jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The anomalous particle flux induced by electromagnetic turbulence

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to calculate, in a new manner, a general expression for the anomalous particle flux due to electromagnetic turbulence, including the parallel components of the magnetic field fluctuations. The calculus of the flux uses the anomalous distribution function defined as the difference between the total distribution function and the neoclassical one. Besides the well known low-beta result, we also obtain the transport flux induced by parallel (to the equilibrium magnetic fields) fluctuations. Comparing the different components of the anomalous radial particle flux we specify the conditions when the effect of parallel fluctuations can be important.
Volume expansion and sodium balance in peritoneal dialysis patients. Part I: Recent concepts in pathogenesis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease. Uncontrolled hypertension and volume expansion contribute to alternations in left ventricular geometry and are independent predictors of poor survival in dialysis patients. Excessive salt intake is a major handicap with loss of residual renal function. Sodium removal becomes inadequate in the face of declining residual renal function. Continued salt intake and inadequate sodium removal lead to volume expansion, which aggravates arterial hypertension. In part I of this two-part review, we consider information on dietary salt intake and its relationship to blood pressure and volume control in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. In addition, we review recently published studies on the use of various PD modalities to remove sodium, emphasizing the significance of volume expansion and uncontrolled hypertension in PD patients. Part II reviews the various measures available to enhance sodium and fluid removal in PD patients.
An Integrative Analysis of Alternative Polyadenylation and MicroRNA Regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

abstract: One of the fundamental questions in molecular biology is how genes and the control of their expression give rise to so many diverse phenotypes in nature. The mRNA molecule plays a key role in this process as it directs the spatial and temporal expression of genetic information contained in the DNA molecule to precisely instruct biological processes in living organisms. The region located between the STOP codon and the poly(A)-tail of the mature mRNA, known as the 3â²Untranslated Region (3â²UTR), is a key modulator of these activities. It contains numerous sequence elements that are targeted by trans-acting factors that dose gene expression, including the repressive small non-coding RNAs, called microRNAs. \n\nRecent transcriptome data from yeast, worm, plants, and humans has shown that alternative polyadenylation (APA), a mechanism that enables expression of multiple 3â²UTR isoforms for the same gene, is widespread in eukaryotic organisms. It is still poorly understood why metazoans require multiple 3â²UTRs for the same gene, but accumulating evidence suggests that APA is largely regulated at a tissue-specific level. APA may direct combinatorial variation between cis-elements and microRNAs, perhaps to regulate gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. Apart from a few single gene anecdotes, this idea has not been systematically explored. \n\nThis dissertation research employs a systems biology approach to study the somatic tissue dynamics of APA and its impact on microRNA targeting networks in the small nematode C. elegans. In the first aim, tools were developed and applied to isolate and sequence mRNA from worm intestine and muscle tissues, which revealed pervasive tissue-specific APA correlated with microRNA regulation. The second aim provides genetic evidence that two worm genes use APA to escape repression by microRNAs in the body muscle. Finally, in aim three, mRNA from five additional somatic worm tissues was sequenced and their 3â²ends mapped, allowing for an integrative study of APA and microRNA targeting dynamics in worms. Together, this work provides evidence that APA is a pervasive mechanism operating in somatic tissues of C. elegans with the potential to significantly rearrange their microRNA regulatory networks and precisely dose their gene expression.
Effects of insecticides applied in-furrow with superabsorbent polymer on peanut cultivars infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Spotted wilt of peanut (SWP) (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) is a common disease that causes severe economic losses in peanut producing regions of the world. The causal agent is transmitted by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine if management of spotted wilt and subsequent productivity of peanut, including economic value, could benefit from applying a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) with standard in-furrow insecticides at planting. To determine this, two individual experiments were performed. In the first study, phorate and imidacloprid were individually applied with (2.24 kg/ha) or without SAP across cultivars susceptible (FloRun 157 or TUFRunner 511), moderately susceptible (Georgia 06G), and resistant (Sullivan or TifNV-High O/L) to TSWV. Nontreated controls were included in all experiments. The second study sought to determine the efficacy of different rates of SAP (0, 2.24, 5.6, and 8.97 kg/ha). The initial study was conducted in three locations across South Carolina and Georgia, while the second was conducted at Blackville, SC. In the first study, incidence of SWP was reduced (P = 0.0547) in multiple location-year analysis with a reduction of 9.4% observed in susceptible cultivars treated with phorate compared to untreated checks and those with imidacloprid. SAP did not affect final SWP incidence or economic value (P &gt; 0.05) and was not consistently significant for yield. From the SAP rate study, a linear relationship of decreasing SWP incidence was observed with increasing SAP application rates for both imidacloprid and phorate in 2017 and 2018. On a means comparison basis, SWP was lower than the no-SAP check at SAP rates of 5.56 and 8.97 kg/ha, but this did not necessarily translate into increased yield. Additional experiments are needed to elucidate the relationship superabsorbent polymer may have to susceptible cultivars and phorate.
Degradation of logs installed underground for a half century and the microbial communities involved

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The use of wood in civil engineering projects is attractive from the perspective of utilizing renewable materials and reducing CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, civil engineering presents an appealing opportunity to expand the demand for wood. Wood degradation rates are low in anaerobic environments, such as underground conditions. In this study, the degradation of wood after 55 years in an underground environment was examined by analyzing logs that had been driven underground for a soil stabilization project. Log density was measured and wood cell walls were observed under a microscope to estimate the degree of degradation, and the bacterial and fungal communities living in the sapwood of the logs were examined using a metagenomic approach. The results showed that the wood density was hardly reduced, and that anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria were dominant in the microbial communities in the wood. The degree of wood degradation over 55 years was low, indicating that these logs retained their ground improvement function for at least half a century.
Observations, Analyses, and Interpretations: A Personal View through the Spruce Budworm Studies

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This chapter promotes my methodological thoughts on carrying out an ecological investigation through observations, analyses of data, and interpretation of the results. These are the thoughts that I have conceived while studying outbreak processes of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, in eastern Canada. In particular, I critically examine the early ideas (hypotheses) of the processes in which an outbreak is initiated and is spread over wide areas: namely, the formation of epicentres and the dichotomy of epidemic–endemic states of budworm populations. My re-analyses of the original data reveal that these ideas are neither conceivable theoretically nor substantiated observationally. This finding leads me to delve into methodological fundamentals in ecological studies of populations in general: the amalgamation of empirical and theoretical ecology and how to achieve it.
Tribological Behaviour of Aluminium/Alumina/Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Taguchi’s Techniques

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy (Al-Si10Mg) reinforced with alumina (9%) and graphite (3%) fabricated by stir casting process was investigated.The wear and frictional properties of the hybrid metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin-on-disc wear tester.Experiments were conducted based on the plan of experiments generated through Taguchi's technique.A L 27 Orthogonal array was selected for analysis of the data.Investigation to find the influence of applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance on wear rate, as well as the coefficient of friction during wearing process was carried out using ANOVA and regression equations for each response were developed.Objective of the model was chosen as 'smaller the better' characteristics to analyse the dry sliding wear resistance.Results show that sliding distance has the highest influence followed by load and sliding speed.Finally, confirmation tests were carried out to verify the experimental results and Scanning Electron Microscopic studies were done on the wear surfaces.
The cytoprotective actions of long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic β-cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to long-chain fatty acids can cause loss of secretory function and enhanced apoptosis by a process of ‘lipotoxicity’, which may be a contributory factor to the rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes in humans. However, when incubated in vitro, β-cells respond differentially to long-chain saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that these molecules may regulate cell functionality by different mechanisms. In particular, it is clear that, whereas saturated fatty acids [e.g. palmitate (C16:0)] exert detrimental effects on β-cells, the equivalent mono-unsaturated species [e.g. palmitoleate (C16:1)] are well tolerated. Indeed, mono-unsaturated species are potently cytoprotective. The present review explores the differential effects of these various fatty acids on β-cell viability and considers the possible mechanisms involved in cytoprotection by mono-unsaturates.
New species of Myrmekioderma (Demospongiae: Halichondrida: Heteroxyidae) from Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Sandes, Joana, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2013): New species of Myrmekioderma (Demospongiae: Halichondrida: Heteroxyidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 3702 (4): 370-378, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.4.4
Drug cross‐linking electrospun fiber for effective infected wound healing

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The management of infected wounds is still an intractable challenge in clinic. Development of antibacterial wound dressing is of great practical significance for wound management. Herein, a natural‐derived antibacterial drug, tannic acid (TA), was incorporated into the electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber (TA/PVA fiber, 952 ± 40 nm in diameter). TA worked as a cross‐linker via hydrogen bonding with PVA to improve the physicochemical properties of the fiber and to reach a sustained drug release (88% release of drug at 48 h). Improved mechanical property (0.8–1.2 MPa) and computational simulation validated the formation of the hydrogen bonds between TA and PVA. Moreover, the antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory characteristics of TA laid the foundation for the application of TA/PVA fiber in repairing infected wounds. Meanwhile, in vitro studies proved the high hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility of TA/PVA fiber. Further in vivo animal investigation showed that the TA/PVA fiber promoted the repair of infected wound by inhibiting the bacterial growth, promoting granulation formation, and collagen matrix deposition, accelerating angiogenesis, and inducing M2 macrophage polarization within 14 days. All the data demonstrated that the TA cross‐linked fiber would be a potent dressing for bacteria‐infected wound healing.
Insights Into Lunar Basaltic Volcanism From Mare Domes Superposed by Ring‐Moat Dome Structures (RMDSs) in Mare Tranquillitatis

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mare domes (interpreted to be a type of shield volcano) represent one important endmember of a variety of volcanic edifices occurring across the volcanic plains on the Moon, whereas Ring‐Moat Dome Structures (RMDSs) are interpreted to reflect the thermodynamic behavior of plain‐forming mare flows during their emplacement and cooling. A comprehensive study of the direct association between mare domes and RMDSs can not only provide deep insights into their formation mechanisms but also yield key information on the nature of mantle sources. We characterized a total of 200 mare domes and more than 6,400 RMDSs within Mare Tranquillitatis using multiple sets of imagery and topography data. RMDS‐bearing domes (80 out of 200) are on average larger than those hosting no RMDSs (average diameter 10.2 vs. 5.5 km) and have lower height/diameter (H/D) ratios (0.01 vs. 0.02) and flank slopes (1.2° vs. 2°). We attribute the presence of RMDSs on some domes to be due to relatively higher effusion rates forming longer thinner flows, producing favorable conditions for the formation of RMDSs. The average diameter of the RMDSs on mare domes (226 m, n = 1,027) appears to be slightly smaller than those located in mare plains (256 m, n = 527). This may be due to slope effects and that the relatively thicker off‐dome part of flows undergoes a relatively higher degree inflation process, producing slightly larger RMDSs. We adapt the RMDS‐formation theoretical model to shallow subcrustal magma reservoir model to account for the Tranquillitatis dome‐RMDS associations.
Everyday negotiations of working and new mothering.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study analyses the daily negotiation processes of working and mothering roles performed by working mothers in Singapore. In-depth interviews were conducted amongst ten middle-class working mothers in Singapore located via purposive sampling and analysed for this study. The analysis revealed that working mothers reframe their ideas of mothering, where mothering is redefined in ways that necessitate their working roles in order to carry out. On the other hand, these working mothers still persist in conventional mothering techniques where these are arduously carried out though they conflict with the working roles these working mothers have as well. These findings suggest that although the strategies of negotiating working and mothering roles are evident here, traditional mothering ideas are still central to these working mothers in determining their ways of motherhood.
Prediction of the innovative capacity of countries based on their cultural dimensions: an analysis of the global innovation index

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article seeks to examine how Hofstede's cultural dimensions act as predictive variables for country innovation. In order to clarify how national culture influence countries' capacity for innovation, regression models were developed, and comparisons were made. We will use the multivariate linear regression method for the analysis, with the scores obtained by countries in the GII as the dependent variable and the values of cultural dimensions as explanatory variables. Individualism, long-term orientation and indulgence dimensions have a positive influence on countries' innovation. However, there is a negative relationship between uncertainty to avoidance and innovation. Possible reasons for these associations may include greater professional focus, openness to new ideas and greater resistance to innovation. Since the reality of each country is different, whether due to its culture, history and social aspects or due to its geographical location and availability of natural resources, it is not possible to simply import policies from one context to another. Given these factors, an analysis is needed on how infrastructure and cultural difference can influence the innovative performance of countries. This study aims to expand the literature on how culture in its different forms assists in the innovation process of countries by presenting quantitative and qualitative results on which cultural dimensions are most relevant to innovation.
CLINICAL STUDY OF PAIN IN RIGHT ILIAC FOSSA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: A mass in the right iliac fossa is a common diagnostic problem encountered in clinical practice, requiring skill in diagnosis. Methods: 100 patients with signs and symptoms of right iliac fossa mass admitted in Hospital were identified and were studied by taking detailed clinical history, physical examination and were subjected to various investigations like x ray erect abdomen, chest x-ray, contrast x-ray . Result: In this study of out of 100 cases, 65.00% of cases were related to appendicular pathology either in the form of appendicular mass or appendicular abscess. There were 12.00% cases of ileocaecal tuberculosis. Conclusion: Appendicular lump remains the most common cause for right iliac fossa pain. Ileocaecal tuberculosis is one of the most important differential diagnoses for pain abdomen. Keywords: Appendicular Mass, Ileocaecal Tuberculosis, Carcinoma Caecum, Right Iliac Fossa Mass.
Effect of Tin Oxide Additive on the Suppression of Dendrite Growth of Zinc Electrodeposits

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Unlike the market acceptance of Zn-air primary battery, the Zn-air secondary battery is not yet commercialized, mainly due to its poor cycling stability. Although a number of issues have been raised as possible reasons for its low electrical rechargeability, the dendrite growth of Zn during charging process might be most critical because it leads to short circuits and thereby catastrophic failure. Many inorganic additives have been reported for the suppression of the dendritic growth of Zn electrodeposits. For example, it is known that a small amount of Pb ions in an alkaline solution effectively suppresses the Zn dendritic growth. Nevertheless, the environmental issues of Pb-containing additive drive the researchers to search for its alternatives. Sn is cost effective as well as environmentally friendly. Since it has higher reduction potential than Zn, it might be co-deposited with Zn to possibly change the growth habit of Zn dendrite. In fact, it has been reported that Sn ions affected the Zn deposition on a Zn single crystal at the very low Sn content, implying that Sn can be a possible option to toxic and expensive additives. In this work, we report that SnO additive significantly changes the morphology of Zn electrodeposits and suppresses quite well its dendritic growth. From the cyclic voltammograms at different SnO contents, it is proved that a few milli-moles of Sn ions in the electrolyte have a strong effect on the Sn deposition process. Moreover, the microscopic observation reveals that the non-uniform and dendritic growth of Zn electrodeposits is considerably suppressed at high content of SnO additive. From the depth profiling of the composition of Zn electrodeposit, it is confirmed that Sn is co-deposited with Zn during the course of deposition process, strongly indicating that the incorporated Sn interferes the dendritic growth of Zn. However, the addition of excess SnO resulted in a rough surface and crumbling porous particles containing large amount of Sn phase. In this presentation, an optimal SnO content required for the creation of dense Zn electrodeposits will be highlighted. Moreover, the possible mechanism of dendrite growth suppression by Sn ions will be further discussed.
Acne conglobata no PSF

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introducao: A acne conglobata e uma forma exuberante,rara e grave da acne vulgar. Acomete principalmente jovem do sexo masculino, de modo agudo e associado ao aparecimento de lesoes inflamatorias dolorosas que rapidamente se tornam ulcerado. Acompanha-se de manifestacoes sistemicas e alteracoes laboratoriais. Sua etiopatogenese e desconhecida embora evidencias apontem para um fenomeno imunomediado. Objetivos: Ressaltar a acne conglobata como diagnostico diferencial de outros abscessos cutâneos e sua possivel localizacao atipica, enfatizando a importância do quadro clinico associado a analise de anatomopatologico para os casos de lesoes cutâneas refratarias ao tratamento convencional. Metodologia ou Descricao da Experiencia: Relato de caso e revisao de literatura atraves de pesquisa na base de dados Pubmed de publicacoes dos ultimos dez anos sobre Acne Conglobata. Este caso descreve o quadro clinico de um jovem de 25 anos que apresentou manifestacao em regiao dorso lombar da acne conglobata. Ha dois anos, apresentava lesoes papuloeritematosas com bordas definidas e elevadas tendo centro de drenagem com conteudo amarelado e sanguinolento na regiao dorso lombar direita e esquerda, com cerca de 6 cm cada, associado ao quadro de febre, mialgia e astenia. Realizou tratamento medicamentoso por varias vezes com antibiotico terapia, e inumeras drenagens sem melhoras. Resultados: O paciente foi submetido a biopsia e a analise do anatomopatologico foi sugestiva de acne conglobata. Foi iniciado tratamento especifico com isotretinoina. No periode de 30 dias, o paciente ja apresentou melhora significativa do quadro. Conclusao ou Hipoteses: Por ser doenca de inicio e evolucao rapidos, deve-se enfatizar a importância do diagnostico precoce e adequada intervencao terapeutica para controle efetivo da enfermidade e minimizando o risco de recidivas e diminuindo significativamente a morbidade