jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Performance of Al2O3 nanofluids in minimum quantity lubrication in hard milling of 60Si2Mn steel using cemented carbide tools

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this article, an attempt has been made to explore the potential performance of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticle–based cutting fluid in hard milling of hardened 60Si 2 Mn steel (50-52 HRC) under different minimum quantity lubrication conditions. The comparison of hard milling under minimum quantity lubrication conditions is done between pure cutting fluids and nanofluids (in terms of surface roughness, cutting force, tool wear, and tool life). Hard milling under minimum quantity lubrication conditions with nanofluid Al 2 O 3 of 0.5% volume has shown superior results. The improvement in tool life almost 177%–230% (depending on the type of nanofluid) and the reduction in surface roughness and cutting forces almost 35%–60% have been observed under minimum quantity lubrication with Al 2 O 3 nanofluids due to better tribological behavior as well as cooling and lubricating effects. The most outstanding result is that the uncoated cemented carbide insert can be effectively used in machining high-hardness steels (>50 HRC) while maintaining long tool life and good surface integrity (R a = 0.08–0.35 µm; R z = 0.5–2.0 µm, equivalent to finish grinding) rather than using the costlier tools like coated carbide, ceramic, and (P)CBN. Therefore, using hard nanoparticle–reinforced cutting fluid under minimum quantity lubrication conditions in practical manufacturing becomes very promising.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUPPORT BENEFITS IN THE INTERPERSONAL NETWORKS OF WOMEN AND MEN IN MANAGEMENT

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study investigated a series of hypotheses stemming from Ibarra's (1993) proposed conceptual framework for understanding differences between women's and men's interpersonal networks. Using a sample of 112 managers, we examined differences between women's and men's network structural characteristics, and the relationships between these characteristics and support benefits obtained. Consistent with Ibarra, we found that certain network characteristics varied considerably between women and men managers. Women and men tended to belong to different networks in their organizations. Although both groups obtained similar amounts of support from their networks, women managers received their support from substantially different networks, characterized by lower levels of status and power in their organizations. Results are interpreted with respect to Ibarra's theoretical propositions concerning differences between women's and men's networks in organizations.
Development of responsible tourism guidelines for South Africa (Final report)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This project aimed to identify a system by which the aspirations laid out in a specific government policy document could be presented in a way that the private sector and rural communities can use it to manage business at the operational local level. The model aimed to demonstrate how civil society could use the new responsible tourism policy criteria that exist to structure management and leverage government support and to guide and benchmark the achievement against economic (pro-poor) social and environmental criteria. The project was designed to: 1. translate stakeholder agreed government policy into practical management guidelines for the whole tourism industry; 2. develop, test and adapt the guidelines in the most directly relevant sector for rural livelihoods impact, that of nature based tourism - applicable across significant areas of South Africa and far beyond the boundaries of national parks; 3. pilot the guidelines as a system of monitoring against criteria and measurable indicators that have recently been developed by South African National Parks within the lodge concession leasing process.
Building a cob house in devon in 1461

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Manorial accounts for Sidbury, Devon, in 1461 provide almost the full costs for rebuilding a village house. It was thatched, with cob walls and jointed crucks, probably of three bays with one room floored over, and the accounts contain the earliest known written mention of cob. The assumption of responsibility by the manorial lords for building work in the village appears to be a response to a relatively short-lasting economic downturn in the mid fifteenth century.
CONVECTIVE THIN-LAYER DRYING AND REWETTING CHARACTERISTICS OF SESAME SEED

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fundamental information on drying and re-wetting characteristics of agricultural seeds is required in the design and aeration systems as well as in the prediction of drying rate using various mathematical models. Thin-layer drying experiments were conducted using air-ventilated oven to simulate the artificial drying and rewetting processes of sesame seed (6.9 to 18.2% w.b) at three drying temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 o C. Five drying models were applied to the thin-layer data. The Page equation fitted the data best after comparing the determination of coefficient (R 2 ), the standard error of moisture content (SEM) and mean relative percent error (e) between the experimental and predicted values. The drying rate of sesame seed under drying and rewetting conditions increased with increased temperature of drying( 40 to 60 o C) and initial moisture content of seed( 6.9, 11.5 and 18.2% w.b).Â The parameters K and n of the page model was related to the drying temperature and moisture content by two empirical expressions of Page equation for predicting moisture ratio. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for parameters K and n were 0.95 and 0.87 respectively.Â The effective diffusivity was found to be 2.32 x 10-11 m 2 s -1 .
Synthesis of 3-[3-Phenylpyrazylazo]-2, 7-naphthalendiol as new chromogenic reagent for the determination of Nickel (II) in nails of human.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The procedure was found to be convenient for the routine analysis of trace amount of Nickel (II) in aqueous media. The method is based on the formation of a 1:2 complex with 3-(3-phenylpyrazylazo)2,7-naphthalendiol (3PPAN) as a new reagent is advanced. The complex has a maximum absorption at 501 nm and e max of 4x10 4 L. mol-1. cm-1 A linear correlation (2.5 –20. 0 µg. ml-1) was found between absorbance at ? max and concentration. The accuracy and reproducibility of the determination method for various known amounts of Nickel (II) were tested. The results obtained are both precise (RSD was 2.50%) and accurate (relative error was 2.50 %). The effect of diverse ions on the determination of Nickel (II) to investigate the selectivity of the method were also studied. The stability constant of the product was 0.41X10 10 L. mol-1. The method was successfully utilized to the limitation of Ni (II) ion in analytical and nails samples
Nitrate and sulphate accumulating shrubs to reduce methane emissions in sheep

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Feeding nitrate and sulphate to ruminants is a proven methane abatement strategy. In extensive systems, provision of these compounds as supplements can be problematic due to issues with individual animals selecting an appropriate dose and risk of toxicity. Several Australian native shrub species that are planted by farmers in the low to medium mixed crop/livestock zone accumulate significant concentrations of nitrate and sulphate. The aim of this project was to explore the potential of these shrubs to offer a safe, profitable, environmentally positive and ‘natural’ means of reducing methane emissions from sheep grazing poor quality stubbles and pasture resides in autumn. This paper describes results from five on-farm benchmarking studies where we investigated use of Atriplex nummularia, Enchylaena tomentosa and Rhagodia preissii in grazing systems. Data concerning nutritive profile of the shrubs and variation in dietary intake, liveweight change, wool production and blood plasma indicators of animal health are presented. Sheep tended to maintain or gain weight during the grazing in autumn and we found little evidence of nitrate toxicity as indicated by blood methaemoglobin. The shrubs had high crude protein, low acid detergent fibre, low to moderate organic matter digestibility and variable concentrations of ash, nitrate and sulphate. Voluntary intake by sheep was variable and influenced by the nutritional value of the shrubs and understorey . We concluded that the shrubs offered an opportunity to increase productivity and reduce methane emissions.
Freshwater Fish Diversity of Meenachil River, Kottayam, Kerala, South India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the variety of freshwater fishes found in the Meenachil River. The Meenachil river is one of Kerala's major rivers. The Meenachil River has an abundance of indigenous fishery resources as well as a high level of biodiversity. The current study was carried out to identify the fishes of the five Meenachil river stations. Poonjar (station 1), Erattupetta (station 2), Pala (station 3), Ettumanoor (station 4) and Kottayam (station 5) are the stations. The study was conducted at 15-day intervals for six months, from January 2021 to June 2021. Fish for the study were collected from various locations along the Meenachil River by local fishermen . Fish morphological and morphometric identification was accomplished using standard text. The current study identified 20 species from the Meenachil river, divided into 8 orders and 11 families. The order Cypriniformes dominated with seven, followed by Siluriformes with four species. Two species were identified in the Meenachil river that were endemic to the Western Ghats, and two were endangered. Station 4 Ettumanoor recorded the most fish diversity, while station 5 Kottayam recorded the least. According to this research, the Meenachil River has a diverse fish population.
Additional Gene Ontology structure for improved biological reasoning

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Motivation: The Gene Ontology (GO) is a widely used terminology for gene product characterization in, for example, interpretation of biology underlying microarray experiments. The current GO defines term relationships within each of the independent subontologies: molecular function, biological process and cellular component. However, it is evident that there also exist biological relationships between terms of different subontologies. Our aim was to connect the three subontologies to enable GO to cover more biological knowledge, enable a more consistent use of GO and provide new opportunities for biological reasoning. Results: We propose a new structure, the Second Gene Ontology Layer, capturing biological relations not directly reflected in the present ontology structure. Given molecular functions, these paths identify biological processes where the molecular functions are involved and cellular components where they are active. The current Second Layer contains 6271 validated paths, covering 54% of the molecular functions of GO and can be used to render existing gene annotation sets more complete and consistent. Applying Second Layer paths to a set of 4223 human genes, increased biological process annotations by 24% compared to publicly available annotations and reproduced 30% of them. Availability: The Second GO is publicly available through the GO Annotation Toolbox (GOAT.no): Contact: astrid.lagreid@ntnu.no
Intermediate-scale modeling to investigate up-scaling issues related to mass transfer from non-aqueous phase waste chemicals in heterogeneous aquifers

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding and characterization of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) behavior at laboratory scale do not lend in a straightforward manner to the description of the processes in the field. Physical modeling using intermediate-scale tanks provides a cost-effective alternative to collect accurate data to up-scale processes from laboratory to the field. Insights and experiences gained in designing experiments to study dissolution of entrapped NAPLs are presented.
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly in a black African kindred.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly is an inherited disorder of connective tissue characterised by congenital contractures, arachnodactyly, marfanoid habitus, crumpled auricles and in some kindreds, progressive kyphoscoliosis. An extensive kindred with many affected members is described. The importance of the early recognition of this syndrome is highlighted.
POEMMA: Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Developed as a NASA Astrophysics Probe mission concept study, the Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) science goals are to identify the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmic neutrinos above 20 PeV. POEMMA consists of two satellites flying in loose formation at 525 km altitudes. A novel focal plane design is optimized to observe the UV air fluorescence signal from extensive air showers (EASs) in a stereoscopic UHECR observation mode and the Cherenkov signals from EASs from UHECRs and neutrino-induced τ-leptons in an Earth-limb viewing mode. POEMMA is designed to achieve full-sky coverage and significantly higher sensitivity to the highest energy cosmic messengers compared to what have been achieved so far by ground-based experiments. POEMMA will measure the spectrum, composition, and full sky distribution of the UHECRs above 30 EeV to identify the most energetic cosmic accelerators in the universe and study the acceleration mechanism(s). POEMMA will also have sensitivity to cosmic neutrinos by observing the upward-moving air showers induced from tau neutrino interactions in the Earth. POEMMA will also be able to re-orient to a Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) neutrino mode to view transient astrophysical sources with unique sensitivity. This paper discusses the science goals, instrument design, mission profile, and the simulated UHECR and neutrino measurement capabilities for POEMMA.
Colocalization of NSE and ERα in the Hippocampus of Elderly People and Alzheimer's Disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Postmenopausal estrogen use may decrease the risk, and delay the onset and progression, of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) is a major glycolytic pathway enzyme found in all neurons. By means of fluorescence immunocytochemistry, the present study investigated the colocalization of NSE and estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the human hippocampus in controls and in AD cases. The results showed that, in both controls and AD cases, NSE immunoreactive neurons were mainly located in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the subfield CA4 of hippocampus. In some AD patients, NSE-positive neurons were not detected in subfields CA1, CA2, and/or CA3. The NSE immunoreactivity was primarily observed in the cytoplasm and processes but also in the mesenchymal both in controls and in AD cases. ERα immunoreactivity was widely distributed in neurons, mainly concentrated in the cytoplasm, but some nuclei were also positive. The double labeled neurons for NSE and ERα, observed mainly in the elderly people but little in the AD patients, were primarily distributed in the dentate gyrus and the subfield CA4 of hippocampus. Double labeling of NSE and ERα was mainly localized in cytoplasm. Most NSE-positive neurons were immunocytochemically stained for ERα, but only a subset of ERα-positive neurons was immunocytochemically stained for NSE in the hippocampus of elderly human beings. Our present findings indicate a possible mechanism that estrogens play the protective effects on neurons through the mediation of ERα only in the NSE-immunoreactive nerve cells.
Nonequilibrium Hydrodynamic Approach to Describing the Emission of High-Energy Secondary Particles in Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

With the aim of developing the hydrodynamic approach to describing collisions of intermediate-energy heavy ions, it is proposed to solve simultaneously the equations of hydrodynamics and the kinetic equation. This makes it possible to include the nonequilibrium component in the present analysis and to describe successfully experimental data obtained at Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP, Moscow) for the double-differential cross sections of the emission of cumulative protons, pions, and photons in collisions carbon nuclei with a beryllium target in the energy range between 2.0 and 3.2 GeV per nucleon. The correction for the microcanonical distribution and the contribution of the fragmentation process to the proton yield are taken into account in describing these spectra. The resulting description of these experimental data turns out to be better than the descriptions based on cascade models and models of quantum molecular dynamics. A comparison with other reactions and approaches is performed. It turns out that effects of short-range correlations are included in the proposed approach, since it provides a successful description of experimental hard-photon spectra, which are described within molecular dynamics only upon adding a high-momentum component.
Total cost model for disposal of living garbage

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, many cities in our country have been surrounded by garbage, and the output of domestic garbage has soared.As a result, the associated disposal capacity fails to meet requirements and the environmental pollution is serious.Under this background, this article is based on the principle of "reduction, recycling and harmlessness" in conformity with the principle of ensuring public health and human health and preventing environmental pollution.From the three aspects of business costs, technical costs, indirect current and long-term social costs, an analysis model of the total costs of living garbage disposal is set up, and costs on various aspects are detailed as the items: the business costs covering the collection costs, transportation costs, processing costs; technical costs including variable costs, fixed costs, losses of pollution to human health and life are treated as indirect current and long-term social costs; and then analysis model for the total cost required by living garbage disposal in China is further obtained.
Application of nonlinear compensation to limit input dynamic range in analog optical fiber links

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The dynamic range of a signal at the input of a measurement system during a short circuit test is increased several times by the nominal input voltage. Saturation of the measurement system may occur in a device under failure test. This paper introduces the application of a nonlinear compensation to limit the voltage range at the input of a voltage controlled oscillator which is used to produce the pulsed frequency modulation needed to transmit the analog signals over the optical fiber links. The proposed dynamic range compensation system is based on non-linear circuits to accommodate the input range of the voltage controlled oscillator. This approach increases the transient signal handling capabilities of the measuring system. This work demonstrates that the nonlinear compensated optical fiber approach yields a unique, electrically isolated, lightning-proof analog data transmission system for remote measuring systems in the highly aggressive EMI environment of high-power test laboratories.
Teleworking and Online Shopping: Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Their Impact on Transport Demand

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Teleworking and online shopping became commonplace during the COVID-19 pandemic and can be expected to maintain a strong presence in the foreseeable future. They can lead to significant changes in mobility patterns and transport demand. It is still unclear, however, how extensive their adoption can be, since each individual has different preferences or constraints. The overall impact on transport depends on which segments of the population will modify their behaviour and on what the substitutes to the current patterns will be. The purpose of this work is to identify the user profiles and spatial aspects that affect the adoption of teleworking and online shopping, and to explore the potential impact on transport demand. To that end, data from an EU-wide survey on mobility were analysed using a Machine Learning methodology. The results suggest that while the take up of the new work and consumption patterns is high on average, there are significant differences among countries and across different socio-economic profiles. Teleworking appears to have a high potential mainly in certain services sectors, affecting commuting patterns predominantly in large urban areas. Online shopping activity is more uniform across the population, although differences among countries and age groups may still be relevant. The findings of this work can be useful for the analysis of policies to encourage the uptake of new technologies in transport and mobility. They can be also a good reference point for future studies on the ex-post analysis of the impacts of the pandemic on mobility.
The Perception and Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Study in Poland

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vaccine hesitancy is a major threat to the success of COVID-19 vaccination programs. The present cross-sectional online survey of adult Poles (n = 1020) expressing a willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was conducted between February and March 2021 and aimed to assess (i) the general trust in different types of vaccines, (ii) the level of acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines already in use in Poland (BNT162b2 by BioNTech/Pfizer, mRNA-1273 by Moderna and AZD1222 by Oxford/AstraZeneca) as well as eight vaccines approved outside European Union (EU) or in advanced stages of clinical trials, (iii) level of fear of vaccination against COVID-19, and (iv) main sources of information on COVID-19 vaccination. Among all major vaccine technology, the highest level of trust was observed for the mRNA platform, with a considerable number of surveyed (>20%) not aware of the existence of vaccines produced using the traditional approach (inactivated and live attenuated vaccines). The age of participants was the main factor differentiating the level of trust in a particular vaccine type. Both BNT162b and mRNA-1273 received a high level of acceptance, contrary to AZD1222. From eight vaccines unauthorized in the EU at the moment of study, the CVnCoV (mRNA; CureVac) was met with the highest level of trust, followed by Ad26.COV2.S (vector; Janssen/Johnson&Johnson) and NVX-CoV2373 (protein; Novavax). Sputnik V (vector; Gamaleya Research Institute) was decidedly the least trusted vaccine. The median level of fear (measured by the 10-point Likert-type scale) in the studied group was 4.0, mostly related to the risk of serious allergic reactions, other severe adverse events and unknown long-term effects of vaccination. Female, individuals with a lower level of education and those not seeking any information on the COVID-19 vaccines revealed a higher fear of vaccination. Experts’ materials were the major source of information on COVID-19 vaccines in the studied group. The study shows the level of trust in COVID-19 vaccines can vary much across the producers while the mRNA vaccines are received with a high level of acceptance. It also emphasizes the need for effective and continuous science communication when fighting the pandemic as it may be an ideal time to increase the general awareness of vaccines.