jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer at national and subnational level in China, 2005-2020: a retrospective population-based study from China national mortality surveillance system

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Colorectal cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer death in China in 2020, and mortality due to colorectal cancer increased in economically developed regions between 2005 and 2020. This study aimed to explore the temporal trends in loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer in China and all mainland provinces from 2005 to 2020. Methods: The mortality data were obtained from the China National Mortality Surveillance System (NMSS), which covers a population of more than 300 million people in 31 provincial-level administrations with provincial-level representativeness. Under-reporting rate was used to adjust for death rates from all cause and colorectal cancer. The demographic data were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistic. We used the abbreviated life table method to calculate life expectancy. Loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer was calculated as the life expectancy after excluding colorectal cancer deaths in the whole population by gender and provinces. Underlying cause of death coded as colorectal cancer based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) was used (C18.0-C18.9). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention. Findings: The loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer in China in 2020 was 0.15 years, slightly higher in men (0.154 years) than in women (0.147 years). Loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer is on an increasing trend between 2005 and 2020, for both genders, with a higher increase for men (0.03) than for women (0.02). The provinces with the highest loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer in 2020 were Beijing (0.30), Zhejiang (0.26), and Shanghai (0.26), and the lowest were Tibet (0.04), Hebei (0.09), and Henan (0.10). Among all 31 mainland provinces, 3 provinces (Hebei, Henan and Jiangxi) showed a decreasing trend for loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer. For the remaining provinces, Tianjin (96.97%), Fujian 80.28%), and Beijing (70.28%) had the highest increase in loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer during the study period. Interpretation: The loss of life expectancy due to colorectal cancer is increasing during 2005-2020, indicating it remains a major public health problem in China, particularly in economically developed provinces. The strengths of this study are the use of loss of life expectancy as the indicator to measure the burden caused by colorectal cancer and its temporal trend based on nationwide data. The limitation of this study is that we were unable to analyze the associated factors for the variations between different provinces.
Editorial: Guidelines for the Measurement of Solid–Liquid Solubility Data at Atmospheric Pressure

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Solubility data have frequently been reported without sufficient attention to experimental detail, including a proper description of apparatus and measurements, the evaluation of uncertainties, and the validation of the experimental protocol. This editorial focuses on solubility measurements of solids in liquids at atmospheric pressure. It provides guidelines that are intended to help researchers to select and validate appropriate experimental techniques, and consequently improve the accuracy of their measured data. It should also assist reviewers in assessing the reliability of solubility data considered for publication in this Journal.
The Nexus of Literature and the Environment: An Exploration of Wole Soyinka's Alapata Apata

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the nexus of literature and the environment in Wole Soyinka’s Alapata Apata. The study adopts ecocritical theory to bring out the playwright's concern for the environment. By employing close reading strategy technique, the study aims to elucidate the interplay of relationship between nature and humans. We intend to show the aggressive exploitative tendency of humans to pillage and desecrate the earth thereby thwarting the intended original harmony of the flora and fauna. The overall aim is to evince the playwright’s ecological leitmotifs.
Car style recognition 1990-2010

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this research is to identify the user recognition towards the car style in the market
line up. To study the car style line up, a certain duration of the period that can show the car style changes
need to be observed. It is due to a car style changes happen at least within a year or more. This research
will support the designer in their quite long time of design development process. The survey one
(I) was done to observe the changes of car form in a series. 155 types of Japanese 2-box car with 248
models, which released in the mass-production from 1990 until 2010, were selected as the samples.
Twenty types of ratios based on the car specifications and basic scales were collected and analyzed by
Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result of the survey one (I) showed that the first until seventh
components with 76.13 % of cumulative percentage of the total variance explain were taken for further
analysis. Two-box car style changes are towards the improvement on efficiency of space usage. The
car style is towards cubical, and the A-pillar position is moving to the front of car engine area. Then, the
survey two (II) was done to get the user evaluation towards the car style changes. Ten Japanese who
are in 20 to 25 years old were chosen as the respondents. Collected data was analyzed by MDS (Multidimensional
Scaling) and Cluster analysis. Four kinds of groups were identified, which were ‘long body’,
‘wagon’, ‘high and long body’ and ‘high and box’. The results from both surveys were analyzed in detail.
The user recognized the car style direction similar with the actual car style changes in the market line
up. The user recognition on the car style has a similar direction towards the actual car style changes
that released in the market.
AI-Powered System for Optimizing Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pest and diseases affecting crops that are relatively irreparable, improper crop handling or management of some resources, and provision of sustainable standards are some of the major issues experienced by the key stakeholders in agriculture today.In this paper, an I-SIB-PA system is designed and developed that comprises such factors as weather, soil, and crop health.This puts forward an enhancement of the farming practices and crop yield by optimum utilization of the available and natural resources with an approach towards sustainable agriculture through AI.The outcomes are even grander, connecting increased crop productivity and resources usage efficiency; thereby, the benefits that artificial intelligence can bring to contemporaneity's farming have been quite vivid here.
[Major pathogenic links of atherosclerosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The experimental and clinical data concerning pathogenesis of the atherosclerosis are summarized and analyzed in this article. Major concepts that explain initiation and progressive growth of atherosclerosis such as lipid infiltrations, response to disturbing factors, "response on the keeping of particles" and inflammatory processes are discussed. These concepts are considered as base for integral theory of atherosclerosis according which the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis are the result of the universal response reaction of endothelium to the various disturbing risk factors. Chronic inflammation leads to complex cellular and molecular interactions among cells derived from the endothelium, smooth muscle and several blood cell components and causes oxidative stress, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, oxidative modification of LDL, uptake and macrophage foam cell formation, endothelium dysfunction. Major pathogenic links of atherosclerosis, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, oxidative modification of LDL, lipid infiltration, endothelial dysfunction closely interact, forming close vicious circles which leads to metabolic and morphological disturbances, re-modulation of blood vessels, cardiovascular diseases and such complication as cardiac infarction and stroke. Pathogenic peculiarities of atherosclerosis are the theoretic base to the elaboration of therapeutic strategy. Endothelium may be discussed as a new therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. So far as the leukotrienes play an important role in inflammatory processes, it is suggested that the leukotrienes may be as a potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
Multi-Omics Study on the Molecular Mechanisms of Tetraodon Nigroviridis Resistance to Exogenous Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infection

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important marine pathogen that causes inflammation and even death in teleost fishes. It has brought significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry as well as high risks to the sustainable development of marine fisheries. In the present study, the fish Tetraodon nigroviridis and the bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus were used to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of T. nigroviridis to V. parahaemolyticus exogenous infection. The microRNA (miRNA)–mRNA–protein omics and corresponding experimental validation, followed by comparative analysis, revealed several differentially expressed genes involved in various components of the immune system, including the following: complement system, chemokines, lysosomes, phagocytes, B-cell receptor signaling pathway, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, and phospholipid metabolism, among others. Especially, the complements component 3 (C3) gene and protein expression levels were significantly higher after V. parahaemolyticus infection, and miRNAs targeting C3, including mir-6089-y, mir-460-y, and mir-1584-x, were significantly down-regulated. The gene and protein expression levels of complement 1 subunit qA (C1qA) were significantly down-regulated, while mir-203 targeting C1qA was significantly up-regulated. Overall, four complement genes (C1qA, IG, C3, and C5) , which are key genes in the classical pathway of complement system activation for inflammatory response, were identified. Evolutionary analysis suggested that T. nigroviridis, acquired an increased ability to recognize pathogens by evolving a more complex complement system than terrestrial vertebrates. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed high consistency with the obtained multi-omics results, indicating the reliability of the sequencing data generated in the present study. In summary, our findings can serve as a fundamental basis for further in-depth multi-omics studies on the inflammatory processes of aquatic pathogens hindering fish sustainable production.
Catalytic Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of α-Diazo-α-Silyl Acetate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The catalytic asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation (CAIMCP) of α-diazo-α-silyl acetates to form oxabicyclo[3.2.1]hexane, which proceeds with high yields and enantioselectivities, is described. The maximum enantiomeric excess observed was 96% ee and the absolute configuration of the products was elucidated. The counteranion of the Cu(I) catalyst was found to play a crucial role in determining the yields and enantioselectivities, with highly anionic counteranions improving both yields and enantioselectivities. Our previously reported model explains the enantiofacial selectivity of the reacting alkene.
Effects of lairage after transport on post mortem muscle glycolysis, protein phosphorylation and lamb meat quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lairage after transport on post mortem muscle glycolysis, protein phosphorylation and lamb meat quality. Two preslaughter animal treatments, transport for 3 h and lairage for 0 h (T3L0) and transport for 3 h and then lairage for 12 h (T3L12), were compared with a control treatment of 0 h transport and 0 h lairage. Data obtained showed that preslaughter transport had a significant effect on lamb meat quality. Loins from lambs of the T3L0 treatment showed higher (P=0.026) pH24 h and higher (P=0.021) pH48 h values, but lower (P<0.001) drip loss and lower (P<0.05) glycolytic potential at 0 h post mortem than those of the T3L12 and control groups. Muscle samples of the T3L0 group showed higher (P=0.046) shear force and lower (P=0.005) b* value than those of the T3L12 group. Muscle glycogen concentration at 0, 2, 4 h post mortem were lower (P<0.05) in the T3L0 group than in control. No significant difference (P>0.05) in most meat quality parameters was determined between the T3L12 group and control, showing lairage for 12 h allowed lambs to recover from the effects of transport for 3 h and resulted in similar meat quality characteristics compared to no transport. Lairage after transport did not affect most meat quality indices in comparison with control, but increased the meat drip loss and b* value of lambs possibly through decreasing glycogen concentration and glycolytic potential.
The Investigation and Taxonomical Research of the Sawflies Species from Gansu Province VIII.A List of the Genera and Species(Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae:Dolerinae,Athaliinae,Belesesinae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present paper deals with 98 sawfly specimens of Tenthredinidae(Dolerinae,Athaliinae and Belesesinae) collected from Gansu province,China.Through identification of the materials,they belonged to 5 genera,23 species.Among them,Dolerinae 2 genera 12 species:Dolerus Panzer 11 species,Loderus Konow 1 species;Athaliinae 1 genera 6 species:Athalia Leach 6 species;Belesesinae 2 genus 5 species:Beleses Cameron 3 species,Abeleses A.Costa 2 species.Included 9 new species:Dolerus wui Wei sp.nov.,Dolerus maijishanus Wei sp.nov.,Dolerus longicarinatus Wei sp.nov.,Dolerus reni Wei sp.nov.,Dolerus songyunae Wei sp.nov.,Dolerus microsculpturalis Wei sp.nov.,Beleses nigroclypeatus Wei sp.nov.,Beleses huangi Wei sp.nov.,Abeleses leucotrochanterus Wei sp.nov.;1 newsubspecies:Athalia japonica nigrotibialis Wei ssp.nov.;6 newrecord species in Gansu and 7 known species.
OC115: Intrauterine growth restriction associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy ¨ Symmetrical or Asymmetrical?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study was to determine the type of growth restriction associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. A prospective study recruited women who were smoking (n = 71) and not smoking in pregnancy (n = 72). Caucasian women with ultrasonographic determination of gestational age ≤ 14 weeks gestation were eligible. Exclusion criteria were recreational drug use, multiple pregnancy, insulin dependent diabetes, development of gestational diabetes, maternal age < 18 or > 40 years. Serial ultrasounds for fetal growth were performed at 28, 32, and 36 weeks gestation. Smoking status was confirmed by immunoassay of the nicotine metabolite cotinine. The median cotinine level correlated well with smoking status and was 4208.0ng/mL in the smoking group and 10.0 ng/mL in the non-smokers. The mean neonatal birthweight was lower in smokers compared with non-smokers, 3174 ± 490 g vs. 3581 ± 486 g (P < 0.05). The abdominal circumference in the smoking group was on average 1 cm smaller than in the non-smoking group at 32 and 36 weeks gestation (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the head circumference between smokers and non-smokers at 28 and 36 weeks gestation. The head circumference at delivery was significantly reduced at 34.4 + /− 1.5 cm in smokers compared with 35.4 + /− 1.4 cm in non-smokers (P < 0.05). The head circumference to abdominal circumference (HC/AC) ratio was used to determine the pattern of growth restriction. HC/AC ratio was significantly reduced in the smokers at 32 weeks (P < 0.05) and at 36 weeks (P < 0.05) compared with non-smokers, indicating a global symmetrical type of growth restriction. There is a significant reduction in fetal head and abdominal growth in pregnancies complicated by smoking in pregnancy. The effect on fetal growth is symmetrical and may be seen at 28 weeks.
The form and internal structure of the alkaline Kangerdlugssuaq intrusion, East Greenland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary The Kangerdlugssuaq intrusion (68′ 20′ N. 32′30″ W., roughly circular and 33 km across) is of Tertiary age, like the nearby Skaergaard intrusion. At the present level of erosion the outer part is of nordmarkite and inwards there are successive rings of transitional pulaskite (without quartz or nepheline), main pulaskite and, in the centre, foyaite. The different rock types are due to gradual changes in the amounts of certain of the minerals and there are no sharp junctions such as would be expected to result from successive injections. Zones of inclusions of basalt, fallen from above, dip inwards at 30 to 60° and, in places, there is a platy parallelism of the tabular alkali feldspars dipping similarly inwards. The three-dimensional form of the intrusion is pictured as resembling a pile of saucers of decreasing size, the sequence of formation being from the outer saucer of nordmarkite to the inner, and smaller saucers of increasingly nepheline-rich syenites. Bottom accumulation of crystals is postulated to explain the disposition of the rock types, but the cause of the succession from quartz-bearing to felspathoidal syenites remains uncertain.
Physical therapy in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: dynamics of the course of the disease

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most severe and common form among childhood muscular dystrophies, characterized by a progressive course. One of the main measures to slow down the rate of progression of the disease is physiotherapy, but now there are no recommendations to identify the optimal motor regimen, which is effective and safe for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of regular dynamic aerobic exercise in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who are capable of independent movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 15 patients with genetically confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy aged 4,9 to 9,0 years (mean age 6,9 years) who did not participate in rehabilitation programs with exercise therapy for 6 months prior to inclusion in the study. All patients underwent a course of physical therapy, the duration of the course was 4 months, the course was divided into 2 stages: preparatory stage (individual cardiac functional reserve 5160% with the number of repetitions of each exercise 68 times) and training stage (individual cardiac functional reserve 6170% with the number of repetitions each exercise 1012 times) The duration of the training was 60 minutes. At the baseline and during dynamic observation after 2 and 4 months, the following were evaluated: 6-minute walk test, timed function test (time to stand from supine, running 10 m, time to climb and descent 4 stairs). RESULTS: Statistically significant positive dynamics was revealed: the average values of the distance of the 6-minute walk at the baseline were 478,2 10,1 m, then 489,5 11,4 m (p 0.05) after 2 months and 502,6 10,7 m (p 0.005) after 4 months. The average values of the time to stand from supine at the baseline was 3,7 0,2 sec., after 2 months 3,5 0,2 sec. (p 0.08), after 4 months 3,5 0,2 sec. (p 0.05). Mean values of time to run 10 m at baseline 4,3 0,1 sec., after 2 months 4,1 0,2 sec. (p 0,05), and after 4 months 4,1 0,1 sec. (p 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the regular performance of aerobic physical therapy exercises without weights in combination with training on an exercise bike can increase endurance and speed in ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Volunteer Community Representatives as Ombudsmen for the Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This is a description of an age-integrated program serving residents in long-term care facilities in New York state. Included are descriptions of the program's inception, the nature of recruitment efforts, and the content of the training program. A number of illustrations of volunteer ombudsmen interventions are presented for the purpose of providing an overview of services. Several issues in the implementation of an ombudsmen program are discussed, with special emphasis on problems of recruitment and retention.
Heritability and Variance Component Estimates of Meat Quality in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A comparison of 3 methods for variance component estimation to compute the heritability of meat quality characteristics (body weight, breast meat weight, breast yield, l, a, b, c, h, and ph) was performed using the methods of maximum likelihood (ML), restricted maximum likelihood (REML), and minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimator (MIVQUE). The parent population was set up at random from a closed population of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Selection was not applied for any productive characteristics and no special care was taken to avoid inbreeding. After 12-h feed withdrawal, the birds were weighed and slaughtered at 35 days of age. Their carcasses were dissected. Then 24-h postmortem and breast meat (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor) weights (BRW) were measured. Ultimate pH values (pHu) of the left breast meat were measured with a pH meter (Hanna Instrument Model 8314) using a penetration electrode (FC-200) after 24 h post-mortem. Color measurements (brightness ´´l´´, redness ´´a´´, yellowness ´´b´´, chroma ´´c´´, and hue ´´h´´) of the left breast meat were carried out using a Minolta CM508d spectrocolorimeter connected to a computer. Heritabilities of meat quality characteristics estimated by maximum likelihood (ML), restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation (MIVQUE) ranged from moderate to high.
Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Zhao, Qi, Benton, Michael J., Xu, Xing, Sander, P. Martin (2014): Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (4): 827-833, DOI: 10.4202/app.2012.0128, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2012.0128