jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Generation and Measurement of a Bessel Vortex Beam Carrying Multiple Orbital-Angular-Momentum Modes through a Reflective Metasurface in the rf Domain

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We discuss the generation and measurement of a Bessel vortex beam carrying multiple orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) modes in the radio-frequency domain. Considering that a high-order Bessel beam inherently has high-order OAM modes, in this paper, we propose to superpose these high-order Bessel vortex beams together, which can combine the advantages of the orthogonality of the vortex beam's multiple OAM modes and the Bessel beam's nondiffraction property. A theoretical formula and the basic design method are presented. A reflective metasurface is designed as the beam launcher to generate a deflected Bessel vortex beam that carries two OAM modes of $\ensuremath{\ell}=1$ and $\ensuremath{\ell}=2$ simultaneously. The corresponding reflective metasurface is designed, fabricated, and measured. The full-wave electromagnetic simulations and experimental measurements both verify the effectiveness of the design. The proposed method could further promote the application of a Bessel vortex beam in related near-field scenarios such as near-field wireless communication and radar detection and imaging.
686. Use of an Influenza-Like Illness School Absenteeism Monitoring System to Identify Seasonal Influenza Outbreaks in the Community: ORCHARDS (Wisconsin, September 2014–June 2017)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Schools are purported to be primary venues of influenza transmission and amplification with secondary spread to communities. We assessed K—12 student absenteeism monitoring as a means for early detection of influenza activity in the community. Methods. We conducted a 3-year, prospective observational study of all-cause (a-TOT), illness-associated (a-I), and influenza-like illness-associated (a-ILI) absenteeism within the Oregon School District, Oregon, WI (OSD: enrollment = 3,900 students). Absenteeism reporting was facilitated by automated processes within OSD’s electronic student information system. Students were screened for ILI, and, if eligible, visited at home, where pharyngeal specimens were collected for influenza RT-PCR (IVD CDC Human Influenza Virus RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel) and multipathogen testing (Luminex NxTAG RPP). The study definition of a-ILI was validated for 700 children with acute respiratory infections using binomial logistic regression. Surveillance of medically attended laboratory-confirmed influenza (MAI) occurred in five primary care clinics in and adjoining OSD as part of the Wisconsin Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project using the same laboratory testing. Poisson general additive log linear regression models of daily counts of absenteeism and MAI were compared using correlation analysis. Results. Influenza A and B were detected in 54 and 51 of the 700 visited students, respectively. Influenza was significantly associated with a-ILI status (OR = 4.74; 95% CI: 2.78—8.18; P &lt; 0.001). Of MAI patients, 371 had influenza A and 143 had influenza B. a-I was significantly correlated with MAI in the community (r = 0.472; P &lt; 0.001) with a 15-day lead time. a-ILI was significantly correlated with MAI in the community (r = 0.480; P &lt; 0.001) with a 1-day lead time. a-TOT performed poorly (r = 0.278; P &lt; 0.001), following MAI by 9 days (Figure 1). Conclusion. Surveillance using cause-specific absenteeism was feasible to implement in OSD and performed well over a 3-year period marked by diverse presentations of seasonal influenza. Monitoring a-I and a-ILI can detect influenza outbreaks in the community, providing early warning in time for community mitigation efforts for seasonal and pandemic influenza. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Application of GPC in the Study of Stereospecific Block Copolymers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Three different techniques involved in the preparation of Stereospecific block copolymers were studied using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These techniques involved the use of a monofunctional organo-lithium catalyst, a difunctional organolithium catalyst, and a combination of a monofunctional organolithium catalyst and a coupling technique. GPC curves were obtained on the block copolymers using two different column sequences and solvents. The ABA block copolymers studied contained styrene, vinyl toluene, or α-methyl styrene as thermoplastic monomers and butadiene as the elastomeric monomer. The results obtained showed that block copolymers prepared using monomers and catalyst systems free of impurities generally exhibited single peaked GPC curves. In systems where impurities were found to be present, small amounts of A block homopolymer and AB block copolymer were formed. In such cases, the GPC curves were observed to have two or three peaks.
Expert leadership of eating disorder services in South Australia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the history of South Australian Government eating disorder service from the perspective of changing leadership, health policies and politics. Conclusions: The history reveals a foundation of early expert academic clinical leadership changing into a centralised managerial bureaucracy correlating with a diminution of services. A threat to the survival of the service led to a solution involving reinvigoration of expert clinical and academic leadership. Expert leadership was shown to be an important part of an eating disorder service.
Care of Rare Map Collections in the Twenty-first Century

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Management practices for paper map collections have evolved with changes in the modern library climate. In the past, management of “non-special” map collections were focused on efficiently processing and storing large influxes of materials. Now that fewer maps are published in paper format and more are available online, collection practices should reflect the increasingly special status of paper maps. The author examined numerous resources which together build an understanding of best practices for the physical care and management of a paper rare map collection in the 21st century. Resources consulted include publications, web resources, interviews with practicing librarians, videos, and observations made at numerous facilities. The purpose of the article is to guide collection managers in evaluating their own practices and facilities and identifying potential changes.
Relationship between Oxygen Free Radicals and Congestive Heart Failure with Multiple Organ Function Failure in Elderly as Well as the Effects of Drugs Intervention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study the effects of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole in treating congestive heart failure(CHF) with multiple organ function failure(MOF)in elderly,and its effect on anti-oxygen free radicals.Methods Choose fifty people as normal con- trol group.Seventy-eight patients with CHF with MOF in ehlerly were randomly divided into three groups.Standard therapy group,diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI),Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole group ,Compound Danshen group.After four weeks,treatment,the changes of superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyhe(MDA),lipid peroxidr(LPO)and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)were detected in the three groups,patients.Results①Before treatment the levels of SOD and GSH-PX in standard therapy group,Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole group and compound Danshen group were significantly lower compared with the normal control group(P0.01),while the levels of MDA and LPO were significantly higher(P0.01);②Compared with pre-treatment,after treatment the levels of SOD and GSH-PX in Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole group and compound Danshen group were significantly higher(P0. 01),while the levels of MDA and LPO were significantly lower(P0.01);③The changes of SOD,GSH-PX,MDA and LPO in the standard therapy group did not reach statistical significance(P0.05);④After treatment,the levels of SOD and GSH-PX in Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole group were significantly higher compared with compoud Danshen group and standard therapy group(P0.01),while the lev- els of MDA and LPO were significantly lower(P0.01);⑤In compound Danshen group,after treatment the levels of SOD and GSH-PX were significantly higher compared with standard therapy group(P0.05),while the levels of MDA and LPO were significantly lower(P0.05). Conclusion Anti-oxidant action of Ginkgo Leaf Extract anti Dipyridamole was significant.Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole plays a crit- ical role in intercepting the occurrence and development of MOF and reducing the mortality.
[Essential thrombocythemia. Clinical, biological study and developmental study of 61 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The 61 observations of primary thrombocythemia described in this report represent approximately 15% of the cases of polycythemia vera recorded by the authors over the same 18-year period. The group includes 35 females and 26 males, with a mean age of 62. The disease is usually discovered on routine blood tests (half of cases), and more rarely because of hemorrhagic or thrombotic manifestations. Splenomegaly is found in one-third of cases. Platelet count is permanently above 800 X 10(9)/l (mean : 1 500 X 10(9)/l); mild hyperleukocytosis (mean : 16 X 10(9)/l) with predominant neutrophil polynuclears is usual but myelemia is not constant (28% of cases) and always very moderate; red cell parameters are normal in three-fourths of cases, while the remaining patients have anemia, either due to iron depletion or not. Reticulinic myelofibrosis, usually minimal, is found in 40% of cases. Medullary karyotype is always normal, without chromosome Ph1. Platelet functional abnormalities are not constant and do not correlate with the magnitude of thrombocythemia. 51 patients (84%) received myelosuppressive therapy, mainly by busulfan or radioactive phosphorus. Most deaths were due to intercurrent causes and only one patient developed acute leukemia. 71% of patients are alive at five years and subsequent decrease in the actuarial survival curve is very gradual.
Earthquake energy distribution along the earth surface and radius

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The global earthquake catalog of seismic events with MW ≥ 7.0, for the time interval from 1950 to 2007, shows that the depth distribution of earthquake energy release is not uniform. The 90 % of the total earthquake energy budget is dissipated in the first ~30km, whereas most of the residual budget is radiated at the lower boundary of the transition zone (410 km- 660 km), above the upper-lower mantle boundary. The upper border of the transition zone at around 410 km of depth is not marked by significant seismic energy release. This points for a non-dominant role of the slabs in the energy budged of plate tectonics. Earthquake number and energy release, although not well correlated, when analysed with respect to the latitude, show a decrease toward the polar areas. Moreover, the radiated energy has the highest peak close to (±5°) the so-called tectonic equator defined by Crespi et al. (2007), which is inclined about 30 ° with respect to the geographic equator. At the same time the presence of a clear axial co-ordination of the radiated seismic energy is demonstrated with maxima at latitudes close to critical (±45°). This speaks about the presence of external forces that influence seismicity and it is consistent with the fact that Gutenberg-Richter law is linear, for events with M&gt;5, only when the
Tradition in the Ethics of Alasdair MacIntyre: Relativism, Thomism, and Philosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chapter 1 A Short History of Alasdair MacIntyre Chapter 2 Tradition-Constituted and Tradition-Constitutive Rationality Chapter 3 Is MacIntyre's Theory of Tradition Relativistic? Chapter 4 Is MacIntyre's Philosophy Thomism? Chapter 5 Is MacIntyre's Thomism Philosophy? Chapter 6 Conclusions
The effects of human-driven landscape disturbance on wild bee communities and plant-bee networks across southern Manitoba, Canada

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Landscape disturbance caused by human activities like large-scale cropping and urbanization is one of the main drivers of wild bee declines and changes to plant-pollinator networks worldwide. Factors such as land cover diversity and fragmentation can also influence bee communities and networks, but published effects are mixed and often depend on location, community composition, and scale of disturbance. I investigated the effects of local and landscape level disturbance on bee communities and plant-bee networks across southern Manitoba, Canada, with the goal of informing policies aimed at conserving wild bee populations and network functionality. I collected 21,000 bees over two years using coloured pan traps and blue vane traps (for community analyses) and 2,189 using aerial nets (for network analyses). Using linear modelling, I found that crop cover reduced bee abundance and richness, and negatively affected network stability, indicating that greater amounts of crop cover in the landscape have widespread negative effects on both bees and networks. Conversely, fragmentation and land cover diversity benefitted bee abundance, richness, and community functional dispersion in most ecoregions, and enhanced network size and stability. This suggests that areas with greater amounts of edge, as well as a diverse array of land cover types, can benefit bees and networks. Finally, I found that the number of introduced plant species at the local scale enhanced bee community functional dispersion without negative effects on bee abundance or richness, suggesting that introduced plants in field margins help rather than hurt bee communities where native plants have been lost due to disturbance. Extensively removing introduced plant species from field margins should be reconsidered since these species help to support wild bee communities in disturbed areas. Land management policies promoting more extensive field edges and increasing land cover diversity are needed to maintain an abundant and diverse assemblage of bees and to enhance plant-bee network size and stability.
Pancreatic acinar cell signaling mechanisms

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significant progress has been made in several areas of pancreatic acina cell physiology. Further evidence has been developed indicating that cholecystokinin's effect in vivo on the acinar cell is mediated through neural pathways. A direct effect of somatostatin on secretion from the pancreatic acinar cell has been demonstrated. The acinar cell continues to be a model system for investigating the phospholipid and Ca2+ pathways activated by agonists. Cholecystokinin was found to have phospholipase D effect on membrane phosphatidylcholine. New insights into the mechanisms of agonist-stimulated Ca2+ signaling were presented. These include a role for Ca2+ ATPase, intercellular gap junctions, cyclic GMP, and functional heterogeneity of intracellular Ca2+ stores in mediating the complex patterns of [Ca2+]i changes in the cell, including waves and oscillations. Studies directed at understanding the roles of agonist-stimulated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of cellular proteins, including the cholecystokinin receptor, continue to indicate that regulation of phosphorylation states of specific proteins is necessary for several cellular functions including enzyme secretion. In total, these results demonstrate a rapid pace of discovery in elucidating the signaling pathways underlying acinar cell physiology.
First finding of a quarantine pest, Atherigona (Acritochaeta) orientalis Schiner (Diptera: Muscidae), in Korea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The invasive quarantine pest fly, A therigona ( A critochaeta ) orientalis S chiner, is observed for the first time in tomato greenhouses in G yeongsangbuk‐do, K orea. The genus A therigona R ondani is also newly added to K orean fauna. A llium tuberosum is listed as a new host crop for this species. Some morphological characteristics for accurate identification and host lists are given to provide plant quarantine information for pest management.
Significance of Dosimetry in Photodynamic Therapy of Injured Arteries: Classification of Biological Responses

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

With conflicting results in the literature on the ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to inhibit intimal hyperplasia (IH), the present study systematically investigated the effects of drug and light dosimetry on the biologic responses in the artery wall. The rat common carotid artery was balloon-injured and pressurized with benzopor-phyrin-derivative monoacid ring (BPD). Then, PDT was performed with an external laser at different fluences and the biologic responses of the artery wall were histologically examined at 24 h and at 2 weeks. Photodynamic therapy effects on injured arteries can be classified into four stages: low-dose PDT using 0.5 (ig/mL BPD at 50 J/cm2(stage I) resulted in incomplete cell eradication and significant IH at 2 weeks. Irradiation with 100 J/cm2at the same BPD concentration (stage II) completely eradicated the cells in the artery wall at 24 h but still led to IH at 2 weeks. However, 25 (tg/mL BPD at 100 J/cm2(stage in) resulted in total cell eradication at 24 h and inhibition of IH at 2 weeks. In contrast, high-dose PDT with 25 μg/mL BPD and 200 J/cm2(stage TV) led to thrombus development and vascular occlusion at 24 h. These data, demonstrating the different stages of PDT effects on injured arteries, emphasize the critical importance of appropriate PDT dosimetry for the effective inhibition of IH.
The hysterectomy lottery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a postal survey of consultant gynaecologists carried out to determine the pattern of current hysterectomy practice, to obtain views on indications and contraindications to vaginal hysterectomy, and to predict future practice. There was a 75% response rate. Approximately two-thirds of hysterectomies were performed abdominally, one-third vaginally and 3% laparoscopically by each gynaecologist, although there was significant variation between them. The most common factors limiting the use of vaginal hysterectomy were a lack of uterine prolapse, the presence of fibroids and the need for prophylactic oophorectomy. It was predicted that there would be a significant change in hysterectomy practice with the majority being performed vaginally but still with a large variation. Gynaecologists who currently perform laparoscopic hysterectomy have the highest vaginal hysterectomy rates and predict the greatest role for it in the future. The large variations in practice indicate that the route of surgery is more dependent on the clinical preference of the gynaecologist than the medical condition.
Evaluation of correspondence between clinical and pathological margins in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Microscopically, oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) spreads more than the gross tumor. Thus it is recommended to resect the tumor with a proper safe margin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correspondence between clinical and histopathological margins in oral SCC. Methods: Samples were collected from patients diagnosed as oral SCC and referred to Iran Cancer Institute on 2015. All margins of tumors were determined by a marker and then the tumors were resected with 1cm safe margin. The superior, inferior, left and right borders were marked and examined microscopically. The lowest distance between tumor cells and border of resected tissue was considered as pathological margin. The cases with pathological margin less or more than 5 millimeters were classified as close and free margin group, respectively. Results: forty-four specimens (20 females and 24 males), definitely diagnosed as SCC, were examined. The mean age was 61 years old. 19 cases (43.2%) were in the mandible; 23 cases (52.3%) in the tongue and 2 cases (4.5%) in the maxilla. 16 cases (38.4%) were free margin and 28 cases (63.6%) were close margin and the mean pathological margin was 3.52mm. Conclusion: for some cases, especially SCCs of the mandible, 1-centimeter margin is not adequate to achieve free margins, thus evaluating tumor location, size and stage for more resection seems worthwhile and advisable and can decrease the risk of relapse after resection.
Entrepreneurial Strategies for Business Intelligence and Blockchain

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Blockchain is a distributed database that is shared by multiple system nodes. The reason it is named blockchain is that it gathers data in encrypted blocks that are connected to other sets of blocks to create a virtual chain. The development of numerous cryptocurrencies, dApp monetization, smart personal contracts, decentralized finance apps (Defi), and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), preceded general adoption of the blockchain concept. Blockchain technology (BT) is digital money, which increases in value every hour by a factor of bigger than its previous worth. Even though blockchain's widespread appeal has been confined to its role in the development of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, a number of other applications are currently being developed steadily. This demonstrates the promise of decentralized technology and the undeniable influence of blockchain on business across many industries.
Adaptation of anatomical structures of the leaves of Saussurea stella Maxim to the alpine environment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The anatomical structures of the leaves of Saussurea stella Maxim in two different populations in Estern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were microscopically observed in this study. The results showed that the leaf types of S.stella in both populations were isolateral,the epidermis were single layer,and the cutide were thicker. The epidermal cells were multiangular,and the anticlinal wall were straight and arched. The leaf thickness of S.stella at altitude 2 850 m was 330.66 μm,stoma density of upper and lower epiderm were 106.75 and 144.79,while in 2 890 m altitude,the leaf thickness was 537.07 μm,stoma density of1upper and lower epiderms were 53.6 and 77.30 respectively. The result indicated that the leaves of S.stella Maxim showed two different ecological types obviously although they both were isolateral leaves,which indicated that the adaptation of the leaves of S.stella Maxim to alpine environment was not single without the protection of epidermal hair.
Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The impairment of glucose metabolism may lead to type 2 diabetes and the malfunction of lipid metabolism contributing to metabolic syndrome, which increases risk of heart disease, vascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Our previous study provided evidence for involvement of hepatic glucose metabolic disorder in onset and progress of diabetes in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. As it is increasingly important to elucidate the mechanism of onset of diabetes and to develop drugs to prevent diabetic pathological progress, SDT rat should offer a highly useful model of spontaneous diabetic onset for such studies. In addition, abnormality in triglyceride (TG) absorption and impaired lipid catabolism antecedent to hypoinsulinemia/hyperglycemia seem to cause postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in SDT rat; hence, the characteristics of lipid metabolism in SDT rat can be useful in studies of diabetic hypertriglyceridemia and TG metabolism.