jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Black copper of Yunnan

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBlack copper of YunnanH. Bruce Collier Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1940, 17, 1, 19Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1940Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 January 1940Published inissue 1 January 1940https://doi.org/10.1021/ed017p19Request reuse permissions Article Views71Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Underreporting of Violence to Police among Women Sex Workers in Canada: Amplified Inequities for Im/migrant and In-Call Workers Prior to and Following End-Demand Legislation.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sex workers globally face high levels of violence. In Canada, im/migrant sex workers who work in indoor venues may be uniquely targeted by police due to immigration policies, racialized policing, and the conflation of trafficking and sex work. In 2014, Canada passed end-demand legislation that purportedly encourages sex workers to report violence to police; however, little research has evaluated its impact. Using interrupted time series and multivariable logistic regression, we examined proportions of reporting violent incidents to police among sex workers who had experienced workplace violence (2010-2017), including potential changes prior to and following end-demand legislation. We then modeled the independent effects of im/migrant status and place of work on reporting violence. Among sex workers who experienced recent violence during the 7.5-year study (n=367), 38.2% of all participants and 12.7% of im/migrants reported violence to police, and there was no significant change in violence reporting after end-demand legislation. Our results suggest that end-demand laws do not remove barriers to justice faced by sex workers and instead actually perpetuate harms, particularly for racialized im/migrant and indoor workers. Policy reforms to decriminalize sex work, address discriminatory policing, and promote access to safety and justice are urgently needed.
[Occupational spinal diseases in employees of nursing services--epidemiological and legal insurance aspects (III). 3: Intervertebral disk-induced diseases of the lumbar spine in health care employees--expert assessment and prevention].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Due to spine-loading activities nursing professionals have a relatively high incidence/prevalence of low back pain. As lumbar disc disorders can be regarded as occupational diseases (since January 1993, occupational disease BK 2108, normally more than 10 years of exposition, lumbar disc disorders with pain and reduced motility) international literature is reviewed. Own results of different prevalence-, case-control- and incidence studies (relative risk for lumbago sciatica/odds ratio for disc prolaps appr. 3-6 depending on age and occupational age) are presented. Finally the question of compensation and prevention of disc disorders is discussed.
Nationwide Epidemiological Study of Stroke Occurrence and Temperature in China: Association, Susceptibility and Risk Burden

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stroke, a leading issue of public health has been linked to outdoor temperature. However, the association has been rarely examined by nation-scale study in China. Making use of 11,144 stroke (including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients from 339 communities and temperature estimates from an assimilation of in-situ observations, satellite measurements and simulates of Weather Research Forecast model, we conducted a case-crossover study during 2000-2016. Occurrence of stroke or TIA was associated to temperature anomaly by a lag-distributed nonlinear model. The variations of the association were further explored by strata of subpopulations and by geographic regions. Attributable fraction was finally derived to quantify risk burden of stroke. Either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke was strongly associated to both cold or heat temperature at different lags, while TIA was weakly linked to cold weather at lag 0 day. During lag 0-2 day, the risk of stroke increased by 20% (95% confidence interval: 3%, 40%) for extreme cold or 19% (3%, 37%) for extreme heat. We also found that re-occurred stroke was more strongly associated to temperature than first stroke. In China, irregular variation of temperature might attributed 3.42% of stroke attacks. More stroke occurrences were attributed to heat (2.05%) than cold (1.38%). During 2000-2016, stroke risk was estimated to increase by 0.02% per year with the changed temperature, particularly the increment of heat events. Our findings enrich epidemiological evidences on the association between stroke and temperature, and support China's policymakers to plan stroke prevention and climate change mitigation.
A ‘Big Data’ Approach to the Application of Building Performance Simulation to Improve the Operational Performance of Large Estates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;This paper derives from the &lsquo;Hit2Gap&rsquo; project as funded under the European Union&rsquo;s Horizon 2020 R&amp;D programme (Hit2Gap 2015). The aim of this project is to reduce the gap between design intent and the operational performance of large building estates. To this end, a data exchange platform is being established that is able to collect and store data from disparate sources, and deliver subsets of these data to a range of applications (services) intended to support facilities management. The ultimate aim is to identify physical interventions that will alleviate operational problems and so reduce the performance gap. This paper addresses the role of building performance simulation (BPS) within the Hit2Gap project, specifically: the fetching of an input model, its automated calibration, and its use in scripted applications for HVAC system fault detection and diagnosis, upgrade options appraisal, indoor environment quality improvement, energy demand reduction, renewable energy systems integration and control system refinement. The paper summarises the Hit2Gap architecture, the procedure for the automatic calibration of BPS models, and the invocation of cloud-based performance assessments in response to observed problems.&lt;/p&gt;
Projection of Automobile Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions with Different Propulsion/Fuel System Scenarios in Beijing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A life cycle analysis method was used to calculate per-kilometer-based fossil fuel energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and different types of electric-powered vehicles: hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and pure electric vehicle (EV) for Beijing. The results show that HEV, PHEV and EV have significant well-to-wheels (WTW) benefits in per-kilometer-based energy saving. Compared with ICEV, HEV, PHEV and EV could reduce 29%, 30% and 40% of per-kilometer-based fossil fuel energy consumption in 2030, respectively. While, the CO 2 reduction benefits for PHEV and EV are less due to the penalty of CO 2 emissions from upstream coal power plants. For example, PHEV and EV could only reduce 15%-20% of per-kilometer-based CO 2 emission relative to ICEV in 2030. We further forecast the total automobile stock in Beijing would reach 8.9-11.0 million by 2030, and four electric-powered vehicle penetration scenarios were designed to evaluate the effect of fleet-based fossil fuel energy saving and CO 2 emission reduction. The WTW fossil fuel energy consumption with base case scenario will reach peak in 2020, about 480×10 15 J. The most aggressive scenario (scenario 4) could save 21% of WTW fossil fuel energy compared with base case scenario in 2030. The WTW CO 2 emission of base case scenario will also reach its peak of 35 million tons around 2020. With the promotion of electric vehicles, scenarios 1 to 4 could reduce 5%-16% of WTW CO 2 emissions for the Beijing vehicle fleet compared with base case scenario in 2030.
Relationships Between Hyperglycemia and Cognitive Performance Among Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE—Hyperglycemia is a common event among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. While the cognitive-motor slowing associated with hypoglycemia is well documented, the acute effects of hyperglycemia have not been studied extensively, despite patients’ reports of negative effects. This study prospectively and objectively assessed the effects of hyperglycemia on cognitive-motor functioning in subjects’ natural environment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Study 1 investigated 105 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 37 years and mean duration of diabetes 20 years), study 2 investigated 36 adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age 50 years and mean duration of diabetes 10 years), and study 3 investigated 91 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 39 years and mean duration of diabetes 20 years). Subjects used a hand-held computer for 70 trials over 4 weeks, which required them to complete various cognitive-motor tasks and then measure and enter their current blood glucose reading. RESULTS—Hyperglycemia (blood glucose &gt;15 mmol/l) was associated with slowing of all cognitive performance tests (P &lt; 0.02) and an increased number of mental subtraction errors for both type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects. The effects of hyperglycemia were highly individualized, impacting ∼50% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS—Acute hyperglycemia is not a benign event for many individuals with diabetes, but it is associated with mild cognitive dysfunction.
Dense Fully Convolutional Segmentation of the Optic Disc and Cup in Colour Fundus for Glaucoma Diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which can cause vision loss by damaging the optic nerve. Early glaucoma detection is key to preventing vision loss yet there is a lack of noticeable early symptoms. Colour fundus photography allows the optic disc (OD) to be examined to diagnose glaucoma. Typically, this is done by measuring the vertical cup-to-disc ratio (CDR); however, glaucoma is characterised by thinning of the rim asymmetrically in the inferior-superior-temporal-nasal regions in increasing order. Automatic delineation of the OD features has potential to improve glaucoma management by allowing for this asymmetry to be considered in the measurements. Here, we propose a new deep-learning-based method to segment the OD and optic cup (OC). The core of the proposed method is DenseNet with a fully-convolutional network, whose symmetric U-shaped architecture allows pixel-wise classification. The predicted OD and OC boundaries are then used to estimate the CDR on two axes for glaucoma diagnosis. We assess the proposed method’s performance using a large retinal colour fundus dataset, outperforming state-of-the-art segmentation methods. Furthermore, we generalise our method to segment four fundus datasets from different devices without further training, outperforming the state-of-the-art on two and achieving comparable results on the remaining two.
Nanoparticle Synthesis in Engineered Organic Nanoscale Reactors

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this review, the recent achievements in the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials inside the spatially confined volume of individual micro‐ and submicroreactors (emulsions, micelles, organized thin films, polyelectrolyte capsules, etc.) are presented. The advantages and shortcomings of each type of microreactor are discussed. Particular attention is paid to polyelectrolyte capsules as confined microreactors with controlled shell permeability and the possibility of shell engineering on the nanolevel, thus tailoring different functionalities. Nanomaterials synthesized inside a confined multifunctional microreactor have several advantages: i) absence of particle aggregates, ii) amorphous or metastable crystal phases, and iii) unique composite inorganic/inorganic and inorganic/organic structures.
ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGAWASAN PENGGUNAAN PEMBIAYAAN MODAL KERJA AKAD MUDLARABAH PADA NASABAH BMT BINA UMMAT SEJAHTERA CABANG BABAT LAMONGAN

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The outlay of financial capital is one kind of financial budgetings used to support the investment and development of business. It also can be used by entrepreneurs to expand their enterprises and even those who intend to start running their business. In BMT Bina Ummat Sejahtera (BUS) branch of Babat Lamongan, the outlay of job financial capital applies the contract of mudlarabah. The process of applying the contract of mudarabah, however, appears certain risk and side effect towardÂ the members of BMT BUS branch of Babat Lamongan when the outlay is given. So, BMT BUS branch of Babat Lamongan is doing supervision and control during the process. This research aims at revealing the strategies used to supervise the application process of the outlay of job financial capital using contract mudlarabah for members of BMT BUS branch of Babat Lamongan and how the strategies of analysis control applied to analyse the application process of the outlay of job financial capital using contract mudlarabah for members of BMT BUS branch of Babat Lamongan. This research is a qualitative research. The data collection is conducted by doing interview, observation and documentation. The data analysis method used is descriptive analysis. The research findings reveal that control strategy of the use of outlay of job financial capital using contract mudlarabah in BMT BUS branch of Babat Lamongan uses two controls. They are direct and indirect control. The direct control applies the preventive and repressive control strategy. Whereas the indirect control applied to supervise and observe the installment report of membersâ€™ payment and the cash flow of the members while running their business. The strategy of analysis control to supervise the use of outlay of job financial capital using contract mudlarabah implemented in BMT BUS branch of Babat Lamongan is good enough.Â Keywords: Controlling, Outlay of job capital and Contract mudlarabah
A Medical AI Diagnosis Platform Based on Vision Transformer for Coronavirus

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the spread of the novel coronavirus in the world, COVID-19 has raised a number of serious issues regarding its diagnosis and treatment. Currently, most COVID-19 patients are diagnosed using a lung CT scan, which is extremely inefficient, especially when faced with a large number of patients. This manual method not only increases the workload for doctors, but it can also delay patient treatment. Thus, many scholars and companies have developed auxiliary diagnosis platforms to speed up the diagnosis process. However, due to limitations surrounding the development of imaging technology, the accuracy of current platform-assisted diagnosis is still relatively low. In order to solve these problems, this paper designs a medical AI dialogue diagnosis platform based on the Vision Transformer by distilling technology to gain more medical information from the traditional image recognition model and significantly improve the predictive performance of COVID-19. At the same time, this paper also proposes the addition of a simple dialogue system to improve the efficiency of man-machine interactions. With this, it can be concluded that the medical dialogue system for COVID-19 detection can realize its anticipated function and has certain practical significance.
EFFECT OF LITTER TYPE ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF PERENNIAL GRASSES.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biomass, cover, density, height and concentrations of N, P, C, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were evaluated in Sporobolus cryptandrus and Eragrostis lehmanniana at flowering and at seed ripening stage to determine whether these attributes are affected by the type of litter used or by litter treatment. Annual rye, California poppy and rye-poppy mixture were the sources of litter while litter treatments included removing organic residue, leaving organic residue standing or roto-tilling organic residue into the surface soil. The effect of litter type and litter treatment on the soil was evaluated. A parallel greenhouse experiment was carried out. Results indicate that California poppy contained a higher level of all nutrients studied compared to annual rye and contained about twice the concentrations of N, Mn, Zn and Fe. For both annuals and perennials, the nutrient content generally decreased between flowering and seed ripening with annuals indicating more decline than perennial grasses. The greatest decline was observed for N in California poppy. Field observation confirmed that the non-lignified California poppy shoots broke down faster than culms of annual rye. Biomass production in Sporobolus and Eragrostis was unaffected by litter type. However, for both species the highest biomass was obtained in the tilled treatment. Litter tilling produced more vigorous and healthier plants compared to other treatments. Except for P, nutrient concentrations were largely unaffected by litter type. The highest P concentrations were consistently obtained from perennial plants grown in annual rye plots. Fe and Cu concentrations were consistently higher in the tilled treatment. C and P appeared unaffected by litter treatment. N, Mn and Zn concentrations were more variable and more difficult to categorize. In soil samples, all nutrient concentrations were higher at the end of the study than at the beginning. Litter source appeared to have minimum effect on nutrient concentration while tilled treatment was superior to standing which was superior to the removed treatment.
Stabilization of trapped-electron shear-Alfvén instabilities by temperature gradient

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Localized shear-Alfvén modes with large m numbers are shown, numerically, to be strongly damped by the collisionless electron response in the presence of a temperature gradient. The trapped-electron drift-tearing instability is stabilized by this effect in a tokamak unless the inverse aspect ratio exceeds a critical value, typically between 0.1 and 0.2. Analytical models demonstrate the scaling of these results with plasma parameters.
Effect of relay location on two-way DF and AF relay for multi-user system in LTE-A cellular networks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to meet the increasing demand and stringent design requirements for coverage expansion, throughput and capacity enhancement relay Node (RNs) has been considered as a promising solution to LTE-A Point-to-Multi-Point (PMP) networks. In this paper two scenarios are proposed, at the first scenario this work introduced the performance analysis of two-way Multiuser system of half duplex to AF (Amplify and Forward) and DF (Decoded and Forward) Relay. At the second scenario the position of a relay problem for the maximum capacity enhancement of a two-way Relay Node (RN) to achieve an efficient and scalable Long Term Evolution-Advanced (L TE-A) wireless network design is investigated., the optimum relay location that provides the greatest achievable rate with two-way performance is derived. It has been observed from the results that the optimum location of AF relay is 0.72 of the cell coverage radius, whereas the DF relay achieved a maximum bit rate when the relay location is at 0.52 from the cell coverage radius. The proposed method will help LTE-A designer to solve relay placement problem.
Resonance properties of the biological objects in the RF field

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Irradiation of people with electromagnetic fields emitted from miscellaneous devices working in the radio-frequency (RF) range may have influence, for example may affect brain processes. The question of health impact of RF electromagnetic fields on population is still not closed. This article is devoted to an investigation of resonance phenomena of RF field absorption in the models of whole human body and body parts (a head) of different size and shape. The values of specific absorption rate (SAR) are evaluated for models of the different shapes: spherical, cylindrical, realistic shape and for different size of the model, that represents the case of new-born, child and adult person. In the RF frequency region, absorption depends nonlinearly on frequency. Under certain conditions (E-polarization), absorption reaches maximum at frequency, that is called "resonance frequency". The whole body absorption and the resonance frequency depends on many further parameters, that are not comprehensively clarified. The simulation results showed the dependence of the whole-body average SAR and resonance frequency on the body dimensions, as well as the influence of the body shape.
Hindi Translation, Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of Chedoke McMaster Stroke Assessment (CMSA) Scale: A Cross-sectional Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide, emphasising the need for effective rehabilitation strategies. The Chedoke McMaster Stroke Assessment (CMSA) is a reliable and valid measure developed in Canada used to assess both impairment and activity levels in persons with stroke. The widespread use of Hindi, there is no Hindi translation of the CMSA. Developing a culturally and linguistically appropriate version of the CMSA for Hindi speakers could enable rehabilitation personnel to evaluate change in the patient’s motor control and functional ability. Aim: This study focussed on translating and adapting the CMSA into Hindi to ensure its relevance and effectiveness for assessing stroke recovery for patients in India by Hindi-speaking rehabilitation specialists. Materials and Methods: We obtained permission from the original author of the CMSA to translate the tool into Hindi. The translation process adhered to recognise guidelines for crosscultural adaptation. Two bilingual experts, one with a medical background and the other a linguistic specialist, independently translated the CMSA into Hindi. The translations were combined and back-translated into English by independent translators to ensure consistency with the original tool. To ensure content validity, we used the Delphi method to assess the relevance of each item in the scale. The experts evaluated each item on a 4-point scale, and the Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Level Content Validity Index Average (S-CVI/Ave) were calculated. Results: There is an evidence of its criterion validity which demonstrated it as high degree of linguistic and cultural equivalence. The Hindi CMSA achieved an I-CVI of 0.98985, an S-CVI/Ave of 0.98985, and an S-CVI/UA of 0.881944, indicating strong evidence of its validity. Conclusion: The Hindi CMSA has been culturally adapted and validated for evaluating stroke-related impairments and functional activity in Hindi-speaking healthcare environments. This version will enhance the ability of rehabilitation personnel in conducting clinical assessments and customising rehabilitation strategies for this population.