jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fear Factor: How Political Insecurity Shapes the Diffusion of Financial Market Deregulation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Nearly 30 years after "financial repression" was flagged as a major problem in developing countries, nearly all nations have at least partially liberalized their financial systems. Explanations for this spread of financial market deregulation have emphasized either "top down" mechanisms (globalization, pressure from IOs and the U.S.) or "bottom up" mechanisms focusing on domestic coalitions (derived from configurations of economic interests). In contrast to these broadly structural approaches that de-emphasize the choices of agents, this paper focuses on the micro-foundations of diffusion by emphasizing the incentives facing office-seeking leaders. I argue that politically insecure leaders are potent agents of diffusion because they are particularly likely to "learn" the lessons of financial market reform and emulate the liberalizing practices of others for two reasons. First, the hefty economic boom often associated with financial liberalization provides a tempting way to attempt to buttress their near- to medium-term grip on power. As they observe other nations in their region experiencing a boom, leaders fearful of losing office will be quick to learn the lesson and particularly eager to jump on the liberalization bandwagon, accelerating regional deregulation cascades. Second, insecure governments may be particularly susceptible to pressure from international organizations: they have motivated biases both to believe the efficiency claims of liberalizers and strong reasons to seek the "seal of approval" for their policies. Either way, politically insecure leaders will be quick learners about the benefits of liberalization. To assess these arguments, I estimate hazard models of political survival to generate a proxy for political insecurity. With this proxy for insecurity in hand, time-series cross-sectional logit models of the timing of reforms are estimated. The argument implies that while politically insecure leaders may speed diffusion, their depth of commitment will be shallow, and that reforms motivated partly by fear of losing office will be more likely to unravel than those taken out of deeper conviction.
Rapid Cytokine Release Assays for Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2–Specific T Cells in Whole Blood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Waning of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) complicates the diagnosis of past infection. The durability of T-cell memory against SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear, and most current T-cell protocols are unsuited for large-scale automation. Methods Whole-blood samples from 31 patients with verified past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 46 controls, of whom 40 received COVID-19 vaccine, were stimulated with peptides spanning the nucleocapsid (NC) or spike 1 (S1) regions of SARS-CoV-2 and analyzed for interferon γ in supernatant plasma. Diagnostic accuracy of these assays was evaluated against serum anti-NC and anti–receptor-binding domain S1-IgG. Results Induction of interferon γ in whole blood by NC or S1 peptides diagnosed past COVID-19 with high accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.93 and 0.95, respectively). In accordance with previous studies, NC-IgG levels rapidly waned with only 5 of 17 patients (29%) remaining seropositive &gt;180 days after infection. By contrast, NC peptide–induced T-cell memory responses remained in 13 of 17 study participants (76%) &gt;180 days after infection (P = .01 for comparison with NC-IgG; McNemar test). After 2 vaccine doses, all 18 donors exhibited S1-specific T-cell memory. Conclusions Cytokine release assays for the monitoring of T-cell memory in whole blood may be useful for evaluating complications following unverified past COVID-19 and for long-term assessment of vaccine-induced T-cell immunity. Clinical Trials Registration EudraCT 2021-000349-42.
A Study on the Management Organization Construction Principles and Methods in Initiating Stage of Public Project

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The theories and methods of project management have extensive application prospects in the field of public management. The public project has its own particularities. Therefore, how to establish the project management organization rapidly in initiating stage to guarantee the management operating smoothly is very important. This paper regards professional participation, cost saving, efficient operation and service first as the basic principles of organization construction of project management. The design method of management organization of public project can be concluded into three points in initiating stage: 1) To provide an access to human resources who have rational structure of knowledge and comprehensive coordination abilities joining the project team, 2) To cultivate team spirit to form a high level team, 3) To specify responsibilities and power limit of the stakeholders in order to integrate and distribute resources effectively, then to realize the targets of public project successfully.
The colours, pigment and phenol contents of young port wines: Effects of cultivar, season and site

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

95 port wines were made under standard small scale conditions from grapes of 16 individual cultivars grown at 5 different sites in the Douro valley in northern Portugal during 1977-1983. Grape specific grayity and pH values were measured. The ports were analysed immediately after fortification for colour, pigment and phenol contents and pH. Cultivar variations were up to 12-fold in total pigments, 14-fold in colour density, but only 3.6-fold in total phenols . Seasonal vari ations were up to 2-fold in total pigments and colour density and 1.6-fold in total phenols . Because of seasonal effects and variation in the numbers of each cultivar examined, cultivar characteristics were compared by their mean values with reference to an arbitrarily chosen standard cultivar (Touriga Nacional). Statistical analysis confirmed that the variation in total pigments was affected much more by cultivar than by season. Souzão, Tinta da Barca and Touriga Nacional ports (all from Tua) were the most coloured and contained most pigments. Mourisco (Tua) and Tinta Cão (Baixo Corgo) were the least coloured and contained least pigments. Port colour was dependent principally on pigments content and pH, but small effects attributed to anthocyanin selfassociation and co-pigmentation were also discerned. Differences between sites were generally not significant, apart from some characteristics of Touriga Nacional from Pinhão compared with Tua and Vilariça. which were attributed to the particular strain of fruit at Pinhäo. Nevertheless, there was some indication that the inferior status of Baixo Corgo compared with Cima Corgo fruit may be attributed not only to its generally lower pigments content, but also to smaller percentages of the pigments being expressed in coloured forms.
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Reaction Rate and Excellent Enantioselective Direct α‐Amination of Aldehydes with Azodicarboxylates Catalyzed by Pyrrolidinylcamphor‐Derived Organocatalysts.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The concentration of isoflavones in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) at flowering stage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of isoflavones in the cultivars and ecotypes of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in a whole above ground part of a plant and separately in stems, leaves and flowers at flowering stage.Isoflavones were extracted using acidified aqueous methanol and subsequent analyses of the extracts were carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector.Red clover accumulated the highest concentrations of formononetin (51%) and biochanin A (40%) at flowering stage.Concentrations of formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein and genistein at flowering stage ranged between 2.61-4.40,1.79-3.32,0.06-0.14 and 0.36-0.59mg g -1 dry matter (DM), respectively.The average concentration of all four isoflavones at flowering stage during two years of investigations was 6.66 mg g -1 DM and ranged from 5.4 to 8.09 mg g -1 DM.The analysed genotypes formed the following sequence according to total isoflavone concentration mg g -1 DM: 'Radviliai' (8.09) > 'Vyliai' (7.29) > No. 2739 (7.15) > No. 2331 (6.92) > 'Kiršinai' (6.90) > No. 2177 (6.47) > 'Kamaniai' (6.41) > 'Arimaičiai' (6.28) > 'Sadūnai' (6.17) > 'Vyčiai' (6.11) > 'Liepsna' (5.44).The highest concentration of isoflavones at flowering stage was accumulated in leaves.The average total concentration of all four isoflavones was as follows: 12.29 mg g -1 DM in leaves, 2.93 mg g -1 DM in stems and 1.42 mg g -1 DM in flowers.Plant material of all the tested cultivars and wild ecotypes, especially leaves of commercial diploid cv.'Radviliai', tetraploid cv.'Vyliai' and semi-natural ecotype No. 2739 containing the highest concentration of isoflavones, could be used for dietary supplement production in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of isoflavones.
Remarks on copolymer sequence distributions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Distribution functions for the unit X in copolymers of the type equation image are given. These functions have been used to calculate the expected degree of crystallinity using the Flory theory of copolymer crystallinity. The calculations indicate that differences can be expected between polymers prepared from XA and XX on the one hand and A and X on the other when the kinetics constants of the polymer‐forming reactions are identical. In addition, it has been shown that the Flory results carry over to the terpolymer case with the propagation probability given in its terpolymerization form. The addition of more than one comonomer can lead to increased or decreased crystallinity with a given constant melting point, depending on whether the noncrystallizable monomers tend to alternate or “block” with one another.
The Influence of Brand Trust, Brand Familiarity and Brand Experience on Brand Attachment: A Case of Consumers in the Gauteng Province of South Africa

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In todayâ€™s post-modern era, brands significantly play an important role in consumer behaviour. This paper aimed at examining how brand trust, brand familiarity and brand experience have an influence on brand attachment using a sample of consumers within the Gauteng Province of South Africa. A quantitative method using Smart PLS was employed to test the relationships among the three hypotheses. A structured questionnaire consisting of validated scales for brand trust, brand familiarity, brand experience and brand attachment was administered to a sample of 181 consumers within the Gauteng province of South Africa. The results of this study showed that brand trust, brand familiarity and brand experience positively influences brand attachment in a significant and direct way. The results of this empirical study provided fruitful implications toacademicians, practitioners as well as policy makers from the perspective of academicians.This study makes a significant contribution to the brand management literature by systematically examiningthe influence of brand trust, brand familiarity and brand experience on brand attachment. On the practitionersâ€™ side, this study therefore submits thatbrand managers for companies in the Gauteng province ought to concentrate on strategies that enhance brand experience because it is likely to yield the desired brand attachment when compared to other research constructs. The results which have been obtained from this study may also be used to generate new policies and revision of the existing policies. Precisely,policies or strategies which exist in numerous organizationsare there in order to make consumers remain attached to certain brands.Moreover, this study vastly add new knowledge to the present body of brand management literature in Africa - a context that is neglected by some academicians in developing countries.
Ethical Issues Related To BRCA Gene Testing in Orthodox Jewish Women

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Persons exhibiting mutations in two tumor suppressor genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have a greatly increased risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. The incidence of BRCA gene mutation is very high in Ashkenazi Jewish women of European descent, and many issues can arise, particularly for observant Orthodox women, because of their genetic status. Their obligations under the Jewish code of ethics, referred to as Jewish law, with respect to the acceptability of various risk-reducing strategies, may be poorly understood. In this article the moral direction that Jewish law gives to women regarding testing, confidentiality, and other issues is explored. The intent is to broaden nurses' knowledge of how a particular religious tradition could impact on decision making around genetics testing, with the aim of enhancing their understanding of culturally sensitive ethical care.
Emerging Trends of Genome Editing Technology for Improvement of Postharvest Quality of Horticultural Crops

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Horticultural crops are an integral part of the human diet and are important to ensure global food security as well as economics. For decades, horti-culture production has heavily relied upon different breeding methods to develop new varieties, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for disease and nutrient management, along with other engineering practices. In recent decades, multiple factors such as changes in global climatic conditions with increasing anthropogenic activities, the emergence of new diseases, and post-harvest losses are presenting threatening challenges to the current state of the global horticulture system. As a part of various horticultural crop improvement programs, a lot of emphasis has been paid to yield and quality attributes. Meanwhile, recent developments in genome editing technologies have been widely adopted in horticultural 116crops all over the world. Advancements of genome editing technologies comprise zinc finger nucleases (ZNFs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9). The CRISPR-Cas system offers novel and effective solutions for horticulture crop improvements. This chapter aims to summarize the important aspects of genome editing tools in the improvement of post-harvest quality of horticultural crops with recent scientific progress.
Device for galvanic plating of 3D printed parts

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work aims to bring closer the process of galvanic plating of 3D prints, it is dedicated to individual parts of 3D printing where we go through different types of printing and materials. Also points out the importance of pre-treatments before galvanic plating and discusses the individual options for these pretreatments. It also deals with galvanic plating itself, where it analyzes the principle of this technology of thin layer deposition and differentiates between the individual types of possible coatings used. At the end, it deals with the concept of the device for such galvanic plating.
Feasibility and safety of elective laparoscopic total extraperitoneal preperitoneal groin hernia repair in the elderly: a propensity score-matched comparison

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ying-Buh Liu,1 Chih-Chin Yu,1 Chao-Chuan Wu,1,2 Chia-Da Lin,1,2 Shih-Chieh Chueh,3,4 Yao-Chou Tsai1,2 1Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan; 2Department of Urology, Tzu Chi University, Medical College, Hualien, Taiwan; 3Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; 4Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA Background: Several studies of hernia registries have revealed that elderly patients have higher perioperative complication rates compared with younger patients. However, the incidence of hernia increases with the aging process. To evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic hernia repair in elderly patients (≥75 years), we conducted a prospective case-matched control study to compare perioperative outcomes between patients older and younger than 75 years. Methods: Between September 2008 and July 2015, 572 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic hernia repair were included in this prospective study. This case-matched control study was matched based on sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and body mass index between patients younger and ≥75 years. The propensity-score matching of two groups was carried out on a 1:1 basis. Perioperative data were prospectively recorded for all patients including demographic data, operation time, length of hospital stay, narcotic dose, and complications. Results: In the final analysis, 54 patients who were <75 years were extracted to match the 54 patients ≥75 years. These two groups had similar baseline characteristics excluding age. They also had similar perioperative outcomes in hernia recurrence, metachronous contralateral hernia occurrence, complication rate and chronic pain. The patients ≥75 years of age had lower requirements for analgesics than those who were <75 years of age (p=0.047). Conclusion: This is the first comparative cohort study investigating the impact of aging in an Asian hernia population. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is feasible and safe for older patients, with comparable perioperative outcomes to patients <75 years. Keywords: inguinal hernia, TEP, age, complication
The Significance of Alpha-Linolenic Acid for Humans.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have had a major impact on thinking in medicine in the last twenty-five years. The parent fatty acid in the omega 3 fatty acid family is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which is an essential fatty acid found in high concentrations in certain plant oils, such as flaxseed oil, walnut oil and canola oil. Several longer chain or derived omega 3 fatty acids are formed in the body from ALA, including eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, decosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA. Dietary sources of these longer-chain fatty acids are fish, fish oils and from other marine organisms. DHA is specifically localised in the retina and the brain in humans and other mammals where it has a primary role via effects on membrane order (fluidity), the activity of membrane-bound enzymes, ion channels and signal transduction. For many years, ALA has been considered to be important only as a precursor of these longer chain compounds, however it is now recognaised that ALA is metabolished by other pathways which may be quantiatively more important than the formation of DHA. For example, ALA is extensively β-oxidised in mammals including humans, especially on diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. ALA appears to play an important role in the nervous system (carbon recycling) for the synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, with estimates of the proportion of ALA being matabolised via this pathway being several fold greater than that to DHA. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that ALA is deposited in the skin of small mammals and may also play a role in fur. Since ALA is extensively metabolised via these pathways (β-oxidation, carbon recycling and deposition in skin/fur) and is subject to competitive inhibition from linoleic acid in metabolism via the delta-6 desaturase, it is not surprising tha dietary DHA is substantially more effctive than an equivalent dose of dietary ALA in maintaining neural DHA levels. Despite the limited efficiency of DHA formation from ALA, it is clear that certain tissues possess the capacity to synthesise DHA at rates greater than other tissues. The brain, retina and reproductive tissue may be able to synthesis sufficient DHA to meet the DHA demands of these tissues, although in infants at the peak of brain growth and DHA deposition, a dietary supply of DHA (as in milk) may be important to maintain the brain DHA level. In plants, ALA is a substrate for lipoxygenase enzymes leading to the poduction of bioactive hydroxy compounds. This information might provide a clue to other routes of ALA metabolism in mammals. It is concluded that it may no longer be appropriate to consider the function for ALA to be solely a precursor of EPA and DHA.
“Before, we didn’t eat manioc flour”: Historical and social transformations in food techniques among Indigenous Peoples of the Rio Negro basin in the Brazilian Amazon

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Manioc flour is currently considered one of the main foods consumed by Indigenous peoples in the Northwest Amazon. It is fundamental both to the traditional diet and to adding an "Indigenous flavor" to urban dishes. This article presents an analysis of historical sources that position manioc flour as an important trading commodity since the 19th century and shows how its internal consumption seems to have grown in recent decades. This significance contrasts with the role of manioc flour in mythic narratives about the origin of foods, where it is either not mentioned among the Tukano peoples or referred to as "civilized food" among the Aruak (Journet 1995). Descriptions of the technical processing of manioc flour, along with the production of two types of beiju (a flat bread), indicate that various types of flour that were once produced have converged into a single type throughout the Upper Rio Negro. The article aims to demonstrate how the civilization process led Indigenous peoples to adapt and/or intensify manioc flour production using techniques they traditionally possessed, responding in their own way to contact relations.
Liquid Crystalline Supra-Nonlinear Optical Metamaterials with Tunable Negative-, Zero- and Positive- Refractive Indices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate by theory and experiments the feasibility of realizing liquid crystalline supra-nonlinear optical metamaterials with tunable negative-zero-positive refractive indices and nonlinear coefficient far exceeding 1 cm2/Win the visible – infrared regime.
Numerical Analysis on Crack Tip of Fracture Splitting Groove Stress-strain Field of Main Bearing Block of Engine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The parameters of fracture splitting groove have direct influence on the stress-strain field of crack tip.This paper modeled on some cylinder engine crankshaft bearing bracket.Based upon normal stress criterion of cleavage fracture and the mechanics of fracture software ABAQUS, the stress-strain field of different parameters were simulated and analysed, and the effect of parameters on cracking process were investigated using cleavage fracture criterion.The results indicated that the material of crankcase is fragile material.Although the material is not sensitive to gap, but on account of crack initiation, crack growth, machining of fracture splitting groove and fracture splitting load, optimum parameters for fracture splitting groove were selected.The experiment with optimized parameters made excellent results.