jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Root compression due to swollen oxidized regenerated cellulose after cervical disc surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Oxidized regenerated cellulose is a hemostatic material that is frequently used in neurosurgery. While it is often left in place to avoid postoperative hematoma, in rare cases it may cause neural tissue compression. A case with severe radicular pain due to swollen oxidized regenerated cellulose after anterior cervical disc surgery was reported. A 37-year-old female was operated for a C5-6 disc herniation. After anterior microdiscectomy, severe radicular pain developed due to a retained piece of swollen oxidized regenerated cellulose. Complaints resolved completely after removal of the material causing the compression. Neurological deficits may develop with even a small amount of oxidized regenerated cellulose left behind on the surface of the dura after spinal surgery. We need to keep in mind that this is foreign material that should be used in small quantities. If possible, it must be removed after hemostasis has been achieved.
Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells for in vitro induction of primary human CD4+ T-cell lines specific for HIV gp120.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Activation of T helper cells specific for viral antigens is critical for antibody production and for generation of cytotoxic cells during the immune response to HIV. Since T-cell activation depends on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), it is important to define the cells that have a role in presentation of HIV antigens in general and of gp120 in particular. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), adherent monocytes (AMs), dendritic cells (DCs) and Epstein Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines (LCLs) were tested for the capacity to present gp120 to a specific T-cell clone. DCs proved to be the most effective APC. Primary T-cell lines were generated from uninfected and unprimed individuals by using different APCs in the presence of gp120 or an immunodominant peptide. T-cell lines specific for gp120 were obtained with PBMCs or DCs as APCs, but not with AMs or LCLs. The data showed that (a) DCs are the most effective APCs for presentation of gp120 to specific T cells and (b) DCs are necessary for in vitro induction of primary T-cell lines specific for gp120.
Suppression of autoimmune thyroid disease by FK 506: influence on thyroid-infiltrating cells, adhesion molecule expression and anti-thyroglobulin antibody production

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Autoimmune thyroid disease was induced in female PVG/c rats by neonatal thymectomy, followed by sublelhal, whole body x-irradiation. Disease development, assessed by histological evidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis and circulating levels of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, was reduced significantly by a 3-week course of FK 506 (0.5 or 1.5 mg/kg per day) commencing after the detection of autoantibody production. Thyroid-infiltrating mononuclcar cells (MNC) in untreated rats stained predominantly for CD4+ and MHC class II antigen which was expressed widely on dendritic cells. Fewer infiltrating cells expressed TCR α/β, CD5, CD8 or LFA- 1β. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was observed on MNC, vascular endothelial cells and a minoritiy of residual thyroid epithelial cells. FK 506 administration reduced markedly the incidence of infiltrating TCRα/β+, CD5+, CD4+, CD8+, and LFA-1β+ cells and the expression both of MHC class II antigens and ICAM-I on MNC, endothelial cells and thyrocytes. Compared with normal PVG/c rats, there were reduced incidences of CD4+ CD8− and CD4− CD8+ lymphocytes and an elevation in the CD4+/ CD8+ cell ratio in the spleens of animals with autoimmune thyroiditis. These changes were partially reversed by FK 506. Systemic drug levels estimated by enzyme immunosorbent assay were in excess of those known to blockade cytokine production by CD4+ T lymphocytes in vitro and some evidence of minor renal dysfunction was observed. The results are consistent with a therapeutic effect of FK 506 mediated via interference with CD4+ T lymphocyte function and adhesion molecule-dependent cytotoxic effector mechanisms.
On supervised density estimation techniques and their application to spatial data mining

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The basic idea of traditional density estimation is to model the overall point density analytically as the sum of influence functions of data points. However, traditional density estimation techniques only consider the location of a point. Supervised density estimation techniques, on the other hand, additionally consider a variable of interest that is associated with a point. Density in supervised density estimation is measured as the product of an influence function with the variable of interest. Based on this novel idea, a supervised density-based clustering named SCDE is introduced and discussed in detail. The SCDE algorithm forms clusters by associating data points with supervised density attractors which represent maxima and minima of a supervised density function.
Intraoperative management of phaeochromocytoma with sodium nitroprusside.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a powerful, peripherally acting hypotensive agent with a rapid onset but short duration of action. It is highly effective for hypertensive episodes in patients with a phaeochromocytoma and may be used safely with adrenoceptor-blocking agents. Two cases are described that illustrate its effectiveness in this condition, even in the presence of exceptionally high circulating concentrations of catecholamines. A simple and reliable regimen for preparing these patients for surgery may be based on oral adrenoceptor-blocking medication (phenoxybenzamine and propranolol) to provide "background" hypotensive and antiarrhythmic cover. SNP by infusion is then used as the principal intraoperative hypotensive agent, dysrhytmias being controlled with additional intravenous propranolol if required.
Role of Histone Deacetylases in Drug-Resistant Melanoma: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Melanoma remains one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant malignancies, despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Drug resistance continues to be a major challenge, limiting long-term therapeutic success. Epigenetic regulators, particularly histone deacetylases (HDACs), play a crucial role in melanoma progression and therapy resistance by modulating gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and non-histone protein functions. HDACs influence key oncogenic pathways, including the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and WNT/β-catenin signaling cascades, contributing to resistance against BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade therapies. HDACs also modulate the tumor microenvironment by regulating immune cell infiltration, cytokine production, and stromal interactions, thereby promoting an immunosuppressive milieu that supports tumor survival. Given their pivotal role in drug resistance, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. HDACis induce apoptosis, suppress tumor proliferation, and enhance immune responses by reactivating tumor suppressor genes and modulating epigenetic landscapes. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that combining HDACis with existing therapies, such as BRAF/MEK inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors, can overcome resistance and improve treatment efficacy. Despite their potential, challenges remain, including toxicity, patient selection, and the identification of optimal combination strategies. Ongoing research aims to develop selective HDACis with improved efficacy and reduced adverse effects. This review comprehensively explores the role of HDACs in melanoma drug resistance, their interaction with key signaling pathways, and the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibition. A deeper understanding of HDAC-mediated resistance mechanisms will aid in developing novel strategies to enhance melanoma treatment outcomes and overcome therapeutic resistance.
Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the regulation of flowering in temperate and tropical lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) by RNA‐Seq

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The switch from vegetative to reproductive growth is a major developmental transition in flowering plants, which depends on the balanced expression of the genes within a complex network that is controlled by both environmental and endogenous factors. Molecular regulation of flower development has been investigated extensively in model plants, particularly Arabidopsis . However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate flowering in lotus. To analyse the molecular regulation of flowering in lotus, comparative transcript profiling was performed at two stages of bud development – the initial developmental stage ( T1 ) and the fast developing stage ( T2 ) – in the lotus cultivars ‘ BG ’ (B, temperate lotus) and ‘ WR1 ’ (W, tropical lotus). A total of 140 504 368 high‐quality 100‐bp reads were obtained and aligned against the lotus reference genome. Of the 23 361 genes assembled, at least 88% of these transcripts were detected in each sample. These genes were significantly enriched in 40 Gene Ontology terms and 236 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Further comparisons of the transcripts in the four libraries revealed that 1808, 1330, 785, 702, 1954, and 2050 genes were differentially expressed between BT1 and BT2 , WT1 and WT2 , BT1 and WT1 , BT2 and WT2 , BT1 and WT2 and BT2 and WT1 samples, respectively. Analysis of the four libraries identified 147 lotus flowering‐time genes homologous to genes that control flowering‐time pathways in other plants. Differential regulation of the COP1 , CCA1 , LHY , CO‐LIKE , VIN3 , GAI , and FT genes, which participate in the photoperiod, vernalization and gibberellic acid pathways, suggested that they might control the early flowering of lotus. The extensive transcriptome dataset should provide a foundation for comparative gene expression studies on the regulation of flowering in lotus. Comparative transcriptomic analysis detected several differentially expressed genes and potential candidate genes required for early flowering in lotus. These results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate flowering in lotus.
CPT Coding in Dermatopathology

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding in dermatopathology can be a challenge, although it is simple in the majority of cases. The presented case studies and examples show possible mistakes that can be the reason for overcharge or unnecessary loss of revenue.

The table method is used as a CPT coding methodological educational tool in surgical pathology by taking dermatopathology as an example.

The material is divided into two groups: coding situations clearly defined in the CPT manual and clinical situations that can have different interpretations while coding. The incorrect coding in the first group is determined by different “masks” during accession. The second group requires definite justification of the coding choice in the pathology report.
Optimizing Decision Preparedness by Adapting Scenario Complexity and Automating Scenario Generation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Klein's recognition-primed decision (RPD) framework proposes that experts make decisions by recognizing similarities between current decision situations and previous decision experiences. Unfortunately, military personnel arQ often presented with situations that they have not experienced before. Scenario-based training (S8T) can help mitigate this gap. However, SBT remains a challenging and inefficient training approach. To address these limitations, the authors present an innovative formulation of scenario complexity that contributes to the larger research goal of developing an automated scenario generation system. This system will enable trainees to effectively advance through a variety of increasingly complex decision situations and experiences. By adapting scenario complexities and automating generation, trainees will be provided with a greater variety of appropriately calibrated training events, thus broadening their repositories of experience. Preliminary results from empirical testing (N=24) of the proof-of-concept formula are presented, and future avenues of scenario complexity research are also discussed.
A comprehensive review of regional anesthesia for head and neck surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Head and neck surgery encompass a wide range of procedures from common tonsillectomy to major head and neck cancer resections requiring free flap reconstruction. Anesthetic management of these procedures relies predominately on general anesthesia; however, regional anesthetic techniques are available that can be used for both the primary anesthetic and analgesia, or in combination with general anesthesia. Traditionally most of these blocks were done blindly using anatomical structures, but with more availability of ultrasounds, these blocks are easier to perform, and with less complications. In this review, we will discuss the anatomical and ultrasound-guided approaches to regional anesthetic techniques that can be used in head and neck surgeries for primary intraoperative management, or in combination with general anesthesia for perioperative pain management. A discussion of outcomes studies of the different nerve blocks and potential complications associated with block placement will be highlighted.
Modelling Internally Displaced Persons' (IDPs) Time to Resuming their Ancestral Homes after IDPs' Camps in Northern Uganda Using Parametric Methods

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: In this paper the time that the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) took to return from IDPs Camps to their ancestral homes in Northern Uganda was modeled using parametric methods. A retrospective dataset was collected from a cohort of 590 households belonging to seven different villages from Otuke districts that were displaced by Lord Resistance Army (LRA) war and were used in the study for a period of seven years. The raw dataset shows a total of 66 households that have not yet return to their ancestral homes. Stata inbuilt program and Easyfit 5.5 professional software were used to test the distribution (Exponential, Weibull and Log-logistic) fitness for the retrospective IDP dataset. The three distributions fit statistic of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-Squared and Anderson-Darling were used to test for the distribution fit. The Weibull distribution model was found to have a superior fit for the data than both exponential and log-logistic distribution model since it had a wider acceptance region from the test statistics. The study however recommended the widening of the scope for data collection in future studies for better statistical inference.
The cytobiological advance on vascular tissue of poplar

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The xylem and cambial zone are the most studied tissues for reason of their obvious economic benefits. Great achievements have been made in the applicable-basic research in poplar with the establishment of the rudimentary knowledge of vascular system in tree species. There is a transition zone from primary to secondary tissues in stem of poplar. The effective elements, cytochemical changes of development and the structural feature of vascular tissues are expounded; Some available evidences are sure to be provided for explaining the molecular mechanism of development of vascular tissues due to the molecular biology research. The review of the anatomical and physiological advance of vascular system in poplar was put forward in this paper in order to pass through the advance and prospects on related research fields of cytobiology in trees.
Mechanistic Studies of\nEthylene and α-Olefin\nCo-Oligomerization Catalyzed by Chromium–PNP Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To explore the possibility of producing a narrow distribution\nof\nmid- to long-chain hydrocarbons from ethylene as a chemical feedstock,\nco-oligomerization of ethylene and linear α-olefins (LAOs) was\ninvestigated, using a previously reported chromium complex, [CrCl<sub>3</sub>(PNP<sup>OMe</sup>)] (<b>1</b>, where PNP<sup>OMe</sup> = <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-bis­(bis­(<i>o</i>-methoxyphenyl)­phosphino)­methylamine). Activation of <b>1</b> by treatment with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) in the presence\nof ethylene and 1-hexene afforded mostly C<sub>6</sub> and C<sub>10</sub> alkene products. The identities of the C<sub>10</sub> isomers, assigned\nby detailed gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses, strongly\nsupport a mechanism that involves five- and seven-membered metallacyclic\nintermediates comprised of ethylene and LAO units. Using 1-heptene\nas a mechanistic probe, it was established that 1-hexene formation\nfrom ethylene is competitive with formation of ethylene/LAO cotrimers\nand that cotrimers derived from one ethylene and two LAO molecules\nare also generated. Complex <b>1/</b>MMAO is also capable of\nconverting 1-hexene to C<sub>12</sub> dimers and C<sub>18</sub> trimers,\nalbeit with poor efficiency. The mechanistic implications of these\nstudies are discussed and compared to previous reports of olefin cotrimerization.
Use of the lectin from Amaranthus caudatus as a histochemical probe of proliferating colonic epithelial cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A newly isolated lectin, Amaranthus caudatus agglutinin (also called amaranthin or ACA), which binds to the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) and its sialylated variants, was used as a histochemical probe for proliferating cells in sections of human colonic tissues. Binding inhibition studies revealed that ACA binds to different sites on histological sections when compared to peanut agglutinin, which also recognizes the T-antigen. ACA bound selectively to the cells at the base of the colonic crypt [46 +/- 4% (SEM) of glands] which is the zone of proliferation in this tissue and preferentially labeled cytoplasmic and apical membrane glycoconjugates. Only 7 +/- 2% of the upper portions of the colonic crypts were labeled (P less than 0.001 compared to the base), and this was largely a result of extensive labeling in 2 of 23 samples studies. A marked increase in histochemical labeling by ACA was seen in adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas of the colon, in which 82 +/- 7 and 97 +/- 2% of the glandular units were labeled, respectively. Transitional mucosa and connective tissue adjacent to cancers were also labeled by ACA. Neuraminidase studies indicated that removal of sialic acid residues enhanced binding by peanut agglutinin, but not ACA, to glycoconjugates in cancer specimens. Specimens of colonic tissue from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were examined with ACA; 83 +/- 7% of adenomatous glands and 60 +/- 7% of glands in flat, normal-appearing tissue were labeled. Colonic tissues from persons at 50% risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), FAP, and normal colons were studied and given "weighted average" labelling scores that ranged from 0-400 to accommodate variable intensity and distribution of labeling. Normal colons had a weighted average score of 65 +/- 33; FAP tissues had a score of 224 +/- 76 (P less than 0.001 compared to normal colon) and HNPCC tissues had a score of 74 +/- 70 (P less than 0.05 compared to normal colon). A group of five HNPCC cases had scores of 203 +/- 43 (P less than 0.001 compared to normal colon). ACA labels glycoconjugates in the proliferative region of normal human colonic epithelium and neoplastic lesions of the colon. The results of FAP and HNPCC tissues suggest that it may be useful for identifying foci of abnormal proliferation in familial colorectal cancer syndromes.
A Methodology for Developing a Model for Energy Prediction in Additive Manufacturing Exemplified by High-Speed Laser Directed Energy Deposition

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The need for energy-efficient manufacturing technologies is growing due to the increasing pressure from climate change, consumers, and regulations. Additive manufacturing is claimed to be a sustainable manufacturing technology, especially for individualized products and small batches. To include the energy demand in the decision-making process on whether a part should be manufactured by additive or rather by subtractive or formative manufacturing, the energy demand which arises during manufacturing of a part must be predicted before the manufacturing process. For this, individual energy prognosis models are needed for each individual AM system. This paper, therefore, presents a methodology that enables users to develop a customized model to predict the energy demand of their AM System. Four steps are necessary to create a model for energy prediction. First, the structure of the investigated system has to be captured. Here the subsystems and their corresponding process parameters are identified. Then the build cycle is analyzed and divided into several process steps in which the power consumption of the subsystems repeatedly follows the same pattern. Afterwards, those process parameters, that have a significant influence on the energy demand of each subsystem are identified within full factorial design of experiments and subsequently analyzed in detail. In the final step, individual models are developed for the energy demand of each subsystem for each process step. These individual models are then aggregated to create an overall model. The application of the methodology is also demonstrated and validated by the example of high-speed laser directed energy deposition.
Impact Intensity Estimation of a Quadruped Robot without Using a Force Sensor

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Estimating the impact intensity is one of the significant tasks of the legged robot. Accurate feedback of the impact may support the robot to plan a suitable and efficient trajectory to adapt to unknown complex terrains. Ordinarily, this task is performed by a force sensor in the robot's foot. In this letter, an impact intensity estimation without using a force sensor is proposed. An artificial neural network model is designed to predict the motor torques of the legs in an instantaneous position in the trajectory without utilizing the complex kinematic and dynamic models of motion. An unscented Kalman filter is used during the trajectory to smooth and stabilize the measurement. Based on the difference between the predicted information and the filtered value, the state and intensity of the robot foot's impact with the obstacles are estimated. The simulation and experiment on a quadruped robot are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Avoiding Attack

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It considers how potential prey avoid detection, how they make themselves unprofitable to attack, how they communicate this status, and how other species have exploited these signals. Using carefully selected examples of camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals drawn from a wide range of species and ecosystems, the authors summarize the latest research into these fascinating adaptations, developing mathematical models where appropriate and making recommendations for future study.This second edition has been extensively rewritten, particularly in the application of modern genetic research techniques which have transformed our recent understanding of adaptations in evolutionary genomics and phylogenetics. The book also employs a more integrated and systematic approach, ensuring that each chapter has a broader focus on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of anti-predator adaptation. The field has grown and developed considerably over the last decade with an explosion of new research literature, making this new edition timely.