jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic climate change: how to understand the weak links between scientific evidence, public perception, and low-carbon practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: This review article presents an overview of recent literature on: the scientific consensus about the attribution of climate change to anthropogenic sources; successes and failures to create a global policy regime to lower worldwide carbon emissions; recent developments in the public perception of climate change and associated risks; and the persistence of highly carbon-intensive practices in spite of scientific evidence on the attribution of climate change to anthropogenic causes. Holistic approaches to understanding patterns of consumption, focusing on ensembles of social practices, may explain this persistence, however, such approaches are still in their infancy with regard to developing proactive ideas for policies to promote low-carbon practices more effectively. Keywords: climate science, climate policies, social practices, skepticism, low-carbon development
Effect of Waterlogging Conditions on the Growth, Root Activities and Nutrient Content of 'Campbell Early' Grapevine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effects of bromoethane (BE), ethanol (EtOH), and gibberellic acid (GA) applications were evaluated for dormancy breaking of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers under room condition. Seed size (30-50 g/tuber) tubers of potato cvs. Gogu Valley, Purple Valley, Bora Valley and Superior were used. In the case of single application of chemicals, higher concentrations of BE and GA resulted in earlier day of sprouting and earlier days to 80% sprouting; in contrast, higher concentrations of EtOH delayed the sprouting. Among the evaluated chemicals and concentrations, BE (0.2-0.3 mLL) showed the most desirable effect in breaking the tuber dormancy, which was about two times earlier than the untreated control. BE treated tubers also produced short and strong sprouts with the highest percentage of sprouted eyes in both of the tested potato cvs. Gogu Valley and Purple Valley. In the other experiment, double application of BE (0.2 mLL) at 24 h interval, and combined application of GA (200 mgL) and BE (0.2 mLL) showed significant effect on breaking the tuber dormancy with high percentage of sprouted eyes and medium-length multi-sprouts; whereas, tubers treated with GA alone produced long sprouts with few sprouted eyes in medium dormancy (Superior) and long dormancy (Bora Valley) potato cultivars. Tubers treated with BE (0.2 mLL) alone or combination of GA (200 mgL) and BE (0.2 mLL) treatment showed the most number of main stems and higher tuber yield in the subsequent cultivation under field condition without any morphological changes in tuber and plant characters. Thus, the double application of BE (0.2 mLL) or combined application of GA (200 mLL) and BE (0.2 mLL) is recommended for breaking dormancy of freshly harvested potato tubers in diverse potato cultivars.
Emerging Role of the ceRNA-Based MALAT-1-miRNA Network in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder and a common health problem that affects women at the early to late reproductive stage. Several genetic and environmental factors such as obesity, liver diseases, imbalance of androgens, and menstrual dysfunction have contributed to the progression of PCOS. Research has shown a link between diabetes, hypertension, miscarriages, and cardiovascular disease with PCOS. Experimental discoveries have begun to evaluate the mechanisms involved in PCOS. Although various classical interventions are used in the treatment of PCOS, current medications are not able to control outcomes of PCOS and the management of this syndrome is still challenging. Accumulating evidence showed that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is essential to PCOS pathogenesis. LncRNAs are a class of transcripts that mediate the process of gene expressions at the level of transcription and post-transcription. It has been found that lncRNA metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript‐1 (MALAT1 or nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 2 (NEAT2)) presents a vital role in regulating PCOS. MALAT-1 as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) can suppress microRNAs (miRNAs) and decrease granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis, and pathogenesis. Abnormal expression of MALAT1 is one of the prognostic factors for cell autophagy, migration, and drug resistance. MALAT1 can be used as a potential biomarker for treatment of PCOS. However, the exact roles of MALAT1 in granulosa cells of women with PCOS remain largely unknown and further studies are required to confirm its action. In the present article, we summarize the functions of the lncRNA MALAT-1/miRNA axes in women with PCOS.
Update on Nb3Sn Progress at Cornell University

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Niobium-3 Tin (Nb3Sn) is the most promising alternative material for SRF accelerator cavities. The material can achieve higher quality factors, higher temperature operation and potentially higher accelerating gradients compared to conventional niobium. Cornell University has a leading program to produce 2 - 3 micrometer thick coatings of Nb3Sn on Nb for SRF applications using vapor diffusion. This program has been the first to produce quality factors higher than achievable with conventional Nb at usable accelerating gradients. Here we present an update on progress at Cornell University, including studies of the formation of the Nb3Sn layer, density functional theory calculations of Nb3Sn growth, and designs for a sample host cavity for measuring the quench field of Nb3Sn.
Tetraspanin family identified as the central genes detected in gastric cancer using bioinformatics analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gastric cancer has become a serious disease in the past decade. It has the second highest mortality rate among the four most common cancer types, leading to ~700,000 mortalities annually. Previous studies have attempted to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms of gastric cancer. The present study aimed to obtain useful biomarkers and to improve the understanding of gastric cancer mechanisms at the genetic level. The present study used bioinformatics analysis to identify 1,829 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which were obtained from the GSE54129 dataset. Using protein‑protein interaction information from the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, disease modules were constructed for gastric cancer using Cytoscape software. In the Gene Ontology analysis of biology processes, upregulated genes were significantly enriched in 'extracellular matrix organization', 'cell adhesion' and 'inflammatory response', whereas downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 'xenobiotic metabolic process', 'oxidation‑reduction process' and 'steroid metabolic process'. During Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 'extracellular matrix‑receptor interaction', 'focal adhesion' and 'PI3K‑Akt signaling pathway', whereas the downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 'chemical carcinogenesis', 'metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450' and 'peroxisome'. The present study additionally identified 10 hub genes from the DEGs: Tumor protein p53 (TP53), C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), tetraspanin 4 (TSPAN4), lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPAR2), adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3), phosphoinositide‑3‑kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), neuromedin U (NMU), C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL12), fos proto‑oncogene, AP‑1 transcription factor subunit (FOS) and sphingosine‑1‑phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), which have high degrees with other DEGs. The survival analysis revealed that the high expression of ADCY3, LPAR2, S1PR1, TP53 and TSPAN4 was associated with a lower survival rate, whereas high expression of CXCL8, FOS, NMU and PIK3R1 was associated with a higher survival rate. No significant association was identified between CXCL12 and survival rate. Additionally, TSPAN1 and TSPAN8 appeared in the top 100 DEGs. Finally, it was observed that 4 hub genes were highly expressed in gastric cancer tissue compared with para‑carcinoma tissue in the 12 patients; the increased TSPAN4 was significant (>5‑fold). Tetraspanin family genes may be novel biomarkers of gastric cancer. The findings of the present study may improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of gastric cancer.
Understanding Arab civil society: functional validity as the missing link

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study of civil society in the Arab region has been riddled with normative expectations largely derived from the experiences of civil society in other countries. While the region continues to endure a democratic deficit, it is also home to myriad civil society organizations working on a range of issues. The missing link when theorizing about Arab civil society has been in considering its functional validity in the eyes of the activists themselves. This article utilizes insights from focus groups with activists in Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Kuwait, Iraq and Syria to propose a typology of the functional validity that civil society offers to Arab activists. Despite the criticisms that the concept of civil society has faced in the region, activists continue to find validity in the work they are doing. The typology proposed here presents a fivefold validity of action through neutrality, mobilization, democratic claim, access to funds, and representation for civil society activists. By bringing in empirical evidence from the activists themselves we can move away from normative expectations about civil society towards a better understanding of the various functions that civil society organizations are fulfilling in different contexts across the region.
Difference Between Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Saliva of Children with Early Childhood Caries

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common chronic disease in young children, influenced by multiple factors, including the activity of bacteria and other microorganisms, diet, and immune response. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-8 (IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) play crucial roles in the inflammatory process of caries. However, their relationship with ECC severity remains unclear. This study aimed to compare salivary IL-8 and IL-10 levels in children with and without ECC and analyze their association with caries severity using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Children with and without central obesity were included to evaluate the potential influence of nutritional status on cytokine expression. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to December 2023 in San Luis Potosí, México, including 76 children aged 3 to 5 years (40 with ECC and 36 caries-free). Anthropometric measurements were taken to classify children as centrally obese or non-centrally obese. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and IL-8 and IL-10 levels were measured using ELISA. Statistical analysis included the Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and binary logistic regression analysis, considering p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: IL-8 levels were higher in the ECC group (85 ± 119 pg/mL) than in the control group (45 ± 74 pg/mL), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.3613). IL-10 levels were lower in the ECC group (3 ± 2 pg/mL) than in the control group (11 ± 44 pg/mL; p = 0.6481). The difference between IL-8 and IL-10 levels was greater in the ECC group (27 ± 41 pg/mL) than in the control group (17 ± 33 pg/mL; p = 0.1709). No significant correlation was found between cytokine levels and ICDAS scores (p > 0.05), and binary logistic regression did not show an association between IL-8, IL-10, WHtR, and cavitated caries lesions. Conclusions: Although IL-8 tended to be elevated and IL-10 reduced in children with ECC, the differences were not statistically significant. The observed trend suggests a possible local immunological imbalance in children with caries, which may contribute to disease progression independently of bacterial activity or behavioral influences.
Topography, complex refractive index, and conductivity of graphene layers measured by correlation of optical interference contrast, atomic force, and back scattered electron microscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The optical phase shift by reflection on graphene is measured by interference contrast microscopy. The height profile across graphene layers on 300 nm thick SiO2 on silicon is derived from the phase profile. The complex refractive index and conductivity of graphene layers on silicon with 2 nm thin SiO2 are evaluated from a phase profile, while the height profile of the layers is measured by atomic force microscopy. It is observed that the conductivity measured on thin SiO2 is significantly greater than on thick SiO2. Back scattered electron contrast of graphene layers is correlated to the height of graphene layers.
Fish Cleaning Symbiosis: Notes on Juvenile Angelfishes (Pomacanthus, Chaetodontidae) and Comparisons with Other Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Juvenile gray (Pomacanthus arcuatus) and French (P. paru) angelfish cleaned other fish and the observers' wounds in Florida's inshore waters where host species commonly congregate. Comparisons between the behavior of these facultative cleaners and published descriptions of obligate and other facultative cleaners suggested twelve specific questions about the control and function of cleaning symbiosis. Zusammenfassung Die auffälligen schwarz-gelb gestreiften Jungtiere von Pomacanthus arcuatus und Pomacanthus paru (Chaetodontidae) wurden vor der Küste Floridas beobachtet, wie sie andere Fischarten und die Wunden der Beobachterin putzten. Das Putzen geschah in flachem, verhältnismäßig stillem Wasser, wo die Putzgäste sich normalerweise auch ohne Putzfische versammelten. Die Putzgäste zeigten keine besonderen Aufforderungsstellungen, blieben aber für kurze Zeit bewegungslos, während der Putzfisch ihre Hinterflanke bearbeitete. Meist ging eine “Besichtigung” voraus, wobei der Putzer den Putzgast mit seinen Bauchflossen berührte. Das Abpicken war weder für die Putzfischart, den Putzgast noch für das Putzfressen spezifisch. Vergleiche mit anderen veröffentlichten Beschreibungen versuchen, verschiedene Fragen zu dieser Putzsymbiose zu beantworten. Die Vielfalt des Putzverhaltens könnte durch den Grad der Abhängigkeit der Putzerfische von dieser Tätigkeit für ihre Ernährung erklärt werden.
The solar x-Ray MOONitor (SXRM) a lunar-based sun activity monitor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Solar X-Rays MOONitor is a project aimed at demonstrating the feasibility and the technological maturity of a lunar-based space weather monitor relying on a commercially available sensor. The results of a test campaign performed in favor of an analogous instrument (SolarX) demonstrated an energy resolution suitable to assess the solar corona plasma temperatures and energies. Next activities are oriented to realize a Digital Pulse Processor readout electronics implemented in such a way that, in the future, it can be built with space-qualified components. The system shall be able to manage flux variations of several orders of magnitude to deal with the extreme Sun conditions: from quiet to the most energetic class-X flares. Beside this, an activity to identify which are the possible signatures of solar events is on-going. This paper reports the current and the planned activities to implement the sensor's readout functions in an FPGA-based space-ready electronics.
Influence of Water Depth and Slope on Roughness—Experiments and Roughness Approach for Rain-on-Grid Modeling

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Two-dimensional (2D) models have become a well-established tool for channel flow, as well as rain-induced overland flow simulations. In channel flow simulations, slopes are usually less than a few percent and water depths are over several meters, while overland flow simulations show steep slopes and flow of a few centimeters. Despite these discrepancies, modelers transfer roughness coefficients, validated for channel flow, to overland flow. One purpose of this study is to verify whether roughness values from the literature are also valid for overland flow simulations. Laboratory experiments with different degrees of bed roughness, various discharges and a range of experimental flume slopes were carried out. For a given discharge, water depth was measured, and bed roughness was derived. Experimental results reveal that roughness shows no clear dependence on slope but is strongly dependent on water depth for vegetated surfaces. To verify the influence of different roughness approaches, they were implemented in a 2D model. A comparison of different simulation results indicates differences in the hydrograph. Here, consideration of water depth-related roughness coefficients leads to retention and translation effects. With the results of this study, modelers may enhance the precision of the hydraulic component in overland flow simulations.
Modulation Decoding Based on K-Means Algorithm for Bit-Patterned Media Recording

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In bit-patterned media recording (BPMR) systems, the readback signal is affected by neighboring islands that are characterized by intersymbol interference (ISI) and intertrack interference (ITI). Since increasing the areal density encourages the influence of ISI and ITI, it is more difficult to detect the data. Modulation coding can prevent the occurrence of specific data patterns that can cause severe ISI and ITI. In this study, we propose a modulation decoding method based on the K-means algorithm for a BPMR system to improve decoding capabilities. As the K-means algorithm helps understand data patterns and characteristics, the K-means decoder shows the best performance.
Special needs education : the investigation of perceptions of parents with special needs children and their experiences of the mainstream school system

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this research project is to investigate the perceptions of parents with special needs children and their experiences of the mainstream school system. This study was carried out using qualitative methods, and adopted thematic analysis.The researcher used semi-structure interviews. A Small sample size of 5 participants were involved in total.\nThe results found five key areas of commonality experienced by the participants. These included issues around access to schools, SNA, curriculum, fighting for resources and sub-themes of each. These results found that attitudes from schools concluded that the system is a one size fits all approach and parents overall experience was one of „pushing and fighting‟ to acquire the resources they felt should be easily accessible. Conclusively it is felt that there is a discrepancy between what is legislated and the reality of what the participant‟s experiences are, this became evident in individual attitudinal disclosures and the difficulties in accessing mainstream school.
Dynamic ADP-Ribosylome,\nPhosphoproteome, and Interactome\nin LPS-Activated Macrophages

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We\nhave used mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize protein signaling\nin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages from human blood,\nhuman THP1 cells, mouse bone marrow, and mouse Raw264.7 cells. Protein\nADP-ribosylation was truncated down to phosphoribose, allowing for\nenrichment and identification of the resulting phosphoribosylated\npeptides alongside phosphopeptides. Size exclusion chromatography-MS\n(SEC-MS) was used to separate proteoforms by size; protein complexes\nwere then identified by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA)\nbased on their correlated movement into or out of SEC fractions following\nstimulation, presenting an analysis method for SEC-MS that does not\nrely on established databases. We highlight two modules of interest:\none linked to the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) signalosome\nand the other containing poly­(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 ­(PARP9). Finally, PARP inhibition was used\nto perturb the characterized systems, demonstrating the importance\nof ADP-ribosylation for the global interactome. All post-translational\nmodification (PTM) and interactome data have been aggregated into\na meta-database of 6729 proteins, with ADP-ribosylation characterized\non 2905 proteins and phosphorylation characterized on 2669 proteins.\nThis databasetitled MAPCD, for <u>M</u>acrophage <u>A</u>DP-ribosylation, <u>P</u>hosphorylation,\nand <u>C</u>omplex <u>D</u>ynamicsserves\nas an invaluable resource for studying crosstalk between the ADP-ribosylome,\nphosphoproteome, and interactome.
Effect of anti-lymphocyte induction therapy on renal allograft survival

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Induction immunosuppression with antilymphocyte antibodies has not been shown to improve cadaveric kidney allograft survival in randomized, controlled trials despite widespread use. This meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of induction therapy in prolonging allograft survival. Studies of induction therapy were identified in Medline (1986 through 1996), using the terms "monoclonal antibodies" or "antilymphocyte serum," and "kidney transplantation," "human," and "clinical trial." Bibliographies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, the United Network for Organ Sharing, National Institutes of Health, and study authors were also consulted. Seven of 247 identified studies met the following inclusion criteria: (1) an adult study population; (2) assessment of antilymphocyte antibodies in the immediate posttransplant period; (3) a control arm of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone in the immediate posttransplant period; and (4) presentation of survival data. Two readers independently extracted protocol and survival data from each study. Summary odds ratios (fixed and random effects) and a rate ratio from proportional hazards regression at 2 yr were estimated to examine the effect of induction therapy on allograft survival. The summary odds ratios were both 0.66 (confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 0.96; P = 0.03), and the rate ratio was 0.69 (CI, 0.49 to 0.97; P = 0.03), indicating a beneficial effect of induction therapy on allograft survival. Allograft survival was 85.6% (CI, 82.1 to 89.1%) in the induction therapy group and 79.6% (CI, 75.6 to 83.6%) in the conventional therapy group. These results were stable in a sensitivity analysis based on study quality. Allograft survival was prolonged with induction therapy compared with conventional immunosuppression. These data indicate a potential role for the routine use of induction therapy in renal transplantation to optimize the survival of cadaveric allografts.