jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition and Fungicidal Activity of Murraya microphylla Essential Oil against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Murraya microphylla (Merr.) Swingle is a perennial bush distributed in southern China. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of M. microphylla essential oil and evaluated its fungi- cidal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Moreover, we isolated the bioactive components of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. A total of 30 components in the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main components included caryophyllene (20.36 %), terpinen-4-ol (11.6 %), β-terpinene (8.74 %), β-phellandrene (7.24 %), (+)-2-(carene) (6.95 %), γ-elemene (6.03 %), and humulene (5.60 %). With further isolation, four active constituents were obtained from the essential oil and identified as caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexene, and bicyclo [3.1.0] hex- ane-2-ol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-(1a-2a-5a). The assay showed that terpinen-4-ol exhibited stronger fungi- cidal activity against C. gloeosporioides than caryophyllene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)- cyclo-hexene, and bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-ol,2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-(1a-2a-5a). Of all the components, cyclopentane had the weakest fungicidal activity against C. gloeosporioides. These results indicate that the M. microphylla essen- tial oil and the isolated compounds can be developed into natural preservatives to control C. gloeosporioides contamination in stored fruit.
Erosion of a Surface Interacting with Magnetized Plasma

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It is analytically shown that interaction of magnetized multicomponent plasma with a target surface causes an instability of material erosion. The wave numbers and increments of growing fluctuations are determined in a linear approximation. The mean time of surface roughening is of the same order or even shorter than that of the erosion process itself. Erosion instabilities are of importance for long-pulse or steady-state operation of future reactor-grade fusion devices.
The Role of Banks in Dividend Policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We document a significant inverse relationship between a firm’s dividend payouts and reliance on bank loan financing. Banks limit dividend payouts to shareholders in order to protect the integrity of their senior claims on the firm’s assets. Moreover, dividend payouts decline in the presence of monitoring by relationship banks, which acts as an effective governance mechanism, thereby reducing the gains from pre-committing to costly dividend payouts. Bank monitoring and corporate governance (insider stake and institutional block holdings) are complementary mechanisms to resolve firm agency problems, both reducing the firm’s reliance on dividend policy.
Acinetobacter baumannii: Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance—Treatment Options

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The first decade of the 20th century witnessed a surge in the incidence of infections due to several highly antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospitals worldwide. Acinetobacter baumannii is one such organism that turned from an occasional respiratory pathogen into a major nosocomial pathogen. An increasing number of A. baumannii genome sequences have broadened our understanding of the genetic makeup of these bacteria and highlighted the extent of horizontal transfer of DNA. Animal models of disease combined with bacterial mutagenesis have provided some valuable insights into mechanisms of A. baumannii pathogenesis. Bacterial factors known to be important for disease include outer membrane porins, surface structures including capsule and lipopolysaccharide, enzymes such as phospholipase D, iron acquisition systems, and regulatory proteins. A. baumannii has a propensity to accumulate resistance to various groups of antimicrobial agents. In particular, carbapenem resistance has become commonplace, accounting for the majority of A. baumannii strains in many hospitals today. Carbapenem-resistant strains are often resistant to all other routinely tested agents. Treatment of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii infection therefore involves the use of combinations of last resort agents such as colistin and tigecycline, but the efficacy and safety of these approaches are yet to be defined. Antimicrobial-resistant A. baumannii has high potential to spread among ill patients in intensive care units. Early recognition and timely implementation of appropriate infection control measures is crucial in preventing outbreaks.
Is it language that makes humans intelligent? [Commentary on Locke, J.L. and Bogin, B.]

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The target article by Locke & Bogin (L&B) focuses on the \nevolution of language as a communicative tool. They neglect, however, that from infancy onwards humans have the ability to go beyond successful behaviour and to reflect upon language (and other domains of knowledge) as a problem space in its own right. This ability is not found in other species and may well be what makes humans unique.
Alloy design and creep strength of advanced 9%Cr USC boiler steels containing high concentration of boron

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The research and development project of National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) for advanced ferritic heat resistant steels for 650°C ultra super critical (USC) plants, revealed that the addition of >0·01 mass% boron to a 0·08C–9Cr–3W–3Co–V–Nb–,0·003N steel remarkably improves the long term creep strength. Boron enriched in M23C6 carbides near prior austenite grain boundaries suppresses the coarsening of carbides during creep deformation, leading to excellent microstructural stability and creep strength. If creep strength was further improved by the addition of nitrogen, it was found to enhance precipitation of fine MX. Addition of excess nitrogen to the high boron containing steel was found to reduce creep rupture lives and ductility. This results from a decrease in the amount of effective boron, which is dissolved in M23C6 and suppresses its coarsening, resulting from the formation of coarse BN at normalising temperature. The highest creep strength is obtained with steel of the following composition: 0·08C–9Cr–3W–3Co–0·2V–0·05Nb–0·008N–0·014B (mass%), which has an improved creep strength compared to P92. The 105 h extrapolated creep rupture strength at 650°C is ∼100 MPa. This steel also shows good creep ductility even in the long term. In conclusion, high boron bearing 9Cr–3W–3Co–V–Nb steel combined with the addition of 0·008 mass% nitrogen is a promising candidate for thick section components in the 650°C USC plants as it shows superior creep strength without impaired creep ductility.
Post-Acute Rehabilitation in Persons With Dementia: Does It Make a Difference?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Persons with dementia are about two times more likely to be hospitalized than their peers who are cognitively healthy. These individuals are frequently discharged to skilled nursing facilities or nursing home settings, to receive short-term, post-acute, rehabilitative care. The rehabilitative care, Physical Therapy (PT) and Occupational Therapy (OT), provided in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) aims to restore the person to their pre-hospitalization functional status and assist the person to return home. This study used MDS assessment data of 6396 people, age 65 years and older with dementia, admitted to SNFs in 2013 from acute care hospitals in Massachusetts to assess the effects of OT and PT on the change in physical function of nursing home residents admitted to the nursing home after hospitalization. Multiple linear regression analyses. The sample was mostly female (64.1%), non-Hispanic (98.86%), and white (93.71%), with a mean age of 85.3 (SD=6.85). After controlling for age, gender, race and comorbidities, and delirium, rehabilitation interventions (OT, PT or OT+PT) did not have any significant effect on changes in physical function among residents with dementia (p for OT = 0.14; p for PT=0.59; p for OT+PT:= 0.32). Additionally, non-white residents had poorer function at three months (β =1.86, 95% CI:-3.57- -0.16). The results indicate for persons with dementia admitted to SNFs, OT, PT or OT+PT did not lead to a significant improvement physical function. More innovative and effective interventions should be developed to improve physical function in persons with dementia post-hospitalization.
Modified genetic algorithm for layout optimization of multi-type wind turbines

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The wind farm micro-siting is an important strategy for reducing the cost of wind energy. In this paper, two different types of wind turbines are considered for a wind farm to take the full advantage of wind resources at different altitudes. The phenotype of the problem is described by an integer encoding method, and a repair operator of genetic algorithm is proposed to handle the position constraint. The optimal objective is to maximize the net present value of a wind farm under a certain initial budget. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the significance of planting multi-type wind turbines.
Seeking light-chain amyloidosis very early: The SAVE trial—identifying clonal lambda light chain genes in patients with MGUS or smoldering multiple myeloma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

8010 Background: In systemic AL amyloidosis (AL), caused by clonal Ig free light chains (LC) produced in 75% of cases by λ clones, patients often present with advanced organ damage, making earlier diagnosis a critical unmet need. Five λ IGLV germline genes account for 75% of AL λ-type ( IGLV 6-57, 1-44, 2-14, 1-51, 3-1) (Blood 2017;129:299), representing 56% of all AL patients. Relative risk of AL versus MM with these clonal genes can be high (7.3, 6-57; 2.5, 1-44), intermediate (1.7, 2-14; 1.2, 1-51) or low (0.8, 3-1) (Amyloid 2009;16:1). Progression to AL from smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) occurs but is not well appreciated (JCO 2014; 32:2679). SAVE is a trial for λ SMM or λ MGUS patients with a κ:λ FLC ratio < 0.26 and difference between involved and uninvolved FLC > 23mg/L (JCO 2014;32:2699). Methods: Eligible patients ship peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) samples to us for RT-PCR with cDNA from CD138+ cells, using primers for the Vλ families (Blood 2001;98:714). Amplicons are sequenced and the IGLV germline genes identified in IMGT (ImMunoGene-Tics, www.imgt.org). If the germline gene is AL-related, further evaluation is pursued. Results: Twenty asymptomatic λ patients from 18 states have been enrolled (3M, 17F) and 23 PB and 4 BM specimens obtained. Medians of months from diagnosis, involved FLC, κ:λ ratios, MNC and CD138-selected cells were 20.5 months, 113mg/L, κ:λ 0.06, 8.1x10 6 (0.8-24) and 3x10 5 (0-30), respectively. Seventeen patients have had IGLV genes identified, 12 with the first and 5 with additional specimens including 4 BM. Increased risk of AL was identified in 7 patients, 2 of whom had undiagnosed AL (both with IGLV2-14 germline genes). One patient with SMM diagnosed in 2016 had AL λ-type with GI involvement and is 9 months status post MEL 200 stem cell transplant (SCT), and the second with SMM diagnosed in 2009 had cardiac AL λ-type by heart biopsy with an NT-proBNP 171 (but with a suggestive MRI) and is en route to SCT. Conclusions: The SAVE trial enables early diagnosis of AL λ-type based on the λ IGLV gene used by the clonal plasma cells. By RT-PCR in this pilot study we identified the clonal λ gene 85% of the time. Earlier diagnosis will enable treatment with effective therapy such as MEL 200 SCT. Clinical trial information: NCT02741999.
Barriers to Immigrant Use of Financial Services: The Role of Language Skills, U.S. Experience, and Return Migration Expectations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Immigrants constitute a rapidly growing share of the U.S. population. However, when compared to natives, foreign-born residents are more likely to be unbanked, less likely to participate in formal retirement savings programs and have lower levels of financial literacy. This project (1) investigated barriers to the use of financial services faced by immigrants and (2) designed and evaluated new financial education materials targeted at immigrants. The authors focused on three potential barriers: limited English proficiency, lack of U.S. experience and return migration expectations. They designed new financial education materials to help immigrants overcome financial participation barriers. Using the RAND American Life Panel they administered two different versions of the educational material to randomly selected test groups – one general version and one including immigrant-specific information — as well as having a control group that received no information. They find that the groups that received the educational intervention were more likely to correctly answer questions on investment and savings strategies, IRA and 401(k) rules and to perform simple interest rates calculations. When questions involved specific immigrant information, the effect was mostly present for the treatment group that received immigrant-specific content. They find little effect of the treatments on financial behavior measures such as probability expectations and choice tasks. Overall, the knowledge outcomes point to the efficacy of this type of educational material in informing respondents with respect to important financial information that they are not familiar with, including information related to their immigrant status. However, they find limited effect on intended behavior change.
Pakistan's position in the world of forensic odontology and dental records.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Most dentists are aware of the existence of FO, but they need to acknowledge the significance of dental record keeping and encourage implementation of FO. Regardless of the absence of any governing body for FO and negligible education, training and implementation in Pakistan, this field is gradually progressing. The authorities should introduce detailed guidelines for recording, managing and storing dental records. They should ensure the future acknowledgement of this subject in the education system and assign forensic odontologists to the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) team.
Holistic investigation of hydrogen as an alternative fuel

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The shipping industry is the backbone of the global economy, accounting for 90% of the global trade in terms of volume and 3% of the world’s emissions. To reduce emissions from the global maritime sector, there is a need to make shipping more sustainable. By 2050, the shipping industry is expected to decarbonize by at least 50% from 2008 levels. In the near future, the possibility of zero emissions offered by alternative fuels paves the way for a greener shipping industry. This study aims to provide a holistic assessment of hydrogen as an alternative fuel by analysing the impact of various aspects throughout a hydrogen life cycle and recommend the most suitable hydrogen pathway for Singapore and Indonesia to adopt. In order to understand the opportunities and challenges faced, primary and secondary data were collected to ensure the consistency and reliability of findings. Primary data consisted of interviews and surveys with various professionals employed in different areas of the maritime industry, while secondary data consisted of literature from various sources. Upon analysis of the data collected, various environmental issues in the hydrogen value chain have been identified. With careful implementation, Singapore and Indonesia could use blue hydrogen in the near future as a stepping stone for the future adoption of green hydrogen. In addition, the regulation impact has emerged as a critical aspect to holistically assessed hydrogen as an alternative fuel. Collaboration and investment from governments, regulatory bodies and shipping companies would help the shipping industry reach the targeted goal of carbon neutrality. The recommendation listed will form the basis of the proposed pathways for Singapore and Indonesia in 2030 and 2050.
ECOLOGICAL TAX AS AN ECONOMIC TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN UKRAINE

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The essence of the ecological tax, features of ecological taxation in Ukraine are determined. The analysis of the dynamics of pollutants emissions into the ambient air, waste generated in the territory of Ukraine and the indicators of income for the components of the environmental tax in terms of their enrolment at different levels of the state budget is carried out. The system of economic tools for nature management and environmental protection in Ukraine is presented. The types of environmental taxes collected in foreign countries are investigated, problems of environmental taxation in Ukraine are identified. The main directions of improving the environmental tax have been determined taking into account the experience of economically developed countries of the European Union.
Endogenous low-level expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor enables coxsackievirus B3 infection of RD cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cells in which the appropriate viral receptor cannot be detected may paradoxically act as a host to the virus. For example, RD cells are often considered to be non-permissive for infection with coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-dependent group B coxsackieviruses (CVB), insofar as inoculated cell monolayers show little or no cytopathic effect (CPE) and immunohistological assays for CAR have been consistently negative. Supernatants recovered from RD cells exposed to CVB, however, contained more virus than was added in the initial inoculum, indicating that productive virus replication occurred in the monolayer. When infected with a recombinant CVB type 3 (CVB3) chimeric strain expressing S-Tag within the viral polyprotein, 4–11 % of RD cells expressed S-Tag over 48 h. CAR mRNA was detected in RD cells by RT-PCR, and CAR protein was detected on Western blots of RD lysates; both were detected at much lower levels than in HeLa cells. Receptor blockade by an anti-CAR antibody confirmed that CVB3 infection of RD cells was mediated by CAR. These results show that some RD cells in the culture population express CAR and can thereby be infected by CVB, which explains the replication of CAR-dependent CVB in cell types that show little or no CPE and in which CAR has not previously been detected. Cells within cultures of cell types that have been considered non-permissive may express receptor transiently, leading to persistent replication of virus within the cultured population.
Putting It All Together

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract: Unconventional sexual interests and behaviors can be classified in four ways. The system that appeals most to each person depends on the person’s background and preferred working paradigm. Those who think of paraphilias from a medical perspective will tend to think of possible anatomic or physiologic pathologies. Those who think of paraphilias from a behavioral perspective will tend to think of learned interests and behaviors due to mechanisms such as unconditioned and conditioned primary and second-order responses, blocking, generalization, punishment, and extinction. Those who think of paraphilias as variations on the range of sexual interests and behaviors shared by diverse population samples of humans will be prone to depathologize paraphilias and avoid categories. Those who focus on understanding the meaning that the paraphilia has for the person with the paraphilia will tend to think in terms of the person’s life history. This chapter reviews perspectives and paradigms concerning the paraphilias. A new classification scheme for the paraphilias is presented. The benefits of a new paradigm for the paraphilias that explains the changes seen in people with paraphilias is presented. A plea is made for productive future collaborations.
Biomimetic synthesis of magnetosomes for biomedical application

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Extended Abstract Micro/nanovesicles (solution encapsulated liposomes or polymersomes) are currently utilised in many applications and potential applications, such as delivery of drugs in medicine.(Abra, Bankert et al. 2002, Ren, Liu et al. 2012) In medicine, vesicles are used to encapsulate drugs, and release them at specific locations in response to a specific stimuli by engineering of the vesicle membrane.(Ganta, Devalapally et al. 2008) This means that lower doses of drugs are required significantly improving the treatment efficiency whilst reducing the magnitude and severity of any side effects. Currently, medical researchers are developing therapies which can simultaneously diagnose and treat a wide range of diseases, termed theranostic agents.(Santhosh and Ulrih 2013, Svenson 2013) Our research, is focussed on the development of magnetic vesicles for use as theranostic agents. We are combining the diagnostic capability of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), currently used in MRI scanning with their theraputic capability as seen in magnetic hyperthermia to treat tumours.(Pankhurst, Connolly et al. 2003, Pankhurst, Thanh et al. 2009) Biocompatibility is achieved by precipitation within vesicle, currently used as drug delivery agents. Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 synthesise magnetosomes, which are internally formed vesicles containing a single biomineralised MNP. The magnetosome lipid membrane supports an array of magnetic bacteria specific proteins that allow the formation of uniformly sized and shaped magnetosome MNPs.(Tanaka, Mazuyama et al. 2011) To be suitable for medical use, both vesicles and MNPs must be of a consistent size and shape, to ensure consistent properties and predictable behaviour during application. The formation of our proposed theranostic agent takes inspiration from magnetic bacteria to create artifical magnetosome-like theranostic magnetic nanovesicles in situ under mild reaction conditions, which has been sucessfully achieved. MNPs in our system are precipitated within the vesicle membrane, and appear responsive in intial MRI and hyperthermia testing. The benefit of MNP precipitation within the vesicle membrane is that the core is free for encapsulation of hyrdrophillic drugs for delivery controlled by application of a magnetic field. Work is now focussed on the incorporation of biomineralisation and membrane iron-transport proteins from the magnetic bacteria into our vesicles to further control the MNPs size and shapes within the nanovesicles and thus tune the magnetic properties.
The Effects of Sexist Language on Attribution of Blame Following Sexual Assault

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables viii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review 5 Ambivalent Sexism 5 Sexism and Language 10 Gender Stereotypes 12 Priming and Stereotype Activation 14 Victim Blaming in Sexual Assault 18 Gender and Victim Blaming 20 Focused Summary of Study 21 Chapter 3: Research Hypotheses 23 Chapter 4: Method 25 Participants 25 Stimulus Materials 26 Language Manipulation 26 Priming Manipulation 27
The timeline as a programming interface

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The task of implementing meaningful reactive behavior in mobile applications is not trivial. To abstract over platform-specific details while writing expressive and legible code, we've developed EveWorks, a framework for context awareness that interfaces with the rest of the application code through statements written in a simple, interpreted language. In this work, we explain the conceptualization that stands at the core of our framework's language, inspired by one of the most ubiquitous representations of temporality, the timeline.