jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pheromone-based disruption ofEucosma sonomanaandRhyacionia zozana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using aerially applied microencapsulated pheromone

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two aerial applications of microencapsulated pheromone were conducted on five 20.2 ha plots to disrupt western pine shoot borer (Eucosma sonomana Kearfott) and ponderosa pine tip moth (Rhyacionia zozana (Kearfott); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) orientation to pheromones and oviposition in ponderosa pine plantations in 2002 and 2004. The first application was made at 29.6 g active ingredient (AI)/ha, and the second at 59.3 g AI/ha. Baited sentinel traps were used to assess disruption of orientation by both moth species toward pheromones, and E. sonomana infestation levels were tallied from 2001 to 2004. Treatments disrupted orientation by both species for several weeks, with the first lasting 35 days and the second for 75 days. Both applications reduced infestation by E. sonomana, but the lower application rate provided greater absolute reduction, perhaps because prior infestation levels were higher in 2002 than in 2004. Infestations in treated plots were reduced by two-thirds in both years, suggesting that while increasing the application rate may prolong disruption, it may not provide greater proportional efficacy in terms of tree protection. The incidence of infestations even in plots with complete disruption suggests that treatments missed some early emerging females or that mated females immigrated into treated plots; thus operational testing should be timed earlier in the season and should comprise much larger plots. In both years, moths emerged earlier than reported previously, indicating that disruption programs should account for warmer climates in timing of applications. The AIs we tested are behaviorally active for 13 other species of Rhyacionia and six other species of Eucosma, so the approach may have wide application.
Self-Assembly and Electronic Structure of Tribenzotriquinacenes on Ag(111)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The structure of two-dimensional layers of organic compounds on metal surfaces is of great interest for the fabrication of devices in the field of organic electronics. To progress in this area, a deeper understanding of intermolecular interactions and charge transfer processes between organic molecules and a metal substrate is required. Here, the two-dimensional self-assembly of tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) on Ag(111) was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Highly ordered monolayers of tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) and centro-methyl tribenzotriquinacene (Me-TBTQ) were observed for the first time. At low to moderate coverage, both of these bowl-shaped molecules adsorb with the bowl opening faced downward, appearing in two orientations that are rotated by 14° from the high-symmetry axis of the Ag(111) surface. At high TBTQ coverage, extended islands with a self-assembled highly ordered windmill nanostructure dominate the surface, interspaced with nanometer-sized openings. This windmill structure is absent in Me-TBTQ, which immediately forms double-layered regions at high coverage. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, which probe the local density of states, identify a shift of the Ag(111) surface state in the presence of the TBTQ molecules. Investigations such as these into the self-assembly of curved aromatics provide a foundation for further work on the construction of multilayer nanostructures and the production of electronic devices.
Globalisation and Human Rights: An Overview of its Impact

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The development of human rights law in response to globalization is not new, and there is nothing inherent in the international system that would prevent further protective measures. A number of U.N. specialized agencies have also addressed the question of globalization. This global development is sometimes viewed as being responsible for exploitation, and other forms of human rights abuses. On the other hand, improvements in human rights are sometimes attributed to the spread of liberal ideas and movements, which is one of the key dimensions of globalization. Critics say human rights have been adversely affected by globalization for instance right to equality and other socio economic rights. The commitment of the United Nations to the indivisibility of human rights is reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Human rights are the first responsibility of governments. While globalization offers great opportunities, the fact that its benefits are very unevenly shared and its costs unevenly distributed represents an aspect of the process that affects the full enjoyment of all human rights, in particular in developing countries. Inequality has risen during this present globalization period. In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the impact of globalization on human rights regime.
Diseases of the Liver

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Descriptions of electron microscopic findings and discussions of recent developments in the surgery, biochemistry, immunology, genetics, and radiography of hepatic disease distinguish the third edition of Doctor Schiff's multiauthored book from its predecessors. In 30 chapters, 42 authors take up almost all aspects of hepatic function and disease. After describing bilirubin metabolism, Schiff and Billing discuss clinical approaches and pitfalls to the differential diagnosis of jaundice. They emphasize utilization of historical and physical findings as well as the results of needle biopsy and other clinical laboratory examinations. Rousselot and Burchell explain techniques and indications for percutaneous splenic portography and manometry, procedures they consider invaluable for assessing anatomic and hemodynamic situations in suspected portal hypertension. And finding it determinative, practical, and safe, they employ emergency splenic pulp manometry to distinguish between a variceal or nonvariceal site of acute upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Throughout the book the authors present controversial issues, examine conflicting theories,
Sensitivity to Ethanol Across Development in Rats: Comparison to [3H]Zolpidem Binding

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Previous research has suggested that rats tested at 28 to 30 days of age show a marked subsensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol. In the present study, rats of different ages were tested for aerial righting following acute ethanol (3 g/kg) treatment. These results were compared with the effects of the atypical benzodiazepine zolpidem (3 and 5 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (10 and 15 mg/kg). Animals tested at 25,28, or 35 days of age were significantly less impaired by ethanol than preweanling rats (age 20 days) or older rats (age 65 to 75 days), whereas animals tested at 25 or 28 days of age were less impaired by the higher dose of zolpidem. With pentobarbital, the most distinct age‐related trend was greater impairment in 20‐day‐old rats. Because ethanol may be active at the same type I GABA A receptor site selectively labeled by [ 3 H]zolpidem, levels of [ 3 H]zolpi‐dem binding were determined for rats of different ages. Although some brain regions showed progressive increases in binding of [ 3 H]zolpidem across development, other regions demonstrated increased binding from day 12 or 17 to day, then a plateau of binding levels across days 25, and 28, with further increases occurring by day 36 or day 60. This pattern was observed in the cingulate cortex, medial septal nucleus, globus pallidus, inferior colliculus, red nucleus, and cerebellum. Overall, the results indicate that the period of subsensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol is coincident with a change in the developmental pattern of GABA A receptor sites targeted by [ 3 H]zolpidem.
İlköğretim öğretmenlerinin matematiksel problem çözmeye yönelik tutum ve inanışları.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate elementary teachers’ and elementary mathematics teachers’ attitudes toward and beliefs about mathematical problem solving in terms of gender and grade level being taught. Moreover, the relationship between elementary teachers’ and elementary mathematics teachers’ attitudes and beliefs was evaluated in this study. The data were collected from 141 in-service elementary teachers who are teaching 4th and 5th graders and elementary mathematics teachers who are teaching 6th, 7th and 8th graders in Nevşehir. The measuring instruments used to collect data were Whitaker Mathematical Problem Solving Attitude Scale (WMPSAS) and, Belief on Mathematical Problem Solving Scale (BMPSS). The results showed that, in general, in-service elementary teachers and elementary mathematics teachers indicated positive attitudes and rich beliefs toward mathematical problem solving. In addition, there was a significant difference between grade level being taught regarding attitudes and beliefs. The elementary mathematics teachers had significantly higher attitudes and beliefs scores than the elementary teachers. The results also revealed that there was not significant main effect for gender on both attitudes and beliefs. In other words, regardless of grade level being taught, female elementary teachers and female elementary mathematics teachers had higher attitude and belief scores than male elementary teachers and male elementary mathematics teachers. Finally, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis indicated a significantly positive correlation between attitude and belief scores.
Experimental Study on Effects of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction on Endothelial Progenitor Cells Differentiation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To observe the effect on differentiation of EPCs by Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction.Methods: To observe EPCs on uptake of ac-LDL,secretion NO and cell structure affected by Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction-contained serum.Results: Compared to the control group,induced by 15% Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction-contained serum(XFZYDCS) for 48h could improve the EPCs for uptake ac-LDL and secretion NO;In 5% and 10% XFZYDCS groups,Weible-Palade body,typical endothelial cells structure,could be observed by electronic telescope.Conclusion: Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction could induce EPCs differentiate into endothelial cells.
Cascading trait‐mediation: disruption of a trait‐mediated mutualism by parasite‐induced behavioral modification

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Trait‐mediated indirect interactions (TMII) are important driving‐forces causing trophic cascades in aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Furthermore, since most biological communities are not simple food chains but complex networks of interactions, one TMII within a community might easily be influenced by another TMII. In other words, TMII themselves can be cascades with potential implications for community dynamics. Here we report on one of such cascade, where a parasitic fly induces behavioral changes that disrupt a trait‐mediated ant–hemipteran mutualism. We show that during parasite‐induced low‐activity periods, the ant Azteca instabilis fails to protect its mutualistic scale‐insect partner against predatory ladybeetles. Thus, in the presence of the parasite, ladybeetles ate as many scales in ant‐patrolled plants as they did in ant‐free plants. These results demonstrate how, through a cascade of trait‐mediated interactions, associations between members of a community can be drastically altered.
Overstating the Role of Environmental Factors in Success: A Cautionary Note

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Several currently popular areas of research—brain training, mindset, grit, deliberate practice, and the bilingual advantage—are premised on the idea that environmental factors are the overwhelming determinants of success in real-world pursuits. Here, we describe the major claims from each of these areas of research, before discussing evidence for these claims, with a particular focus on meta-analyses. We then suggest that overemphasizing the malleability of abilities and other traits can have negative consequences for individuals, science, and society. We conclude with a call for balanced appraisals of the available evidence concerning this issue, to reflect current scientific discrepancies, and thereby enable informed individual decisions and collective policies.
Post Balloon Stent Right Coronary Artery Aneurysm: Cardiologist's Nightmare

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronary artery aneurysm is an uncommon complication after balloon angioplasty and stent insertion but not rare. A sixty three years old male presented with acute onset chest pain after 1 year of stent insertion in RCA (Right coronary artery). Investigations revealed RCA aneurysm with stent thrombosis. This was managed successfully by surgical resection of aneurysmal sac and removal of the occluded stent with ligation of RCA followed by distal RCA anastomosis under femoro- femoral bypass during meticulous dissection of the aneurismal sac followed by CABG under cardiopulmonary bypass.
The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) From the Perspective of International Relations (IR) Theories

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) from the perspective of the main theories in the Discipline of International Relations (IR). The author sketches out the main stages of the development of the EAEU cooperation by highlighting the conceptualization of the scheme by President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan in 1994, the establishment of the Customs Union (CU), and the Common Economic Space (CES) between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan in 2010. Theories analyzed include Neo-Realism, Neo-Classic Realism, Hegemonic Stability Theory, Liberalism, Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism, Neo-Institutionalism, the English School, Constructivism, and Neo-Gramscian Theory. The author makes an overall evaluation and stresses the need for an eclectic approach for analyzing the EAEU experience.
Mobile robot path planning based on improved dung beetle optimization algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To make the mobile robot autonomously plan a collision-free shortest path in an unknown complex environment, a dung beetle optimization algorithm in the swarm intelligence algorithm is applied to the path planning problem. The basic dung beetle optimization technique is not very good at global exploration. Therefore, this paper improves it in two aspects. The first step in initializing the population is to employ an enhanced Sine chaotic mapping, which has a more uniform distribution in phase space, instead of random numbers. Secondly, dung beetles' dancing locations are updated by using the MSA algorithm. The DBO method's global optimization capacity and convergence accuracy are improved by the nonlinear decreasing control parameters and adaptively varying inertia weight coefficients in the MSA algorithm. Through the creation of a grid map simulation environment in Matlab, it is possible to observe that the enhanced dung beetle optimization algorithm performs better in finding the shortest path than both the DBO algorithm and the GWO algorithm by converging faster and searching for shorter path lengths.
On Crystals of Cuprite and Cerussite resulting from the slow alteration of buried coins

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The coins referred to in this paper were received through Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S., to whom they had been sent by Mr. George W. Shrubsole, F.G.S., Honorary Curator of the Museum belonging to the Chester Society of Natural Science. According to Mr. Shrubsole the Roman coins of Chester are generally found in soil consisting more or less of disintegrated red sandstone and clay : the coins of the find now under consideration must have been buried for fifteen centuries, for such as have been deciphered belong to what is called the Roman Third Brass, and range from Philippus, A.D. 244, to Constantine, A.D. 887. Mr. Shrubsole further remarks that crystals are not found to result from the alteration of isolated coins ; when met with they line cavities between adjacent coins of a pile.
Exploration of the biosynthesis of galloylated catechins in tea plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Galloylated flavan-3-ols (galloylated catechins) are not only the functional components that are beneficial to human health but also the characteristic components that endow tea flavor. Tea is an important source for people to ingest galloylated catechins. The galloylated catechin contains the basic structure of flavan-3-ol and a galloyl group. Thus, their biosynthetic pathway involves flavan-3-ol biosynthesis and galloylation and degalloylation reactions. The biosynthetic pathway of flavan-3-ol and its regulation have been studied intensively. Regarding the source of galloyl groups, we propose that there exists a 'galloylation-degalloylation cycle (G-DG)' pathway in tannin-rich plants, which consists of three catalytic steps controlled by gallic acid glucosyltransferase (UGT84A22), serine carboxypeptidyase-like acyltransferase (SCPL-AT), and tannase (TA). It is not only the main terminal pathway for galloylated catechin biosynthesis, but also the main initiation pathway for hydrolyzable tannin biosynthesis. In this paper, we review the research progress on the biosynthesis and regulation of the flavan-3-ol, and G-DG pathways.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) and Non ESBL Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Isolated from Pus Samples from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bihar

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative bacillus that colonizes in moist environment of the hospital settings with occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. Increasing resistance to beta-lactam drugs, especially the 3rd-generation cephalosporins, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is predominantly due to the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). This was a laboratory based observational study carried out over a period of 7 months from April 2019 to December 2019. A total of 207 pus samples from different patient sources of the hospital were collected and processed in the microbiology laboratory. Among these samples, positive clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recovered. Next, ESBL production in all these isolates was detected by using double disc synergy test (DDST). P. aeruginosa were also tested against different antibiotics for determination of the antibiogram of these isolates. Out of 207 pus samples, 45 (21.7%) clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were detected. Out of these, 26.6 % of the P. aeruginosa isolates (n=12) were confirmed to be ESBL producers by the DDST method and rest 73.3%were non-ESBL producer (n=33). Our results showed that the ESBL strains were multi-drug resistant but colistin sensitive. Our results show that one-fourth of P. Aeruginosa clinical isolates express ESBLs; and were resistant to commonly used antibiotics inclusive of some beta-lactams and non-beta-lactam antibiotics. There is therefore need for proper monitoring and detection of the ESBL strain for guiding suitable therapy and to contain their nefarious effect on antibiotics.
Experience from a “one-stop” trigger finger clinic: a report of outcomes following corticosteroid injection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background:Steroid injections can be used safely to treat trigger fingers. We aimed to determine the accuracy of referring General Practitioner (GP) diagnoses of trigger finger made to an upper limb surgeon. We also aimed to determine the efficacy of a serial two steroid injection then surgery technique in the management of trigger fingers. Methods:Data was collected prospectively from a “one-stop” trigger finger clinic (based in a district general hospital). 200 trigger fingers identified from September 2005 to November 2008, giving a minimum 1 year follow-up. Data was analysed for correct referring diagnosis, resolution/ recurrence rate following injection and the effect of age, injector grade, diabetes on the rate of recurrence. Results: GP diagnoses were correct in 94% of referrals. Recurrence free resolution after one steroid injection was achieved in 74% of cases, rising to 84% after a second injection. The grade of injector did not influence the rate of resolution (p=0.967) or recurrence (p=0.818). Age was the only statistically significant factor, with recurrences being 8.3 years younger (95% CI 4.1 – 12.6yrs; p=0.0002). 15% required surgical release after failure of two steroid injections. Conclusions: Steroid injection for trigger finger is a safe, easily performed technique that can give recurrence free resolution in up to 84% using a serial two steroid injection technique. This is an easily acquired technique that has obvious potential to be performed in the primary care setting, thus reducing the burden on hospital based specialist upper limb services, as only 15% required surgical intervention.
Bioactivity‐guided Isolation of Antiosteoporotic Compounds from Ligustrum lucidum

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The fruits of Ligustrum lucidum (FLL) has long been used for the treatment of osteoporosis in China, but the antiosteoporotic compounds in FLL are still poorly understood. In this study, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity‐guided isolation of osteogenic components from FLL was carried out by using osteoblast‐like UMR‐106 cells. Eight compounds, namely tyrosol (1), tyrosyl acetate (2), hydroxytyrosol (3), salidroside (4), oleoside dimethyl ester (5), oleoside‐7‐ethyl‐11‐methyl ester (6), nuzhenide (7), and G13 (8), were isolated and identified. Further study showed that compounds 3, 4, 7, and 8 increased ALP activity in UMR‐106 cells. Compounds 5, 6, and 7 promoted the proliferation of UMR‐106 cells. The aqueous extract of FLL‐activated ERα/β‐mediated gene transcription, whereas the isolated compounds were inactive. All eight isolated compounds also exhibited antioxidative activity, with compounds 1, 2, and 3 being the most potent. These results indicate that the antiosteoporotic effect of FLL is derived from different compounds together with different mechanisms such as ER‐dependent or independent pathways and antioxidative effects. Salidroside (4) and nuzhenide (7) warrant further investigation as new pharmaceutical tools for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermochemical hydrogen production. Volume 3: Appendix B. Discussion of experimental and design work. Final report Jan 72-Dec 80

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

During the course of this 9-year program, over 200 distinct thermochemical cycles were considered including about 30 proposed by other organizations. About 125 cycles (from the total group considered) were deemed feasible based on thermodynamic studies. Of these, either key steps or all reaction steps for 80 of the most promising cycles were tested in the laboratory. All of the steps of 15 cycles were found to be operable, batch-wise, with reagent-grade materials; and of these, eight cycles were operated successfully with recycled materials to achieve experimental proof of concept. The status of cycle development in this program and at the end of 1980 is that three of the most promising laboratory-demonstrated hybrid cycles stood at benchmark status with a conceptual (first-cut) flow sheet. For each of the three promising cycles: hydrogen is produced electrolytically, there are no acid concentration or decomposition steps, and the high-temperature endothermic steps operate by metal oxides and metal sulfate decomposition.