jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Research of blastocyte-like structure in chicken

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The chicken embryo is a classic model used to investigate embryonic development, gene expression, and tissue differentiation, and is also an important research tool in studying the animal functional genomics. The whole blastoderms of fresh unincubated eggs from White Leghorn chickens were collected with a paper ring, mechanically broken into small pieces and cultured in medium. Then the small pieces would develop into blastocyte-like structures (BLS), which could be facilitated by an addition of fetal bovine serum (FBS) to the primary culture and their diameter was nearly doubled from 12 to 24 h. The additional yolk had no positive effect on the development in the first 12 h but encouraged the BLSs attaching and inner cells differentiating instead in 24 h. The inner cells of the BLS showing a high alkaline-phosphatase activity similar to those in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and also expressing a large amount of the specific stage embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) on the surface, which was known to be the characteristic of non-differentiated mouse and avian ES cells, could finally differentiate into nerve-like cells, fibroblast cells and so on in the medium. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) facilitated the cells' proliferation and prevented differentiation in the suspended culture of the BLSs. So we drew the conclusion that the BLS obtained from broken blastoderm can be used to amplify avian ES cells so as to initiate a new method of producing transgenic chickens.
II. A Case of Ischaemic Colitis Examined by Colonoscope

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ischaemic colitis is a well recognized entity which results from sudden occulusion of a main trunk or a branch of a mesentric artery or from hypoxia with non-occulusive mesenteric arterial disease. Although ischaemic colitis is not rare in the older age groups with episodes of ischaemia involving the heart or brain, its endoscopic findings are rarely reported.A 54 year old male complaining of dull left hypochondrial pain, was examined using a colonoscope. Endoscopic appearances such as longitudinal ulcers without cobble-stone appearance, stricture of the canal of splenic flexure, diffuse capillary dilatation and congestion etc. were different from other specific or non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases.Endoscopic diagnosis of ischaemic colitis is not so easy, because its endoscopic findings are not uniform according to its stage or severity. Therefore, more description of the cases in each stage and severity will be necessary to make more effective differential diagnosis of ischaemic colitis.
Transdominant mutants of I kappa B alpha block Tat-tumor necrosis factor synergistic activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression and virus multiplication

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for the NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors which are required for the transcriptional activation of viral genes by inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1. In the present study, we examined the effect of transdominant mutants of I kappa B alpha on the synergistic activation of the HIV-1 LTR by TNF-alpha and the HIV-1 transactivator, Tat, in Jurkat T cells. The synergistic induction of HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression represented a 50- to 70-fold stimulation and required both an intact HIV-1 enhancer and Tat-TAR element interaction, since mutations in Tat protein (R52Q, R53Q) or in the bulge region of the TAR element that eliminated Tat binding to TAR were unable to stimulate LTR expression. Coexpression of I kappa B alpha inhibited Tat-TNF-alpha activation of HIV LTR in a dose-dependent manner. Transdominant forms of I kappa B alpha, mutated in critical serine or threonine residues required for inducer-mediated (S32A, S36A) and/or constitutive (S283A, T291A, T299A) phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha were tested for their capacity to block HIV-1 LTR transactivation. I kappa B alpha molecules mutated in the N-terminal sites were not degraded following inducer-mediated stimulation (t1/2, > 4 h) and were able to efficiently block HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Strikingly, the I kappa B alpha (S32A, S36A) transdominant mutant was at least five times as effective as wild-type I kappa B alpha in inhibiting synergistic induction of the HIV-1 LTR. This mutant also effectively inhibited HIV-1 multiplication in a single-cycle infection model in Cos-1 cells, as measured by Northern (RNA) blot analysis of viral mRNA species and viral protein production. These experiments suggest a strategy that may contribute to inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression by interfering with the NF-kappa B/Rel signaling pathway.
Sudden Collapse of a Granular Cluster

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Single clusters in a vibro-fluidized granular gas in N connected compartments become unstable at strong shaking. They are experimentally shown to collapse very abruptly. The observed cluster lifetime (as a function of the driving intensity) is analytically calculated within a flux model, making use of the self-similarity of the process. After collapse, the cluster diffuses out into the uniform distribution in a self-similar way, with an anomalous diffusion exponent 1/3.
Enhancing Digital Government Engagement Among Older Adults: Literature Review and Research Agenda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Digital government enhances citizen services and increases their participation, which promotes sustainable development with environmental, social, and economic benefits, moving towards a green economy. Addressing the digital divide becomes essential to ensure equal opportunities in digital government, especially for older individuals as the global population rapidly ages. We conducted a literature search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases to explore ways to enhance digital government engagement among older adults. The literature highlights the impact of factors such as cost, convenience, information accuracy, confidence, technology anxiety, digital literacy, emotional attachment, trust, preference for face-to-face interaction, income, and education levels. Suggested improvements include simplifying interfaces, improving visual appeal, providing personalized services, addressing digital exclusion and limited digital literacy through comprehensive programs, fostering emotional attachment and trust, ensuring safety measures, promoting self-actualization benefits, providing computing support, and highlighting resource-saving benefits.
Semen Quality, Female Choice and Multiple Mating in Domestic Sheep: a Test of Trivers' Sexual Competence Hypothesis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract TRIVERS (1972) proposed that females may choose to mate with males of high sexual competence (the ability to supply sufficient sperm for fertilisation). This hypothesis was tested by allowing ewes in oestrus to choose between four tethered adult rams, two of high and two of low semen quality. Contrary to the hypothesis, ewes did not prefer rams of higher semen quality and, even though frequent mating can depress the fertilising ability of ram semen, the attractiveness of each ram to oestrous ewes was not lowered by frequent ejaculation. Also, in contrast to TRIVERS' suggestion, semen quality and male courtship vigour were not consistently related either between or within individual rams. Ewes mated repeatedly during oestrus, receiving nearly six ejaculates each on average, and over two thirds of ewes mated with more than one ram. Repeated mating, rather than a preference for sexually competent males, might function to ensure fertilisation in female sheep and perhaps in other ruminants.
Updating technical coefficients of an input-output matrix with RAS - The trIOBAL sofware. A VBA/GAMS application to Italian economy for years 1995 and 2000

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper deals with a new application, namely trIOBAL, developed in Excel Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) together with a GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) routine to implement the RAS method finalized to update the technical coefficients of an Input-Output matrix. We follow the RAS standard procedure, that requires knowing the\nproduction vector and the row and column totals of the intersectoral tables at the forecast year. The data come from the Italian Input-Output Tables for the years 1995 and 2000 (ISTAT, 2014). This new application could be easily applied also to the Social Account Matrix (SAM).
Polysiloxane Hybrids via Sol-Gel Process: Effect of Temperature on Network Formation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of temperature on the network formation of polysiloxane hybrids was evaluated since this type of material is currently in high demand. In the last decades, the deposition of these coatings on different substrates, mostly metals, has demonstrated anticorrosion properties. Sol-gel hybrids were prepared by mixing 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) with a molar ratio of 1. The formation, thickness and composition of these hybrid materials were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results showed that the temperature plays an important role in the network formation, the total condensation degree and the total dimensionality of the hybrid materials. At room temperature, the polysiloxane hybrids presented total condensation degrees lower than 75% and a total dimensionality (dtotal) = 2.5, while those obtained at 65 °C presented total condensation degrees higher than 80% and a dtotal = 2.8. The ideal conditions to prepare polysiloxane hybrids are 65 °C for 4 h, where this shows a higher atomic percentage of Si and a greater thickness.
Dilute Bose gas with three-body interaction: Recent results and open questions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We review our recent study on the ground state energy of dilute Bose gases with three-body interactions. The main feature of our results is the emergence of the 3D energy-critical Schrödinger equation to describe the ground state energy of a Bose–Einstein condensate, where the nonlinearity strength is determined by a zero-scattering problem. Several open questions are also discussed.
Les Palais européens du Yuanmingyuan à travers la photographie : 1860-1940

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Started in 1987, the search for old photographs of the European Palaces of the Yuanmingyuan has yielded close to a hundred and fifty samples, which have been for the most part attributed, identified and dated. At first meant as a support to the architectural and stylistic study of the site by the Mission Palais d'Été, the collection has also provided valuable information. The consequences of the 1860 torching on the buildings, and their progressive disappearance through neglect and pilfering are two examples. The process of destruction is specially well documented for the Haiyantang, an impressive combination of palace and reservoir, essential part of an architecture conceived around and in function of Western-style fountains and waterworks.
Naval casualty management training using human patient simulators

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Extended-evacuation in austere environments is characterized by the lack of resources to facilitate medical evacuation in the 'Golden Hour' from moment of injury. This may require the primary caregiver, often a relatively inexperienced general physician or EMT, to administer extended medical care in the field.Objectives: We describe the Shipboard and Underwater Casualty Care and Sedation Simulation (SUCCeSS) program in the Israeli Navy, intended to train caregivers for extended prehospital intensive casualty care using high fidelity life-size simulation mannequins set up onboard corvettes or submarines during manoeuvers, in maximally realistic conditions.Methods: Twenty two general physicians and EMTs in 12 teams were enrolled in the program in the years 2011-2013. Two hour long training sessions were headed by senior surgeons and anesthesiologists using flexible scripts enabling the mannequin operators to react to caregivers' actions and their consequences. Trainee evaluation was performed by the preceptors using semi-structured forms taking into account critical treatment decisions and the effects of actions taken. Trainees also completed self-report CRM questionnaires before and after the sessions.Results: Success of the trainees correlated with an evaluation score above 72%. The mean overall CRM score for team leaders post exercise was 74.64%, an improvement of 10% over pre-exercise scores (p<0.0001).Conclusion: Caregiver self-perceived competence and self-sufficiency in treating casualties at sea was improved via high fidelity simulation in theatre using realistic naval casualty care situations. We discuss the the emergent concept of the extended evacuation environment.This abstract was presented at the Innovative Solutions in Remote Healthcare - 'Rethinking Remote' conference, 23-24 May 2016, Inverness, Scotland.
Determination of Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead and Zinc in Lichens and Botanic Samples by Electrothermal and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Analytical Quality Control Service (AQCS) Chemistry Unit a research program was initiated for the identification of trace elements such as Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in IAEA lichen-338 for a proficiency test (PT). This was to evaluate the possibility of using lichens as biomonitors of trace elements in atmospheric pollution. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, atomization and background profiles, detection limits and characteristic masses of analytes in lichen samples with Ni, Ni + Pd and Ni + Pd + tartaric acid (TA) modifier mixture, and without any modifiers were comprehensively investigated by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The detection limits and characteristic masses of analytes obtained were 0.06 m g L-1 and 2.04 pg for Cd, 1.26 m g L-1 and 18.4 pg for Pb, 0.66 m g L-1 and 6.4 pg for Cu, 0.16 m g L-1 and 1.42 pg for Mn in ETAAS with (Ni + Pd + TA), and 72.1 m g L-1 for Fe and 20.1 m g L-1 for Zn in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Cd, Cu, Pb and Mn in tomato leaves (1573a) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and hay powder (V-10) from IAEA certified reference materials (CRMs) and in lichen samples by ETAAS with Ni + Pd + TA, and Fe and Zn by FAAS were determined. The results obtained in CRMs were in good agreement with the certified values and the recoveries were about 100%.
Structuring the Global Customer Management Programme

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Chapter 3 discussed how the global customer management (GCM) programme should fit into the company's overall global strategy and global organization. This chapter moves on to the GCM programme itself. The organization of the programme forms the bedrock of the total GCM effort. But there is, of course, no single best way of organizing GCM, as the right structure depends on the company and its situation. The one commonality is that a global account management (GAM) programme nearly always sits at the core of the GCM organization. The GAM programme constitutes the formal part of GCM, usually with a specific organization and reporting structure for the main players in GCM. As such the GAM programme will be the most visible part of the GCM organization, but needs to be integrated with the rest of the company. The chapter describes the various elements that make up a GCM organization, and discusses the three major forms of GAM organization, along with their benefits and possible pitfalls.
Do you believe?”: The effects of child witness age and background on the credibility of child sexual exploitation cases

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A mock child sexual exploitation trial was used to study juror’s perceptions of child victim’s credibility. The age and socioeconomic status of the child victim were tested. Results indicated that child victim age had no significant impact on the mock juror’s perceptions of their credibility. The socioeconomic status of the child victim had a significant impact on how credible the jurors perceived the child. Juror’s hearing a case of a child from a high socioeconomic status were more likely to reach a guilty verdict compared to the child from a low socioeconomic status. Additionally, jurors who perceived the child as credible were significantly more likely to pass a guilty verdict. The study concluded that the socioeconomic status of a child victim can impact how credible jurors perceive their allegations. Future research should aim to examine stereotypes surrounding victims of child sexual abuse. Specifically, what it is about child victims from low socioeconomic status’ that causes jurors to perceive their allegations as less credible.
Modeling Neuronal Response to Disparity Gradient

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

There is a rich literature of physiological studies that a subset of neurons in visual cortices is discriminative of 3-D surface orientation using only the disparity gradient information. One of the physiological models to account for this sensibility to surface slant is the dif-frequency disparity model. Although this model is physiologically plausible, no computational analysis is available to explain how first-order-disparity sensitive neurons detect slanted surface. In this paper a computational model based on the dif-frequency disparity model is presented. In particular, analytical expressions that fit well with neuronal responses to broadband stimuli are obtained when simple cell receptive field is described by log-Gabor filters. It is shown with mathematical analysis and numerical simulations that our proposed model can not only account for physiological data of neuronal response to surface slant but also detect disparity gradient from random dot and sinusoidal grating stereograms.
Review article: altered states of consciousness, theories of recovery, and assessment following a severe traumatic brain injury.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The causes and consequences of severe traumatic brain injury are reviewed, including mechanical injury and neurochemical changes following focal and diffuse injuries. A discussion of terminology seeks to clarify current nomenclature and descriptions of behaviours during emergence from coma. Theories of recovery following severe brain injury are reviewed including diaschisis, plasticity and compensation, redundancy, environmental regulation, and excess disability. Several assessment tools that have been recommended for use with this population of individuals in an altered state of consciousness following coma are discussed and critiqued. They include the Glasgow Coma Scale, Ranchos Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale, Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile, Coma Near Coma Scale, Freeman Questionnaire, and the Sensory Modality Assessment Rehabilitation Technique.
Sheared lherzolite xenoliths revisited

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The microstructures of sheared lherzolite xenoliths from South African kimberlites are investigated using new microstructural analysis techniques and new rheological data. By applying electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods and the M‐index technique for quantifying the strength of lattice preferred orientation (LPO), it is demonstrated that olivine and orthopyroxene, after an initial stage of dynamic recrystallization, deformed by different mechanisms: olivine deformed by dislocation creep, while orthopyroxene deformed by a grain‐size sensitive mechanism that randomized the preexisting LPO. New rheological data, which incorporate the effects of pressure on deformation, are applied to these xenoliths. The effects of pressure are shown to dramatically reduce the inferred strain rates of these xenoliths in comparison to previous estimates. The contrasting microstructural features of olivine and orthopyroxene are analyzed using the Avrami theory of recrystallization, coupled with microstructural observations and experimental data. This analysis suggests that (1) the difference in the recrystallized grain‐size and (2) the difference in the completeness of recrystallization, can be largely explained by the contrast in grain boundary mobility between olivine and orthopyroxene.
[Transformation of mouse peritoneal macrophages to foam cells in intraperitoneal injection of low density lipoproteins, cholesterol and its oxidized products].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To investigate the possibility of macrophage transformation to foam cells in vivo, the authors studied 14C-oleate incorporation into cellular cholesterol esters (CES) and the content of free cholesterol (CS) and CES in mouse peritoneal macrophages harvested 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of native low density lipoproteins (LDL), acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL), purified CS and CS autooxidated at 60 degrees C for a month. The rate of 14C-oleate incorporation into CES and the content of CES in the macrophages increased in relation to CS levels in the preparations and the nature of the injected agents. Injection of acetyl-LDL (2 mg CS/18 g body weight) and oxidized CS (1 mg/18 g body weight) caused a 10-fold increase of 14C-oleate incorporation into CES and a 60-fold increase of CES concentrations in the macrophages, which was evidence of their transformation to foam cells. The model of obtaining foam cells in vivo may be used in the study of atherogenesis.
BRAF Mutations Classes I, II, and III in NSCLC Patients Included in the SLLIP Trial: The Need for a New Pre-Clinical Treatment Rationale

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BRAF V600 mutations have been found in 1–2% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment of dabrafenib plus trametinib and progression free survival (PFS) of 10.9 months. However, 50–80% of BRAF mutations in lung cancer are non-V600, and can be class II, with intermediate to high kinase activity and RAS independence, or class III, with impaired kinase activity, upstream signaling dependence, and consequently, sensitivity to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors. Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of 185 newly diagnosed advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients (Spanish Lung Liquid versus Invasive Biopsy Program, SLLIP, NCT03248089) was examined for BRAF and other alterations with a targeted cfDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay (Guardant360®, Guardant Health Inc., CA, USA), and results were correlated with patient outcome. Cell viability with single or combined RAF, MEK, and SHP2 inhibitors was assessed in cell lines with BRAF class I, II, and III mutations. Out of 185 patients, 22 had BRAF alterations (12%) of which seven patients harbored amplifications (32%) and 17 had BRAF mutations (77%). Of the BRAF mutations, four out of 22 (18%) were V600E and 18/22 (82%) were non-V600. In vitro results confirmed sensitivity of class III and resistance of class I and II BRAF mutations, and BRAF wild type cells to SHP2 inhibition. Concomitant MEK or RAF and SHP2 inhibition showed synergistic effects, especially in the class III BRAF-mutant cell line. Our study indicates that the class of the BRAF mutation may have clinical implications and therefore should be defined in the clinical practice and used to guide therapeutic decisions.