jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Isorhodopsin: An Undervalued Visual Pigment Analog

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Rhodopsin, the first visual pigment identified in the animal retina, was shown to be a photosensitive membrane protein containing covalently bound retinal in the 11-cis configuration, as a chromophore. Upon photoexcitation the chromophore isomerizes in femtoseconds to all-trans, which drives the protein into the active state. Soon thereafter, another geometric isomer—9-cis retinal—was also shown to stably incorporate into the binding pocket, generating a slightly blue-shifted photosensitive protein. This pigment, coined isorhodopsin, was less photosensitive, but could also reach the active state. However, 9-cis retinal was not detected as a chromophore in any of the many animal visual pigments studied, and isorhodopsin was passed over as an exotic and little-relevant rhodopsin analog. Consequently, few in-depth studies of its photochemistry and activation mechanism have been performed. In this review, we aim to illustrate that it is unfortunate that isorhodopsin has received little attention in the visual research and literature. Elementary differences in photoexcitation of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin have already been reported. Further in-depth studies of the photochemical properties and pathways of isorhodopsin would be quite enlightening for the initial steps in vision, as well as being beneficial for biotechnological applications of retinal proteins.
Semiempirical formula for electroweak response functions in the two-nucleon emission channel in neutrino-nucleus scattering

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A semi-empirical formula for the electroweak response functions in the two-nucleon emission channel is proposed. The method consists in expanding each one of the vector-vector, axial-axial and vector-axial responses as sums of six sub-responses. These corresponds to separating the meson-exchange currents as the sum of three currents of similar structure, and expanding the hadronic tensor, as the sum of the separate contributions from each current plus the interferences between them. For each sub-response we factorize the coupling constants, the electroweak form factors, the phase space and the delta propagator, for the delta forward current. The remaining spin-isospin contributions are encoded in coefficients for each value of the momentum transfer, $q$. The coefficients are fitted to the exact results in the relativistic mean field model of nuclear matter, for each value of $q$. The dependence on the energy transfer, $ω$ is well described by the semi-empirical formula. The $q$-dependency of the coefficients of the sub-responses can be parameterized or can be interpolated from the provided tables. The description of the five theoretical responses is quite good. The parameters of the formula, the Fermi momentum, number of particles relativistic effective mass, vector energy the electroweak form factors and the coupling constants, can be modified easily. This semi-empirical formula can be applied to the cross-section of neutrinos, antineutrinos and electrons.
Analysis of the coupling coefficient in non-contact magnetic couplers for rotary steering systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The coupling coefficient of the magnetic coupling mechanism is a critical parameter in the non-contact energy transmission technology used in rotary steering systems. To design a high-efficiency, high-performance magnetic coupling mechanism, this study examines the effects of movement, rotation, well deviation, and the number of magnetic cores on the coupling coefficient of the primary magnetic coupling mechanism. This analysis is based on a three-dimensional finite element model that has been experimentally validated. The method can reduce the design time of rotary steering systems, minimize potential issues during engineering implementation, and enhance economic efficiency. Simulation results show that the movement of the magnetic coupling mechanism has the most significant impact on the coupling coefficient, which drops sharply from 92.7% to 19.7%. The rotation effect on the coupling coefficient is minimal, with the coefficient remaining above 92.2%. Additionally, increasing the number of magnetic cores leads to a higher coupling coefficient. The simulation model demonstrates good agreement with the measured results, providing a theoretical foundation for designing magnetic coupling mechanisms and offering valuable insights for developing rotary steering systems in downhole measurement instruments.
Preparation of a Stably Transfected Cell Line with an Expression Vector for the 1,25D 3 -MARRS Receptor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Commercially available bacterial and mammalian expression systems often don’t work with avian plasmids due to codon bias associated with bird proteins. My colleagues and I developed an expression system for chicken Membrane Associated Rapid Response to Steroid (MARRS) binding protein using a commercially available quail sarcoma cell line (QT-6) and a jointly prepared plasmid containing chicken MARRS (chMARRS). The QT-6 cells transfected with chMARRS showed similar morphology to parental cells and were able to bind 1a,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D 3 , the active form of vitamin D. Although there were differences in the growth curves between parent and transfected cells, transfection did not adversely affect cell growth. These cells make an excellent expression vector for chMARRS, and have provided protein for binding studies.
Inhibition of Alkali Metal Reduction of 1‐Adamantanol by London Dispersion Effects

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A series of alkali metal 1‐adamantoxide (OAd 1 ) complexes of formula [M(OAd 1 )(HOAd 1 ) 2 ], where M=Li, Na or K, were synthesised by reduction of 1‐adamantanol with excess of the alkali metal. The syntheses indicated that only one out of every three HOAd 1 molecules was reduced. An X‐ray diffraction study of the sodium derivative shows that the complex features two unreduced HOAd 1 donors as well as the reduced alkoxide (OAd 1 ), with the Ad 1 fragments clustered together on the same side of the NaO 3 plane, contrary to steric considerations. This is the first example of an alkali metal reduction of an alcohol that is inhibited from completion due to the formation of the [M(OAd 1 )(HOAd 1 ) 2 ] complexes, stabilized by London dispersion effects. NMR spectroscopic studies revealed similar structures for the lithium and potassium derivatives. Computational analyses indicate that decisive London dispersion effects in the molecular structure are a consequence of the many C−H⋅⋅⋅H−C interactions between the OAd 1 groups.
Formulation and Evaluation of Lamotrigine Loaded Nanosponges

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The main purpose of this investigation study is to fabricate nanosponges with good entrapment efficiency and percentage of yield to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water soluble antiepileptic molecules of Lamotrigine, which belongs to BCS - II class. Lamotrigine nanosponges were prepared using emulsion solvent diffusion technique and the immediate release tablets of lamotrigine nanosponges were prepared by direct compression method. Nanosponges were formulated using different polymers ratio like EC and PVA. The optimized batch containing ratio 2:1:2 of drug, ethyl cellulose and PVA shows maximum entrapment efficiency and percentage of yield. The optimized nanosponges of lamotrigine (F1) were subjected for Practical yield, drug content, Saturation solubility, zeta potential, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The optimized formulations (F1) of nanosponge based immediate release tablets compression parameters were also studied. The In-vitro dissolution was carried out by USP apparatus type II (Paddle Method) with 900 ml of 0.1 N HCl at 50 rpm. At definite time intervals, 5 ml of the receptor fluid were withdrawn, filtered and analyzed spectro-photometrically at wave length 265 nm. The compressed lamotrigine nanosponge shows 99.7% at the end of dissolution and it follows first order kinetics and best fit with Higuchi’s model. In this research solubility and dissolution demonstrated for nanosponge formulation.
Correlation of biological behaviors with mdm-2 and p53 gene changes in primary gastric cancer and metastasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective： The current study was designed to reveal the correlation of alterations of oncogene mdm- 2 and tumor suppressor gene p53 with biological behaviors of gastric cancer（ GC） and metastasis. Methods： The amplification of mdm- 2 and the point mutation of p53 in 32 specimens from patients with GC were detected by using DC- PCR, PCR- SSCP and DNA sequencing technique. Results： The frequency of mdm- 2 gene amplification was higher in metastasis lymphnodus (57.1％ ) than that in primary carcinoma foci(37.5％ ). The mdm- 2 amplification was detected in 3 specimens of lymph micro- metastasis foci. Both mdm- 2 amplification and p53 mutation appeared in primary carcinoma foci or metastasis lymphnodus of 7 case of GC. There were some differences of the location and mode of p53 point mutation in the primary carcinoma and liver metastasis foci. Conclusion： The amplification of mdm- 2 gene is correlated well with high potential lymph metastasis of the GC cells. Both p53 mutation and mdm- 2 amplification may occur in the intestinal tape GC. There is the heterogenity of p53 point mutation of the cancer cells in the stomach primary carcinoma and metastasis foci.
Effect of different hardness and melting point of the metallic surfaces on structural and optical properties of synthesized nanoparticles

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The relations between macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of materials are of utmost importance for synthesis of multi-atomic structures with advanced properties. We analyze the influence of pulse duration, pulse energy and temperature of liquid on the process of formation of nanoparticles (NPs) of the metals (In, Sn, Zn and W) with different hardness and melting temperature by laser ablation in liquid environment. Composition, morphology dynamics and properties of nanoparticle suspensions are studied using TEM analysis and Z-scan technique. The nonlinear optical properties of NPs are analyzed at 800 and 400 nm using 60 fs and 200 ps pulses. We show that pulse energy have little influence on the formation, morphology and size of NPs during ablation of low hardness and melting point metal (In). However, pulse duration plays a very important role during the formation of NPs, especially the ultra-short pulse has a positive effect on the preparation of NPs with smaller particle size. In addition, the temperature of liquid environment influences the formation of NPs and their nonlinear optical properties.
Looking up while looking down: Mobile technologies as an essential interface to the geography of our city

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the relationships between mobile technologies and a city environment. A \nmediated approach to architecture and planning will be discussed, with a particular focus on how \nthese technologies can complement and enhance the movement of people in the city. With a wealth of \ninformation and opportunities for engagement now at our fingertips through the use of mobile internet \nenabled devices, we are presented with the ability to add an exciting new layer to the geography of \nour cities.
Evaluation of IL- 2 and IFN γ levels in recovered COVID 19 Patients and Vaccinated Participants, Comparative Study in AL-Diwaniyah, Iraq

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a highly contagious transmittable disease caused by a recently discovered coronavirus, pathogenic SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus is considered one of the diseases arisen recently, Thus, The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has consequently resulted in a notable rate of morbidity and mortality. There are hopes that vaccination generated immunity or infection generated immunity or from herd achieved through both natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, can control it. So, this study aimed to evaluated of IL- 2 and IFN γ levels in COVID-19 recovered patients, vaccination and hybrid (infected and vaccinated) for three months after infection or vaccination. This study was conducted on 165 COVID-19 Iraqi recovered patients, hybrid and vaccinated (males and females) with age ranged between 15-75 years, and 85 matched healthy control group. The nasopharyngeal swabs was used to confirm recovery via Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Blood samples collected for ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). There was significant difference in mean age (p = 0.007) among groups and the highest mean age was for recovered group (37.95 ±14.81) years followed by hybrid group(35.80 ±14.96)years and vaccinated group (33.93 ±16.06)years , the least mean age was for control group (29.84 ±12.20) years. While, there was no significant difference in the frequency distribution of subjects according to sex among study groups (p = 0.899). In addition there was significant increase (P< 0.001) 0f IL-2 level in COVID-19 recovered patients that taken vaccines group (210.37 ±36.51 pg/mL) followed by recovered patients (181.52 ±24.54 pg/mL) and vaccinated persons (178.81 ±17.50 pg/mL)as compared to healthy control group(148.91 ±7.14 pg/mL). There was significant difference in mean of IFN-gamma level (p < 0.001) and the level was highest in infected and vaccinated group(213.73 ±77.46 pg/mL) followed by vaccinated (188.99 ±33.31 pg/mL)and recovered groups (186.99 ± 46.11 pg/mL) then lastly by control group(145.06 ±5.34 pg/mL).Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between IL-2 and IFN-γ (r = 0.534),( P<0.001) in COVID-19 recovered group .
Nasaruddin Umar: Tasawuf Wasathiyah dalam Masyarakat Modern

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article aims to present an in-depth exploration of Wasathiyah Sufism, which is a form of modern Sufism, without simplifying or expanding its core ideas. Wasathiyah Sufism seeks to transform modern society that is rational, empirical, hedonistic, materialist, individualist, even secular into a pious, tolerant, high social spirit, and moral society without isolating oneself from society, the world, or the workplace. This Sufism helps humans develop objectivity, professionalism, and awareness of their duties, obligations and responsibilities as servants of Allah and messengers of Allah on earth which are very much needed by the people. This study uses a qualitative method to examines Nasaruddin Umar's thoughts supported by the literature in accordance with the topic of this study. The results of this study concluded that the method of getting closer to Allah through tasawuf wasathiyah is carried out by combining concern for the world with concern for the hereafter. The goal is to realize a virtuous social and spiritual order, this moderate idea (tawasuth) will give birth to a new model of contemporary society that is balanced (tawazun), proportional (i'tidal), and tolerant (tasamuh).Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan menyajikan penggalian mendalam atas tasawuf wasathiyah yang merupakan salah satu bentuk tasawuf modern, tanpa penyederhanaan atau perluasan gagasan intinya. Tasawuf Wasathiyah berupaya mengubah masyarakat modern yang rasional, empiris, hedonistik, materialis, individualis, bahkan sekuler menjadi masyarakat yang saleh, toleran, berjiwa sosial tinggi, dan bermoral tanpa mengisolasi diri dari masyarakat, dunia, atau tempat kerja. Tasawuf ini membantu manusia mengembangkan objektivitas, profesionalisme, dan kesadaran akan tugas, kewajiban, dan tanggung jawabnya sebagai hamba Allah dan utusan Allah di muka bumi yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh umat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang meneliti pemikiran Nasaruddin Umar dalam didukung dengan literatur-literatur kepustakaan sesuai dengan topik penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa metode mendekatkan diri kepada Allah melalui tasawuf wasathiyah dilakukan dengan menggabungkan kepedulian terhadap dunia dengan kepedulian terhadap akhirat. Sasarannya adalah mewujudkan tatanan sosial dan spiritual yang berbudi luhur, gagasan moderat (tawasuth) ini akan melahirkan model baru masyarakat kontemporer yang seimbang (tawazun), proporsional (i'tidal), dan toleran (tasamuh).
A Bibliometric Analysis of EEG Microstates Research: Current Status, Trends, and Recommendations

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

EEG microstates provides a unique perspective on the dynamic functional organization of the brain, has attracted considerable attention. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 441 articles retrieved from the Web of Science database using CiteSpace. The analysis focused on four key areas of EEG microstates: The academic network, classification and function, reliability of parameter, and primary research topics. Results revealed a steady increase in annual publications within this field. The academic network was dominated by the countries (including Switzerland, the United States, and China), the journal NeuroImage, and prominent researchers such as Koenig, Michel, and Lehmann. Determining the optimal number and the functions of EEG microstate classes were attributed to the clustering algorithms and validation criteria. The reliability of EEG microstate parameters varied, with mean duration demonstrating high reliability while the lower reliability was observed for transition probabilities (TP). Primary research topics encompassed cognitive function exploration, developmental changes, psychiatric disorder diagnosis, and emotion recognition. Future research should prioritize developing standardized labeling criteria for EEG microstate classes. Additionally, caution should be exercised when using TP. Moreover, integrating EEG microstate analysis with machine learning techniques provides significant advantages for the advancement and execution of related research endeavors.
Spinon quantum spin Hall state in the kagome antiferromagnet with a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model with\na Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction on kagome lattice, making use of the\nvariational Monte Carlo technique. An exotic quantum spin state is found to\narise from a melting of the $\\boldsymbol{Q} = 0$ long-range magnetic order by a\ntopological transition, when a small anisotropic third nearest-neighbor\nantiferromagnetic Heisenberg interaction is turned on. This novel state is a\ngapped quantum spin liquid, characterized by a topological order with\nground-state degeneracy $n_g = 4$ and topological entanglement entropy $\\gamma\n= \\ln 2$, suggesting it is an Abelian topological phase. Furthermore, the Chern\nnumbers of the spin-up (-down) spinon occupied bands of this state are\n$C_{\\uparrow \\downarrow} = \\pm 1$, respectively. From this perspective, this\nstate is also a time-reversal symmetric (total Chern number $C_{total} = 0$)\ntopological insulator with spinons as the chiral edge states, which carry\nopposite spin and move in the opposite direction. It is analogous to the\nquantum spin Hall state but the spin current is carried by deconfined spinons\nin a quantum spin liquid, so is dubbed as the spinon quantum spin Hall state.\n
Synchronization of Estrus and Ovulation by Subcutaneous Injection with Fenprostalene in Grazing Heifers

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In an attempt to synchronize estrus and ovulation, a total of 39 Holstein heifers, 13-to 19-month-old, in a pasture were injected subcutaneously with PGF2-alpha analogue (Fenprostalene, A-75). In Experiment I, 21 heifers in the luteal phase were administered with 2 ml of A-75 (1 mg of Fenprostalene). Nineteen heifers that showed estrus 2-5 days after injection of A-75 were inseminated, and 13 heifers became pregnant. In Experiment II, 11 heifers which were in the luteal phase 10 days after the initiation of the experiment I were injected with 2 ml of A-75. Five heifers showing estrus by 54 hr after injection of A-75 were inseminated, and all became pregnant. The remaining 6 heifers were administered with GnRH-A at 55 hr after treatment with A-75 and inseminated 24 hr after the GnRH-A injection, since they did not show estrus by 54 hr after the A-75 injection. Two heifers became pregnant as a result of this treatment. Consequently, 38 heifers (97.4%) out of 39 (31 in Experiment I & II, 8 in natural estrus) were inseminated, and 27 heifers (69.2%) became pregnant within 13 days after the initiation of the experiment I.
Histopathological Analysis of Selected Organs of Rats with Congenital Babesiosis Caused by Babesia microti

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with an increasing number of cases each year. Due to the non-specific symptoms of babesiosis, insightful analyses of the pathogenesis of babesiosis are still very important. Transmission of the disease occurs in a few ways, which makes laboratory diagnosis of piroplasmosis important. Complications associated with the infection can be tragic, especially in patients with immunological disorders. The aim of this study was the histopathological analysis of the spleen and kidney of young Wistar rats infected transplacentally with Babesia microti. Female rats were infected with a reference strain of B. microti (ATCC 30221), and then, birth 3-week-old males were euthanized with isoflurane. Subsequently, the material was collected at autopsy for microscopic and ultrastructural examination. Microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the spleen and kidney showed degenerative changes within the organ parenchyma and the capsules surrounding the organ. Regenerative and reparative changes through mitotic divisions of parenchymal cells were also evident. Merozoites of B. microti were visible in the section of erythrocytes and the cells building the organ stroma. The results presented in this study proved the negative effects of B. microti on cells and tissues in rats with congenital babesiosis.