jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parameterization value reduction of soft sets and its algorithm

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Molodtsov initiated soft set theory as a new general mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties. There has been some progress concerning reduction of soft set. However, up to the present, all methods about reduction of soft sets only considered the parameter reduction, the parameter value reduction is not referred. In this paper, we propose the definition of parameterization value reduction of soft set theory, which holds the least parameter values and makes the optimal choice objects not change. In addition, a heuristic algorithm of parameterization value reduction of soft sets is presented. Finally, an illustrative example is employed to show our contribution.
Reactions to SARS-CoV-2: The Effectiveness of the Body’s Immunological Memory

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a worldwide pandemic which resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. After being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, some patients (especially elderly patients) begin to develop severe COVID-19. Infected individuals begin to produce hyper-inflammatory responses in the body. These responses build immunological memory, which helps to determine one's protection against reinfection, disease risk, and vaccine efficacy. This research paper aims to answer the question of whether immunological memory against COVID-19 is retained in individuals after contraction of the virus. Through a compilation of multiple research studies, a clear correlation was made between coronavirus pathogens and antibody/memory cell responses. The original hypothesis, which focused on the efficacy of immune memory against COVID-19, was partially supported by the results. While it was found that immunological memory after the virus is present, there are limitations to the testing group. This research’s purpose is to help readers understand the body's immune response system and its role in controlling COVID-19 infection. With this information, other researchers can further study and develop treatments for future deadly infections/diseases similar to COVID-19.
Evaluation of the efficacy of various dry powder inhalation devices in the treatment of bronchial asthma patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy in terms of clinical effectiveness and patients’ acceptability regarding the use of dry powder inhaler devices in asthmatic patients. Materials and Methods: Patients with mild-to-moderate asthma were recruited from Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, India. A total number of patients were divided into three groups and were given different dry powder inhalation devices, randomly Group one-Rotahaler; Group Two-Diskhaler; and Group Three-Transhaler. Spirometry was performed, and the inhalation technique was checked in each follow-up visit. Results: Patients with asthma in all three studied groups improved from the prescribed inhaled steroids, irrespective of the inhalational device. Min Max % as a marker for peak expiratory flow rate variability, improved in all three groups without any significant difference. Predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second percent considered as a marker of asthma severity improved significantly in all patients, but without any significant difference between groups. Conclusion: We conclude that these inhalers, particularly in mild-to-moderate asthma, have comparable efficacy; however, we carried out intensive monitoring and teaching of inhalational technique, which could be the reason behind insignificant difference.
POSSIBILITIES OF A HAND: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Our starting point is a phenomenological analysis of the concepts of hand and possibility in relation to human realization and expression, whereby the problem of hand and its movements can be followed in this framework in its peculiarity and uniqueness. With regard to possibility, we follow a certain shift in Husserl’s concept of possibility towards practical possibility, as well as some selected passages in his texts concerning corporeality and constitution. This phenomenological starting point is connected to the question of stimulation (potentiating) of the hand in the creative process; we draw upon insights in texts of a Finnish thinker and architect Juhani Pallasmaa and on examples from fields of art, technology and handicrafts. The goal of the text is the return to the hand and the revival of the sphere of original realization of the man, as opposed to uniformity, excess of impulses, tendency to manipulate or, on the other hand, desensitization, whereby we want to open up a space for stimulation of creativity and deepening of the experience on this basis, whose starting point is, precisely, the phenomenological analysis.
Charting the alternative splicing vulnerabilities of cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cancer co-opts alternative splicing to select isoforms that promote disease initiation, progression, and persistence. Drugs targeting either cancer driver splicing factors or specific splicing events can hamper the disease. However, the systematic identification of splicing factors and the splicing events with cancer driver potential –and thus therapeutic potential–remains challenging. In this thesis, I develop computational methods to prioritize splicing factors and events of functional relevance to cancer. I create methods to chart the splicing programs underlying heterogeneous cancer samples, revealing their involvement in multiple cancer hallmarks. Additionally, I establish a statistical framework to identify potential cancer driver exons across the genome enlarging the list of potential cancer driver genes. This approach uncovers exons with therapeutic potential for treating glioblastoma in genes previously unexplored and identifies cancer-specific exon-exon splicing junctions that could drive cancer. Overall, this work provides tools to study the systemic regulation of alternative splicing in cancer and generates functionally relevant, testable hypotheses, to exploit cancer’s splicing vulnerabilities therapeutically.
Quality of Life and Sexual Activity after Stereotactic Hypofractionated Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Quality of life (QoL) is an important factor for the cancer patients after treatment. The study aimed to investigate QoL and sexual activity in patients who had undergone stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy (HRT). Methods: The analysis included 82 prostate cancer patients: 40 patients treated by HRT (33.5 Gy in 5 fractions) and 42 patients treated by standard three-dimensional conformal radiation treatment 3DCRT (70-82 Gy in 35-41 fractions); and 50 healthy men without any type of cancer. The subjects filled out the questionnaires: EORTC QLQC30 (version 3.0.) and the prostate cancer-specific EORTC QLQ-PR25. The median follow-up was 21 months for HRT patients and 28 months for 3DCRT patients. Results: The tolerance for stereotactic HRT was shown to be good. The QoL and the general health status of HRT patients were higher than of 3DCRT patients and even of healthy men. Most patients treated by HRT felt that they had lost their masculinity. However, they were still interested in having sex; one third of them were sexually active, most reported satisfaction with their sex life. Conclusions: HRT for prostate cancer patients was an attractive treatment in relation to patients' QoL assessment in the short term analysis.
Nano-Structured Ni(II)–Baicalein Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode for the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydroxylamine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A nano-structured Ni(II)–baicalein(BA) film is electrodeposited on a multiwall carbon nanotube paste electrode in alkaline solution. The modified electrode shows electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of hydroxylamine. Kinetic parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient α, rate constant k s of the electrode reaction and the catalytic rate constant k cat of the catalytic reaction are determined. The catalytic currents present linear dependence on the concentration of hydroxylamine from 2.5×10 -6 mol•L -1 to 4.0×10 -4 mol•L -1 by amperometry. The detection limit and sensitivity are 6.0×10 -7 mol•L -1 and 31.2 mA•L•mol -1 , respectively. The modified electrode has been applied to determine hydroxylamine in water samples with satisfactory results.
[Application of gene gun for local-regional cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We studied the in vivo gene transfusion using a gene gun, formerly used in plants and culture cells. The hand-held type gene gun (Helios Gene Gun System) is simple and convenient for effective gene transfection in living animals. This method has some advantages in that there is no need for use of viral vector, independence on the cell cycle and local inducement of plural genes. There is a great possibility for application to local-regional cancer.
Fatty acid composition and amino acid profile of two freshwater species, African catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>) and tilapia (<i>Tilapia zillii</i>).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The proximate, fatty and amino acids composition of two commercially important freshwater fish species Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii. purchased from local fishermen in two landing sites in Lagos State, Nigeria were determined. Live specimens of C. gariepinus were purchased while samples of T. zillii were stored in an ice chest at 40C and conveyed to the laboratory for analyses. The chemical composition of the samples was determined using AOAC methods. The protein content of C. gariepinus and T. zillii was 18.8% and 19.0% (% wet weight), respectively. The total lipid content was high for C. gariepinus (9.3%) but low for T. zillii (1.1) %. Lipid composition varied in the two species but differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The ash was 1.2% for both species. The moisture content was higher in T. zillii (80.4%) than in C. gariepinus (74.3%). The percentage composition of individual fatty acids as a ratio of total muscle lipids of C. gariepinus ranged from 0.1% to 26.0% and that of T. zillii from 0.1% to 32.2%. Among them, those occurring in the highest proportions were myristic acid (C14:0, 4.2-5.2%), palmitic acid (C16: 0, 22.0-32.2%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 3.6-13.2%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0, 0.7-3.0%), stearic acid (C18:0, 8.1-9.5%), linoleic acid (C18:2, 1.4-12.3%) and oleic acid (C18:1). Amino acids from sample protein in C. gariepinus ranged from 0.30% to 17.81% and that of T.zillii from 0.27% to 18.16%. The most abundant amino acids in the two fish species were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and lysine ranging from 9.49% to 18.16%. The ratio of ω3/ω6 fatty acids was less than 1 in C. gariepinus while in T. zillii it was 2.70. The two freshwater fish species contain essential fatty acids particularly eicosapentaenoic acids and docosahexaenoic acids and essential amino acids for promoting good health, prevention and healing of diseases in humans. The two freshwater fish were therefore found to be important sources of nutrients. Keywords: Proximate, Freshwater, fish, fattyacids, aminoacids. AJFAND Vol. 9 (1) 2009: pp. 609-621
Study on Water Content of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Membranes Below Water Freezing Point

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Non-freezing water contents in perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer membranes at temperatures below water freezing point were measured by 1H-NMR. At temperatures below water freezing point, the non-freezing water contents decreased because relative humidity decreased with decreasing temperature. As the result, proton conductivity of the membranes decreased rapidly below water freezing temperature.
Spatial responses of ecosystem water-use efficiency to hydrothermal and vegetative gradients in alpine grassland ecosystem in drylands

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The carbon–water cycle is critical to ecosystem function and sustainability in dryland region. Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) is an important indicator reflecting the interaction between carbon and water, and investigating its spatial responses to hydrothermal and vegetative gradients is vital to understand the underlying mechanism of carbon–water coupling. The source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) is a typical alpine grassland ecosystem in drylands characterized by cold and arid climate, which is ecologically fragile and sensitive to environmental factors. In this study, we investigated the spatial variations of ecosystem WUE in the SRYR during 2000–2014 and examined its underlying drivers. The mean annual WUE showed significantly increasing trends along hydrothermal and vegetative gradients from semi-arid zone (SA) to dry sub-humid zone (DSH), with the average value of 0.59 ± 0.35 gC kg−1 H2O. The spatial variations of WUE were mainly controlled by gross primary productivity (GPP) rather than evapotranspiration (ET). Compared to precipitation (P), temperature (Ta) better explained the spatial variations of WUE. And a temperature threshold of 0 °C was found, which indicated a shift of sensitivity of WUE to thermal conditions from permafrost to seasonally frozen ground due to the effects of low temperature on photosynthetic process in alpine grassland ecosystem. The responses of WUE to LAI gradients reflected the indirect effects of hydrothermal conditions on WUE by altering LAI. This study improves our understanding of the spatial responses of the regional carbon and water interactions to environmental conditions.
Exploring the History of Subliminal Racism in Ivory Soap Commercials

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I got the idea for the paper after exploring the archives for a previous research paper and finding a children’s magazine from 1926. I discovered that P&G would buy a page every month in the magazine to create an ongoing storyline for young children to follow and to advertise Ivory Soap. The story was called “The Ivory Heroes” which featured a group of mythical creatures and young white children who traveled around the world cleaning places with Ivory soap. The issue I discovered featured the Ivory Heroes going to Africa and cleaning an African village. After doing a in-depth study of the ad’s explicit racism and how the company got to that point, I became curious about how the company continued their history of explicit and subliminal racism in their advertisements. I wanted to write this paper because after my semester of research into the history of soap advertising while I was hearing about racism scandals happening at Dove, I felt that more attention needed to be drawn to the advertising world and how it continues to affect us daily.
Estimation of the Contribution of Supply and Demand Factors to the Dynamics of Coal Prices in the Domestic Russian Market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the study . Identifying the contribution of factors to price dynamics is a difficult issue, however, at present, scientists and analysts from the field of macroeconomics have proposed some ways to solve it. Existing econometric methods often show results that are inconsistent with the views of analysts of a particular market. In this article, the authors test these techniques to analyze the dynamics of prices for coal in the domestic Russian market. Materials and methods . In this paper, we used the method for determining the contribution of factors to price dynamics based on a theoretical model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply and a statistical approach to identifying shocks through the residuals of vector autoregression models. We use Rosstat data as a source of statistical data on the price level and JSC “Russian Railways” data as a proxy data source on the level of consumption and the contribution of Russian regions. The calculation was performed by using the R programming language, using the RStudio development environment. Results. The calculations show that upward price changes were more often associated with positive demand shocks; however, there are periods where supply factors contributed more to price growth. Therefore, for a few months in early 2020, prices rose largely due to the contribution of supply factors, and in early 2022 due to the contribution of demand factors. During 2021, when prices in some markets increased by two or more times, both positive demand shocks and negative supply shocks affected the Russian market. Conclusion. The results obtained from the calculations are mixed; however, they do not contradict general economic logic and are combined with a prior view about the impact of supply and demand factors on the domestic coal market. In addition, considering the compactness of this approach in terms of calculations and necessary data, we can talk about the possibility of applying this approach to market analysis on a permanent basis.
A Conceptual Model for the Impact of Climate Change on Fox Rabies in Alaska, 1980–2010

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary The direct and interactive effects of climate change on host species and infectious disease dynamics are likely to initially manifest\ at latitudinal extremes. As such, Alaska represents a region in the United States for introspection on climate change and disease. Rabies is enzootic among arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) throughout the northern polar region. In Alaska, arctic and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are reservoirs for rabies, with most domestic animal and wildlife cases reported from northern and western coastal Alaska. Based on passive surveillance, a pronounced seasonal trend in rabid foxes occurs in Alaska, with a peak in winter and spring. This study describes climatic factors that may be associated with reported cyclic rabies occurrence. Based upon probabilistic modelling, a stronger seasonal effect in reported fox rabies cases appears at higher latitudes in Alaska, and rabies in arctic foxes appear disproportionately affected by climatic factors in comparison with red foxes. As temperatures continue a warming trend, a decrease in reported rabid arctic foxes may be expected. The overall epidemiology of rabies in Alaska is likely to shift to increased viral transmission among red foxes as the primary reservoir in the region. Information on fox and lemming demographics, in addition to enhanced rabies surveillance among foxes at finer geographic scales, will be critical to develop more comprehensive models for rabies virus transmission in the region.
The question of accuracy in camera calibration and a novel technique for estimating camera geometry

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Machine Vision is one of the leading technologies of the present era. The quest for the best solution to the geometrical camera calibration has been a research problem for many years in the Computer/Machine Vision communities. In the field of machine vision, camera calibration refers to the experimental determination of a set of parameters which describe the image formation process for a given analytical model of the machine vision system. A complete set of calibration parameters includes both the intrinsic parameters that describe the lens-camera-frame grabber combination as well as the extrinsic parameters that relate the position and orientation of the camera to a fixed reference frame. An accurate, reliable calibration procedure is essential for most industrial machine vision applications including mechanical metrology, robot assembly, reverse engineering, tracking, image fusion etc. One of the most systematic calibration procedures for 3-D machine vision applications was proposed by Heikkila in which a comprehensive set of camera parameters is automatically evaluated by observing a calibration target consisting of two perpendicular planes, each with 256 circular control points. Other similar techniques employ a checkerboard pattern as a target and use the vertices of the squares as control points. While these techniques are sound from a theoretical point of view, they do not adequately speak to the question of measurement accuracy. This study addresses the problems associated with geometric camera calibration using the Design of Experiments as well as the question of accuracy. The broad use of camera calibration in the field of machine vision and computer vision is the primary motivation for understanding the major factors that influence the accuracy of camera calibration as well as the accuracy that can be achieved within the practical limits of most research environments. Based on the results of this study, a new approach towards camera calibration is also proposed in which image center and focal length are calculated independently of the lens distortion.
Synthesis and Characterization of Substituted Bisbenzoxazine as Potent Antimicrobial Agent

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Bisbenoxazines derivatives were synthesized by refluxing substituted bisphenol-C, substituted aniline and formaldehyde in presence of 1,4-dioxane with good yields. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by mass, NMR and IR and also evaluated for antimicrobial activity against four different bacterial and two fungal strains. The compounds 1c, 1h, 1j and 1l has found comparatively good active against all the bacterial strains.
Long-term effect of Prolotherapy on symptomatic rotator cuff tendinopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess a long-term clinical effect of Prolotherapy on chronic symptomatic rotator cuff tendinopathy.Methods: We conducted a retrospective, uncontrolled study in the outpatient setting with 12 months follow-up. Adults diagnosed clinically and radiologically with rotator cuff tendinopathy that has been persisting for a minimum of six months were included. Patients received 15% extra-articular and 25% intra-articular hyperosmolar dextrose injections, repeated at weeks 5, 9, 13, 17 and 21. Primary outcome measure was validated Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Secondary outcome measure was validated visual pain analogue scale (VAS 0-10). The third outcome measures were patient’s satisfaction with Prolotherapy and adverse reactions after injections.Results: Twenty-one patients, 14 male and 7 female were treated with 6 sessions of hyperosmolar dextrose Prolotherapy repeated every 4 weeks. Average SPADI before starting the treatment was 73.995 ± 13.6, while 12 months after completed treatment was 20.84 ± 26.03 (P< 0.0001). Average VAS score before starting the treatment was 8.14 ± 1.2, while 12 months after completed treatment was 2.29 ± 2.8 (P<0.0001). Out of 21 patients, 18 (85.71%) would recommend Prolotherapy to other people with the similar condition, and no one participant reported any side effect that was not resolved within one week after the treatment.Conclusion: Hyperosmolar dextrose Prolotherapy may result in significant reduction of pain and disability index in adult patients with chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy, without eliciting long-lasting side effects. Results of this pilot study need to be validated in prospective controlled randomized trials.