jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preface to Special Issue of HETEROCYCLES - Honoring the 85th Birthday of Prof. Dr. Albert Eschenmoser

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

….In my opinion, there is a problem that is central to organic chemistry alone and in which biologists cannot help us.We all agree…that the emphasis in synthetic research is the synthesis of properties," and not just compounds.Now, the most important property that we can attack by synthesis is the property of living.The problem, rigorously a problem of synthesis, is to study the laws, the rules, and the principles of self-organization of organic matter…." 1 If ever there were a statement that epitomizes the grand challenge to the science of organic chemistry, it would be the one above from Albert Eschenmoser who, for more than six decades, has epitomized the vanguard of vision and practice in the field he has cherished and shaped.The honor and pleasure of preparing a Foreword for this Special Issue of Heterocycles dedicated to the celebration of the 85 th birthday of Professor Albert Eschenmoser also presents a formidable challenge in light of the breadth and impact of his contributions to organic chemistry.It is with greatest appreciation and respect for his inspiring mentorship and towering achievements that this necessarily brief and incomplete description of his scientific and personal legacy is composed.
Incidental Gastric Eosinophils in Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Do They Matter?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

RF Ammoury, MB Rosenman, D Roettcher, SK Gupta. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51(6):723–726

Some patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) demonstrate an increased number of eosinophils in gastric mucosa. These researchers sought to assess clinical and therapeutic differences in children with EoE and either no gastric eosinophils (EE-N) or an increased number of gastric eosinophils (EE-A).

Children aged 1 to 18 years who had had an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) over an 8-year period (1999–2007) were assessed. The study was conducted …
STUDIES ON URINARY INFECTION REPORT IV

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Of 22 strains of unidentifiable Gram-negative rods obtained from urine specimens and mortar liver lesions in secondary infection, the biological properties of 10 strains preserved so far were studied. Further more, immunological studies were performed, with the following results, by the use of the above strains and Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Alcaligenes faecalis whose sources were known.1. Ten strains of unidentifiable Gram-negative rods used in the present study can be classified into two types according to their properties.2. In the biological identification method, these microorganisms exhibited properties altogether different from those of intestinal flora and similar Gram-negative rods.3. Into strains of unidentifiable Gram-negative rods can be distinguished immunologically from Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Alcaligenes faecalis.4. Unidentifiable Gram-negative rods used in the present study could not be identified by the biological and immunological methods o For this reason it seems reasonable to treat these rods as a group of unidentifiable Gram-negative rods.5. The distribution of the unidentifiable Gram-negative rods by diseases was similar to that of pseudomonas aeruginosa. For the clarification of the clinical significance of the rods, it is desirable that the pathogenicity and virulence of the microorganisms should be examined.
DC Injection Suppression in Transformer-Less Grid-Connected Inverter using a DC-Link Current Sensing and Active Control Approach

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

There is increasing interest in the use of transformer-less systems for grid-connected photovoltaic applications. Compared to transformer-coupled solutions, transformer-less systems offer a typical efficiency increase of 1-2%, reduced system size and weight, and a reduction in cost. However, the removal of the transformer has technical implications. In addition to the loss of galvanic isolation, dc current injection into the grid is a potential risk. While desirable, complete mitigation of dc current injection via convention current control methods is known to be particularly challenging. For this reason, this paper proposes an active dc suppression method, in which the dc current injection is accurately determined by extracting the line-frequency component from inverter dc-link current measurements, and then, mitigated with an active closed-loop controller. Experimental results from a laboratory grid-connected inverter system are presented to demonstrate the high performance of the proposed technique.
Towards shot-noise limited diffraction experiments with table-top femtosecond hard x-ray sources

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Table-top laser-driven hard x-ray sources with kilohertz repetition rates are an attractive alternative to large-scale accelerator-based systems and have found widespread applications in x-ray studies of ultrafast structural dynamics. Hard x-ray pulses of 100 fs duration have been generated at the Cu Kα wavelength with a photon flux of up to 109 photons per pulse into the full solid angle, perfectly synchronized to the sub-100-fs optical pulses from the driving laser system. Based on spontaneous x-ray emission, such sources display a particular noise behavior which impacts the sensitivity of x-ray diffraction experiments. We present a detailed analysis of the photon statistics and temporal fluctuations of the x-ray flux, together with experimental strategies to optimize the sensitivity of optical pump/x-ray probe experiments. We demonstrate measurements close to the shot-noise limit of the x-ray source.
SRPRB is differentially expressed in central nervous system metastasis in human breast cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metastasis to the brain occurs in a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published RNA-sequencing and microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that SRP receptor subunit beta, encoded by SRPRB, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. SRPRB mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Expression of SRPRB in primary tumors was correlated with patient overall, distant metastasis-free and recurrence-free survival. Modulation of SRPRB expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
When is a Donor a Daddy? Informal Agreements With Known Sperm Donors: Lessons from Abroad

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Individuals are increasingly entering into informal agreements with known sperm donors in order to either circumvent the costs involved in using fertility centres or owing to personal beliefs and preferences. When they do so, the legal protection that ordinarily accompanies the use of a fertility centre is either sparse or lacking. The question is what happens when one of the parties reneges on the agreement, either by demanding parental responsibilities or rights in the case of the donor or, in the case of the recipient, by demanding that the donor assumes a parental role when this was never his intention. The position in South Africa is currently unregulated. This article, therefore, examines the position in a number of foreign jurisdictions with the aim of making recommendations for the way forward in South Africa.
The association between asthma and anxiety in elementary school students in Japan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Studies on the association between asthma and anxiety in Asian children are limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between asthma and anxiety among Japanese elementary school students. Methods A cross‐sectional study of the association between asthma and anxiety in primary school children in Matsuyama City was conducted in 2014. The questionnaires included inquiries on asthma, anxiety, and other demographic variables. After excluding missing values, 17 752 (51.5% male) children were included in the analysis. The presence of asthma (yes/no) was answered by guardians. A score of four or more on the emotional symptom subscale of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire was considered as having anxiety. A Rohrer index score of 145 or more was considered as overweight. We estimated the prevalence ratio (PR) of having anxiety in relation to the presence of asthma based on the Poisson regression model. Results The multivariate PR (95% confidence interval) of having anxiety in asthmatic boys compared with non‐asthmatic boys was 1.56 (1.21‐1.99). The association was more evident in older than younger boys, where PR = 1.32 (0.93‐1.88) for younger versus 1.87(1.32‐2.64) for older boys ( P for interaction = .08); and in non‐overweight boys than overweight, where PR = 1.64 (1.27‐2.13) and 0.94 (0.41‐2.19) ( P for interaction = .22), respectively. Similar associations were not found for girls. Conclusion Asthma was significantly associated with anxiety in boys, particularly in older boys.
Phagocytic activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines production by the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 stimulated by a recombinant BCG (rBCG) expressing the MSP1-C of Plasmodium falciparum.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Macrophages are involved in innate immunity against malaria due to their ability to phagocytose infected erythrocytes and produce inflammatory cytokines, which are important for controlling parasite growth during malaria infection. In this study, the ability of a recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccine expressing the 19-kDa C-terminus of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1-C) of Plasmodium falciparum, to stimulate the phagocytic activity and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the macrophage cell line J774A.1 was measured at varying times. The results demonstrate the ability of the rBCG construct to activate the inflammatory action of macrophages, which is important as a first-line of defence in clearing malaria infections.
Evaluation of selected fungicides against powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC.) and rust (Uromyces fabae de Bary) diseases on field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment entitled, “Evaluation of selected fungicides against powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC.) and rust (Uromyces fabae de Bary) diseases on field pea (Pisum sativam L.)” was conducted in the experimental field of department of plant pathology, Sam Higginbottom institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad during Rabi season of 2013-14 Seven treatments including control with three replications were taken up using RBD. Treatments of foliar spray of hexaconazole (contaf 5 % EC), propiconazole (tilt 25 % EC), dinocap (Karathane 48 % EC), mancozeb (indofil M-45 % WP), carbendazim (bavistin 50 % WP), wettable sulphur (sulfex 80 % WP) and control (spray of plain water) were applied at the onset of disease symptoms at 84 DAS. Observations were recorded at 7 and 14 days after spray. Propiconazole @ 0.1 % was found to be the best fungicide which gave good controlled against powdery mildew and rust diseases of field pea (Pisum sativam L.), followed by carbendazim as compared to control which recorded maximum disease intensity.
Combining Sequence-Specific Probes and DNA Binding Dyes in Real-Time PCR for Specific Nucleic Acid Quantification and Melting Curve Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Currently, in real-time PCR, one often has to choose between using a sequence-specific probe and a nonspecific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding dye for the detection of amplified DNA products. The sequence-specific probe has the advantage that it only detects the targeted product, while the nonspecific dye has the advantage that melting curve analysis can be performed after completed amplification, which reveals what kind of products have been formed. Here we present a new strategy based on combining a sequence-specific probe and a nonspecific dye, BOXTO, in the same reaction, to take the advantage of both chemistries. We show that BOXTO can be used together with both TaqMan probes and locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes without interfering with the PCR. The probe signal reflect formation of target product, while melting curve analysis of the BOXTO signal reveals primer-dimer formation and the presence of any other anomalous products.
Exploiting frequency-scaling invariance properties of the scale transform for automatic speech recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An experimental study of the application of scale-transform to improve the performance of speaker independent continuous speech recognition, is presented in this paper. Three major results are described. First, a comparison was made between the scale-transform based magnitude cepstrum coefficients (STCC) and mel-scale filter bank cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) on a telephone based connected digit recognition task. It was shown that the STCC can obtain a performance that is close to that of the MFCC. Second, a simple frequency-normalization procedure was applied to the scale-transform representation that improved performance on the connected digit recognition task with respect to the MFCC. Finally, in a more controlled experimental setting using the TIMIT database, it was shown that the application of phone-specific frequency warpings improved phone classification performance over using a single speaker-specific warping. This last result may have general implications for all frequency warping based speaker normalization procedures.
Genomic profiling of early-onset metastatic Chinese colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients: The development of a PFS prediction model for first line treatments.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e15657 Background: The incidence of CRC is rising in early-onset patients despite a decline in overall incidence. In this study we interrogated the mutation spectrum of mCRC patients diagnosed before age 55 and established a model for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) for 1st line treatments, integrating both clinical and molecular features. Methods: Variables with p-values < 0.05 were entered into multivariate analyses using Cox stepwise regression model to select independent predictors as input. A final model was selected using a backward step-down process. Results: We performed targeted sequencing on 187 resected or biopsied tumor tissue samples and matched white blood cells of early onset mCRC patients using a panel consisting of 520 cancer-related genes. We identified 13.9% patients (26/187) with pathogenic germline mutations in cancer susceptibility genes. Comparing to TCGA data set, our cohort revealed a distinct mutation profile, reflected by significantly higher mutation frequencies in TP53, BRAF, RET, EP300 and a lower frequency in APC in patients with left-sided primaries. In patients with right-sided primaries, our cohort showed significantly higher frequencies in TP53, DOTIL and lower frequencies in APC, EP300, CREBBP and FBXW7. To predict the probability of 12-month and 18-month PFS of patients undergoing 1st line chemotherapy± biologic agents, we constructed a nomogram incorporating both clinical and molecular features, including T stage, tumor location, BRAF V600E, ARID1A, PIK3CG, the presence of germline pathogenic mutations and mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE /POLD1, achieving a C-index of 0.683. The predictive power drops to 0.62 if only stage and location, the two most commonly used predictors, are used as input. We confirmed the performance of our model by grouping patients into 3 subgroups based on total points obtained, and demonstrated significant difference in PFS (p < 0.01) independent of treatments. Conclusions: We revealed a distinctive genomic landscape for early onset Chinese mCRC patients and developed a PFS prediction model for patients undergoing 1st line treatments.
Enzyme induction in rat liver: The effects of Be2+in vivo

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rats given an LD50 dose of Be2+ showed reduced activities of ornithine decarboxytase and tyrosine aminotransferase in liver in response to dexamethasone induction. Control fed animals showed ‘superinduction’. Be2+ also inhibited the uptake of [3H]orotic acid into rapidly labelled RNA of ribonucleoprotein particles extracted from liver nuclei in isomolar solutions at pH 8.0. Consistent with inhibition of cytoplasmic protein kinase reported previously (Kaser et at., 1980), the uptake of [32P]Pi into proteins in the ribonucleoprotein particles was also diminished.
OBTAINANCE AND PROPERTIES OF UV SENSORS ON GaP SUBSTRATE WITH MODIFIED SURFACE

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Photoelectric properties of contacts Ni-GaP produced on n-GaP surface with different surface processing methods are investigated. After etching in “aqua regia” the substrate had mirror surface (type 1) , which after processing in KOH+HNO3 = 1:50 melt visually perceive as matte (type 2). AFM topogram showed that (type 2 ) samples are characterized by structure consisted of identically oriented pyramids with 2-5 μm base. which consist of nanopyramid association with 10-100 nm lateral sizes. The presence of this surfaced nanostructure causes set of photovoltaic features in Ni-GaP contacts. The first of these is a substantially great point sensitivity – 0,35 A/Vt , that for diodes with mirror surface equal to 0,1A/Vt. The circuit voltage of type 2 samples reaches about 0,9 V while for type 1 samples it doesn’t exceed 0,5 V. The surfaced nanostructure also causes decrease of surfaced recombination speed with appearance of band with maximum 3,2 eV in photosensitivity spectra , corresponding to the energy of direct junctions in GaP.
Overt and covert: Successful strategies for building employability skills of vocational education graduates

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Knowing how well higher education providers prepare learners for the working world is becoming increasingly important at all programme levels, and this is nowhere more apparent than with vocational education training. Ensuring our learners can hit the ground running and become immediately productive is essential for the relevance, and probably the survival, of New Zealand’s Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics (ITPs). Yet while there is much commentary about the challenges of transitions from tertiary study into employment and the ‘employability skills gap’, there is all too little given to how this is being addressed in teaching. This paper describes the work of an inter-institutional research collaboration into current approaches being used to embed skills that enhance employability. Drawing on a number of frameworks and models, the research team selected ten core attributes: positive attitude, communication, teamwork, self-management, willingness to learn, thinking skills, resilience, innovation, entrepreneurship and cultural competence. The team then identified a range of strategies being used by highly commended teachers to enhance the ten employability skills: firstly, by observing classroom and online practices of 23 selected teachers from participating organisations; and secondly through follow-up interviews with the same teachers. The key takeaway of this research is raised awareness and intentionality of the overt and covert approaches vocational educators are using to enhance the employability of their students.
Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell. JP 22067

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell.
Common name(s): Wheat (Common wheat)
Other names: PAKISTAN ZAIRAISHU(49P 70-20)
Conserved by: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Japan
Local sample unique identifier: JP 22067
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1977-03-29
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
The Role of Ultrasound and Shear-Wave Elastography in Evaluation of Cervical Lymph Nodes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim . To evaluate the prognostic value of ultrasound and shear-wave elastography (SWE) in diagnosing malignant cervical lymph nodes. Methods . A total of 99 patients with enlarged lymph nodes (99 lymph nodes presenting as a neck mass) were examined clinically with conventional ultrasound including Doppler examination and shear-wave elastography. The results of the examinations were compared with the final diagnosis. Results . There were 43 benign and 56 malignant lymph nodes in our cohort. Age and sex were significant predictors of malignancy. The standard ultrasound parameters—node size, long/short axis ratio, hilum, vascularization, and the presence of microcalcifications—were also statistically significant. Lymph node volume combined with age showed the best predictive power. The maximum stiffness found on SWE was also a significant predictor of malignancy. The combination of epidemiologic, classic ultrasound, and elastographic parameters yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of malignancy; however, the additional impact of elastographic parameters was low. Conclusion . A combination of epidemiologic and classic ultrasound parameters can discriminate between malignant and benign lymph nodes with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. Examining the stiffness of lymph nodes by means of SWE does not add much new predictive power.
Legal matters related to structural damage in the Netherlands

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When structural damage occurs and disputes arise, forensic engineers have to search for the causes of this damage to find out who can be held liable for it. Legal systems must provide an adequate, reasonable, effective and complete way to solve these disputes. Each country has its own system with advantages and disadvantages. This paper provides an overview of the Dutch legal system concerning liability, dispute resolution and insurances. These themes will be illustrated by quantitative research data, a comparison between the Netherlands and England and by discussing advantages and disadvantages of rules, such as reasonableness and influences on structural safety. In this way, the aim is to share knowledge and contribute to the discussion regarding the legal and judicial framework relating to structural damage.
Interpretation of Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement 2023

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Depression and suicide in adults have become significant public health issues in China and globally, imposing a heavy burden on patients and society. In 2023, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) published a recommendation statement on Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults in JAMA. The statement suggested screening for depression in adults, including pregnant and postpartum individuals, as well as the elderly. However, the evidence regarding the risks and benefits of suicide screening is insufficient, making it challenging to determine its overall impact. This article provides an overview of adult depression and suicide, including epidemiology, risk factors, early screening tools, pros and cons, treatments and interventions, and the guidance value of the USPSTF statement for general practitioners, combining insights from the USPSTF statement and current research both domestically and internationally.