jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Original Article

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Many children under the age of five are exposed to environmental health risks in the home environment. These lead to diseases such as diarrhoea, which along with acute respiratory infections, malaria and intestinal worms, account for 70 % of the total health burden to children under five in Kenya. The aim of this study was to investigate whether earth eating within the home environment by children is a risk factor for diarrhoeal disease. Methodology: A longitudinal study was conducted in 350 households having children aged below five years between April and October, 2005. Questionnaire and observation were used to collect data on participant demographics, earth eating practices in children, incidence of diarrhoea, structure of the home, sanitary facilities available, and presence of faecal matter in the yard. Results: Thirty-seven percent of index children ingest earth occasionally (less than a handful) and 12 % ingest a lot (a handful or more). Diarrhoea is positively correlated with earth eating (r = 0.306), presence of human faeces in the yard (r = 0.587), presence of animal faeces in the yard (r = 0.225) and the index child not wearing loincloth (r = 0.471). Chi-square test of independence also indicates that earth eating is significantly related to diarrhoea (p &lt; 0.005). Conclusion: Earth eating is a risk factor for diarrhoea in the home environment in this region of Kenya.
Spin transport and spin relaxation in semiconductor heterostructures with Rashba spin–orbit interaction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Spin diffusion equations, which also contain the coupling between spins and charges, are discussed for semiconductor heterostructures with Rashba spin–orbit interaction in the presence of an electric field. The diffusion equations are applied to an investigation of the decay of a homogeneous initial magnetization. A field induced precession, which is observable if the electric field exceeds a characteristic field, is obtained. Moreover, the impact of quantum corrections on the spin transport coefficients is discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A case report of prenatal diagnosis of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Rationale: Fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FAIT) is a serious life-threatening disease caused by platelet-antigen incompatibility between the mother and fetus. FAIT can lead to fetal thrombocytopenia, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), fetal death and severe neurological disorders after birth. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis technology has not been widely used in China, and thus few cases of FAIT can be diagnosed prenatally. In this study, we report a case of prenatal diagnosis and treatment of FAIT. Patient concerns: A 29-year-old female was admitted at 32 weeks’ gestational age (GA). Fetal ultrasound at 32 weeks’ GA showed a hemorrhagic focus area in the left lateral ventricle and the sign of severe fetal anemia. Hence, fetal umbilical cord puncture was ordered to identify the etiology. Diagnoses: The fetal cord blood test revealed a normal hemoglobin level but severe fetal thrombocytopenia (platelet count, 23 × 10 9 /L). Antibodies of human platelet antigens and human leukocyte antigens between mother and fetus were positive, and thus the diagnosis of FAIT was confirmed. Interventions: The patient refused intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy owing to financial consideration. She was treated with dexamethasone acetate tablets (Xianju Company, China) 0.75 mg twice a day until delivery and cesarean section was performed at 34 weeks’ GA. The newborn received postnatal anti-platelet antibody treatment. Outcomes: The platelet count of the newborn progressively decreased until the third day after birth and it increased to normal level after postnatal treatment. The neonatal cerebral ultrasound showed the area of hemorrhage was in the process of absorption. During the postnatal one-year follow-up, the neonate showed normal developmental milestones and had no abnormal signs of neurological symptoms. Lessons: For FAIT, the fetal umbilical cord puncture can be carried out by skilled fetal medical teams. Dexamethasone acetate tablets can be an alternative choice for patients from underdeveloped areas.
Nap1 and Kap114 co-chaperone H2A-H2B and facilitate targeted histone release in the nucleus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Core histones, synthesized and processed in the cytoplasm, must be chaperoned as they are transported into the nucleus for nucleosome assembly. The importin Kap114 transports H2A-H2B into the yeast nucleus, where RanGTP facilitates histone release. Kap114 and H2A-H2B also bind the histone chaperone Nap1, but how Nap1 and Kap114 cooperate in transport and nucleosome assembly remains unclear. Here, biochemical and structural analyses show that Kap114, H2A-H2B, and a Nap1 dimer (Nap12) associate in the absence and presence of RanGTP to form equimolar complexes. A previous study had shown that RanGTP reduces Kap114’s ability to chaperone H2A-H2B, but a new cryo-EM structure of the Nap12•H2A-H2B•Kap114•RanGTP complex explains how both Kap114 and Nap12 interact with H2A-H2B, restoring its chaperoning within the assembly while effectively depositing it into nucleosomes. Together, our results suggest that Kap114 and Nap12 provide a sheltered path that facilitates the transfer of H2A-H2B from Kap114 to Nap12, ultimately directing its specific deposition into nucleosomes.
How to Survey Education for Cross-National Comparisons: The Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik/Warner- Matrix of Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social surveys collect information on socio-demogra phic characteristics of respondents eligible for the interview. Among ot hers, the highest attained level of education is one of the variables explaining the respondent’s social and political comportment, the interviewee’s human values and orientations, the transition from school to work, the position in the labor force and its segments, the social and ec onomic behavior of the individual actor and structural inequalities in mod ern societies. Manifold strategies to operationalize the qualification and education variables during interviews can be observed in social surveys. They differ in the underlying latent concept captured, the ranking and classifyin g of levels into categories and clusters, the degree of classification and meas urement details and finally the capabilities of comparison across time and across nations and cultures. The measurement of education for comparative resear ch across countries is a complex task. The national systems of educatio n and schooling are differently organized across the nations. Altogethe r four different types of school and training systems can be identified in Eu rope. In this paper we will sort the national certificates from general an d vocational schools into one matrix, the newly developed Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik/Warner-matrix of education. This matrix allows us to compare the hig hest level of education a person has reached, as a combination of general and vocational education and useable for a person to obtain a starting posit ion on the labor market. This article discusses those measurement instrument s normally used in international comparative surveys and introduces th e HoffmeyerZlotnik/Warner-matrix of education, contrasting thi s matrix with the other established measurement instruments. To demonstrate the validity of our matrix, we show the advantages of our matrix exempl ified in one case from nations out of the four types of different educatio nal systems: Germany, Luxembourg, Denmark, and France.
External auditing in Italian banks listed on the stock market

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter explores the auditing activity in listed banks in the Italian scenario. A short in-
troduction referred to the Italian listed banks and an overview of their auditors open the
chapter. Considering the civil law context characterizing the Italian environment, the regu-
lations regarding the auditing of listed banks are explored. In this regard, the Legislative
Decree 39/2010 implementing the Directive 2006/43/EC on statutory audits and the recent
adoption of ISA with some interpretation/application notes localizing the standards in re-
spect of Italian law and regulation (the so-called ISA Italy) are considered. The auditing
activity of banks is also analysed in its different moments considering the peculiarity of
banks.
Control of cell death‐associated danger signals during cornification prevents autoinflammation of the skin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The function of the skin as a barrier to the environment is mainly achieved by the outermost layers of the epidermis. In the granular layer, epidermal keratinocytes undergo the last steps of their terminal differentiation program resulting in cornification. The coordinated conversion of living keratinocytes into corneocytes, the building blocks of the cornified layer, represents a unique form of programmed cell death. Recent studies have identified numerous genes that are specifically expressed in terminally differentiated keratinocytes and, surprisingly, this genetic program does not only include mediators of cornification but also suppressors of pyroptosis, another mode of programmed cell death. Pyroptosis is activated by inflammasomes, leads to the release of interleukin‐1 ( IL ‐1) family cytokines, and thereby activates inflammation. In addition, inhibitors of potentially pro‐inflammatory proteases and enzymes removing danger‐associated cytoplasmic DNA are expressed in differentiated keratinocytes. We propose the concept of cornification as an inherently hazardous process in which damaging side effects are actively suppressed by protective mechanisms. In support of this hypothesis, loss‐of‐function mutations in epidermal protease inhibitors and IL ‐1 family antagonists suffice to induce autoinflammation. Similarly, exogenous disturbances of either cornification or its accompanying control mechanisms may be starting points for skin inflammation. Further studies into the relationship between cornification, pyroptosis and other forms of cell death will help to define the initiation phase of inflammatory skin diseases and offer new targets for disease prevention and therapy.
The Asian red seaweed Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) invades the Gulf of Maine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We report the invasion of the Gulf of Maine, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, by the largest red seaweed in the world, the Asian Grateloupia turuturu. First detected in 1994 in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, south of Cape Cod, this alga had expanded its range in the following years only over to Long Island and into Long Island Sound. In July 2007 we found Grateloupia in the Cape Cod Canal and as far north (east) as Boston, Massachusetts, establishing its presence in the Gulf of Maine. Grateloupia can be invasive and may be capable of disrupting low intertidal and shallow subtidal seaweeds. The plant's broad physiological tolerances suggest that it will be able to expand possibly as far north as the Bay of Fundy. We predict its continued spread in North America and around the world, noting that its arrival in the major international port of Boston may now launch G. turuturu on to new global shipping corridors.
Punjabi–Sikh Migration: Latin America – A Geographic Profile

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is almost amazing how the Sikh Punjabi villagers decided to migrate to a continent farthest from Punjab and about which very little was known. The number of immigrants is small and many are totally assimilated with marriages to local spouses. In the last two to three decades Sikhs have built gurdwaras in several countries which is helping re-energize their linkage with Punjab and Sikhism. The preferred target countries were Argentina, a relatively prosperous country in early twentieth century. Choice of other two countries was also understandable – Panama because of the Canal construction and Mexico because of its land border with USA providing an opportunity to cross over. The first migration was in late nineteenth century but majority migration was during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The Bolivian experiment in 1980s of setting up large scale farming conglomerate, though well-conceived, could not succeed. The setting up of so-called Khalistan headquarters in Ecuador in 1985 was more a myth than a reality.
Heterogeneous Structure Omnidirectional Strain Sensor Arrays With Cognitively Learned Neural Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mechanically stretchable strain sensors gain tremendous attention for bioinspired skin sensation systems and artificially intelligent tactile sensors. However, high‐accuracy detection of both strain intensity and direction with simple device/array structures is still insufficient. To overcome this limitation, an omnidirectional strain perception platform utilizing a stretchable strain sensor array with triangular‐sensor‐assembly (three sensors tilted by 45°) coupled with machine learning (ML) ‐based neural network classification algorithm, is proposed. The strain sensor, which is constructed with strain‐insensitive electrode regions and strain‐sensitive channel region, can minimize the undesirable electrical intrusion from the electrodes by strain, leading to a heterogeneous surface structure for more reliable strain sensing characteristics. The strain sensor exhibits decent sensitivity with gauge factor (GF) of ≈8, a moderate sensing range (≈0–35%), and relatively good reliability (3000 stretching cycles). More importantly, by employing a multiclass–multioutput behavior‐learned cognition algorithm, the stretchable sensor array with triangular‐sensor‐assembly exhibits highly accurate recognition of both direction and intensity of an arbitrary strain by interpretating the correlated signals from the three‐unit sensors. The omnidirectional strain perception platform with its neural network algorithm exhibits overall strain intensity and direction accuracy around 98% ± 2% over a strain range of ≈0–30% in various surface stimuli environments.
Metabolomics Data Analysis, Visualization, and Integration

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SummaryMetabolomics is the large-scale analysis of metabolites and as such requires bioinformatics tools for data analysis, visualization, and integration. This chapter describes the basic composition of chromatographically coupled mass spectrometry (MS) data sets used in metabolomics and describes in detail the steps necessary for extracting large-scale qualitative and quantitative information. This process involves noise filtering, peak picking and deconvolution, peak identification, peak alignment, and the creation of a final data matrix for statistical processing. Multivariate tools for comparative analysis are presented and illustrated using data for Medicago truncatula. Additional tools for visualizing and integrating metabolomics data within a biological context are discussed. Two tables are provided listing current metabolomics data processing and visualization software. Because metabolomics is rapidly maturing, a final section is presented concerning the need for data standardization and current efforts.
Fragility and structure of hemoglobin S fibers and gels and their consequences for gelation kinetics and rheology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Pathogenesis in sickle cell disease depends on whether red blood cells can pass the microvasculature during the delay time before hemoglobin S gelation and cell rigidification occur. Here we observe individual hemoglobin S fibers by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and show that hemoglobin S gels and fibers are fragile and easily broken by mechanical perturbation, and that breakage results in vast acceleration of gelation kinetics due to the creation of new, growing fiber-ends. Hence, in vivo this may be an important factor, in addition to hemoglobin concentration and degree of deoxygenation, that governs delay time and pathogenesis. Pathogenesis also depends on gel rheology and cell rigidification, which depend on fiber cross-linking. We show different mechanisms by which X-shaped, Y-shaped, and “zippering” cross-links form. Finally, we estimate the “on” rate constant for fiber growth to be about 200 mmol/(L.s) and obtain a value for the heterogeneous nucleation rate at 13.5 mmol/L heme.
Biologic Therapy for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss) Comment on the Article by Jachiet et al

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the last decade, biologic agents have become an important component of therapy for systemic vasculitides, e.g., rituximab for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis, or tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis. However, a risk/benefit ratio of biologic therapy for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss) (EGPA) has not been well studied. Jachiet et al have reported results of a retrospective study of treatment with omalizumab (an anti‐IgE monoclonal antibody) in 17 patients with refractory and/or relapsing EGPA and severe steroid‐dependent asthma and/or sinonasal involvement 1. Treatment response was defined as improvement of asthma and/or ear/nose/throat (ENT) exacerbations. Therefore, this was an “asthma” study rather than a “vasculitis” study, and efficacy of omalizumab in vasculitis remains unclear. Notably, 7 patients described in Jachiet and colleagues' report had other signs and symptoms (skin disease, myalgia, arthralgia, pulmonary infiltrates) in addition to asthma and/or ENT involvement. Following treatment, these relatively mild manifestations of active vasculitis had improved significantly in only 3 patients. Thus, omalizumab does not appear to be a promising agent for management of vasculitis. Moreover, treatment with omalizumab may result in manifestation of other disease features due to steroid tapering: 2 of the patients in Jachiet et al's study developed retrobulbar optic neuritis related to disease relapse. Unlike GPA, severe eye disease is a rare finding in EGPA; therefore, this high incidence (∼12%) of retrobulbar optic neuritis in patients treated with omalizumab would not have been expected.

It has previously been suggested that clinical vasculitis manifestations, such as peripheral neuropathy or renal involvement, occur more frequently in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–positive EGPA than those with ANCA‐negative disease 2. It can be speculated that the risk/benefit ratio of omalizumab may be more favorable in patients with ANCA‐negative EGPA. Jachiet et al did not report the ANCA status of patients with vasculitis relapse, though they stated in the Discussion that response to omalizumab seemed to be independent of ANCA positivity.
Positive Youth Development Mediates the Relations Between Religiousness, Altruism, and Empathy Among Southeast Asian Emerging Adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Religiousness has been proposed to promote prosociality among young people. Few investigations, however, have examined the underlying processes that facilitate these links, especially in non-Western and collectivistic societies. This study investigated the mediating role of the 5Cs (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring) of positive youth development on the associations between religiousness, empathy, and altruism, while controlling for age and gender, among Southeast Asian emerging adults during COVID-19. Data were obtained from 1,888 emerging adults ( M age = 21.85; SD age = 2.81) from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand. Structural equation modeling showed that confidence, connection, and character mediated religiousness and altruism while confidence, connection, character, and caring mediated religiousness and empathy, even after controlling for the covariates. However, confidence yielded negative relations with both outcomes. The results highlight the importance of distinguishing self-oriented and other-oriented thriving characteristics in facilitating empathy and altruistic behaviors in difficult situations.
ISLES 2022: A multi-center magnetic resonance imaging stroke lesion segmentation dataset.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This multi-center dataset consists of 250 expert-annotated magnetic resonance imaging stroke cases. It is the training dataset for the Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation Challenge (ISLES'22). For each case, an expert level annotation of the stroke lesions is included along with the following three imaging sequences: Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI, b=1000) and its corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. All imaging data and annotations are released in the Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative (NIfTI) format (https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/nifti-1), according to the BIDS convention. All imaging data are released in the native space without prior registration. Prior to release, skull-stripping was performed to de-identify patients. Image acquisition was performed on one of the following devices: 3T Philips MRI scanners (Achieva, Ingenia), 3T Siemens MRI scanner (Verio) or 1.5T Siemens MAGNETOM MRI scanners (Avanto, Aera). All images were obtained by healthcare professionals as part of the clinical imaging routine for stroke patients at three different stroke centers and imaging data was collected retrospectively for different clinical studies. Computer-readable scanner metadata from the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) header in the JSON file format is provided with the datasets if available. For a full dataset description, see the ISLES'22 preprint. More information about the ISLES'22 challenge can be found in grand challenge and in our official challenge website.
Insulin-like growth factor-I induces cyclin-D1 expression in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells in vitro.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate cell division by modulating events occurring during the prereplicative (G1) phase of the cell cycle, but identification of the critical events has proved difficult. Recent observations suggest that progression through the cell cycle is dependent on the activation of a group of serine-threonine-specific protein kinases whose activities are regulated by accessory proteins, termed cyclins. The identification of cyclin species expressed during G1 has led to the hypothesis that modulation of cyclin expression may be the critical event regulated by growth factors. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the IGFs regulate the expression of specific G1 cyclins in MG63, a human cell line that is unusually responsive to IGF, and to characterize this effect. We found that in these cells IGF-I stimulates the cyclin-dependent kinases, and that stimulation is associated with an increase in cyclin-D1 mRNA and protein expression. The increase in cyclin-D1 occurs early in G1 and corresponds to the portion of the cell cycle in which IGF acts on these cells. The increase in cyclin-D1 mRNA is due at least in part to an increase in the rate of transcription initiation of the gene. The mRNA levels of cyclin-B1 (a G2 cyclin) and two cyclin-dependent kinases, cdc2 and cdk2, also increased in response to IGF, but at later times. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that IGF modulation of D-type cyclin expression plays a role in the regulation of cell replication.