jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effective connectivity modeling of human brain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Three different connectivity models, namely structural (anatomical links), functional (statistical dependencies), and effective (causal interactions) have been introduced to examine the interactions between different regions of the brain. To understand the interactive systems, it is of fundamental importance to distinguish the sender from the receiver, and hence to be able to estimate the direction of the information flow. Effective connectivity methods estimate direct and/or indirect causal relationships between the regions. Five different approaches have been proposed in the literature for functional and effective connectivity modeling of the brain: Covariance analysis, information theory, Granger causality based multivariate autoregressive modeling, dynamic causal modeling (DCM), dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). These modeling approaches handle data in different domains such as time or frequency. All the methods use the data directly to establish a connectivity model with the exception of DCM that starts this process with a proposal model. Except DBN that is probabilistic, all the methods are deterministic. Most of the methods can produce linear models with only a few (DBN and information theory based methods) also being capable of constructing nonlinear models. Since DBN is the only probabilistic and nonlinear method that can model multivariate relations and it is data driven where no prior model suggestion or user tuned parameters are required for its structure learning, the results of DBN based effective connectivity modeling are presented for two studies: 1) Based on the theory that dyslexia is a disconnection syndrome, connectivity models of EEG data recorded from 31 dyslexic and 25 healthy children during word and pseudoword reading experiments are compared to determine whether there are differences between the two groups (dyslexic and control) and the two conditions (word and pseudoword). 2) To reveal the neural circuits for number perception in human brain and then to investigate the problems in these circuits in children with dyscalculia, connectivity models of fMRI data recorded from 6 healthy and 6 dyscalculic children during approximate and symbolic counting experiments are compared to determine whether there are differences between the two groups (dyscalculic and control
Pre- and post-weaning performance of piglets offered different types of creep feed

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We determined the impact of creep feed provision and type on pre- and post-weaning growth performance of piglets. At 2 wk post farrow, litters (n = 50) were given no creep feed or provided a simple creep feed, a complex creep feed, or both until weaning at ∼28 d. Creep feed, regardless of type, resulted in increased growth (P < 0.05) of piglets in the final week pre-weaning and immediate week post-weaning, which was not maintained at the end of the nursery period. Piglets showed no preference for creep feed type (P > 0.05).
MOOD Maps of Google community mobility change during the COVID-19 outbreak

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The MOOD project (MOnitoring Outbreak events for Disease surveillance in a data science context. H2020) has geo-referenced the data Google has published as a series of PDF files presenting reports on national and subnational human mobility levels relative to a baseline data of late January 2020. The details and the PDF files can be found at https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/.
More detail on these files can be found at https://www.moodspatialdata.com/humanmobilityforcovid19
The first set of data were released on April 2 2020 and have been revised weekly since then. The maps now utilise the CSV data released by Google. Please note that the maps figures use a mean of the previous three days, while the Google PDFs use a single days data so there will be differences between values in our maps when compare to the Google PDFs.
The authors have extracted the majority of these data into a series of excel spreadsheets. Each worksheet provides the data for % change in numbers of records at various types of location categories illustrated by: retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy, parks and beaches, transit stations, workplaces and residential (columns f to K). A second set of columns calculates the difference of each value from the mean values for each category (columns L to P) Columns A to E contain geographical details. Column Q contains the names used to link to a mapping file.There are separate worksheets for the date of the data from each dated release (e.g. 2903, 0504 etc.) and separate worksheets calculating the changes between specific dates.
A second spreadsheet has been added calculating the 3 day moving mean of each day from the 15th of February. Each day is referenced by the Gregorian calendar day count. So day 48 = Feb 17th.
The maps (for EU & Global) display these data. We provide 600 dpi jpegs of the Global (“WD”) and European (“EU”) mapped values at the latest date available, for each of the mobility categories: retail and recreation (“retrec”) , grocery and pharmacy (“grocphar”) , parks (“parks”) , transit stations (“transit”), residential (“resid”) and workplaces (“work”). We also provide maps of the changes from the previous week (“ch”).
All data extracting and subsequent processing have been carried out by ERGO (Environmental Research Group Oxford) on behalf of the MOOD H2020 project. Data will be periodically updated. Additional maps can be obtained on request to the authors.
Estimation of Population Mean Using Auxiliary Information from the Poisson Population

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we have proposed class of almost unbiased estimator using single auxiliary variable in case of SRSWOR for the Poison population. It has been shown that the proposed class of estimator is unbiased. The Expressions for mean squared error (MSE) of the proposed class of estimator is derived up to first order of approximation. Empirical study is carried out to show the efficiency of the proposed estimator.
Journey of Indian Corporates from Local to International Accounting Standard: An Impact Analysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study explores the impact of Ind-AS - the new accounting standard on the financial health and performance of the listed companies in India alongside the few sectors of the economy. We have observed that sectoral impacts of Ind-AS are relatively range bound for the major heads of the financial statements. However, at the company level, this variation is considerably higher and significantly volatile for the minor variables. Majority of the changes occurring in the financial statements of companies are because of the changes in reported net worth (because of fair valuation of assets), financial instruments, provisions, finance cost and deferred taxes. The reported profitability numbers are relatively volatile because of changes in fair valuation of derivatives and financial instruments, amortisation of intangible assets, and reclassification of actuarial gains/losses. We have found that, impact of Ind-AS is more evident in the manufacturing sector as compared to the services.
The Diastereoselective Synthesis of Ester-Functionalized Alkenes through the Stereocontrolled Conjugate Addition (Michael Reaction) of Prochiral Enolates to Chiral .alpha.-Methylene .beta.-Lactones and Thermal Decarboxylation of the Resulting .alpha.-Substituted .beta.-Lactones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Diastereoselective Synthesis of Ester-Functionalized Alkenes through the Stereocontrolled Conjugate Addition (Michael Reaction) of Prochiral Enolates to Chiral .alpha.-Methylene .beta.-Lactones and Thermal Decarboxylation of the Resulting .alpha.-Substituted .beta.-LactonesVictor Oswaldo Nava-Salgado, Eva-Maria Peters, Karl Peters, Hans Georg von Schnering, and Waldemar AdamCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 12, 3879–3886Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00117a045RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Remotely Sensed LANDSAT Image Classification Using Neural Network Approaches

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In paper, LANDSAT multispectral image is classified using several unsupervised and supervised techniques. Pixel-by-pixel classification approaches proved to be infeasible as well as time consuming in case of multispectral images. To overcome this, instead of classifying each pixel, feature based classification approach is used. Three supervised techniques namely, k-NN, BPNN and PCNN are investigated for classification using textural, spatial and spectral images. Experiments shows supervised approaches perform better than unsupervised ones. Comparison between k-NN, BPNN, and PCNN is done using these features and classification accuracies for BPNN is found out to be more than k-NN and PCNN.
Phase II Trial of Thalidomide and Carmustine for Patients With Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The use of thalidomide as an antiangiogenic agent has met with only limited success in the treatment of malignant gliomas. On the basis of preclinical data demonstrating synergistic antitumor activity when antiangiogenic agents are combined with cytotoxic agents, we explored the clinical activity of the combination of thalidomide and carmustine (BCNU) in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Patients and Methods: Patients with a histologic diagnosis of high-grade glioma and radiographic evidence of tumor progression after standard surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy were eligible for the study. Patients received BCNU 200 mg/m 2 on day 1 of every 6-week cycle, and 800 mg/d of thalidomide that was escalated to a maximal dose of 1,200 mg/d as tolerated. Results: A total of 40 patients (38 with glioblastomas, two with anaplastic gliomas) were accrued to the study. The combination of thalidomide and BCNU was well tolerated; mild myelosuppression and mild to moderate sedation were the most common side effects. The median progression-free survival (100 days) and the objective radiographic response rate (24%) for patients with glioblastoma compared favorably with data from historical controls. Conclusion: This is one of the first clinical trials to evaluate the strategy of combining a putative antiangiogenic agent with a cytotoxic agent in patients with primary brain tumors. Our data demonstrate that thalidomide in combination with BCNU is well tolerated and has antitumor activity in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Although the combination seems to be more active than either agent alone, such conclusions await confirmatory trials.
Precision orthotics: optimising ankle foot orthoses to improve gait in patients with neuromuscular diseases; protocol of the PROOF-AFO study, a prospective intervention study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction In patients with neuromuscular disorders and subsequent calf muscle weakness, metabolic walking energy cost (EC) is nearly always increased, which may restrict walking activity in daily life. To reduce walking EC, a spring-like ankle-foot-orthosis (AFO) can be prescribed. However, the reduction in EC that can be obtained from these AFOs is stiffness dependent, and it is unknown which AFO stiffness would optimally support calf muscle weakness. The PROOF-AFO study aims to determine the effectiveness of stiffness-optimised AFOs on reducing walking EC, and improving gait biomechanics and walking speed in patients with calf muscle weakness, compared to standard, non-optimised AFOs. A second aim is to build a model to predict optimal AFO stiffness. Methods and analysis A prospective intervention study will be conducted. In total, 37 patients with calf muscle weakness who already use an AFO will be recruited. At study entry, participants will receive a new custom-made spring-like AFO of which the stiffness can be varied. For each patient, walking EC (primary outcome), gait biomechanics and walking speed (secondary outcomes) will be assessed for five stiffness configurations and the patient's own (standard) AFO. On the basis of walking EC and gait biomechanics outcomes, the optimal AFO stiffness will be determined. After wearing this optimal AFO for 3 months, walking EC, gait biomechanics and walking speed will be assessed again and compared to the standard AFO. Ethics and dissemination The Medical Ethics Committee of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam has approved the study protocol. The study is registered at the Dutch trial register (NTR 5170). The PROOF-AFO study is the first to compare stiffness-optimised AFOs with usual care AFOs in patients with calf muscle weakness. The results will also provide insight into factors that influence optimal AFO stiffness in these patients. The results are necessary for improving orthotic treatment and will be disseminated through international peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences.
Voice of Fire: Sensory Museum Experiences and Digital Reproduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purchase of the painting Voice of Fire by the National Gallery of Canada (NGC) ignited one of Canada’s most heated artistic debates. Focusing on Voice of Fire and the NGC website, this study analyzed how digital reproduction of art on a museum website contributes to a sensory understanding of museum experience. Communicative technologies in the form of websites, social media and high-resolution images have changed spectatorship but continue to be problematic when essential features of the painting are dependent on physical and sensory museum ‘experience’. Interviews were conducted with National Gallery of Canada staff about the redevelopment of the NGC website, their communicative goals as well as their sensory museum experiences using netnography and sensory ethnography. Rather than reproducing the sensory museum experience online, websites and social media can present a ‘story’ of the painting to Canadians and offer valuable opportunities for curating communication strategies for art specific spectators.
Effects of Ipragliflozin, a Selective Sodium–Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, on Blood Pressure in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 3–5 mmHg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) probably by exerting mild osmotic diuresis, body weight reduction and/or sodium excretion. Although ipragliflozin reduced SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in individual trials, larger-scale analyses are necessary to confirm the magnitudes of the reductions. Objective: To examine the effects of ipragliflozin on changes in SBP/DBP in Japanese T2DM patients, and identify factors associated with the changes in SBP/DBP. Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of six Japanese randomized, placebo-controlled trials in which ipragliflozin was used as monotherapy (two trials) or in combination with other oral antidiabetic drugs (four trials, including one involving patients with renal impairment). We analyzed the associations between the changes in SBP/DBP and clinical characteristics. Results: Data of 993 patients (placebo, n = 367; 50 mg ipragliflozin, n = 626) were analyzed. The baseline to end-of-treatment changes in SBP and DBP (ipragliflozin vs. placebo) were −4.1 vs. −0.7 mmHg (−2.8 mmHg vs. placebo; P < 0.001) and −2.6 vs. −0.4 mmHg (−1.6 mmHg vs. placebo; P = 0.002), respectively. Patients with baseline SBP ≥140 mmHg showed a greater reduction in SBP (−5.5 mmHg vs. placebo; P = 0.003). Conclusions: Ipragliflozin induced mild SBP/DBP reduction in T2DM patients. The magnitude of reduction was greater in patients with high blood pressure.
Anorectal disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hemorrhoids are a common source of anorectal symptoms, which are determined by their size. A helpful measure in small hemorrhoids is a high-fiber diet; in moderate lesions, ligature therapy is effective. Surgery should be reserved for large hemorrhoids. Anal fissures, probably caused by trauma to the anal canal during defecation, may persist because of a cycle of hard stools, pain, and reflex spasm. A high-fiber diet and sitz baths relieve acute fissures. Lateral partial internal sphincterotomy is usually effective when they become chronic. Perianal abscess is often caused by acute infection of the anal glands; fistula is the result of chronic infection. Swelling and induration may be present. Pain is throbbing and continuous, and perianal examination may require use of an anesthetic. Incision and drainage with follow-up to ensure resolution of infection is required. Pruritus ani may result from several contributing conditions or may be idiopathic. Restoration of dry, intact perianal skin is the treatment goal. Patients should be taught gentle hygiene and drying methods and advised to avoid caffeine or other dietary items that seem to exacerbate symptoms. Condylomata acuminata cause bleeding and pain if allowed to progress. Biopsy should be considered in patients at risk of dysplasia. Repeated application of caustic topical agents may help small lesions. Large, extensive, and persistent lesions require surgical ablation.
Training adult educators in Switzerland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Training in the adult education as a whole is offered in Switzerland by four different providers: the University of Geneva; the Academy for Adult Education in Lucerne; the Swiss Federation for Adult Education; and the Education Department of the Canton of Berne. The University of Geneva offers adult education as a field of specialisation within a faculty degree programme. The Academy for Adult Education in Lucerne offers a part-time course on one afternoon per week, together with residential elements, over three years. The Swiss Federation for Adult Education offers a cycle of six-week residential programmes spread over a three-year period. The Education Department of the Canton of Berne offers a cycle of four one-week residential programmes, combined with supervision in workplace. Students of adult education can select from fifteen courses or seminars. Five of them deal with rather general topics such as evaluation, philosophy of education, leading learning groups. Others are more specialised, such as education and mass media.
Analysis of Network Coding Schemes for Differential Chaos Shift Keying Communication System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we design network coding schemes for Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) modulation. In this work, non-coherent chaos-based communication system is used due to its simplicity and robustness to multipath propagation effects, while dispensing with any channel state information knowledge at the receiver. We propose a relay network using network coding and DCSK, where we first present a Physical layer Network Coding (PNC) scheme with two users, $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$, sharing the same spreading code and bandwidth, while synchronously transmitting their signals to the relay node $\mathcal{R}$. We show that the main drawback of this design in multipath channels is the high level of interference in the resultant signal, which severely degrades the system performance. Hence, in order to address this problem, we propose two coding schemes, which separate the users' signals in the frequency or the time domains. We show also in this paper that the performance of the Analog Network Coding (ANC) with DCSK modulation suffers from the same interference problem as the PNC scheme. We present the analytical bit error rate performance for multipath Rayleigh fading channel for the different scenarios and we analyse these schemes in terms of complexity, throughput and link spectral efficiency.
Nutritional Contribution of Mid Day Meal to Dietary Intake of School Children in Ludhiana District of Punjab

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Today the Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) is the largest school lunch programme in the nation. It has been
reported that MDMS has catered to the nutritional needs of school children in both rural and urban areas. The present study was, therefore, an attempt to evaluate the nutritional contribution of MDM to the actual daily dietary intake of children. For the purpose, two hundred school children in the age group 7-9 years were randomly selected with equal number from both rural and urban schools. It was observed that a cyclic menu for six days provided by State Mid Day Meal Cell was uniformly followed by all schools. The data revealed that kadhi chawal was the most liked meal (45%) followed by sabji roti and dhal chawal (35%), dhal roti (30%) and channa roti (29%). The least preferred meal was sweet rice (26%). The energy and protein content of six days menu varied from 350-386 Kcal and 10.9- 11.9 g protein per day which was below the recommended norms of 450 Kcal and 12 g protein. The comparison of average daily nutrient intake of children with RDA [1], showed that intake of all the nutrients was inadequate. The Mid day meal was found to be a substitute rather than a supplement for the home meal. The percent contribution of energy, protein and fat by the MDM to actual nutrient intake of children was 28.2, 51.7 and 27.5 respectively. The
percent contribution of other nutrients was β carotene (22.7), thiamine (28.3), riboflavin (25.3), niacin (28.7), folacin (23.6), vitamin C (15.2), iron (25.7) and calcium (27.7). The findings suggested to increase the amount of fat, green leafy vegetables and vitamin C rich fruits to improve the calorie and micronutrient contribution of mid day meal to the dietary intake of school children.