jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Repetitive TMS and synaptic plasticity – what is the link?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

During the last two decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has rapidly become a valuable method to investigate non-invasively the human brain. Depending on the stimulation parameters, TMS is able to excite or inhibit the brain, and offers opportunities to study various aspects of brain functioning. It can be used as a tool to explore the excitability of different regions, but it also offers the possibility to localize brain functions in space and time. Furthermore, repetitive TMS (rTMS) is able to induce changes in brain activity that last after stimulation. Therefore, rTMS has therapeutic potential in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders like stroke, major depression disorder and schizophrenia. \nThe question is, however, by which mechanisms rTMS influences the brain, resulting in these lasting effects. An appealing hypothesis is that the effects of rTMS on the brain are LTD- or LTP-like, as the lasting effects seem to implicate changes in synaptic plasticity. However, is this assumption supported by experiments and is it possible to be more specific about the way rTMS affects the brain? That is the topic of discussion in this thesis. \nIn the first part, we will discuss several forms of synaptic plasticity and the mechanisms underlying these processes. Secondly, different rTMS protocols will be described. In part III, we present several lines of evidence that suggest a link between the effects of rTMS on the one hand and the processes involved in synaptic plasticity on the other. We then discuss these results (part IV), and state that, although these results are important and to a certain extent give insight into the mechanism by which rTMS modifies the brain, they do not provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that rTMS alters synaptic plasticity. In addition, focusing on the synaptic level seems to be too narrow because rTMS-effects can be widespread through the brain. In part V, we look forward to the future of rTMS. We strongly emphasize the need for innovating research in order to investigate the long-lasting effects of rTMS on the human brain into more detail and give suggestions for such experiments. In addition, we point out the importance of such research for the improvement of rTMS as a treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders. \nTo conclude, we state there are strong indications for a link between rTMS and synaptic plasticity. However, the details of this link need to be further investigated. Future research needs to examine both the local effects of rTMS on the synapse and the effects of rTMS on other, more global levels of brain organization. Only in that way can the after-effects of rTMS on the brain be completely understood.
Microcalorimetric investigation of dilute and concentrated solutions and films of the polydeoxynucleotide poly[d(A‐T)·d(A‐T)]

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Microcalorimetric heat capacity measurements on dilute and concentrated solutions and films of poly[d(A‐T)·d(A‐T)] in 2 M sodium chloride have been carried out. Values for enthalpy, entropy, and temperature of the helix–coil transition have been found to depend on the polymer concentration, and to have maxima near 20% (w/w) of polymer. The results are discussed in terms of polynucleotide hydration as one of the structure stabilizing factors.
Discriminating Paradoxical and Psychophysiological Insomnia Based on Structural and Functional Brain Images: A Preliminary Machine Learning Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Insomnia disorder (ID) is a prevalent mental illness. Several behavioral and neuroimaging studies suggested that ID is a heterogenous condition with various subtypes. However, neurobiological alterations in different subtypes of ID are poorly understood. We aimed to assess whether unimodal and multimodal whole-brain neuroimaging measurements can discriminate two commonly described ID subtypes (i.e., paradoxical and psychophysiological insomnia) from each other and healthy subjects. We obtained T1-weighted images and resting-state fMRI from 34 patients with ID and 48 healthy controls. The outcome measures were grey matter volume, cortical thickness, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, degree centrality, and regional homogeneity. Subsequently, we applied support vector machines to classify subjects via unimodal and multimodal measures. The results of the multimodal classification were superior to those of unimodal approaches, i.e., we achieved 81% accuracy in separating psychophysiological vs. control, 87% for paradoxical vs. control, and 89% for paradoxical vs. psychophysiological insomnia. This preliminary study provides evidence that structural and functional brain data can help to distinguish two common subtypes of ID from each other and healthy subjects. These initial findings may stimulate further research to identify the underlying mechanism of each subtype and develop personalized treatments for ID in the future.
Complex Genetic Evolution of Self-Replicating Loops

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It is generally believed that self-replication models constructed on cellular automata have quite limited evolutionary dynamics in both diversity and adaptative behavior. Contrary to this view, we show that complex genetic diversification and adaptation processes may occur in self-replicating loop populations. Applying newly developed tools for detailed genetic identification and genealogy tracing to evoloop populations, we uncovered a genotypic permutation space that expands combinatorially with replicator size. Within this space populations demonstrate broad behavioral diversity and non-trivial genetic adaptation, maximizing colony density while enhancing sustainability against other species. We also found a set of non-mutable subsequences enabling genetic operations that alter fitness differentials and promote long-term evolutionary exploration. These results reveal the amazing potential of cellular automata to re-create complex genetic evolution of selfreplicators in a simple, deterministic framework.
NRF‐1 overexpression increases GLUT4 via MEF2A

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpression of nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1 increases transcription of myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2A and GLUT4 expression in muscle cells and mice, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine if the increase in GLUT4 is mediated via MEF-2A. MEF-2A expression was silenced using siRNA in C2C12 myotubes wherein NRF-1 was overexpressed using the TET-ON gene expression system. NRF-1 overexpression and MEF2A silencing were induced by incubating myotubes in medium containing 2μg/ml doxycycline (DOX) and MEF2A specific siRNA (80 pmole) respectively for 72 hours. Western blot analysis revealed that when myotubes were incubated with DOX but not MEF2A siRNA, NRF-1, MEF2A and GLUT4 levels increased 3 and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared to controls. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that glut4 promoter-bound MEF2A was also significantly (p<0.005) increased. Inclusion of MEF2A siRNA in the medium decreased MEF2A and GLUT4 levels by 50%, and abolished the increase in glut4 promoter-bound MEF2A. These results lead to the conclusion that NRF-1 overexpression increases GLUT4 expression via MEF2A. Research supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa
In vitro, follicle-stimulating hormone prevents apoptosis and stimulates deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the rat seminiferous epithelium in a stage-specific fashion.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effects of FSH on stage-specific apoptosis and DNA synthesis in the adult rat seminiferous epithelium were studied in vitro. Seminiferous tubular segments from stages I, V, VIIa, and VIII-IX were cultured for 24, 48, and 72 h in different concentrations of FSH. Apoptotic cells were detected by in situ end labeling of DNA strands and quantified from squash preparations. After 48 h of culture, a FSH concentration of 2 ng/ml prevented apoptosis of early (steps 1-3) spermatids. In stage VIII-IX tubules cultured for 72 h, FSH decreased the apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes. An apoptotic type of cell death of germ cells was confirmed by DNA laddering, electron microscopy, supravital acridine orange staining, and phase contrast microscopy of unstained living cells. The effects of FSH on stage-specific DNA synthesis were studied using the same culture system. FSH increased [3H]thymidine incorporation specifically at stages I and VIII-IX, and autoradiography confirmed stimulation of mitotic and meiotic DNA synthesis in type B spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes, respectively. Increased thymidine incorporation also suggested that FSH stimulated DNA synthesis of type A and intermediate spermatogonia. Most effects exerted by FSH were seen in stages containing high levels of FSH receptors and FSH-stimulated cAMP production. In conclusion, the results suggest that FSH, probably acting via Sertoli cells, has a regulatory function in spermatogenic apoptosis and DNA synthesis in stages previously demonstrated to be preferentially dependent on FSH stimulation.
Master-slave synchronization in the Rayleigh and Duffing oscillators via elastic and dissipative couplings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this work, a master-slave configuration to obtain synchronization between the Rayleigh and the Duffing oscillators is studied. For this configuration, we analyze the system when the dissipative coupling and one that combines the elastic and dissipative couplings are used. We analyzed the coupling parameters to find the range where synchronization between the oscillators is achieved. We found synchronization in the oscillators for large values of the coupling parameter. Our numerical findings show that for the dissipative coupling, there exists partial synchronization while for the others there is complete synchronization.
Evaluation of beak and feather disease virus, avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus of captives psittacine birds in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Aims: Psittacine birds such as parrots, macaws, cockatoos, lovebirds and parakeets, are widely reared as household pets or at aviary due to their attractive features. However, the status of virus-causing diseases of psittacine species in Malaysia is fairly under-documented. Therefore, this study was aimed to detect the presence of three common avian viruses that infect psittacine birds, i.e. beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus. Methodology and results: Faecal samples from twelve asymptomatic captive psittacine birds of different species were collected from an undisclosed animal garden in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Briefly, the sample was homogenised and resuspended with SM buffer with the ratio 1:1 (weight of sample/g: volume of SM buffer/mL) before centrifugation at 1,000 × g for 20 min. The supernatant was collected and filtered before subjected to genomic DNA extraction using a commercialised kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to screen the V1, VP1 and L1 genes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus, respectively. Findings revealed that the samples were negative for BFDV and avian polyomavirus. However, positive results of 1.5 kbp PCR amplicon were detected for avian papillomavirus in four out of the 12 samples (33.33%), which was from the white-crested cockatoo, African grey parrot, yellow-collared macaw and Senegal parrot. Sequence analysis of the L1 gene from the Senegal parrot Poicephalus senegalus revealed 93% identity to a reference Psittacus erithacus timneh avian papillomavirus. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This study added to the limited prevalence data of three important avian viruses which infect captive psittacines in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia. Avian papillomavirus, but not BFDV and avian polyomavirus, was detected in the collected captive psittacine birds. Therefore, a routine screening can be performed to monitor the health status of birds despite their asymptomatic manifestation, in order to prevent possible virus transmission.
A meta-analysis of efficacy of PARP inhibitors versus conventional therapy or placebo in various cancers patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Review question / Objective: The aims of this meta-analysis randomised controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of PARPis in various cancers, and the efficacy of PARPis in each cancer, efficacy of each PARPi, the difference between the use of PARPis in relapse and newly diagnosis of cancer.Condition being studied: Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world and become major public health problem that persists worldwide for a long time.Based on the data of human epidemiology, every day approximately 4950 people die of cancer in USA[1], and even worse is the fact that there are over 7500 people die of cancer in China[2].Cancer still faces the challenge of high recurrence rate after surgery and conventional chemotherapy which cannot meet the medical requirements of cancer patients for high survival at present, so more and more effective treatment schemes are needed.Molecular targeted therapy has a great potential of scientific research and a revolutionary breakthrough.An increasing number of clinical studies has demonstrated that targeted therapy plays an indispensable role in anti-tumor.Conveniently, some target therapy as oral drugs control the progression or death of cancer just like taking pills to treat hypertensive disorders and some chronic diseases.PARP inhibitor (PARPi), a novel cancer therapy targeting poly ADP ribose polymerase achieves noteworthy therapeutic effects of cancer.
Maturation of human fetal esophagus maintained in organ culture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this work was to study the human fetal esophagus maintained in organ culture. Esophageal explants from 8 fetuses aged from 12 to 16 weeks of gestation were cultured up to 21 days at 37°C in Leibovitz L‐15 serum‐free medium. Between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation, the esophagus has a stratified columnar ciliated epithelium, and glycogen aggregates are present in all cell layers. This morphology remains the same up to 5 days in culture. After 7 to 9 days, a vacuolization in the upper half layer occurs, leading to a lifting off of the ciliated layer and a flattening of the subjacent cells. After 15 days of culture, the esophageal epithelium is stratified squamous and the cells are exfoliated at the surface of the explants. Glycogen aggregates are still present in all layers. Islets of ciliated cells resting on the basal cell layers develop within the squamous epithelium. With the extension of the culture period up to 21 days, the general morphology of the epithelium does not change. The ultrastructural features of the newly formed squamous epithelium, with its basal lamina, are similar to that reported for human adult esophageal epithelium. During the course of the culture, the DNA synthesis continues as determined by autoradiography. It is concluded that it is possible to maintain viable human fetal esophagus in organ culture and that an accelerated maturation takes place leading to the formation of the adult esophageal epithelium.
Factors determining sleep in patients hospitalised in ICUs in a hospital in Northern Poland

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Evaluation of sleep quality and sleep-disturbing factors in patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Over 8 months, 83 persons were examined as part of the recruitment of patients hospitalised in the ICU. The interviewer conducted interviews with the patients on the third day following their discharge from the ICU. Patients had to successfully complete the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The patients whose results reflected their normal mental status were administered the Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire to evaluate the quality of sleep. A modified Freedman questionnaire was then administered. It was discovered that factors which disturb sleep most include the measurement of vital signs (3.28/10) and light (3.18/10) (1 = no disturbance, 10 = significant disturbance). It was also determined that the higher the VAS reported during the first day in the ICU, the higher the importance of pain in sleep disturbance in the ICU, Z = − 2.65; p < 0.05. The study results indicate that sleep disturbance in an ICU results from many factors. A comprehensive approach to a patient's night rest is required. A reduction of sleep-disturbing factors could result in an improvement of the quality of sleep in an ICU. What remains to be done is to turn the attention of the medical staff working in an ICU to the importance of sleep and raise their awareness of the factors which may affect it.
Essential Oils of Twenty-sevenEucalyptusSpecies Grown in Morocco

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The essential oils of 27 Eucalyptus species of Moroccan origin have been examined using GC and GC/MS. Forty constituents were identified in the oils, although full chemical characterization of each oil was not achieved. Fifteen of the 27 species investigated were found to possess an oil rich in 1,8-cineole (>40%). In four species, E. globulus, E. melliodora, E. siderophloia and E. maideni, the 1,8-cineole content exceeded 70% while the α-phellandrene percentage was less than 1%. E. citriodora was found to possess an oil rich in citronellal (56%) while E. maculata possessed an oil rich in α-pinene (70%). KEY WORD INDEX: Moroccan Eucalyptus essential oil yieldessential oil composition1,8-cineole
Lingual Nerve Injury During Mandibular Third Molar Extraction: A Review

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The potential occurrence of lingual nerve injury represents a surgical risk associated with the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth.This compilation of studies and discussions provides a comprehensive exploration of lingual nerve injuries associated with mandibular third molar surgery.Various factors influencing the incidence, management, and outcomes of lingual nerve damage are scrutinized.The studies highlight the diverse range of complications, from temporary paresthesia to permanent deficits, emphasizing the need for vigilance in surgical approaches.Factors such as tooth impaction, surgeon experience, anatomical variations, and surgical techniques significantly contribute to lingual nerve injuries.This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on lingual nerve injuries, focusing on their etiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies.
Volume-rendered regional adipose tissue depots correlated with circulating hs-CRP as an independent clinical predictor for left atrial remodeling beyond BMI in asymptomatic population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The effect of body fat composition on left ventricular (LV) geometry has been recently recognized. However, the relationship between regional fat deposits and left atrium (LA) remodeling, especially of those adipose tissues surrounding the heart or central arteries, remains largely unexplored. Methods: We consecutively studied 361 asymptomatic subjects who underwent an annual health survey (age: 51.7±8.8, 31% female). LA diameter and volume measurements were obtained by conventional echo method. Pericardial (PCF) and thoracic periaortic adipose tissue (TAT) volumes were assessed by volume-rendered multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT, Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany). Results: In multivariable models adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, LV mass and medical histories, both increased PCF and VAT were independently associated with maximal LA volume (all p<0.05) while borderlinely associated with LA diameter in subjects with larger BMI (body-mass index). Hs-CRP-related modification effects on LA diameter and volume were only observed with PCF (interaction p=0.024). Model 1: adjusted for age; Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, BMI; Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, BMI, LV mass, history of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. † p<0.05. Conclusions: Accumulated regional adiposity in terms of pericardial fat may exert biological effects on left atrial remodeling, which may be partially mediated by exaggerated systemic inflammation.
Monitoring and environmental risk assessment of agricultural fungicide and insecticides in water, sediment from Kumkale Plain, Çanakkale-Turkey

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in 34 water and sediment samples taken from Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale-Turkey. Residue analyses were performed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. For method verification, blank sediment and water samples were spiked at two limits of quantification (LOQ) levels of the pesticides. Overall recovery was 81.66% for sediment and 91.50% for water samples. In sediment samples, chlorpyrifos-M had the highest concentration, pyridaben was encountered in the majority of the samples (15 samples) and the highest number of pesticides (35) was seen in sample no. s13. In water samples, methoxyfenozide had the greatest concentration, metalaxyl was encountered in the highest number of samples (three samples) and the highest number of pesticide (8) was seen in sample no.w13. Sample no. s13 and w13 were taken from around the fountain basin. Pyraclostrobin and chlorantraniliprole residues exceeded the national limits set for water. In terms of hazard quotient (HQ), pesticides in sediment and waters were found to be safe. Despite the safe nature of pesticide on samples, greater attention has been paid on toxicity of the residues. It was concluded that authorities should put strict regulations on agrochemicals to reduce health risks of these chemicals.
Masudul Alam Choudhury: Islamic critique and alternative to Financial engineering issues, Comment by مسعود العالم شودري: النقد الإسلامي والبديل لقضايا الهندسة المالية ، تعليق: محمد عمر فاروق

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This is definitely a scholarly paper of sufficient originality. Before I offer my critique, let me summarize the paper and identify its core aspects. 1. It argues that a financial system and its constituents “stand upon the assumptions of behavior, markets and institutions” of their respective methodological worldview. 2. The conventional financial institutions evolved from the Neoclassical worldview, which the author, coming from an Islamic background, totally rejects. ”The central point of risk-return analysis and interest-driven argumentation is shown to arise from the conformable preference, market and institutional ramifications of such argumentation in mainstream financial engineering. All these are premised on the epistemology of mainstream neoliberal and neoclassical worldview.” 3. Islam has its own methodological worldview and therefore Islamic financial system must be derived from its own Islamic worldview. ”In the case of the Islamic alternative, the mainstream financial engineering arguments and applications must be thorough revamped. Such an extensive transformation emanates from Islamic epistemological foundation, just as rationalism and economic rationality define the epistemological outlook of neo-liberalism and neoclassicism.” --