jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Strains of Involvement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Analytic philosophers have a tendency to forget that they are human beings, and one of the reasons that P. F. Strawson's 1962 essay "Freedom and Resentment" has been so influential is that it promises to bring discussions of moral responsibility back down to earth. Strawson encouraged us to "keep before our minds… what it is actually like to be involved in ordinary interpersonal relationships," which is, after all, the context in which questions about responsibility arise in the first place. In this chapter explores what we can learn about ordinary interpersonal relationships from three works of literature—Shakespeare's King Lear, Jane Austen's Persuasion, and Graham Greene's The End of the Affair. The chapter's intention is to try to heed Strawson's advice without imposing upon the data any particular theoretical agenda, in the hope that the data collected will prove useful for future theorizing about responsibility.
Using Pedestrian Count Models to Estimate Urban Trail Traffic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many cities are developing multiuse urban greenway trails to be used for recreation, exercise, and transportation. Analysts need many kinds of data about these new trails, but especially trail traffic because of its implications for the efficient allocation of resources for trail management. This paper addresses this need by presenting new information about the use of trails. We adapt and test the validity of a previously reported model that predicts hourly pedestrian crosswalk volume from shorter sampling intervals, and we apply the model to greenway trails. Based on 166 hours of data collection on an Indianapolis, Indiana trail system, we develop expansion equations for sampling intervals of five, ten, fifteen, and thirty minutes. We find that both the equations from the previous study and our new equations provide reasonably accurate hourly predictions. Trail managers can use these findings to make decisions about current trail maintenance and promotion.
Beyond the resolution limit: using least squares for subpixel analysis in remote sensing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Spectral unmixing against a library of known endmembers can be modelled as a linear least squares problem with constraints. We take a different approach: model parameters are mapped through the log-odds transformation into a space where maximum likelihood parameter estimation leads to an unconstrained nonlinear least squares problem. Newton's method is then proposed for its resolution.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Carbazoles and Indoles by an SNAr‐Based “Aromatic Metamorphosis” of Thiaarenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Dibenzothiophene dioxides, which are readily prepared through oxidation of the parent dibenzothiophenes, undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution with anilines intermolecularly and then intramolecularly to yield the corresponding carbazoles in a single operation. The “aromatic metamorphosis” of dibenzothiophenes into carbazoles does not require any heavy metals. This strategy is also applicable to the synthesis of indoles. Since electron‐deficient thiaarene dioxides exhibit interesting reactivity, which is not observed for that the corresponding electron‐rich azaarenes, a combination of a thiaarene‐dioxide‐specific reaction with the S N Ar‐based aromatic metamorphosis allows transition‐metal‐free construction of difficult‐to‐prepare carbazoles.
Planktonic Foraminiferal Events and Stable Isotope Records in the Upper Miocene, Site 654

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The late Miocene sediments of the Tyrrhenian ODP Site 654 encompass a deepening sequence which begins with glauconite shallow water sands followed by a rapid transition to deep water sediments and culminates with dolomitic mudstones associated with Messinian evaporites. The sequence compares well with the so-called Sahelian cycle and with post-orogenic cycles recognized in peninsular Italy and Sicily. The studied interval, consisting of 55 m thick nanno­ fossil oozes, belongs to the Globorotalia suterae subzone and lower part of the Globorotalia conomiozea Zone, indicat­ ing late Tortonian and early Messinian age, respectively. Biomagnetostratigraphic correlation assigns the Tortonian/ Messinian boundary an age of 6.44-6.45 Ma. In addition, six main events have been recognized, based on the range of keeled globorotaliids and coiling direction changes of keeled and unkeeled globorotaliids, which have been correlated to the geomagnetic time-scale. Comparison with North Atlantic sites and land sections of the Guadalquivir basin and northern Morocco provides good correlations with the events documented in these areas. In particular, Event IV, which predates the FO of Globorotalia conomiozea, may be used to recognize the Tortonian/Messinian boundary in extraMediterranean areas where G. conomiozea is missing. Variations in the distribution of different species of Globigerinoi­ des are related to changes in the surficial marine environment. Although no clear trends can be recognized on the oxy­ gen and isotope records of Globigerinoides obliquus, the parallelism between the occurrence of low salinity spe­ cies (G. sacculifer) and peaks of low 5180 values, as well as that of normal salinity species (G. obliquus) and peaks of high 5180 values, suggests strong local changes of environmental conditions. The high amplitude of the fluctuations of 5180 values suggests important variations in the salinity of the Tyrrhenian Sea, related to a rapidly changing water bud­ get. The major feature of the isotope record is a large decrease between 7.0 and 6.95 Ma, which therefore pre­ dates the 6.2 Ma global carbon shift.
Detection of Enteroviruses in Children with Acute Diarrhea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Diarrhea is one of the most significant diseases in children, causing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diarrhea is caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. There are several viruses that can cause diarrhea, including some groups of enteroviruses that have a significant role in acute diarrhea in children. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of enteroviruses in the stool of children with diarrhea. Methods: We collected 85 stool samples including 50 (58.82%) from males and 35 (41.17%) from females with acute diarrhea. All the stool samples proved negative for bacterial and parasitic pathogens. The RNA was extracted from the stool samples and cDNA was prepared. The semi-nested PCR was carried out for the detection of the 5â-UTR region of enteroviruses. To determine the enterovirus serotypes, the sequences of semi-nested PCR product was performed using conserved primers for the 5'-UTR region. Results: Overall, 21/85 (24.7%) patients including 12/50 (24%) males and 9/35 (25.71%) females showed positive results for enteroviruses (P = 0.3). Based on the results of sequencing, one of the isolated serotypes was identified as coxsackievirus A6 and the other isolated serotype was echovirus 9. Conclusions: Overall, 21/85 (24.7%) children with acute diarrhea were infected with enteroviruses. The distribution of enteroviruses was not significantly different between male and female patients. The results of sequencing indicated that one of the isolated serotypes was coxsackievirus A6 and the other isolated serotype was echovirus 9. The remaining 64/85(75.29%) isolates were negative for enteroviruses. The role of other viral gastroenteritis agents including rotaviruses, noroviruses, calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenoviruses was not explored that needs further investigation.
On the valuation of American exchange options: an analytical approximation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We adopt a quadratic approach to the valuation of the option to exchange one asset for another, when the option owner has the right to exercise before option expiration. Accurate pricing results are obtained and tested against competitive models in the literature, building on the hypothesis that option value is the product of two functions, one being a function of time and the other one being a function of the stock prices.
Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Should Otoacoustic Emissions Be Added to the Monitoring Protocol? A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) refers to a loss of hearing, most commonly unilateral, that occurs suddenly (≤72 h) with no identifiable cause or etiology. To date, there is no standard protocol to predict prognosis (hearing recovery) for patients with ISSNHL. However, studies have shown that changes in otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) often occur prior to changes in audiometric hearing thresholds. OAEs originate from the electrochemical motility of the outer hair cells (OHC) and reflect the integrity of the inner ear, specifically the cochlear amplifier. Therefore, OAEs may be useful as a prognostic predictive factor in patients with ISSNHL from the initial onset of symptoms through recovery. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to assess the relationship between pure tone thresholds, OAEs, and subjective hearing improvement and/or recovery. Fourteen studies were identified for inclusion, and they overwhelmingly support the inclusion of OAEs in the protocol to monitor ISSNHL recovery. This finding supports the development of a standard diagnostic protocol that includes OAEs to predict patient hearing outcomes.
Understanding prolific self-harm in her majesty’s women’s estate prisons, in England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline qualitative research into what influences, maintains and reduces prolific self-harm within women’s prisons across England. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who were identified as engaging in prolific self-harm. Thematic analysis was applied to two data sets, and analyses were combined to generate final themes. Findings Six overarching themes were identified which served to explain what influences the repetitive nature of prolific self-harm and also what helps to reduce it. The themes were reasons for self-harm, trauma, being in prison, support, other support and interventions: management and rehabilitative. Research limitations/implications Owing to the sensitive nature of the research a stringent exclusion criteria was applied which limited the data sample from the original pool. Variance in detail was observed from the interviewer transcripts. The data sample was not large enough to examine the influence of protected characteristics. Practical implications Responsivity in the support offered by staff is critical to a reduction in repetitive harm. A re-focus on staff training, plus support mechanisms for staff supporting people in women’s prisons who self-harm prolifically has been recommended. Originality/value This paper has focussed specifically on prolific self-harm within women’s prisons. This has not been an area that has been investigated separately to the general self-harm literature in prisons. This paper provides insight into factors which influence, maintain and reduce prolific-self harm in women residing in prison.
Forest sites and forest types on rendzinas in Poland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The article discusses the relationship between rendzinas and types of forest sites and plant communities in lowland, upland and mountain areas in Poland. Rendzinas as soils of forest sites play an important role in the uplands of southern Poland. In mountain areas, their preponderance is limited to the area of the Pieniny and the Western Tatras. The site-forming role of rendzinas in the upland areas depends mainly on geomorphological conditions. Typical rendzinas generally form eutrophic sites of multi-species oak-hornbeam forests, fertile beech forests and thermophilous beech forests. Rendzinas with lithological discontinuities usually create poorer form sites of mixed deciduous forests, which correspond to floristically poorer phytocenoses of acidophilous deciduous forests. In mountain areas, the climate and geomorphological processes form the zonation of vegetation and rendzinas. In vertical layout sites, the rendzinas change from fertile sites of fir and beech forests, through mesotrophic mixed forests sites, to spruce forest on limestone in the upper montane zone.
DESIGN OF PARALLEL COUPLED LINES BANDPASS FILTER USING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Filter is a prominent component due to its ability to remove unwanted signal components with the specified frequency range in a signal transmission. The parameters of a filter which includes the gain and the efficiency have to be sufficiently optimised in order to produce the best signal outcome. A range of spurious frequency can cause the operating frequency in the signal for the transmission to undergo distortion thus causing inaccuracy in the filter. Therefore, to overcome this problem, an improvement on a Parallel Coupled Lines Bandpass Filter is designed with the implementation of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) \ndesign on the ground plane of the filter to elevate the performance. Parallel Coupled lines Bandpass Filter is proposed in order to achieve optimum results such as the attenuation and the reduction of losses abilities in the filter. The filter is simulated by using Rogers RO4003C \nand RO4350B substrate materials with a dielectric material of 3.38 and 3.66 and substrate thickness of 0.813mm and 0.762mm respectively. An operational frequency of 5.8GHz \nbased on the ISM band is targeted. Multiple DGS structures are proposed and the most ideal among the etched designs is selected as the resonant structure in the ground plane of the filter. By properly adjusting the dimensions and position of the DGS shape, the H-shaped DGS filter design is selected as the losses the selectivity of the designed filter is significantly improved from the conventional design. The result of the filter’s losses are simulated by \nusing the simulation software, Advanced Design Software (ADS) and the H-shaped DGS filter design with the insertion loss (S21) of -1.412dB and the return loss (S11) of -20.24dB \nare measured by using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) after the fabrication process.
.alpha.-D-Ribofuranosyl 1,2-cyclic monophosphate. Isolation, NMR spectroscopic properties and rates and mechanism of acid and alkaline hydrolysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.alpha.-D-Ribofuranosyl 1,2-cyclic monophosphate. Isolation, NMR spectroscopic properties and rates and mechanism of acid and alkaline hydrolysisReza Fathi and Frank JordanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 22, 4143–4146Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00372a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00372a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views230Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Virtual Interactions via Smartphones

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The recent boom in the use of smartphones has led to an expansion of the concept of cyber behavior to include nearly perpetual virtual contact through mobile devices. This chapter addresses the issue of mobile cyber behavior by identifying key dimensions of virtual interactions through smartphones. While most prior studies focused on mobile technology from a technical perspective, this article takes a sociotechnical perspective, focusing on aspects of human behavior in the context of a new technical system (i.e., smartphones). The authors’ review of this literature suggests that mobile phone cyber behavior develops along three primary dimensions – the “3Cs” of: contextualization, customization, and convenience.
Effect of non zero cosmological constant on the motion of light ray

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Cosmological constant, the value of the energy density of the vacuum of space, was introduced by Einstein as an extension of general relativity. Recent studies show that cosmological constant has a noticeable effect on the shape of space-time i.e. it will influence the path of light ray. In this study the effect of non-zero cosmological constant on the path of light ray in three different types of space-time geometry namely Schwarzschild de Sitter, Kerr de Sitter and Kerr- Newman de Sitter has been discussed.
Emergency-SonaRes: A System for Ultrasound Diagnostics Support in Extreme Cases

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Statistics show that in cases of natural disasters, catastrophes and accidents about 70 % of affected persons need specific healthcare approach limited in time. Ultrasound diagnostics at the site of disaster is aimed at determining the level of urgency to save lives and to prevent any complications for people at risk. The Emergency-SonaRes system provides help to physicians from emergency crews in determination of adequate diagnosis in proper time for saving lives of patients. It will offer on-the-fly instructions to obtain qualitative images of affected organs and recommendations for victims sorting: to provide medical assistance in the site or after quick evaluation of the patient state to send him immediately to clinic specialized in organ's pathology or injured organs' system. Two versions of the system are presented: the first one, which can be used at the accident site, as well as in most departments of medical clinics, involved in emergency care – Critical and Intensive Care Service, Emergency Department, Imaging Department. The second version is recommended for utilization in Emergency Medical Services.
Organizational Ethnographic Research: Intersections of Place, Cultural Identities, Constructed Memories, and Sense Making Within Institutions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the article, the author presents a discussion on the value of incorporating institutional ethnographic studies in a researcher's repertoire. Researchers who conduct institutional ethnographies provide critical cultural examinations of organizations, companies, schools, or other establishments that give insights into the values, mores, and belief systems that may not be apparent at first glance. Gavin draws upon her experience as an ethnographer to explain her approach to institutional ethnography and the benefits she has gleaned from such research. Those qualitative researchers who are considering new research venues to explore may find institutional ethnography to be a challenging yet fruitful area.
Effects of Strain History and Induced Anisotropy on Reliquefaction Resistance of Toyoura Sand

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recent earthquake events have indicated that liquefaction histories can greatly affect the reliquefaction resistance of saturated sandy ground. This paper reports a fundamental experimental study of medium-dense/dense Toyoura sand with a relative density of 70% using a hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus (HCTSA) to provide a better understanding of the integrated effects of strain history and soil fabric on reliquefaction resistance of Toyoura sand. A series of postliquefaction monotonic tests was conducted to investigate the degrees of induced fabric anisotropy at different states of liquefaction and subsequent reconsolidation. A series of reliquefaction tests was performed on sandy specimens that had experienced medium to large residual shear strains (γres) and that had reconsolidated in different states, under various cyclic stress ratios (CSRs). It was shown that reliquefaction resistance of Toyoura sand is influenced highly by the residual shear strain during liquefaction and fabric anisotropy after reconsolidation. The experimental results were used to predict excess pore-water pressure (EPWP) buildup during liquefaction and reliquefaction as a function of shear strain or dissipated energy. The liquefaction/reliquefaction resistance of Toyoura sand was quantified using an energy-based criterion considering the integrated effects of strain history and soil fabric. © 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Ten Blocks From the White House, 1988

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"Ten Blocks From the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968", Ben W. Gilbert and the staff of the Washington Post, a book that analyzes the Washington, D.C. riots of 1968, 1988. PART OF SERIES: In its investigation, the Webster Commission aligned the policies and procedures of the LAPD with those adopted by several other agencies and governmental bodies. The series contains a variety of materials collected by the Commission for this purpose. Included are reports about present and future issues facing the City of Los Angeles; analyses of riots which shook Washington, D.C. in 1968; annual reports issued by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police; emergency plans; housing data; newspaper and journal articles; criminal justice statistics; and summaries and after-action reports which assessed law enforcement's response to the 1992 riots.
Securing “Functional” Legal Eternity in Italy: Parliamentary Procedures, Electoral Legislation and the Free Mandate for Members of Parliament

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article addresses the subject of the free mandate for parliamentarians in Italy in relation to eternity clauses or inadmissible changes of the constitution, considering Italy’s constitution prevents amendments regarding some of its principles. This sort of counter-majoritarian devices protect constitutions from major changes and it gains importance due to the rise of new forms of populism. The article examines the relation between the electoral system and the free mandate for parliamentarians in Italy, recently changed by populist forces. Therefore the research outlines the context of Italian constitutionalism, and then addresses the role of parliaments and the “procedures” in this scenario, reaching the subject of the role of electoral legislation on the constitutional order, especially regarding the involvement of constitutional courts in electoral law. Finally, it discusses the free mandate for MPs, showing how complex constitutional principles are at stake, such as equality and representation. It concludes that electoral law should be interpreted and reviewed in the light of all the relevant constitutional principles and also should be protected from populist moves. The article uses a logical-deductive methodology with legislative and theoretical analysis of the subject.