jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Bicyclo(2.2.2)lactones from a Facile Condensation of Dibenzoylethylene with Arylacetonitriles.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The reaction between the carbanions generated from the arylacetonitriles (I) and trans‐dibenzoylethene (II) yields the title compounds (III) after acidic work‐up.
Dual antiplatelet therapy in patients at high bleeding risk: less is more—more or less

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Risk-based antithrombotic strategies after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor is indicated for patients undergoing PCI. Applying a risk stratification approach that considers the risk of both thrombosis and bleeding, each individual patient can be managed with a tailored antithrombotic regimen. If the two risks substantially equipoise, standard DAPT is indicated (i.e. aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor for 6 or 12 months, based on the clinical scenario). In patients with a prevailing thrombotic risk (left part of the figure), the intensity of the antithrombotic therapy can be increased by administering DAPT for a prolonged duration or by prescribing a dual-pathway inhibition therapy (i.e. ASA plus rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily). Conversely, when the bleeding risk prevails (right part of the figure), the intensity of the antithrombotic therapy can be decreased by de-escalation to a reduced intensity regimen (i.e. switching from a potent P2Y12 receptor inhibitor to clopidogrel or reducing the P2Y12 receptor inhibitor dose) or by early discontinuation of DAPT with transition to a monotherapy with either ASA or a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. Abbreviations: ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BID, bis in die (twice daily); C75, clopidogrel 75 mg; P2Y12-i, P2Y12 receptor inhibitor; OD, once daily; P10, prasugrel 10 mg; R2.5, rivaroxaban 2.5 mg; T60, ticagrelor 60 mg; T90, ticagrelor 90 mg.
The predicting risk factors for pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis after lower extremity arthroplasty: a retrospective analysis based on the diagnosis using multidetector CT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fujita, Y.1; Nakatsuka, H.1; Namba, Y.2; Mitani, S.2; Yoshitake, N.1; Sugimoto, E.1 Author Information
Signatures of self-trapping of trions in monolayer MoS2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The peak of the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum associated with the A− trion in monolayer MoS2 on SiO2/Si substrate is typically red shifted in energy relative to its absorption peak by ∼20 meV. Circular polarization anisotropy and pump laser intensity dependence of PL indicates that the A− trion is not localized at a defect. Raman lines in monolayer MoS2 are enhanced and additional lines are seen when the excitation laser has photon energy close to the trion/exciton absorption resonance, indicating their coupling with phonons. Analysis of time resolved PL measurements show that the A− trion emission has a finite rise time of ∼25 ps, unlike the defect bound exciton emission which is also seen. The above characteristics when considered together suggest that trions in monolayer MoS2 could be subject to momentary weak self-trapping through interaction with phonons, a hitherto unexplored property of trions/excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors.
Tel Qashish (South) (A)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In November 2012, a trial excavation was conducted south of Tel Qashish (Permit No. A-6632; map ref. 210249-510/732019-135), prior to construction of an interchange on Highway 6. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by the Cross-Israel Highway Company, Ltd., was directed by A. Yaroshevich, with the assistance of Y. Amrani and E. Bachar (administration), R. Mishayev and M. Cohen (field drawings) and K. Sa'id and L. Talmi. The site was discovered in trial trenches conducted prior to the excavation by the author and D. Kirzner.
Sleep duration estimates of Canadian children and adolescents

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary The objective of this study was to provide contemporary sleep duration estimates of Canadian school‐aged children and adolescents and to determine the proportion adhering to the sleep duration recommendations. This study included 24 896 participants aged 10–17 years from the 2013/2014 Canadian Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children study ( HBSC ), a nationally representative cross‐sectional study. Bedtime and wake‐up times were reported by participants and their sleep duration was calculated. Participants were then classified as having a sleep duration that met the recommended range (9–11 h per night for 10–13‐year‐olds or 8–10 h per night for 14–17‐year‐olds), a sleep duration that was shorter than the recommended range or a sleep duration that was longer than the recommended range. An estimated 68% of children aged 10–13 years and 72% of adolescents aged 14–17 years sleep for the recommended amount per night when averaged across all days of the week. Short sleepers represent 31% of school‐aged children and 26% of adolescents. Long sleepers are rare (<2% overall). Children and adolescents sleep ~1 h more at weekends compared to weekdays. Approximately 5% of the participants typically went to bed after midnight on weekdays and 31% did so at weekends; these proportions reached 11 and 45%, respectively, within 16–17‐year‐olds. In general, differences in sleep times between boys and girls are small and not clinically significant. In conclusion, almost one‐third of Canadian children and adolescents sleep less than the recommended amount. Public health efforts should continue to monitor the sleep of Canadian children and adolescents and identify subgroups of the population more likely to be affected by insufficient sleep.
Bank Securities Holdings and Industrial Finance Before World War I: Britain and Germany Compared

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Orthodox paradigms hold that through direct involvement with firms, the German universal banks funneled substantial amounts of financial capital into industry during the half century before World War I. At the same time, by avoiding such engagement with industrial companies, British banks are thought to have disadvantaged that country's economy with respect to its continental and American competitors. Using balance sheet data for the British deposit banks and the German universal banks, this paper shows that the German and British banks held approximately the same proportion of their assets in the form of non-government securities. In addition, the paper uses details garnered from two of the largest German banks to demonstrate that the universal banks became directly involved in only a few companies, that the total of these equity holdings amounted to a small share of bank assets, and that often the shares remained on the banks' books only because of an insufficient market for new issues. Thus, the idea that the German universal banks purposely took long-term stakes in industrial companies in order to credibly commit to behaving in the long-run interest of the firms finds limited support from this analysis.
Increased blood lactate during enteral nutrition in the critically ill: associations and treatment options

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review To evaluate the significance of blood lactate increase during enteral nutrition in the critically ill, and to propose diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Recent findings Acute mesenteric ischemia occurs in approximately 1% of critically ill patients treated with catecholamine. Recent literature suggests that enteral nutrition is a risk factor of acute mesenteric ischemia, in particular in case of low cardiac output, by a mechanism of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. The association of clinical, biological, and computed tomography imaging might help to evaluate the reversibility of acute mesenteric ischemia. Summary As enteral nutrition induces an increased metabolic work of the gut, the inadequation between oxygen delivery and demand exposes the gut to a phenomenon of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. Before initiation of enteral nutrition,, and before each increase of the enteral nutrition dose, the risk factors of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia should be searched in order to prevent it. While under enteral nutrition, increased lactate concentration while receiving enteral nutrition requires the urgent search for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, and the adaptation of enteral nutrition (reduction, stop, and/or switch to parenteral nutrition or tolerate early nutrient restriction). Early signs of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia should be searched in order to allow for a rapid diagnosis, before development of irreversible transmural necrosis. After the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia, improving the balance between oxygen demand and delivery to the gut, evaluating the reversibility of the gut ischemia, and performing urgent resection in case of irreversible transmural necrosis should be the main objectives. After the resolution of acute mesenteric ischemia, the benefit risk analysis of enteral nutrition reintroduction should be evaluated.
Malignant fungating wounds: an analysis of the lived experience

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Aim: This paper reports upon a study that aimed to illuminate the meaning and experience of living with a malignant fungating wound. Background: The current understanding of living with a malignant fungating wound is derived from professionals’ rather than the patient’s perspective. An appreciation of the lived experience may assist in the development of more empathetic support approaches. Method: A Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used as the philosophical framework. Unstructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of five participants. Content hermeneutic analysis was adopted to analyse the data. Findings: Four themes were identified: representing the worst part of the patient’s cancer; living within a body that cannot be trusted; a changing relationship with the patient’s family and friends; and a loss of identity while continuously striving to be normal, yet feeling different. Conclusion: Health care professionals must possess a heightened awareness of: the importance of the impact of the wound upon day-to-day living, identity and purpose; the value of adopting the phrase used by the patient to describe their wound; and to focus more upon the subjective meaning of a visibly changing wound rather than objective measurement.
Variations in the origin of the anterior spinal artery in a Colombian population sample

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Based on most neuroanatomical descriptions, the anterior spinal artery (ASA) originates from two small vessels of the vertebral arteries, which are anastomosed just before forming the basilar artery. This study aimed to determine and quantify the possible variants of the origin of the ASA and its trajectory in samples of human brain stems. Male brain stems with the superior portion of the spinal cord until myelomera C3 of 23 adult human, and no evident morphological alterations were selected. The brain stems were collected for three years and fixed in a 10% formalin solution at the Anatomy Laboratory of the Universidad de Caldas (Colombia). Five samples (21.7%) had variations in the origin and trajectory of the anterior spinal artery. The variations in the origin of the ASA could generate morphofunctional advantages instead of leading to complications. That is the case when there are two anterior spinal arteries since it would increase tissue perfusion, thus protecting part of the spinal cord from ischemic pathologies. It is essential to consider the variations that may exist in the supply of the anterior region of the spinal cord for clinical and surgical assessments due to variations in its supplied territory.
Physicochemical Properties and Metal Contents of Soils of Selected Farmlands in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: Implications to Soil Management

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the physicochemical properties and the constituents of selected metallic substances from the farmland soils that were collected from four agricultural sites; namely, Boji, Gedo, Hirna and Kubsa Kidame of the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, have been investigated. The surface soil samples, collected from 0-20 cm depth and from identical slopes at each site, were pretreated following the standard methods to obtain composite samples. The selected physicochemical properties of the processed samples; specifically, moisture contents, pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity and soil texture, were also analyzed following the standard procedure. For determination of the metal contents, soil samples were digested and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The analyzed soil samples were found to contain organic matter of 3.24 to 3.96 (medium class); electrical conductivity in the range of 0.13 to 0.21 mScm-1, indicating that the soil samples are not salt-affected; pH in the range of slightly acidic to neutral (5.75–6.94); and textural class dominated by clay, constituting 41.4–56.2%. Variations in the metal concentrations (mg kg-1) were: Calcium (9330–18900), Cadmium (3.88–4.45), Chromium (30.7–99.5), Cupper (12.6–42.3), Iron (654–875), Manganese (133–255), Lead (14.9–30.2), and Zinc (217–289). Based on percent recovery, the accuracy of the results were within the acceptable range of 91.2–103 %. The experimental results fairly suggests that the farmland soils could safely be utilized for cultivating different agricultural products. There are possibilities of further extending the works at other farmlands.
IMMUNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Serum Levels of Mannan-Binding Lectin in Chickens Prior to and During Experimental Infection with Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a glyco-protein and a member of the C-type lectin super family, the collectin family, and the acute phase protein family. The MBL exerts its function by directly binding to micro-bial surfaces through its carbohydrate recognition do-mains, followed by direct opsonization or complement activation via MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP) −1 and −2. Thus, MBL plays a major role in the first-line innate defense against pathogens. We investigated the MBL concentrations in serum during experimental infec-tious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections in chickens. The results showed that the acute phase MBL response to infection with IBV was, to a degree (P &lt; 0.0068), depen-dent on whether the chickens were inoculated after 12 h of rest (dark) or after 12 h of activity (light). The acute phase response in chickens challenged after 12 h of activ-(Key words: chicken, viral infection, infectious bronchitis virus, mannan-binding lectin)
An Approach to Flexible Forms of Proof Control for a First-Order Inductive Theorem Prover

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose an approach to the problem of proof control for our new first-order inductive theorem prover QuodLibet that is characterized by a great deal of flexibility w.r.t. the forms of proof control the prover supports. The approach is based on so-called (proof) tactics, i.e. proof control routines written in a special proof control language named QML. QuodLibet provides a set of tactics (in addition to the elementary inference rules), which range from tactics for trivial simplification steps to tactics representing comprehensive inductive proof strategies. Moreover, QuodLibet allows new tactics that are written by the user in QML to be integrated into the system to dynamically extend its functionality.
SH329603.07FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Electron-transfer processes: new synthesis of .gamma.-lactones by peroxydisulfate oxidation of aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of olefins

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new synthesis of gamma-lactones by peroxydisulfate oxidation of aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of olefins is described. From a synthetic point of view the method is an alternative to those based on the oxidation of the same acids by metal ions, such as Mn(III), Ce(IV), and Pb(IV), with the advantage of using a more readily available and less expensive oxidant.
Cultural Specificity in Amygdala Response to Fear Faces

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The human amygdala robustly activates to fear faces. Heightened response to fear faces is thought to reflect the amygdala's adaptive function as an early warning mechanism. Although culture shapes several facets of emotional and social experience, including how fear is perceived and expressed to others, very little is known about how culture influences neural responses to fear stimuli. Here we show that the bilateral amygdala response to fear faces is modulated by culture. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure amygdala response to fear and nonfear faces in two distinct cultures. Native Japanese in Japan and Caucasians in the United States showed greater amygdala activation to fear expressed by members of their own cultural group. This finding provides novel and surprising evidence of cultural tuning in an automatic neural response.
Compositional Changes of Volatile Organic Compounds in Biogases and Biomethanes Depending on the Feedstock in Sweden

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biogas usually contains volatile organic compounds such as terpenes, siloxanes, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans and esters whose presence in the biogas is highly dependent on the feedstock. These trace components can affect the integrity of the materials they come into contact with, e.g., equipment, pipelines and engines, and their presence in the gas may pose health, safety and environmental risks. Understanding the composition of gases is a prerequisite to ensure the correct function of gas infrastructure, appliances and vehicles. This study examined how volatile organic compound (VOC) content in biogas varies depending on the feedstock and evaluated the efficiency of different upgrading processes in removing VOCs. The data, primarily collected in Sweden, include biogases produced in digesters and landfills. The selection of VOCs included in this study was based on extensive analysis of samples collected from numerous biogas and biomethane industrial facilities over an extended period, providing a comprehensive overview of VOC composition. The conducted research is intended to serve as a basis for more systematic studies on the influence of process parameters and feedstock composition on the formation of VOCs. The data have multiple potential uses, including predicting which VOCs would be found in biomethane for a given feedstock and upgrading techniques. Additionally, these data can also be used in standardization discussions to assess the plausibility of the proposed limit values and the need to regulate additional compounds.
Effect of polystyrene and polyether imide cell culture inserts with different roughness on chondrocyte metabolic activity and gene expression profiles of aggrecan and collagen

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In vitro cultured autologous chondrocytes can be used for implantation to support cartilage repair. For this purpose, a very small number of autologous cells harvested from a biopsy have to be expanded in monolayer culture. Commercially available polymer surfaces lead to chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Hence, the demanding need for optimized polymers and surface topologies supporting chondrocytes' differentiated phenotypes in vitro arises. In this study we explored the effect of tailored cell culture plate inserts prepared from polystyrene (PS) and polyether imide (PEI) exhibiting three different roughness levels (R0, RI, RII) on chondrocyte morphology, metabolism and gene expression profile. As a control, commercially available tissue culture plastic (TCP) dishes were included. Primary porcine articular chondrocytes were seeded on tailored PS and PEI inserts with three different roughness levels. The metabolic activity of the chondrocytes was determined after 24 hours using alamar blue assay. Chondrocyte gene expression profiles (aggrecan, type I and type II collagen) were monitored after 48 hours using Real Time Detection (RTD)-PCR. Chondrocytes cultured on PS and PEI surfaces formed cell clusters after 24 and 48 hours, which was not observed on TCP. The metabolic activity of chondrocytes cultured on PS was lower than of chondrocytes cultured on PEI, but also lower than on TCP. Gene expression analyses revealed an elevated expression of cartilage-specific aggrecan and an impaired expression of both collagen types by chondrocytes on PS and PEI compared with TCP. In summary, PEI is a biocompatible biomaterial suitable for chondrocyte culturing, which can be further chemically functionalized for generating specific surface interactions or covalent binding of biomolecules.
[The cares and anxiety of those involved in the Bijlmermeer aviation disaster did not diminish following the medical investigations].

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On October 4, 1992 a cargo jet crashed in the Bijlmermeer district in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, killing 43 people and making hundreds homeless. Many years of confusion and prolonged media attention followed, including public debates and even a Parliamentary Inquiry as to the causes, exposure to various chemical, physical and biological risk factors, and related diseases. Two comprehensive large-scale medical investigations were carried out: a comparative epidemiological study analysing the long-term effects in involved and uninvolved care providers, and an individual medical examination of both residents and care providers with medical or psychological complaints. Later, an effects study was added analysing the effects of both medical investigations on the feelings of anxiety and the attribution of symptoms among the people involved. The epidemiological study revealed more physical and mental symptoms among the involved care providers. Blood, urine and saliva tests, however, revealed no differences. Although the studywas carried out with great care, the findings may have been biased to some extent by an evoked feeling of anxiety and by attention toward health problems brought about by the investigation itself. Another comment is the technical impossibility of stating, after so long a delay, that chemical exposure, e.g. to depleted uranium, could not have been a cause of adverse health effects. The effects study demonstrated that the medical investigations generally did not provide reassurance or decrease the anxiety about health problems. There was even a small increase in complaints. Residents with health problems that had been involved in the disaster still attribute their complaints to harmful chemical exposure.