jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
One-Pot Preparation of Oxazol-5(4<i>H</i>)-ones from Amino Acids in Aqueous Solvents

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A method for one-pot synthesis of oxazol-5(4H)-ones has been developed using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM), which is available for the activation of carboxylic acids in an aqueous solvent. The oxazolones were prepared by the N-acylation of amino acids with carboxylic acids and the subsequent cyclodehydration of the resulting N-acylamino acids by the addition of N,N-diethylaniline. Since both these reactions proceed effectively with the same coupling reagent, DMT-MM, in aqueous solvents, the procedure is simplified and becomes easy to perform. In addition, 5-(triazinyloxy)oxazole derivatives have been synthesized by controlling the basicity of the reaction system.
The development of lichenology in the history of botany

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lichens have been a difficult group for botanists to understand. Only in the 20th century did they find their correct position among the fungi. This paper outlines the long and rather complicated course from Theophrastos, the first person to use the term lichen (about 300 B.C.) to the molecular evidence by Gargas and coworkers in 1995 that proved lichens to belong among the fungi. It was, however, not the first time this classification was proposed. The first to formally include lichens in the fungi was J. B. Payer in 1848, and Persoon had already around 1800 suggested this in a letter to Acharius. It then took nearly 200 years to become a generally accepted idea, but during that process many important observations, still worthy of attention, were made.
Genetic variability in spinach genotypes for yield and yield components under north Indian conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

AbstractThe present study was conducted to assess the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield-attributing traits in twenty diverse spinach genotypes under the environmental conditions of the north Indian plains (Jalandhar, Punjab). A randomized block design with three replications was employed. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all fifteen studied traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was generally higher than genotypic coefficient of variation, with high estimates (>25%) observed for phosphorus and number of leaves per plant. High broadsense heritability (>50%) was recorded for most traits, including phosphorus, leaf area, first cutting yield and number of leaves per plant. Similarly, high genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (>20%) was observed for phosphorus, number of leaves per plant, petiole length and leaf area. The combination of high heritability and high genetic advance for these traits suggests the potential for substantial genetic improvement through direct selection. The findings of this study provide valuable information for spinach breeding programmes aimed at enhancing productivity and selecting desirable traits adapted to the north Indian agro-ecological zone.
Black holes in higher-derivative gravity theories

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study static spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein gravity plus an\naction polynomial in the Ricci scalar, $R$, of arbitrary degree, $n$, in\narbitrary dimension, $D$. The global properties of all such solutions are\nderived by studying the phase space of field equations in the equivalent theory\nof gravity coupled to a scalar field, which is obtained by a field redefinition\nand conformal transformation. The following uniqueness theorem is obtained:\nprovided that the coefficient of the $R^2$ term in the Lagrangian polynomial is\npositive then the only static spherically symmetric asymptotically flat\nsolution with a regular horizon in these models is the Schwarzschild solution.\nOther branches of solutions with regular horizons, which are asymptotically\nanti-de Sitter, or de Sitter, are also found. An exact Schwarzschild-de Sitter\ntype solution is found to exist in the $R+aR^2$ if $D>4$. If terms of cubic or\nhigher order in $R$ are included in the action, then such solutions also exist\nin four dimensions. The general Schwarzschild-de Sitter type solution for\narbitrary $D$ and $n$ is given. The fact that the Schwarzschild solution in\nthese models does not coincide with the exterior solution of physical bodies\nsuch as stars has important physical implications which we discuss. As a\nbyproduct, we classify all static spherically symmetric solutions of\n$D$-dimensional gravity coupled to a scalar field with a potential consisting\nof a finite sum of exponential terms.\n
Effect of sewage sludge and liming on productivity during the establishment of a silvopastoral system in north-west Spain

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Silvopastoral systems are recognised as a sustainable means of increasing forest land through recovery of abandoned agricultural land. Establishment of agroforestry systems is currently promoted by the new EU regulations through direct farmer payments. This can fulfil Agenda 21's economic, cultural and social principles better than simply planting forest. An interesting fertilisation option for silvopastoral systems is sewage sludge, in view of the need to manage this product in environmentally acceptable ways. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of three sewage sludge application rates (0, 160 and 320 kg ha–1 per year of total N) and two liming rates (0 and 2.5 t ha–1 of CaCO3) on pasture production and tree growth in a Populus × euramericana silvopastoral system, during the 5 years from planting. The silvopastoral system was established in autumn 2001, in Lugo (north-west Spain), on a piece of abandoned agricultural land. A pasture mixture (25 kg ha–1 of Dactylis glomerata var. 'Artabro' and 4 kg ha–1 of Trifolium repens var. 'Huia') was sown and Populus × euramericana saplings were planted at a density of 400 trees ha–1. Liming (main plots) was applied before pasture was sown in autumn 2001, and sewage sludge (subplots) was applied homogeneously in the spring of 2002 and 2003. The results indicate that there was a significant liming × fertilisation interaction, and that initial pasture production could limit tree growth. The high sewage sludge rate when no lime was applied and the low sewage sludge rate after liming increased tree height and diameter because of the soil pH increment 6 years after establishment.
Pityriasis Rosea in Children: Clinical Features and Laboratory Investigations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a common, self-limiting exanthematous disease associated with a systemic reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and/or HHV-7. It usually occurs in the second or third decade of life whereas it is uncommon in patients younger than 10 years. We studied the clinical features and virological parameters of 31 children with PR, comparing them with those in adults. Our findings indicate that PR presents different characteristics between children and adults, mainly consisting of time lapse between herald patch and generalized eruption, duration of the exanthem, oropharyngeal involvement and persistence of HHV-6 and HHV-7 plasma viremia. Overall, these results suggest that, following HHV-6 and/or HHV-7 systemic active infection, the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in PR may at least partly be different in children and adults.
“Follow your bliss” — Jesse Enkamp and Iain Abernethy Talking about Karate

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For this JOMAR | Interview we decided to combine Iain’s and Jesse’s talks from 2013 and 2018 in order to show both development and consistency in their perspectives on Karate. But this is not the only reason for this JOMAR | Interview’s focus. What is addressed between the lines is the fascinating journey an ancient Asian martial art took from the Far East across America to Europe and back again over the last hundred years — and this journey is still going on. What we can study here is kind of a transcultural flow in which the flowing subject is de- and reconstructed by millions of people practicing, teaching, and researching on it.
Langerhans cells are not required for graft-versus-host disease

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is initiated and maintained by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that prime alloreactive donor T cells. APCs are therefore attractive targets for GVHD prevention and treatment. APCs are diverse in phenotype and function, making understanding how APC subsets contribute to GVHD necessary for the development of APC-targeted therapies. Langerhans cells (LCs) have been shown to be sufficient to initiate skin GVHD in a major histocompatibility complex–mismatched model; however, their role when other host APC subsets are intact is unknown. To address this question, we used mice genetically engineered to be deficient in LCs by virtue of expression of diphtheria toxin A under the control of a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgenic hu-man Langerin locus. Neither CD8- nor CD4-mediated GVHD was diminished in recipients lacking LCs. Similarly, CD8- and CD4-mediated GVHD, including that in the skin, was unaffected if bone marrow came from donors that could not generate LCs, even though donor LCs engrafted in control mice. Engraftment of donor LCs after irradiation in wild-type hosts required donor T cells, with immunofluorescence revealing patches of donor and residual host LCs. Surprisingly, donor LC engraftment in Langerin-diphtheria toxin A (DTA) transgenic hosts was independent of donor T cells, suggesting that a Langerin+ cell regulates repopulation of the LC compartment.
The type I-E CRISPR-Cas system influences the acquisition of blaKPC-IncF plasmid in Klebsiella pneumonia

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-KP) have disseminated worldwide and emerged as major threats to public health. Of epidemiological significance, the international pandemic of KPC-KP is primarily associated with CG258 isolates and blaKPC-IncF plasmids. CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system that can hinder gene expansion driven by horizontal gene transfer. Because of blaKPC-IncF plasmids are favored by CG258 K. pneumoniae, it was of interest to examine the co-distribution of CRISPR and blaKPC-IncF plasmids in such isolates. We collected 459 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates in China and collected 203 global whole-genome sequences in GenBank to determine the prevalence of CRISPR-Cas systems. We observed that CRISPR-Cas system was significantly scarce in the CG258 lineage and blaKPC-positive isolates. Furthermore, the results of conjugation and plasmid stability assay fully demonstrated the CRIPSR-Cas system in K. pneumoniae could effectively hindered blaKPC-IncF plasmids invasion and existence. Notably, most blaKPC-IncF plasmids were also proved to be good targets of CRISPR owing to carry matched and functional protospacers and PAMs. Overall, our work suggests that type I-E CRISPR-Cas systems could impact the spread of blaKPC in K. pneumoniae populations, and the scarcity of CRISPR-Cas system was one of potential factors leading to the propagation of blaKPC-IncF plasmids in CG258 K. pneumoniae.
Math achievement and self-efficacy of linguistically and ethnically diverse high school students: their relationships with English reading and native language proficiency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The under-preparation in math at the high school and college levels, as well as the low participation of ethnically and linguistically diverse individuals in STEM fields are concerning because their preparation for work in these areas is essential for the U.S. to remain competitive in the innovative knowledge economy. While there is now a substantial body of research on this group of students, there remain unresolved questions around the role of linguistic factors, affective variables, and prior achievement. In light of this concern, the purpose of the study was two-fold. One was to examine the moderating role of first language (L1) proficiency on the effects of language minority (LM) status in English reading. The second was to investigate the mediating roles of English reading and math achievement in the relationship between such interaction and math self-efficacy. The study was a secondary analysis of the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS 2002, n =16,110). Using a multilevel SEM analysis the study did not find support for the moderating role of L1 proficiency. However, English reading and math achievement mediated the relationship between LM status and math self-efficacy. These findings provide further knowledge for the development of targeted interventions that aim at increasing the preparation and participation of linguistically and ethnically diverse students in STEM fields.
Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE1 is an RNA Slicer that selectively recruits microRNAs and short interfering RNAs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ARGONAUTE (AGO) RNA-binding proteins are involved in RNA silencing. They bind to short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) through a conserved PAZ domain, and, in animals, they assemble into a multisubunit RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The mammalian AGO2, termed Slicer, directs siRNA- and miRNA-mediated cleavage of a target RNA. In Arabidopsis , there are 10 members of the AGO family, and the AGO1 protein is potentially the Slicer component in different RNA-silencing pathways. Here, we show that AGO1 selectively recruits certain classes of short silencing-related RNA. AGO1 is physically associated with miRNAs, transacting siRNAs, and transgene-derived siRNAs but excludes virus-derived siRNAs and 24-nt siRNAs involved in chromatin silencing. We also show that AGO1 has Slicer activity. It mediates the in vitro cleavage of a mir165 target RNA in a manner that depends on the sequence identity of amino acid residues in the PIWI domain that are predicted by homology with animal Slicer-competent AGO proteins to constitute the RNase catalytic center. However, unlike animals, we find no evidence that AGO1 Slicer is in a high molecular weight RNA-induced silencing complex. The Slicer activity fractionates as a complex of ≈150 kDa that likely constitutes the AGO1 protein and associated RNA without any other proteins. Based on sequence similarity, we predict that other Arabidopsis AGOs might have a similar catalytic activity but recruit different subsets of siRNAs or miRNAs.
PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPING THE BIOECONOMY SECTOR IN ROMANIA.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

n the context of the new aim of the European Bioeconomy Strategy and Action Plan the development of the bioeconomy sector is a necessity for Romania in order to pave the way to a more innovative, resource efficient and competitive society, that reconciles food security with the sustainable use o renewable resources for industrial purposes. Romania has good perspectives in this field due to a great potential of the agriculture, increasingly growing standards of food industry, applied research in the pharmaceutical industry, safety and optimization of food products, the value of the biomass produced by the horticultural, forestry, livestock, fishery sectors and biofuels. On the premise that Romania hasn't yet a bioeconomy strategy and/or policies in this field, the objective of this study is to identify the fundamental elements that could help Romanian Government build a customized bioeconomy strategy and/or plan of action. The method used is based on analyzing the best practices used by countries that already trigged the development of their bioeconomy sectors. The result of this study is to offer a scientific base for theory and practice in the bioeconomy field.
Exploring the Multi-Dimensional Role of the United Nations in Afghanistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the role of the United Nations (UN) in humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan. The UN has played a significant role in addressing the humanitarian needs of the Afghan people, particularly in the aftermath of the Taliban regime and during times of conflict. The paper provides an overview of the key humanitarian challenges faced by the Afghan people and the efforts of the UN to address them. It analyzes the effectiveness of the UN’s humanitarian interventions, including its coordination with other international actors and local stakeholders. The paper also discusses the legal and ethical considerations surrounding humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan and the role of the UN in upholding human rights and promoting sustainable development. Overall, the paper argues that the UN has an important role to play in supporting humanitarian efforts in Afghanistan and that greater collaboration and coordination among stakeholders is essential for achieving lasting peace and stability in the country.
Specialties: Missing in Our Healthcare Reform Strategies?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Given the amount of frenetic healthcare reform preparation occurring with accountable care organizations (ACOs), patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs), and bundling demonstrations, are we overlooking—or quietly ignoring—medical and surgical specialists and subspecialists in our planning? It may seem to specialists that they are off the healthcare radar screen for now. Yes, a few medical homes and ACOs are specialty based, and some commercial health plans and for-profit entities are creating accountable care scenarios with specialists in oncology, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and a few other medical conditions. Bundled payment demonstration projects are frequently identified with specialists, but in reality these payment models currently fit some specialties better than others. Specialists account for the majority of U.S. physicians, but the actual number of physicians involved in these initiatives is only a small percentage of the specialty workforce. Most specialists are independent and are not hospital based or hospital employed. Even if the organizations where they practice are working with ACO, PCMH, or bundling models, they are not often directly involved. Over the years, healthcare executives have been careful not to rock the boat with specialists or disturb their productivity under hospital roofs. But aren't they a major part of healthcare reform strategies? Realize that they have a tremendous ability to change clinical costs and outcomes and to significantly affect local market dynamics. Specialists and their practice administrators have been asking what role they play in ACOs and PCMHs. They are not seeking alternatives to fee-for-service (FFS) but, at a minimum, want to be a player at the table for the new payment models to avoid losing future referrals. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has not developed a Medicare Shared Savings Program model for specialty care (although ESRD initiatives are in the works), which is understandable, given the significant risk and complexity associated with managing smaller pools of more vulnerable patient populations. Then how do ACO and PCMH referrals differ from routine patient visits? Currently, they don't. Unless the specialists are in a demonstration project or have an arrangement with a commercial insurer, specialty referrals generate FFS compensation, not a value-based payment.
Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection of DH Plants Conferring Genes Resistant to Powdery Mildew in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. )

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria grami nis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive wheat diseases world wide. Using molecular markers to pyramid more effective resistance genes is one way to sustain the resistance of wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to identify the resistance gene pyramided in DH plants by molecular markers . A total of 49 DH plants derived from wheat × maize crosses and potentially c ontaining the multiple resistance genes were tested by the STS-PCR marker of Pm4b, SCAR-PCR marker of Pm13 PmV, and the α-amylase isoenzyme marker of Pm12. The results showe d that seven plants conferred with Pm4b+Pm12+PmV, one plant with Pm4b+Pm13+PmV, three plants with Pm12+Pm4b , six plants with Pm4b+PmV, two plants with Pm12+PmV, two plants with Pm13+Pm4b, respe ctively (Table 1). When using wheat × maize crosses to produce resistance gene pyramided DH plants, it could produce more pyramided DH types through callus i nducing.
The Genetic, Environmental, and Cultural Forces Influencing Youth Antisocial Behavior Are Tightly Intertwined

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors that constitute youth antisocial behavior (ASB) are shaped by intertwined genetic, developmental, familial, spatial, temporal, cultural, interpersonal, and contextual influences operating across multiple levels of analysis. Genetic influences on ASB, for example, manifest in different ways during different developmental periods, and do so in part as a function of exposure to harsh parenting, delinquent peers, and disadvantaged neighborhoods. There is also clear evidence documenting societal effects, time-period effects, sex-assigned-at-birth effects, and cohort effects, all of which point to prominent (and possibly interconnected) cultural influences on ASB. In short, ASB is shaped by individuals’ current and prior environmental experiences, genetic risks, and the time and place in which they live. This review seeks to illuminate already documented instances of interplay among the multilevel etiologic forces impinging on youth ASB, with the goal of facilitating additional research.
THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INCIDENCE OF NON-REFUNDABLE FUNDS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ROMANIA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the contemporary period is cardinal, especially for the European citizens, potential and active economic agents, to be aware of the opportunities offered by the unique partnership called European Union. The allocation of funding to European Union member states and their absorption capacity is a current topic of great significance in the context of globalization, so that European cohesion implies the existence of grants and the appearance of inherent controversies. In this way, we considered opportune a comparative study between Romania and the other representative countries. So far, Romania has absorbed only 10% of the total funds provided by the European Union for the financial year 2007-2013. Given the gap with the developed countries of the Community, this percentage is not justified, drawing attention in a negative way towards Romanian state. Thus, this facet of Romania enables us to analyze the issue of low absorption rate of European Union funds. As the next trance of EU funds is coming, scheduled during the years 2014-2020, we intend to illustrate viable, propitious solutions to eradicate vicissitudes for the purpose of building a transparent and competitive environment for accessing grants.