jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Just Bail at the Police Station?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Among the miscellaneous provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, is a new power for the police to attach conditions to 'police bail', a power hitherto reserved only for the courts.' This new power is of potential significance to defendants, the courts, and criminal justice lawyers alike, as well as to the police. The view within the Home Office is that the measure, which was recommended by the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, should result in a significant reduction in the number of people kept overnight in police cells, a reduction in the number of 'overnight remand' cases for magistrates' courts to have to deal with and a corresponding reduction in the court-based work of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and defence solicitors.2 Prior to implementation of the new measure, after charging someone, the police had two options; either to release them (on 'police bail') to attend court at a later date or to hold them overnight in police cells to appear before magistrates on the following morning. There the prosecution would typically argue either that the defendant should be remanded in custody until the date of trial or, if the court was inclined to grant bail, that certain conditions should be attached, such as a curfew or weekly reporting at a local police station.3 The main argument which advocates of the new power have stressed is that, hitherto, many defendants have had to be detained overnight in police cells simply because the police have been of the view that 'unconditional police bail' would not be appropriate. Now, however, the new power offers the police the opportunity to release more defendants after charge to attend court at a future date and detain only those who they feel the court should remand in custody rather than on bail. In turn, magistrates' clerks, the CPS, and defence solicitors should not have their planned schedules of hearings at court disrupted by so many 'overnight remands' (often a particular problem on Monday mornings after a spate of weekend arrests). It might thus seem good news for all concerned, and particularly, of course, for those
Optimizing Ecological Water Replenishment in Xianghai Wetlands Using CNN-LSTM and PSO Algorithm Under Secondary Salinization Constraints

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Wetlands play a crucial role in water purification, climate regulation, and biodiversity conservation. However, the Xianghai wetlands (situated in Tongyu County, Jilin Province, China) have experienced severe ecological degradation due to natural factors and unsustainable human activities, leading to declining groundwater levels and intensified salinity issues. To address these problems, this study aims to optimize ecological water replenishment strategies for the Xianghai nature reserve by integrating groundwater numerical simulation, surrogate modeling (convolutional neural network–long short-term memory neural network, CNN-LSTM), and intelligent optimization algorithms (Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO). During the design of the water replenishment scheme, the objective function maximizes the replenishment volume while considering the secondary salinization of soil in the reserve and its surrounding areas as a constraint. The results show that the surrogate model established using the convolutional neural network–long short-term memory neural network achieved high accuracy, with R2 values of 0.9996 and 0.9962 and MREs of 0.0023 and 0.0089 for training and validation sets, respectively; Compared to the random replenishment scheme, the optimized water replenishment scheme significantly reduces secondary salinization. After 10 years water replenishment, the optimized scheme exhibited a 2 km2 reduction in the salinized area compared to the randomized scheme, with the degree of salinization being reduced from moderate to mild. This method improves ecological sustainability and can be adapted to meet local water use demands. This simulation-optimization method provides an effective approach for designing water replenishment schemes that address secondary salinization.
Effects of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids on proliferation and maturation of human peripheral blood stem cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It has been shown that hematopoietic progenitors can be expanded ex vivo in the presence of various cytokine combinations. Glucocorticoids (GC) are involved in the self-renewal of erythroid progenitors in chicken. To see whether GC have a similar effect on hematopoiesis in humans, CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells were cultured in serum free medium in the presence of a GC, triamcinolone acetonide. However, our results demonstrate an inhibition of both erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage (GM) proliferation and a modification of erythroid colony morphology. Furthermore, RU38486 (Mifepristone), a potent GC antagonist, was unable to reverse the inhibitory effect of triamcinolone acetonide. We also identified and characterized another steroid subfamily, the mineralocorticoid (MC) subfamily, in human PB CD34+ cells. The MC, aldosterone, significantly enhanced GM colony formation and diminished the erythroid colony number. Neither of effects were inhibited by ZK91587, an antagonist specific to the MC receptor (MCR). In contrast, ZK91587 reversed the stimulatory effect of deoxycorticosterone on GM colony formation. Cytoplasmic staining for MCR was observed in CD34+ cells incubated with a polyclonal antiserum raised against human MCR. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the presence of MCR in human PB CD34+ cells. Am. J. Hematol. 62:65–73, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
KEYNES, MILL, AND SAY’S LAW: A COMMENT ON ROY GRIEVE’S MISTAKEN CRITICISMS OF MILL

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Employing different meanings of classical concepts of saving, capital, investment, and money, and incorrectly attributing the assumption of full employment of labor and a world of certainty to classical analysis, John Maynard Keynes ([1936] 1974) faulted Say’s Law as irrelevant to the real world. Roy Grieve (2016) ignores previous clarifications of Keynes’s misrepresentations and misunderstandings of John Stuart Mill’s restatements of the law. He employs similar misrepresentations and misunderstandings of Mill’s explanations as Keynes did. His model of Mill’s analysis is incapable of explaining how variations in relative prices, the value of money, and interest rates coordinate production, consumption, and savings decisions in a monetary economy.
Optimization of Critical Parameters for Carbodiimide Mediated Production of Highly Modified Chitosan

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An optimization of the 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and hydroxy benzotriazole mediated conjugation of the polysaccharide chitosan with functional carboxylic acids was shown. Optimal parameters that enable resource-efficient synthesis of highly functionalized chitosan were identified. In particular, use of only catalytic instead of stoichiometric amounts of hydroxy benzotriazole and tight control of pH in reaction mixture resulted in highly efficient incorporation of the desired moieties as side chains in chitosan. As a result, the model reactant 4-azidobenzoic acid was incorporated resulting in a degree of substitution of over 30% with very high coupling efficacy of up to 90%. Similar results were obtained with other carboxylic acids such as methacrylic acid, 3-(2-furyl) propionic acid and 3-maleimido propionic acid, highlighting the broad applicability of our findings for the functionalization of chitosan.
Blacks in Clinical Pastoral Education

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

With the increase of Blacks coming to CPE and the growing demand for more Black chaplains, it is imperative that supervisors become aware of the significant differences Blacks bring to clinical pastoral education programs, especially in regard to language, culture, and behavioral characteristics. Suggests that Blacks need at least two conditions for growth in the CPE experience: acceptance as they are with space to experiment with new growth patterns, and confrontation by a supervisor who is also willing to be confronted.
Nonlinear Monte Carlo methods with polynomial runtime for high-dimensional iterated nested expectations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The approximative calculation of iterated nested expectations is a recurring challenging problem in applications. Nested expectations appear, for example, in the numerical approximation of solutions of backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs), in the numerical approximation of solutions of semilinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs), in statistical physics, in optimal stopping problems such as the approximative pricing of American or Bermudan options, in risk measure estimation in mathematical finance, or in decision-making under uncertainty. Nested expectations which arise in the above named applications often consist of a large number of nestings. However, the computational effort of standard nested Monte Carlo approximations for iterated nested expectations grows exponentially in the number of nestings and it remained an open question whether it is possible to approximately calculate multiply iterated high-dimensional nested expectations in polynomial time. In this article we tackle this problem by proposing and studying a new class of full-history recursive multilevel Picard (MLP) approximation schemes for iterated nested expectations. In particular, we prove under suitable assumptions that these MLP approximation schemes can approximately calculate multiply iterated nested expectations with a computational effort growing at most polynomially in the number of nestings $ K \in \mathbb{N} = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots \} $, in the problem dimension $ d \in \mathbb{N} $, and in the reciprocal $\frac{1}{\varepsilon}$ of the desired approximation accuracy $ \varepsilon \in (0, \infty) $.
A New Model for Predicting Neurosurgery Skull Bone Grinding Temperature Field

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

摘要: 基于恒定热流密度的温度场理论计算值与实际温度值的误差较大,是当前磨削温度场理论研究的瓶颈。建立了不同冷却条件下的对流换热系数及材料内部的热传导模型,通过实时采集动态磨削力,利用高次高斯函数拟合建立了动态热流密度模型,并以此为基础建立了神经外科骨磨削温度场预测新模型。在干式磨削、喷雾式及纳米粒子射流喷雾式冷却条件下对骨磨削温度场进行了数值分析,并采用与人体颅骨力学性能最相近的新鲜牛股骨密质骨,采用羟基磷灰石纳米粒子及生理盐水进行了试验验证。结果表明,与试验测得温度值相比,采用基于恒定热流密度的温度场模型计算的温度值误差为18.8%,而采用新模型计算的温度值误差为6.6%,理论分析与试验结果吻合,即骨磨削温度场预测新模型更符合实际工况。
Rights, Happiness and God: A Response to Justice: Rights and Wrongs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper is a discussion of some themes from Justice: Rights and Wrongs, by Nicholas Wolterstorff. The paper begins with a discussion of Wolterstorff’s distinction between justice as inherent rights and justice as inherent worth. It is suggested that what especially distinguishes Wolterstorff’s position is his grounding of rights in divine love. An elucidation and defence of an Aristotelian eudaimonist grounding for rights is offered. The paper ends with a critique of the ideas that human well-being can be understood in terms of what God desires for us and that our worth depends on God’s love.
Strategies for Temporal and Spectral Imaging with X-ray Computed Tomography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>X-ray micro-CT is widely used for small animal imaging in preclinical studies of cardiopulmonary disease, but further development is needed to improve spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and material contrast. This study presents a set of tools that achieve these improvements. These tools include the mathematical formulation and computational implementation of algorithms for calibration, image reconstruction, and image analysis with our custom micro-CT system. These tools are tested in simulations and in experiments with live animals. With these tools, it is possible to visualize the distribution of a contrast agent throughout the body of a mouse as it changes over time, and produce 5-dimensional images (3 spatial dimensions + time + energy) of the cardiac cycle.</p>
Re-telling the Word Rhetorically: TheExample of Shadreck Wame, a ChewaItinerant Evangelist

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study presents a rhetorical analysis of Shadreck Wame, a popular Malawian revival preacher. After an overview of the “rhetorical setting” in which these vernacular sermons were preached in the 1990s, ten “oral-rhetorical techniques” that characterize Wame’s preaching style are identified, based on a corpus of nearly 50 of his Chewa-language sermons that I recorded from radio broadcasts in the 1990s. These features are then illustrated in selections from a specific sermon that Evangelist Wame preached in 1997 in Lilongwe, the capital of Malawi. In particular, his situationally-influenced “re-tellings,” or paraphrases, of a familiar biblical text, Christ’s Parable of the Wicked Tenants (Luke 20:9-18), are identified and elaborated upon in footnotes. I conclude this description of a popular preacher’s dynamic, contextualized homiletical style with a number of applications to contemporary communicators in Africa. Both the content and the methodology of this analysis may be significant for comparative purposes when teaching sermonic technique in different, especially non-Western, sociocultural settings.
War and crime as a source of moral renewal and unity - republican heritage and its transformation into a work of Emile Durkheim

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper we wish to demonstrate how Durkheim integrates in his work the views of the classics of political thought on war as a means of moral regeneration of society. Taking into account the understanding of the consequences of war in republics - in Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Rousseau - we will try to offer a new way of looking at Durkheim?s sociological theory. Although he was not a supporter of war as a means of (moral) integration, Durkheim noted its positive effect on moral cohesion in the example of the study of suicide. The central hypothesis of our work relates to the functional equivalence of the republican understanding of the consequences of war and Durkheim?s theory of the origin and role of crime. Unlike his predecessors and contemporaries (Comte, Saint-Simon, and Spencer), Durkheim never completely abandoned the idea of conflict (crime) as an integrating factor within a society. The main difference between Durkheim and the abovementioned classics of philosophy and republican thought concerns the framework of conflict. While within the republican legacy it appears as conflict with an external enemy (war), in Durkheim it predominantly appears in the form of internal conflict.
Predictive factors of callosotomy in drug-resistant epileptic patients with a long follow-up.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Some possible factors to predict outcome after callosotomy were investigated in a personal series composed of 36 patients. Twenty-seven of them were submitted to anterior callosotomy, 1 to posterior callosotomy and the remaining 8 patients to two stage complete division of corpus callosum. All factors, either positive or negative, do not appear completely reliable; they can be envisaged only in relative terms and do not seem to be relevant to make surgical decision or to discard surgery. In author's series, dealing specifically with drop-attacks, it clearly appeared that abrupt falls to the ground unpreceded by other epileptic features did definitely better. This was the only statistically significant datum.
Conduct effective threat assessment to prevent violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After a campus shooting or other violent act, many people ask, “What made him snap?” But “people don't just snap,” said Rebecca Bolante, Ph.D., C.R.C., C.T.M., director of threat management resources at Chemeketa Community College in Oregon. She spoke at a Campus Safety Symposium sponsored by the Association of Florida Colleges, along with Dave Benson, principal/owner at DJ Benson & Associates; Rick Parfitt, chief of police and director of public safety at Florida SouthWestern State College; and Ryan Woods, captain of the Police Department at Santa Fe College in Florida.
Justifying parameters for the automatic servo control system of a rotary plate vacuum pump in the milking machine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The scientific task to improve energy efficiency and ensure the process of vacuum regime stabilization in the operation of milking machines has been solved. A mathematical model of the process of functioning of the servo control system of a rotary plate vacuum pump was built; the numerical modeling of its workflow was carried out. This paper reports the results of experimental studies on the influence of the regime parameters of the rotary plate vacuum pump on the efficiency of its operation, as well as the results of experimental research on the servo control system for the rotary plate vacuum pump. The operational process of the rotary plate vacuum pump HB-1200 for a milking machine was investigated. The influence of mode parameters (rotor speed n and vacuum pressure P) on the performance of the vacuum pump, Qa, vacuum pressure fluctuation, ΔP, and the power consumption of the vacuum pump drive, Np, has been determined. The servo control system of the rotary plate vacuum pump was experimentally investigated based on the developed algorithms of its operation. In a generally accepted algorithm, vacuum fluctuation increases with increasing an airflow rate: at ΔQa=45 l/min – ΔP=2.3 kPa; at ΔQa=90 l/min – ΔP=4.6 kPa; at ΔQa=135 l/min – ΔP=6.4 kPa. Unlike the generally accepted one, the developed algorithm enables a stable vacuum mode with the largest vacuum fluctuation being ΔP=2.4 kPa. For the first time, the functional dependence of the influence of the regime parameters of the rotary plate vacuum pump with its automatic servo control system on the stability of the vacuum regime of a milk-vacuum system in the milking machine was established. The results can be applied when improving milking machines in terms of ensuring the stabilization process of the vacuum regime.
Spiral microstrip antenna

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this knowledge based era, people thirst for information on the move. This is made possible with cellular network, wireless network, Bluetooth, WiMAX etc. Antennas are an integral part of these networks. However, antennas are generally unable to support such a wide range of frequencies for use by the different technologies. Hence this project aims to design and fabricate a Frequency Independent Antenna, commonly in the form of a Spiral Antenna which has a wideband capability to achieve a single antenna for all common communication technologies in the frequency band from 0.6 GHz to 7GHz. Antennas are required to be fed through various means with the input terminal port impedance typically of 50 Ω. However, the impedance of a spiral antenna is rarely 50 Ω hence the impedance of the antenna and the terminal impedance rarely match, resulting in transmission loss. The spiral antenna which is a balanced system is typically fed by a coaxial cable which is an unbalanced system, therefore a balun (balanced to unbalanced) has to be inserted between the spiral antenna and the coaxial cable. This balun includes an impedance matching circuit for impedance transformation from the spiral antenna impedance to the coaxial impedance. The objective of this final year project is to study on frequency independent antenna, the equiangular spiral antenna which has a wideband capability, and a wideband balun for use with the equiangular spiral antenna. The designs are simulated to predict the performance of the two components; the equiangular spiral antenna and the balun. The equiangular spiral antenna and the balun are fabricated and measured to verify its performance.
Postmortem Identification of the Edentulous Deceased: Denture Tissue Surface Anatomy

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract This model evaluates the use of dental stone casts derived from maxillary tissues and from the internal aspects of maxillary dentures for edentulous postmortem identification. Tissue topography of the total cast and of rugae tracings photographed from the casts were evaluated for identification accuracy in twenty-eight trials for each of the two designs. Eight casts were examined in each trial. The trial was designed as matching or nonmatching, and as an equivocal or unequivocal decision by the examiner. Unequivocal decisions with 100% accuracy resulted when the entire dental cast was evaluated. Seventy-nine percent accuracy with equivocation in some trials resulted when only rugae tracings from the casts were evaluated. This investigation supported use of stone casts derived from the internal anatomy of maxillary dentures for forensic science identification when cast topography in toto was considered.
Restrukturyzacja zadłużenia zagranicznego Polski

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The aim of the article is to analyze Poland’s foreign debt in years 1995–2009 in relation to changes occurred in earlier years as well as definition of economic dangers in the next future. Disadvantageous balance of payments reduces possibilities to run up a debt on international markets although high currency reserves allow Poland to settle current liabilities without problems. The foreign debt risk growths but it is as before relatively low. However disadvantageous macro-economic development conditions can change this situation.
Unique profiles of the alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic receptors in the developing cortical plate and transient embryonic zones of the rhesus monkey

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Film receptor autoradiography was used to study the distribution of alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic receptors in the occipital lobe of developing rhesus monkeys ranging in age from the 65th embryonic day (E65) to adulthood (5 years of age). The study shows that each adrenergic receptor subtype has a unique distribution in the cortical plate and transient embryonic zones of the developing cerebral wall. For example, alpha 1 receptors are prominent throughout the proliferative ventricular and subventricular zones while alpha 2 receptors in the same zones form three distinct bands interdigitated with three bands rich in beta sites. There are also considerable temporal differences in the emergence of adrenergic receptor subtypes in specific embryonic zones. For instance, the high density of alpha 1 sites in the germinal zones occurs only in conjunction with intensive proliferative activity. In contrast, beta receptors emerge in these zones after the majority of cortical neurons have been generated. The transient embryonic zones often display higher densities of adrenergic sites than the cortical plate itself. In particular, the subplate zone subjacent to the developing visual cortex contains the highest density of alpha 2-adrenergic sites in the cerebral wall throughout all prenatal ages studies. Finally, the regional differences in the density of beta-adrenergic receptors are evident in the subplate zone underlying the prospective striate and extrastriate cortex before such differences emerge in the cortical plate. The early appearance, unique pattern of distribution, and time-dependent changes of adrenergic receptors in the transient embryonic zones suggest their involvement in the regulation of the cortical development.