jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phakic Iris-Claw IOL Implantation, with Bursa Technique, through a Self-Sealing Scleral Tunnel and without Iridotomy or Iridectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To present a novel technique for the implantation of phakic iris-claw intraocular lenses (IOL) in highly myopic cases. Methods Twelve cases, under the age of 40, with high myopia were included in this retrospective study. The mean follow-up span was 14.4±5.8 months. Phakic iris-claw IOL implantation was performed, through a 5.5 or 6.5 mm self sealing scleral tunnel with Bursa technique. No suturing and opening a peripheral iridectomy or iridotomy was required in our study. Pre- and postoperative patient evaluation included manifest and cycloplegic refractions, uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), induced astigmatism, and intraocular pressure (IOP) assessments. Results All eyes gained one to nine lines of BCVA of the Snellen chart. The vector analysis revealed an induced astigmatism of 0.63 D. No significant IOP change was detected throughout the follow-up. Conclusions The data suggest that nonfoldable iris fixated phakic IOL implantation, through a self-sealing incision with Bursa technique, is safe and requires no iridectomy or iridotomy in cases with deep anterior chambers.
Beta2 integrin (CD11/CD18)-mediated signaling involves tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Cbl in human neutrophils.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Leukocyte adhesion molecules of the b 2 integrin (CD11/CD18) family mediate cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions of human polymor- phonuclear neutrophils (PMN) during their re- cruitment to sites of inflammation. To elucidate the molecular events that follow extracellular ligand interactions of b 2 integrins, protein tyrosine signal- ing was studied subsequent to integrin engagement by Western blotting technique. Upon adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen, a native ligand of the b 2 integrins Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and gp150/95 (CD11c/CD18), tyrosine phosphorylation of sev- eral proteins including a 120-kDa protein was ob- served in human PMN. This effect was specific for b 2 integrins because it was absent in PMN derived from CD18-deficient mice, which lack any b 2 in- tegrin expression. Moreover, no signaling was de- tectable upon engagement of CD29 and CD61, the b-subunits of the b 1 and b3 integrins, respectively, revealing the unique function of the b 2 integrins in PMN. By means of immunoprecipitation, the most prominent protein that became tyrosine phosphor- ylated upon b 2 integrin engagement was identified as the 120-kDa protein c-Cbl. The observed sig- naling was independent of both pertussis toxin- sensitive heterotrimeric G-proteins as well as the small G-protein ras. Inhibition of b 2 integrin-me- diated signaling by herbimycin A prevented adhe- sion, shape change, and spreading of PMN to im- mobilized fibrinogen, demonstrating the biological significance of the observed effect. Together, the present data suggest that the b 2 integrins fulfill a unique function among the leukocyte integrins in human PMN by activating an intracellular signal transduction cascade that leads to tyrosine phos- phorylation of c-Cbl and allows subsequent adhe- sion, shape change, and spreading. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68: 284-292; 2000.
Management of Hypercalcemic Crisis due to Primary Hyperparathyroidism During Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the third most common endocrine disorder following diabetes and thyroid disease. Women are affected by primary hyperparathyroidism twice as often as men. The first reported case of hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy was in 1931. More recent data suggests that hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy is diagnosed in .5-1.4% of women. Symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism, such as fatigue, lethargy, and proximal muscle weakness are nonspecific and could be mistaken as complaints naturally present during pregnancy; however, maternal complications in patients with hyperparathyroidism can be as high as 67%. We present a case of a pregnant patient who presented in hypercalcemic crisis with a concomitant diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.
AI Ethics, Debates and Views on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Context of Ethics and Morality

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an experiment on the intelligence of people who are created on machines and programmed to act like ordinary people. As we all know, the development of AI technology is increasingly rapid every day. The introduction of AI in various fields of real life has many positive impacts. However, this development must continue to be accompanied by the ideal application of AI ethics to ensure that existing technology does not exceed reasonable limits in the future and does not cause negative impacts on society. It should be noted that AI Ethics is a field that studies how to develop and use artificial intelligence in a way that is fair, accountable, transparent, and respects human values. Therefore, debates and views arise regarding the use of AI within the scope of existing ethics and morality. This article aims to find out the form of debate and views regarding the use of AI in the context of ethics and morality. The author will create an article by implementing the literature study method, namely collecting data by finding sources from articles, books and other references related to the topic. this discussion.
Preparation and phase transition behaviors of temperature-responsive 3-butoxy-2-hydroxypropyl hydroxyethyl celluloses

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2-Hydroxy-3-butoxypropyl hydroxyethyl celluloses (HBPEC), which are thermoresponsive polymers, are prepared by grafting butyl glycidyl ether onto hydroxyethyl cellulose. The effects of several factors on the cloud point (Tc) of the HBPEC are also investigated. The Tc of HBPEC can be tuned to a ranging from 17.0 to 43.0 °C by changing the molar substitution of hydrophobic groups. Increasing the concentration of HBPEC leads to a faster phase transition as well as a corresponding linear decrease in the Tc. A series of salts with common anions or cations are used to investigate the effects of specific anions or cations on the Tc of HBPEC aqueous solutions. It is discovered that the Tc of HBPEC is largely influenced by the variation of cation identity and concentration. Plotting Tc as a function of cation activity shows that the Tc can be classified by charge density.
Functional Variants in MBL2 Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes Traits in Pima Indians and the Old Order Amish

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE—MBL2 encodes the mannose-binding lectin, which is a key player in the innate immune system and has recently been found to play a role in insulin resistance and development of type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. To assess the role of MBL2 in diabetes susceptibility, this gene was analyzed in the Pima Indian population, which has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Nineteen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in a popula-tion-based sample of 3,501 full-heritage Pima Indians, and se-lected SNPs were further genotyped in independent samples of Native American (n 3,723) and Old Order Amish (n 486) subjects. RESULTS—Two variants, a promoter SNP (rs11003125) at550 bp with a risk allele frequency of 0.77 and a Gly54Asp (rs1800450) with a risk allele frequency of 0.83, were associated with type 2 diabetes in the full-heritage Pima Indians (odds ratio 1.30 per copy of the G allele for rs1103125, P 0.0007, and 1.30 per copy of the glycine allele for rs1800450, P 0.002, adjusted for age, sex, birth year, and family membership). These associations replicated in an independent Native American sample (1.19, P 0.04, for rs11003125) and a Caucasian sample, the Old Order Amish (1.51, P 0.004, for rs1103125 and 2.38, P 0.003, for rs1800450). Among Pima Indians with normal glucose tolerance, the diabetes risk allele glycine of Gly54Asp was associated with a decreased acute insulin response to an intravenous glucose bolus infusion (P 0.004, adjusted for age, sex, percent body fat, glucose disposal under physiological insulin stimulation, and family membership). CONCLUSIONS—Our data suggest that the functional variants in MBL2 contribute to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in both
Ocean, atmosphere, and cloud quantity on the surface conditions of tidally-locked habitable zone planets

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The study of tidally-locked planets has become an active field of research in recent years due to their interesting properties and abundance in the universe. As one hemisphere of these planets is always facing a star and the other is covered in perpetual darkness, habitable conditions on such extreme worlds were generally considered impossible. However, recent studies have shown that under specific planetary atmospheric and oceanic conditions, temperatures could stay mild enough for the planet to be habitable. In this paper, we created an energy balance model to determine the atmospheric and surface temperatures of tidally-locked worlds as a function of several planetary factors. We hypothesized that these factors—atmospheric and oceanic heat circulation and clouds—are crucial for habitable conditions to exist on these planets. We then assessed what specific set of values of these factors would make habitable conditions possible. We found that global heat transportation cycles act as a major determining factor on the planetary climate and, therefore, habitability. Apart from being in the habitable zone, Earth-like oceans and atmospheric coverage could also be essential for the habitability of tidally-locked planets, which establishes viable criteria in future searches for extraterrestrial life and livable worlds.
LHD Langmuir #85617.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Langmuir probes on divertor plates to investigate divertor plasma parameters and fluctuation characteristics of ion flux near the divertor plates. Total 400 Langmuir probes embedded on 20 divertor plates on each of which 20 electrodes are aligned every 6 mm. Sweeping and sampling frequency is normally 250 kHz.
Late-Onset Caloric Restriction Improves Cognitive Performance and Restores Circadian Patterns of Neurotrophic, Clock, and Epigenetic Factors in the Hippocampus of Old Male Rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Aging is a complex multifactorial process that results in a general functional decline, including cognitive impairment. Caloric restriction (CR) can positively influence the aging processes and delay cognitive decline. There is a rhythmic variation in memory and learning processes throughout the day, indicating the involvement of the circadian clock in the regulation of these processes. Despite growing evidence on the efficacy of CR, it has not yet been fully determined whether starting this strategy at an advanced age is beneficial for improving quality of life and eventually, for protection against age-related diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of late-onset CR on the temporal organization of the molecular clock machinery, molecules related to cognitive processes and epigenetic regulation, in the hippocampus of old male rats maintained under constant darkness conditions. Our results evidenced the existence of a highly coordinated temporal organization of Bmal1, Clock, Bdnf, Trkb, Dnmts, Sirt1, and Pgc-1α in the hippocampus of young adult rats. We observed that aging led to cognitive deficits and loss of circadian oscillations of all the above variables. Interestingly, CR restored circadian rhythmicity in all cases and, in addition, improved the cognitive performance of the old animals. This work would highlight the importance of the circadian clock and its synchronization with feeding signals, as the basis of the beneficial effects of CR. Thus, lifestyle modifications, such as CR, might be a powerful intervention to preserve hippocampal circadian organization and cognitive health during aging.
City folk: English country dance and the politics of the folk in modern America

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgments Introduction I Anglo-American Urban Folk Revivals 1 Revival Stories 2 Orderly Bodies: Dancing New York, 1900-1914 3 Orderly Bodies: Dancing London, 1900-1914 4 Planting a Colony in America 5 The American Branch I I Liberalism and Folk Reimaginings 6 The Second Folk Revival 7 Re-Generation 8 Modern English Country Dance and the Culture of Liberalism Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index About the Author
The BIP Trilogy (Bipolarization, Inequality and Polarization): One Saga but Three Different Stories

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Inequality, bi-polarization and polarization are related but distinct concepts aiming at analysing the income distribution. This paper first recalls the main differences between these three notions of inequality, bipolarization and polarization and then suggests using the socalled Shapley decomposition to show that the various income sources have a different impact on these three types of indicators. Our empirical investigation, based on 2008 data for Luxembourg, shows in fact that, in the case of the so-called zero income Shapley decomposition, inequality in Luxembourg is strongly related to income from capital while bipolarization is mainly due to the distribution of income from work and polarization to that of the income from work and transfers.
Design of a Micro‐Structured System for the Homogenization of Dairy Products at High Fat Content – Part III: Influence of Geometric Parameters

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Partial homogenization using a microstructured SHM (Simultaneous Homogenizing and Mixing) valve (as presented in part I) significantly reduces aggregation of fat globules during their homogenization by feeding the continuous phase directly into the droplet disruption zone. It allows homogenizing cream up to at least 42 vol.‐% of fat, thus reducing processing costs significantly without loss in product quality (process intensification). In contrary to conventional milk technology, droplet sizes can be reduced at high fat contents with increasing pressure or increasing temperature of the homogenized stream (as presented in part II). This breaks new ground in dairy product design. In part III our focus is set on the influence of the SHM valve geometry on the homogenization results. No significant influence was found for the shape of the flow channels. In contrast, the distance at which the mixing streams enter has a significant impact on the homogenization results. For standard SHM valves with a T‐shaped mixing unit we found an optimal distance at around 5 mm behind the valve outlet. In order to separate the tasks of implying a counter‐pressure and instant diluting, an SHM2 double‐valve configuration is suggested combining a double homogenization valve with a mixing unit. This offers the possibility to profit from counter‐pressure just as well as in full‐stream homogenization and gives more freedom in the mixing inlet design. Optimal distances for the mixing stream inlet are between 0 and 5 mm.
The effect of porous coatings obtained by various methods on heat transfer and crisis phenomena during nitrogen boiling including non-stationary heating and cooling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents the main results of experimental investigation of the influence of porous coatings obtained by various methods on heat transfer and crisis phenomena during nitrogen boiling, including unsteady heating and cooling regimes. Modification of heater surfaces was carried out by the methods of directed plasma spraying, additive 3D printing and micro-arc oxidation. For all types of porous coatings, a significant intensification of heat transfer at atmospheric pressure relative to smooth heaters was obtained (maximum degree of heat transfer increase up to 6 times). The mechanisms playing a determining role in the process of heat transfer coefficients increase are suggested. The essential influence of structured capillary-porous bronze coatings on the dynamics of transient processes and development of crisis phenomena of non-stationary processes is shown, leading to degeneration of the heat transfer crisis at pulse supply of heat load and significantly reducing the time of complete cooling of the heater in the process of rewetting.
Reversible Defects in Natural Killer and Memory Cd8 T Cell Lineages in Interleukin 15–Deficient Mice

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

C57BL/6 mice genetically deficient in interleukin 15 (IL-15−/− mice) were generated by gene targeting. IL-15−/− mice displayed marked reductions in numbers of thymic and peripheral natural killer (NK) T cells, memory phenotype CD8+ T cells, and distinct subpopulations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The reduction but not absence of these populations in IL-15−/− mice likely reflects an important role for IL-15 for expansion and/or survival of these cells. IL-15−/− mice lacked NK cells, as assessed by both immunophenotyping and functional criteria, indicating an obligate role for IL-15 in the development and functional maturation of NK cells. Specific defects associated with IL-15 deficiency were reversed by in vivo administration of exogenous IL-15. Despite their immunological defects, IL-15−/− mice remained healthy when maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions. However, IL-15−/− mice are likely to have compromised host defense responses to various pathogens, as they were unable to mount a protective response to challenge with vaccinia virus. These data reveal critical roles for IL-15 in the development of specific lymphoid lineages. Moreover, the ability to rescue lymphoid defects in IL-15−/− mice by IL-15 administration represents a powerful means by which to further elucidate the biological roles of this cytokine.
OP08 Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of small bowel cancer: A binational population-based cohort study from Denmark and Sweden

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is associated with increased risk of small bowel cancer (SBC), but previous studies were limited by a small number of cases, short follow-up, lack of individually matched comparators, and over-representation of tertiary referral centres, leading to exaggerated relative risks and incidence data. Data on ulcerative colitis (UC) and SBC are scarce. Methods In a binational, population-based cohort study from Sweden and Denmark of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during 1969–2017 and matched reference individuals from the general population, we evaluated the risk of incident SBC, including SBC subtypes (small bowel adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours, and sarcoma). Cox regression was used to compute adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) as a measure of relative risks for incident SBC and SBC subtypes. Results We identified 161,896 individuals with IBD (CD: 47,370; UC: 97,515; unclassified IBD:17,011). During follow-up, 237 cases of SBC were diagnosed in patients with IBD (CD: 24.4/100,000 person-years; UC: 5.88/100,000 person-years), compared with 640 cases in reference individuals (2.81/100,000 person-years and 3.32/100,000 person-years, respectively, Table). This corresponded to one extra case of for small bowel cancer in 385 CD patients, and one extra case in 500 UC patients, followed-up for 10 years. The aHR for incident SBC of 9.09 (95% CI = 7.34–11.3) in CD patients and 1.85 (95% CI = 1.43–2.39) in UC patients (Figure). When the first year after IBD diagnosis was excluded, the aHRs for incident SBC decreased to 4.96 in CD patients and 1.69 in UC patients. Among CD patients, relative risks were highest for recently diagnosed, childhood-onset, ileal, and stricturing CD; among UC patients, relative risks were highest for those with extensive colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In CD patients, the risk of all SBC subtypes was increased (aHR 15.8 for adenocarcinoma, 5.51 for neuroendocrine tumours, and 4.04 for sarcoma) whereas in UC patients only the risk of adenocarcinoma (aHR 1.99) and neuroendocrine tumours (aHR 2.01) were increased. Conclusion SBC was more common in IBD patients, particularly among patients with CD, although absolute risks were low. Further studies should evaluate the utility of SBC surveillance in selected populations such as those with ileal CD, extensive colitis, or UC-PSC.
Online Buffer Exchange Enables Automated Membrane Protein Analysis by Native Mass Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Membrane proteins represent the majority of clinical drug targets and are actively involved in a range of cellular processes. However, the complexity of membrane mimetics for membrane protein solubilization poses challenges for native mass spectrometry (MS) analyses. The most common approach for native MS analyses of membrane proteins remains offline buffer exchange into native MS-compatible buffers prior to manual sample loading into static nano-ESI emitters. This laborious process requires relatively high sample consumption and optimization for the individual proteins. Here, we developed online buffer exchange coupled to native mass spectrometry (OBE-nMS) for analyzing membrane proteins in different membrane mimetics, including detergent micelles and nanodiscs. Detergent screening for OBE-nMS reveals that mobile phases containing ammonium acetate with lauryl-dimethylamine oxide are most universal for characterizing both bacterial and mammalian membrane proteins in detergent. Membrane proteins in nanodiscs simply require ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. To preserve the intact nanodiscs, a novel switching electrospray approach was used to capture the high-flow separation on the column with a low-flow injection to MS. Rapid OBE-nMS completes each membrane protein measurement within minutes and thus enables higher-throughput assessment of membrane protein integrity prior to its structural elucidation.
Optimum Nozzle Design for a Viscous Liquid by Using Multi-Objective Search Approaches

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the problem of a nozzle design addressed through a multi-objective optimization strategy where governing equations of fluid dynamics model the phenomena. The liquid flow rate and the nozzle length are considered as the design criteria. Two Differential Evolution variants are proposed to obtain a set of design configurations that presents numerous and different synergies between the design criteria. The first variant is based on the Hypervolume performance metric (MODE-HVR) and the second one includes the e-dominance concept (MODE-HVeR). A comparative study is performed with other optimizers from well-established search approaches for multi-objective optimization such as algorithms based on Pareto dominance (NSGA-II and SPEA2), decomposition (MOEA/D), metric (SMS-EMOA) and hybrid (NSGA-III). Based on the Spacing and Hypervolume indicators of the obtained Pareto fronts, the proposed optimization algorithms can provide more design solutions, promoting the reconfigurability (synergy) in the nozzle design. Hence, the multi-objective design strategy allows the designer to have a wide range of solutions and to choose the most suitable one for a particular application, compared with a traditional design where both design criteria are considered as a single aggregate function.