jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following an one-week volleyball competition.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to compare glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity between trained (TR) and competition (CP) states, in relation to cortisol and testosterone levels. Sixteen highly trained volleyball players voluntarily participated in this study. The first testing session (TR state) occurred 1 week before the start of national level volleyball CP, and the second testing session (CP state) occurred next morning after the 1-week CP. Fasted serum sample was used for measuring cortisol and testosterone. Subjects were then orally challenged with 75 g of glucose solution for determinations of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin response. Under both fasted and glucose challenged conditions, glucose levels of CP were not different from TR state, whereas insulin levels of CP were significantly elevated above TR (50 min: from 78.8 +/- 8.7 to 96.6 +/- 8.1 microU/ml, P < 0.05; 80 min: from 62.8 +/- 7.0 to 82.0 +/- 7.3; P < 0.05). Muscle creatine kinase (CK) level in blood was significantly increased above TR, suggesting greater muscle damage by CP. Serum leptin level, percent fat mass, and body weight were not different between two states. CP significantly increased serum cortisol level without significantly change in testosterone level. The new finding of the study was that volleyball CP reduced the whole-body insulin sensitivity significantly compared to TR state. The greater level of insulin concentration under CP state appears to be associated with elevated serum cortisol level. Despites the benefit of increased physical activity on metabolic function is widely recognized, physiological stress associated with CP can result in attenuation of systemic insulin sensitivity compared TR state.
Phantom oscillations in principal component analysis

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction method that is known for being simple and easy to interpret. Principal components are often interpreted as low-dimensional patterns in high-dimensional space. However, this simple interpretation fails for timeseries, spatial maps, and other continuous data. In these cases, nonoscillatory data may have oscillatory principal components. Here, we show that two common properties of data cause oscillatory principal components: smoothness and shifts in time or space. These two properties implicate almost all neuroscience data. We show how the oscillations produced by PCA, which we call “phantom oscillations,” impact data analysis. We also show that traditional cross-validation does not detect phantom oscillations, so we suggest procedures that do. Our findings are supported by a collection of mathematical proofs. Collectively, our work demonstrates that patterns which emerge from high-dimensional data analysis may not faithfully represent the underlying data.
An investigation of the Ciliary Protein PKHD1 in Cyst development in liver disease: clues to the pathogenesis of Biliary Atresia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Biliary atresia is a common form of paediatric liver disease, with progressive, inflammatory obliteration of the biliary tree, leading to liver failure early in life. Mutations in PKHD1, encoding the ciliary protein fibrocystin, are associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), a ciliopathy with clinical features that resemble biliary atresia. The hepatic developmental defects detectable in a significant number of infants with ARPKD are thought to be caused by dysfunction in the structure and function of primary cilia. The pathogenetic mechanism of both disorders is thought to be dysregulation of epithelial cell growth and tubulomorphogenesis. Preliminary investigations uncovered an association of PKHD1 sequence variants in a subset of biliary atresia patients with renal cysts, promoting further investigation to determine the functional role of fibrocystin in epithelial cells from renal and biliary tubules. Immunohistochemical studies, using a monoclonal antibody raised against wildtype fibrocystin, showed that it localises specifically to intrahepatic bile ducts. Absence of fibrocystin staining in end-stage liver tissue reflects ongoing damage to the intrahepatic biliary tree, rather than a phenomenon specific to biliary atresia. Studies utilising the Pkhd1 \\(^{del2/del2}\\) mouse model of ARPKD revealed 17β-estradiol sensitive centrosomal overduplication underlies the dysregulation of epithelial cell growth in renal tubules, however this does not appear to be in synergy with \\(Pkhd1\\) knockdown. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether sequence variants of PKHD1 are associated with biliary atresia.
Clinical evaluation of thallium-201 SPECT in supratentorial gliomas: relationship to histologic grade, prognosis and proliferative activities.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We performed 201Tl SPECT and cell kinetic studies on 28 presurgical patients with supratentorial gliomas by administering bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). All patients had surgery and had follow-up for more than 25 mo. In patients with grade IV glioma (198.1% +/- 32.8%, n = 10), the 201Tl index, expressed as the count rate of the tumor site to the count rate over the contralateral normal region, was significantly higher than that in patients with grade III glioma (140.5% +/- 15.1%, n = 4, p < 0.01) or low-grade glioma (104.1% +/- 22.6%, n = 14, p < 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between the 201Tl index and BUdR-positive cells in excised tumor specimens (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). The 201Tl index of the 12 patients who died was higher than those who survived (173.2% versus 122.4%, p < 0.01). These results show the clinical utility of 201Tl brain SPECT in imaging supratentorial glioma and that the 201Tl index is representative of proliferative activity of the tumor.
A strange tongue. Tradition, language and the appropriation of mystical experience in late fourteenth-century England and sixteenth-century Spain. By John D. Green. (Studies in Spirituality. Supplement, 9.) Pp. viii+227 incl. frontispiece and 5 ills. Leuven–Paris–Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2002. €30 (paper). 90 429 1236 7

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A strange tongue. Tradition, language and the appropriation of mystical experience in late fourteenth-century England and sixteenth-century Spain. By John D. Green. (Studies in Spirituality. Supplement, 9.) Pp. viii+227 incl. frontispiece and 5 ills. Leuven–Paris–Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2002. €30 (paper). 90 429 1236 7 - Volume 56 Issue 1
A Telephone for the World: Iridium, Motorola, and the Making of a Global Age. ByMartin Collins.(Baltimore,MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018. Pp. vii, 265. $44.95.)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, heralded the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the end of the Cold War. Coincidentally, that same day Motorola chairman Robert Galvin authorized a tech...
Changes in streamflow in an herbicide‐treated Pinyon‐Juniper Watershed in Arizona

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A 147‐ha pinyon‐juniper watershed in north‐central Arizona was sprayed with a herbicide mixture to kill all overstory vegetation. After 8 years of postherbicide evaluation, the dead trees were removed. The herbicide treatment induced an increase in annual streamflow of about 157%. There is an indication that after the dead trees were removed, streamflow was reduced to near‐pretreatment levels.
A Risk-Based Cost Contingency Estimation Model for Infrastructure Projects

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cost overrun of infrastructure projects is widespread and represents significant financial risks to stakeholders. The cluster analysis on the data of 41 commonly cited causes identified four dimensions of causes: scope changes, market and regulatory uncertainty, inadequate planning and control, and unforeseen circumstances. Subsequently, these four dimensions were then used to develop a risk-based cost contingency estimation model (RBCCEM) to improve the accuracy of cost contingency estimation which was then validated using a bootstrapping approach. The accuracy of the cost estimation measures was used to compare RBCCEM with other methods, namely fixed cost contingency, reference class forecasting, and a hybrid method. The findings suggested that RBCCEM could be more accurate as the error decreased by 10%. As a result, RBCCEM produces contingency estimates that are more consistent and brings project costs closer to actual costs than alternative approaches, such as reference class forecasting (RCF).
How Does The Spatial And Built Form Characteristics Of Hong Kong Inform Its Walkability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper focuses on how adjustments to pedestrian accessibility and walkability can enhance the economic and spatial value of a particular built environment. Using the case of the redevelopment of Taikoo Place in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong, this research explores user behaviour patterns and pedestrian flows at different times and locations based on the existing arrangement and future layouts. Through these findings, this research aims to provide an assessment of the functionality, pros and cons of the the split-levelled, layers spatial structure of the public and quasi-public realms in Hong Kong – both indoor and outdoor, on the ground and above the ground, in order to generate alternative perspectives on pathways, open areas and how they are linked.
Skin Appendageal Tumours: An Institutional Experience from Northern India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Skin Appendageal Tumours (SAT) are a heterogenous group of rare tumours having differentiation towards the skin appendageal structures and are rarely considered clinically as a differential diagnosis. A couple of studies and case series are available in literature from different parts of India but only meagre work is published from northern India. Aims: To study the spectrum of clinicopathological features of SAT in northern India, classify them according to WHO classification and to compare the outcome with published data in literature. Materials and Method: This retrospective and prospective study included 64 cases of histologically confirmed SAT at a tertiary care hospital located in northern India. The relevant clinical data including patient’s age, gender, site alongwith histopathological features of the tumour were analysed. Tumours were classified as per WHO classification (2006). The data was then compared with the previous studies. Results: Of the 64 cases diagnosed as skin appendageal tumour, 52 (81.25%) were benign, while 12 (18.75 %) were malignant. Male to female ratio was 1:1.29. People in third decade of life were more commonly affected closely followed by 6th and 7th decades. Head and neck was the commonest site (39/64; 60.93%), followed by upper extremities (10/64; 15.62%) and trunk (8/64;12.50%). Tumours with follicular differentiation formed the major group (33/64; 51.56%). Pilomatricoma (24/64; 37.5%) and proliferating trichilemmal tumour (6/64; 9.38%) were the commonest benign and malignant tumours respectively. One of the cases diagnosed as sebaceoma was associated with Muir Torre syndrome. Conclusion: SAT should be suspected if there is a subcutaneous papulonodular lesion especially in head and neck region. Histopathological diagnosis and sub classification of SAT is often difficult, but following a widely accepted WHO classification system, may help to minimize conflicts and dilemma.
Unmasking the Epicardial Adipose Tissue‐Left Atrial Strain Nexus in HFpEF: A Potential Echocardiographic Signature of Cardiac Adaptation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and left atrial function in patients with preserved ejection fraction heart failure (HFpEF). Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional study involving 113 patients diagnosed with HFpEF and 48 control subjects without heart failure. Echocardiography was performed to assess EAT thickness and left atrial function was quantified using Autostrain left atrium (LA), including left atrial strain during reservoir phase (LASr), left atrial strain during conduit phase (LAScd), and left atrial strain during contraction phase (LASct). Clinical and biochemical parameters were correlated with EAT and LA strain using regression analyses and generating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for left atrial strain parameters. Results EAT thickness was significantly greater in the HFpEF group (8.0 ± 1.0 mm) compared to the control group (5.0 ± 0.7 mm). HFpEF group exhibited poorer left ventricle diastolic function, indicated by lower e' velocity, E/A ratio, and higher E/e' values. Left atrial strain parameters, including LASr (22.4 ± 9.1%), LAScd (11.9 ± 6.9%), and LASct (10.5 ± 3.9%), were all lower in the HFpEF. EAT thickness was positively correlated with NT‐proBNP, triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between EAT and LA strain parameters even after adjusting for potential confounders. ROC curve analysis indicated that LASr had the highest diagnostic accuracy for HFpEF. Additionally, left atrial strain parameters were strongly correlated with left ventricular diastolic function. Conclusion Patients with HFpEF exhibit increased EAT thickness and reduced left atrial function. The thickening of EAT is associated with a decrease in left atrial strain. LA strain, particularly LASr, may serve as a sensitive indicator for early detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF.
Dissecting interplays between Vitis vinifera L. and grapevine virus B (GVB) under field conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Plant virus infections are often difficult to characterize as they result from a complex molecular and physiological interplay between a pathogen and its host. In this study, the impact of the phloem‐limited grapevine virus B (GVB) on the Vitis vinifera L. wine‐red cultivar Albarossa was analysed under field conditions. Trials were carried out over two growing seasons by combining agronomic, molecular, biochemical and ecophysiological approaches. The data showed that GVB did not induce macroscopic symptoms on ‘Albarossa’, but affected the ecophysiological performances of vines in terms of assimilation rates, particularly at the end of the season, without compromising yield and vigour. In GVB‐infected plants, the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in the leaves and transcriptional changes in sugar‐ and photosynthetic‐related genes seemed to trigger defence responses similar to those observed in plants infected by phytoplasmas, although to a lesser extent. In addition, GVB activated berry secondary metabolism. In particular, total anthocyanins and their acetylated forms accumulated at higher levels in GVB‐infected than in GVB‐free berries, consistent with the expression profiles of the related biosynthetic genes. These results contribute to improve our understanding of the multifaceted grapevine–virus interaction.
Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Denisovan DNA retained in Melanesians Modern humans carry remnants of DNA from interbreeding events with archaic lineages, such as Neandertals. However, people from Oceania also retain genes from a second ancient lineage, the Denisovans. Vernot et al. surveyed archaic genomic sequences in a worldwide sample of modern humans, including 35 individuals from the Melanesian Islands. All non-African genomes surveyed contained Neandertal DNA, but a significant Denisovan component was found only in the Melanesians. Reconstruction of this genetic history suggests that Neandertals bred with modern humans multiple times, but Denosivans only once, in ancestors of modern-day Melanesians. Science , this issue p. 235
ON FORMATION OF REGULATIONS OF CONVERGENCE OF "REAL" AND "MIRROR" IMAGES OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL SECTORS IN UST-YENISEI REGION OF ARCTIC

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Приводятся основные результаты по формированию организационного механизма с четко разрабо­танными и прописанными этапами по сближению «зеркального» и «реального» имиджей традиционных отраслей АПК Арктики, на основе которого формируется их позитивный образ как элемент конкурентно­го преимущества предприятий этих отраслей на региональном рынке. Предлагаемый механизм направ­лен на повышение качества жизни сельского населения за счет сформированного имиджа традиционных отраслей как совокупного элемента их производственно-корпоративной культуры и многообразных ас­пектов изменения производственной идентификации, выраженной в национальных традициях и мест­ной культуре, с учетом устоявшегося положительного образа в сознании местного сообщества сельской местности территории Арктики. Планируемые изменения являются медленным процессом, они не будут эффективными до тех пор, пока «зеркальный» имидж традиционных отраслей не устоится в сознании именно местного сообщества сельской местности региона Арктики. Данный процесс влияет на скорость и интенсивность перехода на новый уклад экономического развития на территории региона, культу­ру формирования нового мировоззрения, которое строится непосредственно на идеях традиционного уклада хозяйственной деятельности. Всё, что направлено на создание новых представлений и впечат­лений у местного сельского населения, определяет их стратегические, долгосрочные установки и дей­ствия в процессе производственно-хозяйственной жизнедеятельности в природно-экстремальных усло­виях на территории Арктики.
Gills and Liver Histology of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles Exposed to Acute Datura innoxia Stem Extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the present study, juveniles of Clarias gariepinus were exposed to Datura innoxia stem extract in other to determine the Datura innoxia stem extract toxicity to the species at both acute and chronic exposures. The histopathological changes in the gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus were determined. Juveniles of mean weight 19.56 ± 0.7g and mean length 12.42 ±0.3cm were exposed to acute concentrations of 0 (control), 320, 330, 340, 350 and 360mg/l of Datura innoxia stem extract. Effects of Datura innoxia extract stem were measured using behavioral and histopathological indices. The LC50 value of the Datura innoxia stem established for Clarias gariepinus was 334.370 mg/l. Histological changes observed in gills include attenuation and clubbing at the tips of the primary lamellae, mild congestion in the cartilage, intense cellular necrosis, blood congestion, oedema, epithelial lifting and hyperplasia of epithelial cells. Changes in liver exposure include mild congestion of the sinusoids, pyknosis of the nuclei, perivascular cuffing around the central vein, aggregation of nuclei, fibrosis, bile pigment disintegration, eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic vacuolation. The study concludes that the Datura innoxia steam extract was moderately toxic to Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Keywords: Plant stem, Toxicology, Lethal concentration, Histopathology, African catfish
Molecular Phylogenetcs among Six Species of Bats (Chiroptera∶Vespertilionoidae) Based on Partial mtCOI DNA Sequences

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I(COI)gene of 5 Vespertilionidae bats in Guizhou were sequenced and the corresponding sequence of Pipistrellus abramus was retrieved from Genbank.Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood(ML)analyses were performed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the 6 Vespertilionidae bats using Pteropus dasymallus,P.scapulatus and Rousettus aegyptiacus as outgroup taxa.The results suggested:in both the Bayesian and ML trees,the 6 Vespertilionidae bats could be divided into three clades:Miniopterus fuliginosus separated from the other five firstly;following Miniopteru fuliginosus,Murina leucogaster was the second clade separated from the other four;the third clade was made up of another two clades:one consisted of Myotis myotis and Myotis davidii,and the other consisted of Ia io and Pipistrellus abramus.Myotis myotis,Myotis davidii,Ia io and P.abramus grouped together,supporting the conclusion that they all belong to the subfamily Vespertiliondae,to some extent rejecting the hypothesis that Myotis and Murininae were sister groups,meanwhile denied raising the genus Myotis to subfamily Myotinae.
Comparative Life History Characteristics of Hatchery and Wild Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) of Summer and Winter Races in the Kalama River, Washington

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Life history information was collected from adult upstream migrant hatchery and wild steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) of summer-run and winter-run racial origin in the Kalama River, Washington, from 1976 to 1984. We found inter- and intraracial distinctions among many of the characteristics examined. In contrast with winter steelhead, summer steelhead generally had a temporally protracted time of return, fewer total age categories, fewer repeat spawners, and greater size at a given marine age. Compared with wild steelhead, hatchery steelhead generally had fewer saltwater age categories and a lower incidence of respawners. Based on differences in return timing, age composition, and size at maturity, we suggest that greater similarities currently exist between Kalama River hatchery and wild summer steelhead than between hatchery and wild winter steelhead.
Airborne Measurements of European Sky and Terrain Radiances.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : A data set which contains nearly 500 arrays representing measurements of sky and terrain radiance values from 47 different flights is described and illustrated. The measurements were made using radiometer systems mounted on a C-130 aircraft during a series of European flights associated with the NATO program OPAQUE. Radiance measurements throughout the 4 pi field surrounding the aircraft were made in four spectral bands having mean wavelengths of 478, 557, 664, and 765nm. Spectral sets of measurements were made at each of several altitudes between the surface and approximately 6 km AGL. Evaluation of the data illustrates good orientation and radiometric accuracies, except for stray light influences as the radiometer field of view swept near and through the solar disc. Corrective procedures are outlined and their application is undergoing further refinement. These data are appropriate for use in the development of operationally useful predictive models. The radiance data in conjunction with their companion scattering coefficient data, are readily applicable to the determination of slant path contrast transmittances, atmospheric optical depths, aerosol directional scattering characteristics, flux divergences and their attendant determinations of turbid atmospheric single scattering albedos.
Applications and Environmental Aspects of Chitin and Chitosan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A survey on the properties of the natural nitrogen-containing polysaccharides chitin and chitosan is given. Outstanding features are the materials' mechanical and chemical properties which offer numerous, largely unexplored applications in technology, chemistry, medicine, and agriculture. Derivatives of chitin and chitosan are accessible by reactions of the hydroxy and amino groups with appropriate reagents. Various types of gels, membranes, and fibers, including polycationic and watersoluble materials, can be formed. Production of chitin and chitosan from waste crab shells involves environmentally safe processes. The polysaccharides are recycled in nature by enzymatic degradation and reuse of N-acetylglucosamine for biosynthesis and catabolism. Research deficits exist in economically competitive production technologies, construction of composite materials, and the ecological aspects of chemically modified chitosan.