jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Kenya Land Commission and the Mwea Land Question, 1932 - 1934

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Several years after independence land related conflicts still hovers in Mwea area.Despite the creation of a National Land Commission to handle land issues by Kenya's 2010 constitution, the issue of land use and ownership remains a major cause of conflict between communities notably the Agikyu, Aembu,Mbeere and Akamba.The roots of these conflicts dates back to colonial times.After alienating African land, the colonial state embarked on creating reserves to accommodate African communities.However, the so called African reserves were haphazardly established without consideration to such factors like fertility and future rise in population.Consequently, by 1920s the reserves were overcrowded, terribly denuded and could hardly support African productive capacities resulting to agitation for more land by African ethnicities.Surprisingly, up to 1930, the government of the day did little if any to redress land problems afflicting African population.In 1932, however, the colonial administration constituted the Kenya Land Commission (hereinafter KLC) to look into the land question and suggest a lasting solution to land grievances in the colony.The recommendations of KLC impacted heavily on land use and ownership in Kenya.This paper therefore, examines the implications of the Kenya Land Commission on the Mwea land question.
Magnetic phase diagram of the Kondo lattice model with quantum localized spins

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The magnetic phase diagram of the ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model is\ndetermined at T=0 in 1D, 2D, and 3D for various magnitudes of the quantum\nmechanical localized spins ranging from S=1/2 to classical spins. We consider\nthe ferromagnetic phase, the paramagnetic phase, and the\nferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic phase separated regime. There is no significant\ninfluence of the spin quantum number on the phase boundaries except for the\ncase S=1/2, where the model exhibits an instability of the ferromagnetic phase\nwith respect to spin disorder. Our results give support, at least as far as the\nlow temperature magnetic properties are concerned, to the classical treatment\nof the S=3/2-spins in the intensively investigated manganites, for which the\nferromagnetic Kondo-lattice model is generally employed to account for\nmagnetism.\n
A Sanctuary at Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The context numbering for 1983 follows on from the 1982 excavations. Feature numbers quoted and shown on plans and sections are those used on site. However, for the convenience of this report the actual buildings are renumbered (1–11) and either retain the number given in the previous report (Vol. xiv), or follow on. Following the reporting of the excavations at this site in the previous issue of Britannia (Vol. xiv), adjacent plots of land were purchased by the developers and incorporated into the new housing estate, the enlarged area comprising a broad swathe of land south of Nos. 108-114 Wood Lane End (FIG. I ) and, in particular, part of the garden of No. 104 which covered much of Building I. Most of the additional land lay outside the protected area but scheduled monument consent was required for construction over the garden of No. 104. This was granted by the DOE provided that the Roman building known to lie there remained undisturbed within the gardens of the new houses. However, during top-soil clearance the south-west side of Building I was accidentally exposed and it became apparent that its plan was not that previously assumed on the evidence of trial-trenching and geophysical survey carried out in 1966-7 and 1982 respectively. In addition, following the stripping of top-soil elsewhere, traces of other Roman buildings and features were discovered. Although development had already begun, the architect and builders were most co-operative in allowing excavation to take place; the excavations were carried out by the DOE's Central Excavation Unit between August and October 1983.
Microelectrode Arrays for Present and Future Electrophysiological Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In vitro diagnostic devices have highly esteemed platforms for toxicological testing, drug screening and even for theranostics. An extremely promising device type are microstructured devices, often referred to as biochips, that can be coupled with in vitro cell cultures. Employing microfluidic structures devices such as cell-chips and organ-on-a-chip devices have been developed to mimic the microenvironment of the human body. By implementing microelectrodes on the chip it is facile to utilize the benefits of microelectronics - the label-free, non-destructive, permanent real-time measurement of cellular processes. With electretic cells the action potential of cells can be directly measured, while other non-electrically cells can be measureds via their impedance. We will present devices on both concepts from our research. We will present sophisticated biomedical devices, were used to record the electrophysiological activity the neurite part of nerve cells of in real-time. With an axon isolation device a delicate microfluidics system is combined with microelectrodes inside of microchannels just large enough for axonal and dendritic structures. Also the biocompatibility of electrode materials is essential, and the relevance of cyclic voltammetry for checking the safe voltage range of microelecrtrodes will be explained with practical examples. Fabrication routes, benefits and limitations of microelectrode arrays. interdigitated electrode sensors and even 3D nanoelectrodedes will be discussed. An outlook on future devices featuring arrays 3D nanoelectrodes and microstructured guidance structures will be given.
Premarital Guidance During Covid-19 Pandemic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

<p>Revitalization of premarital guidance has been conducted by the Director-General of Islamic Community Guidance of the Ministry of Religious Affairs since 2017. The program is a solution to high cases of divorce, child marriage, and domestic violence. The main priority of this program is implemented in districts/cities with high divorce rates. Semarang as the provincial capital could be a portrait representation of this program, let alone it is recorded as the city with the highest divorce rate in Central Java. The target for 2018-2019 could be achieved well and maximum. The COVID-19 pandemic brought its problems for the fulfillment of this targeted activity. This descriptive qualitative study illustrated how the implementation of pre-marital marriage guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Semarang. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic gave technical changes in implementing premarital guidance that should be under the health protocols such as reducing the number of participants for face-to-face premarital guidance, eliminating premarital guidance for teenagers, and improving independent premarital guidance. Also, there was a decrease in the target activity caused by the low number of marriage applicants.</p><p> </p>
SH2890720.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Preferential usage of rifaximin for the treatment of hydrogen-positive smallintestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rifaximin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic regimen for SIBO therapy. Patients with hydrogen or hydrogen and methane positive breath tests responded well to rifaximin therapy. For patients with hydrogen-positive SIBO, rifaximin may prove a highly effective therapy in providing symptom relief from the effects of SIBO.
Immunomic analysis of human sarcoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The screening of cDNA expression libraries from human tumors with serum antibody (SEREX) has proven to be a powerful method for identifying the repertoire of tumor antigens recognized by the immune system of cancer patients, referred to as the cancer immunome. In this regard, cancer/testis (CT) antigens are of particular interest because of their immunogenicity and restricted expression patterns. Synoivial sarcomas are striking with regard to CT antigen expression, with >80% of specimens homogeneously expressing NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3. In the present study, 54 sarcoma patients were tested for serum antibodies to NY-ESO-1, SSX2, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, CT7, and CT10. Two patients had detectable antibodies to CT antigens, and this seroreactivity was restricted to NY-ESO-1. Thus, although highly expressed in sarcoma, CT antigens do not induce frequent humoral immune responses in sarcoma patients. Sera from these two patients were used to immunoscreen cDNA libraries from two synovial sarcoma cell lines and normal testis, resulting in the identification of 113 distinct antigens. Thirty-nine antigens were previously identified by SEREX analysis of other tumor types, and 23/39 antigens (59%) had a serological profile that was not restricted to cancer patients, indicating that only a proportion of SEREX-defined antigens are cancer-related. A novel CT antigen, NY-SAR-35, mapping to chromosome Xq28 was identified among the cancer-related antigens, and encodes a putative extracellular protein. In addition to testis-restricted expression, NY-SAR-35 mRNA was expressed in sarcoma, melanoma, esophageal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer. NY-SAR-35 is therefore a potential target for cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies.
Application research of intracranial electroencephalogram monitoring in suspected insular epilepsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective
To investigate the application of intracranial buried electrode technique for video electroencephalogram(EEG) monitoring and to locate the suspected insular epilepsy in clinical application.

Methods
The strip, grid, and depth electrodes were implanted into insula, operculum, and other suspicious positions, and 15 patients with suspected insular epilepsy syndrome were monitored by long-term video EEG. The EEG changes of the interictal and ictal phases were recorded, and the origins of epileptic foci were identified and the epileptic foci were resected by surgery.

Results
The buried time of intracranial electrodes in 15 patients ranged from 5 to 21 days. The epileptogenic foci interictal period and ictal epileptiform discharges were all recorded. Five patients were diagnosed as insular epilepsy, 5 were temporal lobe epilepsy, 3 were frontal lobe epilepsy, and 2 were occipital lobe epilepsy. The patients accepted epileptogenic foci resection. All patients did not have any intracranial buried electrodes caused complications.

Conclusion
Using the intracranial buried electrodes for EEG monitoring, the epileptic foci of suspected insular epilepsy syndrome can be localized accurately and improve the cure rate.

Key words:
Epilepsy; Electrodes, implanted; Electroencephalography; Microsurgery; Insular
Physicochemical properties of Vitex negundo seed oil and the isolation of its nervonic acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Vitex negundo seed oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and its physicochemical properties were analyzed.The fatty acid composition in the Vitex negundo seed oil was also determined by GC.Furthermore,the nervonic acid in the seed oil was isolated by metallic salt precipitation and crystallization in solvent.The results showed that the seed oil contained rich unsaturated fatty acid,in which the nervonic acid content was 3.45%.The nervonic acid content could be improved to 16.45% by metallic salt precipitation,5.57% by crystallizing 2 times in acetone,and 6.24% by combining these two methods.
Abstract 251: Regulator of G Protein Signaling 5 is a Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-gamma and PPAR-delta Target Gene and Regulator of Resistance Vessel Tone

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor expressed in the vasculature. Targeted expression of dominant negative (DN) PPARγ to vascular muscle of transgenic mice (S-P467L) caused hypertension and aortic dysfunction. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase in myogenic tone in S-P467L resistance artery and a reduced large conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (BKCa) current in S-P467L smooth muscle cells (SMC). Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) corrected enhanced myogenic constriction and impaired BKCa channel function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that altered expression of PPARγ target genes in S-P467L resistance artery contributes to increased vessel tone. Gene expression profiling in mesenteric artery revealed a marked loss of the regulator of G protein signaling 5 (RGS5) in S-P467L compared to non-transgenic (NT) (fold change compared to NT; 0.18±0.03, p<0.05). Knock down of RGS5 by siRNA in SMC cultures enhanced PKC activity. Consistent with the function of RGS5 as a negative regulator of angiotensin (Ang) II signaling, S-P467L mesenteric artery exhibited an increased Ang II-induced constriction (at 3 nM: 31.4±4% in S-P467L vs 12.9±2% in NT, p<0.05). Pre-incubation of the artery for 30 minutes with the AT1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist losartan completely abolished Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. Neither AT1aR nor AT1bR mRNA expression was different between the groups, implicating a post-receptor mechanism in response to Ang II. Using a sequence-based model, we identified potential PPAR response elements (PPREs) close to the RGS5 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both PPARγ and PPARδ can bind at one of the identified PPREs, suggesting that RGS5 might be a direct target of both PPARs. Whereas a significant induction of RGS5 expression was observed in normal mesenteric artery following PPARγ (3.3±0.4 fold) or PPARδ (3.5±0.3 fold) agonist treatment, these inductions were completely lost in S-P467L. We conclude that PPARγ is required for normal resistance vessel tone and have identified RGS5 as a functionally important PPAR target gene.
Adsorption performance of antibiotics using magnetized–nitrated semi- carbonized fiber loaded with metal ions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigated the adsorption performance of antibiotics using modified semi-carbonized fibers (SCF) prepared from polyacrylonitrile and loaded with metal ions.Nitrated semi-carbonized fibers (N-SCF) and magnetized-nitrated semi-carbonized fibers (MN-SCF) were prepared through nitrification and magnetization methods, and different metal ion-loaded MN-SCFs were obtained by loading Ca and Mg ions onto MN-SCF.The effects of pH, temperature, and ionic strength on antibiotic adsorption were analyzed.The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied using batch experiments.Results showed that (1) the adsorption of antibiotics on the tested materials initially increased and then decreased with increasing pH and ionic strength, reaching maximum values at pH 4 and 0.1 mol/L, respectively.(2) Higher temperatures facilitated the adsorption of antibiotics on the materials, which followed a chemisorption mechanism.(3) The Langmuir model provided a better fit for the adsorption isotherms of TC, CTC, and OTC compared with the Freundlich model, suggesting monolayer adsorption.(4) The maximum adsorption capacity (q m ) of the antibiotics ranged from 0.80 to 3.97 mg/g, with of CTC > OTC > TC.Metal ion-loaded MN-SCFs exhibited higher adsorption amounts compared with MN-SCF alone.
Progress in pasture plant physiology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Some major achievements of pasture plant physiology are reviewed. Detailed study of growth patterns has provided an understanding of how grasses grow and how they persist in a grazed sward. Genetic variation for physiological characters is shown to offer opportunities for further progress in plant breeding. One of the effects of work on pasture productivity has been to draw attention to the accumulation of dead material, which needs to be harvested before it deteriorates, without however reducing growth rates by too frequent defoliation.
Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Functional characterization of Plasmodium berghei PSOP25 during ookinete development and as a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Predicted B cell epitopes of the PSOP25 protein ( http://tools.iedb.org/bcell ). Below is the protein domain architecture of PSOP25 with signal peptide highlighted in red, low complexity in pink, and transmembrane region in blue. Figure S2. The isotype of anti-rPSOP25 mAb was identified by ELISA using by the SBA Clonotypingâ ˘ System-HRP. The data represent two separate experiments. Error bar shows meanâ +â standard deviation. Figure S3. Western blot analysis of P. berghei ookinete lysates with anti-rPSOP25 sera (PolyAb) and anti-rPSOP25 mAb. Lysates were subjected to electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions by SDS-PAGE. Pbs21 mAb was used as positive control; a control mouse serum (PBS) was used as negative control. (ZIP 2413 kb)
Source codes from Efficient bending and lifting patterns in snake locomotion

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We optimize three-dimensional snake kinematics for locomotor efficiency. We assume a general space-curve representation of the snake backbone with small-to-moderate lifting off the ground and negligible body inertia. The cost of locomotion includes work against friction and internal viscous dissipation. When restricted to planar kinematics, our population-based optimization method finds the same types of optima as a previous Newton-based method. With lifting, a few types of optimal motions prevail. We have an
Concepts and Controversies in Grief and Loss

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although grief is a universal experience, the ways in which it occurs are not universally agreed upon. In fact, there is considerable controversy about the “normal” duration of grief, its expected outcome, and its course. Although most grieving adults will achieve a sense of normalcy at some point, others seem not to do so. Continuing impairment by grief raises a question: Is the experience qualitatively different from normal grief or is it different only in degree? This article discusses grief conceptualizations, including that of complicated grief, and approaches to grief counseling.
Pudendal but not tibial nerve stimulation inhibits bladder contractions induced by stimulation of pontine micturition center in cats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study examined the possibility that pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS) or tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) inhibits the excitatory pathway from the pontine micturition center (PMC) to the urinary bladder. In decerebrate cats under α-chloralose anesthesia, electrical stimulation of the PMC (40 Hz frequency, 0.2-ms pulse width, 10–25 s duration) using a microelectrode induced bladder contractions >20 cmH 2 O amplitude when the bladder was filled to 60–70% capacity. PNS or TNS (5 Hz, 0.2 ms) at two and four times the threshold (2T and 4T) to induce anal or toe twitch was applied to inhibit the PMC stimulation-induced bladder contractions. Propranolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was administered intravenously (1 mg/kg iv) to determine the role of sympathetic pathways in PNS/TNS inhibition. PNS at both 2T and 4T significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced the amplitude and area under the curve of the bladder contractions induced by PMC stimulation, while TNS at 4T facilitated the bladder contractions. Propranolol completely eliminated PNS inhibition and TNS facilitation. This study indicates that PNS, but not TNS, inhibits PMC stimulation-induced bladder contractions via a β-adrenergic mechanism that may occur in the detrusor muscle as a result of reflex activity in lumbar sympathetic nerves. Neither PNS nor TNS activated a central inhibitory pathway with synaptic connections to the sacral parasympathetic neurons that innervate the bladder. Understanding the site of action involved in bladder neuromodulation is important for developing new therapies for bladder disorders.
Things Fall Apart de Chinua Achebe — texto orgulhosamente negro

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chinua Achebe, a Nigerian author, has been considered by critics as one of the most impor-tant founders of African literature, in reaction to the literature that until then had been produced on Africa. In the sequence of the most diverse colonial literary texts and the arguments that validated colonialism in Africa, always in a dimension of affirmation of white superiority and black savagery, and in which any value, history, or notion of culture was denied to African peoples, Achebe begins a mission to show the western world that pre-colonial Igbo culture had beauty, philosophy, dignity and viable social, political and judicial structures, and that it was by no means an example of the «blank slate» that many Europeans wanted people to believe. In this sense, Achebe publishes his first novel, Things Fall Apart, still in a colonial context (1958), to make his culture known, realistically and based on internal knowledge, in a counterpoint to this prejudiced and racist European devaluation.
A mechanistic growth and development model of common ragweed

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A mechanistic model was constructed for common ragweed growth and development based on the generic plant model CROPSIM. Adaptations were made to CROPSIM's growth and development subroutines to enable common ragweed growth to be simulated. Data from field studies using a single-source common ragweed grown in monoculture and from the literature were used to parameterize the model. The influences of varying environmental conditions across years, densities, and emergence timing on leaf number, leaf area, leaf weight, height, and biomass accumulation were taken into account by the model. Deviations between simulated and measured values generally fell within a relatively narrow range. Deviations outside this range tended to be associated with common ragweed growth shortly after emergence, particularly during temperature and moisture extremes. Future versions of the CROPSIM model may need to include more detailed algorithms for upper soil surface layer temperature and moisture conditions and improved germination and emergence algorithms to reduce these deviations. Nomenclature: Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL.