jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Factores que afectan el éxito reproductivo y la calidad de la nidada del Pingüino Patagónico (Spheniscus magellanicus) en el Canal Beagle, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this work was to study foraging trip duration and body size of male and female Magellanic Penguins during the breeding season and to determine the association of these parameters with both reproductive success and clutch quality in a colony located in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Trip duration differed significantly between sexes and between breeding stages. Females performed longer trips than males during incubation. We suggest that this could be due to differences in body reserves and foraging capabilities related with their body condition. In both sexes, foraging trips during incubation were longer than in the other stages, while the shortest trips were observed during early chick rearing. Trips were shorter when chicks were smaller and required greater parental care. A high value of reproductive success (1.51 chicks per nest) was recorded in comparison to that observed in colonies from the Malvinas Islands and Punta Tombo. These results could be related to differences in food availability in nearby waters. Body size of parents was not associated with reproductive success. Notwithstanding, larger females produced larger chicks at early moult and clutches of higher quality. The correlation between female body size and chick size at early moult suggests an important contribution of females on chick’s development.
Vapor bubble dynamics, temperature distribution, boiling onset, and heat transfer coefficients during nucleate pool boiling of cryogens in mass force fields

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The vapor bubble growth and break off, and the temperature distribution in the overheated layer during nucleate boiling of liquids are simulated numerically. A new mechanism of vapor bubble growth is suggested. Analytical relations are given for the heat transfer coefficient and the onset of developed boiling. The calculated and measured intrinsic and integral characteristics for boiling nitrogen, oxygen, and helium are observed to be in good agreement.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation Associated with Fat Mass and Weight Status in Youth

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

(1) Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation (SED) and weight-related outcomes in youth, controlling for weight-related behaviors. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood SED, weight status, and fat mass in a diverse sample of youth, before and after controlling for physical activity and diet. (2) Methods: The sample included 828 youth from the Transitions and Activity Changes in Kids study. Neighborhood SED was expressed as an index score at the census tract of residence. Height, weight, and body composition were measured and used to calculate fat mass index (FMI) and weight status. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (min/h) were measured via accelerometry. Diet quality was assessed via the Block Food Screener for Kids. Multilevel regression models were employed to examine these relationships. (3) Results: Neighborhood SED was significantly associated with FMI and weight status before and after controlling for MVPA, sedentary behavior, and diet. Notably, youth residing in the most deprived neighborhoods had significantly higher FMI and were 30% more likely to be overweight/obese (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.03–1.65). (4) Conclusions: Greater neighborhood SED was consistently and significantly associated with higher fat mass index and increased likelihood of overweight/obesity among youth.
Comparison of locomotor stimulant and drug discrimination effects of four synthetic cathinones to commonly abused psychostimulants

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: The underground market is constantly flooded with newer synthetic as alternatives to the older cathinones. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has identified four cathinone compounds of particular concern: 3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (3,4-MD-α-PHP), 4-chloro-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-Cl-α-PPP), alpha-pyrrolidinoisohexiophenone (α-PiHP) and 4-chloro-pentedrone (4-Cl-pentedrone). Aims: The current study aimed to evaluate the behavioral pharmacology of four synthetic cathinones Methods: 3,4-MD-α-PHP, 4-Cl-α-PPP, α-PiHP, and 4-CPD were tested for locomotor activity in mice and in a drug discrimination assay with rats trained to discriminate either methamphetamine or cocaine. Results: Locomotor stimulant effects of 3,4-MD-α-PHP ((effective dose) ED 50 = 1.98 mg/kg), α-PiHP (ED 50 = 2.46 mg/kg), and 4-Cl-α-PPP (ED 50 = 7.18 mg/kg) were observed within 10 min following injection and lasted from 2 to 3.5 h. The stimulant action of 4-CPD (ED 50 = 17.24 mg/kg) was delayed, occurring 40–70 min following injection. The maximal motor stimulant actions of 3,4-MD-α-PHP and α-PiHP 1 were equivalent to that of cocaine and methamphetamine, whereas 4-CPD (50% of cocaine) and 4-Cl-α-PPP (73% of cocaine) were less efficacious. All of the test compounds fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, 3,4-MD-α-PHP (ED 50 = 2.28 mg/kg), α-PiHP (ED 50 = 3.84 mg/kg), and 4-Cl-α-PPP (ED 50 = 15.56 mg/kg). Only 3,4-MD-α-PHP (ED 50 = 1.65 mg/kg), α-PiHP (ED 50 = 1.87 mg/kg), and 4-Cl-α-PPP (ED 50 = 9.79 mg/kg) fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine. 4-Cl-pentedrone caused 55–70% methamphetamine-appropriate responding at doses that also suppressed responding and produced convulsions. Conclusions: These data indicate that 3,4-MD-α-PHP, α-PiHP, and 4-Cl-α-PPP have a potential for abuse similar to that of methamphetamine and cocaine. In contrast, 4-Cl-pentedrone may not be popular for recreational use due to its convulsant effects.
Ligand Design for Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid to Produce High-pressure Hydrogen Gas under Base-free Conditions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series of Cp*Ir (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion) complexes with amino-functionalized ligands were developed for the production of high-pressure H2 via catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid (DFA) in water under base-free conditions. The Ir complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligands bearing amino or alkylamino groups at the para positions exhibited high activity and stability for DFA compared with complexes containing bpy ligands bearing para-hydroxyl groups. In addition, para-amino groups afforded superior catalytic stability under high-pressure conditions compared with ortho-amino groups. By exploiting these amino-functionalized Cp*Ir complexes, it was possible to continuously produce high-pressure CO-free H2 via selective DFA in water upon the addition of concentrated FA (>99.5 wt %) to the base-free solution. Systematic investigation of the ligand effects on DFA revealed that the presence of alkylamino groups on the bpy ligand enhanced the catalytic activity (initial turnover frequency, TOF), although the stability decreased with increasing alkyl chain length on the amino groups. According to a Hammett plot, the increased catalytic activity of the Ir complexes after the introduction of amino-functionalized ligands may be attributable to the electron-donating effect of para-amino groups on the bpy ligand. Based on the experimental results, a reaction mechanism is proposed that involves a hydride intermediate whose stability is affected by the position of the amino groups on the bpy ligand, as confirmed through NMR studies.
Left atrial volume is an independent predictor of mortality in CAPD patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Echocardiography is an established technique to estimate the risk for cardiovascular complications in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). An enlarged left atrium (LA) has recently emerged as a marker of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in various pathologic conditions. However, there have been few studies to evaluate its prognostic value in patients with ESRD, particularly those receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Methods. We conducted an observational cohort study to investigate whether enlarged LA can predict patient outcome in 216 patients with CAPD. Study outcomes were allcause and cardiovascular mortality. Results. Increased left atrium volume index (LAVI > 32 mL/m 2 ) was observed in 99 (45.8%) of the CAPD patients. During the follow-up (26.3 6 18.6 months), 20 patients (9.3%) died. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that the 5-year survival rate was significantly lower in patients with LAVI > 32 mL/m 2 than those with LAVI � 32 mL/m 2 (69 versus 82%, P ¼ 0.024). In multivariate analyses adjusted for echocardiographic parameters and clinical and laboratory data, increased LAVI was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.10, P ¼ 0.03] and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14, P ¼ 0.006). Furthermore, increased LAVI provided the highest predictive value for all-cause mortality [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) ¼ 0.766, P < 0.001] and cardiovascular mortality (AUC ¼ 0.836, P < 0.001) among the measured echocardiographic parameters. Conclusions. We showed that increased LAVI predicted adverse outcomes better than other echocardiographic parameters in patients with CAPD.
Aspiration pneumonia complicated by disseminated fungal sepsis in the setting of incidental esophagitis cystica: A rare autopsy case report with review of the literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction/Objective Esophageal retention cysts are presumed to arise from obstruction of the excretory ducts of the submucosal glands of the esophagus. Since the first description by Kuhne in 1899, different terminologies have been used to denote these lesions including retention cysts, mucocele, esophagitis cystica, and cyst of esophageal submucosal gland duct. Esophageal retention cysts are generally benign, asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. However, a few studies have reported symptomatic dysphagia and to date, only one autopsy case report described esophageal retention cysts contributing to aspiration pneumonia and cause of death. Methods/Case Report We present a case of aspiration pneumonia, associated with both reduced oropharyngeal tone secondary to alcohol consumption and esophageal dysphagia due to esophagitis cystica in a 69 year old female with alcohol use disorder complicated by alcoholic liver disease. The patient was found unresponsive at home with bloody oral secretions and evidence of head trauma. On autopsy all lung lobes demonstrated that large and small airways and alveoli were filled with vegetable matter, associated with prominent bacterial and fungal forms. EVG stain demonstrated vascular disruption with red blood cell extravasation, next to a focus of aspiration pneumonia. This explained the patient’s “bloody oral secretions”, originating from the respiratory tract. Demonstration of fungal hyphae in sections from lungs as well as necrotic colon was consistent with disseminated fungal sepsis. While sections from esophagus showed no varices which could explain the patient’s “bloody oral secretions” in the setting of alcoholic liver disease, there were numerous dilated esophageal submucosal cysts. Cysts were lined by a single to double layer of cuboidal epithelium with eosinophilic cytoplasm and basally-located, bland-appearing nuclei. Conclusion In summary, we present a rare case of esophageal retention cyst associated aspiration pneumonia complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage, adding to the growing body of knowledge regarding fatal complications of these usually incidental lesions.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "TaxonKey" : [ "is Pyrgus barrosi Ureta, 1958" ] } The dataset includes 2 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0119703-230530130749713/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Factors associated with nurses’ perceptions about quality of end‐of‐life care

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Aim To examine the factors associated with nurses’ perceptions of the quality of end‐of‐life care. Background With increasing demand for hospitals to provide end‐of‐life care, the low quality of palliative care provided in hospital settings is an issue of growing concern in developing countries. Most dying patients receive their care from general nurses, irrespective of the nurses’ specialty or level of training. Method A structured cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was conducted of 553 nurses working at a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Results The mean scores for nurses’ knowledge about end‐of‐life care, their attitudes towards end‐of‐life care and the perceived quality of end‐of‐life care were low. The factors identified as significantly associated with the quality of end‐of‐life care were nurses’ levels of knowledge and their attitudes towards end‐of‐life care. Discussion Factors that contributed to the low quality of end‐of‐life care were inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes. These findings may reflect that end‐of‐life care education is not well integrated into nursing education. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that there is a need to increase the nurses’ level of knowledge and improve their attitude towards end‐of‐life care in order to enhance the quality of care provided to dying patients. Implications for nursing and health policy Nurse managers and hospital policymakers should develop strategies to enhance nurses’ level of knowledge, as well as providing adequate emotional support for nurses who care for dying patients and their families. Nurses should be proactive in increasing their knowledge and adopting more positive attitudes towards end‐of‐life care.
ON SOUNDSCAPES, PHONOGRAPHY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND ART

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper proposes a pragmatic response to the broad philosophical question of what constitutes a soundscape and in what ways it might resonate through consciousness and perception. It also discusses phonography, criticizes its incapability to capture the essence of environmental sound, and explains how a series of artistic practices emerged and established themselves within the non-linearities of the recording-reproduction paradigm. Further, it elaborates on how sound art inaugurates new ways of perceiving, thinking about and representing soundscapes, accordingly. In this respect, several examples are discussed, including a selection of works by the author.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase activity by compounds isolated from the aerial parts of Glycosmis stenocarpa

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study is to search for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors from natural plants, bioassay-guided fractionation of lipophilic n-hexane and chloroform layers of an extract of the aerial parts of Glycosmis stenocarpa led to the isolation of 12 compounds (1–12) including murrayafoline-A (1), isomahanine (2), bisisomahanine (3), saropeptate (4), (24 S)-ergost-4-en-3,6-dione (5), stigmasta-4-en-3,6-dion (6), stigmast-4-en-3-one (7), β-sitosterol (8), 24-methylpollinastanol (9), trans-phytol (10), neosarmentol III (11) and (+)-epiloliolide (12). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Among them, neosarmentol III (11) was isolated from nature for the first time. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against sEH. Among isolated carbazole-type compounds, isomahanine (2) and bisisomahanine (3) were identified as a potent inhibitor of sEH, with IC50 values of 22.5 ± 1.7 and 7.7 ± 1.2 µM, respectively. Moreover, the inhibitory action of 2 and 3 represented mixed-type enzyme inhibition.
Tanzanian's interest in and access to organic food

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Organic agriculture not only brings a number of benefits to humans and the environment, but also is a good form of guarantee to consumers’ on food safety. Tanzanian consumers deserve access to safe and high quality food which the organic production system can offer, with no risk of pesticide residues and other harmful effects. They deserve a reliable way to identify such food, and to be guaranteed that “organic” products are really organic. Basing on the survey that involved 130 individuals (55% men and 45% women) from Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro regions, about one-third of the Tanzanian consumers interviewed were not able to define organic agriculture precisely in line with the IFOAM principles. Despite difficulties in defining and identifying organic products because of a lack of certification labels and inadequate knowledge on organic agriculture, more than half of the consumers reported that they consume organic food, and have done so for more than ten years. Consumers claimed to identify organic products by taste, freshness, naturalness and appearance. Without any certified organic products in \nthe Tanzanian markets and many consumers still claiming they consume organic food, these results indicate that many people may not really be consuming organic food even though they believe they are. This is especially true for the people interviewed in Dar es Salaam, where consumers are stuck with a market situation in which food production that is organic “by default” is mixed up with other farming practices and is difficult to trace the origin of the products. To promote organic production and easy identification, an emphasis on increasing affordable organic certification is essential, and it is very fortunate that TanCert (the certification body) is already established to make the certification process more desirable and economically viable to small scale farmers. An increased emphasis on certification will increase the amount and quality of organic farming in Tanzania, and farmers will thereby become more skilled in understanding ecosystems and agronomy. They also will be able to get premium prices for their products, and consumers will have access to more healthful food.The potential for increased organic production is high, because people are concerned about their health and the environment. Although schools already teach environmentally friendly farming practices, more information about organic agriculture in schools and through extension services is \nessential, since the current curriculum is not close enough to the organic concept. Hence, we suggest that initiatives be taken for further development of certification of organic agriculture in both urban and rural areas, in particular to serve the local markets with certified organic products,but also for export fuelling the economic commerce locally.
Effects of Opsonization and Gamma Interferon on Growth of Brucella melitensis 16M in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages In Vitro

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Entry of opsonized pathogens into phagocytes may benefit or, paradoxically, harm the host. Opsonization may trigger antimicrobial mechanisms such as reactive oxygen or nitric oxide (NO) production but may also provide a safe haven for intracellular replication. Brucellae are natural intramacrophage pathogens of rodents, ruminants, dogs, marine mammals, and humans. We evaluated the role of opsonins in Brucella-macrophage interactions by challenging cultured murine peritoneal macrophages with Brucella melitensis 16M treated with complement- and/or antibody-rich serum. Mouse serum rich in antibody against Brucella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (aLPS) and human complement-rich serum (HCS) each enhanced the macrophage uptake of brucellae. Combinations of suboptimal levels of aLPS (0.01%) and HCS (2%) synergistically enhanced uptake. The intracellular fate of ingested bacteria was evaluated with an optimal concentration of gentamicin (2 Î¼g/ml) to control extracellular growth but not kill intracellular bacteria. Bacteria opsonized with aLPS and/or HCS grew equally well inside macrophages in the absence of gamma interferon (IFN-Î³). Macrophage activation with IFN-Î³ inhibited replication of both opsonized and nonopsonized brucellae but was less effective in inhibiting replication of nonopsonized bacteria. IFN-Î³ treatment of macrophages with opsonized or nonopsonized bacteria enhanced NO production, which was blocked by NG-monomethyl l-arginine (MMLA), an NO synthesis inhibitor. MMLA also partially blocked IFN-Î³-mediated bacterial growth inhibition. These studies suggest that primary murine macrophages have limited ability to control infection with B. melitensis, even when activated by IFN-Î³ in the presence of highly opsonic concentrations of antibody and complement. Additional cellular immune responses, e.g., those mediated by cytotoxic T cells, may play more important roles in the control of murine brucellosis.
Sustainable energy efficiency in China from the perspective of environmental development: A comprehensive analysis of regional disparities and policy implications

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Global agreements have emerged in order to achieve carbon neutrality as the needs for renewable energy sources and carbon reduction continue to grow. To achieve the global carbon neutrality goals, China, one of the largest carbon emitters, must improve urban energy efficiency. Using a three-stage slacks-based measure (SBM) technique, this study analyses the total factor energy efficiency of 270 prefecture-level cities from 2011 through 2020. It tries to monitor and evaluate energy efficiency without taking into account variations in the outside environment. China's total factor energy efficiency shows an overall rising trend, despite significant regional variations. Improved energy efficiency levels can be attributed to technical advancements, while limitations in technology contribute to lower energy efficiency in certain areas. The study highlights the importance of considering external environmental factors in evaluating energy efficiency, able to avoid an overestimation of China's overall energy efficiency. It is noteworthy that the eastern region consistently outperforms the national average in terms of energy use efficiency. Even after taking environmental factors out of the equation, the central, west, and northeast regions still have worse energy efficiency and slower rates of growth. On this basis, from strengthening energy management and planning; facilitating cross-regional sharing of expertise; take targeted policy measures to adapt to the characteristics of the western and northeastern regions and put forward policy suggestions. These guidelines contribute to international energy cooperation and carbon reduction initiatives, while promoting sustainable energy development in China.
Nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture in perspective

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas and the most important ozone-depleting emittant of our century. Anthropogenic N2O emissions are dominantly derived from agricultural soils, and driven by increased nitrogen (N) inputs via fertilizers and manures. Here, we argue that the mitigation of N2O emissions should be considered within the broader agronomic and environmental context of agroecosystems. We present the results of three studies that illustrate our approach, which may lead to new approaches towards mitigating N2O emissions. First, we argue that the supply of other nutrients than N have to be considered too when minimizing N2O emissions. In an experiment with silage maize, cumulative N2O emissions were reduced by 58% (p