jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE RISK

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract There is substantial evidence indicating that among all racial groups, Blacks have the highest Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. Despite the wide support for this disparity, the reasons for these racial differences in AD risk remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine how lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, smoking, and social contacts) mediate and moderate the relationship between race and AD risk among Black and White older adults. This study used seven annual waves (2011-2017) of prospective data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a large nationally representative U.S. sample of older adults. At each wave, physical activity was measured as whether they engaged in vigorous physical activities; smoking was measured as whether they were cigarette smokers; and social contacts was measured as whether they visited friends/family outside of their home. The dependent variable was age of AD diagnosis. Multivariate analyses were conducted using the Cox proportional hazards model. Blacks had a 1.3 times significantly higher risk for AD compared to Whites (Hazard Ratio [HR]=1.31, p=.03). After controlling for lifestyle behaviors as a mediator, racial differences in AD risk were attenuated and no longer significantly different between Blacks and Whites (HR=1.05, p=.74). For the moderation model, interactions between race and each lifestyle behavior generated no statistically significant results. Our findings indicate lifestyle behaviors contribute to racial differences in AD risk between Blacks and Whites. Future research is needed among Black populations to identify specific lifestyle behaviors that are especially protective against AD as targets of intervention.
On choosing and bounding probability metrics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

When studying convergence of measures, an important issue is the choice of probability metric. In this review, we provide a summary and some new results concerning bounds among ten important probability metrics/distances that are used by statisticians and probabilists. We focus on these metrics because they are either well-known, commonly used, or admit practical bounding techniques. We summarize these relationships in a handy reference diagram, and also give examples to show how rates of convergence can depend on the metric chosen.
China's Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

China’s Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada is one of the first in-depth studies of China’s increasing interest in the Arctic. It offers a holistic approach to understanding Chinese motivations and the potential impacts of greater Chinese presence in the circumpolar region, exploring resource development, shipping, scientific research, governance, and security. Drawing on extensive research in Chinese government documentation, business and media reports, and current academic literature, this timely volume eschews the traditional assumption that Chinese actions are unified and monolithic in their approach to Arctic affairs. Instead, it offers a careful analysis of the different and often competing, interests and priorities of Chinese government and industry. Analyzing Chinese interests and activities from a Canadian perspective, the book provides an unparalleled point of reference to discuss the implications for the Canadian and broader circumpolar North.
Portfolio as an assessment method in PBL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problem and Project Based Learning (PBL) is generally regarded as an innovative method for engineering education. When compared to traditional lecture-based or teacher-centered engineering curriculum, the PBL model appears to inspire a higher degree of involvement in study activity. The definition of PBL is still somewhat open and designing a PBL curriculum is dependent on the objectives of a particular institution. What is even more undefined and under developed in a PBL curriculum is constructive alignment. The principle of constructive alignment is that the curriculum is developed so that the learning activities and assessment tasks are aligned with the learning outcomes that are intended in the unit of study. Therefore, assessment tasks and assessment methods are a critical issue not just in a PBL curriculum but also in a teacher-centered environment. This paper focuses on a portfolio as a method of assessment in PBL environment. The paper will illustrate two case studies. The first case study will outline Victoria University in Melbourne Australia experience to evaluate projects by the use of portfolio, whereas the second case study will describe the Aalborg University Denmark experience of course assignment to assess students' process competencies.
Benefits of total hip replacement to older patients and the community.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The benefits of total hip replacement in 49 people aged 55-84 with osteoarthrosis of the hip were evaluated. The main benefit was relief of symptoms, 40 patients being pain free after operation. Range of hip movement and mobility improved moderately in most patients. After operation most patients were better able to perform certain activities of daily life, though only six were completely independent, the rest requiring aids or help from others. Nevertheless, 18 of the patients' main helpers estimated that they had more time free of tasks previously performed for the patient. There was a small reduction in the need for community medical resources such as home visits from general practitioners or district nurses. Thirteen patients were still taking antiarthritic drugs. Older patients needed to spend longer in hospital after operation because of complications. It was concluded that total hip replacement contributed to improving the quality of life of patients and their helpers, while also helping to reduce the demand for community health and welfare services.
Sense of Indebtedness Toward Parents

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research examined the construct “sense of indebtedness toward parents” (SIP) as a concept that helps explain positive change in Korean American (KA) emerging adults’ views of their parents despite experiencing a high level of parent-adolescent challenges. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 KA emerging adults. Most described experiencing SIP, defined as “a person’s recognition of his or her immigrant parents’ child-centered immigration aspirations and their sacrifice for the sake of children.” Findings showed that the formation of SIP was facilitated by processes related to developmental and contextual changes pertaining to emerging adulthood. These processes helped participants reinterpret their experiences with parents as entailing sacrifices made on their behalf. The findings highlight diverse emerging adulthood experience due to immigrant or cultural context.
Reynolds stresses and differential rotation II. Mean-field models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The zonal momentum fluxes in a turbulent rotating system are formally expressed by sums of flux modes whose latitude dependence is sin21Θ. The resulting profiles in latitude of the angular velocity Ω and the horizontal Reynolds stress are derived for the surface of the fluid. Very thin convection zones and those with strong density stratification behave in a very similar way: their surface profiles show nearly the same modal structure as the momentum fluxes. Besides the turbulence parameters, only the thickness of the convective layer is required to determine the amplitudes of the resulting profiles; no damping due to the strong density stratification appears. Even the lowest order models with l=1 and 2 can account for both the observed solar rotation law and the horizontal Reynolds stress (the Ward profile). The required vertical flux modes represent an inward transport of angular momentum and the required horizontal flux modes an equatorward transport. They must each be increased if the natural outward decrease of the non-fundamental modes (i.e. l>0) of the zonal momentum fluxes is included.
SH2744943.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Exploring College Students’ Cultural View from a Knowledge Creation Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to investigate college students’ cultural views. To this end, an exploratory study was implemented, and data mainly came from students’ essay writing (via individual reflective activities) and focused group discussion (via collective reflective activities). The participants were 176 college students taking a culture-related course. Content analysis was employed to analyze data, and a coding scheme highlighting three general cultural views (i.e. transmission, exchange, and innovation) was developed. Findings indicate that college students typically hold a more conservative, transmission-oriented view that sees culture mainly as a legacy left by previous generations. They did not also see culture as something that should be further improved or innovated (an innovation-oriented view). In addition, students’ discussion also showed that they had a superficial understanding of why culture is important for the overall progress of a society. Some implications for curricular and instructional designs for promoting cultural awareness and multiculturism were discussed.
Dermatitis Herpetiformis with Acantholysis or Pemphigus with Response to Sulfonamides

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acantholysis or epidermal cellular separation is a general property of reaction of the epidermis. It may occur secondarily in many pathologic circumstances or it may be produced experimentally by cantharidin, proteolytic enzymes, sulfhydryl-splitting agents, extremes of pH, and heat.14,15The discovery of the association of primary acantholysis with pemphigus by Civatte was a most important step in understanding pemphigus, and acantholysis has become the key to its diagnosis. The Tzanck technique, which demonstrates acantholytic cells in suspected cases of pemphigus, was a further contribution to the diagnosis of bullous diseases.16The vigorous emphasis on primary acantholysis by later writers (Lever, Director, Rook and associates,12,13Ormsby and Montgomery) has appeared logical in the terms of most clinical experience. This concept restricted the diagnosis of pemphigus to certain cases only, and it has seemed useful to group other cases of a severe, nonacantholytic bullous disease as a separate entity
Successful Pain Management of Primary and Independent Spread Sites in a Child with CRPS Type I Using Regional Nerve Blocks

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dear Editor,

A 14-year-old girl reported severe pain of the left first toe after a sprain of the left ankle joint when she was 9 years old. She complained of continuous pain in her chest, back, abdomen, and left first toe. The pain at all the sites was of a burning type with intensity of 6 on the numerical rating pain scale. She was unable to walk due to pain. Mechanical allodynia was present. Redness and swelling were recognized over the left first toe. …
Analysis of Classification Algorithms in Drug Classification Using Weka Data Mining Tool

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Classification algorithms have been found to produce better results in terms of performance and accuracy, when used with drug observation dataset. Three machine learning algorithms such as J48, Naive Bayes, and K-Nearest Neighbor are compared using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) in this paper. In addition, these three well-known classification methods are evaluated based on different Quality of Service parameters to find the best fit classifier for the design of the model. The analysis procedure of dataset and the performance indicators are discussed. These results help to draw a conclusion about which of the three algorithms is the best for drug classification.
Predicting Atmospheric Water-Soluble Organic Mass Reversibly Partitioned to Aerosol Liquid Water in the Eastern United States

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) formed through aqueous processes contributes substantially to total atmospheric aerosol, however, the impact of water evaporation on particle concentrations is highly uncertain. Herein, we present a novel approach to predict the amount of evaporated organic mass induced by sample drying using multivariate polynomial regression and random forest (RF) machine learning models. The impact of particle drying on fine WSOM was monitored during three consecutive summers in Baltimore, MD (2015, 2016, and 2017). The amount of evaporated organic mass was dependent on relative humidity (RH), WSOM concentrations, isoprene concentrations, and NOx/isoprene ratios. Different models corresponding to each class were fitted (trained and tested) to data from the summers of 2015 and 2016 while model validation was performed using summer 2017 data. Using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE), it was concluded that an RF model with 100 decision trees had the best performance (R2 of 0.81) and the lowest normalized mean error (NME < 1%) leading to low model uncertainties. The relative feature importance for the RF model was calculated to be 0.55, 0.2, 0.15, and 0.1 for WSOM concentrations, RH levels, isoprene concentrations, and NOx/isoprene ratios, respectively. The machine learning model was thus used to predict summertime concentrations of evaporated organics in Yorkville, Georgia, and Centerville, Alabama in 2016 and 2013, respectively. Results presented herein have implications for measurements that rely on sample drying using a machine learning approach for the analysis and interpretation of atmospheric data sets to elucidate their complex behavior.
Effect of Additive on the Enzymatic Reaction

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In spite of their excellent catalytic properties,the enzyme properties have to be usually improved before their implementation on industrial scale.As a simple method,additives have often been used to improve the enzyme properties.This article surveys the effect of different kinds of additive on the activity,enantioselectivity and stability of enzyme in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.Based on the literature in recent years,the new advances in the effect of additive on the enzymatic reaction have been summarized and the mechanism of additive has been discussed in detail.The usage of additives has a good application prospect to improve the properties of enzyme.
Production-Distribution Planning with Fuzzy Costs

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a competitive market environment agility (flexibility and responsiveness) is a crucial strategic issue for manufacturing systems in order to broaden their market share. Adopting a BTO strategy would allow firms to effectively customize their products to a greater degree towards meeting specific customer requirements, and also it entails large cost savings by reducing raw material, WIP and finished good inventories while improving production flexibility. In this paper, we propose an integrated production-distribution planning model for a build-to-order supply chain (BOSC) with uncertain cost parameters. The BOSC scheduling model is constructed as a mixed integer fuzzy programming (MIFP) problem with a goal of reducing the overall operating costs related with component fabrication, procurement, assembling, inspection, logistics and inventory while improving customers satisfaction by allowing product customization and meeting delivery promise dates at each market outlet. An efficient compromise solution approach by transforming the problem to an auxiliary multi-objective linear programming model is also suggested
Headquarters-foreign subsidiary control relationships: three conceptual frameworks

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

When a corporation establishes a subsidiary in a foreign country,its managers must decide how much control they need to maintain over the subsidiary′s managers. A headquarters-foreign subsidiary control relationship (HSR) can be one of centralization or decentralization. The first framework proposes that national culture influences the HSR. The second framework posits that certain situational factors influence the HSR in all countries. The third framework puts forth the idea that either too much centralization or too much decentralization eventually leads to organizational ineffectiveness. Therefore, effective HSRs are those which are balanced. A balanced HSR is attained when headquarters(HQ) managers make decisions based on: an understanding of the cultural and other needs of foreign subsidiary managers; an understanding of the needs of specific organizational situations; and an organizational global vision, core values, and cultural principles which are shared by all subsidiary managers.
Translation into Brazilian portuguese and validation of the psoriasis family index

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Psoriasis Family Index is a quality of life instrument for family members of patients with psoriasis developed in English. The aims of this study were to translate the Psoriasis Family Index into Brazilian Portuguese, culturally adapt it and verify its reliability and validity. The study followed these two steps: 1) Translation, linguistic and cultural adaptation, 2) Validation. The translated Psoriasis Family Index showed high internal consistency and high test-retest reliability, confirming its reproducibility. The Portuguese version of the Psoriasis Family Index was validated for our population and can be recommended as a reliable instrument to assess the QoL of family members and partners of patients with psoriasis.
Size-related mineralogical and surface physico-chemical properties of inorganic colloidal particles in recent marine sediments of the Adriatic

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Mineral particles play a major role in biogeochemical processes in nature, particularly in binding,
transport and deposition of different organic and inorganic compounds. Among them, the colloidal mineral
phases, particles in the submicron- and the nanosized range represent the most reactive mineral surfaces in the
environment (HOCHELLA et al., 2008; TANG et al., 2009; PLATHE et al., 2013). Through complex
physico-chemical processes associated with their surfaces, these solids affect bioavailability, toxicity and the
fate of the associated inorganic and organic compounds. Their unique surface reactivity is a consequence of
their size-related structural and surface physico-chemical properties.
In marine sediments, the colloidal mineral fraction mostly consists of clay minerals, metal oxides and
oxyhydroxides, sulphides, and, sporadically, carbonates (PERRET et al., 1994). Carbonate minerals are rarely
found in the nanosized range and mostly occur as lithogenic and biogenic fragments in coarser fractions
(BUFFLE et al., 1998). The results obtained in this study show the mineral composition, occurrence,
distribution and the surface physico-chemical properties; specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange
capacity (CEC) of different size fractions collected in various sedimentological environments in the Adriatic
Sea. The influence of organic and inorganic surface coatings on the reactivity of mineral surfaces was
investigated. A detailed mineralogical investigation revealed significant changes in the composition of mineral
particles in the clay fraction. The obtained results revealed presence of nanosized particles mainly in the form
of microaggregates in strong associations with organic matter, difficult to disrupt even despite of chemical
treatments. The authigenic precipitation seems to be the main mechanism leading to a more significant share
of carbonates in the colloidal size range. In sediments where weathering of carbonates is the main source of
their origin, their occurrence was limited to coarser size fractions and clay minerals were the dominant
mineral phase in the colloidal size range. These changes in the mineralogical composition were reflected in
the surface physico-chemical parameters. As a result, size fractions with predominance of submicron-sized
clay minerals showed a significant increase in SSA and CEC with particle size lowering.
Examining African children’s musical arts experiences as learning resources for children

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Musical arts exist in all cultures as part of children's activities, as a way of expression, and as a form of communication. They present a formidable body of learning material, having been used as an instruction and correctional medium in African cultures for years. The focus of this article is how children's game songs can be effectively used to develop musicianship in children at primary school level. Focusing on Kenya and Zimbabwe, the article looks first at the characteristics and the element of play in selected children's games and accompanying songs. Building on selected theoretical and conceptual underpinnings, the article outlines the type of learning enhanced during these games, and finally highlights the (traditional) pedagogical systems used in the learning processes. Next, educators are challenged to integrate contextual music when instructing children in the classroom and to employ multiple activities that call upon the use of many senses, advocating integrating music, storytelling, art, drama and creative movement to make learning effective and interesting. Finally, the article reports the outcome of a study in Zimbabwe that established that games engage children in activities that assist in the articulation of musical elements such as rhythm.
General Strain Theory, Gender, and the Conditioning Influence of Negative Internalizing Emotions on Youth Risk Behaviors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Girls’ maladaptive responses to strain may be more likely to manifest in self-directed deviance than externally directed deviance, partly due to the role of depression/anxiety in girls’ lives. These assertions are tested using the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Gendered maladaptive outcomes—aggressive delinquency, running away, substance use, and suicidal behavior—are regressed on negative emotions and serious strain. The moderating effects of depression/anxiety are also tested. Depression/anxiety is associated with less aggressive delinquency for girls and amplifies the effects of strain and anger on nonaggressive maladaptive outcomes. The results help explain how gender influences relationships among strain, externalizing and internalizing negative emotions, and risk behaviors.