jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trap Cropping For Bottom-up And Top-down Control Of Diamondback Moths (Plutella Xylostella) In Hawai‘i

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plutella xylostella, the diamondback moth (DBM), is a detrimental pests of many plants in the family Brassicaceae. Populations of DBM have become resistant to many types of pesticides. My thesis investigated the use of trap crops for the bottom-up and top-down control of DBM. The first research chapter examined the effects of putative dead-end trap crops on Hawaiian DBM. The second research chapter examined the role of the naturalized weed, Virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum) on the behaviors of DBM and their natural enemies.To determine a suitable dead-end trap crop for use against DBM on cabbage (Brassica oleracea cv. K-K Cross) in Hawai`i, a series of larval feeding, oviposition, and survival experiments were conducted. The plants tested were Barbarea verna and two varieties of Lepidium sativum. All three plants have shown dead-end properties against DBM in North America and Europe. However, I found that Hawaiian DBM populations from O`ahu and Kaua`i behaved differently from these previous studies. The DBM populations used in this study only prefered to oviposit on one variety of L. sativum relative to cabbage, and showed no preference for the other two plants. More importantly, both DBM populations survived from egg to adult on all of the “dead-end” trap crops, just as well as they did on cabbage. Next, I examined the effects of L. virginicum on DBM feeding and oviposition behavior as well as the plant’s effects on the behavior of DBM natural enemies. A series of lab and field experiments were conducted to observe predation and parasitization activity on the L. virginicum compared to cabbage. DBM favored L virginicum relative to cabbage for both feeding and ovipostion. The endoparasitoid, Cotesia plutellae, favored L. virginicum for initial prey searching behavior and more DBM were parasitized on L. virginicum than on cabbage. In conclusion, the putative dead-end trap crops were unsuccessful in preventing the two populations in Hawai`i from completing their lifecycle. However, the naturally occuring weed, L. virginicum, may act as a different type of dead-end trap crop by harboring high numbers of natural enemies of DBM, which could help to control the pest.
Deriving a Novel Score for the Stratification of Risk Progression in Early-onset Scoliosis: A Multicenter Initiative

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Study Design. This was a retrospective multicenter study. Objective. To develop a novel progression risk stratification scoring system for early-onset scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. There is a lack of investigations into variables affecting the risk of curve progression in early-onset scoliosis, which prevents stratification. A novel risk score system is needed to help in progression risk estimation. Methods. A retrospective analysis was done at three centers, from 1995 to 2020. Scoliosis cases before the age of 10 years, were included. Medical identifier, date of birth, sex, primary diagnosis, curve type, date/modality of treatment, date of follow-up appointments, and Cobb angles, were collected. Five ranks were selected for stratification. Categories with the same ranks were discarded. Point scores started at 0, for the lowest risk, and ended at 4, for highest risk. Iterations of variable combinations were conducted and clinical relevance was determined by evaluating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value based on score ranges for low and high risk of progression. Results. A total of 476 (230 males, 246 females) early-onset scoliosis patients were collected. The average age at diagnosis was 4.8 years (SD±2.8 yr). The average follow-up duration was 9.3 years (SD±6.9 yr, range: 5 mo–38 yr). Appointments totaled 2911, giving 2182 observations for the analysis. Patient observations numbered: 800 (36.7%) ending in progression, 1265 (58.0%) for nonprogression, 117 (5.4%) for inadequate follow-up, and 368 (16.9%) for rapid progression. The risk scoring system contained four categories: etiology, age, curve magnitude, and curve type. Categorized point combinations totaled 755, giving 1975 iterations. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated to be 85.8%, 96.5%, 89.7%, and 95.1%, respectively. Conclusion. A novel progression risk score for early-onset scoliosis was derived. The system can reliably differentiate between low and high-risk cases in clinical settings. Further validation in other regions may be important for verifying clinical relevance. Level of Evidence. Level 3.
Construction of a prototype of the basic module of a scalable robotic system for simulation of composite surfaces for dynamic tests

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The authors of the article developed a mathematical model of Stewart platform management. The angles of rotation of the servo shafts were obtained when setting various laws of motion of the mobile platform, in matrix mode. The hardware part of the prototype of the basic module of a scalable robotics system for modeling composite surfaces for dynamic tests was developed. The results of calculations of the maximum permissible load on the shafts of servos are presented. The CubeIDE settings for programming the STM32 microcontroller are given. The results of software development for the control of this prototype were obtained, namely, a library for controlling 6 servo drives under driver control was written. The problems that may arise during the above-described developments by future developers are considered, solutions to these problems are obtained. Detailed design features of this prototype are described, the control code of the servo drive is given; steps for further development of the final robotic system are considered
Nature and strength of C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions involving formyl hydrogen atoms: computational and experimental studies of small aldehydes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Structural and electronic properties of C-H center dot center dot center dot O contacts in compounds containing a formyl group are investigated from the perspective of both hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions, in a systematic and graded approach. The effects of a-substitution and self-association on the nature of the formyl H-atom are studied with the NBO and AIM methodologies. The relative dipole-dipole contributions in formyl C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions are obtained for aldehyde dimers. The stabilities and energies of aldehyde clusters (dimer through octamer) have been examined computationally. Such studies have an implication in crystallization mechanisms. Experimental X-ray crystal structures of formaldehyde, acrolein and N-methylformamide have been determined in order to ascertain the role of C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions in the crystal packing of formyl compounds.
Airplane!: Does the Federal Aviation Act Preempt State Law Design Defect Claims?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Which level of government—state or federal—has jurisdiction to set safety standards for aviation defect design is a nuanced issue. Generally speaking, federal law preempts state law in this context by occupying the field through a regulatory scheme that permeates aviation safety. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (FAAct) confers its namesake agency—the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)—the powers to prescribe the “minimum standards required in the interest of safety.” The word “minimum” has been seized upon by those on the state side of the debate to advocate that it means the floor. And they contend that those in the Union have the freedom to set so-called higher standards—the ceiling. Granted, this may be a persuasive argument in some cases, but not here. First, the FAA has a five-stage type certification process. Further, there is a production certificate and airworthiness certificate. Second, the United States has executed treaties with foreign nations over reciprocity regarding aircraft safety standards. Airplane accident cases are emotionally charged due to their propensity to involve fatalities—the argumentum ad passiones (appeal to emotion) fallacy. This emotional response is papering over underlying issues. If an airplane has obtained certification and tragedy strikes, there may be other avenues to explore. Negligence and tort claims come to mind. Preemption of design defect claims is limited to that context. A broader holding could sweep up remedies at law that should remain available. As of the writing of this Article, impossibility preemption is premature but looms large. If all fifty states are permitted to enact aviation safety design laws, compliance would become problematic because air travel transcends state boundaries. Additionally, conflict preemption could arise. Divergence in design defects may place plaintiffs in the position of “heads I win, tails you lose.” Adhering to the standards for one state may fall below the threshold for another, or their frameworks may be at odds. Not to mention federal requirements.
Data-Driven Energy and Population Estimation for Real-Time City-Wide Energy Footprinting

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Energy footprinting has the potential to raise awareness of energy consumption and lead to energy saving behavior. However, current methods are largely restricted to single buildings; these methods require energy and occupancy monitoring sensor deployments, which can be expensive and difficult to deploy at scale. Further, current methods for estimating energy consumption and population cannot provide fine enough temporal or spatial granularity for a reasonable personal energy footprint estimate. In this work, we present CityEnergy, a data-driven system for city-wide estimation of personal energy footprints. CityEnergy takes advantage of existing sensing infrastructure and data sources in urban cities to provide energy and population estimates at the building level, even in built environments that do not have existing or accessible energy or population data.
Acute exacerbation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis: A case report: Erratum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute exacerbation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis: A case report: ErratumIn the article, "Acute exacerbation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis: A case report", [1] which appeared in Volume 98, Issue 17 of Medicine, 1b needs to be 1a in two sentences in the Case section.Theese sentence should appear as "She was previously treated for 3 years with interferon-b (IFN-b) 1a 22 mg subcutaneously 3 times a week from which she was switched to DMF due to flu-like syndrome side effects" and "During treatment with IFN-b 1a as well as before beginning treatment with DMF, findings of thyroid function test were within normal limits, with positive antithyroid antibodies (Table 1)."
Influence of short-term Leucaena leucocephala feeding on milk yield and its composition, thyroid hormones, enzyme activity, and secretion of mimosine and its metabolites in milk of cattle

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Four Karan/Friesian crossbred (Holstein×Tharparkar) dairy cows in late lactation (>200 days) were fed a basic diet of green maize and concentrates with an increasing proportion of Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) leaf meal (LLM). The proportion was gradually increased from 0·25 of the dry matter intake (DMI) in the first week to 0·50 in the second, 0·75 in the third and ad libitum in the fourth week. Mimosine, 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine (3,4-DHP) and 2,3-dihydroxy pyridone (2,3-DHP) levels were determined in milk, serum, urine and faecal samples. On average DMI of leucaena was 0·023–0·025, 0·025–0·027, 0·027–0·028 and 0·022–0·025 of live weight (LW) during the first, second, third and fourth week, respectively. Mimosine, 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP appeared in the blood serum during leucaena feeding and continued appearing up to sixth week of experimental feeding even after the withdrawal of leucaena from the 34th day onwards. Similarly, excretion of mimosine, 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP were observed even after withdrawal of leucaena from the diet. The feeding of LLM resulted in a reduced level of T 3 (Triiodothyronine) and T 4 (Thyroxine) within a week of LLM feeding. The level of T 3 and T 4 improved to normal after withdrawal of LLM from the diet. The serum aspartate transferase (AST) and serum alanine transferase (ALT) activities were within the normal range. Leucaena feeding improved milk yield and composition only up to 3 weeks of feeding. The concentration of mimosine, 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP in milk was 0·33, 0·05 and 0·02 that of blood, respectively. The secretion of mimosine, 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP in the milk might be a concern for health of the offspring of leucaena-fed animals as well as human beings consuming such milk.
TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN BLOOD LIPID PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DURING TREAT-TO-TARGET ANTIRHEUMATIC THERAPY: ACCORDING TO 18-MONTH FOLLOW-UP FINDINGS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The mechanisms for lowering a cardiovascular risk (CVR) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when implementing the treat-to-target strategy remain inadequately investigated.Objective: to estimate the time course of changes in blood lipid parameters in patients with early RA during Treat-totarget antirheumatic therapy at an 18-month follow-up.Subjects and methods. Seventy-four patients (73% women; median age, 56 years) with early RA meeting the respective 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria and moderate or high activity (median DAS28-ESR score of 5.4) were examined within the framework of the REMARCA trial. After 6-month treatment, RA activity significantly reduced (p < 0.05). At months 6 to 18, no significant change in RA activity was recorded. After 18 months, remission was observed in 31 (42%) patients: in 17 (55%) on methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy and in 14 (45%) on combined therapy with MTX and a biological agent. Blood lipid levels were determined at inclusion in the investigation, 6 and 18 months later. The values of lipid parameters were estimated in terms of the total CVR. 67.6% of the patients were classified as at very high CVR. At 18 months of treatment, 34 (46%) patients were treated with statins (median atorvastatin and rosuvastatin doses were 10 mg/day each).Results and discussion. Only 12% of the patients had optimal baseline values of just all lipid parameters. The concentration of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated negatively with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and HAQ (p < 0.05). After 6-month treatment, there were increases in TC by 7%, LDL-C by 12.5%, and HDL-C by 19.7%, and a decrease in the atherogenic index by 16% (p < 0.05). ΔCRP negatively correlated with ΔTC, ΔLDL-C, and ΔHDL-C (r = -0.3; p < 0.05). A correlation of TC and LDL-C with inflammation markers broke off in the presence of lower RA activity; the investigators began recording a relationship of these lipid parameters to traditional CVR factors. Between 6th and 18th month of treatment, there was no significant change in lipid parameters. Statin therapy resulted in no considerable change in lipid concentrations.Conclusion. The level of lipids negatively correlates with disease activity in the patients with early RA. During antirheumatic treatment, the lipid concentrations are more elevated with a more intensive decrease in CRP levels. With lowered RA activity, the level of lipids correlates with traditional CVR factors more strongly than with inflammation markers.
Anti-depressant Activity of the Seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum on Swiss Albino Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Depression disorder has significant potential morbidity and mortality, contributing to suicide, incidence and adverse outcomes of medical illness, disruption in interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, and lost work time. Objectives: The present study was designed to study the anti-depressant activity of the seeds extract of Zanthoxylum armatum using a forced swim test and tail suspension test on Swiss albino mice. The anti-depressant activity of the seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum was assessed using Chronic Unpredictable Mild-Stress (CUMS) induced depression in mice. Methods: The animals were treated with the methanolic extract of seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum orally at two doses of 100, 200mg/kg body weight for eight days after CUMS induced depression in mice. The results demonstrate that Methanolic extract of seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum has got anti-depressant potential. Results: The study showed that the extract of Zanthoxylum armatum had significant antidepressant activity. Microsoft Excel was used to calculate the mean ± SEM and one-way ANOVA followed by a turkey multiple comparison test was used to analyze the results. The seed extract presented significant antidepressant activity in mice (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study was conducted to explore the antidepressant activity of seeds extracts of plant Zanthoxylum armatum in CUMS induced mice.
INVESTIGATING THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF H-MARTS IN KOREA THROUGH SWOT ANALYSIS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose: A surge in demand for Halal products has been witnessed throughout Korea giving rise to a new emerging concept of ethnically owned and ethnically operated H-Mart. The concept of H-Marts originated out of a necessity due to a rising demand for Halal food products in Korea.Methodology: Extensive literature reviews are obtained from leading databases and the articles recorded matches or related with the keywords. Secondly, an approach incorporating a well formulated survey questionnaire in line with Kano questionnaire is developed to get H-Marts customers’ perspective. After the literature was reviewed, the information was transcribed using Microsoft excel and Timko’s CS coefficient.Findings: 19 H-marts variables were generated from the literature review, followed by the distribution of 200 standard survey questionnaires to three different H-mart customers. As a result, 19-variables were categorized into the SWOT matrix.The significant contribution of this study is twofold; first a lack of research attention given to H-marts in Korea, secondly, it uncovers valuable information about customer’s service satisfaction of H-marts through a well-structured survey questionnaire. Thirdly this study theoretically presents 4-SWOT strategies for the executive mangers of H-Marts, which are practically considered to be valuable information for H-mart’s executive managers
The Human in Emotion Recognition on Social Media: Attitudes, Outcomes, Risks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Emotion recognition algorithms recognize, infer, and harvest emotions using data sources such as social media behavior, streaming service use, voice, facial expressions, and biometrics in ways often opaque to the people providing these data. People's attitudes towards emotion recognition and the harms and outcomes they associate with it are important yet unknown. Focusing on social media, we interviewed 13 adult U.S. social media users to fill this gap. We find that people view emotions as insights to behavior, prone to manipulation, intimate, vulnerable, and complex. Many find emotion recognition invasive and scary, associating it with autonomy and control loss. We identify two categories of emotion recognition's risks: individual and societal. We discuss findings' implications for algorithmic accountability and argue for considering emotion data as sensitive. Using a Science and Technology Studies lens, we advocate that technology users should be considered as a relevant social group in emotion recognition advancements.
Benchmark Performance of Emergency Medicine Residents in Pediatric Resuscitation: Are We Optimizing Pediatric Education for Emergency Medicine Trainees?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The majority of children in the United States seek emergency care at community‐based general emergency departments (GEDs); however, the quality of GED pediatric emergency care varies widely. This may be explained by a number of factors, including residency training environments and postgraduate knowledge decay. Emergency medicine (EM) residents train in academic pediatric EDs, but didactic and clinical experience vary widely between programs, and little is known about the pediatric skills of these EM residents. This study aimed to assess the performance of senior EM residents in treating simulated pediatric patients at the end of their training. Methods This was a prospective, cross‐sectional, simulation‐based cohort study assessing the simulated performance of senior EM resident physicians from two Massachusetts programs leading medical teams caring for three critically ill patients. Sessions were video recorded and scored separately by three reviewers using a previously published simulation assessment tool. Self‐efficacy surveys were completed prior to each session. The primary outcome was a median total performance score (TPS), calculated by the mean of individualized domain scores (IDS) for each case. Each IDS was calculated as a percentage of items performed on a checklist‐based instrument. Results A total of 18 EM resident physicians participated (PGY‐3 = 8, PGY‐4 = 10). Median TPS for the cohort was 61% (IQR = 56%–70%). Median IDSs by case were as follows: sepsis 67% (IQR = 50%–67%), seizure 67% (IQR = 50%–83%), and cardiac arrest 67% (IQR = 43%–70%). The overall cohort self‐efficacy for pediatric EM (PEM) was 64% (IQR = 60%–70%). Conclusions This study has begun the process of benchmarking clinical performance of graduating EM resident physicians. Overall, the EM resident cohort in this study performed similar to prior GED teams. Self‐efficacy related to PEM correlated well with performance, with the exception of knowledge relative to intravenous fluid and vasopressor administration in pediatric septic shock. A significant area of discrepancy and missed checklist items were those related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support maneuvers.
BALANCE-EQUATION THEORY FOR STEADY-STATE RESISTIVITY

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The balance-equation theory of nonlinear resistivity [X.L. Lei and C. S. Ting, Phys. Rev. B 32, 1112 (1985)] is viewed. We call attention to the significance of its choice of the initial state as one in which the electrons exhibit a thermal equilibrium distribution with respect to their center of mass which is moving at a velocity equal to their average drift velocity in the presence of an electric field. Because of this, the process making the system approach the steady state is pure thermalization without the need for any momentum relaxation. The thermalization time, i.e., the time for the system to approach the steady state, is limited by intercarrier couplings. This justifies the validity of the original results of Lei and Ting for large-number-carrier systems in the limit of weak impurity and phonon scatterings.