jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Accelerate CO2 Mineralization Storage through CO2 Nanobubbles

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is a crucial means to address global climate change and reduce atmospheric CO2. CO2 mineralization storage can store CO2 in underground rock formations in a long-term and safe manner, which is the most stable storage method. However, this process may take several decades or even longer, severely constraining the application of CO2 mineralization storage in mining fields. In this work, we propose an innovative approach utilizing CO2 nanobubbles to achieve efficient CO2 mineralization. Chlorite was selected as the experimental sample to compare the effects of carbonated water and CO2 nanobubbles on CO2 storage. Analytical instruments were employed to analyze the rock surface morphology, mineral composition, and ion concentration in the reaction solution post-experiment, revealing the mechanism by which CO2 nanobubbles accelerate the CO2 mineralization rate. Results reveal that CO2 nanobubbles have an average size of 167.6 nm, a Zeta potential of −18.98 mV, and a concentration of 9.4×107 particles/mL. The solution's pH is lower than that of carbonated water, suggesting that the CO2 nanobubble solution enhances the supersaturation level of CO2 in the solution, which facilitates the dissolution of rock minerals. After the reaction of chlorite minerals with CO2, the concentrations of Mg2+, Fe2+, and Al3+ ions initially increased and then decreased, while the concentration of Si4+ ions increased and then stabilized. The ion content in the solution followed the order of Mg2+ &gt; Fe2+ &gt; Si4+ &gt; Al3+. Dissolution processes dominate within the first 1 to 6 days, after which the precipitation rate surpasses the dissolution rate. The surface of chlorite exhibits corrosion features and a new element peak of carbon (C), indicating the formation of inorganic carbonate minerals after the reaction. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermal decomposition of chlorite occurs in two stages: primarily MgCO3 decomposes between 350°C and 650°C, while FeCO3 decomposes between 700°C and 850°C, with a higher content of MgCO3 compared to FeCO3. Compared to carbonated water, the CO2 mineralization rate increased by 17.07% when the reaction solution contained CO2 nanobubbles. This approach can shorten the time required for CO2 mineralization storage, facilitating large-scale CO2 storage. Furthermore, the mechanism of CO2-water-rock interaction is also deeply revealed, which is of great value for understanding the underground CO2 storage process and optimizing the conditions for storage.
Taxonomic account of Lycium (Solanaceae) in Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The genus Lycium L. is represented in Australia by one endemic (L. australe F. Muell.) and three naturalized alien species (L. ferocissimum Miers, L. barbavum L. and L. afrum L.). L. macvocalyx Domin, originally described as a new species from Australia, is a synonym of L. ferocissimum.
Seasonality of congenital anomalies in Europe

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background This study describes seasonality of congenital anomalies in Europe to provide a baseline against which to assess the impact of specific time varying exposures such as the H1N1 pandemic influenza, and to provide a comprehensive and recent picture of seasonality and its possible relation to etiologic factors. Methods: Data on births conceived in 2000 to 2008 were extracted from 20 European Surveillance for Congenital Anomalies population‐based congenital anomaly registries in 14 European countries. We performed Poisson regression analysis encompassing sine and cosine terms to investigate seasonality of 65,764 nonchromosomal and 12,682 chromosomal congenital anomalies covering 3.3 million births. Analysis was performed by estimated month of conception. Analyses were performed for 86 congenital anomaly subgroups, including a combined subgroup of congenital anomalies previously associated with influenza. Results: We detected statistically significant seasonality in prevalence of anomalies previously associated with influenza, but the conception peak was in June (2.4% excess). We also detected seasonality in congenital cataract (April conceptions, 27%), hip dislocation and/or dysplasia (April, 12%), congenital hydronephrosis (July, 12%), urinary defects (July, 5%), and situs inversus (December, 36%), but not for nonchromosomal anomalies combined, chromosomal anomalies combined, or other anomalies analyzed. Conclusion: We have confirmed previously described seasonality for congenital cataract and hip dislocation and/or dysplasia, and found seasonality for congenital hydronephrosis and situs inversus which have not previously been studied. We did not find evidence of seasonality for several anomalies which had previously been found to be seasonal. Influenza does not appear to be an important factor in the seasonality of congenital anomalies. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:260–269, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Descriptive spatial analysis of the cholera epidemic 2008-2009 in Harare, Zimbabwe: a secondary data analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This ecological study describes the cholera epidemic in Harare during 2008-2009 and identifies patterns that may explain transmission. Rates ratios of cholera cases by suburb were calculated by a univariate regression Poisson model and then, through an Empirical Bayes modelling, smoothed rate ratios were estimated and represented geographically. Mbare and southwest suburbs of Harare presented higher rate ratios. Suburbs attack rates ranged from 1.2 (95% Cl = 0.7-1.6) cases per 1000 people in Tynwald to 90.3 (95% Cl = 82.8-98.2) in Hopley. The identification of this spatial pattern in the spread, characterised by low risk in low density residential housing, and a higher risk in high density south west suburbs and Mbare, could be used to advocate for improving water and sanitation conditions and specific preparedness measures in the most affected areas.
Congestion analysis of a computer core storage system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper studies the congestion problems of the computer core storage units. The principle of storage request interleaving is briefly discussed as means of increasing thruput. An analytic model is proposed to analyze the core storage system with a two‐way interleaving feature. The model, an approximation to the physical system, is an extension of a queueing model with bulk service considered by Bailey in Ref. [1].
A Three-Stage Deep Learning Model for Accurate Retinal Vessel Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Automatic retinal vessel segmentation is a fundamental step in the diagnosis of eye-related diseases, in which both thick vessels and thin vessels are important features for symptom detection. All existing deep learning models attempt to segment both types of vessels simultaneously by using a unified pixel-wise loss that treats all vessel pixels with equal importance. Due to the highly imbalanced ratio between thick vessels and thin vessels (namely the majority of vessel pixels belong to thick vessels), the pixel-wise loss would be dominantly guided by thick vessels and relatively little influence comes from thin vessels, often leading to low segmentation accuracy for thin vessels. To address the imbalance problem, in this paper, we explore to segment thick vessels and thin vessels separately by proposing a three-stage deep learning model. The vessel segmentation task is divided into three stages, namely thick vessel segmentation, thin vessel segmentation, and vessel fusion. As better discriminative features could be learned for separate segmentation of thick vessels and thin vessels, this process minimizes the negative influence caused by their highly imbalanced ratio. The final vessel fusion stage refines the results by further identifying nonvessel pixels and improving the overall vessel thickness consistency. The experiments on public datasets DRIVE, STARE, and CHASE_DB1 clearly demonstrate that the proposed three-stage deep learning model outperforms the current state-of-the-art vessel segmentation methods.
A systematic review of strategies for reporting of neonatal hospital-acquired bloodstream infections

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To examine the reporting of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection (HABSI) and central line-associated BSI (CLABSI) rates in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Design Systematic review of evidence published after 2000 reporting HABSI cumulative incidence, crude HABSI and/or CLABSI rate and total patient-days and/or central line-days for single NICU. Setting Inpatient. Patients Neonates admitted to NICU. Main Outcome Measures To consider the reporting of and relationship between cumulative incidence of BSI and HABSI and/or CLABSI rates. Results 18 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. There was a wide variability in reporting of HABSI indicators and risk-adjustment strategies with reported crude HABSI and/or CLABSI rates showing an approximately sevenfold variation between centres. Information about NICU size and level of care was not always available. Many studies provided insufficient information about case mix, such as surgical care provision and prematurity. The proportion of total patient-days that were central venous catheters (CVC)-days ranged from 11.7% to 85.4%. Only six studies reported HABSI and CLABSI incidence. Comparing HABSI and CLABSI ranking, we found a relationship between rates. Conclusions We found significant variability in HABSI rate reporting. Although there appears to be an association between CLABSI and HABSI rates, non-CVC-related BSIs are likely to be highly relevant in some NICUs. If confirmed, and given CLABSI rates are more challenging to collect, it may be more appropriate to use HABSI rates for monitoring NICU healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in some settings. A European network of NICUs using a standardised methodology is required to determine the feasibility and reliability of different risk-adjusted measured of HAI rates.
Detection of major bcr-abl gene expression at a very low level in blood cells of some healthy individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The major bcr-abl fusion gene is presently seen as the hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and presumably as the cause of its development. Accordingly, long-term disappearance of bcr-abl after intensive therapy is considered to be a probable cure of CML. The nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) provides a powerful tool for minimal residual CML detection. The RT-PCR was optimized by (1) increasing the amount of total RNA involved in the reverse transcription reaction to correspond to total RNA extracted from 10(8) cells, (2) using a specific abl primer in this reverse reaction, and (3) reamplifying 10% of the RT-PCR product in nested amplification. This optimized RT-PCR permitted us to detect up to 1 copy of RNA bcr-abl synthesised in vitro, mixed with yeast RNA in an equivalent quantity to 10(8) white blood cells (WBCs). Using this highly sensitive RT-PCR during the follow-up of CML patients, a signal was unexpectedly found in healthy controls. Therefore, a systematic study of the possible expression of bcr-abl RNA in the WBCs of healthy adults and children and in umbilical cord blood was undertaken. It showed the presence of bcr-abl transcript in the blood of 22 of 73 healthy adults and in the blood of 1 of 22 children but not in 22 samples of umbilical cord blood.
Kline, Franz (1910–1962)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A prominent member of the Abstract Expressionists, Franz Kline was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. In high school he drew cartoons and, after attending Boston University, studied at the Art Students League in New York and the Heatherly Art School in London. Kline became a regular at the Cedar Tavern, and for most of the 1940s painted urban and industrial spaces with boldly drawn architectural elements. These paintings later developed into the signature black and white canvases for which he is best known. The bold swaths of black pigment relate to one another as steel beams and bridge spans might, while the interstitial gaps are thickly painted and blended along the edges of directional motifs eliminating any illusion of depth, as in Painting Number 2 (1954) at the Museum of Modern Art. Kline’s canvases, canonized as "action painting" by Harold Rosenberg, were harbingers of individualism and vitality in American art exhibitions sent abroad during the Cold War. Kline died suddenly in 1962 just as color begun to reappear in his palette. His blustery abstractions inspired a large following, including Brice Marden, the sculptor Mark di Suvero and photographer Aaron Siskind.
Effects of backpack loads and positions on the variability of gait spatiotemporal parameters in young adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: People carry backpacks of different weight in different positions every day. The effects of backpack wearing under different loads and positions were assessed according to the gait’s spatiotemporal parameters and their variability in young adults. Methods Twenty-one subjects performed trials of 4 min in the conditions: control condition with no backpack; bilateral back load consisting of 10% body weight (BW); bilateral back load of 20% BW (B20); unilateral load of 10% BW; unilateral load with 20% BW (U20); bilateral frontal load with 10% BW; bilateral frontal load with 20% BW. Results Step length (SL) and step frequency (SF) show that frontal conditions differed from others as seen in B20. Gait cycle phases showed an increase in the B20 condition for double stance phase and stance phase, swing phase presented reduction in the B20 condition. There were significant main effects in position for SL, SF, and walk ratio, in load only for stride width. The highest variability of spatiotemporal parameters occurred in the U20 condition. All load conditions with 20% BW showed a greater variability when compared to the 10% BW counterpart. Conclusion We concluded that young adults can cope with up to a 15% BW load under a bilateral back position, but in the frontal position not even a 10% BW load was proven to be a safe limit. 20% BW loads should be avoided in any position. These recommendations may assure increased gait stability, decreased trunk forward lean and decreased muscle activation and fatigue reducing back pain occurrence.
Evaluation of a surgical technique for repair of equine accessory carpal bone fractures.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In 9 horses, osteotomies were performed to simulate accessory carpal bone fractures. Screw fixation, aided by a large C-clamp, was performed on 6 of the 9 horses. Three were treated conservatively, as controls, with fractures not repaired; they remained clinically lame throughout the 6-month study. Fibrocartilaginous nonunion developed in each of the 3 controls. At 150 days, the principals were free of lameness, with evidence of bony union. The results of clinical, radiographic, and pathologic evaluations showed surgical repair to be superior to prolonged rest in treating equine accessory carpal bone fractures.
First Steps Towards Automatically Defining the Difficulty of Maze-Based Programming Challenges

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a world where algorithms are ubiquitous, the development of computational thinking competencies is becoming progressively important among students, technology professionals, and 21st-century citizens in general. Educational games as a means of promoting computational thinking skills have gained popularity in recent years. Offering efficient educational games that promote computational thinking competencies requires personalized learning paths through adaptive difficulty. The research presented herein is a first attempt to define a difficulty function for maze-based programming challenges using log data obtained from Kodetu, which is a block-based maze game. Specifically, we conducted three studies with 9- to 16-year-old students who were asked to solve sequences of maze-based programming challenges. Using log data from these studies, we investigated the maze characteristics and the coding limitations that affect performance in the challenges and calculated the performance obtained by the participants using a fuzzy rule-based system. The results showed that the turns in a maze, the number of total steps of a maze, and the blocks provided affect student performance. Using regression analysis, we defined a difficulty function for maze-based programming challenges that considers the weights of these factors and provides a first step towards the design of adaptive learning paths for computational thinking-related educational games.
Co-Expression Analysis Reveals Differential Expression of Homologous Genes Associated with Specific Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Rehmannia glutinosa

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Terpenoids are naturally occurring compounds involved in respiration, photosynthesis, membrane fluidity, and pathogen interactions and are classified according to the structure of their carbon skeleton. Although most terpenoids possess pharmacological activity, knowledge about terpenoid metabolism in medicinal plants is insufficient. Rehmannia glutinosa (R. glutinosa) is a traditional herb that is widely used in East Asia and has been reported to contain various terpenoids. In this study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of terpenoid metabolism in R. glutinosa using two RNA sequencing platforms: Illumina and PacBio. The results show that the sterol, saponin, iridoid, and carotenoid pathways are active in R. glutinosa. Sterol and saponin biosynthesis were mevalonate pathway dependent, whereas iridoid and carotenoid biosynthesis were methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway dependent. In addition, we found that the homologous genes of key enzymes involved in terpenoid metabolism were expressed differentially and that the differential expression of these genes was associated with specific terpenoid biosynthesis. The different expression of homologous genes encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, squalene synthase, and squalene epoxidase was associated with sterol and saponin biosynthesis. Homologous genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase were also differentially expressed and were associated with carotenoid and iridoid biosynthesis. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of specific terpenoids can be regulated by the homologous of key enzymes involved in plant terpenoid metabolism.
Fluorescein Microangiography of the Ocular Fundus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a beautiful volume, appropriately titled Fluorescein Microangiography of the Ocular Fundus , Dr. Shimizu offers a sequel to his first text on the subject, Atlas of Fluoresence Fundus Angiography , published five years earlier with Dr. S. Shikano. The author intends the present book to supplement the first. In this work one is treated to a visual feast of fundus angiograms, which are stunning in their contrast and resolution. Photographically, it stands in its area as a landmark of clinical and publishing excellence. Unless the full potential of the technically refined method of fluorescein angiography for demonstrating fine vessel structure and dynamics had been realized, the basic attempt of the book, as connoted by the title, would have been futile. In an admirable way, Dr. Shimizu demonstrates the many kinds of information that can be extracted from high quality fluorograms. Throughout, he attempts to formulate reasonable explanations for phenomena seen in
Subjective Cross-Modal Stimulation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

33 male and 33 female undergraduate students were individually tested to determine the correlation between the perceived strength of an auditory and a tactile stimulus as measured by the subjective brightness of an adjustable light. While Ss discriminated between the relative strengths of the stimuli in each condition, there was no agreement as to the brightness of the light for each treatment. Also, there was no difference between responses by males and females.
Impact of Shallow Groundwater on Evapotranspiration Losses from Uncultivated Land in an Irrigated River Valley

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In many agricultural regions of the West, decades of intensive irrigation have produced shallow water tables under not only cultivated fields but also the nearby uncultivated land. It is possible that the high water tables under the uncultivated lands are substantially increasing evapotranspiration (ET) rates, which would represent an unnatural and potentially nonbeneficial consumptive use. The objective of this paper is to quantify loss of water that occurs from uncultivated lands in a semiarid irrigated river valley (the Lower Arkansas River Valley in southeastern Colorado). A remote-sensing algorithm is used to estimate actual ET rates on 16 dates on the basis of Landsat satellite images. On the same dates, water table depths, soil moisture values, and soil water salinities are measured at up to 84 wells distributed across three study sites. On the basis of a water balance of the root zone, it is estimated that 78% of the ET is supplied by groundwater upflux at these sites. It is also observed that the ET and groundwater upflux decrease with increasing water table depth. A regression analysis indicates that the spatial variations in ET are most closely related to variations in vegetation-related attributes, whereas soil moisture and water table depths also explain substantial amounts of the variation. Valley-wide implications for reducing nonbeneficial ET through water table control also are discussed.
Origin of Multiple Trunks Affects Crapemyrtle Posttransplant Establishment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bare-root 17.5-inch-tall (44.45-cm) `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle ( Lagerstroemia indica L.) liners were grown in #3 [2.75-gal (10.4-L)] black plastic containers and trained to one, three, or five trunks by one of two methods. Half of the plants were established from multiple liners with each trained to form one of the trunks. The others were established by planting a single liner in each container, pruning them back to within 2 inches (5.1 cm) from the substrate surface, and then training elongating buds or adventitious shoots to the desired number of trunks. Once plants reached a marketable size they were transplanted to a landscape for two growing seasons to determine the effects of the treatments on trunk survival or growth uniformity in the landscape. The study was replicated in time with containerized `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle liners, but only grown in the field for 1 year. Growth and quality differences were minimal at the end of nursery production for either clone, thus favoring recommendation of whichever treatment would be most economical to produce the desired growth form. However, in the landscape phase, survival of `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle and growth and uniformity of `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle were greater for several growth measures when multiple trunks were produced by training stems of the same plant as opposed to planting multiple liners. Trunk survival was generally good for three or fewer trunks, but significant losses often occurred when the planting units had five trunks, especially when grown from multiple liners. Growth and survival differences among treatments were more pronounced with increasing trunk number and the longer the planting units were in the field (landscape).