jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma of bronchus presenting with Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Injury to the appendix after blunt abdominal trauma Traumatic rupture of the appendix as an isolated visceral injury is exceptionally rare and appears to be unrecorded in Great Britain.This paper reports such a case, speculates on the mechanism of injury, and adds an historical note. Case reportA healthy 36-year-old lorry driver sustained a low velocity crush injury as he was trapped between a stationary and a slow moving vehicle.The patient remained conscious throughout the incident and could subsequently describe a combination of compression and rotation forces applied to the lower thorax and upper abdomen.Examination in the casualty department showed tenderness of the abdomen and left loin.Bowel sounds were present and there were no signs of peritoneal irritation.Microscopic haematuria was detected on reagent strip testing.The only abnormalities seen on x-ray examination were fractures of the left transverse processes of the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebrae.In the absence of convincing evidence of visceral injury he was initially admitted for observation but when, after four hours, he complained of right shoulder tip pain he was submitted to laparotomy.The abdomen was opened through a right paramedian incision and a little free blood was immediately evident lying in the right paracolic gutter.The source of the bleeding was identified as a long, torn mesoappendix-the appendix itself having been completely severed at the junction of its proximal third and distal two-thirds.The severed portion was located near the hepatic flexure.No other visceral injury was found, although there was considerable retroperitoneal haematoma in the left perinephric region.The proximal portion of the appendix was excised and the stump invaginated to complete the appendicectomy.The patient made an uncomplicated recovery and was discharged on the sixth day.Histological examination of the appendix showed a small faecolith in the severed portion and mild but definite inflammatory changes confined to the mucosa of both portions.Despite the patient's freedom from symptoms before the accident, the features were those of an early (subclinical) acute appendicitis.
Potato improvement with markers: the value of read-backed haplotypes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This thesis investigates the use of low-cost, low-density amplicon-based genotyping to support genomic applications in potato breeding. We developed PotatoMASH, a platform which simultaneously generates SNPs and read-backed haplotypes (haplotags) at 339 loci and demonstrated its use for QTL discovery, heterozygosity tracking, and genomic prediction by genotyping over 1800 clones from several breeding programmes. A core question was how haplotags perform relative to their constituent SNPs. In a diploid breeding panel, haplotags complemented SNPs in QTL detection, with both marker types together identifying 37 QTL for 23 traits. Haplotags also provided more accurate homozygosity estimates than SNPs, supporting Fixation-Restitution breeding strategy that combine allele fixation with the preservation of strategic heterozygosity. PotatoMASH delivered reasonable genomic prediction accuracy at a fraction of the cost of high-density platforms. By unifying GWAS, MAS, inbreeding analysis, and genomic selection within a single system, this work demonstrates that read-backed haplotypes are a powerful tool to advance breeding-by-design in potato.
Systemising emotions : teaching emotion recognition to people with autism using interactive multimedia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Recognition of emotions and mental states (ER) in others is a core difficulty for individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). In contrast, they show good skills in ‘systemizing’- understanding non-agentive systems. This thesis evaluated the effectiveness of <i>Mind Reading</i>, a computer program teaching ER from a wide range of facial expression videos and recorded speech segments, systematically presented. Three different experiments tested the effectiveness of a minimum of 10 hours of software use over a period of 10-15 weeks among individuals with ASC. Experiments included evaluation of independent use of the software by adults and by 8-11 year olds with ASC, and tutor and group supported use of the software in adults with ASC. ER skills were assessed on four levels of generalisation before and after the training period, and compared to matched ASC and typically developing control groups. Results showed improved ER for software users from faces and voices, compared to the ASC control groups. Improvement was mostly limited to faces and voices which were included in the software. Generalisation to stimuli not included in the software was found in the children experiment, in the vocal and visual channels separately. Follow up assessment after a year showed greater improvement on general socio-emotional functioning measures among child and adult software users, compared to ASC controls. These results suggest that individuals with ASC can improve their ability to recognise emotions using systematic computer-based training with long term effects, but may need further tutoring to prevent hyper-systemising, and to enhance generalisation to other situations and stimuli. The reasons behind generalisation difficulties and the study’s limitations are discussed, and suggestions for future work are offered.
Elevated Levels of LDL-C are Associated With ApoE4 but Not With the rs688 Polymorphism in the LDLR Gene

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) 4 isoform has been associated with elevated levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs), meanwhile several polymorphisms in the LDL receptor ( LDLR) gene have been associated with increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C. Material and Methods: We studied 400 women from Southwest Mexico. Anthropometric features and biochemical profile were evaluated, and genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs429358 and rs7412 in the APOE gene and rs688 in the LDLR gene was determined by TaqMan assays. Results: We found significant association between LDL-C (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-5.7) and marginal association with TG (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.9) of atherogenic risk in women carriers of the ApoE4 isoform compared to ApoE3. The TT genotype of rs688 in the LDLR gene was not found to be associated with elevated levels of total cholesterol or LDL-C. Conclusion: Our results show that carrier women of the ApoE4 isoform are more likely to have elevated levels of LDL-C and therefore increased risk of developing atherosclerosis.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter introduces the phenomenon of ergativity, a term most commonly used to refer to systems with one or both of the following properties: (i) transitive subject (A arguments in (1)) pattern differently from intransitive subjects (S arguments) and from transitive objects (P arguments); and (ii) transitive objects and intransitive subjects pattern alike. The chapter then outlines the structure of the volume and introduces the chapters and the parts into which they are divided – accounting for ergativity; characteristics and extensions; approaches to ergativity; and case studies.
TheNuSTARX-ray spectrum of the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus in NGC 7213

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present an analysis of the 3–79 keV <it>NuSTAR</it> spectrum of the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus NGC 7213. In agreement with past observations, we find a lower limit to the high-energy cut-off of <it>E</it><inf>c</inf> > 140 keV, no evidence for a Compton-reflected continuum and the presence of an iron K α complex, possibly produced in the broad-line region. From the application of the <scp>mytorus</scp> model, we find that the line-emitting material is consistent with the absence of a significant Compton reflection if arising from a Compton-thin torus of gas with a column density of <f>$5.0^{+2.0}_{-1.6}\\times 10^{23}$</f> cm−2. We report variability of the equivalent width of the iron lines on the time-scale of years using archival observations from <it>XMM–Newton</it>, <it>Chandra</it> and <it>Suzaku</it>. This analysis suggests a possible contribution from dusty gas. A fit with a Comptonization model indicates the presence of a hot corona with a temperature <it>kT</it><inf>e</inf> > 40 keV and an optical depth τ &lsim; 1, assuming a spherical geometry.
A MicroRNA Gene Panel Predicts the Vaginal Microbiota Composition

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Vaginal microbiota is correlated with women’s health, where a non- Lactobacillus -dominated community predisposes women to a higher risk of disease, including human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the molecular relationship between the vaginal microbiota and host is largely unexplored.
Geospatial Assessment of Stormwater Harvesting Potential in Uganda’s Cattle Corridor

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Freshwater scarcity remains a pressing global issue, exacerbated by inefficiencies in stormwater management during rainy seasons. Strategic stormwater harvesting offers a sustainable solution through runoff utilization for irrigation and livestock support. However, challenges such as limited farmer knowledge, difficult terrain, financial constraints, unpredictable weather, and scarce meteorological data hinder the accuracy of optimum stormwater harvesting sites. This study employs a GIS-based SCS-CN hydrological approach to address these issues, identifying suitable stormwater harvesting locations, estimating runoff volumes, and recommending site-specific storage structures. Using spatial datasets of daily rainfall (20 years), land use/land cover (LULC), digital elevation models (DEM), and soil data, the study evaluated 80 watersheds in Uganda’s cattle corridor. Annual runoff estimates within watersheds ranged from 62 million to 557 million m3, with 56 watersheds (70%) identified for multiple interventions such as farm ponds, check dams, and gully plugs. These structures are designed to enhance stormwater harvesting and utilization, improving water availability for livestock and crop production in a region characterized by water scarcity and erratic rainfall. The findings provide practical solutions for sustainable water management in drought-prone areas with limited meteorological data. This approach can be scaled to similar regions to enhance resilience in water-scarce landscapes. By offering actionable insights, this research supports farmers and water authorities in effectively allocating stormwater resources and implementing tailored harvesting strategies to bolster agriculture and livestock production in Uganda’s cattle corridor.
Generalized approach to building computer’s tools of preventive medicine for home using

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

For early detection and timely correction of imbalances in the body that can lead to the development of various diseases, personalized devices are needed with which one can control the current state of the body at home. The purpose of the article is to develop a universal approach to the construction of such tools and, using examples of solving urgent problems, to demonstrate its effectiveness. A distinctive feature of the proposed approach is that the user at home has the ability to form a training sample of observations of his physiological indicators, according to which two integral characteristics are automatically calculated: the reference result, which is closest to all other observations, and the value, characterizing the average deviation of the results. Personalized diagnostic rules are proposed that ensure an increase in the reliability of decisions about the current functional state of the user and an assessment of the risk of a possible development of pathology. The proposed rules form the basis of original preventive medicine for home use, including the intelligent PHASEGRAPH® electrocardiograph for diagnosing myocardial ischemia at early stages, AI-RHYTHMOGRAPH software applications for determining heart rate variability parameters and AI-ARTERIOGRAPH for integral assessment of properties blood vessels, an intelligent blood pressure monitor that measures the long-term variability in blood pressure between doctor visits, and an intelligent stethoscope for detecting respiratory distress at home. Further development of the proposed approach will make it possible to create personalized means of assessing visual acuity and hearing acuity at home, control of the vestibular apparatus, essential tremor and other means.
Q-A2NN: Quantized All-Adder Neural Networks for Onboard Remote Sensing Scene Classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Performing remote sensing scene classification (RSSC) directly on satellites can alleviate data downlink burdens and reduce latency. Compared to convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the all-adder neural network (A2NN) is a novel basic neural network that is more suitable for onboard RSSC, enabling lower computational overhead by eliminating multiplication operations in convolutional layers. However, the extensive floating-point data and operations in A2NNs still lead to significant storage overhead and power consumption during hardware deployment. In this article, a shared scaling factor-based de-biasing quantization (SSDQ) method tailored for the quantization of A2NNs is proposed to address this issue, including a powers-of-two (POT)-based shared scaling factor quantization scheme and a multi-dimensional de-biasing (MDD) quantization strategy. Specifically, the POT-based shared scaling factor quantization scheme converts the adder filters in A2NNs to quantized adder filters with hardware-friendly integer input activations, weights, and operations. Thus, quantized A2NNs (Q-A2NNs) composed of quantized adder filters have lower computational and memory overheads than A2NNs, increasing their utility in hardware deployment. Although low-bit-width Q-A2NNs exhibit significantly reduced RSSC accuracy compared to A2NNs, this issue can be alleviated by employing the proposed MDD quantization strategy, which combines a weight-debiasing (WD) strategy, which reduces performance degradation due to deviations in the quantized weights, with a feature-debiasing (FD) strategy, which enhances the classification performance of Q-A2NNs through minimizing deviations among the output features of each layer. Extensive experiments and analyses demonstrate that the proposed SSDQ method can efficiently quantize A2NNs to obtain Q-A2NNs with low computational and memory overheads while maintaining comparable performance to A2NNs, thus having high potential for onboard RSSC.
Extra-mitochondrial localisation of frataxin and its association with IscU1 during enterocyte-like differentiation of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Friedreich's ataxia is a recessive neurodegenerative disease due to insufficient expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Although it has been shown that frataxin is involved in the control of intracellular iron metabolism, by interfering with the mitochondrial biosynthesis of proteins with iron/sulphur (Fe/S) clusters its role has not been well established. We studied frataxin protein and mRNA expression and localisation during cellular differentiation. We used the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2, as it is considered a good model for intestinal epithelial differentiation and the study of intestinal iron metabolism. Here we report that the protein, but not the mRNA frataxin levels, increase during the enterocyte-like differentiation of Caco-2 cells, as well as in in-vivo-differentiated enterocytes at the upper half of the crypt-villus axis. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation and double immunostaining, followed by confocal analysis, reveal that frataxin localisation changes during Caco-2 cell differentiation. In particular, we found an extramitochondrial localisation of frataxin in differentiated cells. Finally, we demonstrate a physical interaction between extramitochondrial frataxin and IscU1, a cytoplasmic isoform of the human Fe/S cluster assembly machinery. Based on our data, we postulate that frataxin could be involved in the biosynthesis of iron-sulphur proteins not only within the mitochondria, but also in the extramitochondrial compartment. These findings might be of relevance for the understanding of both the pathogenesis of Friedreich's ataxia and the basic mechanism of Fe/S cluster biosynthesis.
The wicked problem of measuring real-world research impact: Using sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets in academia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper proposes that the United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs) and associated targets form an effective framework for determining real-world research impact. Existing bibliometrics that assess the quality of academic work are usually quantitative and self-referential, reducing the focus on real-world issues. The same measurements are often adopted by funding bodies, pressuring researchers to increase compliance, and further reducing integrity and real-world impact. A series of world cafés were conducted, collecting data on how researchers, their institutions, and network organisations can contribute to, and measure research aligned with the SDGs and targets. The results showed that participants were generally positive towards using the SDGs and targets to measure impact and quality of academic research. Suggestions to assist greater adoption of the SDGs and targets as a measure of impact included: aligning governmental and institutional funding; changing key performance indicators; increasing cross-disciplinary work; aligning mission/vision statements; and legitimising SDG-focused projects at conferences.
An Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Based on Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalate and Hypoxanthine: Synthesis, Structure, Stability, and Electrochemistry Properties

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The organic‐inorganic hybrid H 5 [Ag 2 (hyp) 2 ] 2 [BW 12 O 40 ] · 9H 2 O ( 1 ) (hpy = hypoxanthine), based on Keggin‐type polyoxometalate and hypoxanthine, was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetry. The title compound has a two‐dimensional layer structure constructed by Keggin‐type [BW 12 O 40 ] 5– anion, silver, and the biomolecule hyp. In addition, compound 1 exhibited excellent stability and superior activity in the electro‐catalytic oxidation of glucose.
Computer model for simulating the long-term dynamics of annual weeds under different cultivation practices

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A model is being developed which describes the population dynamics of annual weeds and how it is affected by crop rotation, cultivation practices and weed control. The model aims to predict the development of a certain weed species in order to plan crop rotation and cultivation practices to minimize the risk of proliferation. The model does not predict the exact number of weeds expected to be found in a certain year or crop, but rather the general development over a number of years. The model includes documented knowledge, as well as informal expert knowledge, on seed survival in the soil, seed placement in soil after tillage, seed germination with respect to placement in soil, time of year and tillage, weed development in response to crop competitiveness and seed production of the weeds. The model is at present only accounting for the development of one weed species at a time, and only a few weed species are parameterised. However, the model can easily be extended with more weed species, crops and cultivation practices. Model predictions should match what knowledgeable weed scientists already know, perhaps with a little new insight.
Galanin and β-endorphin as feeding regulators in cyprinids: effect of temperature

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of galanin and β-endorphin on food intake have been studied in satiated tench held at 21 ± 2 °C. Food intake was evaluated at 0–2 h and 2–8 h after injection. The same treatments were carried out in tench and goldfish acclimated to 10 ± 1 °C. Central administration of either galanin or β-endorphin significantly increased food intake at 2 h and 8 h after injection in tench acclimated to 21 ± 2 °C, but no change in feeding was observed after IP treatments. Low temperature (10 °C) significantly reduced food intake in both tench and goldfish, and neither central nor peripheral administration of galanin or β-endorphin was found to modify feeding. The results indicate that galanin and opioids play a role in the central regulation of feeding in tench, but the stimulatory effect of these neuropeptides did not reverse the feeding inhibition produced by exposure to low temperature.
Unusual orbital and atomic ordering in tetragonal phase of MgTi2O4

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It is theoretically shown that the structure of the tetragonal phase MgTi 2 O 4 contains metal pico-and nanoclusters: two types of dimers Ti 2 , two types of helices along the axis of the second and fourth-order of tetragonal cell and two types of one-dimensional infinite strands of titanium ions.Such unusual structural features of magnesium titanite arise due to atomic and d-orbital ordering.A theory of structural phase transition in MgTi 2 O 4 is presented: the symmetry of the order parameter, thermodynamics and mechanisms of formation of atomic and orbital structure of the low-symmetry phase MgTi 2 O 4 are studied.The critical order parameter, which induces a phase transition, has been stated; it is shown that the calculated structure of the tetragonal phase MgTi 2 O 4 is formed as a result of the displacements of magnesium, titanium and oxygen, the ordering of oxygen atoms, ordering d xy , d xz , d yz -orbitals.It is proved that the contribution of noncritical representation in the ions displacements is insignificant.In the framework of the sixth degree of the components of the order parameter of the Landau theory the possible phase diagram is constructed and it is shown that the changes of phase states can be carried out as a result of phase transitions of second and first order: high-symmetry phase borders with two low-symmetry phases along the lines of transitions of second order, and the border between lowsymmetry phases is the line of the phase transitions of first order.The proposed theory is in accordance with experimental results [1].
Science and mathematics Advanced Placement exams: Growth and achievement over time

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rapid growth of Advanced Placement (AP) exams in the last 2 decades has been paralleled by national enthusiasm to promote availability and rigor of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Trends were examined in STEM AP to evaluate and compare growth and achievement. Analysis included individual STEM subjects and disaggregation by ethnicity. Analysis indicates growth in STEM AP was extraordinary but was slightly outmatched by non-AP subjects. Moreover, growth in STEM AP has been most pronounced among underrepresented minorities, even though their achievement has slightly declined. Interestingly, the proportion of students scoring at the lowest level grew steadily for all students from 1997 to 2010, yet this proportion was substantially less for Asian and White students compared to underrepresented minorities. Finally, it was found that achievement in most high-participation STEM subjects slightly decreased from 1998 to 2013, while achievement held steady or slightly increased in lower participation STEM AP subjects.