jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-11 drives human and mouse alcohol-related liver disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) reflects acute exacerbation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and is a growing healthcare burden worldwide. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a profibrotic, proinflammatory cytokine with increasingly recognised toxicities in parenchymal and epithelial cells. We explored IL-11 serum levels and their prognostic value in patients suffering from AH and cirrhosis of various aetiology and experimental ALD. Design IL-11 serum concentration and tissue expression was determined in a cohort comprising 50 patients with AH, 110 patients with cirrhosis and 19 healthy volunteers. Findings were replicated in an independent patient cohort (n=186). Primary human hepatocytes exposed to ethanol were studied in vitro. Ethanol-fed wildtype mice were treated with a neutralising murine IL-11 receptor-antibody (anti-IL11RA) and examined for severity signs and markers of ALD. Results IL-11 serum concentration and hepatic expression increased with severity of liver disease, mostly pronounced in AH. In a multivariate Cox-regression, a serum level above 6.4 pg/mL was a model of end-stage liver disease independent risk factor for transplant-free survival in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. In mice, severity of alcohol-induced liver inflammation correlated with enhanced hepatic IL-11 and IL11RA expression. In vitro and in vivo, anti-IL11RA reduced pathogenic signalling pathways (extracellular signal-regulated kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, NADPH oxidase 4) and protected hepatocytes and murine livers from ethanol-induced inflammation and injury. Conclusion Pathogenic IL-11 signalling in hepatocytes plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ALD and could serve as an independent prognostic factor for transplant-free survival. Blocking IL-11 signalling might be a therapeutic option in human ALD, particularly AH.
TH‐D‐ValA‐09: An Objective Approach to Establishing Tolerances On Photon Beam Modeling Using the Equivalent Uniform Dose

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To perturb a photon beam model in a controlled manner and to examine the consequences for the Equivalent Uniform Doses (EUD) of the target and organs at risk in external beam radiation therapy of the prostate. Method and Materials: We have developed seven similar but different therapy beam models in the Pinnacle® Treatment Planning System. One model generates beam data close to the golden data provided by Varian® and serves as the reference model for this study. The six other models are modifications of the reference model designed to result in controlled deviations of a particular region of the dose profiles (descending depth dose, build‐up, horns, tail, penumbra and field width). We have analyzed the consequences of planning with these perturbed models on the quality of 4 prostate treatment plans in terms of the EUDs of the PTV, rectum and bladder in comparison with the reference model. Monitor units were kept constant for all plans. Results: to maintain a change in the EUD to the prostate, bladder or rectum of less than 2%, tolerances on the various regions of the dose profiles are as follows: descending depth dose 2%; horns 3%; field width ±1mm. Deviations in the build‐up region and tail of ±10% and ±5% respectively did not change the EUDs of any structure by more than 2%. Conclusion: Currently accepted tolerances on photon beam modeling are broadly internally consistent in so far as they result in similar effects on plan dosimetry, at least for 4 field conformal prostate treatments.
15 years of change in population structure of honey bees in Turkey.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Recent reports from Spain, Italy and Greece point to an intense admixture of honey bee populations in those countries signified with a loss of population structure. This is mostly attributed to migratory beekeeping practices and replacement of queens or colonies with commercial ones that are usually nonnative or hybrids of different subspecies. These two practices are also heavily carried out in Turkey where almost three-quarters of the 6 million colonies are transferred seasonally from one region to other. Studies of population structure based on microsatellite markers –as well as RAPD markers, allozymes and geometric morphometry- were carried out during the last fifteen years in our laboratory. Five different subspecies of Apis mellifera (A. m. meda, A. m. syriaca, A. m. caucasica, A. m. anatoliaca and A. m. macedonica) are considered to be native to Anatolia and Thrace. We carried out an analysis of population structure of honeybees in Turkey sampled from six different regions in the last two years. 29 microsatellite markers were used in 4 multiplex reactions. The results show that population structure is conserved in general although there are signs of gene flow. We have further tested the effect of migratory beekeeping based on comparison of assignment probabilities to their geographic populations of individuals from migratory and stationary colonies. Also a comparison is made between regions that are open to migratory beekeeping and not -isolated regions where migratory beekeeping is prohibited or not taking place or very low.
Neuroeconomics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Neuroeconomics is an emergent multidisciplinary field that strives to understand how and why humans make decisions. It brings together behavioural methods and sophisticated computational theories from microeconomics, an understanding of emotional influences on behaviour from psychology, and human functional neural imaging and electrophysiological recordings in animal models from neuroscience. Moreover, the neuroscientific contribution to this field is now beginning to incorporate molecular, pharmacological and physical interference techniques which can test the causal relationship between neural function and behaviour. Research in neuroeconomics has uncovered potential representations of value and costs within the brain. Studies of decision‐making in social environments have also revealed key emotional components of decision‐making that may help to explain some deviations from optimal or rational decision‐making in humans. Although it still has many challenges to overcome, neuroeconomics stands poised to benefit both microeconomic theory and neuroscience through shared techniques and ideas. Key concepts Psychology, neuroscience and economics existed as parallel fields, with the goal of understanding decision‐making behaviour. Neuroeconomics is an emergent field that uses brain‐imaging techniques and animal models from cognitive neuroscience and computational models and behavioural experiments from economics. A major goal of neuroeconomics is to determine how value is represented within the brain and how this representation is used towards decision‐making. Animal studies involving primary rewards, such as food and water have given the first clues as to the representation of value within the brain, and human studies of primary and monetary rewards have made similar findings. A second goal of neuroeconomics is to determine how costs, such as monetary payments, effort and delays in reward, are represented within the brain. A subfield of neuroeconomics is devoted to the study of social decision‐making and incorporates concepts from game theory. There may be multiple neural systems that dictate rational versus emotion‐based decisions, but more evidence is needed. Neuroeconomics can be applied to the study of psychiatric disorders and addiction, in which the brain's mechanisms for representing value are disrupted.
The ontogeny and heterogeneity of myeloid cells across zebrafish organs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Myeloid cells play essential roles in immune response, homeostasis maintenance, and tissue remodeling. These diverse functions could be implemented by phenotypically and functionally distinct myeloid subpopulations, and it is thus vital to clearly delineate the heterogeneity of myeloid cells with discriminative markers to study their functions. In this thesis project, we comprehensively profiled the ontogeny and heterogeneity of myeloid cells across zebrafish organs. We discovered a novel non-hematopoiesis-derived myeloid cell population, metaphocytes, in zebrafish barrier tissues (epidermis, gill, and intestine). Notably, metaphocytes do not possess canonical myeloid cell functions such as phagocytosis but instead are capable of sampling external soluble antigens, thereby regulating mu...[ Read more ]
Cyclitols. Part XXIV. Selective acetolysis of myoinositol benzyl ethers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The acetolysis of benzyl ethers of myoinositol is selective and its rate varies with the nature and configuration of the neighbouring groups. The penta-acetate of 1-O-benzylmyoinositol is readily obtained from 1,4,5,6-tetra-O-benzylmyoinositol; hydrogenolysis gives 1,2,4,5,6-penta-O-acetylmyoinositol.
Radioactive Vitamin B12 Absorption Studies: Results of Direct Measurement of Radioactivity in the Blood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A new method for the determination of the absorption of vitamin B12 has been described using measurement of radioactivity in the blood or plasma after the ingestion of physiologic test doses of Co60 labeled vitamin B12. Although doses of 1.0 µc. (0.92 µg. vitamin B12) gave higher counts, equally reliable results were obtained with 0.5 µc. (0.46 µg. vitamin B12). The radioactivity was found in the plasma portion of the blood. With this method it was possible to differentiate between all of nine patients with pernicious anemia and 36 control subjects. In non-pernicious anemia subjects and in pernicious anemia patients given intrinsic factor, there was a relatively delayed rise in the blood or plasma radioactivity until a peak was reached in the 8 to 12 hour interval after the ingestion of the test dose. This absorption curve was quite different from the early rise observed by others after massive oral doses of vitamin B12, indicating a different mode of absorption. Following the peak blood concentration the radioactivity gradually declined and small amounts usually persisted for as long as one week, quite different from the rapid disappearance after parenteral administration previously reported. This method appears valuable in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and other vitamin B12 malabsorptive states, in the evaluation of intrinsic factor activity, and in studies of various aspects of the metabolism of vitamin B12.
Rapid inactivation of depletion-activated calcium current (ICRAC) due to local calcium feedback

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Rapid inactivation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels was studied in Jurkat leukemic T lymphocytes using whole-cell patch clamp recording and [Ca2+]i measurement techniques. In the presence of 22 mM extracellular Ca2+, the Ca2+ current declined with a biexponential time course (time constants of 8-30 ms and 50-150 ms) during hyperpolarizing pulses to potentials more negative than -40 mV. Several lines of evidence suggest that the fast inactivation process is Ca2+ but not voltage dependent. First, the speed and extent of inactivation are enhanced by conditions that increase the rate of Ca2+ entry through open channels. Second, inactivation is substantially reduced when Ba2+ is present as the charge carrier. Third, inactivation is slowed by intracellular dialysis with BAPTA (12 mM), a rapid Ca2+ buffer, but not by raising the cytoplasmic concentration of EGTA, a slower chelator, from 1.2 to 12 mM. Recovery from fast inactivation is complete within 200 ms after repolarization to -12 mV. Rapid inactivation is unaffected by changes in the number of open CRAC channels or global [Ca2+]i. These results demonstrate that rapid inactivation of ICRAC results from the action of Ca2+ in close proximity to the intracellular mouths of individual channels, and that Ca2+ entry through one CRAC channel does not affect neighboring channels. A simple model for Ca2+ diffusion in the presence of a mobile buffer predicts multiple Ca2+ inactivation sites situated 3-4 nm from the intracellular mouth of the pore, consistent with a location on the CRAC channel itself.
Study on cross effect of mesh and turbulence model on separated flow prediction using a tandem cylinder case

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Low dissipative separated flow prediction is still a great challenge in aeronautics engineering. An open-source CFD code named SU2 is employed to study the cross effect of mesh as well as turbulence model on the numerical resolution of separated flow for a tandem cylinder case. Firstly, a nonlinear variation of the numerical resolution for the separated flow is found by comparing the mean surface pressure distribution, mean streamwise velocity profile, the instantaneous vorticity magnitude as well as the aerodynamic forces on the rear cylinder. The resolution of separated flow from the medium mesh is the best compared to those getting from the coarse and fine mesh. Secondly, the reason causing the nonlinear variation of flow resolution is analyzed considering the influence of spatial discretization error and turbulent viscosity locally. A finer mesh would lead to a low spatial discretization error and then a high turbulent viscosity and then causes nonlinear variation of flow resolution. Finally, the existence of a “density boundary” of the mesh is proposed which could balance the spatial precision as well as turbulent viscosity and achieve the prediction of separated flow with a good resolution employing the RANS method.
AN ASSESSMENT OF REAL WORLD STEERING WHEEL INTRUSION CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HEAD AND FACE INJURIES TO RESTRAINED DRIVERS IN FRONTAL IMPACTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper analysis field study accident data. The aim is to determine the effect of the steering wheel on head/face injuries to restrained drivers in frontal impact. Facial contusion and laceration was the most common injury for those drivers sustaining only minor injury to the head/face from the wheel. Of those sustaining more major injury, the head became the more important body region. When collision severity was considered, the likelihood and severity of head/face injuries from direct wheel contact was shown to increase with the Equivalent Test Speed. Those injuries were much more likely than not at speeds above 40 km/h. Wheel rearward and upward displacement and compromise of the head ride down envelope was also seen to increase with collision severity. However, for speed changes up to 50 km/h only 2.3% of wheels showed residual displacement upward and/or rearward greater than 12 cm. The role of wheel intrusion into the head ride down envelope was shown to have an important bearing on the likelihood of head/face injury. For the same collision severity, substantially more restrained drivers sustained head/face injury under conditions of moderate and high compromise of that envelope than those experiencing negligible compromise. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 871381.
The Spike app: A programable neuron to stimulate brain slices in electrophysiology

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Methods to stimulate living neurons in electrophysiological experiments involve the use of nerve stimulators that output deterministic patterns fixed at a certain frequency. Thus, they are unable to generate realistic sequences of action potentials to stimulate living neurons. By emulating firing patterns of excitable cells we are able to give electrical stimulation to the cells with more biological relevance during electrophysiological experiments. Two methods are proposed in this thesis. The first one is the spike generator system, which is based on the Leaky-Integrate and-Fire (LIF) neuron model used to stimulate brain slices in electrophysiological trials. The second is an analog electronic neuron, based on the same neuronal model. It aims to demonstrate the concept employed in software but in hardware and facilitated comparisons between the two methods. According to the experimental results cell activation is observed and shows more physiological response to the stimulation provided by the spike generator than the deterministic stimuli of a typical nerve stimulator. For that reason, the spike generator system can be used as a pulse generator in electrophysiology for brain slices.
Design and parametrs of CW klystrons with output power 100-200 kW on 2.45 GHz frequency

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The design and parameters of CW klystrons with output CW power 100–200 kW, operating on 2450 MHz frequency are described. The specific feature of klystrons is the use of one dimension-type of a solenoid for focusing. Calculated data for the klystron with output CW power 300 kW and results of exploiting these devices in tokomak for heating high-temperature plasma are presented.
Cartoon Network Update: New Features for Exploring of Neural Circuits

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cartoon Network is an open-source simulator for neural circuits. It allows students to playfully explore the remarkable complexity that emerges from networks of interacting neurons. This brief report describes four new features that have been added to Cartoon Network: 1) the ability to save and load different networks, 2) the addition of bursting neurons, and 3) new accelerometer inputs for the Finch robot. In addition, new data from the National Institute of Teaching Psychology is reported showing that psychology faculty report strong interest in using Cartoon Network as a pedagogical tool. The updated version of Cartoon Network is available at: https://github.com/rcalinjageman/cartoon_network.
Decorum, power, and the courtly style

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

If politics is an art, then matters of style must be crucial to its practice. This essay considers how political actions are shaped by rhetorical practices that depend upon aesthetic perceptions. Modern assumptions of artistic autonomy are replaced by the classical concept of decorum, which offers a model for understanding how political life is styled for rhetorical effect. The role of decorousness in contemporary politics is illustrated by the extreme case of the courtly style, which constitutes power through propriety, is centered on the king's body, displaces speech with gesture, and ends in political paralysis.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of lymphoproliferative lesions of the oral cavity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Oral cavity non‐ H odgkin lymphoma ( OCL ) is a rare condition that may be clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from other pathologies of the mouth. A complete excision or adequate biopsy of the OCL may be difficult. Fine needle aspiration ( FNA ) cytology has been successfully utilized in the pre‐operative diagnosis of oral masses and in lymphoma involving other anatomical areas. Our experience with FNA pre‐operative cytological diagnosis of 16 OCL s is reported herein. Methods The results of FNA cytology on 16 consecutive lymphoproliferative lesions of the oral cavity collected over an 8‐year period in three institutions were retrieved. Sampled lesions were submucosal masses of different sizes bulging into the oral cavity. Rapid on‐site evaluation ( ROSE ) and routine cytological staining were performed. Immunocytochemistry ( ICC ), flow cytometry ( FC ) and polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) of the IGH (immunoglobulin heavy) locus were performed on additional passes according to ROSE . Results Fourteen OCL s, one myeloma and one florid reactive lymphoid hyperplasia ( FRLH ) were diagnosed by FNA . OCL s were diagnosed as large B ‐cell (eight cases) and small B ‐cell (six cases) lymphomas. Histology revealed eight diffuse large B ‐cell lymphomas ( DLBCL ), four lymphomas of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT ), two follicular lymphomas and one FRLH ; no false‐negative or false‐positive results were diagnosed, but accurate subclassification was obtained in four cases only. Conclusions FNA diagnosis of OCL s may be hampered by the rare incidence, anatomical context and difficulties in obtaining a sufficient amount of cells. Ancillary techniques should be used according to ROSE ; a pre‐operative FNA cytology diagnosis can avoid unnecessary extensive surgery and speed up the institution of therapeutic procedures.
Self-supervised Learning for Segmentation and Quantification of Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson's Disease

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in humans. PD is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra (SN). Counting the number of dopaminergic neurons in the SN is one of the most important indexes in evaluating drug efficacy in PD animal models. Currently, analyzing and quantifying dopaminergic neurons is conducted manually by experts through analysis of digital pathology images which is laborious, time-consuming, and highly subjective. As such, a reliable and unbiased automated system is demanded for the quantification of dopaminergic neurons in digital pathology images. Recent years have seen a surge in adopting deep learning solutions in medical image processing. However, developing high-performing deep learning models hinges on the availability of large-scale, high-quality annotated data, which can be expensive to acquire, especially in applications like digital pathology image analysis. To this end, we propose an end-to-end deep learning framework based on self-supervised learning for the segmentation and quantification of dopaminergic neurons in PD animal models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first deep learning model that detects the cell body of dopaminergic neurons, counts the number of dopaminergic neurons, and provides characteristics of individual dopaminergic neurons as a numerical output. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in quantifying neurons with high precision, which can provide a faster turnaround for drug efficacy studies, better understanding of dopaminergic neuronal health status, and unbiased results in PD pre-clinical research. As part of our contributions, we also provide the first publicly available dataset of histology digital images along with expert annotations for the segmentation of TH-positive DA neuronal soma.
A Faculty Workshop on Death Attitudes and Life Affirmation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper reports on a faculty workshop devoted to the discovery and analysis of death attitudes and life affirmation offered as a credit course for faculty and staff at Miami-Dade Junior College, Miami. Florida. The workshop was supported by the administration of the college as a part of its faculty development program. The paper reports on the rationale for the workshop, life-denying characteristics exhibited by some college teachers, a tentative interpretation of these characteristics and the manner in which they may be modified, a review of the workshop goals created by the staff and workshop participants, some strategies used, and some of the ways in which evaluations were made during and at the conclusion of the workshop.