jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ocular complications in HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Ghana

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually develop some form of ocular complication in the different segments of the eye due to immune deficiency. In Ghana, data regarding ocular complications among HIV/AIDS patients is scarce. This study investigated the occurrence of ocular complications in HIV infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy at the Agogo Presbyterian Hospital in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.Blood samples were taken from 100 confirmed HIV infected patients. The CD4 + T cell count and WHO clinical staging were determined. The patients were taken through thorough ophthalmic assessments to determine any ocular complications.Forty-eight patients (48 %) had at least one HIV-related ocular complication. These complications occurred more frequently among those with CD4 counts below 200 cells/μL. Of the participants with HIV-related ocular complications, 11 (23 %) had retinal microvasculopathy, 10 (21 %) showed allergic conjunctivitis, 7 (15 %) had HIV retinopathy and 7 (15 %) had conjunctival carcinoma. All the participants in the study were on first-line antiretroviral therapy; 68 % were females and 72 % were in the Stage 3 of the WHO Clinical Staging of HIV infection.The prevalence of ocular complications in HIV positive persons under treatment in Ghana is high. Lower CD4 + T cell counts coupled with age were predisposing factors to HIV-related ocular complications.
The social animal within organizations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract As organizations are large groups, and consist of many subgroups, evolutionary theorizing would seem very relevant to understand behaviour in organizations. Applying evolutionary thinking to organizations may help understand why people in organizations behave the way they do, even if these behaviours seem counterproductive or irrational. We first discuss how the human brain seems to have evolved particularly to deal with living in large groups. We suggest that comparing oneself with others seems a basic human characteristic that may have various positive and negative consequences for individuals, as well as for organizations. Next, we focus on intrasexual competition, and discuss how this may lead not only to investing in one’s career, but also to gossip, bullying and conspicuous consumption. Finally, we discuss the role of altruistic behaviour within organizations, and link this also to intrasexual competition. An evolutionary perspective does not provide unequivocal recommendations for organizational practice, but it may help understand why some persistent problems in organizations continue to occur.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Group 5 Metal Alkyl and Alkylidene Complexes Containing 2,6‐Dialkylphenoxide Ligands: X‐Ray Crystal Structures of (Ta(OC6H3Me2‐2,6)2(CH2Ph)3), (Ta(OC6H3Me2‐2,6)4Me), and (Ta(OC6H3tBu2‐2,6)2(=CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3)).

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The alkyl and alkylidene Ta and Nb complexes (III) and (VIIa) containing 2,6‐dialkylphenoxide ligation are readily obtained by alkylation of the corresponding mixed chloroaryloxides (I) or (VI).
Guanylate-binding proteins at the crossroad of noncanonical inflammasome activation during bacterial infections

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The immune system is armed with a broad range of receptors to detect and initiate the elimination of bacterial pathogens. Inflammasomes are molecular platforms that sense a diverse range of microbial insults to develop appropriate host response. In that context, noncanonical inflammasome arose as a sensor for Gram-negative bacteria-derived LPS leading to the control of infections. This review describes the role of caspase-11/gasdermin-d-dependent immune response against Gram-negative bacteria and presents an overview of guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) at the interface of noncanonical inflammasome activation. Indeed, caspase-11 acts as a receptor for LPS and this interaction elicits caspase-11 autoproteolysis that is required for its optimal catalytic activity. Gasdermin-D is cleaved by activated caspase-11 generating an N-terminal domain that is inserted into the plasmatic membrane to form pores that induce pyroptosis, a cell death program involved in intracellular bacteria elimination. This mechanism also promotes IL-1β release and potassium efflux that connects caspase-11 to NLRP3 activation. Furthermore, GBPs display many features to allow LPS recognition by caspase-11, initiating the noncanonical inflammasome response prompting the immune system to control bacterial infections. In this review, we discuss the recent findings and nuances related to this mechanism and its biological functions.
Cyclooxygenase Metabolites in the Kidney

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract In the mammalian kidney, prostaglandins (PGs) are important mediators of physiologic processes, including modulation of vascular tone and salt and water. PGs arise from enzymatic metabolism of free arachidonic acid (AA), which is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A 2 activity. The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme system is a major pathway for metabolism of AA in the kidney. COX are the enzymes responsible for the initial conversion of AA to PGG 2 and subsequently to PGH 2, which serves as the precursor for subsequent metabolism by PG and thromboxane synthases. In addition to high levels of expression of the “constitutive” rate‐limiting enzyme responsible for prostanoid production, COX‐1, the “inducible” isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX‐2, is also constitutively expressed in the kidney and is highly regulated in response to alterations in intravascular volume. PGs and thromboxane A 2 exert their biological functions predominantly through activation of specific 7‐transmembrane G‐protein‐coupled receptors. COX metabolites have been shown to exert important physiologic functions in maintenance of renal blood flow, mediation of renin release and regulation of sodium excretion. In addition to physiologic regulation of prostanoid production in the kidney, increases in prostanoid production are also seen in a variety of inflammatory renal injuries, and COX metabolites may serve as mediators of inflammatory injury in renal disease. © 2011 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 1:1729‐1758, 2011.
Autoarchivism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The work of Alfred Kinsey is indelibly associated with quantification – counting orgasms was how he charted America's sexual past. His recognised affirmation of same-sex desire and activity was based on such findings. However, his research agenda included amassing a vast archive of qualitative material, dependent on the participant research of favoured collaborators. And this highly colourful sexual archive informed his project, both before and after Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948). This chapter focuses on two of these collaborators, Thomas Painter, who pioneered the famous Kinsey Scale through his recorded decades-long sexual interactions with hustlers, and Samuel Steward, who provided practical and archival evidence of America's BDSM culture as well as vivid visual and textual accounts of heterosexual/homosexual sex. This chapter examines their place and role in the Kinsey project and the importance of the Kinsey Institute in the history of sex.
The Influence of Changing L1 on Child Second Language Acquisition

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a 26-month longitudinal study of a child who began learning English while developing her native Korean, conducted in order to investigate the role of language transfer in child SLA. The study examined the subject’s first language (L1) and second language (L2) negation, and plural and possessive markings. It looked for evidence of language transfer (LT) using comparisons to English L2 data from speakers with similar and dissimilar L1s, as well as comparisons between the subject’s L2 speech and her L1 system (Jarvis, 2000). The data showed evidence of LT for all features studied, with a predominance of Korean to English transfer early in the study period, and English to Korean toward the end. Results are interpreted using Foster-Cohen’s (2001) Sliding Window approach, which states that rather than neatly distinguishing L1 from L2 acquisition or early from late SLA, individual development along a variety of axes should be considered, including age, cognitive maturity, and native-like performance in L1. From this standpoint, the subject’s waxing and waning L2 performance across the study period appears to reflect changes in her L1 and in intensity of exposure to both languages.
Canada's Food Security During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic has garnered public attention to Canada’s food security. Access to a safe, stable, and high quality food supply is often taken for granted by Canadians but it is one of the key roles that our agricultural industry serves and underlines why it is designated an essential service. Despite the federal government’s assurance that our nation’s food supply remains stable, concerns have been mounting from both consumers and the agricultural industry that disruptions in the food supply chain will cause food insecurity and severe economic distress. As a whole, Canada’s agri-food industry is well-positioned to adapt to the present crisis and continue supplying domestic and export markets. However, this does not mean that our food system is impermeable to disruption. In fact, challenges caused by COVID-19 have highlighted vulnerabilities in the food supply chain. Labour shortages, major shifts in consumer demand, and the slowdowns/closures at processing plants have already exacerbated food insecurity among Canadians and increased financial pressure on primary producers. As the foundation of the food supply chain, Canadian farmers are key to its stability. As many farms were experiencing severe economic hardship prior to the pandemic, the challenges of market uncertainty and increased production costs put these operations at greater financial risk. Policy action will be key to ensure the short and long-term viability of our primary industry and maintain the capacity to meet domestic and export market demands. Canada is still in the early stages of crisis management but government support of Canadian agriculture has been largely inadequate in alleviating the financial impact on farmers. The Canadian government must take immediate steps to alleviate the financial burden on primary producers, ensure export markets remain open and free from trade barriers, and commit to establishing a long-term agri-food strategy and action plan.
On the Origin and Spread of the Scab Disease of Apple: Out of Central Asia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

BackgroundVenturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus responsible for apple scab, a disease that has invaded almost all apple growing regions worldwide, with the corresponding adverse effects on apple production. Monitoring and predicting the effectiveness of intervention strategies require knowledge of the origin, introduction pathways, and population biology of pathogen populations. Analysis of the variation of genetic markers using the inferential framework of population genetics offers the potential to retrieve this information.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere, we present a population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation in 1,273 strains of V. inaequalis representing 28 orchard samples from seven regions in five continents. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the variation (88%) was distributed within localities, which is consistent with extensive historical migrations of the fungus among and within regions. Despite this shallow population structure, clustering analyses partitioned the data set into separate groups corresponding roughly to geography, indicating that each region hosts a distinct population of the fungus. Comparison of the levels of variability among populations, along with coalescent analyses of migration models and estimates of genetic distances, was consistent with a scenario in which the fungus emerged in Central Asia, where apple was domesticated, before its introduction into Europe and, more recently, into other continents with the expansion of apple growing. Across the novel range, levels of variability pointed to multiple introductions and all populations displayed signatures of significant post-introduction increases in population size. Most populations exhibited high genotypic diversity and random association of alleles across loci, indicating recombination both in native and introduced areas.Conclusions/SignificanceVenturia inaequalis is a model of invasive phytopathogenic fungus that has now reached the ultimate stage of the invasion process with a broad geographic distribution and well-established populations displaying high genetic variability, regular sexual reproduction, and demographic expansion.
Effects of Telfairia Occidentalis Leaf Extract on Plasma Lactate and Liver Glycogen in Rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Telfairia occidentalis is a green vegetable popularly consumed among the native of Africa and it is generallybelieved to be of medicinal and nutritional value. Studies have reported its hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic effects inrats. In addition to these conflicting reports, the mechanisms for its effects on blood glucose remain inconclusive. Theobjective of this study was to investigate the mechanism involved in the increased blood glucose following treatment withT. occidentalis. Twenty five (25) male albino rats (200-250g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=5/group). Rats in thecontrol group received normal saline while rats in other groups were orally treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight ofthe extract for either 1 or 2 weeks. At the end of the treatment, the rats were anaesthetized and blood samples were collectedfor the estimation of some biochemical parameters. The results showed significant decreases in plasma glucose after 1 weekof treatment with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. However, after 2 weeks of treatment with both doses, plasma glucose levelsincreased significantly and were higher than those of the control and the rats treated for 1 week with both doses. There werealso dose- and duration-dependent decreases in glycogen concentration in the treated rats, especially those treated for twoweeks. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity and liver glycogen concentration were lower in rats treated for 2 weeks whencompared with those treated for 1 week with both doses. Moreover, plasma lactate concentration was lower in the treatedgroups when compared with control. The results suggest that Telfairia occidentalis-induced lowering of plasma glucose afterone week of treatment probably favoured lactate oxidation/gluconeogenesis and elicited breakdown of liver glycogen whichresulted in increased plasma glucose after two weeks of treatment.
Excitation spectroscopies of impurities in CdSe

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Two kinds of excitation spectroscopies, namely, resonant Raman scattering and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, have been used to study impurities in CdSe. At excitons bound to neutral donors we observe enhancement of a Raman mode at 109 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ which we identify as due to electronic Raman scattering in which the donor is excited from the $1S$ to the $2S$ state. At excitons bound to neutral acceptors in CdSe we observe enhancement of two new Raman peaks at 189 and 257 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. The former is identified as an electronic Raman mode of the acceptor in CdSe in which the hole is excited from the ground state (derived from the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{9}$ valence band of CdSe) to an excited state (derived from the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ valence band). The peak at 257 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is tentatively identified as a local vibrational mode associated with substitutional Na. We also observe enhancement of four donor-acceptor pair transitions in CdSe when they are resonantly excited (other authors have labeled such pair transitions as selectively excited). Two such resonantly excited pair transitions involve excited states of the donor and acceptor in CdSe. The remaining two are assigned to phonons. A qualitative theory is also proposed to explain the dependence of the enhancement on excitation frequencies.
Review Article: Malaria in pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is estimated that, nearly five billion episodes of clinical malaria occur worldwide each year. The disease causes about three million deaths annually with Africa suffering 90% of this burden.'it is also estimated that 25 million women fall pregnant in the malaria-endemic areas of Africa each year.2 Most o f the deaths due to malaria in Africa are in pregnant women and children under the age of five years.3 Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe malarial illness and most cases in Africa are caused by this species of the malaria parasite.3The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection among pregnant women in rural areas in parts o f Africa can be very high. Verhoff and co-workers found a prevalence ofplasmodium falciparum malaria of 35.3% among primigravidae and 13.6% in multigravidae in a study done among pregnant women in rural Malawi.4 Women who live in areas of high or moderate (stable) malaria transmission have a degree of immunity to malaria whereas women who live in areas of low (unstable) malaria transmission usually have no immunity to the disease.5 Pregnancy is known to cause a lowered capacity for type 1 immune response.6 This reduces immunity to diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and leishmaniasis.
Intercropping of mungbean at different row patterns under various row spacings of rabi castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2012–13 to 2014–15 on vertisols of Navsari, Gujarat to study the feasibility of intercropping of mungbean at different row patterns under various row spacings of rabi castor (Ricinus communis L.). Number of branches per plant was noted significantly higher under sole castor sown at 180 x 60 cm being at par with 150 x 60 cm spacing than other treatments. Whereas yield attributes viz., spike length, number of spikes per plant, number of capsules per plant, test weight as well as seed yield and oil content of castor remained unaffected due to various treatments, however, they were found higher with sole castor than castor intercropped. Among intercropping systems, two rows of mungbean in between castor sown at 150 cm row spacing gave significantly higher castor seed equivalent yield and oil yield of castor than sole mungbean. Similarly, castor sown at 150 x 60 cm as a sole recorded higher net returns (Rs. 44247/ha) and B: C ratio (2.64) closely followed by treatment T6 (Castor sown at 150 x 60 cm spacing with two rows of mungbean as intercrop) for net returns (Rs. 43695/ha) and treatment T3 (sole castor sown at 150 x 60 cm) for B: C ratio (2.59).
A Rapid, Simple and Economic Technique to Predict the Nutritive Value of Rice Straw of Different Cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nine samples of rice straw of varieties Pusa-33, Kasturi, UPR-79-123, Manhar, UPR-79-11, Sarju-52, IR-8, IR-24 and Type 3 grown under uniform agronomical and soil conditions were dried, ground (2mm) and analysed for proximate principals, cell wall constituents and pH besides evaluation of zero and 48 hr in sacco disappearance of various estimates. In sacco DM digestibility differed significantly (P<0.01) with a range of 56.19% in Kasturi to 63.59% in Pusa-33 giving a genetic variability of 7.4 units. NDF digestibility was lowest (63.63%) in UPR-79-11 and highest (72.06%) in Pusa-33 with a genetic difference of 8.5 units. The ADF and hemicellulose digestibilities also differed significantly (P<0.01). The zero hour disappearance (solubility r = -0.75°) and hemicellulose digestibility (r=- 0.81”) were significantly negatively correlated with rumen fluid pH as achieved by feeding different diets. The AIA of NDF of (undigested straw, NDF and DM digestibiities and in sacco solubility were positively (P< 0.01 or P< 0.05) affected by the pH of the straw. A highly positive correlation (P< 0.01) was found between hot water solubility and ND soluble contents of straw. The DMD was dependent (r = 0.84**) on NDF digestibility. The cell wall contents of straw can be estimated with help of hot water extraction of straw.
Contemporaneous crust-derived I- and S-type granite magmatism and normal faulting on Tinos, Delos, and Naxos, Greece: Constraints on Aegean orogenic collapse

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Granitoids of varying mineralogy are exposed on the Cycladic islands of Greece; they include both hornblende-bearing I-type granites and garnet ± muscovite−bearing S-type granites, suggesting heterogeneous magma sources. In this contribution, we present new field observations, major- and trace-element geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes, and U-Pb geochronology of granitoids from Tinos, Delos, and Naxos that provide insight into these magma sources, along with the timing of adjacent extensional structures. I-type (biotite and hornblende-biotite) granites have initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70956−0.71065 and εNd(t) = −6.3 to −9.3, and S-type (garnet ± tourmaline-muscovite) leucogranites have overlapping initial εNd(t) = −7.5 to −10.1, with initial 87Sr/86Sr values overlapping as well as extending to higher values (0.70621−0.73180). These isotope signatures are comparable to those of the Variscan-age Cycladic basement, but not the Hellenic arc. We suggest that both I- and S-type granites were derived via crustal anatexis of variable sources, dominantly metaigneous and metasedimentary, respectively, during the climax of Barrovian metamorphism between ca. 17 and 12 Ma, and critically, they are not related to the Hellenic subduction zone. I-type granitoids were likely derived from dehydration melting of igneous Variscan- or Cadomian-aged basement protoliths, whereas S-type leucogranites formed by muscovite dehydration melting of sedimentary protoliths. Top-to-the-(N)NE shear zones on Naxos and Tinos were active from ca. 20 to 15 Ma and are folded and cut by later low- and high-angle normal faults. S-type leucogranites at Livada Bay, Tinos, dated at ca. 14 Ma, are cut by domino-style normal faults, placing a maximum age on the timing of extension. This is similar to ca. 15−14 Ma dates from NNE-SSW horizontally boudinaged S-type granites on Naxos. We propose that the concurrent intrusion of both I- and S-type granitoids with the onset of normal faulting marked the transition from an overall compressional to an extensional stress field associated with orogenic collapse at ca. 15 Ma.
On Comparison of Stochastic Reserving Methods with Bootstrapping

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We consider the well-known stochastic reserve estimation methods on the basis of generalized linear models, such as the (over-dispersed) Poisson model, the gamma model and the log-normal model. For the likely variability of the claims reserve, bootstrap method is considered. In the bootstrapping framework, we discuss the choice of residuals, namely the Pearson residuals, the deviance residuals and the Anscombe residuals. In addition, several possible residual adjustments are discussed and compared in a case study. We carry out a practical implementation and comparison of methods using real-life insurance data to estimate reserves and their prediction errors. We propose to consider proper scoring rules for model validation, and the assessments will be drawn from an extensive case study.