jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Jpn J Clin OncoI1999;29(1)16-22 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Breast Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases: A Preliminary Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Some biochemical markers of bone turnover are expected to reflect the disease activity of metastatic bonetumor. In the present study six biochemical markers were evaluated to determine appropriate markers forthedetection ofmetastatic bone tumors frombreast cancer (BC). Methods: A panel of bone turnover markers was assessed in 11 normocalcemic patients with bone metastases from BC and in 19 BC patients withoutclinical evidence of bone metastases. Bone formation was investigated by measuring serumbone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC) and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP): Bone resorption was investigated by measuring-serum carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), fasting urinarypyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr). Results: PICP was influenced by age and menopausal status. Significant correlations were observed between each of bone turnover markers except between BALP and OC. The mean levelsof thesixboneturnovermarkers werehigherinpatients withbonemetastases than inthose without them and significance was observed except for OC. The best diagnostic efficiency by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was provided by ICTPfollowed by Pyror D-Pyr, BALP, PICP and OC and significance was observed between ICTP and OC. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted by age revealed that the only significant marker related to bone metastases was ICTP. Conclusions: Serum ICTP appears to be the leading marker of bone metastases from BC. However, to reveal the clinical usefulness of these markers, furtherexamination will be needed to account for the ease and cost-effectiveness of the measurements. Key words: breast cancer- bonemetastases- boneturnover marker
Model of crystallization in a confined space applied to iron uptake and release by ferritin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many living organisms store iron in solid form, Fe(III), as a crystal in the inner cavity of the ferritin molecule. When iron is needed for biosynthesis, a reducing agent reduces Fe(III) into the soluble form Fe 2+ released by ferritin. Crystallization and release processes are reversible, and their rates evolve in an identical way as a function of the number n of iron atoms in the molecule. The rate increases with n, showing a maximum value when n is approximately 1,300, and then stabilizes for the highest values of n, which can reach 4,500. On the other hand, plotting the amount of released iron as a function of time gives curves with a sigmoid shape. The proposed model was based on the theoretical description of different steps involved in crystal growth inside the protein shell: several independent crystals grow freely at the inner protein wall, and then a distribution function takes into account possible overlapping of different crystallite clusters, whose further growth is limited by diminution of the available space inside the cavity. The kinetics derived was then used to calculate the release curve as a function of time. Solving the system of differential mass‐balance equations was simplified by describing the ferritin population as a large discrete distribution of species. The model fully fitted and explained the variation in the crystallization rate with n, and the sigmoid shape of the release curve as a function of time obtained experimentally in a thin‐layer electrochemical cell.
Natural Hydrogen in the Northern Perth Basin, WA Australia: Geospatial Analysis and Detection in Soil Gas for Early Exploration

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The scope of this work is to empirically check and prove the practical applicability of the Primordially Hydridic Earth (PHE) concept for early exploration of the resources of naturally occurring hydrogen. With the PHE concept postulates interpreted within the local geological, tectonic, petrological and geophysical context, the reconnaissance plan, as well as the field exploration and data acquisition programs, were put together and implemented in the field. The results obtained from the surface (&lt;1m deep) soil gas survey performed in Western Australia (WA) resulted in values of hundreds of ppm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, including three samples with a concentration of hydrogen exceeding the gas sensor detection limit of 2,000 parts per million (ppm) (the all-Australia record). Similarly, several of the shallow soil samples used for obtaining headspace gas extracts yielded dozens % H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, which was established utilizing Gas Chromatography (GC) technology. The latter tests established the all-Australia record of 58.3% (norm.) H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration from 15 m depth, being the highest reading from the area of research. At one location, a concentration of He exceeding 8,000ppm was detected in a 1m surface soil gas sample analyzed by the independent lab. The most important outcome was finding natural hydrogen where it was expected and predicted. On the other hand, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations exceeding the natural background of 1-3ppm were not detected in the soil gas readings outside of the areas identified using the PHE concept as a theoretical foundation. It may be stated that overall, the practical application of the PHE concept along with the thoroughly planned utilization of carefully selected exploration techniques brings satisfactory results.
من الاشتراك الدلالي إلى تغير المعنى

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

From polysemy to meaning change: lexical cognitive perspectivesSaber Lahbacha By:PhD. Arabic language and Literature, University of Manouba, Member of association of Arabic lexicology in TunisAbstract:Many essays to find a model to study polysemy in most words emerged in several semantic, lexical, cognitive and pragmatic perspectives. Diverse dimensions of this phenomenon are activated according to the requirements of each discipline. If the lexical treatment gives priority to distinguish between polysemy (one entry) and homonymy (many entries), the pragmatic approach includes the contextual non-linguistic operators in building polysemy. The cognitive approach considers that lexical concepts are sets of semantic complicated nuances built on polysemy. This cognitive approach considers that there is no way to distinguish between meanings and the boundaries between them are ambiguous.Key words: Semantics – Polysemy – cognitive linguistics – lexicology – homonymy. ملخصلم تنقطع محاولات إيجاد منوال لمقاربة الاشتراك الدلالي (تعدّد المعاني) في معظم الكلمات عن البروز ضمن منظورات دلالية ومعجمية وعرفانية وتداولية متعددة. وبحسب مقتضيات كلّ فرع لساني، يجري تنشيط الأبعاد المختلفة للظاهرة ويتم التركيز على مناحٍ دون أخرى. فإذا كانت المعالجة المعجمية تضع أولوية اهتمامها في توضيح التمييز بين الاشتراك الدلالي (مدخل واحد) والاشتراك اللفظي (مداخل متعددة)، فإن المقاربة التداولية تؤصل مشاركة العوامل السياقية غير اللغوية في تأسيس الاشتراك الدلالي. أما المقاربة العرفانية فترى أن المفاهيم المعجمية هي مجموعات من الفروق الدلالية المتراكبة التي تقوم على الاشتراك الدلالي ولا ترى أن التمييز بين المعاني ممكن بل إن الحدود بين المفاهيم المعجمية ضبابية.الكلمات المفاتيح: علم الدلالة - الاشتراك الدلالي – اللسانيات العرفانية – المعجمية - الاشتراك اللفظي.
Towards a polarized light‐emitting backlight: micro‐structured anisotropic layers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract— A backlight for liquid‐crystal‐display illumination is presented, in which s‐polarized light is preferentially coupled out by micro‐optical structures in a birefringent layer. In the experiments, contrasts higher than 15 have been obtained. A polarization dependent ray‐tracing model has been developed. Important guidelines for finding an optimal backlight configuration have been derived from the calculations.
[The effects of anchorage bends and Class II elastics on the lower anterior teeth and the anchor molars with the Begg technique (author's transl)].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

An ape-like figure wears a hat labeled "Militarism" and holds a stone labeled "Forgery." He is wounded in the side with an arrow labeled "J'Accuse," and he is holding a female figure labeled "French Republic." The ape may represent Alfred Dreyfus or one of several French military officials involved in the Dreyfus affair.
Protein Engineering Using Unnatural Amino Acids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Proteins are composed of 20 proteinogenic amino acids and are central in many biological processes. While traditional mutagenesis is restricted to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, unnatural amino acid s ( UAA s) can be incorporated into protein through chemical synthesis, chemical mutagenesis, using auxotrophic strains, genetic codon expansion, and other methods, which greatly expands the toolbox for protein engineering. UAAs have been used to increase protein stability, study mechanism of action, tune enzyme activity or selectivity, design novel protein functions, and even engineer synthetic life. Together with other protein engineering methods, UAA incorporation will play an important role in protein engineering, greatly expand what the already very powerful molecules are capable of.
New Zealand, Australia and grounds for strategic scepticism toward AUKUS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Historically, the New Zealand-Australian alliance has been based on principles of unity rather than uniformity. While Australia is a member of AUKUS, it is arguedthat there is little evidence to suggest New Zealand's participation in Pillar II would boost Wellington's strategic interests and values in the Indo-Pacific region. However, if New Zealand's decision-makers believe it is vital to strengthen the country's national security in the current global context, it should focus on boosting defence ties with Australia and raise defence expenditure to at least 1.7% of GDP to help make that happen.
The Reference Values of YBT-LQ in Indian School Going Children- A Cross Sectional Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Balance plays an important role in growing children for playing, jumping, hopping and running activities. These sports like activities need dynamic balance to perform without falls. YBT –LQ is reliable tool to evaluate both static and dynamic balance on lower limb in standing. Among children of age 6 to 12 years reference values are not available in literature. Hence present study determine reference values of Y-Balance Test-Lower Quarter(YBT-LQ) in Indian school going children and to find out correlation of anthropometric measures, age and gender with YBT-LQ.
Material and Methods: Total 364 typically developing children were randomly selected of both genders (182 boys and 182 girls) of age 6to12 years. Three successive trials of YBT-LQ were performed for each leg in standing on Y-balance kit. The mean of three successful trials was noted for three directions of YBT-LQ for lower extremities.
Data analysis and Results: ANOVA and Boneferroni test were used to analyze correlation and association of YBT-LQ values with anthropometric data, age and gender respectively with 95% of confidence interval. The reference values of YBT-LQ of anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral reach values ranged from 45.54cm to 76.48cm, 60.77cm to 102.8cm and 60.58cm to 99.96cm respectively in children age 6 to12 years. Height, age and gender are the contributing factors affecting YBT-LQ reach scores.
Conclusion: The reference values of YBT-LQ can be use as baseline data for balance evaluation in children of age 6 to 12 years. Height is the major factor causing variations in YBT-LQ reach scores.
Glycerol Phenylbutyrate Therapy in Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: In vitro studies have shown that sodium phenylbutyrate (PBA) can partially correct the misstrafficking of some endoplasmic reticulum–retained bile salt export pump missense mutants (1,2). In vivo studies in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2) patients carrying such mutants and treated orally with PBA (Ammonaps) have provided encouraging results with evidence for cholestasis improvement (1,2). Because of poor palatability and presentation, PBA administration and long-term adherence may be difficult (3). In addition, caution was made regarding possible hepatotoxicity due to interactions between PBA and rifampicin (4). After in vitro studies showing that the p.G982R endoplasmic reticulum–retained bile salt export pump missense mutant was partially retargeted to the canalicular membrane with PBA, a PFIC2 girl carrying heterozygous compound ABCB11 mutations (p.A257 V; p.G982R) was treated with PBA from 10 to 14.5 years (PBA: 275 mg · kg−1 · day−1; 12 g/day, 24 tablets/day) (1). PBA treatment allowed disappearance of pruritus and normalization of serum bile acid (sBA) concentration (patient 2 (1)). Rifampicin was progressively tapered down then stopped and no evidence for PBA hepatotoxicity was found (4). Between 15 and 17 years she took PBA very intermittently due to difficulties with its administration, the consequence being periods with pruritus and cholestasis recurrence (sBA: 4–252 μmol/L; N < 10). Then, the patient decided to totally stop PBA. She experienced unremitting pruritus with sBA being permanently >250 μmol/L. At 18 years we proposed her to start a treatment with glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB) (Ravicti, not labeled for the use under discussion) at the dose of 11 g/day (10 mL/day) of GPB (8 g · m−2 · day−1, in 2 divided doses) (5). GPB, a triglyceride consisting of 3 molecules of sodium phenylbutyrate joined to glycerol has no sodium burden, and offers palatability and pharmacokinetic advantages over PBA (5,6). Because of a better flavor and a convenient liquid presentation compared to PBA, full adherence to GPB treatment was obtained. After 1 month, pruritus disappeared and sBA normalized (4.6 μmol/L). Follow-up at 3 and 8 months confirmed the absence of pruritus and cholestasis (sBA: 1.9 and 5 μmol/L). Serum liver tests, alpha-fetoprotein level, and liver elastography value (Supersonic Shear Imaging: 6 kPa) were normal. This report shows that in our PFIC2 patient GPB is as efficient as PBA to improve pruritus and cholestasis and allows good oral tolerance and therapeutic adherence.
Raspodjela i izraženost dopaminskih D2 receptora u prefrontalnoj moždanoj kori čovjeka i miša [Localization and expression of the dopamine D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex of man and mouse]

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The brain dopamine systems are of key importance for understanding human behavior as well as various psychiatric and neurological disorders. The existing studies showed inconclusive evidence for the expression of D2 dopaminergic receptors (DR2) using specific monoclonal antibodies in the human prefrontal cortex. Additionally, there have been contradictory reports in relation to the expression pattern of D2R in glial cells and subcellular localization of the long (D2L) and short (D2S) mRNA isoforms of DR2 have not been elucidated in the human brain. \nIn this study we investigated the layer- and cell-specific localization and distribution of DR2 in the dorsolateral, orbitomedial and medial prefrontal human cortex. Dopamine DR2 and DR4 receptors had stronger expression than DR3 in all regions. DR2 and DR4 showed a bilaminar distribution pattern and were particularly expressed in the pyramidal cortical layers III and V. However, DR2 had stronger expression in layer III, whereas DR4 in layer V-VI. At the cellular level, DR2 were predominantly expressed in pyramidal neurons, although some interneurons also showed DR2-immunopositivity. Suprisingly, astrocytes localized in layer I and subcortical white matter showed significant DR2 expression. Contrary to previous findings, which localize DR2 to the cell membrane, we found a more distinct vesicular localization in the cytoplasm. This finding was repeadly confirmed through experiments on mouse primary cortical cultures, as well as SY5Y and NT2 cell cultures. Moreover, transfection of D2L and D2S into primary neuronal cultures showed a dynamic trafficking of these receptors. \nThe mRNA expression of the long and short isoform of DR2 in the human dorsolateral and orbitomedial prefrontal cortex was assessed by using microarray chips. Although the expression of mRNA for both isoforms was not detectable, we analyzed various mouse brain regions (cortex, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, brain stem) with qRT-PCR and showed that D2L had a stronger expression than D2S in all brain regions. However, D2S had a relatively stronger expression in brain stem and thalamus, indicating its presynaptic function. In conclusion, these results suggest an active role of astrocytes expressing dopaminergic receptors in the human PFC. Consequently, alterations of not only neuronal, but also glial DR \nexpression may have clinical implications with respect to function of PFC and its disturbances in schizophrenia, drug abuse, depression and other psychopathological states.
Changes in apparent diffusion coefficient evaluated with diffusion-weighted MRI to predict complete pathologic response after neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: Literature review and meta-analysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

503 Background: A complete pathological response (pCR) is observed in 9-38% of all patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy (CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (ARC). Imaging techniques that can reliably assess CRT results may enhance identification of those pCR patients for which surgery may potentially be avoided. Recently, several studies have suggested that diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) may predict pathologic response by measuring tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). ADC can be measured before (pre-ADC) and/or after CRT (post-ADC). Both pre- and post-ADC, as well as the variation between pre- and post-ADC (Δ-ADC) can be used to assess pCR. We aimed to assess the reliability of ADC at predicting pCR in ARC patients treated with CRT. To determine the most effective ADC timing to evaluate pCR. Methods: A systematic review of available literature was conducted to compare all the studies of DW-MRI for identification of pCR after CRT for ARC. For each parameter (pre-ADC, post-ADC and D-ADC) we pooled sensitivity and specificity and calculated the area (AUC) under the summary receiver operating characteristics (sROC) curve. Results: We found 10 prospective and 8 retrospective studies examining correlation of ADC and CRT results. Overall, pCR rate was 25%. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were: 0.743, 0.755, and 0.841 for pre-ADC; 0.745, 0.706, and 0.782 for post-ADC; and 0.832, 0.806, and 0.895 for D-ADC. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis confirms that at least 25% of patients with ARC experiences pCR after CRT. DW-MRI is a promising technique for assessment of CRT results and D-ADC appears to be the most effective parameter for prediction of pCR.
Proceedings of the 19th Japanese Symposium on Taste and Smell, held 9–11 September, 1985, in Sendai

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Proceedings of the 19th Japanese Symposium on Taste and Smell, held 9–11 September, 1985, in Sendai Get access Chemical Senses, Volume 11, Issue 2, May 1986, Pages 265–282, https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/11.2.265 Published: 01 May 1986
COMPARISON OF AN IMMUNOASSAY AND BIOASSAY OF INSULIN IN SHEEP PLASMA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Insulin concentrations were determined in sheep plasma using a radio-immunoassay and a bioassay (rat epididymal fat pad) technique. Both methods indicate an increase in plasma insulin after intravenous injection of insulin or glucose into sheep, followed by a decline as glucose levels return to normal. With both methods, plasma levels before injection are comparable with values reported for human plasma. However, the response of the fat pad to sheep plasma was fully inhibited by anti-insulin serum; acid ethanol extraction did not increase the apparent level of insulin; the concentrations indicated by the fat-pad method correspond with values that have been obtained with the diaphragm assay. No evidence has been found for a bound form of insulin in sheep plasma. There was no potentiation by sheep plasma of the response of the fat pad to crystalline insulin.
Thromboelastometry of rat blood samples collected 24 hours after the i.v. treatment with LAV or saline in rats envenomed (i.d.) with scoli extracts of <i>L</i>. <i>obliqua</i> (150 µg/rat), <i>L</i>. <i>orientoandensis</i> (450 µg/rat), <i>L</i>. <i>casanarensis</i> (300 µg/rat) caterpillars.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Graphical representations of the assay in citrated whole blood with addition of 0.2 M calcium chloride and saline (NATEM) and specific reagents for the analysis of extrinsic pathway (EXTEM), intrinsic pathway (INTEM), or fibrinogen (FIBTEM). The control was a non-envenomed rat that was treated with <i>Lonomia</i> antivenom. The data were captured by the ROTEM software in the time interval of 40–60 min. Each set of graphs represents one animal in each experimental group.</p>
EFFECT OF SOIL LOCALITY ON THE GROWTH AND CONTENT OF MINERAL COMPONENTS IN M.9 ROOTSTOCK

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract. Studies were carried out in the Department of Pomology on the area of the Ag-ricultural and Pomological Experimental Farm in Przybroda belonging to the Agricultural University in Pozna. In the years 2005–2006, apple-tree rootstocks M9 were planted into rhizoboxes with soil taken from different orchard localities. It was found that the previous method of soil use had an essential effect on the growth and the chemical composition of the planted rootstocks. Cultivation of rootstocks in rhizoboxes showed that the growing for many years of the same species deteriorates the growth. On the other hand, a change in the grown species decreases the risk of soil fatigue.