jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Calix[6]tren and copper(II): A third generation of funnel complexes on the way to redox calix-zymes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Mono-copper enzymes play an important role in biology and their functionality is based on Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox processes. Modeling a mono-nuclear site remains a challenge for a better understanding of its intrinsic reactivity. The first member of a third generation of calixarene-based mono-copper “funnel” complexes is described. The ligand is a calix[6]arene capped by a tren unit, hence presenting a N 4 coordination site confined in a cavity. Its Cu(II) complexes were characterized by electronic and EPR spectroscopies. The x-ray structure of one of them shows a five-coordinated metal ion in a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry thanks to its coordination to a guest ligand L (ethanol). The latter sits in the heart of the hydrophobic calixarene cone that mimics the active site chamber and the hydrophobic access channel of enzymes. Competitive binding experiments showed a preference order dimethylformamide > ethanol > MeCN for L binding at the single exchangeable metal site. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed irreversible redox processes in CH 2 Cl 2 when L is an oxygen donor caused by the redox-driven ejection of the guest at the Cu(I) level. In the presence of MeCN, a pseudoreversible process was obtained, owing to a fast equilibrium between a fourand a five-coordinate Cu(I) species. Finally, a redox-driven ligand interchange of dimethylformamide for MeCN at the Cu(I) state allowed the trapping of the thermodynamically less stable Cu(II)-MeCN adduct. Hence, this work represents an important step toward the elaboration of a functional supramolecular model for redox mono-copper enzymes, named redox calix-zymes.
Anti-UV activity of Kampo medicines and constituent plant extracts: re-evaluation with skin keratinocyte system.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

HaCaT cells were highly resistant to UV irradiation, approximately 20% of cells survived even when the exposure time was prolonged to 480 min. Sodium ascorbate, a popular antioxidant, used as positive control, had excellent anti-UV activity (SI=200). Among 10 Kampo medicines, Shosaikoto (SI=34) had the highest anti-UV activity, followed by Hangesyashinto (SI>28), Unseiin (SI>23) and Ninjinyoeito (SI=23), Saireito (SI>19), whereas another four Kampo medicines were much less active (SI<9.6). Among 25 constituent plant extracts, Scutellaria root had the highest anti-UV activity (SI=38), followed by Polyporus sclerotium (SI>26), Gardenia fruit (SI>23), Japanese Gentian (SI>20) and Saposhnikovia root (SI>20). Glycyrrhizin also had potent anti-UV activity (SI=36). The SI values determined with the present HaCaT system were generally one order higher than those obtained with previously reported HSC-2 human oral squamous cell carcinoma system, although there was good correlation between these two systems (R(2)=0.9118). Conclusion. The present study highlights the improved sensitivity of anti-UV activity detection with the HaCaT system, and suggests the possible application of Kampo medicines as a component of sunscreening cosmetics.
Human rights issues of urban homeless in India: a study of Chandigarh

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The right to adequate housing is a human rights issue globally. The international law recognises the right to adequate housing both as an essential component of the right to an adequate standard of living and as a distinct right. The violation of this right leads to the violation of other indivisible human rights. Homelessness has become a major human right challenge for an emerging economy like India. According to the Census 2011, India has more than 1.77 million homeless people, of which 52.95% are located in urban areas. Independent estimates, however, place the total number of homeless persons in India at about 2.3 million. The present study has been carried out in Chandigarh, the first planned city of modern India. The effort has been made to delve into the lives of urban homeless and to analyse the problems faced by them in the context of human rights.
Sessile Drop Method: Critical Analysis and Optimization for Measuring the Contact Angle of an Ion-Exchange Membrane Surface

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The contact angle between a membrane surface and a waterdrop lying on its surface provides important information about the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the membrane. This method is well-developed for solid non-swelling materials. However, ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are gel-like solids that swell in liquids. When an IEM is exposed to air, its degree of swelling changes rapidly, making it difficult to measure the contact angle. In this paper, we examine the known experience of measuring contact angles and suggest a simple equipment that allows the membrane to remain swollen during measurements. An optimized protocol makes it possible to obtain reliable and reproducible results. Measuring parameters such as drop size, water dosing speed and others are optimized. Contact angle measurements are shown for a large number of commercial membranes. These data are supplemented with values from other surface characteristics from optical and profilometric measurements.
Estimation of Uncertainty in Automated Heliostat Alignment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Engineers seek to reduce the cost of solar-thermal central tower systems by reducing the cost of the heliostat field. Lower-cost heliostats can be achieved by accepting lower precision in manufacture and installation. Automated alignment methods can then be used to correct pointing errors due to misalignments after the heliostat is installed, to obtain and maintain the required pointing accuracy. The method under consideration here is the beam-target method, in which the location of the reflected spot on a target is measured repeatedly, and linear regression is applied to estimate various geometrically-based physical misalignment parameters to facilitate pointing error correction. In this study, a new statistical analysis of the automated alignment process including calculation of alignment uncertainty after the &apos;training &apos; process is presented. In addition to correcting errors, this new analysis now allows evaluations to when there is enough training data gathered to be confident that, if the calculated corrections are applied, the beam and target will coincide within an allowable uncertainty. The relative value of training data gathered at different times of day and different times of year was also investigated. A large number of randomly-generated misalignments are studied numerically. Worst-case misalignment combinations are found for an upper bound on the training data requirements for particular heliostats to be subsequently determined.
CSD 1905841: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An entry from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, the world’s repository for inorganic crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the joint CCDC and FIZ Karlsruhe Access Structures service and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Morphological and molecular characteristics of a poorly known marine ascomycete,Manglicola guatemalensis(Jahnulales: Pezizomycotina; Dothideomycetes,Incertae sedis): new lineage of marine ascomycetes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The poorly known marine ascomycete Manglicola guatemalensis from Trang and Trat provinces, Thailand, were collected in 2005 and 2006 on the brackish water palm Nypa fruticans. This fungus is known only from two previous collections. This paper reports on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny of this unique marine bitunicate ascomycete. Manglicola guatemalensis has large clavate to obtusely fusiform ascomata, wide ostioles, bitunicate asci, cylindrical, thick-walled, unequally one-septate ascospores, constricted at the septum, apical cell larger, chestnut-brown and a smaller light brown basal cell. Ascospores germinate readily, always from the basal cell. Four isolates from different locations were selected for the phylogenetic study. Regions of the rDNA gene, including SSU and LSU, were sequenced and combined. Molecular data places M. guatemalensis in the Jahnulales with high bootstrap support; all strains are monophyletic. In the combined SSU and LSU analyses the Jahnulales comprises four subclades, A, B, C and D. Subclade A comprises Jahnula species and two anamorphic fungi, Brachiosphaera tropicalis and Xylomyces chlamydosporus. In subclade B Manglicola strains form a sister group of the Aliquandostipite species Aliquandostipite crystallinus, A. khaoyaiensis, Jahnula siamensiae and Patescospora separans. Subclade C comprises Jahnula species, Jahnula aquatica, J. granulosa and J. rostrata, while Megalohypha aqua-dulces constitutes subclade D. Therefore Manglicola forms another lineage of marine fungi.
PS 02-17 IS GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AND SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS RELATED IN NON-DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To analyze the relationship between glycated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c) levels and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), presence of carotid plaque (CP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in patients without diabetes. Design and Method: From January 2011 through December 2012, carotid IMT and CP presence were evaluated in 214 non-diabetes patients (118 male, 96 female) with measurement of HbA1c, ankle-brachial index (ABI), brachial/femoral and heart to femoral PWV. HbA1c level was categorized into 3 groups (< 5.5%, 5.5% to 5.9%, and 6.0% to 6.4%). Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between three groups except age. There were no significant linear trends between groups either in PWV and carotid IMT measurement; however, the presence of CP showed significant linear trend (P for trend = 0.004). Odd ratios (ORs) of univariate model for presence of CP was 2.36 and 3.6 in the middle (5.5 ≤ HbA1c < 6.0) and highest HbA1c (6.0 ≤ HbA1c < 6.5) group compared with the lowest group (HbA1c < 5.5%) (p = 0.018 and p = 0.009, respectively). Sub-analysis of 115 non-diabetic patients (57 male, 58 female) with hypertension showed poor agreement in linear increase of carotid IMT, PWV measurements and plaque presence according to the elevation of HbA1c level which the result might have been influenced by other factors. Conclusions: Carotid IMT and PWV in non-diabetic individuals had poor correlation with HbA1c level; however, there was a significant linear relation between three groups in presence of CP.
Ethics, Exchange, and Production

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract After the most critical social dilemmas of life in communities have been ameliorated, commerce may emerge. Whether it does or not varies with the manner in which the first dilemmas are solved and the extent to which a community’s ethos tends to ameliorate social dilemmas associated with voluntary exchange and team production. These dilemmas are neglected by economic textbooks, because ethical dispositions that solved the problems examined in this and the previous chapter are commonplace in the markets those texts describe—and had long existed. Without those solutions, the extent of trading networks, specialization and team production would have been very limited—if they existed at all.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Study of the Carboranylcarbenes 1‐CH‐1,2‐C2B3H4 and 1‐CH‐ 1,2‐C2B4H5

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Meta-Analytic Review and Experimental Study Exploring Links between Aggression and the Oxytocinergic System in Mice and Human Populations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Interpersonal aggression is a significant source of individual and societal distress. For this reason, countless research projects have attempted to identify the biological and psychological determinants of aggressive behaviour. An emerging body of literature suggests that the nonapeptide oxytocin (OT), generally regarded as a facilitator of prosocial behaviours, can instead amplify aggression and hostility under certain contexts. The current dissertation was designed to clarify the association between OT and aggression, by investigating this relation in both animal and human samples. In the first study, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis of genetic OT-knockout animal-model studies. Relative to genetically unmodified controls, OT receptor knockout mice were found to exhibit significantly elevated aggression, across all behavioural paradigms and outcome measures. Other forms of genetic modification were found to be less reliably associated with subsequent aggression, suggesting that prenatal OT exposure plays a critical role in the development of aggressive behaviour in adulthood. Evidence of contextual and individual variability was also observed. In the second study, we investigated the association between exogenous OT administration and a form of cognitive bias that may be predictive of future aggressive behaviours: autobiographical memory retrieval biases. We found that, under placebo, high-aggression participants exhibited greater difficulty retrieving specific memories of positive events. Following OT administration, the retrieval of specific memories for positive cue words was selectively improved in high-aggression individuals. Additionally, such individuals rated the emotional valence of their autobiographical memories less negatively under OT, when compared to placebo. Importantly, these findings were exclusive to memories retrieved within a social context. Recollections produced in a non-social environment were rated less positively following OT administration, exclusively for high-aggression participants. These findings again suggest important individual and contextual variability and highlight the potentially deleterious effects of OT administration in the absence of social contact. Together, these studies indicate that OT does modulate the frequency of aggressive behaviours, as well as the cognitive biases that may precede them. Critically, these data also highlight important developmental, individual, and contextual considerations, which in turn allows us to identify viable targets for future research.
Municipal Tree Programs in Pennsylvania

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Municipal tree programs were assessed in Pennsylvania through mail surveys. Pennsylvania has approximately 378 tree programs of which 57% are implemented thrqugh shade tree commissions. Only 28% of Pennsylvania’s citięs and boroughs have tree programs. A high level of tree health exists in only 27% of the cities with programs. Only 28% of the programs have streettree inventories. Numbers of street trees are declining in 40% of the communities with programs.
DnaK3 Is Involved in Biogenesis and/or Maintenance of Thylakoid Membrane Protein Complexes in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

DnaK3, a highly conserved cyanobacterial chaperone of the Hsp70 family, binds to cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes, and an involvement of DnaK3 in the biogenesis of thylakoid membranes has been suggested. As shown here, light triggers synthesis of DnaK3 in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which links DnaK3 to the biogenesis of thylakoid membranes and to photosynthetic processes. In a DnaK3 depleted strain, the photosystem content is reduced and the photosystem II activity is impaired, whereas photosystem I is regular active. An impact of DnaK3 on the activity of other thylakoid membrane complexes involved in electron transfer is indicated. In conclusion, DnaK3 is a versatile chaperone required for biogenesis and/or maintenance of thylakoid membrane-localized protein complexes involved in electron transfer reactions. As mentioned above, Hsp70 proteins are involved in photoprotection and repair of PS II in chloroplasts.
The position of women in Corfu as demonstrated in the notarial registers during the last century of the Venetian period

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The economic changes that took place in Europe, along with other factors such as the reduction of the male population due to war conflicts, created the right conditions for the emergence of women's activity. The position of women, although still subject to certain restrictions, improved considerably. Women are now presented as self-reliant in numerous contracts of an economic nature. Apart from this, they gradually seem to carry out other types of activities, such as artistic activities, engaging in charity, and intellectual cultivation.
Pipelined and Superscalar Architectures in Clocked and Asynchronous Environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a set of simple, general, yet practical performance models for RISC architectures are developed. These models apply to a wide range of systems that include both pipelined and superscalar systems operating in either clocked or asynchronous environments. The models permit quantitative evaluation of various design choices (e.g., the number of pipelines in the system, the pipeline depth, and the choice between clocked and asynchronous methodologies) as functions of technology parameters, environmental operating parameters, and pipeline function characteristics. Design curves are presented indicating optimal pipeline depth and number of pipelines to employ under various conditions.
The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study shows that every Stanford-Binet and Wechsler standardization sample from 1932 to 1978 established norms of a higher standard than its predecessor. The obvious interpretation of this pattern is that representative samples of Americans did better and better on IQ tests over a period of 46 years, the total gain amounting to a rise in mean IQ of 13.8 points. The implications of this finding are developed: The combination of IQ gains and the decline in Scholastic Aptitude Test scores seems almost inexplicable; obsolete norms have acted as an unrecognized confounding variable in hundreds of studies; and IQ gains of this magnitude pose a serious problem of causal explanation.
What Makes Anti-Racist Pedagogy in Teacher Education Difficult? Three Popular Ideological Assumptions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article arises from the teaching observations and struggles of two anti-racist educators who co-developed and taught a required cross-cultural education course for predominantly white-identified preservice teachers in a Canadian prairie context. The article identifies three common ideological assumptions about the production of inequality frequently held by these students: race does not matter; everyone has equal opportunity; and through individual acts and good intentions one can secure innocence as well as superiority. These preservice teachers are required to examine the dominant identifications and power relations through which they are produced and unwittingly implicated in reproducing the status quo.
Bartonella quintanaEndocarditis in a Child

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: Blood-culture–negative endocarditis has been described in about 12 percent of children with endocarditis.1 Because of recent diagnostic advances, some of the pathogens responsible for these cases have been identified. A 13-year-old girl from Senegal was referred to our center for surgical treatment of rheumatic heart disease, which had been diagnosed when she was 8 years of age. She lived in a large city in a stable environment, did not abuse drugs, and had no close contact with cats. At admission, she was in good general condition and had no signs of intercurrent infection, fever, or lymphadenopathy. The . . .
Solvent‐Free Solid Acid‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Anellations: A New Green Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted Five‐Membered N‐Heterocycles.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pre-service Elementary School Teachers’ Reflection Before, During and After Their Social Studies Teaching Demonstration: Focusing on the Development of Instructional Design Competency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 초등 예비교사들의 사회과 수업실연 전-중-후의 반성 과정을 탐색하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 초등사회교육 방법론 강의 과정을 저널쓰기 – 수업구상하기 – 수업실연하기 – 반성하기의 단계로 설계하였다. 그리고 강의 과정에서 나타난 예비교사들의 저널쓰기, 사전·사후협의 기록, 공동사회과 수업지도안 작성, 예비교사 동료들의 평가 및 사회과 수업실연에서 초등학생들의 사회과 학습결과 기록, 자기반성 쓰기를 바탕으로 자료를 수집하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 예비교사들은 자신의 사회과와 관련된 삶을 되돌아보고, 자신이 실연할 수업 모습을 상상하면서 사회과 수업을 설계하고, 동료들과 협의를 통해 교사로서의 사회과에 대한 학습과 초등학생의 사회과 학습 증진을 지향하는 가르침의 분석요소를 나타내었다. 둘째, 예비교사들은 실제 삶과 연결된 사회과 수업과 실제 교육현장의 사회과 수업에 대해 고민하는 사회과 수업설계 역량 형성과정을 경험하였다. 셋째, 예비교사들의 사회과 수업설계 역량 형성과정은 가르침에 대한 3가지 접근방식의 균형을 찾으려는 노력을 통해 이루어질 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.The purpose of this study is to explore the course of pre-service elementary school teachers’ before, during and after reflection on their social studies teaching demonstration. The results of the study are as follows. First, pre-service elementary school teachers design social studies instruction by reflecting on the life associated with their social studies and imagining how they would demonstration, and through consultations with colleagues, they represented an element of analysis of teaching aimed at improving social studies learning as teachers and the social studies learning of pre-service elementary school teachers. Second, the pre-service elementary school teachers experienced social studies instructional design competency building process in which they thought about the social studies instructions connected to real life and the social studies instructions at the actual educational field. Third, it was confirmed that the pre-service elementary school teachers’ design competence of social studies instructions development process can be achieved through efforts to find a balance between the three approaches to teaching.