jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Europe Lays Asia Open to Aggression

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

THE dismemberment of Czechoslovakia marks the beginning of a new era in European and hence in world affairs. In this new era the outstanding factor is the domination of Europe by a highly armed, aggressive totalitarian state based immutably on the theory that force is the determinant in all political and international relations. The first objective of this new German Empire is to make itself economically self-sufficient. When that has been achieved by redrawing the map of Europe it will be in a position to demand and obtain the redrawing of the map of the world. Hitler has demonstrated anew the truth proclaimed two thousand years ago by Wu, the Chinese philosopher of war, that the greatest general is he who wins his battles without fighting. By making his enemies believe that he is stronger than in truth he is, Hitler has bluffed them into yielding. In the process he has broken down the last vestiges of the system based on international law and agreement and has proved to the world that the democracies will sacrifice their friends, their allies and their principles when threatened by brute force. That this change in Europe will have repercussions in the Far East goes without saying. For the last half century the interrelation between European and Asiatic political trends has been intimate. Remains to inquire, therefore, first, in what manner the new growth of Germany is likely to influence Europe, and, second, how this in turn is likely to affect the Far East. What this means for Western Europe can best be understood in the light of the German thesis of world power. For a half century or more German political scientists have preached the doctrine of the geographic determination of world power. Not only the lay of the land, but what lies under it and what it can produce, they insist, determine a nation's policy. Lacking important resources such as oil and copper, and needing markets for industrial products, Germany has had to look abroad for both. The most popular doctrine before
Sex Offender Community Notification: Experiences from America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The UK sex offender register is at present ‘closed’ to any general public right of access despite the demands of various constituencies to grant such access. In the USA, registers are open to the public. This article explores the US experiences of disseminating information on sex offenders that started in the mid‐1990s and seeks to draw lessons for the UK, on the practicalities that might ensue given a general right of access.
Evolutionary-physiological aspects of adaptation of the Pacific salmon fry of the oncorhynchus genus to migration to the sea water

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A complex of adaptive changes occurring in the Pacific salmon fry in the process of migration to the sea is described, including behavior, ion content in carcasses, and morphological changes in Stannius bodies, gill epithelium, and nephron tubular epithelium. Participating in experiments with transfer from fresh water into a two-layer aquarium (the lower layer - sea water, the upper layer - fresh water) were smolts of chum salmon and underyearlings of masu salmon as well as the trachurus and leiurus forms of the three-spined stickleback Casterosteus aculeatus. All fish, regardless of their salt preference, at once after placement into the two-layer aquarium, occupied the sea water zone, at the very bottom of the aquarium. After 1 h, there started brief excursions of masu salmon and chum salmon to the upper, fresh water layer; however, both forms of the three-spined stickleback did not participate in these excursions. After 12 h, the chum salmon settled down in the lower, sea water layer, while the masu salmon - in the upper, fresh water layer. Both forms of the three-spined stickleback never left the sea water layer and felt quite comfortably on the aquarium bottom. It seems that the high tolerance of the both stickleback forms to wide salinity limits allows them to choose the convenient position regardless of the water salt composition. By analyzing the material obtained for three years (2001-2003) on structure and functions of the gill epithelium chloride cells (CC), we have come to the conclusion that the fresh water fry of two salmon species, chum and masu salmons, caught at the same time and practically in the same water reservoirs can be divided into three groups. The underyearlings of the masu salmon as a rule are characterized by the thickened epithelium of secondary gill lamellae, but by a very small number of CC. In smolts of chum salmon, on the contrary, the epithelium is sufficiently thin, but enriched in the CC that demonstrate an active structure in the very beginning of migration to sea. However, with approaching the sea (and with an increase of terms of migration) the CC activity drops, but their amount does not change. And only after migration to the sea the CC activity rises again, although their amount seems to remain unchanged. The described peculiarities of behavior and of the ion composition regulation in the migrating salmon fry confirm the hypothesis that the salmons evolutionized in fresh water, that the Oncorhynchus genus appeared in large spaces of saltish waters, such as the Japan Sea at the period of the early Pleistocene, and that learning of fry of the Oncorhynchus genus (for instance, of O. gorbuscha and O. keta) is the most specialized in the salmons migrating to the sea, whereas the fresh water species of chars (Salvelinus) and of trouts (Salmo) are more primitive.
The thistle as the emblem of Scotland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The thistle as the emblem of Scotland Get access R. W. C. P. R. W. C. P. 1Beith, N.B. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s5-XI, Issue 276, 12 April 1879, Page 295, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s5-XI.276.295a Published: 12 April 1879
What's Behind the Numbers?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Selecting an investment manager is a matter of choosing the manager who can produce the best numbers in the future. But, the same set of numbers drawn from the past can often present two very different pictures. Changing the benchmark, changing the fiscal year, risk-adjusting the performance, can all make a bad product look good or a good product look bad. The quest for a single, simple measure of performance often leads to an overly simplistic view of the past, which can lead to poor choices for the future.
PKCβ: Expanding role in hepatic adaptation of cholesterol homeostasis to dietary fat/cholesterol

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cholesterol homeostasis relies on an intricate network of cellular processes whose deregulation in response to Western type high-fat/cholesterol diets can lead to several life-threatening pathologies. Significant advances have been made in resolving the molecular identity and regulatory function of transcription factors sensitive to fat, cholesterol, or bile acids, but whether body senses the presence of both fat and cholesterol simultaneously is not known. Assessing the impact of a high-fat/cholesterol load, rather than an individual component alone, on cholesterol homeostasis is more physiologically relevant because Western diets deliver both fat and cholesterol at the same time. Moreover, dietary fat and dietary cholesterol are reported to act synergistically to impair liver cholesterol homeostasis. A key insight into the role of protein kinase C-β (PKCβ) in hepatic adaptation to high-fat/cholesterol diets was gained recently through the use of knockout mice. The emerging evidence indicates that PKCβ is an important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis that ensures normal adaptation to high-fat/cholesterol intake. Consistent with this function, high-fat/cholesterol diets induce PKCβ expression and signaling in the intestine and liver, while systemic PKCβ deficiency promotes accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and bile. PKCβ disruption results in profound dysregulation of hepatic cholesterol and bile homeostasis and imparts sensitivity to cholesterol gallstone formation. The available results support involvement of a two-pronged mechanism by which intestine and liver PKCβ signaling converge on liver ERK1/2 to dictate diet-induced cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. Collectively, PKCβ is an integrator of dietary fat/cholesterol signal and mediates changes to cholesterol homeostasis.
Ohio Canal Era: A Case Study of Government and the Economy, 1820–1861. By Harry N. Scheiber. (Athens: Ohio University Press. 1969. Pp. xviii, 430. $10.00.)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Ohio Canal Era: A Case Study of Government and the Economy, 1820–1861. By Harry N. Scheiber. (Athens: Ohio University Press. 1969. Pp. xviii, 430. $10.00.) Get access Ohio Canal Era: A Case Study of Government and the Economy, 1820–1861. By Scheiber Harry N.. (Athens: Ohio University Press. 1969. Pp. xviii, 430. $10.00.) Ronald E. Shaw Ronald E. Shaw Miami University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 75, Issue 4, April 1970, Pages 1184–1185, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/75.4.1184-a Published: 01 April 1970
CORRECTION OF LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTIVE SYSTEM PROCESSES BY ETHANOL AND LIPOIC ACID AT ACUTE METHANOL INTOXICATION

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Введение метанола вызывает сдвиги оксидантной и антиоксидантной систем, сопровождается признаками активного окислительного стресса, выражающиеся активацией перекисного окисления. Совместное введение метанола с этанолом или липоевой кислотой предупреждает негативные сдвиги, вызванные метанолом. Выживаемость в условиях отравления метанолом составила 7 ч, на фоне этанола – 10 ч, а на фоне липоевой кислоты – 16 ч.
Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

To improve employment outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder, it is necessary to identify factors associated with successful transition to work from the perspectives of the individual and from those who work with or support them. This study involved focus groups with adults with autism spectrum disorder ( n = 9) participating in a 3-year employment and training programme, as well as focus groups with family members ( n = 6), support staff ( n = 7) and co-workers ( n = 6). The aim was to gain better understanding of the experience of transition to work, barriers and also the factors that promote workplace success. Main themes included factors that facilitated success at work ( Enablers), barriers to success ( Challenges) and programme outcomes ( Outcomes). Organisation support, advice from co-workers, supportive leadership, allowance of environmental modifications and presence of a consultant were identified as enablers that most facilitated success at work. Challenges included task-related difficulties, individual factors, social difficulties and distractibility, not managing work-related stress, and being perceived to be too frank. Outcomes were rated as positive and encompassed work-related outcomes, as well as outcomes related to sense of purpose, achieving personal independence and improvements in social relationships, both with work colleagues and within families.
Generalized golden ratios of ternary alphabets

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Expansions in noninteger bases often appear in number theory and probability theory, and they are closely connected to ergodic theory, measure theory and topology. For two-letter alphabets the golden ratio plays a special role: in smaller bases only trivial expansions are unique, whereas in greater bases there exist nontrivial unique expansions. In this paper we determine the corresponding critical bases for all three-letter alphabets and we establish the fractal nature of these bases in function of the alphabets.
The Fort-Towers in La Rioja (Central-Northern Iberia): Conservation Status and Rehabilitations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Ebro Valley of the Iberian Peninsula was throughout the Middle Ages (711-1482 CE) a space of struggles between Christians and Muslims first and among Christian kingdoms later. Despite the existence of a large number of disputes throughout the period, it also established a very heterogeneous space for exchanges of people, objects, cultures, heritage and societies. The two elements that structured the region were the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela on the one hand and defensive architecture on the other. In the Autonomous Community of La Rioja (Central-Northern Iberia), there were more than 130 examples of defensive architecture divided into eight typologies. Among them, fort-towers account for 30% of all buildings. They were especially common during the 14th century, although their construction takes place between the 11th and 15th centuries. From then on they became practically obsolete. Today there are only 18 left, of which only seven have undergone some kind of restoration, while the rest are likely to disappear. The objective of this paper is to study the restoration materials, the restoration campaigns that have been carried out and the enhancement of these seven buildings, five of which have been rehabilitated for private use and two as recreational spaces, giving them a second life so that they can be enjoyed by all of us.
Effect of chemical composition on the response of zwitterionic glucose sensitive hydrogels studied by design of experiments

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT A stimuli‐responsive hydrogel that contains the anionic monomer 3‐acrylamidophenylboronic acid and the cationic monomer N ‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide binds with cis‐diol groups of glucose molecules selectively and reversibly. Even though such hydrogels have good selectivity for glucose, there are still remaining thresholds that should be overcome to enhance the sensitivity (swelling pressure response magnitude) and to reduce the response time (inverse of 1st order rate constant). In this study, the sensitivity and response time of zwitterionic glucose sensitive hydrogels (GSHs) were studied with three factor DOE analysis. The DOE results show that the molar ratio of 3‐acrylamidophenylboronic acid/ N ‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide and the wt % of monomer in the pregel solution are the most important factors for enhancing the hydrogel sensitivity. In addition, fast response times can best be achieved by decreasing the molar ratio of cross‐linker. The results of this study will be useful as guidelines for the optimal synthesis of glucose sensitive hydrogels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40667.
Use Of Dexmedetomidine As The Sole Anesthetic For Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulator Placement

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Department of Anesthesia, Long Beach Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach, California Abstracts published in the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology have been reviewed by the organizations or JNA Affiliate Societies at whose meetings the abstracts have been accepted for presentation. These abstracts have not undergone review by the Editorial Board of the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 34th Annual Meeting of the Society of Neurosurgical Anesthesia and Critical Care, Chicago, Illinois, October 13th, 2006
Analisis Penggunaan E-Commerce Shopee Melalui Niat Penggunaan Berkelanjutan dengan Expectation Confirmation Model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the use of the Shopee e-commerce platform through the perspective of sustainable use intention by applying the Expectation Confirmation Model. This study aims to identify the factors that influence users' continued intention to use Shopee and their behavior after use. In a context of increasing need for sustainability, understanding how e-commerce can be used in a sustainable manner becomes very important. This study uses a quantitative approach with classification. The data obtained is primary data obtained through distributing questionnaires to 50 respondents. This study also uses the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique with the Partial Least Square (PLS) method approach. The results of this study state that the intention to continue using Shopee E-commerce services increases by considering several factors, namely confirmation, perceived security, and self-efficacy. Meanwhile, perceived usefulness and satisfaction factors have no effect on the intention to use the service continuously.
Advanced modification of drug nanocrystals by using novel fabrication and downstream approaches for tailor-made drug delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Drug nanosuspensions/nanocrystals have been recognized as one useful and successful approach for drug delivery. Drug nanocrystals could be further decorated to possess extended functions (such as controlled release) and designed for special in vivo applications (such as drug tracking), which make best use of the advantages of drug nanocrystals. A lot of novel and advanced size reduction methods have been invented recently for special drug deliveries. In addition, some novel downstream processes have been combined with nanosuspensions, which have highly broadened its application areas (such as targeting) besides traditional routes. A large number of recent research publication regarding as nanocrystals focuses on above mentioned aspects, which have widely attracted attention. This review will focus on the recent development of nanocrystals and give an overview of regarding modification of nanocrystal by some new approaches for tailor-made drug delivery.
Multilateral Development Banks as Instruments of EU–Asian Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In January 2016, the People’s Republic of China became the 65th member country of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: a multinational financial institution created by the European Union and the European Investment Bank “to promote entrepreneurship and change lives” across the Mediterranean region, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Perhaps Chinese involvement in this European institution could be considered a surprising development, until we realize both the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, which are generally seen as the major players, are constituted of over a dozen EU members. This complexity of relations is also evident throughout the rest of the multilateral development banks active in Asia. The aim of the article is to test the hypothesis that the cooperation between multilateral development banks not only provides the opportunity for the funding of various investment projects crucial to the world economy, but can also facilitate the achievement of the individual political goals of their members. The text offers a brief comparative analysis of the multilateral development banks that operate and interact in Asia, presenting the common ground for their financial cooperation, while attempting to identify ways of avoiding serious conflicts of interest. The real test of this hypothesis must take into account the political context in which these interactions take place.
Integrating advances in population and evolutionary ecology with conservation strategy through long‐term studies of red‐billed choughs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Conceptual and methodological advances in population and evolutionary ecology are often pursued with the ambition that they will help identify demographic, ecological and genetic constraints on population growth rate ( λ ), and ultimately facilitate evidence‐based conservation. However, such advances are often decoupled from conservation practice, impeding translation of scientific understanding into effective conservation and of conservation‐motivated research into wider conceptual understanding. We summarise key outcomes from long‐term studies of a red‐billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax population of conservation concern, where we proactively aimed to achieve the dual and interacting objectives of advancing population and evolutionary ecology and advancing effective conservation. Estimation of means, variances and covariances in key vital rates from individual‐based demographic data identified temporal and spatial variation in subadult survival as key constraints on λ , and simultaneously provided new insights into how vital rates can vary as functions of demographic structure, natal conditions and parental life history. Targeted analyses showed that first‐year survival increased with prey abundance, implying that food limitation may constrain λ . First‐year survival then decreased dramatically, threatening population viability and prompting emergency supplementary feeding interventions. Detailed evaluations suggested that the interventions successfully increased first‐year survival in some years and additionally increased adult survival and successful reproduction, thereby feeding back to inform intervention refinements and understanding of complex ecological constraints on λ . Genetic analyses revealed novel evidence of expression of a lethal recessive allele, and demonstrated how critically small effective population size can arise, thereby increasing inbreeding and loss of genetic variation. Population viability analyses parameterised with all available demographic and genetic data showed how ecological and genetic constraints can interact to limit population viability, and identified ecological management as of primacy over genetic management to ensure short‐term persistence of the focal population. This case study demonstrates a full iteration through the sequence of primary science, evidence‐based intervention, quantitative evaluation and feedback that is advocated in conservation science but still infrequently achieved. It thereby illustrates how pure science advances informed conservation actions to ensure the (short‐term) stability of the target population, and how conservation‐motivated analyses fed back to advance fundamental understanding of population processes.
Eremophilane Glucosides from Petasites japonicus

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Three new eremophilane glucosides, namely, petasitosides A–C, and seven known eremophilane‐type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Petasites japonicus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This is the first report on eremophilane glycosides from the genus Petasites.
Testing the Quality of Breathable Textiles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

New laboratory methods have been developed for the evaluation of the waterproofness and water vapor permeability of breathable rainwear. The waterproofness was measured using a dynamic shower tester than combines mechanical action and wicking effects, thus closely simulating actual wear conditions. It is shown that some microporous fabrics that have a high water entry pressure allow leakage when they are periodically compressed. Multiple-layer assemblies of water-repellent fabrics were also evaluated. The water vapor transmission of breathable fabrics in rain was determined using a heated cup method in combination with an artificial rain installation. The results indicate that vapor transport characteristics of fabrics are subject to change depending on the weather. The new methods provide a means for selecting fabrics for high-performance rainwear.