jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Study of Temperature Changes in the Upper North Atlantic: 1950–94

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, decadal evolution of warm and cold anomalies in the subtropical and subpolar gyres of the North Atlantic in the 300–500-m and 100–250-m depth ranges is described. A series of pentadally averaged objective maps of upper-ocean thermal anomalies, from bathythermograph data, are presented. Warm and cold anomalies in the western subtropical gyre are succeeded by similar anomalies in the subpolar gyre and the east Atlantic and subtropical return flow. Major warm and cold anomalies in the 1950s and 1970s, respectively, are similar to those described previously in SSTs, although there is more temporal continuity in the subsurface anomalies. Two very strong events in the subtropical gyre are identified, a cold anomaly in 1966–72 and an intense warm anomaly in 1988–94, that show the greatest temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic during the period of the study. Interisotherm thickness anomalies are shown for the subtropical gyre during these periods. In the warm period, mode waters are both warmer (18°–19°C) and of greater volume than on average, and lie in a narrow band south of the Gulf Stream above a depressed thermocline with warm temperature anomalies to at least 800-m depth. In the cold period, the predominant mode water temperature is closer to 17°C, but there is reduced water formation overall with a raised thermocline and cold temperature anomalies down to 600-m depth. The bowl of the gyre is flat during the cold period, and the implied recirculation may be weaker and extend farther to the south. The changes appear to be consistent with the intensification of the subtropical gyre in the warm period and a spindown in the cold period, although the relative roles of wind stress and air–sea heat fluxes in these changes need to be determined.
Vomiting and Recovery After Outpatient Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

VED, SUDHA A.; WALDEN, TOM L.; MONTANA, JOANNE; LEA, DAWN E.; TEFFT, MARIELLA C.; KATARIA, BIDESHWAR K.; PUDIMAT, MARY ANN; NICODEMUS, HONORATO F.; MILMOE, GREGORYJ; Bell, Charlotte M.D. Author Information
Unsupervised deep semantic and logical analysis for identification of solution posts from community answers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

These days' discussion forums provide dependable solutions to the problems related to multiple domains and areas. However, due to the presence of huge amount of less-informative/inappropriate posts, the identification of the appropriate problem-solution pairs has become a challenging task. The emergence of a variety of topics, domains and areas has made the task of manual labelling of the problem solution-post pairs a very costly and time consuming task. To solve these issues, we concentrate on deep semantic and logical relation between terms. For this, we introduce a novel semantic correlation graph to represent the text. The proposed representation helps us in the identification of topical and semantic relation between terms at a fine grain level. Next, we apply the improved version of personalised pagerank using random walk with restarts. The main aim is to improve the rank score of terms having direct or indirect relation with terms in the given question. Finally, we introduce the use of the node overlapping version of GAAC to find the actual span of answer text. Our experimental results show that the devised system performs better than the existing unsupervised systems.
Conversion of Solid Carbonaceous Fuels in a Fluidized Bed Fuel Cell

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

A fluidized bed direct carbon fuel cell was employed to achieve direct conversion of solid fuels into electricity. Power was generated from pulverized Lower Kittanning (bituminous) coal, synthetic carbon, and biomass in a single process step. Current-voltage characteristics exhibited typical fuel cell behavior. Fluidization in flowing overcomes the difficulty of attaining solid fuel-to-anode contact and generates CO in situ via the Boudouard reaction. A mechanistic reaction pathway is proposed for anodic oxidation of the solid fuel. Conversion was verified by gas analysis of oxidation products in the flue stream and by oxygen mass balance.
Turgenev’s traditions and motifs in the collection “Dragons, Tigers and Dogs” by Ba Jin

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The subject of this research is the adoption and development of the motifs of I. S. Turgenev&rsquo;s &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; in the lyrical collection &ldquo;Dragons, Tigers and Dogs&rdquo; by Ba Jin, who was dubbed &ldquo;China&rsquo;s Turgenev&rdquo;. Attention is focused on the analysis of literary techniques adopted by Ba Jin from Turgenev, such as: narrative methods, motifs of the dreams, latent psychologism and profound psychologism of the landscape, symbolism, and fundamental musicality of the text. The research material contains the lyrical cycles of both writers, author's commentaries, journal articles published in Russia and China dedicated to examination of Turgenev's impact upon the Chinese writers. The article employs the historical-functional and comparative methods of analysis. The author is first to explore the influence of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; on the works of Ba Jin, which defines the scientific novelty of this research. Ba Jin's scrutiny of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo;, during his work on translations, is reflected in his collection on the level of symbolism and the choice of motifs, command of language and literary style overall. The musicality of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; encouraged Ba Jin to pursue the new artistic expressiveness of the language. The aesthetic peculiarities of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; are consonant with the traditions and aesthetic requests of the Ancient Chinese literature, which justifies the enduring popularity of Turgenev&rsquo;s works in China.
I. Characterization of the anodically formed oxide film on platinum electrodes; II. Development of electrochemical instrumentation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

NOTE: Text or symbols not renderable in plain ASCII are indicated by [...]. Abstract is included in .pdf document. The oxygen containing film formed at anodically polarized platinum electrodes in oxyacid solutions has been characterized. By making use of a thin layer electrode it is shown that the film is composed of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) oxides. This was proven by oxidizing the electrodes, and then stripping the oxides with acidic chloride solution and then analyzing, coulometrically, the platinum chlorides in solution. It is shown that the discrepancy between anodic charge passed during oxidation and the cathodic charge passed during reduction is due to Pt(IV) oxide which is not reducible at potentials anodic of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The oxides decompose slowly in formal sulfuric acid to form hydrogen peroxide and platinum; elevated temperatures accelerate the decomposition. A correlation is drawn between the presence of Pt(IV) on the surface of the electrode and "activation" of the electrode. It is concluded that the cause of activation is irreducible oxide. A standard electrode free of oxides can be obtained by immersion in 1 F H2SO4 at 100[degrees] C. It is proposed that such pretreatment is an excellent point of departure for further investigations with platinum electrodes. It is shown that ozone is evolved in sulfuric and perchloric acids at potentials more positive than 1.3 volts with respect to the saturated calomel electrode. The evolved ozone is reduced at 1.1 volts. In the second portion the use of operational amplifiers in electrochemical control and measurement instrumentation is discussed, and the simplified theory is presented. The design and construction of a multi-purpose electrochemical control instrument is discussed and a complete set of construction instructions is given. The last section considers the use of a small general purpose digital computer as an on-line digital data acquisition instrument. The interfacing and the logical circuitry required to perform electrochemical experiments with such a computer are described.
pH fluctuations in unilamellar vesicles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

pH fluctuations in small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) are theoretically estimated. We determine that these fluctuations are dependent on macroscopic variables such as pH, pKa, buffer group concentration and surface electrical potential. Based on a previously reported definition of buffer electrical capacitance (Procopio and Forne′s, Phys. Rev. E, 1995, 51, 829) an equation is derived which relates the pH fluctuation, the buffering power and the SUV size. We also derived an equation for the mean square charge thermal fluctuation using the fluctuation–dissipation theorem which coincides with that independently obtained by Kirkwood and Shumaker (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1952, 38, 863) using mechanical statistical methods. From our results it is inferred that measurement of pH in small systems has to be performed near the pK of the buffer groups in order that the fluctuational errors be minimized. We show that pH fluctuations diminish with increasing the size of the SUV and the predicted pH fluctuations decrease as the surface potential becomes less negative as a consequence of decreasing density of charged groups in the inner vesicular surface. It is predicted that measurable effects will appear on the fluorescence detection due to protonic fluctuations close to the pH sensing region of the probes.
Introduction to Multilevel Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this era of large-scale, multi-institutional studies, the importance of analyzing hierarchical (clustered) data is increasing. However, conventional regression analysis may be inadequate for this purpose because it assumes that records for individual patients are independent of records for other patients. Multilevel analysis is a statistical method that allows one to analyze data with a hierarchical structure. Mixed-effect models expand the conventional regression models by incorporating random coefficients for each unit of cluster. Multilevel analysis can be applied to studies on repeated measures among individuals, multi-institutional studies on effects of individual-level variables, and studies on effects of cluster-level variables or cluster-level variances. This report summarizes the basics of multilevel analysis and how it can be used in clinical epidemiology research.
Students’ Attitudes Toward Assessment in Physical Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Despite the recent increase in attention on studies focusing on different types of assessment of student participation in physical education (PE), there is little research concerning students’ attitudes toward the PE assessment process. This study aimed to investigate students’ attitudes toward assessment procedures in PE by developing and validating a quantitative instrument concerning crucial areas of pedagogy such as curriculum, teachers, grading, and fitness tests. It further investigates important attitude determinants such as grade level and gender differences. The scale was distributed to 1,403 students in the 5 th , 6 th , 7 th , and 10 th grades. Principal components analysis showed an eigenvalue factor greater than 1, which accounted for 47% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded satisfactory indices that confirmed the unidimensional model with high internal consistency (α = .84). A two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between the 7 th and 10 th grades. At the same time, students expressed a high level of positive attitudes toward the different aspects of assessment procedures. The study examined various aspects of students’ attitudes toward assessment and resulted in a reliable, valid, and easy-to-use quantitative instrument that can be used by educators and researchers to assess students’ attitudes toward assessment in PE.
Intense dust and extremely fresh biomass burning outbreak in Barcelona, Spain: characterization of their optical properties and estimation of their direct radiative forcing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

An extremely fresh smoke plume (<5 h) was transported over Barcelona on 23 July 2009, just 5 h after an intense Saharan dust event finalized. Both events were observed by sun-photometer, lidar and satellite systems. Results indicate surprisingly large absorption of mixed dust particles (SSA ~ 0.83 ± 0.04) with lower SSA than that observed for smoke (0.86 ± 0.04) particles at 440 nm. Our investigation shows that dust particles may have mixed during their transport with anthropogenic and smoke particles. Dust and smoke layers are observed between 1–6 and 1–4 km, with associated lidar ratios at 532 nm of 51 and 36 sr, respectively. Due to low SSAs and moderate surface albedos, shortwave (SW) radiative forcing calculations reveal that a large part of the solar energy losses at the surface is gained by the atmosphere for each aerosol. Here, dust particles produced a positive instantaneous forcing at TOA ( + 8 W m-2 at 12 UT), while the smoke produced a negative forcing of - 13 W m-2 at 17 UT. The associated SW heating rate is calculated to be around 2–3 K day-1 for both dust and smoke aerosols.
Development of sputtered high temperature coatings for thrust chambers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Adherent insulating coatings were developed for thrust chamber service. The coatings consisted of nickel and a ceramic, and were graded in composition from pure nickel at the thrust chamber wall to pure ceramic at the coating surface. The coatings were deposited by rf sputtering from a target with a reversed composition gradient, which was produced by plasma spraying powder mixtures. The effect of deposition parameters on coating characteristics and adherence is discussed.
Safety and Feasibility of an Exercise Prescription Approach to Rehabilitation Across the Continuum of Care for Survivors of Critical Illness

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Survivors of critical illness can experience long-standing functional limitations that negatively affect their health-related quality of life. To date, no model of rehabilitation has demonstrated sustained improvements in physical function for survivors of critical illness beyond hospital discharge. Objective The aims of this study were: (1) to describe a model of rehabilitation for survivors of critical illness, (2) to compare the model to local standard care, and (3) to report the safety and feasibility of the program. Design This was a cohort study. Methods As part of a larger randomized controlled trial, 74 participants were randomly assigned, 5 days following admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), to a protocolized rehabilitation program that commenced in the ICU and continued on the acute care ward and for a further 8 weeks following hospital discharge as an outpatient program. Exercise training was prescribed based on quantitative outcome measures to achieve a physiological training response. Results During acute hospitalization, 60% of exercise sessions were able to be delivered. The most frequently occurring barriers to exercise were patient safety and patient refusal due to fatigue. Point prevalence data showed patients were mobilized more often and for longer periods compared with standard care. Outpatient classes were poorly attended, with only 41% of the patients completing more than 70% of outpatient classes. No adverse events occurred. Limitations Limitations included patient heterogeneity and delayed commencement of exercise in the ICU due to issues of consent and recruitment. Conclusions Exercise training that commences in the ICU and continues through to an outpatient program is safe and feasible for survivors of critical illness. Models of care that maximize patient participation across the continuum of care warrant further investigation.
Is Screening for Coronary Artery Disease with Fast Computed Tomography Useful?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death, screening for early coronary disease with cholesterol measurements lacks specificity, and screening with exercise testing lacks both sensitivity and specificity. Fast computed tomography scanning, or election beam tomography, is a highly accurate and reproducible screening test that capitalizes on the relationship between coronary calcification and the severity of underlying coronary disease. Electron beam tomography detects about 85% of middle-aged persons with nonobstructive coronary disease. Electron beam tomography detects about 95% of middle-aged persons with obstructive disease with greater accuracy than cholesterol testing. Coronary Calcification predicts the composite end point of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and need for revascularization in asymptomatic person. After adjustment for coronary calcium, cholesterol levels have had no prognostic power in these studies. Formal proof that electron beam tomography plays an integral role in a life-saving strategy of risk factor reduction is not yet available. Nevertheless, screening of middle-aged subjects with risk factors for coronary disease and treatment of those with elevated calcium levels is likely to reduce morbidity and mortality.
QUESTIONING STRATEGIES TO LISTENING COMPREHENSION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Almost all children throughout the elementary grades respond positively to being read to (Mendoza, 1985). Many teachers consider reading aloud an important part of their daily routine, primarily so students can enjoy a good story. Being read to provides students with an opportunity to be transported across distance and time, to imagine, and to vicariously take part in experiences beyond the realm of the listener. Through such positive reading aloud experiences a variety of additional benefits are often achieved with little overt instructional support; reluctant readers may be “turned on ” to reading, students may be exposed to literature beyond their reading ability and outside their typical reading interests, aural exposure to more complex and formal written syn-tactic patterns prepares listeners to predict these structures in future print experiences, schema IS expanded through vicarious experiences, and vocabulary is increased. For the pure enjoyment derived, and these additional benefits, reading aloud to students is an invaluable activity.
Cigarette smoke extract causes endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction through S‐glutathionylation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) occurs in a wide range of cardiovascular disease and has been linked to cigarette smoking (CS)‐induced endothelial dysfunction (ED). Glutathionylation has recently been reported as a novel mechanism for eNOS uncoupling in ED. However, the role of eNOS glutathionylation in CS‐induced ED remains to be investigated. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at different concentrations for two hours. Nitric oxide (NO) production, superoxide (O 2 • − ) generation and glutathione level were assessed. Formation of glutathionylated proteins was determined in the lysate or after pull down of eNOS following exposure to CSE with or without N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC). We show that exposure of BAECs to CSE decreased NO production with a concomitant increase in O 2 •− generation and depletion of cellular reduced glutathione. More importantly, formation of protein glutathionylation was significantly higher in CSE‐exposed cells. Pre‐incubation with NAC enhanced eNOS function, decreased eNOS glutathionylation and increased reduced glutathione in CSE‐exposed cells. Our data indicate that CS‐induced ED could be explained, at least in part, through eNOS glutathionylation. The role of CS‐induced eNOS glutathionylation, in the process of ED, and reversal of such modifications in animal models or human subjects warrants further investigation.(NIH# HL38324 to JLZ; and Egyptian government)
Development of an Orthotic Brace for a Canine Valgus Deformity

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Angular forelimb deformities are common in canines. The forelimb or antebrachium is comprised of two bones: the radius and ulna. During the growth stage of an immature animal, these two bones maintain a synchronized developmental pattern. This normal developmental pattern may be disrupted due to trauma, congenital malformation, metabolic deficiencies, or fractures of one or both of the bones. To date canine angular limb deformities are corrected by surgical intervention, typically radial osteotomy. However, an alternative treatment option is the use of orthoses. An orthotic is a device applied externally to control or guide a limb or joint. The field of orthotics is relatively new and understudied in veterinary medicine, Practical reasons to utilize a brace are to: 1) avoid the possibility of surgical complications such as infections 2) provide a less expensive treatment option and 3) provide a more rapid treatment that does not require postoperative care and rehabilitation. The purpose of this case study is to create a customized orthotic brace for a valgus deformity in the front left carpus of a 2-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback. Central Texas Orthotics and Prosthetics oversaw the creation of the custom made brace from casting to fitting.
Performance Evaluation of Proactive and Reactive Protocols in VANET

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

VANET (Vehicular adhoc network) research field is growing very fast.It has to serves a wide range of applications under different scenario (City, Highway).It has various challenges to adopt the protocols that can serve in different topology and scenario.This paper presents a comparative study of the adhoc routing protocols.The main objective of Vehicular adhoc networks is to build a robust network among mobile vehicles so that vehicles can talk to each other for the safety of human beings.VANET hits the protocol's strength due to its highly dynamic features.Thus in testing a protocol suitable for VANET implementation, we have selected different routing protocols.In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare four well-known protocols AODV, DSR, OLSR and DSDV by using three performance metrics packet delivery ratio, average end to end delay and routing overhead.The comparison has been done by using simulation tool NS2 which is the main simulator, Network animator (NAM) and excel graph which is used for preparing the graphs from the trace files.
Impact of Open-Market Share Repurchases on Long-Term Stock Returns

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, firms listed on Bursa Malaysia were allowed to repurchase their shares on the open market. The number of companies engaged in share buyback is increasing and has become a tool to stabilize price by signaling undervaluation of the share. However, studies on share buyback in Malaysia are limited to the price performance surrounding the buyback events. This study aims to fill this gap by examining long-run price performance after the actual share buyback event over a sampling period of 2 years from 2009 to 2010 for Malaysian firms listed on FTSE Bursa Malaysia. There is no evidence to conclude that there exist long-term abnormal returns using the calendar-time portfolio approach that support the inefficient market hypothesis. On the contrary, buy-and-hold method was found to be significant supporting that the Malaysian stock market is semi-strong efficient.