jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preference for reinforcers of different efficacies with persons with developmental disabilities

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Past research has shown that preference for a stimulus is correlated positively with reinforcer efficacy – more preferred stimuli tend to be more potent reinforcers. Researchers have recently examined the use of progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedules to evaluate preference. However, research on the concordance between preference and performance under a progressive ratio schedule is limited. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to extend this research. In Experiment 1 I compared the relative reinforcing efficacy of six stimuli obtained under a PR schedule to the mean preference hierarchy obtained through paired-stimulus preference assessments conducted before and after PR reinforcement sessions. In Experiment 2 I evaluated the PR schedule for quantifying the reinforcing value of three stimuli from Experiment 1 (i.e., one high, one medium, and one low preference stimulus). The results of Experiment 1 indicated that items that yielded higher breaking points and responses per minute were also more preferred. However, concordance between percent preference and breaking points and response rates for less preferred items was more variable. The results of Experiment 2 showed that high preference stimuli increased responding over baseline for all participants. However, low preference reinforcers also increased responding over baseline for some participants.
DNA-Liposome Versus Adenoviral Gene Transfer of TGFβ1 into Vascularized Cardiac Allografts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

716 The transfer of genes encoding immunosuppressive agents holds promise as an inductive therapy in transplantation. The current study employed the mouse vascularized cardiac transplant model to assess the efficacy of gene transfer by in situ perfusion of donor hearts with DNA-liposome(γ-DLRIE/DOPE) complexes or adenoviral vectors encoding the active form of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGFβ1. DNA-liposome mediated transfection with TGFβ1 resulted in prolonged allograft survival in approximately 2/3 of transplant recipients. Prolonged allograft survival was associated with a markedly reduced Th1 helper cell response. In addition, production of IgM, IgG2a, and IgG1 alloantibodies was ablated. However, TGFβ1 transfected grafts were eventually rejected, and loss of graft function was associated with a unique pathology characterized by an aberrant deposition of collagen and fibrous material within the graft. Despite an intense mononuclear cell infiltration, overt myocyte necrosis was not apparent, further suggesting that loss of graft function was not associated with “classical” immune effector mechanisms. In contrast, adenoviral mediated transfection with TGFβ1 did not delay graft rejection, nor did it inhibit Th1 development and alloantibody responses. At least 2 possibilities may contribute to these observations: 1) The protective effects of TGFβ1 gene transfer may be subject to a narrow therapeutic window, where higher levels of TGFβ1 expression following adenoviral transfection may over-ride immunosuppressive activities, and 2) cytokines induced by adenoviral vectors (but not DNA-liposome complexes) may over-ride the immunosuppressive activity of TGFβ1. These possibilities are currently being explored. Interestingly, in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells markedly enhanced the protective activity of both DNA-liposome and adenoviral mediated TGFβ1 gene transfer. While survival of TGFβ1 transfected allograft was markedly prolonged in CD8 depleted mice, extensive collagen deposition and neointima development was observed, further implicating TGFβ1 in the pathology of chronic rejection. This study documents the utility of DNA-liposome complexes for gene transfer into vascularized allografts. Further, these data demonstrate that local expression of TGFβ1 may produce both protective (decreased Th1 and alloantibody) and deleterious (fibrogenic) responses. Ongoing studies are aimed at determining if these opposing activities of TGFβ1 may be segregated.
A Parabolic Metamaterial Lens for Matching Between Parallel-Plate Waveguides In Memory of W. Ross Stone

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This author of this work had a professional relationship with Ross Stone which lasted for decades and evolved into friendship between Ross and his wife Sue, and the author and his wife Shelly. The professional relationship involved service to both the IEEE and the URSI communities, but on two occasions it dealt with scientific matters. In 1989, Ross invited the author and two colleagues to contribute a paper to a book which he edited (Radar Cross Sections of Complex Objects, ed. W.R. Stone. New York: IEEE Press, 1989). Thirty years later, Ross and the author collaborated in writing the USNC chapter in a book celebrating the first centennial of URSI (W.R. Stone and P.L.E. Uslenghi, "One Hundred Years of Radio Science in the United States of America (1919-2019)", pp. 362–390 in: 100 Years of the International Union of Radio Science, eds. P. Wilkinson, P.S. Cannon and W.R. Stone. Gent, Belgium: URSI Press, 2021). The present work contains a novel solution to a boundary-value problem and it is dedicated to Ross' memory.
Energy Poverty in Poland: Drivers, Measurement and National Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to diagnose the extent of energy poverty in Poland and identify the instruments used in the public sector at the national level to address this challenge. In the theoretical part of the paper, we will review the literature related to the definition of the concept of energy poverty and the classification and measurement methodology of this phenomenon. In the research part, we will analyze the extent of the energy poverty phenomenon in Poland, review the Polish energy policy, and identify and characterize the instruments for tackling energy poverty in Poland implemented within the framework of national government programs. According to official statistics in Poland, depending on the adopted method of measuring energy poverty, in 2019, it affected between 4.2% and 15.4% of the population (the average across four indicators was 9% of the population). Our analyses confirmed the presence of energy poverty in Poland, which is a consequence of high energy prices and low energy efficiency of buildings. Energy poverty primarily affects people with the lowest incomes. Those particularly vulnerable are homeowners, especially residents of rural areas. The analysis of national strategies showed that although energy poverty is recognized at the government level, it is not a priority for the Polish government. There is a lack of a detailed diagnosis of energy poverty and a comprehensive, dedicated program for its reduction. Poland’s energy policy focuses primarily on limiting emissions and improving energy efficiency in buildings, which leads to the marginalization of the energy poverty issue.
Monitoring of tumor necrosis factor therapy with neopterin.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As neopterin is only secreted by stimulated macrophages, serum neopterin levels are an important marker for cellular immunity. Daily determinations of serum neopterin were performed in five patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma receiving a therapy with tumor necrosis factor (TNF). 24 h after every TNF infusion a significant, but only short-lasting increase of neopterin was observed. This effect was dependent on the applicated TNF dose. These results prove that determinations of serum neopterin levels are a helpful parameter for monitoring an immunomodulating therapy with TNF.
Immune escape mechanisms in ALCL: Figure 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Pulmonary emphysema is the major pathological feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a slowly progressive pathological condition and acute lung infection is not considered to play a role in emphysema initiation. Recently, we found that the secretion from Pseudomonas aeruginosa could cause severe lung emphysema in mice rapidly. Since this bacterium is ubiquitous and secrets proteases, we hypothesized that direct P. aeruginosa airway infection would have a similar effect. To address this issue, we applied a unilateral lung injury model. P. aeruginosa secretion was extracted and instilled intratracheally into the left lung of C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ mice, while the right lung was saved as self-control. Alveolar diameter and lung compliance were measured. Later, we tested the effect of P. aeruginosa inoculation in C57BL/6 mice, immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice, and C3H/HeJ (TLR4 deficient) mice. P. aeruginosa secretion extract caused acute panacinar emphysema and decreased dynamic lung compliance. Different types of emphysema are transformable. However, the P. aeruginosa infection could only elicit emphysema in C3H/HeJ mice and immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice, indicating normal immunity is essential to protect the hosts from emphysema. P. aeruginosa could be an important pathogen in COPD initiation. Our finding filled a major gap in COPD pathogenesis.
Intravenous support in dying patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.

—Those of us who care for the terminally ill have often debated the question of intravenous (IV) fluid replacement, so the article by Micetich et al1in the MayArchiveswas especially relevant. The authors thoughtfully delineated their concerns about prolonging lifevpostponing death and about the use of available technology simply because "it's there." The discussion on whose needs IV therapy actually meets (patient, family, or caregivers) was particularly apropos. Some physicians feel helpless without the opportunity for daily medical decision making. Close observation and symptom management are still necessary to ensure the dying person's comfort, but these tasks may fall more to family members or nurses than to the attending physician. The cessation ofmedicalintervention is not the same as abandoning the patient;palliativecare is very active care. However, one important misconception presented in the article is that IV fluids are
Using Meta-Knowledge Mined from Identifiers to Improve Intent\n Recognition in Neuro-Symbolic Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we explore the use of meta-knowledge embedded in intent\nidentifiers to improve intent recognition in conversational systems. As\nevidenced by the analysis of thousands of real-world chatbots and in interviews\nwith professional chatbot curators, developers and domain experts tend to\norganize the set of chatbot intents by identifying them using proto-taxonomies,\ni.e., meta-knowledge connecting high-level, symbolic concepts shared across\ndifferent intents. By using neuro-symbolic algorithms able to incorporate such\nproto-taxonomies to expand intent representation, we show that such mined\nmeta-knowledge can improve accuracy in intent recognition. In a dataset with\nintents and example utterances from hundreds of professional chatbots, we saw\nimprovements of more than 10% in the equal error rate (EER) in almost a third\nof the chatbots when we apply those algorithms in comparison to a baseline of\nthe same algorithms without the meta-knowledge. The meta-knowledge proved to be\neven more relevant in detecting out-of-scope utterances, decreasing the false\nacceptance rate (FAR) in more than 20\\% in about half of the chatbots. The\nexperiments demonstrate that such symbolic meta-knowledge structures can be\neffectively mined and used by neuro-symbolic algorithms, apparently by\nincorporating into the learning process higher-level structures of the problem\nbeing solved. Based on these results, we also discuss how the use of mined\nmeta-knowledge can be an answer for the challenge of knowledge acquisition in\nneuro-symbolic algorithms.\n
Inclusive Counselling Services in Universities: Addressing the Needs of Students with Disabilities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This conceptual article explores the multifaceted challenges faced by university students with special needs and the critical role of inclusive counselling services in addressing these challenges. It delves into the necessity of tailored counselling to help these students manage psychological and emotional stressors, improve academic performance, and facilitate smoother transitions to university life. The availability of inclusive counselling services is examined, emphasizing the need for accessible, well-publicized, and adequately staffed support options that cater specifically to students with disabilities. The article further assesses the extent to which university counselling centers are equipped with necessary facilities, such as wheelchair-accessible buildings, adaptive technology, and sensory-friendly environments, highlighting the importance of regular audits and feedback from special needs students to ensure these facilities meet their needs effectively. The expertise of counsellors is scrutinized, with a focus on the requirement for specialized knowledge and ongoing professional development to address the unique challenges faced by special needs students. The significance of hiring counsellors with specific training and experience in working with these populations is underscored. Lastly, the utilization of inclusive counselling services is discussed as an indicator of their effectiveness and accessibility. The article suggests that universities should collect and analyze data on service use, promote awareness through various channels, and address barriers such as stigma and logistical challenges to increase utilization. In conclusion, the article posits that comprehensive and inclusive counselling services are essential for the academic success and overall well-being of university students with special needs, advocating for a supportive environment that fosters growth and development for all students.
In-line fiber-optic near-infrared spectroscopy: Monitoring of rheological properties in an extrusion process. Part II.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In an extrusion process, linear viscoelastic properties of molten poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymers, which have one principal factor of variation, can be estimated from in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectra. The NIR transmission spectra of molten polymer flow stream were collected in a flow cell attached to a single-screw extruder. Dynamic rheological functions obtained from linear viscoelastic measurements, for example, the complex viscosity response, are regressed against the NIR spectra. The primary method for the rheological measurements involved sinusoidal, oscillatory shear experiments at varying angular frequencies using a cone-and-plate viscometer. All measurements were carried out on molten EVA polymers at 200°C. Calibration models were built on spectra in the carbon—hydrogen (C—H) vibrational stretch, first overtone, wavelength region (1620–1840 nm), and these models were used to predict the rheological material functions of copolymer samples. The robustness of these models was tested on independent prediction samples that had not been included in the calibration models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68 :873–889, 1998
The Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer contains freshwater in a 15 ,000 sq mi area in northwestern and central Mississippi. The aquifer comprises the Meridian Sand Member of the Tallahatta Formation and discontinuous hydraulically connected sand beds in the upper part of the Wilcox Group. The aggregate sand thickness of the aquifer ranges from less than 50 ft to about 500 ft. The withdrawal of fresh water from the aquifer in Mississippi in 1975 was about 32 Mgal/d. Long-term water-level trends indicate an average decline of about 1 ft per year. Thick, permeable sand beds yield as much as 2,800 gal/min to wells and fresh water extends to depths of more than 2,000 ft. The aquifer is used extensively in areas where the dissolved-solids content exceeds 500 mg/liter; however, the most common problems in water supplies are excessive iron and corrosiveness. (Woodard-USGS)
Macrophage Receptors for Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), Migration Stimulatory Factor (MSF), and Agglutinating Factor

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The action of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in fetal calf serum (FCS-MIF) was inhibited by l-fucose and by blood group substances and bovine submaxillary mucin, both of which contain l-fucose. FCS-MIF agglutinated human erythrocytes and guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages. Agglutination of these cell types was inhibited by l-fucose and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. Human type O erythrocytes removed MIF from FCS. Supernatants of antigen stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes, containing MIF, agglutinated guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages which could be inhibited by l-fucose and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine; and human type A erythrocytes which could be inhibited by N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. A macrophage migration stimulatory factor in fetal calf serum (FCS-MIF) was inhibited by N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. These observations suggest that macrophages and erythrocytes have distinct membrane receptors for MIF and MSF and that these receptors contain monosaccharides.
Advances and Challenges in Spatial Transcriptomics for Developmental Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Development from single cells to multicellular tissues and organs involves more than just the exact replication of cells, which is known as differentiation. The primary focus of research into the mechanism of differentiation has been differences in gene expression profiles between individual cells. However, it has predominantly been conducted at low throughput and bulk levels, challenging the efforts to understand molecular mechanisms of differentiation during the developmental process in animals and humans. During the last decades, rapid methodological advancements in genomics facilitated the ability to study developmental processes at a genome-wide level and finer resolution. Particularly, sequencing transcriptomes at single-cell resolution, enabled by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), was a breath-taking innovation, allowing scientists to gain a better understanding of differentiation and cell lineage during the developmental process. However, single-cell isolation during scRNA-seq results in the loss of the spatial information of individual cells and consequently limits our understanding of the specific functions of the cells performed by different spatial regions of tissues or organs. This greatly encourages the emergence of the spatial transcriptomic discipline and tools. Here, we summarize the recent application of scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomic tools for developmental biology. We also discuss the limitations of current spatial transcriptomic tools and approaches, as well as possible solutions and future prospects.
Scalable Coding of PRNG Encrypted Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a unique scheme of scalable coding for PRNG encrypted images. In the encryption stage, the original pixel values are masked by a modulo-256 addition with pseudorandom numbers that are resulting from a secret key. After decomposing the encrypted data into a down sampled sub image and some data sets with a multiple-resolution construction, an encoder quantizes the sub image and the Hadamard coefficients of each data set to condense the data quantity. Then, the data of quantized sub image and coefficients are observed as a set of bit streams. At the receiver side, while a sub image is decrypted to provide the uneven information of the original content, the quantized coefficients can be used to reconstruct the detailed content with an iteratively updating procedure. Because of the hierarchical coding mechanism, the principal original content with advanced resolution can be reconstructed when more bit streams are received.
Effects of Changes in Exercise Intensity on Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Energy Expenditure in Young Men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various exercise intensity on Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), excess post exercise energy expenditure (EPEE), and thyroid hormonal changes in trained (TR) and untrained (UT) people. The subject of the present study were divided into two groups and four periods: trained (TR; n=6) and untrained (UT; n=6) group. And the periods were divided as follows; Resting (R), Maximal (M), High intensity (H), and Low intensity (L). The percent body fat and RMR of all subjects were measured at every periods. The RMR was measured early in the morning following a 12-hour fast using MMX3B gas analyzer and blood sample were collected from the anticubital vein to investigate thyroid hormonal (T3, T4, Free T3, Free T4, & TSH) changes. All the RMR values were expressed as absolute value/BSA $(kcal/d/m^2)$. And We also analyzed mean energy expenditure for 30 minutes during and after different intensity exercise. There was significant difference in RMR among different intensity of exercise. in TR (p < .05) not in the UT group. however, there was no significant different percent body fat in TR and in UT group. In the energy expenditure, there was significant different between TR and UT in HEE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure), LEE (low intensity exercise energy expenditure), HEEPE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure post exercise) & LEEPE (low intensity exercise expenditure post exercise). In the hormonal level, there was significant different in T4 level in the TR group at H period and in T4, Free T3, & Free T4 levels in TR group at L period, however there was no significant different in the UT group. The present cross-sectional study was design to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and RMR. The focus of this investigation was to compare RMR in aerobically trained (TR) and untrained (VI). The relationship among RMR, exercise intensity and percent body fat would best be investigated using MMX3B and body composition analyzer. Each subject completed measurement of percent body fat, RMR, hormone in the period of maximal oxygen uptake exercise (M), high intensity exercise (H), and low intensity exercise (L). From the results, Low intensity of exercise (L), there was a trend for an increased RMR (kcal/day) in the TR not for the UT. This is best explained not by the reduced percent body fat but by the highly induced energy expenditure (during exercise and post exercise energy expenditure) and increased T4, Free T3, and Free T4 hormonal levels in the low intensity exercise for the TR group.