jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CRANIAL INJURIES IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGE POPULATION OF THE SHNOGH RIVER BASIN, ARMENIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Травмы черепа у населения бассейна реки Шнох (Армения)в эпоху поздней бронзы и раннем железном веке Благодаря археологическим раскопкам в Лорийской обл.(Армения) были исследованы костные останки 123 индивидов из могильников позднего бронзового и раннего железного веков.Работа посвящена выявлению и описанию повреждений на черепах из погребений XIII-XI вв.до н.э.в бассейне р.Шнох.Изучение травм позволяет реконструировать аспекты социальной и природной среды древнего населения.Уровень травматизма в исследованных группах может быть квалифицирован как умеренно высокий.Встречаемость травм варьирует от 15,6 до 23,7 %.Одним из наиболее часто наблюдаемых скелетных повреждений в палеопопуляциях являются травмы, полученные в течение жизни.Материалы свидетельствуют о том, что население не было военизированным, несмотря на высокий процент мужского травматизма.Зафиксирован один случай обезглавливания.Уровень травматизма у обитателей бассейна р.Шнох был выше, чем в синхронных популяциях на территории Севанского бассейна
Exploring the Universe Using Neutrinos : A Search for Point Sources in the Southern Hemisphere Using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Neutrinos are the ideal cosmic messengers, and can be used to explore the most powerful accelerators in the Universe, in particular the mechanisms for producing and accelerating cosmic rays to incredible energies. By studying clustering of neutrino candidate events in the IceCube detector we can discover sites of hadronic acceleration. We present results on searches for point-like sources of astrophysical neutrinos located in the Southern hemisphere, at energies between 100 GeV and a few TeV. The data were collected during the first year of the completed 86-string detector, corresponding to a detector livetime of 329 days. The event selection focuses on identifying events starting inside the instrumented volume, utilizing several advanced veto techniques, successfully reducing the large background of atmospheric muons. An unbinned maximum likelihood method is used to search for clustering of neutrino-like events. We perform a search in the full Southern hemisphere and a dedicated search using a catalog of 96 pre-defined known gamma-ray emitting sources seen in ground-based telescopes. No evidence of neutrino emission from point-like sources is found. The hottest spot is located at R.A. 305.2° and Dec. -8.5°, with a post-trial p-value of 88.1%. The most significant source in the a priori list is QSO 2022-077 with a post-trial p-value of 14.8%. In the absence of evidence for a signal, we calculate upper limits on the flux of muon-neutrinos for a range of spectra. For an unbroken E-2 neutrino spectrum, the observed limits are between 2.8 and 9.4×10-10 TeV cm-2 s-1, while for an E-2 neutrino spectrum with an exponential cut-off at 10 TeV, the observed limits are between 0.6 and 3.6×10-9 TeV cm-2 s-1.
Response of respiratory output to varying pressure support levels in mechanically ventilated patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

O-12 Introduction: The down-regulation of respiratory muscles observed with pressure support (PS) could be mediated through chemical feedback and unrelated directly to PS. To test this hypothesis five mechanically ventilated patients were studied. Methods: The patients were ventilated using PS with pressure determined by the primary physician (baseline). In the first part of the study PS was decreased and increased randomly by 50% and these alterations were maintained for two breaths. During this time blood gas changes in lung capillaries due to changes in PS should not be sensed by the chemoreceptors. In each patient 10 trials with decreased and another 10 with increased PS were performed; 3 min of baseline ventilation separated each trial. Thereafter, the patients were randomly allotted to the lowest and highest values of PS, determined in the first part of the study, and their lungs ventilated for 30 min. Airway and oesophageal pressures, airflow and volume were measured breath-by-breath. Blood gases were measured at baseline and at the end of each 30-min period. Pressure generated by respiratory muscles (Pmus) was calculated using the Campbell diagram. Pmus waveform remained constant to baseline when PS changed for two breaths. Results: Pmus was significantly downwardly- and upwardly-regulated at the end of the 30-min period, respectively, with high and low PS. With high PS, the rate of rise (dp/dt) and the peak values of Pmus decreased, to 71.4 ± 5.6% and 70.0±9.4% respectively, of baseline, while with low PS dp/dt and peak Pmus increased to 171.6 ± 45.1% and 129 ± 14.0% of baseline, respectively. Breathing frequency, neural inspiratory and expiratory time and blood gases remained relatively constant throughout. Tidal volume changed significantly when PS altered for two breaths, whereas it remained to baseline at the end of each 30-min periods. Conclusion: Reflex response to varying PS does not occur at least in the range of PS studied. The changes in Pmus with steady-state alterations in PS were likely due to chemical feedback. PS modifies the activity of respiratory muscles indirectly through alterations in chemical feedback.
Inhibition of water absorption in the intestine by Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Water absorption in intestinal segments was monitored by measuring the concentration of polyethylene glycol, a nonabsorbable reference marker, in a balanced salt solution continuously perfused through the lumen. Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin inhibited water absorption in rabbit jejunum and ileum perfused in vivo and in guinea pig ileum perfused in vitro. Cholera toxin also interfered with water absorption in guinea pig ileum maintained in vitro, but S. aureus enterotoxin B had no demonstrable effect on this tissue.
Language Policy and Planning in Nigeria: The Journey So Far

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is an incisive overview of issues bordering on language policy and planning in multi-lingual Nigeria.British rule in Nigeria marked the beginning of doom for Nigerian languages.This was because English was entrenched constitutionally in sensitive and significant spheres of nation-building: education, administration, politics and international diplomacy.Language policy in Nigeria was partly aimed at assigning roles to the major languages (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) so as to curb the excess dominance of English over them.No significant attention was given to the numerous minority languages.In this study, Nigeria's ethnography is not only discussed, but its implications on forward-looking language policy for Nigeria is examined.The study concludes that language problems in Nigeria linger because apart from not being clearly articulated, language policies in post-colonial Nigeria are not implemented with truism and tenacity.
Human-Centered Design and Iterative Refinement of Tools and Methods to Implement a Surveillance and Risk Prediction System for Clinical Deterioration in Ambulatory Cancer Care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background A common cause of preventable harm is the failure to detect and appropriately respond to clinical deterioration. Timely intervention is needed, particularly in medically complex patients, to mitigate the effects of adverse events, disease progression, and medical error. This challenging problem requires clinical surveillance, early recognition, timely notification of the appropriate clinicians, and effective intervention. Objectives We determined the feasibility of designing, developing, and implementing the tools and processes to create a surveillance-and-risk prediction system to detect clinical deterioration in cancer outpatients. Methods We used systems engineering and iterative human-centered design to develop a functional prototype of a surveillance-and-risk prediction system. The system includes passive surveillance involving wearable sensors, active surveillance involving patient event and symptom reporting as well as extraction of selected patient data from the electronic health record (EHR), a predictive model, and communication of estimated risk to clinicians. System usability was evaluated using patient and clinician interviews and clinician ratings using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results Fifty of 71 recruited patients enrolled in the feasibility study. Patient-reported outcome measures and clinical data extracted from the EHR were the best predictors of a patient's 7-day risk of experiencing unplanned treatment events (UTEs, i.e., emergency room visits, hospital admissions, or major treatment changes). Deep learning neural network models using these predictors demonstrated modest performance in predicting 7-day UTE risk (PROMS, F-measure: 0.900, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC-ROC]: 0.983; clinical data from EHR F-measure: 0.625, AUC-ROC: 0.983). Patient risk scores were communicated to clinicians using a risk communication prototype rated favorably by clinicians with a SUS score of 76 out of 100 (median = 80; range: 60–85). Conclusion We demonstrate the feasibility of a surveillance-and-risk prediction system for detecting and reporting clinical deterioration in cancer outpatients. Future research is needed to fully implement and evaluate system adoption and effectiveness under different clinical situations.
Pediatric Altered Mental Status

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this module is to teach health care professionals about the presentation, evaluation, and initial management of altered mental status in children. Altered mental status in a child is a potentially life-threatening condition with a broad differential including vascular, toxin-mediated, infectious, metabolic, and traumatic causes. Therefore, medical providers who care for children should be well versed in the identification and initial evaluation and management of these patients to ensure they can act quickly when necessary. Methods This interactive learning module is designed to be used in a 1-hour classroom session. Included in the resource are an instructor's guide, PowerPoint presentation with presenter notes, pretest, small-group activity, and other associated materials. This module has been used with pediatric residents, emergency medicine residents, and pediatric emergency medicine fellows. Results Approximately 90 learners have completed this module during four separate sessions and the module has been modified based on their feedback. The mean score on the pretest was 60% with only 25% of learners being able to describe an initial approach to a child with altered mental status. In contrast, 94% of learners successfully created an algorithm for the initial management of a child with altered mental status at the conclusion of the module. Discussion Altered mental status in a child is a potentially life-threatening condition with a broad differential including vascular, toxin-mediated, infectious, metabolic, and traumatic causes. We believe this is an effective module that will be useful for anyone involved in the acute care of children.
New Method for the Control of Complexes Systems with Unknown and Bounded Delay

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

in this paper, we have proposed an original method for the calculation of closed-loop control allowing guaranteeing a specific dynamic for a large class of complex systems with unknown and bounded delay. The method is based on one hand on the presentation of the complex process by basis of generic models whose parameters are calculated based on the extreme and average values of delay. On the other hand it uses Pade's approximation to take account of the delay during the construction of the models. The established control can be perceived as a fusion of the parameters of partial correctors, or a fusion of orders computed from each model. The development stages of this control method are explained in this paper, and its validity and robustness are tested and proven against some benchmark.
A hybrid scheme for the resolution-of-the-identity approximation in second-order Møller–Plesset linear-r12 perturbation theory

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the framework of second-order Møller–Plesset linear-r12 (MP2-R12) perturbation theory, a method is developed and implemented that uses an auxiliary basis set for the resolution-of-the-identity (RI) approximation for the three- and four-electron integrals. In contrast to previous work, the two-electron integrals that must be evaluated never involve more than one auxiliary basis function. The new method therefore scales linearly with the number of auxiliary basis functions and is much more efficient than the previous one, which scaled quadratically. A general formulation of MP2-R12 theory is presented for various ansätze, approximations, and orbitals (canonical or localized). The new method is assessed by computations of the valence-shell second-order Møller–Plesset correlation energy of a few small closed-shell systems. The preliminary calculations indicate that the difference between the new and previous methods is about one order of magnitude smaller than the errors that occur due to basis-set truncations and RI approximations and under the assumptions of generalized and extended Brillouin conditions.
Multilevel Evolution: The Fate of Duplicated Genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Biological evolution is a multilevel process and should be studied as such. A first, important step in studying evolution in this way has been the work of Peter Schuster and co-workers on RNA evolution. For RNA the genotype-phenotype mapping can be calculated explicitly. The resulting evolutionary dynamics is dominated by neutral paths, and the potential of major change by a single point mutation. Examining whole genomes, of which about 60 are now available, we see that gene content of genomes is changing relatively rapidly: gene duplication, gene loss and gene generation is ubiquitous. In fact, it seems that point-mutations play a relatively minor role, relative to changes in gene regulation and gene content in adaptive evolution. Large scale micro-array studies, in which the expression of every gene can be measured simultaneously, give a first glimpse of the `division of labor´ between duplicated genes. A preliminary analysis suggests that differential expression is often the primary event which allows duplicated genes to be maintained in a genome, but alternate routes also exist, most notably on the one hand the mere need of a lot of product, and on the other hand differentiation within multi-protein complexes consisting of homologous genes. I will discuss these results in terms of multilevel evolution. in particular in terms of information integration and the alternatives of `individual based´
Comprehensive pharmaceutical services in an 85-bed hospital: a one-year evaluation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>The switching performance of a photonic integrated WDM cross-connect switch is assessed with 40Gb/s NRZ-OOK, 20Gb/s PAM4 and data-rate adaptive DMT traffic. Results show limited penalty for single/WDM channels and &gt; 10dB power dymmic range.</p>
Prognostic Value of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1Î± in Solid Malignancies: A Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Numerous studies have reported the prognostic role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1Î±ï¼ˆHIF-1Î±ï¼‰and solid malignancies, but the data of different reports remains controversial. To accurately evaluate the prognostic value of HIF-1Î± expression in solid malignancies, a meta-analysis based on published studies was conducted. Relevant studies from 34 observational articles with 3828 patients were collected via PubMed, Embase. These studies were chosen for the meta-analysis based on requisite criteria and the quality was evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were pooled from studies on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) to estimate the association. The pooled HRs (95% CIs) of HIF-1Î± for OS and DFS were 1.94 [1.74, 2.16] and 2.16 [1.71, 2.74], respectively. The overall data of the shown meta-analysis suggested that the high expression of HIF-1Î± is correlated with poor survival outcome in solid malignancies.
Evaluating Dependencies in Fact Editing for Language Models: Specificity and Implication Awareness

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The potential of using a large language model (LLM) as a knowledge base (KB) has sparked significant interest. To maintain the knowledge acquired by LLMs, we need to ensure that the editing of learned facts respects internal logical constraints, which are known as dependency of knowledge. Existing work on editing LLMs has partially addressed the issue of dependency, when the editing of a fact should apply to its lexical variations without disrupting irrelevant ones. However, they neglect the dependency between a fact and its logical implications. We propose an evaluation protocol with an accompanying question-answering dataset, StandUp, that provides a comprehensive assessment of the editing process considering the above notions of dependency. Our protocol involves setting up a controlled environment in which we edit facts and monitor their impact on LLMs, along with their implications based on If-Then rules. Extensive experiments on StandUp show that existing knowledge editing methods are sensitive to the surface form of knowledge, and that they have limited performance in inferring the implications of edited facts.
Private View, Public Birth: Making Feminist Sense of the New Visual Culture of Childbirth

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the last three decades, there has been a dramatic increase in media representations of childbirth across a range of platforms: cinema, reality television and television drama, online video-sharing platforms, pornographic film, and in fine art practice. As yet, however, there is little feminist scholarship on the implications of this new and varied visual culture of childbirth and its relationship to earlier feminist debates about the cultural taboo against the representation of birth. This paper focuses on two contemporary sites: the growing phenomenon of 'childbirth reality TV' and the birthrites collection, a unique art collection in the UK dedicated to the subject of childbirth. We explore the meanings and implications of this new visual culture of birth, and the ways its reception is challenging earlier feminist conceptualisations of motherhood and the birthing body. In particular, we argue that these new popular and artistic representations of birth trouble accounts of the birthing body as abject, and what could be described as the 'abject aesthetics' that has dominated the visual representation of birth. In place of abjection, we conclude by arguing for a more thoroughly social and political account of the place of birth in contemporary culture, based on forms of 'natal thinking', which we suggest that the birthrites collection proposes.
Five new Erythrina alkaloids from the stems of Erythrina corallodendron

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Five new Erythrina alkaloids and five known E. alkaloids were isolated from a 95% ethanol extract of the stems of Erythrina corallodendron L. Their chemical structures were elucidated by UV, IR, HRESIMS, NMR and X-ray. Furthermore, the analgesic activities of E. alkaloids 1, 2 and 6 were evaluated by using an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and their writhing inhibition rates were 67.9%, 64.6% and 70.3% at doses of 20 mg/kg, respectively.
Acinetobacter baumannii Gastrointestinal Colonization Is Facilitated by Secretory IgA Which Is Reductively Dissociated by Bacterial Thioredoxin A

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is among the most common causes of infectious complications associated with combat-related trauma in military personnel serving overseas. However, little is currently known about its pathogenesis. While the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been found to be a major reservoir for A. baumannii , as well as to potentially contribute to development of multidrug resistance, no studies have addressed the mechanisms involved in gut colonization. In this study, we address this critical gap in knowledge by first assessing the interaction between secretory IgA (SIgA), the principal humoral immune defense on mucosal surfaces, and the A. baumannii clinical isolate Ci79. Surprisingly, SIgA appeared to enhance A. baumannii GI tract colonization, in a process mediated by bacterial thioredoxin A (TrxA), as evidenced by reduction of bacterial attachment in the presence of TrxA inhibitors. Additionally, a trxA targeted deletion mutant ( ΔtrxA ) showed reduced bacterial burdens within the GI tract 24 h after oral challenge by in vivo live imaging, along with loss of thiol-reductase activity. Surprisingly, not only was GI tract colonization greatly reduced but the associated 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of the ΔtrxA mutant was increased nearly 100-fold in an intraperitoneal sepsis model. These data suggest that TrxA not only mediates A. baumannii GI tract colonization but also may contribute to pathogenesis in A. baumannii sepsis following escape from the GI tract under conditions when the intestinal barrier is compromised, as occurs with cases of severe shock and trauma. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging bacterial pathogen recently classified as a serious threat to U.S. and global health by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization. It also is one of the leading causes of combat-related infections associated with injured military personnel serving overseas. Little is known regarding mechanisms of gastrointestinal tract colonization despite this site being shown to serve as a reservoir for multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii isolates. Here, we establish that secretory IgA, the major immunoglobulin of mucosal surfaces, promotes A. baumannii GI tract colonization via bacterial thioredoxin A as evidenced through significant reduction in colonization in IgA-deficient animals. Additionally, bacterial colonization and mortality were significantly reduced in animals challenged with a thioredoxin A-deficient A. baumannii mutant. Combined, these data suggest that thioredoxin A is a novel virulence factor, for which antithioredoxin therapies could be developed, for this important multidrug-resistant pathogen.