jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Catalyst Controlled Divergent C4/C8 Site-Selective C–H Arylation of Isoquinolones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The catalyst-controlled C4/C8 site-selective C-H arylation of isoquinolones using aryliodonium salts as the coupling partners was developed. The C4-selective arylation was successfully achieved via an electrophilic palladation pathway. A completely different selectivity pattern was observed using an Ir(III) catalytic system, which resulted in C-C bond formation exclusively at the C8 position. The isoquinolone scaffold can be conveniently equipped with various aryl substituents at either the C4 or C8 position.
Research on the Diagnosis Method of Reciprocating Compressor Valve Leakage Fault With Vibration Signal

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Reciprocating compressor is one of the key machines in chemical and petrochemical industries. The most common failure mode in the compressor is valve leakage. Generally, leakage fault is considered to be of little harm to machines. However, it was found that the serious leakage of the valve would cause abnormal bending vibration of the piston rod and accelerate the formation of fatigue cracks. Most researchers utilized the signal of cylinder dynamic pressure, valve temperature or acoustic emission to diagnose valve leakage fault. However, each of these methods has disadvantages. In this paper, a new method is proposed to diagnose valve leakage fault using vibration signal. The main idea is that the severity of valve leakage can be assessed by analyzing energy of the main frequency band during compression process and the delay of discharge valve opening. Firstly, the vibration signal in the time domain is segmented into several angle-domain signals according to the keyphasor signal. Each of the angle-domain signals corresponds to one cylinder working cycle. Then, the time-frequency analysis is conducted with the Gaussian window, and the main energy frequency band and the compression process are determined. Filtering the signal with a bandpass filter based on the main energy frequency band, and the root-mean-square (RMS) of the filtered signal during compression process is calculated in a crank revolution. Besides, the angle of discharge valve opening is detected. Based on the two indicators, the severity of valve leakage can be estimated. To verify the effectiveness of the method, keyphasor of the flywheel, cylinder dynamic pressure and vibration acceleration of valve are acquired on a double-acting oil-free air compressor under different degrees of suction valve leakage. The experimental results and analysis show that the proposed method can well identify the valve leakage fault, even in the case of weak leakage, and is very effective in quantifying the severity of leakage.
Chaos Expansions, Multiple Wiener-Ito Integrals, and Their Applications

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Multiple Wiener-Ito Integrals: An Introductory Review, C. Houdre, V. Perez-Abreu, and A.S. Ustunel. The Hu-Meyer Formula: A View of the Problem with Special Attention to the Poisson Case, J.L. Sole and F. Utzet. Remarks on the Existence of k-Traces, G.W. Johnson and G. Kallianpur. Multiple Wiener-Ito Integrals and a Multivariate Version of Schoenberg's Theorem, O. Kallenberg. The State of Decoupling: A Survey, J. Szulga. MWI Expansions for Functionals Related to Level-Crossing Counts, E.V. Slud. Scaling Limits of Solutions of Burgers' Equation with Singular Gaussian Initial Data, D. Surgailis and W.A. Woyczynski. Weak Convergence in Dynamical Systems to Self-Similar Processes with Time Average Representation, M.T. Lacey. On Exact Tails for Limiting Distributions of U-Statistics in the Second Gaussian Chaos, P. Imkeller. Limit Theorems for Empirical Processes under Dependence, M.A. Arcones and B. Yu. Mixing for Multiple Wiener-Ito Integral Processes, D.W. Chambers. Zero-One Laws for Multiple Stochastic Integrals, J. Rosinski and G. Samorodnitsky. Continuity of Some Gaussian Chaoses, M.B. Marcus. Some Formulas for Anticipative Girsanov Transformations, J.A. Leon and P. Protter. Absolute Continuity of Processes and a Derivation Rule, M.E. Caballero and B. Fernandez. Smoothness of Local Time and Related Wiener Functionals, D. Nualart and J. Vives. Distributions on Wiener Space and Fluctuation Limits of Poisson Systems of Brownian Bridges, L.G. Gorostiza. Ito-Ramer, Skorohod and Ogawa Integrals with Respect to Gaussian Processes and Their Interrelationship, L. Gawarecki and V. Mandrekar.
Is Psychological Distress Related to Patient Outcomes in Surgical Repair of Rotator Cuffs.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Damage to the rotator cuff causes shoulder pain and can lead to surgical repair, a problem that affects approximately 20% of the population with incidence increasing with age. Furthermore, psychological factors have been found to be key determinants of health and can influence patient reported outcomes undergoing a medical treatment. Thus, this study aims to review measures of psychological distress in the context of rotator cuff repair. Factors that cause psychological distress can be hospitalization, surgical outcomes, recovery period, financial burden, social support and absence from work. A variety of self-assessment measures are currently used to measure psychological distress and outcomes of the musculoskeletal surgeries and repair. However, there is the sensitivity, reliability and validity of these measures are not well defined. The goal of the review is to understand the currently measures of psychological distress and evaluate their ability to predict patient outcomes in rotator cuff repair. After a preliminary literature review, patients experiencing greater distress show inferior results on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scale and low scores on the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score. It was also found that Distress Questionnaire-5 was a better tool to determine psychological distress than Kessler's Questionnaire-5. No clinically approved definition for psychological distress and biases linked to self-assessed questionnaires are certain limitations to our study. In our future studies, we plan to employ a survey for psychological distress as well as a biomarker for stress, cortisol, to determine if reduction of both perceived stress and the stress hormone, cortisol, can improve patient outcomes for rotator cuff repair surgery. Furthermore, we propose to enroll patients in a mindfulness program to facilitate a reduction of stress and compare these outcomes to patients undergoing standard of care. Key words: Rotator cuff tears, psychological distress, distress questionnaire, reliability, validity, surgical outcomes
The effects of oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy on superoxide radicals in rat skin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Female skin undergoes regressive changes after the onset of menopause. There is a reduction in collagen synthesis resulting in decline of collagen content, and the skin becomes thinner and drier.1 However, it is not known with certainty if this phenomenon is mainly age‐related, is due to hypo‐oestrogenism, or both. One of several theories of ageing includes imbalance between the oxidant factors and antioxidant protective mechanisms in human cells. There is clinical experience that hormone‐replacement therapy (HRT) can bring definite beneficial effects to the skin and the prevention of skin ageing in postmenopausal women. HRT has been shown to improve parameters involved in skin ageing such as collagen content, thickness, barrier function and the mechanical properties of the skin.1 These observations raise the question as to whether the beneficial effects of oestrogens relate to decrease of the oxidative damage in the skin. The aim of this study was to determine the probable changes in superoxide levels after oophorectomy and the effects of various HRT formulations on antioxidant status in female rat skin.
Embedded Field Test Item Statistics: Can They Be Trusted for Estimating Student Proficiency?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Assessment items are commonly field tested prior to operational use to observe statistical item properties such as difficulty. Item parameter estimates from field testing may be used to assign scores via pre-equating or computer adaptive designs. This study examined differences between item difficulty estimates based on field test and operational data and the relationship of such differences to item position changes and student proficiency estimates. Item position effects were observed for 20 assessments, with items in later positions tending to be more difficult. Moreover, field test estimates of item difficulty were biased slightly upward, which may indicate examinee knowledge of which items were being field tested. Nevertheless, errors in field test item difficulty estimates had negligible impacts on student proficiency estimates for most assessments. Caution is still warranted when using field test statistics for scoring, and testing programs should conduct investigations to determine whether the effects on scoring are inconsequential.
Effects of Binúñga [Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.] Crude Leaf Extract on Cancer Cells, Angiogenesis, Early Implantation, and Embryogenesis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Medicinal plants have long been known to contain an abundance of natural bioactive compounds, some of which have been studied for their anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic properties. However, testing the possible side effects of a “drug” candidate is not congruently done in vivo. Hence, the effects of these plant extracts on different biological processes are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activity of the crude leaf extract of the plant Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. while simultaneously assessing its safety. For anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic evaluation of the extract, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] and duck chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays were utilized, respectively. Alongside this, the detrimental effect of the leaf extract on normal biological processes was conducted by examining its effect on mice implantation and embryogenesis through morphological and histological analyses. For anti-cancer potential, crude methanolic extract of the leaves from M. tanarius was found to be cytotoxic against HCT116 at a concentration of 18.93 ug/mL. The extract also showed anti-angiogenic potential as CAM assay revealed that the extract reduced the percent area of blood vessels. In the mice implantation assay, the methanolic extracts were not able to significantly decrease the number of embryo implantations in the uterus. Furthermore, CD31 staining showed that the uterus treated with M. tanarius exhibited a significant reduction in blood vessels. Reduction of blood vessels did not affect late organogenesis since the gestation index of dams and fetal malformation index showed no significant difference between PBS- (phosphate-buffered saline solution) and extract-treated groups after additional treatment at (embryonic day) E8.5 and E9.5. This suggests that M. tanarius leaves possess bioactive compounds for anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic therapy that may not interfere with normal biological processes such as pregnancy
Interdecadal variation in developmental timing of Neocalanus plumchrus populations at Ocean Station P in the subarctic North Pacific

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A single copepod species, Neocalanus plumchrus (Marukawa), makes up much of the mesozooplankton biomass in the subarctic Pacific. Its vertical distribution and developmental sequence are both strongly seasonal. Together, they produce a strong and narrow (<60 days duration) annual peak of upper ocean zooplankton biomass in spring and early summer. At Ocean Station P (50°N, 145°W), seasonal phasing of this annual maximum has shifted dramatically between 1956 and the present. Both time series observations of N. plumchrus stage composition ratios and measurements of total upper ocean zooplankton biomass produce consistent pictures of this change. Population development was very late in the early 1970s (biomass maximum in mid-July to late July), early in the late 1950s (late May - early June), and very early in the 1990s (early May to mid-May). The changes in timing are strongly correlated with large-scale year-to-year and decade-to-decade ocean climate fluctuations, as reflected by spring season temperature anomalies in the surface mixed layer within which the juvenile copepodites feed and grow (r 2 = 0.56, development about 60 days earlier in warm than in cold years). But the change in developmental timing is too large to be explained solely by physiological acceleration of individual development rate. We suggest instead that the cause is interannual differences in survival among early versus late portions of the annual copepodite cohort.
Regarding the issue of abdominal drainage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The article discusses with main questions regarding drainage of the abdominal cavity, the types of drains and drainage devices. The outcome of surgery on the abdominal organs is largely dependent on effective drainage. There is still debate regarding the drainage techniques, shape and drainage material, indications and frequency of use. In deciding whether abdominal drainage is needed it is necesary to determine the most optimal method, its effectiveness and possible complications. Abdominal drainage is a necessary and important final stage of many operations, and sometimes the primary method of surgical intervention. At the same time, at the time of draining the abdominal cavity it is essential to know about the negative sides of the drainage and complications. There are certain difficulties in assessing the impact of abdominal drainage.
Human Genome Project

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The Human Genome Project generated the first draft of the human DNA sequence and the first comprehensive catalog of DNA polymorphisms that contain the key to decipher the genetic basis of common and complex diseases. Advances in technology and statistical methods have produced a wealth of genetic information that may translate genetics discoveries into precision medicine tools. The challenge of analyzing massive genetic data stimulated the development of innovative statistical methods, including genome‐wide principal component analysis to adjust genetic association for confounding by ethnicity, and imputation methods that have greatly facilitated analysis across different studies. The unique challenges of these analyses also fostered a new culture of collaboration, data sharing, scientific rigor, and interdisciplinary research that greatly benefited the field of biostatistics.
Review of: "Development of a Curriculum for Emergency Physicians to Teach Transesophageal Echocardiography for Cardiac Arrests: A Kern Six-Step Model"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Potential competing interests: No potential competing interests to declare.Although transesophageal ECHO is a procedure that is performed with difficulty and care by cardiologists, providing this training to emergency physicians will be both beneficial and troublesome.Pauses during CPR to check the patient's condition are more obvious in TTE, but not in TEE.Each pause will stop cerebral blood flow, and the negative impact on postcardiac arrest neurological outcomes will be more apparent.Considering the benefits of TEE in cardiac arrest, there may be improvements in post-arrest care by preparing a TEE training curriculum for emergency physicians and implementing the training.I congratulate the authors for preparing this article.
INTRA-OPERATIVE FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY COMPLICATED BY HEMOPHTHALMOS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is one of the most common reasons of blindness among working age people. Among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is more than 40%, and at present there is a tendency to an increase of its incidence. The main methods of treatment of this disease are a pars plana vitrectomy and retinal laser photocoagulation (RLP). Medication used only in combination with surgery. One of the most common PDR complications is a vitreous hemorrhage. The use of modern methods of primary VE is accompanied by a low surgical risk and causes an improvement of visual and anatomical results. However, in the PDR complicated by vitreous hemorrhage, there can be possible difficulties of preoperative diagnosis. Prior to the removal of the vitreous body a visualization of retinal lesions is hampered as well as planning volume of the retinal endolaser coagulation (RELC). The main diagnostic procedures used in the PRD are direct ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FAG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the PDR their implementation is difficult because of a violation of the vitreous transparency. The intra-operative FAG can serve as a solution to the problem. This method is simple to perform. It allows to diagnose retinal vascular abnormalities directly during the surgical intervention, the study of which was impossible in the preoperative period. The intra-operative FAG allows to diagnose macular edema and ischemia, to determine the location of the retinal avascular regions and areas of neovascularization. The identification of areas of bleeding becomes possible. As a result there is a more precise RELC procedure, and, therefore, an improvement of treatment outcomes as well as an reduction in the quantity of complications.
PhIT-Net: Photo-consistent Image Transform for Robust Illumination Invariant Matching

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new and completely data-driven approach for generating a photo-consistent image transform. We show that simple classical algorithms which operate in the transform domain become extremely resilient to illumination changes. This considerably improves matching accuracy, outperforming the use of state-of-the-art invariant representations as well as new matching methods based on deep features. The transform is obtained by training a neural network with a specialized triplet loss, designed to emphasize actual scene changes while attenuating illumination changes. The transform yields an illumination invariant representation, structured as an image map, which is highly flexible and can be easily used for various tasks. We point out that the utility of our method is not restricted to handling illumination invariance, and that it may be applied for generating representations which are invariant to additional types of nuisance, undesired, image variants
Structural health monitoring of engineered structures using a space-borne synthetic aperture radar multi-temporal approach: from cultural heritage sites to war zones

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of engineered structures consists of an automated or semi-automated survey system that seeks to assess the structural condition of an anthropogenic structure. The aim of an SHM system is to provide insights into possible induced damage or any inherent signals of deformation affecting the structure in terms of detection, localization, assessment, and prediction. During the last decade there has been a growing interest in using several remote sensing techniques, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), for SHM. Constellations of SAR satellites with short repeat time acquisitions permit detailed surveys temporal resolution and millimetric sensitivity to deformation that are at the scales relevant to monitoring large structures. The all-weather multi-temporal characteristics of SAR make its products suitable for SHM systems, especially in areas where in situ measurements are not feasible or not cost effective. To illustrate this capability, we present results from COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and TerraSAR-X SAR observations applied to the remote sensing of engineered structures. We show how by using multiple-geometry SAR-based products which exploit both phase and amplitude of the SAR signal we can address the main objectives of an SHM system including detection and localization. We highlight that, when external data such as rain or temperature records are available or simple elastic models can be assumed, the SAR-based SHM capability can also provide an interpretation in terms of assessment and prediction. We highlight examples of the potential for such imaging capabilities to enable advances in SHM from space, focusing on dams and cultural heritage areas. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FIGURES 165–168 in The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of California 2850

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURES 165–168. Liriomyza nebulosa spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 165: ejaculatory apodeme; 166: external components, ventral; 167: phallus, left lateral; 168: phallus, ventral.
Mixture GAN For Modulation Classification Resiliency Against Adversarial Attacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) using the Deep Neural Network (DNN) approach outperforms the traditional classification techniques, even in the presence of challenging wireless channel environments. However, the adversarial attacks cause the loss of accuracy for the DNN-based AMC by injecting a well-designed perturbation to the wireless channels. In this paper, we propose a novel generative adversarial network (GAN)-based countermeasure approach to safeguard the DNN-based AMC systems against adversarial attack examples. GAN-based aims to eliminate the adversarial attack examples before feeding to the DNN-based classifier. Specifically, we have shown the resiliency of our proposed defense GAN against the Fast-Gradient Sign method (FGSM) algorithm as one of the most potent kinds of attack algorithms to craft the perturbed signals. The existing defense-GAN has been designed for image classification and does not work in our case where the above-mentioned communication system is considered. Thus, our proposed countermeasure approach deploys GANs with a mixture of generators to overcome the mode collapsing problem in a typical GAN facing radio signal classification problem. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed defense GAN so that it could enhance the accuracy of the DNN-based AMC under adversarial attacks to 81%, approximately.
Evaluation of a Backpack-Mounted 3D Mobile Scanning System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, several backpack-mounted systems, also known as personal laser scanning systems, have been developed. They consist of laser scanners or cameras that are carried by a human operator to acquire measurements of the environment while walking. These systems were first designed to overcome the challenges of mapping indoor environments with doors and stairs. While the human operator inherently has the ability to open doors and to climb stairs, the flexible movements introduce irregularities of the trajectory to the system. To compete with other mapping systems, the accuracy of these systems has to be evaluated. In this paper, we present an extensive evaluation of our backpack mobile mapping system in indoor environments. It is shown that the system can deal with the normal human walking motion, but has problems with irregular jittering. Moreover, we demonstrate the applicability of the backpack in a suitable urban scenario.