jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The relationship between health status and blood pressure in urban African Americans.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

African Americans have higher rates of hypertension and poorer health status than their white counterparts. This study assessed the relationship between health status, cardiovascular risk factors, and measured blood pressure. Free blood pressure screenings were performed at businesses and organizations located in west Baltimore. All individuals with cardiovascular risk factors were offered health education. Also, participants with a measured blood pressure of > or = 140/90 mm Hg were referred for free medical treatment. Participants completed a questionnaire that included demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, the Medical Outcomes Study SF 36, and two tests on cholesterol and heart disease knowledge. A total of 1389 African-American men and women were screened; 20% were found to have high normal blood pressure and 31% had stage 1 hypertension or higher. Those with hypertension reported lower physical functioning and poorer general health than those without high blood pressure. When compared with US normative data, participants reported higher levels in vitality and physical and emotional role functioning, more bodily pain, and poorer general health, but they were similar in physical functioning, social functioning, and mental health. Preliminary data suggest that hypertension does have an effect on health function.
Expatriate Languages in Kuwait: Tension Between Public and Private Domains

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Following the rise of oil-based economies after the 1950s, the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries became extremely attractive to workers from other Arab countries and beyond. Initially, Arabs were a majority in the expatriate workforce but were gradually outnumbered by Asians. Consequently, the GCC countries, which were monolingual in Arabic, became multilingual, with Urdu, Malayalam, Tagalog, Hindi, Singhalese, and Bengali used widely by expatriates, in addition to Arabic and English. Based on an analysis of data collected in Kuwait between 2008 and 2011 combined with ethnographic observations, this paper corroborates findings of previous research that there is often a gulf between the official language policies and actual practices. I further show that language policies at the top are not monolithic either. In Kuwait, there was a disjoint in the use of expatriate languages on two levels: between government institutions dealing with religious matters and other departments; and between government and private business institutions in general. Driven primarily by the Islamic faith, which is not predicated upon linguistic identity, the Religious Affairs Ministry utilized expatriate languages, whereas other government bodies responded to the perceived threat to Arab identity by enforcing Arabic-only policies in public institutions. Private businesses, guided by commercial interests, used expatriate languages freely to reach out to their clients. 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Edukasi Perilaku Seks pada Komunitas Remaja untuk Mencegah HIV/AIDS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Adolescents are a group that has a high risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS. Teenagers' associations are not effective in triggering an increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS, so teenagers have a great risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are an important factor causing an increase in the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Objective: The purpose of this activity is to increase knowledge, apply healthy living in order to know the dangers of HIV/AIDS to avoid the spread of bacteria and viruses in adolescents by following the rules set by health, so that adolescents are able to avoid risky behavior of HIV/AIDS. Method: Community service activities with the theme of Sexual Behavior Education in Adolescents use educational methods with the target of PMR Children. The procedure for the activity is carried out by distributing power points and then explaining about sex education for HIV/AIDS prevention. After explaining the material, evaluate the knowledge of adolescents about sexual behavior education with a question-answer session. Result: The results and discussion of this community service activity are the enthusiasm of the students in this activity with their enthusiasm and presence in participating in this health counseling activity. This activity aims as a medium in applying knowledge from students to teenagers at SMA Negeri 2 Ciamis. It is important for teenagers to increase their knowledge regarding sex education which causes sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Conclussion: The conclusion of community service activities regarding Sex Education that was carried out to PMR Members of SMA Negeri 2 Ciamis could increase knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases, sex education to prevent HIV/AIDS this event took place smoothly without any obstacles.
Sex Differences in Food Preferences, Eating Frequency, and Dental Attrition of the Hadza

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

6 Introduction 6 Materials and Methods 9 Materials and Procedure 12 Results 15 Discussion 18 3. SEX DIFFERENCES IN HADZA EATING FREQUENCY BY FOOD TYPE 22 Abstract 22 Introduction 22 Materials and Methods 24 Results 28 Discussion 3622 Introduction 22 Materials and Methods 24 Results 28 Discussion 36 4. SEX DIFFERENCES IN HADZA DENTAL ATTRITION 39 Abstract 39 Introduction 39 Subject population 41 Methods 44 Results 45 Discussion 51 5. DISCUSSION 53 Food Preferences 53 Eating Frequency by Food Type 54 Attrition 55
The Promise of the CitySpace, Identity, and Politics in Contemporary Social Thought

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This book proposes a new theoretical framework for the study of cities and urban life. Finding the contemporary urban scene too complex to be captured by radical or conventional approaches, the book offers a threefold, interdisciplinary approach linking agency, space, and structure. First, it says, urban identities cannot be understood through individualistic, communitarian, or class perspectives but rather through the shifting spectrum of cultural, political, and economic influences. Second, the layered, unfinished city spaces we inhabit and within which we create meaning are best represented not by the image of bounded physical spaces but rather by overlapping and shifting boundaries. And third, the macro forces shaping urban society include bureaucratic and governmental interventions not captured by a purely economic paradigm. The book examines these dimensions in the work of three major critical urban theorists of recent decades: Manuel Castells, David Harvey, and Ira Katznelson. It shows why the answers offered by Marxian urban theory to the questions of identity, space, and structure are unsatisfactory and why the perspectives of other intellectual traditions such as post-structuralism, feminism, Habermasian Critical Theory, and pragmatism can help us better understand the challenges facing contemporary cities.
Merger Policy in Digital Markets: AnEx PostAssessment†

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents a broad retrospective evaluation of mergers and merger decisions in markets dominated by multisided digital platforms. First, we document almost 300 acquisitions carried out by three major tech companies—Amazon, Facebook, and Google—between 2008 and 2018. We cluster target companies on their area of economic activity providing suggestive evidence on the strategies behind these mergers. Second, we discuss the features of digital markets that create new challenges for competition policy. By using relevant case studies as illustrative examples, we discuss theories of harm that have been used or, alternatively, could have been formulated by authorities in these cases. Finally, we retrospectively examine two important merger cases, Facebook/Instagram and Google/Waze, providing a systematic assessment of the theories of harm considered by the UK competition authorities as well as evidence on the evolution of the market after the transactions were approved. We discuss whether the competition authority performed complete and careful analyses to foresee the competitive consequences of the investigated mergers and whether a more effective merger control regime can be achieved within the current legal framework.
Thin Films of Ge–Sb–Te-Based Phase Change Materials: Microstructure and in Situ Transformation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The ternary compounds GeSb2Te4 and Ge2Sb2Te4 are promising phase change materials for application in the fields of data storage and recording. In the present study, thin films of the materials were deposited on inert substrates using the magnetron sputter technique. The microstructures of the amorphous, metastable, and stable crystalline states were investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In the as-deposited state, the materials are amorphous. Upon heating, they crystallize first into a metastable phase with a NaCl-type structure, followed by a transformation into a layered structure (stable phase) at higher temperatures. HRTEM studies reveal that nanosized particles with a granular morphology are present in all materials for the crystalline metastable state. In the case of GeSb2Te4, these nanocrystals do not grow significantly when the sample transforms to the stable phase, which contains layers of structural vacancy. Ge2Sb2Te4 behaves differently. In particular, the structural transition to the crystalline stable phase is accompanied by a pronounced increase in the crystallite size up to several micrometers. The crystals are built from nanoscale lamellae, which do not contain vacancy layers. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data of Ge2Sb2Te4 in the metastable crystalline state reveals that the compound consists of two phases of which one is Ge rich and the other Ge poor. The size of the coherent scattering domains in the former phase was about 20 nm, whereas the value for the second phase was determined to be about 2 nm.
Theoretical Analysis of a Spin-Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Beam Optics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have analyzed an optical system for a spin-polarized atomic hydrogen beam. By calculating the model emittance of atomic hydrogen beams, we simulated the beam profile. We predicted that a hexapole magnet with a length of 75 mm and magnetic flux density of 0.65 T results in a spin polarization of 95% and a beam separation of 9 mm, which is sufficient for our purpose. We also found that the longer hexapole manget results in a higher spin polarization and smaller beam separation.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of [B‐SbW9O33]9‐ Subunit with Transition Metal Ions (Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+) in Aqueous Solution: Syntheses, Structures and Magnetic Properties of Sandwich Type Polyoxometalates with Subvalent SbIII Heteroatom.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Differential temporal and spatial expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in developing chick ocular tissues.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The early appearance, along with differential temporal and spatial expression of IGFBP-2 mRNA in developing ocular tissues, suggests a role for IGFBP-2 in the regulation of growth and differentiation of several ocular tissues, including the cornea, sclera, and retina.
Principles of Information Accountability

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Information accountability is seen as a mode of usage control on the Web. Due to its many dimensions, information accountability has been expressed in various ways by computer scientists to address security and privacy in recent times. Information accountability is focused on how users participate in a system and the underlying policies that govern the participation. Healthcare is a domain in which the principles of information accountability can be utilised well. Modern health information systems are Internet based and the discipline is called eHealth. In this paper, the authors identify and discuss the goals of accountability systems and present the principles of information accountability. They characterise those principles in eHealth and discuss them contextually. They identify the current impediments to eHealth in terms of information privacy issues of eHealth consumers together with information usage requirements of healthcare providers and show how information accountability can be used in a healthcare context to address these needs. The challenges of implementing information accountability in eHealth are also discussed in terms of our efforts thus far.
Comparing mutagenesis and simulations as tools for identifying functionally important sequence changes for protein thermal adaptation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Comparative studies of orthologous proteins of species evolved at different temperatures have revealed consistent patterns of temperature-related variation in thermal stabilities of structure and function. However, the precise mechanisms by which interspecific variations in sequence foster these adaptive changes remain largely unknown. Here, we compare orthologs of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) from marine molluscs adapted to temperatures ranging from −1.9 °C (Antarctica) to ∼55 °C (South China coast) and show how amino acid usage in different regions of the enzyme (surface, intermediate depth, and protein core) varies with adaptation temperature. This eukaryotic enzyme follows some but not all of the rules established in comparisons of archaeal and bacterial proteins. To link the effects of specific amino acid substitutions with adaptive variations in enzyme thermal stability, we combined site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) and in vitro protein experimentation with in silico mutagenesis using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) techniques. SDM and MDS methods generally but not invariably yielded common effects on protein stability. MDS analysis is shown to provide insights into how specific amino acid substitutions affect the conformational flexibilities of mobile regions (MRs) of the enzyme that are essential for binding and catalysis. Whereas these substitutions invariably lie outside of the MRs, they effectively transmit their flexibility-modulating effects to the MRs through linked interactions among surface residues. This discovery illustrates that regions of the protein surface lying outside of the site of catalysis can help establish an enzyme’s thermal responses and foster evolutionary adaptation of function.
Evaluation of poly(2,6‐dimethyl)‐1,4‐phenylene oxides and related copolymers for high temperature adhesive application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Poly‐(2,6‐dimethyl)‐1,4‐phenylene oxides and related copolymers have been evaluated for high temperature adhesive applications. Because of the high‐melting character of these polymers, proper wetting was found to be difficult to achieve. Where such conditions can be obtained, good tensile strength values have been reached up to 600°F. The introduction of allyl group and epoxy group into such polymers provides sites for thermosetting. The fast setting rate of these groups, however, introduces difficulty in bonding procedure. Problems and ways to improve the initial bonding of specimens are discussed.
Farmers Try to Improve Their Irrigation Practices by Using Daily Irrigation Recommendations—The Vipava Valley Case, Slovenia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on the latest climate change projections for the 21st century, high exposure to climate change is expected in Vipava Valley, Slovenia’s sub-Mediterranean agricultural area. An irrigation-decision support system was developed and implemented on 35 farms in the period of 2016–2020 to increase agricultural climate-change resilience. Farmers have shifted from irrigation scheduling based on experience and assumptions to irrigation scheduling based on real-time soil-water monitoring to partially implement irrigation based on irrigation-decision support systems. Simulations show that if farmers continue to practice justified irrigation applications and gradually transition to replenishing soil water reservoir content to 85%, they will achieve a 25% reduction in total irrigation-volume consumption, a 24% reduction in energy requirements and a 24% reduction in CO2 emissions. Future agricultural innovation policies should extend actions beyond the financial to those facilitating the establishment of multidisciplinary agricultural innovation teams with corresponding infrastructures to better enable the mutual exchange of knowledge, learning and development of a transparent institutional framework.
A method for elongation of the ileal loop in ileoanal anastomosis saphenous autograft between internal iliac and ileal arteries.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は19歳,男性,潰瘍性大腸炎.18歳の時,全大腸型潰瘍性大腸炎からの大量出血により,緊急に大腸亜全摘・直腸空置(粘液瘻作成)・回腸人工肛門造設術が行われた.術後1年7カ月目に,残存直腸切除,回腸肛門吻合術を行った.術前および術中所見にて回結腸動脈はすでに切離されており,さらに回腸係蹄は初回手術による広範囲の癒着のため短く,回腸を肛門まで延長することは困難であった.このため回腸間膜の血管系を切離し係蹄の延長を図うたが,腸間膜を広範囲に切離し,肛門まで牽引した場合,辺縁動脈のアーケイドが切れる恐れがあった.そこで,安全を期して,内腸骨動脈と回腸動脈の間に自家血管を遊離吻合することにより回腸係蹄を延長した.この余裕のある回腸でpouchを作成し,回腸肛門吻合を施行した.
Geographical distribution of primary care clinics for elderly ambulatory diabetic patients in Ibaraki Prefecture

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

目的 : 高齢者が糖尿病の診療を受けるために通院する医療機関の地理的分布を検証する.方法 : 茨城県で2010年5月の1ヶ月間に糖尿病を主病名として通院し後期高齢者医療制度により保険請求された診療データを用いて, 市町村ごとにその中心地から医療機関までの距離を測定し, これらの医療機関の地理的分布を検討した.結果 : 対象は17,717件で, 住所地から地図上の位置情報に変換できた17,144件 (96.8%) を解析対象とした. 医療機関までの距離の中央値［四分位範囲］は5.5 ［2.3-9.9］kmであった. これは, 性・年齢によってわずかに違いを認めるものの, 市町村の人口, 高齢化率, 市町村面積によって違いを認めなかった.結論 : 高齢者が糖尿病で通院する医療機関は市町村中心から概ね10km範囲に分布していた. いくつかの限界はあるものの, 後期高齢者が増加する際の効率的医療資源の配置の資料になり得る.
The Contemporary Debate in International Relations Theory and Raymond Aron's Epistemology and Ontology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article is a contribution to recent Anglo-American metatheoretical discussions in international politics. Its topic of research is Raymond Aron's Aristotelian theory and its relation to Kenneth Waltz's Galilean ideal of science. The study departs from the assumption that Aron's theory can be better understood if interpreted from the point of view of his epistemological thought. This starting-point leads to Wilhelm Dilthey's critique of historical reason, which first appeared in Aron's doctoral dissertation in the 1930s where he used it as a working name for his own project. Later, Aron very seldom referred to this period of his life. As very few explicit references in Aron's texts on international politics to Dilthey's hermeneutics can be found, I have constructed some of the main topics of critique of historical reason and tried to analyse their meaning for Aron's theory. Concepts like Erlebnis, objective spirit, bifurcation and teleological causality are important keys to Aron's epistemology, which seems to have an antinomic relationship with Kenneth Waltz's structural systems theory.
'They can kill us but we won't go to the communal villages!' Peasants and the policy of 'socialisation of the countryside' in Zambezia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After its ascent to power in June 1975, the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) adopted socialism as a model for development. This led to the implementation of many policies, one of which was the 'socialisation and modernisation of the countryside'. More concretely, it involved the implantation of communal villages, collective machambas [farm, plot] cooperatives, the prohibition of initiation rites and the abolition of traditional authorities. In the province of Zambezia Frelimo faced innumerable obstacles to putting the policy of 'socialisation of the countryside' into practice. This happened to such a degree that, according to the government of Zambezia in that era, the population of other provinces like Nampula, where this policy was more highly prioritised, fled to Zambezia because they knew that there were no communal villages. The objective of this article is to analyse the 'socialisation of the countryside' campaign in Zambezia and the different forms of resistance to this policy on the part of the Zambezian peasants.
On-line ethics education for occupational therapy clinician–educators: a single-group pre-/post-test study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Ethics education is a critical component of training rehabilitation practitioners. There is a need for capacity-building among ethics educators regarding facilitating ethical decision-making among students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of an on-line ethics education module for occupational therapy clinician-educators (problem-based learning tutors/clinical placement preceptors/evidence-based practice facilitators). Method: The Knowledge-to-Action Process informed development and evaluation of the module. Clinician–educators (n = 33) viewed the module and reported on its impact on knowledge and facilitation practices via pre, post, and follow-up questionnaires. Results: Pre- and post-test data indicated improvement in self-reported ethics knowledge (t = 8.275, p t = −1.483, p = 0.075). There was improvement in self-reported intent to change practice (t = 4.93, p t = −1.499, p = 0.072). Conclusion: This study provides preliminary data regarding an on-line ethics education module for clinician–educators. Future recommendations include broader consideration of context, adding supplemental knowledge translation components, and further research exploring outcomes with larger samples, longer follow-up and randomized trial methodology.Implications for RehabilitationThe on-line ethics module has potential to improve rehabilitation practice by addressing the noted gap in knowledge among clinician-educators.Viewing an on-line module regarding approaches to ethics education may not be sufficient to change clinician-educators’ teaching practices.More time and opportunities to discuss ethics with student occupational therapists may be required to effect practice change among clinician-educators.Developing ethics education tools for clinician-educators requires ongoing and iterative input from knowledge users to optimize translation of ideas to practice. The on-line ethics module has potential to improve rehabilitation practice by addressing the noted gap in knowledge among clinician-educators. Viewing an on-line module regarding approaches to ethics education may not be sufficient to change clinician-educators’ teaching practices. More time and opportunities to discuss ethics with student occupational therapists may be required to effect practice change among clinician-educators. Developing ethics education tools for clinician-educators requires ongoing and iterative input from knowledge users to optimize translation of ideas to practice.