jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors’ names and years of publication. Finally, the name Polyommatusottomanus Lefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonym Lycaenalegeri Freyer, 1830, is declared a nomen protectum , thereby conserving its name in the current combination Lycaenaottomana .
Effect of β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate in masticatory muscles of rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the influence of β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate ( HMB ) on changes in the profile of muscle fibers, whether these alterations were similar between the elevator and depressor muscles of the jaw, and whether the effects would be similar in male and female animals. Fifty‐eight rats aged 60 days (29 animals of each gender) were divided into four groups: the initial control group ( ICG ) was sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment; the placebo control group ( PCG ) received saline and was fed ad libitum ; the experimental group ( EG ) received 0.3 g kg −1 of HMB daily for 4 weeks by gavage as well as the same amount of food consumed by the PCG in the previous day; and the experimental ad libitum group ( EAG ) received the same dose of the supplement along with food ad libitum . Samples included the digastric and masseter muscles for the histoenzymological analysis. Data were subjected to statistical analysis with a significance level of P < 0.05. Use of HMB caused a decrease in the percentage of fast twitch glycolytic ( FG) fibers and an increase in fast twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers in males in both experimental groups ( EG and EAG ). However, it produced no increase in the muscle fiber area, in either gender, in the masseter muscle. In the digastric muscle, the HMB did not change the frequency or the area of any muscle fiber types in either gender. Our data suggest that the use of HMB caused small changes in the enzymological profile of fibers of the mastication muscles; the changes were different in the elevator and depressor muscles of the jaw and the results were different depending on gender.
Dialysis facility characteristics and variation in employment rates: a national study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Investigation of factors associated with variation in dialysis patient employment has focused primarily on patient-level factors. Little is known about facility-level factors that may be associated with patient employment. Design, setting, participants, and measurements: The ESRD Facility Survey (CMS-2744A) began in 2004 to collect counts of employed patients aged 18 to 54, in addition to dialysis unit census, types and timing of treatments offered, and staffing. Using the 2004 ESRD Facility Survey File, we investigated dialysis unit characteristics and facility employment rate of patients aged 18 to 54 in a logistic regression analysis that included hospital-based chronic renal care facilities, nonhospital renal disease treatment centers, independent special purpose renal dialysis facilities, and renal disease treatment centers. Results: Across all facilities, 18.9 % of prevalent patients aged 18 to 54 were employed, but facility employment rates ranged from 0 to 100%. Facility employment rate was positively associated independently with availability of a 5 p.m. or later dialysis shift (odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 1.68), availability of peritoneal dialysis or home hemodialysis
Role of the functional head impulse test in evaluating vestibulo‐ocular reflex abnormalities in individuals with Parkinson's disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To assess vestibular‐ocular reflex (VOR) function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using a new method called functional head impulse test (fHIT). Study Design Case–control study. Setting Tertiary medical center. Participants Twenty individuals with PD were recruited for PD group, and twenty healthy individuals for the control group. Ages of both groups ranged from 47 to 76 years. Main Outcome Measures According to the modified Hoehn‐Yahr score, PD group was classified as an early stage with a range of 1–2.5 and a mid‐late stage with a range of 3–5. Percentage of correct answers (%CA) was calculated using fHIT for lateral, anterior and posterior semicircular canal (SCC) planes. Results PD group had statistically lower fHIT %CA in the right lateral, left lateral, and left posterior SCC planes compared to control group ( p < .05). There was no statistical difference between two PD severity groups and functional VOR abnormality. Conclusion It was concluded that the functional VOR in the right lateral and left lateral and left posterior SCC plane was affected in individuals with PD. Our results show that impaired VOR and reduced dynamic visual acuity should be considered in individuals with PD for vestibular rehabilitation exercises.
Computationally-efficient algorithms for real-time ECG baseline removal

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ECG signal processing has been one of the major studied topics in the biomedical field. The introduction of new techniques and the extensions to the previous keep constantly evolving the span of the ECG research, providing a true realisation of the problems specific to each new approach. For this reason, thorough data analysis and accuracy evaluation have been the most significant tools in effective quantifying of ECG noise elimination techniques. The ECG signal is generally defined to have a spectral content between 50 mHz and 150 Hz with a few millivolts in amplitude, and identified as susceptible to physiological and environmental interferences. The elimination of noise interferences, in particular the baseline wander, is a major concern in preserving the ECG signal integrity (i.e the ST segment) due to the overlapping spectral content of noise sources with this segment. The inherent complexity of such a problem has led to computationally-intensive algorithms in the literature (i.e. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Wavelet Transforms (WT) and others) and the removal of the baseline drift is acquired off-line with powerful simulation tools. The adaptations of these methods for ambulatory designs, on the other hand, demonstrate substantial accuracy degradation due to scaling. Therefore, real-time approaches to match comparable accuracy to the computational intensive algorithms are yet to be proposed. This research investigates a computationally-efficient baseline wander removal technique and targets comparable performance to its computational off-line counterparts reported in the literature while preserving the signal integrity of the ECG. This work introduces a novel hardware-efficient real-time baseline estimation method based on three distinctive ``isoelectric'' fiducial point detections per heart beat. These detected points are cubic spline interpolated to achieve a realistic representation of the baseline estimation, and removed from the noisy signal to provide an ``undistorted'' ECG signal representation. Computational efficiency of this approach is further improved with a novel weighted piecewise linear interpolation technique. This approach targets non-uniformly sampled systems with less computational requirements compared to the higher order polynomial interpolation. The MCU-based real-time hardware system realisation of these algorithms demonstrates accurate ambulatory system response and this is the first tested system level design addressing baseline wander removal with detailed analysis. The validated tests have presented original contributions for baseline wander detection and removal by tackling one of the most crucial challenges currently present in clinically valid ECG signal processing. The accuracy and the computational requirements of the developed algorithms show real-time capabilities of the overall system and challenge its computational ECG signal processing counterparts.
On the Use of the Digital Twin Concept for the Structural Integrity Protection of Architectural Heritage

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Undoubtedly, heritage buildings serve as essential embodiments of the cultural richness and diversity of the world’s states, and their conservation is of the utmost importance. Specifically, the protection of the structural integrity of these buildings is highly relevant not only because of the buildings themselves but also because they often contain precious artworks, such as sculptures, paintings, and frescoes. When a disaster causes damage to heritage buildings, these artworks will likely be damaged, resulting in the loss of historical and artistic materials and an intangible loss of memory and identity for people. To preserve heritage buildings, state-of-the-art recommendations inspired by the Venice Charter of 1964 suggest real-time monitoring of the progressive damage of existing structures, avoiding massive interventions, and providing immediate action in the case of a disaster. The most up-to-date digital information and analysis technologies, such as digital twins, can be employed to fulfil this approach. The implementation of the digital twin paradigm can be crucial in developing a preventive approach for built cultural heritage conservation, considering its key features of continuous data exchange with the physical system and predictive analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the digital twin concept in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) domain. It also critically discusses some applications within the context of preserving the structural integrity of architectural heritage, with a particular emphasis on masonry structures. Finally, a prototype of the digital twin paradigm for the preservation of heritage buildings’ structural integrity is proposed.
Study on Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-carbon Nano-tubes Compound Coating

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The Ni-carbon nano-tubes compound coating was obtained on carbon steel by electroless plating.The corrosion resistance of the nickel coating and the compound coating was studied using mass loss method and electrochemical experiment.And the corrosion mechanism was also discussed.The results indicate that the carbon nano-tube improves the corrosion resistance of the compound coating.
DNA-Recognition Code Tables for Transcription Factors in the C4 Zinc Binding and C2H2 Zinc Finger Families.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A simple way of understanding the structure of the DNA recognition code of transcription factors is shown taking two DNA binding motifs as examples (the C4 class zinc binding proteins and the C2H2 zinc fingers). Interaction between DNA and factors of the motifs can be understood as that between two lines, a line connecting residue positions on the surface of a recognition helix and a line connecting base positions in the DNA major groove. The base-residue pairing along the two lines are summarised in the stereochemical charts. The DNA recognition table for each of the two motifs, which can be used for prediction and design of recognition helix-DNA interactions, can be created by choosing residue-base partners from the chemical code table according to the stereochemical chart specific to the motif.
Ion-Selective Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotubes as Ion-to-Electron Transducers

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study developed a new type of all-solid-state ion-selective electrode based on a transducing layer of a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The extraordinary capacity of carbon nanotubes to promote electron transfer between heterogeneous phases made the presence of electroactive polymers or any other ion-to-electron-transfer promoter unnecessary. The new transducer layer was characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The stability of the electrical potential of the new solid-contact electrode was examined by performing current-reversal chronopotentiometry, and the influence of the interfacial water film was assessed by the potentiometric water layer test. The performance of the new electrode was evaluated by determining K+ with an ion-selective membrane that contained the well-known valinomycin ion carrier. The new electrode had a Nernstian slope (58.4 mV/decade), dynamic ranges of four logarithmic units, and selectivities and limits of detection comparable to other solid-contact electrodes. The short response time (less than 10 s for activities higher than 10(-5.5) M) and the stability of the signal over several days makes these new electrodes very promising candidates for attaining true miniaturization.
Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to United Kingdom

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) and Britain, is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe.The United Kingdom is a developed country and remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally [1].England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century, and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances [1].There are several eponyms in dermatology literature, which are linked to United Kingdom.In Table I [2-14], we highlighted on some examples of eponyms in dermatology literature, linked to United Kingdom.
Predicting Students’ Physical Activity and Health-Related Well-Being: A Prospective Cross-Domain Investigation of Motivation Across School Physical Education and Exercise Settings \n

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A three-wave prospective design was used to assess a model of motivation guided by self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2008) spanning the contexts of school physical education (PE) and exercise. The outcome variables examined were health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical self-concept (PSC), and 4 days of objectively assessed estimates of activity. Secondary school students (n = 494) completed questionnaires at three separate time points and were familiarized with how to use a sealed pedometer. Results of structural equation modeling supported a model in which perceptions of autonomy support from a PE teacher positively predicted PE-related need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Competence predicted PSC, whereas relatedness predicted HRQoL. Autonomy and competence positively predicted autonomous motivation toward PE, which in turn positively predicted autonomous motivation toward exercise (i.e., 4-day pedometer step count). Autonomous motivation toward exercise positively predicted step count, HRQoL, and PSC. Results of multisample structural equation modeling supported gender invariance. Suggestions for future work are discussed. \n \n
Applications of Response Theory with Relaxation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Based on the Ehrenfest theorem, an equation‐of‐motion that takes relaxation into account has been presented in wave function theory, and the resulting response functions are non‐divergent in the off‐resonant as well as the resonant regions of the spectrum. The derivation of the linear and first‐order nonlinear response functions includes exact state theory as well as single determinant approximate state theory thereby including time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock and Kohn‐Sham theories. The response functions in this theory are complex and the methodology is coined the complex polarization propagator technique. The real and imaginary parts of the response functions may correspond to different physical observables. The present work includes applications that involve electric‐ and magnetic‐dipole molecular properties in the visible, ultra‐violet, and X‐ray regions of the frequency spectrum. The real and imaginary parts of the electric‐dipole polarizability and the mixed electric‐dipole‐magnetic‐dipole polarizability are determined for S‐methyl oxirane in order to calculate the polarizability, linear absorption cross section, optical rotatory dispersion, and electronic circular dichroism. The linear absorption cross section is determined in the ultra‐violet region and at the carbon K‐edge. The polarizability with an imaginary frequency argument is determined for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and methyl oxirane and the related C6, dispersion interaction coefficients are determined from the Casimir‐Polder integral. As a single application of the nonlinear response function, the two‐photon resonant enhanced second‐harmonic generation response is determined for a “two‐dimensional” π‐conjugated system.
Discoloration of Ancient Egyptian Mural Paintings by Streptomyces Strains and Methods of Its Removal

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Streptomyces isolated from mural paintings at Tell Basta and Tanis tombs were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing method. These Streptomyces strains caused discoloration of mural paintings with irreversible red stains of carotenoid pigment. A mixture of n-hexan and acetone (92:8 v/v) was the best solvent for extracting and purification of red pigment from biomass of Streptomyces. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were the most effective in treatment of these red stains without changing the paintings or stone surfaces.
Analysis of Trace‐Level Volatile Compounds in Fresh Turf Crop (Lolium perenne L.) by Gas Chromatography Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In the traditional research of volatile compounds, some trace‐level compounds could not be identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Target and post‐targeted methods were applied in the investigation of trace‐level volatile compounds in fresh turf crop ( Lolium perenne L.) based on gas chromatography in combination with hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. According to literatures published, a target analysis was performed by using retention index, accurate masses of characteristic ions and second‐stage mass spectra (MS 2 spectra). And a series of experiments showed that low electron impact energy was beneficial to the improvement of the abundances of low abundance molecular ion peak. Enhancing the abundances of low abundance molecular ion peak was beneficial to qualitative analysis. Totally, 60 volatile compounds were identified, the great majority compounds of which were benzeneacetaldehyde (14.8%), 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine (9.6%), and hexanal (9.3%). Identification was complied by mass spectral search, retention index and accurate masses of characteristic ions.
A condition for a compact plane set to be a union of finitely many convex sets

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

All the sets with which we are concerned are subsets of the real Euclidean plane E 2 . By L m we denote those subsets X of E 2 for which, if p l , p 2 , …, P m are any m points of X , then at least one segment p i p j , i ≠ j consists entirely of points of X . L 2 is the class of convex subsets of E 2 . We shall show that if X is closed and X ∈ L m . then X is the union of finitely many convex sets. This extends a result of Valentine (4). See also (1),(2),(3).
A Novel Approach to Assessing the Drug Susceptibility and Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug susceptibility testing is often curtailed because such testing is expensive and time consuming. A colorimetric tetrazolium dye method previously used for high-throughput antiviral drug screening was adapted to assess the susceptibility of 16 HIV-1 isolates to zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine, and nevirapine in MT-2 cells. Cell viability was assessed colorimetrically, and all measurements and calculations were automated. Each HIV-1 isolate was tested in > or = 5 assays to determine the reproducibility of the assay in HIV-1 isolates with known reverse-transcriptase mutations. The drug susceptibility of several mutant HIV-1 strains whose drug susceptibilities had not previously been well defined was also determined. Data on HIV-1 replication from the susceptibility assays indicated that some mutant HIV-1 isolates may have been less cytopathic in MT-2 cells than wild type HIV-1 isolates.
The cultural context of perfectionism and psychological outcome: Investigating a stress -mediated model with Asian American and European American students.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present study examined multidimensional perfectionism (as measured by the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Hewitt & Flett, 1991) among Asian American and European American students. First, mean differences in levels of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism were compared. Second, relational patterns among perfectionism, stress, and both positive (viz, life satisfaction, positive affect) and negative (viz, depressive tendencies, negative affect) psychological outcomes were investigated. Third, path analyses were conducted to test a stress-mediated model of perfectionism and outcome. In addition, Singelis' (1994) Self-Construal Scale was used to examine whether or not independent and interdependent self-construals accounted for differences between ethnic groups. Overall, findings did not reveal mean differences in levels of perfectionism between Asian American and European American students. Results corroborated significant associations between socially prescribed perfectionism and psychological outcomes (both positive and negative). While efforts to measure culture using the Self-Construal Scale proved a complex task, the findings did support differences in relational patterns based on self-identified ethnicity and gender. Finally, stress was found to be a mediating factor in a number of perfectionism-outcome relationships, and these relationships varied as a function of gender and self-identified ethnicity. Implications of the findings for counseling college students were discussed. Limitations of the study and future directions for research were also considered.