jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SNRGICAL TREATMENT OF CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLELITHIASIS WITH ANALYSIS OF 100 CASES.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is presented a study of 100 cases of cholecystitisi and cholelithiasis admitted to the 1st tea-ching hospital of the Wu-Han. medical college from 1952 to 1956. most cases managed by operations,6-patients died, with the mortality of 6 per cent, among them, 2 died of bile peritonitis, 2 of cho-lecystic empycma, 1 of recurrent cholangio hepatitis, 1 of high spinal anesthesia shock during operation.As this sex incidence is concerned, the infection is almost equal in. both sexes in chineses, this is contrast to the findings in Europeans and Americans, in whom there is a dominant incidence in females. Another difference is, very distinct that the diease reaches its highest age incidence between 20 and 40 in chineses, while it is between 40 and 60 in forigners.The bile specimens obtained during operations were cultured in 68 cases, B. coli grew in 42 sp-ecimens.The results revealed that the dominant organism of this disease is B. cpli.Among the 50 cases of clinical acute cholecystitis, 32 patients were Istly managed by concervative treatment resulting 3 deaths, another 18 patients were treated by early operations without mortaolity. The result of early operation is far better than concervative treatment.In cases of recurrent cholangio-hepatitis or choledochplithiasis,choledochostomy with Ttube drainage only is not satisfactory, the recurrence is mostly expected.The choledocho-dupdenal anastomosis or sphincterectomy of oddi is preferable because of it alows infected bile pr even residual stone if present, emigrate freely from biliary tract into duodenum. From our cases of 6 choledocho-duodenosto-mies and 7 sphinctcrectomies observed from 2 to 12 mouths, we found that the complication is minimal.
Ein realistischer Blick auf das Deutsche (nicht nur) als Wissenschaftssprache

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the 19th century German became similar to French and English in its general importance. This position was largely due to the influence of the newly reformed system of education and research in which German speaking countries played an important role. Obviously, things have changed since then, the use of German nowadays reflects its status as a large European language, with the international language being English. This change in status is often seen as a fundamental loss. But, taking into account all the prerequisites and historical developments of the linguistic landscape, German has been rather successful. Arguments for this position – and corresponding facts - are presented in the following paper.
Student Information System (online course registration system) / Har Wai Keong

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This Student Information System (SIS) will be developed with the objectives of utilizing the computer and Information technology to provide an easy and converuent online course registration system for the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology. This system promises a new dimension, which transcends across time and space. Time and space no longer are barriers. Students can register their courses at a different location and at a different time zone. SIS is a web-based application that uses to keep track of students' information. SIS consists of two sections that are student section and administrator section. Student section will be developed using Active Server Pages and scripting language technologies. Students' tasks will be implement on the web that enables them to register their courses online through Internet. Meanwhile, the administrator section w-ill be developed using Visual Basic 6.0 as a non web-based application. The purposes are to maintain a secure environment and reduce processing time. This section will provide the administrator with facilities to control the registration process. The system also manages to do checking and validation on the students' registration, which will reduce enormously the administrator workloads. SIS is a stand-alone system. It will be developed on the Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 platform utilizing database that will be created and stored from Microsoft SQL server. Internet Information Server will be used as web server while Visual InterDev 6.0 will be used as a tool for designing dynamic web application for this project. It is believed that the system will gradually become an essential to everyone in the future.
Activation of Macrophage Promatrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Lipopolysaccharide-Associated Proteinases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract LPS induces an up-regulation of promatrix metalloproteinase-9 (proMMP9) gene expression in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. We demonstrate here that LPS preparations are also able to activate proMMP9 made by human macrophages or THP-1 cells via LPS-associated proteinases, which cleave the N-terminal propeptide at a site or sites close to the one cleaved upon activation with organomercurial compounds. LPS-associated proteinases are serine proteinases that are able to cleave denatured collagens (gelatin) and the mammalian serine proteinase inhibitor, α1-proteinase inhibitor, thereby pushing the balance of extracellular matrix turnover even further toward degradation. A low molecular mass, low affinity inhibitor of MMP9, possibly derived from the propeptide, is generated during proMMP9 activation. However, inhibition of the LPS-associated proteinases had no effect on proMMP9 synthesis, indicating that their proteolytic activity was not required for signaling the up-regulation of the proMMP9 gene.
Medulloblastoma in Childhood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

20 medulloblastomas in children were treated at the Neurosurgical Department of Perugia over the last 6 years. The age ranged between 1.2 and 15 years, with a mean of 8 years. The ratio between males and females was 3/1. Only three tumors were localized within one cerebellar hemisphere. A shunt was performed before the removal of the tumor in 12 cases. Radical resection was completed in 15 cases, whereas a subtotal removal was performed in the cases with involvement of the brain stem. The postoperative mortality rate was 5%. The 3-year survival rate was 40% and the 5-year 25%. The postoperative radiotherapy was given at lower doses than usually reported by other authors: this seems to reduce the neuropsychological and endocrinological sequelae. CCNU or BCNU were given after radiotherapy, but this monochemotherapy seems to be less effective than polychemotherapy with CCNU, vincristine, procarbazine and dexamethasone, used in this series when relapse occurred. Radical resection improved the prognosis. The opportunity of using different protocols for ‘low risk’ and for ‘high risk’ patients is finally discussed.
NUCLEAR SPIN RELAXATION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS: I. CORRELATION FUNCTIONS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Calculation of nuclear spin–lattice relaxation times T 1 in liquids and gases involves the correlation functions of the matrix elements between different spin states of the interaction coupling the nuclear spin to other degrees of freedom of the system. The correlation functions are expressed in terms of a time-dependent pair-distribution function (TDPDF) for the system. The TDPDF is evaluated using the Wigner distribution function to describe the equilibrium ensemble of the gas or liquid. A time expansion of the dynamics of the system to a constant acceleration approximation and use of the symmetry properties of the TDPDF leads to an expression of the form[Formula: see text]This form for the TDPDF is derived for the high temperature dilute gas, for the dilute gas with first quantum correction, and for classical liquids in which the molecular dynamics can be described by the Langevin equation. The quantity g(R) is the radial distribution function appropriate to each case. The quantity P(R 2 , R′ 2 , t) is the free particle TDPDF for the classical gas; it is the classical free particle TDPDF at an effective temperature for the quantum gas; it is the product of solutions to the diffusion equation for the liquid multiplied by the (density) 2 .
Low Exciton–Phonon Coupling, High Charge Carrier\nMobilities, and Multiexciton Properties in Two-Dimensional Lead, Silver,\nCadmium, and Copper Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The development of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has revealed\nnovel physical properties, like high carrier mobilities and the tunable\ncoupling of charge carriers with phonons, which can enable wide-ranging\napplications in optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices. While mechanical\nexfoliation of graphene and some transition metal dichalcogenides\n(e.g., MoS<sub>2</sub>, WSe<sub>2</sub>) has enabled their fabrication\nas 2D semiconductors and integration into devices, lack of similar\nsyntheses for other 2D semiconductor materials has hindered further\nprogress. Here, we report measurements of fundamental charge carrier\ninteractions and optoelectronic properties of 2D nanomaterials made\nfrom two-monolayers-thick PbX, CdX, Cu<sub>2</sub>X, and Ag<sub>2</sub>X (X = S, Se) using colloidal syntheses. Extremely low coupling of\ncharge carriers with phonons (2–6-fold lower than bulk and\nother low-dimensional semiconductors), high carrier mobilities (0.2–1.2\ncm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>, without\ndielectric screening), observation of infrared surface plasmons in\nultrathin 2D semiconductor nanostructures, strong quantum-confinement,\nand other multiexcitonic properties (different phonon coupling and\nphoton-to-charge collection efficiencies for band-edge and higher-energy\nexcitons) can pave the way for efficient solution-processed devices\nmade from these 2D nanostructured semiconductors.
Polynomial approximation of interfacial tension isotherms and its use for kinetic data interpretation of metal extraction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The physico-chemical model for extraction of metals by chelating and cationic extractants is discussed. The interfacial tension data are used to simulate relationships between the reaction rate of extraction for various versions of its mechanism and the extractant bulk concentration. The program for microcomputer IBM PC is presented which can be used for routine analyses of various interfacial tension isotherms and different extraction processes. Up to now it was used with success for copper extraction by hydroxyoximes and palladium (II) extraction by dialkyl sulphide in the presence of trialkylamine.
[The intra bone passage and nursing].

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

The authors confirm the utility of the intra bone passage as a means of emergency vascular access when the installation of a peripheral and/or central venous passage is difficult or impossible when attending critically ill patients as another additional technique available to Nursing when caring for a critically ill patient. From the reference articles reviewed, the authors deduce that intra bone vascular access provides a passage to the vascular system which permits rapid, easy and efficient access, especially when attending children under the age of six. The use of the intra bone passage is justified whenever medical personnel take more than 90 seconds or have three failed tries to insert a peripheral venous tube in patients who are critically ill or unstable. The anatomical zones which are the most appropriate to puncture in children are the proximal and distal part of the tibia and the distal section of the femur. This intra bone passage permits the administering of liquids and drugs, just as a peripheral venous passage does. Both the complications and the countermeasures are minimal.
Improvement of Repeatability during Dielectric Etching by Controlling Upper Electrode Temperature

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

상부 전극에 RF power 가 직접 인가되는 capacitively coupled plasma source를 이용한 oxide layer etching 공정은 현재 반도체 제조 공정에서 매우 유용하게 사용되고 있는 방식이다. 그러나 디바이스의 사이즈가 점점 작아지면서 공정을 진행하기 위한 RF power도 커지고, plasma ignition 되는 electrode 사이의 간격도 점점 좁아지는 기술적 변화가 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 H/W의 변화에 따라 예상치 못한 문제들로 공정을 적용하는데 많은 문제점이 발생하고 있는데, 공정 진행 시에 plasma의 영향으로 인한 electrode의 온도 변화도 그 중 하나이다. 이러한 온도 변화로 인해 wafer to wafer의 공정 진행 결과가 서로 다르게 나타나게 하는 문제가 야기되고 있다. 아래의 내용에서는 상부 electrode의 온도 변화에 따른 etch 특성을 연구하고, 이를 개선할 수 있는 방법에 대해 논하고자 한다. Etch process of silicon dioxide layer by using capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is currently being used to manufacture semiconductor devices with nano-scale feature size below 50 nm. In typical CCP plasma etcher system, plasmas are generated by applying the RF power on upper electrode and ion bombardment energy is controlled by applying RF power to the bottom electrode with the Si wafer. In this case, however, etch results often drift due to heating of the electrode during etching process. Therefore, controlling the temperature of the upper electrode is required to obtain improvement of etch repeatability. In this work, we report repeatability improvement during the silicon dioxide etching under extreme process conditions with very high RF power and close gap between upper and bottom electrodes. Under this severe etch condition, it is difficult to obtain reproducible oxide etch results due to drifts in etch rate, critical dimension, profile, and selectivity caused by unexpected problems in the upper electrode. It was found that reproducible etch results of silicon dioxide layer could be obtained by controlling temperature of the upper electrode. Methods of controlling the upper electrode and the correlation with etch repeatability will be discussed in detail.
The multisystem adverse effects of NSAID therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The clinical utility of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAlDs) to manage pain and inflammation is limited by adverse side effects. Although effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, NSAlDs are associated with side effects that are a consequence of nonspecific inhibition of both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and 1 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).The primary adverse events associated with NSAID therapy are upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration, perforation, or bleeding, all of which involve mucosal damage of varying severity and can be asymptomatic and I occur with little warning. Clinicians who prescribe NSAIDs should be able to identify patients who are at risk of an NSAID-induced GI adverse event and to detect and manage the event should one occur. The use of COX-2-specific inhibitors to manage pain and inflammation may minimize the risks of NSAID-associated toxicities.
Uniform theory of the shuffle-exchange type permutation networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the uniform theory for describing of the shuffle-exchange type permutation networks - the theory of E k stages. The use of this new approach is demonstrated by applying it to the flip, omega, and other incomplete permutation networks and to some complete networks /e.g. the Beneš network/ as well. Especially the paper deals with the p, 2p, and /2p=1/-stage networks, where p = log 2 n and n is number of the inputs /or outputs/ of these networks.
Chiral interaction in double-wall carbon nanotubes: Simple rules deduced from a large sampling of tubes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We study a large sampling of chiral double-wall carbon nanotubes to propose simple formula describing the dependence of the interwall energy, the chiral discrimination energy, and the radial breathing mode frequencies as a function of the main characteristics of the tubes, i.e., their radius, length and chiral angle. It is shown that tube pairs with the same handedness are more stable than enantiomeric pairs, and this discrimination, though small, mainly occurs in the first step of the growth of an inner tube inside an outer one. Chiral splittings of the breathing mode frequencies for the two DWCNT diastereoisomers (ni,mi)@(no,mo) and (mi,ni)@(no,mo) can reach a few wave numbers.
Corporate Disasters: Some Lessons for Transformation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Applying the dynamic changes in corporate America is a feature of military transformation. Networked organizations, self-organizing systems, positive returns to scale, organizational agility, and sensory awareness are mentioned as characteristics of a revolution in military affairs. Each has a parallel in business, strengthening its attractiveness for the Pentagon. After all, companies did change in the 1990s, becoming less hierarchical and more networked, incorporating information technologies into daily operations, and using resources much more efficiently than the bureaucratic structures that went before. Yet little consideration has been given to what is now obvious, that many companies which were once models of revolutionary change have come to grief: Enron, WorldCom, Vivendi, AOL Time Warner, Qwest, Global Crossing, Sunbeam, British Telecom, Marconi, Tyco, and AT&T. The list goes on and raises basic questions because all these firms underwent radical transformation and were either total disasters (Enron) or badly damaged (AT&T). The problem is no longer getting people to embrace the need for change, but rather a more complicated one of managing change. If the Pentagon is going to borrow from business experience it must examine both sides, in particular how many corporate transformations once held up as examples have since proven to be catastrophes. Ignoring the disasters is as big a mistake as concluding that military transformation is not needed at all or that large organizations are impossible to change. Corporate disasters can inform military transformation. Without a thorough appreciation of the challenges of transformation, and unless all available experience is examined, the Armed Forces risk reliving lessons that corporate America has learned the hard way in recent years.
Observed weakening of glacier ice-bed interface caused by climatic and hydro-mechanical feedbacks: towards glacier-wide acceleration?

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

&#160;Stronger and more widespread surface melt may alter the flow of glaciers and ice sheets and trigger instability. However, observational deficiencies hamper our ability to better understand and thus predict such responses. We deployed surface and borehole seismometers along the centerline of a High Arctic glacier in Svalbard. The records span over six years and are analyzed in relation to the measured increase of surface velocity. We complement our seismic analysis (icequakes and seismic noise) with long-term measurements of glacier-surface velocity, surface-elevation changes, and runoff modeling. Since 2000, we observe glacier thinning and steepening, coinciding with acceleration of up to 1000%. In response, new crevasses have opened and provide access pathways for surface melt water to the base of the glacier, affecting the ice-bed coupling. This mechanism represents a positive hydro-mechanical feedback that fuels further acceleration and crevassing. This feedback may have wider implications for triggering of glacier-wide instabilities, increasing short-term sea-level rise and local hazards. Beyond the Arctic, we suggest that, under a warming atmosphere, glaciers may transition from stable to unstable flow through such a mechanism.&#160;&#160;
Analysis of the relationships between climate variability and grapevine phenology in the Nobile di Montepulciano wine production area

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Climate represents one of the main inputs necessary for plants to complete their vegetative–productive cycle, having a direct effect on the onset and duration of phenological stages and development of crops. Equally important are its indirect effects, affecting field operations such as the application of fertilizer, pruning and crop protection, finally determining the yield. In the present study, phenological stages of the Sangiovese grapevine for the production of Nobile di Montepulciano wine were analysed and related to historical series of meteorological information (since 1970 in Tuscany, Italy). Weather conditions were described through large-scale meteorological information; in particular geopotential height at the 500 hPa level (500 hPa GPH) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index were considered. All data were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (NOAA-CIRES) Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA, available from the NOAA-CIRES website ( http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ ) and processed by the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis Project. Conventional meteorological data, such as air temperature and cumulated rainfall, from ground weather stations were also used. The effects of meteorological parameters on crop phenology (bud-break, flowering and harvest time) were investigated by means of regression analysis, while teleconnections between phenological data and large-scale meteo-climatological data were analysed through correlation maps created using the interactive plotting and analysis link from the NOAA-CIRES website ( http://www.cdc.noaa.gov ). All correlations were calculated on a monthly to a multi-monthly basis, and also in relation to the different physiological stages of the crop, from 1970 to 2006. The climate change and variability impact on the crop was investigated by trend analysis of meteorological information and its effect on the onset of grapevine phenological stages. The results demonstrated that large-scale meteorological information has a significant effect on the onset of the phenological stages of grapevine. In particular, winter NAO was negatively correlated with bud-break and flowering dates, while GPH of February–March, March–May and May–September were negatively correlated with bud-break, flowering and harvest dates, respectively. The trend analysis demonstrated that the change and variability of climate, due to global warming, directly affects the development of grapevine leading to an anticipation of all considered phenophases.