jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genesis and compositional heterogeneity of smectites. Part III: Alteration of basic pyroclastic rocks--A case study from the Troodos Ophiolite Complex, Cyprus

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Upper Cretaceous basic pyroclastic rocks, which overlie the Upper Pillow Lavas of the Troodos ophiolitic complex, Cyprus have been altered to bentonites. The resulting smectite is Fe-rich montmorillonite and Fe-rich beidellite, with moderate Mg contents. The smectite is trans-vacant and contains abundant exchangeable K. The presence of K is linked with hydrothermal alteration, which affected the higher members of the Troodos ophiolitic suite. The smectite displays significant compositional heterogeneity, which involves substitution of Fe for Al and to a lesser degree substitution of Mg for Al, and that reflects the influence of microenvironmental conditions on smectite formation. The layer charge of the smectite is controlled mainly by the tetrahedral charge, whereas the influence of octahedral charge is of lesser importance, because of Fe for Al substitutions, which does not create a charge deficit. Although the parent pyroclastic rocks were basic, the bentonites contain abundant Sipolymorphs and Si-rich zeolites, from dissolution of abundant radiolarian frustules, which increased the Si-activity of the pore waters, and also produced the partial replacement of smectite by palygorskite at a later stage. Dissolution of frustules was facilitated by the high heat flow from the ocean floor and by the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. The crystal chemistry of smectite and the bulk mineralogy of the bentonites influence the physical properties and industrial applications of the Cyprus bentonites, as well as their response to acid treatment.
Embryonic stem cell model systems for vascular morphogenesis and cardiac disorders.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To better understand the formation of the cardiovascular system and its disease states, models amenable to manipulation must be developed. In this article we present two models. One is a small animal model for an inflammatory disorder that can lead to heart failure. Production of this model is based on the ability of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells, which can be genetically altered in vitro by a technique called gene targeting, to reconstitute an entire animal when reintroduced into a blastocyst and allowed to colonize the germ line of the resulting chimeric embryo. The other model is based on the capacity of embryonic stem cells to differentiate in culture into embryo-like structures called embryoid bodies. Embryoid bodies contain angioblasts, or prevascular endothelial cells, which can be induced to undergo aspects of vascular development by manipulation of culture conditions.
Delineating and clarifying the concept of self-care monitoring: a concept analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This concept analysis provides extensive understanding of self-care monitoring from a patient perspective. It was shown that the concept occurs when a person practices self-care monitoring at home either with or without devices. A descriptive definition was constructed and presented with exemplars to encourage practice of the concept in various healthcare settings and could be of relevance to people with chronic illnesses or other long-term conditions.
In Vitro Activity of Glucosinolates and Their Degradation Products against Brassica-Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites found in Brassica vegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. Both GSLs and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GHPs) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. Information about their in vitro biocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin GSLs and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to be soil biocides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 GSLs and GHPs and of leaf methanolic extracts of different GSL-enriched Brassica crops on suppressing in vitro growth of two bacterial ( Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola) and two fungal ( Alternaria brassicae and Sclerotinia scletoriorum ) Brassica pathogens. GSLs, GHPs, and methanolic leaf extracts inhibited the development of the pathogens tested compared to the control, and the effect was dose dependent. Furthermore, the biocide effects of the different compounds studied were dependent on the species and race of the pathogen. These results indicate that GSLs and their GHPs, as well as extracts of different Brassica species, have potential to inhibit pathogen growth and offer new opportunities to study the use of Brassica crops in biofumigation for the control of multiple diseases.
Trial Results for ELISA Test Kits for HBsAg Subtype and Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Identification in Human Blood Plasma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For personalized treatment of chronic HBV-infected patients, it is necessary to identify hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) subtypes and HBV genotypes circulating among infected individuals. To this end, a laboratory version of the test kit for HBsAg subtype and HBV genotype identification in human blood serum/plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a custom monoclonal antibody (MAb) panel has been developed. With this kit version, it appears possible to identify the main HBsAg subtypes (ayw2, ayw3, adw2, and adrq+) and HBV genotypes (A, C, and D) circulation in Russian Federation. The aim of the work was to test the laboratory-developed ELISA kits for HBsAg subtyping and HBV genotyping in human HBsAg-positive blood plasma samples. A total of 146 HBsAg-positive plasma samples were tested. For 108 samples with detectable viral DNA, the results of HBsAg subtyping and HBV genotyping using the suggested MAb panel were compared with the results of genomic DNA sequencing for HBV isolates. For 38 HBsAg-positive samples in which HBV DNA could not be detected, ELISA, using the highly specific MAb panel kindly provided by P. Swenson, PhD, was employed as a reference technique. The study demonstrated that for the group of HBsAg-positive samples with detectable HBV DNA, the coincidence between the results obtained using the suggested MAb panel and the results of HBV DNA genome sequence analysis was 85% for HBsAg subtyping and 98% for HBV genotyping. For the group of HBsAg-positive samples with undetectable HBV DNA, the coincidence between the two techniques (the one using the suggested MAb panel and one using Swenson’s MAb panel) was 95% in the case of HBsAg subtyping and 100% for HBV genotyping. The reported results allow recommending the suggested laboratory ELISA test kit for HBsAg subtype and HBV genotype identification in human blood plasma as an alternative or a complementary technique to genomic analysis in order to study HBV characteristics especially in those cases when HBV DNA isolation appears impossible.
Abundance and variation of microsatellite DNA sequences in beans (Phaseolus andVigna)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been demonstrated to be abundant and hypervariable in some eukaryotic genomes. Although the presence of microsatellites is very well documented in many plant species, no information on microsatellites in beans (Phaseolus andVigna) is available. To assess the abundance and usefulness of bean microsatellites as genetic markers, 326 DNA sequences from the GenBank databases were searched. Sixty-one simple repetitive DNA sequences with 23 different types of repetitive DNA motifs were identified as potential microsatellites. Among these were 49 microsatellites from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) entries and 12 microsatellites from the genus Vigna. The most abundant type of microsatellite found in this search was that with di-nucleotide repeats of AT/TA . Microsatellites with tri- and tetra-nucleotide motifs were also identified. PCR analysis of 12 of the microsatellite-containing loci revealed that 11 of the 12 primer pairs could produce easily-scorable fragments, or groups of fragments. Allelic variation of the 11 loci was surveyed in 12 common bean inbred lines representing a diversity of germplasms. Seven of the 11 microsatellite loci were polymorphic and yielded 2-10 alleles. Analyses of the polymorphic loci in a common bean F 6 recombinant inbred population showed that each segregated in a Mendelian fashion.Key words: microsatellite, simple sequence repeat, molecular marker, bean.
The Isomerization of 1-Butene on Silica-Alumina-Molybdena Catalysts

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

シリカ,アルミナおよび酸化モリブデン(VI)の組成比を変えた一連のシリカーアルミナーモリブデナ触媒による1-ブテンの異性化反応を行ない,触媒の酸性点の異性化におよぽす影響および酸化モリブデン(VI)の異性化に果たす役割について検討した。 シリカーアルミナーモリブデナ触媒の酸性度と異性化速度は触媒中のシリカ含量の増加とともに大きくなる傾向があり,見かけ上酸性度と異性化速度との間に一定の関係が成立したが,触媒の異性化能は単に触媒の酸性質のみに依存しないことがわかった。 すなわち,異性化の活性点として酸点とアルミナを含むモリブデンの複合酸化物が存在し,シリカ含量の多い触媒では酸性点が支配的となり,低シリカ含量触媒ではモリブデンの複合酸化物が支配的になることが示唆された。 また,異性化反応は酸素の共存により阻害され,水素の共存により促進され,酸化モリブデン(VI)無添加のシリカーアルミナ触媒の場合とは異なった挙動を示すことを見いだした。
Middle and Late Holocene Sea-Level Changes in Eastern Maine Reconstructed from Foraminiferal Saltmarsh Stratigraphy and AMS 14C Dates on Basal Peat

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A relative sea-level history is reconstructed for Machiasport, Maine, spanning the past 6000 calendar year and combining two different methods. The first method establishes the long-term (10 3 yr) trend of sea-level rise by dating the base of the Holocene saltmarsh peat overlying a Pleistocene substrate. The second method uses detailed analyses of the foraminiferal stratigraphy of two saltmarsh peat cores to quantify fluctuations superimposed on the long-term trend. The indicative meaning of the peat (the height at which the peat was deposited relative to mean tide level) is calculated by a transfer function based on vertical distributions of modern foraminiferal assemblages. The chronology is determined from AMS 14 C dates on saltmarsh plant fragments embedded in the peat. The combination of the two different approaches produces a high-resolution, replicable sea-level record, which takes into account the autocompaction of the peat sequence. Long-term mean rates of sea-level rise, corrected for changes in tidal range, are 0.75 mm/yr between 6000 and 1500 cal yr B.P. and 0.43 mm/yr during the past 1500 year. The foraminiferal stratigraphy reveals several low-amplitude fluctuations during a relatively stable period between 1100 and 400 cal yr B.P., and a sea-level rise of 0.5 m during the past 300 year.
Cover Feature: Rhodium and Iridium Complexes of Anionic Thione and Selone Ligands Derived from Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (Chem. Eur. J. 4/2022)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes that bear a weakly coordinating fluoroborate moiety have been used to prepare a new class of anionic imidazolin-2-thione and -selone ligands; their coordination chemistry towards rhodium and iridium was explored to reveal their ability to develop secondary arene–metal interactions with the “wings” of the carbene ligands. More information about these new additions to the family of chalcogenolate ligands and their potential future application in coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis can be found in the Research Article by M. Tamm et al. (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104139).
An AGC strategy for adaptive digital modems in frequency hopping applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel AGC (automatic gain control) procedure is proposed for adaptive digital modems operating in the frequency-hopping mode. The proposed technique provides an effective solution to the AGC amplitude transient problem. When it is combined with amplitude- and phase-correction capabilities of the modem receiver equalizer, the digital HF modem receiver performance can be significantly improved. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the AGC procedure in an arbitrary test setup, as well as in a simulated HF environment with frequency hopping. The results also suggest a wide variety of potential application areas in which the proposed AGC scheme can be applied with success, the only requirement being the establishment of some form of synchronization to mark the approximate location of the amplitude discontinuities.< >
Single Hydrogen Bond Donation from Flavin N5 to Proximal Asparagine Ensures FAD Reduction in DNA Photolyase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The spread of the absorbance of the stable FADH(•) radical (300-700 nm) allows CPD photolyase to highly efficiently form FADH(-), making it functional for DNA repair. In this study, FTIR spectroscopy detected a strong hydrogen bond, from FAD N5-H to the carbonyl group of the Asn378 side chain, that is modulated by the redox state of FAD. The observed characteristic frequency shifts were reproduced in quantum-mechanical models of the flavin binding site, which were then employed to elucidate redox tuning governed by Asn378. We demonstrate that enhanced hydrogen bonding of the Asn378 side chain with the FADH(•) radical increases thermodynamic stabilization of the radical state, and further ensures kinetic stabilization and accumulation of the fully reduced FADH(-) state.
In vitro propagation of Lagerstromia parviflora Roxb. from adult tree.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A micropropagation protocol based on axillary bud proliferation has been developed from mature Lagerstromia parviflora adult tree. Nodal segments cultured on woody plant medium supplemented with 5.0 microl. BAP and 0.25 microm IAA gave maximum (86.9%) morphogenetic response. Proliferated shoots (10.7 per explants) were elongated to 3.9 cm within 6 weeks. In vitro produced micro-shoots were subjected to an IBA treatment (500 ppm for 2 min. dip) and placed under misting conditions for rooting. Misting beds were prepared with sand: soil (3:1) for 80.6% rooting and was acclimatized. Shoot length seems to be important to induce adventitious roots. The highest (91.7%) rooting was recorded on shoots ranging a length between 3.1-4.0 cm. Rooted and hardened plants were later transferred to poly bags and maintained in shadenet house. The protocol has the realizes capacity to produce 260 plants from a single explants within 10 months multiplication cycle.
Cylindrical-surface Shim Coil Design Using Target-field Method Combined With Fast L_1 Norm Minimization Algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The target field(TF) method proposed by Turner in 1986 has become the mainstream method for both shim coil and gradient coil in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). A series of methods based on the original one have been proposed. In order to solve the problem of finite size during coil design, Forbes and Crozier proposed a novel approach which employs the trigonometric functions to expand surface current density. To overcome the ill-posed problem in the equation solving process, the undetermined coefficients are estimated by the combination of the standard least square(LS) with L2 norm regularization(LS-L2), and good design results are got. This paper proposed to estimate the coefficients of the current density using LS with L1 norm regularization(LS-L1). This new method was employed to design a set of shim coils for an MRI system. The length of the main magnet used in this system was 3 m; the diameter of room temperature and region of interest(ROI) was 1.6 m, 0.4 m, respectively. Simulation results via Matlab demonstrate that the proposed LS-L1 method performed better than the traditional LS-L2 TF method.
Mental Well-Being and Risk of Depression in Amateur Soccer Players

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract. Although athletes are exposed to various stressors and adversities that may negatively impact mental well-being, only few studies focus on mental well-being in amateur soccer players. The study aims were to analyze mental well-being in amateur soccer players, and whether it is related to team membership. The sample consisted of N = 20 soccer teams with a total of N = 285 athletes. Mental well-being was assessed using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the risk of depression was assessed using the Patient-Health Questionnaire-2. The results showed that approximately 4 % of all players were at risk of suffering from impaired mental well-being. Although the results demonstrated that team membership explained 5 % of mental well-being cases and 10 % of the risk of depression cases, no team level variables were identified that explain this variance. Group processes and environmental factors that inhibit mental well-being in soccer players should be identified in future studies.
Conceptual Polarization Setup at CENTAUR, the SANS/WANS Instrument at the Second Target Station of SNS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract CENTAUR is a multifunctional general purpose small-angle and wide-angle neutron scattering instrument with diffraction and spectroscopic capability in the future Second Target Station at the Spallation Neutron Source of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. To fill a gap in neutron polarization capability, the instrument will be designed to provide polarization analysis. Here we present the conceptual polarization setup at CENTAUR, as well as the Spin Echo Modulated Small-Angle Neutron Scattering setup which will further expand the length scale covered by the instrument.
Studying only admissions is a source of potential bias

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

EDITOR,--U M Guly and colleagues state that their study, which claims to show that “paramedics and technicians are equally successful at managing cardiac arrest outside hospital,” does not “diminish the role of paramedics.”1 Yet the paragraph about their paper in This week in BMJ concludes that such patients “are best treated” by technicians and calls into question the requirement of having a paramedic in …
Shock breakout theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The earliest supernova (SN) emission is produced when the optical depth of the plasma lying ahead of the shock, which ejects the envelope, drops below c/v, where v is the shock velocity. This "breakout" may occur when the shock reaches the edge of the star, producing a bright X-ray/UV flash on time scales of seconds to a fraction of an hour, followed by UV/optical "cooling" emission from the expanding cooling envelope on a day time-scale. If the optical depth of circumstellar material (CSM) ejected from the progenitor star prior to the explosion is larger than c/v, the breakout will take place at larger radii, within the CSM, extending its duration to days time scale. The properties of the early, breakout and cooling, emission carry unique signatures of the structure of the progenitor star (e.g. its radius and surface composition) and of its mass-loss history. The recent progress of wide-field transient surveys enable SN detections on a day time scale, and are being used to set unique constraints on the progenitors of SNe of all types. This chapter includes a pedagogical description of SN breakout theory, and a concise overview of what we have learned from observations so far, and of advances in observational capabilities that are required in order to make further significant progress.
Close reading: What is reading for?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Close reading has been a key shift in classroom instruction under the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). The CCSS positions evidence extraction as the purpose for reading in school and is clear that close reading is the means by which this should occur. Using alternate readings of the picture book, Letting Swift River Go, I'll argue for the importance of reading with critical place consciousness while offering a critique of close reading as the only authorized textual approach within the CCSS. While close reading advocates point to its pedagogical potential, neglected in these discussions are questions about the broader purposes of learning to read in school. Despite the intuitive appeal of close reading, considering the practice through critical place consciousness suggests it is an inadequate construction of what reading is and what reading can do. To make this argument, I offer two readings of Letting Swift River Go, a close reading and a place-conscious reading, and conclude with a discussion about the implications of reading with a sole focus on what lies within the four corners of a text.
Industrial Type Passivation on Interdigitated Back Junction Solar Cells

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As the photovoltaic industry is making high quality bulk silicon wafers thinner than ever, new solar cell concepts will become possible to realize. Interdigitated Back Junction (IBJ) solar cells are suited to be realized on thin wafers, since the requirement to have a combination of high diffusion lengths and thin substrates is fulfilled. Here we present an industrial type passivation stack at the rear surface of a p-type IBJ solar cell, this stack consists of a low quality SiO2 and a SiNx layer, which has proven its value in the i-PERC concept developed at IMEC. Different measurement techniques indicate the good passivating qualities of this stack compared to other passivation possibilities. A minority charge carrier lifetime improvement from 10@s to 180@s is observed after rapid thermal processing (RTP) of the passivation stack. For the IBJ cell concept without a Back Surface Field (BSF) this results in an absolute increase of energy conversion efficiency of 2%, going from 14% to 16% and with a BSF at the base contacts up to 18%. Out of the presented data, we can conclude the excellent passivation quality of the applied industrial passivation stack.