jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fatigue crack growth under non-proportional mixed-mode loading in rail steel : From experiment to simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rails are submitted to Rolling Contact Fatigue due to repeated passages of train wheels, which induces several types of cracks, such as Squat-type cracks. Those cracks undergo non-proportional mixed-mode I + II + III loading, including compression phases, in variable proportions along the crack front, making the prediction of their paths and growth rates a challenge.Mode I crack growth kinetics, for positive and negative R ratios, were first determined in R260 steel, as well as friction-corrected crack growth kinetics for fully-reversed combined mode II and III. The effective Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) were deduced from the measured in-plane and out-of-plane crack face sliding displacements. From those kinetic laws, it was deduced that neither pure mode I, nor pure shear mode loadings can explain the crack growth rates observed in rails. A combination of those three loading modes, according to complex loading paths had thus to be prospected.Non-proportional mixed-mode I + II fatigue crack growth tests were then performed, following representative loading paths. Stereo digital image correlation was used to measure the near-tip displacement field. Post-treatment methods generally used to deduce the effective SIFs from these fields were inappropriate because of contact and friction stresses along the crack face. New methods were thus developed. The crack paths and growth rates were analyzed, using the effective SIFs. Crack path prediction by the maximum tangential stress criterion was found not to be very reliable, but substantially improved when crack tip plasticity and the presence of contact and friction stresses along the crack faces were taken into account. The measured crack growth rates correlated well with a combination of the three effective SIFs in a Paris-type law.From these experiments, it appears that due to crack face roughness, asperities interlocking and friction substantially reduce the effective SIFs, even without any normal compression, which cannot be captured by a simple Coulomb’s law. Besides, crack faces wear also has a large influence on the effective SIFs. The challenge for structural applications is thus not only to choose the most appropriate bifurcation criterion and crack growth law, but also to take crack face roughness and wear into account, in order to estimate the correct effective SIFS to use in these models.For industrial applications, a simple engineering approach was proposed to integrate roughness-induced friction in the estimation of the effective loading path from the nominal one. This approach was validated on sequential mixed-mode I + II & III experiments.
Successful Delivery in a Woman With Achondroplasia: A Case Report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disease which is characterized by limb shortening and narrow trunk, and macrocephaly. Women with achondroplasia suffer from infertility, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, leiomyomata and early menopause. Our case was a 26-year-old woman with achondroplasia who had scoliosis and osteoporosis. She referred to our clinic at 9 weeks of gestation and had all screenings completely. She had a single female fetus with no abnormalities. She had an emergent due to rupture of membranes at 37 weeks and 3 days under general anesthesia. The neonate had no complications. The first minute Apgar score was 9 and 5th-minute Apgar score were 10. Umbilical artery Ph was 7.26 and birth weight was 3140. A woman with achondroplasia could have a normal pregnancy and give birth to a healthy term neonate under precise screening.
[Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene and CDKL5 gene mutation in patients with Rett syndrome: analysis of 177 Chinese pediatric patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The spectrum of MECP2 mutations within the mainland Chinese RTT patients is similar to that of those patients reported in the world. p.T158M, p.R168X, c.806delG, p.R255X, p.R270X, p.R133C, p.R306C, and p.R106W are the hotspot mutations of MECP2 and c.806delG is a specific hotspot mutation in Chinese patients with RTT. The most effective method to screen mutations is to screen the exon 4. MLPA is an effective supplement to the routine methods.
Improving Dropout in Graph Convolutional Networks for Recommendation via Contrastive Loss

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a novel graph convolutional network (GCN)-based recommendation model that incorporates a contrastive loss. Although GCN-based recommendation models achieve high recommendation performance, existing models suffer from over-fitting since they explicitly encode the interactions as a graph. To mitigate this problem, while the models perform dropout which just randomly drops edges in the graph, this can miss the essential information that represents users' preferences. The proposed method improves and extends the dropout via the contrastive loss and enhances the robustness while preserving the essential information. The contrastive loss can correlate the representations in different perturbed graphs and promote their consistency. Conceptually, our method captures users' preferences which are invariant even in the perturbed interactions. The experimental results demonstrate that our method improves the recommendation performance in real-world datasets.
Gene Expression Markers of Proliferation and Differentiation in Cancer & The Extent of Prognostic Signals in the Cancer Transcriptome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Le cancer est un groupe de maladies génétiques opérationnellement défini par uneprolifération cellulaire incontrôlée, impliquant une défaillance del'homeostasie de l'organisme. La recherche sur le cancer vise à fournir desoutils diagnostics précis et des traitements ajustés pour chacune de cesmaladies. La technologie microarray permet la quantification de l'expression detous les produits de transcription du génome humain et constitue donc un outilpour mieux comprendre la nature polygénique du cancer. La technologiemicroarray permet à la fois de découvrir de nouvelles classes de cancers et deprédire l'issue de maladie en fonction de profils d'expression préalables. Enoutre, l'utilisation de signatures d'expression géniques en tant que marqueursreprésentatifs de certains processus physiologiques moléculaires permetl'emploi de données microarray pour tester des hypothèses biologiques.Cette dissertation a deux objectifs: (a) établir la mesure dans laquelledes marqueurs d'expression génique de la différenciation et de la proliférationcellulaire peuvent contribuer à la classification des maladies cancéreuses; et(b) d'évaluer l'étendue des signaux pronostiques dans les transcriptomescancéreux.Nous avons mis au point une méthode objective pour extraire des signatures dedifférentiation organe-spécifiques à partir de données d'expression génique.Nous avons ensuite démontré qu'une signature génique de différentiationtissu-spécifique est capable de distinguer avec précision entre des sous-typeshistologiques de difficile classification dans un modèle thyroïdien. Ceci faitpreuve du potentiel valeur clinique et diagnostique des signatures dedifférentiation dans le domaine oncologique.Nous montrons aussi qu'une fraction non négligeable des transcriptomes cancéreuxest capable de prédire l'issue des respectives maladies, à la suite d'uneanalyse systématique de 114 cohortes de profiles d'expression cancéreuxenglobant 19 types de cancers différents. Cet observation est probablement liéeà une vaste structure de corrélation parmis les profils d'expression cancéreux,partiellement expliquée par des variables techniques et biologiques. Cetteevidence met en cause l'utilisation généralisée d'associations statistiquesentre des marqueurs d'expression géniques et les issues de chaque maladie parmisplusieurs patients afin d'en déduire l'implication de mécanismes biologiquesparticuliers dans la progression du cancer.
Stephen P. Halbrook. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866–1876. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 1998. Pp. xiii, 230. $55.00

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Stephen P. Halbrook. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866–1876. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 1998. Pp. xiii, 230. $55.00 Get access Halbrook Stephen P.. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866–1876. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 1998. Pp. xiii, 230. $55.00. Joyce L. Malcolm Joyce L. Malcolm Bentley College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 105, Issue 3, June 2000, Pages 931–932, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/105.3.931 Published: 01 June 2000
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, October 2018

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

International tourism maintains strong momentum in the first half of 2018International tourist arrivals grew 6% in the first six months of 2018 compared to the same period last year, reflecting a continuation of the strong results of 2017 (+7%). All world regions enjoyed robust growth, fuelled by strong demand from major source markets and supported by an upswing in the global economy. Europe and Asia and the Pacific led growth in January- June 2018, with arrivals increasing 7% in both regions. The Middle East and Africa also recorded sound results with 5% and 4% growth respectively, while the Americas saw a 3% increase this six-month period Preliminary data on international tourism receipts confirm the positive trend seen in international tourist arrivals, with particularly strong results in Asian and European destinations. On the demand side, France, the United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, India, the Republic of Korea and the United States led outbound spending from their respective regions. Against a strong first semester, growth prospects for the remainder of 2018 remain positive overall, though comparatively more moderate, according to the latest UNWTO Confidence Index survey.
A Non-Computationally Intensive, Capacitor Balancing Technique for a Multilevel Matrix Converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Industrial motors use approximately a third of the worlds electrical energy. Addressing energy savings in this area can be seen as critical to combat global warming and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Compact power conversion techniques and topologies to create variable speed motor solutions such as matrix converters can reduce raw material usage in the manufacture of industrial motor drives. Higher power industrial applications however utilise medium voltage supplies and as such, the higher voltages used can cause significant design and implementation challenges to create variable speed motor drive solutions. This paper highlights a multi-level, capacitor clamped direct (matrix) converter topology and the control of the balancing capacitors which are critical to enable the usage of series connections of lower voltage capable semiconductor devices in a higher voltage application.
[A case of mediastinal chordoma with Horner's syndrome].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mediastinal chordoma is a very rare disease. A 32-year-old man was admitted for chest abnormal shadow on the left upper mediastinum. He had left Horner's syndrome on admission. T2 weighted MR image showed heterogeneous tumor shadow. Angiographically, the tumor had feeding arteries. Gallium scintigraphy indicated no abnormal accumulation. Operation was performed and the resected tumor was found to be a chordoma pathologically. He lives well without recurrence and metastasis for 2 years.
Deontological Aspects of Medicine, More Specifically for the Surgeon in a Changing Social Environment*

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this article the authors highlight a few ethical and deontological bottlenecks that currently exist in surgery. In particular, it concerns the poor application of patient's rights legislation so far by surgeons in the field, the need for fixed agreements in hospital departments and in hospitals, and the difficult exercise of handling patient information privacy. Furthermore the reduction in the number of candidate-specialists and subsequent consequences are considered. To guarantee the quality criteria within 'office-based medicine', structural solutions are presented. To conclude, the subject of publicity via internet sites is dealt with.
Antidepressants with antimicrobial activity? A promising therapeutic strategy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antidepressants are currently positioned as one of the main drugs prescribed and consumed worldwide, commonly used for the pharmacological management of certain psychiatric disorders, mainly depression. However, growing evidence shows that some of these compounds possess, in addition to their known antidepressant activity, other types of beneficial biological properties, which could lead to a “repurposing” of their clinical applications, thus offering new therapeutic options in different areas of Medicine, such as Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology.
A Different Kind of Welfare State

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter looks at the new voices that began speaking for child care, both in California and across the nation: black mothers in the welfare rights movement and white middle-class women in the feminist movement. While black and white poor mothers organized in CPACC and around welfare rights, a more visible women's movement developed among predominantly the white middle class. In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) emerged out of frustration over the government's unwillingness to enforce Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which made discrimination by sex as well as by race illegal. With seasoned women's rights, labor feminists, and a few black women at its helm, NOW quickly moved to the forefront of the struggle for women's equality.
Comparison of maximal gastric secretion in smokers and non-smokers with and without duodenal ulcer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Maximal gastric secretion was induced in 122 control subjects (without peptic ulcer) and 201 preoperative duodenal ulcer patients by intravenous histamine acid phosphate (130 nmol/kg/h), and measured as Vg (ml/h) and MAO (mmol/h). In both groups, men secreted more than women, and smokers secreted more than non-smokers. Significant correlations were found between maximal gastric secretion on the one hand, and height, age, and chronic smoking on the other. After standardisation for these factors, including standardisation to zero smoking, the subgroups of the controls no longer differed significantly, as was also the case for the duodenal ulcer patients. Thus, differences in height, age, and smoking habit were sufficient to account for the variation in maximal secretion between individuals in either the control or duodenal ulcer groups. Even after standardisation, however, the duodenal ulcer patients still secreted significantly more than the controls, and therefore, although chronic smoking has been shown to affect maximal gastric secretion, it does not appear to be the sole reason for hypersecretion in duodenal ulcer patients.
Qualimap 2: advanced multi-sample quality control for high-throughput sequencing data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Motivation: Detection of random errors and systematic biases is a crucial step of a robust pipeline for processing high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. Bioinformatics software tools capable of performing this task are available, either for general analysis of HTS data or targeted to a specific sequencing technology. However, most of the existing QC instruments only allow processing of one sample at a time. Results: Qualimap 2 represents a next step in the QC analysis of HTS data. Along with comprehensive single-sample analysis of alignment data, it includes new modes that allow simultaneous processing and comparison of multiple samples. As with the first version, the new features are available via both graphical and command line interface. Additionally, it includes a large number of improvements proposed by the user community. Availability and implementation: The implementation of the software along with documentation is freely available at http://www.qualimap.org. Contact: meyer@mpiib-berlin.mpg.de Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Online naturalistic inquiry for stakeholder issue analysis: Design and implementation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social media offers extensive reach and inclusive engagement potential for projects and stakeholders. Current studies document its use for project information dissemination, building project awareness and project stakeholder assessment. However, studies into the use of social media in project stakeholder engagement remains scant. To date, there is lack of theoretically based guidance for project stakeholder engagement via social media in a pragmatic sense. In this paper, we advocate social media as a useful platform for online naturalistic inquiry of stakeholder engagement and propose a methodology for the analysis of stakeholder issues via social media to enhance engagement. We combine netnography, thematic, emotion work, and sentiment analyses to demonstrate operationalisation of the methodology for stakeholder issue analysis in the context of infrastructure projects. In doing so, we outline steps to identify, analyse and prioritise stakeholder issues for infrastructure projects via social media and discuss its implications for research and practice.
Pragmatic language impairment general and specific associations to mental health symptom dimensions in a child psychiatric sample

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background: The results of several international studies indicate a high prevalence of language and communication impairments among children who are referred to child psychiatric services. However, these impairments are likely to remain undetected unless language and communication impairments are evaluated during the psychiatric assessment. Aims: The aim of the present study is to investigate the specific association between general and specific mental health problems, as expressed by the problem scales of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teachers Report Form (TRF), and pragmatic skills and pragmatic language impairments (PLI) as defined the Pragmatic Composite of the Child Communication Checklist (CCC-PC). Methods: Children aged from 8 to 13 years (n = 73) were recruited in sequence following referral to a child and adolescent psychiatry (CAMHS) outpatient clinic within 12 months. Children with possible or established autism or intellectual disability were excluded. Standardized instruments measuring language, communication and mental health symptoms were distributed to parents and teachers, an intelligence test administered for clinical purposes, and demographic information was included. Results: The parent reports showed PLI among 38% of the children and revealed strong associations with the CBCL scales for emotional problems, thought problems and, especially, social and withdrawal symptoms, which mean more associations to internalized and non-externalized problems. PC-scores were at similar levels and PLI was reported by teachers at similar rates (compared to parent reports) with moderate agreement. Teacher PC-scores showed associations to only one TRF-scale, social problems. The CCC-PC subscale with the strongest associations to mental health symptoms was «Use of Context» («Social Relationships» do not contribute to the CCC-PC scores). Conclusion: There was a general increase in PC-scores and increased prevalence of PLI in this clinical sample. PC-scores correlated with symptom scores for internalizing and non-externalizing problems scales. The strongest common factors appear to be related to the social aspects of mental health. Pragmatic skills should be considered as a protective factor for mental health rather than investigating pragmatic impairment as a risk or vulnerability factor.
Teacher Expectancy : Its Effects on Evaluation of Student Performance

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A review of the literature relevant to observer expectancy bias revealed that good deal of research has been conducted in the area of experimenter expectancy and its influence on subject behavior, but little applied work in the area of observer bias and its influence on the observer’s behavior. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of observer expectancy bias in non-experienced and experienced school teachers. All teachers read and evaluated the same essay. Different sets of alleged background information, describing a student who the teachers were told wrote the essay, were given with the essay in order to create an expectancy bias in the subjects (teachers). The instructional sets were different combinations of the demographic variables: Sex (male and female), Race (Black and white), and Socioeconomic status (lower and upper class). Results of the study indicated that the only demographic variable which produced a significantly difference in the Ss’ evaluation of the student essay was Race. The Ss rated the essay written by a black student higher than the same essay written by a white student.
FOUR PAIRS OF BINOCULARS WATCHING A SINGLE PREY: EVALUATION OF IRANIAN ESP TEXTBOOKS: (TEACHERS VS. STUDENTS)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Humanism and socio-constructivism have entailed drastic developments in education including that of foreign/second language. Incorporating teachers and learners in all areas of education including materials development and evaluation, focusing four-pairs of binoculars on evaluating EFL materials can be taken amongst the outcomes of this trend. This study is a report of an evaluation of the ESP textbooks used in an Iranian university setting in order to investigate the extent of the compatibility of their perspectives on the ESP textbooks in general and on those in Humanities vs. engineering, specifically. To do so, about 180 ESP students and 30 teachers from Humanities and Engineering disciplines participated in the study. To collect the data, two valid questionnaires were specifically developed to measure general and specific features of the textbooks separately. Multi-method statistical analyses of the data revealed a comprehensive picture of the views of the participants on both the criteria dependability of the ESP materials in terms of content, exercises/activities, vocabulary-grammar, and physical attractiveness and maxims match. The chi-square results showed uniformities in the responses of both groups, but from the teachers’ perspectives, the books did not meet the criteria as they, holding more negative attitudes, expressed dissatisfaction with the books. On the contrary, the students showed more satisfaction with them, indicating that they meet the expected criteria of both types. ANOVA between groups’ evaluations of the data proved compatible with those of the frequency and chi-square analyses. Similarly, all of the correlation coefficients between the components of teachers and students’ questionnaires were shown statistically significant. Meanwhile, between-group paired samples t-test on both questionnaires showed significant differences between the students’ evaluations on both sets of criteria. Independent t-test for comparing teachers and students’ evaluations on both instruments sustained the results of the correlational analyses. Furthermore, both groups were found holding different perspectives as far as academic discipline was concerned: Humanities vs. Engineering. The findings, then, sustain roughly incompatible maxims towards ESP textbooks, varying views on the dependability issue, and differences as to componential analysis of the criteria. Pedagogically, the findings suggest student involvement in the process of syllabus design and materials evaluation, and preparation in general and ESP, in particular.