jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved X-ray diffraction study on surface structure and morphology during molecular beam epitaxy growth

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) oscillation has been widely adopted for studies on growth kinetics and dynamics in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Recent developments in brilliant X-ray sources has enabled similar experiments with X-rays, which has great advantage in a straightforward interpretation of results and in a high angular resolution. In general, the diffracted intensity from surface is proportional to the surface structure factor associated with the surface reconstruction, F, multiplied by a damping factor associated with the surface roughness, m. We show that the two factors, F and m, can be obtained separately by measuring diffuse scattering around the two-dimensional Bragg peak during growth. The experiments were performed with a six-axis surface diffractometer coupled to an MBE chamber at the synchrotron radiation facility, SPring-8. This apparatus allows the sample to be subjected to X-ray measurements at the same position as prepared. The diffracted intensity of X-rays was measured during the homoepitaxial growth of GaAs[001] at a substrate temperature of 700 K. Under the condition used, the RHEED pattern changed from the c(4x4) to the 2x1 symmetry on starting the growth.
Multiscale Damage Development Simulation of Woven Composites with Various Weaving Structures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, a multiscale damage simulation of woven composites with various weaving structures is conducted based on a homogenization theory. For this, the homogenization theory is reconstructed for 2×2 twill-woven laminate and 5H satin-woven laminates. The Hoffman's failure criterion is then introduced into the theory to determine the failure of fiber bundles and a matrix material, and the damage modes. The damages are expressed as reduction of stiffness according to the damage modes. The present method can efficiently analyze the macroscopic strength and the microscopic damage development of woven composites. This method is then applied to the damage simulation of plain/twill/satin-woven E-glass/vinylester laminates under on-axis uniaxial tension. It is shown that the weaving structures affect the macroscopic strength of the laminates, which is attributable to the difference in the microscopic damage development in the laminates depending on the weaving structures.
Sedimentation in Breton Sound and Effects of Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet: ABSTRACT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Mississippi River-Gulf outlet is a channel 36 ft deep and 500 ft wide extending from a point south of Michoud, Louisiana, southeastward across the marshes and Breton Sound into the Gulf of Mexico. The outlet was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to provide additional access to the Port of New Orleans and thereby ease traffic on the Mississippi River. The channel crosses a delta lobe constructed when the Mississippi River flowed down a course east of its present course. The sedimentary environments and the features formed by the destruction of the now abandoned and subsiding lobe have a great influence on sedimentation in the outlet and, conversely, the outlet has had a profound effect on the environments on which it has been superimposed. The outlet has ncountered an excessive amount of shoaling in its Breton Sound reach. In an effort to determine the cause(s) of the shoaling and the source(s) of the shoal material, a study was made of the factors influencing sediment distribution in the Breton Sound area (e.g., tides, winds, spoil, and sediment distribution, salinity, current directions, and velocities). The principal source of the shoal material was determined to be the spoil dredged from the outlet itself which returns to the channel by density flow rather than by normal deposition of suspended material. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1827------------
Prevalence of electronegative electroretinograms in a healthy adult cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective An electronegative electroretinogram (ERG) can indicate important ocular or systemic disease. This study explored the prevalence of electronegative responses to dark-adapted stimuli in a largely healthy cohort. Methods and Analysis 211 participants recruited from the TwinsUK cohort underwent ERG testing incorporating international standard (International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV)) protocols and additional stimuli. Responses were recorded using conductive fibre electrodes, following pupil dilation and 20 min dark adaptation. Responses analysed were to the ISCEV standard and strong flashes (3.0 and 10 cd/m 2 s), and to additional white flashes (0.67–67 cd/m 2 s). A-wave and b-wave amplitudes were extracted; b:a ratios were calculated and proportions of eyes with ratios<1 were noted. Results Mean (SD) age was 62.4 (11.4) years (median, 64.3; range 23–86 years). 93% were female. Mean (SD) b:a ratios for right and left eyes, respectively, were 1.86 (0.33) and 1.81 (0.29) for the standard flash, and 1.62 (0.25) and 1.58 (0.23) for the stronger flash; average b:a ratio was lower for the stronger flash (p<0.0001). No waveforms were electronegative. For additional flashes, b:a ratio decreased with increasing flash strength. No electronegative waveforms were seen except in three eyes (0.7%) for the strongest flash; in some cases, drift in the waveform may have artefactually reduced the b:a ratio. Conclusion For standard dark-adapted stimuli, no participants had electronegative waveforms. The findings support the notion that electronegative waveforms (in response to standard flash strengths) are unusual, and should prompt further investigation.
MENENTUKAN NILAI PERIODE, AMPLITUDO, FREKUENSI DAN MEMVISUALISASI GETARAN HARMONIK PADA PEGAS DALAM BENTUK GELOMBANG

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Simple harmonic motion is motion back and forth regularly through an equilibrium point with the number of vibrations in every second always the same or constant. This experiment focuses on one example of an elastic object, namely a spring. The response of the spring to the force is indicated by the increase in the length of the spring. The background of this harmonic vibration experiment is to explain the process of harmonic vibration of a spring which is visualized in waves with the aim of explaining the harmonic vibration of a spring which is visualized in a wave. The data collection method in this experiment only used 1 load, namely 2 variations of springs (single spring and series spring) with a distance of 2 cm, 4 cm, and 6 cm. Different values ​​of A, y0, and c are obtained. From all the data that has been processed using the Orgin Arduino software application, it can be seen that the value of the amplitude is 0.46 cm-6.23 cm. The period value is 10.6 seconds-17.9 seconds and the frequency is 0.05 Hz-0.09 Hz. In addition, the initial phase value of -0.08 to -4.96 was also obtained. From the results of this experiment, the spring that has the largest amplitude value of 6.23 cm is a variation of the series spring with a deviation of 6 cm. While the spring which has the greatest period, frequency, and initial phase values ​​is the variation of spring 1 with a deviation of 4 cm. Based on the experimental results show that, the vibrations that occur in the spring are different in the form of waves. This is because the distance and the spring used during the experiment affect the shape of the waves that occur.
Limit of viability in Japan: ethical consideration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Viability means “the quality or state of being able to live, grow and develop.” Limit of viability has been changed along with the advancement of perinatal and neonatal medicine. The viability limit defined in the Japanese Motherhood Protection Act was amended from 24 to 22 completed weeks of gestation in 1991 based on the survival rate of extremely preterm infants. Survival rates of infants at 22 and 23 weeks' gestation born between 2002 and 2004 in Japan were 31% and 56%, respectively. Though medical data are the most important means to define viability, socio-economical and ethical factors should be also considered, especially when we discuss the group of marginally viable infants. We think there are two different categories of viability limits, one from biological survival limit and another from social agreement of providing active medical intervention. Currently in Japan, the former viability definition based on purely medical data is 22 completed weeks and the latter definition is the social consensus of about 24–28 weeks' gestation.
Analysis Of Leadership Style In Improving The Performance Of Employees Of The National Narcotics Agency Of Karawang District

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose of the study — This research aims to understand how leadership style can improve employee work performance at the Karawang Regency National Narcotics Agency office. Research method— The study employs a qualitative descriptive research technique. Data was collected using a triangulation strategy, incorporating multiple data sources, including observations, documentation, and structured interviews with 5 informants from various positions, including TU staff, rehabilitation staff, P2M staff, head of general subdivision, and eradication staff. Result— The findings indicate that the leaders at BNNK utilize a democratic leadership style, characterized by inclusive decision-making and open communication. This approach fosters a supportive work environment, encouraging employee participation and feedback. As a result, employee performance is reported to be fairly stable, with increased job satisfaction, motivation, and collaboration among staff. The democratic leadership style not only enhances team cohesion but also contributes to effective problem-solving and innovation within the agency. Conclusion— The application of a democratic leadership style by BNNK leaders positively influences employee performance at the National Narcotics Agency in Karawang, demonstrating that effective leadership is crucial for achieving organizational goals and maintaining high levels of employee engagement.
15-Year-Old Patient with Encephalopathy and Seizures after Vaccination

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Development & HistoryThis patient was born full-term weighing 6 lb 9 oz through spontaneous vaginal delivery without complications to a mother, who was 34 years old, G3P2.APGAR scores were 10.Development was initially normal, as early milestones were achieved as expected.Then, at the age of 7 months, just 9 hours after her third DPT vaccination, she developed a fever of 40°C and experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that stopped after 3 minutes and recurred shortly after, continuing for another hour, ending following diazepam treatment in the emergency room.Workup for systemic and central nervous system infections were negative, as was the CT of the brain for structural abnormalities.She returned to her baseline level of functioning within 8 hours.A routine EEG done the next morning showed no abnormalities, and no medications were initiated.She continued at her baseline level of functioning and development, but then at 9 months of age, she developed a flu-like illness, became febrile to 39.4°C, and suffered another generalized tonic-clonic seizure lasting about 10 minutes.Within the next few months, she began to develop subtle myoclonic jerks and appeared to have prolonged 1-3-minute trance-like spells and, about the same time, her developmental milestones began to lag.It was not until 14 months of age that she began to cruise.In the next few years, she was diagnosed with atypical absence seizures, but she also began experiencing hemiclonic (left or right hemibody) seizures that could not be controlled with multiple medications, continuing at a rate of 3-6/month.By the age of 5, there was mild ataxia on examination, and she was unable to run or jump well.She was interactive, playful, and would follow commands, but her speech output was limited to single-syllable words, and sentences consisting of three simple words, such as "I go bye" when leaving.The EEG showed slowing of the background, with a posterior dominant rhythm of 6 Hz, and frequent generalized spike-wave and polyspike-wave activity.At 7 years of age, another episode of generalized status epilepticus occurred, lasting 1.5 hours, after which her seizure frequency increased to near daily, and up to 15/day with semiology
Improvement of auger equipment for processing of vegetable oil crops

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design of an oil press with a combined screw and an adjustable gap between the curb plates for two-stage pressing of oily raw materials is presented. The location of the elliptical links that provide the rotation of the curb plates and the curb plates with maximum and minimum gaps is shown. The proposed design will improve the quality of the oil, reduce material costs and equipment changeover time. Keywords: oil press, process, pressing, oily raw materials, curb chamber, curb plate. klesha78@list.ru, bolgovainessa@yandex.ru, kopylov-maks@yandex.ru, tea_86@mail.ru
Infection of macrophages with Legionella pneumophila induces phosphorylation of a 76-kilodalton protein

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Infection of peritoneal macrophages from susceptible A/J mice with Legionella pneumophila induced phosphorylation of a 76-kDa protein. The phosphorylation occurred when macrophages were infected with a virulent strain of L. pneumophila but did not occur when they were infected with an avirulent strain or with other bacteria such as either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Salmonella typhimurium. Also, no phosphorylation of this protein was observed when macrophages were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide or phorbol myristate acetate. However, phosphorylation did occur in macrophages infected with a virulent strain of L. pneumophila and treated with either erythromycin to inhibit growth or with cytochalasin D to inhibit uptake of L. pneumophila by macrophages. These results support the view that phosphorylation of this protein occurs during the early phases of interaction between L. pneumophila and macrophages. The role of this specific protein in the recognition, intracellular uptake, and growth of L. pneumophila in permissive macrophages remains to be clarified.
Myocardial injection with apelin‐overexpressing bone marrow cells improves cardiac repair and systolic function after myocardial infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our study showed that apelin increases vascular progenitor cell recruitment and promotes cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the effect of apelin on bone marrow cells (BMCs) therapy after MI remains unknown. To investigate whether overexpression of apelin in BMCs improves cell therapy and accelerates cardiac repair and systolic functional recovery in post‐ MI mice. Mouse MI was achieved by coronary artery ligation and BMCs overexpressing apelin (apelin‐BMCs), GFP (GFP‐BMCs) or saline were injected into ischemic area immediately after MI. Apelin receptor (APJ+)/c‐kit+/Sca1+ cells, sirtuin3 (Sirt3) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. Intramyocardial delivery of apelin‐BMCs led to a significant increase in APJ+/c‐kit+/Sca1+ cells in ischemic area compared to GFP‐BMCs or saline‐treated mice. Apelin‐BMCs treatment led to a significant increase in Sirt3 expression and suppression of ROS formation. Apelin‐BMCs treatment significantly increased angiogenesis and attenuated cardiac scar formation in post‐MI. Most importantly, treatment with apelin‐BMCs significantly improved left ventricular (LV) systolic function, whereas knockout of Sirt3 blunted apelin‐BMCs‐mediated improvement of cardiac repair and systolic functional recovery. Apelin may increase number of APJ+/c‐kit+/Sca1+ cells and improve BMCs therapy after MI via upregulation of Sirt3.
Effect of silver nanoparticles on biofilm surface

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Biofilm form thick polysaccharide layers that protect the organisms from the immune system and antibiotics. As a result, chronic infections are often hard to treat. Much research has been conducted to find out ways to counteract the biofilm. In this report, the optimal biofilm growth conditions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were investigated. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles was also tested against fully developed biofilm. The results indicated that concentrations of 5120µg/mL for exposure of 48hrs yield the best result in treating E. coli biofilms as bactericide. “Pits” were found in the bacteria cell wall and increased permeability of more silver nanoparticles. Higher concentrations and longer exposure of the silver nanoparticles gave better killing. This simple and cost-effective manner may be suitable for formation of similar types of bactericidal materials in future.
Passive heaving of elliptical cylinders with active pitching – From cylinders towards flapping foils

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a study of the flow past elastically mounted cylinders with prescribed rotational oscillation about the cylinder centre, which are free to heave, or oscillate transverse to the flow. The configuration serves as an idealized model of a flapping-foil energy harvester. A range of geometries are tested, from the circular cylinder with an aspect ratio of 1.0 to elliptical cylinders up to aspect ratio of 6.0 approaching a flat plate. The driving frequency of the rotational oscillation is varied, while the amplitude of rotation is fixed at π/2, meaning both axes of the geometries present fully to the oncoming flow each cycle. The Reynolds number is 200. The natural frequency of the elastic-mounting is set to the Strouhal frequency for a circular cylinder. The ratio of the mass of the cylinder to the mass of the equivalent volume of displaced fluid is set to 5.0. Configurations with zero-damping reveal a rich parameter space, with increasing cross-stream oscillation with increasing geometry aspect ratio. Driving frequencies for peak oscillation amplitude are grouped around a driving frequency of 0.9 times the natural frequency of the elastic structure. The variation of the power input to actuate the rotational oscillation of the cylinder is also analysed. The fluid structure interaction is analysed for energy harvesting potential; power output is modelled by linear damping on the heave. Increasing the damping on the structure leads to optimal values of driving frequency and damping for each aspect ratio tested. For each aspect ratio, comparisons are drawn and similarities found between these optimal cases for power output and the undamped cases for maximum oscillation amplitude and velocity. The study of the parameter space serves as a useful starting point for further study of the many parameters affecting the performance of flapping-foil energy harvesting.
Security for All? Politics, Economy & the Growth of Private Security in Swaziland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Like many other African countries, Swaziland has in recent years experienced a rapid growth of various private security initiatives. In urban areas, security privatisation manifests itself in the form of a mushrooming of formal private security companies, while in rural areas, where the majority of people live, informal Community Police groups operating outside the control and recognition of the public police provide protection against crime. This article argues that the growth of private security initiatives in Swaziland cannot be understood only with reference to the ‘weak’ African state, but must also be analysed in the context of the country's unequal political economy and the utilisation of public security forces for regime security.
Combined laser and spectral holographic microscopy for investigation of phase objects

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A quantitative analysis of spectral dependence of phase delay distribution introduced by transparent microscopic objects is discussed. Experimental setup based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer with acousto-optic filtration of wideband low-coherence light is used for calculating the phase delay distribution by means of digital processing of interferograms. An example of a calculated phase delay distribution is shown.
A Statistical Analysis of Recent Naval Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Single-Depth Human Exposures to 100% Oxygen at Pressure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using the data from 688 human single-depth hyperbaric oxygen (02) exposures conducted at the Naval Experimental Diving Unit and reported on from 1979-1986, we developed a mathematical model that can predict the risk of developing symptoms of central nervous system 02 toxicity as a function of time and depth of exposure. Maximum likelihood analysis with models relating depth and time of exposure to risk accumulation was used to estimate probability of symptom development and confidence intervals. U.S. Navy single depth-time 02 diving limits were evaluated for safety as a function of actual P02 achieved in the breathing apparatus. These results suggest that current limits are not of equal risk. Long shallow exposures might present unacceptably high risk if an F102 = 1.0 were achieved in the breathing rig. Adherence to current recommended purging procedures results in acceptably low (< 1%) risk predictions for all depths.
Adsorbed Hydroxyl and Water on Ni(111): Heats of Formation by Calorimetry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Adsorbed hydroxyl is a common intermediate in many catalytic reactions on Ni catalysts. The heat of the dissociative adsorption of D2O onto an O-precovered Ni(111) surface producing adsorbed hydroxyls is measured here by single crystal adsorption calorimetry, with an average value of 67.3 kJ/mol up to 0.23 ML coverage. From this, the enthalpy of formation for adsorbed hydroxyl on Ni(111) and the bond energy of hydroxyl to Ni(111) were estimated to be −278.3 and 314.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The molecular adsorption of D2O on clean Ni(111) gave an integral heat of 53.6 kJ/mol at 0.5 ML. In comparison to Pt(111), adsorbed hydroxyl binds to Ni(111) 67 kJ/mol more strongly and adsorbed D2O binds to Ni(111) ∼ 2 kJ/mol more strongly. These energetics help clarify the different catalytic properties of Ni versus Pt, and serve as benchmarks to evaluate the energy accuracy of quantum mechanical methods used in surface chemistry.