jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF THE ANDES/COBRA-III COUPLED SYSTEM IN HEXAGONAL-Z GEOMETRY

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the extension of the nodal diffusion code ANDES, based on the ACMFD method, to hexagonal geometry is presented, as well as its coupling with the thermal-hydraulic (TH) code COBRA-IIIc/MIT-2 for such hexagonal problems. In extending the ACMFD method to hexagonal assemblies, triangular-Z nodes are used, taking advantage of the mesh refinement capabilities implicit within that geometry. The existing TH coupling for Cartesian geometry applications has also been extended to hexagonal problems, with the capability to model the core using either assembly wise channels (hexagonal mesh) or a higher refinement with six channels per fuel assembly (triangular mesh). Achieving this level of TH mesh refinement with COBRA-IIIc code provides a better estimation of the in-core 3D flow distribution. Therefore, the work presented here introduces an improvement in the TH VVER core modelling, where in the best case scenario, just twenty axial layers and one channel per fuel assembly were used. As a result, the neutronic and thermal-hydraulics (N-TH) coupled code, ANDES/COBRA-IIIc, extensively verified in Cartesian geometry cores analysis, can also be applied to full threedimensional VVER core problems. Some verification results are provided, corresponding to 2 nd exercises (HZP and HP steady states) of the OECD/NEA- VVER-1000 Coolant Transient benchmark and to the HZP and HFP steady states of the V1000CT2-EXT2 NURESIM benchmark.
The SAMHD1-MX2 axis restricts HIV-1 infection at postviral DNA synthesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT HIV-1 replication is tightly regulated in host cells, and various restriction factors have important roles in inhibiting viral replication. SAMHD1, a well-known restriction factor, suppresses HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs, thereby limiting the synthesis of viral cDNA in quiescent cells. In this study, we revealed an additional and distinct mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition during the postviral cDNA synthesis stage. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the interaction between SAMHD1 and MX2/MxB, an interferon-induced antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import. The disruption of endogenous MX2 expression significantly weakened the ability of SAMHD1 to inhibit HIV-1. The crucial region within SAMHD1 that binds to MX2 has been identified. Notably, we found that SAMHD1 can act as a sensor that recognizes and binds to the incoming HIV-1 core, subsequently delivering it to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby blocking the nuclear entry of the HIV-1 core structure. SAMHD1 mutants unable to recognize the HIV-1 core showed a substantial decrease in antiviral activity. Certain mutations in HIV-1 capsids confer resistance to MX2 inhibition while maintaining susceptibility to suppression by the SAMHD1-MX2 axis. Overall, our study identifies an intriguing antiviral pattern wherein two distinct restriction factors, SAMHD1 and MX2, collaborate to establish an alternative mechanism deviating from their actions. These findings provide valuable insight into the complex immune defense networks against exogenous viral infections and have implications for the development of targeted anti-HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE In contrast to most restriction factors that directly bind to viral components to exert their antiviral effects, SAMHD1, the only known deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, indirectly inhibits viral replication in quiescent cells by reducing the pool of dNTP substrates available for viral cDNA synthesis. Our study provides a novel perspective on the antiviral functions of SAMHD1. In addition to its role in dNTP hydrolysis, SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2 to inhibit HIV-1 nuclear import. In this process, SAMHD1 acts as a sensor for incoming HIV-1 cores, detecting and binding to them, before subsequently delivering the complex to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby immobilizing the virus. This study not only reveals a new antiviral pathway for SAMHD1 but also identifies a unique collaboration and interaction between two distinct restriction factors, establishing a novel line of defense against HIV-1 infection, which challenges the traditional view of restriction factors acting independently. Overall, our findings further indicate the intricate complexity of the host immune defense network and provide potential targets for promoting host antiviral immune defense.
Likelihood Map Waveform Tracking Performance for GNSS-R Ocean Altimetry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ocean altimetry with Global Navigation Satellite Systems signals (GNSS) signals is a remote sensing technique that measures the height of the sea surface through the difference in path length of the direct and reflected signal. Code altimetry estimates this parameter by tracking the code delay after performing correlations with a GNSS signal replica. It is of limited precision due to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and narrow bandwidth of the ocean-reflected GNSS signal. However, the potential advantages of the GNSS-R systems such as high temporal resolution and spatial coverage are a motivation to improve its altimetric precision. In this article, we present a performance assessment of the Likelihood Map Waveform tracking technique, a method based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation theory that exploits the available reflected power in a more efficient way than the single tracking point methods. We use a modification of the theoretical optimal solution that achieves a better performance than previous methods. We estimate it, in terms of SNR gain, using Monte Carlo method with a detailed stochastic model of the signal, and with actual signals from the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System. The gain values obtained were between 1.64 and 3.66 dB in the theoretical analysis, and between 1.69 and 2.62 dB with the real data, confirming the potential of the proposed approach.
POSSIBLE METHOD OF DETERMINING STRUCTURAL NUMBER FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS WITH THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper was transferred from the original CD ROM created for this conference. The material was published using Adobe Acrobat 10.1.0 Technology. \nThe original CD ROM was produced by Document Transformation Technologies Postal Address: PO Box 560 Irene 0062 South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 667 2074 Fax: +27 12 667 2766 E-mail: nigel@doctech URL: http://www.doctech.co.za
Volatile fingerprints of artemisinin‐rich Artemisia annua cultivars by headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The cultivar Anamed (A3) is a hybrid of Artemisia annua with a high content of the secondary metabolite artemisinin, a well‐known antimalarial drug. Here we report for the first time the volatile profile of fresh leaves of this hybrid in comparison with that of Artemisia annua L. wild‐type species. Evaluation and comparison of the volatile profiles of A. annua genotypes with different content in artemisinin were carried out by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) that was performed on fresh leaves of the plants under investigation using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber. The chromatograms obtained from hybrids with a high content of artemisinin ( A. annua cv. Anamed A3 and A. annua cv. Artemis F2) reveal the total absence of artemisia ketone, one of the major and characteristic compounds of the wild‐type A. annua L., along with a significantly lower variety of volatile compounds. In conclusion, HS‐SPME coupled with GC/MS is a very useful, non‐destructive and efficient method to describe the volatile pattern of Artemisia annua cultivars. It represents a rapid screening method for the evaluation of volatile biomarkers like artemisia ketone, whose absence is typical of artemisinin‐rich A. annua cultivars. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualization of Flow and Forces in Swimming

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

水泳，特に泳速度を競う競泳は，物理的に見て非常に複雑な現象である，泳者身体の多くの部分は水中，一部は空中であり，泳者は多自由度の三次元運動を行い，水中の流れは高レイノルズ数の乱流となる，よって力学的な研究対象としては大変チャレンジングであり，逆に言えば研究しがいのある対象である．筆者は20年近く競泳を対象として研究を行っており，本稿では可視化の観点からその取り組みのいくつかを紹介する．まず流れの可視化として数値流体力学的研究の状況について概観し，実験的研究として筆者らの研究グループによる流れの可視化の取り組みについて紹介する．次に競泳中に泳者に作用する流体力（水からの力）の可視化として，筆者らによる水泳のシミュレーションモデルによる取り組みについて紹介する．最後にこの分野の今後の展開について期待も交えて述べる．
The Role of Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation in the Exercise Behavior of Women

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objectives The purpose of the study was to explore factors related to exercise behavior (i.e., concrete physical social support, general social support, exercise social support, exercise self-efficacy and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation) to determine how these factors vary in relation to women’s exercise behavior. Further, the study examined how exercise social support, exercise self-efficacy and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation relate to the stability of exercise behavior over time. Methods A community sample of 357 adult female participants, completed a baseline online survey. Participants were recruited online, by email, or by posters and were asked to participate in a study investigating women’s daily activities. After three months, a total of 243 participants completed a follow-up online survey (68% response rate). Results At baseline, the study identified significant differences for all of the factors by stage of change except for concrete physical social support. Women reported differing levels of reliable alliance (p<.001), exercise social support (p<.001), exercise self-efficacy (p<.001), and extrinsic (p<.001) and intrinsic (p<.001) motivation by stage. When the factors were examined over a three month time frame, there were differences in reported exercise social support (p<.001), exercise self-efficacy(p<.001), and intrinsic(p<.001)/extrinsic (p<.001) motivation based on the stability of exercise behavior. Conclusions Overall, the findings from the current study suggest that there are a number of factors that could encourage the initiation and maintenance of exercise behavior, including social support, motivation and self-efficacy. An interesting finding in the current study was that having an actual partner for exercise did not have a significant influence on women’s exercise behavior.
Mansfield's Decision: Toward Human Freedom

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As Daniel Hulsebosch and Ruth Paley show in their perceptive and helpful comments, Somerset's Case raises questions about several dimensions of the nature of British imperial slavery. As to those dimensions, we share considerable common ground. I agree with Paley that racism was an important element in the treatment of black slaves in England and in its colonies. Hulsebosch is correct that in the late eighteenth century protecting liberty in England by keeping England free from slavery could co-exist with the willingness or desire to maintain colonial slavery. However, as discussed below, the significance of the Somerset decision goes beyond racism and metropolitan protection.
Functional Role of Natural Antioxidants in Controlling Oxidative StressAssociated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019, resulting in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 can be potentially fatal among a certain group of patients. Older age and underlying medical illness are the major risk factors for COVID-19-related fatal respiratory dysfunction. The reason for the pathogenicity of COVID-19 in the older age group remains unclear. Factors, such as coagulopathy, cytokine storm, metabolic disruption, and impaired T cell function, may worsen the symptoms of the disease. Recent literature has indicated that viral infections are particularly associated with a high degree of oxidative stress and an imbalance of antioxidant response. Although pharmacological management has taken its place in reducing the severity of COVID-19, the antioxidants can serve as an adjunct therapy to protect an individual from oxidative damage triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. In general, antioxidant enzymes counteract free radicals and prevent their formation. The exact functional role of antioxidant supplements in reducing disease symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains mostly unknown. In this review, the functional role of natural antioxidants in SARS-CoV-2 infection management is discussed in brief.
Horizon scanning for invasive alien species with the potential to threaten biodiversity in Great Britain

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Invasive alien species ( IAS ) are considered one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, particularly through their interactions with other drivers of change. Horizon scanning, the systematic examination of future potential threats and opportunities, leading to prioritization of IAS threats is seen as an essential component of IAS management. Our aim was to consider IAS that were likely to impact on native biodiversity but were not yet established in the wild in Great Britain. To achieve this, we developed an approach which coupled consensus methods (which have previously been used for collaboratively identifying priorities in other contexts) with rapid risk assessment. The process involved two distinct phases: Preliminary consultation with experts within five groups (plants, terrestrial invertebrates, freshwater invertebrates, vertebrates and marine species) to derive ranked lists of potential IAS. Consensus‐building across expert groups to compile and rank the entire list of potential IAS. Five hundred and ninety‐one species not native to Great Britain were considered. Ninety‐three of these species were agreed to constitute at least a medium risk (based on score and consensus) with respect to them arriving, establishing and posing a threat to native biodiversity. The quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis , received maximum scores for risk of arrival, establishment and impact; following discussions the unanimous consensus was to rank it in the top position. A further 29 species were considered to constitute a high risk and were grouped according to their ranked risk. The remaining 63 species were considered as medium risk, and included in an unranked long list. The information collated through this novel extension of the consensus method for horizon scanning provides evidence for underpinning and prioritizing management both for the species and, perhaps more importantly, their pathways of arrival. Although our study focused on Great Britain, we suggest that the methods adopted are applicable globally.
Baseball Throwing Velocity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study examined the effect of upper body plyometric training, using medicine balls, and upper body conventional weight training on baseball throwing velocity and strength levels as assessed by a 6-RM bench press. Twenty-four junior development baseball players took part in an 8-week training study in conjunction with their baseball training. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: a medicine ball training group, a weight training group, and a control group. The first group performed explosive upper body medicine ball throws, the weight training group performed conven- tional upper body weight training, and the control group only performed their normal baseball training. Pre- and post-training measurements of throwing velocity and 6-RM bench press were recorded. The weight training group produced the greatest increase in throwing velocity and 6-RM strength. The medicine ball group showed no significant increase in throwing velocity but did show a significant increase in strength. For this group of non-strength-trained baseball players, it was more effective to implement a weight training program rather than medicine ball training to increase throwing velocity.
Contractile properties of rat skeletal muscles after hindlimb unloading and beta-GPA administration.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Soleus and EDL muscles of rats were examined following hindlimb unloading. Some of the rats were given beta-GPA, a creatine analog which depletes high-energy phosphates in muscle tissue, in their food. The contractile properties and fatigue resistance of these muscles were studied, with and without incubation in calcium solution. The increased fatigue resistance after beta-GPA feeding was less in calcium-free solution.
Soil biological characteristics and microbial community structure in a field experiment

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The influence of different fertilization treatments on soil biological characteristics and microbial community structure was investigated. Soil samples were taken from a long-term field experiment which was conducted to explore the effect of eight treatments: control (non-fertilized), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), FYM (farmyard manure), FYM + NPK, CSl + St (cattle slurry + straw), CSl + St + NPK, CSl, CSl + NPK. The highest values of invertase activity were found in treatment fertilized with farmyard manure combined mineral fertilizers, similarly to total N content, activity of urease, and C of microbial biomass. Dehydrogenase activity was lower in all treatments with mineral fertilization. Bacterial and actinobacterial T-RFLP profiles of 16S rRNA genes showed similar patterns in response to eight fertilization treatments. In both, the communities formed distinct groups, which were separated by organic fertilization i.e. cattle slurry and straw amendments along the x axes and by NPK amendments along the y axes using the Sammon’s method of multidimensional scaling. Significant correlations were determined in several situations related to diversity: between invertase and 1/Db (dominance, bacteria), 1/Da (dominance, actinobacteria) and between T-RFLP profiles of actinobacteria, nitrogen and organic carbon content and bacterial E (evenness).
Clinical Tests of Gastric Secretion. History, Methodology and Interpretation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This slim fascicle is an excellent summary and atlas of its subject, as would be expected by those who knew the first edition by Castleman alone, now long out of print.In addition to the valuable practical exposition there are interesting sections on the history of hyperpara- thyroidism and the possible functional cycle of parathyroid cells-the latter somewhat speculative.One may disagree with the authors on the emphasis on mitotic activity as the single most valuable point in diagnosing carcinoma, consider their restriction on the use of the term clear cell unnecessary, the description of colloid somewhat scrappy, and the treat- ment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism perfunctory.However, it is a book that all concerned with the practical manage- ment of hyperparathyroidism-physicians and surgeons as well as pathologistswill find invaluable.
Peculiarities of Children’s Imitation of Media Рersons in Parasocial Relations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the modern world popular media personalities are becoming the role models for teenagers. Adolescents build parasocial relationships with them and then try to imitate the stale behavior of those media personalities. We do not know for sure which media personalities modern children choose to follow. We also do not know exactly how imitation takes place in parasocial relationships. That is why we set ourselves the goal to investigate the implementation of the mechanism of imitation in parasocial relations of Ukrainian high school students. In November-December 2020, we surveyed 170 people from 11 regions of Ukraine according to the author’s questionnaire "Mechanisms of Parasociality" (Chaplinska-Naidenova). The study raised the question of the formation and functioning of parasocial relations. This article presents its results related to the manifestation of the mechanism of imitation at the level of frequency analysis. First of all, we found that the most popular types of media people among young people are musicians (31.8 %), bloggers (26.5 %), actors (11.8 %), cartoon characters (5.9 %) and heroes of the series (2.9 %). Secondly, we can state the fact that adolescents do choose the media persona as a role model (64.7 %). Third, imitation can be individual or collective (group). Lastly, the parasocial imitation is based on the child’s desire not only to self-identify, but also to take a status position in the reference group through demonstrations of behavior patterns of a successful model (media personalities). We see the limitations of our study in the fact that issues related to imitation are purely assertive and external in nature and do not reflect differences in the internal experiences or values of respondents under the influence of parasocial relations. We see further perspectives in the study of illusory mechanisms of parasociality.
Role of metal electrodes in the generation of third order nonlinearities in TC-SAW devices

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the present work, nonlinearities in temperature compensating (TC) SAW devices are investigated. The materials used are LiNbO₃-rot128YX as the substrate and Copper electrodes covered with a SiO₂-layer as the compensating layer. In order to understand the role of these materials for the nonlinearities in such acoustic devices, a FEM simulation model in combination with a perturbation approach is applied. The nonlinear tensor data of the different materials involved in TC-SAW devices have been taken from literature, but were partially modified to fit experimental data by introducing scaling factors. An effective nonlinearity constant is determined by comparison of nonlinear P-matrix simulations to IMD3 measurements of test filters. By employing these constants in nonlinear periodic P-matrix simulations a direct comparison to nonlinear periodic FEM-simulations yields the scaling factors for the material used. Thus, the contribution of different materials to the nonlinear behavior of TC-SAW devices is obtained and the role of metal electrodes is discussed in detail.
Correlation of lip patterns, gender, and blood group in North Kerala population: A study of over 800 individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With the ever-changing field of criminal justice, the constant revision of criteria for acceptable evidence by the judiciary poses new challenges in forensic investigation. The applicability of cheiloscopy in individual identification is an area of extensive research in recent years.The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of different lip print patterns in North Kerala population, to assess any sexual dimorphism in lip patterns, and to correlate lip print patterns with ABO and Rh blood groups.A total of 858 students, 471 males and 387 females, from different colleges in the district of Kozhikode in North Kerala were included in the study. Lip prints were obtained using lipstick and cello tape and transferred onto white papers. Blood group of the participants was noted.The most predominant pattern observed was Type I (48.3%), followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type I', and Type V. We also observed that the lower lip exhibited an overwhelming predominance of Type I pattern in the North Kerala population while the upper lip showed a more even distribution. Gender-wise difference was observed with Type II being the most common in males and Type IV being the predominant pattern in females. No correlation was obtained between the blood groups and lip patterns.The potential usefulness of cheiloscopy in forensic medicine still remains largely untapped and under-recognized. Similar studies in different populations with large sample sizes will allow a more definite picture of lip print patterns to emerge.