jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
<title>Optical caries diagnostics: comparison of laser spectroscopic PNC method with method of laser integral fluorescence</title>

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

In this research we present the results of approbation of two methods of optical caries diagnostics: PNC-spectral diagnostics and caries detection by laser integral fluorescence. The research was conducted in a dental clinic. PNC-method analyses parameters of probing laser radiation and PNC-spectrums of stimulated secondary radiations: backscattering and endogenous fluorescence of caries-involved bacterias. He-Ne-laser ((lambda) =632,8 nm, 1-2mW) was used as a source of probing (stimulated) radiation. For registration of signals, received from intact and pathological teeth PDA-detector was applied. PNC-spectrums were processed by special algorithms, and were displayed on PC monitor. The method of laser integral fluorescence was used for comparison. In this case integral power of fluorescence of human teeth was measured. As a source of probing (stimulated) radiation diode lasers ((lambda) =655 nm, 0.1 mW and 630nm, 1mW) and He-Ne laser were applied. For registration of signals Si-photodetector was used. Integral power was shown in a digital indicator. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are described in this research. It is disclosed that the method of laser integral power of fluorescence has the following characteristics: simplicity of construction and schema-technical decisions. However the method of PNC-spectral diagnostics are characterized by considerably more sensitivity in diagnostics of initial caries and capability to differentiate pathologies of various stages (for example, calculus/initial caries). Estimation of spectral characteristics of PNC-signals allows eliminating a number of drawbacks, which are character for detection by method of laser integral fluorescence (for instance, detection of fluorescent fillings, plagues, calculus, discolorations generally, amalgam, gold fillings as if it were caries.
Building height detection from high-resolution TerraSAR-X imagery and GIS data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the remarkable improvements that have been made in radar sensors, high-resolution SAR images are now available, thus providing detailed ground surface information. In this study, a new method is developed to detect building heights automatically using 2D GIS data and a single high-resolution TerraSAR-X (TSX) intensity image. A building in a SAR image shows a layover from the actual position in the direction of the sensor, due to the side-looking nature of SAR. Since the length of the layover is proportional to the height of the building, it can be used to estimate the building height. To do this, we shift the building shape obtained from 2D GIS data in the direction of the sensor. The proposed method was tested on a TSX image of San Francisco, U.S.A. in HighSpot mode, using a resolution of about 1 m. Comparing the result with that obtained using Lidar data, the RMS error was found to be less than 3 m, which is about the height of one building story.
Radiative Properties of Up-Conversion Coatings Formed on the Basis of Erbium-Doped Barium Titanate Xerogels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The Stokes and anti-Stokes luminescence of erbium in sol–gel-derived barium-titanate xerogels (BaTiO3:Er) and BaTiO3/SiO2 multilayer structures based on these xerogels formed on silicon substrates is studied. It is shown that the up-conversion of erbium in barium-titanate xerogels obtained from erbium nitrate or acetate is observed at an erbium concentration of >3 at %. The up-conversion of erbium is observed at an excitation wavelength of ~980 nm and characterized by an intense band in the 520–560 nm range, corresponding to the 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 radiative transitions of the erbium ion, as well as the bands in the regions of 650 and 850 nm associated with the 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 and 4I9/2 → 4I15/2transitions, respectively. Based on the obtained BaTiO3:Er xerogels, multilayer BaTiO3:Er/SiO2/Si structures are formed on silicon substrates, providing a significant, compared to single-layer BaTiO3:Er/Si structures, increase in the intensity of erbium luminescence at the wavelength of the main radiative transition (1540 nm). The prospects of developing up-conversion coatings based on erbium-doped barium titanate for practical applications are discussed.
Direct pair production by high energy cosmic ray muons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An apparatus consisting of a stack of six scintillation counters interleaved with lead target material has been operated in underground laboratories at depths below the top of the atmosphere of 72 and 460 hg cm-2. The probability that a muon transferred secondary energy in the range 0.1 to 30 GeV was determined from the recorded data. At the shallower depth the dominant process was knock-on and at the greater depth direct pair production was more significant. By comparing the rates of electromagnetic interactions at the two depths it was possible to make an estimate of the contribution due to pair production which was relatively insensitive to systematic errors. For secondary energies in the range 0.1 to 5 GeV the results confirm the theoretical predictions for both knock-on and pair production to within about 15% in each case.
Croatian historiography and Works on minority topics from 1990 to Day- a selective bibliography

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

U tekstu autorica donosi selektivni pregled radova objavljenih u Hrvatskoj na manjinske teme od 1990. godine na ovamo. Od 1990ih godina povjesnicari u Hrvatskoj sve vise objavljuju radove i istraživanja koja se bave povijescu i položajem nacionalnih manjina u Hrvatskoj kako u proslosti tako sve do danasnjih dana. Buduci da je popis radova na manjinsku tematiku poveci, autorica je donijela selektivni pregled radova s manjinskom tematikom, s naglaskom na novija izdanja. Iz analize, vidi se da su neke nacionalne manjine vise istraživane, a neke manje.
Chitin and tosil chitin applications as nematocides

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chitin from crab shells of the VIII Region, Chile, in this work was obtained. The following species: red shrimp (Pleurocondes monodon), nylon shrimp (Heterocarpus reedi), crab (Cancer setosus) and king crab (Lithodes murrayi henderson) were studied. Chitin tosylates of the above species were also prepared. The chemical characterization of the compounds was carried out. The values obtained were correlated with those reported in the literature. Elemental analysis, infrared scanning electron microscopy, thermal and kinetic parameters by thermogravimetry were used. The results allowed us to choose nylon shrimp, red shrimp and their tosylate derivatives to determine the possible nematocide effects in Meloidogyne sp. These tests were carried out using tomato plants (Licopersicon esculentun). The behavior of chitins and derivatives were compared with a commercial nematocide, Temik-15G, in screenhouse with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w of soil kg. The statistical analysis of experimental data allowed us to conclude that shrimp chitin at 1.0% w/w has a nematicidal effect comparable to that of commercial Temik 15-G (20 mg/kg soil).
Pathophysiology of coal pneumoconiosis in Equidae. Final report No. 2, 1 June 1971-31 December 1973

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A group of 12 coal-mine ponies was studied to characterize the physiological parameters and pathological changes in spontaneous pneumoconiosis in Equidae. The six coal mines where the ponies worked were located in eastern West Virginia and western Pennsylvania. Gross lesions were seen at necropsy, similar to mild simple coal workers pneumoconiosis. None of the animals demonstrated disease comparable with the more-complicated human disease. Numerous punctate 1 millimeter to 1 centimeter coal macules were found in the lungs. The macules occurred primarily in subpleural and dependent portions of the lung, microscopically consisting of peribronchiolar aggregates of dust-laden pulmonary macrophages. Bronchiolar mucosal hyperplasia and peribronchiolar and perivascular fibrosis were also noted along with secondary emphysema and muscular hypertrophy. Ultrastructurally retained dust particles characterized the pulmonary lesions. A proliferation of alveolar type-II cells was noted. Those ponies with longer exposure periods demonstrated more severe pulmonary lesions.
[Morphologic characteristic of chronic toxic hepatitis for treatment with Neoselen].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of the given research work was to study the features of morphologic changes arising for treatment of chronic hepatitis with Neoselen. It was established a picture of chronic active hepatitis in the liver of rats with the following development of chronic persisting hepatitis by the 40 daily administration of heliotrine and its transmission into cirrhosis in a certain part of animals. Hepatic cirrhosis has a small nodal portal character by its pathognomonic morphologic signs. A noticeable remittance of destructive necrotic changes in hepatic parenchymatous elements and reduction in a volume of proliferative inflammatory infiltration with an acceleration in process of its fibrozation in only periportal zones of hepatic lobules found to be for treatment of chronic hepatitis with Neoselen. That prevents from transmission of chronic hepatitis into cirrhosis in a greater part of animals that is a morphologic evidence of importance of selenium in a restorative process of biologic membranes and its involvement in a remittance process of destructive and inflammatory changes in the liver and prevention from development of agressive hepatitis and its transmission into cirrhosis.
Biophysical characterisation of the hepatocyte growth factor-glycosaminoglycan interaction

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are sulfated polysaccharides that exist on animal cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. GAGs are important in providing structural and hydrating support and interaction points for proteins of varied functions, for example growth factors and homeostasis regulatory proteins. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a protein growth factor that regulates cell growth, survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, cell morphology, tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. It is involved in embryogenesis, wound healing and many cancers. In this project, the interactions between the GAG binding N and NK -domains of HGF (HGF-N and HGF-NK) and different types of GAGs are characterised with biophysical techniques. GAG oligosaccharides were produced by enzymatic digestion and purified by preparative gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Different constructs of HGF were cloned from human cDNA, expressed with the Pichia pastoris expression system, purified to homogeneity and characterised by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The dissociation constants between the different HGF protein constructs, different heparin oligosaccharide lengths and the drug Fondaparinux were shown by isothermal calorimetry (ITC) to vary between 0.35 and 9.26 μM. It was found that the entropy contribution was favourable for short oligosaccharides and disfavourable for long oligosaccharides and that the enthalpy contribution was less important for shorter oligosaccharides than for longer oligosaccharides. NMR titrations of CS, DS, heparin, Fondaparinux and sulfated maltose into 15N labelled protein samples showed that all ligands bind to the same HGF-N binding site, but different binding modes exists. The binding site consists of three regions, with the α2-helix and L2 loops playing key roles (residues 70-84). All GAGs also utilise the N-terminal residues 32-42, whereas long heparin oligosaccharides can also utilise a binding region formed mainly by the β2-strand (residues 59-64, 66, 95, 96). The GAG binding mode changes if HGF-N has an N-terminal truncation and the β2- strand residues become more important, emphasising the role of the N-terminal residues in the HGF-GAG interaction. Spin-labelled fully sulfated heparin-derived hexasaccharide was used to determine its binding direction on the HGF-N surface. Affinity chromatography confirmed the importance of the N-terminal residues and that HGF binds to all investigated GAGs. The oligomeric states of HGF-N and HGF-NK were investigated by AUC, gel filtration and ITC. The results suggest that the proteins oligomerise like beads on a string for long oligosaccharides. An HGF-N self-associating dimer with a slow on/off rate was characterised by affinity chromatography, gel filtration and NMR.
Surface Layer Protein Pattern of Levilactobacillus brevis Strains Investigated by Proteomics

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The outermost constituent of many bacterial cells is represented by an S-layer, i.e., a semiporous lattice-like layer composed of self-assembling protein subunits called S-layer proteins (Slps). These proteins are involved in several processes, such as protecting against environmental stresses, mediating bacterial adhesion to host cells, and modulating gut immune response. Slps may also act as a scaffold for the external display of additional cell surface proteins also named S-layer associated proteins (SLAPs). Levilactobacillus brevis is an S-layer forming lactic acid bacterium present in many different environments, such as sourdough, milk, cheese, and the intestinal tract of humans and animals. This microorganism exhibits probiotic features including the inhibition of bacterial infection and the improvement of human immune function. The potential role of Slps in its probiotic and biotechnological features was documented. A shotgun proteomic approach was applied to identify in a single experiment both the Slps and the SLAPs pattern of five different L. brevis strains isolated from traditional sourdoughs of the Southern Italian region. This study reveals that these closely related strains expressed a specific pattern of surface proteins, possibly affecting their peculiar properties.
The small intestine carcinoid tumor is mimicking of Crohn&#039;s disease: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Carcinoid tumors arising from the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal system are seen rarely. Definitive diagnosis of these tumors by clinical examination and imaging methods is difficult. They can especially interfere with other gastrointestinal tumors and inflammatory bowel disease. According to the clinical signs, and CT and enteroclysis imagings, we started treatment in a patient considered as Crohn&#039;s disease. But the patient was operated because of ileus. The material removed from the patient at operation was diagnosed as carcinoid tumor by pathological evaluation. We found the case worthwhile to present from the point that it is demonstrative.
Emodialisi e sostenibilità ambientale

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The healthcare system is great producer of greenhouse gases, and user of natural resources as well. Any dialysis-related activity, from procurement of materials to organization of patient transport, from administration of dialysis therapy itself to inevitable production of large amounts of waste, makes dialysis one of the health activities using most natural resources, indirectly producing greenhouse emissions. Water consumption represents, inevitably, the highest environmental impact. We nephrologists are generally ill informed on the topic, and few of us know the actual water requirement per single dialysis treatment. Particularly, little is known about the large volume of water wasted with reverse osmosis: despite the industry’s efforts to reutilize wasted water, currently some 30% of the water used by reverse osmosis is still lost. However, in some countries modified water systems already exist, recovering and reusing lost water lost for different purposes, such as cleaning, steam production and gardening. The power requirement, waste production and even the design of dialysis centers are further issues in the dialysis-ecocompatibility relationship. Awareness of these issues is surely the first step. It is now vital that we keep ourselves informed and updated, and raise these issues in our dialysis centers. English and Australian experience will hopefully pave the way for certain small, already feasible, acts. In future, the immediate future, the design of dialysis centers and especially water treatment systems is bound to undergo huge changes if we are to reduce the negative impact on the environment. (GCND_planet)
Study of subcellular dynamics on cell–substrate interactions by live cell imaging

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cellular adhesiveness to biomaterial is one of the important properties for the success of tissue engineering. The cell–biomaterial interactions involve close cooperation of adhesion proteins, plasma membrane, and cytoskeletons to form focal adhesions during the process of anchoring. Dynamic development of the plasma membrane in the process reflects the cellular biocompatibility and motility. The process of cell attachment beginning from seeding, contact, attachment, and spreading has not been investigated. In this study, we monitored the whole process of cells attaching to the substrate surface by time‐lapse confocal microscopy. We observed that the surface configuration of the substratum effects plasma membrane expansion and genomic materials distribution. In contrast to the cells grown on the plate, the cells attached on pillars are with rounded nuclei and with prominent lamellipodia spreading out. Membrane expansion is involved in dynamic development of the plasma membrane and lamellipodia formation for attachment, migration, or proliferation and reflects the cellular physiology status of the cells. This study provides a platform for investigation of cell behavior and dynamic development of subcellular structures regarding cell–biomaterial interactions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1149–1154, 2014.
Effect of production parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hull

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, effects of panel density and adhesive ratio on some physical and mechanical properties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hull particleboards for general purposes were investigated. Panels were manufactured with various densities (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 g/cm3) and adhesive ratios (core layer 8-9% and face layer 10-11%) using urea-formaldehyde (UF) as an adhesive. All panels were tested for some mechanical (internal bond, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture) and physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) properties. Results indicated that increase in the panel density and adhesive ratio, resulted in an improvement in mechanical and physical properties. Only the panels with 0.8g/cm3 density almost met the requirements for the TS-EN 312 Standard for general purposes. Also, the boards having the lower mechanical properties tested in this study can be used as insulating material in buildings because such materials would not be subjected to any mechanical stress.
Particle‐in‐cell simulations of the lunar wake with high phase space resolution

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The evolution of the lunar wake in simplified geometry can be simulated via a 1½D electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell code. By using a sufficient number of particles per cell, we are able, for the first time, to resolve the full phase space dynamics of both electrons and ions. This simulation begins immediately downstream of the moon, before the solar wind has infilled the wake region, then evolves in the solar wind rest frame. The electrons immediately begin to move into the void but are trapped by two potential wells, thus generating vortices in phase space on both sides of the wake, between which counter‐streaming electron beams interact. Ion beams are generated after the lighter electrons have moved into the void, creating a two‐stream distribution which mixes in phase space due to the potentials created by the electron two‐stream instability. Other structures are also evident. The simulations are consistent with both WIND observations and the results of earlier electrostatic simulations which focus only on the ion dynamics.
There is ‘no cure for caregiving’: the experience of women caring for husbands living with Parkinson’s disease

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Transitioning from wife to caregiver was a gradual but difficult process. Although the wife caregivers wanted to be part of the health care team, they remained outsiders. Clinicians need to recognize the wives as care coordinators linking medical management with home care. Policy makers need to develop reimbursement models that provide wife caregivers with support groups, education programs, and telemental health services.
Efficacy of antagonists against Macrophomina phaseolina inciting dry root rot disease of groundnut

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop in Indian continent. Groundnut is being infected by several fungal, bacterial and viral diseases but dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is considered as the most devastating disease in all the groundnut growing areas of Rajasthan. Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis gave distinct antagonistic reactions, showing stunting of Macrophomina phaseolina colony and clear zone of inhibition between colonies of antagonist and the pathogen was developed. Maximum growth inhibition was recorded in Trichoderma viride followed by T. harzianum. Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum in combination as seed treatment and soil application were most effective in minimising the root rot incidence followed by T. viride in combination with Pseudomonas fluorescens