jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparing Active Bed Materials in a Dual Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasifier: Olivine, Bauxite, Quartz-Sand, and Ilmenite

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Active bed materials are in this work investigated for in situ gas upgrading of biomass-derived gas. Previous research on in situ gas upgrading has focused on assessing gas quality, in terms of the concentrations of tar and permanent gases. Other aspects of fuel conversion, such as char conversion and the impact of oxygen transport on the final gas, are not as well documented in the literature on gasification. In this paper, the overall biomass conversion in a dual fluidized bed biomass gasifier is investigated in the presence of the catalytic material olivine and the alkali-binding material bauxite. The impact of these materials on fuel conversion is described as the combination of four effects, which are induced by the bed material: thermal, catalytic, ash-enhanced catalytic effect, and oxygen transport. Quartz-sand and ilmenite are here used as the reference materials for the thermal and the oxygen transport effects, respectively. Olivine and bauxite show activity toward tar species compared to quartz-sand. After 1 week of operation and exposure to biomass ash, the activities of olivine and bauxite toward tar species increase further, and the water gas shift reaction is catalyzed by both materials. Additionally, bauxite shows a stronger ability to increase char conversion than olivine. Under the conditions tested, olivine and bauxite have some degree of oxygen transport capacity, which is between those of quartz-sand and ilmenite. The oxygen transport effect is higher for bauxite than for olivine; nevertheless, the catalytic activities of the materials result in higher yields of H-2 than in a similar case with quartz-sand. The implications of the findings for the operation of dual fluidized bed gasifiers are discussed.
Cost-Effective Synthesis of Silicon Quantum Dots

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Silicon (Si) nanomaterials\nwith bright luminescence in the visible\nregion are promising materials for use as the next-generation light\nsource in displays, lighting, and biomedical imaging. A scalable and\ncost-effective method for the synthesis of Si quantum dots (SiQDs)\nis essential for research and development in the field of quantum\ndots. Herein, we show a facile and cost-effective method for controlling\nthe structure and properties of SiQDs, obtained using the pyrolysis\nof hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) polymer precursors synthesized using\nmethanol. The amount of methanol added to trichlorosilane prior to\nthe addition of water is a key factor that determines the structure\nand cross-linking density of the HSQ polymer used as the precursor.\nIn turn, these features control the SiQD size, crystallinity, and\nluminescence efficiency. Dodecyl-passivated SiQDs of size 3–4\nnm are obtained as a final product and show red photoluminescence\n(PL) at approximately 700–800 nm with the peak wavelength depending\non the size of SiQDs. The PL quantum yield ranged from 10 to 25% with\nthe highest value obtained for the smaller SiQDs with higher crystallinity.\nThe present study provides new insight into the SiQD synthesis procedure\nand the understanding of the reaction mechanism. Furthermore, it was\nfound that only methanol is the crucial reagent and the facile and\ncost-effective synthesis method can be controlled merely by changing\nthe amount of methanol.
Vitamin D: a negative acute phase reactant

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We evaluated the effect of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR), as provoked by elective orthopaedic surgery, on serum vitamin D [25-(OH)D]. Methods Serum 25-(OH)D, serum vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) and urinary VDBP were measured in 30 patients before and 48-hours after knee or hip arthroplasty. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured to assess the SIR. Results The mean (SD) CRP increased following surgery [5.0 (5.5) vs 116.0 (81.2) mg/L; P<0.0001] as did urine VDBP/Creatinine ratio [8 (9) vs 20 (25) pg/mmol; p=0.0004]. Serum 25-(OH)D [56.2 (30.3) vs 46.0 (27.6) nmol/L; p = 0.0006] and serum VDBP [334 (43) vs 298 (37) mg/L]; P<0.0001] decreased. Conclusions Serum 25-(OH)D is a negative acute phase reactant, which has implications for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Serum 25-(OH)D is an unreliable biomarker of vitamin D status after acute inflammatory insult. Hypovitaminosis D may be the consequence rather than cause of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Temperature Effect on Quenching of CH(A) by Alcohol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The quenching rate constants of CH(A2△) radical by alcohol molecules, such as C2H5OH, n -C3H7OH and n - C4H9OH, between 290K and 653K have been measured using laser photolysis of CHBr3 at 266nm to produce CH(A) radical and time - resolved fluorescence measurements. Under the simultaneous effects of multipole attractive potential and repulsive barrier, the temperature dependence is analyzed qualitatively based on a modified collision complex model.
To Each Their Own: Using Nonbinary Pronouns to Break Silence in the Legal Field

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The last decade has been monumental in the fight for transgender rights, including a growing recognition of transgender identity. This shift has also created space for those with nuanced gender identities—such as those who are nonbinary—to join the conversation. Individuals who identify as nonbinary do not identify as “male” or “female,” but rather as both, neither, or something altogether separate. Nonbinary people use often use alternative pronouns, such as “they/them/theirs,” to refer to themselves. While these pronouns are increasingly being accepted into the lexicon of American English, the legal field is far behind in its acceptance and use of nonbinary pronouns.Although the law has made great strides in recognizing nonbinary identity within the last five years, the legal field cannot support the progress of transgender rights until regularly utilizes nonbinary pronouns, such as “they/them/theirs,” in law school classrooms, legal academic writing, and legal practice. Furthermore, the legal field’s failure to recognize such pronouns is a form of oppressive silencing that serves to uphold a false gender binary while also delegitimizing nonbinary identity. Critical Race Theory provides a generalizable framework for better understanding this silencing so that transgender rights activists and scholars can effectively resist it. Specifically, the scholars behind Critical Race Theory had to break the oppressive silencing forced upon them by white academia in order for the ideas, theories, writing, and scholarship of legal scholars of color to be respected in legal academia. As such, transgender rights activists and scholars can benefit from studying and employing the tactics they used to challenge their silencing.
A tree-based approach for motif discovery and sequence classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Motivation: Pattern discovery algorithms are widely used for the analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Most algorithms have been designed to find overrepresented motifs in sparse datasets of long sequences, and ignore most positional information. We introduce an algorithm optimized to exploit spatial information in sparse-but-populous datasets. Results: Our algorithm Tree-based Weighted-Position Pattern Discovery and Classification (T-WPPDC) supports both unsupervised pattern discovery and supervised sequence classification. It identifies positionally enriched patterns using the Kullback–Leibler distance between foreground and background sequences at each position. This spatial information is used to discover positionally important patterns. T-WPPDC then uses a scoring function to discriminate different biological classes. We validated T-WPPDC on an important biological problem: prediction of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from flanking sequence. We evaluated 672 separate experiments on 120 datasets derived from multiple species. T-WPPDC outperformed other pattern discovery methods and was comparable to the supervised machine learning algorithms. The algorithm is computationally efficient and largely insensitive to dataset size. It allows arbitrary parameterization and is embarrassingly parallelizable. Conclusions: T-WPPDC is a minimally parameterized algorithm for both pattern discovery and sequence classification that directly incorporates positional information. We use it to confirm the predictability of SNPs from flanking sequence, and show that positional information is a key to this biological problem. Contacts: ruiyan@cs.toronto.edu; paul.boutros@oicr.on.ca; juris@ai.toronto.edu Availability: The algorithm, code and data are available at: http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~juris/data/TWPPDC Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sanksi Pidana terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi Dana Bantuan Sosial

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The amendment of Law Number 31 of 1999 to Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption is currently not in accordance with the development of lawsuits in the eyes of the public. Therefore, this research aims to analyse the legal arrangements for cases of corruption in social assistance funds and to examine the application of sanctions to perpetrators of corruption in social assistance funds. In this review, this research uses a normative type of research, using a statutory approach that investigates all legal aspects that arise. Primary law sources come from laws and regulations related to cases, while secondary law comes from legal books and journals that are correlated with issues in research. Data collection techniques by reading, recording, quoting, summarizing, and reviewing information and explanations collected from both legislation and literature. The results of the research reveal that in the legal guidelines Number 31 of 1999 amendments to Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption have not explicitly regulated violations of cases of corruption in social assistance funds, but perpetrators of violations of social assistance corruption can be sentenced to death on the grounds that the suspect of corruption in social assistance funds made a mistake by taking funds for social assistance for personal or group interests so as to fulfil the elements contained in Article 2 paragraph (2) of Law 31 of 1999 as amended by Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption.
Investigationn of soil permeability cofficient at location of Biđ-Bosut field irrigation ditch

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Koeficijent propusnosti je veoma važan parametar tla kod provođenja pouzdanih numerickih analiza u geotehnici i gospodarenju vodama. Propusnost tla može varirati i do deset redova velicine i može biti veoma tesko precizno ga izmjeriti. Koeficijent propusnosti može se odrediti terenskim i laboratorijskim pokusima, izravnim i neizravnim metodama. Terenske metode zahvacaju znatno veci volumen ispitivanog podrucja ali su zato znatno skuplje od laboratorijskih metoda. U radu se daje kriticki osvrt i uspoređuju rezultati određivanja koeficijenta propusnosti pomocu pet terenskih i laboratorijskih metoda. Prikazane su njihove prednosti i nedostaci i dane preporuke za buduca istraživanja.
Optimized tuber-lifting velocity model for cassava harvester design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The lack of optimized lifting velocity model for cassava tuber lifting results in the shortage of evidence of design of lifting velocity control system and large harvest loss during mechanized harvesting of cassava. First, an optimized velocity model of manually pulling tubers and a velocity model of mechanical lifting tubers were established using physical experiments. And then using the mechanical tuber-lifting velocity model, the mathematical models between coefficients of mechanical tuber-lifting velocity model and cassava harvesting quality were established based on numerical simulation and regression analysis. Moreover, the coefficients were optimized using optimization method and the mechanical optimal tuber-lifting velocity model was obtained. Finally, the optimization results and the mechanical optimal tuber-lifting velocity model were verified by simulation and physical experiment, respectively. The results show that the optimized manual pulling velocity model can be superimposed by a line and a sine curve or a concave downward parabola and a sine curve. The optimal coefficients’ combination of mechanical tuber-lifting velocity model is shown as follows: A = 0.056, B = 0.521, C = 0.048, D = 0.086, E = 38.506, and F = 1.165. The mechanical optimal tuber-lifting velocity model’s expression is simple and the model is reasonable. The mechanical optimal tuber-lifting velocity model, which is established using physical experiments, simulation method, and optimization technique, has great significance for designing lifting velocity control system.
Nebraska winter wheat unexpected flowering in Egypt: New improvement opportunities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The University of Nebraska has bred some of the most winter hardy wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in the United States. With the advent of a new race of stem rust in Africa, the breeding program identified a testing site in northern Egypt, a Mediterranean environment, for seedling disease resistance screening. Quite surprisingly, the Nebraska winter wheat lines flowered when grown in northern Egypt, indicating the lines were vernalized. To confirm this result, a panel of 112 Nebraska winter wheat genotypes and three commercially grown Egyptian spring wheat check cultivars were grown in three replicates in a randomized incomplete block design at two locations for 3 years (2016/2017–2018/2019) in Egypt. Seven traits were measured on all genotypes (the number of days to flowering; total chlorophyll content; plant height; leaf, stem, and stripe rust reaction; and grain yield). The winter wheat genotypes flowered and several of them were not significantly different in grain yield from the spring cultivars. A multi‐trait stability index identified 22 genotypes (20% selection intensity, the local checks, and 19 lines from the United States) for good performance. This study provides novel evidence that winter wheat can flower in northern Egypt, can be used for adult plant resistance screening, and provide a grain yield comparable to the commercially grown spring wheat cultivars. Our findings are expected to facilitate future efforts to hybridize winter‐by‐spring lines to develop new genotypes with unique combinations of genes to improve grain yield production, adaptation, disease resistance, and climate resiliency.
induces -cell differentiation through prolonged activation of -cells in

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Insulin from islet -cells maintains glucose homeostasis by stimulat-ing peripheral tissues to remove glucose from circulation. Persistent elevation of insulin demand increases -cell number through self-replication or differentiation (neogenesis) as part of a compensatory response. However, it is not well understood how a persistent increase in insulin demand is detected. We have previously demonstrated that a persistent increase in insulin demand by overnutrition induces compensatory -cell differentiation in zebrafish. Here, we use a series of pharmacological and genetic analyses to show that prolonged stimulation of existing -cells is necessary and sufficient for this compensatory response. In the absence of feeding, tonic, but not intermittent, pharmacological activation of -cell secretion was suf-ficient to induce -cell differentiation. Conversely, drugs that block -cell secretion, including an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) chan-nel agonist and an L-type Ca2 channel blocker, suppressed overnu-
Pilot trial assessing the feasibility of intra-ductal delivery of epirubicin (epi)-containing nanoparticles (NP) via InDuct@ Breast Microcatheter (IDBM)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

828 Background: Over 95% of breast cancers (BC) originate in the epithelial cells lining the breast duct. We piloted the use of the IDBM as a targeted drug delivery tool to infuse epi-containing NP into the breast duct. Methods: Epi, a naturally fluorescent anthracycline, was encapsulated into biodegradable NP (diameter < 1μ), which could then be suspended in saline for injection. Informed consent was obtained from women with planned mastectomies. In the operating room, the mastectomy was performed and the tumor specimen was removed for pathologic assessment. Via the IDBM, 3–5 ml of NP (200 mg/ml suspended in saline), containing 6% epi, were injected into a breast duct that had been previously marked with vital blue dye. The duct was dissected, frozen intact, and subsequently “step-sectioned”. Sections were examined by fluorescent microscopy to assess presence of intact NP within the ductal lumen. “Success” was defined as the presence of intact NP within the lumen of the distal one-third of the dissected duct. Results: Nineteen women signed informed consent prior to their mastectomies. Thirteen duct dissections were frozen and examined. Of these 13, intact NP were seen in the terminal lobules in 8 specimens. Of the remaining 5 specimens, the duct wall had been perforated (1) and the NP clumped in the syringe (1). No explanations were provided for the remaining 3 NP-free specimens. In 6 patients, the cannulations were unsuccessful because of history of prior areolar surgery (2); history of prior breast irradiation (1); specimen inadvertently fixed in formalin (1); schedule mishap (1); and no reason provided (1). Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated that it is feasible to use the IDBM to cannulate the breast ducts and infuse a substance throughout a specific ductal network, all the way to the terminal lobules. In vivo Phase I trials using this technique are being planned. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Biogel Technology, Inc. Cytyc Corp.
Time, Cruelty and Destruction in Deconstructivist Fashion: Kawakubo, Margiela and Vetements

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is generally agreed that deconstruction in fashion was ushered in by the first major collections of Rei Kawakubo (Comme des Garçons) in the early 1980s. Kawakubo, together with Vivienne Westwood and Martin Margiela revolutionised fashion by turning their back on finery and preciousness in favour of a fundamentally aberrant sartorial language that suggested impoverishment, discontinuity and discord. However, these three designers came to this aesthetic in differing ways and intentions. As we argue in detail in Critical Fashion Practice (2017) Kawakubo’s (and Martin Margiela’s) approach can be strongly aligned to the philosophies of deconstruction as advanced by Jacques Derrida, and more specifically to deconstructivism which is the more structural and practical application of deconstructionist principles when applied to architecture. Kawakubo’s deconstructivist approach destabilises binaries of inside-outside, body-clothing, old-new, worn and discarded, and so on. Kawakubo’s ground-breaking designs went on to influence Margiela who would revolt against the holy scriptures of couture by experimenting with silhouettes, reversing linings and hems inside out and experimenting with oversized proportions. Just as Derridean approaches to philosophy, literature and cultural theory influenced feminist and postcolonial scholars, so too has Kawakubo and Margiela influenced several generations of designers and such as Demna Gvasalia of Vetements, who have not only followed Margiela’s example but continues to expand the notion of what clothing, fashion and dress means, functions and signifies in the Anthropocene age.
Development of resource treatment technology for fracturing backflow fluids of tight sandstone

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fracturing is an important means to realize the development value of tight sandstone unconventional reservoirs, which consumes serious water resources and generates high viscosity of backflow fluid with petroleum and suspended matter pollutants. Therefore, it is of great significance to recycle fracturing fluid from tight sandstone with low-carbon and environmental protection. In this study, the fracturing fluid of tight sandstone in a block of a certain oilfield was collected as the research object, and a comprehensive water quality analysis was carried out. The combined process technology for resource treatment of fracturing flowback fluid in tight sandstone were formed by studying on the influence factors of oxidation gel breaking, flocculation sedimentation, ion removal, filtration and process optimization. After treatment, the mass concentration of iron ion in fracturing flowback fluid was less than 5 mg/L, the mass concentration of suspended matter was less than 10 mg/L, and the mass concentration of oil was less than 5 mg/L, which could meet the water quality requirements of fluid distribution and reuse, and avoid the environmental pollution risk of flowback fluid effectively, while the consumption level of water resources in fracturing construction also was greatly reduced. This paper will have positive significance for the resource treatment technology and development of tight sandstone fracturing fluid.
An annotated translation and study of Chapters on Awakening to the Real (ca. 1061): attributed to Zhang Boduan (ca. 983-1081)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Wuzhen pian (Chapters on Awakening to the Real), composed by Zhang Boduan during the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127), is one of the most important texts describing the Taoist method of cultivation known as neidan (inner alchemy). Neidan texts, including the Wuzhen plan, contain a complex array of symbols which draws on sources such as waidan (outer alchemy), the Yijing (Book of Changes), and the wuxing (five phases) in addition to earlier Taoist texts. One of the most influential representations of neidan literature is found in volume five of Joseph Needham's monumental reference work, Science and Civilisation in China. It is held here that this representation, while rich in detail, is flawed in its portrayal of the neidan process of cultivation. Needham and his colleagues present neidan as a form of proto-science which is concerned almost exclusively with physiological processes. An argument is made for understanding the Wuzhen pian, which is taken as representative of neidan literature in general, as primarily a spiritual document detailing a process which leads to an experience of enlightenment and transcendence rather than as a chapter of early proto-chemistry in the story of the evolution of modern science. This argument is based on the author's annotated translation of the edition of the Wuzhen pian found in the Xiuzhen shishu (Ten Compilations on the Cultivation of Perfection). The annotation pays close attention to the various commentaries included in this edition of the text as well as the other editions found in the Daozang (Taoist Canon). The main argument and the translation are preceded by a discussion of Zhang Boduan's (ca. 983-1081) life which is based on the hagiographic materials found in the Daozang and several gazetteers. A summary of the various major influences on the text and an overview its structure has also been included.