jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CIMIC since 1945 : historical, political, and operational contexts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Historical overview of CIMIC operations since 1945 : the authors deal with the development of CIMIC in World War II and its aftermath, during the operations in the decolonisation era, up to the current post-Cold War activities in the contextf PSOs. Their contribution clearly demonstrates that the content and form of CIMIC hasrastically changed over the past half-century. They also give us a first impression of theproblems that people working in CIMIC operations may have to deal with.
MINERALIZATION OF COMPOSTED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Mineralization of nutrients from composted municipal sludge may vary due to sludge type and composting material. This study determined mineralization and release of selected elements from composted municipal sewage sludge to evaluate optimal land application rate under field conditions. Composted municipal sludge was studied in two on-farm experiments, at rates of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.1 Mg ha−1 (dry wt. basis) applied to peanuts and another field incubation study consisting of 0.0 and 4.0 Mg ha−1 sludge rate (dry wt. basis). The on-farm studies were used to determine release of selected elements over a growing season, while third field experiment measured nutrient release periodically for an entire year. The on-farm studies used soil cores with resin bags placed on the bottom to trap any leached nutrient, while the soil in the PVC core was extracted to determine nutrient release. In the latter study, decomposition bags with soil cores and resins were utilized to help determine the rate of nutrient release from the sludge. Nitrogen (N) was immobilized, while phosphorus (P) was mineralized at Site A from municipal sludge, but the opposite occurred at Site B. Net release of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) into the soil from sludge occurred after 1 yr. Greatest increase was Ca, at 16 mg kg−1 followed by Mg and Zn at 2 and 0.8 mg kg−1, respectively. There was an initial release for all nutrients studied from sludge during the first 2 weeks after soil incorporation. Results show that under field conditions, nutrients from these organic amendments can be readily immobilized, but not supply selected elements in concentrations that would support annual crop growth.
Enzyme supplementation as a strategy to improve nutrient utilization, production performance and mitigation of necrotic enteritis in poultry

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Incorporation of full-fat flaxseed, and to a lesser extent, canola seed in diets to produce n-3-enriched products has attracted interest in the poultry industry. However, high amounts of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) in oilseeds compromise their nutritive value. The objectives of the current research were to develop enzyme supplements effective in cell wall depolymerization and viscosity reduction, particularly in flaxseed; to evaluate the effects of enzyme addition and feed processing on oil utilization and egg n-3 fatty acid deposition in broiler chickens and laying hens fed oilseed-containing diets; to characterize the NSP hydrolysis products and to investigate the effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and the incidence of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Results showed that diets containing high levels of flaxseed reduced egg production and shell quality in laying hens, and impaired final body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broiler chickens. Reducing flaxseed particle size via grinding did not improve the growth performance of broiler chickens, whereas diet pelleting showed more pronounced and beneficial effects in improving the nutritive value of flaxseed, particularly when intact seeds were used. Multicarbohydrase supplementation resulted in a significant depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides in soybean, canola and flaxseed meals, which was followed by the production of water-soluble NSP hydrolysis products, and the reduction of flax mucilage viscosity in vitro was also evident. Enzyme addition to flaxseed-containing diets improved FCR of broiler chickens and egg production performance of laying hens, and facilitated egg n-3 fatty acid deposition. The C. perfringens challenge caused intestinal NE lesions and increased the mortality of broiler chickens with the highest NE mortality and intestinal C. perfringens counts observed in those fed flaxseed-containing diets. Enzyme supplementation to diets containing high levels of water-soluble NSP (wheat/barley- or wheat/barley/flaxseed-based) facilitated post-disease compensatory growth in pathogen challenged birds. This was accompanied by a numerical reduction of intestinal C. perfringens by 1.4 log10 cfu/g in birds fed the flaxseed-containing diets. Such findings indicated that enzyme addition may be used as a nutritional strategy to reduce the risk of NE development in broiler chickens.
Aggressive mating strategies in young adolescent girls

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Adolescence is the time when humans begin utilizing mating strategies (e.g., flirting, fighting or rumor spreading about competitors) to attract and keep mates. Consistent empirical evidence shows that some adolescent boys are on a developmental pathway in which they utilize aggression and risky behaviors in their mating strategies, but there is little research on adolescent girls' use of aggression and risk-taking in mating. This study hypothesized that ethnically diverse, young adolescent girls nominated consistently as flirters were also more likely to be nominated as aggressive and report higher levels of risk taking behaviors (e.g., drug use, delinquency) than girls not nominated as flirters. This study assessed mating effort via a new approach: peer-report of flirting behavior, which is dissimilar to previous studies that asked participants to report on their mating effort behaviors or report on peers who were not participants in the study. It is proposed that flirting behavior will increase yearly from 6th to 8th grade, coinciding with the start of puberty. It is also predicted that consistent flirters will endorse dating more frequently, as mating behavior and mate success are strongly linked in the literature. This study also investigated the relationship between attractiveness, which is an aspect of mate value, and mating effort. Researchers have found that mating effort and mate value increase one's mating success and they are positively correlated. Also, this study analyzed the relationship between adolescents' familial adversity and their mating effort as previous research found that familial adversity has a causal influence on teenage sexual risk taking behaviors, earlier start of puberty, and earlier sexual debut. Sixth graders in two large middle schools in a low income, ethnically diverse, northeastern school district were followed for three years for a larger longitudinal study. This study uses data from a subsample of 190 adolescent girls with complete data for 7th and 8th grades. Measures were administered in language arts or social studies classes during the fall of each year. Measures included a peer-report of flirtatiousness and aggressive behavior via the Revised Class Play (Masten, Morrison, & Pelligrini, 1985), self-report of dating frequency, and self-report of risk taking behaviors including substance and alcohol use (Winters, 1992) and delinquency (Elliot, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). Attractiveness was assessed via peer-report ratings of yearbook photos and self-reports of body image and appearance satisfaction (Cash, 2000). Adverse familial background was measured as self-report of psychological aggression from parents (Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, & Runyan, 1998) and living arrangements in 6th grade.
Assessing Mobile Instant Messenger Networks with Donated Data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Despite the increasing popularity and importance of mobile instant messenger services (MIMSs) such as WhatsApp, Telegram and Signal, the vast majority of the research on social media is focused on the “traditional” social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, mostly due to the difficulty of accessing MIMSs data. Consequently, we lack knowledge about even the most basic topological features of the societal-scale instant messenger network. To overcome this knowledge gap, we employ the innovative approach of data donation by respondents of a high-quality probability-based panel in the Netherlands (the LISS panel) to collect user data while preserving their privacy. Focusing on WhatsApp as the most popular MIMS, this study collects the first measurement of MIMS usage on a national probability sample. We find that the degree distribution of contacts is best approximated by a log-normal distribution, while the distribution of group membership is best approximated by the exponential distribution. At the individual level, we find that predictors of degree derived from the literature on extended networks mostly replicate.
Learning to rank based on modified genetic algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the growing amount of documents in the search index of information retrieval systems, the problem of ranking documents becomes crucial. The modern state of the problem leads to the point where machine learning becomes the most efficient way to optimize the ranking function. In this article investigated ranking function in information retrieval systems (IRS) and learning to rank problem. During the learning to rank process, IRS is defining the weight coefficients for simple rankers. The conducted researches are showing the approach for learning to rank problem LTR-MGA utilizing the hybrid method based on modified genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead method. This approach can be used to optimize a graded-metrics of ranking, such as NDCG. The efficiency of proposed method was proved, based on researches performed on LETOR data sets. The value of ranking quality measures was significantly increased after learning to rank process. Also the usage of modified genetic algorithms leads to reduction of time required for learning to rank comparing to traditional genetic algorithm.
Retraction: Enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of rhenium(i) complexes by encapsulation in light-harvesting soft nanotubes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Retraction of ‘Enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of rhenium( I ) complexes by encapsulation in light-harvesting soft nanotubes’ by Naohiro Kameta et al. , Chem. Commun. , 2017, 53 , 10116–10119, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC05337A.
Proteome-wide biomarker quantification and target screening.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

e15205 Background: Existing drug development programs are represented by only a few hundred protein targets. A large subset of the ~20,000 proteins encoded by the human genome remain undiscovered. Proteome-wide “druggability” screening may lead to new targets for therapeutics. Methods: The NanoMosaic platform is a digital immunoassay technology that achieves sub-pg/ml level sensitivity, whole-proteome level multiplexing capability, and 7 logs of dynamic range. The platform overcomes the sensitivity and dynamic range limitations of traditional protein arrays and mass spectrometry. Results: The NanoMosaic technology is powered by silicon nanoneedle biosensors that are densely integrated on a plate and manufactured with CMOS-compatible nanofabrication processes. Each nanoneedle is a label-free biosensor, functionalized with capture antibodies. Its scattering spectrum changes when an antigen binds to its surface. Each analyte specific sensing area consists a total of ~23k nanoneedles divided into a digital region (~20k nanoneedles) and an analog region (~3k nanoneedles). The digital nanoneedles provide the single molecule sensitivity. Therefore, at ultra-low concentration when antigens that are captured by the nanoneedles follow Poisson statistics, the number of antigens can be quantitated by counting the presence or absence of color changes of individual nanoneedles in a binary fashion. As the protein concentrations increase, the binding event counts increase accordingly and achieve saturation when all nanoneedles capture more than one protein. Above the digital saturation concentration, an adjacent section of analog nanoneedles perform quantitative analysis based on the level of color change, thus providing a wider dynamic range up to 1ug/ml. Ultrahigh level multiplex can be achieved by parallelizing the detection in a microarray format without loss of the sensitivity and dynamic range. A 20,000-plex proteome-wide study can be achieved with a total of 5 billion nanoneedles on a ~70mm by 70mm chip. Conclusions: In conclusion, proteome-wide biomarker quantification and target discovery can be performed on the NanoMosaic platform at higher sensitivity, wider dynamic range, lower cost and higher throughput than is currently possible by mass spectrometry or traditional immunoassays.
Medical Semiology Teaching Based on Intelligent eLearning

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The paper proposes a methodology that emphasis techno-pedagogy, namely the constructivist and the adaptive intelligent learning of specialized semiology of COVID-19. An e-learning built on a constructivist pedagogy with a technology such adaptive intelligent environment, can be individualized (adaptive learning), can enhance learners’ interactions with others (collaborative learning), and transforming the role of the teacher as facilitators of learning and assessor of competency. To make our system intelligent, we cope with Artificial Intelligence and Big data.
Best Current Practices for Securing Internet of Things (IoT) Devices

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, embedded computing devices have increasingly been
provided with Internet interfaces, and the typically-weak network
security of such devices has become a challenge for the Internet
infrastructure. This document lists a number of minimum requirements
that vendors of Internet of Things (IoT) devices need to take into
account during development and when producing firmware updates, in
order to reduce the frequency and severity of security incidents in
which such devices are implicated.
Contribution of Fuel Wood Income from Natural Forests to Household Economy in Delanta District, Northeastern Ethiopia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

For Ethiopia’s rural homes, particularly those in the Delanta district, fuelwood is the primary energy source. This suggests that the impact of fuel wood from the forest to family energy use or income is significant. The goal of the current study was to estimate how much annual fuel wood harvested from forests contributes to household consumption and monetary income. 96% of the forest’s income comes from fuelwood. In the study area, it contributes 2,013,539 Birr, or 33%, of all family income. 703,014 ETB, or 23.8% of the total subsistence income, and 1,310,525 ETB, or 40.65% of the total cash income of the tested households, are both covered by fuelwood from the forest. Both socioeconomic and physical characteristics close to the users influenced how dependent a household was on fuelwood income from the forest. The data obtained from randomly selected households by survey method have been subjected to multiple regression analysis and obtained that households’ reliance on fuelwood income from the forest was significantly influenced by factors such as age, educational level, number of trees owned, distance to forest, distance to market, and nonforest income, all of which had a negative and significant impact. The only significant factor that significantly and positively influences reliance on fuelwood income from the forest is the number of family members. Therefore, preserving a natural forest through the use of alternative energy sources, such as electricity, or encouraging a plantation on one’s own property is a potential discipline for mandating climate change prevention.
Transcranial Doppler is valid for determination of the lower limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study validates transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) for determination of the lower limit of cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and establishes a relation between global CBF and mean flow velocity (Vmean) in the middle cerebral artery. Relative changes in CBF and in Vmean were compared in 12 normal volunteers (2 women and 10 men; median age, 30 years [range, 21 to 61 years]). Catheters was placed in the left radial artery and in the bulb of the right internal jugular vein, respectively. Baseline CBF was measured by single-photon emission computed tomography scanning; concomitantly, blood samples were drawn for calculation of the cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference. Then changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were induced, and relative changes in global CBF were calculated according to Fick's principle assuming a constant cerebral oxygen metabolism. MAP was increased 30 mm Hg by norepinephrine infusion and was decreased by lower body negative pressure. Vmean was measured in the right middle cerebral artery by a 2-MHz probe, and blood samples were drawn at intervals of 5 mm Hg. MAP values between 122 (range, 110 to 140) and 48 (range, 34 to 75) mm Hg were measured. The lower limit of autoregulation (the blood pressure under which autoregulation is off) as determined by Vmean did not differ significantly from that determined by relative changes in global CBF: 91 (range, 41 to 108) and 79 (range, 53 to 113) mm Hg, respectively. A significant correlation between Vmean and relative changes in global CBF was demonstrated below the lower limit of autoregulation (R2 = .73, P < .001; CBF = -6.3 + 1.0.Vmean). Above the lower limit both values were stable. TCD is valid for determination of the lower limit of CBF autoregulation, and changes in CBF may be reliably evaluated by TCD during changes in cerebral perfusion pressure in normal subjects.
Youth mental health and exposome

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Mental health is a complex Public Health challenge, especially youth. A better understanding of factors that contribute to youth mental health and reduce the burden of youth mental health conditions such as executive and emotional functioning is needed to develop primary and secondary prevention interventions. One of the main challenges for better understanding mental health of youth is the complexity and diversity of exposures that individuals experience throughout their lifetime. There is a wide range of factors in the environment, and individuals are exposed to different combinations of external factors depending on their location, occupation, and lifestyles. These factors include physical (e.g., noise and indoor and outdoor air), chemical and social factors (e.g., neglect and abuse, relationship conflicts) based on the exposome framework. The exposome is a guiding framework for the multi-country study EARLY involving Albania, Belgium, Germany, Israel, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland. EARLY is one of the first projects to theoretically explore and empirically investigate youth mental health in line with the exposome framework. We aim to identify factors influencing youth mental health with validated exposure measures. An exploratory list of measures was collected in Albania, Belgium, Germany, Israel, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland. The measures vary widely. Besides the variation, there is still a lack of standardized methods for measuring environmental exposures. Limitations of measures affect reliability and validity. Therefore, an overview of available assessment methods and steps toward improving measures will be discussed in this talk. Speakers/Panelists Karin Boode GGD GHOR Nederland, Utrecht, Netherlands Peter Van Den Hazel INCHES, Ellecom, Netherlands
High-speed line-scanning confocal holographic microscopy for quantitative phase imaging(Conference Presentation)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a high speed, phase-sensitive, line-scanning reflectance confocal interference microscope. We achieved rapid confocal imaging using a fast line-scan camera and quantitative phase imaging using off-axis digital holography on a 1D, line-by-line basis. In our prototype system, a He-Ne laser (~1.2 mW) was used to demonstrate the principle of operation. Using a 20 kHz line scan rate (1024 pixels per line scan), we achieved a video-rate frame rate of 20 Hz for 1024x500 pixel en-face confocal images (20 MHz total pixel rate). By using an objective lens of a NA 0.65, we achieved an axial and lateral resolution of ~3.5 micrometers and ~0.8 micrometers, respectively. By z-stack imaging of a custom silicon target with a stepped structure, we confirmed that the axial sectioning of the interference microscope is similar to that of a traditional line-scan confocal microscope (our microscope with the reference arm blocked). The utility of phase-sensitive holographic detection in line-scan confocal was demonstrated in two ways. First, using a custom axial height phantom fabricated using chrome deposition, we demonstrated variations in phase corresponding to heights in the 100 nm range with a contrast-to-noise ratio of ~31 dB. Second, we demonstrate digital refocusing of an out-of-focus holographic image. The mechanism of confocality in our line-scan system is 1D physical pinholing. Our ongoing work aims to add an additional mechanism of confocality by using low spatial coherence sources to impose interferometric pinholing.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and the subaltern: Representations of the subaltern in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article examines the marginalised characters in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children with reference to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's concept of the subaltern. The subaltern, as defined by Antonio Gramsci, is the person who is oppressed and denied fundamental rights by the governing class. Spivak broadens this term to encompass individuals who are marginalised from prevailing discourse and representation. The article focuses on the fact that Spivak's viewpoint sheds important light on the problems faced by the subordinate Indian characters in Midnight's Children. Through Saleem's experiences and those of the other characters he meets, the novel fictionalises the turbulent history of India in the second half of the twentieth century and portrays the feelings and viewpoints of oppressed and marginalised groups, particularly in the context of colonialism and postcolonialism. The article discusses how the subaltern characters resist and assert their agency while also underlining the difficulties they encounter through a thorough analysis of major characters in the novel. The article's ultimate goal is to help the reader comprehend the subaltern characters in Midnight's Children and the difficult problems they face as they continue to deal with colonialism's lingering effects.