jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Introduction

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In 2015, the annual mean global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) level surpassed 400 parts per million (ppm; Figure 1.1), and we know very well that this rise is caused by human activities (Figure 1.2). It was the first time in 3 million years that such a level had been reached. Crossing this level has caused widespread concern among climate scientists, and not least among those called pale climatologists, who work on natural climate variability in prehistoric times, before humans. Over the last few decades, researchers have been repeatedly raising the alarm that emissions of CO2, along with those of other greenhouse gases, are getting dangerously out of control and that urgent remedial action is needed. With the crossing of the 400 ppm threshold, this sense of urgency reached a climax: at the Conference of Parties 21 meeting in Paris—also known as COP21 or the 2015 Paris Climate Conference—broad interna¬tional political agreement was reached to limit global warming to a maximum of 2°C, and if at all possible 1.5° C, by the end of this century. If one calculates this through, this implies a commitment for society to operate on zero net carbon emissions well before 2050, along with development and large-scale application of methods for CO2 removal from the climate system. (Scientists focus on carbon (C) emissions when they discuss emissions because it helps in calculating CO2 changes produced by the processing of specific volumes/ masses of fossil fuel hydrocarbons.) Clearly, the challenge is enormous, especially given that even implementing all the pledges made since COP21 would still allow warming to reach about 3°C by 2100. But, regardless, the agreement was ground breaking. It was a marker of hope, optimism, and international motivation to tackle climate change. Moreover, there are concerns about the stated COP21 targets. First, the proposed 2°C or 1.5°C limits to avoid 2 “dangerous” climate impacts may sound good, but there is no specific scientific basis for picking these particular numbers. Second, the implied “end of this century” deadline is an arbitrary moment in time.
Opinion 2/13 of the Court of Justice and obstacles for EU accession to the European Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The idea of accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human rights dates back to more than 40years. The aspirations to make that happen are embodied in a complex process that has been underway for a long period. While all EU member states have already acceded to the Convention (individually), for many reasons it is considered useful for the EU itself to approach it. After numerous and lengthy negotiations, the last step on this path seems to have been made with the adoption of the draft agreement on the accession of the EU to the European Convention. However, only then did the real obstacle emerge. Namely, in December 2014, the Court of Justice adopted a negative advisory opinion concerning the compliance of the aforementioned draft with the Treaty of Lisbon. The Court of Justice has pointed out several key problems on incompatibility of these two acts. In the Opinion of the Court of Justice, the non-compliance is related to: 1) the specificity and autonomy of EU law; 2) the monopoly of jurisdiction of the Court of Justice in the settlement of disputes, in accordance with Art. 344 TFEU; 3) the recently established co-respondent mechanism in the proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights; 4) the procedure for prior involvement of the Court of Justice; and 5) the specificity of the EU law on issues concerning the common foreign and security policy. The question remains how to overcome the deadlock in the process of EU accession to the European Convention of Human Rights, caused by the too rigid and inflexible Opinion of the Court of Justice, and whether the process will be continued at all.
(E)-1-Bromo-2-iodoethylene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

(E)[56798-08-4] C2H2BrI (MW 232.85) InChI = 1S/C2H2BrI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1+ InChIKey = UTDMSJMYYBXEPR-OWOJBTEDSA-N (Z)[95497-36-2] InChI = 1S/C2H2BrI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1- InChIKey = UTDMSJMYYBXEPR-UPHRSURJSA-N (cross-coupling reagent for the synthesis of bromoenynes, bromodienes, and conjugated oligoenic compounds) Alternate Name: 1-bromo-2-iodoethene. Physical Data: (E), mp 18.1–18.3 °C; bp 52 °C/15 mm-Hg; d 2.617. (Z), mp −54.4 to −54.3 °C; d 2.644. Solubility: insoluble in water; soluble in hexane, ether, alcohol, and most other organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl 3) δ 6.75 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 6.86(d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 76.71, 109.99; IR (neat) 3020, 1615, 1560, 1139, 391, 711, 627 cm−1. Preparative Methods: obtained by bubbling acetylene through an aqueous solution of iodine monobromide in 48% HBr. Purification: distilled at reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent should be stored in the refrigerator.
Erratum: Mutagenicity of Fly Ash Particles in Paramecium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the erratum published in the issue of 13 February (p. 656), Tables 1 and 2 from the report "Mutagenicity of fly ash particles in Paramecium " by J. Smith-Sonneborn et al . (9 Jan., p. 180) were printed incorrectly. Significance lines missing in the original tables were also missing in the erratum. With determination, we again reprint the tables as they should have appeared (Table 1 above, Table 2 at right). [See figure in the PDF file]
Genetic Analysis of Hulless Barley Genotypes for Various Quantitative Traits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The subject of the present study was to assess hulless barley genotypes for various quantitative traits evaluated under timely sown irrigated conditions. The experimental material included thirty six genotypes, planted in lattice design with two replications during 2024-25 at Barley Experimental Area of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana). The results revealed high estimates of GCV and PCV for number of grains per spike while, grain yield per plot, number of effective tillers per meter row, spike length and peduncle length exhibited moderate estimates of GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of grains per spike, number of effective tillers per meter row, grain yield per plot and spike length. Correlation among traits indicated significant positive association of grain yield per plot with number of effective tillers per meter row, number of grains per spike, biological yield per plot and harvest index, exhibiting the significance of these traits for deciding the selection criterion for yield enhancement in hulless barley. Path coefficient analysis exhibited highest positive direct effect of harvest index on grain yield, followed by biological yield per plot. PCA identified four components with eigen value more than one that explained about 80.02 % of the total variation. PC 1 elucidated 31.29 % of the total variance and showed strong correlation with days to heading and maturity, number of grains per spike, harvest index and grain yield per plot.Cluster analysis based on 11 quantitative traits categorized the genotypes into six distinct clusters of which cluster IV contained high yielding genotypesi.e. RD 3121, DWRB 2427, DWRB 2428, DWRB 2436, PL 976 and DWRB 2442. The genotypes of this group could be utilized as promising breeding material intended to develop new hulless barley varieties.
Investigating the Effect of Caffeine on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Responses to Submaximal Activities in Men Athlete Performing Aerobic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine on metabolic and cardiovascular responses during submaximal activities in men athlete performing aerobic. The statistical population included 20 men athletes performing aerobic divided into two 10 - people groups. Both groups were evaluated in the first session and their height, weight, fat percentage, BM I, and oxygen consumed during the practices were measured with 75% of their maximal. Then, after passing a night before the treatment in fasting status for 10 hours, in the first group, caffeine capsule (5 mg for 1 kg of body weight) and in the second grou p, a placebo was used with 200 ml water. They passed one hour in sitting position and until reaching to the heart rate of 75% of the maximal, they ran on the treadmill based oncontinuous incremental protocol. They continued to this trend for 15 minutes and finally, the mount oxygen consumed during the activity, heart rate,systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood lactate level after the activity in the two stages (the stage with placebo and the stage without placebo) were measured and recorded. As th e findings revealed, in the group consumed caffeine, heart rate (P < 0.001) and consumed oxygen (P < 0.001) were significantly increased while no significant difference was observed in other measured parameters. Notably, no significant difference was found in the studied parameters in the group consumed placebo.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Engineered biosynthesis of regioselectively modified aromatic polyketides using bimodular polyketide synthases.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Bacterial aromatic polyketides such as tetracycline and doxorubicin are a medicinally important class of natural products produced as secondary metabolites by actinomyces bacteria. Their backbones are derived from malonyl-CoA units by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The nascent polyketide chain is synthesized by the minimal PKS, a module consisting of four dissociated enzymes. Although the biosynthesis of most aromatic polyketide backbones is initiated through decarboxylation of a malonyl building block (which results in an acetate group), some polyketides, such as the estrogen receptor antagonist R1128, are derived from nonacetate primers. Understanding the mechanism of nonacetate priming can lead to biosynthesis of novel polyketides that have improved pharmacological properties. Recent biochemical analysis has shown that nonacetate priming is the result of stepwise activity of two dissociated PKS modules with orthogonal molecular recognition features. In these PKSs, an initiation module that synthesizes a starter unit is present in addition to the minimal PKS module. Here we describe a general method for the engineered biosynthesis of regioselectively modified aromatic polyketides. When coexpressed with the R1128 initiation module, the actinorhodin minimal PKS produced novel hexaketides with propionyl and isobutyryl primer units. Analogous octaketides could be synthesized by combining the tetracenomycin minimal PKS with the R1128 initiation module. Tailoring enzymes such as ketoreductases and cyclases were able to process the unnatural polyketides efficiently. Based upon these findings, hybrid PKSs were engineered to synthesize new anthraquinone antibiotics with predictable functional group modifications. Our results demonstrate that (i) bimodular aromatic PKSs present a general mechanism for priming aromatic polyketide backbones with nonacetate precursors; (ii) the minimal PKS controls polyketide chain length by counting the number of atoms incorporated into the backbone rather than the number of elongation cycles; and (iii) in contrast, auxiliary PKS enzymes such as ketoreductases, aromatases, and cyclases recognize specific functional groups in the backbone rather than overall chain length. Among the anthracyclines engineered in this study were compounds with (i) more superior activity than R1128 against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and (ii) inhibitory activity against glucose-6-phosphate translocase, an attractive target for the treatment of Type II diabetes. PMID: 14966533 Funding information This work was supported by: NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: CA 77248 NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 CA077248
Reception Experiments in Mount Royal Tunnel

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with certain experiments carried out in the Mount Royal Tunnel of the Canadian National Railways at Montreal, Quebec, in order to determine how radio waves reach the receiving set. Preliminary experiments in 1926 indicated that the penetration of radio waves into the tunnel was a function of the frequency, short waves below 100 meters dying out within a few hundred feet of the mouth of the tunnel. More exact experiments and measurements were planned and carried out in 1928 to bring out the part played by the wires, cables, and rails leading into the tunnel. The tunnel mouths were blocked and the cables grounded, and the results so obtained indicated that the effect of cables and rails was also dependent on the frequency. It was also evident that more actual energy entered via the tunnel itself than was at first suspected. The effect of rails and cables is not a simple one but involves loop action, wave-antenna effects, and re-radiation. Curves are attached showing graphically the results obtained. A map of the area and an elevation of Mount Royal itself give general details of the geology of the region.
Determining and Mapping Biomass Energy Potential from Agricultural Residues in Syria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Syria faces a problem of restricted access to fossil fuels due to limited resources. In this paper, the potential of biomass and the energy value produced from agricultural residues for 32 agricultural crops has been studied. Data from the Syrian Ministry of Agriculture for the year 2016 were utilized to determine the total annual potential of field and orchard agricultural residues using the residue-to-product ratio. The study also examined the distribution of regions with the highest production of agricultural waste in the country. The research found that approximately 1.93 million tons of agricultural residues were produced, with 0.698 and 1.213 million tons for field and orchard crops, respectively. The most significant agricultural residues came from olive trees, wheat plants, and orange trees, accounting for 35%, 11%, and 10%, respectively. The possible heat value from field and orchard crops was 23972 and 44932 Btu, respectively. This quantity provides 17.6% of Syria's energy consumption. The provinces with the highest production of agricultural residues were Aleppo, Lattakia, and Tartus, with values of 12.35, 11.8, and 8.04 PJ, respectively. According to the study, agricultural residues in Syria have the potential to be a sustainable source for biomass.
Collective Memory and Cultural-mythological Space

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article considers the important problem of internal interrelation between collective memory and social myth-making in the cultural space.The ambivalent nature of the impact that a myth has on social values associated with the industry of memory is revealed.On the one hand, mythology helps society create its spiritual bonds and preserve valuable historical experience.On the other hand, the myth is actively involved in the management of values through the artificial construction of images of the past.Through the mechanisms of modern myth-making, more and more attempts of spiritual disorientation and reformatting of the cultural code of a particular nation are made.
Vibrational Communication (Drumming) Of The Western Nearctic Stonefly Genus Hesperoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sandberg, John B. (2009): Vibrational Communication (Drumming) Of The Western Nearctic Stonefly Genus Hesperoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 5 (13): 146-155, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4759372
A Year of New Beginnings

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter recounts how, on the day following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, in December 1941, Sigismund Walker handed his daughter a telegram from President W. J. Trent of Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina. Trent had learned about Margaret Walker through a fellow clergyman and invited her to join the faculty of the small Negro liberal arts college. The semester would start in January, and Walker was to report to school soon after the start of the new year. Still dependent upon her family, Walker was not able to buy a ticket to begin her new life and swallowed her pride as she turned to her mother for help. With borrowed money and a small suitcase of clothes, most of which she had brought with her from Chicago and Iowa, Walker again boarded the Jim Crow coach of the Illinois Central, going north. She was in good spirits but, having had teaching jobs disappear no sooner than she learned about them on multiple occasions, she understood there were no guarantees. Walker was coming to the rather startling revelation that who she was and what she wanted to be might have had little meaning in the 1940s within the larger context of an average Black person’s life.
Phase II Study of Bevacizumab With Concurrent Capecitabine and Radiation Followed by Maintenance Gemcitabine and Bevacizumab for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group RTOG 0411

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose The primary objective of this study was to assess the 1-year survival of patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with the combination of bevacizumab, capecitabine, and radiation. Secondary end points were toxicity, progression-free survival (PFS), and response rate (RR). Patients and Methods Patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer without duodenal invasion were treated with 50.4 Gy per 28 fractions to the gross tumor with concurrent capecitabine 825 mg/m 2 orally twice daily on days of radiation and bevacizumab 5 mg/kg on days 1, 15, and 29 followed by maintenance gemcitabine 1 g/m 2 weekly for 3 weeks and bevacizumab 5 mg/kg every 2 weeks, both in 4-week cycles until progression. Treatment plans were reviewed for quality assurance (QA). Results Between January 2005 and February 2006, 82 eligible patients were treated. The median and 1-year survival rates were 11.9 months (95% CI, 9.9 to 14.0 months) and 47% (95% CI, 36% to 57%). Median PFS was 8.6 months (95% CI, 6.9 to 10.5), and RR was 26%. Overall, 35.4% of patients had grade 3 or greater treatment-related gastrointestinal toxicity (22.0% during chemoradiotherapy, 13.4% during maintenance chemotherapy). Unacceptable radiotherapy protocol deviations (ie, inappropriately generous volume contoured) correlated with grade 3 or greater gastrointestinal toxicity during chemoradiotherapy (45% v 18%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 0.98 to 14.1; P = .05). Conclusion The addition of bevacizumab to chemoradiotherapy followed by bevacizumab and gemcitabine resulted in a similar median survival to previous Radiation Therapy Oncology Group studies in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Prospective QA may help limit toxicity in future trials.
Diving Demand for Large Ship Artificial Reefs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using data drawn from a web‐based travel cost survey, we jointly model revealed and stated preference trip count data in an attempt to estimate the recreational use value from diving the intentionally sunk ex‐USS Oriskany. Respondents were asked to report (1) their actual trips from the previous year, (2) their anticipated trip in the next year, and (3) their anticipated trip next year assuming a second dive‐able destroyer were sunk in the same vicinity. Results from a single‐site Poisson and negative binomial travel cost model indicate an annual use value of $1,215 per diver associated with current Oriskany‐specific dive trips. Expected annual use value estimates then increase to $2,596 with the “bundling” of a second vessel alongside the Oriskany to create a multiple‐ship artificial reef area.
Impact of Adjuvant Radiotherapy on Free Flap Volume in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Scoping Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In autologous breast reconstruction, a sufficient flap volume is fundamental to restore breast shape and ensure an aesthetic outcome. After mastectomy, postoperative irradiation is regularly indicated in the oncological treatment algorithm. When administering radiation therapy after autologous reconstruction, the tissue transferred is inherently irradiated. Although there is evidence that points to a reduction in flap volume after adjuvant radiotherapy, the data have been contradicting and inconclusive. To address this anecdotal evidence, we performed a scoping review of the current literature that addresses the effect of radiotherapy on breast flap volume. Six two-armed studies, comprising a total of 462 patients, reported on the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on free flap volume changes. Of those, two studies found a significant negative impact of radiotherapy on free flap volume, while the other four studies did not. Reported flap volume changes ranged from no change to a reduction of 26.2%, measured up to two years postoperatively. The selected studies contain varying patient numbers, follow-up timepoints, types of flaps, and measuring methods, contributing to a relatively high heterogeneity. While we present some evidence suggesting a significant impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on breast flap volume, future studies are needed to further investigate this potential correlation.
Maternal high-fat diet promotes calcified atherosclerotic plaque formation in adult offspring by enhancing transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells to osteochondrocytic-like phenotype

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and objective Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) has been shown to modulate vascular function and remodeling in adult offspring. Atherosclerotic vascular calcification is closely associated with the onset of cardiovascular event. We therefore investigated the impact of maternal HFD on calcification of atherogenic plaques. Methods and results Eight-week-old female apo-E−/− mice (C57BL/6) were fed an HFD or a normal diet (ND) one week prior to mating, and the diet was continued throughout gestation and lactation. Offspring of both groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) from 8 weeks of age. Ex vivo osteogenic activity of aortic root and aortic arch was analyzed using in vivo imaging system (IVIS) with OsteoSense 680. Sixteen-week-old male offspring of HFD-fed dams (O-HFD) showed a 1.4-fold increase in fluorescent intensity compared with those of ND-fed dams (O-ND) (p&lt;0.05). Likewise, female O-HFD showed a significantly increased osteogenic activity in aortic arch (154%, p&lt;0.05). Percentages of plaque area and oil red O-positive area were comparable between O-ND and O-HFD of both genders, suggesting that augmented osteogenic activity in O-HFD is not dependent on the plaque size. To investigate the underlying mechanism of augmented calcified plaque formation in O-HFD, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of thoracic aorta form 8-week-old male offspring were primarily cultured and VSMCs calcification was induced by treatment with calcification media supplemented with phosphate (2.6 mM). Alizarin-red-positive area upon 10 days stimulation showed a 3.4-fold increase in VSMCs from O-HFD compared with that from O-ND (p&lt;0.01). Consistently, western blotting analysis revealed that expression level of osteocalcin was significantly higher in O-HFD than O-ND, suggesting that osteochondrocytic transformation of VSMCs is augmented in O-HFD. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that maternal HFD accelerates the development of atherogenic calcification independent of plaque size. In vitro transformation to osteochondrocytic-like cells is enhanced in VSMCs from offspring of HFD-fed dams. Inhibition of VSMCs skewing toward osteochondrocytic-like cells could be a potential therapeutic target for preventing the development of atherosclerotic vascular calcification. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None