jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Influences of artificial shading and nutrient addition on denitrification activity and community structure of denitrifying bacteria in a stream

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

River ecosystems have been disturbed and aggravated by increasing human activities including those activities wherein forest area is changed to agricultural area in riparian zones and intensive fertilizer usage in agriculture. These anthropogenic activities lead to an increase in the light received by the surface of the river and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) enrichment in the river. Denitrification driven by microorganisms in sediments is the most important path for the removal of nitrogen from aquatic ecosystems. The alteration of light intensity influences the denitrification process owing to the change in the amount of available organic carbon produced via the metabolism of algae and photosynthetic bacteria. We added slow-releasing fertilizer into the river to simulate nutrient enrichment similar to the effect of fertilization from the agricultural industry. We also covered a part of the stream surface to achieve conditions similar to those of rivers in headwaters with thick forest coverage. We selected six streams to conduct manipulated experiments at the core area in the natural reserve in the upper Jinshui River, Hanjiang, to assess the responses of denitrification to the different treatments-nutrient addition and coverage. We also analyzed subsequent changes in community structure and diversity of bacteria using the encoding nirS gene by MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that artificial shading above streams can reduce the denitrification activity of sediments, relative abundances of dominant bacteria (Dechloromonas) and the diversity of bacteria as indicated by the encoding nirS gene. Furthermore, nutrient addition into the stream increased the denitrification activity of sediments, whereas there was a decrease in relative abundance of dominant bacteria and the diversity of bacteria. The preliminary results confirmed the increase in denitrification activity of stream sediments as a result of increasing light intensity and nutrient content. This study has allowed us to understand the denitrifying capacity of rivers and provides scientific primary data for river management.
Intestinal Secretion: Stimulation by Peptides

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two peptides isolated from intestinal mucosa, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and gastric inhibitory peptide, stimulate small intestinal secretion in conscious dogs. Glucagon and pentagastrin also stimulate, but secretin and the octapetide of cholecystokinin do not. The stimulants may participate in regulation of intestinal secretion in health and in diseases with excessive secretion.
Regulation of Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Hypertrophic Rat Heart

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract To elucidate the regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor, we have studied its gene expression in the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats–stroke prone (SHR-SP, an animal model for hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy) compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats. RNase protection assay showed that ventricular VLDL receptor mRNA falls to 41% of normal levels at 4 weeks, when hypertension is not yet fully developed, and drops further to 14% at 13 weeks, when cardiac hypertrophy is established. Lipoprotein lipase mRNA decreases in parallel with VLDL receptor mRNA. In cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, VLDL receptor mRNA decreases in parallel with the process of cardiocyte hypertrophy during the 24 hours after treatment with 10 −8 mol/L endothelin-1, falling to 40% of the initial value. These results demonstrate that there is downregulation of VLDL receptor gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy both in vivo and in vitro and suggest that the regulation of the VLDL receptor is possibly linked with the switch in energy substrate from lipid to glucose known to occur in cardiac hypertrophy.
Association between psychosocial distress, sexual disorders, self-esteem and quality of life with male androgenetic alopecia: a population-based study with men at age 46

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To study the association between androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and its severity with psychosocial well-being in male subjects aged 46 years at the population level. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966). Participants Data were available for 892 male subjects aged 46 years. Interventions Study subjects underwent comprehensive health examinations including a skin evaluation by dermatologists and determination of AGA according to the Norwood classification. They also filled in a questionnaire battery that included previously validated questionnaires: the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, the Beck Depression Inventory–II; the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Screener; a 15-dimensional measure of health-related quality of life; a 12-Item General Health Questionnaire. The battery also included questions about self-esteem and sexual health. Main outcome measurements The presence of AGA and its severity, psychosocial well-being. Results AGA was found in 68.5% of subjects, 27.8% of the cases were severe, 33.2% moderate and 39.0% mild. There was no significant association between the presence of AGA or its severity with depression, anxiety, quality of life, self-esteem or sexual symptoms. Those with severe AGA reported lower sexual activity when compared with those without AGA; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Middle-aged men with AGA did not differ from men without AGA in terms of psychosocial well-being.
Sustainability Disclosure, Bank Performance and the Moderating Role of Camel Rating System: Evidence from a Developing Nation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study examined the correlation between sustainability disclosure and firm performance. We further investigated the moderating effect of the camel rating system on the relationship between sustainability disclosure and firm performance. We used data from annual reports of selected banks and the Central Bank of Bangladesh. The sample included 60 banks over a ten-year period (2011–2020) totaling to 600 observations. The Panel data were analyzed using the fixed effect method. Findings revealed that components of sustainability disclosure had a positive influence on Return on Equity (ROE). On the other hand, sustainability disclosure had negative influence of social disclosure on Return on Assets (ROA). Additionally, Camel rating system showed a significant moderating effect on the relationships between sustainability disclosure and firm operational performance. This paper expanded the literature on sustainability disclosure, particularly on developing nations’ perspective. In order to persuade and motivate businesses to become more environmentally friendly, which will have a good impact on society and the economy as a whole, this study advised relevant organizations to adopt the sustainability disclosure protocol recommended by the Central Bank of Bangladesh.
The angel and the swallow

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This is a solo three minutes Digital Animation project titled The Angel and the Swallow based on a rhyming poem. It is purely for entertainment purpose, targeted towards people of any age where it lies between the reality and fictional world. It takes our mind into a realm of fancy, imaginative and thrilling journey for three minutes. This Motion Graphics Animation for rhyming poem uses real life video footages combined and photographs and it breaks away from the usual fictional 2-dimension and 3-dimension modelled characters type of animation. It seeks to create a feeling of somewhat reality but not. The report documents the process of making the animation film from pre-production stage to post production stage. It includes challenges faced during the process accompanied by artistic and technical decisions implemented to overcome these challenges.
History of medicine in Gibraltar.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Netilmicin (N-ethyl sissomicin) is a semisynthetic derivative of sissomicin, which is apparently much less ototoxic than gentamicin or the other aminoglycosides. There is conflicting evidence as yet about nephrotoxicity. It has a similar spectrum to sissomicin (although weight for weight less active against Ps aeruginosa) with the important exception that it is resistant to some of the resistance enzymes. Its spectrum against resistant strains is not as wide as that of amikacin but is wider than gentamicin, sissomicin, or tobramycin. It will be undergoing clinical trials in Britain soon.
Movements, Aesthetics, and Markets in Literary Change: Making the American Labor Problem Novel

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One path to cultural innovation in artistic and literary fields is differentiation of a genre into new subgenres. But what are the dynamics at work in such a process? This article addresses that question by identifying and explaining the emergence and trajectory of a new fiction subgenre—the American labor problem novel—during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. I make a theoretical case for the intersection of social movement fields and cultural production fields showing, through a historical sociological analysis, that this subgenre was the joint product of: (1) a shift in literary aesthetic practice resulting from the rise of realism, (2) the subgenre's dialogical character, (3) collective contention surrounding the rise of labor movement militancy, and (4) the exigencies of literary and popular culture markets. The historical conjuncture of these processes contributed to a repository of cultural constructions of class in storied form, as novelists sought to both entertain and educate readers about the emerging realities of class-contentious industrial society. This study demonstrates the fruitfulness of merging sociology of culture theory and social movement outcome perspectives when analyzing cultural change.
Service-Learning in Business Education: Stakeholders, Project Models, and International Partnerships

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Service-learning weds active academic learning with effective service to and in the community. This paper provides an overview of service-learning pedagogy within business education and identifies the stakeholders— students, faculty, community partners, and the academic institution at large— and the benefits that flow to them from its implementation. The paper then provides several examples of service-learning business projects and an approach to developing an international service-learning partnership using an example from the relationship between a small New England business university and the Quinn School of Business at University College Dublin.
Physical activity level and fall risk among community-dwelling older adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

[Purpose] To find the physical activity level and fall risk among the community-dwelling Malaysian older adults and determine the correlation between them. [Subjects and Methods] A cross-sectional study was conducted in which, the physical activity level was evaluated using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire and fall risk with Fall Risk Assessment Tool. Subjects recruited were 132 community-dwelling Malaysian older adults using the convenience sampling method. [Results] The majority of the participants were under the category of under-active regular light-activities and most of them reported low fall risk. The statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test did not show a significant correlation between physical activity level and fall risk. [Conclusion] The majority of community-dwelling Malaysian older adults are performing some form of physical activity and in low fall risk category. But this study did not find any significant correlation between physical activity level and fall risk among community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia.
Interim Report of the ad hoc Committee for the Consideration of Statistical Concerns Related to the Use of Intra-oral Models in Submissions for Product Claims Approval to the American Dental Association

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Subsequent to the American Dental Association Symposium on Intra-oral Studies, held in Chicago in September, 1990, the Council on Dental Therapeutics decided that further consideration should be given to statistical issues relating to intra-oral models. The authors accepted the request of Council staff to assist in the development of Guidelines concerning the validity, reliability, and combinability of data obtained from these models. The ensuing work in this area, which began in the fall of 1990 and has continued to date, has thus far focused on the issue of validity. The purpose of the present paper is to provide the interested community at large with an update on the progress made thus far, and to provide some perspective as to where all of the work in this area may eventually be leading. It is anticipated that a more comprehensive and definitive report will be produced at the completion of this process.
Leisure-Time Physical Activity in a Southern Brazilian City (2004–2021): Applying an Equity Lens to Time-Trend Analyses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background : This study aimed to verify leisure-time physical activity trends over 15 years and monitor inequalities according to gender, self-reported skin color, and socioeconomic position in a Southern Brazilian city. A secondary aim is to evaluate intersectionalities in physical activity. Methods : Trend analysis using 3 population-based surveys carried out in 2004, 2010, and 2021. Main outcome assessed was the prevalence of physical activity according to recommendations (150 min/wk). Inequalities dimensions measured were sex, self-reported skin color, and wealth. Intersectionalities were evaluated using Jeopardy index combining all inequality dimensions. Trend analysis was performed using least-squares weighted regression. Results : We included data from 3090, 2656, and 5696 adults in 2004, 2010, and 2021, respectively. Prevalence of physical activity remains stable around 25% in the 3 years. In the 3 periods evaluated, men presented a prevalence in average 10 percentage points higher than women (SII 2004 = −11.1 [95% confidence interval, CI, −14.4 to −7.8], SII 2021 = −10.7 [95% CI, −13.7 to −7.7]). Skin color inequalities did not present a clear pattern. Richest individuals, in general presented a prevalence of leisure-time physical activity level 20pp higher than poorest ones (SII 2004 = 20.5 [95% CI, 13.7 to 27.4]; SII 2021 = 16.7 [95% CI, 11.3 to 22.0]). Inequalities were widely marked, comparing the most privileged group (represented by men, the wealthiest, and White) and the most socially vulnerable group (represented by women, the poorest, and Black/Brown). The Slope Index of Inequality for intersectionalities was −24.5 (95% CI, −31.1 to −17.9) in 2004 and −18.8 in 2021 (95% CI, −24.2 to −13.4). Conclusions : Our analysis shows that women, Black/Brown, and poor present lower leisure-time physical activity level. This group is often neglected regarding other health and social outcomes.
On the Effect of Different Hypoxic Training Time in Hippocamus Apoptosis of Rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We examine the effect of hypoxic exercise to rats' hippocampus tissue apoptosis,and the effect to hippocampus nerve apoptosis,which provide an experimental reference to scientific guidance of hypoxic exercise.We take 60 male SD rats,which are randomly distributed to 6 groups,10 rats each,which are normal contrast group(Group A),hypoxia 8-hour group(Group B),hypoxia 12-hour group(Group C),training contrast group(Group D),hypoxia 8-hour training group(Group E),hypoxia 12-hour training group(Group F).Group D,E,F take 1 hour treadmill training in the rate of 25m/min in normal oxygen environment.Then we put B,C,E and F group into hypoxia cabin,oxygen concentration is 12.5%(equal to 4000m altitude),8 and 12 hours later,put group B,E and C,F into normal oxygen concentration environment separately.This training lasts 4 weeks and 5 days each week.24 hours after the last training to death,we take hippocampus tissue,proceeding with fixing and tissue embedding,using immunohistochemistry and TUNEL to measure its Bax,Bcl-2 and apoptosis index.Conclusion: Increasing the duration of hypoxic period,hypoxic exercise training decrease the apoptosis of cells in rat's hippocampus tissue CA1,which protects the nerves.The hypoxic exercise is due to the change of body's adaptability to hypoxic stimulus.After exercise,the damage to hippocampus tissues also decreases.
Experimentally Comparative Study of Maca and American Ginseng for Relieving Physical Fatigue

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To study the effects of maca and american ginseng on relieving physical fatigue.Methods 4 experiments were carried out,in each of which 70 mice were used and they were divided into 7 groups: deionized water,0.04,0.4,1.2g/kg of maca,0.04,0.4,1.2g/kg of american ginseng,administrated to each group for 30 days,respectively.The four tests were used to determine swimming time with weight loading;serum urea instant after exercise;hepatic glycogen;and blood lactose before or instant after or 20 minutes after exercise.Results Compared with the control,0.4,1.2g/kg of maca could extend swimming time with weight loading in mice(P0.05,P0.01),0.4,1.2g/kg of american ginseng could extend swimming time with weight loading (P0.05,P0.01);maca had noeffects on serum urea(P0.05),1.2g/kg of american ginseng could reduce serum urea after exercise(P0.05);maca and american ginseng could increase hepatic glycogen;0.4,1.2g/kg of maca could decrease the fluctuation of blood lactose before and after exercise(P0.01),american ginseng had no effects on it.Conclusion Both maca and american ginseng can relieve physical fatigue,but they have different effects on blood lactose and serum urea in mice.
Branched Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxyl Fatty Acids (FAHFAs), Appealing Beneficial Endogenous Fat against Obesity and Type‐2 Diabetes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract After a brief overview of the biological significance of FAHFAs, the present Minireview highlights the different strategies developed for their chemical syntheses. The term “FAHFAs” has been introduced in 2014 for fatty acyl esters of hydroxyl fatty acids, found in adipocytes, with antidiabetic properties. However, many other natural products contain this type of branched lipids in their structure. This review was then extended to the synthesis of these subunits, even though the length of the lipid chains and the location of the ester linkages are different, since the developed strategies may be applied to the synthesis of “FAHFA”.
Drawing attention to print or meaning: How parents read with their preschool‐aged children on paper and on screens

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background Shared reading is an important opportunity for parents and children to connect and learn, which can support later independent reading skills. Much of the research to date has examined shared reading as parents read physical print books with their children. This research has demonstrated that parents tend to engage in more activities that emphasise the meaning of the stories over the code (i.e., print). Here, we examine the focus of shared reading when parents are reading with their children on paper versus on a digital device and whether this differs across the preschool years. Methods A total of 253 parents of children aged 0–5 years completed an online self‐report questionnaire. Parents reported on the frequency of engaging in meaning‐ versus code‐related activities during shared book reading on paper and on screen with their youngest child. We conducted a linear regression analysis contrasting code‐ versus meaning‐related activities on paper versus screen modality with age as a continuous variable. Results Key to our objectives, parents reported engaging in meaning‐related activities more frequently during shared reading on paper versus on screens and in code‐related activities more frequently during shared reading on screens than on paper. These effects did not differ across age, although overall, parents reported engaging slightly more frequently in shared reading activities in general when their child was older. Conclusions The findings show that parents are engaging with their children differently as they read together on paper versus screens. Consistent with prior research, we found that activities emphasising the meaning of stories dominate shared paper book reading experiences in the preschool years. Critically shared reading on screens tips this balance, with parents reporting more code‐related activities. These patterns identify the learning opportunities enabled by the affordances of shared reading on screens.
Global electronic commerce: a policy primer

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Electronic commerce is changing the way businesses and consumers create, sell, and buy products, and the way they communicate and learn. How can policymakers position their countries to take advantage of this new environment? How should policymaking adjust to a more global, more networked, and more information-rich marketplace where relationships and jurisdictions between the governments, businesses, and citizens increasingly overlap? How can governments effectively harness rapidly changing technologies and partner with both domestic and foreign private sectors to reap the greatest benefits for their constituents? This primer answers these questions using both general analysis and specific examples. It addresses in particular the needs of policymakers in emerging markets who must formulate and refine policies that affect e-commerce in areas such as telecommunications, finance, taxation, privacy, and international trade and domestic distribution. Companies considering doing business in these economies also will find that the examples offer insights into the issues that policymakers face, the different policy approaches they choose, and the market opportunities that arise as more and more economies around the world embrace global electronic commerce.
The "blind side" of the medial meniscus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The major posterior insertion of the medial meniscus is not into the tibial plateau proper but into a rather deep recess behind the intercondylar eminence. The shape of the meniscus in relation to the curve of the meniscotome and its angle of approach, and also the surgeon's inability to see posteriorly from an anterior incision make posterior capsular incision desirable in many cases. A poster omedial incision, added to the normal anteromedial one in 40 of 215 medial meniscectomies, did not increase perioperative morbidity.
Effects of Cadmium on Streams and Irrigated Agriculture in the Presence and Absence of Oil Shale Leachate

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial streams, soil perfusion columns, and potted plants were exposed to 20 ug Cd/l in the presence and absence of unretorted oil shale leachate. High cadmium accumulations occurred in the stream biota, but did not measurably affect community structure or function. The presence of oil shale leachate had no effect on bioaccumulation or ecosystem structure or function. Nitrification in soil columns was enhanced by the presence of the organic fraction of oil shale leachate, but this effect was not observed when cadmium was present. Crop accumulation of cadmium was somewhat higher in alfalfa and radishes irrigated with leachate, but did not cause plant concentrations that would be hazardous to livestock or human consumers.