jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Principles and Effects of Irradiation on Food Processing & Preservation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When food irradiation is carried out under Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, is commended as an effective, widely applicable food processing method judged to be safe on extensive available evidence, that can reduce the risk of food poisoning, control food spoilage and extend the shelf-life of foods without detriment to health and with minimal effect on nutritional or sensory quality. This view has been endorsed by international bodies such as the World Health Organisation(WHO), the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and Codex Alimentarius. Food irradiation is the processing of food products by ionising radiation in order to control foodborne pathogens, reduce microbial load and insect infestation, inhibit the germination of root crops, and extend the durable life of perishable produce. The use of irradiation has been approved for about 50 different types of food and at least 33 countries are using the technology commercially. Despite the fact that irradiation has been used for decades for food disinfection that satisfies quarantine requirements in trade, health concerns over the consumption of irradiated food continue to attract attention. This study reviewed the basic principles, applications and the associated potential health risk, if any, posed to consumers as a result of consumption of irradiated food. Review of the available evidence showed that although irradiation processing leads to chemical changes and nutrient losses, the safety and nutrient quality of irradiated foods are comparable to foods that have been treated with other conventional food processing methods such as heating, pasteurisation and canning when the technology is used as recommended and good manufacturing practices are followed.
The Makara in Early Chinese Buddhist Sculpture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the early Buddhist cave temples made in the latter half of the fifth century a.d., during the Northern Wei dynasty, at Yim-kang, in the Shansi Province of North China, can be found several carvings of a curious creature connected with the arches over a seated Buddha figure. It occurs at either end of the arch, the end merging into the hinder part of the creature, which is left with two legs, a long neck, and head. The body is turned away from the arch so that the two creatures are back to back, one at each end of the arch. Examples can be seen in Dr. Sirén's Chinese Sculpture from the Fifth to the Fourteenth Century , plates 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, and 61, in Tokiwa Daijo and Sikeno Tadaishi's Buddhist Monuments in China , vol. ii, plates 22 (2), 27, 30 (2), and 40, and in Chavannes' Mission archèologique dans la Chine septentrionale , plates 255, 256, 262–8, 272, and 277. Its representation was thus of common occurrence but nobody seems to have ventured to identify the creature. It is true that Dr. Sirén, with reference to plate 60 mentioned above, described the two arches being supported by two hydras and again wrote of the hydra and phœnix-like birds which support the foils of the arches, but he goes no further than this vague description.
Influence of Energy Input on the Flow Past Hypersonic Aircraft X-43

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with a numerical study of the influence of energy sources on the flow past hypersonic aircraft X-43. Flight mode with M = 6 and angle of attack α = 0°, 4° with energy deposition in areas around various parts of HA was considered. It is shown that energy input in front of the bow of the HA leads to a significant weakening of the bow shock wave and an increase in aerodynamic efficiency of the vehicle. The results of studies on the impact of energy input in the scramjet intake are also presented.
Seed Halo-Priming Improves Seedling Vigor, Grain Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Maize under Varying Irrigation Regimes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Water-deficit stress poses tremendous constraints to sustainable agriculture, particularly under abrupt climate change. Hence, it is crucial to find eco-friendly approaches to ameliorate drought tolerance, especially for sensitive crops such as maize. This study aimed at assessing the impact of seed halo-priming on seedling vigor, grain yield, and water use efficiency of maize under various irrigation regimes. Laboratory trials evaluated the influence of seed halo-priming using two concentrations of sodium chloride solution, 4000 and 8000 ppm NaCl, versus unprimed seeds on seed germination and seedling vigor parameters. Field trials investigated the impact of halo-priming treatments on maize yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under four irrigation regimes comprising excessive (120% of estimated crop evapotranspiration, ETc), normal (100% ETc), and deficit (80 and 60% ETc) irrigation regimes. Over-irrigation by 20% did not produce significantly more grain yield but considerably reduced WUE. Deficit irrigation (80 and 60%ETc) gradually reduced grain yield and its attributes. Halo-priming treatments, particularly 4000 ppm NaCl, improved uniformity and germination speed, increased germination percentage and germination index, and produced more vigorous seedlings with heavier dry weight compared with unprimed seeds. Under field conditions, the plants originated from halo-primed seeds, especially with 4000 ppm NaCl, had higher grain yield and WUE compared with unprimed seeds under deficit irrigation regimes. The long-lasting stress memory induced by seed halo-priming, particularly with 4000 ppm NaCl, promoted maize seedling establishment, grain yield, and WUE and consequently mitigated the devastating impacts of drought stress.
Improving Free Poetry Writing Skills Using the Cooperative Roud Table Type Model in Elementary Schools

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research is motivated by the low ability of students to choose, arrange words, and express ideas in writing, especially writing poetry. One solution to overcome this problem is to use a round table cooperative learning model . The purpose of this study was to describe the planning, implementation and improvement of free poetry writing skills using the round table cooperative model in elementary schools. This research method is a classroom action research carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of two meetings and four stages, planning, action, observation and reflection. The subjects of this study were 14 grade IV students, 7 boys and 7 girls. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, documentation and tests. The results of this study can be concluded that the pre-cycle obtained an average class value of 57.4 with classical completeness of 42.85%, increased in cycle 1 meeting 1 to 59.28 with classical completeness of 50%, increased in cycle 1 meeting 2 to 67.5 with a classical completeness of 64.28%. The class average score in cycle 2 meeting 1 was 71.78 with classical completeness of 71.42% and increased in cycle 2 meeting 2 which was 77.14 with classical completeness of 85.71%. Thus it can be concluded that by using the round table type of cooperative learning model can improve the skills of free poetry writing class IV SDN 004 Bangkinang Kota. Keywords: Cooperative round table type, Writing, and Free Poetry
Detection of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.

— Iron deficiency is a common disorder in ambulatory subjects.1,2While most such subjects are neither anemic nor symptomatic, even early iron deficiency reflects abnormal blood loss (usually due to bleeding) that requires medical attention. To screen such subjects for early iron deficiency rapidly, inexpensively, and accurately, serum transferrin saturation or ferritin values are too expensive. Since an isolated high red cell distribution width (RDW) has been shown to precede other blood count abnormalities during development of iron deficiency,3we studied the value of the automated blood cell count as a screening instrument in 783 unselected asymptomatic outpatient adult volunteers (57% women, 81% white, 19% black). Simultaneous serum ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12levels were determined. The blood cell count was determined on a Coulter Counter S-Plus Sr (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, Fla).4Iron deficiency was defined as a serum ferritin level of less
Self-representation of people with disabilities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper examines the contribution of multimodal strategies in challenging aspects of public discourse about people with disabilities. It looks into media texts that were created by people with disabilities, in which the topic of disability is not a metaphor or a narrative prosthesis, but a demand for recognition and a call for a sincere dialogue, using three complementary strategies: disabling the viewers, challenging dominant aesthetic norms, and ironic echoing. The paper focuses on two autobiographical videos, a promotional video, a small corpus of paintings and a photograph, in which ironic echoing is the dominant strategy.
SH461174.07FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Application of Sensor/Weapon-Target Assignment based on Multi-Scale Quantum Harmonic Oscillator Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The key problem of task allocation in many applications of WSANs such as intelligent minefield is how to obtain the node-target assignment to achieve the maximum task effectiveness of the whole system. Since the performance of sensors and weapons and targets' capability of avoidance detection are very variable, different sensor/weapon-target allocations lead to different probabilities of acquisition and killing. The Sensor/Weapon-Target Assignment model considering the probability of detection and killing for the application of intelligent minefield is proposed and an application of Multi-Scale Quantum Harmonic Oscillator Algorithm was implemented to solve the assignment problem for Sensor/Weapon-Target Assignment. The results show that the scheme is suitable for Sensor/Weapon-Target Assignment problem in the application of intelligent minefield. This scheme can be promoted to large-scale assignment problems.
First-Pass or Single-Pass Radionuclide Angiography Evaluation of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Using a Microcomputer System

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Left ventricular ejection fractions of 31 patients determined from first-pass or single-pass radionuclide angiography from the anterior position using a microcomputer system and floppy disc were compared to angiographic catheterization data obtained from the right anterior oblique position. This study demonstrated a good correlation with r = 0.91. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative first-pass left ventricular ejection fraction data and contrast angiography using a microcomputer system and a floppy disc.
Direct and Indirect Initiatives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Institutional provisions for popular initiatives differ with respect to the possibilities they offer the legislature to react to direct legislation. In states with direct initiatives (19), the legislature cannot react directly to an initiative proposal once it has been qualified. In states with indirect initiatives (9), the legislature may or has to respond to the proposal. The present paper proposes a theoretical model incorporating these two types of initiative processes. The results suggest that the role interest groups play in the initiative process differs under these two provisions for direct legislation. Suggestive empirical evidence supports these theoretical claims.
Genetic dissection of protein and starch during wheat grain development using QTL mapping and GWAS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Protein, starch, and their components are important for wheat grain yield and end-products, which are affected by wheat grain development. Therefore, QTL mapping and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of grain protein content (GPC), glutenin macropolymer content (GMP), amylopectin content (GApC), and amylose content (GAsC) were performed on wheat grain development at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after anthesis (DAA) in two environments using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 256 stable lines and a panel of 205 wheat accessions. A total of 29 unconditional QTLs, 13 conditional QTLs, 99 unconditional marker−trait associations (MTAs), and 14 conditional MTAs significantly associated ( p &lt; 10 −4 ) with four quality traits were found to be distributed on 15 chromosomes, with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 5.35% to 39.86%. Among these genomic variations, three major QTLs [QGPC3B, QGPC2A, and QGPC(S3|S2)3B] and SNP clusters on the 3A and 6B chromosomes were detected for GPC, and the SNP TA005876-0602 was stably expressed during the three periods in the natural population. The QGMP3B locus was detected five times in three developmental stages in two environments with 5.89%–33.62% PVE, and SNP clusters for GMP content were found on the 3A and 3B chromosomes. For GApC, the QGApC3B.1 locus had the highest PVE of 25.69%, and SNP clusters were found on chromosomes 4A, 4B, 5B, 6B, and 7B. Four major QTLs of GAsC were detected at 21 and 28 DAA. Most interestingly, both QTL mapping and GWAS analysis indicated that four chromosomes (3B, 4A, 6B, and 7A) were mainly involved in the development of protein, GMP, amylopectin, and amylose synthesis. Of these, the wPt-5870–wPt-3620 marker interval on chromosome 3B seemed to be most important because it played an important role in the synthesis of GMP and amylopectin before 7 DAA, in the synthesis of protein and GMP from 14 to 21 DAA, and in the development of GApC and GAsC from 21 to 28 DAA. Using the annotation information of IWGSC Chinese Spring RefSeq v1.1 genome assembly, we predicted 28 and 69 candidate genes for major loci from QTL mapping and GWAS, respectively. Most of them have multiple effects on protein and starch synthesis during grain development. These results provide new insights and information for the potential regulatory network between grain protein and starch synthesis.
A study on customer satisfaction and preference towards net banking services in private sector banks with reference to Coimbatore city of India

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18 th century. The banks were The General Bank of India which was started in 1786. The three were merged in 1921 to form Imperial Bank of India, Which upon India’s independence becomes the State Bank of India. But, the banking functions became an effective for ce only after the first decade of 20 th century. The first NET BANKING SERVICES was implemented by ICICI Bank. Later on the other banks also introduced the NET BANKING SERVICES to the customers.
Early Birds, Night Owls,and Tireless/Recurring Itinerants: An Exploratory Analysis of Extreme Transit Behaviors in Beijing, China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper seeks to understand extreme public transit riders in Beijing using both traditional household survey and emerging new data sources such as Smart Card Data (SCD). We focus on four types of extreme transit behaviors: public transit riders who (1) travel significantly earlier than average riders (the 'early birds'); (2) ride in unusual late hours (the 'night owls'); and (3) commute in excessively long distance (the 'tireless itinerants'); (4) travel over frequently in a day (the 'recurring itinerants). SCD are used to identify the spatiotemporal patterns of these three extreme transit behaviors. In addition, household survey data are employed to supplement the socioeconomic background and provide a tentative profiling of extreme travelers. While the research findings are useful to guide urban governance and planning in Beijing, the methods developed in this paper can be applied to understand travel patterns elsewhere.
Sound symbolism of expressive verbs in Finnic languages (Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian, Votic)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article will study language, using the contrastive-descriptive method, as a phonetic imitation of the world around us, and will concentrate on the verb vocabulary, based on sound imitation and natural sound imitation, characteristic of the Finnic languages spoken in the region of the Gulf of Finland, i.e. Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian and Votic, with a special focus on verbs expressing sounds produced by inanimate sound generators/sources. The investigation clarifies the differences between expressive verbs and general vocabulary in terms of phonetic composition, and describes derivation patterns of expressive verbs. In comparisons of the four related languages, the theory of sound symbolism has not been confirmed. It is almost impossible to find identical expressive lexemes (stems) carrying the same (collocative) meaning in all four closely related languages.
Evaluating the effectiveness of two congestion limitation policies in Milan: Charge increase and vehicle type

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Congestion pricing, also referred to as road pricing, is a form of Pigouvian taxation designed to limit or reduce vehicular traffic within a specific area. These systems aim to encourage changes in driving behavior and the choice of transportation mode. An example of a congestion pricing system is the Milan Area C charging zone, which operates on a fixed-rate basis. In recent years, two changes to the system have been introduced: (i) restrictions on the vehicle types allowed to enter the zone, and (ii) a 50 percent increase in the congestion charge. This study introduces a novel and replicable approach to evaluate the effectiveness of these policy changes, by studying the ratio of vehicles entering Area C to the total number of unique individuals within it, leveraging mobile phone data on user presence. Using fixed-effects models to control for unobserved heterogeneity across time, this study analyzes the impact of these two policy changes in the Area C congestion pricing system. The findings indicate that both policy changes influenced individuals’ choice of transportation mode, with vehicle type restrictions having a greater impact than price increases. This shows the effectiveness of the two types of measures, offering insights for policymakers on how to enhance congestion charging system effectiveness through refined pricing strategies and vehicle limitations. Additionally, demographic characteristics of users present in the area, as captured through mobile phone data, such as the proportion of women and elderly individuals, significantly influence transportation choices. Recognizing these factors is essential for policymakers, as it highlights the need for equitable policies that improve acceptance and effectiveness among vulnerable groups. Additionally, demographic characteristics of users present in the area, as captured through mobile phone data—such as the proportion of women and elderly individuals—significantly influence transportation choices.
Visual Framing, Stigmatization, Race, and Obesity: Examining Television News Presentation of Stories about Obesity and Stories about Health

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study conducted a content analysis to examine how weight and race/ethnicity impacted how people were portrayed in the imagery accompanying broadcast and cable television news stories about obesity compared to stories about health. Five hundred and seven people were analyzed in 135 stories. Results showed that people who were overweight were often shown as an isolated body part, but their portrayal was not entirely stigmatizing. Overweight people were often shown exercising, which combats weight stereotypes. Additionally, race/ethnicity did not make the portrayal more stigmatizing. The results of the content analysis are discussed with an emphasis on the larger implications of the findings.
Development of New Concept Catalyst for Low CO<sub>2</sub> Emission Diesel Engine Using NOx Adsorption at Low Temperatures

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, instead of investigating NOx storage reaction improvements, the NOx adsorption phenomenon was focused on and analyzed to improve NOx trapping performance at lower temperatures. As a NOx adsorbing material, "Ag" was expected to enhance NOx adsorption and reduce the sulfur regeneration temperature due to the abundance of adsorbed oxygen and moderate basicity. However, when using this material in an actual system, we had to reduce the sulfur regeneration temperature, increase NOx adsorption capacity and improve NOx desorption further. Addition of TiO₂, working as an acidic material, was found to decrease sulfur regeneration temperature. Additionally, it increased the NOx adsorption capacity through improved Ag dispersion which plays an important role in NOx adsorbing. Consequently, a greater NOx trapping performance than NSR catalyst was achieved at lower temperatures. In addition, we improved the NOx desorption property during diesel-rich combustion with a help of adding a minute amount of PGM, and improved the NOx reduction activity of Rhodium by improving the TWC. Consequently, one possibility to reduce NOx emission at lower temperatures in the future was presented.</div></div>