jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Content and use of colonial archives: an under-researched issue

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Namibians often find themselves in situations of litigation where they need person-related records to defend their rights and privileges. Such person-related records include birth, adoption, marriage, or divorce or deceased estates. It has been observed that the institution where such records should be expected, the National Archives of Namibia often cannot retrieve person-related records of persons previously classified as non-whites under colonial and apartheid laws. Many native Namibians end up losing property or have problems claiming their constitutional rights due to lack of evidence. The purpose of this paper was to explore whether the existing archival literature can guide National Archives of new and emerging African nations on how to handle challenges brought about by gaps in inherited colonial archives. Using a literature survey to explore the state of what is written on the content and usage of colonial archives in post-colonial era, this article argues that the content and use of colonial archives in Africa do not feature prominently in the literature of archival science. Although there has been a rising interest on the subject during the last decade, none of this emerging literature has systematically studied archives in depth with a view on what these archives contain for the non-academic user, what they neglect and what they lack altogether in serving the needs of all citizens in post-colonial states. It recommends that archival scholars as well as archival institutions increase research into this neglected area. Raising awareness may produce academic discourse to help archivists in newly decolonised countries to competently support users whose inquiries currently cannot be answered by the inherited colonial archives collections.
Innovation in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter evaluates the current status of China's innovation capability through both the input and output indicators of China's innovation system, such as R&D personnel, R&D expenditure, patents, high-tech and service exports, and scientific and technical journal articles. It underlines the contribution of technological progress vis-'a-vis labor and capital to China's economic development, indicated by annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The chapter reviews China's development of innovation since the economic reform and identifies major factors that may explain its evolution, relying on theoretic frameworks of (1) systems of innovation (SI), (2) external linkages, such as global value chains, global production networks, overseas returnees, and R&D globalization, and (3) the dynamics of latecomers' catch-ups. Finally, it also reviews the uneven spatial distribution of innovation capability and analyzes possible causes for the inequality, as well as the emerging research in regional innovation systems.
Investigating The Effect Of Compaction Parameters On The Dimensional Changes On Sintering

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Anisotropic dimensional change on sintering has been studied in depth in previous work, as affected by powder mix, geometry, sintering conditions etc. Previous results also revealed anisotropic dimensional changes in the compaction plane, to be necessarily considered when designing precise and accurate parts. Anisotropy in the compaction plane is expected to be markedly affected by inhomogeneities in green density distribution, in turn related to compaction strategy. Aiming at investigating in depth the influence of the compaction strategy, compaction speed, hold down force, and hold down time were selected as parameters. Full factorial testing was performed, three levels for each parameter, and three different materials were considered. Dimensional changes were measured, and the effect of the selected parameters was analyzed, also referring to the different sintering mechanisms occurring in the different materials. As a result, relationships describing the effect of the compaction parameters on the dimensional changes are proposed.
Strengthening the Value of Citizenship: Neoliberalism, Racism, and Canada’s “Citizenship Fraud Crackdown”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In July 2011, Minster of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, Jason Kenney, announced the beginning of the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown, an initiative to revoke, on mass scale, citizenship and Permanent Resident status obtained through fraudulent means. The initiative strived to purge Canada of past, present, and future citizenship fraud on a scale never seen before. The Crackdown cited 11,000 cases of fraud under investigation. Despite its rhetoric of eliminating fraud, the Crackdown failed to uncover wide scale deception in the citizenship program. I evaluate the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown through public discourse analysis, a review of internal Citizenship and Immigration Canada documents, and through interviews with individuals implicated in the investigations. The case study highlights racial and neoliberal underpinnings present in Canadian citizenship, and interesting tensions within citizenship reforms. The first tension is the push to require greater physical presence in Canada, at a time when globalization promotes neoliberal subjects living transnational lives. A second tension is fracturing of citizenship rights along the lines of dual citizens and single-citizens, even though both types of citizens are offered the same protections under the law. I argue the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown represents a form of nation-building that is fueled by racism and facilitated by the neoliberal crime-and-security agenda. I also argue that neoliberalism does not just operate parallel to racism; it is a racist ideology in and of itself.
THE LENGTH, WIDTH AND SCARP HEIGHT COMPONENTS OF LANDSLIDES IN HIGASHI-KUBIKI AND UONUMA MOUNTAINS, NIIGATA PREFECTURE

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Most of the reports on landslides have described about the length, width, inclination of the slope and other components which serve to give general information upon the extent of landslide. However, no detailed discussins on the extent of landslide have been made, so far as the author is aware of, except that in the work of F. O. Jones et al. Of the components concerns this paper mainly with the length, width and scarp height components by which some discussions on the development of landslide area are made. These components of each landslide were measured either from topographic maps or from field observations. Twenty six landslides were examined in Higashi-Kubiki and Uonuma Mountains, Niigata Prefecture, where many landslides have occurred. The length component is the horizontal distance from the toe of the landslide to the crown as taken in the direction of maximum inclination at midsection of the slide. The width component is the average horizontal distance from side to side across the slope of the slide. The scarp height component is the maximum difference in altitude between the foot of the scarp and the crown as taken in the direction of the slope. As the foot of the scarp was frequently obscured by tales deposits, determination of its position was made at the topographic breakpoint. The data of scarp height, therefore, are somewhat low in reliability. The results obtained are shown in the table and figures. The conclusions to be drawn are as follows: (1) A unit landslide (landslide formed by one sliding) seems to be shorter than 240 meters in length. (2) Landslides range from several decades of meters to 1360 meters in lengh, and their lenght and width tend to be larger as they regress. (3) At the early stage of the development of landslide its position is at foot of the valley wall slope and the ratio of length to width is smaller than that of the later stage. (4) The scarp height increases with regression of the landslide. But when the crown of the landslide reaches to the ridge, altitude of the ridge is lowered and so the height of the scarp is reduced again.
Health Literacy and Health Risk Behaviors among Cancer Patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Cancer is accounted as serious problem that affects people all over the world. Cancer is becoming more common in Pakistan as a result of a lack of health facilities, limited medical equipment, and a lack of doctors with specialized knowledge. The link between health risk behavior and health literacy among cancer patients is investigated in this study. Patients from four government sector hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan, were recruited randomly to provide the data. The data was gathered using a well-structured questionnaire. Critical health literacy (r =.469**),communicative (r =.660**), Functional (r =.370**), and health risk behaviour were discovered through correlation analysis.
"It's so bland, irrelevant": young people's impressions of and lives amongst changing spaces

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Concerned with the growing ubiquity and likely detrimental effects of gentrification, scholars have examined the causes and effects of neighborhood change, pointing out the long term consequences of physical, political, and cultural displacement. For understandable reasons, this research has focused almost exclusively on adults leaving little known about the impacts of gentrification on young people. However, young people’s experiences growing up amongst neighborhood change is a unique and important prospective to help illuminate the possible ongoing impacts of neighborhood change on future generations. Using a mixed-method approach including GIS mapping of descriptive quantitative data, photovoice, and semi-structured one-on- one interviews, I address this gap in the literature by examining how young people in Pittsburgh’s East Liberty neighborhood interpret neighborhood change and its importance on their lived realities. Findings suggest that, unlike their adult counterparts, young people do not feel the emotional connections to long-established spaces. Their differing interpretations of change are accompanied by a perceived lack of importance the change holds in their daily lives. Including young people in neighborhood change research allows for the young people themselves to feel like their voices are being heard and for policymakers to understand how a unique sector of the population views broad changes to the physical and social landscapes of a place.
Assessing Service Quality, Product Quality, And Brand Image On Repurchase Intention Through Customer Satisfaction At Arunika Restaurant Palembang: A Pilot Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In Palembang’s increasingly competitive food and beverage (F&B) industry, customer retention has become a pressing challenge for businesses like Arunika Restaurant. Despite serving over 1,600 customers monthly, the restaurant faces fluctuating sales and limited product differentiation in a market where digital engagement plays a critical role. This study investigates the influence of service quality, product quality, and brand image on repurchase intention, with customer satisfaction as a mediating variable. A pilot test was conducted with 30 Arunika customers using a structured questionnaire distributed via face-to-face interactions and completed through Google Forms. The data were analyzed using SPSS to assess the instrument’s validity and reliability. All items demonstrated Corrected Item Total Correlation (CITC) values above 0.3 and Cronbach’s Alpha values exceeding 0.7 (Indrawati, 2015). Furthermore, loading factors surpassed 0.70, AVE values exceeded 0.50, and Composite Reliability (CR) values ranged from 0.871 to 0.909, confirming strong internal consistency and convergent validity (Hair et al., 2022). These results support the instrument’s suitability for use in further analysis of repurchase behavior in the F&B sector.
EIA in BBNJ Agreement and its implication to Marine Environment Impact Assessment Act in Korea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

2004년부터 진행된 국제사회에서 국가관할권 이원지역 해양생물다양성(BBNJ) 보전 및 이용에 관한 협정 채택 논의가 진행 중이며, 협정의 주요 내용 중 하나는 환경영향평가(EIA)제도라는 점에서 협정 채택, 비준 시 이행을 위한 국내법 정비 사업이 필요하다. 현재 입법 예고된 해양환경영향평가법은 제47조에서 동 협정 채택 시에 대비하여 관할권 이원지역 관련 해양환경영향평가 시행 근거 규정을 두고 있다. BBNJ협정문 초안은 제4장에 환경영향평가에 대한 독립된 장을 편성하고 있으며, 제29조에서 환경영향평가 대상 목록의 규제방식을 규정하고 제30조에서 제41조를 통해 EIA의 절차를 규정하고 있다. 기존 환경영향평가 관련 협약이 환경영향평가 실시 의무 규정만을 두고 그 시행은 협약 당사국의 환경영향평가법에서 정한 절차에 따라 시행하는 것과 달리, BBNJ협약은 구체적 EIA 절차를 직접 협약 및 부속 문서에 규정하고 환경영향평가의 검토 및 협의를 협정 당사국총회(COP) 또는 총회 산하 과학기술기구(STB)과 하도록 규정하는 방안을 모색하고 있다는 점에서 해당 협정 준수에 필요한 절차 및 근거 규정 등을 국내법에 마련하여야 할 것이다.BR 구체적인 사항은 첫째, 해양환경영향평가법에 전략환경영향평가제도를 포함하여 ABNJ에서의 전략환경영향평가 실시 근거규정을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 현 법안에 따르면 해수부장관은 사후해양환경영향조사 결과 필요한 경우 처분기관의 장으로 하여금 공법 변경, 사업규모 축소 등 해로운 영향을 저감하기 위한 조치를 하도록 할 수 있을 뿐 공사 중지 및 사업 중지 등의 조치를 할 수는 없다는 점에서 사후영향평가를 통한 사업 중지 근거 규정을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, EIA 항목으로 누적적 영향과 초국경 영향을 추가 반영하여야 하는데, 단 입법 방식으로는 누적적 영향은 법안의 일반원칙에 포함하는 방식으로 그리고 초국경 영향은 하위법령을 통해 EIA평가항목으로 반영하는 방식을 고려할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 국내 차원의 해양환경영향평가서의 심의 관련 해양환경영향평가에 대한 전문기관을 양성하기 전에는 환경부와의 협조가 필요하며 장기적으로는 해양수산부 산하의 전문연구기관 내 해양환경영향평가를 전담할 수 있는 연구기관의 신설이 요망된다. 다섯 번째, BBNJ협정에 규정된 사후환경영향평가로서 감시 및 모니터링 제도를 반영하기 위해 해양환경영향평가법에 해양환경영향평가 대상 사업을 승인 후 해당 활동에 대한 감시 및 모니터링에 대한 근거규정을 두어야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 BBNJ협정이 채택 비준되는 경우 해양환경영향평가법의 하위법령 등을 통해 상기의 내용들이 반영될 필요가 있는데 구체적으로는 환경부의 “환경영향평가서등 작성 등에 관한 규정”, 또는 외교부의 “남극 환경영향평가서 작성에 관한 세부지침”등과 유사한 “관할권 이원지역의 환경영향평가 운영 및 절차에 관한 규정” 등을 마련하여 해당 규칙 내에 EIA 대상사업, 절차, 등을 규정하는 방식이 필요하다.
Fault detection and diagnosis of interconnects of random access memories

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents two new approaches for testing interconnects of random access memories (RAM). Tire first algorithm is referred to as the Adaptive Diagnosis Algorithm (ADA), while the second algorithm is referred to as the Consecutive Diagnosis Algorithm (CDA). Initially, it is shown that the diagnosis of the address lines is the most difficult step in interconnect testing of memories as the diagnosis of faults in data lines can be resolved easily. The execution of ADA is such that the diagnosis of the address lines is performed sequentially (i.e. on a line by line basis), while enforcing the conditions by which it is possible to differentiate for each line a stuck-at fault from a short. This is determined by the operations as for diagnosis a short requires an additional READ compared with a suck-at fault. A different condition in the generation of the overall sequence is utilized in CDA; by using different test patterns for the address lines, a relation can be assessed between consecutive READ operations.
Explicit Water Models Affect the Specific Solvation and Dynamics of Unfolded Peptides While the Conformational Behavior and Flexibility of Folded Peptides Remain Intact

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Conventional molecular dynamics simulations on 50 ns to 1 μs time scales were used to study the effects of explicit solvent models on the conformational behavior and solvation of two oligopeptide solutes: α-helical EK-peptide (14 amino acids) and a β-hairpin chignolin (10 amino acids). The widely used AMBER force fields (ff99, ff99SB, and ff03) were combined with four of the most commonly used explicit solvent models (TIP3P, TIP4P, TIP5P, and SPC/E). Significant differences in the specific solvation of chignolin among the studied water models were identified. Chignolin was highly solvated in TIP5P, whereas reduced specific solvation was found in the TIP4P, SPC/E, and TIP3P models for kinetic, thermodynamic, and both kinetic and thermodynamic reasons, respectively. The differences in specific solvation did not influence the dynamics of structured parts of the folded peptide. However, substantial differences between TIP5P and the other models were observed in the dynamics of unfolded chignolin, stability of salt bridges, and specific solvation of the backbone carbonyls of EK-peptide. Thus, we conclude that the choice of water model may affect the dynamics of flexible parts of proteins that are solvent-exposed. On the other hand, all water models should perform similarly for well-structured folded protein regions. The merits of the TIP3P model include its high and overestimated mobility, which accelerates simulation processes and thus effectively increases sampling.
Understanding solid nitrogen through machine learning simulation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We construct a fast, transferable, general purpose, machine-learning interatomic potential suitable for large-scale simulations of $N_2$. The potential is trained only on high quality quantum chemical molecule-molecule interactions, no condensed phase information is used. The potential reproduces the experimental phase diagram including the melt curve and the molecular solid phases of nitrogen up to 10 GPa. This demonstrates that many-molecule interactions are unnecessary to explain the condensed phases of $N_2$. With increased pressure, transitions are observed from cubic ($α-N_2$), which optimises quadrupole-quadrupole interactions, through tetragonal ($γ-N_2$) which allows more efficient packing, through to monoclinic ($λ-N_2$) which packs still more efficiently. On heating, we obtain the hcp 3D rotor phase ($β-N_2$) and, at pressure, the cubic $δ-N_2$ phase which contains both 3D and 2D rotors, tetragonal $δ^\star-N_2$ phase with 2D rotors and the rhombohedral $ε-N_2$. Molecular dynamics demonstrates where these phases are indeed rotors, rather than frustrated order. The model does not support the existence of the wide range of bondlengths reported for the complex $ι-N_2$ phase. The thermodynamic transitions involve both shifts of molecular centres and rotations of molecules. We simulate these phase transitions between finding that the onset of rotation is rapid whereas motion of molecular centres is inhibited and the cause of the observed sluggishness of transitions. Routine density functional theory calculations give a similar picture to the potential.
Influence of chelate microfertilizers (microfit) application on the yield of early ripening group potato varieties on background of high doses of mineral fertilizers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers and chelated micronutrient fertilizers Mikrovit on varieties of Udacha and Snegir’ was studied in technology of potato cultivation of early ripening group. The study was carried out in 2012-2014 in the leached medium loamy Chernozem. Monitoring the phenology of potato varieties for early maturity group showed that the duration of interphase periods of growth and development of plants in the first half of the growing season are not dependent on fertilization. In the period from the phase of budding prior to the death of foliage with increasing doses of mineral fertilizers the duration of the growing season has lengthened on average by grades 9-13 days. The average for study without the use of mineral fertilizers the harvest of potato tubers was 12.6 t/ha, the input of N90P90K90 - to 18.6 t/ha, N120P120K120 - 21.2 MT/ha. Variety of potato Udacha is more sensitive for fertilizing (the average increase in yield of tubers, 8.4 t/ha), Snegir’ - slightly lower (average increase of 6.2 t/ha). On average for experiment regardless of the variety, the marketability of potatoes amounted to 74-94%. It is established that processing of tubers micronutrients contributed to increase mortality by 5 %, spraying of vegetating plants on 4-15 %. Maximum potato yield, early maturity varieties of Udacha - 25.6 t/ha were formed with the integrated use of mineral fertilizers (N120P120K120) and preplant treatment of tubers chelate complex Microvit.
LNG at a Crossroads

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

For an industry that is just over 50 years old, liquefied natural gas (LNG) has matured rapidly and is playing an ever-growing role in the global energy system. From the start of international trade in the 1960s, demand reached 50 MTPA in 1990, then 100 MTPA in 2000, and 240 MTPA in 2012, according to the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas (CLNG). LNG has become the world’s fastest-growing gas supply source and is now part of an upheaval in the global energy market. Trade has quadrupled over the past two decades and is set to double over the next two. Consumption and share growth have set new records for three consecutive years. New markets for both demand and supply are developing rapidly. Liquefaction facilities and vessel fleets are expanding. Innovative and collaborative trade models are emerging. And, new technologies are being pursued to enhance LNG’s flexibility and competitiveness with other primary energy forms (Fig. 1). LNG is not without risks. These range from project economics, fuel competition, and politics on a local, national, and global scale to partner priorities, marketing, and contractual arrangements. Given the growing world population, the rising demand for more energy, and the need to mitigate climate change, the consensus is that the long-term outlook is bullish. But, says industry technical advisor DNV GL, the sector stands at a crossroads, and the industry must adopt new thinking to address current and future needs of buyers, sellers, and consumers both globally and regionally. What’s Behind the Growth? Three primary factors are behind the current wave of growth in LNG, according to the Shell 2019 LNG Outlook: the energy challenge, new countries choosing LNG for various reasons, and supply and demand. The world’s current population of 7.6 billion people is expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100, according to United Nations estimates. Of today’s population, nearly one person in three either has no electricity or struggles with unreliable supplies. As the population grows and more people seek to improve their quality of life, Shell projects that, by 2070, the world is likely to use at least 50% more energy than it does today. Natural gas has an advantage over other energy sources to meet current and future energy challenges because it is abundant, relatively clean, and cost-effective to produce. For these reasons and the role it can play in lowering carbon dioxide emissions, it is being touted as a bridge fuel to renewables as well as a foundational source of energy.