jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Electrical interaction between antidromically stimulated frog motoneurones and dorsal root afferents: enhancement by gallamine and TEA

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Electrical interactions have been studied in the isolated frog spinal cord preparation. It is found that gallamine and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) markedly enhance all non‐cholinergic synaptic interactions, including the electrical interaction between motoneurones (VR‐VRP). In addition, in the presence of either of these drugs, a short‐latency interaction is seen to exist between antidromically stimulated motoneurones and dorsal root afferents (early VR‐DRP). The early VR‐DRP is rarely seen in the absence of gallamine or TEA. 2. The early VR‐DRP is of the same short latency as the VR‐VRP and fulfils the same criteria for electrical interaction: it increases in amplitude with cooling from 17–10° C, it is not blocked by a wide variety of pharmacological blocking agents, and it is suppressed by both Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , with no antagonism of action between the two. 3. The early VR‐DRP appears as a cluster of unitary events: all‐or‐none spikes conducted out the dorsal root fibres. No initial graded slow potentials are seen. Often there are two peaks in the response. 4. The early VR‐DRP is facilitated by a dorsal root volley, with a time course normally intermediate between that of the orthodromic ventral root potential (DR‐VRP) and the dorsal root potential (DR‐DRP). This orthodromic facilitation apparently is achieved by increasing invasion of motoneurone dendritic trees and depolarization of dorsal root afferents toward threshold. 5. If the same ventral root is stimulated twice, or adjacent roots stimulated at different intervals, the second early VR‐DRP, like the VR‐VRP, is seen to be occluded for 10–20 msec, then facilitated to supranormal amplitudes. It is concluded that motoneurone dendrites are presynaptic to both interactions. 6. Evidence is presented that gallamine and TEA act by increasing the duration of activity both in axon terminals and in antidromically invaded motoneurones. Often second or multiple spikes result. The increased duration of depolarization can increase transmitter release at terminals and increase coupling at electrical junctions. 7. Possible morphological correlates for the two electrical interactions are discussed. It is speculated that the motoneurone interaction arises at numerous areas of close apposition between dendrites in dendritic ‘thickets’, and that the early VR‐DRP is mediated by fewer, lower‐resistance, electrical junctions between dendrites and afferent nerve terminals.
In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Micro-Diffraction Investigation of Elastic Strains in Laminated Ti-Al Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Spatially resolved elastic strains in the bulk interior of a laminated Ti-Al metal composite were studied during in situ tensile loading at strains up to 1.66% by a synchrotron-based micro-diffraction technique, namely differential aperture X-ray microscopy (DAXM). For both Al and Ti grains, deviatoric elastic strains were estimated based on polychromatic X-ray microbeam diffraction, while lattice strains along the normal direction of the tensile sample were directly measured using monochromatic X-ray microbeam diffraction. The estimated deviatoric strains show large spatial variations, and the mean values are consistent with the external loading conditions, i.e., increasing tensile strain along the tensile direction and increasing compressive strain along the sample normal with increasing loading. The directly measured lattice strains also show large spatial variations, although the magnitude of this variation is smaller than that for the estimated deviatoric strain. The directly measured lattice strains in Ti grains are largely consistent with the external loading, whereas those in Al grains are in contradiction with the external loading. The causes of the experimental results are discussed and related to both the laminated microstructure of the composite material and the limitations of the techniques.
A unified platform for GIS data management and analytics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work we propose a software platform for the collection, visualization, management and analysis of heterogeneous and multisource data for soil characteristics estimation. The platform is designed in such a way that it can easily handle proximity, airborne and spaceborne data and provides to the final user all the tools and proper visualizations to perform precision agriculture. The proposed software allows an easy integration of new data (that can be performed directly on-board of the acquisition device) and the possibility to add custom predictive systems for soil characteristic estimation. Usability experiments show that the platform is easy to use and effective.
Tokens of trauma: The ageing experience of Shoah survivors in a Jewish support centre.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the traumatic memories of ageing Shoah survivors who attend a Jewish social and therapeutic support facility in London (UK). The study investigates the perceived differences in trauma within a diverse group of members who partake in the day centre. The difference in Shoah experience contextualises how survivors of ghettos and concentration camps possess a salient relationship with food, notably bread which acts as an enduring symbol of catastrophe for participants. The meanings that underlie death amongst camp survivors are evaluated, where decisions regarding the end of life stage can be interpreted as a shared experience with those who perished during the Shoah. Results exemplify how religious and cultural elements of Judaism mediate the trauma that has become thoroughly embodied for participants. survival is steeped in intersubjective acts of remembrance, offering a novel contribution to the anthropological study of genocide.
OBSERVATIONS ON SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN MONKEYS

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Testosterone is being widely and successfully used in the clinical treatment of hypogonadal conditions in man [e.g. Hamilton, 1937 a, b; Foss, 1937; Miller, Hubert, and Hamilton, 1938; McCullagh, 1939]. It stimulates the development of the external genitalia and of a masculine distribution of hair; it also heightens the general masculine appearance of the body and face, gives a masculine character to the voice, and induces the mental and behavioural characteristics normal to men. These clinical observations provide more detailed experimental knowledge about the control of secondary sexual characters than is possessed for any other mammal. Very little, for example, is recorded about the endocrine control of secondary sexual characters in sub-human primates. The only observations on the subject of which we know are: (a) that the conspicuous cape of hair of the male Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) disappears and the pelage changes to the female type after castration [Antonius,
Copper oxide coated nanofibrous membrane for oil-water separation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to the urban development and population growth, the water crisis has become a serious issue around the world. Oil spill, one of the main factors contributing to water pollution, has been receiving increasing attention. Traditional oil removal process including physical, chemical and biological processes are either time-consuming or harmful to the ecosystem. As a result, membranes technology could be the potential technology to solve this issue due to its rapid development and minimal adverse impact on the environment. However, fouling is the main disadvantage of membrane technology. To overcome this challenge, a superhydrophilic surface can be added on top of the membrane to reduce the fouling tendency. This study proposed to fabricate a copper coated nano-fibrous membrane to achieve superhydrophilic property for oil-water separation. Electrospinning was applied in this study due to its flexibility for different applications. It allowed producing the membrane with high porosity to increase flux and permeate output. The hydrothermal process was adopted to produce the copper oxide coating on PVDF membrane. Copper oxide was grown on the hydrophobic PVDF by immersing the membrane in tetraamminecopper (II) solution with 70°C. The membrane fabricated showed superhydrophilic and had high performance in the oil-water separation (rejection rate ~99.9%) for cooking oil and olive oil. Therefore, the superhydrophilic nano-fibrous membrane exhibited great potential for the oil removal. However, more surface modifications are still required to carry out to optimize the membrane surface, thus improving oil-water separation efficiency for other types of oil.
When To take what: QoE-aware resource redistribution among web browsing users and the potential of prioritizing QoE sensitive content

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we propose evaluation models and calculate range of potential gains for enhancing the average web-browsing QoE of all the users in a mobile network with given capacity. We investigate a method that takes capacity from users during QoE insensitive periods. The gained capacity is distributed among users being in QoE affecting state. Our models of web page network prioritization show that the potential gain for QoE affecting periods highly depends on the correlation between data downloaded during QoE affecting and QoE insensitive periods. The numerical evaluation of wide range of scenarios with web traffic shows that the achievable gain is up to 104% i.e., halving the download time of QoE affecting part. Network prioritization of web pages has good potential to improve web-browsing QoE.
Factors Influencing Digital Reading Behaviour of Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The main aim of the study was to explore the factors influencing digital reading behavior of students. A survey with stratified random sample of 588 postgraduate students from the teaching departments of the universities in Kerala was used to conduct the study. The analysis revealed that majority of the students opined that with the availability of laptop, mobile phone and the Internet, their digital reading increases. There exists significant gender difference in the opinion of the students about the features like save, download, search, find and bookmark that helped them to read digitally. About half of the students mentioned that the factors like font size, text layout, type face and background colour are highly influencing while reading digitally. The students also responded that digital reading increases their selective reading, superficial reading, interactive reading, and decreases their in-depth reading, concentrated reading and sustained attention. Male students have significantly higher influence of e-resources on their reading practices than those of female students. This study is useful for professionals who are developing e-contents, e-resources and different types of e-learning interfaces
Efficient deposition and absorption of orally inhaled indacaterol in the lungs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Indacaterol (IND) is an inhaled long-acting β2-agonist for the once daily treatment of COPD, delivered via single-dose dry powder inhaler (Onbrez® Breezhaler®). Study aims were 1) To determine absolute bioavailability (Fabs) of IND after oral inhalation compared with intravenous (IV) dosing and 2) To determine relative contributions of lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) absorption to systemic exposure of inhaled IND. To this end, inhaled IND was also administered concurrently with oral activated charcoal. Method: A two-part randomized, open label, single-dose study in healthy volunteers (HV). In Part 1, 8 HV received an IV infusion of 200 μg IND and an inhaled dose of 300 μg IND in a 2-way, 2-sequence crossover design. In period 3 all 8 HV received an inhaled dose of 600 μg IND together with an oral dose of charcoal. Treatments were separated by washouts of ≥14 days. In Part 2, 4 other HV received oral doses of IND (600 μg) and charcoal. Blood samples were taken for PK analysis and IND was determined in serum by LC-MS/MS. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods. Results: The Fabs of inhaled IND was 45%. Oral activated charcoal was effective in blocking the oral absorption of IND. The relative bioavailability of inhaled IND with oral charcoal was 74% compared to inhalation without charcoal. Conclusion: Almost 75% of the systemic exposure following inhalation of IND was due to lung absorption, and 25% was due to GIT absorption. Based on an Fabs of 45% for inhaled IND, the fraction of the inhaled dose deposited and absorbed in the lungs was estimated as 34% of the nominal IND dose, providing evidence of effective lung delivery of inhaled IND via Onbrez® Breezhaler®.
(De)politicising and Ecologising Bicycles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Self-service bicycle systems are today being set up in a number of cities across the world. Seen as a means to promote a sustainable city and new forms of ecology, and valued for their 'planet friendly' character, these systems have become a hallmark for cities that want to become part of the so-called green culture. Drawing from the experience of the Vélib' programme in Paris and adopting a pragmatist perspective, this paper analyses the controversies which developed as this transportation infrastructure was implemented, as well as the definitions of 'ecology' which were at the centre of the dispute. In doing so it shows the capacity of the private firm involved in the system, JCDecaux, to 'hijack' and integrate the ecological critique, its rather powerful capacity to persuade other actors, and the popularity that the project achieved through a hard-won process of justification. At the same time, this paper argues that the mobility turn played a performative role in the justification and the definition of this new transport project.
Using space syntax model in typo morphological studies - understanding the transformation of urban form and urban life of the edge blocks of New Belgrade

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The relation of the urban form and urban life is perceived as a critical aspect of the image, quality of place and \nsustainability in the contemporary globalized world. The focus of the paper is on the typo morphological profile of \nmega blocks in New Belgrade. Drawing from theoretical thoughts of various scholars of typo morphology and the \nideas of the modern movement interpreted trough the Serbian planning and design practice, the article raises the \nquestions about the relation of society and space in terms of urban form and urban life. The aim of the paper was \ndeveloping of a typology that includes the spatial and temporal contextualization, using the space syntax model as an \nintegral part of typo morphological studies in contemporary research practice. \nThe synthesis of typo morphological research and space syntax model can provide the platform for better \nunderstanding of the existing built environment and social processes, but at the same time, could create starting point \nfor further improvement and development of the urban periphery. The results of the paper are in providing appropriate \nstrategies and rules for urban transformation and urban design of mega blocks to secure high quality of urban form \nand urban life.
State-led gentrification in Hong Kong

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The specificity of Hong Kong’s gentrification trajectory reflects its urban morphology, political institutions, and social and economic structure. While continuously renewing itself economically, much of the city’s inner urban area building stock is old and functionally obsolete, whilst nevertheless providing affordable, well-located housing for lower-income and disadvantaged groups and small-scale commercial clusters. Constrained redevelopment is not the result of economic decline but rather of formidable frictions that make land assembly and vacant possession of buildings difficult. Hong Kong’s executive-led, quasi democratic government articulates with the public ownership of land and its management through the leasehold system, and leads inner-city redevelopment through the Urban Renewal Authority (URA) supported by various institutional and statutory arrangements. (Re)development is favoured because it generates significant state revenue from physical and economic intensification of sites. Although gentrification is not an agenda of the URA, it is a significant outcome of its redevelopment activities.
The Archetype of the Home in the Context of Ethnic Identity and Security Issues

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Radical changes in socio-political, economic, and cultural landscape destroying the stability and sustainability of human existence stir the need for seeking fundamentals of this stability which lies in the bowels of the collective unconscious and reside in the archetypical matrices. One of the basic archetypes is the archetype of the home, and it underpins the formation of basic security and human identity. The identification of functional characteristics and levels of this archetypal construct may be of interest to the problems of security and ethnic identity. The exploration of these issues requires a reference to particular concepts of sociopsychological, cultural-and-historic, socio-cultural, axiological, and socio-philosophical approaches to studying the psychological and cultural phenomenon. The treatment of security and ethnic identity’ issues is linked to studying the substance of a defensive and identifying function of the home archetype which symbolically realizes itself as a mythological, and a social, and an architectural, as a geographical, and as ethnic space. The home archetype actualization manifests itself in the unconscious aspiration to successful searches of a secure living space which becomes a reference point for the subject’s awareness of his place in the world. If the influence of archetypal home reduces, people no longer feel their belonging to any place or community, and their sense of social responsibility weakens, too.
European Film Noir

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The most transnational of genres, film noir is nonetheless, as Andrew Spicer points out in his introduction to European Film Noir, hailed as a quintessentially American genre. While the French and British traditions of noir cinema have gained some recognition recently (not least through citation by contemporary American filmmakers), there has been little comprehensive study of non-American film noir. This collection goes a long way to fill this gap, and to establish European cinema not merely as a provider of early references to what was to become an American canon, but as the site of diverse film noir traditions in their own right. Bringing together key specialists, this collection provides diachronic studies of French, British, German, Spanish and Italian cinemas. Ginette Vincendeau offers a typically captivating account of film noir as a French tradition, weaving together an investigation of the historical context with a revealing analysis of key thematic and stylistic elements. She traces this tradition back to nineteenth-century French literature, and links its development in film form to the success of the hard-boiled American novel (translated for the famous Série noire paperback series that gave its name to the genre) as well as French crime writers – Simenon in particular.
Non-pharmacological therapies for postviral syndromes, including Long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Postviral syndromes (PVS) describe the sustained presence of symptoms following an acute viral infection, for months or even years. Exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and subsequent development of COVID-19 has shown to have similar effects with individuals continuing to exhibit symptoms for greater than 12 weeks. The sustained presence of symptoms is variably referred to as ‘post COVID-19 syndrome’, ‘post-COVID condition’ or more commonly ‘Long COVID’. Knowledge of the long-term health impacts and treatments for Long COVID are evolving. To minimise overlap with existing work in the field exploring treatments of Long COVID, we have only chosen to focus on non-pharmacological treatments. Aims This review aims to summarise the effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for PVS, including Long COVID. A secondary aim is to summarise the symptoms and health impacts associated with PVS in individuals recruited to treatment studies. Methods and analysis Primary electronic searches will be performed in bibliographic databases including: Embase, MEDLINE, PyscINFO, CINAHL and MedRxiv from 1 January 2001 to 29 October 2021. At least two independent reviewers will screen each study for inclusion and data will be extracted from all eligible studies onto a data extraction form. The quality of all included studies will be assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tools and the Newcastle-Ottawa grading system. Non-pharmacological treatments for PVS and Long COVID will be narratively summarised and effect estimates will be pooled using random effects meta-analysis where there is sufficient methodological homogeneity. The symptoms and health impacts reported in the included studies on non-pharmacological interventions will be extracted and narratively reported. Ethics and dissemination This systematic review does not require ethical approval. The findings from this study will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication, shared at conference presentations and disseminated to both clinical and patient groups. PROSPERO registration number The review will adhere to this protocol which has also been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021282074).
Does bank-based financial development spur economic growth Empirical evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this study, we examined the dynamic causality between financial development and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), using time-series data from 1965 to 2015. Unlike some previous studies, the current study used three proxies to examine this linkage. In addition, the study used savings and inflation as intermittent variables, thereby creating a multivariate Granger-causality model, and limiting the omission-of-variable bias. Using the ARDL bounds testing approach, the study found that there is a short-run causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in the DRC, but the direction of causality is dependent on the proxy used to measure the level of financial development. The study recommends that policy efforts in the DRC should be directed at developing both the financial and the real sectors in the short run as both sectors have been found to be mutually beneficial to each other, in this study.
On the Nernst effect in fluctuating superconductors: Serbyn, Skvortsov, and Varlamov reply

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This is an extended Reply to Comment by A. Sergeev, M.Y. Reizer, and V. Mitin [arXiv:0906.2389] on our Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 067001 (2009)]. We explicitly demonstrate that all claims by Sergeev et al. are completely unfounded, because their underlying theoretical work contains multiple errors and inconsistencies. For this reason, there is no need to revise the existing theories of thermoelectric response in superconductors.