jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
College Orchestra Director Programming Decisions Regarding Classical Twentieth-Century Music

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

College-level orchestra programming studies is still an emerging field of research. The hypothesis for this study is as follows: (1) college-level orchestra directors generally program newer music that is tonal, rhythmically straightforward, more-easily understandable on the first listening, and already-familiar; and (2) college-level orchestra directors are generally reluctant to program newer music that is post-tonal, psychological in nature, densely-written, containing enigmatic meaning, and unfamiliar. Twenty-one college-level orchestra directors belonging to College Orchestra Directors Association (CODA) were surveyed concerning (1) the repertoire composed between 1885 and 2015, referred to as newer music, that they programmed between Fall 2005 and Spring 2015 with their college-level orchestra(s) and (2) the artistic, pedagogical, practical, and risk factors that influenced their programming decisions regarding newer music. Programmed repertoire was sorted by nationality, genre, and composer gender in order to identify programming trends. The factors that influenced programming decisions, as well as free responses, were analyzed to discover the spectrum of viewpoints that college-level orchestra directors have regarding the programming of newer music. College-level orchestra directors were divided on the subject of regularly programming newer music: one group favored standard repertoire, whereas another group favored a combination of standard repertoire and newer music. Those who favored programming a wider variety of repertoire were further divided: one group favored programming newer music that is more-straightforward, while a second group was amenable to programming newer music that is less clear-cut. Recommendations for expanding the repertoire included offering professional development workshops for orchestra conductors who wish to increase their level of skill in evaluating the intrinsic value of newer-music orchestral scores, and making free, online perusal of newer-music orchestral scores available on the CODA website to interested conductors. The purpose of this study is to encourage college-level orchestra directors to engage in adventurous programming by expanding their knowledge and programming of less-familiar repertoire of well-known historical composers, unfamiliar repertoire of lesser-known historical composers, and unfamiliar music of living composers.
Training in family planning encompasses several disciplines

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ways, one would, strictly speaking, need hundreds of thousands of randomised trials to arrive at conclusive answers about the efficacy of this form of treatment.Clearly, this is not practical.The Centre for Complementary Health Studies is therefore planning a trial designed to answer the much broader question, "does homoeopathy work (regardless of remedy, dose, etc)?"I would be delighted to hear from potential participants in this multicentre study.EERNST
c-Si Metallization Paste Rheology and Print Metrology Techniques for Achieving and Quantifying Improved High Aspect Ratio Finger Topography

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

For crystalline silicon applications, one method for increasing cell efficiency is to reduce shadowing by printing narrower lines. To maintain low line resistance, a higher fired contact finger height is the general approach. High aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of the line height to the line width, can be achieved by front contact paste formulation, the imaging tool (screen/stencil) and printing parameters. However, simply measuring aspect ratio can be misleading. The regularity or smoothness of the line geometry over the relatively long distance of the contact fingers is of equal importance. Mesh marks and/or peaks and valleys can be a typical byproduct of high viscosity paste. These conductor lines, while yielding high average aspect ratio, can effectively be a series of high and low spots which act as resistors in extreme cases defeating the benefits of the reduced shadowing. Furthermore, the peaks do not enhance the conductivity of the line, but only serve to increase silver usage. The best solution is to maximize conductivity and simultaneously minimize material usage. This can be achieved by creating very smooth, very narrow lines. These properties are typically controlled by the rheology of the paste. Paste suppliers provide viscosity data measured at a single point using a specific technique. Front contact pastes are very viscous in order to print narrow lines, however, this usually conflicts with the leveling properties necessary to achieve smooth lines. This paper will look at the entire viscosity profile and demonstrate how the rheology can be engineered to produce tall, narrow lines with improved topography. The anti-reflective coating typical on today’s PV solar cells is optimized to minimize the reflectance of the incident sun light. This leads to significant challenges for optical metrology systems that are based on the typical light sources, i.e. halogen, xenon or red lasers, as the majority of the incident spectrum is absorbed. Any resulting signal reflected back into the sensor is too weak to provide a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio for metrology. This paper will cover the 3D measurement techniques required to quantify line aspect ratio smoothness using a wavelength optimized confocal system tuned to the anti-reflective coatings typical of today’s crystalline silicon cells.
Silurian-Devonian boundary events and their influence on cephalopod evolution: evolutionary significance of cephalopod egg size during mass extinctions

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Diversity evolution of 197 of the latest Ludlow-Lochkovian cephalopod species from Bohemia (representing more that 70 percent of all species known worldwide) was analysed and compared with changes in the global carbon cycle in the marine ecosystem.Our results show a distinct relationship between cephalopod species diversity and the global carbon cycle.A progressive increase in δ 13 C values in marine carbonates from the Monograptus lochkoviensis Zone to the end of the Monograptus transgrediens Zone reflects an increase of bioproductivity in the marine ecosystem.This increase was probably caused by a shallowing of the upwelling system, thus importing nutrient-rich water.A progressive cooling during the Přídolí and earliest Lochkovian triggered these changes in the upwelling system.Our data also show an increase in total diversity of cephalopod species, which may be explained by greater availability of new food sources for a period corresponding to the progressive increase in δ 13 C values.In the latest Silurian, δ 13 C reached its maximal values while the Lochkovian is characterized by steady conditions with a decreasing tendency in δ 13 C values.Strong, selective extinction started in the latest Silurian Monograptus transgrediens Zone and continued to the earliest Devonian Monograptus uniformis Zone.This extinction affected benthic and demersal cephalopod species with relatively large eggs and long incubation times.The change in dynamics of the global carbon cycle thus coincides with the beginning of this extinction.An anoxic or hypoxic event in the period between the LAD Monograptus transgrediens Zone (Transgrediens Event) in the latest Přídolí and the base of the Devonian Monograptus uniformis Zone (documented also from offshore sequences from Poland) is considered to be a cause for the extinction of non-pelagic cephalopods.Our study also revealed a need to revise and define all earlier established bioevents in the Silurian-Devonian boundary interval more clearly.
THE ADAPTATION OF ACCOUNTING DATA WITHIN INTEGRATED INFORMATICS SYSTEMS.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The increase of the reaction speed within economic organisms may be accomplished if the entire informational subsystem becomes informational. Up to now, the automatisation of some departments from firms has offered the expected results, accelerating their activity. The necessity of integrating these already- informational departments into a common system has become acute in time and the concern of forming these integrated informational systems has been accentuated. The making of these desiderata has become concrete with the help of some integrating software for the activity of the firm, called ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning).
Case Study 1 — LDCs Accession to the WTO

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The issue of accession and how LDCs came to be members of the WTO is a key factor in assessing whether they are receiving special treatment in the organization. If the norm of special treatment for LDCs is being applied in the WTO, we would expect LDCs to be able to join the organization relatively easily compared to other states, as was the case in the GATT. However, despite the fact that all states and separate customs territories are eligible to join the WTO, their individual accession paths vary depending on their size, their level of economic development and crucially, the demands of the existing WTO members. These demands make the accession process a contentious one. There are few rules in the process and special treatment, with the exception of technical assistance, is effectively withheld from developing countries until they have completed the accession process. Countries seeking to join the WTO are frequently asked to go beyond WTO treaty obligations and liberalize their markets more than the existing members.1 In addition to the liberalization requested of potential members, the time taken to finalize accession packages can be lengthy.2 Despite these issues with the accession process and the ongoing Doha Round, countries continue to accede to the WTO — Montenegro and Samoa being the latest to finalize their accession negotiations — demonstrating that states still want to join the organization and see it as relevant (WTO, 2011g). Most of the countries currently in the process of accession are either developing countries or LDCs, so the process is of key importance to them.
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Improved Information Systems Security Risk Assessment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Information system security risk analysis for the accuracy problem, an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on the information security risk analysis methods. The method combines a fuzzy consistent matrix to obtain the weight of each risk factor. And on this basis, a multi-level fuzzy methods of risk assessment, risk assessment models through the index data, to obtain the security level risk assessment for future information systems security risk assessment provides some help.
A Review of the Functional Annotations of Important Genes in the AHPND-Causing pVA1 Plasmid

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a lethal shrimp disease. The pathogenic agent of this disease is a special Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain that contains a pVA1 plasmid. The protein products of two toxin genes in pVA1, pirAvp and pirBvp, targeted the shrimp’s hepatopancreatic cells and were identified as the major virulence factors. However, in addition to pirAvp and pirBvp, pVA1 also contains about ~90 other open-reading frames (ORFs), which may encode functional proteins. NCBI BLASTp annotations of the functional roles of 40 pVA1 genes reveal transposases, conjugation factors, and antirestriction proteins that are involved in horizontal gene transfer, plasmid transmission, and maintenance, as well as components of type II and III secretion systems that may facilitate the toxic effects of pVA1-containing Vibrio spp. There is also evidence of a post-segregational killing (PSK) system that would ensure that only pVA1 plasmid-containing bacteria could survive after segregation. Here, in this review, we assess the functional importance of these pVA1 genes and consider those which might be worthy of further study.
Comparison of Four Methodologies for Rapid and Cost-Effective Identification of Candida glabrata

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT To improve turnaround time and decrease the cost of the identification of Candida glabrata , we evaluated four methods for the detection of trehalose assimilation or fermentation. These methods were compared with the API 20C method (bioMERIEUX, Hazelwood, Mo.) to determine accuracy. We recommend the use of Remel Rapid Trehalose Assimilation Broth because of its rapid, 3-h results, reasonable sensitivity, and low number of false positives.
Mechanical Behavior of a Continuous Fiber Reinforced SiC/RBSN Ceramic Composite

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of the following research was to obtain an understanding of both ambient and elevated temperature mechanical behavior of a SiC fiber reinforced RBSN composite. At ambient temperature, applicability of available mechanics models to describe the stress-strain curve were examined. Emphasis was also placed on fracture toughness, R-curve behavior, and toughening mechanisms as well as the applicability of available fracture mechanics models to describe toughening behavior. At elevated temperature, an attempt was made to characterize the short term and long term effects on the composite. The material used was a RBSN reinforced with large diameter continuous SiC fibers. A limited investigation of the mechanical behavior of a commercially available RBSN monolith was also performed for comparison purposes with the reinforced material.\nAt ambient temperature the composite exhibited noncatastrophic failure and analysis of the results suggested that fiber pullout as well as elastic fiber bridging effects may both provide significant contributions to the overall toughness, with the overall potential for toughness calculated to be on the order of 54 MPa-m*. Analysis of the toughness based on these mechanisms was complicated, however, by the large amount of delammation that took place in this composite. Toughening occurred as fiber pullout, bridging, and mixed mode failure at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, crack initiation under constant load occurred, after a delay period, in the matrix at temperatures on the order of 1000° C, but occurred in the fiber itself as the temperatures increased past 1350° C. The elevated temperature cracks were normal to the reinforcing fibers and were associated with unbroken bridging fibers in the crack wake. Furthermore, it was observed that the fibers pulled out of the matrix in a time-dependent fashion, thus making bridging a time dependent process during elevated temperature exposure.
Towards a digital twin for IAQ monitoring and control in educational facilities through asset management system platform

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study evaluates the potential of Internet of Things (IoT) devices for building automation and the creation of a Digital shadow for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) at the University of Turin, Italy. Data was collected on temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), PM2.5, PM10, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) levels in three classrooms and connected to the BIM models in an Asset Management System platform. The methodology for connecting the data flow to the model and developing information dashboards is described, highlighting its advantages and critical issues.
States’ obligations to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of international crimes: the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although the European Court of Human Rights and the International Criminal Court ('ICC') operate within a different legal context and have different functions and goals, these courts definitely share some common ground. Both courts are expected to exercise subsidiary jurisdiction. The ICC's principle of complementarity dictates that a case is only admissible before the Court if a state is 'unwilling or unable' to carry out investigations and prosecute itself. In respect of the European Court, the court's subsidiary position comes to the fore in the 'exhaustion of local remedies' rule and in the provision that victims should enjoy an effective remedy under national law to have violations of their rights redressed (Article 13 ECHR). The philosophy sustaining the courts' procedures emphasizes the primary obligations of states to deal adequately with human rights violations and international crimes.
[Successful treatment of CML in accelerated phase with mithramycin].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The patient, an 18-year-old male, was admitted on May 17, 1988, because of high-grade fever, neuralgia and generalized lymphadenopathy. Bone marrow examination revealed a large number of small nests with myeloid blastic cells negative for both peroxidase and TdT activity. Ph1 chromosome and bcr rearranged fragment were positive. On a diagnosis of CML in the accelerated phase, treatment was started with standard BHAC-DMP and vincristine. However, fever still persisted and hematological improvement could not be obtained. From September 20, 1988, mithramycin was given at 25 micrograms/kg every three days. No fever was noted and the NAP score decreased. However, fever reappeared despite the continuing treatment. Combination use of vincristine (1.0 mg/week) and mithramycin (25 micrograms/kg/week) was then begun, and the fever immediately disappeared. After mithramycin administration, a transient marked increase of neutrophils appeared in the peripheral blood, suggesting the induction of differentiation. After then, a complete remission was obtained. A transient disappearance of Ph1 chromosome by the chemotherapy was noticed. He has remained in the chronic phase of CML for one year. In conclusion, combination use of vincristine and mithramycin may be useful in the treatment of the myeloid blast crisis.
P-based referencing for correcting tissue artifacts in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging of cancer samples

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A referencing strategy based on the element P is presented to compensate for cryosectioning tissue artifacts in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data. The study examines how the gadolinium-based contrast agent Gadofosveset is distributed in murine cancer tissue, and illustrates how referenced images can compensate for tissue artifacts like folds, overlaps, and density variations. Compared to non-referenced images that provide information on the absolute distribution of the analyte, referenced images allow for the representation of the analyte distribution relative to the amount of material introduced into the instrument, which in this case is correlated to the P signal. Tissue artifacts were corrected in referenced images for both Gadofosveset and endogenous elements, such as Fe and Zn. Additionally, the referencing approach provides valuable information on the Gd uptake relative to the tissue density in necrotic compared to vital tumor areas, which is not obtained from in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. However, validation of in vivo MRI and ex vivo LA-ICP-MS methods was possible by establishing a mean ratio of necrotic to vital tumor areas in the T1-weighted image post Gadofosveset injection and the non-referenced LA-ICP-MS image of Gd. In summary, P-based correction of LA-ICP-MS imaging data allows for a more accurate spatial representation of certain elements, including endogenous and exogenous elements such as injected contrast agents.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Genetics and Role of Genetic Counseling in a Multiple Neoplasia Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is one of the most common inherited neoplasia syndromes and is characterized by highly vascular tumors of the eyes, brain, and spine, as well as benign and malignant tumors and/or cysts of the kidneys, adrenal medullae and sympathetic paraganglia, endolymphatic sac, epididymis, and broad ligament. Since the discovery of the VHL gene in 1993, more than 900 families with VHL have been identified and examined. Genetic testing for VHL is widely available and will detect a disease-causing mutation in rate 95% to 100% of individuals who have a clinical diagnosis of VHL, making it the standard of care for diagnosis of VHL. Furthermore, genetic testing for VHL is indicated in some individuals with seemingly sporadic VHL-related tumor types, as ≤ 10% of pheochromocytoma or early-onset renal cell carcinoma and ≤ 40% of CNS hemangioblastoma harbor germline VHL mutations without a family history or additional features of VHL disease. The majority of VHL mutations are private, but there are also well-characterized founder mutations. VHL is a complex, multiorgan disease that spans the breadth of oncology subspecialties, and, as such, providers in these subspecialties should be aware of when to consider a diagnosis of VHL, when to refer a patient to a genetics specialist for consideration of gene testing, and, perhaps most importantly, how to communicate this sensitive information in an age-appropriate manner to at-risk families. This review will provide state-of-the-art information regarding the genetics of VHL and will serve as a key reference for nongenetics professionals who encounter patients with VHL.
Büchner Ring Expansion

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This reaction is the synthesis of cycloheptatriene and phenylacetic acid derivatives through the rearrangement of norcaradiene carboxylates (i.e., the intermediate) generated from the reaction between aromatic compounds and carbene species, and it is known as the Büchner ring expansion. It has been reported that an equilibrium exists between norcaradiene and cycloheptatriene derivatives. Besides the general application in synthesis of cycloheptatrienes, different bicyclic products—for example, β‐tetralones and azulenones—can be prepared via the intramolecular Büchner ring expansion.
THE PRODUCTION OF VOICE AND SPEECH FOLLOWING TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY: EXERCISE AND PRACTICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THE PSEUDOVOICE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction Laryngeal Prostheses; Artificial Larynges The Pseudovoice Production of Sound Without the Larynx The True Buccal or Pseudowhispered Voice The Pharyngeal Pseudovoice The Esophageal and "Stomach" Pseudovoice Therapy for the Production of the Pseudovoice Summary and Conclusions.

INTRODUCTION

With the growing belief that the operative procedure most likely to lead to a cure for laryngeal cancer is total laryngectomy, there are in America and abroad a constantly increasing number of persons who have undergone the removal of their essential organ of voice and speech production. Those thus deprived of the voice are definitely handicapped in their social intercourse, and often find great difficulty in obtaining a means of livelihood. These considerations must present themselves to every person suffering from laryngeal cancer to whom total laryngectomy is recommended; they surely are in the mind of the surgeon who advises the procedure, although the latter knows that he necessarily