jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A 10-Year Prospective Trial of a Patient Management Algorithm and Screening Examination for Highly Active Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background A treatment algorithm and screening examination have been developed to guide patient management and prospectively determine potential for highly active individuals to succeed with nonoperative care after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Objective To prospectively characterize and classify the entire population of highly active individuals over a 10-year period and provide final outcomes for individuals who elected nonoperative care. Methods Inclusion criteria included presentation within 7 months of the index injury and an International Knee Documentation Committee level I or II activity level before injury. Concomitant injury, unresolved impairments, and a screening examination were used as criteria to guide management and classify individuals as noncopers (poor potential) or potential copers (good potential) for nonoperative care. Results A total of 832 highly active patients with subacute anterior cruciate ligament tears were seen over the 10-year period; 315 had concomitant injuries, 87 had unresolved impairments, and 85 did not participate in the classification algorithm. The remaining 345 patients (216 men, 129 women) participated in the screening examination a mean of 6 weeks after the index injury. There were 199 subjects classified as noncopers and 146 as potential copers. Sixty-three of 88 potential copers successfully returned to preinjury activities without surgery, with 25 of these patients not undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the time of follow-up. Conclusion The classification algorithm is an effective tool for prospectively identifying individuals early after anterior cruciate ligament injury who want to pursue nonoperative care or must delay surgical intervention and have good potential to do so.
Photochemical Behaviour of Cyclopropa[c]Chromenes in Alcohols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cyclopropa[c] chromenes (VI, VII, VIII, IX) on irradiation with a mercury high‐pressure or low‐pressure lamp in alcoholic solutions (MeOH, EtOH, i‐PrOH) are transformed into the corresponding 2‐(1′‐alkoxy‐but‐3′‐enyl)‐phenols (cf. X, XI, trans. and cis ‐XII). Possible mechanisms of this photoreaction are discussed.
Prognostic Evaluation of Mortality after Pediatric Resuscitation Assisted by Extracorporeal Life Support

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract To improve survival rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), some patients are put on extracorporeal life support (ECLS) during active resuscitation (ECPR). Our objective was to assess the clinical outcomes after pediatric ECPR in Switzerland and to determine pre-ECPR prognostic factors for mortality. The present study is a retrospective analysis. The study setting included three pediatric intensive care units in Switzerland that use ECPR. All patients (<16 years old) undergoing ECPR from 2008 to 2016 were included in the study. There were no interventions. Data before ECLS initiation and clinical outcomes were collected. An ECPR score was designed to predict mortality, based on variables significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. Fifty-five patients were included, with a median age of 13.5 months. Eighty percent were cardiac patients. The mortality rate was 75%. Mortality was significantly associated with CPR duration (p = 0.02), last lactate (p = 0.05), and last pH (p = 0.01) before ECLS initiation. Based on these three variables, an ECPR score was designed as follows: CPR duration (in minutes): 1 point if < 40; 2 points if ≥ 40; 3 points if ≥ 60; 6 points if ≥ 105. Lactate (in mmol/L): 1 point if < 8; 2 points if ≥ 8; 3 points if ≥ 14; 6 points if ≥ 18. pH: 1 point if > 7.00; 2 points if ≤ 7.00; 3 points if ≤ 6.85; 6 points if ≤ 6.60. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.74. The positive predictive value of a score ≥ 9 was 94%. In our population, a score based on three variables easily available prior to ECLS initiation had good discrimination and could appropriately predict mortality. This score now needs validation in a larger population.
Biosynthesis of butirosins. I. Biosynthetic pathways of butirosins and related antibiotics.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

By using 2 neamine-negative mutants, MCRL 5003 and MCRL 5004, of Bacillus circulars, subunit assembly in the biosynthesis of butirosins was investigated. The two mutants were blocked at different steps in the biosynthetic pathway of butirosins, but could produce butirosins when the culture medium was supplemented with neamine. Mutant MCRL 5003 accumulated 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS) in the fermentation broth but could not utilize DOS for the biosynthesis of butirosins, whereas mutant MCRL 5004 could produce butirosins from DOS. Based upon the ability of these 2 mutants to incorporate a series of DOS-containing compounds considered as plausible biosynthetic intermediates of butirosins into butirosins or related antibiotics, the biosynthetic pathways for butirosins and 6'-deamino-6'-hydroxybutirosins were proposed. Feeding experiments with 3', 4'-dideoxy derivatives of neamine, ribostamycin and butirosins supported the pathway proposed for butirosins. A glucosamine auxotroph MCRL 5771 of B. circulars afforded some information as to the role of D-glucosamine in the biosynthesis of butirosins.
Development of a novel anti-tuberculosis nanodelivery formulation using magnesium layered hydroxide as the nanocarrier and pyrazinamide as a model drug

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Designing and synthesizing biodegradable drug delivery systems are key research areas in biomedical nanotechnology. Here, we report the development of biodegradable magnesium-layered hydroxide (MgLH) based nanodelivery systems using magnesium oxide (MgO) as the precursor by a precipitation method. The designed nanocarrier does not contain any trivalent metal ions, which are most commonly used for the synthesis of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The designed delivery system was characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses. The anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug pyrazinamide (PZA) was successfully intercalated into interlayer galleries of MgLH, resulting in the formation of the nanocomposite, PZA-MgLH, having an average size of about 107 ± 24 nm with a uniform circular shape. The in vitro release of PZA in a human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution was sustained (i.e., almost 66 h) and followed a pseudo-secondorder kinetic model. Moreover, the designed nanodelivery system was found to be highly biocompatible with human normal lung cells (MRC-5) and with 3T3 fibroblast cells as controls for 24 and 48 h. Lastly, the PZA-MgLH nanocomposite showed good anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and both the PZA-MgLH nanocomposite and its released free drug PZA showed antibacterial activity against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with percentage inhibition ranging from 5.6% to 68% against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa for the PZA free drug, and 32% to 32.5% against E. coli for the PZA-MgLH nanocomposite. In summary, the present results provide significant evidence that the designed nanodelivery system can be used for the delivery of PZA and, thus, should be investigated further for a wide range of anti-TB applications.
Mesh-Associated Pain Syndrome: Predictors for Continence and Prolapse Mesh Removal Surgery in a Single Centre

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:Over the last two decades the main surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery was the insertion of non-absorbable mesh to restore continence and prolapse respectively. Over time complications arose including mesh-associated pain syndrome (MAPS), mesh exposure, mesh-erosion, chronic bladder/vaginal infections, and dyspareunia. Consequently, women chose surgical mesh removal to counter these problems. However, little is known about the demographics, medical co-morbidities, mesh types involved and the timing from mesh insertion to mesh removal. This retrospective study will look at which of these factors may be closely associated with mesh removal surgery.Design:Retrospective studySetting:Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) Clinic at University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.Population:All patients presenting to the FPMRS Clinic between June 2011 to December 2019, requesting mesh removal surgery with a history of MAPS and other mesh complications were included in this study. Methods:Patient demographics including age, ethnicity, obstetric history, and medical co-morbidities; type of mesh/anatomical route used; onset of symptoms; and time from insertion to removal were recorded. Main Outcome Measures:Determination of correlation coefficients between patient demographics, patient reported symptoms and mesh removal surgery. Results:Three hundred and forty-five women with a history of MAPS were included in the study. Women in the 40-60 year old cohort accounted for 54.4% of mesh removal surgery; 54.8% had a BMI under 30 and almost 90% were Caucasian. 96.5% had had children, with over 77% having had a vaginal delivery. 91.9% of patients reported other health conditions including 18.8% with a concomitant history of mental health problems and 15.4% with a history of heart disease. Over 80% of women undergoing mesh removal surgery had a continence mesh (49% retropubic and 32% obturator continence mesh) removed, whereas 20% had an abdominal prolapse and/or vaginal prolapse mesh removed. The average time from mesh insertion to mesh removal was seven years, with the prevalence of mesh removal surgery averaging 85% (range 50 - 100%) depending on the comorbidity determined. Conclusions:All women presented to the clinic with a history of MAPS and other comorbidities which may have influenced their decision to pursue mesh removal surgery. There were no specific predictors, other than chronic pain associated with mesh, determining which women underwent surgery, though those with continence mesh were more likely to do so.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Molybdenum Nitride Catalyst with Rhombohedral MoS2 Structure for Hydrogenation Applications.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Nitrogen‐rich 3R‐MoN 2 is prepared by high‐pressure solid state reaction of a 1:2 molar mixture of Na 2 MoO 4 and h‐BN (Mo capsule in anvil press, 3.5 GPa, 773 K) followed by a similar second step, in which the obtained nitride plus unreacted h‐BN is mixed with additional Na 2 MoO 4 in a 1:2 weight ratio.
Correlation between antigenemia of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and inhibiting effects of plasma in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi may be involved in the pathogenesis of fungal infections consequently altering the defence mechanisms of the host. In this study the levels of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens detected in the plasma of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis correlated with the suppression index detected by the low mitogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to phytohaemaglutinin (PHA). This inhibitory effect on lymphoproliferation was observed in the plasma of 58% of the patients, suggesting the presence of inhibitory factors. Plasma samples from paracoccidioidomycosis patients having or not having inhibitory factors showed no significant effect on chromosomes of lymphocytes from healthy individuals, However, these plasmas had a suppressive activity on the blastogenic response of these lymphocytes stimulated with PHA, that was independent of a cytotoxic effect. P. brasiliensis antigens added to the proliferative response of PBMC from healthy individuals stimulated or not stimulated with PHA showed a dose-dependent suppressor effect, reproducing the inhibitory effect of patients' plasma. We suggest that the antigens of P, brasiliensis present in the plasma of patients, even at low concentrations, can play an important role in the reduction of the cellular immune response and in the genesis of the immuneregulatory disturbances observed in paracoccidioidomycosis.
Distraction osteogenesis with periodontal rehabilitation: A Case Report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Distraction osteogenesis is one of the latest treatment modalities in correcting skeletal discrepancies in the craniofacial region. Maxillary retrusion is a common problem when deformity of the face is concerned, especially in cleft lip and palate patients. Distraction osteogenesis utilizing internal or external has an enormous role in future as an alternative method of skeletal correction in patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. In addition, periodontal rehabilitation in these patients is of utmost importance especially at the end of treatment. This case report presents one such case of severe maxillary retrusion treated successfully by distraction osteogenesis. JMS 2012;15(1):78-81.
The Association between Early Changes in Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Survival in Patients Treated with Immunotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dynamic changes in the blood-based biomarkers could be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), although the data are limited. We evaluated the association between the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and early NLR changes with survival in ICI-treated patients. We retrospectively evaluated the data of 231 patients with advanced-stage cancer. We recorded baseline clinical characteristics, baseline NLR and fourth-week NLR changes, and survival data. A compound prognostic score, the NLR2-CEL score, was developed with the following parameters: baseline NLR (<5 vs. ≥5), ECOG status (0 vs. ≥1), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI, <9 vs. ≥9), LDH (N vs. ≥ULN), and fourth-week NLR change (10% or over NLR increase). In the multivariable analyses, higher NLR (HR: 1.743, p = 0.002), 10% or over NLR increase in the fourth week of treatment (HR: 1.807, p = 0.001), higher ECOG performance score (HR: 1.552, p = 0.006), higher LDH levels (HR: 1.454, p = 0.017), and higher CCI (HR: 1.400, p = 0.041) were associated with decreased OS. Compared to patients with the lowest scores, patients in the highest score group had significantly lower OS (HR: 7.967, 95% CI: 3.531–17.979, p < 0.001) and PFS. The composite score had moderate success for survival prediction, with an AUC of 0.702 (95% CI: 0.626–0.779, p < 0.001). We observed significantly lower survival in patients with higher baseline NLR values and increased NLR values under treatment.
Organometallic chemistry of the transition elements

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

1. Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry.- 2. Metal Carbonyls.- 3. Metal-Metal Bonds and Clusters.- 4. Compounds Containing le Carbon-Donor Ligands.- 5. Carbene and Carbyne Complexes.- 6. Compounds Containing Two-Electron ?-Ligands.- 7. Complexes Containing Three-Electron n-Ligands.- 8. Compounds Containing Four-Electron n-Ligands.- 9. Compounds Containing Five-Electron n-Ligands.- 10. Complexes Containing Six-Electron n-Ligands.- 11. Complexes Containing Seven- and Eight-Electron n-Ligands.- 12. Isocyanide Complexes 1. Bonding and Structure.- 13. Application of Organometallic Compounds in Homogeneous Catalysis.- Abbreviations.
The impact of flipped classroom andragogy on student assessment performance and perception of learning experience in two advanced physiology subjects

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Flipped classroom teaching has been used by many educators to promote active learning in higher education. This andragogy is thought to increase student engagement by making them more accountable for their learning and increase time on task in the classroom. While there are several systematic reviews that point to improved student results, it remains unclear if flipped classrooms have positive learning effects in physiology education. Flipped classroom teaching was introduced in two advanced physiology subjects (advanced neuroscience, semester 1, and cardiorespiratory and renal physiology, semester 2). Changing the mode of content delivery reduced the time students needed to spend listening to lectures by one-third, without sacrificing either learning content or academic standards. Higher pass rates were observed with larger number of students earning distinction and high-distinction grades. Statistically significant improvements in final grades were observed from both subjects ( semester 1: 2017, 49.28 ± 20.16; 2018, 53.29 ± 19.77, t 268 = 2.058, P = 0.0405; semester 2: 2017, 58.87 ± 21.19; 2018, 67.91 ± 20.40, t 111 = 2.306, P = 0.023). Finally, students’ perception of their learning experience remained at or above the university benchmarks (median score of >80% for all iterations of the subjects). While the most frequent and persistent area that students suggested could be improved was reduction of content, equal numbers of students commented that no improvement in the subjects was required. Despite the generally positive attitude to recorded didactic teaching content, classroom attendance remained very low, and students did not engage with the active learning content. This suggest that more emphasis needs to be placed on promoting class attendance by developing better active learning content.
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC POWER GENERATOR UNDER DC ARC PLASMA

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The generation of electric power through the conventional systems (thermal and hydroelectric) is no longer sufficient to meet the increasing industrial and commercial usage. Therefore, an alternative energy conversion system is currently being sought. The aim of the presented study is to develop a direct energy conversion system (Magnetohydrodynamics, MHD generator) to generate electric power using plasma. Additionally, the generator electric response is investigated based on the Faraday’s principle of electromagnetism and fluid dynamics. For this purpose, a rectangular MHD generator prototype with segmented electrodes was constructed and subjected to continuous plasma from a DC arc source at test facilities available in the Western Cape region (South Africa). Subsequently, the terminal voltages at the middle-electrodes were measured one after another across 1, 100 and 470 Ω load resistors. In all experiments, the absolute time-averages of the measured terminal voltage across each load resistor were similar, which indicates a generation of power. The maximum power of the order 0.203mW was obtained when 1 Ω resistor was connected to the middle-electrodes. Conclusively, these results validate the measurement approach of the MHD generator with segmented electrodes and could be used to design a large MHD unit that can be incorporated to the existing conventional thermal plant to improve their cyclic thermal efficiency.
Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Technique

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nanosized Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) powder was synthesized via sol-gel method using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as the precursor.The as prepared nano powder was used for further characterization.The phase transformation was investigated by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD).The anatase structure of titanium dioxide was obtained after calcination.The microstructure was characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Improved Outcomes of Paediatric and Adult Crohn’s Disease and Association With Emerging Use of Biologics–A Nationwide Study From the Epi-IIRN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The effectiveness of biologics for improving long-term outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease [CD] is still controversial. In this nationwide study, we aimed to evaluate trends of long-term outcomes in all CD patients in Israel during the biologics era. Methods Trends of outcomes were analysed using data from the four Israeli health maintenance organisations, covering 98% of the population; joinpoint regression models were used to explore changes of these trends over 2005 to 2019. Results A total of 16 936 patients were diagnosed with CD in Israel since 2005 (2932 [17%] paediatric onset, 14 004 [83%] adult onset) with 114 947 person-years of follow-up. The cumulative rate of any CD related surgery was 5%, 9%, 11%, and 14% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years from diagnosis. The increase in use of biologics was sharp (from 8.9% to 36%; average annual percent change [AAPC], 14.3%), and the time to biologics was shorter in recent years (median time of 4.8 [1.9–8.1] years in those diagnosed in 2005–2008 compared with 0.5 [0.2–1.1] years in those diagnosed in 2015–2018; p &lt; 0.001). A significant decrease was noted in the hazard of hospitalisations (1.3 [0.1–4.6] years compared with 0.2 [0.02–0.9] years; p &lt; 0.001), steroid dependency (1.5 [0.2–5.4] years compared with 0.1 [0.02–0.4] years; p &lt; 0.001), and intestinal surgeries [4.7 [1.6–8.2] years compared with 0.6 [0.2–1.4] years; p &lt; 0.001), but not of perianal surgery (4.2 [1.1–7.7] years compared with 0.6 [0.2–1.4] years; p = 0.2). Outcomes were consistently worse in paediatric onset compared with adults. Conclusions The rates of hospitalisations, steroid dependency, and intestinal resections decreased in association with increased use of biologics both in children and in adults, but not the rate of perianal surgeries.
A class of sequential robust partition detectors with dependent sampling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the problem of signal detection in severe and/or changing noise environments, often encountered in underwater acoustics and communications, is considered. The detectors operate in sequential, i.e., variable sample size, mode at near optimum levels for a particular noise environment and are robust by maintaining high efficiency in other than the nominal noise environments by adapting their optimum nonlinearity using an m-interval polynomial approximation (MIPA) of it. Furthermore, the assumption of independent samples is relaxed, allowing higher transmission rates for lower error rates. The proposed sequential detectors work well for coherent and noncoherent detection, are asymptotically optimum and, for small signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), increase their transmission rate up to four times as compared to their fixed-sample size counterparts. The performance of the detectors is evaluated in typical underwater noise fields. It is demonstrated that their efficiency with respect to sequential MIPA detectors with independent sampling is improved, in some cases up to the order of the dependence of the samples Q. It is emphasized that the MIPA detectors are easy to implement. The estimation and updating of the detector parameters may be accomplished using parallel processors operating in a recursive mode without disturbing the decision process.