jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Boron nutrition and the composition of glucosinolates and soluble nitrogen compounds in two broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of boron (B) nutrition on the composition of glucosinolate and soluble nitrogen (amino acids, NO 3 − , NH 4 + ) compounds, as well as the distribution of B, were investigated in two cultivars of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica ’Baccus’ and ’Commander’). The plants were grown to commercial maturity in vermiculite under glasshouse conditions and supplied continuously with B levels ranging from 0 to 2.5 mg L −1 of nutrient solution. Visible symptoms and inflorescence characteristics confirmed that Commander was more tolerant to B deficiency than Baccus. Eight glucosinolates were identified by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric analysis including 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate and 4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate which have not previously been reported for broccoli. The predominant glucosinolates were 3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate, 1-methyoxy-3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate and 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-glucosinolate. Baccus, but not Commander, also had considerable 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl-glucosinolate. In response to induced B deficiency [tissue B concentrations from 9–18 μg (g DW) −1 ], the total glucosinolates increased by about threefold in the young leaves, but not in the florets. In both the young leaves and florets, there were increases (54–175%) in the proportion of indolyl-glucosinolates. In both cultivars, the pool sizes of the glucosinolate precursor amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine), and of NO 3 − and NH 4 + were not markedly affected.Key words: Boron nutrition, Brassica, broccoli, cultivars, glucosinolates, nitrogen
A meta-analysis analyzing the efficacy of trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd) on central nervous system (CNS) disease in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e14012 Background: CNS metastasis from mBC portends a poor prognosis. We sought to analyze CNS activity of T-DXd through a meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search with terms encompassing BC and T-DXd was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane on November 23 2023. There were no search restrictions. A total of 2318 records were identified, and duplicates were removed using Mendeley. 1189 records that remained were imported into Rayyan, and the titles were screened independently by 2 reviewers. 47/75 full texts were relevant, of which 12 [7 clinical trials and 5 retrospective study] were included for analysis. Only studies that provided stratified CNS response data for mBC were included. RevMan was used to analyze the Risk Ratio (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI), derived from Random Effects (RE) model with Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method. Binary RE Pooled Proportions (PP) using DerSimonian-Laird method were determined using OpenMeta. Visual inspection of our funnel plots revealed no bias. Results: The T-DXd cohort had a total of 377 patients with a median age of 54.2 years (42.5-69). Control group (T-DM1-1, Chemotherapy-2 studies) had 86 patients with a median age of 54.5 years (54.2-54.7). All studies had previously treated patients and most of the patients received local therapy. PP with T-DXd for CNS Complete Response (CR) was 4.8% (2-7.6%). Partial Response (PR) was 50.1% (32.4-67.7%) and Stable Disease (SD) was 28.9 (20.5-37.3%). PP of Objective Response Rate (ORR) (CR+PR) was 60.9% (48.3-73.5%). Drug discontinuation rate was 18% (12.2-23.9%) and pneumonitis rate was 14.5% (9.4-19.6%). RR for Event/Progressive Disease (PD) comparing T-DXd and control group was not significant [0.96 (0.77,1.2) p=0.74, I²=0%], nor was OR for Disease Control Rate (DCR) (CR+PR+SD) [1.11 (0.63,1.96) p=0.64, I²=0%] (Table). The median Progression Free Survival (PFS) was 14.1 (8.5-18.1) months for the T-DXd and 4.3 (3-5.6) months for the control group. Conclusions: Although direct comparison between the pooled T-DXd and control group failed to reveal a difference, the pooled ORR from 10/12 studies was clinically significant at 60.9%. The median PFS for T-DXd was also longer. T-DXd could be a viable treatment option for pretreated HER2+ and low mBC with CNS metastasis. Limitation of our study is the heterogeneity between the studies, entailing the need for future clinical trials in this setting. [Table: see text]
Transmission enhancement in an array of subwavelength slits in aluminum due to surface plasmon resonances

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The coupling of light to surface plasmons through periodic subwavelength metallic structures could strongly modify the optical properties of a metal film. We demonstrate that the optical transmission through an array of subwavelength slits is as high as 80% at resonance, even though the width of each slit is almost 10 times smaller than the wavelength and the slits occupy only 25% of the area of the metal. Numerical calculations suggest that the field intensity is strongly enhanced near the metal surface. The field enhancement could be used for generating nonlinear optical effects and for high sensitivity detection of nanomechanical displacement.
Experimental ecology and habitat specificity of the endangered plantApium repens(Jacq.) Lag. at the northern edge of its range

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background: Successful conservation of endangered species such as Apium repens requires sound information about their ecology and habitat demands. Currently, knowledge about this species is very limited. Aims: Our objectives were to analyse the ecology and habitat demands of A. repens to achieve a better understanding of the factors relevant for its conservation. Methods: We set up a transplantation trial and conducted experiments on competitive ability and inundation tolerance of A. repens; these were complemented by an analysis of 85 vegetation relevés and land use and soil analyses of 24 north German populations. Results: Both intra- and interspecific competition had negative impacts on the growth of A. repens. Disturbance alleviated the impact of competition. Apium repens tolerated fresh water inundation of up to 56 days; salt water inundation proved to be fatal. Transplantation showed that seedlings are suitable founder propagules for reintroduction schemes and that disturbance is vital for their prospering. Conclusions: Apium repens is a light-demanding weak competitor that is dependent on disturbances and well-adapted to ground-water fluctuations and inundation. We recommend that disturbance regimes and hydrological conditions of extant populations should be maintained and suggest seedling-based reintroductions as a valuable tool for conserving the species.
The Global Kinematics of the Globular Cluster M15

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present velocities for 230 stars in the outer parts of the globular cluster M15 measured with the Hydra multi-object spectrograph on the WIYN telescope. A new Bayesian technique is used for analyzing the data. The mean velocity of the cluster is -106.9+/- 0.3 km/s. Rotation with an amplitude of 1.5+/- 0.4 km/s and a position angle of 125+/-19 degrees is observed and the model including rotation is marginally favored over one without rotation. The velocity dispersion decreases from the center out to about 7' and then appears to increase slightly. This behavior is strikingly different from the continued decline of velocity dispersion with increasing radius that is expected in an isolated cluster. We interpret this as an indication of heating of the outer part of M15 by the Galactic tidal field.
[Neurologic manifestations in aseptic necrosis of the head of the femur and structural features of its innervation].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Examination of 54 patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head showed that the most characteristic alterations related to this pathology include vegetative-trophic disturbances in zones of autonomic innervation of neurometamers LIII = LIV. Characteristics of the innervation of the femoral head were studied in man and experimental animals.
Recommendations for the management of opioid-induced constipation - how to improve usability in clinical practice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite standard treatment with laxatives and fluid intake in patients with opioid-induced constipation, escalation of treatment is often needed where μ-opioid receptor antagonists or newer medications such as lubiprostone, linaclotide, or prucalopride are used. Previous guidelines have not been used sufficiently and thus management of the condition is often insufficient. We therefore propose simplified recommendations to management, which we believe can come into broader use. It was validated in primary care for credibility, clarity, relevance, usability, and overall benefit. We believe that this initiative can lead to better management of the substantial proportion of patients suffering from side effects of opioids.
Periodic loop structure for combining power FETs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

N-y circuit level power combiner for FETs that achieves a 1/N impedance transformation ratio and can be implemented in a single layer microstrip technology is proposed. The inverse relationship of each FET with N gives low impedance, which is efficient for operating power FETs from a low supply voltage. The feasible values of transmission line characteristic impedance are used, and the combiner circuit is completely planar and therefore can be realised with a single layer microstrip technology.
Advance in the research of regulatory mechanism of microRNA-21 in cardiac structural remodeling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiac structural remodeling,is an adaptive response of cardiac myocytes to external stresses.While the response is initially compensatory mechanisms that maintains cardiac output,sustained remodeling can result in disruption of normal myocardial structures.This is a key process in the progression of many cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction,heart failure,atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),a newly discovered miRNAs,is closely related with cardiac structural remodeling.Recently,accumulating evidence suggests that miR-21 suppresses the expression of target genes,regulates signaling pathways and involves in the development and progress of cardiac structural remodeling.These findings made it possible for clinic to take miR-21 as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cardiac structural remodeling.
Ammonia emissions from an uncovered dairy slurry storage tank over two years: Interactions with tank operations and meteorological conditions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The storage of slurry substantially contributes to the ammonia (NH3) released from livestock production. This study quantified farm-scale NH3 emissions from a circular open tank storing dairy cow slurry by means of continuous measurements over two years. Emissions were determined by scaling the product of line-integrated concentration measurements across the tank and wind speed measurements at 10 m height. The resulting data were calibrated to emissions determined using the integrated horizontal flux method. The data analysis was structured according to the main influencing factors: natural crust and meteorological conditions. The average annual emission was 0.065 g NH3 m−2 h−1 with a maximum of 1.67 g NH3 m−2 h−1. Annual emissions scaled to total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) were 3.3% of the TAN flow into the store. A natural crust on the slurry surface, which was strongly affected by agitation of the tank, diminished the gas release. An increasing time span after agitation led to correspondingly lower emissions. A greater filling level enhanced crust formation and induced an additional drop in emissions. Precipitation reduced emissions by 64%–86% compared to dry weather conditions. Higher wind speed and temperatures increased emissions. The emissions were highest in periods with weak or no crusting of the slurry surface, which covered 40% of the study time, but produced 61% of total emissions. The response of NH3 emissions to the interactions of influencing factors, which might vary considerably between stores, suggests that these factors require consideration for the determination of emission factors used for inventory reporting.
Research on the evolution model of CDA market environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Based on the research of continuous double auction(CDA)market and the analysis of the inconsistency between the static environment proposed by existing research works and the demands of dynamic practical CDA market,we presented a dynamic CDA(DCDA)market model,which was more close to the real-world market.This model could simulate the price shocks,such as rising,declining and shaking.Two sophisticated bidding strategies,the GD model and the GDX model,were employed in the evaluating process.The experimental results show that the performance of the GD model and the GDX model in DCDA is worse than their performance in the static CDA.
Image_1_STXBP1 Syndrome Is Characterized by Inhibition-Dominated Dynamics of Resting-State EEG.TIF

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>STXBP1 syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene and is characterized by psychomotor delay, early-onset developmental delay, and epileptic encephalopathy. Pathogenic STXBP1 variants are thought to alter excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance at the synaptic level, which could impact neuronal network dynamics; however, this has not been investigated yet. Here, we present the first EEG study of patients with STXBP1 syndrome to quantify the impact of the synaptic E/I dysregulation on ongoing brain activity. We used high-frequency-resolution analyses of classical and recently developed methods known to be sensitive to E/I balance. EEG was recorded during eyes-open rest in children with STXBP1 syndrome (n = 14) and age-matched typically developing children (n = 50). Brain-wide abnormalities were observed in each of the four resting-state measures assessed here: (i) slowing of activity and increased low-frequency power in the range 1.75–4.63 Hz, (ii) increased long-range temporal correlations in the 11–18 Hz range, (iii) a decrease of our recently introduced measure of functional E/I ratio in a similar frequency range (12–24 Hz), and (iv) a larger exponent of the 1/f-like aperiodic component of the power spectrum. Overall, these findings indicate that large-scale brain activity in STXBP1 syndrome exhibits inhibition-dominated dynamics, which may be compensatory to counteract local circuitry imbalances expected to shift E/I balance toward excitation, as observed in preclinical models. We argue that quantitative EEG investigations in STXBP1 and other neurodevelopmental disorders are a crucial step to understand large-scale functional consequences of synaptic E/I perturbations.</p>
Of Language Utility, Status, and Enrollments

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the years 1994-1996 the AATG undertook a project titled The Future of German in American Education. During the regional fora that formed a part of the discipline's look at itself and its near-term role in American education, a number of colleagues expressed opinions that as a lingua franca German has lost some of its utility. In the project report Byrnes indicates colleagues' belief in reduced usefulness of German (in light of other demographic and economic realities and the dominance of English in many academic disciplines) (255). Is this diminished utility real or perceived? Is it drawn from campus environments or enrollment patterns rather than a sociolinguistic assessment? Or is enrollment decline independent of utility and status? To answer such questions, I shall look at factors bearing on language utility and issues of language status. Once these characteristics are established, the reader can consider whether enrollment patterns reflect utility and status and whether education policy and practice require reorientation.
Left Atrial Calcification

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Calcification in the wall of the left atrium, appearing in association with rheumatic heart disease, was first described as a pathologic entity by Oppenheimer (1) in 1912. It was not referred to as a radiologic finding, however, until 1938, when Shanks and his co-workers (2) considered it in the differential diagnosis of intracardiac calcification. Since that time, reports of isolated cases or small series have appeared sporadically in the radiologic literature (3–14). The total number of recorded cases in which the antemortem diagnosis of calcification of the left atrial wall was established by radiologic methods is now 42. The purpose of this paper is to report 5 additional examples seen at the Mayo Clinic since 1953. Since all the cases described, including those comprising the present study, have been associated with rheumatic heart disease of long standing, it may be assumed that left atrial calcification is pathognomonic of that condition. Although minute amounts of calcium may be present in the atrial walls in hyperparathyroidism and in certain other diseases characterized by abnormal deposition of calcium, roentgen evidence of atrial calcification has never, to our knowledge, been noted in these conditions. The calcification may occur in the endocardium or subendocardial region, as originally described by Oppenheimer and later by other authors (6–12); or it may be within a mural thrombus (7–9). Probably the endocardial and subendocardial calcification is the end-result of severe and perhaps repeated episodes of rheumatic endocarditis (9–11), in which circumstances the calcification has occurred in necrotic or devitalized tissue. Calcification occurs in the endocardium and subendocardial region much more frequently than in thrombi. Curry and associates (7) noted that the body of the left atrium and the left auricular appendage are involved in the process with about equal frequency. Among our 5 patients, the calcification was in the endocardium in the body of the left atrium in 4 and in a thrombus in the left auricular appendage in 1. It has been observed (8) that mitral insufficiency, with or without associated mitral stenosis, has been present in the majority of the reported cases of left atrial calcification, and from this it has been concluded that left atrial calcification in patients with rheumatic heart disease may be an indication of inoperability. Among the 5 cases with left atrial calcification which we have observed, however, mitral insufficiency was present in only 1; in the other 4 patients, all of whom underwent operation, the mitral problem was pure stenosis. The roentgenologic manifestation of left atrial calcification is a curvilinear density up to 2 mm. in thickness in the region of the wall of the left atrium. This shell-like calcification may involve a large portion of the wall, in some instances presenting a complete ring-shaped shadow, or it may be small and sickle-shaped (9).
Extracellular Protease and DNase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans Species Complex from Central India

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Enzymes are important not only for the growth and multiplication of the microorganism but also in the infection, penetration of the host tissue and encountering host defense mechanisms. This study aims to investigate extracellular protease and DNase activity in clinical (20) and 120 environmental isolates of C. neoformans species complex collected from different localities of central India. DNase test agar containing toluidine blue and Yeast Carbon Base (YCB) agar medium supplemented with 0.1% BSA + 0.01% polypeptone was employed for the screening of DNase and protease production respectively. DNase and protease production was detected by the appearance of clear zones around the colonies. On the basis of enzymatic activity and their Pz values, high protease production (Pz≤0.6) was observed by 14 (11.6 %) environmental and 4 (11.6 %) clinical strains on 5th day, whereas 35 (29.16 %) environmental and 8 (40 %) clinical strains were screened on 8th day of incubation. Similarly 13 (10.83%) environmental and 3 (15 %) clinical strains on the 5th day, however 32 (26.66%) environmental and 8 (40 %) clinical strains on the 8th day of incubation were found to be high DNase producing strains with low Pz value (Pz≤0.6). In the case of protease activity, no significant difference was observed whereas a significant difference has shown by clinical C. neoformans and C. gattii strains on the 5th day of DNase production (p < .001). Extracellular enzymes play a vital role in the pathogenicity and virulence of C. neoformans species complex, therefore, enzymes are considered as worthy targets for developing therapeutics. Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, Extracellular enzymes, DNase, protease, virulence, Pz value
Dry Adhesive Microstructures for Material Handling of Additively Manufactured and Deep Rolled Metal Surfaces with Reference to Mars

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Once on Mars, maintenance and repair will be crucial for humans as supply chains including Earth andMars will be very complex. Consequently, the raw material available on mars must be processed and used. Factors such as the energy available for material production play just as important a role as the quality of the material that can be produced and the quality of its surface. With the aim of developing and technically implementing a process chain that meets the challenge of producing spare parts from oxygen-reduced Mars regolith, this paper addresses the issue of low-energy handling. Expected statistically distributed high roughnesses of sintered regolith analogs are approximated in this work by parameter variation in the PBF-LB/M process. For low-energy handling, a dry-adhesive microstructure is used. Investigations are carried out to determine the extent to which the rough surface resulting from the manufacturing process can be smoothed by deep rolling in such a way that the microstructure adheres and enables samples to be transported. For the investigated AlSi10Mg samples (12 mm x 12 mm x 10 mm), the surface roughness varies in a wide range from Sa 7.7 µm to Sa 64 µm after the additive manufacturing process, pull-off stresses of up to 6.99 N/cm² could be realized after deep rolling. This represents an increase in pull-off stresses by a factor of 392.94 compared to the pull-off stresses before deep rolling, enabling handling of even larger specimens. It is noteworthy that specimens with roughness values that were previously difficult to handle can be treated post-deep rolling, indicating a potential influence of additional variables that describe roughness or ripples and are associated with the adhesion effect of the microstructure of the dry adhesive.