jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Two distinct regulatory elements control quail cdc2 transcription: possible involvement in the control of retinoblast differentiation.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It is a characteristic of the central nervous system of higher eukaryotes that neurons, after an initial proliferation phase, remain postmitotic for their whole life span. In the developing quail neuroretina, most retinoblasts become postmitotic after 7-8 days of incubation. They also cease to express cdc2, which is presumably necessary to allow retinoblasts to definitively leave the cell cycle. The molecular mechanisms monitoring cdc2 expression during differentiation remain partly understood. To further study the control of cdc2 transcription in avian cells, we have cloned the quail cdc2 promoter. Two functional regulatory elements have been characterized. One of them contains an E2F-binding site. Human E2F-1 was found to transactivate the quail cdc2 promoter very efficiently in avian and human cells. Gel retardation experiments are presented, suggesting that E2F, in association with different partners, is a major regulatory of cdc2 transcription during the development of the neuroretina. Our data also indicate that another transcription factor binds to the octamer CAGGTGGC located 115 nucleotides above the main transcription start site. This motif is thus another important regulatory element participating in the control of cdc2 expression.
Evaluation Of Low-level Laser Therapy In Bilateral Tinnitus With Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Sound perception in the ear without external source is defined as tinnitus. In recent years, low level laser therapy has been widely used in the treatment of tinnitus.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of low level laser therapy in the treatment of bilateral subjective tinnitus concomitant with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.Methods: A total of 30 patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss accompanied with bilateral subjective tinnitus collected from outpatient clinics of otorhinolaryngology department in Al-Azhar University hospitals and National Hearing and Speech Institute, during the period from September 2018 to December 2019. Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) & Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were assessed. All the patients received Low-Level Laser Therapy in one ear and a placebo in the other ear. Follow-up period was for 3 and 6 months.Results: As regards VAS score, the mean of the active laser group of patients was (8) before the sessions which changed to (5.1) 3 months after completion of the sessions, while it worsened to (7.5) 6 months after completion of the sessions. As regards THI severity score, the mean of tinnitus handicap inventory was (54.7) before the sessions and became (38.1) 3 months after the sessions but worsened 6 months after the sessions (49.1). There was non-statistically significant change in VAS and THI score from baseline to 6 months post-intervention.Conclusion: Low-Level Laser Therapy for sensorineural tinnitus seemed to be a safe method in reducing the severity of tinnitus, but there was non-statistically significant difference from baseline to 6 months post-intervention.
Factors Affecting the Benefits of Baobab Plant: A Case of Kazungula District of Zambia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

There is very little information on the factors that influence the trade of baobab products and the basic market functioning factors predominantly hindering the smooth trade and commercialization of baobab products in the Kazungula district in Zambia. This study was carried out to analyze the factors affecting the trading of baobab products for improved marketing and sustainability of the trade in the Kazungula district. Purposive sampling was used to select the districts while snowballing technique was used in selecting the actors of the baobab trade. Findings show that the production factors (the price of seedlings, farm size, price of agrochemicals, expenditure on labour, and cost of irrigation and production) are among the factors that influence the production of baobab products since they are used as inputs in the baobab fruit production activities. Socio-economic and institutional factors also influence a farmer’s economic benefits. The socio-economic factors influence the efficiency of a farmer. The study’s policy recommendations are expected to play a feedback effect in improving profit efficiency and economic benefits of baobab fruits at all levels. Further, improved livelihoods and income levels are anticipated. This is anticipated to have a feedback effect on profit efficiency, institutional and socio-cultural factors through improved and informed use of inputs, the alteration of the current socio-cultural aspects of the rural farmers, and institutional services accessibility.
Mitomycin-C for Post-PRK Corneal Haze

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Reply: We appreciate the comments of Drs. Raviv, Majmudar, Epstein, and Mr. Dennis. As emphasized in our paper, lamellar keratectomy performed with the microkeratome should only be used as a last resort, before proceeding to penetrating keratoplasty in patients with severe corneal haze. In the technique described by Majmudar and coauthors, mitomycin-C appeared to be effective in preventing recurrence of “reticular” haze. The removal of the subepithelial opacities had to be done manually. In the case that we described, the patient had a very dense corneal scar. The virtue of our technique was that it was able to remove a scar that was quite deep and left a good quality optical surface. One wonders whether freehand mechanical dissection would produce an anterior corneal surface that was as regular in a cornea in which the scarring was deep and severe. In patients with smaller degrees of scarring, the technique described by Majmudar and coauthors is obviously an attractive alternative. Karim Rasheed MD, MSc, MRCOphth Yaron S. Rabinowitz MD
[The O'Brien filter test in the differential diagnosis of disorders with high-grade thrombocytosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary thrombocytosis, platelet function test can be used. We have examined the possible role of O'Brien's filter test in the differentiation of primary and secondary thrombocytosis in 53 patients with myeloproliferative diseases with primary thrombocytosis and in 21 patients with other disorders complicated by secondary thrombocytosis. By using heparin as an anticoagulant, the sensitivity of O'Brien's filter test proved to be 75%, and it's specificity was 85.7%. In blood samples anticoagulated with citrate, the sensitivity was 100% and specificity 83.3%. Based on these studies we suggest the use of O'Brien's filterometer as a screening test in the differential diagnosis in patients with elevated (> 400 x 10(9)/L) platelet count. In case of normal results, the causes of reactive thrombocytosis should be cleared first, while with pathologic results, haematological examination of the patients should be performed.
Role of Activin A as A Novel Marker for Diagnosis and Evaluation of Nonalchoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease gaining increasing interest worldwide.It ranges from simple nonalcoholic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, and may lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Objectives: To study the role of activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily, in diagnosis and evaluation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Patients and Methods:This study is a comparative case-control study.This study was carried out at Outpatient Clinics of Internal Medicine Department of Ain Shams University.The study included 90 patients that were divided into 3 groups.Group 1 that included 35 patients with NAS (steatosis) with exclusion criteria of intake of hepatotoxic drugs, group 2 that included 35 patients with fatty liver and elevated liver enzymes (NASH) and group 3 that included 20 patients as a control group.Results: There was a high statistical significant difference between the studied groups as regards ALT, AST, total and direct bilirubin, plts count, activin A, and Albumin.There was a high statistical significant difference between the studied groups as regards APRI score and FIB-4.There was high correlation between activin A and BMI, APRI score, FIB-4 and liver size with high significance (p < 0.001).Using activin A, it was shown that above 858.5, it can discriminate between NAFLD and non-NAFLD with level of sensitivity 100% and specificity 100%.Conclusion: Serum activin A showed a trend towards progressive level increase from controls, to steatosis and NASH patients.
5-Bromo-2-(2-nitroethenyl)furan

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The five-membered ring of the title compound, C 6 H 4 BrNO 3 , has normal geometry and there are no unusual intramolecular distances or angles. The O atoms of the nitro group interact with the C-H groups of a neighboring molecule with H...O distances of 2.46 (1) and 2.56 (1)A.
Multiple transcription factors in 5′-flanking region of human polymeric Ig receptor control its basal expression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The polymeric Ig receptor ( pIgR) is a critical component of the mucosal immune system and is expressed in largest amounts in the small intestine. In this study, we describe the initial characterization of the core promoter region of this gene. Expression of chimeric promoter-reporter constructs was supported in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, and DNase I footprint analysis revealed a large protein complex within the core promoter region. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments determined that elements within this region serve to either augment or repress basal activity of the human pIgR promoter. Band shift assays of overlapping oligonucleotides within the core promoter identified eight distinct complexes; the abundance of most complexes was enhanced in post-confluent cells. In summary, we report the characterization of the human pIgR promoter and the essential role that eight different nuclear complexes have in controlling basal expression of this gene in Caco-2 cells.
Abstract 1517: Wnt signaling pathway seems a better target than k-ras pathway for colon cancer specific suicide gene therapy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract As Wnt and K-ras are two most important signaling pathways activated in colon cancer, exploiting them for colon cancer specific gene therapy seems an attractive biological approach for therapy of colon cancer. Our aim was inserting specific promoters downstream to these pathways upstream of suicide genes. Therefore we investigated promoters downstream to these signaling pathways in order to insert them upstream of suicide genes. These promoters should be specifically upregulated by these pathways. They should have been proved to be inactive in normal cells of the body. These promoters should also be short enough to be inserted upstream of a therapeutic gene in a gene therapy construct. After investigating we found out Fibroblast Growth factor 18 (FGF18) and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (UPAR) promoters which met the above mentioned criteria and seemed to be the most plausible promoters downstream to Wnt and K-ras signaling pathways. We inserted the most important parts of these promoters upstream of β-Gal as reporter and thymidine kinase as suicide genes. The activity of these promoters in two distinct colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and SW480) and normal colon cells was studied. It was showed that FGF18 and UPAR promoter activity in HCT116 cell line was 0.25 and 0.187 times in comparison to CMV promoter while in SW480 this ratio was 0.09 and 0.02. Neither of promoters was active in normal colon cells. After applying the specific suicidal constructs in colon cancer cells, it was showed that both suicidal constructs reduced the viability of HCT116 in the presence of 20µg/ml of ganciclovir while in SW480 UPAR and FGF18 promoters reduced the viability in the presence of 40µg/ml and 20µg/ml ganciclovir respectively. The positive control suicidal construct induced significant reduction in the viability of both cell lines in the presence of 20µg/ml ganciclovir. The apoptosis induced by these suicidal constructs was also proved by M30cytodeath antibody in HCT116 and Annexin-PI in SW480. This difference in the method of proving apoptosis might be due to different mechanism of induced cell death by phosphorylated ganciclovir. These experiments showed that exploiting specific promoters downstream to activated signaling pathways in cancerous cells would be a good strategy for specific expression of therapeutic genes in cancerous cells. Also in colon cancer exploiting universal pathways such as wnt might be a better investment for this approach. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1517.
USE OF IRAQ CONCRETE SCRAP AS FILLER AND AGGREGATE OF HEAVYWEIGHT AND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

the relevance of the paper is due to the search for alternative sources of raw materials for the construction industry, associated with the disposal of man-made waste. The novelty of the article is to identify the scien-tific laws of the influence of demolition waste on buildings and structures on the formation of the micro-structure of lightweight and heavyweight concrete. Concrete waste was prepared as both fillers of cement materials and fine aggregates, based on which concrete with high mechanical properties was created. The mix design was carried out from the point of view of geomimetics, in particular, taking into account the law of affinity of structures. The strength characteristics of concrete mixtures were investigated in accordance with EN 12390-3. In addition, the microstructural, morphological and thermal properties of the raw materials and concrete were determined during 28-day curing. For the first time, the dense microstructure of the com-posite was ensured, both with Portland cement products and with hydration, and, in part, with hydration products of previously unreacted clinker, whose minerals are present in concrete waste and are activated when they are crushed. The use of demolition waste of buildings and structures as a filler of cementing ma-terial when replacing Portland cement up to 20% allows to obtain better compressive strength of both heav-yweight and lightweight concrete.
Salivary gland function after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A comparison of accelerated and conventionally fractionated treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the treatment of head and neck cancer by radiotherapy the major salivary glands are often inevitably included in the treatment volume. The impairment of salivary gland function that can result is an important cause of late morbidity following treatment. Clinical experience has suggested that impaired salivary gland function after radiotherapy is less following treatment using the CHART regime as compared with conventionally fractionated treatment. The salivary gland function of 73 patients treated by radiotherapy (CHART or conventionally fractionated treatment) for head and neck tumours has been studied. 26 were tested nine months to nine years after treatment and 47 were studied serially before, during and for up to 2 years after treatment. In 41 patients serum amylase was monitored before and during radiotherapy. Pronounced falls in salivary flow and pH are seen once radiotherapy has commenced when significant amounts of salivary tissue are included in the treatment volume. Marked rises in the serum amylase accompany these very early changes. The parotid glands show the greatest sensitivity to radiotherapy compared to the other salivary glands. The early changes are as marked for patients receiving either CHART or conventionally fractionated treatment but a greater recovery of function after CHART results in the improved function seen in patients nine months or more following treatment with CHART. The reduction in the late impairment of salivary gland function following radiotherapy with CHART is the result of the low dose per fraction employed combined with the reduced total dose. Patient comfort is greater and quality of life improved. Salivary gland function has proved measurable and is a valuable system for the study of human radiobiology. The evidence from this study gives support for the concept of reduced late change resulting from a reduction in dose per fraction, an area of importance to the development of improved radiotherapy treatment schedules.
Integrative systematics illuminates the relationships in two sponge-associated hydrozoan families (Capitata: Sphaerocorynidae and Zancleopsidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract An integrated approach using morphological and genetic data is needed to disentangle taxonomic uncertainties affecting the hydrozoan families Sphaerocorynidae and Zancleopsidae. Here we used this approach to accurately characterise species in these families, identify the previously unknown polyp stages of the genera Euphysilla and Zancleopsis , which were originally described exclusively based on the medusa stages, describe a new sphaerocorynid genus and species, and assess the phylogenetic position of the two families within the Capitata. The monotypic genus Astrocoryne was found to be a synonym of Zancleopsis . Astrocoryne cabela was therefore transferred to the genus Zancleopsis as Zancleopsis cabela comb. nov. The new polyp-based genus and species Kudacoryne diaphana gen. nov. sp. nov. was erected within the Sphaerocorynidae. Both taxa are primarily based on genetic data, but the introduction of this new genus was made necessary by the fact that it clustered with the genera Heterocoryne and Euphysilla , despite showing Sphaerocoryne -like polyps. Interestingly, the species analysed in this work showed contrasting biogeographical patterns. Based on our data and literature records, some species appear to have a wide circumtropical range, whereas others are limited to few localities. Overall, these results lay the ground for future investigations aimed at resolving the taxonomy and systematics of these two enigmatic families.
Stories of HERMES: An Analysis of the Issues Faced by Young European Researchers in Migration and Ethnic Studies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article introduces contemporary migration research from the perspective of a cross-section of itinerant European academics at the early stages of their research career. Specifically, it examines self-reflexivity as an effective tool to support qualitative data analysis in light of the multiple dimensions of migration and ethnic research in Europe. As part of this reflexivity, the paper considers the complex relations and relationships that shape researcher-participant interaction. It shows how these are made even more intricate and confusing by research conducted outside ones home country and/ or with national communities to which one does not "naturally" belong. Over recent years, the European Commission has sought to foster inter-academic exchange, especially amongst new European researchers. Emphasis has been placed on the need to build up effective international and inter-disciplinary research networks but, we argue, very little attention has been directed towards how the processes of up-rooting and re-grouping facilitate and/ or restrict the research experience. Using self-reflexivity, and in light of the particular complexities of carrying out international migration research, the paper will review these issues and seek to increase our understanding of how young European academics become successful transnational researchers. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs060397
Nitrogen assimilation by a Citrus tree

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Primary assimilation of 15 N‐ammonium or 15 N‐nitrate by excised leaves of satsuma mandarin ( Citrus unshiu Markovitch) was examined under light and dark conditions. Under both conditions both types of nitrogen were most markedly incorporated into glutamine‐amide nitrogen in the primary step of the assimilation, and into proline in the later steps. Incorporation of ammonium or nitrate into amino acids was more active in the light than in the dark, although the stimulating effect of light on the incorporation was relatively small in both cases.
Impact of Change Implementation in the Driller's Control Cabin: A Human Factors Assessment with Design Implications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Technological inventions and new ways of working transform the driller's control cabin into a place of change. Focusing on the human and the overall system is necessary to ensure proper implementation of changes. Research indicates that too little attention has been given to human factors and user-centric design in drilling operations in the past. Through identifying existing pain points, new design concepts for driller's control cabins have been developed. Interviews and rig visits were conducted for the assessment of the current situation, comprising questions about the human-machine interface, layout, work environment and workload. The main findings in the driller's cabin were information overload and screen clutter, inadequate workplace ergonomics and work environment, and distractions from core tasks for the driller. As an underlying reason, a lack of a holistic, human-oriented approach during the implementation of changes was observed. Based on these findings three complementary design concepts were developed. The first concept, a unified digital workspace, is defined through shared screens and/or data from several digital systems and shows operation-sensitive data in a consistent way. The second concept, a dynamic physical workspace, entails an ergonomically well-designed workstation regarding hardware, equipment and layout. The third concept, a cabin built for change, ensures that the cabin is fit for the future by remaining relevant and functional through ongoing technological advancements and evolving work practices. Every design concept can increase performance, safety and wellbeing, but technical and financial challenges must be met for the realization of each concept. If the current situation remains, the conditions in the driller's cabin will only deteriorate further in the future with potential consequences such as increased work-related illness, higher potential for operator error, and reduced operational performance.
Progress in Chemical Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

For the proteins that cannot be expressed exactly by cell expression technology (e.g., proteins with multiple posttranslational modifications or toxic proteins), chemical synthesis is an important substitute. Given the limited peptide length offered by solid-phase peptide synthesis invented by Professor Merrifield, peptide ligation plays a key role in long peptide or protein synthesis by ligating two small peptides to a long one. Moreover, high-molecular-weight proteins must be synthesized using two or more peptide ligation steps, and sequential peptide ligation is such an efficient way. In this paper, we reviewed the development of chemical protein synthesis, including solid-phase peptide synthesis, chemical ligation, and sequential chemical ligation.