jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
<title>Image restoration and diffusion processes</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A new supplementary a-priori constraint, the slow evolution from the boundary constraint, (SEB), sharply reduces noise contamination in a large class of space-invariant image deblurring problems that occur in medical, industrial, surveillance, environmental, and astronomical application. The noise suppressing properties of SEB restoration can be proved mathematically, on the basis of rigorous error bounds for the reconstruction, as a function of the noise level in the blurred image data. This analysis proceeds by reformulating the image deblurring problem into an equivalent ill-posed problem for a time-reversed diffusion equation. The SEB constraint does not require smoothness of the image. An effective, fast, non-iterative procedure, based on FFT algorithms, may be used to compute SEB restorations. For a 512 X 512 image, the procedure requires about 45 seconds of cpu time on a Sun/sparc2. A documented deblurring experiment, on an image with significant high frequency content, illustrates the computational significance of the SEB constraint by comparing SEB and Tikhonov-Miller reconstructions using optimal values of the regularization parameters.
Understanding soil erosion processes in Mediterranean sloping vineyards (Montes de Málaga, Spain)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Sloping vineyards in the Mediterranean cultivated on bare soils show several types of evidence of soil erosion processes. However, little is known about the key factors that condition and enhance these processes at the intra-plot scale. There is a need to assess soil conservation methods to reach sustainability of vineyards and high grape quality, and for this it is necessary to investigate the factors and rates of soil erosion processes under natural conditions. The main goal of this research, conducted in traditional Mediterranean vineyards in Los Montes de Málaga (South Spain), was to carry out a precision analysis of the patterns of soil erosion and the soil surface components at the intra-plot scale. The analysiswas performed after monitoring soil erosion processes during 25 natural rainfall events. Soil loss, overland flow, and runoff threshold were calculated using six Gerlach troughs. Fine soil particles and rock fragments were also assessed after each natural rainfall event and tillage practice. The research showed an example of sloping vineyards in a Mediterranean environment with bare soils that are associated with high soil losses and an uneven spatiotemporal distribution of hydrological and geomorphological processes. Key factors enhancing soil erosion processes are: i) extreme rainfall events and ii) management practices (pruning, ploughing and trampling). The runoff threshold reached very lowvalues (between 4.55mmand 8.5mm) and the highest soil loss and overland flow rateswere obtained from a fewrainfall events during the rainiest period, coinciding with times that the surface was covered by vines that had dropped their leaf cover. Finally, we demonstrated that the runoff threshold, soil loss and overland flow showed high variability depending on the stoniness, soil texture, and antecedent conditions of tillage.
Consumption of Minerals, Toxic Metals and Hydroxymethylfurfural: Analysis of Infant Foods and Formulae

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Infant foods and formulae may contain toxic substances and elements which can be neo-formed contaminants or derived from raw materials or processing. The content of minerals, toxic elements, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in infant foods and formulae were evaluated. The effect of storage temperature on HMF formation in infant formulae and its potential as a quality parameter was also evaluated. Prune-based foods contained the highest HMF content. HMF significantly increased when the storage temperature was elevated to 30 °C for 21 days. All trace elements were present in adequate amounts, while the concentration of nickel was higher when compared to those of other studies. The study indicates that HMF can be used as a quality indicator for product shelf-life and that the concentrations of minerals and toxic elements vary greatly due to the diverse compositions of foods and formulae. Such contaminants need to be monitored as infants represent a vulnerable group compared to adults.
Seed production of native hay clovers in the highlands of eastern

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studies of seed production in some native clovers [Trifolium steudneri, T. quartinianum, T. rueppel-lianum and T. alexandrinum (control)] were undertaken at Shola in the Ethiopian highlands (1983) and at Kabete in the central highlands of Kenya (1990). Trifolium steudneri and T. quartin¬ianum had the highest seed yields on a Vertisol soil at Shola. Seed yields were lower on a vol¬canic Nitosol soil at Kabete than at Shola, pos¬sibly due to the shorter duration of the wet season. At Shola, P fertiliser application signifi¬cantly (P < 0.05) increased seed yields. Highest costs were incurred in hand harvesting and were 82% of total production costs. The yield and seed production costs of African clovers are related to those of other tropical legumes produced in Kenya.
On the margins of soy farms: traditional populations and selective environmental policies in the Brazilian Cerrado

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the Cerrado, the expansion of soybean cultivation since the 1990s has coincided with the strengthening of environmental regulations. We analyze how the two main environmental policies – Protected Areas and the Forest Code – have played out at the ground level in western Bahia state. These policies in Cerrado have not been designed to curb the expansion of this agricultural frontier. These norms have, on the contrary, accommodated this expansion because the way environmental managers selectively choose environmental problems and publicize them through specific information systems depreciates traditional fire-dependent production systems. These 'politics of selection' are likely to increase competition for resources in the margins of soybean agriculture, which is where traditional populations have now become confined.
Envelope detection of a spinning linear radiation pattern based on diode detector algorithm for amplitude modulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A spinning linear pattern is often used to measure the axial ratio of circularly polarized antennas. The maximum and minimum envelopes of the spinning linear pattern indicate the semi-major and semi-minor axes, respectively, of an elliptically polarized wave. However, there is large volume of sampled data between the maximum and minimum envelopes, which is not useful. Therefore, an envelope extraction method for a spinning linear pattern using a diode detector algorithm was proposed in this study. The diode detector algorithm was applied by solving the circuit equation using the calculus of finite differences. Through numerical verification, envelopes could be successfully extracted. An averaging method was applied to obtain smoother envelopes.
Performance and supply chain analysis of Binalebu-1 in some selected areas of Bangladesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study was conducted to find out the performance and supply chain of Binalebu-1 in four major Binalebu-1growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Cumilla, Mymensingh, Rangpur and Dhaka districts. Simple random sampling technique was followed for this study. The average cost of lemon production was estimated at Tk. 206127 per hectare of which about 68% was variable cost and 32% was fixed cost. Human labour cost was the lion share (32%) of total cost and it followed by irrigation cost (6.63%), Insecticide (2.64%) sapling (2.60%), and in the study areas. The average yield of Binalebu-1 was recorded 28.32 t/ha in all study areas while it was highest in 3rd year (30.24 t/ha) followed by 2nd year (28.17 t/ha) and 1st year (26.58 t/ha). The average gross return, gross margin and net return of lemon were found to be Tk 744517.62/ha, Tk 454521.67/ha, and Tk 538390.75/ha, respectively. Average BCR was found to be 2.71 on the basis of total cost. Supply chain was classified into four types: Channel 1: Accounts for 40 % which was ranked as I; Channel II: Accounts for 20 % which was Ranked as II; Channel III: Accounts for 18 % which was Ranked as III, Channel IV: Accounts for 12 % which was ranked as IV; Channel V: Accounts for 10 % which was Ranked as V. It was revealed that the value addition of the Faria, Bepari, Paiker, Arathdar, Retailer were Tk.135, Tk.95, Tk.55, Tk.39 and, Tk155 per quintal, respectively.
Pengaruh Fundamental Safe Work Practice Terhadap Pencegahan Kecelakaan Kerja Bagian Workover di PT. ACS Duri

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

PT. Asrindo Citraseni Satria (ACS) is a company engaged in oil and gas and is a sub contractor PT.CPI. PT. ACS has implemented FSWP whose objective which is to identify, assess, reduce, control or eliminate the risks associated with the work, but until now there is still a work accident that occurred even in small quantities. The author would like to know about the effect of application of the section Fundamental Safe Work Practice (FSWP) can prevent the accident in workover PT. ACS Duri. This research uses quantitative analytical survey, with the design of Cross Sectional conducted from May to June 2012 with a large sample of 122 of the 360 people who work in the workover. Samples were taken by using a system Accidental Sampling, and the data processed using a computer program to analyze the independent variables in the form of application as well as the dependent variable is FSWP occupational accidents and tested using Chi-square. The results showed that, the application of FSWP can prevent accidents which includes Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) with the value of P = 0.01 is smaller than the value of α = 0.05 that means there are a significant correlation between the application of SOP with workplace accidents, PTW with a value of P = 0.02 is more smaller than the value of α = 0.05 means that there are significant correlation between the application of Permit To Work (PTW) accidents, and tagged with a value of P = 0.01 is smaller than the value of α= 0.05 means there is a significant correlation between the application of Log Out/Tag Out (LOTO) by accident. It was concluded that, the application of FSWP can reduce / reduce the number of occupational accidents in the workover, and is expected for the management of HES to improving the knowledge for employee about the aspects of FSWP (SWA, Hazard Analysis, SOP, Access Control, PPE, MSDS, Housekeeping, PTW & Other Safe Work Practices).
Novel Smart Textiles

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The sensing, adapting, responding, multifunctionality, low energy, small size and weight, ease of forming, and low-cost attributes of smart textiles and their multidisciplinary scope offer numerous end uses in medical, sports and fitness, military, fashion, automotive, aerospace, the built environment, and energy industries. The research and development on these new and high-value materials cross scientific boundaries, redefine material science design and engineering, and enhance quality of life and our environment. "Novel Smart Textiles" is a focused Special Issue that reports the latest research of this field and facilitates dissemination, networking, discussion, and debate.
Social media snooping on job applicants

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how HR professionals use social networking website information to evaluate applicants’ propensity to engage in counterproductive work behaviors and suitability for hire. Design/methodology/approach Using an experimental design, 354 HR professionals participated in a two-part study. In part 1, participants viewed a fictitious resume and rated the applicant’s likelihood to engage in counterproductive work behavior as well as likelihood of a hiring recommendation. In part 2, participants viewed a fictitious social networking website profile for the applicant and repeated the ratings from part 1. The authors analyzed their responses to determine the effect viewing a social network website (SNW) profile had on ratings of the applicant. Findings Unprofessional SNW information negatively affected ratings of applicants regardless of applicants’ qualifications, while professional SNW profile information failed to improve evaluations regardless of qualifications. Originality/value Anecdotal reports suggest that many employers use SNW information to eliminate job applicants from consideration despite an absence of empirical research that has examined how SNW content influences HR recruiters’ evaluation of job applicants. This study represents one of the first attempts to understand how HR professionals use such information in screening applicants. The findings suggest that unprofessional SNW profiles negatively influence recruiter evaluations while professional SNW profile content has little to no effect on evaluations.
cis-acting determinants in the control of MuSVts110 RNA splicing

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Like other simple retroviruses the murine sarcoma virus ts110 (MuSVts110) displays an inefficient mode of genome splicing. But, unlike the splicing phenotypic of other retroviruses, the splicing event effected upon the transcript of MuSVts110 is temperature sensitive. Previous work in this laboratory has established that the conditionally defective nature of MuSVts110 RNA splicing is mediated in cis by features in the viral transcript. Here we show that the 5$\\sp\\prime$ splice site of the MuSVts110 transcript acts as a point of control of the overall splicing efficiency at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures for splicing. We strengthened and simultaneously weakened the nucleotide structure of the 5$\\sp\\prime$ splice site in an attempt to elucidate the differential effects each of the two known critical splicing components which interact with the 5$\\sp\\prime$ splice site have on the overall efficiency of intron excision. We found that a transversion of the sixth nucleotide, resulting in the formation of a near-consensus 5$\\sp\\prime$ splice site, dramatically increased the overall efficiency of MuSVts110 RNA splicing and abrogated the thermosensitive nature of this splicing event. Various secondary mutations within this original transversion mutant, designed to selectively decrease specific splicing component interactions, lead to recovery of inefficient and thermosensitive splicing. We have further shown that a sequence of 415 nucleotides lying in the downstream exon of the viral RNA and hypothesized to act as an element in the temperature-dependent inhibition of splicing displays a functional redundancy throughout its length; loss and/or replacement of any one sequence of 100 nucleotides within this sequence does not, with one exception detailed below, diminish the degree to which MuSVts110 RNA is inhibited to splice at the restrictive temperature. One specific deletion, though, fortuitously juxtaposed and activated cryptic consensus splicing signals for the excision of a cryptic intron within the downstream exon and markedly potentiated--across a newly defined cryptic exon--the splicing event effected upon the upstream, native intron. We have exploited this mutant of MuSVts110 to further an understanding of the process of exon definition and intron definition and show that the polypyrimidine tract and consensus 3$\\sp\\prime$ splice site, as well as the 5$\\sp\\prime$ splice site, within the intron at the 3$\\sp\\prime$ flank of the defined exon are required for the exon's definition; implying that definition of the downstream intron is required for the in vivo definition of the proximal, upstream exon. Finally; we have shown, through the construction of heterologous mutants of MuSVts110 employing a foreign 3$\\sp\\prime$ end-forming sequence, that efficiency of transcript splicing can be increased--to a degree which abrogates its thermosensitive nature--in direct proportion to increasing proximity of the 3$\\sp\\prime$ end-forming signal to the terminal 3$\\sp\\prime$ splice site.
Introduction to ‘The China Water Papers’ – transboundary water cooperation in Asia with a focus on China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsThe guest editors would like to thank sincerely the Xiamen University School of Law and the China International Water Law (CIWL) team for their considerable efforts in hosting the first international water law symposium in China at Xiamen Law School. Thanks are especially due to the Dean Chongli Xu, Vice-Dean Yansheng Zhu, Director of International Economic Law, Professor Huaqun Zeng, and all our colleagues at Xiamen Law School for their strong support of the CIWL, its ongoing research and activities. We are enormously grateful to the numerous participants who attended the event and who contribute to this special collection. Special thanks to Dr Owen McIntyre, visiting scholar at Xiamen Law School and international expert under the Chinese government education programme, who helped with this special collection and capably assisted our CIWL research scholars. We express our deep gratitude to Dr Sergei Vinogradov for substantive contributions and editorial support. Thanks to all the peer reviewers who generously gave their time and efforts. We are grateful also to Jim Nickum and Flip Wester and all the team at Water International who offered helpful guidance throughout. And finally, thanks to Liping Dai who continues to do an excellent job of collecting and processing the manuscripts. It is a wonderful team effort!
Measurement of electronic splitting in PbS quantum dots by two-dimensional nonlinear spectroscopy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Quantum dots exhibit rich and complex electronic structure that makes them ideal for studying the basic physics of semiconductors in the intermediate regime between bulk materials and single atoms. The remarkable nonlinear optical properties of these nanostructures make them strong candidates for photonics applications. Here, we experimentally probe changes in the fine structure on ultrafast timescales of a colloidal solution of PbS quantum dots through their nonlinear optical response despite extensive inhomogeneous spectral broadening. Using continuum excitation and detection, we observe electronic coupling between nearly degenerate exciton states split by intervalley scattering at low exciton occupancy and a sub-100 fs frequency shift presumably due to phonon-assisted transitions. At high excitation intensities, we observe multi-exciton effects and sharp absorbance bands indicative of exciton-exciton coupling. Our experiments directly probe the nonlinear optical response of nearly degenerate quantum confined nanostructures with femtosecond temporal resolution despite extensive line broadening caused by the finite size distribution found in colloidal solutions.
Crossed Pulmonary Arteries with Left Branch Pulmonary Stenosis in Two Patients with the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Crossed pulmonary arteries（CPAs）は，左肺動脈が右肺動脈の右上方より起始する稀な肺動脈奇形である．CPAs自体は通常無症状で，合併する心奇形の周術期にも問題となることは少ない．今回，大動脈弓離断症術後に重度の左肺動脈狭窄を合併した22q11.2欠失症候群の2例を経験した．左肺動脈狭窄に対し経皮的バルーン拡大術を行ったが，すぐにrecoilするため効果は乏しく，外科的に肺動脈形成術を施行した．CPAsの左肺動脈は起始部が大動脈弓に近く，形成後の大動脈弓による圧迫や，肺動脈周囲の形態変化に伴う捻れにより，狭窄を生じやすいと考えられた．CPAsを合併した大動脈弓離断症では，術後合併症として左肺動脈狭窄を念頭に置く必要がある．
Factors Associated With Longer Time to Treatment for Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndromes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— Rapid treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is important; causes of delay in emergency medical services care of ACS are poorly understood. Methods and Results— We performed an analysis of data from IMMEDIATE (Immediate Myocardial Metabolic Enhancement during Initial Assessment and Treatment in Emergency Care), a randomized controlled trial of emergency medical services treatment of people with symptoms suggesting ACS, using hierarchical multiple regression of elapsed time. Out-of-hospital ECGs were performed on 54 230 adults calling 9-1-1; 871 had presumed ACS, 303 of whom had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Women, participants with diabetes mellitus, and participants without previous cardiovascular disease waited longer to call 9-1-1 (by 28 minutes, P <0.01; 10 minutes, P =0.03; and 6 minutes, P =0.02, respectively), compared with their counterparts. Time from emergency medical services arrival to ECG was longer for women (1.5 minutes; P <0.01), older individuals (1.3 minutes; P <0.01), and those without a primary complaint of chest pain (3.5 minutes; P <0.01). On-scene times were longer for women (2 minutes; P <0.01) and older individuals (2 minutes; P <0.01). Older individuals and participants presenting on weekends and nights had longer door-to-balloon times (by 10, 14, and 11 minutes, respectively; P <0.01). Women and older individuals had longer total times (medical contact to balloon inflation: 16 minutes, P =0.01, and 9 minutes, P <0.01, respectively; symptom onset to balloon inflation: 31.5 minutes for women; P =0.02). Conclusions— We found delays throughout ACS care, resulting in substantial differences in total times for women and older individuals. These delays may impact outcomes; a comprehensive approach to reduce delay is needed.
Changes of Blood Glucose and Blood Lipid in Recruits after Physical Training

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the changes of blood glucose and blood lipid in recruits after physical training.Methods A total of 234 recruits were selected randomly.Their blood glucose,total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein(LDL) and high density lipoprotein(HDL)were tested 0,1 and 3 months after physical training.Among 234 recruits,114 soldiers underwent the whole-course blood lipid testing.Results After 3 months of physical training,the blood glucose and HDL were significantly lower,and TG and LDL were significantly higher than those before training(P0.05).After 5 months of physical training,TC and TG decreased to the levels before training(P0.05).Conclusion The physical training can greatly affect the levels of blood gluscose and the blood lipid.
Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase after Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Induces a Neuroprotective Phenotype in Activated Microglia and Improves Neuronal Survival

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cardiac arrest (CA) causes hippocampal neuronal death that frequently leads to severe loss of memory function in survivors. No specific treatment is available to reduce neuronal death and improve functional outcome. The brain's inflammatory response to ischemia can exacerbate injury and provides a potential treatment target. We hypothesized that microglia are activated by CA and contribute to neuronal loss. We used a mouse model to determine whether pharmacologic inhibition of the proinflammatory microglial enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) after CA alters microglial activation and neuronal death. The sEH inhibitor 4-phenylchalcone oxide (4-PCO) was administered after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The 4-PCO treatment significantly reduced neuronal death and improved memory function after CA/CPR. We found early activation of microglia and increased expression of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the hippocampus after CA/CPR, which was unchanged after 4-PCO treatment, while expression of antiinflammatory IL-10 increased significantly. We conclude that sEH inhibition after CA/CPR can alter the transcription profile in activated microglia to selectively induce antiinflammatory and neuroprotective IL-10 and reduce subsequent neuronal death. Switching microglial gene expression toward a neuroprotective phenotype is a promising new therapeutic approach for ischemic brain injury.