jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reducing Herbicide Use Through Cropping System Diversification: A Case Study at the Iowa State University Marsden Farm, and Some Recommendations for the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Crop production in the Midwestern U.S. and Vietnam's Mekong Delta requires sustainable and cost effective weed management strategies because both regions are grappling with increasing weed resistance to herbicides, and concerns over environmental damage from herbicides. Agroecological approaches that employ diverse cropping systems to subject weeds to multiple stress and mortality factors may provide reliable weed management that is cost efficient and less reliant on chemicals. Agroecological weed control is based on sound understanding of weed population dynamics, natural resources, and climate attributes, and thus is practical regardless of the level of technology to which farmers have access. We tested the effectiveness of cropping system diversification on weed control in a field experiment conducted in Boone County, Iowa, USA. We compared weed growth in three cropping systems (2-, 3- and 4-year rotation sequences) managed with two herbicide regimes (low and conventional input levels). For a given rotation system, the low herbicide regime, i.e. reduced herbicide inputs coupled with increased mechanical weed control, used 62% and 94% less herbicide active ingredient (kg a.i. ha-1) on corn and soybean, respectively, compared to the conventional regime. Averaged over herbicide regimes, the 3- and 4-year systems reduced herbicide use 33% and 50%, respectively, compared with the 2-year system. In 2014 and 2015, weed biomass was two-fold greater under the low herbicide regime compared with the conventional regime, and six- to seven-fold greater in the 3-year and 4-year rotations than the 2-year rotation. However, increases in weed biomass did not affect corn or soybean yield. We also assessed whether intensity of soil sampling used in previous research was precise enough for measuring weed seedbank density. A soil sampling intensity of ~ 87 cm2/1732 cm3 (surface area/volume), was acceptable for estimating total weed seed density, and soil material from 36 cores taken within one experimental unit could be combined for single processing. Results of our work indicate that multitactic weed management strategies within diversified cropping systems offer opportunities to reduce reliance on herbicides. Nonetheless, additional research is needed for further improvement of non-chemical weed suppression tactics, and for better understanding of the effects of cropping system diversification on weed population and community dynamics.
Comparative Study of Determination Methods for Glycine in Foods

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Glycine,as a non-essential amino acid in the human body,has the simplest structure among amino acid series.Glycine is widely used as a food additive with the maximum level of 1.0 g/kg in the food industry.Recent years,industrial grade glycine is illegally used in food products to substitute milk or improve protein content.In this paper,an HPLC method was established for the determination of glycine and compared with the amino acid analyzer method.Meanwhile,glycine contents in commercial milk,milk drink and plant protein products were determined by the HPLC method and the amino acid analyzer method.The results indicated that the amino acid analyzer method had advantages of stable and accurate results,low detection limit and simple operation procedures,while the HPLC method had the advantages of time saving and enough low detection limit compared with the routine fluorescence detection.Therefore,both methods can be applied for practical determination of glycine in food products as mutual authentication methods.
Studies on neuronal network activity of olfactory bulb, spinal cord and frontal cortex grown on microelectrode arrays in vitro : the role of gap junctions in network integration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This project focused on understanding the mechanisms involved in CNS integration. The anatomy and physiology of mammalian olfactory system was investigated in order to develop an organotypic in vitro sensory system to increase our understanding of sensory processing at a neural network level. The olfactory network cultures grown on multielectrode arrays (MEAs) were found to only rarely exhibit electrical activity and it was decided this was an unsuitable preparation for the purposes of this study. The spinal cord was chosen as a secondary sensory system, initially in co-culture with dorsal root ganglia and then alone, with special interest in gap junction function. \nGap junctions have received increasing attention as contributors to pattern generation in neuronal ensembles, including the generation or modification of highly coordinated, intense bursting states. The main result section of this study explored the effects of four gap junction blockers (carbenoxolone (CBX), halothane, I-octanol and oleamide) on the spontaneous activity of mouse and rat frontal cortex and spinal cord cultures grown on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). It was our hypothesis that the characteristic coordinated bursting seen in most frontal cortex and in some higher density spinal cord cultures would be influenced via gap junction communication. \nThe four compounds tested generated interesting, and in one case paradoxical effects. Frontal cortex cultures were all inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, which included total cessation of activity by halothane, CBX, I-octanol, or oleamide (at concentrations 250 muM, 100 muM, 20 muM, 20 muM, respectively). All cultures showed spontaneous recovery at lower concentrations and reversibility after culture medium changes at higher concentrations. In addition, measurements of network burst rates and coefficients of variation of burst period indicate that burst coordination among channels was reduced by these compounds. These responses were generally mirrored in the spinal cord, except for CBX, which produced a paradoxical transient intense increase in network spike and burst production. \nThe results of this study show the effect of the gap junction blockers to be not only tissue specific, but also to differ from species to species. It is still unclear whether these differences seen really are through the blockade of gap junctions, or due to the secondary effects of the blockers used. Further studies showed that strychnine (1 muM) prevented this transient activity increase in spinal cord networks, implying that CBX may temporarily block glycine inhibition. Blocking intracellular calcium mobility with thapsigargin (up to 5 muM) did not affect the effects of gap junction blockers used.
Effects of bagging or the combination of umbrella and bag treatments on anthocyanin accumulation in the berry skin of ‘Kyoho’ (Vitis labruscana) Grape

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The object of this study was to investigate the influence of bagging or the combination of umbrella and bags on berry composition, especially anthocyanin accumulation, in ‘Kyoho’ (V. labruscana) berry skins. Five different colors and bag materials commonly used in production were chosen for this study: white, green, yellow, nonwoven and transparent, and the umbrellas were made of plastic material. The composition and content of anthocyanins in the berry skin of ‘Kyoho’ were analyzed by HPLC-MS. The results showed that bagging or a combination of umbrella and bags on anthocyanin concentration in ‘Kyoho’ grapes showed inconsistent effects that depended on the colors and materials of the bags and the use of an umbrella or not. Compared with the control, the inhibition effects of white, green and yellow bags on the soluble solids content and the total and individual anthocyanin concentrations in ‘Kyoho’ grapes reached significant levels; effects of green and yellow bags were the most significant among them. The plastic umbrella used in this study also presented a lower relative light intensity and produced more even-colored clusters. White, green, and yellow bags and combinations of umbrella and bags significantly increased some stable anthocyanin proportions to varying degrees, such as coumaroylated and methylated anthocyanins, compared to the control.
On the Control of Non-Terminating Diffusion Processes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In Part I of the paper the mean cost for a unit of time arising from a non-terminating diffusion process, denoted by $\Theta $, is defined. One part of the cost originates from the motion inside the interval between two boundaries, the other part originates in the jumps from these boundaries. $\Theta $ is characterised by Theorem I. In Part II it is supposed that the diffusion coefficient and the coefficient of the local shift of the process depend on a control variable. The optimum $\hat\Theta $ of realizable mean costs may be determined by means of Theorem 2.
Konstribusi Mahasiswa Dalam Peningkatan Literasi Numerasi Melalui Kegiatan Kampus Mengajar di SDN 028 Balikpapan Tengah

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The campus teaching program is a form of program to build collaboration between students and teachers to support the educational process in schools. This service method is a qualitative approach. The location for community service was carried out at SDN 028 Balikpapan Tengah, participants in this activity included students and teachers. Data collection uses observation, interview and documentation techniques. The results of community service through the contribution of the 6th class of teaching campus students explained that the implementation of the program for implementing numeracy literacy included: integration of literacy, numeracy and technology adaptation (SI 3), literacy and numeracy classes, cognitive and non-cognitive assessments, adaptation technology with the theme "opening the door to the digital world", a library program with the theme "gateway to knowledge adventure", learning outside the classroom and media can improve students' literacy skills, there is an increase of 8% and numeracy has increased by 14%. So it can be concluded that the contribution of campus students to teaching can improve students' numeracy literacy at SDN 028 Balikpapan Tengah.
Treatment Adherence, Persistence, and Compliance at 96 Weeks in MS Patients Using RebiSmart® for Injection of Interferon β-1a (P3.037)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:
This multicenter, single-arm, observational, phase IV study evaluated 96-week treatment adherence, compliance, and persistence in adult RMS patients using RebiSmart® to self- administer IFN (44 μg TIW).
Background:
Efficacy of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) can be limited by inconsistent dosing. RebiSmart® is the first electronic auto-injector for subcutaneous interferon β-1a (IFN) treatment of RMS.
Methods:
All injections were recorded in the electronic device log. Treatment adherence was calculated as 100 × the number of administered injections, divided by the expected number of injections in 96 weeks; compliance was calculated as 100 × the number of administered injections, divided by the number of injections per actual weeks on study. Exploratory logistic regression analyses assessed potential predictors of treatment adherence, persistence, and compliance at week 96.
Results:
162 subjects were followed for ≤96 weeks. Mean (SD) adherence rate at week 96 was 69.5[percnt] (32.9[percnt]). This modest level of adherence reflected a sizeable discontinuation rate by week 96 (37.1[percnt]; 95[percnt] CI, 30.0[percnt] to 44.8[percnt]). However, in patients persisting on therapy, compliance at 96 weeks was 91.4[percnt] (12.1[percnt]). In logistic regression analyses, none of the factors examined (including baseline characteristics, disease history, injection anxiety, injection-site reactions, and flu-like symptoms) significantly predicted compliance at week 96. Conversely, age and time since last relapse each significantly predicted adherence and persistence. By week 96, 98[percnt] of subjects expressed a preference for continuing to use Rebismart®; the absence of a visible needle was judged the most important feature of the RebiSmart® injection system.
Conclusions:
RebiSmart® use is associated with high treatment compliance, as objectively assessed using electronic injection logs. Compliance was not significantly influenced by any patient, disease, or injection-experience factor examined. Disclosure: Dr. Devonshire has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen-Idec. EMD Serono, Novartis, and Genzyme as honoraria. Dr. Feinstein has received personal compensation for activities with Merck Serono, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, and Teva Neuroscience Canada. Dr. Gillett has received personal compensation for activities with EMD Serono, Inc., as an employee.
4 Developing a framework to improve leadership performance in healthcare organisations: the case of the kingdom of saudi arabia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In order to improve leadership performance and enhance effective leadership in the healthcare sector organisations in general and the KSA in particular, this study proposes a theoretical framework to address the way in which leadership competency strengthens the relationship between leaders and followers. This research uses a constructive-interpretive philosophical approach, applying a qualitative strategy to achieve its objectives. The study aimed to identify the factors that related to performance level, including enablers and inhibitors of performance improvement. This helped to build an initial understanding about the context of the project and hence, address the critical factors and aspects that could be influencing leadership performance improvement in the healthcare sector in Saudi Arabia in order to develop a framework with suggested interventions to improve the productivity in this vital sector. Sampling of this study is the Health affairs of the Ministry of the Saudi National Guard. NGHA has also become well known internationally, especially in successful conjoined twins separations.

Methodology

This study was exploratory and interpretive in nature. Hence, a grounded research methodology and an action research approach that was 'issue focused' were used to gain the perceptions of the participants from the organisational culture as an empirical data. Theoretical saturation was reached after 37 interviews.

Research Findings

The findings suggested 71 factors that inhabit and enabler the leadership performance. All these factors grouped into 7 themes with the participants. These factors tend to employ behaviours and different aspects of cognitive, interpersonal qualities of leaders, fairness and equality, Islamic values and national culture. This result suggests that organisations in the healthcare sector can be benefited by giving more attention to these aspects in the future research. Themes located on the Schein's model of culture Self-assessment against the ideal position of themes In order to precisely evaluate the improvement in the culture of improving leadership performance in the healthcare sector, an assessment tool that centred on the performance culture archetype was developed from the harmonisation of the literature and the acquired data. Descriptive formations of leadership performance culture were developed for each of the themes. The objective of this assessment was to identify the themes that were farthest from the ideal position and use them as opening points for group discussions about mediations that might revolutionise the culture of improved performance. The participants evaluated their perceptions of the performance improvement culture by judging their proximity to each of the theme statements that signified an ideal position in the performance improvement culture. The suggested interventions should enable healthcare organisations to achieve the ideal positions of these developed themes.
The Representation Of Masculinity In John Wick: Chapter 2 Movie

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis represenatasi maskulinitas dalam film John Wick: Chapter 2. Dalam industry perfilman, penggambaran pria menjadi menjadi sumber kunci untuk merepresentasikan maskulinitas. Dalam hal ini, representasi maskulinitas dapat di uji dengan teori mediation of masculinity: cinematic men yang terdiri dari empat aspek. Aspek tersebut adalah, the body, action, external world, dan internal world. Pendekatan sosiologis ini di gunakan dalam penelitian ini karena data yang di ambil dari film mungkin berhubungan dengan nilai dan kepercayaan pada masyarakat. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa ciri – ciri karakter maskulin yang direpresentasikan oleh John Wick berkaitan dengan aspek the body, action, external world, dan internal world. Aspek tersebut menjelaskan, the body dan action menunjukkan standard seorang pria yang di nilai dari kekuatan fisik, ketangguhan, dan keterampilan. Sementara itu, external dan internal world menjelaskan bagaimana seorang pria berinteraksi dengan menunjukkan kekuasaanya dan latar belakang di dalam karakter yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku karakter. Sebagaimana penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menganalisa representasi maskulinitas, untuk para peneliti selanjutnya di sarankan untuk menganalisa gangguan kepribadian pada John Wick yang bisa di elaborasi melalui teori narsissme dan psikopatisme oleh Sigmund Freud.
Sub-National Politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The U.S. system of layered governments encompasses states, cities, and other entities such as counties and special districts. Most scholars have adopted one of three major approaches to studying this complex system: a legal approach that emphasizes a lack of formal powers at lower levels; a fiscal federalism tradition that focuses on considerations of efficiency; or a focus on intergovernmental policy and public administration. Each literature has much to offer, but none provides a comprehensive political perspective on federalism. Such an approach would view the various governments in the intergovernmental system as institutional structures that have claims on each other, occupied by political entrepreneurs motivated by their own career goals that succeed or fail largely because of how they respond to constituent interests. Each component of this approach has been the subject of substantial research that can be brought to bear on the topic of sub-national politics.
Absence of Candida africana in Ugandan Pregnant Women: Results from a Pilot Study v1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Candida africana, an emerging variant identified since 2001 as a distinct species or variety within the Candida albicans complex, exhibits a global prevalence of 1.67%. This study outlines the methodology employed to investigate the presence of C. africana vaginitis in Uganda through a pilot study conducted in three hospitals in central Uganda, focusing on pregnant women receiving antenatal care. The protocol details the procedures implemented for the collection of vaginal swabs from pregnant women and the utilization of laboratory techniques including microscopy, fungal culture, and MALDI-ToF analysis. Notably, the prevalence of C.africana vaginitis was zero, establishing a baseline data tp inform future exploration into cryptic yeast species associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in Uganda
Effect of Fulvic Acid Surface Coatings on Plutonium Sorption and Desorption Kinetics on Goethite

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The rates and extent of plutonium (Pu) sorption and desorption onto mineral surfaces are important parameters for predicting Pu mobility in subsurface environments. The presence of natural organic matter, such as fulvic acid (FA), may influence these parameters. We investigated the effects of FA on Pu(IV) sorption/desorption onto goethite in two scenarios: when FA was (1) initially present in solution or (2) found as organic coatings on the mineral surface. A low pH was used to maximize FA coatings on goethite. Experiments were combined with kinetic modeling and speciation calculations to interpret variations in Pu sorption rates in the presence of FA. Our results indicate that FA can change the rates and extent of Pu sorption onto goethite at pH 4. Differences in the kinetics of Pu sorption were observed as a function of the concentration and initial form of FA. The fraction of desorbed Pu decreased in the presence of FA, indicating that organic matter can stabilize sorbed Pu on goethite. These results suggest that ternary Pu-FA-mineral complexes could enhance colloid-facilitated Pu transport. However, more representative natural conditions need to be investigated to quantify the relevance of these findings.
A new approach to diffusion-limited reaction rate theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A new approach to the diffusion-limited reaction rate theory is developed on the base of a similar approach to consideration of Brownian coagulation, recently proposed by the author. The traditional diffusion approach to calculation of the reaction rate is critically analyzed. In particular, it is shown that the traditional approach is applicable only to the special case of reactions with a large reaction radius, $\bar r_A \ll R_{AB} \ll \bar r_B$ (where $\bar r_A$ , $\bar r_B$ are the mean interparticle distances), and becomes inappropriate to calculation of the reaction rate in the case of a relatively small reaction radius, $R_{AB} \ll \bar r_A$ , $\bar r_B$ . In the latter, most general case particles collisions occurmainly in the kinetic regime (rather than in the diffusion one) characterized by a homogeneous (at random) spatial distribution of particles. Homogenization of particles distribution occurs owing to particles diffusion mixing on the length scale of the mean interparticle distance with the characteristic diffusion time being small in comparison with the characteristic reaction time. The calculated reaction rate for a small reaction radius in 3D formally (and casually) coincides with the expression derived in the traditional approach for reactions with a large reaction radius, however, notably deviates at large times from the traditional result in the plane (2D) geometry.
Becoming more or less mature? The decline of self‐control in middle childhood

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Objective This study examined the developmental change in self‐control and its association with daily stressful events during middle childhood, as well as the factors that contribute to individual differences in the trajectory of self‐control. Method A community sample of 302 Singaporean children (42% female, 69% Chinese) and their parents were recruited when the children were age 7. Follow‐up assessments were made when the children were ages 8, 9, and 11. Developmental changes were examined using latent growth and autoregressive cross‐lagged models. Results Self‐control showed a normative decline over time, and this trajectory was associated with an increase in daily stressful events. There was partial evidence for a reciprocal relationship between self‐control and daily stressful events over time. Moreover, the child temperament dimension of effortful control (assessed at age 7) mitigated the decline in self‐control, whereas low socioeconomic status predicted lower initial levels of self‐control. Conclusions This study advances current understanding on the developmental change in self‐control during middle childhood, as well as the factors that shape the direction and magnitude of this change.