jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gyrus formation in the cerebral cortex of the ferret. II. Description of the internal histological changes.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The internal changes within a developing gyrus of the ferret cerebral cortex were studied by recording (i) the changing length and direction of the radial tissue lines and (ii) the emergence of the tangential banding of the classical six cortical layers. Together these lines provided a coordinate net whose deformations during development gave an indication of the differential growth occurring within a gyrus. The changes in these features suggested that a gyrus was initiated by an area of local growth appearing in the subplate and then in the suprajacent segment of cortical plate. During subsequent growth there was tangential spreading of the more mature tissue at the gyral crown while at the site of the future sulci the cortical plate remained immature and growth was retarded. During later stages the majority of tangential growth occurred in the parasulcal area. At this site a very much thinner cortex was generated from a segment of cortical plate of the same depth and degree of nuclear crowding as elsewhere, implying that growth here was resolved into tangential spreading. The cells and fibres of the deeper cortical layers of the sulcal cortex eventually became tangentially orientated suggesting that they subserved a commissural function between the columnar systems of adjacent gyri. At the scale prevailing in the ferret, gyrus formation was seen as a configuration which tended to conserve both the total length of the cortical columns and the depth of the individual cortical layers.
Is Gold a Hedge against Stock Price Risk in U.S. or Indian Markets?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We study whether gold acts as a hedge or a safe haven in U.S. and the Indian stock markets. These two stock markets have been chosen as representatives of the developed markets and the emerging markets, respectively, and are of significant interest to long-term investors. We apply a linear regression and a GARCH technique to monthly return series data on the S&P500, the BSE Sensex, and gold prices. We find that, for the period of our study, 1980–2020, gold has not served as a hedge or a safe haven for long-term investors in the U.S. or Indian stock markets. This holds true even across multiple sub-periods in our study period. Gold returns do not exhibit a significant negative relationship with stock returns in any of the chosen stock market scenarios, i.e., in times of extremely low returns as well as in the periods of high or low volatility. Equity investors in U.S. and Indian markets can use the findings of this study for optimising their portfolios. Additionally, central bankers and policy makers can use the findings for better outcomes with respect to their policies on holding of gold.
Electrochemical Characteristics of Dissolution for Stainless Steel Produced by PSH-MIM Process

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Metal injection molding (MIM), one of the powder metallurgy processes, has attracted considerable interest because of the advantage of better formability to fabricate complex shape products without machining and welding. In this experiment, the specimens prepared by the conventional MIM process and the powder space holder-metal injection molding process (PSH-MIM process) were used, and their corrosion behaviors were investigated through the electrochemical procedures such as potendiodynamic polarization curve measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the coulostat method. The porous specimen prepared by PSH-MIM process was corroded more easily than the one prepared by the conventional MIM process. This is because the PSH-MIM specimen has the greater surface area than the conventional specimen. The EIS and the coulostat measurement methods were confirmed to be quite effective for the measurement of corrosion behavior of the porous materials.
Posthumanist Hardy?: Rethinking “the Whole Conscious World Collectively”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In his 1910 letter to the Humanitarian League, Hardy wrote of "a re-adjustment of altruistic morals […] beyond the area of mere mankind to that of the whole animal kingdom". He concluded the letter by saying, "And though I myself do not at present see how the principle of equal justice all round is to be carried out in its entirety, I recognize that the League is grappling with the question" (Hardy 1984, 377). This article explores two questions in order to better understand Hardy's own "grappling with the question". First, how does Hardy's figuring of animals subtly undercut the prevalent attitudes not only toward animals in the humanist era in which he lived, but also toward women and the idea of what is human? Second, could Hardy's approach be described as – in some sense of the word – posthumanist? The first half of the discussion focuses around portrayals of woman-as-animal (in the person of Tess Durbeyfield) and man-as-human (in the character of Michael Henchard), with close readings from Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891) and The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) that seek to untangle the effect binaries of human/animal and man/woman have upon each text. The article then considers whether and how Hardy's work fits into the current theoretical framework of posthumanism, exploring ideas of vulnerability and embodiment.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Organoboron Compounds with Iodonium Salts and Iodanes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of iodinanes (iodonium salts and iodanes) with organoboron compounds to form carbon-carbon bonds was achieved at ambient temperature under aqueous conditions in the absence of base. Coupling of phenylboronic acid with diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate in the presence of Pd(PPh(3))(4) (0.2 mol %) or Pd(OAc)(2) (0.2 mol %) under aqueous conditions gave biphenyl in almost quantitative yield. Under the same conditions, substituted boronic acids, boronates, and trialkylboranes were readily coupled with diaryl-, alkenyl-, and alkynyliodonium salts. Finally, the iodanes ArI(OH)OTs underwent cross-coupling with boronic acids, boronates, and trialkylboranes to afford biphenyls and aryl-substituted alkenes.
An Ounce of Tat Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Functional Cure

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Infection by HIV-1 can effectively be suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the persistence of a small, latent virus reservoir impedes viral eradication. Thus, most infected individuals must be treated with ART for life. While efforts to find a sterilizing cure that eradicates the virus are ongoing, an alternative approach deemed a functional cure has remained less explored. A functional cure for HIV is envisioned as long-term control of virus replication in the absence of ART (reviewed in references 1 and 2). Such a functional cure might encompass effective immune interventions, reduction of the reservoir to a highly “controllable” size, and/or induction of a long-lasting suppression of viral gene expression. The Tat viral protein is a strong transactivator of viral gene expression, and viral replication is severely restricted in its absence; thus, it makes a logical antiviral target. A recent article by Mousseau et al. (3) reports on a novel Tat inhibitor that the authors show has the unusual ability to induce a “permanent state of latency.” Didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) is a departure from current FDA-approved antiretroviral drugs in that it inhibits viral gene expression from integrated viruses. For the above reasons, dCA represents a novel inhibitor class.

Cortistatin A (CA) is a steroidal alkaloid from Corticium simplex , a marine sponge, which has raised interest based on its antiproliferative effects (4). dCA is a derivative of CA that was reported to be equipotent (5) to the parent compound as well as relatively easy to obtain by chemical synthesis. One of the salient features of CA is its ability to bind to and inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) with nanomolar affinity (6). CDK11 was recently shown by Valente and colleagues to be essential for HIV-1 gene expression by phosphorylating factors required for proper 3′ processing of viral mRNAs (7). Based …
Nondestructive Characterization of Voids in Rear Local Contacts of PERC-Type Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present two nondestructive characterization methods for the detection of voids in rear local contacts of passivated emitter and rear-type solar cells, namely scanning acoustic microscopy and computer tomography. We compare both methods and include a comparison with electroluminescence measurements. It is shown in this paper that voids can easily be detected with both measurement types without any sample preparation. We found a good match of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and computer tomography (CT), which is presented for this purpose for the first time. The investigation was carried out for different aluminum pastes.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Jurisprudence of Opportunity and Equality

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Two timeless women embody the ideals of our nation.In New York Harbor, the Statue of Liberty proclaims: "Give me your tired, your poor, / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free ... ."IIn Washington, D.C., the statue Contemplation of Justice sits solemnly before the main entrance to the Supreme Court of the United States. 2 Above her head, on the building's architrave, appear the words "Equal Justice Under Law."These two promises, of opportunity and equality, have marked our nation's vision since its founding.The pledge of "equaljustice under law" is a profound one, positing a judicial system free of corruption and favoritism as well as one that disdains distinctions of class and caste.The true achievement of our country has been not merely the original expression of this idea, but our willingness to expand our commitment, gradually, to include propertyless white men, former male slaves, other men of color, women of all races, people with disabilities, gay and lesbian citizens, and others within the circle originally reserved for the propertied white men who founded our nation.We began with a transcendent principle, but we have also had the humility to recognize our failings and to revise our behavior to draw closer to our ideal.Ruth Bader Ginsburg's work embodies that quest, as well as the delicate balance between honoring the timelessness of our Constitution and recognizing the depth of its enduring principles in new centuries and under new circumstances.
Departing for the Ends of the Earth to do My Humble Part: The Life of William A. Rich, Volunteer Ambulance Driver for the American Field Service, 1942-1945- A Study of War Letters

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

From the years 1942 to 1945, William A. Rich, a volunteer ambulance driver with the American Field Service, wrote a vast collection of letters home; he served in the Middle East, North Africa, Italy, France, Germany and India. Rich corresponded with his family and girlfriend biweekly about his experiences and opinions, resulting in a collection of more than 300 letters. From these letters, supplemented by additional archival sources, a fascinating narrative emerges. Rich's story explains the complexity of life on the frontlines as a non-combatant of a total war. From the fall of Tunis to the horrors of the relief of Belsen Concentration Camp, the letters provide an unmediated perspective on World War Two through the eyes of a twenty-year old. My thesis seeks to examine whether these letters, and whether war letters in general, are valuable historical documents.
The Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Is Protective in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage in the Kidney

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with a widespread distribution throughout the entire body including the urinary system. PACAP exerts protective actions in different injury models related to several organ systems. Its protective effect is mainly based on its antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present review aims to summarize the effects of PACAP in pathologies associated with inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage in the kidney. Both in vitro and in vivo data are available proving its protective actions against oxidative stress, hypoxia, renal ischemia/reperfusion, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma kidney injury, amyloidosis and different types of drug-induced nephropathies. Data showing the nephroprotection by PACAP emphasize the potential of PACAP’s therapeutic use in various renal pathologies.
Non-additive three-body interaction energies for H3(quartet spin state)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The results of an Unsold average energy calculation of the non-additive interaction energy for H3 (quartet spin state) are presented for equilateral triangular configurations. They are discussed in the context of the problems associated with the representation of non-additive energies for the interaction of closed-shell species. Additional informationNotes on contributorsZ.C. Zhang Associated with the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemical Physics, University of Western Ontario. A.R. Allnatt Associated with the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemical Physics, University of Western Ontario. James D. Talman Associated with the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemical Physics, University of Western Ontario. William J. Meath Associated with the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemical Physics, University of Western Ontario.
The Impact of Learning Style and Learning Motivation on Students’ Science Learning Outcomes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Elementary school students tend to have different learning styles. Teachers can still not adjust the learning process to the student’s learning styles and have not maximally provided good learning motivation, which impacts students' low science learning outcomes. This study analyzes the significant relationship between learning styles and science learning outcomes. This research is classified into the type of correlation research, with the research population being 196 students. The study was conducted using a proportional sampling technique, with a final sample size of 149 respondents. Data collection in the study was conducted using a non-test method, with the research instrument in the form of a questionnaire on the level of learning motivation and learning style. The research instrument's validity was tested through expert tests (judges). Data analysis used descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The descriptive statistical analysis method processes descriptive, while inferential statistics data processing applies inferential statistical formulas. The first hypothesis test results show 0.609 > 0.159, so hypothesis 1 is accepted. There is a correlation between learning styles and learning outcomes in science. The results of hypothesis 2 are 0.625 > 0.159, so there is a correlation between learning motivation to students' science learning outcomes. The results of hypothesis 3 are 0.625 > 0.159, so there is a correlation between learning styles and learning motivation on science learning outcomes. Based on these results, it can be concluded that learning styles and students' motivation while studying significantly influence student learning outcomes.
An on-line system adding subtitles and sign language to Spanish audio-visual content

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deaf people cannot properly access the speech information\n\t\t\t\t stored in any kind of recording format (audio, video, etc). We present\n\t\t\t\t a system that provides with subtitling and Spanish Sign Language representation\n\t\t\t\t capabilities to allow Spanish Deaf population can access to\n\t\t\t\t such speech content. The system is composed by a speech recognition\n\t\t\t\t module, a machine translation module from Spanish to Spanish Sign\n\t\t\t\t Language and a Spanish Sign Language synthesis module. On the deaf\n\t\t\t\t person side, a user-friendly interface with subtitle and avatar components\n\t\t\t\t allows him/her to access the speech information.
“Reductive stress” the overlooked side of cellular redox modulation in cancer: opportunity for design of next generation redox chemotherapeutics

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The last three decades of redox biology research have been dominated by the term "oxidative stress" since it was first coined by Helmut Sies to represent a form of cellular redox modulation characterized by redox imbalance toward overproduction of oxidants. Almost every pathological condition, including cancer, has been linked with oxidative stress and so forth; targeting oxidative stress became the strategy for the new drug discovery with anticancer drugs aiming to selectively induce oxidative stress in cancerous cells while antioxidants aiming to prevent carcinogenesis as prophylactic agents. Time has now come to realize, how harmful the other side of the cellular redox spectrum, "reductive stress," characterized by redox imbalance toward the accumulation of reducing equivalents, maybe during carcinogenesis, and to tap its potential for the design of next-generation chemotherapeutic agents. Adjuvants-causing reductive stress may also work synergistically with radiation therapy under hypoxia to achieve better tumor control. Keeping this evolving field into account, the present review provides a current understating of the role of reductive stress in carcinogenesis, the status of reductive stress-based chemotherapeutic agents with particular emphasis on sulfhydryl and selenium-containing compounds and the gap areas that need to be addressed in future.
Influence of Tip Relief Modification on the Wear of Spur Gears with Asymmetric Teeth

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recently, spur gears with asymmetric teeth have been considered a way of increasing performance while maintaining the gearbox dimensions. Asymmetric teeth have different pressure angles on drive and coast sides. They provide, among other advantages, a high bending strength and low vibration. In spur gears with asymmetric teeth, wear has been observed to be a major failure mode. In this study, the impact of tip relief modification and pressure angle on the wear of spur gears with asymmetric teeth is numerically investigated. Here, the focus is on sliding wear. A wear model based on Archard's equation is employed to predict wear depth. The pressure angle and the tip relief are parameterized. In the analysis, instantaneous contact loads and Hertz pressures are used in wear depth calculations. It is shown that as the amount of the tip relief increases, the wear depth, particularly at the beginning and end of the mesh, decreases. As the number of wear cycles increases, the effect of the tip relief modification on wear depths decreases slightly. It was also shown that with an increase in tip relief, the dynamic load decreases. However, if the amount of tip relief modification increases excessively, the maximum dynamic load also increases. Therefore, an excessive increase in tip relief modification should be avoided, whereby the level of excessive increase depends on the tip relief configuration.
Alterations in clinical chemistry levels associated with the dyslipoproteinemias. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mean blood levels of eight components of clinical chemistry and the proportion of participants with abnormal chemistry values were calculated for persons with six dyslipoproteinemias (DLPs) and compared with findings from normolipidemic participants in 10 defined North American Lipid Research Clinics Program study populations. Most of the significant differences in mean chemistry levels were in persons with type IIB and IV DLP, and were characterized by higher mean levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, glucose, SGOT, and uric acid, and by lower mean levels of total bilirubin and thyroxine. Similarly, persons with type IIB and IV DLP were more likely to have significantly increased percentages of abnormal clinical chemistry values than were normolipidemics, but for a given chemistry this was rarely over 10% to 15% higher. With the exception of some participants with types IIB and IV DLP, the DLPs detected in these study populations were not associated with a substantial prevalence of abnormal clinical chemistry values and, by inference, were not frequently associated with the diseases or metabolic abnormalities for which these chemical abnormalities are indicators.
Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A new edition of Barbara Taylor's classic book, with a new introduction. In the early nineteenth century, radicals all over Europe and America began to conceive of a 'New Moral World', and struggled to create their own utopias, with collective family life, communal property, free love and birth control. In Britain, the visionary ideals of the Utopian Socialist, Robert Owen, attracted thousands of followers, who for more than a quarter of a century attempted to put theory into practice in their own local societies, at rousing public meetings, in trade unions and in their new Communities of Mutual Association. Barbara Taylor's brilliant study of this visionary challenge recovers the crucial connections between socialist aims and feminist aspirations. In doing so, it opens the way to an important re-interpretation of the socialist tradition as a whole, and contributes to the reforging of some of those early links between feminism and socialism.
Investigation and Management of Adnexal Masses in Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adnexal masses can be found in 0.19 to 8.8% of all pregnancies. Most masses are functional and asymptomatic and up to 70% resolve spontaneously in the second trimester. The main predictors of persistence are the size (>5 cm) and the imagiological morphocomplexity. Those that persist carry a low risk of malignancy (0 to 10%). Most malignant masses are diagnosed at early stages and more than 50% are borderline epithelial neoplasms. Ultrasound is the preferred method to stratify the risk of complications and malignancy, allowing medical approach planning. Pregnancy and some gestational disorders may modify the levels of tumor markers, whereby their interpretation during pregnancy should be cautious. Large masses are at increased risk of torsion, rupture, and dystocia. When surgery is indicated, laparoscopy is a safe technique and should ideally be carried out in the second trimester of pregnancy.