jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Capsulotomy on Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Patients with Posterior Capsular Opacity in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose. This study was conducted to compare the improvement in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity before and after neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) capsulotomy in patients with posterior capsular opacity. Materials and Methods. A prospective study of 72 eyes of 60 patients with posterior capsular opacity (PCO) was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology after approval from the institutional ethical committee of M S Ramaiah Medical college. A complete ophthalmological examination, including a detailed history, best corrected visual acuity using Snellens chart, and contrast sensitivity (before and after Nd- YAG capsulotomy) using Pelli Robson chart, slit lamp examination, IOP measurement, and fundus examination were performed after obtaining informed consent adherence to the tenets of Declaration of Helkinski . Results. The study comprised 60 patients, age groups ranging from 50 to 96 years, with the mean age of patients in our study being 65.943±8.83 years. BCVA of 62 eyes (86.2%) was between 6/18 and 6/60. After Nd YAG capsulotomy, patients showed great improvement in vision, with 63 eyes (87.5%) having improved BCVA of better than 6/12, and 24 eyes (33.3%) showing BCVA of 6/6 (p < 0.001). The contrast sensitivity of 69 eyes (95.83% ) was between 0 and 1.65 log units, followed by 3 eyes(4.17%) between 1.80 and 1.95 log units. After Nd-YAG capsulotomy, contrast sensitivity of 61 eyes (84.72%) improved to 1.80 – 2.25 log units, whereas the remaining 11 eyes (15.28%) showed contrast sensitivity of 1.20 – 1.65 log units (p < 0.001) Conclusion. Nd-YAG capsulotomy is an effective and relatively safe procedure for the management of posterior capsular opacity. It significantly improves both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, thereby improving the quality of vision.
A Technique for Dynamic Corrosion Testing in Liquid Lead Alloys

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An experimental apparatus for the investigation of the flow-assisted dissolution and precipitation (corrosion) of potential fuel cladding and structural materials to be used in liquid lead alloy cooled reactors has been designed. This experimental project is part of a larger research effort between Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology to investigate the suitability of lead, lead-bismuth, and other lead alloys for cooling fast reactors designed to produce low-cost electricity as well as for actinide burning. The INEEL forced convection corrosion cell consists of a small heated vessel with a shroud and gas flow system. The gas flow rates, heat input, and shroud and vessel dimensions have been adjusted so that a controlled coolant flow rate, temperature, and oxygen potential are created within the downcomer located between the shroud and vessel wall. The ATHENA computer code was used to design the experimental apparatus and estimate the fluid conditions. The corrosion cell will test steel that is commercially available in the U. S. to temperatures above 650oC.
Curved surface measurement method using chromatic confocal sensor and tilt scanning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Large measurement ranges and curvature changes are characteristics of curved surfaces, making it difficult to measure their topography. In this study, a four-axis measurement system is developed, and a tilt scanning measurement method using a chromatic confocal sensor is proposed to measure curved surfaces. The measurement area is divided into different parts, in which the tilt scanning measurement is performed with different angles of the chromatic confocal sensor. After the scanning, the complete measurement data are restored by data processing and stitching. Compared with conventional scanning methods, the proposed method greatly expands the measurement range. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed measurement system and the tilt scanning measurement method is clearly verified by measuring a spherical specimen with a radius of 50 mm.
Domain-specific language approach to modelling UI architecture of mobile telephony systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Although there has been a considerable increase in the use of embedded software including mobile telephony applications, the development of embedded software has not proved so manageable as compared with conventional software. From the experience of working with mobile telephony systems for over three years, it is the author's belief that the huge amount of variance in application logics, not the diversity of hardware platforms, is the major obstacle to the development of embedded software. A domain specific language (DSL) for modelling the user interface (UI) architecture of embedded software, especially focusing on telephony applications is proposed. With the proposed DSL, developers can describe the UI architecture of applications by the fundamental domain concepts at a higher level of abstraction. The proposed DSL is based on the concept of scene. A scene is proposed as a unit of UI in the UI architecture and UI-related behaviours are associated with scenes. The result of a pilot project conducted in a major company dedicated to developing mobile telephony applications is also described.
Regulation of GLYT1 and xCT in human intestinal cells by ATF4 but not XBP1 or ATF6

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The glycine transporter GLYT1 and the cystine-glutamate exchanger xCT have been identified as targets of the eIF2α stress response pathway and the transcription factor ATF4. To determine the role of these transporters in the intestinal response to stress we have examined regulation of expression of GLYT1 and xCT in the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 during ER-stress and knockdown of the key transcription factors, ATF4, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) and ATF6, involved in the unfolded protein response. Cells exposed to tunicamycin, a stimulator of ER-stress, showed greatly (8–10 fold) increased expression of GLYT1 and xCT mRNAs, measured by quantitative PCR, but little change in expression of the peptide transporter PepT1 mRNA. Expression of markers of ER-stress, DNA-damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP-78) was also greatly increased. siRNA knockdown of ATF4 resulted in decreased expression of GLYT1 and xCT mRNAs but had no effect on PepT1. Knockdown of XBP1 or ATF6 did not alter expression of any gene. These data suggest that GLYT1 and xCT are specific targets of ATF4 in intestinal cells. We suggest that increased expression of these transporters induced by stress leads to increased uptake of glycine and cystine, required for glutathione synthesis, and thus to increased intracellular antioxidant capacity.
Using a Non-Judgmental Stance to Promote Trustworthiness in Action Research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article describes the use of action research to increase trustworthiness through a non-judgmental approach. Two foreign language lecturers implemented an action research to improve their teaching with the use of Facebook and mobile devices. In order to remain open to all possible interpretation of the events and to incite their students to provide them with honest feedback, they openly adopted a non-judgmental stance. As a result, students freely revealed how they used funds which were given to them to access mobile Internet. Findings showed that not all students used the money as was anticipated by the lecturers, and that they spoke without restraints on the matter. This behavior has led the researchers to reflect on how this stance helped validate the trustworthiness of the data for the research, and encouraged them to focus on not judging their informants.
Cutaneous Leishmania mexicana infections in the United States: defining strains through endemic human pediatric cases in northern Texas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Over a 6-month span, three patients under 5 years old with cutaneous leishmaniasis presented to the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children’s Health Dallas. None had traveled outside of northern Texas/southern Oklahoma; all had Leishmania mexicana infections confirmed by PCR. We provide case descriptions and images to increase the awareness of this disease among United States (US) physicians and scientists. Two patients responded to fluconazole, but the youngest required topical paromomycin. Combining these cases with guidelines and our literature review, we suggest that (i) higher doses (10–12 mg/kg/day) of fluconazole should be considered in young children to maximize likelihood and rapidity of response and (ii) patients should transition to alternate agents if they do not respond to high-dose fluconazole within 6 weeks. Furthermore, and of particular interest to the broad microbiology community, we used samples from these cases as a proof of concept to propose a mechanism to strain-type US-endemic L. mexicana . For our analysis, we sequenced three housekeeping genes and the internal transcribed sequence 2 of the ribosomal RNA gene. We identified genetic changes that not only allow us to distinguish US-based L. mexicana strains from strains found in other areas of the Americas but also establish polymorphisms that differ between US isolates. These techniques will allow documentation of genetic changes in this parasite as its range expands. Hence, our cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis provide significant evolutionary, treatment, and public health implications as climate change increases exposure to formerly tropical diseases in previously non-endemic areas. IMPORTANCE Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that typically affects tropical regions worldwide. However, the vector that carries Leishmania is spreading northward into the United States (US). Within a 6-month period, three young cutaneous leishmaniasis patients were seen at the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children's Health Dallas. None had traveled outside of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma. We document their presentations, treatments, and outcomes and compare their management to clinical practice guidelines for leishmaniasis. We also analyzed the sequences of three critical genes in Leishmania mexicana isolated from these patients. We found changes that not only distinguish US-based strains from strains found elsewhere but also differ between US isolates. Monitoring these sequences will allow tracking of genetic changes in parasites over time. Our findings have significant US public health implications as people are increasingly likely to be exposed to what were once tropical diseases.
Factors in Teachers’ Awareness of Pedagogical Gestures as Enhancement Technique Among English Teachers in Secondary Schools in Enugu State, Nigeria

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The study seeks to ascertain Nigerian language teachers’ awareness of pedagogical gestures as an enhancement to teaching and whether this awareness is influenced by teaching location and teacher qualification. The study adopts the survey research design with a sample size of 262 drawn using multi-staged sampling techniques. The Z-test method was used in testing the hypothesis of the study. It was discovered that there was high mean response of teachers on the awareness of pedagogical gestures. There were significant differences in the mean response of urban/rural teachers and no significant differences in the mean response of graduate/non-graduate teacher’s awareness of pedagogical gestures as enhancement technique. Our conclusion is that pedagogical gestures are indispensable in lesson delivery and that their pedagogic values are gained through awareness of them as enhancement technique.
The Impacts of Suboptimal Mobility in Pasture-based Dairy Systems

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Suboptimal mobility refers to any abnormality to a cow’s gait which causes a deviation from the optimal walking pattern of a cow. Suboptimal mobility is an area of concern from an economic, environmental and animal welfare point of view. While the potentialrisk factors and impacts of suboptimal mobility in non-pasture-based systems are reported on throughout the literature, the same information is lacking for seasonal calving, pasture-based systems. The overall aim of this project was to determine the impacts of suboptimal mobility in a pasture-based dairy system. To achieve this we determined 1) the association between claw disorders and suboptimal mobility; 2) the cow and herd-level risk factors associated with suboptimal mobility; 3) the production and reproductive impacts associated with suboptimal mobility; 4) the economic and environmental consequences of suboptimal mobility. Data from 11,116 cows from 68 Irish pasture-based dairy herds were collected. Cows were mobility scored and body condition scored (BCS). Production data(milk, fat, and protein yields, and somatic cell count), reproductive data (calving dates,calving interval, and culling), and other cow-level data (breed type, and genetic transmitting abilities for health and production traits) were available for each cow. Herd-level data including cow path quality and maintenance practices, distances cows walk to and from pasture each day, and foot bathing regimes on farm were collected for each herd via an online survey completed by the herd owners. Our study showed that all severities of claw disorders (ranging from mild to severe), are associated with specific mobility scores. Furthermore,cows with higher yields, elevated SCC, less body condition, and cows with a genetic predisposition for lameness are all potential risk factors for suboptimal mobility. We also found that certain cow breeds such as Jersey type cows are associated with a reduced risk for having suboptimal mobility. At the herd-level, both the quality of cow paths and the distance cows must walk each day are associated with an increased proportion of suboptimal mobility. Finally, herds with higher proportions of suboptimal mobility have lower economic returns and higher total costs. These herds are also associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions per kg of fat and protein corrected milk yield.
Minocycline Attenuation Of Rat Corpus Callosum Abnormality Mediated By Low Dose Lipopolysaccharide-induced Microglia Activation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background : Microglia are resident innate immune cells in the brain and the activation of these myeloid cells results in secretion of a variety of proinflammatory molecules, leading to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a widely used experimental stimulant in microglia activation. We have previously shown that LPS produced microglia activation and evoked detectable functional abnormalities in rat corpus callosum (CC) in vitro . Here, we further examined the effects of low dose LPS-induced microglia activation and resultant white matter abnormality in the CC in vivo and its attenuation by an anti-inflammatory agent minocycline. Methods : Twenty-four SD rats were divided randomly into three groups and intra-peritoneally injected daily with saline, LPS and LPS+minocycline, respectively. All animals were subject to MRI tests 6 days post injection. The animals were then sacrificed for harvest the CC tissues for electrophysiology, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posttest of all pair of columns was employed statistical analyses. Results : Systemic administration of LPS produced microglial activation in the CC as illustrated by Iba-1 immunofluorescent staining. We observed that a large number of Iba-1 positive microglial cells were hyper-ramified with hypertrophic somata or even amoeba like in the LPS-treated animals and such changes were significantly reduced by co-administration of minocycline. Electrophysiological recordings of axonal compound action potential (CAP) revealed an impairment on the CC functionality as detected by a reduction on CAP magnitude. Such an impairment was supported by a reduction on fast axonal transportation evidenced by β-amyloid precursor protein accumulation. These alterations were attenuated by minocycline, demonstrating minocycline reduction of microglia-mediated interruption of white matter integrity and function in the CC. Conclusions : Systemic administration of LPS produced microglia activation in the CC and resultant functional abnormalities that were attenuated by an anti-inflammatory agent minocycline.
Stochastic Modeling of Sediment Connectivity for Reconstructing Sand Fluxes and Origins in the Unmonitored Se Kong, Se San, and Sre Pok Tributaries of the Mekong River

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Sediment supply to rivers, subsequent fluvial transport, and the resulting sediment connectivity on network scales are often sparsely monitored and subject to major uncertainty. We propose to approach that uncertainty by adopting a stochastic method for modeling network sediment connectivity, which we present for the Se Kong, Se San, and Sre Pok (3S) tributaries of the Mekong. We quantify how unknown properties of sand sources translate into uncertainty regarding network connectivity by running the CASCADE (CAtchment Sediment Connectivity And DElivery) modeling framework in a Monte Carlo approach for 7,500 random realizations. Only a small ensemble of realizations reproduces downstream observations of sand transport. This ensemble presents an inverse stochastic approximation of the magnitude and variability of transport capacity, sediment flux, and grain size distribution of the sediment transported in the network (i.e., upscaling point observations to the entire network). The approximated magnitude of sand delivered from each tributary to the Mekong is controlled by reaches of low transport capacity (“bottlenecks”). These bottlenecks limit the ability to predict transport in the upper parts of the catchment through inverse stochastic approximation, a limitation that could be addressed by targeted monitoring upstream of identified bottlenecks. Nonetheless, bottlenecks also allow a clear partitioning of natural sand deliveries from the 3S to the Mekong, with the Se Kong delivering less (1.9 Mt/yr) and coarser (median grain size: 0.4 mm) sand than the Se San (5.3 Mt/yr, 0.22 mm) and Sre Pok (11 Mt/yr, 0.19 mm).
Investigation of photosynthesis and carbon economy in plants.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert solar energy from the sun into useful chemical energy for food. They release molecular oxygen and remove CO 2 (carbon dioxide) from the air. Plants are photoautotrophs which mean they are able to synthesize food directly from inorganic compounds using light energy, instead of eating other organisms or relying on material derived from them. The energy for photosynthesis comes from absorbed photons found in light and involves a reducing agent, in this case water. Oxygen is released as a product. All the organisms that undergo photosynthesis convert CO 2 to organic material by reducing this gas to carbohydrates. This is done through a rather complex set of reactions. The pigments that absorb the light are primarily chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophylls absorb blue and red light while carotenoids absorb blue-green light, but green and yellow light are not effectively absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in plants; therefore, light of these colors is either reflected by leaves or passes through the leaves. This explains why plants are green. Chlorophyll is also unique in that it is capable of converting the active energy of light into a latent form that can be stored and used when needed.
Simulation of control process and stability on two area power system using LQR and Suboptimal control in a deregulated environment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In a deregulated power system there is always a problem of Load Frequency Control due to mismatch in total power generation and dispatch. This paper presents the use of optimal and suboptimal control methods to solve Load Frequency Control problem in a deregulated two area power system that operates below regulation and quality policy scheme. For a higher order system practically the access to all state variables is nearly impossible and we cannot afford sensors for all the states involved in the process. So as to reduce the effect of cost involved in this process the performance index has been analyzed. With this knowledge the paper has been designed so as to compare the results in time domain analysis using MATLAB software.
Re-imagining social enterprise

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose This intentionally polemical paper will aim to re-examine what is meant by social enterprise and try to assert its role within the current economic system. It is well over a decade since John Pearce’s Social Enterprise in Anytown was first published. Since then the term “social enterprise” has been used in multiple ways by politicians, practitioners and academics – very often for their own ideological ends. Design/methodology/approach This paper will outline the context and challenges currently facing social enterprise both from outside and from inside the social enterprise movement. Findings This paper re-affirms a paradigm for social enterprises through re-imagining how social enterprise should and could contribute to the creation of a fairer and more just society. Originality/value Finally, this paper will conclude with a reflection on what Pearce argued and how the social enterprise movement has to position itself as a viable alternative way of creating goods and services based on socially responsible values.
The CEO Succession Challenge: How Do Newcomer CEOs Create Qualitative Collaboration With(in) Existing Top Management Teams

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

For a new CEO, the process of entering, understanding and mastering an organization is far from simple. This challenge is particularly acute when a new CEO arrives in an existing top management team (TMT). Since leading an organization is a dynamic and collective effort among all members of the TMT, the capacity to lead collectively requires the new CEO and the other TMT members to develop a new collaboration. This study aims to improve our understanding of the dynamics involved in this process. Based on 14 CEO succession cases, we focus on the practices used by new CEOs during their early tenure to develop a high quality collaboration between all members of the TMT. Our results suggest that new CEOs form a first impression about the unique composition and existing processes within the TMT. Based on this impression, task-focused and person-focused behaviors can be employed to create effective TMT role constellations, strengthen team processes, and support the emergence of desirable states within the TMT such as team cohesion and mutual trust.