jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Grossly “Rusty” Tumor of Breast

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A routine screening mammogram in an asymptomatic 49-year-old woman revealed focal architectural distortion in the right breast. On ultrasound evaluation, the area of distortion (located at 12:00, 5 cm from the nipple) corresponded to an ovoid circumscribed mass (Figure 1A). A lumpectomy was performed after an ultrasound-guided needle core biopsy confirmed the presence of invasive carcinoma. Macroscopic examination of the lumpectomy showed a 1.9 cm, strikingly rust-colored, circumscribed, and lobulated mass (Figure 1B; bar: 1.0 cm). Microscopic evaluation revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma that was moderately differentiated and exhibited micropapillary-like architectural features. No intraductal component of the carcinoma was evident (Figure 1C and D). The tumoral stroma demonstrated a rich infiltrate of osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) associated with abundant hemosiderin-laden macrophages (Figure 1E). The variably sized multinucleated OGCs were immunoreactive for CD68, a histiocytic marker (Figure 1F). Two ipsilateral axillary sentinel lymph nodes were benign. The invasive carcinoma cells were strongly positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors. The proliferation rate as evident on Ki-67 immunostain was high (focally: >15%). HER2 gene amplification testing via fluorescent in situ hybridization was negative. Based on the characteristic histological features, and the supportive immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma with OGC (IC-OGC) was rendered. 558266 IJSXXX10.1177/1066896914558266International Journal of Surgical PathologyGinter et al research-article2014
Do Globalisation and Geopolitical Risks Matter for Stock Market Performance in Nigeria?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The integration of countries into the global economy comes with exposure to risks that can be assessed through empirical investigation to uncover their impact on the domestic economy. Thus, this study attempts to answer the question of whether globalisation and geopolitical risk matter for stock market performance in Nigeria, given the growing interaction with the rest of the world. In doing so, the paper employs the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) technique to analyse annual time series data on relevant variables from 1985 to 2021. The main finding indicates that globalisation and geopolitical risks significantly dampen the performance of the Nigerian stock market, whether it is measured by market capitalisation or by an all-share index. Accordingly, the study recommends the implementation of policies aimed at mitigating the risks associated with the globalisation and geopolitics to enhance the performance of the financial market.
Addressing the Cause-Related Marketing Paradox for Luxury Brands to Increase Prosocial Behavior and Well-Being

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Although luxury firms have come under increasing pressure to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, they have traditionally been hesitant to engage because of the CSR–luxury paradox: the values and motivations underlying luxury consumption (self-enhancement) may conflict with the values and motivations underlying prosocial behavior (self-transcendence), and thus their CSR initiatives may not only be ineffective, they may actually harm the brand. In this commentary, we discuss research on the strategies and tactics luxury brands can use to nudge luxury consumers to engage in their cause-related marketing (CRM) initiatives by aligning the values of their luxury customers with the symbolic values of their CRM offerings and thus increase the impact of the prosocial causes on societal well-being. This research supports the objectives of transformative luxury research (TLR) in integrating luxury consumption into the mission and vision of transformative consumer research (TCR).
International reference ionosphere - Recent developments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An introduction to the history and intentions of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is given and future plans are outlined. The description of the topside electron density profile in the IRI is based on Bent's summary of topside sounder measurements, mainly Alouette. Instead of Bent's tabular form, the IRI has the advantage of an analytical description. Our comparison with AEROS satellite data shows that the IRI model is inaccurate in its description of the latitudinal behavior of the electron density in the topside ionosphere close to the magnetic equator. An improved IRI formula is proposed that closely follows the experimental data. The present IRI is restricted to solar activities reached during the last solar cycle 20. Measurements during the present solar cycle indicate a saturation effect for very high solar activities.
From the treasure house of Scripture. An analysis of scriptural sources in De imitatione Christi. By Kenneth Michael Becker. (Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia. Research on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity, 44.) Pp. 767. Turnhout: Brepols, 2002. €95. 2 503 51386 7

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

From the treasure house of Scripture. An analysis of scriptural sources in De imitatione Christi. By Kenneth Michael Becker. (Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia. Research on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity, 44.) Pp. 767. Turnhout: Brepols, 2002. €95. 2 503 51386 7 - Volume 55 Issue 4
Transformation Cycle of Magnetosomes in Human Stem Cells: From Degradation to Biosynthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Anew

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The nanoparticles produced by magnetotactic bacteria, called magnetosomes, are made of a magnetite core with high levels of crystallinity surrounded by a lipid bilayer. This organized structure has been developed during the course of evolution of these organisms to adapt to their specific habitat and is assumed to resist degradation and to be able to withstand the demanding biological environment. Herein, we investigated magnetosomes' structural fate upon internalization in human stem cells using magnetic and photothermal measurements, electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. All measurements first converge to the demonstration that intracellular magnetosomes can experience an important biodegradation, with up to 70% of their initial content degraded, which is associated with the progressive storage of the released iron in the ferritin protein. It correlates with an extensive magnetite to ferrihydrite phase transition. The ionic species delivered by this degradation could then be used by the cells to biosynthesize magnetic nanoparticles anew. In this case, cell magnetism first decreased with magnetosomes being dissolved, but then cells remagnetized entirely, evidencing the neo-synthesis of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles. Bacteria-made biogenic magnetosomes can thus be totally remodeled by human stem cells, into human cells-made magnetic nanoparticles.
Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines. Part 3. Synthesis of Photochromic 5′‐(4,5‐Diphenyl‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)‐spiro[indoline‐2,3′‐naphtho [2,3‐b]pyran].

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microparticles from stored red blood cells enhance procoagulant and proinflammatory activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND The pathomechanisms of morbidity due to blood transfusions are not yet entirely understood. Elevated levels of red blood cell–derived microparticles (RMPs) are found in coagulation‐related pathologies and also in stored blood. Previous research has shown that RMPs mediate transfusion‐related complications by the intrinsic pathway. We hypothesized that RMPs might play a role in post‐transfusion thrombotic complications by enhancing procoagulant activity also through the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this laboratory study, blood from 18 healthy volunteers was stimulated with microparticles from expired stored red blood cells. Various clotting parameters were recorded. Flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate possible mediating mechanisms. RESULTS The addition of RMPs shortened the clotting time from 194 to 161 seconds (p < 0.001). After incubation with RMPs, there was increased expression of tissue factor (TF) on monocytes and in plasma. TF messenger RNA expression increased in a time‐dependent and concentration‐dependent manner. There was a significant induction of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6. After stimulation with RMPs, there was a significant increase in the number of activated platelets, an increased percentage of PAC‐1/CD62P (procaspase activating compound‐1/platelet surface P‐selectin) double‐positive platelets, and an increased number of platelet‐neutrophil duplets and platelet‐monocyte duplets, indicating enhanced interaction of platelets with neutrophils and monocytes. Levels of CXCL‐8 (C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1) and interleukin‐6 were significantly higher after treatment with RMPs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RMPs trigger coagulation through TF signaling, induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and induce cell‐cell interaction between platelets and neutrophils. Thus, under certain conditions, RMPs could play a role in post‐transfusion complications through these mechanisms.
On Bend-Bar Type Roller Expander

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article gives the results of theoretical studies made by the authors on the expanding mechanism of the bend-bar type roller expander. These studies have made it possible to figure out the state of contact of cloth with the roller, the tension on the cloth, the longitudinal relaxation of the cloth caused by imperfect contact of cloth and roller, and expanding capacity - on a single as well as a triple roller expander. Our studies have disclosed many other facts which we believe will be an effective aid in the manufacture and use of the bend-bar type roller expander.
[Systemic Salmonella arizonae infections in patients with a deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. A report of 2 cases and a review of the literature].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Systemic infections induced by Salmonella arizonae have been described in patients with underlying cell-mediated immunodeficiencies, usually resident in southern countries of U.S. and in Mexico. This peculiar geographic distribution is probably due to the ingestion of meat or drugs from rattlesnakes, that Salmonella arizonae colonize in the intestinal tract and that live in the above areas. In this article we describe two cases of systemic Salmonella arizonae infections, that represent, to our knowledge, the first report in European literature.
A BAYESIAN METHOD FOR THE CHOICE OF THE SAMPLE SIZE IN EQUIVALENCE TRIALS

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper we consider a Bayesian predictive approach to sample size determination in equivalence trials. Equivalence experiments are conducted to show that the unknown difference between two parameters is small. For instance, in clinical practice this kind of experiment aims to determine whether the effects of two medical interventions are therapeutically similar. We declare an experiment successful if an interval estimate of the effects-difference is included in a set of values of the parameter of interest indicating a negligible difference between treatment effects (equivalence interval). We derive two alternative criteria for the selection of the optimal sample size, one based on the predictive expectation of the interval limits and the other based on the predictive probability that these limits fall in the equivalence interval. Moreover, for both criteria we derive a robust version with respect to the choice of the prior distribution. Numerical results are provided and an application is illustrated when the normal model with conjugate prior distributions is assumed.
Composition of Croton (Crotonpenduliflorus) Seed and its Oil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Two stocks; with and without seed coat, of dried Crotonpenduliflorus seeds were analyzed using standard methods for proximate and mineral compositions. Oils were also extracted from the two different stocks and their physicochemical properties were determined. Results of these analyses were compared to study the effects of absence of seed coat on the chemical composition of croton seeds. This work revealed that the sample without coat is less susceptible to microbial degradation and rich in minerals. In addition, oil from sample with coat is not fit for human consumption and more susceptible to oxidative rancidity.
STEREOCHEMICAL AND A SINGLE-CRYSTAL X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF 2,3,4,4a,6,10b-HEXAHYDRO-6-PHENYL-1,4-METHANO-1H-DIBENZO[b,d]THIOPYRAN: THE ADDITION PRODUCT FROM THE REACTION OF DIPHENYL THIONE AND NORBORNENE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The adduct obtained from the reaction of diphenyl thione and norbornene, namely 2,3,4,4a,6,10b-hexa-hydro-6-phenyl-1,4-methano-1H-dibenzo[b,d]thiopyran, was subjected to a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A syn relationship between the two protons on C(α) next to the sulfur atom was confirmed in the crystal state and suggests that an intermediate precursor of the adduct may not be formed by an entirely concerted process or a rearrangement occurs after a precursor is formed. If a [4 + 2]-cycloaddition had occurred, a rearrangement seems required to explain the stereochemistry of the adduct. 13C and 1H NMR analyses were performed and, using the HETCOR 2-D technique, it was possible to assign many signals with confidence although it was not possible to do so with every signal. Models were used to substantiate the assignments in the NMR spectrum as well as in the ultraviolet spectrum of the title compound.
Spatio-temporal, optogenetic control of gene expression in organoids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Organoids derived from stem cells become increasingly important to study human development and to model disease. However, methods are needed to control and study spatio-temporal patterns of gene expression in organoids. To this aim, we combined optogenetics and gene perturbation technologies to activate or knock-down RNA of target genes, at single-cell resolution and in programmable spatio-temporal patterns. To illustrate the usefulness of our approach, we locally activated Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling in an organoid model for human neurodevelopment. High-resolution spatial transcriptomic and single-cell analyses showed that this local induction was sufficient to generate stereotypically patterned organoids in three dimensions and revealed new insights into SHH’s contribution to gene regulation in neurodevelopment. With this study, we propose optogenetic perturbations in combination with spatial transcriptomics as a powerful technology to reprogram and study cell fates and tissue patterning in organoids.
Artificial Humic Acids: Sustainable Materials against Climate Change

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Humic acid, as a natural organic matter, is widely distributed in surface soil, oceans, rivers, and other ecological environments throughout the whole earth ecosystem. Humic acid provides abundant organic carbon and helps to maintain a hydrated, pH and redox buffered environment hosting the soil microbiome. Humic acid is however also a largely ignored polymer material full of exciting functional properties, and its scale is enormous. This perspective article discusses its synthesis and management as a tool to tackle parts of the climate crisis as well its use in technological applications, as made by chemical conversion of agricultural side products to artificial humic acids.
EMERGING EQUITY MARKETS: ARE THEY FOR REAL?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Using the methodology developed by Fama (1990) and Schwert (1990) , we measure the degree to which six of the largest emerging equity markets in Latin America and Asia are rational in the sense that they incorporate domestic and global shocks to future expected cash flows and time variation in the discount rates that price these flows. The Chilean, Mexican, and, to a lesser extent, Malaysian markets appear more rational than either the Korean and Taiwanese markets or the base case U.S. and Japanese markets. However, we argue that numerous factors make the methodology unable to rank markets by relative efficiency. We also find evidence of the influence of real global variables on the Taiwanese and Korean markets.
Transfer of therapy resistance in colorectal cancer cells via extracellular vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Extrazelluläre Vesikel sind Vesikel, welche von verschiedensten eukaryotischen und prokaryotischen Zellen an ihre Umgebung abgegeben werden und eine tragende Rolle in der interzellulären Kommunikation übernehmen. Da selektiv beladene extrazelluläre Vesikel in besonders hohen Mengen in mehreren Krankheiten und vor allem bei Krebserkrankungen vorgefunden werden können, ist die Erforschung ihres Einflusses auf Krebsentwicklung, Metastasierung und Entwicklung von Therapieresistenzen von äußerstem Interesse. Die Übertragung von Therapieresistenz gegen 5-Fluorouracil in Kolonzelllinien wurde mittels Kokultivierung von naiven Kolonzelllinien mit extrazellulären Vesikeln von resistenten Kolonzelllinien und anschließender Bestimmung des EC50 erforscht. Der Einfluss von Kokultivierungen und von diversen microRNAs auf den NF-κB Signalweg wurde mittels Proteinisolierung und Western Blot untersucht. Aufgrund der hohen Variabilität der Ergebnisse der Kokultivierungsexperimente, konnte keine Folgerung über den Einfluss von extrazellulären Vesikeln der resistenten Zelllinien auf die Chemosensitivität von naiven Zellinien gezogen werden. Weiteres, zeigten die Kokultiverungsexperimente keine Aktivierung des NF-κB Signalwegs. Zwei miRNAs, miR-301a und miR 375-3p, welche in resistenten Kolonzelllinien differentiell exprimiert werden, wurden identifiziert und validiert. Obwohl wir keine Aktivierung des NF-κB Signalwegs nach Transfektion mit diesen miRNAs sehen konnten, kann dies durch weitere Experimente mit Kombinationen verschiedener miRNAs weiter erforscht werden.
Clinical manifestations of polymorbidity in patients with vitligo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the article, vitiligo appears as a chronic multifactorial disease of the skin of unclear etiology from the group of dyschromias with completely different mechanisms of its pathogenesis and levels of malignant melanin formation in the skin. The authors provide their own clinical observations of patients with vitiligo in combination with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea.
Deep reinforcement learning for irrigation scheduling using high-dimensional sensor feedback

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Deep reinforcement learning has considerable potential to improve irrigation scheduling in many cropping systems by applying adaptive amounts of water based on various measurements over time. The goal is to discover an intelligent decision rule that processes information available to growers and prescribes sensible irrigation amounts for the time steps considered. Due to the technical novelty, however, the research on the technique remains sparse and impractical. To accelerate the progress, the paper proposes a principled framework and actionable procedure that allow researchers to formulate their own optimisation problems and implement solution algorithms based on deep reinforcement learning. The effectiveness of the framework was demonstrated using a case study of irrigated wheat grown in a productive region of Australia where profits were maximised. Specifically, the decision rule takes nine state variable inputs: crop phenological stage, leaf area index, extractable soil water for each of the five top layers, cumulative rainfall and cumulative irrigation. It returns a probabilistic prescription over five candidate irrigation amounts (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mm) every day. The production system was simulated at Goondiwindi using the APSIM-Wheat crop model. After training in the learning environment using 1981-2010 weather data, the learned decision rule was tested individually for each year of 2011-2020. The results were compared against the benchmark profits obtained by a conventional rule common in the region. The discovered decision rule prescribed daily irrigation amounts that uniformly improved on the conventional rule for all the testing years, and the largest improvement reached 17% in 2018. The framework is general and applicable to a wide range of cropping systems with realistic optimisation problems.
Can the Javan Rhino be saved?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Population and dynamics of Javan Rhino The Javan rhino ( <em> Rhinoceros sondaicus </em> ) is one of the rarest large mammals on the planet, with an estimated wild population of fewer than 80 individuals. The remaining population of Javan rhinos is confined to the Ujung Kulon National Park on the western tip of the Indonesian island of Java.
The effect of the menstrual cycle on energy intake and dieting habits of adolescents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of the menstrual cycle on energy intake and the dieting habits of adolescents was examined retrospectively for three years in 64 eighth and ninth grade girls. Dieting episodes were found to be evenly distributed across the five menstrual phases with no greater proportion of dieting occurring during the follicular phase. Media, peers, family members, and social pressures have a larger impact on adolescent dieting behaviors as opposed to the menstrual cycle. Comparisons of energy intake between the pre- and postovulatory phases revealed no significant differences in any year. Fifty to eighty percent of the girls' cycles may have been anovulatory the first two years of the study. Variations in energy intake are not observed in anovulatory cycles due to low ovarian hormone levels. Changes in food consumption that correspond to menstrual phases may be observed in girls who are six years or more beyond menarche, when cycles are predominantly ovulatory.
Effect of using forest grass based complete rations on growth and nutrient utilization in growing crossbred calves.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three mixed forest grass (Themeda quadrivalvis, Dichanthium aristatum and Dichanthium annulatum) based rations were evaluated in the diet of crossbred female calves. Eighteen crossbred female calves (body weight, 66.44±0.51 kg) were divided into three equal groups and fed in the form of conventional feeding system (mixed forest grass and concentrate mixture separately, T1), total mixed ration (TMR, T2) or pelleted ration (T3) for a period of 45 days including a digestion trial of 7 days. DM, protein and energy intake as well as digestibility of OM, CF and NFE were higher (P<0.05) when ration was provided either pelleted or TMR form as compared to conventional feeding system. The improvement (P<0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract in pelleted form was higher (P<0.05) to that of TMR and the digestibility in TMR was also remained higher (P<0.05) to their conventional counterpart. Pelleting of ration also showed improvement (P<0.05) in the growth rate of crossbred calves as compared to calves fed either conventional or TMR diets. The cost of feeding/kg body weight gain remained comparable among the three groups. It may be concluded that pelleting is a practical method of densification and is useful for nutritional improvement of a diet.