jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF THIOPHENE-2-ALDEHYDE AND SOME SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENE ALDEHYDES1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPREPARATION OF THIOPHENE-2-ALDEHYDE AND SOME SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENE ALDEHYDES1WILLIAM J. KING and F. F. NORDCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1948, 13, 5, 635–640Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01163a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01163a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1400Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comprehensive Review of Malware Detection Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

If we focus on the attacks of smartphones and computer systems, various malware or malicious codes are set up regularly about which our users are unaware. These program authors intend to steal sensitive information either secretly or openly to prove their capabilities or competence. To counter these malwares, traditional anomaly-based and signature-based detection techniques are applied. Although, static methods can block the known malware. But to intercept new ones is not possible with these techniques. However, dynamic techniques are used to run the executable on the virtual environment and by anti-malware software. High consumption of the resources and the scanning for an extended period are the main drawbacks of this technique. The third technique which is being utilized is called the hybrid detection technique that is the combination of both static and dynamic techniques. Malware threats and detection methods are discussed in this review paper with the comparison table of all malware threats with their detection techniques.
Adapting RRT growth for heterogeneous environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRTs) are effective for a wide range of applications ranging from kinodynamic planning to motion planning under uncertainty. However, RRTs are not as efficient when exploring heterogeneous environments and do not adapt to the space. For example, in difficult areas an expensive RRT growth method might be appropriate, while in open areas inexpensive growth methods should be chosen. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm, Adaptive RRT, that adapts RRT growth to the current exploration area using a two level growth selection mechanism. At the first level, we select groups of expansion methods according to the visibility of the node being expanded. Second, we use a cost-sensitive learning approach to select a sampler from the group of expansion methods chosen. Also, we propose a novel definition of visibility for RRT nodes which can be computed in an online manner and used by Adaptive RRT to select an appropriate expansion method. We present the algorithm and experimental analysis on a broad range of problems showing not only its adaptability, but efficiency gains achieved by adapting exploration methods appropriately. © 2013 IEEE.
Rapid Tools Compensation in Sheet Metal Stamping Process

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The sudden growth of additive manufacturing is generating a renovated interest towards the field of rapid tooling. We propose a geometrical compensation method for rapid tools made by thermoset polyurethane. The method is based on the explicit FEM simulation coupled to a geometrical optimization algorithm for designing the stamping tools. The compensation algorithm is enhanced by considering the deviations between the stamped and designed components. The FEM model validation has been performed by comparing the results of a DOE done at different values of press force
Vertex saliency computation from 3D facial meshes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a novel method to compute vertex saliency from 3D facial meshes. Among the many descriptors for vertices, Spin-image correlation and curvature are used based on competition and cooperation mechanisms. The proposed method has been tested on the IAIR-3Dface Database for evaluating the generated salient regions on 3D facial meshes. Experimental results demonstrate that both the abundance ratio and accuracy of the salient regions can be improved by the cooperation mechanisms compared to the competition mechanisms.
A Novel Hydrogel Surface Grafted With Dual Functional Peptides for Sustaining Long‐Term Self‐Renewal of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Manipulating Their Osteoblastic Maturation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Realizing the clinical potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in bone regenerative medicine requires the development of safe and chemically defined biomaterials for expansion of hiPSCs followed by directing their lineage commitment to osteoblasts. In this study, novel multipurpose peptide‐presenting hydrogel surfaces are prepared on common tissue culture plates via carboxymethyl chitosan grafting and subsequent immobilization of two functional peptides allowing for in vitro feeder‐free culture, long‐term self‐renewal, and osteogenic induction of hiPSCs. After vitronectin (VN) peptide modification, the engineered surfaces facilitate adhesion, proliferation, colony formation, and the maintenance of pluripotency of hiPSCs up to passage 10 under fully defined conditions without Matrigel or protein coating. Further, this synthetic niche exhibits an appealing regulatory effect on the osteogenic conversion of hiPSCs to osteoblastic phenotype without an embryoid body formation step by co‐decoration of different ratios of VN and bone‐forming peptide. Such a well‐defined, xeno‐free 2D engineered microenvironment not only helps to accelerate the clinical development of hiPSCs, but also provides a safe and robust platform for the generation of osteoblast‐like cells or bone‐like tissues at different maturation levels. Thus, the strategy may hold great potential for application in cell therapy and bone tissue engineering.
Fury Meets and Greets Sabbath’s Theater : Salman Rushdie’s Homage to Philip Roth

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Salman Rushdie acknowledges his indebtedness to Philip Roth. Rushdie’s 2001 novel, Fury serves as homage to Philip Roth’s Sabbath’s Theater (1995). Details of the protagonists’ professional and personal lives overlap in significant ways, and much of the plots of each work take place in the same area and at a similar time.
[Clinical hemodilution].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. The first mentioned kind of hemodilution and method of blood-exchange was superior in regard to stability of cardiovascular behavior. 2. The general tolerance of anesthesia and surgical trauma was superior in the nonhemodiluted group, but was good or tolerable also in the hemodiluted group in 82,6%. Side effects, more frequently and more pronounced in the hemodiluted group concerned to hypo- and hypertensive reactions, vasoconstriction, hypokaliemie and cardial arrhythmics. Exclusively in the hemodiluted group ST-lowering in the EKG has been stated in some patients. These reactions have been estimated as a sign of marginal compensatory capacity in the individual cardial situation and were reversibel by blood transfusion. These observations strengthen the necessity for accurate monitoring in hemodiluted patients. Moreover it is recommended to restrict hemodilution in the level of Hk 27-28%. Under these conditions acute normovolamic hemodilution is recommended further for a wider clinical use.
Imagined communities: initiatives around LGBTQ ageing in Italy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

LGBTQ ageing is an under-researched but vital issue, given the cultural invisibility of older LGBTQ individuals and Italy's ageing population. This article explores initiatives around LGBTQ ageing, considered in relation to the hypothesis that LGBTQ populations may develop effective strategies for ‘successful ageing’, by establishing queer cultural spaces and support networks. After a brief contextualisation of key issues the author focuses on a case study of a lesbian community in Bari which is planning a residential arrangement for ‘older lesbians’. Drawing on interviews conducted in January 2011, the coping strategies or forms of ‘resilience’ developed by this community are identified and analysed. It is argued that while plans for a residential facility remain unrealised, this community demonstrates a degree of ‘resilience across the life course’, through reciprocal support, and socio-cultural and political innovation. However, interviews also reveal the difficulties of progressing from an ‘imagined community’ to its concrete realisation.
Systematic Design Approach for Airgap-less Hybrid Integrated Coupled Inductor for Interleaved Paralleled Inverters using Finite Element Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a finite element analysis (FEA)-based systematic design approach is proposed for the integrated coupled inductor (CI) with airgap-less hybrid core for interleaved paralleled inverters. Utilizing the proposed hybrid core comprising two different types of magnetic materials without airgap in the integrated CI leads to integration of differential mode (DM) leg inductor to the CI which results in significant increase in power density and efficiency of the interleaved paralleled inverter. Moreover, the fringing effect due to the presence of airgap in CI is eliminated in the proposed airgap-less hybrid CI. The hybrid CI is designed in a way that the required mutual inductance for the CI and the required leakage inductance for the DM inductor can be obtained simultaneously. A three-phase inverter comprising two interleaved paralleled legs connected to the proposed airgap-less hybrid CI in each phase is simulated in Ansys Maxwell, Simplorer, and Icepak FEA platforms. The provided FEA results verify the performance of the proposed airgap-less hybrid CI as well as efficacy of the proposed design approach.
Simultaneous determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes by HPLC with electrochemical detection

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Glutathione and glutathione disulphide constitute an essential thiol redox system present in the cell. The balance in favour of the latter is an indication of oxidative stress. Glutathione and glutathione disulphide quantification in isolated cells may therefore be essential for the evaluation of mechanistic and comparative studies of toxic xenobiotics. In this study, a rapid and sensitive isocratic reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method using coulometric detection was implemented for the simultaneous detection of glutathione and glutathione disulphide, in freshly isolated hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes of the rat. The method implemented proved to be effective for the measurement of glutathione and glutathione disulphide in control conditions and for the detection of variations in this redox system, induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide. tert-Butylhydroperoxide is an organic peroxide, which has been used as a model molecule for inducing oxidative stress in isolated cells. A comparative study with a previously published HPLC-electrochemical detection method was performed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abbreviations used: GSH GSSG t-BHP tert-butylhydroperoxide
Myth and Reality in the 1895 Rugby Split

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The original hangs at Twickenham and a reproduction of it takes pride of place in the club house of Otley RUFC who incidentally played in the Northern Union for a number of years in the early 1900s.1 It is famous or notorious, depending on your point of view because those players who later joined the Northern Union have been painted out. If you look in the top left hand corner of the painting it is possible to see the ghostly apparition of a player who turned professional and was subsequently painted over by the artist. More detailed examination will reveal other areas which have been changed to render future rugby league players “unpersons”. In the same way that Stalin airbrushed Trotsky out of Soviet history, so too did the rugby union conspire to repaint the history of the rugby games.
[Conservative medicine: an attitude that can be learned?].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The rising costs and potential harms of medical care are matters of growing concern. In a recent article from the USA, Sirovich et al. examined the association between the intensity of the training environment and clinical-management decisions made by recent graduates. They found that, regardless of overall medical knowledge, internists trained at programmes in hospital referral regions with lower-intensity medical practice are more likely to recognise situations in which conservative management is appropriate. These internists remain capable of choosing a more active approach when indicated. This study suggests that residents adopt the practice style experienced in their training environment. Sometimes less healthcare can actually result in better health. In contrast, an aggressive practice style may waste resources and harm patients through inappropriate intervention. The training environment appears to have a considerable impact on the wisdom of medical decision making.
Studying Friendship in Housing the MIT School of Architecture at MIT in the Postwar Years

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The architect Burnham Kelly hired social scientist Leon Festinger to analyze friendship among residents living in veteran housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946. Festinger accomplished this by linking friendship to mundane social events—such as neighbors chatting in common courtyards—and he attributed these events to the subtle but meaningful ways that architecture organized people in space. In studying social relations between neighbors, Festinger wondered if class or racial attitudes played a role in whether or not tenants became friends. Festinger framed his housing study in apolitical terms, but his research provided a methodological framework for later analyses of desegregated public housing that had major political consequences. These studies of racially integrated housing found their way into the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education, where they provided evidence for the plaintiff’s claim that desegregation could be accomplished peacefully.
First generation automated assessment of airfield damage using LiDAR point clouds

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This research developed an automated software technique for identifying type, size, and location of man-made airfield damage including craters, spalls, and camouflets from a digitized three-dimensional point cloud of the airfield surface. Point clouds were initially generated from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors mounted on elevated lifts to simulate aerial data collection and, later, an actual unmanned aerial system. LiDAR data provided a high-resolution, globally positioned, and dimensionally scaled point cloud exported in a LAS file format that was automatically retrieved and processed using volumetric detection algorithms developed in the MATLAB software environment. Developed MATLAB algorithms used a three-stage filling technique to identify the boundaries of craters first, then spalls, then camouflets, and scaled their sizes based on the greatest pointwise extents. All pavement damages and their locations were saved as shapefiles and uploaded into the GeoExPT processing environment for visualization and quality control. This technique requires no user input between data collection and GeoExPT visualization, allowing for a completely automated software analysis with all filters and data processing hidden from the user.
Hot-headed peckers: thermographic changes during aggression among juvenile pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In group-living vertebrates, dominance status often covaries with physiological measurements (e.g. glucocorticoid levels), but it is unclear how dominance is linked to dynamic changes in physiological state over a shorter, behavioural timescale. In this observational study, we recorded spontaneous aggression among captive juvenile pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) alongside infrared thermographic measurements of their external temperature, a non-invasive technique previously used to examine stress responses in non-social contexts, where peripheral blood is redirected towards the body core. We found low but highly significant repeatability in maximum head temperature, suggesting individually consistent thermal profiles, and some indication of lower head temperatures in more active behavioural states (e.g. walking compared to resting). These individual differences were partly associated with sex, females being cooler on average than males, but unrelated to body size. During pairwise aggressive encounters, we observed a non-monotonic temperature change, with head temperature dropping rapidly immediately prior to an attack and increasing rapidly afterwards, before returning to baseline levels. This nonlinear pattern was similar for birds in aggressor and recipient roles, but aggressors were slightly hotter on average. Our findings show that aggressive interactions induce rapid temperature changes in dominants and subordinates alike, and highlight infrared thermography as a promising tool for investigating the physiological basis of pecking orders in galliforms.
A study of skin characteristics according to humidity during sleep

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction During sleep, the skin is exposed to various environments for example low or high humidity and temperature. And the average of 7‐8 hours of sleeping in those situations can affect skin condition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine skin characteristics according to humidity during sleep. Method Eleven healthy women in their ages of 20s and 30s were controlled. They slept more than 7 hours at lower than 30% relative humidity ( RH ) environment on the first day and at higher than 70% on the second day. The room temperature was controlled to 22 ± 5°C. Three measurement points were (a) before for sleep (after wash), (b) after 7 hours sleep (morning), and (c) after wash. Skin hydration, sebum secretion, and trans‐epidermal water loss ( TEWL ) were measured. The statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. Result After 7 hours of sleep in 30% RH condition, skin hydration decreased by 24.23% significantly, but there was no significant difference after sleeping in 70% RH . The sebum level was increased after sleep at 30% RH . The TEWL did not show differences according to the humidity during sleep but significantly increased after facial cleansing in 30% RH sleeping condition. Discussion In this study, we confirmed that the changes in skin characteristics may be affected by humidity during sleep. When sleeping in dry environment, skin hydration decreases but the amount of sebum increases to compensate for skin dryness. Therefore, this study might suggest how to care the skin before sleep depending on the room humidity.
Direct Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Pathogens from Broiler Cecal Samples in the Slaughter Line by Real-Time PCR

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Chicken meat is an important source of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria can occur in the intestinal microbiota of broilers and contaminate chicken carcasses in industrial meat processing. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a procedure based on real-time PCRs for the direct detection and quantification of these three bacteria in broilers’ ceca collected in poultry slaughter houses and demonstrate the occurrence of these important foodborne pathogens in Brazilian poultry production flocks. Cecal contents were collected from 45 different broiler flocks in three different slaughterhouses in the state of Paraná, Brazil, totaling 45 samples (in pools of 10 different ceca/chickens per broiler flock). Then, these samples were tested for the detection and quantification of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens by real-time PCRs. The results demonstrated the occurrence of three (6.7%) positive pools for Salmonella, 20 (44.4%) for Campylobacter, and 32 (71.1%) for C. perfringens. Mean bacterial concentrations in the positive samples were 4.3log10 cells/g for Salmonella, 6.4 log10 cells/g for Campylobacter, and 5.5 log10 cells/g for C. perfringens. In conclusion, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and C. perfringens could be detected and quantified directly from the broilers cecal contents collected in the slaughter line. This procedure will be certainly useful to more quickly detect these foodborne pathogens and prevent their occurrence in chicken meat and other poultry food products.
ANATOMY OF THE GYNOECIUM IN TWO SPECIES OF BAKERIDESIA (MALVACEAE)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Structure of the gynoecium is described in two species of Bakeridesia , subgenus Bakeridesia (Malvaceae, tribe Malveae). The dorsal wall of each carpel bears a winglike projection with a marginal pair of pubescent, bluntly dentate wings. The projection arises as a single, solid ridge of tissue after the ovules are initiated and after the ventral carpellary margins are fused with the receptacle. Two multiseriate layers of fiber‐sclereids line each locule and continue into the winglike projection where they are separated by parenchyma. Gynoecial vascularization is described in detail. The richly vascularized carpels are supplied by five traces: a median dorsal trace, which bifurcates into two dorsal bundles; two lateral traces; and two ventral traces. Adjacent ventral traces, lateral traces, and septal bundles are fused—i.e., they are held in common by neighboring carpels. The presence of lateral carpellary traces may be a primitive character in the tribe Malveae.