jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Elevated cell‐free fetal DNA contributes to placental inflammation and antiangiogenesis via AIM2 and IFI16 during pre‐eclampsia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Accumulated evidence has shown that pre‐eclampsia (PE) is related to both maternal and utero‐placental antiangiogenesis and inflammation. Remarkably, an elevated cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) level has been found in maternal circulation; however, it remains unclear whether this DNA can induce activation of cytosolic DNA sensor signaling pathways and lead to the development of PE. In this study, we found that trophoblast cells constitutively expressed the cytosolic DNA sensors, absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and interferon‐inducible protein 16 (IFI16). The cffDNA and pro‐inflammatory and antiangiogenic factors were present at higher concentrations in PE compared with the control group and correlated with the severity of PE. DNA stimulation significantly increased the AIM2 and IFI16 levels, consistent with the elevated AIM2 and IFI16 expression in women with PE, and elicited increased production of AIM2‐mediated interleukin IL‐8 (IL‐8), IL‐6 and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and IFI16‐mediated sEndoglin, sFlt‐1 and CXCL10. Furthermore, enhancement of the inflammatory response was found to be induced by DNA exposure, but DNA exposure did not induce PE‐like symptoms in pregnant mice. It is possible that elevated cffDNA could reflect the degree of placental damage and trigger cytosolic DNA sensor activation, which disrupts the immunity balance and, consequently, contributes to inflammatory and antiangiogenic responses. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that circulating cffDNA levels are increased in preeclamptic women and act through AIM2 and IFI16 activation to promote the production of pro‐inflammatory and antiangiogenic factors, which correlate with the severity of the disease, and may offer insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of PE.
Mitigating Supply Chain Vulnerability

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Competitive pressures are forcing companies to adopt practices and supply chain structures that will produce high quality, reliable, reasonably priced products with continuously shorter lead times. In order to meet these goals, companies are utilizing flatter organizational structures and narrower supply chains. Flatter structures and narrower supply chains typically reap the benefits of reduced coordination costs and improved organizational efficiencies. However, there exists an associated burden of an increased risk of a single point of failure that could leave the supply chain unable to deliver products to the market in a timely manner. This research study develops a model of risk, called the risk assessment index, to assess the vulnerability of different supply chain structures. It is determined that there exists significant trade-offs between the number of suppliers in the supplier base, product diversification, supply chain coordination, and supply chain efficiency that must be examined for a supply chain to remain competitive in a highly risky, vulnerable environment.
Building Resilient Micro-Small Enterprises: A Case Study of MSEs In The Midst of The Covid-19 Pandemic

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The pandemic has affected various sectors of life. The pandemic has attracted the attention of many parties to assess the impacts that arise outside of health impacts, one of which is the impact on micro and small enterprises (MSEs). The central role of MSEs in the national economy is the primary driver of research on how MSEs build resilience in times of crisis. This study focuses on the strength of MSEs during the Covid-19 pandemic. MSEs are the mainstay of the national economy. Therefore, various aids for the recovery of MSEs have become the focus of national economic recovery throughout the world, including Indonesia. This study uses quantitative and qualitative methods on MSEs that are still able to maintain their continuity to this day. This research focused on revealing several characteristics of MSEs’ resilience according to the number of workers, income trends, and the extent to which individual resilience affects organizational resilience. The analysis also revealed a process-based model of how MSEs builds resilience during this ongoing crisis.
Russian-Speaking Immigrant Teachers in Finnish Classrooms: <i>Views and lived experiences in Finnish education</i>

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Success of integration depends, amongst other things, on immigrants’ involvement in the host country’s education. Educational differences between home and host countries can either promote or hinder academic progress of immigrants and, consequently, overall process of their integration. The goal of this study is to investigate what effect differences between educational systems of Finland and neighbouring Russia may have on professional induction of Russian-speaking immigrant teachers in Finland. This is done through researching experiences of Russian-speaking teachers in Finnish education. Their views and interpretations of their own eligibility and Finnish schooling practices lay foundation of this research.
Ultrafast and Long-Range Exciton Migration through Anisotropic Coulombic Coupling in the Textured Films of Fused-Ring Electron Acceptors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The exciton migration mechanism in organic photovoltaic devices is still an ambiguity owing to the insufficient understanding of molecular arrangement on a microscopic scale. Herein, we reveal the relationship between the molecular stacking modes and exciton migration for a representative fused-ring electron acceptor, namely, ITIC. The precise molecular stacking patterns are extracted, and directional Coulombic couplings are calculated based on the information of a single-crystal structure, which proves the anisotropic character for exciton motion. The theoretical analysis results indicate ultrafast exciton migration along the head-to-tail stacking directions with maximum migration length of 330 nm in the finite lifetime of 1 ns. Experimentally, the exciton diffusion length is determined to be 183 nm by exciton-exciton annihilation measurement. This work reveals head-to-tail type intermolecular stacking induces strong anisotropic Coulombic coupling, leading to the ultrafast and long-range exciton migration in nonfullerene systems.
DEVELOPMENT OF LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL FOR SLOPE FAILURE AND ESTIMATION OF DRIFTWOODS GENERATION IN MARUMORI TOWN DUE TO THE EAST JAPAN TYPHOON 2019

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

令和元年東日本台風により宮城県丸森町筆甫において日降水量558mmを記録する大雨が発生した．この大雨により，同町を流れる阿武隈川支川の内川・五福谷川・新川流域で大規模な土砂・流木災害が発生した．今次台風による土砂・流木災害について現地調査を実施し，被災状況の確認を行った．加えて，発生要因の分析を行うために，平成29年7月九州北部豪雨による大規模土砂・流木災害に対して最適化されたロジスティックモデルを適用した．さらに，今次災害に最適化したモデルの構築も試みた．その結果，素因である地質条件が今次災害の甚大化の主要な要因であること，ならびに近年で最大規模の流木災害をもたらした29年豪雨に匹敵する規模の土砂・流木災害が今次台風により丸森町で引き起こされたことが明らかとなった．
Technical Efficiency in a Semi‐Formal Financial Sector: The Case of Mexico*

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The semi‐formal financial sector in Mexico is playing an increasingly important role in serving a largely poor, rural clientele. A stochastic frontier with non‐monotonic marginal effects [ Wang, Journal of Productivity Analysis (2002 ), Vol. 18, pp. 241–253] reveals a wide disparity in technical efficiency levels among 190 Mexican semi‐formal financial intermediaries. The results show that technology, average loan size, rural outreach and institutional age are all positively associated with technical efficiency. The marginal effects vary widely and, in some cases, the effects are non‐monotonic over percentile groups. The results indicate that strengthening younger, technologically undeveloped financial institutions will have the strongest marginal benefit in revitalizing the rural financial sector.
Quantifying Skeletal Muscle Properties in Cadaveric Test Specimens: Effects of Mechanical Loading, Postmortem Time, and Freezer Storage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Investigators currently lack the data necessary to define the state of skeletal muscle properties within cadaveric specimens. The purpose of this study is to define the temporal changes in the postmortem properties of skeletal muscle as a function of mechanical loading and freezer storage. The tibialis anterior of the New Zealand white rabbit was chosen for study. Modulus and no-load strain were found to vary significantly from live after eight hours postmortem. Following the changes that occur during rigor mortis, a stable region of postmortem, post-rigor properties occurred between 36 to 72 hours postmortem. A freeze–thaw process was not found to have a significant effect on the post-rigor response. The first loading cycle response of post-rigor muscle was unrepeatable but stiffer than live passive muscle. After preconditioning, the post-rigor muscle response was repeatable. The preconditioned post-rigor response was less stiff than the live passive response due to a significant increase in no-load strain. Failure properties of postmortem muscle were found to be significantly different from live passive muscle with a significant decrease in failure stress (61 percent) and energy (81 percent), while failure strain was unchanged. These results suggest that the post-rigor response of cadaveric muscle is unaffected by freezing but sensitive to even a few cycles of mechanical loading. [S0148-0731(00)00301-0]
Party autonomy in the choice of law under Indian and Australian private international law: some reciprocal lessons

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic will affect the performance of several contracts and is likely to increase the number of disputes before the courts. In agreements with a foreign element, the adjudication of the rights and liabilities will depend on the applicable law. Most legal systems have embraced the doctrine of party autonomy and, accordingly, permit the parties to expressly select the law to govern the disputes that arise from international contracts. India and Australia are no exception to this trend. In general, the courts in both the commonwealth countries have reported having been influenced by judicial practices of one another to develop their own law. Despite their common law roots, the interpretations attached to the doctrine of party autonomy in the choice of law have varied in some respects in these countries. The paper analyses the judicial trends on the subject and demonstrates the role that party autonomy will play in resolving international disputes where the performance has been affected by the eventualities such as the COVID-19 pandemic in India and Australia. The paper delves into the manner in which the courts in India and Australia may offer reciprocal lessons to each another to revolutionise to interpret the doctrine of party autonomy in the choice of law.
Seedling height and the impact of harvesting operations on advance regeneration of conifer species in upland Britain

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Extensive damage to and mortality of understorey seedlings during overstorey thinning could prevent the use of natural regeneration as a method of restocking. Experiments carried out on three upland conifer sites in Britain assessed the short-term impact of thinning operations on survival and damage to advance regeneration seedlings of different heights. At two sites dominated by Sitka spruce, the number of small-sized (<50 cm) and medium-sized (50–200 cm) seedlings lost during harvesting was significantly higher than the number of large seedlings (>200 cm) which tended to be damaged rather than lost. At the Scots pine/Japanese larch site, damage and loss were not related to seedling size. Survival or damage was significantly related to the distance from the nearest extraction rack (striproad). At two of the sites, survival or damage was related to distance to the nearest felled tree stumps. The seedlings in 25–30 per cent of the area were lost due to clearing the extraction racks prior to harvesting. In the stand matrix, 40–80 per cent of the regeneration survived and was not severely damaged; the remaining regeneration was likely to be sufficient to restock at all three sites, although distributions were clumped. There were no marked differences between motor-manual and harvester felling.
INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURE-FORMATION MECHANISMS IN DIFFUSION BORATING OF WASTES WHILE PRODUCING STEEL AND IRON SHOT

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes development of new composite self-fluxing powders made of waste products while producing cast steel and iron shot. Structure and properties of initial and borated powders, dependence of boride layer thickness growth on chemical and thermal treatment time have been investigated in the paper. The paper proposes for the first time a description of structure-formation mechanism in the diffusion alloying process on the basis of the obtained data.
Exogenous vasopressin reverses hyperactivity in the hypothalamus of Brattleboro rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We have previously described an increase of cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of the Brattleboro rat (BR). The present experiments were done to investigate whether this increase in COX activity could be eliminated by administration of exogenous arginine vasopressin (AVP). Continuous infusion of AVP to BR for 7 days corrected the polyuria and the urine hypoosmolality, as expected, and it also eliminated the COX hyperactivity in the paraventricular nucleus and nucleus circularis of the BR hypothalamus. These results suggest that the hyperactivity of these nuclei in the BR is directly related to their inability to produce AVP.
Effect of statins on the serum soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end-products and its association with coronary atherosclerosis in patients with angina pectoris

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Recently, soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) has been identified in mice and humans. Statins have been reported to increase serum sRAGE levels. However, whether modulation of circulating sRAGE levels has a beneficial effect on the progression of atherosclerosis is unknown. We reviewed 91 patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention for angina pectoris. Coronary atherosclerosis in non-culprit lesions in the target vessel was evaluated, using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound, and serum levels of AGEs and sRAGE were measured, at baseline and after 8 months of statin therapy. Statins had no effects on serum AGEs levels; however, serum levels of sRAGE were significantly higher at the 8-month follow-up. A significant decrease in external elastic membrane (EEM) volume (− 1.6%, p = 0.005) was observed, whereas a decrease in plaque volume did not reach statistical significance (− 1.9%, p = 0.16). Univariate regression analyses showed that the percentage changes in serum sRAGE were negatively correlated with those in EEM volume (r = − 0.198, p = 0.06) and plaque volume (r = − 0.247, p = 0.02). Multivariate regression analysis showed that an increase in serum sRAGE level was an independent predictor of atheroma regression after statin therapy (β = − 0.290, p = 0.006). Statin therapy increased serum sRAGE levels, and this increase was associated with negative vessel remodeling and atheroma regression in the coronary artery.
The Saga of Anthropology in China: From Malinowski to Moscow to Mao.. By Gregory Eliyu Guldin [Armonk: M. E. Sharpe,,1994xiv + 298 pp. 28 photographs. Hardcover, £44.00 ISBN 1-56324-185-4paperback £16.00, ISBN 1-56324-186-2.]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Saga of Anthropology in China: From Malinowski to Moscow to Mao.. By Gregory Eliyu Guldin [Armonk: M. E. Sharpe,,1994xiv + 298 pp. 28 photographs. Hardcover, £44.00 ISBN 1-56324-185-4paperback £16.00, ISBN 1-56324-186-2.] - Volume 148
Adapting second‐order response surface designs to specific needs

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Experimental design strategies most often involve an initial choice of a classic factorial or response surface design and adapt that design to meet restrictions or unique requirements of the system under study. One such experience is described here, in which the objective was to develop an efficient experimental design strategy that would facilitate building second‐order response models with excellent prediction capabilities. In development, careful consideration was paid to the desirable properties of response surface designs. Once developed, the proposed design was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to prove the concept, a pilot implementation of the design carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the response models, and a set of validation runs enacted to look for potential weaknesses in the approach. The purpose of the exercise was to develop a procedure to efficiently and effectively calibrate strain‐gauge balances to be used in wind tunnel testing. The current calibration testing procedure is based on a time‐intensive one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. In this study, response surface methods were used to reduce the number of calibration runs required during the labor‐intensive heavy load calibration, to leverage the prediction capabilities of response surface designs, and to provide an estimate of uncertainty for the calibration models. Results of the three‐phased approach for design evaluation are presented. The new calibration process will require significantly fewer tests to achieve the same or improved levels of precision in balance calibration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General effects of management and grazing by domestic livestock on the rangelands of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three major pasture types probably occurred on the Northern Tablelands prior to European settlement. The dominants were probably Poa sieberana Spreng. and Themeda australis (R.Br.1 Stapf. at the higher elevations, T. australis, P. Sieberana and Sorghum leiocladum (Hack.) C.E. Hubbard on fine textured soils at lower elevations and T. australis, Aristida ramosa (R.Br.) and Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.1 A. Camus. on coarse textured soils. The subsidiary species composition of these pasture types is also suggested, derived from fragmentary early accounts, earlier published work and observations on the behaviour under grazing of the different species involved. The characteristics of the important native and naturalised grass species are described. These species are classified into warm season perennials, warm season annuals, cool season perennials and cool season annuals. The native warm season perennials is the largest group of species at present on the Tablelands. The effects of grazing on the species composition of natural pastures is described. The grazing behaviour of merino sheep leads to a striking zonation of herbaceous species resulting from uneven grazing intensity and distribution of dung and urine. Data from an unreplicated stocking rate by superphosphate application rate trial at Shannon Vale are presented. This trial indicated that the proportion of white clover in the pasture depended on both stocking rate and superphosphate rate and that the proportion of Danthonia spp. increased when white clover decreased. Wool production data are also presented which show that high levels of pro- ductivity per hectare can be obtained from topdressed natural pastures. A number of different natural pasture types occur on the Tablelands. A schemeis presented showing the interrelationship$ between the original and the present pasture types as affected by grazing intensity and the addition or depletion of plant nutrients.
Should the Pythagorean Theorem Actually be Called the 'Pythagorean' Theorem

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates whether it is reasonable to bestow credit to one person or group for the famed theorem that relates to the side lengths of any right-angled triangle, a theorem routinely referred to as the âPythagorean Theoremâ. The author investigates the first-documented occurrences of the theorem, along with its first proofs. In addition, proofs that stem from different branches of mathematics and science are analyzed in an effort to display that credit for the development of the theorem should be shared amongst its many contributors rather than crediting the whole of the theorem to one man and his supporters.
Wheat-Embryo Ribonucleates. III. Modified Nucleotide Constituents in Each of the 5.8S, 18S and 26S Ribonucleates

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Modified nucleotide constituents in the NaCl-insoluble (2.5 M, 0 °C) fraction of wheat-embryo RNA (iRNA) have been efficiently labelled by imbibing wheat embryos in media that contain [ 32 P]phosphate and/or [methyl- 14 C]methionine. Chromatographic analyses have shown that pseudouridylate and sugar-methylated nucleotides (each) account for a similar proportion (1–2 mol %) of the total nucleotides in alkali hydrolysates of each of the 5.8S, 18S and 26S components of wheat-embryo iRNA. All of the 16 possible sugar-methylated dinucleotide sequences (Nm-N) that can be formed by permuting the arrangement of the four classical ribonucleosides (N) and their O 2 ′-methylated derivatives (Nm) are present in the 18S component, and all except Cm-G are present in the 26S component of wheat-embryo iRNA. Two sugar-methylated dinucleotide sequences (Am-A and Gm-C) are present in the 5.8S component. All of the (approximately seven) sugar-methylated trinucleotide sequences (Nm-Nm-N) are confined to the 26S component. The base-methylated nucleotide N 6 -monomethyladenylate is present in both 18S and 26S components, but the base-methylated nucleotide N 6 -dimethyladenylate is confined to the 18S component. An allied investigation of the NaCl-soluble (2.5 M, 0 °C) fraction of wheat-embryo RNA (sRNA) has shown that an alkali hydrolysate of the 5S component of the s[ 32 P]RNA is virtually devoid of modified compounds.
A Study of Reference-Plane Methods for Unsteady Plane Flows

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The method of characteristics is without doubt the most reliable means of solving the partial differential equations of gas flow in the hyperbolic case. However, if more than two independent variables are involved, it becomes somewhat clumsy in handling and programming, therefore many authors have looked for simplifications. One of these, the so-called reference-plane method, reduces a threedimensional problem (e.g. the plane or axially symmetric unsteady case) to a twodimensional one for which the solving procedures are very easy, at least in the mathematical sense.