jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Determination of Gossypol Enantiomer Ratio in Cotton Plants by Chiral Higher-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A celulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated onto APS silica (Nucleosil, particle size, 7 microm; pore size, 500 A) was used under a reversed-phase condition to measure the enantiomeric ratios of gossypol enantiomers in cottonseeds, flowers, and roots in a number of cultivars samples of different Gossipium species. While unidimensional chromatography was used for measuring the enantiomeric ratio of all the samples of G. hirsutum, G. mustelinum, and in the seeds of G. barbadense, multidimensional chromatography was necessary for the analysis of samples of roots and flowers of G. barbadense. In the latter case, an ODS Hypersil column was used in the first dimension for sample clean up, and the enantiomers were resolved on the second dimension by the chiral column. As expected, all the seed samples of G. hirsutum and G. mustelinum showed the (P)-(+)-enantiomer in excess, whereas the seeds of G. barbadense showed the (M)-(-)-enantiomer. However, (P)-(+)-gossypol was found in enantiomeric excess in three samples examined of roots and in one of flower of G. barbadense. These results are discussed in this paper.
Nigella Plants – Traditional Uses, Bioactive Phytoconstituents, Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nigella is a small genus of the family Ranunculaceae, which includes some popular species due to their culinary and medicinal properties, especially in Eastern Europe, Middle East, Western, and Central Asia. Therefore, this review covers the traditional uses and phytochemical composition of Nigella and, in particular, Nigella sativa. The pharmacological studies reported in vitro, in vivo, and in humans have also been reviewed. One of the main strength of the use of Nigella is that the seeds are rich in the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid and provide an extra-source of dietary phytochemicals, including the bioactive thymoquinone, and characteristics saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Among Nigella species, N. sativa L. is the most studied plant from the genus. Due to the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties, the seed and seed oil from this plant can be considered as good candidates to formulate functional ingredients on the basis of folklore and scientific knowledge. Nonetheless, the main limations are that more studies, especially, clinical trials are required to standardize the results, e.g. to establish active molecules, dosage, chemical profile, long-term effects and impact of cooking/incorporation into foods.
The Effect of Timing of a Standard Meal on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Atypical Antipsychotic Agent Ziprasidone

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Study Objective . To evaluate the influence of a high‐fat meal on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel atypical antipsychotic drug ziprasidone. Design . Open, randomized, three‐way crossover study. Setting . University‐based research facility. Subjects . Eight healthy male volunteers. Interventions . Ziprasidone 20 mg was administered under fasting conditions (treatment A), and directly after (treatment B) and 2 hours after (treatment C) a standard high‐fat breakfast. Measurements and Main Results . Serial blood samples were obtained over 36 hours. Three objective psychometric tests were employed to evaluate daytime vigilance at baseline and 2 hours after each dose. Ziprasidone had a significant effect on area under the curve (AUC 0‐∞ ), maximum serum concentration, and half‐life (analysis of variance all p<0.05), with the mean AUC 0‐∞ being significantly greater (627.2 ± 206.4 vs 371.0 ± 126.5 ng • hr/ml, ANOVA with Bonferroni's criteria p<0.016) and half‐life significantly shorter (4.7 ± 0.8 vs 6.6 ± 1.3 hrs, ANOVA with Bonferroni's criteria p<0.016) after treatment B compared with treatment A. Although similar trends were observed after treatment C compared with treatment A, the differences did not reach statistical significance when Bonferroni's correction criteria were applied (p>0.016). Conclusion . These data suggest an increase in systemic exposure to the highly lipophilic compound ziprasidone when taken after fatty foods, possibly due to improved drug dissolution and solubilization. The drug's longer half‐life under fasting conditions may reflect dissolution‐limited absorption, although this could not be directly assessed. Despite postprandial increases in ziprasidone AUC 0‐∞ and maximum concentration, daytime vigilance was not affected.
About the Cover

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Next article FreeAbout the CoverPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreCoverThe cover image is of the brilliantly colored, adult nudibranch Flabellina iodinea. The purple-blue body contrasts richly with the bright orange dorsal extensions, termed cerata. This coloration, coupled with its rhythmically twisting swimming motion, has earned this species the nickname “Spanish shawl.”The shell-less F. iodinea feeds preferentially on the cnidarian hydroid Eudendrium ramosum, from which it obtains the carotenoid astaxanthin that gives the animal its purple, orange, and red pigmented coloration as well as its stinging cells, termed nematocysts. Flabellina iodinea sequesters nematocysts in specialized cells of the cerata for defense. The conspicuously contrasting color pattern of the animal functions to attract would-be predators to the location of these stinging nematocysts and away from the main body, thereby discouraging further predation by those that have learned their lesson!On pages 116–129, S. J. Dearden, A. Ghoshal, D. G. DeMartini, and D. E. Morse show that the pigmented optical appearance of F. iodinea is augmented by dynamically sparkling, brightly reflective stacks of tiny crystals that tumble within vesicles in cells located throughout the epidermis. This tumbling exposes different faces of the small reflective crystals to produce their silvery sparkling appearance. Light and electron microscopy revealed the location and behavior of these sparkling crystals in situ, while purification, thin-layer chromatography, and electron diffraction were used to characterize their crystallographic and molecular structure—composed of the organic metabolites guanine and hypoxanthine. Although similar stacks of such crystals have been found to provide reflectivity in tissues of chameleons, spiders, fish, and other nudibranchs, this is the first discovery of dynamically sparkling, tumbling, crystalline reflectors in any tissue.Credits: Photo, Larry Friesen, Santa Barbara City College. Cover design, Jeannie Harrell, University of Chicago Press. Next article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 234, Number 2April 2018 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/698953 © 2018 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
DIFFUSE, A PATTERN GENE IN ZEA MAYS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article DIFFUSE, A PATTERN GENE IN ZEA MAYS: Epistatic to Red Pericarp Get access R. A. BRINK, R. A. BRINK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar IRWIN M. GREENBLATT IRWIN M. GREENBLATT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 45, Issue 2, March 1954, Pages 47–50, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106436 Published: 01 March 1954
Photoresponsive Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Structure Embedding Dithienylethene Molecules

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Photochromic polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were prepared through electrospinning. Various factors, including the solvent system, the concentration of PCL, the viscosity of the solution, and the electrical conductivity, influence the morphology of PCL nanofibers. A binary solvent system can dissolve PCL, control fiber structure and morphology, and allow solvent evaporation. The photochromic properties of electrospun membranes based on PCL and diethienylethene (DTE) were assessed using the CM-3610a spectrophotometer. The study showed that incorporating DTE into the membrane enables photochromic performance, with the photochromic reaction being reversible. The analysis of the color-change kinetics showed that the mechanism of photo cycling during colorization was linked to the amplitude of the fast and slow mechanisms, which depended on the formulation tested. The study showed that the photoreversion of the membrane under visible illumination occurs according to first-order kinetics. This work presented the design and manufacturing of photochromic membranes through electrospinning, which offers rapid color change rates, adjustable color fade times, superior reversibility, and reproducibility over at least 10 cycles. The thermochromic properties are proportional to the DTE concentration used, making it possible to obtain color variations with a delta E of 13 and 38 for concentrations ranging from 0.95 to 11.4 wt.%.
Growing up with one parent: its association with psychotropic drug use in young adulthood : A register-based study in Sweden

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the association between family structure in childhood and mental health problems in young adulthood. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 481,777 individuals with complete follow-up information, which was obtained from national registers in Sweden. Individuals who were living with only one biological parent at age 17 were compared with those who grew up with two parents with regard to retrieval of prescribed psychotropic drugs at age 35. The association was examined by Cox regression analyses with equal survival time for all individuals included in the analyses. The results demonstrated a higher risk for retrieval of psychotropic medicines among the individuals who grew up with only one parent, with hazard ratio of 1,21 (95%CI: 1,19-1,23). The multivariate analyses showed that a part of the association was explained by familial and individual factors, namely parents’ country of origin, area of residence, parents’ and the individual’s educational attainment, receipt of social benefits and parents’ history of psychiatric disorder. The results indicated that the increased risk of mental health problems among individuals who grew up with only one parent might be accounted for by various psychological, social and economic factors associated to parental separation.
PLANTLET REGENERATION FROM ACIFLUORFEN-TOLERANT CELL LINES OF SOLANUM PTYCANTHUM AND LYCOPERSICON PERUVIANUM.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Friable callus of Solanum ptycanthum and L. peruvianum PI199380 clone 149 were subcultured on liquid Murashige and Skoog salts and Gamborg Vitamin medium with 2,4-D (1mg/l) until a fine suspension of cells was obtained. The suspension cultured cells were then plated on selection medium. Twenty-five acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines of Solanum ptycanthum and fourteen tolerant Lycopersicon peruvianum cell lines were obtained by a stepwise increase in concentration of acifluorfen. Acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines were transferred on to regeneration media with the herbicide. Shoot regeneration differed depending on the cell line and acifluorfen concentration, ranging from 0 to 37 plants per calli. As acifluorfen concentration increased in the regeneration media, the number of shoots and shoot height decreased. There was a wide range of variation in shoot morphology, which depended on the cell line.
The influence of aripiprazole and venlafaxine on the antidepressant-like effect observed in prenatally stressed rats (animal model of depression)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Depression is a nosological entity which may appear alone or concomitantly (e.g. in schizophrenia). Analysis of data from both clinical and experimental studies allows a conclusion that atypical antipsychotics, such as aripiprazole (ARI), may also be effective in treating depression in addition to antidepressants. The aim of the studies was to determine antidepressant efficacy of ARI, venlafaxine (VEN) and combined therapy using both drugs, in prenatally stressed rats (animal depression model) and control group. In addition, this article was aimed at determining the effect of these drugs on locomotor activity of these animals. The effect of chronic stress used in pregnant rats and the use of drugs such as ARI (1.5 mg/kg) and VEN (20 mg/kg) were studied in forced swimming test (FST; antidepressant effect) and locomotor activity test. Performed tests confirmed the antidepressant effect of ARI, VEN and efficacy of combined drugs in FST in both prenatally stressed rats (effect present upon single administration and after 7, 14 and 21 days of testing) and control group rats (effect present upon single administration and 7 days of testing). Moreover, upon single administration of the used drugs to prenatally stressed rats, it was found sedative effect – reduced animals’ locomotor activity. Study results have proven antidepressant and sedative efficacy of ARI, VEN and combined administration of these drugs. Due to the small amount of data on the above preparations, in particular in the context of animal depression models, further studies in this respect are recommended.
Impact of lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition on platelets: a literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Lipid emulsions are essential components of parenteral nutrition solutions that provide energy and essential fatty acids. The complexity of the formulations of lipid emulsions may lead to adverse outcomes such as platelet reactivity and changes in platelet aggregation and related coagulation. Platelets are responsible for haemostasis; they activate and demonstrate morphological changes upon extracellular factors to maintain blood fluidity and vascular integrity. Although parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions are generally found safe with regard to modulation of platelet activity, studies are still accumulating. Thus, this review aims to investigate platelet-related changes by parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions in human studies. Studies have pointed out patients at risk of bleeding and increased platelet aggregation responses due to the administration of lipid emulsions. Lipid emulsions may further benefit patients at high risk of thrombosis due to anti-thrombotic effects and should be cautiously used in patients with thrombocytopenia. The reported platelet-related changes might be associated with the fatty acid change in the plasma membranes of platelets following changes in platelet synthesis and plasma levels of eicosanoids. In conclusion, studies investigating platelets and parenteral nutrition should be supported to minimize the adverse effects and to benefit from the potential protective effects of parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions.
Determination of r-7,t-8,9,c-10-Tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in Human Urine by Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

r-7,t-8,9,c-10-Tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (trans-anti-BaP-tetraol) is the major hydrolysis product of r-7, t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE), the principal ultimate carcinogen of the environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). As part of a program to establish activation/detoxification profiles of urinary metabolites of BaP in humans, we developed a method for quantifying trans-anti-BaP-tetraol. Urine was collected from three groups of individuals exposed to BaP: psoriasis patients treated with a coal tar-containing ointment, steel workers, and smokers. [(2)H(12)]-trans-anti-BaP-tetraol was added to the urine as an internal standard. The urine was treated with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, and then the BaP-tetraols were enriched by reverse-phase and phenylboronic acid solid-phase extraction. The resulting fraction was treated with sodium hydride and methylmethane sulfonate to convert BaP-tetraols to the corresponding tetramethyl ethers (BaP-TME). The mixture was purified by normal-phase HPLC and analyzed by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. [(13)CH(3)](4)-trans-anti-BaP-TME was used as an external standard. Ions at m/z 376, 380, and 388 were monitored for quantitation of trans-anti-BaP-TME, [(13)CH(3)](4)-trans-anti-BaP-TME, and [(2)H(12)]-trans-anti-BaP-TME, respectively. The instrumental detection limit was approximately 1 fmol of trans-anti-BaP-TME. trans-anti-BaP-tetraol (as trans-anti-BaP-TME) was detected in 20 of 20 individuals receiving coal tar therapy (mean, 16 fmol/mL of urine), 13 of 13 exposed steel workers (mean, 4.1 fmol/mL of urine), and nine of 21 cigarette smokers (mean, 0.5 fmol/mL of urine). The means in these groups were significantly different (P < 0.0001). The urine of steel workers was also analyzed for cis-anti-BaP-tetraol and cys-syn-BaP-tetraol, but neither was found. The results of this study provide a quantitative method for determination of parts per trillion levels of trans-anti-BaP-tetraol in human urine. Ultimately, this method can be employed as part of a phenotyping approach for assessing BaP metabolites in human urine.
All-rounder: A Flexible AI Accelerator with Diverse Data Format Support and Morphable Structure for Multi-DNN Processing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recognizing the explosive increase in the use of AI-based applications, several industrial companies developed custom ASICs (e.g., Google TPU, IBM RaPiD, Intel NNP-I/NNP-T) and constructed a hyperscale cloud infrastructure with them. These ASICs perform operations of the inference or training process of AI models which are requested by users. Since the AI models have different data formats and types of operations, the ASICs need to support diverse data formats and various operation shapes. However, the previous ASIC solutions do not or less fulfill these requirements. To overcome these limitations, we first present an area-efficient multiplier, named all-in-one multiplier, that supports multiple bit-widths for both integer and floating point data types. Then, we build a MAC array equipped with these multipliers with multi-format support. In addition, the MAC array can be partitioned into multiple blocks that can be flexibly fused to support various DNN operation types. We evaluate the practical effectiveness of the proposed MAC array by making an accelerator out of it, named All-rounder. According to our evaluation, the proposed all-in-one multiplier occupies 1.49x smaller area compared to the baselines with dedicated multipliers for each data format. Then, we compare the performance and energy efficiency of the proposed All-rounder with three different accelerators showing consistent speedup and higher efficiency across various AI benchmarks from vision to LLM-based language tasks.
Imperfect competition in the fresh tomato industry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we analyse the market power of the retail industry in the French tomato market. Following the methods developed in the New Empirical Industrial Organization, we develop a structural model of this industry. The analysis is based on detailed data on final consumption and prices at both shipper and consumer levels for two types of tomatoes in France. The structural model is composed of a system of demand equations, supply equations and pricing equations which include terms which capture the oligopoly and oligopsony power of the retail sector. We show that i) elasticity of demand varies during the year ii) the retail sector exercise only a ‘moderate’ market power iii) the exercise of market power decreases over time iv) If markets were competitive, in the case of tomato ‘ronde’ retail price would decrease by about 1.2% to 4.5% depending on the year; v) In absence of market power, shipping price might be 6% to 24% higher than observed. We find higher distortions in the case of tomato ‘grappe’. We also find that the distortions tend to decrease over time. We conclude to a moderate exercise of market power of the retail sector in the French tomato market.
Conclusion

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this dissertation, we address two classical and closely related problems in corporate finance: the valuation of convertible bonds and the structure of optimal conversion strategies. In the literature convertible bonds are primarily considered as a portfolio of a straight bond and an American call option with the firm value as the underlying. Its arbitrage- free value is determined under the assumption of a block conversion, i.e. all convertible bond holders convert all their bonds simultaneously. Technically, the valuation problem is solved as a free boundary problem with a high contact condition where applicable.
MAJOR THEMES IN CURRENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this scoping exercise I identify a number of the most active and prolific research themes across the sciences. The report consists of six major research platforms: The Universe, The Environment, Humans, Evolution, Theoretical Science and Applied Science. Each of these is then subdivided into specific focal areas or themes. New interdisciplinary themes tailored to fit Durham’s Institute for Advanced Study are suggested.
Breast Cancer Coping Strategies after Diagnosis: A Six-month Follow-up

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Breast cancer is a tragic experience that accompanies stressful situations for patients.Adjustment with breast cancer has a significant effect on decreasing stress and increasing the patients› quality of life.Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study, breast cancer patients› experiences were evaluated at Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), Motamed Cancer Institut (MCI), Tehran, Iran.To evaluate coping strategies in breast cancer patients, a modified Ways of Coping-cancer Version (WOC-CA) questionnaire was used.A written informed consent was obtained from the patients.Results: From a total of 187 breast cancer patients participated in this study, 177 cases followed up for 6 months later.The mean age of the patients was 47.3 ± 9.6 years.Eighty-seven percent of the patients were married, 91% of the subjects had middle and high education and most of them (83%) were housewife.Seven coping strategies were used by the patients after diagnosis and 6 months later.The most commonly used coping strategies after diagnosis included «seeking for social support», «spirituality», and «positive cognitive restructuring» and the least used coping strategy was «detachment».The most frequently used strategies 6 months after the diagnosis were «seeking for social support», «spirituality», «positive cognitive restructuring», and «making changes» and the least commonly used ones included «wishful thinking», and «keeping feelings to self-coping strategies».Conclusions: It seems that clinicians should provide enough information about the treatment and survival before the surgery.The patients› concerns about the way of adjustment with the disease, especially religious thinking and advices about the way of coping with breast cancer should be considered.