jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Potential of Waqf in Contemporary World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Waqf resources which once used to finance the social welfare needs of the Muslim society, have now lost much of their vigor due to the economic ill-health of Muslims. Now, as new awqāf are not created often, a short-term measure to overcome the problem is to develop the existing awqāf and also to consider certain such measures which may enhance the income generation capability and administrative well-being of awqāf. With this in view, this brief write-up discusses in relative detail the issues inherent in the development of awqāf, better utilization of cash waqf, debate on perpetuity of waqf, state intervention and also whether origin of trust lies in waqf and a futuristic model of waqf management by separating religious awqāf (like mosques, graveyards, etc.) and secular awqāf so as to confine state intervention to secular awqāf alone.
Civil society’s impact on quality of life

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the article is to analyse the impact of three forms of involvement in organized civil society – as ‘participant’, as ‘member’ and as ‘volunteer’ – on self-assessed quality of life when checking for coherence between the three forms of participation. The article is inspired by both Lim and Putnam’s claim that close social networks around meaningful and identity-bearing activities increase self-assessed quality of life and Stebbins’ claim that life satisfaction is an essential by-product of ‘serious leisure’. This article utilizes data from a digital survey study conducted among adult citizens in Denmark, which 2514 citizens answered. The questionnaire contained a broad range of questions regarding participation in leisure activities, membership in associations, engagement in voluntary work, subjective life-satisfaction, self-assessed health and social background of the respondents. The statistical regression analysis shows a correlation between volunteering in general and self-assessed quality of life, but the correlation is relatively weak. However, the analysis does not show a significant correlation between the quality of life and membership in an association and participation in ‘serious leisure’. Of the other variables included, self-assessed health, in particular, contributes to explaining the variation in the self-assessed quality of life.
Modeling and rendering of impossible figures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article introduces an optimization approach for modeling and rendering impossible figures. Our solution is inspired by how modeling artists construct physical 3D models to produce a valid 2D view of an impossible figure. Given a set of 3D locally possible parts of the figure, our algorithm automatically optimizes a view-dependent 3D model, subject to the necessary 3D constraints for rendering the impossible figure at the desired novel viewpoint. A linear and constrained least-squares solution to the optimization problem is derived, thereby allowing an efficient computation and rendering new views of impossible figures at interactive rates. Once the optimized model is available, a variety of compelling rendering effects can be applied to the impossible figure.
Religious Identity and the Problem of Authenticity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The chapter examines the problem of authenticity in relation to cases about freedom of religion. The challenge of authenticity suggests that it is impossible to distinguish reliably between identity claims which are ‘authentic’ for the people who make them and those which are made fraudulently in order to garner particular entitlements. Courts in Canada and the United States try to meet this challenge in relation to claims made by religious minorities either by refusing to assess all such claims or by establishing authenticity on the basis of individual sincerity of belief. In relation to two cases, one about the illegal use of peyote by a religious group and the other about the rights of Jews to erect succahs on their balconies, the chapter explains why a more direct, open, and structured consideration of identity claims provides a fairer basis upon which to assess religious identity claims and to negotiate the challenge of authenticity.
Studies on the Improvement of Yellow-tail Setting Net (V) : Model Experiment on the Two Different Kinds of Sea Bottom Fixed Nets

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Some model experiments were done about bottom-trap fishing net of Toyama Bay and improved bottom fixed frame net for catching salmon in Hokkaido ; as the results of these the following items were clarified of each net : 1) Variation of net strain characterized by each current direction and velocity. 2) The limit of current velocity for alluring fishes into the trap. 3) Resistive power of the current to the net. 4) Dragging degree of sand-bag. 5) Some defects in the construction were pointed out with a view of making some improvements.
Russian adaptation of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective. Adaptation of the Russian version of the Clinical Perfectionist Questionnaire (CPQ, Fairburn, Cooper, Shafran 2002) and evaluation of its psychometric features. Material and methods. One hundred and thirty-five people (98 (72.6%) women, 37 (27.4%) men) at the age from 18 to 36 (M=25.10; SD=4.92) took part in this study. Fifty-seven participants are diagnosed with eating disorder. Respondents completed the adapted version of CPQ, The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) (Skugarevsky and Sivuha adaptation) and the Three-factor perfectionism questionnaire (Garanyan, Holmogorova). Results. Three-factor structure was found from 12 questions of CPQ: self-esteem based on achievements; correspondence with high standards; negative evaluation of results. Inner coherence of the factors is high and acceptable (Cronbachs alpha 0.784, 0.691 and 0.609, respectively). There are statistically significant positive correlations between scales of CPQ and scales of the Three-factor perfectionism questionnaire. There is a significant positive correlation between CPQ scale «self-esteem based on achievements» and summed result of EAT-26 (p<0.05). No significant differences in results of each CPQ scale between people with- and without diagnosed eating disorder is found. Conclusion. The adapted Russian version of CPQ showed relevant psychometric characteristics, therefore it may be used as an additional instrument for diagnosing of eating desorders.
ANTAGONISM BY TETRABENAZINE OF THE DEPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The authors have reported in the previous papers that tetrabenazine antagonizes morphine analgesia in mice (1) and that it has depressive effects on some afferent pathways in the central nervous system in rabbits and cats, like those of morphine (2). The questions arise whether the antagonistic effect by tetrabenazine of the central effects of morphine can be recognized in other species besides mice, whether all of the depressive actions of morphine on the afferent pathways of the central nervous system are suppressed by the tetrabenazine pretreatment, and whether tetrabenazine may owe its antagonistic action against morphine to its ability to deplete the catecholamines and serotonin levels in the brain. The purpose of this study was to investigate these questions using the electrophysiological techniques.
Development and Validation of a Rapid HPLC Method for the Direct Determination of Colchicine in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) method is developed and validated for the determination of the colchicine, an anti‐gout alkaloid. The analytical column, an Inertsil ODS‐2, 5 µm, 250×4 mm, was operated at ambient temperature. Isocratic elution with A: 48% CH3COONH4 0.05 M and B: 52% CH3OH, was used at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Inlet pressure was 270 kg/cm2. UV detection was performed at 245 nm. The Limit of Detection was 0.5 ng, per 20 µL injection volume, while linearity held up to 2.5 ng/µL. Codeine was used as Internal Standard at a concentration level of 10 ng/µL. The statistical evaluation of the method was performed in terms of intra‐day (n=8) and inter‐day calibration (n=8) and was found to be satisfactory, with high accuracy and precision results. The method was successfully applied to commercial pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Blood serum samples, after deproteinization with acetonitrile, yielded high recovery rates from 97.2 to 104.6%, while direct analysis of urine after a 10‐fold dilution provided recovery rates ranging from 89.5 to 104.0%. Keywords: ColchicinePharmaceuticalsBiological fluidsSerumUrineHPLC Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Professor P. Nikitas (Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department of University of Thessaloniki) for kindly providing the chromatographic software for data acquisition.
Review of bleeding risk associated with prophylactic enoxaparin and indwelling paravertebral catheters: a pediatric retrospective study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The benefits of paravertebral nerve blocks are well established in perioperative practice. Due to the concerns for bleeding complications, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) recommends the removal of indwelling paravertebral catheters prior to initiation of twice daily prophylactic
Development of a new Immunoassay for the accurate determination of anti-infliximab antibodies in Crohnʼs Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The formation of antibodies to infliximab (ATIs) is closely associated with the loss of a response to infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). We evaluated the clinical utility of a novel method to measure serum ATI levels in the presence of infliximab. ATI levels were measured by a novel method of immunoassay with protein A and the conventional method in a cohort of 58 patients with CD under infliximab maintenance therapy. The serum infliximab trough levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ATIs were detected in 16 out of 58 patients (27.6%) by the new method, but the conventional method detected only 2 patients (3.4%) who had the 2 highest ATI titers assayed by the new method. The presence of ATIs in those samples positive according to the new method but negative by the conventional method was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. It also indicated that the new method could restore the binding capacities of the ATIs to infliximab, which were occupied by free infliximab. In the current method, the addition of infliximab to the samples dosedependently blocked the detection of ATIs. Patients positive for ATIs had significantly lower serum trough levels of infliximab (p<0.01), and significantly higher clinical activity scores (p<0.001) and higher laboratory markers for inflammation (CRP and ESR) (p<0.01) as compared to patients negative for ATI. The current method makes it possible to measure serum ATI levels in the presence of infliximab. This new method seems to be useful for deciding the optimal management strategies for CD patients with a loss of response to infliximab.
Value of Gastric Biopsy in the Study of Chronic Gastritis and Pernicious Anaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MEDICAL JOURN~AL during these trials; that this dosage was effective in clearing most: trophozoites of P. falciparum from the blood of the observed group by D + 4 day, but that occasional parasites persisted; that P. malariae para- sites, although persisting in the blood for more than seven days after treatment, do eventually disappear; that the effect of a single dose of B.W. 50-63, as assessed by parasite density indices, spleen rates, and average enlarged spleens, appears to persist for one month but to be lost during the next month.During the preliminary trials no unexplained absence occurred among the 22 children treated with 25 mg.B.W. 50-63, and no complaint of headache, nausea, or vomit- ing was made by any of these children.
Attenuated Glucose Recovery from Hypoglycemia in the Elderly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Advanced age is a risk factor for hypoglycemia caused by sulfonylureas (and insulin) used to treat diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we hypothesized that there is an age-associated impairment of glucose counterregulation and further that this is the result of a sedentary life-style. To test these hypotheses, glycemic and neuroendocrine responses to hypoglycemia, produced by 0.05 U/kg body wt insulin i.v. were measured in nondiabetic elderly subjects (age 65.1 ± 0.9 yr n = 23)–and in a subset (n = 11) again after 1 yr of physical training (which increased VO2 max by 5.2 ± 0.9 ml · kg−1 · min−1 P &lt; 0.05)–and compared with these responses in nondiabetic young subjects (23.8 ± 0.6 yr, n = 18). Recovery from hypoglycemia was attenuated (analysis of variance P &lt; 0.001) in the elderly (plasma glucose recovery rate 29.4 ± 2.2 vs. 42.7 ± 5.0 μM/min, P &lt; 0.02). This attenuation was the result of a smaller counterregulatory increment in glucose production (maximum increment 13.3 ± 1.1 vs. 17.2 ± 1.1 μmol · kg−1 · min−1; P &lt; 0.05) rather than a greater increment in glucose utilization in the elderly. The attenuated glucose recovery was associated with higher plasma insulin concentrations (maximum increment 1385 ± 122 vs. 940 ± 72 pM, P &lt; 0.01) and reduced glucagon responses to hypoglycemia (maximum increment 43 ± 6 vs. 66 ± 12 ng/L). The epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone responses were similar, although the epinephrine response was slightly delayed and the growth hormone response appeared smaller in the elderly. Training had no effect on glucose recovery from or neuroendocrine responses to hypoglycemia in the elderly. Thus, we conclude that there is an age-associated impairment of glucose counterregulation best attributed to decreased insulin clearance, reduced glucagon secretion, or both. Delayed epinephrine secretion may also contribute. These are not the result of a sedentary life-style.
Bacterial competition as a means of preventing neonatal diarrhea in pigs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Baby pigs orally inoculated with a porcine strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88+,Ent+) showed signs of depression, severe diarrhea, and, in some instances, death. Few, if any, signs of illness occurred if baby pigs were first inoculated with a K88 possessing non-enterotoxin-producing strain of E. coli.
Digital Twin Based Remote Resource Sharing in Internet of Vehicles using Consortium Blockchain

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the evolving Internet of Vehicles (IoVs), the onboard resources of vehicles in computing and communication are experiencing fast growth. The sharing of road information and computing results among vehicles in proximity can effectively improve the utility of IoVs. However, remote inter-vehicular resource sharing, e.g., information and computing resource sharing, remains an under-explored issue. Motivated by this, we propose a novel digital twin based fair trading platform built upon consortium blockchain to enable city-wide vehicular resource sharing. Specifically, we first develop a digital twin based vehicular platform to enable vehicular resource sharing in the cloud. To track and secure the resource sharing among digital twins, the consortium blockchain is deployed, which is enforced by the designed smart contracts with an efficient Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm. In addition, an innovative incentive mechanism is devised to motivate the city-wide resource sharing for vehicles, which can maximize the profits of task publishers. Using extensive evaluations, we show the effectiveness of the proposed system.
The Neuroprotective Peptide NAP Does Not Directly Affect Polymerization or Dynamics of Reconstituted Neural Microtubules

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

NAP (Asn-Ala-Pro-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Gln) is a neuroprotective peptide that shows cognitive protection in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, a precursor to Alzheimer's disease. NAP exhibits potent neuroprotective properties in several in vivo and cellular models of neural injury. While NAP has been found in many studies to affect microtubule assembly and/or stability in neuronal and glial cells at fM concentrations, it has remained unclear whether NAP acts directly or indirectly on tubulin or microtubules. We analyzed the effects of NAP (1 fM-1 microM) on the assembly of reconstituted bovine brain microtubules in vitro and found that it did not significantly (p< 0.05) alter polymerization of either purified tubulin or of a mixture of tubulin and unfractionated microtubule-associated proteins. NAP also had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on the growing and shortening dynamics of steady-state microtubules at their plus ends, nor did it alter the polymerization or dynamics of microtubules assembled in the presence of 3-repeat or 4-repeat tau. Thus, the neuroprotective activity of NAP does not appear to involve a direct action on the polymerization or dynamics of purified tubulin or microtubules.
3D Superalloy Grain Segmentation Using a Multichannel Edge-Weighted Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation Algorithm

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Accurate grain segmentation on 3D superalloy images is very important in materials science and engineering. From grain segmentation, we can derive the underlying superalloy grains' micro-structures, based on how many important physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the superalloy samples can be evaluated. Grain segmentation is, however, usually a very challenging problem because: 1) even a small 3D superalloy sample may contain hundreds of grains; 2) carbides and noises may degrade the imaging quality; and 3) the intensity within a grain may not be homogeneous. In addition, the same grain may present different appearances, e.g., different intensities, under different microscope settings. In practice, a 3D superalloy image may contain multichannel information where each channel corresponds to a specific microscope setting. In this paper, we develop a multichannel edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellation (MCEWCVT) algorithm to effectively and robustly segment the superalloy grains from 3D multichannel superalloy images. MCEWCVT performs segmentation by minimizing an energy function, which encodes both the multichannel voxel-intensity similarity within each cluster in the intensity domain and the smoothness of segmentation boundaries in the 3D image domain. In the experiment, we first quantitatively evaluate the proposed MCEWCVT algorithm on a four-channel Ni-based 3D superalloy data set (IN100) against the manually annotated ground-truth segmentation. We further evaluate the MCEWCVT algorithm on two synthesized four-channel superalloy data sets. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons of 18 existing image segmentation algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed MCEWCVT algorithm.
Brand Avoidance: What Keeps Customers from Buying Store Brand Products?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Modern retail chains such as Tesco, Aeon, and Giant have deployed store brand products in various product categories, such as food and drinks, personal care products, and household cleaning products. Despite the fact that there is a growing selection of store brand products in Malaysia, the sales in Malaysia are relatively low
compared to the markets in the Western region and in developed countries. This situation shows that consumers in Malaysia do not prefer to buy store brand or private label products for their consumption. As there are limited studies that address this issue and focus on store brand products and brand avoidance quantitatively, this study is set forth to investigate the factors that influence store brand avoidance towards store brands owned by the supermarkets and hypermarkets in Kedah. 400 questionnaires were distributed electronically and by hand to consumers who live in the urban areas of four selected districts in Kedah. Based on the correlation results, this
study reveals that all consumer-level and product-level factors significantly influence store brand avoidance. In addition, the results from multiple regression analysis provide evidence that brand trust plays the most critical role in influencing consumers’ decision not to buy store brand products.
Recent Advances in Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Degradation through Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) comprise a class of natural or synthetic molecules and groups of substances which are considered as emerging contaminants due to their toxicity and danger for the ecosystems, including human health. Nowadays, the presence of EDCs in water and wastewater has become a global problem, which is challenging the scientific community to address the development and application of effective strategies for their removal from the environment. Particularly, catalytic and photocatalytic degradation processes employing nanostructured materials based on metal oxides, mainly acting through the generation of reactive oxygen species, are widely explored to eradicate EDCs from water. In this review, we report the recent advances described by the major publications in recent years and focused on the degradation processes of several classes of EDCs, such as plastic components and additives, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products, which were realized by using novel metal oxide-based nanomaterials. A variety of doped, hybrid, composite and heterostructured semiconductors were reported, whose performances are influenced by their chemical, structural as well as morphological features. Along with photocatalysis, alternative heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes are in development, and their combination may be a promising way toward industrial scale application.
Design, synthesis and application of benzyl-sulfonate biomimetic affinity adsorbents for monoclonal antibody purification from transgenic corn

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The human anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody 2G12 (mAb 2G12) is one of the most broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV that recognizes a unique epitope on the surface glycoprotein gp120. In the present work, a limited affinity-ligand library was synthesized and evaluated for its ability to bind and purify recombinant mAb 2G12 expressed in transgenic corn. The affinity ligands were structural fragments of polysulfonate triazine dye Cibacron Blue 3GA (CB3GA) and represent novel lead scaffolds for designing synthetic affinity ligands. Solid phase chemistry was used to synthesize variants of CB3GA lead ligand. One immobilized ligand, bearing 4-aminobenzyl sulfonic acid (4ABS) linked on two chlorine atoms of the triazine ring (4ABS-Trz-4ABS), displayed high affinity for mAb 2G12. Absorption equilibrium, 3D molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out to provide a detailed picture of the 4ABS-Trz-4ABS interaction with mAb 2G12. This biomimetic affinity ligand was exploited for the development of a facile two-step purification protocol for mAb 2G12. In the first step of the procedure, mAb 2G12 was purified on an S-Sepharose FF cation exchanger, and in the second step, mAb 2G12 was purified using affinity chromatography on 4ABS-Trz-4ABS affinity adsorbent. Analysis of the antibody preparation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the mAb 2G12 was fully active and of sufficient purity suitable for analytical applications.