jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimized design of lightweight structural parameters for large-aperture primary mirror

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As for the lightweight structure of a large-aperture primary mirror in remote sensors,this paper introduces an optimized multi-target Genetic Algorithm(GA) based on the Kriging approximate model to design all lightweight structure paramaters for a 2 m-aperture SiC primary mirror.The latin hypercube method is used to build the Kriging model and do the experimental design of optimized parameters,and then a optimal solution is obtained through the multi-target GA(NSGA II).After the optimization,the 2 m-aperture SiC primary mirror weights 243 kg,the surface accuracy reaches 25.7 nm PV,4.7 nm RMS and the total lightweight rate is 84%.The experimental result proves the feasibility of this optimization method and it can be a reference for the future lightweight optimization design of the structural parameters of large-aperture primiary mirrors.
Benign Melanocytic Lesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The blue nevus (BN) is a distinct benign melanocytic nevus subtype with characteristic clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathologic features. The features seen in BN can sometimes overlap with features seen in nodular/dermal melanoma and melanoma metastasis. In addition, variants of BN such as cellular blue nevi, deep penetrating blue nevi, and sclerosing blue nevi can be confused with melanoma. The most characteristic pattern of BN is the presence of homogeneous and structureless blue pigmentation. The histopathologic variants of BN are defined primarily based on their cellularity and stromal fibrotic reaction. Congenital melanocytic nevi, malignant BN, nodular melanoma, melanoma metastasis, exogenous tattoos (i.e., radiotherapy tattoos), or pigmented spindle-cell nevi (Reed's nevi) can be indistinguishable from BN. Other nonmelanocytic tumors, such as basal cell carcinomas, hemangiomas, angiokeratomas, and up to 20% of pilomatrixomas, may present with confluent bluish pigmentation, but other clinical and dermoscopic clues are often evident to assist in making the correct diagnosis.
Effect of Magnetic Stirring on Microstructures and Properties of Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y Alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The microstructure of alloys is an important factor that affects their application. In this work, the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloys were prepared by the permanent magnet stirring method at different rates. The secondary dendrite arm spacing, dendritic segregation, density, microhardness, electrical resistivity, and sulfuration corrosion resistance were analyzed to investigate the effects of different rotation speeds on the microstructures and properties of the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloy. The results showed that the primary dendrite was refined and the secondary dendrite arm spacing decreased with the increase in the stirring rate of the permanent magnets. The Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloys prepared with a 900 r/min stirring rate had the largest microhardness, relatively high density, and the best sulfuration corrosion resistance. However, the stirring rate had little effect on the electrical resistivity of the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloys. To sum up, the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloy had the best comprehensive properties when the permanent magnet stirring rate was 900 r/min, including the most refined dendrites, relatively high density, the largest microhardness, and the best sulfuration corrosion resistance. The study of the effects of permanent magnet stirring speed on the microstructures and properties of the Ag–1.5Cu–1.0Y alloy provides an experimental basis for future alloy casting optimization and property improvement of silver-based alloys.
Assessment for the timing of comprehensive genomic profiling tests in patients with advanced solid cancers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) tests have been covered by public insurance in Japan for patients with advanced solid tumors who have completed or are completing standard treatments or do not have them. Therefore, genotype‐matched drug candidates are often unapproved or off‐label, and improving clinical trial access is critical, involving the appropriate timing of CGP tests. To address this issue, we analyzed the previous treatment data for 441 patients from an observational study on CGP tests discussed by the expert panel at Hokkaido University Hospital between August 2019 and May 2021. The median number of previous treatment lines was two; three or more lines accounted for 49%. Information on genotype‐matched therapies was provided to 277 (63%). Genotype‐matched clinical trials were ineligible because of an excess number of previous treatment lines or use of specific agents were found in 66 (15%) patients, with the highest proportion in breast and prostate cancers. Many patients met the exclusion criteria of one to two or more treatment lines across cancer types. In addition, previous use of specific agents was a frequent exclusion criterion for breast, prostate, colorectal, and ovarian cancers. The patients with tumor types with a low median number (two or fewer) of previous treatment lines, including most rare cancers, primary unknown cancers, and pancreatic cancers, had significantly fewer ineligible clinical trials. The earlier timing of CGP tests may improve access to genotype‐matched clinical trials, with their proportion varying by cancer type. Each relevant society needs to advocate the desirable timing of CGP testing nationwide.
Seasonal and inter annual effects of meltwater runoff on ice dynamics in Northeast Greenland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The large amount of meltwater reaching the base of a glacier at the beginning of the melt season accelerates its ice flow, as meltwater pressurised in cavities acts as bed lubricant. Proceeding in the melt season, if the erosive power of basal water becomes high enough to prevail on the creep-induced closure of such cavities, channels may form. In this regime, water is efficiently drained towards the ice front, basal pressure abates and ice flow decelerates. The temporary speed-up and deceleration throughout the melt season has been observed in many glaciers in Greenland, especially in the southwest. There, more observations are available and the ablation zone extends hundreds of km inland. Yet, there is no evidence that Northeast Greenland follows this hydrology-induced dynamic behaviour. In fact, very few observations of flow variability during the melt season are available for this area, hampering our understanding of impacts of meltwater on the ice dynamics in these remote arctic regions. In this work we run a fully coupled ice-flow-hydrology model (Elmer/Ice coupled to GlaDS) to explore the feedbacks between surface meltwater and ice-flow variations over the whole basin of Northeast Greenland. We address both seasonal and annual timescales by running the coupled model for successive melt seasons (from May 2016 to the end of September 2018). To do so, we make use of daily surface mass balance and runoff data computed by a fully-fledged surface energy balance model (COSIPY) resolving snowpack processes. Our simulations show a seasonal speed-up due to increase in melt water pressure at the base, followed by a decrease in velocities due to the activation of a channelised system beneath the ice sheet. Our results suggest that the Northeast Greenland presents a complex hydrological system that is comparable to other regions of the ice sheet and hint at hydrology-dynamics mechanisms to be a potential controlling factor in the evolution of the area.&#160;
Making and Breaking Morale: British Political Warfare and Bomber Command in the Second World War:

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Making and Breaking Morale: British Political Warfare and Bomber Command in the Second World War Get access Richard Overy Richard Overy * University of Exeter *E-mail: r.overy@ex.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Twentieth Century British History, Volume 26, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 370–399, https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwv023 Published: 16 July 2015
Comparison of two iminodibenzil derivatives on restraint-induced ulcers and gastric secretion

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Imipramine [N-(γ-dimethylaminopropyl)-iminodibenzyl HCl] was effective in reducing both the incidence of ulcers induced by several different intensities of restraint stress and the volume and acidity of gastric secretion in the rat. G 31.002 [N-(γ-dimethylaminoisopropyl)-iminodibenzyl HCl], a close congener of imipramine, was studied at comparable doses, but did not alter ulcer incidence or reduce gastric secretion. Since both drugs have similar central nervous system depressant activity, the data suggest that the antiulcer effect of imipramine is due to a direct action on the stomach. Submitted on May 22, 1961
Generalized distance and applications in protein folding

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Euclidean distance, D, between two points is generalized to the distance between strings or polymers. The problem is of great mathematical beauty and very rich in structure even for the simplest of cases. The necessary and sufficient conditions for finding minimal distance transformations are presented. Locally minimal solutions for one-link and two-link chains are discussed, and the large N limit of a polymer is studied. Applications of D to protein folding and structural alignment are explored, in particular for finding minimal folding pathways. Non-crossing constraints and the resulting untangling moves in folding pathways are discussed as well. It is observed that, compared to the total distance, these extra untangling moves constitute a small fraction of the total movement. The resulting extra distance from untangling movements (Dnx ) are used to distinguish different protein classes, e.g. knotted proteins from unknotted proteins. By studying the ensembles of untangling moves, dominant folding pathways are constructed for three proteins, in particular a knotted protein. Finally, applications of D, and related metrics to protein folding rate prediction are discussed. It is seen that distance metrics are good at predicting the folding rates of 3-state folders.
Report on business attachment with Jardine Thompson Graham Asia Pte Ltd.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This programme served to provide an opportunity for undergraduates to gain some working experience in their respective fields of specialization. It helped the author to apply what he had learnt in his course of study to the practical situation in industry. An application of what was learnt could also enhance the course of study. It will also reinforce the knowledge that was acquired in the university.
Investigating Anxiety, Mobility, Disability and Proprioception in Adults with Mild Neck Pain: A Cross- Sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Studies on subclinical neck pain (SCNP), known as mild pain lack proper literature. This study examines the differences in anxiety, neck movement, disability, and proprioception in people with chronic SCNP (12 females and 4 males, age = 28.1±4.0 years) and people without neck pain (17 females and 6 males, age = 25.8±3.1 years). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with 39 participants was conducted. The participants were instructed to score their pain using the visual analog scale (pain group: < 4/10 and normal group: 0/10), anxiety level with the state-trait anxiety inventory, and neck disability with the neck disability index. In addition, active range of motion and joint position errors were assessed in participants of both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in mean baseline characteristics between the two groups. The participants in the pain group reported significantly higher median neck disability index (P≤0.001) and higher mean current state-trait anxiety inventory state (P=0.032) scores compared to participants with no pain. No significant differences in mean flexion, extension, lateral flexion right, lateral flexion left, rotation right, or rotation left were found between groups (P=0.95, P=0.68, P=0.29, P=0.59, P=0.70, and P=0.17, respectively). In addition, there were no significant differences in mean cervical spine joint position error flexion, extension, rotation right, and rotation left by the study group (P=0.65, P=0.33, P=0.26, and P=0.23, respectively). Conclusion: SCNP can substantially influence functional ability and anxiety levels, especially among students in higher education institutions dealing with additional stressors. The interaction between pain intensity, disability, and anxiety underscores the potential for a detrimental feedback loop, underscoring the significance of early interventionv
Could Vitamin D be Associated with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy? Evidence from Pooling Studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Contrasting data about the association between proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and vitamin D status remain unknown. First, a hospital-based cross-sectional study consisting of 889 diabetic retinopathy (DR) and non-DR (NDR) patients was admitted. Further the accumulated evidence was performed to explore the association and dose-response relationship. Our study indicated that the odd ratio for PDR in vitamin D deficiency (VDD) individuals was significantly increased (1.60, 95% CI 1.06–2.42), compared with NDR in vitamin D sufficiency individuals, adjusted by age, sex, diabetic duration, and HbA1c. Four studies plus our study with data on vitamin D levels in 4970 patients with PDR and NDR subjects are compared. Association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of PDR exists (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.40–2.05; I2=0%, p=0.61). Association between a nonlinear trend for vitamin D decrease with risk of DR was significant (chi2=16.53, p=0.0003). No significant heterogeneity in identified studies was found (goodness of fit chi2=2.98, p=0.225). It is concluded that vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Caesar and the Bellum Alexandrinum: An Analysis of Style, Narrative Technique, and the Reception of Greek Historiography

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Das Bellum Alexandrinum beschreibt die Ereignisse des römischen Bürgerkriegs zwischen 49 und 47 v.Chr. und berichtet von Caesars Aufenthalt im ägyptischen Alexandria und seiner Auseinandersetzung mit Ptolemaios XIII. Die beiden Autoren widmen sich in diesem Buch vor allem den bisher weitgehend unerforschten Aspekten der literarischen Technik sowie den Bezügen des Bellum Alexandrinum zur griechischen und frühen römischen Historiografie. Zugleich bietet das Buch aber auch eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Sprache und rekonstruiert die Umstände der Entstehung. Es zeigt, dass der Bericht aus mehreren Einzelberichten zusammengefügt wurde, die sich sprachlich, inhaltlich und erzähltechnisch deutlich voneinander unterscheiden
Transcranial ultrasound of cerebral vessels in silico: proof of concept

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Correct diagnostics of vascular pathologies underlies treatment success for patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Transcranial ultrasound is the well-known method for diagnostic of cerebrovascular diseases. Despite high sensitivity and specificity of the method, transcranial ultrasound has some limitations related to the B-mode image quality and accurate insonation of vessels of interest. Overcoming these limitations enables to enhance the quality of the diagnostic procedure. The present work addresses the numerical simulation of ultrasound propagation in a human head by a grid-characteristic method. We used a human tissue-mimicking phantom to verify our numerical model in terms of the accuracy of distance estimation. We obtained pressure distributions within a 3D segmented model of a human head. Our pilot study has some limitations, nevertheless the simulation results demonstrate that mathematical modelling of the transcranial ultrasound can be an effective tool to enhance the ultrasound examination.
Preliminary surficial geologic map of the Newberry Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, California

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Newberry Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle is located in the central Mojave Desert of southern California. It is split approximately into northern and southern halves by I-40, with the city of Barstow at its western edge and the town of Ludlow near its eastern edge. The map area spans lat 34°30 to 35° N. to long -116 °to -117° W. and covers over 1,000 km2. We integrate the results of surficial geologic mapping conducted during 2002-2005 with compilations of previous surficial mapping and bedrock geologic mapping. Quaternary units are subdivided in detail on the map to distinguish variations in age, process of formation, pedogenesis, lithology, and spatial interdependency, whereas pre-Quaternary bedrock units are grouped into generalized assemblages that emphasize their attributes as hillslope-forming materials and sources of parent material for the Quaternary units. The spatial information in this publication is presented in two forms: a spatial database and a geologic map. The geologic map is a view (the display of an extracted subset of the database at a given time) of the spatial database; it highlights key aspects of the database and necessarily does not show all of the data contained therein. The database contains detailed information about Quaternary geologic unit composition, authorship, and notes regarding geologic units, faults, contacts, and local vegetation. The amount of information contained in the database is too large to show on a single map, so a restricted subset of the information was chosen to summarize the overall nature of the geology. Refer to the database for additional information. Accompanying the spatial data are the map documentation and spatial metadata. The map documentation (this document) describes the geologic setting and history of the Newberry Springs map sheet, summarizes the age and physical character of each map unit, and describes principal faults and folds. The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata provides detailed information about the digital files and file structure of the spatial data.
Who Turned the Lights On? A Curious Case of Leptomeningeal Enhancement

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease with an unknown etiology.It can uncommonly involve the Central Nervous System (CNS) leading to neuro-sarcoidosis.We describe one such case presenting as leptomeningeal enhancement.CASE PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old male presented to our facility with leg weakness and gait instability.The patient reported that his symptoms started one year ago and progressively worsened.He denied any fevers, myalgias, arthralgias, recent travel, tick bites, or skin rash.On presentation, physical examination was notable for weakness and spasticity along with sensory disturbances in bilateral lower extremities without any signs of parkinsonism or cerebellar dysfunction.Laboratory investigations were unremarkable.Imaging studies revealed extensive leptomeningeal enhancement extending from the cervicomedullary junction of the brainstem to the thoracic spinal cord.Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed a few nucleated cells with nonneoplastic T and B-cell populations, a low glucose level of 22mg/dL, and protein level 118mg/dL with oligoclonal bands.Investigations for infectious meningitis, Lyme's disease, autoimmune disorders and malignancy were negative.He subsequently underwent pan imaging which revealed hilar lymphadenopathy concerning for sarcoidosis.Consequently, a lymph node biopsy was performed showing noncaseating granulomatous tissue thus confirming the diagnosis.Treatment of neuro-sarcoidosis was initiated with high dose steroids and long taper over several months.The patient subsequently had complete resolution of symptoms.DISCUSSION: Neuro-sarcoidosis is poorly understood given its rarity and lack of standardized diagnostic criteria.It can affect any part of the CNS although the brainstem, spinal cord and meninges are less commonly involved.Only 10% of patients clinically manifest symptoms such as cranial nerve palsies, headache, sensory and gait abnormalities.[1] The diagnosis is challenging and is made using a combination of clinical & radiographic findings which are then confirmed with a biopsy.The therapy mainly consists of glucocorticoids with good response.Refractory cases can be treated with immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic agents.[2] IMPORTANCE: Neuro-sarcoidosis has a variable clinical appearance and can uncommonly present as leptomeningeal enhancement.After excluding common infections and autoimmune conditions, there should be a high level of suspicion for neuro-sarcoidosis.Physician awareness can help in early diagnosis and treatment thus preventing fatal outcomes.REFERENCES:1.
Myocardial Revascularization in Patients with Diabetes and Heart Failure—A Narrative Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Heart failure and diabetes mellitus are major contributors to global morbidity and mortality, with their prevalence continuously rising, primarily due to aging populations and improvements in healthcare. These conditions often coexist or develop sequentially, leading to complex interactions that significantly influence the progression and management of both diseases. Furthermore, heart failure and diabetes are commonly associated with coronary artery disease, which presents a unique challenge in clinical management, particularly in the context of myocardial revascularization. The presence of diabetes exacerbates atherosclerotic progression and impairs endothelial function, while heart failure complicates the perfusion and recovery of myocardial tissue post-intervention. This narrative review delves into the underlying mechanisms contributing to revascularization failure in patients with heart failure and diabetes, emphasizing the importance of understanding these interactions for optimal treatment. The review also summarizes key findings from randomized controlled trials, examining evidence both in the general population and in specific subgroups, including the elderly and patients with left main coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, peripheral artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Understanding these complexities is critical for improving patient outcomes.
As elaborações retóricas da tradição hiberno-latina: Uma leitura da Confessio de São Patrício

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Until the last decade of the last century, a common feature in historiography has been to characterize St Patrick as a poor writer, with no literary devices and his writing as completely devoid of rhetoric. Only recently, a new interpretation on this issue became available, particularly through the contributions of David Howlett and Máire de Paor. In order to demonstrate that Patrick built in his Confessio a complex rhetoric system, both authors provided an analysis of the literary and grammatical structure of the text. This contribution was fundamental to the current developments of Patriciology. However, a detailed analysis of Patrick's discourse is also a path that can lead us to the conclusion that Patrick in fact was very well educated and explored rhetorical tools in his argumentation. This is the aim of this article.