jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Harmless and ecologically acceptable fabrication of long-acting injectable microspheres

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The use of harmful solvents during the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations is restricted to preserve environment and ensure safety of industrial operations. However, harmful solvents must be used to produce certain formulations. For instance, methylene chloride has been used in the fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres. This review highlights the latest advances in the strategy of PLA or PLGA microsphere production from non-halogenated solvents and describes advantages and limitations of these methods. The study also discusses the development of dry fabrication techniques for microsphere fabrication and the positioning of conventional and dry fabrication in the containment concept for workers' safety.
Expression and Preparation of Periostin FAS1 Domains for NMR Structure Determination

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Periostin, a component of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, is produced and secreted by the fibroblasts that are involved in chronic allergic inflammation diseases and various types of human cancers. Periostin protein is composed of multiple domains including four FAS1 domains which play important roles in cell adhesion and tumor metastasis by interacting with integrins. In spite of their important biological role, the structural information of periosin FAS1 domains was not revealed yet. Recently we systemically prepared various constructs of the FAS1 domains and tried to express them in E. coli. Of them, only single FAS1-II and -IV domains were highly soluble. Circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies revealed that the FAS1-IV domain might be suitable for three-dimensional structure determination using NMR spectroscopy.
A web demo suite for Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The security of information has become increasingly valuable with the widespread presence of data transmission and storing by networks. As such, people are very keen to learn how to keep the confidentiality and integrity for their information. This trend leads to rising importance of cryptography, which applies complex logic and mathematics in order to design strong encryption methods. Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering offers a few courses specialized in security. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of the algorithms that are widely studied and discussed in cryptography courses. However, as there are many rounds and heavy polynomial operations involved, students may find it difficult to calculate AES manually. Hence, this project aims to implement a web-based demonstration for AES-128, which is served as accompanying learning material for students of cryptography. It is a single-page application with rich user interaction and dynamic visualization features. Users are able to perform AES encryption given their own input plaintext and cipher key, and then view all the steps for encryption processes accordingly. Through interactive dialogue windows, they can also know how substitutions work, bitwise calculations, and GF() arithmetic. The web demo is built upon AngularJS framework. It uses Model-View-Controller architecture so that the user interface is loosely coupled with AES algorithm logic. This enables separation of concerns, reusability of different components as well as extensibility of views. As the beta launch was in February 2017, Agile Software Development Lifecycle is adopted in order to easily modify and add in more functionalities after user’s feedback. The demo also utilizes Angular Material and MathJax library to ensure compatibility and visual elegance across multiple platforms and browsers.
Research Progress on Spike-Dependent SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Inhibitors and Small Molecules Targeting the S2 Subunit of Spike

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive drug repurposing efforts have sought to identify small-molecule antivirals with various mechanisms of action. Here, we aim to review research progress on small-molecule viral entry and fusion inhibitors that directly bind to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Early in the pandemic, numerous small molecules were identified in drug repurposing screens and reported to be effective in in vitro SARS-CoV-2 viral entry or fusion inhibitors. However, given minimal experimental information regarding the exact location of small-molecule binding sites on Spike, it was unclear what the specific mechanism of action was or where the exact binding sites were on Spike for some inhibitor candidates. The work of countless researchers has yielded great progress, with the identification of many viral entry inhibitors that target elements on the S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) or N-terminal domain (NTD) and disrupt the S1 receptor-binding function. In this review, we will also focus on highlighting fusion inhibitors that target inhibition of the S2 fusion function, either by disrupting the formation of the postfusion S2 conformation or alternatively by stabilizing structural elements of the prefusion S2 conformation to prevent conformational changes associated with S2 function. We highlight experimentally validated binding sites on the S1/S2 interface and on the S2 subunit. While most substitutions to the Spike protein to date in variants of concern (VOCs) have been localized to the S1 subunit, the S2 subunit sequence is more conserved, with only a few observed substitutions in proximity to S2 binding sites. Several recent small molecules targeting S2 have been shown to have robust activity over recent VOC mutant strains and/or greater broad-spectrum antiviral activity for other more distantly related coronaviruses.
Aspects of program control over technological innovations with consideration of risks

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The dynamic system of control of technological innovations is considered. Its dynamics is described by a vector linear discrete recurrent ratio and influenced by control parameters (controls) and an uncontrollable parameter (vector of risks or obstacles). In this case, the risks in the system of control of technological innovation will imply factors that influence negatively or catastrophically the results the processes, considered in it.\n\nTo solve the problem on control over technological innovations, we proposed methods based on the construction of predictive sets – reachability regions of the considered dynamic model. These are the sets of all permissible states of a phase vector of the system at an assigned moment, correspondent to the fixed program control and to all permissible vectors of risk. This procedure is accompanied by the minimax-based method for finding a guaranteed result. Its essence is that the value of the worst (maximum) vector of possible risks is the least compared with similar values for the others at minimally guaranteed optimal control. Thus, we minimize the impact of risks in the problem of control of technological innovations, where the risks are uncontrollable parameters. This is implemented based on selection of such optimal control, which would guarantee the obtained result under the influence of any maximal risk from the set of permissible risks.\n\nThe proposed method enables the development of effective numerical procedures that make it possible to implement computer modeling of dynamics of the studied problem, to form program minimax control over technological innovations and to obtain an optimal guaranteed result.\n\nThe results reported here could be used for economic-mathematical modeling and for solving other problems on the optimization of data forecasting and control processes under conditions of insufficient information and in the existence of risks. In addition, the developed modeling toolset could form the basis for development of appropriate software-hardware complexes to support making effective control decisions in the innovation activity.
A possible biochemical mode of action of the fasciolicides nitroxynil, hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The commercial fasciolicides nitroxynil, hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide have the following minimum uncoupling concentrations when tested with rat liver mitochondria by an oxygen electrode assay: 27‐33 μ, 0.6‐0.8 μ and 0.3‐0.4 μM, respectively. The compounds stimulated the rate of oxygen uptake of intact flukes in Warburg flasks 20‐40% over the untreated rate at 10‐100 μ, 1‐10 μM and 0.1‐1 μM, respectively. Apparent death (i.e. lack of movement after 24 h exposure) was caused by 170‐350 μM, 3.5‐7 μm and 3.5‐7 μM, respectively. The approximate correlation between the concentrations necessary to cause uncoupling in isolated mitochondria, stimulation of oxygen uptake by whole flukes, and apparent death, suggest that the fasciolicidal effect of all three compounds may be due to uncoupling.
Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>X-axis represents different VS groups, and down-regulated and up-regulated DEGS were calculated. Y-axis represents the number of DEGS in each VS groups. SorgCK_1, SorgCK_2, SorgCK_3 and SorgCK_4 represented samples treated with 0 mmol/L MeJA at 19:00 (1h), 20:30 (2.5h), 22:30 (2.5h) and 0:30 (6.5h), respectively. SorgHM_1 and SorgHM_2 represented samples treated with 2.0 mmol/L MeJA at 19:00 (1h) and 20:30 (2.5h), respectively. SorgLM_1, SorgLM_2 and SorgLM_3 represented samples treated with 0.5 mmol/L MeJA at 19:00 (1h), 20:30 (2.5h) and 22:30 (4.5h), respectively.</p>
Experience Sampling Methodology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the last few years, traditional between-person studies in organizational research have been increasingly complemented by an emerging stream of research that seeks to examine and explain within-person variations1 in variables of interest (Ilies, Schwind, & Heller, 2007). This line of research, focusing on experienced states, episodic conceptualizations of work, and dynamic and fluctuating factors, investigates research questions that cannot be adequately addressed with between-individual approaches (Alliger & Williams, 1993; Sheldon, Ryan, & Reis, 1996). Because betweenindividual designs consider variations across time as transient error, they either ignore temporal variations, or consign these within-individual relationships to measurement error. In order to best understand a phenom - enon, however, both between-and within-individual conceptualizations and measurements are needed, because each approach leaves considerable variance "on the table" (unexplained by the design). Moreover, a phenomenon can have different manifestations within people compared with between people; see Figure 10.1 for a rather extreme case of crosslevel divergence. Thus, within-person designs can provide unique and invaluable insights that stand to make a valuable contribution to the literature.
Identification and Localization of Flagellins FlaA and FlaB3 within Flagella ofMethanococcus voltae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Methanococcus voltae possesses four flagellin genes, two of which ( flaB1 and flaB2 ) have previously been reported to encode major components of the flagellar filament. The remaining two flagellin genes, flaA and flaB3 , are transcribed at lower levels, and the corresponding proteins remained undetected prior to this work. Electron microscopy examination of flagella isolated by detergent extraction of whole cells revealed a curved, hook-like region of varying length at the end of a long filament. Enrichment of the curved region of the flagella resulted in the identification of FlaB3 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal sequencing, and the localization of this flagellin to the cell-proximal portion of the flagellum was confirmed through immunoblotting and immunoelectron microscopy with FlaB3-specific antibodies, indicating that FlaB3 likely composes the curved portion of the flagella. This could represent a unique case of a flagellin performing the role of the bacterial hook protein. FlaA-specific antibodies were used in immunoblotting to determine that FlaA is found throughout the flagellar filament. M. voltae cells were transformed with a modified flaA gene containing a hemagglutinin (HA) tag introduced into the variable region. Transformants that had replaced the wild-type copy of the flaA gene with the HA-tagged version incorporated the HA-tagged version of FlaA into flagella which appeared normal by electron microscopy.
Darwin, God and the Meaning of Life

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

If you accept evolutionary theory, can you also believe in God? Are human beings superior to other animals, or is this just a human prejudice? Does Darwin have implications for heated issues like euthanasia and animal rights? Does evolution tell us the purpose of life, or does it imply that life has no ultimate purpose? Does evolution tell us what is morally right and wrong, or does it imply that ultimately 'nothing' is right or wrong? In this fascinating and intriguing book, Steve Stewart-Williams addresses these and other fundamental philosophical questions raised by evolutionary theory and the exciting new field of evolutionary psychology. Drawing on biology, psychology and philosophy, he argues that Darwinian science supports a view of a godless universe devoid of ultimate purpose or moral structure, but that we can still live a good life and a happy life within the confines of this view.
Watermarking Essential Data Structures for Copyright Protection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Software watermarking is a new research area that aims at providing copyright protection for commercial software. It minimizes software piracy by hiding copyright signatures inside the program code or its runtime state. Prior proposals hide the watermarks in dummy data structures, e.g., linked lists and graphs that are created during the execution of the hosting software for this reason. This makes it vulnerable to subtractive attacks, because the attacker can remove the data structure without altering the operation or the semantic of the software program. In this regard, we argue that hiding watermarks in one or more data structures that are used by the program would make the watermark more robust because removing the watermark would alter the semantic and the operations of the underlying software. However, the challenge is that the insertion of the watermark should have a minimal effect on the operations and performance of the data structure. This paper proposes a novel method for watermarking R-tree data structure and its variants. The proposed watermarking scheme takes advantage of the redundancy in the way the entries within R-tree nodes are ordered. R-trees do not require ordering the entries in a specific way. Node entries are re-ordered in a way to map the watermark. The new order is calculated relative to a “secret” initial order, known only to the software owner, using a technique based on a numbering system that uses variable radix and factorial base. The addition of the watermark in the R-tree data structure neither affects the performance nor increases the size of the R-tree. The paper provides a threat model and analysis to show that the watermarked R-trees are robust and can withstand various types of attacks.
Can Local Peacebuilding Strengthen Social Resilience to Communal Violence? Evidence from Kenya

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Can local peacebuilding disrupt cycles of communal conflict and foster resilience to renewedviolence? Using original survey data from Kenya, where grassroots peacebuilding thrives, we addressthis question. While much research refers to building resilience, the conceptualization andmeasurement of conflict-related indicators remains underdeveloped. We theorize the components ofvulnerability and social resilience in the context of communal violence and construct compositeindices for effective measurement. Our findings reveal that violence exposure heightens vulnerabilitybut has counter-directional effects on resilience, strengthening some factors while eroding others.Causal mediation analysis shows that awareness of local peacebuilding positively mediates the effects of violence exposure on attitudes and behaviours associated with social resilience, effectivelytransforming resilience-eroding impacts into resilience-building ones. Our indices advancecomparative and cumulative resilience research in conflict settings, and our findings underscore thetransformative potential of local peacebuilding.
Identification of Copper Homeostasis-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Prognosis in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: This research aims to establish a copper homeostasis-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer and to investigate its underlying mechanisms. Methods: We mainly constructed the copper homeostasis-related gene signature by LASSO regression analysis. Then multiple methods were used to evaluate the independent predictive ability of the model and explored the mechanisms. Results: The 15-copper homeostasis-related gene (15-CHRG) signature was successfully established. Utilizing an optimal cut-off value of 0.35, we divided the training dataset into high-risk and low-risk subgroups. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that survival times for the high-risk subgroup were significantly shorter than those in the low-risk group (P < .05). Additionally, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the 15-CHRG signature achieved 0.822 at 1 year, 0.762 at 3 years, and 0.696 at 5 years in the training set. COX regression analysis confirmed the 15-CHRG signature as both accurate and independent. Gene set enrichment (GSEA), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that there were significant differences in apoptosis, p53 pathway, protein synthesis, hydrolase and transport-related pathways between high-risk group and low-risk group. In tumor immune cell (TIC) analysis, the increased expression of resting mast cells was positively correlated with the risk score. Conclusion: Consequently, the 15-CHRG signature shows significant potential as a method for accurately predicting clinical outcomes and treatment responses in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Relationship between government ownership of shares, the Investment Opportunity Set (IOS) and corporate policy decision in China.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the relationship between Chinese government of shares and two corporate policies: financing and dividend policies. Additionally, the relationship between the investment opportunity set(IOS) and these policies is examined. Results show that government ownership is insignificant while several IOS measures are significant in explaining the policies.
Inhibitors in Building Students’ Islamic Characters of Halal Tourism Destination at State Senior High School in East Lombok Regency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research was aimed to identify inhibiting factors of students' islamic character building at a senior high school in halal tourism destination area in East Lombok. The researcher used a Mix Method research for investigating the inhibitors. Then the priority of those factors were determined by using Urgency Seriousness Growth (USG) technique. To decide alternative solution of the factors the researcher employed Mc Namara which was used on the results obtained from Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The research population was SMA Negeri 1 Sembalun which is located in an area recognized as World's Best Halal Honeymoon Destination by World Halal Tourism Awards in 2016.The sample of qualitative research was chosen through snowball sampling technique on students of senior high schools in East Lombok. Meanwhile, the quantitative research population was all schools 'teachers and the head masters and the sample was chosen by using purposive sampling technique. The qualitative sample generalized the inhibiting factors and provided alternative solutions of the problems. This research can be source information and suggestion in building students' Islamic character especially in areas with halal tourism potentials. As for teachers it can be a reference and additional knowledge especially in solving the problems in building the characters. Furthermore, it also becomes a consideration to help improving the quality of geography learning especially for the sake of student's Islamic character building.
Helmet Safety Issues and Consumer Psychology in Nepal’s Motorcycle Market: A Trade Sector Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Motorcycles account for over 80% of registered vehicles in Nepal and are responsible for more than half of all road traffic accidents, posing a significant public health challenge. This study explores helmet safety perceptions, user psychology, and consumer behavior from the perspective of Nepal’s helmet trade sector. Based on in-depth interviews with 17 helmet retailers and wholesalers across five provinces, Koshi, Bagmati, Lumbini, Karnali, and Sudurpashchim, the research examines regional patterns in helmet use and purchasing decisions. Findings reveal that helmet purchases are driven largely by a desire to avoid fines rather than genuine concerns for safety. Cost is the dominant factor, with 60–90% of consumers opting for cheap, non-certified helmets. Riders often rationalize this choice, especially for short or low-speed trips. Environmental and institutional influences such as hot climates, free low-quality helmets from showrooms, and unregulated imports across open borders further normalize unsafe practices. A widespread lack of awareness about safety certifications like ISI or DOT underscores the need for stronger regulation and education. The study concludes that without coordinated enforcement and public health efforts, helmet use in Nepal will remain symbolic, leaving riders vulnerable to preventable injuries and fatalities.
UTP-Play: An Online Depository for Textbook’s Tutorial Videos

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Information Resource Center (IRC) in UTP has a huge collection of videos, including textbooks‟ tutorial videos. These videos are attached with the textbooks but for the security reasons, all the videos stored in CDs are placed in the shelves at Ground Floor, IRC. The number is huge, plus the indexing number of the CDs makes it difficult for student to locate and view the CDs. The CDs are also vulnerable to any damage and if there is any, the files may be damaged, corrupted and lost. UTP-Play is a website project which mainly aggregates this collection of videos under one site. It also gives the easier access for students to view the tutorial videos and most importantly, UTP-Play acts as a backup driver for these video; helping to preserve the video collection. Several methods have been conducted in order to finish the project and of some them involving questionnaires and verbal interviews. The result from the questionnaire is used for the development of the project. Currently, UTP-Play is in its prototyping phase and by the time this dissertation is written, the website still going through several refining. In the future, UTP-Play is expected to have all collection of textbooks‟ tutorial videos in UTP.
The Practice of Japan in International Law 1961–1970. By Shigeru Oda and Hisashi Owada. [Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 1982. xxxii, 462 and (Index) 9 pp. Cased £27·50 net.]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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