jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Breastfeeding Module in Terms of Feeding Practice and Neonatal Biophysiological Variables

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Breastfeeding is essential to the health and well-being of infants. Numerous research works have recorded the nutritional and immunological superiority of human milk for nourishing infants. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of breastfeeding module in terms of feeding practice and neonatal biophysiological variables among postnatal mothers in a selected hospital. Quasi-experimental design was adopted. Background data—demographic, maternal, neonatal data—were collected. Teaching module on breastfeeding practice was given to experimental group, following delivery for the first three days observations were made on breastfeeding practices and neonatal biophysiological variables for experimental and control groups. The results specified that effective breastfeeding practices have some impact over the neonatal biophysiological variables and it supports the hypothesis. Promoting breastfeeding education during prenatal period must be a routine element in midwifery practice.
New Guidelines and SPRINT Results

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

he projected growth in the geriatric age population, its high cardiovascular disease risk, and its prevalence of hypertension that exceeds 60% have created a public health opportunity to carefully examine treatment recommendations for hypertension in older individuals.Based on new evidence related to brain health observed in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial), 1 this perspective from 2 of its investigators highlights the benefits of achieving a lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) goal that should be considered in managing hypertension in older adults.The evolution in the recommended SBP treatment goal for older individuals beginning with the publication of the seminal Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program study in 1991 is illustrated in the Figure .The most current (2017) American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline states that an "SBP treatment goal of less than 130 mm Hg is recommended for noninstitutionalized ambulatory community-dwelling adults (≥65 years of age) with an average SBP of 130 mm Hg or higher." 2 This recommendation was based primarily on new evidence from the SPRINT study. 3Of relevance to geriatric hypertension, SPRINT enrolled 2656 participants ≥75 years of age. 4 In this older cohort, a 34% reduction in the cardiovascular disease outcome and 33% reduction in total mortality were identified with intensive SBP management to a goal of 120 mm Hg.These benefits were noted among the frailest older participants and were not accompanied by any serious, irreversible adverse events.It is notable that the rate of injurious falls did not differ by treatment group, even among participants ≥85 years of age.Moreover, the rates of withdrawal and loss to follow-up did not differ according to the treatment arm.SPRINT was also designed to address the hypothesis that the incidence of allcause dementia would be lower with intensive SBP treatment in its Memory and Cognition in Decreased Hypertension (MIND) component.Cognitive data collection continued beyond the termination of the active intervention at 3.26 years, and these data are now available from 8563 SPRINT participants followed up for an average of 5.11 years. 1 Although the 17% reduction in adjudicated all-cause probable dementia in the intensive relative to the standard group did not achieve statistical significance, there were significant reductions of the same magnitude in the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI; 19%; P=0.01) and in the composite outcome of MCI or dementia (15%; P=0.02).It is important to recognize that MCI is a distinct clinical condition that is an obligatory precursor to developing dementia.Estimates for the rate of progression from MCI to dementia range from 10% to 22% per year, depending on the study cohort's risk factors and the type of MCI, with its amnestic form being more likely to progress.Demonstrating a delay in developing MCI has important public health implications.Postponing the development of dementia by 2 years could result in a 20% decrease in the number
Toxicology Studies on Lewisite and Sulfur Mustard Agents: Subchronic Toxicity Study of Lewisite in Rats Final Report

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathologic evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg/kg and males at 0.1 mg/kg. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, an apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells, and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated NOEL for HD in this 90-day study is 0.1 mg/kg/day when administered orally.
Education Interventions for Improving the Access to, and Quality of, Education in Low and Middle Income Countries : A Systematic Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This review aims to build on the work already undertaken by Petrosino et al. (2013), but with inclusion criteria covering learning outcomes more comprehensively. We will also aim to assess how education interventions affect different sub-groups of participants by incorporating sub-group analyses, and will also include a broader range of evidence to address questions relating to process, implementation and cost-effectiveness.
Effects of Estrogen Replacement on Infarct Size, Cardiac Remodeling, and the Endothelin System After Myocardial Infarction in Ovariectomized Rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background —Estrogen may increase the long-term survival of women who have suffered from a myocardial infarction (MI). We examined the acute and chronic influence of estrogen on MI in the rat left coronary artery ligation model. Methods and Results —Female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 to 12 weeks, n=93), divided into 3 groups (rats with intact ovaries, ovariectomized rats administered 17β-estradiol [17β-E 2 ] replacement, and ovariectomized rats administered placebo 2 weeks before MI), were randomized to left coronary artery ligation (n=66) or sham-operated (n=27) groups. Ten to 11 weeks after MI, rats were randomly assigned to either (1) assessment of left ventricular (LV) function and morphometric analysis or (2) measurement of cardiopulmonary mRNA expression of preproendothelin-1 and endothelin A and B receptors. Acutely, estrogen was associated with a trend toward increased mortality. Infarct size was increased in the 17β-E 2 group compared with the placebo group (42±2% versus 26±3%, respectively; P =0.01). Chronically, wall tension was normalized through a reduction in LV cavity size with estrogen treatment (419±41 mm Hg/mm for 17β-E 2 versus 946±300 mm Hg/mm for placebo, P =0.039). In the LV, there was a 2.5-fold increase in endothelin B mRNA expression after MI in placebo-treated rats ( P =0.004 versus sham-operated rats) that was prevented in the 17β-E 2 group ( P =NS versus sham-operated rats). Conclusions —These results suggest that estrogen is detrimental at the time of MI or early post-MI period, resulting in an increased size of infarct or infarct expansion, but chronically, it can normalize wall tension and inhibit LV dilatation, which may in turn lead to increased long-term survival. Regulation of the endothelin system, particularly the expression of the endothelin B receptor, may contribute to these estrogenic effects.
The Effect of Compulsory and Voluntary Exercise on Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: Addiction is described as a condition in which individuals are not able to control their drug use despite long-term negative consequences. Non-drug addiction or behavioral addiction such as exercise can mimic similar physiological changes in the brain and reward circuit enhancement. Psychological dependence of drug abuse, which is characterized by drug seeking behaviors will develop an ongoing cycle of drug withdrawal and relapse. Moreover, exercise has two bimodal effects; it may decrease drug seeking in a physiologic range and it may increase drug seeking when it is taken in large quantity. The current study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of voluntary and compulsory exercise on male ratsâ tendency towards using morphine. Methods: We included 32 male rats that were 2 months of age. After 2-weeks of compulsory and voluntary exercise, all rats were exposed to 5-day conditioned place preference (CPP) in order to evaluate drug-seeking behavior. The CPP scale was obtained by comparing the data from âpre-conditioningâ and âpost-conditioningâ phases and it was used to evaluate morphine-dependence. Results: The results of the current study showed that the rats that received compulsory exercise had significantly less tendency towards morphine (P < 0.05) and voluntary exercise has no significant effect. Conclusions: We conclude that compulsory exercise may reduce psychological dependence on morphine and could also be regarded as a proper complementary method for addiction prevention and preventing relapse.
Negative predictive value of provocation tests for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: After antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are one of the leading drug classes responsible for hypersensitivity reactions in children. The drug provocation test (DPT) is the criterion standard for diagnosis. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the negative predictive values (NPV) of DPTs with NSAIDs in pediatric patients and to evaluate their attitudes toward NSAID use after a negative DPT result. Methods: The study included all patients who had undergone DPTs between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018, in our pediatric allergy clinic for suspected NSAID hypersensitivity reaction and who had a negative result for the suspected agent. Those patients who could be contacted were asked whether the patient had used the same drug again since the DPT and, if so, whether he or she had a reaction. Patients who were reported to have had a reaction were invited to the clinic for reevaluation. Based on the findings from this retesting, the NPVs of the DPTs with NSAIDs were calculated. Results: During the 5-year study period, DPT results were negative for 230 suspected agents in 215 patients. Of these, 143 patients (66.5%) were able to be contacted. A total of 108 patients (75.5%) had used the tested NSAIDs at least once after the provocation test, and five patients (4.6%) reported a reaction on reexposure. Four of these patients declined reevaluation, one patient exhibited no reaction in a second DPT. Therefore, the NPV was calculated as 96.3% (94.3% for ibuprofen, and 100% for paracetamol). Conclusion: The NPVs of DPTs with NSAIDs, especially of paracetamol DPT, is high in children. This finding should reassure the parents of patients who may require NSAID therapy again.
E4orf1 downregulates components of proximal insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p><b>(A)</b> 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were infected with pBabe-puro or pBabe-E4orf1 retrovirus, and also treated with rosiglitazone. The puro-ins group was treated with insulin for 30 min. ENPP1 expression was evaluated following SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immunoblotting with an anti-ENPP1 antibody. pTRE and <i>E4orf1</i> expressing 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to doxycycline to induce E4orf1 expression. Cellular proteins were immuno-precipitated with anti-IR antibody or anti-insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), and then immunoblotted with <b>(B)</b> phosphorylated IR (Tyr1322) or <b>(C)</b> IRS1 (Ser332/336). Means ± SD. Data represent densitometry of three western blots. Groups were compared using ANOVA followed by tukey’s test. Groups not sharing a letter denote statistical significance.</p>
Pathological Changes During Aging in, Barrier-Reared Fischer 344 Male Rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pathology, microbiology, and selected serum chemistries were evaluated in 144 male Fischer rats from 4 to 33 mo of age. The rats were reared and maintained under barrier conditions, which successfully excluded the introduction of major infectious disease agents throughout the entire study, including Mycoplasma pulmonis. A wide variety of pathology was found and tabulated, and many lesions were found to increase in severity and incidence with age. There was a high correlation of renal disease severity with increasing age, while alpha-1 globulin and cholesterol increased.
Integrating ISO 9001 Quality Management System and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System for Contractors

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Previous studies between ISO 14001: 1996 Environmental Management Standard and the old ISO 9001: 1994 Quality Assurance Standard have found compatible requirements that warrant their integration. This study examines the compatibility of the revised ISO 9001: 2000 Quality Management Standard with ISO 14001: 1996 for the purpose of integration. A survey of 96 construction firms was conducted for those who were considering or were already ISO 14001: 1996 certified. Findings on the possibility/difficulty and benefits/costs of integration between ISO 14001: 1996 and ISO 9001: 2000 were obtained. Industry concerns relating to potential problems and implementation challenges were discussed. The study concludes that the revised ISO 9001: 2000 serves as an opportune platform for construction firms to consider certification to ISO 14000: 1996 through an integration exercise.
Allogeneic stem cell transplant in non‐Hodgkin lymphomas: Still an indication?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) used to play a defined role in the treatment of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). With the advent of modern targeted molecular therapies and immunotherapies, treatment standards at least for B‐cell lymphoma have undergone significant changes, thereby questioning the traditional role of alloHCT in these diseases. This paper attempts to describe the current place and the perspectives of alloHCT in the rapidly evolving treatment landscape of NHL.
Genetics of hereditary breast cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric accuracy of the sliding window gated IMRT compared with the static treatment, using varying dose rates.Materials and methods: This study measured changes in output and diode array response with changing dose rate, verified the precision of the motion table, and measured changes in dose distribution accuracy with film and diodes at two depths with changing dose rate.During 4DCT (4 Dimensional Computed Tomography), the patient's respiratory signals and target motion were recorded and imported to the XY4D simulation table of SUN NUCLEAR Corporation to simulate the patient's respiration and tumour motion.A single field of each sliding window IMRT plan with 30º wedge and one for lung cancer were used in this study.Three irradiating conditions, static and moving target with and without gating, were applied to both plans.Results: The standard deviations of output, with the dose rates changing from 300-600 MU/min, were 0.065 cGy and 0.169 cGy for the ionisation chamber and diode, respectively.The verification of the motion table shows very good precision with 9.98 ± 0.02 cm (true value = 10.0 cm).The measurements by MapCheck show the gamma index of the planned absolute dose distribution in static and moving targets with gating, resulting in more than 96% passing for all dose rates.The absolute dose distribution measured by film for the static target was agreeable with the value of moving target with gating. Conclusion:The sliding window gated IMRT technique is able to deliver an accurate dose to a moving target with the dose rate of 300-600 MU/min that is suitable for clinical treatment.
Giardiasis in mice: studies on the characteristics of chronic infection in C3h/He mice.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract When C3H/He mice are dosed orally with fecal cysts or trophozoites of the intestinal parasite, Giardia muris, they become chronically infected, whereas BALB/c (or DBA/2) mice rapidly eliminate their infection. The ability to eliminate a primary infection or resist a challenge infection was not related to levels of serum IgA antibody directed against a crude extract of trophozoites. The possibility that the development of host-protective immunity may either be delayed or absent in C3H/He mice was investigated by 2 types of experiment: 1) BALB/c and C3H/He mice were drug-cured at various times after a primary infection and assessed for their ability to resist reinfection, and 2) the ability of infected female mice to protect their suckling young was assessed. Under these experimental conditions, no significant difference in the kinetics of development of resistance to a challenge infection was noted. Thus, mice of both strains were capable of resisting a challenge infection after drug-cured and infected mothers were able to protect their suckling young from a challenge infection. Drug-cured long-term infected mice were resistant to a challenge of either cysts or trophozoites obtained from either 1-wk infected nude mice or long-term infected C2H/He mice. Thus, it is unlikely that the explanation for chronic infection oif C3H/He mice is that variants or a modified population of G. muris trophozoites arise to which C3H/He mice have a defective response. The possibility that G. muris is able to suppress host-protective responses in chronically-infected C3H/He mice but not in BALB/c mice is discussed.
Inter-professional prescribing masterclass for medical students and non-medical prescribing students (nurses and pharmacists): a pilot study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background and aims Prescribing errors cause significant patient morbidity and mortality. Current legislation allows prescribing by different health professions. Inter-professional collaboration and learning may result in safer prescribing practice. This study aimed to develop, pilot and test the feasibility of a simulated inter-professional prescribing masterclass for non-medical prescribing students, medical students and pharmacists. Methods and results A three-scenario, simulated patient session was designed and implemented by an expert panel. Medical students, non-medical prescribing students and pharmacists worked together to formulate and implement evidence-based prescriptions. The Readiness for Inter-professional Learning Score (RIPLS) and a self-efficacy score were administered to the students and the Trust in Physician Score to the simulated patients. Overall, the RIPLS and self-efficacy scores increased. Pharmacists showed the highest rating in the Trust in Physician score. Post masterclass group discussions suggested that the intervention was viewed as a positive educational experience. Conclusion An inter-professional prescribing masterclass is feasible and acceptable to students. It increases self-efficacy, readiness for inter-professional learning and allows students to learn from, about and with each other. A larger study is warranted and the use of feedback from simulated patients explored further.
Mammals from a Pampa and Atlantic Forest ecotone in south Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ecotones generally present high diversity because they unite fauna that is characteristic of different biomes in a single location. Here, we inventoried medium and large-sized mammals at three sites (from 83 to 342 ha of native vegetation) in an ecotone between Atlantic Forest and Pampa in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using complementary methods (camera trapping and active search). Between July 2017 and June 2018, we recorded 22 native mammals from seven orders and 15 families, representing 46.8 % of the species expected to occur in the region (N = 47). Eight species are threatened in Rio Grande do Sul, four in Brazil, and one globally. We also detected two exotic species (Sus scrofa and Lepus europaeus) and one domestic (Canis familiaris). The most recorded species were Cerdocyon thous, Mazama gouazoubira, and Dasypus novemcinctus, which accounted for 61 % of all detections. Species richness varied between 6 and 14 species among sampling sites, showing low similarity in species composition between pairs of sites (from 4 to 13 %), with only two species (C. thous, and Procyon cancrivorus) in common. Comparing our assemblages with others throughout the Atlantic Forest and Pampa of Rio Grande do Sul, we observed that small remnants of native vegetation still support the presence of regionally threatened species. Thus, despite anthropogenic pressures present at our study sites, such as poaching and roadkill, small remnants of native vegetation safeguard important mammal species and play an essential role in the long-term survival of the mammalian fauna.
Rising incidence of SCLC in young women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Venous aneurysm of the azygos arch is a very rare cause of mediastinal mass and is usually an incidental finding on chest radiography.Nowadays the diagnosis is made by non-invasive tests such as thoracic CT scanning and/or magnetic resonance imaging.The case is described of an asymptomatic woman in whom a mediastinal mass due to an azygos vein aneurysm was diagnosed by non-invasive procedures, the aetiology of which, in all probability, was idiopathic.
Reading Agricultural Power

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Many forms of rural geography include investigations of power. Lately some researchers have achieved this through studies of discourse. This paper presents a reading of agricultural power as it occurs in several examples of Australian and New Zealand print‐media. Initially, I review the importance of discourse in the study of power ‐ arguing that a ‘geography of discourse’ enables key questions and objects of analysis (spaces and processes) to be investigated. I then analyse coverage of agriculture in selected rural print‐media forms. I argue that hegemonic discourses of masculinity and agriculture are used in the construction of reports, reinforcing the power of certain knowledges and truths. Finally, I propose more study is needed of the sites and processes through which meaning is constructed. Using the case of a farm women's conference I argue that the media involves a number of sites and processes which must be negotiated if discursive change is to occur in our understanding of agricuture.