jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The sympatho-adrenal response and erythropoietin production in adaptation to hypoxia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The research activity upon erythropoiesis regulation carried out by the team in the Physiology Department and in the Institute of Medical Research of the Romanian Academy in Cluj-Napoca developed continuously after 1950. Our studies contributed to the isolation, identification and characterization of erythropoietin (Epo) and also to a better understanding of the nervous adaptation mechanisms to hypoxia. At present, it is well known that hypoxia acts upon erythropoiesis through Epo production. Direct central nervous stimulation through hypoxia induces, via a neuro-humoral mechanism, a sympatho-adrenal response and release of Epo. Adaptive polyglobulia as a response to hypoxia increases the capacity of oxygen binding and transport. In this paper we attempted to identify the role of the sympathetic nervous system in adaptation to hypoxia correlated with Epo secretion. Experiments were carried out in three groups of rats, respectively, with cervical, thoracic, and lumbar (without celiac) sympathectomy. The sympathectomized animals were submitted to hypobaric or to hemorrhagic hypoxia, in parallel with control groups. Erythrocytic parameters (red blood cells, reticulocytes, hematocrit, and haemoglobin) were repeatedly assayed during the following 2-4 weeks. The results showed that animals with cervical sympathectomy adapt in a deficient manner to hypoxia; lacking the adaptive sino-carotid reflexes, adaptation occurs through increased Epo secretion, animals with cervical sympathectomy having higher counts of reticulocytes and of red blood cells at the end of experiment than intact animals. Thoracic sympathectomy has little influence upon the erythrocytic response, as the largest part of the respiratory and circulatory sympathetic reactions occur via the cervical sympathetic nerve. Lumbar sympathectomy without removal of the celiac ganglion does not decrease the erythrocytic response as expected; on the contrary, the erythrocytic response is increased as compared to controls.
Computer-Assisted Vocabulary Learning

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Off-line computer-assisted vocabulary trainers have been available to the general public since the 1980s, on-line trainers started to emerge 20 years later. With the advance of technology their databases, design, and tools supporting language learning have been changing continuously and choosing a trainer suitable to one's learning situation, needs and goals can be a tricky task. To these ends, 6 off-line and on-line computer-assisted vocabulary trainers for native speakers of German learning English as a foreign language were examined, all developed between 2003 and 2009 by LEO and the publishing houses Koch Media, Digital Publishing, Langenscheidt, and Pons. This study analyzes how vocabulary is introduced to learners, how learners can practice vocabulary, what feedback is provided, what kind of assessment takes place, and how software programs guide learners through the entire learning process. Possible improvements are suggested and meant to help establish guidelines for the future development of innovative vocabulary trainers.
Maisonneuve Fractures of the Ankle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

» Maisonneuve fractures (MFs), originally described as subcapital (high) fibular fractures with additional injury to the anterior and interosseous tibiofibular ligaments, display a variable injury pattern, ranging from stable to highly unstable fractures. » The high incidence of associated fractures of the posterior malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the anterolateral distal tibia (the “anterior malleolus”) as well as the variable position of the fibula in the fibular notch (FN) warrant preoperative examination via computed tomography (CT). » The main goal of treatment is anatomic reduction of the distal fibula into the FN, which requires prior reduction of displaced posterior malleolar fractures, if present, to restore the integrity of the FN. » Open reduction of the distal fibula into the FN and fixation with 2 transsyndesmotic screws or fixation with a screw(s) and suture-button implant, under direct vision, on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint and anterior tibiofibular alignment are preferred over closed reduction to avoid sagittal or rotational malpositioning, which is associated with an inferior outcome. » Intra- or postoperative 3D CT visualization is essential for assessment of the accuracy of the reduction of the distal fibula into the FN.
Ethical Research in Indigenous Contexts and the practical implementation of it: Guidelines for ethical research versus the practice of research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Indigenous Australians have been widely researched by non - Indigenous Australians which has resulted in the use of inappropriate research methodologies and excluded the involvement, participation and ownership over the research. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has developed national guidelines for the conduct of research in Indigenous communities. These guidelines have precipitated a change in Indigenous control and involvement over Indigenous research to a large extent, which is long overdue. This paper examines these guidelines and relates them to the practical experiences of researchers engaged in a school based research project in urban, rural and remote locations. The suitability of the guidelines will be analysed.
Detecting similar components between android applications with obfuscation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many Android researches which focus on clone Android applications (or apps) and third-party libraries are both related to detect similar components between apps or between app and third-party library. We conclude a set of stable features of a class which will not change during obfuscation through studying the app's bytecode and ProGuard, the most popular obfuscator used in Android development. Based on the stable features, we proposed a program analysis approach to detect similar packages, classes or methods between apps. We generate app's fingerprints based on the stable features, and compare the fingerprints later. So our approach can work well with obfuscated apps. We evaluate our approach through manually written apps and evaluate the functionality through two groups of app. And the result shows that our approach can analyze a pair of apps within 2min, which is feasible to detect similar components between apps.
Innovation, governance, and capabilities: implications for competition policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Oliver Williamson’s contributions to many subfields of economics are salutary. However, he was recognized by the Nobel Laureate Committee primarily for his work on the boundaries (scale and scope) of the firm. This tribute endeavors to marry Williamson’s transaction cost economics with a capabilities framework to obtain new insights into how the scope and scale of technology companies influence their competitive performance in today’s digital economy. The role of big data and learning are highlighted. Strong implications for competition policy, and for management, emerge from the fusion of the two frameworks. Such fusion yields a more granular view of management and policy issues but requires the policy analyst to understand not just industrial economics but also the technology management literature which also has useful insights for competition policy and regulatory professionals.
Unexpected Reactivity of Cationic-to-Cationic Thiolate Ligand-Exchange Reaction on Au25 Clusters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Thiolate-protected molecular noble metal clusters have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, which make them applicable in diverse fields such as catalysis, sensing, and bioimaging. Ligand-exchange reactions are a crucial technique for synthesizing and functionalizing these clusters, as they allow for the introduction of new ligands onto the cluster surface, which can alter their properties. While numerous studies have investigated neutral-to-neutral, neutral-to-anionic, and neutral-to-cationic ligand-exchange reactions, the cationic-to-cationic ligand-exchange reaction has never been reported, making the study of such reactions intriguing. In this study, the cationic ligand-exchange reaction on Au25(4-PyET-CH3+)x(4-PyET)18-x (x ≈ 9) clusters, which contain both neutral and cationic ligands in nearly equivalent amounts, was investigated. Contrary to our expectation that the cationic-to-cationic ligand-exchange reaction would be suppressed due to Coulombic repulsion between the surface cationic ligands and incoming cationic ligands, the originally existing cationic ligand was selectively exchanged. The choice of counterions for cationic ligands played a crucial role in controlling the selectivity of ligand exchange. For instance, bulky and hydrophobic counterions such as PF6- can cause steric hindrance and reduce Coulombic repulsion, which promotes cationic-to-cationic ligand exchange. Conversely, counterions like Cl- can lead to neutral-to-cationic ligand exchange due to reduced steric hindrance and increased Coulombic repulsion between cationic ligands. These findings provide a novel method for tailoring the properties of molecular gold clusters through controlled ligand exchange without requiring the design of thiolate ligands with varying geometrical structures.
Annual Research Review: Growth connectomics – the organization and reorganization of brain networks during normal and abnormal development

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background We first give a brief introduction to graph theoretical analysis and its application to the study of brain network topology or connectomics. Within this framework, we review the existing empirical data on developmental changes in brain network organization across a range of experimental modalities (including structural and functional MRI , diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in humans). Synthesis We discuss preliminary evidence and current hypotheses for how the emergence of network properties correlates with concomitant cognitive and behavioural changes associated with development. We highlight some of the technical and conceptual challenges to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field. Given the parallels previously discovered between neural systems across species and over a range of spatial scales, we also review some recent advances in developmental network studies at the cellular scale. We highlight the opportunities presented by such studies and how they may complement neuroimaging in advancing our understanding of brain development. Finally, we note that many brain and mind disorders are thought to be neurodevelopmental in origin and that charting the trajectory of brain network changes associated with healthy development also sets the stage for understanding abnormal network development. Conclusions We therefore briefly review the clinical relevance of network metrics as potential diagnostic markers and some recent efforts in computational modelling of brain networks which might contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders in future.
VITAMIN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION BY PHYTOPLANKTON IN MIXED CULTURE1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The production and utilization of vitamins by 2 or more, marine phytoplankters cultured in the same vessel were demonstrated. The release of toxic materials or vitamin inactivators wax also observed. The utilization of vitamins by those phytoplankters requiring them and the production of toxic materials were determined from increases and decreases in cell numbers of certain algae grown in mixed cultures. Vitamin utilization was most readily observed in mixed cultures where 2 phytoplankters were present. Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum produced utilizable thiamine for Coccolithus huxleyi. C. huxleyi released utilizable vitamin B 12 for Cyclotella nana. D. tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum , and S. costatum produced utilizable biotin for Amphidinium carterae. The amount of utilizable vitamin and rate at which it was released depended on the phytoplankters present and conditions of incubation. In complex systems with more than 2 phytoplankters, beneficial effects to utilizers were often noted for short durations during the incubation period. At the end of the experiments the beneficial effects were usually not evident. P. tricornutum (nonvitamin requirer) was stimulated by a mixture of carryover B 12 and thiamine when growing with A. carterae , indicating that in vitamin‐free media it cannot synthesize vitamin(s) fast enough to allow for a maximum growth rate. The concentrations of vitamins in seawater samples may not be the amounts available to vitamin‐requiring organisms. Among the factors affecting vitamin availability are the production of inhibitors and vitamin inactivators by various organisms in the ecosystem.
Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to severe osmotic stress: evidence for a novel activation mechanism of the HOG MAP kinase pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The HOG/p38 MAP kinase route is an important stress‐activated signal transduction pathway that is well conserved among eukaryotes. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of activation of the HOG pathway in budding yeast. This mechanism operates upon severe osmostress conditions (1.4 M NaCl) and is independent of the Sln1p and Sho1p osmosensors. The alternative input feeds into the HOG pathway MAPKK Pbs2p and requires activation of Pbs2p by phosphorylation. We show that, upon severe osmotic shock, Hog1p nuclear accumulation and phosphorylation is delayed compared with mild stress. Moreover, both events lost their transient pattern, presumably because of the absence of negative feedback mediated by Ptp2p tyrosine phosphatase, which we found to be localized in the nucleus. Under severe osmotic stress conditions, the delayed nuclear accumulation correlates with a delay in stress‐responsive gene expression. Severe osmoshock leads to a situation in which active and nuclear‐localized Hog1p is transiently unable to induce transcription of osmotic stress‐responsive genes. It also appeared from our studies that the Sho1p osmosensor is less active under severe osmotic stress conditions, whereas the Sln1p/Ypd1p/Ssk1p sensor and signal transducer functions normally under these circumstances.
Auditory gating during visually-guided action?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We recently used an audiovisual illusion (Shams et al. , 2000) during fast and accurate reaching movements and showed that susceptibility to the fusion illusion is reduced at high limb velocities (Tremblay and Nguyen, 2010). This study aimed to determine if auditory information processing is suppressed during voluntary action (Chapman and Beauchamp, 2006), which could explain reduced fusion during reaching movements. Instead of asking our participants () to report the number of flashes, we asked them to report the number of beeps (Andersen et al. , 2004). Before each trial, participants were asked to fixate on a target LED presented on a horizontal reaching surface. The secondary stimuli combined 3 flash (0, 1, 2) by 2 beep (1, 2). During control tests, the secondary stimuli were presented at rest. In the experimental phase, stimuli were presented 0, 100 or 200 ms relative to the onset of a fast and accurate movement. Participants reported the number of beeps after each trial. A 3 flash × 2 beep × 4 presentation condition (0, 100, 200 ms + Control) ANOVA revealed that participants were less accurate at perceiving the actual number of beeps during the movement as compared to the control condition. More importantly, the number of flashes influenced the number of perceived beeps during the movement but not in the control condition. Lastly, no relationship was found between limb velocity and the number of perceived beeps. These results indicate that auditory information is significantly suppressed during goal-directed action but this mechanism alone fails to explain the link between limb velocity and the fusion illusion.
Suicidality and Depression Disparities Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

AbstractPurposeTo examine disparities between sexual minority youth (SMY) and heterosexual youth in rates of suicidality and depression symptoms.MethodsSeparate meta-analyses were conducted to examine suicidality and depression disparities. Studies were included if the average age of the participants was ResultsSMY reported significantly higher rates of suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 2.92) and depression symptoms (standardized mean difference, d = .33) as compared with the heterosexual youth. Disparities increased with the increase in the severity of suicidality (ideation [OR = 1.96], intent/plans [OR = 2.20], suicide attempts [OR = 3.18], suicide attempts requiring medical attention [OR = 4.17]). Effects did not vary across gender, recruitment source, and sexual orientation definition.ConclusionsDisparities in suicidality and depression may be influenced by negative experiences including discrimination and victimization. Clinicians should assess sexual orientation, analyze psychosocial histories to identify associated risk factors, and promote prevention and intervention opportunities for SMY and their families.
The use of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: systematic review of the literature of the last 20 years.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many therapies have been proposed for the management of temporomandibular disorders, including the use of different drugs. However, lack of knowledge about the mechanisms behind the pain associated with this pathology, and the fact that the studies carried out so far use highly disparate patient selection criteria, mean that results on the effectiveness of the different medications are inconclusive. This study makes a systematic review of the literature published on the use of tricyclic antidepressants for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, using the SORT criteria (Strength of recommendation taxonomy) to consider the level of scientific evidence of the different studies. Following analysis of the articles, and in function of their scientific quality, a type B recommendation is given in favor of the use of tricyclic antidepressants for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders.
Development and validation of the critical thinking about sustainability scale

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Critical thinking and Sustainability are both key topics of interest to higher education institutions. Over the decades, researchers have sought to measure undergraduate students’ critical thinking ability as well as their understanding of sustainability. However, while researchers acknowledge the importance of critical thinking to approaching the subject of sustainability in undergraduate students, they have given little attention to measuring undergraduate students’ ability to think critically about sustainability. Therefore, this study utilizes a sequential mixed-methods design to create and validate a scale to measure undergraduate engineering students’ ability to think critically about sustainability called the Critical Thinking about Sustainability Scale (CTSS).
The Dream of King Jehoash: A Textual Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The term "apocryphal" has been applied to a broad range of medieval Slavonic texts. Many of them were composed in the Judeo-Hellenistic literary tradition and brought into the Slavic lands, forming a particular textual corpus abundant in a variety of contents and narrative styles. However, there is also a group of pieces regarded as Slavonic apocrypha but whose origin is unclear. The Dream of King Jehoash, a very short story written in Old Slavonic, is one of such texts, copies of which were mostly circulated from the 13th to the 18th century in Russia. This paper compares nine copies of the Dream, including the oldest one, analyzes linguistic and structural features of them, and presents the early transmission pattern of copies. Based on a particular expression reminiscent of the one found in The Song of Songs, the author concludes that the Dream was a Slavonic creation.
Java and the IBM San Francisco project

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The San Francisco™ project establishes a new paradigm for building business applications. The product, targeted for independent software vendors (ISVs), provides a distributed object infrastructure (foundation), common business objects (CBOs), and business process components (BPCs). Together, they provide a platform-independent business application foundation, ready for extension by ISVs to produce end-customer, business-critical applications. The San Francisco project is written almost entirely in Java™ and to our knowledge is currently the largest Java development effort in the world. This paper provides an overview the San Francisco project, with emphasis on the Java considerations of the product's development, the lessons learned, and our recommendations for future Java language maturity.
Zigeuner fordern Volksgruppen-Status

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

e d e r g esch ich tlich en E n t w ic k lu n g a u f d e m B a lk a n a u fta u c h te , u n d z w ar n a c h d e r U n te rz e ich n u n g d e s u n g lü c k se lig e n B e rlin e r V e rtra g s v o n 1878, d
Tenofovir may be superior to entecavir for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality in individuals chronically infected with HBV: a meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many studies have demonstrated that monotherapy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or entecavir (ETV) can reduce the risk of liver complications in individuals chronically infected with HBV (CHB). Unclear is whether one monotherapy is more effective than the other at preventing these outcomes. In a recent issue of this journal, Lee and coworkers1 reported data from a large population of treatment-naive CHB patients in which risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), all-cause mortality or liver transplantation was similar with either monotherapy. Similar results were observed in subgroups of patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. While this study involved more than 7000 South Korean patients who were enrolled during more than a decade and whose virological and biochemical data over several years were analysed, its findings must be treated with caution because the two groups differed substantially in median …
Chain properties of rule closures

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This article introduces a generalisation of the crossed rule approach to the detection of Knuth-Bendix completion procedure divergence. It introduces closure chains, which are special rule closures constructed by means of particular substitution operations and operators, as a suitable formalism for progress in this direction. Supporting substitution algebra is developed first, followed by considerations concerning rule closures in general, concluding with an investigation of closure chain properties. Issues concerning the narrowing process are not discussed here.