jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Legal Risk and Prevention of Sharing Economy under the Internet

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The vigorous development of the sharing economy has helped China's market economy to make steady progress. The sharing of social idle resources has greatly improved the utilization rate of resources. However, the imperfection of the corresponding legal system makes the legal status of the sharing economy unclear, and the lack of regulatory measures leads to its disorderly development and the waste of a large number of resources, which also brings considerable legal risks to the supply and demand sides of the sharing economy. As a new economic model, the sharing economy still lacks corresponding laws and regulations in terms of laws, so it is prone to legal risks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the legal risks existing in the sharing economy and put forward reasonable prevention suggestions in order to promote the development and growth of the sharing economy model.
Factors Related To Venous Ulceration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study was to determine the factors related to venous ulceration. Patients with venous ulceration (278 patients) were compared with 1401 patients in other categories of clinical classification of venous disease (clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiological [CEAP]). Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. According to multivariate analyses, risk factors for venous ulceration were age, male sex, personal history of superficial and deep venous thrombosis, diabetes, high blood pressure, skeletal or joint disease in the legs and emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, higher body mass index and physical inactivity, parental history of ankle ulcer as well as reflux in deep and perforator veins, deep obstruction, and combination of reflux and obstruction. It seems reasonable to pay special attention to patients in whom the postulated risk factors for venous ulceration are present.
Default Risk and the Duration of Zero Coupon Bonds

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This paper applies a contingent claims approach to examine the duration of a zero coupon bond subject to default risk. One replicating portfolio for a default‐prone zero coupon bond contains a long position in the default‐free asset plus a short position in a put option on the underlying assets. The duration of the bond is shown to be a weighted combination of the duration of the default‐free bond and the put option. The duration is less than maturity and is not an immunizing duration. The technique is then extended to subordinated debt.
Effect of Pre-Exposure to Various Temperatures on the Development and Survival of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background and Objective: The housefly species are found in human habitations and refuse dumpsites.The housefly is a notable pest in animal production facilities.The study evaluated the effect of temperature gradient on the survival and mortality of the developmental and adult stages of the housefly, Musca domestica.This is intended to determine the effect of temperature variations on the development of egg, larva, pupa and survival of the adult M. domestica.Materials and Methods: The immature stages produced by the adults of the flies were separately exposed to 15.6, 22.2, 28.8, 32.2 and 36.1EC, using SPX-II biochemical incubator.Twenty of each of the developmental stages was exposed to the different temperatures in four replicates.Adult males and females of ages 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days were divided into batches (n = 20) and incubated for 8 hrs and further monitored for 72 hrs in the laboratory.Results: Temperature has a significant effect on the development of the eggs, larvae and pupae, the development of the immature stages was highest at 28.8 and 32.2EC but lowest at 36.1EC.Adult emergence was highest under 28.8EC and lowest under 36.1EC.Temperature significantly (p<0.05)affected the survival of adults, irrespective of their age.Adult survival was highest under 22.2EC and lowest under 36.1ECand females have higher survival than males under the same temperature.Conclusion: Based on the developmental and survival data obtained, temperature variation can be used as an effective means to control the population of both developmental and adult stages of M. domestica.
Analysis of Law Enforcement on Crime of Regional Head Elections in South Konawe Regency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the enforcement of criminal law in regional head elections in South Konawe Regency and the implications of criminal law enforcement on regional head elections in South Konawe Regency. The location of this research is in South Konawe Regency, precisely at the Bawaslu Office of South Konawe Regency. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the Criminal Law Enforcement in Regional Head Elections in South Konawe Regency is carried out based on regulations related to Regional Head elections. In the material aspect, it refers to the provisions of Law No.1 of 2015 concerning the Election of Governors, Regents and Mayors with the application of the provisions of Article 188 of the Aquo Law, while in the formal aspects it refers to the provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding between Bawaslu RI, Polri, and the RI Prosecutor's Office regarding Gakkumdu Center starting at Gakkumdu Center. the stages of reports / findings of alleged criminal acts of election, investigation, first discussion, second discussion, third discussion, transfer of files to decisions and legal remedies. Enforcement of criminal law in regional head elections in South Konawe Regency has implications for regulatory aspects, namely there is still a mismatch between existing legal subjects in prohibition and criminal provisions, in the aspect of law enforcement / organizers there is a lack of synergy between all parties who are members of the Gakkumdu Center, and in cultural aspects the legal awareness is still lacking and aspects of facilities and facilities, particularly those related to financial support in the 2015 regional head elections, do not have operational budget support.
THE PRINCIPAL’S STRATEGY IN PREPARING STUDENTS READY TO FACE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this qualitative paper, we investigated in-depth about the strategy of the principal in preparing the students ready for the industrial revolution 4.0. The objects of research were State Vocational School 2 Palembang, State Vocational School 6 Palembang, Vocational School 2 Muara Enim, State Vocational School 1 Gelumbang, and Vocational School YTK Kimia Palembang. The data were carried out by interview, observation, and documentation. We found that some strategies used by 5 (five) Vocational Schools in South Sumatra in aligning education with the demands of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era were improving the quality of facilities and infrastructure based on industrial needs (link and match). They upgraded teachers' competence appropriate with the era of industrial revolution 4.0 and then created competent and ready graduates in harmony with the program Making Indonesia 4.0 launched by the Ministry of Industry.
Aspects of change in the syntax of Māori - A corpus-based study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>In the current climate of Māori language revitalisation, there is ample anecdotal evidence to suggest that not only the vocabulary, but also the syntax of modern Māori is markedly different from its traditional roots, and that it shows significant influence from English syntax. However, syntactic change in Māori has not hitherto been rigorously studied. This thesis aims to provide material evidence of change in Māori syntax, through a corpus-based study of grammatical change in te reo Māori over the period of contact with English. My methodology involved the compilation and comparison of two synchronic corpora representing the two ends of the contact period to provide a diachronic perspective on the language. Each corpus consists of approximately 102,000 running words of material written originally in Māori. The early corpus contains items published pre-1900. The modern material was written post-1990. The thesis is not only an exploration of the possibility of documenting syntactic change through the use of such corpora, but also tests whether it is possible to do this using corpora significantly smaller than the multi-million word corpora typical in corpus linguistics. The scope of this methodology is tested by examining three distinct types of grammatical features: a grammatical particle (the preposition mō), a pair of semantically related lexemes that appear to be undergoing a process of grammaticalisation (the verbs taea and āhei), and a widespread grammatical construction (certain types of relative clauses). In each instance, the two corpora are compared for features such as the frequency of occurrence, the associated constructions, and the contexts of use. In relation to the methodological questions, the thesis concludes that while these corpora are too small to provide adequate data on individual lexical items like taea and āhei, the methodology did make it possible to document change in the other, relatively high-frequency grammatical features. The thesis also raises the questions of whether the changes identified result from the direct adoption of English usages and constructions, whether they result from insufficient exposure to traditional Māori as a result of the dominance of English, or whether they are perhaps instead the result of internally-motivated Māori language evolution. This leads to a discussion of the likely implications of the changes documented here for the future of the language and the language community. I argue that acceptance of all such change as natural and unavoidable is likely to be detrimental to the future of te reo Māori.</p>
Lévy flows and associated stochastic PDEs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we first explore certain structural properties of Lévy flows and use this information to obtain the existence of strong solutions to a class of Stochastic PDEs in the space of tempered distributions, driven by Lévy noise. The uniqueness of the solutions follows from Monotonicity inequality. These results extend an earlier work of the second author on the diffusion case.
HAZELNUT - (HAZELNUT, CORYLUS AVELLANA L.) MORPHOLOGY AND BIOECOLOGY

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nuts are also important in providing the population with valuable food. The demand for this product is currently mainly imported from abroad. In our country, there are enough areas suitable for growing hazelnuts, and it is possible to grow hazelnuts in these areas. If you properly organize the cultivation of hazelnuts, then in our country it will be possible to grow a lot of hazelnuts. To do this, it is necessary to choose the right sites, use high-quality agricultural technologies, and have a good knowledge of the hazelnut bioecology.
Study of Inner Spacer Module Process for Gate All Around Field Effect Transistors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Gate-All-Around(GAA) transistor is the most competitive device for the replacement of Fin Field-Effect Transistor (FinFET). Integrating the inner spacer module into process flow of manufacturing GAA devices still faces significant challenges.In this study, dummy gates were included and the most critical processes for inner spacer, such as cavity etching, dielectric material conformal filling and precise etching back process were studied.The inner spacer cavity with a depth of 10.10 nm was achieved using isotropic etching, and dielectric filling was completed by low pressure chemical deposition (LPCVD). Finally, an inner spacer with 9.35 nm thickness is formed after precise etching the dielectric material. Furthermore,to verify the physical isolation of the inner spacer, a selective epitaxy was developed on the Source/Drain region, achieving better process results. This research will provide important references for the industry to manufacture GAA devices, especially inner spacers.
The legal requirement for driving in the United Kingdom is met following pupil dilatation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Understanding of what constitutes a training load adequate to induce training effects in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still evolving. The present study investigated whether interval training (IT) is effective in terms of inducing measurable improvements in physiological response and compared its effects on exercise tolerance (ET) and quality of life to those of continuous training (CT). Thirty-six COPD patients, with a forced expiratory volume in one second of 45±4% of the predicted value (mean±sem), were randomly assigned to CT (exercise at 50% of baseline peak work-rate) or IT (work for 30 s at 100% of peak work-rate alternating with 30‐s rest intervals) groups that cycled 40 min·day−1 and 2 days·week−1 for 12 weeks. After training, both groups showed significantly improved ET (IT, 57±6 to 71±8 W; CT, 57±5 to 70±6 W) and total quality-of-life score of the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (IT, 77±3 to 88±2; CT, 78±3 to 93±2). At identical levels of exercise, minute ventilation was significantly reduced (IT, 35.8±2.5 to 31.7±2.5 L·min−1; CT, 36.4±2.7 to 32.5±2.7 L·min−1). The magnitude of improvement in these variables was not significantly different among groups. The present data expand on the principles of exercise prescription for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients by demonstrating that interval training elicits substantial training effects, which are similar in magnitude to those produced by continuous training at half the exercise intensity but double the exercise time.
Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen in Cobalt Nitride and Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Spheres for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The need for inexpensive and high‐activity oxygen‐reduction‐reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts has attracted considerable research interest over the past years. Herein, we report a novel hybrid that contains cobalt nitride/nitrogen‐rich hollow carbon spheres (Co x N/NHCS) as a high‐performance catalyst for ORR. The Co x N nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and confined in the hollow NHCS shell. The performance of the resulting Co x N/NHCS hybrid was comparable with that of a commercial Pt/C at the same catalyst loading toward ORR, but the mass activity of the former was 5.7 times better than that of the latter. The nitrogen in both Co x N and NHCS, especially Co x N, could weaken the adsorption of reaction intermediates (O and OOH), which follows the favorable reaction pathway on Co x N/NHCS according to the DFT‐calculated Gibbs free‐energy diagrams. Our results demonstrated a new strategy for the design and development of inexpensive, nonprecious‐metal electrocatalysts for next‐generation fuels.
Merging earth science into an environmental education course for K-12 teachers: Is it successful?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To raise Earth Science (ES) interest in pre- and in-service K-12 teachers, we incorporated ES into an environmental education (EE) course for this audience. The approach recognizes the growing interest in EE, and the focus on inquiry and student-centered learning in British Columbia schools. This case study examines the impact of this innovation on participant attitudes to and interest in ES, and their confidence to teach ES in their own (future and present) K-12 classrooms. Earth science was incorporated into three of six modules of EDU452 Environmental Education at Simon Fraser University. We ran two pilots with 52 participants in summer 2018 and 2019. Research methods included field observations, student interviews, final portfolios, and a pre- and post-course survey. We found that incorporating ES, while increasing student interest in ES and raising awareness of relevance of ES to our lives, did not result in a similar high confidence level to teach ES. Students acknowledged that further ES instruction would be needed. Students recommended that ES be incorporated into all the course modules in the future. Constructivist and place-based learning were widely accepted by participants for offering personal ownership of learning, engaging experiences, and learning relevant to local settings and issues. Inquiry learning was reported to promote student interest in and enjoyment of ES. Careful design of leading questions and guidance during the inquiry process to accommodate individual’s prior exposure to ES and conceptual difficulty of ES topics are recommended.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10899995.2021.2009624
Advancing Meta-Selective C–H Amination through Non-Covalent Interactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Regioselective C-H amination of simple arenes is highly desirable, but accessing meta-sites of ubiquitous arenes has proven challenging due to the lack of both electronic and spatial preference. This study demonstrates the successful use of various privileged nitrogen-containing functionalities found in pharmaceutical compounds to direct meta-C-H amination of arenes, overcoming the long-standing requirement for a redundant directing group. The remarkable advancements in functional group accommodation for precise regiochemical control were achieved through the discovery of an unprecedented organo-initiator and the strategic utilization of non-covalent interactions. This protocol has been successfully applied in the concise synthesis and late-stage derivatization of drug molecules, which would have been otherwise challenging to achieve.
Clone and Sequence Analysis of FnbpA Gene of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Xinjiang Dairy Cow with Subclinical Mastitis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Staphylococcus aureus which cause subclinical mastitis in cow was isolated from Xinjiang cows and identified.According to the FnbpA gene sequences published by the GenBank,a pair of specific primers designed by Oligo 6.0.FnbpA gene was amplified by PCR with genomic DNA and inserted into pMD18-T vector which was transformed into the competent E.coli DH5α and was analyzed by sequence.The result showed that the FnbpA gene fragment is 1 654 bp which encoded 314 Amino acids.There are 17 Potential protein antigenic determinants in the predicted FnbpA gene and the antigenicity is significant.Compared with other published gene sequences,the homology of gene standard is 77.1%~100%.There are the closest relations between gene cloned FnbpA and AM990992.
Can malaria be eliminated? 15 years on

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This commentary reflects on the ongoing challenges and strategies in malaria elimination, built on insights from Greenwood's 2009 commentary, alongside more recent publications and developments up to 2024. Many of the challenges and strategies discussed by Greenwood remain relevant today. Furthermore, several of Greenwood's predictions have proven accurate 15 years on. Despite significant global progress, malaria elimination faces its toughest challenge, particularly in high-transmission areas. As we confront tougher challenges in malaria elimination, it becomes clear that we must go beyond mere reliance on any single solution.
‘Partly made politicians’:The youth wings of the British political parties, 1918-1939

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis is a comprehensive study of the youth wings of the major political parties between the wars. It examines the Conservative Party’s Junior Imperial League, the Labour Party’s League of Youth, the Liberal Party’s National League of Young Liberals, and the Communist Party of Great Britain’s Young Communist League. This thesis makes a significant contribution to our understanding of how the 1918 and 1928 Franchise Acts changed British political culture, and how young people were inducted into the British political system. The central premise of this thesis is that it is only by looking at these groups comparatively that we can get the full story of politicised youth. It will argue that, while their primary purpose was to recruit activists and party workers, these organisations were far more than insular, narrow interest groups. Rather than operating in isolation, these organisations learned from one another, adapted and reacted to each other’s activities, and actively sought to cast their recruiting nets as wide as possible to counter each other’s influence. Whereas studies of the class and gender dynamics of interwar politics abound, this thesis brings youth to the forefront of its examination of political culture between the wars. This thesis uses youth as a new lens through which to explore the themes of citizenship, the relationship between people and politicians, the blurring of the boundaries between public and private lives, and how mass democracy changed the practice of politics. By looking at youth in this way, this thesis paints a picture of a political culture which sought to integrate as many people as possible.
Splice mutations of PKP 1 gene in a family with ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective: To determine PKP 1 gene mutation in a Chinese pedigree with ectodermal dysplasia /skin fragilitysyndrome. Methods: Thirteen coding exons of PKP 1 gene and their flanking regions were analyzed by PCR and DNA se-quencing. Mutations detected were further confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion. RT- PCR was performed to further identifythe pathogeny of this disease. Results: Mutations, which were not reported previously, were found in PKP 1 gene of theproband. A heterozygous splicing mutation of INS 5+1 GT at the donor site of exon 5 and a silence mutation of 1053 TAin exon 5 were located together in one allele and were transmitted from the proband’s mother. A heterozygous splicing muta-tion of INS 10- 2 AG at the acceptor site of intron 10 was originated from her father. The absence of mutant PKP 1 mRNAand plakophilin 1 in probands skin might suggest the mechanism of nonsense- mediated mRNA degradation induced by prema-ture stop codons in PKP 1 transcripts due to splicing mutations. Conclusions: Compound heterozygous splicing mutations arefound in the two alleles of PKP 1 gene from the proband of ectodermal dysplasia skin /fragility syndrome.
Karyotype variability in regenerated plants of Urginea indica Kunth.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plants regenerated from callus cultures of diploid Urginea indica Kunth., Indian squill, showed variability in both chromosome number and morphology. In addition to diploids, regenerants included tetraploid, aneuploid and mosaic plants. Structurally altered chromosomes were detected in diploids as well as tetraploids. Structural alterations involved mainly the nucleolar chromosomes.