jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
125I seeds implantation plus pelvic lymphadenectomy in the management of localized prostate cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this study the authors present their experience of treatment of intraglandular prostate cancer with 125I seed implantation. At ten years, the overall survival for T1 and T2 stages is 71% and 57% respectively; and for G1, G2 and G3 grades the survival rate is 84%, 54% and 44% respectively; NED ten-year survival is 53% and 52% for T1 and T2 stages, 84%, 40% and 33% for G1, G2, and G3 grades respectively. The statistical evaluation seems to confirm that iodine brachytherapy is suitable for well differentiated and small volume tumors. Local recurrences, complications and side effects are also reported and compared to corresponding data collected following external radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy; the survival results are similar, but the incidence of complications is lower following implantation and in particular regarding continence and potency. In conclusion, the authors believe that iodine seed implantation could offer patients, who are often young and asymptomatic, satisfactory chances of survival and a very high quality of life.
CLIPPERS: chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids. Review of an increasingly recognized entity within the spectrum of inflammatory central nervous system disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is a recently defined inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder, prominently involving the brainstem and in particular the pons. The condition features a combination of clinical symptoms essentially referable to brainstem pathology and a characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance with punctate and curvilinear gadolinium enhancement ‘peppering’ the pons. The radiological distribution is focused in the pons and adjacent rhombencephalic structures such as the cerebellar peduncles, cerebellum, medulla and the midbrain. While the lesion burden with a perivascular pattern is typically most dense in these pontine and peripontine regions, enhancing lesions may additionally extend into the spinal cord and supratentorial structures such as the thalamus, basal ganglia, capsula interna, corpus callosum and the cerebral white matter. Another core feature is clinical and radiological responsiveness to glucocorticosteroid (GCS)-based immunosuppression. As withdrawal of GCS treatment results commonly in disease exacerbation, long-term immunosuppressive therapy appears to be mandatory for sustained improvement. Diagnosis of CLIPPERS is challenging, and requires careful exclusion of alternative diagnoses. A specific serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker for the disorder is currently not known. Pathogenesis of CLIPPERS remains poorly understood, and the nosological position of CLIPPERS has still to be established. Whether CLIPPERS represents an independent, actual new disorder or a syndrome that includes aetiologically heterogeneous diseases and/or their prestages remains a debated and not finally clarified issue. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of this condition and its differential diagnoses, given that CLIPPERS constitutes a treatable condition and that patients may benefit from an early introduction of GCS ensued by long-term immunosuppression. Based on previous reports in literature – currently encompassing more than 50 reported cases of CLIPPERS – this review addresses clinical features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses and therapeutic management of this peculiar disorder.
The interaction between [Hg(SCN)_4]~(2-) and proteins by resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and their analytical applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[Hg(SCN)4] 2-in H2SO4 at pH 1.0–4.5 was reacted with proteins,including human serum albumin(HSA) ,α-chymotrypsin(α-Chy) ,bovine serum albumin(BSA) ,lysozyme(Lyso) andγ-globin(γ-G) ,to form complexes.As a result,the intensities of resonance Rayleigh scattering(RRS) were significantly enhanced.Changes in absorption,circular dichroism(CD) spectra and the fluorescence quenching of proteins were also observed.Attention was paid mainly to the RRS spectral characteristics of these complexes,suitable reaction conditions,influencing factors and a number of analytical properties.The changes in absorption,fluorescence and CD spectra for the[Hg(SCN)4]2-Lyso system were used as an example to explore the binding sites,binding model and reasons for enhanced scattering.The RRS method had a high sensitivity and the detection limits(3σ) were 4.6–10.8 ng/mL for the proteins studied.A new method is thus established herein,using[Hg(SCN)4] 2-as a probe for the determination of proteins in human serum and urine samples.
Modeling H-Bonding and Solvent Effects in the Alkylation of Pyrimidine Bases by a Prototype Quinone Methide:  A DFT Study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nucleophilicity of NH(2), N3, and O(2) centers of cytosine toward a model quinone methide (o-QM) as alkylating agent has been studied using DFT computational analysis [at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level]. Specific and bulk effects of water (by C-PCM model) on the alkylation pathways have been evaluated by analyzing both unassisted and water-assisted reaction mechanisms. An ancillary water molecule, H-bonded to the alkylating agent, may interact monofunctionally with the o-QM oxygen atom (passive mechanisms) or may participate bifunctionally in cyclic hydrogen-bonded structures as a proton shuttle (active mechanisms). A comparison of the unassisted with the water-assisted reaction mechanisms has been made on the basis of activation Gibbs free energies (DeltaG(++)). The gas-phase alkylation reaction at N3 does proceed through a passive mechanism that is preferred over both the active (by -6.3 kcal mol(-1)) and the unassisted process. In contrast, in the gas phase, the active assisted processes at NH(2) and O(2) centers are both favored over their unassisted counterparts by -4.0 and -2.2 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The catalytic effect of a water molecule, in gas phase, reduces the gap between the TSs of the O(2) and NH(2) reaction pathways, but the former remains more stable. Water bulk effect significantly modifies the relative importance of the unassisted and water-assisted alkylation mechanisms, favoring the former, in comparison to the gas-phase reactions. In particular, the unassisted alkylation becomes the preferred mechanism for the reaction at both the exocyclic (NH(2)) and the heterocyclic (N3) nitrogen atoms. By contrast, alkylation at the cytosine oxygen atom is a water-catalyzed process, since in water the active water-assisted mechanism is still favored. As far as competition, among all the possible mechanisms, our calculations unambiguously suggest that the most nucleophilic site both in gas phase (naked reagents: N3 >> O(2) >or= NH(2)) and in water solution (solvated reagents: N3 >> NH(2) >> O(2)) is the heterocyclic nitrogen atom (N3) (DeltaG(++)(gas) = +7.1 kcal mol(-1), and DeltaG(++)(solv) = +13.7 kcal mol(-1)). Our investigation explains the high reactivity and selectivity of the cytosine moiety toward o-QM-like structures both in deoxymononucleoside and in a single-stranded DNA, on the basis of strong H-bonding interactions between reactants and solvent bulk effect. It also offers two general reactivity models in water, uncatalyzed and active water-catalyzed mechanisms (for nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles, respectively), which should provide a general tool for the planning of nucleic acid modification.
Effect of Inoculation on Bone Resorption Scores in Two Rat Strains

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Inoculation with Actinomyces viscosus increased the alveolar bone resorption scores in one commercially available rat strain, but not in another. Bone resorption scores in inoculated rats differed with the strains tested. Advanced bone resorption occurred in 4 of the 24 sites measured, and 4 sites were resistant to bone resorption. The other 16 sites provided no additional information. The two mandibular mesial sites provided the most sensitive measure of bone resorption.
SU‐F‐I‐59: Quality Assurance Phantom for PET/CT Alignment and Attenuation Correction

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study utilizes a commercial PET/CT phantom to investigate two specific properties of a PET/CT system: the alignment accuracy of PET images with those from CT used for attenuation correction and the accuracy of this correction in PET images. Methods: A commercial PET/CT phantom consisting of three aluminum rods, two long central cylinders containing uniform activity, and attenuating materials such as air, water, bone and iodine contrast was scanned using a standard PET/CT protocol. Images reconstructed with 2 mm slice thickness and a 512 by 512 matrix were obtained. The center of each aluminum rod in the PET and CT images was compared to evaluate alignment accuracy. ROIs were drawn on transaxial images of the central rods at each section of attenuating material to determine the corrected activity (in BQML). BQML values were graphed as a function of slice number to provide a visual representation of the attenuation‐correction throughout the whole phantom. Results: Alignment accuracy is high between the PET and CT images. The maximum deviation between the two in the axial plane is less than 1.5 mm, which is less than the width of a single pixel. BQML values measured along different sections of the large central rods are similar among the different attenuating materials except iodine contrast. Deviation of BQML values in the air and bone sections from the water section is less than 1%. Conclusion: Accurate alignment of PET and CT images is critical to ensure proper calculation and application of CT‐based attenuation correction. This study presents a simple and quick method to evaluate the two with a single acquisition. As the phantom also includes spheres of increasing diameter, this could serve as a straightforward means to annually evaluate the status of a modern PET/CT system.
Comparison of Pollination Activities Between Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during the Flowering Period of Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under Variable Weather Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

배 과수원에서 개화기의 기상조건에 따른 망실과 노지에서 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌의 화분매개활동 특성을 비교 조사하였다. 그 결과, 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌의 활동은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었지만, 저온과 강우가 있는 날에는 서양뒤영벌이 꿀벌보다 유의미하게 높은 활동을 보였다. 온도, 조도 및 풍속별로 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌의 활동을 비교한 결과, 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌 모두 조도와 온도변화에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났고, 가장 높은 영향을 끼치는 기상요소는 온도였다. 꿀벌이 서양뒤영벌보다 온도, 조도에 더 민감한 활동변화를 보여주었다. 특히 20℃ 이하, 30,000lux 이하의 흐린 날씨 및 4㎧ 이상의 바람이 부는 조건에서는 서양뒤영벌에 비해 꿀벌의 활동이 약 2배 이상 감소하였다. 따라서 배의 개화기중 기상불량이나 저온이 지속될 경우 꿀벌보다는 서양뒤영벌을 화분매개용 곤충으로 이용하는 것이 효율적이라고 생각된다.
“A Cautionary Brilliance”: Remarks Upon Accepting the Fitzgerald Award

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Sportswriter (1986), Independence Day (1995), The Lay of the Land (2006), and Let Me Be Frank with You (2014), among many other works, accepted the F. Scott Fitzgerald Award for Achievement in American Literature at the 19th Annual F. Scott Fitzgerald Literary Festival in Rockville, Maryland, on 10 October 2015. In his acceptance speech, Ford discusses the pros and cons of both early and late success and Fitzgerald's relevance for contemporary writers. Ultimately, the author insists, Fitzgerald inspires empathy in him for writers who exhibit “the aspiration to do celestial work—and occasionally doing it.”
Delay-induced dynamical phenomena in impulsive Goodwin's oscillator: What we know so far

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Impulsive Goodwin's oscillator model is introduced to capture the dynamics of sustained periodic processes in endocrine systems controlled by episodic pulses of hormones. The model is hybrid and comprises a continuous subsystem describing the hormone concentrations operating under a discrete pulse-modulated feedback implemented by firing neurons. Time delays appear in mathematical models of endocrine systems due to the significant transport phenomena but also because of the time necessary to produce releasable hormone quantities. From a biological point of view, the neural control should be robust against the time delay to ensure the loop functionality over a wide range of inter-individual variability. The paper provides an overview of the currently available results and contributes a generalization of a Poincaré mapping approach to study complex dynamics of impulsive Goodwin oscillator. Both pointwise and distributed time delays are considered in a general framework based on the Poincaré mapping. Bifurcation analysis is utilized to illustrate the analytical results.
The Melanocortin Receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In The Melanocortin Receptors, Roger Cone and a distinguished team of expert investigators provide the first major treatment of this critically important receptor family. The book illuminates the structure and function of these receptors through a wide-ranging review of the latest findings concerning the biology, physiology, and pharmacology of their peptide ligands and covers the major melanocortin receptors, MC1-R through MC5-R. Topics include the characterization of the melanocortin receptors, the biochemical mechanism of receptor action, and receptor function and regulation. Several articles provide historical perspectives on important aspects of melanocortin biology and on the direction of future experimental and clinical research. Timely and authoritative, The Melanocortin Receptors offers an up-to-date knowledge base on the remarkably complex of structure and functions of the melanocortins, a guide that will prove invaluable for today's neuroscientists, endocrinologists, pharmacologists, dermatologists, and other clinical and experimental investigators working in this fast moving field
Biochemical analysis of the factors controlling the process of membrane tubule formation from the Golgi complex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Membranous tubules are very abundant structures in living cells and form or are part of most intracellular organelles. The Golgi apparatus is mainly formed by tubules, which adopt different geometries and conformations. However, their physiological role has not yet been established and this is mainly due to the almost absolute lack of knowledge about the biochemical mechanisms regulating their formation, maintenance and disruption. The aim of this thesis was to investigate in a systematic way these mechanisms. The first step has been to set up an in vitro morphological assay suitable for the visualisation of Golgi-associated tubules in isolated Golgi stacks. This assay was based on electron microscopy and specifically on negative staining of whole-mount preparations. It allowed both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the morphological changes of Golgiassociated tubules after in vitro incubations. This assay was then used for screening several molecules or experimental conditions for their effect on tubular homeostasis. Among them, the most significant was BARS (BFA-dependent ADP-Ribosylation Substrate), a protein previously implicated in the maintenance of Golgi architecture. BARS has been found to cause the selective breakdown of the tubular part of the Golgi complex promoting fission events which convert the tubular structures into clusters of vesicles. This effect correlated with the enzymatic activity of BARS, which acts as an acyl-CoA dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase (LPAAT), increasing phosphatidic acid (PA) levels in Golgi membranes. This suggests that local modifications of the composition of the lipid bilayer is a possible mechanism for the fission of membranous tubules.
Genital Skin and Urethral Anatomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An intimate knowledge of genital skin and urethral anatomy is essential for successful surgical management of male and female urethral strictures, fistulas and other anomalies. Of particular importance for urethral reconstruction is the prepuce, a mixture of skin and mucosa and anatomically divided into five layers — epidermis, dermis, Dartos, lamina propria, and epithelium. The urethra is divided into the anterior (bulbar, pendulous and fossa navicularis) and the posterior (membranous and prostatic). Urethral epithelium transitions from urothelial (transitional cell) (proximal), to pseudo-stratified or stratified columnar (distal), and then onto squamous (meatus). Location of the urethra within the spongiosum is also clinically important, where the more proximal (bulbar) the more eccentric and ventral.
Numerical Simulation of Airbag and Study on the Effect of Airbag Parameters on Head Injury Criteria

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: In the case of an accident, inflatable restraints system plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of vehicle occupants. Frontal airbags have saved 44,869 lives, according to research conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).Finite element analysis is extremely important in the research and development of airbags in order to ensure optimum protection for occupant. In this work, we simulate a head impact test with a deploying airbag and investigate the airbag's parameters. The airbag's performance is directly influenced by the parameters of the cushion such as vent area and fabric elasticity. The FEM model is analysed to investigate the influence of airbag parameter, and the findings are utilised to determine an optimal value that may be employed in the construction of better occupant safety systems. Keywords: airbag, finite element method, occupant safety, frontal airbag, vent size, fabric elasticity, head injury criteria
The untapped potential of international alumni : "Street credibility and prestige for higher education institutions"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research is to shed light to the complex relationship of the international alumni and the Finnish higher education institutions (HEIs). This is done by identifying what tasks and roles are designated to the international alumni by the Finnish HEIs in general and specifically regarding education export. The theoretical framework of the research consists of the New Public Management (NPM) and the New Public Governance (NPG) -models. \n \nThe research was conducted as a series of semi-structured qualitative interviews. The empirical data consisted of the transcribed interviews of the seven elite-informants from two higher education institutions chosen as the research cases. The data was analysed using the inductive methods, first by approaching it with an empirical data-driven approach and then with a theory-driven approach. \n \nResearch concerning international alumni and the roles and tasks designated to them had not been conducted in Finland before and this inspired the decision to choose this topic. This research indicated three key roles, customer, stakeholder and partner, and nine tasks that the HEIs designate to the international alumni. The identified nine tasks, such as education ambassador and source of leads, can create competitive advantage to any HEI with a functioning international alumni network. \n \nThe NPM and NPG models provided lenses to recognise what roles and tasks the case-study HEIs designated to the international alumni and why these were chosen. The research showed that the case-study HEIs operated under the premises of the theoretical frame. The international alumni operations in the case-study HEIs are underdeveloped and in preliminary stages, but nevertheless add value to the HEIs and their education export efforts. \n \nThe results of the research can be used to develop HEIs alumni operations and education export efforts as well as basis for policy changes, such as a Ministry of Education funding mechanism measuring the development of international alumni operations or as a strategic focus where HEIs could distinguish themselves and gain competitive advantage against other HEIs. Further qualitative research can include the development of alumni net-works, the perspective of alumni regarding the identified tasks and roles, the Ministerial policy changes regarding international alumni and the regional effects international alumni might have in areas where the HEIs are located.
Manual of Clinical Immunology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This manual is intended as a comprehensive guide to immunology as it relates to the clinical laboratory. Designed as a sequel and companion piece to the well-accepted Manual of Clinical Microbiology, this new work successfully fills an important need for both clinical and academic microbiologists.The manual is organized sectionally, with each section having a separate editor. The initial section deals with the essential technology involved in measurements of the humoral and cellular immune pathways, and is less detailed than it might be on certain more classical measures of the humoral response, including precipitin techniques, and hemagglutination as these are assumed to be covered in other sources. The section on cellular immunity is quite detailed and covers lymphokines, T and B cell enumeration and certain aspects of macrophage function. After a section on radioimmunoassays, the more conventional aspects of diagnostic immunology are considered in respect of bacterial, mycotic and parasitic infections as well as viral, chlamydial, and rickettsial diseases.
Activity coefficient and incorporation of Phosphorus into epitaxial CVD Silicon

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The present paper is concerned with the dopant incorporation behaviour at high doping concentrations, at which the conditions for diluted solutions are commonly considered no longer fulfilled. The first part contains a brief discussion of the theoretical aspects of ideal, ideally diluted and real solutions, and Raoult's law as well as Henry's law are reduced to the general solution equilibrium, applied to dopant incorporation. The second part considers the dopant ionization equilibrium according to the conception of R EISS , additionally taking into account the high deposition temperatures. It had been concluded that at high doping concentrations both the ionization equilibrium and the solution equilibrium of dopants behave analogous to real solutions, and both equilibria need a correction by special activity coefficients.
Identification of types of cells in human peripheral blood that bind C1q.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Earlier studies showed that approximately 26% of the cells present in human mononuclear cell preparations had the ability to bind purified monomeric C1q. The present studies were initiated to identify the cell types comprising the C1q binding population. Double marker fluorescence, rosetting, and morphologic studies on cell preparations depleted of or enriched in various cell types were simultaneously employed to identify those subpopulations that bound C1q. C1q binding was detected by fluorescent techniques (with FI-F(ab')2 anti-C1q). Monocytes in mononuclear cell preparations were detected by the ability to phagocytose carbonyl iron. B cells were identified by reactivity with rhodamine-conjugated F(ab')2 anti-human F(ab')2 and by rosetting with erythrocytes bearing C3b. These studies showed that monocytes and B lymphocytes comprised the majority of C1q-binding cells in mononuclear cell preparations, whereas T lymphocytes lacked this property. In addition, a minor population of nonphagocytic cells in such preparations that lacked B and T cell markers also bound C1q. Finally, a high but variable proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes bound C1q. Binding of C1q to PMN was concentration-dependent, saturable and specific and exhibited an equilibrium constant of 0.76 X 10(7) M-1. Thus, PMN also possess a specific receptor for C1q.