jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Auditory Perceptual Function in Relation to Phonological Development

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Auditory perceptual functioning, specifically auditory memory and discrimination, has been historically considered related to linguistic development, in particular phonological development. This fact has resulted in therapy for children with delayed/deviant phonological development being focused on improving auditory memory and discrimination. A number of studies have been carried out over the past few decades to establish whether or not this relationship exists. These studies are reviewed and reasons for the diversity of results discussed. The phonological development of 60 children in relation to their auditory memory and discrimination is described, together with a test of auditory discrimination designed for the purposes of the study.
Rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke in patients with cancer: a subgroup analysis of the NAVIGATE ESUS randomized trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and purpose Cancer is a frequent finding in ischaemic stroke patients. The frequency of cancer amongst participants in the NAVIGATE ESUS randomized trial and the distribution of outcome events during treatment with aspirin and rivaroxaban were investigated. Methods Trial participation required a recent embolic stroke of undetermined source. Patients’ history of cancer was recorded at the time of study entry. During a mean follow‐up of 11 months, the effects of aspirin and rivaroxaban treatment on recurrent ischaemic stroke, major bleeding and all‐cause mortality were compared between patients with cancer and patients without cancer. Results Amongst 7213 randomized patients, 543 (7.5%) had cancer. Of all patients, 3609 were randomized to rivaroxaban [254 (7.0%) with cancer] and 3604 patients to aspirin [289 (8.0%) with cancer]. The annual rate of recurrent ischaemic stroke was 4.5% in non‐cancer patients in the rivaroxaban arm and 4.6% in the aspirin arm [hazard ratio (HR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–1.24]. In cancer patients, the rate of recurrent ischaemic stroke was 7.7% in the rivaroxaban arm and 5.4% in the aspirin arm (HR 1.43, 95% CI 0.71–2.87). Amongst cancer patients, the annual rate of major bleeds was non‐significantly higher for rivaroxaban than aspirin (2.9% vs. 1.1%; HR 2.57, 95% CI 0.67–9.96; P for interaction 0.95). All‐cause mortality was similar in both groups. Conclusions Our exploratory analyses show that patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source and a history of cancer had similar rates of recurrent ischaemic strokes and all‐cause mortality during aspirin and rivaroxaban treatments and that aspirin appeared safer than rivaroxaban in cancer patients regarding major bleeds. www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02313909).
A multidisciplinary program to wean infants and toddlers from long‐term tube feeding: Lessons learned from a retrospective study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Children maintain growth and development by ingesting adequate calories and nutrients, typically achieved via oral intake of food and liquids. When unable to eat and drink orally, they need temporary or permanent enteral nutritional support via nasogastric, nasoduodenal, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy tubes. The objectives of this retrospective study are to describe lessons learned from operating a weaning program at ALYN Hospital for over a decade, the characteristics of the patient population (gender, age, medical condition, and type of tube feeding and hospitalization), and which of these characteristics correlate with successful weaning. Methods Data were obtained from the hospital's secure database of 82 infants and toddlers, 37 boys (45.4%) and 45 girls (54.9%) aged 3 months to 10.8 years who took part in a tube feeding intervention from 2011 to 2020. Descriptive and correlational analyses were performed to characterize the participants and their responses to the program. Results Fifty‐one children (62.2%) were less than 2 years, 26 children (31.7%) were 2–4.11 years, and only 5 children were aged 5 years (6.1%) and older. Fifty‐six children were successfully weaned from tube feeding, 9 children were eventually successful, but the process took longer than anticipated, 11 children were partially weaned and 6 were not successfully weaned. Conclusions These results are discussed within the context of a successful weaning program related to participant characteristics (medical condition, age, gender, and weight), and subsequent recommendations are offered related to the intervention setting, duration, and intensity; redefining success in weaning and the need for long‐term follow‐up.
Supplementary Data from The Effects of Varying Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat Content on Survival in a Murine LNCaP Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Data from The Effects of Varying Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat Content on Survival in a Murine LNCaP Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model
Loss of Starch and Increase of α-Amylase Activity in Leaves of Flooded Tobacco Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of flooding on the contents of chlorophyll, protein and starch and the activity of α-amylase in tobacco leaves was investigated. Flooded leaves had lower protein and chlorophyll contents than control plants. Chloroplasts in leaves of tobacco whose roots were flooded for 4 days showed a significant decrease in the level of starch and dilation of thylakoids in chloroplasts when examined with the electron microscope. The decrease in the level of starch in flooded leaves was confirmed by chemical analysis of starch level and was found to be associated with an increase in the activity of α-amylase.
Criteria of Lawful Limitation of Human Rights in the Structure of This Institution as Part of General-Purpose and Sectoral Studies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article proves that in connection with the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation”, and the adoption of the Federal Law of 31.07.2020 № 247-FZ “On mandatory requirements in the Russian Federation” the issues of assessment and explication of modern requirements for the constitutionalization of criminal law and its application have become acute. The criteria for such assessment are represented by the requirements of international and constitutional norms on the grounds, principles, limits, and conditions under which the limitation of rights is possible, and which are reflected in the resolutions of interstate bodies and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Some of them are directly and imperatively stated in these documents, some are not obvious enough, and some are given generic names. All of them require their interpretation and concretization. In the legal literature of different historical periods they are studied at different angles and are called differently: grounds, principles, limits, requirements, conditions, prerequisites, criteria, indicators. As a result of the study of methodological, general legal and sectoral literature it has been concluded that the use of this or that term, the definition of its concept depends on the type of research. In general-purpose research it is possible to use the term “condition”; for the development of an algorithm for assessing a normative act and its compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (empirical research) it is more correct to use the term “indicators”. The purpose of the latter is evaluation, which is possible on the basis of a recognizable, specific characteristics. Therefore, it is more fruitful to use structural elements of the principles of law as a criterion of evaluation. The grounds for the limitation of rights and their legalization (legitimization) allow us to identify the primary, initial, basic, fundamental, major requirements - the criteria of lawful limitation of rights; they partially show the origins of the division of criteria of lawful limitation of human rights into formal and tangible. It is concluded that multi-criteria studies are more fruitful, although single-criteria studies deepen and supplement the first ones. Therefore, the use of the achievements of both kinds of studies considered in reference to criminal law, will make it possible to supplement the algorithm for assessing the criminal law (draft), its application for compliance with constitutional requirements.
The Biot–Savart description of Kelvin waves on a quantum vortex filament in the presence of mutual friction and a driving fluid

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the dynamics of Kelvin waves along a quantum vortex filament in the presence of mutual friction and a driving fluid while taking into account non-local effects due to Biot–Savart integrals. The Schwarz model reduces to a nonlinear and non-local dynamical system of dimension three, the solutions of which determine the translational and rotational motion of the Kelvin waves, as well as the amplification or decay of such waves. We determine the possible qualitative behaviours of the resulting Kelvin waves. It is well known from experimental and theoretical studies that the Donnelly–Glaberson instability plays a role on the amplification or decay of Kelvin waves in the presence of a driving normal fluid velocity, and we obtain the relevant stability criterion for the non-local model. While the stability criterion is the same for local and non-local models when the wavenumber is sufficiently small, we show that large differences emerge for the large wavenumber case (tightly coiled helices). The results demonstrate that non-local effects have a stabilizing effect on the Kelvin waves, and hence larger normal fluid velocities are required for amplification of large wavenumber Kelvin waves. Additional qualitative differences between the local and non-local models are explored.
HEALTH PHYSICS-PROCESS CONTROL REFERENCE MANUAL. VOLUME 1

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract : The manual is designed for use by Nuclear Power Plant Process Control Specialists. It contains health physics and water chemistry procedures for guidance in plant operation. Although this manual cannot give detailed recommendations, necessary and sufficient for all conditions, it gives general recommendations suitable for typical plant use. Volume II contains sections on radioactive waste management, radiological monitoring, and health physics and radiochemistry instrumentation.
Probing binding and allosteric mechanisms of the KRAS interactions with monobodies and affimer proteins: ensemble-based mutational profiling and thermodynamic analysis of binding energetics and allostery reveal diversity of functional hotspots and cryptic pockets linked by conserved communication network

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

KRAS, a historically “undruggable” oncogenic driver, has eluded targeted therapies due to its lack of accessible binding pockets in its active state.
Payment Systems of Financial Institutions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Economic activity is always accompanied by payment. Payment systems, which are the subject of much recent discussion, are an indispensable part of the infrastructure that supports the entire economy. Progress in the field of information technology (IT) has spurred new developments in hardware and software that affect payment systems. Of recent interest are issues of increasing payment risk and the severe situation of financial institutions in some developed countries. The costs associated with setup and operation of payment systems is high, and market participants expect efficiency. Many problems are associated with bond payments. The spread of delivery vs. payment (DVP) systems and IT-based transactions are also impacting payment systems. Links between payment systems are also important and have made concerns about systemic risk if time-designated net settlements coexist with real-time gross settlements (RTGSs), which can alter outcomes or cause cancellations, thereby increasing systemic risk. If RTGSs and the net payment system are not operated by a single rule, this problem worsens. Unification of settlement systems, rules and dealings custom is critical. The complex legal frameworks that govern payment activity would benefit from structural revisions.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Adult Kidney Cancer in Mauritania: Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: since its creation, our urology department has taken care of tumor pathologies in particular kidney cancer in adults; our goal is to study the clinical and therapeutic epidemiological profiles of adult kidney cancer in Mauritania. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective study over a period of six years, from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017, including all cases of adult kidney cancer registered in the urology-andrology departments of the Cheikh Zayed Hospital and Pathological Anatomy of the National Hospital of Nouakchott (Mauritania). Results: we collected 50 cases of kidney cancer. The average annual incidence was 8.3 cases. The average age of the patients was 52.98 years with extremes of 18 and 84 years. There was a female predominance (52%) or 29 women for 21 men. Lumbar pain was the most frequent clinical expression, more than half of the patients had symptoms over a period of at least 12 months before the first consultation. The left kidney was the most frequently affected. The right localization was demonstrated in 23 patients, the extension assessment was made with thoraco-abdomino-pelvic CT in 40 patients. Twelve patients had a tumor localized in the kidney. The extension assessment had made it possible to objectify the existence of metastases in 17 of our patients (37%). The preferred locations of these metastases were pulmonary and hepatic. Surgical intervention was performed in 44 patients (88%), of whom 36 underwent radical nephrectomy (72%), and two patients underwent partial nephrectomy (4.5%). Surgical abstention was decided from the outset in 6 patients (13.6%). None of our patients had received treatment with anti-angiogenics. The histological type most observed in our patients was renal cell carcinoma, observed in 34 patients, or 77.72%. At the time of the study, more than a third of the patients had died. The mortality rate in our series had reached 24%. A specific survival rate could not be assessed due to lack of information in the files and significant numbers of patients lost to follow-up at the time of the study. Conclusion: adult kidney cancer in Mauritania is characterized by its low incidence, its occurrence in a relatively young population, its female predominance, its often late diagnosis at locally advanced and metastatic stages, and the treatment is the most often surgical.
[Mucolytics in acute and chronic respiratory tract disorders. I. Pathophysiology and mechanisms of action].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Mucus hypersecretion is a cardinal sign of both acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Normally, mucus protects respiratory tract, but its overproduction leads to airway obstruction and promotes bacterial colonization. In the first part of our review we outlined the possible factors responsible for mucus hypersecretion and clinical consequences of this process. Mucolytic agents such as Ambroxol and N-acetylcysteine are able to alter the secretion of mucus and its physical properties which results in improvement of mucociliary clearance. Mechanisms of action and indications for use of mucolytics are presented. Mucolytics have been shown to have a role in improving lung functions and patients' quality of life. Undoubtedly they are useful as an adjunctive therapy of respiratory tract disorders.
Dog filters & flower crowns: Using Snapchat as a Pedagogical Tool in Higher Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Academics overwhelmingly value social media as a tool for enhancing student learning (Moran et al, 2011). Generally, academics use information technologies and social media to engage with students in a top-down fashion i.e. it is the norm to use whatever the learning technologists deem appropriate (Liu, 2010). Snapchat is a social networking platform that is reserved for communicating with close relationships and, unlike Twitter, is generally not a method for communicating with strangers (Vaterlaus et al, 2016). Thus, any effective use of Snapchat within a learning environment must finely balance engaging with students on social media to facilitate their learning on one hand, and invading their private space on the other (Woodley & Meredith, 2012). After all, the main reason that students use social media is for social engagement, not classroom engagement (Liu, 2010). In this paper, we discuss the use of Snapchat as a learning tool, our own experiences of using this platform to engage students from two very different academic disciplines – Festival Management and Prosthetics and Orthotics, using this platform to enhance student learning and engagement in different ways. From creating ‘stories’ that help package concepts and theories to make them more accessible; to curating learning and observations from field trips; in addition to creation of learning resources, discussion groups; the possibilities of Snapchat usage within the learning environment are endless. This paper sets out to provide participants with practical advice on how to use Snapchat within the learning environment. We encourage teachers in higher education to think about how they can creatively use the app to make learning more accessible. Ultimately, Snapchat is a playful app, and the facilitation of playful learning can help promote creativity, engagement and academic achievement among students (Kangas, 2010).
Positive clinical and financial outcomes of patient-management accountable metrics contract among hospitalists

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Studies have shown positive outcomes for patients treated by hospitalists, however, the impact of Patientmanagement Accountable Metrics (PAM) contract among hospitalists on financial and clinical outcomes is unclear. This study intends to determine the impact of PAM contract among hospitalists on these outcomes.Methods: This retrospective cohort study conducted in a 7-hospital health system in southeast U.S. region included 93,037 adult inpatients treated by 264 hospitalists and discharged in 2018. It measures the impact of PAM contract among hospitalists on total cost, variable cost, contribution margin, length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission and mortality per inpatient discharge. Univariate and multivariable regression analysis were used for measuring outcomes.Results: When compared with non- PAM contracted hospitalists, PAM contracted hospitalists were estimated per case to have $437 ([95% CI: $326 to $548]) lower in total cost, $123 ([95% CI: $73 to $173]) lower in variable cost, $361 ([95% CI: $241 to $481]) higher in contribution margin, 0.37 days ([95% CI: 0.33 to 0.42]) shorter in LOS, and lower 30-day readmissions probability with an odds ratio of 0.82, ([95% CI: 0.79 to 0.86]). The impact of PAM contractual status was not significant on mortality rates. Study hospital system projected $17 million annual cost reduction, $14 million contribution margin and 14,000 patient days savings if all hospitalists were PAM contracted.Conclusions: This study indicates that PAM contract had positive financial and clinical impact among hospitalists. These findings may help hospitals improve clinical outcomes while reducing costs and improve margin.
On dynamics and mixing of inflowing saltwater in the Arkona Sea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Time series measurements of temperature, salinity and current at the sills and the rim of the Arkona Basin have been performed during the winter seasons 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 together with ship‐based measurements of stratification and currents covering the whole Arkona Basin. The well‐mixed brackish surface was separated from the stratified saline bottom water by a halocline at a mean depth of 30 m. The saline bottom water was contained in an up to 15 m thick pool filling the central part of the Arkona Basin. This stratification resulted in a 6 km wide Rossby radius and a phase velocity of 0.7 m/s for the first baroclinic mode. The mean stratification was disturbed by cyclonic geostrophic eddies with a characteristic radius equal to the first baroclinic Rossby radius and up‐ and downwelling processes in the coastal boundary layer. 90% of the variability of the vertical current profile can be described by the first and second EOF. The most pronounced feature of the current profile is the existence of an Ekman bottom friction layer found in both modes. The thickness of the Ekman layer of the barotropic mode is 10–15 m and that of the baroclinic mode is about 5m. The baroclinic circulation consists of a pulsating cyclonic motion in the bottom layer and an anticyclonic motion in the upper layer along the rim of the Arkona Basin, driven by the spilling of saline bottom water over the sills into the Arkona Basin. The saline bottom water is flowing as gravity current from the sills into the Arkona Basin which is in a first order balanced by gravity and the Coriolis force, whereas friction is smaller than the other two forces involved. The friction imposes a spiral motion into the center of the Arkona Basin where it contributes to the dense bottom water pool. The front of the dense bottom water moves with a phase speed of about 30 cm/s at the westerly rim and slows down to about 10 cm/s along the southerly and easterly rim of the Arkona Basin. Evidence was found that the dense bottom water plume mixes with the ambient water by wind induced entrainment in the vicinity of the sill. The main mixing mechanism of a propagating saltwater plume is mixing of the water ahead of its front with the bottom water behind the front by differential advection.
Challenging the Registration of Scandalous and Disparaging Marks Under the Lanham Act: Who has Standing to Sue?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Federal trademark law allows a third party to oppose the registration of markes that would be scandalous to the general public or that would disparage particular groups or individuals, as well to petition to cancel such a registration after it has been issued. There have been a handful of high-profile challenges to federal registrations of allegedly scandalous or disparaging marks in recent years, including the 1999 decision of the TTAB in Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc. and the 1999 decision of the Federal Circuit in Ritchie v. Simpson. This paper examines the question of who has standing to challenge the federal registration of a mark as being scandalous or disparaging, and argues that well-crafted and clearly-articulated standing rules would allow the courts and Congress to strike the delicate balance between permitting appropriate challenges to the registration of allegedly scandalous or disparaging marks, and preventing inappropriate challenges from being brought by disaffected groups or individuals.