jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Construction and preliminary screening of phage display antibody library against Angiostrongylus cantonesis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective To construct a phage display antibody library from the spleen cells of BALB /c mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonesis.These phage Fab antibodies will provide very useful immunological reagents for detecting Angiostrongylus cantonesis infection.Methods Total RNA was extracted using Trizol method.Random Primers were used to reverse transcribe first-strand cDNA,and the κ light chain and the Fd regions of heavy chain products were amplified from the cDNA template by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) with specific primers.After digestion with XhoⅠ+ SpeⅠand SacⅠ+ XbaⅠ,the amplified Fd and light chain fragments were cloned into phagemid pComb3 and electrotransinfected into competent E.coli XL1-blue cells.Results A phage display library against Angiostrongylus cantonesis was constructed,with about a size of 2.32×10 6,titer of 1.7×10 13 cfu /ml.After four times combining-eluting-amplifying,the phage antibodies were screened and enriched.The positive phage antibodies were identified by ELISA.Conclusion A phage-displayed antibody library against Angiostrongylus cantonesis was successfully constructed.
An overview of leaf phytolith production patterns in selected northwest Australian £ora

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytolith occurrence in predominantly the leaves of 177 non-Poaceae plant species, representing 53 families, from northwest Australia were investigated with the aim of creating a comparative collection to assist interpretations of phytolith assemblages recovered from archaeological and geological contexts. Approximately 50 % of the samples examined were found to be non-phytolith producers. The remaining samples produced variable quantities of phytoliths, ranging from minimal traces to abundant amounts. A range of phytolith morphologies was observed, including both distinctive and redundant forms. Comparison of the results from this study with those conducted in other geographical locations reveals a general continuity of patterns within families, thereby suggesting a high level of genetic control for phytolith production. However, differences between the results of this study with another major
The Effects of NCAA Division 1 Intercollegiate Competitive Tennis Match Play on Recovery of Physical Performance in Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of 2 days of Big Ten National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 tennis match play were studied in 7 women. The unique design of this study was the first to use an actual collegiate match-play situation incorporating all of the actual stresses involved in the multidimensional game of tennis. Physical strength, power, and several physiological measures were evaluated in an attempt to identify specific variables created by the demands of actual play that may not recover from fatigue. The test battery included determination of peak ball velocity in the serve, peak torque of both internal and external shoulder rotation, maximal grip strength, vertical jumps on the force plate, and salivary cortisol concentrations. Prior to the study, baseline measures for the test battery were established with reliabilities of intraclass correlation coefficients of R ≥ 0.95. Each performance variable sufficiently recovered after 24 hours; no significant differences were observed between baseline and the test session 24 hours postmatch. Significant (p <0.05) correlations were observed between force variables of the dominant playing arm and the performance variable of serve velocity (r = 0.75–0.82). It appears that a 24-hour recovery period will allow a majority of a tennis player's neuromuscular performance characteristics to recover from successive days of collegiate match-play competition; however, mental and physical perceptions of fatigue may still exist.
Leftventricular function inischaemic heart disease. Areview

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Theclinical significance oftheabnormalities seenat leftventriculography inischaemic heartdisease is discussed. Aneurysms mayberecognized whenleft ventriculography iscombined withcoronary arteriography toshowthecharacteristic obliteration ofthe supplying artery. Localized areasofabnormal contraction seenatrest arealmost certainly indicative of infarcts. Similar areasprovoked byexercise oratrial pacing represent thesite ofacuteischaemia. The ischaemic ventricle mayberecognized byabnormal response toexercise, evenintheabsence ofangina. Theabnormal response maybereversed bysuccessful revascularization surgery.
Platelet size does not correlate with platelet age

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The relationship between platelet size and in vivo aging was investigated in the baboon using size-dependent platelet subpopulations separated by counterflow centrifugation. The separation characteristics, size, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and dense- body content of the baboon platelet subpopulations were similar to those previously observed in studies of human platelets. Three independent labeling techniques were used: (1) in vivo labeling with 75Se-methionine, (2) in vitro labeling with 51Cr, and (3) in vivo labeling with 14C-serotonin. Maximal incorporation of all three labels showed a close correlation between the mean platelet volume (MPV) of each fraction and the platelet radioactivity. The onset of incorporation and rate of accumulation of 75Se-methionine were comparable in all fractions when corrected for differences in volume, suggesting that platelet size heterogeneity was present from the time of release of the platelets from the bone marrow. Survival studies using 51Cr and 14C-serotonin showed no translocation of the label from one fraction to another in the circulation over time. In vivo survival values for the three radionuclides showed a slight but significant correlation between the lifespan and the MPV of the fractions. The data suggest that large platelets were not younger platelets, but rather platelets with a longer life-span. Platelet size heterogeneity is the result of production factors in the bone marrow and not maturation in the circulation.
Semantic frames of tašxis (“identification”) in Persian: A corpus-based study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the lexical conceptual relations in language is the polysemy relation by which Finch (2000) and Saeed (2009) mean that a word or lexeme has more than one meaning. In polysemy, out of the polysemous word, multiple meanings are interpreted which are closely related to each other. According to what Richards and Schmidt (1985) define, the semantic units composed of a sequence of events or affairs which are relevant to specific situations evoke their own semantic frames. In fact, a frame is a representation of the context including the sentence in which linguistic items are presented (Matthews, 1997). The concept of Frame was primarily proposed by Fillmore (1977; 1982; 1985) in 1970s. The present research has been done in two phases with the goal of comparing the semantic frames of the word tašxis (Identification) by determining the relationship among them in a way that first the sentences containing it were looked up in the Persian Corpus of Bijankhan. Then, the sentences including tašxis (Identification) were separated from the sentences comprising different inflectional forms of the verb tašxis dādan (to identify). Afterwards, each sentence was converted into its equivalent noun/adjective phrase. In the second phase, the English equivalents of Identification in each phrase were obtained from three different Persian to English dictionaries to be able to extract the semantic frames for them. After extracting the frames, each English counterpart called Lexical Unit in the FrameNet alongside its semantic frame was compared to other frames and ultimately the following conclusions were drawn: the contexts where Identification is used are classified into 5 categories as linguistics, medical science, law, security checking and politics. Regarding the same usage of some words in two categories, four semantic frames are evoked out of five contexts all of which share the concept of the capability of making distinction and that of making decision.
Comparison of nitrergic signaling in circular and longitudinal smooth muscle of murine ileum

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal ( GI ) motility originates from coordinated movements of circular ( CM ) and longitudinal ( LM ) smooth muscle. How the two muscle layers react individually to nitrergic input and how they integrate nitrergic signaling is not thoroughly understood. Methods We used immunohistochemistry to unveil expression of NO ‐sensitive guanylyl cyclase ( NO ‐ GC ) in the ileum. For functional analyses, we measured tone of ileal CM and spontaneous contractions in both ileal muscle layers from mice lacking NO ‐ GC globally ( GCKO ) and specifically in smooth muscle cells ( SMC ‐ GCKO ). Key Results In contrast to other parts of the GI tract, NO ‐ GC was not expressed in ckit‐positive cells in ileum. NO ‐ GC expression was intense in platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α‐positive cells and in yet unidentified cells of myenteric plexus and serosa. Both CM and LM developed spontaneous contractile activity; frequency and duration of their spontaneous contractions were identical. The amplitude of spontaneous contractions in CM was increased in the absence of NO ‐ GC . In ileum from control (ctrl) animals, inhibition of NO ‐ GC increased whereas NO ‐ GC stimulation decreased tissue tone. In contrast, contractile activity in LM was not different between ctrl and knockout strains. Here, NO led to suppression of spontaneous contractions of ctrl ileum whereas GCKO tissue was unaffected. To our surprise, NO suppressed spontaneous contractions in SMC ‐ GCKO ileum indicating participation of other cell type(s). Conclusions and Inferences NO ‐ GC in SMC is involved in the regulation of tone and amplitude of spontaneous contractions in ileal CM . In LM , NO induces suppression of spontaneous contractions via NO ‐ GC in a non‐ SMC type.
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor field-effect transistors: the interface trap density extraction and compact model

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A surface potential-based low-field drain current compact model is presented for two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductor field-effect transistors that takes into account the effect of interface trap states on device current–voltage (Ids–Vgs) characteristics and transconductance gm. The presence of interface trap states detrimentally affects device Ids–Vgs performance. Minimal work exists on the extraction of trap states (cm−2 eV−1) of MoS2/high-K dielectric/metal-gate stacks. Additionally, there is a lack of compact models for 2D TMD MOSFETs that can take into account the effect of trap states on device Ids–Vgs performance. This study presents a method to extract the interface trap distribution of MoS2 MOSFETs using a compact model. Presented as part of the model is a surface potential/interface trap charge self-consistent calculation procedure and a drain current expression that does not need numerical integration. The model is tested against reported experimental Ids–Vgs data, and excellent agreement is found between the experiment and the model.
Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Organic Waste Processed by Bio-drying with a Hot Air Flow System

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The biodrying method is used in mechanical biological treatment facilities, focusing on the rapid reduction of moisture content through the heat generated by the degradation of organic matter. Analysis of changes in carbon and nitrogen content in the biodrying process of organic waste with a hot airflow system is essential to understand the biodegradation process and the quality of the final product. This study aims to analyze changes in carbon and nitrogen content in organic waste biodrying with a hot air flow system. This research method uses a biodrying reactor made of concrete with a thickness of 10 cm. Reactor dimensions 80 x 250 cm. The composition of the sample consisted of cabbage waste, kale waste, spinach waste, dried leaves. The samples are chopped, mixed and fed into a bio drying unit. Hot air was flowed to the bio drying unit. The result show that the carbon concentration of the initial sample is 39.21%. The highest carbon concentration occurred at the 20th minute at 92.30%, while the lowest value occurred at the 25th minute at 14.18%. The highest value of nitrogen concentration occurred at the 20th minute of 2.23%, while the lowest value occurred at the 55th minute of 0.16%. The highest change occurred in the time interval of 15 minutes to 25 minutes.
Religion, Faith and Toleration

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The religious intolerance that nowadays feeds a number of current conflicts leads us to rethink our modern conception of toleration, which emerged from the theological and philosophical debates accompanying or thrown up by the doctrinal controversies and politico-religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries. It is defined by respect for distinct orders: that of conscience and that of the law, private and public, faith and reason. It bears the mark of religion and theology and relates to the idea of human dignity which was given its ethical foundation in the 18th century by Kant's doctrine of autonomy. Current events teach us that still today people kill and persecute in the name of faith, in the name of God, in the name of religion, because they have a different opinion or belief. If toleration, child of the Enlightenment and critical reason, has not definitively gained the upper hand in a rational, technical world, we need to ask whether it is not because we have neglected faith. To conclude from the distinction between reason and faith that they are antagonistic has not led to uprooting the human spirit's intolerance. Might we have forgotten that peace is also the business of religion? What should we expect, what should we hope for from dialogue between religions? Could faith be the antidote to intolerance?
Empirical Enhancement of Intrusion Detection Systems: A Comprehensive Approach with Genetic Algorithm-based Hyperparameter Tuning and Hybrid Feature Selection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Machine learning-based IDSs have demonstrated promising outcomes in identifying and mitigating security threats within IoT networks. However, the efficacy of such systems is contingent on various hyperparameters, necessitating optimization to elevate their performance. This paper introduces a comprehensive empirical and quantitative exploration aimed at enhancing intrusion detection systems (IDSs). The study capitalizes on a genetic algorithm-based hyperparameter tuning mechanism and a pioneering hybrid feature selection approach to systematically investigate incremental performance improvements in IDS. Specifically, our work proposes a machine learning-based IDS approach tailored for detecting attacks in IoT environments. To achieve this, we introduce a hybrid feature selection method designed to identify the most salient features for the task. Additionally, we employed the genetic algorithm (GA) to fine-tune hyperparameters of multiple machine learning models, ensuring their accuracy in detecting attacks. We commence by evaluating the default hyperparameters of these models on the CICIDS2017 dataset, followed by rigorous testing of the same algorithms post-optimization through GA. Through a series of experiments, we scrutinize the impact of combining feature selection methods with hyperparameter tuning approaches. The outcomes unequivocally demonstrate the potential of hyperparameter optimization in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of machine learning-based IDS systems for IoT networks. The empirical nature of our research method provides a meticulous analysis of the efficacy of the proposed techniques through systematic experimentation and quantitative evaluation. Consolidated in a unified manner, the results underscore the step-by-step enhancement of IDS performance, especially in terms of detection time, substantiating the efficacy of our approach in real-world scenarios.
Effect of Nitrogen Doping on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Composed of Mesoporous TiO<SUB>2</SUB> Photoelectrodes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous TiO2 (NMP TiO2) nanoparticles are synthesized using a soft triblock copolymer template by TiCl4 hydrolysis with ammonia water and applied to the photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The large surface area of a TiO2 mesoporous structure is favorable for dye uptake, and nitrogen doping of TiO2 is expected to increase the charge transport in the photoelectrode as well as the scattering of visible light. Structural characterizations for NMP TiO2 nanoparticles by XRD, XPS, BET, and BJH analyses revealed successful synthesis. However, the photovoltaic performances of the DSSCs prepared from NMP TiO2 were not improved, as had been expected: the photo-conversion efficiency (η) of DSSCs from undoped mesoporous TiO2 (MP TiO2) was 4.69%, an improvement over the 4.15% with the application of P25 TiO2, but the efficiency of DSSCs from NMP TiO2 decreased to 3.2-3.6%. The measured amounts of adsorbed dye showed that nitrogen doping did not significantly affect dye adsorption. Therefore, it can be concluded that nitrogen doping increases isotropic charge transport in a TiO2 nanoparticle to promote charge recombination into an electrolyte, despite its advantages. The full benefits of nitrogen doping may be obtained through measures such as the deposition of a thin barrier layer of oxide onto the TiO2 surface to prevent charge recombination during charge transport in the TiO2 network.
The sensitivity of scarabaeoidae larvae infected with Bt to insecticides and its enzyme activity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The sensitivity of scarabaeoidae larvae infected with Bt to chemical insecticides and its enzyme activity were evaluated with a method in which the pretreated larvae with Bt were treated with insecticides or with a method in which the larvae were treated with a mixture of Bt and the insecticides.The results showed that the sensitivity increased gradually with increasing exposure time to Bt and Bt concentration.When the larvae were pretreated with Bt at the concentration of 20 μg/g soil for three days,its sensitivity to Phoxim and Chlorpyrifos increased 1.96 and 3.28 times respectively,and increased 6.71 and 16.14 times when pretreated for five days by comparing to the larvae without pretreatment with Bt.The sensitivity of the larvae to Phoxim increased 10.22 and 27.10 times after pretreated three days and five days with 80μg Bt/g soil,and increased 13.03 and 51.33 times to Chlorpyrifos respectively.After the larvae were treated by a mixture of Bt and chemical insecticides,its sensitivity were significantly increased by comparing to the larvae treated with chemical insecticides alone. When the larvae treated with a mixture of Bt and chemical insecticiedes at the ratio of 1∶50 and 1∶200,its sensitivity to Phoxim increased 6.06 and 4.00 times while the sensitivity to Chlorpyrifos increased 16.05 and 12.78 times respectively.The activity of AchE in larvae was decreased slightly compared to the blank control and the activity of GsTs and CarE increased in some extent.
Development of cambioxylophagous insect fauna on blue spruce after chemical thinning

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chemical thinning performed in stands of blue spruce ( Picea pungens ) in air-polluted areas of the Ore Mountains does not pose a significant threat of sub-bark pest outbreaks. Application of the herbicide Roundup in autumn and in spring caused dieback of the treated trees where mainly Hylurgops palliatus became active and completed its development. Pests Ips amitinus and Pityogenes chalcographus died mostly at larval stage, despite their high abundance. Cryphalus abietis completed its development only on thicker branches and was not able to occupy tops of trees due to fast dieback of phloem. Quality of phloem was strongly affected by the speed of defoliation.
Lack of aggression and apparent altruism towards intruders in a primitive termite

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In eusocial insects, the ability to discriminate nest-mates from non-nest-mates is widespread and ensures that altruistic actions are directed towards kin and agonistic actions are directed towards non-relatives. Most tests of nest-mate recognition have focused on hymenopterans, and suggest that cooperation typically evolves in tandem with strong antagonism towards non-nest-mates. Here, we present evidence from a phylogenetically and behaviourally basal termite species that workers discriminate members of foreign colonies. However, contrary to our expectations, foreign intruders were the recipients of more rather than less cooperative behaviour and were not subjected to elevated aggression. We suggest that relationships between groups may be much more peaceable in basal termites compared with eusocial hymenoptera, owing to energetic and temporal constraints on colony growth, and the reduced incentive that totipotent workers (who may inherit breeding status) have to contribute to self-sacrificial intergroup conflict.
Spectral Structures of the Generalised Companion Form and Applications

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this note, we investigate the relationship between the finite and infinite frequency structure of a regular polynomial matrix and that of a particular linearization, called the generalised companion matrix. A special resolvent decomposition of the regular polynomial matrix is proposed which is based on the Weierstrass canonical form of this generalised companion matrix and the solution of a regular PMD is thus formulated from this resolvent decomposition. Both the initial conditions of the pseudo state and the input are considered.