jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT USING A TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL AND THE CONVECTION-DISPERSION EQUATION

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The convection-dispersion equation (CDE) is the most commonly used process representation for describing solute movement through soils. A transfer function is a model for studying complex soil systems in a simple way by characterizing the output flux as a function of the input flux. Extensive solute transport data from a laboratory experiment conducted through long soil columns were used to validate the intrinsic assumptions of the CDE and the transfer function. Analyses of the experimental data showed that the observed dispersion coefficient increased with the travel distance for both homogeneous and heterogeneous soils. The dispersion coefficients had a two-order change within the 1250-cm soil columns and were described using a linear function of the solute travel distance. At the same travel distance, the dispersion coefficients in the heterogeneous soil column were about 50 times higher than those in the homogeneous soil. The experimental data better supported the assumptions of the transfer function than those of the CDE. An excellent linear relationship was found between the mean of log of the travel time and log of the travel distance. In turn, the relationship well described the scale-dependent dispersion coefficients of the homogeneous and heterogeneous soil columns. The convection-dispersion equation and the transfer equation were utilized to predict solute transport in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media. Compared with the experimental data, the transfer function predicted solute transport in the porous media much more accurately than did the CDE for these examples. In addition, the soil spatial variability had a less profound effect on the transfer function predictions than on the CDE predictions.
Carceral Feminism on Repeat

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Film Quarterly contributing editor Laurie Ouellette examines the inconsistencies at the core of Law and Order: Special Victim’s Unit status as a feminist phenomenon. Since its debut in 1999, the program has been praised for promoting understandings of rape and domestic violence as introduced by the women’s movement, earning a reputation as a key popular culture home for feminist opinions. In this column, Ouellette examines the elephant in the room—SVU’s staunch support of the criminal justice system—in light of the cultural reckoning prompted by the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and others. She concludes that SVU’s incorporation of feminist sensibilities, including solidarity with victims, covers up the persistent violence of policing but may also explain why female audiences horrified by this reality have not quit SVU.
Internal Control DNA for PCR Assays Introduced into Lambda Phage Particles Exhibits Nuclease Resistance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Real-time PCR assays are widely used for the detection and quantification of pathogen-derived nucleic acids in clinical samples (1)(2)(3). Because clinical specimens contain PCR-inhibitory moieties that are not always reliably removed during nucleic acid extraction, real-time PCR assays are furnished with internal amplification controls (IACs) to identify those samples in which the PCR is inhibited (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Thus, false-negative test results or falsely diminished quantification results can be avoided.

For pathogen-specific real-time PCR assays, the IAC is usually added to clinical samples, recovered in the process of nucleic acid extraction, and amplified in either a multiplex or competitive fashion with detection usually by discrimination of hybridization probes (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Plasmid-derived DNA is commonly used as IAC. In this instance, the procedure does not provide entire control of PCR assays because the lysis of pathogens during the nucleic acid purification procedure is not monitored. Plasmid-derived IACs consist of bare, unprotected DNA; therefore, the IAC may become degraded within the clinical specimen before nucleic acid extraction or during storage in the working stock, which could lead to unreliable amplification of IAC DNA, necessitating repetition of testing.

In this report, we use a traditional lambda phage cloning procedure to generate phage particles containing target-specific IAC DNA, i.e., phage IAC. As IAC DNA we used the previously described multiple IAC that was generated for a panel of virus-specific real-time PCR assays with competitive IACs (10). We show that the obtained phage IAC contains one IAC DNA fragment, is resistant to DNase I digestion, and exhibits improved storage and handling properties as well as reliable amplification in the respective competitive real-time PCR assays.

The IAC DNA was excised from the respective plasmid (pCR-II-TOPO) …
Prisoners with intellectual disability: How to adapt interventions and the environment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is an increasing interest in the Spanish prison to give the appropriate care when they are in prison. This situation has a special meaning in inmates with learning disabilities, as they are a vulnerable group inside prison. They are vulnerable in different areas as they have a high prevalence dual diagnosis (both with mental illness and drug misuse), they could suffer from abuse from other inmates, difficulties to understand prison regulations, etc. The prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in the prison setting has been poorly evaluated. In Spain, despite various approximations or estimates regarding people with intellectual disabilities no reliable data is available. In our presentation, we will give an overview of the care of this group of patients, presenting some data from an epidemiological study in Spain. The rate of learning disabilities was of 3.77% of the study population has an IQ below 70, and 7, 3% has borderline IQ rate. We also describe a new setting in one of wards of a prison of Barcelona where has a model of therapeutic community for treating offenders with intellectual disabilities. This resource open two years ago and is run between prison services and an organization “Accepta” (specialized in people with learning disability and penal law problems). This is an effort from the prison services to adapt to the needs of inmates and deliver a better service with a good post-release follow-up. And finally, we present some data about learning disability in penitentiary psychiatric settings (the prevalence as a main diagnose is around 10%). Disclosure of interest The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Studies on the Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Dissipation in Foods

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An enzymatic colorimetric method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in udon (Japanese noodles) and shark fins was developed. Hydrogen peroxide was extracted from samples with water. After filtration, the extract was treated with o-phenylenediamine and peroxidase in citrate buffer (pH 5.0). Color development was determined by spectrophotometry at 490 nm. Recovery studies were performed at spiked levels 0.92, 3.68 and 9.20 ppm. Average recoveries ranged 90.7∼99.9 and 65.3∼91.7% from udon and shark fins respectively. Coefficients of variation for average recoveries were less than 5%. The detection limit was 0.05 ppm in these commodities. The hydrogen peroxide residues in udon do not decompose or diminish effectively during storage and boiling process. But hydrogen peroxide residues in shark fins were removed by dipping and subsequent boiling with water. Twenty samples of dried shark fins and thirteen samples of udon purchased from various markets were analyzed using the proposed method. The results showed that twelve samples of dried shark fins from grocery stores contained hydrogen peroxide residues ranged from 0.9 to 5451 ppm. Six udon samples purchased from traditional markets contained hydrogen peroxide residues ranged from 5.2 to 516 ppm. No hydrogen peroxide residue was detected in the other seven udon samples purchased from supermarkets.
Difference Galois groups under specialization

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a difference analogue of a result given by Hrushovski on differential Galois groups under specialization. Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and $\mathbb{X}$ an irreducible affine algebraic variety over $k$. Consider the linear difference equation $$ σ(Y)=AY $$ where $A\in \mathrm{GL}_n(k(\mathbb{X})(x))$ and $σ$ is the shift operator $σ(x)=x+1$. Assume that the Galois group $G$ of the above equation over $\overline{k(\mathbb{X})}(x)$ is defined over $k(\mathbb{X})$ i.e. the vanishing ideal of $G$ is generated by a finite set $S\subset k(\mathbb{X})[X,1/\det(X)]$. For a ${\bf c}\in \mathbb{X}$, denote by $v_{\bf c}$ the map from $k[\mathbb{X}]$ to $k$ given by $v_{\bf c}(f)=f({\bf c})$ for any $f\in k[\mathbb{X}]$. We prove that the set of ${\bf c}\in \mathbb{X}$ satisfying that $v_{\bf c}(A)$ and $v_{\bf c}(S)$ are well-defined and the affine variety in $\mathrm{GL}_n(k)$ defined by $v_{\bf c}(S)$ is the Galois group of $σ(Y)=v_{\bf c}(A)Y$ over $k(x)$ is Zariski dense in $\mathbb{X}$. We apply our result to van der Put-Singer's conjecture which asserts that an algebraic subgroup $G$ of $\mathrm{GL}_n(k)$ is the Galois group of a linear difference equation over $k(x)$ if and only if the quotient $G/G^\circ$ by the identity component is cyclic. We show that if van der Put-Singer's conjecture is true for $k=\mathbb{C}$ then it will be true for any algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic zero.
Quartz Piezo Electrometer

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Pierre Curie, husband of Marie Curie, built this piezo-electric apparatus around 1889. After years of use in the Curie laboratory, Marie Curie donated the device to The College of Physicians of Philadelphia on a visit in 1921. The device has been on display at the College since then, except for a brief time in 1988, when Museum staff discovered it to be radioactive and it had to be decontaminated. \n \nThis device is one of two original piezo machines that the Curies employed in their discovery of radium and polonium. As a forerunner to the modern dosimeter, it was one of the first tools to measure radioactivity. The other piezo device used by the Curies did not survive. \n \nWithin the brass box a thin piece of quartz crystal, sandwiched between two rods, suspends a small pan. When weights are added to the pan, the crystal is stressed, producing electric charge. This is the piezo-electric effect, discovered by Pierre Curie. Though the charge produced is small – in the pico-amperes – it is predictable and quantifiable as a function of the known weight added to the pan. \n \nThe Curies used this device to measure the activity of a radioactive substance – an important property to quantify as radiation treatments for cancer were developed. They measured radiation by attaching the piezo-electric apparatus and a radioactive source in a nearby ionization chamber to an electrometer. The amount of radioactivity was determined by adding and subtracting weights on the pan so that the current produced by the quartz matched the current produced by the radioactive substance. \n \nThe piezo-electric device pictured here is missing several elements; for example, electrical contact points are needed for the charge produced by the crystal to reach the electrometer (also not shown, nor is the ionization chamber for the radioactive substance).
Popcorn phenomena in a ball grid array package

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Plastic ball grid array packages can be an alternative to the fine-pitch plastic quad flat package with many I/O's, due to its advantages, such as small footprint and high density interconnect, improved module assembly yield, superior thermal and electrical performances to plastic quad flat packages, etc. In spite of these many advantages, there are several concerns which hinder the plastic ball grid array package from the widespread use. One of them is the package cracking by popcorn phenomena. For the purpose of studying the popcorn phenomena, plastic ball grid array packages with 129 I/O's were tested under the pre-conditioning test conditions. Observations using scanning acoustic tomography and optical microscopy were carried out to investigate the existence of delaminations and cracks in the package, and the cracking patterns after IR reflow. Package deformations and thermomechanical stress distributions in the package were calculated by the finite element method (FEM). Three types of substrates were tried to prove that open thermal viaholes under die pad could prevent popcorn cracking during IR reflow. From the experiments and the observations, it was concluded that package cracking, which was caused by the expansion of moisture concentrated at the die adhesive layer, could be prevented using open thermal viahole under die pad. The open thermal viaholes acted as vent holes, through which the expanded water vapor could escape without causing popcorn cracking. The die-attach process using UV tape was effective in the assembly of the packages with open thermal viaholes.< >
A Lesson from Shakespeare to the Modern Judge on Law, Disobedience, Justification, and Mercy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The strict adherence to the letter of the law and the inclination to bend when circumstances demand is one of the oldest tensions in law. Both themes are woven through Anglo-American law, and are significantly able to explain why the English developed two parallel institutions for the resolution of civil disputes: the common-law courts and the courts of equity. In several of Shakespeare's plays, this timely question about the law is confronted: are there legitimate avenues where one can avoid the harsh result of a law without undermining its importance and status? The Comedy of Errors opens with a conversation regarding a draconian law that keeps the audience on the edge. A Midsummer Night's Dream finds someone faced with the choice of either death or a form of banishment to a nunnery. The chapter focuses on the derivation of lessons that may be gleaned from Shakespeare's plays, and how they reflect our modern legal systems.
Ultrasound for Detection of Ascites and for Guidance of the Paracentesis Procedure: Technique and Review of the Literature

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: To review the use of ultrasound (US) for the detection of free intraperitoneal fluid (ascites) and for the procedural guidance of the paracentesis procedure. Methods: Two clinical vignettes are presented to review the pertinent diagnostic, management and safety considerations associated with paracentesis. First, US techniques used for the identification of ascites and in the quantification of fluid pockets amenable to aspiration will be discussed. Next, the actual steps required for the performance of US-guided paracentesis will be covered. A review and analysis of the most current literature regarding US and paracentesis then follows. Conclusion: Current literature favors US-guided paracentesis over the traditional blind technique with a significant reduction in both the rate of unsuccessful aspiration of fluid and in the bleeding complications related to this procedure. Use of US for both the diagnostic and therapeutic management of ascites should be advocated as an essential skill for physicians and other health care providers caring for these patients.
Spatial structure and electron energy spectrum of HfGe n – (n = 6–20) clusters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents spatial structure optimization results and calculated electronic spectra for HfGe – (n = 6–20) anion clusters. Comparison of the calculation results and available experimental data makes it possible to identify the most likely spatial structures of clusters detected in experiments. Cage structures of the clusters, with an encapsulated hafnium atom, are stable for n ≥ 12. The clusters with n ≥ 12, 14, 15, and 18 are “magic” in the series of germanium–hafnium anion clusters.
Undergraduate Students' Information Literacy Behaviour in Chulalongkorn University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the ways in which Thai undergraduate students in Chulalongkorn University find, evaluate, manage, and apply the needed information for doing their course-related assignments and everyday life research. The information literacy behaviour studied includes the undergraduates’ use of information resources, evaluation of information, research styles, and difficulties encountered during research practices. The survey instrument originally developed by Project Information Literacy of the University of Washington Information School was used as the basis for designing a questionnaire of this study. The questionnaire, then, was distributed to sophomores, juniors, and seniors enrolling at Chulalongkorn University. The sample for the student survey was 378 respondents from 18 faculties. Data collection was completed by the end of March 2011. Overall a 95% response rate was achieved. The findings of this study indicate that the most frequent source of information the majority of the undergraduates used for their course-related assignments and everyday life research is search engines. Most undergraduates always pay attention to credibility of library materials and web content when evaluating information in hand. Regarding the survey respondents’ research styles, they usually make action plans and create search terms before writing term-papers. They also have problems with deciding what to do at the early stage of research process, narrowing down a topic, and determining credibility of information resources.
Characterization of surface-states in a hollow core photonic crystal fiber

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Surface or edge states represent an important class of modes in various photonic crystal systems such as in dielectric topological insulators and in photonic crystal fibers. In the later, strong attenuation peaks in the transmission spectrum are attributed to coupling between surface and core-guided modes. Here, we explore a modified implementation of the spatial and spectral interference method to experimentally characterize surface modes in photonic crystal fibers. Using an external reference and a non-uniform Fourier transform windowing, the obtained spectrogram allows clear observation of anti-crossing behavior at wavelengths in which surface and core modes are strongly coupled. We also detect surface modes with different spatial symmetries, and give insight into mode families couple to the fundamental or high-order core modes, as well as the existence of uncoupled surface modes.
Cirrhosis--can we reverse hepatic fibrosis?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cirrhosis, a pathological condition defined by deranged hepatic architecture resulting from progressive fibrosis, is the final common pathway through which nearly all chronic diseases of the liver produce morbidity and mortality. Historically, treatments for hepatic fibrosis have been directed against specific causes of chronic liver injury, and include corticosteroids for autoimmune hepatitis, interferon for hepatitis B and C, and iron depletion for haemochromatosis. However, there is no effective treatment for most causes of chronic liver disease. Fortunately, the past decade has witnessed great advances in our understanding of the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms underlying fibrosis of the liver. It is now recognised that hepatic stellate cells (myofibroblast-like cells that encircle the sinusoids) are primarily responsible for hepatic fibrosis and subsequent progression to cirrhosis. In response to liver injury stellate cells undergo a phenotypic transformation that is termed activation, and characterised by chemotaxis, proliferation, contraction, fibrogenesis, and extracellular matrix degradation. Under conditions of persistent injury the behavioural responses of these stellate cells act in concert to bring about fibrosis of the liver. Recent investigations elucidating the signal transduction pathways that link hepatic injury to stellate cell function suggest novel targets at which treatment for fibrosis may be directed. For example, antagonism of TGF-beta receptor signaling has been shown to modulate fibrosis in animal models. This work, as well as other studies in both humans and animals, indicates that hepatic fibrosis may be slowed or reversed. These results suggest that a rational approach to treatment can be developed based on our detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cirrhosis, which will have a major impact on the clinical management of patients with chronic liver disease.
Электро- и магнетотранспорт в области межфазной границы LaAlO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-/SrTiO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

AbstractComparison of the channel spectra of medium energy ion scattering, visualized for LaAlO_3/(001)SrTiO_3 heterostructures with a thickness of the lanthanum aluminate layer of one to six unit cells, indicates that the lanthanum aluminate layer grows coherently on a TiO_2-terminated surface of a strontium titanate substrate. The resistance of the interphase boundary in the heterostructure with a thickness of the LaAlO_3 layer of six unit cells decreased with temperature. At T < 100 K, the positive magnetoresistance and Hall mobility of electrons increased sharply with decreasing temperature.
Callus mediated organogenesis in Lilium polyphyllum D. Don: A critically endangered Astavarga plant from North Western Indian Himalaya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lilium polyphyllum D. Don (Liliaceae) is a critically endangered herbaceous perennial, commonly known as snow lily or Ksheerkakoli. Bulbs of the plant are of immense medicinal use and have astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. Over exploitation of the species from wild and degradation of habitats are posing threats to its existence. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop a propagation protocol and promote mass multiplication from bulb scales of L. polyphyllum. Maximum callus was induced from the bulb scales in basal MS medium containing 2,4-D (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mg/l), BAP (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/l) and NAA + BAP (0.5+2 mg/l). Maximum shooting (98.75%) was achieved in the callus when shifted to MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 and 2 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l), with an average of 1-2 cm shoot length per culture. The well developed in vitro regenerated shoots were transferred to the rooting medium and 100% rooting was achieved in half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with IBA and IAA (1 and 2 mg/l). The in vitro regenerated plantlets were shifted to a glasshouse in the sterilized soil and vermiculite mixture for acclimatization. After survival, plantlets were finally transferred to the open environment with 90% survival success.