jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of the position of the substituent in the electrochemical reduction of nitro-substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The electrochemical reduction of a series of nitro-substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides is investigated. The results of the electrochemical study are analysed with the assistance of theoretical calculations. The study shows that the electron transfer mechanism depends on the position of the nitro substituent on the phenyl ring. The 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride follows a stepwise mechanism where the reduction leads to an intermediate radical anion. For the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, and 2,4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, the reduction follows a “sticky” dissociative mechanism, where the electron transfer and S–Cl bond cleavage are concerted. The dissociation products (arylsulfinyl radical and chloride anion) show strong interactions. The difference in behaviour is associated with the overlap of the π * orbital and the S–Cl σ * orbital for the latter three compounds. The through resonance stability of the arylsulfinyl radicals for the para and ortho nitro-substituted compounds facilitates the dissociation of the reduced structures. Upon reduction, the 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, also produce the corresponding diaryl disulfones, which are easier to reduce that the parent molecules and hence induce an interesting autocatalytic mechanism. Such a mechanism, which depends on the concentration and the scan rate, does not take place with the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride due to the sterical hindrance of the nitro substituent at the ortho position, as it prevents the formation of the disulfones.
Diffuse endometritis in the setting of umbilical endometriosis: a case report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite a lengthy differential, endometriosis must be considered in the evaluation of an umbilical mass. The presence of plasma cell endometritis and stromal lymphovascular elements in the absence of pelvic endometriosis lends evidence to the theory of lymphovascular transport as an etiology of extrapelvic endometriosis.
Exposure Assessment to Deoxynivalenol of Children over 3 Years Deriving from the Consumption of Processed Wheat-Based Products Produced from a Dedicated Flour

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Wheat-based products are largely consumed by children worldwide. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is known for its acute and chronic toxicity and is the most common contaminant of cereal grains. Since no legal limits are set for DON in wheat-based products and specific foods intended for children over 3 years on the market, a high risk of overexposure to this contaminant may emerge. The main objective of the study, conducted in 2018–2019, was to produce a wheat flour intended for children over three years, characterized by a high level of safety in terms of DON content, to be used to produce wheat-derived products. The dedicated flour was produced by adopting tailored procedures like the selection of wheat suppliers, the predetermination of the safe contamination of DON in the final products, and the evaluation of the transfer rate from the wheat flour to derived products (bread, breadsticks, biscuits, plumcake, and focaccia). The results showed that the daily exposure of children was considered to be safe, in a range between 7% (biscuits) and 67% (bread) of DON tolerable daily intake (TDI) and that only by producing a flour characterized by DON levels much lower than those in force, can “safe” products be marketed.
Ground-breaking Theory of Knowledge Representation Practices for Information Sharing in IT Organization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sharing information has become very important in the proper use of information assets, and the reason for this is that sharing information can be considered the most important part of an organization because information from organizations must be transferred and participated in order to be known and understood, wherein a clear and unambiguous information is considered a key criterion. To stimulate creativity, information sharing or integration is used to bring disparate pieces of knowledge together. Many current information sharing practices, such as training and development programs, IT systems, reports, official documents, and hard-working groups, are examples of integrating information. By integrating information everywhere to improve the quality of products and services, increases responsiveness to customer needs, develop new capabilities, and improve every aspect of the environment. This study reviews the ground-breaking theory behind information sharing in an organization. From the author’s perspective, this is the first study which gives a complete overview about knowledge representation.
Linkage studies between the halothane (Hal), phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) and the S(A ‐O) and H red blood cell loci of Pietrain/ Hampshire and Landrace pigs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Frequency of blood group factors at the A‐O and H loci were markedly altered within halothane positive (HP) and halothane negative (HN) composite synthetic Pietrain/Hampshire lines (PTH) over four generations of selection. Linkage studies on the litters from 45 double backcross and 20 mixed and intercross matings, involving the S(A‐O), H, Phi and Hal loci, were made in the PTH line and halothane positive and negative selected British Landrace lines. Crossing‐over frequencies of 0.05 ± 0.04, 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.1 ± 0.03 were established between Phi and Hal, H and Hal , and Phi and H respectively. An unequal crossing‐over frequency between Phi and H was found when the alleles Ha and Hcd were compared. The difference in recombination frequency between the Ha and Hcd alleles amounted to 0.04 to 0.06. No cross‐overs were observed between the S(A ‐O ) and Phi, H or Hal loci in 15 families studied. The position of the S locus in relation to the other loci could not be established, but statistical evidence of association favours a haplotype sequence of Phi‐Hal‐S‐H .
Effects of Oak Products on Polyphenols Content in Brandy

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Polyphenols extracted from oak products provide brandy particular style.Through the study of different oak source,different processing techniques,different addition levels and different aging time etc.,the effects of different oak products on polyphenols content in Brandy were compared.The results indicated that the effects of oak chips by different processing techniques(oak of the same species and producing origin) on polyphenols content in Brandy varied greatly,far beyond the effects of oak species on polyphenols content.The lixiviating rate of polyphenols by oak stave steeping was the fastest at the beginning.The extraction quantity of polyphenols in Brandy aging reached the maximum by moderate-toasting oak chip.As the extracted polyphenols quantities were the same(extracted by different oak products),the proportion of hydroxybenzene in polyphenols from the highest to the lowest ranked as follows: oak chipoak staveoak barrel.
Word learning from a tablet app: Toddlers perform better in a passive context

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In recent years, the popularity of tablets has skyrocketed and there has been an explosive growth in apps designed for children. Howhever, many of these apps are released without tests for their effectiveness. This is worrying given that the factors influencing children's learning from touchscreen devices need to be examined in detail. In particular, it has been suggested that children learn less from passive video viewing relative to equivalent live interaction, which would have implications for learning from such digital tools. However, this so-called video deficit may be reduced by allowing children greater influence over their learning environment. Across two touchscreen-based experiments, we examined whether 2- to 4-year-olds benefit from actively choosing what to learn more about in a digital word learning task. We designed a tablet study in which "active" participants were allowed to choose which objects they were taught the label of, while yoked "passive" participants were presented with the objects chosen by their active peers. We then examined recognition of the learned associations across different tasks. In Experiment 1, children in the passive condition outperformed those in the active condition (n = 130). While Experiment 2 replicated these findings in a new group of Malay-speaking children (n = 32), there were no differences in children's learning or recognition of the novel word-object associations using a more implicit looking time measure. These results suggest that there may be performance costs associated with active tasks designed as in the current study, and at the very least, there may not always be systematic benefits associated with active learning in touchscreen-based word learning tasks. The current studies add to the evidence that educational apps need to be evaluated before release: While children might benefit from interactive apps under certain conditions, task design and requirements need to consider factors that may detract from successful performance.
Sustained CD8+ T Cell Memory Inflation after Infection with a Single-Cycle Cytomegalovirus

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong latent or persistent infection. A hallmark of chronic CMV infection is the lifelong persistence of large numbers of virus-specific CD8+ effector/effector memory T cells, a phenomenon called "memory inflation". How the virus continuously stimulates these T cells without being eradicated remains an enigma. The prevailing view is that CMV establishes a low grade "smoldering" infection characterized by tiny bursts of productive infection which are rapidly extinguished, leaving no detectable virus but replenishing the latent pool and leaving the immune system in a highly charged state. However, since abortive reactivation with limited viral gene expression is known to occur commonly, we investigated the necessity for virus reproduction in maintaining the inflationary T cell pool. We inhibited viral replication or spread in vivo using two different mutants of murine CMV (MCMV). First, famcyclovir blocked the replication of MCMV encoding the HSV Thymidine Kinase gene, but had no impact on the CD8+ T cell memory inflation once the infection was established. Second, MCMV that lacks the essential glycoprotein L, and thus is completely unable to spread from cell to cell, also drove memory inflation if the virus was administered systemically. Our data suggest that CMV which cannot spread from the cells it initially infects can repeatedly generate viral antigens to drive memory inflation without suffering eradication of the latent genome pool.
The Impact of Organizational Justice on Turnover Intention of Bankers of KPK, Pakistan: The Mediator Role of Organizational Commitment

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The main purpose of this research was to investigate the mediating effect of organizational commitment between organizational justice and turnover Intention of bankers, Pakistan. Data were collected through organizational commitment questionnaire, organizational justice questionnaire and turnover Intention questionnaire from 177 bankers of KPK, Pakistan. Results showed that organizational justice had a significant positive relationship with organizational commitment and negative relationship with turnover Intention. It was also found that organizational commitment had a significant negative relationship with turnover Intention. Confirmatory factor analysis explored that the measurement model of organizational justice, organizational commitment and turnover Intention fit the sample data very well. Organizational justice showed a direct impact of -68 on turnover Intention. The impact of organizational justice on turnover Intention came down to -22% when organizational commitment as mediator was included. Organizational commitment mediated the role between organizational justice and turnover Intention. Furthermore, OJ showed a significant impact of 68% on organizational commitment that led to -72% impact on turnover Intention.
Ontogeny of Iminoglycine Transport in Mammalian Kidney

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Renal tubular absorption of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine by the newborn of most mammals is inefficient compared to that of the adult. Cortex slices from seven-day-old rat kidney also transport proline and glycine at reduced initial rates compared to mature kidney. Nonetheless, newborn slices achieve higher intracellular concentrations during prolonged incubation; the latter reflects a reduced rate of efflux, a characteristic peculiar to the membrane of postnatal kidney. The postnatal reduction of initial uptake rates is observed clearly only at substrate concentrations in or below the physiological range; it correlates with the absence of two high-affinity systems which normally serve proline and glycine transport independently at these concentrations in mature kidney, in conjunction with a „common” low-affinity system. The low-affinity system alone performs the observed uptake in the newborn kidney. Specific activity of the high-affinity systems for proline and glycine increases asynchronously after birth, suggesting independent genetic control of the three systems for iminoglycine transport in mammalian kidney.
East Musquash Lake pollen surface sample dataset

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Raw data for the East Musquash Lake pollen surface sample dataset submitted to the Neotoma Paleoecology Database. Data is available through the landing page in JSON format. The landing page referenced by the DOI also contains links to publications and a map-based viewer for the dataset. The Neotoma Paleoecology Database maintains a homepage at https://www.neotomadb.org.
American Jewish responses to Darwin and evolutionary theory, 1860–1890

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Darwinism declares … that creation is not to be explained through a miracle but through the natural law of progressive development of life under favorable circumstances. … Does not this view of life … harmonize perfectly with our comprehension of religion, which we do not recognize in form, but in reform, which has its living power in the internal remodeling of Judaism and its Messianic mission as progress toward a completed humanity?—Kaufmann Kohler, 1874
Social health insurance for the poor: lessons from a health insurance programme in Karnataka, India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Life-saving technology used to treat catastrophic illnesses such as heart disease and cancer is often out of reach for the poor. As life expectancy increases in poor countries and the burden from chronic illnesses continues to rise, so will the unmet need for expensive tertiary care. Understanding how best to increase access to and reduce the financial burden of expensive tertiary care is a crucial task for the global health community in the coming decades. In 2010, Karnataka, a state in India, rolled out the Vajpayee Arogyashree scheme (VAS), a social health insurance scheme focused on increasing access to tertiary care for households below the poverty line. VAS was rolled out in a way that allowed for robust evaluation of its causal effects and several studies have examined various impacts of the scheme on poor households. In this analysis article, we summarise the key findings and assess how these findings can be used to inform other social health insurance schemes. First, the evidence suggests that VAS led to a substantial reduction in mortality driven by increased tertiary care utilisation as well as use of better quality facilities and earlier diagnosis. Second, VAS significantly reduced the financial burden of receiving tertiary care. Third, these benefits of social health insurance were achieved at a reasonable cost to society and taxpayers. Several unique features of VAS led to its success at improving health and financial well-being including effective outreach via health camps, targeting expensive conditions with high disease burden, easy enrolment process, cashless treatment, bundled payment for hospital services, participation of both public and private hospitals and prior authorisation to improve appropriateness of care.
Human Vaginal Mucosa as a Model of Buccal Mucosa for In Vitro Permeability Studies: An Overview

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The buccal cavity is attractive for noninvasive, controlled transmucosal delivery of both local and systemic therapeutically active compounds. Administering drugs via this route is advantageous due to the rich vasculature of the oral mucosa, and the absence of gastrointestinal and "first-pass" hepatic degradation. Moreover, the barrier properties of the oral mucosa against noxious substances and its role in disease require further investigation. However, the scarcity of sizeable specimens of human oral mucosa for in vitro experimental studies has hampered research on this tissue. For this reason we developed a model in which human vaginal mucosa is used as a substitute for buccal mucosa. In this article the quality and predictive value of the human vaginal/buccal in vitro model with respect to a number of drugs and other chemical compounds differing widely in molecular size and lipophilicity, including water, arecoline, arecaidine, benzo[a]pyrene, 17beta-estradiol, sumatriptan, vasopressin and dextrans, are reviewed. In addition some applications of the model for investigating the effect of areca nut extract on epithelial barrier properties, temperature effects on water and 17beta-estradiol flux rates, and cyclosporin diffusion through mucosal membranes are described. The permeability characteristics of vaginal mucosa, as a model of buccal mucosa, are compared with those of other human tissue, including mucosae from the small intestine and colon.
Filipina mothers' perceptions about childbirth at home

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Hadwiger M.C. & Hadwiger S.C. (2011) Filipina mothers' perceptions about childbirth at home. International Nursing Review 59 , 125–131 Background: The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in the Philippines has not dropped significantly since the Millennium Development Goals were established by the World Health Organization in 2000 to decrease MMR by 75% by 2015. Authorities have attributed high MMRs in developing countries to the absence of professional birth attendants during childbirth. Aim and study design: The aim of this qualitative study was to describe perceptions of using a traditional birth attendant among Filipina women from less urban Iloilo neighbourhoods in the Philippines who used a traditional birth attendant for their deliveries. Qualitative interviews and confirmatory visits were done with 26 Filipina mothers from three municipalities peripheral to Iloilo City. Results: Conventional content analysis revealed themes (patterns) of (1) mothers' folk beliefs (for the welfare of my baby, during labor, trust in God), (2) mothers' care for . . . (healthy pregnancy, recovery after childbirth), and (3) preference for childbirth at home with paltera – a traditional birth attendant – (no money, personal comfort, unfriendly hospitals). Discussion: Transferability of these findings encompassed relatively rural areas near Iloilo City. Findings revealed the significance of economics on Filipina mothers' preference for a traditional birth attendant during childbirth. Mothers voiced professionals' behaviour and attitudes as another deterrence. Cultural practices of mothers were categorized into harmless, beneficial and harmful. A second phase of this research programme will address perceptions of professional birth attendants from the same municipalities.
Vietnamese Refugee Children in the Chicago Public Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Chicago Board of Education has responded to the educational needs of its 572 non-English speaking Vietnamese refugee students with two programmes for learning English: TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) and Bilingual. While the former allows more students to be served, the latter has the advantage of utilizing the refugee Asian students' primary language. Cul tural problems in the regular class prompt placement in the bilingual classes. Critics say that the use of non-English speaking students' native language slows their full assimilation into the mainstream of American culture. Al though parents favour the bilingual approach, the dispersement of the Asian refugee student population throughout the system makes it difficult to pro vide needed services.
Social Inhibition in Preschool Children: Causes and Coping Strategies

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the present study, preschool children were assessed for socially inhibited behaviour. Causes of social inhibition and maternal coping strategies were also explored. Forty-five preschool children, their mothers, and class teachers participated in the present study. An inventory was prepared for the assessment of social inhibition in children. Mothers and class teachers were requested to rate the frequency of social inhibition in children on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Mothers were also requested to provide information on the causes and coping strategies for inhibited behavior. On the basis of obtained mean score, children were divided into three categories: below average, average and above average for social inhibition. Results revealed that 13.3 per cent children were identified as extremely socially inhibited. Majority of mothers believed that social inhibition or shyness was a basic human nature. To cope with inhibited behavior of children, most of the mothers encouraged children to make friends and to interact with others. Mothers also reported using verbal reprimand to direct appropriate behavior as one of the strategy. Girls were more inhibited/shy than boys. Findings of the present study have important implications for parents and care givers at home and educational context.
Reply on RC2

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Vestfjorden in northern Norway, a major spawning ground for the northeast Arctic cod, is sheltered from the continental shelf and open ocean by the LofotenâVesterÃ¥len archipelago. The archipelago, however, is well known for hosting strong and vigorous tidal currents in its many straits, currents that can produce significant time-mean tracer transport from Vestfjorden to the shelf outside. We use a purely tidally driven unstructured-grid ocean model to look into non-linear tidal dynamics and the associated tracer transport through the archipelago. Of particular interest are two processes: tidal pumping through the straits and tidal rectification around islands. The most prominent tracer transport is caused by tidal pumping through the short and strongly non-linear straits Nordlandsflaget and Moskstraumen near the southern tip of the archipelago. Here, tracers from Vestfjorden are transported tens of kilometers westward out on the outer shelf. Further north, weaker yet notable tidal pumping also takes place through the longer straits Nappstraumen and GimsÃ¸ystraumen. The other main transport route out of Vestfjorden is south of the island of RÃ¸st. Here, the transport is primarily due to tracer advection by rectified anticyclonic currents around the island. There is also an anticyclonic circulation cell around the island group MoskenâVÃ¦rÃ¸y, and both cells have flow speeds up to 0.2âmâsâ1, magnitudes similar to the observed background currents in the region. These high-resolution simulations thus emphasize the importance of non-linear tidal dynamics for transport of floating particles, like cod eggs and larvae, in the region.