jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Admitting Service Affects Cost and Length of Stay of Hip Fracture Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the admitting service on cost of care for hip fracture patients by comparing the cost difference between patients admitted to the medicine service versus those admitted to a surgical service. Methods: A 2-year cohort of patients 55 years or older who were admitted to a single level 1 trauma center with an operative hip fracture were included. Patient demographics, comorbidities, admitting service, complications, and hospital length of stay were recorded for each patient. Cost of hospitalization, discharge disposition, and 30-day readmissions were collected. Patients who were admitted to the medicine service (medicine cohort) were compared to those admitted to a surgery service (surgery cohort). Multivariate regression models controlling for age, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores were used to evaluate hospitalization costs with a P value of <.05 as significant. Results: Two hundred twenty-five hip fracture patients were included; 143 (63.6%) patients were admitted to a surgical service, while 82 (36.4%) were admitted to the medicine service. Patients admitted to medicine service had greater CCI and ASA scores, longer lengths of stay, and more complications than those patients admitted to surgery service. Linear regression model controlling for age, CCI, ASA score, and time to surgery demonstrates that patients admitted to a surgical service will have 2.0-day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.561-3.503; P = .007) shorter admissions with a US$4215 reduction in cost (95% CI: US$314-US$8116; P = .034) compared to patients admitted to the medicine service. Discussions: In our urban safety net hospital, hip fracture patients admitted to medicine service had longer lengths of stay and higher total hospitalization costs than patients who were admitted to surgery service. Conclusions: This study highlights that the admitting service should be an area of focus for hospitals when developing programs to provide effective and cost-conscious care to hip fracture patients.
Capitalists in Spite of Themselves

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Richard Lachmann's work offers a new explanation for the origins of nation-states and capitalist markets in early modern Europe. Comparing regions and cities within and across England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, Lachmann shows how conflict among feudal elites---landlords, clerics, kings and officeholders---transformed the bases of their control over land and labor, forcing the winners of feudal conflicts to become capitalists in spite of themselves as they took defensive actions to protect their privileges from rivals in the aftermath of the Reformation.
On the 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Nobel Prize «For the Discovery of Insulin»

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The condition known today as diabetes mellitus was described as early as 1550 B.C. in the papyrus of Ebers, when Ayurvedic physicians noted the sweet taste of urine in patients with polyuria. This fact allows diabetes to be considered as one of the most well-known antiquity diseases. During all these thousands of years scientists have been trying to «unravel» this «mysterious» condition, and to find the cause and ways to cure the disease. Therefore, the long history of the diabetes existence is rich in discoveries, which often had a tremendous impact on all medicine. Insulin discover and investigation has become a key moment in diabetes history. A lot of scientists who have worked on the study of the insulin structure and developed new methods have been honored with the Nobel Prize. In our opinion, this review highlights the most important works of the 20 th century, which played a key role in the discovery of a drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus patients.
SAS-3: A polynomial based strong password authentication protocol

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the Internet and mobile applications have been increasing in the recent past, the need for authentication over remote servers and telephones have become very important. The need of authentication is essential as the private data sent over the Internet has risk of being wiretapped. Existing password authentication schemes can be divided into two types, one that requires only the weak password and the other that requires the strong password. The main objective of this paper is to present a review on the strong password protocols and propose a new protocol with enhanced security features. In addition, we have proved that our SAS-3 (simple and secure) protocol is secure against replay, denial of service, impersonation and password guessing attacks with minimized computational and transmission overheads.
Interferon Inhibits Mouse Leukaemia Virus Release: an Electron Microscope Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Scanning electron microscopy of AKR cells chronically infected with AKR mouse leukaemia virus revealed that the number of budding virions was greatly increased in interferon-treated cells. These results, together with previous biochemical findings, suggest that in this system, interferon inhibits a late stage of virus assembly or release.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Subcellular Specificity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Chemical synapses are essential for neuronal information storage and relay. The synaptic signal received or sent from spatially distinct subcellular compartments often generates different outcomes due to the distance or physical property difference. Therefore, the final output of postsynaptic neurons is determined not only by the type and intensity of synaptic inputs but also by the synaptic subcellular location. How synaptic subcellular specificity is determined has long been the focus of study in the neurodevelopment field. Genetic studies from invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have uncovered important molecular and cellular mechanisms required for subcellular specificity. Interestingly, similar molecular mechanisms were found in the mammalian cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. This review summarizes the comprehensive advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic subcellular specificity, focusing on studies from C. elegans and rodents.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Enzymatic Activity of Actomyosin: Its Possible Mechanisms

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The enzymatic activity of actomyosin has been measured in 0.6 M KCl, with CaCl2, $1\times 10^{-3} M$ , used as an activator. Gamma irradiation from Co60 has been performed on actomyosin solutions containing 0.3 to 4.2 mg of protein per milliliter. For increasing doses, the enzymatic activity of actomyosin solutions irradiated at fixed concentration is enhanced up to 80% above the control value. Higher doses bring about a progressive inhibition of enzymatic activity. This effect is observed, whatever the protein concentration at the time of irradiation. However, the dose at which maximum activation is observed decreases linearly with increasing dilution of the enzyme. The effect of γ-rays on this protein in solution is thus indirect. The loss of SH groups in irradiated actomyosin has been measured simultaneously with enzymatic activity. The high activation observed cannot be accounted for by the very small loss of SH, observed under the same experimental conditions. Total SH groups, ...
Applying Different Therapeutic Modalities to Support Parents with Mental Health Challenges: Experiences of Australian Therapists who use Schema Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Narrative Therapy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Parents make up a significant portion of mental health service users and often face unique challenges balancing their mental health needs with parenting. There is limited research on which therapies best support parents with mental health challenges. This PhD project explored the experiences of Australian therapists using three therapeutic approaches—schema therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and narrative therapy—to better understand what works in helping parents with mental health challenges. The findings aim to improve therapeutic support for both parents and their families.
Embryological studies in the compositae. IV. Sporogenesis, gametogenesis, and embryogeny in Brachycome ciliaris (Labill.) Less

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Material of two varieties of Brachycome ciliaris was obtained from several localities in southern Queensland and western New South Wales, and no embryological differences were found between populations in spite of considerable morphological variations. The plant was highly male-sterile, and although development of the anthers was normal up to the formation of microspore mother cells, presumed meiotic abnormalities resulted in failure to form microspore tetrads except in one instance. The formation of plasmodial microspore mother cells and unreduced pollen grains is described and the occurrence of normal pollen grains in two capitula is recorded. In the ovule, meiosis is suppressed and the megaspore mother cell becomes vacuolate and functions directly as the uninucleate embryo sac. Three nuclear divisions precede the formation of an eight-nucleate embryo sac in which the antipodal cells undergo secondary multiplication. There is circumstantial evidence that the polar nuclei divide simultaneously to form the fist four endosperm nuclei and do not first fuse to form a secondary nucleus. The egg cell develops parthenogenetically and cleavages follow the asterad type of development. The eariy stages of embryogeny are completed before the opening of the florets.
sj-docx-2-msj-10.1177_17455065211070666 – Supplemental material for Confidence to manage menstruation among university students in Australia: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-msj-10.1177_17455065211070666 for Confidence to manage menstruation among university students in Australia: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey by Alana K Munro, Melanie Keep, Erin C Hunter and Syeda Z Hossain in Women’s Health
Preferential Cu 2 Coordination by His 96 and His 111 Induces -Sheet Formation in the Unstructured Amyloidogenic Region

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The prion protein (PrP) is a Cu 2 binding cell surface glycoprotein that can misfold into a -sheet-rich conformation to cause prion diseases. The majority of copper binding studies have concentrated on the octarepeat region of PrP. However, using a range of spectroscopic techniques, we show that copper binds preferentially to an unstructured region of PrP between residues 90 and 115, outside of the octarepeat domain. Comparison of recombinant PrP with PrP-(91–115) indicates that this prion fragment is a good model for Cu 2 binding to the full-length protein. In contrast to previous reports we show that Cu 2 binds to this region of PrP with a nanomolar dissociation constant. NMR and EPR spectroscopy indicate a square-planar or square-pyramidal Cu 2 coordination utilizing histidine residues. Studies with PrP analogues show that the high affinity site requires both His 96 and His 111 as Cu 2 ligands, rather than a complex centered on His 96 as has been previously suggested. Our circular dichroism studies indicate a loss of irregular structure on copper coordination with an increase in -sheet conformation. It has been shown that this unstructured region, between residues 90 and 120, is vital for prion propagation and different strains of prion disease have been linked with copper binding. The role of Cu 2 in prion misfolding and disease must now be re-evaluated in the light of these findings. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that include Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans, mad cow disease in cattle, and scrapie in sheep. The infectious agent in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is a proteinous infectious particle or “prion,” which is devoid of nucleic acid. It is believed that these spongiform encephalopathies are caused by the accumulation of an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ). 1 This misfolded protein is rich in -sheet
Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Headache Disorders: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Headache disorders have been associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in a large sample of individuals with different headache disorders (HDs) in order to determine whether their frequency differs by headache type. Methods: Consecutive individuals with headache attending a headache outpatient clinic were interviewed with the HAM-D and HAM-A, along with age, sex, and education matched non-headache individuals. Results: Individuals numbering 2673 with headache (females 71.2%) and 464 non-headache individuals (females 70.9%) were interviewed (with participation rates of 98.3% and 91.0%, respectively). Migraine was diagnosed in 49.7%, tension-type headache in 38%, cluster headache 5.2%, and medication overuse (MO) in 21.8%. Participants with HD scored more in HAM-A (OR = 4.741, CI95%: 3.855–5.831, p < 0.001) and HAM-D scales (OR = 2.319, CI95%: 1.892–2.842, p < 0.001) than non-headache individuals. Participants with chronic HDs (≥15 days with headache for ≥3 consecutive months; 52.5%) scored higher for both HAM-A (OR = 1.944, CI95%: 1.640–2.303, p < 0.001) and HAM-D (OR = 1.625, CI95%: 1.359–1.944, p < 0.001) than those with episodic HDs (33.1%), as did participants with MO vs. participants without MO (OR = 3.418, CI95%: 2.655–4.399, p < 0.001 for HAM-A, OR = 3.043, CI95%: 2.322–3.986, p < 0.001 for HAM-D). Female and low-educated participants scored higher on both scales. Conclusion: Because symptoms of anxiety and depression are substantial in people with HD, the treating physicians should look out for such symptoms and manage them appropriately.
Age-related changes in the frequency of harassment-avoidance behaviourof virgin females of the small copper butterfly, Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mated females of the small copper butterfly Lycaena phlaeas avoid harassment by males by closing their wings and concealing themselves when in the proximity of a con-specific butterfly. This wing-closing behaviour is less frequently exhibited by virgin females that are two days old or older (i.e., potentially receptive) than by mated females. During the first 2 days after emergence, females of L. phlaeas are sexually immature and unreceptive. To determine whether recently emerged virgin females try to avoid male harassment, age-related changes in the frequency of harassment-avoidance behaviour of virgin females were investigated. On the day of emergence, a high percentage of virgin females exhibited wing-closing behaviour. Over the following 2 days, however, the frequency of this behaviour declined sharply and then reached a constant low level. This observation supports the idea that the harassment-avoidance behaviour exhibited by virgin females of L. phlaeas depends on their receptivity.
Brancker’s Table of incomposits (1668)

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In 1654, the English mathematician John Pell (1611–1685) arrived in Zürich on a diplomatic mission, and came in touch with Johann Rahn (1622–1676). Rahn became Pell’s disciple and Rahn thus developed his mathematical activities. Pell returned to England in June 1658 and in 1659 Rahn published his Teutsche Algebra [15]. It is in this book that Rahn used for the first time the symbol ÷ for division. Rahn’s book contained a 12-page table giving the smallest factors of all odd numbers not divisible by 5 up to 23999 (figure 1) [15, pp. 37–48]. This table had been computed for Rahn by Balthasar Keller [11, p. 200]. One page covered an interval of 2000 integers, with 20 columns of one hundred. 2 The English translation with Brancker’s table (1668)
Design of Regenerative Braking System and Speed Control of BLDC Motor for Electric Vehicle

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The workshop is intended to build up a Regenerative stopping mechanism and speed control for BLDC Motor.Brushless direct current engines.BLDC are getting to be well known in numerous applications including electrical vehicles in view of their capacity to take care of the demand of high power thickness, high productivity, wide speed range, and vigor, minimal effort and less upkeep.The speed control and braking strategies are proposed dependent on heartbeat width regulation strategy.Regenerative framework [RS] can enhance vitality use proficiency and acquisitions of signs like speed of turn are generally utilized in electric vehicles.Regenerative process and estimation of rotational speed in electric vehicles are uncommonly utilized.In all cases for acknowledgment of exact and ongoing control of engine drives.Securing of rotational speed esteems will help for a sound power over connected breaking power.This concurrent strategy for estimating rotational speed data in regenerative electric vehicle.This displayed work likewise made a noteworthy donation in recognizing the perfect and genuine places of the Hall Effect sensor.Arduino microcontroller is utilized for programming the circuits of Hall Effect sensor flag molding which helps in the pivot of regenerative vehicle framework.Likewise this course gives least complex framework to regenerative braking utilizing BLDC engine to enhance the mileage of lightweight electric vehicles (EVs).This work can be upgraded by building up the proficient charging plan for battery, with the goal that it will tend to expand the battery life.
Clinical Relevance of Modified Alvarado Score in Acute Appendicitis in Present Scenario

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Appendix is surely, the most commonly harvested organ of the body.On looking up the literature, we found, that the negative appendectomy rates have been consistently maintained all through these years.Negative appendectomy not only increases economic burden on health care facilities of a developing country like India, but also has a negative impact on the overall health of the patient.The following study was therefore, taken up to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Modified Alvarado scoring system and its ultimate effect on mortality and morbidity of the patient.Though this is an old score, but we restudied it, to revalidate as well as to promote the use of this simple, economical and objective clinical score which actually uses established clinical methods, important for residents training program, to reach the diagnosis instead of the costly radiological methods.Material and methods: 50 patients presenting with the lower quadrant abdominal pain and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected randomly and included in the study.Modified Alvarado Score was calculated for each one of them.Confirmation of the diagnosis was done after the histopathological examination of appendix.Results: Modified Alvarado Score >7 was found in 80% (i.e.82.75% of males and 76.19% of females) of patients with appendicitis.In addition to these findings, we also got exact information about the age and sex distribution along with the most common presenting complaint, the postoperative complications and the need for post operative stay in appendicitis patients.Conclusion: Modified Alvarado Score is a fast, simple, noninvasive, repeatable and highly economical score.When applied purposefully and objectively, it can prevent delay in surgeries and hence complications as well as can reduce negative appendectomies.
Analysis of the Gut Mycobiome in Adult Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) with Increased Sensitivity—Pilot Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The studies on microbiome in the human digestive tract indicate that fungi could also be one of the external factors affecting development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative mycobiome composition in the colon of the adults with type 1 (T1D), n = 26 and type 2 (T2D) diabetes, n = 24 compared to the control group, n = 26. The gut mycobiome was characterized in the stool samples using the analysis of the whole internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal rDNA gene cluster by next-generation sequencing (NGS) with increased sensitivity. At the L2 (phylum) level, Basidiomycota fungi were predominant in all 3 study groups. Group T1D presented significantly lower number of Ascomycota compared to the T2D group, and at the L6 (genus) level, the T1D group presented significantly lower number of Saccharomyces genus compared to control and T2D groups. In the T1D group, a significant positive correlation between total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and fungi of the genus Saccharomyces, and in the T2D group, a negative correlation between the total cholesterol level and Malassezia genus was found. The obtained results seem to be a good foundation to extend the analysis of the relationship between individual genera and species of fungi and the parameters determining the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in the human body.
Ali Yaşar Sarıbay (1952 - …)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ali Yasar Saribay was searched in this study. He is one of the most important social scientist in contemporary Turkey. A critical literature review accomplished on the first stage. Following this, a rather detailed interview schedule with mostly open-ended (unstructured) questions were prepared. And than, a very successful and productive face to face interview was realised with the author.
Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress Are Associated With Inferior Cognitive Function After Therapy for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exhibit increased rates of neurocognitive deficits. This study was conducted to test whether interpatient variability in neurocognitive outcomes can be explained by polymorphisms in candidate genes conferring susceptibility to neurocognitive decline. Methods Neurocognitive testing was conducted in 350 pediatric leukemia survivors, treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocols 95-01 or 00-01. Genomic DNA was isolated from bone marrow collected at remission. Candidate polymorphisms were selected on the basis of prior literature, targeting genes related to drug metabolism, oxidative damage, altered neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and folate physiology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected using either a customized multiplexed Sequenom MassARRAY assay or polymerase chain reaction–based allelic discrimination assays. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of genotype on neurocognitive outcomes, adjusted for the effects of demographic and treatment variables. False-discovery rate correction was made for multiple hypothesis testing, indicated as a Q value. Results Inferior cognitive or behavioral outcomes were associated with polymorphisms in three genes related to oxidative stress and/or neuroinflammation: NOS3 (IQ, Q = 0.008; Vocabulary Q = 0.011; Matrix Reasoning Q = 0.008), SLCO2A1 (IQ Q = 0.043; Digit Span Q = 0.006; Block Design Q = 0.076), and COMT (Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2 Attention Q = 0.080; and Hyperactivity Q = 0.084). Survivors homozygous for NOS3 894T, with at least one SLCO2A1 variant G allele or with at least one GSTP1 variant allele, had lower mean estimated IQ scores than those without these genotypes. Conclusion These data are consistent with the hypothesis that oxidative damage contributes to chemotherapy-associated neurocognitive decline among children with leukemia.