jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
High-Stakes Interpretation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Courts look at text differently in high-stakes cases. Statutory language that would otherwise be “unambiguous” suddenly becomes “less than clear.” This, in turn, frees up courts to sidestep constitutional conflicts, avoid dramatic policy changes, and, more generally, get around undesirable outcomes. The standard account of this behavior is that courts’ failure to recognize “clear” or “unambiguous” meanings in such cases is motivated or disingenuous, and, at best, justified on instrumentalist grounds. This Article challenges that account. It argues instead that, as a purely epistemic matter, it is more difficult to “know” what a text means—and, hence, more difficult to regard that text as “clear” or “unambiguous”—when the practical stakes are raised. For that reason, this Article insists, it is entirely rational for courts to be more cautious when interpreting text in high-stakes cases than they would be if the stakes were low. Drawing on contemporary work in philosophy of language and epistemology, this Article grounds its argument in the observation that ordinary speakers’ willingness to attribute “knowledge” or “clarity” decreases as the practical stakes increase. And while the technical explanations of this phenomenon vary, they all reflect a basic insight: that one needs greater epistemic justification to act on some premise the higher the practical stakes. To illustrate, this Article applies the above insight to various interpretive settings. Considering judicial review, for example, this Article explains that it makes good epistemic sense for a court to wait until it is really sure that a statute means what it thinks it means before taking the extraordinary step of invalidating that statute as unconstitutional. Similarly, this Article urges that it is just sound epistemic practice for a court is to construe a statute in a way that would unsettle an existing implementation regime only if it is especially well justified in its reading of the statutory text—that is, only if it really knows that its reading is correct. This Article thus offers at least a partial justification of courts’ seemingly loose treatment of statutory text when the practical stakes are raised. And it does so, in contrast to prior scholarly efforts, by appeal to reasons that both formalists and instrumentalists can accept.
Model of identification of motivational factors for work of the Serbian Armed Forces professional members and their hierarchical organization

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Motivation and work motivation are multidisciplinary topics important for the successful functioning of modern organizations. Opportunities to improve the effects and performance of all types of organizations by influencing employee motivation have resulted in a number of studies aimed at identifying motivational factors, their impact and hierarchy. Work motivational factors are numerous, and their impact and hierarchy are changeable and depend on socio-economic conditions, cultural determinants, as well as the individual characteristics of employees. In order to improve the motivation for work, there is a need to identify factors and their impact on the motivation and effects of the work of the Serbian Armed Forces professional members in their own cultural environment and the current set of socio-economic conditions. The objective of this paper is to develop a model for identifying motivational factors of the Serbian Armed Forces professional members and determine their impact and hierarchy. The paper will use the method of document content analysis in order to identify a list of motivational factors that will then be confirmed or rejected, depending on the results of research conducted using the research method, survey technique and statistical method. The paper presents a model for identifying work motivational factors and the results of a survey of the attitudes of a quota sample of 1401 Serbian Armed Forces professional members. The hierarchy of factors is presented and it has been concluded that good interpersonal relationships and salary amount have the most significant impact on the motivation for work of the Serbian Armed Forces professional members. The results of the research can be used for improving the motivation for work, normative acts, organizational structure and instruments for future research.
A new model for inclusive seed delivery: Lessons from a pilot study in Kenya: Leveraging champion farmers’ entrepreneurial know-how to reach the last mile

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Climate change has exacerbated the frequency and severity of extreme weather events affecting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers across Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks such as increased droughts, pests, floods, and heatwaves are projected to increase significantly in future years. The formal seed sector is an important entry point to help farmers better manage these risks, as it provides access to high-quality certified seeds of improved stress-tolerant varieties, selected and bred to maximize productivity in good years, whilst reducing the impact of climate change risks in bad years. The challenge, however, is that the formal market is not always inclusive and is more accessible to middle- or largescale (and often male) farmers. Smaller farmers (often female) are more likely to obtain seeds from informal sources (friends or peers) or collect their own seeds from the crops they grow. This creates social inequities in distribution channels for quality seeds; and in qualitative research, farmers informed us that the COVID-19 pandemic has further restricted their access to inputs.
Myonycteris torquata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Myonycteris torquata (Dobson 1878) (Fig. 8, Table 3) Cynonycteris torquata Dobson, 1878: 76. COMMON NAMES. — English: Little Collared Fruit Bat. French: Petit Myonyctère. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 19 Specimens (including original data). Mount Cameroon area • 7 specimens; Mueli; 4°23’00”N, 9°07’00”E; 600 m; 7.II-16.II.1958; Martins Eisentraut leg.; ZFMK 1961.0621 to 0624, SMNS 6628, 6629; 6630 • 1 specimen; Victoria; 4°00’46”N, 9°13’13”E; 136 m; 15.XII.1968; Martin Eisentraut leg.; ZFMK 1969.0609 • 1 specimen; Isobi; 4°07’15”N, 8°59’33”E; 56 m; Martin Eisentraut leg.; SMNS 6631. ORIGINAL DATA. — During our field surveys, 10 individuals (4 males and 6 females) were mistnetted (Table 1). Two females and two males were trapped by a fruiting fig tree at an altitude of 1140 m a.s.l, six other individuals were captured either by fruiting trees or in fallow farmlands. All individuals were captured in disturbed habitats at altitudes below 1290 m a.s.l. (Table 1). The little collared fruit bat had previously been recorded from Mount Cameroon by Eisentraut (1968). HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION. — This species has a wide distribution in Central Africa (Bakwo Fils & Kaleme 2016b). According to Bergmans (1997), this species is distributed in the low and medium altitude rainforest and the rain forest-savannah boundary where they roost singly or in small groups in trees. REMARK. — Recent molecular analyses showed that Myonycteris torquata from the Upper Guinea Forest of West Africa are separate from those of the Congo Basin Forest. As such West Africa specimens formerly included in Myonycteris torquata are now placed in a distinct species, Myonycteris leptodon K. Andersen, 1908 (Nesi et al. 2013).
Contingent Professionalism: Bureaucratic Mobility and the Adoption of Water Conservation Rates

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Professional networks are widely recognized as important sources of environmental protection policy innovation. I argue that innovations are most likely to diffuse from professions to governments under conditions of bureaucratic job mobility. When an agency head arrives from outside the government he serves, she carries both a reputation and mandate for innovation. The incentives for innovation are less potent when an agency head is promoted from within. The result is mobility-contingent professionalism, for the priorities of an administrator's profession are more likely to become manifest in policy when she arrives from outside than when she is promoted from within an agency. Analysis of data from an original survey of water utility executives tests the effect of career path and professional involvement on utilities' adoption of conservation-oriented water rate structures. I find that executive career path is a strong predictor of an agency's adoption of conservation rates, even after accounting for climatic and institutional conditions. Further, the effect of professional involvement is contingent on career path: Professionalism is strongly associated with adoption of conservation rates for diagonally mobile executives but not for executives promoted from within.
Outcomes of Early Surgical vs Nonsurgical Management of Pediatric Hand Friction Injuries Caused by Treadmills

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Pediatric hand friction injuries caused by running treadmills are ever more prevalent due to the increasing presence of home exercise equipment. These and other related injuries have received recent attention in the media, leading to mass product recalls in some cases. These friction injuries are similar to deep thermal burns, and these patients are usually cared for in the pediatric burn unit at our institution. We sought to describe our recent experience managing 22 patients with these injuries. Patients were queried from our urban pediatric burn center database. After Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted for a treadmill-related hand injury over a 5-year period was performed. Data collected included patient demographics, initial treatment methods (surgical vs nonoperative), type of dressing used, hospital length of stay (LOS), and compliance with follow-up. We collected patient-centered outcomes included the time to healing and the need for subsequent surgical and/or nonsurgical interventions to treat the sequelae of these injuries. Our center treated 22 hand friction injuries caused by treadmills over the 5-year period. Five patients (23%) underwent early surgical intervention (&lt;30 days from injury), with a median time from injury of 7 days (interquartile range 1.75–13.5). This cohort required additional interventions to treat postoperative sequelae with 2 (40%) requiring additional surgery and 3 (60%) managed nonsurgically. Of the 17 (77%) who were initially treated nonoperatively, 5 (29%) healed completely with dressing changes only and required no further treatment. Eleven (65%) had injury-related sequelae and were managed successfully with nonsurgical interventions. Only 1 patient (6%) required scar modification by Z-plasty. Average LOS was 14 hours and the median number of weekly follow-up visits was 4 until complete healing. Given the excellent outcomes observed in patients treated without acute surgical intervention in this case series, nonoperative management appears to be feasible, safe, and may reduce the need for operative intervention. These injuries, although small, are deep and require a prolonged period of dressing changes and aggressive therapy including posthealing time commitment to scar management in order to achieve best outcomes. Our study supports the need for increased community awareness of this type of injury.
Consolidating Principles and Patterns for Human-centred Usable Security Research and Development

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present an evaluation of usable security principles and patterns to facilitate the transfer of existing knowledge to researchers and practitioners. Based on a literature review we extracted 23 common usable security principles and 47 usable security patterns and identified their interconnection. The results indicate that current research tends to focus on only a subset of important principles. The fact that some principles are not yet addressed by any design patterns suggests that further work on refining these patterns is needed. We developed an online repository, which stores the harmonized principles and patterns. The tool enables users to search for relevant patterns and explore them in an interactive and programmatic manner. We argue that both the insights presented in this paper and the repository will be highly valuable for students for getting a good overview, practitioners for implementing usable security and researchers for identifying areas of future research.
A Secreted Reporter for Blood Monitoring of Pyroptotic\nCell Death

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Pyroptotic cell death is a phenomenon\nthat runs through all life\nactivities and plays an important role in physiological and pathological\nprocesses of the body’s metabolism. It is of big biological\nsignificance to understand the phenomenon and nature of cell pyroptosis.\nIn the process of cell pyroptosis, the pore-forming effector gasdermin\nD (GSDMD) is cleaved to form oligomers, which are inserted into the\ncell membrane, causing rapid cell death. However, the effective cell\ndeath induced by GSDMD complicates our ability to understand the behavior\nof pyroptosis. In this work, we performed molecular mutagenesis to\ndevelop a genetically encoded pyroptotic reporter, where a secreted\nGaussia luciferase (Gluc) was strategically placed in the p30-p20\ntolerated junction of GSDMD to support natural pyrophosphorylation\nand promote live imaging of cell pyroptosis. In addition, we demonstrated\nthat this fused Gluc-GSDMD reporter executed inflammatory body-dependent\npyroptosis in response to extracellular stimuli, and that the lysed\np30-GSDMD can be secreted out of the cell and can be detected in the\nculture medium and animal blood. Therefore, our study provides a valuable\ntool that not only noninvasive and real-time monitoring of cell pyroptosis,\nbut also affords a high-throughput functional screening of pyroptosis-targeted\ncompounds in cultured cells and animal models.
Photomorphogenesis in Pteris vittata II. Recovery from blue-light-induced inhibition of spore germination

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. In the fern Pteris vittata, low-energy blue-light-induced inhibition of phytochrome-dependent spore germination and dark recovery from this inhibition were repeatedly observed several times at intervals of 3 days at 26°. The same amount of incident energy of blue light was required for inhibition in each successive treatment. 2. The recovery from blue-light-induced inhibition of germination was markedly accelerated by continuous illumination with red light, and this red light effect was not affected by the presence of CMU. 3. The recovery process was not influenced by a single exposure to redlight, but was definitely promoted by brief red irradiations given intermittently, at least 2 times, at equal intervals during the first 8 hr after blue light treatment. The effect of intermittently given red light was annulled when each red exposure was followed by brief far-red irradiation. These facts suggest that phytochrome may be involved in the restoration of the ability of spores to germinate (in response to red light) which had been lost by blue irradiation.
Economic-Driven Hierarchical Voltage Regulation of Incremental Distribution Networks: A Cloud-Edge Collaboration Based Perspective

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this article, a cloud-edge collaboration based control framework is proposed for the voltage regulation and economic operation in incremental distribution networks (IDN). The voltage regulation and economic operation, usually considered in separated aspects, can be integrated in a hierarchical control method by coordinating the active power and reactive power of distributed generators (DGs) and distributed storages (DSs) in an "active" mode. Promising the voltage security of the IDN, the upper level multiobjective optimization is formulated to maximize the consumption of the DGs, moreover, the lower level model predictive control (MPC) aims to regulate the dynamics of the DGs and DSs based on the established state space model. Time delay in the downstream channel is considered due to the open environment of the proposed control framework, which can be eliminated by using the PCM derived from the MPC considering model uncertainty. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the validity and robustness of the proposed method.
Activation of C−F Bonds by Electrophilic Organosilicon Sites Supported on Sulfated Zirconia

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The reaction of allyltriisopropylsilane with partially dehydroxylated sulfated zirconium oxide ( SZO ) forms surface organosilicon species. Solid‐state NMR studies of the organosilicon functionalized SZO shows that electrophilic [TIPS][ SZO ] sites are present on the surface, in addition to less reactive TIPS‐O x and SiO x species. The electrophilic [TIPS][ SZO ] sites are strong Lewis acids from solid‐state 31 P NMR analysis of triethylphosphine oxide (O=PEt 3 ) contacted materials. [TIPS][ SZO ] is active in hydrodefluorination reactions in the presence of Et 3 SiH.
Longitudinal Spin Measurements with Inclusive Hadrons in Polarized p + p Collisions at 200 GeV

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present measurements of the double longitudinal spin asymmetries for inclusive pi0 and pi+(-) production in polarized p+p collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV at mid-rapidity with the STAR detector from the 2005 RHIC run. These measurements are used to access Delta G/G, the gluon polarization in the proton. The observed unpolarized inclusive cross sections show good agreement with NLO pQCD calculations. The double longitudinal spin asymmetries are compared to NLO pQCD calculations based on different assumptions for the gluon polarization in the nucleon to provide constraints on Delta G/G. At the present level of statistics the measured asymmetries disfavor a large positive gluon polarization, but cannot yet distinguish between other scenarios.
Investigation of Trace Metals Content and Carbon Isotopic Composition on the Soil Leaf-Fruit Chain from Some Transylvanian Areas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) were used in this study to trace heavy metal and isotopic content of soil into the fruit juices. This work presents a preliminary study on the carbon isotope signature and trace metal content investigated on the soil-plant-fruit pulp chain. The samples were collected from Transylvanian areas. Our results for fruit juices are compared with allowable limits for drinking water in the United Kingdom (NS30). The results for soil samples were compared with the maximum value reported for normal range values of natural soils cited by the EEA (European Environment Agency) report. The results obtained for δ13C values on the soil - leaf - fruit pulp chain for grape, pear, and apple samples show depletion in 13C isotope, as the trend of the values reported in literature for the soil–leaf–fruit chain.
Recycling-Oriented Product Assessment During Design Process With Usage Of Agent Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the paper the method of product analysis from recycling point of view has been described. The analysis bases on set of measures that assess a product from the point of view of final stages of its lifecycle. It was assumed that such analysis will be performed at the design phase – in order to conduct such analysis the computer system that aids the designer during the design process has been developed. The structure of the computer tool, based on agent technology, and example results has been also included in the paper.
Gender and Sporting Practice in Early America, 1750-1810

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the latter half of the eighteenth and the early years of the nineteenth centuries, the recreational scene in what was becoming the United States was markedly different from what had been the case 100 years earlier. Wellorganized thoroughbred races on formal tracks had supplanted impromptu quartermile sprints in many places along the Atlantic seaboard, and race weeks drew thousands of people to small towns and bustling cities. In the more recently settled backcountry, especially in the South, colonists constructed a variety of human and animal contests, notably baits, cockfights, and gouging matches, which tested the mettle of the contestants and appealed to the gambling interests of many. Elsewhere, foot and boat races, card games, spinning and ax-throwing matches, sledding and skating events, and even cricket games emerged, both within and outside of the context of community celebrations. The largest cities, like New York and Philadelphia, even offered commercial “pleasure gardens”; and virtually every crossroads had at least one tavern, which had been and remained the recreational center for many early Americans. By 1810, a city like Baltimore, the country’s third largest, had more than 300 licensed tavernkeepers, or approximately one for every 150 inhabitants. 2 That late eighteenthand early nineteenth-century Americans had begun to produce and consume more sporting practices than had their predecessors a century earlier seems certain, even from this brief description. Among the many things that are not clear about this expansionism, however, are its gender
Reproduction and Migrations of the Ascension Island Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

TOME, M. A., AND F. H. POUGH. 1982. Responses of amphibians to acid precipitation, p. 245-254. In: Acid rain fisheries. R. E. Johnson (ed.). Proceedings of an International Symposium on Acid Precipitation and Fisheries Impacts in Northeastern North America, 2-5 August 1981, Ithaca, New York. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. (BAP) DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, BAYLOR UNIVERSITY, WACO, TEXAS 76798 AND (JMH) DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, CONNECTICUT COLLEGE, NEW LONDON, CONNECTICUT 06320. Accepted 17 April 1986.
Long-Term Experience with Balloon Dilation for Short Bulbar and Membranous Urethral Strictures: Establishing a Baseline in the Active Drug Treatment Era

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transurethral balloon dilation (BD) is a minimally invasive treatment for urethral stricture disease (USD) performed primarily or as a recurrence salvage maneuver. With the introduction of drug-coated balloons, we sought to characterize patient outcomes using non-medicated balloons. A retrospective review identified patients who underwent BD from 2007 to 2021. Patient and stricture characteristics were collected. All dilations employed the 24Fr UroMaxTM system. Clinical failure was defined by patient-reported lower urinary tract symptom recurrence or need for further stricture management. Ninety-one patients underwent BD with follow-up median (IQR) 12 (3–40) months. Most (75/91, 82%) had prior treatment for USD (endoscopic 50/91 (55%), 51/91 (56%) urethroplasty) before BD. Recurrence rates did not significantly differ between treatment-naïve and salvage patients (44% vs. 52% (p = 0.55)). Median (IQR) time to failure was 6 (3–13) months. The most common complications were urinary tract infection (8%) and post-operative urinary retention requiring catheterization (3%). Radiation history was noted in 33/91 (36%) with 45% recurrence. Patients without previous radiation had a similar recurrence rate of 52% (p = 0.88). Balloon dilation had minimal complications and overall, 50% recurrence rate, consistent regardless of stricture characteristics, radiation history, or prior treatments. These results represent an important clinical benchmark for comparing outcomes using drug-coated balloons.