jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Q‐learning for estimating optimal dynamic treatment rules from observational data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The area of dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) aims to make inference about adaptive, multistage decision‐making in clinical practice. A DTR is a set of decision rules, one per interval of treatment, where each decision is a function of treatment and covariate history that returns a recommended treatment. Q‐learning is a popular method from the reinforcement learning literature that has recently been applied to estimate DTRs. While, in principle, Q‐learning can be used for both randomized and observational data, the focus in the literature thus far has been exclusively on the randomized treatment setting. We extend the method to incorporate measured confounding covariates, using direct adjustment and a variety of propensity score approaches. The methods are examined under various settings including non‐regular scenarios. We illustrate the methods in examining the effect of breastfeeding on vocabulary testing, based on data from the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 629–645; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells through Asymmetric Thermal and Mass Transport Engineering of the Micro-Porous Layers

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

For polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) operating at very high current, prevention of anode dry-out through enhanced back flux of water and restriction of evaporation is required. In this work, back flux of water to the anode is engineered using an asymmetric anode and cathode micro-porous layer (MPL) configuration. Extensive experimental tests have been conducted to study the impact of thermal and mass transport resistances on the net water flux coefficient for extremes of wet and dry operating conditions. The net water drag coefficient was measured in the range of −0.17 to +0.18 depending on the operating conditions and material configurations. A simplified model has also been developed to investigate the effect of temperature gradient on the net water drag coefficient. It is shown that with an asymmetric configuration, the net flux of water can be reversed under certain conditions, greatly enhancing high current density performance. For wet operating conditions, the cell configuration with asymmetric mass transport resistance can be utilized to tailor the back flux of water. For dry operating conditions, the thermal resistance is the key controlling parameter to affect the net water drag.
Incidence of Critical Events in Professional Practice: A Statewide Survey of Psychotherapy Providers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The goal was to tabulate the incidences of clients' suicide, attack by a client, and sexual contact with clients in an Alaskan sample of masters and doctoral-level psychotherapy providers (excluding psychiatrists) and to assess which, if any, demographic or professional characteristics were associated with each critical event. Results from 151 respondents (response rate 43.5%) indicated that 42.7% of providers had experienced at least one client's suicide, 28% had been physically attacked by a client, 4% reported having had sexual contact with a then current client, and 6% reported sexual contact with a former client. Areas for research are outlined, specifically the importance of using methods other than surveys and exploring variables other than standard demographic data.
VISUAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON “JAGOAN INDONESIA” CHIPS PACKS IN MALANG

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Packaging design is a creative business that links shapes, structures, materials, colors, images, typography and design elements with the product information in order to be marketed. Thisstudy focused on the design of chips packaging products in Malang with the aim to determine the visualization of the packaging and visual elements of Jagoan Indonesia chips products. This research useddescriptive qualitative approach. The research data were obtained from primary data sources and secondary data sources. Primary data sources include the packaging of tempeh chips, bananas, and nutmeg in Jagoan Indonesia products. Secondary data were obtained from book, web, and e-journal reference sources. Data collection methods in this study used observation techniques/observation techniques, documents, and interviews. Packaging visualization wanted to lift SME products to be better and more attractive by visualizing the impression of local products and on the basis of sociopreneur which is reflected in the inclusion of photos and stories/messages from the manufacturer. The visual elements of the three Jagoan Indonesia chips packs consistently used illustration with memphis style designs, full colors confers a cheerful impression, typography used Sans Serif font groups consistently, the character s tended to be informal and free, but still legible. While the typical elements lied in the composition of harmonious layout, balance, emphasis, unity, and harmonious proportions.
Thyroid Function and the Response to Liothyronine in Depression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Longitudinal studies of thyroid function during a four-week comparative trial of imipramine hydrochloride andL-tryptophan in 30 depressed patients showed a significant fall in the free thyroxine index during the first week of the trial, but otherwise measures of thyroid activity were within normal limits and showed no change during clinical recovery. Administration of 25µg ofL-triiodothyronine (T3, liothyronine sodium) for 14 days was sufficient to cause some suppression of endogenous thyroid function and demonstrated that the pituitary-thyroid axis remains responsive during depressive illness. Ankle reflex time estimated prior to treatment was very significantly correlated with response to imipramine therapy, ie, the patients with faster ankle reflex times showed a greater improvement than those with a slower ankle reflex time. A similar correlation was found between a low serum cholesterol level and a good clinical response to imipramine treatment.
Idiopathic Hypertrophic Cranial Pachymeningitis with Scleritis and Optic Disc Involvement: a Case Report and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This report describes a case of idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis (IHCP) with scleritis and optic disc involvement. The patient was a 56-year-old woman with chief complaints of fever, headache, binocular pain, and redness. Biochemical and immunological indicators, cranial magnetic resonance imaging, and relevant ophthalmological examinations were employed for evaluation. Infectious and neoplastic causes were excluded. Typical meningeal thickening and enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging revealed IHCP. Diffuse hyperaemia and oedema of the conjunctiva and the T-shape sign on the B-scan suggested anterior and posterior scleritis, respectively. Abnormalities in fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and visual field examination suggested optic disc involvement. After anti-infection and steroid therapy, the patient's temperature returned to normal and the symptoms of headache, binocular pain, and redness improved. Neurologists and ophthalmologists should consider the combination of IHCP with scleritis in their differential diagnosis when patients complain of headache accompanied by ocular pain and redness.
Design for ink-jet printing and micropattern generation on micro components

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Solid Freeforming is a manufacturing process that builds 3D solid object by depositing materials on the specific positions, point by point, line by line, or plane by plane. Its techniques could range from Fused Deposition, 3D printing, Selective Laser Sintering to many more. Its distinguish features over other manufacturing processes are the absence of confined surfaces like mould, addition of materials rather than subtraction, and addition of materials incrementally. The features are made possible with the advancement of computer control. Because of these features, it is popular in the application of rapid prototyping for visualisation. Direct Inkjet Printing, one of the solid freeforming processes, which disperses the materials directly on the positions requested by user, has several advantages over others. The advantages are the abilities of printing multiple materials in one-go, building fine microcomponent, and no post-treatment on the finished component. The capabilities mentioned are important in making medical imaging probes where multi-materials like ceramics and metallic ink are needed. The fabrication of electronic components like piezoelectric micromotors for in vivo drug delivery is also made possible with the technology. The author’s project was to focus on building a prototype which could print 3D ceramic microcomponent using the concept of Direct Inkjet Printing technique. A commercial printer model iP1000 from Canon was modified in the project to achieve the objective. The printer is a colour printer which is suitable for multi-material feature required in our project. The project work was categorized into two main parts: design of hardware and design of electronic circuit. The final prototype was able to print the ink repeatedly, layer by layer. The project demonstrated that a commercial printer, after being modified, could perform the same as the conceptual Direct Inkjet 3D printer model. However, there are few improvements need to be done on the prototype to make it perfectly suitable for operation as there is difficulty for printhead to disperse ink. Future works like building of a precise and accurate movement mechanism, creation of an independent software program, design of ink-mixture device, minor detail adjustments may be the potential topics for the upcoming batch of Final-Year-Project students.
Emobdiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Findings in the social psychology literatures on attitudes, social perception, and emo-tion demonstrate that social information processing involves embodiment, where em-bodiment refers both to actual bodily states and to simulations of experience in the brain&apos;s modality-specific systems for perception, action, and introspection. We show that embodiment underlies social information processing when the perceiver inter-acts with actual social objects (online cognition) and when the perceiver represents social objects in their absence (offline cognition). Although many empirical demon-strations ofsocial embodiment exist, no particularly compelling account ofthem has been offered. We propose that theories ofembodied cognition, such as the Perceptual Symbol Systems (PSS) account (Barsalou, 1999), explain and integrate these find-ings, and that they also suggest exciting new directionsfor research. We compare the PSS account to a variety of related proposals and show how it addresses criticisms that have previously posed problems for the general embodiment approach. Consider the following findings. Wells and Petty (1980) reported that nodding the head (as in agree-ment) while listening to persuasive messages led to more positive attitudes toward the message content than shaking the head (as in disagreement). Caciop-po, Priester, and Berntson (1993) observed that novel Chinese ideographs presented during arm flexion (an action associated with approach) were subsequently evaluated more favorably than ideographs presented during arm extension (an action associated with avoid-ance). Duclos et al. (1989) led participants to adopt The authors thank Vic Ferreira, Art Glenberg, Danny McIntosh, Randy O&apos;Reilly, and Cathy Reed for their helpful comments on vari-
COVID-19 Containment and Food Security in the Global South

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Population-level COVID-19 containment strategies have been particularly hard on the urban poor and vulnerable population groups such as female-headed households, children, youth, the homeless, informal sector employers and employees, casual workers, the unemployed, and migrants and refugees. As a direct result of the COVID-19 outbreak, a secondary pandemic of hunger and food insecurity is now impacting many of these groups. An effective and sustainable global response to the COVID-19 (and any further) viral pandemics must ensure that food security is an essential piece of the containment and mitigation puzzle.
Understanding Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Musfir al-Qahtani’s translated book is a recent contribution on the contemporaryrelevance of maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah. After a lengthy introduction in whichhe outlines some technical aspects of the subject, he turns to their relevancefor issuing fatwas (e.g., “cultural development,” “religious extremism,” and“the Muslim mindset”) before rounding-off with what he calls the “goalawareness crisis.” Helpfully, the reader is provided with a synopsis at the beginningof every chapter.The book is divided into five main chapters. The introduction seeks to establisha definition for the maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah while drawing attention to howothers have referred to them. The reader is then briefly presented with the textualand “logical” (read: theological) arguments in favor of ta‘līl al-aḥkām (determiningthe ratio decidendi of rulings), a fundamental query in the quest toestablish the field’s validity. Neither section is very detailed, and it soon becomesclear that the author wrote this book for activists who want to understandwhat the maqāṣid are and what relevance they hold for their cause.Having established the proofs for the concept, al-Qahtani turns to themaqāṣid’s meta-structure. There is nothing original in this chapter, as al-Izzbin Abdussalam (d. 1262), al-Shatibi (d. 1388), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350), andthe other usual figures are cited. It is much to the author’s credit, however,that he refers (albeit once and almost just as a gesture) to Mustafa Shalabi (d.1997), who has been largely overshadowed by other scholars despite his majorcontributions to the field of Islamic law and legal theory, most notably in his1944 Azhar ‘ālimīyah thesis Ta‘līl al-Aḥkām ...
Case C-365/97, Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic (San Rocco valley), Judgment of 9 November 1999, [1999] ECR I-7773

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

View Case C-365/97, Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic (San Rocco valley), Judgment of 9 November 1999, [1999] ECR I-7773 by Johan C. van Haersolte - Common Market Law Review
Determination of the sensitivity index and its critical value for outburst risk prediction: A case study in Fuxiang mine, China

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Gas occurrence in coal seams shows zonation, and the outburst risk prediction index is significantly affected by coal seam gas. For different coal mine, the sensitivity of prediction index of outburst risk is inconsistent, and the different area of the same coal mine can present different sensitivities to the same index. In this study, we measured the industrial analysis of coals and determined the degree of outburst risk of each coal seam using coal samples with the particle size of 1 ∼ 3 mm. The relationships between the equilibrium gas pressure and gas desorption index of drill cuttings, between the desorption index of drill cuttings and the adsorption pressure, and between the critical values of the indexes of drill cuttings were also analyzed using the fuzzy clustering method. Based on the analysis of the particle size distribution of coal samples, the influence of grain size on the critical value of the drill cuttings desorption index was studied. The results showed that the critical values of the desorption index of drill cuttings were different under different adsorption equilibrium gas pressures, and those critical values increased with increasing adsorption equilibrium gas pressure. The desorption index of drill cuttings and adsorption equilibrium gas pressure had a linear relationship, and the higher the degree of outburst risk was, the greater the slope of the fitting function and the smaller the intercept; under the same gas pressure of adsorption equilibrium, there was a linear relationship between Δh 2 and K 1 , and the higher the outburst risk of coal seam was, the smaller the slope of the fitting function and the greater the intercept. The drill cuttings desorption index Δh 2 was more sensitive than the index K 1 . Under the same test pressure, the smaller the particle size of the coal samples was, the greater the value of desorption index of drill cuttings and the higher the outburst risk of coal seam. The research results have significant theoretical importance and practical value for the prediction and prevention of coal and gas outbursts in coal mines with similar occurrence conditions of coal seams.
A systematic search for conformal field theories in very small spaces

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Groundstates of 1+1d conformal field theories (CFTs) satisfy a local entropic condition called the vector fixed point equation. This condition is surprisingly well satisfied by groundstates of quantum critical lattice models even at small system sizes. We perform a search in the space of states of very small systems (four qubits and four qutrits) and examine the states that satisfy this condition. By reconstructing a local Hamiltonian from each state, we are able to identify many of these solutions with known CFTs; others are gapped fixed points, or involve large relevant perturbations, and others are CFTs we have not yet identified. These ideas are also useful for identifying continuous quantum phase transitions in a given family of Hamiltonians, and for identifying the nature of the critical theory in small systems.
Gustav Klimt: From Drawing to Painting

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Klimt brothers and the Floge family Gustav Klimt and Emperor Franz Joseph I the foundation of the Secession 1897 the university paintings 1894-1907 - art, scandal and literary controversy Gustav Klimt as illustrator - the journal Ver Sacrum Gustav Klimt and Hermann Bahr Gustav Klimt and Max Klinger, 1902 the 14th Secession exhibition and Gustav Klimts Beethoven frieze, 1902 Auguste Rodin's visit to Vienna, 1902 Gustav Klimt and Ferdinand Hodler, 1904 Gustav Klimt and Peter Altenberg Gustav Klimt and Josef Hoffmann Gustav Klimt, Fritz Waerndorfer and the Primavesi family the Stoclet frieze, 1905-1911 the withdrawal of the Klimt group from the Secession and the Kunstschau exhibitions in 1908 and 1909 Gustav Klimt as the sponsor of young talent Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele Gustav Klimt and Sonja Knips Gustav Klimt and the Lederer family Gustav Klimt's collectors - Karl Wittgenstein, the Zuckerkandl family, the Bohler brothers and the Bloch-Bauers Gustav Klimt and the art dealers Gustav Klimt and Emilie Floge Gustav Klimt, Alma Mahler-Werfel and Carl Moll Gustav Klimt and his professional models Gustav Klimt and Maria Zimmermann Gustav Klimt's son Gustav Ucicky.
Clinical utility of the 2016 ASE/EACVI recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in the stratification of post-discharge prognosis in patients with acute heart failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) has prognostic significance in heart failure (HF). We aimed to assess the impact of LVDD grade stratified by the updated 2016 echocardiographic algorithm (DD2016) on post-discharge outcomes in patients admitted for acute HF and compare with the previous 2009 algorithm (DD2009). Methods and results The study included 481 patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF. Comprehensive echocardiography and LVDD evaluation were performed just before hospital discharge. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death and readmission for HF. The concordance between DD2016 and DD2009 was moderate (κ = 0.44, P < 0.001); the reclassification rate was 39%. During the follow-up (median: 15 months), 127 (26%) patients experienced the primary endpoint. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, Grade III in DD2016 showed a lower event-free survival rate than Grades I and II (log rank, P < 0.001 and P = 0.048, respectively) and was independently associated with a higher incidence of the primary endpoint than Grade I [hazard ratio 1.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–3.04; P = 0.009]. Grade II or III in DD2016, reflecting elevation of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure, added an incremental predictive value of the primary endpoint to clinical variables irrespective of LV ejection fraction. DD2016 was comparable to DD2009 in predicting the endpoint (net reclassification improvement = 11%; 95% CI −7% to 30%, P = 0.23). Conclusion Despite simplification of the algorithm for LVDD evaluation, the prognostic value of DD2016 for post-discharge cardiovascular events in HF patients was maintained and not compromised in comparison with DD2009.
On the Difference between Foams Stabilized by Surfactants and Whole Casein or β-Casein. Comparison of Foams, Foam Films, and Liquid Surfaces Studies

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This research work aims to investigate the behavior of a mixed system composed of a commercial protein (whole casein) and a low molecular weight surfactant (Tween 20) in order to understand its foam stability on the basis of fundamental surface quantities such as surface and disjoining pressure. These experiments prove to be extremely useful in the understanding of the processes determining foam stability. The complex behavior of whole casein/Tween 20 mixtures is directly deduced from the surface pressure isotherms. Concretely, the isotherm of the mixed system is displaced to smaller surfactant concentrations as compared to the pure surfactant system. This feature is quantified by a critical aggregation concentration and suggests formation of protein/surfactant complexes within the surface layer. The disjoining pressure isotherms of the pure and mixed systems provide key information regarding the structure and composition of the mixed whole casein/Tween 20 surface layers. Furthermore, they provide a direct correlation with the foam stability in terms of the thickness of the final foam film; the thinner the film, the less stable the foam. The experimental results are further discussed in terms of literature studies of similar systems, and a final rather accurate description of the system arises. This work investigates the importance of the nature of the protein in the stability of the foams of protein/surfactant mixtures and highlights the fundamental role of the surface properties in the understanding of such a major phenomenon in colloid science and technology.
The Left-Handed Child and Learning Difficulties

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

School education plays an essential role in the formation and development of the child's personality, and due to this fact it is necessary that the educational process be adapted to the requirements of all children, whether they are normal or with special educational requirements, right-handed or left-handed. Due to the predominance of the right cerebral hemisphere these children process information differently. However, the entire school curriculum is designed for children who are left-hemisphere dominant. Thus the right hemisphere is little used, while the left hemisphere is overworked. In the case of left-handed children, this fact generates learning difficulties, due to the fact that most educational activities fail to highlight their abilities, which are different from those of other students. We must draw attention to the fact that a left-handed child is not a child with an intellectual disability, but an inflexible educational system can turn a biological peculiarity such as left-handedness into a handicap. This paper deals with the problems that the left-handed child may have in the educational setting, especially due to the specific learning difficulties that may arise. Approaching the problem through the analysis of learning styles will help us to develop a series of methods and activities that will value them.