jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Process Algebra-Based Description for Software Requirement

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A requirement process plays very important part in software engineering process. In order to truly meet the needs requested by customers, a software engineering system should include a high-quality requirement management process, which can accurately describes the software requirements. In this paper addresses and defines the requirement process to be implemented on a software system. It also reports on how we analyze the process in a perspective of system engineering. Based on the analysis and certain simplification, a process algebraic expression is proposed to establish a Software Requirement Process. The results show that development cycle is shortened, resources are saved; hence the efficiency is significantly improved.
The Effect of Glazing, Reglazing, and Polishing on Zirconia Biaxial Flexural Strength

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Zirconia restorations are usually coated with glazing to provide an aesthetic and reduce wear on opposing teeth. Occlusal adjustments such as grinding and polishing to eliminate occlusal or internal interferences can affect the mechanical properties of zirconia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glazing, reglazing, and polishing procedures on the biaxial flexural strength of zirconia ceramic. This experimental study used 20 samples of zirconia discs (12x1,2 mm), which were divided into fourth groups (n=5). The first group was zirconia discs without treatment as control, the second group with glazing treatment, the third group with reglazing treatment, and the fourth group with polishing treatment. Biaxial flexural strength was determined using a piston on three balls technique. The data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and t-test. The results of this study showed no statistically significant difference between the group with glazing, reglazing, polishing and the control group (p>0.05). The highest zirconia biaxial flexural strength was found in the polished group but not significant statistically (1913.64 ± 594.28 MPa). The reglazing group with the lowest average biaxial flexural strength was (1413.01 ± 365.66 MPa). It can be concluded that there were no differences in biaxial flexural strength between the polishing, glazing, and reglazing group. The use of polishing can be an alternative technique to improve aesthetics besides glazing and reglazing because it does not impair the biaxial flexural strength of zirconia.
Assessment of Confirmed Clinical Hypersensitivity to Rituximab in Patients Affected with B-Cell Neoplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rituximab hypersensitivity reactions are rare but are one of the main causes of rituximab elimination from antilymphoma immunochemotherapy treatments. While the clinical picture may be indistinguishable from other infusion-related reactions, hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) do not disappear and instead become more intense with subsequent administrations. Objective . To describe the use of the 12-step protocol for desensitization to intravenous rituximab in clinical practice and the complementary study of a possible IgE-mediated HSR in the context of B-cell lymphoma treatment. Methods . A 12-step rituximab desensitization protocol was performed prospectively within clinical practice in 10 patients with a history of severe infusion reactions or in patients who had a repeated reaction at subsequent doses despite taking more intense preventive measures. Skin prick tests were performed at the time of reaction and at a later time to eliminate false negatives due to possible drug interference. Results . Overall, with the desensitization protocol, 70% of patients were able to complete the scheduled immunochemotherapy. Two patients had to discontinue the therapy due to clinical persistence and the third due to lymphoma progression. Intradermal tests with 0.1% rituximab were positive in only 20% of cases, demonstrating a mechanism of hypersensitivity. Conclusions . The 12-step desensitization protocol is very effective and assumable within healthcare practice. There is a need to determine the mechanism underlying the infusion reaction in a large proportion of cases due to the risk of future drug exposure.
Safe Sojourns to High Altitudes: The Risks of Annual Religious Pilgrimages in Jammu and Kashmir, India- Clinical Diagnostics and Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article addresses the clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment plan for several diseases that afflict high altitude climbers and the increasing prevalence for this type of illness.In The behavioral characteristics of high altitude climbers and the precautions necessary to prevent death from the high altitude sport activities are introduced; first; then.The clinical manifestations of different disease complexes are described; then, the common treatment regimens for climbermal adaptation for high altitude sickness are covered.The conclusion explored in the discussion is that no one need die from high altitude sickness if proper planning and good judgment are applied to climbing protocols; and, that these rules are strictly adhered to.The ends state for a reasonably guaranteed good outcome.Survival is simply to immediately descend to a lower altitude unless bad weather or climber injuries prevent immediate descent.
Knockdown of aquaporin-5 sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil via inhibition of the Wnt–β-catenin signaling pathway

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), a water channel protein, has been reported to possess oncogenic potential in multiple types of malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its effect on the chemosensitivity of CRC cells remains elusive. Hence, this study investigated the effect of AQP5 silencing in CRC cells on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity and attempted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. A short hairpin RNA construct targeting AQP5 was transfected into HCT116 or HT29 cells to generate stable AQP5-silenced cell lines. The effects of AQP5 knockdown on cell viability, apoptosis, tumor growth, and 5-FU chemoresistance were evaluated. Relative protein levels of Wnt–β-catenin pathway effectors were also measured. The results showed that silencing of AQP5 increased the chemosensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU, facilitated 5-FU-mediated apoptosis, suppressed tumor growth, and reduced 5-FU chemoresistance in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of AQP5 on 5-FU chemosensitivity was mediated by the Wnt–β-catenin pathway. Silencing of AQP5 inhibited Wnt–β-catenin signaling, whereas overexpression of the degradation-resistant mutant of β-catenin (S33Y) reversed apoptosis induced by AQP5 silencing. Taken together, these results suggest that AQP5 silencing enhances the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU, and the underlying mechanism is related to inhibition of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway. AQP5 could be a useful therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
A facile method for the synthesis of trifluoromethylthio-/chloro-homoallylic alcohols from methylenecyclopropanes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Trifluoromethylthiolated/chloro-homoallylic alcohols have been directly accessed by the reaction of (PhSO2)2NSCF3/Cl with methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) in DMF in moderate to good yields.
Autoinhibition regulates the motility of the C. elegans intraflagellar transport motor OSM-3

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

OSM-3 is a Kinesin-2 family member from Caenorhabditis elegans that is involved in intraflagellar transport (IFT), a process essential for the construction and maintenance of sensory cilia. In this study, using a single-molecule fluorescence assay, we show that bacterially expressed OSM-3 in solution does not move processively (multiple steps along a microtubule without dissociation) and displays low microtubule-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. However, a point mutation (G444E) in a predicted hinge region of OSM-3's coiled-coil stalk as well as a deletion of that hinge activate ATPase activity and induce robust processive movement. These hinge mutations also cause a conformational change in OSM-3, causing it to adopt a more extended conformation. The motility of wild-type OSM-3 also can be activated by attaching the motor to beads in an optical trap, a situation that may mimic attachment to IFT cargo. Our results suggest that OSM-3 motility is repressed by an intramolecular interaction that involves folding about a central hinge and that IFT cargo binding relieves this autoinhibition in vivo. Interestingly, the G444E allele in C. elegans produces similar ciliary defects to an osm-3–null mutation, suggesting that autoinhibition is important for OSM-3's biological function.
Characterization of a 23 kDa Sperm-Binding Polypeptide of the Golden Hamster Epididymis1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A 23 kDa polypeptide has been identified on the flagellum of sperm obtained from the cauda epididymis of the golden hamster. A monospecific antiserum to the 23 kDa hamster polypeptide was prepared and used to study its distribution on sperm, in the epididymis, and in epididymal fluid. In the cauda, the polypeptide is found on the midpiece and endpiece of the sperm tail, in detergent extracts of sperm, and in epididymal luminal fluid-enriched fractions. It is not present on sperm or in luminal fluid-enriched fractions from the caput epididymis. Immunocytochemical staining of epididymal tissue has demonstrated the 23 kDa polypeptide in the Golgi region of the principal cells of the proximal cauda and on sperm in the tubules of this segment and in tubules distal to it. Antiserum to the 23 kDa golden hamster polypeptide cross-reacts with sperm from rats and Chinese hamsters, but not with sperm from rabbits, cattle, mice, and guinea pigs. The antigen is localized to the tail of sperm obtained from the cauda of the rat and from the distal caput of the Chinese hamster. Immunoblots of detergent extracts of sperm and luminal fluid-enriched fractions from these two species reveal a 26 dKa polypeptide that is immunologically related to the golden hamster polypeptide.
Noise and Vibration in Machine Parts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In theorizing about vibrations, there is a tendency to treat them as a deterministic process, as opposed to random vibrations. The acceleration resulting from the shock is harmful, and can even be destructive, and vibrations inevitably cause the eventual failure of machine parts. This chapter presents case studies with their solutions, to present the main points that are inherent to mechanical design. Vibrations in machines are practically unavoidable, especially in tooled machines, such as transporter-conveyor belts. All rotating shafts, even without any loading, undergo deflection due to the influence of their own weight. The extent of the deflection depends on their stiffness. Of the various methods available to provide long-lasting solutions to the problems of vibrations, noise and shocks, the principle of conservation of energy is a potent tool to help better understand the vibrations occurring in complex systems.
Erratum:B80Fullerene: AnAb InitioPrediction of Geometry, Stability, and Electronic Structure [Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 166804 (2007)]

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Received 28 February 2008DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.159901©2008 American Physical Society
Effects of the genetic polymorphism CYP2C19 on pharmacokinetics of citalopram in Chinese healthy volunteers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the effets of cytochrome CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of citalopram in Chinese healthy male volunteers. Methods Twenty- four Chinese healthy male volunteers were orally administered with a single dose of citalopram 20 mg. The venous blood samples were collected,using anticoagulantion EDTA to extract DNA,and the genotype was detected. The blood samples( 5 mL) from the bolunteers were collected before and after the administration of citalopram and plasma was taken. The plasma concentration of citalopram was examined by HPLC- MS / MS method. The genotype CYP2C19 was measured by PCR- based sequencing. The measurements were performed by HPLC- MS / MS. Pharmacokinetic differences of citalopram on patients with different genotypes were compared. Results Two out of 24 volunteers were poor metabolizing genotype( PM),and 22 were extensive metabolizers( EM). Among the EM 12 were homozygotes and 10 were heterozygotes. The pharmacokinetic of citalopram was largely influenced by CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism,and also effected by the volunteers' age and weight. Conclusion The CYP2C19 genotype of patients should be detected before the clinical appliaction of citalopram,and the age as well as weight also need to be considered.
Towards restoring scapular position and motion through mapping muscle excitation of the trapezius

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Context: Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is associated with increased risk of shoulder pain and pathology, however its etiology remains unclear. Alterations in muscle excitation of the three regions of the trapezius are believed to contribute to altered scapular kinematics, yet research regarding trapezius excitation in individuals with SD is limited. Therefore, the influence of the trapezius on SD is not fully understood. Objective: To determine if differences in the mean location of spatial distribution of excitation (BARYY) exist within each region of the trapezius during shoulder elevation (FE) and lowering (FL) in those with (DYS) and without (CON) scapular dyskinesis. Methods: Fifty-six healthy right-handed participants were assessed using the Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT): 28 had normal scapular motion (CON: 15 Female, 27±9 years) and 28 had dyskinesis (DYS: 22 Female, 24±7 years). Participants completed five repetitions of weighted shoulder flexion while high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) of the upper (UT), middle (MT), and lower (LT) trapezius was collected. Kinematics were collected to extract BARYY within 30-degree ranges (30°-60°, 60°-90°, 90°-120°) of glenohumeral flexion. A two-way (group*angle) between-within (BW) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for each grid at each angle to determine the effect of group on BARYY. Results: A significant interaction was found for LT_FE (p=.025, ηp2=.079). BARYY was more cranial in DYS, with differences of 4.6% (CON=35.2±6.6%, DYS=30.6±7.9%, p=.022) for 30°-60°, 5.0% (CON=35.1±6.7%, DYS=30.1±8.2%, p=.015) for 60°-90°, and 5.8% (CON=35.7±7.3%, DYS=29.9±8.4%, p=.008) for 90°-120°. A significant interaction was found for LT_FL, (p=.041, ηp2=.073). BARYY was more cranial in DYS at 120°-90° and 90°-60°, with differences of 5.9% (CON=36.3±6.9%, DYS=30.4±8.5%, p=.006) and 4.5% (CON=36.1±6.2%, DYS=31.6±7.9%, p=.021), respectively. No significant interactions were found for UT or MT during FE or FL. Conclusions: Differences in spatial distribution of excitation exist within the LT during both phases of shoulder flexion between individuals with SD and healthy controls. As the magnitude of the differences was small, it is unclear if this differing neuromuscular strategy contributes to alterations in scapular kinematics. No differences in excitation were observed during either phase in the UT or MT, indicating the neuromuscular strategies utilized for each group did not differ.
Partners in learning: How Millennial students and advisors perceive advising within the first -year seminar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Academic advising and first-year seminars are commonly accepted strategies used in the transition of students to college but have led parallel existences on many campuses. This qualitative case study conducted at two small, private comprehensive I colleges explored the perceptions that traditional-age students and first-year academic advisors hold about academic advising embedded within first-year seminars (extended orientation type). The questions that guide this study are: What is the perceived influence of a first-year seminar on the transition from high school to college? What are the perceptions of having an advisor as the instructor of a first-year seminar? What would a first-year seminar be like if it were designed with and for Millennial students? Building on action research that enabled students to design their own advising seminar, I also conducted individual and focus group interviews and document analysis. Key findings include: frequency of contact both inside and outside the seminar allows students and advisors to engage in more developmental advising; Millennial students articulate a need to reshape pedagogies for seminars from information-based to active learning; and authentic roles for peer advisors within the seminars support student transitions. This research indicates that developmental advising for first-year students is achieved with the advisor as the instructor of a first-year seminar (extended orientation type) at small, private comprehensive I colleges. Institutions may use this research to frame more holistic and effective advising and transition seminar experiences.
In-band intermodulation induced by transient response of erbium-doped fiber amplifier

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Transient response of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is studied in an externally-modulated analog link. Double tones represented as transmitted radio frequency and dither signals are introduced. Extra modulation is generated owing to the EDFA’s transient response caused by a low-frequency dither signal. Therefore, the parasitic modulation is superposed to the output signals and may significantly affect in-band electrical spectra. Analytical and numerical solutions are both given, which agree well with experimental results. This work indicates that a suitable dither signal should be selected to maximize the carrier to intermodulation ratio. In-band spurious free dynamic range is optimized in the meantime.
Multi-parameter\nInputted Logic-Gating on Aptamer-Encoded\nExtracellular Vesicles for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential\nbiomarker\nin liquid biopsy. However, cancer heterogeneity poses significant\nchallenge to precise molecular diagnosis based on single-parameter\ninput. Hence, strategies for analyzing multiple inputs with molecular\ncomputing were developed with the aim of improving diagnostic accuracy\nin liquid biopsy. In the present study, based on the surface of aptamer-encoded\nEVs, three toe-hold extended DNA aptamers served as specific inputs\nto perform AND-logic-gating to distinguish between healthy and cancerous\nEVs. In addition, this strategy has been successfully employed to\nanalyze circulating EVs in clinical samples from colorectal cancer\npatients and healthy donors. The developed method has a promising\nfuture in the analysis of multiplex EV membrane proteins and the identification\nof early cancer.
CONTINUOUS WOUND PERFUSION WITH BUPIVACAINE AND FENTANYL AS A METHOD OF POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA FOLLOWING ELECTIVE SHOULDER SURGERY.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study is to compare the postoperative pain relief provided by continuous perfusion of wound by bupivacaine and fentanyl with that of patient controlled analgesia using morphine in elective shoulder surgery. This retrospective case control study included 76 consecutive patients who had elective shoulder surgery. 39 patients had patient controlled analgesic system (PCA) with morphine and 37 patients had a continuous wound perfusion(intra bursal) with bupivacaine and fentanyl via a disposable Silicone Balloon Infuser. Patients were also given additional oral NSAIDs or morphine if needed. The pain score measured postoperatively based on a 10 point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 1, 2, 3 and 18 hours was noted. The use of antiemetics and additional painkillers was recorded. The complications of both methods were also noted. We found that the analgesia provided by continuous perfusion of wound by bupivacaine and fentanyl was constant and comparable to that provided by the patient controlled analgesic system using morphine. PCA with morphine was associated with significantly high incidence of nausea and vomiting (p
Diplomatic History: The Turkey-Armenia Protocols

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Diplomatic History: The Turkey-Armenia Protocols was published by Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights and the Future of Diplomacy Project at Harvard’s Kennedy School (March 1, 2012). The monograph studies Turkish-Armenian rapprochement since 2001, which culminated in the signing of The Protocols on Normalization of Armenian-Turkish Relations. Though the Protocols were never ratified, the monograph offers suggestions for revitalizing diplomacy aimed at opening the Turkey-Armenia border to normal travel and trade. It was presented to an inter-agency group convened by the U.S. State Department, a briefing to staff of the House International Affairs Committee, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Turkish and Armenian officials, audiences in Turkey and Armenia, Swiss mediators, and Columbia students.
AI-Driven Advanced Techniques for Detecting Dry Eye Disease Using Multi-Source Evidence: Case Studies, Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study examines the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of Dry Eye Disease (DED), aiming to elevate the precision of clinical interventions for eye-care specialists. Despite AI’s promising capabilities, its deployment is hindered by challenges such as diverse diagnostic inputs, the multifaceted etiology of DED, and the integration of cross-disciplinary expertise, all of which affect the transparency, reliability, and practical utility of AI-driven detection systems. Through a thorough analysis of the past five years, we assess datasets, diagnostic criteria, standardized benchmarks, and cutting-edge AI algorithms central to DED detection. We organize DED diagnostic strategies into three categories based on their alignment with AI technologies: (1) methods rooted in established benchmarks or comparable standards, (2) pioneering AI techniques with distinct advantages, and (3) supportive approaches enhancing AI-based detection. This research proposes refined diagnostic protocols, promotes the synthesis of multiple evidence sources, and delineates future research directions to guide subsequent investigations. By elucidating foundational insights, innovative methodologies, persistent challenges, and prospective pathways, this work advances ophthalmic disease detection, highlighting AI’s critical role in both scholarly inquiry and clinical ophthalmology.