jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Resistance to antimitotic drugs in Chinese hamster ovary cells correlates with changes in the level of polymerized tubulin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A sensitive and reproducible method to measure relative levels of polymerized and soluble tubulin in cells has been developed. This method involves metabolically labeling cells with radioactive amino acids followed by lysis in a microtubule-stabilizing buffer, centrifugation to separate soluble from polymerized tubulin, resolution of the proteins in each fraction by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and quantitation of the tubulin by liquid scintillation counting of spots excised from the gel. Several buffers were evaluated for their reproducibility and efficacy in preserving the state of in vivo microtubule assembly at the time of cell lysis, and the ability of the technique to measure drug-induced changes in tubulin polymerization was determined. Results using this method indicate that Chinese hamster ovary cells maintain approximately 40% of the cellular tubulin in an assembled form. Dose-dependent decreases in tubulin polymerization could be measured in Colcemid-treated cells, while dose-dependent increases in assembly were measured in taxol-treated cells. The results with taxol indicate that, following the increase in microtubule polymerization, there is a time-dependent bundling of microtubules that occurs without further increases in the extent of tubulin assembly. Examination of drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells reveals that Colcemid-resistant mutants maintain more tubulin in the polymerized state (approximately 50%), while taxol-resistant mutants maintain less assembled tubulin (about 28%). Similar changes occur regardless of whether the mutant cells have an alteration in alpha- or in beta-tubulin. A model to explain these results is discussed.
Implementation and Evaluation of an Algorithm for Isolation of Patients With Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: To implement and evaluate an algorithm designed to assist in the consistent placement of patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis into negative-pressure isolation rooms (NPIRs). Design: A standard algorithm was designed for the appropriate room placement of patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis using clinical, radiographic, and laboratory criteria and reported risk factors. A case-patient was defined as an inpatient who had at least one Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive respiratory specimen from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1994. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, case contact, and isolation and room placement data were collected prospectively on all case-patients. Setting: A 900-bed university teaching and referral center. Results: During 1993 and 1994, 69 patients were evaluated for possible pulmonary tuberculosis, and 31 case-patients were identified. Of the 31 case-patients, 26 (84%) were placed on respiratory isolation in NPIRs, including 19 (61%) who were isolated within 24 hours of admission (1993, 14 of 20 [70%]; 1994, 5 of 11 [45%]). Seven case-patients (23%) were isolated in NPIRs following delays that ranged from 2 to 31 days (median, 9 days), and five case-patients (16%) never were isolated during admissions of from 3 to 28 days (median, 4 days). These 12 case-patients contributed a total of 136 patient-exposure days during their hospitalizations. Misclassification of patient risk status by user error delayed isolation of five (42%) of the 12 improperly isolated case-patients. Conclusions: The use of an algorithm incorporating radiographic, laboratory, and clinical criteria and reported risk factors may assist in the rapid isolation of patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.
[Flight problems in Soviet aviation medicine in the 1920s and 1930s].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper describes multifaceted investigations of the flying work by Soviet aviation medicine in the 1920-30s. It examines the early stages of the professional activity that is at present termed ergonomic foundations of the design, manufacture and use of the aircraft. The paper discusses one of the first formulations of the problem of standardization of the human factors.
Therapeutic targeting of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by silver nanoparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disorder associated with alterations in several pathways essential for survival and proliferation. Despite the advances obtained in CLL therapy with the new target agents, in some cases relapses and resistances could occur making necessary the finding of new alternatives to manage CLL refractoriness. To provide new therapeutic strategies for CLL, we investigated the anti-leukemic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), whose impact on CLL cells has been poorly explored. Methods We studied the action mechanisms of AgNPs in vitro by flow-cytometry and molecular analyses. To improve bioavailability of AgNPs, we generated AgNPs coated with the anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab (AgNPs@Rituximab) and carried out imaging-based approaches and in vivo experiments to evaluate specificity, drug uptake and efficacy. Results AgNPs reduced viability of CLL primary cells and HG-3 cell line by activating intrinsic apoptotic pathway characterized by Bax/Bcl-2 unbalance, caspase activation and PARP degradation. Early apoptotic events triggered by AgNPs included enhanced Ca 2+ influx and ROS overproduction. AgNPs synergistically potentiated the cytotoxicity of Venetoclax, Ibrutinib and Bepridil. In vitro , AgNPs@Rituximab conjugates were rapidly internalized within CLL cells and in vivo , they strongly prolonged survival of CLL xenograft models compared to each unconjugated single agent. Conclusions AgNPs showed a strong anti-leukemic activity in CLL with the potential to clinical translation in combination with agents used in CLL. The increased specificity of AgNPs@Rituximab toward CLL cells could be relevant for overcoming in vivo AgNPs non-specific distribution and for increasing their efficacy.
Abortion in Vietnam: Measurements, Puzzles, and Concerns

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This report summarizes current knowledge about abortion in Vietnam, drawing upon government statistics, survey data, and fieldwork undertaken by the author in Vietnam throughout 1993 and part of 1994. The official total abortion rate in Vietnam in 1992 was about 2.5 per woman, the highest in Asia and worrisome for a country with a still-high total fertility rate of 3.7 children per woman. Vietnamese provinces exhibited substantial variation in both the rate of abortion and the type of procedures performed. Among the hypotheses explored to explain Vietnam's high rate of abortion are the borrowing of family planning strategies from other poor socialist states where abortion is common; current antinatal population policies that interact with a lack of contraceptive alternatives; and a rise in pregnancies among young and unmarried women in the wake of recent free-market reforms. Because family-size preferences are still declining, abortion rates may continue to increase unless the incidence of unwanted pregnancy can be reduced, a goal that Vietnamese population specialists are seeking to achieve.
VARIANTS OF ASSOCIATIONS KLINIKO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND CYTOKINES AT CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER OF VIRAL ETIOLOGY AT OF THE VARIOUS LEVELS OF PORTAL PRESSURE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Аim. For the early diagnosis of complications in liver cirrhosis, the degree of interrelation between clinical and biochemical blood indices and cytokines was studied. Materials and methods. In 107 patients with cirrhosis of viral etiology of classes A, B, C on the Child–Pugh has been studied indexes of clinical and laboratory syndromes were determined for liver cirrhosis cases of Class A, B, C according to Chad–Pugh and the degree of their interrelation with IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-a was determined. Results. Correlation is found between erythrocytes and IL-2, IL-6 in liver cases of class A, erythrocytes and IL-2, IL-6 in liver cases of class C. Correlation is found between leukocytes and IL-6 in liver cases of class A, between leukocytes and IL-6 in liver cases of class C, between leukocytes and TNF-a in liver cases of class C. Correlation is found between thrombocytes and TNF-a in liver cases of class A. Correlation is found between prothrombinand IL-2 in liver cases of class A, between prothrombin and IL-2 in liver cases of class C, between prothrombin and IL-6, PTT, between IL-2 andfibrinase, SMFC in liver cases of class A. Conclusion. The correlation of blood indexes and the level of cytokines was found to be dependent on a series of factors.
A lesson in interagency cooperation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

THE Extension Service (ES) was charged with coordination of educational and informational programs for the conservation provisions in the Food Security Act of 1985. The Extension Service was encouraged to coordinate such programs with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) agencies involved in the implementation of the provisions. These were the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS), Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), and Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC).

Immediate, national-level briefing sessions were held on the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). ASCS, SCS, and ES personnel then educated state-level agency personnel, representatives from the Cooperative Extension Services (CES), and state agency officials.

Agency briefings on the major component of the highly erodible land subtitle—conservation compliance—were less direct. Much of the education of state-level agency personnel and CES personnel was handled by correspondence. Moreover, the rule-making process for conservation compliance was protracted, delaying for some time the development of comprehensive educational programs.

A formal agreement

SCS and ES developed …
Investigation of Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Nonfermantative Gram Negatif Bacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Aminoglycosides are used in gram-negative bacterial infection and are frequently used against Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative bacteria. Recently, increased resistance to aminoglycosides has been observed. In this study, we aimed to see aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriacea and nonfermentative bacteria and the effectiveness of aminoglycosides in carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriacea isolates. METHODS: Aminoglycoside resistance rates of 4076 Enterobacteriaceae and 1252 nonfermentative bacteria isolated from various clinical samples sent to microbiology laboratory between November 2015 and September 2016 were investigated. The identification of bacteria was made at the species level with the Vitek MS automated system. RESULTS: The total resistance rate in enterobacteriaceae isolates was found to be 2.72% for amikacin and 17.44% for gentamicin. In Enterobacteriaceae group, resistance to 1.13% gentamicin was found against Escherichia coli (E.coli) (56%) and 16.08% against amikacin. For Klebsiella (25.7%) isolates, amikacin was 5.91% and gentamic was 26.04%. Among nonfermentatives, amicacin was determined as 46%, gentamicin 76%, netilmicin 55% and tobramycin 40.8% in Acinetobacter species. In Pseudomonas strains, amikacin was 4.97%, gentamicin was 14.3%, netilmicin was 27.3%, and tobramycin resistance rate was 7.74%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Amikacin was found to be more sensitive than gentamicin in Enterobacteriaceae isolates. In nonfermantative bacteria, it was found that the most sensitive aminoglycoside in the Acinetobacter isolates was tobramycin, and the most sensitive aminoglycoside in the Pseudomonas isolates was amikacin. In carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains, amikacin was found to be more sensitive than gentamicin.
SirR, a Novel Iron-Dependent Repressor in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus , a number of cell wall- and cytoplasmic membrane-associated lipoproteins are induced in response to iron starvation. To gain insights into the molecular basis of iron-dependent gene regulation in the staphylococci, we sequenced the DNA upstream of the 3-kb S. epidermidis sitABC operon, which Northern blot analysis indicates is transcriptionally regulated by the growth medium iron content. We identified two DNA sequences which are homologous to elements of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae DtxR regulon, which controls, in response to iron stress, for example, production of diphtheria toxin, siderophore, and a heme oxygenase. Upstream of the sitABC operon and divergently transcribed lies a 645-bp open reading frame (ORF), which codes for a polypeptide of approximately 25 kDa with homology to the DtxR family of metal-dependent repressor proteins. This ORF has been designated SirR (staphylococcal iron regulator repressor). Within the sitABC promoter/operator region, we also located a region of dyad symmetry overlapping the transcriptional start of sitABC which shows high homology to the DtxR operator consensus sequence, suggesting that this region, termed the Sir box, is the SirR-binding site. The SirR protein was overexpressed, purified, and used in DNA mobility shift assays; SirR retarded the migration of a synthetic oligonucleotide based on the Sir box in a metal (Fe 2+ or Mn 2+ )-dependent manner, providing confirmatory evidence that this motif is the SirR-binding site. Furthermore, Southern blot analysis of staphylococcal chromosomal DNA with the synthetic Sir box as a probe confirmed that there are at least five Sir boxes in the S. epidermidis genome and at least three in the genome of S. aureus , suggesting that SirR controls the expression of multiple target genes. Using a monospecific polyclonal antibody raised against SirR to probe Western blots of whole-cell lysates of S. aureus , S. carnosus , S. epidermidis , S. hominis , S. cohnii , S. lugdunensis , and S. haemolyticus , we identified an approximately 25-kDa cross-reactive protein in each of the staphylococcal species examined. Taken together, these data suggest that SirR functions as a divalent metal cation-dependent transcriptional repressor which is widespread among the staphylococci.
Random Feature Subset Selection for Analysis of Data with Missing Features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We discuss an ensemble-of-classifiers based algorithm for the missing feature problem. The proposed approach is inspired in part by the random subspace method, and in part by the incremental learning algorithm, Learn ++ . The premise is to generate an adequately large number of classifiers, each trained on a different and random combination of features, drawn from an iteratively updated distribution. To classify an instance with missing features, only those classifiers whose training data did not include the currently missing feature are used. These classifiers are combined by using a majority voting combination rule to obtain the final classification of the given instance. We had previously presented preliminary results on a similar approach, which could handle up to 10% missing data. In this study, we expand our work to include different types of rules to update the distribution, and also examine the effect of the algorithm's primary free parameter (the number of features used to train the ensemble of classifiers) on the overall classification performance. We show that this algorithm can now accommodate up to 30% of features missing without a significant drop in performance.
LHD ICHVOLT #165701.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) heating system to launch fast waves (Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) waves) to heat plasma particles by wave-particle interaction. Raw data are forward and reflected power and voltage of transmission lines, 3.5 U/L and 4.5 U/L.
Industrial low grade heat: A useful underused energy source

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The process industry utilizes thermal energy on a massive scale and rejects a significant proportion into the environment as a low grade heat. The definition of low grade heat is fuzzy and is somewhat related to the temperature of the stream carrying such thermal energy. Estimates of low grade heat emissions are hard to compile accurately on a global scale but these are likely to be of the order of thousands of trillions of BTUs. In some cases, up to 50% of thermal energy consumed is eventually rejected as low grade heat. This waste is not only uneconomical but also environmentally damaging since it carries a carbon footprint. Modern process plants reduced a great deal of thermal energy losses through heat integration and energy recovery. However, due to process temperature requirements, a vast amount of thermal energy denoted as low grade heat is still rejected. The objectives of this work include evaluating the possibility of utilizing the low grade heat outside the process generating, in a useful manner that has both economic and environmental benefits. In the Middle East where the oil and gas industry rejects vast amounts of low grade heat, recovery and utilization for desalination is becoming a serious option. This work proposes utilization of low grade heat in membrane distillation for desalination and establishes a balance between capital and operating costs as well as carbon footprint reduction. The work is based on a couple of case studies involving well established processes, namely the vinyl chloride monomer and gas-to-liquids processes. The recovery of low grade heat will be coupled with seawater cooling thus providing a warm source of salty water feed to the membrane distillation system. The work indicated that quality potable water may be produced for the petrochemical plants and neighboring living quarters at a reasonable cost. This approach may reduce the demand for fresh water from desalination plants in major industrial complexes making these self-sufficient in fresh water. Benefits are both economic and environmental.
Conditions for CSR Microbunching Gain Suppression

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) of a high brightness electron beam traversing a series of dipoles, such as transport arcs, may result in phase space degradation. On one hand, the CSR can perturb electron transverse motion in dispersive regions along the beamline, causing emittance growth. On the other hand, the CSR effect on the longitudinal beam dynamics could result in microbunching gain enhancement. For transport arcs, several schemes have been proposed* to suppress the CSR-induced emittance growth. Similarly, several scenarios have been introduced** to suppress CSR-induced microbunching gain, which however mostly aim for linac-based machines. In this paper we try to provide sufficient conditions for suppression of CSR-induced microbunching gain along a transport arc, analogous to*. Several example lattices are presented, with the relevant microbunching analyses carried out by our semi-analytical Vlasov solver***. The simulation results show that lattices satisfying the proposed conditions indeed have microbunching gain suppressed. We expect this analysis can shed light on lattice design approach that could suppress the CSR-induced microbunching gain.
Multilevel Reed-Solomon coding in asymmetric digital subscriber lines

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The ADSL standard is based on using hard decision decoding of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. The standard states that as an option a four dimensional 16-state trellis code can be concatenated with an RS code. The resulting structure is rather complex mainly because of the associated complexity of the Viterbi decoder of the trellis code. An alternative to this complex structure is to improve the performance when only RS codes are used. We propose to use a multilevel RS coding structure in ADSL systems based on discrete multitone (DMT) technique. The multilevel RS coding is shown to provide 1 to 2 dB additional coding gain improvements over conventional RS coding.
Leaders' and Followers' Social Rank Styles Interact to Predict Group Performance

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the current study we extended the research of Zuroff, Fournier, Patall, and Leybman (2010) who found that individuals differ in their use of dominant leadership (DL), coalition building (CB), and ruthless self-advancement (RSA) when trying to secure rank among peers. In this study we examined whether the interaction of leaders' and followers' social rank styles, composed of these 3 dimensions, would influence group performance. Groups of 4 undergraduates were asked to write an article under the randomly assigned leadership of 1 group member. Hierarchical regression revealed that under leaders high in RSA, group performance was weaker when followers were high in RSA and stronger when followers were low in CB. However, under leaders high in CB, performance was stronger when followers where either high in CB or high in RSA.
Metafiction in the work of Tim O'Brien

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis explores Tim O'Brien's ideas on the definition of fiction, memory, imagination, the role they play in the creative process, and the functions that fiction has in the world at large. This will be explored through close examination of O'Brien's self-referential narrative technique. This thesis will answer three questions: using O'Brien's work as a single framework for discovery, whether a definition of fiction can be reached; whether an idea of what causes the impulse to tell stories be ascertained; and if the primary functions that stories serve be discovered. These questions will be explored through extensive close reading of O'Brien's self-referential texts and researching prior criticism, interviews, and reviews.
Acceptability of scab‐resistant versus conventional apple cultivars by Polish adult and young consumers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND: One of the problems in marketing fruit is to increase the share of fruits produced in sustainable agriculture to meet the expectation of ecology‐oriented consumers. Acceptability of such fruits by the consumers is of paramount importance. The objective of this study was to explore the acceptability of three scab‐resistant apple cultivars as compared with three popular conventional cultivars by Polish consumers of various age groups (adults, youngsters and children). Acceptability was tested on apples harvested in two consecutive years (2004 and 2005) after 2 months cold storage. Apple samples were chosen among 22 conventional and scab‐resistant cultivars for their distinctive differences in sensory profiles. Consumers evaluated separately the degree of external (appearance) and internal (flavour and texture) liking of an apple using a 9‐point hedonic scale (children used a 5‐point scale) and completed a questionnaire detailing socio‐demographic and apple‐concerning behavioural questions. RESULTS: The results based on internal liking data have shown that in all age groups, consumers were similarly segmented into three clusters: cluster 1, which liked all cultivars a great deal and equally; cluster 2, which preferred firm, juicy and rather acidic fruits; and cluster 3, which liked sweeter apples with intensive ripe apple flavour and moderate firmness. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that scab‐resistant cultivars with the above sensory characteristics might be accepted by quite a large segment of consumers, in each of the age groups tested. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry