jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prospects of food taxes for planetary health: a systematic review of modeling studies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background Fiscal policies on food can effectively fight the growing burden of non-communicable diseases and climate change. These policies should be modeled in advance to see the implications for the environment and health. The aim of this study was to analyze these modeling methodologies. Methods We conducted a systematic review, searching Scopus and Pubmed for studies that modeled fiscal policies on the food groups targeted by the EAT-Lancet Commission and examined their health or environmental outcomes. We then double-screened the records, and extracted data on modeling methods from the 55 included studies. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (2022 CRD42022291945). Results The most frequently modeled interventions were fruit and vegetable subsidies and carbon taxes on food. One study also included a consumer education campaign to enhance the effect of fiscal policy. The outcomes are highly sensitive to consumption change and price elasticities. The stability of the amount of diet consumed was modeled 6 times with calorie stability, and twice with dietary weight stability. The outcomes were also sensitive to diseases and the system boundaries of environmental impacts. None of the studies modeled the health effects of environmental outcomes. Conclusions We did not find a model that covered all the relevant aspects of the issue. Some parts were missing from all the included models. It is advisable to model the stability of the amount of diet consumed, either by keeping the weight of the diet stable or by taking a more conservative approach and keeping the consumed calories stable. A fiscal policy is more equitable if a tax and a subsidy are combined to be less regressive. Additionally, an informational campaign as a complement could improve effectiveness. The included diseases and environmental boundaries are preferable to be broad to have more valid outcomes on this complex issue. A more comprehensive understanding of fiscal policies would allow us to better anticipate the impact of our actions and inactions and thus could lead to more sophisticated measures taken by policymakers.
The role of digital transformation in enhancing performance and security of technology infrastructure in public institutions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Digital transformation has emerged as a critical enabler in enhancing the performance and security of technology infrastructure in public institutions. This study explores how the adoption of cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain contributes to operational efficiency, improved decision-making, and robust cybersecurity measures in governmental organizations. Through a qualitative literature review approach, this research synthesizes findings from recent studies to assess the impact of digital transformation on public sector governance. The results highlight that digital transformation enhances service delivery, inter-agency collaboration, and data-driven decision-making, leading to increased institutional efficiency. Furthermore, cybersecurity remains a major concern, as public institutions are prime targets for cyber threats, data breaches, and ransomware attacks. The study identifies challenges such as outdated infrastructure, resistance to change, and the high cost of implementation, which hinder the seamless adoption of digital technologies. To address these challenges, it is essential for governments to invest in IT infrastructure, develop regulatory frameworks, and provide digital literacy training for employees. The study concludes that while digital transformation offers unparalleled opportunities for optimizing government operations, a comprehensive and well-structured strategy is required to mitigate risks and ensure long-term sustainability. Future research should focus on empirical case studies and best practices to guide policymakers and IT professionals in formulating more effective digital governance policies.
Burning cars in parkings

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Knuth's parking scheme is a model in computer science for hashing with linear probing. One may imagine a circular parking with $n$ sites; cars arrive at each site with unit rate. When a car arrives at a vacant site, it parks there; otherwise it turns clockwise and parks at the first vacant site which is found. We incorporate fires to this model by throwing Molotov cocktails on each site at a smaller rate $n^{-\alpha}$ where $0 2/3$, whereas for $\alpha<2/3$, the mean occupation approaches $1$ at time $1$ but then quickly drops to $0$ before the parking is ever saturated. Our study relies on asymptotics for the occupation of the parking without fires in certain regimes which may be of independent interest.
Mercury Temporal Trends in Top Predator Fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes from 2004 to 2015: Are Concentrations Still Decreasing?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Mercury (Hg) concentration trends in top predator fish (lake trout and walleye) of the Great Lakes (GL) from 2004 to 2015 were determined by Kendall-Theil robust regression with a cluster-based age normalization method to control for the effect of changes in lake trophic status. When data from the GLs (except Lake Erie) are combined, a significant decreasing trend in the lake trout Hg concentrations was found between 2004 and 2015 with an annual decrease of 4.1% per year, consistent with the decline in regional atmospheric Hg emissions and water Hg concentrations. However, a breakpoint was detected with a significant decreasing slope (-8.1% per year) before the breakpoint (2010), and no trend after the breakpoint. When the lakes are examined individually, Lakes Superior and Huron, which are dominated by atmospheric Hg inputs and are more likely than the lower lakes to respond to declining emissions from areas surrounding the GL, have significant decreasing trends with rates between 5.2 and 7.8% per year from 2004 to 2015. These declining trends appear to be driven by decreasing regional atmospheric Hg emissions although they may be partly counterbalanced by other factors, including increasing local emissions, food web changes, eutrophication, and responses to global climate change. Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario may have been more impacted by these other factors and their trends changed from decreasing to non-decreasing or increasing in recent years.
Experience with Pegylated Interferon α-2a in 30 Patients Diagnosed with Hematologic Neoplasms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: Interferon (IFN-α) is frequently used in various hematologic neoplastic disorders either at failure of first-line treatment or as first-line therapy in selected patients. IFN-α has shown significant activity in treatment, but the therapy is handicapped by high dropout rates due to side effects and cumbersome dosing schedules. Pegylated (peg) IFN- α is formulated by the covalent binding of one 40 kDa branched PEG-polymer to a lysine side chain of IFN- α. This modification prolongs serum half-life and patient exposure to medicine, decreases renal excretion, thus allowing for weekly administration, acceptable toxicity, tolerability and activity profiles. The results of peg-IFN in polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) in phase 2 studies are encouraging, with molecular responses in some patients. There is at least one phase 3 study of hydroxyurea versus peg-IFN as first-line cytoreductive therapy for PV. In spite of ongoing international efforts to evaluate peg-IFN in PV, there is limited experience on peg-IFN use in other hematologic neoplasms. Method: <>All patients who were put on peg-IFN in our center were found in our institutional electronic database. The patients had been recorded prospectively. All patients who had been treated with peg-IFN had been approved by national health authority and all patients had given informed written consent. Responses were evaluated by ELN (chronic myeloid leukemia), IWG-MRT (PV and ET), EUMNET (myelofibrosis), Nordic proposal criteria (hypereosinophilic syndrome), modified consensus criteria (systemic mastocytosis) (Am. J. Hematol 2009;84:790), Cheson criteria (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) and PET response criteria (Erdheim Chester disease) standardized criteria. Adverse effects were classified according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE4.0). Categorical and continuous data were expressed as ratio (%) and median (range). Statistical analyses were done by SPSS v17 (Chicago, IL). Results: There were 30 patients with 8 different hematologic neoplasms: 12 PV, 6 ET, 2 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 3 systemic mastocytosis (SM), 4 Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), 1 primary myelofibrosis (PM), 1 hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), and 1 lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LG). Detailed descriptive data, toxicity and treatment results are presented in table 1. Responses were observed in all disease categories. Toxicities were frequent in PV/Et, including significant autoimmune disorders (nephritic syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis) Conclusion: Peg-IFN is effective in many hematologic neoplastic disorders. Unfortunately, toxicity is a major concern in this treatment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Complications of tracheostomy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tracheostomy used to be reserved for the severely ill patient with acute respiratory obstruction. As the incidence of diphtheria declined the operation came to be performed only occasionally, particularly as the high mortality and complica tion rates associated with the use of tracheostomy in diphtheria were well remembered. But within the past 20 years a great change has occurred as the indications for tracheostomy have widened to include trach?al and bronchial toilet (Galloway, 1943), intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of the lungs (Lassen, 1953), protection against inhalation of foreign matter (Taylor and Austin, 1951), and reduction of dead space (Carter and Giuseffi, 1951). This increased use of tracheostomy has undoubtedly prevented many deaths from diseases which formerly were inevitably fatal. However, the former high complication rate may well have been overlooked as enthusiasm for the operation increased, and little information is now available on the incidence and types of complications of tracheostomy.
Multistage continuous cultivation of blue‐green alga spirulina maxima in the flat tank photobioreactors with recycle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Spirulina maxima was continuously cultivated in four 64‐liter flat tank photobioreactors in cascade, under continuous 30 klx fluorescent light and nonaseptic condition, in an industrial grade synthetic medium which bubbled with atmospheric air. The increase in the number of stages resulted in the higher biomass concentration and allowed operation with a dilution rate D higher than the alga specific growth rate μ. However, multistage operation does not permit a significant increase in productivity. The recycling of the all culture medium with biomass increased the net productivity of the first two stages of the multistage system. The flat tank design offered great advantages over other geometrical configurations by occupying less space for indoor cultivation, minimizing the water loss by evaporation, and permitting a greater flexibility in construction, installation, and operation. This system was operating continuously for two years in our laboratory for indoor mass production of S. maxima biomass. The flat tank configuration gave the highest areal productivity Pa = 60.5 g/m 2 ·d and highest volumetric productivity Pv = 1.17 g/L·d when operated as a single stage continuous cultivation with high solid recycle. These values are the highest ever reported for any indoor or outdoor mass production system for S. maxima.
Legal and ethical issues surrounding the online dissemination of audiovisual archives: needs, practices and solutions developed in France

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Providing citizens with easy access to the results of research via online dissemination can revitalize the relationship between science and society. If research in the humanities and social sciences, and in particular their audiovisual sources, are to be included in this movement, an effort has to be made to understand and adapt to the requirements of online dissemination. Until recently, furthermore, audiovisual archives were rarely consulted by the public. Embracing the digital turn, therefore, will also represent an important shift for archival managers and researchers. Two main questions can be posed regarding the accessibility of these audiovisual collections. First, how can online dissemination be reconciled with the ethical and legal respect due to persons and institutions involved in qualitative research projects? Issues of authorship, copyright, and confidentiality have to be taken into account. Second, how can the slow internal process of collecting, archiving, and disseminating such collections be combined with various external demands for rapid online visibility of the project and its results? With a focus on audio sources for the humanities and social sciences, this paper will outline possible answers to these questions by providing case studies of solutions currently being used and developed in France. These case studies will be described from the viewpoint of both the archivists and producers of such archives.
Embedded fingerprint identification system based on DSP

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fingerprint recognition is implemented on Ti DSP chip Ti 5402. The algorithm is prompt and practicable. Enhance part adopts a fast orientation filter to improve inputting image quality combining fast orientation interpolation method. On the other hand, the orientation field is used in fingerprint image segment. Matching part uses point match method and combines some post-processing in order to get good match result. One fusion way is introduced in enrollment. In DSP implement phase, the system frame adopts one kind of dispatched system structure aiming at the 5402 features. Otherwise the algorithm of fingerprint recognition is modified and optimized based on DSP instructions. Experiment result indicates that system performance is good.
Light Emission Behavior of Radicals during Preflame Reactions under Knocking Operation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Knocking is one phenomenon that can be cited as a factor impeding efforts to improve the efficiency of spark-ignition engines. With the aim of understanding knocking better, light emission spectroscopy was applied in this study to examine preflame reactions that can be observed prior to autoignition. Light emission intensity was measured at wavelengths of 306.4 nm (characteristic spectrum of OH), 329.8 nm (HCO), 395.2 nm (HCHO). A four-cycle, air-cooled, single-cylinder gasoline engine with a side valve arrangement was used as the test engine. Light emission behavior was simultaneously observed at two positions (the end zone and the center zone) in the combustion chamber. The test fuel used was n-heptane (0 RON). The test engine was operated at three speed levels (1400, 1800 and 2200 rpm). As a result, preflame reactions were observed. It was also observed that the tendencies seen for the preflame reaction interval varied depending on the engine speed.</div>
Molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from non-haematophagous bats in Brazil

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Rabies is an important zoonosis that causes thousands of deaths worldwide each year. Although the terrestrial cycle, mainly transmitted by dogs, is controlled in Brazil, the aerial cycle remains a serious public health issue, besides the economic problem. In the aerial cycle, the haematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus is the main source of infection, where several different species of non-haematophagous bats can be infected and can transmit the virus. METHODS: The aim of this work was to study the epidemiological pattern of rabies using antigenic characterization with monoclonal antibodies and genetic characterization by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of non-haematophagous bats' and herbivorous animals' central nervous system samples from the western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: From 27 samples, 3 antigenic variants were identified: AgV-3, AgV-4, and AgV-6; and from 29 samples, 5 different clusters were identified, all belonging to the rabies virus species. CONCLUSIONS: Although only non-haematophagous bats were evaluated in the studied region, the majority of samples were from antigenic and genetic variants related to haematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus. Samples from the same antigenic variant were segregated in more than one genetic cluster. This study demonstrated the diversity of rabies virus genetic lineages presented and circulating in non-haematophagous bats in the studied region.
A Comprehensive Survey on Source-Free Domain Adaptation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Over the past decade, domain adaptation has become a widely studied branch of transfer learning which aims to improve performance on target domains by leveraging knowledge from the source domain. Conventional domain adaptation methods often assume access to both source and target domain data simultaneously, which may not be feasible in real-world scenarios due to privacy and confidentiality concerns. As a result, the research of Source-Free Domain Adaptation (SFDA) has drawn growing attention in recent years, which only utilizes the source-trained model and unlabeled target data to adapt to the target domain. Despite the rapid explosion of SFDA work, there has been no timely and comprehensive survey in the field. To fill this gap, we provide a comprehensive survey of recent advances in SFDA and organize them into a unified categorization scheme based on the framework of transfer learning. Instead of presenting each approach independently, we modularize several components of each method to more clearly illustrate their relationships and mechanisms in light of the composite properties of each method. Furthermore, we compare the results of more than 30 representative SFDA methods on three popular classification benchmarks, namely Office-31, Office-home, and VisDA, to explore the effectiveness of various technical routes and the combination effects among them. Additionally, we briefly introduce the applications of SFDA and related fields. Drawing on our analysis of the challenges confronting SFDA, we offer some insights into future research directions and potential settings.
Microwave irradiation in organic synthesis towards the construction of biologically active N-heterocycles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, India Department of Chemistry, Dum Dum Motijheel College (West Bengal State University), Kolkata-700 074, India E-mail: cmukhop@yahoo.co.in, rajivkarmakar84@gmail.com Manuscript received on line 07 October 2018, accepted 01 November 2018 In the past few years, using microwave energy to heat and drive chemical reactions has become progressively more popular theme in the scientific community. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis is proving to be instrumental in the rapid synthesis of compounds with novel and improved biological activities. An efficiency of ‘microwave flash heating’ for chemical synthesis is the spectacular reduction in reaction times from days and hours to minutes and seconds, higher yields under milder reaction conditions, and higher product purities etc. Multicomponent reactions are precious tools for the making of various N-heterocycles and the N-heterocyclic scaffolds represent the central framework of many biologically active compounds. N-containing heterocycles hold a special place among pharmaceutically significant natural products and synthetic compounds needed for any developed human society. In the fields of organic chemistry, microwave irradiation is rapidly substituted the conventional heating methods in the world of multicomponent chemistry. In this review, we discuss only formation of N-containing heterocyclic compounds and their fused analogues under microwave activation using modern organic transformations including cyclocondensation, cycloaddition, multicomponents and other modular reactions.
The IDEALS Modular Training System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The modular training system MTS, which was developed within the European project IDEALS , anticipates tomorrow's learning scenarios by provieding flexible, on-demand, user-adaptive, co-operative telematics based distance learning services to Small and Medium Enterprises and Institutes of Higher Education. MTS allows efficient and effective co-authoring of courseware and flexible, personalised, cost-effective learning for users. MTS uses the World Wide Web technolgy for transmission and presentation of and interaction with sophisticated CBT courses. Learning and Trainig Centres (LTCs) interconnecyed to form a European network, facilitate on-line access to MTS-courses, provide on- and off-line support for authoring and training as well as administrate course-usage.
Prevalence of urinary incontinence in Brazilian para athletes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To describe the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in para athletes in Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with Brazilian para athletes with physical impairments from all para sports. The data from 86 participants of both sexes (60 males and 26 females) were collected through an online survey that gathered sociodemographic data and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, from March to July 2023. Results The prevalence of UI was 45.3% (n=39), with the average impact on quality of life scored at 6.1±3.5 on a scale of 0–10. Most para athletes reported moderate (43.5%) or severe (38.4%) symptoms. The most common type was mixed UI (46.1%), with an average of 3±1.9 episodes of urinary loss per athlete in the last 4 weeks. Adjusted Poisson regression (controlling for sex, age and level of competition) revealed that para athletes with orthopaedic impairments had a 58% lower prevalence of UI (prevalence ratio=0.42; 95% CI 0.24, 0.83) compared with those with neurological impairments. Furthermore, ordinal regression indicated that para athletes with neurological impairments were 147% more likely to experience a progression from ‘severe’ to ‘very severe’ UI (OR=2.47; 95% CI 1.59, 3.93). Conclusions UI is highly prevalent among para athletes, particularly those with neurological impairments, underscoring the need for specialised genitourinary healthcare and the need for further treatment and monitoring of the condition. There is a critical need to raise awareness among coaches, healthcare providers and the athletes themselves about UI and its impact to foster the comprehensive well-being of these athletes.