jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Incoherently coupled spatial soliton pairs due to both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

AbstractA number of new photorefractive materials, where refractive index changes in materials are simultaneously governed by both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects, have been found in recent decades. Here we first present a comprehensively theoretical study of incoherently coupled spatial soliton pairs due to both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects in all four possible realizations: dark–dark, bright–bright, gray–gray, and dark–bright. These soliton pairs owe their existence to the co-effects of both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects where PR effect may be enhanced, weakened, or even counteracted because of the interaction of these two electro-optic effects. It is shown that these incoherently coupled spatial soliton pairs can be established provided that the incident beams have the same polarization, wavelength, and are mutually incoherent. At last, we give a simple elucidation on the stabilities of these incoherent coupled soliton pairs. Relevant examples are also provided.Keywords: nonlinear opticsphotorefractive spatial solitonelectro-optic effect Additional informationFundingFunding. This work was supported by Program for Innovation Research of Science in Harbin Institute of Technology [grant number PIRS OF HIT A201414].
How individuals who are blind locate targets

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

How do individuals who are blind locate, for example, the ‘@’ in an email address, the black king on a chessboard or their own house on a map? To locate information in peri-personal (non-rotated) tabletop space is a two-phase process: Phase 1 is to detect and identify the target; Phase 2 is to discover its position. This study investigated the relationship between Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the location process. A total of 23 individuals who are blind participated. Their accuracy in Phase 2 was affected by what strategy they had adopted in Phase 1; their location time was not. Three location strategies were identified in Phase 2 – the routing strategy, the global view strategy, and the touch vision strategy: the location time and accuracy not affected by which strategy had been adopted. 50% adopted the same strategy for ranking (Phase 1) target-discriminating features and (Phase 2) target-locating cues in order of importance.
Identification of Myosin A, Actin and Native Tropomyosin Constituting of Arterial Contractile Protein (Myosin B) and Their Characteristics

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In order to clarify the characteristic features of arterial contractile protein, natural actomyosin (myosin B), myosin A, actin and native tropomyosin were extracted from bovine carotid arteries and their characteristic features were compared with those from bovine cardiac muscle and from rabbit's skeletal muscle. In this study, the following points were clarified: l) Arterial contractile protein mainly consisted of myosin A, actin and native tropomyosin, regulatory protein respondent to Ca2+ just as having been observed in those from striated muscle. 2) Arterial myosin A, actin and native tropomyosin possessed the similar features characteristic of myosin A, act-in and native tropomyosin from striated muscle, respectively, as shown with following items; effect of divalent cations on ATP-ase activity of myosin A, G↛F transformation in actin the formation of "arrow-head structure" m F-actin by reaction with arterial and skeletal H-meromyosins and the demonstration of the intraction of myosin A and F-actin with regardless of their origins. 3) The optimal concentration of Mg2+ necessary for the interaction of myosin A and F-actin was much high (10-20 mM) in myosin A from arterial wall and very low (< 0.5 mM) in myosin A from striated muscle regardless of origin of the F-actin. 4) In electronmicrographic structures, arterial myosin aggregates were shorter in the length compared with that of striated muscle, having rod shape without tapering and possessed the fine projections only at the both ends. However, any difference has not been observed between arterial F-actin and F-actin from striated muscle which held helical structure with the pitch of about 350 A and the width of about 80 A. 5) The thin filaments containing actin were located not only at muscular layer of arterial wall but also at endothelium of renal capillary. Through the above findings, it was understood that the contraction - relaxation of arterial wall, even in capillary, contributory to the performance of blood circulation was based on the association - dissociation of myosin aggregate and F-actin together with native tropomyosin respondent to Ca2+ through increase - decrease of Ca2+, which is associated with hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of Mg2+.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Pharmacokinetic Profile of Artemether in Male Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Malaria is one of the major public health challenges in Nigeria. Treatment failure as a result of drug interaction is a major problem. A study of the effect of ascorbic acid on the antiplasmodial activity of artemether has been reported. This study was carried out to determine the effect of ascorbic acid on the pharmacokinetic profile of artemether. Fourteen male rabbits weighing between 2.0 – 2.5 kg were used in this study. Four of the rabbits were used for determination of the efficiency, recovery studies and calibration curve while ten rabbits were randomly selected into Group A and B consisting of five rabbits each were used for the pharmacokinetic studies. Group A was administered a single dose of 10 mg/kg artemether while Group B was co-administered a single dose of 10 mg/kg artemeter and10 mg/kg ascorbic acid intramuscularly. The dihydroartemisinin in the plasma was analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results showed that ascorbic acid affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of artemether. The time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) increase from 30.00 min to 42.00 min while the maximum concentration (Cmax) and Area-under the Concentration Curve (AUC) decrease from 1461.9 (ng/mL) and 6566.7 (ng hr/mL) to 1331.1 (ng/mL) and 6105.8 (ng hr/mL), respectively. Ascorbic acid altered the pharmacokinetic profile of artemether. In clinical practice patients should be adviced not to co-administer ascorbic acid with artemether.
A 1–2 GHz Computational-Locking ADPLL With Sub-20-Cycle Locktime Across PVT Variation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes computational locking (C-lock) in all-digital phase-locked loops (PLLs) to achieve rapid frequency and phase lock acquisition. The proposed approach employs a "lock-accelerator" module that accelerates lock-times (Tlock) in both cold-start (PLL power-up) and re-lock scenarios without impacting steady-state PLL performance. The key premise underlying C-lock is that solving a system of accurate phase-frequency update equations at run-time provides superior lock performance compared to traditional PLLs that rely on linear feedback control. C-lock is readily amenable to runtime adaptation to Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) variation. A 1-2 GHz computationally locked PLL was implemented in a 65-nm standard CMOS process. Measurements over 50000 iterations of re-lock and cold-start experiments across multiple test-chips, supply-voltage (Vdd), and operating temperatures indicate a mean re-lock time of 12 PLL reference clock cycles (12T REFCLK ), and a "cold-start" T lock of 16T REFCLK . Although the silicon demonstration of C-lock is based on a PLL designed for system clocking applications, the proposed approach is applicable to a broader class of PLLs.
Modeling Common Knowledge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In chapter seven I defend the fruitfulness of models including common knowledge—knowledge that we know that we know…ad infinitum—against some recent attacks. Some of those attacks—from Williamson, Hawthorne, and Magidor—turn on rejecting the sorts of principles concerning relations between first-order and higher-order knowledge that I defend in chapter six. Another, due to Harvey Lederman, does not; Lederman grants the KK thesis—if you know that P, you know that you know—for the sake of argument, and contends that even with that major concession, common knowledge is impossible. Ultimately, I'll argue that Lederman's strategy looks much less persuasive once we adopt a modest modeling perspective.
Surgical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, a report of 42 cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To improve the surgical treatment in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Methods The clinical and pathological features were analyzed in 42 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma retrospectively Results The main symptoms were epigastric pain, jaundice and mass Hepatolithiasis was complicated and CA19 9 elevated in 16 out of 25 patients There were 20 cases with single mass formation and 19 with lymph node metastasis Hepatectomy was performed in 16 patients Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in one patient Seven patients who had received radical resection survived more than 1 year, 3 had survived 4 years and 2 patients are alive for more than 5 years Conclusion Early diagnosis and treatment provide better survival opportunity for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Determination of Trace Level Microcystins in Water by Fully Automated Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A fully automated online solid phase extraction(online SPE)-HPLC method was developed for the determination of three trace level microcystins(MCs) in water samples.The sample was first injected by autosampler to the online SPE column continuously followed by clean-up using loading pump with gradient program.Then the online SPE column was introduced to the analytical flow path by valve switching and the analytes were back-flushed to the analytical column using analytical pump for further determination.The Acclaim PA cartridge(10 mm×4.3 mm×5 μm) was employed as online SPE column and the Acclaim PA2(150 mm×4.6 mm×3 μm) as analytical column,the flow of loading pump was set at 2.0 mL/min while the analytical pump was 1.0 mL/min.Gradient programs were used for the sample clean-up and determination in both pumps.The detection wavelength was set at 238 nm,the injection volume was 10 mL and the total analysis time was 20 min.Good linearity from 0.5 to 10 μg/L(R20.9996) for each microcystin were obtained with a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.1 μg/L(S/N3).The repeatability was got from 6 injections of standard solution with peak area RSD1.6%.The results showed that the proposed method could be used for the determination of trace level microcystins in water samples.
From Textual Experiments to Experimental Texts: Expressive Repetition in "Artificial Intelligence Literature"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Since the birth of artificial intelligence 70 years ago, attempts at literary "creation" with computers are present in the course of technological development, creating what one might call "artificial intelligence literature" (AI literature). Evolving from "textual experiments" conducted by technologists to "experimental texts" that explore the possibilities of conceptions of literature, AI literature integrates primitive problems including machine thinking, text generation, and machine creativity, which exhibits the two-way interaction between social ideas and technology. In the early stage, the mutual support between technological path and artistic ideas turned out to be a failure, while AI-driven expressive repetitions are made probable in the contemporary technological context, paving the way for the transformation of AI literature from proof for technical possibilities to self-verification of literary value.
Using the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education to Assess a University Library Instruction Program

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary The Reference and Instruction Department at Oregon State University (OSU) was charged with creating a vision and goals for its instruction program. This article describes how we used the recently published ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education as a framework for an initial self-study of our instructional practice and for promoting the concept of information literacy at our institution. The process of assessing our current practice led to discussions with library and campus faculty about the value of information literacy and to a clearer articulation of our instructional mission.
Reversal of GABA-mediated Inhibition of the Electrically and Potassium Chloride Evoked [3H]-GABA Release from Rat Substantia Nigra Slices by DL-3-Hydroxy-3-Phenyl Pentanamide

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The phenyl alcohol amides, DL-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl butyramide (CAS 52839-87-9), DL-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl pentanamide (CAS 131802-69-2, DL-HEPP) and DL-4-hydroxy-4-phenyl hexanamide (CAS 67880-30-2) and their fluorine and chlorine analogs, at a concentration of 100 micromol/L, did not displace [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]-GABA, CAS 108158-36-7) from GABAA receptors and only weakly displaced [3H]-GABA and [3H]-CGP62349 (CAS 186986-97-0), a GABAB receptor antagonist, from GABAB receptors in rat brain crude synaptic membranes. The electrically and potassium chloride (15 mmol/L) evoked [3H]-GABA release in the presence of DL-HEPP, GABA and GABAB receptor ligands from rat brain substantia nigra (SN) slices was studied. R-Baclofen (CAS 69308-37-8) (10 micromol/L), a GABAB receptor agonist, produced an inhibition of the electrically evoked [3H]-GABA release and this inhibition was blocked by CGP 55845A (CAS 149184-22-5) (10 micromol/L), a GABAB receptor antagonist, but was not affected by DL-HEPP (100 micromol/L). CGP 55845A (10 micromol/L) did not alter the electrically evoked [3H]-GABA release in the absence of baclofen. The addition of DL-HEPP (100 micromol/L) alone did not affect the electrically-evoked release of [3H]-GABA release control, but it was able to significantly reduce the inhibitory effect of GABA (CAS 56-12-2) (10 micromol/L) on [3H]-GABA release evoked both by electrical and potassium chloride stimulation, in the presence of tiagabine (CAS 115103-54-3) (10 micromol/L), a GABA uptake blocker. In three preliminary experiments, bicuculline (CAS 485-49-4) (10 micromol/L) and picrotoxinin (CAS 17617-45-7) (10 micromol/L), two GABAA antagonists, inhibited the electrically evoked release of [3H]-GABA from rat SN slices, and DL-HEPP (100 micromol/L) reversed this inhibition. The mechanism of action of DL-HEPP is not known but, it might act as a negative GABA modulator in rat brain slices.
Embarazo, lactancia y glaucoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The therapeutic management of glaucoma during pregnancy or lactation is a challenge. In the present work we have proposed to review the most relevant and current aspects of the subject. There are often patients with advanced maternal age and glaucoma where there is a higher risk of complications, both for the fetus and the mother, and the obstetrician is not always aware of this disease. It is the ophthalmologist who must weigh the risks and benefits of the different therapeutic options. The greatest fetal risk occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy and less than 20% of all drugs classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) belong to the safest categories (A or B), with most topical antiglaucomatous drugs falling into category C, except for brimonidine (category B). In the last month of pregnancy the drugs pass through the placenta and reach the fetal circulation, potentially affecting the cardiac, respiratory and neurological systems. No antiglaucomatous drug currently has scientific evidence to support its complete safety for the fetus based on human studies. But there are new options, such as selective laser trabeculoplasty, which can be performed during pregnancy. Finally, this issue should be known and considered in order to evaluate each case individually.
Retrospective Evaluation of Dental Avulsion Cases

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

ÖZ GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Dental avülsiyon, en ciddi travmatik dental yaralanmalardan biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ordu Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Pedodonti Anabilim Dalı'na dental avülsiyon nedeniyle başvuran çocuk hastaların verilerinin retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesidir
Validation of the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE) in Chinese heart valve surgery patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The additive and logistic EuroSCORE models gave an imprecise prediction for individual operative risk in heart valve surgery patients at the authors' center; thus, use of the EuroSCORE models for risk evaluation at this center may be unsuitable in the future. It will be necessary to re-examine the performance of the EuroSCORE model for predicting operative mortality in heart valve surgery on a multicenter database in China.
Uniform Tail Asymptotics for the Sum of Two Correlated Classes with Stochastic Returns and Dependent Heavy Tails

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider a continuous-time risk model with two correlated classes of insurance business and risky investments whose price processes are geometric Lévy processes. By assuming that the correlation comes from a common shock, and the claim sizes are heavy-tailed and pairwise quasi-asymptotically independent, we investigate the tail behavior of the sum of the stochastic present values of the two correlated classes, and a uniform asymptotic formula is obtained.
Safety of Vascular Neck Restraint Applied by Law Enforcement Officers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One use of force option available to officers in some police agencies is the vascular neck restraint (VNR). Using this technique, pressure is applied to the sides of the neck. If properly executed, VNR can result in either voluntary compliance or temporary unconsciousness. Based on a review of records from three police agencies, VNR performed by trained police officers was found to be both safe and effective. The data revealed no fatalities or significant injuries. The real-world effectiveness of the VNR technique was estimated to be 92.6%. Calls to ban neck manipulation techniques by police officers due to safety concerns may be unnecessary. Banning a safe and effective use of force option may be counterproductive, by forcing officers to utilize other options with higher risks of injury.
Harnessing the power of artificial intelligence for glaucoma diagnosis and treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Artificial intelligence (AI) has great potential for diagnosing and managing glaucoma, a disease that causes irreversible vision loss. Early detection is paramount to prevent visual field loss. AI algorithms demonstrate promising capabilities in analyzing various glaucoma investigations. In analyzing retinal fundus photographs, AI achieves high accuracy in detecting glaucomatous optic nerve cupping, a hallmark feature. AI can also analyze optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) and ganglion cell complex, identifying structural changes indicative of glaucoma and also Anterior Segment OCT(AS-OCT) for angle closure disease. OCT interpretation may even be extended to diagnose early features of systemic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. Furthermore, AI can assist in interpreting visual field (VF) tests, including predicting future VF loss patterns for the next 5 years. The ability of AI to integrate data from multiple modalities, including fundus photographs, Intra Ocular Pressure(IOP) measurements, RNFL OCT, AS-OCT, and VF tests, paves the way for a more comprehensive glaucoma assessment. This approach has the potential to revolutionize ophthalmology by enabling teleophthalmology and facilitating the development of personalized treatment plans. However, the authors emphasize the crucial role of human judgement and oversight in interpreting AI-generated results. Ultimately, ophthalmologists must make the final decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Impact of post deposition annealing of ZrO2 insulating layer on the performance of GaN metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

GaN metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM)ultraviolet photodetectors without and with annealed ZrO 2 insulating layers are successfully fabricated. It is found that the dark current is reduced by 3 times post annealing of the oxide layer. GaN MSM photo detectors exhibit large internal gain which can be explained by considering the presence of hole traps in oxide layer. Further, reduction in gain and increase intransient response time of photodetectors post annealing of ZrO 2 layer reveal that the density of shallow trap states is considerably reduced by the annealing step. It is noticed that though the response of all the states is affected by the annealing but the fast component of photo response is rather severely hampered. The present investigations clearly demonstrate that reduction of dark current is not the sole criteria for improving the performance of a photodetector. Rather, transient response of the device and hence the bandwidth of the device along with the leakage current and gain should be taken into consideration for qualifying the overall performance of the photodetectors.
Phalaris seed production: control of <i>Rumex</i> and herbicide tolerance

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Control of Rumex species in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) by four herbicides and tolerance of phalaris seed crops to a range of herbicides was investigated in two trials.Dicamba at 400 g/ha gave 100% control of Rumex species in both years (0 and 1 Rumex seed/40g phalaris seed).Thifensulfuron at 15 g/ha gave 100% and 99.7 control (0 and 15 seeds/ 40g).These treatments were more effective than asulam or a 2,4-D + dicamba mixture.Phalaris seed yields had good tolerance to mecoprop and dichlorprop mixtures, tribenuron-methyl, TCA + 2,2-DPA, prodiamine, and diflufenican + bromoxynil.Fenoxyprop-P-ethyl is not recommended for phalaris seed crops.
Podatność osuwiskowa obszaru Krakowa

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Due to the differentiation of landslides in Kraków city area, an artificial neural network method (multilayer perceptron) was used to determine the landslide susceptibility (LS). The calculations were performed in the r.landslide module. The network learning was carried out on the basis of 8 thematic layers (slopes, slope exposure, absolute height, relative height, convergence index, surface lithology, sub-Quaternary lithology, distance from tectonic discontinuities). For modelling, 434 points representing landslides and the same number of pointsoflocationswithoutlandslideswereused.Amongthesetofpoints,70%wasallocatedtothetrainingphase, 15%tothevalidationphase,and15%tothephase.Inordertoassessthenetworkperformance,basedontheresults of the test phase, a confusion matrix was made. Approximately 22% of the city’s area is susceptible to landslide occurrence(LS>0.05).Itoverlapexistinglandslidesandcoverareaswheretheyhavenotoccurredyet.Thegreatestnumberofareas susceptibletolandslideoccurrenceislocatedindistrictsX(54%ofthedistrictarea)andVII(47%).Therearealsothemostsusceptible areas (LS > 0.95). The sensitivity analysis implemented in the module showed that among the thematic layers used for modelling the slopes, convergence index, distance from tectonic discontinuities and sub-Quaternary lithology have the greatest impact on the landslide susceptibility.