jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxicity comparison on different parts of three Digitalis species and isolation of potential bioactive compounds

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the Flora of Turkey, the genus Digitalis is represented by nine species [1]. Digitalis species contain biologically active compounds such as cardenolides, phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoids, and anthraquinones. In this research three Digitalis species [Plantaginaceae]; D. davisiana Heywood, D. grandiflora Miller and D. viridiflora Lindley were studied in the point of cytotoxicity. To determine the bioactive part of the plant, root and aerial parts were extracted with methanol separately. Cytotoxic activity was performed by MTT method through 2 cancer cell lines HEp-2 (Human larynx epidermoid carcinoma), HepG2 (Human hepatocelular carcinoma) and a non-cancerous cell line 3Y1 (rat fibroblast cell) [2]. Methanol extracts of the aerial parts and the roots of three plants were used for cytotoxic activity tests. It was found that these three plants have different potentials for cytotoxicity. Aerial parts were found to be more active than the roots on tested cancer cell lines. In addition to this, D. davisiana aerial parts extract (DD-APE) was found to be the most active among all. IC50 values of DD-APE were 50.8, 211.4 and 94.7 µg/mL respectively for HEp-2, HepG2 and 3Y1 cell lines. The tested extracts are more cytotoxic on HEp-2 cell line than HepG2 and 3Y1 cell lines. This selectivity is important for the discovery of new anticancer agents. After evaluating the bioactivity test results, isolation studies started from active, phenylethanoid glycosides rich fractions. Repeated column chromatography studies resulted in the isolation of five phenylethanoid glycosides. Deacyllugrandoside (1), lugrandoside (2), isolugrandoside (3), maxoside (4) and 3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenylethoxy-O-[β-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]-4-O-(E)-feruloyl-β-glucopyranoside (5) were identified by extensive NMR techniques. Isolation and cytotoxic activity studies on isolated compounds are still in progress.
Thermo-mechanical Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction for Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper evaluates the thermal and thermo-mechanical behavior of a packaged sensor interface embedding several high and low-voltage integrated circuits (ICs). The main objective of this study is to apply a numerical procedure to evaluate the fatigue strength of the layers and materials that, in general, represent one of the weakest parts of integrated electronic devices. Simulations performed with COMSOL Multiphysics® under stable boundary conditions at 25 °C up to 70 °C and transient conditions allow to estimate and plot the thermal map of the embedded ICs. Thermal stresses and their transient distributions are obtained. In addition, the deformations are evaluated to predict the number of cycles until failure of the constituent layers.
Cytogenetic Analysis of Two Species of Brachyhypopomus (Hypopomidae): New Inferences about Karyotypic Diversification of Grass Knifefish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Among the bluntnose knifefish of the Hypopomidae family, Brachyhypopomus is the most specious genus, with 28 species widespread in hydrographic watersheds of South America. It is considered a monophyletic clade; however, some groups remain species complex and require taxonomic revision. In this study, Brachyhypopomus cf. draco and Brachyhypopomus gauderio were analyzed through cytogenetics to identify species-specific markers and propose evolutionary trends of the genus. Brachyhypopomus cf. draco had 2n = 26 (2m + 24a) and 18S terminal rDNA sites on pair 23. Brachyhypopomus gauderio exhibited a multiple sex chromosomes system, females had 2n = 42 (X1X1X2X2) and males had 2n = 41 (X1X2Y), both revealing a multiple nucleolus organizer regions system. The two species presented a similar heterochromatic pattern: pericentromeric, interstitial, and terminal blocks coincident with the nucleolus organizer regions. ChromEvol software evidenced 2n = 44 as a plesiomorphic characteristic of Brachyhypopomus. The karyotype evolution of this group is a dynamic process based on Robertsonian translocations, pericentric inversions, and intense reorganization of the heterochromatic elements.
Deconstructing Depression Stigma: Integrating AI-driven Data Collection and Analysis with Causal Knowledge Graphs

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Mental-illness stigma is a persistent social problem, hampering both treatment-seeking and recovery. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to understand it more clearly, but analyzing the relevant data is highly labor-intensive. Therefore, we designed a chatbot to engage participants in conversations; coded those conversations qualitatively with AI assistance; and, based on those coding results, built causal knowledge graphs to decode stigma. The results we obtained from 1,002 participants demonstrate that conversation with our chatbot can elicit rich information about people's attitudes toward depression, while our AI-assisted coding was strongly consistent with human-expert coding. Our novel approach combining large language models (LLMs) and causal knowledge graphs uncovered patterns in individual responses and illustrated the interrelationships of psychological constructs in the dataset as a whole. The paper also discusses these findings' implications for HCI researchers in developing digital interventions, decomposing human psychological constructs, and fostering inclusive attitudes.
The Sharpness Indicator

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ivan Putora wrote this paper as a thesis at one of Czechoslovakia's official film schools. He was, obviously, unaware of the existence of a very interesting paper by Dwin R. Craig, titled “Image Sharpness Meter” and published in Photographic Science and Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 337–342, Nov.-Dec. 1961. It is interesting to note that both authors treat precisely the same matter, although in a slightly different way. Whereas Craig, starting from the same premises, develops an instrument for the direct measurement of best focus by purely photometrical means, Putora attempts to develop a comparison method, based on the same principle as that of Craig, but which can be employed in a general way for evaluating optical systems and/or photographic or TV-camera performance, either by eye or by instrument. Whereas Craig's method uses, as a starting point, focus measurements on enlarger easels, Putora's initial effort is directed at motion-picture camera focusing. We believe it will be of interest for the Journal readers to compare both authors' lines of thought and to draw their own conclusions. Putora's merit is, perhaps, to give a method that appears to be very simple in its applications, and to have it based on the customary sensitometric representations and calculations for image evaluation.—P.W.-T.
Chemists solve olefin hydration challenge

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Building on recent developments in photoredox chemistry, a team led by Aiwen Lei of Wuhan University has found a new solution to one of chemistry's long-standing synthetic challenges: the catalytic anti-Markovnikov hydration of olefins (ACS Catal. 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03388). Direct addition of water to olefins to make alcohols is a well-developed industrial chemical reaction. For most olefins, this hydration process involves using an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, and follows Markovnikov's rule, in which the hydroxyl group bonds to the double-bond carbon that has the greater number of carbon–carbon bonds. For terminal olefins, the process produces secondary alcohols. The anti-Markovnikov hydration of olefins, in which the selectivity is reversed and the hydroxyl group bonds to the carbon on the other end of the double bond, converts terminal olefins to primary alcohols. But catalytic anti-Markovnikov olefin hydration is not straightforward; it requires indirect hydroboration/oxidation with borane reagents and
Gendering Emotions Work in Primary Schools: “Effortless” or “Important”?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Emotions work, such as relational pedagogical approaches to teaching, and more targeted interventions designed to enhance children’s social and emotional skills, known as competence promotion approaches, is now a central aspect of primary schooling. Yet, whilst evidence is forthcoming in terms of the content, focus and effectiveness of some aspects of this work, research investigating the explicit teaching of social and emotional skills has largely remained ‘gender blind’. This article, drawing on interview and focus group data gathered from primary school staff members engaged in emotions work, fills this void in the research in demonstrating how gendered narratives inform not only the roles and responsibilities of staff undertaking this type of work, but the value placed upon it. The findings show how gender dualistic positions were adopted by school staff, with the emotions work performed by women aligned with the roles of a mother, nurturer and caregiver and thus deemed as ‘effortless’, whilst men mainly performed the role of ‘disciplinarian’ and deemed such work as ‘important’ in their position as a male role model. The implications of such gendering of emotions work in primary schools are discussed and recommendations for future practice are identified.
Clinical Investigation and Blood Leukocyte Monitoring on Canine Parvovirus Infection in Dogs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In order to provide scientific basis for the control of canine parvovirus infection,the clinical Investigation and blood leukocyte monitoring on the infection dogs was carried out from March 2009 to February 2010 in Xian small animal clinic,Northwest AF university.CPV infection could happen all the year round,in late autumn、 winter and spring multiple.The most number of infection cases were the weaning dogs at the age of 7 weeks to 6 months.Seen more of infected dog breeds included of Poodle,Tibetan mastiff,German shepherd,Rottweiler,Samoyed,Golden retriever,Pomeranian,Huskies.The main type of clinical symptoms was enteritis,accounting for 91.4%,myocarditis type 8.6%.For 70 cases CPV infection dogs taked comprehensive treatment,the cure rate 81.42%.Blood leukocyte count of CPV infection Dogs presented a clear deweose tendency.Leukocyte lower,and the more serious infectious diseases,the poorer prognosis.
Involving children and young people in research on domestic violence and housing: re-visited

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Children’s and young people’s opinions and experiences are important to listen to, as they offer perspectives that adults might not be aware of otherwise. Yet children are often viewed as a vulnerable group in need of protection, with adults talking for them instead of letting them speak for themselves. Sometimes this might be the correct decision. However, it is also important to let children and young people participate in research on their own terms, to identify, for example, what kind of support they might need in relation to problems they have experienced. Based on previous research, we revisit this topic and discuss it’s relevance today, once again asking the question of how best to involve children in research in order to hear their views and opinions on matters that concern them. We base our experiences on a research project examining what sheltered housing means for children living there.
New Coordination Polymers of 1,4-Bis(2″-Hydroxyphenylazomethine) Phenylene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Coordination polymers of 1,4-bis(2′-hydroxyphenylazomethine) phenylene have been prepared with the metal ions Ti(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II). They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and electronic spectra. The metal contents in all polymers were found to be consistent with a 1:1 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry. The thermal behavior of these coordination polymers has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis in air up to 750°C, and the data showed that they are thermally stable up to 200°C. Physical properties such as the solubility and viscosity of the polymer complexes were also determined. Electrical conductivity measurements of the synthesized polychelated polymers showed that they are insulators except for the Ni(II) complex which shows a semiconducting character. Mössbauer data clearly establish the 3 + oxidation state for the iron complex polymer.
Analysis of Asymptotically Tight Approximation SER for Cooperative NOMA Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The closed-form formula derivation of the power domain cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system is of great significance for further improving the performance of the system. However, the system performance formulas of the channel capacity and the paired bit error rate Pairwise Error Probability (PEP) are too complicated, which have increased the difficulty in system performance optimization. Therefore, based on the Amplify Forward (AF) relay cooperative NOMA model, the Signal Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) formulas of the two weak-user nodes are constructed. Through the assumption of that, the Symbol Error Rate (SER) of each user is fair, the simplification condition of Moment Generating Function (MGF) with the harmonic mean form is satisfied. Combined with the SER calculation formula of MGF, the system SER asymptotically tight approximation formula with simple structure is derived at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The Monte Carlo simulation results show that, the formula can accurately describe the SER performance of the power domain cooperative NOMA system with the non-ideal Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) system when SNR is high. Under the condition of certain total power, the optimal power distribution factor is solved in order to minimize the total system SER.
Proving the correctness of heuristically optimized code

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A system for proving that programs written in a high level language are correctly translated to a low level language is described. A primary use of the system is as a postoptimization step in code generation. The low level language programs need not be generated by a compiler and in fact could be hand coded. Examples of the usefulness of such a system are given. Some interesting results are the ability to handle programs that implement recursion by bypassing the start of the program, and the detection and pinpointing of a wide class of errors in the low level language programs. The examples demonstrate that optimization of the genre of this paper can result in substantially faster operation and the saving of memory in terms of program and stack sizes.
Person as Scientist, Person as Moralist

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The human mind contains several faculties of thinking used for different fields of study. For instance, there are psychological processes designed for aesthetics, which are different from those assigned to religion, scientific inquiries, and ethical questions. However, recent experiments reveal that people's intuition regarding folk psychology and causal cognition can be influenced by moral judgments, instead of the sciences. This chapter seeks to understand how these results came to light. It begins with a discussion of the person-as-scientist theory in contrast with the person-as-moralist theory, followed by a series of analyses on mental states, motivational bias, types of moral judgment, and competence theories.
Office Orthopedics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Office Orthopedics Get access Office Orthopedics. By Lewis Cozen, M.D., F.A.C.S., Attending Orthopedic Staff: The Orthopedic Hospital, Veteran’s Hospital, Los Angeles County Hospital, Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, California; Los Angeles Tuberculosis Sanitarium, Monrovia, California; Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medical Evangelists, Los Angeles, California. Cloth. Price, $5.00. Pp. 232 with 156 illustrations. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1950. Physical Therapy, Volume 30, Issue 6, June 1950, Page 255, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/30.6.255a Published: 01 June 1950
Periodically specified satisfiability problems: An alternative to domino problems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The authors characterize the complexities of several basic generalized CNF satisfiability problems SAT(S), when instances are specified using various kinds of 1- and 2-dimensional periodic specifications. They outline how this characterization can be used to prove a number of new hardness results for the complexity classes DSPACE(n), NSPACE(n), DEXPTIME, NEXPTIME, EXPSPACE etc. The hardness results presented significantly extend the known hardness results for periodically specified problems. Several advantages are outlined of the use of periodically specified satisfiability problems over the use of domino problems in proving both hardness and easiness results. As one corollary, the authors show that a number of basic NP-hard problems become EXPSPACE-hard when inputs are represented using 1-dimensional infinite periodic wide specifications. This answers a long standing open question posed by Orlin. The results can also be used as starting points for proving the hardness of a number of combinatorial problems when instances are specified succinctly using various succinct specifications. These results significantly extend the results of earlier research in this area.
Working memory load recognition with deep learning time series classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Working memory load (WML) is one of the widely applied signals in the areas of human–machine interaction. The precise evaluation of the WML is crucial for this kind of application. This study aims to propose a deep learning (DL) time series classification (TSC) model for inter-subject WML decoding. We used fNIRS to record the hemodynamic signals of 27 participants during visual working memory tasks. Traditional machine learning and deep time series classification algorithms were respectively used for intra-subject and inter-subject WML decoding from the collected blood oxygen signals. The intra-subject classification accuracy of LDA and SVM were 94.6% and 79.1%. Our proposed TAResnet-BiLSTM model had the highest inter-subject WML decoding accuracy, reaching 92.4%. This study provides a new idea and method for the brain-computer interface application of fNIRS in real-time WML detection.
Mechanism and application of bioremediation to heavy metal polluted soil using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

土壤重金属污染威胁人类健康和整个生态系统,而高效、低耗、安全的生物修复技术显示出了极大的应用潜力,特别是利用植物-微生物共生体增强生物修复效应的应用。丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与90%以上的陆生高等植物形成共生体。研究发现,AM真菌能够增强宿主植物对土壤中重金属胁迫的耐受性。当前,利用AM真菌开展重金属污染土壤的生物修复已经引起环境学家和生态学家的广泛关注。基于此,围绕AM真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复作用中的最新研究进展,从物理性防御体系的形成、对植物生理代谢的调控、生化拮抗物质的产生、基因表达的调控等角度探究AM真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展重金属污染的生物修复提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展和应用前景进行了展望。;Heavy-metal pollution in soil is a major threat to human health and the whole ecosystem, while bioremediation has become a promising option to recover the contaminated soils for its effective, non-intrusive and inexpensive. In particular, the application of symbiotic micro-organisms such as mycorrhizal fungi to enhance bioremediation efficiency has been paid more and more attention. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the widely spread micro-organisms, which could form symbionts with most of the vascular plants in natural or artificial ecosystem. It has demonstrated that AM symbionts could increase the stressed ability of host plants in heavy metal polluted soil. Nowadays, using bioremediation methods to recovery heavy metal polluted soils with AM fungi has been one of the hotspots in environmental and ecological science. In order to review the physiological and molecular mechanism of heavy metals tolerance induced by AM fungi, four strategies were discussed in this paper: 1) the physical defense system formation, 2) the regulation to physiological metabolism of plants, 3) the production of biochemical antagonist material and 4) the regulation of gene expression. On the basis of this, this paper indicated that the possibility of using the system of AM-soil microbiology-host plant for remediation of heavy metals polluted soil in the future. For this purpose, to enhance the studies below would be necessary: 1) molecular mechanisms that AM fungi regulate heavy metal uptake and translocation; 2) phytoremediation of polymetal-contaminated soils through selection of heavy metal tolerant AM fungi strains by genetic engineering; 3) the combination of other remediation techniques and AM-assisted bioremediation.
Famous English Canon Lawyers I

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Given the prominence accorded to doctrinal authority in the earlier canon law, it is natural that most famous canonists achieved their fame through their writings. Although the leading writers were often also judges and men of affairs, it was possible to lead an active life in the practice of the canon law without leaving any identifiable mark on history. To this general principle Bishop Bateman constitutes a remarkable exception: distinguished judge, leading figure in the Curia at Avignon, and patron of legal studies in Cambridge, he left several marks on history which entitle him, though not known as a writer, to be classed with the greatest English canon lawyers.
From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The domestication of the horse began about 5500 years ago in the Eurasian steppes. In the following millennia horses spread across the ancient world, and their role in transportation and warfare affected every ancient culture. Ownership of horses became an indicator of wealth and social status. The importance of horses led to a growing interest in their breeding and management. Many phenotypic traits, such as height, behavior, and speed potential, have been proven to be a subject of selection; however, the details of ancient breeding practices remain mostly unknown. From the fourth millennium BP, through the Iron Age, many literature sources thoroughly describe horse training systems, as well as various aspects of husbandry, many of which are still in use today. The striking resemblance of ancient and modern equine practices leaves us wondering how much was accomplished through four thousand years of horse breeding.
Abnormal cortical mechanisms in voluntary muscle relaxation in de novo parkinsonian patients.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study aimed at elucidating how the cortical mechanism underlying the preparation and the postmovement phase of voluntary hand muscle relaxation is affected in Parkinson's disease. Event-related mu and beta (de)synchronization (ERD/S) related to voluntary muscle contraction and relaxation were recorded in 16 untreated, akineto-rigid, predominantly hemiparkinsonian patients. The results were compared with data from 10 age-matched, healthy subjects. In the muscle relaxation task, the subject held the wrist in an extended position and then let the hand drop by voluntarily relaxing wrist extensor contraction, i.e., without any overt, associated muscle contraction. In the muscle contraction task, subjects performed a self-initiated brief wrist extension. A same pattern of ERD/S was observed in control subjects and parkinsonian patients performing the motor tasks with their less affected limb. In contrast, related to voluntary relaxation performed with the more affected limb, a delayed mu and beta ERD and a disappearance of beta ERS were revealed. These results demonstrate that the pattern of cortical oscillatory activity in a relaxation task is abnormal in parkinsonian patients. The authors suggest that this may be due to anomalous activity in inhibitory motor cortical systems and impaired sensorimotor integration of afferent inputs from muscle and joint receptors.