jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Probing scaling Relations of AGN accretion parameters through the ensemble QSO X-ray variability in XMM- Newton light Curves

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Active Galactic Nuclei exhibit characteristic stochastic flux fluctuations in their X-ray emission, providing important insights into the accretion physics around supermassive black holes. Despite this, few systematic studies have targeted variability in AGNs with high Eddington ratios and massive black holes, particularly on shorter timescales that closely reflect conditions near the central engine. In this thesis, we study intrinsic X-ray variability through normalized excess variance (NXSV) using a sample of optically-selected SDSS QSOs also found in observations from XMM-Newton’s Serendipitous Source Catalog. Our sample spans Eddingtonratios λEdd ≈ 10^−2 to the Eddington limit and black hole masses MBH ≈ 10^8–10^10 M⊙. We employ a custom processing pipeline for optimal light curve extraction and utilize a new Bayesian hierarchical methodology fit for the Poisson nature of the light curves to estimate mean NXSV across populations of physically similar QSOs. Ouranalysis reveals a positive correlation between NXSV and λEdd, challenging earlier studies reporting an anti-correlation. This increased short-term X-ray variability at λEdd may result from changes in the corona’s geometry or from enhanced turbulence associated with transitions to slim-disk accretion. Conversely, variability shows no clear scaling with MBH, although comparisons with theoretical models suggest a subtle correlation could be obscured by the uncertainties inherent to our values.
The Human Language Faculty as an Organ

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

▪ Abstract Developments in the study of language and cognition give increasing credibility to the view that human knowledge of natural language results from—and is made possible by—a biologically determined capacity specific both to this domain and to our species. The functional properties of this capacity develop along a regular maturational path, such that it seems more appropriate to speak of knowledge of our own language as growing rather than as being learned. That our learning of language results from a specific innate capacity rather than by general mechanisms of induction is supported by the extent to which we can be shown to know things that we could not have learned from observation of any plausible available teaching. The domainspecificity of the language faculty is supported by the many dissociations that can be observed between control of language structure and other cognitive functions. Finally, the species-specificity of the human language faculty is supported by the observation that (absent severe pathology) every human child exposed in even limited ways to the triggering experience of linguistic data develops a full, rich capacity that is essentially homogeneous with that of the surrounding community. Efforts to teach human language to other species, however, have uniformly failed. These considerations make it plausible that human language arises in biologically based ways that are quite comparable to those directing other aspects of the structure of the organism. The language organ, in this sense, can be interpreted in a functional sense, and not as implying an anatomical location comparable to that of, say, the kidney.
Geographic distance and corporate acquisitions: signals from IPO firms

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper examines acquisitions of firms after they have undergone initial public offerings (IPOs). Combining insights from information economics with recent research on geographic distance in various market settings, the analysis investigates whether the presence or absence of different signals on IPO firms has an impact on the geographic proximity of acquirers. The central proposition we develop and test is that specific characteristics of IPOs—venture capitalist backing, investment bank reputation, and underpricing of issued shares—convey signals on these firms, which can facilitate acquisitions by more remote acquirers who are more likely to face the risk of adverse selection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Drying Kinetics of Chilies using a Rotating Fluidized Bed Technique

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Problem statements: The present study investigates experimentally the drying of chilies (Capsicum annuum L.) with rotating fluidized bed technique and the biological properties: capsaicin content, moisture diffusivity and activation energy.Approach: The drying experiment was conducted at the drying air temperatures ranged 70-120°C and the drying air velocity was fixed at 1.8 m sec -1 , while the layer's height was fixed at 4 ± 0.5 cm.The chilies were dried starting 350 ± 5%db down to 10 ± 1%db.Results: The drying time requested to dry chilies ranged 69-257 min.The average capsaicin content of dried chilies was decreased starting 2725.4 down to 1617.4 ppm.The effective diffusivity and activation energy were also described.Conclusion: Drying air temperature was significant factor on the decreasing of moisture content, capsaicin content and redness of dried chilies.All samples can be marketable.
3-D electrical network model of water tree

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A 3-D computer model simulating electric properties of a water tree has been developed. The model is based on a regular, cubic lattice. Branched patterns of various sizes, grown from a needle electrode, were generated on the lattice by a random walk process to form the backbone structure of the water tree. Appropriate electric impedances were assigned to different regions, i.e. those occupied by the dielectric (polyethylene), water or empty cavities. The change of current in the ground electrode as a function water tree size was examined. Results were compared with the experimental results of J.D. Cross and J.Y. Koo (1984). Computer simulations show that if the water contained in water tree channels has conductivity higher then that of distilled water (10/sup -6/ S/m), it can exist only in a dispersed form. If water tree channels were to be interconnected and completely filled with water, conductivity of the water should not be greater than that of distilled water. The latter case is not possible in the view of the presence of salts commonly found in water tree regions.
Deep analysis of RNA N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) patterns in human cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) is the most abundant internal RNA modification in eukaryotes, and affects RNA metabolism and non-coding RNA function. Previous studies suggest that m6A modifications in mammals occur on the consensus sequence DRACH (D = A/G/U, R = A/G, H = A/C/U). However, only about 10% of such adenosines can be m6A-methylated, and the underlying sequence determinants are still unclear. Notably, the regulation of m6A modifications can be cell-type-specific. In this study, we have developed a deep learning model, called TDm6A, to predict RNA m6A modifications in human cells. For cell types with limited availability of m6A data, transfer learning may be used to enhance TDm6A model performance. We show that TDm6A can learn common and cell-type-specific motifs, some of which are associated with RNA-binding proteins previously reported to be m6A readers or anti-readers. In addition, we have used TDm6A to predict m6A sites on human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) for selection of candidates with high levels of m6A modifications. The results provide new insights into m6A modifications on human protein-coding and non-coding transcripts.
Mechanism of coordination polymerization copolymerization of ethylene and butene‐1 with bis‐(cyclopentadienyl)‐titanium dichloride and diethylaluminum chloride

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Some of the variables affecting the copolymerization of ethylene and butene‐in benzene using the soluble catalyst system bis‐(cyclopentadienyl)‐titanium dichloride and diethyl aluminium chloride were investigated. Aging of the catalyst mixture prior to the addition of the monomers had a significant effect on rate of reaction, polymer yield, molecular weight, and copolymer composition. The presence of at least two active catalyst species is postulated and a polymerization mechanism is presented and discussed.
COOKING OF BEEF BY OVEN ROASTING: A STUDY OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Samples of semimembranosus muscles were oven roasted at 175°C, and 225°C from initial temperatures of −20° and +S°C. During heating temperature profiles were determined as a function of heating time. On duplicate samples the corresponding moisture and fat content profiles were determined for a number of heating times. Moisture and temperature profiles were found to be inversely related to each other, with temperature minimum and moisture maximum occurring near the sample center. For fat content no important trend was seen. Heating time was shorter and yield lower at 225°C than at 175°C, and cooking time increased by some 50% when cooking directly from the frozen state. Up to 65‐70°C weight loss appears to occur almost entirely by evaporation from a wet surface, the surface temperature being determined by the wet bulb temperature of the oven atmosphere. Also, above 65°C weight loss by liquid drip becomes significant. The results from time/ temperature exposure studies on thin slices of meat showed that temperature is more important than time to drip loss, and surprisingly good agreement with experimental profiles was obtained when applying these data to calculate moisture profiles in roasts from known temperature profiles. For temperature calculations both Hottel diagrams and a simple mathematical model were used with promising results. These findings should help clarify the determining factors in oven roasting of meat, and point to means of controlling and optimizing cooking conditions with regard to yield and cooking time.
Novel Sulfur-Containing Polymeric Cathode Material Prepared via an Inverse Vulcanization Method for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been the research hotspot of next-generation energy storage technology in recent years due to their high theoretical specific capacity, safety, and cost-effectiveness. However, inevitable lithium polysulfide intermediates' dissolution and migration severely hamper their energy density and calendar life. Therefore, it is of significance to restrain the inevitable polysulfide shuttle effect in electrolytes. Herein, a new type of sulfur-containing polymeric cathode, poly(vinyl trimethoxysilane-co-sulfur) (PVTS), is successfully synthesized by an inverse vulcanization method to solve the polysulfide problem. The well-designed sulfur-containing polymer endows the Li–S battery with better performance, which has several features that are discussed below. First, the covalent bonding of the sulfur atom and the carbon atom of vinyl trimethoxysilane in PVTS effectually limits the polysulfide diffusion and further lessens the polysulfide dissolution, thereby preventing the loss of active materials. Second, a good liquid electrolyte wettability is conducive to the electrochemical reaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In the end, a faster charge transfer rate and a favorable lithiation/delithiation kinetics facilitate the electrochemical process. Accordingly, the PVTS/C cathode shows significantly enhanced cycling stability after 500 cycles and excellent rate performance.
Are proverbs really so bad? Herbert Simon and the logical positivist perspective in American public administration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the 1950s, the unifying epistemological perspective in American public administration has been logical positivism, most notably as defined and promoted by Herbert Simon. In recent years, logical positivism has been under attack for limiting inappropriately the scope of inquiry within the field, forcing it to ignore important, value‐laden issues critical to government and the public sector. The willingness to address value‐laden issues was at the core of what was to become the field of public administration in the early twentieth‐century. This article examines the philosophical roots of logical positivist movement, its dramatic effects upon public administration, and the subsequent counter attacks on the movement. The article concludes that although logical positivism’s attack on public administration initially weakened the field, as a result practitioners and scholars were eventually to demand increased rigor and higher standards of inquiry for research in the field.
Brain Resting State Functional Networks in Infants with Prenatal Opioid Exposure

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Purpose: Infants of mothers with opioid and substance use can present with postnatal withdrawal symptoms and are at risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in later childhood. Identifying methods to evaluate the consequences of substance exposure on the developing brain can help initiate proactive therapies to improve outcomes for opioid-exposed neonates. Additionally, early brain imaging in infancy has the potential to identify early brain developmental alterations that could prognosticate neurodevelopmental outcomes in these children. In this study, we aim to identify differences in global brain network connectivity in infants with prenatal opioid exposure compared to healthy control infants, using resting-state functional MRI performed at less than 2 months completed gestational age. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, IRB-approved study, we recruited 20 infants with prenatal opioid exposure and 20 healthy, opioid naïve infants. Anatomic imaging and resting-state functional MRI were performed at less than 48 weeks corrected gestational age, and rs-fMRI images were co-registered to the UNC neonate brain template and 90 anatomic atlas-labelled regions. Covariate Assisted Principal (CAP) regression was performed to identify brain network functional connectivity that was significantly different among infants with prenatal opioid exposure compared to healthy neonates. Results: Of the 5 significantly different CAP components identified, the most distinct component (CAP5, p= 3.86 x 10-6) spanned several brain regions, including the right inferior temporal gyrus, bilateral Hesch’s gyrus, left thalamus, left supramarginal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left superior parietal gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus, right gyrus rectus, left supplementary motor area, and left pars triangularis. Functional connectivity in this network was lower in the infants with prenatal opioid exposure compared to non-opioid exposed infants. Conclusion: This study demonstrates global network alterations in infants with prenatal opioid exposure compared to non-opioid exposed infants. Future studies should be aimed at identifying clinical significance of this altered connectivity.
Abstract P214: Mechanotransduction And Uterine Blood Flow In Preeclampsia- The Role Of Piezo 1 Ion Channels.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: There is a large increase in uterine arterial blood flow during normal pregnancy. Structural and cellular adjustments occur in the uterine vasculature during pregnancy to accommodate this increased blood flow through a process is known as ‘vascular remodeling’. The etiology of preeclampsia involves aberrant placentation and vascular remodeling leading to reduced uteroplacental perfusion. However, the underlying source of the deficient vascular remodeling and the subsequent development of preeclampsia remains to be fully understood. Piezo 1 channels have been shown to be highly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells of small-diameter arteries and play a role in the structural remodeling of the arteries. Studies have also shown that Piezo 1 is present in uterine arteries and it’s not exclusive to the endothelial cells. Hypothesis: This study tests the hypothesis that reduced Piezo 1 activity contributes to decreased uterine vascular relaxation in hypertensive pregnant rats. Methods: Hypertension was induced by treating the pregnant rats with synthetic CpG ODN (ODN 2395) via three intraperitoneal injections (100μg/rats) while the normotensive controls were treated with saline (vehicle) on the 14 th , 17th and 18 th days of pregnancy. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured. In vitro vascular reactivity of uterine arterial (UA) ring segments were evaluated using isometric wire myograph system. Rings were pre-contracted with 3μM phenylephrine (PE), concentration responses of to Yoda1; a pharmacological agonist of Piezo 1 channel were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using nonlinear regression and Students’ t-test. Results: Our results show that MAP was greater in rats treated with ODN2395 vs untreated rats (112 ± 1 vs 90 ± 1 p =0.0004). Concentration-dependent relaxation responses to Yoda1 were greater in UAs of untreated rats compared to those treated with ODN2395 (EC50 0.06571 ± 0.09781 vs. 0.5774 ± 0.1187 p =0.0018). Conclusion: These results suggest that the reduced vasodilation in pregnancy-associated hypertension may be due to a reduced Piezo 1 channel activity.
Assessing the immediate effect of ground reaction ankle foot orthoses on balance in individuals with inherited neuropathies (P3.4-043)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

May 7, 2019April 9, 2019Free AccessAssessing the immediate effect of ground reaction ankle foot orthoses on balance in individuals with inherited neuropathies (P3.4-043)Katherine Burke, Keneth Cornell, Amy Swartz, Natalie Grant, Sabrina Paganoni, and Reza SadjadiAuthors Info & AffiliationsApril 9, 2019 issue92 (15_supplement)https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P3.4-043 Letters to the Editor
Enzymic mechanism of starch breakdown in germinating rice seeds V. Sucrose phosphate synthetase in the scutellum<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Some enzymic Properties of a partially purified preparation of sucrose phosphate synthetase (E.C.2.4.1.14) from germinating rice seed scutella were studied. Examination of the reaction kinetics revealed that the rate of synthesis of sucrose phosphate follows the Michaelis-Menten equation at an optimum PH of 7.5, having Km of 25 mM for UDP-glucose, and of 4.9 mM for fructose 6-phosphate. UDP inhibited the enzyme reaction competitively; K1 of 3.3 mM. Fe++ and Fe+++ activated the enzyme reaction about 2-fold; Ka, 0.3 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively. Co++, Co(NH3)6+++, Mg++ and Mn++ also activated the enzyme reaction. At high concentration K+ activated the enzyme reaction with the maximum activation of 24% at 400 mM. The molecular weight and S20,w value of the enzyme were determined as 4.5 × 105 and 10.4S, respectively.
Blast Injuries of the Chest and Abdomen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

On Oct 21, 1967, the destroyerEilatwas sunk by Egyptian missile boats opposite Port-Said. The sailors deserted the ship and while they were in the water another missile appeared, missing the destroyer and exploding in the water. This underwater explosion resulted in immersion-blast injuries to many of the sailors who survived the direct hit. Blast injuries were described in the early 1920's.1Some experience with the clinical syndrome, the pathology, and pathophysiology was gained by the Allies and the Germans in World War II. The injury is rare during peace time and there have been no publications on underwater-blast injuries since the end of World War II. This paper deals with 32 blast-injured sailors of the destroyerEilatwho were still in hospital during the second week after the injury. Subserosal hemorrhage or tears of the bowel or both proven at laparotomy were accepted as proof of intraabdominal
Selective, homonuclear pulse experiments in the Fourier transform mode: a study of 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene uridine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A simple modification of a conventional Fourier transform nmr spectrometer (Varian XL-100) makes it feasible to apply selective, radiofrequency pulses at the resonance frequency of one, or more, proton resonances and to monitor the effects of those perturbations in the usual F.t. fashion. Experiments with 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene uridine are used to illustrate the utility of this technique in measurements of selective spin-lattice relaxation rates, to eliminate unwanted resonances by selective saturation or by selective partial relaxation, and to perform the pulse equivalent of a 1 H– 1 H INDOR experiment.
Bond offerings in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study appraises the value created by a bond offering in China, where high levels of state ownership and insider ownership raise concerns about the use of the proceeds. To estimate the impact of a bond issue on the firm's value, we apply an event‐study methodology on a sample of 481 issues of 347 Chinese companies over the period 2009–2013. It turns out that state ownership has a positive impact on the value of a bond offering for shareholders, which is consistent with an implicit guarantee of the issue by the state. For privately owned companies, insider ownership exerts a nonlinear impact on the firm's value, supporting an aligning effect in the use of the proceeds. Overall, the study confirms the key role of ownership structure in Chinese firms.
Test-Particle Transport in Strong Electrostatic Drift Turbulence with Finite Larmor Radius Effects

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Test-particle transport arising from $\mathbf{E}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{B}$ motion in a turbulent plasma is investigated numerically. The electrostatic field is determined by solving the Hasegawa-Mima model for two-dimensional drift turbulence. In the linear regime the particles experience stochastic diffusion, but in the fully nonlinear, strongly turbulent regime the diffusion rate is greatly reduced. Finite Larmor radius effects, relevant to alpha-particle transport in tokamaks, are also shown to strongly inhibit the level of transport.
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY- 2020: RETHINKING ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Government of India published, after independence, nation’s third policy on education on July 30, 2020. This policy on education titled as “National Education Policy- 2020” (NEP-2020). This much anticipated education policy is a widespread policy covering all level and aspects of education of the country. Part ‘Two’ of NEP- 2020 covered the area of higher education and detailed about the expectations in this area. For an economically developing country like India, where the demand for a quality skilled workforce is very high it becomes necessary to keep a check on the quality of education provided in the higher education system. Assessment plays a crucial role in improving the quality of education by giving feedback. Normally assessment is done as objectives of education are formulated. Any teaching-learning process is incomplete without a proper assessment mechanism. National Education Policy- 2020 is expecting and suggesting fundamental change in the traditional assessment system in higher education. This paper is an attempt to explore the important recommendations made by National Education Policy- 2020 on ‘Assessment’ in the area of higher education.