jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fermentation culture of Naematoloma fasciculare and antitumor activities of its fermented broth in vivo

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Optimum conditions of fermentation culture of Naematoloma fasciculare were investigated by using central composite rotatable design. Antitumor activities of fermented broth of N. fasciculare were observed on H22 implanted mice in vivo. The results showed that the maximal biomass was 15.06g/L when the composition of the medium was 59.27g/L maltose,8.04g/L peptone:yeast powder=1:1 and 2.27g/L KH2PO4:MgSO4:(NH4)2SO4=1:1:1. There was an obvious dose-effect relationship between dosages of fermented broth of N. fasciculare and antitumor rates,and the maximum inhibition rate reached 54.71% at concentration of 200mg/kg. In addition,WBC (109/L) and content of IL-2 of the mice in the group at concentration of 200mg/kg were all improved obviously as compared with control group.
Slacktivism or Activism: Investigating the Influence of Social Media Engagement on Individual Willingness to Resist and Report Sexual Harassment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Following the initial euphoria over the Internet's civic engagement potential, sceptics have claimed that the Internet's effect on actual social transformation may be less benign. An essential criticism argues that online social activism is nothing more than slacktivism, or practices that make people feel good but have very little to offer real-world social evils. This study has been conducted to examine social media users’ involvement in individual willingness for slacktivism or activism. The present study is an attempt to investigate and is centered around the argument that online social activism is nothing more than slacktivism, or practices that make people feel good but have very little to offer real-world social evils. The authors employed an inferential research design based on the quantitative methodology for the present study. Standard scales were extracted to develop the questionnaire. Data was collected through online surveys by employing snowball sampling. To test the research model and conduct the mediation analysis, the PLS-SEM analysis was performed through SmartPLS. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between slacktivism, activism, and social media engagement; along with this, slacktivism fully mediates the relationship between activism and social media engagement. As social media continues to pervade daily life and become a critical source of news and information in nations experiencing difficult times, it is critical to use social media as a tool to generate interest, awareness, and participation among the public.
Basic Personal Finance Knowledge: Who Knows What and What Do We Need to\nKnow

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper tests the personal financial knowledge of students prior to and after taking a personal finance course in the spring semester of 2008 at a regional university in Kentucky. Overall knowledge of the subject matter improves with education; however, the effect of family background of personal financial knowledge was found to be statistically significant when compared to pre test and post test scores. In addition, practitioners and professionals contribute knowledge accumulated from years of experience in the field of finances to recommend that educators focus on teaching the most basic concepts of personal finance to achieve the most significant impact to improve students' lives.
New data on pollen morphology of the genus Camphorosma (Chenopodiaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Camphorosmoideae (Chenopodiaceae) demonstrated that Camphorosma is monophyletic. Palynomorphological peculiarities are used in taxonomy as additional diagnostic features and pollen analysis. Pollen morphology was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy, based on 13 specimens belonging to four species (C. annua, C. lessingii, C. monspeliaca and C. songorica). The aim of this research was to provide new data on pollen characteristics of the above mentioned species and to evaluate their taxonomic value. The results obtained show that pollen grains are pantoporate, spheroidal, circular in outline, undulate or slightly undulate on the edges; small or medium-sized. Pores are circular, with distinct margins. Exine sculpture is nanoechinate, tectum psilate or psilate-perforate. Pore membranes are nanoechinate. Taxonomic relevance of the most important characters of pollen grains (pollen diameter, pore number, pore diameter, distance between pores and between pore centres, C/D value, nanoechini density, presence/absence of perforations, number of nanoechini on pore membranes, structure of columellae) is discussed. The exine structure of pollen grains of all species was analysed for the first time in the current study. Pollen morphology proved to be an important additional source of information for taxonomy for species-specific identification and pollen analysis within Camphorosma. Palynomorphological data are interpreted in the existing phylogenetic framework.
Improving SDN Scalability With Protocol-Oblivious Source Routing: A System-Level Study

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Software-defined networking (SDN) has been considered as a break-through technology for the next-generation Internet. It enables fine-grained flow control that can make networks more flexible and programmable. However, this might lead to scalability issues due to the possible flow state explosion in SDN switches. SDN-based source routing can reduce the volume of flow-tables significantly by encoding the path information into packet headers. In this paper, we leverage the protocol-oblivious forwarding instruction set to design protocol-oblivious source routing (POSR), which is a protocol-independent, bandwidth-efficient, and flow-table-saving packet forwarding technique. We lay out the packet format for POSR, come up with the packet processing pipelines for realizing unicast, multicast, and link failure recovery, and implement POSR in a protocol-oblivious forwarding-enabled SDN network system. Experiments are then performed in a network testbed, which consists of 14 stand-alone SDN switches, to validate the advantages of POSR. Specifically, we compare POSR with several OpenFlow-based benchmarks for unicast, multicast, and link failure recovery, and confirm that POSR can reduce flow-table utilization effectively, shorten path setup latency and expedite link failure recovery.
Integrated spot size converters for InP based photonic systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The ever increasing demand for broadband communications requires sophisticated devices. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are an approach that fulfills those requirements. PICs enable the integration of different optical modules on a single chip. Low loss fiber coupling and simplified packaging are key issues in keeping the price of PICs at a low level. Integrated spot size converters (SSC) offer an opportunity to accomplish this. Design, fabrication and characterization of SSCs based on an asymmetric twin waveguide (ATG) at a wavelength of 1.55 μm are the main elements of this dissertation. It is theoretically and experimentally shown that a passive ATG facilitates a polarization filter mechanism. A reproducible InP process guideline is developed that achieves vertical waveguides with smooth sidewalls. Birefringence and resonant coupling are used in an ATG to enable a polarization filtering and splitting mechanism. For the first time such a filter is experimentally shown. At a wavelength of 1610 nm a power extinction ratio of (1.6 ± 0.2) dB was measured for the TE- polarization in a single approximately 372 μm long TM- pass polarizer. A TE-pass polarizer with a similar length was demonstrated with a TM/TE-power extinction ratio of (0.7 ± 0.2) dB at 1610 nm. The refractive indices of two different InGaAsP compositions, required for a SSC, are measured by the reflection spectroscopy technique. A SSC layout for dielectric-free fabricated compact photodetectors is adjusted to those index values. The development and the results of the final fabrication procedure for the ATG concept are outlined. The etch rate, sidewall roughness and selectivity of a Cl2/CH4/H2 based inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch are investigated by a design of experiment approach. The passivation effect of CH4 is illustrated for the first time. Conditions are determined for etching smooth and vertical sidewalls up to a depth of 5 μm.
Targeting stents with local delivery of paclitaxel-loaded magnetic nanoparticles using uniform fields

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The use of stents for vascular disease has resulted in a paradigm shift with significant improvement in therapeutic outcomes. Polymer-coated drug-eluting stents (DES) have also significantly reduced the incidence of reobstruction post stenting, a disorder termed in-stent restenosis. However, the current DESs lack the capacity for adjustment of the drug dose and release kinetics to the disease status of the treated vessel. We hypothesized that these limitations can be addressed by a strategy combining magnetic targeting via a uniform field-induced magnetization effect and a biocompatible magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) formulation designed for efficient entrapment and delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). Magnetic treatment of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells with PTX-loaded MNPs caused significant cell growth inhibition, which was not observed under nonmagnetic conditions. In agreement with the results of mathematical modeling, significantly higher localization rates of locally delivered MNPs to stented arteries were achieved with uniform-field–controlled targeting compared to nonmagnetic controls in the rat carotid stenting model. The arterial tissue levels of stent-targeted MNPs remained 4- to 10-fold higher in magnetically treated animals vs. control over 5 days post delivery. The enhanced retention of MNPs at target sites due to the uniform field-induced magnetization effect resulted in a significant inhibition of in-stent restenosis with a relatively low dose of MNP-encapsulated PTX (7.5 μg PTX/stent). Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of site-specific drug delivery to implanted magnetizable stents by uniform field-controlled targeting of MNPs with efficacy for in-stent restenosis.
Barkhausen noise in soft amorphous magnetic materials under applied stress

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report experimental measurements of Barkhausen noise on a Fe64Co21B15 amorphous alloy under tensile stress. We interpret the scaling behavior of the noise distributions in terms of the depinning transition of the domain walls. We show that stress induced anisotropy enhances the effect of short-range elastic interactions that dominate over long-range dipolar interactions. The universality class is thus different from the one usually observed in Barkhausen noise measurements and is characterized by the exponents τ≃1.3 and α≃1.5, for the decay of the distributions of jump sizes and durations.
The Rapid Determination Method of Performance Parameters and PG Grade for SBS Modified Asphalt

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper demonstrates the application of support vector machine (SVM) applied to ATR-FTIR data to solve classification and regression problems associated with rapid determination of PG grade for SBS modified asphalt. The modified asphalt samples were produced by mixing three kinds of matrix asphalt, two kinds of SBS and five kinds of SBS content from 2% to 6% under the same manufacture process. Therefore a total of 150 data sets were evaluated with five parallel tests for each sample. In the SVR model, the ATR-FTIR data were parameter for the input layer whereas the PG parameters of asphalt such as, rut factor, creep stiffness and creep rate were output layer. While in the SVC model, high temperature grade and low temperature grade were output layer. This new method allows rapid determination of multi-properties from a single spectrum for SBS modified asphalt and it is promising for online material monitoring of specific project.
Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Etherification and Ring-Closing Metathesis Reaction for Enantioselective Synthesis of Chromene and 2,5-Dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric etherifications of allylic carbonates with 2-vinylphenols and 2-allylphenols were realized. With a catalyst generated from 2 mol% of [Ir(cod)Cl]2 (cod=cycloocta-1,5-diene) and 4 mol% of the phosphoramidite ligand L2, the etherification products were obtained in excellent ees and then subjected to the ring-closing metathesis reaction providing an efficient synthesis of enantioenriched 2H-chromene and 2,5-dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine derivatives.
Preparation of Nanocellulose from Coffee Pulp and Its Potential as a Polymer Reinforcement

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Coffee is one of the most valued agricultural products regarding its high commercialization rate. During the production of coffee beans, coffee pulp is obtained as one of the main byproducts with a cellulose content of more than 30% of dry weight. This research focused on the value-added potential of coffee pulp fiber as the reinforcement in composite materials. The nanocellulose coffee pulp (NCP) from the coffee pulp (CP) was prepared and subsequently used as a filler to reinforce the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix for the improvement of PVA composite properties. The CP was treated via alkali and bleaching treatment before the production of NCP using the acid hydrolysis treatment. The TEM result of NCP showed the successful preparation of NCP with an average diameter of 16.03 ± 4.70 nm with increasing crystallinity size and crystallinity index. The effect of glycerol (G) in the PVA matrix was observed. The result showed that glycerol had a play-role as a plasticizer for increased flexibility and decreased hardness and brittleness of PVA nanocomposite film. The nanocomposite film of PVA/G/NCP was fabricated with various ratios of NCP through the casting method. It was shown that the physical properties were improved with the presence of NCP in the PVA matrix compared to the neat PVA film.
Chain-Length-Dependent\nAutocatalytic Hydrolysis of\nFatty Acid Anhydrides in Polyethylene Glycol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Autocatalytic\nhydrolysis of fatty acid anhydrides induced by the\nspontaneously formed vesicles has been studied for years. However,\nwhether the reaction autocatalyzed by vesicles formed in diluted solutions\napplies also to macromolecular crowded conditions remains unknown.\nThe aim of this study is to characterize hydrolysis behavior of fatty\nacid anhydrides and formation of vesicles in crowded media. Inert\nmacromolecular crowding agents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and\nDextran were used to probe the impact of external crowding on the\nautocatalytic hydrolysis of fatty acid anhydrides with varied hydrophobic\nchain length. Under stringent conditions of crowding, hydrolysis rates\nof octanoic anhydride, nonanoic anhydride, and decanoic anhydride\nwere found to decrease, but the rates of lauric anhydride and oleic\nanhydride increased. These results suggest that the effect of the\ncrowding agent on the hydrolysis of fatty acid anhydrides was chain-length-dependent.\nCharacterization\nof the size and polydispersity of vesicles formed from hydrolyzed\nfatty acid anhydrides in crowding revealed that long-chain fatty acids\nformed monodisperse vesicles easier at lower concentrations of PEG.\nMeasurement of the critical aggregation concentration of ionized fatty\nacid in the presence of PEG showed that crowding media promoted vesicle\nformation from long-chain fatty acids but inhibited those from fatty\nacids with fewer carbon atoms. Further investigation of\nthe diffusion property of ionized fatty acids in crowding agents suggested\nthat PEG might create more hydrophobic areas for long-chain fatty\nacids anhydrides, which subsequently promoted the unreacted anhydride\nin the aqueous phase to be solubilized in the formed vesicles. This\nresearch provides information for understanding the autocatalytic\nreaction accompanied by self-producing aggregates and the behavior\nof fatty acids in crowding media.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN USE OF SALINE WATER ON MAIZE YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN DRIP IRRIGATION METHOD

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The shortage of water resources with high quality is becoming an important issue in the arid and semi-arid regions. For this reason the availability of marginal quality resources such as drainage water, saline water and treated wastewater has become an important consideration. Irrigation methods with high efficiency such as drip irrigation are suitable solutions for the optimal use of these resources. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of drip irrigation management strategies with saline water on maize yield and irrigation water productivity. The experiment was performed at split plots based on randomized complete block design. The effects of three irrigation management options; mixing, one-alternate and half-alternate of three levels of saline water(4, 5 and 6 ds/m) with Karoun river on maize yield, biomass and irrigation water productivity were investigated. These parameters were measured at the end of the growing season. The results showed that the effects of management and salinity on all indices were significant in level of one percent. Investigation on interaction effects of salinity and irrigation management showed that in half- alternate yield and irrigation water productivity were not significant even in water salinity of 6 ds/m, whereas in one-alternate strategy this decrease by application of water with salinity of 5 and 6 ds/m was significant. The yield reductions per unit increase of irrigation water salinity in mixing, one-alternate and half-alternate management strategies were calculated 3.6, 7.2 and 1.7 percent, respectively.
A Combination of Blood Lymphocytes and AST Levels Distinguish Patients with Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Non Cancer Patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

PurposeHCC patients typically present at an advanced tumor stage, in which surgical therapies cannot be used. Screening ultrasound exams can increase the numbers of patients diagnosed with small tumors, but are often not used in patients at risk for HCC. We evaluated clinically-available and cheap potential blood tests as biomarkers for screening patients at risk for HCC.MethodsA comparison was made of commonly used blood count and liver function parameters in a group of patients (n=101) with small HCCs (<3cm) or without HCC (n=275), who presented for liver transplantation in our institute. ResultsSignificant differences were found for blood lymphocytes and AST levels. This 2-parameter combination was found to be significantly different between patients with small HCCs versus no HCC. Using the combination of lymphocytes and AST levels to dichotomize the HCC patients, only blood levels of alpha-fetoprotein amongst the tumor characteristics, were found to be significantly different amongst the 2 HCC groups, as well as levels of blood total bilirubin, ALKP and PLR ratio. The results were confirmed using a separate smaller cohort of non-transplanted small size HCC patients.ConclusionThe combination of elevated blood levels of lymphocyte counts and AST levels holds promise for screening of patients with chronic liver disease who are at risk for HCC.
Financing universities through waqf, pious endowment: is it possible?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of waqf in financing higher education. Nowadays, higher education is costly and this has prevented students, especially those who are self-financed, from accessing such learning environments. This paper offer an alternative solution to relieve such a situation, namely, through the application of an endowment-based or waqf educational institution. The study suggests a way to establish an endowment university by concentrating the discussion on the concept and principles of its establishment, as well as sharing the experiences of the Malaysian waqf universities and the Turkish Foundation Universities/Vakif Üniversitesi in financing their universities using waqf, i.e. a pious endowment instrument. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical data were mainly collected using in-depth interviews with the universities’ higher management authorities and some of the members of the board of trustees. Findings – The findings show that the role of waqf or pious endowment is significant in providing financial assistance to their communities as well as strengthening their academic quality. In addition, tawhidic epistemology together with morality and ethics have influenced waqf donors or founders to donate their wealth and property to enrich and sustain universities and higher education. Originality/value – This article provides the experiences of the Malaysian Waqf Universities and the Turkish Foundation Universities/Vakif Üniversitesi in financing their universities using waqf. It also contains some good examples from the experience of several earlier Islamic civilizations, in particular those of the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. In addition, examples of the implementation of waqf and endowment-based universities in the UK and USA as well as the Al-Azhar University of Egypt is also included.
Heat pump and solar panel: exergy method of thermodynamic analysis

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Exergy analysis of the designed system is necessary to determine the degree of its thermodynamic perfection. The research goal was to evaluate the degree of increasing the efficiency of an installation on an experimental bench heat pump designed to study heat extraction from the back surface of a solar panel and its conversion into useful work. Two methods were analyzed - selection of a refrigerant and analysis of external sources. The analysis of the methods was used to compare the exergy efficiency of a modernized installation, including a heat pump and a solar panel as an additional low-grade heat source, with a laboratory heat pump installation before modernization. The authors performed exergy calculation, fluid selection, and analysis of external sources. It was revealed that the most effective method for assessing the exergy efficiency of new technical solutions is the method of analyzing the external sources. Calculations have established that the energy-efficient operation scheme of a heat pump together with a solar panel leads to the highest efficiency of 23.4%. However, this value is achieved with a large amount of sunlight, an air temperature of about 25℃ and a perpendicular incidence of sunlight on the panel. The exergy of electricity consumed by the electric motor compared to the heat pump before modernization was reduced by 8.92 kJ/kg, and the exergy efficiency of the modernized installation increased by 7.5%. The results prove the effectiveness of redirecting electrical energy to power the compressor. Installing a solar panel and heat pump will improve the environmental situation and save money due to the lack of fuel costs.
Model interaction potentials for atom-diatom scattering

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A new model for the interaction potential in collinear atom-diatom systems is proposed. Attractive features of the model are ease of understanding the parameters, separability in the coordinates, and considerable flexibility. Examples of the model are shown for two very different systems, He + H2+ and I + H2. A special case, the Force Coordinate Model, is described and studied.