jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Superconducting Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser User Facility FLASH

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

FLASH, the superconducting free-electron laser at DESY delivers up to several thousand photon pulses per second with wavelengths ranging from 52 nm down to as low as 4.2 nm and with pulse energies of up to 500 uJ to photon users at the FLASH1 beamline. In 2014 and 2015 a second beamline, FLASH2, has been commissioned in parallel to user operation at FLASH1. FLASH produces bunch trains of up to 800 bunches in 0.8 ms with a train repetition rate of 10 Hz. Each train can be split in sub-trains for FLASH1 and FLASH2, such that both beamlines receive bursts of bunches with full 10 Hz. Operational highlights are the latest SASE energy record of 600 uJ at 15 nm in FLASH2, and the first simultaneous SASE lasing of three undulator systems: FLASH1 (13.7 nm), sFLASH (38 nm), and FLASH2 (20 nm). sFLASH is the seeding experiment in the FLASH1 beamline. Moreover we will report on recent technical and operational improvements. A major success is the improved reliability and stability of the whole facility with shorter SASE tuning times.
Calculation of the Landau quasiclassical exponent from the Fourier components of classical functions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we show that the Landau quasiclassical exponent, which determines an exponentially small transition amplitude, can be recovered from the Fourier analysis of classical functions for both one-dimensional and three-dimensional cases. This finding renders unnecessary the analytical continuation of the potential-energy function into the classically inaccessible region of the configuration space. In addition, we present a criterion for the applicability of the Landau method on the basis of the correspondence-principle matrix elements and discuss the relation between this method and the phase-integral approach.
Figure 4 from Phase I Study of the Mutant <i>IDH1</i> Inhibitor Ivosidenib: Long-term Safety and Clinical Activity in Patients with Conventional Chondrosarcoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Kaplan–Meier curve for PFS in patients with conventional CS treated with ivosidenib. CI, confidence interval; mPFS, median PFS.</p>
A comparison of via-programmable gate array logic cell circuits

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Via-programmable gate arrays (VPGAs) offer a middle ground between application specific integrated circuits and field programmable gate arrays in terms of flexibility, manufactuing cost, speed, power and area. In this paper, we present a novel VPGA logic cell, the complementary universal logic gate (CULG) which can be used to implement both sequential and combinatorial elements. Its performance is compared with a number of other designs including transmission gate, differential cascode voltage switch with pass gate, and standard cell. The CULG is found to have comparable power-delay product and process variation sensitivity to the other designs while offering the lowest power consumption.
THE PREPARATION OF NUCLEOSIDE 5'-PHOSPHORAMIDATES AND THE SPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDE COENZYMES

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PREPARATION OF NUCLEOSIDE 5'-PHOSPHORAMIDATES AND THE SPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDE COENZYMESRobert Warner Chambers, J. G. Moffatt, and H. G. KhoranaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 15, 4240–4241Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01572a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01572a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hirsutism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since either the adrenals or the ovaries or both may be responsible for the excess of androgenic metabolites that produces hirsutism in a given individual, differentiation of the principal source is of major importance in diagnosis and guides the therapeutic approach. Unfortunately, even when an underlying endocrinopathy can be treated effectively, the hirsutism is more likely to be alleviated than eradicated.
Evaluation of triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes for adult plant resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) is one of the three rust diseases that infect triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack). Twenty-six triticale genotypes were evaluated for adult plant resistance (APR) to stem rust (Sr) infection in the greenhouse in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). R-TR (resistant –trace or minimal uredinia) reactions were observed on 6 genotypes EUT046, EUT59, EUT090, EUT093, 118 and EUT139 at adult plant stage. Reactions of 5RMR (5% disease severity with resistant-moderately resistant reactions) were observed on EUT001, EUT034, EUT035, EUT123 and EUT124. Four of the genotypes evaluated showed moderately resistant (MR) reactions with severity ranging from 10 MR to 15 MR. Effects due to genotype, stage and genotype × stage interactions were significant (p<0.001) for length, width and area of spore. The mean length of spore increased from 0.75 mm at 17 days to 2.65 mm at 35 days after inoculation (DAI). The mean area of spore ranged from 0.27 to 1.33 mm2 between the 17 and 35 DAI. The slowest development (0.003 mm2 day-1, 0.006 mm2 day-1 and 0.009 mm2 day-1) of Sr spore was observed between 17-20 DAI for EUT035, EUT123 and EUT034, respectively. Triticale genotypes were also significantly (p<0.001) different for the latent period, AUDPC, number and weight of grains per spike. The mean latent period ranged from 10.00 days for EUT004 to 22.66 days for EUT001 and EUT087. Triticale genotypes that showed high level of APR were identified and can be used as sources of resistance in triticale breeding programs against stem rust. Key words: Adult Plant Resistance, Stem rust, Resistant, Triticale genotypes.
Sound waves and shear waves in sediments

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In a long and illustrious career, Joe Blue made many significant contributions to the discipline of underwater acoustics, although he is probably best known for his work on the design and calibration of hydrophones and hydrophone arrays. Such instrumentation has many applications, including measurements of the geoacoustic properties of marine sediments. In this paper, recent developments on the properties of sound waves and shear waves in sediments will be summarized and certain difficulties that are encountered when attempts are made to match theory to data will be highlighted. Central to the discussion are the compressional-wave and shear-wave dispersion relations, that is, phase speed and attenuation as functions of frequency. In a saturated sediment, the phase speeds and attenuations also depend on various physical properties, for example, the porosity, density, grain size, and overburden pressure (depth). These dependencies will be illustrated using extensive data sets taken from the literature. Any satisfactory theory of waves in sediments must yield correctly not only the dispersion relations but also all the dependencies on the physical properties. A recently developed theory that satisfies these criteria will be discussed in the context of the available data. [Research supported by ONR.]
A contextual integration of individual andorganizational learning perspectives as part of ISanalysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Strategic Systemic Thinking (SST) framework is presented as a stepping stone towards enabling the refocusing of organizational analysis in Information Systems (IS). The paper introduces some of the fundamental assumptions regarding the objectives of the SST framework; such as sense making as learning processes build upon communicative actions. The main concepts of the SST framework are presented, which are focused on developing a learning organization inclusive of having a constructive dialogue mechanism. The SST framework includes constructive dialogue as a means of gaining access to the existing but unreleased individual and group competencies for improved IS analysis.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral Analysis of Natural Resins used in Furniture Finishes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Infrared spectroscopy is a valuable method for the detection and identification of organic coating materials. The vibrational bands that appear in the infrared spectra provide information on chemical functional groups of a sample which may allow for general characterization of the material or even the identification of specific compounds. Mixtures of natural materials, as are often found in furniture finishes, can stretch conventional infrared spectroscopy to its limits as an analytical method. This paper outlines the capabilities and limitations of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the identification of natural resins used in historic furniture finishes.
Basal lamina of embryonic salivary epithelia. Nature of glycosaminoglycan and organization of extracellular materials.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The ultrastructural organization and the composition of newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the epithelial basal lamina of mouse embryo submandibular glands were assessed. The labeled GAG accumulating in the lamina is distinct from that in its tissue of origin, the epithelium, or from that in the surrounding mesenchyme. In the lamina, hyaluronic acid accounts for approximately 50% of the labeled GAG, chondroitin-4-sulfate is twice the chondroitin-6-sulfate, and there is a low proportion of chondroitin. This composition is constant regardless of whether the lamina is labeled by whole glands or, in the absence of mesenchyme, by isolated epithelia retaining a lamina and by isolated epithelia generating a lamina de novo. The results andicate that the labeled GAG are bona fide components of the lamina, and suggest that laminar GAG is deposited in units of constant composition. Ultrastructural observations following ruthenium red staining or tannic acid fixation extablish that the lamina is a highly ordered specialization of the basal cell surface. Discrete structures in macroperiodic arrays apparently attached to the plasmalemma are visualized. This organization is seen in intact glands and in the laminae produced by epithelia in the absence of mesenchyme or biological substrate. The data are interpreted as indicating that the basal lamina contains supramolecular complexes of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan which are organized into an extracellular scaffolding which imposes structural form on the epithelium.
La protection juridique des personnes vulnérables au Maroc entre le droit national et le droit international

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The legal protection of vulnerable people in Morocco falters between obvious international protection and insufficient national protection. The normative resistance of the Moroccan normative corpus likely to protect the vulnerable persons in international law is not the only obstacle. The lack of harmonization and coordination between the two legal orders also represents an incoherence and irrelevance between Moroccan law and the international law of vulnerable people. This normative configuration therefore creates a dysfunction in the protection system for vulnerable people. This situation results in the ignorance of vulnerable people of their most basic rights, including their right of access to justice.
Numerical modeling predicts seismic resonances in the magma chamber-conduit system due to wavefield capturing

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This study utilizes 3D numerical models to simulate seismic resonances in a volcanic edifice, arising from the interaction between an externally excited wavefield and a magma chamber-conduit system. The magma chamber and conduit efficiently capture the incident wavefield of both P- and S-waves, excited by a high-frequency (~10 Hz) earthquake located within the edifice. Due to multiple internal reflections off the boundaries of the chamber and conduit, prolonged reverberations occur, which are guided along the conduit. Temporal and spectral analyses of synthetic seismograms illustrate that models with larger chambers and wider conduits consistently yield larger resonance amplitudes at distinct frequencies. Our models indicate that a larger magma chamber can produce an intensified scattered wavefield with a broad frequency range, observable up to several hundred meters away from the central conduit. Generally, these externally initiated ‘calabash resonances’ may appear as tremor-like signals at seismometers on the edifice, accompanying more conventional seismic events in its proximity.
A Novel Algorithm for Nesting of 3-Dimensional Parts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The nesting of 3-dimensional parts problem is important for practical applications. In the field of VLSI design, the nesting of 3-dimensional parts problem arises from both the packing of the 3-D integrated circuits and the task schedule of FPGA design. In this paper, we propose a novel floor plan representation, named 3-Dimensional Corner Layout List to encode the topology of the 3-D nesting. Based on triple string, we can represent general nesting including slicing and nonslicing. Our algorithm is very effective that the transformation from 3D layout list to the real nesting need only linear time computation effort. Based on simulated annealing algorithm, we can optimize the 3D nesting effectively. Experimental results show that our algorithm is effective and efficient.
Senior High School Learner's Difficulties in Statistics and Probability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: This study investigates the learning difficulties encountered by senior high school learners in Statistics and Probability, focusing on the area of content knowledge and pedagogy, learning environment, and teacher's competence when grouped according to sex, track, school of origin, and average family monthly income. The research reveals a predominance of male learners, primarily from the academic track and private schools, with many belonging to higher-income families. Key findings indicate that students struggle significantly with memorizing formulas and computing test statistics while they experience less difficulty in differentiating variables. The learning environment is identified as a critical factor, with fluctuating classroom temperatures and noise levels hindering concentration, particularly for female learners. Additionally, challenges in note-taking due to fast-paced and poorly organized lectures highlight the need for improved teacher competence through professional development. The study finds no significant differences in difficulties among learners based on demographic variables, suggesting that all students face similar challenges in mastering Statistics and Probability. These findings emphasize the need for targeted instructional strategies and enhanced learning conditions to support student success in this important subject. Keywords: Learning Difficulties, Statistics and Probability, Senior High School Students
Examining the rising class of young Chinese Singaporeans : their aspirations for the cosmopolitan lifestyle

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, I investigate the challenges that the young Singaporean Chinese overseas community face as they pursue a cosmopolitan lifestyle through the understandings of Beck (2002) and Giddens (2001) works on the consequences of cosmopolitanism. The research will also expound upon the concept of nation as an imagined community (Anderson 1983). I draw upon data collected from semi-structured interviews with 23 young Singaporeans aged between 21 and 29. Findings suggest that consequences of transnational interconnectivity have bearings on how Singaporeans’ sense of national identity can be strengthened and diluted and furthermore, encourage them to develop interactional skills. Altogether, we can observe how the State’s role in evoking national identity is fundamental in these Singaporeans’ formative years, but less so during their stint overseas. Feelings of nationalism stem from their identification with this deterritorialized national community they seek ontological security from.
Does Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Attenuates Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: India is home to the second largest number of adults living with diabetes after China. Although modern diabetic drugs treat the condition effectively, prolonged usage leads to adverse effects. Plants have been a good source of medicine from ancient time. Among spices, the inner bark of cinnamon is authenticated as traditional medicine. Objectives: To study whether cinnamon infusion improve blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Materials and Methods: In the current study, the effectiveness of seventy five ml of Cinnamomum zeylanicum infusion on plasma glucose, serum fructosamine and serum insulin of the selected subjects with type 2 diabetes were studied for a period of 45 days. Within-subjects design was used for the supplementation intervention. Results: Cinnamon zeylanicum has shown to increase glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. In addition, cinnamon zeylanicum aids in triggering the insulin receptor cascade system. After 45 days supplementation, fasting glucose decreased (p < 0.001) from 144.53 to 115.43 mg/dL. Post prandial glucose decreased (p<0.001) from 205.66 to 164.33mg/dL. Serum fructosamine and insulin also showed marked improvements. Conclusion: Supplementation with Cinnamomum Zeylanicum infusion for forty five days reduced fasting glucose, fructosamine and decreased insulin levels of subjects with elevated blood glucose.
Teaching Grammar through Inductive Approach and Competence of Prospective Teachers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In Pakistan, traditional grammar teaching is not fruitful as students are notperforming better. It was needed to find new grammar teaching method.So, the study aimed to see the effect of inductive grammar teachingapproach on the teaching competence of prospective teachers. The studywas quasi experimental by design. The major hypothesis of the study wasthe difference of observed grammar teaching competence of theprospective teachers taught grammar through inductive teaching approachand traditional teaching is not significant.
From Cooperative to Contested Europe? The Conflict in Ukraine as a Culmination of a Long-Term Crisis in EU–Russia Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article looks at the European Union's (EU) attempts at ordering the Pan-European space and how Russia has sought to position itself in the EU-centric unipolar order and how that has affected the development of EU–Russia relations during the post-Cold War era. The analysis will move in four successive steps: (i) the development of the EU's attempts at hegemonic, post-sovereign ordering is reconstructed; (ii) the development of EU–Russia relations in light of these processes is analysed; (iii) then, the crisis in Ukraine as a certain culmination point is discussed; (iv) the article ends with conclusions concerning the development of EU–Russia relations in light of the problematic as well as an assessment of the significance of this particular facet in the wider processes of ordering discussed in the Special Issue together with a prognosis concerning the future.
Technologies of the steam age

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is a well-established convention to see the nineteenth century as an age of innovative steam technologies, developed first in Europe, then diffused to other regions of the globe. In an era characterised in terms of 'a massive transfer of technology from the West to Africa and Asia', and with colonialism as a convenient conduit, India has often been taken to exemplify the momentous scale and impact of this process. But although the transfer of technology argument duly highlights the importance of exogenous innovation and the role of technology as a 'tool of empire', it can easily become an excessively one dimensional idea, stressing the dynamism of the West but ignoring the context in which new technologies were employed. Technologies are seldom discrete bodies of knowledge, transferable wholesale, without emendation, from one society to another. Technological transfers are more likely to take the form of a 'dialogue' rather than a simple process of diffusion or imposition, and this was especially the case in India, which had a wide range of existing technologies and a physical and social environment far removed from that of Europe. Equally, it needs to be recognised that under colonialism the dissemination of new technologies was constrained and conditioned by the partisan nature of political and economic control. Colonial rule interrupted the 'inventive exchanges' India had formerly had with its Asian and Indian Ocean neighbours and created instead a near-monopoly of technological dialogue with and through the West, and, primarily, with Britain itself. State power was used to promote technologies that served the regime's military, economic or ideological needs while restricting Indian access to technologies that might harm metropolitan interests.
A Case of Metachronous Bilateral Obturator Hernia Successfully Treated by Mesh Repair Via Inguinal Approach.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

異時性両側閉鎖孔ヘルニアをきたした87歳,女性に対し,腸管嵌頓によるイレウスという状態を考慮して低侵襲を目的に鼠径法にてアプローチした.ヘルニア嵌頓を解除後ヘルニア門はMarlex-meshにて閉鎖した.その際,他のヘルニア(鼠径・大腿)の予防を兼ね,閉鎖孔だけでなく,同時に大腿裂孔,鼠径管後壁もmeshにて覆った, 2回の手術共に術後経過は良好であった. 鼠径法は低侵襲で,しかも他のヘルニアも予防できるという点で非常に有用な治療法であると考えられた.