jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in a boxer with chronic traumatic encephalopathy and schizophrenia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the perivascular deposition of phosphorylated τ (p-τ) protein aggregates resulting from repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rTBI). Advances in the field have revealed the significance of repetitive head trauma in the pathogenesis of CTE in contact sports as well as military veterans. In this study we provide evidence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in regions of intense perivascular p-τ deposition in a former professional boxer diagnosed with CTE and schizophrenia. P-τ deposition was associated with loss of the tight junction protein claudin-5 and enhanced extravasation of endogenous blood components such as fibrinogen and IgG. We also provide evidence of tight junction disruption in individuals with schizophrenia, with discontinuous claudin-5 immunoreactivity in the parietal cortex. This data highlights a common phenotype of a dysfunctional BBB in individuals with CTE and schizophrenia and may represent a novel correlate of neural dysfunction in individuals at risk of developing CTE and schizophrenia. .
Epidemiology, survival, costs, and quality of life in adults with short bowel syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare disorder with known physical, psychosocial, and economic burdens and significant morbidity and mortality. Many individuals with SBS require long‐term home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The incidence and prevalence of SBS is difficult to determine because it is often based on HPN usage and may not account for those who receive intravenous fluids or achieve enteral autonomy. The most common etiologies associated with SBS are Crohn's disease and mesenteric ischemia. Intestinal anatomy and remnant bowel length are prognostic for HPN dependency, and enteral autonomy confers a survival advantage. Health economic data confirm that PN‐related costs are higher for hospitalizations than at home; yet significant healthcare resource utilization is necessary for successful HPN, and patients and families report substantial financial distress that impacts quality of life (QOL). An important advancement in QOL measurement is the validation of HPN‐ and SBS‐specific QOL questionnaires. In addition to the known factors negatively impacting QOL, such as diarrhea, pain, nocturia, fatigue, depression, and narcotic dependency, research has shown that the volume and number of PN infusions per week is associated with QOL. Although traditional QOL measurements describe how underlying disease and therapy influence life, they do not assess how symptoms and functional limitations affect the QOL of patients and caregivers. Patient‐centered measures and conversation focused on psychosocial issues helps patients with SBS and HPN dependency better cope with their disease and treatment. This article presents a brief overview of SBS, including epidemiology, survival, costs, and QOL.
Common mistakes in infant feeding: survey from London borough.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A survey of infant-feeding practices among 265 mothers of 12-week-old infants in a London borough showed that only 18 gave breast milk alone, 236 giving bottle feeds, and 197 solids. Serious mistakes in feed preparation were common, and only 51 mothers followed manufacturers' instructions exactly. Most mothers (239) had attended a well-baby clinic, but clinic staff gave conflicting advice on infant feeding. Health workers must pay greater attention to educating mothers on the details of infant feeding if the risks of hypernatraemia and obesity are to be reduced.
Machine learning of patient similarity: A case study on predicting survival in cancer patient after locoregional chemotherapy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Identifying historical records of patients who are similar to the new patient could help to retrieve similar reference cases for predicting the clinical outcome of the new patient. Amongst different potential applications, this study illustrates use of patient similarity in predicting survival of patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with locoregional chemotherapy. This study used 14 similarity measures derived from relevant clinical and imaging parameters to classify the HCC patient pairs into two classes, namely the difference between their survival time being longer or no longer than 12 months. Furthermore, this paper proposes and presents a patient similarity algorithm for the classification, named SimSVM. With the 14 similarity measures as input, SimSVM outputs the predicted class and the degree of similarity or dissimilarity. A dataset was collected from 30 patients, forming 300 and 135 patient pairs as training and test datasets respectively. The trained SimSVM with linear kernel gave the best accuracy (66.7%), sensitivity (64.8%) and specificity (67.9%) on the test dataset. ©2010 IEEE.
Studies on the generation and expression of H‐2‐controlled T helper function in chimeric mice: Evidence for two levels of H‐2 restriction

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract F 1 → parental, semisyngeneic/semiallogeneic and fully allogeneic bone marrow radiation chimeras were used as a source of helper T cells in the in vitro anamnestic response to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. In F 1 → parental and in semisyngeneic/semiallogeneic chimeras, a small population of helper T cells restricted to the H‐2 haplotype present in the donor only was shown to co‐exist with T cells restricted to the shared haplotype. Only the population restricted to the donor H‐2 could be demonstrated in allochimeras, presumably due to a lack of antigen‐presenting cells of host origin during priming. Under assay conditions where, in addition to T cell/macrophage interactions, a direct T‐B cell contact was necessary (“linked” cooperation), the H‐2 restrictions observed were absolute. When direct T‐B cell contact was made unnecessary by a special experimental protocol (“unlinked” cooperation), H‐2 restriction between T and B cells was overcome. Thus, the cellular interactions during the anamnestic immune response to T‐dependent antigens seem to be H‐2‐restricted at two levels: T cell/ macrophage and T‐B cell interactions.
Genetic and climatic factors in the dispersal of Anatomically Modern Humans Out of Africa

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The evolutionarily recent dispersal of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) out of Africa and across Eurasia provides an opportunity to study rapid genetic adaptation to multiple new environments. Genomic analyses of modern human populations have detected limited signals of strong selection such as hard sweeps, but genetic admixture between populations is capable of obscuring these patterns and is well known in recent human history, such as during the Bronze Age4. Here we show that ancient human genomic datasets contain multiple genetic signatures of strong selection including 57 hard sweeps, many with strong associations with cold adaptation. Similar genetic signatures of adaptation are also observed in adaptively-introgressed archaic hominin loci, as well as modern Arctic human groups. Consistent targets include the regulation of fat storage, skin physiology, cilia function and neural development; with multiple associations to modern western diseases. The spatiotemporal patterns of the hard sweeps allow reconstruction of early AMH population dispersals, and reveal a prolonged period of genetic adaptation (~80-50,000 years) following their initial out of Africa movement, before a rapid spread across Eurasia reaching as far as Australia.
Plastid- and photoreceptor-dependent signaling is required for the response to photoperiod stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Prolongation of the light period causes photoperiod stress in plants. The response to photoperiod stress includes the induction of a distinct set of stress marker genes, of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and of stress hormones. In this study, the impact of light intensity and light quality on the photoperiod stress response was investigated. A threshold light intensity of circa 50 μmol m−2 s−1 is necessary for inducing photoperiod stress, indicating the involvement of chloroplasts. Lower photoperiod stress symptoms in retrograde signaling mutants (gun4, gun5) and mutants with constrained plastid function (glk1 glk2) corroborated the role of chloroplasts. Genetic analysis revealed that the photoreceptors phyB and particularly CRY2 are important to perceive photoperiod stress. Overall, these results showed that both plastid-dependent and photoreceptor-dependent signaling pathways are involved in sensing the light conditions causing photoperiod stress and governing the response to it.
Features of Identity Formation in the Context of Globalization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Each person in the process of growing up acquires certain knowledge, value imperatives that determine his life attitudes, identity. The identity of a person is realized and developed in all the variety of spheres of social life. The article considers the probability of a person losing his former qualities and acquiring new ones during the formation of identity in the conditions of globalization. Attention is drawn to the risk of loss of ethnic and civic identity. At the same time, there is an actualization of such qualities as the ability to solidarize, caring, thrift in relation to the environment. In the context of globalization, it is necessary to pay close attention to the formation of important “identification” qualities: personality stability, striving for sociocultural harmony, communicative competence.
Functional modification of cardiac mitochondria in type-I diabetes.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study investigates to what extent social and competence traits are represented in a similar or different neural trait code. To localize these trait codes, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging repetition suppression, which is a rapid reduction of neuronal responses upon repeated presentation of the same implied trait. Participants had to infer an agent's trait from brief trait-implying behavioral descriptions. In each trial, the critical target sentence was preceded by a prime sentence that implied the same trait or a different competence-related trait which was also opposite in valence. The results revealed robust repetition suppression from prime to target in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) given a similar (social) as well as a dissimilar (competence) prime. The suppression given a similar prime confirms earlier research demonstrating that a trait code is represented in the ventral mPFC. The suppression given a dissimilar prime is interpreted as indicating that participants categorize a combination of competence and social information into novel subcategories, reflecting nice (but incompetent) or nerdy (but socially awkward) traits. A multi-voxel pattern analysis broadly confirmed these results, and pinpointed the inferior parietal cortex, cerebellum, temporo-parietal junction and mPFC as areas that differentiate between social and competence traits.
Comparative analysis of BI/NAP1/027 hypervirulent strains reveals novel toxin B-encoding gene (tcdB) sequences

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The reported incidence and mortality of Clostridium difficile -associated disease has increased significantly, which in part is likely to be due to the emergence of a new, highly virulent strain in North America and Europe. This epidemic strain, referred to as BI/NAP1/027, has increased virulence, attributed to overexpression of the two toxin-encoding genes, tcdA and tcdB , which may be due to truncation of the negative regulator ( tcdC ) by a 1 bp deletion. In a previous study of whole-genome comparisons using microarray analysis of 75 C. difficile isolates, it was noted that the 20 027 strains, which formed a hypervirulent clade, possessed a unique hybridization pattern for the 7 toxin B microarray reporters. This unique pattern was conserved in all of these 027 strains. The pattern was different for the 55 non-027 strains tested. These data, along with the knowledge that 027 strains are toxinotype III (i.e. possess a complete tcdB gene of comparable size to toxin reference strain VPI 10463), suggest that the sequence of the N-terminal binding domain of toxin B must be divergent from C. difficile strain 630 (and the other 55 strains tested). Additionally, these 027 strains had comparable hybridization patterns across the whole microarray, as well as for tcdB . Therefore, it was suggested that they share a similar, novel N-terminal binding domain. The aim of this study was to ascertain the sequence variation in tcdB from eight characterized BI/NAP1/027 strains. The study confirmed significant sequence variation of tcdB from the sequenced strain 630 and slight variation in tcdB among the eight 027 strains. These results suggest that toxin B from 027 strains may have a different binding capacity compared with its less-virulent counterparts and may, in addition to the mutated tcdC regulator, be responsible for the increased virulence of 027 strains.
A simple and inexpensive method for the recording or scintillation camera data at low and moderate count rates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A method is presented which allows precise temperature and longitudinal (T1) relaxation time measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution. This is achieved by combining dynamic variable flip angle based T1 relaxation mapping with proton resonance frequency shift based thermometry. Herein, dynamic T1 mapping is either used as a complementary measure of temperature or for the detection of T1 contrast agent release. For the first application, the temperature evolution during a high-intensity focused ultrasound tissue ablation experiment was measured in both, porcine fat and muscle, simultaneously. In this application, temperature accuracies of 2.5 K for T1-based thermometry in fat and 1.2 K for proton resonance frequency shift-based thermometry in muscle were observed. The second application relates to MR-guidance of high-intensity focused ultrasound-induced local drug delivery by means of thermo-sensitive liposomes labeled with a T1 contrast agent (Gd-HPDO3A). When the measured temperature exceeded the phase transition temperature of the liposomes, T1 was observed to decrease with a good temporal and spatial correlation due to the release of Gd-HPDO3A. The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method for two important applications in MR-guided noninvasive therapy. It offers a high temporal resolution when compared with interleaved Look-Locker based T1 mapping techniques and thus represents an interesting candidate for simultaneous real-time monitoring of T1 and temperature changes.
An interactional approach to desistance: expanding desistance theory based on the Austrian mediation practice in cases of partnership violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Starting from the peculiarity of the Austrian practice of restorative justice (RJ) in general and in particular victim–offender mediation (VOM) in cases of partnership violence, an interactive approach to desistance and research on desistance is put forward. The main argument is that the RJ procedure is an interactive endeavour; it is neither predominantly about the offender nor about the victim, but about what has happened between them, the wrongdoing and the effort to bring forth a compensation – the 'making good' of those wrongs. The experience of being actively involved in this effort serves as potential instigator of change – of a relational transformation. We will connect this line of reasoning to notions of desistance that emphasise interaction and societal contexts. Two case studies serve to illustrate the potential of the RJ approach in cases of partnership violence as well as the potential of research performed in 'naturalistic' settings.
SH1021746.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Affective disorders and neuropathic pain as mutually influential factors : contribution of the opioid system

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

La alta variabilidad interindividual en las manifestaciones de dolor neuropático puede conducir a una respuesta diferencial de los pacientes a los tratamientos, y sugiere la idoneidad de terapias más personalizadas en lugar de pautas generales. En esta tesis hemos estudiado en primer lugar la influencia de los rasgos conductuales en las manifestaciones del dolor neuropático crónico utilizando aproximaciones conductuales, electrofisiológicas y genéticas. El sistema opioide endógeno es una diana terapéutica crucial para el tratamiento del dolor inflamatorio y nociceptivo moderado o intenso. Sin embargo, la función del sistema opioide en el dolor neuropático no está del todo clara. Por ello, hemos evaluado el papel de poblaciones específicas de receptores mu y delta opioides a nivel periférico y central en la modulación de las manifestaciones nociceptivas, emocionales, cognitivas y neuroquímicas del dolor neuropático. Así, hemos identificado el receptor delta opioide como una diana farmacológica interesante para restringir los síntomas nociceptivos y afectivos asociados al dolor neuropático, mientras que se demostraron las consecuencias adversas de la actividad del receptor mu opioide tras una lesión nerviosa.
The effect of tendon excursion velocity on longitudinal median nerve displacement: Differences between carpal tunnel syndrome patients and controls

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) is a viscoelastic structure connecting the median nerve (MN) and the flexor tendons in the carpal tunnel. Increased strain rates increases stiffness in viscoelastic tissues, and thereby its capacity to transfer shear load. Therefore, tendon excursion velocity may impact the MN displacement. In carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) the SSCT is fibrotic and may be ruptured, and this may affect MN motion. In this study, ultrasonography was performed on 14 wrists of healthy controls and 25 wrists of CTS patients during controlled finger motions performed at three different velocities. Longitudinal MN and tendon excursion were assessed using a custom speckle tracking algorithm and compared across the three different velocities. CTS patients exhibited significantly less MN motion than controls ( p ≤ 0.002). While in general, MN displacement increased with increasing tendon excursion velocity ( p ≤ 0.031). These findings are consistent with current knowledge of SSCT mechanics in CTS, in which in some patients the fibrotic SSCT appears to have ruptured from the tendon surface. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:483–487, 2015.
A Practical Approach to Constructing a Knowledge Graph for Cybersecurity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cyberattack forms are complex and varied, and the detection and prediction of dynamic types of attack are always challenging tasks. Research on knowledge graphs is becoming increasingly mature in many fields. At present, it is very significant that certain scholars have combined the concept of the knowledge graph with cybersecurity in order to construct a cybersecurity knowledge base. This paper presents a cybersecurity knowledge base and deduction rules based on a quintuple model. Using machine learning, we extract entities and build ontology to obtain a cybersecurity knowledge base. New rules are then deduced by calculating formulas and using the path-ranking algorithm. The Stanford named entity recognizer (NER) is also used to train an extractor to extract useful information. Experimental results show that the Stanford NER provides many features and the useGazettes parameter may be used to train a recognizer in the cybersecurity domain in preparation for future work. Keywords: Cybersecurity, Knowledge graph, Knowledge deduction
Dual Active Intermediates Induced LiOH Formation via the OH‐Rich Proton Donor in Li−O2 Batteries

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Generally, water displays a dominated impact on the solution growth mechanism of the aprotic lithium−oxygen (Li−O 2 ) batteries, however, the high reaction activity and laborious secondary chemistry transformation process are associated with the irreversible utilization of water. In this paper, a substituted proton‐containing, highly dispersed and hydroxyl group (−OH)‐rich contained catalyst is employed in the Li−O 2 battery chemistry, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is identified as the primary discharge product. Intriguingly, the hydrogen (H) in LiOH comes solely from the added −OH‐rich onion carbon (OLC), which is capable of building a high‐speed proton transfer bridge between the generated moieties of dual active intermediates superoxide species (O 2 − ) and the moderate hydroperoxide (HO 2 − ) over the platinum (Pt) active sites. The new mechanism involving the HO 2 − intermediate realizes a hydrogen transfer process via O 2 − nucleophilic attack toward OLC, which significantly suppresses the O 2 − ‐related side reactions. Thereby, the batteries with Pt/OLC attain a high specific capacity of 12 500 mAh g −1 at a current density of 100 mA g −1 , exceptional energy efficiency (100%), and remarkable rechargeability. In addition, the strong OLC‐DMSO interaction inhibits the lithium metal corrosion caused by the shuttle reactions and ensures favorable battery cycling stability. The promising results open up a new reaction pathway for Li−O 2 battery electrochemistry.