jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Basic principles of anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in patients operated within an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) system is a collection of preoperative, intraoperative, and early postoperative measures. The primary goal of gynecological surgery is a rapid and uneventful recovery from oncological and standard procedures, particularly in patients over the age of 65. The goal is to achieve comparable results to those obtained with minimally invasive procedures. Certain features of the ERAS system are similar to those of standard surgical procedures. These are the measures taken to prevent thromboembolism and to promote early postoperative mobility. Anesthesia and postoperative analgesia are critical components of achieving the ERAS system's objectives. The ERAS protocol requires multimodal non-opioid postoperative analgesia, infiltration of the surgical wound with a local anesthetic, and avoidance of opioid analgesics. We discuss current data on patient management according to the ERAS protocol for anesthesia and analgesia in order to minimize the body's stress reactions, promote early mobility, and reduce postoperative complications. ERAS protocol has gained popularity in recent years in a number of centers, primarily in the United States and Europe, due to its direct impact on hospital stay length, healthcare costs, and benefits for patients, their relatives, and caregivers. Keywords: ERAS protocol; multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia; local infiltration anesthesia.
Shaping food environments to support sustainable healthy diets in low and middle-income countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The global ambitions to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture demand a complex transition of the current food environments for enabling sustainable healthy diets. The food environments in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) have been experiencing rapid and dynamic transitions across the globe, necessitating a system-level thinking and systemic approach to understand opportunities for improvement. There is a need for valid, reliable measures of food and nutrition environments for reorienting thinking and data collection toward determinants of food demand, especially the food environment components, which are critical to understand the transforming food systems. Food environment transformations are urgently required to provide consumers with more affordable and nutritious diets capable of meeting social and environmental challenges. In the present perspective, we aim to provide insights on prioritizing research on understanding and designing evidence based inclusive food environments which is crucial for promoting long-term food system innovations that are economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable and, above all, contribute to sustainable healthy diets.
Design and verification methods of toshiba's wireless LAN baseband SoC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents design and verification methods of Toshiba's wireless LAN (WLAN) baseband SoCs. An FPGA-based high-speed and reliable verification environment for physical layer (PHY), a new SDL-based hardware design method for media access control layer (MAC), and an ultra low power design resulting in power consumption of 22 uW in the deep-sleep mode are described.
The impact of telematics on the insurability of risks

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use of telematics in insurance and its consequences for the insurability of risks. Empirical results on monitoring policyholders or insured objects and its consequences for asymmetric information, as well as claims frequency and severity are discussed. Furthermore, potential future research questions that arise from the use of telematics in risk management and insurance are outlined. Design/methodology/approach The paper systematically reviews existing studies and then investigates the consequences of telematics using Berliner’s insurability criteria. The results are based on 52 academic studies and industry papers published from 2000 to 2019. Findings The findings emphasize the effects of new information on information asymmetry and risk pooling, the implications of new technologies on loss frequency and severity, legal restrictions and ethical consequences of the use of telematics in the insurance field. Problems with the insurability impede the market development of innovations such as telematics tariffs. Originality/value Despite its increasing relevance for businesses at present, research on telematics in insurance is limited. Some papers can be found in the IT domain, but relatively little research has been done in the business and economics literature. The authors illustrate where the research stands currently and outline directions for future research.
U.S.-Mexico Defense Relations: An Incompatible Interface. (Strategic Forum, Number 243, July 2009)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : The United States and Mexico share a history that was shaped in the 19th century by numerous interventions by U.S. forces into Mexican territory and U.S. expropriation of considerable Mexican land. Although largely forgotten on the northern side of the border, this history has left a scar on the collective national psyche of Mexico, most notably on the military forces. The American and Mexican militaries have evolved in distinct fashions over the past 100 years, and today have very different responsibilities, mission sets, orientations, and capabilities. In addition, a number of structural realities present on each side of the border, including a bilateral lack of trust, pose challenges for improved interaction and greater collaboration between the armed forces of each country. The combination of circumstances has created an incompatible interface in terms of U.S.-Mexican military interaction. The Department of Defense should undertake a comprehensive review of potential areas of commonality between U.S. forces and their Mexican counterparts to identify missions and capabilities where the United States and Mexico could collaborate more effectively and find ways in which to cooperate constructively. The U.S. national security community has begun to pay greater attention to Mexico in 2009.
An RSPB perspective on extinction and extinction prevention

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) was formed in 1889 to counter the growing trade in feather plumes for ladies' hats. This chapter investigates some examples of where partnerships with the private sector have benefited the environment and nature, and potentially prevented extinctions. In 2005, the RSPB and BirdLife International brought together an international team of seabird experts tasked with the job of acting as liaison between the fishing industry and science. With advice from experts at the RSPB, and other environmental organisations such as the Wildlife Trusts and Butterfly Conservation, Cemex have created new habitat deemed as ideal for a number of target species. Natural England have issued a licence to remove hen harrier chicks, raise them in captivity and release them back into the wild, a move which has been criticised by the RSPB as 'facilitating unsustainable intensive land management which is destroying our uplands'.
Reflections of an Old Art Historian

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When I received the invitation to give this year's banquet speech, I felt honored but also frightened. Frightened not so much because of my inexperience in facing such a huge crowd but because I did not feel up to the task that was assigned to me. I was supposed to discuss: “what is going on and what should go on in our profession and to give my personal perspective and appraisal of that.” How could I pretend that I have read everything which has been published by present day art historians and how should I know about all the young scholars who have only begun to give promise of a bright future for our discipline? But these anxieties were calmed by two considerations: first, that I could change the title of the speech to a less pretentious one yet keep the possibility of dealing in broad terms with the same subject. In fact I decided to call it simply: “Reflections of an Old Art Historian.” The second consideration was that the tension would be eased—and it was indeed so—when I realized that an after dinner talk should be fairly short and should not tax too heavily the attention of the listeners who, after such a busy day and long dinner, have a right to relaxation, if not to a light nap.
Detection of proteins and nucleic acids of Newcastle disease virus inEimeria acervulina

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Ten-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated simultaneously with Eimeria acervulina and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). By employing immunofluorescent staining and in situ hybridization techniques, we detected NDV proteins and nucleic acids in different life stages of E. acervulina. However, no NDV particle was found within E. acervulina by electron microscopy. Oocysts from E. acervulina that contained NDV proteins and nucleic acids could elicit antibodies against NDV after repeated inoculation into SPF chickens. Moreover, the proportion of oocysts from chickens infected with E. acervulina and NDV which could be induced to sporulate in vitro was lower than those from chickens infected with E. acervulina alone. These results indicate that nucleic acids and proteins of NDV can exist within E. acervulina, and stimulate an immune response against NDV in chickens, and that NDV may also interfere with the sporulation of oocysts.
Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Perbankan Konvensional Dan Perbankan Syariah

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to assess the comparative financial performance between conventional and Islamic banks in Indonesia by considering factors such as profitability, liquidity, operational efficiency, and credit risk. Using a qualitative approach and literature review method from various credible sources, the results show that conventional banks tend to use ROA, ROE, CIR, and NIM as the main profitability indicators; Islamic banks also use NPF and FDR. CAR and NIM affect Islamic banks' profitability positively against ROA, while BOPO affects conventional banks' ROA negatively. In terms of liquidity, Islamic banks have an advantage due to the yield principle applied. This is indicated by the current ratio, quick ratio, money ratio, and loan-to-deposit ratio, which show their ability to meet short-term obligations better compared to conventional banks. BOPO shows the operational efficiency of Islamic banks thanks to the principles of fairness and sustainability, while conventional banks excel in revenue management from assets and investor capital. The profit-sharing system in Islamic banks lowers credit risk compared to conventional banks. Although the operating principles of the two types of banking are different, this study found that each type of banking exhibits strengths and weaknesses in terms of profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and credit risk. It is hoped that these results will aid the growth of the Indonesian banking industry and help bank management and relevant stakeholders make informed decisions.
[Systematic review of the effects of inulin-type fructans on blood lipid profiles: a meta-analysis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To conduct a systematic review on the efficacy of inulin-type fructans on lowering blood lipids, randomized controlled intervention trials on the analysis of plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol resulted from the treatment of dietary inulin-type fructans were selected from international journal databases and reference lists of relevant publications. The data of trials were extracted and identified by two independent reviewers. Only the qualified ones were included and evaluated. The results of 9 studies included in the systematic review indicated that the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol of subjects with hyperlipidemia could be significantly decreased by dietary inulin-type fructans, whereas the effects were absent in normal subjects. Blood lipids of subjects with hyperlipidemia could be decreased significantly by foods enriched with 17 g of inulin-type fructans per day.
Systematic review of protocolized sedation and sedation interruption for mechanically ventilated patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

【目的】人工呼吸患者に対し鎮静プロトコルや鎮静中断を行い，深鎮静を防ぐことにより，人工呼吸期間やICU在室期間が短縮するとされるが，いずれの方法が有効であるかに関する文献レビューは不足している。【方法】1990年1月から2010年10月までに発刊されたPubMed上の文献に関してシステマティック・レビューを行い，人工呼吸患者の鎮静方法と予後の関係を調べたランダム化比較試験を抽出し，分析した。【結果】鎮静プロトコルや鎮静中断は，従来の鎮静管理に比べ人工呼吸期間を8.2％，ICU在室期間を15.3％短縮させるが，死亡率は下げない。鎮静中断は人工呼吸期間に影響を与えない可能性があるとともに，自己抜管などの合併症増加の報告がある。【結論】鎮静プロトコルや鎮静中断を用いることは有用であるが，鎮静プロトコルと鎮静中断の優劣をつける強い根拠はない。ただし，鎮静中断で合併症が多く，安全面で劣る可能性がある。
A Study on the Types of Consumer Information Activity: Focused on Food Delivery Service App Reviews

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

배달 앱 시장의 성장세가 가속화되는 가운데, 배달 앱 플랫폼은 이제 단순히 음식을 주문하기 위한 수단을 넘어 배달음식에 대한 정보를 습득할 수 있는 정보탐색공간으로 기능하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 배달 앱을 이용하는 소비자들의 정보활동 수준이 유형화되는지 확인하고, 그에 따른 소비자의 정보활동 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 '배달의 민족' 앱을 이용하는 전국의 20-50대 소비자를 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 300부의 유효 데이터를 확보하여 분석을 진행하였다. 본 연구결과를 통한 주요 논의 및 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 배달 앱 리뷰에 대한 탐색행동 및 작성행동 등 정보활동 수준에 따라 소비자는 탐색유일형, 소극적활동형, 적극적탐색형, 적극적활동형 등 4가지로 유형화 되었다. 작성 경험이 없고 오로지 정보 탐색행동만하는 탐색유일형은 전체소비자의 23.3%, 탐색과 작성행동 모두 가끔 하는 소극적활동형은 21.3%, 매번 리뷰를 탐색하지만 작성은 가끔가다 하는 적극적탐색형은 31.3%, 리뷰를 탐색하고 주문 시마다 매번 리뷰를 작성하는 적극적활동형은 24.0%를 차지하였다. 기존 연구는 탐색만 하는 행동보다 탐색과 작성을 함께 하는 행동을 적극적이고 높은 차원의 정보활동으로 보았으나, 소극적활동형의 일부 정보 활용수준이 탐색유일형보다 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 배달 앱 안에서 소비자가 탐색활동만 한다고 하여 그것이 반드시 정보활동의 수준이 낮음을 의미하는 것은 아님을 시사한다. 따라서 배달 앱 플랫폼에서의 정보활동에 대한 논의가 재정립될 필요가 있다. 둘째, 소비자들의 배달 앱 리뷰에 대한 인식은 리뷰 이벤트로 인해 작성된 리뷰는 실제보다 과장되거나 호의적으로 작성되었을 것이라는 리뷰 진실성에 대한 의심 수준이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 이벤트에 참여하였더라도 리뷰어가 관련 내용을 리뷰에 작성하지 않을 경우, 소비자들이 탐색과정에서 해당 리뷰의 이벤트 참여 여부를 알기 어렵다는 점에서 기인한 것으로 본다. 이는 리뷰에 대한 소비자의 신뢰를 크게 저해시킬 수 있는 요인이 될 수 있으며, 따라서 이벤트 참여에 대한 공개옵션 혹은 참여인증 표시 등이 제공될 수 있는 방안이 구체화되는 것이 필요할 것이다. 셋째, 소비자들은 전반적으로 배달 앱 리뷰에 대해 신뢰할 수 있고, 유용한 정보라고 인식하고 있으며 실제 탐색수준에서 배달 앱 리뷰의 의존도가 높은 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 정보탐색 채널이 배달 앱 내 리뷰에만 한정되는 것은 해당 가게의 리뷰가 혹시라도 조작될 경우, 소비자 구매의사결정과정에 중대한 혼란을 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 소비자들이 조금 더 폭넓고 진실된 정보를 탐색하기 위해서는 다른 채널의 소비자 정보를 함께 확인할 수 있는 경로를 배달 앱 내에 포함시키는 방안에 대하여 고민할 필요할 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 정보활동 수준에 따라 실제로 리뷰 구성요소에 대한 확인수준에서 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 배달 앱상에서 소비자가 정보를 효율적으로 받아들이고 이해할 수 있도록 하는 제공방식에 대해 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 배달 앱 리뷰에 대한 정보활동 주체로서 소비자의 역할이 중요함을 강조하고, 실제 소비자의 행동에 근거한 유형화를 통해 집단 간 차이에 영향을 미치는 요소가 있는지 규명하였다. 다양한 지자체들에서 공공배달 앱을 추진하고 있는 현시점에서 소비자들이 배달 앱을 통해 진정으로 얻고자 하는 정보가 무엇인지 명확히 파악하고 준비하는 것은 무엇보다 중요할 것이다.
Path Analysis among Quality Characters Related to Bread making of Foreign Introduced Wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The major quality items of 32 foreign introduced wheat varieties,which performed well in saline-alkali soils,were evaluated using the technique of path analysis.The results showed that effects of quality items such as sedimentation value,stable time of paste,development time of paste,absorption efficiency and content of crude protein on the volume of bread decreased in turn,and the path coefficient was 0 837,-0 414,0 387,-0 373,-0 234 and -0 089,respectively.Among quality characters sedimentation affected the bread volume most.The results of single correlation analysis showed that correlations between sedimentation,development time or stable time with the volume of bread were significant,and the correlation coefficient was 0 689,0 378 and 0 360,respectively.The crude protein content or wet gluten and the volume of bread had little correlation.
Direct Behavior Ratings: A Feasible and Effective Progress Monitoring Approach for Social and Behavioral Interventions

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Despite significant advancements in supporting students’ social, emotional, and behavioral health in recent years, progress remains hindered by limited formative assessment options. The focus of this special issue is on applications for Direct Behavior Rating (DBR), which is a hybrid assessment method incorporating procedures utilized in direct observations and teacher ratings. Three articles in the special issue utilize multiple baseline designs to demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of DBR single-item scales, and a fourth article describes a multiple-item DBR applied to social behaviors. Expert commentaries provide perspectives on the current literature related to the assessment of social, emotional, and behavioral constructs in school settings and also chart a future course for continued study.
An Examination of a Yoga Intervention and Elementary Students’ Selective Attention and Executive Function in the School Setting

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of yoga on children’s executive function and selective attention. There were three primary aims of this study. The first aim was to examine whether yoga would have a positive effect on children’s selective attention in a school setting. Another aim was to explore if teachers will report an improved change in children’s executive function in the classroom. The final aim was to determine if yoga would be a socially acceptable intervention to teachers and students. Participants included three fifth grade students and two teachers. Mixed methods were used to visually analyze selective attention data using a Multiple Probe Across Participants Multiple Baseline design, as well quantitative analysis of executive functioning data and qualitative analysis of social validity data. Results indicated that no functional relations were found between selective attention and yoga and no significant differences were found on pre-post measures of executive functioning. Improvements were seen when descriptive data was analyzed for dependent variables and the intervention was determined to be socially acceptable to teachers and students. Implications from the findings and recommendations for future research are presented.
C-peptide determination in the choice of treatment in diabetes mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The predictive value of the intravenous glucagon test in assessing the requirement of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus was evaluated in 105 adult diabetics. Basal and stimulated C-peptide concentrations and increments of C-peptide concentration were examined separately among newly and previously diagnosed diabetics. The poststimulatory C-peptide concentration of 0.6 nmol/l (Novo, antibody M 1230) proved to be the most reliable basis for the choice of therapy. Adequate therapy could have been assessed in 70 cases (67%) without glucagon stimulation. To derive maximal information of plasma C-peptide concentrations, a biphasic scheme of the use for C-peptide determinations and glucagon stimulation is presented. Basal and stimulated C-peptide levels of insulin-requiring diabetics correlated negatively with the duration of diabetes but they did not correlate with the relative body weights. Basal and stimulated C-peptide levels of non-insulin-requiring diabetics did not correlate with the duration of diabetes, but they correlated positively with the relative body weights.
[A case of Wilson's disease studied using magnetic resonance: a new approach?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Wilson's disease is a genetically determined disorder of copper metabolism with increased deposition in brain and liver. With current imaging techniques--CT scan and conventional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)--it has been possible to demonstrate oedema, neuronal loss and reactive gliosis, but not copper deposition. In the present study we report the observations, done in one patient, using a new high magnetic field (1.5 Tesla) NMR device. In these circumstances, we are able to expand the CT scan analysis by showing not only the oedema and the brain cell death but also the probable existence of copper deposits. Will this be true, it is first instance in which it has been possible to demonstrate, by a non invasive method, increased copper deposition in Wilson's disease. This possibility may be important to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of chelating agents and also to distinguish asymptomatic homozygous patients from heterozygous healthy carriers.
Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators and Antihormonal Resistance in Breast Cancer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Selective estrogen-receptor (ER) modulators (SERMs) are synthetic nonsteroidal compounds that switch on and switch off target sites throughout the body. Tamoxifen, the pioneering SERM, blocks estrogen action by binding to the ER in breast cancers. Tamoxifen has been used ubiquitously in clinical practice during the last 30 years for the treatment of breast cancer and is currently available to reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women. Raloxifene maintains bone density (estrogen-like effect) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, but at the same time reduces the incidence of breast cancer in both high- and low-risk (osteoporotic) postmenopausal women. Unlike tamoxifen, raloxifene does not increase the incidence of endometrial cancer. Clearly, the simple ER model of estrogen action can no longer be used to explain SERM action at different sites around the body. Instead, a new model has evolved on the basis of the discovery of protein partners that modulate estrogen action at distinct target sites. Coactivators are the principal players that assemble a complex of functional proteins around the ligand ER complex to initiate transcription of a target gene at its promoter site. A promiscuous SERM ER complex creates a stimulatory signal in growth factor receptor–rich breast or endometrial cancer cells. These events cause drug-resistant, SERM-stimulated growth. The sometimes surprising pharmacology of SERMs has resulted in a growing interest in the development of new selective medicines for other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. This will allow the precise treatment of diseases that was previously considered impossible.
Grand canonical partition function of a serial metallic island system

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a calculation of the grand canonical partition function of a serial metallic island system by the imaginary-time path integral formalism. To this purpose, all electronic excitations in the lead and island electrodes are described using Grassmann numbers. Coulomb charging energy of the system is represented in terms of phase fields conjugate to the island charges. By the large channel approximation, the tunneling action phase dependence can also be determined explicitly. Therefore, we represent the partition function as a path integral over phase fields with a path probability given in an analytically known effective action functional. Using the result, we also propose a calculation of the average electron number of the serial island system in terms of the expectation value of winding numbers. Finally, as an example, we describe the Coulomb blockade effect in the two-island system by the average electron number and propose a method to construct the quantum stability diagram.
When They Come in Crowds: Charity Appeals and Moral Fatigue

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present research examined the effect of exposure to multiple charity appeals on a range of variables that are strongly predictive of moral behavior in two lab experiments. Using videos (Experiment 1; N = 75) and posters (Experiment 2, N = 62) from charitable organizations, the present findings demonstrate that exposure to multiple charity appeals (but not few charity appeals or exposure to multiple commercials) lead to moral fatigue, expressed in a breakdown of empathic accuracy, moral regard, and prosocial intent. Implications of this finding are discussed.