jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Spray-Drying Versus Freeze-Drying Techniques on the Encapsulation Efficiency and Biofunctional Performance of Chenpi Extract Microcapsules

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Chenpi extracts (CPEs) are highly valued for their rich bioactive compounds and distinctive aromatic properties, but their environmental sensitivity poses stability challenges in food applications. In this study, CPE microcapsules were fabricated using corn peptide as the wall material, and the functional properties of spray-dried microcapsules (SDMCs) and freeze-dried microcapsules (FDMCs) were systematically characterized and compared. The results demonstrate that SDMCs exhibit superior characteristics compared to FDMCs, including reduced moisture content, lower hygroscopicity, enhanced solubility, smaller particle size, and a more uniform microstructure. Both FDMCs and SDMCs showed excellent thermal stability. The SDMCs of CPE encapsulated 93.45% of flavonoids, 90.35% of polyphenols, and 81.32% of sugars from the CPE, while also demonstrating exceptional retention of key terpene volatile compounds, particularly D-limonene (44.63%), γ-terpinene (45.18%), and β-myrcene (40.17%). In contrast, FDMCs exhibited stronger retention of alcohol-based volatile compounds. Furthermore, SDMCs displayed higher antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, along with improved storage stability. In vitro digestion results reveal that SDMCs provide enhanced protection for CPE flavonoids and polyphenols, achieving bioaccessibility rates of 95.64% and 94.57%, respectively. These findings offer a theoretical basis for optimizing the drying processes in CPE microencapsulation, striking a balance between functional properties and flavor preservation for advanced food applications.
The Power of Playing and Performing: Social Anxiety and Participation in Extracurricular Activities in Early Childhood

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The goal of this study was to examine the potential linear and moderating effects of social anxiety and extracurricular activity participation in the prediction of young children’s early school adjustment. It was hypothesized that social anxiety would be harmful, and extracurricular activity participation would be beneficial for young children’s early school adjustment. Extracurricular activity participation was also expected to protect socially anxious children from negative school adjustment. Participants were N = 268 young children (aged 4-7 years) attending preschools and elementary schools located in south-eastern Ontario. Multisource assessment included parent, teacher, and child reports. Among the results: (1) social anxiety was associated with negative outcomes in early childhood; (2) engagement, but not frequency, of extracurricular activities was associated with early school adjustment; and (3) moderating effects of extracurricular activities were generally not found. Results are discussed in terms of implications for young socially anxious children’s positive early school adjustment.
RESPONSE OF COTTON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY TO APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM AND ZINC UNDER NORMAL AND LATE SOWING DATES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two field experiments were carried out in Sakha Agric. Res. Sta., Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during two growing seasons (2007 and 2008) using the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 86 (G. barbadense, L.), to study the response of cotton growth and productivity to application of potassium and zinc under two planting dates. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. The main-plots were assigned to two planting dates, i.e., normal planting date on March 30th and late planting date on April 30th. The sub-plots included six potassium and zinc fertilization treatments i.e., two soil application levels (24 and 48 kg K2O/fed.) alone or with the foliar application of zinc at the level of 0.5 g Zn SO4/liter. Potassium was also tried as foliar application at the level of 5 kg K2SO4/fed. alone or with the abovementioned level of zinc. Soil added potassium was applied at thinning, while foliar added one was partly sprayed at the beginning of flowering and two weeks later. Zinc was sprayed once at beginning of flowering. The results indicated that sowing date gave significant effects on all growth parameters; no. of open bolls/plant, boll weight, no. of plants/fed. at harvest, seed index and seed cotton yield/fed., upper half mean length, micronaire reading, reflectance and yellowness in favour of early planting. Sowing date did not exhibit any significant on lint %, uniformity index, fiber strength and fiber elongation % in both seasons. Foliar application of potassium along with the foliar application of zinc gave a significant increase in plant height at harvest, no. of nodes/plant, no. of sympodia/plant, no. of open bolls/plant, boll weight, seed index and seed cotton yield (ken./fed.) as compared with the other fertilization treatments. The efficiency use of heat units by cotton plants increased in favour of normal sowing rather than in late sowings. The foliar application of potassium and zinc treatments did not exhibit any significant effect on all fiber quality traits in both seasons. It could be concluded that the foliar application of 5 Kg K2SO4/fed. sprayed partly twice + foliar application of 0.5 g ZnSO4/L once at beginning of flowering stage could be recommended to increase the yield and its components under normal or late sowing dates., for Giza 86 variety, under Sakha region condition at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate.
The Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells from Adult Mouse Adipose Tissue-Derived and Neural Stem Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ectopic expression of key reprogramming transgenes in somatic cells enables them to adopt the characteristics of pluripotency. Such cells have been termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and have revolutionized the field of somatic cell reprogramming, as the need for embryonic material is obviated. One of the issues facing both the clinical translation of iPS cell technology and the efficient derivation of iPS cell lines in the research laboratory is choosing the most appropriate somatic cell type for induction. In this study, we demonstrate the direct reprogramming of a defined population of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and adipose tissue-derived cells (ADCs) from adult mice using retroviral transduction of the Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, and compared the results obtained with a mouse embryonic fibroblast (mEF) control. We isolated mEFs, NSCs, and ADCs from transgenic mice, which possess a GFP transgene under control of the Oct4 promoter, and validated GFP expression as an indicator of reprogramming. While transduction efficiencies were not significantly different among the different cell types (mEFs 68.70 ± 2.62%, ADCs 70.61 ± 15.4%, NSCs, 68.72 ± 3%, p = 0.97), the number of GFP-positive colonies and hence the number of reprogramming events was significantly higher for both NSCs (13.50 ± 4.10 colonies, 0.13 ± 0.06%) and ADCs (118.20 ± 38.28 colonies, 1.14 ± 0.77%) when compared with the mEF control (3.17 ± 0.29 colonies, 0.03 ± 0.005%). ADCs were most amenable to reprogramming with an 8- and 38-fold greater reprogramming efficiency than NSCs and mEFs, respectively. Both NSC iPS and ADC iPS cells were demonstrated to express markers of pluripotency and could differentiate to the three germ layers, both in vitro and in vivo, to cells representative of the three germ lineages. Our findings confirm that ADCs are an ideal candidate as a readily accessible somatic cell type for high efficiency establishment of iPS cell lines.
Tragic Flaws

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In many tragic plays, the protagonist is brought down by a disaster that is a consequence of the protagonist's own error, his or her hamartia , the tragic flaw. Tragic flaws are disconcerting to the audience because they are not known or fully recognized by the protagonist—at least not until it is too late. In this essay, I take tragic flaws to be unreliable belief-forming dispositions that are unrecognized by us in some sense. I describe some different types of flaws and consider what we might do about them. Then I examine three types of policies for managing our tragic flaws: doxastic, dispositional, and methodological.
High-throughput identification of Toxoplasma gondii effector proteins that target host cell transcription.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Intracellular pathogens and other endosymbionts reprogram host cell transcription to suppress immune responses and recalibrate biosynthetic pathways. This reprogramming is critical in determining the outcome of infection or colonization. We combine pooled CRISPR knockout screening with dual host-microbe single-cell RNA sequencing, a method we term dual perturb-seq, to identify the molecular mediators of these transcriptional interactions. Applying dual perturb-seq to the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, we are able to identify previously uncharacterized effector proteins and directly infer their function from the transcriptomic data. We show that TgGRA59 contributes to the export of other effector proteins from the parasite into the host cell and identify an effector, TgSOS1, that is necessary for sustained host STAT6 signaling and thereby contributes to parasite immune evasion and persistence. Together, this work demonstrates a tool that can be broadly adapted to interrogate host-microbe transcriptional interactions and reveal mechanisms of infection and immune evasion.
Galen’s Notion of Dialectic

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses a number of passages from Galen’s work that illustrate his idea of dialectic as a tool for scientific reasoning and discovery in particular. Through logical methods such as division the researcher identifies observable properties of the thing under examination (e.g. the heart, or brain) that indicate its hidden cause or essence, i.e. function (e.g. being the centre of a particular psychic faculty) in the context of theory formation. The medical practitioner for his part will profit from dialectical method when it comes to establishing a diagnosis. The notion of indication or sign is pivotal in that its bridges the stage of discovery and that of confirmation through demonstrative proof. In addition, ‘dialectical’ serves as a label for plausible assumptions and arguments in cases where truth is unattainable or at any rate has not yet been established through demonstrative proof. Various influences are involved in Galen’s version of dialectic: Plato’s Phaedrus and Timaeus, Academic epistemology, Aristotle’s works on scientific method as well as input from the medical schools, most notably Rationalist ideas (e.g. indication). His resulting position can best be described as an original synthesis developed with a view to the interests of the medical theorist and practitioner.
Dampak Board of Diversity pada Kinerja Keuangan dan Nilai Pasar Perusahaan: Studi Kasus di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The study investigates the impact of variety within the board of president on the valuation of companie, utilizing data sourced from entities listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research goal to assess the influence of board of diversity concerning gender, ethnicity, age, educational background, and professional experience on corporate performance. Employing a methodology of multiple linear regression analysis applied to the financial statements of enterprise, the findings exhibit a notably absolute connection among the board of multeity index and company grade, particularly in terms of financial performance. Notably, factors suchlike as gender, ethnicity, age, scholastic background, and work impression exhibit negligible contributions following the consideration of board of variety. In conclusion, this research underscores the pivotal role of board of variety in increase corporate performance, emphasizing the strategic implication that augmenting diversity within the board can elevate the market value of companies in the Indonesian financial landscape.
Physiological Evidence for Ionotropic and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Rat Taste Cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) elicits a unique taste in humans called umami. Recent molecular studies suggest that glutamate receptors similar to those in brain are present in taste cells, but their precise role in taste transduction remains to be elucidated. We used giga-seal whole cell recording to examine the effects of MSG and glutamate receptor agonists on membrane properties of taste cells from rat fungiform papillae. MSG (1 mM) induced three subsets of responses in cells voltage-clamped at −80 mV: a decrease in holding current (subset I), an increase in holding current (subset II), and a biphasic response consisting of an increase, followed by a decrease in holding current (subset III). Most subset II glutamate responses were mimicked by the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) agonist N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). The current was potentiated by glycine and was suppressed by the NMDA receptor antagonist d(−)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5). The group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonistl-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (l-AP4) usually mimicked the subset I glutamate response. This hyperpolarizing response was suppressed by the mGluR antagonist (RS)-α-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG) and by 8-bromo-cAMP, suggesting a role for cAMP in the transduction pathway. In a small subset of taste cells, l-AP4 elicited an increase in holding current, resulting in taste cell depolarization under current clamp. Taken together, our results suggest that NMDA-like receptors and at least two types of group III mGluRs are present in taste receptor cells, and these may be coactivated by MSG. Further studies are required to determine which receptors are located on the apical membrane and how they contribute to the umami taste.
British Colonization and Development of Black Tea Industry in India: A Case Study of Darjeeling

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the early 19th century, the black tea demand was much higher in British, thus, the British government paid serious attention to its cultivation and industrial development in their Indian colonies. Darjeeling was one of the famous places among the Indian colonies, where the tea plantation, cultivation, and industry were initiated with the establishment of British colonization. The black tea produced in Darjeeling had splendid flavored and built its demand in the world tea market. Thus, Darjeeling black tea spread widely and had an influential effect on the market economy of India. Herein, we highlight the impact of British colonization on the development of black tea industry and processing technology in Darjeeling. The crucial factors that flourish the black tea industry in Darjeeling are explored in detail. The tea plantation in Darjeeling was established due to a favorable agro-climatic situation and specific soil characteristics. The factors initiated by the British colonial government including tea processing skills and technologies, infrastructure development, and land and labour availability have enabled the tea industry to extend its market worldwide. This study enlightens the development of the black tea industry in Darjeeling during the British era and offers new insights for the historian.
A personalized service oriented pragmatic-context architecture and supporting system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The use of context is important in Human-Computer Interface services and become the focus of research on Pragmatic Web embedded in instrumentation where the user's context is changing rapidly. We are interested in the content, type and role of pragmatic-context, as swell how to use it in services embedded in instrumentations. In this paper, we propose an overview of the pragmatic-context definition, description and, in particular, a generic model and framework that deal with pragmatic-context in order to provide users with more tailored personalized services.
Structural and chemical analysis of hard carbon negative electrode for Na-ion battery with X-ray Raman scattering and solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This study explores the structural changes of hard carbon (HC) negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries induced by insertion of Na ions during sodiation. X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) was used to record both C and Na K-edge absorption spectra from bulk HC anodes carbonized at different temperatures and at several points during sodiation and desodiation. Comparing the π∗/σ∗ regions in the C K-edge spectra sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio of material was determined. Higher carbonization temperatures led to increased order in graphitic structure and shorter bond lengths. Sodiation caused a decrease in graphitic layer order due to inserted Na ions. Complementary operando solid state 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) studies confirmed the structural changes, while showing pore filling mechanism, which is not observed in ex situ measurements, primarily at higher carbonization temperatures. XRS analysis of Na K-edge spectra revealed systematic variations in the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) composition during cycling. Changes in XRS spectra were attributed to both SEI composition alterations, accompanied by the insertion/adsorption of Na ions at defect sites within the carbon structure.
Impact of somatic copy number alterations on the glioblastoma miRNome: miR‐4484 is a genomically deleted tumour suppressor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glioblastoma ( GBM ) is the most frequent and most malignant primary brain tumour in adults. GBM s have a unique landscape of somatic copy number alterations ( SCNA s), with the concomitant appearance of numerous driver amplifications and deletions. Here, we examined the genomic regions harbouring SCNA s and their impact on the GBM mi RN ome. We found that 40% of SCNA events covering 70–88% of the genomically altered regions, as identified by GISTIC and RAE algorithms, carried mi RNA genes. Of 1426 annotated mature mi RNA s analysed, ~ 14% ( n = 198) were mapped to such fragile loci. Further, we identified an intragenic mi RNA , miR‐4484 located on chromosome‐10, as a deleted and downregulated mi RNA in GBM . miR‐4484 exhibited a strong positive correlation with the expression of its host gene uroporphyrinogen III synthase ( UROS ), thereby indicating that the loss of miR‐4484 is a codeletion event in GBM. Overexpression of miR‐4484 reduced the colony‐forming ability and suppressed the migratory capacity of glioma cells. Analysis of the RNA ‐seq‐derived transcriptome upon exogenous miR‐4484 overexpression in conjunction with an integrative bioinformatics approach revealed several putative targets of miR‐4484. Unbiased functional enrichment of these targets through DAVID identified a cohort of important gene ontology terms, which possibly explain the functional role of miR‐4484 in gliomagenesis. Selected targets were validated and, importantly, were found to be upregulated in GBM . In brief, our study identified a panel of mi RNA s that are likely to be regulated by genomic deletions and amplifications. Further, miR‐4484 was found to be deleted and acts as a tumour suppressor mi RNA in GBM .
AI vs. Humans: A Comparative Analysis of Time, Cost, and Performance on a Clinical Code Conversion Task

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Healthcare services generate and store large quantities of data which historically required significant resources to manually analyse and gain meaningful insights to assist in informing healthcare policy and system design. Recent advancements in automation tools, such as generative artificial intelligence (GAI), provides new opportunities to disencumber human labour and thinking for difficult tasks. This study explores the potential utilisation of GAI for a healthcare data analysis task, specifically, the conversion of clinical data from one diagnostic classification system to another (i.e., SNOMED-CT-AU to the ICD-10-CM). Additionally, it examines the time and cost benefit of performing this using GAI when compared to a human rater. Methods: Conversions were completed on SNOMED-CT-AU codes to the ICD-10-CM using three methods: 1) manual conversion using the National Library of Medicine’s I-MAGIC tool, 2) conversion using ChatGPT 4o, and 3) conversion using Claude Sonnet 3.5. The accuracy of the GAI tools was mapped against the manually extracted codes, and examined in terms of a perfect, partial, or incorrect match. Researchers’ time was recorded and extrapolated to calculate and compare the cost associated with each method. Results: When compared to the manually extracted codes, Claude Sonnet 3.5 yielded the highest level of agreement over ChatGPT 4o, whilst also being the most time and cost effective. Conclusion: GAI tools have greater utility than they have currently been given credit for. The automation of big data healthcare analytics, whilst still the domain of humans is increasingly capable of being undertaken using automation tools with low barriers to entry. The further development of the capability of GAI alongside the capability of the healthcare system to use it appropriately has the potential to result in significant resource savings.
Nanopolaritonics with a continuum of molecules: Simulations of molecular-induced selectivity in plasmonics transport through a continuous Y-shape

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Using the recent NF (near-field) formulation for electrodynamics on the nanoscale, we simulate transport in a Y-shape gold nanostructure in the presence of 2-level molecules. NF is shown to be easily integrated with the Liouville equation, producing a simple and efficient nanopolaritons (plasmons-excitons) solver, with a large time step. Two cases are considered: coating of the gold structure with molecular layers thinner than the structure, and filling space with aligned molecules. In both cases significant effects on the radiation transport are obtained even for low molecular densities. At low densities the effects are primarily an overall reduction of the plasmonics peak, but at higher densities there is a significant selectivity control by the molecules. A redshift is predicted, especially for the space-filling case. The combined nanopolariton shows qualitative hybridization, and the spectral peaks separate with increasing coupling, i.e., with increasing molecular densities. The results open the way to “control of light by light,” i.e., controlling plasmonic light transport by inducing a change in the direction of the guiding molecular dipoles through radiation or other means.
Lessons From an Unusual Critter: What Can Unusual Animals Teach Us?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The study of unusual or little‐known animals can pay enormous dividends by providing new insights into fundamental biological processes. One has to consider only the implications of the studies on A plysia or C aenorhabditis as illustrations, to say nothing of the many examples from the work of G unter T embrock, in whose honor this lecture is offered. Recent studies of the hibernation of a small primate from M adagascar, the fat‐tailed dwarf lemur, which may remain in a condition of torpor for weeks at a time, promise a range of similar insights.