jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Creating the Carbon Market Institution: Analysis of the Organizations and Relationships That Build the Market

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Countries around the world are developing carbon emission markets as a governance mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate anthropogenic climate change. These markets are social institutions, designed to solve the transnational collective action problem of climate change. This paper explores the development of carbon emission markets from an institutional perspective to understand how market networks specifically and social institutions in general are constructed. Drawing on seminal work of institutional theorists and economic sociologists, this paper explores the way in which organizations build the institution of the carbon markets. As this paper aims to demonstrate, a number of public and private organizations, rather than regulatory bodies, build and operationalize the market. The paper analyses how networks of organizations develop the three pillars of the carbon market institution: regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive constructs. Since organizations build the institutional pillars of the carbon market network, the strength of the institution cannot be determined by regulation alone. Certainly regulation gives the carbon markets credibility, but their ability to become an institution of common practice relies on the strength and embeddedness of the organizations that build them. The paper concludes by suggesting that, while the carbon market institution serves to communicate and disseminate a common social value of reducing emissions, it generates a dangerous over-reliance on markets to address environmental concerns.
<title>Compression-related properties of color spaces</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In modern color imaging a variety of color spaces are used to represent an image. It has been well established in literature that the choice of color space has an impact on the achievable compression. The purpose of this research is to investigate compression related properties of various color spaces. We investigated what we considered to be the most popular color spaces used today, namely, RGB, YIQ, YUV, YCbCr, HSI, CMYK, XYZ and CIELab. The following properties of color spaces that influence compressibility have been studied: energy distribution among color planes, plane bandwidth, DCT energy compaction, and impact of gamma correction. We also compared the compressibility of low resolution images, which have been used for most of the compression results reported in literature, with high resolution images, which are becoming increasingly important for modern imaging applications. The findings of this research have been illustrated by comparing the actual JPEG compression results for YCbCr and CIELab spaces.
Chapter 10: Museums in Asia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Imperial museums in Asia were unquestionably distinctive compared with those of the territories of white settlement. This chapter examines the origins of museums in the British Empire in Asia with particular attention to the motivations for their founding and the justifications offered for expenditure on them. It analyses the history of the Singapore Museum in greater detail. In the first place, western-style Asian museums developed out of the foundation of the Asiatic(k) Society of Bengal in Calcutta. Similar Asiatic societies later appeared in Bombay, Ceylon and Singapore. Interestingly, the Royal Asiatic Society in London founded in 1823 by T.H. Colebrooke postdates the original Bengal society by some forty years. These societies had ambitions to study the literary, religious, philological and historical manifestations of Asian civilisations. These were perceived to be fascinating both in their great antiquity, and through their links to the ancient worlds of Europe and the East.
Effects of Multicomponent Physical Exercise Programs on Physical Fitness in People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) have high rates of overweight and obesity, heart and metabolic diseases, and low motor development. These factors compromise functional independence and autonomy in activities of daily living. The objective of this study was to clarify the design and implementation of multicomponent physical exercise programs (MPEPs) and evaluate their effects on physical fitness in people with ID. A search for scientific articles in English published before 2022 was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Scientific papers describing the effects of MPEPs on physical fitness in people with ID were considered. A total of 374 articles involving people with ID were included. Positive physical fitness outcomes were found in interventions with MPEPs in its morphological components and to a lesser extent in the motor, muscular, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory aspects in people with ID. Further research is needed to standardize and elucidate the effects of the MPEP on other functional dimensions of physical fitness to use them as a physical activity alternative to reduce sedentary behavior in people with ID.
Estimation of linear hydrodynamic derivatives of a VLCC using static drift simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Prediction of ship hydrodynamic derivatives is essential to evaluate ship’s maneuvering capabilities. In this paper, static drift simulation results are shown for a very large crude carrier ship model, KVLCC2. For simulation, a RaNS based solver, SHIP_Motion, was used. The solver solves overset structured mesh using finite volume method. The simulation results were compared with experimental data. Next, linear hydrodynamic derivatives were predicted from simulation results and compared with experimental ones. The results show good agreement with experimental data and the paper concludes that the solver, SHIP_ Motion, is well capable to estimate hydrodynamic derivatives maintaining reasonable accuracy and economics.
Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma in a young patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

摘要： 患者男，33岁。因左颧部结节3年余于2017年3月22日来我科就诊。患者于3年前无明显诱因左颧部出现一米粒大小结节，无自觉症状，皮损缓慢增大，无自行破溃及出血。近1年来皮损增长较快，遂来就诊。既往体健，否认系统性疾病史。家族中无类似疾病患者……
Digitalization of the energy sector: genesis, content, components, evaluation methodology

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Currently, in the context of the transition to the development of new sources of renewable energy, the issues of digitalization of the energy sector are becoming increasingly relevant. Digitalization captures all areas of activity and involves the integration and transformation of the energy system, which makes it possible to obtain socio-economic effects. Five groups of indicators have been identified (human capital, reliability and quality of power supply, availability of electricity, environmental sustainability, and political and infrastructural readiness of the country for digitalization), which provide an objective assessment of the digitalization indices of the energy sector of a particular country. Approbation of the procedures and the results obtained was carried out by the method of factor analysis using limited and contributing functions. As a result of the assessment, the leading countries were identified in terms of the digitalization of the energy sector, which have an impact on countries with a low level of digitalization and on the development of mechanisms and tools for the digitalization of the sector. As part of this study, the prerequisites and main components of the readiness of countries for the digitalization of the energy sector are highlighted. The applied analytics made it possible to identify potential points of growth in the digitalization of countries with its low level, to develop appropriate measures. Seven stages of the processes of digitalization of the Russian energy sector are identified, indicating the resulting effects and directions for its possible development.
EFFECT OF AUDITORâ€™S JUDGMENT AND SPECIALIZATION ON THEIR DIFFERENTIAL OPINION BETWEEN SEMIANNUAL AND ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study examines the factors that lead to issuing negative opinions on semiannual reports while issuing positive opinions in annual reports from the perspective of auditor-client relationships in listed companies in Taiwan. The empirical results show that the importance of the client is significant positively related to differential opinions while auditor tenure and industry specialists are significant negatively related to differential opinions. The results suggest that auditors have become more conservative and pay more attention to protecting their reputations post-Enron. The conclusion indicates that enhancing auditorsâ€™ specialization and independence reduces the opportunity to issue differential opinions in order to evade legal responsibility.
Study on effectiveness of retrograde nailing with long intramedullary supracondylar nail for shaft and supracondylar fractures of femur

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Due to modern lifestyle changes, the incidence of distal femur fractures has risen and more so in association with shaft fractures of femur because of fast world and high velocity trauma occurring in road traffic accidents. Dilemma arises when we face distal third shaft and associated supracondylar or inter-condylar fracture of femur. The aim of this study is to remove the hesitancy of performing retrograde nailing by long IMSC nail without any complications. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 150 patients with fracture of femur shaft and supracondylar fractures was done. They were treated by using this technique, from January 2003-2017. These patients were followed up till fracture union & evaluated further postoperatively for finding its benefits. Results: In our study, the mean age of patients was 35 years. 65.3% were males and 34.7%% were females. The mode of injury in case of majority of the patients had RTA (road traffic accident) 93 patients (62%). In the present, surgical and technical related complications were encountered in 10 patients (6.7%). Our patients had a mean value of 80 points according to Neer score. Conclusions: We conclude that retrograde long IMSC nail is reliable as an alternative for conventional procedures like ante-grade nailing and plate fixation in femoral fracture shaft and supracondylar region. It is especially beneficial in conditions like osteoporosis, pregnancy & previous implant or prosthesis on ipsi-lateral side and ankylosed hip. Retrograde nailing can be done on simple radio-luscent top operating tables which are commonly available everywhere. Keywords: Femur shaft fractures, Supracondylar femur fractures, Retrograde long IMSC nailing, Fracture union.
&#x201C;Voodoo&#x201D; error prediction for bit-depth scalable video coding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A new prediction method for bit-depth scalable video coding is proposed in this paper. Correlation between the dropped bits during linear scaling tone mapping is used as the basis for using the error as an additional aid in predicting the high bit-depth enhancement layer. The residual to be transmitted in the enhancement layer is reduced by this technique. The effectiveness of this technique is increased when using a small quantization parameter. We show up to a 20% reduction in bit rate of the CAVLC output in our simulation test frames. Bit-depth scalability may be needed in future systems that will support legacy display applications as well as future high dynamic range displays.
Studies on Growth, Yield and Economics of rice (Oryza sativa. L) var. Pusa Basmati-1 as Influenced by Biofertilizers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj which is non-traditional area of basmati cultivation in North Eastern plains of Eastern Uttar Pradesh with the objective to study the effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Var.Pusa Basmati-1 under Randomized block design comprising of 11 treatments of which farmer's practice (T 1 ) (N:P:K at 100:40:20 kg ha -1 ) and rest of treatments (T 2 -T 11 ) with sole and in combination of biofertilizers (Azotobacter, PSB, Azospirillum, Azolla) along with inorganic fertilizers (RDF N:P:K at 120:60:60 kg ha -1 ) which are replicated thrice.The experimental results revealed that application of T 9 (RDF + PSB at 2 kg ha -1 + Azospirillum at 2 kg ha -1 ) has recorded highest No. of grains panicle -1 (151.93) and No. of panicles hill -1 (21.80).Highest Benefit: Cost ratio was recorded by application of T 2 (RDF + Azotobacter at 2 kg ha -1 ) and the application of T 7 (RDF + Azotobacter at 2 kg ha -1 + Azospirillum at 2 kg ha -1 ) has recorded significantly maximum grain yield (6.88t ha -1 ), gross return (Rs.1,92,550 ha -1 ) and net return (Rs.1,34,470 ha -1 ).
Defacements/Effacements

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article experiments with performative and dialogic techniques to trace the contours of anti-Asian American sentiments in sport. It suggests that jokes and joking behaviors are one the key things that binds Asian Americans to sport in the popular imaginary. Moreover, it outlines the ways that sporting humor works to efface and deface Asians and Asian Americans. Well-known utterances by Fuzzy Zoeller, directed at Tiger Woods, and Shaquille O’Neal, directed toward Yao Ming, center much of the discussion.
Communicating Brands in Television Advertising

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Many studies have quantified the effects of TV ad spending or gross rating points on brand sales. Yet this effect is likely moderated by the different types of brand-related messages or cues (e.g., logo, brand attributes) embedded in the ads and by the ways (e.g., explicitly or implicitly) these cues are conveyed to TV audiences. The authors thus measure 17 cues often used within ads to build brand awareness (or salience) and brand image and investigate their influence on ad effectiveness. Technically, the study builds a dynamic model to quantify the effects of advertising on sales; builds a robust and interpretable (i.e., nonparametric and sparse) factor model that integrates correlated, left-censored branding cues; and then models the effects of advertising as a function of the factors identified by these cues. An analysis of 177 campaigns aired by 62 brands finds that salience cues (e.g., logo) and benefit and attribute messages moderate ad effectiveness. It also finds that explicit cues are more effective than implicit ones; nonetheless, the primary drivers of ad effectiveness are visual salience cues: the duration and frequency with which the logo and the duration with which the product are displayed. The study can thus suggest ways brand and ad agency managers can improve the effects of creative ad content on sales.
Effect of water insoluble dietary fibers from seaweeds on physical and chemical parameters of meat products

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Different contents(5%,10%,20%,30%) of dietary fiber from kelp was added to hams to develop hams with seaweeds dietary fiber.In order to determine the optimized condition to develop ham with better flavor,texture and function,the histological structure,texture profile analysis,rheological properties,sensory evaluations and the content of nitrite were analyzed.The results showed that the hams with addition amount lower than 10% had the better flavor and texture than the other hams.With the increasing of addition amount of dietary fiber,the content of nitrite becomes lower.Considering the requirement of products quality and function conservation,10% was chosen to be the best addition amount.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and toxicity profile of essential oils from endemic Moroccan Artemisia herba-alba

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study characterized Artemisia herba alba Asso essential oils (EOs) from three Moroccan regions (AH1- Oulad Ali Youssef, AH2- Serghina, AH3- Midelt), analyzing their chemical composition, bioactivity, toxicity, and molecular interactions with biological targets. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Physicochemical properties (pH, density, acidity, peroxide, and iodine values) were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH method, antimicrobial activity by microdilution, and acute toxicity by albino mice test. Molecular docking elucidated compound-target interactions. The content of EOs varied depending on the region: 1.19 ± 0.05% (AH1), 0.78 ± 0.03% (AH2) and 1.02 ± 0.08% (AH3). The chemical profiles were dominated by camphor (19.59%), trans-thujone (28.53%) and davana ether (23.18%). All EOs showed significant antimicrobial activity (MIC: 0.6–5 mg/mL) and antioxidant potential (ARP: 4.736 ± 0.06 (AH3), 1.116 ± 0.08 (AH2), 0.7352 ± 0.02 (AH1)). Acute toxicity tests showed no adverse effects. Molecular docking revealed strong interactions between the key compounds (cis-thujone, bisabolol oxide B, piperitenone) and the target enzymes, suggesting possible mechanisms of action. These results underline the influence of geographical origin on the composition and bioactivity of EOs and emphasize their importance for the development of natural products.
Study on the Response Coefficient of Setback Structures Compared to Regular Moment Frame Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In design practice of many countries, seismic analysis and proportioning of structures are usually based upon linear elastic analysis due to reduced seismic forces by response coefficient; R. Setback structures are one of the most popular shapes of the constructed buildings. In setback structures, the shape and proportions of the building have a major effect on distribution of earthquake forces as they work their way through the building. On the other hand, geometric configuration has a profound effect on the structural‐dynamic response of a building. Therefore, when a building has irregular features, such as asymmetric in height or vertical discontinuity, the traditional assumptions used in development of seismic criteria for regular buildings may not be applicable. Inelastic seismic behavior of these types of structures seems to be quite different from the regular steel moment resisting structures in which the overall ductility is localized at beam‐ends.In order to investigate the seismic behavior and estimate the Response Coefficient of those structures, nonlinear static analysis (pushover) are used for three categories of setback structures namely low rise, medium rise and high rise buildings with different setbacks in their height. The Response Coefficient are calculated and compared with those taken from regular type of moment frame structures.
Intracellular Ca 2+ is a mediator of zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have previously shown that zinc depletion induces apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Ca 2+ is a known mediator of apoptosis. The objective of this study was to establish the role of intracellular Ca 2+ in zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. After cultured in DMEM+10% FBS for 3 days, the cells were treated with N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis[2‐pyridylmethyl]ethylenediamine (TPEN; 20μM) alone for 0–72h or in the presence of 1,2‐bis(2‐ aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA; 0–40μM) for 6 or 72h. Intracellular Ca 2+ was assessed by Fura2 assay. Apoptosis was assessed by caspase‐3 activity and propidium iodide flow cytometric assay. To affirm that TPEN‐induced apoptosis was zinc specific, zinc (0–40μM; 72h) was replenished in the presence of TPEN. TPEN induced a treatment duration‐dependent elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ level, caspase‐3 activity, and proportion of apoptotic cells. Zinc replenishment suppressed TPEN‐induced apoptosis. TPEN and BAPTA co‐treatments suppressed TPEN‐induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggested that intracellular Ca 2+ served as a mediator in zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Supported by NSERC.
Catalytic oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to carboxylic acids in mild conditions with NaClO2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This study aimed to improve the conditions for the oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid using chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite, across various pH ranges and different catalysts. The powerful oxidation capability of chlorine dioxide played a crucial role in enhancing the kinetic efficiency of the reactions. In our research, we examined various reaction conditions, including sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate together with sodium chlorite, sodium dihydrogen phosphate combined with sodium chlorite and potassium permanganate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate with sodium chlorite and V2O5. Additionally, different oxidation combinations were tested, such as sodium chlorite with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), and formic acid, as well. The stabilized chlorine dioxide solution was also used directly as an oxidation reagent. The role of chlorine dioxide in these combinations significantly impacted the selectivity and yield in terms of product. Furthermore, some Mn (III) complexes (Cat.1 and Cat.2) were used as catalysts in this study, and the findings revealed that chlorine dioxide is an effective oxidant in the selective oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to aromatic acids. For the catalytic application in buffer solutions, a leveling effect was observed. When Mn (III) complexes were used, it showed a similar leveling effect in buffer solutions with a pH >1, which was resulting in slow ClO₂ formation. With these findings it was found that the use of Mn (III) complexes in NaH2PO4+NaClO2 combination provided the highest yield in the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to acids. These results underscore the importance of chlorine dioxide as a powerful oxidant in chemical transformation processes.
FORMATION OF HEAVY METAL MUSIC BASED ON KEY ELEMENTS OF ROCK BAND COMPOSITIONS IN THE LATE 1960S ‒ FIRST HALF OF THE 1970S

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

аспірант кафедри всесвітньої історії та релігієзнавства Тернопільського національного педагогічного університету імені Володимира Гнатюка (Тернопіль