jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulatory effects of turmeric: Proliferation of spleen cells in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of turmeric on spleen cell proliferation. Cell suspensions of spleen cells from young and aged mice were treated with or without conconavalin A (Con-A) as a proliferation stimulant, and with and without turmeric (20 mg/mL) in different concentrations. Spleen cells from young mice that received turmeric showed significant increase in spleen cell proliferation (P < 0.05), while spleen cells from aged mice that received turmeric showed no significant increase in T lymphocytes. The data indicates that turmeric increases the ability of spleen cells in young mice to proliferate, in vitro.
The author would like to acknowledge all those involved in the development of

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper identifies problems encountered with attempts to use commercial games in educational contexts and highlights the need for a theory and illustrated examples of effective game based pedagogies that demonstrate how games might effectively be used for educational ends. A model is presented as one example of what a games based pedagogy might look like. The model grows out of a series of design experiments established in an attempt to use Revolution (a multiplayer role playing game) as a resource to support learning about aspects of social history. The paper proposes that similar pedagogical models, grounded in action research initiatives, are required to push forward the educational games agenda and guide researchers and practitioners interested in exploiting the power of role playing games in real classrooms.
Amicable Aid: Perturbing Images to Improve Classification Performance

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

While adversarial perturbation of images to attack deep image classification models pose serious security concerns in practice, this paper suggests a novel paradigm where the concept of image perturbation can benefit classification performance, which we call amicable aid. We show that by taking the opposite search direction of perturbation, an image can be modified to yield higher classification confidence and even a misclassified image can be made correctly classified. This can be also achieved with a large amount of perturbation by which the image is made unrecognizable by human eyes. The mechanism of the amicable aid is explained in the viewpoint of the underlying natural image manifold. Furthermore, we investigate the universal amicable aid, i.e., a fixed perturbation can be applied to multiple images to improve their classification results. While it is challenging to find such perturbations, we show that making the decision boundary as perpendicular to the image manifold as possible via training with modified data is effective to obtain a model for which universal amicable perturbations are more easily found.
WP3.8 - Estimating the Disease Burden and Epidemiological Characteristics of Burn Injuries in the United Kingdom: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Burn injuries pose a substantial public health challenge globally, with profound physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences for individuals, households, and communities. This study aims to assess the disease burden and epidemiological characteristics of burn injuries in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods Utilising data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we estimated the prevalence, age-standardised incidence, and years lived with disability (YLD) for burn injuries in the UK. Burn injuries were further classified based on the total burn surface area (TBSA), distinguishing between &lt;20% and &gt;= 20% TBSA. Result In 2019, the age-standardised incidence rate of burn injuries in the UK was estimated at 330.65 per 100,000 (268.59-409.52). Incidence rates have demonstrated a stable downtrend since 1990. Over 90% of burn injuries in the UK were categorised as &lt;20% TBSA. Younger age groups experienced a higher disease burden. England exhibited the highest age-standardised incidence rate of burn injuries (344.98 per 100,000), along with a threefold higher rate of burn injuries &gt;20% TBSA (29.64 per 100,000) compared to Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. The burden of disability attributed to burn injuries in the UK was estimated at 84.38 YLD per 100,000 (49.16-139.56), with the highest burden observed in England (88.90 per 100,000). Conclusion This study underscores the substantial disease burden imposed by burn injuries in the UK, alongside disparities in their distribution and warrant further studies in addressing the social and economic determinants of burn injuries.
Data from Characteristics and Clinical Impacts of the Immune Environments in Colorectal and Renal Cell Carcinoma Lung Metastases: Influence of Tumor Origin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> If immune cells are involved in tumor surveillance and have a prognostic impact in most primary tumors, little is known about their significance in metastases. Because patients' survival is heterogeneous, even at metastatic stages, we hypothesized that immune cells may be involved in the control of metastases. We therefore characterized the tumor immune microenvironment and its prognostic value in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastases, and compared it to primary tumors.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> We analyzed by immunohistochemistry (<i>n</i> = 192) and qPCR (<i>n</i> = 32) the immune environments of colorectal carcinoma and RCC lung metastases.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Metastases from colorectal carcinoma and RCC have different immune infiltrates. Higher densities of DC-LAMP<sup>+</sup> mature dendritic cells (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and lower densities of NKp46<sup>+</sup> NK cells (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) were observed in colorectal carcinoma as compared to RCC metastases, whereas densities of T cells were similar. High densities of CD8<sup>+</sup> and DC-LAMP<sup>+</sup> cells correlated with longer overall survival (OS) in colorectal carcinoma (<i>P</i> = 0.008) and shorter OS in RCC (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). High NK-cell densities were associated with improved survival in RCC (<i>P</i> = 0.002) but not in colorectal carcinoma. Densities of immune cells correlated significantly from primary to relapsing metastases for the same patient. A T<sub>H</sub>1 orientation was found in colorectal carcinoma metastases, whereas a heterogeneous immune gene expression was found in RCC metastases.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our results show a major prognostic value of the immune pattern (CD8<sup>+</sup>/DC-LAMP<sup>+</sup> cell densities) in colorectal carcinoma and RCC, reproducible from primary to metastatic tumors, although with opposite clinical impacts, and highlight the role of the tumor cell in shaping its immune environment. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 19(15); 4079–91. ©2013 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Depth-related variability in viral communities in highly stratified sulphidic mine tailings

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Recent studies have significantly expanded our knowledge of viral diversity and functions in the environment. Exploring the ecological relationships between viruses, hosts and the environment is a crucial first step towards a deeper understanding of the complex and dynamic interplays among them. Results: Here, we obtained extensive 16S rRNA gene amplicon, metagenomics sequencing and geochemical datasets from different depths of two highly stratified sulphidic mine tailings cores with steep geochemical gradients especially pH, and explored how variations in viral community composition and functions were coupled to the co-existing prokaryotic assemblages and the varying environmental conditions. Our data showed that many viruses in the mine tailings represented novel genera, based on gene-sharing networks. Siphoviridae and Myoviridae dominated the classified viruses in the surface tailings and deeper layers, respectively. Both viral richness and normalized coverage increased with depth in the tailings cores and were significantly correlated with geochemical properties, for example, pH. Viral richness was also coupled to prokaryotic richness (Pearson’s r = 0.75, P < 0.01). The enrichment of prophages in the surface mine tailings revealed a preference of lysogenic viral lifestyle in more acidic conditions. Community-wide comparative analyses clearly showed that viruses in the surface tailings acquired genes related to low pH adaptation from archaea while viruses in the deeper layers contained genes mainly annotated as conventional viral functions. Notably, abundant auxiliary sulfate reduction genes were identified from the deeper tailings layers and they were widespread in viruses predicted to infect diverse bacterial phyla. Conclusions: Overall, our results revealed a depth-related distribution of viral populations in the extreme and heterogeneous tailings system. The viruses may interact with diverse hosts and dynamic environmental conditions and likely play a role in the functioning of microbial community and modulate sulfur cycles in situ .
New Zealand’s Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill: a viable approach to drug law reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2017 the New Zealand Government announced a referendum in 2020 on the legalisation of cannabis for personal use.The Ministry of Justice developed the Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill, which provided a framework for the control, sale and supply of cannabis in New Zealand.Although it appears that the Bill has failed to gather sufficient public support, it is still worth considering key aspects of the draft legislation that might be used in future drug law reform.The primary goal of the Bill is in its name -control.New Zealand ranks ninth in the world for cannabis consumption, 1 and cannabis is easily available for purchase from the black market.This is illustrated by findings from two of New Zealand's major longitudinal studies, which found that 80% of each cohort has tried cannabis on at least one occasion. 2Both studies reported on a range of harms associated with cannabis use, particularly among those who begin using at earlier ages.These findings imply that reducing harms associated with cannabis use requires control of the supply of cannabis, which prohibition has never achieved.Under the Bill, cannabis could be grown at home in a limited manner or purchased by adults aged 20 years and over from licenced premises, with a purchase limit of 14 g per day.Licensees would be required to report on the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) content in cannabis available for purchase, as well as provide guidelines for health and for safer consumption.These steps were adopted to reduce access to cannabis for adolescents, reduce high levels of consumption, and increase product safety and consumer knowledge.Overseas research suggests that this level of control does reduce levels of use in younger people. 3,4nother feature of the Bill is that it was designed to restrict growth of the cannabis industry, pre-emptively addressing the possibility that large corporations would attempt to grow the market and predate on new and existing users, which drives substance-related harm. 5The Bill introduced a cap on the total annual supply of cannabis and prohibited vertical integration in the cannabis industry, restricting licenced operators to a single level of involvement.These features reflect the goal of moving the current illicit cannabis market into a legal market, without growing the market in the process.
The potential therapeutic benefits of low frequency haemodynamic oscillations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Haemodynamic oscillations occurring at frequencies below the rate of respiration have been observed experimentally for more than a century. Much of the research regarding these oscillations, observed in arterial pressure and blood flow, has focused on mechanisms of generation and methods of quantification. However, examination of the physiological role of these oscillations has been limited. Multiple studies have demonstrated that oscillations in arterial pressure and blood flow are associated with the protection in tissue oxygenation or functional capillary density during conditions of reduced tissue perfusion. There is also evidence that oscillatory blood flow can improve clearance of interstitial fluid, with a growing number of studies demonstrating a role for oscillatory blood flow to aid in clearance of debris from the brain. The therapeutic potential of these haemodynamic oscillations is an important new area of research which may have beneficial impact in treating conditions such as stroke, cardiac arrest, blood loss injuries, sepsis, or even Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. image
Suggested observational network for simulation of cloud processes during INDOEX

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The nature of precipitating cloud systems, their life cycles and vertical structure over the monsoon regime is poorly understood. Some of the results obtained from the single column model and a cloud ensemble model using the TOGA-COARE (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere-Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment) data set are illustrated. The scope of comparing large-scale cloud fields such as cloud fractions, outgoing long-wave radiation, etc. from the global general circulation models are discussed.
The effect of weather on consumer spending

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper analyzes the effect of weather on consumer spending. In particular, we propose that mood mediates the relationship between weather and consumer spending. We conduct three studies to investigate this relationship, and find that mood does indeed mediate this relationship. We utilize actual tea consumption, as well as willingness to pay for tea, as dependent variables in our studies. Tea is an appropriate product to use in order to test relationships between sales and weather because it is a neutral product. For instance, tea is the most widely consumed beverage after water, it can be found in over 80 % of US households. In 2006, Americans consumed over 50 billion servings of tea, or over 2.25 billion gallons of tea.1 We begin by reviewing literature documenting the influence of weather on human behavior. For instance, research in finance (ie,
Queer Jews Talking Their Way In

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A tradition is a centuries-long conversation about the goods and concerns of the philosophical or religious systems in which these goods and concerns inhere. LGBTQ Jews are the latest newcomers to Judaism’s conversation. Entering an established conversation places stressful demands upon incomers and veteran participants alike but enlarges and enriches the discourse. LGBTQ participants bring new topics and categories concerning gender that challenge participants of longer standing. Bringing to the existing categories and topics of the tradition experiences of which it was unaware implicitly requires that those topics be reexamined in the light of new data and situations. All this revitalizes the conversation.
Performance Comparison of R-PHY and R-MACPHY Modular Cable Access Network Architectures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Emerging modular cable network architectures distribute some cable headend functions to remote nodes that are located close to the broadcast cable links reaching the cable modems (CMs) in the subscriber homes and businesses. In the remote-PHY (R-PHY) architecture, an R-PHY device conducts the physical layer processing for the analog cable transmissions, while the headend runs the data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) medium access control (MAC) for the upstream transmissions of the distributed CMs over the shared cable link. In contrast, in the remote MACPHY (R-MACPHY) architecture, an R-MACPHY device (RMD) conducts both the physical and MAC layer processing. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive performance comparison of the R-PHY and R-MACPHY architectures. We first develop analytical delay models for the polling-based MAC with gated bandwidth allocation of Poisson traffic in the R-PHY and R-MACPHY architectures. We then conduct extensive simulations to assess the accuracy of the analytical model and to evaluate the delay-throughput performance of the R-PHY and R-MACPHY architectures for a wide range of deployment and operating scenarios. Our evaluations include long converged interconnect network (CIN) distances between remote nodes and headend, bursty self-similar traffic, and double-phase polling to mask long CIN propagation distances. We find that for long CIN distances above 100 miles, the R-MACPHY architecture achieves significantly shorter mean upstream packet delays than the R-PHY architecture, especially for bursty traffic. Our extensive comparative R-PHY and R-MACPHY evaluation can serve as a basis for the planning of modular broadcast cable based access networks.
How Many Draughtsmen Named Amenhotep? A Study of Some Deir el-Medina Painters

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

the village after the Amarna hiatus, differentiation between the various occupational groups of tDy-mdDt, relief sculptor, ss-kd, draughtsman, hrty-nir, stone mason, and hmwiv, carpenter, becomes rather more common.3 Slightly later, following the reorganization of the crew under Horemheb,4 the different occupational titles occur with increasing frequency and continue as fixtures in Deir el-Medina documen-
Security Analysis of x86 Processor Microcode

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

abstract: Modern computer processors contain an embedded firmware known as microcode that controls decode and execution of x86 instructions. Although proprietary and relatively obscure, this microcode can be modified using updates released by hardware manufacturers to correct processor logic flaws (errata). At the same time, a malicious microcode update could compromise a processor by implementing new malicious instructions or altering the functionality of existing instructions, including processor-accelerated virtualization or cryptographic primitives. Not only is this attack vector capable of subverting all software-enforced security policies and access controls, but it also leaves behind no postmortem forensic evidence since the write-only patch memory is cleared upon system reset. Although supervisor privileges (ring zero) are required to update processor microcode, this attack cannot be easily mitigated due to the implementation of microcode update functionality within processor silicon. In this paper, we reveal the microarchitecture and mechanism of microcode updates, present a security analysis of this attack vector, and provide some mitigation suggestions.
On an optimal control problem describing lactate production inhibition

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Altered metabolism, characterized by high concentration levels of lactate enzyme, contributes to tumor development, malignancy, and metastasis and introduces metabolic liabilities that can be employed in cancer treatment. Here, this paper aims to reach a desired lactate concentration, under the action of an optimal treatment dose, represented by a control, at an optimal treatment time. We consider an objective functional to be minimized associated with a system modeling lactate dynamics in the presence of control. We show the existence of a minimizer of this functional, and we derive a first-order necessary optimality condition.
A prospective, randomized, double-blind, comparative clinical study of efficacy and safety of a biosimilar adalimumab with innovator product in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis on a stable dose of methotrexate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity between the biosimilar adalimumab (AdaliRel) and the reference innovator product in moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients on stable dose of methotrexate (MTX). Methods: Patients with moderate-to-severe active RA (n = 106) on a stable dose of MTX were randomized to biosimilar adalimumab (AdaliRel) (study arm) or reference innovator adalimumab (reference arm) 40 mg every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was proportion of patients who achieve ACR20 response at week 16. The secondary endpoint was proportion of patients who achieve ACR50, ACR70, absolute values, and changes from baseline in the disease activity score 28 joint (DAS28), health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) at week 16 and week 24. Safety was assessed through adverse events (AEs) and laboratory evaluations up to week 34. Antidrug antibodies were assessed to determine immunogenicity. Results: Out of 106 randomized, 104 individuals were dosed in the study (one subject from each arm was dropped due to consent withdrawal). The number of patients achieving ACR20 response at week 16 was 90.48% in study arm and 90% in the reference arm. The number of patients ACR70 response at week 16 was 13.1% in the study arm and 15% in the reference arm. There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment arms in terms of number of responders (P > 0.05). No difference also was observed in DAS28, HAQ-DI scores, RF, and CRP changes from baseline. There were no clinically meaningful differences in AEs. Immunogenicity profile at week 16 did not indicate any clinically significant concerns. Conclusion: Biosimilar adalimumab (AdaliRel) and the reference product showed comparable efficacy and safety in RA patients who were on stable dose of MTX.
Ibn Al-Rifa On the Churches and Synagogues of Cairo'

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Mamlūk Egypt witnessed a great degree of pressure on non-Muslims, and saw the conversion of many to Islam. In 1301, riots led to the closure of numerous houses of worship of non-Muslims, an act supported by a fatwā written by Najm al-Dīn ibn al-Rifā. Ibn al-Rifā offered five arguments against maintaining dhimmī houses of worship: (1) non-Muslims seeking to preserve their houses of worship must always be considered plaintiffs, that is, that the burden of proof falls upon them; (2) The contradiction between arguments that there were no synagogues or churches prior to the building of the city and those arguing for preservation based on maintaining existing buildings must be resolved by placing the burden of proof on the dhimmīs; (3) There was no peace agreement in Cairo, a necessary precondition for allowing non-Muslims to retain their houses of worship; (4) Even were there a peace agreement, it would have lapsed; and (5) Dhimmīs must prove they have not contravened individual terms of the treaty, even unrelated to houses of worship. Ibn al-Rifā's fatwā generated much support, but eventually the churches and synagogues were returned to their communities. Nevertheless, it reflects the attitudes of the times and was part of the pressures which led to greater conversion to Islam.