jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Single-Piece Wind Tunnel Balance with a Universal Metric End

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The metric attachment strategies for single and multi-piece wind tunnel balances have historically been distinct. This limits the interchangeability of single and multi-piece balances in wind tunnel models. In this work, a single-piece balance with a metric attachment compatible with a multi-piece balance (universal metric end) is designed, fabricated, and calibrated. The calibration results including the balance accuracies and deflections are reported for the new balance and compared to a single-piece balance with a conventional metric end designed to the same loads.
Using of Dual Laterolog to detect fracture parameters for Nubia Sandstone Formation in Rudeis-Sidri area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Fractures appear predominantly in brittle rocks; hence in consolidated formations they are usually sub-vertical and perpendicular to the plane of group of more or less parallel fractures. Vertical fractures refer to the high-angle events (parallel to the borehole) while the horizontal ones indicate the truly horizontal or sub-horizontal events. The unfractured parts of the block matrix in hard rocks are slightly affected by invasion. Added, fracture aperture was estimated using the Dual Laterolog (DLL), which includes the deep (LLD) and the shallow (LLS) resistivities. The area of study is Rudeis-Sidri area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Nine Wells were selected for applying the present technique to determine the reservoir performance of Nubia Sandstone Formation in the considered area. The technique depends on the separation between deep and shallow laterolog in case of vertical fracture and the sharp reduction of LLS log in case of horizontal fractures. In high-contrast formation the calculation of fracture aperture can be done if mud conductivity is also known. Also the dipping of the detected fracture is calculated to ensure the type of fracture. The obtained results show that the detected fractures are generally short vertical fractures with a few numbers in the Nubia Sandstone Formation which cannot be the main factor in production (if present) of this formation.
Three-dimensional propulsion characteristics of counter-phase oscillating dual-foil propulsor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A three-dimensional computational study was conducted on the propulsive performance of auto-pitch wing-in-ground effect oscillating foil propulsors (APWIGs) using an unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes solver. This novel propulsor is characterized as the combination of dual-foil configuration and spring-based pitching motion. Both the counter-phase oscillating dual-foil arrangement with produced wing-in-ground (WIG) effect and the auto-pitch mechanism based on attached torsional springs are expected to be favorable for performance improvement. To clearly identify the role of two concerned parameters for APWIGs, the study was divided into two parts of simulations to examine aspect ratio and torsional spring stiffness separately. Firstly, the effect of aspect ratio on the hydrodynamic characteristics was investigated by a fully prescribed oscillating dual-foil configuration. The current computations covering a wide range of aspect ratio from 1 to 10 indicated that the three-dimensional effect tends to dominate the propulsion hydrodynamics with a value of lower than 2. The maximum drop of 14.85% in propulsive efficiency due to the finite-span effect was found at the aspect ratio of 1, while a moderate aspect ratio of 4 leads to an acceptable efficiency loss of 3.22%. Secondly, the three-dimensional hydro-elasticity characteristics of APWIGs as a function of spring stiffness were studied by employing a fixed aspect ratio. A relatively low aspect ratio in which the finite-span effect is still dominant was selected to compare the three-dimensional simulations with two-dimensional predictions. It was observed that the torsional spring stiffness has a significant influence on both hydrodynamic performance and vortex structures of finite-span APWIGs. There exists an optimum spring stiffness for finite-span APWIGs corresponding to the highest efficiency, which resembles the hydro-elasticity characteristics of two-dimensional cases. An averaged efficiency loss of around 10% was reported owing to the low-aspect-ratio effect for three-dimensional APWIGs.
Transactions letters - Layered group detection for multiuser mimo wireless cdma systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we consider a multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) CDMA system where each user is transmitting different streams spread with the same code on a set of multiple antennas. Signals from one user are received as one group and each user will be thought of as a virtual group. At the receiver, group ordered successive interference cancellation detection will be applied. Optimal and sub-optimal group detection orders that maximizes the system performance will then be derived. Various linear group detectors will be considered such as the linear decorrelators and a closed form expression of the optimal order will be given for the case of each of these group detectors. Numerical results will demonstrate significant gains in the system performance as well as the importance of group ordering.
Appropriate levels of natural sounds to enhance soundscapes in urban areas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study aims to investigate optimal sound levels of natural sounds to mask noise sources and to increase overall preference of sound environment. Road traffic and construction noises were used as urban noises. Natural sounds including bird and stream sounds were selected as positive soundscape maskers for the urban noises. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the ranges of masking-to-noise ratio (MNR) between natural sounds and urban noises to achieve lower perceived loudness of traffic noise and higher soundscape quality. The urban noises were set to three different noise levels, 55, 65 and 75 dB, and the noise source combined with natural sounds were created with varying MNR from -6 dB to +6dB for the experiments. Perceived loudness of noise and pleasantness of soundscape for the acoustic stimuli were evaluated in experiment I. Paired comparison method was applied to discriminate the preference levels across the MNRs at different noise levels. The results showed that natural sound can reduce the perceived loudness of noise and the masking effects were found between MNR of -6 and -3dB. In addition, natural sound also improved the overall soundscape equality, but acoustical characteristics of noise source affect the preference of maskers.
Thermodynamic understanding of Sn whisker growth on the Cu surface in Cu(top)-Sn(bottom) bilayer system upon room temperature aging

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Sn whiskers are observed by scanning electron microscope on the Cu surface in Cu(top)-Sn(bottom) bilayer system upon room temperature aging. Only Cu6Sn5 phase appears in the X-ray diffraction patterns and no Sn element is detected in the Cu sublayer by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Based on the interfacial thermodynamics, the intermetallic Cu6Sn5 compound phase may form directly at the Sn grain boundary. Driven by the stress gradient during the formation of Cu6Sn5 compound at Sn grain boundaries, Sn atoms segregate onto the Cu surface and accumulate to form Sn whisker.
Urinary tract infection symptom management in postmenopausal women: a qualitative exploration

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: We sought to complete focus groups with postmenopausal women to discuss their past experiences with urinary tract infections and other lower urinary tract symptoms to source input on how to improve patient care. Methods: We convened 5 focus groups among postmenopausal women with previous experience of treatment for urinary tract infection symptoms. Participants were asked to describe their experiences of urinary symptoms and to make recommendations on how to improve patient education. Three team members read deidentified transcripts of the focus groups, developed a thematic codebook following Conventional Content Analysis guidelines, and coded the data using NVivo software. Results: Twenty postmenopausal women with previous treatment for at least one patient-reported urinary tract infection participated in five focus groups between February and October 2023. The average age of participants was 69.1 (SD 10.8). Three overarching themes emerged from analysis of focus group discussions: (1) barriers to effective care and treatment for urinary tract infections and/or other lower urinary tract symptoms, (2) finding relief via referral and guideline-concordant care, and (3) the physical and emotional cost of unresolved symptoms. While most participants had not found relief, those who did had been referred to a women’s urinary health specialist. Once a correct diagnosis was made, real solutions were implemented, ending the cycle. Conclusions: The management of older women with urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract symptoms is currently limited by delays in guideline concordant care. All of the information gathered will help us improve the care of these women.
Spherically Symmetric Problem of General Relativity for an Elastic Solid Sphere

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The paper is devoted to a spherically symmetric problem of General Relativity (GR) for an elastic solid sphere. Originally developed to describe gravitation in continuum (vacuum, gas, fluid and solid) GR does not provide the complete set of equations for solids and, in contrast to the Newton gravitation theory, does not allow us to study the stresses induced by gravitation in solids, because the compatibility equations which are attracted in the Euclidean space for this purpose do not exist in the Riemannian space. To solve the problem within the framework of GR, a special geometry of the Riemannian space induced by gravitation is proposed. According to this geometry, the four-dimensional Riemannian space is assumed to be Euclidean with respect to the space coordinates and Riemannian with respect to the time coordinate. Such interpretation of the Riemannian space in GR allows us to supplement the conservation equations for the energy-momentum tensor with compatibility equations of the theory of elasticity and to arrive to the complete set of equations for stresses. The analytical solution of the Einstein equations for the empty space surrounding the sphere and the numerical solution for the internal space inside the sphere with the proposed geometry are presented and discussed.
Malay mathematical game for primary students

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Games can be a very productive way of reaching students who cannot respond top conventional teaching method. Learning activities can be successful through playing game. Mathematics is a challenging subject for all ranges of people, especially for the primary student who are the new to learn the mathematics skills. They have to deep understanding of basic mathematics skills to solve the problem-solving questions. They need to have a very strong basic mathematics skill in order to go to the next level of mathematics skill. In this project, a Malay mathematical game is proposed for the Malay-educated primary students in order to attract the primary students to get interested in learning mathematics. This application can contribute benefit for students to train their mathematics skills. An attractive interface is designed to make the application more attractive and interesting. There are different types of gameplay to let the users decide whether they can play alone or play among their friends. In order to fulfil the user requirements for this application, testing and evaluation are done with the 15 primary students and three teachers from Sekolah Kebangsaan Paya Mebi. Based on the testing and evaluation result, the majority of the users satisfied with the interface design and the functionality of the Malay mathematical game.
Method for determining integral damage from road accident

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In practice, the inspection of the scene of an accident, the conclusions, the collection of materials and execution are carried out, as a rule, by measuring electronic roulette, filming and visual methods without instrumentation, which does not allow to obtain the true (direct and indirect) causes that caused the accident, dimensions failures in the organization and management of traffic, both on the streets of its occurrence, and on the streets parallel to it, and the consequences of an accident, both on the transport involved in the incident and on other vehicles transport vehicles and their passengers affected by this incident. This article presents a method for determining the integral damage from a road accident taking into account the participating vehicles, drivers and passengers, as well as thousands of traffic participants (vehicles and passengers) who suffered damage due to a failure in the organization and management of traffic (factors, mileage), as well as road conditions that do not meet the requirements of traffic safety.
Ultrastructural Study of Long-Term Measles Infection in Cultures of Hamster Dorsal-Root Ganglion

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The morphogenesis of the Edmonston strain of measles is described in cultures of hamster dorsal-root ganglion maintained for as long as 63 days postinoculation. The patterns observed confirmed those previously reported in both neural and non-neural tissue. However, in the present tissue, the development of viral material could be followed chronologically within different cell types such as neurons and Schwann cells. Active replication was visualized up to 63 days postinoculation. The appearance of cytoplasmic nucleocapsid preceded that of intranuclear nucleocapsid, the latter occurring after 14 days. These intranuclear inclusions were formed after the transformation of the nucleoli into bizarre pleomorphic bodies which eventually segregated into clumps of nucleocapsid. These intranuclear inclusions mimic those seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, now known to be etiologically related to a measles-like virus.
Paleoclimate reconstruction from Miocene macroflora in Kazakhstan compiled from various publications

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

25 datasets (13 fossil leaf and pollen assemblages, 12 quantitative palaeoclimatic datasets) are provided in order to analyse Early Miocene palaeoclimate in Kazakhstan. The rich fossil record in Kazakhstan documents that during the Oligocene and Early Miocene this area in Central Eurasia was densely forested with warm-temperate deciduous trees and shrubs of the so-called "Turgayan flora". 29 fossil floras from 13 localities have been selected for a quantitative analysis of the Aquitanian (early Early Miocene) climate situation in Kazakhstan. The assessed mean annual temperatures generally place around 15 °C, while values of mean annual precipitation are of about 1000 mm. In combination with several other climate parameters estimated (temperatures of warmest and coldest months, precipitation rates of wettest, driest and warmest months), these data reflect uniform climatic conditions over several thousands of square kilometres. Data of temperature parameters show slight spatial differentiations, with generally cooler mean annual temperatures and higher seasonality (i.e. warmer summers and colder winters) in the north-eastern part of the study area compared with the south-western area around Lake Aral. As compared with palaeoclimate estimates for the European and East Asian Aquitanian, the central part of the Eurasian continent reveals evident signals of higher seasonality and slightly increased continentality.
LHD NB1arm #187358.18

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel.
Interpolation Problem for Stationary Sequences with Missing Observations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

<p>The problem of the mean-square optimal estimation of the linear functional $A_s\\xi=\\sum\\limits_{l=0}^{s-1}\\sum\\limits_{j=M_l}^{M_l+N_{l+1}}a(j)\\xi(j),$ $M_l=\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^l (N_k+K_k),$ \\, $N_0=K_0=0,$ which depends on the unknown values of a stochastic stationary sequence $\\xi(k)$ from observations of the sequence at points of time $j\\in\\mathbb{Z}\\backslash S $, $S=\\bigcup\\limits_{l=0}^{s-1}\\{ M_{l}, M_{l}+1, \\ldots, M_{l}+N_{l+1} \\}$ is considered. Formulas for calculating the mean-square error and the spectral characteristic of the optimal linear estimate of the functional are derived under the condition of spectral certainty, where the spectral density of the sequence $\\xi(j)$ is exactly known. The minimax (robust) method of estimation is applied in the case where the spectral density is not known exactly, but sets of admissible spectral densities are given. Formulas that determine the least favorable spectral densities and the minimax spectral characteristics are derived for some special sets of admissible densities.</p>
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON ABSORPTION-DIFFUSION REFRIGERATION MACHINE BASED ON LIGHT HYDROCARBONS

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Experimental and numerical investigations of an air cooled diffusion-absorption machine operating with a binary light hydrocarbon mixture (C4H10/C9H20) as working fluid and helium as pressure equalizing inert gas are presented in this paper. The machine made of copper -an available and very good heat conducting metal- was designed, constructed and experimentally analysed. Its cooling capacity is 30-40 W. Cold is produced at temperatures between −10 and +10°C for a driving temperature in the range 120-150°C. The maximum COP approaches 0.175. A thermodynamic model for the machine is then developed. The cycle performance was parametrically studied by computer simulation for 1 kW cooling capacity design. Present experimental and simulation data are expected to provide useful information for determination of the design parameters for a solar powered machine.
Dynamic modelling of PEMFC by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

One of the most important issues in control subject of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is finding lots of undetermined, nonlinear and dependent variables of PEMFC. It is necessary to develop a fast and reliable model to control the complex dynamic behaviour of PEMFC. In this paper, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used to model the dynamic voltage of PEMFC stack. The ANFIS is trained with a set of experimental data which are taken from a 5 kW PEMFC setup plant. The artificial neural network (ANN) is selected to be compared with the ANFIS in terms of speed and accuracy. The results show that there is a good agreement between ANFIS output and real plant as well as the physical model, so the model can be used to predict dynamic behaviour of the system.
Experimental study on rat model of ulcerative colitis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

[Objective]To set up acute ulcerative colitis models induced by different dosage of 5 % 2,4,6,trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBs).[Methods] Forty-two SD rats were divided randomly and equaly into 3 groups: group A(normal group);group B given 50 mg/kg TNBs plus 0.25 ml 50 % ethanol by clyster;group C given 100 mg/kg TNBs plus 0.25 ml 50 % ethanol by clyster.All rats were killed 1 week later and the microscopical,histological changes of the colon were evaluated.[Results] Hyperemia,edema and ulceration of the colonic mucosa appeared with predominant infiltration of polymorph nuclear leukocyte,lymphocyte,macrophages,fibrocyte and crypt abscess in distal colon,which could be seen in the model of group C.However,a transient inflammatory could be seen in the the model of group B.[Conclusion]Rat distal colitis model induced by TNBs /ethonal is ideal,simple and easy to repeat.Meanwhile,the ulcer induced by TNBs is the same as human's and the best dosage is 100 mg/ kg.
Therapeutics in Pediatric Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gene therapy is a treatment method that involves the alteration, correction or replacement of diseased genes in order to treat genetic diseases or alleviate their symptoms. Gene therapy in children stands out as a promising approach, especially in the treatment of inherited genetic diseases. This therapy aims to correct the source of the disease by targeting the underlying genetic causes of the disease. Gene therapy is usually applied with three main methods: Increasing Gene Expression, Gene Regulation, Gene Silencing. Gene therapy is used especially in the treatment of the following diseases in children: Inherited Genetic Diseases: Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemophilia. Metabolic Disorders: Metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria. Neurological Diseases: Motor neurone diseases such as SMA (spinal muscular atrophy). Gene therapy in children has great potential in the treatment of genetic diseases. With the advancement of technology, safer and more effective treatment methods are expected to be developed. However, overcoming the ethical and financial challenges in this field is important for gene therapy applications to reach a wider audience.
A test of the conjectured critical black-hole formation -- null geodesic correspondence: The case of self-gravitating scalar fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It has recently been conjectured [A. Ianniccari {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 133}, 081401 (2024)] that there exists a correspondence between the critical threshold of black-hole formation and the stability properties of null circular geodesics in the curved spacetime of the collapsing matter configuration. In the present compact paper we provide a non-trivial test of this intriguing conjecture. In particular, using analytical techniques we study the physical and mathematical properties of self-gravitating scalar field configurations that possess marginally-stable (degenerate) null circular geodesics. We reveal the interesting fact that the {\it analytically} calculated critical compactness parameter ${\cal C}^{\text{analytical}}\equiv{\text{max}_r}\{m(r)/r\}=6/25$, which signals the appearance of the first (marginally-stable) null circular geodesic in the curved spacetime of the self-gravitating scalar fields, agrees quite well (to within $\sim10\%$) with the exact compactness parameter ${\cal C}^{\text{numerical}}\equiv\text{max}_t\{\text{max}_r\{m(r)/r\}\}\simeq0.265$ which is computed {\it numerically} using fully non-linear numerical simulations of the gravitational collapse of scalar fields at the threshold of black-hole formation [here $m(r)$ is the gravitational mass contained within a sphere of radius $r$].