jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Achieving Sustainability through Value Management: A Passing Opportunity?

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sustainability issues should be considered throughout all stages of decision-making to ensure that decisions made are in the best interest of the clients without detriment to the society and the environment they live in. Presently, engaging sustainability issues in construction projects face several challenges that impede effective application. It is therefore prudent to continuously explore any opportunity which could contribute towards improving sustainability. Value management (VM) possesses many qualities which can be utilised to enhance the incorporation of sustainability issues within project plans, designs and decisions. This paper begins by articulating these qualities and how they can be used to improve sustainability consideration. From the survey and interviews conducted to investigate the integration of sustainability issues in VM workshops, it was revealed that the opportunities offered from VM are hindered by many factors. These factors, if not handled effectively, would frustrate the opportunities that VM can offer as a mean to embed sustainability concepts and issues within construction projects. Based on the recommendations by the interviewees, several factors which can promote better integration of sustainability are highlighted. Harnessing VM capabilities require active promotion and participation from those involved in VM to prevent this opportunity from passing by without notice.
Studies on the use ofEchinostoma revolutum larvae as an agent for biological control of Fasciola gigantica

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The use of Echinostoma revolutum larvae as an agent for biological control of Fasciola gigantica has been studied in the laboratory of Parasitology, Balitvet. Infection of Lymnaea rubiginosa with Echinostoma revolutum increased the growth and mortality rates of the snails and completely suppressed their egg production . These effects were attributed to a destruction of gonads and other organs of the snails by echinostome rediae, production of which commenced during the second week after the infection. From laboratory studies with L. rubiginosa, there was an evidence of strong antagonism between larvae of E. revolutum and larvae of F. gigantica. Concurrent infection of L. rubiginosa with miracidia of F. gigantica and E. Revolutum resulted in that all snails were infected with E. revolutum only, when they were dissected 30 days later. In contrast, 94% of the snails which were exposed to miracidia of F. gigantica only, were infected with larvae of this species after 30 days . When L. rubiginosa were infected with F. gigantica 20 days previously were exposed to infection with E. revolutum and examined 30 days later, it was found that 77% of the snails had a single infection with E. revolutum, 16 % were infected with F. Gigantica only, and the remaining 7% had common infection. It was concluded that the dominant antagonism of E. revolutum over F. gigantica in L. rubiginosa and the reduction of fecundity and longevity ofsnails infected with E. revolutum could be useful for biological control of F. gigantica. Â Key. words: Echinostoma revolutum, Fasciola gigantica, biological control, ducks, chickens
Effect of Planting Methods on Maturity and Yield of Onion (Allium cepa var cepa) in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Onion dry bulb are commonly established in the field either by direct sowing of seeds to the field, or by transplanting seedling from seedbed or from sets depending on the growing conditions of the specific region. However, the potential of the different methods have not been tested particularly in the potential onion producing areas of Ethiopia. Field experiments were conducted at Melkassa Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research to investigate the effect of different planting methods on maturity and dry bulb yield of onion in two different seasons in 2008/09. The experiment consisted of three planting methods of onion, namely direct seeding to the field, transplanting of seedlings and planting sets, and three onion cultivars (Adama Red, Bombay Red and Nasik Red), arranged in factorial split plot design with three replications. Cultivars were assigned to the main plot and planting methods to the sub-plot. Data on days to maturity, dry bulb yield, bulb weight and bulb diameter were collected. Planting methods and cultivars showed statistically significant difference (P<0.01) both for earliness and dry bulb yield. However, their interaction was not significant. Sets planting resulted in higher yield (39.1 t ha-1) followed by transplants (36.3 t ha-1) and direct seeding (19.5 t ha-1). The cultivar ‘Bombay Red’ (33.3 t ha-1) gave significantly higher yield than ‘Adama Red’ (31.1 t ha-1) and ‘Nasik Red’ (30.2 t ha-1). Sets matured earlier (94 days) than transplants (104 days) and direct sown (135 days). The overall result indicated that in addition to the current transplanting practice onion establishment from set may also be a good option for dry bulb production in the Central Rift Valley areas of Ethiopia where earliness and high yield are important parameters considered by onion growers.
Evaluation of Pepper Genetic Sources (Capsicum spp.) for Disease Resistance Breeding

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

본 시험은 고추의 육종을 위한 병 저항성 고추를 선발하고자 하였다. 국내에서 시판중인 역병 저항성 품종인 PR계통 21품종, 미국에서 도입해온 36품종과 역병감수성 품종인 '슈퍼마니따'를 사용하여 역병, 탄저병, 흰가루병의 병 저항성 검정을 수행하였다. $Phytophthora$ $capsici$에 의해 발병하는 고추역병의 유묘검정은 서로 다른 교배형(A1, A2, Sterile)을 가지는 3 균주를 사용하여 접종하였다. 그 결과 대부분의 PR계통 고추들은 각각의 교배형에 대하여 저항성 또는 중도저항성을 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. '역강홍장군'은 서로 다른 교배형의 세 가지 균주에 대하여 저항성을 나타냈으며, 'PR-다따'와 'PR-마니따'는 각각의 교배형에 저항성 또는 중도저항성을 보였다. 외래종의 경우, 'NuMex J.E.Parker', 'Omni Color'과 'SCM-334' 품종은 세 가지 균주에 저항성을 나타냈고, 'Sweet Banana'와 'Tabasco'를 포함한 몇몇 품종들은 각각의 균주에 중도저항성을 나타냈다. 흰가루병에 대하여 'Orange Habanero', 'black Cuban'은 저항성을 나타냈으며, '슈퍼마니따'와 'PR 금동'은 중도저항성을 나타냈다. 'Santa Fe Grnade', 'NuMex Pinata' 품종은 흰가루병에 매우 심한 감수성인 것으로 조사되었다. 탄저병의 경우, 'Aji Limon'과 'C. baccatum var. pendelum 3-4' 품종은 저항성인 것으로 조사되었다. 'Pobalno', 'Omni Color', 'Negro', 'Mesilla', 'Mulato', 'Bhut Jolokia', 'Big Dipper', 'Black Cuban', 'NuMex Pinata'와 'NuMex Big Jim'은 중도저항성을 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. '태산'을 제외한 대부분의 PR계통들은 탄저병에 대하여 감수성 내지 심한 감수성인 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 확인된 저항성 개체는 이후에 고추 병저항성 육종에 유용한 유전자원으로 이용될 수 있다. For initiation of resistance breeding program of the red pepper, 21 PR ($Phytophthora$ resistance) cultivars, 36 cultivars collected from USA and 'Supermanitta' which is a susceptible cultivar against phytophthora blight were assayed against phytophthora blight, powdery mildew, and anthracnose. For seedling assay of phytophthora blight, three different mating type strains of $Phytophthora$ $capsici$ were used (A1, A2, Sterile). The result showed that most of the pepper of PR cultivars were resistance or moderately resistance at each mating type. 'Yeokganghongjanggun' was resistant to all three $P.$ $capsici$ strains and 'PR-Datta' and 'PR-Manitta' were resistant or moderately resistant at each type. In case of the collected cultivars, 'NuMex J.E.Parker', 'Omni Color', and 'SCM334' were resistant to all the three types and some cultivars including 'Sweet Banana' and 'Tabasco' were moderately resistant to each type fungi. 'Orange Habanero' and 'Black Cuban' were resistant to powdery mildew and 'Supermanitta' and 'PR Keumdong' were moderately resistant, while 'Santa Fe Grande', 'NuMex Pinata' and 'Puya' were very susceptible. In the case of anthracnose, 'Aji Limon' and 'Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum 3-4' were resistant and 'Pobalno', 'Omni Color', 'Negro', 'Mesilla', 'Mulato', 'Bhut Jolokia', 'Big Dipper', 'Black Cuban', 'NuMex Pinata', and 'NuMex Big Jim' were moderately resistant. The most PR cultivars except 'Taesan' were susceptible or very susceptible. These resistant individuals identified through this experiment can be used as sources of resistance to pepper pathogens in the future breeding programs.
WTO Rules and Practices for Transparency and Engagement with Civil Society Organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a rapidly changing trade environment, marked by economic slowdown and impasse in the Doha Round, the success of the WTO in promoting and legitimizing the rules-based multilateral trading system rests, to a large extent, on maintaining effective relations with civil society, including non-governmental organisations. This paper provides an overview of the WTO's rules and practices for transparency and engagement with NGOs. First, it looks at both internal and external transparency. Second, it deals with how the WTO engages with civil society and illustrates how this has evolved over time. Third, it looks at how NGOs and civil society contribute to the dispute settlement process. In concluding, it explores whether there is scope for enhancing the WTO's current practices for engagement with NGOs, and if so how. It also offers some suggestions on how NGOs can render the WTO more accountable to the public. One area in which the WTO's practices for transparency and channels of engagement with civil society actors has evolved considerably is dispute settlement. Although only WTO members can bring a dispute to the WTO, the practice of opening hearings to the public, upon the parties' request, and inviting contributions from non-members, including NGOs, shows to what extent WTO transparency and engagement with civil society have improved in recent times. In particular, NGOs have assisted parties to a dispute prepare their briefs. This has included annexing studies to the parties's submissions, submitting amicus curiae briefs, and supporting the panel as experts under Article 13 of the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). Forging links with civil society is a formidable task for any intergovernmental organization; at issue are the rights of governments to set WTO policy and the need to respect the voices of those without a vote. Although the WTO's rules for engagement with civil society based on Article V:2 of the Marrakesh Agreement and further elaborated in the 1996 Guidelines have not been updated, the actual practices for engagement have evolved considerably over time and it is likely that they will continue to be improved upon in the future.
Research on recommended methods for shooters in air defense systems based on behavior tree agents

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the process of implementing multi-target interception by the air defense system of systems (SoS), the deployment position, interception range, and weapon speed of each fire unit in the air defense SoS vary due to the different characteristics of the various incoming air targets, the direction of attack, and the interception value, among other factors. Facing many different incoming targets, recommending the most suitable air defense unit to intercept in the Air Defense System of Systems (SoS) is a typical decision problem. This paper presents a novel model for utilizing interception suitability to support situation-driven shooter recommendations in air defense systems. To account for typical situational factors such as target threats, shooter deployment, and remaining firepower, the interception suitability computational model is designed to incorporate each of these variables. This model determines the level of suitability of an interception solution for a given context. To operationalize this concept, a behavior tree was developed to outline the decision-making process for recommending shooter intercept strategies based on the level of interception suitability presented by a given scenario. The model was then tested through simulation experiments conducted by a behavior-tree agent in typical task scenarios, showcasing its effectiveness in enhancing the overall interception efficiency of air defense systems.
[A Case of Cut-to-the-light Incision for Ureteroileal Anastomotic Obstruction after Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy and Ileal Conduit].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 68-year-old man with muscle invasive bladder cancer underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy and ileal conduit for urinary diversion using the Wallace procedure. Two months after surgery, the patient developed recurrent urinary tract infections, and computed tomography showed left hydronephrosis. Nephrostography revealed a left ureteroileal anastomotic obstruction. Ho-YAG laser-assisted incision and transureter dilatation were performed 6 months after surgery. Nephrostography performed 1 month after dilatation confirmed improvement of the obstructed area and no symptom recurrence.
Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of major weed species plant parts on germination and growth of wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A laboratory experiment was conducted at Plant Protection Research Center, Ambo to assess allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Amaranthus hybridus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Datura stramonium and Argemone mexicana leaf, stem and root parts on seed germination, seedlings growth and biomass production of wheat cultivars; HAR-1685 and Durum wheat. Aqueous extracts at 1 g/ml ratio concentrations were prepared for each weed species plant parts uniformly and applied to seeds placed sparsely in petri dish. Highest wheat seed germination reduction (22%) was caused by leaf extract of P. hysterophorus. Uniformly more inhibition on radicle length of wheat seedlings was observed with leaf extracts of the test weed species than the other plant part extracts. Plumule length of the wheat seedlings were reduced by 60 and 40% due to leaf extracts of P. hysterophorus and A. hybridus. In general, the investigation showed that P. hysterophorus and A. hybridus plant leaf and stem extracts consistently cause considerable reduction on percent seed germination, respectively. In addition, leaves extract of both weed species gave the highest negative effect on radicle and plumule elongation of the seedlings. Thus, farmers shall be advised to give special attention in avoiding or minimizing those weed species from farm to contain their adverse effects on the crop.
Bio-inspired foveal and peripheral visual sensing for saliency-based decision making in robotics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Computer vision is an area of research that has grown at immense speed in the last few decades, tackling problems towards scene understanding from very diverse fronts, such as image classification, object detection, localization, mapping and tracking. It has also been long understood that there are very valuable lessons to learn from biology and to be applied to this research field, where the human visual system is very likely the most studied brain mechanism. \n \nThe eye foveation system is a very good example of such lessons, since both machines and animals often face a similar dilemma; to prioritize visual areas of interest to faster process information, given limited computing power and from a field of view that is too wide to be simultaneously attended. While extensive models of artificial foveation have been presented, the re-emerging area of machine learning with deep neural networks has opened the question into how these two approaches can contribute to each other. Novel deep learning models often rely on the availability of substantial computing power, but areas of application face strict constraints, a good example are unmanned aerial vehicles, which in order to be autonomous should lift and power all their computing equipment. \n \nIn this work it is studied how applying a foveation principle to down-scale images can be used to reduce the number of operations required for object detection, and compare its effect to normally down-sampled images, given the prevalent number of operations by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) layers. Foveation requires prior knowledge of regions of interest to center the fovea, this point in question is addressed by a merging of bottom-up saliency and top-down feedback of objects that the CNN has been trained to detect. Albeit saliency models have also been studied extensively in the last couple of decades, most often comparing their performance to human observer datasets, the question remains open into how they fit in wider information processing paradigms and into functional representations of the human brain. It is proposed here an information flow scheme that encompasses these principles. \n \nFinally, to give to the model the capacity to operate coherently in the time domain, it adapts a representation of a well-established theory of the decision-making process that takes place in the basal ganglia region of the brain. The behaviour of this representation is then tested against human observer's data in an omnidirectional field of view, where the importance of selecting the most contextually relevant region of interest in each time-step is highlighted.
Binge Eating Disorder and Fatphobia: Social Stigma, Exclusion, and the Need for a New Perspective on Health

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Binge eating disorder (BED) has long been an overlooked mental health condition, making its recognition and treatment more challenging. This study examines the impacts of social stigma and fatphobia on individuals with BED, exploring how these factors influence their well-being and perpetuate cycles of exclusion and discrimination. Using a psychosocial approach, this research analyzes how societal misperceptions about BED foster harmful stereotypes, such as the belief that being overweight results from a lack of willpower or personal negligence. This study is based on a qualitative discourse analysis of 12 participants diagnosed with BED. The findings highlight the presence of compensatory behaviors, including fasting, excessive exercise, and laxative use, which challenge the conventional understanding of BED. The results reveal that BED affects not only individuals at a personal level, but also deeply impacts their social and family lives, reinforcing shame, guilt, and self-hatred. Diet culture and weight stigma contribute to social exclusion, further hindering access to proper treatment. This study provides a critical perspective on the need for a cultural shift in how society perceives weight and eating behaviors, advocating for a more inclusive health model that prioritizes mental well-being and body diversity over arbitrary aesthetic standards. These findings underscore the need for greater societal understanding, inclusive health narratives, and further qualitative research into the lived experiences of individuals with BED.
Processivity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos. Effects of reaction conditions and enzyme purity.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos has been characterized with regard to its mechanism of DNA synthesis under the influence of a variety of compounds in moderate salt (120 mM KCl), where the enzyme is most highly active and only moderately processive, and in low salt (30 mM KCl), where it is less active yet most highly processive. Disparate activity and processivity optima were obtained in low salt in the presence of varying pH or MgCl2 and ATP concentrations; in moderate salt, optimal activity and processivity were achieved coincidentally. Whereas no correlation between processivity and activity optima was observed upon addition of polyethylene glycol in either low or moderate salt, the optima were coincident at both salt levels on addition of glycerol. None of the reaction conditions examined allowed DNA polymerase gamma to exhibit maximal activity and processivity concurrently; maximal activity was always achieved in moderate salt and the highest processivity in low salt. However, while limiting the availability of primer termini had no effect on the mechanism of DNA synthesis, we found that the ability of mitochondrial DNA polymerase to copy singly primed M13 DNA was enhanced then diminished during the course of purification, suggesting loss of an accessory factor.
S4 Figure. Bayesian cladogram inferred with the nodZ and nolL loci (SI) from Recurrent mutualism breakdown events in a legume rhizobia metapopulation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

S4 Figure. Bayesian cladogram inferred with the nodZ and nolL loci (SI). The tree is rooted with homologous sequences from Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099. Only nodulating isolates are included in the SI tree since the SI loci could not be amplified for the isolates that failed to form nodules. Four species-like clades are identified with the outermost curved bars. A continuous measure of nitrogen fixation is indicated on the tips of the tree, via colored rectangles (colored rectangles = significant nitrogen fixation, white rectangles = no significant nitrogen fixation). Ancestral nodes are labeled and numbered for all clades with Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥0.80. Ancestral states for nitrogen fixation (on A. strigosus) are estimated for all well-supported internal nodes using maximum likelihood. Proportional likelihood of the nitrogen fixation is reported via the color of the node labels. In the parsimony analysis all 18 well-supported ancestral nodes were inferred to be nitrogen fixing. See S4 Table for full parsimony analysis, node support values, and proportional likelihood values of ancestral states of nitrogen fixation. Each of the four major clades on the symbiosis island tree exhibited evidence of incongruence with the chromosomal phylogeny, consistent with recurrent transfer of the symbiosis island among chromosomal lineages (S2,4,5 Figures). In particular, the largest clade on the symbiosis island tree (i.e., SI clade 11, pp=0.88) encompassed only B. canariense isolates but for three exceptions, consistent with horizontal transfer of the SI (i.e., #132, B. spp. nov. X; #175, B. spp. nov. II; #185, B. liaoningense). Similarly, the next largest symbiosis island clade (i.e., node 14, pp=1.00) encompassed mostly B. spp. nov. I and related chromosomal taxa, but for one exception consistent with horizontal transfer of the SI (i.e., #149, B. canariense).
[Investigation of noise pollution in consulting rooms of department of stomatology in a hospital].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

目的 了解口腔科诊室内噪声污染情况,为预防和控制医院口腔科的噪声职业危害提供依据.方法 对口腔科诊室内的环境噪声和常用的几种口腔器械所产生的噪声强度进行测定和分析.结果 振荡器在启动与震荡灌注模型时及齿科技工打磨机在空转与义齿抛光时的噪声强度的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).而高速手机、低速手机、超声波洁治器、切割机、石膏砂轮机在工作时产生的噪声强度[分别为(80.43±10.23)、(78.38±13.15)、(84.54±11.28)、(97.43±8.25)、(85.11±10.12)dB(A)]明显高于空转[分别为(73.10±10.58)、(69.71±12.96)、(70.03±11.87)、(66.25±8.36)、(65.54±9.95)dB(A)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).切割机在使用时噪声强度最大,高达97.43 dB(A).且随着诊室内椅位数的增加,诊室内环境噪声强度增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).一室一椅的诊室噪声强度明显低于一室多椅的诊室.结论 口腔科诊室内存在噪声污染,噪声主要来源于口腔器械.选择优良的设备、合理的布局利于诊室内降噪,有助于保护口腔科医师的身心健康。