jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Role of Location in Establishment Success

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This chapter reviews the influence of the recipient location on the probability of establishment success in exotic birds. This subject is another that has a long history within invasion ecology research but that has, in general, produced no clear consensus on what makes a site more or less invasible. This confusion has reigned in the study of avian invasions too, and heated arguments over the role of competition in determining establishment success may be recalled. The chapter reviews and updates this argument. It also considers the array of other biotic interactions that can influence establishment success such as predation, parasitism, and mutualistic interactions. Beyond the influence of species interactions, there is a clear role for the biophysical environment in determining the success of exotic bird introductions, which is also reviewed in this chapter.
Diverse mechanisms of unexpected cardiac arrest in advanced heart failure.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To define the mechanisms of unexpected cardiac arrest in advanced heart failure, we reviewed the causes of cardiac arrest as established from electrocardiographic monitoring and from clinical and autopsy data in patients hospitalized for cardiac transplantation evaluation and management of advanced heart failure (mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 0.18 +/- 0.08) who were stable while on vasodilator and diuretic therapy such that hospital discharge to home was anticipated. Twenty-one cardiac arrests occurred in 20 of 216 (9%) such patients during a 4-year period. Heart failure was due to coronary artery disease with prior myocardial infarction in 13 patients and nonischemic cardiomyopathy in seven patients. The rhythm at the time of arrest was severe bradycardia or electromechanical dissociation (BA/EMD) in 13 (62%) patients. The precipitating cause of the BA/EMD arrest was coronary artery thrombosis or embolism in two patients, pulmonary embolism in one patient, hyperkalemia in two patients, and unexplained hypoglycemia in one patient. In seven of 13 (54%) patients, a precipitating cause of the bradycardia arrest could not be established. Only eight of 21 (38%) arrests were due to ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF), and all occurred in patients with prior myocardial infarction (p = 0.02 vs. BA/EMD arrests). Two VT/VF arrests were due to acute or recent infarction, and one patient had hyperkalemia. The patients who suffered a BA/EMD arrest were similar to those who had a VT/VF arrest in age, ventricular arrhythmia history, ventricular function, and serum potassium levels. Serum sodium levels were lower in patients with BA/EMD arrests (129 +/- 3 vs. 133 +/- 4 meq/l, p = 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Thyrotropin and the Iodine Content of the Thyroid on the TriiodothyroninerThyroxine Ratio of Newly Synthesized Iodothyronines1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Massive doses of TSH (up to 13.5 U twice daily) given to rats fed a high iodine diet only slightly increased the 131I-labeled T3/T4 ratio (T3*/T4*)2 of newly iodinated thyroglobulin. Moderate doses of TSH (2 U daily) restored a proportionately higher rate of T3* than of T4* synthesis when administered to chronically hypophysectomized, iodine-depleted rats (T3*/T4*>1). Large doses of TSH (10 U daily) given to chronically hypophysectomized rats with a high thyroid iodine content only slightly inincreased T3*/T4* to 0.3 (us. 0.2 in intact controls). Doses of TSH which produced a high T3*/T4* in iodine-depleted, hypophysectomized rats did not do so in rats fed an iodine-deficient diet for 5 days to deplete the extrathyroidal iodide pool while maintaining a relatively high intrathyroidal iodine content. Pretreatment of these rats with 5 mg of perchlorate 30 min before radiodine administration to further reduce the quantity of iodide entering the thyroid did not increase the effectiveness of TSH on T3*/T4*. It is concluded that thyroidal iodine depletion is more important than TSH in producing a high T3*/T4* ratio. Both are required, but a moderate level of TSH stimulation seems to be a “permissive” prerequisite. In the iodine-sufficient thyroid, a marked reduction in the quantity of entering iodide will not increase the T3*/T4* of newly synthesized iodothyronines. (Endocrinology85: 244, 1969)
Mdb and MoWE performance on Finnish dataset.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

<div><p>Software development effort estimation (SDEE) is recognized as vital activity for effective project management since under or over estimating can lead to unsuccessful utilization of project resources. Machine learning (ML) algorithms are largely contributing in SDEE domain, particularly ensemble effort estimation (EEE) works well in rectifying bias and subjectivity to solo ML learners. Performance of EEE significantly depends on hyperparameter composition as well as weight assignment mechanism of solo learners. However, in EEE domain, impact of optimization in terms of hyperparameter tunning as well as weight assignment is explored by few researchers. This study aims in improving SDEE performance by incorporating metaheuristic hyperparameter and weight optimization in EEE, which enables accuracy and diversity to the ensemble model. The study proposed <i>Metaheuristic-optimized Multi-dimensional bagging scheme and Weighted Ensemble (MoMdbWE)</i> approach. This is achieved by proposed search space division and hyperparameter optimization method named <i>as Multi-dimensional bagging (Mdb)</i>. Metaheuristic algorithm considered for this work is Firefly algorithm (FFA), to get best hyperparameters of three base ML algorithms (Random Forest, Support vector machine and Deep Neural network) since FFA has shown promising results of fitness in terms of MAE. Further enhancement in performance is achieved by incorporating FFA-based weight optimization to construct Metaheuristic-optimized weighted ensemble (MoWE) of individual multi-dimensional bagging schemes. Proposed scheme is implemented on eight frequently utilized effort estimation datasets and results are evaluated by 5 error metrices (MAE, RMSE, MMRE, MdMRE, Pred), standard accuracy and effect size along with Wilcox statistical test. Findings confirmed that the use of FFA optimization for hyperparameter (with search space sub-division) and for ensemble weights, has significantly enhanced performance in comparison with individual base algorithms as well as other homogeneous and heterogenous EEE techniques.</p></div>
Revenue Management and Distribution

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Explains the challenges that accompany managing the revenues of newly discovered natural resources, including volatility and uncertainty, absorptive capacity, exhaustion, and undetermined ownership. Five kinds of fiscal rules include the balanced budget rule, the debt rule, the expenditure rule, the revenue rule, and the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) rule. Natural resource funds, established by setting aside a portion of resource revenues, offer an appealing combination of potential benefits, such as the accumulation of funds for national development projects; a buffer against budget deficits if resource revenues decline; and a way of mitigating spending volatility and improving the quality of public spending, reducing poverty, and insulating revenues from corruption. Transparency and accountability, both critical variables in revenue management, need the closest attention. Medium-term frameworks (MTFs) and revenue forecasting comprise two macroeconomic management tools that can act as complementary mechanisms to funds or fiscal frameworks in avoiding increased vulnerability to future revenue shocks from price collapses or resource exhaustion.
Molecular analysis of Bacillus subtilis ada mutants deficient in the adaptive response to simple alkylating agents

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Previously, we isolated and characterized six Bacillus subtilis ada mutants that were hypersensitive to methylnitroso compounds and deficient in the adaptive response to alkylation. Cloning of the DNA complementing the defects revealed the presence of an ada operon consisting of two tandem and partially overlapping genes, adaA and adaB. The two genes encoded proteins with methylphosphotriester-DNA methyltransferase and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activities, respectively. To locate the six mutations, the ada operon was divided into five overlapping regions of about 350 bp. The fragments of each region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by gel electrophoresis to detect single-strand conformation polymorphism. Nucleotide sequences of the fragments exhibiting mobility shifts were determined. Three of the mutants carried sequence alterations in the adaA gene: the adaA1 and adaA2 mutants had a one-base deletion and insertion, respectively, and the adaA5 mutant had a substitution of two consecutive bases causing changes of two amino acid residues next to the presumptive alkyl-accepting Cys-85 residue. Three mutants carried sequence alterations in the adaB gene: the adaB3 mutant contained a rearrangement, the adaB6 mutant contained a base substitution causing a change of the presumptive alkyl-accepting Cys-141 to Tyr, and the adaB4 mutant contained a base substitution changing Leu-167 to Pro. The adaB mutants produced ada transcripts upon treatment with low doses of alkylating agents, whereas the adaA mutant did not. We conclude that the AdaA protein functions as the transcriptional activator of this operon, while the AdaB protein specializes in repair of alkylated residues in DNA.
Pivotal Role of mTOR in Non-Skin Manifestations of Psoriasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting 2% of the Western population. It includes diverse manifestations influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune status. The sustained activation of mTOR is a key element in psoriasis pathogenesis, leading to an uncontrolled proliferation of cytokines. Furthermore, mTOR activation has been linked with the transition from psoriasis to non-skin manifestations such as psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular events. While therapies targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines have shown efficacy, additional pathways may offer therapeutic potential. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, known for its role in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in psoriasis. This review explores the relevance of mTOR in psoriasis pathophysiology, focusing on its involvement in cutaneous and atheromatous plaque proliferation, psoriatic arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. The activation of mTOR promotes keratinocyte and synovial cell proliferation, contributing to plaque formation and joint inflammation. Moreover, mTOR activation may exacerbate the cardiovascular risk by promoting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and dysregulation lipid and glucose metabolism. The inhibition of mTOR has shown promise in preclinical studies, reducing skin inflammation and plaque proliferation. Furthermore, mTOR inhibition may mitigate cardiovascular risk by modulating cholesterol metabolism and attenuating atherosclerosis progression. Understanding the role of mTOR in psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and cardiovascular disease provides insight into the potential treatment avenues and sheds light on the complex interplay of the immune and metabolic pathways in these conditions.
Serine at the Active Center of Yeast Carboxypeptidase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Carboxypeptidase Y from bakers' yeast is a diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-sensitive enzyme. The inactivation by [32P]DFP is accompanied by the formation of 1 mole of labeled serine per mole of enzyme. A 15-residue 32P-labeled (*) peptide has been isolated from a peptic digest and shown to have the sequence His-Ile-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser*-Tyr-Ala-His-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Pro-Val-Phe. The reaction of the serine residue with DFP is blocked by the presence of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, which also inactivates the enzyme. The single —SH group of the protein may be near the active center of the enzyme, but the —SH group is not available to iodoacetate or iodoacetamide in the absence of denaturants. The sequence around the reactive serine residue and the properties of the —SH group contribute to an active site which is quite different from that of DFP-sensitive proteinases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, or subtilisin.
A Systematic Method to Detect the Metabolic Threshold from Gas Exchange during Incremental Exercise

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Incremental exercise consists of three domains of exercise intensity demarcated by two thresholds. The first of these thresholds, derived from gas exchange measurements, is defined as the metabolic threshold (V̇O2θ) above which lactate accumulates. Correctly and reliably identified, V̇O2θ is a non-invasive, sub-maximal marker of aerobic function with practical value. This investigation compared variability in selection of V̇O2θ among interpreters with different levels of experience as well as from auto-detection algorithms employed by a commercially available metabolic cart (MC). Ten healthy young men performed three replicates of incremental cycle exercise during which gas exchange measurements were collected breath-by-breath. Two experienced interpreters (E) and four novice interpreters (N) determined V̇O2θ from plots of specific response variables. Interpreters noted methods used and confidence in their selections. V̇O2θ was automatically determined by the MC. Interclass correlations indicated that E agreed with each other (mean difference, 21 mL·min-1) and with the MC (23 mL·min-1), but not with N (-664 to 364 mL·min-1); N did not agree among themselves. Despite good overall agreement between E and MC, differences >500 mL·min-1 were seen in 50% of individual cases. N expressed unduly higher confidence and used different V̇O2θ selection strategies compared with E. Experience and use of a systematic approach is essential for correctly identifying V̇O2θ. Current guidelines for exercise testing and interpretation do not include recommendations for such an approach. Data from this study suggests that this may be a serious shortcoming. Until an alternative schema for V̇O2θ detection is developed prospectively, strategies based on the present study will give practitioners a systematic and consistent approach to threshold detection.
Electrode material for supercapacitors based on nanostructured carbon

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Results are presented of studies of composite materials based on nanoporous carbon for application as an electrode material for supercapacitors with an aqueous KOH electrolyte solution. The optimum concentration ratio of the formula components for the electrode material is found on the basis of the studies of the power-capacitance characteristics of the studied samples of such capacitors.
L’iconicité diagrammatique dans les expressions idiomatiques : une comparaison chinois/français

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Idiomatic expressions (hereafter IE) are often considered arbitrary. Nevertheless, their non-arbitrariness is supported at semantic level, especially by semantic-cognitive research, but also at structural level. This study investigates the orle of semantic constraints in the ordering of three types of “binomial” constituents in IEs: numerical, spatial, and temporal, through a comparative analysis of French and Chines, two languages that are typologically and culturally distant. Relying primarily on the work of Cooper and Ross (1975) and Tang (1988), we investigate the extent to which these orders might reflect diagrammatic iconicity.
The role of the forensic dentist in criminal reports

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: the present work was conducted with the purpose of discussing the performance of the forensic dentist in the criminal scope, with the intention of exposing the academic community to relevant information about this subject. Literature review: the performance of the specialist in forensic dentistry is restricted to analysis, report, and evaluation of events related to the dentist’s area of competence, and sections 63 and 64 of Resolution CFO 63/2005 regulate it. The forensic dentist may perform in the criminal scope, live identification, as well as on the body, and in anthropological reports. The oral cavity has great identification potential and the forensic dentist performance is very important since examining the body through the mouth and dental arches might be essential for the criminal report, hence dental analysis is widely used. Final considerations: the dentist must be careful in keeping medical records, radiographs, and dental casts of patients by writing down all relevant information, for they may be useful in the future for positive identification of victims.
Recasting the “ethno” in “epidemiology”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Collaboration between ethnography and epidemiology has a long and noble history, longer and nobler than most people realize. This article presents the argument that the growing interest in ethnography is, in fact, a way to reestablish nineteenth century epidemiology's concern with host and environment. Ethnography features meaning and context in ways that epidemiology used to, and features them in epistemological as well as methodological ways.
Automatic Leukocyte Classification Based on Microscope Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Numbers of white blood cells in different classes help doctors to diagnose patients. A technique for automating the differential count of white blood cell is presented. The proposed system takes an input, color image of stained peripheral blood smears. The process involves segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The segmentation procedure, a novel simple algorithm, is proposed for localization of white blood cells and the different cell components are separated with automatic thresholding. Features extracted from the segmented nucleus are motivated by the visual cues of shape, color and texture. This research uses the artificial neural network for implemention and uses the different combinations of feature sets. The results presented here are based on trials conducted with normal cells. For training the classifiers, a library set of 233 patterns is used. The tested data consists of 134 samples and produced correct classification rate close to 88.10 %.
Non-integrability of Hamiltonian systems through high order variational equations: Summary of results and examples

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with non-integrability criteria, based on differential Galois theory and requiring the use of higher order variational equations. A general methodology is presented to deal with these problems. We display a family of Hamiltonian systems which require the use of order k variational equations, for arbitrary values of k, to prove non-integrability. Moreover, using third order variational equations we prove the non-integrability of a non-linear spring-pendulum problem for the values of the parameter that can not be decided using first order variational equations.
Controllable deposition distance of aligned pattern via dual-nozzle near-field electrospinning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For large area micro/nano pattern printing, multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing setup is an efficient method to boost productivity in near-field electrospinning (NFES) process. And controlling EHD multi-jet accurate deposition under the interaction of nozzles and other parameters are crucial concerns during the process. The influence and sensitivity of various parameters such as the needle length, needle spacing, electrode-to-collector distance, voltage etc. on the direct-write patterning performance was investigated by orthogonal experiments with dual-nozzle NFES setup, and then the deposition distance estimated based on a novel model was compared with measurement results and proven. More controllable deposition distance and much denser of aligned naofiber can be achieved by rotating the dual-nozzle setup. This study can be greatly contributed to estimate the deposition distance and helpful to guide the multi-nozzle NFES process to accurate direct-write pattern in manufacturing process in future.
Municipalities as enablers in urban experimentation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the light of increasing urban challenges, municipalities are developing and advancing new forms of governing. One such example is ‘urban experimentation’, a process where city-based innovation processes are initiated to test solutions that – if deemed successful – are intended to be scaled up with the ambition to leverage a broader urban sustainability transition. Research on experimental governance has shown that municipalities can play various roles in these processes, including the role as enabler. The article contributes to the literature on the roles of public actors in urban experimentation on sustainability challenges by advancing understanding of the less studied ‘enabler’ role. We probe the politics of enabling by focusing on the policy instruments employed by municipalities. Our aim is to provide deeper insights into the everyday work of urban administrations when they act in the ‘enabler’ role. One particular approach of urban experimentation is Urban Living Labs (ULL), and this paper analyses ULL that address sustainability challenges. Along the four dimensions of nodality, authority, treasury, and organisation, we identify the politics of enabling in four ULL examples from Sweden and the Netherlands.
Development of a new clothing behavior scale.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

被服は単に身体を保護するためのものではなく，自己の個性を表現するための道具でもある。こうした視点から，人々の被服行動とらえたのが，永野（1994）である。それから20年近くが経過した現在，被服の購入場所が多様化，クールビズの導入，オフィスファッションのカジュアル化，ジェンダーレス志向の高まりなど，被服にまつわる大きな変化が起きた。こうした時代の変化を踏まえれば，人々の被服行動もまた大きく変わっている可能性がある。そこで本研究では，大学生男女362名（男性224名，女性138名）を対象に，新たな被服行動尺度を作成した。因子分析（最尤法，promax回転）の結果，固有値の減衰状況（5.45→3.43→2.24→1.13→1.11）と解釈可能性から3因子解が採択された。抽出された因子は，第1因子から順に，「こだわり（α＝.86）」「社会的印象（α＝.76）」「機能性（α＝.71）」と命名した。この結果から，人々はファッションへのこだわりから被服を選んだり，他者に好ましい印象を与えるとともに周囲から浮かないことを考えて被服を選んだり，着心地や素材といった衣服の機能を重視して被服を選ぶといえる。