jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of xylitol by a silver(iii) periodate complex in the presence of osmium(viii) as a homogeneous catalyst

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The kinetics of the osmium (Os(VIII)) catalyzed oxidation of xylitol (XYL) by a silver(III) periodate complex (diperiodatoargentate(III)) (DPA) in an aqueous alkaline medium at 298 K and at a constant ionic strength of 0.06 mol dm−3 was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction between DPA and xylitol in an alkaline medium exhibits 1 : 2 stoichiometry (XYL : DPA). The reaction is of first order in [Os(VIII)] and [DPA] and has a negative fractional order in [IO4−]. It is apparent that it has less than the unit order in [XYL] and [OH−] under the experimental conditions. The main oxidation product was identified as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanoic acid by FT-IR and LC-MS spectral studies. A probable mechanism was proposed and discussed. The activation parameters with respect to the slow step of the mechanism were computed and discussed and thermodynamic quantities were also calculated. The active species of the catalyst and oxidant have been identified.
Rapid detection of specific proteins expressed in cytoplasmic male-sterile line of tuber mustard using SDS-PAGE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this paper, two specific proteins with molecular weights of ca. 14.4 kD and 13.0 kD were detected by SDS-PAGE in floral organs of CMS line of tuber mustard, of which the 14.4 kD protein was clearly over-expressed. Nevertheless, no difference was detectable in banding patterns of soluble proteins of leaves and roots between CMS and male fertile lines during both vegetative and reproductive stages. It is suggested that the expression of specific proteins is quite organ-specific and over-expression of the 14.4 kD protein may be responsible for CMS of tuber mustard.
Comparison of the existing tool localisation methods on two‐dimensional ultrasound images and their tracking results

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Over the last decade, different micro‐tool navigation and localisation algorithms have been developed. They can be divided into three groups: the eigen‐decomposition methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), the transform methods such as Hough transform (HT) and the space random iteration methods such as the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. To suppress the speckle noise of the ultrasound image, different noise suppression methods are also proposed. In this article, different combinations of preprocessing methods and localisation methods are compared. A tracking system is also developed to adapt these localisation methods to a dynamic situation. So far, the line‐filter method has achieved the best contrast ratio, and the threshold method requires the shortest time. These two preprocessing methods are proposed in the localisation algorithm and the tracking system. Simulations and experiments were conducted to verify the combinations of the localisation and tracking results. In static localisation, the line‐filter+RANSAC method achieves the highest localisation accuracy. In the dynamic situation, the PCA method achieves the highest tracking accuracy. In the real‐time evaluation, the calculation time of the RANSAC algorithm is the shortest. To satisfy the demand for localisation accuracy and calculation time, the line‐filter+RANSAC algorithm is the best choice.
Education Quality Improvement Via Creating and Introducing Modern Tools of Interactive Teaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The problem of improving quality of higher education arose long ago. Many higher education institutions have been working at this issue since last century, developing innovative ways to improve quality of education. Since today’s approaches and spheres of assessment are different, the solution to the problem is rather complicated. After Russia’s joining the Bologna process, quality of higher education became rather a pointed question. Participation in the process does not imply obligatory standardization of higher education, but it shows intention to compare higher education in different countries. Comparability of educational systems is based both on actions linked to changes of higher education structure (introduction of twolevel education, credit system, etc.) and measures defining education quality (quality control, using new education standards, introducing innovative methods of students’ preparation and Learning Management System). This article considers the way to improve higher education quality via innovative teaching methods. Besides, the article introduces an overview of active and interactive teaching methods, integrative teaching approaches, examples of their implementation when teaching business subjects, and some statistics of using the methods described.
Use of Single Shoulder Handling Bag: Scoliosis and Musculoskeletal Pain in School Going Children. “A Cross Sectional Study”

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the Frequency of musculoskeletal pain, and to check whether single strapped bags are culprit of causing scoliosis in school going children or not as compared to other types of school bags i.e. double strapped and trolley type bags.Methodology: The study design was an observational cross-sectional. The process of data collection from the school going children (n=398) between the ages of 8 and 16 years was carried out in the government schools of the Faisalabad through a simple random sampling technique. Measurements of weight were taken through spring scale and subjective self-administered questionnaire was completed from each student along with cobb’s angle to measure the curvature and Adam forward bend test was also performed on each pupil.Results: Majority of the students used to carry single strapped bag with average value of 50.5% while double strapped bag with average percentage of 48.0%. Most of the students were used to carry bag on one side of shoulder with an average value of 68.3% and only 31.7% carried bag on both sides of shoulders. Most of the children reported pain in the neck and shoulder region with average percentage of 73.6% and in back/buttock were 105 with percentage of 26.4%. 92.5% of the children stated that their pain was relieved when they took off their bags and 51.3% were used to take medicine for pain reduction. On visual analogue rating scale, 57.8% of the children reported the moderate level of pain. Mean ± SD of students using single strapped and double strapped bags were 2.2438± 0.579 and 1.7958 and 0.64497. Adam forward test was also most frequently positive in students using single strapped bag as compared to other types of bags (p value = 0.000) reflecting scoliosisConclusion: Students majority who used to wear one side shoulder bag were prone to suffer scoliosis and pain in neck and shoulder region.
What the Neurosurgeon needs to know about Cerebral Developmental Venous anomalies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Venous Angiomas or Developmental venous anomalies (DVA) are extreme variations of normal transmedullary veins that are necessary for the drainage of white and gray matter, also are one type of cerebrovascular malformation (CVM), sharing category with capillary telangiectesias, cavernous malformations (CM), and arteriovenous malformations (AVM), each of which may also be associated with a DVA. DVA are the most commonly encountered CVM, accounting for up to 60% of all CVM. We present a review of the literatura
A simple and low-cost structured illumination microscopy using a pico-projector

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Here, development of a low-cost structured illumination microscopy (SIM) based on a pico-projector is presented. The pico-projector consists of independent red, green and blue LEDs that remove need for an external illumination source. Moreover, display element of the pico-projector serves as a pattern generating spatial light modulator. A simple lens group is employed to couple light from the projector to an epi-illumination port of a commercial microscope system. 2D sub SIM images are acquired and synthesized to surpass the diffraction limit using 40x (0.75 NA) objective. Resolution of the reconstructed SIM images is verified with a dye-and-object object and a fixed cell sample.
Solvents to Fragments to Drugs: MD Applications in Drug Design

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Simulations of molecular dynamics (MD) are playing an increasingly important role in structure-based drug discovery (SBDD). Here we review the use of MD for proteins in aqueous solvation, organic/aqueous mixed solvents (MDmix) and with small ligands, to the classic SBDD problems: Binding mode and binding free energy predictions. The simulation of proteins in their condensed state reveals solvent structures and preferential interaction sites (hot spots) on the protein surface. The information provided by water and its cosolvents can be used very effectively to understand protein ligand recognition and to improve the predictive capability of well-established methods such as molecular docking. The application of MD simulations to the study of the association of proteins with drug-like compounds is currently only possible for specific cases, as it remains computationally very expensive and labor intensive. MDmix simulations on the other hand, can be used systematically to address some of the common tasks in SBDD. With the advent of new tools and faster computers we expect to see an increase in the application of mixed solvent MD simulations to a plethora of protein targets to identify new drug candidates.
TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON PHILIPPINE FERNS II: THREE NEW NAMES IN ASPLENIUM

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The new names Asplenium luzonicum and A. perplexum are published to replace the homonyms A. cristatum Brack. and A. riparium Brack.; their nomenclatural history is reviewed and data are provided to support their retention as separate species. The legitimate name A. baileyanum should be used instead of the homonym A. gracile Fée.
Shonagh Hill. 2019. Women and Embodied Mythmaking in Irish Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, x + 257 pp., £ 75.00.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Article Shonagh Hill. 2019. Women and Embodied Mythmaking in Irish Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, x + 257 pp., £ 75.00. was published on June 1, 2021 in the journal Anglia (volume 139, issue 2).
Pareto-Optimization of HTS CICC for High-Current Applications in Self-Field

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The ENEA superconductivity laboratory developed a novel design for Cable-in-Conduit Conductors (CICCs) comprised of stacks of 2nd-generation REBCO coated conductors. In its original version, the cable was made up of 150 HTS tapes distributed in five slots, twisted along an aluminum core. In this work, taking advantage of a 2D finite element model, able to estimate the cable’s current distribution in the cross-section, a multiobjective optimization procedure was implemented. The aim of optimization was to simultaneously maximize both engineering current density and total current flowing inside the tapes when operating in self-field, by varying the cross-section layout. Since the optimization process involved both integer and real geometrical variables, the choice of an evolutionary search algorithm was strictly necessary. The use of an evolutionary algorithm in the frame of a multiple objective optimization made it an obliged choice to numerically approach the problem using a nonstandard fast-converging optimization algorithm. By means of this algorithm, the Pareto frontiers for the different configurations were calculated, providing a powerful tool for the designer to achieve the desired preliminary operating conditions in terms of engineering current density and/or total current, depending on the specific application field, that is, power transmission cable and bus bar systems.
Efficient Access to 3, 4‐Diarylpyrroles through Selective Bromination and Subsequent Suzuki‐Coupling Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An efficient and practical synthesis of 3, 4‐disubstituted pyrrole was developed through bromination and the subsequent Suzuki‐coupling reaction. The bromination of pyrrole‐1‐dimethylsulfonamide occurred selectively on the two β‐positions to afford 3, 4‐dibromo‐ N , N ‐dimethyl‐1 H ‐pyrrole‐1‐sulfonamide, from which symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3, 4‐diarylpyrroles were prepared through a stepwise Suzuki‐coupling reaction. This reaction is complementary to the existing methods and is well‐tolerable by a variety of functional groups. The bromination can readily be scaled‐up to gram‐scale synthesis without decreasing the yield. In addition, the other halogenations of pyrrole were also studied, and different chloroproducts were isolated.
Down regulation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activity of Trypanosoma brucei during transition from long slender to short stumpy-like forms in axenic culture.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Long slender trypanosomes, isolated from infected mouse blood or from cryopreserved stabilates, respectively, were unable to grow in conditioned media (cMEM), prepared from the declining phase of axenic bloodstream form cultures. Additionally, mixtures of fresh medium and cMEM led to decreased growth rates and, in accordance to the amount of cMEM used, to a decreased S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (Ado-MetDC; E.C. 4.1.1.50) activity. Since addition of polyamines could not overcome the process of transition from dividing to non-dividing cells and the intracellular S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), ornithine and putrescine concentrations seemed unaltered during the course of cultivation, we questioned if polyamine metabolism is involved in this transition process. Activities of two key enzymes of polyamine metabolism, AdoMetDC and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; E.C. 4.1.1.17) were therefore monitored during different growth stages. Our results revealed a specific activity of 44 pmol min-1 mg protein-1 for AdoMetDC and a KM of 10 mu M for AdoMet. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) showed a Ki of 6 mu M. The constant activity of the enzyme during a 7 h time-course in the presence of cycloheximide indicates a t1/2 of more than 7 h for the trypanosomal enzyme. Enzyme activity in trypanosomes isolated from infected laboratory animals and from logarithmic phase bloodstream or procyclic form cultures was high according to a high dividing rate, whereas enzyme activity in parasites isolated from the stationary phase of bloodstream from culture was negligible. In these cultures, AdoMetDC activity decreased with a t1/2 of 7 h during transition from long slender to short stumpy-like forms as soon as the stationary phase was reached. ODC activity was high (approximately 300 pmol min-1 mg protein-1) in dividing trypanosomes isolated from infected animals as well as from logarithmic phase bloodstream or procyclic form cultures and decreased also during transition with a t1/2 of 10 h.
High efficiency multiple beam gratings

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Diffraction gratings are used in many optical systems as beam splitters. In these applications the diffraction grating must (1) have high diffraction efficiency and (2) produce uniform intensities in the central block of diffracted beams. High diffraction efficiency is attained by making the grating a phase grating. In this paper we discuss in some detail the use of pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) to create grating structures that produce uniform central diffracted beams. By using these modulation techniques and proper phase relief for the grating, the diffraction grating can have a diffraction efficiency of 70% or more. Some examples of multiple beam diffraction gratings produced by using PWM and PPM are shown.
Waste Management, Blend of Design and Social Connectivity in the Creation of a New Product Range Using, Godhadi Quilting Technique from the State of Maharashtra.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The increasing pressure on exhaustive natural resources in the current fashion model is leading to the rise of other enormous issues such as the disposal of fashion products. This has sparked the need for a circular concept to minimize wastage. Godhadi, traditional upcycled quilts of Maharashtra, is getting scarce owing to its low commercial viability and social stigma, is hence a solution to create new products using the upcycling technique as well as its higher social impact of community upliftment. The objective of this research involves developing a range of prototypes, using Godhadi technique that not only manages the post-consumer waste created by the industry but also helps in redefining its traditional context in a contemporary way. ‘Something old, something new’ is the principle thought behind this research, which is an initiative to collaborate with artisans, to co-create a range that helps in empowering their roots through a circular concept. Keywords - Circularity, up-cycling, social sustainability and fashion waste management
Foldmatch: Accurate and High Fidelity Garment Fitting Onto 3D Scans

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a new template fitting method that can capture fine details of garments in target 3D scans of dressed human bodies. Matching the high fidelity details of such loose/tight-fit garments is a challenging task as they express intricate folds, creases, wrinkle patterns, and other high fidelity surface details. Our proposed method of non-rigid shape fitting - FoldMatch - uses physics-based particle dynamics to explicitly model the deformation of loose-fit garments and wrinkle vector fields for capturing clothing details. The 3D scan point cloud behaves as a collection of astrophysical particles, which attracts the points in template mesh and defines the template motion model. We use this point-based motion model to derive regularized deformation gradients for the template mesh. We show the parameterization of the wrinkle vector fields helps in the accurate shape fitting. Our method shows better performance than the state-of-the-art methods. We define several deformation and shape matching quality measurement metrics to evaluate FoldMatch on synthetic and real data sets.
Existential Epistemology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract I develop a Heideggerian response to the central traditional problem in epistemology—whether we can have (objective) knowledge of the external world. I introduce the main philosophical terms and claims of Being and Time, and try to use this system to amplify the book's brief and elusive treatments of that problem. Because Heidegger's early system is crucially ‘existential’, it gives a critique of epistemology from an existential stance—or an existential epistemology. This critique claims to ‘dissolve’ or ‘undermine’ that traditional problem, by showing how it is misguided or misformed. Heidegger's ultimate argument is that the problem rests on a mistake about time, or about the temporal character of reality, and of humans—Dasein—in particular. Heidegger thinks this mistake infects not just epistemology, but our whole theoretical stance, how we try to go beyond our ‘everyday’, pre‐theoretical understanding. But his point is not to return us to that ‘everydayness’, but to improve our thinking by turning it into a ‘phenomenology’, which—by Heidegger's existential twist—amounts to the same thing as authenticity. My three chapters focus respectively on these three basic stances—everydayness, epistemology, and phenomenology.
RESEARCH ARTICLE VH1, a Provascular Cell–Specific Receptor Kinase That Influences Leaf Cell Patterns in Arabidopsis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The formation of the venation pattern in leaves is ideal for examining signaling pathways that recognize and respond to spatial and temporal information, because the pattern is two-dimensional and heritable and the resulting veins influence the three-dimensional spatial organization of the surrounding differentiating leaf cell types. We identified a provascular/procambial cell–specific gene that encodes a Leu-rich repeat receptor kinase, which we named VASCU-LAR HIGHWAY1 (VH1). A change in the expression domain and level of VH1 marks the transition from an uncommitted provascular state to a committed procambial state in early vascular development. The coding sequence, expression pattern, and transgenic phenotypes together suggest that VH1 transduces extracellular spatial and temporal signals into downstream cell differentiation responses in provascular/procambial cells.
Mobilisation des connaissances scientifiques et dispositifs participatifs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cette communication traite du role des dispositifs participatifs pour la mobilisation des connaissances scientifiques dans l'action publique liee a la decision et au developpement d'innovation technologiques. Le travail presente s'appuie sur une analyse de la litterature et sur une etude de cas, celui de l'innovation des Technologies sans labour dans le domaine agricole. Il met en evidence les differentes doctrines qui co-existent sur le role du participatif dans le regime de connaissances, ou sont mobilises tour a tout les arguments de la democratie et de l'efficacite. Les observations de terrain font ressortir l'evolution des fonctions assumees par l'Etat dans ce regime de connaissances lorsqu'il est confronte a de nouvelles controverses, et l'ambiguite des attentes des differents acteurs a l'egard des dispositifs participatifs traitant d'enjeux scientifiques et technologiques? Elles montrent l'importance de tenir compte des enjeux propres a la mobilisation des connaissances pour l'analyse de ces dispositifs, en complement d'approches centrees sur les jeux d'acteurs. Au plan methodologique, elles montrent l'interet de differencier les types de connaissances qui sont mobilisees, et de tenir compte de leur validite relative pour la decision et l'action (niveau de preuve, pertinence), afin d'analyser les rapports de force et les inegalites dans lesquels sont inseres les acteurs du developpement d'une innovation technologique.
Conformational Dynamics Linking Kinase and Endonuclease Domains Explain the Divergent Function of IRE1 Paralogues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The ER stress sensors IRE1α and IRE1β have dual kinase and endonuclease activities that mediate cellular proteostasis by splicing Xbp1 mRNA and degrading other ER‐targeted transcripts. Although the two paralogues share a high degree of sequence homology, the epithelial cell‐specific paralogue IRE1β, which is expressed at mucosal surfaces, has impaired kinase activity and phosphorylation that restrict stress‐induced activation of the endonuclease domain. To uncover structural features that explain these differences, we used normal mode analysis to build dynamic correlation networks describing active and inactive conformations of IRE1 kinase‐endonuclease domains. For human IRE1α, we identified a fingerprint of intra‐ and interdomain dynamic couplings that distinguish between the two conformations. Mutations that disrupted IRE1α endonuclease activity perturbed the dynamic networks of the active conformation and enhanced features of an inactive conformation, thus validating our approach. Strikingly, the dynamic networks of human IRE1β when modeled in an active conformation resembled the inactive IRE1α network. A set of non‐conserved amino acids were found to distinguish between the dynamic networks linking kinase‐endonuclease domains for the two IRE1 paralogues. In most cases, however, these divergent network‐determining amino acids were found only in IRE1β sequences from mammals. In lower vertebrates, the key amino acids and the dynamic couplings of IRE1α active state were conserved in IRE1β. Thus, IRE1β evolved distinct conformational dynamics and enzymatic activity for a role in mucus barrier function that is unique to higher vertebrates.