jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Selective Nitridation Crafted a High‐Density, Carbon‐Free Heterostructure Host with Built‐In Electric Field for Enhanced Energy Density Li–S Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To achieve both high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, it is essential yet challenging to develop low‐porosity dense electrodes along with diminishment of the electrolyte and other lightweight inactive components. Herein, a compact TiO 2 @VN heterostructure with high true density (5.01 g cm –3 ) is proposed crafted by ingenious selective nitridation, serving as carbon‐free dual‐capable hosts for both sulfur and lithium. As a heavy S host, the interface‐engineered heterostructure integrates adsorptive TiO 2 with high conductive VN and concurrently yields a built‐in electric field for charge‐redistribution at the TiO 2 /VN interfaces with enlarged active locations for trapping‐migration‐conversion of polysulfides. Thus‐fabricated TiO 2 @VN–S composite harnessing high tap‐density favors constructing dense cathodes (≈1.7 g cm –3 ) with low porosity (<30 vol%), exhibiting dual‐boosted cathode‐level peak volumetric‐/gravimetric‐energy‐densities nearly 1700 Wh L −1 cathode /1000 Wh kg −1 cathode at sulfur loading of 4.2 mg cm −2 and prominent areal capacity (6.7 mAh cm −2 ) at 7.6 mg cm −2 with reduced electrolyte (<10 µL mg −1 sulfur ). Particular lithiophilicity of the TiO 2 @VN is demonstrated as Li host to uniformly tune Li nucleation with restrained dendrite growth, consequently bestowing the assembled full‐cell with high electrode‐level volumetric/gravimetric‐energy‐density beyond 950 Wh L −1 cathode+anode /560 Wh kg −1 cathode+anode at 3.6 mg cm −2 sulfur loading alongside limited lithium excess (≈50%).
Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris AGG 72856 LENS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris
Common name(s): Lentil
Other names: PI 472569
Conserved by: Australian Grains Genebank, DEECA (AGG), Australia
Local sample unique identifier: AGG 72856 LENS
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1996-07-03
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
CREATING LEAN ENTERPRISES THROUGH PROCESS ORIENTATION - MODELS FOR NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The construction industry is experiencing large and radical changes forced upon it by external influences such as changing social patterns, internationalisation, growing environmental awareness, rapid development of the IT sector, knowledgeable and demanding customers, as well as development within the industry itself. The need for organisations to adapt to this new set of circumstances is evident as companies face financial difficulties at a time when they need to come up with innovative solutions and increase their customer focus. One way of adapting – the one explored in this paper – is to make the organisation leaner. ‘Lean enterprises ’ are resource and time efficient and agile to the point that they are able to respond to customer demands and expectations. Instead of having activities aligned according to functions, lean enterprises are organised along value chains of products or product families. This paper addresses the implementation of process thinking to the construction industry and presents a structured way of making a systematic representation of processes. It discusses initiatives, including the creation of extensive functional models that have been initiated to systematically identify processes within organisations and to create new models for more efficient enterprises. Conclusions are drawn that confirm the utility of adopting a process orientation for bringing about improvement and as a pathway towards establishing lean enterprises.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VI.—Applications of a coarse Aerosol containning DDT to control the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans Westw., Glossina swynnertoni Aust. and Glossina pallidipes Aust.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment is described where applications of a coarse aerosol were made to savannah woodland containing the tsetse flies, Glossina moritans Westw., G. swynnertoni Aust. and G. pallidipes Aust. Seven applications were made, each at a nominal dosage of 0·25 lb. of technical DDT per acre and 0·25 gallons of solution per acre. The applications in any particular part of the treaed woodland covered an interval of 90 days, or rather more than two pupal periods. The coarse aerosol was produced by emitting the insecticidal solution under pressure through fine nozzles fitted to a boom. It had a mass median diameter of approximately 60 microns, and droplet dismeters varied from a few microns to approximately 200 microns. The population of G. pallidipes was so drastically reduced that it has subsequently dies out. The reduction of G. morsitans was approximately 95 per cent. The differences between the reductions are attributed mainly to differences between the ease with which the three species can be killed. It is pointed out that this is not necessarily equivalent to differences in susceptibility. Comparisons are made with previous experiments, and the different results of the various experiments are difficult to explian satisfactory. The increased cover in savannah areas during the leafy period may have reduced the effectiveness of the applications, and the total periods covered by the various series of applications were probably also important. Random effects, leading to ineffective treatments, may also be important. Costs are discussed.
The epidemiology of enteric infections in agricultural communities exposed to wastewater irrigation: Perspectives for risk control

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the irrigation districts of central Mexico, in which 9435 individuals participated. The health outcomes included diarrhoeal diseases and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Water quality was assessed using faecal coliforms (FC) and nematode eggs as indicators of faecal pollution. Exposure groups were: 848 households irrigating with untreated wastewater; 544 households irrigating with the effluent from a series of interconnected reservoirs; and 928 households farming with natural rainfall. Children from households irrigating with untreated wastewater (108 FC/100 mL and 125 nematode eggs/L) had a 33% higher risk of diarrhoeal diseases than children from rainfall villages (OR = 1.33), whereas children from households exposed to the reservoirs effluent were not different from those in the rainfall group (OR = 1.17). No excess risk was found in older individuals from different exposure groups, but males had a 50% higher risk of disease than females (OR = 1.50). In the final analysis, drinking unboiled water and cultivating vegetables crops were associated with a higher risk of disease, both in children and older individuals, (OR = 1.45 and 2.00, respectively). Children from households exposed to untreated wastewater showed a fivefold increase in risk of A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 5.71), when compared to children from rain-farming villages. The observed difference in older individuals was even higher (OR = 13.18). Such risk, however, was substantially reduced in individuals exposed to the reservoirs effluent (OR = 1.29 and 1.94) with no detectable ova. The final analysis showed that most infected individuals came from landless households, poorer dwellings and low standards of sanitation, often purchasing vegetables in local shops (OR = 2.20, 2.23, 1.72 and 1.43, respectively). These results are discussed in the context of health protection measures and policy recommendations. Keywords: Cropland IrrigationEnteric InfectionsHealth RiskWastewater TreatmentWater Reuse
= F2(n+1) + F2(n+1)+k+1, using the Corollary in the last step of each set of equations.

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Show that the sum of the elements in the first and second rows denoted by R1 and R2 respectively can be expressed as R1 = 2F2nF2n+k R2 = F2nF2n+k+1 where {Fn, n ≥ 1} denotes the Fibonacci sequence.
Elucidation of the emission red-shift with increasing growth temperature of MBE-grown GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The causes were investigated for the photoluminescence red-shift with increasing quantum well growth temperature (T(ind QW)) reported in GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (Tournié et al., 2002: Chauveau et al., 2003). The phenomenon was found to be due to self-annealing, which occurred during the growth of layers on top of the quantum well at typical substrate temperatures T(ind QW) for GaAs growth by molecular-beam epitaxy. This self-annealing induces a blue-shift of the quantum well emission, whose magnitude increases as T(ind QW) decreases. The T(ind QW)-dependent blue-shift is correlated with the presence of In and occurs without noticeable changes in macroscopic alloy composition or quantum well structure. The underlying cause for the increase in blue-shift with decreasing T(ind QW) during self-annealing appears to be an increased number of In-N bonds due to point-defect-assisted diffusion. Possible defects involved are discussed in the paper on a qualitative basis.
Interaction effects of organic manure and legume plant on infiltration curves in a semi arid soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined application of organic fertilizers and leguminous plants cultivation on water penetration parameters in a selected soil from semi-arid region. Factorial experiment was based on randomized complete block design in which the first factor was three types of organic fertilizers including bovine compost, vermicompost, bovine and poultry manure, second factor, consumption of fertilizers in three levels including zero, 75 and 150 kg pure nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and in the third factor, three treatments of legume cultivation were included without cultivating, chickpea and lentil cultivation in three replications. Based on the results of this research among organic fertilizer treatments, bovine compost manure had the most positive effect on the cumulative penetration of water in selected soil from semi-arid region. Also, in the interaction effect of fertilizer use on the cumulative penetration curve of water had the highest effect on the consumption of 150 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare. The reason for this can be attributed to the effect of adding the highest amount of organic fertilizer, which through agglomerating and improving the soil structure by creating large aggregates, increases the rate of water penetration in the soil, thus increasing the cumulative penetration of water in the soil.
Segment Composition as a Factor in the Syllabification Errors of Second‐Language Speakers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A major goal of second‐language acquisition research is to identify factors that influence speaker/listener errors. This study focused on the markedness of L2 consonant characteristics as one such factor. Markedness theory has well served the search for performance constraints that go beyond native‐language interference. Its application to phonological errors in particular has been fertile ground for testing the claim that L2 errors reflect universal constraints on learning linguistic forms. Evidence for this claim has been sought more often from the syllabic structure of words than the properties of the speech sounds comprising it. Thus, given the universally favored CV syllable shape, L2 errors are expected to occur more often in the more marked syllable‐final than syllable‐initial word position. Our study revealed, however, that the markedness of the syllabic position can be neutralized by the type of consonant sounds that are perceived and produced: The expected rank ordering of initial and final consonant errors of Mandarin speakers of English did not conform to Anderson's (1987) hierarchy as predicted by a modified version of the Markedness Differential Hypothesis. These learners' syllable final/initial errors could be related to the consonant's manner and place of articulation, as well as to its voicing and sonority features as described in other studies; the greater vulnerability of their nasal than their oral stops to syllable position constraints implicates the markedness of the speech sounds themselves as a factor limiting performance. This study, then, adds to the growing body of evidence that L2 errors are differentially influenced by the inherent properties of the L2 speech sounds. The research focus on segmental sound properties becomes important in view of the fact that so much of the syllable structure research has focused on oral stops; our findings suggest that research on syllable structure constraints may not be generalized across sound classes. Furthermore, it is clear that multiple interacting factors must be taken into account in modeling L2 errors within a universal constraints framework.
Correction: Laminar Thickness Alterations in the Fronto-Parietal Cortical Mantle of Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Although Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was initially regarded as a disorder exclusive to childhood, nowadays its prevalence in adulthood is well established.The development of novel techniques for quantifying the thickness of the cerebral mantle allows the further exploration of the neuroanatomical profiles underlying the child and adult form of the disorder.To examine the cortical mantle in children and adults with ADHD, we applied a vertex-wise analysis of cortical thickness to anatomical brain MRI scans acquired from children with (n = 43) and without ADHD (n = 41), as well as a group of adult neurotypical individuals (n = 31), adult patients with a history of stimulant treatment (n = 31) and medication-naı ¨ve adults with ADHD (n = 24).We observed several clusters of reduced laminar cortical thickness in ADHD patients in comparison to neurotypical individuals.These differences were primarily located in the dorsal attention network, including the bilateral inferior and superior parietal cortex and a section of the frontal cortex (centered on the superior frontal and precentral gyrus bilaterally).Further laminar thickness deficits were observed in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and medial occipital cortex.The deficits in the cortical surface were especially pronounced in the child sample, while adult patients showed a more typical laminar thickness across the cerebral mantle.These findings show that the neuroanatomical profile of ADHD, especially the childhood form of the disorder, involves robust alterations in the cortical mantle, which are most prominent in brain regions subserving attentional processing.
The politics of space, state, and NGOs in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Chinese state in the twenty-first century is an increasingly heterogeneous
entity comprising multiple layers and spaces. This diversity is, in part, attributable to the rise of NGOs operating in China. This chapter examines how state and
NGOs transform each other. I argue that we need to problematize and reconceptualize the Chinese “state” to include a spatial dimension. The chapter demonstrates
this through a case study of migrant NGOs in Beijing and Shanghai where these
NGOs are making strong efforts to engage with central and local authorities. This
is a significant turn of events. I contend that the local state is becoming more
crucial in the work and activities of NGOs. It is the growing presence of the local
state that constructs the notion of the state as a spatial entity, and thus layered. In
an era when NGOs are proliferating in the nation, the Chinese state is engaging
with society as a means to remain relevant and legitimate. Through this process of
engagement, the state is penetrating different spaces to ensure its survival. Space
here should be construed in both the geographical sense – Beijing and Shanghai,
in the case of this chapter – and the sense of a social process, whereby NGOs and
their work represent a domain in which different layers of the state are engaging
with them, but have also permeated them.
Policy Overview and Options for Maximizing the Role of Policy in Geothermal Electricity Development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Geothermal electricity production capacity has grown over time because of multiple factors, including its renewable, baseload, and domestic attributes; volatile and high prices for competing technologies; and policy intervention. Overarching federal policies, namely the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), provided certainty to project investors in the 1980s, leading to a boom in geothermal development. In addition to market expansion through PURPA, research and development policies provided an investment of public dollars toward developing technologies and reducing costs over time to increase the market competitiveness of geothermal electricity. Together, these efforts are cited as the primary policy drivers for the currently installed capacity. Informing policy decisions depends on the combined impacts of policies at the federal and state level on geothermal development. Identifying high-impact suites of policies for different contexts, and the government levels best equipped to implement them, would provide a wealth of information to both policy makers and project developers.
A Tetramethyl Rhodamine (Tamra) Phosphoramidite Facilitates\nSolid-Phase-Supported Synthesis of 5‘-Tamra DNA

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

5-Carboxy Tamra <b>1</b> was conjugated to 4-hydroxypiperidine with BOP and <i>N</i>-methylmorpholine,\nand the resulting 5-(<i>N</i>-pipyridyl-4-hydroxy)-Tamra carboxamide <b>2</b> was treated with 2-cyanoethyl\ntetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite to give 5-[<i>N</i>-pipyridyl-4-<i>O</i>-(2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidite)]-Tamra carboxamide <b>3</b>. Solutions of <b>3</b> were coupled onto the 5‘-hydroxyl of solid-phase-supported DNA fragments with standard amidite coupling techniques. Cleavage and deprotection\nwith aqueous <i>tert</i>-butylamine cocktail gave 5-Tamra-functionalized DNA as well as an additional\ncompound without the Tamra chromophore. A mass spectrum of this product showed the\nincorporation of <i>tert</i>-butylamine. The extra product was completely suppressed by including a 5\nmin acetylation step after coupling. A model study of <b>3</b> coupled onto thymidine-functionalized CPG\nshowed similar results. NMR and mass spectra of cleaved products confirmed the addition of <i>tert</i>-butylamine to the minor product. Coupling a Tamra active ester onto T CPG which was previously\ncoupled with <i>N</i>-(4-methoxytrityl)piperidyl-4-<i>O</i>-(2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidite) <b>4</b> produced\nthe same major Tamra-bearing product, which coeluted on reverse phase HPLC with the major\nproduct generated with <b>3</b>.
A Study on Diffusion and migration of lead in compacted bentonite; The Effects of dry density, silica sand content and temperature on diffusion and migration of Pb-210 in sodium bentonite

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We have studied performance as a diffusion barrier of bentonite which is one of the candidate buffer materials for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Various functions are expected for bentonite and a retardation function in diffusion process of radionuclides released from vitrified waste is also one of them. In this study, diffusion and migration of Pb i bentonite, particularly for the effects of bentonite dry density, silica sand content and temperature on apparent diffusion coefficients (Da) were experimentally studied from the viewpoints of (1) database development and expansion for important nuclides in dose evaluation, (2)confirmation of the validity or conservativity of distribution coefficient (Kd) used in the second progress report, and (3)understanding the mechanism of diffusion and migration behaviour in bentonite. In diffusion experiments, a Na-bentonite, Kunigel-VI (R) (Na-smectite, 46-49wt%) was used and the experiments were carried out at dry densities of 0.8, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8Mg/m3 and temperatures of 22.5pm2.5 and 60pm0.1circC by in-diffusion method. The experiments i the systems with silica sand of 30 and 50wt% were also carried out only at a bentonite dry density of 1.6Mg/m3. Since Pb is much contained in the bentonite, 210Pb which is radioactive, was used as a tracer in all experiments and analysed by a liquid scintillation counter. All experiments were performed in a N2 atmospheric glove-box (O2 concentration < 1ppm). Additionally, the background of 210Pb in the bentonite was measured to obtain reliable data. The measurements were carried out as a function of bentonite dry density (0.8, 1.6, 1.8Mg/m3), saturation period (40-71d) and bentonite slice thickness (0.2-2mm). Furthermore, a HNO3 solution used for removal of 210Pb from bentonite slices, liquid scintillator and an empty polyethylene vial were also analyzed. Consequently, no significant difference in ...
The Production of Copper-arsenic Alloys in the Central Andes: Highland Ores and Coastal Smelters?

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

AbstractThe alloy of copper and arsenic was one of the most common metallurgical products in the central Andean area during the Late Intermediate Period (A.C. 900–1476), and a large part of that production took place at smelting sites on the north coast of what is today Peru. The research of the Battán Grande-La Leche Archaeological Project has made available for the first time a rich body of data on the smelting/refining furnaces used to win copper-arsenic metal from metallic ores at Battán Grande, a key north coast center of production of the alloy. There is general agreement that mixed ores were charged into the Battán Grande furnaces, some containing minerals that contributed primarily copper to the alloy, others that contributed primarily arsenic. Whereas the types of copper ore have been identified, the types of arsenic-bearing ores and their sources remain in question.The two arsenic minerals most likely to have been used in the north coast production of copper-arsenic alloys are enargite and arsenopyrite; the former is a mineral found only in the high sierra of the central Andes, whereas the latter is also available in some of the north coast valleys. No specimens of enargite have been reported thus far at Battán Grande, but this article discusses the identification of one example of enargite ore from the nearby metallurgical site of Batanes del Tablazo, in the Chancay Valley. Inferences drawn from a single ore specimen must be made with caution, but the new data lend support to the argument that one of the main sources of supply of arsenic-bearing ores for coastal smelters was the deposits located in the highlands to the east. The mechanisms by which these ores may have been brought to the coast remain a matter of conjecture.