jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Social Protection in Developing Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction Katja Bender, Markus Kaltenborn and Christian Pfleiderer Part 1: Social Protection Reforms: Objectives and Political Economy of Social Protection Reforms 1. Rescuing Social Protection from the Poverty Trap: New Programmes and Historical Lessons Sarah Cook 2. Social Protection for Poverty Reduction: Approaches, Effectiveness and Challenges Armando Barrientos 3. The Political Economy of Social Protection Reforms - What to Explain and How? Katja Bender 4. Social Cohesion: Does it matter for Growth and Development? Johannes Jutting and Annalisa Prizzon Part 2: The Legal Framework of Social Protection Reforms 5. The Human Rights-Based Approach to Social Protection Markus Kaltenborn 6. The Role of Law and Legal Institutions in the Reform of Social Protection Systems: Experiences from South Africa Ockert Dupper 7. The Role of the Law of Regional Organisations in Reforms of Social Protection Systems: Portability of Social Security Benefits in the East African Community Tulia Ackson 8. Reforms of Social Protection Systems in Latin America-The Legal Context Lorena Ossio Bustillos Part 3: Political Feasibility of Basic Social Protection 9. Attitudes towards Hard Work and Redistributive Preferences in Developing Countries Anil Duman 10. Populous, Precarious - Protected? The Paradox of Social Security for South Asian Agricultural Workers Karin Astrid Siegmann 11. Whom to Target - An Obvious Choice? Esther Schuring and Franziska Gassmann 12. How to target - Overview on current targeting methods in social protection Christian Pfleiderer Part 4: Social Protection Systems - Between Fragmentation and Integration 13. Building Social Protection and Labour Systems David A. Robalino, Laura Rawlings and Ian Walker 14. The Political Economy of Social Protection Reforms in Indonesia Bambang Widianto 15. Social Protection Reforms in Vietnam: Experiences and Challenges Nguyen Thi Lan Huong and Matthias Meissner 16. Social Protection: Political Reform and Policy Innovations in South Asia Gabriele Koehler 17. Caring for the Urban Middle Class: The Political Economy of Social Protection in Arab Countries Markus Loewe Part 5: Social Protection Reforms - International Contexts 18. Building National Social Protection Floors and Social Security Systems: The ILO's Two-Dimensional Social Security Strategy Christina Behrendt 19. Developing Countries' Social Protection Measures in Reaction to the Global Economic and Financial Crisis Yanchun Zhang and Nina Thelen 20. Social Protection and the Four Horsemen of the Donor Apocalypse Nicholas Freeland
Effect of the JNK pathway in the brain ischemic tolerance induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress preconditioning

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the effect and the mechanism of the JNK pathway in hippocampal CA1 area ischemic tolerance induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress preconditioning.Methods 216 SD rats were randomly divided into sham(SH)group,ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)group,endoplasmic reticulum stress precon ditioning(IP)group,IP+I/R group(IP+I/R),Curcumin+I/R(CU)group,Curcumin+IP+I/R(CP)group,Anisomycin+I/R group(AN),Anisomycin+IP+I/R(AP)group and solvent control+I/R(VE)group.In hippocampal CA1 area,using TUNEL to test apoptosis,using immunohistochemistry and Western-Blot to find the difference of GRP78,p-JNK and c-jun.Results SH had a little GRP78 protein.Compared with SH,I/R,CU,AN and VE increased(P0.05);IP,IP + IR,CP,AP increased significantly(P0.01).Compared with the IP,IP+IR,CP,AP increased(all P0.05).Compared with I/R,IP+I/R,CU and CP reduced the number of apoptosis cells and p-JNK and c-Jun(all P0.01).The effect of that was CPIPCU;AN increased the number of apoptosis cells and enhanced p-JNK and c-Jun(P0.01);AP offsetted the protection of IP partially.Conclusions The activation of JNK pathway is involved in ischemic neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 area.Endoplasmic reticulum stress preconditioning may inhibit JNK phosphorylated and reduce c-Jun to protect hippocampal CA1 area neurons.To inhibit the activation of JNK pathway may play a similar protective effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
The impact of digital transformation on the work of the Algerian local administration during the Corona-Covid 19 Pandemic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the Corona-Covid 19 pandemic, the digitalization of Algeria's administrative management system led to rapid and significant changes, including in the local administration, in order to preserve citizens' health. As in other countries, the Algerian government adheres to a health protocol that requires quarantine and social distancing. To maintain continuity in public service performance, the health protocal forced the public administration, including local administration, to perform digitization and distant work. Finally, we conclude that the rapid digital transformation of the work of the local administration, despite its shortcomings, has achieved a great deal of satisfaction and met the general needs of the citizen, not to mention its effective contribution to maintaining public health.
Adaptation and Cultural Diffusion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Adaptation, a concept of increasing interest to cultural geographers, plays an important role in shaping patterns of cultural diffusion. In particular, selection processes test an innovation' s suitability at each new place it enters and help shape the final diffusion pattern. Assessments of suitability by potential adopters control the local acceptance, rejection, or modification of the diffusing innovation, yet these effects have typically been ignored in diffusion research. The systematic inclusion of adaptation concepts in studies of diffusion increases our understanding of the process and improves our explanations of its effects and patterns.
Effect of Rice Straw and Husk Biochar on Vegetative Growth and Yield Attributes of Oryza sativa L

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effect of rice straw and husk biochar on vegetative growth and yield attributes of Oryza sativa L Singanayagam Thavanesan1*, Thayamini H. Seran2 1 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka 2 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka Abstract: A research was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of rice as influenced by rich straw and husk biochar along with chemical fertilizer. The experiment was done with six treatments. T1- recommended chemical fertilizer, T2- Rice straw (1.0 t/ha), T3-Rice husk biochar (1.0 t/ha), T4-Rice straw (0.5 t/ha) + Rice husk biochar (0.5 t/ha), T5-Rice straw (1.0 t/ha) + Rice husk biochar (0.5 t/ha) and T6-Rice straw (1.0 t/ha) + Rice husk biochar (1.0 t/ha). Recommended chemical fertilizer was incorporated to all the treatments. During the vegetative periods, the growth parameters were recorded and finally yield analysis was done. Rice plants treated in rice straw (1.0 t/ha) and husk biochar (1.0 t/ha) along with chemical fertilizer had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher mean values of leaf area (185.93 cm2), number of tillers (4.0), number of roots per plant (105.33) and also dry weights of shoots (5.15 g) and roots (4.27 g) per plant when comparing chemical fertilizer alone. Average number of grains (187.67), number of filled grains (170.33) and filled grain weight per panicle (3.142 g) was also considerably increased in rice straw (1.0 t/ha) and husk biochar (1.0 t/ha) treatment followed by husk biochar (1.0 t/ha) treatment than those in the control. There were no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in 100 seed weight between them. Hence, it can be concluded that addition of rice straw (1.0 t/ha) and husk biochar (1.0 t/ha) along with chemical fertilizer to rice field is feasible to increase the grain yield under local conditions. Key words: Biochar, Rice straw, Rice husk, Rice, Seed weight [*] Corresponding author: thayaminis@esn.ac.lk, thayasean@yahoo.com
Universities’ Third Mission and Structural Funds programmes: Reflections from the University Consortium of Pori

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Finnish university consortia are collaboration networks that coordinate different activities of several host universities in peripheral areas. Besides providing local access to higher education and being a source of skilled workforce, these consortia play an enhanced role in regional development, the “Third Mission”. The consortia have been especially active in taking part in Structural Funds (SF) projects. \n \nThough the SF programmes are central tools in EU Cohesion policy and important instruments of regional R&D funding, there are only few studies on how universities can foster regional development through SF programmes. There are, however, a number of constraints hindering universities’ motivation to engage with SF programmes: the projects are considered to be highly bureaucratic and cross-regional collaboration challenging. There is also a lack of resources for self-financing, which makes the SF instruments less appealing for higher education institutions. Most importantly, the SF projects may be difficult to link with universities’ core missions. \n \nThis case study is based on semi-structured interviews highlighting how the University Consortium of Pori participates in SF projects and contributes to regional development. The aim is to explore how these projects are embedded in universities’ education and research missions. Is the participation merely an opportunistic way to diversify the funding base with “add-ons” to raise university consortia’s regional profile? Or is the SF project portfolio strategically planned, entrepreneurial activity that truly benefits the local economy while it is successfully combined with universities traditional missions?
Building & Construction Plastics Market: Product, Application & Regional Analysis Report 2018-2025

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Global Building & Construction Plastics Market Report render a comprehensive definition of the market followed by various factors associated with the market which eventually impact the market structure. Size, restraints, challenges, current trend, and opportunity are some of the other factors which are also included in the report. This report also incorporates a list of major players active in the market along with their market share, overview, and smart strategy adopted by them. Therefore, this report contains all the important information that will help to judge the overall economic health.\n\nThe report also covers detailed competitive landscape including company profiles of key players operating in the global market. The key players in the building & construction plastics market include Arkema SA, BASF SE, Borealis AG, DuPont, PetroChina Ltd., Solvay SA., and The Dow Chemical Company. An in-depth view of the competitive outlook includes future capacities, key mergers & acquisitions, financial overview, partnerships, collaborations, new product launches, new product developments and other developments with information in terms of H.Q.\n\nGet more information on "Global Building & Construction Plastics Market Research Report" by requesting FREE Sample Copy at https://www.valuemarketresearch.com/contact/building-construction-plastics-market/download-sample
A 7000-year history of coastal environmental changes from Mexico’s Pacific coast: A multi-proxy record from Laguna Mitla, Guerrero

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The lack of multi-millennial multi-proxy paleoenvironmental reconstructions from Mexico’s Pacific coast has limited our understanding of the regional response to climate change and sea-level rise. A 479-cm core covering the last 6900 years was extracted from Laguna Mitla in the state of Guerrero on Mexico’s Pacific coast. Beginning as a Rhizophora-dominated salt pan ~6900 yr BP, at ~6500 yr BP, the site transitioned to a mangrove swamp dominated by Laguncularia, which lasted about 300 years. The beach barrier formed from ~6200 to 5200 yr BP, during which time, the site existed as an intermittently sheltered bay, the result of large, rapid changes in wave energy associated with the shifting barrier location and changes in stability. After the beach barrier was stabilized at ~5200 yr BP, water level at the coring site became a function of precipitation rather than sea level. Since that time, deposition has alternated between peat, laid down in a mangrove swamp, and clay intervals characterized by high concentrations of titanium and a predominantly regional pollen signal, representing open-water lagoon phases. Seven periods of increased water level, varying in duration, occurred during the backbarrier period, with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) likely the main climatic mechanism causing these periodic shifts in the paleo-precipitation levels. We suggest that the deepest water levels detected over the last ~3200 years correlate with periods of increased ENSO activity. The spatial distribution of tropical cyclone rainfall, which represents a significant percentage of total annual precipitation along Mexico’s Pacific coast, may explain the inconsistencies between our record and paleoclimatic records from Mexico’s interior, but more work is needed to test this hypothesis.
MONITORING RESPIRATORY BIOMECHANICS, LUNG CAPACITY AND MOBILITY IN BARIATRIC SURGERY: PERIOPERATIVE ANALYSIS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: Several preoperative pulmonary assessment protocols have been established over the years, but assessments of this magnitude are lacking in the bariatric population. Therefore, the assessment of lung capacity, maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures, the peak expiratory flow and mobility can be predictors of operative safety and determine the time of hospital discharge. Objective: To evaluate lung capacity, respiratory muscle strength and level of mobility in the pre, immediate post-operative and hospital discharge of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with 38 bariatric patients undergoing surgical intervention. Anthropometric data, lung function, respiratory muscle strength and mobility level were evaluated pre-, post-operatively and at hospital discharge. Statistical Analysis: GEE; P<0.05. Results: In relation to the preoperative period, in the POi there was a significant reduction in mobility, respiratory muscle strength, FVC, FEV1, PEF and a significant increase in these variables at hospital discharge, however, not reaching the same conditions as the preoperative period, except the Tiffeneau index (P<0.644). Conclusion: Bariatric surgery impacts the mobility, respiratory muscle strength and lung function of patients with grade II and III obesity, leading to longer hospital stays and possible major complications. The role of physiotherapy in the prevention and rehabilitation of these patients must be strongly considered.
Using Requirements Engineering in the Development of Resilience Guidelines for Critical Infrastructure

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to show how requirements engineering techniques can be used to structure the development of non-technical aspects of socio-technical systems, such as guidelines. An adapted requirements engineering approach was chosen to elicit requirements for resilience guidelines within an EU Horizon 2020 multi-national project aimed at developing resilience guidelines for crisis management (DARWIN). The approach is based on requirements engineering practices from the area of systems engineering as the process of developing and evaluating guidelines has some commonalities to a system development process. This paper documents the process of elicitation of guideline requirements and lessons learned during this process, and provides examples of the requirements. It intends to be useful to practitioners and researchers involved in developing the resilience of critical infrastructures, and to developers of guidelines, as a source of reference or methodological support.
Attack analysis and detection for ad hoc routing protocols

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Attack analysis is a challenging problem, especially in emerging environments where there are few known attack cases. One such new environment is the Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). In this paper, we present a systematic approach to analyze attacks. We introduce the concept of basic events. An attack can be decomposed into certain combinations of basic events. We then define a taxonomy of anomalous basic events by analyzing the basic security goals. Attack analysis provides a basis for designing detection models. We use both specification-based and statistical-based approaches. First, normal basic events of the protocol can be modeled by an extended finite state automaton (EFSA) according to the protocol specifications. The EFSA can detect anomalous basic events that are direct violations of the specifications. Statistical learning algorithms, with statistical features, i.e., statistics on the states and transitions of the EFSA, can train an effective detection model to detect those anomalous basic events that are temporal and statistical in nature. We use the AODV routing protocol as a case study to validate our research. Our experiments on the MobiEmu wireless emulation platform show that our specification-based and statistical-based models cover most of the anomalous basic events in our taxonomy.
The Relationship of Self Esteem and Self Motivation To Hypertensive Control

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Hypertension is a significant health problem affecting approximately 60 million individuals in the United States alone (McEntee & Peddicord, 1987). Modification of unhealthy behaviors and lifestyles that contribute to the development of hypertension is necessary to reduce the incidence of this disease. Confronting the challenges of these lifestyle changes may require utilizing interpersonal characteristics of self esteem and self motivation to serve as a foundation for change. The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference exists in the level of self motivation and self esteem between individuals with controlled versus uncontrolled hypertension. An additional purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed between self motivation and self esteem among a group of hypertensive individuals. The sample (n=61) consisted of individuals previously diagnosed with hypertension from a midwestern, white, middle-class suburban, medical clinic. Self esteem was measured using Coopersmith's (1981) Self Esteem Inventory (SEI) and self motivation was measured using the Self Motivation Inventory (SMI) (Dishman, 1981). An open ended questionaire [sic] also was developed to elicit lifestyle changes in diet, exercise, weight, and stress since being diagnosed with hypertension. A significant relationship was found between self esteem and self motivation (r=.32, p=.006) among the subjects. Scores on the SMI and SEI were not found to be significantly different between controlled and uncontrolled hypertensives. Major behavior changes included increased exercise, decreased salt intake, weight loss, and changing attitudes toward stressful life events. Differences in exercise, weight, and response to stress were found to exist between the groups. Continued research is needed to identify the effects of self esteem and self motivation on personal health.
An on-line detection technology based on machine vision for micro parts assembly

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Target preparation technology is one of the core technologies in ICF research. There are many micro parts on the target, the gap between parts is only a few microns, so it is difficult to assemble and realize automatic detection in the assembly process. In this paper, a three-way orthogonal micro vision system is proposed to detect the real-time position and posture of the through-hole and fill-tube of the parts on the target capsule, so to realize the real-time detection in the assembly process. The optical design of the hollow 45-degree reflector is proposed to solve the contradiction between the positive imaging of the through-hole and the positive insertion of the fill-tube. The scheme design of the detection system and the calculation of the system parameters are completed. The precise calibration of the three-dimensional micro vision system and the unified method of the coordinate relationship are proposed. Finally, the experimental test of the online detection system of the target assembly is carried out. The test results show that the system has the following functions. The accuracy of alignment is better than 1μm, and the accuracy of angle alignment is better than 0.2°. It realizes the automation and high-precision detection of the assembly process of small parts, which provides a reliable basis for the automatic assembly of targets for ICF experiments.
Enhancing Multiphase Flow Computational Performance: A Robust Approach Incorporating Phase Transition Modeling and Dynamic Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this study, we enhance the stability of flow prediction in multiphase pipelines by integrating modified source term calculations into the widely used SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) algorithm. We address the challenges faced by traditional two-fluid models, particularly in accurately representing physical processes during operational disruptions such as terrain changes. By incorporating corrective measures into the two-fluid equations, including the continuity equation and momentum conservation equation, we refine the accuracy of flow predictions and mitigate disparities between simulated and actual flow behaviors. Furthermore, we systematically examine and investigate the flow behaviors of multiphase pipelines by amalgamating with the classical two-fluid model. Drawing from practical flow conditions and the foundational principles of conservation laws, we formulate a more universally applicable and theoretically robust mechanistic model. Our approach also involves proposing an innovative method for handling the inter-phase exchange term within the mass conservation equation. The Multiphase Flow Calculation Program (MFCP) is developed as a result of these efforts, enabling comprehensive computational simulations. Through comparative analysis with a commercial multiphase flow software simulator, we validate the computational results, demonstrating computational errors remaining under the 10% threshold. These findings affirm the efficacy of the enhanced SIMPLE algorithm and the theoretical advancements introduced through modified source term calculations and mechanistic modeling. Our study not only contributes to the progression of multiphase flow simulation techniques within the offshore oil and gas industry but also addresses the challenges posed by the rigorous marine environment. By fortifying the stability of flow prediction algorithms and enhancing the efficiency and safety of offshore oil and gas transportation systems, our research facilitates better decision-making in pipeline design, operation, and maintenance. Ultimately, this work underscores the importance of integrating theoretical advancements with practical considerations to advance the understanding and management of multiphase flow dynamics in complex offshore environments.