jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Oncomelania Hybrid Snails to Various Geographic Strains of Schistosoma Japonicum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The hybrids of four subspecies of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to infection with miricidia of four strains of Schistosoma japonicum geographically related to the parent snails. The results permitted the postulation that when a strain of S. japonicum infects a snail, it will also usually develop in hybrids of which one snail parent is susceptible to infection. Oncomelania hupensis hupensis is susceptible to all strains of S. japonicum that infect man, while the Changhua race of Oncomelania hupensis formosana is susceptible only to the Formosan (zoophilic) strain of the parasite. However, hybrids of these snails served as intermediate hosts for both the human and the zoophilic strains of the parasite. Infected hybrid snails survived twice as long as infected unhybridized snails. A lower infection rate and later shedding of cercariae was observed in hybrids and snails infected with unnatural geographical strains than in snails infected with geographically related strains.
P255 : Study of decreased melanin production through p53 by heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor in normal human melanocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is induced by oxidative stress and plays important roles in anti-apoptosis and the rapid growth of several solid tumors. p53 has a central role in skin pigmentation and may impact onmelanoma at all stages. However, there has been little study of HO-1 in relation with p53 on melanin production Objectives: To know the effect of HO-1 on melanogenesis through p53 in normal human melanocytes Methods: Human melanocytes (hM) were primarily cultured from foreskin. After incubation, cells were rinsed twice with PBS then transfection with p53 siRNA Results: Melanin content was detected with ELISA and Western blot analysis and RT-PCR of tyrosinase, MITF were performed after ZnPP treatment and p53 transfection. After ZnPP treatment, melanin content was decreased, and tyrosinase and MITF protein levels were decreased. Tyrosinase and MITF mRNA levels were also decreased. However, melanin content and tyrosinase and MITF protein levels were increased after CoPP treatment. After p53 transfection, HO-1 expression was decreased when HO-1 stimulator was treated. In addition, melanin content was decreased, and tyrosinase expression was decreased in Western blot analysis Conclusion: These results suggest that melanogenesis is inhibited by ZnPP by decreased melanin production, tyrosinase and MITF protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, those inhibitory effects of ZnPP may be dependent on p53 in normal human melanocytes. Therefore, HO-1 may play an important role in melanogensis
A study on the impact of Panama canal expansion on major stakeholders

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

With the 100th anniversary of the Panama Canal just past in 2014, local authorities are gearing up for the upcoming reopening of the canal after an almost decade-long expansion project that sees the canal adding a new set of locks and widening it to allow much larger vessels (up to 12,600TEUs) to pass through. As the expansion nears completion, discussions of its long-term sustainability and effects on shipping start to grow. Being one of the key transit channels of the world’s shipping trade routes; the expansion is expected to have significant impact on the maritime industry. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the impacts of the Panama Canal expansion on major stakeholders in the industry such as canal users, port users and Panama itself. Out of three work packages, this paper focuses on the impacts of the expansion on Panama; such as the benefits it brings to the economy. It also discusses the weaknesses of Panama Canal that could undermine its effectiveness and external threats and opportunities that can make Panama and its canal prosper, or cause its demise. Secondary research was consolidated and validated with surveys and interviews with industry players. Results indicate that the Panama Canal will continue to remain as a key contributor to Panama’s economy and also as an important transit channel for shipping despite intense competition. However, continuous efforts are required to stay ahead of competition and make use of growing Latin America trade to build its market share and further solidify its market position.
Conjugating Luminescent CdTe Quantum Dots with Biomolecules

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Newly prepared CdTe quantum dots ( QD) bearing shells of water solubility providing capping agents (i.e., thioglycolic acid ( TGA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride (DMAET) were subjected to electrostatic assays with several proteins (i.e., cytochrome c (cyt c) and human serum albumin (HSA). In particular, we employed absorption, emission, transient absorption and time-resolved emission spectroscopic means to test their response to light. Only for negatively capped QDs spectroscopic and kinetic evidence were gathered that corroborate the successful bioconjugation of QDs with cyt c to yield QD- cyt c bioconjugates. In fact, photoexcitation of QD-cyt c leads to a fast deactivation of the QD band gap emission and of the QD excited state. Notably, these interactions depend on the size of the QDs. Repulsive forces, on the other hand, are operative between the positively capped QDs and cyt c, hampering any bioconjugation.
[The role of intravertebral disk protrusion in pathogenesis of lumbosacral radiculopathies in flying personnel].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The significance of x-ray computer tomography in determining the mechanisms of pathogenesis of lumbar-sacral radiculopathy in patients with protrusions of intervertebral disks of the lumbar-sacral backbone is demonstrated. Pilots with the protrusions (n = 135) and the intervertebral disk herinas (79) have been examined. The clinical course of the sickness was reviewed in both groups of patients. The computer-tomographic semiotics of various protrusions was elaborated and expanded and their clinical implications demonstrated. The fresh paradigm of pathogenesis of radiculopathy at various forms of protrusions is presented. The roentgenomorphologic classification of arthrosis of archiprossesed joints was studied and proposed.
Distribution patterns of antioxidants in the organs of anadromous fish Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)—a profiling in different age groups for future application in anti-aging

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Antioxidants play a crucial role in maintaining health by scavenging free radicals that causes cellular damage and accelerates aging and disease. The present study focuses on the antioxidant levels in various organs of Hilsa fish, both male and female, with a weight range of 50 g to 780 g collected from the Hooghly River in the lower Gangetic plain. The study utilized commercially available free radicals such as, viz ., 2,2′-azinobis-[3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] and ferric reducing antioxidant potential to measure the scavenging activity. The results indicated that female Hilsa fish possess higher levels of antioxidants (93.79 ± 0.26) compared to male counterparts (84.50 ± 0.65) in all organs, with levels increasing proportionally with weight. Interestingly, in males, the serum antioxidant profile was higher in the lower weight group (50–100 g), whereas, in females, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the weight range of 300 g to 400 g. The present study was attempted for the first time to characterize the antioxidant distribution pattern in the different organs of Hilsa. These findings suggest that Hilsa fish organs, including serum, contain high levels of antioxidants that could significantly benefit human nutrition and potentially will contribute to anti-aging effects by incorporating Hilsa to their diet, which needs further clinical study.
Supporting the Participation of Individuals with Disabilities in a Graduate-level Leadership Training Program: Lessons Learned through a Case Study Approach

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Many individuals with disabilities require accommodations to support their full inclusion within post-secondary education and training programs. In this study, we examined the processes by which accommodations were developed and provided to two individuals with disabilities ('self-advocate trainees') participating in a graduate-level leadership training program using an exploratory descriptive case study approach. Data representing the type and frequency of accommodations provided to both self-advocate trainees and data from semi-structured interviews with one self-advocate trainee and her learning partner informed the case. Data were triangulated with faculty and research team records and notes to provide rich description of the processes and enhance the rigour of the overall study. Analyses included basic descriptive analyses and multiple rounds of qualitative thematic analysis. Findings suggest five types of accommodations were provided throughout the program duration. Although the frequency of accommodations decreased throughout the year, the self-advocate trainee and her learning partner who were interviewed expressed general satisfaction with the accommodations processes and offered suggestions for improvement. Faculty records and notes illuminated approaches that worked well and those that needed improvement. Study findings may inform models for enhancing the meaningful inclusion of people with disabilities within graduate-level professional training programmes and other post-secondary settings.
Twin pregnancies: incidence and outcomes in a tertiary health centre of Uttarakhand, India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The frequency of twin pregnancies varies among different regions, countries and populations mostly due to the variation in dizygotic twinning. Twin pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study was aimed to find out the frequency and outcome of twin pregnancies in a tertiary health centre of Uttarakhand.Methods: This is a retrospective hospital record-based study of the twin deliveries (with gestational age of 28 weeks and above) which took place in a tertiary health care centre of Uttarakhand from January 2016 to December 2017. Data regarding age, parity and registration status of women who delivered twins, factors associated with twin pregnancy, gestational age, fetal presentation, mode of delivery, pregnancy complications and neonatal outcome was collected and analyzed.Results: The frequency of twin pregnancy was found to be 1 in 52 pregnancies or 1.9%. Majority (56.4%) of the participants were in the age group of 21-25 years. 52.8% were multipara. 74.3% were unbooked. 3.7 % conceived after ovulation induction and 8.2% had family history of twins. Pre-term labour (58.3%) was the most common complication followed by malpresentation (around 37%). Cephalic-cephalic was the commonest fetal presentation (43.8%).58.3% neonates were premature at birth and 83.4% had low birth weight. Male-male was the commonest sex combination of twin pair (30.4%) followed by female-female (28.6%).Conclusions: Twin pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
Assessment of left ventricular function in pediatric oncology by two different methods of echocardiography: a short-term outcome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Chemotherapy-induced myocardial dysfunction (CIMD) is a documented actuate of heightened morbidity and mortality. The gold standard for the surveillance of CIMD is the serial echocardiogram. Two-dimensional speckle echocardiography i.e. global longitudinal strain (GLS) is affirmative diagnostic tool than conventional echocardiography.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of children (age between 6 months to 18 years) who received cardio-toxic chemotherapeutic agents and underwent echocardiography assessment with conventional and GLS imaging at-least 2 times between January 2020 to January 2021 in The Indus Hospital, Karachi at start, 3rd months and 6th months of treatment.Results: We enrolled 122 patients in our study. The mean age was 8.19±4.43. 82 (67.2%) children got the 2 echocardiographic evaluations while 40 (32.8%) children completed three. Of 82 subjects, 17 (22.6%) had a significant reduction in early myocardial deformation indices as measured by two-dimensional (2D) STE using GLS at the end of 3 months of chemotherapy. Before the start of therapy, mean values of ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS) and GLS were 68.6±10.44, 38.8±7.44, and -20.7±4.19 respectively. At 3rd month and 6th month follow up, EF decreased 65.80±9.00 and 62.06±10.62 (p value 0.000) respectively while the values for GLS decreased significantly as -18.4±3.86, -16.68±3.63 (p value 0.02) respectively.Conclusions: GLS is an effective, and non-invasive cardiac imaging modality than a conventional echocardiography in assessment of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in non-symptomatic as well as in symptomatic children with cancers.
Island Networking and Hellenic Convergence: From Rhodes to Naukratis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Rhodes represents a case of a “back-ripple effect” of Mediterranean networks, when overseas experiences and colonizing activities condensed the distinct poleis of the island into “Rhodian” ones long before the official synoikismos (unification and foundation of the new city of Rhodos). It indicates the role of (island) regionalism in shaping collective identity. This finds its expression in Rhodian myths (Tlepolemos) that stress overseas, common action; in the short-lived commercial port of Vroulia; and especially in overseas trade and colonization in Sicily and across the Mediterranean in the early sixth century. The more comprehensive nature of Rhodian identity overseas (Olympia, colonization in Sicily at Gela and Akragas) reflected on the home island. Finally, at Egyptian Naukratis, “Rhodes,” acting as a single polis (not so at home, where Lindos Kameiros and Ialysos kept their identity), shared in the most articulate expression of Hellenic identity (again, “overseas”) at the common Greek temple of the Hellenion.
The electrical behavior of i n s i t u superconductors with large filament separation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electrical properties of in situ superconductors are calculated for the case where the average filament separation is large compared with the range of the proximity effect. The calculations are based on a model recently described by the author, where chains of filaments run through the length of the conductor. The distribution of the chains is assumed to be nonuniform and described by a distribution function f(s), where s is the separation between neighboring chains. The critical temperature Tc for superconductivity in a filament is also assumed to be a function of s. At any given temperature some filaments, as a result of the proximity effect, have a superconducting connection with their neighboring filaments, and others are superconducting but with a resistive connection, while others are normal. The first category of filaments determines the critical current Ic, while the first two categories determine another critical current I*c. Both Ic and I*c are functions of the magnetic field and temperature. For a fixed current I the equations I=Ic and I=I*c define two critical temperatures T1 and T2, which together with the highest value of Tc describe the features of the electrical behavior. The results compare favorably with some published measurements. The value of the proximity length obtained from the model with the aid of the measurements is in good agreement with previous estimates.
AN EXAUSTIVE SURVEY OF TRUST MODELS IN P2P NETWORK

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Most of the peers accessing the services are under the assumption that the service accessed in a P2P network is utmost secured. By means of prevailing hard security mechanisms, security goals like authentication, authorization, privacy, non repudiation of services and other hard security issues are resolved. But these mechanisms fail to provide soft security. An exhaustive survey of existing trust and reputation models in P2P network regarding service provisioning is presented and challenges are listed. Trust issues like trust bootstrapping, trust evidence procurement, trust assessment, trust interaction outcome evaluation and other trust based classification of peer’s behavior into trusted,, inconsistent, un trusted, malicious, betraying, redemptive are discussed,
Aesthetics and Abstract Painting: Two Views

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Aesthetic theories, like theories of morals, are roughly divisible into those that maintain an analytic neutrality and those that attempt to arrive at “first-order”, practical judgments. A philo sopher of language may confine the legitimate task of aesthetics to the clarification of talk about works of art and about the fashioning of works of art. But other aestheticians, perhaps a more numerous group, see their study as far more intimately related to art criticism, and as able, without the committing of naturalistic or any other fallacies, to reach particular aesthetic value-judgments. Between these extreme positions lies a great diversity of theories which, while clearly differentiating aesthetics from art criticism, still carry practical implications of a general kind. The conceptual scaffolding into which they fit the art-forms, their notion of what is central to aesthetic experience and what peripheral, their account of artistic creativity-all these can be indirectly evaluative, can subtly influence and alter one's responses to actual aesthetic objects.
The Cardiac Toxicity of Sini Decoction and Its Disassembled Prescriptions

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To research the attenuated effect and mechanism of different compositions of Sini Decoction(Counterflow Cold Decoction)according to their effects on rat hearts.Methods Totally 160SD rats were randomized into the normal group,Shengfu(Aconiti Radix Lateralis Cruda)group,Ganjiang(Zingiberis Rhizoma)group,Gancao(Glycyrrhizae Radix)group,Shengfu+ Ganjiang(3∶3)group,Shengfu+ Gancao(3∶2)group,Ganjiang+ Gancao(3∶2)group and Shengfu+ Ganjiang+ Gancao(3∶3∶2)group,with 20in each.The final concentration of medicinal extract in each group was 1g/ml and was administrated by injection into the duodenum at 2ml/kg based on animal body weight.The tracings of ECG lasted for 120minutes.The occurrence of frequent premature ventricular contractions after administration was taken as the cardiac toxicity criteria of Fuzi.The dose was reduced or increased at a ratio of 1∶0.8and one rat was used at each dose.The sequential form was introduced according to the former dose when arrhythmia occurred.The changes of ECG in 20rats were continuously observed.The cardiotoxic dose in each group was calculated according to the sequential form.Results The cardiotoxic dose was 6.25g/kg and arrhythmia time was(12.36±1.15)min in the Shengfu group.The cardiotoxic dose was4.19g/kg and arrhythmia time was(6.18±1.09)min in the Shengfu+ Ganjiang group.Comparing with the Shengfu group,the occurrence time of cardiac toxicity in the Shengfu+ Ganjiang group was significantly shortened(P0.05).There was no obvious cardiac toxicity in other groups.Conclusion The composition of Shengfupian and Ganjiang in Sini Decoction can increase the cardiac toxicity but Gancao can fight the cardiac toxicity of Ganjiang and Fuzi.
Primary Effect of SERCA2a Gene Transfer on Conduction Reserve in Chronic Myocardial Infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background SERCA 2a gene transfer ( GT ) improves mechano‐electrical function in animal models of nonischemic heart failure Whether SERCA 2a GT reverses pre‐established remodeling at an advanced stage of ischemic heart failure is unclear. We sought to uncover the electrophysiological effects of adeno‐associated virus serotype 1. SERCA 2a GT following myocardial infarction ( MI ). Methods and Results Pigs developed mechanical dysfunction 1 month after anterior MI , at which point they received intracoronary adeno‐associated virus serotype 1. SERCA 2a ( MI + SERCA 2a) or saline ( MI ) and were maintained for 2 months. Age‐matched naive pigs served as controls (Control). In vivo ECG ‐and‐hemodynamic properties were assessed before and after dobutamine stress. The electrophysiological substrate was measured using optical action potential ( AP ) mapping in controls, MI , and MI + SERCA 2a preparations. In vivo ECG measurements revealed comparable QT durations between groups. In contrast, prolonged QRS duration and increased frequency of R′ waves were present in MI but not MI + SERCA 2a pigs relative to controls. SERCA 2a GT reduced in in vivo arrhythmias in response to dobutamine. Ex vivo preparations from MI but not MI + SERCA 2a or control pigs were prone to pacing‐induced ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Underlying these arrhythmias was pronounced conduction velocity slowing in MI versus MI + SERCA 2a at elevated rates leading to ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Reduced susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in MI + SERCA 2a pigs was not related to hemodynamic function, contractile reserve, fibrosis, or the expression of Cx43 and Nav1.5. Rather, SERCA 2a GT decreased phosphoactive CAMKII ‐delta levels by >50%, leading to improved excitability at fast rates. Conclusions SERCA 2a GT increases conduction velocity reserve, likely by preventing CAMKII overactivation. Our findings suggest a primary effect of SERCA 2a GT on myocardial excitability, independent of altered mechanical function.
Conserved molecular pathways underlying biting in two divergent mosquito genera

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mosquitoes transmit a wide variety of devastating pathogens when they bite vertebrate hosts and feed on their blood. However, three entire mosquito genera and many individual species in other genera have evolved a nonbiting life history in which blood is not required to produce eggs. Our long‐term goal is to develop novel interventions that reduce or eliminate the biting behavior in vector mosquitoes. A previous study used biting and nonbiting populations of a nonvector mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii , as a model to uncover the transcriptional basis of the evolutionary transition from a biting to a nonbiting life history. Herein, we ask whether the molecular pathways that were differentially expressed due to differences in biting behavior in W . smithii are also differentially expressed between subspecies of Culex pipiens that are obligate biting ( Culex pipiens pipiens ) and facultatively nonbiting ( Culex pipiens molestus ). Results from RNAseq of adult heads show dramatic upregulation of transcripts in the ribosomal protein pathway in biting C. pipiens , recapitulating the results in W. smithii , and implicating the ancient and highly conserved ribosome as the intersection to understanding the evolutionary and physiological basis of blood feeding in mosquitoes. Biting Culex also strongly upregulate energy production pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid (TCA) cycle relative to nonbiters, a distinction that was not observed in W . smithii . Amino acid metabolism pathways were enriched for differentially expressed genes in biting versus nonbiting Culex . Relative to biters, nonbiting Culex upregulated sugar metabolism and transcripts contributing to reproductive allocation (vitellogenin and cathepsins). These results provide a foundation for developing strategies to determine the natural evolutionary transition between a biting and nonbiting life history in vector mosquitoes.