jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PD-1 blockade increases the self-renewal of stem-like CD8 T cells to compensate for their accelerated differentiation into effectors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

PD-1 + TCF-1 + stem-like CD8 T cells act as critical resource cells for maintaining T cell immunity in chronic viral infections and cancer. In addition, they provide the proliferative burst of effector CD8 T cells after programmed death protein 1 (PD-1)–directed immunotherapy. However, it is not known whether checkpoint blockade diminishes the number of these stem-like progenitor cells as effector cell differentiation increases. To investigate this, we used the mouse model of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Treatment of chronically infected mice with either αPD-1 or αPD-L1 antibody not only increased effector cell differentiation from the virus-specific stem-like CD8 T cells but also increased their proliferation so their numbers were maintained. The increased self-renewal of LCMV-specific stem-like CD8 T cells was mTOR dependent. We used microscopy to understand the division of these progenitor cells and found that after PD-1 blockade, an individual dividing cell could give rise to a differentiated TCF-1 − daughter cell alongside a self-renewing TCF-1 + sister cell. This asymmetric division helped to preserve the number of stem-like cells. Moreover, we found that the PD-1 + TCF-1 + stem-like CD8 T cells retained their transcriptional program and their in vivo functionality in terms of responding to viral infection and to repeat PD-1 blockade. Together, our results demonstrate that PD-1 blockade does not deplete the stem-like population despite increasing effector differentiation. These findings have implications for PD-1–directed immunotherapy in humans.
Influence of shRNA silent LASP-1 on cell proliferation and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the expression of LASP-1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, and to study the influence of shRNA silent LASP-1 on cell proliferation and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Methods Green fluorescence shRNA targeting LASP-1 was constructed and transfected into SCC9 cells by lipofectamine. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT method. LASP-1 mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and western blot respectively. The migration ability of cells was detected by transwell assay.Results There was green fluorescence expression in experimental and negative control group cells after transfecting shRNA and shNC respectively. LASP-1 mRNA and protein were decrease in experimental group cells. It indicated that LASP-1 shRNA was transfected successfully. By contrast with control group, the cell viability of experimental group cells reduced by (51.23 ± 1.47)% and (50.07 ± 2.11)% after 48 h and 72 h respectively. The results of transwell assay showed that migration ability of SCC9 cells was decreased significantly after shRNA targeting LASP-1 was successful transfected. It decreased by 43% compared with control group.Conclusion LASP-1 has high expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells, down regulated LASP-1 gene expression can inhibit the proliferation and migration of SCC9 cells.
Economic Analysis of Land Allocation Use and Intensification among Arable Crop Farmers in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study investigates the agricultural land allocation pattern and the level of land use intensification among farming household heads in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in the southern Nigeria. Two - stage random sampling technique was used to select 240 farming household heads. Structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from sample farming household heads in the study area. Combination of analytical tools including descriptive Statistics, Herfindahl index, Crop Diversification index, and Ordinary Least Squares technique were used to analyze the specific objectives. Analysis of socio economic characteristics reveal that majority of farming household heads were males, learned and have moderate family size as well as small farm land. The result also reveals that agricultural land in the area was mostly acquired through inheritance and outright purchase. Analysis of crop combination shows that pumpkin, maize cassava and white yam was the most prefer crop combination in the study area. An average Herfindal index of 0.641 and land intensification index of 0.8654 were obtained among respondents. Also, a negative relationship was discovered between land intensification index and farm size in the study area. The study therefore suggests for provisions of improved seed varieties and other inputs to farming household heads by the Akwa Ibom state government. Also, state government should intensify effort to reclaimed less productive land and developed Fadama projects in the state to reduce the menace of land use intensification among farming household heads in the area. Keywords: Land, Allocation, Crop, Farmers, Intensification, Resource, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.
Prader-Willi Syndrome and Schaaf-Yang Syndrome: Neurodevelopmental Diseases Intersecting at the MAGEL2 Gene

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay/intellectual disability, and characteristic feeding behaviors with failure to thrive during infancy; followed by hyperphagia and excessive weight gain later in childhood. Individuals with PWS also manifest complex behavioral phenotypes. Approximately 25% meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PWS is caused by the absence of paternally expressed, maternally silenced genes at chromosome 15q11-q13. MAGEL2 is one of five protein-coding genes in the PWS-critical domain. Truncating point mutations of the paternal allele of MAGEL2 cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, which has significant phenotypic overlap with PWS, but is also clinically distinct; based on the presence of joint contractures, and a particularly high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (up to 75% of affected individuals). The clinical and molecular overlap between PWS and Schaaf-Yang syndrome, but also their distinguishing features provide insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying both disorders.
[Indolent handling of the pharmaceutical industry harms the The Medical Products Agency's credibility].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract in Undetermined
Patienter maste kunna lita pa att Lakemedelsverket i bade i skrift och handling staller deras ratt till korrekt information over lakemedelsindustrins intressen. Risken ar annars overhangande att verkets trovardighet i lakarnas och allmanhetens ogon urholkas, nagot som i forlangningen kan fa allvarliga medicinska konsekvenser.
Retroviral gp70 immune complexes in NZB x NZW F2 mice with murine lupus nephritis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

NZB x NZW (NZB x W) F1 hybrid mice spontaneously develop a disease most prominently characterized by immune complex glomerulonephritis (GN), which seems to be associated with both antibodies to DNA and to the serum retroviral envelope glycoprotein, gp70. To evaluate the contribution of each of these autoimmune responses to the pathogenesis of the GN, we studied NZB x W F2 mice in which the two responses appeared to segregate relatively independently. Use of this model permitted analysis of possible correlations between each response and the G.N. The presence of circulating anti-gp 70-complexed gp70 correlated significantly with the development of fatal GN and one could predict the course of renal disease by computing the rising serum levels of gp70 complexed with antibodies. In contrast, the presence of free antibodies to either double-stranded or single-stranded DNA was not significantly associated with the development of fatal GN. This association of anti-gp70 antibody production with these animals' early death from GN strongly suggests that the gene(s) governing production of antibodies to serum retroviral gp70 may be one of the major genes responsible for spontaneous renal disease segregated in NZB x W F2 generations.
Effect of thermal excitations of the reservoir on phase bistability in the fundamental model of quantum optics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The effect of the finite temperature of the reservoir on the phase bistability in the fundamental model of quantum optics is studied based on the Q distribution function calculated numerically and on the P distribution function obtained analytically in the case of large Rabi frequencies. The condition for the appearance of the phase bistability in a system with allowance for thermal excitations of the reservoir is obtained.
Letters to the Editor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Letters to the Editor Get access NAWAL KISHORE, MD, PHD, MNAMS (INDIA), NAWAL KISHORE, MD, PHD, MNAMS (INDIA) Departments of Paediatric and Physiology, S.N. Medical CollegeAgra India, 282002 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar RAMESH PRASAD, MD, FRCP, DCH (LONDON) RAMESH PRASAD, MD, FRCP, DCH (LONDON) Departments of Paediatric and Physiology, S.N. Medical CollegeAgra India, 282002 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 39, Issue 3, June 1993, Pages 191–192, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/39.3.191-a Published: 01 June 1993
Decay of Vortices in an Electrically Conducting Fluid in the Presence of a Magnetic Field

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The decay of vortices in flows of an electrically conducting fluid in the presence of a magnetic field is studied. Two flow configurations are considered: 1) flow in a double array of vortices; 2) flow behind a two-dimensional grid. It is found that in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field, the vortices decay much faster than those in a viscous fluid in the absence of magnetic field. It is observed that in the steady flow behind a two-dimensional grid in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field, a pair of bound eddies appear behind the single elements of the grid. The scale of these eddies depends on the strength of the magnetic field. It is also found that the distance from the stagnation point over which the vortices decay to zero decreases with increase in the magnetic field. At large distance, however, the streamlines become parallel as in the case of a viscous fluid.
Multi-range Reasoning for Machine Comprehension

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose MRU (Multi-Range Reasoning Units), a new fast compositional encoder for machine comprehension (MC). Our proposed MRU encoders are characterized by multi-ranged gating, executing a series of parameterized contract-and-expand layers for learning gating vectors that benefit from long and short-term dependencies. The aims of our approach are as follows: (1) learning representations that are concurrently aware of long and short-term context, (2) modeling relationships between intra-document blocks and (3) fast and efficient sequence encoding. We show that our proposed encoder demonstrates promising results both as a standalone encoder and as well as a complementary building block. We conduct extensive experiments on three challenging MC datasets, namely RACE, SearchQA and NarrativeQA, achieving highly competitive performance on all. On the RACE benchmark, our model outperforms DFN (Dynamic Fusion Networks) by 1.5%-6% without using any recurrent or convolution layers. Similarly, we achieve competitive performance relative to AMANDA on the SearchQA benchmark and BiDAF on the NarrativeQA benchmark without using any LSTM/GRU layers. Finally, incorporating MRU encoders with standard BiLSTM architectures further improves performance, achieving state-of-the-art results.
Eating Style of Obese and Nonobese Males

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Variables traditionally thought to differentiate an obese eating style were examined in six nonobese and six obese males consuming a sandwich lunch. Determinations of meal size, meal duration, bites, bites per sandwich quarter, and various measures of rate of ingestion revealed no significant differences between groups. A trend suggested that the nonobese consumed a greater proportion of their meal during the first half of the meal as compared to the obese. These observations were confirmed in the second experiment, including significant findings of differential patterning of rate. Thus the cumulative intake curves of the nonobese were negatively accelerated, whereas those of the obese more closely approximated a linear curve. In the second experiment six nonobese and six obese males consumed their lunch at normal, fast, and slow rates. A trend indicated that more food was ingested at the fast rate, regardless of weight class. Sandwiches tasted better at the conclusion of meals consumed at rapid rates. Implications for the physiology of satiety and the diagnosis and treatment of obesity are discussed.
The Effect of Chronic Constriction Injury on Cellular Systems Within Nociceptive Pathways in the Mouse

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Chronic neuropathic pain is often difficult to treat due to its resistance to therapeutic intervention. This is due in part to the poor understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain states. The neuropathic pain model, chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, produced robust pain hypersensitivity in our mice. It also induced significant changes in the mitogen activated protein kinase family, and the cannabinoid and µ-opioid systems in three different brain areas involved in the modulation or regulation of pain states. CCI induced a 2.5 fold increase in mRNA of the kinase Raf-1 in the PAG of mice. Raf-1 is part of the ERK cascade in the MAP kinase family of proteins. The MAPK family of proteins has previously been shown to be involved in the establishment and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain via central sensitization and the PAG is a critical regulator of nociceptive input and is part of the descending pain pathway, which has also been shown to have a role in central sensitization. CCI also resulted in significant decreases in the µ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO stimulated [35S] GTPγS binding in the medial thalamus, and the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN 55, 212-2 stimulated [35S] GTPγS binding in the anterior cingulate cortex. These effects were not due to an overall decrease in µ-opioid receptor or cannabinoid receptor 1 binding, suggesting that the chronic pain-like condition resulted in a desensitization of these receptors. Both the medial thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex are brain areas involved in the medial pain pathway which, along with the limbic system, have been shown to be involved in the affective component of pain processing. These data are the first to demonstrate changes in these three cellular systems in the respective brain areas of the mouse in response to chronic neuropathic pain. The novel findings presented in this dissertation provide new areas of investigation for the treatment of this debilitating disease.
Two agreement markers in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract For many of the sign languages studied to date, different types of agreement markers have been described which express agreement in transitive constructions involving non-inflecting (plain) verbs and sometimes even inflected agreement verbs. Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) belongs to the group of sign languages employing two different agreement markers ( agrm-bc / agrm-mf ), which will be described in this paper. In an online questionnaire, we focused on two questions: (i) whether both forms of agreement markers are rated as equally acceptable by Deaf ÖGS-signers and hearing native signers, and (ii) whether there is a preferred syntactic position (pre- vs. postverbal) for these markers. Data analysis confirmed that both agreement markers are accepted by ÖGS-signers and that both agreement markers are slightly preferred in preverbal position. Further, possible origins of both agreement markers are discussed.
A nonsense mutation in themyeloperoxidasegene is responsible for hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency in an Italian hound dog

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency (MPOD; #254600) \nis characterised by decreased or completely absent \nmyeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils and monocytes. \nThe disorder is caused by mutations occurring in the \nMPO gene.1–3 In humans, the disorder is not uncommon \nwith an estimated frequency of 1/1000 to 1/4000 \npeople.4 Myeloperoxidase (EC 1.11.2.2) contributes to \nhost innate immunity, and MPOD in humans and in a \nmouse model has been associated with an increased susceptibility \nto certain fungal infections and, in particular, \nto disseminated Candida albicans infection.5–9 During routine \nexaminations, we identified a 12-year-old Italian \nhound dog from the local dog shelter that despite the \nabsence of any evident symptoms of the underlying disease \nshowed primary MPOD in the polymorphonuclear \nleucocytes and monocytes. This was evident from a \ncomplete blood count on an ADVIA 2120 Siemens \nAnalyser with automated MPO staining for differentiation \nof white blood cells. In typical staining scattergrams, \nMPO-positive cells, such as neutrophils and \nmonocytes, are clustered within specified areas demarcated \nby thresholds. The affected dog showed a scattergram \ntypical for MPOD deficiency in humans with all \nwhite blood cells consistently aligned on the left in the \nlarge unstained cell area. To confirm the diagnosis, the \ncomplete blood count was repeated once a month for \nthree consecutive months with identical findings (Fig. 1). \n(CANFA) MPO messenger RNA was purified from blood \nand reverse-transcribed using SuperScript III Reverse \nTranscriptase (Invitrogen). Overlapping gene fragments \nwere amplified and forward- and reverse-sequenced. \nComparison of the (CANFA) MPO sequences from the \naffected dog, from a normal dog and from two predicted \nMPO splice variants allowed the identification of a \nhomozygous c.1987C>T (Ensembl transcript ID: \nENSCAFT00000027699) or c.1753C>T (Ensembl transcript \nID: ENSCAFT00000049922) substitution, which \nresults in a premature termination codon (p.663Arg*) \nin the superoxide domain (Fig. S1, Accession number \nKX017977). The mutation was confirmed by sequencing \nof a PCR fragment with genomic DNA purified \nfrom blood as template (Table S1). Expression of \nmRNA level in the MPOD dog was substantially lowerthan in the control, which may be explained by a nonsense- \nmediated decay system (Fig. S2). This is the first \ndescription of hereditary MPOD in a dog and its causative \nmutation. Hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiencyaffected \ndogs may represent a reliable spontaneous animal \nmodel of the human counterpart as an alternative \nto knockout mice.5–8,10
Assessing the knowledge and perceptions of medical students from the Western Cape, South Africa, regarding the Millennium Development Goals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Health science students are key players in implementing the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Knowledge and understanding at university level is essential to achieve the goals by 2015. The primary objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and perceptions of fifth-year medical students at Stellenbosch University and the University of Cape Town regarding the MDG. The secondary objectives were to determine the degree to which students are involved in awareness campaigns and implementation of the MDG, and to assess students’ perceptions regarding the need for the MDG in South Africa. Method: This observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study collected quantitative data. A census was carried out. All participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Of the 176 participants, 61.14% said they had previously heard or read about the MDG. Forty per cent had heard about the MDG through awareness campaigns. More than half (54.86%) claimed to know what the MDG were, but could not name all of the goals. Participants identified a mean of three out of eight MDG correctly. The majority of students considered MDG implementation in South Africa important but ineffective (69.85%), and 85.82% believed that the MDG would not be achieved on time. Conclusion: It was found that fifth-year medical students in the Western Cape were not adequately informed about the MDG and their importance in South Africa. However, their perceptions were positive, in that the majority agreed that the implementation of the MDG in South Africa is important and that more needs to be done in creating awareness about the goals.
An automated wide-view imaging system of pathological tissue under optical microscopy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Optical microscopy imaging techniques have been found widespread applications in medicine because of its capability of identifying anatomic features of pathological tissue. For the purpose of diagnostic, the image should be obtained in a form of wide-view with ultra-high resolution which provide quantitative information about the tissue. However, due to the limitation of acquired pixel size and field of view in imaging camera, an overview of biological specimens may not be acquired directly using current devices. In this contribution, an automated imaging system of wide-view of optical microscopy of pathological tissue was presented. Our research also involves seeking the fast stitching algorithm to form a panorama of the whole pathological tissue. Digital pathological images were obtained using our new microscope system and these images were scanned in blocks. During image acquisition, overlapping regions were appeared between neighboring block images to avoid missing border details. The whole images acquired were then reconstructed as a panorama of the whole sample with our improved fast stitching methods. The feasibility and performance of our proposed method was compared with classical methods and modern keypoint detectors to validated in processing clinical pathological images and proved to be high efficient and accurate.
"HIT on Trousseau" Double trouble: acquired coagulopathy with femoral artery thrombosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Trousseau Syndrome is a paraneoplastic procoagulant phenomenon. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare complication of anticoagulation with heparin. To our knowledge, the coincidence of the two has not been reported so far. We report a case of an acute thrombosis of the left femoral artery and distal leg arteries in a patient with an otherwise normal cardiovascular status. Endovascular revascularization attempts using mechanical rotational thrombectomy catheter, aspiration and local thrombolysis were unsuccessful. Progressive coagulation along the intra-arterial catheter was seen. Surgical thrombectomy of the femoral-pedal axis was successful, but the patient developed an immune-mediated HIT postoperatively. An adenocarcinoma of the colon was the likely cause for the initial arterial thrombosis, and probably adversely affected endovascular revascularization attempts. Subsequent HIT with microvascular thrombosis worsened ischemic damage leading to a below knee-amputation, despite patent large vessels. Compared to venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis is a rare manifestation of Trousseau syndrome. The coincidence of it with HIT is even rarer. There may be a causal relationship between the two.