jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A field survey on roof ventilation system of single-span plastic greenhouse in cucurbitaceae vegetable cultivation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research was conducted to obtain the basic information for establishment of standard guidelines in the design and installation of roof ventilation system in single-span plastic greenhouse. To achieve this, the greenhouse structure & characteristics, cultivation status, and ventilation system were investigated for single-span greenhouse with roof ventilation system cultivating the Cucurbitaceae vegetables, watermelon, cucumber, and oriental melon. Most of single-span watermelon greenhouse in Haman and Buyeo area were a hoop-style and the ventilation system in those greenhouses mostly consisted of two different types of 'roof vent (circular or chimney type) + side vent (hole) + fan' and 'roof vent (circular type) + side vent (hole or roll-up type)'. The diameter of circular and chimney-type vent was mostly 60cm and the average number of vents was 10.5 per a bay with vent spacing of average 6.75m. The ratio of roof vent area to floor area and side vent area in the single-span watermelon greenhouse with ventilation fan were 0.46% and 7.6%, respectively. The single-span cucumber greenhouse in Haman and Changnyeong area were a gable roof type, such as even span, half span, three quarter and the 70.6% of total investigated single-span greenhouses was equipped with a roof ventilation fan while 58.8% had a circulation fan inside the greenhouse. The ratios of roof vent area to floor area in the single-span cucumber greenhouse ranged from 0.61 to 0.96% and in the case of the square roof vent, were higher than that of the circular type vent. On average, the roof ventilation fan in single-span cucumber greenhouse was equipped with the power input of 210W and maximum air volume of $85.0m^3/min$, and the number of fans was 9.75 per a bay. The number of roof vent of single-span oriental melon greenhouse with only roll-up type side vent ranged from 8 to 21 (average 14.8), which was higher than that of other Cucurbitaceae vegetables while the vent number of the greenhouse with a roof ventilation fan was average 7 per a bay.
Adaptive minimum variance methods for direct blind multichannel equalization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Constrained adaptive optimization techniques are employed to design direct blind equalizers. The method is based on minimizing the equalizer's output variance subject to appropriate constraints. The constraints are chosen to guarantee no desired signal cancellation and are also jointly and recursively optimized to improve the performance. Our method provides adaptive solutions which directly optimize the equalizer's parameters, while its performance compares favorably to that of the linear prediction based approaches. Global convergence is established and comparisons with other blind and trained methods are presented.
Racial Differences in the Use of Epidural Analgesia for Labor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background There is strong evidence that pain is undertreated in black and Hispanic patients. The association between race and ethnicity and the use of epidural analgesia for labor is not well described. Methods Using the New York State Perinatal Database, the authors examined whether race and ethnicity were associated with the likelihood of receiving epidural analgesia for labor after adjusting for clinical characteristics, demographics, insurance coverage, and provider effect. This retrospective cohort study was based on 81,883 women admitted for childbirth between 1998 and 2003. Results Overall, 38.3% of the patients received epidural analgesia for labor. After adjusting for clinical risk factors, socioeconomic status, and provider fixed effects, Hispanic and black patients were less likely than non-Hispanic white patients to receive epidural analgesia: The adjusted odds ratio was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.93) for white/Hispanic and 0.78 (0.74-0.83) for blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites. Compared with patients with private insurance, patients without insurance were least likely to receive epidural analgesia (adjusted odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.89). Black patients with private insurance had similar rates of epidural use to white/non-Hispanic patients without insurance coverage: The adjusted odds ratio was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.53-0.82) for white/non-Hispanic patients without insurance versus 0.69 (0.57-0.85) for black patients with private insurance. Conclusion Black and Hispanic women in labor are less likely than non-Hispanic white women to receive epidural analgesia. These differences remain after accounting for differences in insurance coverage, provider practice, and clinical characteristics.
Fiscal policy stance during past periods of expansion

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The box looks at the fiscal policy stance in the euro area during past expansionary periods and the extent to which good economic times have been used to build fiscal buffers. It argues that the midly countercyclical or broadly netrual stance that prevailed during the expansionary phase before the financial crisis was not sufficient to built adequate buffers fo the following recession. JEL Classification: E62, H60
Simplifying ARM concurrency: multicopy-atomic axiomatic and operational models for ARMv8

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ARM has a relaxed memory model, previously specified in informal prose for ARMv7 and ARMv8. Over time, and partly due to work building formal semantics for ARM concurrency, it has become clear that some of the complexity of the model is not justified by the potential benefits. In particular, the model was originally non-multicopy-atomic : writes could become visible to some other threads before becoming visible to all — but this has not been exploited in production implementations, the corresponding potential hardware optimisations are thought to have insufficient benefits in the ARM context, and it gives rise to subtle complications when combined with other ARMv8 features. The ARMv8 architecture has therefore been revised: it now has a multicopy-atomic model. It has also been simplified in other respects, including more straightforward notions of dependency, and the architecture now includes a formal concurrency model. In this paper we detail these changes and discuss their motivation. We define two formal concurrency models: an operational one, simplifying the Flowing model of Flur et al., and the axiomatic model of the revised ARMv8 specification. The models were developed by an academic group and by ARM staff, respectively, and this extended collaboration partly motivated the above changes. We prove the equivalence of the two models. The operational model is integrated into an executable exploration tool with new web interface, demonstrated by exhaustively checking the possible behaviours of a loop-unrolled version of a Linux kernel lock implementation, a previously known bug due to unprevented speculation, and a fixed version.
Lactational performance, nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics of Holstein dairy cows in response to feeding wheat factory sewage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether wheat factory sewage (WFS) could partially replace barley grain in the diet of dairy cows without adversely affecting dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, digestibility and milk production of dairy cows. Eight multiparous (60 ± 3 days-in-milk) Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four 21-d periods. The four diets (treatment) differed by partially substituting WFS for barley grain at the rate of 0% (WFS0), 4% (WFS4), 6% (WFS6) or 8% of dietary dry matter (DM; WFS8). DM content of diets decreased from 65%, 59%, and 57% to 54% by increasing the inclusion of WFS due to high water content of WFS (80%). DMI changed quadratically and tended (P = 0.08) to be higher for WFS4 (23.1 kg/d) than for other three diets which were similar (21.5 kg/d). Ruminal fluid pH linearly increased (P = 0.01) with increasing WFS in the diet. Ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA; 100–103 mM), acetate (65–67 mM), propionate (24–25 mM) and ratio of acetate:propionate (2.68:2.89) were not affected by increasing the replacement of barley grain with WFS. Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM (67%), crude protein (CP; 68%) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; 54%) were not different among treatments. Milk yield (averaged 40 kg/d) and milk composition were not affected by the dietary treatments. These results showed that the inclusion of WFS at rates of 0, 4, 6, and 8% in place of barley grain in dairy cow diets decreased DM content of diets, but had no adverse effects on DMI, rumen fermentation, digestibility and milk production responses. In conclusion, WFS can be a candidate by-product as an alternative feedstuff for the partial replacement of barley grain in lactating dairy cow diets and also considered as an alternative energy source in a cost-effective manner when the price is competitive.
Effect of feature and sampling ratio on tool wear classification during boring operation using tree-based algorithms

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Tool condition monitoring (TCM) system is used to predict the tool wear during the machining process. The predominant wear is the flank wear which influences the surface roughness of the workpiece. The quantum of flank wear is to be ascertained so that a decision could be made whether the time has come for the insert to be replaced. Although the wear is continuous, it may be divided into three stages and may be classified as to which stage the tool wear falls into. Wear prediction may be carried out by extracting information from the vibration signals acquired during machining and interpreting them using machine learning. This paper focuses on monitoring the uncoated carbide tooltip during boring operation using tree based classifier algorithms such as random forest, J48, logistic model tree and gradient booted tree, in order to study the effect of feature and sampling ratio on tool wear classification when tree-based algorithms are used. Also, the statistical features and histogram features were compared for various cutting tool conditions to explore a better classifier-feature combination.
Lyo Calculator – the Calculator of Primary Freeze-Drying

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Freeze-drying (lyophilization) is an important process of a pharmaceutical solution state transformation for storage. Due to complexities of the process and costs related to experiments, numerical simulations of freeze-drying become more useful and cost-efficient for research and development of the process and the hardware. Many numerical models have been created to model separate steps of the drying process. However, these models are not available for any user. This work presents an open-source model of primary drying in a vial. Pseudo steady- state heat and mass transfer model was used to compute vapor pressure, drying time, product temperature, and percent of fluid dried as functions of time. To verify the numerical model, results were compared to experimental data of a mannitol (5%) solution and a numerical model created by M.J. Pikal. Results show accuracy within 20% at low chamber pressures and shelf temperatures. Simulations and analysis showed that the tool can be successfully used as a basic approximation of drying results for a single vial and constant chamber pressure and shelf temperature.
Regulations and Quality Assurance in Laboratory Medicine: USA Experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In the U.S., all clinical laboratory testing is regulated by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). CLIA links test quality and adherence to a body of testing regulations intended to ensure accurate, reliable and timely patient test results.CLIA regulations with specific minimum, performance requirements or safeguards are designed to prevent testing errors. The U.S. Institute of Medicine found that testing processes fail as a result of human error, lack of documentation and lack of test management. To ensure quality, we must focus on all three phases of the testing process – pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical. We can no longer just hope that quality will happen as a result of following a series of prescribed protocols – rules, regulations, good laboratory practices, etc. Quality laboratory test results requires planning, leadership and oversight.
Progression and Multiple Events in Radiation Carcinogenesis of Rat Skin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The multistage theory of carcinogenesis specifies that cells progress to cancer through a series of discrete, irreversible genetic alterations, but data on radiation-induced cancer incidence in rat skin suggests that an intermediate repairable alteration may occur. Data are presented on cancer induction in rat skin exposed to the following radiations: 1. an electron beam (LET = 0.34 kev/μ), 2. a neon ion beam (LET = 45 kev/μ) and 3. an argon ion beam (LET = 125 kev/μ). The latter 2 beams were generated by the Bevalac at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. About 6.0 cm2 of skin was irradiated per rat. The rats were observed every 6 weeks for at least 78 weeks and tumors were scored at first occurrence. Several histological types of cancer, including squamous and basal cell carcinomas, were induced. The total cancer yield was fitted by the quadratic equation, and the equation parameters were estimated by linear regression for each type of radiation. Analysis of the DNA from the electron-induced carcinomas indicated that K-ras and/or c-myc oncogenes were activated in all tumors tested. In situ hybridization indicated that the cancers contain subpopulations of cells with differing amounts of c-myc and H-ras amplification. The results are consistent with the idea that ionizing radiation produces stable, carcinogenically relevant lesions via 2 repairable events at low LET and via a non-repairable, linked event pathway at high LET; either pathway may advance the cell by 1 stage in the multistage model.
A Noncommutative Deformation of Topological Field Theory

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Cohomological Yang-Mills theory is formulated on a noncommutative differentiable four manifold through the $θ$-deformation of its corresponding BRST algebra. The resulting noncommutative field theory is a natural setting to define the $θ$-deformation of Donaldson invariants and they are interpreted as a mapping between the Chevalley-Eilenberg homology of noncommutative spacetime and the Chevalley-Eilenberg cohomology of noncommutative moduli of instantons. In the process we find that in the weak coupling limit the quantum theory is localized at the moduli space of noncommutative instantons.
Dysregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and its relationship to inflammation in schizophrenia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Inflammation in the brain and blood is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric illness with unknown aetiology. Inflammatory markers in the blood appear to fluctuate throughout the course of the illness and to correlate with symptom severity in patients, yet the cause of inflammation in people with schizophrenia remains elusive. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates the expression of many inflammatory genes that are over-expressed in people with schizophrenia, and NF-κB is reportedly overactive in both the brain and the blood of patients. This thesis used a multidisciplinary approach to examine the possible contribution of the NF-κB pathway to inflammation in the prefrontal cortex and blood in people with schizophrenia, with a particular emphasis on one brain-relevant regulator of NF-κB, HIVEP2. I demonstrated that NF-κB pathway dysregulation in the postmortem brain of patients with neuroinflammation is associated with the presence of reactive astrocytes near cortical blood vessels, and that these reactive astrocytes up-regulate pro-inflammatory mediators with the potential to affect blood-brain barrier function. I also showed that the expression of some NF-κB-inducing transcripts in patients with neuroinflammation is actually weaker than in non-schizophrenic controls with neuroinflammation. Finally, I found that altered expression of NF-κB pathway transcripts in white blood cells of living patients predicts downstream, clinically-relevant immune biomarkers in the blood that are associated with worse symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Together, the studies from this thesis provide evidence of disease-specific NF-κB dysregulation in the brain and blood of people with schizophrenia and provide novel insights into the nature, magnitude and possible significance of inflammation in the disease.
Hormone replacement therapy. Risks, benefits, and costs.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Epidemiologic evidence on the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for postmenopausal women is accumulating. The apparent 50% reduction in risk of cardiovascular mortality could lead to universal HRT. Until a prospective, controlled trial is concluded, women must consider all the consequences of HRT. For the undecided, who would take HRT only to prevent osteoporosis, bone mass estimates might be warranted.
Interaction and Turn: A Cross Boundary Study on the Form of College Students’ New Media Communication

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Under the view of the new media, the ideological and political education in colleges and universities was faced with new tasks and challenges. This paper attempts to explore the existing problems of college students in the new media communication form and the law of development, starting from the three stages of new media communication, revealing the ideological and political work in universities was faced with a new turn, to explore the integration of Ideological and political education of new media and universities, to enrich the connotation of Ideological and political work. At the same time, the article will reflect on the cultivation path of new media literacy and the ways and means of Ideological and political work under the new situation under the direction of Internet thinking. This is not only the innovation of College Ideological and political education work under the new media, but also a process of constructing big ideological and political pattern of cross-border thinking.
Love, friendship and images : citizenship and necessity in Thucydides and\n Plato

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgetown University, 2008.; Includes bibliographical\n references. "Love, Friendship and Images: Citizenship and Necessity in Thucydides and\n Plato" concerns the exploration by Thucydides in his History and Plato in the\n Republic and Symposium of the problem of political motion in the forms of war and civil\n disturbance as well as technological, intellectual and generational change. In particular it\n addresses the use of political imaginaries to address political motion. Thucydides' speakers\n invoke a range of images of philia (friendship) to call for political cohesion and unity in\n the face of the centrifugal forces of war and civil conflict (stasis). Plato continues this\n theme in the Republic but also subjects it to an exploration of aesthetic response and\n representation that suggests the relation of images to the human psychological and ontological\n condition. In the Symposium Plato explores a politicaly dangerous form of imagery through the\n character of Alcibiades who seeks to deploy images for the sake of political domination. It is\n the philosopher's self-conscious deployment of comparative imaginaries that constitutes the\n appropriate understanding of political imagination.
Backward switching phenomenon from field forced ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phases in antiferroelectric PbZrO3 thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Antiferroelectric materials (example: lead zirconate and modified lead zirconate stannate), in which a field-induced ferroelectric phase transition is feasible due to a small free energy difference between the ferroelectric and the antiferroelectric phases, are proven to be very good candidates for applications involving actuation and high charge storage devices. The property of reverse switching from the field-induced ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phases is studied as a function of temperature, applied electric field, and sample thickness in antiferroelectric lead zirconate thin films deposited by pulsed excimer laser ablation. The maximum released charge density was 22 μC/cm2 from a stored charge density of 36 μC/cm2 in a 0.55 μ thick lead zirconate thin film. This indicated that more than 60% of the stored charge could be released in less than 7 ns at room temperature for a field of 200 kV/cm. The content of net released charge was found to increase with increasing field strength, whereas with increasing temperature the released charge was found to decrease. Thickness-dependent studies on lead zirconate thin films showed that size effects relating to extrinsic and intrinsic pinning mechanisms controlled the released and induced charges through the intrinsic switching time. These results proved that antiferroelectric PZ thin films could be utilized in high-speed charge decoupling capacitors in microelectronics applications.
Supplemental Material, S1_File_Abstraction_Med_Record_12_31_14 - Methods and Challenges in a Cohort Study of Infants and Toddlers With Craniofacial Microsomia: The Clock Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplemental Material, S1_File_Abstraction_Med_Record_12_31_14 for Methods and Challenges in a Cohort Study of Infants and Toddlers With Craniofacial Microsomia: The Clock Study by Daniela V. Luquetti, Matthew L. Speltz, Erin R. Wallace, Babette Siebold, Brent R. Collett, Amelia F. Drake, Alexis L. Johns, Kathleen A. Kapp-Simon, Sara L. Kinter, Brian G. Leroux, Leanne Magee, Susan Norton, Kathleen Sie, and Carrie L. Heike in The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Testing Among Commercially Insured Persons Who Inject Drugs, United States, 2010–2017

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background We assessed prevalence of testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Methods Using a nationwide health insurance database for claims paid during 2010–2017, we identified PWID by using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Current Procedural Terminology, and National Drug Codes directory. We then estimated the percentage of PWIDs tested for HIV or HCV within 1 year of an index encounter, and we used multivariate logistic regression models to assess demographic and clinical factors associated with testing. Results Of 844 242 PWIDs, 71 938 (8.5%) were tested for HIV and 65 188 (7.7%) were tested for HCV infections. Missed opportunities were independently associated with being male (odds ratios [ORs]: HIV, 0.50 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.49–0.50], P &lt; .001; HCV, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.65–0.72], P &lt; .001), rural residence (ORs: HIV, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.65–0.69], P &lt; .001; HCV, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.73–0.77], P &lt; .001), and receiving services for skin infections or endocarditis (adjusted ORs: HIV, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.87–0.95], P &lt; .001; HCV, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.86–0.95], P &lt; .001). Conclusions Approximately 90% of presumed PWIDs missed opportunities for HIV or HCV testing, especially male rural residents with claims for skin infections or endocarditis, commonly associated with injection drug use.