jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thiourea Derivatives in Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry: A Short Review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Thioureas have great medicinal applications as well as non-medicinal activities in industry, analytical chemistry and metallurgy. This review is a glimpse of methods of synthesis and applications of thioureas in the field of medicine and agriculture. Thioureas have a number of medicinal applications and a number of thioureas are in clinical use. Medicinal applications of thioureas are increasing with the passage of time. In the field of agriculture, thioureas are used as insect growth regulator, anti-fungal agents and herbicides.
Project-Based Learning and its Effects on Freshmen Social Skills in an Engineering Program

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter reports some effects of project-based learning (PBL) on development of social skills on Industrial Engineering freshmen (first-year) students. PBL is an active learning and student-centered methodology that promotes skills development such as the 4C—Critical thinking, Communication, Collaboration and Creativity. These skills should be an integral part of the expected engineering competences needed for professional proficiency, in order to comply with a changeable world and instable marketplaces, which require competences well beyond the technical ones. Through a survey to the first-year students and interviews to recently graduated professionals, some interesting results about the effects of PBL on social skills development were acquired. Some of these results relate to the recognition of acquiring competences during the project development and the usefulness and applicability of these in their daily professional activity. Among others, these encompass the capability to lead projects and produce effective work within multidisciplinary teams, to deal with conflicts, and to provide effective oral and written communication and capability to adapt to different work environments and assuming responsibilities, reflecting and assessing the own learning and the work of others, and to respect the attitudes and work of others.
Enumeration of highly-correlated radar targets with eigenbeam-space post-Doppler CFAR

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Enumeration method for highly-correlated or coherent radar targets containing in Doppler bin of interest is proposed. The proposed method uses adaptive threshold to detect targets in beamspace and post-Doppler domain to improve probability of correct target enumeration in lower SNR (Signal to Noise power Ratio) with respect to MDL (Minimum Description Length). Threshold in the proposed method is controlled to maintain the user-specified probability of false enumeration. Moreover the proposed method has ability to enumerate target number equal to number of spatial channel. By computer simulation, the proposed method achieved 0.623 of probability of correct enumeration for two highly-correlated mainbeam targets of respective SNR = 20 dB impinging on four subarray linear antenna while MDL achieved 0.09 of the probability. Furthremore the proposed method achieved 0.609 of probability of correct enumeration in the same scenario but two subarray linear antenna whereas MDL is unable to enumerate target number due to exceeding the number of degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the array antenna.
The employment contract and unfair contracts legislation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2005, the Law Commissions published a report reviewing unfair contracts legislation in the UK. Where the contract of employment was concerned, the Commissions were of the view that, in short, the status quo should remain. This paper seeks to appraise that position and considers whether an opportunity to bring forward beneficial reforms has been missed. The paper takes cognisance of the legislative scheme in New South Wales, which contains extensive powers where unfair contracts are concerned. It is suggested that, in the UK, the two key issues which need to be addressed are contracting-out and terms which may be substantively unfair.
Locating approach and building layout design for "sandwich class housing" in Wuhan City

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sandwich class housing" is an emergent social problem in most cities of China.Where to locate the public housing for sandwich class and what kinds of building layout fit into the needs of sandwich class are two basic questions to local governments.This paper proposed a locating approach of sandwich class housing through analytic hierarchy process method, which considers the influence of income, distance, time total money cost, school, hospital, store, neighborhood on the choosing of housing locations.As result, 9 candidate locations were chosen as the housing location for sandwich class in Wuhan city.Also, this paper presents some building layout design plans for meeting the needs of sandwich class livings.They can be categorized as diverse, changeable and detailed layout designs.The feature and satisfied functions of these categories were discussed in this paper.Both works can provide a suggestion for local government to make decisions of building public housing for sandwich class.
Adaptive approaches to relieving broadcast storms in a wireless multihop mobile ad hoc network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a multihop mobile ad hoc network, broadcasting is an elementary operation to support many applications. Previously, it is shown that naively broadcasting by flooding may cause serious redundancy, contention, and collision in the network, which we refer to as the broadcast storm problem. Several threshold-based schemes are shown to perform better than flooding in that work. However, how to choose thresholds also poses a dilemma between reachability and efficiency under different host densities. In this paper, we propose several adaptive schemes, which can dynamically adjust thresholds based on local connectivity information. Simulation results show that these adaptive schemes can offer better reachability as well as efficiency as compared to the previous results.
Perancangan interior pusat rehabilitasi pekerja seks komersial di Surabaya

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Praktek prostitusi yang semakin marak berkembang, lambat laun memberikan dampak yang negatif sehingga menciptakan citra yang buruk terhadap kota Surabaya. Hal ini tidak dapat dibiarkan terjadi begitu saja. Maka dari itu dirancanglah sebuah pusat rehabilitasi untuk pekerja seks komersial, yang memberikan pelatihan, pembinaan dan pengobatan agar setiap mereka yang datang kesana dapat dibimbing untuk menjadi lebih baik dan dapat diterima kembali didalam masyarakat.
Stress Analysis of an Artificial Human Elbow Joint: Application of Finite Element Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The elbow joint is frequently affected by two kinds of arthritis (degenerative arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis) following some kind of injuries. There have been efforts since the eighteenth century by various individuals and organizations in modeling permanent implants for the elbow joint, but some of the prostheses have been disappointing because of lack of understanding of the biomechanics of the elbow joint. This paper presents investigation of the stress analysis of the fixation of artificial elbow joint into the humerus bone of the human arm. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique is used to study the stress distribution. The Amira software is used to develop the humerus bone model from a Computed Tomography (CT) data set. Then, the MSC Marc Mentat software is used to create implant and cement-mantle models from geometrical entities. The Magics software is used alongside to achieve appropriate models for the analysis. The maximum principal and von Mises stresses are obtained for varying lengths of the implant at a fixed diameter and with the elbow at an angle of fixation.
Autistic-like findings associated with a urea cycle disorder in a 4-year-old girl

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 4-year-old girl presented at our clinic with autistic-like symptoms, aggressivity and occasional hyperactivity. She had no history of neurologic or physical symptoms. Her condition was diagnosed as pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). She received pharmacologic (thioridazine), educational and speech therapy. During this process, a urea cycle disorder was also identified, namely, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and arginase deficiency, because of the high level of ammonia in the patient’s bloodstream, the high level of organic acids in the 24-hour urine collection and the constant presence of slow multifocal epileptic discharges on the electroencephalograms. The patient’s protein intake was restricted, and she was treated with sodium benzoate and arginine. After 1 year of treatment, the autisticlike findings and hyperactivity were no longer apparent.
Polarization observables in the elastic scattering of protons on 9Be nuclei

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The polarization observables for the elastic p-9 Be scattering at 1000 MeV are calculated on the basis of the Glauber-Sitenko multiple diffraction scattering theory and α-cluster model with dispersion.The 9 Be nucleus is considered as composed of the core ( 8 Be nucleus) and the additional cluster (neutron) arranged with most probability in the center of mass of the core.The results obtained are in agreement with the existing experimental data.
Poly(Pyridinium Phenylene)s: Water-Soluble N-Type Polymers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Poly(pyridinium phenylene) conjugated polymers are synthesized by a cross-coupling and cyclization sequence. These polyelectrolytes are freely soluble in water and display high degrees of electroactivity. When reduced (n-doped) these materials display in situ conductivities as high as 160 S/cm. The high conductivity is attributed to the planar structure that is enforced by the cyclic structures of the polymer. The electron affinities are compared to PCBM, a C(60) based n-type material. We find that these polymers undergo excited state electron transfer reactions with other donor conjugated polymers and hence may find utility in photovoltaic devices.
THE USE OF GABUS (Ophicepallus strianus BLKR) FILLET FISH AND APLICATION OF FREEZING IN MAKING GLUTEN PEMPEK

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama pembekuan gluten dan penambahan daging ikan terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia pempek gluten. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kimia Hasil Pertanian, Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian Unsri dari bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2005. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial (RAL) dengan 2 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan lama pembekuan sebagai faktor pertama terdiri atas 0, 6, dan 12 jam. Sedangkan sebagai faktor kedua ialah jumlah daging ikan yang terdiri atas 0, 5, 10, dan 15%. Peubah yang diamati : Kadar Air, Kadar Abu, Kadar Protein, Kadar Lemak dan Kadar Karbohidrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama pembekuan gluten berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air dan berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap peubah lainnya, sedangkan jumlah penambahan daging ikan berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar abu dan kadar lemak serta berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap peubah lainnya. Perlakuan terbaik adalah pempek dengan pembekuan gluten 12 jam dan penambahan ikan 15%.
Application of tracer methodology to measure nitrogen kinetics in the rumen in cattle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The efficiency of use of dietary nitrogen (N) in cattle is influenced by the rate of degradation of dietary protein to peptides, amino acids and ammonia and the concomitant rate of assimilation of these nitrogenous products by rumen micro-organisms for their protein synthesis. The latter depends heavily on fermentable energy availability (FME). Ammonia that is not assimilated is absorbed across the rumen wall and is mostly excreted. This excretion represents inefficient use of dietary N. The stable isotope 15N provides a useful means of making quantitative estimates of N utilisation in ruminants. However, owing to technical challenges associated with implementation of tracer dilution methods, measurement of 15N content in biological materials and cost of 15N-labelled materials, there have been relatively few studies using 15N in larger animals. Our objective was to develop and evaluate tracer dilution methods using 15N that would be appropriate for studying the efficiency of use of the N in perennial ryegrass silages when used for feeding cattle.
Multi-level ray tracing algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose new approaches to ray tracing that greatly reduce the required number of operations while strictly preserving the geometrical correctness of the solution. A hierarchical "beam" structure serves as a proxy for a collection of rays. It is tested against a kd-tree representing the overall scene in order to discard from consideration the sub-set of the kd-tree (and hence the scene) that is guaranteed not to intersect with any possible ray inside the beam. This allows for all the rays inside the beam to start traversing the tree from some node deep inside thus eliminating unnecessary operations. The original beam can be further sub-divided, and we can either continue looking for new optimal entry points for the sub-beams, or we can decompose the beam into individual rays. This is a hierarchical process that can be adapted to the geometrical complexity of a particular view direction allowing for efficient geometric anti-aliasing. By amortizing the cost of partially traversing the tree for all the rays in a beam, up to an order of magnitude performance improvement can be achieved enabling interactivity for complex scenes on ordinary desktop machines.
Outcome After Surgery for the Treatment of Hip Fracture in the Extremely Elderly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: As a consequence of changes in population demographics, the extremely elderly represent one of the fastest growing groups in Western society. Previous studies have associated advanced age with increased mortality after hip frac-ture; however, this finding has not been consistent. Methods: TheScottishHip Fracture Audit is a prospective, national,multicenter study that collectsdataonpatients over the ageoffifty yearswhoareadmitted to thehospitalwithahip fracture. For thepresentstudy,weuseddatacollected fromtwenty-two acute-care orthopaedic units between January 1998 andDecember 2005. The extremely elderly cohort consisted of 919 individuals with an age of ninety-five years or more. Case-mix variables and outcomes were compared with those for a modal control group of 15,461 individuals who were seventy-five to eighty-nine years of age. Outcomemeasures included thirty and 120-daymortality rates, the lengthof thehospital stay, theplaceof residence, andmobility. Amultivariable logistic regression model was used to compare outcomes between groups while controlling for significant case-mix variables. Results: The extremely elderly presented with poorer indicators of health status as demonstrated by higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores. In addition, this group was less likely to be independentlymobile andmore likely to be in institutional care at the time of the fracture (p &lt; 0.001). Mortality at thirty and 120 days was higher in the extremely elderly even after adjusting for case-mix variables. The extremely elderly also were less likely to return home or to return to previous levels of mobility.
PET/MRI-based phenotyping of a transgenic rat model for Huntington's disease - a 16 months follow-up study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: The tgHD rat (von Horsten et al. 2003) carries 51 CAG repeats, which is within ranges observed in human genotypes. It was previously reported that small animal FDG-PET is able to detect hypometabolism in the whole brain of tgHD rats at 18–24 months of age. However, this initial imaging study was limited by its cross-sectional nature, the resolution of the small animal PET employed and the lack of a regional analysis. Due to the late-onset development of phenotype in tgHD rats compared to, e.g., the juvenile onset in R6/2 mouse, in-vivo imaging may facilitate phenotype assessment in therapeutic studies.
An Alternatively Spliced TREM2 Isoform Lacking the Ligand Binding Domain is Expressed in Human Brain

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Genetic variants in TREM2 are strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk but alternative splicing in TREM2 transcripts has not been comprehensively described. Objective: Recognizing that alternative splice variants can result in reduced gene expression and/or altered function, we sought to fully characterize splice variation in TREM2. Methods: Human anterior cingulate autopsy tissue from 61 donors was used for end-point and quantitative PCR and western blotting to identify and quantify novel TREM2 isoforms. Results: In addition to previously described transcripts lacking exon 3 or exon 4, or retaining part of intron 3, we identified novel isoforms lacking exon 2, along with isoforms lacking multiple exons. Isoforms lacking exon 2 were predominant at approximately 10% of TREM2 mRNA in the brain. Expression of TREM2 and frequency of exon 2 skipping did not differ between AD samples and non-AD controls (p = 0.1268 and p = 0.4909, respectively). Further, these novel splice isoforms were also observed across multiple tissues with similar frequency (range 5.3 –13.0%). We found that the exon 2 skipped isoform D2-TREM2 is translated to protein and localizes similarly to full-length TREM2 protein, that both proteins are primarily retained in the Golgi complex, and that D2-TREM2 is expressed in AD and non-AD brain. Conclusion: Since the TREM2 ligand binding domain is encoded by exon 2, and skipping this exon retains reading frame while conserving localization, we hypothesize that D2-TREM2 acts as an inhibitor of TREM2 and targeting TREM2 splicing may be a novel therapeutic pathway for AD.
Voluntary engineering— charity begins at home

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Professional engineers are often asked to provide free advice but it is less easy to say no when the client is a charity or community group with little or no funding. There is also much evidence to suggest that providing pro bono advice to local communities is actually good for business in terms of networking opportunities with other volunteer professionals, increased employee satisfaction and improved public perception. This papers describes the work of ProHelp, an initiative by the Business in the Community charity to help engineers and other professionals provide coordinated and effective support to local community projects in the UK.
Vein matching using line pattern

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Authentication technologies have been improving radically over the years, from the traditionally known password and smartcard authentications, to today’s biometric authentication methods. Biometric authentication is an automated recognition of individual based on their biological traits or behavior. It does not fear circumstances such as intrusion of privacy due to stolen smartcards or password being hacked. Biological traits such as voices, fingerprints, DNA, retinal and iris patterns are practically unique to each and every individual, which makes this method of proving one’s identity nearly impossible to falsify. Out of these various biometric traits, biometric verification through vein recognition had been explored and improvised over a sustained period of time, arising as a new form of authentication. The current vein identification method used for authentication consist of three modules: Vein Acquisition, Image Processing and Line Pattern Matching. Vein Acquisition is the process of capturing the blood vessels using a thermal scope. The acquired images were then processed by Near-Infrared imaging tool to pass into the next module. The final module, Line Pattern Matching, matches the processed vein images with the database available for authentication. In this project, we enhanced the current Image Processing module by introducing edge detection and connection methods to the Near-Infrared images to identify more traits of the veins. This project was done with some modification to a previously implemented biometric system which was used for palm print and hand vein recognition. C# and MATLAB were used in this project for edge detection. Visual Studio, an open source IDE, was explored but the results using the functions available for Visual Studio are not as desirable as MATLAB in terms of image processing.
A Crowdsourcing-based Learning Approach to activate Active Learning

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Usually students consume learning material and write an exam at the end of the lecture. Such a process follows a summative learning pattern, which can be considered a standard approach at universities. Studies in educational theory indicate, however, that active involvement–instead of passive consumption–should be fostered in learning since active learning proved to be superior to passive learning. To benefit from active learning arrangements, we implemented an active involvement of students into the exam preparation for an introduction to Information Systems course at the University of Cologne. Students were asked to design exercises and provide solutions to selected topics. Subsequently, they received feedback to their submissions, which supports the self-assessment on the subject. An empirical evaluation shows general agreement for such active involvement of students and also indicates that students participating in the task creation are more likely to pass an exam than students denying the participation. This paper presents our crowdsourcing-based learning approach and discusses challenges for its implementation.
Pengaruh Variasi Tegangan Tabung Sinar-X terhadap Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) dengan Penerapan Anode Heel Effect menggunakan Stepwedge

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

It has been conducted research to determine the effect of X-ray tube voltage variation (kV) on Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values by applying the Anode Heel Effect using stepwedge with the addition of 1.5 mm thickness each step. The stepwedge used was 1.5-31.5 mm. The X-ray tube voltage variations used were 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 kV. Analysis of the effect of X-ray tube voltage variation on SNR values is determined using IMB SPSS Statistics 26 with a simple regression test. The test results showed that variations in X-ray tube voltage affect SNR values, where the greater the variation in X-ray tube voltage then the SNR value would get smaller. The optimal SNR value of 72.685 was obtained at a tube tension of 40 kV and a stepwedge thickness of 27.0 mm.