jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Robust Decidability of Sampled-Data Control of Nonlinear Systems with Temporal Logic Specifications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper explores the theoretical limits of using discrete abstractions for nonlinear control synthesis. More specifically, we consider the problem of deciding continuous-time control with temporal logic specifications. We prove that sampled-data control of nonlinear systems with temporal logic specifications is robustly decidable in the sense that, given a continuous-time nonlinear control system and a temporal logic formula, one can algorithmically decide whether there exists a robust sampled-data control strategy to realize this specification when the right-hand side of the system is slightly perturbed by a small disturbance. If the answer is positive, one can then construct a (potentially less) robust sampled-data control strategy that realizes the same specification. The result is proved by constructing a robustly complete abstraction of the original continuous-time control system using sufficiently small discretization parameters. We illustrate the result with a nonlinear control example.
Crassostrea angulata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck, 1819) Common name: Portuguese oyster (Figs. 3 D-F) Gryphaea angulata Lamarck, 1819: 198. Crassostrea angulata Ranson, 1967: 127-199; Lam, 2003: 107-108, Pls. 3-6. Material examined. – Holotype – right valve only (length 103 mm)(MNHM, no registration number, from Lamarck’s collection), no locality, coll. Sallé, 1819. Description. – Hong Kong individuals up to ~ 60mm in height. Shell outline variable with usually spatulate to oval individuals. Attachment area of left valve depends on the substratum. Both valves concave with left more deeply cupped and hence a deep umbonal cavity. Both valves have dichotomous radial ribs from the umbo; the tops of the ribs are well-rounded and radial ribs with growth squamae are recognisable on both valves. The older part of the right valve, i.e. the dorsal surface, is usually eroded. Wavy plications along the shell margins reflect the positions and height of the ribs. No chomata. Adductor muscle scar reniform, anterodorsal border concave and close to the postero-ventral shell margin from the centre of the valve. External coloration of both valves is variable from white and light purple with deep purple lines radiating from the umbo. Internally, the shell is white with patches of chalky deposits and hollow chambers. The muscle scar is colourless with occasional purple growth lines. Distribution. – This species originated in Taiwan and was introduced into Portugual and Spain for cultivation. It is one of the important commercial oyster species in Taiwan and Western Europe. Although this species is cultured in Taiwan extensively, it occurs as wild populations and in low abundance in Hong Kong. Only two bays with constant freshwater inputs, i.e. Hoi Ha Wan and Tai Tam Bay, have been identified as local habitats. Remarks. – The shell and anatomy of this species cannot be distinguished morphologically from Crasssotrea gigas. The C. angulata specimens collected from Hong Kong have been genetically identified using mitochondial DNA sequences. Crassostrea angulata from Hong Kong (this study) and Portugal [GenBank accession number AF152567] (O’ Foighil et al., 1998) showed an intraspecific K2P sequence divergence value of 0.43%. Hong Kong C. angulata morphologically resembles and occurs in low abundance at the same shore level as the rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata. This may be why C. angulata has not been recorded from Hong Kong hitherto. The two can be distinguished by examining the eroded dorsal side of the right valve. Alternate white calcareous and brown conchiolin layers are exposed in S. cucullata whereas only white calcareous layers occur in C. angulata.
Fatigue initiated overload failure of a 4130 alloy steel pump shaft

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the failure investigation of a vertically mounted tank cleaning pump system from an off-shore oil platform. The incident involved the catastrophic failure of an intermediate shaft, connecting pump shaft and surrounding components. Corrosion to the shaft ball bearings on the pump shaft generated excessive vibrations which transferred via a universal joint to the connecting shaft which resulted in a secondary couple. The secondary couple caused rotating unidirectional bending in the intermediate shaft at a constrained point; the located bearing. A machined fillet adjacent to the located bearing created a stress concentration point where fatigue cracks initiated due to the loading. The fatigue propagated to only a relatively shallow depth around the outer surface of the shaft through cyclic vibrations and bending moment. Propagation of the crack effectively created a large notch within the fillet allowing sudden overload failure of the intermediate shaft through the remaining section, most likely at start-up. The material properties of both shafts were shown to be within specification and material defects were found. It was concluded that root cause of failure was due to bearing damage imparting vibration and bending moments on the intermediate shaft. These elements initiated and propagated the fracture and ultimate failure leading to the secondary failures of the pump shaft and bearing houses.
Evaluation of Acid Insoluble Ash as a Marker in Digestion Studies

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was conducted to confirm the usefulness of acid insoluble ash (AIA) as a marker for digestion trials with rabbits. The study compared the fecal excretion of AIA with that of chromic oxide, which has been widely used as an external marker. The diet used was commercial pellets. Water was available ad libitum. Chemical analysis of AIA was performed by boiling feeds and feces in 4 N HC1 for 30 min and then ashing the residue at 650°C for 6 hr. The concentrations of AIA in the feeds and feces showed that fecal recovery of AIA was almost complete: 100 ± 3.02% (mean ± SD, n = 5). This value was approximately equal to that obtained using chromic oxide. Furthermore, there were no differences in apparent digestibility determined by the total collection and AIA ratio methods. In addition, the fecal excretion behavior of AIA was very similar to that of chromic oxide. These results suggest that AIA can be used as an effective marker in digestion studies with rabbits.
Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone inhibit growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer through inactivation of ERK and Akt kinases

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) presents a clinical challenge because of limitations in efficacy of current therapies. Novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CRPC are needed. Antagonists of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibit growth of various malignancies, including androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer, by suppressing diverse tumoral growth factors, especially GHRH itself, which acts as a potent autocrine/paracrine growth factor in many tumors. We evaluated the effects of the GHRH antagonist, JMR-132, on PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. JMR-132 suppressed the proliferation of PC-3 cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and significantly inhibited growth of PC-3 tumors by 61% ( P < 0.05). The expression of GHRH, GHRH receptors, and their main splice variant, SV1, in PC-3 cells and tumor xenografts was demonstrated by RT-PCR and Western blot. The content of GHRH protein in PC-3 xenografts was lowered markedly, by 66.3% ( P < 0.01), after treatment with JMR-132. GHRH induced a significant increase in levels of ERK, but JMR-132 abolished this outcome. Our findings indicate that inhibition of PC-3 prostate cancer by JMR-132 involves inactivation of Akt and ERK. The inhibitory effect produced by GHRH antagonist can result in part from inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways and from the reduction in GHRH produced by cancer cells. Our findings support the role of GHRH as an autocrine growth factor in prostate cancer and suggest that antagonists of GHRH should be considered for further development as therapy for CRPC.
PNAct: Crafting Backdoor Attacks in Safe Reinforcement Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is widely used in tasks where agents interact with an environment to maximize rewards. Building on this foundation, Safe Reinforcement Learning (Safe RL) incorporates a cost metric alongside the reward metric, ensuring that agents adhere to safety constraints during decision-making. In this paper, we identify that Safe RL is vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which can manipulate agents into performing unsafe actions. First, we introduce the relevant concepts and evaluation metrics for backdoor attacks in Safe RL. It is the first attack framework in the Safe RL field that involves both Positive and Negative Action sample (PNAct) is to implant backdoors, where positive action samples provide reference actions and negative action samples indicate actions to be avoided. We theoretically point out the properties of PNAct and design an attack algorithm. Finally, we conduct experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed backdoor attack framework, evaluating it with the established metrics. This paper highlights the potential risks associated with Safe RL and underscores the feasibility of such attacks. Our code and supplementary material are available at https://github.com/azure-123/PNAct.
Going beyond information given : how approach versus avoidance motivational cues influence encoding of meaning and details

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In five studies we investigated how approach versus avoidance motivational cues affect thinking styles. Based on the cognitive tuning account we proposed that approach motivation facilitates abstract thinking and impedes concrete thinking, whereas the reverse is true for avoidance motivation. Individuals with an approach motivation go beyond the information given and focus on its central meaning, whereas individuals with an avoidance motivation focus on the externally provided information and attend to the specifics and contextual features of the information at hand. Two experiments using the perceptual interference paradigm that distinguishes between encoding of meaning and perceptual details demonstrated the influence of motivational cues on thinking styles: Participants engaging in arm flexion (approach motivation) recalled more perceptual interference than intact items, which is attributed to higher-level, interpretative encoding operations; participants engaging in arm extension (avoidance motivation) recalled more intact than perceptual interference items, which is attributed to elaborative encoding operations that go beyond the immediate interpretation and examine the distinctive stimulus characteristics. Two subsequent experiments demonstrated that encoding of perceptual interference versus intact items is bidirectionally linked to global versus local perception, suggesting that both courses of action involve processing structural relations among elements or, respectively, of perceptual details. The fifth experiment showed that participants with an approach motivation processed abstract why-aspects of action more fluently than concrete how-aspects of action, whereas participants with an avoidance motivation processed how-aspects more fluently than why-aspects. Altogether, the results suggest a functional compatibility between motivational orientations and thinking styles. Implications for research on person perception and text understanding are discussed.
Susceptibility of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> larvae to temephos with and without synergists.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

+<p>Significant difference.</p><p>LC<sub>50</sub>: Lethal concentration at which 50% of the population is killed.</p><p>RR<sub>50</sub>: Resistance ratio at LC<sub>50</sub>, calculated as the ratio between Cucuta and NO LC<sub>50</sub>.</p><p>SR<sub>50</sub>: Synergism ratio at a LC<sub>50</sub>, calculated for each strain as the ratio between the LC<sub>50</sub> of the treatment without synergist and the LC<sub>50</sub> using each synergist.</p><p>DEM (diethyl maleate); PBO (piperonyl butoxide, 5-((2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethoxy) methyl)-6-propyl-1,3-benzodiox-ole); DEF (S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate.</p>
Pengembangan Modul Pedoman Guru dalam Mendesain Instrumen Penilaian Matematika Berbasis Pemecahan Masalah Matematika

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the process, specifications, and teacher's perception of developing a teacher guidance module in making mathematical assessment instruments based on mathematical problem-solving. This study uses the Research and Development method which is used to produce certain products, namely teacher guidance modules. The development model used in this study is the development model that Marshall et al. (2009), Tryon and Bishop et al (2012) and Rusdi (2018) combined by researchers into references. The steps consist of the problem and need analysis, literature review, product design, validity, practitioner trials. The research subjects in this development were two validators consisting of material expert validators, instrument design expert test validators, and five practitioners. The type of data taken in this study is qualitative data. The instrument used in the study was an open questionnaire. The process stages in developing are (a) Analysis of problems and needs, (b) literature review, (c) product design, (d) validity, (e) trial practitioners. The product specifications developed in the module are that there are three chapters on introduction, concepts, and procedures accompanied by examples by using types of problem-solving, namely problem-solving design and story problem. Teacher's perception in the teacher guidance module is positive, of the five practitioners recommending that it be used as a guide in making problem-solving problems.
Site fertility and soil water‐table level affect fungal biomass production and community composition in boreal peatland forests

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary A substantial amount of below‐ground carbon (C) is suggested to be associated with fungi, which may significantly affect the soil C balance in forested ecosystems. Ergosterol from in‐growth mesh bags and litterbags was used to estimate fungal biomass production and community composition in drained peatland forests with differing fertility. Extramatrical mycelia (EMM) biomass production was generally higher in the nutrient‐poor site, increased with deeper water table level and decreased along the length of the recovery time. EMM biomass production was of the same magnitude as in mineral‐soil forests. Saprotrophic fungal biomass production was higher in the nutrient‐rich site. Both ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprotrophic fungal community composition changed according to site fertility and water table level. ECM fungal community composition with different exploration types may explain the differences in fungal biomass production between peatland forests. Melanin‐rich Hyaloscypha may indicate decreased turnover of biomass in nutrient‐rich young peatland forest. Genera Lactarius and Laccaria may be important in nutrient rich and Piloderma in the nutrient‐poor conditions, respectively. Furthermore, Paxillus involutus and Cortinarius sp. may be important generalists in all sites and responsible for EMM biomass production during the first summer months. Saprotrophs showed a functionally more diverse fungal community in the nutrient‐rich site.
Perceptions of Partners' Attributions for Depression in Relation to Perceptions of Support and Conflict in Romantic Relationships

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

People's attributions for their own psychological problems are linked to their interpersonal behaviors and attitudes. However, depressed individuals' inferences about their romantic partners' attributions for their depressive symptoms have yet to be studied in relation to their perceptions of relationship quality. This study examined perceived support from and conflict with partners in relation to perceptions of partners' attributions for depression in 165 individuals experiencing at least mild depressive symptoms. After controlling for relevant demographic characteristics, perceived internal/controllable psychological attributions were related to greater perceived conflict and lower perceived support, and perceived controllable biological attributions were related to greater perceived conflict. Perceived external/uncontrollable psychological and uncontrollable biological attributions were unrelated to perceived support and conflict. Findings suggest that perceived attributions may help explain the link between depression, support, and conflict in romantic relationships.
Unsupervised natural language processing in the identification of patients with suspected COVID-19 infection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome benefit from health promotion programs. Their rapid identification is important for the cost-effective use of these programs. Traditional identification techniques perform poorly especially in pandemics. A descriptive observational study was carried out using 105,008 prior authorizations paid by a private health care provider with the application of an unsupervised natural language processing method by topic modeling to identify patients suspected of being infected by COVID-19. A total of 6 models were generated: 3 using the BERTopic algorithm and 3 Word2Vec models. The BERTopic model automatically creates disease groups. In the Word2Vec model, manual analysis of the first 100 cases of each topic was necessary to define the topics related to COVID-19. The BERTopic model with more than 1,000 authorizations per topic without word treatment selected more severe patients - average cost per prior authorizations paid of BRL 10,206 and total expenditure of BRL 20.3 million (5.4%) in 1,987 prior authorizations (1.9%). It had 70% accuracy compared to human analysis and 20% of cases with potential interest, all subject to analysis for inclusion in a health promotion program. It had an important loss of cases when compared to the traditional research model with structured language and identified other groups of diseases - orthopedic, mental and cancer. The BERTopic model served as an exploratory method to be used in case labeling and subsequent application in supervised models. The automatic identification of other diseases raises ethical questions about the treatment of health information by machine learning.
Physicochemical Characterization of Ethoxylation Products of Fatty Acid Esters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The processes of direct ethoxylation of methyl and ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids have been described. Two different types of catalysts were employed in those tests: calcium-based catalyst and aluminum-magnesium-based catalyst. Compositions of the synthesized oxyethylates were analyzed with the use of the GC/FID, GC/MS, GPC, and HPLC, HPLC/MS, MALDI methods. Comparative evaluation of the obtained products for both types of catalysts was run in terms of reaction by-products. Biodegradation tests of the oxyethylated products were carried out according to OECD guidelines and physical and chemical properties of oxyethylates were specified which affects the directions of their applications.
Assessment of the alveolar bone support of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: A cone-beam computed tomography study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the bone support of the teeth adjacent to a cleft using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The CBCT scans of 31 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) were assessed. The data for teeth neighboring the cleft were compared with those of contralateral noncleft teeth. For each tooth analyzed, the distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the bone crest (AC) at the buccal side was measured as was the thickness of the buccal bone level at 0, 1, 2, and 4 mm. Results: The bone thicknesses of the central teeth at the cleft region at the crest and 2 mm apically were statistically significantly thinner than that of the central incisor at a noncleft region. The CEJ-AC distance for central teeth at the cleft region was higher than that for central teeth in a noncleft region. Conclusions: Subjects with UCLP showed reduced bone support at teeth neighboring the cleft compared with controls. This may cause some problems during orthodontic treatment.
Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 6. Nickel and cadmium in yolo loam soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp.) were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxicity effects of excesses of Ni and Cd. A 200 μg/g level of Ni in soil reduced yield by 60% in Acala SJ‐2 and by 83% in Giza 45. The leaf Ni concentrations, respectively, were 146 and 165 μg/g‐ The 300 μg/g level of Cd decreased leaf yields by 60% and 75% for the two cultivars, respectively. Leaf concentrations of Cd, respectively, were 43 and 63 μg/g. There was a stem to leaf gradient of Cd for all cases. High Cd did not depress Mn concentrations in plants . as in other species but there were many mineral element interactions.
Multiculturalist Reflections about Multicultural Education : The Topography of Multicultural Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

국내에서 지난 십수 년간 다문화교육 정책이 다각도로 추진되어 오면서 여러 괄목할만한 성과가 있었다. 하지만 정작 다문화교육이 무엇인지에 대해서는 정책 및 실천 영역 모두에서 여러 혼란과 오해가 지속되고 있는 것이 현 실이다. 본 연구는 다문화교육의 개념을 다문화주의 관점에 기초하여 재조명함으로써 다문화교육의 실천과 정책 에 대한 논의를 통합적으로 정교화하는 데 기여하고자 한다. 본고는 다문화교육이 본질적으로 다문화주의적 교 육이라는 점을 밝히고, 공동체주의적 다문화주의, 자유주의적 다문화주의, 비판적 다문화주의 관점에서 다문화 교육이 각각 어떻게 개념화되는지를 살펴봄으로써 다문화교육 개념의 지형을 이해할 수 있는 틀을 제시한다. 이 러한 틀을 기초로, 다문화교육이 교수학적 실천 측면에서뿐만 아니라 교육시스템 차원의 제도 변화 및 정책 설계 의 측면에서 함께 이해되고 정교하게 분석･평가되어야 할 필요성을 논의한다.
Hyperbolic Shear Metasurfaces

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polar dielectrics with low crystal symmetry and sharp phonon resonances can support hyperbolic shear polaritons - highly confined surface modes with frequency-dependent optical axes and asymmetric dissipation features. So far, these modes have been observed only in bulk natural materials at mid-infrared frequencies, with properties limited by available crystal geometries and phonon resonance strength. Here we introduce hyperbolic shear metasurfaces: ultrathin engineered surfaces supporting hyperbolic surface modes with symmetry-tailored axial dispersion and loss redistribution that can maximally enhance light-matter interactions. By engineering effective shear phenomena in these engineered surfaces, we demonstrate geometry-controlled, ultra-confined, low-loss hyperbolic surface waves with broadband Purcell enhancements, applicable across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum.