jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reinforcing Efficacy of Amphetamine in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Rationale: Amphetamine abuse by adolescents predicts long-term drug dependence. Heightened vulnerability to drug abuse could be due to higher sensitivity to drug?s reinforcing effects. Rodents are used to study age-related sensitivities to drugs. Objective: We compared intravenous amphetamine self-administration between adolescent and adult male rats on an operant schedule of reinforcement measuring the reinforcing efficacy of a drug. Methods: After surgery, adolescent and adult rats acquired lever-pressing behavior reinforced by amphetamine infusions. Results: Both age groups exhibited more infusions per session as dose increased. However, neither the number of infusions per session nor total amphetamine intake differed across age groups. Conclusion: Although rapid transition is reliable to test reinforcing properties of stimulants, results suggest that amphetamine is an equally efficacious reinforcer among both age groups. In regards to humans, these results suggest that other factors, like social influences, explain higher rates of drug intake by adolescent compared with adult humans.
Impact of Virtual Arm Impedance on Small-Signal Stability of Modular Multilevel Converters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Inclusion of virtual impedance is an effective approach to mitigate small-signal oscillations in power converters without increasing manufacturing cost. This paper utilizes the second-harmonic circulating current in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) to generate virtual arm impedance and enhance system stability. The proposed method includes both resistance and reactance components, which can be combined to emulate a virtual impedance with flexible magnitude and phase. The active damping effect of different virtual impedance magnitude and phase is compared by both theoretical impedance-based stability analysis and experimental results. It is shown that the virtual reactance is the predominant component in improve system stability, of which the optimal value can be derived according to system stability margin. Understanding the stability impact of magnitude and phase of the virtual arm impedance can facilitate the design of active damping schemes of MMCs under specific grid conditions.
METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF CYAZOFAMID IN SOIL AND WATER BY HPLC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for analysis of cyazofamid has been developed using SPE in texturally different soils and water. The method involved using different solvents or their combinations for the extraction of fungicide from soil and water. The cleanup was done with C-18/florisil/alumina SPE cartridges and finally analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using different columns, namely, C-18/diol/cyano and mobile phase using methanol/acetonitrile:water in different ratios with UV detection at 279 nm. The best results in terms of recovery, cleanup efficiency, and independence of soil characteristics were obtained with combination of acetone:methanol followed by cleanup with florisil for soil and chloroform for water. Most suited column was C-18 with mobile phase acetonitrile:water for HPLC. Calibration curve for quantification were linear (R2 = 0.999) over the dynamic range of 0.1–10.0 µg mL−1 and percent relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.72%. The limit of detection for instrument and limit of quantification for method were 0.01 and 0.05 µg g−1.
Factors Responsible for Students’ Dropout at Primary School Level in Swabi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Factors responsible for students’ dropout at primary school level in Swabi was the topic of research study. Objectives of the study were to explore the factors responsible school for students’ dropout associated with school, to identify the factors responsible for students’ dropout associated with parents and to find out the factors responsible for students’ dropout associated with students. A total of 30 head teachers and 30 teachers which form 42% and 13% of the total population were randomly selected. The main research instrument to be employed in this study was questionnaire. Finding of the study concluded that school related factors that mainly contribute to pupils’ dropout included shortage of teachers and grade retention, whereas factors that included uninteresting curriculum, corporal punishment, and distance from school had been noted to contribute either less or no contribution at all. In the family related category of variable factors, the study identified that unlike school related factors, where some factors contributed more and some less, each one of the factors in family related factors contributed to their extreme level. In school related factors, the study found that class repetition was widely practiced as a remedy for poor performance. When forced to repeat classes, students chose to drop out. It was also found from the study that absenteeism made students miss lessons and thus ended up performing very poorly in examinations. Due to which they were being forced to repeat classes, and hence made them to take the decision of leaving the school. Based on findings, it was recommended that effort might be made to aware parents about the significance of education through different seminars and workshop. Poverty is responsible for students’ dropout So, government may try to provide free education and facilitate students through stipends. To reduce or eliminate absenteeism teacher may inform their parents about students’ attendance and sort out solution for improving students’ attendance. Teachers may give individual attention to the weak students to eliminate the cause of grade retention. Parents might be aware about the effect of domestic work on their children learning. School heads may ensure a conducive learning environment for the students that they may come to school with a smiley face.
SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), increasing attention has been paid to their safety concerns. Consequently, evaluating the safety of LLMs has become an essential task for facilitating the broad applications of LLMs. Nevertheless, the absence of comprehensive safety evaluation benchmarks poses a significant impediment to effectively assess and enhance the safety of LLMs. In this work, we present SafetyBench, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating the safety of LLMs, which comprises 11,435 diverse multiple choice questions spanning across 7 distinct categories of safety concerns. Notably, SafetyBench also incorporates both Chinese and English data, facilitating the evaluation in both languages. Our extensive tests over 25 popular Chinese and English LLMs in both zero-shot and few-shot settings reveal a substantial performance advantage for GPT-4 over its counterparts, and there is still significant room for improving the safety of current LLMs. We also demonstrate that the measured safety understanding abilities in SafetyBench are correlated with safety generation abilities. Data and evaluation guidelines are available at \url{https://github.com/thu-coai/SafetyBench}{https://github.com/thu-coai/SafetyBench}. Submission entrance and leaderboard are available at \url{https://llmbench.ai/safety}{https://llmbench.ai/safety}.
Life History Parameters ofAleyrodes proletella(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Different Host Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The whitefly Aleyrodes proletella L. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has become a major agricultural pest on a broad range of Brassica crops in Europe and has spread to North and South America and Australia. In order to understand its present outbreak, information about its life history parameters in relationship to different host plants is needed. Therefore, we tested the reproduction potential of A. proletella on four different host plants under greenhouse conditions: Kohlrabi, kale, white cabbage, and winter oilseed rape. The influence of host plant on preoviposition period, fecundity, survival rate, and sex ratio was examined. Additionally the effect of mating scenario (45-d mated females and males; virgin females and males; 6-d mated females) on life history parameters of A. proletella adults was evaluated. The mating scenario did not significantly influence the survival rate of A. proletella females and males and did not impact female fecundity and preoviposition period. Fecundity of A. proletella was significantly affected by host plant species: the shortest preoviposition period and highest oviposition rate was observed on winter oilseed rape, while the longest and lowest was recorded on white cabbage. The survival rate on white cabbage was significantly lower compared with those reared on the other host plants. The sex ratio of A. proletella progeny was also significantly affected by the host plant species. Our research indicates that winter oilseed rape is a highly suitable host for A. proletella in terms of fecundity, survival rate, and sex ratio, which might explain the current outbreak of A. proletella.
Intracellular Coenzymes as Natural Biomarkers for Metabolic Activities and Mitochondrial Anomalies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in energy metabolism, programmed cell death and oxidative stress. Mutated mitochondrial DNA in diseased cells compromises the structure of key enzyme complexes and, therefore, mitochondrial function, which leads to a myriad of health-related conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and aging. Early detection of mitochondrial and metabolic anomalies is an essential step towards effective diagnoses and therapeutic intervention. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) play important roles in a wide range of cellular oxidation-reduction reactions. Importantly, NADH and FAD are naturally fluorescent, which allows noninvasive imaging of metabolic activities of living cells and tissues. Furthermore, NADH and FAD autofluorescence, which can be excited using distinct wavelengths for complementary imaging methods and is sensitive to protein binding and local environment. This article highlights recent developments concerning intracellular NADH and FAD as potential biomarkers for metabolic and mitochondrial activities.
Generalized Wintgen inequality for submanifolds in generalized (κ, µ)-space forms

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we obtain a generalized Wintgen-type inequality for submanifolds in generalized (κ,µ)-space forms. Further, we discuss the inequality for bi-slant submanifolds, semi-slant submanifolds, hemi-slant submanifolds, CR-submanifolds and slant submanifolds in various ambient spaces. In particular, we generalize some recent results of Mihai, Tohoku Math. J. 69 (2017), and Aquib et al., Tamkang J. Math. 50 (2019) and Mathematics 7(12) (2019).
Translation As A Tool In Learning English As A Foreign Language At Post-Graduate Level

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Foreign language proficiency is essential for a modern scientist. Teaching academic English to PhD students in Russia is an integral part of a postgraduate stage of education. At this stage the main objective of foreign language classes is to develop language skills and competences that enable young researches to participate in international research projects, to reach scientific and educational goals. Since young scholars have specific linguistic demands for their future academic careers, a course of English for Academic Purposes for postgraduates should focus attention on skills necessary for a successful academic communication. One of the instruments that can facilitate language learning is work with foreign scientific texts which includes translation and analysis of syntactic structures and terminology. The article offers a two-stage approach to the analysis of a foreign scientific text which was realized with the use of a system of exercises developed and implemented at the Department of Foreign Languages of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The approach contributes to the development of foreign language communication skills. The results of the application of this method are as follows: general scientific and terminology vocabulary expansion, development of translation and problem solving skills, text editing skills formation and improvement of the general command of the English language in terms of grammar and lexicon.
Conceptualizing Destination Performance Evaluation for Internal Destination Benchmarking: A Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Benchmarking the performance of tourism in a tourist destination is an extremely complex and challenging task because of its interdisciplinary nature and due to the involvement of many sectors, components and elements. Integrating the different sectors and synergizing the tourism system function are major issues as the tourism industry requires different levels of involvement with diverse interests. Since tourism is one of the key areas of economic transformation in developing countries, it is essential to enhance destination image, positioning, and ultimately to achieve market leadership which can contribute significantly to communities and nations. It is important to evaluate the performance of the tourist destination in order to stabilize the growth of tourism in the most competitive and sustainable manner. This study explains the construction of Index Core Components and performance evaluation methods for internal tourist destination benchmarking using literature reviews. The findings revealed that a new conceptual model can be used by incorporating major sectors, components and elements of tourism to measure individual performance of the selected Index Core Components.
Model Predictive Control Based Energy Management System Literature Assessment for RES Integration

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Over the past few decades, the electric power industry evolved in response to growing concerns about climate change and the rising price of fossil fuels. The usage of renewable energy sources (RES) rose as a remedy for these problems. The increased penetration of RES in the existing generation system increased the need for an intelligent energy management system (EMS) so that the system can operate in any possible circumstances. Many sectors of society, including the education sector, are working to realize the importance of this sustainable energy system. This paper reviews the process of selecting an efficient control technique for continuous power flow from different RES to meet the load demand requirement using an enhanced model predictive control (MPC)-based EMS framework. This EMS is a software platform to provide fundamental support services and applications to deliver the functionality needed for the effective operation of electrical generation and transmission facilities to ensure adequate security of energy supply at minimum cost. The centralized EMS with technical objectives focusing on power quality and seamless power flow can be achieved through dynamically enhanced MPC.
Computer-Controlled MM- and Sub-MM Wave Josephson Spectrometer with a Planar Integrated Front End

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

MM-wave spectrometers and receivers with wide tuning bandwidths are needed for the analysis of gases as well as for radioastronomy and EMC-measurements. Up to now, broadband Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) with a high-precision mechanical set-up and movable mirrors or narrow-band microwave spectrum analysers (MSA) with mixers for each waveguide band are used for these purposes. Divin et al. proposed a very sensitive spectrometric method with an extremly wide tuning bandwidth /1/. No mechanical tuning and no changing of mixers is necessary. The dc voltage-current characteristics of a point-contact Josephson junction is deformed by the incident radiation according to the ac Josephson effect. The spectrum of the radiation is obtained by applying an inverse Hilbert transform on the resulting deformation of the dc characteristic. First experiments were performed. A spectrum consisting of a broad single line at 600 GHz was investigated /1/ and two narrow lines at 68 and 70 GHz were observed simultaneously in /2/. A planar integrated front end, compared to the three-dimensional set-ups used in /1/ and /2/ has the following advantages: - greater tuning bandwidth - better reproducibility - integration of a planar Josephson junction, which is mechanically more stable and needs no adjustment after each temperature cycle. - reliable contacts between the components of the front end. Therefore, a mm-and sub-mm wave Josephson spectrometer with a planar integrated front end was designed and built. This is described in this paper.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF INTACT MITOCHONDRIA FROM SPHEROPLASTS OF YEAST

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Duell , E. A. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), Sakae Inoue, and Merton F. Utter . Isolation and properties of intact mitochondria from spheroplasts of yeast. J. Bacteriol. 88: 1762–1773. 1964.—Functionally intact mitochondria can be obtained in good yields by osmotic disruption of spheroplasts formed from yeast by treatment with an enzyme mixture from the snail digestive tract. The useful range of this method is extended greatly by pretreatment of the yeast cells with 2-mercaptoethylamine and ethylene-diaminetetraacetate. The concentration of the yeast suspension can be increased greatly, the incubation period can be shortened considerably, and the requirement for log-phase cells is obviated. Mitochondria prepared by this method have been compared with those obtained by mechanical disruption in terms of respiratory control, specific activity on a wide range of oxidizable substrates, heterogeneity during centrifugation, and structures observed by electron microscopy. In all cases, the mitochondria obtained from spheroplasts appear to be much less damaged by the preparative procedures.
Performance aware tasking for environmentally powered sensor networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The use of environmental energy is now emerging as a feasible energy source for embedded and wireless computing systems such as sensor networks where manual recharging or replacement of batteries is not practical. However, energy supply from environmental sources is highly variable with time. Further, for a distributed system, the energy available at its various locations will be different. These variations strongly influence the way in which environmental energy is used. We present a harvesting theory for determining performance in such systems. First we present a model for characterizing environmental sources. Second, we state and prove two harvesting theorems that help determine the sustainable performance level from a particular source. This theory leads to practical techniques for scheduling processes in energy harvesting systems. Third, we present our implementation of a real embedded system that runs on solar energy and uses our harvesting techniques. The system adjusts its performance level in response to available resources. Fourth, we propose a localized algorithm for increasing the performance of a distributed system by adapting the process scheduling to the spatio-temporal characteristics of the environmental energy in the distributed system. While our theoretical intuition is based on certain abstractions, all the scheduling methods we present are motivated solely from the experimental behavior and resource constraints of practical sensor networking systems.
In Vitro Inhibition of Melanoma (B16f10) Viability and Colonization through Combining Metformin and Dacarbazine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Dacarbazine is considered as a standard treatment for melanoma, but resistance to anticancer therapy is a major cause of cancer stem cells invasion. In vitro assays have shown that metformin interferes with cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. Method: Melanoma cell line B16f10 was treated with dacarbazine IC50, metformin in different doses (0.5, 2 and 8 mM) and combination therapy. The influence of treating and cell viability was determined with MTT assay, and the effect of treat on colonization was quantified. Changes in cleaved PARP were investigated using immunoblotting. The cytotoxicity effect of Dacarbazine was further analyzed. Result: Metformin induced cytotoxicity on B16-F10 cells; cell viability, determined at various time intervals (24 and 48 h) and in the presence of different drug concentrations (≅0.7μM), was reduced by ~50% following 24 h. The proliferation rate was evaluated over 24-48 hours and 12 days using varying subcytotoxic and cytotoxic concentrations of metformin (2-8μM), which was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Resistance cells resulted in slender spindles and better colonization. Finally, metformin decreased the cytotoxicity of dacarbazine and increased apoptosis. Conclusion: A study with B16-F10 cells showed that the drug combination induces significantly more apoptosis compared with when each drug is individually used. B16F10 was the most sensitive and resistant at a normal dose of metformin and dacarbazine, which is a very encouraging result with regards to the possibility of metformin becoming a new tool for melanoma research and treatment.
Rural Women's Leadership in Atlantic Canada: Firsthand Perspectives on Local Public Life and Participation in Electoral Politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rural Women's Leadership in Atlantic Canada: Firsthand Perspectives on Local Public Life and Participation in Electoral Politics , Louise Carbert, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, pp. 177, index. In her latest work, Louise Carbert peers beneath the surface of formal electoral processes to explore how rural, female community leaders in Atlantic Canada view politics. She focuses on this group to explain a curious pattern: rural women are much less likely to secure public office than women located in urban areas, and this holds true at all three levels of government. Through interviewing women representing the typical recruitment pool from which political parties draw candidates, the author aims to identify the presence of barriers to female electoral participation specifically salient to rural women. This is no easy task in part because such an objective necessitates sifting through the inconsequential details of grassroots politics to locate and interpret underlying patterns of power. Carbert's approach is innovative and provocative, and many scholars will appreciate this work's inductive method and rich anecdotal basis. At the same time, readers scouting for clear answers may be left frustrated by the work's complex set of conclusions concerning exactly why few rural women successfully navigate the “slushy intersections” of politics, family life and the economic environment in pursuit of a political career.