jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Timing of Changes in Interstitial and Venous Blood Glucose Measured With a Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to use a subcutaneous continuous glucose sensor to determine time differences in the dynamics of blood glucose and interstitial glucose. A total of 14 patients with type 1 diabetes each had two sensors (Medtronic/MiniMed CGMS) placed subcutaneously in the abdomen, acquiring data every 5 min. Blood glucose was sampled every 5 min for 8 h, and two liquid meals were given. A smoothing algorithm was applied to the blood glucose and interstitial glucose curves. The first derivatives of the glucose traces defined and quantified the timing of rises, peaks, falls, and nadirs. Altogether, 24 datasets were used for the analysis of time differences between interstitial and blood glucose and between sensors in each patient. Time differences between blood and interstitial glucose ranged from 4 to 10 min, with the interstitial glucose lagging behind blood glucose in 81% of cases (95% CIs 72.5 and 89.5%). The mean (±SD) difference between the two sensors in each patient was 6.7 ± 5.1 min, representing random variation in sensor response. In conclusion, there is a time lag of interstitial glucose behind blood glucose, regardless of whether glycemia is rising or falling, but intersensor variability is considerable in this sensor system. Comparisons of interstitial and blood glucose kinetics must take statistical account of variability between sensors.
Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The present experiments have tested the hypothesis that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions enhance insulin secretion by neural mechanisms. Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin to destroy their own pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, transplants of fetal pancreatic tissue were placed under the renal capsule. VMH lesions were placed in rats whose diabetes was cured with transplants as well as sham-transplanted animals. The animals were followed for 4 wk. The lesioned rats with pancreatic transplants gained no more weight than the sham-operated controls. There was no significant rise in insulin in the transplanted rats after VMH lesioning, but the VMH lesioned rats with intact pancreatic tissue showed the expected rise in insulin. Food intake rose 71% in the VMH lesioned rats with intact beta-cells, but only 23% in the VMH lesioned rats with transplants. Hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets was also observed in the VMH lesioned rats with an intact pancreas, but was not found in the VMH lesioned rats with a transplanted pancreas. Thus, transplantation of pancreatic tissue beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rats prevented the characteristic hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity in VMH lesioned rats whose pancreas was free from intact innervation. The results support the hypothesis that neural mediation of the rise in insulin is the primary factor in the development of hypothalamic obesity.
[Manual handling, job fitness, and musculoskeletal disorders in the Sondrio hospital (Italy) healthcare workers.]

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The data indicate that, among healthcare workers, the biomechanical overload of the limbs and the spine, and the related MSD, are the health problems that most often come to the attention of the occupational physician, posing delicate problems for the "fitness to job" certification. The observed lack of correlation with the operative unit is an expression of the tendency to relocate staff with MSD in tasks at lower biomechanical risk.
Prognostic Stratification in Acute Renal Failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We read with interest the article by Chertow et al1on prognostic stratification of patients with severe acute renal failure. We agree with them that APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) II criteria are not satisfactory for the prediction of outcome in patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis. There are several possible explanations for this, not least of which is the inclusion of the serum creatinine concentration as a positive predictor of mortality. The findings of both a study from our hospital (St Thomas Hospital, London, England)2and that of Chertow and colleagues show the reverse to be true. However, whereas Chertow and colleagues attributed this to the association between muscle wasting and serum creatinine levels,1the study at our hospital2suggested a different explanation, namely, that in acute renal failure the serum creatinine concentration principally reflects the length of time that has elapsed
MTA Enhances the Potential of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Dentin–Pulp Complex Regeneration

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on the proliferation and differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) as a surrogate cell source in futuristic stem-cell-based endodontic therapies. Human Ad-MSCs and mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) were isolated from liposuction waste adipose tissue and femur, respectively, and the effects of MTA-conditioned media on their viability, mineralization potential, and osteo/odontogenic differentiation capacity were subsequently evaluated. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, quantitative alizarin red S staining, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to investigate and compare the osteo/odontogenic induction potential of MTA on the Ad/BM-MSCs. The results of cytotoxicity assay revealed that at different concentrations, MTA-conditioned medium was not only biocompatible toward both cell types, but also capable of promoting cell proliferation. ALP activity assay showed that 0.2 mg/mL was the optimal concentration of MTA-conditioned medium for osteo/odontogenic induction in Ad/BM-MSCs. The expression of osteo/odontogenic gene markers was increased in Ad/BM-MSCs treated with 0.2 mg/mL MTA-conditioned media. Our results indicated that MTA can efficiently enhance the osteo/odontogenic potential of Ad-MSCs, and thus they can be considered as a better cell source for dentin–pulp complex regeneration. However, further investigations are required to test these potentials in animal models.
Bees of India (Apoidea), their Behaviour, Management and a Key to the Genera

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Most people know the honey bees, Apis mellifera, and perhaps also the big black carpenter bees, Xylocopa spp., so conspicuous on the plains and favourite subjects for romantic poetry. As early as Vedic times, several sorts of bees were generally recognized. The "bhramara," "bhowra" or carpenter bees (Xylocopa) were apparently used to carry messages, as homing pigeons are used today. These bees can return to their nests when released as far away as four kilometres, and they are large enough to carry small pieces of paper glued to the thorax. An ingenious technique was used by thieves, who kept some of these bees in a small box "bhramara-karandaka," from which they were released at night, to fly into and extinguish lamps in the houses to be robbed (Monier-Williams, 1899). In ancient and modern poetry, these insects symbolize a libertine, lover or bearer of love messages; their beauty is also appreciated, for instance, "In Chet, agreeable is the Spring and beautiful the bhowra" (Sri Guru Granth Sahib). The territorial hovering, courtship, and fighting of male carpenter bees was called bee sport or "bhramara vilasita" in Sanskrit (Monier-Williams, 1899).
Two psychologies of perception and the prospect of their synthesis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Two traditions have had a great impact on the theoretical and experimental research of perception. One tradition is statistical, stretching from Fechner's enunciation of psychophysics in 1860 to the modern view of perception as statistical decision making. The other tradition is phenomenological, from Brentano's "empirical standpoint" of 1874 to the Gestalt movement and the modern work on perceptual organization. Each tradition has at its core a distinctive assumption about the indivisible constituents of perception: the just-noticeable differences of sensation in the tradition of Fechner vs. the phenomenological Gestalts in the tradition of Brentano. But some key results from the two traditions can be explained and connected using an approach that is neither statistical nor phenomenological. This approach rests on a basic property of any information exchange: a principle of measurement formulated in 1946 by Gabor as a part of his quantal theory of information. Here the indivisible components are units (quanta) of information that remain invariant under changes of precision of measurement. This approach helped to understand how sensory measurements are implemented by single neural cells. But recent analyses suggest that this approach has the power to explain larger-scale characteristics of sensory systems.
Childhood disability in Brighton and Hove: a geographic perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis presents an analysis of the micro-geographies of childhood disability \nin Brighton and Hove. Drawing upon a dataset of childhood disability (the \nCompass), which is administered and updated by a local voluntary organisation, \nand selected national datasets, quantitative research methods were used. The \nanalyses exposed highly uneven patterns of childhood disability in Brighton and \nHove. Childhood disability is generally tied to neighbourhoods with high levels \nof deprivation and disadvantage; the proportions of disabled children are several \ntimes higher in deprived areas in the east of Brighton than in less deprived areas \nof the city. It was found that disabled children living in the most deprived areas \nwere more likely to have sole carers, live in housing their families considered \ninadequate and to experience multiple deprivation than those living elsewhere. \nHigh levels of bullying and school exclusion were noted for disabled children in \nBrighton and Hove; those living in the most deprived neighbourhood were at \nparticularly high risk of school exclusion. Children living in more deprived areas \nwere less likely attend holiday playschemes, receive short break services, or use \nDirect Payments compared to those with broadly similar levels of additional \nneeds living elsewhere in the city.
Greater Diversity in Symbiont Types within Florida Dendrogyra cylindrus: Persistent Shift in Dominant Symbiont Sub-Types and Evidence of Cryptic Novel Clade

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Most scleractinian corals form stable symbioses with dinoflagellates,Symbiodinium spp, typically with a single dominant symbiont type. The Caribbean Pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, harbors ITS2-B1/cp23S-B184 symbiont as its dominant type. Following a mass hyper-thermal event in August and September 2014 along the Florida Reef Tract, the D. cylindrus population was severely bleached. Using high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the 23S cpDNA gene region, symbiont populations within D. cylindrus were characterized monthly during four months of recovery. Two operational taxonomic units (OTU0.03) representing B1 phylotypes accounted for > 80% of the relative abundance in symbiont populations prior to thermal bleaching. Shift in dominance of one OTU B1 subtype from <10% pre-bleaching to >50% post bleaching occurred at a site, which recovered more rapidly than sites that did not shift Symbiodinium composition. Evidence of cryptic Clade A symbionts (Symbiodinium necroappetens) in low abundance prior to bleaching (<0.1%) were found to temporarily increase in relative abundance to 3.5% during early recovery, suggesting an opportunistic growth with an unknown functional role during recovery. These findings indicate greater symbiont diversity within D. cylindrus than previously known and the ability to shift to potentially more favorable symbiont types. Previously undetected diversity within symbiont communities of a single coral host may impart ecological benefits, providing a measure of resilience to environmental stressors linked with climate change for this coral species.
Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal microflora of tilapia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research studied the effects of homemade yeast mannan-oligosaccharides,purchased mannan-oligosaccharides and flavomycin on the intestinal flora of tilapia. The study focused on the average initial weight 20.04±0.13g of tilapia,the basic diets were formulated to contain 0.5%home-made yeast mannan-oligosaccharides,0.5% purchased mannan-oligosaccharides and 8mg/kg flavomycin,respectively,and the control contained no mannan-oligosaccharides or flavomycin. The result from plate count method showed the number and portion of lactic acid bacteria and E. coli from intestinal tract of juvenile tilapia were significantly affected by different addictives. The intestinal microbial micro-ecological environment of juvenile tilapia was optimized by homemade yeast mannan-oligosaccharides. The DGGE fingerprint showed that the original tilapia intestinal microbial micro-ecological environment was changed by homemade yeast mannan-oligosaccharides,purchased mannan-oligosaccharides and flavomycin. In contrast to the other two addictives,homemade yeast mannan-oligosaccharides had more impact on the intestinal microbial micro-ecological environment of tilapia.
Algeria before the United Nations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Algerian problem has focused the attention of the community of nations on an active scale for the last five years. This issue is a part of the national struggle for independence in Asia and Africa against colonialism. The Algerian national struggle was directly inspired by the success of the national movements in Tunisia and Morocco which finally culminated in the independence of the two neighboring countries. This thesis attempts to analyze the forces responsible for the difficulties encountered by the United Nations in arriving at a satisfactory solution to the problem.
The impact of community mental health reform on service users: a cohort study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

British mental health services have undergone considerable reform in recent years. This paper reports a study designed to assess the impact of these changes on service users. The functioning of 100 randomly selected users of community mental health services in a North Wales town was assessed before the advent of two significant service changes - the establishment of a local Community Mental Health Team (CMHT) and the introduction of the main community care reforms in April 1993. Repeat assessments of sample members were made on three further occasions over the following 27 months, with a 9-month interval between each. Comparison of baseline and follow-up data suggested that services were appropriately targeted on users with a severe and enduring mental illness and that the functioning of this client group was successfully maintained over the study period. However, the establishment of a CMHT was associated with a temporary fall in social functioning, quality of life and satisfaction with services and there was no evidence to conclude that organizational reforms had led to an improvement in user outcomes in the medium term. Future mental health reorganization should be based on the evidence of research which includes an assessment of the impact of reforms on service users.
Informational and Normative Social Influence in Group-Buying: Evidence from Self-Reported and EEG Data

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study examines two types of information commonly used by group-buying sites to induce purchasing. The first study indicates the number of people who have bought a deal ("buy" information). The second one indicates Facebook friends who "like" a deal ("like" information). The effects of the group-buying information on opinions (attitude and intention) and emotions were examined using a controlled experiment. Our results show that positive and negative "buy" information has an asymmetric influence on attitude and intention, whereas "like" information has a positive influence on intention. The presence of "buy" information is associated with EEG activity that is generally linked to negative emotions. However, the addition of "like" information is associated with EEG activity that is generally linked to positive emotions. The different effects of the two types of group-buying information can be explained by the different social influences exerted by the information.
Experimental Comparison Study of Stress Sensitivity at Different Levels of Permeability Core

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Whether the stress sensitivity in the mid-high permeability is stronger than that in the low permeability reservoir is current hot debate, aimed at this question. 14 samples are selected to calculate the permeability loss rate separately in the laboratory simulation experiment, the results show that the absolute value of loss rate of the mid-high permeability core is higher than that of low permeability core, but the relative permeability loss rate is lower than that of low permeability core, which, namely, means the low-permeability reservoir has stronger stress sensitivity. The stress sensitivity curve in the high permeability reservoirs could be classified into the type model of "gentle", while the stress sensitivity curve in the low permeability reservoir could be concluded as the "first steep then slow " mode. Hence the bottom-hole flowing pressure must be controlled reasonably in order to keep the productivity well.
Molecular Cell Article Gravin Is a Transitory Effector

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mitogenic and second-messenger signals that promote cell proliferation often proceed through multienzyme complexes. The kinase-anchoring protein Gravin integrates cAMP and calcium/phospholipid signals at the plasma membrane by sequestering protein kinases A and C with G proteincoupled receptors. In this report we define a role for Gravin as a temporal organizer of phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions during mitosis. Mass spectrometry, molecular, and cellular approaches show that CDK1/Cyclin B1 phosphorylates Gravin on threonine 766 to prime the recruitment of the polo-like kinase Plk1 at defined phases of mitosis. Fluorescent live-cell imaging reveals that cells depleted of Gravin exhibit mitotic defects that include protracted prometaphase and misalignment of chromosomes. Moreover, a Gravin T766A phosphosite mutant that is unable to interact with Plk1 negatively impacts cell proliferation. In situ detection of phospho-T766 Gravin in biopsy sections of human glioblastomas suggests that this phosphorylation event might identify malignant neoplasms.
A critical evaluation of linguistic minorities from apostmodern perspective: the case of Welsh

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

My aim in this thesis is to consider language policy and minority languages from the viewpoint of postmodernism – a theoretical framework that has much to offer beyond mere explanation and support for the concepts of diversity and pluralism. I argue there is a shortage of texts that interrogate language policy from a postmodern perspective – notwithstanding the contributions of a relatively small group of linguists including Pennycook (2000, 2006), Wright (2000, 2004), Cameron (1995) and Edwards (1985-2003). Thus, I combine some arguments from the domain of postmodernism articulated by theorists such as Foucault (1980), Lyotard (1997), and Connor (2004) with other arguments from the fields of language policy, language ideology and minority language rights formulated by theorists such as Phillipson (1993, 2003), Crystal (2000, 2003). In the first chapter I consider how language policy and planning has developed as a subject of academic inquiry since World War II. In the second chapter I focus on a primary objective for language policymakers, namely minority language maintenance. I conclude that characteristics and trends associated with postmodernism are neither wholly supportive nor wholly unsupportive of minority language maintenance. In the third chapter, I concentrate on the minority language Welsh, tentatively concluding that a truly bilingual Wales is not achievable. In this fourth chapter, I analyse findings from my ethnographic research into Welsh language usage in Newport. I tentatively conclude once more that the Welsh Assembly Government’s bilingual objective is unachievable. Finally, I argue that postmodernism is a useful theoretical perspective for academics in the field of language policy and planning.
Serumless Medium for Cultivation of Cells of Normal and Malignant Origin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A serumless medium suitable for prolonged growth and repeated subculture of Walker carcinosarcoma 256, sarcoma 180, KB and human heart cells in vitro was described. In addition to amino acids, vitamins, minerals and glucose, it contained insulin, salmine sulfate, pyruvate, mucate, methyl oleate, folinic acid and lactalysate. The latter group of materials with exception of mucate was required for maximal growth rates, comparable to those on media containing dialyzed serum. Suspension cultures of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 were grown with continuous passage in the serumless medium.
Results of E1496: A phase III trial of CVP with or without maintenance rituximab in advanced indolent lymphoma (NHL)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

6502 Background: Despite high overall response rates, indolent NHL is characterized by continuous relapse. E1496 evaluated the ability of two years (yr) of maintenance rituximab to prolong progression-free survival (PFS, progression or death) after chemotherapy. Methods: Eligible patients (pt) included stage III-IV follicular grade 1 and 2 (small cleaved, mixed) and small lymphocytic NHL. 516 pt were randomized to CVP (cyclophosphamide 1 g/m2 d 1, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 d 1, prednisone 100 mg/m2 d 1–5) or CF (CYC 1 g/m2 d 1, fludara 20 mg/m2 d 1–5) stratified by age, histology, B symptoms, and tumor burden (low v high). CF (115 pt) was discontinued 9/01 for toxicity (ASCO 2002). 401 CVP pt were treated to maximum response (6–8 cycles); 9% progressed. Of stable/responding pt, 322 were randomized to rituximab (375 mg/m2 weekly x 4) q 6 months x 4 cycles or observation, stratified by residual disease (minimal v greater) and histology. Results: The study was terminated early as the O'Brien-Fleming boundary for PFS was crossed with 303 of 322 randomized pt assessable (one-sided p=0.00008). The rituximab (n=154) and observation (n=149) pt were respectively balanced for age (59, 56 yr), residual disease (58%, 55% minimal), histology (77%, 77% follicular) & tumor burden (62%, 67% high) as well as gender, stage, marrow involvement and International Prognostic Index. 31 rituximab and 56 observation pt have progressed or died. For randomized pt, PFS estimates at 2 & 4 yr from maintenance randomization (∼2.5 & 4.5 yr post study entry) were 74% v 42% and 58% v 34% for rituximab and observation pt, respectively. PFS was significantly longer after rituximab regardless of histology (p<0.02) or residual disease (p<0.008); pt with high tumor burden (p=0.00005) also had significantly longer PFS after rituximab. With 17 (6%) deaths and median follow-up of 1.2 year among survivors, estimated 2 yr survival from maintenance randomization was 95% for rituximab v 91% for observation pt. Conclusion: Maintenance rituximab significantly prolongs PFS after CVP chemo in pt with advanced indolent NHL. Extended follow-up will determine whether longer PFS translates into improved survival. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Genentech; Genetech Biooncology Genentech