jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reduced crop density increases floral resources to pollinators without affecting crop yield in organic and conventional fields

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Effective weed control in agricultural crop fields increases yields, but simultaneously reduces floral resources for pollinators because many weed species provide pollen and nectar. Consequently, efforts to enhance crop yields on organic farms by using effective weed control methods risk compromising positive effects of organic farming on pollinating insects. Thus, it is important to find management strategies that alleviate the trade‐off between crop yields and flowering weeds on organic farms. We investigated the relationship between cereal yields, flowering weeds and bumblebees on organic and conventional arable land. We also investigated the potential of adjusting crop sowing density to benefit flowering weed species richness and floral resources to bumblebees without affecting crop yield. Floral resources and species richness of flowering weeds were higher in organic compared to conventional fields and were negatively related to crop yield in organic but not conventional fields (where the variation of floral resources and flowering weed species richness was comparatively low). Bumblebee species richness was higher in organic compared to conventional fields, and abundance was twice as high in organic as in conventional fields, but not significantly so. Yields in organic fields were two thirds of those in conventional fields. When simultaneously testing the effect of farming type (organic vs. conventional), crop yield and floral resources, only floral resources were related significantly to bumblebee abundance and species richness. A lower sowing density of the crop increased floral resources without negatively affecting crop yield. Synthesis and applications . We show that organic farming practices in cereals benefit bumblebees by allowing more flowering weeds, but at a cost in terms of lower yields. However, adjusting crop sowing density provides an opportunity to attain increased floral resources without negatively affecting crop yields. Thus, by increasing floral resources, adjusting crop sowing density may contribute to supporting high bumblebee densities, which in turn sustain pollination services to wild plants and insect‐pollinated crops, such as oilseed rape and field beans, in agricultural landscapes. We suggest that sowing strategies have the potential to contribute to ecological intensification by supporting organisms that provide ecosystem services to agriculture.
Prey selection by caracal in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

in Namibia. It was found that the primary prey resource was small mammals, the vast majority of which were rodents, including springhare (Pedetes capensis). Larger prey animals included steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) and smaller carnivores up to the size of a black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas). Birds were an abundant prey resource, especially the larger ground-roosting species. Invertebrate remains were found in a large proportion of the scats, indicating that they were commonly used as a source of food. Domestic livestock remains were identified in eight of the scat samples and the temporal distribution of these indicated an increased use of domestic livestock by caracals in the cold season.
"A Child’s View of Family/Nation in Oh Jeonghee’s Garden of Childhood"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

본 논문은 오정희의 단편소설 『유년의 뜰』을 통해 가족과 국가의 관계를 재고하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국전쟁은 배신, 불안, 그리고 폭력이 난무했던 대한민국 건국 이후 최고의 위기이자 변란기였다. 그리하여 다수 학자들이 논한 바와 같이 전후 한국사회에서 가족은 안식과 복원의 상징이 되었고, 국가는 가족이라는 공동체를 통해 민족주의를 구체화 하고자 했다. 이러한 배경을 바탕으로 본 논문은 민족주의와 그에 수반되는 젠더 이데올로기 및 가족주의를 비판하기 위해 여성학과 탈식민주의 이론을 참고하여『유년의 뜰』을 분석한다. 본 논문은 이름도 목소리도 없이 오직 “노랑눈이”라 불리는 일곱 살 어린 피난민 소녀의 유아적ㆍ상상적 시선의 경계에서 가족과 국가를 바라봄으로써『유년의 뜰』이 사회적 호명이 이뤄지지 않은 채 부유하는 소녀를 중심으로 가족, 역사, 국가의 호명에 반문한다고 결론을 내리고 있다.
A 270 kbit/s 35 mW modulator IC for GSM cellular radio hand-held terminals

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The modulator IC has been designed to integrate all analog baseband processing components of the European Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) digital cellular radio terminals onto a single component. The IC is located at the interface of the analog 900-MHz radio-frequency part and the baseband digital signal processing part of the mobile terminal. The modulator part time-multiplexes the receive and transmit operations and combines low-noise receive circuitry with a digital modulator. The device uses digital waveform generation and a balanced quadrature representation for both modulation and demodulation of the Gaussian minimum-shift-keying (GMSK) signal. To enhance testability of the high-density printed-circuit boards, advanced test features have also been implemented in the modulator IC. In the transmit direction, the modulator IC converts digitally encoded speech or data at an instantaneous rate of 270 kb/s to the I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) analog signals which are used to modulate a 900-MHz carrier.< >
Topical NSAIDs in Prevention of Postcataract Macular Edema

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Postoperative macular edema is considered one cause of diminished vision after cataract surgery. It was approved that inflammatory mediators especially prostaglandins play a key role in macular edema formation especially in the presence of risk factors that affect blood-retinal barrier such as diabetes, uveitis, tear of posterior capsule, and vitreous loss. So, anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids and NSAIDs are the cornerstone of macular edema managements. In spite of using corticosteroids as gold standard for treatment of ocular inflammation, they cannot be used for prolonged period due to associated adverse effects. Lastly, there were many studies about benefits of NSAIDs in management and prevention of macular edema to avoid the side effects of corticosteroids.
Effect of Crack and Cutout on Vibration Characteristics of A Laminated Composite Plates Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A nonlinear finite element model for geometrically large amplitude free vibration analysis of composite laminated plate using high order shear deformation theory used in this work. The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of the stationary crack and hole on the free vibration of composite plate those in which the singularity due to presences of crack is modeled, so that stress field at the tip of the crack is properly represented. The results are computed for different crack, hole size, material orthotropy and different boundary condition. Finally the discrepancy of the results was 29.8249% when considered the severe nonlinearity.
Lagrangian Fluid Dynamics for Combustion Modelling.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recent flow visualization experiments have shown the need to follow the behavior of dynamically interacting coherent structures in both cold flows and flames. Since these structures move the fluid, a Lagrangian approach is especially useful in theoretical calculations because we can observe the interaction of a particular fluid element with its changing environments as the flow evolves. One-dimensional Lagrangian flame models are successful because they also minimize the effects of numerical diffusion which is the bane of laminar flame calculations. However, most two- and three-dimensional flame models are Eulerian because of problems in standard Lagrangian formulations for multi-dimensional models and because phenomenological turbulent diffusion terms are usually added which mask the numerical diffusion. The purpose of this paper is to describe one- and multi-dimensional Lagrangian algorithms which eliminate many of the problems previously associated with this approach. An example of a one-dimensional flame calculation which incorporates the new ideas will be given. Finally, examples will be given of the two-dimensional Lagrangian triangular gridding technique and it will be indicated how this may be applied to multi-phase combustion problem. (Author)
Metabolic Cardiomyopathies and Cardiac Defects in Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive chronic disease that remains a primary cause of death worldwide, affecting over 64 million patients. HF can be caused by cardiomyopathies and congenital cardiac defects with monogenic etiology. The number of genes and monogenic disorders linked to development of cardiac defects is constantly growing and includes inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Several IMDs affecting various metabolic pathways have been reported presenting cardiomyopathies and cardiac defects. Considering the pivotal role of sugar metabolism in cardiac tissue, including energy production, nucleic acid synthesis and glycosylation, it is not surprising that an increasing number of IMDs linked to carbohydrate metabolism are described with cardiac manifestations. In this systematic review, we offer a comprehensive overview of IMDs linked to carbohydrate metabolism presenting that present with cardiomyopathies, arrhythmogenic disorders and/or structural cardiac defects. We identified 58 IMDs presenting with cardiac complications: 3 defects of sugar/sugar-linked transporters (GLUT3, GLUT10, THTR1); 2 disorders of the pentose phosphate pathway (G6PDH, TALDO); 9 diseases of glycogen metabolism (GAA, GBE1, GDE, GYG1, GYS1, LAMP2, RBCK1, PRKAG2, G6PT1); 29 congenital disorders of glycosylation (ALG3, ALG6, ALG9, ALG12, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1E1, B3GALTL, B3GAT3, COG1, COG7, DOLK, DPM3, FKRP, FKTN, GMPPB, MPDU1, NPL, PGM1, PIGA, PIGL, PIGN, PIGO, PIGT, PIGV, PMM2, POMT1, POMT2, SRD5A3, XYLT2); 15 carbohydrate-linked lysosomal storage diseases (CTSA, GBA1, GLA, GLB1, HEXB, IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, ARSB, GUSB, ARSK). With this systematic review we aim to raise awareness about the cardiac presentations in carbohydrate-linked IMDs and draw attention to carbohydrate-linked pathogenic mechanisms that may underlie cardiac complications.
Anti-inflammatory decurrencyclics A-B, two undescribed nor-dammarane triterpenes from triangular sea bell Turbinaria decurrens

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Intertidal triangular sea bell Turbinaria decurrens (Bory de Saint-Vincent) (family Sargassaceae) belongs to one of the largely abundant genus of marine brown alga. Bioactivity-directed chromatographic purification of the organic extract of T. decurrens afforded two new nor-dammarane triterpenoids named as decurrencyclic A-B. Decurrencyclic B showed superior attenuation properties against cyclooxygenase-2 (IC50 13.98 μM) and 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 3.02 μM) in contrast with decurrencyclic A. Decurrencyclic B showed higher inhibition potential against COX-2 than that revealed by the anti-inflammatory agent, ibuprofen (IC50 70.44 μM). The higher selectivity index of decurrencyclics (1.39–1.57) acknowledged their selective attenuation property against inducible cyclooxygenase-2. In-silico molecular modeling analysis of decurrencyclic B with the inflammatory enzymes showed least binding energy of −14.55 kcal mol−1. These reports have proven that decurrencyclic B could be a potential therapeutic lead for use against inflammatory pathogenesis.
Daily occupational exposure in swine farm alters human skin microbiota and antibiotic resistome

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global public health, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are widely distributed across humans, animals, and environment. Farming environments are emerging as a key research area for ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). While the skin is an important reservoir of ARGs and ARB, transmission mechanisms between farming environments and human skin remain unclear. Previous studies confirmed that swine farm environmental exposures alter skin microbiome, but the timeline of these changes is ill defined. To improve understanding of these changes and to determine the specific time, we designed a cohort study of swine farm workers and students through collected skin and environmental samples to explore the impact of daily occupational exposure in swine farm on human skin microbiome. Results indicated that exposure to livestock‐associated environments where microorganisms are richer than school environment can reshape the human skin microbiome and antibiotic resistome. Exposure of 5 h was sufficient to modify the microbiome and ARG structure in workers' skin by enriching microorganisms and ARGs. These changes were preserved once formed. Further analysis indicated that ARGs carried by host microorganisms may transfer between the environment with workers' skin and have the potential to expand to the general population using farm workers as an ARG vector. These results raised concerns about potential transmission of ARGs to the broader community. Therefore, it is necessary to take corresponding intervention measures in the production process to reduce the possibility of ARGs and ARB transmission.
A chemically defined synthetic vaccine model for HIV-1.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Multiple Ag peptide (MAP) system without the use of a protein carrier was used as a vaccine model in three species of animals. Synthetic peptides from the V3 region of the gp120 of IIIB, RF and MN HIV-1 isolates were used as the Ag. MAP consisting of various chain lengths, from 11 to 24 residues, were prepared in a monoepitope configuration containing four repeats of each individual peptide. In parallel, they were synthesized in a diepitope configuration adding at the carboxyl-terminus of the V3 peptides a conserved sequence, known to be a Th cell epitope of gp120. The antibody response elicited by the monoepitope constructs was species-dependent. Rabbits produced immunity against all nine peptides, whereas mice were strongly reactive mainly to the longest sequence of the IIIB isolate. The immune response of guinea pigs was intermediate to those of rabbits and mice. Diepitope MAPs were immunogenic in all three species and elicited significantly higher titers than those raised by the immunization with the monoepitope MAPs. The response was type specific; the high-titered antibodies were reactive mostly against the isolate from which the peptides were derived, with a small cross-reactivity in ELISA between IIIB and RF strains. The dominant antigenic site of the B cell epitope, IIIB sequence, was located at the amino and central part of the MAP and a sequence overlapping the putative V3 reverse-turn was particularly reactive with the raised antibodies. Moreover, sera from the immunized animals inhibited virus-dependent cell fusion. These results show that MAP, with a chemically defined structure and without the use of a protein carrier, can be potentially useful for the design of synthetic HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
Perceptions, awareness and knowledge of the female athlete triad amongst pre-service physical education teachers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The female athlete triad is a potentially fatal condition with lifelong consequences on the affected individuals. While studies have profusely advocated educating those in close proximity to female adolescents to allow for early prevention and intervention of the triad, limited studies on teachers’ awareness and knowledge of the triad exist. The objective of this study was to determine the perceptions, awareness and knowledge levels of Singapore’s pre- service Physical Education (PE) teachers on the female athlete triad. A total of 64 pre-service second-year PE teachers (100% response rate) from the National Institute of Education in Singapore participated in the cross-sectional survey. To investigate perceptions, awareness and knowledge on the triad, a 31-item questionnaire was administered. Data analysed included participants’ characteristics, perceptions, awareness and knowledge levels and gender differences in awareness and knowledge levels. Low knowledge levels were observed with only 16% of the teachers having heard of the female athlete triad. Only three teachers were able to correctly identify the three components of the triad. A considerable number of pre-service PE teachers had misperceptions about body composition, menstrual irregularities and bone health in female athletes. There was no significant difference in awareness and knowledge based on gender (p = .15). Substantial knowledge gaps and misperceptions about the triad were observed. Modifications with a three-pronged approach to the existing Teacher Training Programme and conducting of educational workshops for teachers in the force are required to address these issues.
Neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine on autophagy in mice administered intracerebroventricular injections of Aβ25-35

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Current evidence suggests that dexmedetomidine (Dex) can be used as an adjuvant to general anesthesia for the elderly with or without neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), since it has perioperative analgesic properties and can prevent postoperative delirium. Dysfunction involving the autophagy-lysosomal pathway is thought to underlie the pathological mechanism of AD. Evidence regarding the effects of Dex on neuronal autophagy dysfunction in mice with AD is lacking. Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of Dex could exert neuroprotective effects by ameliorating pathological autophagy dysfunction in mice that received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of amyloid β-protein fragment 25–35 (Aβ25−35) and in an autophagy-deficient cellular model. Low dose Dex treatment reversed decreases in percentage of alternation in the Y-maze test. It restored levels of phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII) and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), both memory-related proteins. Dex also protected synapses from Aβ-induced toxicity in mice injected with Aβ25−35. Furthermore, increased expression of the autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein light chain3- II (LC3-II), p62, and lysosome-associated membrane protein2 (LAMP2) in Aβ25−35 mice was reduced after low-dose Dex treatment, ameliorating aberrant autophagic reflux. The present study demonstrated that low-dose Dex treatment ameliorated memory and learning impairments. It’s neuroprotective mechanism was associated with autophagic flux in a murine Aβ25−35 model. These findings suggest that Dex could represent an effective clinical approach for AD patients as a neuroprotective adjuvant in anesthesia.
Pandemic Contraction and Recovery of the Russian Tourism Industry in 2019-2021 against the Backdrop of Other G20 Countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The paper highlights the significance of tourism sector support measures in modern Russian economic policy. Special attention is given to an aggregate indicator of tourism’s contribution to the economy. This indicator has been calculated taking into account the share of tourism in the country’s GDP; the share of tourism in the total number of jobs; the share of tourism in total export revenues. The research is based on the data of the World Travel and Tourism Council. The effects of the pandemic and the subsequent recov­ery of the industry have been described using the 2019 indices of the compos­ite indicator. It has been revealed that Russia ranks second to last among the G20 countries in terms of the aggregate contribution of tourism to the econo­my. At the same time, Russian tourism was characterized by a relatively small contraction in 2020 and a low recovery rate in 2021, which indicates the need to make regulation measures more effective.
Rapid, high-resolution, whole-brain, susceptibility-based MRI of multiple sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Susceptibility-based MRI offers a unique opportunity to study neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this work, we assessed a three-dimensional segmented echo-planar-imaging (3D-EPI) sequence to rapidly acquire high-resolution T 2 * -weighted and phase contrast images of the whole brain. We also assessed if these images could depict important features of MS at clinical field strength, and we tested the effect of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) on these images. Materials and methods: The 3D-EPI acquisition was performed on four healthy volunteers and 15 MS cases on a 3T scanner. The 3D sagittal images of the whole brain were acquired with a voxel size of 0.55 × 0.55 × 0.55 mm 3 in less than 4 minutes. For the MS cases, the 3D-EPI acquisition was performed before, during, and after intravenous GBCA injection. Results: Both T 2 * -weighted and phase-contrast images from the 3D-EPI acquisition were sensitive to the presence of lesions, parenchymal veins, and tissue iron. Conspicuity of the veins was enhanced when images were obtained during injection of GBCA. Conclusions: We propose this rapid imaging sequence for investigating, in a clinical setting, the spatiotemporal relationship between small parenchymal veins, iron deposition, and lesions in MS patient brains.
Effect of periods of delayed first exogenous feeding in goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four treatments were established to evaluate the effect of delayed first exogenous feeding and subsequent feeding periods on the development of goldfish larvae. The fasting and feeding periods were arranged as follows: T1 (0DFA:30DF), T2 (4DFA:26DF), T3 (8DFA:22DF), and T4 (12DFA:18DF), where DFA are the days of fasting and DF are the days of feeding. The larvae were kept in community tanks for each repetition, with 75 larvae per tank (3.75 larvae L-1). There was no significant difference in total length or final weight between larvae submitted to 0, 4, and 8 days of feed deprivation. However, larvae submitted to 12 DFA had higher values of the same variables than the other treatments. No significant difference in larval survival was observed between T1, T2, and T3, but T4 negatively influenced survival. Under the conditions evaluated, the point of no return was 4 DFA. Dead larvae were partly eaten in the fasting treatments. The delayed first feeding should be avoided in large-scale productions since it significantly reduces survival during cultivation. This article results from research funded by the Pescarte Environmental Education Project (PEA/IBAMA).
Oral Contraceptives and Thromboembolism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is noted that the data on a correlation between thromboembolism and oral contraceptive use are imprecise obsolete and misunderstood. The original roughly estimated factors of increased risks have been trea ted as though they were precise quantities. The calculations were derived at a time when 53% of the oral contraceptives sold in the U.K. contained more than 50 mcg of estrogen. A 50% drop in the mortality rate was predicted if only oral contraceptives containing 50 mcg of estrogen were used. During the first 6 months of 1973 about 97% of combined oral contraceptives sold contained no more than 50 mcg of estrogen. A combined pill containing 30 mcg of estrogen has further reduced the relevance of the original estimates of risk. There has also been a substantial replacement of oral contraceptives containing mestranol by those containing ethinyl estradiol which carry fewer risks. The impossibility of proving the attribution of any individual thrombosis to an oral contraceptive is noted. It is recommended that the original workers review the data that have accumulated during the past 4 years and produce a report that will not only revise the estimates of the various thromboembolic risks in terms of the oral contraceptives used at present but also make clear the limitations of those estimates.