jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hydrocortisone Preserves the Vascular Barrier by Protecting the Endothelial Glycocalyx

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Hydrocortisone protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduces paracellular permeability for macromolecules, and is routinely applied in the prevention of interstitial edema. Healthy vascular endothelium is coated by the endothelial glycocalyx, diminution of which increases capillary permeability, suggesting that the glycocalyx is a target for hydrocortisone action. Methods Isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Hydrocortisone was applied in a stress dose (10 microg/ml) before inducing 20 min of ischemia (37 degrees C). Hearts were reperfused for 20 min at constant flow (baseline perfusion pressure, 70 cm H2O) with Krebs-Henseleit buffer or Krebs-Henseleit buffer plus 2 g% hydroxyethyl starch (130 kd). Coronary net fluid filtration was assessed directly by measuring transudate formation on the epicardial surface. Hearts were perfusion fixed to visualize the glycocalyx. Results Ischemia-induced degradation of the glycocalyx enhanced coronary perfusion pressure (118.8 +/- 17.3 cm H2O) and increased vascular permeability (8 +/- 0.2 microl x min(-1) x cm H2O(-1) at baseline vs. 34 +/- 3.3 microl x min(-1) x cm H2O(-1) after reperfusion). Enzymatic digestion of the glycocalyx (heparinase) elicited similar effects. Hydrocortisone reduced postischemic oxidative stress, perfusion pressure (86.3 +/- 6.4 cm H2O), and transudate formation (11 +/- 0.6 microl x min(-1) x cm H2O(-1)). Applying colloid augmented this (70.6 +/- 5.6 cm H2O and 9 +/- 0.5 microl x min(-1) x cm H2O(-1)). Postischemic shedding of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan was inhibited by hydrocortisone, as was release of histamine from resident mast cells. Electron microscopy revealed a mostly intact glycocalyx after hydrocortisone treatment, but not after heparinase treatment. Conclusions Hydrocortisone preserves the endothelial glycocalyx, sustaining the vascular barrier and reducing interstitial edema. The effect of colloids suggests that prevention of postischemic rise in coronary resistance by hydrocortisone could also be based on alleviation of endothelial swelling. Stabilization of myocardial mast cells by hydrocortisone may account for the mitigated inflammatory affect of ischemia-reperfusion.
Exploratory study of barriers and options for substantially enlarged use of coal and synthetic fuels derived therefrom in lieu of imported oil and natural gas in the United States

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

It has been projected by both government and industry that the substantially enlarged use of coal and synthetic fuels derived therefrom could reduce dependence on imported oil by some million barrels per day equivalent early in the next decade, and by much more by the end of the century. The options for, and barriers to these potential achievements are numerous and diverse, however, and they are profoundly dependent on national policy as it influences the overall development of the coal system, the contributions of science and technology to this deveopment, the role of legal and regulatory constraints, and financial considerations and institutional relations in the undertaking. This report is on the exploratory study of these matters and consists of the following contents: executive summary; national policy trends and coal systems characteristics; scientific and technical options and barriers; legal and regulatory factors; utility conversion and synthetic fuel financing.
Extrarenal potassium adaptation: the role of aldosterone

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. Prior adaptation to a high potassium (HK) diet reduces the increment in plasma potassium after nephrectomy and acute potassium loading. Previous work has suggested that this ‘extrarenal potassium adaptation’ is due to direct stimulation of cellular potassium uptake by chronic hyperaldosteronism. 2. In contrast, we have shown that when dietary potassium is withdrawn from HK rats, large urinary potassium losses persist, resulting in ‘paradoxical potassium depletion’. This potassium depletion facilitates cellular potassium uptake and is, at least in part, responsible for extrarenal potassium adaptation. 3. To try to reconcile these observations, we explored further the role of aldosterone in extrarenal potassium adaptation. When dietary potassium was withdrawn from chronically adrenalectomized HK rats, paradoxical potassium depletion was markedly blunted and extrarenal potassium adaptation could not be demonstrated. Similarly, urinary potassium losses and potassium depletion were reduced when acute adrenalectomy was performed concomitantly with dietary potassium withdrawal. 4. We were unable to confirm previous studies showing extrarenal potassium adaptation in the absence of potassium depletion. Thus, extrarenal potassium adaptation did not occur after pretreatment with chronic high-dose mineralocorticoid, after prior adaptation to a sodium-free diet, or after prior adaptation to an extremely HK diet in the absence of dietary potassium withdrawal. 5. We conclude that chronic hyperaldosteronism is important in extrarenal potassium adaptation, but probably not via direct enhancement of cellular potassium uptake. Rather, in HK animals, hyperaldosteronism magnifies urinary potassium losses during fasting and thus promotes potassium depletion, which in turn facilitates the uptake of an acute potassium load.
Living-Lab-As-A-Service: Exploring The Market And Sustainability Offers Of Living Labs In Germany

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For more than 10 years Living Lab are emerging as new social participatory structure engaging societal stakeholders (such as public administrations, companies, civil society and research organisations) in collaborative environments. This paper presents the results of a mapping and assessment of living labs in Germany being a part of the national innovation system. The research objective of this paper is to explore the German living lab market and its offerings, which can support the innovation process of start-ups and SMEs; in a particular for the development of sustainability innovation. Beside a geographical mapping the following characteristics of living labs have been assessed: (a) degree of institutionalisation; (b) sector; (c) key actor, and (d) services offered. Nine different services have been identified and assessed based on literature review and evaluation of living lab websites. The services cover customer-oriented and user-integrating services as well as sustainability assessments. The results of the mapping were validated and discussed with research- and practitioners experts in three workshops. We conclude that living labs can be seen as an emerging element within in the national innovation system capable of driving sustainability innovations based on the services offered.
Posttreatment prognosis of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Object There is no Class I evidence to guide the appropriate management of esthesioneuroblastoma (EN). Most data currently guiding treatment come from small- or modest-sized series gathered at individual centers that have concluded that surgery with radiotherapy is the preferred treatment. In this study, the authors summarize the published literature on treatment outcomes in patients with EN. The objective was to ascertain what variables predict prognosis in these patients and to determine the relative effect of different therapies. Methods The authors identified 205 published studies containing treatment outcomes for surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or multimodal treatment. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, the survival of patients who received surgery was compared with that in those who received surgery and radiotherapy. Additionally, Kadish staging was compared with low- and high-grade Hyams criteria to assess for subgroup prognostic significance in survival differences. Results Nine hundred fifty-six patients met the inclusion criteria, with a median follow-up time of 3 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no difference in survival between patients who underwent surgery alone and those who underwent surgery plus radiotherapy at 5 years (78 vs 75%) or 10 years (67 vs 61%, respectively) (p = 0.3). Univariate analysis demonstrated worse survival in cases involving Kadish Grade C tumors, Hyams Grade 3 and 4 tumors, and in patients older than 65 years of age. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that Hyams Grade 3 and 4 lesions carried significant risk (proportional hazard = 4.83, p < 0.001) with 5- and 10-year survival of 47 and 31%. Conclusions A biopsy should always be obtained in cases suspected of EN because histology is a strong prognostic indicator and will help guide appropriate treatment. Unimodal surgery and combined surgery/radiotherapy appear to be of equivalent efficacy with respect to survival in patients with EN. Chemotherapy should be considered in high-grade EN.
[Contact thermography in the early diagnosis of tumors of the breast].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After a brief review of thermal physics and physiology, the authors explain the applications of cholesterol ester plates in the study of breast malignancy. Accumulated experience plus the fruits of statistical studies conducted in leading centers, make it advantageous to use contact thermography not only for the early diagnosis of breast malignancy but also for mass screening of the general population. In competent hands, this technic yields accurate and dependable diagnosis; the method is completely harmless to patient and physician and can be used as many times as needed; and in addition, the method is economical both in terms of time consumed and of actual cost of materials. The new method does not supersede roentgenological investigation indiscriminately but confines it to cases that remain doubtful or suspicious after clinical and thermographic examination.
Emergencies in Hematology: Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TLS (tumor lysis syndrome) is a serious consequence of haematologic malignancies and their treatment. The condition is defined by laboratory abnormalities alone (laboratory TLS) or in conjunction with clinical consequences such as renal failure, seizures, and arrhythmias (clinical TLS). Clinical TLS is a risk factor for increased morbidity and death in cancer patients, although it may be avoided. As a result, accurate prediction is crucial to the effective management of patients at risk for TLS, and it takes into account both disease characteristics (tumor kind and load) and patient factors (baseline renal insufficiency or hyperuricaemia). In low- and intermediate-risk individuals, water and allopurinol are used to prevent TLS, whereas rasburicase is used in high-risk patients.
Seed Priming With Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Alleviate Salinity Stress In Wheat Plant

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this paper was to study the effects of two strains of isolated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on physiological and biochemical changes of wheat leaves under salinity conditions. The sterilized seeds were soaked in distilled water (control) and Nutrient Broth liquid medium of Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus cereus (inoculated treatment) for 2 hours. After 10 days of growth, seedlings were selected for salinity stress treatments (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). After 10 days of starting salinity treatments, plants were harvested. Results showed that wheat plant growth, chlorophyll content and catalase activity were reduced under salinity condition; however PGPRs pre-treatments improved them under stress condition. Salinity significantly increased phenolic, carotenoids, proline and sugars content and peroxidase activity. Moreover, inoculation of seeds by PGPRs increased them under salinity. Lipid peroxidation increased but ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased as a response of saline stress and PGPRs pretreatment of seeds reduced them. Salinity increased sodium content, and PGPRs pretreatments decreased sodium absorption under salt stress. Moreover, in this study, Enterobacter cloacae inoculation of seeds increased wheat plants magnesium and potassium content in control condition as well as under salt stress. Data of experiment showed that the priming with PGPRs which tested in the present study especially E. cloacae can promote plant growth and salt tolerance.
The Roots of Voluntary Agencies: A Question of Choice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents a conceptual framework for exploring the development of voluntary organizations. The first part of the theory distinguishes busi ness and public bureaucracies from associations and defines the agency as a hybrid or ambiguous organization. The second part of the theory analyzes the system of "roots" of voluntary agencies, which is defined as the relationship between implicit welfare policy, financial resources, and human resources. It is suggested that voluntary agency development can be understood, and therefore planned, by examining its root system and that severe imbalances among operational explanations, root system, and governing body can lead to many familiar problems.
Exploring the creative climate in an open innovation arena

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose – By increasing connectivity between multiple partners, the new paradigm of open innovation has been argued to stimulate creativity. However, there are still few empirical studies exploring what influence this new form of organizing for innovation has on the creative climate. The purpose of this paper is to start filling that knowledge gap by exploring the creative climate in an open innovation arena called SAFER, where 26 partner organizations meet to innovate together. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a mixed method consisting of a quantitative creative climate questionnaire complemented by qualitative data gathering through interviews. Findings – The findings suggest that the networking and cross-functional meetings within the arena are beneficial to facilitate a creative climate, but there are challenges in handling uncertainties such as work identities, information sharing and knowledge transparency. Practical implications – The arena is found to be rather dependent on interaction with the outside environment, implying that a well-constructed arena from an organizational point of view is in itself not enough to ensure a creative climate. The project organization of the arena makes the general perception of SAFER fragmented, and it is questioned whether such an arena could or should strive for only one creative climate. Originality/value – The paper presents an interesting example of how introducing open innovation affects the creative climate, and discusses the difficulty of using established methods for assessing the creative climate in the new, emerging forms of organizing for innovation.
Fantasies of authenticity, anxieties of culture : global capital, entertainment and cultural nationalism in the contemporary popular cinemas of India and China since 1990

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

My thesis is dedicated to the study of popular, commercial cinema as a force within the discourse of national and personal identity in the rapidly changing mega-economies of India and China, and their diasporas, since the watershed year of 1990. Its purpose is to reveal the unique pattern of like and unlike that exists between the Social Representations (Serge Moscovici 2000) of contemporary India and China on screen through a juxtapositional comparative approach, close visual analysis, and the development of original theoretical tools. Tense networks of fantasy and anxiety emerge as popular culture actively circulates their shared experiences of changing global status, uneven economic growth (Gong Haomin 2012), and social change. Transnational subjects, Hua and Desi, arrive on screen ready to carve out culturally inflected modernities, in search of tradition and values to suit contemporary cultural-nations-beyond-borders . I treat film as consumer product, diegetic entity, and text: hence narrative, visual, linguistic and contextual aspects of over fourteen popular commercial films (Bollywood and Yulepian 娱乐片), are explored. My analysis comprises two interlocking halves: the first two chapters focus chiefly on identities - Hua and Desi , and diasporic persons. The former, conduits for the cultural nation to re-think modernity, the latter a dreamed vanguard of claim-staking ethnicised global consumers, defenders of the cultural nation in the host country. Chapters Three and Four focus on genres - comedy and history films. Through comedy, these films create state-serving heterotopias or challenge the status quo; perhaps they build cultural nationalist mythos, or lace cynical questions through lavish history film. To understand internecine relationships between economics, society and the imagination, entertainment film cannot be dismissed – in India and China, where change has had intended and unintended consequences unfolding even as uncertainty looms, I show that fresh study, especially in comparison, is absolutely essential.
Labor's great war: the struggle for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912-1921

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since World War I, says Joseph McCartin, the central problem of American labor relations has been the struggle among workers, managers, and state officials to reconcile democracy and authority in the workplace. In his comprehensive look at labor issues during the decade of the Great War, McCartin explores the political, economic, and social forces that gave rise to this conflict and shows how rising labor militancy and the sudden erosion of managerial control in wartime workplaces combined to create an industrial crisis. The search for a resolution to this crisis led to the formation of an influential coalition of labor Democrats, AFL unionists, and Progressive activists on the eve of U.S. entry into the war. Though the coalition's efforts in pursuit of industrial democracy were eventually frustrated by powerful forces in business and government and by internal rifts within the movement itself, McCartin shows how the shared quest helped cement the ties between unionists and the Democratic Party that would subsequently shape much New Deal legislation and would continue to influence the course of American political and labor history to the present day.
An Irish outbreak of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-1 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: increasing but unrecognised prevalence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background\nCarbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) can cause healthcare–associated infections with high mortality rates. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is amongst the most recently discovered carbapenemases.\nAim\nTo report the first outbreak of NDM-1 CPE in Ireland, including microbiological and epidemiological characteristics, and assessing the impact of infection prevention and control measures.\nMethods\nRetrospective microbiological and epidemiological review. Cases were defined as patients with a CPE positive culture. Contacts were designated as roommates or ward mates.\nFindings\nThis outbreak involved ten patients, with a median age of 71 years (range 45-90 years), located in three separate but affiliated healthcare facilities. One patient was infected (the index case); the nine others were colonised. Nine NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, a NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli and a K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacter cloacae were detected between week 24 2014 and week 37 2014. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis demonstrated similarity. NDM-1 positive isolates were meropenem resistant with MICs ranging from 12 to 32 μg/ml. All were tigecycline susceptible (MICs ≤1 μg/ml). One isolate was colistin resistant (MIC 4.0 μg/ml; mcr-1 gene not detected). In 2015, four further NDM-1 isolates were detected.\nConclusions\nThe successful management of this outbreak was achieved via the prompt implementation of enhanced infection prevention and control practices to prevent transmission. These patients did not have a history of travel outside of Ireland, but a number had frequent hospitalisations in Ireland, raising concerns regarding the possibility of increasing but unrecognised prevalence of NDM-1 and potential decline in value of travel history a marker of colonisation risk.
Nonlinear parameter optimization of PI observer for highly accurate SOC estimation of Li-ion batteries

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An effective optimization of proportional integral observer for SOC estimation of lithium ion batteries is done in order to get a very high accuracy. During experimentation, a negligible error band of just 0.6% was found which is the quite high efficiency yet reported in the research area of state of charge estimation of Li-ion batteries. The worth mentioning improvements covered in this paper are the variable selection of value of coulombic efficiency instead of constant one to minimize the error, intelligent identification of parameters for more accurate modeling of nature of Li-ion battery, and non-linear gain scheduling for SOC and open circuit voltage relationship to boost the efficiency. Firstly, the simple PI observer is implemented and tested; then, after specific optimization and improvement, the optimized proportional integral observer is designed. The real time calculated data of Li-ion battery is used to compare the results, and to verify the high efficiency and robustness of proposed design. The most prominent features of new optimized PI observer include the very high efficiency, enhanced robustness and an immediate estimation of current SOC without any requirements of initial value of SOC.
The Moderating Effect of Subjective Financial Literacy on the Relationship between Coping Strategies and Financial Risk Tolerance

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the study, the effects of conscious (coping strategies), emotional (emotional intelligence) and cognitive (financial literacy) factors on the level of financial risk tolerance were investigated. Financial literacy was measured both objectively and subjectively, and the impact of both actual knowledge and perceived knowledge was examined. Four independent variables (coping strategies, emotional intelligence, objective financial literacy and subjective financial literacy) and one dependent variable (financial risk tolerance) were examined. 1692 subjects were reached using online survey method. Confirmatory factor analysis, correlation and regression analyses were performed on the collected data, and also the moderating effect of subjective financial literacy was also examined. As a result of the analyses, it was found that coping strategies decrease financial risk tolerance. The moderating effect of subjective financial literacy also was proven in this relationship. In addition, while there was moderate relationship between subjective financial literacy and objective financial literacy, emotional intelligence and objective financial literacy were also reported to be predictors of subjective financial literacy. While a negative and significant relationship was detected between emotional intelligence and financial risk tolerance, a positive and significant relationship was found between objective and subjective financial literacy and financial risk tolerance.