jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Applications of dynamic trees to sensitivity analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A recent approach to surrogate modelling, called dynamic trees, uses regression trees to partition the input space, and fits simple constant or linear models in each “leaf” (region of the input space). This article aims to investigate the applicability of dynamic trees in sensitivity analysis, in particular on high dimensional problems at low sample size, to see whether they can be applied to dimensionalities usually out of the range of surrogate models. Comparisons are made with Gaussian processes, as well as three measures based on a radial sampling scheme: the Monte Carlo estimator of the total sensitivity index, an elementary effects measure, and a derivative-based sensitivity measure. The results show that the radial sampling measures generally outperform the surrogate models tested here, with the exception of response surfaces that feature discontinuities.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Trophectoderm lineage determination in cattle.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) are committed and marked by reciprocal expression of Cdx2 and Oct4 in mouse late blastocysts. We find that the TE is not committed at equivalent stages in cattle, and that bovine Cdx2 is required later, for TE maintenance, but does not repress Oct4 expression. A mouse Oct4 (mOct4) reporter, repressed in mouse TE, remained active in the cattle TE; bovine Oct4 constructs were not repressed in the mouse TE. mOct4 has acquired Tcfap2 binding sites mediating Cdx2-independent repression-cattle, humans, and rabbits do not contain these sites and maintain high Oct4 levels in the TE. Our data suggest that the regulatory circuitry determining ICM/TE identity has been rewired in mice, to allow rapid TE differentiation and early blastocyst implantation. These findings thus emphasize ways in which mice may not be representative of the earliest stages of mammalian development and stem cell biology.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PMID: 21316591
Cognitive Impairment in Pneumonia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Pneumonia is a leading source of illness and mortality throughout the world. The majority of this research agrees on the possibility of a link between pneumonia and cognitive impairment or dementia. Objective: The effect of pneumonia on cognitive impairment was examined in this study. Materials and Methods: A matched cohort study was carried out using hospitalization data from Green Life Medical College and Hospital in Dhaka from January 2020 to November 2022, with diagnostic data classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Adults (18 years old) who had their first hospitalization for pneumonia throughout the study period were included. Patients were excluded if they a) had been registered with the practice for less than a year prior to admission (15), b) had hospital-acquired pneumonia (admission for at least a day in the 10 days preceding the index admission), or c) had pre-existing cognitive impairment or dementia. Controls were given the same index date as their matched pneumonia patients. Results: In the pneumonia group, half of the patients (50.0%) were determined to be at low risk, 14 (28.0%) were at moderate risk, and 11 (22.0%) were at high risk of pneumonia severity index. In terms of SMMSE scores, 5(10.0%) patients in the pneumonia group and 1(2.0%) in the control group had severe cognitive impairment. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, persons who recover from pneumonia hospitalization had a higher likelihood of a new diagnosis of cognitive impairment than the general population.
Influence of the season on the salicylate and phenolic glycoside contents in the bark of Salix daphnoides, Salix pentandra, and Salix purpurea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Due to the benefits of herbal medicine and their wide range of application for human health, the usage of natural drug products, such as willow bark extract, has increased in the last few years. The principle active compounds of the drugs comprised primarily of willow bark are phenolic glycosides like salicylates. Phenolic glycoside profiles of bark vary among species and between the seasons. To identify and preserve willow clones with high salicylate content for possible commercial usage at a later stage, we have screened three Salix sp. in respect to their chemical profiles. The willow species analysed were: Salix daphnoides, Salix pentandra, and Salix purpurea. These species had distinct phenolic glycoside profiles. The major salicylate of S. daphnoides and S. purpurea clones was salicortin, whereas the main compound of S. pentandra was 2’- O-acetylsalicortin. According to the chemical profiles of 140 clones, seven independent clones of S. daphnoides and S. purpurea as well as four clones of S. pentandra with high phenolic glycoside contents were picked to study seasonal changes in bark chemistry. Overall, the clones of S. daphnoides showed the highest mean salicylate and phenolic glycoside contents, followed by S. pupurea and S. pentandra. The secondary metabolite content of willow bark clones decreased during the vegetative season from March to June 2007 and further from June to July 2007. Our study revealed that for optimum yield of phenolic glycosides the species, the clone, and the time of harvest during the season have to be taken in consideration.
Therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: implementation, utilization, and barriers in clinical practice in Scandinavia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may optimize biologic and thiopurine therapies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The study aimed to investigate implementation and utilization of TDM in Scandinavia. A web-based questionnaire on the use of TDM was distributed to Scandinavian gastroenterologists via the national societies. In total, 297 IBD physicians prescribing biologic therapies, equally distributed between community and university hospitals, were included (response rate 42%) (Norway 118 (40%), Denmark 86 (29%), Sweden 50 (17%), Finland 33 (11%), Iceland 10 (3%)). Overall, TDM was applied during biologic therapies by 87%, and for TNF-inhibitors >90%. Among the users, reactive and proactive TDM were utilized by 90% and 63%, respectively. Danish physicians were significantly less inclined to use TDM compared to other Scandinavian countries; (58% vs 98%); OR 0.03 [0.01–0.09], p < 0.001). Reactive TDM was commonly applied at primary (74%) and secondary (99%) treatment failure. Proactive TDM was used by 80% during maintenance therapy and 56% during induction and more commonly utilized in Norway (p < 0.001), and by physicians managing >10 IBD patients/week (p = 0.005). TDM scenarios were interpreted in accord with available evidence but with discrepancies for proactive TDM. The main barriers to TDM were lack of guidelines (51%) and time lag between sampling and results (49%). TDM of thiopurines was routinely used by 87%. TDM of biologic and thiopurine therapies has been broadly implemented into clinical practice in Scandinavia. However, physicians call for TDM guidelines detailing indications and interpretations of test results along with improved test response times.
Alterations in Uromodulin and Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP)7 in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is urgent clinical need for better treatment options as RCC responds poorly to chemotherapy and currently has no early detection biomarkers available. We previously demonstrated increased activity of Janus Kinase (JAK2) pathway.We hypothesized that increased JAK2 activity resulted in increased levels of MAP7, linked to chemoresistance, and decreased levels of Uromodulin, a secreted protein linked to renal protection, measurable in the urine. We utilized samples from normal (n=14), benign (n=6), and histological Fuhrman grades: Grade 1 (n=3), Grade 2 (n=10), Grade 3 (n=14), and Grade 4 (n=3). We analyzed samples with Affymetrix human gene microarrays and Western Blot technology. The samples were all clear cell renal carcinomas verified by a pathologist. Altered gene and protein expression was detected by ANOVA taking into account histological stage. We found MAP7 mRNA to be highly expressed in the RCC samples compared to the controls and benign and it increased with severity of the cancer stage. Uromodulin mRNA levels were increased in the benign samples compared to control and were undetectable in all stages of the RCC samples. We saw corresponding changes in the protein levels of both MAP7 and Uromodulin. We also performed an ELISA to measure Uromodulin in the urine and found a significant decreases in stage 3 and 4 RCC samples compared to normal and benign. There were significant increases in Uromodulin in benign, stage 1 and 2 RCC samples compared to control. These data suggest that altered function of these protein may be involved in RCC. Zafarna Fund
Median liver lobe of woodchuck as a model to study hepatic outflow obstruction: a pilot study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Hepatic vein outflow obstruction represents an important clinical problem in living‐liver transplantation. An animal model is required to study the influence of outflow obstruction on the intrahepatic regulation of liver perfusion and the subsequent effects on liver injury and recovery during liver regeneration. The size of woodchucks enables the use of standard clinical imaging procedures. Aim: This study aims at describing hepatic vascular and territorial anatomy of the woodchuck liver based on a virtual three‐dimensional (3D) visualization of the hepatic vascular tree. Methods: Woodchucks ( n =6) were subjected to an all‐in‐one computed tomography (CT) after contrasting the vascular and the biliary tree. CT‐images were used for 3D‐reconstruction of hepatic and portal veins and calculation of the corresponding portal and hepatic vein territories and their respective volume using hepavision (MeVisLab). A virtual resection was performed following the Cantlie‐line and territories at risk were calculated. Results: The median lobe of the woodchuck liver has a similar vascular supply and drainage as the human liver with two portal (right and left median portal vein) and three hepatic veins (left, middle and right median hepatic vein). The corresponding portal and hepatic vein subterritories are of a similar relative size compared with the human liver. Virtual splitting of the median lobe of the woodchuck liver revealed areas at risk of focal outflow obstruction, as observed clinically. Conclusion: The median liver lobe of the woodchuck represents, to a small extent, the hepatic vascular anatomy of the human liver and is therefore a suitable potential model to correlate repeated imaging of impaired liver perfusion with histomorphological findings of liver damage and regeneration.
Characteristics of Children and Youth Referred for Language Assessment at Different Ages

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Early detection of language delays is essential, as language is key for academic outcomes, well-being, and societal participation. Previous studies have focused on undetected delays in young children. Much less is known about referrals at older ages. In this study, we aimed to (a) establish how many children are referred at toddler age (2–3 years) and how many at lower elementary (4–7 years), upper elementary (8–12 years), and high school (13–16 years) age; (b) evaluate characteristics of the referred children and adolescents across age groups; and (c) assess whether the ensuing classification (no language disorder [LD], developmental LD, LD + additional problems) differed across age groups. Method: We used the 2010–2014 database of the Dutch federation of speech and hearing centers, containing 18,894 cases with target ages. We established the number of referrals in each age group (Q1) and assessed the composition of the age groups in terms of speech, language, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes (Q2), as well as in terms of classification (Q3). To answer Q2 and Q3, we conducted chi-squared analyses with the toddler group as reference group. Results: Late-identified LDs exist: There were new referrals in all age groups. Compared to older age groups, the toddler group contained fewer girls and multilingual children. The toddler group also contained fewer children without an LD and more children with LD + additional problems. Conclusions: Reassuringly, children with multiple language problems are referred earliest. However, late-identified LDs exist, even at high school age. Girls and multilingual children tend to be missed at younger ages. More work on awareness and identification of language delays is needed, requiring awareness, knowledge, and tools for educational professionals.
A cost-efficient face learning mechanism: The impact of stability in appearance on the resolution of facial representations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The way faces become familiar and what information is represented as familiarity develops has puzzled researchers in the field of human face recognition for decades. In this paper, we propose a cost-efficient mechanism of face learning to describe how facial representations form over time and that explains why recognition errors occur. Encoding of diagnostic facial information would follow a coarse-to-fine trajectory, modulated by the intrinsic stability in individual faces’ appearance. In four experiments, we draw on a robust and ecological method using a proxy of exposure to famous faces in the real world to test hypotheses generated by the model and we manipulate test images to probe the nature of facial representations. We consistently show that stable facial appearances help create more reliable representation in early stages of familiarisation but that their resolution remains relatively low and therefore less discriminative over time. In contrast, variations in appearance hinder recognition at first but encourage refinement of representations with further exposure. Consistent with the cost-efficient face learning mechanism we propose, facial representations built on a foundation of large-scale coarse information. When coarse information loses its diagnostic value through the experience of variations across encounters, facial details and their spatial relationships receive additional representational weights.
The occurrence of copper in Shasta County, California; Geology of the copper districts near Montpelier, Bear Lake County Idaho; The copper deposits of South Mountain in southern Pennsylvania; Survey publications of copper

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Shasta County lies just south of the northernmost tier,of counties in California, about midway between the eastern and western boundaries of the State.The Shasta County copper region is a somewhat ill-defined area lying near the middle of the western half of the county, 80 to 100 miles east of the Pacific and at about the latitude of New York City.It is included within meridians 122° and 122° 33' west longitude and parallels 40° 37' and 40° 50' north latitude.Next to.the Lake Superior district of Michigan it is areally the largest copper region in the United States that can be regarded as a geologic unit.As commonly described, it is a narrow curved belt, convex toward the north, popularly known as the "copper crescent."From tip to tip this bow measures about 25 miles in a direction but little north of east, but the length measured along the curve is nearly 35 miles.In reality this " crescent" or "belt" is simply the locus of a number of deposits or groups of deposits, separated by stretches in which important deposits of copper are not known and throughout most of which such deposits probably do not exist.It is more exact, therefore, to regard the belt, so far as now developed, as a number of detached camps or districts which, more by chance than because of o This paper contains a preliminary statement of the salient features of the Shasta County copper region aad of some of the general conclusions already reached, and has been presented, in response to a request by the Geological Survey, in advance of a detailed geologic report now being prepared.It should be borne in mind that although the conclusions herein expressed are for the most part well established by evidence to be presented later, they are not necessarily final and are subject to any modification that may be found necessary as the result of additional study now in progress. 71
INDIVIDUALITY IN “YODEL” CALLS RECORDED FROM A BANDED POPULATION OF COMMON LOONS, GAVIA IMMER

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Male common loons, Gavia immer, produce a territorial vocalization called the yodel. We quantitatively examined yodels using discriminant and cross correlation analysis. Both techniques correctly assigned the majority of the male's yodels to the proper group, however discriminant analysis was more accurate for making long term comparisons of a yodel's stability. Of four male loons in a color marked, breeding population at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge in Michigan, each male's yodel was different and these differences were maintained over the six years of this study. There is a suggestion that changes in the yodel may be related to territory and mate switching, indicating that individuality in the yodel may be linked to female choice.
Marital satisfaction, parenting satisfaction, and parenting behavior in early infancy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The relationships between marital adjustment, satisfaction with parenting and actual parental behavior were assessed for a sample of first-time parents. Results indicated that there were consistent relationships between fathers' satisfaction scores and their own behaviors, but few relationships between mothers' behaviors and satisfaction scores. It was suggested that the determinants of the behavior of mothers and fathers may differ. In the absence of specific socialization of fathers into a caregiving role, fathers' caregiving style may become organized and develop primarily in the context of their relationships with their spouses.
Enhancement of electrospun polycaprolactone scaffold biocompatibility

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

INTRODUCTION:Synthetic and natural polymers are used to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering. Synthetic scaffolds offer several advantages compared to scaffolds made from natural polymers, including longer shelf-life, cost efficacy, and limited risk of rejection. Polycaprolactone is one of the most suitable and desired synthetic biodegradable polymers having strong mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Although polycaprolactone has properties that are highly attractive for tissue engineering, the problem related with its hydrophobicity remains. In case of replicating the structure and properties of natural human tissues, electrospinning is one of the most popular method to manufacture the scaffolds. In order to adapt the polymeric fibre for tissue engineering, it is crucial to improve the hydrophilicity of the polymer and thus to create a suitable growth medium for cells. METHODS:The aim of this study was to fabricate polycaprolactone (PCL) construct with uniform morphology using solution electrospinning, analyse the O₃ in water treatment effect on PCL scaffold for cell growth and proliferation. Sample fibres (weigh 20 to 50 mg) were ozonated for the period of 30 to 120 minutes. Scaffold physicochemical properties and biocompatibility were measured using ATR-FTIR, XRD, water contact angle, number of carboxyl groups determination, hydrophilic analysis, mechanical analysis and cell proliferation evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. RESULTS:The ozone treatment resulted in formation of O-H group in the main chain of PCL scaffolds and improved the hydrophilicity. The duration of treatment had a positive effect on cell proliferation. After one day cell count of the longest O₃ duration treatment time was approximately 4 times greater compared to untreated scaffold. Although the cell count dropped substantially after 3 days (from 1.74 ± 0.02 to 1.08 ± 0.35), the remaining cells remained viable and proliferated for up to 14 days (0.49 ± 0.03). DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS:The O3 treatment of electrospun polycaprolactone scaffold demonstrated an improve on performance of cell growth, with potential applications in tissue engineering.
A document retrieval framework for scientific publications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the academic area, the Internet is used as a scientific resource. However, finding appropriate information on the Web remains difficult. To simplify this process, we designed the document retrieval framework to retrieve scientific publications from the Web. In this paper, we present the architecture of the proposed tool and results of preliminary test evaluating its quality. This tool can be used by researchers and students when they search for scientific information on the Internet.
The economic consequences of leaving European Union by Great Britain

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Motivation: In a referendum on June 23, 2016, the British people voted to leave the European Union. No nation state has ever left the EU. The theory and practice of European integration is rich, but scientific studies considering the opposite situation thus far do not exist. So the question of economic consequences caused by Great Britain leaving the European Union is very pertinent.

Aim: The aim of this article is to identify and discuss the direct economic consequences of Great Britain leaving the European Union. The analysis was performed for the United Kingdom and for the European Union. Poland is a part of the EU. Therefore, among the effects on the EU side of the research there is an emphasis on the results for Poland. The effect of budgets, trade and migration has been analyzed.

Results: The effects of the United Kingdom leaving the EU will be more unfavorable for the UK than for the EU. The amount of losses depends on the type of Brexit. A soft Brexit means a relatively slow negotiation designed to retain as close as possible a relationship with the rest of the EU. Access to the EU’s single market will reduce losses due to having as few tariffs as possible. A hard Brexit would mean getting out of the EU quickly, having no institutional or political relationship with the union, and regaining full control of UK borders. Therefore, a negotiated free trade deal with the EU would seem to reduce losses for everyone.
A TWO--STAGE COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM AND A NEW METHOD OF PATH PLANNING FOR INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The control and path planning for industrial robots are studied in this paper. First, a two-stage computercontrol system is developed in which a common memory with 4K is designed between IBM-PC/ XT computerand TP-86A single-board--computer. Next, a new method of trajectories planning is presented. It takes the lengthof manipulators movement as a function describing the moving law of joints. At a corner of a broken line, thequantity of speed reduction changes with the deflection angle. At last, we presented some results of simulationbased on the new method, and realized real-time control in LUOTUO-Ⅱ closed-chain robot with 5degree-of-freedom.
“Every Valley Shall Be Exalted”: The Discourse of Opposites in Twelfth-Century Thought. By Constance Brittain Bouchard. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002. xvi + 171 pp. $29.95 cloth.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“Every Valley Shall Be Exalted”: The Discourse of Opposites in Twelfth-Century Thought. By Constance Brittain Bouchard. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002. xvi + 171 pp. $29.95 cloth. - Volume 73 Issue 3