jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Where are we on driver distraction? Methods, approaches and recommendations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research within the road transport domain is progressively recognising the importance of taking a systems view of accident analysis. This signals a movement away from the more traditional approaches that aim to determine cause-effect relationships and attribute blame to the end user. The multiple accidents associated with distracted driving have typically sought to establish the role of the driver and attribute responsibility to the individual. This paper will look at the approach that has been used to study distracted driving, the methods employed to study it and the recommendations they have provided to practise. The role of rapidly developing technology is discussed as more sources of distraction are presented to the driver. The limitations of the current approach lead to the proposition of a systems approach to driver distraction that aligns with the study of safety in other domains. This paper provides a novel overview of the variety of methodologies used to study distracted driving and how they may impact on the resulting countermeasures. The suggestion of a research-practise gap within the road transport domain is explored. The benefits of systems based approaches, and their place in advancing driver distraction research for the development of future recommendations, are presented.
In situ XAS Investigation of Electrocatalyst Surface Poisoning by Halides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy was utilized to study the poisoning of actual fuel cell catalysts under in situ conditions. The ∆µ analysis technique of X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure on in situ Pt/C electrocatalysts is utilized at various potentials and concentrations of KCl. Comparison with FEFF8.0 calculated ∆µ curves suggest a line shape consistent with 3-fold bonded Cl-. Inspection of the ∆µ peak intensities implies dramatic suppression of Pt-O[H] adsorption in 10mM Cl-, but with both Cl- and O[H] adsorption competitively occurring in 1mM Cl-. This is the first time that XAS has been employed to probe the poisoning effects of Cl- on Pt electrocatalysts.
Midazolam pre‐induction can save money

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Having recently conducted a study of the effects of oral midazolam premedication on co-induction of anaesthesia with propofol (unpublished data), we were interested to read the paper regarding the effects of intravenous midazolam pretreatment on the induction dose requirements of propofol (Cressey et al. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 108–13). They demonstrated a significant reduction in the dose of propofol needed for satisfactory induction of anaesthesia and insertion of a laryngeal mask airway, of 22–52% depending on the dose of midazolam used and the age group of the patient. We accept their conclusion that co-induction with intravenous midazolam did not promote improved cardiovascular or respiratory stability. However, we feel that their statement that a simple reduction in the dose requirement of propofol does not in itself justify its use should not go unchallenged. Although they do not present the raw data for the dose of propofol received by individual patients, it is reasonable to infer that a significant proportion of the younger patients aged 18–35 years who did not receive midazolam pretreatment (perhaps as many as 50%) were induced with more than 200 mg propofol (mean dose 2.7 mg × mean weight 73 kg = mean dose 197.1 mg). Assuming that one uses 200-mg propofol ampoules, as is usual clinical practice when maintaining anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and a volatile agent, a second ampoule would need to be opened with resultant cost implications. Propofol is expensive (£3.88 per ampoule) whereas midazolam is cheap (£0.81) [1]. In our study of 50 ASA I and II female patients scheduled to undergo breast surgery as day cases, premedication with oral midazolam 7.5 mg approximately 1 h before surgery reduced the dose requirements for propofol from a mean (SD) 3.4 (0.9) to 2.5 (0.5) mg.kg−1 (p = 0.0009). In the placebo group, 10/25 patients needed more than one 200-mg ampoule of propofol compared with only 1/25 in the midazolam group (p = 0.005). This result represents a cost reduction of approximately 11% per patient, including the additional expense of the midazolam, and in itself could be considered ample justification for pretreatment with midazolam.
Characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations and major histocompatibility complex haplotypes of mastitis-resistant and susceptible cows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bovine mastitis is an infectious disease with a major economic influence on the dairy industry worldwide. Many factors such as environment, pathogen, and host affect susceptibility or resistance of an individual cow to bovine mastitis. Recently, there has been considerable interest in defining genetic and immunological markers that could be used to select for improved disease resistance. In this study we have analyzed the lymphocyte subpopulations of mastitis-resistant and susceptible cows using monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine leukocyte differentiation antigens and flow cytometry. We have also used a microarray typing technique to define the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) class I and class II haplotypes associated with resistance or susceptibility to bovine mastitis. A striking finding of the present study is that susceptibility to mastitis was associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes that have only a single set of DQ genes. The study also revealed that susceptible cows had CD4:CD8 ratios of less than one in both their mammary gland secretions and peripheral blood. These results raise the possibility that the number of DQ genes that a cow has and/or a cow's CD4:CD8 ratio could be used as indicators of susceptibility to bovine mastitis.
The Improved ROS-Based MTAR Navigation Framework for Service Robot: Motion Trajectory Analysis Regulator

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent years have seen a surge in service robots built on the ROS framework, where effective path planning algorithms are crucial for their successful operation. However, real-world operation presents challenges due to changes in environmental features and unexpected dynamic obstacles. If the path planning algorithms fail to update the state of the map layers in a timely manner, it can result in mission failures for the robots. Therefore, this study proposes a novel Motion Trajectory Analysis Regulator Navigation Framework within the ROS system. This framework incorporates path planning regulators for both global and local path planning algorithms, effectively mitigating path planning failures caused by dynamic environmental changes. For enhanced flexibility in path planning and dynamic obstacle avoidance, this framework proposes the ADRRT* algorithm for global path planning and the FGM-DWA algorithm for local path planning, replacing the traditional A* and DWA algorithms, respectively. Real-field experiments with a service robot demonstrate that the proposed methods not only ensure successful navigation with 100% success rate and a 23% improvement in time efficiency but also effectively handle dynamic and U-shaped obstacles, overcoming the challenge of path planning failures.
Water in contested worldviews: insights from hydropower projects on Abbay and Omo-Gibe Rivers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the deep-rooted ontological conflicts over water and how these conflicts are shaped by different water worldviews, by taking the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and Gibe III hydroelectric power projects as a case. Adopting a political ontology and worldview as an integrative analytical framework, the study investigates the competing water ontologies and the consequent ontological conflict, contributing to the understanding of how differing worldviews influence water resources management and development. The research employed a qualitative research approach in which data were gathered from 38 key informants, focus group discussion, as well as relevant literature and documentary sources. The central argument is that water conflict is not only caused by physical scarcity or weak governance systems but also by ontological conflicts between different competing water worlds striving to sustain their ontological security constructed at the center of the River or hydraulic infrastructure. The findings also reveal that the construction of hydropower projects has sparked contestation between traditional water ontology and modern water ontology, leading to the marginalization of the periphery and the reinvention of state coercive legitimacy. The study implies that understanding the difference in worldviews is crucial in addressing the question of why water resources and their developments have become so contentious and how contested worldviews have contributed to the simultaneous processes of inclusion and exclusion, naturalization and marginalization, the image of self, and other discourses.
[Perinatal corticosteroid therapy: modalities, efficacy, consequences].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During perinatal period, corticosteroid treatment has two major indications: first antenatally to improve fetal maturity and then to treat postnatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Antenatal corticosteroid treatment is widely proved to be efficient in reducing hyaline membrane disease and perinatal mortality incidence. Moreover, it has positive effects on intraventricular hemorrhage incidence, on hemodynamic failure, on persistent patent ductus arteriosus and on necrotizing enterocolitis. Side-effects are few and mild considering expected benefits and they usually occurs after multiple courses. Contra-indications are rare. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia comes with early, important and prolonged inflammatory processes. Corticotherapy allows decreasing significantly length of mechanical ventilation and oxygenotherapy among ventilated premature infants diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In the meantime, acute side-effects are frequent and benefits on mortality rate and long term outcome are not obvious. Main concern remains on possible long-term deleterious consequences on growth, lung and central nervous system development. In this field, clinical data are still insufficient as animal experimentation data promote caution and search for a minimal efficient therapeutic pathway.
Provably Efficient Reinforcement Learning via Surprise Bound

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Value function approximation is important in modern reinforcement learning (RL) problems especially when the state space is (infinitely) large. Despite the importance and wide applicability of value function approximation, its theoretical understanding is still not as sophisticated as its empirical success, especially in the context of general function approximation. In this paper, we propose a provably efficient RL algorithm (both computationally and statistically) with general value function approximations. We show that if the value functions can be approximated by a function class that satisfies the Bellman-completeness assumption, our algorithm achieves an $\widetilde{O}(\text{poly}(ιH)\sqrt{T})$ regret bound where $ι$ is the product of the surprise bound and log-covering numbers, $H$ is the planning horizon, $K$ is the number of episodes and $T = HK$ is the total number of steps the agent interacts with the environment. Our algorithm achieves reasonable regret bounds when applied to both the linear setting and the sparse high-dimensional linear setting. Moreover, our algorithm only needs to solve $O(H\log K)$ empirical risk minimization (ERM) problems, which is far more efficient than previous algorithms that need to solve ERM problems for $Ω(HK)$ times.
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) patterns reveal different mutational events.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p><b>A.</b> The relative locations of polymorphic loci on mouse chromosome 8 that differ between the C57BL/6 and DBA2 mouse strains and were used to deduce the specific mutation present in each <i>Aprt</i> mutant examined in this study. The B6 (C57BL/6) derived chromosome contains a knockout (KO) <i>Aprt</i> allele that is non-functional. The D2 (DBA/2) derived chromosome contains an expressed, wild type <i>Aprt</i> allele, which is the target of DAP selection (i.e. loss of expression of this <i>Aprt</i> allele due to a mutational event allows a cell to grow in the presence of DAP in the culture medium). The numbers on the left side identify the chromosome 8 microsatellite loci that were examined in this study. These numbers omit the D8Mit prefix. <b>B.</b> The PCR-based molecular analysis for loss (closed circles) or retention (open circles) of heterozygosity for polymorphic microsatellite sequences on mouse chromosome 8 in the <i>Aprt</i> mutant cells yields LOH patterns that can be used to classify each mutational event into one of 8 different categories. These are intragenic events (IE), apparent mitotic recombination (MR), interstitial deletion of <i>Aprt</i> polymorphic locus only (DEL 1), multilocus deletion (DEL > 1), chromosome loss (CL), and discontinuous LOH (DLOH). See text for more details.</p>
The magic number and the episodic buffer

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Cowan's revisiting of the magic number is very timely and the case he makes for a more moderate number than seven is persuasive. It is also appropriate to frame his case within a theoretical context, since this will influence what evidence to include and how to interpret it. He presents his model however, as a contrast to the working memory model of Baddeley (1986). I suggest that this reflects a misinterpretation of our model resulting in a danger of focusing attention on pseudo-problems rather than genuine disparities between his approach and my own.
Pneumatosis intestinalis in the small bowel of an adult—a radiological sign of a serious post-operative complication

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pneumatosis intestinalis in the adult is usually described involving the colon and typically, it runs a benign course. This case report is of intramural gas in the small intestine of an adult, the development of which was of serious significance, and which was analogous to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. A 38-year-old lady originally presented in out-patients with a three-month history of five to six watery stools per day, associated with colicky abdominal pain. Examination at that time revealed no abnormal signs. One week later, before a barium enema had been performed, she was admitted as an emergency, passing large amounts of fresh blood per rectum. Initially her cardiovascular system was stable, but she continued to bleed briskly and as a result, became hypotensive.
Water Model Experiment on the Behavior of an Argon Bubble Rising Near the Immersion Nozzle

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Attack of a large argon bubble onto the meniscus in the continuous casting mold is considered to be one of main causes for the mold powder entrapment. The immersion nozzle is poorly wetted by molten steel and, accordingly, an argon bubble rising near the immersion nozzle attaches preferably to it. Its rising velocity has a significant effect on the mold powder entrapment. Water model experiments are carried out to reveal the rising velocity of an argon bubble rising along the immersion nozzle. Water and air are used as the models for molten steel and argon gas, respectively. The immersion nozzle is modeled by a cylindrical rod made of acrylic resin. Contact angles chosen are 77°, 110°, and 144°. An air bubble attaches to a rod of the contact angle of 144°. The rising velocity of the bubble is much greater than that of an air bubble rising away from the rod. It decreases with an increase in the rod diameter. The drag coefficient also is obtained for estimating the velocity of an argon bubble rising along the immersion nozzle.
Review: Seeking Legitimacy: Why Arab Autocrats adopt Women’s Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Reviewer: Nada Matta, Drexel University Tripp’s Seeking Legitimacy is a welcome addition to the study of gender inequality in the Maghreb and the Middle East. Although some researchers on women and gender in the region tend to explain the grave institutional and social gender inequalities by drifting to explanations that focus on Islam and tradition, Tripp’s comparative work rests on examining Arab countries’ internal political contestation and the role of women’s organization in order to explain the status of women. Tripp asks why Maghreb countries (Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria) have diverged from other Middle Eastern countries, such as Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon, in advancing women’s rights, especially in the 2000s and following the Arab uprisings? When looked at in aggregate, Tripp shows that women in the Maghreb fare better on a number of measures, namely women’s representation in the legislatures, amendments to the constitution, and progressive changes to family codes. This is contrasted with women rights in other Middle Eastern states that still suffer from unrestricted and legalized polygamy, restrictions to the right to divorce, the requirement of a male guardian to get married, the inability to keep custody of children after remarrying, and the inability to transfer their nationality to their children and foreign husbands.
Non-DBS DNA Repair Genes Regulate Radiation-induced Cytogenetic Damage Repair and Cell Cycle Progression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Changes of gene expression profile are one of the most important biological responses in living cells after ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. Although some studies have shown that genes up-regulated by IR may play important roles in DNA damage repair, the relationship between the regulation of gene expression by IR, particularly genes not known for their roles in DSB repair, and its impact on cytogenetic responses has not been systematically studied. In the present study, the expression of 25 genes selected on the basis of their transcriptional changes in response to IR was individually knocked down by transfection with small interfering RNA in human fibroblast cells. The purpose of this study is to identify new roles of these selected genes on regulating DSB repair and cell cycle progression , as measured in the micronuclei formation and chromosome aberration. In response to IR, the formation of MN was significantly increased by suppressed expression of 5 genes: Ku70 in the DSB repair pathway, XPA in the NER pathway, RPA1 in the MMR pathway, and RAD17 and RBBP8 in cell cycle control. Knocked-down expression of 4 genes (MRE11A, RAD51 in the DSB pathway, SESN1, and SUMO1) significantly inhibited cell cycle progression, possibly because of severe impairment of DNA damage repair. Furthermore, loss of XPA, P21, or MLH1 expression resulted in both significantly enhanced cell cycle progression and increased yields of chromosome aberrations, indicating that these gene products modulate both cell cycle control and DNA damage repair. Most of the 11 genes that affected cytogenetic responses are not known to have clear roles influencing DBS repair. Nine of these 11 genes were up-regulated in cells exposed to gamma radiation, suggesting that genes transcriptionally modulated by IR were critical to regulate the biological consequences after IR.
ChemInform Abstract: DESELENIZATION OF DIALKYL PHOSPHOROISOSELENOCYANATIDITE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Das cyclische Phosphorchlorid (I) bildet mit Kaliumisoselenocyanat in Dimethoxyäthan die Selenverbindung (II), deren Reaktion mit dem Phosphinit (III) über die Zwischenstufe (IV) zum Deselenierungsprodukt (V) führt.
Home Taping and Its Discontents

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter considers the evolution of home taping from reel-to-reel tapes to cassettes. Most open-reel recorders marketed for home use sold poorly, yet high-end recorders for home stereo systems became popular among hi-fi enthusiasts. Home taping and trading of copyrighted music on reel-to-reel tapes was conducted openly but limited to wealthy consumers. This changed with the introduction of the cheap and durable compact cassette. Although its sound quality was inferior, record companies understood its popularity among young music fans as a threat to their interests. The music industry's push for royalties on blank cassettes and recorders was intended to legally quash the format as well as publicly delegitimize it and the rituals of music sharing it enabled.
Influences croisées entre les traditions musicales perses et européennes. Les fondements d’une esthétique musicale commune Intertwined Influences between Persian and European Musical Traditions: the Foundations of Common Musical Aesthetics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Cette étude se donne pour objectif de montrer dans quelle mesure le dialogue intellectuel ayant trait aux fondements d’une théorie de la musique entre la Grèce antique et la civilisation arabo-musulmane issue de l’hégire, ne saurait être réduit ni à un schéma d’imitation ni à un schéma de rupture mais correspond plutôt à une continuité discursive autour des termes et concepts qui, en dépit de pratiques musicales différenciées, fondent en grande partie le canevas analytique de l’esthétique musicale actuelle. <br>The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how, to a certain extent, the intellectual dialogue dealing with the foundations of music theory between ancient Greece and Arabo-Muslim civilization following Hegira should be reduced neither to ascheme of cultural integration nor to a scheme of cultural severance. It should rather be understood as a discursive continuity around major terms and primary conceptions which, despite different musical practices, are today largely relevant to a shared aesthetic analytical framework.