jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Results on WR Instabilities

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The instabilities of WR stars are discussed in the framework of both the quasi-adiabatic and non-adiabatic methods. We show that a very careful treatment of stellar opacities is necessary. Both methods show that WR stars, with little or no H left, are vibrationally unstable in the fundamental radial mode due to the ε-mechanism, confirming earlier results by Maeder (1985). Thus, from the point of view of stability, WR stars are fundametally different from O stars. Our new analysis also supports our previous view that WR stars evolve, keeping at the edge of vibrational instability.
Biomechanical Assessment of TYPE II Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior (SLAP) Lesions Associated with Anterior Shoulder Capsular Laxity as Seen in Throwers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Type II superior labral anterior-posterior lesions in throwers are often associated with anterior shoulder capsular laxity. Hypothesis Shoulder instability in patients with type II superior labral anterior-posterior lesions may result from the associated shoulder capsular laxity rather than the superior labral anterior-posterior lesion alone. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Six cadaveric shoulders were externally rotated to 20% beyond the maximum humeral external rotation at 60° of glenohumeral abduction, which simulated 90° of shoulder abduction, to detach the superior labrum and elongate the anterior shoulder capsular ligaments. The detached labrum was then repaired to isolate the effect of the detached superior labrum and that of the capsular laxity. Rotational range of motion was measured at 60° of glenohumeral abduction. Anterior-posterior glenohumeral translation was measured at 30° and 60° of glenohumeral abduction. Superior-inferior glenohumeral translation was measured at 0° and 60° of glenohumeral abduction. Results The experimentally created type II superior labral anterior-posterior lesion and capsular laxity significantly increased anterior translation at 30° (mean difference, 1.0 ± 0.8 mm; P < .05) and 60° (mean difference, 2.2 ± 2.0 mm; P < .05) of glenohumeral abduction. Subsequent superior labral anterior-posterior repair restored the anterior translation but only at 30° of glenohumeral abduction (mean difference, 0.9 ± 0.6 mm; P < .05). Conclusion Because of the anterior capsular laxity associated with type II superior labral anterior-posterior lesions, superior labral anterior-posterior repair of the peeled-back superior labrum may not restore anterior glenohumeral translation at 90° of shoulder abduction. Clinical Relevance Anterior shoulder capsular laxity associated with type II superior labral anterior-posterior lesions may cause anterior shoulder instability at 90° of shoulder abduction in throwers even after superior labral anterior-posterior lesion repair.
A Simple and Sensitive Dispersive Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Quantification of Honokiol and Magnolol in Complex Matrices

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background Honokiol and magnolol were considered as markers for the analysis of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, its related Chinese Patent Medicines and their metabolites. However, the determination of these two analytes in a water-soluble sample is difficult and therefore requires a more efficient method. Objective To develop a sensitive method for the determination of honokiol and magnolol in a water-soluble sample for better quality control of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis and its related Chinese Patent Medicines. Method In this work, a combination of dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of honokiol and magnolol in complex bio-samples. Several experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized by single factor test. Results Under the optimized extraction conditions, the proposed method exhibited good linearity of not less than 0.9998, satisfactory precision with relative standard deviation of less than 1.3%, and acceptable mean recoveries of 97.3% and 101.5% for honokiol and magnolol, respectively. Furthermore, the method exhibits extremely high sensitivity with detection limits of 0.0097 and 0.0231 ng/mL, which is even more sensitive than those methods developed by MS. Conclusions The method established in this study is fast, economic, accurate, easy to operate, and importantly well suited to the extraction and analysis of honokiol and magnolol in a real complex sample matrix.
The cumulative risk of jail incarceration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Significance Research on incarceration has focused on prisons, but the scale of admissions to local jails is significantly higher. The average length of stay in jail is brief compared to imprisonment, but jail incarceration has been found to adversely affect court outcomes, earnings, and family life. Although New York has one of the lowest jail incarceration rates among large cities, over a quarter of Black men and a sixth of Latino men in the city have been jailed by age 38 y. Risks of jail incarceration are 40 to 50% higher in poor neighborhoods.
Cigarette smoking related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—DNA adducts in peripheral mononuclear cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Studies on cigarette smoking related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—DNA adducts in blood have produced conflicting results. To determine whether a subset of specific white blood cells is a useful marker for monitoring exposure to cigarette smoke, blood was obtained from 63 heavy smokers and 27 non-smokers. Adduct levels were determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a polyclonal antiserum recognizing benzo[a]pyrene and structurally related diolepoxide—DNA adducts. Analysis of the lymphocyte plus monocyte fraction from smokers indicated 70% had detectable adducts with a mean of 4.38 ± 4.29 adducts/108 nucleotides, while in non-smokers the corresponding values were 22% and 1.35 ± 0.78/108 (P < 0.001). Plasma cotinine levels differed significantly in smokers (286 ± 90 μg/l) compared to non-smokers (4.4 ± 3.3 μg/l) (P < 0.001). However, cotinine was not correlated with self-reported smoking history in these heavy smokers. Nor were DNA adducts in smokers correlated with cigarettes per day, pack-years and plasma cotinine, indicating large interindividual variation in DNA adduct formation. These data demonstrate lymphocytes plus monocytes from smokers have elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diolepoxide—DNA adduct levels compared to non-smokers.
Trends in the trace level determination of amino acids using selective fluorescent probes : A critical survey

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Burdwan Harisava Hindu Girl's High School (Morning), Burdwan, West Bengal, India Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713 104, West Bengal, India E-mail : ddas1OOin@yahoo.com Fax : 91-342-2530452 Manuscript received online 27 February 2012, revised O1 April 2012, accepted 16 April 2012 Trace level determination of amino acids is an important and highly relevant area of biochemistry and molecular biology. Herein, we have illustrated different fluorescent probes that have been developed so far for trace level determination of different amino acids. The fluorescence method is highly sensitive, selective, rapid, user friendly and non-destructive. Definitely it is a greener and superior technique compared to other analytical methods. A critical survey of the fluorescent sensors of each type of amino acids, viz. acidic, basic and neutral has been made. A separate section discusses about the sensors which can detect multiple amino acids simultaneously. Novelty and demerits of the methods have been described briefly. Finally, a future prospect in this field has been sketched.
Selective Iridium-Catalyzed Reductive Amination Inside Living Cells

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Given that amino groups are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules, abiotic routes to incorporate them into cellular species offer new opportunities to study and manipulate living systems. In the present work, we report the first biocompatible method to prepare 1°, 2°, or 3° amines selectively starting from an aldehyde and nitrogen precursor through iridium-catalyzed reductive amination. To prevent overalkylation, we developed a nontoxic self-immolative agent comprising 4-(1-aminoethyl)phenol that can condense with carbonyl groups and undergo 1,6-elimination upon reduction to the desired 1° amines. The use of an electron-poor half-sandwich Ir catalyst favored the formation of amine over alcohol products. To synthesize 2° or 3° amines, the aldehydes were combined with the appropriate 1° or 2° amine, respectively, under our standard reaction conditions. Our method is sufficiently mild to perform on proteins, as demonstrated by the conversion of aldehyde-containing allysine residues in bovine serum albumin to lysine. Importantly, we showed that Ir-catalyzed reductive amination could be applied inside living cells, such as by generating the alkaloid phenethylamine or calcium-reducing drug cinacalcet to elicit different biological responses. The amines formed via intracellular reductive amination were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, revealing that turnover numbers of up to ∼20 were achieved. This work is expected to enable greater versatility and precision in transforming a wide range of aldehyde-containing entities within living environments, further expanding our biosynthetic chemistry toolbox.
Endogenous Neuropeptide Nocistatin Is a Direct Agonist of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) channels belong to the family of ligand-gated ion channels known as acid-sensing (proton-gated) ion channels. Only a few activators of ASICs are known. These are exogenous and endogenous molecules that cause a persistent, slowly desensitized current, different from an acid-induced current. Here we describe a novel endogenous agonist of ASICs—peptide nocistatin produced by neuronal cells and neutrophils as a part of prepronociceptin precursor protein. The rat nocistatin evoked currents in X. laevis oocytes expressing rat ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, and ASIC3 that were very similar in kinetic parameters to the proton-gated response. Detailed characterization of nocistatin action on rASIC1a revealed a proton-like dose-dependence of activation, which was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in the sensitivity of the channel to the protons. The toxin mambalgin-2, antagonist of ASIC1a, inhibited nocistatin-induced current, therefore the close similarity of mechanisms for ASIC1a activation by peptide and protons could be suggested. Thus, nocistatin is the first endogenous direct agonist of ASICs. This data could give a key to understanding ASICs activation regulation in the nervous system and also could be used to develop new drugs to treat pathological processes associated with ASICs activation, such as neurodegeneration, inflammation, and pain.
Validating for Liveness in Hidden Adversary Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Multi-stream interactive systems can be seen as “hidden adversary” systems (HAS), where the observable behaviour on any interaction channel is affected by interactions happening on other channels. One way of modelling HAS is in the form of a multi-process I/O automata, where each interacting process appears as a token in a shared state space. Constraints in the state space specify how the dynamics of one process affects other processes. We define the “liveness criterion” of each process as the end objective to be achieved by the process. The problem now for each process is to achieve this objective in the face of unforeseen interferences from other processes. In an earlier paper, it was proposed that this uncertainty can be mitigated by collaboration among the disparate processes. Two types of collaboration philosophies were also suggested: altruistic collaboration and pragmatic collaboration. This paper addresses the HAS validation problem where processes collaborate altruistically.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Denizli

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"As soon as the news of the occupation of Izmir was heard in Denizli in the early hours of the morning of May 15, 1919; Denizli Governor, Recruitment District President, Mayor, Denizli Mufti and some people from the notables came together to try to create a spirit of national resistance in Denizli against the occupations. A big rally was held in Denizli that day, and then the national organization started immediately. Measures were taken against the spread of the Greek occupation in the direction of Denizli to the homeland. In a short time, national organizations were established in Denizli and its districts, which later became Association for Defense of National Rights. With the support of these organizations and the military and civil authorities in the region, militia volunteer forces were formed. On the other hand, logistic support activities for the defense of the front were accelerated. So much so that the Greek advance on the front established in the west of Denizli was largely stopped. At the time when all kinds of sacrifices were made for the defense of the homeland in Denizli Sanjak, the counter-propaganda and activities of some minorities and opposition groups against the National Struggle, especially those of the Hürriyet and Entente Party, were not lacking. But despite all these difficulties, the people of Denizli took their place in the defense of the homeland with all their material and moral strength until the end of the National Struggle. As far as can be determined from the available data, more than five hundred Denizli people were martyred in the National Struggle."
Solid‐state graft polymerization of styrene in spherical polypropylene particles in the presence of montmorillonite

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this work, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and methacryloyloxyethyhrimethyl ammonium chloride were used to prepare organophilic montmorillonite (O‐MMT). Then, polypropylene (PP)–clay nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ grafting polymerization of styrene (St)‐containing O‐MMT onto PP with tert ‐butyl perbenzoate as an initiator in the solid state. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction were applied to study the structure of the layered silicate and modified PP. The surfaces of the composites and, thus, the distribution of the clay in the PP matrix were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The rheology and mechanical properties were studied and are discussed. According to the characterization results, OMMT and St were already grafted onto the PP main chain. Also, the intercalated structure of montmorillonite could be stabilized, and a stable exfoliated structure could be attained. Namely, intercalated PP/OMMT nanocomposites were obtained. The rheological results clearly show that these PP/OMMT nanocomposites had long‐chain‐branched structures. The peroxide modification of PP had minor effects on the tensile and bending strengths of the modified PP; however, this modification resulted in a significant reduction in the impact strength. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Osteoarthritis‐alleviating effects in papain‐induced model rats of chicken cartilage hydrolysate and its peptide fractions

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary This study aims to discover natural bioactive substances as alternative therapies to current medical and surgical treatments for o steoarthritis ( OA ). Chicken cartilage hydrolysate ( CCH ) was produced using trypsin and separated via ultrafiltration into CCH ‐I (molecular weight ( MW ) > 10 kD a) and CCH ‐ II ( MW <10 kDa). Results showed that CCH and its fractions ( CCH ‐I and CCH ‐ II ) could relieve OA with different extents, and the outcome using these treatments depended on their especial composition. CCH ‐ II (a fraction rich in low MW peptides with no chondroitin sulphate ( CS ) and low in sugar) exhibited desired OA ‐alleviating effect in papain‐induced rat and highest in vitro antioxidant activities. CCH ‐I (a fraction rich in CS and in high MW peptides) might have an adverse effect on renal function. Therefore, it is industrially feasible to produce anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative CCH , especially CCH ‐ II , with the therapeutic potential for alleviating or treating OA . Further separation of CS from CCH ‐I may lead to a commercial pure CS product for treating OA.
Schrödinger evolution of a scalar field in Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian expanding metrics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We study the quantum field theory (QFT) of a scalar field in the Schrödinger picture in the functional formulation. We derive a formula for the evolution kernel in a flat expanding metric. We discuss a transition between Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian metrics (signature inversion). We express the real time Schrödinger evolution by the Brownian motion. We discuss the Feynman integral for a scalar field in a radiation background. We show that the unitary Schrödinger evolution for positive time can go over for negative time into a dissipative evolution as a consequence of the imaginary value of . The time evolution remains unitary if in the Hamiltonian is replaced by .
Digital Government Stage Evaluation in Population and Civil Registry Office (Disdukcapil) of Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent developments show scholars argue that when electronic government systems reach certain stages, they will develop into Digital Government. However, studies on Digital Government evaluation, especially in the Indonesian context, are still few. With that in mind, this article aims to describe the maturity of the digital government system in the Population and Civil Registry Office (Disdukcapil) of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency. It is based on the assumption that Disdukcapil has successfully implemented electronic government, as proven by their multiple recognitions and can be considered at the digital government stage. Field observation and in-depth interviews with key informants are employed to collect the relevant data. All the data are then analyzed qualitatively, and then it uses digital government evolution variables developed by Janowski (2015) to determine the stage of Disdukcapil digital government. The result shows that within a four-stage maturity level, the digital government of Disdukcapil of Kutai Kartanegara Regency has reached the third stage, based on the fulfilment of each stage's variables. It is hoped that this study can contribute to Digital Government studies in Indonesia
The Emergence of Zika Virus (ZiV): A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Zika virus (ZiV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus (family Flaviviridae); Vector: aedes (ae. Aegypti, ae. Albopictus) also causes dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever. Bit by female mosquitoes mostly in daylight hour, associated with a neurological birth complication called Microcephaly, is the rapid spread of this virus across the globe. Researchers found that ZiV targets specialized stem cells that give rise to the neurons in the brain's outer layer, the cortex. First identify in rhesus monkey of Zika forest Uganda in April 1947, during the research on the yellow fever, Rockefeller foundation initiative. WHO declared the Zika outbreak to a 'Public health emergency of international concern' on January 2016. There are also high occurrences of outbreaks of Guillain- Barre Syndrome (GBS) associated with ZiV infections. Other neurological cases linked to ZiV infection include meningoencephalitis or acute myelitis. In 2007, first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika infection was reported from the island of YAP (Federated States of Micronesia). In July 2015, Brazil described an association between Zika and Guillain-Barre disorder. In Oct 2015, Brazil described an association between Zika and Microcephaly. Sexual transmission of Zika is also possible, blood transfusion can cause Zika.
Retinoid X Receptor Antagonists

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists are not only useful as chemical tools for biological research, but also are candidate drugs for treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and allergy, although no RXR antagonist has yet been approved for clinical use. In this review, we describe currently available RXR antagonists, their structural classification, and their evaluation, focusing on the latest research.
Specification of retinal central connections in Rana pipiens before the appearance of the first post‐mitotic ganglion cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The order of production of retinal cells and the time when retinal cells become post‐mitotic was studied in Rana pipiens embryos using 3 H‐thymidine autoradiography. Cell division stops first in the fundus of the retinal rudiment between embryonic stages 17 and 18 and gradually becomes restricted to the retinal margin. The ganglion cells in the fundus are among the first cells to become post‐mitotic. The specification of the central connections of ganglion cells was studied by rotating the eye primordium at embryonic stages 16–21. After metamorphosis, the visual projection from the rotated eye to the contralateral optic tectum was mapped electrophysiologically and compared with the normal retinotectal map. In all cases, the visual projection map was rotated through the same angle as was indicated by the position of the choroidal fissure. It appears that ganglion cell connections with the tectum were specified by stage 17. These results indicate that ganglion cell central connections are specified before the first ganglion cells become post‐mitotic.
Response of green garlic to plant density and spraying with algae extract

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was carried out to study the impact of plant density 5, 6, 7 and 8 lines/ ridge (22, 27, 31, 36 plants/m2) and foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum and Ecklonia maxima extracts at rate of (0, 0.5 and 1 mL/L) and their interaction on plant growth, yield and chemical constituents of green garlic bulbs under new reclaimed soil. The obtained results showed that plant density 5 and 7 lines/ ridge recorded highest values of plant length, bulb diameter, plant fresh weight, nitrogen and crude protein percentage in dry matter of green garlic bulbs. The plant density of 5 lines/ ridge scored the highest values of leaf area, plant dry weight, bulb weight at harvest time and total carbohydrates concentration. In addition, plants cultivated at rate of 8 lines/ ridge gave the highest values of total yield of green garlic and bulbing ratio. The plant densities at rate of 5 and 6 lines/ ridge scored the highest values of bulb diameter and bulb dry matter at harvest time. Foliar application of 1 mL/L A. nodosum extract led to the highest total yield of green garlic, bulb weight at harvest time, bulb diameter, dry matter percentage, nitrogen and crude protein percentage in dry matter of bulbs. On the other hand, plants sprayed with 0.5 mL/L of A. nodosum and E. maxima extracts gave higher total carbohydrates concentration in bulbs than other treatments. Additionally, plants sprayed with 0.5 and 1 mL/L of A. nodosum extract gave higher potassium percentage in bulbs than other foliar application treatments.