jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Determinants of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption amongst Portuguese adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background A low consumption of fruit and vegetables (F&V) represents a high burden on health. The present study evaluates sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric determinants of an inadequate consumption of F&V (<5 servings per day). Methods Participants were randomly selected within the adult Porto population ( n = 2485). Those with normal cognitive function and information on key variables were analysed ( n = 2362). Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals ( CIs ) were calculated by logistic regression, after sex stratification and controlling for age, education, marital status, smoking, regular physical exercise and total energy intake. Results Older women and men had 37% and 67%, respectively, lower odds of inadequate F&V consumption (≥65 versus <40 years: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.42–0.94; OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.20–0.56). More educated subjects (>12 versus <5 years) and those engaged in regular physical exercise had approximately 50% lower probability of F&V inadequacy compared to nonpractitioners, and this was similar in both sexes. On the other hand, female and male current smokers had 1.86‐ and 2.05‐fold higher probabilities of having inadequate F&V consumption. Individuals consuming excessive alcohol (women: ≥15 g day −1 ; men: ≥30 g day −1 ) presented a two‐ and four‐fold higher probability of having inadequate F&V consumption compared to nondrinkers ( OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.38–2.77 in women; OR = 4.40, 95% CI = 2.70–7.18 in men). Conclusions In both sexes, an inadequate consumption of F&V was more frequently found in younger, less educated and less physically active subjects with smoking and drinking habits. Strategies aiming to increase F&V consumption should consider these target groups that present a clustering of unhealthy lifestyles.
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressant treatment in poststroke depression: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The aim of this study is to create a rank order of the comparative efficacy and acceptability (risk of all-cause discontinuation) of antidepressant treatment in poststroke depression (PSD) by integrating direct and indirect evidence. Design Multiple-treatments meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Participants Patients with depression following stroke. Interventions 10 antidepressants and placebo in the acute treatment of PSD. Outcome measures The primary outcomes were the overall efficacy, defined as the mean change of the total depression score. The secondary outcome was the acceptability, defined as risk of all-cause discontinuation. These estimates as standardised mean differences or ORs with 95% CIs. Results We identified 12 suitable trials, with data from 707 participants. All drugs were significantly more effective than placebo apart from sertraline, nefiracetam and fluoxetine. Most of the comparisons for acceptability revealed no significant differences except that paroxetine had significantly lower all-cause discontinuation than doxepin, citalopram and fluoxetine. Standardised mean differences compared with placebo for efficacy varied from −6.54 for the best drug (reboxetine) to 0.51 for the worst drug (nefiracetam). ORs compared with placebo for acceptability ranged from 0.09 for the best drug (paroxetine) to 3.42 for the worst drug (citalopram). For the efficacy rank, reboxetine, paroxetine, doxepin and duloxetine were among the most efficacious treatments, the cumulative probabilities of which were 100%, 85.7%, 83.2%, 62.4%, respectively. With respect to the acceptability rank, paroxetine, placebo, sertraline and nortriptyline were among the most acceptable treatments, the cumulative probabilities of which were 92.4%, 63.5%, 57.3%, 56.3%. Conclusion After weighing the efficacy and acceptability, we conclude that paroxetine might be the best choice when starting acute treatment for PSD, and fluoxetine might be the worst choice. Trial registration number This systematic review has been registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Review Protocols (PROSPERO) public database (CRD42017054741; http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO ).
The Inter American Court of Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book provides a critical legal perspective on the legitimacy of international courts and tribunals. The volume offers a critique of ideology of two legal approaches to the legitimacy of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) that portray it as a supranational tribunal whose last say on human rights protection has a transformative effect on the democracies of Latin America. The book shows how the discussion between these Latin American legal strands mirrors global trends in the study of the legitimacy of international courts related to the use of constitutional analogies and concepts such as the notion of judicial dialogue and the idea of democratic transformation. It also provides an in-depth analysis of how, through the use of those categories, legal experts studying the legitimacy of the IACtHR enact self-validation processes by making themselves the principal agents of transformation. These self-validation processes work as ideological apparatuses that reproduce and entrench the mindset that the legal discipline is a driving force of change in itself. Further, the book shows how profiling the Court as an agent of transformation diverts attention from the ways in which it has pursued a particular view of human rights and democracy in the region that creates and reproduces relations of inequality and domination. Rather than discarding the IACtHR, this book aims to de-centre the focus away from formal legal institutions, engaging with the idea that ordinary people can mobilise and define the content of law to transform their lives and territories. The book will be a valuable resource for scholars working in the areas of human rights law, law, public international law, legal theory, constitutional law, political science and legal philosophy.
Development of Catalytic RNAs as Potential Anti-HIV-1 Agents

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

RNA molecules with enzymatic activity (ribozymes) targeted to the genome of HIV-1 were developed and demonstrated to mediate site-specific cleavage of the HIV-1 RNA in vitro and to inhibit viral proliferation intracellularly. Two classes of ribozymes that incorporate a "hammerhead" catalytic center were utilized, eotide elements in the viral sequence to provide half of the The first class used nuclcatalytic center. A complementary strand harboring the remaining active site nucleotides was supplied in trans and directed the site-specific cleavage of the HIV-1 RNA target. A second type of ribozyme incorporated the entire catalytic center, minus the site of cleavage, within a single RNA molecule. Ribozymes of this design were targeted to two different sites in the HIV-1 gag gene and a single site in the viral 5* LTR region. Efficient catalysis of each target was obtained at a physiological temperature. One of the ribozymes was expressed in CD4+ HeLa cells and was shown to be functionally active against an HIV-1 gag RNA target in a cell-free assay. When challenged with HIV-1, the CD4+ HeLa cells expressing the ribozyme produced 10-fold less gag-p24 antigen compared to CD4+ Hela parental cells. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the total RNA from infected cells supported the hypothesis that ribozymes mediated the sitespecific cleavage of HIV-1 RNAs intracellularly, resulting in lowered susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.\nThe possibility of delivering preformed ribozymes into the cells was also explored. Preliminary data suggests that a sufficient quantity of preformed ribozymes was taken up by H9 lymphocytes to render them more resistant to HIV-1 infection than control cells. The amount of delivered, preformed ribozyme can be increased by a lipid-delivery system (liposome). Experiments utilizing a liposome delivery system into human H9 lymphocytes are described.\nFinally, this study describes the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as eukaryotic model for studying ribozyme expression and function. Several ribozyme expressing constructs have been transformed into yeast, setting the stage for future studies in this organism.\nCatalytic RNAs such as those described in this thesis should prove to be effective therapeutic agents against HIV-1.
Monitoring of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Thorium in Germany

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Thorium is a natural radioactive element and has numerous applications. The extremely low annual limits on intake of national and international regulations and the extreme difficulties in detecting thorium in the body or excreta makes high demands on the techniques used for monitoring of exposed workers. In addition, there are problems resulting from a lack of information on the biokinetics of thorium and its radioactive decay products. A programme for monitoring thorium intakes on the basis of new regulations in Germany, is described.
STAM : traduction des textes non structurés (dialectes du Maghreb) (STAM: Translation of unstructured text (Maghreb dialects) The use of communication platforms (social networks, discussion forums).

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

L’utilisation des plateformes de communication (reseaux sociaux, forums de discussions, ...) a pris une ampleur considerable. Ces plateformes permettent aux internautes d’exprimer leur avis concernant un sujet, demander ou echanger des informations, commenter un evenement, etc. Ainsi, nous retrouvons dans ces differentes sources d’informations une quantite importante de textes rediges dans des dialectes locaux dont sont originaires les redacteurs. Cependant, ces textes non structures rendent l’exploitation des outils de traitement automatique des langues tres difficile. Le systeme STAM aborde cette problematique en proposant un systeme capable de transcrire automatiquement des textes ecrits dans un dialecte parle dans les pays du Maghreb en un texte facilement interpretable et comprehensible (francais ou anglais).
Molecular Hydrogen as a Lewis Base in Hydrogen Bonds and Other Interactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory calculations with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set were performed for complexes of molecular hydrogen. These complexes are connected by various types of interactions, the hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds are most often represented in the sample of species analysed; most interactions can be classified as σ-hole and π-hole bonds. Different theoretical approaches were applied to describe these interactions: Quantum Theory of ‘Atoms in Molecules’, Natural Bond Orbital method, or the decomposition of the energy of interaction. The energetic, geometrical, and topological parameters are analysed and spectroscopic properties are discussed. The stretching frequency of the H-H bond of molecular hydrogen involved in intermolecular interactions is considered as a parameter expressing the strength of interaction.
The effect of relentless monitoring and grading on teaching writing: An example from two South African schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the way in which two Grade 5 teachers employed at different primary schools in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa taught writing to their English first additional language (EFAL) learners. A qualitative interpretive approach was used to \nidentify factors that shape the ways these teachers handle the teaching of writing. Data collection methods consisted of interviews, classroom observations and document analysis. Analysis of the data reveals that both teachers focused primarily on ensuring that their \nlearners completed their written work so that it could be marked and graded in response to demands from their superiors, rather than on engaging deeply with the processes of writing (brainstorming, drafting, revising etc). Not only does this run counter to the writing \npedagogy recommended in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS), but it also denies learners the scaffolding needed to help them develop the self-regulation skills needed to become independent writers. These findings demonstrate the need for \nassisting teachers to shift away from focusing only on learners’ performance (testing and grading) towards a stronger emphasis on the process of writing. This would require that teachers develop a deeper understanding of the process/genre approaches to teaching writing advocated by CAPS.
Reply on RC2

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Ice sheet mass loss from Antarctica is greatest in the Amundsen Sea sector, where ‘warm’ deep seawater melts and thins the bases of ice shelves hundreds of meters below the sea surface. We use nearly 1000 paired salinity and oxygen isotope analyses of seawater samples collected on seven expeditions from 1994 to 2020 to produce a time series of glacial meltwater inventory on the Southeast Amundsen Sea continental shelf. Water column salinity-áº18O yield freshwater endmember áº18O values from −30.2 ‰ to −28.4 ‰, demonstrating that regional freshwater content is dominated by deep glacial melt. The meltwater fractions display temporal variability in basal melting, with 800 m water column meltwater inventories from 7.7 m to 9.2 m. This result corroborates recent studies suggesting interannual variability in basal melt rates of West Antarctic ice shelves and is consistent with the Amundsen region’s influence on ocean salinity and density downstream in the Ross Sea.
QUOTATION AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IN MUSIC BY MICHAEL NYMAN

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the most striking features in the music of the British composer Michael Nyman (born 1944) is the emphatic presence of musical quotations. This may be all the more remarkable because the main influence on Nyman's compositional style is minimal music. Generally, American minimal music is characterized by a large degree of abstraction, focussing on absolute music, clear abstract structures and the gradual unfolding of systematic musical processes. The almost provocatively objective appearance of the titles of works by Steve Reich ( Violin Phase, Four Organs, Music for 18 Musicians ) may be seen as emblematic for a music in which the transparent, process-like transformation of limited musical material calls for an equally objective type of material. Although American minimalists such as Steve Reich, Terry Riley and Philip Glass take recourse to diatonic material and tonal or modal harmonies, any reference to specific historical models is almost unconceivable in their early work, as the associations that come with the quoted material would only distract the listener from the systematic processes that the material is being subjected to, which forms the essence of this style. In that respect, Michael Nyman's fusion of minimalist strictness with openly acknowledged borrowings of pre-existing music sets him apart from his American contemporaries. This article investigates how Nyman applies different aspects of his quotation technique, how he incorporates the musical and extra-musical characteristics and associations that come with the quoted material into a solid musical statement, and how all this is combined with the strictness of his minimalism-related composition technique.
Soil organic matter protects US maize yields and lowers crop insurance payouts under drought

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Higher levels of soil organic matter improve soil water retention, meaning they could mitigate agricultural yield losses from drought. Yet evidence to support such claims is mixed and incomplete. Using data from 12 376 county-years in the United States of America, we show that counties with higher soil organic matter are associated with greater yields, lower yield losses, and lower rates of crop insurance payouts under drought. Under severe drought, an increase of 1% soil organic matter was associated with a yield increase of 2.2 ± 0.33 Mg ha −1 (32.7 bu ac −1 ) and a 36 ± 4.76% reduction in the mean proportion of liabilities paid. Similar, yet smaller, effects were found for less severe levels of drought and this effect was reduced as soil clay content increased. Confirmatory pathway analyses indicate that this positive association of soil organic matter and yields under drought is partially explained by positive effects of soil organic matter on available water capacity and cation exchange capacity, but that soil organic matter may be imparting yield protection via mechanisms not fully captured by those metrics. Overall, our results suggest soil organic matter predicts yield resilience at regional scales in the United States. We argue that data on soil organic matter should be used in agricultural policy and financial planning, with our analyses providing quantitative evidence of the co-benefits of soil organic matter believed fundamental to advancing soil health and carbon sequestration initiatives.
Fuzzy n-person cooperative games

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We will examine n-person cooperative games under fuzzy environments in this chapter. In noncooperative games, there is not much difference between twoperson games and n-person games. However, in cooperative games, coalitions are organized by group agreement among some or all of the players and many coalitions are possible in the n-person case, while there is only one possible coalition in the two-person case. Thus, the n-person case is mainly treated for analysis of cooperative games. For conventional n-person cooperative games, a coalition is defined as any nonempty subset of the set of all players, making the number of possible coalitions at most 2n — 1, which includes one-person coalitions. Any player participating in a coalition must accept completely the decisions of the coalition; that is, a coalition behaves like an individual decision maker.
QUICK-ASSEMBLED BUILDINGS – A NEW WAY OF ORGANIZING ENERGY EFFICIENT ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS FOR REFUGEES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

On the 24th of February, 2022, a hostile invasion of the Russian army began on the territory of our country, along the entire length of the common border, from Luhansk to Chernihiv, as well as from the territory of Belarus and the occupied Crimea. The Russian occupiers are destroying our cities terribly and heartlessly. The occupiers continue their attacks, but they are unable to overcome the strong-minded Ukrainians, courageous soldiers - the Armed Forces, who are defending their land. The city of Kharkiv, which was the first capital of Ukraine, was awarded the honorary title of the city of Heroes, due to persistent resistance to the predatory bombing of military and industrial facilities, educational institutions, health care facilities, as well as civilian and residential facilities. As a result, the rapid evacuation of the city's population to more remote cities in Ukraine or abroad began. Peaceful people were forced to leave and leave their homes for safety, taking only essentials. But, unfortunately, the territories of most Ukrainian cities to which people were evacuated are overcrowded and do not have the necessary number of residential buildings that would provide comfortable conditions for temporary shelter for internally displaced persons. Therefore, this article aims to solve the global problem of today, namely, the creation of comfortable living conditions through new urban planning entities - energy-efficient ecological settlements for refugees. This settlement should provide the most rational organization of space, be compact, energy efficient, adapted to the selected area and fast in implementation, thanks to innovative technologies - prefabricated buildings. The aim of this study is to identify optimal ways to organize energy-efficient ecological settlements for refugees by building compact types of buildings that are energy efficient and quick to implement. Based on this goal, various types of compact buildings that are energy efficient and fast to implement, features of design solutions for residential buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy efficient and three-dimensional solutions for the organization of energy efficient environmental settlements for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
ECG Database Applicable for Development and Testing of Pace Detection Algorithms

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper presents an ECG database, named 'PacedECGdb' (available at http://biomed.bas.bg/bioautomation/2014/vol_18.4/files/PacedECGdb.zip), which contains different arrhythmias generated by HKP (Heidelberger Praxisklinik) simulator, combined with artificially superimposed pacing pulses that cover the wide ranges of rising edge (from <10 µs to 100 µs) and total pulse durations (from 100 µs to 2 ms) and correspond to various pacemaker modes. It involves a total number of 1404 recordings - 780 representing 'pure' ECG with pacing pulses and 624 that comprise paced ECGs corrupted by tremor. The signals are recorded with 9.81 µV/LSB amplitude resolution at 128 kHz sampling rate in order to preserve the steep raising and trailing edges of the pace pulses. To the best of our knowledge, 'PacedECGdb' is the first publicly available paced ECG database. It could be used for development and testing of methods for pace detection in the ECG. The existence of ECGs corrupted by tremor (the only physiological noise that could compromise the methods for pacing pulses detection) is an advantage, since such signals could be applied to define the signal-to-noise level for correct operation of the algorithm, or for improvement of the noise immunity of a method that is under development. The open access of the database makes it suitable for comparative studies including different algorithms.
Abstract 2844: ATATESTM activated the same patient's immune system to eliminate hundreds of melanoma tumors for cure of cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A 26 year old male melanoma cancer patient had over 1000 solid tumors originated from a laser treatment of a mold on his back. Mutated cancer cells metastasized to his lymph nodes first then spread to the skin all around the body. He had symptoms of vomitting, poor apetide, loosing weight and lack of strength for several months before seeking BioMedicure's help. ATATESTMproducts, with antigenic material information from millions of tumor cells preserving in spheres, were made out of his melanoma tumors for immunotherapy over one month. His symptoms have been reversed after a couple of months’ ATATESTM immunotherapy. Over 95% of his melanoma tumors have been under control and disappearing over time. Multiple death pathways elicited by ATATESTM have been observed and investigated. The detailed mechanisms of action for ATATESTM will be presented. Citation Format: Yong Qian. ATATESTM activated the same patient's immune system to eliminate hundreds of melanoma tumors for cure of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2844. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2844 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.