jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Termination fees in a ‘bright line’ jurisdiction

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract We seek to statistically inform the debate regarding the Australian Takeovers Panel's ‘bright line’ policy towards break fees. Based on 313 takeovers from 2002 to 2006, 85 involving break fees, we find post‐bid competition to be unrelated to break fee usage and inversely related to bid success. We also find that break fee usage has a detrimental effect on shareholder wealth as measured by both the final bid premium and abnormal returns. Therefore, although break fees appear to be neither anticompetitive nor coercive within the Australian context, they do appear to have had a deleterious effect on shareholder wealth.
Radiation Transmission of Some Gypsum Concretes for 511, 835 and 1275 keV Gamma Rays

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Although gypsum is one of synthetic building materials, nowadays it is used as interior coating of walls and ceilings of buildings.Thus, measurement of its radiation shielding properties is vital.The gamma attenuation coefficients of gypsum concretes, produced using different rates of boron, have been measured at gamma energies of 511, 835 and 1275 keV.The measured results have been compared with the results of calculation, which has been done using XCOM computer code.The obtained results have also been compared with the normal type of gypsum concrete, in order to see the effect of boron on the radiation shielding properties.
Characterizing the emergence of a technological field: Expectations, agendas and networks in Lab-on-a-chip technologies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

this paper we develop and use mapping tools to investigate emerging technological fields by studying the dynamics of expectations, agenda building and early networks. In our approach, expectations describe shared beliefs with regard to prospective entities and positions. Agendas are sets of priorities present to guide the actors in their work. The structure that arises as a result of the actions and interactions of actors is the emerging network. For emerging technologies these processes are susceptible to change and the technological paths that may arise are still easy to influence. We propose that not only looking at expectation dynamics, but also including agenda setting and networks dynamics is essential in order to successfully capture the complexities of the emergence of technological paths. A major challenge for this work lies in unveiling the socio-technical dynamics leading to path emergence. For this purpose we investigate the phenomena of irreversibilities that emerge during the ongoing interactions of researchers, institutes, policy makers and firms. With these aspects in mind, we will use a broadened view of expectation dynamics in order to arrive at an improved understanding of the building blocks of path emergence. We illustrate our approach with a case study of Lab-on-a-chip technology for medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Leveling the Playing Field: Bringing Development of Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics up to the Standards for Drug Development

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Molecular diagnostics are becoming increasingly important in clinical research to stratify or identify molecularly profiled patient cohorts for targeted therapies, to modify the dose of a therapeutic, and to assess early response to therapy or monitor patients. Molecular diagnostics can also be used to identify the pharmacogenetic risk of adverse drug reactions. The articles in this CCR Focus section on molecular diagnosis describe the development and use of markers to guide medical decisions regarding cancer patients. They define sources of preanalytic variability that need to be minimized, as well as the regulatory and financial challenges involved in developing diagnostics and integrating them into clinical practice. They also outline a National Cancer Institute program to assist diagnostic development. Molecular diagnostic clinical tests require rigor in their development and clinical validation, with sensitivity, specificity, and validity comparable to those required for the development of therapeutics. These diagnostics must be offered at a realistic cost that reflects both their clinical value and the costs associated with their development. When genome-sequencing technologies move into the clinic, they must be integrated with and traceable to current technology because they may identify more efficient and accurate approaches to drug development. In addition, regulators may define progressive drug approval for companion diagnostics that requires further evidence regarding efficacy and safety before full approval can be achieved. One way to accomplish this is to emphasize phase IV postmarketing, hypothesis-driven clinical trials with biological characterization that would permit an accurate definition of the association of low-prevalence gene alterations with toxicity or response in large cohorts. Clin Cancer Res; 18(6); 1515–23. ©2012 AACR.
Comparison of ν-support vector regression and logistic equation for descriptive modeling of Lactobacillus plantarum growth

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the complexity and high non-linearity of bioprocess, most simple mathematical models fail to describe the exact behavior of biochemistry systems. As a novel type of learning method, support vector regression (SVR) owns the powerful capability to characterize problems via small sample, nonlinearity, high dimension and local minima. In this paper, we developed a ν-SVR model with genetic algorithms (GA) in the pre-estimate in Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation by comparing the predicting capability of logistic model and SVR model. 5-fold cross validation technique was applied in the SVR train to avoid over-fitting. The information of SVR parameters were obtained in the generation of 150 and the optimal parameters were C= 235.8935, σ= 8.3608, ν=0.7587. Correspondingly, the logistic model parameters μ max and x max were estimated as 0.4791 and 0.3498, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that, SVR model excelled the logistic model based on the normalized mean square error (NMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the Pearson correlation coefficient R. We found that the ν-SVR model optimized by genetic algorithms could be a potential monitoring method for prediction of biomass. Key words: Support vector regression, genetic algorithm, logistic model, prediction of biomass.
Hypothermic Pulsatile Perfusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Canine pancreases underwent hypothermic pulsatile perfusion for 24 or 48 hours before islet cell collagenase digestion and intrasplenic autotransplantation. The numbers of dogs surviving longer than two months are as follows: dogs receiving pancreatectomies, 0/10; dogs receiving 24-hour-perfused islet cells, 6/10, dogs receiving 48-hour-perfused islet cells, 4/10; and dogs receiving fresh islet cells, 7/10. Islet cells from 48-hour-perfused pancreases were not as good in reversing hyperglycemia as the islet cells from 24-hour-perfused pancreases. Histologically, the islet cells appeared to be normal in the fresh and 24-hour-perfused pancreases. Thus, hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of pancreas autografts for 24 hours appears to be a safe and reliable method. When this technique is used clinically, special attention should be given to 48-hour-perfused pancreases because the reversal of hyperglycemia sometime is not complete.
Mathematical Programming Model for Passenger Inflow Control of Urban Metro Stations in Peak Hours

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the process of urban rail transit operations and organizations, passenger inflow control is the key method to solve contradictions between rail network capabilities and passenger demands. In this paper, we propose a mathematical programming model to calculate limited passenger inbound volume in each separate period of the peak hours. We apply our model to a typical metro station in China and formulate a quantified passenger inflow control strategy. The results show that the model proposed in the paper is effective and this quantified approach could optimize present passenger inflow control measures.
Fouling of membranes by biological macromolecules

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fouling of NF270, NF90 and XLE membranes by macromolecules, represented by three model protein foulants (lysozyme, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and binary protein mixture (BSA-LYZ)), has been examined in this study. Effects of hydrodynamic conditions (initial flux and cross-flow velocity) and feed solution composition (pH, ionic strength and calcium ions) on protein fouling were observed. Bench-scale cross-flow test unit was employed with baseline electrolyte of 10mM NaCl (unless otherwise specified) and foulant concentration 20mg/L at constant room temperature (26°C) for the fouling tests. Flux throughout the seven-day fouling experiment was recorded by data-logger to a computer terminal. Mass deposition of fouled membranes was evaluated by UV-absorbance method with UV-Visible Spectrometer at the end of fouling runs. In addition, salt rejection of NF270 membranes was calculated. From this study, significant flux decline was observed with initial flux higher than limiting flux. Higher pH of feed solution also promised greater flux decline and foulant deposition on NF270 with lysozyme as model foulant. On the other hand, higher ionic strength (100mM) and presence of Calcium (Ca2+) did not have significant impact on flux decline and lysozyme deposition on NF270. However, both seemed to reduce salt rejection of NF270. Under comparison, binary protein mixture (BSA-LYZ) resulted in most severe fouling. Nevertheless, an overall improvement for salt rejection was observed for all three model foulants. Finally, flux decline trends for XLE, NF90 and NF270 were found to converge ultimately which was likely due to foulant-deposited-foulant interactions rather than interactions between foulant and membranes.
Detailed Radio to Soft Gamma-ray Studies of the 2005 Outburst of the New X-ray Transient XTE J1818-245

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

XTE J1818-245 is an X-ray nova that experienced an outburst in 2005, first seen by the RXTE satellite. The source was observed simultaneously at various wavelengths up to soft gamma-rays with the INTEGRAL satellite, from 2005 February to September. X-ray novae are extreme systems that often harbor a black hole, and are known to emit throughout the electromagnetic spectrum when in outburst. We analyzed radio, (N)IR, optical, X-ray and soft gamma-ray observations and constructed simultaneous broad-band X-ray spectra. Analyzing both the light curves in various energy ranges and the hardness-intensity diagram enabled us to study the long-term behavior of the source. Spectral parameters were typical of the Soft Intermediate States and the High Soft States of a black hole candidate. The source showed relatively small spectral variations in X-rays with considerable flux variation in radio. Spectral studies showed that the accretion disc cooled down from 0.64 to 0.27 keV in 100 days and that the total flux decreased while the relative flux of the hot medium increased. Radio emission was detected several times, and, interestingly, five days after entering the HSS. Modeling the spectral energy distribution from the radio to the soft gamma-rays reveals that the radio flares arise from several ejection events. XTE J1818-245 is likely a black hole candidate transient source that might be closer than the Galactic Bulge. The results from the data analysis trace the physical changes that took place in the system at a maximum bolometric luminosity of (0.4-0.9)e38 erg/s (assuming a distance between 2.8-4.3 kpc) and they are discussed within the context of disc and jet models.
Ion‐Acoustic Waves Associated With Interplanetary Shocks

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Ion‐acoustic waves (IAWs) commonly occur near interplanetary (IP) shocks. These waves are important because of their potential role in the dissipation required for collisionless shocks to exist. We study IAW occurrence statistically at different heliocentric distances using Solar Orbiter to identify the processes responsible for IAW generation near IP shocks. We show that close to IP shocks the occurrence rate of IAW increases and peaks at the ramp. In the upstream region, the IAW activity is highly variable among different shocks and increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. We show that the observed currents near IP shocks are insufficient to reach the threshold for the current‐driven instability. We argue that two‐stream proton distributions and suprathermal electrons are likely sources of the waves.
Abortion travels: An international history

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines how women crossed local and national borders in order to obtain abortions despite laws and religious injunctions that forbade abortion. Investigating that travel reveals transnational networks of information and assistance among abortion providers, physicians, feminists, and others; it also makes visible how changing laws changed patterns of abortion travel. This article considers travelling for abortion from the 19th through the 21st century primarily by North Americans and Europeans who travelled across borders, oceans, and continents to many different countries around the world in order to obtain abortions.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in a Patient with Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a rare pathology that belongs to a group of diseases characterized by necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium-sized systemic blood vessels. Symptomatic cardiovascular involvement occurs in 27%–47% of cases of EGPA and is one of the most severe manifestations. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by eosinophilic infiltration observed in tissue biopsy, but with the recent inclusion of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the former can be replaced. Early diagnosis is important because timely treatment is often associated with improvement.
Is surgical debridement necessary in the diabetic foot treated with photodynamic therapy?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Diabetic patients are susceptible to developing foot ulcers with serious complications such as osteomyelitis and amputations. Treatment approaches are still empirical and the benefit of usual procedures such as surgical debridement has not been properly evaluated. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and highly efficient method for the treatment of the diabetic foot, being able to eradicate the infection and to stimulate healing, decreasing considerably the amputation risk. In the day-to-day practice of our service, we have been faced with the question whether debridement is necessary before PDT. In here, we designed a study to answer that question. Methods: Patients were divided in two groups: In one of the groups (n = 17), debridement was performed before PDT and in the other (n = 40) only PDT treatment was performed. PDT sessions were performed once a week in all patients until healing was achieved, as indicated by visual inspection as well as by radiographic and laboratory exams. At the start of the study, the two groups had no statistical differences concerning their clinical features: average age, gender, insulin use, diabetes mellitus onset time and previous amputations. Results: PDT was effective in the treatment of 100% of the patients showing no relapses after one year of follow up. The group submitted to PDT without previous debridement had a statistically significant (p = 0.036, Mann-Whitney) shorter cure time (29 days, ~27%). Conclusion: Our data indicates that debridement is not necessary in the treatment of diabetic foot in patients that have enough peripheral arterial perfusion. In addition, we reproduced previous studies confirming that PDT is an efficient, safe, simple and affordable treatment method for the diabetic foot.
The Demand for M1 in the U.S.A., 1960-1988

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Estimated U.S. M1 demand functions appear unstable, regularly "breaking down, " over 1960–1988 (e.g. missing money, great velocity decline, M1-explosion). We propose a money demand function whose arguments include inflation, real income, long-term bond yield and risk, T-bill interest rates, and learning curve weighted yields on newly introduced instruments in M1 and non-transactions M2. The model is estimated in dynamic error-correction form; it is constant and, with an equation standard error of 0–4%, variance-dominates most previous models. Estimating alternative specifications explains earlier "breakdowns, " showing the model's distinctive features to be important in accounting for the data.
Restitution: Where Do We Go from Here?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Restitution: Where Do We Go from Here? Get access Andrew Burrows Andrew Burrows Professor of English Law, Law Commissioner University College London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Current Legal Problems, Volume 50, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 95–117, https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/50.1.95 Published: 01 December 1997
On Vernon Lee's Walter Pater and Translating the Victorians

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Vernon Lee (Violet Paget) (1856–1935) first met Walter Pater (1839–1894) at Oxford during the summer of 1881, though she was already well acquainted with his work. The extent and import of their relationship, which lasted until Pater's death, has received significant attention by biographers and critics. 1 Like many of Lee's friendships, its intimacies were both personal and intellectual—risking, as she put it, “a question of caw-me-caw-you” through reciprocal endorsement. 2 The epistolary-averse Pater was uncharacteristically forthcoming in their correspondence, and Lee often stayed with his family when visiting England. The two read aloud from drafts, exchanged books, and met repeatedly on the published page. Indeed, scholars have traced an elegant intertextual arc from Lee's rewriting of Pater's “The Child in the House” (1878) in Belcaro (1881), to her dedication of Euphorion (1884), through her introduction to Juvenilia (1887), and arriving at her “Valedictory” conclusion to Renaissance Fancies and Studies (1895). 3 By this account, Lee initially adheres to Paterian aesthetics, then grows skeptical of the doctrine's epicurean features, but finds solace when her mentor's late work takes its own ethical turn.
Current use of patient-reported outcome measures by musculoskeletal physiotherapists in Portugal

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal conditions are the leading cause of disability, requiring continuous outcome measurement, including the utilization of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). OBJECTIVE: The aims of the study were a) to characterize the use PROMs by Portuguese physiotherapists in patients with musculoskeletal conditions; b) to analyze the associated factors of their use and; c) to identify the barriers and facilitators to their implementation. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out with musculoskeletal physiotherapists working in Portugal. Closed questions were used to describe the use of PROMs. The factors associated with the non-use of PROMs were analysed through logistic regression models (p= 0.05). Barriers and facilitators were assessed through open questions and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-six physiotherapists answered the online survey. Most physiotherapists do not use outcome measures consistently and physical tests are often chosen (70.5%) over PROMs (17.3%). The work sector (p= 0.01; p= 0.015; p= 0.009). the workplace stimulus (p= 0.001) and the physiotherapists’ knowledge about PROMs (p= 0.017) were identified as factors associated with the non-use of PROMs. Barriers and facilitators to the use of PROMs are related to physiotherapists’ skills, the patients’ characteristics, the workplace conditions, and the instruments’ characteristics. CONCLUSION: This study showed the poor use of PROMs by musculoskeletal physiotherapists and identified the associated factors, barriers, and facilitators that should be considered to increase its future use by musculoskeletal physiotherapists in Portugal.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS PUISI MELALUI PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN KONSTRUKTIVIS SISWA KELAS V

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>Based on the observations of pre research made in class V MI NW Pancor Kopong, it found the problem that the Indonesian teachers have difficulty in teaching of poem writing. The problems of low ability to write poetry on students are always a constraint among learners and teachers, especially in V MI NW Pancor Kopong in 2013/2014 academic year. Based on this reality, the researcher conducted a study with the aim to improve students' writing poetry at class V MI NW Pancor Kopomg in 2013/2014 academic year through the implementation of constructivism strategies in learning the Indonesian language. Data collection techniques of this study are test and observation. The collected data were analyzed to find the average value, ideal capabilities and look for the ability of group. Based on the result of analysis, it obtains the outcome of student learning with an average 49.86. Classically, it just reaches 17:24%. It means that of 29 students, there are 6 students who have completed or received value above 65 and an increase in cycle II. At the second cycle, 9 of 29 students have fulfilled the criteria of minimum completeness. Based on the percentage calculation obtained, the classical learning completeness is 31.03%. The result of the second cycle has not yet reached the target set. Target can be reached at the third cycle in which 27 students of 29 or 93.10% have been completed. Result of the third cycle has exceeded the target of 90%. Based on the analysis, the application of constructivism learning strategy models to improve the ability to write poetry in grade V MI NW Pancor Kopong at the academic year 2013/2014 in the field of the Indonesian language is successful.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Ability to write poetry, constructivism learning strategies.</p><p> </p>
On Operationalizing the Concept of Commitment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this study of 318 school teachers and 395 hospital employed nurses, commitment to profession or organization is operationalized as the willingness to leave each system when offered slight increases in pay, status, job freedom, and friendliness of co-workers. Contrary to previous research by Ritzer and Trice, study results lend support to the concept of "side-bets" as a structural phenomenon important in understanding individuals' commitments to organization or occupation.