jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Micronesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Spain acquired sovereignty over the Caroline Islands in 1886 but sold the archipelago to Germany in 1899. Japan occupied the Islands at the beginning of the First World War and in 1921 they were mandated to Japan by the League of Nations. Captured by Allied Forces in the Second World War, the Islands became part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created on 18 July 1947 and administered by the USA. The Federated States of Micronesia came into being on 10 May 1979. American trusteeship was terminated on 3 Nov. 1986 by the UN Security Council and on the same day Micronesia entered into a 15-year Free Association with the USA. An amended 20-year Compact of Free Association was signed into law on 17 Dec. 2003, guaranteeing US$1·8bn. to Micronesia in grants for a government trust fund.
Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on food security in the context of climate change from 1980 to 2019

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background Climate change poses a threat to global food security. Assessing research activity on food security in the presence of climate change is important for policymakers and funding sponsors to make future decisions. The current study aimed to give an overview of research activity on food security in the context of food security. Methodology A bibliometric methodology was implemented using the Scopus database for the period from 1980 to 2019. The search strategy utilized the title/abstract search of keywords related to food security and climate change with certain constraints. Bibliometric indicators, frequent author keywords, research themes, and international research collaboration were presented. Results The search query retrieved 5960 documents. The last decade of the study period witnessed an increasing trend in both the number of publications and the number of cumulative citations. The top five author keywords were climate change, food security, drought, adaptation, agriculture, and water scarcity. Mapping the retrieved documents showed four general research themes: water security, crop yield, food availability, and health. The Sustainability journal ranked first in terms of productivity while documents published in the Global Change Biology journal received the highest number of citations per document. At the country level, the USA ranked first in terms of numbers, India ranked first in terms of research productivity per GDP/capita, and the UK ranked first in terms of the number of citations per document. France and the Netherlands had the highest percentage of documents with international authors while India and China had the least. At the regional level, the European region had the highest contribution and the Eastern Mediterranean region had the least contribution. Half of the top-cited documents in the field were review articles and appeared in prestigious journals. At the institutional level, the active list included three Chinese and two American institutions. Conclusion Food security under the umbrella of climate change is an emerging global challenge. Research on new technologies to mitigate the impact of climate change on food security is a top priority. Research contribution and collaboration from world regions with limited resources should be encouraged.
Dissecting the role of MADS-box genes in monocot floral development and diversity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many monocot plants have high social and economic value. These include grasses such as rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which produce soft commodities for many food and beverage industries, and ornamental flowers such ase lily (Lilium longiflorum) and orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey), which represent an important component of international flower markets. There is constant pressure to improve the development and diversity of these species, with a significant emphasis on flower development, and this is particularly relevant considering the impact of changing environments on reproduction and thus yield. MADS-box proteins are a family of transcription factors that contain a conserved 60 amino acid MADS-box motif. In plants, attention has been devoted to characterization of this family due to their roles in inflorescence and flower development, which holds promise for the modification of floral architecture for plant breeding. This has been explored in diverse angiosperms, but particularly the dicot model Arabidopsis thaliana. The focus of this review is on the less well characterized roles of the MADS-box proteins in monocot flower development and how changes in MADS-box proteins throughout evolution may have contributed to creating a diverse range of flowers. Examining these changes within the monocots can identify the importance of certain genes and pinpoint those which might be useful in future crop improvement and breeding strategies.
A Common Cytochrome c ‐centred Signalosome for Programmed Cell Death in Humans and Plants

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In mammals, the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, or Programmed Cell Death (PCD), mainly involves activation of the apoptosome-dependent caspase cascade upon binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 in the cytoplasm. In plants, however, cytochrome c is likewise released from the mitochondria upon death stimuli, but nothing is known on its cytoplasmic function or targets. Actually, the function of cytochrome c is still controversial as it is mostly immobilized (ca. 90%) in the mitochondrial cristae under homeostatic conditions but is massively liberated into the cytoplasm and even the nucleus under PCD conditions. We have recently performed two independent proteomic analyses in human and plant cells. The resulting data reveals that cytochrome c can interact with an ample set of pro-survival and anti-apoptotic proteins in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the two organisms. Some of such proteins are functionally related, thus suggesting a common cytochrome c-centred signalosome in plants and humans. This is the first clue about a conserved core of PCD in highly unrelated organisms. Our data indicates that extra-mitochondrial cytochrome c plays a double role in leading living cells to death, not only by triggering the pro-apoptotic routes (as it is currently accepted) but also by inhibiting the pro-survival ones (which is an innovative concept). Actually, it makes no sense to keep furnishing a house that is going to be demolished.
Prevalence and recurrence of urinary tract and genital infections among adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population: a longitudinal cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: This study estimated the prevalence, recurrence, and predisposing factors of self-reported urinary tract infections (UTIs) and genital infections among adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: In the US Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes (SHIELD) 2008 survey, respondents reported how many times in the past 12 months they had a UTI or genital infection.T2DM respondents were compared with respondents who did not have diabetes (No DM).T2DM respondents who reported 3 or more infections were classified as having recurrent infections and were compared with T2DM respondents who reported 1-2 infections (non-recurrent infections) and those without infections.Results: The prevalence rate of UTI was 184.4/1000 for T2DM and 127.8/1000 for No DM among women (p <0.001), and 50.9/1000 for T2DM and 33.9/1000 for No DM among men (p = 0.02).Odds of experiencing a UTI were 1.5 times higher among T2DM respondents than No DM respondents.For T2DM respondents with UTI, 23% reported recurrent UTIs, largely among women.Predictors of recurrent UTIs compared with no UTIs in women were overactive bladder, kidney problems, atherosclerosis, and COPD.Among men, the prevalence rate of balanitis was 41.8/1000 for T2DM and 19.2/1000 for No DM (p <0.01).Prevalence rate of vaginitis was 172.6/1000 for T2DM and 125.0/1000 for No DM (p <0.01).Odds of vaginitis were 1.9 and balanitis were 2.3 times higher among T2DM than no DM respondents.Among T2DM women with vaginitis, 30% reported recurrent vaginitis.Lower education, receiving oral anti-diabetic drugs plus insulin, and atherosclerosis predicted recurrent vaginitis compared with non-recurrent vaginitis.Conclusions: UTIs and genital infections were more prevalent with T2DM than among respondents without diabetes.Recurrent infections occur in approximately 23%-30% of adults.Select characteristics may assist in identifying those likely to have self-reported recurrent infections.
Study on Absorption and Absolute Bioavailability of the Melatonin Nasal Spray

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To develop a high bioavailability nasal spray of melatonin absorbed rapidly.METHODS The in situ rat nasal recirculation methods were used in experimental animal model to study the rule of melatonin nasal absorption.The rate constants of absorption were evaluated.Six male New Zealand White rats were enrolled and divided into 3 groups in Tris-period-cross-over test by the three kinds of preparations exchanged every week.The blood samples were collected from the rabbits to measure the plasma drug concentration by HPLC-UV.The pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability were evaluated.RESULTS The in vitro rate constants of absorption were(0.006 8),0.002 7 min~(-1) for the rats in the groups treated with T1 and T2 respectively,and significantly different(P0.05).In vivo,these generalized plots of melatonin concentration versus time of R and T1,T2 showed drug distribution and equilibration for a two-compartment model.The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows:ρ_(max)(676.9±133.1),(296.6±135.4) and(155.8±82.8) μg·L~(1),t_(1/2β)(15.2±2.0),(14.6±1.3) and(16.3±3.0) min, AUC_(0～60)(6 329.5±681.3),(5 307.6±1 424.9) and(2 736.4±620.0) μg·min·L~(-1),for the rabbits in the groups treated with R,T1 and T2,respectively.The pharmacokinetic parameters of the groups treated with T1 and T2 were followed as:t_(max)(4.29±2.32) and(6.40±3.46)min,K_(a)(0.622±0.280) and(0.320±0.150)min~(-1).Absolute bioavailability(85.2±26.3)% and(44.2±14.2)%,respectively.Significant differences of K_(a) and absolute bioavailability between T1 and T2 were found(P0.05).CONCLUSION The nasal spray of melatonin can be absorbed rapidly and have a high bioavailability.The correlation between in vitro and in vivo is good.
No Clear Link Between Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MRI every 6 months was associated with an absence of interval cancers and with high sensitivity/specificity for detecting tumors smaller than 1 cm.Led by Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, a hematologist-oncologist at the University of Chicago Hospitals, the authors concluded that their results "support this screening strategy as a viable alternative to prophylactic mastectomy."According to Domchek, women under surveillance at the Perelman School of Medicine get staggered mammograms and MRI 6 months apart.When women complete (or forgo) child rearing, chemoprevention alone or in combination with oophorectomy may also offer an alternative to mastectomy.But according to Davidson, the evidence for chemoprevention benefits in BRCA-positive women derives almost entirely from studies showing that agents such as tamoxifen and raloxifene reduce the risk of tumors in the other breast in women who have already had breast cancer.In 2000, for instance, Steven Narod, MD, a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in Toronto, published findings in The Lancet showing that tamoxifen halves the risk of cancer in the opposite breast in women with BRCA1 and BRCA 2 mutations.And this year, Kelly-Anne Phillips, MD, of the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Victoria, Australia, published virtually identical risk reductions in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.Davidson said that scientists have tried to look at primary prevention of the first tumor in BRCApositive individuals (for instance, through the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project's P1 trial), but since the mutations are so rare, the results so far lack statistical power.Still, Davidson asserted that
The Historical Development and Future of the National Technological University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The National Technological University (NTU), a consortium of more than twenty American engineering schools, broadcasts courses produced at member institutions to professional engineers at corporate sites across the country. It is a nonprofit institution.begun in fall 1984 with headquarters in Fort Collins, Colorado, which offers only course work leading to the Master of Science degree in various branches of technology, or applied science. Students must be sponsored by their corporate employers who pay their tuition. \nThis is the first systematic examination of the instructional process at an educational institution created in response to the demands of the governmental and corporate sectors' technological needs. This study includes an attempt to explore the effectiveness of that instructional process and the use of computers in distance education at NTU and implications for institutions of the future. \nThis study focuses on distance education, corporate education, national universities and nontraditional institutions and the extent to which NTO exemplifies each of these concepts. It covers the organizational structure and methods of operation of NTU, and offers opinions of students, faculty, and other personnel associated with the institution as reflected by surveys, interviews, and the media.
Human flexibility and arterial stiffness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Most Japanese people have had their flexibility tested in childhood physical education classes. Recent studies may provide a retrospective answer as to why those measurements may be important. Flexibility is one of the components of physical fitness along with cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. Although flexibility was originally assumed to correlate with other aspects of physical fitness, recent studies demonstrate that a less flexible body indicates arterial stiffening. Arterial stiffness has been identified as an independent risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, there is a possibility that flexibility is a novel fitness indicator related to cardiovascular disease, which can be easily evaluated over all ages and in any area (e.g., medical check-up). Now, flexibility may no longer be simply viewed as important just for optimizing functional movement in daily life and/or reducing the risk of injury. This article reviews the recent findings on the relationship between flexibility and arterial stiffness, emphasizing “flexibility and arterial stiffness”, “genetics and flexibility”, “stretching and arterial stiffness”, and “flexibility and blood pressure”.
Pledge for a Transformative Science - A Conceptual Framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"Transformative science" is a concept that delineates the new role of science for knowledge societies in the age of reflexive modernity. The paper develops the program of a transformative science, which goes beyond observing and analyzing societal transformations, but rather takes an active role in initiating and catalyzing change processes. The aim of transformative science is to achieve a deeper understanding of ongoing transformations and increased societal capacity for reflexivity with regard to these fundamental change processes. The concept of transformative science is grounded in an experimental paradigm, which has implications for (1) research, (2) education and learning, and (3) institutional structures and change in the science system. The article develops the theoretical foundations of the concept of transformative science and spells out the concrete implications in these three dimensions.
LHD 2-O_RU_Edge01 #164318.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 2-O port camera, where ROI is (1184,76) - (1232,136) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Polyploidization and Hemiploidization Induced by PUVA <i>in viv</i><i>o</i>

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To obtain additional information on the <i>in vivo</i> injury induced by PUVA treatment, primary cultures were initiated from biopsies of the uninvolved skin of 15 PUVA-treated psoriatic patients, and the cells generated were analysed for morphological and chromosomal modifications. Three biopsies were obtained from each patient, the first one before commencing PUVA therapy (control) and the other two during the course of therapy. It was found that PUVA treatment has diverse effects on the mitotic activity, mitotic mechanisms and chromosomes of the cutaneous cells: (1) an inhibition of cell proliferation during the early stages of therapy followed by a reversion to normal proliferation as the PUVA treatments were continued; the production of (2) cells with more than one nucleus, (3) macrocells, (4) cells with micronuclei, (5) polyploid cells, (6) haploid cells, (7) cells with 13 chromosomes denoting a twofold reduction in the normal number of metaphase chromosomes, (8) end-associations of the chromosomes as in the pachytene phase of meiosis (9) diplotene chromosomes, and (10) chromosomal translocations.
Response Assessment by PET CT as compared to CECT in childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma can reduce the need for radiotherapy in low and middle income countries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The InPOG-HL-15-01, a multi-centric prospective study used a risk-stratified and response-based approach with a doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) backbone to treat children with newly diagnosed Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and reduce the use of radiation therapy (RT). Children/adolescents with bulky disease or inadequate response at early response assessment (ERA) after 2 cycles of chemotherapy were assigned to receive RT. For ERA, positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) was recommended but not mandatory in view of limited access. This study aimed to compare the impact of using contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) vs PET-CT on treatment decisions and outcomes. Methodology: 396 patients were enrolled and 382 had an ERA at the assigned time point. Results: At ERA, satisfactory response was documented in 277/382 (72.5%) participants and this was significantly higher in PET-CT (151/186, 81.2%) as compared to CECT (126/196, 64.3%) respectively (p value<0.001). Amongst the 203 patients with non-bulky disease (wherein the indication for RT was entirely dependent on ERA), 96/114 (84.2%) and 61/89 (68.5%) patients achieved a satisfactory response according to the PET-CT and CECT (p value=0.008) respectively and hence a lesser proportion of patients in the PET-CT arm received RT. Despite a lower usage of RT the 5 year overall survival (OS) of both groups- ERA based on CECT (91.8%) vs PET-CT (94.1%) was comparable (p value=0.391) and so was the 5 year event free survival (EFS) (86.7 vs 85.5%, p value=0.724). Conclusion: Use of PET-CT as the modality for ERA is more likely to indicate a satisfactory response as compared to CECT and thereby decreases the need for RT in response-based treatment algorithm for HL afflicted children. The reduction in the application of RT did not impact the overall outcome and plausibly would lower the risk of delayed toxic effects.
Connectivity and the making of Atlantic Rock Art

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Cup-and-rings, cup-marks, penannulars and wavy lines are some of the main motifs of Atlantic Rock Art's iconography. These symbols were extensively carved, during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages, in many regions across Western Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. The homogeneous morphology of the imagery was identified by a few authors in the 1950s, arguing for a common origin of the tradition, a suggestion never systematically assessed. This chapter discusses the results of a research project intended to investigate the unity of Atlantic Rock Art in western Europe, through a multi-scalar and interdisciplinary methodology. It provided an interesting insight into the making process and Atlantic Art's chaîne operatoire. The study demonstrated that there are many ways of achieving a similar visual result and that many of these techniques and other particularities of the designs are present simultaneously in distant regions. Furthermore, it argued that only a process of intentional teaching could explain the wide distribution of the carvings. The rock art of the regions of the Machars Peninsula (Scotland) and Iveragh Peninsula (Co. Kerry, Ireland) was studied in depth. Their similarities and differences demonstrated that they maintained a strong connection with each other, but also regional personalities.
Preventing bipolar relapse: In which way do patients with mixed episodes differ?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

IntroductionTreating bipolar disorder, patients with mixed episodes are considered the most problematic subgroup as they do not respond easily, which makes the choice and dosage of the respective pharmacotherapy difficult. One objective of this ongoing 18-months, prospective multicenter, non-interventional study on mood-stabilizing therapies is to find out what specific patient features are associated with mixed episodes.Methods:Observational data from 761 outpatients are collected by 150 office or hospital based psychiatrists throughout Germany in the course of standard treatment for bipolar disorder. A baseline analysis was run and patients without mixed episodes (0-MX) were compared to those with one (1-MX) and more (>1-MX) mixed episodes.Results:30.9% patients experienced mixed episodes within the last 12 months, with a hospitalization rate of 33.2% for the 0-MX, 36.5% for the 1-MX and 43.4% for the >1-MX group. The 0-MX group had 5.6% rapid cyclers, while it was 11.0% for the 1-MX and 32.8% for the >1-MX group. Regarding treatment, 0-MX mostly receive anticonvulsive monotherapy (31.1%), 1-MX olanzapine monotherapy (31.8%) and >1-MX anticonvulsive monotherapy (35.3%). A higher psycho-education rate appeared with the 1-MX (19.0%) and >1-MX (28.8%) than with the 0-MX group (14.8%). Further psychotic diseases were associated with less mixed episodes (0-MX: 71.3%, 1-MX: 69.2%, >1-MX: 57.5%).Conclusion:The high hospitalization rate suggests the need for a careful medical monitoring and optimized pharmacotherapy to prevent bipolar relapse in patients with mixed episodes. The present data reveal a want for more detailed analysis.
Opportunistic attachment assembles plantâpollinator networks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Â© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS Species and interactions are being lost at alarming rates and it is imperative to understand how communities assemble if we have to prevent their collapse and restore lost interactions. Using an 8-year dataset comprising nearly 20Â 000 pollinator visitation records, we explore the assembly of plantâpollinator communities at native plant restoration sites in an agricultural landscape. We find that species occupy highly dynamic network positions through time, causing the assembly process to be punctuated by major network reorganisations. The most persistent pollinator species are also the most variable in their network positions, contrary to what preferential attachment â the most widely studied theory of ecological network assembly â predicts. Instead, we suggest assembly occurs via an opportunistic attachment process. Our results contribute to our understanding of how communities assembly and how species interactions change through time while helping to inform efforts to reassemble robust communities.