jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Devil is in the detail: behaviorally explicit habitat selection by the Critically Endangered great Indian bustard

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Habitat management to accommodate ecological needs of threatened species can help abate biodiversity decline. Some species require contrasting microhabitats for different functions, and may prefer patches with ample, diverse microhabitats. We examined this problem for the Critically Endangered great Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps in 175 km 2 breeding habitat in Kachchh, India. We developed behaviorally explicit resource selection functions (RSFs) by comparing used vs. available microhabitats using binomial generalized linear models that tested hypothesized habitat responses in an information theoretic framework. We identified suitable resource units based on fitted RSF values. We examined if availability of complementary resource units influenced density/usage at the patch level, using line transect distance sampling. Birds preferred agro-vegetation mixture, grassland, high fruit abundance and intermediate grazing density, and they avoided Prosopis thickets for foraging. They preferred moderately tall sward for day resting but shorter sward and less Prosopis for roosting. Nesting females preferred grasslands with relatively tall sward and abundant insects, while displaying males preferred grasslands with shorter sward, far from settlements. Thus, microhabitat selection differed between behaviors and differed from habitat availability. The RSF without behavioral segregation failed to capture these nuances and was non-informative for habitat management. Density/usage at the patch level was correlated with the availability of complementary microhabitats. Thus, protected area management to accommodate diverse life-history requirements may reduce species’ movements over large hostile landscapes and associated mortality. Overall, species requiring complementary microhabitats will benefit from management that promotes habitat heterogeneity. However, habitat use analysis based on behaviorally inexplicit occurrence cannot capture the habitat quality of such species.
A Field Study on Thermal Comfort of Occupants and Acceptable Neutral Temperature at the National Museum in Malaysia

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A field study was conducted to investigate the thermal environment and occupants’ comfort in the National Museum of Malaysia. The occupants’ thermal perceptions in the museum were measured and characterised. The response of the occupants has indicated that the thermal conditions inside the museum did not satisfactorily fulfil the ASHRAE Standard 55, because only 78% of the occupants were satisfied with their environment. Besides, actual mean vote (AMV) and predicted mean vote (PMV) were compared. The Fanger’s model gave a neutral operative temperature of 22.2°C from the PMV, whereas the questionnaire data used in the mean thermal sensation vote (MTSV) of the present study gave a higher value (22.5°C) for the neutral operative temperature. The preferred operative temperature was found to be 22.3°C. The minimum air temperature in three galleries was below the lower limit of the temperature range of 18–22°C as recommended by Museums Australia Victoria. The mean indoor humidity was too high compared to the optimal range of 55 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). The mean air velocity, ≤0.15 m·s −1 , in each gallery was satisfactory. Findings of this study are very useful for designing heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems with energy-saving methodology for museum buildings in tropical regions.
3. "The Foolmaster Who Fooled Them"

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Throughout the nineteenth century, physicians assumed the major task of analyzing and warning against quackery and unorthodoxy. The nature of this criticism is described, with key reliance on Worthington Hooker's Lessons from the History of Medical Delusions (1850). Most physicians viewed prospects for suppressing quackery more hopefully than Hooker did. Even he, however, would be shocked that delusion could persist so stubbornly despite advancing medical science, expanding education, and increasing regulation. Many factors help explain today's continuing-even burgeoning-quackery. These include a less cheerful view of both human nature and of the future, widespread skepticism about the fruits for science, impatience with governmental regulation, the vogue for self-help in health, increasing promotional sophistication on the part of unorthodox health vendors, and cooperation among various wings of unorthodoxy to maximize political pressure. Examples are given. Champions of alternative therapies predict their triumph over orthodox medical science in the contest being waged for the allegiance of the public.
A Study on Correlation of AE Signals from Difierent AE Sensors in Valve Leakage Rate Detection

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Typically, an AE measurement system consists of sources, test material, couplants, AE sensors, preampliflers, fllters, ampliflers, and data acquisition system. However, any useful information from measurements was limited to each AE system. Therefore, this result does not generalize when some components become difierent. This paper presents a novel method to make the ratio of AErms spectra of AE sensors in the application of valve leakage rate detection. This method aims at transferring the information between AE inspection systems using difierent types of sensor by relationship called a transfer function. The spectrum density function/AErms spectra of both wide band (WD) and resonance (R15) AE sensors were studied. The results demonstrated a very good similarity transfer function in various conditions.
An accurate tuning model of spintronic memristor with different switching thresholds by logic judgment of domain wall motion

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Spintronic memristor possessing extraordinary advantages such as high-speed, low-power, highly scalable, and capable of constructing dynamic complex systems, which is a potential candidate for the next-generation memory technologies. Although many excellent models of spintronic memristor have been proposed, nonlinear model is not suitable for application analysis because of its complex parameters. In this paper, an accurate tuning model of spintronic memristor with different switching thresholds by logic judgment of domain-wall motion is proposed. Different switching thresholds of current density are introduced to drive the domain-wall movement by judging the position of state value and real-time current density, which solves the general problems of boundary lock. Moreover, by the simulation and verification via PSpice modeling, an accurate regulation of the resistance by voltage excitation is achieved. Our results pave the way for the applications of diversified circuit design for spintronic memristor.
Application of Judgement Post-Stratification to Extended Producer Responsibility System

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

환경부가 2003년 이후 생산자 책임 재활용 제도를 시행함에 있어 각 기업의 처리 대상 재활용 실적(양)을 측정하는 것이 중요한 문제가 되었다. 이때 각 기업의 처리 적의 중요한 변수가 비 대상품목의 혼입비율이고 이를 매년 기업 단위로 12회 이상 조사해 오고 있다. 하지만 혼입 비율을 조사함에 있어 조사자의 안전성, 악취, 정확한 비대상품 식별의 어려움 등등 여러 가지문제가 발생함에 따라 적은 조사 회수로도 정확한 혼입비율을 측정할 수 있는 방법에 대한 현장 조사자들의 요구가 있어 왔다. 이에 본 논문은 최근 통계학 분야에서 활발하게 연구되어 지고 있는 Judgement Post-stratification(이후 JPS)라는 특별한 표본조사 방법을 적용해 볼 것을 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 JPS 방법의 효율성을 모의실험을 통하여 현재 사용되고 있는 Simple Random Sampling (이후 SRS)방법과 비교, 표본수가 같은 경우 그 우수성을 이야기하였고, 이를 실제 2004년 환경자원공사에서 수행한 실제 조사 자료에 적용하여 JPS를 이용한 방법이 기존의 방법을 적은 조사회수로도 충분히 대체 할 수 있음을 보였다. Judgement post-stratification is a new sampling method developed by MacEachern et al. (2004). This article suggests that the judgement post-stratification method can be a good alternative for the simple random sampling when analyzing real-world environmental data. It becomes an important task to accurately measure the output of a recycling facility since the EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) system takes effect on 2003. However, the total weight of materials processed in the recycling facility may not be a proper measure because the materials are frequently mingled with other non-recycling materials. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the mixture ratio of non-recycling materials among the total materials admitted in the facility. Unfortunately, the size of sample in a recycling facility is restricted due to the inconvenience of sampling procedure such as safety, odor, time and classification of non-recycling materials. In this article, we showed the relative efficiency of the judgement post-stratification method over the simple random sampling method for equal sample sizes using Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we applied the judgement post-stratification method on the 2004 recycling data and showed that it can replace the simple random sampling even with smaller observations.
Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the os coxae and the effects of microevolutionary processes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis has been studied widely for forensic purposes, but it is still unclear to what extent it varies among human populations. There is evidence that microevolutionary processes, both neutral (i.e., population history) and selective (e.g., thermoregulatory adaptation and size‐related obstetrical constraints) contribute to explain pelvic variation among populations, but the extent to which these factors affect pelvic sexual dimorphism is unknown. In this study, I analyze sexual dimorphism of the os coxae in 20 globally distributed human populations, using 3D morphometric data to separate the size and shape components of sexual differences. After evaluating population differences in the degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism, I test for the effect of population history, climate, and body size in shaping global diversity. The results show that size and shape dimorphism follow different patterns. Coxal size dimorphism is generally quite consistent through populations, with males bigger than females, but it appears to be reduced in small‐bodied populations, possibly in relation to obstetrically‐related selective pressures for a spacious birth canal. Beyond a general species‐wide pattern of shape dimorphism, commonly used for forensic sex determination, other aspects of sexual differences in coxal shape vary among human populations, reflecting the effects of neutral demographic processes and climatic adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:167–177, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forward-Looking Policy Rules and Currency Premia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract We evaluate the cross-sectional predictive ability of a forward-looking monetary policy reaction function, or Taylor rule, in both statistical and economic terms. We find that investors require a premium for holding currency portfolios with high implied interest rates while currency portfolios with low implied rates offer negative currency excess returns. Our forward-looking Taylor rule signals are orthogonal to current nominal interest rates and disconnected from carry trade portfolios and other currency investment strategies. The profitability of the Taylor rule portfolio spread is mainly driven by inflation forecasts rather than the output gap and is robust to data snooping and a wide range of robustness checks.
A Fast Simple Optical Flow Computation Approach Based on the 3-D Gradient

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Optical flow estimation is a fundamental task of many computer vision applications. In this paper, we propose a fast simple algorithm to compute optical flow based on the 3-D gradient in video sequences. Although the algorithm does not provide highly accurate results, it is computationally simple and fast, and the output is applicable for many applications. The basic idea is that points will form trajectories in video sequences, and the trajectory between two frames of each point is approximated as a straight line, which is the tangent of the trajectory in our algorithm. Therefore, the optical flow of each point is the projecting line of the straight line, which represents its trajectory, in the image plane. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient and effective, and is of satisfying accuracy on angle. It is able to provide effective optical flow results for real-time applications.
Annealing Study of Electron Transport in Slightly Neutron-Irradiated Graphite

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A study has been made on the recovery of transport properties of synthetic single-crystal graphite irradiated with fast neutrons to a total dose of 3×1036nvt. Isochronal annealing was conducted stepwise between 100°C and 1600°C. An analysis based on the rigid two-band model gives a consistent account of the diffusion thermoelectricity and the galvanomagnetic effect. In addition to the major normal recovery between 200°C and 300°C, a reverse recovery in the carrier constitution is found to take place in the annealing range from 300°C to 350°C. This seems explicable by considering that divacancies are intermediately transformed to single vacancies during their annihilation process. The phonon-drag thermoelectric power vs. acceptor concentration relationship implies that positive holes are more strongly scattered than electrons by radiation-induced vacancies negatively charged by accepting electrons within the basal plane.
The Effect of Spironolactone on Cox7a1 Localization and Cytochrome c Oxidase Activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder caused by a lack of the dystrophin protein. Without the dystrophin protein, skeletal muscle damage outpaces regeneration, resulting in inflammation and fibrosis. Eventually, damage in the striated muscle tissue accumulates until respiratory or cardiac failure occurs. Cardiomyopathy leading to heart failure is now the leading cause of death in patients with DMD. To test potential therapeutic approaches for DMD cardiomyopathy, the Fiona/dko mouse model was developed. This model uses a human utrophin transgene (“Fiona”) selectively expressed in skeletal muscle to minimize skeletal muscle damage in dystrophin/utrophin deficient (dko) mice, allowing cardiomyopathy disease progression into heart failure. Upon treatment with spironolactone, an MRA, RNA sequencing data reveals changes in gene expression, including the COX7A1 gene. As Fiona mice progress into cardiomyopathy, investigating the role of COX7A1 during disease progression will help specify the effect of spironolactone on DMD and indicate its usefulness as an alternative to other standard treatments. Mice were treated with either prednisone, spironolactone, or vehicle for 2 weeks, and an immunofluorescence stain was then conducted to visualize the effects. Following the immunofluorescent stains, histological assays were performed to investigate how cytochrome c oxidase activity changes as cardiomyopathy progresses. Two other assay methods were also tested to evaluate their potential to identify cytochrome c oxidase activity: an NBTx assay and a COX/SDH assay. These alternative methods were used to determine if more specific staining could be achieved to better visualize the difference in activity levels. While the immunofluorescent stains and histological assays have been conducted, they still need to be analyzed to determine the significance of the results. Initial data indicates that the methods used may be too non-specific to show differences in Fiona hearts compared to controls. Data indicates that spironolactone may be an interesting research target due to changes in gene expression, but more specific methods are needed to determine the effect that these changes have. Additionally, data shows changes in other genes besides COX7A1, which offer other exciting research targets.
The Early Devonian acanthodian Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 from the Midland Valley of Scotland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The five species of genus Euthacanthus Powrie, 1864 are reduced to two species on morphological and stratigraphical evidence. Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 and Euthacanthus grandis Powrie, 1870 are here synonymised in the type species E. macnicoli Powrie, 1864. In a previous article, Euthacanthus gracilis Powrie, 1870 and Euthacanthus elegans Powrie, 1870 were combined in the species E. gracilis, and the fifth species, Euthacanthus curtus Powrie, 1870, was reassigned to Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870). In this work, we give an in-depth study of the full range of morphological and histological structure of scales over the body of E. macnicoli, as well as of fin spine structure. Our study reveals new features of E. macnicoli, including a large ornamented dorsal sclerotic bone, ornament on the branchiostegal plates, a separate series of gular rays, calcified cartilage forming the jaws, and a postbranchial protruding spinose plate rather than the flat prepectoral plate previously described.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse Modifications of the 4‐Methylphenyl Moiety of TAK‐779 by Late‐Stage Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract A variety of new analogues of the potent and selective CCRS receptor antagonist TAK‐779 with increased oral bioavailability are synthesized.
Real-life experiments of Multi-Radio Multi-Channel wireless mesh networks: 802.11n is not any better than 802.11a!

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has become a popular access network architecture in the community due to its low cost and readily deployable nature. However, it is well known that multi-hop transmission in WMN is vulnerable to bandwidth degradation, primarily due to contention and radio interference. A straightforward solution to this problem is to use mesh nodes with multiple radios and channels. In this paper, we demonstrate through real-world experiments that the use of multiple radios and channels solely cannot solve the multi-hop TCP throughput degradation problem in IEEE 802.11n mesh networks. We verify that it is because the round trip time (RTT) for wireless communication path increases significantly with the number of hops, and the TCP throughput is limited inversely by the RTT. Due to this TCP throughput limitation, we also found interestingly that the multi-hop TCP throughput (up to five hops) of 802.11a is comparable to that of 802.11n. Our results give a key message that a new generation of TCP needs to be proposed and adopted so as to support the ever advancing wireless technologies and growing demand of multi-hop communications in wireless mesh networks.
DiscontinuingPneumocystis cariniiProphylaxis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Until the widespread adoption of specific prophylaxis in the late 1980s, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was among the most common life-threatening opportunistic infections associated with infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in industrialized countries. Primary prophylaxis against P. carinii pneumonia is currently recommended for all HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts of less than 200 per cubic millimeter and for those receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. Secondary prophylaxis is recommended for all patients with a history of P. carinii pneumonia.1 The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which can drastically inhibit HIV replication and lead to substantial increases in CD4 cell counts, . . .
Small and Mighty: Peptide hormones in plant biology (By Sonali Roy, Peter Lundquist, Michael Udvardi, and Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A phytohormone (plant hormone) is defined as a naturally occurring plant compound that acts as a signal molecule even at low concentrations; familar phytohormones include auxin, cytokinin etc. Interestingly, 5- to 60- amino acid long peptides also display many characteristics of hormones. In plants, peptide hormones have been found to regulate gene expression and cause changes in a variety of parameters and processes, including cell size and number, fertilization, plant responses to nutrient availability, and defense against pathogens. This Teaching Tool covers the early discoveries of peptide hormones in animals and plants, the structure and biogenesis of peptide hormones, the roles of post-translational modifications, tools used to identify peptide hormones, the mobility and perception of peptide hormones, and some of the physiological roles of peptide hormones in plants. A summary of known peptide gene families is provided as an appendix. Posted August 17, 2018.
Data from: Three-dimensional nanoimaging of fuel cell catalyst layers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The folders contain data and code source files associated with the article "Three-dimensional nanoimaging of fuel cell catalyst layers" published in Nature Catalysis, 6 (2023) 383-391 Content:
- Data.zip: contains raw and processed data (reconstructed, denoised, segmented, thickness distributions) for samples LSC7 and HSC7. Data is organized to enable the reproduction of training models for denoising and segmentation using the notebooks in "Code and Scripts.zip".
- Code and Scripts.zip: contains jupyter notebooks for training and application of the segmentation models and for analysis of the segmented reconstructions; FIJI/imageJ script for semi-manual alignment of tilt-series
Comparative dose-survival curves of representative Clostridium botulinum type F spores with type A and B spores

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Radiation survival data of proteolytic (Walls 8G-F) and non-proteolytic (Eklund 83F) type F spores of Clostridium botulinum were compared with dose-response data of radiation-resistant type A (33A) and B (40B) spores. Strain Eklund 83F was as resistant as strain 33A, whereas strain Walls 8G-F was the most sensitive of the four strains tested. The methods suggested for computing both an initial shoulder and a D value for the dose-survival curves yielded results comparable to the graphic techniques used to obtain these two parameters.
Influence of the thermal treatment on structure and dielectric properties of nanostructured BaTiO

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Influence of thermal treatment on the crystalline structure, FTIR spectra and dielectric properties of initially cubic perovskite BaTiO3 nanoparticles with the average size of 100 nm was studied. It is found that the thermal treatment leads to the formation of ferroelectric tetragonal phase. Experimental results show that an appearance of ferroelectricity in the nanostructured BaTiO3 and its dielectric permittivity (ε) variation is caused by the decrease of lattice defects concentration owing to thermal annealing. Such defects lead, in particular, to the wide thermal hysteresis of ε observed at cyclic temperature variation in the vicinity of the Curie temperature (TC) and specific dependence of TC on d.c. field.
Mobile Library Services as a Functional Unit in Public Library Systems

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As a unit of public library services, mobile libraries or bookmobile are planned, developed, and managed like branch libraries. Cooperative efforts among library systems, towns, countries, and states have enabled the launching of extensive mobile library services for population in remote rural areas as well as in expanding suburban areas. New technologies, especially comrnunication technologies, promise to make mobile libraries better serve as extensions for efficient use of printed, electronic, and audio-visual library resources.