jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A software tool to compare contrast-detail detection in uniform and in real mammographic backgrounds

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A software tool is presented to merge CDMAM phantom images with real mammographic backgrounds. It allows SKE tasks in uniform and in real backgrounds. This kind of tasks can be used to compare human, human visual metric or model observer performance in detail detection using uniform or mammographic backgrounds. As it is very well known, local characteristics of the structures in real mammographic backgrounds reduce the human performance in contrast-detail detection tasks. In consequence that performance cannot be inferred from the data acquired in white noise (flat) backgrounds such as a CDMAM phantom produces. It is of interest to compare the response of a mammography system to the same set of signals, either embedded in flat or in real backgrounds. This comparison achieves two goals. The first one is to analyze the variation of the recognition threshold of the system for both backgrounds. The second one is to analyze the performance of a human observer or a model observer over the same set of signals, varying the nature of the backgrounds. The software tool presented here uses CDMAM images to merge with a region of interest selected from a real mammography. This region as well as the mixing image method (basically adding or multiplying pixels) can be freely selected by the user. In this work a set of measurements of 8 images has been analyzed. We can preview the variation of the contrast-detail detection for a human observer and a human visual system metric (R*).
Online selective harmonic minimization for cascaded Half-bridge multilevel inverter using artificial neural network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is a widely used method to minimize the amount of total harmonic distortion (THD) in multilevel inverters. The main challenge associated with SHE method is to solve multiple variable high order nonlinear equations to obtain desired switching angles. To overcome this problem, a new online approach is provided in this paper which does not require solving complex nonlinear equations. In this method, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to determine the switching angles to minimize the THD amount of the ac side voltage of an 11-level cascaded Half-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter. However, unlike offline methods, ANN is updated online, without using any data gained from solving SHE equations. Finally, Simulation results are illustrated and compared with other offline methods.
An approach to electrical studies of single nanocrystals

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present electrical measurements of single Au and CdSe nanocrystals. The devices are fabricated using a hybrid scheme which combines electron beam lithography and wet chemistry to bind nanocrystals in tunneling contact between two closely spaced metallic leads. The current–voltage characteristics of these devices exhibit a Coulomb staircase with a charging energy of ∼50 meV. This technique is readily adapted to the study of a host of nanocrystals made by solution chemistry.
Evaluation on Effect of Botanical Pesticides for Controlling Pieris rapae L

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of botanical pesticides were evaluated against cabbage caterpillar(Pieris rapae L) in field trail.Compared with 8000IU/mg BT D,0.9% abamactin EC and 4.5% beta-cypermethrin,botanical pesticides1.6% LDS AS 1000 times dilution,0.2%KPS EC 1000 times dilution,10% nicotin EC 1000 times dilution and 0.5% toosendanin EC times dilution can give an fine effect,with the control effect of 71.72% to 100% after to 7 days of spraying.They are the harmless pesticides of control cabbage caterpillar(Pieris rapae L).
Bacteriological Monitoring Results of Western Fast Foods in Qingyuan City during 2006-2008

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

[Objective] To understand the hygienic status of western fast foods in Qingyuan city, analyze the influencing factors, and provide the evidence for making the scientific and effective management measures.[Methods]According to the Microbiological examination of food hygiene (GB/T 4789-2003), microbiological examination was conducted, and the data were analyzed statistically.[Results]464 food samples were tested with the qualified rates from 77.30% to 97.82%, the highest and lowest qualified rate was fried snack food (97.82%) and beverages (77.30%) respectively. Among four quarters, the qualified rate of the first quarter was the highest (96.06%), and that of the second quarter was the lowest (79.82%). The qualified rate of western fast foods in 2008 was the highest (94.12%), followed by 2006 (87.76%) and 2007 (87.00%), and the lowest qualified rate was in 2009 (75.43%).[Conclusion]The hygienic status of western fast foods is poor in this city. Health supervision and management should be strengthened to improve the hygienic level of western fast foods.
Scalability of wireless LAN systems in the unlicensed 17 GHz frequency band

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Wireless LAN systems are increasingly used in offices, hotels and public places to provide high-speed wireless access for portable computers and other mobile devices. Wireless LAN are relatively cheap, easy to install and require no license for operating a network. Current systems mostly use the 2.4 or 5 GHz frequency bands, where propagation conditions yield large cells and hence allow covering sizable areas with only a few access points (AP). If wireless traffic grows and the network becomes congested, either the cell size must be reduced or an overlay network in another frequency band deployed so that the increased capacity demand can be met In this paper, the second alternative is considered and the performance of a network operating at 17 GHz studied, since the band between 17.1 and 17.3 GHz was suggested for operating unlicensed wireless LAN. The performance of a proposed system is studied in three typical usage scenarios, a large shopping mall, an office setting and a campus area. Specific attention is paid to reducing installation costs. A method for simplifying the network planning is proposed and the influence on the system performance studied. Simulation results show that the system capacity, ie, the achievable data rate per user, increases almost linearly with the infrastructure density (number of AP installed per user). The proposed user-deployment approach, where the AP are set up by the users themselves, minimizes the network-planning overhead and causes only a relatively small performance loss.
Ralstonia solanacearum race 1. [Distribution map].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. race 1 Bacteria Hosts: Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), Capsicum, aubergine ( Solanum melongena ), other solanaceous crops, groundnut ( Arachis hypogea ), diploid banana ( Musa spp .). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Bulgaria, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian Far East, Southern Russia, Ukraine, ASIA, Bangladesh, China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Honshu, North Korea, Korea Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, AFRICA, Angola, Burundi, Congo Democratic Republic, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, North Carolina, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Martinique, Panama, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Goias, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea.
Actual problems of quality and safety of food products in the context of providing food security in the Zhytomyr region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The results of the veterinary and sanitary examination of food products are based on data from Zhytomyr Regional State Laboratory of the State Service for Safety of Food and Consumer Protection and State Laboratories of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of Economic Markets in Zhytomyr and Zhytomyr Oblast for 2018. The main cause of detoxification of offal was invasive disease. Total sales: 80.26325 tons of products and 10397 positive results were obtained, out of which 92 carcasses, 4074 cases of invasive and non-communicable diseases – 10.262 tons, 6231 cases of other food products with a total weight of 70.00125. The analysis of the reporting documentation of the ZHDLDPPS and the state laboratories of all economic markets in Zhytomyr and Zhytomyr region showed that the main causes of milk and dairy products were: mechanical and bacterial contamination, falsification, subclinical mastics, inconsistency of organoleptic parameters with regulatory requirements, fat content and acidity, violation of terms of implementation. Screening test systems (Charm test Chloramphenicol, 4 sensors (antibiotics of Beta-lactam groups, Tetracyclines, Streptomycins, Chloramphenicol) 247 samples of raw milk were checked, of which 2.4% were positive. Security guarantor dairy products in Ukraine remains a system for monitoring sanitary-dangerous pathogens and residual amounts of toxic substances. The pollution of forest fungi and game in the victims of the Chernobyl accident in the Zhytomyr region remains at a rather high level and they are the main source of danger to consumers. The most contaminated samples of fresh mushrooms, whose specific activity exceeded the regulatory requirements of DR-2006 for 137Cs content in 2018, were from Ovruch (5 samples 509.1 – 3375 Bq/kg), Native (1 sample – 1956 Bq/kg) and Zhitnaya Market of Zhytomyr (3 samples 2328–2345 bq/kg at a rate of 500 Bq/kg). Accordingly, samples of dry mushrooms at a norm of 2500 Bq/kg did not meet the normative requirements of Ovruch 1 (6329 Bq/kg), of the Nurses 2 samples (4330 Bq/kg and 4987 Bq/kg) and Olevsk 1 sample (2814Bk/kg. DLVSE the study of 28 samples of dry fungi showed that the specific activity of 50% of samples from the Ovruch region was 2520–5000 Bq/kg, 5.8% of samples from the Emilchinsky district – 2544–2923 Bq/kg, 7.2% of the samples from the Native -397– 29022 Bq/kg and 4.3% of samples from the Olevsk rayon – 2739–2892 Bq/kg. Of the LRDLDPPS examined, 3 samples of game – 1 sample from Ovruch exceeded the permissible levels by 2.3 times (464 Bq/kg), with Lugin in 3.3 times (634 Bq/kg), from the Native – 7.6 times (1531 Bq/kg) .And according to the DLVSE, the level of contamination of the game with 6 samples in the Germans – 4 samples (2000-12124 Bq/kg) In Samara, 1 sample in Korosten amounted to 1,500 Bq kg, of which 48 samples of milk tested by the DLVSE in the Germans all showed an excess of 137Cs (101-172 Bq/kg ), fish-2 samples – 203 and 590 Bq/kg.
The effect of Stadtsumbau Ost and tendency by a city scale

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

本稿はStadtsumbau Ostの実績と効果について調べたものである。ザクセン州の7都市を比較し、その傾向を明らかにすることを目的とする。ザクセン州ではこれまでのような人口減少は落ち着きつつある。西側への流出はほぼ見られなくなり、移動の傾向は州内の大都市へとなっている。州内の大都市では既に人口は増加し、中規模都市も安定傾向にある。これまでの人口移動の傾向は、州内から州外の流出であったが、その後大都市へ人口が集中するようになり、近年は州内大都市周辺へと移行している。しかし、人口動態についてはドイツ国内での人口は減少傾向である。人口増加は他都市からの人口流入によるものである。 国だけでなくEUも含めた支援の充実は各自治体の活動を牽引し、推進力となっている。また、補助金を獲得ことで民間の投資への動機づけとなり、地域改善の加速させることにもつながっている。
How to maintain the effective levels of probiotics throughout the shelf life in yoghurt: A review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Retention of probiotic functionality throughout the entire shelf life of probiotic yoghurt can be a challenge for manufacturers. The review was aimed to interpret the factors that have an influence on the growth of probiotic microorganisms in fermented dairy foods, especially in yoghurts. Compatibility between strains is important both for the manufacture and storage of the product. Inoculation with commercial and probiotic cultures results in complex interaction among strains that is advisable to consider during strain selection and setting of fermentation conditions. Processing steps like cold ripening and storage of yoghurt can represent a threat for the viability of probiotic bacteria as an adverse environment is present. The most important factors that can be a matter of concern are the presence of oxygen, low pH and cold stress. Strategies to eliminate the drawback of these conditions based on chemical and enzymatic methods and technological developments with respect to packaging. Growth is strongly influenced by ingredients involved into the food matrix. Incorporation of prebiotics can improve the viability of probiotics during manufacturing and storage of yoghurt and can contribute to the achievement and maintenance of effective cell numbers to confer beneficial effects for the host. The prerequisite of the effective use of prebiotics is their chemical stability under the applied manufacturing conditions.
Effect of Concentration and Duration of Colchicine Treatment on Polyploidy Induction in Dendrobium scabrilingue L.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The induction of polyploidy in Dendrobium scabrilingue L. was conducted by using colchicine treatment while being cultured on semi-solid VACIN and WENT (1949). Protocorm like bodies (PLBs) of diploid D. scabrilingue L. were treated with 0.000, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100 % (wt/vol) of colchicine for 3, 7, 14 and 21 d, respectively. The most effective treatment was 0.075 % (wt/vol) colchicine for 14 d which resulted in about 36.8 % surviving PLBs and with 43.1 % of tetraploid orchids, as measured by flow cytometry. Tetraploid plantlets showed broadened, 2–3 times thicker, less pointy, dark green leaves and increased stem and root diameter as compared to diploid plants. The results show that the ongoing selection process will provide improved and easier to cultivate D. scabrilingue L. of higher commercial value for Thai orchid growers.
Exploring the nexus between microlevel and contextual influencers on women leaders’ paradox mindset

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Women leaders struggle with the persistent paradoxical expectations. Literature suggests that a paradox mindset helps to leverage these tensions. This study aims to understand the nexus between the microfoundations of individual women leaders’ experiences, their responses and the organisational context, which enables or hinders their paradox mindset. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a qualitative approach by conducting semistructured interviews with 14 women, all senior leaders in corporate South Africa. Findings The results reveal the interaction in the nexus between, firstly, women leaders’ authenticity and awareness as key anchors that enable them to adopt a paradox mindset and, secondly, the organisation’s role in creating hindrances or opportunities to leverage tensions. Women leaders in our sample applied one of two strategies: they either adapted to the environment or curated a subenvironment. This study shows that, if done authentically, through her own agency, a woman can influence interactions that make it easier to manage tensions within her environment, especially those created by negative performance evaluation because of unconscious institutional gender bias. Research limitations/implications The extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the selected research context. Originality/value This research contributes to the literature on paradox theory by revealing organisational contextual influencers, such as institutional bias in negative performance evaluation, which hinders a woman leader’s opportunity to be hired or promoted. These organisational influences also interact with women leaders’ ability to embrace paradox and internally leverage agentic and communal tensions.
An Adaptive Model for Particle Fluid Surface Reconstruction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this letter, we present an efficient method for high quality surface reconstruction from simulation data of smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH). For computational efficiency, instead of computing scalar field in overall particle sets, we only construct scalar field around fluid surfaces. Furthermore, an adaptive scalar field model is proposed, which adaptively adjusts the smoothing length of ellipsoidal kernel by a constraint-correction rule. Then the isosurfaces are extracted from the scalar field data. The proposed method can not only effectively preserve fluid details, such as splashes, droplets and surface wave phenomena, but also save computational costs. The experimental results show that our method can reconstruct the realistic fluid surfaces with different particle sets.
Benefit Corporation Legislation in New York: What's the Benefit

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Formerly in New York State, businesses could operate as one of six different types: a business corporation, not-for-profit corporation, limited liability company, general partnership, limited partnership, or sole proprietorship. If Governor Cuomo signs the bill, businesses will be given a seventh option ? the benefit corporation. A business corporation can incorporate under New York State law by filing a Certificate of Incorporation under Section 402 of the Business Corporation Law. Businesses must pay a filing fee of $125 as well as the additional tax on shares. Corporations may amend their Certificate of Incorporation under Section 805 of the Business Corporation Law by filing a Certificate of Amendment and paying a $60 filing fee. The Certificate of Amendment can amend any of the information found in the Certificate of Incorporation including name change and revision of the purpose clause.
A Parameter Estimation of Bass Diffusion Model by the Hybrid of NLS and OLS

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Bass model is a cornerstone in diffusion theory which is used for forecasting demand of durables or new services. Three well-known estimation methods for parameters of the Bass model are Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), Nonlinear Least Square (NLS). In this paper, a hybrid method incorporating OLS and NLS is presented and it's performance is analyzed and compared with OLS and NLS by using simulation data and empirical data. The results show that NLS has the best performance in terms of accuracy and our hybrid method has the best performance in terms of stability. Specifically, hybrid method has better performance with less data. This result means much in practical aspect because the avaliable data is little when a diffusion model is used for forecasting demand of a new product.
A Multi-Group-Supporting Policy Hidden Fine-Grained Data Sharing Scheme in 5G-Enabled IoT With Edge Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Relying on the low latency, high reliability, and large bandwidth of 5G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT) can more efficiently promote information interaction and data utilization across remote locations. However, publicly accessible IoT environments involve risks of data and privacy leakage, which threatens the security and feasibility of the cloud-assisted IoT system. Although attribute-based encryption technology provides a fine-grained and secure data sharing solution, it is still challenging to employ dynamic management of multiple groups when device nodes operate cooperatively in dynamic groups. Thus, we propose a dynamic multi-group-supporting policy-hidden secure data sharing scheme in 5G-enabled IoT. Specifically, we exploit a group key management scheme based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem to achieve efficient dynamic group management in IoT and implement concealment of data owners’ access policies to enhance privacy preservation. Moreover, an edge computing layer has been introduced in our 5G-enabled IoT system to entrust decryption to edge servers and cloud servers, thereby mitigating the calculation burden of data users and assisting to fortify resilience against potential collusion attacks. To improve the availability of our system, mechanisms for validating the correctness of the final ciphertext were also incorporated. We further proved the security of the proposed scheme and conducted experimental simulations, which affirm its efficiency and practicability.
Annular Pancreas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

From a review of 266 cases reported in the literature and data on 15 other patients operated on a the Mayo Clinic for symptomatic, annular pancreas, the following three conclusions can be made. First, annular pancreas is an uncommon congenital anomaly, often not becoming symptomatic until late life. Second, complicating congenital and acquired disorders must be recognized it patients are to be properly prepared for surgery. Sometimes associated problems may be recognized, whereas the annular pancreas may be overlooked. The change of this happening is decreased by methodical inspection of the entire abdomen, especially all segments of the duodenum, because annuli can occur in any segment and can be partially or completely circumferential. Third, while there is no single operative procedure of choice, published experience militates against any direct attack on the offending annulus.
The anti‐proliferative effects of oleanolic acid on A7r5 cells—Role of UCP2 and downstream FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a major contributor to atherosclerosis. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of oleanolic acid (OA) against oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL)‐induced VSMC proliferation in A7r5 cells and explored underlying molecular mechanism. The cell proliferation was quantified with cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), in which ox‐LDL significantly increased A7r5 cells proliferation, while OA pretreatment effectively alleviated such changes without inducing overt cytotoxicity, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and Western blotting revealed increased UCP2 and FGF‐2 expression levels as well as decreased p53 and TSP‐1 expression levels in A7r5 cells following ox‐LDL exposure, while OA pretreatment reversed such changes. Furthermore, inhibiting UCP2 with genipin remarkably reversed the changes in the expression levels of FGF‐2, p53, and TSP‐1 induced by ox‐LDL exposure; silencing FGF‐2 with siRNA did not significantly change the expression levels of UCP2 but effectively reversed the changes in the expression levels of p53 and TSP‐1, and activation of p53 with PRIMA‐1 only significantly affected the changes in the expression levels of TSP‐1, but not in UCP2 or FGF‐2, suggesting a UCP‐2/FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1 signaling in A7r5 cells response to ox‐LDL exposure. Additionally, co‐treatment of OA and genipin exhibited similar effects to the expression levels of UCP2, FGF‐2, p53, and TSP‐1 as OA or genipin solo treatment in ox‐LDL‐exposed A7r5 cells, suggesting the involvement of UCP‐2/FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1 in the mechanism of OA. In conclusion, OA inhibits ox‐LDL‐induced VSMC proliferation in A7r5 cells, the mechanism involves the changes in UCP‐2/FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1.