jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Variability of birth-weight distributions by sex and ethnicity: analysis using mixture models.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Birth weight is the most important proximate determinant of the level of infant mortality. However, the association between birth weight and infant mortality is not constant among populations. For example, the mortality of African American infants is lower at low birth weight but higher at high birth weight compared with European American infants. One possible explanation is that birth cohorts are heterogeneous even after controlling for birth weight, ethnicity, sex, and multiple births. The analyses presented here use Gaussian mixture models to explore the interpopulation variation in the shape of the birth-weight distribution for evidence of intrapopulation heterogeneity. The results suggest that a two-component mixture model provides an excellent description of human birth-weight distributions. Further statistical analyses of sex and ethnic differences indicate (1) that the birth-weight distributions and heterogeneity within the distribution vary between the sexes and among ethnic groups and (2) that one specific component is more closely associated with the overall level of infant mortality. The results support the hypothesis that birth cohorts can consist of two or more subpopulations at differential risk of mortality. Differences in the subpopulation composition of birth cohorts (i.e., differences in the level of heterogeneity among the various ethnic groups) might partially explain the interethnic variation in birth-weight-specific mortality. Further development of these mixture models should provide important additional information concerning the biological, environmental, and social determinants of birth weight and infant mortality.
District-led Malaria Surveillance and Response as an Effective way to Manage Malaria Upsurges Following the Withdrawal of Indoor Residual Spraying: A Case Study from Nwoya District, Northern Uganda

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

BackgroundMalaria remains the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in Uganda. In 2009, an indoor residual spraying (IRS) programme was implemented in 10 Northern districts, resulting in marked reductions in the malaria burden, and a prevalence of just 7 percent. IRS was withdrawn after five years and malaria prevalence among children subsequently increased dramatically from 2014-2016. This upsurge led to an increased focus on training district malaria programme staff on malaria surveillance, epidemic preparedness, and response. An increase in malaria cases was detected again in 2018 in Nwoya district. MethodsIn response to the increase in malaria cases, the District Health Team (DHT) set up multi-sectoral management taskforce and technical rapid response team (RRT). The RRT was responsible for a rapid assessment, mapping exercises and identifying possible causes. The DHT informed all relevant stakeholders of the findings, mobilised resources and developed a comprehensive response plan. Interventions were categorised as immediate (to treat cases and avert deaths), intermediate (to bring down the epidemic) and long-term (to sustain the gains achieved). Health workers from the affected areas were trained on integrated management of malaria, village health team (VHT) members were mentored on malaria epidemic response and their role in the response plan, and health facilities conducted test, treat and track outreach activities. Social behaviour change and communication (SBCC) played a key role, and the RRT monitored and ensured that there were enough malaria commodities at the facilities and for the VHTs.ResultsThe Nwoya DHT was able to detect the 2018 upsurge from the district records, raise awareness, and respond effectively in a timely manner. This district-led response led to a reduction in routinely reported malaria cases from an average of 2,513 cases per week to 1,335 cases between week 43 in 2018 and week 10 in 2019.ConclusionsMalaria upsurges usually have early warning signals and surveillance is a key health intervention to reducing their impact. Malaria surveillance and response, with precisely targeted multipronged activities, when led by local health authorities is an effective, efficient, and sustainable approach to managing such upsurges.
The EXPLORE Project. I. A Deep Search for Transiting Extrasolar Planets

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

(Abridged) We discuss the design considerations of the EXPLORE (EXtra-solar PLanet Occultation REsearch) project, a series of transiting planet searches using 4-m-class telescopes to continuously monitor a single field of stars in the Galactic Plane in each ~2 week observing campaign. We discuss the general factors which determine the efficiency and the number of planets found by a transit search, including time sampling strategy and field selection. The primary goal is to select the most promising planet candidates for radial velocity follow-up observations. We show that with very high photometric precision light curves that have frequent time sampling and at least two detected transits, it is possible to uniquely solve for the main parameters of the eclipsing system (including planet radius) based on several important assumptions about the central star. Together with a measured spectral type for the star, this unique solution for orbital parameters provides a powerful method for ruling out most contaminants to transiting planet candidates. For the EXPLORE project, radial velocity follow-up observations for companion mass determination of the best candidates are done on 8-m-class telescopes within two or three months of the photometric campaigns. This same-season follow-up is made possible by the use of efficient pipelines to produce high quality light curves within weeks of the observations. We conclude by presenting early results from our first search, EXPLORE I, in which we reached <1% rms photometric precision (measured over a full night) on ~37,000 stars to I <= 18.2.
ChemInform Abstract: 7‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐1λ4,3λ4,5λ4‐trithia‐2,4,6,8,9‐pentaaza# bicyclo(3.3.1)nona‐1(9),2,3,5,7‐pentaene as Ligand in Coordination Chemistry.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Many possibilities exist for the title compound (I) to coordinate to transition‐metal centers.
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE FUNGUS COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES AND ANTHRACNOSE OF MANGO FRUIT

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The efficacy of heat treatments in the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. and anthracnose disease was evaluated by using hot water at 55°C (HWT55), vapor heat (VHT), and hot water at 38°C for 5 min combined with vapor heat (HWT38+VHT). Conidial germination was inhibited by application of HWT55 for 5 min. After 36 h of incubation the heat-treated conidia produced only 1% in length of appressoria with respect to appressoria of untreated conidia which developed normally. Disease incidence on mango fruits inoculated with heat-treated conidia at 55°C for 5 min was reduced by 93%. One day after inoculation, at the depth of 1 mm, fungal colonization was reduced by 80%. Disease incidence on fruit treated with HWT55, VHT and HWT38+VHT was reduced by 0.24, 0.26 and 0.14%, respectively. An antifungal extract obtained from the peel of heat-treated mango after 5 days of storage at 25°C inhibited conidial germination of C. gloeosporioides whereas unheated fruits had no effect. Disease development on heat-treated fruits was also delayed as compared to untreated ones.
A framework for statistical wireless spectrum occupancy modeling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a novel spectrum occupancy model designed to generate accurate temporal and frequency behavior of various wireless transmissions. Our proposed work builds upon existing concepts in open literature in order to develop a more accurate time-varying spectrum occupancy model. This model can be employed by wireless researchers for evaluating new wireless communication and networking algorithms and techniques designed to perform dynamic spectrum access (DSA). Using statistical characteristics extracted from actual radio frequency measurements, first- and second-order parameters are employed in a statistical spectrum occupancy model based on a combination of several different probability density functions (PDFs) defining various features of a specific spectrum band with several concurrent transmissions. To assess the accuracy of the model, the output characteristics of the proposed spectrum occupancy model are compared with realtime radio frequency measurements in the television and paging bands.
Does Bentonite Cause Cytotoxic and Whole-Transcriptomic Adverse Effects in Enterocytes When Used to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 Exposure?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a major food safety concern, threatening the health of humans and animals. Bentonite (BEN) is an aluminosilicate clay used as a feed additive to reduce AFB1 presence in contaminated feedstuff. So far, few studies have characterized BEN toxicity and efficacy in vitro. In this study, cytotoxicity (WST-1 test), the effects on cell permeability (trans-epithelial electrical resistance and lucifer yellow dye incorporation), and transcriptional changes (RNA-seq) caused by BEN, AFB1 and their combination (AFB1 + BEN) were investigated in Caco-2 cells. Up to 0.1 mg/mL, BEN did not affect cell viability and permeability, but it reduced AFB1 cytotoxicity; however, at higher concentrations, BEN was cytotoxic. As to RNA-seq, 0.1 mg/mL BEN did not show effects on cell transcriptome, confirming that the interaction between BEN and AFB1 occurs in the medium. Data from AFB1 and AFB1 + BEN suggested AFB1 provoked most of the transcriptional changes, whereas BEN was preventive. The most interesting AFB1-targeted pathways for which BEN was effective were cell integrity, xenobiotic metabolism and transporters, basal metabolism, inflammation and immune response, p53 biological network, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the in vitro toxicity and whole-transcriptomic effects of BEN, alone or in the presence of AFB1.
Multimedia Human-Computer Interaction Method in Video Animation Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the development of computer technology innovation, be able to deal with the media comprehensive information and real-time information interaction with the computer multimedia technology arises at the historic moment, it promotes the application fields of computer widen to industrial all aspects of life. As the product of digital technology, animation technology plays an irreplaceable role in the production of multimedia courseware. However, the existing human-computer interaction methods have shortcomings such as incomplete extraction of video features and poor human-computer interaction effect. In this context, this paper designs a multimedia human-computer interaction method for animation works based on CNN model. First of all, the original video data is collected and preprocessed. Then it is input into the HCI framework based on CNN model for feature extraction. Finally, the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method are proved by simulation experiments, which provides a reference and basis for the research of modern human-computer interaction.
Radiative recombination of ions and nuclei in electron cooling systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Experimental data on rates for the radiative recombination of nuclei (from helium to uranium) and various ions in interaction with an electron beam in electron cooling systems are reviewed. An analysis of the experimental data has yielded the dependence of the radiative recombination rate on the relative electron energy appreciably differently than the theoretical models obtained earlier by H. Kramers and R. Schuch. In addition, it is shown that the radiative recombination rate of nuclei in the experiment depends on the transverse electron energy as T ⊥ −0.82 ,which is also different from the results of the calculations by the theoretical model proposed by M. Bell and J. Bell. Experimental data on the cooling of ions in intermediate charge states are analyzed and the dependence of the radiative recombination rate on the charge state of the ion (electron-shell configuration) is shown. For some ion charge states, the rate of the process is of a resonance character. Loss to radiative recombination in the electron cooling system of the NICA Booster is evaluated for the Au32+, Au33+, Au50+, and Au51+ ion beams. Limitations imposed on the Au79+ beam lifetime by radiative recombination in the electron cooling system of the NICA Collider are analyzed. Possible ways to decrease the radiative recombination rate of nuclei by selecting the parameters of the electron cooling system for the NICA Collider are proposed.
Theoretical Analysis of Separating Nitrogen Isotopes by Ion-Exchange.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To mathematically simulate the ion exchange isotope separation processes, a set of differential equations have been derived and numerically solved with the second order accurate explicit TVD scheme, using the system parameters for 15N isotope separation reported by Spedding et al. The results show that the numerical solutions agree approximately with the experimentally observed 15N enrichment profiles. The present method would offer substantial potential for evaluating the separative performance of the ion exchange isotope separation.
A Reusable Flow-Through Polymerase Chain Reaction Instrument for the Continuous Monitoring of Infectious Biological Agents

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Continuous monitoring of the environment for infectious diseases and related biowarfare agents requires the implementation of practical cost-effective methodologies that are highly sensitive and specific. One compatible method employed in clinical diagnostics is real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The utility of this technique for environmental monitoring is limited, however, by the utilization of single-use consumables in commercial PCR instruments. This greatly increases mechanical complexity, because sophisticated robotic mechanisms must replenish the disposable elements. An alternative strategy develops an autonomous monitoring system consisting of reusable modules that readily interface with fluidic circuitry in a flow-through scheme. The reduced complexity should increase reliability while decreasing operating costs. In this report, we describe a reusable, flow-through PCR module that functions as one component in such a system. This module was rigorously evaluated with Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA and demonstrated high repeatability, sensitivity, and efficiency, with no evidence of sample-to-sample carryover.
Social Advertising as Instrument of Social Marketing and Way of Formation of the Positive Image of the Brand

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The relevance of the brought-up subject consists that in this paper I considered work social marketing as a part of the global strategy of a brand, emphasised differences between social and commercial marketing, and described social advertising as the instrument of social marketing on the creation of a positive image of a brand. As the argument in favour of our statements, I attracted gave materials of research of the international network advertising agency McCann Erickson, and also gave real examples of socially responsible brands. The purpose of work is the identification of opportunities for social advertising for the formation of a positive image of a brand. My tasks consist of defining differences between social and commercial marketing, of reviewing examples of socially responsible brands, of analysing results of a research of the international advertising agency. The object in the article is social advertising as the instrument of social marketing. The practical importance of work is that materials of the article can be used by experts of social work in is information — the preventive purposes and to be useful to marketing specialists. The analysis of social advertising allowed to assume that in modern society, the new phenomenon — along with actually social advertising gained development, arose and successfully the social component of commercial develops.
Editor's Note: Sulforaphane Enhances the Therapeutic Potential of TRAIL in Prostate Cancer Orthotopic Model through Regulation of Apoptosis, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular mechanisms by which sulforaphane enhances the therapeutic potential of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in prostate cancer. Experimental Design: Cell viability and apoptosis assays were done by XTT and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, respectively. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with vehicle, sulforaphane, TRAIL, and sulforaphane plus TRAIL. Markers of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis were measured by immunohistochemistry. Results: Sulforaphane enhanced the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in PC-3 cells and sensitized TRAIL-resistant LNCaP cells. Sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells correlated with the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and up-regulation of DR4 and DR5. Sulforaphane induced the expression of Bax, Bak, Bim, and Noxa and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X L , and Mcl-1. The quenching of ROS generation with antioxidant N -acetyl-l-cysteine conferred significant protection against sulforaphane-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis. Sulforaphane inhibited growth of orthotopically implanted PC-3 tumors by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation and also enhanced the antitumor activity of TRAIL. Sulforaphane up-regulated the expressions of TRAIL-R1/DR4, TRAIL-R2/DR5, Bax and Bak and inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB P13K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways in tumor tissues. The combination of sulforaphane and TRAIL was more effective in inhibiting markers of angiogenesis and metastasis and activating FOXO3a transcription factor than single agent alone. Conclusions: The ability of sulforaphane to inhibit tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis and to enhance the therapeutic potential of TRAIL suggests that sulforaphane alone or in combination with TRAIL can be used for the management of prostate cancer.
Mechanism of the Increase in Catalase Activity through Microbody Development in Wounded Sweet Potato Root Tissue

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

An increase in catalase activity accompanied by microbody development in wounded sweet potato root tissue was investigated with a specific antibody against sweet potato catalase. The increase was completely inhibited by cycloheximide. Analysis with single radial immunodiffusion method showed that protein immunoprecipitated by the antibody increased in wounded tissue, indicating the involvement of de novo synthesis of catalase protein in the activity-increase. The activity-increase was, however, more remarkable than the increase in immunoreactive protein and this results in an increase in specific catalase activity in wounded tissue, indicating the presence in intact tissue of an inert or less active protein, immunologically analogous to catalase. Actually, immunological analysis showed the presence in intact tissue of an immunoreactive protein which differed from active catalase protein in the mobility on a polyacrylamide gel and probably also in the molecular weight of subunit. The immunoreactive protein seemed to exist in a significant amount outside the microbodies in intact tissue cells. Thus, there is a possibility that the increase in catalase activity in wounded tissue is partly due to activation of the immunoreactive protein.
Risk Assessment for Aircraft Flight Operations at Salt Lake International Airport

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Airports and their associated air traffic pose a potential hazard and environmental impact to the public near such facilities. The FAA projects that US carrier flights will increase about 3 percent per year over the new decade and commuter flights will experience similar growth. Risks due to aviation traffic near ground facilities have been historically low and determined in the past principally by generic studies and assessments. However, these assessments can be significantly improved by using actual air traffic patterns at specific airports combined with airport specific ground structure and population data. The model and methodology for performing such airport-specific risk assessment is demonstrated for the Salt Lake International Airport (SLIA) near Salt Lake City, Utah. The model uses a computer code called ACRA supported by a Geographical Information System (GIS) to provide a complete, facility specific assessment system. Because aircraft crashes, even those involving general aviation, are very low probability events, probabilistic risk analysis is used to develop realistic risk estimates using the supporting and background information (both specific and generic) as available. The data bases, the GIS and ACRA’s manipulation of the data to perform quantitative risk assessment is demonstrated for SLIA.
On the origin of South American populations of the common house gecko (Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus frenatus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>Hemidactylus frenatus is an Asian gecko species that has invaded many tropical regions to become one of the most widespread lizards worldwide. This species has dispersed across the Pacific Ocean to reach Hawaii and subsequently Mexico and other Central American countries. More recently, it has been reported from northwestern South America. Using 12S and cytb mitochondrial DNA sequences I found that South American and Galápagos haplotypes are identical to those from Hawaii and Papua New Guinea, suggesting a common Melanesian origin for both Hawaii and South America. Literature records suggest that H. frenatus arrived in Colombia around the mid-'90s, dispersed south into Ecuador in less than five years, and arrived in the Galápagos about one decade later.</p>
Sensory‐Motor Integration of Gill Lateral Cilia in the Bivalve Mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Gill lateral cilia of Crassostrea virginica are controlled by serotonin (HT) and dopamine (DA) innervation from their ganglia. Most bivalves that have been studied have lateral cilia that respond to HT and DA indicating a neuro or endocrine mechanism. While the motor aspects have been studied over the years, the sensory side has not. We examined effects of sensory cues on beating of lateral cilia of gill of C. virginica . Cilia beating was measured in whole animal preparations. Irritating the mantle rim with a metal probe caused a 70% drop in beating rates lasting at least 15 min. Shining a light on mantle rim decreased beating by 50%. Applying crab extract reduced beating to zero. When the branchial nerve, was cut crab extract had no effect on the cilia. When the cerebrovisceral connective was cut the basal rate was lower than controls and the crab extract was effective in slowing beating rate. Since the mantle rim is a major site of sensory cells in the animal, we excised the rim and applied crab extract. The absence of the mantle rim prevented the crab extract from affecting beating. The study shows a sensory motor integration of the beating of lateral cilia which involves the mantle sensory rim, and the visceral and cerebral ganglia. This work was supported by grants 2R25GM0600309 of NIGMS, 0516041071 of NYSDOE and 0622197 of NSF.