jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of the Cascading Style Sheet Standard on Mobile Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

By design, mobile computing aims to support numerous expressions of varying interfaces, contexts, and automation. Thus, as mobile computing becomes more prevalent, it is important that designers build systems in support of as many as possible unique, in-use, and user-defined characteristics. We explore these requirements and propose to support them with two existing standardized technologies: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and cascading style sheets (CSS). Whereas we investigate the impact of the CSS standard in the context of computing in general and mobile computing in particular, we also focus on two emerging roles of this standard: device independence and usability. Our findings suggest that the application of the CSS standard can improve data delivery across independent devices with varied bandwidth and resource availability, thereby providing device independence and improved usability, respectively. We demonstrate that through their effect on device independence and usability, CSS plays an important role in the evolution, expansion, and openness of mobile computing.
Diphenylcyclopropenone treatment of alopecia areata induces apoptosis of perifollicular lymphocytes.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alopecia areata (AA) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that can be treated with the contact sensitizer diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP). Peripheral blood leukocytes from AA patients are relatively resistant to apoptosis which might be due to decreased Fas Ligand (FasL) expression, or to an increase in CD44v7 expression. Moreover it has been suggested in a murine model of AA that contact allergen treatment might interfere with the emigration of Langerhans cells into the draining lymph node, thus hampering autoreactive T-cell activation. To assess whether and which of these mechanisms is of clinical relevance, immunohistochemistry was performed in scalp biopsies of successfully DCP-treated AA patients in the early phase of hair regrowth. In line with recent studies in a murine model of AA, there was no evidence that DCP treatment would interfere with extravasation and skin homing of activated leukocytes. Perifollicular infiltrates of DCP-treated as compared to untreated AA patients actually showed an increased number of perifollicular CD8(+) and CD1a(+) cells. Furthermore, the expression of CD44 and CD49d, which are of major importance in leukocyte extravasation, was even increased in DCP-treated as compared to AA patient infiltrates. The same accounted for the skin homing receptor CD44v10. When we evaluated the leukocyte subpopulations in DCP-treated as compared to untreated AA patients' skin biopsies, there was an undue increase in CD1a(+) cells, that could well be indicative of hampering of the emigration of antigen presenting cells (APC) by allergen treatment. Most importantly, the number of perifollicular TUNEL- and FasL-positive cells was strikingly increased, whereas the number of CD44v7(+) cells remained unaltered. Taken together, this study provides strong evidence that long term treatment with a contact sensitizer allows for the recovery of hair follicle by driving autoreactive T cells into activation-induced cell death. In addition the replacement with newly activated autoreactive T-cells might be impaired due to a DCP-mediated hindrance of APC emigration.
Uncertainty in Neural Network Word Embedding: Exploration of Threshold for Similarity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Word embedding, specially with its recent developments, promises a quantification of the similarity between terms. However, it is not clear to which extent this similarity value can be genuinely meaningful and useful for subsequent tasks. We explore how the similarity score obtained from the models is really indicative of term relatedness. We first observe and quantify the uncertainty factor of the word embedding models regarding to the similarity value. Based on this factor, we introduce a general threshold on various dimensions which effectively filters the highly related terms. Our evaluation on four information retrieval collections supports the effectiveness of our approach as the results of the introduced threshold are significantly better than the baseline while being equal to or statistically indistinguishable from the optimal results.
Nascent rovibrational distributions of OH+ and OD+ in the A 3Πi state produced from the dissociative charge transfer reactions of He+ with H2O and D2O at thermal energy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The thermal-energy charge transfer reaction of He+ with H2O(D2O) has been investigated by observing the A 3Πi–X 3Σ− emission of OH+(OD+) at low pressures (&lt;3 mTorr). The vibrational distributions in A 3Πi of OH+(OD+) are 0.66(0.55)v′=0, 0.20(0.26)v′=1, 0.10(0.13)v′=2, and 0.04(0.06)v′=3. The rotational distributions for v′=0–3 of OH+(OD+) are expressed by a single Boltzmann temperature of 1700±200 (1800±200) K. The fractions of the available energy deposited into rotation 〈 fr〉 and vibration 〈 fv〉 for OH+(OD+) are evaluated to be 4.9(5.5)% and 3.9(4.1)%, respectively, indicating that a large amount of the available energy is partitioned into the relative translational energy.
Contribution to the flora of Greece: a new species ofArundo (Poaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Danin, A., Raus, Th. & Scholz, H.: Contribution to the flora of Greece: a new species of Arundo (Poaceae). — Willdenowia 32: 191–194. 2002. — ISSN 0511-9618.The new species Arundo hellenica is described from Greece. It is related to A. plinii but differs in smaller size of all morphological structures and in the configuration of the lemma, which, below the awn, is entire at the apex, not bifid as usually in the genus Arundo. The new species, probably a Greek endemic strongly confined to disturbed habitats, behaves as an aggressive weed and may become invasive in other countries.
Archives and transitional justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transitional justice is not a special form of justice but justice adapted to societies transforming themselves after a period of pervasive human rights abuse. In countries where military dictatorships, racist and segregationist governments or communist regimes have been overthrown and replaced by democratic governments, archives have rapidly emerged as an essential feature of what is called "Transitional Justice" as they progress towards democracy. A large number of truth commissions have been set up in more than 35 countries where repressive regimes have finally been ousted, on the basis of this approach of seeking to reach consensus on a shared version of the traumatic events of the past. The Nuremberg trials amply demonstrated the importance of archival documents and their significance in criminal trials. But the evidence used to judge war crimes or crimes against humanity in the aftermath of World War II points clearly to the determination of the Allies to convict senior Nazi officials.
The Lower Palaeolithic site of Marathousa 1, Megalopolis, Greece: overview of the evidence

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Marathousa 1 is a Lower Palaeolithic open-air site located in the Megalopolis basin, an area
in Southern Greece known for its fossiliferous sediments. Mining activities in the basin
uncovered a thick sequence of Middle Pleistocene lacustrine deposits representing the
environment of a palaeolake. Marathousa 1 was discovered in 2013 during a targeted
palaeoanthropological survey and excavated subsequently by an interdisciplinary team from
the Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology of Greece and the University of Tübingen,
Germany. This article presents results from the ongoing investigation and reviews the state
of knowledge about the site.
Systematic excavations during five field seasons have exposed a total of 72 m2 and revealed
a partial skeleton of the elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus and remains of other large
mammals in spatial and stratigraphic association with a “small tool” lithic assemblage.
Faunal and taphonomic studies indicate the presence of cut-marks and percussion damage
on elephant and other large mammal bones. The study of site formation processes, together
with taphonomic and geostatistic spatial analyses confirm the association of fossil and
hominin activity remains and the stratigraphic integrity of the site. Radiometric dating,
geological and biostratigraphical evidence suggest that hominin activity at the site occurred
between 0.5–0.4 Ma.
Marathousa 1 is the oldest currently known archaeological site in Greece and the only Lower
Palaeolithic butchering site in the Southern Balkans. It is also a key site for documenting high
resolution palaeoclimatic, palaeoenvironmental and cultural records of a wider geographical
area that potentially acted as a refugium during the successive waves of hominin
colonization of Europe.
Exposure of Macrophages to an Enzymatically Inactive Macrophage Mannose Receptor Ligand Augments KiIIing of Candida albicans

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Macrophages (Mphi) are involved in host defenses against opportunistic pathogens. Previous studies by the present investigators indicate that Mphi exposed to enzymatically active myeloperoxidase (MPO), exhibited both increased phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans. The purpose of this study was to determine if enzymatically inactive Mphi-mannose receptor (MMR) ligands could function similarly. Resident murine peritoneal Mphi were exposed to the MMR ligands, mannosylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA), and enzymatically inactive myeloperoxidase (iMPO), followed by exposure to opsonized C. albicans. Both mBSA and iMPO induced a slight increase in the number of phagocytizing cells; however, candidacidal activity was significantly higher in treated cultures compared to controls (P < or = 0.001). The production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) was detected using chemiluminescence. After employment of ROI scavengers, a decrease in candidacidal activity was observed. The data suggest that MMR-ligand interaction alone is sufficient to significantly enhance the candidacidal activity of Mphi via ROI, and that iMPO which is released at a site of inflammation induces Mphi-mediated killing of microorganisms. These findings indicate a previously unrecognized role of iMPO.
Is Strength the Main Risk Factor of Overuse Shoulder Injuries? A Cohort Study of 296 Amateur Overhead Athletes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in overhead athletes. This study investigated the prevalence of the main risk factors and sex differences related to the development of shoulder pain in a cohort of amateur overhead athletes. Hypothesis: The external rotation/internal rotation (ER/IR) isometric strength ratio <0.75% is the most prevalent risk factor associated to overuse shoulder injuries in both sexes. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 296 (147 male and 149 female) amateur overhead athletes from handball, volleyball, and water polo participated in this cross-sectional study. Isometric strength, rotational range of motion, and scapular control were analyzed bilaterally. The measurements and motions were randomized between sides. Results: The ER/IR isometric strength ratio deficit among the disciplines was presented in 264 and 229 out of 296 athletes in the dominant and nondominant sides, respectively. Normalized isometric strength showed significant differences for dominant ( P < 0.01; ε² = 0.47) and nondominant IR ( P < 0.01; ε² = 0.60). No significant differences were observed between dominant ( P = 0.44; ε² = 0.05) and nondominant ER ( P = -0.24; ε² = 0.07). The prevalence of glenohumeral IR deficit (GIRD) ( P = 0.81) and total arc of motion differences (TAMD) ( P = 0.39) was low, with no difference between sexes. Male (16.3%) and female (12.1%) athletes had low rate of obvious scapular dyskinesis in their dominant shoulders. Conclusion: Muscle strength was the most prevalent risk factor. The ER/IR ratio imbalance was present in both sides, without sex differences. Risk factors such as scapular dyskinesis, GIRD, and TAMD were present in low percentages, without sex differences. Clinical Relevance: It is advisable to implement shoulder exercises to strengthen ER muscles to decrease differences between internal and external rotators and prevent injuries in overhead athletes.
Varietal performance and effect of planting method on yield and yield contributing characteristics of rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The experiment was carried out to study the performance of two aman rice varieties (BRRI dhan31 and BRRI dhan41) under different planting methods (line sowing with sprouted seeds by drum seeder, haphazard transplanting and transplanting in line). Both the variety and planting method had significant effect on crop characters plant height, number of total tillers m-2, effective tillers m-2, grains panicle-1, sterile spikelets panicle-1, total spikelets panicle-1, grain yield except panicle length and 1000-grain weight. BRRI dhan41 produced the highest grain yield (4.06 t ha-1). Line sowing method with sprouted seeds by drum seeder showed better performance in respect of no. total tillers m-2 (415.81), effective tillers m-2 (401.85) and grain yield (4.80 t ha-1). The highest no. of total tillers m-2 (421.12), effective tillers m-2 (410.65) and grain yield (5.08 t ha-1) were recorded due to effect of the interaction of line sowing method with sprouted seeds by drum seeder and the variety BRRI dhan41.
Ethnography

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter offers an exploration of ethnography, a key methodological approach in contemporary social research. Beginning with its origins and principles, the chapter outlines the ethnographic research process, including data collection and analysis methods. Practical examples from applied linguistics and L2 education illustrate its application. The chapter delves into the nuanced aspects of ethnography, enhancing understanding of its investigative potential. It also discusses the relationship between ethnography and theories, along with ethical considerations in research. Overall, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview and practical insights for engaging with ethnographic research in academic domains.
Closed‐loop inverse kinematics algorithm for constrained flexible manipulators under gravity

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the inverse kinematics problem for a flexible robot manipulator under gravity in contact with a stiff surface. This problem consists of finding the joint and deflection variables for a given tip position and constraint force. The solution algorithm is based on the well-known closed-loop inverse kinematics (CLIK) scheme, using the Jacobian transpose, developed for rigid manipulators. The Jacobian employed in the algorithm is obtained by correcting the equivalent rigid manipulator Jacobian with two terms that account for the static deflections due to gravity and contact force, respectively. The algorithm is tested in a number of case studies on a planar two-link arm. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Engineering Simulation of the Viscous Behavior of Whole Blood Using Suspensions of Flexible Particles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Highly flexible model red cells were molded of acrylamide gel and suspended in a mixture of castor oil and diiodomethane to produce a neutrally buoyant fluid suspension in which the particles behaved mechanically very much like living erythrocytes. The various suspensions were permitted to flow down long cylindrical tubes while measurements of flow rate and pressure drop were made for various concentrations. The fluid suspensions were found to exhibit non-Newtonian viscous behavior which agrees very well with that of whole blood under comparable conditions. The fluid suspensions also exhibited a yield stress below which particle motion ceases. The yield stress was found to depend strongly on particle concentration, as is the case for whole blood.
Acute Renal Failure Is Associated With Higher Death and Disability in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— Acute renal failure (ARF) in setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with worse outcome. We sought to determine the prevalence of ARF and effect on outcomes of patients with AIS. Methods— Data from all patients admitted to US hospitals between 2002 and 2010 with a primary discharge diagnosis of ischemic stroke and secondary diagnosis of ARF were included. The effect of ARF on rates of intracerebral hemorrhage and discharge outcomes was analyzed after adjusting for potential confounders using logistic regression analysis. Results— Of 7 068 334 patients with AIS, 372 223 (5.3%) had ARF during hospitalization. Dialysis was required in 2364 (0.6%) of 372 223 patients. Patients with AIS with ARF had higher rates of moderate to severe disability (41.3% versus 30%; P <0.0001), intracerebral hemorrhage (1.0% versus 0.5%; P <0.0001), and in-hospital mortality (8.4% versus 2.9%; P <0.0001) compared with those without ARF. After adjusting for confounding factors, patients with AIS with ARF had higher odds of moderate to severe disability (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–1.4; P <0.0001), intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–1.6; P <0.0001), and death (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–2.2; P <0.0001). Conclusions— ARF in patients with AIS is associated with significantly higher rates of moderate to severe disability at discharge and in-hospital mortality.
Investigation of a Metal Complexing Route to Arene Trans-Dihydrodiols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this work, a route for the conversion of arene cis-dihydrodiols to their trans isomers was examined. Arene trans-dihydrodiols are potentially important chiral building blocks in synthetic chemistry and are more stable than their cis analogues. While the cis-arene dihydrodiols can be produced on a relatively large scale by fermentation, their trans isomers cannot. The principal aim of this work was to carry out studies in tandem to inform the development of the synthetic pathway to convert arene cis-dihydrodiols to their trans isomers by (a) the synthesis of organometallic intermediates and (b) investigation of their reactivity by means of kinetic and equilibrium studies. A number of analogues based on sevenmembered ring systems instead of six were also investigated as a comparison. The four-step synthetic route being investigated involved formation of a tricarbonyl iron complex of the arene cis-dihydrodiol substrate, followed by reaction in acid to form a carbocation intermediate. This cation complex is trapped stereoselectively using hydroxide to give a trans isomer and decomplexation to remove the iron tricarbonyl moiety is the final step. Two substrates were examined, 3-bromocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol and 3-trifluoromethylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol. The first three steps in the route were successfully performed on each compound in yields of 52 % and 43 % overall for the 3-bromo and 3-trifluoromethyl starting materials respectively. The final decomplexation step was not successfulhowever and will require optimisation of the conditions. The ionisation of thetricarbonyl iron cis-dihydrodiol intermediates was investigated kinetically in strong acid, and the corresponding rate constant for the bromo substituted complex was determined to be 8.0 x 10-8 M-1 s-1 showing a significant lack of reactivity towards cation complex formation. This is expected based on previous work that reports low reactivity towards ionisation for any complexes that have hydroxyl groups endo to the iron centre, as is the case here. The reverse reaction, hydrolysis of the bromo-substituted cation, was too fast to measure but a pKR of 0.5 was estimated.
You Can Only Keep It So Warm”: Temperatures Inside Tents and Coping Strategies Among People Experiencing Unsheltered Homelessness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract

People experiencing unsheltered homelessness (PEUH) are disproportionately vulnerable to extreme temperatures. This study measured overnight exposure to hot and cold temperatures inside tents occupied by PEUH in Knoxville, Tennessee, and examined participants’ coping strategies through semi-structured interviews (n=20). In winter, many participants successfully warmed their tents by 10 °C or more, by burning materials and using layers of blankets and tarps. Winter warmth required an abundance of resources, making moving to shelters infeasible, as it meant abandoning these hard-won supplies. Tents quickly dropped in temperature after burning materials, forcing inhabitants to decide between sleep or warmth. In summer, tent location was crucial for access to shade and water, but options were limited by policing and displacement. Shady spots helped keep tents from warming beyond the ambient temperature during the day, but participants avoided going inside them due to being uncomfortably hot, likely due to lack of air flow. When they returned to their tent to sleep, trapped heat caused tents to be up to 5 °C warmer than ambient temperatures. Some tent strategies allowed for better ventilation on hot nights. Although not the focus of this study, participants repeatedly described the damaging effects of rain and flooding, which destroyed belongings and deepened feelings of helplessness. These challenges compounded existing precarity, including chronic health conditions and frequent sweeps. Findings underscore the partial effectiveness of behavioral and material coping strategies and show how the criminalization of homelessness and restrictions on movement increase PEUH’s exposure to extreme weather and related health risks.
Multifractals, Mumford curves and eternal inflation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We relate the Eternal Symmetree model of Harlow, Shenker, Stanford, and Susskind to constructions of stochastic processes related to quantum statistical mechanical systems on Cuntz-Krieger algebras. We extend the eternal inflation model from the Bruhat-Tits tree to quotients by p-adic Schottky groups, again using quantum statistical mechanics on graph algebras.
The Role of Company Age in Moderating Stock Return of Food and Beverage Companies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that influence the return of shares in food and beverage firms listed on the IDX from 2016 to 2019. Purposive sampling is utilized by as many as 12 companies in the sample selection procedure. Multiple regression analysis and moderation regression analysis were used to analyze the data, with the spss application version 16 for Windows being used. This study revealed that Return on Assets (ROA) had a positive and significant effect on stock returns. In contrast, Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Current Ratio (CR) did not affect stock returns. The age of the company does not affect the effect of Return on Assets (ROA), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Current Ratio (CR) on stock returns.