jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Management of Febrile Neonates in US Pediatric Emergency Departments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and admission for antibiotics are considered standard management of febrile neonates (0–28 days). We examined variation in adherence to these recommendations across US pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) and incidence of serious infections (SIs) in febrile neonates. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of neonates with a diagnosis of fever evaluated in 36 PEDs in the 2010 Pediatric Health Information System database. We analyzed performance of recommended management (laboratory testing, antibiotic use, admission to hospital), 48-hour return visits to PED, and diagnoses of SI. RESULTS: Of 2253 neonates meeting study criteria, 369 (16.4%) were evaluated and discharged from the PED; 1884 (83.6%) were admitted. Recommended management occurred in 1497 of 2253 (66.4%; 95% confidence interval, 64.5–68.4) febrile neonates. There was more than twofold variation across the 36 PEDs in adherence to recommended management, recommended testing, and recommended treatment of febrile neonates. There was significant variation in testing and treatment between admitted and discharged neonates (P &lt; .001). A total of 269 in 2253 (11.9%) neonates had SI, of whom 223 (82.9%; 95% confidence interval, 77.9–86.9) received recommended management. CONCLUSIONS: There was wide variation across US PEDs in adherence to recommended management of febrile neonates. One in 6 febrile neonates was discharged from the PED; discharged patients were less likely to receive testing or antibiotic therapy than admitted patients. A majority of neonates with SI received recommended evaluation and management. High rates of SI in admitted patients but low return rates for missed infections in discharged patients suggest a need for additional studies to understand variation from the current recommendations.
Role of Resonance Energy Transfer in Light Harvesting of Zinc Oxide-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this contribution we have studied the dynamics of light harvesting of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) to a surface adsorbed sensitizing dye (SD) N719. By using the picosecond resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique we have explored that the excited ZnO NPs resonantly transfer visible optical radiation to the SD N719. The consequence of the energy transfer on the performance of the overall efficiency of a model ZnO NP-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has also been explored. We have demonstrated that the overall efficiency of a ZnO NP-based solar cell significantly depends on the presence of high-energy photons in the solar radiation. In a control experiment on a model TiO2 NP-based solar cell it has been demonstrated that the presence of high-energy photon has a minimal effect on the performance of the cell as the TiO2 NPs are incapable of harvesting high-energy photons from solar radiation. The possibility of the back electron transfer from the excited NPs to the SD has also been investigated by studying the NPs in the presence of an ideal electron accepting organic molecule, benzoquinone (BQ). The time constants and nonradiative rate constant obtained for the ZnO/N719 system are found to be different from those of the ZnO/BQ system, which rules out the possibility of back electron transfer from ZnO NPs to SD N719. Moreover, the observed FRET dynamics in the light harvesting process of the nanocrystalites may be efficient in the further use of the nanoparticles in the development of new photodevices.
Effects of Applying Honeycomb Briquette Combustion Residue on Phosphorus Speciation and Lead Availability in Soil

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of applying honeycomb briquette combustion residue(HBCR) on the speciation of soil phosphorous(P) and lead(Pb) availability.Pb-spiked(500 mg/kg Pb) or non-spiked soil was amended with water soluble phosphorus(n(P)∶n(Pb)=4) and HBCR(20 g/kg dry soil),ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) was planted.After harvest,soil was analyzed for Olsen-P,Ca2-P and Ca8-P.Olsen-P and Ca8-P contents increased in all treatments after HBCR application.HBCR application in treatments without P application increased Ca2-P contents,however,in treatments with P application,HBCR application resulted in lower Ca2-P contents(P0.05).Soil contents of Ca2-P,Ca2-P+Ca8-P and Olsen-P all correlated with DTPA-Pb contents negatively(P0.05),while the correlation of Ca2-P was the most robust(P0.01).The results suggest that the HBCR can be amended to Pb-polluted soil to increase P availability,moderate Ca2-P level and to reduce Pb availability.
Hearing threshold of sawmillers in Kaduna, Nigeria

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Hearing loss due to occupational noise exposure is a malady with millions of employees having occupational hearing loss (OHL) worldwide though under-appreciated. The neglect of hearing loss, especially OHL has resulted in human and economic consequences worldwide. The WHO estimates a global burden of 1.06 million in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria is experiencing rapid industrial growth, and large number of workers are exposed to industrial noise. Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss is relatively simple and inexpensive. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the pattern and prevalence of hearing loss among sawmillers at old Fanteka market, Kaduna. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of the hearing threshold of sawmillers at the old Fanteka market, Kaduna. Ethical clearance was obtained from both the Kaduna state Ministry of Health and the National Ear Care Centre, Kaduna. Questionnaires were duly completed and thereafter the participants had pure tone audiometry in a soundproof booth. Noise meter was used to measure the sound level at the workplace and machines. Pure tone average was calculated for both the left and right ear. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16.0, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: One hundred and twenty sawmillers with age- and sex-matched controls were assessed. Subjects' age ranged between 20 and 62 years, mean age of 31.36 ± 11.33, whereas controls' age ranged between 20 and 70 years, mean age of 33.29 ± 7.40. All the subjects were males. Prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was 26.7%. Conclusion: Noise level within the study site environment ranged from 85 to 105 dB. The prevalence of SNHL was 26.70%, moderate type 9–16.70% by pure tone average bilaterally.
Responses to an early childhood educational intervention with disadvantaged families: an exploratory study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent decades have seen an expansion of the early intervention field, particularly with children who are deemed at risk of adverse outcomes due to socio-economic or other disadvantage. Early educational intervention has taken many forms, but those involving both the child and parent together have been shown to have the strongest effects. Additionally, intervention in the early years, enhancing the child’s ability to engage with formal schooling, has been found to have a lasting impact not just on the educational trajectory of the individual, but also on the life opportunities which become available. This thesis reports an investigation of the implementation of the Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY) program in a regional city in Victoria, Australia. Here, for the first time, this intensive, graduated, two-year program was delivered to a group of Australian-born families experiencing trans-generational poverty and educational disadvantage. The administering agency trained para-professionals from the community who undertook fortnightly home visits to instruct parents in a standard curriculum designed to enhance the learning readiness of their children. Parents, in turn, delivered the program in daily sessions to their children aged four and five. On alternate fortnights this instruction was provided at group meetings for parents. Following previous research, it was expected that HIPPY would result in positive outcomes in terms of cognitive and socio-emotional functioning for children. The experience of parents and staff were also explored as part of the process evaluation. Implementation issues were documented, and their relevance to program outcomes was considered. Analysis of complementary qualitative and quantitative data showed that children made substantial gains in several areas. Interviews with parents revealed that HIPPY was enjoyable and achievable, and contributed to children’s increased confidence, early learning, and familiarity with schoolwork. Formal psychological testing demonstrated clear gains for children in terms of their early school skills and socioemotional development, although results in the areas of general cognitive development, school readiness, and academic self-esteem were inconclusive. Process evaluation found that HIPPY was relevant and feasible in this population and highlighted several key aspects of program implementation. Findings are discussed in the light of international literature in the early intervention area, and implications for future practice and research are drawn out.
Review of Toyoda K, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischemic stroke in Japan. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jun;18(6):539-548

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Prior meta-analyses showed that treatment with cilostazol, with or without aspirin, significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke, occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke, and frequency of other serious vascular adverse events. Methods: This review highlights the value of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) by Toyoda et al . entitled, “Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischemic stroke in Japan: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial.” Here, dual therapy consisting of cilostazol and another antiplatelet agent was used to prevent secondary ischemic stroke in high-risk Japanese patients. Results: Patients on dual therapy consisting of cilostazol/aspirin or cilostazol/clopidogrel had significantly lower frequencies of recurrent stroke. However, there were significant differences in the incidence of attendant hemorrhagic complications utilizing mono or dual therapy. Conclusion: This RCT demonstrated the safety of dual therapy, consisting of cilostazol/aspirin or cilostazol/ clopidogrel, in preventing secondary ischemic stroke in a high-risk Japanese population. Further studies are required to generalize these findings to other patient populations worldwide.
Study on the Mechanical Behavior of a Dual-Density Hybrid Lattice Structure under Quasi-Static and Dynamic Compressions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The dual-phase lattice structure composed of the matrix phase (MP) and the reinforcement phase (RP) is a novel hybrid lattice showing excellent energy absorption ability. However, the mechanical behavior of the dual-phase lattice structure under dynamic compression and the enhancement mechanism of the reinforcement phase have not been widely studied with the increase in compression speed. Based on the design requirements of dual-phase lattice materials, this paper combined octet-truss cell structures with different porosities, and the dual-density hybrid lattice specimens were fabricated via the fused deposition modeling technique. Under quasi-static and dynamic compressive loadings, the stress–strain behavior, energy absorption capacity, and deformation mechanism of the dual-density hybrid lattice structure were studied. The results showed that the quasi-static-specific energy absorption of the dual-density hybrid lattice structure was significantly higher than that of the single-density Octet lattice, and with the increase in compression strain rate, the effective specific energy absorption of the dual-density hybrid lattice structure also increased. The deformation mechanism of the dual-density hybrid lattice was also analyzed, and the deformation mode changed from an inclined deformation band to a horizontal deformation band when the strain rate changed from 10−3 s−1 to 100 s−1.
The influence of residual and trace elements on hot shortness and high temperature embrittlement

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The problems of hot shortness and overheating have beset the metallurgist, forgemaster and smith for a surprisingly long time. In recent years the increase in electric steelmaking has emphasized the difficulties arising from the steady build up of residual elements which is the inexorable consequence of scrap recirculation. Although many of the early investigations considered the influence of individual trace elements on hot ductility, in practice such relatively simple situations seldom arise. More often than not it is the interaction between a combination of trace elements which has to be understood if their net influence on high temperature mechanical properties is to be evaluated. This survey of the present state of knowledge in this field therefore places particular emphasis on the need for an understanding of the interactions between trace elements
İmpulslar altında biyolojik ağların stokhastik simülasyon algoritmaları.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The impulses are one of the sources of fluctuations which lead to the sharp changes in the biochemical systems such as the changes in epidemic and population models. In this study, as the novelty, we implement these effects in exact stochastic simulation algorithms, namely, the Gillespie method and the first reaction method, by changing the chemical master equations (CME) with impulses. Hereby in the extension of these approaches with impulses, we consider different scenarios such as the sudden decrease of the number of molecules. Finally, we evaluate each of these alternatives under small and realistically large biochemical systems.
Aspects of temperature regulation in mice selected for large and small size

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY We measured traits involved in physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in the 6 replicates of a selection experiment for large and small size (6-week weight) in mice, including control lines (18 lines in all). The observed genetic correlations between body size and thermoregulatory traits are consistent with a thermoregulatory advantage of large size, including decreased weight-specific food consumption and increased nest-building, with no change in body temperature. The differences in food consumption were closely paralleled by differences in amount of brown adipose tissue, strongly suggesting that much of the decreased efficiency of the small lines is due to heat production by brown fat. These results are consistent with available observations on natural populations, that selection for temperature adaptation probably has had some influence on body size in this species.
In vitro study concerning the efficiency of the frequency-doubled double-pulse Neodymium:YAG laser (FREDDY) for lithotripsy of calculi in the urinary tract

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The high degree of fragmentation efficiency, the purchase and maintenance costs, which due to its design are substantially lower in comparison to other laser lithotriptors, and the high degree of safety during application make this new laser a real alternative not only to the present laser lithotripsy systems but also to common ballistic lithotriptors.
EVOLUTION OF THE CARBON NANOTUBE BUNDLE STRUCTURE UNDER BIAXIAL AND SHEAR STRAINS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Close packed carbon nanotube bundles are materials with highly deformable elements, for which unusual deformation mechanisms are expected. Structural evolution of the zigzag carbon nanotube bundle subjected to biaxial lateral compression with the subsequent shear straining is studied under plane strain conditions using the chain model with a reduced number of degrees of freedom. Biaxial compression results in bending of carbon nanotubes walls and formation of the characteristic pattern, when nanotube cross-sections are inclined in the opposite directions alternatively in the parallel close-packed rows. Subsequent shearing up to a certain shear strain leads to an appearance of shear bands and vortex-like displacements. Stress components and potential energy as the functions of shear strain for different values of the biaxial volumetric strain are analyzed in detail. A new mechanism of carbon nanotube bundle shear deformation through cooperative, vortex-like displacements of nanotube cross sections is reported.
Introduction to the special issue: “Software Quality for Modern Systems”

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The volume at hand presents the Special Issue on “Software Quality for Modern Systems”. The Special Issue has been originally conceived within the context of the 3 rd International Conference on Automation of Software Test (AST 2022). The authors of the best papers accepted at AST 2022 have been invited to submit an extended version of their previous work. In addition, the editors have decided to keep the submissions open for any other contributions aligned with the objectives of the Special Issue. The main objective of the Guest Editors is to promote discussions leveraging software testing automation for improving various software quality attributes.
The estimation of live fish size from archaeological cranial bones of the New Zealand Barracouta Thyrsites atun

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Twenty-four measurements were taken on five of the paired cranial bones and the otoliths of a modern sample of 278 barracouta, Thyrsites atun . Regression analysis was performed on these measurements to estimate live fork length and ungutted weight. A number of regression models were examined (linear, logarithmic and power curve) to work out the optimum estimator for each bone measurement. It was found that live fork length of this species can be estimated with a standard error of less than ± 46.mm, and the weight to less than ± 360 g. Coefficients are provided for 48 equations linking bone size to live characteristics. This is followed by a study of barracouta from an archaeological site at Long Beach, Otago. Measurements were made on 15,558 archaeological bones with a Minimum Number of Individuals of 4,505. It was found that the barracouta catch had near normal characteristics with a mean fork length of 795 mm and SD of 51 mm. The mean body weight was estimated at 2347 g. The useable meat weight represented by these fish is estimated to be 7.4 metric tonnes.
Gradually Exiled Rousseau——Liang Chi-chao's Cognition as the Center

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As China's Rousseau,Liang Chi-chao had powerfully propagandized Rousseau's thoughts.Liang Chi-chao' cognition has experienced a process of significant change on Rousseau's thoughts: from completely praise before 1900 to relatively prudent between 1900 and 1902 when he,had detailed theory analysis,yet showed little objection;and to query in 1903 and then gradually went into negation and finally completely discarded Rousseau's thoughts.
Are reference measures of law-invariant functionals unique?

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A functional defined on random variables f is law invariant with respect to a reference probability if its value only depends on the distribution of its argument f under that measure. In contrast to most of the literature on the topic, we take a concrete functional as given and ask if there can be more than one such reference probability. For wide classes of functionals – including, for instance, monetary risk measures and return risk measures – we demonstrate that this is not the case unless they are (i) constant, or (ii) more generally depend only on the essential infimum and essential supremum of the argument f. Mathematically, the results leverage Lyapunov's Convexity Theorem.
Effect of the Novel Myotrope Danicamtiv on Cross‐Bridge Behavior in Human Myocardium

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) and danicamtiv both increase myocardial force output by selectively activating myosin within the cardiac sarcomere. Enhanced force generation is presumably due to an increase in the total number of myosin heads bound to the actin filament; however, detailed comparisons of the molecular mechanisms of OM and danicamtiv are lacking. Methods and Results The effect of OM and danicamtiv on Ca 2+ sensitivity of force generation was analyzed by exposing chemically skinned myocardial samples to a series of increasing Ca 2+ solutions. The results showed that OM significantly increased Ca 2+ sensitivity of force generation, whereas danicamtiv showed similar Ca 2+ sensitivity of force generation to untreated preparations. A direct comparison of OM and danicamtiv on dynamic cross‐bridge behavior was performed at a concentration that produced a similar force increase when normalized to predrug levels at submaximal force (pCa 6.1). Both OM and danicamtiv‐treated groups slowed the rates of cross‐bridge detachment from the strongly bound state and cross‐bridge recruitment into the force‐producing state. Notably, the significant OM‐induced prolongation in the time to reach force relaxation and subsequent commencement of force generation following rapid stretch was dramatically reduced in danicamtiv‐treated myocardium. Conclusions This is the first study to directly compare the effects of OM and danicamtiv on cross‐bridge kinetics. At a similar level of force enhancement, danicamtiv had a less pronounced effect on the slowing of cross‐bridge kinetics and, therefore, may provide a similar improvement in systolic function as OM without excessively prolonging systolic ejection time and slowing cardiac relaxation facilitating diastolic filling at the whole‐organ level.
Reply on CEC1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. We extend the ecological component (‘ECOGEM’) of the carbon-centric Grid Enabled Integrated Earth system model (‘cGEnIE’) to include a diatom functional group. ECOGEM represents plankton community dynamics via a spectrum of ecophysiological traits originally based on size and plankton food web (phyto- and zooplankton; EcoGEnIE 1.0), which we developed here to account for a diatom functional group (EcoGEnIE 1.1). We tuned EcoGEnIE 1.1, exploring a range of ecophysiological parameter values specific to phytoplankton, including diatom growth and survival (18 parameters over 250 runs) to fit best the model behaviour akin to observations of diatom biogeography, size class distribution, and global ocean biogeochemistry. This, in conjunction with a previously developed representation in the water column of opal dissolution and an updated iron cycle, produced an improved distribution of dissolved oxygen in the water column relative to the previous EcoGEnIE 1.0 as well as a value for global export production (7.5 Pg C yr−1) closer to previous estimates. Simulated diatom biogeography is characterised by larger size classes dominating at high latitudes, notably in the Southern Ocean, and smaller size classes dominating at lower latitudes. Overall, diatom biological productivity accounts for ~ 20 % of global carbon biomass in the model, with diatoms out-competing other phytoplankton functional groups when dissolved silica is available due to their faster maximum photosynthetic rates and reduced palatability to grazers. Adding a diatom functional group provides the cGEnIE Earth system model with an extended capability to explore ecological dynamics and their influence on ocean biogeochemistry through the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, as well as enabling a broader range of palaeoceanographic proxies to be interpreted.