substrates: Insight from Molecular Dynamic Simulations

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The adhesion feature of graphene on metal substrates is important in graphene synthesis, transfer and applications, as well as for graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites. We investigate the adhesion energy of graphene nanosheets (GNs) on iron substrate using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. Two Fe–C potentials are examined as Lennard–Jones (LJ) pair potential and embedded-atom method (EAM) potential. For LJ potential, the adhesion energies of monolayer GN are 0.47, 0.62, 0.70 and 0.74 J/m2 on the iron {110}, {111}, {112} and {100} surfaces, respectively, compared to the values of 26.83, 24.87, 25.13 and 25.01 J/m2 from EAM potential. When the number of GN layers increases from one to three, the adhesion energy from EAM potential increases. Such a trend is not captured by LJ potential. The iron {110} surface is the most adhesive surface for monolayer, bilayer and trilayer GNs from EAM potential. The results suggest that the LJ potential describes a weak bond of Fe–C, opposed to a hybrid chemical and strong bond from EAM potential. The average vertical distances between monolayer GN and four iron surfaces are 2.0–2.2 Å from LJ potential and 1.3–1.4 Å from EAM potential. These separations are nearly unchanged with an increasing number of layers. The ABA-stacked GN is likely to form on lower-index {110} and {100} surfaces, while the ABC-stacked GN is preferred on higher-index {111} surface. Our insights of the graphene adhesion mechanics might be beneficial in graphene growing, surface engineering and enhancement of iron using graphene sheets.
Land Cover Characterization and Mapping of South America for the Year 2010 Using Landsat 30 m Satellite Data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Detailed and accurate land cover and land cover change information is needed for South America because the continent is in constant flux, experiencing some of the highest rates of land cover change and forest loss in the world. The land cover data available for the entire continent are too coarse (250 m to 1 km) for resource managers, government and non-government organizations, and Earth scientists to develop conservation strategies, formulate resource management options, and monitor land cover dynamics. We used Landsat 30 m satellite data of 2010 and prepared the land cover database of South America using state-of-the-science remote sensing techniques. We produced regionally consistent and locally relevant land cover information by processing a large volume of data covering the entire continent. Our analysis revealed that in 2010, 50% of South America was covered by forests, 2.5% was covered by water, and 0.02% was covered by snow and ice. The percent forest area of South America varies from 9.5% in Uruguay to 96.5% in French Guiana. We used very high resolution (<5 m) satellite data to validate the land cover product. The overall accuracy of the 2010 South American 30-m land cover map is 89% with a Kappa coefficient of 79%. Accuracy of barren areas needs to improve possibly using multi-temporal Landsat data. An update of land cover and change database of South America with additional land cover classes is needed. The results from this study are useful for developing resource management strategies, formulating biodiversity conservation strategies, and regular land cover monitoring and forecasting.
The Politics of International Visibility and Relevance: An Overview of Nigeria's Role Conceptions in World Politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

National Role Conception (NRC) is a fresh perspective in foreign policy analysis in Nigeria. It is however, not as new in western scholarship. Beginning with Holsti in 1970, and further explored by Walker in 1978, Wish in 1980, and Krotz in 2001, NRC has become an attractive prism by which the foreign and defence policies of nations are examined. Nations are viewed to be driven in international politics by roles they have domestically identified, which they wish to perform with the view to securing and furthering their national interest. National Role Conceptions (NRCs), the art of articulation by policymakers of the national roles for the external context, however, constitute the incubation stage of external policymaking, which involve a lot of calculations, strategizing, and rigorous analysis of cost implications of external roles to undertake. This paper examines the role conceptions of Nigeria since independence, arguing that the basic ingredients for conceiving strategic roles towards the realization of core national interest seemed lacking. It adopts the National Role Theory, and interrogates the policymaking process to determine the clarity and strategic importance of national or international roles. While the paper scooped data from oral interviews from the relevant research population and secondary sources; it concludes that Nigeria’s roles in the continent and world are motivated more by visibility and relevance, and not so much of a strategy for national development, which is the basic goal of foreign policy.
Is laterality adaptive? Pitfalls in disentangling the laterality–performance relationship

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Unlike non-human animal studies that have progressively demonstrated the advantages of being asymmetrical at an individual, group and population level, human studies show a quite inconsistent picture. Specifically, it is hardly clear if and how the strength of lateralization that an individual is equipped with relates to their cognitive performance. While some of these inconsistencies can be attributed to procedural and conceptual differences, the issue is aggravated by the fact that the intrinsic mathematical interdependence of the measures of laterality and performance produces spurious correlations that can be mistaken for evidence of an adaptive advantage of asymmetry. Leask and Crow [Leask, S. J., &amp; Crow, T. J. (1997), How far does the brain lateralize?: an unbiased method for determining the optimum degree of hemispheric specialization. Neuropsychologia, 35(10), 1381–1387] devised a method of overcoming this problem that has been subsequently used in several large-sample studies investigating the asymmetry–performance relationship. In our paper we show that the original Leask and Crow method and its later variants fall victim to inherent nonlinear dependencies and produce artifacts. By applying the Leask and Crow method to random data and with mathematical analysis, we demonstrate that what has been believed to describe the true asymmetry–performance relation in fact only reflects the idiosyncrasies of the method itself. We think that the approach taken by Leask in his later paper [Leask, S. (2003), Principal curve analysis avoids assumptions of dependence between measures of hand skill. Laterality, 8(4), 307–316. doi:10.1080/13576500342000004] might be preferable.
Tsunami risk mitigation and the issue of public awareness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Selected results from a pilot investigation into public awareness of tsunami risk in the Sydney region are presented. This is fundamentally necessary for developing appropriate risk mitigation and preparedness strategies. The questionnaire survey of members of the public and coastal council officer's indicates that little has been learned since the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami disaster. The findings show that the strategy of Emergency Management Australia for developing awareness and building capacity are both timely and appropriate.