jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Examination of the Adsorption of Large Biological Molecules to Anion Exchange Surfaces Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Separation of viruses and other contaminants from protein therapeutics using anion exchange membrane adsorbers is a successful new approach to viral clearance; however, the fundamental phenomena that control performance are not well understood. For example, the kinetics of adsorption to the anion exchange surface may limit clearance, but has yet to be characterized experimentally and mathematically. In the present study, surface plasmon resonance was used to determine the adsorption kinetics for five large biological molecules: phage PP7, phage ΦX174, phage PR772, thyroglobulin, and DNA. Rate constants were incorporated into a kinetic model of chromatography to illustrate the impact on performance.
A past to be forgotten? Writing Ottoman history in early republican Turkey

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Scholars of modern Turkish history have long asserted that Ottoman history and historiography were effectively silenced by the Kemalist elite in the early republican period. According to the existing scholarship, the Kemalist nation-builders regarded the new republic as the exact opposite of the ‘cosmopolitan’ Ottoman Empire, discrediting it as an illegitimate ancien régime. As a result of this break with the Ottoman past, which entailed the destruction or silencing of everything recalling it, the study of Ottoman history was discouraged and Ottoman historians were pushed to the margins of academic and intellectual life by the single-party regime. This article problematizes this widely accepted and oft-repeated argument that not only derives from but also reproduces the stereotyped perspectives on modern Turkish history. Focusing on the historical literature produced in the 1920s and 1930s, exploring the relationship between the single-party regime and Ottoman historians, and examining the temper and content of contemporary works on Ottoman history, this article aims to present a more nuanced picture of early republican Turkish history and historical writing, and argues that Ottoman historiography, which had already received a nationalized vocabulary and agenda before the republican era, continued to flourish in its own realm throughout all this period.
A gene–environment interplay between omega‐3 supplementation and APOE ε4 provides insights for Alzheimer’s disease precise prevention amongst high‐genetic‐risk population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and purpose The present study aimed to explore whether and how omega‐3 (ω‐3) supplementation could interact with genetic factors to modulate cognitive functions, amyloid pathologies, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. Methods A total of 1,670 non‐demented participants (mean age 73 years, 47% females, 41% APOE ε4 carriers) were followed up for 10 years. Hierarchical regressions, linear mixed‐effects models, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the interaction effects of ω‐3 supplementation with APOE ε4 and polygenic hazard scores, after adjusting for age, gender, education, cognitive diagnosis, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular risk score. Results Individuals who progress to AD during the follow‐up tend to take a shorter duration of ω‐3 at baseline than those stable, for whom the difference remained significant only amongst APOE ε4 carriers ( p < 0.01). The interaction term ( APOE ε4 × ω‐3) accounted for a significant amount of variance in cognition and cerebral amyloid burden. Long‐term ω‐3 use protected cognition (especially memory function) and lowered amyloid burden and AD risk only amongst APOE ε4 carriers. Mediation analysis suggested that amyloid pathologies, brain reserve capacities, and brain metabolism mediated the relationships of ω‐3 use with memory and global cognition for APOE ε4 (+) carriers. Similar interaction and mediation effects were also indicated amongst high‐risk subjects defined by polygenic hazard scores. Conclusions Long‐term ω‐3 intake may have a role in AD prevention in genetically at‐risk populations.
Symptomatic Hyperbilirubinemia with Indinavir/Ritonavir—Containing Regimen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of symptomatic hyperbilirubinemia resulting from the addition of ritonavir to an indinavir-containing antiretroviral regimen. CASE SUMMARY: A 27-year-old white woman developed symptomatic hyperbilirubinemia and anemia while receiving an indinavir/ritonavir—containing antiretroviral (ARV) regimen that required disruption of therapy. Extensive laboratory examinations were performed including determination of indinavir and ritonavir concentrations. The findings were attributed to two independent processes, an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to indinavir and anemia due to zidovudine. DISCUSSION: Indinavir-induced hyperbilirubinemia is generally regarded as an adverse event with no clinical relevance that does not cause significant liver toxicity and does not necessitate discontinuing indinavir. It manifests primarily as an increase in unconjugated bilirubin and is reported to be dose related. We believe that the severe hyperbilirubinemia in this patient was a result of high indinavir concentrations that occurred due to metabolic inhibition caused by ritonavir. The anemia in this case was consistent with erythrocyte maturation arrest due to zidovudine rather than hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Combination ARV therapy is the current standard of care for treating patients infected with HIV. It is important for providers to consider that, despite much improved pharmacokinetic profiles associated with pharmacokinetically enhanced protease inhibitor regimens, there may be undesirable effects that may differ in frequency or severity than when drugs are used individually.
CoditT5: Pretraining for Source Code and Natural Language Editing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Pretrained language models have been shown to be effective in many software-related generation tasks; however, they are not well-suited for editing tasks as they are not designed to reason about edits. To address this, we propose a novel pretraining objective which explicitly models edits and use it to build CoditT5, a large language model for software-related editing tasks that is pretrained on large amounts of source code and natural language comments. We fine-tune it on various downstream editing tasks, including comment updating, bug fixing, and automated code review. By outperforming standard generation-based models, we demonstrate the generalizability of our approach and its suitability for editing tasks. We also show how a standard generation model and our edit-based model can complement one another through simple reranking strategies, with which we achieve state-of-the-art performance for the three downstream editing tasks.
Deepening or Diminishing Ethnic Divides? The Impact of Urban Migration in Kenya

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The impact of urban migration on ethnic politics is the subject of long‐standing debate. “First‐generation” modernization theories predict that urban migration should reduce ethnic identification and increase trust between groups. “Second‐generation” modernization perspectives argue the opposite: Urban migration may amplify ethnic identification and reduce trust. We test these competing expectations with a three‐wave panel survey following more than 8,000 Kenyans over a 15‐year period, providing novel evidence on the impact of urban migration. Using individual fixed effects regressions, we show that urban migration leads to reductions in ethnic identification; ethnicity's importance to the individual diminishes after migrating. Yet urban migration also reduces trust between ethnic groups, and trust in people generally. Urban migrants become less attached to their ethnicity but more suspicious. The results advance the literature on urbanization and politics and have implications for the potential consequences of ongoing urbanization processes around the world.
Using a public health registry to conduct medical surveillance: the case of toxic embedded fragments in U.S. military veterans

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim: Beyond inflicting acute traumatic injury, contact with improvised explosive devices, the leading cause of injury for soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan, may result in wound contamination with embedded fragments permitting chronic exposure to toxic materials. Because health effects associated with embedded fragments are not well-delineated, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is establishing an exposure registry and surveillance center to identify, track and monitor the health of veterans who have embedded fragments. Methods: U.S. Veterans wounded with embedded fragments are identified when making contact for healthcare using a screening process incorporated into the Veterans Administration’s national electronic medical record system. A data review results in recommended follow-up which may include fragment analysis, urine biological monitoring, and/or clinical consultation. The registry will link to the individual’s electronic medical record and other data sources to capture injury and exposure data, urine biological monitoring data, health outcomes, and fragment content results, when available. Results: Preliminary data suggest that approximately 3% of veterans have embedded fragments and are eligible for inclusion in the registry. Most fragments are metallic; therefore, a suite of 13 metals frequently found in fragments will be included in the biological monitoring protocol. Conclusions: Using a public health exposure registry, the surveillance center team will employ population level surveillance to better characterize exposure and identify potential health outcomes associated with retained fragments. The registry also provides an avenue for ongoing contact with exposed veterans as knowledge evolves affecting medical and surgical management guidelines for veterans with embedded fragments.
Administrasi Peserta Didik

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstrak— Administration is a process carried out by a personnel (group) within an organization to achieve the goals of the organization. While students / students / students mean people who are studying (studying in school) So, it can be summed up concisely that student administration is a the process carried out by a person (group) in an effort to manage students / students to achieve educational goals.
A Social Network Analysis of Jemaah Islamiyah: The Applications to Counterterrorism and Intelligence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article attempts to contribute to and advance the growing literature on social network analysis and terrorism studies, through a social network analysis of the Jemaah Islamiyah cell that was responsible for the Bali bombings in 2002. In doing so, the article endeavors to provide a potential framework for the intelligence analysis of terrorist cells. Such a framework will assist in (1) understanding the communication and structure of such cells and (2) assist in predicting the likely outcomes of terrorist cells when employed in real-time intelligence analysis.
Conceptus-related measurements at early pregnancy in Black Bengal goat: an abattoir study

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The present study aimed to investigate the conceptus-related changes during early pregnancy in the Black Bengal breed of goat. A total of 22 gravid genitalia of the Black Bengal goats were collected from local slaughterhouses. The crown-rump lengths (CRL) of the conceptuses were determined to estimate the gestational age (GA). The length and diameter of uterine horn and amniotic sac were measured, and volume of amniotic and allantoic fluid formed by individual conceptus were recorded. The results reveal that the CRL is positively correlated with GA of the conceptus (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.05); however, CRL was not influenced by number of conceptus. Both the left and the right uterine horn gradually increased in size with the advancement of pregnancy irrespective of conceptus number present in the horn. The size of the amniotic sac of conceptus gradually increased with the conceptus age but maintained spherical shape from 5 to 7 weeks of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid formed by individual conceptus rapidly increased from 5 weeks (3.4 ± 0.3 mL) to 7 weeks (21.0 ± 2.0 mL) and 9 weeks (111.5 ± 4.0 mL). The volume of allantoic fluid formed by individual conceptus was steadily increased until 7 weeks (60.0 ± 5.0 mL) and began to decline slowly thereafter (50.0 ± 5.0 mL at 9 weeks). Notably, there was no effect of conceptus number per pregnancy on individual amniotic and allantoic fluid volume. The cotyledons have first appeared on the allanto-chorionic surface from 4 to 5 weeks of pregnancy. The closed eye, nostril and hooves of the conceptus became visible at 7 weeks of pregnancy. The present study has shown the basic information on conceptus-related developmental changes during early pregnancy up to 9 weeks in Black Bengal goat.
Teacher education admission criteria as measure of preparedness for teaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the relationship between commonly used admission criteria, found in a one-year, post Bachelor's degree, initial, teacher education program, and the preparedness of teacher candidates in mathematics for independent teaching. The admission criteria used in this study were grade point average (GPA) and a written profile. The profile was not significantly related with either the assessment of practice teaching or preparedness. However, entering GPAs predicted only between five and 12 per cent of variance in course instructors' judgements of teacher candidates' preparedness in three of five areas: Promote Student Learning, Critical Thinking, and Use of Technology. Ratings of preparedness by instructors, associate teachers, and the teacher candidates themselves suggested that teacher candidates were adequately to well-prepared in all areas. This finding is possibly due to the restriction of range of GPA and overall success for all teacher candidates. Further research is needed utilizing unique approaches to draw substantive conclusions that entering GPA or ratings of applicants responses to a written profile have predictive value for successful student teaching performance. Implications for initial teacher education program admissions are discussed.
Estimation based on equioverlapping samples

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A model describing overlapping samples is proposed. Estimators of the expectation of underlying random variables are compared by the criterion of relative efficiency. Mallows & Vardi (1982) derived inequalities for the variances of these estimators in a general model of overlapping samples, which lead to a lower bound for the relative efficiencies considered. These are analysed as functions of certain problem parameters.
Attention and Adaptation in Visual Motion Processing

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Diese Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zu Fragen nach kognitiven und adaptiven Einflüssen auf die Verarbeitung sensorischer Information im Gehirn. Der Hauptteil dieser Arbeit besteht aus drei Artikeln und Manuskripten. Ein Artikel ist in der Zeitschrift "Nature Neuroscience" veröffentlicht und zwei Manuskripte sind für die Veröffentlichung vorbereitet. Das hochentwickelte System der Primaten zur visuellen Bewegungswahrnehmung diente als Modell für meine Studien. Dafür habe ich extrazelluläre neuronale Potentiale aus dem Areal MT (middle-temporal) im Parietallappen von Rhesusaffen abgeleitet. Die Neurone in dieser Region repräsentieren Bewegung in der visuellen Umwelt. Ich habe untersucht, wie und wieweit Aufmerksamkeit diese Repräsentationen modulieren. Ausserdem habe ich psychophysische Experimente zur Geschwindigkeit visueller Bewegungsadaptation mit Humanprobanden gemacht. Zusammengenommen konnte gezeigt werden, daß das visuelle System der Primaten hoch plastisch ist und in Abhängigkeit von Aufmerksakeit (Kognition) oder/und der historischen Statistik der visuellen Welt (Adaptation), diese variabel repräsentiert. Dieses wiederum führt zu einer bedingten Interpretation der Welt.
The Influence of Transjudicial Conversation in the Cross-fertilization of Philippine Human Rights Jurisprudence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transjudicial conversation refers to the domestic court's judicial practice of cross-citing foreign decisions on common and shared human rights issues. Scholars have argued that this phenomenon facilitates the cross-fertilisation of rights norms and standards across territories. While this has been documented and studied in various jurisdictions, its incidence and effect in the Philippine context is yet to be fully understood. The paper thus seeks to explore the extent of such influence in the Philippine setting, specifically in the development of domestic human rights jurisprudence. In order to examine its impact, this research employs a qualitative research design. Select cases on free speech and religious exercise rights were analysed using doctrinal and content analysis approaches. These cases were purposively chosen, considering that Philippine provisions on these rights have shown close affinity with foreign constitutions. The analysis reveals that the participation of the Philippine Supreme Court in the transjudicial conversation phenomenon generally causes the cross-border fertilisation of human rights norms. Particularly, the impact of this engagement contributes to filling the gap in the domestic understanding of human rights concepts, expanding existing legal systems such as human rights and penal laws, and aligning national human rights systems with international laws. Such impacts enrich the domestic understanding of free speech and religious rights, specifically drawing bright lines between legitimate state intervention and individual enjoyment of the rights.
Article A Deliberate Practice Approach to Teaching Phylogenetic Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One goal of postsecondary education is to assist students in developing expert-level understanding. Previous attempts to encourage expert-level understanding of phylogenetic analysis in college sci-ence classrooms have largely focused on isolated, or “one-shot, ” in-class activities. Using a deliberate practice instructional approach, we designed a set of five assignments for a 300-level plant system-atics course that incrementally introduces the concepts and skills used in phylogenetic analysis. In our assignments, students learned the process of constructing phylogenetic trees through a series of increasingly difficult tasks; thus, skill development served as a framework for building content knowledge. We present results from 5 yr of final exam scores, pre- and postconcept assessments, and student surveys to assess the impact of our new pedagogical materials on student performance related to constructing and interpreting phylogenetic trees. Students improved in their ability to interpret relationships within trees and improved in several aspects related to between-tree com-parisons and tree construction skills. Student feedback indicated that most students believed our approach prepared them to engage in tree construction and gave them confidence in their abilities. Overall, our data confirm that instructional approaches implementing deliberate practice address student misconceptions, improve student experiences, and foster deeper understanding of difficult scientific concepts.
One Man's Death is Another Man's Bread: The Effect of a CEO's Sudden Death on Competitors' Strategic Investments

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract We examine how a CEO's sudden death influences competitors' strategic investments. Consistent with the literature on death awareness and the expectancy‐valence model, we suggest that a CEO's unexpected death can trigger competitors' competitive moves. Using a difference‐in‐differences methodology, we show that a competitor increases strategic investments after its peer firm experiences a CEO's sudden death. This effect becomes stronger when the competitor and its peer firm share similar resource allocation profiles or the competitor possesses greater organizational slack. Our supplementary analysis shows that a competitor increases its strategic action intensity following a CEO's sudden demise at a peer firm. This study contributes to the competitive dynamics literature by highlighting how critical events affecting the cognitive base and values of strategic leaders expose strategic vulnerability and in turn evoke competitive moves by competitors in response to the events.
A MOSQUE BUILT WITH THE ÇANTI TECHNIQUE IN ZONGULDAK/ÇAYCUMA: AKÇAHATİPLER VILLAGE MOSQUE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wood has been the main traditional building material for centuries in the northern parts of Anatolia and has been used in different types of buildings. Mosques built with the “çantı technique”, which is defined as the wooden masonry construction system used in the Black Sea Region; although it is seen intensely in the region, it is among the cultural assets that are in danger of extinction due to the deterioration of the wooden material. Within the scope of this study, the çantı construction technique and the çantı mosque tradition in Anatolia are discussed, and the Çaycuma Akçahatipler Village Mosque, located in the Western Black Sea Region, has been examined. The study aims to reveal the characteristics of the period by making an architectural analysis of the Çaycuma Akçahatipler Village mosque, which is one of the examples of çantı mosques, and by examining both historically close and architectural features comparatively with similar examples. In this study, qualitative research methods such as literature research and interviews with individuals were supported by fieldwork. With the findings based on photography, on-site measurements, drawings and observations, spatial and facade analysis of Çaycuma Akçahatipler Village Mosque were made and its structural features were mentioned. The building shows a rectangular plan without a portico, developing in the direction of the north-south axis perpendicular to the mihrab wall. The corner connections of the building were constructed using the “kurtboğazı” technique, by the general situation. While the building draws attention with its monumental dimensions, it is important in terms of presenting an example of a çantı mosque located in the Western Black Sea Region and preserved until today. This study is a preliminary documentation study to increase the visibility of the structure and ensure that it is protected. It is also known that the “çantı” construction system is used not only in mosques but also in residential architecture in the village. It can be stated that the “çantı” construction system, which is a product of the 7000-year-old wooden construction tradition, is also extremely important in terms of historical continuity, with its use in buildings serving different functions in Akçahatipler Village.