jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Search for scalar induced gravitational waves in the International Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2 and NANOgrav 12.5 years datasets

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We perform a Bayesian search in the latest Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) datasets for a stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background sourced by curvature perturbations at scales $10^5~\text{Mpc}^{-1}\lesssim k\lesssim 10^8~\text{Mpc}^{-1}$. These re-enter the Hubble horizon at temperatures around and below the QCD crossover phase transition in the early Universe. We include a stochastic background of astrophysical origin in our search and properly account for constraints on the curvature power spectrum from the overproduction of primordial black holes (PBHs). We find that the International PTA Data Release 2 significantly favors the astrophysical model for its reported common-spectrum process, over the curvature-induced background. On the other hand, the two interpretations fit the NANOgrav 12.5 years dataset equally well. We then set new upper limits on the amplitude of the curvature power spectrum at small scales. These are independent from, and competitive with, indirect astrophysical bounds from the abundance of PBH dark matter. Upcoming PTA data releases will provide the strongest probe of the curvature power spectrum around the QCD epoch.
Fate, Fortune, Free Will and Nature in Eusebius of Caesarea

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In working out his own understanding of historical causation, Eusebius had to deal with the great issues of the pagan Graeco-Roman historiographical tradition. He had to reject, alter or adapt the classical understanding of Fate, Fortune, Nature and human free will in order to work out a coherent Christian understanding of history and the forces that shaped it.
Levitated liquid hydrogen cryotank for automotive applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A critical component for the application of hydrogen technology in automobiles is the storage of liquid hydrogen. Conventional tanks show intolerable evaporation losses. An innovative tank concept based on a superconducting suspension of an inner tank in an outer tank was realized in a functional model. The model shows an evaporation rate lowered by 50% compared to a conventional reference tank. In addition the design of a more compact prototype tank was worked out with a rotational symmetric arrangement. First components for this suspension concept were tested successfully. (author)
Host vs. pathogen evolutionary arms race: Effects of exposure history on individual response to a genetically diverse pathogen

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Introduction Throughout their range, bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) populations have seen significant disease-associated declines. Unfortunately, understanding of the underlying epidemiological processes driving the disease dynamics in this species has hindered conservation efforts aimed at improving the health and long-term viability of these populations. Individual response to pathogen exposure emerges from dynamic interactions between competing evolutionary processes within the host and pathogen. The host’s adaptive immune system recognizes pathogens and mounts a defensive response. Pathogens have evolved strategies to overcome adaptive immune defenses including maintaining high genetic diversity through rapid evolution. The outcomes of this evolutionary warfare determine the success of pathogen invasion of the host and ultimately the success of conservation efforts. Methods During an epizootic dominated by a single strain, we explore these host-pathogen dynamics by examining the variation in effects of pathogen invasion on captive bighorn sheep with differing histories of exposure to genetically diverse strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movi). We monitored clinical signs of disease and sampled animals and their environment to detect spread of Movi among 37 bighorn sheep separated into nine pens based on known exposure histories. Results We documented Movi transmission within and across pens and we detected Movi DNA in air, water, and invertebrate samples. Higher levels of antibody to Movi prior to the epizootic were associated with a lower likelihood of presenting clinical signs of pneumonia. Nonetheless, higher antibody levels in symptomatic individuals were associated with more severe progressive disease, increased probability and speed of pneumonia-induced mortality, and reduced likelihood of returning to a healthy state. Bighorn sheep with previous exposure to a strain other than the predominant epizootic strain were more likely to recover. Discussion Our results indicate that Movi-strain variability was sufficient to overwhelm the adaptive host immunological defenses. This outcome indicates, in free-ranging herds, past exposure is likely insufficient to protect bighorn sheep from infection by new Movi strains, although it influences the progression of disease and recovery within the herd. Therefore, given Movi-strain variability and the lack of immunological protection from past exposure, focusing management efforts on minimizing the introduction of Movi into bighorn herds, through separation of domestic and bighorn sheep and avoidance of management activities that create commingling of bighorn sheep carrying differing Movi strains, will likely be the most effective approach for reducing the effects of disease and achieving bighorn sheep conservation goals.
UNIDO—Agency for industrial development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Together with the growing urgency of industrial development in the developing countries, the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) is also more and more in the focus of interest. This young organisation, which two and a half years ago with much ambition assumed a huge bouquet of tasks, is—as all other bodies, loo-facing various difficulties as for instance where to concentrate activities, where to get the financial means, and last but not least how to please all parties concerned at the same time. What UNIDO’s activities under such a general head term as „industrial development” are, which problems are emerging and what the strategy of UNIDO in the Second Development Decade will be told us Dr Samuel Lurié, whom we visited in Vienna on occasion of the third meeting of the Industrial Development Board, the directive body of UNIDO.
Capacities of Public Specialized Medical Centers for Children: Comparison with Tertiary Hospitals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background:The government has designated the public specialized medical centers for children to support children's hospitals.It announced that it will introduce a new payment system from 2023 to help the centers overcome financial difficulties.However, evidence on the medical capacities of the centers has been lacking.We aimed to investigate the medical capacities of the centers, comparing them with tertiary hospitals.Methods: We used data for 2021 of the National Medical Center and Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service.The medical capacities of nine centers were compared with 35 tertiary hospitals that were not designated as the centers.We checked the pediatric medical capacities in terms of two aspects: medical resources (facility, medical personnel) and services (case, spending, quality).Descriptive statistics and t-test were used for analyses.Results: All the centers met the criteria for the designation.There were several centers that did not have the specialists in the subspecialties of pediatrics or surgery.Compared with the hospitals not designated as the centers, the centers had a higher operating rate of pediatric intensive care units and more than twice as many pediatricians.And their medical cases and costs were more than double those of hospitals not designated as centers.The ratio of patients with complex chronic diseases was higher in centers. Conclusion:The government support for children's hospitals has been focused on investment in facilities until now.Additional government supports will be needed to help centers to continue to provide professional medical services.
Review article: Quality of follow‐up care for anaphylaxis in the emergency department

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The prevalence of allergic disorders is rising, with a corresponding increase in patients presenting to an ED with anaphylaxis. Appropriate follow up is required for patients with anaphylaxis. We reviewed two potential performance indicators for the quality of post‐discharge care: (i) the rate of self‐injectable adrenaline prescription; and (ii) the referral rate for follow‐up care with allergy specialists. A search of C ochrane Library, PubM ed and Google Scholar was performed using the following initial search string: anaphylaxis and ‘emergency department’. We considered any (interventional or observational design) study assessing post‐discharge care in anaphylaxis, measured by either adrenaline self‐injection prescription or allergist referral. Subjects were patients with (suspected) anaphylaxis or severe allergic reaction, with no age limit. This review summarises findings from 16 relevant papers, all retrospective analyses of post‐discharge care for anaphylaxis. Weighted arithmetic means were calculated for rates of prescription of adrenaline auto‐injector and referral to an allergist following admission to an ED in patients with (suspected) anaphylaxis or severe allergic reaction. Prescription rates for self‐injected adrenaline at the time of discharge following anaphylaxis varied from 0% to 68%, with a mean of 44%. Allergist referral rates ranged from 0% to 84%, with a mean of 33%. This review demonstrates that there is room for improvement in post‐discharge care for patients who present to the ED with an anaphylactic reaction.
A measurement of top spin observables in $ t\\bar{t}$ events at the ATLAS detector

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Top quarks in tt production are produced almost unpolarized, but their spins are highly correlated. Previous measurements of the top quark polarization and spin correlation in ttbar events at the LHC are in good agreement with the Standard Model, but those measurements cover just a fraction of the parameter space of the spin density matrix for ttbar production. In order to measure most of the parameters, more observables are needed. A study of polarization and spin correlation observables based on different quantization axes is presented. The measurement is performed on a data sample corresponding an integrated luminosity of 20 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at √s=8 TeV, taken by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012.
Sinking skin flap syndrome in the multi-trauma patient: a paradoxical management to TBI post craniectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Sinking skin flap syndrome is a rare syndrome leading to increased intracranial pressure, known to neurosurgeons, yet uncommon and hardly ever reported in trauma patients. In a hospitalized trauma patient with declining neurological status, rarely do we encounter further deterioration by elevating the patients’ head, diuresis and hyperventilation. However, after craniectomy for trauma, a partially boneless cranium may be compressed by the higher atmospheric pressure, that intracranial pressure rises to dangerous levels. For such cases, paradoxical supportive management with intravenous fluid infusion, and reverse Trendelenburg positioning, is used to counteract the higher atmospheric pressure, as a bridge to definitive treatment with cranioplasty. These steps constitute an urgent and easily applied intervention to reduce further neurological deterioration, of which every trauma healthcare provider should be aware.
Modulating epigenome by soybean bioactive compounds in breast cancer chemoprevention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For years, researchers have been puzzled by the fact why Asian women tend to have a lower breast cancer rate as compared to the American women. In the past few decades, genistein was found to be linked to this trend. However, the mystery of why Asian women have an increased in breast cancer rate when they migrated over to the western region of the world is still unsolved. We hypothesised that the bioactive genistein modulates the epigenome to lower the risk of breast cancer. A series of assays were performed on MDA-MB-231 cell line in 3 different conditions of control, treated and withdrawn to study the effect of genistein. By comet assay, we observed greater DNA damage in genistein withdrawn cells as shown by higher olive tail moment and tail moment of 15.32 and 34.57 respectively. However, the values for control and treated samples are both below 10.00 for olive tail moment and tail moment. These results indicate that the soybean genistein modulates epigenome by changing the chromatin structure which leads to change in DNA structure as observed in the comet assay. Further study is needed to uncover the underlying mechanism on how this epigenetic change is induced by genistein.
Sesame oil in diets for lambari: Effects on growth parameters, corporal chemical composition and physiological alterations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT: The inclusion of sesame oil associated with soybean, linseed and freshwater fish residue oil in the diets fed to Lambaris Astyanax altiparanaewas evaluated by the growth performance parameters, body composition and possible physiological changes (GARUTTI & BRISTSKI, 2000). The experiment was a completely randomized design in two factorial parameters tested: three oil types (soy oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and freshwater fish residue oil (FRO)), combined or not with sesame oil (SEO), totalizing six treatments and four replications 24 cages, capacity of 0.70m3 (density of 251 fish m-3). The fish (mean weight 2.35g±0.62g and mean length 5.25cm±0.68cm) were fed with the experimental diets twice a day. After 75 days, the following parameters were determined: body chemical composition and fatty acid profile, glycemia, liver (LG) and muscle glycogen (MG) levels, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Fish fed with diets containing SEO had higher desaturation index values of LNA while those fed with SEO combined with LO displayed reduced hepatic lipid oxidation. Inclusion of SEO improved the fatty acid profile and stability, without causing problems related to fish performance and health.
Optical fibre facets: a vector analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A full vector, semi-analytical, yet accurate, analysis of coated optical fibre facets is presented, based upon the free space radiation mode method. This yields a simple final expression for the modal reflectivity. A highly efficient algorithm has been developed to implement this analysis. Example results for the reflectivity of the fundamental HE11 mode supported by typical single-mode fibres are given, which are compared to those obtained from an equivalent scalar investigation. Results show that correct modelling of the low reflectivities of coated facets requires a full vector analysis.
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF STOCK FARMER COOPERATIVE OF SOUTH BANDUNG PANGALENGAN

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purposes of this research are to identify and review internal and external factors in KPBS Pangalengan and to develop alternative strategies and priority strategies for business development in KPBS Pangalengan.Porter's value chain approach was used to analyze internal factors and PEST approach was used to analyze external factors.The method used in this research is descriptive analysis.Analyzers used in this research are SWOT matrix and combination of Analytic Hierarchy Process.The result of the sequence of strategies leads to business development that is by inviting the investors to make investment in KPBS and building alliances with more Milk Processing Industry.Both strategies will motivate the stock farmers to be more enthusiastic in the maintenance process until the production process.Thus, it can improve the competitiveness of the stock farmers.After performing these two strategies, KPBS can run the following four strategies: conducting periodic discussions among stakeholders, creating human resources training and development, conducting integrated supervision, optimizing milk processing units, and resuming expansion strategy by cooperating with franchise stores and e-commerce.
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

DIFFUSE or miliary lung diseases are being recognized and labeled with increasing frequency, often with considerable importance in relation to therapy. However, a large group of these disorders still remains unclassified. They are the chronic interstitial pneumonias, which, in the absence of familial history, collagen diseases, inhalation of noxious agents or ingestion of certain drugs, are often referred to as chronic idiopathic interstitial fibrosis or Hamman-Rich disease. Unfortunately, the latter term tends to be applied loosely to chronic fibrosing lung diseases with greatly variable clinical and histologic features. Recently, Liebow, Steer and Billingsley1 called attention to a pathological picture that, . . .
Kontsept Nazariyasi Va Konseptual Makon

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Kognitiv fan o'z rivojlanishining hozirgi bosqichida inson bilimining har qanday yangi gumanitar sohasiga xos bo'lgan vaziyatga duch kelmoqda: fanning o'ziga xos fanlararo tabiati, uni ifodalovchi olimlarning ko'plab, ba'zan bir-biriga qarama-qarshi yondashuvlari, shuningdek amaldagi usullarning xilma-xilligi, tadqiqot mavzusining tarqoqligi va atamalarning nomuvofiqligi tashqi kuzatuvchida dunyoda kognitiv olimlarning o'zlari qancha kognitiv fan variantlari mavjud bo'lsa, shunchalik ko'p taassurot qoldirishi mumkinligiga olib keldi.
Path analysis and robust prediction of lamb carcass composition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Path analysis was applied to correlations among lamb carcass measurements. Correlations were obtained from lamb carcasses averaging 15·7 kg and 270 g fat per kg carcass weight. Correlations were adjusted to represent within breed, sex and management group relationships. The purpose of the analysis was to study the relationships of carcass weight with carcass measurements and to identify carcass measurements that are independent other than through their relationships with carcass chemical fat concentration and carcass weight. The direct effect of live weight on all carcass measurements was positive. Thus, heavier carcasses with the same fat concentration had larger fat and tissue depths, muscle measurements, leg measurements and kidney fat weights. The results of correlations among the residuals suggest that fat depths C and J, specific gravity, muscle width A and kidney fat weight are nearly independent estimates of carcass composition in the sense that they are only correlated through their relationships with carcass weight and carcass fat composition. Robust predictors of carcass composition were developed by first adjusting carcass measurements for the direct effects of carcass weight and then computing regressions on the adjusted measurements. These predictors appeared to be better predictors of environmental and genetic differences than least-squares multiple regression yet reduced the accuracy of within group prediction only slightly.
UN MTC Article 14: The Mistaken Retention

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The OECD deleted Article 14 from its Model Tax Convention (MTC) in 2000, however, the UN decided to retain it in 2009. The OECD has since been chastized for eliminating it and the UN eulogized for retaining it. This article, contrary to the prevailing perspective, supports the ‘delete decision’, though for reasons diametrically different from those on which Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) based its decision in 2000. It berates the UN for the ‘retain decision’ by debunking the grounds thereof and by mounting new arguments. In fact, it turns the mainstream scholarships’ professed position upside down that Article 14s continued presence on UN MTC accrued developing countries substantial economic benefits and broadened their tax base. It is argued that the deletion of UN MTC Article 14(1)(c) in 1999 through an angularly established setup – the Focus Group – was dramatic, mysterious, and undefendable warranting fresh and deeper scrutiny. This article postulates that without a robust built-in anti-base erosion principle, which was deleted in 1999, Article 14s presence in the UN MTC is counterproductive, base eroding, and inimical to fiscal interests of developing countries. Therefore, it strongly proposes to either restore the deleted Subparagraph 1(c) or also delete the retained rump Article 14 itself – sooner than later. UN MTC article 14, independent personal services, OECD MTC article 14, professional services, dependent personal services
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF): its function in proliferative diabetic retinopathy management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction. Among working-age adults, diabetes is a primary cause of visual impairment. Pan-retinal photocoagulation, the standard treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, is effective but comes with well-established adverse effects, including limitations on the peripheral visual field. The mechanism of vascular proliferation is thought to be triggered by vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). Anti-VEGF medications have been studied extensively in the treatment of diabetic macular edema, and the results suggest that treatment with anti-VEGF medications causes a decrease in diabetic retinopathy. Anti-VEGF therapies can be used to treat underlying proliferative diabetic retinopathy in cases of vitreous bleeding when platelet-rich plasma cannot be used, delaying, or reducing the necessity for a vitrectomy. However, the limitations of anti-VEGF therapy require careful patient selection and constant observation. Recent clinical trials and recommendations for the use of anti-VEGF in proliferative diabetic retinopathy are presented in this review. Material and methods. The effectiveness of anti-VEGF medicines in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy was the subject of a comprehensive review of the scientific and medical literature. A structured search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and HINARI databases, considering relevant articles published in the last 10 years. The search terms used (in English) were: “angiogenesis inhibitors”, “anti-VEGF”, “pan-retinal photocoagulation”, “intravitreal injection”, “diabetic retinopathy”. Accurate diagnosis, side effects, quality of life, and patient satisfaction were analyzed and compared for each treatment option. Results. Anti-VEGF treatments have been demonstrated to be beneficial in reducing macular edema, enhancing visual acuity, and slowing the advancement of diabetic retinopathy. While generally safe, different anti-VEGF medicines have varied side effects profiles. Conclusion. When choosing an anti-VEGF treatment for diabetic retinopathy, factors such as patient satisfaction, quality of life, side effects, and correct diagnosis should be taken into account. While anti-VEGF treatments show promise, further study is required to fully understand their advantages and disadvantages and to optimize their application.