jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant viruses cause nearly half of the emerging plant diseases worldwide, contributing to 10–15% of crop yield losses. Control of plant viral diseases is mainly accomplished by extensive chemical applications targeting the vectors (i.e., insects, nematodes, fungi) transmitting these viruses. However, these chemicals have a significant negative effect on human health and the environment. RNA interference is an endogenous, cellular, sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism in eukaryotes induced by double-stranded RNA molecules that has been exploited as an antiviral strategy through transgenesis. Because genetically modified crop plants are not accepted for cultivation in several countries globally, there is an urgent demand for alternative strategies. This has boosted research on exogenous application of the RNA-based biopesticides that are shown to exhibit significant protective effect against viral infections. Such environment-friendly and efficacious antiviral agents for crop protection will contribute to global food security, without adverse effects on human health.
[Allergic and pseudo-allergic reactions to foods in chronic urticaria].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The fact that more than 30 p. 100 of patients with chronic urticaria incriminate foods, and that acute urticaria is a frequent symptom of food allergy, argue in favour of a systematic search for food involvement in chronic urticaria. A global overview of publications through Medline selects 49 out of 189 papers upon strict criteria, devoted to the links between chronic urticaria and foods. Possible links exist between chronic urticaria and intolerance to additives, intolerance or allergy to contaminants, pseudo-allergic reactions to foods and IgE-dependent food allergy. The diagnosis of intolerance to additives relies on double blind placebo-controlled oral challenges, showing positivity in 2 to 3 p. 100 of cases. Flavours are being suspected but have not been validated by such oral challenges. Contaminants are nickel salts, penicillin residues in meats and milk, Anisakis larvae in fish. Intolerance to biogenic amines could be somewhat frequent and is well-documented by experimental studies of the metabolism of histamine and by the results of specific diets with a low content of amines. IgE-dependent food allergy has been evidenced in 1 to 5 p. 100 of cases. The author puts forward a methodology to search for the implication of foods in chronic urticaria, restricting the search to non-inflammatory CU, discarding moreover chronic urticaria due to physical agents, or to contact. Idiopathic chronic urticaria, that might include a subgroup of auto-immune chronic urticaria is under scope. A preliminary study of the regimen during one week needs to be carried out in order to detect an excess of consumption of categories of foods inducing pseudo-allergic reactions, or of additives. An eviction diet for biogenic amines may be proposed first. Its failure may lead to skin prick tests to foods that are daily consumed. Biological tests are not advised. When sensitization is confirmed, a 3 week eviction of the food comes ahead of a double blind placebo-controlled oral challenge. The positivity indicates that this food is likely to be a causal agent and the diagnosis can finally be based on the recovery after the implementation of strict avoidance diets.
Discussion of “Progressive Failure in Slopes of Overconsolidated Plastic Clay and Clay Shales”

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

AFTER AN EXTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE CASE HISTORIES OF OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAYS AND CLAY SHALES, THE WRITER HAS PROPOSED A HYPOTHESIS BASED ON RECOVERABLE STRAIN ENERGY WHICH SEEMS TO ADEQUATELY EXPLAIN THE BEHAVIOR OF THESE MATERIALS. EXTENSIVE REFERENCE WAS MADE TO THE BEARPAW SHALE AT THE SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER DAM IN CANADA AND IT WAS DESCRIBED AS A HIGHLY OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAY WITH STRONG DIAGENETIC BONDS. WATER CONTENT-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS WERE PLOTTED. THE WATER CONTENT OF THE IN SITU MATERIAL, WHICH IS IN A STATE OF REBOUND, IS LOWER THAN THAT FOR THE REBOUND CURVE OF REMOULDED MATERIAL AND THIS MAY BE DUE TO THE BONDS IN THE IN SITU MATERIAL RESTRICTING SWELLING AND PREVENTING AN INCREASE IN MOISTURE CONTENT. THIS BEHAVIOR IS ALSO ILLUSTRATED FOR THE BEARPAW SHALE IN A PRESENTED FIGURE WHICH SHOWS WATER CONTENT-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE AVERAGE OF A NUMBER OF SAMPLES FROM DRILL HOLES, AND FOR BOTH LOADING AND UNLOADING IN A LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION TEST ON A TYPICAL UNDISTURBED, UNWEATHERED SAMPLE OF HARD SHALE. THE LABORATORY CURVE PRESENTED IS BASED ON CHANGING THE LOAD INCREMENTS AT ABOUT 24-HOUR INTERVALS, AT WHICH TIME PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION OR SWELLING SEEMED TO HAVE BEEN COMPLETED. SWELLING TESTS AT A LOW STRESS HAVE INDICATED THAT THERE WAS NO SIGN OF THE MOVEMENT STOPPING WHEN THE TEST WAS DISCONTINUED AFTER ABOUT ONE YEAR. AT THAT TIME THE SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION WAS THOUGHT TO BE CONSIDERABLY GREATER THAN THE PRIMARY, ALTHOUGH THE TOTAL AMOUNT WAS STILL CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN THAT WHICH HAD OCCURRED IN FORMATION UNDER THE SAME VERTICAL STRESS. THIS DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD WAS FIRST NOTED BY CASA- GRANDE AND WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE SECONDARY TIME EFFECT AND DIFFERENTIAL STRAINS IN THE FIELD. THE HYPOTHESIS PROPOSED BY BJERRUM SEEMS TO PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION BASED ON THE RELEASE OF RECOVERABLE STRAIN ENERGY AND THE DESTRUCTION OF DIAGENETIC BONDS. REFERENCES: PROGRESSIVE FAILURE IN SLOPES OF OVERCONSOLIDATED PLASTIC CLAY AND CLAY SHALES, LAURITS BJERRUM, ASCE, (PROC. PAPER 5456, SEPTEMBER 1967.
The Control of Asymmetric Rolling Missiles Based on Improved Trajectory Linearization Control Method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT According to motion characteristic of an asymmetric rolling missile with damage fin, a three-channel controlled model is established. The controller which is used to realize non-linear tracking and decoupling control of the roll and angle motion is introduced based on an improved trajectory linearization control method. The improved method is composed of the classic trajectory linearization control method and a compensation control law. The classic trajectory linearization control method is implemented in the time-scale separation principle. The Lipschitz non-linear state observer systematically obtained by solving the linear matrix inequality approach is provided to estimate state variables and unknown parameters, and then the compensation control law utilizing the estimated unknown parameters improves the TLC method. Simulation experiments show that the adaptive decoupling control ensure tracking performance, and the robustness and accuracy of missile attitude control are ensured under the condition of the system parameters uncertainty, random observation noise and external disturbance caused by damage fin.
Visual-vestibulo-ocular interactions in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In order to evalute the interation of visual with vestibular systems in 131 patients with peripheral vestibular disorders, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and the visual-vestibuloocular reflex (VVOR) gain were analyzed by a mini-computer (PDP 11/34). Pendular harmonic sinusoidal rotation and optokinetic stationary stimuli were used. The patients were rotated sinusoidally in an illuminated OK drum at an amplitude of 120°and a frequency of 0.1Hz (maximum velocity 75.4°/s), both with eyes closed (VOR) and open (VVOR).The results obtained were as follows.1. VVOR responses in peripheral patients were usually normal, whereas a VOR-DP with normal VVOR gain was more frequently observed in patients with definite Meniere's disease and in those with sudden deafness accompanied by vertigo or dizziness.2. VOR-DP was highly correlated with caloric CP and DP, and tended to be associated with the intact vestibular side.3. In most peripheral patients, spontaneous nystagmus and VOR-DP showed the same direction and this fact can be useful in differential diagnosis with reference to CNS disorders.4. The rate of decreased VOR-gain paralleled the decline of the patient's condition. The VOR and VVOR test battery constitutes an effective method in the evaluation of vestibular compensation.
Decline of the Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) Population in the Klamath Basin, Oregon, 2001–2010

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We monitored the Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) population at Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes, in the Klamath Basin, Oregon, from 2001–2010. We estimated that the population of adult Black Terns declined at these 2 joined waterbodies by 8.4% annually. In contrast, our analysis of Breeding Bird Survey data for the Bird Conservation Region 9/Great Basin during the same period did not detect a trend. Knowledge of local short-term trends in the Klamath Basin can contribute to understanding regional and continental population declines of this species. Water levels, which may affect both habitat availability and suitability, were relatively stable from 2001–2009, but dropped in 2010 and remained depressed from 2010–2014. The direct effect of water-level fluctuations on habitat availability (hectares of habitat loss) is not well understood. Water allocation is a management challenge in this region and has been exacerbated by recent drought conditions. In combination, understanding trends and causal factors can inform water management, restoration, and habitat protection, all of which may contribute to reversing the decline of breeding terns.
Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Its Relation to Body Composition, Physiological Function, and Nutritional Status in Community-dwelling Frail Elderly People

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Patients with sarcopenia experience an impaired state of health with various comorbidities, including mobility disorders, increased risk of falls and fractures, impaired ability to perform activities of daily living, and other disabilities. The prevalence of sarcopenia differs with population, age, and gender. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with functional and nutritional status in community-dwelling frail elderly people. Methods: Seventy-two community-dwelling frail elderly individuals (55 women) above the age of 75 years were included in the study. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) criteria were adopted. Accordingly, sarcopenia was diagnosed in cases with documented low muscle mass and either low muscle strength (grip strength) or low physical performance (short physical performance battery [SPPB]). We also assessed the participants’ nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form [MNA-SF]), mental state (Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]), and daily activities (Barthel Index [BI]). Results: Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 27 participants (37.5% ). MNA - SF score in elderly people with sarcopenia was significantly lower than that in those without sarcopenia. MMSE score were not significantly different between the participants with sarcopenia and those without sarcopenia. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a high increase in risk of sarcopenia for malnutrition (OR 5.94; 95% CI 1.62-21.81). Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia was high in community-dwelling frail elderly people. Sarcopenia was associated with low nutritional status but not with cognitive status.
Influential factors and predicition of trend in HIV/AIDS epidemics in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since the first case of AIDS in China being diagnosed in 1985, HIV epidemic has become more visible in the country. There is urgent need to take countermeasures based on the scientific estimation on HIV epidemic in the whole country. However, the strategic approaches for HIV/AIDS prevention and control should be developed on the basis of reliable analysis of the epidemics. This article summarizes the HIV epidemics status quo in China, and appraises the available sources of data for analysis and prediction for trend. Suggestions are also made.
CHANGING TRENDS OF VAGINAL INFECTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACTIntroductionVaginal discharge and /or infection are very distressing to all women.Vaginal infection encompasses-Vaginosis/vaginitis,Trichomonal vaginitis and Monilial or fungal infection. Vaginal discharge could be due to foreignbody such as ring pessary inserted for uterovaginal prolapse or for induction of abortion by untrained Daisin Nepal. It could be due to physiological condition, such as -during mid menstrual and pregnant state. Astudy of pattern of infection in vaginal discharge has been presented in this study.ObjectiveTo find the pattern of infection in the vaginal discharge of patients attending a private Gynae. Clinic.Material and methodThis is a prospective study done during the period, November 2001 to July 2002 with “Hanging drop method”of the discharge, collected from the vagina.One thousand patients complaining of vaginal discharge with or without itching, burning sensation, pain inthe lower abdomen and subfertility were enrolled in this study.Age, parity, husband’s occupation, family planning methods used, history of drugs intake and subfertilitywere expressed.ResultIt was found that Monilial infection 36.8%,Monilial infectin with vaginitis was found in6.4% Trichomonalinfection 0.9%,Trichomonas with vaginitis 1.3% and vaginitis to be 19.5 % .Thirtyfive percent had had noabnormality in the slide.There were 11 diabetic patients.Seventeen were having some or the other drugsduring the study period. Seventyfour patients revisited for same complaints. Out of which 41 had noabnormalities.The treatment given was, Clotrimazole 200 mg daily locally for three days for 3 courses and Fluconazole150 mg orally single dose for Monilial infection. For trichomonal infection, Metronidazole 200 mg threetimes on day was prescribed to both husband and wife. In case of Vaginitis, Doxycycline 100 mg two timesa day was advised. For pruritus,local application of Betamethasone was given.ConclusionIt was noted that every third patient attending this clinic complained of vaginal discharge but 35% had noabnormality. By this study, the trend of vaginal infection seems to be changing.More Monilial thanTrichomonal infection was found in these patients, in earlier studies the incidence of Trichomonal infectionwas getting less and Monilial infection is getting higher.Key Words: Monilial infection, Trichomonas vaginitis, Non-specific vaginitis.
Measurements of 0.915, 2.45 and 9.0 GHz Absorption in the Human Eye

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The absorption of microwave power on the axis of the eye was measured at 0.915, 2.45 and 9.0 GHz on a model of a human head. The absorbed power shows an essentially exponential decrease with the distance from the cornea at 9.0 GHz. At 2.45 and 0.915 a maximum in the absorbed power pattern occurs within the eyeball. The peak values are 50-100% higher for protuberant eyes than for deeper lying eyes. This indicates that microwave workers with protuberant eyes may be more liable to microwave induced eye lesions than others.
Parallelized 0/1 Knapsack Algorithm Optimization in CPU-GPU-Based Heterogeneous System with Algorithm-based Fault Tolerance

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A heterogeneous high-performance computing (HPC) system is an aggregation of CPUs and GPUs through high-speed interconnection. As graphics processing units (GPUs) can conduct rapid mathematical and vector operations due to their hardware properties, GPU-based heterogeneous systems can optimize algorithms that show data parallelism. Since the dynamic programming (DP) solution of the 0/1 knapsack algorithm is inherently data-parallel, this paper optimized the algorithm to maximize the advantages of a GPU-based parallel environment. Furthermore, this research identified that the algorithm was well suited to four distinct GPU-launch approaches. Among them, the "single-cell calculation by single thread with a single kernel launch" approach outperforms others by reducing the complexity from O( $n$ *w) to O( $n$ ). Besides, these HPC systems are susceptible to the slightest of errors. Checkpoint recovery (CP/R) is the most commonly used fault tolerance and recovery system, which suffers from huge checkpoint and recovery overhead. To reduce this overhead in CPU-GPU-based heterogeneous systems, an algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) technique has been proposed for a particular class of algorithm: 0/1 knapsack. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed ABFT technique and demonstrate that the system can recover from failures with minimal overhead.
Equalization in amplified WDM lightwave transmission systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The authors introduce simple techniques to solve gain equalization problems in amplified wavelength-multiplexed lightwave transmission systems. By adjusting the channel powers at the terminals in a prescribed way, either the output powers or the output signal-to-noise ratios of all the channels can be equalized. All adjustments can be made using information provided by system telemetry. No new equipment, upgrades, or adjustments are required at intermediate amplifier sites.< >
Adiabatic excitation of longitudinal bunch shape oscillations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

By modulating the rf voltage at near twice the synchrotron frequency, the longitudinal bunch shape can be modulated. This method can be used to shorten bunches. We show experimentally that the bunch shape can be modulated while preserving the longitudinal emittance when the rf voltage modulation is turned on adiabatically. Experimental measurements will be presented along with theoretical predictions.
IX.—Note on the nomenclature of the Coleopterous genera Chrysomela, L., and Melasoma, Steph

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

"IX.—Note on the nomenclature of the Coleopterous genera Chrysomela, L., and Melasoma, Steph ." Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 15(85), pp. 95–96
First Report of Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum Associated with Black Foot Diseases of Grapevine in Turkey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grape (Vitis vinifera) is widely planted and is an economically important crop in Turkey for domestic consumption and export. Black foot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum Halleen, Schroers & Crous, is a recently identified but worsening problem in vineyards worldwide (3,4). Symptomatic grapevines show reduced vigor, shortened internodes, small leaves with interveinal chlorosis, and necrosis frequently leading to the death of the plants (1). Roots of symptomatic grapevines exhibit black, sunken, necrotic lesions with a reduction in root biomass. Pith of affected vines is discolored (4). During the summers of 2009 and 2010, a survey was carried out in 63 vineyards (4 to 15 years old) in six locations of Ankara Province. We collected 44 samples from roots and crowns of grapevines exhibiting black foot symptoms. In cross section, extensive necrosis at the base of the trunk and brown-black spots in xylem vessels were observed, resembling those previously reported for black foot disease (2,4). Isolations were made from roots, vascular elements, and pith tissue. In this study, 26 isolates were identified as C. macrodidymum on the basis of morphological characteristics. Isolates identified as C. macrodidymum had a dark orange-brown colony color and abundant aerial mycelia when grown on potato dextrose agar. Isolates produced ellipsoid or ovoid microconidia. The macroconidia were one to three septate, straight, and cylindrical. One-septate macroconidia were 24 to 32 × 5 to 7 μm; three-septate macroconidia were 26 to 40 × 5 to 6 μm. Chlamydospores developed in short, intercalary chains. Conidiophores were simple or complex and sporodochial. Isolate identities were confirmed by sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (GenBank Accession No. HM245331) with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). Isolates had 99% genetic identity with other isolates of C. macrodidymum present in GenBank. In pathogenicity tests, one representative isolate was used to inoculate five grapevine plants. Tests were completed by drench inoculation onto 3-month-old rooted cuttings of cv. Sultana with 25 ml of a conidia suspension (10 6 conidia ml –1 ). Controls were inoculated with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. Plants were incubated for 4 months in a controlled environment facility at 25°C. After 3 to 4 months, inoculations resulted in reduction of root mass, and C. macrodidymum was reisolated from regions of brown streaking in wood and discolored vascular tissue in all inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Control plants were asymptomatic and C. macrodidymum was not recovered from control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of C. macrodidymum causing black foot disease on grapevine in Turkey. References: (1) S. Alaniz et al. Plant Dis. 93:821, 2009. (2) F. Hallen et al. Stud. Mycol. 50:431, 2004. (3) F. Halleen et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 45:S55, 2006. (4) E. Petit and W. D. Gubler. Plant Dis. 89:1051, 2005.
Design of An Integration Model for Air Cargo Transportation Network Design and Flight Route Selection

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Air cargo transportation is an essential component in the freight transportation market, primarily due to the transportation requirements of time-sensitive products. Air cargo transportation plays an increasingly important role alongside economic development. Cargo flight network design and fleet routing selection significantly affect the performance of the air cargo transportation. In this research, we propose an integrated model simultaneously considering cargo flight network design and the fleet routing selection for the air cargo transportation. Two transportation modes, the direct transportation mode in point-to-point networks and the transshipment mode in hub-and-spoke networks, are compared. In order to solve the proposed optimization problem, a swarm-intelligence-based algorithm is adapted. Numerical experiments were conducted to examine and validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model and algorithm. The computational results suggest that the proper settings of hub and transshipment route selection in an air cargo transportation network can significantly reduce the transportation cost, which can provide practical managerial insights for the air cargo transportation industry.
A case of barium chloride poisoning.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Soluble barium salts, commonly used in industrial fields, are highly toxic. Hypokalemia, arrhythmia and weakness are the common signs of barium salt poisoning and the lethal dose is thought to be about 1.0g. A 21-year-old man complained of vomiting, diarrhea and a tingling sensation after the accidental ingestion of barium chloride. Hypokalemia (3.2mEq/l) and electrocardiogram abnormality (giant U-wave) were also observed. The patient ingested only about 0.1g of barium chloride, but plasma barium concentration was 8.5μM (measured by ICP-AES; inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy). Other laboratory findings were normal. Magnesium sulphate was given orally (40g) for antagonistic action against that of barium and therapeutically 40mEq of potassium was infused intravenously over 6 hours. Potassium excretion into urine was 30.6mEq over 24 hours. At 45 hours after admission, plasma potassium had recovered to 4.3mEq/l. Electrocardiogram normalized within 3 hours, and gastrointestinal and neurological signs were absent by the next morning.The mechanism of cardiac toxicity in barium chloride poisoning has not yet been clearly defined. Although some of the ECG changes may be associated with hypokalemia, a Ca channel blocking mechanism could also be responsible.