jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Management of Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic polyarticular inflammation, leading to the destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone. It is estimated to affect 1.0% of the adult population worldwide, including around 429,000 Australians. Despite the significant advances in treatment over the past few decades, pain management remains a significant issue for many patients.
The Perception of Biomedical Ethics in Nurses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study was to describe the perception of biomedical ethics in 210 nurses working at a hospital in Busan. Method: Data were collected from September 1st to 9th, 2008 using a 4-point Likert scale which was designed by Kwon. Results: The average score of perception of biomedical ethics was $2.88{\pm}0.22$. The highest score, $3.13{\pm}0.35$, was seen in the category of the ethics for right to life, the lowest, $2.49{\pm}0.33$, was seen in the category of ethics of death. There was no significant difference in perception of biomedical ethics according to marital status, participation in religious activity or career length. There was a significant difference in reproductive ethics according to marital status (F=3.559, p= .001) and participation in religious activity (F=3.914, p= .011). There was a significant difference in ethics of death according to career length (F=3.779, p= .011). Statistically significant differences were shown in ethics for right to life according to the ethical values (F=4.421, p= .005) and attendance of a conference for biomedical ethics (F=4.133, p= .018). The difference of the perception of biomedical ethics was significant in ethical values (F=3.859, p= .010) and attendance of a conference for biomedical ethics (F=3.783, p= .025). Conclusion: Continuing educational programs need to be developed and more reinforced education should be offered.
Chemoselective Adsorption of Allyl Ethers on Si(001): How the Interaction between Two Functional Groups Controls the Reactivity and Final Products of a Surface Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Selective adsorption of multifunctional molecules is rarely observed when the different functional groups react via nonactivated reaction channels. Although the latter is also the case for ether cleavage and the adsorption of C=C double bonds on the highly reactive Si(001) surface, we find that allyl ethers, which combine both functional groups, react on Si(001) selectively via the cleavage of the molecules' ether group. In addition, our XPS measurements at 90, 150, and 300 K indicate an increased reactivity of the ether group when compared to monofunctional ethers. STM investigations furthermore reveal different final adsorption configurations after ether cleavage of allyl methyl ether when compared to diethyl ether as the monofunctional reference molecule. The interaction of the two functional groups in one molecule thus leads to new reaction channels with higher reactivity for ether cleavage on Si(001). As a further consequence, the reactivity of the C=C double bond is suppressed up to room temperature, leading to the observed selective adsorption.
Mechanical Simulation and Optimization Analysis of Slab Continuous Casting Process for Automobile

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the development trend of automobile lightweight, the continuous casting process of automobile slab is more and more demanding. In this paper, the stress conditions and boundary conditions in the deoxidizer of the continuous casting process were analyzed, and a contact mechanics model was established between the cast slab and the copper plate. The deformation laws of the slab shell under different amplitude and frequency were simulated and analyzed, and the amplitude and frequency parameters that minimize the impact of slag marks on the slab shell were determined, providing a basis for selecting reasonable vibration parameters.
Trends in pomegranate sector: production, postharvest handling and marketing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) tree was one of the first cultivated crops inthe world and is being produced in many regions of the earth for many years.However, its consumption was very low mainly due to the hassle of extractingthe arils for eating. Studies after 21th century reported superiorpharmacological and therapeutic properties for pomegranate. Results of thesestudies caused a considerable increase in the consumption and this caused anincrease in demand which required increase in the production to meet thedemand. The need for increasing the production has led new studies about thechallenges affecting production, postharvest handling and marketing ofpomegranate fruits. This review aimedto discuss recent studies and technologies about pomegranate production.
In Situ Construction of Bionic Self‐Recognition Layer for High‐Performance Zinc–Iodine Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Aqueous Zinc–Iodine (Zn–I 2 ) batteries are promising candidates as energy storage system because of their high safety and low cost, but their application is hindered by the dendrite growth, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and corrosion, the shuttle and self‐discharge effect of I 3 − at electrode/electrolyte interface. Inspired by self‐recognition mechanism of Zn supplement for human body, a self‐recognition layer (SR) is in situ constructed on Zn surface through the coordination of chondroitin sulfate (CHS) molecules with Zn 2+ ions and Zn metal, which can induce the uniform Zn 2+ deposition via the self‐recognition of Zn 2+ , suppress the HER and corrosion via physical shielding, as well as restrain the self‐discharge effect of I 3 − ions via electrostatic repulsion. The in situ SR affords the highly reversible plating/stripping for 9000 h. Remarkably, Zn–I 2 full batteries with SR achieve long cycling‐life of 16 000 cycles, which is verified by pouch cell with stable charge/discharge capacity of ≈130 mAh g −1 for 200 cycles. This bionic self‐recognition methodology opens novel avenues to design the optimal electrode/electrolyte interface for high‐performance Zn–I 2 batteries.
Phyllonorycter salictella

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phyllonorycter salictella (Zeller, 1846) Material examined. Russia: SO, Sakhalin Island, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, BGIS, 47.05N, 142.74E, 57 m alt., Salix rorida, 17.VII.2017, 1 larva, NK630, MK 403703, deposited in INRA. Leaf mine. The mine is similar to other Phyllonorycter species, on the lower side of the leaf. Pupation in the mine. Trophic specialization. Monophagous on Salix (Salicaceae) (De Prins & De Prins 2018). Distribution. Russia: RFE—AO, KK, PK, SO (Sakhalin Island) (Baryshnikova 2016), European part (Baryshnikova 2008); Japan (Kumata 1963), Europe (De Prins & De Prins 2018).
SOLUTIONS TO THE H-INFINITY GENERAL DISTANCE PROBLEM WHICH MINIMIZE AN ENTROPY INTEGRAL

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We pose, and solve, the problem of minimizing the entropy of an H∞-norm bounded and stabilized closed-loop. Solution proceeds via the equivalent error system distance problem. The central member of the admissible class is shown to minimize the entropy at infinity, and in that case an explicit state-space formula is derived for the minimum value of the entropy. Links between entropy, H2-norms and H2-optimal control are given. © 1990.
Current state and achievements in poultry production in the Republic of Serbia and its future perspectives in line with EU standards

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this review is to review the current state and achievements in poultry production in Serbia and worldwide, primarily the EU. Particular emphasis is placed on impacts of different rearing system, i.e. housing and fattening, on the production and the quality of the poultry meat and eggs and, simultaneously, on the welfare of poultry and environmental protection according to EU standards. According to the latest available data, total number of poultry produced in Serbia in 2015 was 17,450,000 units and production of meat amounted to around 86,000 t, while consumption was 12.12 kg per person. Egg production in 2015 was approximately 1.7 billion eggs, which is around 202 eggs per hen. A total of 13.1 million tons of poultry meat was produced in EU in 2015. It is evident from the literature that the poultry production in EU and worldwide has undergone significant changes, and clear criteria have been established to improve the quality of the products (meat and eggs), to guarantee the safety of the food, to protect the environment, and to ensure animal welfare in line with the relevant ethic norms. For these reasons, many countries within EU and worldwide, including Serbia, attach importance to housing systems for laying hens, with particular concern for animal welfare. Alternative housing systems (floor, aviary, free range and organic production) are increasingly used in the production of poultry meat and eggs instead of conventional systems. This is because it is considered that alternative housing systems may have positive effect on the productive traits of the poultry and, consequently, on the production of the quality organic meat. Furthermore, it is evident from research that pure (indigenous) breeds and strains are given growing importance in the production of organic meat and eggs in semi-intensive, semi-extensive and even in extensive rearing systems.
Fabrication and characterization of steel-magnesium laminated metal composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, interstitial-free steel and commercial purity magnesium sheets were used to fabricate steel-magnesium laminated metal composites by roll bonding at 300℃. It was found that the steel and magnesium can achieve reasonable bonding after a 47% rolling reduction when the volume fraction of the laminate is 10-15% magnesium. The microstructure of the laminated composites was observed with scanning electron microscope. It was found that a continuous interface between the IF steel and the magnesium was produced during the roll bonding process. There was no evidence of intermetallic formation at the interface. A seven layer steel-magnesium laminate was fabricated by accumulative roll bonding at 300℃ with an overall reduction of 77 percent. Through-width cracks were found in the surface steel layers after the one cycle accumulative roll bonding process. The longitudinal cross-sectional microstructure of the laminate revealed that multi-localizations and even fracture occurred in steel layers inside the laminate. The mechanical properties, including tensile behavior, micro-hardness and bending behavior, of the laminated composites were assessed. The tensile property of the laminated composites was compared with those of monolithic steel and magnesium with equivalent deformation amount deformed under the same conditions. It was found that the UTS of the laminated composites obeyed the simple rule of mixtures. The fracture surfaces of the laminated composites were examined with SEM and compared with those of the monolithic IF steel and magnesium rolled under the same conditions. It was found that the fracture modes of each component were different in the laminated composites compared to the monolithic materials. Three-point bending test was conducted and it was observed that no debonding at the interface occurred for moderate strains. To investigate the fracture behavior of the laminats in bending, a series of U-shape bending tests were conducted and the bend tips were observed. Localization of the outer steel layer was observed, followed by the formation of a major crack at 45 degree to the maximum tensile stress direction. Shear cracks in the magnesium core were also found in some places adjacent to the major crack, and delamination between the steel and magnesium layers occurred.
Differential mRNA expression profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma by high-throughput RNA sequencing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Differentially expressed genes are thought to regulate the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). The purpose of this study was to screen differentially expressed mRNAs in OSCC and matched paraneoplastic normal tissues, and to explore the intrinsic mechanism of OSCC development and progression. We obtained the differentially expressed mRNA expression profiles in 10 pairs of fresh-frozen OSCC tissue specimens and matched paraneoplastic normal tissue specimens by high-throughput RNA sequencing. By using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, the functional significance of the differentially expressed genes were analyzed. We identified 1,120 significantly up-regulated mRNAs and 178 significantly down-regulated mRNAs in OSCC, compared to normal tissue. The differentially expressed mRNAs were involved in 20 biological processes and 68 signal pathways. Compared to adjacent normal tissue, the expression of MAGEA11 was up-regulated; TCHH was down-regulated. These findings were verified by real-time PCR. These differentially expressed mRNAs may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the development and progression of OSCC. This study provides novel insights into OSCC. However, further work is needed to determine if these differentially expressed mRNAs have potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets for OSCC.
Mutational analysis of the dsRNA binding domain of Vaccinia Virus E3 protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Vaccinia virus E3 protein is known to bind double-stranded RNA and mediate interferon resistance. Alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed on its dsRNA binding domain, sufficient for wild-type tropism and immune suppression in vitro, and dsRNA binding and host range function assayed. Residues involved in dsRNA binding were required for host range function; however, seven dsRNA binding mutants were unable to rescue ΔE3L replication. Utilizing recombinant viruses, non-rescue mutants were unable to inhibit protein Kinase R phosphorylation despite dsRNA binding. Furthermore, host range was found to correlate with cytokine suppression and replication in IFN stimulated Huh7R cells. Additionally, no direct association was found between dsRNA binding and PKR interaction, refining the suppression model. Novel protein-protein interactions were discovered between E3 and cellular proteins via differential gel electrophoresis. This study represents the first full mapping of E3 residues involved in dsRNA binding and tropism, forming a basis for future study.
[Changes in the alkaline-acid status and some plasma electrolytes in chronic hemodialysis patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Prior to and post hemodialysis, a determination of plasma potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus and the indices of acid-base state is performed in 16 patients with chronic terminal renal insufficiency, with 560 hemodialyses, applied once or twice a week with deionized water and dialysis solution with 1, 5 mEq/1 potassium. Considerable hypopotassemia was established after hemodialysis--3, 3 mEq/1 and in 35% of the cases--hypopotassemia under 3.0 mEq/1. Metabolite alkalosis was established after dialysis: elevated pH in blood from 7,353 to 7,491; standard bicarbonates--from 21, 2 to 29, 1 m Eq/1; basis-excess: from (-3, 78) to (+5, 26) mEq/1; buffer bases: from 41, 3 to 51, 0 Eq/1, normalization of the elevated phosphorus in plasma from 7, 4 mg% to 4, 6 mg%. No significant changes in plasma sodium and potassium, as well as pCO2 were established after hemodialysis.
A Model for Market Share Distribution Between High-speed and

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: This study incorporates intercity travelers ’ mode choice as well as route choices into a framework by exploring the relationship among key demand and supply variables. Travelers ’ optimal mode and route choices along a corridor with air transportation (AT), high-speed rail (HSR) and automobiles are assumed by minimizing their generalized travel time including travel time and cost time, which is transferred from travel monetary cost via the value of time. Travel time is defined as including waiting time at stations, riding time, access time and egress time, while travel monetary cost is composed of fare and access/egress cost. The optimal alternative is explored by comparing, respectively, differences in travel time and in cost time between two alternatives. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the model. The results show that travelers with the higher values of time tend to choose faster modes as their intercity modes, which are combined with progressive or backtracking taxis to the final destinations. The results also show regardless of trip distance, the tendency towards using automobiles to complete the entire trip is higher for those with the lower values of time.
In vitro detection of anti-thyroglobulin antibody forming cells from lymphocytes of chronic thyroiditis patients and analysis of their regulation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibody forming cells were detected by plaque forming cell (PFC) assay, using B cells depleted of sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) binding cells and T cells separated without SRBC interaction. When 2 x 10(5) non-T cells were combined with the same number of T cells from chronic thyroiditis patients, more than 20 PFC were detected; few, if any, PFC developed from normal lymphocytes. T cells were generally needed to produce quantifiable PFC, suggesting that helper T cells are required for this autoantibody formation. A positive relationship existed between the number of PFC and the serum anti-Tg antibody titres of the same patients. The generation of Tg-specific PFC from patient lymphocytes was markedly suppressed by normal T cells or T cells from patients whose lymphocytes did not produce PFC. The same level of suppression was also seen on the addition of culture supernatant from Tg antigen stimulated T cells. Autologous T cells, from patients whose lymphocytes produced PFC, did not show such suppressor effects, suggesting that in chronic thyroiditis patients, the regulatory T cell function preventing anti-Tg autoantibody formation is impaired.
The Sustainability Solution to the Fermi Paradox

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

No present observations suggest a technologically advanced extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) has spread through the galaxy. However, under commonplace assumptions about galactic civilization formation and expansion, this absence of observation is highly unlikely. This improbability is the heart of the Fermi Paradox. The Fermi Paradox leads some to conclude that humans have the only advanced civilization in this galaxy, either because civilization formation is very rare or because intelligent civilizations inevitably destroy themselves. In this paper, we argue that this conclusion is premature by introducing the "Sustainability Solution" to the Fermi Paradox, which questions the Paradox's assumption of faster (e.g. exponential) civilization growth. Drawing on insights from the sustainability of human civilization on Earth, we propose that faster-growth may not be sustainable on the galactic scale. If this is the case, then there may exist ETI that have not expanded throughout the galaxy or have done so but collapsed. These possibilities have implications for both searches for ETI and for human civilization management.
The regional geography of social mobility in Mexico

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We study intergenerational social mobility in Mexico at the subnational level to determine whether poorer regions have similar rates of social mobility as richer ones. We approximate socioeconomic status with an index that captures the variability across households in durable goods, services and education of household heads for both adult children and their parents. The estimated indicators suggest a clear north–south gradient in social mobility: the children of poor parents in the northern regions experience greater upward mobility than in the central and southern regions.
DNA Methylation Profiling for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Lung Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The incidence of nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) lung disease is rapidly increasing; however, its diagnosis and prognosis remain unclear while selecting patients who will respond to appropriate treatment. Differences in DNA methylation patterns between NTM patients with good or poor prognosis could provide important therapeutic targets. We used the Illumina MethylationEPIC (850k) DNA methylation microarray to determine the pattern between differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in NTM patients with good or poor prognosis (n = 4/group). Moreover, we merged and compared 20 healthy controls from previous Illumina Methylation450k DNA methylation microarray data. We selected and visualized the DMRs in the form of heatmaps, and enriched terms associated with these DMRs were identified by functional annotation with the “pathfinder” package. In total, 461 and 293 DMRs (|Log2 fold change| > 0.1 and P < 0.03) were more methylated in patients with four poor and four good prognoses, respectively. Furthermore, 337 and 771 DMRs (|Log2 fold change| > 0.08 and P < 0.001) were more methylated in eight NTM patients and 20 healthy controls, respectively. TGFBr1 was significantly less methylated, whereas HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR5 were more methylated in patients with poor prognosis (compared to those with good prognosis). LRP5, E2F1, and ADCY3 were the top three less-methylated genes in NTM patients (compared with the controls). The mTOR and Wnt signaling pathway-related genes were less methylated in patients with NTM. Collectively, genes related to Th1- cell differentiation, such as TGFBr1 and HLA-DR, may be used as biomarkers for predicting the treatment response in patients with NTM lung disease.
Peer Review #4 of "A buoyancy, balance and stability challenge to the hypothesis of a semi-aquatic Spinosaurus Stromer, 1915 (Dinosauria: Theropoda) (v0.4)"

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A recent interpretation of the fossil remains of the enigmatic, large predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer 1915 proposed that it was specially adapted for a semiaquatic mode of life -a first for any predatory dinosaur.To test some aspects of this suggestion, a three-dimensional, digital model of the animal that incorporates regional density variations, lungs and air sacs was generated, and the flotation potential of the model was investigated using specially written software.It was found that Spinosaurus would have been able to float with its head clear of the water surface, although it was laterally unstable and would tend to roll onto its side.Similarly detailed models of another spinosaurid Baryonyx ( Suchomimus ) tenerensis Sereno et al. 1998, along with models of the more distantly related Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905, Allosaurus fragilis Marsh 1877, Struthiomimus altus Lambe 1902 and Coelophysis bauri Cope 1887 were also able to float in positions that enabled the animals to breathe freely, showing that there is nothing exceptional about a floating Spinosaurus.Validation of the modelling methodswas done with floated models of an alligator and an emperor penguin.The software also showed that the centre of mass of Spinosaurus was much closer to the hips than previously estimated, similar to that observed in other theropods, implying that this dinosaur would still have been a competent walker on land.With its pneumatised skeleton and a system of air sacs (modelled after birds), the Spinosaurus model was found to be unsinkable, even with its lungs deflated by 75%, and this would greatly hinder a semiaquatic, pursuit predator.The conclusion is that Spinosaurus may have been specialized for a shoreline or shallow water mode of life, but would still have been a competent terrestrial animal.