jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius, searching potential proxies for deep diving abilities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ziphiidae (beaked whales) are a successful family of medium to large-sized toothed whales. Their extant members perform regular deep dives beyond the photic zone to forage on cephalopods and fish. Conversely, extinct long-snouted stem ziphiids are interpreted as epipelagic predators. However, some aspects of this hypothesis remain unclear due to the lack of clear morphological proxies for recognizing regular deep divers. We compared the forelimb, neck, and pterygoid sinus system of the fossil ziphiid Messapicetus gregarius with those of other extant odontocetes to evaluate the potential of these body regions as proxies to assess deep diving specialization. The reconstructed musculture of the neck and forelimb of M. gregarius was compared with other odontocetes. We also quantified variation in the proportions of the forelimb and the hamular fossa of the pterygoid sinus (HF) using 16 linear measurements. The degree of association between diving behavior in extant odontocetes and these measurements was evaluated with and without phylogenetic correction.Reconstruction of the neck musculature suggests that M. gregarius possessed a neck more flexible than most extant ziphiids due to the lower degree of fusion of the cervical vertebrae and the large insertions for the M. longus colli and Mm. intertransversari ventrales cervicis. While neck rigidity might be related to deep diving, differences in neck flexibility among extant ziphiids indicates a more complex functional interpretation. The relationship between forelimb morphology and diving behavior was not significant both with and without phylogenetic correction, suggesting that, with the parameters considered here, it cannot be used to assess deep diving abilities. Measurements of the HF revealed successful to evaluate deep diving abilities in odontocetes, with an enlargement of this structure in deep divers. Considering other evidences that suggest an epipelagic behavior, we propose different scenario to explain the observation of an enlarged HF in M. gregarius: (1) this species may have fed at different depths; (2) it performed deep dives to avoid potential predators; or (3) the enlarged HF and deep diving habitat correspond to an ancestral condition, with M. gregarius returning to a more epipelagic habitat.
Functional and Radiological Outcome of Surgical Management of Acetabular Fractures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of acetabulum are relatively uncommon, but because they involve major weight bearing joint in the lower extremity, they assume great clinical importance. Anatomic reduction and stable rigid internal fixation of the fracture, such that the femoral head is concentrically reduced under the weight bearing dome of the acetabulum, is the treatment goal for early mobilization and weight bearing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
15 patients admitted with clinical and radiological diagnosis of acetabular fracture in Coimbatore Medical College Hospital from May 2016 to September 2018 were included in the study. They were operated through posterior, anterior or combined approaches and functional, radiological
outcome was assessed during follow up.
RESULTS:
Satisfactory reduction was acheived in 73% (11 patients), as per Matta’s radiological criteria. According to Merle d’Aubigne score, Excellent to good functional outcome was attainted in 9 patients with only 1 patient having a poor result. There was a decreased mean functional score (14) in the fracture group with poor fracture reduction. Compliactions like AVN of femur head and sciatic nerve palsy was encountered with a 7% incidence. Associated posterior wall fracture had reduced the outcome score.
CONCLUSION:
Use of non-extensile approaches alone is sufficient to attain adequate fracture reduction with minimal possible complications. Every chance of anatomic reduction of fracture, rigid internal fixation and early mobilization should be done for better functional outcome which is not achievable by conservative means.
Singing seaside: Pacific Wrens ( Troglodytes pacificus ) change their songs in the presence of natural and anthropogenic noise

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Noise pollution poses a significant obstacle to vocal communication. Songbirds rely on acoustic signals for mate choice and territory defense, and masking of these signals can have negative fitness consequences. Prior investigations reveal that birds mitigate the negative effects of acoustic masking by increasing their signal amplitude or by singing with higher minimum frequencies. In this study, we evaluate the responses of male Pacific Wrens (Troglodytes pacificus) to natural ambient noise (ocean surf) and anthropogenic noise (highway traffic) in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, B.C., Canada. Pacific Wrens, known for their complex songs, are specialists of old-growth forest. We hypothesized that Pacific Wrens would compensate for the effects of ambient noise in their environments through modifications to their songs that enhanced their transmission properties. Recognizing that longer, higher frequency, and more complex signals propagate better in noisy environments, we predicted that Pacific Wrens would increase the length of their songs, the length of the syllables within their songs, the number of syllables per song, and the minimum frequency of their songs. Recordings of 52 territorial Pacific Wrens showed that proximity to highway traffic noise had a significant effect on song duration but no significant effect on any of the other measured variables. Pacific Wrens that were recorded near the shoreline, however, sang songs with longer syllables, and higher intra-individual variation in song duration. Number of syllables, syllable minimum frequency, and song duration did not vary with distance from the shoreline. We conclude that natural and anthropogenic noise sources influence the singing behavior of Pacific Wrens. © 2014 by the Wilson Ornithological Society.
Hepatitis B virus mutations potentially conferring adefovir/tenofovir resistance in treatment-naive patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapy leads to the emergence of mutant viral strains during the treatment of chronic hepatitis B with nucleos(t)ides analogues. The existence of HBV variants with primary antiviral resistance may be important for treatment choice. We studied two patients with chronic HBV infection by sequencing the HBV polymerase gene. They had adefovir- and tenofovir-related mutations in the viral polymerase, although they had never been treated. These mutations were rtV214A/rtN238T in one patient and rtA194T in the other. Thus, mutations in untreated patients deserve cautious surveillance. These data indicate that mutations that can theoretically confer adefovir or tenofovir resistance may emerge in treatment-naive patients.
Determinants of Indonesia Government Bond Yield

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Obligasi merupakan instrumen pendanaan penting bagi Pemerintah Indonesia. Bagi investor, obligasi pemerintah merupakan instrumen investasi yang penting. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah Indonesia dan investor perlu memahami faktor-faktor domestik dan global yang dapat mempengaruhi yield obligasi pemerintah tersebut. Dengan memperhitungkan faktor-faktor ini di sebuah model, Pemerintah Indonesia dapat menghitung imbal hasil optimal untuk penerbitan/pembelian kembali obligasinya, dan investor juga menghitung imbal hasil optimal untuk membeli/mejual obligasi pemerintah tersebut. Riset ini fokus untuk meneliti apakah tingkat suku bunga jangka pendek, inflasi, spread CDS, imbal hasil obligasi pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan rasio IDR/USD spot dan forward memilki pengaruh signifikan terhadap yield obligasi Pemerintah. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa regresi dengan yield obligasi pemerintah berjangka waktu 10 tahun sebagai variabel dependen dan lima faktor lainnya sebagai variabel independen. Riset ini menunjukkan bahwa yield obligasi pemerintah berjangka waktu 10 tahun dipengaruhi secara positif oleh yield obligasi pemerintah Amerika Serikat, spread CDS, inflasi dan JIBOR, sementara dipengaruhi secara negatif oleh rasio IDR/USD spot dan forward. Disamping itu, yield tersebut juga dipengaruhi oleh residual pada periode sebelumnya.

Bond has become an important financing instrument for Indonesia Government. For investors, the government bond has also become an important investment instrument. Therefore, it is important for Indonesia government, domestic and foreign investors to understand domestic and global factors that influence yield of the government bond yield. Acknowledging these factors in a model will allow the government to calculate optimal yield for issuance of or buyback the government bonds. Similarly, the model will allow investors to calculate optimal yield for purchasing or selling the government bond. This research focuses to examine whether short-term interest rate, inflation, credit default swap spread, US Treasury Yield and ratio IDR/USD spot and forward rate have significant effects on Indonesia government bond yield. The study uses regression analysis with the 10-year government bond yield as the dependent variable and the five factors as independent variables. This research finds that Indonesia 10-year government bond yield is positively affected by the US Treasury Yield, CDS spread, inflation and JIBOR, while negatively affected by ratio IDR/USD spot and 12-month forward. In addition, current 10-year government bond yield is also affected by residual in the previous period.
Blockchain Commerce

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Blockchain commerce and the start of 6G networks together mark the start of a new era of technological progress and safe online transactions. This chapter looks at the world of safe transactions by first looking at the basics of blockchain commerce and how important decentralization and cryptographic integrity are. Real-life examples show how useful and flexible blockchain technology is in today's business world. Moving on to the start of 6G networks, this chapter looks at the promise and potential of 6G beyond just connectivity, focusing on how it will change digital transactions. Sixth-generation networks change the way transactions work and create new ways to make digital transactions safe.
PENINGKATAN SELF EFFICACY SISWA KELAS X MAN 4 MARTUBUNG MEDAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research was to identify the inprovement of student’s Self Efficacy as an impact of problem based learnin, asd to find the interaction between the instructional approach and gender with improvement of student’s Self Efficacy. This research was a quasy experiment with the sample of research was 70 students, consisted of X-IPA<sup>2</sup> with 35 students asan experiment class and X-IPA<sup>4</sup> with 35 students as a control class. The data which collected in this research were Self Efficacy. The instruments which used to collect the data were a test of Self Efficacy. The data were analyzed by using two way anava in the SPSS program. Based on the result of this research, it could be concluded that the improvement student’s Self Efficacy by using problem based learning better than improvemet student’s Self Efficacy by using a usuall learning. There was not an interaction between the instructional approach and gender with improvement student’s Self Efficacy.
Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging Profile in Patients with Systemic Amyloidosis in a Brazilian Cardiology Referral Center

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Systemic amyloidosis is a disease with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion combined with specific complementary methods. Objective To describe the clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and imaging profile in patients with systemic amyloidosis with cardiac involvement. Methods This study was conducted with a convenience sample, analyzing clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance data. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 105 patients were evaluated (median age of 66 years), 62 of whom were male. Of all patients, 83 had transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, and 22 had light chain (AL) amyloidosis. With respect to ATTR cases, 68.7% were the hereditary form (ATTRh), and 31.3% were wild type (ATTRw). The most prevalent mutations were Val142Ile (45.6%) and Val50Met (40.3%). Time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 0.54 and 2.15 years, in the AL and ATTR forms, respectively (p < 0.001). Cardiac involvement was observed in 77.9% of patients with ATTR and in 90.9% of those with AL. Alterations were observed in atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in 20% and 27.6% of patients, respectively, with 33.7% in ATTR and 4.5% in AL (p = 0.006). In the ATTRw form, there were more atrial arrhythmias than in ATTRh (61.5% versus 22.8%; p = 0.001). On echocardiogram, median septum thickness in ATTRw, ATTRh, and AL was 15 mm, 12 mm, and 11 mm, respectively (p = 0.193). Elevated BNP was observed in 89.5% of patients (median 249, ICR 597.7), and elevated troponin was observed in 43.2%. Conclusion In this setting, it was possible to characterize cardiac involvement in systemic amyloidosis in its different subtypes by means of clinical history and the diagnostic methods described.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 7 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "TaxonKey" : [ "is Trifolium lanceolatum (J.B.Gillett) J.B.Gillett" ] } The dataset includes 7 records from 7 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0133467-240321170329656/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE RURAL ROADS MAINTENANCE SYSTEM IN INDIA: KEY ISSUES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rural road sector in India got a major boost with the introduction of thePrime Minister Rural Roads Programme of 2000. The programme is going to be in existence until the goal of connecting all habitations with populations over 250 by allweather roads is achieved. The major challenge now is to both expand the existing network of roads to include access to remote areas and to upgrade and maintain already existing roads. It has been suggested in this article to consider maintenance as a part of the overall road asset management system. Considering that the process would be fairly complex, it has been proposed to take a step-by-step approach. To that end, an outline has been presented for developing rural road management in India. An institutional arrangement has also been proposed on the basis of three types of maintenance- routine, periodic and emergency. Keeping in mind that community participation is the key to the success of any future maintenance strategy, good practices of involving community in a few selected countries have been discussed which may help in developing an appropriate participatory approach in India. There are many issues to be addressed for the successful implementation of a rural roads maintenance system. A few of the major ones have been highlighted here, such as the classification of rural roads and the managing of them all under one umbrella administration; the decentralization of responsibilities; the availability of relevant data; the development of manuals for road maintenance; the shortage of man-power; the critical involvement of the community and schemes to include social development issues.
Hybrid Survival Strategy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Zimmermann explains that after the Free Officers overthrew the Egyptian monarchy in 1952, Gamal Abdel Nasser mobilized a new constituency of labor and the urban middle class by promising them welfare, education, and guaranteed employment in nationalized enterprises and the government bureaucracy. These distributive networks and their negative influence on state developmental capacity intensified under Anwar Sadat's policy of Infitah, which led the regime to incorporate a new class of middlemen, traders, and crony capitalists. In the latter part of his rule, Hosni Mubarak adopted a hybrid survival strategy that permitted a weak, politicized state to exist for the purpose of serving the regime's traditional constituencies, while supporting "pockets of efficiency" that bolstered a new, diverse group of reformers under the Ahmed Nazif government.
Supermassive black holes in cosmological simulations I: M BH − M ⋆ relation and black hole mass function

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The past decade has seen significant progress in understanding galaxy formation and evolution using large-scale cosmological simulations. While these simulations produce galaxies in overall good agreement with observations, they employ different sub-grid models for galaxies and supermassive black holes (BHs). We investigate the impact of the sub-grid models on the BH mass properties of the Illustris, TNG100, TNG300, Horizon-AGN, EAGLE, and SIMBA simulations, focusing on the MBH − M⋆ relation and the BH mass function. All simulations predict tight MBH − M⋆ relations, and struggle to produce BHs of $M_{\\rm BH}\\leqslant 10^{7.5}\\, \\rm M_{\\odot }$ in galaxies of $M_{\\star }\\sim 10^{10.5}\\!-\\!10^{11.5}\\, \\rm M_{\\odot }$. While the time evolution of the mean MBH − M⋆ relation is mild ($\\rm \\Delta M_{\\rm BH}\\leqslant 1\\, dex$ for 0 $\\leqslant z \\leqslant$ 5) for all the simulations, its linearity (shape) and normalization varies from simulation to simulation. The strength of SN feedback has a large impact on the linearity and time evolution for $M_{\\star }\\leqslant 10^{10.5}\\, \\rm M_{\\odot }$. We find that the low-mass end is a good discriminant of the simulation models, and highlights the need for new observational constraints. At the high-mass end, strong AGN feedback can suppress the time evolution of the relation normalization. Compared with observations of the local Universe, we find an excess of BHs with $M_{\\rm BH}\\geqslant 10^{9}\\, \\rm M_{\\odot }$ in most of the simulations. The BH mass function is dominated by efficiently accreting BHs ($\\log _{10}\\, f_{\\rm Edd}\\geqslant -2$) at high redshifts, and transitions progressively from the high-mass to the low-mass end to be governed by inactive BHs. The transition time and the contribution of active BHs are different among the simulations, and can be used to evaluate models against observations.
Umbilical artery base deficit/excess: sailing blindly in a thick fog

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Assessing the wellbeing of newborns at birth with base deficit (BD)/base excess(BE) is well anchored in clinicians’ practice. However, clinicians may not fully understand the concepts behind BD and the concerns regarding the validity of BD results provided by the hospital laboratory. These concerns are linked to the inconsistencies between the equations to calculate BD, and that these equations do not consider the aspects of acid–base physiology at birth. Additionally, the evidence-based supporting BD threshold in the literature to help physicians in making decisions is rather insufficient. These considerations support the need to review practice guidelines that use BD to guide decisions and bring to an end to clinicians to sail blindly in a thick fog.
Oligosaccharides from Marine Algae-II. Purification and Characterization of Porphyran-Decomposing Enzymes from Arthrobacter sp. S-22.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Porphyran-decomposing enzymes were purified from the culture fluid of Arthrobacter sp. S-22, by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex C-50, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Toyopearl HW-55F and Butyl-Toyopearl 650M column chromatography. Each of the purified two enzymes (enzyme I and II) showed a single band, with molecular weights of 28, 000 and 42, 000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Porphyran-decomposing enzyme I was stable at pH 6-8 and showed maximal activity at pH 6, 60°C. Porphyran-decomposing enzyme II was stable at pH 4.5-7.5 and showed maximal activity at pH 5, 50°C Both enzymes showed a substrate specificity on porphy-ran. Enzyme I produced tetraoligosaccharide from porphyran, and enzyme II produced dioligogosac-charide.
Multiple mobilities in Mexico’s fertility industry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How can we conceptualize travel in search of fertility treatment? While current research on transnational reproduction mostly conceptualizes mobility as horizontal movement from A to B, this article shows how horizontal mobilities converge, contradict, and are interdependent with other forms of mobility; namely vertical mobilities in terms of social upward and downward mobility, representational mobilities in form of imaginative geographies, and the actual embodied experiences of mobility. Based on ethnographic research on the reproductive tourism industry in Mexico, the article explores the multiplicity of mobilities that constitute transnational reproduction. The article evaluates how the concept of multiple mobilities contributes to the study of medical tourism from a critical mobilities’ perspective.
Symbolic Process and the Role of the Therapist in Sandplay

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article examines Jung's definition of the symbol and its function to bring about psychic healing and transformation. The author explores the impact of the presence of the therapist on sandplay, and suggests that the interacting fiends of observing attitude of therapist and client can work together to stabilize and strengthen symbolic transformation. The article explains the appearance of the opposite poles of the symbol and their function in the process of psychic transformation. The transcendent function is defined and illustrated by the case vignette of a 7-year-old girl, whose sandplay addresses issues of feminine identity.
BLINDNESS AND TOTAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AFTER AESTHETIC POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE INJECTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT - Microspheres of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) are exciting new soft-tissue fillers that arebecoming increasing popular for facial rejuvenation. Some reports of side effects of this procedure are basi-cally in respect to dermal reaction, with late-onset granulomatous lesion with giant cells and vacuoles. Wereport blindness and total ophthalmoplegia after PMMA injection into glabellar area in a healthy womanand review the literature.KEY WORDS: polymethyl-methacrylate, facial injection, blindness, ophtalmoplegia.Amaurose e oftalmoplegia total apos injecao facial de polimetilmetacrilato: relato de casoRESUMO - A injecao de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e pratica difundida na medicina estetica como medi-da rejuvenecedora. No entanto, a injecao facial do PMMA carreia serios riscos, especialmente se realizadana regiao glabelar. Descrevemos o caso de uma mulher que imediatamente apos injecao glabelar dePMMA apresentou amaurose e oftalmoplegia total, revendo ainda a literatura pertinente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: polimetilmetacrilato, injecao facial, amaurose, oftalmoplegia.