jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical syndromes of glucocorticoid resistance and hypersensitivity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review This review focuses on clinical syndromes of glucocorticoid resistance and hypersensitivity in humans. Recent findings Glucocorticoid resistance and hypersensitivity syndromes can be categorized by mechanism into syndromes caused by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene mutations or polymorphisms, and syndromes caused by abnormal glucocorticoid metabolism. GR mutations cause generalized glucocorticoid resistance. More common GR polymorphisms are associated with phenotypic characteristics suggesting either mild resistance or hypersensitivity to glucocorticoid. Pharmaceutical inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 3A4 system such as ritonavir and itraconazole cause hypersensitivity to inhaled glucocorticoids. Enzymes controlling cortisol and cortisone interconversion are tissue specific. A deficiency of cortisone reductase (decreased conversion of cortisone to cortisol) in adipose tissue causes a glucocorticoid resistance syndrome, with the absence of Cushingoid features in a patient with Cushing's syndrome. A renal tubule deficiency in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (decreased conversion of cortisol to cortisone) causes hypertension and hypokalemia due to an apparent hypersensitivity to cortisol. Summary GR and glucocorticoid metabolism abnormalities cause glucocorticoid resistance and hypersensitivity with diverse clinical presentations. Therapies are targeted to the specific mechanistic abnormalities.
Design and Evaluation of the Internal Space Layout of High-Speed Health Trains Based on Improved Systematic Layout Planning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High-speed health trains have the advantages of large rescue volume, strong continuous operation capability, and medical treatment on the way. It is the best transport platform for large-scale medical transfer tasks. To solve the problem of space limitations and the vehicle formation of high-speed health trains, a new method of space layout design and evaluation of high-speed health trains based on improved systematic layout planning (SLP) was proposed. First, SLP was improved, and the relationship between functional carriages was reasonably marshaled using the improved SLP. Then, according to the space constraints of high-speed trains and the requirements of the man–machine environment, the space layout of the vehicles was designed, and 3ds MAX software was used to visualize the designed layout structure. Finally, the static and dynamic simulation effects and adaptability of the design scheme were evaluated using the digital virtual simulation software JACK. The design scheme can meet the requirements of human–computer interaction efficiency. Compared with previous studies, the results of this study reflect the superiority and rationality of the design in functional configuration, space utilization, medical treatment, and injury-carrying capacity. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for the formation of high-speed health trains, and provide a reference for the research and development of such trains. It has certain practical application value.
Physical Ultrasonics of Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Physical Ultrasonics of Composites is a rigorous introduction to the characterization of composite materials by means of ultrasonic waves. Composites are treated here not simply as uniform media, but as inhomogeneous layered anisotropic media with internal structure characteristic of composite laminates. The objective here is to concentrate on exposing the singular behavior of ultrasonic waves as they interact with layered, anisotropic materials, materials which incorporate those structural elements typical of composite laminates. This book provides a synergistic description of both modeling and experimental methods in addressing wave propagation phenomena and composite property measurements. After a brief review of basic composite mechanics, a thorough treatment of ultrasonics in anisotropic media is presented, along with composite characterization methods. The interaction of ultrasonic waves at interfaces of anisotropic materials is discussed, as are guided waves in composite plates and rods. Waves in layered media are developed from the standpoint of the "Stiffness Matrix", a major advance over the conventional, potentially unstable Transfer Matrix approach. Laminated plates are treated both with the stiffness matrix and using Floquet analysis. The important influence on the received electronic signals in ultrasonic materials characterization from transducer geometry and placement are carefully exposed in a dedicated chapter. Ultrasonic wave interactions are especially susceptible to such influences because ultrasonic transducers are seldom more than a dozen or so wavelengths in diameter. The book ends with a chapter devoted to the emerging field of air-coupled ultrasonics. This new technology has come of age with the development of purpose-built transducers and electronics and is finding ever wider applications, particularly in the characterization of composite laminates.
Estimating Tourism Import Demand Elasticities for Four Countries Using the General-to-specific Approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper applied the general-to-specific econometric modelling technique to estimate demand for tourism imports and the corresponding elasticities for four countries: Australia; Canada; Japan and USA. The findings indicate that tourism imports are generally income and price elastic with values ranging from 1.476 to 1.783 for income elasticity and -1.201 to -1.721 for price elasticity. Furthermore, the findings reveal that, after controlling for seasonality in the data, demand for tourism import is influenced by global financial crisis, disasters and country-specific problems. These findings have important implications for tourism import management, especially in the broader context of promoting tourism imports.
Enhanced Learning Experience for Remote Students in Hybrid Class Model using 360° View Camera and Telepresence Robot

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Conventional online teaching methods (ex: Zoom, MS Team) have some disadvantages along with its own advantages. The main disadvantages of basic online teaching and learning are highlighted as limited physical interaction with classmates/groupmates, loss of campus atmosphere, lack of face to face interaction with teachers and inappropriateness for more dependent learners. Some of the concerns and disadvantages can be addressed by adopting a hybrid (cyber-physical) mode of teaching and learning. The hybrid mode of teaching combines face-to-face physical class and remote students attending the same class virtually through online platform in a cohesive learning environment. In this work, we report a study and findings of conducting different hybrid classes sessions involving regular physical class and remote students attending the same class virtually through (a) online platform such as Zoom connected with 360° view camera for teaching and group discussion/brainstorming, and (b) hands-on activity involving remote student/students interacting with a group of students in physical class/lab through a Telepresence robot. The hybrid class sessions focused on studying the impact of involvement of 360° view camera and Telepresence robot on online teaching and learning, group activity and hands-on activities. By using the survey data, we studied how technology can be used for enhanced teaching and learning in a hybrid class mode, its impact on learning, its user-friendliness and areas for further improvement to create an effective teaching and learning environment.
Certhrax Is an Antivirulence Factor for the Anthrax-Like Organism Bacillus cereus Strain G9241

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus G9241 caused a life-threatening anthrax-like lung infection in a previously healthy human. This strain harbors two large virulence plasmids, pBCXO1 and pBC210, that are absent from typical B. cereus isolates. The pBCXO1 plasmid is nearly identical to pXO1 from Bacillus anthracis and carries genes ( pagA1 , lef , and cya ) for anthrax toxin components (protective antigen [called PA1 in G9241], lethal factor [LF], and edema factor [EF], respectively). The plasmid also has an intact hyaluronic acid capsule locus. The pBC210 plasmid has a tetrasaccharide capsule locus, a gene for a PA1 homolog called PA2 ( pagA2 ), and a gene ( cer ) for Certhrax, an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin that inactivates vinculin. LF, EF, and Certhrax require PA for entry into cells. In this study, we asked what role PA1, PA2, LF, and Certhrax play in the pathogenicity of G9241. To answer this, we generated isogenic deletion mutations in the targeted toxin gene components and then assessed the strains for virulence in highly G9241-susceptible (A/J) and moderately G9241-sensitive (C57BL/6) mice. We found that full virulence of G9241 required PA1 and LF, while PA2 contributed minimally to pathogenesis of G9241 but could not functionally replace PA1 as a toxin-binding subunit in vivo . Surprisingly, we discovered that Certhrax attenuated the virulence of G9241; i.e., a Δ cer Δ lef mutant strain was more virulent than a Δ lef mutant strain following subcutaneous inoculation of A/J mice. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of Certhrax contributed to this phenotype. We concluded that Certhrax acts as an antivirulence factor in the anthrax-like organism B. cereus G9241.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS — UNILATERAL TRIGEMINAL NEURITIS MIMICKING PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR IN A HORSE

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A 16‐year old Warmblood gelding presented with a nonhealing corneal ulcer and absent corneal sensation in the left eye. A lesion affecting the maxillary and ophthalmic branches of the left trigeminal nerve was suspected. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging identified marked thickening of the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the left trigeminal nerve. The nerve was iso‐ to hypointense on T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted images with heterogeneous enhancement. A peripheral nerve sheath tumor was suspected, however granulomatous neuritis was histopathologically confirmed. These inflammatory changes can result in severe nerve enlargement and should be considered with MR findings suggestive of peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Exploring the role of self-generated analogies in solving and reasoning about novel situations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Analogies as tools for meaning making have been of interest to scientists, educators and philosophers ever since Aristotle with their use for reasoning being suggested as a key process in human cognition from early childhood to late adulthood. Extensive research in the area of students’ learning has also consistently found that analogies as instructional tools can play a significant role in facilitating students’ attainment of a conceptual understanding in science. Studies in this area, however, have mostly focused on whether and how analogies provided to the students by teachers and/or researchers can be used effectively in instructional settings. Very few studies have been carried out on the self-generation of analogies by students and how these can be used by the latter in order to understand new information and reason in novel situations. This paper reports on a cross age study in which Greek students from five different age groups (primary and secondary education) were asked to make predictions in situations they had not considered before and describe the reasons that led them to these predictions. According to the findings, students made use of analogies rather than scientific thinking in order to reach a conclusion and make a prediction. In many cases, this analogical reasoning was a non-scientific one as it was based on students’ experiential knowledge. This non-scientific reasoning led most of them to make a prediction incompatible with the scientific account but there were also cases in which analogical reasoning was effective in assisting students to understand the novel situations and reach a conclusion/prediction compatible with the scientific account. A cross age comparison of the predictions and the reasons underpinning them showed that students across the five age groups were making the same incorrect predictions as they were reasoning on the same or similar analogies. The discussion of the results point to the need for a better consideration of the analogies students use, and how/why their reasoning on the basis of such analogies could make them misunderstand novel situations.
Sika Deer Velvet Antler Peptide Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in a Parkinson’s Disease Model via Regulating Oxidative Damage and Gut Microbiota

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder globally. Recognizing the potential of velvet antler in the nervous system, as shown in numerous studies, this research was aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective effects of Sika Deer velvet antler peptide (VAP), along with the underlying mechanisms in neurotoxin-induced PD models. Initially, a peptidomic analysis of the VAP, which comprised 189 varieties of peptides, was conducted using LC-MS. Nine sequences were identified as significant using Proteome Discoverer 2.5 software. In a cellular model of PD, where PC12 cells are treated with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the administration of the VAP reduced the cell damage and apoptosis induced by MPP+. This protective effect was associated with a decrease in oxidative stress. This protective mechanism was found to be mediated through the activation of the SIRT1-dependent Akt/Nrf2/HO-1-signaling pathway. In animal models, specifically in mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD, the administration of the VAP effectively reduced the dopaminergic neuron damage and reversed the neurobehavioral deficits. They also diminished microglia activation and apoptosis, all without any noticeable adverse effects. Additionally, the VAP was observed to beneficially alter the gut microbiota, as marked by an increase in the abundances of Prevotellaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Prevotella. These findings suggest that VAP exerts its neuroprotective effect against neurodegeneration by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating gut microbiota.
Risk factors in relation to blood pressure in school children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study was conducted to identify the factors related to the blood pressure in school children. The study subjects were 144 boys and 140 girls aged 10 years old, 4th grade student of one elementary school in Taegu City. Blood pressure and 18 variables for 284 school children were measured in May 1992. A weight-for-height index, Rhrer index(weight/) was calculated for each individual as a measure of obesity. Body fat percent, fat weight, and lean body mass were measured by impedance fat meter(Model SIF-891). Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, uric acid, total protein, and electrolyte were measured by automated clinical chemistry analyzer(Hitachi 4020). Low-density lipoprotein and atherogenic index were calculated by the equation. The variables assessed were sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure. Rhrer index, body fat percent, body fat weight, lean body mass, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, uric acid, total protein, serum electrolyte and blood glucose. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures for boys were 104.1mmHg and 66.6mmHg and those for girls were 102.9mmHg and 67.5mmHg. Systolic blood pressure of boys was positively correlated with height, weight, Rhrer index, fat weight, lean body mass, and triglyceride. Systolic blood pressure of girls was positively correlated with height, weight, lean body mass, and uric acid. Diastolic blood pressure of boys was positively correlated with weight. Rhrer index, and lean body mass. Diastolic blood pressure of girls was positively correlated with height, weight, fat weight, and lean body mass and negatively with total serum protein. In multiple regression analysis for the systolic blood pressure, the significant independent variables were Rhrer index and serum sodium in boys, and serum uric acid, fat percent, and Rhrer index in girls. In multiple regression analysis of the diastolic blood pressure, the significant independent variables were Rhrer index in boys and total serum protein in girls. This study indicated that important factors influencing blood pressure in school children were Rhrer index, fat percent, serum sodium, uric acid, and total protein. Rhrer index was most important among these. It is recommended to enforce the nutritional education for diet control of obesity to prevent hypertention in children and to adopt healthy life-styles that promote good health and prevent development of cardiovascular risk factors.
Multi-Dimensional Factors Associated with Illegal Substance Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Illegal substance use in sexual minorities is an important health issue worldwide. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the multi-dimensional factors associated with illegal substance use among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. This questionnaire-survey study recruited 500 gay or bisexual men aged between 20 and 25 years. Their experiences of using eight kinds of illegal substances in the preceding month were collected. Their previous experiences of homophobic bullying, satisfaction with academic performance, truancy, perceived family and peer support in childhood and adolescence, and social-demographic characteristics, were also collected. Potential factors associated with illegal substance use were identified using univariate logistic regression, and further selected into a forward stepwise logistic regression model to identify the factors most significantly related to illegal substance use. A total of 22 (4.4%) participants reported illegal substance use in the preceding month, and mean age was 22.9 ± 1.6. Forward stepwise logistic regression revealed that being victims of homophobic cyberbullying in childhood and adolescence (odds ratio (OR) = 1.26; p = 0.011), disclosure of sexual orientation at junior high school (OR = 4.67; p = 0.001), and missing classes or truancy in senior high school (OR = 2.52; p = 0.041) were significantly associated with illegal substance use in early adulthood. Multi-dimensional factors in childhood and adolescence that were significantly associated with illegal substance use in early adulthood among gay and bisexual men were identified. Besides traditional bullying, the effect of cyberbullying and school performance on illegal substance use should not be ignored. This study is limited to the cross-sectional design and possible recall bias. Mental health professionals must routinely assess these significant factors to prevent and intervene in illegal substance use among gay and bisexual men.
Brigadier: A Datalog-based IAST framework for Node.js Applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The NODE.JS runtime, in combination with Node Package Manager (NPM), is a popular ecosystem for building server-side web applications. Both JavaScript's flexible and dynamic character and the vast amount of NPM libraries available can speed up the development of web applications. However, JavaScript and NODE.JS lack security mechanisms and abstractions. Despite the numerous language-based approaches proposed to protect JavaScript applications, no work supports application-level and business-level security properties. This means that in order to achieve both application-level and business-level security, developers are forced to rely on multiple different, unintegrated and incompatible tools and mechanisms.In this paper, we present BRIGADIER 1 , an interactive security testing framework for NODE.JS applications that enables the specification of both application-level and business-level security policies. Brigadier provides developers with a Datalog-based policy specification language that features close interoperability with running JavaScript programs under test. Input JavaScript programs are instrumented to emit relevant application events sent to a Datalog engine resulting from the compilation of the policies. We exhibit Brigadier's expressiveness by implementing three case studies from the literature. We also assess Brigadier's performance overhead on server-side applications. In our benchmarks, we observed a slowdown factor ranging from∼1.2x to ∼3x, which is acceptable for a testing scenario.
Biomimetic robots as scientific models: a view from the whisker tip

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Why build robot models of animals and their nervous systems? One answer is that in building a robot model of a target organism, which mimics sufficiently some aspects of that animal’s body, brain, and behavior, we can expect to learn a good deal about the original creature. Synthesis (engineering) is quite different from analysis (reverse-engineering), is often easier, and teaches fascinating lessons (Braitenberg, 1986). Another answer is that a robot model should allow us to conduct experiments that will help us better understand the biological system, and that would be impossible or at least much more difficult to perform in the original animal (Rosenblueth and Wiener, 1945). In this chapter our target organism is the rat and our specific focus is on the sophisticated tactile sensory system provided by that animal’s facial whiskers (vibrissae). Neurobiology shows us that the brain nuclei and circuits that process vibrissal touch signals, and that control the positioning and movement of the whiskers, form a neural architecture that is a good model of how the mammalian brain, in general, coordinates sensing with action. Thus, by building a robot whisker system we can take a significant step towards building the first robot “mammal.” Following a short review of relevant rat biology, this chapter will describe the design and development of two whiskered robot platforms – Whiskerbot and SCRATCHbot – that we have constructed in order to better understand the rat whisker system, and to test hypotheses about whisker control and vibrissal sensing in a physical brain-based device. We provide a description of each platform, including mechanical, electronic, and software components, discussing, in relation to each component, the design constraints we sought to meet and the trade-offs made between biomimetic ideals and engineering practicalities. Some results obtained using each platform are described together with a brief outline of future development plans. Finally, we discuss the use of biomimetic robots as scientific models and consider, using the example of whiskered robots, what contribution robotics can make to the brain and behavioral sciences.
New Deal Labor Policy and the Containment of Radical Union Activity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

New Deal labor policies were designed with the stability of the capit alist economy in mind Their pro-union provisions responded to labor militance and served to head off the formation of a radical working-class movement The National Labor Relations Act established procedures which encouraged unions to pursue peaceful collective bargaining rather than a more activist course Although the enforcement of pro-union policies was weak, the fact that they were adopted gave the impression that the state was sensitive to worker interests When the crisis ended with the onset of World War II, the state reverted to an approach which more directly restricted worker militance