jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nuclear command and control in NATO: nuclear weapons and operations and the strategy of flexible response

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Nuclear command and control in NATO: nuclear weapons and operations and the strategy of flexible response Get access Nuclear command and control in NATO: nuclear weapons and operations and the strategy of flexible response. By Shaun R. Gregory. London: Macmillan. 1996. 251pp. Index. £45.00. ISBN 0 333 64697 5. Christoph Bluth Christoph Bluth 1University of Reading Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 73, Issue 2, April 1997, Pages 357–358, https://doi.org/10.2307/2623841 Published: 01 April 1997
Figure 1 from Metabolic Reprogramming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages Using Glutamine Antagonist JHU083 Drives Tumor Immunity in Myeloid-Rich Prostate and Bladder Cancers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>The antitumor activity of the glutamine antagonist JHU083 against urologic tumors is myeloid dependent. <b>A,</b> Dot plots showing expression levels and fractional abundance of myeloid cells expressing glutamine metabolism enzymes, <i>GLUL,</i> and <i>GLS</i> across samples (tumor, involved, distal, and benign). <b>B,</b> Violin plots showing the expression levels and fractional abundance of different cell types expressing <i>GLUL</i> and <i>GLS</i>. Data for <b>A</b> and <b>B</b> were generated using the previously published and publicly available scRNA-seq integrated dataset from nine metastatic prostate cancer and seven benign BM control patient samples by Kfoury and colleagues (<a href="#bib41" target="_blank">41</a>). <b>C,</b> Schematic diagrams showing the heterotopic syngeneic urologic tumor (B6CaP and MB49) models and therapeutic JHU083 treatment strategy. <b>D</b> and <b>E,</b> Tumor volume and tumor weight measurements (post-necropsy) in the B6CaP (<i>n</i> = 8/group) and MB49 (<i>n</i> = 9 or 10/group) tumors. <b>F</b> and <b>G,</b> Effects of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell depletion on tumor volume and animal survival for (<b>F</b>) MB49 (<i>n</i> = 4–5/group) and (<b>G</b>) B6CaP (<i>n</i> = 4–6/group) tumors, respectively. <b>H</b> and <b>I,</b> Effect of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell depletion on tumor volume of (<b>H</b>) MB49 (<i>n</i> = 4–5/group) and (<b>I</b>) B6CaP (<i>n</i> = 3–5/group) tumors and animal survival. Antitumor activity of JHU083-reprogrammed and adoptively transferred (<b>J)</b> TAMs (CD45<sup>+</sup> Ly6G<sup>−</sup> CD3<sup>−</sup> CD11b<sup>+</sup> F4.80<sup>+</sup>; <i>n</i> = 5 or 10/group) and (<b>K</b>) TIMs (CD45<sup>+</sup> Ly6G<sup>−</sup> CD3<sup>−</sup> Ly6C <sup>(hi)</sup>; <i>n</i> = 4 or 7/group) on MB49 tumor volume (<b>L</b>). Briefly, live, FACS-sorted TAMs or TIMs were mixed in a 1:1 ratio with cultured MB49 cells and were subsequently implanted on flanks to generate tumors in recipient mice. Data are represented as mean values ± SEM. All experiments were independently validated, at least in two separate biological replicates. Statistical analyses were performed using either <i>t</i> test or a two-way ANOVA using Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons (*, <i>P</i> < 0.05; **, <i>P</i> < 0.01; ***, <i>P</i> < 0.001; ****, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) tests were performed for survival analysis (<b>F,</b> JHU083 relative to control, <i>P</i> = 0.0412; α-CD8b relative to α-CD8b + JHU083, <i>P</i> = 0.0342; α-CD8b + JHU083 vs. JHU083, <i>P</i> = ns. <b>I,</b> JHU083 vs. control, <i>P</i> = 0.01; α-CD4 vs. α-CD4 + JHU083, <i>P</i> = 0.0801; α-CD4 + JHU083 vs. JHU083, <i>P</i> = ns).</p>
A study of genetic diversity in Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia in the Upper Severn area of the UK using AFLP markers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A survey of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was conducted to examine genetic diversity in 146 individuals of British, native black poplar ( Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia ) and three individuals considered by collectors to be non‐ betulifolia poplars. Using two primer pairs, a total of 147 bands were detected of which 82 (56%) were polymorphic in at least one individual. Cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis of the calculated similarity matrix revealed a low level of genetic diversity, although a loose clustering into five groups could be identified, one of which contained the non‐ betulifolia individuals. Examination of the spatial distribution of the other four groups (all betulifolia ) revealed a general correlation between geographic proximity and genetic similarity. On the basis of the polymorphism observed, it was possible to identify a small number of individual plants which exhibit maximum diversity and might therefore be suitable for inclusion in a replanting programme designed to maintain at least the existing low level of polymorphism observed within British black poplar.
Metallurgical Failure Analysis of Intramedullary Nail Used for Femoral Fracture Stabilization

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Currently orthopedics challenge is the use of intramedullary nails to straighten diaphyseal femoral fractures. In this paper it was conducted a case study on an intramedullary nail used for femoral fracture stabilization, in the case of one young patient. The evolution was unfavorable to the fracture site and the implant failed after three month of first surgical intervention. Intramedullary nail dimensions were 300mm length and 10mm in diameter. The following investigations were made in order to establish the failure causes: determination of the chemical composition through spectral analysis, macrostructural analysis using stereomicroscopy, optical microstructural analysis using optical microscopy, fractographic analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The final conclusions showed that the metallic biomaterial used for manufacturing the intramedullary nail was approximately an austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L, but with major microstructural defects. Macro-structural analysis revealed the presence of two zones of cracking, which are very rare at austenitic stainless steels. Also breaking with a fragile character has radial front tear propagation. In longitudinal section, cracks were evidenced due to the extraction operation and also the presence of corrosion products was shown. From fractographic analysis it was determined that intramedullary nail failure was predominantly through the mechanism of brittle fracture that took place at the point of maximum bending of the implant fragile.
Investigation on the stability, microstructure, and rheology of E2 protein-stabilised pickering emulsion gel

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Rheology properties of structured fluids, such as emulsion, are closely associated with their microstructure arrangements. Investigation of the rheology behaviour and microstructure of emulsion system provides a more profound understanding of its physical characteristics and potential application. Self-assembled E2-protein nanocage has been successfully employed as a Pickering emulsifier in an oil-in-water emulsion system. A specific oil/water ratio composition of the Pickering emulsion produced an emulsion gel with viscoelastic behaviour that is desirable in cosmetic formulation. However, there has been no further characterisation of the Pickering emulsion gel dynamic physical properties and microstructure. In this project, we performed a deeper investigation of the emulsion gel rheological properties using dynamic mechanical analysis and microstructure formation through electron microscopy observation. Experiments were conducted on the Pickering emulsion gel with different oil/water ratio compositions or various storage gelation temperatures. All formulated E2-stabilised Pickering emulsion gels demonstrated shear thinning and solid-like behaviour that is similar to the viscoelastic characteristic of commercialised creams and lotions. Network connection among the dispersed droplets of the emulsion gel system was also observed in the electron microgram obtained using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to confirm the solid-like structure of the system. These characteristics of the Pickering emulsion gel are of potential benefits in cosmetic products. Our study provides as a foundation for optimisation of E2-stabilised Pickering emulsion gel application in cosmetic formulation.
Financial distress, communication, and cancer treatment decision making: Does cost matter?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

6506 Background: Financial distress (FD) increases the burden of living with cancer. Even insured patients may experience considerable FD, but little is known about whether patients want to include cost discussions in treatment decision-making. Methods: This is an ongoing cross-sectional study of insured adults with solid tumors on anticancer therapy for ≥1 month. Consecutive patients were surveyed, in person, at a referral center and 3 rural oncology clinics. Participants were asked about FD (via a validated measure), out-of-pocket (OOP) costs, discussion of costs with their doctor, and decision-making. Medical records were reviewed for disease and treatment data. Logistic regression assessed the relationship between FD and cost communication. Results: 119 participants (85% response) had a median age of 60 years (range 27-86). 54% were men, 29% non-white, and 96% completed high school. 81% had incurable cancer. 58% had private insurance. Median income was $50,000/yr. Median OOP costs were $480/mo. The mean FD score (6.7, SD 2.5) corresponded to moderate FD. 19% reported high/overwhelming FD. Overall, 48% (n=57) expressed any desire to discuss costs with their doctor, but only 21% (n=25) had actually done so. Of the 19% with highest FD, 36% (n=8) had discussed costs with a doctor, and 68% (n=15) expressed any desire to discuss costs. The most common reasons for not discussing costs with doctors were: “no problems with costs” (n=47); “want best care regardless of cost” (n=36); and “doctors shouldn’t have to worry about costs” (n=19). Of those who discussed costs with their doctor, 48% (n=12) felt the discussion helped decrease costs. 54% (n=64) wanted their doctors to account for costs in cancer treatment decision-making; 20% (n=24) always wanted costs considered in decision-making. High FD was the only variable associated with greater willingness to discuss costs (adjusted OR 2.81; 95%CI 1.05-7.50; p=0.04). Conclusions: FD was prevalent among insured cancer patients. A large proportion wanted costs discussed with doctors and included in treatment decision-making. Discussing finances may lower costs, but the discussion rarely occurs. Communication and decision-making present a potential focus for intervening on FD.
Hippocampal structure and function in the albino rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Theories concerning the function of the hippocampus in behavior have treated this structure as being homogenous in function. Inconsistencies in prior research have sometimes been attributed to differences in procedures or to extra-hippocampal damage resulting from the manipulation. While these factors have been shown to be potent variables, several writers have suggested that lesion location within the hippocampus is important and that smaller lesions are to be preferred to the generally large ones used in most earlier work. Recent work involving the organization of afferent and efferent pathways of the hippocampus has shown these to be well organized in terms of the various "fields" of the structure as distinguished by early anatomists. In the present experiment 14 control operated (HC), 14 hippocampally lesioned (BE), 16 dorsal fornix lesioned (DF) and 16 lateral fimbria lesioned (LF) albino rats were tested in a series of five behavioral tasks in order to assess the relative behavioral effects of gross hippocampal lesions and lesions of the hippocampal efferent pathways. No group differences were found in open field activity levels, or in number of approaches to novel ob.1ects placed in an open field. In an orienting shift task with subjects under 23-hour water deprivation, HE, LF and DF groups had shorter initial latencies to drink than HC subjects, and the HE group made fewer orientations to light stimuli but not to tone stimuli. In a passive avoidance task the HE and LF groups made more errors than the HC. group. In addition the HE group also made more errors than the LF and DF groups. HE and LF groups fought less than the DF and HC groups in a reflexive fighting task. The LF group also demonstrated shorter boxing-posture maintenance relative to the HC and Dr groups at the end of the reflexive fighting session. All groups were similar to each other in a shock threshold rating situation, but the HE group had a lower jump threshold than the HC group. The effects of the gross lesions were similar to those obtained in previous studies. Response perseveration, internal inhibition, and stimulus gating interpretations of hippocampal function were discussed and it was concluded that the gross lesion effects were best explained on the basis of an involvement of anxiety-defensive immobility mechanisms. The pattern of results for the behavioral tasks changed markedly as a function of the efferent path lesion location. Unitary explanations were rejected, and it was concluded that anatomical differences in hippocampal projections are accompanied by separation of function. Two multi-functional interpretations were offered to account for the differences observed.
The brain protection of Naloxoneon patients with acute organ phosphorus pesticide poisoning

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study the therapeutic effect and significance of Naloxane on the brain function in patients with acute organ phosphorus pesticide poisoning. Methods 106 patients with acute organ phosphorus pesti-cide poisoning were randomly allocated to two groups according to the hospitalized date, the NX group(n=54) and the normal group(n=52). The two groups received the same basic treatment and the dynamic monitor about the changes of the β-EP and MDA levels in each groups, and the NX group was given additional treatment with 0.8 mg Naloxone-intravenous injection every 20 minutes till consciousness recovering or symptoms improved. Results The time of recovering consciousness was (16.71±3.17)h in NX group and (20.84±3.25)h in control group. β-EP and MDA were higher than normal before treatment in all patients (P<0.01), and were significantly reduced after treatment in NX group (P<0.05), the control group had mild change after treatment. Conclusion Relating to the inhibition of oxygen free radicals, Naloxone can reduce time of recovering consciousness and can protect the injured brain of the patients with acute organ phosphorus pesticide poisoning.

Key words:
Naloxone; Organ phosphorus poisoning; Brain injuries; Brain protection
Convolutional Neural Networks with Compression Complexity Pooling for Out-of-Distribution Image Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To reliably detect out-of-distribution images based on already deployed convolutional neural networks, several recent studies on the out-of-distribution detection have tried to define effective confidence scores without retraining the model. Although they have shown promising results, most of them need to find the optimal hyperparameter values by using a few out-of-distribution images, which eventually assumes a specific test distribution and makes it less practical for real-world applications. In this work, we propose a novel out-of-distribution detection method termed as MALCOM, which neither uses any out-of-distribution sample nor retrains the model. Inspired by an observation that the global average pooling cannot capture spatial information of feature maps in convolutional neural networks, our method aims to extract informative sequential patterns from the feature maps. To this end, we introduce a similarity metric that focuses on shared patterns between two sequences based on the normalized compression distance. In short, MALCOM uses both the global average and the spatial patterns of feature maps to identify out-of-distribution images accurately.
Microstructure and microhardness of carbon nanotube reinforced copper nanocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced copper matrix nanocomposites were fabricated by powder metallurgy technique, which consists of blending, compaction and sintering followed by hot forging technique. The microhardness of hot forged nanocomposites was evaluated and found to be higher than that of hot forged copper. The enhanced hardness was attributed to the hardening of the copper matrix by reinforcing effect of MWCNTs. Electron diffraction patterns obtained from MWCNTs and nanocomposites were indexed, and an orientation relationship was derived using stereographic projection. The orientation relationship between MWCNTs and copper appears to be [[Formula: see text] ] fcc Cu ||[[Formula: see text] ] MWCNT , and tube axis was found to be parallel to (3 1 1) Cu . However, no unique orientation relationship was observed between copper and MWCNTs.
Personal Exposure to Fine Particles (PM2.5) in Northwest Africa: Case of the Urban City of Bamako in Mali

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) from anthropogenic activities is a major concern in African countries, including Mali. However, knowledge of particulates is scant. This study was undertaken to characterize personal exposure to PM2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) in the city of Bamako in Mali. The exposure to PM2.5, through daily activities was observed from September 2020 to February 2021. Participants wore palm-sized optical PM2.5 sensors on their chest during their daily activities. The exposure levels in four different groups of residents were investigated in relation to their daily activities. The variation in PM2.5 concentration was measured during different activities in different microenvironments, and the main sources of exposure were identified. The highest average 10 min concentrations were observed at home and in bedrooms, while the participants were using specific products typically used in Africa, Asia, and South America that included insecticides (IST; 999 µg/m3) and incense (ICS; 145 µg/m3), followed by traffic (216 µg/m3) and cooking (150 µg/m3). The lowest average 10 min concentrations were also observed in the same microenvironment lacking IST or ICS (≤14 µg/m3). With no use of specific products, office workers and students were the least exposed, and drivers and cooks were the most exposed. The concentrations are up to 7.5 and 3 times higher than the World Health Organization’s yearly and daily recommended exposure levels, respectively, indicating the need to promptly elaborate and apply effective mitigation strategies to improve air quality and protect public health. This study highlights the importance of indoor air pollution sources related to culture and confirms previous studies on urban outdoor air pollution sources, especially in developing countries. The findings could be applied to cities other than Bamako, as similar practices and lifestyles are common in different cultures.
Additional Data on Nonfinite Complements of Afraid

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The chapter sheds further light on the semantic contrast between to infinitival and of -ing complement clauses selected by the adjective afraid, making use of data offered by the Corpus of Contemporary American English, COCA. The focus is on sentential complements where the lower clause is in the passive. In a passive the derived subject of the passive typically has the Patient role, with a [-Choice] interpretation of the predicate in question, and the chapter investigates and compares the interpretations of to infinitival and of -ing complements in such constructions, on the basis of corpus evidence.
The Use of Empirically Based Information when Reforming and Evaluating Judicial Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter traces the availability and use of empirically based evidence relating to judicial review in England and Wales. It considers how such evidence has been used by reformers of judicial review and those concerned to evaluate the effectiveness of reforms. Attitudes to empirical and statistical data have changed significantly since the early 20th century and the chapter traces this change in the context of judicial review. It is structured around the following phases: from the 1930s to the early 1960s which was typified by the absence of empirically based evidence and scepticism amongst legal academics regarding the value of such evidence; from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s during which the value of empirical evidence on judicial review emerged; the 1980s to the mid-2000s which saw a significant growth in the available empirical evidence; and finally, the period from the mid-2000s during which empirical and statistical evidence took centre stage when governments used statistically based justifications for limiting access to judicial review.
Proposals of Sphingomonas paucimobilis gen. nov. and comb. nov., Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis sp. nov., Sphingomonas yanoikuyae sp. nov., Sphingomonas adhaesiva sp. nov., Sphingomonas capsulata comb, nov., and Two Genospecies of the Genus Sphingomonas

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Based on the partial nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), presence of unique sphingoglycolipids in cellular lipid, and the major type of ubiquinone (Q10), we propose Sphingomonas gen. nov. with the type species Sphingomonas paucimobilis (Holmes et al, 1977) comb. nov. From the homology values of deoxyribonucleic acid‐deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and the phenotypic characteristics, three new species, Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis, Sphingomonas yanoikuyae, Sphingomonas adhaesiva , and one new combination, Sphingomonas capsulata , are described. S. par apaucimobilis JCM 7510 (=GIFU 11387), S. yanoikuyae JCM 7371 (=GIFU 9882), and S. adhaesiva JCM 7370 (=GIFU 11458) are designated as the type strains of the three new species. Emended description of the type strain of S. capsulata is presented.
Surgical treatment of congenital nystagmus in patients with singular binocular vision.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Operative treatment of congenital jerk-type nystagmus with ocular torticollis in patients with single binocular vision is discussed. The mechanism causing the head turn as well as the methods used in measuring the head turn and the selection of surgical procedures to correct it are analyzed. The results of 7 cases operated upon for this condition are presented.