jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli Show Increased Resistance to β-Lactams

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathotype has been associated with the aetiology of Crohn’s disease (CD). Scarce reports have shown the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of AIEC. Despite antibiotics not being recommended to treat CD, antimicrobial therapy could be useful in stratified patients, such as AIEC carriers. We examined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of AIEC strains to identify which therapies could be effective or confer a risk for such patients. Phenotypic resistance to 30 antimicrobials was tested according to CLSI standards. AIEC (n = 22) and non-pathogenic E. coli (non-AIEC) strains (n = 37) isolated from the gut mucosa of 31 CD patients and 18 controls were studied. De novo genome sequencing was carried out for 39 of the 59 strains, and AMR genes were searched using the DeepARG database in these genomes and 33 additional AIEC publicly available genomes. The strains isolated from CD and controls showed similar phenotypic AMR profiles. The genomic analysis did not reveal an increased prevalence of AMR genes. However, AIEC strains were more frequently resistant to β-lactams than non-AIEC strains (11 AIEC (50%) and 5 non-AIEC (22%) strains were resistant to at least one β-lactam; p < 0.042). Two AIEC strains were resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. One strain carried a plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (CMY-69), and the other presented mutations in the promotor of the intrinsic chromosomal AmpC related to the hyperproduction of this enzyme. The rest of the strains were resistant to β-lactams not including expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. The majority carried TEM-related β-lactamases. Genomic analysis including external AIEC revealed that the gene sul1 encoding for sulphonamide resistance was more frequent in AIEC strains than non-AIEC strains (34.6% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.030). AMR in AIEC is a matter of concern regarding the putative implication of the pathotype in CD. The high proportion of AIEC resistant to β-lactams warrants caution about the risk there may be in the use of these antimicrobials in AIEC-colonized CD patients.
232: Activation of Androgen Receptor by Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer: Its Clinical and Biological Implications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

You have accessJournal of UrologyDiscussed Poster, Sunday, May 22, 2005 8:00 am - 12:00 pm1 Apr 2005232: Activation of Androgen Receptor by Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer: Its Clinical and Biological Implications Young-Mee Park, Soo-Yeon Park, Yun-Jeong Kim, Allen Gao, James Mohler, Clement Ip, and Eun-Mi Park Young-Mee ParkYoung-Mee Park More articles by this author , Soo-Yeon ParkSoo-Yeon Park More articles by this author , Yun-Jeong KimYun-Jeong Kim More articles by this author , Allen GaoAllen Gao More articles by this author , James MohlerJames Mohler More articles by this author , Clement IpClement Ip More articles by this author , and Eun-Mi ParkEun-Mi Park More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)34497-5AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "232: Activation of Androgen Receptor by Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer: Its Clinical and Biological Implications." The Journal of Urology, 173(4S), p. 64 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 173Issue 4SApril 2005Page: 64 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Young-Mee Park More articles by this author Soo-Yeon Park More articles by this author Yun-Jeong Kim More articles by this author Allen Gao More articles by this author James Mohler More articles by this author Clement Ip More articles by this author Eun-Mi Park More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
ChemInform Abstract: B‐5354a, b, and c, New Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitors, Produced by a Marine Bacterium; Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation, Physico‐Chemical Properties and Structure Determination.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Airborne microbial challenges of Blow/Fill/Seal equipment: a case study.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Controlled microbial challenges, comprising air-dispersed spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger, have been generated within a containment room (around 54 m3 in volume) housing a Blow/Fill/Seal machine. 'Stirred-settling' conditions were created throughout the room and the airborne spore challenge was monitored to ensure homogeneity within the room for extended periods of time. The Blow/Fill/Seal machine was set to fill 2 cm3 ampoules with Tryptone Soya Broth at each of three airborne challenge levels of 10(4), 10(6) and 10(7) spores m-3 (about 10(2), 10(4) and 10(5) spores ft-3 respectively). A relationship has been established between the level of airborne micro-organisms in the machine operating environment and the extent of product contamination. This relationship allows prediction of operating conditions under which a level of sterility assurance, equal to that demanded of terminal sterilization, is attained. It is stressed that the findings apply only to the particular Blow/Fill/Seal machine and to the specific conditions of machine operation.
Denial of stress persistently elevates ambulatory blood pressure at work and at home over the menstrual cycle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Several studies have found that situational stressors, such as having a stressful job or children at home increase work and home blood pressures (BP) of women employed in wage jobs. Denial that stress is bothersome has also been found to be an independent additive effect that increases BP at work and home in employed women as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether situational stressors and stress denial have similar effects on work and home BP at different phases (follicular (F) (day7–10), luteal (L) (day 19–23)) of the menstrual cycle. The 71 women studied (age=34.9±7.7, range 18-50; average education 3.3 years of college) worked in clerical, technical and professional positions at a major medical center in New York City and all worked a day shift. Job stress questions along with age, body composition measures, coffee, alcohol and cigarette consumption, number of children, use of birth control pills and a scale of perceived stress were examined for their relationship with work and home BP in each menstrual phase using stepwise regression. The results showed that in the F phase, denial that stress is bothersome was associated with a 9 mmHg increase in SBP at work (p<.002) and an 11 mmHg increase at home (p<.002). Denial was also associated with a 6 mmHg increase in DBP at work (p<.003) and home (p<.014). Job stress was associated with higher work DBP (p<.022) and several measures of body fat and mass also predicted increasing SBP and DBP at work but not at home. Lastly, birth control pill use was associated with a 7 mmHg increase in SBP at work. In the L phase, denial that stress is bothersome had a similar effect on SBP as in the F phase, being associated with an 8 mmHg increase in SBP at work (p<.011) and a 10 mmHg increase at home (p<.005). However, denial was not associated with DBP at work, but did increase home DBP by 5 mmHg (p<.027). Unlike the F phase, job stress tended to have an increasing effect on both work (p<.069) and home (p<.096) SBP, but had no effect on DBP at either work or home. Finally, various body fat and mass measures were also associated with an increase in SBP and DBP at work and home. These data suggest that how stress is internalized tends to have a persistent effect on BP over the menstrual cycle in women, but that the effects of stress, particularly job stress on BP may only be transient. Supported by NIH grant-HL47540. Am J Hypertens (2004) 17, 46A–46A; doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.03.113
Temporal sequences of spikes during practice code for time in a complex motor sequence

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Practice of a complex motor gesture involves exploration of motor space to attain a better match to target output, but little is known about the neural code for such exploration. Here, we examine spiking in an area of the songbird brain known to contribute to modification of song output. We find that neurons in the outflow nucleus of a specialized basal ganglia- thalamocortical circuit, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN), code for time in the motor gesture (song) both during singing directed to a female bird (performance) and when the bird sings alone (practice). Using mutual information to quantify the correlation between temporal sequences of spikes and time in song, we find that different symbols code for time in the two singing states. While isolated spikes code for particular parts of song during performance, extended strings of spiking and silence, particularly burst events, code for time in song during practice. This temporal coding during practice can be as precise as isolated spiking during performance to a female, supporting the hypothesis that neurons in LMAN actively sample motor space, guiding song modification at local instances in time.
Effects of fertilizer application strategies on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage under different agronomic practices: A meta‐analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fertilizer application strategies can impact soil health, mainly soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) sequestration, which are essential in mitigating climate change. Many studies have been conducted on the influence of fertilizer use on SOC and TN storage. Results can, however, be variable in different sites because of various management practices and environmental conditions; therefore, we conducted a global meta‐analysis of 953 observations from 143 papers on the impact of different fertilizers (mineral N (NF), manure (Mn) and mixed fertilizers (MNF: combination of mineral and organic fertilizer)) on SOC and TN storage under various cropping systems and environmental conditions in agricultural land. The results showed that MNF led to the greatest SOC and TN stocks. Noticeably, animal Mn sequestered higher amounts of SOC and TN compared to green Mn. In addition, MNF increases SOC in the medium term (10–20 years, 43.71%) and TN in the short term (0–10 years, 40.85%), which could be related to their nutrient's cycles and residence time in the soil. The higher effectiveness of SOC and TN sequestration (12.84% and 27.42%, respectively) under NF was observed at high rates >250 kg N/ha in comparison to low rates of 0–250 kg N/ha. A significant SOC increment was observed with MNF (37.76%) and Mn (19.45%) under continuous cropping (monoculture) than crop rotations. In contrast, TN was higher with MNF (58.31%) and Mn (18.23%) with crop rotations. The subhumid and semi‐arid zones had greater increase in SOC (28.24%) and TN (74.54%) stock in comparison to other climatic conditions. Overall, this study emphasized that MNF could optimize SOC and TN storage in agricultural soils depending upon edaphic and regional climatic conditions.
IVIM-DWI for the preoperative prediction of perineural invasion status in rectal cancer: A feasibility study with multivariate model analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to determine the clinical potential of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) DWI in predicting perineural invasion (PNI) of rectal cancer (RC). IVIM parameters derived from different mathematical models, including apparent diffusion coefficient from mono-exponential model, true diffusion coefficientand and perfusion fraction from bi-exponential model, and the distributed diffusion coefficient from stretched-exponential model showed significant differences between 72 with PNI and 76 without PNI. With these findings, IVIM may thus be considered effective in preoperatively predicting PNI status in RC and further help clinicians make individual treatment plans.
Choosing electoral rules: theory and evidence from US cities. NBER Working Paper No

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper studies the choice of electoral rules, in particular the question of minority representation. Majorities tend to disenfranchise minorities through strategic manipulation of electoral rules. With the aim of explaining changes in electoral rules adopted by US cities (particularly in the South), we show why majorities tend to adopt ”winner-take-all ” city-wide rules (at-large elections) in response to an increase in the size of the minority when the minority they are facing is relatively small. In this case, for the majority it is more effective to leverage on its sheer size instead of risking to concede representation to voters from minority-elected districts. However, as the minority becomes larger (closer to a fifty-fifty split), the possibility of losing the whole city induces the majority to prefer minority votes to be confinedinminority-packed districts. Single-member district rules serve this purpose. We show empirical results consistent with these implications of the model in a novel data set covering US cities and towns from 1930 to 2000.
S164 Diminished left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions predict an amplified risk of death in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Background</st> Left ventricular (LV) dimensions are markedly attenuated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) possibly due to impairments in LV filling that result from increased pulmonary vascular resistance, ventricular interdependence, diastolic dysfunction or incessant tachycardia. Whether reductions in LV size carry adverse prognostic implications in this cohort is unclear. </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> We analysed the relation between echocardiographic indices and mortality in 147 COPD patients (mean [±SD] age 76±10 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] 0.85±0.34&emsp14;l, forced vital capacity [FVC] 1.44±0.60&emsp14;l, FEV1/FVC 0.62±0.16, LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 56±12%) with homogenous right ventricular (42±14&emsp14;mm Hg) and pulmonary arterial systolic (45±17&emsp14;mm Hg) pressures. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> Decreased LV end-diastolic (LVEDD ≤37&emsp14;mm) and end-systolic (LVESD ≤25&emsp14;mm) diameters, ejection fraction (<45%), and diastolic function (E/A ratio <1 or >2) were evident in 10%, 14%, 18% and 71% of patients, respectively. Lower LVEDDs correlated significantly to lower LVESDs (r=0.83), higher LVEFs (r=−0.54), lower FEV1s (r=0.29), and lower FVCs (r=0.20) but not to age, right ventricular systolic pressures or pulmonary arterial pressures. Over a mean follow-up of 26±18&emsp14;months, 60 (41%) patients died. Only a lower LVEDD predicted increased mortality (c2 4.4, p=0.03) with each 1&emsp14;mm decrement in LVEDD conferring a 3% escalated risk of death. An LVEDD ≤43&emsp14;mm optimally predicted mortality and was associated with an 89% reduction in survival compared to an LVEDD >43&emsp14;mm (<cross-ref type="fig" refid="fig1">Abstract S164 Figure 1</cross-ref>). No variable affected the prognostic impact of LVEDDs in adjusted analyses. <fig loc="float" id="fig1"><no>Abstract S164 Figure 1</no> <link locator="thoraxjnl150953.15fig1"></fig> </sec> <sec><st>Conclusions</st> Attenuations in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter forecast an enhanced risk of death in patients with COPD, irrespective of lung function and pulmonary arterial pressures. Improving LV filing and dimensions in this cohort may augment survival. </sec>
The Determinants of UK Business Cycles

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Journal Article The Determinants of UK Business Cycles Get access Allison Holland, Allison Holland Bank of England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew Scott Andrew Scott London Business School and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 108, Issue 449, 1 July 1998, Pages 1067–1092, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00330 Published: 27 December 2001
Citizen video journalists and authority in narrative: Reviving the role of the witness

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

New media technologies allow for unprecedented participation in the public sphere, with financial investments on a par with other mainstream hobbies. Citizen video journalists (VJs) are acquiring the technical, and in some cases, narrative skills needed to participate in online discourse. Yet citizen VJs lack the institutional authority enjoyed by professional journalists. This project compares the narrative strategies employed by professional and non-professional VJs to assert their authority. Practitioners were observed in a variety of professional and activist contexts in the UK and the USA over the course of two years and their stories were subjected to textual analysis. The project identifies emerging strategies used by citizen VJs to establish authority.
Millimeter Wave Absorption in Superconducting Aluminum. I. Temperature Dependence of the Energy Gap

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Measurements of the temperature dependence of the microwave absorption in superconducting aluminum have been made in the wavelength region 20 mm to 3 mm. The results, when plotted as isotherms of surface resistance ratio vs photon energy, show that, at a well-defined energy for each temperature, there is a rapid rise in absorption with increasing energy. This has been interpreted as the onset of absorption resulting from direct excitation of electrons across a forbidden energy gap. The isotherms then permit the determination of the temperature dependence of this energy gap. At absolute zero the gap value is found to be ${\mathcal{E}}_{g}(0)=(3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)k{T}_{c}$ (where ${T}_{c}=1.178\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K is the superconducting transition temperature), in reasonable agreement with the theoretical value of $3.52k{T}_{c}$ obtained by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer. Furthermore, the temperature variation of the gap exhibits the same shape as that given by the theory. Finally, reasonable agreement is obtained between theory and experiment concerning the detailed shapes of the surface resistance vs temperature curves over the measured wavelength range, provided that the experimental value ${\mathcal{E}}_{g}(0)$ is used in the theory.
Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of brain macrophages and astroglial proliferation are central features of HIV-induced central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These observations suggest that glial cellular interactions participate in disease. In an experimental system to examine this process, we found that cocultures of HIV-infected monocytes and astroglia release high levels of cytokines and arachidonate metabolites leading to neuronotoxicity. HIV-1ADA-infected monocytes cocultured with human glia (astrocytoma, neuroglia, and primary human astrocytes) synthesized tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) as assayed by coupled reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and biological activity. The cytokine induction was selective, cell specific, and associated with induction of arachidonic acid metabolites. TNF-beta, IL-1 alpha, IL-6, interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), and IFN-gamma were not produced. Leukotriene B4, leukotriene D4, lipoxin A4, and platelet-activating factor were detected in large amounts after high-performance liquid chromatography separation and correlated with cytokine activity. Specific inhibitors of the arachidonic cascade markedly diminished the cytokine response suggesting regulatory relationships between these factors. Cocultures of HIV-infected monocytes and neuroblastoma or endothelial cells, or HIV-infected monocyte fluids, sucrose gradient-concentrated viral particles, and paraformaldehyde-fixed or freeze-thawed HIV-infected monocytes placed onto astroglia failed to induce cytokines and neuronotoxins. This demonstrated that viable monocyte-astroglia interactions were required for the cell reactions. The addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide to the HIV-infected monocytes before coculture reduced, > 2.5-fold, the levels of TNF-alpha. These results, taken together, suggest that the neuronotoxicity associated with HIV central nervous system disorders is mediated, in part, through cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites, produced during cell-to- cell interactions between HIV-infected brain macrophages and astrocytes.
20 Uncertain Future: Armed Violence in Southern Sudan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below.
Experimental Studies of the Dynamic Formation of the Side Ledge in an Aluminum Electrolysis Cell

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An experimental setup is created to study the dynamic behavior of the side ledge under the electrolysis in a cryolite-alumina electrolyte. The installation has a built-in window on the side panel, which allows the lining material and, hence, the heat flow to be varied. The dynamic formation of a side ledge is experimentally studied as a function of temperature, the electrolyte velocity, and the heat flow during the electrolysis of aluminum. The rate of the ledge formation and the ledge thickness are determined by the heat flow caused by the electrolyte temperature, the cell side temperature, and the liquidus temperature. As in an industrial electrolysis cell, the side ledge profile formed in the experimental cell can be conventionally divided into the following three zones: the ledge at the bottom in contact with liquid aluminum, the ledge at metal/electrolyte interface, and the ledge at the electrolyte level. If the temperature of the inner wall is higher than the liquidus temperature, the side ledge does not form; if it is lower, the side ledge forms until these temperatures become the same. Therefore, the stability of the side ledge depends on the heat flow from the center to the walls; however, the dynamic behavior (solidification/melting) of the ledge in the metal zone occurs slowly and differs from the behavior of the side ledge.