jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SU‐G‐JeP3‐06: Lower KV Image Dose Are Expected From a Limited‐Angle Intra‐Fractional Verification (LIVE) System for SBRT Treatments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: In order to track the tumor movement for patient positioning verification during arc treatment delivery or in between 3D/IMRT beams for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), the limited‐angle kV projections acquisition simultaneously during arc treatment delivery or in‐between static treatment beams as the gantry moves to the next beam angle was proposed. The purpose of this study is to estimate additional imaging dose resulting from multiple tomosynthesis acquisitions in‐between static treatment beams and to compare with that of a conventional kV‐CBCT acquisition. Methods: kV imaging system integrated into Varian TrueBeam accelerators was modeled using EGSnrc Monte Carlo user code, BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc code was used in dose calculations. The simulated realistic kV beams from the Varian TrueBeam OBI 1.5 system were used to calculate dose to patient based on CT images. Organ doses were analyzed using DVHs. The imaging dose to patient resulting from realistic multiple tomosynthesis acquisitions with each 25–30 degree kV source rotation between 6 treatment beam gantry angles was studied. Results: For a typical lung SBRT treatment delivery much lower (20–50%) kV imaging doses from the sum of realistic six tomosynthesis acquisitions with each 25–30 degree x‐ray source rotation between six treatment beam gantry angles were observed compared to that from a single CBCT image acquisition. Conclusion: This work indicates that the kV imaging in this proposed Limited‐angle Intra‐fractional Verification (LIVE) System for SBRT Treatments has a negligible imaging dose increase. It is worth to note that the MV imaging dose caused by MV projection acquisition in‐between static beams in LIVE can be minimized by restricting the imaging to the target region and reducing the number of projections acquired. For arc treatments, MV imaging acquisition in LIVE does not add additional imaging dose as the MV images are acquired from treatment beams directly during the treatment.
Rescheduling nursing staff with information technology-based staffing solutions: a scoping review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Rescheduling to cover the sudden absences of nursing staff members is a time-consuming part of a nurse manager's daily work. The use of information technology-based (IT-based) staffing solutions is a potential solution to this issue. In order to address this challenge and improve the rescheduling process, this scoping review was created to identify, describe and analyse published papers focused on nursing staff rescheduling. The papers were analysed from the perspectives of nursing staff, patient care and organisational outcomes in hospital settings. The results showed that using IT-based staffing solutions for rescheduling can reduce both organisations' staffing costs and nurse managers' work tasks. Patient care consequences related to such solutions were not described in the reviewed papers. However, floating may also have an impact on the quality of patient care due to the mixing of nursing staff members' professional roles and skills. There is also a need for additional information about the usability of IT-based staffing solutions.
The Analysis of Running Distances in National Teams in 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and Estimation of Oxygen Consumption Capacity Based on These Distances

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aims to analyze running distances in national teams during 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and to propose a new program which estimates oxygen consumption capacity based on running distances. The data were evaluated by SPSS 22.0 statistical package program. The findings demonstrate that among teams participating in 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup, the lowest average running distance and estimated VO2max values belong to Brazil with 7398.77 meters and 43.84 ml/kg/m, respectively. On the other hand, the highest average running distance and estimated VO2max values belong to Australia with 10598 meters and 67.69 ml/kg/m, respectively. The average running distance and estimated VO2max value in national teams participating in 2010 FIFA World Cup was 9635.54 meters and 60.52 ml/kg/m, while they were 9095.82 meters and 52 ml/kg/m in 2014 FIFA World Cup, respectively.
Invasive alien plants and their management in Africa : how a multi-country "War on Weeds" project is helping an infested continent to stem the colonising onslaught of invasive species

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This book describes how the four-year GEF-funded project “Removing Barriers to Invasive Plant Management in Africa” was instrumental in developing ways of limiting the severe ecological, social and economic impacts in different parts of Africa of a number of particularly devastating alien plant invaders. The publication identifies barriers and stumbling-blocks that in the past thwarted progress towards effective invasive alien plant management practices in Africa and explains how the project went about overcoming these impediments. It takes stock of the many positive outcomes that emerged and reflects on how the project has been instrumental in ‘scaling up’ awareness on the continent of the need to prioritise a range of integrated management strategies and actions.
Regioselective synthesis of 2-(1H)-piridones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Piridones are relevant in the phatmacological industry and the studies of their syntetic procedures is of interest, particularly those leading to regioselectivity.In order to understand the mechanism of the regioselective synthesis of 2-(lH)piridones several products were isolated and characterised by NMR spectroscopy.Since the NMR experiments were not conclusive about the structures, X-Ray diffraction studies were canied out on the following compounds: C14H22N203 , CuH19N30, C17HnN2S03 (type B), CuH9N40, C1sH9N40 (type C).
Experiencing wireless sensor networks the media access control (Mac) layer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This report basically looks into the various types of Media Access Control (MAC) protocols operations such as the S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC and B-MAC+ and their individual advantages and disadvantages. It also provides an overview of the data frame structure at the data link layer as well as the two different types of MAC implementations namely TKN154 and the one which is being utilized by the micaz family range of motes. Previously, there are other variants of motes such as the mica and mica2 family motes. However, this report shall solely concentrate on the operations of the micaz-family motes and illustrates how data frames flows with the aid of finite state machine diagrams.
Impact of Youth Health Ambassador Programme on health awareness in youths in Singapore

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: The Youth Health Ambassador Programme (YHAP) is a health educational program aimed at empowering youths to become health ambassadors in the community through raising their health awareness and training them in primary health prevention. This study evaluates the effectiveness of YHAP in improving the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of participants in physical and mental health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study followed a single-group quasi-experimental design, with a pre- and postworkshop KAP survey. Participants were junior college (JC) and polytechnic students in Singapore enrolled in YHAP. In total, 131 responses were analyzed for changes in KAP for physical and mental health before and after the program. This article also studied the participants’ barriers to educating others, including environment factors, intrinsic factors, and receptiveness of the target audience. RESULTS: Mean scores of all six KAP domains increased from the preworkshop survey to the postworkshop survey, with significant improvements ( P < 0.05) in all domains except mental health knowledge. Individually, 16 out of 29 questions in the KAP sections had a significant increment in mean score after the program ( P < 0.05). Mean scores for intrinsic barriers also decreased significantly ( P < 0.001) postintervention, indicating that participants were less likely to agree that intrinsic factors were a barrier to educating people around them about health postintervention. CONCLUSION: YHAP is effective in improving the KAP of physical health and the attitudes and practices of mental health JC and polytechnic students and may reduce the effect of intrinsic barriers that participants face when teaching others.
Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the vulva: report of a rare case and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva is a rare soft tissue sarcoma that accounts for approximately 1% of all primary vulvar neoplasms, but it is the most common type of vulvar sarcoma. It usually originates from the smooth muscle within erectile tissue or blood vessel walls, the round ligament, the dartos muscle or the arrector pili muscle. No treatment algorithms have been established to date. Surgical resection is preferred for vulvar leiomyosarcoma. Currently, the recommended surgical method is extensive local resection with a safe surgical margin of at least 2 cm. The use of chemoradiotherapy for vulvar sarcoma remains controversial. This case report describes a 39-year-old female that underwent resection of a vulvar mass in January 2019. Postoperative pathological examination indicated that it was an epithelioid leiomyosarcoma. She presented with tumour recurrence after 43 days. Based on the diagnosis, radical right vulvectomy with a tumour margin of 2 cm was performed. The tumour margin was negative. The patient refused to undergo auxiliary radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The follow-up findings do not indicate any signs of recurrence. In order to avoid recurrence, vulvar epithelioid leiomyosarcomas should be completely resected with a margin of 2 cm at the time of first occurrence.
When Clients Become Collective Actors

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Political clientelism is traditionally defined as a vertical relationship based on an informal and unequal exchange of private goods for political favors where the client (often the poor/vulnerable citizen) is maintained in a position of weakness through his dependence on the patron (the powerful politician/political broker) for access to the basic rights of citizenship. Public goods are distributed according to political loyalty, an exchange based on informal (yet binding) understanding of the relationship on both parts and generally conducted through direct and face-to-face interactions guided by a certain sense of reciprocity and friendship (Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984; Roniger 1990). Originally associated to a marginal phenomenon pertaining to traditional/agrarian societies, the type of informal exchange characterizing clientelism has however survived and adapted to economic and political modernization, becoming a central concern for analysts of state-society relationships in democracy.KeywordsCommunity LeaderPrivileged AccessAccountability MechanismMunicipal CouncilorNeighborhood AssociationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Mixed Mating in a Multi-Origin Population Suggests High Potential for Genetic Rescue in North Island Brown Kiwi, Apteryx mantelli

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Reinforcement translocations are increasingly utilised in conservation with the goal of achieving genetic rescue. However, concerns regarding undesirable results, such as genetic homogenisation or replacement, are widespread. One factor influencing translocation outcomes is the rate at which the resident and the introduced individuals interbreed. Consequently, post-release mate choice is a key behaviour to consider in conservation planning. Here we studied mating, and its consequences for genomic admixture, in the North Island brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli population on Ponui Island which was founded by two translocation events over 50 years ago. The two source populations used are now recognised as belonging to two separate management units between which birds differ in size and are genetically differentiated. We examined the correlation between male and female morphometrics for 17 known pairs and quantified the relatedness of 20 pairs from this admixed population. In addition, we compared the genetic similarity and makeup of 106 Ponui Island birds, including 23 known pairs, to birds representing the source populations for the original translocations. We found no evidence for size-assortative mating. On the contrary, genomic SNP data suggested that kiwi of one feather did not flock together, meaning that mate choice resulted in pairing between individuals that were less related than expected by random chance. Furthermore, the birds in the current Ponui Island population were found to fall along a gradient of genomic composition consistent with non-clustered representation of the two parental genomes. These findings indicate potential for successful genetic rescue in future Apteryx reinforcement translocations, a potential that is currently under utilised due to restrictive translocation policies. In light of our findings, we suggest that reconsideration of these policies could render great benefits for the future diversity of this iconic genus in New Zealand.
Semantically-informed Hierarchical Event Modeling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Prior work has shown that coupling sequential latent variable models with semantic ontological knowledge can improve the representational capabilities of event modeling approaches. In this work, we present a novel, doubly hierarchical, semi-supervised event modeling framework that provides structural hierarchy while also accounting for ontological hierarchy. Our approach consists of multiple layers of structured latent variables, where each successive layer compresses and abstracts the previous layers. We guide this compression through the injection of structured ontological knowledge that is defined at the type level of events: importantly, our model allows for partial injection of semantic knowledge and it does not depend on observing instances at any particular level of the semantic ontology. Across two different datasets and four different evaluation metrics, we demonstrate that our approach is able to out-perform the previous state-of-the-art approaches by up to 8.5%, demonstrating the benefits of structured and semantic hierarchical knowledge for event modeling.
Nesting Ecology and Colony Survival of Two Invasive Polistes Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract We examined the abundance, nesting ecology, and colony survival of two invasive species of paper wasp, Polistes dominula Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and Polistes chinensis Pérez (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), within their invaded range in New Zealand. The more recent invader, P. dominula, exhibited a strong habitat preference, reaching the highest abundances within suburban areas with an average of 87.4 wasps per 1,000 m2. Coastal habitats were also found to be suitable environments for P. dominula, although wasp abundance in these areas was comparatively lower than suburban sites at 26.5 wasps per 1,000 m2. Although P. chinensis were observed to build more nests in coastal habitats, this was not reflected in the abundance of adult wasps in these areas. Nests of P. dominula were larger and more productive, likely a result of the multiple founding and earlier emergence of workers compared to P. chinensis. Both species exhibited significant differences in nest survival, with P. dominula observed to have a higher colony survival rate, particularly in suburban habitats where this species utilized man-made substrates as nesting sites. Neither species nested within forest sites and translocated nests of P. dominula failed to thrive within forest habitats. Findings of this research suggest that P. dominula will not pose a threat to species inhabiting forested areas. Instead, biodiversity managers should focus their efforts on suburban and coastal environments as native species in these areas will require the greatest protection.
Mechanisms regulating transitory suppressive activity of neutrophils in newborns: PMNs-MDSCs in newborns

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Transitory appearance of immune suppressive polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) defined as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMNs-MDSCs) in newborns is important for their protection from inflammation associated with newly established gut microbiota. Here, we report that inhibition of the type I IFN (IFN1) pathway played a major role in regulation of PMNs-MDSCs-suppressive activity during first weeks of life. Expression of the IFN1 receptor IFNAR1 was markedly lower in PMNs-MDSCs. However, in newborn mice, down-regulation of IFNAR1 was not sufficient to render PMNs immune suppressive. That also required the presence of a positive signal from lactoferrin via its receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2. The latter effect was mediated via NF-κB activation, which was tempered by IFN1 in a manner that involved suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Thus, we discovered a mechanism of tight regulation of immune suppressive PMNs-MDSCs in newborns, which may be used in the development of therapies of neonatal pathologies.
The Association of Plasma Micronutrients with the Risk of Cervical Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Little is known about factors that favor the development of cervical atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), nor how these factors might affect the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. The primary focus of this case-control study among the multiethnic population of Hawaii was to identify biomarkers of diet in the recent past that may influence the risk of ASCUS, after carefully accounting for the presence of HPV DNA. Cases included 185 women with ASCUS and 191 cytologically-normal controls diagnosed between 1992 and 1996 from three clinics in Honolulu, Hawaii. In-person interviews were conducted in the subjects' homes, a fasting blood sample was drawn to measure plasma levels of various micronutrients, and the presence and type of HPV was determined in exfoliated cell samples using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dot blot hybridization. As results, we found an inverse dose-response gradient with increasing plasma concentrations of &mgr;-cryptoxanthin and &mgr;-tocopherol for the development of ASCUS. The odds ratio for ASCUS among women in the highest quartile compared with women in the lowest quartile of total cryptoxanthin was 0.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3-1.0), &mgr;-cryptoxanthin was 0.4 (0.2-0.8), total tocopherol was 0.5 (0.2-1.0), &mgr;-tocopherol was 0.5 (0.2-1.0), and &mgr;-tocopherol was 0.4 (0.2-0.8). Little association of plasma levels of lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, &mgr;- or &mgr;-carotene, retinol, vitamin C, or cholesterol, with disease risk was evident. Our findings suggest that women with high circulating concentrations of cryptoxanthin and tocopherol may be at a reduced risk of ASCUS.
Preparation of Silver Doped TiO_2 Hollow Nanoparticles and Characterization of Their Structures and Photocatalytic Properties

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Anionic polystyrene(PSt) latex particles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of methacrylic acid and styrene(St).The anionic PSt particles were surface treated with vinyl trimethoxysilane in a mixture of ethanol and water.PSt/TiO2 composite particles doped with Ag2O were then prepared through hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate and AgNO3 using the surface treated PSt particles as templates.Hollow Ag-TiO2 particles were successfully prepared by treating the PSt/TiO2 composite microspheres at 180℃,after which they were dried and calcined at 500℃.The morphology of the PSt/TiO2 particles and crystal structure of the Ag-TiO2 hollow particles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Photocatalytic activity of the Ag-TiO2 hollow particles for Rhodamine B(RhB) degradation was tested under ultraviolet(UV,365 nm) and UV-visible(370-760 nm) light.Under UV light,RhB degradation was increased by about 11% when Ag-TiO2 particles with molar ratio nAg/nTi of 0.1% were used compared with pure TiO2 hollow particles.Under UV-visible light,RhB degradation was increased by about 30% for Ag-TiO2 composite particles with nAg/nTi of 1.0% and 2.0%.
The prevalence of motility-related genes within the human oral microbiota

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The human oral and nasal microbiota contains approximately 770 cultivable bacterial species. More than 2,000 genome sequences of these bacteria can be found in the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). We developed HOMDscrape, a freely available Python software tool to programmatically retrieve and process amino acid sequences and sequence identifiers from BLAST results acquired from the eHOMD website. Using the data obtained through HOMDscrape, the phylogeny of proteins involved in bacterial type 9 secretion system (T9SS)-driven gliding motility, flagellar motility, and type IV pilus-driven twitching motility was constructed. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was conducted for all components of the rotary T9SS, a machinery responsible for secreting various enzymes, virulence factors, and enabling bacterial gliding motility. Results revealed that the T9SS outer membrane β-barrel protein SprA of human oral bacteria underwent horizontal evolution. Overall, we catalog motile bacteria that inhabit the human oral microbiota and document their evolutionary connections. These results will serve as a guide for further studies exploring the impact of motility on the shaping of the human oral microbiota. IMPORTANCE The human oral microbiota has been extensively studied, and many of the isolated bacteria have genome sequences stored on the human oral microbiome database (eHOMD). Spatial distribution and polymicrobial biofilms are observed in the oral microbiota, but little is understood on how they are influenced by motility. To bridge this gap, we developed a software tool to identify motile bacteria from eHOMD. The results enabled the cataloging of motile bacteria present in the oral microbiota but also provided insight into their evolutionary relationships. This information can guide future research to better understand how bacterial motility shapes the human oral microbiota.
Recent Insights on Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome Pathophysiology: From the “Unifying Neuroendocrine Perspective” to the “Integrated Bioenergetic–Hormonal Mechanism”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) is a condition characterized by raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the setting of evidently normal brain parenchyma and stable composition of the cerebrospinal fluid. The pathophysiology of this syndrome is complex and not yet fully understood. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), which is the primary (idiopathic) form of PTCS, generally affects adult obese females in their childbearing age. In children, PTCS is more commonly (compared with adults) associated with concomitant comorbidities (e.g., chronic medical conditions, endocrinopathies, treatment with tetracyclines, recombinant growth hormone, and thyroid supplementation). Together, these likely etiologic factors appear to lack a unifying pathophysiologic mechanism; however, the most recent research in this field is aiming to identify a common clue among most (if not all) secondary associations of pediatric PTCS. This has led in the last few years to a deeper understanding of the interplay among metabolic and endocrine derangements in PTCS, providing new insights into its pathophysiology.