Pelvic inflammatory diseases: clinical aspects of therapy and early rehabilitation of reproductive health

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) include the wide range of inflammatory processes in the upper reproductive tract of women. 70 % of PID occur in women under 25 years. Adverse consequences of PID include chronization and recurrence of the disease, purulent tuboovarian formations, obstruction of the fallopian tubes, and ectopic pregnancy. Objective. To describe the main aspects of PID treatment and rehabilitation of reproductive health. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature data on this topic. Results and discussion. Risk factors for PID include intrauterine interventions and contraceptives, surgery on uterine appendages, and risky sexual behavior. There are three main targets for PID therapy: infection, release of inflammatory mediators, and repair of damaged tissues. Etiotropic therapy is used to overcome infections, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and detoxification drugs are used to prevent active inflammation, and microcirculation correction is used to promote tissue repair. Broad-spectrum antibiotics (ceftriaxone, doxycycline, metronidazole) are used for etiotropic therapy. Fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) are especially relevant in modern PID treatment regimens because they are effective against 94 % of urogenital tract pathogens, penetrate cell membranes, and slowly cause resistance. The combination of levofloxacin + ornidazole is highly effective against mixed aerobic-anaerobic and protozoal-bacterial infections. A solution for intravenous administration containing a combination of levofloxacin and ornidazole is widely used to treat severe PID. Tobramycin is the drug of choice for PID, mainly caused by antibiotic-resistant intestinal pathogens. After an acute episode of PID, abnormal blood flow in the vessels of the uterus and ovaries is significantly more common. Circulatory disorders contribute to blood stagnation, fibrotization, and sclerosis with the subsequent development of infertility, anovulation, premenstrual syndrome, abnormal uterine bleeding, adhesions, and obstruction of the fallopian tubes. In order to accelerate the excretion of toxic substances and inflammatory metabolites and eliminate oxidative stress, infusion solutions based on sorbitol and L-arginine are prescribed. Sorbitol-based hyperosmolar solution promotes the opening of precapillary sphincters, improves the rheological properties of blood, corrects metabolic acidosis and normalizes water-electrolyte balance. L-arginine solution, in turn, causes dilatation of peripheral vessels, promoting better microcirculation. L-arginine also acts as a substrate for the NO formation. The latter has an antibacterial activity, promotes the migration of T-cells, and takes part in the regulation of the sex hormones synthesis in the ovaries. According to our own data, infusions of L-arginine in PID reduce the proportion of adhesions from 34 to 5.4 %. Conclusions. 1. PID is a spectrum of diseases with a number of adverse consequences, a significant part of which develops in young women. 2. The main components of PID treatment and restoration of reproductive health include elimination of the pathogen, blockade of inflammation and detoxification, correction of microcirculation and tissue repair. 3. Infusion solutions based on sorbitol and L-arginine are successfully used in the comprehensive therapy of PID.