jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Abundance and biomass of earthworm as affected by long-term different types of soil tillage and fertilization on mungbean plantation at Ultisols

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Long-term tillage and fertilization system have a strong impact on earthworms biomass and abundance in agriculture soils, however, enumerating their influence on mungbean plantation remains little studied. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of continous tillage and fertilization and their interaction on earthworms biomass and abundance under mungbean plantations. Two factors of treatments consisted of tillage system (minimum tillage and intensive tillage) and fertilization (without fertilization and fertilization by NPK (15:15:15) + chicken manure) what has been done since the first (2017) to sixth planting season (2020). The handsorting method was conducted at vegetative maximum and harvest time of mungbeans. The results show that the abundance and biomass of earthworms are significantly higher in minimum tillage compared to intensive tillage as well as fertilization compare to without fertilization. The greatest earthworms biomass and abundance were found in the maximum vegetative of mungbean. The interaction effect occurred at the maximum vegetative observation, namely in intensive tillage, there was no effect of fertilization, on the contrary, at minimum tillage, fertilization increased the abundance and biomass of earthworms. As a consequence, our results indicate that minimum tillage and fertilization significantly improve soil biological quality.
Laser Plasma Vapour Deposition Of Photoconducting And High T c Superconducting Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Device quality PbS photoconducting films were obtained by laser plasma vapour deposition on special glass substrates at room temperature and their structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction. High Tc superconducting films of composition Dy0.2Y0.8Ba2Cu3O~7 and YBa2Cu3O~7 were deposited on sapphire substrate. It was shown for laser deposited YBa2Cu3O~7 that a buffer layer of the same composition predeposited by rf sputtering allows for getting high quality superconducting films.
Infrared small target detection algorithm based on multi-directional derivative and local contrast

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Infrared small target detection technology plays an extremely important role in military remote warning, satellite remote sensing technology, guidance and anti-mission, UAV detection and tracking, and other fields. Most traditional algorithms have high detection false alarm when there are thin and highlighted patterns in the background. To address the abovediscussed problem, this paper proposes an infrared small target detection algorithm based on multi-direction derivative and local contrast. The algorithm utilizes the two-dimensional Gaussian distribution of small targets to compute multidirectional derivative on each pixel of the image. Simultaneously, a sliding window is constructed to compute the local contrast. Finally, the derivative result and the local contrast is combined to get the target saliency map. Compared with traditional infrared small target detection algorithms in terms of background suppression factor (BSF) and signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), our algorithms has better performance in both indicators. In addition, Receive Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is introduced to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The curve demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can achieve high detection rate with low false alarm rate preserved. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is simple, efficient and has high detection accuracy.
A 2-4 nm Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) using the SLAC linac

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe the use of the SLAC linac to drive a unique, powerful, short wavelength Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Operating as an FEL, lasing would be achieved in a single pass of a high peak current electron beam through a long undulator by self-amplified spontaneous emission. The main components are a high-brightness rf photocathode electron gun; pulse compressors; about 1/5 of the SLAC linac; and a long undulator with a FODO quadrupole focusing system. Using electrons below 8 GeV, the system would operate at wavelengths down to about 3 nm, producing /spl ges/10 GW of peak power in sub-ps pulses. At a 120 Hz rate the average power is /spl ap/1 W.< >
Determinants of farmers’ decision to choice market outlets: Evidence from milk producer farmers in Ada’a Berga District Ethiopia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In Ethiopia, many initiatives have been implemented to empower smallholder dairy farmers to develop viable livelihoods from the sector. The problem with these policies is the inability to reach farmers at large, and dairy farmers in rural areas are always challenged to deliver milk and milk products faster to the final market. The study was aimed at investigating factors that influence market channel choices among dairy producers in Ada’a Berga district Ethiopia. This paper uses data from a survey of 123 dairy producer households in four rural kebeles to analyse the factors that influence the choice of a milk marketing channel. Multivariate probit econometric model results show that income from dairy source, market information and educational level of household affected wholesaler outlet. The choice of consumer outlet is influenced by family size, membership in a dairy cooperative, market information, non-dairy income and income from dairy source. Number of milking cows, membership in a dairy cooperative and non-dairy income determined the choice of dairy cooperative outlet. The choice of district retailer’s market outlet was affected by sex of households, membership in a dairy cooperative and income from dairy sources. Choice of rural collector outlet is negatively influenced by non-dairy income and access to an extension contact. Therefore, policies should be designed that encourage farmers’ cooperatives, contract farming and collective action in order to lower transaction costs, expand market information for dairy producers, expand extension services and expand infrastructures such as road and transportation facilities, which are needed to promote the effective marketing of milk through all outlets.
Usage of insecure E-mail services among researchers with different scientific background

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aim Free web-based e-mail services are considered to have more security flaws than institutional ones, but they are frequently usedamong scientific researchers for professional communication. The aim of this study was to analyze frequency of usage of the insecure free e-mail services for professional communication among biomedical, economical and technical researchers, who published papers in one of three different journals: Croatian Medical Journal, Automatika and Economic Research. Methods Contact details of the authors who provided their e-mail address from the papers published in those three journals during one year period were collected. These e-mail addresses were collected from the electronic archive of the journals in question. The domains of all e-mail addresses were assessed and contacts were categorized into three groups according to the following types: world-wide known free web-based e-mail services, national Internet Service Provider (ISP) e-mail services, and institutional or corporate e-mail addresses. Results The proportion of authors using free web-based e-mail services, the least secure group type, was highest among biomedical researchers (17.8%) while every e-mail address collected from the technical journal belonged to the secured institutional e-mail group type. Conclusion It seems that all researchers from the technical scientific field and most of the researchers from the economical field value good security practice and use more secure systems for professional communication. High percentage of the biomedical researchers who use insecure e-mail services may mean that they need to be warned of the possible security disadvantages of those kinds of e-mail addresses.
Energy cover crops for biogas production increase soil organic carbon stocks: A modeling approach

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Energy cover crops for biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD) are inserted between two primary crops. They replace either bare soil or nonharvested cover crops, and their management is usually intensified to produce more biomass. They allow the production of renewable energy as well as digestate, used as an organic fertilizer, without directly competing with food production. Because of the increased biomass production and export and of the return of a digested biomass to the soil, the impact of energy cover crops on soil organic carbon (SOC) is questioned. The objective of this paper was to study the difference in SOC stocks induced by the introduction of energy cover crops for AD coupled with the application of the resulting amount of digestate. We used the AD model Sys‐Metha combined with the soil C model AMG to simulate SOC stocks for 13 case studies in France, with scenarios comparing different intercrop management practices, with or without cover crops, harvested or not. Our results indicated that the higher biomass production of energy cover crops (from 6.7 to 11.1 t DM ha −1 ) in comparison with nonharvested cover crops (2 t DM ha −1 ) or bare soil led to higher humified C input (belowground input and digestate), despite the high C fraction exported in AD. This resulted in an increase in SOC stocks in comparison with nonharvested cover crops or bare soil (from 0.01 to 0.12 t C ha −1 year −1 over 30 years). The uncertainties in the model parameters did not modify these results. However, in the case of equal biomass production between energy cover crops and nonharvested cover crops, SOC stocks would be lower with energy cover crops.
Screening Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer for Psychiatric Disease: a Cross Sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a sample of Portuguese patients with metastatic breast cancer and assess the relationship between these disorders and the characteristics of the oncological disease. Methods: Cross-sectional, single-center study with female patients diagnosed with metastatic breast carcinoma and under palliative treatment between November 2020 and May 2021. Psychiatric disorders were screened by applying and filling-out the MMSE, HADS, BSI, and WHOQoL-Bref instruments at the outpatient daycare unit when patients were present for treatmen. Results: A total of 91 female patients were included, median age 59.79 years . None of the patients had cognitive impairment (MMSE). HADS scale: 18.7% of the patients scored for anxiety and 17.6% for depression. The anxiety subscale score of > 8 (HADS) was related to ovarian function suppression (p<0.001), neoadjuvant therapy (p<0.001), and type of second-line of palliative treatment (p=0.024). The depression subscale score >8 (HADS) was related to the type of surgery performed (p= 0.022), molecular subtype of the tumor (p=0.020), and occurrence of grade 3-4 toxicities in the first (p=0.018), and third-line treatments (p=0.031). Conclusion: The screening of psychiatric disorders through the application of these scales by the medical oncology team may be able to aid in diagnosis and potentially lead to psychiatric referral and intervention at an earlier stage.
Rifle Shooting Performance Correlates with Electroencephalogram Beta Rhythm Network Activity during Aiming

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

To study the relationship between brain network and shooting performance during shooting aiming, we collected electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from 40 skilled shooters during rifle shooting and calculated the EEG functional coupling, functional brain network topology, and correlation coefficients between these EEG characteristics and shooting performance. Our result shows a significant negative correlation between shooting performance and functional coupling between the prefrontal, frontal, and temporal regions of the right brain in the Beta1 and Beta2 frequency bands. Global and local brain network topology characteristics were also significantly correlated with shooting performance. These findings indicate that under these experimental conditions, shooters with higher shooting performances exhibit lower functional coupling, higher global, and lower local information integration efficiency during shooting. These conclusions may provide a theoretical basis of the EEG brain network for studying the mental status of shooters while shooting.
OCVD carrier lifetime measurements on an inhomogeneous diode structure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the problem of evaluating the lifetime of a carrier measured by the OCVD (open circuit voltage decay) method on structures with a non-uniform carrier lifetime distribution. A simple model of two diodes connected in parallel (lumped charge approximation) has been used for evaluating the measured carrier lifetime. The theoretical analysis was experimentally verified.
Now Check Your Input

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Data-entry is a common activity that is usually performed accurately. When errors do occur though, people are poor at spotting them even if they are told to check their input. We considered whether making people pause for a brief moment before confirming their input would make them more likely to check it. We ran a lab experiment to test this idea. We found that task lockouts encouraged checking. Longer lockout durations made checking more likely. We ran a second experiment on a crowdsourcing platform to find out whether lockouts would still be effective in a less controlled setting. We discovered that longer lockouts induced workers to switch to other activities. This made the lockouts less effective. To be useful in practice, the duration of lockouts needs to be carefully calibrated. If lockouts are too brief they will not encourage checking. If they are too long they will induce switching.
Effects of cocaine and HIV infection interaction on PSA expression in male and female mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Substance use is highly common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected population. Both cocaine and HIV affect the cognition, partially via regulating the neuronal plasticity of the corticoaccumbens circuitry. Polysialic acid (PSA) carried by the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is highly expressed on cells in this circuitry and manipulates the synaptic plasticity and associated cognitive function. It has been demonstrated that ovarian hormones regulate synaptic plasticity and, further, alter cocaine-seeking behavior in females. Therefore, we hypothesize that the PSA expression might be changed across the estrous cycle in this circuitry in females. Moreover, HIV infection and cocaine may interact to impact cognition by altering the PSA levels in this circuitry in males and females. Immunohistochemistry on tissue from mice euthanized at different phases of the estrous cycle revealed that PSA expression was regulated in a region and phase dependent manner. We observed lower PSA immunoactivity in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) in the proestrus phase than in the estrus and diestrus phase in wild-type female mice. However, no alterations of PSA immunoactivity were found in the infralimbic cortex (IL), the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), and the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC). To assess the effects of HIV and cocaine, human-CD34+ male and female mice that allowed the HIV infection in the brain of mice underwent HIV inoculation and cocaine conditioned-place preference (CPP). We found that neither cocaine injection nor HIV inoculation altered the PSA immunoactivity. However, HIV mice showed higher cocaine CPP. Their preference scores were negatively correlated with PSA immunoactivity in the PrL and the NAcC. Overall, our studies suggested that HIV-exacerbated cocaine sensitivity may be associated with reductions in PSA in the corticoaccumbens circuitry. This may further be modulated by sex and estrous cycle.
Study on the Inducing and Browning Control of Callus Initiated from Maize Mature Embryos

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Browning occurring in tissue culture of maize mature embryos restrained the induction and growth of callus and the process of cultivation.Contrast tests of silver nitrate,activated carbon,PVP and culture condition were designed to study their effects on anti-browning during the process of callus induction and subculture of maize mature embryos.The results showed that silver nitrate can control browning obviously,in which treatment of 10.0 mg/L was optimal to prevent browning of explants,and that of 7.0 mg/L was most effective to prevent callus browning.Activated carbon with concentration of 2.0 mg/L eliminated browning effectively,but inhibited callus initiation in exceeding concentration.A seven-day treatment of 2.0 g/L activated carbon after subculture initiation also eliminated browning as well as promoted the growth of callus to some extent.PVP with concentration of 1.0 g/L reduced the browning of ex-plants and promoted callus induction synchronously.In addition,cultured in dark can significantly reduce the inci-dence of browning,and is conducive to the growth of callus.
Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Matter and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Semi-Arid Area of Northeastern Syria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Although soil organic matter (SOM) forms a small portion of the soil body. Nevertheless, it is the most important component of the soil ecosystem, as well as of the carbon global cycle. In the semi-arid environment, there has been little research on the spatial distribution of SOM and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. In this study, stratified random samples of total 30 soils were collected from two different soil depth (topsoil, subsoil) of Al Balikh plain and used for mapping the spatial variability of SOC and to estimating the SOC stock. The result showed that the values were relatively homogenate, with the normal decreasing trend with increasing the depth. The standard deviation (Std. D) for both SOC and SOC stock indicates homogeneous and absence of outliers values, whereas the coefficient of variation (C.V) indicates non-dispersion and clustering of values around the average. SOC was 0.38%, 0.17% in topsoil and subsoil respectively; the corresponding averages of SOC stock were 1.23 kg·m-2 and 1.14 kg·m-2 respectively, these values reflecting typical characteristics of poor SOC semi-arid soil. The correlation between SOC and SOC stock was (R2 = 0.996, p 2 = 0.941, p
Towards a Popular Music Criticism of Replenishment

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Attitudes of popular music critics are analyzed so as to identify the various “exhaustion” narratives which have arisen in the wake of the post-Beatles dissolution of rock and pop music into a multitude of genres and sub-genres. It is argued that criticism might better serve audiences by focusing less upon narrow, nostalgic treatments of canonical rock music and more upon a narrative of replenishment for which critical nomadism and the labyrinthine nature of the contemporary musical landscape are central themes.
The value of time : understanding how class influence students' conceptions of time.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Why do students who experience the same education curriculum emerge with different capacities and focuses? This paper suggests, through a Singaporean context, that different values individuals attach to afterschool time are an inherited accumulation of cultural capital transmitted through generations. After employing qualitative methods including interviews and focus group discussions and focusing data analysis on comparing how the experiences of students from different socioeconomic classes shapes the values they attach to afterschool time, this study proposes that parents’ arrangements of their children’s timetables after school conditions children to conceptualize afterschool time as an extension of school, resulting in children’s use of this time for study-related activities. For Singapore, in particular, tuition is an integral yet informal element of a child’s education and the consumption of tuition, depending on its integration into children’s lives, can serve as a powerful socialization tool by transmitting class values. This study demonstrates that meritocracy in Singapore is greatly influenced by the values parents transmit to their children, rather than being based solely on a child’s merit.
Signalling Cascades Involved in Induced Resistance

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant innate immunity is based on a surprisingly complex response that is highly flexible in \nits capacity to recognize and counteract different invaders. To effectively combat invasion by \nmicrobial pathogens and herbivorous insects, plants make use of pre-existing physical \nand chemical barriers, as well as inducible defence mechanisms that become activated \nupon attack. Apart from reacting locally, plants can mount a systemic \nresponse, establishing an enhanced defensive capacity in parts distant from the site of primary \nattack. This systemically induced response protects the plant against subsequent invaders. \nSeveral biologically induced, systemic defence responses have been characterized in \ndetail, such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is triggered by pathogens causing \nlimited infection, such as hypersensitive necrosis, rhizobacteria \ninduced systemic resistance (ISR), which is activated upon colonization of roots by \nselected strains of non-pathogenic rhizobacteria, and wound induced defence, which is typically elicited upon \ntissue damage, such as caused by insect feeding.
Simulation study of NBI heating in the time-evolving and multi-ion-species plasmas of LHD

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Numerical simulations of neutral beam injection (NBI) heating in the time-evolving and multi-ion-species plasma in the large helical device (LHD) are performed. Two typical impurity species in the high- experiment plasma, helium and carbon, are considered. The birth simulation using the HFREYA code has shown that the fast ion birth increases with the carbon impurity fraction in the tangential and perpendicular NBI heating cases. The GNET-TD code is used to simulate the slowing down of the fast ions, taking into account the plasma time evolution, impurity collisions and guiding-centre motion in the three-dimensional magnetic configuration. It is found that the fast ion confinement is deteriorated by the pitch-angle scattering with carbon ions, nevertheless the total heat deposition of the tangential NBI increases with the carbon fraction in the simulation of steady-state plasma. The time-dependent simulation with the carbon pellet injection has shown the deformation of the fast ion distribution function and an increase in the heat depositions after the carbon pellet injection. It has also been shown that the steady-state simulations underestimate the heat deposition in the core region right after the pellet injection.
Editorial: Lymphocytopenia in Hodgkin’s Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The lymphocytopenia of Hodgkin’s disease has been reviewed in the light of recent knowledge of lymphocyte function. It is suggested that the anergy of early Hodgkin’s disease is a peripheral defect—a manifestation of abnormal lymphocyte function. Later in the course of the condition profound lymphocytopenia develops and most probably contributes to the more severe immunologic deficiencies of advanced Hodgkin’s disease.