jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Friction Bit Joining of Similar Alloy Sheets of High-Strength Aluminum Alloy 7085

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Friction Bit Joining (FBJ) is a new technology used primarily in joining dissimilar metals. Its primary use has been focused in the automotive industry to provide an alternative joining process to welding. As automotive manufacturing has continually pushed toward using dissimilar materials, new joining processes have been needed to replace traditional welding practices that do not perform well when materials are not weld compatible. FBJ meets these needs perfectly as it provides strength as well as the ability to join materials of almost any kind.The purpose of this research was to explore different applications of the FBJ process. Traditionally FBJ has used a steel bit to drill through a thin piece of aluminum and weld to a piece of steel behind the aluminum. This research explored a different application of FBJ by using a steel bit to drill through multiple pieces of aluminum and weld to a small steel bit on the backside of the aluminum. The primary goal of this research was to answer two questions. (1) How does drilling impact peak weld strength and (2) Does an optimal shank diameter exist in terms of peak weld strength? As in other research, no universal parameters were found for optimization of lap shear, cross tension and t-peel tests. Drilling was found to be an important factor in peak weld strength. Number of flutes on the consumable steel bit was varied to see the impact of better and worse chip clearance ability. Increasing number of flutes was found to positively impact peak weld strength to a point. Optimal number of flutes was found to be different for each type of testing. It was found that there was an optimal bit head to bit shank diameter ratio that optimized peak weld strength. Again the optimal diameter was different for each test. Bits of different diameters were created and then tested to measure the impact of varying shank diameters on peak weld strength. It was found that there was a strength tradeoff between two localized joint areas in diameter testing. Decreasing the shank diameter increased the amount of overlap formed by the bit head over the top coupon. This shifted strength to the bit head region. While this strengthened the bit head region of the joint, strength was sacrificed in the bit-nut intersection. This tradeoff was consistently found in all test types.
Novel macrocycles by modification of the beta,beta'-position of porphyrins

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nearly all living things contain porphyrins and chlorins. They play key roles in metabolic processes. Synthetic porphyrins are also intensely studied, as they have found use in a number of applications, such as photodynamic therapy, photodiagnosis, and light harvesting devices. ^ It was earlier shown that the β,β′-position of porphyrins could undergo cleavage and ring-closure reactions to generate novel porphyrinic macrocycles. We have concentrated on the further elucidation of the reactivity of the β-positions of chlorins using meso-tetraaryldiolchlorins as starting materials. These derivatives offer the possibility to design rational syntheses for a wide variety of pyrrole-modified porphyrins. The results of these syntheses are described, in particular: (1) Porphyrins in which one of the β,β′-double bonds has been formally replaced by a lactone moiety are called porpholactones. We show that these porpholactones can be synthesized from diol chlorins. Novel lactol and oxazole containing chromophores can also be formed by reduction of the porpholactones. (2) If one of the pyrrolic subunits in porphyrins is replaced with a morpholine ring, morpholinochlorins are formed. The metal-templated synthesis of these chromophores by reaction of the Ni(II) secochlorin bisaldehyde with an alcohol is known. However, since it proved impossible to remove the central metal ion without concomitant destruction of the macrocycle, the free base analogues could not be formed. Thus, a removable metal template was sought to access free base morpholinochlorins. We found that Ag(II) can act as a suitable template. (3) Free base morpholinochlorins could also be prepared directly from diol chlorin in the absence of a templating metal. Generation and in situ reaction of the free base bisaldehyde with alcohols generates free base morpholinochlorins in high yields. (4) The synthesis of a novel class of secochlorin-based chromophores containing direct o-aryl-to-β-position linkages is described. ^ The spectroscopic properties of all novel chromophores are discussed. These studies further illustrate the reactivity of the β,β ′-position of porphyrins and the photophysical effects of a manipulations of these positions. ^
Effect of Surgery on Quality of Life with Operable Breast Cancer in Limited Resource Environments: Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We thank Purvi Thakkar et al. for their comments on our article [1]. It is good to see that our results are reproducible. The reported decrease in quality of life may be explained by the fact that a different questionnaire was used. The FACT-B is a disease-specific questionnaire that inquires more into functioning than into satisfaction with functioning.

The primary goal of our study was to present surgeons with other factors than only the clinical parameters, such as tumor size, that can help in the decisional process. We hope that more surgeons will assess the personality of a woman with early-stage breast cancer and use this as additional information when counseling her about possible breast cancer treatment modalities.
Marked Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy in Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is uncommonly associated with lymphadenopathy, while retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy is extremely uncommon. We report on a patient with a 12-year history of HCL who developed painless jaundice and ascites, accompanied by positional discomfort with persistent nausea. Computed tomography examination revealed 2 large retroperitoneal masses, which at autopsy consisted of HCL with focally intermixed pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue. Lymphadenopathy was not identified above the diaphragm or below the aortic bifurcation. No vasculitis or an unusual HCL histology was identified. As previous reports, our findings suggest that HCL with massive lymphadenopathy has a specific site predilection, but it is not necessarily accompanied by vasculitis or an unusual histology.
Development of Report Turnaround Times in a University Department of Radiology during Implementation of a Reformed Curriculum for Undergraduate Medical Education

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose The implementation of a reformed curriculum for undergraduate medical education with a problem-oriented focus and more bedside teaching in small groups increases the academic teaching workload. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this increase in teaching duties is associated with an increase in report turnaround times of radiologists or increased unplanned absence during term times compared with term breaks (lecture-free periods) and over the whole period under investigation. Materials and Methods The database of all radiological examinations performed at a large German university hospital was retrospectively analyzed for a two-year period from the winter term 2011/12 to the summer term 2013. A total of 192 984 radiological examinations performed during this period were included in an analysis of reporting times (i. e., time from end of examination to completion of report) during term times versus term breaks. Reporting times were analyzed for all radiological examinations and for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In addition, radiologists’ schedules were analyzed in terms of teaching duties, unplanned absence, vacation days, and days away from work for education and training. Results During the period under investigation, the teaching load increased from overall 1.75 hours/day in the winter term 2011/12 to 6.49 hours/day in the summer term 2013 and in the term break from overall 0.10 hours/day in the winter term 2011/12 to 0.71 hours/day in the summer term 2013. Reporting time increased during this period (p < 0.05) but remained shorter during term times than during term breaks. The difference between term and term break for ICU patients was not significant. There was no increase in unplanned absences during term times. Conclusion Overall, radiologists’ reporting times increased during the period when the reformed curriculum for undergraduate medical education was implemented. As this was observed both during term and during term breaks, increased teaching duties alone cannot serve as a sole causal explanation. Key Points: Citation Format
Shook Ones: Understanding the Intersection of Nonfatal Violent Firearm Injury, Incarceration, and Traumatic Stress Among Young Black Men

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Violent injury is a leading cause of death and disability among young Black men, with the highest rates occurring in low-income urban populations. Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) offer a promising opportunity to address the biopsychosocial factors that adversely affect this population. However, there are major gaps between the needs of young Black male survivors of violent injury and the forms of care provided by HVIPs. Patient-centered outcomes research provides a useful mode of inquiry to develop strategies to decrease these differences. Care for survivors, including treatment for traumatic stress disorders, must be reconceptualized to center the lived experiences of young Black men. This paper qualitatively explores how these survivors of gun violence express symptoms of traumatic stress and the ways in which their narratives can inform the implementation of the biopsychosocial model in HVIPs. A phenomenological variant ecological systems theory framework was used to analyze participant narratives to aid in understanding their symptoms of traumatic stress and post-injury affective changes as both psychologically and socially important experiences. Such insight may inform changes to HVIP practice to address persistent health disparities related to violence.
Comparison of malondialdehyde, hydroxynonenal, isoprostane and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: To study the level of oxidative Stress markers like malondialdehyde, 4 Hydroxynonenal (HNE), Isoprostane and 8 hydroxyguanosine was measured in the serum, saliva and urine of the patients suffering from osteoarthritis. Methods: In this study, oxidative stress markers in the body fluids of Osteoarthritic( OA) patients were compared with the control groups. The level of stress markers were determined by commercially available quantitative ELISA kits. Result: Our findings indicate that the highest levels of these oxidative stress markers were detected in serum followed by urine. The saliva overall presented less levels of oxidative stress markers in individuals with and without OA. In addition to this detection of MDA in serum sample was found to be the most important tool in the detection of OA. Conclusion: the clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans must come from a critical analysis of the markers that should give an overall index of redox status in particular conditions. Keywords: Osteoarthritis, MDA, HNE, 8-Hydroxyguanosine, Isoprostane, lipidperoxidation
Entity-Aware Graph Convolution Networks for Event Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The existing event detection models based on graph convolutional networks only consider the syntactic structure from the dependency tree of the sentence, and ignore the importance of the entity to the event in the syntactic structure, which is used for event detection task. In this paper, we propose a Entity-Aware Convolutional Networks (EAGCN) which exploits adding entity information directly to the syntactic structure by dynamically modifying the dependency graph of the sentence in the convolution operation. Besides, we followed EAGCN with a Bi-directional Long-Short Term Memory to import sequence information into structure information, which is an indispensable part of the model. The sufficient experimental results show that our model achieves the best F1 score for the event detection task on the ACE 2005 dataset.
Economics of turmeric cultivation in Erode district of Tamil Nadu

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Turmeric is the major spice crop in India. This paper attempts to estimate the cost and economic returns of turmeric cultivation among various size categories (marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large), of farmers in Erode district of Tamil Nadu, which is one of the major turmeric growing region in India. The results of the study showed that of all the size categories, the economic returns realized by large farmers were comparatively higher..Besides ensuring reasonable price to the farmers, the study suggested for value addition, like boiling, drying and grading of rhizomes in order to achieve maximum returns in turmeric cultivation.
[Content of different cytokines in the blood of healthy children and their siblings who are either.positive or negative for diabetes-associated autoantibodies (GADA, 1A-2A, IAA)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Content of different cytokines (IF alpha, TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) was examined in the blood serum in two groups of healthy children-siblings with type 1 diabetes mellitus with and without revealed insulin autoantibodies against pancreatic islets (GADA, IA-2A and IAA) by enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the group of patients with two and more revealed autoantibodies the higher indices in the number of IF alpha, TNF alpha and IL-6, and the decrease in the level of IL-4 comparing with the group of children with negative reaction to diabetes associated autoantibodies were more often observed.
Dysmicoccus boninsis Kuwana 1909

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana, 1909) Hosts. Polyphagous, known to feed on 39 species belonging to ten plant families (García Morales et al. 2016). In Colombia, D. boninsis has been previously recorded feeding on stems of sugarcane. In this study, this species was found for the first time feeding on the roots of sugarcane. Diagnosis. Dorsum: numerous oral collar tubular ducts present; with only 8 or 9 pairs of cerarii, each containing 2 enlarged setae. Venter: multilocular disc pores present on the fifth and posterior abdominal segments; translucent pores present on hind coxa and a few on the hind tibia; circulus normally notched at each side and divided by an intersegmental line, but sometimes small and oval (Williams & Granara de Willink 1992). Distribution. Cosmopolitan. In Colombia, it has been previously recorded from the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Santander, Tolima and Valle del Cauca (Kondo et al. 2008). Here it is recorded for the first time from the department of Caquetá. Economic importance and control. The gray sugarcane mealybug has been recorded from a wide range of grasses, as well as host plants from other families. On sugarcane, this species has been generally recorded as a minor pest but, when attended by ants, it may kill young shoots (Bartlett 1978). Kondo et al. (2008) recorded eight ant species associated with D. boninsis in Colombia: Brachymyrmex sp., Crematogaster sp., Ectatoma ruidum Roger, Linepithema sp., Neilanderia sp., Solenopsis sp., Pheidole sp. and Wasmania auropunctata Roger. Dysmicoccus boninsis is not considered a pest of sugarcane in Colombia (Lastra & Gómez 2000, Bustillo 2013). Material studied. COLOMBIA: Antioquia, Medellín, 1560 m a.s.l., 25.iii.2010, 5 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843; Boyacá: Togui, Vda. Garibal, Fca El Milagro, 1664 m a.s.l., 05°55′00″N, 73°30′54″W, 23.iii.2012, coll. H. Matheus, 9 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843; Caquetá: Florencia, Vda. La Carbona, 674 m a.s.l., 01°42′01″N, 75°02′26″W, 12.x.2013, coll. J. Silva, tended by Crematogaster sp. (Formicidae) and Wasmannia auropunctata (Formicidae), 1 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843; Florencia, Vda. Avenida Sebastopol, 826 m a.s.l., 01°44′57″N, 75°39′13″W, 13.x.2013, coll. J. Silva, tended by Pheidole biconstricta Mayr (Formicidae), 6 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843; Florencia, Vda. San Luis, 388 m a.s.l., 01°41′01″N, 75°37′42″W, 11.x.2013, coll. E. Rojas, tended by Pheidole sp. (Formicidae), 4 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843; Chocó: Acandí, Sapzurro, 8.i.2005, coll. F. Serna & E. Vergara, 19 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843; Tolima, Coello, Ibagué, San Francisco, 1158 m a.s.l., 04°23′56″N, 75°17′18″W, 13.xii.2005, coll. A. Ramos, 6 ♀, UNAB voucher N° 843. Note. All material collected off stems of S. officinarum, except for those from Boyacá, which were collected from roots. Observations. This is the first record of D. boninsis being associated with Pheidole biconstricta in Colombia.
Ultrasonic Detection of Delaminations on Composite Materials

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An accurate N.D.I. methodology can give a good knowledge of the internal damage status. The main purpose of the present paper is to describe the testing methodology and to discuss the testing procedures that have been performed in order to evaluate the position and the dimensions of the delaminations that occur in different composite materials under various load conditions. For the delaminations detection inside CFRP laminates and sandwich panels subjected to impact and fatigue loads, an ultrasonic apparatus, in form of reflection, has been utilized. This apparatus, suitable for in situ inspections, has been successfully utilized in our laboratory. The analysis of the experimental results shows the capability of the system to be adopted for any application where the presence of delaminations is expected.
<I>Miconia nordestina</I> (Melastomataceae), A New Species from Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Miconia nordestina has been collected 80 times in four Brazilian states (Ceará , Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia) since 1939, but remained undescribed. It shares its glabrescent leaves, lax inflorescences, and small flowers with white stamens with several species of Miconia that are difficult to distinguish from one another. It can be recognized by the decorticant branches covered with sessile-stellate trichomes, opposite leaves with basal nerves, entire margins, and glabrous or glabrescent abaxial surface, panicles without additional lateral branches and without accessory branches at the nodes, 5-merous flowers with regular, well-defined calyx lobes, the calyx tube glabrous inside, rounded to emarginate petals, weakly dimorphic stamens with appendaged connectives, and large and ventral inclined anther pores that are equal to or broader than the anther thecae, glabrous ovary and style. It always occurs in montane habitats between 250 and 1,100 m where it usually grows in riparian forests associated with rocky outcrops and on sandy or clay soil. This new species is described, illustrated, and compared with similar species occurring in Brazil and neighboring countries.
Hopf bifurcation analysis of a delayed SEIR epidemic model with infectious force in latent and infected period

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we analyze a delayed SEIR epidemic model in which the latent and infected states are infective. The model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, known as the basic reproduction number R0 , is less than or equal to unity. We investigate the effect of the time delay on the stability of endemic equilibrium when R0>1 . We give criteria that ensure that endemic equilibrium is asymptotically stable for all time delays and a Hopf bifurcation occurs as time delay exceeds the critical value. We give formulae for the direction of Hopf bifurcations and the stability of bifurcated periodic solutions by applying the normal form theory and the center manifold reduction for functional differential equations. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the analytical results.
Function and flexibility of object exploration in kea and New Caledonian crows

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A range of non-human animals frequently manipulate and explore objects in their environment, which may enable them to learn about physical properties and potentially form more abstract concepts of properties such as weight and rigidity. Whether animals can apply the information learned during their exploration to solve novel problems, however, and whether they actually change their exploratory behaviour to seek functional information about objects have not been fully explored. We allowed kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and New Caledonian crows ( Corvus moneduloides ) to explore sets of novel objects both before and after encountering a task in which some of the objects could function as tools. Following this, subjects were given test trials in which they could choose among the objects they had explored to solve a tool-use task. Several individuals from both species performed above chance on these test trials, and only did so after exploring the objects, compared with a control experiment with no prior exploration phase. These results suggest that selection of functional tools may be guided by information acquired during exploration. Neither kea nor crows changed the duration or quality of their exploration after learning that the objects had a functional relevance, suggesting that birds do not adjust their behaviour to explicitly seek this information.
The Solution of Reactor Diffusion Problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

An iterative method of solving finite difference equations representing multi-group neutron diffusion is described. The method is applicable to many different meshes including rectangular and equilateral triangular meshes and three-dimensional box-like meshes. Normal and adjoint problems with general scatter matrices can be solved. The interaction of the numerical method with the storage scheme and with transfers to and from the backing store is emphasised to show the suitability of the method for solving large problems of practical interest.
Preparation, X-ray Structure, and Reactivity of 2-Iodylpyridines: Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2-Iodylpyridine and four examples of 3-alkoxy-2-iodylpyridines were prepared by oxidation of the respective 2-iodopyridines with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane. Structures of 2-iodylpyridine, 2-iodyl-3-isopropoxypyridine, and 2-iodyl-3-propoxypyridine were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 2-Iodyl-3-propoxypyridine has moderate solubility in organic solvents (e.g., 1.1 mg/mL in acetonitrile) and can be used as a recyclable reagent for oxidation of sulfides and alcohols. The reduced form of this reagent, 2-iodo-3-propoxypyridine, can be effectively separated from the reaction mixture by treatment with diluted sulfuric acid and recovered from the acidic aqueous solution by adding aqueous sodium hydroxide.