jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Why would anyone elect a narcissistic untrustworthy leader? A behavioural ecology approach

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Leader choice is a cornerstone of modern democracies and a central topic in cognitive sciences. In the present paper, we discuss an unresolved question in leader choice research: How can the cognitive mechanisms underpinning leader choice be both exquisitely responsive to contextual cues and blatantly suboptimal? Specifically, leaders displaying features that clearly threaten group coordination or that risk harming individuals’ interests are sometimes preferred. Our review of the literature suggests that this pattern can be explained by the fact that leader choice recycles social heuristics that evolved to evaluate individual’s achievements and track their competence. Achievement evaluations are a useful guide to select who to take information from and who to grant influence to in group decisions. When used in ‘leader choice' contexts however, this heuristic leads people to select high achievers whether or not they have adequate leadership skills (i.e. skills to successfully lead and coordinate the group).
Effect of amino acid substitution in amphiphilic α-helical peptides on peptide–phospholipid membrane interaction

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It was previously found that a cationic amphiphilic peptide, Ac-(Leu-Ala-Arg-Leu)3-NHCH3 (43), caused the destabilization of a phospholipid membrane and showed strong antibacterial activity [Lee et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986; 862: 211–219]. In order to investigate the effect of changing α-helix propensity, hydrophobicity and basicity in 43 on the peptide conformation and activity, the 43 analogs, [Gly (or Val)6]43, [Gly (or Val)2,6]43, [Gly (or Val)2,6,10]43, [Gln3]43, [Gln3,7]43 and [Gln3,7,11]43 were synthesized. Except for [Val2,6]43 and [Val2,6,10]43, which mainly formed a β-structure, other peptides formed an α-helix and showed moderate membrane-perturbing activity toward neutral and acidic lipid vesicles. All the peptides other than [Val2,6,10]43 and [Gln3,7,10]43 had the antibacterial activity comparable with that of 43. The relationship between the membrane-perturbing activity and the antibacterial activity was not always parallel. Conclusively, the Ala→Val substitution in 43 causes the change of peptide conformation and the presence of a cationic amino acid residue is necessary for the antibacterial activity. Copyright © 1999 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of CMOS APS in star tracker

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Small satellites are now capable of performing missions that require accurate attitude determination and control. However, low weight, size, power, and cost requirements limit the types of attitude sensors that can be used on a small craft, making attitude estimation difficult. In particular, star trackers -- often the attitude sensors of choice for spacecraft, ballistic missile etc., are not practical for small satellites, and CMOS APS is a good substitute for attitude sensors. Some of the technical advantages of CMOS APS are no blooming, low power consumption, direct digital output, small size and little support circuitry, simple to design, etc. This paper discusses the application probability of CMOS APS technology in star tracker for use in small satellites. A ground-based prototype vision system based on CMOS APS has been built to demonstrate the advantages of using CMOS APS in star tracker. Resolving capability, noise, radiation hardening and some other characteristics are discussed in detail. CMOS image sensor is sure to be a potential replacement of CCD in the field of attitude sensors.
Super-Early Chickpea Developed at ICRISAT Asia Center

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

From a cross of 2 early-maturing chickpea [Cicer arietinum] lines, ICCV2 and ICCV93929, a transgressive segregant (ICCV96029) was selected which flowers in ~23 days. Under rainfed conditions at ICRISAT Asia Center, ICCV96029 had early growth vigour and matured in 75-80 days, making it a useful source of earliness and for drought escape in short-cropping environments.
Exploration on the selection of Engineering Project coordinate system based on "Integration of multiple regulations"

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In order to avoid the problem that the side length projection deformation value is too large in the process of "multi-gauge in one" coordinate system selection, different coordinate system methods are adopted for planning drawings and engineering construction respectively. In the process of planning, CGCS2000, is comprehensively adopted in the project construction, and the independent coordinate system of the central city of Bijie City is comprehensively adopted. By means of surveying and mapping technology, the connection between the two coordinate systems is established to meet the different needs of the natural resources system and the engineering construction department on a small scale. Under the premise of ensuring the quality and safety of the project construction, it meets the requirements of the Ministry of Natural Resources, and lays a solid surveying and mapping foundation for "multi-regulation integration".
Demographic and Seizure Variables, But Not Hypnotizability or Dissociation, Differentiated Psychogenic from Organic Seizures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Early detection and differential diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and epileptic seizures (ES) is a major clinical issue in comprehensive epilepsy centers. Using blind conditions with patients with PNES (N= 10) and ES (N= 31) before diagnosis, we tested the hypotheses that individuals with PNES would exhibit significantly greater dissociativity, hypnotizability, absorption, and history of early abuse than ES patients. Although PNES patients tended to show greater dissociative phenomena, only the last of our hypotheses was fully supported. Although absorption did not discriminate between the two diagnostic groups, it was significantly higher among those reporting early abuse. A logistic regression analysis using scores on dissociation, hypnotizability and absorption showed them to be poor predictors of diagnosis; however, other analyses revealed that female gender, reports of multiple trauma incidents lasting months or years, initial seizure onset in late teens or twenties, and daily seizure attacks significantly differentiated PNES from ES patients. Thus, demographic and seizure variables proved to be much better predictors of diagnosis than psychological dimensions often associated with PNES.
Properties of Rabbit Anti-Rat Epidermal Cell Sera. Demonstration of Tissue-Specific Differentiation Antigens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Immunization of rabbits with rat tail epidermal cell suspensions produced antisera which, after absorption with rat red and spleen cells, showed specific reactivity with cell surface antigens of stratified squamous epithelia and their derived cells. Indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections and a 51Cr-release cytotoxicity method on cell suspensions showed that the sera contained antibodies which were rat epidermal cell-specific and antibodies which cross-reacted with the corresponding cells and tissues of other species (mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat, and man). Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, we showed individual sera to be specific for the basal layer or for all the cell layers of the epidermal epithelium. This specificity difference was not detected when trypsinized cell suspensions were examined. In epidermal cells isolated by a method entailing minimal trypsinization and by using EDTA to suspend the cells, the antigens were more mobile than in those prepared by the standard trypsinization method. The antiserum which reacted with all the epidermal layers showed many similarities to sera from patients with the autoimmune disease, pemphigus. In general, the specificity of these antisera may be considered as being directed toward cell surface, tissue-specific differentiation antigens of epidermal cells.
OP02.07: Quantitative study of the distance between the left atrial posterior wall and the descending aorta in four chamber view of the fetal heart

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The distance between the left atrial posterior wall and the descending aorta(ADL) may offer important insights for the diagnose of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TPVAC). This study aimed to quantitatively establish the normal references of ADL in the normal fetuses. ADL in systole (ADLs) and in diastole (ADLd) of 300 normal fetuses (20 to 40 weeks) were measured in a standard apical four-chamber view. Non-cardiac fetal biometric parameters included femoral length (FL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) and gestation age (GA) based on menstrual age. The correlation between ADLs, ADLd and above parameters were analysed. In normal fetuses, the ADLs was (0.32 ± 0.08) cm with a range of 0.19 ∼ 0.48 cm, the ADLd was (0.43 ± 0.10)cm with a range of 0.25 ∼ 0.62 cm. The ADLs and ADLd were increased with the growth of GA and were positively and significantly correlated with GA and BPD and FL (r = 0.545, 0.556, 0.574, 0.53, 0.563 and 0.576 respectively, all p < 0.001). The linear regression equations between ADLs, ADLd and GA, BPD, FL were:Y = 0.009*GA + 0.041, Y = 0.038*BPD + 0.028, Y = 0.044*FL + 0.073, Y = 0.011*GA + 0.083, Y = 0.048*BPD + 0.063, Y = 0.054*FL + 0.124, respectively. In normal fetuses, the ADLs and ADLd increase with the growth of GA and have good correlation with GA, BPD and FL. These normative data of ADL may be a new tool for assessment of fetal heart, especially has potential application in the prenatal diagnose of TPVAC or other congenitally heart defects.
Inhaled Particles VIII PII: S0003-^878(96)00165-2 FIBRE TOXICOLOGY—THE REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The scale and severity of the asbestos-related diseases has generated substantial concerns over the potential human health effects of man-made fibres. Despite the longstanding nature of these concerns, there is still a lack of an agreed scientific framework within which the toxicological hazards of fibrous materials can be
Is Patient Volume a Useful Quality Measure for Very Low Birthweight Infants?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

s of all RAND Health publications and full text of many research documents can be found on the RAND Health web site at www.rand.org/health. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. RAND Offices Santa Monica • Washington • Pittsburgh • New York • Doha • Leiden • Berlin • Cambridge
Bioinformatics tools for the analysis of NMR metabolomics studies focused on the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Metabolomics, a systems biology approach focused on the global study of the metabolome, offers a tremendous potential in the analysis of clinical samples. Among other applications, metabolomics enables mapping of biochemical alterations involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, and offers the opportunity to noninvasively identify diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers that could translate into early therapeutic interventions. Particularly, metabolomics by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has the ability to simultaneously detect and structurally characterize an abundance of metabolic components, even when their identities are unknown. Analysis of the data generated using this experimental approach requires the application of statistical and bioinformatics tools for the correct interpretation of the results. This review focuses on the different steps involved in the metabolomics characterization of biofluids for clinical applications, ranging from the design of the study to the biological interpretation of the results. Particular emphasis is devoted to the specific procedures required for the processing and interpretation of NMR data with a focus on the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers.
The International Cosmic Day - An Outreach Event for Astroparticle Physics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The International Cosmic Day (ICD) is an astroparticle physics outreach event for high-schoolstudents and brings together students and different physics outreach projects from all over theworld. Groups of scientists, teachers, and students meet for one day to learn about cosmic raysand perform an experiment with atmospheric muons. All participating groups investigate an iden-tical question. The students are enabled to work together like in an international collaboration,discussing their results in joint video conferences. Analyzing data, comparing and discussingwith other “young scientists” gives the students a glimpse of how professional scientific researchworks. Scientists join the video conferences and give lectures to provide an insight in current as-troparticle physics research. Several participating research experiments analyze big science datatailored to the questions addressed by the students and present their results on equal terms withthe students. To create a lasting event, proceedings with measurement results of all participatinggroups are published. Every participant receives a personal e-mail with his certificate and theproceedings booklet. Organized by DESY in cooperation with Netzwerk Teilchenwelt, IPPOG,QuarkNet, Fermilab, and national partners like INFN, the ICD is a growing event with more andmore popularity. We present the organization of the event and the experience from five years ofICD.
Sedimentological, Geochemical and Hydrogeochemical Studies of Alluvial Fans for Mineral and Environmental Purposes (Case Study of Southwestern Iran)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The alluvial-fan sediments play a very important role in mineral reserves and underground water resources, though a comprehensive study on such sediments, especially from a geochemical point of view, is still lacking. In this research, a total of 22 particularly important alluvial fans across the Khuzestan Plain in the southwestern Iran were studied through field surveys, petrographic evaluations, and geochemical assessments. These investigations included particle size distribution studies, microscopic observation of 193 samples, subsurface study of 60 boreholes along 10 different sections, facies analysis on 46 different sections, and comprehensive geochemical studies through XRD, XRF, ICP Mass, and wet chemical analyses. Based on these studies, the sediments were found to be dominantly composed of gravel, muddy sand, silt, and clay. The sediments exhibited good roundness and good to fair sorting. The most abundant oxide in the study area being MgO followed by SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. According to the studies, most of the samples fell in the range of iron-bearing sandstones with rare cases of iron-bearing shales. Investigation of the geochemical indices showed the long sediment transport path from the source, humid climate, and moderate to extensive weathering of the deposit. The depositional setting was found to be dominantly an active continental margin and, to a lesser extent, a continental island arc. Investigating of the studied sediments provenance indicate a felsic to slightly basic source rock. The environmental studies were indicative of relatively low contamination of the region and abundance of rare earth elements including Y, Sc, Nd, La, and Ce, and the abundance of heavy elements including Cr, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Based on the mineralogical studies on the samples, the inter-grain cement in both gravel and conglomerate particles was found to be composed of calcite.
Riluzole: a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer’s disease by targeting the WNT/β-catenin pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, where the etiology remains unclear. AD is characterized by amyloid-(Aβ) protein aggregation and neurofibrillary plaques deposits. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation have been suggested as causes of AD. Glutamatergic pathway dysregulation is also mainly associated with AD process. In AD, the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is downregulated. Downregulation of WNT/β-catenin, by activation of GSK-3β-induced Aβ, and inactivation of PI3K/Akt pathway involve oxidative stress in AD. The downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway decreases the activity of EAAT2, the glutamate receptors, and leads to neuronal death. In AD, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and glutamatergic pathway operate in a vicious circle driven by the dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Riluzole is a glutamate modulator and used as treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent findings have highlighted its use in AD and its potential increase power on the WNT pathway. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which Riluzole can operate in AD remains unclear and should be better determine. The focus of our review is to highlight the potential action of Riluzole in AD by targeting the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway to modulate glutamatergic pathway, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
Improving culture initiation of mature oak shoots through use of silver thiosulfate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Premise Of the approximately 430 species of oaks ( Quercus spp.) that have been assessed, 31% are threatened with extinction and in need of safeguarding. However, oak seeds cannot be seed banked, and thus rely on alternative strategies such as in vitro culture for ex situ conservation. One challenge to this approach is low culture initiation rates. Our objective was to identify factors that may improve the establishment of shoot cultures in vitro using new growth collected from mature trees. Methods Shoot cuttings were harvested from individuals of five different oak species ( Q. alba , Q. bicolor , Q. macrocarpa , Q. muehlenbergii , and Q. palustris ). Shoots were cultured onto medium with or without 50 µM silver thiosulfate (STS), a known inhibitor of the stress hormone ethylene. Cultures were grown for one month, at which point shoots were assessed for survival. Results Shoot survival was significantly greater in shoots cultured on medium containing STS compared to the control group, with the overall survival rate increasing from 65% to 73%. Discussion Increasing the survival rate of newly established cultures is important in ensuring that material collected from endangered species has the best chance for survival, which is critical for successful ex situ conservation.
Analysis of c-Met gene amplification in Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e18021 Background: Several studies have reported that increased gene copy number (GCN) of c-Met is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI). A recent phase II study of mostly Caucasian subjects showed that addition of a c-Met receptor TKI to EGFR-TKI prolonged progression-free survival in NSCLC. It is unclear whether c-Met gene status differs between Caucasians and Asians. Thus, c-Met GCN was evaluated in Japanese patients with advanced NSCLC to determine whether c-Met could be a therapeutic target in Asian patients. EGFR mutation and GCNs of EGFR and Her2 were also analyzed. Methods: Tumor samples suitable for gene amplification and mutation analysis were collected from 40 patients with institutional review board approval. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to assess c-Met, EGFR, and Her2 GCNs. DNA was extracted from tumor tissue after micro dissection. PCR and direct sequencing of exons 18, 19, and 21 of the EGFR gene were also performed. Results: Of the 40 patients, 10 (25%) were female, 12 (40.0%) were light or never-smokers, and 34 (85%) had adenocarcinoma. The median age was 63 (range 41-81) years, and 36 patients (90.0%) had a good PS (0-1). The median GCNs of c-Met, EGFR, and Her2 were 1.1 (range 0.3-1.7), 1.1 (range 0.9-7.0), and 1.2 (range 0.9-3.5). No patients had more than 4 c-Met copies. Overall survival was not significantly different between patients with more than 1.1 copies of c-Met and those with less than 1.0 copy of c-Met. GCNs of c-Met, EGFR, and Her2 were not associated with any patients’ characteristics. The c-Met GCN was significantly correlated with Her2 GCN (r=0.401), but not EGFR mutation status or EGFR gene amplification. Thirteen patients were treated with EGFR-TKI; the response rate was higher in patients with EGFR mutations (7/11 vs. 0/2). The mean c-Met GCN was not correlated with EGFR-TKI response (1.08 vs. 1.07). The mean EGFR and Her2 GCNs were higher in EGFR-TKI responders than non-responders (2.91 vs. 1.05, p=0.03; 1.46 vs. 1.12, p=0.053). Conclusions: The c-Met GCN of Japanese NSCLC patients was obviously smaller than in the previous study of Caucasians. There might be ethnic difference in c-Met gene amplification such as EGFR mutation.
Research on Privacy Security Risk Assessment Method of Mobile Commerce Based on Information Entropy and Markov

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To obtain precise personalized services in mobile commerce, the users have to disclose their personal information to the operator, which constitutes a potential threat to their privacy security. In this paper, a mobile commerce privacy security risk assessment model is established based on information entropy and Markov chain, and effective security risk measurement, and assessment method is put forward. Our method can provide accurate and quantitative results in assessing privacy disclosure risk to guide the users’ selection of safe mobile commerce applications and protect their privacy security.
Assessment of Spatial Variation of Cesium‐137 in Small Catchments

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Surface contamination by bomb‐derived and Chernobyl‐derived 137 Cs has been subject to changes due to physical decay and lateral transport of contaminated soil particles, which have resulted in an ongoing transfer of radionuclides from terrestrial ecosystems to surface water, river bed sediments, and flood plains. Knowledge of the different sources of spatial variation of 137 Cs is particularly essential for estimating 137 Cs transfer to fluvial systems and for successfully applying 137 Cs as an environmental tracer in soil erosion studies. This study combined a straightforward sediment redistribution model and geostatistical interpolation of point samples of 137 Cs activities in soil to distinguish the effects of sediment erosion and deposition from other sources of variation in 137 Cs in the small Mochovce catchment in Slovakia. These other sources of variation could then be interpreted. Besides erosion and deposition processes, the initial pattern of 137 Cs deposition, floodplain sedimentation, and short‐range spatial variation were identified as the major sources of spatial variation of the 137 Cs inventory.