jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Competition between stimulated emission and absorption losses from the B state in I2 lasers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The optical gains observed in molecular iodine lasers are the result of competition between stimulated emission and absorption losses from the excited B electronic state. The ratio of the cross sections for stimulated emission and absorption is ∼2.5 (v″ = odd) and ∼1.0 (v″ = even) for v′ = 43→v″ = 7–15. The correct consideration of this competition removes the apparent anomaly of nonobservable laser emission to v″ = even in this spectral region.
Probiotics Stimulate Production of Natural Antibodies in Chickens

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Commensal bacteria in the intestine play an important role in the development of immune response. These bacteria interact with cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Among cells of the GALT, B-1 cells are of note. These cells are involved in the production of natural antibodies. In the present study, we determined whether manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by administration of probiotics, which we had previously shown to enhance specific systemic antibody response, could affect the development of natural antibodies in the intestines and sera of chickens. Our findings demonstrate that when 1-day-old chicks were treated with probiotics, serum and intestinal antibodies reactive to tetanus toxoid (TT) and Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in addition to intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) reactive to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were increased in unimmunized chickens. Moreover, IgG antibodies reactive to TT were increased in the intestines of probiotic-treated chickens compared to those of untreated controls. In serum, IgG and IgM reactive to TT and alpha-toxin were increased in probiotic-treated, unimmunized chickens compared to levels in untreated controls. However, no significant difference in serum levels of IgM or IgG response to BSA was observed. These results are suggestive of the induction of natural antibodies in probiotic-treated, unimmunized chickens. Elucidating the role of these antibodies in maintenance of the chicken immune system homeostasis and immune response to pathogens requires further investigation.
How Can Fairness Tools Impact the Understanding of Fairness and the Processes Within a Machine Learning Development Team?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Over the last years, a wide spread of Machine Learning in increasingly more, especially sensitive areas like criminal justice or healthcare has been observed. Popular cases of algorithmic bias illustrate the potential of Machine Learning to reproduce and reinforce biases present in the analogous world and thus lead to discrimination. The realisation of this potential has led to the creation of the research stream on fair, accountable and transparent Machine Learning. One aspect of this research field is the development of fairness tools, algorithmic toolkits that aim to assist developers of Machine Learning in identifying and eliminating bias in their models and thus ensuring fairness. The literature review on fairness tools has revealed a research gap in the impact of these on the understanding of fairness and the processes within a development team. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the impact that fairness tools can have on the notion of fairness and the processes in a development team. Therefore, a case study with a development team of a large, globally operating corporation has been conducted. Applying Kallinikos´ theory of technology as a regulative regime and Oudshoorn and Pinch´s idea of the co-construction of users and technologies on the empirical findings revealed two important conclusions. Firstly, it shows that fairness tools act as regulative regimes by shaping the understanding of fairness and the processes within a development team. Secondly, this character of fairness tools as regulative regimes needs to be understood as part of the coconstruction process between the technology and the developer. Keywords: Machine learning; Fairness; Fairness tools; Regulative regime of technology; Co-construction of user and technology.
Supplementary Table S1 from Heterogeneity in <i>NECTIN4</i> Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Urothelial Cancer Mediates Sensitivity to Enfortumab Vedotin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Clinical characteristics of the cohorts included in study. Of note, the Seiler cohort pathological tumor stage is after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (i.e. ypT). ** age > 90 censored to protect patient privacy</p>
Influence of halogen substituents on sensitivity towards detonation of polycyclic nitroaromatic high‐energy molecules

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Analysis of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) on the surface of high‐energy molecules is often used to predict detonation properties of these compounds since strong positive values of electrostatic potentials in the central molecular regions are related to the high sensitivity towards detonation. In this work, we combined bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations with analysis of the MEPs to reveal the influence of the halogen substituents on the sensitivities towards detonation of a series of halogen‐substituted dinitronaphthalenes. Obtained results showed that halogen substituents affect detonation properties of the studied molecules by tilting the neighboring NO 2 groups, which results in decreased stability of corresponding C–N bonds. In addition, halogen atoms affect the detonation properties of studied molecules by modifying the positive values of the electrostatic potentials in the central regions of the molecular surfaces.
Cyclical scheduling for toll gate workers using 0-1 goal programming model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research presents a 0-1 goal programming approach to build a cyclical scheduling for toll workers for every 30 days and is adapted to toll system scheduling in Malaysia. Currently, the staff scheduling is built manually by operation assistant where the operation assistant has to go through a very tedious process to complete the schedule every month. The manual scheduling requires a lot of time to be constructed as the schedule is not a cyclical scheduling and this process is being repeated every month. Thus this project will apply a 0-1 goal programming model to build a systematic schedule to improve the current manual method of scheduling with the consideration of the organization's policies and the staff preferences. This model is being tested using LINGO software where the result shows each staff has an equal percentage of total working days, total night shift, total day off which are 70%, 20% and 30% respectively. All of the organization's policies and the staffs' preferences also have been fully satisfied. The proposed model will be cycled for every 30 days to lessen the burden of the operation assistant while giving highest satisfaction and fairness to the staff as compared to the current manually develop schedule.
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: the unmet need

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a highly prevalent and progressive condition of postmenopausal women that has significant negative effects on vulvovaginal health, sexual health, and overall quality of life. Despite many available safe and effective therapies, GSM often goes undiagnosed and untreated. This Practice Pearl addresses the pathophysiology of GSM and reviews available treatment options.
Floss forward : don't just brush off

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper presents Floss Forward, an oral health communication campaign by four final year undergraduate students of Week Kim Wee School of Communication and Information (WKWSCI), Nanyang Technological University’s (NTU). Gum disease and other oral health-related problems such as dental caries, and tooth decay is increasingly prevalent globally and in Singapore. In order to gain a clear understanding of the oral health landscape in Singapore, two quantitative surveys were conducted during the formative research. The surveys aimed to find out self-efficacy levels in individuals with regards to flossing, as well as general perceptions of the habit and barriers to action. In line with our research findings, a three-pronged strategy utilising social norms, tailored content and an interactive campaign approach were adopted to communicate the importance of flossing, its benefits and the potential implications of neglecting the habit,. A multi-touch point strategy using both online and offline tactics were implemented in the campaign. To ensure the credibility of the posts and their accompanying messages, content was vetted through by Singapore Dental Association and endorsed by the campaign’s main sponsor, Pearlie White. The paper’s conclusion evaluates the campaign through a post-campaign questionnaire, coupled with a media performance analysis for both our online and offline elements. Appraisals from stakeholders are also taken into account in determining the effectiveness of the campaign, and future plans beyond the campaign’s timeline were also highlighted. Visuals of the campaign’s execution, collaterals and partnerships can be found in the appendices.
Health Equity and the Allocation of COVID-19 Provider Relief Funds

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Health Equity and the Allocation of COVID-19 Provider Relief Funds Colleen M. Grogan PhD, Yu-An Lin PhD, and Michael K. Gusmano PhD Affiliation Colleen M. Grogan is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Yu-An Lin is with the Department of Social Work, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Michael K. Gusmano is with the Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway Township, NJ, and The Hastings Center, Garrison, NY.CopyRightCorrespondence should be sent to Colleen M. Grogan, Professor, The Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, 969 E 60th St, Chicago, IL 60637 (e-mail: cgrogan@uchicago.edu). Reprints can be ordered at http://www.ajph.org by clicking the "Reprints" link.CONTRIBUTORSC. M. Grogan led the writing. Y-A. Lin led the data programming, organization, and analysis. All of the authors contributed equally to idea development, data interpretation, and editing the final version of the editorial. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306127 Accepted: December 13, 2020 Published Online: March 10, 2021
Bengaluru’s urban water infrastructure through the lens of post-socialism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The chapter aims to understand post-socialism in India through the case of water supply in Bengaluru. Post-socialism in India raises questions regarding the extent to which the concept of post-socialism can be used beyond Central and Eastern Europe. It defines post-socialism without an 'actually existing socialism', and is also in many ways different from post-socialism as understood in Eastern Europe. In the case of India, post-socialism is primarily a shrinking state but it is also a complex transformation rather than a clear-cut transition from one infrastructural system to another. The chapter uses two main dimensions to develop the framework on post-socialism in India: public-private nexus and informality-illegality.
Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Viral infections of the respiratory tract are responsible for large amounts of time lost from the workplace and significant morbidity and mortality in the very young and the very old. The worldwide pandemic of influenza in 1918 was alone responsible for nearly 30 million deaths in excess of those expected for influenza. Viral respiratory infections are the most frequent illnesses in human beings. The most frequent causes of respiratory infections are adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and rhinoviruses. Frequency and severity of infection are increased in the very young and the elderly, worsened by crowding and inhaling pollutants, and influenced by anatomic, metabolic, genetic, and immunologic disorders. Respiratory infections are the leading cause of death in children under age 5 living in underdeveloped countries.1
Studies on the Increase of Germination Percent of Angelica gigas Nakai I. Germination Characteristics and Cause of Lower Germination Percent

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was conducted to study germination characteristics and the decrease cause of germination percent in Angelica gigas Nakai seed. The emergence percent of winter sowing was higher than that of spring sowing as 66.6% and 41.1%, respectively, and the first emergence date was also earlier in winter sowing. The seed germination speed, percent and coefficent showed the highest value at of incubation temperature, but lower value at . The water uptake speed was increased along with increasing water temperature. The weight of imbibed seed at germination was 3.4times higher based on the weight of intact dry seed and 2.3times on removal of seed coat. In terms of length of seed was large, the germination percent was higher. The germination percent of brown colored seeds showed higher value than that of green colored seeds. The prolonged storage period decreased germination percent. When A.gigas seeds stored at room temperatue for 2years, the seeds were lost their viability. The biological inhibition effect of methanol, water and ether extract on the germination and growth of A.gigas and lettuce seed showed the highest value in the methanol extract, followed by water extract and the least in ether extract.
Review: Berlioz 1803-1832: The Making of an Artist by David Cairns; Berlioz by D. Kern Holoman

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Book Review| April 01 1992 Review: Berlioz 1803-1832: The Making of an Artist by David Cairns; Berlioz by D. Kern Holoman Berlioz 1803-1832: The Making of an ArtistDavid CairnsBerliozD. Kern Holoman Katherine Reeve Katherine Reeve Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the American Musicological Society (1992) 45 (1): 131–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/831493 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Katherine Reeve; Review: Berlioz 1803-1832: The Making of an Artist by David Cairns; Berlioz by D. Kern Holoman. Journal of the American Musicological Society 1 April 1992; 45 (1): 131–143. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/831493 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the American Musicological Society Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1992 The American Musicological Society, Inc. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
The rs2682826 Polymorphism of the NOS1 Gene Is Associated with the Degree of Disability of Erectile Dysfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male disorder, often associated with cardiovascular disease and ageing. The Sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, can improve the erectile function by prolonging the nitric oxide (NO) downstream effect. NO is a molecule of pivotal importance in erection physiology and is mainly produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). While it has been shown that eNOS and nNOS genetic polymorphisms could be associated with Sildenafil responsiveness in ED, no study so far has assessed whether nNOS polymorphisms and PDE5A polymorphism could be associated with increased risk to ED or with intensity of symptoms. A total of 119 ED patients and 114 controls were studied, with evaluation of the clinical disability by the International Index for Erectile Function instrument, plasma assessment of nitrite levels and genomic DNA analysis regarding the rs41279104 and rs2682826 polymorphisms of the NOS1 gene and the rs2389866, rs3733526 and rs13124532 polymorphisms of the PDE5A gene. We have found a significant association of the rs2682826 with lower IIEF scores in the clinical ED group. While this result should be confirmed in other populations, it may be helpful in establishing a genetic panel to better assess disease risk and prognosis on ED therapy.
[Case-control studies of the treatment for the distal clavicle fracture by elastic band inclined "8" fixation].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Compared with open reduction and internal fixation with clavicular hook plate, treatment with self-improved elastic band inclined "8" fixation can shorten the union time of fracture and reduce therapeutic risks, so it is an economical, practical and safe method for the distal clavicle fracture.
Surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in untreated HIV‐infected patients in Cuba

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Knowledge of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in untreated HIV‐infected patients is fundamental in the epidemiological surveillance programs, because it is associated with suboptimal virological outcome of first‐line HAART. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of TDR in newly diagnosed Cuban patients. Methods 250 HIV‐1‐infected patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2011 were included in the study. RNA was isolated from plasma and used as target to amplify the pol gen by RT‐nested PCR. PCR products were sequenced and the data generated used to determine the viral subtype by phylogenetic analyses. The TDR were detected by means of Stanford University calibrated population resistance tool, using the 2009 surveillance drug resistance mutations list. Results Baseline characteristic were as follows: 78.4% of the cases were males, mean age was 35.5 years, 66.3% of infections were acquired by homosexual transmission and the median viral load was 4.6 log. The 39.2% of the analyzed samples corresponded to the subtype B and 60.8% for non‐B genetic forms, with prevalence of CRF 19_cpx, CRF 20 BG and CRF 23 BG [ 1 ]. The overall prevalence of TDR increased in comparison with previous studies (19.2% versus 5.2%) [ 2 ]. The majority of mutations were seen within the group of nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRTI) (8.5%) and non‐NRTI (9.7%). TDR was less common in the group of protease inhibitors (1.7%). The most common mutations were M184V and K103N for the NRTIs and NNRTIs, respectively. The prevalence of TDR in samples of the subtype G was significant (p = 0.005) in comparison with other genetic forms. Conclusions This study confirms an increase in the transmission of resistance‐associated mutations, which indicates the importance of maintaining a constant epidemiological surveillance of the TDR in newly diagnosed Cuban patients.
Dosage of direct oral anticoagulants during dual and triple antithrombotic therapy: a focus on the net clinical benefit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The 2020 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation (AF) recommend standard dosage of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) during triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT). Aspirin 100 mg and the P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel should be preferred for dual antiplatelet therapy. Discontinuation of aspirin is recommended for subsequent dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT). Dose reduction in dabigatran (110 mg b.i.d.) and rivaroxaban (15 mg o.d.) during DAT or TAT should only be considered in patients with high bleeding risk prevailing concerns about stent thrombosis.1 While TAT is associated with a lower burden of stent thrombosis and thromboembolic events, it carries an almost four-fold increased risk for major bleeding events and intracranial haemorrhage compared with DOAC monotherapy.2 The applied treatment strategy needs to balance the ischaemic risk against the risk of bleeding in order to reach a favourable net clinical benefit. With a lacking evident decision strategy, the authors feel...
Are Vanguard’s ETFs Cannibalizing the Firm’s Index Funds?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Existing literature on ETFs and conventional index mutual funds suggests that the two fund types are substitutes for each other in terms of attracting investors’ money. Vanguard is an industry-leading index fund provider that offers both conventional index mutual funds and ETFs. The question is whether Vanguard experiences a substitution effect between its index funds and ETFs to the same degree as is observed in the industry in general. The examination of the substitutability of the two fund types can help explain Vanguard’s decision to offer ETFs that could cannibalize the firm’s existing products. Results of the article show that contrary to the initial expectations, Vanguard’s ETFs and corresponding index funds are not substitutes but rather complements. The flows of ETFs and index funds positively affect each other. Positive spillover effects, such as ETF tax efficiency, may help explain the synergy between Vanguard index products. The results can help fund families take advantage of similar efficiency spillover effects when structuring new products. TOPICS: Exchange-traded funds and applications, mutual fund performance, portfolio theory
Psychometric properties of the dutch eating behaviour questionnaire (DEBQ) among 9–10-year‐old Swedish girls

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) (van Strien et al., 1986) in a sample of 9–10-year-old Swedish girls (N=117). The Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) was used for validation. There were significant differences between 'Dieters' and 'Non-Dieters' for DEBQ and ChEAT totals, for the DEBQ 'Restrained Eating' scale, and for the ChEAT 'Dieting' and 'Bulimia' scales, indicating that both instruments possess adequate construct validity for this group. The DEBQ total correlated (0·45) with the ChEAT total, and the DEBQ 'Restrained Eating' (0·75) with the ChEAT 'Dieting'. 'Emotional Eating' (DEBQ) did not correlate with the ChEAT total or 'Dieting' but there were significant correlations with 'Oral Control' and 'Bulimia'. DEBQ 'External Eating' showed a corresponding relationship only with 'Oral Control'. Factorial analysis demonstrated that all DEBQ items except one for the 'Restrained Eating' and 'External Eating' subscales, and two items of the 'Emotional Eating' scale loaded on three separate factors, suggesting factorial integrity. Computation of internal consistency showed an alpha coefficient of 0·83 for DEBQ total, and subscale alpha values ranging from 0·77 to 0·86. This pattern of results indicates adequate psychometric properties among 9–10-year-old girls. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.