jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Saint Jerome in Liber officialis of Amalar of Metz (775-850) in Rationale divinorum officiorum William Durand (1230- 1296)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Amalur of Metz and William Durand were medieval liturgists from the beginning and end of a long period during which liturgical treatises were created and labelled expositio missae or liturgical expositions.In the early 9 th century, Amaral of Metz compiled the exposition De ecclesiastico officio, in which he examines liturgical celebrations by using an allegorical interpretation and the contribution to the Carolingian reform.He eventually became a role model for later authors who created more or less similar treatises following his example.One author who considered Amaral a role model was William Durand the Elder, bishop of Mende in France.In the 13 th century, he compiled the exposition Rationale divinorum officiorum.Both expositions were very influential not only in the period in which they were created but also in later periods.Amalar's exposition enhanced the development of allegorical interpretations in the Middle Ages, while Durand's exposition has been used up to the liturgical reform introduced by the Second Vatican Council.In the present paper, the author explores the reception of Saint Jerome by both authors referred to above.The said authors do not use the patristic ideas in their original sense; they do not expand on them theologically.Their purpose for using patristic sources is to verify doctrines or liturgical practices of their period.Introducing allegory in the interpretation of liturgy and compiling existing material is relevant for transmitting the Fathers' beliefs to future generations.
The art and architecture of Ottoman Istanbul

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This beautiful book allows the reader to appreciate the complexities and subtleties of Ottoman art and architecture as a whole, while simultaneously learning more about the history of one of the world's most magnificent cities - Istanbul. Bridging the gap between the specialist scholar and the educated general reader, the history of the city is discussed, from the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453 up to the beginning of the twentieth century when the Ottoman Empire was finally dismantled following the First World War. This historical background appears alongside descriptions and illustrations of Ottoman architecture, regalia, textiles, books, ceramics, calligraphy and painting. Throughout, Yeomans presents the exhilarating alternative of Ottoman art, with its meaning expressed through non-figurative form rather than through the symbol systems and narrative of Western art.
Reducing impulse buying: a review and research agenda

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a systematic literature review on reducing impulse buying (IB). Design/methodology/approach For the review, this paper adopted the SPAR-4-SLR (Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews) approach, searched for papers in the Scopus and Web of Science databases (1970–2023), and identified 114 papers in total. The papers were sourced from English-language journals with impact factors &gt;1. Findings The paper identifies four broad types of strategies to reduce IB: consumer-based IB reduction strategies, personality-based IB reduction strategies, situation-based IB reduction strategies and policymaker-related IB reduction strategies. Research limitations/implications Based on extant research, it suggests other strategies to reduce IB and offers propositions to reduce IB in the areas of vicarious observation of self-control, construal effects and volitional participation in IB reduction programs. Social implications IB, if left unchecked, leads to negative consequences such as overspending, indebtedness and compulsiveness. Therefore, policymakers need to act on reducing IB. This paper offers ways of doing this. Originality/value This is the first paper, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to offer a review on reducing IB; it benefits society and enhances consumer welfare.
Achieving ‘Sustainable Business’: A Study of Perceptions of Environmental Best Practice by SMEs in South Yorkshire

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper provides an account of a questionnaire-based study of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their responses to the current requirements of environmental best practice. The study was based within South Yorkshire. We aim to explore the current relationship between SMEs and the environment and how this affects their concept of ‘sustainable business’. The main finding reported is that most manufacturing and service organisations surveyed believe environmental issues affect their business. However, meeting environmental requirements is seen as a business cost that is not transferable to customers in terms of added benefits and few organisations could show that it led to a competitive advantage. SMEs have only a generalist awareness of environmental legislation, and information provided by most local support services is not presented in a format that is efficient or effective. Our recommendations are that the assistance provided by local support agencies with regards to environmental best practice should be critically reviewed, and this review should seek to understand the reluctance and real difficulties faced by SMEs in comprehension and implementation of environmental legislation. This paper should therefore be used in conjunction with associated information when considering the best way to help prepare SMEs for greater involvement in environmental best practice and the achievement of sustainable business.
Image processing and deep learning based analysis of 3D X-ray PCB images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this project, I propose a modified U-Net architecture for segmenting PCB (Printed Circuit Board) images. The proposed model consists of an encoder and a decoder structure with a connection of skip that enable integrations of low-level and high-level features for accurate segmentation. To enhance the segmentation performance, I introduce dilated convolutions, dense connections and convolutional layers in the decoder part. Additionally, we adopt a mixture of binary cross-entropy as well as dice loss functions to optimize the model during training. The intended model is assessed on the public dataset of PCB images. Comparative analysis reveals that our model’s performance surpasses that of its competitors with an general segmentation accuracy of 94.2%. Furthermore, the proposed model is computationally efficient and can segment a PCB image in 1.52s.
Quantitative comparison of analytic and iterative reconstruction methods in 2- and 3-dimensional dynamic cardiac 18F-FDG PET.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Good correlation and no bias of net (18)F-FDG uptake in relation to that based on FBP images, combined with less image noise, make 3D acquisition with FORE plus attenuation-weighted OSEM reconstruction the preferred choice for cardiac (18)F-FDG PET studies.
Wage Differences Among Black and white Career Women

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size ∗The authors are indebted to Elizabeth Havens and Alice Kidder for helpful comments on an earlier draft. The usual disclaimers apply. Notes ∗The authors are indebted to Elizabeth Havens and Alice Kidder for helpful comments on an earlier draft. The usual disclaimers apply.
An insertion-deletion polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme is associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia: an evidence-based meta-analysis from 44 studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective An updated meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and preeclampsia (PE) risk. Methods Pubmed, OVID and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched. Pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using fixed-effects or random-effects model. Results ACE I/D polymorphism decreased the risk of PE in overall analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly lower risk of PE with ACE I/D polymorphism in Asians, Caucasians. The decreased risk was also found in severe PE and early-onset PE. Conclusion ACE I/D polymorphism may protect against the development of PE.
Characterization of Mitochondrial Prohibitin in Opsariichthys bidens and Its Potential Functions in Spermatogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Spermatogenesis is the intricate and coordinated process by which spermatogonia develop into haploid differentiated spermatozoa. Mitochondria are essential for spermatogenesis, and prohibitin (PHB) is closely associated with mitochondrial structure and function during spermatogenesis. Although PHB has been implicated in spermatogenesis in some taxa, its roles in Opsariichthys bidens have not been determined. In this study, the expression patterns and potential functions of PHB in spermatogenesis in O. bidens were characterized using histological microscopic observations, PCR cloning, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF). The full-length cDNA of Ob-phb was 1500 bp encoding 271 amino acids. A sequence alignment demonstrated that the PHB protein is conserved among different animals. qPCR revealed that phb mRNA is widely distributed in O. bidens and highly expressed in the testes at stages IV and V. WB revealed that Ob-PHB is located in the mitochondria of testes. IF revealed the colocalization of PHB signals and mitochondria. Signals were detected around nuclei in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, gradually moving to the tail region during spermiogenesis, and finally aggregating in the midpiece. These results indicate that Ob-PHB was expressed in the mitochondria during spermatogenesis. In addition, this study proposed Ob-PHB may participate in the degradation of mitochondria and cell differentiation during spermatogenesis.
der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

out from September 2006 until August 2009. The thesis was funded by a private scholarship of the &apos;HGM Energy GmbH ’ in Bremen. The graduate education was embedded into ‘GLOMAR – Bremen International Graduate School for Marine Sciences’. The gas hydrate samples researched in this thesis were retrieved during the R/V SONNE Cruise SO 174 in the Gulf of Mexico in 2003, R/V
Diameter Distribution Yield Systems for Unthinned Cutover Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations in Southern Mississippi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Equations and procedures for estimating size class distributions of unthinned young slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem.) plantations on cutover site-prepared land in south Mississippi are described. Diameter distributions are approximated by determining the parameters of a three-parameterWeibull probability density function with expected arithmetic mean, quadratic mean, and minimum diameters equal to predicted. Stock tables are prepared from stand tables using compatible tree volume ratio/profile equations prepared from 150 stem analysis trees. The estimates of survival and yield in this study are based on typical stand conditions and are lower than those given by Dell et al. (1979) for ideal stand conditions. When the same survival functions are used in both models, however, both models predict yields that are nearly equal for most practical purposes. A FORTRANcomputer program is available from the authors for obtaining stand and stock tables from stand age, site index, and numbers of tree per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):32-36.
Assay of Soil Water Repellency of Coastal Forest Catchment in Subtropical Okinawa Island of Japan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study was initiated to find out the occurrence of soil water repellency (SWR), implications of SWR on hydrology, and possible causes of SWR in a selected catchment in Okinawa Island, Japan. Coastal forests in subtropical Okinawa archipelago are an important source of water supply. This function may be affected by SWR as SWR causes poor water infiltration leading to overland flows. To assess the SWR, sessile drop method (SDM) and in-situ and in vitro water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests were used. Being among the major factors influencing SWR, total soil organic carbon (TOC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and soil texture were assessed. Nine transects, which included natural forest, secondary climax forest, and young secondary forest blocks consisting of abandoned plantation forests were studied. SDM results showed the existence of potential SWR in all the transects. The results of WDPT test and SDM were not directly comparable in the forest soil samples. In vitro WDPT test results showed the existence of potential SWR only in natural forest: Hikanzakura, and Iju plantation forests. However, none of the sites showed SWR during the in situ WDPT test. High soil moisture content may have masked the existence of SWR. A strong correlation was observed between WDPT and TOC (r2=0.89; p<0.05). SWR occurrence and its severity appear to correspond well to the TOC when the latter is approximately 7-8% and above, in the soils of broad-leaved forests where trees are not specifically known for their role in causing SWR. These findings suggest that soil moisture and TOC have been the major determinants of the expression and occurrence of SWR respectively, for the catchment. However, if the regular moisture regime of the area continues to persist, the influence of water repellency on water infiltration and, hence on the hydrological processes will not be significant in the catchment.
[Use of the indirect immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of an infection, caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The indirect immunofluorescence test has been used for the serodiagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections in two paired blood sera of patients with acute respiratory diseases and acute pneumonia. The optimum methods for obtaining M. pneumonia antigen, its fixation and storage have been determined. The data on the study of the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic value of the test are presented. The indirect immunofluorescence test has been shown to be capable of the simultaneous detection of complete (complement-binding) and incomplete (not binding the complement) antibodies to M. pneumoniae. This test may be used in the diagnostic practice as a highly sensitive, specific and sufficiently simple serological method.
Ultrasound Assessment of Effect of Maternal Thyroid Function During Pregnancy on Fetal and Neonatal Bone Development

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Throughout pregnancy, maternal thyroid-related hormones are transported to the fetus via the placenta to allow normal fetal growth and development and are particularly important in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. During maternal-fetal transport, in addition to thyroid-related hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies and antithyroid drugs can enter the fetus and interfere with development of the fetal thyroid gland and endocrine function, potentially leading to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism in the fetus or newborn. Several basic studies have been performed to demonstrate the important role of thyroid-related hormones in fetal and neonatal bone development. Ultrasound can assess neonatal skeletal maturity and bone development safely, rapidly, and effectively. This review aims to communicate the latest knowledge about maternal and fetal thyroid function in both normal and pathological pregnancies and summarize the latest advances in the potential effects of abnormal maternal thyroid function on bone development in the fetus and neonate. Finally, it discusses recent advances in research on ultrasound in the assessment of fetal and neonatal bone development.
How Should Land Be Taxed? Analyzing the Jamaican Land Value Tax

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In 2002, Jamaica conducted a property tax revaluation, the first revaluation in nine years. In response, Jamaica reduced the property tax rates of its progressive-rate structure and added a set of property tax caps. In this article, the author reports on an analysis of the tax rate structure for its land value property tax, focusing especially on options for reforming the rate structure.
Explaining Survival: The Hierarchy of Persecution and the Jews of the Department of Vaucluse, 1933-1945

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How three-quarters of the Jews of France survived the Holocaust has long been a subject of debate between historians. After the war, top Vichy officials sought to frame their participation in the persecution of the Jews in the best light possible and were amongst the first to articulate what came to be known as the “shield thesis.” The Vichy Regime, so the argument went, had served as a shield against the worst of the German demands regarding the Jews, which had the happy result of saving thousands of them—and, in particular, those of French origin—from destruction. This thesis was subsequently advanced by some of the most prominent scholars in the field, who tended to rally around one of its central tenets: the “French-foreign dichotomy,” the argument according to which the Vichy authorities pragmatically sacrificed the foreign Jews in order to preserve the French Israélites. This dissertation challenges what has become the framework for understanding the Holocaust in France, by examining the lives of the Jews of a small, rural department in southeast France through the prism of quantitative prosopography. It argues that, through its repeated appeals to the “French-foreign dichotomy,” the historiography has overemphasized one factor for explaining the fate of the Jews in France during the war, by bringing together very different individuals into two artificially homogeneous groups, thereby inadvertently obscuring other, more important differences between them. This dissertation shows that there was, indeed, a hierarchy between the Vauclusian Jews, but not one narrowly defined by nationality or country of origin. This hierarchy, moreover, evolved throughout the war and was at times one of persecution or of privilege. In the end, it was this hierarchy—underpinned by a confluence of personal, geographical and temporal forces—that enabled the majority of the 2,826 Jews of the Vaucluse to make it through the war intact.
Parametric Jensen-Shannon Statistical Complexity and Its Applications on Full-Scale Compartment Fire Data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The order/disorder characteristics of a compartment fire are researched based on experimental data. From our analysis performed by new, pioneering methods, we claim that the parametric Jensen-Shannon complexity can be successfully used to detect unusual data, and that one can use it also as a means to perform relevant analysis of fire experiments. Thoroughly comparing the performance of different algorithms (known as permutation entropy and two-length permutation entropy) to extract the probability distribution is an essential step. We discuss some of the theoretical assumptions behind each step and stress that the role of the parameter is to fine-tune the results of the Jensen-Shannon statistical complexity. Note that the Jensen-Shannon statistical complexity is symmetric, while its parametric version displays a symmetric duality due to the a priori probabilities used.
Anatomical variations and coding of the intra-trunk pathways in the thoracodorsal nerve

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim . To study anatomical variations of the intra–trunk pathways in the thoracodorsal nerve bundles and to develop a system for their coding. Materials and methods . After fixation in a 2% solution of acetic acid using the MBS-10 stereomicroscope, we performed macro- and microscopic intra-trunk dissection of thoracodorsal nerve bundles in 121 specimens obtained from 105 corpses of males and females who died at the age of 40–97 years. Using the obtained findings, we compiled a database in the MS Excel 12.0 software and determined the number of anatomical variations in absolute and relative (% from 121 specimens) units. Results . The study revealed that the thoracodorsal nerve is a mixed nerve, which consists of 1 motor and 1– 3 sensory bundles that variously pass through the spinal nerves, trunks, and the axillary nerve with the formation of 20 intra-trunk pathways. In 77% of cases, sensory bundles arising from the thoracodorsal nerve pass through the posterior bundle, the posterior division, the middle trunk, and the C7 spinal nerve or the inferior trunk and the C8 spinal nerve. In 22% of cases, the thoracodorsal nerve has one or, rarely, two duplicate sensory pathways besides the main one. In 93% of cases, the motor bundle to the thoracodorsal nerve passes through the C7 spinal nerve and the middle trunk, the posterior division, and the posterior bundle. Coding the anatomical variations of the intra-trunk pathways in the direction of sensory bundle «posterior bundle → posterior division → trunk → spinal nerve; motor bundle ← posterior bundle ← posterior division ← trunk ← spinal nerve allows to briefly yet clearly and fully display the morphological diversity of the nerve anatomy. Conclusion . The identified anatomical variations of the intra-trunk pathways can be useful in the diagnosis of injuries and diseases. They expand indications for the use of spinal nerves, trunks of the brachial plexus, and the thoracodorsal nerve in reconstructive surgery.
Symbolic computation of stiffness matrices for quadratic triangular elements

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Conditions under which it is possible to determine exact integrals for stiffness matrix entries for a 6-noded isoparametric plane strain element have been investigated. Considerable use has been made of the algebraic manipulation language MAPLE in obtaining the results. It has been shown that exact integration can be performed when the Jacobian becomes a degenerate quadratic and in some other cases. A precise algebraic condition has been found for the degenerate case and related to the geometry of the element. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psocodea Species File in the Catalogue of Life

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Psocodea Species File is a taxonomic database that includes data for Psocoptera (bark lice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice). Data includes synonymies and citations for all recognized species. Parasitic lice are embedded within bark lice, and thus the single order Psocodea is recognized for both groups. The Psocodea Species File currently contains data from "Psocoptera (Insecta): World Catalogue and Bibliography" (Lienhard and Smithers 2002). Updates for Psocoptera are in the process of being added. Data from major Phthiraptera catalogs will be added at a later date, together with host associations. When completed this database will house data from over 10,000 valid species and associated data.