jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preventive Measures against Liquid Leakage of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Using TiN-coated Cathode Foil

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The base component in aluminum electrolytic capacitors gradually concentrates on the cathode terminal end, irrespective of the dc bias. If the electrolyte is a salt with a strong base component, such as quaternary alkyl ammonium, this tendency may affect the sealing. The concentration is caused by the obvious different in electrochemical characteristics between the cathode foil and the tab used for the cathode terminal end of capacitors. A cathode foil and a tab with different rest potentials together form a galvanic couple.Therefore, reversing the potential relationship between foil and tab gives the fundamental solution against this problem. For the method, we developed a new method of using a cathode foil-formed titanium nitride (TiN) coating on the surface by an arc ion plating method. The order of the rest potential, the polarization behaviors of the cathode terminal side while applying voltage in a capacitor and also the durability were investigated. The rest potential shifted from −1.20V to −0.30V due to the TiN coatings and consequently became nobler than that of the tab, −0.75V. Even while applying the rated voltage, the potential of the cathode terminal did not cross over the rest potential of the tab. In addition, the performance was maintained even after 5000h under 378K condition. Liquid leakage evaluation tests demonstrated that this method provides an excellent advantage in preventing leakage. TiN-coated foil has been already mass-produced for this purpose by NIPPON CHEMI-CON Corp.
Identity in Adolescents Born From Genocidal Rape

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research was inspired by an observation that some adolescents born from genocidal rapes became identity achievers, despite the fact that they did not benefit from significant support from family and community members. This article investigates factors orienting such adolescents toward a mature, foreclosed, or a diffused status. As existing research did not sufficiently explore identity formation in such atypical circumstances, a new analysis model is proposed. Field investigations were conducted in the form of an in-depth case study involving 20 adolescents born from genocidal rape. Key findings show that identity assumed through identity formation processes emerges as a negotiated outcome of the confrontation of subjective and attributed identities. Four scenarios emerging from this confrontation are explored and illustrated.
Spatial and temporal assessment of climate impact on agriculture in plateau region, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using large-scale district-level data, the study examined the impact of climate change on crop yields during the period 1966-2011and predictsthe likely changes in yield sacross agro-climatic zones in Plateau Region. The future projections reveal that by 2080s, cotton yield is expected to decline by 7.18 percent in Western Plateau & Hills.By the end of the century, sorghum yield is projected to decline up to 19 percent in Central Plateau & Hills and increase by 18 percent in Western Plateau & Hills. Under midterm period, rapeseed & mustard yield is likely to reduce by 3.44 percent in Western Plateau & Hills. By 2050s maize yield is expected to reduce by 3.33 percent in Central Plateau & Hills. By 2080s, wheat yield is projected to decline by 5.44, percent in SouthernPlateau & Hills. The results suggest that impact of climate change on crop yield varies across regions, hence it is pertinent to formulate adaptation strategies and farm practices suitable to the crop and location specific needs that mitigate the likely exposure of food production and livelihoods to climate variations.
Foreign Influences on Contemporary Japanese Remilitarization: The United States, North Korea, and China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After surrendering in World War II, Japan's new American-crafted constitution forced the formerly imperialistic country into pacifism. In accordance with Article 9 of the constitution, Japan was to be completely demilitarized and was therefore barred from keeping a standing military of its own. Over the course of the seven decades that have passed since the implementation of Supreme Commander MacArthur’s nonviolent constitution, Japan has slowly regained military strength. Rather than being the direct result of domestic politics and civic wishes, however, the rearmament of Japan has come as a result of foreign influences. Namely, the United States, North Korea, and China have forced the docile country to recoup its former martial power. Without these three countries’ actions over the years, Japan would never have had the backing or reasoning to rearm itself. The intent of this thesis is to explore the various actions that these three countries have taken that have led to Japan’s remilitarization. By taking a historical and chronological approach, this thesis will examine the actions each country has taken since the end of World War II and how they have gone on to spur Japan’s rearmament. Actions, such as domestic policy changes, military activities, and public announcements by the three countries, will be analyzed alongside Japan’s reactionary policies and responses.
Importance of the use of an apical locator to determine the real length of work

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The apex locator is a quick, objective, and convenient way to determine working length, avoiding further radiation risk. Its use allows the operator to acquire more skill in its handling, and can obtain much more precise results. However, the use of Apex Locatorsdoes not fully replace the radiographic method; on the contrary, they complement each other. Despite the great technological advance, there are some contraindications that cannot be overcome, so over time the need to improve the quality and efficiency of thesedevices was seen so that they can work according to three basic principles: electrical resistance, frequency or impedance, frequency average, the last one gives the most preciseresults achieving the localization of the apical constriction within the ducts
Generation of Functional RNAs from Inactive Oligonucleotide Complexes by Non-enzymatic Primer Extension

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The earliest genomic RNAs had to be short enough for efficient replication, while simultaneously serving as unfolded templates and effective ribozymes. A partial solution to this paradox may lie in the fact that many functional RNAs can self-assemble from multiple fragments. Therefore, in early evolution, genomic RNA fragments could have been significantly shorter than unimolecular functional RNAs. Here, we show that unstable, nonfunctional complexes assembled from even shorter 3'-truncated oligonucleotides can be stabilized and gain function via non-enzymatic primer extension. Such short RNAs could act as good templates due to their minimal length and complex-forming capacity, while their minimal length would facilitate replication by relatively inefficient polymerization reactions. These RNAs could also assemble into nascent functional RNAs and undergo conversion to catalytically active forms, by the same polymerization chemistry used for replication that generated the original short RNAs. Such phenomena could have substantially relaxed requirements for copying efficiency in early nonenzymatic replication systems.
Data and code for: Terrestrial eDNA survey outperforms conventional approach for detecting an invasive pest insect within an agricultural ecosystem

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent methodological advances permit surveys for terrestrial insects from the direct collection of environmental DNA (eDNA) deposited on vegetation or other surfaces. However, in contrast to well-studied aquatic applications, little is known about how detection rates for such terrestrial eDNA-based surveys compare with conventional survey methods. Lycorma delicatula, the spotted lanternfly, is an emerging invasive insect in eastern North America, and a significant ecological and economic pest of forested and agricultural systems, especially grapes. During fall 2019 we conducted two rounds of paired eDNA and visual surveys for spotted lanternflies within 48 plots at 12 vineyards in New Jersey, USA. We compared detection probabilities within a multimethod occupancy modeling framework and used the results to extrapolate and inform survey design. The probability of detecting spotted lanternflies given presence in a plot was over two times higher for eDNA (84%) versus visual surveys (36%). In mid-September, lanternfly eDNA was detected at five plots in three vineyards while visual surveys revealed only a single individual in one plot. In early October, after dispersal of lanternflies into vineyards, lanternfly eDNA was detected in 12 plots within six vineyards compared with visual detections in six plots in two vineyards. Extrapolations based on detection and local-scale occupancy rates indicate that only five and 12 plots would have been needed to positively detect lanternfly presence with 95% confidence using eDNA in contrast to 14 and 29 plots with visual surveys alone, respective to survey rounds. Log-linear models revealed that visual counts of lanternflies were positively related to eDNA concentrations (R2 = 71%). We provide some of the first quantitative evidence to support the enhanced sensitivity of terrestrial eDNA approaches compared with conventional methods. Such methods can augment efforts to combat invasive species through improved ability to delimit invasion fronts, identify satellite populations, and confirm local eradications.
A unified account of prominence effects in an optimization-based model of speech timing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We show how our optimization-based model of speech timing reproduces three effects of prosodic prominence on suprasegmental timing patterns in speech: (1), the durational interaction between lexical stress and pitch accent, (2), polysyllabic shortening in pitch-accented words and (3), differential behavior of prominent and non-prominent syllables under speaking rate variation.We review the literature and present model simulations that replicate reported phenomena.Results underline the capacity of our model to provide a unified account of the temporal organization of speech.
Evaporation of Black Holes in Anti-de Sitter Space-time: A Review

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We extensively review the evaporation of black holes in AdS along with their thermal interpretation, holographic description, relative differences between initial and final states of emitted systems and in turn how our geometry is affected while studying these processes along with the current understanding of string theory in these regimes. In addition to the these properties, we are interested in analysing how these ideas relate with semiclassical General Relativity which may arise from different areas of validity for the ads/CFT correspondence. We note on the optimal consequences of compactifications of Supergravity in effective field theories. Using this technique, we further explore the geometrical behavior when gravity is turned on and study how it affects compactifications and allows singularity structures consistent with 2D Geometries. We assume these topologies as naturally interpreted horizon-related phenomenon. Superluminal signalling is ruled out if and only if one assumes that no superradiance occurs during evaporation; but it is allowed within the thin membrane paradigm already introduced earlier in this context.
Review essay: Globalization and education: Comparative perspectives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The authors of Education, Equality and Social Cohesion: A Comparative Analysis, of Culture in Education and Development: Principles, Practice and Policy, and those anthologized in Languages and Education in Africa: A Comparative and Transdisciplinary Analysis, all approach the pressing educational issues that animate the debates among educationists, researchers and policy-makers in developed nation-states as well as in geopolitical areas of Africa and Asia, through a comparative perspective. Such a perspective allows researchers and scholars to point out and interpret the differences related to specific social contexts and histories, to political ideologies and educational philosophies and practices, but also to stress all the aspects that are common to educational institutions and projects. Globalization, with its emphasis on education as a viable economic investment that promises high returns, represents the general dimension with which these three books deal: it may translate into the real or perceived sociocultural fragmentation of developed societies that makes the concept of social cohesion and its relation to schooling once more relevant, as in Education, Equality and Social Cohesion; or it may be felt as the pressure of neocolonialism that silences endogenous knowledge and people’s ability for multilingualism in the African states which is examined in Languages and Education in Africa; or it may be the persistent disregard for local cultures and competences expressed by development programmes and donors as argued in Culture in Education and Development. The theoretical and policy recommendations that all these authors suggest, on the basis of their research practice and findings, centre around a recognition of the relevance of culture for quality education and quality life, of culture as a complex and dynamic dimension that needs to be understood in relation to the wider historical, political and economic frameworks.
The exploratory behaviour of juvenile green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Secondary migratory behaviour is a major cause of losses of juvenile mussels, known as spat, from mussel aquaculture. Finding ways to reduce losses due to migratory behaviour is essential. One option for reducing these losses is to identify those environmental conditions that trigger secondary migration in mussel spat so they can be mitigated. Another option is growing mussel spat to a size where they may no longer undertake secondary migration. Therefore, this study observed the secondary migratory behaviour of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) spat ranging in size from 0.6 to 24.4 mm in shell length that were either well-fed or starved and placed in either static or turbulent seawater for 60 min. Most mussel spat initiated migratory behaviour by crawling (well-fed − 76%, starved − 54%) in static seawater, whilst in turbulent seawater spat initiated crawling (well-fed − 43%, starved − 25%) and/or mucous drifting (well-fed − 76%, starved − 41%). Overall, a larger proportion of spat exhibited migratory behaviour in turbulent seawater (well-fed − 95%, starved − 61%) versus static seawater (well-fed − 76%, starved − 54%) and migratory behaviour was initiated more quickly in turbulent seawater (well-fed − 4.22 ± 0.40 min, starved − 10.41 ± 1.41 min) versus static seawater (well-fed − 9.08 ± 0.63 min, starved − 11.70 ± 1.36 min). Collectively, these results indicate that starvation and static seawater conditions reduce the expression of secondary migratory behaviour in green-lipped mussel spat, which could be useful environmental considerations for the selection of coastal mussel farms used for initial seeding of spat. Secondary migration was consistently expressed by mussel spat of all sizes of up to 24.4 mm in shell length. This would indicate that contained nursery systems raising mussel spat to a larger size prior to seeding out to mussel farms, aiming to reduce losses caused by secondary migration, will need to raise them to this relatively large size to avoid secondary migration. Overall, these results have important implications for advancing strategies for managing the nursery culture of mussel spat to avoid ongoing excessive losses due to secondary migration.
Model & Data Based Prediction Of The Future Dynamics Of X. Fastidiosa In France

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: The spread of Xylella fastidiosa, bacterium detected in Corsica during 2015, might cause a major sanitary crisis in France. It might also have diverse impacts on the French agricultural production through important direct or indirect costs. In this poster, we will present a short-time approach to predict the future dynamics of emerging plant pathogens such as X. fastidiosa in France.
This would be a major advantage for adopting control and surveillance measures at an early stage. We used several spatio-temporal propagation models to estimate epidemiological parameters and make prediction from surveillance data. These models were built by following a mechanistic-statistical approach, which combines (i) a sub-model based on partial differential equations describing the
dynamics of the pathogen and (ii) a stochastic sub-model describing the observation process. To draw a unique prediction of the future extent of the pathogen, we used model-averaging as a way to take account of uncertainty about model forms. We will show the results obtained in the case of the expansion of X. fastidiosa in France, but could be applied to other post-emergent epidemics to
endorse a fast reaction.
Mythes et réalités de la fonction publique communautaire

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Myths and Reality of the Community’s Civil Service. In order to construct a satisfactory European order, it has been necessary to establish a Community civil service whose members are independent of their original national administration and who are dedicated to the defence of Community interests and not those of their respective nations. The Community civil service is a recent phenomenon ; but it is one which, from now on, must adapt to the new challenges of the European order. Through an appreciation of the number and status of European civil servants, it is possible to measure the influence of each of the Community institutions, and challenges to the special status of civil servants seem to be the best way to achieve the Community itself. Debate on the future status of Community civil servants is not without difficulties, but the adaptation of the service is a sine qua non of the quest to construct the European Union.
Hyperprolactinaemia with amisulpride.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Psychopharmaca are used in treatment of psychiatric illnesses and disorders, among other therapeutic possibilities. The choice of the psychopharmaca is determined by the specific psychopathology of the patient, within the diagnostic categories, according to the current classification of diseases and disorders. With the advances in pharmaco industry, the range of drugs used in the everyday clinical practice is occurring at a very rapid pace. Antipsychotic medications are used in treatment of mainly psychotic disorders. However, the new generation of antipsychotics, due to their specific receptor affinities, is sometimes used in treatment of affective disorders as well. We are reporting a case of a female patient who was hospitalized several times. Amisulpride was introduced in the treatment and due to a series of unfortunate events and changes that followed (i. e. frequent hospitalizations and changes of therapists, different mental institutions) dose of amisulpride was gradually increased to its antipsychotic doses, which did not help achieve therapeutic benefits, but serious side effects.
Stress, Performance and Learning Optimization in IGP Dogs

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article explores how stress, arousal, and learning performance interact in IGP working dogs. The paper outlines how optimal stress levels support task reliability, drive clarity, and long-term cognitive performance. Integrating principles from neuro-behavioral science, drive theory, and canine working-dog psychology, it presents a functional model describing how trainers can regulate the dog’s arousal state to improve resilience, performance consistency, and learning retention in high-pressure environments.
Controlled Electrospray Generation of Nonspherical Alginate Microparticles

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Electrospraying is a technique used to generate microparticles in a high throughput manner. For biomedical applications, a biocompatible electrosprayed material is often desirable. Using polymers, such as alginate hydrogels, makes it possible to create biocompatible and biodegradable microparticles that can be used for cell encapsulation, to be employed as drug carriers, and for use in 3D cell culturing. Evidence in the literature suggests that the morphology of the biocompatible microparticles is relevant in controlling the dynamics of the microparticles in drug delivery and 3D cell culturing applications. Yet, most electrospray‐based techniques only form spherical microparticles, and there is currently no widely adopted technique for producing nonspherical microparticles at a high throughput. Here, we demonstrate the generation of nonspherical biocompatible alginate microparticles by electrospraying, and control the shape of the microparticles by varying experimental parameters such as chemical concentration and the distance between the electrospray tip and the particle‐solidification bath. Importantly, we show that these changes to the experimental setup enable the synthesis of different shaped particles, and the systematic change in parameters, such as chemical concentration, result in monotonic changes to the particle aspect ratio. We expect that these results will find utility in many biomedical applications that require biocompatible microparticles of specific shapes.
The Effect of a DK280 Mutation on the Unfolded State of a Microtubule-Binding Repeat in Tau

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tau is a natively unfolded protein that forms intracellular aggregates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. To decipher the mechanism underlying the formation of tau aggregates, we developed a novel approach for constructing models of natively unfolded proteins. The method, energy-minima mapping and weighting (EMW), samples local energy minima of subsequences within a natively unfolded protein and then constructs ensembles from these energetically favorable conformations that are consistent with a given set of experimental data. A unique feature of the method is that it does not strive to generate a single ensemble that represents the unfolded state. Instead we construct a number of candidate ensembles, each of which agrees with a given set of experimental constraints, and focus our analysis on local structural features that are present in all of the independently generated ensembles. Using EMW we generated ensembles that are consistent with chemical shift measurements obtained on tau constructs. Thirty models were constructed for the second microtubule binding repeat (MTBR2) in wild-type (WT) tau and a DK280 mutant, which is found in some forms of frontotemporal dementia. By focusing on structural features that are preserved across all ensembles, we find that the aggregation-initiating sequence, PHF6*, prefers an extended conformation in both the WT and DK280 sequences. In addition, we find that residue K280 can adopt a loop/turn conformation in WT MTBR2 and that deletion of this residue, which can adopt nonextended states, leads to an increase in locally extended conformations near the C-terminus of PHF6*.
Participatory Learning and Action – the coproduction of knowledge and action in the Global South

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This is a short note produced in the context of ex \nploring the origins and forerunners of the \ncurrent emphasis on ‘coproduction’ of academic rese \narch in the UK. It was prompted by the \ndevelopment of a book on the legacy of the UK Resea \nrch Councils’ \nConnected Communities \nprogramme.