jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hot-carrier photodetector beyond spectral limit

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The wavelength limit (λc) of detection in a conventional photodetector is limited to a characteristic energy (Δ) through the relationship: λc = hc/Δ, where Δ also determines the detector noise (dark current) and hence its performance such as the operating temperature. Here, we report an infrared photodetector with an extended operating range (responding beyond the standard spectral threshold) based on a hot-hole energy transfer mechanism. A detector with Δ = 0.32 eV showing a striking response up to 100 µm has been demonstrated, whereas without the hot-carrier effect the threshold should correspond to ∼3.9 µm. A detectivity of 7.8×10 9 cm Hz 1/2 /W at 22 µm has been measured at 80 K.
A Node-Oriented Discrete Event Scheduling Algorithm Based on Finite Resource Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Discrete event simulation is the most important and essential part in network simulation. The node-oriented model of discrete event scheduling is a model that allocates computing resources as nodes and makes the discrete event simulation as a simulation task on nodes. In this article the reason of low performance in large-scale network simulation is analyzed, and an ideal node-oriented model of discrete event scheduling is presented and a resource-limited node-oriented model of discrete event scheduling by adding some restrictions on network resources is proposed. Then, the authors complete contrast experiments of the resource-limited node-oriented model of discrete event scheduling and NS2. Finally, packet loss in resource-limited node-oriented model of discrete event scheduling is examined. Also, NS2 is discussed in this article and the authors have proposed an improved method for the packet loss algorithm in a resource-limited node-oriented model of discrete event scheduling.
Efficient Algorithm for the Traffic Assignment Problem with Side Constraints

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The standard traffic assignment problem (TAP) is often augmented with additional constraints to address non-standard applications. These models are called TAP with side constraints (TAPSC). Despite the rising significance of TAPSC models, the ability to efficiently solve them to satisfactory precision remains limited in real-world applications. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by integrating a recently developed high performance TAP solver, known as the path-based Greedy algorithm, with the augmented Lagrangian multiplier (ALM) method. This paper examines how precisely the subproblems in the ALM method should be solved to optimize the overall convergence performance. It is found that insufficiently converged subproblem solutions sometimes lead to catastrophic failures, although pursuing extremely high precision could also be counterproductive. Accordingly, it is proposed to adjust the precision required to solve the subproblems based on an approximate gap measured by the augmented Lagrangian. Results of numerical experiments show that adaptively adjusting the subproblem precision limit produces a 25% speed-up compared with the algorithm with a fixed limit.
Germination strategies under climate change scenarios along an aridity gradient

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Aims Climate change in the eastern Mediterranean region will have a strong impact on ecosystem functioning and plant community dynamics due to a reduction in annual rainfall and increased variability. We aim to understand the role of seed banks as potential buffers against climatic uncertainty determined by climate change. Methods We examined germination strategies of 18 common species present along an aridity gradient. Data were obtained from soil seed banks germinated during nine consecutive years from arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean and mesic Mediterranean ecosystems. At the semi-arid and Mediterranean sites, rainfall manipulations simulating 30% drought and 30% rainfall increase were applied. Germination strategies were tested under optimal irrigation conditions during three consecutive germination seasons to determine overall seed germinability in each soil sample. Changes in germination strategy were examined using a novel statistical approach that considers the climatic and biotic factors that may affect seed germinability. Important Findings The results showed that dominant species controlled their germination fractions by producing seeds with a different yearly germination fraction probability. The amount of rainfall under which the seeds were produced led to two major seed types with respect to germinability: high germinability, seeds leading to transient seed banks, and low germinability, seeds leading to persistent seed banks. We conclude that differential seed production among wet and dry years of both seed types creates a stable balance along the aridity gradient, enabling the soil seed bank to serve as a stabilizing mechanism buffering against rainfall unpredictability. Additionally, we present a general model of germination strategies of dominant annual species in Mediterranean and arid ecosystems that strengthens the notion of soil seed banks as buffers against climatic uncertainty induced by climate change in the region.
The computational power of matchgates and the XY interaction on\n arbitrary graphs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Matchgates are a restricted set of two-qubit gates known to be classically\nsimulable when acting on nearest-neighbor qubits on a path, but universal for\nquantum computation when the qubits are arranged on certain other graphs. Here\nwe characterize the power of matchgates acting on arbitrary graphs.\nSpecifically, we show that they are universal on any connected graph other than\na path or a cycle, and that they are classically simulable on a cycle. We also\nprove the same dichotomy for the XY interaction, a proper subset of matchgates\nrelated to some implementations of quantum computing.\n
PROBABILISTIC SIZING OF WIND AND HYDROGEN POWER SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE AREAS

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract – A new probabilistic method to size all com-ponents in a wind and hydrogen stand-alone power sys-tem has been proposed. The method applies the Weibull distribution and the wind turbine power curve to analyti-cally design the power plant. When the wind power ex-ceeds the load, an electrolyzer produces hydrogen from the excess power. When the wind power is insufficient to supply the load, the hydrogen is utilized in a fuel cell. Power smoothing with a battery is added to comply with the operation requirements of the electrolyzer. In addition to supplying electricity to a stationary load, hydrogen can be accessed in refueling stations for mobile applications.
Influence of a Field Hamstring Eccentric Training on Muscle Strength and Flexibility

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Muscle strength imbalances and poor flexibility are frequently described as risk factors for hamstring injury. Preventive strategies include eccentric exercises, but the influence of field eccentric exercises on these risk factors remains unclear. We investigated the influence of a field hamstring eccentric program on hamstring strength and flexibility. Twenty-seven amateur athletes were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=13) or control group (n=14). In the intervention group, participants were involved in 15 sessions of four eccentric exercises. Peak torque, hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios, passive and active flexibility were analyzed. No significant modifications of strength, passive or active flexibility were observed in the control group (p>0.05). Hamstring eccentric peak torque (+7.1%) and functional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios (9.3%) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the intervention group, but not concentric strength (p<0.05). Passive straight leg raise was significantly increased by 11.4° (+12.7%, p<0.001), but not active flexibility (+3.1%, p>0.05). In conclusion, a 6-week eccentric program, including four field exercises for hamstring muscles, is an effective method of improving eccentric strength, functional ratios and, especially, passive flexibility. As this program may be easily implemented in a real-world context, this association of multiple eccentric exercises might be useful in an injury prevention strategy.
‘Political immorality’ or an engineering solution: resolving the electricity crisis in postwar New South Wales

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The reliability of electricity supply was at the forefront of political debate in postwar New South Wales. Government-mandated power restrictions, load-shedding, and the resulting blackouts were increasingly frequent and widespread. Sound technical recommendations to resolve the effects of a fragmented industry had floundered on a lack of a political catalyst to establish central ownership and operational control of the industry. By 1950, an ineffective energy policy, ageing equipment that was unable to supply the increasing demand, inadequate maintenance, and wartime restrictions on the availability of new plant, contributed to a 30 per cent shortfall in electricity supply. Combined with a looming state election, these factors provided the political catalyst for the government to implement an energy policy to centralise the industry in May 1950 and resolve the crisis by late 1953. Resolution of the New South Wales (NSW) postwar energy crisis and the south-east Australian energy impasse of the twenty-first century were, and are, reliant on an appropriate political response and the appropriate management of technology. In the 1940s, the central problem was the lack of generation capacity; in the twenty-first century, the transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources is the core issue.
Wind Turbine Integration - Can Current Allocation Policies Curb Transmission Grid Congestions Caused by Renewables Feed-In?

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In Germany, political decisions drive the allocation of wind turbines together with investment decisions, social rejections, land use planning, regional development and ecological aspects. The past few years show that the development of renewables is faster than the grid expansion, leading to congestions in the transmission grid. Expensive redispatch measures resolve congestions but the high costs have become a subject of intense economic and political discussions. A main cause is that sites with high wind yield and load centers fall apart geographically, leading to changes in the transmission grid load flows. In order to prevent a further escalation of the problem, regulatory policies try to shift the allocation of wind turbines until the transmission grid development has caught up. However, the exact design of regulatory instruments and their technical suitability to solve the problem are unclear. The question arises whether policies addressing wind turbine allocation are suited to curb future transmission grid congestions and how they should be designed. This applies especially to the so-called grid expansion area, a regulatory scheme currently in place. In this paper, we use a toolchain of an allocation model for wind turbines which can take current or newly developed regulatory instruments into account, a market simulation and redispatch simulation for the transmission grid. Results are - amongst others - redispatch volume and costs. Based on those results for different scenarios with and without regulatory instruments, an indication of the suitability and design of those instruments is possible.
Islamic Sharia and arbitration in GCC States: The way ahead

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Irrespective of the existence of a legislative environment complying with the most recent international texts in the field of Arbitration in most GCC states; such as UNCITRAL Model Law of international Commercial Arbitration, 1985, Islamic sharia may not be sufficiently clear to foreign investors and western jurists who might consider it as an impediment jeopardizing recognition and enforcement of arbitral proceedings in Arab states especially in GCC. This article clarifies the relationship between Arbitration and the real concepts of Islamic sharia, concluding that rules of Islamic sharia would not be an impediment to the enforcement of Arbitral Awards in GCC states. The article illustrates the real concept of Islamic sharia as a part of public policy and analyzes the attitudes of recent GCC legislations, and court decisions, concerning matters looking contradictory to Islamic sharia and might constitute a legal ground to challenge arbitral awards, such as religion and gender of Arbitrators, interest rates and aleatory contracts.
Effects of Step-wise Admission on Achievement in Medical Education

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the study is to examine effects on study efficiency of specially designedadmission procedures, Step-wise admission, used for selection to medical education. In Step-wise procedures, written tests and interviews are used to assess personality traits such as motivation, social competence, patience, empathy and devotion. The selection of variables is based on assumptions about the influence of personal characteristics on success both academically and in the profession. By using data from a large-scale longitudinal project (VALUTA), the students admitted via Step-wise admission are compared to those admitted through regular admission, grades from upper secondary school and scores from the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (SweSAT). Efficiency in studies is measured by achieved credit points, interruptions in studies, drop-outs and obtained degrees. The results indicate that admissions based on the Step-wise procedures had the highest point production, in spite of lower grades, and lower SweSAT scores than the SweSAT group. Previous research has emonstrated that upper secondary grades and SweSAT scores provide good measures for predicting study success in higher education. However, in this study those admitted through grades obtain somewhat fewer points, and those admitted via SweSAT scores produce by far the lowest average number of credit points. Thus, it does seem quite interesting to investigate why the Step-wise procedure results in the selection of more successful students, and to look more closely into the relative importance of cognitive factors and other personal characteristics for achievement in medical education.
A resilience evaluation index system and evaluation method for regional distribution networks facing typhoon disasters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The occurrence of natural climate disasters such as typhoons may lead to large-scale power outages in the distribution network, and a quantitative assessment of the resilience of the power grid is a key step in preventing and resisting the harm caused by natural disasters to the power grid. This article establishes a regional distribution network resilience evaluation index system for typhoon disasters from the perspectives of reliability, safety, and economic resilience of the power grid after a typhoon occurs. Based on the above indicator system, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation technology is adopted to evaluate the resilience level of the power grid under typhoon disasters. Taking a regional distribution network in Guangzhou, China, as an example, a numerical analysis was conducted, and the results showed that the proposed resilience evaluation indicators and methods can reasonably and quantitatively evaluate the resilience level of urban distribution networks under typhoon disasters.
Structural abnormalities in the placenta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Genes regulate the development of fertilised egg into the inner cell mass (which will become the embryo, fetus and, eventually, baby) and the trophoblast (which will become the placenta).Defects in the genes that regulate these processes lead to a wide range of embryonic, fetal and neonatal defects, from minor cosmetic abnormalities, to such severe defects disasters that a pregnancy miscarries within a few days to weeks after fertilization.Since the placenta and fetus share the same genome, genetic defects in the fetus are often mirrored in the placenta as abnormal growth patterns.Abnormal growth pattern of the trophoblast layers, namely trophoblast invaginations, appear to be associated with genetic defects in the fetus.When these deep pits are cut in cross section they appear as trophoblast inclusions.Compared to the placentas from normal children there is a significantly increased frequency of trophoblast inclusions in cases of known chromosomal diseases, such as trisomy 21, 13 and 18, as well as triploidy.
Elements and Effects of the Corporate Governance on the Capital Structure in University Spin-Offs. Evidences from the Italian Context

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Scholars remark that the funding gap is one of the most problems for the full development of university spin-offs (USOs).Thus, the choices related to the capital structure of USOs have theoretical and practical implication.The paper aims to study the emerging impact of the corporate governance on the capital structure of USOs.In detail, it was assumed that managerial ownership, board size and independent directors can negatively affect the firm' leverage.Based on a sample of 418 Italian USOs over the period 2010-2014, the findings confirm the hypothesized effects, suggesting the critical role of the corporate governance in the financial issues of USOs.The paper provides new insights, although partial, about the corporate governance and financial dynamics of USOs.
Soil abiotic properties, not microbial composition or functional gene abundance, determine enzyme activities in alpine grassland soils

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This repository contains the complete raw and processed datasets that underpin the manuscript “Soil abiotic properties, not microbial composition or functional gene abundance, determine enzyme activities in alpine grassland soils.” The data were generated from 21 sampling sites collected in July–August 2019 from five representative alpine grassland types (AM = alpine meadow, AS = alpine steppe, AMS = alpine meadow-steppe ecotone, ADS = alpine desert-steppe, AD = alpine desert) on the Tibetan Plateau. All measurements derive from the same batch of 0–15 cm soils, thus eliminating temporal or spatial mismatches among variables.
Studying brand loyalty in the cosmetics industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Background: The purpose of this research is to know the brand loyalty and contribute to the knowledge that how brand credibility, brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and product knowledge is important to build brand loyalty. \n \n\tMethod: Data were collected from the female&#39;s students of department from the university of Sargodha Final analysis was performed on 125 valid respondents. Cronbach&#39;s Alpha statistic was used in order to check the reliability of the scale.&nbsp; Regression was used in order to test the hypothesis. Correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between the variables such that this analysis studied the positive relation of all the independent variables (brand credibility, brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and product knowledge) with the dependent variable (brand loyalty). \n \n\tResults and Conclusion: The results indicate the positive relationships between brand credibility, brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, product knowledge (independent variables) and brand loyalty (dependent variables). Further among all the variables studied brand awareness has the highest impact on brand loyalty and according to this research L&#39;Oreal consumer is more as compare to other brands.&nbsp; Although this research specifically studies the Brand Loyalty in University of Sargodha. However more importantly, the purpose of this study is that cosmetic industry must focus on brand association, perceived quality, product knowledge, brand credibility in order to build Brand Loyalty. To the best of researcher&#39;s knowledge, this research is first of its kind in the University of Sargodha which studies student&#39;s credibility, awareness, association, perceived quality, product knowledge and loyalty toward their favorite cosmetics brand. The results of this study are limited by the specificity of the geographic context by taking a sample of 125 students of one department from total population of University of Sargodha. This study can be expanded to different universities of Pakistan.
The Policies of the IMF and the World Bank and the Rights of Peoples

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

50 years after the holding of the Bretton Woods Conference which gave way to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB), it would seem appropriate to evaluate their track record in the light of International Law and the Rights of peoples. The enormous impact that the activities of both organisms have had and still have on the living conditions of millions of people throughout the world make such an evaluation necessary.Through an analysis of the juridical nature of the IMF and the WB together with a detailed look at its aims as well as its capacity to make decisions and the results of its actions, an attempt is made to show that these organizations do not conform -neither in their operation nor behaviour nor in the results to which these lead- to fundamental rules of International Law and that they are, as a consequence, technically responsable for such non-fulfillment to these rules and should be made to be so to full effects. However, in the current international context, it would be, politically speaking,almost implausible to raise the question of their legal responsibility and is, furthermore very difficult to do so from a legal point of view. What is questioned here is not only the management of the IMF and the WB but also its very own configuration and the essence of the concepts and the policies which they apply.
PENGARUH PENGUASAAN GERAK MELINGKAR BERATURAN TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA MATERI POKOK GRAVITASI SISWA KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 1 ANGKOLA BARAT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research aims to find out the influence of regular circular movement to the student’s achievement is gravitation of the XI SMA Negeri 1 Angkola Barat. This research is done by usng descriptive method, it is to see the description and the experiment method of both variables.The population of this research ia all of XI SMA Negeri 1 Angkola Barat. Consist of 2 classes it is 60 students. Sampel of this research is 60 students, taken by using total sampling.Based on the calculation of pre test for score for regular circular movement is 41,78, it is fail category. Based on the calculation of post test for score for regular circular movement is 66,29, it is fail it is enough category, while the mean pre test for gravitation achievement is 44,46 it is fail category. While yhe mean post test for gravitation achievement is 68,13 it is enough category. Based on the calculation in inferensial analysis, it in pre test is found that cout is 11,25 and if it is compared to t table in 5% significant it is found 2,002. After comparing t count and t table it is got that t count is greater than t table (11,25>2,002). it in pos test is found that cout is 11,37 and if it is compared to t table in 5% significant it is found 2,002. After comparing t count and t table it is got that t count is greater than t table (11,37>2,002). The hypothesis is accepted, means that there is significant influence regular circular movement to the students achievement in gravitation of the XI SMA Negeri 1 Angkola Barat.