jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Method for the Determination of the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) in Commingled Contexts from Isolated Teeth

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Teeth are the most resilient hard tissue recovered in archaeological contexts. Often teeth may be the most well-preserved, or even the only, remains found. This is especially true of commingled contexts, where many of the skeletal elements may be fragmented beyond identification. This fragmentation makes the recording of an accurate minimum number of individuals (MNI) challenging. Excavations at the site of Patakfalva-Papdomb, Transylvania, Romania encountered an ossuary containing fragmented commingled skeletal remains. Fragmentation and taphonomic damage has made calculations of MNI challenging in this context. However, teeth were consistently found and identified in relatively good condition. As a result of their preservation, an MNI count was attempted through tooth identification and analysis. This process was conducted in a four-step process of sorting in which teeth were classified by adult or deciduous, type of tooth, maxillary or mandibular as well as side. Next, the teeth were evaluated for age estimation by root apex closure when present and finally MNI was assessed taking into consideration the potential overlap of deciduous and permanent teeth. From this method, a likely MNI of 62 individuals over the age 13 (±2 yrs) and 20 individuals under the age of 10 were recorded, which correlates with the MNI calculated from postcranial elements. We therefore present this method as an alternative to determining MNI in highly fragmented and/or poorly preserved assemblages.
A comparison study of some Arabic root finding algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Arabic has a complex structure, which makes it difficult to apply natural language processing (NLP). Much research on Arabic NLP (ANLP) does exist; however, it is not as mature as that of other languages. Finding Arabic roots is an important step toward conducting effective research on most of ANLP applications. The authors have studied and compared six root‐finding algorithms with success rates of over 90%. All algorithms of this study did not use the same testing corpus and/or benchmarking measures. They unified the testing process by implementing their own algorithm descriptions and building a corpus out of 3823 triliteral roots, applying 73 triliteral patterns, and with 18 affixes, producing around 27.6 million words. They tested the algorithms with the generated corpus and have obtained interesting results; they offer to share the corpus freely for benchmarking and ANLP research.
Effect of mycelial morphology on ergothioneine production during liquid fermentation of <i>Lentinula edodes</i>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The morphological type of a microorganism generally influences its metabolite production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the mycelial morphology of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) on the production of 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine (ergothioneine, ESH) during liquid fermentation. Analyses of the distribution of ESH in mycelial cells of different morphological types revealed that the ESH content of pellets obtained from the liquid fermentation media was much greater than the content in the free mycelia and clumps. The concentration of ESH in pellets on day 15 of liquid fermentation reached 0.79 mg/g dry weight (DW), which is approximately three times the concentration found in mycelia clumps (0.28 mg/g DW) and free mycelia (0.31 mg/g DW). Macroscopic image analysis of the development and morphological changes of the pellets during a liquid fermentation period of up to 25 days indicated that pellet growth showed a highly positive correlation with the increase in ESH concentration (r2 = 0.9851). A reduced agitation rate of 50 rpm for the culture medium was suitable for pellet formation and size enlargement. The results obtained in this work would be helpful in guiding the intentional manipulation of the distribution and enrichment of ESH in L. edodes through changes in liquid fermentation conditions.
Fermentation and Redox Potential

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Redox potential, known as oxidation–reduction or oxidoreduction potential (ORP), not only indicates the reduction and oxidation capacity of the environment but also reflects the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Redox potential can be monitored online and controlled in time for more efficient fermentation operation. This chapter reviews the enzymes that modulate intracellular redox potential, the genetically engineered strains that harbor specific redox potential–regulated genes, the approaches that were used to manipulate and control redox potential toward the production of desired metabolites, the role of redox potential in metabolic pathway, and the impact of redox potential on microbial physiology and metabolism. The application of redox potential–controlled ethanol fermentation and the development of three redox potential–controlled fermentation processes are illustrated. In the end, the future perspective of redox potential control is provided.
Analysis of the management strategy for retribution revenue from sports venues in Papua Province

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: This study aims to examine the implementation and contribution of retribution from sports facilities and infrastructure in supporting the Regional Original Revenue (PAD) of Jayapura City, as well as to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors affecting its effectiveness. Research methodology: The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, using data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and document analysis involving relevant stakeholders from the Youth and Sports Office and the Regional Financial Management Agency of Jayapura City. Results: The findings indicate that while the collection of retributions has been implemented according to standard procedures, its contribution to PAD remains relatively low. This is attributed to several obstacles, including insufficient operational budgets, limited human resources, underutilization of sports facilities, and the public's economic limitations. Conclusions: Retribution from sports facilities has the potential to support regional income; however, its effectiveness is constrained by institutional and socio-economic factors. With improved budgeting, monitoring, and utilization of facilities, this revenue source could make a more substantial contribution to Jayapura City's PAD. Limitations: This study is limited to the scope of Jayapura City and specifically focuses on retributions from sports facilities. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other regions or types of local revenues. Furthermore, the reliance on qualitative methods limits the extent of financial quantification and broader statistical analysis. Contribution: This research contributes to policy evaluation in optimizing local non-tax revenues. It also offers practical insights for improving retribution governance, particularly in the sports services sector.
Modules Whose Endomorphism Rings have Isomorphic Maximal Left and Right Quotient Rings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $_RM$ be a left $R$-module such that ${\operatorname {Hom} _R}(M,U) \ne 0$ for any nonzero submodule $U$ of $M$, let $E(M)$ denote the injective hull of $M$, and let $B$ (resp. $A$) denote the ring of $R$-endomorphisms of $M$ (resp. $E(M)$). It is known that if $M$ is nonsingular then $B$ is left nonsingular and $A$ is the maximal left quotient ring of $B$. We give here necessary and sufficient conditions on $M$ for $B$ to be right nonsingular and for $A$ to be the maximal right quotient ring of $B$.
Morphological Traits and Body Condition Determine Assortative Mating in Grey-capped Greenfinch

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Key words Gag-Pol, Unique recombinant forms (URFs), Protease inhibitors (PI), Mutations, Drug resistanceThe current era faces a major health challenge of drug resistance and viral escape mutants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) worldwide.Therefore, a deep molecular insight unveiling the genetic characteristics of the prevailing strains is the need of the hour for successful disease control interventions in endemic countries like Pakistan.Here we present, a detailed molecular and computational analysis of the major genetic constituents, Gag-Pol region of HIV-1 for the very first time in Punjab-Pakistan including three regions of outbreak i.e.Kot Imrana Sargodha, Faisalabad and Gujrat.Drug resistance mutations such as T12A, I13A, K14R, I15V, K20I, T31S, E35D, M36I, N37D, R41K, K43X, R57K, Q61H, H69K, K70R and L89M were observed across several sites across the whole length of PR region among the isolates.A significant accessory resistance mutation V32I conferring a low level of resistance against non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was observed among two isolates.This kind of genotypic pattern demonstrated a striking evidence of multiple transmission routes and co-circulating viruses due to increased genetic diversity in Pakistani isolates.However, SNAP analyses demonstrated higher values for Subtype A1 and Subtype C denoting a positive selection pressure and sequence conservation among the HIV-1 isolates in Pakistan.Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that HIV subtype A1 was found to be the most predominant subtype found in Pakistani population with 30% ratio among the isolates, 10% was of CRF02_AG, Subtype C a potential recombinant had 3.33% and unique recombinant form URFs accounted for 13.3% in the HIV Gag sequences.All Pol (URFs) demonstrated 40% of ratio among the isolates, and Subtype D with 6.66%.The present study shows that multiple subtypes of HIV-1 are present in the affected population.Hence, this study highlights the demand of continuous future studies on disease surveillance coupled with responsible evaluation of drug resistance in HIV-1 at higher resolution.This study emphasizes on the sudden emergence of circulating HIV-1 subtypes and its deadly drug resistant variants in Pakistan in the recent years.However, such molecular approaches in developing nations like Pakistan, will pave favourable strategies for advanced drug design, diagnostic assays and antiretroviral regimen therapies.
Spore Culture of Nephrolepis falcate (Cav). C. Chr.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spore culture of Nephrolepis falcate (Cav). C. Chr. was undertaken to propagate Nephrolepis falcata in vitro using the spores. Specifically, it aimed to find out the duration of the germination of Nephrolepis falcate spores and observe spore germination and prothallial development. Nephrolepis falcate is a fern plant under family Lomariopsidaceae which is found on shaded areas (Smith et al., 2006). Its rhizome is creeping, frond is simple pinnate, sori round and spores bilateral, monolete. This species was used as ornamental. Thus, there is a need to conduct an in vitro (spore) culture of this plant. In vitro culture of this species revealed a rapid spore germination of 3 days after inoculation. Germ filament formation of one to twelve cells was observed from 3rd to 16th day after inoculation, and prothallial plate formation was noticed 19th day after inoculation. Correspondingly, Nephrolepis falcate (Cav.) C. Chr. spore germination is of Vittaria type and its prothallial development follows Adiantum-type.
Structural study of hcp and liquid iron under shock compression up to 275 GPa

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Here we combine nanosecond laser shock compression with in situ picosecond x-ray diffraction to provide structural data on iron up to 275 GPa. We constrain the extent of hcp-liquid coexistence, the onset of total melt, and the structure within the liquid phase. Our results indicate that iron, under shock compression, melts completely by 258(8) GPa. A coordination number analysis indicates that iron is a simple liquid at these pressure-temperature conditions. We also perform texture analysis between the ambient body-centered-cubic (bcc) α, and the hexagonal-closed-packed (hcp) high-pressure ε-phase. We rule out the Rong-Dunlop orientation relationship (OR) between the α and ε - phase s. However, we cannot distinguish between three other closely related ORs: Burger's, Mao-Bassett-Takahashi, and Potter's OR. The solid-liquid coexistence region is constrained from a melt onset pressure of 225(3) GPa from previously published sound speed measurements and full melt [246.5(1.8)–258(8) GPa] from x-ray diffraction measurements, with an associated maximum latent heat of melting of 623 J/g. This value is lower than recently reported theoretical estimates and suggests that the contribution to the earth's geodynamo energy budget from heat release due to freezing of the inner core is smaller than previously thought. Melt pressures for these nanosecond shock experiments are consistent with gas gun shock experiments that last for microseconds, indicating that the melt transition occurs rapidly.
Research on the Performance Test Method of Information System Based on the Domestic Software and Hardware Platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to more accurately evaluate the requirement-meeting situation and scalability of performance index of the information system based on the domestic software and hardware platform, this paper proposes a performance test method that integrates performance, margin, capacity and strength tests. The test result shows that the method is of guiding significance for evaluating the performance index of the system and exploring its boundary strength.
Comparison of magnetic probe calibration at nano and millitesla magnitudes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic field probes are invaluable diagnostics for pulsed inductive plasma devices where field magnitudes on the order of tenths of tesla or larger are common. Typical methods of providing a broadband calibration of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\dot{\rm{B}}$\end{document}Ḃ probes involve either a Helmholtz coil driven by a function generator or a network analyzer. Both calibration methods typically produce field magnitudes of tens of microtesla or less, at least three and as many as six orders of magnitude lower than their intended use. This calibration factor is then assumed constant regardless of magnetic field magnitude and the effects of experimental setup are ignored. This work quantifies the variation in calibration factor observed when calibrating magnetic field probes in low field magnitudes. Calibration of two \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\dot{\rm{B}}$\end{document}Ḃ probe designs as functions of frequency and field magnitude are presented. The first \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\dot{\rm{B}}$\end{document}Ḃ probe design is the most commonly used design and is constructed from two hand-wound inductors in a differential configuration. The second probe uses surface mounted inductors in a differential configuration with balanced shielding to further reduce common mode noise. Calibration factors are determined experimentally using an 80.4 mm radius Helmholtz coil in two separate configurations over a frequency range of 100–1000 kHz. A conventional low magnitude calibration using a vector network analyzer produced a field magnitude of 158 nT and yielded calibration factors of 15 663 ± 1.7% and 4920 ± 0.6% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\frac{\rm{T}}{\rm{V}\, \rm{s}}$\end{document}TVs at 457 kHz for the surface mounted and hand-wound probes, respectively. A relevant magnitude calibration using a pulsed-power setup with field magnitudes of 8.7–354 mT yielded calibration factors of 14 615 ± 0.3% and 4507 ± 0.4% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\frac{\rm{T}}{\rm{V}\, \rm{s}}$\end{document}TVs at 457 kHz for the surface mounted inductor and hand-wound probe, respectively. Low-magnitude calibration resulted in a larger calibration factor, with an average difference of 9.7% for the surface mounted probe and 12.0% for the hand-wound probe. The maximum difference between relevant and low magnitude tests was 21.5%.
Advancing gender inclusion for sustainable development in Nigeria's oil and gas sector.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article investigates the significance of women's participation in advancing sustainable development within Nigeria's oil and gas industry. Although women make notable contributions in technical, leadership, and non-technical capacities, gender inequalities persist, limiting their potential to fully influence economic progress and sustainability efforts. Therefore, this article focuses on the issue of underrepresentation and explores how women's involvement affects outcomes related to sustainable development using a quantitative research method. The data was gathered from 358 female professionals working across various geopolitical regions in Nigeria's oil and gas sector. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression models. The findings indicate that there is a moderate level of recognition regarding women's participation and its impact on promoting decent work and economic development. Despite this, their roles in shaping policies and driving innovation are highly valued. The correlation analysis identifies a weak yet statistically significant positive link between women's inclusion and sustainable development. Additionally, a stronger correlation is observed between women's influence on decent work and sustainability-related outcomes. Results from the regression analysis reveal that the model holds statistical significance, but its explanatory power remains modest. This suggests the presence of other influencing factors that were not covered in this study. The study highlights the importance of implementing gender-inclusive policies, leadership training initiatives, and workplace reforms to strengthen women's contributions within the sector. These strategic efforts are essential for enhancing gender equality and fostering sustainable growth in Nigeria's oil and gas industry. JEL Codes: J16, Q43, O15 Keywords: Economic growth, gender inclusion, innovation capacity, leadership opportunities, Nigeria energy industry, oil and gas sector, policy development, sustainable development, workplace diversity, and women empowerment.
A case report of the scarred abdomen and DIEP surgery— contraindication or opportunity for combined abdominal wall reconstruction?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Various patterns of abdominal scarring are considered relative or absolute contraindications for deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvest. There are implications for the vascular supply to and within the flap and also to the abdominoplasty flap used for donor site closure. In recent years, several authors have advocated techniques of safe flap harvest and donor site closure in the scarred abdomen. We present the first reported case of successful delayed DIEP breast reconstruction in a patient who was 1 year post adjuvant chemo and radiotherapy with a previous ileostomy (right abdominal wall), midline laparotomy and active colostomy (left abdominal wall). Pre-operative workup included joint plastic and colorectal consultations, routine bloods and computed tomography angiography (CTA). A joint procedure was carried out during which the active colostomy was isolated on the abdominal wall musculature and a hemi-DIEP was raised from the contralateral side with good intraflap flow despite a previous ileostomy on the flap side. The colostomy was resited in the abdominoplasty flap and the delayed breast reconstruction was successful performed. The flap, donor site and new colostomy site healed well with an uneventful postoperative course and a high level of patient satisfaction and a subjective improvement in abdominal contour for the patient. As the field of abdominal wall reconstruction grows and reliability of microsurgical breast reconstruction improves, increasingly challenging abdomens can be considered as safe donor sites for autologous breast reconstruction. Careful imaging, counselling and collaboration between plastic surgeons and colorectal surgeons can aid in appropriate management of these complex patients.
Adult-type Granulosa Cell Ovarian Tumor: Clinicopathological Features, Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the clinicopathological features, outcomes and prognostic factors affecting the disease-free interval in women with adult-type granulosa cell tumor.Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of patients with adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (AGCTs) during January 2001 to October 2016 were recruited. The data record of all patients was analyzed to determine clinic-pathological features, treatment, survival, and prognostic factors.Results: Eighteen women with adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) were diagnosed. The mean age+ SD was 48.72+ 5.95 years. The adnexal mass was the most common presenting symptoms (83.3%) and most were diagnosed in FIGO stage I (83.3%). The majority of patients (55.6 %) were treated with complete staging surgery. Additionally, 22.2% were given postoperative chemotherapy. Endometrial cancer was detected in only one case. The mean follow-up period+ SD was 43.11+ 26.02 months. No recurrence of disease was observed in all patients. The estimated 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 95% regardless of the stage of the disease. The stage disease slightly influenced disease-free survival. However, no statistical difference between stages (p=0.52). No prognostic factors associated with DFS significantly.Conclusion: The majority of the patients with adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (AGCTs) presented in the early stage of disease and have an excellent survival rate. Tumor removal procedure with or without complete staging surgery seemed to be the appropriate treatment for granulosa cell tumors. No prognostic factors affecting on disease-free survival rate was found.