jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
AN OVERALL REVIEW ON TOPICAL PREPARATION-GEL

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Topical application has many advantages over the conventional dosage forms. In general, they are deemed more effective less toxic than conventional formulations due to the bilayer composition and structure. In the formulation of topical dosage forms,attempts are being made to utilize drug carriers that ensure adequate localization or penetration of the drug within or through the skin in order to enhance the local and minimize the systemic effects, or to ensure adequate percutaneous absorption. Topical preparation avoids the GI-irritation, prevent the metabolism of drug in the liver and increase the bioavailability of the drug. Topical preparations give its action directly at the site of action. In this review a detailed discussion was made on the properties, classification, characterization, preparation and applications of gel.
Architectural design features of a programmable high throughput reconfigurable SHA-2 Processor

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: The continued growth of both wired and wireless communications has triggered the revolution for the generation of new cryptographic algorithms. Hash functions are common and important cryptographic primitives, which are very critical for data integrity assurance and data origin authentication security services. Many hash algorithms have been investigated and developed in the last years. This work is related to hash functions FPGA implementation. SHA-2 hash family is a new standard in the widely used hash functions category. An architecture and the FPGA implementation of this standard are proposed in this work. We propose a reconfigurable SHA-2 processor in the sense that it performs the two hash functions (256, and 512) of the SHA-2 standard for extended signature authentication. This paper investigates optimizations techniques that have recently been proposed in the literature. These techniques consist mostly in
A study of the bovine adrenal chromaffin nicotinic receptor using patch clamp and concentration‐jump techniques.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Voltage clamp records have been obtained from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in the outside‐out and whole‐cell configurations, in response to step changes of acetylcholine (ACh) concentration. The concentrations used ranged from 50 nM to 20 mM. 2. At high acetylcholine concentrations, the activation and desensitization kinetics of the nicotinic receptor, as observed in outside‐out patches, may be described by a model incorporating a single, fast agonist binding step, and relatively slow isomerization to the open state. The affinity of the closed receptor for ACh is 310 microM, the channel opening rate constant is 460 s‐1, and the closing rate constant is 29 s‐1. 3. Single channel events, observed when nanomolar ACh concentrations are applied to whole cells, have two distinct channel lifetimes: 0.6 ms and 11‐15 ms. The variation of the frequencies of the events with ACh concentration, suggests that the short lifetimes are openings of a singly liganded receptor and the longer lifetimes are openings of a doubly liganded receptor. 4. Only a single exponential associated with receptor desensitization is seen with outside‐out patches, but two are seen with whole cells. It is postulated that there are two nicotinic receptor types present on adrenal chromaffin cells. 5. The rate of desensitization (9 s‐1 and 26 s‐1, whole cells; 24 s‐1, patches), is fast enough to be significant in determining the open channel lifetime. 6. A sudden increase in current (rebound) is observed when a high concentration of ACh is abruptly removed from outside‐out patches. This is evidence for a blocked state. The affinity of the blocking site for ACh is 1400 microM (outside‐out patches). 7. The total number of activatable nicotinic channels per whole cell is estimated to be 2600.
Acute Alcohol Impairment Research in Driving Simulators

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Acute alcohol impairment is an important research topic for traffic safety as alcohol is a factor in a significant portion of traffic crashes. This chapter discusses how to identify the types of impairment due to different levels of blood alcohol concentration using a driving simulator. Driving simulators have been used for almost 40 years to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance. Driving simulation provides the scenario control and ethical management of risk to support experimentation of impairment effects across levels of alcohol. Research using driving simulation has identified impairment of steering and braking performance, problems with maintaining vehicle position and speed, and impairment of reaction time to hazards. In general, driving simulators were able to identify many of the impairment effects seen in closed-course testing using a real vehicle. A standard set of driving scenarios does not exist for alcohol-impaired driving as the goal of previous research has been to identify all areas of driving skill that are impaired by alcohol. In general, scenarios can include common driving situations used in most types of driving simulation research, such as car following, responding to emergency events, and general driving on a variety of road types. Measures that are observable in both test track and simulator studies may hold the most validity for alcohol research and these include speed variability, lateral position deviations, and responses to hazards in the driving environment. However, not all measures have been tested in both settings; therefore, it is important to select measures that reflect the research question or for which impaired performance may lead to a safety critical situation. Research shows that driving performance impairment occurs in simulated driving and similar measures can be observed from lower- and higher-complexity simulator systems. However, certain measures may not be sensitive to alcohol effects in lower-complexity simulators due to the lower task demand imposed by a low-complexity system that does not require attention management between multiple sensory components analogous to the real world.
Vertebral hemangioma: radiologist, do you really know what you are dealing with?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Poster: ECR 2012 / C-1772 / Vertebral hemangioma: radiologist, do you really know what you are dealing with? by: R. Colantonio1, S. Gaudino1, M. Martucci1, E. Lozupone1, A. Pedicelli1, G. Di Lella1, A. Leone1, L. Bonomo1, C. Colosimo2; 1Rome/IT, 2Roma/IT
Symbols, Language and Identity in Northern Ireland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Like a number of divided societies in the contemporary era, Northern Ireland has found it difficult to reconcile differences in the use of symbols, language, and other artefacts of identity, in its movement towards the creation of a stable, post-conflict national state. Historically, Northern Ireland has been socially and politically divided between Protestant Unionists who see themselves as British and Roman Catholic Nationalists who predominantly aspire to Irish unity. Even today, when there is relative peace, following violence that lasted three decades, there is still division between these two communities; each one having their own flags, symbols, sporting allegiances, and national or cultural folklore, which some might see as irreconcilable. This paper then asks the question of whether two such opposing forces can ever be reconciled, and if the two parts of this divided society can come together as one, finding a means of tolerating, if not quite accepting, the symbols of the other, and managing to transcend the idea of communal ownership of such symbols. It goes on to assess the viewpoint that such reconciliation can only occur when the symbols of the two sides are given equal status and legitimacy in the ‘language’ of the State itself, and finds positive voices in the literature to support this stance, drawing on socio-cultural and feminist theory to also re-examine the whole concept of a ‘nation state’ in itself.
Anti-JC Virus (JCV) Antibody Index Differentiates Risk of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) in Natalizumab-Treated Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients with No Prior Immunosuppressant (IS) Use: An Updated Analysis (P4.031)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations of anti-JCV antibody index with PML risk in natalizumab-treated MS patients without prior IS use (no-IS patients), using a recent data set. BACKGROUND: PML risk factors include the presence of anti-JCV antibodies, prior IS use, and duration of natalizumab treatment, especially beyond 2 years. In previous analyses of 71 natalizumab-treated PML patients and 2522 non-PML patients, anti-JCV antibody index differentiated PML risk in anti-JCV antibody positive no-IS patients. DESIGN/METHODS: Analyses involved data from clinical studies and postmarketing sources as of March 2014. Predictive probabilities of having an anti-JCV antibody index above/below a range of thresholds were calculated and used to update PML risk estimates for no-IS patients. RESULTS: Data were available for 101 natalizumab-treated PML patients with serum/plasma samples collected 蠅6 months prior to PML diagnosis and 8112 non-PML anti-JCV antibody-positive patients, including 68 and 6745 no-IS patients, respectively. Anti-JCV antibody index was significantly higher in the 68 PML no-IS patients than in the 6745 non-PML no-IS patients (P<0.0001). For no-IS patients with anti-JCV antibody index at or below thresholds of 0.9 to 1.5, PML risk was approximately 0.1 to 0.2 per 1000 patients during the first 2 years of natalizumab treatment; it ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 and from 0.6 to 1.4 per 1000 patients from month 25 to 48 and from month 49 to 72, respectively. For no-IS patients with index >1.5, PML risk was approximately 1.2 per 1000 patients during the first 2 years of natalizumab treatment, 8.8 per 1000 patients from month 25 to 48, and 10.1 per 1000 patients from month 49 to 72. Longitudinal index data will also be presented. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous findings, this updated analysis suggests the anti-JCV antibody index may differentiate PML risk in anti-JCV antibody positive no prior IS patients. Study Supported by: Biogen Idec
Minimum Distance Estimators for Location and Goodness of Fit

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Abstract A weighted Cramér-von Mises distance between the empirical distribution function and the assumed model F0(x - θ) is minimized to produce estimators θ n that are asymptotically normal. If the weight function is taken proportional to (- ln f 0)″/f 0 , then θ n is asymptotically efficient and the minimized distance has the appropriate loss of one degree of freedom. Special attention is focused on the limiting distribution of this latter goodness-of-fit statistic in both null and alternative situations. Key Words: Minimum distance estimatorCramér-von Mises distanceAsymptotically efficientGoodness of fit
Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 6 - Immunology

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

This study assessed gaps and priorities for FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) research in the field of immunology. The study took the form of a literature review (2011-15) combined with research updates collected in 2014 from 33 institutes from across the world. Findings were used to identify priority areas for future FMD research. Improved understanding of FMDV immunology facilitates the development of vaccines, adjuvants and diagnostic tests, and will allow better assessment and prediction of vaccine potency and match, with reduced use of animals, particularly large animals, in experimental studies. Continued characterization of the immune systems of several FMD host species has underpinned substantial advances in knowledge of their interaction with FMDV. Recent studies have shed light on the mechanisms underlying formation of the bovine B- and T-cell response; there is also a greater understanding of the significance of non-neutralizing antibodies during FMDV infection and the interactions of antibody-bound virus with immune cells. This knowledge is directly relevant to vaccine development, as well as understanding protection and cross-protection. Despite ongoing research, significant knowledge gaps remain in the areas of neonatal and mucosal immunity. The impact of maternally derived antibody upon the neonate's ability to respond to FMD vaccination has received some attention, but few firm conclusions can be drawn at this stage, and little is known of the cellular response of young animals in general. The mucosal immune system of FMDV-susceptible species requires continued characterization, especially if the potential of mucosal vaccine-delivery systems is to be realized for FMD immunization.
IMPACT OF VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC DIMENSIONS IN INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The tradition of Indian classical music has been ancient and continuous developing in the world. It is like a tree in which, as a result of the seasonal effect, sometimes the autumn and sometimes the Navakopal kept coming, but the root has remained the same. This long-standing tradition of classical music takes place in the Vedic period itself, but various contemporary changes have changed its condition and direction, resulting in considerable qualitative progress in the field of music. Today's era is receiving the gift of new innovators of science, with which we are all practically familiar. Our musical arts side could not remain untouched by these new scientific designs. Today, with the development of technology and technology, the music world has got a strong foundation. This technology has proved to be helpful in the preservation, promotion and continuous propagation of classical music etc. Various electronic musical instruments, scientific instruments and information technology have also influenced classical music by providing new possibilities like teaching, listening and collecting of classical music, and playing an important role in promoting its conservation and making special contribution in making it sustainable. Huh. भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत की परम्परा विष्व में प्राचीनतम् तथा अनवरत् विकासशील रही है। यह उस वृक्ष की भांति है, जिसमें ऋतुकालीन प्रभाव के फलस्वरूप कभी पतझड़ तो कभी नवकोपल आते रहे, किन्तु मूल यथावत् ही रहा है। शास्त्रीय संगीत की इस सुदीर्घ परम्परा के दर्शन वैदिक काल में ही हो जाते हैं, किन्तु विभिन्न समकालीन परिवर्तनों ने इसकी दशा व दिशा में परिवर्तन ला दिया है, फलतः संगीत के क्षेत्र में काफी गुणात्मक प्रगति हुई है। आज के युग को विज्ञान के नित नवीन आविष्कारों की देन प्राप्त हो रही है, जिससे हम सभी व्यवहारिक रूप से परिचित ही हैं। इन नवीन वैज्ञानिक सर्जनाओं से हमारा सांगीतिक कला पक्ष भी अछूता नहीं रह सका। आज तकनीकी व प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास से संगीत जगत् को सुदृढ़ आधार मिला है। संगीत की आदि शाखा शास्त्रीय संगीत के संरक्षण, संवर्धन एवं निरन्तर प्रचार-प्रसार में यह तकनीकी जगत् सहायक सिद्ध हुआ है। विभिन्न इलेक्ट्राॅनिक सांगीतिक वाद्यों, वैज्ञानिक उपकरणों एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी ने शास्त्रीय संगीत के शिक्षण, श्रवण एवं संग्रहण जैसी नवीन सम्भावनाएं भी प्रदान कर शास्त्रीय संगीत को प्रभावित किया एवं इसके संरक्षण-संवर्धन में अहम् भूमिका निभाते हुए इसे चिरस्थायी बनाने में अपना विशेष योगदान भी दे रहे हैं।
Effect of Intelligence Tutoring System on Students' Achievement in Algebraic Expression

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this quasi experiment study, an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), was \ncompared to the Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) in tutoring students to learn \nthe topic on Algebraic Expression. The ITS system consisted of two main \nstructures in the architecture, the Student Model and Tutorial Model. The Student \nModel stores student's responses throughout the tutorial process while the Tutorial \nModel presents a suitable tutoring strategy to students according to their progress. \nIn order to identify the effect of ITS on student's achievement, 62 students in one \nof the private school in Perak were involved in the study. The Subjects consist of \ntwo intact groups. The groups were randomly assigned as the control group and \nthe experimental group. One of the group studied algebraic expression in a CAI learning environment, while the other were in a CAI and ITS (CAI+ITS) \nenvironment. \nBefore the experiment began, subjects were given a pre-test on algebraic \nexpression, together with questionnaires of learning style and attitude towards \nmathematics. Post-test was given by the end of the study. The study was \nadministered in eight slots with one hour per slot. Both groups of subjects studied \nthe algebraic expression in CAI environment at first stage of the study. After \ncompleting the first stage, subjects from CAI group went through a tutoring \nsession with CAI, whereas subjects from the CAI+ ITS environment continue their \nstudy in ITS tutorial.
SULPHATE METABOLISM IN ACUTE EAE1 RATS USING ISOLATED BRAIN PERFUSION TECHNIQUE

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract —Metabolism of glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans were studied in rats in the acute stage of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) using isolated brain perfusion technique. It was observed that there was a significant decrease in the concentration of cerebroside, sulphatide and GAG (hyaluronic acid and low sulphated GAG) when compared to normal and pairfed control rats. The radioactive sulphate incorporation into the cerebroside sulphate and sulphated GAG was significantly higher in the case of rats in the acute stage of EAE than the normal and pairfed control rats.
Doing things differently: an appreciation of Meltzer’s contribution

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper I wish to draw attention to aspects of Donald Meltzer’s ways of working which characterised his practice as a psychoanalyst and which I consider important in appreciating his originality. Several central themes are described and elaborated including: the central relevance of child analysis and the unity of child and adult analysis; the value of working in a clinical group with colleagues; the revision of psychoanalytic theory; joint research and writing projects; Meltzer’s recognition of the power of infant observation as a tool for learning; the commitment to a wider psychoanalytic culture; the particular contribution to the Tavistock child psychotherapy training. Examples from Meltzer’s written archive, both his books and papers, are used to demonstrate and illuminate these themes, alongside clinical material from child psychotherapy work brought to the author’s attention in supervision.
eLife Assessment: Emotional Vocalizations Alter Behaviors and Neurochemical Release into the Amygdala

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain center of emotional expression, contributes to acoustic communication by first interpreting the meaning of social sounds in the context of the listener's internal state, then organizing the appropriate behavioral responses. We propose that modulatory neurochemicals such as acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) provide internal-state signals to the BLA while an animal listens to social vocalizations. We tested this in a vocal playback experiment utilizing highly affective vocal sequences associated with either mating or restraint, then sampled and analyzed fluids within the BLA for a broad range of neurochemicals and observed behavioral responses of male and female mice. In male mice, playback of restraint vocalizations increased ACh release and usually decreased DA release, while playback of mating sequences evoked the opposite neurochemical release patterns. In non-estrus female mice, patterns of ACh and DA release with mating playback were similar to males. Estrus females, however, showed increased ACh, associated with vigilance, as well as increased DA, associated with reward-seeking. Across these groups, increased ACh concentration was correlated with an increase in an aversive behavior. These neurochemical release patterns and several behavioral responses depended on a single prior experience with the mating and restraint behaviors. Our results support a model in which ACh and DA provide contextual information to sound analyzing BLA neurons that modulate their output to downstream brain regions controlling behavioral responses to social vocalizations.In social communication by sound, an animal interprets the meaning of vocalizations based on its prior experience, other sensory stimuli, and its internal state. The basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain center of emotional expression, contributes to this analysis. We found that the modulatory neurochemicals acetylcholine and dopamine were released differentially into the BLA depending on the emotional content of the vocalizations, the sex and hormonal state of the animal, as well as its prior experience. Our results suggest that acetylcholine and dopamine provide experience- and hormonal state-dependent contextual information to sound-analyzing BLA neurons that modulates their output to downstream brain centers controlling behavioral responses to social vocalizations.
<title>Polarimetric imaging using a continuously spinning polarizer element</title>

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

To derive the polarization characteristics of a remotely sensed object, a time-sequential polarimeter must create multiple polarization response states during the course of each measurement set. A common method of creating these states is to rotate a polarizer element to a discrete location and hold that position while the detectors integrate and are sampled. The polarizer element is then rotated to the next position and the process is repeated. This time-sequential, advance-and-hold technique is widely used and easily understood because of its simplicity. However, it is not well suited for remote sensing applications where time delays caused by the advance-and-hold mechanism can limit measurement speed and reduce measurement accuracy. This paper introduces a continuously spinning polarizer (CSP) technique that eliminates the time delays and associated problems of an advance-and-hold polarimeter. A performance model for a linear Stokes polarimeter containing a CSP is derived, and a demonstration of the CSP technique based on the performance of the hyper-spectral imaging polarimeter (HIP) is presented.
Young People's Knowledge of the Consequences of Using Toxic Cosmetics

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: A study on the knowledge of young people on the consequences of the use of toxic cosmetic products was carried out at the Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales of Kisangani with the objectives of analysing young people's knowledge of the use of toxic cosmetics, determining the consequences of abusive use of these products and evaluating the treatment in the event of irritation or intoxication. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on face-to-face interviewing of students in the period from 1 January to 15 October 2021. Based on a Simple random sampling. Thus, 60 young people were recruited from a population of 1,865 students. Results: It was shown that the majority of young people (81.7%) were not aware of the chemical agents contained in toxic cosmetics, skin cancer was the consequence of the abusive use of toxic cosmetic products (50.0%), changing products considered toxic was the management observed in case of allergies or skin irritations (53.3%). Conclusion: Young people's lack of knowledge about the chemical agents in toxic cosmetic products is a real public health problem. The need and importance of raising awareness among young people about not using toxic cosmetic products that can cause harmful and damaging consequences on the skin is essential. This is where the role of the authorities in charge of controlling and regulating the conformity of products released for consumption comes in.