jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thalamic metabolic abnormalities in patients with Huntington's disease measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurologic disorder that is not completely understood; its fundamental physiological mechanisms and chemical effects remain somewhat unclear. Among these uncertainties, we can highlight information about the concentrations of brain metabolites, which have been widely discussed. Concentration differences in affected, compared to healthy, individuals could lead to the development of useful tools for evaluating the progression of disease, or to the advance of investigations of different/alternative treatments. The aim of this study was to compare the thalamic concentration of metabolites in HD patients and healthy individuals using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We used a 2.0-Tesla magnetic field, repetition time of 1500 ms, and echo time of 135 ms. Spectra from 40 adult HD patients and 26 control subjects were compared. Quantitative analysis was performed using the LCModel method. There were statistically significant differences between HD patients and controls in the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate+N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA+NAAG; t-test, P<0.001), and glycerophosphocholine+phosphocholine (GPC+PCh; t-test, P=0.001) relative to creatine+phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr). The NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr ratio was decreased by 9% and GPC+PCh/Cr+PCr increased by 17% in patients compared with controls. There were no correlations between the concentration ratios and clinical features. Although these results could be caused by T1 and T2 changes, rather than variations in metabolite concentrations given the short repetition time and long echo time values used, our findings point to thalamic dysfunction, corroborating prior evidence.
Prediction of biomechanical trabecular bone properties with geometric features using MR imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Trabecular bone parameters extracted from magnetic resonance (MR) images are compared in their ability to predict biomechanical properties determined through mechanical testing. Trabecular bone density and structural changes throughout the proximal tibia are indicative of several musculoskeletal disorders of the knee joint involving changes in the bone quality and the surrounding soft tissue. Recent studies have shown that MR imaging, most frequently applied in soft tissue imaging, also allows non-invasive 3-dimensional characterization of bone microstructure. Sophisticated MR image features that estimate local structural and geometric properties of the trabecular bone may improve the ability of MR imaging to determine local bone quality in vivo. The purpose of the current study is to use whole joint MR images to compare the performance of trabecular bone features extracted from the images in predicting biomechanical strength properties measured on the corresponding ex vivo specimens. The regional apparent bone volume fraction (appBVF) and scaling index method (SIM) derived features were calculated; a Multilayer Radial Basis Functions Network was then optimized to calculate the prediction accuracy as measured by the root mean square error (RSME) for each bone feature. The best prediction result was obtained with a SIM feature with the lowest prediction error (RSME=0.246) and the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.769). The current study demonstrates that the combination of sophisticated bone structure features and supervised learning techniques can improve MR imaging as an in vivo imaging tool in determining local trabecular bone quality.
Etodolac activates and desensitizes transient receptor potential ankyrin 1

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is well known as a sensor to environmental irritant compounds, cold, and endogenous proalgesic agents. TRPA1 is expressed on sensory neurons and is involved in pain modulation. Etodolac is a cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitor that belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A recent study indicates that etodolac inhibits allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)‐induced calcium influx in heterologous HEK293 cells and sensory neurons. To examine whether and how etodolac modulates the TRPA1 channels, we applied etodolac to TRPA1‐transfected HEK293 cells or rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and recorded the currents using the whole‐cell patch clamp technique. We found that etodolac at higher doses could activate and then desensitize TRPA1 channels in heterologous expressing HEK293 cells as well as in DRG neurons. The etodolac‐induced currents were significantly attenuated in cysteine residues mutated human TRPA1‐transfected HEK293 cells. Interestingly, application of etodolac at drug plasma levels in clinical usage did not induce significant TRPA1 currents but reduced the subsequent AITC‐induced currents to 25% in HEK293 cells expressing TRPA1. Moreover, no modulatory effect of etodolac on TRPA1 was detected in the cysteine mutant cells. These data indicate a novel mechanism of the anti‐inflammatory and analgesic clinical effects of etodolac, which may be involved with its direct activation and the subsequent desensitization of TRPA1 through the covalent modification of cysteine residues. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retrieval of Metallic Foreign Bodies from the Upper Airway Using Intraoperative C-Arm Fluoroscopy: Case Report and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Foreign body ingestion is commonly encountered by otolaryngologists. Most foreign bodies in the upper airway can be easily removed via direct endoscopy; however, if they penetrate the soft tissue deeply, both localization and retrieval may be challenging. Here, we report on the successful removal of multiple sewing needles from the throat using intraoperative, real-time C-arm fluoroscopy to guide endoscopic extraction. The use of intraoperative, real time C-arm fluoroscopy to guide endoscopic extraction allowed quick, safe treatment and avoided any development of complications in our patient.
What Determines the Efficacy of Forced-Air Warming Systems? A Manikin Evaluation with Upper Body Blankets

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The efficacy of forced-air warming systems is primarily determined by the blanket. Modern power units provide sufficient heat energy to maximize the ability of the blanket to warm the patient. Optimizing blanket design by optimizing the mean temperature gradient between the blanket and the manikin (or any other surface) with a very homogeneous temperature distribution in the blanket will enable the manufacturers to develop better forced-air warming systems.
Religious Humanism. Humanism with Religion, or Humanism as Religion: 20 Years of the Amsterdam Declaration

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this work is to consider the possibility of religious humanism existence along with modern humanism, which is predominantly atheistic in nature. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that religious humanism is considered not as humanism that has become “modern religion”, but as a worldview that organically combines the ethical orientation of modern humanistic views and their human orientation with the component of religiosity. The results obtained show that the worldview of religious humanism is quite capable of becoming a guiding principle in the worldview evolution of mankind.
Component fatty acid analyses by reversed‐phase partition chromatography

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Analysis by RPPC on silicone‐impregnated Celite using aqueous acetone of different concentration for elution was first standardised with good results for artificial mixtures of pure fatty acids. Seed and kernel fats containing various fatty acids, including those from the Palmae, Rhamnaceae and Guttiferae (usual fatty acids), Malvaceae (epoxyoleic acid), Cruciferae (erucic acid) and Euphorbiaceae (ricinoleic acid) were then examined. Fats analysed for the first time include those from castor hulls, and from seeds of date, roselle, hollyhock, garden cress and turnip. Considerable differences from earlier analysis were found for seed fats of Zizyphus jujuba , Indian cottonseed of three Gossypium varieties, Indian toria (rape) and radish.
Excitation and Excitability of Unipolar Brush Cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

markdownabstract__Abstract__

The cerebellum is a distinct brain structure that ensures the spatial accuracy
and temporal coordination of movements. It is located superimposed on the
brainstem and has an appearance and organization unlike that of the cerebral cortex:
its surface has a highly regular foliation pattern, and its neural circuitry is
organized in repeated structured modules. Neural activity enters the cerebellum
via two excitatory pathways, the mossy ber system and the climbing ber system.
Climbing bers originate from the inferior olivary nucleus in the brainstem,
and assert a powerful in
uence on cerebellar output and long-term adaptation
processes. Mossy bers originate from a large number of sources, and carry contextual
information on sensory inputs, aspects of motor planning and commands,
and proprioceptive feedback. In the cerebellum this information is evaluated and
integrated, to produce neural output that in
uences ongoing movement directly.
Mossy ber signals are processed in the cerebellum in three stages. In the granular
layer, the input stage of the cerebellum, mossy ber signals undergo a recoding
step where they are combined and expanded by granule cells. Next, in the molecular
layer, granule cell signals are integrated with climbing ber signals in Purkinje
cells. Together, the granular layer and molecular layer make up the cerebellar
cortex. Finally, Purkinje cell activity is integrated in the cerebellar nuclei, which
form the output stage, and project to various motor and pre-motor systems in the
cerebral cortex and brainstem. The cerebellar cortex acts to modulate ongoing
movement commands in order to make movements more accurate. Damage to
the cerebellum can cause impairments in the control of movements, and bodily
balance and posture.
Exploring Failure Orientation: A new construct in multi-disciplinary Teams of petroleum industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Various factors impact the effectiveness of teams. Literature on Teams lists a number of such factors. This Research Paper identifies a new construct ‘Failure Orientation’, which is a measure of the collective capacity of a multi-disciplinary team to cope, learn and develop from Team Failures. Qualitative research on this identifies some interesting features of the this ‘Failure Orientation’ concept and its mediating role in the Input-Mediator-Output-Input (IMOI) model of teams, in the context of Indian upstream Petroleum Industry, where failures are quite normal in oil-field operations; learnings from such failures are steps to progressively move forward to success in finding and producing Crude Oil and Natural Gas. The research methodology was conduct in-depth interviews of senior team leads and team members in two public sector petroleum exploration companies in India for primary data. These two central public enterprises comprise 80 per cent of the activity in the industry in India, hence the data are quite representative of the industry. The findings enable us to develop a conceptual framework of Failure Orientation, which is a vital determinant of Team Effectiveness. The three categories (factors) of Failure Orientation are identified which helps in operationalizing this new construct Failure Orientation in such multi-disciplinary teams, viz. Escapism, Blame Game and Collective Analysis. The paper also positions these as mediating roles in the IMOI model of teams. Such operationalization of the new construct will help practicing managers to deal with teams encountering failures, which are frequent in this economically-vital petroleum industry. Further research with Factor Analysis can enrich team literature significantly.
Empirical evaluation of a unified Bayesian object and situation assessment approach for lane change assistance

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Lane change and merging maneuvers are accounting for a significant share of critical accidents in road traffic. Thus, advanced driver assistance systems giving support during such maneuvers may be expected to significantly contribute to the goal of road safety. In this paper, a system for actively determining lateral maneuver recommendations is evaluated during an exemplary highway scene. The system is utilizing a unified Bayesian data fusion approach which covers the complete data processing chain including object, situation, and impact assessment. The results show how this method facilitates a holistic handling of uncertainties from sensor to decision level.
Research on the Application of RAP Fine Aggregate Based on HMAC Design Concept

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to apply RAP fine aggregate to High Modulus Asphalt Concrete(HMAC), this study first extracts aged asphalt from RAP fine aggregate through extraction and distillation, and adds it to high modulus modified asphalt in proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The performance changes of the recycled asphalt were investigated using conventional performance tests and dynamic shear rheological tests (DSR). Microscopic techniques such as four‐component analysis and infrared spectroscopy were employed to explain macroscopic performance changes in terms of component and functional group changes in the asphalt. Using HMAC‐20 gradation as an example, uniaxial compression dynamic modulus tests, rutting tests, freeze‐thaw splitting tests, and low‐temperature bending tests were conducted to evaluate the performance changes of recycled asphalt mixture with different RAP fine aggregate contents through four indices: dynamic modulus, dynamic stability, tensile strength ratio (TSR), and maximum bending strain. The results indicate that for every 20% increase in aged asphalt, the penetration at 25&deg;C, ductility at 25&deg;C, and dynamic viscosity at 60&deg;C decrease by approximately 6.2%, 15.4%, and 3.9%, respectively, while the softening point increases by approximately 13.3%. It is concluded that the addition of aged asphalt significantly affects the ductility at 25&deg;C and the softening point. As the aged content increases, the complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (&delta;) of the recycled asphalt decrease, while the rutting factor increases. The four‐component analysis and infrared spectroscopy of the asphalt demonstrate that the incorporation of aged asphalt is merely a physical blending phenomenon, involving changes in the content of the four components without the formation of new functional groups (new peaks). When RAP fine aggregate is applied to high modulus recycled asphalt mixture, compared to high modulus modified asphalt mixture, the recycled mixtures exhibit higher dynamic modulus and dynamic stability, but significantly reduced water stability and low‐temperature performance.
Generational crossover: ‘the Movement for the Entire Land of Israel’ from the Labour movement to Gush Emunim

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ‘Movement for the Entire Land of Israel’, was formed by activist members of the Labour movement shortly after the June 1967 war. Its founders struggle for “Greater Israel” and espoused the establishment of settlements that would secure the Israeli hold on the territories occupied during the war. During the 1970s, however, the movement had effectively come to be spearheaded by Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful), a newly-created religious-nationalist activist group. This article describes this transition while examining the factors that enabled this process despite the two groups’ very different political, social, cultural ideals and intergenerational backgrounds.
Protective and risk activities for emotional and behavioural well‐being of children and adolescents during the COVID‐19 lockdown

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background The lockdown imposed to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic brought deep changes in the daily life of Italian children and adolescents, increasing the time spent at home. This study aims to explore how activities that children and adolescents carried out at home during the lockdown were related to their emotional and behavioural well‐being. Method Parents completed an anonymous online survey on how much time their children and adolescents dedicated to social networks, solitary screen time, play time and to a series of parent–child dyadic activities. They also reported on their offspring's emotional difficulties and behavioural problems. Results The use of social networks had a negative impact on children's emotional difficulties, while it promoted well‐being in adolescents. Pertaining to solitary screen activities, these were associated with more behavioural problems in both children and adolescents. Regarding parent–child dyadic activities, get along with the parent was associated with less emotional difficulties and behavioural problems in children and with less behavioural problems in adolescents. Furthermore, for adolescents, the more they talked with the parent, the less behavioural problems they evidenced. Conclusion The current study may help to identify activities that could be promoted and those that should be limited to effectively menage home time, in order to ultimately safeguard the emotional and behavioural well‐being of children and adolescents.
INFLUENCE ON LH-RELEASE BY PROSTAGLANDIN F2α IN THE RAT

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article INFLUENCE ON LH-RELEASE BY PROSTAGLANDIN F2α IN THE RAT Get access S Heller, S Heller Universitäts-Frauenklinik Tübingen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H Weber H Weber Universitäts-Frauenklinik Tübingen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Acta Endocrinologica (Norway), Volume 77, Issue 1_Supplement, Apr 1974, Page S27, https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.077S027 Published: 01 April 1974
Chapter 1. Empirical approaches to the study of literature in learning environments

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Due to the variety of areas involved in the scientific study of literature in learning environments, this chapter provides an overview in six parts. Part 1 focuses on students’ perceptions of literature, how readers construct literary interpretation in the classroom , the growth of literary expertise in literary response, and instructional factors in literary interpretation. Part 2 looks at studies on creative writing in pedagogical settings. Part 3 discusses recent studies on pedagogical stylistics. Part 4 aims at research on online environments while Part 5 centers on book clubs and reading groups. In Part 6, the synopses of the contributions to the volume signal the advances this book brings to the area.
Antibacterial activities of bee venom, propolis, and royal jelly produced by three honey bee, Apis mellifera L., hybrids reared in the same environmental conditions

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The potent antibacterial activities of three bee products; bee venom, propolis and royal jelly were investigated. These products were obtained from three honey bee hybrids; Carniolan, Apis mellifera carnica; Italian; A. m. ligustica and Caucasian, A. m. caucasica reared in the same environmental conditions. Three Gram (+) bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes and two Gram (-); Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis were compared for sensitivity to these products by determining the MLCs. The obtained results indicated that all the tested products exhibited antibacterial activity against tested microorganisms. Bee venom seemed to be the most active followed by propolis then royal jelly. The products of Caucasian hybrid, especially propolis, were relatively more effective than those of the other hybrids. Ethanolic extract of propolis was more effective than petroleum one. Gram (+) bacteria was more sensitive to these products than Gram (-) ones. The use of these, natural, cheap and safe bee products as alternative food preservatives and in some pharmaceutical application is promising, but more research should bee carried out to standardize their minute composition and quality.
Syringaldehyde is a novel smoke-derived germination cue for the native fire-chasing tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Smoke-derived seed germination is an important trait for plants to colonize postfire habitats. The well-characterized smoke-derived chemicals of karrikins germinate seeds of species not known to occur after fires in nature. Hence, the ecologically relevant germination cues in smoke remain to be explored for native postfire plants. With the fire-chaser, Nicotiana attenuata , we revisit a bioassay-driven fractionation of liquid smoke to identify ecologically relevant germination cues. By combining bioassay-guided fractionation and comparative unbiased metabolomics, we developed a robust and efficient method to identify germination cues in smoke. Syringaldehyde (SAL) was re-identified as a germination cue in fractions of liquid smoke that promote seed germination. SAL was found to be produced during wildfires in the plant's native habitat, efficiently adsorbed to N. attenuata seeds from aqueous solutions and not readily leached from soil and accurately predicted the boundaries of natural fire events that reflect the occurrence of native postfire N. attenuata populations. We propose that SAL is an ecologically relevant germination cue in smoke for this species.
A review of recent evidence of dietary protein intake and health

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2013 to 2017 reported that the average protein consumption of the Korean population is above the current recommended nutrient intake of protein proposed by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Some health professionals and the media often advise consuming diets high in protein for promoting metabolic regulation, weight control, and muscle synthesis. However, due to lack of scientific evidence, the validity and safety of high protein consumption are yet to be fully ascertained. The present review assesses recent evidence published in 2014-2020 from human studies, focusing on adequate protein intake and protein sources for the prevention of chronic diseases, particularly metabolic disorders and sarcopenia.
Statistical Pattern Recognition for Labeling Solar Active Regions: Application toSOHO/MDI Imagery

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a new application of statistical methods for identifying the various surface structures on the Sun that may contribute to observed changes in total and spectral solar irradiance. These structures are divided for our purposes into three types: quiet Sun, faculae, and sunspots (umbra and penumbra). Each region type is characterized by the observed data present at pixels of that type. Statistical models characterizing these observables are found from expert identification of a sample set of regions or unsupervised clustering. Information about the spatial continuity of regions is incorporated into the model via a prior distribution on the label image; the contribution of the prior can be interpreted as a regularizing term. Once the parameters defining the models are fixed, the inference procedure becomes to maximize the probability of an image labeling given the observed data. This allows objective and automated classification of a large set of images. We describe the application of these procedures to computing labelings from synchronized full-disk high-resolution magnetic-field and light-intensity maps from the Michelson Doppler Imager experiment on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.