jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Geographical Transition of Sylleptic/Proleptic Branching in Three Cinnamomum Species with Different Bud Types

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three native Japanese Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) species exhibit either sylleptic and proleptic, or proleptic branching depending on species-specific types of bud-structure (hypsophyllary and scaled-buds) and geographical distribution. Major branching shifted from sylleptic at the axils of cataphylls and hypsophylls in the southernmost C. doederleinii (latitudinal distribution range 24–28° N) to both sylleptic at cataphyllary- and proleptic at hypsophyllary-axils in mid-latitudinal C. daphnoides (27–33° N), and to proleptic at the axils of foliage-leaves in the northernmost species C. japonicum (25–37° N). In all three Cinnamomum species, the sylleptic and proleptic branches expand around the boundary between two successive yearly shoot-modules. The predominant, fertile axils having branches shifted from cataphylls ( n year) and hypsophylls ( n −1 year) in C. doederleinii and C. daphnoides , to foliage-leaves ( n −1) in C. japonicum . The buds of proleptic branches at the axils of hypsophylls and foliage-leaves inevitably experience winter dormancy, hence the shoots are equipped with protective cataphylls instead of a hypopodium. Shoot length and leaf number gradually increased from the most distal cataphyllary sylleptic ( n ) shoots towards the most basal proleptic shoots at the axils of foliage-leaves ( n −1). Proleptic shoots at the axils of foliage-leaves perform similarly to main shoots in all three Cinnamomum species studied. The relative number of leaves borne on proleptic shoots gradually increased from C. doederleinii , to C. daphnoides , and C. japonicum . Under the seasonal, short growing periods of temperate latitudes, the increased shoot performance and bud protection of proleptic shoots are made possible through the earlier onset of bud formation (prolepsis) at the axils of the previous year's hypsophylls and/or foliage-leaves in trees with rhythmic growth. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company
Mutations in the structural genes for eukaryotic initiation factors 2 alpha and 2 beta of Saccharomyces cerevisiae disrupt translational control of GCN4 mRNA.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The SUI2 and SUI3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of translation initiation factor eIF-2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2). Previously isolated mutations in these genes restore expression from his4 mutant alleles lacking an ATG initiation codon. The SUI mutations also lead to increased levels of HIS4 mRNA. We show that the latter phenotype exists because the SUI mutations elevate expression of GCN4, an activator of HIS4 transcription. Increased GCN4 expression in the SUI mutants occurs independently of the GCN2 and GCN3 gene products that are normally required to stimulate translation of GCN4 mRNA under conditions of amino acid starvation. Derepression of GCN4 expression in the SUI mutants requires the multiple AUG codons in the leader of the GCN4 transcript that normally mediate its translational control by amino acid availability. In these respects, the SUI mutations resemble mutations in GCD genes whose products function as translational repressors of GCN4. Thus, in addition to its general role in AUG start codon selection, eIF-2 appears to be an important factor in GCN4 translational control. We also show that deletion of GCN3 in sui2-1 strains is lethal, suggesting that GCN3 contributes to eIF-2 alpha function in addition to its role as a translational activator of GCN4.
On Sierpiński sets, Hurewicz spaces and Hilgers functions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Hurewicz property is a classical generalization of $σ$-compactness and Sierpiński sets (whose existence follows from CH) are standard examples of non-$σ$-compact Hurewicz spaces. We show, solving a problem stated by Szewczak and Tsaban, that for each Sierpiński set S of cardinality at least $\mathfrak b$ there is a Hurewicz space H with $S\times H$ not Hurewicz. Some other questions in the literature concerning this topic are also answered.
Vanek's tumor: a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Case report and literature review.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vanek's tumor or inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare submucosal, mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract, of unknown etiology. We present an unusual case of a 62-year-old female patient, investigated for intermittent nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and anemia. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) endoscopy showed a polypoid tumor with normal coverage mucosa prolapsing through the pylorus. The tumor was surgically removed. Histopathological (HP) examination revealed the presence of spindle cells with uniform nuclei exhibiting no mitotic activity. The inflammatory cells were predominantly represented by eosinophils. The vascular component was prominent suggesting a vascular lesion. We put emphasis on the presentation of this particular case because of its scarcity among the other types of gastric polyps, suspicion for features of malignancy, and the particularities of the clinical presentation, consisting of intermittent gastric outlet obstruction ("ball valve syndrome") accompanied by weight loss and anemia. The differential diagnosis of other benign or malignant gastric lesions was based on endoscopic, computed tomography and HP aspects.
Lessons from America: The Commercialization and Growth of Private Health Care in Britain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on recent changes in the private sector and its links to the National Health Service (NHS). British private medicine is tiny in proportion to the NHS, and the image of private sector growth and public sector decline is misleading. British private medicine should not, however, be dismissed too lightly. It should not be judged merely by the number of hospitals, one reason being that it is only recently that private work has been of more significance outside the public sector than within it. The private sector possesses a growing political significance that represents a dilemma for each of the major political parties. Consultants are the elite grade of the British medical profession, in what is traditionally a very hierarchical medical care system. The Government's initial approach to privatization in response to adverse publicity has been for its policies to be determined in a more piecemeal manner.
Identities under construction in the voice of a graduate language teacher and her expectations of teacher knowledge bases
Identidades em construção na voz de uma professora egressa de letras e suas expectativas de bases de conhecimento do professor

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Linguistics, this article aims to analyze how an English Language teacher perceives her knowledge bases acquired in a Language course as well as the ideal and idealized knowledge deemed, in her view, necessary for a teacher of this area, while we analyze how her identity as a graduate English language teacher is represented through her discourse. With this work we intend to contribute to the area of language teacher education, more specifically to the area of research dealing with the identity of the foreign language teacher. For this, we support our research in theoretical assumptions underlying the analysis performed, incorporating both definitions of identity and the teacher's knowledge bases and procedures of discourse analysis, postulated primarily by Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Linguistics. The studies point to a negative representation and a dissatisfaction with her initial training, especially due to the ineffectiveness of English teaching in which they would work as teachers.
A partir de subsídios da Análise Crítica do Discurso e da Linguística Sistêmico Funcional, neste artigo temos o objetivo de analisar o modo como uma professora de língua inglesa percebe suas bases de conhecimento adquiridas no Curso de Letras, bem como o conhecimento ideal e idealizado que julga necessário ao professor da área. Ao mesmo tempo em que analisamos o modo como sua identidade de professora de língua inglesa se constitui por meio de seu discurso. Com este trabalho, pretendemos contribuir para a área de formação de professores de línguas, mais especificamente para a área das pesquisas que tratam da identidade do professor de língua estrangeira. Para isso, apoiamos nossa pesquisa nos pressupostos teóricos subjacentes à análise realizada, retomando as definições tanto de identidade, como das bases de conhecimento do professor e os procedimentos de análise de discurso, postulados primordialmente pela Análise Crítica do Discurso e pela Linguística Sistêmico Funcional. Os estudos apontam para uma representação negativa e um descontentamento quanto a sua formação inicial, sobretudo pela ineficácia no ensino da língua em que atuariam como professores.
The outdoor thermal climate conditions at a historical mountainous tuberculosis sanatorium site in Greece

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the assessment of the outdoor environment of a sanatorium site in mountainous conditions which were historically considered favourable in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in the pre‐antibiotic era. Thermal climate conditions are estimated through application of the thermal climate index (THI) to site‐specific air temperature and relative humidity data along with kata‐thermometer data recorded at the balconies outside of patients’ rooms. Results show that the cold conditions dominate throughout the winter period at all observation times, whereas conditions of comfort prevail during summer, in morning and evening hours, and occur frequently in spring and autumn at noon.
Type-0 singularities in the network flow -- Evolution of trees

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The motion by curvature of networks is the generalization to finite union of curves of the curve shortening flow. This evolution has several peculiar features, mainly due to the presence of junctions where the curves meet. In this paper we show that whenever the length of one single curve vanishes and two triple junctions coalesce, then the curvature of the evolving networks remains bounded. This topological singularity is exclusive of the network flow and it can be referred as a Type-0 singularity, in contrast to the well known Type-I and Type-II ones of the usual mean curvature flow of smooth curves or hypersurfaces, characterized by the different rates of blow up of the curvature. As a consequence, we are able to give a complete description of the evolution of tree-like networks till the first singular time, under the assumption that all the tangents flows have unit multiplicity. If the lifespan of such solutions is finite, then the curvature of the network remains bounded and we can apply the results by Ilmanen-Neves-Schulze/Lira-Mazzeo-Pluda-Saez to restart the flow after the singularity.
Anticarcinogenicity potential of spinasterol isolated from squash flowers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Spinasterol, an antimutagen, was isolated from squash flowers by solvent partitioning and repeated vacuum liquid chromatography. Spinasterol was then tested for its anticarcinogenic potential by using the mouse skin tumor assay. There was a 90% skin tumor incidence for the positive control group (DMBA + croton oil + acetone). At a concentration of 15.0 microg/0.2 ml acetone, spinasterol decreased the incidence of skin tumors by 55.6% and decreased the number of tumors by 65.0% when applied immediately after croton oil. Hence, spinasterol showed antitumorigenic potential. It is not a co-carcinogen nor a co-tumor promoter as there was no increase in the incidence of skin tumors after spinasterol application. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 20:99-105, 2000.
Preparation and Thermodynamics of Moclobemide-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Solid Dispersion

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Purpose To investigate thermodynamics of moclobemide (MCB) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP_(κ30)) dispersal in aqueous solution. To study the preparation of MCB-PVP_(κ30) solid dispersion. Methods The solubility and the thermodynamic parameters of MCB were determined by solubility techniques at different temperatures and concentrations [(0-4)*10~(-3) mol/L pVP_(κ30)]. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to identify the loss of crystalline nature of the solid dispersions (SD) prepared by solvent method. Results The solubility diagram was classified as A_L type. The apparent stability constant (K_c) calculated by the solubility was decreased as the studied temperature rose from 25 to 50 ℃, and the formative energy of MCB-PVP_(κ30) dispersal (△G~0) was increased. The reaction heat (△H~0) was -13.22 kJ/mol. DSC and X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that MCB was present in a totally amorphous stage (1:3). The dissolution rate appeared faster for the SD than for the drug alone signific-cantly. Conclusions The process of the dispersal of MCB in PVP_(κ30) was exothermic. The dissolution of MCB in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution was improved. These results will help to prepare MCB-(PVP_(κ30) SD and develop new dosage forms with high bioavailability.
Personal assistance and statutory services

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

There is very little written about the experience of using health and social services, or those run by a voluntary organisation, for help with daily living activities. How do these services fit in with people's lives? Or do service-users have to fit in with the assumptions and priorities of service providers? What kind of relationships are established with staff employed by health and social services authorities? These are the kind of questions which need to be addressed if community care policies are to make independent living possible.
Лингвокультурологические аспекты невербальной коммуникации

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article presents the issue of non-verbal communication from the perspective of translation and teaching a foreign language. The research is based on an experiment conducted among Russian students at the University of Warmia and Mazury, whose task it was to analyze data from Krystyna Jarząbek’s Dictionary of the Body Language of Polish People, from which about 30 unknown or unintelligible units of non-verbal communication were selected. The data show that body language, including gestures, is culture-rooted, and confirm that non-verbal means play a significant role in communication. This is why the author of the article believes it to be justified to introduce elements of non-verbal communication into teaching foreign languages and to compile bilingual dictionaries of body language.
On biautomata

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We initiate the theory and applications of biautomata. A biautomaton can read a word alternately from the left and from the right. We assign to each regular language L its canonical biautomaton. This structure plays, among all biautomata recognizing the language L, the same role as the minimal deterministic automaton has among all deterministic automata recognizing the language L. We expect that from the graph structure of this automaton one could decide the membership of a given language for certain significant classes of languages. We present the first two results of this kind: namely, a language L is piecewise testable if and only if the canonical biautomaton of L is acyclic. From this result Simon's famous characterization of piecewise testable languages easily follows. The second class of languages characterizable by the graph structure of their biautomata are prefix-suffix testable languages.
Management of contacts of tuberculosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Contact tracing is an important means of identifying tuberculosis: in two recent surveys 10–14% of all new cases were discovered in this way. 1, 2 All patients with tuberculosis must by law be notified to the local Medical Officer for Environmental Health, or in Scotland to the Chief Administrative Medical Officer. 3 Notification enables the local medical services (usually the Chest Clinic) to trace and examine contacts, of whom about 3% have tuberculosis. 1 70%–80% of contacts with disease are diagnosed at the initial visit. 4
Edward Gordon Craig and the “smallest drama in the world”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Edward Gordon Craig’s Drama for Fools was planned as a long cycle of very short plays, to be daily performed in changing places. Based on the alternation between the episodes of a continuing story and its interludes, it systematically introduces disruptions: in order to bring a variety of atmospheres (with parodic rewritings as well as satirical miniatures), but also to comment what is happening on stage, from an audience-based point of view. Craig’s predilection for short plays, interrupted by different kinds of micro-actions, can be interpreted in many ways. As a general feature of The Drama for Fools, extreme shortness reveals how much the author is aware of the contradictions between his gigantic project and his former utterances against spoken drama. But Craig seems also to be influenced by the traditional puppeteers, because he wants to leave some space for improvisation. Furthermore, from a dramaturgical point of view, briefness can be considered as a result of Craig’s hostility against quarrels and debates on stage. Preventing his characters from speaking too much, he substitutes dialogue with non-verbal actions which anticipate the micro-actions of much later puppet theatre miniature performances.
Identification of patient subgroups with markedly disparate rates of MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma: A report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group project

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND MYCN gene amplification (MNA) is a hallmark of aggressive neuroblastoma. This study was performed to determine univariate and multivariate predictors of tumor MNA. METHODS Data from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group were analyzed for a subset of 7102 patients with known MYCN status. Chi‐square testing and logistic regression were used to identify univariate and multivariate predictors of MYCN status. Recursive partitioning was used to identify groups of patients with maximal differences in rates of MNA. RESULTS All clinical features (age ≥ 18 months, high ferritin levels, high lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels, International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage 4, and adrenal sites) and pathological/biological features (DNA index ≤ 1, high mitosis‐karyorrhexis index [MKI], undifferentiated/poorly differentiated grade, unfavorable histology according to the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification, and segmental chromosomal aberrations [SCAs]) were significantly associated with MNA. LDH (odds ratio [OR], 8.4; P < .001) and chromosomal 1p loss of heterozygosity (OR, 19.8; P < .001) were the clinical and biological variables, respectively, most strongly associated with MNA. In logistic regression, all variables except chromosome 17q aberration and pooled SCAs were independently predictive of MNA. Recursive partitioning identified subgroups with disparate rates of MNA, including subgroups with 85.7% MNA (patients with high LDH levels who had poorly differentiated adrenal tumors with chromosome 1p deletion) and 0.6% MNA (localized tumors having hyperdiploidy and low MKIs and lacking chromosome 1p aberrations). CONCLUSIONS MNA is strongly associated with other clinical and biological variables in neuroblastoma. Recursive partitioning has identified subgroups of neuroblastoma patients with highly disparate rates of MNA. These findings can be used to inform investigations of molecular mechanisms of MNA. Cancer 2016;122:935–45 . © 2015 American Cancer Society .
Outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of polyvinylbutyral–polyaniline nanocomposite film

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we studied the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding property of a solution processed polyvinylbutyral–polyaniline nanocomposite (PVBPN) film in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) and Ku-band (12.4–18 GHz) frequency.
Oxidative stress in healthy individuals; circadian rhythm of thiol-disulfide balance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The dynamic thiol-disulfide balance plays a critical role in the healthy functioning of the organism.The most important role of this system is participation in the cell's antioxidant defense.The hormone melatonin hormone has a circadian rhythm.It is not known whether the balance of thiol-disulfide shows secretion like melatonin throughout the day.This study examined the circadian rhythm of thiol-disulfide balance and variability with daily living activities in a healthy young population.Material and Methods: Venous blood samples were taken every 2 hours from 8 healthy volunteers and the levels of melatonin, thiol disulfide and peripheral blood elements (lymphocytes and monocytes) were investigated.During the study, the daily activities of the volunteers were not restricted and the starvationsatiety variables were also studied.Result: No significant time-dependent statistical change was observed in the 24-hour follow-up of native thiol, total thiol and disulfide levels, and measurements of blood lymphocyte and monocyte.The starvation and satiety levels were compared, and no significant difference was observed in thiol-disulfide balance.Discussion: In this study, thiol-disulfide balance did not follow a circadian rhythm like melatonin, and was not affected by starvation and satiety.
One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks with Feature Selection for Highly Concise Rule Extraction from Credit Scoring Datasets with Heterogeneous Attributes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Convolution neural networks (CNNs) have proven effectiveness, but they are not applicable to all datasets, such as those with heterogeneous attributes, which are often used in the finance and banking industries. Such datasets are difficult to classify, and to date, existing high-accuracy classifiers and rule-extraction methods have not been able to achieve sufficiently high classification accuracies or concise classification rules. This study aims to provide a new approach for achieving transparency and conciseness in credit scoring datasets with heterogeneous attributes by using a one-dimensional (1D) fully-connected layer first CNN combined with the Recursive-Rule Extraction (Re-RX) algorithm with a J48graft decision tree (hereafter 1D FCLF-CNN). Based on a comparison between the proposed 1D FCLF-CNN and existing rule extraction methods, our architecture enabled the extraction of the most concise rules (6.2) and achieved the best accuracy (73.10%), i.e., the highest interpretability–priority rule extraction. These results suggest that the 1D FCLF-CNN with Re-RX with J48graft is very effective for extracting highly concise rules for heterogeneous credit scoring datasets. Although it does not completely overcome the accuracy–interpretability dilemma for deep learning, it does appear to resolve this issue for credit scoring datasets with heterogeneous attributes, and thus, could lead to a new era in the financial industry.