jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Photoprotection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

WHEN DO WE NEED PHOTOPROTECTION? Cosmetic dermatologists need no persuasion that the ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight, which comprises approximately 5% of terrestrial solar radiation, is largely responsible for the deleterious effects on the skin that are associated with sun exposure. Ubiquitous acceptance of this belief has formed the basis of sun protection campaigns hosted by public health agencies in many countries populated principally by people with white skin, as well as the continued development and improvement of topical sunscreens.
Design and analysis of squid-like jet propeller actuated by piezoelectric pumps

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a squid-like jet propeller actuated by piezoelectric pumps is designed, which can realize underwater pulsedjet process. The squid-like jet propeller comprises a bionic mantle and a rigid framework. The bionic mantle is a sealedflexible cavity, and a plurality of piezoelectric pumps are embedded on the bionic mantle to continuously absorbwaterinto the cavity. When the piezoelectric pump works, water is sucked into the flexible cavity, when the pressure inthecavity reaches a certain value, the jet is ejected through the nozzle. Firstly, this paper studies the structural designof thebionic mantle, then studies the influence of the number and the water absorption performance of piezoelectric pumpsaswell as water absorption time on the propulsion performance of the squid-like jet propeller, and then studies thestructural deformation of the bionic mantle and the variation of the parameters of the jet propeller during the pulsedjet process. The squid-like jet propeller can control the pulsed jet cycle and other propulsion performance.
STUDIES OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE WETTING ANGLE OF THE WOOD SURFACE ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE GLUE

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The work examines the conditions for the formation of adhesive joints of wood and wood materials. The influence of the type of filler on the wetting angle of the bonded surfaces and the adhesive strength, and, as a consequence, on the bonding strength of birch plywood, was studied.
Thomas Perronet Thompson, “Sensible Chartism” and the Chimera of Radical Unity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Radical disunity and diffusion of effort were cardinal features of mid-nineteenth-century British politics, but only infrequently has Chartism been viewed in this context. Some historians of Chartism prefer to stress its economic roots, or treat it as a rational response to political events, or regard it as a collection of local mobilizations rather than an organized national movement. Others focus upon its democratic ideology and practice, its significance as a mass activity involving “outsiders” (the unskilled, women, the Irish), its symbols, dress, and other forms of display, or upon the deployment of military and police to combat Chartism at times of serious disorder (notably in 1839, 1842, and 1848). Some commentators regard Chartism as the basis for mid-Victorian working-class liberalism, commending the intelligent artisans of London who drew up the Charter, and condemning the violence of the Chartist North. For Dorothy Thompson Chartism was a political movement inspired by concern about threats to workers’ rights. Gareth Stedman Jones has argued that Chartist agitation marks a continuation of familiar pre-1832 radical aims and rhetoric, and that it must be explained with reference to the nature of the state, not class consciousness or the trade cycle.
Thylamys venustus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

87. Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum Thylamys venustus French: Opossum charmant / German: Cinderella-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de vientre beige Other common names: Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Buff-bellied Thylamys Taxonomy. Marmosa elegans venusta Thomas, 1902, “ Paratani, W. of Cochabamba,” Cochabamba, Bolivia. This species includes 71. cinderella as a synonym. Monotypic. Distribution. Bolivia (Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, and Tarja) to NW Argentina (Jujuy and Tucuman). Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-11 cm, tail 11.1-13.8 cm; weight 12-26-5 g. The Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum has brownish gray to cinnamon brown dorsal fur, with typical tricolored pattern, paler on body sides. Head is same color as dorsum, but facial fur is paler, with a faint midrostral stripe and black eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.130% of head—body length, and tail is bicolored, dark brown dorsally and grayish ventrally, almost uncolored proximally. Tail can store fat and become incrassated (enlarged with stored fat). Ventral fur is graybased yellowish or white, and chin and throat are often yellowish or white; occasionally, there are whitish patches on chest. Forefeet and hindfeet are buffy white, and ears are large and pale brown. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is absent in somatic cells. Habitat. Transitional and humid forests (Yungas) below elevations of 2000 m and brushlands, riverbank chaparral, and cultivated areas at elevations of 250-4000 m. Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species. Breeding. Lactating Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossums were recorded in February and October. Juveniles were collected in February-May. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Lack of information on status and basic biological characteristics and ecological requirements of the Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum hinders assessment of its conservation status. Its distribution includes several areas that are increasingly being converted to agriculture, and it cannot be predicted how modifications or removal of original vegetation will affect populations of Buft-bellied Fat-tailed Opossums. Although several protected areas occur within its distribution, it has not been confirmed in any of them. Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Braun, Mares & Stafira (2004), Braun, Van Den Bussche et al. (2005), Creighton & Gardner (2007c), Flores et al. (2000), Giarla et al. (2010), Palma, Boric-Bargetto et al. (2014), Palma, Rivera-Milla et al. (2002), Solari (2003), Tate (1933).
The b-chromatic number of regular graphs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Two problems are considered in this thesis: the b-coloring problem and the graph packing problem. 1. The b-Coloring Problem : A b-coloring of a graph G is a proper coloring of the vertices of G such that there exists a vertex in each color class joined to at least a vertex in each other color class. The b-chromatic number of a graph G, denoted by b(G), is the maximum number t such that G admits a b-coloring with t colors. El Sahili and Kouider asked whether it is true that every d-regular graph G with girth at least 5 satisfies b(G) = d + 1. Blidia, Maffray and Zemir proved that the conjecture is true for d ≤ 6. Also, the question was solved for d-regular graphs with supplementary conditions. We study El Sahili and Kouider conjecture by determining when it is possible and under what supplementary conditions it is true. We prove that b(G) = d+1 if G is a d-regular graph containing neither a cycle of order 4 nor of order 6. Then, we provide specific conditions on the vertices of a d-regular graph G with no cycle of order 4 so that b(G) = d + 1. Cabello and Jakovac proved that if v(G) ≥ 2d3 - d2 + d, then b(G) = d + 1, where G is a d-regular graph. We improve this bound by proving that if v(G) ≥ 2d3 - 2d2 + 2d, then b(G) = d+1 for a d-regular graph G. 2. Graph Packing Problem : Graph packing problem is a classical problem in graph theory and has been extensively studied since the early 70's. Consider a permutation σ : V (G) → V (Kn), the function σ* : E(G) → E(Kn) such that σ *(xy) = σ *(x) σ *(y) is the function induced by σ. We say that there is a packing of k copies of G into the complete graph Kn if there exist k permutations σ i : V (G) → V (Kn), where i = 1,…, k, such that σ*i (E(G)) ∩ σ*j (E(G)) = ɸ for I ≠ j. A packing of k copies of a graph G will be called a k-placement of G. The kth power Gk of a graph G is the supergraph of G formed by adding an edge between all pairs of vertices of G with distance at most k. Kheddouci et al. proved that for any non-star tree T there exists a 2-placement σ on V (T). We introduce a new variant of graph packing problem, called the labeled packing of a graph into its power graph
Democracy or discord? how citizens judge contested party leadership races

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article we challenge the belief that citizens are ultimately responsible for the dilemma political parties may face between selecting their leaders democratically and attracting votes. This belief arises from the notion that citizens reject parties whose leaders are chosen through competitive processes, associating competition with division and division with incapacity. We suggest, however, that citizens perceive contested leadership races as either divisive and thus negative, or alternatively, democratic and thus positive, depending on the inclusiveness of the selectorate. Using a conjoint experimental design, we partially confirm our expectations. Our key finding is that competitive races, although perceived as divisive, are never electorally detrimental. When conducted through primaries, they may even yield positive electoral effects. This outcome remains robust even after accounting for the ideological positions of both parties and citizens. We conclude that if a dilemma exists between intra-party democracy and electoral success, citizens are not to blame.
Between professional objectivity and Simmel’s moods: a pragmatist-aesthetic proposal for landscape character

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper provides, in the first part, a critical examination of the standard framing of the subjectivism vs objectivism dualism in the concept and practice of 'landscape character' (LC) and, in the second part, some philosophical suggestions for its improvement. After a brief overview of the emergence of the LC notion, partly in response to the modernist-aestheticist view of landscape, and of the mentioned dualism that this notion harbours, I will discuss some main problems associated with the currently dominant 'objectivist strain' in the framing of the dualism. Such problems have a common root, namely a narrow unexamined view of experience and the aesthetic dimension. In the constructive part, I will propose to reframe the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity on a pragmatist-aesthetic basis, drawing on Simmel's notion of landscape 'mood'. Finally, I will outline some implications and advantages of the suggested alternative over both the objectivist strain in the current discourse and the modernist-aestheticist paradigm.
3D and Infrared Face Reconstruction from RGB data using Canonical Correlation Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we apply a multiple regression method based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to face data modelling. CCA is a factor analysis method which exploits the correlation between two high dimensional signals. We first use CCA to perform 3D face reconstruction and in a separate application we predict near-infrared (NIR) face texture. In both cases, the input data are color (RGB) face images. Experiments show, that due to the correlation between input and output signal, only a small number of canonical factors are needed to describe the functional relation of RGB images to the respective output (NIR images and 3D depth maps) with reasonable accuracy
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIVATE TUITION AND PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AT THE PREPARATORY STAGE: INSIGHTS FROM INDIAN EDUCATION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates effectiveness of private tuition and parental involvement at the preparatory stage. This stage is critical as it establishes the foundation for academic path of the children. The decision between “private tuition” and “parental involvement” can significantly influence students’ educational experience, across the globe. This research aims to examine which of the approaches is more effective ‘private tuition’ or ‘parental involvement’ for the improvement of children’s academic achievement. The study used the survey method to collect background information and their school’s periodic examination scores as academic achievement. The study found that parental involvement has significantly more effective than private tuition in academic achievement of the students. It is crucial not only for a child’s academic development but also for the overall growth. The policy implication of the study is that in order to improve academic achievement and holistic development of children, it is recommended to promote parental involvement, especially during the preparatory stage.
Duty factor and stride frequency as (potential) load magnitude determinants of slow, female runners’ habitual running pattern

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

"Duty factor and stride frequency as (potential) load magnitude determinants of slow, female runners’ habitual running pattern." Footwear Science, 15(sup1), pp. S186–S187Keywords: Duty factorstride frequencyrecreational runnersinverse dynamicsexternal loadingmusculoskeletal loading Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
ADDITION TO THE FAUNA OF PSYLLID (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA) IN POTHOHAR REGION OF PAKISTAN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Psyllid fauna of Pakistan is represented by few species only. Here, a Psyllid species: Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum (Crawford, 1912) is recorded for the first time from Pakistan. Description of immatures and adult morphology, micrographs and biology are given to validate this new faunal record and facilitate its prompt identification. Distribution map along with notes on new distributional records of four psyllid species including Acizzia indica (Heslop-Harrison, 1949); Diaphorina aegyptiaca Puton, 1892; Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 and Euphyllura pakistanica Loginova, 1973 are provided. Ecological relationship of recorded species with ants has also been given. All collected material was identified using the most relevant and available literature. Key words: Distribution; Immatures; New record; Pakistan
The Effectiveness Environmental Measurements and Biomarkers of Exposure at Minimizing Exposure Misclassification

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Background: Children's Health after the Storm (CHATS) is a cohort study investigating adverse health effects among children who resided in areas affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the U.S. A feasibility study is underway. Aim: One study aim is to assess ways to minimize exposure misclassification bias. We hypothesize that personal measurements of environmental exposure have a stronger association with biomarkers of exposure than do indirect exposure measurements. Methods: A substudy of 100 children will assess exposure misclassification. For each child, we are collecting: 1) one-week measurements of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM10), second-hand smoke (SHS), and volatile organic compounds (VOC); 2) one-week residential indoor and outdoor stationary sampling for the same pollutants; and 3) corresponding urinary biomarkers of exposure. We will compare personal exposure data to indoor and outdoor residential data, and environmental SHS and VOC measurements to urinary cotinine and VOC metabolite concentrations. Results: Data from 50 children show that personal exposures to PM10 (mean: 38 mg/m3, GSD = 2.4) exceed the indoor (mean: 25 mg/m3, GSD = 2.4) and outdoor concentrations (mean: 20 mg/m3, GSD = 1.8), with SHS being a key source of the difference. Personal and indoor VOC concentrations are similar (mean: 0.015 mg/L, GSD = 2.1) and are greater than outdoor concentrations (mean: 0.005 mg/L, GSD = 1.9). Additional environmental and biospecimen sample collection and analysis are ongoing and will be presented. Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that personal measurements are best at minimizing exposure misclassification bias. Strong sources within microenvironments and the child's proximity to these sources are the most likely causes. The correlation between the personal measurements and the urinary VOC and cotinine biomarkers will confirm this supposition. Our assessment of approaches to minimize exposure misclassification will be fully evaluated to inform the Full Study Phase of CHATS.
Long-term field study reveals that warmer summers lead to larger and longer-lived females only in northern populations of Natterer's bats

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Animals often respond to climate change with changes in morphology, e.g., shrinking body size with increasing temperatures, as expected by Bergmann's rule. Because small body size can have fitness costs for individuals, this trend could threaten populations. Recent studies, however, show that morphological responses to climate change and the resulting fitness consequences cannot be generalized even among related species. In this long-term study, we investigate the interaction between ambient temperature, body size and survival probability in a large number of individually marked wild adult female Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri). We compare populations from two geographical regions in Germany with a different climate. In a sliding window analysis, we found larger body sizes in adult females that were raised in warmer summers only in the northern population, but not in the southern population that experienced an overall warmer climate. With a capture-markrecapture approach, we showed that larger individuals had higher survival rates, demonstrating that weather conditions in early life could have long-lasting fitness effects. The different responses in body size to warmer temperatures in the two regions highlight that fitness-relevant morphological responses to climate change have to be viewed on a regional scale and may affect local populations differently.
Multiple Mechanisms of TRPC Activation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

TRPC (canonical transient receptor potential) channels are vertebrate homologues of the Drosophila photoreceptor channel (TRP). Considerable research has been brought to bear on the seven members of this family, especially with regard to their possible roles in calcium entry. Unfortunately, the current literature presents a confusing picture, with different laboratories describing widely differing results and interpretations. It appears that ectopically expressed TRPC channels can be activated as a consequence of phospholipase C activation (by increases in diacylglycerols or by loss of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate), by stimulation of trafficking to the plasma membrane, or by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. These diverse experimental findings arise because TRPC channels can, under both experimental as well as physiological conditions, be activated in three distinct ways, possibly depending on their subunit composition or signaling complex environment. The TRPCs may be unique among ion channel subunit families in having the ability to participate in the assembly and function of multiple types of physiologically important ion channels.
Republican Rhetoric - (D. J.) Kapust Republicanism, Rhetoric, and Roman Political Thought. Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus. Pp. viii + 196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Cased, £55, US$85. ISBN: 978-1-107-00057-5.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Republican Rhetoric - (D. J.) Kapust Republicanism, Rhetoric, and Roman Political Thought. Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus. Pp. viii + 196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Cased, £55, US$85. ISBN: 978-1-107-00057-5. - Volume 62 Issue 2
Regional and local-scale gold grain and till geochemical signatures of lode Au deposits in the western Abitibi Greenstone Belt, central Canada

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper is an overview of drift exploration methods for lode Au deposits in areas of thin and thick cover of glacial sediments within the Abitibi Greenstone Belt of central Canada. It summarizes a large volume of data produced by government regional surveys and case studies as well as that from industry-led gold exploration programs. Regional till surveys can be used as targeting mechanisms for further Au exploration. Anomalies are defined by a series of samples with elevated Au concentrations that lie along significant bedrock structures, occurring in clusters or as isolated samples in areas of low sample density. Thresholds between background and anomalous Au grain abundances or Au concentrations are variable and depend on location within the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Case studies around known deposits provide examples of geochemical and mineralogical signatures of Au deposits that can be expected in till down-ice. These serve as sources of information on appropriate sampling methods and size fractions to analyse, and on ice flow patterns, local glacial stratigraphy and suitable till units for sampling. Two methods for measuring the Au content of till are commonly used: (1) a count of visible Au grains and (2) geochemical elemental analysis. Close to source, till contains thousands to hundreds of thousands ppb Au and several hundred Au grains. The Au grains vary from coarse sand to silt sizes and have pristine shapes. The presence of high Au concentrations in till indicates that the ore zones subcrop and that glacial processes have produced Au dispersal trains down-ice.
Modeling and optimization of microwave filter by ADS-based KBNN

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

When microwave devices are designed by knowledge-based neural network (KBNN), the empirical formula is always used as priori knowledge. However, it is difficult to derive the corresponding formulas for the most electromagnetic problems, especially for complex electromagnetic problems, the formula derivation is almost impossible. In this article, they combine neural network with simulation software and use results of Agilent ADS as priori knowledge and HFSS as teaching signal to train the neural network by particle swarm optimization (PSO), which solves the difficulty in obtaining priori knowledge and effectively reduces the complexity of the neural network structure. Based on the KBNN, the microwave filters are designed. The results of optimization satisfy the required specifications which show the effectiveness and superiority of the method.