jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Centrality and shortest path length measures for the functional analysis of urban drainage networks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The objective of this research is to evaluate whether complex dynamics of urban drainage networks (UDNs) can be expressed in terms of their structure, i.e. topological characteristics. The present study focuses on the application of topological measures for describing the transport and collection functions of UDNs, using eight subnetworks of the Dresden sewer network as study cases. All UDNs are considered as weighted directed graphs, where edge weights correspond to structural and hydraulic pipe characteristics which affect flow. Transport functions are evaluated in terms of travel time distributions (TTDs), under the hypothesis that frequency distributions of Single Destination Shortest Paths (SDSP) of nodes to the outlet had similar shapes than TTDs. Assessment of this hypothesis is done based on two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and comparisons of statistical moments. Collection analysis, i.e. determination of flow paths, is done based on two approaches: (1) using Edge Betweenness Centrality (EBC), and (2) based on the number of SDSP going through an edge connecting a node to the outlet, referred as Paths. Hydrodynamic simulation results are used to validate the outcomes of graph analysis with actual flow behaviors. Results indicate that given an appropriate edge weighting factor, in this case Residence Time, SDSP has the potential to be used as an indicator for flow transport in UDNs. Moreover, both EBC and Paths values were highly correlated to average flows. The first approach, however, proved to be inadequate for estimating flows near the outlet but appropriate for identifying different paths in meshed systems, while the second approach lead to better results in branched networks. Further studies regarding the influence of UDNs layout are needed.
(SI Table 2) POC flux at 450 m of the three diatom species that contributed most to the flux during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXV/3 (LOHAFEX)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

(SI Table 2) POC flux at 450 m of the three diatom species that contributed most to the flux during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXV/3 (LOHAFEX)
The effect of anti‐spasmodic administration on the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging staging of rectal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Backgrounds Magnetic resonance imaging is the primary method for local staging in rectal cancer patients. Administration of intravenous (IV) hyoscine butylbromide is thought to improve accuracy, but there are contraindications and potential adverse effects. The aim was to assess the efficacy of IV hyoscine butylbromide on the accuracy of MRI rectal cancer staging of T2 and T3 rectal cancers. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out on patients prospectively recorded on the Cabrini Monash colorectal neoplasia database. A total of 74 patients (53 males, 21 females) MRI pelvis and rectums with antispasmodics were performed at multiple centres in the pre‐operative setting between 2010 and 2016. Each patient underwent total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer. The excision specimens were assessed and given a pathological TNM stage, which was considered the reference standard. Results There was no statistically significant impact on the overall accuracy of MRI rectal cancer staging between patient groups who received IV hyoscine butylbromide and groups who did not receive IV hyoscine butylbromide. The accuracy of T2 and T3 staged rectal cancers was more likely to be correct (compared with T1 cancers) with the administration of IV hyoscine butylbromide. Still, there was no improvement in the accuracy of N‐staging. Conclusion Given the potential side effects and adverse outcomes of IV anti‐spasmodic agents, department protocols may need to be re‐assessed regarding the prescription of these medications for MRI rectal cancer staging.
Hong Kong students' and teachers' beliefs on students' concerns and their causal explanation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is based on research investigating Hong Kong Chinese teachers' and students' perceptions of junior secondary students' concerns and of the causes of students' difficulties. Responses from 2,045 secondary students and 214 teachers revealed that both students and teachers had similar systems of beliefs about students' concerns and the causes of students' difficulties. As dimensions of most students' concerns, both groups referred to study and educational future; friendship; physical appearance; relationships at home, with peers and at school; and psychological well-being and maladjusted behaviour. Both groups in various degrees attributed students' difficulties to students themselves, the family, school or peers. Employing Moscovici's theory of social representation as a conceptual framework, the findings illustrated that students' concerns and causal attribution are social representations shared by both student and teacher groups. Mismatch between students' and teachers' perceptions was more a divergence of views than a disparity. Students' and teachers' different social identities and their protection of group self-esteem are offered as an explanation for the mismatch in perception.</br>[Copyright of Educational Research is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website: </br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131880110081044]
STIMULATION BY LIGHT OF SPORULATION IN TRICHODERMA LIGNORUM (TODE) HARZ

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Exposure of growing cultures to white light caused subsequent formation of a ring of conidia-bearing mycelium at the location occupied by their advancing margins at the time of irradiation. Violet and blue light were very effective in stimulating sporulation, green was less so, and yellow and red were ineffective. An exposure to white light of the order of 1 foot-candle for 1 minute sufficed to initiate the sporulation response.
Friedrich Engels’ Importance for Contemporary Materialist Epistemology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this contribution for Friedrich Engels' bicentennial birthday, we investigate to what extent the epistemological ideas of F. Engels, based in nineteenth-century science, can serve as stepping stones towards a novel materialistic epistemology given de contemporary state of the sciences.I look at Engels as an historical figure in his nineteenth-century context with strong and pertinent emancipatory ideas, who understood the need of a materialistic epistemology for the emancipatory project he and Karl Marx envisioned.In this contribution I will focus especially on his Anti-Dühring and his Dialectics of Nature, in their nineteenth-century context.Secondly, I will use his intensions in writing these inspirational works as a basis for further reflections on the sciences and their possible contribution to human emancipation.In particular, I will touch upon the issue of to what extent scientific theories represent the known world and to what extent theories in the natural sciences and biology can serve as a model for the humanities and sociology.In other words, if we consider the world materialistically, that is to say, it exists independently of what the human race as offspring of this world makes of it, how can the early inroads of Engels and Marx in making this world intelligible, help us today in rescuing humankind from self-inflicted disaster.
Path Planning for Mobile Robots on Dynamic Environmental Obstacles Using PSO Optimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The increasing integration of mobile robots in various industries necessitates efficient navigation strategies amidst dynamic environments. Path planning plays a crucial role in guiding mobile robots from their starting points to target destinations, contributing to automation and enhancing human-robot collaboration. This study focuses on devising a tailored path-planning approach for a fleet of mobile robots to navigate through dynamic obstacles and reach designated trajectories efficiently. Leveraging particle swarm optimization (PSO), our methodology optimizes the path while considering real-time environmental changes. We present a simulation-based implementation of the algorithm, where each robot maintains position, velocity, cost, and personal best information to converge towards the global optimal solution. Different obstacles consist of circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles with various colors and five handle-points used. Our findings demonstrate that PSO achieves a global best cost of 5.1017, indicative of the most efficient path, minimizing overall distance traveled.
Exposure of medical personnel to methylmethacrylate vapor during percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The occupational exposure to methylmethacrylate (MMA) vapor during percutaneous vertebroplasty was determined. During five vertebroplasty procedures, air-sampling pumps were attached to medical personnel. MMA vapor levels in the samples were then quantified using gas chromatography. The samples collected yielded MMA vapor levels of less than five parts per million (ppm). The MMA vapor concentrations measured were well below the recommended maximum exposure of 100 ppm over the course of an 8-hour workday.
Comparison of cattle BoLA-DRB3 typing by PCR-RFLP, direct sequencing, and high-resolution DNA melting curve analysis.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) represents an important genetic marker for manipulation to improve the health and productivity of cattle. It is closely associated with numerous disease susceptibilities and immune responses. Bovine MHC, also called bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA), is considered as a suitable marker for genetic diversity studies. In cattle, most of the polymorphisms are located in exon 2 of BoLA-DRB3, which encodes the peptide-binding cleft. In this study, the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3.2 gene in Holstein's calves was studied using high resolution melting curve analysis (HRM). Observed HRM results were compared to PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing techniques. Eight different HRM and seven different RFLP profiles were identified among the population studied. By comparing to sequencing data, HRM could completely discriminate all genotypes (eight profiles), while the RFLP failed to distinguish between the genotypes *1101/*1001 and *1104/*1501. According to the results, the HRM analysis method gave more accurate results than RFLP by differentiating between the BoLA-DRB3.2 genotypes. Due to the Co-dominant nature of the MHC alleles, HRM technique could be used for investigating the polymorphisms of genotypes and their associations with immune responses.
Understanding confidence of positioning measurements in collaborative outdoor environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article presents a study on the nodes positioning confidence in mobile collaborative scenarios. The confidence of nodes positioning is an indicator that allows providing appropriate services and information to mobile users. In mobile ad-hoc networks, nodes with positioning capabilities could share their position with their neighbors in order to allow these latter to determine their own location collaboratively and increasing their positioning confidence. We study the fluctuation of this confidence in mobile scenarios populated by nodes with and without positioning capabilities. We analyze the effect of changing the maximum communication range of the nodes, the amount of nodes with positioning capabilities present in the environment. We also studied the impact that produces the degree of nodes mobility. The findings of this study are presented and discussed.
Double relaxation oscillation superconducting quantum interference devices with gradiometric layout

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Double relaxation oscillation superconducting quantum interference devices (DROSs) with a gradiometric signal SQUID and either a reference SQUID or a reference junction will be presented in this article. The devices are user friendly, particularly those with a reference junction. Because of the large flux-to-voltage transfer of ∂V/∂Φ=0.7–1 mV/Φ0, the devices can be operated in a flux locked loop based on direct voltage readout without loss of sensitivity. The typical white flux noise of the DROSs amounts to √SΦ=5–6μΦ0/√Hz, which corresponds to an energy resolution ε=SΦ/2Lsq≃200 h. Coupled to an external planar first-order gradiometer, a white magnetic field sensitivity of √SB&lt;2 fT/√Hz was measured inside a magnetically shielded room.
Cross amplification of microsatellite loci developed for Atractosteus spatula in Atractosteus tropicus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Due to recent population declines in tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus), a greater understanding of its population structure is needed. A key step in gaining this understanding is the development of microsatellite loci for use in this species. For this purpose, 33 microsatellite loci from alligator gar (A. spatula) were screened in 52 individuals from a population in Zanjón del Chino, El Salvador. Twenty-five of these loci successfully amplified in this species, and 9 of those loci were polymorphic in this population. These loci should provide a useful tool for genotyping A. tropicus, both in studying existing wild populations and in monitoring genetic diversity inaquaculture.
Indium-Mediated One-Pot Synthesisof New 4-Allyl-2-amino-4H-chromenes in Water

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A one-pot synthesis of new 4-allyl-2-amino-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles was achieved in good yields by indium-mediated three-component reaction of salicylaldehyde and malononitrile with different allyl bromides in water.
Complex Refractive Index and a Two-Band Model in the Theory of Hypochromism

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A calculation of the complex refractive index of an arbitrary thermally agitated fluid is adumbrated. The theory starts from a 3-space Dyson-type equation comparable with a 4-space equation recently discussed in the literature in the context of the hypochromism of biological materials. It is shown that the refractive index contains a local field “self-energy” term which involves multiple-scattering processes of all orders. Poor convergence close to resonance means that the high-order multiple-scattering processes are important there. It is shown that the complexity of such processes does not necessarily prevent the proof of a sum rule for oscillator strengths. It is shown also that in the one case of a system of rigid macromolecules at infinite dilution the multiple-scattering terms can even be explicitly summed to a single-scattering expression. The implications of this particular expression in the theory of hypochromism (in which it must necessarily have restricted validity) are contrasted with those consequent on the more general multiple-scattering theory; but here, because of complexity, only the first-order (single-scattering) contributions to the general theory can be considered in detail. The contrast is explicitly exhibited in terms of a two-band model. Although qualitative generalizations to an arbitrary number of bands are then easy, the choice of only two bands means that closed-form (non-perturbative) analytical expressions for band shifts, changes of oscillator strength, and other features of their interaction can be given. It is shown that a one-band model considered previously is valid for small enough shifts or large enough band spacings, that a collective mechanism is possible in principle but scarcely compatible with the small shift and large hypochromism observed in DNA, that the band-shifting term and therefore the band shifts can be considerably reduced or even eliminated in the single-scattering model, and that this last contrasts strongly with the consequences of the rigid macromolecule (rodlike) model. It is argued that the single-scattering model can exhibit features of the more correct multiple-scattering theory which are eliminated in the rigid macromolecular model. The reduction of the shifting term may therefore be a significant feature of the small shift exhibited by the 2600-Å band in DNA.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE ECONOMY OF KYIV

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

У статті досліджено питання ефективності залучення інвестицій в економіку України, зокрема, в економіку Києва. За проведеним аналізом динаміки прямих іноземних інвестицій в економіку України, та, зокрема, Києва, зроблено наступні висновки. Динаміка надходження інвестицій в економіку України не є рівномірною. Обсяги іноземних інвестицій зростали із року у рік до 2014 р. включно. З 2015 р. почалось зниження обсягів прямих іноземних інвестицій. У 2015 р. обсяг прямих іноземних інвестицій знизився на 28,58 % у порівнянні із 2014 р. У 2018 р. обсяг прямих іноземних інвестицій знизився на 15,84 % у порівнянні із 2015 р. і на 17, 21% у порівнянні із 2010 р. Це свідчить про зниження інвестиційної привабливості економіки України як об'єкта інвестування і про недовіру інвесторів. Обсяги прямих іноземних інвестицій в економіку міста Києва за досліджуваний період 2010—2018 рр. зросли на 3,91 %. Питома вага прямих іноземних інвестицій в економіку міста Києва склала у 2018 р. 50,63 % від загального обсягу іноземних інвестицій в економіку країни. Обсяги прямих іноземних інвестицій в економіку Києва за період 2010—2018 рр. зросли на 25,51 %. Це свідчить про зростання інвестиційної привабливості економіки Києва як об'єкта інвестування. Найбільш привабливим видом діяльності для залучення прямих іноземних інвестицій в економіку України є фінансова і страхова діяльність. За досліджуваний період обсяг капітальних інвестицій в економіку міста Києва зріс у 2,53 рази. Найбільший рівень зростання інвестицій спостерігався у підприємства сільського, лісового та рибного господарства (зростання у 19,3 рази), найменший рівень темпів зростання інвестицій був у підприємств будівництва. Найбільший обсяг капітальних інвестицій підприємств міста Києва здійснюється за рахунок власних коштів підприємств та організацій. Можна констатувати, що в економіці міста Києва існують резерви щодо збільшення обсягів інвестування, зростання кількості реалізованих інвестиційних проектів.
MicroRNA expression profiling during upland cotton gland forming age by microarray and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have important impacts on growth, development, flowering, metabolism and response to stress.Studies indicate that post-transcriptional processes are important for regulating gene expression during development.However, we still have very limited knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms associated with this process.In particular, the function of miRNAs during gland morphogenesis in cotton remains unknown.In this study, we used the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA Array (v11.0-therSpecies) and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) to identify additional microRNAs during gland morphogenesis of near-isogenic lines in upland cotton.The results showed that 30 miRNAs were differentially expressed: 24 up-regulated (miR156, miR157, miR166 and miR390 families) and six down-regulated (miR149, miR169, miR289, miR705, miR1224 and miR1227 families).Some microRNAs, such as ghb-miR169a_st and ghr-miR166b_st, were confirmed by qRT-PCR assays.There was no significant difference in miRNA levels between the microarray and qRT-PCR.Analysis of the transcript data for some miRNA target genes indicated that they play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of gland morphogenesis.In summary, our results showed that some known miRNAs were expressed in the gland of upland cotton, and most of them were of low abundance.This data may be useful in future studies associated with gland control involved in the terpenoid aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, genetic engineering and molecular breeding of cotton.
Turbine Performance Experiments for the Turbopump of a Liquid Rocket Engine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper highlights the performance of an impulse turbine which is a part of turbopump in a liquid rocket first stage engine. The turbopump, currently under development at Korea Aerospace Research Institute, has an impulse type turbine with 12 nozzles and a single rotor. The impulse turbine can archive high specific power with the low gas flow rates. The supersonic impulse turbine with a single rotor can make a simple structure. High-pressure gases are converted into the dynamic energy with flows through the 12 nozzles and drive the rotor to make the power for the pumps. The turbine test was performed in the high-pressured turbine test facility with air gas instead of burned gas. A hydraulic dynamometer was used to absorb the power from the turbine and control the rotational speed and torque. The test points were at several pressure ratios with 7 different rotational speeds. Results showed the efficiency was highest at the design pressure ratio. The efficiency was insensitive to the pressure ratio variation than the rotational speed. It was a typical characteristic in an impulse turbine.
Climate change as a risk to human security: a systematic literature review focusing on vulnerable countries of Africa - causes and adaptation strategies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The main purpose of this research is to systematically review the literature to understand how climate change influences stability and human security. The results identified from the bibliometric analysis allowed the identification of four dominant themes in the literature explaining the climate change and human security nexus: 1) food security related to agricultural systems; 2) water security associated with water scarcity and management; 3) humanitarian crises, emphasising conflict and climate migration; 4) adaptation and mitigation strategies. The results underline the ineffectiveness of current responses to climate change, suggesting the urgency of action to reduce its impact on communities most prone to the effects, particularly in fragile states in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study highlights some recommendations to policy and institutional leaders for a sustainable adaptation at the social, ecological, and economic dimensions. Additionally, this paper provides a theoretical contribution by explaining the nexus of climate change, human security, and conflict, proposing a new dimension for the concept of human security - ecological security.