jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Non-pancreatitis-Related Abdominal Pain Following ERCP in Patients With Pancreas Divisum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Non-pancreatitis Post ERCP abdominal pain (NPPEP) is not uncommon following ERCP with minor papilla therapy. ERCP for pancreas divisum is technically demanding procedure requiring direct pancreatic duct manipulation. Non-Pancreatitis related pain following ERCP in patients with divisum has not been well evaluated. Methods: A retrospective case-control study in patients with divisum undergoing ERCP was conducted. NPPEP was defined as post ERCP abdominal pain without clinical, biochemical and radiological evidence of post ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Patients with a diagnosis of PEP were excluded. Patients with NPPEP were compared with procedural complexity-matched controls without post ERCP abdominal pain in 1:2 ratio for demographic and procedure related factors. Descriptive analysis as well as paired t test and chi-square test were performed for analysis. Results: A total of 174 ERCPs performed in patients with divisum were reviewed. Out of all procedures, the incidence of NPPEP was 14%. (24/174) which was significantly higher than observed incidence of PEP of 5% (9/174) (P - 0.006). In patients with NPPEP, the average age was 34.6 years, 60% were male, 70% were Caucasian. 77% had complete divisum. 37% procedures were performed on native papilla. 80% procedures were ASGE complexity grade 3. The patients with NPPEP were admitted for an average of 3.3 days. 40% received rectal Indomethacin during the procedure. The average procedure time was 71.5 mins. 40% of patients were active smokers and 40% drank alcohol. 50% of patients were on home opioids. Compared to an ASGE complexity-matched control group, patients in the NPPEP group were younger (35 vs. 55 years, P=0.02). ROC curves showed age <49 years had sensitivity and specificity of of 64% and 63% respectively. There were no other differences in demographics and procedure related interventions between the two groups. Conclusion: The incidence of NPPEP was 17%, significantly higher than the observed incidence of PEP in this cohort. NPPEP was more common in younger patients (<49 years). Neither Indomethacin nor minor papilla stent placement impacted the risk of NPPEP. Attention to the rate of NPPEP following minor papilla intervention may help allay unnecessary testing in patients undergoing ERCP with minor papilla therapy. In the study institution, many patients have a scheduled admission following the index ERCP for pancreas divisum for close observation and pain management.Table: Table. Comparison between patients with non-pancreatitis post-ERCP pain (NPPEP) with patients without any post-procedure complications
Reducing the burden of atopic dermatitis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Long-term depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent weakening of synaptic efficacy at individual inhibitory synapses, a possible cellular model of learning and memory. Here, we show that the induction of LTD of inhibitory transmission recruits activated calcineurin (CaN) to dephosphorylate type-A GABA receptor (GABAARs) via the direct binding of CaN catalytic domain to the second intracellular domain of the GABAAR-γ2subunits. Prevention of the CaN–GABAA receptor complex formation by expression of an autoinhibitory domain of CaN in the hippocampus of transgenic mice blocks the induction of LTD. Conversely, genetic expression of the CaN catalytic domain in the hippocampus depresses inhibitory synaptic responses, occluding LTD. Thus, an activity-dependent physical and functional interaction between CaN and GABAA receptors is both necessary and sufficient for inducing LTD at CA1 individual inhibitory synapses.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Meta-Analysis of Microarray Data of Rainbow Trout Fry Gonad Differentiation Modulated by Ethynylestradiol

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sex differentiation in fish is a highly labile process easily reversed by the use of exogenous hormonal treatment and has led to environmental concerns since low doses of estrogenic molecules can adversely impact fish reproduction. The goal of this study was to identify pathways altered by treatment with ethynylestradiol (EE2) in developing fish and to find new target genes to be tested further for their possible role in male-to-female sex transdifferen-tiation. To this end, we have successfully adapted a previously developed bioinformatics workflow to a meta-analysis of two datasets studying sex reversal following exposure to EE2 in juvenile rainbow trout. The meta-analysis consisted of retrieving the intersection of the top gene lists generated for both datasets, performed at different levels of stringency. The intersecting gene lists, enriched in true positive differentially expressed genes (DEGs), were subjected to over-representation analysis (ORA) which allowed identifying several statistically significant enriched pathways altered by EE2 treatment and several new candi-date pathways, such as progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation and PPAR signalling. Moreover, several relevant key genes potentially implicated in the early transdifferentiation
Numerical Energy Dissipation for Time-Fractional Phase-Field Equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The numerical integration of phase-field equations is a delicate task which needs to recover at the discrete level intrinsic properties of the solution such as energy dissipation and maximum principle. Although the theory of energy dissipation for classical phase field models is well established, the corresponding theory for time-fractional phase-field models is still incomplete. In this article, we study certain nonlocal-in-time energies using the first-order stabilized semi-implicit L1 scheme. In particular, we will establish a discrete fractional energy law and a discrete weighted energy law. The extension for a $(2-α)$-order L1 scalar auxiliary variable scheme will be investigated. Moreover, we demonstrate that the energy bound is preserved for the L1 schemes with nonuniform time steps. Several numerical experiments are carried to verify our theoretical analysis.
Agenesis of all premolars – the first reported case

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract The agenesis of teeth is the most common developmental anomaly in humans. Although third molars, mandibular second premolars, maxillary lateral incisors and maxillary second premolars are frequently found to be missing, the absence of all premolars has never been reported in the literature. This case report highlights the first-ever case of the complete agenesis of premolars in a 10-year-old male patient. It also discusses related definitions; commonly missing teeth and their prevalence; associated dental and skeletal features; genetic, drug-related and pathogenic etiological factors; and considerations for the future management of such cases.
The Oxygen Transfer and Oxygen Uptake in Antibiotic Fermentation using Streptomyces kanamyceticus

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the present study was to assess the oxygen transfer rate and oxygen uptake rate in antibiotic fermentation. As a model study, cultures of Streptomyces kanamyceticus in a complex medium were analyzed to evaluate the oxygen transfer and uptake rates using oxygen balance technique. Quantitative evidence for the effect of oxygen transfer rate on the volumetric antibiotic production was clearly demonstrated. The oxygen uptake rates and the specific oxygen requirements were significantly changed with culture time. Those phenomena were indicative of biological turnover in the antibiotic fermentation
Exchange bias-like effect in TbFeAl intermetallic induced by atomic disorder

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Exchange bias-like effect observed in the intermetallic compound TbFeAl, which displays a magnetic phase transition at $T^h_c \approx$ 198~K and a second one at $T^l_c \approx$ 154~K, is reported. {\em Jump}-like features are observed in the isothermal magnetization, $M (H)$, at 2~K which disappear above 8~K. The field-cooled magnetization isotherms below 10~K show loop-shifts that are reminiscent of exchange bias, also supported by {\em training effect}. Significant coercive field, $H_c \approx$ 1.5~T at 2~K is observed in TbFeAl which, after an initial increase, shows subsequent decrease with temperature. The exchange bias field, $H_{eb}$, shows a slight increase and subsequent leveling off with temperature. It is argued that the inherent crystallographic disorder among Fe and Al and the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy related to Tb$^{3+}$ lead to the exchange bias effect. TbFeAl is recently reported to show magnetocaloric effect and the present discovery of exchange bias makes this compound a multifunctional one. The result obtained on TbFeAl generalizes the observation of exchange bias in crystallographically disordered materials and gives impetus for the search for materials with {\em exchange bias induced by atomic disorder.}
Thousands of Positive Reviews: Distributed Mentoring in Online Fan Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Young people worldwide are participating in ever-increasing numbers in online fan communities. Far from mere shallow repositories of pop culture, these sites are accumulating significant evidence that sophisticated informal learning is taking place online in novel and unexpected ways. In order to understand and analyze in more detail how learning might be occurring, we conducted an in-depth nine-month ethnographic investigation of online fanfiction communities, including participant observation and fanfiction author interviews. Our observations led to the development of a theory we term distributed mentoring, which we present in detail in this paper. Distributed mentoring exemplifies one instance of how networked technology affords new extensions of behaviors that were previously bounded by time and space. Distributed mentoring holds potential for application beyond the spontaneous mentoring observed in this investigation and may help students receive diverse, thoughtful feedback in formal learning environments as well.
The trends of assisted reproductive technologies and cost for ovarian stimulation protocols in Ukraine

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of infertility has risen 2.9 times in recent years in Ukraine. The use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is needed. The State program for infertility treatment by budget funds was approved in Ukraine since 2004. However, funding for this program is enough only for 500–600 cycles per year, but ART centers conducted more than 27,000 cycles in 2018. This means that many women have to pay out-of-pockets. Our research has shown that between 2000 and 2018, the number of ART clinics and the number of cycles, pregnancies, and children born increased significantly in Ukraine. The rate of ART cycles per 1 million population in Ukraine has increased from 226.9 to 655.3, but it is lower than the WHO recommended rate 800–1000 cycles per 1 million population. Changes in the structure of ART cycles for 2000–2018, the increase of ICSI, and egg donation cycles are shown. It requires an adequate supply by hormonal drugs for ovarian stimulation in ART centers. Since 2004 Ministry of Health of Ukraine annually approved the list of medicines for State program of ART. Only 8 drugs were purchased by the state funds, which amounted for USD 227 438 in 2017, 2018. A retrospective analysis of drug prescriptions in short and long stimulation protocols was performed. The frequency of drug prescriptions according to the ATC-classification based on medical records was determined, all prescriptions were accordance with the requirements of ART treatment standards in Ukraine. The costs of the three hormonal stimulation schemes, which were the most prescribing in ART center, were calculated. It was found that costs for hormonal schemes increased by 22–54% during 2015–2020, it significantly reduces the availability and affordability of ART for the population in Ukraine.
Left Main Coronary Artery Atresia and Associated Cardiac Defects: Report on Concomitant Surgical Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 9-year-old boy with congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery underwent myocardial revascularization. Coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect were diagnosed at the age of 1 year. At age 7 years, the child presented with syncope while exercising. Preoperative evaluation included cardiac catheterization which revealed the unexpected finding of congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery with origin of the circumflex artery from the right coronary artery. Surgical correction included myocardial revascularization by means of left internal mammary artery graft to the anterior descending coronary artery, coarctation resection, and ventricular septal defect repair. The patient recovered uneventfully. We report the details of this extremely rare case with successful concomitant surgical management of the congenital coronary artery anomaly and the associated structural heart disease.
The Allure of the Improbable:Fingal,Evidence, and the Testimony of the “Echoing Heath”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While James Macpherson's epic translation Fingal has usually been marshaled as evidence or impugned for its lack thereof, it actually bears a reflexive and critical relation to the issue of evidence in eighteenth-century British culture. On the one hand, the text elicits the ubiquitous logic of probability that was coming to shape the epistemology of legal evidence as well as parallel formations in commercial society and even in theories of the novel; on the other hand, however, the text counteracts this logic by highlighting its own affiliation with the improbability of witness testimony. Such testimony—improbable because widely differentiated from the deliberations of jurors, for example—increasingly came to reflect the relation of literature to the legal, scientific, and philosophical discourses of knowledge. Fingal shows how the improbability of the Scottish Highlands began symbolically to enable configurations of literary form as a vehicle of social critique.
Analysis and reduction of radiated EMI noise from converter systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

It is well known that high dv/dt rates on switching devices are the source of EMI noise. This paper describes a mechanism and reduction methods of radiated EMI noise on IGBTs. The radiated EMI noise is generated by oscillating current flowing through the IGBT's output capacity and the snubber circuit, which we call equivalent circuit of radiated EMI noise. The oscillating current of the equivalent circuit is forced to flow by high dv/dt rates of IGBT switching operation. Radiated EMI noise can be analyzed by frequency evolution of oscillating current. The results of this analysis show the relationship of high-frequency impedance of the equivalent circuit to radiated EMI noise, as well as the behavior of the IGBT's switching voltage waveform. In addition, it is indicated that using a di/dt control gate drive circuit is effective as a means for reducing radiated EMI noise. It is clarified that the standard for industrial equipment of CISPR can be satisfied by using the proposed gate drive circuit. The effects of the method have been verified by experimental and simulational results. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 106–117, 2000
EL CAMINO A LA COMPLEJIDAD: POR QUÉ LA ECONOMÍA DEBERÍA SEGUIR A LA FÍSICA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this contribution we will show that the mainstream of contemporary economics, after its initial development in XIXth century analytical and conceptual framework of classical Physics, is still anchored to its conceptual core, the general equilibrium theory, neglecting the evolution of physics itself towards the treatment of complex systems, and even the nature of its own knowledge object. For that, after a short summary of classical physics formalism and of the own neoclassical economics, we will analyze the evolution of both disciplines throughout the last century, with particular attention being focused on the development of thermodynamics from its original equilibrium formalism until the formalization of the concept of dissipative structures in nonlinear thermodynamics. Finally, we outpoint some lines along which we consider the adaptation of economics to contemporary physics must be done.
Policy strategies for effective implementation of inclusive education in Kenya

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Educational frameworks mandate schools to adopt, design and implement strategies that support inclusive education. Despite the inclusive education policy, disability remains a major course of exclusion in learning institutions. The paper discusses the impact of school strategies in overcoming physical barriers that hinder the implementation of inclusive education. The actual sample constituted 151 respondents. The data were collected using questionnaires to identify views from 100 teachers teaching learners with disabilities, interviews from 11 learners with disabilities to discuss personal experiences on physical barriers and 5 focus groups discussions with non-disabled learners learning in the same classroom with learners with disabilities. The study was guided by Social Model of Disability and adopted a mixed method research design. Quantitative data were analyzed using inferential statistics. The ANOVA and t-test were done to test the study hypotheses. Qualitative data were organized by developing codes, then categorized into themes and presented in a narrative form. Linear regression was carried out to check the linear relationships between the variables. The study established the school strategies were not anchored in overcoming physical barriers that hindered the implementation of inclusive education, with various challenges affecting the strategies. For this reason, learners with disabilities have to adjust to get the needed education or drop out of school. Therefore, the study concluded that ineffective school strategies contributed to lack of overcoming physical barriers and this negatively impacted the implementation of inclusive education in schools. School transformation founded on clear inclusive education vision and philosophy, policies and inclusive strategies are necessary to overcome physical barriers hindering the implementation of inclusive education. Key words: Practices, policy, inclusion, school strategies, physical barriers.
[Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Recommended precautions for patient management and diagnostic procedures (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The virus of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease differs from conventional viruses in its extraordinary resistance to commonly used physical and chemical methods of decontamination. Autoclaving the virus for 1 hour at 121 degrees C and 2 atmospheres pressure is the most certain means for achieving total inactivation. Exposure to 5 p. 100 hypochlorite for several hours can also totally inactivate the virus, and exposure to phenol or potassium permanganate is probably effective, but as yet insufficiently tested.
Efficient and Innocuous Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Microglia Using an Amphiphilic Dendrimer Nanovector

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aim: Alterations of microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, are associated with numerous brain pathologies. Genetic manipulation of microglia in diseases using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is hampered by the lack of safe and efficient siRNA delivery methods. We assessed the amphiphilic dendrimer (AD) for functional siRNA delivery and gene knockdown in primary microglia. Materials & methods: We characterized the ability of AD to form nanoparticles with siRNA, and studied their size, surface potential, cell uptake and gene silencing in rodent microglia. Results: AD effectively delivered siRNA to primary microglia and decreased target gene and protein expression, leading to transcriptomic changes without affecting basal microglial functions. Conclusion: The dendrimer AD promises to be an innocuous carrier for siRNA delivery into microglia.
The bamboo raft as a key to the introduction of the sweet potato in prehistoric Polynesia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The idea that American Indians played no part in Polynesian prehistory originated with J.R. Forster, a companion of Cook on his second voyage. Forster made a comparative study of five Polynesian languages, using a basic list of 40 words that included 'sweet potato'. He concluded that although there were many similarities between those languages and the languages of Southeast Asia, 'no distant or accidental similarity' existed between the Polynesian and American languages. Moreover, the 'wretchedness and small size' of American sailing craft proved 'incontestably' that the Pacific Islanders had not originated in the Americas. The premises for Forster's claims have long been proved to be wrong. Yet many scholars still accept his main conclusion. This article contraverts that view. It argues that voyagers from Mindanao crossed the Pacific to Ecuador in about 200 BC on a bamboo raft and that this became the prototype of the balsa rafts of Ecuador and Peru of early Spanish times. Such rafts made prehistoric voyages to Mexico, south-central Chile, and the Galapagos Islands. Easter Island's first settlers, it is argued, were drifted there in a balsa raft. A new claim that Polynesians from Easter Island sailed to South America and returned with the sweet potato and bottle gourd is also discussed.
ELF propagation measurements

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An experimental measurement program has been conducted to determine parameters for propagation in the 40-50 and 70-80 Hz range. These measurements have utilized a transmitter in Wisconsin radiating approximately 0.25W at 45Hz and 0.5W at 75 Hz. Simple sinusoidal signals have been received and estimated at several sites, some on the same great circle path. Sites have been located in Nova Scotia, Utah, Hawaii, Norway, Greece and Saipan. Based on a simplified propagation model it has been possible to estimate attenuation rates and mode excitation factors with high accuracy subject to some constraints which are discussed. Both daytime and nighttime attenuation rates and excitation factors are discussed.