jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Design with nature on the moon

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

On Earth, designing with nature implies an ecological understanding of a site and how best to preserve its integrity while building efficiently. On the moon, fewer but larger constraints apply. To design in accordance with what already exists on the moon is the premise from which all subsequent decisions flow. Minimizing the use of imported materials is the first logical decision in the design process, maximizing the use of lunar materials, its corollary. Certain land forms will facilitate construction. The most promising one is a lunar crater. To establish, in a small lunar crater, a permanent domed oasis which optimizes human factors, a satellite first performs global mapping prior to site selection. It will transfer to lunar stationary orbit transmitting power to the base via laser beam to drive equipment and illuminate the long lunar night. Telerobotic operations minimize risk during heavy construction prior to occupancy. Habitats within the crater wall provide an elevated outlook towards the interior ground plane. Plant growth trials in the agricultural zone on the crater floor are conducted prior to the introduction of other life forms. (Author)
Limitations of gravity models in predicting fine-scale spatial-temporal urban mobility networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study identifies the limitations and underlying characteristics of urban mobility networks that influence the performance of the gravity model. The gravity model is a widely-used approach for estimating and predicting population flows in urban mobility networks. Prior studies have reported very good performance results for the gravity model as they tested it using origin-destination (O-D) data at certain levels of aggregation. Also, the main premise of the gravity model in urban networks is the existence of the scale-free property. The characteristics of urban mobility networks, such as scale-free properties, network size, the existence of hubs and giant components, however, might vary depending on the spatial and temporal resolutions of data based on which these networks are constructed. Hence, the sensitivity of gravity model performance to variation in the level of aggregation of data and the temporal and spatial scale of urban mobility networks needs to be examined. To address this gap, this study examined the basic gravity model, which captures the flow magnitude between O-D pairs based on three variables (population of the origin, population of the destination, and the distance between them). Accordingly, we constructed the urban mobility networks using fine-grained location-based human mobility data for multiple US metropolitan counties. The constructed urban mobility networks have finer resolution as they capture population flow among census tracts on an hourly and daily scale (as opposed to previous studies which used larger spatial blocks). The results show that the scale-free property does not always exist when urban mobility networks are constructed from data with finer spatial and temporal resolution. By examining the association between macroscopic network characteristics, such as the number of nodes and links, average degree, average clustering coefficient, assortativity coefficient, and predictive performance, we found weak association between performance and certain network structures. The findings suggest that: (1) finer-scale urban mobility networks do not demonstrate a scale-free property; (2) the performance of the basic gravity model decays for predicting population flow in the finer-scale urban mobility networks; (3) the variations in population density distribution and mobility network structure and properties across counties do not significantly influence the performance of gravity models. Hence, gravity models may not be suitable for modeling urban mobility networks with daily or hourly aggregation of census tract to census tract movements. The findings highlight the need for new-generation urban mobility network models or machine learning approaches to better predict fine-scale and high temporal-resolution urban mobility networks.
A lower bound on expected communication cost of quantum state redistribution

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Data compression is a fundamental problem in quantum and classical information theory. A typical version of the problem is that the sender Alice receives a (classical or quantum) state from some known ensemble and needs to transmit them to the receiver Bob with average error below some specified bound. We consider the case in which the message can have a variable length and the goal is to minimize its expected length. For classical messages this problem has a well-known solution given by Huffman coding. In this scheme, the expected length of the message is equal to the Shannon entropy of the source (with a constant additive factor) and the scheme succeeds with zero error. This is a single-shot result which implies the asymptotic result, viz. Shannon's source coding theorem, by encoding each state sequentially. For the quantum case, the asymptotic compression rate is given by the von-Neumann entropy. However, we show that there is no one-shot scheme which is able to match this rate, even if interactive communication is allowed. This is a relatively rare case in quantum information theory when the cost of a quantum task is significantly different than the classical analogue. Our result has implications for direct sum theorems in quantum communication complexity and one-shot formulations of Quantum Reverse Shannon theorem.
Cultural due diligence : an investigation into its significance in tertiary education mergers in Scotland

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Mergers are a fact of life in the private sector and are increasingly becoming a factor in the public sector. Organisations seek to merge in order to survive or grow by accruing benefits of scale, better or cheaper access to resources or by overcoming barriers to entry into existing or new markets. Financial shocks can play a part in increasing merger activity (Andrade et al., 2001; Harford, 2004) and the tertiary education sector in Scotland has witnessed a number of mergers in the last two decades, the most recent of which have been at least in part driven by the need to reduce public expenditure. \nThis study considered the guidance afforded to tertiary education institutions in Scotland and highlighted the paucity of support offered in the important area of bringing human resources (of potentially disparate organisations) together in a merger situation. The cultures of organisations were a primary focus, since they are the embodiment of the assumptions, values and behaviours which form the ‘soul’ of an organisation. The study acknowledged the prevalence of financial and legal due diligence in the pre-merger phase, arguing that there should also be an explicit consideration of 'cultural due diligence' (CDD). \nAn exploratory case study method was used to examine whether cultural aspects were investigated in a particular merger involving two Scottish colleges. A number of respondents, drawn from the governance, executive, \nmanagement and supervisory strata were interviewed in order to ascertain the level to which cultural issues had been addressed at the pre- and post-merger stages. \nThe research identified some activity pertaining to culture identification in the pre-merger stage but found little evidence that values and behaviours had been a specific focus, thereby suggesting that detailed cultural issues were not a priority at that stage in the process. The post-merger phase was characterised by a breakdown in interaction between the college executive and the remainder of the organisation precisely at a time where increased leadership and communications and the rebuilding of trust were called for. \nBased on the research findings, CDD is explicitly defined and a set of principles to guide the conduct of a CDD exercise are offered as a contribution to existing practice. Enhancements to the existing merger guidance are made relating to CDD, continuous monitoring of progress towards a new culture by both governors and the executive and the selection and profile of leaders in a merger. Finally, a number of suggestions for future research are made in support of the premise that organisational culture and CDD in particular are important elements of any merger.
Tossing and Turning: Guests in the Flexible Frameworks of Metal(III) Dicarboxylates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Single crystals of Ga(OH)(C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)·0.74C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<b>2</b>) and Ga(OH,F)(C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)·0.74C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<b>3</b>) were obtained under hydrothermal conditions. The structures of <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> have the same topological framework as the previously reported aluminum 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (BDC), Al(OH)(C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)·0.7C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<b>1</b>). The frameworks are built by interconnecting M−OH−M chains (M = Al, Ga) with BDC anions to form large diamond-shaped one-dimensional channels filled with additional H<sub>2</sub>BDC guest molecules occupying disordered positions in the channels. Upon removal of H<sub>2</sub>BDC, other guest molecules such as H<sub>2</sub>O and pyridine can be inserted. In this work, we present a study of the intercalation of aromatic guests (BDC and pyridine) into frameworks of <b>1</b>−<b>3</b> by liquid and vapor diffusion into the empty channels of <b>1</b> and by single-crystal-to-single-crystal solvothermal guest exchange for <b>2</b> and <b>3</b>. In the case of Al(OH)BDC and Ga(OH,F)BDC, two interconvertible, guest-concentration-dependent phases with different orientations of the pyridine guests have been observed, while only one pyridine orientation is found in Ga(OH)BDC.
High Serum Advanced Glycation End-Products Predict Coronary Artery Disease Irrespective of Arterial Stiffness in Diabetic Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serum AGEs independently predict obstructive CAD and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis irrespective of arterial stiffness only in diabetics. Evaluation of PWV and serum AGEs together may be more effective to identify the risk of CAD in diabetic individuals.
Supplementary Files for "Identifying personally modifiable factors for self-harm recovery in young people: A protocol for a systematic review"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Files1. Supplementary File 1: PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) 2015 checklist: recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol2. Supplementary File 2: The search terms using the CHIMER framework for both personal and clinical recovery from self-harm3. Supplementary File 3: Inclusion/exclusion criteria4. Supplementary File 4: Data extraction tools
Elasto-plastic model for beams damaged by corrosion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

[EN] This article describes the elasto-plastic model that has been applied to analyse the beams damaged by corrosion. CONTECVET Manual, which contains the principles of this kind of structural evaluation, has been adopted. This Manual recommends considering the reduced section of the concrete and of the reinforcements as well as the possible reduction of the concrete steel bond. The first part of the article describes the basis of the structural model and, the mechanical behaviour of the materials. In the second part, the results of the experimental tests are presented and compared with the results of the model. The results indicate an enough good accordance, if the typical scatter of this type of experimental tests is taken into account.
From peripheral to central (Neuro)degeneration: Is heart-kidney a new axial paradigm for Parkinson’s disease?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is primarily characterized by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) and the loss of dopaminergic neurons (DAn). The most evident repercussions of the disease include sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction, decreased dopamine (DA) levels, and impaired voluntary movements. Given the multifactorial nature of PD, it is now recognized that several systemic diseases may predispose individuals to the onset and progression of PD as well as influence its therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies have highlighted that patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) face an increased risk of developing PD, independent of the shared risk factors. Indeed, substantial evidence supports the connections between the brain, heart, and kidneys. Elements such as the dopaminergic system, blood pressure regulation, inflammation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and calcium (Ca2+) signaling are recognized as crucial for the functioning of each organ individually. However, these factors may also significantly impact the overall health of the triad. Understanding the interconnection between the brain, heart, and kidneys would be groundbreaking in enhancing our knowledge about their interactions, enabling prompt interventions in the early stages of the disease. With this perspective, this review analyzes the current understanding of the brain-heart-kidney axis as a potential new paradigm for diagnosing and managing PD.
Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age \nby Ayala Fader, Princeton, NJ & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2020, Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology, 270 pp. ISBN 978–0–691–16990–3 (hb), ISBN 978–0–691–20148–1 (eb)
Design and Experimentation of a Machine Vision-Based Cucumber Quality Grader

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The North China type cucumber, characterized by its dense spines and top flowers, is susceptible to damage during the grading process, affecting its market value. Moreover, traditional manual grading methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. To address these issues, this paper proposes a cucumber quality grader based on machine vision and deep learning. In the electromechanical aspect, a novel fixed tray type grading mechanism is designed to prevent damage to the vulnerable North China type cucumbers during the grading process. In the vision grading algorithm, a new convolutional neural network is introduced named MassNet, capable of predicting cucumber mass using only a top-view image. After obtaining the cucumber mass prediction, mass grading is achieved. Experimental validation includes assessing the electromechanical performance of the grader, comparing MassNet with different models in predicting cucumber mass, and evaluating the online grading performance of the integrated algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the designed cucumber quality grader achieves a maximum capacity of 2.3 t/hr. In comparison with AlexNet, MobileNet, and ResNet, MassNet demonstrates superior cucumber mass prediction, with a MAPE of 3.9% and RMSE of 6.7 g. In online mass grading experiments, the grading efficiency of the cucumber quality grader reaches 93%.
Smartphone Addiction and Sleep Quality Associated with Depression in University Students in Japan

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Smartphones have developed rapidly in recent years, with their use becoming widespread and an established part of daily life. Along with the development of various applications, smartphone addiction or dependence has been routinely reported, and indicated to be associated with such conditions as sleep problems and depression. In order to examine the relationships of smartphone use, sleep quality, chronotype, and physical exercise, with a depressive state, the authors administered a self-reporting questionnaire survey, which included the Japanese version of the Smartphone Dependence Scale (J-SDS), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), to 119 university students in Japan. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that scores for the J-SDS and PSQI were significantly related to BDI score. These findings suggest that smartphone addiction and poor sleep quality are associated with the depressive state in students in Japan.
Post-Stroke Rehabilitation of Distal Upper Limb with New Perspective Technologies: Virtual Reality and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation—A Mini Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Upper extremity motor impairment is the most common sequelae in patients with stroke. Moreover, its continual nature limits the optimal functioning of patients in the activities of daily living. Because of the intrinsic limitations in the conventional form of rehabilitation, the rehabilitation applications have been expanded to technology-driven solutions, such as Virtual Reality and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). The motor relearning processes are influenced by variables, such as task specificity, motivation, and feedback provision, and a VR environment in the form of interactive games could provide novel and motivating customized training solutions for better post-stroke upper limb motor improvement. rTMS being a precise non-invasive brain stimulation method with good control of stimulation parameters, has the potential to facilitate neuroplasticity and hence a good recovery. Although several studies have discussed these forms of approaches and their underlying mechanisms, only a few of them have specifically summarized the synergistic applications of these paradigms. To bridge the gaps, this mini review presents recent research and focuses precisely on the applications of VR and rTMS in distal upper limb rehabilitation. It is anticipated that this article will provide a better representation of the role of VR and rTMS in distal joint upper limb rehabilitation in patients with stroke.
R-Hexitronic acid, a new tetronic acid derivative isolated from a soil fungus FG9RK

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new tetronic acid derivative (1) together with terrestric acid (2), a known metabolite of Penicillium species, was isolated from the soil fungus, FG9RK following fermentation on solid rice medium. The structure of 1 was elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR and MS measurements. The absolute configuration of the oxygenated carbon in the side chain of 1 was identified as S by converting the compound into its Mosher ester whereas the absolute configuration of the lactone ring was deduced based on biogenetic considerations and comparison with 2.
Activity of the combination of isoniazid, protionamide and dapsone against Mycobacterium leprae and some other mycobacteria.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

No additive effect was found at the addition of isoniazid to either dapsone or protionamide against M. leprae and against highly dapsone-sensitive in vitro growing Mycobacterium sp. strains. It is concluded that the indication of the administration of isoniazid in leprosy is extremely limited and could only be envisaged as a companion drug in combined therapy of dapsone-resistant multibacillary leprosy in light-skinned people, when aminoglycosides cannot be administered.
Scaling invariance of spherical projectile fragmentation upon high-velocity impact on a thin continuous shield

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The problem of aluminum projectile fragmentation upon high-velocity impact on a thin aluminum shield is considered. A distinctive feature of this description is that the fragmentation has been numerically simulated using the complete system of equations of deformed solid mechanics by a method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics in three-dimensional setting. The transition from damage to fragmentation is analyzed and scaling relations are derived in terms of the impact velocity (V), ratio of shield thickness to projectile diameter (h/D), and ultimate strength (σ p ) in the criterion of projectile and shield fracture. Analysis shows that the critical impact velocity V c (separating the damage and fragmentation regions) is a power function of σ p and h/D. In the supercritical region (V > V c ), the weight-average fragment mass asymptotically tends to a power function of the impact velocity with exponent independent of h/D and σ p . Mean cumulative fragment mass distributions at the critical point are scale-invariant with respect to parameters h/D and σ p . Average masses of the largest fragments are also scale-invariant at V > V c , but only with respect to variable parameter σ p .
A CURIOUS PRACTICE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This preface offers a playful and insightful introduction to the thought of Vinciane Despret from her colleague and collaborator. Despret's philosophical approach builds from the virtue of politeness, which allows animals – concrete, individual animals – to be interesting. Part appraisal, part speculative narrative, this preface looks at the curious practices of Despret as she works with, and thinks from, animals.
The sternal foramen - a small anomaly of clinical relevance that can mimic traumatic complications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sternal foramens are developmental defects on the medium line of the sternum due to incomplete fusion of its ossification centers. Its prevalence varies from 4.3 to 18.3%, and because of its location, most of the time, on the inferior third of the body, it predisposes risk of fatal complications during sternal puncture or bone marrow biopsy. It was observed on an adult sternal bone, without sex or age identification, a semi-elliptical foramen located on the inferior third of the body, on the level of the fifth notch of the costochondral junction, whose length and width were of 8,0 mm and 10,0 mm, respectively. The knowledge of this foramen is of great importance to health professionals, especially on the execution of sternal procedures, since its presence can lead to complications during the acupuncture practice and on bone marrow sternal punctures, as well as to prevent radiological and pathological misinterpretations, so, in that way, patient care can be improved.
Energy Materials Coordinating Committee (EMaCC). Annual technical report, fiscal year 1983

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The following text briefly describes the materials research programs of the Department of Energy. It is organized by office and organizational charts are provided to allow easy identification of the materials research programs of each office. These program descriptions have been prepared from inputs submitted by many different EMaCC members. This report is not a comprehensive summary of the Department's programs, but rather a compilation of the programs of those offices that submitted inputs.