jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Palaeomagnetic analyses of the Leaf Rapids area in Manitoba

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Conventional methods of analyses of palaeomagnetic data, leave a lot to be desired. Fisher statistics, by far the most popular technique, is a method that was developed long before computers were widely available. Understandably, it is not specifically a computer application. Furthermore, the necessary selective procedures used to identify "valid" palaeomagnetic samples, introduce a subjective form of analysis. In order to answer to these shortcomings in current analysis, two digital computer methods were developed. In one method, Gaussian distributions representing the probability of a position corresponding to the true value were fitted to measurements made at each cleaning field strength. The most probable orientation was taken from the location of the highest amplitude. In the second method, the same measurements were summed using vector addition. The final vector sum was assumed to the most probable orientation. Rock core samples used in this study were obtained from the Leaf Rapids area and are of mid-proterozoic age (1800-1900Ma). These samples were analyzed in the laboratory and the results were used to test the above methods. The equipment used was a Schonstedt model DSM-1 spinner magnetometer, while magnetic cleaning was done by using an alternating frequency demagnetizer. The rock samples were collected during a reconnaissance survey carried out in 1974. The methods used in this study offers a better interpretation of the results than fisher statistics would allow.
Powers Reserved for the People and the States: A History of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

American judges and legal scholars have long misunderstood the intended meaning of the Ninth Amendment and its relationship to the Tenth. Because of misinterpretation, the Ninth and Tenth Amendments have not been used to fulfill their original purposes. The limited and unlimited powers of the federal government have been shaped greatly by that error. In this book the authors clarify the actual meaning of the Ninth Amendment and its connection to the Tenth Amendment in order to provide a clear understanding of the full potential of the two amendments. Historical and contemporary details are included to provide an appreciation of the intended purpose of the amendments. Issues regarding the misinterpretation of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments are clearly outlined and explained in depth, including such topics as: The drafting of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments Enumerated, necessary and proper, and reserved powers of the state governments and Substantive due process. The book also includes a bibliographical essay with information on alternative sources for grasping the intended meaning of the amendments.
Applying Machine Learning to Credit Decision Modelling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the potential advantages of using machine learning algorithms to predict decisions on microloan applications at a bank that operates in a least-developed country. A challenger model was constructed using gradient boosting and the results were compared to the current scorecard. The performance and interpretability of both models were evaluated, revealing that the challenger model boasts higher precision, leading to a decreased rate of incorrect rejections. However, the overall performance difference is marginal, and the test sample is too small to draw definitive conclusions regarding precision. Instead, it is proposed that automating approvals rather than rejections may be a more efficient and beneficial solution for both the bank and its clients. The study concludes that machine learning holds significant potential in financial applications beyond credit decision modelling, particularly in less developed countries.
Risk-Neutral Valuation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Valuation of options structures in energy often follows the same paradigm as in other asset classes. A model for price dynamics is posited, ideally motivated by empirical features of the underlying price dynamics, calibrated to market prices that are available, and then used to price nonstandard structures. The integrity of this approach is predicated on many assumptions, widely discussed in the general mathematical finance literature, that collectively imply the ability of market participants to replicate derivative payoffs by trading the underlying asset [Hul12], [Wil07]. In this chapter we will survey basic derivatives valuation methodology as it pertains to commodities, emphasizing some important facts about commonly traded instruments. All the results here will involve standard arbitrage arguments and apply to any forward or futures contract [Shr04].
Aprocitentan (Tryvio) for Hypertension

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The FDA has approved the dual endothelin receptor antagonist aprocitentan (Tryvio – Idorsia) for use in combination with other antihypertensive drugs to treat hypertension in adults whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on other drugs. Three other dual endothelin receptor antagonists, ambrisentan (Volibris, and generics), bosentan (Tracleer, and generics), and macitentan (Opsumit), are available in the US for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Assessment of Occupational Hazards Among Students of Nursing And Midwifery in Clinical Practice, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: In their every day clinical practice, Nurses and Midwife students are at risk of occupational hazards especially risk of exposure to blood born pathogens potentially resulting to infections. The Nurse and Midwife students are prone to occupational health hazards and they are unrecognized group of health care providers. High levels of occupational hazards are believed to affect students' health and academic functions. If the occupational hazards are not dealt with effectively, feeling of loneliness, sleeplessness and worrying may result. Effective coping strategies facilitate the return to a balanced state, reducing the negative effects of occupational hazards. Therefore, it is better to identify the occupational hazards that the Nurses and Midwife students face during their clinical practice and mechanisms of coping or preventing the occupational hazards. In order to have healthy and productive Nurses and Midwife graduates for the country, assessing the occupational hazards they face in their clinical practice and prompt intervention is very necessary. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the occupational hazards faced by the Nurses and Midwife students during their clinical practice in all Degree program Nursing and Midwifery Schools in Addis Ababa. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted from November 2008 to June 2009. 422 self administered questionnaire was distributed to 6 Health College Nurse and Midwife students who were systematically sampled and all have been filled and returned with much effort. The study populations were all of the systematically sampled of the regular Nurses and Midwifery day Degree program students of the six Nursing and Midwifery Schools excluding evening and 1st year students. Data was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 11 for computing frequency distributions. Greater number of responses and percentages were calculated. Result: The majority of the respondents (51.1%) knowledge of occupational hazards was gained from Nursing and Midwifery Schools, followed by books (16.6%) and Journals, (9. 2%). Majority of the study population (93.1%) indicated that they have got needle prick, blood splash and skin cuts during their clinical practice. The result confirms that all the factors mentioned in the work plan such as physical, biological, psychosocial and mechanical factors cause occupational hazards in the clinical practice. Conclusion and recommendation The study showed high rate of occupational hazards and the strongest predictor of needle prick injury, blood splash, and skin cuts, Nurse and Midwife students at risk for blood born pathogens. A safe and healthy practical area for Nurse and Midwife students is necessary for safe patient care and implementing control measures as well as preventive measures such as using universal precautions and managing shortage of preventive materials in clinical practical areas are recommended
Prospective urodynamic evaluation of the efficacy of prostatic balloon dilatation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract In order to evaluate the ability of transurethral prostatie balloon dilatation (TUPBD) to effectively treat prostatic obstruction, 18 men (aged 53–77 years) with obstructive small prostate glands were evaluated with symptom scores and urodynamic studies before and 6 and 12 months after TUPBD utilizing the endoscopically placed Advanced Surgical Intervention 75F balloon. After TUPBD, 81% of men reported some improvement in their symptoms with statistical significance (P <.05) at 6 and 12 months after the procedure. The mean non‐invasive peak flow rate did not change significantly after TUPBD. Although the mean maximum voiding pressure (Pv max) and the maximum detrusor pressure at peak flow (Pq max) were reduced at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, the changes were found to be statistically insignificant (P >.05). In addition, the use of Abrams and Griffiths pressure‐flow nomogram revealed a “non‐obstructive” pressure‐flow study in only one patient at 6 and 12 after TUPBD. Although TUPBD results in some symptomatic improvement, on pressure‐flow analysis the majority of men remain obstructed at 6 and 12 months after the procedure.
Polarization of Climate Politics Results from Partisan Sorting: Evidence from Finnish Twittersphere

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prior research shows that public opinion on climate politics sorts along partisan lines. However, they leave open the question of whether climate politics and other politically salient issues exhibit tendencies for issue alignment, which the political polarization literature identifies as among the most deleterious aspects of polarization. Using a network approach and social media data from the Twitter platform, we study polarization of public opinion toward climate politics and ten other politically salient topics during the 2019 Finnish elections as the emergence of opposing groups in a public forum. We find that while climate politics is not particularly polarized compared to the other topics, it is subject to partisan sorting and issue alignment within the universalist-communitarian dimension of European politics that arose following the growth of right-wing populism. Notably, climate politics is consistently aligned with the immigration issue, and temporal trends indicate that this phenomenon will likely persist.
Gene Transfer of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Inhibits Macrophages and Inflammatory Mediators in Vein Graft Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Vein graft disease is a chronic inflammatory disease and limits the late results of coronary revascularization. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibits macrophages infiltrated and inflammatory mediators, we hypothesized that transfected CGRP gene inhibits macrophages infiltrated and inflammatory mediators in vein graft disease. Autologous rabbit jugular vein grafts were incubated ex vivo in a solution of mosaic adeno-associated virus vectors containing CGRP gene (AAV2/1.CGRP) &x3001;escherichia coli lac Z gene (AAV2/1.LacZ) or saline and then interposed in the carotid artery. Intima/media ratio were evaluated at postoperative 4 weeks, Macrophages were marked with CD68 antibody by immunocytochemistry. Inflammatory mediators were mensurated with real-time PCR. Neointimal thickening was significantly suppressed in AAV2/1.CGRP group. Macrophages infiltrated and inflammatory mediators monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)&x3001;tumor necrosis factor&x03B1;(TNF-&x03B1;)&x3001;inducible nitricoxide synthase (iNOS)&x3001;matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was significantly suppressed in AAV2/1.CGRP group.Gene transfected AAV2/1.CGRP suppressed neointimal hyperplasia in vein graft disease by suppressed macrophages infiltrated and inflammatory mediators.
Super-Natural Breastfeeding: How Lactation Consultants in Hawai‘i Demedicalize and Reshape Women's Embodied Experiences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Women’s difficulties and negative experiences with breastfeeding have prompted a backlash in the U.S. against its promotion, as well as attempts to change the discourse to say it is insignificant and potentially dangerous with benefits that are overstated. My dissertation examines how lactation consultants in Hawai‘i confronted dominant ideologies that affect breastfeeding and helped women having difficulties. Data was collected over 2.5 years through participant observation at La Leche League meetings, with 7 lactation consultants and their clients, IBCLC training with 4 of the lactation consultants, and interviews of 8 lactation consultants and 15 clients. The research uncovers the contrasting concepts of lactation consultants and breastfeeding mothers. It demonstrates that dominant ideologies inform women’s concepts of the lactating body as likely to fail, and this promotes medicalization and ignores structural barriers. It provides insights into how lactation consultants help mothers form new concepts for positive embodied experiences, and demedicalize breastfeeding from within medical environments. It is significant for its contribution to efforts to improve maternal and infant experiences and health outcomes, and its contributions to the anthropological literature on medicalization, embodiment, and science as culture.
Dendritic Glycopolymer as Drug Delivery System for Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in a Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement: First Steps Toward a Local Therapy of Osteolytic Bone Lesions

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Establishment of drug delivery system (DDS) in bone substitute materials for local treatment of bone defects still requires ambitious solutions for a retarded drug release. We present two novel DDS, a weakly cationic dendritic glycopolymer and a cationic polyelectrolyte complex, composed of dendritic glycopolymer and cellulose sulfate, for the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Both DDS are able to induce short-term retarded release of bortezomib from calcium phosphate bone cement in comparison to a burst-release of the drug from bone cement alone. Different release parameters have been evaluated to get a first insight into the release mechanism from bone cements. In addition, biocompatibility of the calcium phosphate cement, modified with the new DDS was investigated using human mesenchymal stromal cells.
Economic analysis and budget impact of clostridial collagenase ointment compared with medicinal honey for treatment of pressure ulcers in the US

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Elizabeth S Mearns,1 Michael Liang,1 Brendan L Limone,1 Adrienne M Gilligan,1 Jeffrey D Miller,1 Kathleen D Schaum,2 Curtis R Waycaster2 1Truven Health Analytics, an IBM Company, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Smith & Nephew, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA Objectives: Pressure ulcer (PU) treatment poses significant clinical and economic challenges to health-care systems. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of enzymatic debridement with clostridial collagenase ointment (CCO) compared with autolytic debridement with medicinal honey (MH) for PU treatment from a US payer/Medicare perspective in the hospital outpatient department setting.Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov model was developed using a 1-week cycle length across a 1-year time horizon. The three health states were inflammation/senescence, granulation/proliferation (ie, patients achieving 100% granulation), and epithelialization. Data sources included the US Wound Registry, Medicare fee schedules, and other published clinical and cost studies about PU treatment.Results: In the base case analysis over a 1-year time horizon, CCO was the economically dominant strategy (ie, simultaneously conferring greater benefit at less cost). Patients treated with CCO experienced 22.7 quality-adjusted life weeks (QALWs) at a cost of $6,161 over 1 year, whereas MH patients experienced 21.9 QALWs at a cost of $7,149. Patients treated with CCO achieved 11.5 granulation weeks and 6.0 epithelization weeks compared with 10.6 and 4.4 weeks for MH, respectively. The number of clinic visits was 40.1 for CCO vs 43.4 for MH, and the number of debridements was 12.3 for CCO compared with 17.6 for MH. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses determined CCO dominant in 72% of 10,000 iterations and cost-effective in 91%, assuming a benchmark willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/quality-adjusted life year ($962/QALW). The budget impact analysis showed that for every 1% of patients shifted from MH to CCO, a cost savings of $9,883 over 1 year for a cohort of 1,000 patients was observed by the payer. Conclusion: The results of these economic analyses suggest that CCO is a cost-effective, economically dominant alternative to MH in the treatment of patients with PUs in the hospital outpatient department setting. Keywords: cost-effectiveness, budget impact, pressure ulcer, debridement, clostridial collagenase, outpatient
Rationality Study of Establishing Nature Reserve in Luosuo River from the Point of Fish

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Hydropower development and effects on fish assemblages by dams in Lancang River Basin have arisen great concerns. As a compensation measure, Xishuangbanna State Nature Reserve was established at Luosuo River in 2007, to protect fish species affected by dams in lower Lancang River. Based on published data of fish since 1950s, we analyzed the fish biodiversity of Luosuo River and the similarity with species of lower Lancang River, using G-F index and Sprensen similarity index respectively. The results clearly show that fish biodiversity is quite high at the genus level in Luosuo River. 60 species (including 20 endemic species) were recorded in both reaches, accounting for 71.43% of total species in lower Lancang River. Similar composition of fish community and high similarity indicate that Luosuo River has the potential to protect most of fish species (including endemic species) under hydropower development in the downstream of Lancang River.
Design and development of auxetic structure using a two-step hybrid optimization technique

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Structures that possess Negative Poisson's Ratio are known as auxetics. The successful application of auxetics requires appropriate design optimisation. Hence, in the present work, customised auxetics namely re-entrant honeycomb, missing rib and anti-tri-chiral has been developed using a two-step hybrid optimisation technique. The technique is based on the amalgamation of multiobjective optimisation and topological optimisation. A combined objective is set as maximum elastic moduli and minimum Poisson's ratio with prioritised objective as maximum elastic moduli and mass as the response constraint. Initially, an optimal shape of a unit cell based on the Pareto front has been chosen considering the prioritised objective. Thereafter, finite element simulation was performed to evaluate the auxetic behaviour followed by topological optimisation using the density-based method. Using the developed model, the morphological and mechanical properties of the designed auxetics have been compared. The re-entrant honeycomb structure has been found as the most reliable auxetics with the highest elastic modulus and auxetic behaviour. The induced maximum stress in the array and structure of re-entrant honeycomb was 320.7 MPa and 168.77 MPa respectively. The results revealed that the developed methodology can be utilised as an advanced tool for achieving topologically optimised auxetics with desired properties.
Structure, Function, and Control of Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) subtypes β, γ, and δ comprise a related group of multidomain phosphodiesterases that cleave the polar head groups from inositol lipids. Activated by all classes of cell surface receptor, these enzymes generate the ubiquitous second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The last 5 years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular and biological facets of PLCs. New insights into their multidomain arrangement and catalytic mechanism have been gained from crystallographic studies of PLC-δ 1 , while new modes of controlling PLC activity have been uncovered in cellular studies. Most notable is the realization that PLC-β, -γ, and -δ isoforms act in concert, each contributing to a specific aspect of the cellular response. Clues to their true biological roles were also obtained. Long assumed to function broadly in calcium-regulated processes, genetic studies in yeast, slime molds, plants, flies, and mammals point to specific and conditional roles for each PLC isoform in cell signaling and development. In this review we consider each subtype of PLC in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals and discuss their molecular regulation and biological function.
Study on Quality and Property of Fine-Denier Raw Silk

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this paper, fine-denier silkworm was fostered from the Qing Song silkworm, and their raw silk was made to 23.3dtex fine-denier raw silk and normal ones respectively, and their moisture absorption and quality such as cross section, fineness and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the cross section of fine-denier raw silk nearly irregular triangle; elongation and moisture regain were 39.63%, 13.32%; compared with normal raw silk, denier deviation, single grain silk linear density of fine-denier raw silk was 0.74dtex, 1.52dtex, respectively decrease to 46.54%, 48.41%, but breaking strength, elastic modulus, sericin content of fine-denier raw silk was 3.79cN/dtex , 0.69cN/dtex and 23.23%,respectively increased by 22.26% , 15% and 2.97%. Thus it can be seen, the quality and moisture absorption of fine-denier raw silk is better than normal ones, and it has a good development prospect and application value.
Hydraulic conductance and xylem vessel diameter of young maize roots subjected to sustained water‐deficit

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Water deficit can have large impacts on plants, including likely alteration of root hydraulic conductance and root xylem vessel diameter, which can decrease crop productivity. No results, however, exist to assess possible linkages between these two variables as critical components contributing to plant water status. This linkage was investigated in three maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars. A stable water‐deficit treatment was established and maintained in pots by allowing soil drying to the point where transpiration rate was held constant at about 0.5 of well‐watered pots. Initially, the root hydraulic conductance of the water‐deficit plants was equivalent to that of well‐watered plants. Subsequently, however, hydraulic conductance decreased substantially. The results for xylem vessel diameter at 5 cm from the root tip exhibited a pattern similar to the decrease in root hydraulic conductance. A graph of root hydraulic conductance versus xylem vessel diameter at 5 cm showed a curvilinear response with lessening in the increase in hydraulic conductance with increasing xylem vessel diameter. The results indicate a possible link between root conductance and xylem diameter but the conductance is much less sensitive to vessel diameter than the fourth power of the radius predicted by Poiseuille's law. The association between conductance and xylem vessel diameter may reflect interaction of radial and axial water flux through the root system as indexed by vessel radius in the zone near the root tip.