jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Self-reported preparedness for clinical work has increased among recent cohorts of UK-trained first-year doctors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction UK medical schools have made considerable efforts to ensure that graduates are well prepared for their first year of clinical work. We report the views of two recent cohorts of UK-trained doctors 1 year after graduation about whether their medical school prepared them well, and compare responses with earlier cohorts. Methods We surveyed doctors who qualified in 2011 and 2012 from all UK medical schools. We obtained their responses to the statement ‘My experience at medical school prepared me well for the jobs I have undertaken so far’ on a 5-point scale from ‘Strongly Agree’ to ‘Strongly Disagree’. Responses were compared with those of the UK graduates of 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2009, surveyed in the same way 1 year after graduation. Results The percentage of doctors who either ‘Agreed’ or ‘Strongly Agreed’ that they were well prepared doubled from 35% in 1999 to 70% in 2012, while the percentage who ‘Strongly Agreed’ with the statement increased fourfold. Perceptions of being well prepared have increased in graduates from almost every medical school. Variation between medical schools in self-reported preparedness of their graduates has decreased in recent cohorts. However, some large differences between medical schools remain. Significant differences in perceived preparedness remain between white and non-white doctors, but have diminished between men and women. Conclusions Our work contributes to growing evidence suggesting that changes to medical education in the UK are producing doctors who feel well prepared for the challenges of being a doctor, though further improvements could be made.
Pertussis Control in Infants and Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the prevaccine era, pertussis was one of the most common childhood bacterial infections with more than half of children becoming infected before school age. The disease was one of the leading causes of infant death in the 19th century. The introduction of whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the 1940s and its subsequent widespread use globally has resulted in a reduction in the incidence, morbidity and mortality of this disease. The whole-cell pertussis vaccine was nevertheless associated with frequent local and systemic adverse reactions, occasionally some that were more severe such as febrile seizures or hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes. The shift, in the 1990s, from whole-cell pertussis vaccine to less reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccine was associated with significantly reduced rates of vaccine-associated adverse events. In recent years, acellular pertussis vaccine has been incorporated into the immunization schedules of many developed countries, gradually replacing whole-cell pertussis vaccine. Dosing schedules vary between countries. As it has become apparent that the epidemiology of pertussis is gradually shifting to the adolescent and adult age groups, many countries are augmenting their program of immunization by having introduced, or are planning to introduce, an acellular pertussis vaccine booster dose for use in children 6 years of age or in the adolescent age group. The use of combination vaccines with inclusion of acellular pertussis vaccine in many countries has been proven to be efficacious and prevents children from undergoing an excessive number of injections. The individual components included in these combination vaccines can be adjusted according to differences in the burden of disease in different countries.
Dynamics of REM Sleep in Narcolepsy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The discovery of sleep onset REM periods (SOREMPs) in narcolepsy first suggested the important role of REM sleep in the disorder. We have conducted a series of studies exploring factors that affect the onset and termination of REM sleep in narcolepsy. Following a preliminary study of REM sleep deprivation, we compared the sleep onset response of narcoleptic and normal subjects to awakenings at REM sleep onsets and awakenings during NREM sleep. In addition, we have investigated the relationship of these awakenings to daytime sleepiness. We have demonstrated that an index of the REM sleep process predicts the sleepiness of both normal and narcoleptic subjects. The finding of increased frequency of SOREMPs following both REM and NREM sleep awakenings in the narcoleptic patient suggests that accelerated triggering and inertia of the REM sleep process are pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorder.
Rasio Spermatozoa X:Y dan Kualitas Sperma pada Kambing Kacang dan Peranakan Ettawa

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

<p>The objective of the study was to know the difference of X:Y spermatozoa ratio and sperm quality of Kacang and Ettawa-crossed breed goats. It was conducted at Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science Universitas Gadjah Mada for three months, starting December 2009 to February 2010. Materials of the study were sperm collected from six two-year Ettawa-crossed breed goats weighing 31.5±2.2 kg and from six two-year Kacang goats weighing 18.0±2.1 kg. The sperm was collected using artificial vagina with frequency of twice a week for each goat and it was repeated eight times. The quality and quantity of the sperm was immediately evaluated by its volume, concentration, motility, viability and abnormality. To determine the ratio of X:Y spermatozoa, smear preparation was made and spermatozoa head was then measured using Scion Image software. The results of the measurement were used for identification of X or Y spermatozoa. Spermatozoa having bigger head than the average were identified as X and those having smaller head as Y. The result showed that the ratio of X:Y spermatozoa of Ettawa-crossed breed goats (50.6±1.8:49.4±1.8 %) was not significantly difference with that of Kacang goats<br />(49.7±1,7:50.3±1.7 %). Sperm volume of Ettawa-crossed breed goats (1.00±0.2 ml) was higher than that of Kacang goats (0.62±0.2 ml). Sperm concentration of Ettawa-crossed breed goats (2,865±431 million/ml) was not significantly difference compared to that of Kacang goats (2,840±383 million/ml). Spermatozoa motility of Ettawa-crossed breed goats (66.7±9.8 %) was higher (P&lt;0.05) than that of Kacang goats (50.0±7.1 %). Spermatozoa viability of Ettawa-crossed breed goats (80.0±7.1 %) was higher (P&lt;0.05) than that of<br />Kacang goats (67.5±9.4 %). Spermatozoa abnormality of Ettawa-crossed breed goats (8.2±3.3 %) was not significantly difference compared to that of Kacang goats (8.6±2.4 %). The study was concluded that the breeds of Ettawa-crossed breed and Kacang goats have indifferent ratio of X:Y spermatozoa, while the sperm volume, motility and viability of Ettawacrossed breed goats was better than that of Kacang goats.</p><p>Key words: XY spermatozoa, quality and quantity, Ettawa-crossed breed, Kacang.</p>
Very retricted four-body problem. /

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

First, a state of motion of three finite bodies, m1, m2, m3 is idealized by an approximation to the law of mechanics such that m2 and m3 revolve around each other in circular orbits and that their center of mass revolves around m1 also in a circular orbit. The motion of a fourth body of an infinitesimal mass is then studies in a similar manner, as in the restricted three-body problem.
Usability of stem pricing and fractional stem pricing in roundwood trade : reliability of pre-harvest stand value estimations between alternative pricing methods

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Puutavaralajihinnoittelun käyttö puukaupassa luo selkeän ristiriidan ostajan ja myyjän taloudellisten intressien välille, sillä myyjät saavat vain noin neljänneksen puunmyyntituloistaan kuitupuusta, samalla kun sen kysyntä todennäköisesti pysyttelee korkella tai kasvaa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan vaihtoehtoisina hinnoittelumenetelminä runko- ja rungonosahinnoittelua, joissa ostajan runkojen katkonta ja puukaupan hinnoittelu on erotettu toisistaan. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on arvioida runko- ja rungonosahinnoittelun käyttökelpoisuutta puukaupassa vertailemalla millaisia eroja puukaupan lopullisiin arvoihin syntyy kun ne on pystykaupan ostotarjouksissa hinnoiteltu samanarvoisiksi ptl-, runko-, ja rungonosahinnoittelulla. Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on oletus, että vaihtoehtoiset hinnoittelumenetelmät ovat sitä käyttökelpoisempia mitä lähemmäs ptl-hinnoittelun arvoa päästään, sillä kumpikaan puukaupan osapuolista ei halua hinnoittelumenetelmää vaihtamalla ottaa suurta taloudellista riskiä. \n \nVertailu toteutettiin johtamalla Trestima-ennakkotietojen sekä tunnettujen puun pituus- ja runkokäyrämallien avulla arvoiltaan yhtäläiset ptl-hinnoittelu, runkohinnoittelu sekä Luken vuoden 2016 menetelmäehdotukseen perustuva rungonosahinnoittelu 27:lle leimikolle. Saaduilla yksikköhinnoilla johdettiin kaikki kolme hinnoittelua toteutuneisiin leimikoihin, jotka koottiin takaisin pystyyn hakkuukonedatan ja samojen puun pituus- ja runkokäyrämallien avulla. \n \nTulosten perusteella runko- ja rungonosahinnoitteluun siirtyminen tuottaa molemmilla menetelmillä keskimäärin yhdestä kolmeen prosenttia korkeampia puuston arvoja kuin ptl-hinnoittelu, mutta runkohinnoittelun arvo vaihteli enemmän, joten sitä voidaan pitää hiukan riskialttiimpana menetelmänä. Kaiken kaikkiaan molemmat vaihtoehtoiset hinnoittelumenetelmät ovat käyttökelpoisia puukaupassa, ja niiden käyttöä tulisi edistää.
Training Lambs to Be Weed Eaters: Studies with Leafy Spurge

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of the study was to determine if exposure of young lambs to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) would increase the consumption of this plant. Orphan lambs were exposed to leafy spurge from birth to 11 weeks of age as a water soluble extract mixed with milk replacer and as freshly harvested plants. Ewe-reared lambs were exposed to leafy spurge by grazing them on a leafy spurge-infested pasture. Study 1 investigated the consumption of vegetative and flowering leafy spurge paired with arrowleaf balsam root (Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.) by orphan lambs during a 30-min feeding period. Experienced lambs consumed a higher percentage leafy spurge than naive lambs (P<0.03). The interaction of leafy spurge phenophase and previous experience (P<0.02) showed that experienced lambs preferred leafy spurge regardless of phenophase (70% of intake) and naive lambs only preferred leafy spurge when it was vegetative. Study 2 investigated the preference for leafy spurge on pastures with high or low leafy spurge biomass. Experienced compared to naive lambs had a higher percentage of bites (P<0.001) and preferred leafy spurge in the high spurge biomass pasture, but not in low biomass pastures. Naive lambs avoided leafy spurge in both pastures. Study 3 was a pasture trial that investigated spurge consumption by orphan and ewe-reared lambs. Percent bites and time spent grazing leafy spurge were not affected (P>0.23) by previous exposure, but daily herbage removal was greater (P<0.09) in pastures grazed by experienced compared to naive lambs (876 vs. 685 g/lamb, respectively). Experienced ewe-reared lambs had a higher rate of biting on leafy spurge (P<0.06) than naive or orphan Lambs. These studies indicate that previous experience will be an important factor affecting the use of sheep as a biological control agent for leafy spurge.
Incentive Eects of Inequality and Economic Development

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The eect of inequality on economic development is often debated in the development literature with many …nding that inequality among dierent groups in a society has a negative impact on economic growth while others …nd the opposite result. Our study investigates a behavioral phenomenon which may not only be associated with the exis- tence of such inequality but may also signi…cantly exacerbate any adverse consequences of inequality for growth. In particular we investigate whether or not individuals exhibit a discouragement eect in the face of inequality that leads to lower work eort. If such an eect exists it provides a mechanism for converting even idiosyncratic inequality into sustained inequality with adverse consequences for the individuals being aected by the inequality and the economy as a whole. We investigate this phenomenon using an economic experiment to allow us to cleanly vary the nature of inequality and to allow us to directly observe several characteristics of the workers. We …nd robust support for the existence of a discouragement eect lending credibility to the claims that such an eect would exist in external situations among workers confronted with disadvantageous inequality.
Seed dispersal, directed deterrence and germination in gifboom (Hyaenanche globosa; Picrodendraceae) seeds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We investigated seed dispersal, directed deterrence and germination in the Cape narrow-endemic plant Hyaenanche globosa (gifboom). We found that gifboom seeds were predominantly removed and cached by the known scatter-hoarding specialist, small mammal, Acomys subspinosus, a first case of scatter-hoarding in the Picrodendraceae and the first case of a recalcitrant seed being scatter-hoarded in Cape fynbos. This represents an unusual exception to most hard-seeded, dormant scatter-hoarded seeds. In contrast, the ubiquitous, generalist, small mammal Micaelamys namaquensis, which is known to consume a variety of seeds, ignored gifboom seeds. The seeds, which contain the toxins, appear to have a directed deterrence effect on this common seed predator. We show that imbibed gifboom seeds produce copious mucilage, due to pectins, which aid in germination. Gifboom seeds appear to have two novel mechanisms for increasing seed to seedling survival, including toxins for seed predator deterrence and mucilage production for enhanced germination.
Transient expression of photosynthetic genes in transfected albinoid petunia protoplasts and correct processing of newly synthesized chloroplast‐destined polypeptides

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protoplasts prepared from cultured albinoid cells of petunia do not express photosynthetic genes, such as those coding for chlorophyll a/b ‐binding (Cab) proteins or ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). They therefore provide a convenient system for expressing recombinant photosynthetic genes, without background interference. Transfection of petunia protoplasts with vectors bearing the Lhcbl *1 Cab gene under the control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) resulted in the appearance of significant amounts of the specific transcripts, but not of the corresponding polypeptides, as inferred from northern and western blot analysis, respectively. The use of an expression vector carrying the translational enhancer Ω of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strongly enhanced the appearance of transfected gene products: western blot analysis of transfected protoplasts clearly revealed the appearance of Lemna gibba Lhcbl*1 and Lhcb2*1, tomato Lhcb2*1 and psaD, and pea rbcS gene products. Molecular weight estimations of the newly synthesized polypeptides indicated that each was promptly processed into its mature‐cleaved form within the transfected albinoid protoplasts. This occurred despite a lack of chlorophyll and the absence of a thylakoid network.
Tract probability map of the precentral corticospinal tracts derived from 36 chimpanzees.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p><b>A</b>: The location of the corticospinal tracts at different levels of the neuraxis is shown in sets of axial (ax), sagittal (sag), and coronal (cor) slices; the locations of these slices are summarized in the figurine on the left. The major part of the tracts with high tract probability streamed through the corona radiata to arch over the putamen, entered the internal capsule, and then passed through the middle portion of the cerebral peduncle down to the level of the seed mask in the basilar pons. <b>B</b>: Location of the centers of gravity of tract probability in the left and right hemispheres, depicted graphically and in four axial slices. Voxels that met the >0.2% probability threshold for assignment to the corticospinal tract are marked with blue on the slices. The center of gravity was located more anteriorly in the right hemisphere (red dots in the graph) than in the left hemisphere. Pons: basilar pons; CS: central sulcus; PLIC: posterior limb of internal capsule; Thal: Thalamus. <b>C</b>: Plots of hemispheric differences in FA and the 95% confidence intervals in the five equally spaced sections of the corticospinal tract. The left 3D rendering figure shows the lateral view of the precentral corticospinal tracts (thresholded at 0.2%, blue) in an individual T1-weighted image (transparent grey); the coverage of the precentral gyrus mask was outlined in transparent yellow. The middle schematic illustration shows that the precentral corticospinal tract mask (thresholded at 0.2%, blue) were divided into five equally spaced sections ranging from z = 70–150 mm, overlapped on the thresholded mean FA map (FA>0.3, red). The background is the un-thresholded mean FA map of the population.</p>
Generic Medications and Blood Pressure Control in Diabetic Hypertensive Subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To investigate temporal improvements in blood pressure (BP) control in subjects with diabetes and policy changes regarding generic antihypertensives. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study we used logistic regression models to investigate the temporal relationship between access to generic antihypertensive medications and BP control (&lt;130/80 mmHg) in 5,375 subjects (mean age, 66 ± 9 years; 61% African American) with diabetes and hypertension (HTN) enrolled in the national Results from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study between 2003 and 2007. At enrollment, BP was measured and medications in the home determined by medication label review by a trained professional. Generic antihypertensive medication status was ascertained from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. RESULTS The percentage of subjects accessing generically available antihypertensive medications increased significantly from 66% in 2003 to 81% in 2007 (P &lt; 0.0001), and the odds of achieving a BP &lt;130/80 mmHg in 2007 was 66% higher (odds ratio 1.66 [95% CI 1.30–2.10]) than in 2003. Nevertheless, &lt;50% of participants achieved this goal. African American race, male sex, limited income, and medication nonadherence were significant predictors of inadequate BP control. There was no significant relationship between access to generic antihypertensives and BP control when other demographic factors were included in the model (0.98 [0.96–1.00]). CONCLUSIONS Among African American and white subjects with HTN and diabetes, BP control remained inadequate relative to published guidelines, and racial disparities persisted. Although access to generic antihypertensives increased, this was not independently associated with improved BP control, suggesting that poor BP control is multifactorial.
MIMO Transceiver Design Based on a Modified Geometric Mean Decomposition

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present a MIMO joint transceiver design that can run at 350 MHz on a Xilinx Virtex-4 xc4vlx200ffl513-12 FPGA. The implementation is an 8 times 8 MIMO transceiver with a 16-QAM symbol constellation. This system can provide data throughput of 11.2 Gbps. The design is based on a modified geometric mean decomposition (GMD) for a flat fading MIMO channel using VBLAST MIMO detection. The design flow uses Matlab Simulink as the model builder followed by the Xilinx System Generator to transform the Simulink model into a VHDL description which can be synthesized and mapped onto the FPGA device. Speed and area results are given for the synthesized designs.
Maturation of Bovine Female Genitalia from Birth through Puberty

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Sixty-five Holstein heifers were killed at monthly age intervals in groups of five from birth through 12 mo. of age to determine morphological and biochemical criteria of their reproductive organs. Ovarian weight increased 2.7 times faster than bodyweight. While no ovarian follicles were visible macroscopically at birth, their numbers increased to a maximum at 4 mo., decreased to 8 mo. of age and remained relatively constant thereafter. Gross anatomical and biochemical criteria of uteri, cervices and vaginae increased at rates similar to rate of body growth until 6 mo. of age, but shifted to more rapid growth thereafter. These changes in rates of reproductive growth were most pronounced for organ weights, RNA content and protein content and less marked for DNA content. Height of the luminal epithelium of the tubular genitalia was stimulated at birth and regressed by 1 or 2 mo. of age. Thereafter, increases in height of epithelia in vaginae, cervices and uteri were most rapid after 6 mo., similar to changes in organ weights. Further, secretion blebs on oviducal and cervical epithelia and bodies similar to nuclei apparently extruded from oviducal epithelial cells became more abundant after 6 mo. of age. These data indicate that rapid puberal growth in Holstein heifers commences during the seventh month of age and is largely terminated by 10 mo. because several of the measured criteria increased at reduced rates after this age.
Bridging the Gap between Economic Development and Cultural Empowerment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to specifically examine the role that historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have played and continue to play in economic development, how these institutions have contributed to the cultural empowerment of African Americans, and the important ways HBCUs have bridged the gap between the two to make a valuable contribution to African Americans specifically and America in general.
The Herrmann–Hitchcock murder mysteries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter's 'post-mortem' of the Herrmann-Hitchcock collaboration focusses on what occurred between the two men during the fateful sessions in which Hitchcock fired Herrmann when he was dissatisfied with what the composer was developing for the film. However, the chapter searches more broadly for reasons why the partnership broke down, including Hitchcock's philosophies about film scoring and exploring the history of the working relationship between the two men, looking in particular at the process of spotting and scoring Psycho that caused such friction and created a precedent for what happened on Torn Curtain, albeit with a very different outcome.