jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Observation and Analysis of the Combustion Under Supercharging on a DI Diesel Engine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Supercharging as the method of increasing the output of diesel engines has a long history. Recently, because the potential for lower exhaust emissions for a given power output, supercharging has been considered as a method to reach increasingly strict emissions standards. Some research investigating the effects of supercharging has shown favorable results in terms of emissions(e.g.[<span class="xref">1</span>][<span class="xref">2</span>][<span class="xref">3</span>] <span class="xref">*</span>). Also some fundamental studies have examined the effect of ambient pressures on the characteristics of spray and ignition in constant volume combustion borb[<span class="xref">4</span>][<span class="xref">5</span>][<span class="xref">6</span>][<span class="xref">7</span>]. However, for further improvement of combustion when utilizing supercharging, more detailed information inside of the combustion chamber is needed about the effects of supercharging on fuel spray and combustion. In order to gather this information, it is necessary to observe the processes within the combustion chamber of a supercharged engine. From these observations, an analysis can be made based on both the real processes and the changes in engine perform” and emissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Optical access to the Diesel combustion chamber has been achieved since the mid 1930's[<span class="xref">8</span>]. High speed direct combustion photography and shadowgraph, when applied to Diesel engines, can give insight into spray penetration and breakup, ignition phenomena, local A/F ratios, and flame spreading rates. More detailed information such as flame motion and flame temperature can also be available by means of the cross correlation method[<span class="xref">9</span>] and the two-color method[<span class="xref">10</span>].</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In an effort to gain insight on the effects of supercharging on fuel spray and combustion, a study has been performed on an optically accessible DI diesel engine. Through the use of a combustion chamber visualization system and photograph processing; changes in fuel spray, ignition and combustion due to supercharging have been revealed. Flame motion and temperature have been measured for a range of boost pressures while other parameters were held constant.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Based on the results of combustion analysis, the effects of supercharging on the combustion and the methods related to combustion improvement have been discussed. In addition, the changes of combustion characteristics were shown to correlate well with charges in engine performance and emissions.</div>
The Handwork of Folkloristic-Ethnological Knowledge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Drawing is discussed here, both from the historical and from the contemporary folklore and material culture stance. Folklore collector Samuli Paulaharju’s (1875–1944) drawings serve as a point of departure; again, cultural studies constitute the background, as the notion of representation and the construction of folkloristic-ethnologic knowledge are stressed. Material and visual culture comprises yet other central viewpoints. The research material consists of Paulaharju’s folkloristic descriptions (at the SKS) of the interlacements, as knots and lattices. The materials are discussed in the context of magic and belief, at first, and of folk games and plays further back. The research question is: how Paulaharju constructs the meanings of the interlacements by means of drawings? The method of membership categorization analysis (MCA) is combined with multimodal analysis, since the drawing–texts relations are analysed in detail. Thus, the examination demonstrates, that not only several drawing methods are utilised, but also the contexts, as agrarian life, appear diversified when the drawings are concerned. Then, by applying drawing innovatively and experimenting with it, Paulaharju operated between distinct viewpoints, and also challenged the established folkloristic practises. Accordingly, wide interestedness and learning-by-drawing are emphasised more than drawing as a restricted – or restrictive – orientation.
Successful Long-term Immunotherapy for Human Seminal Plasma Anaphylaxis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anaphylactic sensitivity to her husband's seminal fluid occurred in a 46-year-old woman six weeks after a hysterectomy. Her husband was azoospermic as a result of an elective vasectomy. A pooled sample of his seminal fluid was used for skin and laboratory tests. Fractionating (Sephadex G100) chromatography was also performed on his seminal fluid. The patient showed positive intracutaneous skin tests to his unfractionated seminal plasma and a Sephadex G100 fraction designated No. 3. This fraction was also passively transferable to a nonallergic volunteer and it stimulated histamine release from the patient's leukocytes. The dose-response effects of this fraction compared with unfractionated seminal plasma in these assays showed greater bioactivity. After informed consent was obtained, the patient was immunized to fraction 3 in a classic desensitization protocol. Two weeks after the final dose of immunotherapy, intercourse was performed without condoms in a medical facility and under the supervision of a physician. No adverse symptoms were experienced by the patient on this occasion. Regular and frequent sexual activity is required to maintain her tolerant state.
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON ANUVASAN BASTI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Basti is Panchakarma's most essential and popular procedure, used to treat various disorders. It is a method of administrating medicine in the form of oil and decoction through the rectal route. Anuvaasan Basti is a type of Basti in which Sneha is used for administration. Vata is the main causative factor in the manifestation of diseases occurring in the Shakha, Koshtha and Marma. Anuvasana Basti can be used as a single therapy for various Vata Vikaras. An attempt has been made here to review the concept of Anuvasana Basti.
A practical review of prevention and management of ingested/aspirated dental items.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Most dental procedures are accomplished while the patient is partially or totally supine; as a result, all restorative patients have the potential to ingest or aspirate a dental item. The principle of nonmaleficence dictates the use of preventive practices (rubber dam, ligatures, throat pack) when possible; even so, accidents happen and one has to assume the worst when a dental item disappears. Knowing what to do can be extremely important, both medically and legally. The first order of business is ensuring that the airway is not compromised and advising the patient of the problem. Immediate referral (with escort) to a medical facility for appropriate radiographs and determination of required medical action is mandatory, regardless of how well the patient looks. According to the literature, all aspirated foreign objects and approximately one-third of ingested items require the patient to be hospitalized. Proper documentation also is important to reduce liability in the event of litigation.
To Crie Alarme Spiritual: Evelyn Waugh and the Ironic Community

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Alan Dale accounts for the spiritual dimensions of Waugh's satire in the early, ultra-modern novels, “Vile Bodies” (1930) and “A Handful of Dust” (1934). Behind Waugh's façade of hyper-drollery, Dale suggests, are the convictions of a spiritual absolutist whose comic fury is all the more intense because the position of religious faith from which it issues remains unveiled. Placing Waugh's novels in the decidedly non-modern ambit of medieval Catholic satire, Dale argues that the modernity of Waugh's novels inheres in their post-consensus context, in which a stable theological ground can no longer be taken for granted.
Effects of Substitution of Soybean Meal With Sesame Meal on the Performance of Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) and its Impact on Economics of these Quails Raising

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sesame meal (SSM) is locally available and relatively cheaper source of protein having an amino acid composition similar to that of soybean meal (SBM) with the exception of lower lysine and higher methionine contents. Despite its merits it has been under-utilized in quail's diets. This study was conducted to examine the effects of substitution of SBM with different levels of SSM on production and economic performance of Japanese quails. One hundred eighty day-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly distributed into six experimental groups of three replicates of ten birds each replicate group was placed in a battery. Six of the Groups were given rations with different levels of SSM included; SSM–0 g (control), SSM–50 g, SSM–100 g, SSM–150 g, SSM–200 g and SSM–250 g including SSM per kg of rations. All Rations were fed ad libitum, records of initial body weight; weekly body weight gain and weights of feed offered, consumed and refused were kept. Dressing percentage was determined at the end of experiment. Results indicated that feed efficiency were not affected (P<0.05) in quails fed ration containing 50g of SSM, 100, 150 and 200 with higher (P<0.01) daily weight gain was observed in ration with SSM of 150g per kg of ration. Total feed consumption and dressing percentage were not affected. No significant difference was observed in all groups in terms of cost benefit ratio. It is concluded that SSM can be used as an alternative protein source in Japanese quail diets at inclusion levels up to 150 g/kg without negative effects on performance and carcass traits.
"It's no secret": The experiences of eight lesbian public school administrators with district personnel, students and their parents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

“…These questions are always hard to answer because when you’re living gay, you don’t know which decisions you’re making because you’re gay or because you’re living” (Adrian 596 – 598). The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the ways lesbian school administrators in K-12 public schools answer questions about their sexuality from students and their parents and how their feelings, experiences and this partial or potential closet affect their leadership. I completed a series of three in depth interviews with eight European American school administrators that identify as lesbian. I begin by sharing a snapshot of the participants’ experiences with coming out to family, friends and district personnel. I found, that while all participants considered themselves implicitly or explicitly out with district personnel, their timeframes for disclosure varied and were influenced by seven common factors. All but one participant positioned themselves as closeted with students and their parents; there were six themes found in their responses to students and their parents and factors affecting their choices regarding revealing their lesbian identity. Participants’ positioning on the out continuum with district personnel and with students and their parents affected their leadership as school administrators.
THE BASAL TEXTURES OF Ti-6Al-4V PROCESSED BY VARIOUS METHODS,

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Basal (0002) pole figures were determined for Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by various thermomechanical treatments, such as rolling, solution treating, forging, and annealing. The treatment temperatures ranged from room temperature to 1725F. At 1725F, no significant difference in texture resulted from different treatments. At 1400F and room temperature, however, the type of treatment influenced the texture. (Author)
Effect of Prednisolone on Anaemia Associated with Macroglobulinaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

=BR.f any stress or strain which he is undergoing, informing him of the importance of the annual vacation, of leaving his work and worries in the office, of hobbies and outside interests, and, finally, of relaxation. ConclusionThe employee is one of the most valuable assets in any company, and of the employees the management group or executives are particularly valuable because of their training, motivation, and high degree of technical and administrative skill.A health maintenance scheme for the executive is an essential part of any industrial medical programme.Its main object is the detection of disease in its incipiency in order that corrective action may be taken so as to maintain him in good health and increase his longevity and efficiency.
Dynamic Changes of Nutrients in Different Functional Leaves at Spica Development Stage of Pepper

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The dynamic changes of the nutrient in different functional leaves at spica developmental stages of pepper was studied.The results showed that in the development process of pepper flower cluster,there were significant differences between different functional leaves on the supply capacity of the phosphorus(P),magnesium(Mg) and soluble sugar(SS).P and SS were mainly supplied by the completely stable leaf(CSL) nearest to the flower cluster.Mg was mainly from the CSL nearest and next-nearest to the flower cluster.The CSL nearest to the flower clusters were the main supply leaves to the flower clusters' development.P,Mg,and SS could be the important indexes on the relationship of functional leaves and flower clusters' development.
Examining Organic Acid Root Exudate Content and Function for Leafy Vegetables Under Water-Stressed Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract At the plants’ exposal to abiotic stress, organic acids, including citric acid, are exuded through their roots. Previous studies have suggested that the exogenous application of citric acid increases antioxidant activity within the plant. Thus, we postulated that organic acids released into the surroundings during times of environmental stress may function as signaling molecules to increase antioxidant enzyme activity. To gain further insight into this phenomenon, we identified individual organic acids exuded from the roots of leafy vegetables under drought stress. We then analyzed enzyme activity and the root/shoot lengths of seedlings after treatment with the types of organic acids found to be exuded from the studied leafy vegetables, including acetic, citric, lactic, and tartaric acids. There was a significant increase in catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity in Napa cabbage ( Brassica rapa var. pekinensis ) after exogenous citric acid application. Root lengths of cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata ) and Napa cabbage seedlings were significantly longer in citric and lactic acids pretreated seedlings compared to those of the control. The above results support the conclusion that exogenous application of citric acid alleviates drought stress. However, there is insufficient evidence to prove that organic acids act as signaling molecules to prime neighboring plants for upcoming stress.
Measuring rising heat and flood risk along the belt-and-road initiative

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract China’s global infrastructure financing flagship, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) encompasses countries hosting over 60% of the global population and one-third of worldwide GDP. It is based mainly on long-term loans that will mature decades into the future, and timely repayments are only possible if they remain commercially viable. But despite its vast global scope, little is known about the climate risks that could imperil the operations of BRI projects over the next few decades, and, consequently, threaten their long-term sustainability. We narrow this gap by estimating the impacts of future climate change on 217 BRI projects across 70 countries and 9 sectors in two dimensions. First, the effects of increased heat stress on human physical work capacity are calculated using the wet bulb globe temperature and an assessment of the workload for each selected BRI project. Second, the potential structural damages from more frequent flooding incidents are measured by return period (RP), where a shorter RP signals heightened risk. Both have direct impacts on human productivity and infrastructural integrity, which are essential to maintaining the operational viability and financial stability of BRI projects. We compared projected changes on both measures for the mid- and late-twentieth centuries (2041–2060 and 2081–2100) to the historical baseline (1981–2010). We found that BRI projects face escalating vulnerability to climatic risks on both counts. The results underscore a broad variance across different future carbon emission scenarios measured under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (including SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). BRI’s aggregated climatic risks are substantially elevated under a high carbon emission scenario compared to a low emission scenario. By the end of the twentieth century, labor workability under SSP3-7.0 (31%) could potentially decrease three times more compared to SSP1-2.6 (10%). Under an intermediate-emission scenario (SSP2-4.5), floods with a historical return period of 10 years could have a return period of 5 years in the future. Significantly hampering the utilization and economic return generation potential of infrastructure projects. In addition, regional geography contributes to risk heterogeneity, with 100-year floods occurring every 15 years in South Asia and every 24 years in Sub-Saharan Africa. Such climate risk implications, potentially overlooked by development financiers, represent significant risks to the sustenance of the BRI, estimated to be worth $1 trillion.
Economic Issues Regarding Water Quality Objectives in the Grassland Basin

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A conceptual framework is presented for evaluating the potential costs and benefits of water quality objectives in the Grassland Basin. The investments and expenditures required to achieve selenium load and concentration objectives are examined, using current estimates of the costs to remove selenium from drainage water and to build facilities for transporting drainage water to the San Joaquin River. The estimated costs provide lower-bound estimates of the benefits needed to offset the costs of imposing the water quality objectives.
Nasopharyngeal (Tornwaldt’s) Cyst: Rare Finding in a Habitual Snorer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A nasopharyngeal (tornwaldt’s) cyst is uncommon. It is often asymptomotic; however it may cause problem if it too big becomes. We present a case of a 24-year-old Malay girl who had been a habitual snorer for years but was unaware of the significance of her problem. opportunities for an earlier referral and assessment were missed since we were not aware of her history despite previous related but non-specific consultations at our primary healthcare centre. she was referred to us a few years later when her nasopharyngeal cyst became infected. After a course of antibiotics, she proceeded with an endoscopic resection of the nasopharyngeal cyst. A follow-up visit six months later did not reveal a recurrence. this case highlights the importance of a good history for the diagnosis of a nasopharyngeal cyst.
Integrated bioinformatics analysis of the association between apolipoprotein E expression and patient prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prognosis of most patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is excellent despite some cases of tumor progression or relapse. The present study was designed to reveal possible prognostic risk indicators for PTC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) extracted from 4 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts were subjected to functional enrichment analyses by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway analysis. A dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was obtained to filter and validate significant genes using cytoHubba, followed by analysis of their association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. In total, 240 DEGs were identified after data preprocessing. These DEGs were enriched in 'intracellular redox equilibrium', 'release of exosome', 'cell adhesion', 'regulation of extracellular matrix', 'collagen binding' and 'energy metabolism' based on GO analysis which including cellular component, molecular function and biological process. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in thyroid hormone synthesis, pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, metabolic pathways, apoptosis, PPAR signaling pathway and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Using cytoHubba, the following hub genes were identified: Apolipoprotein E (APOE); hemoglobin subunit α1 (HBA1); angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1); collagen I α1 (COL1A1); galectin 3 (LGALS3) and TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1). The expression of these genes was found to be consistent in TCGA datasets. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that APOE was significantly associated with overall survival (P=0.00067) and disease free survival (P=0.00220). Additionally, low expression of APOE was significantly associated with older age (P<0.001) and higher TNM stage (P<0.001) compared with the high expression group. Therefore, APOE may function as a predictive risk indicator for progression as well as prognosis of PTC.
Computational approach for discovery and characterization of cancer driver missense mutations

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have developed a comprehensive approach to find and characterize the impact of cancer mutants on any protein, and have applied it to DNA modification enzymes. This approach is an extension of conventional genome wideu2013association studies (GWAS). Our approach employs a new method for discovery and statistical validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on specific genes called HyDnu2013SNPu2013S, followed by atomistic simulations via molecular dynamics (MD) and/or quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) techniques. We will present the details of our mutant discovery and characterization approach, as well as examples of cancer mutations on four different DNA modification enzymes. These examples include a breast cancer mutation on DNA polymerase u03bb, five melanoma/gastric cancer mutations on DNA polymerase u03ba, a prostate cancer mutation on ALKBH7, and a lung cancer mutation on APOBEC3H. Our simulations provide atomistic details about how these mutations affect the specific protein structure and/or function, which have been further validated by experimental methods.