jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genetic region responsible for the differences of starch properties in two glutinous rice cultivars in Hokkaido, Japan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Starch properties are major determinants of grain quality and food characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Control of starch properties will lead to the development of rice cultivars with desirable characteristics. We performed quantitative trait locus analysis and detected a putative region on chromosome 2 associated with phenotypic variation of starch properties in two glutinous rice varieties developed in the Hokkaido region of Japan: 'Kitayukimochi', which has a low pasting temperature and creates soft rice cakes, and 'Shirokumamochi', which has a high pasting temperature and creates hard rice cakes. Starch branching enzyme IIb (SbeIIb) was identified as a candidate gene within the region. Sequence analysis of SbeIIb in parental lines identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with non-synonymous mutations in the coding region of the 'Shirokumamochi' genotype (SbeIIbsr ). We genotyped over 100 rice cultivars, including 28 rice varieties in the Honshu region of Japan, using the CAPS marker, which was designed using one of the SNPs. However, SbeIIbsr was not found in rice cultivars in Honshu. Distribution analysis indicated that SbeIIbsr was introduced to the rice breeding population in Hokkaido from the American variety 'Cody' via the Hokkaido cultivar 'Kitaake'. As a result, SbeIIbsr was distributed only in progenies of 'Kitaake'.
[Retracted] Serum‑free‑medium‑type mesenchymal stem cell culture supernatant exerts a protective effect on A549 lung epithelial cells in acute lung injury induced by H2O2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors wish to retract their research article entitled 'Serum‑free‑medium‑type mesenchymal stem cell culture supernatant exerts a protective effect on A549 lung epithelial cells in acute lung injury induced by H2O2', published in Oncology Reports 40, 3033‑3039, 2018. After the publication of this article, the authors have become concerned that there were flaws in their study design that have called into question the reported results. On repeating certain of the experiments, the authors found that the Nrf2‑Keap1‑ARE signaling pathway only has a role in the lung epithelial cell injury model, whereas it does not serve a role in the A549 model. Further studies are required to validate the role of the Nrf2‑Keap1‑ARE signaling pathway and the apoptosis‑associated proteins. In particular, the results presented in Fig. 5, showing the difference between Bax and Bcl‑2, appear to be incorrect. For these reasons, the authors have decided to retract the article from the publication. All the named authors on the paper agree to this retraction. The authors sincerely apologize for any inconvenience that might result from the retraction of this article. [the original article was published in the Oncology Reports 40: 3033‑3039, 2018; DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6656].
Comparison of the antispermatogenic effects of a new D‐homo‐steroid and testosterone in rabbits

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In comparison to testosterone, 18β‐hydroxy‐18α‐methyl‐16α, 17α‐methylene‐D‐homo‐5α‐androstane‐3‐one (D‐homo‐S) shows more pronounced anti‐gonadotrophic than androgenic properties in rats. The present study was initiated in rabbits to investigate the potential of D‐homo‐S to suppress spermatogenesis. D‐homo‐S in sesame oil was administered at the doses of 0.1 (DI), 3 (D II) or 10 mg (D III) per rabbit each day for 8 weeks. During treatment serum testosterone, sperm concentration and quality of sperm motility decreased, whereas sex drive, semen volume and seminal plasma concentrations of fructose and zinc were not changed in any of the groups. Testicular weight and intratesticular testosterone concentration decreased significantly in groups D II and DIII, while weights of accessory sex glands increased in those groups. Testosterone in the same dose regimen did not suppress sperm count, motility or serum testosterone, however, seminal plasma zinc concentration in group TIII and fructose in group TI increased. Testicular weight and intratesticular testosterone concentration decreased in group TIII only. On the other hand, the weight of the accessory sex glands increased in the same group. In conclusion, D‐homo‐S suppresses spermatogenesis and increases accessory sex gland weights at doses, when testosterone is still ineffective. Thus, in rabbits D‐homo‐S appears to be a more potent androgen than testosterone but a dissociation between antigonadotrophic and androgenic properties could not be observed.
Caregiver-mediated approaches to managing challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A significant proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are referred to mental health centers due to the presence of challenging behaviors. Because challenging behaviors in children and adolescents with ASD often result from underlying social and communication difficulties and comorbid anxiety, traditional caregiver-mediated behavior intervention techniques developed for children with disruptive behavior disorders may need to be adapted for this population. Behavioral interventions that target communication skills, social skills, anxiety, and sensory responsiveness in children with ASD may be needed. Notably, while best practice necessitates the involvement of caregivers in treating children and adolescents with ASD, few randomized control studies have examined the effectiveness of caregiver-implemented interventions in reducing challenging behaviors. This review summarizes the current literature with regard to caregiver-mediated behavioral interventions for children with ASD, and suggests areas for intervention development and research.
Summary of aim 2 CRCT phase measures.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div><p>Black men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to have the highest incidence of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses in the United States but are least likely to be engaged in care or to be virally suppressed. Many Black MSM face multiple stigmas, but some have found refuge in the House Ball Community (HBC)—a national network of Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender kinship commitments that provide care-giving, affirmation, and survival skills-building for its members. We propose to modify a skills-building and HIV prevention best-evidence, group-level intervention for HIV- negative Black MSM (Many Men Many Voices) into a family-based intervention to focus on asset-building for both HIV-negative and HIV-positive Black MSM within HBC families. The adapted intervention will be re-branded as Our Family Our Voices (OFOV). We proposed a mixed-methods study to test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of OFOV adapted for HIV status-neutral use with HBC families. First, we will develop the intervention protocol using the ADAPT-ITT model for modifying behavioral interventions. Then, we will conduct a cluster randomized controlled trial with six HBC families in New York City. Families will be randomized to the OFOV intervention or waitlist control arm. Primary outcomes will be HIV testing, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use, currently in HIV care and on HIV treatment. Secondary outcomes will be the number of family-based assets, resilience, number of sexual partners, and relative frequency of condomless anal intercourse. The results of the formative research, including the pilot trial, will contribute to the evidence-base regarding the development of HIV status-neutral interventions that respond to the diversity and complexities of HBC families and that recognize the importance of asset-building for facilitating HBC resilience to stigma as a part of the United States’ domestic policy objective of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030.</p></div>
Computed tomography of the central nervous system

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this chapter is to review the most pertinent articles published during the past year on the subject of computed tomography of the central nervous system. The chapter contains sections on pediatric computed tomography, and on the diagnostic use of CT in white matter disease, in infectious disease, for intracranial aneurysms, trauma, and intracranial tumors. Metrizamide flow studies and contrast enhancement are also examined. (KRM)
Developmental and Pharmacological Regulation of Apolipoprotein C-II Gene Expression

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract —Increased plasma triglyceride concentrations are often observed in metabolic disorders predisposing to coronary heart disease. Among the major determinants of plasma triglyceride metabolism are the apolipoproteins (apos) of the C class, C-I, C-II, and C-III. Whereas physiological concentrations of apo C-II are required for lipolysis of triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), overexpression of all 3 C apolipoproteins leads to hypertriglyceridemia. In the present study, we investigated apo C-II gene regulation under conditions associated with profound changes in plasma triglyceride metabolism, ie, during postnatal development and after treatment with the triglyceride-lowering fibrate drugs, and compared its expression to that of apo C-I and apo C-III. Whereas the expression of both apo C-I and apo C-III is low in fetal liver, increases gradually after birth, and attains maximal levels after weaning, apo C-II gene expression is already detectable in the fetal liver, increases rapidly immediately after birth, and remains elevated throughout suckling. Thus, the increased ingestion of lipids during suckling is met by an earlier induction of apo C-II, the obligatory activator for LPL, compared with apo C-III and apo C-I, which antagonize triglyceride catabolism. Treatment of rats with fibrates decreased apo C-II gene expression in the liver, but not in the intestine, whereas apo C-I gene expression did not change. The decrease of liver apo C-II mRNA levels after fenofibrate occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was reversible but appeared less pronounced than the decrease of apo C-III mRNA. Apo C-II mRNA levels were not affected after treatment with BRL49653 , a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)γ–specific ligand, suggesting that fibrates act on apo C-II expression via PPARα. Addition of fenofibric acid to primary rat and human hepatocytes resulted in a decrease of apo C-II expression. In conclusion, fibrates decrease gene expression of apo C-II and apo C-III, but not apo C-I, in rat and human hepatocytes. This decrease of apo C-II and apo C-III gene expression, together with a lowered apo C-III to apo C-II ratio, should result in an improved clearance of triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins from plasma, without hampering triglyceride lipolysis by LPL.
Effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Students’ Academic Achievement and Retention in Chemistry at Secondary Level

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>The current paper investigated the effects of information and communication technology on the students’ academic achievement and retention in chemistry. Fifty students of 9th grade were selected randomly from Kohsar Public School and College Latamber Karak. The students were grouped into equivalent groups based on pretest score. In order to collect data, pretest posttest equivalent groups design was used. Mean, standard deviation and independent samples t-test were applied through SPSS for data analysis. Based on statistical analysis, it came to light that information and communication technology positively affects students’ academic achievement and retention and ICT was found more compelling, effective and valuable in teaching of chemistry when contrasted with conventional techniques of teaching. It is recommended that information and communication technology should be used in teaching chemistry for enhancing students’ academic achievement at secondary level.</p>
Acoustic detection and classification of all-terrain vehicles and automobiles in pennsylvania state parks

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The preservation of today’s natural environment is more important than ever before; with the encroachment of civilization, protected areas are necessary. This protection must go beyond just saving wildlife but also protecting natural soundscapes for visitors to experience “dispersed low-density outdoor recreation.” However, some visitors use the wilds for motorized recreation such as Off-Road Vehicles, All Terrain Vehicles, and Side-by-Side Vehicles producing elevated levels of noise which could impact the other visitors. In order to determine how the protected areas were used, listening stations were placed at high-traffic areas to monitor the soundscape for one summer. This dataset was analyzed to understand the number and impact of anthropogenic noise sources. This research develops a training dataset that could be implemented with supervised machine-learning models to automate event detection and classification.
OBSERVATIONS ON REMYELINATION IN THE RABBIT SPINAL CORD FOLLOWING DEMYELINATION INDUCED BY LYSOLECITHIN

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The extent and type of remyelination that occurred following demyelination induced by intraspinal injection of small volumes of lysolecithin was examined in 24 rabbits. Unlike the rat and cat following this procedure remyelination is not complete even after 6 months' survival and little Schwann cell invasion occurs. The cellular environment around remyelinated and persistently demyelinated axons differed. Remyelination was associated with a good astrocytic presence and removal of myelin debris, while persistently demyelinated axons were surrounded by myelin debris and a poor astrocytic presence. It was concluded that the environment around the demyelinated axon influences oligodendrocyte remyelination.
C–S STRETCHING VIBRATIONS AND MOLECULAR CONFORMATIONS OF METHYL PROPYL SULFIDE AND RELATED ALKYL SULFIDES

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Raman and infrared spectra of methyl propyl sulfide, ethyl methyl sulfide, and isobutyl methyl sulfide were measured. Correlations were found between C–S stretching frequencies and internal rotation about the C–CH2 and CH2–S bonds of the (Remark: Graphics omitted.)C–CH2–S–CH3 groups. The new correlations were applied for conformation studies of methionine groups.
The Role of Regional Demand in Pathways of Agro‐Industrialization: Evidence From Small Maize Milling Firms in Tanzania

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The growth of regional demand in food chains is often assumed to offer particular opportunities to small‐scale agro‐processing firms in Africa, promising a route to a more inclusive pathway of industrialization for the continent. The aim of the article is to interrogate this assumption by providing a critical assessment of the impacts of Kenya's growing demand for maize flour on small maize milling firms in Tanzania. It uses an in‐depth survey with small millers and interviews with actors in the value chain, combined with secondary manufacturing and trade data, to make a theoretical and empirical contribution to these debates. It offers an expanded conceptual framework to examine the direct and indirect temporal, spatial and political impacts of regional demand on market structure and competition. To conclude, it draws out the implications of focussing on regional demand for industrial policy, resilience and economic inclusion.
Molecular implication of submergence tolerance in rice using expressed sequence tags as probes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This article 'Molecular implication of submergence tolerance in rice using expressed sequence tags as probes' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.
Delayed MTA apical plug in immature open apex - A case report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: To present a case in which clinical and radiographic signs of healing were obtained after apical plugging of an immature open apex with MTA. Summary: A discolored tooth (9) was subjected to radiographic examination revealing an open apex and a periapical radioluscency. The canal was cleaned using intracanal instruments and 5.25% of NaOCl irrigation. To obtain canal disinfection, a slurry of calcium hydroxide mixed with sterile saline was temporized in the canal. The patient was asked to return after two weeks for the MTA apical plug placement. The patient returned after three months, during which interval she had got the calcium hydroxide dressing repeated four times from a local dentist. The tooth was opened, instrumented and irrigated. At this time, a definite apical stop was felt by an endodontic instrument. Around 3mm of MTA plug was compacted apically and allowed to set. Thereafter, the remainder of canal system was filled with thermoplasticised gutta- percha. A corono-radicular composite restoration sealed the access after non vital bleaching. A six-month follow up demonstrated clinically asymptomatic and adequately functional tooth, with radiographic signs of healing. Key Learning point: The positive clinical resolution of this case is encouraging for the use of white MTA as an apical plug, in immature teeth with open apex.
The use of multi-criteria analysis for selection of technology for a household WWTP compatible with sustainable development / Zastosowanie analizy wielokryterialnej do wyboru rozwiązania technologicznego przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków zgodnego z ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents the use of multi-criteria analysis as a tool that helps choosing an adequate technology for a household wastewater treatment plant. In the process of selection the criteria of sustainable development were taken into account. Five municipal mechanical-biological treatment plants were chosen for the comparative multi-criteria analysis. Different treatment technologies, such as sand filter, activated sludge, trickling filter, a hybrid system - activated sludge/trickling filter and a hybrid constructed wetland system VF-HF type (vertical and horizontal fl ow) were taken into account. The plants’ capacities were 1 m 3 ∙d -1 (PE=8) and they all meet the environmental regulations. Additionally, a solution with a drainage system was included into the analysis. On the basis of multi-criteria analysis it was found that the preferred wastewater treatment technologies, consistent with the principles of sustainable development, were a sand filter and a hybrid constructed wetland type VF-HF. A drainage system was chosen as the best solution due to the economic criteria, however, taking into consideration the primary (ecological) criterion, employment of such systems on a larger scale disagree with the principles of sustainable development. It was found that activated sludge is the least favourable technology. The analysis showed that this technology is not compatible with the principles of sustainable development, due to a lack of proper technological stability and low reliability.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of motor and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This review highlights topical issues of the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation as a non‑drug method for treating motor and non‑motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The method of transcranial magnetic stimulation has a wide therapeutic potential since it has the ability to induce neuronal plasticity by modulating neuronal connections in the human brain, and in particular in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Several areas of application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease are currently being considered. Its effect on the severity of motor symptoms, such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and gait disturbances, the manifestation of non‑motor symptoms, such as cognitive impairment and depressive disorders, is described. It is proved that patients with Parkinson’s disease have a wide range of disorders of neurophysiological parameters in the primary motor cortex, which are positively correlated with the severity of clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and can be used for objectification of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment results. According to the analysis of literature data, transcranial magnetic stimulation significantly improves the function of the upper extremities, the ability to walk and score III of UPDRS not only in the short term but also in the long term in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Today, a topical issue is the discussion of possible mechanisms of therapeutic action of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the level of cytokines associated with neuroinflammation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The results of studies on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease by the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation are promising and encouraging, but many questions and controversies remain, which require additional study.
Abstract 23: p53 Mediates de novo Cardiomyocte Differentiation From c-kit Positive Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The heart is arguably the least regenerative organ. Nonetheless, cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) can readily be isolated from the adult heart. Moreover, we recently demonstrated that c-kit+ CPCs are able to generate de novo lineages of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, albeit at low levels. In the present study, we assess if different pathophysiological stimuli could enhance cardiomyocyte lineage differentiation by CPCs. We first established that CPCs are heterogeneous in vivo and can be classified into three main populations based on the respective gene expression profiles: uncommitted, vascular and cardiogenic CPCs. Next, we show that transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery increased CPC derived cardiomyocytes by 3-fold, and enhanced non-cardiomyocyte lineages as well. Interestingly, anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy increased CPC-derived cardiomyocytes by 35-fold. Immunostaining showed that doxorubicin stimulates p53 expression within CPCs and selectively enhanced CPC-derived cardiomyocyte lineage. The selective p53 inhibitor, pifithrin α, completely blocked the doxorubicin-mediated increase in de novo cardiomyocyte formation. Administration of p53 Activator III, RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis), was sufficient to induce CPC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation. These results demonstrate that anthracyclines can increase de novo cardiomyocyte differentiation from CPCs through activation of the p53 pathway. Ultimately, these findings might lead to new therapies for cardiac regeneration by inducing cardiomyocyte differentiation by endogenous CPCs.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

This book summarizes the amazing international efforts to understand and advance the treatment of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) disease. Expert authors discuss the genomics, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical interventions, and the status of cytotoxin-producing E. coli in its bovine/environmental reservoirs, the foods implicated, and potential food safety interventions. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli is intended for students, scientists, and other medical, public health, and microbiology professionals.