jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Single and Multi-Strain Probiotics on In Vitro Strain Compatibility, Pathogen Inhibition, Biofilm Formation Capability, and Stress Tolerance

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Compatibility of each strain in a multi-strain probiotic (MSP), along with its properties, becomes a strong base for its formulation. In this study, single-strain probiotics (SSPs) and multi-strain probiotics (MSPs) were evaluated in vitro for strain compatibility, microbial antagonism, biofilm formation capacity, and stress tolerance. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L11, Enterococcus hirae LAB3, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis SPS11 were chosen as MSP1 candidates because they showed much stronger antagonism to Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae than a single probiotic. MSP 2 candidates were Lysinibacillus fusiformis strains SPS11, A1, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain NAS32 because the inhibition zone produced by MSP 2 against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was much higher than that produced by its constituent SSPs. MSP1 in the co-culture assay reduced (p < 0.05) A. hydrophila count from 9.89 ± 0.1 CFU mL−1 to 2.14 ± 0.2 CFU mL−1. The biofilm formation of both MSPs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than its constituent SSPs and the pathogens. The SSPs in both MSPs generally showed resistance to high temperatures (80, 90, and 100 °C) and a wide range of pH (2 to 9). This in vitro assessment study demonstrates that MSP1 and 2 have the potential to be further explored as multi-strain probiotics on selected aquatic species.
Difference in Phototoxicity of Cyclodextrin Complexed Fullerene [(γ-CyD)2/C60] and Its Aggregated Derivatives toward Human Lens Epithelial Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The water-soluble fullerene derivative gamma-cyclodextrin bicapped C(60) [(gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60), CDF0] has several clinical applications, including use as a drug carrier to bypass the blood ocular barriers or a photosensitizer to treat tumors in photodynamic therapy. We have assessed the potential ocular toxicity of (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) and its aggregated derivatives induced by UVA and visible light in vitro in human lens epithelial cells (HLE B-3). Cell viability using the MTS assay demonstrated that 2 microM (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) was highly phototoxic to HLE B-3 cells with UVA irradiation, while no effect was observed in the presence of visible light or when maintained in the dark. In contrast, the aggregated derivative (CDF150) showed neither cytotoxicity nor any phototoxic effect even at 30 microM with either UVA or visible light irradiation. In lens cells treated with (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60), phototoxicity was manifested as apoptosis. Singlet oxygen production measurement using the EPR/TEMP trapping technique determined that (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) (CDF0) efficiently produced singlet oxygen. The rate of singlet oxygen production decreased with increased aggregation, with no production by the fully aggregated sample formed after 150 min of heating (CDF150). UVA irradiation of HLE B-3 in the presence of (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) resulted in a significant rise in intracellular protein-derived peroxides. The singlet oxygen quenchers sodium azide and histidine each significantly protected lens cells against (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) photodamage, but lutein and Trolox (vitamin E) did not. Clearly, singlet oxygen is an important intermediate in the phototoxicity of monomeric (gamma-CyD)(2)/fullerene. Our results also demonstrate that UVA-blocking sunglasses can limit the ocular phototoxicity of this nanomaterial, while nontoxic endogenous antioxidants like lutein or Trolox cannot provide adequate protection.
PREVALENCE OF COELIAC DISEASE AMONG THE PATIENTS PRESENTING IN THE OUTDOOR DEPARTMENT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coeliac disease or celiac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine. Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distention, malabsorption, loss of appetite, and among children failure to grow normally. This cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients presenting in the outdoor department of different hospitals. Name, age, gender, symptoms of pale, loose stools, weight loss were noted on a predefined proforma. All the data was entered and analyzed with SPSS Ver. 23.0. A total of 100 patients presenting in the outdoor department were included in this study i.e., 50 males (50%) and 50 females (50%). The mean age of the patients was 3.23±2.23 years. Out of these patients, five patients were suspected as a case of coeliac disease. Further workup was suggested after that.
Design Of Monitoring System of Height, Weight and Body Mass Index Using Android-Based Nodemcu ESP8266

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Generally, height and weight measurements are carried out separately as well as to determine the Body Mass Index must be calculated manually using specific formulas that not everyone understands, so it is difficult to know whether the body has reached a normal number or not. This study will provide suggested solutions to support the body to be healthy in measuring devices and android applications, for height measurement using ultrasonic sensors, weight using loadcell sensors and NodeMCU ESP8266 as data processors. The results of measuring height and weight appear on an LCD, the results of Body Mass Index (BMI) and the recommended solutions to meet standard body numbers in calculating BMI appear on the android application. Based on the results of the tests carried out, it is known that designing a measuring instrument with NodeMCU ESP8266 based on Android has been successfully carried out. The measuring instrument by implementing the Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 as a height measurement can perform a success percentage of 96.95% and Loadcell Sensor as a weight measurement can perform the percentage of success is 98.97%, while in measuring Body Mass Index (BMI) can do a success percentage of 90.84%, the measuring instrument can also emit sound in the form of body condition in accordance with the measurement results obtained by the microcontroller with a success percentage of the sound output of 100% but has an average percentage of voice output delay variations of 2.1 seconds.
The Mechanical Properties of β‐SiAlON Ceramics Joined Using Composite β‐SiAlON‐Glass Adhesives

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The mechanical properties of β‐SiAlON ceramics joined using β‐SiAlON‐glass‐forming adhesives consisting of mixed Si 3 N 4 , Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 powders are described. Use of adhesives with a β‐SiAlON:glass ratio of 60:40 gave an optimum joint strength of 650 MPa in four‐point bending mode, i.e., 85% of that of unbonded material, when joining was carried out at 1600°C for 10 min, under an applied uniaxial pressure of 2 MPa. Bonding pressures in excess of 2 MPa caused excessive compressive creep distortion during the joining operation. The strengths of postjoined HIPed material and HIPed, unbonded material, differed by only 4%, i.e., 975 and 1010 MPa, respectively, which indicates that HIPing reduces the size of critical defects in the joint. Fracture toughness of the joint also improved upon HIPing.
Varying sensitivity to the negative oestrogen feedback during the ovarian cycle of female rats: evidence for the involvement of oestrogen and the medial preoptic area

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The gonadotrophic response to a single injection of oestradiol benzoate (OB) was studied in acutely ovariectomized adult rats during the different stages of a 4-day ovarian cycle. The results showed a sudden decline of the sensitivity to the gonadotrophin-inhibiting effect of OB between metoestrus and dioestrus. This desensitization to the negative oestrogen feedback was probably caused by an oestrogen action on the medial preoptic area (MPOA). In rats ovariectomized and implanted with OB in the MPOA in metoestrus, an s.c. injection of OB on the presumptive day of pro-oestrus did not lower the circulating LH and FSH levels, whereas a clear suppression of gonadotrophin secretion was seen in females implanted with cholesterol in the MPOA or implanted with OB in the hypothalamic ventromedial–arcuate region. Similar findings were obtained in rats which had been ovariectomized 3–4 weeks before implantation. A final experiment demonstrated that bilateral lesioning of the MPOA also reduced the sensitivity to the negative feedback action of oestrogen in long-term ovariectomized rats. In all experiments performed, diminution of the oestrogen-induced inhibition of LH secretion was more marked than that of suppression of FSH secretion. It is proposed that desensitization to the negative oestrogen feedback, probably resulting from an inhibitory oestrogen action on medial preoptic neurones, is a prerequisite for adequate gonadotrophic support of preovulatory follicle maturation in the presence of a continuously rising oestrogen concentration in the blood. J. Endocr. (1984) 102 , 287–294
Biological Function and Application of Picornaviral 2B Protein: A New Target for Antiviral Drug Development

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Picornaviruses are associated with acute and chronic diseases. The clinical manifestations of infections are often mild, but infections may also lead to respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, myocarditis, meningitis, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis, with serious impacts on human health and economic losses in animal husbandry. Thus far, research on picornaviruses has mainly focused on structural proteins such as VP1, whereas the non-structural protein 2B, which plays vital roles in the life cycle of the viruses and exhibits a viroporin or viroporin-like activity, has been overlooked. Viroporins are viral proteins containing at least one amphipathic α-helical structure, which oligomerizes to form transmembrane hydrophilic pores. In this review, we mainly summarize recent research data on the viroporin or viroporin-like activity of 2B proteins, which affects the biological function of the membrane, regulates cell death, and affects the host immune response. Considering these mechanisms, the potential application of the 2B protein as a candidate target for antiviral drug development is discussed, along with research challenges and prospects toward realizing a novel treatment strategy for picornavirus infections.
Quality Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Manufacturing and service organizations have a fundamental objective of meeting or exceeding the needs of the customer. A means to accomplish this objective is through the adoption of a culture of quality management that is pervasive at all levels of the organization. Starting with senior management in charge of strategic planning, progressing to middle management, dealing with tactical issues, and continuing to line management, addressing operational issues, adoption of a system that promotes continuous quality improvement will ensure competitiveness and growth of the organization. As customer needs are usually prioritized, by focusing on the critical needs of the customer, the organization is able to address customer satisfaction, which in turn influences profitability. Further, as the level of quality increases, a reduction in total costs is achieved. The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the domain of quality management with a strategic focus. As details on operational methods for the achievement of quality are not within the scope of this article, a brief discussion can be found in the conclusions section. The reader may refer to the cited references and other appropriate sections of the Encyclopedia for further details.
Prenatal detection of trisomy 18 caused by isochromosome 18p and 18q formation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We report on the prenatal detection and further genetic studies in a case of trisomy 18 caused by isochromosome 18p [i(18p)] and 18q [i(18q)] formation. The diagnosis was made by standard cytogenetic techniques in amniotic fluid cells and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The formation of the isochromosomes cannot be explained by a single model; centromere misdivision and meiosis II nondisjunction without recombination or mitotic misdivision are the most likely mechanisms of formation as indicated by DNA analysis.
Exploring the complexities of chronic pain: The ICEPAIN study on prevalence, lifestyle factors, and quality of life in a general population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives The ICEPAIN study is a longitudinal research project focused on building an extensive database on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), lifestyle, and pain among the general population in Iceland. The project started with a cross-sectional data collection and will be followed by similar data collection after 5 and 10 years from participants who have agreed to be contacted again. In this article, descriptive data on the prevalence and nature of chronic pain in the Icelandic general population will be presented in relation to sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, adverse life experiences, and HRQoL. Methods Data were collected through a web-based platform using a national panel representing a randomised population sample of 12,400 individuals aged 18–80 years from the National Population Register of Iceland. The instruments consisted of questionnaires on pain, lifestyle factors, adverse life experiences, and HRQoL. The sample was stratified according to age, gender, and residence. Results The response rate was 45% ( N = 5,557), and most participants (81%) agreed to be contacted again for later data collection. The mean age of the respondents was 54.8 years (SD = 13.7). Half of the participants (50.3%) had experienced some pain the previous week, and 40% had chronic pain (≥3 months). The prevalence of chronic pain was inversely related to educational level and satisfaction with household income and positively associated with body mass index. A significant correlation was found between chronic pain prevalence and several lifestyle variables, such as physical exercises, smoking habits, sleep, and adverse life experiences. Chronic pain had a significant negative impact on both physical and mental components of HRQoL. Conclusion These results indicate a complex relationship between chronic pain, lifestyle, and adverse life experiences. The longitudinal design will provide further information on the long-term development among these variables.
Bus rapid transit projects involving the South African government and small operators (as SMMEs): is bus rapid transit a blue or red ocean strategy?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Transport forms the heartbeat of the economy, not only in South Africa but also globally. Over time the South African government has invested a great deal of resources in transport projects such as taxi recapitalization rail technology as well as bus rapid transit (BRT). The BRT project has been a point of discussion in terms of the value which it can bring to key stakeholders, particularly to commuters and the country’s economy at large. BRT is basically an urban public bus transport strategy which seeks to alleviate congestion, mostly in the Metropolitan areas. In this paper the significance of the BRT strategy is highlighted as this may guide future public transport project investment. As a strategic move, the decision for government to roll out BRT is evaluated in terms of blue ocean strategy (BOS) principles and red ocean strategy (ROS) elements. BOS strategy suggests that an organization operates in its own created market space where competition is rendered irrelevant, whereas with ROS organization relies on having a competitive edge in order to outsmart its rivals. The preliminary findings suggest that there are some elements of both BOS principles and ROS that are relevant to BRT projects. BRT is seen as a useful public transport investment particularly for countries with developing economies elements such as South Africa. However, stakeholder buy-in and cooperation should be promoted to preserve the strategic and social gains brought about by BRT and other integrated public transport projects
Fifth Week of Desert Storm Fighting Brings New Challenges for Medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AS ANTICIPATED, Desert Storm ground fighting is bringing a new set of challenges in terms of prompt evacuation and treatment of wounded allied soldiers. When Iraqi forays into Saudi Arabia brought a start to ground fighting 3 weeks ago, the situation also highlighted the importance of US military medical planning. This includes self- or buddy-care by US troops who are trained in some essential emergency medical procedures such as control of bleeding, additional procedures (such as airway clearance) by a combat lifesaver in the squad with additional training and equipment ( JAMA . 1991;265:557-559), help from Advanced Trauma Life Support-certified corpsmen, and eventually attention from a physician. As also was expected, evacuation of the wounded is challenging along this flat terrain where would-be rescuers are vulnerable to enemy groundfire. Helicopters are much less likely to be used for frontline medical evacuation (than they were used, for instance, in the Southeast Asian theater
InP Nanowire Diodes on Quartz Substrates

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate, for the first time, a unique p-i-n diode structure composed of ensembles of unintentionally doped InP nanowires bridging p-type and n-type hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (muc-Si:H) layers on a quartz substrate. Selective area growth was used to restrict nanowires to the perimeter of a circular hole etched into vertically stacked p+ muc-Si:H/SiO 2 /n+ muc-Si:H thin films. DC electrical measurements confirm diode current-voltage characteristics with 25 nA reverse leakage current and an ideality factor of 3.9. Our demonstration suggests that active devices incorporating III-V compound semiconductor nanowires can be integrated onto low cost non- single crystal material platforms.
Modelling the effect of casting defects on tensile properties of high-pressure die-cast AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of casting defects on mechanical properties of a high-pressure die-cast AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloy is reported. A series of U-shaped structural components are cast using a combination of injection parameters and pouring temperatures in order to generate different types and amount of casting defects throughout the casting. It has been found that castings contain defects, primarily pores and oxides, and that the presence and distribution of these defects are highly sensitive to the process conditions. The tensile properties are affected by the amount and distribution of defects and are determined by the defect area fraction. The influence of casting defects on mechanical properties are investigated through a theoretical verification based on constitutive and stochastic models. The analytical approach, based on the Ghosh constitutive model of tension instability, correctly indicates the trends of the experimental results, while the Weibull statistics evidences how the scale parameter and the Weibull modulus are strongly affected by the casting conditions.
Genomic Diversity and Evolutionary Insights of Avian Paramyxovirus-1 in Avian Populations in Pakistan

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The virulent form of Avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), commonly known as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), is a pathogen with global implications for avian health, affecting both wild and domestic bird populations. In Pakistan, recurrent Newcastle Disease (caused by NDV) outbreaks have posed significant challenges to the poultry industry. Extensive surveillance in Pakistan over 20 years has demonstrated a dynamic genetic diversity among circulating APMV-1 strains, emphasizing the potential necessity for customized vaccination strategies and continuous surveillance. In this study, 13 APMV-1-positive isolates harboring four different APMV-1 genotypes circulating throughout Pakistan were identified. These included the highly virulent genotypes VII and XIII, genotype XXI, commonly associated with Columbiformes, and genotype II, hypothesized to have been detected following vaccination. These findings underscore the intricate interplay of mutational events and host-immune interactions shaping the evolving NDV landscape. This study advances our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of APMV-1 in Pakistan, highlighting the need for tailored vaccination strategies and continuous surveillance to enable effective APMV-1 management in avian populations, further emphasizing the importance of globally coordinated strategies to tackle APMV-1, given its profound impact on wild and domestic birds.
Race dynamics analysis of rice blast in Liaoning Province in 2005-2007.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In 2005-2007,physiological races of rice blast in Liaoning Province were identified.Monospore strains of pyricularia grisea Saccardo isolated from Liaoning Province were identified by using 7 Chinese different varieties(T).171 monospore strains were divided into 7 groups and 40 physiological races.The tests showed that ZA and ZF were dominant groups in Liaoning Province.In recent years,the occurrence frequency of high virulent races of indica and japonica races increased,and that of low ones were decreased.The races of ZG disappeared in 2006.
Calorimetry triggering in ATLAS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The ATLAS experiment is preparing for data taking at 14 TeV collision energy. A rich discovery physics program is being prepared in addition to the detailed study of Standard Model processes which will be produced in abundance. The ATLAS multi-level trigger system is designed to accept one event in 2 105 to enable the selection of rare and unusual physics events. The ATLAS calorimeter system is a precise instrument, which includes liquid Argon electro-magnetic and hadronic components as well as a scintillator-tile hadronic calorimeter. All these components are used in the various levels of the trigger system. A wide physics coverage is ensured by inclusively selecting events with candidate electrons, photons, taus, jets or those with large missing transverse energy. The commissioning of the trigger system is being performed with cosmic ray events and by replaying simulated Monte Carlo events through the trigger and data acquisition system.