jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
16 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EPIDIDYMAL SPERM TRAITS OF BONSMARA AND NGUNI BULLS

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The recovery and preservation of sperm from the epididymides of slaughtered breeding bulls is a viable option in maintaining their germplasm for artificial insemination or for future use in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the quality of epididymal sperm derived from slaughtered Bonsmara and Nguni bulls. The study used 20 bulls that were 2 years of age, 10 from each breed. Twenty pairs of testes from Bonsmara and Nguni bulls were removed by orchiectomy within 20 min of slaughter, and semen was extracted from the cauda epididymis. The testicle length and weight were measured. Semen from bulls of the same breed was pooled and sperm characteristics were evaluated using a computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA). Collected semen samples were then extended (1:1) in egg yolk citrate (EYC) extender and stored at 5°C. Sperm motility rate was evaluated at 0, 24, 30, and 48 h during in vitro semen storage. Data were analysed by ANOVA. The Bonsmara bull’s testicle length (13 ± 0.31cm) and weight (290 ± 0.24 g) were higher than that of the Nguni bulls (10.3 ± 0.11 cm and 275 ± 0.42 g; P &lt; 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in fresh total sperm motility rate (74.4 ± 2.14 v. 75.8 ± 3.11%) or concentration (5.31 ± 1.14 v. 5.83 ± 2.09 × 109) of Bonsmara and Nguni bulls, respectively. There were no significant differences observed for total sperm motility at 24 h (49.3 ± 1.18 v. 52.6 ± 2.60%) and 30 h (40.5 ± 1.94 v. 43.4 ± 2.81%) between the Bonsmara and Nguni bulls, respectively. The total sperm motility at 40 h was &lt;20% for both Bonsmara and Nguni bulls on the EYC extender. There were no differences in sperm motility rate of the epididymal semen of Bonsmara and Nguni bulls. We concluded that it is possible to derive semen from the epididymis of indigenous Nguni and composite Bonsmara bulls.
Antibacterial Bacteriological Swab

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

in your issue of 10 July (p.59), which would be misleading to any reader who wishes to go back to the sources of reference.It was stated that the detection of precipitating anti- bodies against Thermopolyspora polyspora was reported by Pepys and colleagues in Thorax 1962.1 Whilst this report dealt with the precipitating antibodies in farmer's lung against extracts of mouldy hay, the discovery that thermophilic actinomycetes such as T. polyspora and Thermoactinomyces (Micronionospora) vulgaris, and particularly T. polyspora, are an important source of antigens in farmer's lung was reported by Pepys et al. in the Lancet in 1963.2The antigens in specimens of mouldy hay responsible for farmer's lung and present in extracts of T. polyspora have been termed " farmer's lung hay " (FLH) antigens.A clinical evaluation of the precipitin (FLH) test in farmer's lung has been reported by Pepys and Jenkins.'This showed that an insidious onset of the attacks is not rare, as stated in your editorial.In 205 patients with farmer's lung, 49% had an insidious onset, 9 , , started with attacks of insidious onset and subsequently had the typical attacks coming on after some hours, 32% had typical attacks from the beginning, and in 10°,,, after a period of attacks with insidious or typical onset, attacks later came on more rapidly with a more marked bronchial com- ponent to the reaction.The clinical and serological findings in the patients in the different groups were comparable.Staines and Forman4 have previously reported that an insidious or typical onset occurred equally frequently.It is desirable that the different modes of presentation, other than those of the classical description, should be recog- nized.-Iam, etc.,
Religious Accommodation, Religious Tradition, and Political Polarization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A religious accommodation is an exemption from compliance with the law for some but not for others. One might therefore suppose that before granting an accommodation, courts would inquire about whether a legal interference with religious belief or practice is truly significant, if only to evaluate whether the risk of political polarization that attends accommodation is worth hazarding. But that is not the case: any assessment of the significance of a religious belief or practice within a claimant's belief system is strictly forbidden.\nTwo arguments are pressed in support of this view: (1) courts have institutional reasons for acquiescing on the burden question; and (2) courts have anti-establishment reasons for doing so. Courts, it is said, do not decide about the quality of religious burdens. Claimants do that. Courts defer so as to reduce the political polarization that might result if some should perceive that their religious beliefs and practices are comparatively powerless to obtain exemptions. Deference on the burden question pre- serves the religious neutrality of courts and mitigates the politically polarizing dangers of accommodation.
Differential effect of nicotine on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in human umbilical artery and vein endothelial cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Maternal tobacco smoke (TS) exposure is associated with intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight, both of which increase infant morbidity and mortality. Nicotine, an active component in TS, also decreases birth weight and postnatal weight gain, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We hypothesized that in umbilical endothelial cells (ECs), nicotine alters regulation of [Ca 2+ ] i , an important modulator of synthesis and release of endothelial‐derived vasoactive factors and, consequently, umbilical vessel tone and blood flow to and from the fetus. In this study, we used fluorescent microscopy in human umbilical artery ECs (HUAECs) and human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) loaded with the Ca 2+ ‐sensitive dye, Fura‐2. In HUAECs, we found that acute (10 min) application of nicotine (100 ng/ml) caused an immediate decrease in [Ca 2+ ] i . Prolonged nicotine treatment (10 or 100 ng/ml; 24 hr) also decreased resting [Ca 2+ ] i . In contrast, both acute (100 ng/ml; 10 min) and prolonged (10 or 100 ng/ml; 24 hr) exposure to nicotine increased [Ca 2+ ] i in HUVECs. Our results indicate that nicotine, at concentrations comparable to plasma levels in smokers and non‐smokers exposed to environmental TS, caused both acute and long‐lasting alterations in [Ca 2+ ] i in HUAECs and HUVECs and suggest that nicotine may differentially regulate vasoactive factor synthesis and vascular tone in umbilical arteries and veins.
Sexual Harassment: Where we were, where we are and prospects for the new millennium

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As the North American Continent is engulfed in a celebratory mood at the wake of the new millennium, there are numerous genderized problems that continue to taint the relationship of women with their male counterparts in what can be seen as a continuum of mistrust and misogyny. This special issue of the Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology is dedicated to shedding light onto a particular problem in this continuum: gender harassment (GH) and sexual harassment (SH). The papers in this collection sometimes pursue conceptual aspects of this problem, sometimes look at methodological problems or theoretical voids, and sometimes provide new data and analyses. In its own way of inquiry, each paper paves the way for new awareness, knowledge and positive change.
Mesoporous\nTi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> Spheres with\nEnhanced Zinc-Anchoring Effect for High-Performance Zinc–Nickel\nBatteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Zinc–nickel\nbatteries are promising competitors for next-generation\npower supply due to their benefits of high safety, high working voltage,\nand attractive rate performance. However, their practical applications\nare plagued by their poor cycling performance, stemming from uneven\nredistribution of zinc during cycling that results in dendrite formation\nand shape changes of the electrode. In this work, mesoporous Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> microspheres are prepared and are employed as\nadditives of a zinc anode. Notably, the presence of mesopores provides\nabundant chemisorption sites for Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> ions, inhibiting severe zinc redistribution in the electrode. Moreover,\ndue to the good electrical conductivity and mesopores that serve as\nion diffusion channels, the reaction reactivity and reversibility\nof the zinc electrode are greatly facilitated. As a result, the fabricated\nzinc–nickel battery with mesoporous Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> additives (ms-Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) exhibits an enhanced\ndischarge capacity and a significantly prolonged cycling life. Even\nat a current of 10 A (∼138 mA cm<sup>–2</sup>), the\nms-Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-modified anode demonstrates stable\noperation for longer than 718 h (700 cycles) with a discharge voltage\nof 1.2 V, which is much longer than those of a ZnO anode (192 h, 117\ncycles) and a Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-particle (p-Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)-modified battery (590 h, 443 cycles). Furthermore,\ndue to the anchoring effect for Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> and the uniform electric field, the effect of mesoporous Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> on inhibiting dendrite formation and shape change\nof the zinc electrode is highlighted.
Exploring the barriers of consumer purchasing in M-commerce : A Qualitative Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose: Explore the external and internal barriers preventing consumer purchases in M- commerce. Research Questions:RQ1: What are the external barriers that prevent consumer purchases on smartphones?RQ2: What are the internal barriers that prevent consumer purchases on smartphones? Methodology: This thesis is a qualitative study using an exploratory purpose and used a cross- sectional strategy collecting data through two focus groups. Conclusion: There are existing external barriers in M-commerce that consist of; unadjusted webpages for the smartphone, small screen size, and inconvenient internet connection. Along with that, internal barriers consist of; the inability to complete a task efficiently, consumers’ motivation to use the smartphone other than purchasing, technology perceived as difficult, security concerns and lack of trust, and finally the lack of skill. Thus, the findings of this thesis explored how these factors prevent consumer purchasing in M-commerce. Theoretical contributions/limitations/future research: The key contributions of this thesis is in the field of M-commerce. More specifically, dividing the barriers of purchasing in M-commerce into two categories, external and internal barriers, which has not been studied before. Since this thesis used an exploratory purpose, the subjective nature therefore has implications affecting its validity and reliability resulting in lower levels of generalizability and replication. Along with this, the language barriers in the focus groups may have had an effect on the results. A suggestion for future research is to focus on the relationship between the external and internal barriers in M-commerce rather than distinguishing them. Future research could also consist of identifying other approaches of the barriers in M-commerce.
Genetic distances and phylogenetic analysis suggest that Baillonius cassin, 1867 is a Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 (Piciformes : Ramphastidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A close relationship between the monotypic Baillonius Cassin, 1867 and Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 has been previously suggested by morphological, behavioral and molecular data. In the present work, we show that phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences places Baillonius within Pteroglossus. This association received a strong support from maximum likelihood bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probabilities. The recovered tree topology shows that Baillonius bailloni is more closely related to Pteroglossus inscriptus, being P. bitorquatus as sister clade to them. These three species, in turn, are a sister clade to P. aracari, P. castanotis and P. torquatus. Pteroglossus beauharnaesii is the sister lineage to all Ptero- glossus and Baillonius. Moreover, genetic distances for Baillonius and Pteroglossus are the lowest between any Ramphastinae genera among themselves or between any genus and Baillonius or Pteroglossus. Therefore, based on our phylogenetic reconstruction and genetic distance analyses and other previously published non-molecular data, we suggest that Baillonius bailloni to be renamed Pteroglossus bailloni following nomencla- tural priority. Accepted 15 May 2004.
THE ECOLOGICAL RESERVE AND RIVER HEALTH MONITORING: A PRACTICAL APPROACH IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) brought about a whole new approach to water resource management. This new water legislation demands that much more focus be given to the protection of aquatic ecosystems, while achieving a balance with the socio-economic demands on our water resources. Two key components of this new approach are the requirement for the setting of classes, ecological Reserves and resource quality objectives for all water resources, and that the health of these resources be monitored on a national basis. Practical implementation of these requirements placed a significant challenge on the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry as well as the aquatic scientists of South Africa. Limited available resources and the need to balance the ecological requirements with that of socio-economic factors, required the exploration of innovative ways to meet the requirements of the Act. This paper explains the practical approach taken in the Western Cape, where river health monitoring is utilized to inform the Departments approach to resource protection and management.
Targeted food supplementation through National Nutrition Program and pregnancy weight gain status in selected upazilas

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A record based operational research was conducted to explore the effect of targeted food supplementation of National Nutritional Program on pregnancy weight-gain. Records of chronic energy deficient mothers who delivered their baby between 1st January and 31st December, 2008 in the study areas were reviewed. The study included 439 samples from Kapasia sub-district, a National Nutritional Program intervention area and 126 samples from Savar subdistrict, as control area. In the National Nutritional Program area 211 (48%) of the chronic energy deficient mothers were enrolled for supplementation and only 34 (8%) of them completed the full course. Samples of Kapasia and Savar were significantly different in their socio-demographic status. The early–pregnancy average body mass index of supplemented mothers (16.21±0.77) was significantly different from non supplemented mothers of Kapasia (17.14±.82) and Savar areas (17.03±1.19). Average pregnancy weight gain in mothers of control area (6.50±1.53 kg) were significantly lower than supplemented (7.94±1.99 kg) and non-supplemented mothers (7.82±2.28 kg) in National Nutrition Program intervention area (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed supplemented mothers were six times [OR with 95% CI; 6.34 (2.43,16.52) and non-supplemented mothers from same area were eleven times more likely to gain targeted weight than the mothers of control area after adjusting for other variables. Duration of supplementation did not show any influence on pregnancy weight gain. The current study showed significant difference in weight gain between National Nutrition Program area and control area, but no significant difference was noticed between non-supplemented and supplemented mothers within National Nutrition Program area. A large-scale well-designed trial is recommended to explore this effect. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v37i2.8438 BMRCB 2011; 37(2): 71-75
Author response to comments on wcd-2023-6

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Recent work has shown that (sub-)seasonal variability in tropical Pacific convection, closely linked to ENSO, relates to summertime circulation over the Euro-Atlantic. The teleconnection is non-stationary, probably due to long-term changes in both the tropical Pacific and extra-tropical Atlantic. It also appears imperfectly captured by numerical models. In a previous study we found that the best predictor of errors in sub-seasonal forecasts of European temperature, is a dipole in tropical west Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). In this diagnostic study we use reanalysis data to further investigate the teleconnection pathway and the processes behind its non-stationarity. We show that SST gradients associated with the dipole represent a combination of ENSO variability and west Pacific warming, and have become stronger since 1980. Associated patterns of suppressed and enhanced tropical heating are followed by quasi-stationary waves that linger for multiple weeks. Situations with La Niña-like gradients are followed by high pressure centers over eastern Europe and Russia, three to six weeks later. Inverted situations are followed by high pressure over western Europe, three to six weeks later. The latter situation is however also conditional on a strong meridional tripole in north Atlantic SST and a co-located jet stream. Overall, the sub-seasonal pathway diagnosed in this study connects to patterns detected at seasonal scales, and confirms earlier findings that the summertime connectivity between the Pacific and Europe has shifted in recent decades. It also partly explains the increased occurrence of high sea level pressures and summer temperatures over the European continent.
Combination of ACY-241 and JQ1 Synergistically Suppresses Metastasis of HNSCC via Regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Overexpression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is related to aggressiveness of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC). Based on studies that HDAC6 and BRD4 are potential therapeutic targets of HNSCC, we hypothesized that the combination treatment of BET inhibitor JQ1 and HDAC6-selective inhibitor ACY-241 could exhibit synergistic anticancer effects in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC cells. In this study, HNSCC cell growth and viability were measured by CCK-8 assay, apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, and metastasis was studied by wound healing and transwell assays. Furthermore, immunoblotting is conducted to investigate proteins that modulate apoptosis or metastasis. Here, we report that the combination of ACY-241 and JQ1 shows synergistic cell growth inhibition, viability reduction, and apoptosis induction in HNSCC cells through inactivation of AKT and NF-κB signaling. Importantly, we demonstrate that combined treatment of ACY-241 and JQ1 synergistically suppresses TNF-α-induced migration and invasion via dysregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP. Overall, the combination of ACY-241 and JQ1 significantly suppresses proliferation and metastasis in HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC. Collectively, these findings suggest that the co-inhibition of BET and HDAC6 can be a new therapeutic strategy in HNSCC.
Study on Anatomical Structure of Leaf o Three Zygophyllaceaes of South Xinjiang and Ecology Adaptability

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The leaves structures of Tribulus terrester L、Sarcozygium kaschgaricum and Peganum harmala were anatomically studied and the epidermises,mesophylls and veins of the leaves were compared in the paper.The result shows:they not only have public drought-adaption structures,but also show some differentiations on drought-adaptive structure to meet metreme drought enoironment;the differentiated extent of palisade and spongy tissues,shape and arrangment of the cells vary also from species to species;The structure of drought leaves towards the fence developed,developing water and other organizations of leaves develop towards degradation direction.Three drought plants were disparted three types on anatomical structures.
MEDFAIR: Benchmarking Fairness for Medical Imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A multitude of work has shown that machine learning-based medical diagnosis systems can be biased against certain subgroups of people. This has motivated a growing number of bias mitigation algorithms that aim to address fairness issues in machine learning. However, it is difficult to compare their effectiveness in medical imaging for two reasons. First, there is little consensus on the criteria to assess fairness. Second, existing bias mitigation algorithms are developed under different settings, e.g., datasets, model selection strategies, backbones, and fairness metrics, making a direct comparison and evaluation based on existing results impossible. In this work, we introduce MEDFAIR, a framework to benchmark the fairness of machine learning models for medical imaging. MEDFAIR covers eleven algorithms from various categories, nine datasets from different imaging modalities, and three model selection criteria. Through extensive experiments, we find that the under-studied issue of model selection criterion can have a significant impact on fairness outcomes; while in contrast, state-of-the-art bias mitigation algorithms do not significantly improve fairness outcomes over empirical risk minimization (ERM) in both in-distribution and out-of-distribution settings. We evaluate fairness from various perspectives and make recommendations for different medical application scenarios that require different ethical principles. Our framework provides a reproducible and easy-to-use entry point for the development and evaluation of future bias mitigation algorithms in deep learning. Code is available at https://github.com/ys-zong/MEDFAIR.