jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ethical, Legal, and Financial Considerations of Artificial Intelligence in Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Machine learning systems have become integrated into some of the most vital decision-making aspects of humanity, including hiring decisions, loan applications, and automobile safety, to name just a few. As applications increase in both gravity and complexity, the data quality and algorithmic interpretability of the systems must rise to meet those challenges. This is especially vital for navigating the nuances of health care, particularly among the high stakes of surgical operations. In addition to inherent ethical challenges of enabling a “black box” system to influence decision-making in patient care, the creation of biased datasets leads to biased algorithms with the power to perpetuate discrimination and reinforce disparities. Transparency and responsibility are paramount to the implementation of artificial intelligence in surgical decision-making and autonomous robotic surgery. Machine learning has been permeating health care across diverse clinical and surgical contexts but continues to face sizable obstacles, including apprehension from patients and providers alike. To integrate the technology fully while upholding standard of care and patient-provider trust, one must acknowledge and address the ethical, financial, and legal implications of using artificial intelligence for patient care.
Paraneoplastic Leukemoid Reaction after Primary Tumor Resection in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma: A Report of 2 Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Leukemoid reaction (LR), which is defined as leukocytosis with a white blood cell (WBC) count above 50 000/µL, can be caused by various conditions, while paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction (PLR), a rare type of paraneoplastic syndrome, occurs in cases of solid tumors. Here we report 2 cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) with PLR accompanied by rapid tumor progression after complete resection of the primary tumor. We reviewed the patient’s clinical history, histopathology, and the results of laboratory tests to rule out LR induced by non-tumor causes. In both cases, PLR appeared after primary tumor resection, and the patients died of disease at the peak of PLR at 6 and 8 weeks. Immunohistochemistry for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor was performed on tumor tissues. Patients with HGUC and PLR are rare and have an extremely poor prognosis. The mechanism by which solid tumors are associated with PLR and rapid tumor progression after surgical resection of the primary tumor is incompletely understood and will be discussed here.
Corrosion Assessment of Wrought and Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo alloys are frequently used as biomedical implants due to their excellent mechanical, electrochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Additive manufacturing (AM) through Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a revolutionary materials processing method for layer-by-layer creation of parts or prototypes directly from a CAD file. Therefore, SLM of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo alloys presents a unique opportunity to design implants completely specific to patient’s specific clinical application. As opposed to the conventional manufacturing methods consisting of slow and controlled thermal changes, SLM involves rapid thermal changes, first heating and melting the alloy powder followed by rapid cooling at high cooling rates (quenching). This difference in fabrication method has shown to have an impact on the mechanical properties and microstructure. Many studies have been performed on the corrosion properties of wrought Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo, however not much is known about the corrosion properties of the SLM alloys. SLM and wrought manufactured Co-Cr-Mo and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are purchased to assess differences in corrosion performance. Potentiodynamic (PD), Potentiostatic (PS), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) are employed electrochemical corrosion techniques to determine the corrosion differences in pH 4,7,10, and physiological PBS solution. After each experiment, the microstructure is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) to assess the corrosion-induced damage on the surface and identify corroded phases in the alloys. In case of CoCrMo system, there no significant difference in the electrochemical response but after the test some microstructural differences are visible. But for TAV, neither electrochemical nor microstructural differences are observed after the electrochemical tests. The long-term effects of corrosion are assessed with PS tests in which no substantial differences are found between the wrought and the SLM manufactured alloys. Lastly, the development and properties of the oxide are determined using EIS, which showed small differences in the oxide stability between the wrought and SLM manufactured alloy. This implies that the oxide development in wrought and SLM manufactured alloys are similar.
SH1402781.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Energy Commodity Volatility Modelling using GARCH

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This thesis investigates the empirical properties of oil, natural gas and electricity price volatilities using a range of univariate and multivariate GARCH models and daily data from U.S. wholesale markets for the period from 2000 to 2012. The key contribution to the literature is the estimation of trivariate BEKK, CCC and DCC models that allow us to observe spillovers and interactions among energy markets. We evaluate the performance of each model with a range of diagnostic and forecast performance tests, and also include graphs for short- and long-term forecasts.
‘Timon of Athens,’ I. i. 289

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

‘Timon of Athens,’ I. i. 289 Get access Edward H. Marshall, M.A. Edward H. Marshall, M.A. 1Hastings Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s7-X, Issue 256, 22 November 1890, Page 403, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s7-X.256.403a Published: 22 November 1890
Review: Domestic Occupations: Spatial Rhetorics and Women’s Work, by Jessica Enoch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Book Review| May 01 2021 Review: Domestic Occupations: Spatial Rhetorics and Women’s Work, by Jessica Enoch Jessica Enoch, Domestic Occupations: Spatial Rhetorics and Women’s Work, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2019. 260 pp. ISBN: 9780809337163 Kate Rich Kate Rich University of Washington Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2021) 39 (2): 240–242. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2021.39.2.240 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Kate Rich; Review: Domestic Occupations: Spatial Rhetorics and Women’s Work, by Jessica Enoch. Rhetorica 1 May 2021; 39 (2): 240–242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2021.39.2.240 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2021 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Reprints and Permissions web page, http://www.ucpress.edu/journals.php?p=reprints.2021The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Review of the Neotropical species of Stauropoctonus Brauns, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Lima, Alessandro Rodrigues, Jacobi, Claudia Maria, Kumagai, Alice Fumi (2013): Review of the Neotropical species of Stauropoctonus Brauns, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). Zootaxa 3750 (5): 494-514, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3750.5.4
Influence of Machine Anvil Wear on Charpy Test Results

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We investigated the influence of the state of wear of Charpy machine anvils on test results byperforming impact tests on NIST specimens of three energy levels with a machine equipped with new anvils (compliant with both ASTM E23 [1] and ISO 148-2 [2]) and worn anvils (anvil corner radii and distance outside ASTM tolerances, but within ISO tolerances). The results obtained, statistically analyzed, unequivocally show that worn anvils tend to increase absorbed energy at all energy levels. On the other hand, data variability does not appear to be significantly affected by anvil wear. This study represents NIST contribution to an international effort spearheaded by the Japan Iron and Steel Federation Standardization Center (Tokyo, Japan).
Roads to American Empire: U.S. Military Public Works and Capitalist Transitions, 1898–1934.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Between 1898 and 1934, in synchronous and successive U.S. military interventions and occupations in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic, American soldiers made public works, and especially roads, into a global technology of imperial power. This essay examines infrastructure as a factor in state formation and capitalist transition in these five different imperial spaces as a way to study U.S. empire, and its effects on foreign societies, through a comparative, global, and intra‐imperial approach often precluded by the methodological nationalism of historical and sociological literatures. Despite significant differences between these sites of U.S. war and occupation, both prior to American interventions and during them, U.S. military public works expressed and advanced a common political‐economic logic of state centralization and capital accumulation. Colonial and post‐colonial political institutions and political economies, the strength of central governments, the extent of plantation agriculture and rural proletarianization, world commodity markets, and geography and natural events varied, but determined U.S. imperial infrastructure's outcomes. By the 1930s, the U.S. military had elevated infrastructural improvement to a key repertoire of American imperial power in the world, and one which persisted as the United States turned away from formal colonialism in the era of the Cold War and decolonization.
When and how do elite soccer players sprint in match play? A longitudinal study in a professional soccer league

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aims of this study were to examine the periods in which the maximum speed actions occurred during elite soccer matches and analyse these actions considering the effect of playing position and different contextual variables. Performance-related variables (VMAX: maximum speed; Vo: starting speed; SPD: sprinting distance; ACCMAX: maximum acceleration; DECMAX: maximum deceleration) and sprint-related contextual variables (trajectory, ball possession, role, field area in which the action occurred) from each maximum speed action were collected. The first 15 minutes of each match half elicited most maximum speed actions (44.6% of cases), regardless of playing position (likelihood ratio, LR=13.95; p=0.95). However, playing position had a significant effect on the role of the action (Chi-Squared, χ2=50.68; p=0.001) and the field area in which the sprint occurred (χ2=26.54; p=0.001). Regarding the effect of different contextual variables on the sprint-related performance variables, no significant effect from any contextual variable on ACCMAX, DECMAX or Vo was found (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the contextual variables had a significant effect on SPD (from ball possession: sprints without ball > sprints with ball; trajectory: non-linear sprints > linear sprints; role: offensive sprints > defensive sprints) and VMAX (from ball possession: sprints without ball > sprints with ball; playing position: midfielders < other positions).
What Contributes to Daughter Cells Separation during Cytokinesis of Amoeba proteus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Before the furrow formation the non-polar general contraction resulting in cell de-adhesion and spherulation, and the following relaxation leading to re-adhesion, flattening and spreading, are both necessary prerequisitesof a successful cytokinesis in A. proteus. The bipartition begins by sudden generation of two divergent cytoplasmic streamings at the late anaphase, always before the formation of furrow. All these facts fit better with the polar relaxation model than with the equatorial contraction model of initiating the fission of amoeba. After formation of the furrow the contractile ring gradually constricts the cytoplasmic connection between daughter cells. Endopasm flow in the connection bridge is no more bipolar but irregularly reversing; it compensates hydrostatic pressure differences between daughter cells. The final break of the connection is explained by its stretching because of the disparate locomotor activities on both sides of the furrow and owing to the cytoskeleton disassembly inside the connecting bridge.
Femtosecond non-collinear optical parametric oscillator in the visible (VIS-NOPO)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we present a femtosecond, fast tunable non-collinear optical parametric oscillator (NOPO) pumped by the third harmonic of a Yb-fiber laser. The NOPO covers nearly the complete visible spectral range from 440-720 nm.
Risk factors for level V metastasis in patients with N1b papillary thyroid cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, and its incidence has increased. Lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM) implies a worse prognosis than central lymph node metastasis, with a higher recurrence rate and decreased disease-free survival. The 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines recommend compartmental node dissection in patients with LLNM to reduce the risk of recurrence and mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for level V lymph node (LN) metastasis in patients with N1b papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods A total of 110 consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with lateral neck dissection for PTC between April 2016 and April 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. Based on level V metastasis, 94 patients were divided into two groups, and their clinicopathological characteristics were compared. Univariable analysis were used to assess the factors associated with level V metastasis. Spearman correlation analysis were used to assess the correlation between tumors and LN. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff value for the number of metastatic LNs at each level for level V metastasis. Results The number of metastatic LNs and lymph node ratio (LNR) in level II were significantly associated with level V metastasis (P = 0.011 and 0.001, respectively). The number of metastatic LNs in level II and those in the total number of levels correlated with the number of metastatic LNs in level V (rho = 0.331, 0.325, and P = 0.001, 0.001, respectively). The cutoff value for the number of metastatic LNs in level II was defined as 2.5 (area under the curve = 0.757, sensitivity = 50%, specificity = 82.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.626–0.889, P = 0.002). Simultaneous 3-level metastasis (level II, III, and IV) and 3-level with ≥ 2.5 metastatic LNs in level II were significantly associated with level V metastasis (P = 0.003 and 0.002). Conclusions The number of metastatic LNs and LNR in level II, simultaneous 3-level metastasis (level II, III, and IV), and 3-level with ≥ 2.5 metastatic LNs in level II were significantly associated with level V metastasis. (P = 0.011, 0.001, 0.003, and 0.002, respectively). In the future, larger-scale multi-institutional studies were needed to find out predictors for level V metastasis.
The Drainage: Impacts, Plant Growth, and Water Table Levels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Every soil has some degree of natural drainage. However, if the rates of precipitation or irrigation exceed the natural drainage rate of the soil, the high water table conditions will impair crop growth, because of a lack of oxygen in the root zone. Artificial, or tile drainage, is therefore required to remove excess soil water and to lower the water table, to maintain an optimum soil–air environment within the crop root zone. Most of the world's highly productive agricultural soils require either surface drainage or tile drainage, or a combination of both, to maintain stable crop yields. It is estimated that there are about 200 million hectares of cropland worldwide with improved drainage.
Comparison of conventional and hypofractionated radiation after mastectomy in locally advanced breast cancer: a prospective randomised study on dosimetric evaluation and treatment outcome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Although hypofractionated radiotherapy has been standardised in early breast cancer, even in post-mastectomy no such consensus has been developed for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), probably due to complex planning and field matching. This study is directed towards dosimetric evaluation and comparison of toxicity, response and disease-free survival (DFS) comparison between hypofractionation and conventional radiotherapy in post-mastectomy LABC. Methodology: In total, 222 female breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to be treated with either hypofractionated radiotherapy ( n = 120) delivering 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks or conventional radiotherapy ( n = 102) with 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) along with neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. All patients were planned with treatment planning software and assessed regularly during and after treatment. Results: Median follow-up period was 178 weeks in conventional arm (CRA) and 182 weeks in hypofractionation arm (HFA). There exists a dosimetric difference between the two arms of treatment, in spite of similar dose coverage [planning treatment volume (PTV) D90 92·04% in CRA versus 92·5% in HFA; p = 0·49], average dose in HFA is less than that of CRA ( p < 0·001); so is the maximum clinical target volume (CTV) dose ( p < 0·001). Similarly, average lung dose in HFA arm is significantly lower than CRA (9·9 versus 10·84; p = 0·06), but the V20 Gy of lung and V30 Gy of heart had no difference. The toxicity of radiation was comparable with similar mean time to produce toxicity [CRA: 7 W, HFA: 10 W; hazard ratio 0·64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·28–1·45]. Three-year recurrence event was alike in two arms (CRA: 4·9%, HFA: 5·8%; p = 0·76). Mean DFS in CRA is 230 weeks and that of HFA is 235 weeks with hazard ratio 1·01 (95% CI = 0·32–3·19; p = 0·987). Conclusion: Though biologically effective dose (BED) in hypofractionation is lesser than that of conventional fractionation, there are indistinguishable toxicity, locoregional recurrence, distant failure rate and DFS between the two modalities.
Colchicine Use in Acute Coronary Syndromes: An Update

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its main pathological substrate is represented by atherosclerosis. Inflammation is a major promoter of the atherosclerotic process and is involved in both the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, as well as in the occurrence of fatal complications. Until the present moment, Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial is the largest trial to demonstrate a major benefit of low-dose colchicine on major adverse cardiac events in patients with recent myocardial infarction (MI), but the mechanisms behind this relation are not completely known. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the possible pathways through which colchicine improves the clinical outcomes in the acute setting of acute coronary syndromes by referring to the results of the studies published in the past 5 years. Aside from its stated systemic anti-inflammatory effect, colchicine could be a valuable addition to the therapeutic approach of acute MI by reducing the infarct size, stabilizing the coronary plaque, as well as reducing platelet aggregation. Moreover, colchicine may improve endothelial function, reduce the transcoronary release of cytokines, and prevent a rise in inflammatory markers after percutaneous coronary intervention, thus diminishing the residual inflammatory risk.
Automated image quality evaluation of T2‐weighted liver MRI utilizing deep learning architecture

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Purpose To develop and test a deep learning approach named Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for automated screening of T 2 ‐weighted (T 2 WI) liver acquisitions for nondiagnostic images, and compare this automated approach to evaluation by two radiologists. Materials and Methods We evaluated 522 liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams performed at 1.5T and 3T at our institution between November 2014 and May 2016 for CNN training and validation. The CNN consisted of an input layer, convolutional layer, fully connected layer, and output layer. 351 T 2 WI were anonymized for training. Each case was annotated with a label of being diagnostic or nondiagnostic for detecting lesions and assessing liver morphology. Another independently collected 171 cases were sequestered for a blind test. These 171 T 2 WI were assessed independently by two radiologists and annotated as being diagnostic or nondiagnostic. These 171 T 2 WI were presented to the CNN algorithm and image quality (IQ) output of the algorithm was compared to that of two radiologists. Results There was concordance in IQ label between Reader 1 and CNN in 79% of cases and between Reader 2 and CNN in 73%. The sensitivity and the specificity of the CNN algorithm in identifying nondiagnostic IQ was 67% and 81% with respect to Reader 1 and 47% and 80% with respect to Reader 2. The negative predictive value of the algorithm for identifying nondiagnostic IQ was 94% and 86% (relative to Readers 1 and 2). Conclusion We demonstrate a CNN algorithm that yields a high negative predictive value when screening for nondiagnostic T 2 WI of the liver. Level of Evidence : 2 Technical Efficacy : Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:723–728.