jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) represents a new epidemic of major proportions. Risk factors include homosexuality, intravenous drug abuse, Haitian descent, and multiple transfusion in the presence of hemophilia A. The etiology of AIDS remains unknown, but there is increasing evidence implicating a transmissible infectious agent and/or multiple antigenic exposures inducing a loss of immunoregulation. In a high-risk patient, the features of weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, and fever should arouse suspicion of AIDS. Diagnostic confirmation includes demonstration of reduced numbers of T lymphocytes with reversal of helper-suppressor T-lymphocyte ratio, presence of unusual opportunistic infections, and a progressive downhill course. The most common infection in AIDS is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Treatment failures with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) are common; pentamidine isethionate (Lomidine) may be more effective in eradicating the infection. In spite of initial improvement, recurrences of P carinii pneumonia and other opportunistic infections are common. In addition, other protozoan, viral, fungal, and atypical mycobacterial infections are frequent in patients with AIDS. Finally, rare neoplasms such as Kaposi's sarcoma and B-cell lymphoma, including primary lymphoma of the brain, are also being recognized as complications. At present there is no specific therapy for AIDS, and the disease is usually fatal. Continued research will hopefully result in immunomodulation techniques and specific vaccines to combat this serious epidemic.
Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Changes in River Geometry and Sand Load with Field Data Analysis and 1D Numerical Modeling

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The quantification of the changes in channel geometry and sand load that have occurred on the Missouri River after engineering works and that characterize the Altamaha River in the fluvial-tidal transition zone is the main objective of this research. Dam construction and channelization on the Missouri River resulted in flow regulation, sediment shortage by dam reservoir trapping, channel straightening and narrowing. Quantifying the morphodynamic response of the Lower Missouri River to these engineering projects at short and long-time scales is a difficult problem that we approach with the analysis of the available field data and with the aid of a one-dimensional morphodynamic model. The results show that the peak discharge and suspended sand load have reduced remarkably downstream of Gavins Point Dam, i.e. the lowermost dam on the Missouri River mainstem, and have recovered gradually to pre-dam levels downstream of the junctions with major tributaries. The analysis of mean daily flows reveals no observable change in high flow magnitude and frequency downstream of the Missouri River – Grand River confluence. Model results show no significant change in mean annual sand load in the downstream-most part of the study reach for short and long-term simulations. Recent studies on river morphology in the fluvial tidal transition zone show significant changes in channel geometry and sediment size over relatively short distances with the cross-sectional area and the sediment size decreasing the oceanward direction. The collection and analysis of field data in the fluvial- tidal transition zone of the Altamaha River presented herein provides greater insight into the characteristics and causes of these spatial changes. Stream power and Shields number were used to explain the observed changes, which occur over a distance ranging from 1 to 4 km. The analysis showed a sharp decline in stream power and Shields number at the boundary between the fluvial and tidal dominated reaches. This decline is thought to be responsible for the observed changes in channel geometry and sediment size.
AIR-BROADENED HALFWIDTHS IN THE $\nu_{3}$ BAND OF $^{12}CH_{4}$

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Address of Benner and Malathy Devi: Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185 Address of Rinsland: NASA Langley Research Center, Mail Stop 401A, Humpton, VA 23665
Frequent integration of short homologous DNA tracks during Acinetobacter baylyi transformation and influence of transcription and RecJ and SbcCD DNases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The minimal length of integrated homologous donor DNA tracks in Acinetobacter baylyi transformation and factors influencing the location and length of tracks were determined. Donor DNA contained the nptII gene region (kanamycin resistance, KmR). This region carried nine approximately evenly spaced silent nucleotide sequence tags and was embedded in heterologous DNA. Recipient cells carried the normal nptII gene with a central 10 bp deletion (kanamycin-sensitive). The Km(R) transformants obtained had donor DNA tracks integrated covering on average only 4.6 (2-7) of the nine tags, corresponding to about 60 % of the 959 nt homologous donor DNA segment. The track positions were biased towards the 3' end of nptII. While the replication direction of recipient DNA did not affect track positions, inhibited transcription (by rifampicin) shifted the beginning of tracks towards the nptII promoter. Absence of the RecJ DNase decreased the length of tracks. Absence of SbcCD DNase increased the integration frequency of the 5' part of nptII, which can form hairpin structures of 43-75 nt, suggesting that SbcCD DNase interferes with hairpins in transforming DNA. In homology-facilitated illegitimate recombination events during transformation (in which a homologous DNA segment serves as a recombinational anchor to facilitate illegitimate recombination in neighbouring heterologous DNA), on average only about half of the approximately 800 nt long tagged nptII anchor sequences were integrated. From donor DNA with an approximately 5000 nt long homologous segment having the nptII gene in the middle, most transformants (74 %) had only a part of the donor nptII integrated, showing that short track integration occurs frequently also from large homologous DNA. It is discussed how short track integration steps can also accomplish incorporation of large DNA molecules.
Circadian Rhythms of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Drug Delivery

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical interface separating the central nervous system from the peripheral circulation, ensuring brain homeostasis and function. Recent research has unveiled a profound connection between the BBB and circadian rhythms, the endogenous oscillations synchronizing biological processes with the 24-hour light-dark cycle. This review explores the significance of circadian rhythms in the context of BBB functions, with an emphasis on substrate passage through the BBB. Our discussion includes efflux transporters and the molecular timing mechanisms that regulate their activities. A significant focus of this review is the potential implications of chronotherapy, leveraging our knowledge of circadian rhythms for improving drug delivery to the brain. Understanding the temporal changes in BBB can lead to optimized timing of drug administration, to enhance therapeutic efficacy for neurological disorders while reducing side effects. By elucidating the interplay between circadian rhythms and drug transport across the BBB, this review offers insights into innovative therapeutic interventions.
Identification of the TMV Replicase Sequence That Activates the N Gene-Mediated Hypersensitive Response

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The N gene-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco provides a high degree of resistance against most tobamoviruses by halting the progress of infection at the site of inoculation. A previous report indicated a role for the 126/183-kDa replicase in induction of the HR in tobacco containing the N gene (H. S. Padgett and R. N. Beachy, Plant Cell 5:577-586, 1993). Chimeric virus genomes were constructed in which the genes encoding the 126/183-kDa proteins of the HR-eliciting pathogen, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and the resistance breaking tobamovirus, Ob, were exchanged. Inoculation of the chimeric viruses to leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi NN confirmed that either the replicase protein of TMV or its mRNA was responsible for induction of HR. An expression vector based on the Ob virus was used to express fragments of various replicase genes. With this approach, it was determined that the HR is caused by a portion of the replicase protein extending from amino acid 692 to 1116. Consistent with this result, Ob mutants that induce the HR on NN tobacco were found to carry mutations within the same portion of the replicase gene. The N gene-mediated HR is inactive at high temperatures, yet these mutants were able to overcome the HR at significantly lower temperatures than could TMV, indicating that the temperature sensitivity of the N gene response is manifested at the level of interaction between the virus and the defense response mechanism.
High-Performance Communication Protocols for Asynchronous Duty-Cycling Wireless Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Duty cycling is a technique for saving energy in resource-limited wireless networks such as sensor networks. With duty cycling, each node periodically switches between active and sleeping states, for example being active for only 1 to 10 percent of the time. Wireless duty-cycling networks face many challenges such as maintaining high energy efficiency, efficient packet delivery under dynamic channel conditions, and effective route discovery. This thesis presents a series of protocols to address these challenges.\nThe first part of this thesis presents a new single-channel energy-efficient MAC protocol, called the Predictive-Wakeup MAC (PW-MAC). The key idea behind PW-MAC is to allow each node to wake up asynchronously at randomized times, while enabling senders to predict receiver wakeup times to save energy. \nExtending the randomized predictive wakeup mechanism of PW-MAC, the second part of this thesis presents a new multichannel energy-efficient MAC protocol, called the Efficient-Multichannel MAC (EM-MAC). EM-MAC enables each node to dynamically optimize the selection of wireless channels it utilizes based on the channel conditions it senses. By adapting to changing channel conditions, EM-MAC achieves high packet delivery performance. EM-MAC also achieves high energy efficiency through its predictive multichannel wakeup mechanism.\nAlthough duty cycling saves energy, I found that, in asynchronous duty-cycling networks, existing on-demand routing protocols tend to discover routes much worse than the optimal routes. The last part of this thesis presents four optimization techniques to improve the routes discovered in such networks. These optimizations are fully distributed and work on different route metrics, such as hop-count and ETX.\nImplemented in TinyOS on a testbed of MICAz sensor nodes, PW-MAC achieved the lowest energy consumption and delivery latency among the single-channel protocols, while EM-MAC significantly outperformed all other protocols tested. EM-MAC maintained the lowest duty cycles, the lowest packet delivery latency, and 100% packet delivery ratio across all experiments, including those with concurrent multihop traffic flows, and those with heavy ZigBee and Wi-Fi interference. Finally, in simulations on the ns-2 network simulator, compared with the conventional on-demand route discovery, the presented route discovery optimizations substantially improved the routes discovered in asynchronous duty-cycling networks.
Pulling Strings: Otoplasty Complicated by Wound Dehiscence in the Setting of Prolonged Mask Wearing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Improved understanding of the psychosocial effects of prominent ears has led to increased intervention in early school-aged children. Cartilage-sparing otoplasty procedures are commonly used in this population, given the effectiveness of sutures in remodeling the pliable pediatric ear. In addition to their efficacy, another advantage of these techniques is their low overall complication rates, with complications beyond 3 months being particularly uncommon. We present the clinical case of a 5-year-old female patient who experienced wound dehiscence 9 months after her cartilage-sparing otoplasty. Before experiencing her atypical complication, she had been wearing an ear-looped mask daily to comply with guidelines developed to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools. The use of masks would previously not have been a concern in this age group, but given the longevity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of masking as a public health tool, this needs to be a consideration for otoplasty patients going forward. Pressure and friction on an immature surgical scar impede healing and expose the patient to increased risk of complications. Therefore, we discuss options for decreasing exposure to COVID-19 and complying with local face-covering policies while avoiding the direct contact associated with traditional ear-looped masks. Additionally, we explore the role permanent suture material may have played in predisposing our patient to mask-related irritation.
Simulating the Influence of Spares Replacement and Reuse Strategies on Equipment Availability and Maintenance Cost

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The deterioration and subsequent maintenance strategies significantly affect equipment reliability and availability.Spares replacement and or reuse are critical and complement both preventive and corrective maintenance strategies, although sparse work on their influence on maintenance cost and availability has been done.A discrete event simulation model incorporating preventive (PM) and corrective (CM) maintenance actions on multiple critical equipment components are advanced to investigate the influence of reusing and replacing spares on equipment availability and maintenance cost.During PM, spare replacement is modelled using block policy (BRP) or the PM kit.The stochastic component deterioration is modelled following the Semi-Markov Decision Process, where the impact of the maintenance strategy changes the remaining useful life of the components.The proposed study is demonstrated through the use case of a thermal power plant, where components of the turbocharger, one of the critical subsystems, are modelled.The study shows that reusing significantly improves availability but does not reduce cost due to compromising component reliability.The use of the PM kit improves performance significantly compared to using BRP under PM.At the same time, an increase in the PM interval depicts an increase in the maintenance cost and availability.These findings have significant implications while understanding the dynamics of the various maintenance actions and further offering maintenance decision support to enhance the equipment availability and reduce the maintenance cost for critical equipment.
Roughness prediction of workpiece surfaces finished by electrophoretic grinding wheels

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the development of a new kind of grinding tools with electrophoretic principles, we need to estimate the surface roughness under specific conditions. According to the electrophoretic characteristics of the ultra-fine abrasives, this paper explains the forming mechanism of electrophoretic grinding wheel (EGW) and focuses on prediction of surface roughness finished by an EGW. A fuzzy prediction system on surface roughness (FPSSR) is set up with iterative self-organizing data cluster analysis based on fuzzy similar relations. It is used to estimate the surface roughness of a work-piece dynamically under specific conditions. The result shows that the surface roughness predicted by FPSSR meets well with real experimental results.
On the Rate of Absorption of Nitrogen in Liquid Iron and Iron Alloys, Containing Carbon, Silicon, Manganese and Chromium

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The rates of absorption of nitrogen in liquid iron and liquid iron alloys were measured for inductively melted iron under pure nitrogen at 1600°C.The experimental data show a linear correlation, which gives the apparent mass transfer coefficient, k′, when the variable, log [(Cs-Co)/(Cs-C)] is plotted vs F·t/V.The experimental values of the apparent mass transfer coefficient obtained for lower oxygen melts are as follows:k′=34-35×10-3 cm·sec-1 for 0.005-0.006% Ok′=27-29×10-3cm·sec-1 for 0.008-0.013% OAt present, it appears that the transfer of nitrogen across the gas/metal interface is controlled by the transport in the metal. Some models of gas absorption in liquid, such as the film theory, the penetration theory and the surface renewal theory, were taken into account to explain the present results.The effects of several alloying elements on the absorption rates were also measured. It is to be noted that carbon, chromium and manganese have practically little influence, silicon, however, has somewhat remarkable influence in the lower concentrations. Namely, mass transfer coefficient increases gradually as silicon increases and reaches the limiting value of 5×10-2 cm·sec-1 at about 2% Si. It seems reasonable to consider that silicon reduces oxygen poison effect which is caused by absorption of dissolved oxygen on the metal surface, even in low oxygen level (0.002% O).Transfer of nitrogen from gas into liquid iron may also be chemically controlled when the liquid iron contains some surface active agents. The role of surface active agents such as oxygen and sulphur will be discussed in the next paper.
SPIN AND POLARIZATION WAVES IN A SYSTEM OF PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLES WITH AN INTRINSIC DIPOLE MOMENT

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We explicate a derivation of a general system of quantum hydrodynamics (QHD) equations for the study of the non-equilibrium processes. Fundamental QHD equations for neutral paramagnetic particles with the own electric dipole moment (EDM) were derived from the many-particle Schrodinger equation. The fact that the influence of spin–spin, dipole–dipole and spin–orbital interaction between particles was taken into account. The problem of definition of spin-waves and polarization waves spectrum in 2D system for the molecules with intrinsic magnetic moments (IMM) and EDM were theoretically investigated and solved for the system of nitric oxide gas in the external electromagnetic fields. The polarization dynamics in system of neutral magnetic and polarized particles is shown to cause formation of a new type of waves as well as changes in the dispersion characteristics of already known waves. Moreover we found the contribution of spin–orbital interaction between gas particles to the elementary excitations and shown that spin–orbital interaction leads to the emergence of magnetization and polarization waves.
A preliminary examination of a theoretical model for researching educator beliefs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper introduces the concept of the palimpsest as a tool for examining teacher and administrator beliefs about teaching, learning, and managing. The palimpsest is integrated into a Peircean semeiotic framework utilizing von Uexküll's Lebenswelt. Three typical cases enrolled in a learning program that engages teachers in a process of systematic and intentional inquiry were chosen. Raw responses from the three cases were examined. Of particular interest, all three participants tended to reason from premises that currently fit their belief structures and seem to hand pick clues to examine. Finally, the palimpsest appears to be a useful and flexible concept to examine the consistencies and inconsistencies of beliefs.
The influence of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield, nitrate and oxalic acid concentration in purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is widely used for culinary purposes throughout Mediterranean region, and the interest in this plant increased due to it being a source of bio-protective compounds, such as fatty acids and antioxidants. However, the use of purslane could be limited by accumulation of high levels of compounds harmful to human health, such as nitrate and oxalic acid. The main objective of present study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield parameters and on nitrate and oxalic acid concentrations in leaves and stems. Plants of golden-leafed purslane of sativa subspecies were grown in styro-foam boxes with substrate and fertilized two times per week during four weeks with ammonium-nitrate solution (16.9% NO3--N and 17.6% NH4+-N), for testing of four nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1). Plant growth, yield, nitrate and oxalic acid concentrations were significantly affected by nitrogen application. The best quantity/quality ratio was achieved at fertilization level of 60 kg N ha-1, which gave a yield of 5.1 kg m-2 FW, while nitrate concentration was 48.98 and 43.90 mg g-1 DW in leaf and stem, respectively, and oxalic acid concentration was 1.27 and 0.55 mg g-1 DW, in leaf and stem, respectively: values which are not harmful for consumer health.
Physiological Aging under Commercial Conditions Enhances Performance of Three Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The physiological age of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) seed tubers influences emergence, apical dominance, tuber set, and size distribution, all of which are traits that affect crop value. While prior studies have examined storage and planting practices, research optimizing physiological aging under commercially relevant conditions is limited. This 2-year study evaluated the effects of controlled aging on three cultivars, Caribou Russet, Dakota Russet, and Laona, using 15.6 °C temperatures to accumulate 80, 450, or 900 degree days (DD) before long-term cold storage (4 °C). Emergence, stem number, yield, tuber size distribution, and crop value were evaluated in field trials conducted in Othello, WA. Aging to 450-DD was associated with improved emergence and increased yield and crop value, particularly for processing, with gains of up to 32%. In contrast, aging to 900-DD resulted in reduced yield and marketable size, with outcomes varying by cultivar and end use. These effects were further influenced by pretreatment seed handling and storage history. Together, the findings indicate that moderate physiological aging can serve as a practical tool to improve crop uniformity and profitability, but treatments must be tailored to individual cultivars and end-use goals to minimize negative effects.
Thermal Comfort Analysis Inside of a Recreational Vehicle

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The focus of the current study is on the numerical investigation of airflow and temperature distribution in a representative Class B Recreational Vehicle (RV) with the objective of optimizing the inlet and exhaust vent configurations to enhance thermal comfort levels. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out using ANSYS FLUENT. \nThe CFD model of a representative RV is described in detail. First, a reference case that is based on the existing RV model is presented. For further optimizations with respect to this reference case, a parametric study is performed. This parametric study focuses on evaluating the impact of inlet and outlet vent locations, supply airflow direction, and varying the number of exhaust vents on temperature and airflow distributions. Seven test cases are simulated in total. The simulation results are evaluated based on their temperatures, velocity magnitudes, PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) values.