jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Energy Control Strategies for a Standalone PV/WT/FC Hybrid Renewable System

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to design and control a standalone hybrid renewable system, comprising PV panels and wind turbines as the main energy sources along with a fuel-cell stack as a support system. In an attempt to improve the stability and security of the hybrid renewable system, a battery bank, a supercapacitor pack, and an electrolyzer are integrated as storage units, due to the intermittent and fluctuant primary energy sources contribution. In this paper several energy management strategies is designed and simulated and their performance is compared. The energy management strategies taken into account for comparative investigation in the addressed hybrid renewable system are the most commonly used ones, as follows: the state machine control, the rule-based fuzzy logic control, the ANFIS-based control strategy, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) and the external energy maximization strategy (EEMS). The Mandeni’s fuzzy interface system is taken into consideration, in the case of the fuzzy logic control. The ANFIS-based control strategy data requirements (training, checking and testing data set) are prepared via the state machine control, which determines the operation of the backup system and the storage units based on the battery state of charge and the energy demand shortage. The main contribution of the state machine control and the rule based fuzzy logic design approach, in addition to the demanded energy provision, is protecting the battery bank against deep discharge and overcharge. Moreover, the ECMS introduces a cost function based energy management strategy that minimizes the hydrogen consumption of the fuel-cell and the equivalent fuel consumption of the battery bank. In the following, the EEMS maximizes the energy of the storage banks, which results in the total fuel consumption minimization. Three scenarios are taken into account: Pulsed and Constant loads, for short term analysis, and Random loads, for long term analysis. The simulation study demonstrates successful operation of the energy management strategies for different initial battery SOCs, which are selected in a way to cover the operation of the controller in three battery SOC rangers. In addition, design requirements such as the hydrogen consumption, the fuel efficiency, and the fuel-cell stack efficiency are evaluated in the case of all the energy control strategies.
Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Sporozoite Detection in Mosquitoes Infected With Wild-strain Parasites From Asymptomatic Gametocyte Carriers in Kilifi Kenya

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background : Screening for Plasmodium spp. sporozoite infection in mosquitoes is routinely done using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a fast and non-destructive method, has recently been shown to distinguish, with 95% accuracy, between uninfected and sporozoite-infected mosquitoes using laboratory strains of Plasmodium falciparum (PfN54). The aim of this present study was to further investigate the reproducibility of NIRS to identify sporozoite infection in mosquitoes infected using field isolates of P. falciparum gametocytes from asymptomatic carriers. Methods : Healthy individuals (aged 5 years and above) were screened for gametocytaemia by thick-smear microscopy in an area of moderate transmission along the Coast of Kenya between May and September 2018. Asymptomatic gametocyte carriers were recruited for mosquito feeding assays, direct membrane feeding (DMFA) and direct skin feeding (DFA), using insectary-reared Anopheles gambiae s.s (Kilifi strain). Mosquitoes were kept for 14-days post feeding after which they were scanned using NIRS and subsequently analysed for sporozoite infection using circumsporozoite-ELISA. Predictive models were explored using partial least square regressions (PLS). Results: Two hundred and ninety-nine (299) individuals were screened for malaria parasites, 74 (24.8%) were found with circulating asexual parasites, and 16 (5.4%) with P. falciparum gametocyte stages.Fourteen (14) asymptomatic gametocyte carriers were recruited to the study for mosquito feeding assays. A total of 134 (7%, 134/1881) sporozoite-infected mosquitoes were obtained from 9 successful experiments. Three different training datasets composed of infected and uninfected mosquitoes were analysed. The PLS models were unable to distinguish between sporozoite-infected and uninfected mosquitoes. A predictive model could not be generated. Conclusions: The results of this study were not consistent with previous published research on NIRS for detection of sporozoite infection in the same mosquito species and may reflect differences between laboratory and field conditions. The current findings indicate that methods for sporozoite detection should be tested on field isolates at an early stage in their development and are informative for future research seeking novel high-throughput methods for parasite detection in mosquitoes.
Effects of Peroxide and Catalase on Near Ultraviolet Radiation Sensitivity inEscherichia ColiStrains

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The role of peroxide and catalase on NUV radiation sensitivity was examined in two repair competent E. coli strains, AB1157 and B/r. Exponential phase B/r is considerably more sensitive to NUV radiation than exponential phase AB1157. However, resistance to 5 mmol dm-3 H2O2 was induced in both AB1157 and B/r by pretreating growing cells with 30 mumol dm-3 H2O2. Pretreatment also induced resistance to broad-band NUV radiation in these strains. The addition of catalase to the post-irradiation plating medium increased survival to the same extent as that provided by pretreatment with 30 mumol dm-3 H2O2, in both strains. The NUV radiation sensitivity seen in B/r does not appear to be due to a deficiency in enzymes that scavenge H2O2, as a catalase deficient mutant, E. coli UM1, is more resistant to NUV radiation than B/r. Also, assays for H2O2 scavenging ability show little difference between AB1157 and B/r in this respect. Two hypotheses are put forward to account for the sensitivity of exponential phase B/r. Whilst it is apparent that peroxides and catalase do have a role in NUV radiation damage, it is clear that other factors also influence survival under certain conditions.
Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the nuclear responses and cytokine production induced by Salmonella typhimurium in cultured intestinal epithelial cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Central to the pathogenesis of Salmonella typhimurium is its ability to engage the host cell in a two-way biochemical interaction. As a consequence of this interaction, a dedicated protein secretion system, termed type III, is activated in these bacteria and directs the translocation of signaling proteins into the host cell. Secretion of these proteins stimulates host cell signal transduction pathways that lead to a variety of cellular responses. An important feature of S. typhimurium pathogenesis is the induction of a profound inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium. In this report, we show that S. typhimurium induces host cell signal transduction pathways that lead to the activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8. We also show that S. typhimurium infection of cultured intestinal epithelial cells results in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK, JNK, and p38. Induction of these signaling pathways and the synthesis of IL-8 was strictly dependent on the function of the invasion-associated type III protein secretion system encoded by S. typhimurium. Pretreatment of cells with the highly specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB 203580 prevented S. typhimurium-induced IL-8 production. These results indicate that the inflammatory response induced by S. typhimurium may be due to the specific stimulation of MAP kinase signaling pathways leading to nuclear responses.
Nudge Theory vs. Inspiration Economy Labs- Comparing the Depth of Influence on Socio-Economics Behaviours

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Behavioural Economics have been developing rapidly in the last few decades that almost controls all the new presented democratic economies. With the more acknowledgement of Noble Prize to libertarian paternalism economics, shortly called nudge, this behavioural applied economics field have given hope for new coming economies as Inspiration Economy. In this comparative study paper we shall compare the concepts, the principles and the applications of “Nudge” verses that of “Inspiration Economy Labs”. The psychology of both nudge and inspiration economies are also compared and then linked to the mechanism each use in creating a type of social engineering. The paper discusses the differentiated results of the two concepts of behavioural economic pros and cons and how researchers and practitioners of both can benefit from their lesson learned and clear achievements. The researcher recommends more work to be continued in this line due to the richness of the data available and the need of all the socio-economies to utilize these multiple disciplined driven concepts further in more applications that lead to the improvement of communities’ quality of life and in the way the human mindset is utilised.
MCKITTRICK-WHEELOCK SYNDROME: A RARE CAUSE OF POTENTIALLY FATAL CHRONIC DIARRHEA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome is characterized by a state of extreme fluid and electrolyte depletion secondary to large colorectal tumors, often benign villous adenoma.It was first reported in 1954 by McKittrick and Wheelock.Patients present with chronic diarrhea, severe hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and/or acute kidney injury.This work consists of an elaborate bibliographic review, in order to elucidate what is known about this pathology classified as rare.It aims to improve the diagnosis and management of this potentially lethal syndrome and to understand its presentation and pathophysiology, in order to allow the physician to anticipate the patient's deterioration.Pathophysiologically, there is hypersecretion of prostaglandin E2 in secretory tubulovillous adenomas.However, it remains an uncommon and poorly recognized disease, presenting significant morbidity if not properly treated.Due to the long period between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis, therapy ends up being delayed.Definitive treatment, which often proves to be curative, must be performed after the patient has stabilized, by means of tumor resection.After fluid and electrolyte replacement and early definitive surgery, the prognosis tends to be good.
Detection of tomato disease using texture features and genetic bee colony algorithm

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant disease is one of the most threatening factors in agriculture field causing a decrease in the quality and quantity of produced products. Some of the diseases can be identified and recognized by the appearance of symptoms on the leaves of the plant. Non-destructive and accurate techniques for detection of diseases could be practical in increasing productivity and decreasing the waste of products. In this research, nine types of common diseases in tomatoes were evaluated by the machine vision method and using Gray Level Co-occuarance Matrix (GLCM), Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRM), and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) texture features. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to model the dataset. The best algorithm and model were introduced using SVM and KNN models. With the ANN model, the best results were obtained with the GLCM feature, while in other models, the features extracted from the GLRM algorithm exhibited the best outcomes. The SVM model with the cubic kernel function yielded the best results, which had the accuracy of 97.43% and 91.38% in training and test steps. The sensitivity and specificity of this modeling were 99.46% and 95.59% as well as 97.91% and 86.75% for training and test datasets, respectively. In addition, the results were improved using the Genetic Bee Colony (GBC) feature reduction algorithm. The results exhibited acceptable performance in detecting healthy and unhealthy leaves, and in accurately diagnosing the type of tomato disease.
Anatomy of Spin-Transfer Torque

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Spin-transfer torques occur in magnetic heterostructures because the transverse component of a spin current that flows from a non-magnet into a ferromagnet is absorbed at the interface. We demonstrate this fact explicitly using free electron models and first principles electronic structure calculations for real material interfaces. Three distinct processes contribute to the absorption: (1) spin-dependent reflection and transmission; (2) rotation of reflected and transmitted spins; and (3) spatial precession of spins in the ferromagnet. When summed over all Fermi surface electrons, these processes reduce the transverse component of the transmitted and reflected spin currents to nearly zero for most systems of interest. Therefore, to a good approximation, the torque on the magnetization is proportional to the transverse piece of the incoming spin current.
Crack Detectability and Durability of Coaxial Cable Sensors in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The working mechanism and the measurement principle of topology-based crack sensors made of coaxial cables are briefly reviewed. The sensitivity, spatial resolution, and ruggedness of two coaxial cable sensors, respectively made of rubber and Teflon dielectric materials, were compared and validated with laboratory testing of a 4/5-scale, T-shaped, reinforced concrete beam-column specimen. Two Teflon sensors were installed on one of the solid decks of a three-span continuous highway bridge to investigate their durability and measurement repeatability. Laboratory tests indicated that both types of sensors have high sensitivity, but the Teflon sensor has a higher spatial resolution and a negligible spillover effect of any significant cracks. At a 90-degree bend, however, the Teflon sensor is more susceptible than the rubber sensor to the rubbing action of the outer conductor of a coaxial cable against its dielectric layer. No cracks were observed during the field load tests of the instrumented bridge. Both sensors indicated high durability in real-world application but a certain variation of waveforms was measured over a period of 5 years because of the use of different instruments. Future research is directed to develop an online calibration of crack sensors with a small portion of built-in standard cable at the end of the cable sensor.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Targeting the Pseudomonas quinolone signal quorum sensing system for the discovery of novel anti-infective pathoblockers.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe nosocomial infections.It uses quorum sensing (QS) to regulate and coordinate population-wide group behaviours in the infection process like concerted secretion of virulence factors.One very important signalling network is the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) QS.With the aim to devise novel and innovative anti-infectives, inhibitors have been designed to address the various potential drug targets present within pqs QS.These range from enzymes within the biosynthesis cascade of the signal molecules PqsABCDE to the receptor of these autoinducers PqsR (MvfR).This review shortly introduces P. aeruginosa and its pathogenicity traits regulated by the pqs system and highlights the published drug discovery efforts providing insights into the compound binding modes if available.Furthermore, suitability of the individual targets for pathoblocker design is discussed.
Empirical proof of concept for TE generation in mobile computers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Thermoelectric (TE) module integration into a mobile computer has been experimentally investigated in this paper for its energy harvesting opportunities. For this purpose, a detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model was constructed for thermal simulations. The model outputs were then correlated with the thermal validation results of the target system. A suitable "warm spot" has been selected, based on the FEA model, to integrate a commercial TE micro-module inside the system with minimum or no notable impact to the system performance, as measured by thermal changes in the system. The prediction was validated by integrating a TE micro-module to the mobile system under test. Measured TE power generation power density in the carefully selected region of the heat pipe was around 1.26 mW/cm 3 with high CPU load and no notable degradation in system performance.
Values and Virtues

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Term used to designate a multitude of trends—in the arts, philosophy, religion, technology, and many other areas—that come after and deviate from the many 20th-cent. movements that constituted modernism. The term has become ubiquitous in contemporary discourse and has been employed as a catchall for various aspects of society, theory, and art … In general, the postmodern view is cool, ironic, and accepting of the fragmentation of contemporary existence. It tends to concentrate on surfaces rather than depths, to blur the distinctions between high and low culture, and as a whole to challenge a wide variety of traditional cultural values.
Reviewer #1 (Public Review): High-Resolution Laminar Identification in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex Using Neuropixels Probes

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Laminar electrode arrays allow simultaneous recording of activity of many cortical neurons and assignment to correct layers using current source density (CSD) analyses. Electrode arrays with 100-micron contact spacing can estimate borders between layer 4 versus superficial or deep layers, but in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) there are far more layers, such as 4A which is only 50-100 microns thick. Neuropixels electrode arrays have 20-micron spacing, and thus could potentially discern thinner layers and more precisely identify laminar borders. Here we show that CSD signals lack the spatial resolution required to take advantage of high density Neuropixels arrays and describe the development of approaches based on higher resolution electrical signals and analyses, including spike waveforms and spatial spread, unit density, high-frequency action potential (AP) power spectrum, temporal power change, and coherence spectrum, that afford far higher resolution of laminar distinctions, including the ability to precisely detect the borders of even the thinnest layers of V1.New analysis methods allow high-resolution cortical layer identification using data from high-density laminar electrode arrays.
Multiscale dynamical network mechanisms underlying aging from birth to death

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

How self-organized networks develop, mature and degenerate is a key question for sociotechnical, cyberphysical and biological systems with potential applications from tackling violent extremism through to neurological diseases. So far, it has proved impossible to measure the continuous-time evolution of any in vivo organism network from birth to death. Here we provide such a study which crosses all organizational and temporal scales, from individual components (10^1) through to the mesoscopic (10^3) and entire system scale (10^6). These continuous-time data reveal a lifespan driven by punctuated, real-time co-evolution of the structural and functional networks. Aging sees these structural and functional networks gradually diverge in terms of their small-worldness and eventually their connectivity. Dying emerges as an extended process associated with the formation of large but disjoint functional sub-networks together with an increasingly detached core. Our mathematical model quantifies the very different impacts that interventions will have on the overall lifetime, period of initial growth, peak of potency, and duration of old age, depending on when and how they are administered. In addition to their direct relevance to online extremism, our findings offer fresh insight into aging in any network system of comparable complexity for which extensive in vivo data is not yet available.
Equations of contact deformation for 2 spheres by indirect-fictitious boundary integral method (Modification of Hertz’s formula)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ball bearings are used for many mechanisms. For the precious linear motion mechanism, it is very important to know the ball bearing deformation because the driving load is supported by the bearing. Especially, for the focus control mechanism of the optical telescope, even a very small deformation is not negligible because a sub-micron precision is required for the driving stroke. The Hertz’s formula is very familiar to the relation between the load and the displacement in a small contact area. Hertz derived the formula by using a potential of the electricity distribution in the ellipsoid body. However, it is reported that an error becomes large when the contact area is large. It is a reason that the elliptic paraboloid is used for the ellipsoid body in the Hertzian contact theory. Some modified equations are reported by Nishihara et.al, Tatara and Villaggio. However, the modified equations by Nishihara et al. and Villaggio are a little different from the FEM result. Therefore, in this paper, a contact deformation for the 2 equivalent spheres is analyzed by the indirect-fictitious boundary integral method. For the relation between the load and the displacement, a new modified equation with the fractional expression is derived in this paper. And, for the relation between the load and the contact radius, it is confirmed that the Hertz’s formula is correct.
Propoxyphene Hydrochloride

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A review of the published literature on propoxyphene hydrochloride was undertaken to determine if the wide popularity of the drug is justified. Only double-blind studies were reviewed; 20 were identified in a bibliography of 243 articles. In the course of the review, deficiencies in the design, conduct, and reporting of the clinical studies were noted. The addiction liability of propoxyphene is low but several reports have demonstrated its abuse potential. The reviewed studies show that propoxyphene is not superior to codeine or aspirin in terms of analgesic effect. No definite statement as to relative incidence of side effects can be made. It appears that factors other than intrinsic therapeutic value are responsible for the commercial success of propoxyphene.
Estimation of daily evapotranspiration using a two‐layer remote sensing model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A two‐layer remote sensing model for estimating daily evapotranspiration over a large area was developed. The model followed an energy balance approach, where evapotranspiration is estimated as a residual when net radiation, sensible heat flux and ground flux are known. The accuracy of the model outputs was determined using harmonized surface conditions derived from measurements from ground stations. An accurate agreement (r 2 = 0.844, n = 48) between estimates and ground‐based measurement was obtained.