jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Performance Evaluation Framework for Fair Solutions in Ad Hoc Networks ABSTRACT

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fairness in multihop ad hoc networks has received considerable attention in the literature. Many schemes have been proposed, which attempt to compute the “optimal”bit rates of the transmitting mobile nodes so that a certain fairness criterion is met. As the related literature indicates, there is a trade-off between fairness and efficiency, since fairness schemes typically reduce the channel utilization. Also, it is questionable whether certain fairness schemes have a positive or negative impact on the QoS of certain user services. So far, there has been limited research on the impact of the varying short-term allocations of these protocols, due to their inherent features and also nodes mobility, on the user-perceived QoS (and social welfare) for services of long duration. In this paper, we introduce an assessment framework, based on history-dependent utility functions that can be used as a holistic performance evaluation tool of these fairness schemes. These functions quantify the satisfaction that the ad hoc users obtain from the way their long-lived service sessions are allocated bandwidth, due to the behavior of the MANETs fair schemes. This way we can unambiguously compare the performance of various fair solutions whose maximization goals are inherently different (max-min fairness, proportional fairness, etc.). Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of this framework by applying it on different protocols.
Characterization of Circulating Monoclonal B Lymphocytes in Patients with HCV Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV), being lymphotrophic as well as hepatotrophic, has been reported to induce B-cell proliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia and B-cell lymphoma. To investigate the association between HCV and B-cell proliferation, we evaluated the incidence and characteristics of monoclonal B cells in the circulating blood of HCV-infected cases relative to controls with non-HCV hepatic diseases. We first evaluated the surface immunoglobulin κ:λ light-chain ratios of the circulating B (CD19+) cells in 240 HCV-infected cases and 150 controls. Light chain restriction (κ:λ ratio &gt;3:1 or &lt; 1:2) was detected in 7 cases with HCV (2.9%) (Table 1), but was never detected in the controls (p&lt;0.05). As these monoclonal B cells were not identified morphologically, they were analyzed for CD5/CD20 expression. None of them showed the so-called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-phenotype cells. The clonal and normal B cells did not differ significantly in their intensity of CD5 expression (Figure 1). The B-cell clonality was confirmed in all 7 cases by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangements and the t(14;18) fusion gene was detected in one case. The loss of clonality was observed in 2 cases treated with interferon and in one case treated with splenectomy. The longitudinal study is required to determine whether these circulating monoclonal B cells progress to lymphoproliferative disorders or not. Table 1. The clinical data of the 7 HCV-infected cases with monoclonal H cells Case No Age Sex WBC count./ul Lymphocyte count./ul CD19+ cells in lymphocytes. % Light chain κ/λ. CD5+B cell. % Cryoglobulin IFN therapy 1 78 M 2,800 710 26.46 κ 33.59 17.45 (+) (−) 2 65 M 3,400 720 5.41 λ 0.23 15.93 (−) (+) 3 84 M 5,700 3,520 46.68 κ 11.31 6.8 (+) (−) 4 74 F 3,300 1,750 15.01 λ 0.037 46.31 (−) (−) 5 65 F 2,500 580 34.46 κ 8.07 40.17 (+) (−) 6 72 F 2,000 940 25.4 λ 0.198 38.77 (−) + 7 66 M 4,200 1,380 9.73 λ 0.41 3.53 (+) (−) Figure 1. The three groups did not differ significantly in the frequency of CD5+ B cells (mean±SEM: group1, 24.14±6.55; group2, 30.27±1.69; group3, 28.53±1.93). Figure 1. The three groups did not differ significantly in the frequency of CD5+ B cells (mean±SEM: group1, 24.14±6.55; group2, 30.27±1.69; group3, 28.53±1.93).
[Tricalcium phosphate implant in periodontal defects--initial 3 months].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tricalcium phosphate implant in human osseous defects. 4 intraosseous defects in 2 patients were treated with mucoperiosteal flap and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) implant and another 5 defects in the same patients were debrided only via mucoperiosteal flap. The healing response was evaluated clinically 10-12 weeks after treatment. More reduction in probing depth and more gains in probing attachment levels were observed in implanted sites than in control sites.
Inhaled nitric oxide partially reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nitric oxide (NO) inhaled during a hypoxia-induced increase in pulmonary vasomotor tone decreases pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa). We conducted this study to better characterize the hemodynamic effects induced by NO inhalation during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in 11 anesthetized ventilated dogs. Arterial and venous systemic and pulmonary pressures and aortic flow probe-derived cardiac output were recorded, and nitrosylhemoglobin (NO-Hb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) were measured. The effects of 5 min of NO inhalation at 0, 17, 28, 47, and 0 ppm during hyperoxia (inspiratory fraction of O2 = 0.5) and hypoxia (inspiratory fraction of O2 = 0.16) were observed. NO inhalation has no measurable effects during hyperoxia. Hypoxia induced an increase in Ppa that reached plateau levels after 5 min. Exposure to 28 and 47 ppm NO induced an immediate (< 30 s) decrease in Ppa and calculated pulmonary vascular resistance (P < 0.05 each) but did not return either to baseline hyperoxic values. Increasing the concentration of NO to 74 and 145 ppm in two dogs during hypoxia did not induce any further decreases in Ppa. Reversing hypoxia while NO remained at 47 ppm further decreased Ppa and pulmonary vascular resistance to baseline values. NO inhalation did not induce decreases in systemic arterial pressure. MetHb remained low, and NO-Hb was unmeasurable. We concluded that NO inhalation only partially reversed hypoxia-induced increases in pulmonary vasomotor tone in this canine model. These effects are immediate and selective to the pulmonary circulation.
Gender-Based Analysis of Work Trip Mode Choice of Commuters in Suburban Montreal, Canada, with Stated Preference Data

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Transportation literature suggests that men and women differ in their commuting patterns and in their propensity to switch between travel options. In North America, it is expected that women will have an increasing impact on travel demand. As such, differences in female responses to travel demand management strategies are likely to become increasingly important as governments try to curtail travel demand. This paper uses a 1994 stated preference survey of suburban commuters in Montreal, Canada, to determine whether there is evidence for differences between men and women in the factors that affect work trip choices, to quantify those differences, and to suggest what the differences imply for travel demand management in the future in Montreal. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. First, women and men should be modeled separately for work trip mode choice. Second, three main differences appear from the econometric models: women are less likely to choose public transit than men; women are more likely to choose to rideshare; and women are less time-sensitive in regard to commuting than men are.
On the same wavelength but tuned to different frequencies? Perceptions of academic and admissions staff in England and Wales on the articulation between 14–19 education and training and higher education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the views of staff at higher education institutions on how well 14–19 education and training prepares young people for higher education (HE) study. It draws upon research involving focus groups with approximately 250 academic and admissions staff at 21 higher education institutions in England and Wales. The data collection was conducted between February and June 2005. The paper presents their perceptions of the articulation between 14–19 education and training and higher education. It examines their perceptions of the preparedness of young people to enter HE, and their preparedness to engage with HE. The evidence presented suggests an urgent need for more effective communication between the respective actors and institutions in 14–19 education and training and HE, particularly with regard to approaches to learning.
A Short Review on Graphene-Based Filters: Perspectives and Challenges

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Graphene is an interesting debated topic between scientists because of its unique properties such as tunable conductivity. Graphene conductivity can be varied by either electrostatic or magnetostatic gating or via chemical doping, which leads to design of various photonic and electronic devices. Among various graphene-based structures, plasmonic graphene filters have attracted the attention of many researchers because of their various applications in THz frequencies. There are four main types of graphene filters proposed in the literature, which are: 1- Circular filters, 2- Planar filters, 3- Periodic filters, and 4- Other types of filters (which are not categorized in any of the other three groups). This paper aims to study and investigate various types of graphene-based filters published in the literature.
Additional file 8: of De novo profiling of RNA viruses in Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes from forest ecological zones in Senegal and Cambodia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Unclassified Virus Sequences. Sequence assemblies for 39 non-redundant contigs >â 500 nucleotides, unclassified by sequence similarity to known viruses. The small RNA profile matched a pattern of classic RNAi processing of viral replication intermediates, suggesting they are undescribed viruses. In fasta text sequence file format. (FASTA 38 kb)
<i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> (Apiaceae): eradication or wise utilization of plant raw Materials?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The uncontrolled spreading of the monodominant colonies of Sosnowsky's hogweed Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (Apiaceae) in Russia made the researchers look for methods of using its biomass in various sectors of the economy, which should prevent its further spread. The proposed methods of using plant biomass and technologies for obtaining useful substances from H. sosnowskyi have been developed regardless of inevitable changes in populations’ characteristics: in populations on abandoned lands that are currently unaffected by anthropogenic disturbance, under regular utilization the regeneration will decrease, resulting in reduced yields and profitability of production. It is possible to maintain a high yield of hogweed necessary for its utilization only under strictly controlled cultivation, which prevents its “escape”; however, it is not possible now, as this species has been removed from the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. At the same time, there is a sufficient range of alternative sources of raw materials that contain useful substances, which are suggested to be obtained from H. sosnowskyi. Harvesting of H. sosnowskyi for raw materials from the roadside treelines and small rivers' riparian areas is so much a problem, that it is not considered in publications, although these particular ecotopes are the constant foci of ongoing invasion. Due to the uncontrolled spread of the H. sosnowskyi, the biodiversity of agricultural lands, including wild-growing food, technical and medicinal plants (including wild relatives of cultivated plants) are under threat.
A case of resected cervicomediastinal lipoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は74歳男性.気管支喘息, 肺気腫にて通院治療中, 呼吸困難を主訴として, 左頸部腫瘤と胸部レントゲン写真で左上縦隔の腫瘤陰影を指摘され当院紹介受診となる.CTおよびMRIで上縦隔から左頸部に広がる腫瘤影を認め, 手術にて摘出を行った.摘出標本は10x9x6cmで被膜を有し, 外観は黄色で弾性軟であった.腫瘍は成熟脂肪細胞からなり, 胸腺組織や骨格筋組織を認めず, 頸縦隔型脂肪腫と診断した.頸縦隔型脂肪腫は比較的稀な疾患であり文献的考察を加え報告する.
Long-term decline in breeding abundance of Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) in the Czech Republic: a case study of a population trend at the Chomoutov lake

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long-term trend in breeding abundance of Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) at the Chomoutov lake, Czech Republic. In the period 1978-2014 (always between April 22 and May 10), we conducted 14 nest counts in the bird colony using the direct nest search method. In total, we counted 57,860 nests, from which 2,174 nests were found in the initial year 1978, the maximum number of nests (8,371) in 1993 and 3,304 nests in the last counting year 2014. The nests were located on the ground on an island elevated 2-3 m above the water level. In 1997, we found an unusually located nest on a nesting pad in a poplar tree (Populus sp.), 821 cm above the water level. In this paper, we point out the long-term decline in breeding abundance of Black-headed Gull in major breeding colonies in the Czech Republic, where the abundance declined by up to 95%, while numerous colonies have vanished completely. We discuss factors influencing the negative population trend of Black-headed Gull on the monitored site and in the entire Czech Republic.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is quorum-sensing dependent

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the predominant micro-organism of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa colonizes the CF lungs by forming biofilm structures in the alveoli. In the biofilm mode of growth the bacteria are highly tolerant to otherwise lethal doses of antibiotics and are protected from bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). P. aeruginosa controls the expression of many of its virulence factors by means of a cell–cell communication system termed quorum sensing (QS). In the present report it is demonstrated that biofilm bacteria in which QS is blocked either by mutation or by administration of QS inhibitory drugs are sensitive to treatment with tobramycin and H 2 O 2 , and are readily phagocytosed by PMNs, in contrast to bacteria with functional QS systems. In contrast to the wild-type, QS-deficient biofilms led to an immediate respiratory-burst activation of the PMNs in vitro . In vivo QS-deficient mutants provoked a higher degree of inflammation. It is suggested that quorum signals and QS-inhibitory drugs play direct and opposite roles in this process. Consequently, the faster and highly efficient clearance of QS-deficient bacteria in vivo is probably a two-sided phenomenon: down regulation of virulence and activation of the innate immune system. These data also suggest that a combination of the action of PMNs and QS inhibitors along with conventional antibiotics would eliminate the biofilm-forming bacteria before a chronic infection is established.
Adaptive decentralized output-constrained control of single-bus DC microgrids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A single-bus DC microgrid can represent a wide range of applications. Control objectives of such systems include high-performance bus voltage regulation and proper load sharing among multiple distributed generators (DGs) under various operating conditions. This paper presents a novel decentralized control algorithm that can guarantee both the transient voltage control performance and realize the predefined load sharing percentages. First, the output-constrained control problem is transformed into an equivalent unconstrained one. Second, a two-step backstepping control algorithm is designed based on the transformed model for bus-voltage regulation. Since the overall control effort can be split proportionally and calculated with locally-measurable signals, decentralized load sharing can be realized. The control design requires neither accurate parameters of the output filters nor load measurement. The stability of the transformed systems under the proposed control algorithm can indirectly guarantee the transient bus voltage performance of the original system. Additionally, the high-performance control design is robust, flexible, and reliable. Switch-level simulations under both normal and fault operating conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Dealing with the Local Level Power Structure: Findings from a Qualitative Study of Three Villages in Greater Faridpur District

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As World Development Report 2017 reminded us, understanding how the local power structure works, and how it is perceived, continue to be important themes for mainstream development policy and practice. Power asymmetries contribute to exclusion, inequality and restrict equitable growth. This paper reports on findings from a recent re-study that aimed to build a bottom-up view of how ordinary people try to deal with local power structures, comparing data from 2004 and 2016. Using semi-structured interviews, disaggregated focus groups and local participant observation, data was collected in Greater Faridpur District in order to gain more insight into the workings of the formal and informal institutions that govern peoples’ everyday lives. Continuing a trend observed in the earlier data, the traditional village ‘net’ power structure has continued to fade, providing people with a wider set of livelihood choices and institutional options. However, while we had encountered examples of win-win pro-poor coalitions in the earlier study between local people, civil society groups and elected officials, such cases were far fewer in 2016. Although reforms have been put in place ostensibly to increase levels of local civic engagement, it is not easy to find evidence that these are working. Civil society space has diminished, along with opportunities for rights-based action to secure justice and inclusion. A decline in the Union Parishad’s role and status as the basic institution of local government is a further worrying change that has negative implications for improving poor people’s participation in local decisionmaking, achieving productive local government and civil society partnerships, and securing improved levels of local resource mobilization.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia: A Single Center Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) comprises 4-15% of all acute myeloid leukemia (AML) diagnoses in pediatric patients. Unlike patients with Down syndrome who have a &gt;80% expected survival with dose-reduced chemotherapy, the 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients with de novo AMKL is dismal and ranges between 14-49%. While treatment intensification has marginally improved the outcome of these patients over the last few decades, the role of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in these patients in first complete remission (CR) is often debated. To better define the role of HCT, we evaluated the outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent their first HCT for AMKL at our institution from October 1990 to January 2021. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis using patient, disease, and transplant-related data collected during routine clinical care and evaluated these variables for their prognostic value. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to estimate survival probabilities in pre-specified groups and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariable analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models to assess the role of various patient and transplant-related factors on survival. The cumulative incidence of relapse (with death as competing risk) was estimated by the Fine-Gray multivariable models and compared using Gray's test. Results Our study included 53 patients. The median age at HCT was 2.3 (range 0.9-19.7) years. The median time of follow-up was 10.3 (range 0.9-346.6) months. At the time of HCT, 56.6% of patients were in CR1, 5.7% were in CR2 and 37.7% had active/refractory disease. Nine (17%) patients received an HCT from a matched sibling donor, 25 (47.2%) from a matched unrelated donor, and 19 (35.8%) from a haploidentical donor. Twenty-two (41.5%) patients relapsed after HCT at a median duration of 2.8 (range 0.6-10.5) months, and 31 (58.5%) patients died at a median duration of 4.3 (range 0.9-15.9) months. The one-year OS estimates trended higher in patients undergoing transplant in more recent decades (1990-2000: 32%, 2000-2010: 46%, 2010-2020: 67%; P = 0.2). Patients who underwent HCT in CR had a significantly higher 1-year OS (57% versus 30%; P &lt; 0.001) and decreased rate of relapse (24% versus 70%; P &lt; 0.001) compared to those who underwent HCT with active/refractory disease. Similarly, in multivariable analysis, being in CR during HCT was associated with improved OS (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.17, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.07-0.41) and decreased risk of relapse (HR 0.18, 95% CI 0.07-0.46) after adjusting for other pre-specified variables. Conclusion While the overall outcome of patients who undergo HCT for AMKL has improved in the last few decades, it remains suboptimal. Patients who underwent HCT in CR had superior outcomes. Our data supports the notion that patients with de novo AMKL would benefit from HCT when they first achieve CR while we await novel strategies in treating relapsed or refractory AMKL.
Numerical Analysis of a Dental Zirconium Restoration and the Stresses That Occur in Dental Tissues

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

When it is about restorative dental materials, aesthetics is traditionally preferred. This has led to the selection of materials very visually similar to the enamel, but unfortunately, their mechanical properties are not similar. This often translates into disadvantages than advantages. In the present work, a comparison is made of the stresses that occur during dental occlusion (dental bit) in a healthy dental organ and those that are generated in a dental organ with a dental zirconium restoration. Numerical simulation was carried out by means of the Finite Element Method, in computational biomodels, from Cone-Beam Tomography, to obtain the stresses generated during dental occlusion. It was found that the normal and von Mises stresses generated are substantially greater in the molar with restoration compared to those produced in the healthy molar. In addition, the normal function of the enamel and dentin to disperse these stresses to prevent them from reaching the pulp is altered. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the indiscriminate use of this restoration material and consider other aspects, in addition to aesthetics and biocompatibility for the choice of restorative materials such as biomechanical compatibility .
Unusual submandibular swelling.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This time of peak immunological activity is also likely to be the time when plasma concentrations of therapeutically administered immuno- suppressive drugs are at a minimum.Circadian variations in immune response have not been emphasised but have implications for the understanding, assessment, and treat- ment of many diseases.There is clearly a need to consider standardisa- tion of tests for immune responses according to the time of day.