jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Biofilms' Role in Planktonic Cell Proliferation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The detachment of single cells from biofilms is an intrinsic part of this surface-associated mode of bacterial existence. Pseudomonas sp. strain CT07gfp biofilms, cultivated in microfluidic channels under continuous flow conditions, were subjected to a range of liquid shear stresses (9.42 mPa to 320 mPa). The number of detached planktonic cells was quantified from the effluent at 24-h intervals, while average biofilm thickness and biofilm surface area were determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. Biofilm accumulation proceeded at the highest applied shear stress, while similar rates of planktonic cell detachment was maintained for biofilms of the same age subjected to the range of average shear rates. The conventional view of liquid-mediated shear leading to the passive erosion of single cells from the biofilm surface, disregards the active contribution of attached cell metabolism and growth to the observed detachment rates. As a complement to the conventional conceptual biofilm models, the existence of a biofilm surface-associated zone of planktonic cell proliferation is proposed to highlight the need to expand the traditional perception of biofilms as promoting microbial survival, to include the potential of biofilms to contribute to microbial proliferation.
Application of a Novel Neural Approach to 3D Gaze Tracking: Vergence Eye-Movements in Autostereograms

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Vergence eye-movements occur not only in real environ-\nments, but also in virtual 3D environments. Autostere-\nograms can cover large visual angles without requiring\nvergence beyond natural parameters and are thus well-\nsuited for the investigation of vergence movements in\nvirtual 3D images. We developed an anaglyph-based\n3D calibration procedure and used a\nparametrized self-\norganizing map\n(PSOM) to approximate the 3D gaze\npoint from a subject's binocular eye-movement data.\nBesides analyzing the general pattern of vergence eye-\nmovements in autostereogram images, the present study\nexamined the in∞uence of image granularity on these\nmovements. Unlike previous research on random-dot\nstereograms, we found substantially overshooting con-\nvergence eye-movements, especially for medium gran-\nularities. Moreover, divergence movements were com-\npleted more quickly for coarse than for Øne granularities.\nResults are discussed in the context of granularity eÆects\non autostereogram perception and the dissociation be-\ntween convergence and divergence eye-movements.
Citation Classics of Ecology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Identification of the most significant contributions, or classics, in the literature of a scientific discipline is difficult. Recent computer-based citation statistics make it possible to identify frequently cited articles published from 1947 to 1977 and designated "citation classics" between 1977 and 1986. These are reviewed to determine what may be learned about authors, institutions, journals publishing frequently cited ecological articles, and about the taxa, habitats and ecological topics represented in them. A comparison is made with other sources that identify articles of unusual interest. The "citation classics" identified as ecological do not provide a clear guide to all aspects of ecology, nor to all leading ecologists in the three decades covered. Nevertheless, they do identify a broad compass of recent concerns of ecologists and of notable contributors to ecology. Published reminiscences of authors concerning these publications also provide insights into motivations, stimuli, and problems in their research none of which appear in the scientific publications themselves.
Tracking Jellyfish Swarm Origins Using a Combined Oceanographic-Genetic-Citizen Science Approach

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biological invasions of jellyfish may critically affect ecosystems and ecosystem services, yet their complex life cycle makes tracking their origins and dispersal vectors a challenging task. Here we combine citizen science observations, oceanographic modeling, and population genetics to track swarms of the invasive nomad jellyfish, Rhopilema nomadica , across the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Jellyfish observations were recorded by citizens from two Israeli beaches in two consecutive years. A Lagrangian model coupled with a high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic model (SINMOD) was then used to simulate drift of ephyrae from probable polyp bed locations. Finally, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence was constructed to examine swarm connectivity. Temporal (both seasonal and interannual) variation in observed swarms generally exceeded spatial differences between the two surveyed beaches. Early detection of swarms by citizens in offshore waters and the higher offshore particle distribution shown by the drift model, point to considerable offshore transport of the swarms. However, a higher probability was found for a nearshore location of the polyp beds, as nearshore origins were more closely correlated to hits on target beaches. R. nomadica released as ephyrae in early spring were likely to reach target beaches 200-300 km down current within two to three months as swarms of young adults in the early summer bathing season. R. nomadica populations exhibited little temporal or spatial genetic differentiation, a typical feature of a species that has recently undergone rapid population expansion. The offshore transport, the lack of genetic structure, and the interannual differences in both hydrodynamics and citizen scientist observations, all indicate decentralized swarm origins. This type of interdisciplinary approach can thus provide viable tools to track bloom formations. Understanding the complexity of jellyfish swarm dynamics supports future management strategies such as forecasting, preparedness and public education.
Formation of Hot Excitons, Annealing, and Relaxation in Conjugated Polymers under an External Optical Pulse

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

With an optical pulse focusing on a typical semiconducting conjugated polymer, PPV, the resultant electron transition induces an oscillation of the band gap. The gap varies with a period of 50 fs and acts like a comb, filtering the original optical pulse to become an effective light pulse that has a period of 50 fs as well. The effective optical pulse thereby localizes the electron in the first 50 fs, yielding a hot exciton within 100 fs, which is in agreement with experimental results. Because of the prominent electron–lattice coupling of the conjugated polymer, the effective light field not only triggers lattice vibrations but also drives the hot exciton to undergo relaxation. During the relaxation over 1000 fs, the hot exciton loses its excess energy, finally completing its annealing process.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SKIN V. COPPER AND ZINC IN PSORIASIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SKIN V. COPPER AND ZINC IN PSORIASIS Get access MOHAMED M. MOLOKHIA, MOHAMED M. MOLOKHIA Manchester and Salford Hospital for Skin Diseases, Quay Street, Manchester MS 3HL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BENJAMIN PORTNOY BENJAMIN PORTNOY Manchester and Salford Hospital for Skin Diseases, Quay Street, Manchester MS 3HL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 83, Issue 3, 1 September 1970, Pages 376–381, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb15720.x Published: 01 September 1970 Article history Accepted: 07 May 1970 Published: 01 September 1970
Poster 272: Age-Based Differences in Characteristics of Pediatric Discoid Lateral Meniscus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) in pediatric patients presents across a broad age range. It is unknown whether clinical presentation and DLM morphology differ between age groups. This study investigates age-based differences in DLM characteristics from a multi-center retrospective database of DLM. We hypothesize that there are predictable differences in presentation and DLM morphology between age groups. Methods: This retrospective study included surgically treated DLM patients between January 2000 and March 2020 from 9 centers in North America. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to compare characteristics of DLM between age groups: < 7, 7-10, 11-13, 14-16, and ≥ 17 years. Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square or Fisher Exact test were used to compare age groups for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Statistical significance was defined as p-value < 0.05. Results: 868 patients with mean age 12 years (range: 1-22 years) were included for analysis. More patients were female (57%) than male, especially in the younger age groups. The proportion of patients in each age group: <7 years (7.6%), 7-10 years (25.8%), 11-13 years (28.2%), 14-16 years (25.2%), ≥17 years (13.1%). Patients <7 years had significantly longer duration from initial presentation to surgery (median 214 days vs ≥17 years 28.5 days; p<0.05). Among patients <7 years, over 40% presented with a complaint of either “snapping” or “clunking.” Meanwhile, patients aged ≥17 years more commonly presented with complaints of swelling (33%) and locking (44%) [Figure1]. Incidence of discoid meniscus tear was highest among patients ≥17 years (80.7%), and lowest among <7 years (56.1%). Among patients with tear (N=648), patients ≥17 years were significantly more likely to have radial and parrot beak tears compared to other age groups (radial 18.5%, parrot beak 7.6%; Table 1). Patients 13 and under were more likely to have stiffness on exam (18%-25%) compared to patients 14 years and older (10%-13%; p<0.05). During surgery, patients 13 years and younger were more likely than older patients to have instability of the meniscus (41%-48% vs 26%-30%; p<0.05) and meniscus repair (46%-48% vs 32%-33%; p<0.05). Conclusions: Younger patients tend to present with “clunking” DLM and do not typically proceed acutely to surgery. They are more likely to have preoperative stiffness and instability, and more likely to undergo meniscus repair. Older patients are more likely to have a tear, and receive more acute treatment, though repair Is less frequent. These age-based differences in presentation and characteristics of DLM are important in counseling these patients and treatment decision-making.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Children: Antibacterial Treatment Options in an Era of Increasing Drug Resistance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Conjunctivitis is one of the most frequently seen eye disorders in the primary care and pediatric setting, accounting for an estimated 1% to 4% of visits. The etiology can be bacterial, viral, allergic, or chemical, but bacterial infections are the most common. Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs more often in preschool children than in older children and adults. The most common causative organisms in children are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis (Table 1). Approximately one third of children with bacterial conjunctivitis have concurrent otitis media. Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious and rapidly transmitted in day-care centers and classrooms. The condition is typically self-limited, with clinical resolution usually apparent by 7 days without treatment. However, clearance of the infection can take up to 3 weeks. Treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis with an antiinfective agent lessens contagion and duration of disease, alleviates patient discomfort, and facilitates earlier resumption of normal activities. A meta-analysis of 5 double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies with a total of 1034 children and adults concluded that antibacterial agents have their greatest impact on clinical and microbiological remission if begun within 2 to 5 days of symptom onset. As bacterial resistance to anti-infectives continues to evolve, the selection of an ocular antibacterial has become a challenge. Bacterial resistance to antibiotic therapy can result from a number of factors. Nationwide surveillance studies such as the Ocular Tracking Resistance in US Today (TRUST) survey and The Surveillance Network (TSN) have documented emerging resistance among ocular pathogens to ocular anti-infectives. In this review, the differential diagnosis of bacterial conjunctivitis in children and the efficacy of currently used and newer topical antibacterial treatments for acute bacterial conjunctivitis in the preschool and school-aged child will be presented in the context of increasing bacterial resistance.
Spontaneous Oxidation of Aromatic Sulfones to Sulfonic Acids in Microdroplets

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Reactions in microdroplets can be accelerated and can present unique chemistry compared to reactions in bulk solution. Here, we report the accelerated oxidation of aromatic sulfones to sulfonic acids in microdroplets under ambient conditions without the addition of acid, base, or catalyst. The experimental data suggest that the water radical cation, (H2O)+•, derived from traces of water in the solvent, is the oxidant. The substrate scope of the reaction indicates the need for a strong electron-donating group (e.g., p-hydroxyl) in the aromatic ring. An analogous oxidation is observed in an aromatic ketone with benzoic acid production. The shared mechanism is suggested to involve field-assisted ionization of water at the droplet/air interface, its reaction with the sulfone (M) to form the radical cation adduct, (M + H2O)+•, followed by 1,2-aryl migration and C-O cleavage. A remarkably high reaction rate acceleration (∼103) and regioselectivity (∼100-fold) characterize the reaction.
The relationship between principal leadership and teacher collaboration: Investigating the mediating effect of teachers’ collective efficacy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Empirical research considers teacher collaboration to be an important predictor of outcome variables at the student, teacher, and school level. Principals are responsible for shaping teachers’ work environments, and in doing so, they can strengthen and support teacher collaboration. Drawing on social interdependence theory, we hypothesized that teachers’ collective efficacy has a mediating effect on the relationship between principal leadership and teacher collaboration. We collected data from 630 teachers in 29 primary and secondary schools in Germany and found, based on structural equation modeling, that principal leadership had a significant indirect effect on teacher collaboration, mediated by teachers’ collective efficacy. We discuss the implications of these results for supporting school improvement.
Global Demographic Convergence? A Reconsideration of Changing Intercountry Inequality in Fertility

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research challenges the notion that the second half of the twentieth century was a period of global demographic convergence. To be sure, fertility rates fell substantially during the period, but with considerable un‐evenness. The declines in total fertility across population‐weighted countries were sufficiently disproportionate that intercountry fertility inequality, estimated using standard measures of inequality, did not begin to decline until at least 1995. Regression analysis also shows that only very recently did lagging countries begin to catch up with countries that began the transition to low fertility earlier. Contrary to findings on changing intercountry health inequality, sub‐Saharan Africa has had a greater impact on changes in fertility inequality than China. The trend in fertility inequality, where convergence is a relatively new phenomenon, stands in contrast to trends in inequality in other domains, such as income, education, and health.
Synaptophysin Positive Pulmonary Glomus Tumor Mimics Carcinoid Tumor on Fine‐Needle Aspiration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Glomus tumors are benign vascular soft tissue neoplasms of glomus bodies. Primary lung glomus tumors are rare and usually express smooth muscle markers, and are negative for cytokeratin and neuroendocrine markers in immunohistochemistry. We report a case of a primary lung glomus tumor showing diffuse, strong, aberrant immunoexpression for synaptophysin and morphologically mimicking a low‐grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor).
Chemical score of different protein sources to four Macrobrachium species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Food production for aquaculture requires finding other protein sources or ingredients as potential alternatives in the formulation of aquaculture feeds, due to the shortage and high price of protein sources that are most commonly used. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the relationship between the essential amino acids in 13 types of proteins available in the market with the essential amino acids found in the muscle of four of the most important farmed prawn species of the genus Macrobrachium (M. amazonicum, M. rosenbergii, M. americanum and M. tenellum). The results obtained showed the limiting amino acids of each ingredient for each species, thereby allowing for formulation of commercial foods that meet the nutritional needs to support optimal growth of these prawns in culture. In conclusion, there is a difference in the amino acids most often present as first limiting between sources of animal and plant origin. Thereby, it is possible evaluate complementarities between these sources to achieve an amino acids profile close to that of Macrobrachium species.
Radiofrequency ablation of turbinates after septoplasty has no effect on allergic rhinitis symptoms other than nasal obstruction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background In this study we evaluated the effects of inferior turbinate radiofrequency ablation (RFA), performed after septoplasty, on patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study involving 60 patients with both a deviated nasal septum (DNS) and AR. Those who underwent septoplasty/sham surgery constituted the Septo‐Sham group and those who underwent septoplasty/RFA formed the Septo‐RFA group. Demographic factors, pre‐ and postoperative symptom scores for allergic rhinitis (SFARs), and Nasal Obstruction and Septoplasty Effectiveness Scale (NOSE) scores were calculated. We subdivided the total SFAR (tSFAR) scores into scores for nasal obstruction (SFAR‐NO) and scores for symptoms other than nasal obstruction (SFAR‐SONO); the latter included rhinorrhea, itching, and sneezing. Results The baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. The 2 types of surgery improved both the NOSE and SFAR scores. In subgroup analysis according to the type of symptoms, both types of surgery showed improvement in SFAR‐NO and SFAR‐SONO scores. However, the extent of improvement did not differ between the groups, regardless of the type of symptoms. Conclusion For patients with both DNS and AR, both types of surgery afford postoperative symptomatic improvement. Both types of surgery yielded improvement in both nasal obstruction and symptoms other than nasal obstruction. However, performing RFA after septoplasty did not afford further short‐term symptomatic improvements. Thus, septoplasty without RFA may be optimal for patients with both DNS and AR.
The Effects of Capabilities and Governance on Information Technology and Business Process Outsourcing Performance: Client and Provider Perspectives

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Research on information technology outsourcing (ITO) and business process outsourcing (BPO) has consistently found that client firm capabilities, provider firm capabilities, and governance mechanisms (contractual and relational) are key determinants of outsourcing performance. These key determinants work together to affect outsourcing performance, however, the information systems (IS) literature has investigated them in a separate manner. This study contributes to the body of IS knowledge by examining capabilities and governance mechanisms influence on outsourcing performance independently and jointly. Based on resource-based theory, transaction cost economics, and relational exchange theories, we develop a research model to examine the independent and joint effects of one client's capabilities (i.e., client's provider management capability), three provider's capabilities (i.e., human resources management, risk management, and innovativeness), and two governance mechanisms (contractual and relational governance) on two indicators of outsourcing performance (i.e., provider's service quality, and client's economic benefits). Survey data gathered from 306 practitioners in 21 client firms and 20 provider firms is used to test the research model. Our results indicate that service quality and client’s economic benefits have different sets of determinants. Service quality is determined by three provider's capabilities and relational governance. Client’s economic benefits are determined by contractual and relational governance, client's provider management capability, and provider’s service quality. Our findings also provides evidence that service quality fully mediates the relationships among three provider's capabilities and outsourcing performance. Further, our analyses suggest that there are negative interaction effects between capabilities and governance mechanisms on outsourcing performance. More specifically, in the presence of strong governance mechanisms, the positive effects of client's and provider's capabilities on outsourcing performance are reduced. Last, we also reveal that clients and providers differ in how they view the independent and joint effects of capabilities and governance mechanisms on outsourcing performance. This study provides some important implications for researchers and practitioners pertaining to effective governance of outsourcing arrangements and offers directions for future research.