jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Meta‐Regulation and Self‐Regulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The conventional view of regulation emphasises two opposing conditions: freedom and control. Government can either leave businesses with complete discretion to act according to their own interests, or it can impose regulations taking that discretion away by threatening sanctions aimed at bringing firms' interests into alignment with those of society, as a whole. This article focuses specifically on two alternatives to traditional, so-called command-and-control regulation: namely, meta-regulation and self-regulation. It defines these alternatives and situates their use in an overall regulatory governance toolkit. Drawing on the existing body of social science research on regulatory alternatives, this article identifies some of the strengths and weaknesses of both meta-regulation and self-regulation, and considers how these strengths and weaknesses are affected by different policy conditions.
Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Frost Heaving of Artificially Frozen Soil

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The impact of the cold-side temperature and moisture to frost heave were obtained by studying frost heaving test in open system. Frost heave ratio increased linearly with the decrease of cold-side temperature and moisture. Frost heave force increased with the decrease of cold-side temperature and increase of moisture. In addition, the soil physical properties variation laws was gained during freezing in the test, like moisture and dry density. By analysising the test data of frost heave ratio and frost heave force, the relationship between frost heave ratio and frost heave force were acquired. The results had important practical value and theoretical significance to the freezing shaft sinking and artificially freezing techniques applied in urban underground engineering.
Limonene: Natural monoterpene volatile compounds of potential therapeutic interest

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The majorities of essential oils are extracted from aromatic and essential plants and have been used in their natural state for millennia for many applications. They consist of bioactive ingredients (terpenes) known for many biological properties. Their physicochemical characteristics classify them as volatile and fragrant natural organic compounds (FOCs) and play an important role in Plante-Animal communication, in the defense of plants and forests against natural aggressions, but also to fight against drought by contributing rain. It is important to distinguish FOCs from VOCs (volatile organic compounds) synthesized or produced from petrochemical derivatives or from purified natural compounds and have real potential adverse effects. We carried out this review to list the different works carried out on the essential oils rich in one of the most known and used natural compounds (Limonene) in order to highlight its beneficial properties and its possible harmful effects by specifying the various conditions of studies. It is also important to emphasize the difference between volatile organic contaminants (VOCs), which are generally pollutants resulting from human activity or the synthesis or purification of molecules, and fragrant organic compounds (FOCs), whose ratio benefit risk is more in favor of their use with a good control of the recommendations on the doses of use.
Effect of Seagrass Cover and Mineral Content on <i>Kappaphycus</i> and <i>Eucheuma</i> Productivity in Zanzibar

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Keywords: epiphytes, Eucheuma sp., ‘ice-ice\', Kappaphycus sp., Thalassia sp., minerals The productivity of two species of red algae, namely Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins et Harvey and Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty was investigated at Paje and Uroa, two sites in Zanzibar differing in seagrass cover. The growth rate (GR) of E. denticulatum in Paje (low seagrass cover) was 20–75% lower than in Uroa (high seagrass cover), depending on season. Growth of K. alvarezii in Paje was compromised by Polysiphonia spp. epiphytism. Manganese, iron, copper and zinc contents of both E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii from Paje were 35–99% lower than in E. denticulatum from Uroa. Culturing of epiphyte-infested or healthy K. alvarezii in seawater fortified with the mentioned minerals improved daily GR by 10–200 %. The effect of Cu, Zn and Mn in K. alvarezii with epiphytic infestation and ‘ice-ice\' was positive only when Provasoli solution was added. The GR of E. denticulatum was virtually unchanged by the addition of minerals. It is suggested that Fe, Zn, and especially Mn may play an important role in conferring resistance to physical stress to the macroalgae, stress which eventually makes them more susceptible to epiphytism and/or a bacterial infection that is responsible for a disease condition known as ‘ice-ice\'. Ice-ice describes the texture and colour of the affected thalli. The possible role of seagrasses to the productivity of algae is also discussed. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Sciences Vol.2(2) 2003: 163-170
Automation manufacturing using MES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Automation of Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 involves handling large equipments used for manufacturing. The modern era requires automation to manufacture products in order to reduce manpower and increase the efficiency of production. Automation helps in improving the manufacturing cycle time, and in tracking all transactions right from quotation to shipment of the product based on the Manufacturing Execution System (MES). It captures defective data and supports end-of-the-line audits. In this work, an application is developed to implement MES which has two tracking processes, namely, Work In Process (WIP) Tracking and Steps involved in Project (SPEC) and Equipment Tracking (ET). In process WIP, manufacturing orders or work orders for the product are designed and implemented. The equipment tracking process provides the information of the stage at which the material is being processed through which the end-user will know the status of the product. The developed software helps to calculate Loss Pareto and to improve the manufacturing yield and deliver products to customer within the expected time.
Development and Validation for RP-HPLC Method of Assay of Omeprazole Capsules Formulation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Omeprazole is a potent proton pump inhibitor for the treatment of various acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. simple, selective and rapid reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the analysis of Omeprazole has been developed and validated. The separation was achieved from HPLC column (ZORBAX, XDB, C-18 (150×4.6 mm, 5 micron) with a mobile phase consisting of HPLC grade acetonitrile and phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) in the ratio of (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min and runtime 10 min with UV detector at 302nm. The method was specific and it was observed that no interference with diluents. The proposed method was accurate with 100.95% recovery omeprazole and precise (% RSD of area of system precision, % RSD of assay of method precision were found to be 0.14% and 0.37% respectively). From the linearity study the correlation coefficient is found to be 0.9988, which indicated that the method was linear over 25% to 175% range. The method was found robust for possible changes. Therefore, this method can be used as a more convenient and efficient option for the analysis of Omeprazole to establish the quality of the drug substance during routine analysis with consistent and reproducible results.
Twelve-month-old infants recognize that speech can communicate unobservable intentions

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Much of our knowledge is acquired not from direct experience but through the speech of others. Speech allows rapid and efficient transfer of information that is otherwise not directly observable. Do infants recognize that speech, even if unfamiliar, can communicate about an important aspect of the world that cannot be directly observed: a person’s intentions? Twelve-month-olds saw a person (the Communicator) attempt but fail to achieve a target action (stacking a ring on a funnel). The Communicator subsequently directed either speech or a nonspeech vocalization to another person (the Recipient) who had not observed the attempts. The Recipient either successfully stacked the ring (Intended outcome), attempted but failed to stack the ring (Observable outcome), or performed a different stacking action (Related outcome). Infants recognized that speech could communicate about unobservable intentions, looking longer at Observable and Related outcomes than the Intended outcome when the Communicator used speech. However, when the Communicator used nonspeech, infants looked equally at the three outcomes. Thus, for 12-month-olds, speech can transfer information about unobservable aspects of the world such as internal mental states, which provides preverbal infants with a tool for acquiring information beyond their immediate experience.
A digital sensor to measure real-time leaf movements and detect abiotic stress in plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plant and plant organ movements are the result of a complex integration of endogenous growth and developmental responses, partially controlled by the circadian clock, and external environmental cues. Monitoring of plant motion is typically done by image-based phenotyping techniques with the aid of computer vision algorithms. Here we present a method to measure leaf movements using a digital inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. The lightweight sensor is easily attachable to a leaf or plant organ and records angular traits in real-time for two dimensions (pitch and roll) with high resolution (measured sensor oscillations of 0.36 ± 0.53° for pitch and 0.50 ± 0.65° for roll). We were able to record simple movements such as petiole bending, as well as complex lamina motions, in several crops, ranging from tomato to banana. We also assessed growth responses in terms of lettuce rosette expansion and maize seedling stem movements. The IMU sensors are capable of detecting small changes of nutations (i.e. bending movements) in leaves of different ages and in different plant species. In addition, the sensor system can also monitor stress-induced leaf movements. We observed that unfavorable environmental conditions evoke certain leaf movements, such as drastic epinastic responses, as well as subtle fading of the amplitude of nutations. In summary, the presented digital sensor system enables continuous detection of a variety of leaf motions with high precision, and is a low-cost tool in the field of plant phenotyping, with potential applications in early stress detection.
Properties of the Intergalactic Magnetic Field Constrained by Gamma-ray Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The magnetic field in intergalactic space gives important information about magnetogenesis in the early universe. The properties of this field can be probed by searching for radiation of secondary e$^+ $e$^-$ pairs created by TeV photons, that produce GeV range radiation by Compton-scattering cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons. The arrival times of the GeV "echo" photons depend strongly on the magnetic field strength and coherence length. A Monte Carlo code that accurately treats pair creation is developed to simulate the spectrum and time-dependence of the echo radiation. The extrapolation of the spectrum of powerful gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) like GRB 130427A to TeV energies is used to demonstrate how the IGMF can be constrained if it falls in the $10^{-21}$ - $10^{-17}$ G range for 1 Mpc coherence length.
ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION IN THE TREATMENT OF VERTIGO

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Vertigo Symptoms associated with vertigo gradually decrease with vestibular rehabilitation. Objective: To assess the efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation in the treatment of vertigo. Material and Methods: A total of 32 patients, aged 40–60. Out of which 21 were females and 11 were males, who had been hospitalized for chronic vertigo. The patients were randomized into two groups. Six weeks were allotted for the study's execution. Patients in Group I received individualized group vestibular rehabilitation in an outpatient environment almost weekly for one and a half hours under the supervision of a physiotherapist. On the contrary Group II was directed to complete basic balancing exercises twice a week for approximately 15 minutes. Results: For group I, the Dynamic Gait Index results showed a statistically significant improvement. Quality of life and dizziness intensity improved after the intervention. Through functional testing, a postural balance improvement was noted. Conclusion: A customized, supervised outpatient rehabilitation program, exceeded the outcome as compared to home-based, balance exercises. Intervention improves postural balance and quality of life. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical treatment is not linked to this improvement.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS (L.) INFESTATION ON DETERIORATION OF PIGEONPEA AND GREENGRAM SEEDS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels (0 beetle, 1 pair, 2 pairs, 4 pairs and 8 pairs) of Callosobruchus chinensis infestation on seed deterioration of pigeonpea (var. UPAS 120) and greengram (var. K. 851) under ambient conditions (27 ± 4°C temperature and 84 ± 10% relative humidity). The results indicated that in both pigeonpea and greengram the level of bruchid infestation was directly proportional to the population count and per cent seed infestation but inversely proportional to the germination per cent. Mycoflora infection was noted in all the treatments but at higher level of infestation high bracterial infection suppressed the fungal invasion.
NASA&#8217;s Geospace Dynamics Constellation&#8212;Providing the first Systematic Measurements of Global Magnetospheric Energy Inputs and Ionosphere-Thermosphere Responses

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC) is NASA's next strategic Living With a Star mission. GDC's goals are: 1)&#160;Understand how the high-latitude ionosphere-thermosphere system responds to variable solar wind/magnetosphere forcing; and 2) Understand how internal processes in the global ionosphere-thermosphere system redistribute mass, momentum, and energy. Planned for launch by the end of the decade, GDC will use six identical observatories, each identically instrumented to fully characterize the magnetospheric drivers of the I-T system as well as the global response of the ionized and neutral gases. GDC will do this with a series of orbital configurations that will enable it to study the widest range of spatial and temporal scales to date, ranging from hundreds of kilometers and several seconds to tens of minutes, and extending through the regional to the global scale. This talk presents GDC's current status, measurement capabilities, sampling scheme, and model development efforts and show how GDC will fit into the larger Heliophysics ecosystem, by 1) obtaining critically needed scientific observations; 2) providing a source for real-time space weather and situational awareness, as well as retrospective studies to further the science of space weather; 3) serving as a "strategic hub" for other space-based and ground-based efforts that want to leverage GDC to perform complementary science.To get the most benefit from GDC&#8217;s observations, it will be critical to identify partnerships with other research efforts in the ITM and Geospace arenas, including those utilizing space-based, ground-based, or theoretical investigations. We particularly would like to discuss with groups who are planning or considering observational campaigns during the GDC era, to find ways to leverage GDC observations to do synergistic science that could not be done otherwise.
Cardiovascular Complications, Kidney Failure, and Mortality in Young-Onset Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Data From the Korean National Health Insurance Service

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To explore all-cause mortality and the incidence of cardiovascular and renal complications among patients with young-onset diabetes in South Korea using a nationwide registry database. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were collected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort database from 2006 to 2019 for patients aged ≤30 years with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). The incidence rates of cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction [MI] and stroke) and kidney failure, as well as all-cause mortality, were compared with those in the general population. RESULTS This study included 513,633 participants, comprising 413 with T1D, 1,250 with T2D, and 511,970 control individuals. After adjusting for sex, age, family income, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, the hazard ratio (HR) for MI was 6.76 (95% CI 2.44–18.72) and 5.07 (95% CI 2.48–10.36) for T1D and T2D, respectively. The HR for stroke was 4.65 (95% CI 1.70–12.71) and 3.30 (95% CI 1.67–6.53) for T1D and T2D, respectively. The HR for kidney failure was 20.92 (95% CI 11.40–38.39) and 2.78 (95% CI 1.37–5.64) for T1D and T2D, respectively. The mortality risk was significantly higher in patients with T1D (3.69; 95% CI 1.95–6.98) and T2D (3.06; 95% CI 2.02–4.63) than in the control group. The mortality risk was highest in the T2D subgroup of participants aged &lt;20 years at enrollment (10.70; 95% CI 4.41–25.94). CONCLUSIONS In South Korea, patients with young-onset diabetes are at high risk of cardiovascular complications, kidney failure, and death.
Utility of Measurement of Serum Lactate in Diagnosis of Coagulopathy Associated with Peripheral Circulatory Insufficiency: Retrospective Evaluation Using Thromboelastometry from a Single Center in Japan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recently, serum lactate level rather than systolic blood pressure (sBP) has been widely used to diagnose peripheral circulatory insufficiency, which often leads to coagulopathy with systemic inflammation. However, most of the reported disorders were examined by plasma samples. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of serum lactate for detecting coagulopathy with circulatory failure by using thromboelastometry as well as standard coagulation test. 192 adult patients transported to our hospital between January 2013 and September 2014 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The sBP, serum lactate and thromboelastometry (ROTEM(®)) were measured in these patients in the emergency department. All patients were divided into three groups based on serum lactate levels: (1) the severe group (≥4 mmol/L, n=41); (2) the mild group (<4 mmol/L and ≥2 mmol/L, n=59); and (3) the normal group (<2 mmol/L, n=92). Patients in the severe group were of a significantly younger age but had lower pH and poor outcome. SBP was significantly lower and heart rates were higher in the severe group than in the other groups. Prolonged PT-INR and APTT were statistically confirmed in the severe group. ROTEM findings in the severe group revealed significantly lower alpha angle, shortened Lysis Onset Time and significantly more cases exhibited hyperfibrinolysis. The same analysis with the cut-off level of sBP at 90 mmHg showed no significant difference in ROTEM findings between the two groups. Abnormal serum lactate levels (≥4.0 mmol/L) properly reflected peripheral circulatory insufficiency and were more closely associated with coagulopathy such as hyperfibrinolysis and hypocoagulability than sBP.
Evaluation Method of Coal Mine Production Safety Based on BP Neural Network

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on the theory of system engineering, coal mine production safety has been analyzed. From workers, production process, coal production and economy, coal mine production safety evaluation indexes have been confirmed, and then the BP neural network model of coal mine production safety evaluation has been built. After training and testing the model, the model can accurately evaluate the coal mine production safety. It is of great guiding significance for coal mine production safety.
Protein Restriction Diet as an Essential Tool in Treating Uremia: Myth or Truth?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Protein restriction diet is not always accepted by every nephrologist, even though one century has been passed since such a nutritional therapy was introduced as one of the strategies against uremia. One reason might be that nutritional therapies, in contrast to drug therapies, require a longer observation period and are more difficult to use in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate their effectiveness. At least, protein restriction has been revealed to be certainly effective in chronic renal failure except for polycystic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy, based on the accumulated results obtained by meta- analysis, RCT and cohort studies. Another reason why some physicians hesitate to restrict protein, might be attributable to dialysis therapy; an already established procedure in the treatment of uremia, even though it is expensive and its availability is restricted. Another issue, which should be resolved in the future, is whether protein restriction diet before dialysis improves the overall prognosis of uremic patients. In any case, it is true that nutritional support, as well as drug therapies, is a mainstream treatment for uremia.
Photochemistry of enzyme-bound cinnamoyl derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry of enzyme-bound cinnamoyl derivativesPaula M. Koenigs, Bruce C. Faust, and Ned A. PorterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 21, 9371–9379Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00074a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views247Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts