jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric actuation of an aero engine fuel metering valve

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Servo valves are used in a broad variety of flow modulation applications. In the field of aerospace, servo valves are used in aero engines to meter fuel flow. The existing valves are labour intensive to manufacture and highly optimised such that to achieve improvements in performance requires a novel design. This research investigates smart material actuators and valve concepts. Specifically, a prototype pilot stage nozzle flapper valve is developed for the purpose of actuating a main stage spool. The typical nozzle flapper type servo valve uses a torque motor to actuate the flapper. In this research project, the torque motor has been substituted for two piezoelectric ring bender actuators. A novel mounting mechanism has been developed to secure the ring benders within the valve. Analytical and finite element models have been made to understand the displacement mechanism of a ring bender and the effects of the mount on the displacement and force from a ring bender, and the results were compared with experiment. The mounting stiffness at the inner and outer edges was found to decrease the displacement of the ring bender and it was found that the stiffness of the mount at the outer edge has a greater negative effect on displacement than the stiffness of the mount at the inner edge. The displacement of a ring bender was tested across the operational temperature range of an aero engine. It was found that the displacement of the ring bender is reduced at low temperatures and increases at high temperature. The variation of stiffness of the elastomeric mount was also tested with temperature and it was found that the displacement of a ring bender is significantly reduced when the mounting elastomer approaches its glass transition temperature. A prototype valve was built to test the pressures and flows that could be achieved at two control ports by using a ring bender as actuator. A single ring bender and two ring benders, mounted in tandem to provide redundancy, have been tested. An analytical model was developed and the predictions are compared with experimental results for pressures and flow. The full stroke of the valve was 300m when mounted and reduced to 150m when mounted in tandem with an inactive ring bender. The hysteresis of the valve is +/-10%. The pressures and flow at and between the control ports of the valve are consistent with the predictions.
The Ghanaian NLP Landscape: A First Look

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Despite comprising one-third of global languages, African languages are critically underrepresented in Artificial Intelligence (AI), threatening linguistic diversity and cultural heritage. Ghanaian languages, in particular, face an alarming decline, with documented extinction and several at risk. This study pioneers a comprehensive survey of Natural Language Processing (NLP) research focused on Ghanaian languages, identifying methodologies, datasets, and techniques employed. Additionally, we create a detailed roadmap outlining challenges, best practices, and future directions, aiming to improve accessibility for researchers. This work serves as a foundational resource for Ghanaian NLP research and underscores the critical need for integrating global linguistic diversity into AI development.
Aerodynamic braking device for high-speed trains: Design, simulation and experiment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes the design of an aerodynamic braking device for a high-speed train. The design is based on the parameters of the high-speed train and the working principles of airplane wings. The proposed device is a unidirectional opening model driven by hydraulics. The prototype uses hard-wired signals to transmit braking commands on eight levels. The important characteristics of the device include a synchronous action and a fault-oriented security design. Its functions include service braking, gradual braking, emergency braking and self-checking. Simulation results show that deceleration in the high-speed zone between 250 and 500 km/h can be improved by between 8 and 60%. When the train runs at 500 km/h, the braking deceleration rate can be improved by 0.12 m/s 2 . The simulation results are found to agree with wind tunnel test results. The braking characteristics are also investigated using a test bed, which mimics the aerodynamic load exerted on the prototype when the train is running between 0 and 550 km/h. It is clearly demonstrated that the proposed principle of the aerodynamic braking system is feasible and its design scheme is reasonable. The aerodynamic braking device can survive a 50,000 N aerodynamic load, and the time taken to achieve the maximum braking capacity, which is the time taken to take the brake panel from its closed position of −5° to the maximum angle of 75°, is less than 3 s. The proposed prototype therefore offers an important step in the design of practical systems.
College, mental health, and a violent student: employing numerical formats to communicate risk on campus

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Non-experts, including college administrators, professors, and students are often faced with risk assessment decisions on campus. Despite this fact, there are few accepted professional standards for presenting statistical risk and far fewer recommendations for the communication of violence risk. Existing systematic reviews are both incomplete and limited in scope and more troubling are the contradictory conclusions and competing recommendations for the communication of information that is essential to decision-making. In this article, three directions in the violence risk communication literature were given attention. First, non-experts were asked to make risk estimates using information from an expert source. Second, this project moves research attention to an important domain, campus violence. Finally, multiple outcome variables were assessed in an effort to extend the scope of research beyond Bayesian reasoning. Measured outcomes included: risk judgments, linguistic features, and affective processing as put forth by the affective processing theories. When the effect of estimating or communicating risk as a probability was compared to a frequency: frequency evidence was rated as less confusing and easier to understand.
Interannual variability analysis of utility-scale solar photovoltaic and wind power resources in Arizona and New Mexico

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Interannual variability (IAV) of wind and solar resources impacts multi-million-dollar power system decisions related to operations, planning, and investments. Decisions pertaining to power systems are usually made based on a limited number of years where the consequences of interannual variability are often neglected or reduced. As the electric sector transitions to a renewable energy future, larger shares of wind and solar will introduce more variability to the operation of the power system. Consequently, we use the National Radiation Database (1998- 2015) as well as the WIND Toolkit (2007-2013) to create wind and solar photovoltaic power time series using NREL’s System Advisor Model (SAM), and study the interannual variability of wind and solar resources in Arizona and New Mexico. We define IAV as half of the ratio between the range of capacity factor (CF) and the long-term mean in the time frame of interest, expressed as a percentage. Results show a ±3-4% IAV of annual solar CF and ±7-8% IAV of annual wind CF. IAV of annual wind CF is significantly impacted by geographical location, with larger IAV values in the Great Plains and southern Rocky Mountains. IAV of seasonal wind CF is calculated on the order of ±11-26%, whereas IAV of seasonal solar CF was found to range from ±6% to ±16%. In both cases, IAV of wind and solar seasonal CF showed lower IAV values in summer and larger in winter. Extreme ramping events in aggregated wind and solar power time series are also studied. It is shown that extreme events can increase as much as 40% from year to year. Impacts on generation, transmission, and storage investments as well as impacts on operating reserves, transmission congestion, maintenance and seasonal storage scheduling are discussed.
Delay Analysis of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this letter, we analyze the carrier transit delay in graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). GFETs are fabricated at the wafer-scale on sapphire substrate. For a device with a gate length of 210 nm, a current gain cut-off frequency fT of 18 GHz and 22 GHz is obtained before and after de-embedding. The extraction of the internal (Cgs,i, Cgd,i) and external capacitances (Cgs,ex and Cgd,ex) from the scaling behavior of the gate capacitances Cgs and Cgd allows the intrinsic (τ_int), extrinsic (τ_ext) and parasitic delays (τ_par) to be obtained. In addition, the extraction of the intrinsic delay provides a new way to directly estimate carrier velocity from the experimental data while the breakdown of the total delay into intrinsic, extrinsic, and parasitic components can offer valuable information for optimizing RF GFETs structures.
Prediction of early prostate cancer recurrence using a liquid biopsy approach.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

386 Background: A critical clinical concern after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa) is the timely identification of residual disease. Recurrent disease (biochemical recurrence: BCR) develops in approximately 30% of radical prostatectomies within 5 years of surgery. Currently, clinicopathological variables, including pathological tumor stage (pT-stage), Gleason score and PSA, or algorithmic combinatorial calculations (e.g., CAPRA-S) are used to predict BCR. Early and objective prediction of individuals at high risk of BCR would enable stratification of follow-up strategies and facilitate therapeutic therapy. To achieve these goals, we developed a liquid biopsy, the PROSTest, to identify PCa. This is a 27 multigene algorithmic signature with a high sensitivity and specificity (>90%) for PCa detection. We investigated if the PROSTest had utility as a predictive biomarker for BCR. Methods: Prospective recruitment of 60 PCa for radical prostatectomy with assessment of standard pathological, clinical and biomarker (PSA) data. D’Amico Risk scores and CAPRA-S were calculated. Blood was collected for PROSTest measurement pre-surgery. Target genes were amplified using qPCR and scored (0-100) using algorithmic analysis. Pre-surgical PROSTest scores were evaluated as predictors of BCR and compared with standard criteria as well as DR and CAPRA-S scores. Data was evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-test, multiple regression analyses, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox-proportional modeling. All data: median (range). Results: Consent was obtained in 48 (80%) patients. Median age (range) was 64 (50-82). Gleason was predominantly 7 (85%; 26: 7A, 15: 7B); TNM was primarily T2c (48%) and T3a (32%) with nodal disease evident in 8% and 0% cM1 disease. Resections were R0 (85%) and 7 R1. The median follow-up was 42 days (range: 14-782). Early BCR occurred in 8 (17%) patients. This included 3/7 (43%) of R1 and 5/41 (12%) R0 resections. PSMA imaging confirmed 3 LN recurrences and new visceral ( n=1) and bone ( n=1) disease. D’Amico Risk scores were mostly “high” (88% with risk score ≥50%) and were not associated with early BCR. CAPRA-S scores were higher in those who developed early BCR (5: 1-9) than in those who did not (2: 0-5). Pre-surgical PROSTest scores were elevated in all (median 59: 15-81). Multiple regression analysis identified only PROSTest score ≥60 and nodal status were associated with BCR. The median Recurrence Free Survival (mRFS) was 89 days compared to undefined in those with baseline PROSTest scores ≥60 (HR: 9.7; 95%CI: 2.16-43.7; p=0.003). No recurrences were identified in those with scores <60. Conclusions: Early biochemical recurrence (within 3 months of surgery) can be accurately predicted by elevated (≥60) pre-surgical PROSTest blood gene expression scores. This suggests the marker could be used as a stratification tool for neoadjuvant therapy, or to guide the frequency of monitoring during follow-up.
Rapamycin Sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Mediated by a Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase Related to Human FK506-Binding Protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Rapamycin is a macrolide antifungal agent with structural similarity to FK506. It exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties analogous to those of both FK506 and cyclosporin A (CsA). Unlike FK506 and CsA, however, rapamycin does not inhibit the transcription of early T-cell activation genes, including interleukin-2, but instead appears to block downstream events leading to T-cell activation. FK506 and CsA receptor proteins (FKBP and cyclophilin, respectively) have been identified and shown to be distinct members of a class of enzymes that possess peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. Despite the apparent differences in their mode of action, rapamycin and FK506 act as reciprocal antagonists in vivo and compete for binding to FKBP. As a means of rapidly identifying a target protein for rapamycin in vivo, we selected and genetically characterized rapamycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolated a yeast genomic fragment that confers drug sensitivity. We demonstrate that the response to rapamycin in yeast cells is mediated by a gene encoding a 114-amino-acid,-13-kDa protein which has a high degree of sequence homology with human FKBP; we designated this gene RBPI (for rapamycin-binding protein). The RBPI protein (RBP) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and shown to catalyze peptidyl-prolyl isomerization of a synthetic peptide substrate. PPIase activity was completely inhibited by rapamycin and FK506 but not by CsA, indicating that both macrolides bind to the recombinant protein. Expression of human
Genomic Surveillance of Enterococcus faecium Reveals Limited Sharing of Strains and Resistance Genes between Livestock and Humans in the United Kingdom

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The rise in rates of human infection caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains between 1988 to the 2000s in Europe was suggested to be associated with acquisition from livestock. As a result, the European Union banned the use of the glycopeptide drug avoparcin as a growth promoter in livestock feed. While some studies reported a decrease in VREfm in livestock, others reported no reduction. Here, we report the first livestock VREfm prevalence survey in the UK since 2003 and the first large-scale study using whole-genome sequencing to investigate the relationship between E. faecium strains in livestock and humans. We found a low prevalence of VREfm in retail meat and limited evidence for recent sharing of strains between livestock and humans with bloodstream infection. There was evidence for limited sharing of genes encoding antibiotic resistance between these reservoirs, a finding which requires further research.
Additions to the orchid flora of Guizhou, China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two orchid species of Guizhou are treated and illustrated. Cremastra guizhouensis Q. H. Chen S. C. Chen is described as new to science. It is related to C. appendiculata (D. Don) Makino, from which it differs by having a cylindric pseudobulb up to 10-14 cm long and a smooth callus on the mid-lobe of the tip. Another species is Eulophia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie, which is reported from China for the first time.
Primate Ecology and Conservation Edited by J.G. Else and P.C. Lee Cambridge University Press, 1986, 393 pp, HB £37·50 ($59·50), PB £12·50 ($19·95)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

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Development of a Method for Absolute Quantification of Equine Acute Phase Proteins Using Concatenated Peptide Standards and Selected Reaction Monitoring

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was the development of a quantitative assay that could support future studies of a panel of acute phase proteins (APPs) in the horse. The assay was based on a quantification concatamer (QconCAT) coupled to selected reaction monitoring methodology. Thirty-two peptides, corresponding to 13 putative or confirmed APPs for the Equus caballus (equine) species were selected for the design of a QconCAT construct. The gene encoding the QconCAT was synthesized and expressed as an isotope-labeled chimaeric protein in Escherichia coli. The QconCAT tryptic peptides were analyzed on a triple-quadrupole instrument, and the quantotypic properties were assessed in equine serum, wound tissue, and wound interstitial fluid. Reasonable quantotypic performance was found for 12, 14, and 14 peptides in serum, wound tissue, and interstitial fluid, respectively. Seven proteins were quantified in absolute terms in serum collected from a horse before and after the onset of a systemic inflammatory condition, and the observed protein concentrations were in close agreement with previous data. We conclude, that this QconCAT is applicable for concurrent quantitative analysis of multiple APPs in serum and may also support future studies of these proteins in other types of tissues and body fluids from the horse.
Comparison of the Intraocular Pressure Lowering Effect of Latanoprost and Carteolol- pilocarpine Combination in Newly Diagnosed Glaucoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To evaluate the comparative efficacy of latanoprost monotherapy versus combined carteolol and pilocarpine therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma. Methods: Masked randomized prospective trial. This study included 51 patients (64 eyes) with newly diagnosed glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The cases were randomly divided into two treatment groups for administration of latanoprost 0.005 % once daily, or of car-teolol 2 % twice daily and pilocarpine 2 % twice daily. Mean diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at baseline, week 2, week 4, and month 3 after the beginning of treat-ment. Changes in mean IOP from baseline to the 3-month visit were determined by an analy-sis of variance. Results: Mean diurnal IOP values were 25.1
The Resource Base of Silica Glass Sand versus Glass Industry Development: The Case of Poland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The production of glass in Poland, especially of container and flat glass, has constantly risen for at least 30 years. New investments in this sector, which have recently been completed or are currently in progress, create optimistic prospects for further development of this industry, whose total annual production capacities in the next few years is expected to exceed 4 million tons. This will result in increasing demand for basic glass-making raw materials, especially high-quality silica sand (glass sand), which can be satisfied almost entirely from domestic sources. Poland as a country with a considerable resource base of these mineral raw materials, has noted a constantly growing production level that currently reaches approximately 2.8 million tons per year. This paper aims to characterize and interpret the development trends in the Polish glass industry in an international context, as well as the resulting increase in demand for glass sand. In this context, an attempt was made to answer questions concerning the sufficiency of the Polish domestic resource base for the production of glass sand. For this study, the leading recent international and Polish analyses, related to glass industry development, the resource base of glass silica sand, and the management of these types of sand, were taken into account, and were complemented by official statistical data and surveying of domestic glass producers. The performed analysis showed that when taking into account the available glass sand resources in developed deposits in Poland, it is possible to continue production at the existing or a slightly increasing level for another 20–25 years. Based on a more comprehensive perspective, however, it would be a good approach to continue providing access to those parts of currently extracted deposits of silica sand and sandstone that are now located outside of the existing exploitation licenses, as well as enabling the development of some satellite deposits in the Tomaszów Basin, which may prove difficult due to environmental factors.
Burst Geomagnetic Pulsations as Indicators of Substorm Expansion Onsets During Storms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We report on the dynamics of field‐aligned currents (FACs), broadband geomagnetic pulsations, and airglow obtained from the Irkutsk (IRK), Mondy (MND), and Borok (BOX) midlatitude geomagnetic observatories and the Tory (TOR) optical observatory during storm substorms. For the first time, using the short duration, Δ t < 0.5 min, high‐frequency component of the burst pulsations (Pi1B), we determined the substorm double expansion phase (EP) onsets <5 min apart, which is hardly possible by means of the low‐frequency (periods of 2–5 min) Psc/PiB pulsations. We argue that the observed burst pulsations are the result of prompt changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure and/or the current circuit related to the westward electrojet. Each pulsed source can excite short bursts of broadband electromagnetic modes of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator in the range of short‐period pulsations with a periodic resonance structure of the spectrum characteristic of the observed Pi1B/Psc pulsations.
Unquiet Lives: Marriage and Marriage Breakdown in England, 1660-1800

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on vivid court records and newspaper advertisements, this 2003 book is a pioneering account of the expectations and experiences of married life among the middle and labouring ranks in the long eighteenth century. Its original methodology draws attention to the material life of marriage, which has long been dominated by theories of emotional shifts or fashionable accounts of spouses' gendered, oppositional lives. Thus it challenges preconceptions about authority in the household, by showing the extent to which husbands depended upon their wives' vital economic activities: household management and child care. Not only did this forge co-dependency between spouses, it undermined men's autonomy. The power balance within marriage is further revised by evidence that the sexual double standard was not rigidly applied in everyday life. The book also shows that ideas about adultery and domestic violence evolved in the eighteenth century, influenced by new models of masculinity and femininity
Removal of Dislocated Soemmerring's Ring

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After-cataract is a remnant of an extracapsular cataract extraction. It may also be seen following a discission or needling or a perforating injury involving the lens. The after-cataract may assume many forms. One of these configurations is a dense ring behind the iris and was first described by Soemmerring in 1828.1This type of after-cataract is referred to as a "Soemmerring's ring." Dislocation of this ring has rarely been documented. A posterior dislocation is least commonly found and has never been removed operatively and reported. Cortical remains may be entrapped between the anterior and posterior capsule following a penetrating insult to the lens. The cells lining the anterior capsule may continue to form new lens fibers which are entrapped between the anterior and posterior capsular remnants. At times the capsular remains form a ring partly hidden behind the iris and only the edge may be visible through the pupillary