jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Dialogue: the Microbial–Host Interaction

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract is much more complex than previously appreciated. A single layer of epithelial cells covers the entire gastrointestinal tract, so providing the largest interface with the environment. The gut epithelium is a sensor of the luminal environment, not only controlling digestive, absorptive, and secretory functions, but also relaying information to the mucosal immune, vascular and nervous systems. These functions involve a complex array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell types that elaborate growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins. Moreover, enteric microbes may hijack PRR-activated pathways as part of their pathogenic arsenal through ‘host mimicry’. Understanding the cross-talk between enteric microbiota and the host under both physiological and pathological circumstances may provide key information on the pathogenesis of local as well as systemic diseases. This knowledge may potentially lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these disorders.
The effect of body condition and previous nutrition on the herbage intakes of ewes grazing autumn pastures at two sward heights

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract To examine the effects of body condition and previous nutrition on the herbage intake of ewes grazing swards of different heights in autumn, 96 Scottish Blackface X Border Leicester ewes with a wide range of body condition (score 1·75 to 3·50), were initially housed and given 50 g dry matter (DM) per kg metabolic live weight (M) 0·75 per day (treatment L) or 95 g DM per kg M 0·75 per day (treatment H) of a pelleted dried grass diet (11·6 MJ metabolizable energy per kg DM) for 6 weeks after weaning in July. The H ewes gained more live weight (9·0 v. 2·7 kg) and body condition score (0·39 v. 0·17) than the L ewes. Half the animals from each treatment were then allocated to each of two ryegrass pastures with a sward height of 5 cm (LS) or 10 cm (HS) for a further 6-week grazing period. During the grazing period there was no significant effect of indoor feeding level on herbage intake, but the L ewes gained more live weight (6·4 v. 5·0 kg) than the H ewes. On the HS, compared with the LS sward, mean herbage intakes were higher (70·0 v. 60·5 g DM per kg M 0·75 ) as were gains in live weight and condition score (7·9 v. 3·4 kg; 0·18 v. 0·0). There were no interactions between the effects of sward height and previous feeding level on herbage intake. Ewes in low body condition (< 2·5) at the start of the grazing period ingested the same amount of herbage on both swards (70·3 g DM per kg M 0·75 ) whereas ewes in high body condition (> 2·5) ingested more (67·0 v. 51·6 g DM per kg M 0·75 ) on the HS compared with the LS sward. The responses of ewes in low and high body condition to different sward heights are discussed in relation to appetite drive and aspects of grazing behaviour.
Update on protocols for fixe-timed artificial insemination in sheep

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Fixed–time artificial insemination (FTAI) in cattle has had a marked growth in South American countries in the last two decades, mainly based in the use of pharmacological treatments with estradiol and progesterone. To improve the pregnancy rate obtained with this technology, the focus has recently been on other aspects of the hormonal protocols that had not been considered previously. The most novel approaches propose studying preovulatory strategies to improve postovulatory conditions to improve pregnancy outcomes. In this paper we review the main results obtained by extending the proestrus length (i.e., the interval from progesterone removal to insemination). The results show that these new approaches allow an improvement in pregnancy rate, which deserves to be taken into account to be included in the implementation of FTAI programs.
18. Survey of genetic selection on pasture-based dairy farms in the USA and Romania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pasture-based dairy producers in the USA and Romania face management challenges that differ from conventional dairy production systems. A survey questionnaire was mailed to dairy graziers across the USA and northern Romania to ascertain their genetic selection practices; it also requested background information on feeding, production, and health. The overall aim was to collect data to inform development of a genetic selection index. Respondents to the survey included 80 farmers in 23 USA states and 23 farmers in 7 Romanian counties. Producers were asked questions about the grazing history of their herds, and were asked to rank genetic traits by the amount of selection pressure they felt should be applied to those that are commonly available. Traits were ranked from negative 5 to positive 5 with negative being selection against a trait and positive being selection for a trait. Graziers in the USA have a longer growing season and larger dairy herds, while those in Romania had lower culling rates and therefore retained fewer heifers. Breeds of choice were different for the two countries, with emphasis on Holstein and Jersey in USA and Brown Swiss and Simmental in Romania. Preference-based genetic selection indexes derived from survey rankings indicated a desire for a more balanced index compared to the USA net merit $ index. The results provide insight into attitudes of pasture-based dairy producers in the USA and Romania, but should not be used directly as a genetic selection index because they do not take into account the genetic standard deviations of the traits nor the sometimes complex genetic interrelationships among the traits included.
Moving beyond the therapeutic relationship: a selective review of intimacy in the sexual health encounter in nursing practice

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Aims and objectives For the purposes of this study, a selective review of the literature was undertaken with the aim of examining nurses' preparedness to engage in intimate interactions within the context of sexual health care. Kirk's (2007) model of interactional intimacy is used as a lens to examine the literature. Background The provision of sexual health care is often a neglected area of nursing care despite being recognised as a component of holistic nursing practice. Despite theoretical discussion about various forms of intimacy and intimate care, there has been little examination of the interface between intimacy and sexual health care that usefully informs practice. Design Selective review and synthesis of the literature. Conclusion The literature of humanistic interpretations of caring that has dominated nursing discourse over the last half‐century has limited progress on defining and developing forms of clinical interaction that are suited to promoting nurses engagement in sexual health care. We propose that Kirk's model has useful utility in preparing nurses to engage more readily with sexual health care as a routine component of their practice. Relevance to clinical practice Sexual health adversity can often accompany ill health, and therefore, the provision of appropriate care is required to negate detrimental outcomes and promote positive well‐being. Although sexual health care is often not prioritised in practice, nurses are in a prime position to promote sexual health care and well‐being. By conducting sexual health assessments and providing sexual health care routinely, the gap that exists between patients' sexual healthcare needs and the lack of sexual health care provided can be minimised.
Evaluation of Two Process Yields in Acceptance Sampling Plans

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Competitive activities always support improvement in quality. In this study, a repetitive group sampling plan is designed to compare the two process yield indices of respective suppliers. A ratio statistic of two yield indices is proposed for estimated linear profiles under normal assumptions. The operating characteristic function is derived by using the distribution of the ratio statistic. Designed parameters are optimized to minimize the sample size required.
Principle of a variable characteristic motor with compound magnetomotive forces

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The permanent magnet synchronous motor offers the possibility of obtaining higher efficiency in a smaller motor size. However, it is difficult to vary the range of high motor efficiency because permanent magnets are used for the rotor to obtain a certain level of magnetomotive force. This paper proposes a variable characteristic motor that embodies a new concept of compound magnetomotive forces. The motor uses a special magnet arrangement that has the magnetomotive forces of components with different numbers of pole pairs. The application of compound current control to this motor makes it possible to vary the motor speed and torque characteristics. This paper describes the derivation of the theoretical equations for this compound magnetomotive force motor. It also presents the results of a FEA and experiments conducted with a test motor to demonstrate the validity of the fundamental concept of the proposed motor.
“AMBER ISSUE” IN UKRAINE: PREVENTION AND CONSEQUENCES

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study analyses the current process of amber mining and assesses the legal consequences of illegal activities in the amber mining industry. The relevance of the study is due to the deterioration of the socio-economic aspect of the life of Ukrainian citizens due to the unauthorised extraction of raw materials. The existing fact determines the purpose of the study, namely: the analysis of legal preventive measures and the system of liability norms, in particular, for non-state mining of fossilised resin. The research uses the following methods of searching, processing and presentation of Information: general scientific (formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, concretisation and abstraction, and induction and deduction methods) and special-legal methods (formal-legal, comparative-legal, and method of interpretation of legal provisions). The paper highlights the main gaps in the regulations for amber mining and tort obligations. Based on the results, the main area for changes was established: strengthening responsibility for illegal amber mining, in particular, introducing a state monopoly on its extraction, stopping non-state extraction of valuable resin. The conclusions of the study emphasise that the issue under study also requires the examination of natural aspects of geology, geomorphology, palaeogeography, biology, and the ecology of amber mining sites in general, so only a comprehensive solution to the issues of legalising amber mining at the state level will allow bringing the industry to international standards for mining. The results of the study can be useful for researchers in the field of law, geology, ecology, and biology. Ultimately, the necessary changes in the process of legalising amber mining relate not only to legal aspects. For example, one of the measures aimed at a positive result is the implementation of reclamation processes in the amber mining areas.
A new species of velvet skate, Notoraja sereti n.sp. (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) from Papua New Guinea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new arhynchobatin skate, Notoraja sereti n. sp., is described based on three specimens collected from off Madang (Papua New Guinea) at depths of 800–980 m. This medium-size Notoraja skate shares with other velcro skates from the Western Pacific, N. alisae, N. fijiensis, N. inusitata and N. longiventralis, a ventral surface covering of fine denticles giving the skin a velvety feel. Notoraja sereti differs from all of these species in having a shorter snout (preorbital length 10.1–11.1 vs. 11.5–14.5% TL, prenasal length 8.2–8.9 vs, 9.8–12.1% TL), shorter head (dorsal head length 15.2–16.2 vs. 17.1–19.3% TL, ventral head length 21.6–22.9 vs. 22.9–25.9% TL), fewer pectoral-fin radials (total radials 58–60 vs. 61–74), and fewer vertebrae (predorsal diplospondylous centra 66–71 vs. 72–82, predorsal centra 90–95 vs. 98–107, total centra 126–131 vs. 135–152).
Stimulation of increased short-term growth and development of mayflies by pulp mill effluent

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To determine the food-dependent effects of biologically treated, bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent on mayfly (Baetis tricaudatus Dodds) growth and development, mayflies were exposed to effluent for 2 weeks within artificial streams arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design (two periphyton food levels - low, high; three concentrations - control river water, 1% effluent, 10% effluent). Although survival was not affected, the effluent had a significant stimulatory effect on growth (resulting in 20 to 50% greater body weights) and development of the wing pads. Furthermore, the initial growth and development trajectories suggest that effluent-exposed mayflies may emerge sooner and at a larger size than nonexposed individuals. A key result was that the stimulatory effects occurred within both the low- and high-food treatments. Thus, the effluent-exposed mayflies grew-faster than even the high-food control animals, which already had access to more food than they could eat throughout the experiment. This shows that the stimulatory effect of the effluent on the mayflies involved more than just an increase in food-availability due to enhanced algal growth in response to nutrients in the effluent. Three possible mechanisms for this growth-enhancement effect are that the effluent (a) increased the nutritive value of the food, (b) enhanced the palatability of the periphyton, inducing increased mayfly feeding, and/or (c) directly stimulated increased mayfly growth via hormonal or other growth-stimulation effects. Further work is required to determine whether the growth stimulation occurred at the expense of future reproductive output.
Advanced synbiotic delivery platforms: Integrating prebiotic alginate co-encapsulants for probiotic protection in functional foods

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in functional food design emphasize the importance of synbiotic encapsulation systems that simultaneously protect probiotics and stimulate their activity via co-delivered prebiotics. This review explores innovative co-encapsulation strategies employing fermentable fibers to enhance probiotic survival, gastrointestinal stability, and controlled release in complex food matrices. Rather than relying solely on traditional carriers such as alginate, emerging systems integrate complementary polymers—such as chitosan, pectin, resistant starches, or plant-derived gums—into multilayer or composite capsules. These platforms offer superior protection during processing, storage, and digestion while also improving sensory and functional properties of the final product. Despite promising results, challenges remain in scalability, in vivo validation, and regulatory harmonization. This comprehensive review synthesizes current approaches and highlights future directions for engineering next-generation synbiotic delivery vehicles tailored for real-world food applications.
Generalizing Predictive Models of Reading Ability in Adaptive Mathematics Software

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent research seeks to develop more comprehensive learner models for adaptive learning software. For example, models of reading comprehension built using data from students' use of adaptive instructional software for mathematics have recently been developed. These models aim to deliver experiences that consider factors related to learning beyond performance in the target domain for instruction. We investigate the extent to which generalization is possible for a recently developed predictive model that seeks to infer students' reading comprehension ability (as measured by end-of-year standardized test scores) using an introductory learning experience in Carnegie Learning's MATHia intelligent tutoring system for mathematics. Building on a model learned on data from middle school students in a single school district in a mid-western U.S. state, using that state's end-of-year English Language Arts (ELA) standardized test score as an outcome, we consider data from a school district in a south-eastern U.S. state as well as that state's end-of-year ELA standardized test outcome. Generalization is explored by considering prediction performance when training and testing models on data from each of the individual school districts (and for their respective state's test outcomes) as well as pooling data from both districts together. We conclude with discussion of investigations of some algorithmic fairness characteristics of the learned models. The results suggest that a model trained on data from the smaller of the two school districts considered may achieve greater fairness in its predictions over models trained on data from the other district or both districts, despite broad, overall similarities in some demographic characteristics of the two school districts. This raises interesting questions for future research on generalizing these kinds of models as well as on ensuring algorithmic fairness of resulting models for use in real-world adaptive systems for learning.
Exploring the Scope of Public Participation for Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning in Nepal: A Policy Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning (RSLUP), a process that has implications for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as well as Urban Planning and Development, requires the participation of the public and wider stakeholders. Public participation has been conceptualized in Nepal’s disaster governance after the country transitioned into a federal democracy. It has undergone decentralization as part of the federal reform process, including its undertakings towards DRR. However, it remains unclear what this redistribution of authority means for public participation in relation to RSLUP. It is important to ask whether the current institutional set up and policy instruments are conducive for public participation. Therefore, this article examines how participation is construed within relevant federal and local policies in Nepal. The article presents a thematic analysis of leading policy instruments. The research reveals that participation emerges as a constitutional principle but the concept of participation itself is characterised by definitional ambiguity. Although most policies encourage the creation of spaces for public participation, this research reveals that these spaces are limited in implementation and impact. Lack of clear guidelines on how to design and implement public participation can hinder effective practice. Non-binding language within policy documents makes it difficult to understand the intended outcome of participation. This paper illustrates the extent to which participation has become a malleable construct that can have repercussions for ways in which RSLUP is enacted and enforced, in both Nepal and other countries who share similar socio-political context.
Guts and Their Motions (Gastrointestinal Motility in Health and Disease)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the last decade, a much greater understanding of human upper intestinal motility has been obtained. The existence of a cyclical fasting pattern is now recognized, associated with intermittent secretion and propulsion of material through the stomach and small intestine. This pattern changes after the ingestion of food, the duration of the disruption depending upon both quality and quantity of nutrient ingested. The present clinical relevance of this phenomenon is twofold. 1) In normal fasting persons, the passage and absorption by the small intestine of food and drugs may be influenced by such periodic changes. 2) Motility abnormalities in disease states may account for associated gastrointestinal symptoms. While the number of disorders showing clinically relevant motor dysfunction is small, continuing study will undoubtedly bring others to light, and may even provide a rational basis for therapy.
Dramatically Accelerated Addition Under Solvent-Free Conditions: An Efficient Synthesis of (E)-1,2,4-Triazole-Substituted Alkenes from Baylis–Hillman Acetates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Abstract The addition of 1,2,4-triazole to Baylis–Hillman acetates mediated by Et3N was dramatically accelerated under solvent-free conditions to afford (E)-1,2,4-triazole-substituted alkenes 3 with excellent yields. Keywords: AccelerationBaylis–Hillman acetatessolvent-free conditions(E)-124-triazole-substituted alkenes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 20476098 and 20676123) for financial support.
Cultural Approach of Daesoon"s Thought to New Korean Wave and Multi-Cultural Phenomenon

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

지금의 한류는 한국 정부의 전폭적인 지원과 글로벌 문화생산 시스템의 국내도입에 힘입어 신한류로 성장을 도모하고 있다. 이러한 연장선상에서 신한류는 한층 강화된 문화적 욕구와 각종 대중매체의 급성장과 국가적으로 추진된 여러 가지 요인들이 크게 작용하여 문화의 경계를 넓히는 패러다임의 변화를 가져왔다.BR 신한류가 세계의 문화 중심으로 성장하기 위해서는 한류에 대한 반성을 극복할 때 가능하다고 하겠다. 이러한 극복의 대안으로 활용 될 수 있는 것이 한국의 다문화 현상이다. 무엇보다 그 안에 내재하고 있는 종교적인 요소를 무시할 수 없을 것이다. 종교는 문화적 다양성의 지표를 드러내는 핵심적 요소이기 때문이다. 특히 한국의 다문화 현상 속에서 내재된 다양한 종교문화는 신한류와 연관되었을 때 시사하는 바가 크다 하겠다.BR 오늘날의 다문화사회에서 제시 될 수 있는 과제는 상대방에 대한 ‘이해’와‘존중’그리고 ‘평등’의 가치일 것이다. 이는 신한류가 지향하는 바와 다르지 않다. 다문화사회에서 신한류가 성장 하려면 서로가 존중하는 보편적 가치와 윤리적 규범이 있어야만 한다. 이를 논자는 대순사상에서 찾고자 한다.
Missile Defense Capability: Can We Effectively Counter the Threat?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : Recent economic conditions have impacted a myriad of defense budgets around the world. The demand for savings has caused the United States, as well as some of its allies, to reconsider defense spending across a number of different capabilities. Among many weapons systems that require technology that is constantly changing, missile defense is certainly one that necessitates ongoing funding to deal with both advances in product development, as well as increases in inventory by current or potential adversaries. This paper will examine current U.S. and Allied missile defense capabilities and strategies to determine if they are sufficient to protect against an adversary s attack. This examination will include a review of current U.S. and Allied missile defense strategy, as well as a comparison of that defensive capability against the offensive capability of current and potential adversaries. It will also identify potential gaps that exist and make recommendations for the way forward in missile defense capability for the U.S. and Allies.