jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Astrocytes modulate the respiratory network of the lamprey

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

AIMS: To investigate astrocyte and ATP functions within the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG), the proposed respiratory central pattern generator of the lamprey. \nMETHODS: Experiments were performed on isolated brainstems of adult lampreys. The vagal motor output was used to monitor respiratory activity. Bath application and microinjections (30-50 nl) of several drugs were employed. Immunohistochemical labelling of pTRG astrocytes was performed. RESULTS: Bath application of the gliotoxin aminoadipic acid (AAA; 1 mM) caused increases in frequency and amplitude of vagal bursts and followed by progressive decreases in both variables. Bilateral microinjections of 1 mM ATP-γ-S into the pTRG caused marked increases in respiratory frequency. These responses were abolished during AAA application, thus indicating that pTRG astrocytes have a crucial respiratory role. Bath application of 5 mM glutamine (Gln) caused a rapid recovery of baseline respiration, thus suggesting that the astrocyte glutamate–glutamine cycle is crucial for the maintenance of the respiratory rhythmic activity. In addition, we ascertained whether ATP and astrocytes contribute to increases in respiratory activity due to reduction in pH of the perfusing solution from 7.4 to 7.0 at costant PC02. These increases were still present after bath application of PPADS, a P2R antagonist, but completely abolished after AAA application. However, application of Gln in the presence of AAA restored the low pH-induced responses. \nCONCLUSIONS: The results show that astrocytes are involved in respiratory modulation as well as in ATP- and acidification-induced increases of respiratory activity. The role of astrocytes in rhythmic networks appears to be conserved throughout evolution.
Emerging Opportunities in Higher Education: Applied Behavior Analysis and Autism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The growing number of children diagnosed with autism and the recognized importance of evidence-based interventions has substantially increased the need for well-trained applied behavior analysts. Relative to public/consumer demand, there are very few higher education programs that are equipped to train behavior analysts specializing in autism. Worldwide, there are only a few programs accredited by Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI), that have course sequences approved by the Behavior Analysis Certification Board (BACB), and have formal institutional course approval for classes in autism and behavior analysis. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a series of expert commentary on the context, content and systems required to build quality higher education programs in autism and applied behavior analysis. Together the articles in this special section of the European Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis form a resource for faculty and university administrators interested in the development of innovative and socially relevant training programs in higher education.
AT1 Receptor Antagonists: Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension in Brazil

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

High blood pressure (HBP) is a multifactorial disease that affects millions of people around the world and contributes to a large number of deaths due to acute myocardial infarction, stroke and chronic kidney disease. Its etiology remains inconclusive, but it is known that it arises of central and peripheral catecholaminergic dysfunction. Thus, cellular mechanisms are still under investigation. Its pathophysiology is characterized by an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. The national and international guidelines for hypertension indicate that effective pharmacotherapy provides a control in blood pressure values and mortalityâ morbidityreduction. Classes of antihypertensive drugs available for clinical use are diuretics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, sympatholytic, calcium channel antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists of angiotensin II (ARBs). ARBs (i.e.: candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan and valsartan)represent current and often used drug class in Brazil.They have different molecular configurations with independent action mechanismsin angiotensin II AT1 receptor. The objective of this paper is to discuss the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of hypertension, emphasizing the antagonists of angiotensin II used in Brazil, since they constitute a class of antihypertensive drugs that has fewer side effects and greater therapeutic efficacy.
A survey of the use of psychopharmaceuticals in patients admitted to a university hospital for adults Encuesta sobre el uso de psicofármacos en pacientes internados en un hospital universitario de adultos.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We performed a survey concerning the use of psychotropic drugs among 223 patients admitted to a university hospital in November 1986. 39% of patients were receiving some psychotropic drug, and 73% of these corresponded to benzodiazepines. Insomnia and anxiety were reported as the main causes for drug use. Patients above age 50 were most affected. 61% of drugs had been in use for more than 6 months. These results confirm previous findings regarding psychotropic drug use in adults.
184. Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Testing on Pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background In 2013, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommended inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) testing on macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, which arises due to the ermB gene. Ribosomal methylation by ermB confers resistance to macrolides (high-level resistance), lincosamides and streptogramin B. The goal of our study is to characterize the prevalence of ICR among pediatric pneumococcal isolates. Methods We identified erythromycin-resistant(R) (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 1 µg/mL) and clindamycin-susceptible(S) (MIC ≤ 0.25 µg/mL) pneumococcal isolates from pediatric patients seen at Children’s Mercy Hospital from 2007 to 2017. Determination of ICR was achieved via disk approximation (D-zone test) with standard erythromycin (15 µg) and clindamycin (2 µg) disks. Isolates with high-level erythromycin resistance (MIC ≥ 32µg/mL) were also tested for ermB gene by PCR. Positive and negative controls were used for D-zone test and ermB PCR. Results We identified 289 erythromycin-R pneumococcal isolates; of those 194 (67.1%) were clindamycin-S (Figure 1). One-hundred and sixty-nine isolates were available for ICR testing, 166 (98%) isolates represented non-invasive disease samples. Median age of patients with erythromycin-R and clindamycin-S isolates was 19 (range 0.1 – 180) months. None of the isolates expressed ICR based on the D-zone test. Thirteen of those isolates (7.7%) expressed high-level erythromycin-R (MIC range 32-128 µg/mL); all were negative for ermB. The most common serotypes/serogroups among erythromycin-R and clindamycin-S isolates were: 15 (n=22), 35B (n=19), 11 (n=16), 6 (n=16), 19A (n=14) and 33 (n=12). Conclusion Erythromycin-R and clindamycin-S pneumococcal isolates did not express ICR and isolates with high-level erythromycin-R did not carry ermB. Multicenter studies are needed to determine if ICR testing is required for macrolide-resistant pneumococcal isolates in the PCV13 era. Disclosures Liset Olarte, MD, MSc, GSK (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)Sanofi (Research Grant or Support) Douglas S. Swanson, MD, Merck (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)Sanofi (Research Grant or Support)
The Signal Transmission Mechanism on the Surface of Human Body for Body Channel Communication

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The signal transmission mechanism on the surface of the human body is studied for the application to body channel communication (BCC). From Maxwell's equations, the complete equation of electrical field on the human body is developed to obtain a general BCC model. The mechanism of BCC consists of three parts according to the operating frequencies and channel distances: the quasi-static near-field coupling part, the reactive induction-field radiation part, and the surface wave far-field propagation part. The general BCC model by means of the near-field and far-field approximation is developed to be valid in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 100 MHz and distance up to 1.3 m based on the measurements of the body channel characteristics. Finally, path loss characteristics of BCC are formulated for the design of BCC systems and many potential applications.
Some insight into the mechanism of inhibition of psychrotrophic bacterial growth in raw milk by lactic acid bacteria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Addition of lactic acid bacteria to refrigerated raw milk inhibited growth of Gram‐negative psychrotrophic bacteria. In order to obtain complete inhibition, population levels of lactic acid bacteria approaching 1× 10 8 cfu/ml were required. At this inoculum level a substantial pH change was observed in the milk during storage. The degree of inhibition was related to the final pH of the milk. Inhibition of the psychrotrophs was brought about by adjustment of pH with L(+) lactic acid but not by HCI. Inhibition by the lactic acid bacteria was observed in heat‐treated milks seeded with a small volume of raw milk, but no inhibition of Gram‐negative psychrotrophic growth was observed when cell‐free preparations of lactic acid bacteria were used. A cell‐free ultrafiltrate of one lactic acid culture did inhibit a strain of Bacillus circulans.
Merkel Cells in the Oral Mucosa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ninety-eight consecutive surgical biopsies of oral mucosa from 96 patients were evaluated immunohistochemically with an anti–cytokeratin 20 (CK 20) anti-body to evidence Merkel cells (MC). Fifteen cases, showing the highest number of MC, were additionally studied with chromogranin A, S-100 protein, neuro filaments, epithelial membrane antigen, and double immunostaining for CK 20 and Ki67 antibodies to evaluate MC proliferation. Electron microscopy was performed in 2 cases. MC were observed in 58 cases. The highest number of MC was found in the gingival, buccal, and palate mucosa, especially in chronically damaged oral mucosa (lichen and chronic aspecific inflammation) as well as in the mucosa overlying tumors rather than in normal or acute inflammation. MC were not observed in dysplastic or neoplastic epithelium. MC showed evidence of proliferation, as demonstrated by Ki67 positivity, in 3 cases. In conclusion, MC appear to play a role in the reparative processes of oral mucosa.
Changes in reverberation affect speech intelligibility within the classroom

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Due to growing concern over the suitability of educational facilities, the importance of acoustics within schools has been widely discussed over the past few years. A number of papers have shown that reverberation and excessive noise degrade speech intelligibility, thus hindering the learning process. This paper was aimed at investigating speech intelligibility within a classroom by changing seating arrangement and reverberation time. The research was conducted at the State University of Campinas - Sao Paulo, Brazil, in a standard classroom occupied with 50% of students ontologically normal. Students were given speech intelligibility tests that used lists of language phrases found in audiological tests in Brazil. The speakers were both male and female. A more absorptive material was employed in one of the surfaces of the wall so as to change reverberation time. Seating arrangement was modified relative to the distribution of the acoustical material. The sound equipment was placed where the teacher would be and an approximate 65 dB(A) sound level was measured at the farthest point from the source. In order to assess the acoustical condition within the classroom, reverberation time (RT) and background noise levels were measured in many a situation (including with the students present).
IT’S NOT THEM, IT’S YOU: A CASE STUDY CONCERNING THE EXCLUSION OF NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

My purpose in this essay is to suggest, via case study, that if Anglo-American philosophy is to become more inclusive of non-western traditions, the discipline requires far greater efforts at self-scrutiny. I begin with the premise that Confucian ethical treatments of manners afford unique and distinctive arguments from which moral philosophy might profit, then seek to show why receptivity to these arguments will be low. I examine how ordinary good manners have largely fallen out of philosophical moral discourse in the west, looking specifically at three areas: conditions in the 18th and 19th centuries that depressed philosophical attention to manners; discourse conventions in contemporary philosophy that privilege modes of analysis not well fitted to close scrutiny of manners; and a philosophical culture that implicitly encourages indifference or even antipathy toward polite conduct. I argue that these three areas function in effect to render contemporary discourse inhospitable to greater inclusivity where Confucianism is concerned and thus, more broadly, that greater self-scrutiny regarding unexamined, parochial western commitments and practices is necessary for genuine inclusivity.
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2009 Polyamine Accumulation in Transgenic Tomato Enhances the Tolerance to High Temperature Stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Polyamines play an important role in plant response to abiotic stress. S-adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) is one of the key regulatory enzymes in the biosynthesis of polyamines. In order to better understand the effect of regulation of polyamine biosynthesis on the tolerance of high-temperature stress in tomato, SAMDC cDNA isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was introduced into tomato genome by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens through leaf disc transformation. Transgene and expression was confirmed by Southern and Northern blot analyses, respectively. Transgenic plants expressing yeast SAMDC produced 1.7- to 2.4-fold higher levels of spermidine and spermine than wild-type plants under high temperature stress, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and the protection of membrane lipid peroxidation was also observed. This subsequently improved the efficiency of CO2 assimilation and protected the plants from high temperature stress, which indicated that the transgenic tomato presented an enhanced tolerance to high temperature stress (38 ◦C) compared with wild-type plants. Our results demonstrated clearly that increasing polyamine biosynthesis in plants may be a means of creating high temperature-tolerant germplasm.
Research on Marine English Teaching Mode based on Simulator: Innovative Method to Improve Students Practical Ability

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

With the rapid development of the global shipping industry, navigation English, as an important language of international shipping communication, its teaching quality directly affects the practical working ability of navigation practitioners. This paper discusses the navigation English teaching mode based on simulator, and improves students practical ability by introducing simulator teaching. The research shows that the simulator teaching not only significantly enhances the students language application ability, but also effectively improves their strain ability and operation level in the practical work. This innovative teaching method provides a new way for navigational English teaching, ensuring that students accumulate rich practical experience in a safe environment and laying a solid foundation for their future career development.
Structure Preserving regularizer for Neural Style Transfer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the project is to generate an image in the style of the image by a well-known artist. The experiment will use artificial neural networks to transfer the style of one image onto another. In Computer Vision context: capturing the content invariant that is the style of an image and applying it on the content of another image.\nInitially captures the tensors that we need from the content and style image and then we pass the input image which will initially be an image with noise and our algorithm will try to minimize the loss between the input and content image and that between input and style image thus capturing the essence of both the images into one. The traditional method of style transfer generated image has an artistic effect that is the model successfully capture the style of the image but does not preserve the structural content of the image. The proposed method uses a segmented version of images to faithfully transfer the style to semantic similar content. Also, a regularizer term modified in loss function that helps in avoiding style spill over and have photographic results.
Jingdezhen Ceramic qOldq Brand Decorative Design Again

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Because of the porcelain products by materials, structure, the limitation of the production process itself, the partial products model has relatively perfect and fixed, not suitable for frequently change its basic model, but with the passage of time, the product style will slowly fall behind, work hard in the surface decoration pattern can solve this contradiction.Based on the same modelling style diverse design can make the classic model of these outstanding, coruscate glorious new life constantly, enduring, and meet the different needs of consumers.
Role of Electromagnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Early Stages

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a disorder that leads to collapse and osteoarthritis in young patients. This study examines the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic fields [PEMF] in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the head in precollapse bone stages. A retrospective evaluation was done of 51 patients including 70 hips with symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip treated with pulsed electromagnetic fields. Criteria for inclusion in the study group were evidence of osteonecrosis and absence of collapse of the femoral head. The average follow-up was 26 months (range, 18 - 90). Etiologies included idiopathic (40 cases), steroid use (26) and alcohol (4). To demonstrate the existence of osteonecrosis and its evolution, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and plain radiography techniques were used. Results: Procedures were radiological success in 80% of cases, and no progression to collapse in 88.57% of hips. Eight of the 70 hips had radiographic progression to collapse. This study suggests that selected PEMF reduce the incidence of progression of osteonecrosis of femoral head in early stage.
Mapping the Indian Contribution in Pathogen Research during 2008-2017: A Scientometric Analysis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The present study mainly examines the growth rate of publications in the field of Pathogen research in India during the period of 2008-2017. The study based on Scopus databases and using scientometric tools. It reveals that a total 13070 of publications were published from the marked period of study. our analysis includes the year wise publications output, annual growth rate, compound annual growth rate, relative growth rate and doubling time, most productive authors, documents wise distribution of publications etc., and found that the maximum 1925 (14.73%) of research papers were published in the year 2016, followed by 1896 (14.51%) of publication in 2017. The maximum 36.541 annual growth rate was recorded in the year 2011, and 0.1189 CAGR was recorded in the year 2009. The maximum RGR 0.82 was recorded in the year 2009, and the highest doubling time 4.414 was recorded in the year 2017. The highest 69 publications were contributed by Dhama, K. and the maximum 10909 documents were ‘Article’ type.
Regulation of Spraying 6-BA in the Late Jointing Stage on the Fertile Floret Development and Grain Setting in Winter Wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wheat yield is largely determined by the grains per spike, which in turn is related to the fertile floret development prior to anthesis. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological mechanism of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on fertile floret development and grain setting characteristics by foliar application in winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons in China. Two foliar spraying applications with water (S0) and 6-BA (S1) were applied to a large-spike variety (V1) and a multiple-spike variety (V2) 25 days after jointing. At anthesis, spike dry weight and soluble sugar, sucrose, auxin, and cytokinin were all positively correlated with the number of fertile florets and grains per spike. During the abortion stage of fertile florets, 6-BA application compared to the control reduced the auxin content, increased the cytokinin content and spike dry matter and transported more soluble sugar and sucrose from the non-spike organs to the spike. Exogenous 6-BA application increased the number of fertile florets (~1.84 to ~2.50) and number of grains (~2.83 to ~3.51) by primarily suppressing the number of degenerated and aborted florets. The results provide important evidence that 6-BA application has a positive effect on floret fertility and grain setting, which lead to a further increase in grain yield.
ASSR testing for the detection of exaggerated hearing loss in workers' compensation applications.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

労災認定において詐聴, とくに誇大難聴が存在することは広く知られているところである。今回我々は2006年1月から2009年12月までの4年間に当科を受診し騒音性難聴の労災認定を希望した14症例を対象として, 従来施行してきた検査に加えて聴性定常反応検査 (ASSR) を行った。詐聴の診断はASSR閾値と純音聴力閾値を比較し, 純音聴力閾値がASSR閾値よりも高い場合を詐聴とした。結果は14症例中7例 (50%) を詐聴と診断し, その7例いずれも難聴の存在自体は明らかであり誇大難聴と考えられた。詐聴と診断した7例中6例は, 従来行ってきた検査からも詐聴と診断可能であり, ASSR検査結果と一致した。これまで騒音性難聴の意見書作成の際に, 詐聴の判断に苦慮するケースを少なからず経験してきたが, ASSR検査を行うことによりこれまでよりも正確に詐聴の診断ができる可能性が考えられた。
[Stimulation of adenosine A1 receptor attenuates angiotensin II induced myocardial hypertrophy in neonatal rats via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal pathways].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Adenosine A1 receptor can inhibit AngII induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through downregulating ERK signal pathways and reducing intracellular Ca(2+).
A Comparative Study of Nafion 212 and Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Membranes with Different Degrees of Sulfonation on the Performance of Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Battery

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For an iron-chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB), sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes with five various degrees of sulfonation (DSs) are studied. To select the SPEEK membrane with the ideal DS for ICRFB applications, the physicochemical characteristics and single-cell performance are taken into consideration. Following all the investigations, it has been determined that the SPEEK membrane, which has a DS of 57% and a thin thickness of 25 μm, is the best option for replacing commercial Nafion 212 in ICRFB. Firstly, it exhibits a better cell performance according to energy efficiency (EE) and coulombic efficiency (CE) at the current density range between 40 mA cm−2 and 80 mA cm−2. Additionally, it has a more stable EE (79.25–81.64%) and lower discharge capacity decay rate (50%) than the Nafion 212 (EE: 76.74–81.45%, discharge capacity decay: 76%) after 50 charge–discharge cycles, which proves its better oxidation stability as well. In addition, the longer self-discharge time during the open-circuit voltage test further demonstrates that this SPEEK membrane could be employed for large-scale ICRFB applications.