jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Saudi Arabia’s Perception

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter establishes how Saudi Arabia made sense of the instability in the MENA during the 2010s; it identifies the Kingdom’s diagnosis, as it were, of the problems in the region that it considered necessary to address to build an order that was more conducive to stability. The chapter argues that Saudi Arabia experienced the 2010s as a decade in which the regional order came undone at various levels. It saw the Arab world, with the Kingdom at its centre, as beset by enemies, and destabilized, betrayed, and abandoned by supposed friends. In this environment, Saudi Arabia felt it necessary to assert itself to protect its national security and regional interests, to prevent the worst outgrowths of instability from taking root, and, eventually, to lead the region into what it considered a more secure future.
The Value of Methodological Deductivism in Argument Construction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“Deductivism” is a broad label for various theories that emphasize the importance of deductive argument in contexts of rational discussion. This paper makes a case for a very specific form of deductivism. The paper highlights the dialectical importance of advancing deductively valid arguments (with plausible premises) in natural-language reasoning. Sections 2 and 3 explain the various forms that deductivism has taken. Section 4 makes a case for a particular form of deductivism. Section 5 discusses the value of deductive argument in law. Section 6 concludes and acknowledges critical questions that need to be addressed more fully in future work.
Liquid-chromatographic assay of angiotensin-converting enzyme in serum.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This assay of angiotensin-converting enzyme is based on release of hippuric acid from a synthetic tripeptide, hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine. Hippuric acid is separated and quantitated on a reversed-phase column under conditions similar to those used for assay of theophylline and acetaminophen. The method is rapid and free from interferences.
Impacts of a Ban on the Sales of Florida Honey Tangerines in California Due to Citrus Black Spot

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Citrus black spot (CBS) was discovered in March of 2010 near Immokalee in Collier County. CBS may adversely impact citrus growers both through demand and supply impacts. This paper has focused on the demand side of the equation. The analysis has also focused on Florida honey tangerines and the market in California. This market accounts for about 17.7% of Florida honey tangerine sales. If Florida product were banned from California in fear of CBS spreading there, the FOB price for Florida honey tangerines is estimated to decline by $3.48 to $4.40 per box, all else constant. The on-tree price would be expected to decline by the same amounts. However, with respect to production costs, all else would not be constant. Growers would be expected to bear increased grove care costs to control CBS. Thus, with higher grove care costs and the same production next season, the grower price for Florida honey tangerines net of grove care costs would decline by more than the $3.48 to $4.40 per box levels.
Defense against the Present Accusers (24b3–28b2)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In defending himself against the charges of the first accusers, Socrates told us that he had refuted politicians, poets, and craftsmen but provided no examples of the characteristic errors he encountered. He now begins to correct this omission. In what Socrates describes as an attempt to defend himself against the present accusers (not their charges), he cross-examines and refutes the poet Meletus, who calls himself “good and patriotic,” or as we might say, noble and good (cf. 18a7–b1 and 24b3–4 with b4–6; on “attempt” see 20d2–4, 21c7–8).His effort to display Meletus' “pretense” to care sufficiently about, or to know, the matters concerning which he brings charges – and hence his unworthiness to bring them – shows us comically and obliquely some of what he found (23b6–7, 23d8–9, 24c4–9, 24d4, 24d7–9, 25c1–4, 26a8–b2).
On Speed and Ecstasy: Paul Virilio's 'Aesthetics of Disappearance' and the Rhetoric of Media

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

October 15, 1964. A year later, Craig Breedlove will set the world land speed record at 600 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah, driving a metal shell with a B-47 bomber engine strapped to its backside, but on this day he loses control at 400 mph, shears off a few telephone poles, sails airborne and upside down, and lands in a pond. I am less interested in the crash than in the resulting narrative. According to filmmaker Hollis Frampton, an interview made immediately after the wreck lasts "an hour and 35 minutes, during which time Breedlove delivers a connected account of what he thought and did during a period of some 8.7 seconds. His narrative amounts to about 9,500 words." 1 Frampton helpfully calculates that, compared to "the historic interval he refers to, [Breedlove's] ecstatic utterance represents . . . a temporal expansion in the ratio of some 655 to 1." 2 In this conversion rate—exactly so much, no more, no less—is an index of incontrovertible reality, already framed by Frampton's reading of the utterance as "ecstatic" and uttered in relation [End Page 129] to an "interval" that must be "historic." The crash is an epiphany of speed converted into words, guaranteeing its repetition as a parable of technical acceleration.
On the Reversibility of Discretization

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

“Discretization” usually denotes the operation of mapping continuous functions to infinite or finite sequences of discrete values. It may also mean to map the operation itself from one that operates on functions to one that operates on infinite or finite sequences. Advantageously, these two meanings coincide within the theory of generalized functions. Discretization moreover reduces to a simple multiplication. It is known, however, that multiplications may fail. In our previous studies, we determined conditions such that multiplications hold in the tempered distributions sense and, hence, corresponding discretizations exist. In this study, we determine, vice versa, conditions such that discretizations can be reversed, i.e., functions can be fully restored from their samples. The classical Whittaker-Kotel’nikov-Shannon (WKS) sampling theorem is just one particular case in one of four interwoven symbolic calculation rules deduced below.
The Quit Kashmir Movement 1946

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Cabinet Mission aimed to negotiate the transfer of power and the future structure of government with Indian leaders particularly with the Indian National congress and Muslim league. The future of the princely states was one of the mission's most major concerns. As soon the members arrived in Kashmir, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah the president of the National Conference submitted a memorandum to its members that demanded not just a responsible government under the aegis of the Maharaja but also the Kashmiri people's right to absolute freedom from the autocratic rule of the Dogra House. The Quit Kashmir movement was launched to pressure the oppressive Dogra government to grant sovereignty to the people of Kashmir. The National Conference by launching the Quit Kashmir had emerged as a principal national organization advocated for political, social, and economic changes to end privilege and raise the masses. The Dogra despot’s barbarism was unashamed in trampling unwarned people who dared to speak the truth and demand their freedom. This paper explores the circumstances that led Sheikh Abdullah to start the Quit Kashmir Movement and highlights the state response against the Movement.
Proteasome Inhibition by Bortezomib Increases IL-8 Expression in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells: The Role of IKKα

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Expression of the proinflammatory and proangiogenic chemokine IL-8, which is regulated at the transcriptional level by NF-κB, is constitutively increased in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. Inhibition of NF-κB–dependent transcription was used as an anticancer strategy for the development of the first clinically approved 26S proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BZ). Even though BZ has shown remarkable antitumor activity in hematological malignancies, it has been less effective in prostate cancer and other solid tumors; however, the mechanisms have not been fully understood. In this article, we report that proteasome inhibition by BZ unexpectedly increases IL-8 expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells, whereas expression of other NF-κB–regulated genes is inhibited or unchanged. The BZ-increased IL-8 expression is associated with increased in vitro p65 NF-κB DNA binding activity and p65 recruitment to the endogenous IL-8 promoter. In addition, proteasome inhibition induces a nuclear accumulation of IκB kinase (IKK)α, and inhibition of IKKα enzymatic activity significantly attenuates the BZ-induced p65 recruitment to IL-8 promoter and IL-8 expression, demonstrating that the induced IL-8 expression is mediated, at least partly, by IKKα. Together, these data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for the gene-specific increase of IL-8 expression by proteasome inhibition in prostate cancer cells and suggest that targeting both IKKα and the proteasome may increase BZ effectiveness in treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Analysis of Factors Restricting Rural Land Circulation in Longdong Area

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on the research status of the rural land contract management rights transfer in Longdong area, further analysis of the related factors, restricting the circulation of rural land contracted management right: 1, to promote the transference of rural land contractual management right, to realize the agricultural scale management.2,improve the production efficiency of agricultural countermeasures and measures, to provide a reference point suggestions and help.3 to solve the problem of land circulation in Longdong area, through macroeconomic policies to increase and improve farmers' non-agricultural employment opportunities, establish and perfect social safeguard system of farmers.The above findings will provide a theoretical reference in Longdong area of land transfer decision.
Implementation of National Information and Communication Technology Curriculum in Grade Nine: A Case of Trashigang Dzongkhag

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to study the impact of the information and communication technologies (ICT) on students' learning. A quantitative method was used with cross sectional research design. A questionnaire was designed to comprehend the questions related to the objectives and a sample of 10 teachers, 10 principals and 109 class IX students was enrolled from various middle, higher and central schools under Trashigang dzongkhag, Bhutan. Data was presented in tabulated form and the Pearson correlation test was applied to determine the relationship among the dependent and independent variables. The findings revealed that students have access to various kinds of ICT applications and resources, have an adequate number of ICT equipment available for their use, and are familiar with ICT applications. Additionally, a strong positive linear correlation exists between availability of human, ICT resources, user-ability of using ICT resources and the student's educational learning. It is recommended for students to learn ICT related skills and to make the best use of the different communication technologies in their pedagogical activities. Additionally, stakeholders should focus on developing ICT-based infrastructure and ICT skilled human resources to bring beneficial results in the learning process of students’ educational endeavors.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HERBICIDES ON GROWTH AND EFFICACY FOR WEED CONTROL IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) SEED CROP

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An exerpiment was conducted to study the comparative efficacy of fluchioralin, pendimethalin and oxyflurofen applied alone and along with hand weeding at 45 days after planting (DAP), 3 hand weeding alone given 20, 40 and 60 days after planting (DAP) and unweeded check were carried out. It was concluded that pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg / ha along with a hoeing and weeding at 45 days after planting (DAP) was found most effective and economically viable weed control treatment for onion seed production.
Introduction: Silencing the Storm—The Never-Ending Search for “Truth” After Tlatelolco

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The introduction traces and provides background information for the events of 1968. It situates them in Mexico's historical context, which includes a long history of social movements. It also provides the social and cultural context in 1968 Mexico that influenced the initial literary production in the aftermath of the Tlatelolco massacre. Finally, it stakes out the theoretical framework that will guide the book's arguments. Specifically, it introduces the manner in which Foucault conceives power relations and the manner in which Deleuze and Guattari expand on that paradigm; the manner in which Žižek imagines the play between the real and reality; and the role of discourse in the construction of a historical construct using White and DeCerteau.
Klaus Bachmann. Genocidal Empires: German Colonialism in Africa and the Third Reich.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The German historian and political scientist Klaus Bachmann, an expert in German-Polish relations after World War II and more recently interested in international law and transitional justice, has ventured into new territory: African and German colonial history. With Genocidal Empires: German Colonialism in Africa and the Third Reich, Bachmann claims to answer two major questions that have been preoccupying scholars for at least two decades now: whether and in what sense the extreme colonial violence committed in German South-West Africa (present-day Namibia) against the Herero and Nama can be considered the first genocide of the twentieth century; and whether and in what sense these mass killings can be considered a precursor to the Nazi genocide. The book is structured into two parts, with the first (chaps. 1–4) addressing the former question, the second (chaps. 5–7) addressing the latter question. The analytical lens through which Bachmann chose to answer his questions is international criminal law (ICL). He thus also intervenes in larger discussions within the rapidly growing field of genocide studies regarding the role, if any, legal definitions of war crimes and crimes against humanity—notably the UN Genocide Convention (1948)—should play in historical and social scientific analyses of mass violence. As the field expands, there is less and less agreement on the concept of “genocide” as an analytical category, legal or otherwise, with some scholars even suggesting jettisoning the term altogether. But Bachmann insists that relating ICL standards to the German colony, where contemporaneous international law (Völkerrecht) did not apply, “facilitates not only the distinction between different kinds of mass atrocities, but also helps to disentangle genocidal actions from non-genocidal ones within the same course of events” (163).
Astronomy and Open Science

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Materials used during an Open Science Masterclass for 2nd-year physics and astronomy bachelor students at Leiden University on 4 April 2019. The Masterclass was part of the Modern Astronomical Research bachelor course. The materials include the full presentation, which consisted of three parts: About my career as someone who studied astronomy and moved on to do other things, to give an idea of what are the skills an astronomer could use in different contexts About astronomy as an example for Open Science Reproducible Lego Workshop to highlight the importance of metadata, documentation, and community standards The two last part are also made available as separate presentations. The results of a Mentimeter survey of the students are also included.
Compatibility between transitional justice tools in Colombian and international law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter attempts to demonstrate that the comprehensive transitional justice system created by the Colombian Peace Agreement complies with international law, as it aims to ensure investigation, prosecution, and sanction of mass atrocities, as well as to ensure that victims' rights are satisfied. The first section of this article describes Colombia's international obligations and the application of these in the context of a transition from armed conflict to peace. The second part explores the Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation, and Non-Repetition, and analyzes its compatibility with international law.
Hypoxia and Intracardiac Right-to-Left Shunt

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intracardiac right-to-left shunting via a patent foramen ovale may complicate acute myocardial infarction, producing severe irreversible hypoxia. This lesion must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypoxia in such patients. (Arch Intern Med138:1405-1406, 1978)
Advanced photomask repair technology for 65-nm lithography: II

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The 65nm photomasks have to meet tight specifications and improve the production yield due to high production cost. The 65nm optical lithography has two candidates, 157nm and 193nm, and we are developing two types of experimental photomask repair systems, FIB and EB, for the 65nm generation. We designed and developed experimental EB and FIB system that are beta systems. The construction of these systems was the same design except the each column. The platforms of beta systems consist of anti-vibration design to reduce outer disturbance for repair accuracy. Furthermore, we developed a new CPU control system, especially the new beam-scanning control system that makes it possible to control the beam position below nanometer order. These developments will suppress transmission loss and improve repair accuracy of the systems. We also adopt the 6-inch mask SMIF pod system and the CAD data linkage system that matches the EB mask data image with the SED image to search defects in photomasks with sophisticated patterns such as OPC patterns. We evaluated the EB and FIB beta systems with AIMS, LWM and AFM. EB and FIB beta systems were able to deposit carbon film and etch chrome, quartz, and MoSi. Furthermore, We confirmed that repair accuracy is 3σ below 10nm and transmission is over 97%. We also confirmed that CAD linkage was able to repair sophisticated pattern completely. In this paper, we report the photomask defect repair experimental systems for the 65nm generation.
Parent’s confidence level as a \ncaregiver towards their infants in \nneonatal intensive care unit (nicu) at \nHospital Universiti Sains Malaysia \n(Hospital USM)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Admission of infant into Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) interrupts the attachment \nprocess of parents and their baby. The opportunity for parents to give care to their infant \nwill be limited as their infant need intensive care from the nurse to overcome their health \nproblem. As the result, it will affect the confidence level of parents to handle the infant. \nThe purpose of this study is to identify parent’s level of confidence during performing \ninfant care (medication administration, bathing, holding, feeding regimens, monitoring \ndevices and recognizing changes in the infant’s health status) prior discharge from NICU \nat Hospital USM. A convenience sample of 42 parents that have infants admitted into \nNICU at Hospital USM were included in the study. Data was collected using sociodemographic \ndata and 38 items of Transition Questionnaire (Kenner, 1994). The test \nresults revealed there were no association between educational level and parents confidence level with p 0.05 (p = 0.364). Also, analysis of association between \npsychosocial status and parents’ confidence revealed no statistical difference (p> 0.05). \nThis study suggested that nurses working in neonatal intensive care units need to \nconstruct nursing care around the parents especially for mother- infant bonding, with \nroles and responsibilities that incorporate support of increase the confidence level of \nparents to handle their infant that admit to NICU.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL ON WATER QUALITY AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THE OSAKA BAY

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water quality and primary production in an enclosed bay are dependent on inflow loads from rivers and outer ocean, and nutrients released from sea bottom. A nutrient load by rainfall also has an important role in the primary production. We here focused on the influence of the precipitation on the water quality and primary production in the Osaka Bay, and then conducted water quality analyses of rainwater and river water.The rainwater had high concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and the ratio of rainfall load to Yodo River load was about 20% on average for observation period. This result suggests that the precipitation make phytoplankton biomass increase in the surface layer with nitrogen limitation. Furthermore we examined the changes of water quality and primary production using a system dynamics model to make a quantitatively evaluation of precipitation effect.
A Study of Low density Ionized Gas in the Galactic Plane

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A complete survey of radio recombination lines (RRLs) near 327 MHz from the galactic plane ( l = 330° − 0°-89°, b = 0°) was carried out using a section of the Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT) with an angular resolution of 2° × 2°. A subset of regions in the same area was observed using the whole telescope which has a beam of 2° × 6'. Hydrogen RRLs were detected in most of the positions that were observed. The lv diagram and radial distribution computed from the observed spectra and their comparison with other species in the galactic plane indicate that the low density gas detected in the survey is distributed similar to the star forming regions. For an assumed temperature of 7000 K, we estimate that the densities and sizes of the regions are in the range 1 — 10 cm −3 and 20 — 200 pc respectively. Our data suggests that the low density ionized gas is in the form of outer envelopes of normal HII regions.