jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cry3A δ-endotoxin gene mutagenized for enhanced toxicity to spruce bark beetle in a receptor binding loop

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3A gene was redesigned for high expression in Norwegian spruce and the sequence was slightly modified to allow for simple N- and C- terminal deletions and domain II loop 1 exchange for synthetic oligos. Modified Cry3A toxins from 13 variants of the synthetic gene were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and their toxicity on spruce bark beetle larvae was tested using spruce bark sandwiches. Mutant toxins with N-terminal deletion and loop 1 duplication showed increased toxicity. Key words : Bacillus thuringiensis , Ips typographus, Picea abies, resistance.
230 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, substance use, and teen dating violence among young adult women in Baltimore City

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Social distancing practices during COVID-19 may impact experience of stress, substance use and violence exposure. This study aims to describe the effect of the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on stress, substance use, and teen dating violence (TDV) among young women living in Baltimore City. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Study participants were recruited from an observational study examining TDV before the COVID-19 pandemic, through snowball sampling, pediatric and adolescent primary care clinics, the pediatric emergency department, and a registry for patients interested in participating in COVID-19 research. Participants were between the ages of 16 and 22, identified as female, and lived in Baltimore, Maryland. They were asked to complete a baseline survey. March 16, 2020 (Maryland governor’s stay-at-home order) through June 2022 defined the COVID-19 pandemic period. The survey assessed stress experiences, including isolation, finances, job loss, transportation, school stress, substance use, experiences of violence and adherence to COVID-19 safety measures. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants (n=105) had a mean age of 19.4 years (SD 1.73). Preliminary analyses demonstrate that stress associated with isolation, finances, transportation, and school increased during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. In addition, the majority of participants who used marijuana, e-cigarettes, and alcohol used about the same amount or more of each substance during the pandemic. For the next steps, we will examine experiences of TDV for young women during the pandemic and examine whether experiences of TDV differ for young women who reported a greater adherence to COVID-19 safety measures compared to participants who adhered less. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Assessing the impact of COVID-19 safety measures on stress, substance use, and TDV is critical to informing and designing future public health interventions. In addition, the information obtained from this study may be used to address the unique challenges faced by disenfranchised populations while curbing the spread of infectious diseases.
Gender-Based Violence Beliefs and Stereotypes: Cross-Cultural Comparison Across Three Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cultural values, beliefs, and stereotypes have significant effects on violence against women across societies but knowledge about gender-based violence beliefs and stereotypes across societies is sparse. Using multiple theoretical perspectives (e.g., feminist theory, varieties of patriarchy, social dominance theory, and ambivalent sexism) and human development and the Gender Inequality Index, this study examined beliefs about relationship violence against women and gender beliefs and stereotypes across the United States, South Africa, and Nigeria. Findings from the cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 363 respondents in the three countries suggested that gender-based violence beliefs and stereotypes differed across countries. Specifically, respondents in Nigeria were more likely to endorse physical violence, psychological manipulation and control, sexual violence, sexual submissiveness of women, emotional stereotypes about women, and sexual stereotypes about men than respondents in the United States or South Africa. Respondents in the United States were less likely to endorse emotional stereotypes about women and sexual stereotypes about men than respondents in South Africa. Similarly, male respondents were more likely than female respondents to endorse psychological manipulation and control of women. Findings highlight differential effects of patriarchal structures and ideologies on gender-based violence beliefs and stereotypes across societies. Implications of findings for theory, practice, and research are discussed.
Tiebout Sorting, Social Multipliers and the Demand for School Quality

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In many theoretical public finance models, school quality plays a central role as a determinant of household location choices and in turn, of neighborhood stratification.In contrast, the recent empirical literature has almost universally concluded that the direct effect of school quality on housing demand is weak, a conclusion that is robust across a variety of research designs.Using an equilibrium model of residential sorting, this paper closes the gap between these literatures, providing clear evidence that the full effect of school quality on residential sorting is significantly larger than the direct effect -four times as great for education stratification, twice for income stratification.This is due to a strong social multiplier associated with heterogeneous preferences for peers and neighbors; initial changes in school quality set in motion a process of re-sorting on the basis of neighborhood characteristics that reinforces itself, giving rise to substantially larger stratification effects.
Attitudes towards multi‐organ donation among intensive care unit nurses in transplant hospitals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim To evaluate the attitudes towards deceased multi‐organ donation and transplantation among nurses within the critical care units of the six public tertiary transplant hospitals in Madrid, Spain. Background Spain has a rate of 49 donations per million population, whereas Madrid has a lower donation rate of 34.2 per million population. Nurses generate social opinion, and their attitude can be one of the barriers against organ donation. Method An observational descriptive study was conducted among critical care units’ nurses. The measuring instrument was the Collaborative International Donor Project in Organ Donation and Transplantation. Data were collected from January to October 2019, and a statistical analysis was performed. Results A total of n = 313 questionnaires achieved a response rate of 51%. Of the intensive care unit nurses surveyed, 85% had a favourable opinion towards the donation of their organs being affected by psychosocial variables related to social variables with respect to family, religion and attitude towards the body. Conclusion The intensive care unit nurses of the Madrid transplant hospitals maintain a favourable attitude towards organ donation and transplantation. It is necessary to implement specialized training and periodically evaluate training in this sector. To maintain and improve the attitude towards organ donation, family discussion among health personnel should be encouraged. Religion influences the attitude of nurses and donation rates. Implication for nursing and health policy Intensive care nurses’ attitude towards organ donation is influenced by social variables. This study shows that the attitude is positive but improvable. These findings contribute to promote awareness of the lack of organs and the benefits of organ donation.
Modern Microbial Ecosystems are a Key to Understanding Our Biosphere's Early Evolution and its Contributions To The Atmosphere and Rock Record

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The survival of our early biosphere depended upon efficient coordination anion- diverse microbial populations. Microbial mats exhibit a 3.46-billion-year fossil record, thus they are the oldest known ecosystems. Photosynthetic microbial mats were key because, today, sunlight powers more than 99 percent of global primary productivity. Thus photosynthetic ecosystems have affected the atmosphere profoundly and have created the most pervasive, easily-detected fossils. Photosynthetic biospheres elsewhere will be most detectible via telescopes or spacecraft. As a part of the Astrobiology Institute, our Ames Microbial Ecosystems group examines the roles played by ecological processes in the early evolution of our biosphere, as recorded in geologic fossils and in the macromolecules of living cells: (1) We are defining the microbial mat microenvironment, which was an important milieu for early evolution. (2) We are comparing mats in contrasting environments to discern strategies of adaptation and diversification, traits that were key for long-term survival. (3) We have selected sites that mimic key environmental attributes of early Earth and thereby focus upon evolutionary adaptations to long-term changes in the global environment. (4) Our studies of gas exchange contribute to better estimates of biogenic gases in Earth's early atmosphere. This group therefore directly addresses the question: How have the Earth and its biosphere influenced each other over time Our studies strengthen the systematics for interpreting the microbial fossil record and thereby enhance astrobiological studies of martian samples. Our models of biogenic gas emissions will enhance models of atmospheres that might be detected on inhabited extrasolar planets. This work therefore also addresses the question: How can other biospheres be recogniZed Our choice of field sites helps us explore Earth's evolving early environment. For example, modern mats that occupy thermal springs and certain freshwater environments experience conditions such as low O2 and sulfate and high inorganic carbon and sulfide levels that resemble those of ancient marine environments. Later in history, both biologically-induced carbonate precipitation and the trapping and binding of suspended grains of carbonate became a dominant mechanism for carbonate deposition. Modern marine carbonate platforms and alkaline offer good examples of microbiologically-induced calcification. Both marine platforms and solar salterns illustrate microbially-driven trapping and binding. We are also exploring the effects of water composition upon the exchange of biogenic gases with the atmosphere.
The anatomy of public health: integrating population health in the anatomy lab (536.14)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

For several years, medical schools in the United States have been urged to integrate public health and population science into their curricula. The first‐year Gross Anatomy course at Mayo Clinic serves as a teaching platform for many non‐technical skills that include professionalism, patient communication and near‐peer teaching that aim to meet core ACGME requirements. As part of the standard Gross Anatomy curriculum, students are assessed on a laboratory based learning activity referred to as a “bedside presentation,” where each small group is assigned a clinical condition and asked to present a hypothetical case as it relates to the anatomy and radiology on their cadaver. The objective of this study is to assess whether first‐year medical students’ knowledge of global health disparities and national population health improved after a longitudinal curriculum revision that combined public health concepts with the bedside presentation. Students first learned to examine a major cause of morbidity and/or mortality on a global/population level following which each team was asked to present a hypothetical patient (relating to their assigned cadaver) with an acute condition associated with the disease or behavior that they had researched earlier. Teams focused on associated anatomic and radiographic findings and used full‐body CT scans and corresponding anatomic parts to illustrate the effects of the disease. Pre‐course data indicate that students have a 50% understanding of population health trends. We anticipate that first‐year medical students will have an improved awareness of public health problems globally and in the United States after completing this activity in Gross Anatomy.
Clustering of Leaf Characteristics in Secondary Dry Dipterocarp Forest based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study of the relationship between forest and environment especially in climate change is needed for forest management. Seasonally dry tropical forest is one type of the tropical forests that is a home of biodiversity hotspots. The species in the deciduous forest has the various response to climate variables. The optimization approach called Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) is a technique that has been recognized in a lot of research as an effective approach to analyze data. This approach has been applied to solve many problems. In this research, we applied PSO to cluster the leaf characteristic patterns in secondary dry dipterocarp forest. The results showed the main patterns of leaf characteristics in the forest can be extracted by PSO. Nevertheless, it cannot separate the small different characteristics of leaf phenology as complete and incomplete in shorten period during the usual dry season.
Base Station Deployment Optimization in Federated Networks with Multi-Hop Communication

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper explores a wireless base station location optimization problem and introduces a set of new constraints of interest for next-generation networks; the general strategy is similar to facility location optimization, which can be solved by linear programming. We propose solutions that relax coverage requirements and use trusted multiple hops (or relays) to reach distant devices; we give the mathematical derivation and algorithms based on the standard linear optimization formulation. We develop an optimization application and use it to conduct simulations that determine optimal base station requirements under simple full coverage scenarios, partial coverage scenarios, multi-hop scenarios, and location-constrained scenarios, which are of interest in federated networks with geographical deployment limitations. The proposed solutions are also a good option for the new 5G base station coverage optimization by using the Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) feature from 3GPP Release 16 (R16).
The impact of friends, family members and subjective norm on intention to purchase halal personal care products: the moderating role of spiritual intelligence / Sulaiman Nawawi … [et al.]

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to validate the impact of friends’ influence, family members’ influence and subjective norms on one’s intention to purchase halal personal care products. It also aims to investigate the moderating role of spiritual intelligence on the relationship between subjective norms and purchase intention. Data from 405 Muslim respondents in Klang Valley, Malaysia were collected using a combination of purposive and quota sampling techniques. The data were later analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) – Version 21 and Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) – Smart PLS 3. The results revealed that friends and family members’ influences were significant antecedents of subjective norm. It was also found that one’s intentions to purchase halal personal care products were significantly and positively influenced by subjective norm. As expected, the positive relationship between subjective norm and intention to purchase the products was found to have been moderated by spiritual intelligence. This paper empirically justifies the impact of friends’ influence, family members’ influence and subjective norm on purchase intention in the context of halal personal care products. Additionally, this study further validates the moderating role of spiritual intelligence on the relationship between subjective norm and purchase intention.
EXPECTATIONS, SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS, AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Students (N=415) in three academic areas (education, engineering, and business) estimated their final grade in a course at the beginning, middle, and end of a term and completed the 16PF Questionnaire. Results indicated that the Ss initial grade estimate was most accurate. No differences were found between high (A, B) and low (C,D, F) achieving Ss. Ss with high academic averages underestimated, and Ss with low averages over estimated grades. Overestimating education Ss were less intelligent than underestimators and less assertive and mature than accurate and overestimating Ss. Underestimating business Ss were less mature than overesti mators and possessed lower self-sentiment than accurate estimators.
The path- and place-dependent nature of scientific knowledge production in biotech 1986-2008

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores the worldwide spatial evolution of scientific knowledge production in biotechnology in the period 1986-2008. We employ new methodology that identifies new key topics in biotech on the basis of frequent use of title worlds in major biotech journals as an indication of new cognitive developments within this scientific field. Our analyses show that biotech is subject to a path- and place-dependent process of knowledge production. We observed a high degree of re-occurrences of similar key topics in biotech in consecutive years. Furthermore, slow growth cities in biotech are characterized by topics that are less technologically related to other topics, while high growth cities in biotech contribute to topics that are more related to the entire set of existing topics. Slow growth and stable growth cities in biotech introduced more new topics, while fast growth cities in biotech introduced more promising topics. Slow growth cities also showed low levels of research collaboration, as compared with stable and high growth cities. © The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
American television in South Africa: the ranking of group identity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Does the consumption of television programming from the United States have an influence on a sense of identity for young people in South Africa? Imported television programs are a significant portion of the broadcast programming in the country. During the second week of January 1995 36% of television content came from the US. Seventy-two matriculants from Witbank responded to a survey of viewing habits, program preferences and identity rankings in January 1995. Respondents included Zulu, Swazi, English and Afrikaans. Identity categories included being a community member, being African, being American, being European, being a member of a political party, being South African, being a member of a tribal or ethnic group, and being a world citizen. The matriculants averaged nearly 22 hours of television viewing per week and over half of their consumption originated in the US. Community membership, being South African and being a part of a tribe or ethnic group were the top ranked identities in the sample. Ethnicity, gender, television viewing and program preferences played a role in the rankings.
Coding the non-coding small RNA elements in sugarcane environmental responses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This chapter summarises the regulation of the conserved microtranscriptome and the putative roles of novel MicroRNAs (miRNA ) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) involved in sugarcane responses to stress. The high-throughput characterization of miRNA and siRNA associated with sugarcane responses to environmental changes was possible due to the remarkable improvement of sequencing technologies and advances in the computational analysis of plant small RNA (sRNA). Historically, the researchers seek to discover patterns of miRNA expression in different developing and environmental conditions in order to elucidate the regulatory effects of miRNA on their targets and to modulate the miRNA activity for plant improvement. The history of small RNA discovery in sugarcane started in 2005 when the first miRNA precursors were identified. Since then, the progress in the knowledge of sugarcane miRNA and siRNA-guided regulation during development and environmental stresses has been steady.
David Underdown, Royalist Conspirators and the Character of English Politics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article discusses David Underdown's first major publication, Royalist Conspiracy in England, 1649–60 (1960). This volume is located in its historiographical context, and it is suggested that commentators have overlooked the potential influence of the Tory historian Sir Keith Feiling on this work, alongside the better known perspectives of Underdown's supervisor, Christopher Hill. Underdown's critical view of royalist conspiracy in this book is discussed through several interpretative categories including political faction, collective biography, emotion and rationality, youth and leadership, tradition and modernity. It is argued that Underdown's approach to royalism became more positive and socially expansive in later publications, but that his view of a persistent moderate and conservative centre ground of early modern political life forms a continuous thread throughout his published work.
Safety Effects against Nitrite and Nitrosamine as well as Anti-mutagenic Potentials of Kale and Angelica keiskei Vegetable Juices

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

본 연구에서는 유기농 및 일반농 케일과 신선초를 착즙하여 다양한 실험을 통하여 안전성 및 항돌연변이 활성을 비교하였다. 유기농 채소즙의 안전성 측정을 위해 질산염과 아질산염 함량을 분석한 결과 케일즙의 경우 유기농 및 일반농의 함량이 유사하게 나타났다. 신선초즙의 경우 유기농이 일반농보다 질산염 및 아질산염 함량 모두 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 한편 7종류의 니트로사민 모두가 이들 채소즙에서 검출되지 않았다. 니트로사민의 저해물들이 반응하는 위에서의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 인공위액에서의 소화과정 중 질산염과 아질산염 함량을 분석한 결과, 유기농 및 일반농 채소즙의 질산염 함량은 인공소화 전보다 후의 함량이 현저히 낮아졌다. 인공 위액계에서 채소즙은 아질산염과 2급 아민에 의해 생성되는 니트로사민의 생성을 오히려 크게 억제하는 효과가 있었다. 질산염과 아질산염을 함유하고 있는 채소즙의 돌연변이 유발 및 저해 효과를 살펴보기 위해 Ames test를 한 결과 항돌연변이 활성이 있었으며, 유기농 채소즙의 항돌연변이 효과가 일반농에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 실험 결과 채소즙의 주재료가 되는 유기농 케일 및 신선초는 질산염, 아질산염 등의 함량이 낮을 뿐만 아니라 소화과정에서 전환되어 니트로사민을 생성하지 않았고 항돌연변이 효과도 우수한 것으로 나타났다.
Demographic Comparison of American Individuals in Polyamorous and Monogamous Relationships

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research on polyamorous relationships has increased substantially over the past decade. This work has documented how polyamory is practiced and why individuals might pursue such arrangements. However, there is a lack of a systematic investigation of who is in polyamorous relationships and how they might differ from individuals in monogamous relationships. The present study is one of the first to address this by comparing the demographic backgrounds of individuals in polyamorous (N = 2,428) and monogamous (N = 539) relationships in the United States. Compared to participants in monogamous relationships, those in polyamorous relationships were more likely to report minority sexual identities. Despite similar age distributions, individuals in polyamorous relationships were more likely to report being in a civil union, being divorced, and earning less than $40,000 per year compared to individuals in monogamous relationships. People in polyamorous relationships were also more likely to select "other" options for most demographic characteristics, suggesting that they tend to choose less traditional response options in general. The current research highlights several demographic differences that need to be considered and potentially controlled for in future comparisons of polyamorous and monogamous relationships.