jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
OC08.04: Fetal cardiac function in late IUGR versus SGA defined by estimated fetal weight, cerebro‐placental ratio and uterine artery Doppler

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among late-pregnancy small fetuses, a combination of estimated fetal weight (EFW), cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and uterine artery mean pulsatility index (UtA) discriminates the subgroup with poor perinatal outcome, defined as late-onset intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), from small-for-gestational age (SGA) fetuses with normal perinatal outcome. We assessed cardiac function in IUGR and SGA fetuses defined with these criteria. A cohort of late-onset 110 small fetuses delivering >34 weeks of gestation was subdivided into 30 SGA fetuses (EFW 3-9th centile with normal CPR andUtA) and 80 IUGR (EFW<3rd centile and/or CPR<5th centile and/or UtA>95th centile), and compared with a control group of 100 normally grown fetuses. Fetal cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and cord blood B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). IUGR fetuses had significantly decreased longitudinal annular motion by M-mode and tissue Doppler, and increased myocardial performance index and cord blood BNP levels. SGA showed significant differences or a non-significant trend in several measures (table 1). OC08.04: Table 1. Whereas defining “late-onset IUGR” based on EFW, CPR and UtA Doppler discriminates well poorer perinatal outcome, the so-defined “SGA” category is still associated with signs of cardiac dysfunction. This supports that at least part of these fetuses are not “constitutionally small”, so that further research is needed.
COVID‐19: Consider IL‐6 receptor antagonist for the therapy of cytokine storm syndrome in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract COVID‐19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients. To reduce the cytokine storm, we would like to propose the interleukin (IL) 6 receptor (IL‐6R) antagonist therapy for the COVID‐19 patients. Two humanized monoclonal antibodies are in clinical trial following IL‐6R antagonist therapies namely tocilizumab and sarilumab. However, researchers and physicians should look for more IL‐6R antagonists for the therapy of cytokine storm syndrome severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected persons to enhance the therapeutic options for cytokine storm.
16‐3: Distinguished Paper: Vergence‐Accommodation Conflict Increases Time to Focus in Augmented Reality

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Vergence‐Accommodation Conflicts (VAC) occur in neareye displays when the binocular disparity of the 3D rendered content (vergence) does not match the display focal distance (accommodation). VAC has been shown to reduce perceptual image quality, cognitive performance, and oculomotor coordination. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of VAC on visual performance in augmented reality (AR). Specifically, we quantified the impact of AR VAC on the ‘Time to Focus’ (TTF); when the user switches focus between real world content and worldlocked AR rendered content. Our results show that TTF increases exponentially with VAC. The increase is more pronounced at closer vergence distances in displays with focal distance of 1 D or longer. Finally, we showed that VAC may have a differential effect across age groups; specifically, older users may be affected more in closer focal and longer vergence distances 186‐189.
The Epistemology of the Near Miss and Its Potential Contribution in the Prevention and Treatment of Problem-Gambling

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The near-miss has been considered an important factor of reinforcement in gambling behavior, and previous research has focused more on its industry-related causes and effects and less on the gaming phenomenon itself. The near-miss has usually been associated with the games of slots and scratch cards, due to the special characteristics of these games, which include the possibility of pre-manipulation of award symbols in order to increase the frequency of these “engineered” near-misses. In this paper, we argue that starting from an elementary mathematical description of the classical (by pure chance) near-miss, generalizable to any game, and focusing equally on the epistemology of its constitutive concepts and their mathematical description, we can identify more precisely the fallacious elements of the near-miss cognitive effects and the inadequate perception and representation of the observational-intentional “I was that close.” This approach further suggests a strategy of using non-standard mathematical knowledge of an epistemological type in problem-gambling prevention and cognitive therapies.
Implementing Clinical Governance in a Private Wellness Service

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Context: Clinical governance describes a systematic approach to ensuring the quality and safety of healthcare which has become accepted as one of the foundations of effective healthcare. This project describes the implementation of a clinical governance system in a private healthcare setting over a nine month period, in which lack of clinical governance and oversight had been identified as a significant risk. Aim: The aim of the project was to design and implement an effective, sustainable clinical governance system to ensure the safety and quality of care delivered in a private health screening service. Methods: The key principles and components of clinical governance, and evidence guiding effective implementation, were established through review of the literature. The HSE change model was used as the organisational development framework for the change process, including strategic analysis, stakeholder management, communication, planning and implementation. Evaluation: The project was evaluated against seven objectives using service data, clinical audit and a stakeholder survey to measure project implementation and project outcomes. Outcome evaluation was limited by the timescale of the project. Results: 71% of the objectives were fully achieved and 29% partly achieved. A causal link was established between the implementation approach and process change, and between process change and improved outcomes. Before-after evaluation of service data combined with clinical audit confirmed that clinical governance structures and processes were implemented and working as intended. Stakeholders perceived the change as positively affecting service safety, and the system design was seen as being fit for purpose without imposing an excessive workload. The leadership and change management approach were seen as effective, and there was evidence supporting the sustainability of the system. Conclusions: Use of the HSE change model, with a combined top-down and bottom-up approach, in the context of a model of engaging leadership and the development of distributed leadership, provides an effective approach to clinical governance implementation and healthcare innovation. Culture was an important enabler, while resourcing and information technology support emerged as important barriers.
Endotoxin-induced early acute lung injury in rabbits and the protective effects of chloroquine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To study the pathophysiology process of endotoxin-induced early acute lung injury(ALI) in rabbits, and to research the protective effects of chloroquine on it. Methods:Rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups: control group, ET group, and ET+chloroquine group. ALI was induced by intravascular injection of ET (500μg/kg). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO_ 2 ), phospholipase A_ 2 (PLA_ 2 )activities both in serum and lung tissue, lipid peroxide(LPO)contents and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in lung tissue were measured in our experiment. Electron microscope and light microscope were used to observe the pathological injuries in pulmonary tissue. Results:Compared with control group, rabbits treated with ET displayed PaO_ 2 decrease, leukocyte sequestration in lung tissue, PLA_ 2 activity increase both in serum and pulmonary tissues, the increase of pulmonary LPO contents (P0.05) and the decrease of SOD activities (P0.05). Typical pulmonary histopathological injuries were presented in ET group. In chloroquine group, PaO_ 2 showed no decrease, PLA_ 2 activities both in serum and pulmonary tissue and LPO contents were lower than ET group (P0.05), and SOD activities were higher than those of ET group (P0.05). The pulmonary histopathological injuries of chloroquine group showed slightly. Conclusion:Intravascular injection of ET can be used to induce early ALI in rabbits, and PLA_ 2 activation and oxidative injury played important roles in the pathophysiology process of early ALI.Chloroquine can inhibit PLA_ 2 activation and oxidative injury, which can alleviate the degree of ET-induced early ALI in rabbits to some extent.
Bibliography

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anti-computing explores forgotten histories and contemporary forms of dissent – moments when the imposition of computational technologies, logics, techniques, imaginaries, utopias have been questioned, disputed, or refused. It also asks why these moments tend to be forgotten. What is it about computational capitalism that means we live so much in the present? What has this to do with computational logics and practices themselves?This book addresses these issues through a critical engagement with media archaeology and medium theory and by way of a series of original studies; exploring Hannah Arendt and early automation anxiety, witnessing and the database, Two Cultures from the inside out, bot fear, singularity and/as science fiction. Finally, it returns to remap long-standing concerns against new forms of dissent, hostility, and automation anxiety, producing a distant reading of contemporary hostility.At once an acute response to urgent concerns around toxic digital cultures, an accounting with media archaeology as a mode of medium theory, and a series of original and methodologically fluid case studies, this book crosses an interdisciplinary research field including cultural studies, media studies, medium studies, critical theory, literary and science fiction studies, media archaeology, medium theory, cultural history, technology history.
Skin cancer: non-melanoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in fair-skinned populations. In Australia, NMSC is four times as common as all other cancers combined, with an incidence of ~1000 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence of NMSC has been gradually rising among Caucasian/white populations over the last few decades. The vast majority of NMSCs are basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), which rarely metastasize, or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which do have metastatic potential, especially in immune-suppressed individuals. Because of their high frequency in the general population, and particularly in older people, NMSCs are likely to occur in many general oncology patients. Skin cancer risk can be additionally increased in oncology patients as a result of disease-induced immune suppression (e.g., non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) or by a range of cancer treatments including iatrogenic immune suppression, radiation therapy arsenic, and BRAF inhibitors (if not given with a MEK inhibitor). In this chapter the aetiology, pathology, prognosis, and management of NMSCs are discussed.
Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells’ Osteo-Differentiation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper examines the surface functionalization of a new type of Ti-graphite composite, a dental biomaterial prepared by vacuum low-temperature extrusion of hydrogenated-dehydrogenated titanium powder mixed with graphite flakes. Two experimental surfaces were prepared by laser micromachining applying different levels of incident energy of the fiber nanosecond laser working at 1064 nm wavelength. The surface integrity of the machined surfaces was evaluated, including surface roughness parameters measurement by contact profilometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The chemical and phase composition were comprehensively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Finally, the in vitro tests using human mesenchymal stem cells were conducted to compare the influence of the laser processing parameters used on the cell’s cultivation and osteo-differentiation. The bioactivity results confirmed that the surface profile with positive kurtosis, platykurtic distribution curve and higher value of peaks spacing exhibited better bioactivity compared to the surface profile with negative kurtosis coefficient, leptokurtic distribution curve and lower peaks spacing.
Adrenal Cysts: Considerations and Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After reviewing literature regarding adrenal cysts, which are uncommon, often found accidentally and difficult to diagnose not least because of aspecific symptoms, the Authors report a case of giant right adrenal cysts which caused contra lateral displacement and morpho-functionally seriously compromised the right kidney. Treatment was successful by median laparotomic approach. Recent clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical knowledge about endothelial type cysts and hemorrhagic pseudocysts help define the nosographic picture. Certain etiopathogenetic aspects are underlined, which lead back to a common vascular origin.
The multiplate antenna

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The multiplate technique is a method of antenna design that is intended to allow the economical construction of very large antennas. The aperture area is divided into a large number of reflectors that can be adjusted in orientation and height. These plates are positioned so that energy from a desired direction is redirected to be added at the focus. In this paper an analysis of the effects caused by the interstices in a multiple plate antenna is presented. The loss due to gaps and shadowing, the variation in effective receiving cross section, and the radiation pattern are determined. The bandwidth properties of this type of antenna are analyzed, and methods for reducing the effect of frequency dispersion on the pattern are presented. A short discussion of the components of a 2500-ft multiplate antenna is included.
Development of a Q-switched diode-pumped solid-state laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The objective of this researchis-to develop a compact and economical Q-switched diode-pumped Nd:YV04 laser using GaAs as the saturable absorber. Having discovered that the GaAs could also be used as an output coupler, an innovative design is proposed for the research. Accordingly, instead of using the GaAs as a saturable absorber only, it is also used both as a saturable absorber and output coupler.
Blue-Light-Activated Water-Soluble Sn(IV)-Porphyrins for Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a global threat to the treatment of infectious diseases. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative approach and is highly suitable for the treatment of cutaneous bacterial infections through topical applications. aPDT relies on light-responsive compounds called photosensitizer (PS) dyes, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when induced by light, thereby killing bacterial cells. Despite several previous studies in this area, the molecular details of targeting and cell death mediated by PS dyes are poorly understood. In this study, we further investigate the antibacterial properties of two water-soluble Sn(IV) tetrapyridylporphyrins that were quaternized with methyl and hexyl groups (1 and 2). In this follow-up study, we demonstrate that Sn(IV)-porphyrins can be photoexcited by blue light (a 427 nm LED) and exhibit various levels of bactericidal activity against both Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) strains of bacteria. Using localization studies through fluorescence microscopy, we show that 2 targets the bacterial membrane more effectively than 1 and exhibits comparatively higher aPDT activity. Using multiple fluorescence reporters, we demonstrate that photoactivation of 1 and 2 results in extensive collateral damage to the bacterial cells including DNA cleavage, membrane damage, and delocalization of central systems necessary for bacterial growth and division. In summary, this investigation provides deep insights into the mechanism of bacterial killing mediated by the Sn(IV)-porphyrins. Moreover, our approach offers a new method for evaluating the activity of PS, which may inspire the discovery of new PS with enhanced aPDT activity.
Coach Development and Education for the Masters Coach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on psychosocial content for coach development and education within the Masters context. It specifically explores the importance of educating coaches with regards to working with Masters Athletes (MAs), as well as the ways Masters coaches can engage in professional development (PD) to improve their practice. To equip coaches to optimize their learning across PD settings, instructional strategies (face-to-face and online) used in bespoke coach education programming for coaches of MAs are examined.
Hirst and Thompson’s ‘Global myths and national policies’: a reply JON AT HAN PERR AT O N

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The emphasis of this chapter is upon social forces that respond to the patterns of behaviour associated with the phenomena of economic globalization. As a consequence, it seems preferable on balance to frame such activity by reference to 'global civil society' rather than to 'transnational civil society'. Even so the word 'society' is definitely problematic at this stage of global social and political evolution, due to absence of boundaries and weakness of social bonds transcending nation, race and gender. Such a difficulty exists whether the reference is to 'transnational civil society' or to 'global civil society'. But the transnational referent tends to root the identity of the actors in the subsoil of national consciousness to an extent that neglects the degree to which the orientation is not primarily one of crossing borders, but of inhabiting and constructing a polity appropriate for the global village. Such a nascent global polity is already partly extant, yet remains mostly emergent. (For helpful discussion of these issues of conceptual framing, see Wapner 1996.)
Proliferation cell nuclear antigen (clone 19A2) correlates with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labelling in human colonic epithelium.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Measurements of cell proliferation can be used as biomarkers of preneoplastic change. In this study, two immunocytochemical methods that measure different components of the cell cycle were compared to assess cell proliferation on biopsy samples from human colonic mucosa. These methods are based on a monoclonal antibody against 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), which is confined to S phase cells, and a more broad assessment of proliferation based on an antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, clone 19A2). In the PCNA assay, only strongly immunostained nuclei were included. The proliferation index was assessed in colonic mucosa from patients with no colonic disorders. Correlation between individual total proliferation indices determined by either method was significant with rs = 0.6 (p < 0.05). The mean proliferation index in the study group was 7.79% using BrdU and 7.64% using PCNA immunocytochemistry. Distribution of labelled cells within crypts was similar with respect to the two methods with a peak at the 18th and the 24th percentile in the case of BrdU and at the 23rd percentile for PCNA. Variance component analysis showed that at least two biopsy specimens should be evaluated per subject to allow a precise individual characterisation. It is concluded that PCNA (19A2) immunocytochemistry may be used as an operational marker of cell proliferation in normal colonic mucosa. A significant correlation and an agreement in the mean proliferation index between PCNA (19A2) and BrdU can only be achieved by a strictly standardised enumeration of labelled cells limited to strongly stained nuclei in the PCNA evaluation.
The Scattering of 9.6 MeV Protons by Mg

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Absolute differential cross sections are given for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 9.62 MeV protons by Mg for an angular range of 25°-145° (laboratory coordinates). For scattering by the 1.37 MeV level of 24Mg, the angular distribution is also given for an incident energy of 8.86 MeV. A marked difference in angular distribution at the two energies is noted.
Oxygen free radicals as a mechanism of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis: Effects of probucol

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We investigated the effects of high cholesterol diet in the presence and absence of probucol on the genesis of atherosclerosis, the blood lipid profile, aortic tissue lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), and aortic tissue chemiluminescence (CL) a marker for antioxidant reserve in rabbits. Five groups each of 10 rabbits were studied: group I, regular rabbit chow; group II, as I + cholesterol (0.5%); group III, as I + cholesterol (0.5%) and probucol (0.5 gm/kg/day); group IV, as I + cholesterol (1%), and group V, as I + cholesterol (1%) and probucol (0.5 gm/kg/day). Blood concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) were measured at monthly intervals for 4 months. The aorta was removed at the end of the protocol for assessment of atherosclerotic changes (gross and microscopic), MDA concentration and CL. TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio increased in all the groups except group I, while VLDL-C increased in group II only. HDL-C decreased in groups III, IV and V but remained unchanged in groups I and II. There was a decrease in HDL-C and VLDL-C components and an increase in LDL-C components of total cholesterol in all the groups II, III, IV and V, the changes being greater in group IV than in group II. Probucol did not appreciably affect the changes in lipid profile except that it decreased HDL-C significantly. Aortic tissue MDA increased in groups II, IV and V to a similar extent. Aortic CL which was measured only in groups I, IV and V increased to similar extent in the latter two groups. Atherosclerotic changes were greater in group II than in group III but similar to that in groups IV and V. Histological changes were practically similar in groups II, III, IV and V. The increased levels of aortic MDA and CL, which were associated with development of atherosclerosis, suggest a role for oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Protection afforded by probucol was associated with a decrease in aortic MDA in spite of hypercholesterolemia. Ineffectiveness of probucol in 1% cholesterolfed rabbits was associated with its inability to reduce MDA and increase antioxidant reserve. These findings further support for the hypothesis that oxygen free radicals are involved in the genesis and maintenance of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis.