jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Beet western yellows virus and its aphid vectors in over-summering broad-leafed weeds and volunteer crop plants in the grainbelt region of south-western Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During the summer periods of 2000, 2001, and 2002, presence of Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) was assessed in tests on samples from at least 12 broad-leafed weed species and 5 types of volunteer crop plants growing in the grainbelt region of south-western Australia. In 2000, BWYV was detected in 2 of 35 sites in 2% of 1437 samples, whereas in 2001 and 2002 the corresponding figures were 3 of 108 sites in 0.04% of 8782 samples, and 1 of 30 sites in 0.08% of 2524 samples, respectively. The sites with infection were in northern, central, and southern grainbelt districts, and in high and medium rainfall zones. The hosts in which BWYV was detected were the weeds Citrullus lanatus (Afghan or wild melon), Conzya spp. (fleabane), Navarretia squarrosa (stinkweed), and Solanum nigrum (blackberry nightshade), and the volunteer crop plant Brassica napus (canola). Small populations of aphids were found over-summering at 28% (2000), 4% (2001), and 17% (2002) of sites, mostly infesting volunteer canola and Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish). They occurred in high, medium, and low rainfall zones, but were only found in central and southern grainbelt districts. The predominant aphid species found was Brevicoryne brassicae, with Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Lipaphis erysimi, Myzus persicae, and Uroleucon sonchi present occasionally. The importance of these findings in relation to the epidemiology and control of BWYV in the grainbelt is discussed.
Unicorn Fish (Naso reticulatus Randall, 2001) Skin Collagens Prepared Using Two Pepsin Sources: An Assessment on Physicochemical Characteristics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fish collagens have gained considerable attention from numerous researchers due to their attractive traits and are more acceptable from most religious beliefs. This paper aimed to extract and characterize collagens from the skins of unicorn fish (N. reticulatus) influenced by pepsin from porcine (UCP) and pepsin from bovine (UCB). The yield of the UCP sample (15.60%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to the UCB (10.40%). In addition to this, the swelling value of two collagens showed significant differences (P<0.05), with a greater percentage obtained in UCP 9261.23%) rather than UCB (196.75%). Both UCP and UCB were classified as type I collagen owing to the existence of two alpha chains under SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under infrared and ultraviolet-visible parameters, the triple helical structure of collagens prepared using pepsin from porcine and bovine was preserved, and it was comparable to previous findings in fish collagen literature. All samples showed a different thermostability value, the higher one observed in the UCP (43.63°C) compared to the UCB sample (35.25°C), and their variations of thermostability were in agreement with the hydroxyproline content of UCP (83.57 mg/g) and UCB (81.47 mg/g). The unicorn fish (N. reticulatus) skin may be used as a good source of collagen, mainly utilized for industrial perspective.
LGB people in the United States are more prone to substance use and abuse

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ThisisthenintheditionofSocietyataGlance,theOECD' s biennial overview of social indicators.As with its predecessors, this report addresses the growing demand for quantitative evidence on social well-being and its trends across OECD countries.It updates some indicators included in the previous eight editions and introduces several new ones.Data on Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, China, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and South Africa are included separately where available.This edition of Society at a Glance puts the spotlight on lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and transgender (LGBT) individuals, as they still suffer from various forms of discrimination.Indeed, there is still a long way to go before LGBT people meet full-fledged acceptance in OECD countries.Only half of OECD countries have legalised same-sex marriage throughout their national territory, and less than a third allow for a change of gender on official documents to match gender identity without forcing the transgender person to undergo sterilisation, sex-reassignment surgery, hormonal therapy or a psychiatric diagnosis.Steps backward have also been witnessed.Yet, discrimination is not only ethically unacceptable, it also entails substantial economic and social costs.The inclusion of sexual and gender minorities should therefore become a top policy priority for OECD governments.Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive overview of data and evidence on the size of sexual and gender minorities and their socio-economic situation.It also highlights best practices to create more inclusive environments for LGBT people.The rest of the report compares a wide range of social outcomes across countries.Chapter 2 provides a guide to help readers understand the structure of OECD social indicators.Chapter 3 presents new indicators on people's perceptions of social risks and government effectiveness, while Chapters 4 to 8 then consider these indicators in more detail.
Does Collecting Taxes Erode the Accountability of Informal Leaders? Evidence from the DRC

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Delegating tax collection to informal leaders could raise tax revenue but runs the risk of undermining the local accountability of those leaders. We investigate this trade-off by exploiting whether city chiefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were randomly assigned to collect property taxes in 2018. To measure accountability, we study the other side of the social contract: the distribution of resources by chiefs in a government cash transfer programme in which they had discretion over the recipients of development aid. In line with the preferences of citizens, chiefs who collected taxes allocated more programme benefits to poorer households and thus made fewer inclusion and exclusion errors. They were no more or less likely to pocket benefits themselves or allocate them to their families. Across a range of measures, citizens appear to have updated their beliefs of chiefs who collected taxes. We provide evidence that collector chiefs allocated aid to poorer households because door-to-door tax collection created opportunities to learn which households were in greatest need. In contrast to concerns of ‘decentralised despotism,’ the paper thus finds evidence of a chief’s accountability benefiting from delegating tax responsibilities to local leaders in low-capacity states.
Desain Pengembangan Kurikulum Integratif

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Implementation of an integrated curriculum in UIN Maliki seeks to provide basic competencies of Islamic sciences as a characteristic of UIN, as well as the foun-dation for the development of fields of study are developed on existing majors. Study program ta'lim al-afkar al-Islamiyyah and ta'lim al-Qur’an not only dis-cuss the matter as Fiqh, Sufism, Aqeedah, but the study needs to be developed by taking the material Qur'an and Hadith relating to the development of science and technology. Basic Islamic knowledge can be used for students or faculty development studies field according to the respective department. The program not only as a prerequisite studies program at UIN Islamic subjects, but can be used to support other subjects. Ma'had tradition intended to form the character of students and develop Islamic culture on campus. Abstrak Implementasi kurikulum integratif di UIN Maliki Malang berupaya memberi-kan kompetensi dasar ilmu-ilmu keislaman sebagai ciri khas UIN, sekaligus se-bagai landasan bagi pengembangan bidang-bidang studi yang dikembangkan pada jurusan yang ada. Program kajian ta’lim al-afkar al-Islamiyyah dan ta’lim al-Quran tidak hanya membahas materi seperti fiqh, tasawuf, aqidah, tetapi kajian perlu dikembangkan dengan mengambil materi Quran dan Hadis yang berhubungan dengan perkembangan sains dan teknologi. Dasar ilmu keislaman tersebut dapat digunakan mahasiswa atau dosen untuk pengembangan bidang kajian sesuai dengan jurusannya masing-masing. Program kajian tidak hanya se-bagai prasyarat memprogram mata kuliah keislaman di UIN, akan tetapi bisa digunakan sebagai penunjang mata kuliah lainnya. Tradisi ma’had ditujukan un-tuk membentuk karakter mahasiswa dan mengembangkan kultur Islami di kam-pus.
A Kantian Theory of Employment, or How Domestic Right Structures Contemporary Work: A Reply to Williams

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article shows how Kant’s framework of domestic right can be understood as a model for modern employment law, a suggestion made by Garrath Williams in a commentary on Kant’s Theory of Labour. I begin by exploring how Kant’s historical context informed his account of labor relations and argue that he made three key innovations: the theorization of domestic right, the linkage of work and political standing, and the development of contract right to make sense of the material dependency and formal equality of “free” contract workers. This account of contract-based work, however, sketches a dangerous “fantasy” of free contract that we see echoed in contemporary defenses of the gig economy. I show that this argument is central to understanding Kant’s evolving conception of the relationship between labor and citizenship, but I defend the claim that modern employment resembles domestic right more closely than contract right, by attending to both the formal structures of modern employment law and the lived experiences of professional employment in the digital age. Finally, I explore how drawing on the domestic model for understanding modern employment can help us to see the limits of both Kantian and contemporary accounts of the public good, by highlighting the ways that public law is deployed to formalize asymmetrical relations of dependence, to check their capacity for exploitation and domination. In so doing, public law acts to limit the scope of the state’s responsibility for both the formal and material conditions of equality, freedom, and flourishing, enforcing conditions in which citizens must rely on private employers for goods like health insurance, sick leave, and a minimum income.
Body Composition Indices in Women With Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Changes associated with weight gain in intensive insulin therapy are similar to those seen in insulin resistance syndrome (1). However, the effect of abdominal adiposity in type 1 diabetes has been scarcely documented, especially in women. We conducted a pilot study to document the relationships between daily insulin dose, A1C, body composition, and lipid profile in 16 young (aged 28.1 ± 8.9 years) well-controlled (A1C 6.9 ± 0.7%) type 1 diabetic women.

BMI, waist …
Laboratory study on stilling basin as an integral part of energy dissipator system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Water flow from upstream to downstream will create to high energy at the time when it reaches the downstream. This situation will cause damage or critical erosion at spillways toe, weir bed and downstream of river. In order to overcome this problem, the water flow velocity has to be reduced. The solution for this problem is by constructing
an energy dissipating structure at the effected areas. In this study, baffles were used as the experimental energy dissipating structure. Various size and arrangement of baffles at the downstream of the model were tested to determine the most effective result in reducing the water flow velocity. The relationship between the percentage of velocity decrease and the spacing between the baffles were determined by plotting graphs. The decreases in velocity depends on the size of baffles and the arrangement of baffles at the stilling basin.
The ataxin-2 protein is required in kenyon cells for RNP-granule assembly and appetitive long-term memory formation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Ribonucleoprotein granules (mRNP granules) are thought to contribute to the control of neuronal mRNA translation required for consolidation of long-term memories. Consistent with this, the function of Ataxin-2 in mRNA granule assembly has been shown to be required for long-term olfactory habituation (LTH) in Drosophila, a form of non-associative memory. Knockdown of Ataxin-2 in either local interneurons (LNs) or projection neurons (PNs) of the insect antennal lobe disrupts LTH while leaving short-term habituation intact, leading to a model in which Ataxin-dependent translational control is required in both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements of the LN-PN synapse, whose potentiation has been causally linked to LTH. Here we use novel and established methods for cell-type specific perturbation to ask: (a) whether Ataxin-2 controls mRNA granule assembly in cell types beyond the few that have been examined; and (b) whether it functions not only in LTH, but also for long-term olfactory associative memory (LTM). We show that Ataxin-2 controls mRNP granule assembly in additional neuronal types, namely Kenyon Cells (KCs) that encode associative memory, as well as more broadly in non-neuronal cells, e.g. in nurse cells in the egg chamber. Furthermore, selective knockdown of Atx2 in α/β and α’/β’ KCs blocks appetitive long-term but not short-term associative memories. Taken together these observations support a hypothesis that Ataxin-2 dependent translational control is widely required across different mnemonic circuits for consolidation of respective forms of long-term memories.
Systematic Development of AI-Enabled Diagnostic Systems for Glaucoma and Diabetic Retinopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in machine learning and deep learning, automated disease diagnosis is becoming increasingly feasible. Generating larger databases is crucial for training and validating the performance of models for chronic diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, which progress slowly and unnoticed. Automated procedures for retinal vessel segmentation and optic cup/disk localization are preferred for large-scale screening of the public, contributing to the early detection and treatment of eye diseases, preventing blindness, and improving public health. This paper focuses on the challenges involved in segmenting the retinal vessels from fundus images and presents a modified ColonSegNet model for retinal vessel segmentation that includes efficient methods for locating the true vessels and applies data augmentation to overcome the issue of fewer graded images. The paper uses the optimal values for the contrast enhancement of retinal fundus images using intelligent evolution algorithms. The central vessel reflex, bifurcation, crossover, thin vessels, and lesion presence are highlighted as significant challenges in retinal vessel segmentation. The proposed method achieves high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, {0.839, 0.979, 0.966}, {0.865, 0.979, 0.971}, and {0.867, 0.981, 0.972}, segmenting retinal vessels on DRIVE, CHASE_DB, and STARE. The work is crucial in developing automated systems for the early detection and treatment of eye diseases, thereby improving public health.
A Real Noise Elimination Method for CMOS Image Sensor Based on Three-Channel Convolution Neural Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the imaging process of CMOS image sensors, several kinds of noise will be introduced into the image. Most image denoising algorithms are developed for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). But the noise in the real image does not completely conform to a Gaussian distribution. The noise in the real image is complex and difficult to be modeled analysis. In this paper, a three-channel convolution neural network (TC-CNN) denoising method for real RGB image is proposed. The TC-CNN denoising method separates the real image to three images of each RGB channel. The convolution neural network is used for denoising each channel image. A new loss function and a new network architecture are proposed, this work makes the convolution neural network more suitable for denoising work. Experiment on real image datasets shows that the TC-CNN denoising method has better denoising result than the common denoising method.
Graph Pooling based Human Detection Method for Industrial Application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Human detection is an important problem which has many applications in collaborative manufacturing, such as employee counting and human fatigue detection. Recently, some methods based on convolutional neural network (CNN) have been proposed to solve this problem, but they often suffer from poor generalization due to the lack of real-world datasets from industrial scenarios. In this paper, we propose a graph pooling based human detection method to improve the generalization of existing CNN models. First, we segment an image and abstract it as a graph where nodes represent the segmented regions and the features of nodes are pixel values of the segmentation. Second, a graph pooling model is used to extract coarse-grained but informative features from the graph. Next, the pooled graph is reconstructed to image and input to a popular CNN model (i.e., YOLOv5) for human detection. We perform experiments on data containing a great number of images from industrial scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the popular CNN model and has better generalization performance.
Design and Analysis of a New Magnetic-Geared Memory Machine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a new hybrid-structure machine, namely magnetic-geared memory (MGM) machine, is proposed. It artfully integrates the magnetic-gearing effect and flux-mnemonic capability together. The design is to adopt the hybrid-structure which incorporates the flux-modulation ring, dual-magnets and magnetizing winding. In this way, the flux-modulation ring is able to modulate the high-speed armature rotating field to the low-speed permanent magnet (PM) rotor. Meanwhile, the electromagnetic field which is generated by the dual-magnets of NdFeB and AlNiCo can be online tuned by the magnetizing winding. Thus, the proposed machine achieves the merits of both high-torque production and wide-speed operation. Finite element analysis is employed to verify the validity of the proposed MGM machine. Also, a parallelogram hysteresis model is built for the AlNiCo PM.
Deep Learning-Based Dynamic Stable Cluster Head Selection in VANET

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

VANET is the spontaneous evolving creation of a wireless network, and clustering in these networks is a challenging task due to rapidly changing topology and frequent disconnection in networks. The cluster head (CH) stability plays a prominent role in robustness and scalability in the network. The stable CH ensures minimum intra- and intercluster communication, thereby reducing the overhead. These challenges lead the authors to search for a CH selection method based on a weighted amalgamation of four metrics: befit factor, community neighborhood, eccentricity, and trust. The stability of CH depends on the vehicle's speed, distance, velocity, and change in acceleration. These all are included in the befit factor. Also, the accurate location of the vehicle in changing the model is very vital. Thus, the predicted location with the Kalman filter's help is used to evaluate CH stability. The results have shown better performance than the existing state of the art for the befit factor. The change in dynamics and frequent disconnection in communication links due to the vehicle's high speed are inevitable. To comprehend this problem, a graphing approach is used to evaluate the eccentricity and the community neighborhood. The link reliability is calculated using the eigengap heuristic. The last metric is trust; this is one of the concepts that has not been included in the weighted approach to date as per the literature. An adaptive spectrum sensing is designed for evaluating the trust values specifically for the primary users. A deep recurrent learning network, commonly known as long short-term memory (LSTM), is trained for the probability of detection with various signals and noise conditions. The false rate has drastically reduced with the usage of LSTM. The proposed scheme is tested on the real map of Chengdu, southwestern China's Sichuan province, with different vehicular mobilities. The comparative study with the individual and weighted metric has shown significant improvement in the cluster head stability during high vehicular density. Also, there is a considerable increase in network performance in energy, packet delay, packet delay ratio, and throughput.
Histology: Urate Crystals in Tissue: A Novel Staining Method for Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Sections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The histologic appearance of gouty tophi is usually diagnostic; however, some cases require special techniques to demonstrate urate crystals for a definitive diagnosis. A simple and specific staining method is described to demonstrate urate crystals in tissue sections. The staining principle visualizes tissue architecture with eosin in absolute alcohol without aqueous reagents to prevent loss of urate crystals. Sections stained with this method showed gouty tophi with characteristic needleshaped yellow-brown urate crystals using light microscopy and diagnostic negative birefringence with polarizing microscopy. This method preserved urate crystals in tissue sections, allowing confirmation by polarizing microscopy. If the tissue is fixed in formalin for less than 12 hours, there is no significant loss of urate crystals; however, fixation for more than 48 hours dissolves the urate crysta
POSSIBILITY OF USING CLOVER RESIDUES, GREEN MANURES AS A PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF MINERAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER TO WHEAT PLANTS GROWN ON NORMAL AND SALINE SOILS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Reducing synthetic nitrogen fertilization is an important issue nowadays due to its environmental hazards and raising the soil quality. So a field trial was executed aiming to assess the possibility of using clover residuals and green manure as a partial substitute for mineral nitrogen fertilizer for wheat plants grown on normal and saline soils. The green manure, as the main factor, was Egyptian clover (variety FAHL), split-plot design with three replicates was used were the main treatments were as follows; M1: without green manure (soil without cultivation between rice and wheat), M2: tillage of clover roots alone with soil and M3: tillage the whole plant with soil. While, the sub-main factor consisted of three rates of mineral N fertilizers i.e., 100, 75, and 50 % of nitrogen recommended dose (NRD) for wheat as mineral fertilizer. Regarding the effect of green manure, the M3 treatment was superior compared to others. Concerning N treatments, 100% of NRD as mineral fertilizer was superior compared to other rates. On the other hand, in both soils (normal & saline) the wheat plants which received 75 % of NRD as mineral fertilizer and simultaneously fertilized with Egyptian clover as green manure (M3) realized performance and productivity as similar as the corresponding wheat plants which received 100 % of NRD as mineral fertilizer without green manure (M1) or in other words, there weren't significant between them for the most of studied parameters. The studied green manure increased nutrient uptake and enhanced the synthesis of chlorophyll in the tissues of the wheat plants grown in either non- saline or saline soils and this may be the reason for increasing the ability of wheat to tolerate salinity. Generally, it can be concluded that mineral N fertilizer rates could be reduced after the incorporation of Egyptian clover as green manures having high nutrient contents and increased nitrogen use efficiency in saline soil which increases wheat yield.