jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Some Applications of Statistical Methods to the Analysis of Physical and Engineering Data

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Whenever we measure any physical quantity we customarily obtain as many different values as there are observations. From a consideration of these measurements we must determine the most probable value; we must find out how much an observation may be expected to vary from this most probable value; and we must learn as much as possible of the reasons why it varies in the particular way that it does. In other words, the real value of physical measurements lies in the fact that from them it is possible to determine something of the nature of the results to be expected if the series of observations is repeated. The best use can be made of the data if we can find from them the most probable frequency or occurrence of any observed magnitude of the physical quantity or, in other words, the most probable law of distribution. It is customary practice in connection with physical and engineering measurements to assume that the arithmetic mean of the observations is the most probable value and that the frequency of occurrence of deviations from this mean is in accord with the Gaussian or normal law of error which lies at the foundation of the theory of errors. In most of those cases where the observed distributions of deviations have been compared with the theoretical ones based on the assumption of this law, it has been found highly improbable that the groups of observations could have arisen from systems of causes consistent with the normal law. Furthermore, even upon an a priori basis the normal law is a very limited case of a more generalized one. Therefore, in order to find the probability of the occurrence of a deviation of a given magnitude, it is necessary in most instances to find the theoretical distribution which is more probable than that given by the normal law. The present paper deals with the application of elementary statistical methods for finding this best frequency distribution of the deviations. In other words, the present paper points out some of the limitations of the theory of errors, based upon the normal law, in the analysis of physical and engineering data; it suggests methods for overcoming these difficulties by basing the analysis upon a more generalized law of error; it reviews the methods for finding the best theoretical distribution and closes with a discussion of the magnitude of the advantages to be gained by either the physicist or the engineer from an application of the methods reviewed herein.
Top-Down Modulation of Neural Responses in Visual Perception: A Computational Exploration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Visual perception is typically performed in the context of a task or goal. Nonethe-less, visual processing has traditionally been conceptualized in terms of a fixed, task-independent hierarchy of feature detectors. We explore the computational implications of allowing early visual processing to be task modulated. Using ar-tifical neural networks, we show that significant improvements in task accuracy can be obtained by allowing the weights to be modulated by task. The primary benefits are obtained under resource-limited processing. A relatively modest task-based modulation of weights and activities can lead to a large performance boost, suggesting an efficient means of increasing effective cortical capacity. 1
DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION IN THE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: FINDING THE PRACTICAL IN BEST PRACTICE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract. Documentation of treatment is one of the central tenets of conservation as a profession, and a necessary aspect of the preservation of cultural heritage. Photographic documentation has been an essential technique for recording the nature of heritage objects and illustrating conservation procedures. The routine use of digital photography in recent years has opened many avenues to conservators, but also poses unique threats to the long-term stability of the conservation record. Digital documentation is subject to decay just as physical or "analogue" records are, with the stark difference that digital data corrupts absolutely, where physical records can remain legible through various stages of deterioration. It is therefore necessary to understand the options that conservators have with regards to preservation of their records for the future. The various guidelines presently available regarding digital documentation may be synthesized into a coherent "best practice" specific to digital conservation documentation. This practice, however, must be reconsidered within the framework of what is necessary to ensure that photographic records are preserved, versus what is feasible. In order to determine if conservators are aware of the limitations of digital technology, thirty practicing conservators were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their own documentation practices. The responses identified a lack of best practice, and indicated that there are multiple factors which prevent conservators from developing effective methods for creating, storing, and accessing documentation. To address this, a modified form of best practice, the "best practical" method, is developed as a series of guidelines with the intent of being feasible for practicing conservators. This method aims to reduce the time and economic costs required of best practice, while minimizing the risk to the conservation record. The "best practical" guidelines are being designed to be applicable to a wide range of professional contexts, from large public institutional conservators to independent private contractors. The significance of selection of documentation for long-term survival is also emphasized. The value of these guidelines lies in the identification of small changes to current practice that have the potential to make large differences in the amount of information preserved for future conservators, scholars, and other interested parties.
Translational motions of rare-gas atoms, rotation-translation motions of diatomic molecules, and host–guest interactions in β-quinol clathrate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Dynamical states of Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N2, O2, NO, CO, and HCl moving in a rigid cage, which is assumed to be the same as that of H2S-β-quinol, are studied quantum mechanically. The host–guest interaction is considered to consist of 6-N atom–atom potentials and electrostatic multipolar interactions. Each theoretical far-infrared line fits to experiment at least within the range of the observed linewidth. Agreement of the adjusted value of the quadrupole moment referred to the center of mass with its gas-phase value is excellent for CO, and moderate for NO and HCl. It may be due to distortion of the cage structure that the fitted value of the atomic radius of oxygen atom for the clathrate of rare-gas atoms is different from the van der Waals radius. As to the constrained translation (rattling motion), it is suggested that Ne is different; its frequencies of the motion on the XY plane are imaginary in the harmonic approximation. As to the rotational motion, HCl is different; its molecular axis oscillates near the XY plane, rotating almost freely around the Z axis. Effects of the translation-rotation coupling for each diatomic molecule are discussed in detail.
Role of color doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis and reduction of intussusception in 52 pediatric patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To assess the values of color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis and treatment of guiding reduction of intussusception in children.Methods: Fifty two cases of the pediatric patients with inconclusive intussusception were examined according to known criteria by color Doppler ultrasonography using convex probe with conventional frequency and linear probe with higher frequency respectively.The conclusive diagnosed patients were underwent hydrostatic reduction through 0.9% NS enema guided by color Doppler ultrasonography.Results: Forty eight Of the 52 patients were diagnosed as intussusception confirmed after reduction and clinical follow up.The conformity rate was 100%(48/48) and 46 cases of them with intussusception were undertaken reduction successfully,the success rate was 95%.Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasonography can diagnose pediatric intussusception with high sensitivity,specificity and noninvasive.The hydrostatic reduction guided by ultrasonography is convenience,safety and high achievement ratio for children intussusception.
HPLC Analysis of Rosmarinic Acid in Feed Enriched with Aerial Parts of Prunella vulgaris and Its Metabolites in Pig Plasma Using Dual-Channel Coulometric Detection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This paper describes a sensitive isocratic HPLC/ECD method developed for the determination of rosmarinic acid (RA) in plant material, animal feed, and pig plasma. The plasma sample preparation only includes protein precipitation and adjustment of the pH. The applicability of the method was tested on plasma samples of pigs that were exposed to a 91-day oral intake of RA via feed enriched by aerial parts of Prunella vulgaris. The plasma was directly analyzed using the method described as well as after enzymatic hydrolysis. When no hydrolysis step was included, RA and caffeic acid (CA) were quantified in the plasma. In hydrolyzed plasma samples, several other metabolites were determined, including dihydrocaffeic, ferulic, and dihydroferulic acid. The dual-channel coulometric detection employed, as an alternative to mass spectrometry, offers good selectivity and sensitivity owing to the electrochemical properties of the phenolic constituents.
Essai d'interprétation écologique de la répartition des Ericacées en Provence (région du Sud-Est de la France)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The author describes and explains the present distribution of the five species of Ericaceaes over Provence, (Erica multiflora L., Erica arborea L., Erica scoparia L., Arbutus unedo L., Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull). In succession he deals with their geographical distribution, their dependence to some supports or to some geomorphological factors, as also their distribution according to edaphic, climatic and phytosociological values. The study of the blooming and especially of the growth in various natural environments, has been a good help for a better understanding. Of their localization in space and time, and has led to the notion of types of «optimical habitats».
How Effective Are Volunteers?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper reviews the major findings on formal methods of rehabilitation in the courts and correction and compares them with ratings of effectiveness assigned to an informal method, the use of volunteers. An evaluation was made of over 250 reports, monographs, memos, etc., purporting to evaluate volunteer programs. Each study was analyzed for (1) specificity of program structure, (2) reliability and validity of the measurement procedures employed, (3) strengths and weaknesses of the research design, and (4) utility of the evaluation results for policy rela tive to decision-making. Only ten reports dealing with impact on clients were found to have policy utility. Volunteers were found to be at least as effective in accomplishing their objec tives (reducing recidivism, improving self-concept, etc.) as formal methods of rehabilitating offenders. Suggestions for improvements o f research are offered.
[Biorhythm of oxygen tension in uterine and fetal tissues].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypoxic cycles with a two fold reduction in PO2 levels (down to 51.7, 43.9 and 53.4%), the frequency of 0.63 +/- 0.07, 1.47 +/- 0.14, 1.98 +/- 0.3 per minute, and the duration of 45.4 +/ 2.9, 28.4 +/- 2.3 and 19.8 +/- 1.9 sec., respectively, were recorded during the measurement of oxygen content in the uterine tissue of pregnant (3-5 days) and non-pregnant rats, as well as in tissues of 13-14-day-old rat fetuses. The oxygen content remained unchanged throughout the whole experiment (30 min) in the peristaltic intestinal wall. The hypoxic cycles were assessed as a mechanism of rhythmic periodic stimulation of metabolic reactions directed towards not only the increased resistance to hypoxia but also towards non-specific resistance of uterine fetal tissues and female body in and out of pregnancy.
Passive, Broadband, and Low-Frequency Suppression of Laser Amplitude Noise to the Shot-Noise Limit Using a Hollow-Core Fiber

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We use hollow-core fibre to preserve the spectrum and temporal profile of\npicosecond laser pulses in CBD to suppress 2.6 dB of amplitude noise at MHz\nnoise frequencies, to within 0.01 dB of the shot-noise limit. We provide an\nenhanced version of the CBD scheme that concatenates circuits to suppress over\nmultiple frequencies and over broad frequency ranges --- we perform a first\ndemonstration that reduces total excess amplitude noise, between 2 - 6 MHz, by\n85%. These demonstrations enable passive, broad-band, all-guided fibre laser\ntechnology operating at the shot-noise limit.\n
ML-Based RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Methods: A Survey

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Article ML-Based RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Methods: A Survey Qi Zhao 1, Jingjing Chen 1, Zheng Zhao 2, Qian Mao 3, Haoxuan Shi 1 and Xiaoya Fan 4,∗ 1 School of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China 2 School of Artificial Intelligence, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116000, China 3 Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110000, China 4 School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software, Dalian 116000, China ∗ Correspondence: xiaoyafan@dlut.edu.cn Received: 6 May 2024; Revised: 17 October 2024; Accepted: 22 October 2024; Published: 29 October 2024 Abstract: The secondary structure of noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) is significantly related to their functions, emphasizing the importance and value of identifying ncRNA secondary structure. Computational prediction methods have been widely used in this field. However, the performance of existing computational methods has plateaued in recent years despite various advancements. Fortunately, the emergence of machine learning, particularly deep learning, has brought new hope to this field. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of machine learning-based methods for predicting RNA secondary structures, with a particular emphasis on deep learning approaches. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects in RNA secondary structure prediction.
Hyaluronic Acid and Polyethylene Glycol Hybrid Hydrogel Encapsulating Nanogel with Hemostasis and Sustainable Antibacterial Property for Wound Healing

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Immediate hemorrhage control and anti-infection play important roles in the wound management. Besides, a moist environment is also beneficial for wound healing. Hydrogels are promising materials in urgent hemostasis and drug release. However, hydrogels have the disadvantage of rapid release profiles, leading to the exposure to high drug concentrations. In this study, we constructed hybrid hydrogels with rapid hemostasis and sustainable antibacterial property combining aminoethyl methacrylate hyaluronic acid (HA-AEMA) and methacrylated methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG-MA) hybrid hydrogels and chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX)-loaded nanogels. The CHX-loaded nanogels (CLNs) were prepared by the enzyme degradation of CHX-loaded lysine-based hydrogels. The HA-AEMA and mPEG-MA hybrid hydrogel loaded with CLNs (labeled as Gel@CLN) displayed a three-dimensional microporous structure and exhibited excellent swelling, mechanical property, and low cytotoxicity. The Gel@CLN hydrogel showed a prolonged release period of CHX over 240 h and the antibacterial property over 10 days. The hemostasis and wound-healing properties were evaluated in vivo using a mouse model. The results showed that hydrogel had the rapid hemostasis capacity and accelerated wound healing. In summary, CLN-loaded hydrogels may be excellent candidates as hemostasis and anti-infection materials for the wound dressing application.
Gravidity, parity, blood pressure and mortality among women in Bangladesh from the HEALS cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Despite a hypothesised connection of reproductive history with hypertension and mortality, the nature of this association is poorly characterised. We evaluated the association of parity and gravidity with blood pressure, hypertension and all-cause mortality. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study cohort in rural Bangladesh. Participants There were 21 634 Bangladeshi women recruited in 2000–2002, 2006–2008 and 2010–2014 included in the present analysis. Methods Reproductive history was ascertained through an interviewer-administered questionnaire at the baseline visit. Blood pressure was measured by a trained study physician following a standard protocol at the baseline visit. Vital status was ascertained at the biennial follow-up of study participants through June 2017. Linear and logistic regression models estimated the relationship between parity and gravidity with blood pressure and hypertension, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the relationship with all-cause mortality only among women aged >45 years. Results Diastolic blood pressure was lowest in women with parity one (reference) and elevated in nulliparous women (adjusted % change=3.12; 95% CI 1.93 to 4.33) and women with parity > 2 (adjusted % change=1.71; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.31). The associations with nulliparity were stronger for women aged >45 years. Similar association patterns were observed with hypertension. Further, in nulliparous women aged >45 years, 265 deaths (6.6%) were ascertained during the follow-up period (median follow-up time=8 years), and we observed suggestive elevated risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 3.83; 95% CI 0.74 to 19.78). The relationships between reproductive history, blood pressure, hypertension and mortality were similar when modelling reproductive history as gravidity rather than parity. Conclusions For women in rural Bangladesh, nulliparity and nulligravidity appear to be associated with higher blood pressure and subsequent elevated risk of mortality.
Association Between Change in Circulating Progenitor Cells During Exercise Stress and Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this study of patients with CAD, a decrease in CPC counts during exercise is associated with a worse disease prognosis compared with the presence of stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether strategies to improve CPC responses during exercise stress will be associated with improvements in the prognosis of patients with CAD.
English Translation of the New German PV Manual

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

During the last decade the global PV industry experienced an unpredictable growth. Driven by the German renewable Energy Act and comparable incentives in other European countries photovoltaics is becoming a serious player in the global energy market. Today new markets like China, India and the US follow since energy generation costs dropped to an economic level. Particularly for new markets and new players comprehensive and reliable educational material and reference is essential. Ever since the year 2000 the DGS edits and publishes the manual “Photovoltaic Systems”. This compendium has now been released in the third English edition for a global audience. The previous German and English editions helped to establish the manual as the main reference book and compendium for all parties involved in planning, installing and operating PV systems.
Half-tone print of a portrait of Joseph D. Lynch, editor of the Los Angeles Herald, ca.1890-1900

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Photograph of a half-tone print of a portrait of Joseph D. Lynch, editor of the Los Angeles Herald, ca.1890-1900. From the chest up. He has a handlebar moustache and a receding hairline with short curly hair. He is wearing a jacket over a light shirt. He is turned to his right.; "The remains of Col. J.D. Lynch were laid to rest in Calvary Cemetery at noon today. The pallbearers -- G.W. Burton, Harry Chandler, C.C. Desmond, Richard Dillon, John Kennedy, and C.H. Hall." -- newsclipping, 29 March 1907.
Effect of monsoon onset and withdrawal on rice production in Chhattisgarh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The variability in monsoonal rainfall has affected agricultural production worldwide. Changes in the onset, withdrawal and distribution of monsoon rainfall have made a risky preposition for rice cultivation. In Chhattisgarh rice cultivation is mainly rain-fed and obviously prone to south-west monsoon variability. The aim of this research was to analyze the probable impact of monsoon onset and withdrawal variability on rice production in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh during a 29-year period (1989-2017). On the basis of correlation analysis we found that there is significant relationship between withdrawal dates of monsoon and rice production. The r-values was 0.491 (In CPZ), 0.594 (In BPZ) and 0.472 (In NHZ) for the correlation between monsoon withdrawal dates and rice production. The highest value of correlation co-efficient was found for Bastar plateau zone (r = 0.594). These co-efficient are significant at the 1% level of significance in all three agro-climatic zones for withdrawal dates of SWM (south west monsoon) and rice production during 1989-2017. In comparison of average rice production data under different categories of monsoon onset-withdrawal, we found that late withdrawal conditions are favorable for rice production and productivity.