jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
AN AROMATIC AMINO ACID TRANSAMINASE FROM MUNG BEAN

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A transaminase has been isolated and purified from young mung bean plants (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). The enzyme catalyzes the transamination of phenylalanine in the presence of α-ketoglutarate with the production of equimolar amounts of phenylpyruvate and glutamate. Tyrosine and tryptophan also serve as substrates, and relative rate measurements indicate that only one enzyme is involved. In addition to α-ketoglutarate the enzyme also utilizes pyruvate, and to some extent glyoxylate and oxaloacetate as amino acceptors. The enzyme is stable in solution at 0–4 °C for several weeks, and acetone powders of the young plants stored at 0–4 °C retained their activity for several months. The enzyme is inhibited by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, and the activity is lost after freezing.
Transition-metal-free, room-temperature radical azidofluorination of unactivated alkenes in aqueous solution

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We report herein the transition-metal-free azidofluorination of unactivated alkenes. Thus, the condensation of various alkenes with TMSN3 and Selectfluor in aqueous CH3CN at RT led to the efficient and regioselective synthesis of β-fluorinated alkyl azides with excellent functional group compatibility and good stereoselectivity. A single electron transfer mechanism involving the oxidative generation of azidyl radicals is proposed.
Mutagenic Effects of 4-Hydroxynonenal Triacetate, a Chemically Protected Form of the Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal, as Assayed in L5178Y/Tk/ Mouse

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4-HNE) is cytotoxic and genotoxic at superphysiological concentrations. To characterize the mechanism of action of 4-HNE, we as-sessed genotoxic damage by 4-HNE and by 4-HNE triacetate [4-HNE(Ac)3] using the mouse lymphoma assay that measures the mutant frequency in the Tk gene. As a strong electrophile, 4-HNE reacts readily with nucleophilic centers on cellular com-ponents. When added extracellularly, it may react preferentially with proteins in culture medium or on the cell surface and not reach deeper cellular targets such as nuclear DNA. Therefore, 4-HNE(Ac)3, a protected form of 4-HNE that is metabolically converted to 4-HNE in cells (Neely MD, Amarnath V, Weitlauf C, and Montine TJ, Chem Res Toxicol 15:40–47, 2002), was as-sayed in addition to 4-HNE. When added in serum-containing
Supplementary Table S3 from Collagen Remodeling in the Hypoxic Tumor-Mesothelial Niche Promotes Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Table S3 shows the list of primer sequences of forward and reverse human primer sets used for real time qPCR in the study. Suppl. to Materials and Methods</p>
Determinants of relative amounts of medullary organic osmolytes: effects of NaCl and urea differ

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sorbitol, inositol, betaine, taurine, and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) are organic osmolytes that accumulate in the renal inner medulla during antidiuresis. In the cultured cell model, high medium sodium increases all the cell osmolytes and high medium urea increases cell GPC and inositol. It has been difficult, however, to discriminate between the effects of sodium and urea on organic osmolytes in water-deprived animals. To determine the nature of the in vivo responses of osmolyte accumulation induced by extracellular sodium or urea, we measured the medullary organic osmolytes and tested the degree of their linear correlation with urine and tissue parameters in control, dehydrated, salt-loaded, and urea-loaded rats. All of the osmolytes except myo-inositol increased in salt-loaded rats. Betaine and sorbitol contents in dehydrated rats were less than in salt-loaded rats, but other osmolytes increased significantly. Conversely, in urea-loaded rats, only GPC increased significantly, whereas either no change occurred for other osmolytes or sometimes betaine and sorbitol levels decreased. These data suggest that high sodium increases all of the osmolytes except myoinositol, whereas high urea increases only GPC and may decrease the renal medullary contents of betaine and sorbitol. We also demonstrated, using linear regression analysis, that urea and electrolyte in urine as well as tissue correlate well with each osmolyte measured.
United States County Level Cancer Rates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Flat file of United States County-level cancer incidence rates obtained from: https://www.statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov/incidencerates/ All data housed on that website are extracts from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program with rates computed using SEER*Stat as documented in the About section of the above website.
An exploration of pre-service teachers’ attributions in English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

\nWith the developments in cognitive psychology, language learners’ beliefs have received considerable attention in the domain of language teaching and learning. One area that merits investigation as to what the learner brings to this educational process is learner attributions which are commonly defined as ‘perceived causes of success and failure’. This paper investigated pre-service teachers’ perceptions of student attributions and their performance in English. Attributions are categorized as either internal (for instance ability) or external (for instance task difficulty). Motivated by these theoretical concerns, the study investigated the attributions of 122 pre-service teachers majoring in English and the connections between attribution and proficiency and gender. The study concludes with a set of far-reaching pedagogical implications and suggestions for learner training and teacher action in the EFL classroom. The results underscore the need for pre-service students to become aware of their own perceptions with regard to students' success and failure in English.\n
Coumestrol, Bisphenol-A, DDT, and TCDD Modulation of Interleukin-2 Expression in Activated CD+4 Jurkat T Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Endogenous estrogens are known to modulate several components of immune response, including interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. IL-2 is a cytokine that plays an important role in adaptive immune responses. These responses may be modulated by xenoestrogens such as coumestrol, bisphenol A (BPA), DDT, and TCDD. In this research, we examined the effects and potential mechanisms of action of these estrogenic compounds on IL-2 production in activated CD4+ Jurkat T cells. IL-2 production was analyzed by ELISA and Western Blot. At the transcriptional level, protein expression was examined by RT-PCR. Coumestrol, DDT and TCDD (but not BPA) significantly suppressed IL-2 production in activated CD4+ Jurkat T cells, at the transcriptional and translational levels. The transcriptional suppression of IL-2 was associated with decreased protein levels of NF-κβ, an important IL-2 positive transcription factor, without affecting the expression of Iκ−Βα protein expression, an important inhibitor of NF-κβ nuclear translocation. Although the direct mechanisms of xenoestrogens modulation of the immune system remain to be elucidated, coumestrol-, DDT- and TCDD-induced suppression of IL-2 may have ramifications for our understanding of the impact of xenoestrogens on health and disease.
Driver Technology for Inertial Fusion Research Introduction. Status of High Power Solid State Laser for Laser Fusion Experiments and the Prospect of Future Reactor Drivers.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The progress in development of high-power glass laser systems during the past 30 years is remarkable NIF (National Ignition Facility), which will deliver 1.8 MJ at 0.35 μm is now construction in the United States. Recently, technology that smoothes out the focal pattern has been developed to a great extent. RPP (Random Phase Plate) and PCL (Partially Coherent Laser) both gave an excellent focal pattern with standard deviation of 3% in the Gekko XII laser system. In the US, Japan and Europe, several ultra-short pulse lasers were developed for research on “fast ignition”. “Fast ignition” is a method which will reduce the total required laser energy for ignition. Because a diode-pumped, solid state laser can operate at a repetition rate of over 10 Hz with an efficiency of about 10% research area of high-power systems at the 1 kW level started to focus on the development of a driver for a commercial laser fusion reactor.
Baboon alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: phenotypic changes in liver following chronic consumption of alcohol.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

According to the nomenclature of Vallee and Bazzone [1983] for mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes, baboon ADHs comprise three major classes of activity, which were distinguished according to the following properties: Class I ADHs. These isozymes exhibited low-Km characteristics with ethanol as substrate, high isoelectric points (8.5-9.3), and sensitivity to 5 mM 4-methyl pyrazole inhibition, and were the major liver (ADH-2) and kidney (ADH-1) isozymes in the baboon. Class II ADHs. These isozymes showed high-Km values for ethanol, neutral isoelectric points (7.7 for the liver ADH-4 [pi-ADH] and 7.2 for the major stomach ADH [ADH-3], respectively), and were insensitive to inhibition with 5 mM 4-methyl pyrazole. Class III ADH. This enzyme was characterized by its inactivity with ethanol as substrate (up to 0.5 M), insensitivity to 4-methyl pyrazole inhibition, preference for medium-chain-length alcohols as substrate (trans-2-hexen-1-ol was routinely used in this study), and an isoelectric point (6.5) similar to that of the human liver chi-ADH (pI 6.4). Major activity variation of the liver pi-ADH (ADH-4) isozyme was observed among the 114 liver samples examined, with 34 percent exhibiting a null (or low-activity) phenotype. An electrophoretic variant phenotype for the major class II stomach isozyme (ADH-3) was also found in the population studied. The baboon was used as a model for studying alcohol-induced changes in liver ADH phenotype following chronic alcohol consumption. Prepuberal male baboons were pair-fed nutritionally adequate liquid diets containing ethanol (50 percent of calories) or isocaloric carbohydrates, and liver ADH isozyme patterns from biopsy samples were monitored for 20 weeks. Dramatic decreases in class II liver ADH activity (ADH-4, or pi-ADH) were observed within 4 weeks after the start of alcohol feeding, and a shift in liver class I isozymes was found during the later stages of alcohol consumption. These changes during chronic alcohol consumption may be adaptations of the liver: these include reduced capacity of the major ADH pathway and increased ethanol oxidation by the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and possibly by peroxisomal catalase.
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was created in the onrush of such agencies following the paradigm shift from Indian Socialism to business liberalism and globalisation in 1991. The study of its functioning shows it to be less than adequately autonomous and less than sufficiently overseen by the parliament and its committee system. As a regulatory mechanism for the information and communication technology sector, TRAI’s importance cannot ever be overstressed in the context of the gradual transformation of India’s industrial society into information and knowledge society. In a way, in the long trajectory of the transformation of the public sphere in the course of the transition from feudal oligarchy to bourgeois democracy, the telecom space can be seen as the new frontier to be explored and harnessed in expanding and deepening democracy. The existing structure of TRAI falls short on the parameters of transparency, efficiency, autonomy and accountability, calling for reforms.
What does it mean for cognitive linguistics to be a usage-based discipline?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The problem of metalanguage and the basic methodological principles underlying empirical analysis represents one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary Cognitive Linguistics. The article examines this problem addressing Ronald W. Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar. It reveals significant discrepancies between the fundamental theoretical claims posited by Langacker and the methodology that underlies his examination of specific linguistic material. Notably, despite the assertion that Cognitive Grammar is a usage-based approach, a direct analysis indicates that his “working” methodology is based on a system of abstract basic categories, from which more complex constructions, close to real communicative situations, are deductively derived. Such a methodology is arguably not representative of a usage-based approach. A broader concern that emerges from the examination of Langacker’s framework is the relationship between neuro-level analysis and sociocultural analysis. The article argues that the perspective which reduces the entirety of linguistic processes to the activation of neural groups in the cerebral cortex exemplifies a specific form of reductionism, and that data analysis at the neural level and sociocultural analysis require distinct metalanguages and methodologies.
Monodisperse Oligofluorenes Forming Glassy-Nematic Films for Polarized Blue Emission

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The first series of monodisperse glass-forming, nematic oligofluorenes was synthesized following a divergent−convergent approach. Both chain length and pendant structure were found to affect solid morphology and phase transition temperatures. With optimized structural parameters, a Tg close to 150 °C and a Tc beyond 375 °C were achieved. This material class is characterized by its ability to form monodomain glassy nematic films via spin-coating, thermal annealing at 10 to 20 °C above Tg for 15−30 min, and cooling to room temperature without encountering crystallization. The absorption and emission dichroic ratios of 80−90-nm-thick films increase from 7 to 17 with an increasing molecular aspect ratio, while the photoluminescence quantum yield varies erratically from 43 to 60%. Superior stability of emissive color and of emission dichroic ratio and that against thermally activated crystallization were also demonstrated through prolonged heating of a film at 10 °C above Tg under argon.
Factors associated with family cohesion and adaptability among Chinese registered nurses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim To identify determinants of family cohesion and adaptability among Chinese registered nurses. Background In China, the shortage of registered nurses imposes a higher physical and emotional workload, which will aggravate their work–family conflicts. Therefore, it is easy for nurses to ignore the importance of family, which is undeniably detrimental to healthy self‐development and providing better care to patients. Design With a cross‐sectional and observational study design (see the STROBE checklist and Supplementary File 1). Methods The Family Cohesion and Adaptability Scale was administered to registered nurses ( N = 825) from 10 hospitals throughout China. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the related factors for family cohesion and adaptability. Results The multiple regression analysis revealed that inharmonious relationship with spouse's parents, discordant nurse–patient relationship, parents live in countryside, and poor leadership was found to be important risk predictors of family cohesion, and inharmonious relationship with spouse's parents, discordant nurse–patient relationship, high education, feel overworked and poor leadership was found to be important risk predictors of family adaptability. Conclusion Hospital managers need to pay attention to the risk factors that affect nurses' family cohesion and adaptability. To achieve this, they should employ targeted measures to enhance these aspects in time, which will help improve nurses' family life and promote their participation and role in family decision‐making. This will not only help them create a better external environment for their healthy self‐development but also allow them to maintain a better mood and energy to take care of patients. Relevance to clinical practice Family cohesion and adaptability are important for nurses, as they may affect nurses' healthy self‐development and quality of service provided to patients. Hospital managers should pay attention to the risk factors of nurses' family cohesion and adaptability, such as poor nurse–patient relationship, and consider employing corresponding measures to help them.
A Comparative Analysis of Two Developing Countries

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Most of the studies on IT personnel turnover intentions were carried out in the developed countries. Only a few researchers have focused on developing countries. The authors' study makes a comparative study of IT personnel turnover intentions in two sub-Saharan African countries (Botswana and Nigeria) using the Igbaria and Greenhaus turnover model. The intent was to find out if the same model elements affect turnover intentions in the two countries. The results show that demographic variables (age and length of service), the role stressors (role ambiguity and role conflict), the career related variables (growth opportunity, supervisor support and external career opportunities), job satisfaction and career satisfaction have direct effect on turnover intentions in these two developing countries, while other affectors in the research model do not hold equally for the two countries, except for growth opportunity.
Data Envelopment Analysis with Functional Data using Preference Method

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper we assess the efficiency of units using data envelopment analysis (DEA).In first stage, a functional data is converted to a fuzzy bell shape number and then a benchmark point would be chosen for each input or output and using the preference ratio method, the equivalence multiplier of each data would be calculated.In order to simplification of functional data, functional data will be replaced bythe equivalence multiplier.
Industrial Hypermedia Design.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The amount of electronic information used in an industrial environment is increasing. How to manage the information is becoming a crucial issue. Part of the solution is to use hypermedia, to allow associations to be made within the information space. While there already exists a number of hypermedia design models and methodologies, none address the issues faced by the industrial designer. This report examines some of the strengths and weaknesses of existing models and then proposes an industrial design methodology that will address the issues faced when designing a large scale industrial hypermedia system.
Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma sp. against pathogens in the leaves of Allium ascalonicum L.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pathogenic fungi pose constraints and reduce shallot production. Trichoderma sp. is an antagonistic fungus capable of controlling pathogen growth in shallots. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of Trichoderma sp. and pathogens in shallots and to assess the antagonistic ability of Trichoderma sp. against shallot pathogens (Allium ascalonicum L.). Trichoderma sp. and shallot pathogens were isolated using a serial dilution agar plate method using potato dextrose agar medium with 7-day incubation. The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma sp. against shallot pathogens was evaluated based on the dual culture method. In this study, we successfully isolated Trichoderma harzianum from the shallot leaf and its root systems. Moreover, four morphologically distinctive pathogens from shallot roots and leaves were successfully isolated (l Aspergillus sp., Colletotrichum sp., Phytium sp. and Penicillium sp. T. harzianum was found to have the ability to inhibit 23.45% growth of Aspergillus sp, 26.19% growth of Colletotrichum sp., 75.40% growth of Phytium sp., and 40.38% growth of Penicillium sp. In conclusion, the isolated T. harzianum had a strong antagonistic activity against some pathogens in the shallot, but the activity was weak against some others.
Design of Underwater Acoustic Modem for Short Range Sensor Network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the design consideration, implementation details and initial experimental results of our modem. This paper also discusses the various modulation technique like ASK,FSK. This design uses commercial ultrasonic transducer of 200kHz bandwidth. Massage from transmitter can be displayed in visual format as well as it can be analyzed using different simulation tools at base station. Under water modem consists of three component i) An underwater transducer ii) An analog transceiver (matching pre-amplifier and amplifier), iii) A digital platform for control and signal processing. In this paper comparison of results of communication with ASK,FSK modulation technique, microcontroller & FPGA.
Semiclassical Focusing Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation I: Inverse scattering map and its evolution for radiative initial data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the semiclassical limit for the focusing nonlinear (cubic) Schrödinger Equation (NLS) in the pure radiational case. We present a method of reconstructing the leading order terms of the solitonless initial data and of its evolution for a wide class of the corresponding reflection coefficients.
Reading and learning from screens versus print: a study in changing habits

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to research the difference in reading and learning from print versus electronic media in a professional and educational setting. To what extent does the materiality of the medium influence the efficiency and effectively of the reader? What is needed to create “digital born” information rich texts? In Part 1, sustained reading of information and knowledge rich texts is addressed. Design/methodology/approach In‐depth comparative tests with a great number of subjects between print‐on‐paper, e‐ink screens and LCD screens. In Part 1 the results of tests with sustained reading of information and knowledge rich texts are reported. Findings All tests show that print‐on‐paper is still a superior medium for learning and digesting complicated and elaborate texts, whilst electronic screens are appreciated for quick information gathering, communication and navigation. Electronic representations of information and knowledge demand that the structure of the writing has to change. Research limitations/implications Given the rapid development in electronic displays, many issues – in particular ergonomical – become a “moving target”. An important limitation – which is one of the quests of this research – is the lack of sufficient genuine digital born texts. Practical implications The need to start and review the writing process; the appearance but also the structure of information and knowledge rich texts. A second issue is the need to develop easy capabilities to make an electronic text as easy a “tool” as the print text, with underlining, comments and notes. Social implications The development of novel ways of publishing educational texts. Originality/value Deep qualitative research in comparison with quantitative tests. Comparison between professional information acquisition and learning.