jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
National Research Integrity System (NRIS) of foreign countries (1) : Basic structural model and its typology

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

わが国における研究不正の低減に向けた検討に資するため，文献情報をもとに諸外国の国家研究公正システムの特徴を分析した。研究活動における公正さ（Research Integrity）を確保し，研究不正の低減を図っていく国全体としてのシステムのことを，本報では「国家研究公正システム（National Research Integrity System: NRIS）」と定義する。近年，NRISの比較研究は広く世界的な規模で行われている。そこでまず，先行研究におけるNRISの比較・分類の考え方を整理し，調査対象国のNRISの分類を行ったところ，米国をはじめとする「法的な調査権限を有する研究公正当局のある国」に分類される国は，全体としては少なかった。さらに主要国の研究不正の状況と研究開発やNRISの特徴の関係について俯瞰的な分析を行った。その結果，NRISの検討に当たっては，各国の研究不正の特徴や国情を踏まえ，さまざまな特徴あるシステムを検討していくことが重要であることが示唆された。
Greetings from the PITTSBURGH CONFERENCE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGreetings from the PITTSBURGH CONFERENCECite this: Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 13, 1331A–1336APublication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online29 May 2012Published inissue 1 November 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00263a747RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views14Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Advances in the application of oxygenases in chiral compounds synthesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chiral compounds are widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical,pesticides,new materials and fine chemicals.The traditional synthesis methods have many limitations such as poor enantioselectivity,large energy consumption,heavy pollution,and so on.Biocatalysis synthesis is an environment friendly synthesis method which has high enantioselectivityhas,so it becomes a hot issue in the area of organic synthesis.The mechanisms of biocatalysis synthesis,directed evolution of oxygenases and optimization of the process are summarized;the latest research progress of microbial oxygenases application in biosynthesis of chiral compounds are reviewed in this paper.
Antibiotic Resistance of 390 Clinical Enterococcus Isolates and Test of Class I Integron

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the a nt ibiotic resistance and the rates of carrying class Ⅰ integron of 390 clinical Enterococcus isolates for clinical treatment. METHODS Antibiotic susceptibility tests w ere performed by NCCLS′s agar dilution method using WHONET5 software for data a nalysis.The class Ⅰ integron was detected by PCR amplification,and the conjuga tion transfer test of enterococci carrying class Ⅰ integron was performed by fi lter mating method.Synergic bactericidal test of streptomycin and ampicillin wa s completed by the method of chessboard. RESULTS MIC_(50) and MIC_(90)(μg/m l) of E.faecalis to ampicillin,penicillin,chloramphynicol,and levofloxacin were 4 and 16,8 and 16,16 and 64,4 and 16,respectively.The MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of E.faecium to them were 64 and 128;64 and 128;32 and 128;and 32 and 128,respectively.To vancomycin both of E.faecalis and E.faecium were 2 and 4μg/ml.The rates of carrying class Ⅰ integron of 324 E.faecalis strains an d 66(E.faecium) strains were 53.1% and 51.5%,respectively.Class Ⅰ integron carried aadA2 gene.MIC to streptomycin was lower than 2 000 μg/ml,and the results of combined streptomycin with ampicillin were(FIC≤0.5). CONCLUSIONS MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of E.faecium to eight antibiotics are higher than that of E.faecalis.The bacterial conjugated plasmids of carrying class Ⅰ in tegron can transfer among enterococci.The results of combined streptomycin with ampicillin show synergic function.
Dawn of structural biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The twentieth century was a century of revelation in biology that began with the alliance of genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and the creation of the modern subject. It ended with the advent of genomics, a return to study of the behavior of whole cells or organisms, but now interpreted through knowledge of their genes and the genes' protein products. Two findings laid the foundation for the age of structure in biology: first, that the positions of atoms in a crystallized substance could be determined from X-rays passing through, and scattered by, the crystal; second, that the approach could be applied to very simple biological molecules. Knowledge of protein structure is central to understanding what proteins do and how they do it. Structure can show how the working parts of biological motors move, can reveal the catalytic sites of enzymes, and can pinpoint interaction areas between molecules.
‘Peeling Back the Mask’: Sociopathy and the Rhizomes of the eu Food Industry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the eu food industry (apropos of the 2013 ‘Horse Meat Scandal’) applying the notion of sociopathy which has hitherto been confined to analyses of corporate banking and insurance. In the ‘underground’ of the eu meat industry we encounter sociopaths nurtured not only by the rhizomes of its industrial con, but also by collective consumer apathy: Despite a pervasive culture of food fraud—with at least 1305 different ingredient adulteration cases since 1980—there is little criminological examination of the culture and environment of the everyday, ‘harmless’, sociopaths present in the tributaries of the eu food supply. More than merely mapping the food industry sociopath, our overall aim is to contribute an interdisciplinary reading of the processes which sustain and reproduce his kind.
The fine distribution of lymph vessels in the aortic wall in rabbit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With adult rabbit under nembutal anesthesia they were subjected to laparotomy, and after ligating chylus about 10ml of India ink diluted 4-fold with physiological saline solution was injected slowly into inguinal lymph nodes and external iliacal lymph nodes. About 5 hours later the abdominal aorta was taken out, and it was cut into longitudinal and cross celloidin sections of about 100μ in thickness, which were stained with aldehyde-fuchsin or light-green solution and the distribution of lymph vessels in the arterial wall was observed. With some of the above specimens transparent samples were also prepared. By the forced reverse flow of lymph it was found that the excretory lymph vessel group arising from lymph capillary immediately adjacent to the internal elastic membrane of the aortic wall runs gradually along collagenous fibers through the fenestrations of each elastic membrane of the tunica media, and appears at the tunica adventitia and after confluencing they become a ralatively large excretory lymph vessel, but they further confluence with the excretory lymph vessel arising from the lymph capillary of fat tissue in the tunica adventitia, and they form an aggregative lymph vessel which runs over the exterior layer of the tunica adventitia, and when it comes out of the tunica adventitia it enters into the aortic lymph node.What is noteworthy is the fact that both the aggregative and excretory lymph vessels have peri-lymphvessel spaces. Embryologically, such a peri-lymphvessel space is a kind of closed space formed by the peri-arterialwall connective tissue consistig of double membrane that covers a part of the aortic lymph nodes to make an aggregative lymph vessel, and then excretory lymph vessel, which should be considered as a lymph space. Further at the site where the aggregative lymph vessel come in this closed space there is a narrow gate.
A finite element analysis of stability of subtrochanteric oblique osteotomy in total hip arthroplasty for type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective
Finite element analysis was used to evaluate the effects of different angles of subtrochanteric osteotomy on the bone and prosthesis stress and the stability of the osteotomy surface.

Methods
CT scan of A 50 year old female patient with Crowe type developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) was subjected to the CT scan, the femur data were extracted, the digital model was established, components were digitalized, and the operation was simulated. The osteotomy was done under the rotor downward inclination of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. The affected lateral single leg standing was developed by mechanical loading. The stress distribution, relative displacement and measurement of each model were detected.

Results
The stress distribution of the femoral and hip replacement was different from that of the whole femur. After the subtrochanteric osteotomy, the stress concentration appeared in both the prosthesis and the femur, and the stress concentration area of the femur was mainly located at the distal end of the osteotomy. From the angle of the displacement of the osteotomy plane, the relative displacements after 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° osteotomy were 101, 29, 48, and 133 μm respectively. The rotation and axial displacement of the osteotomy face were balanced when the inclination was 45°, and the overall displacement was minimum.

Conclusion
The finite element analysis shows that the subtrochanteric osteotomy can cause the stress concentration of the distal femur of the osteotomy. Because of the small overall displacement, the tilt of the rotor under 45° osteotomy is expected to obtain the best stability of the osteotomy surface.

Key words:
Developmental dysplasia of the hip; Total hip arthroplasty; Subtrochanteric oblique osteotomy; Finite element analysis
Mechanical behavior of Deveci pear cultivar affected by maturation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study examines the mechanical behavior of ‘Deveci’ pearcultivar produced in Turkey in terms of harvesting periods. Penetration testswere applied to the determined sides (bloom side, lateral side and stem side)of pear fruit harvested on three different maturation dates (October 5-15-25).According to the test results, it was found that harvesting period haddifferent effects on mechanical properties of pears. Decrease was found inrupture force, rupture energy, deformation and firmness values of pears as theharvest date progressed. Rupture force values were as 52.69, 45.56 and 41.95 Nin the first, second and third harvesting dates, respectively. Deformation was5.57 in the first harvesting date and as 5.12 mm in the third harvesting date.The present study showed that firmness values of mature pear fruit were less.Firmness value was 9.59 N/mm in the first harvesting date and 8.09 N/mm in thethird harvesting date. The highest firmness value was found on the stem side ofpears.
#1076 DNA hypomethylation of Syk induces oxidative stress and apoptosis via the PKCβ/ P66shc signaling pathway in diabetic kidney disease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background and Aims Epigenetic alterations, especially DNA methylation, have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is known to be involved in immune and inflammatory disorders. We, therefore, investigated the possible involvement of Syk promoter methylation in DKD, and the mechanisms underlying this process. Method Kidney tissues were obtained from renal biopsies of patients with early and advanced DKD. A diabetic mouse model (ApoE−/−DM) was generated from ApoE knockout (ApoE−/−) mice using a high fat and high glucose diet combined with low-dose streptozocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection. We also established an in vitro model using HK2 cells. Results A marked elevation in the expression levels of Syk, PKCβ, and P66shc in renal tubules was observed in patients with DKD. In ApoE−/− DM mice, Syk expression and the binding of Sp1 to the Syk gene promoter were both increased in the kidney. In addition, the promoter region of the Syk gene exhibited hypomethylation. Syk inhibitor (R788) intervention improved renal function and alleviated pathologic changes in ApoE−/− DM mice. Moreover, R788 intervention alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis and down-regulated the expression of PKCβ/ P66shc signaling pathway proteins. In HK2 cells, oxLDL combined with high glucose stimulation upregulated Sp1 expression in the nucleus (compared with control and oxLDL groups), and this was accompanied by an increase in the binding of Sp1 to the Syk gene promoter. SP1 silencing down-regulated the expression of Syk and inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species and cell apoptosis. Finally, PKC agonist intervention reversed the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by Syk inhibitor (R406). Conclusion In DKD, hypomethylation at the Syk gene promoter was accompanied by an increase in Sp1 binding at the promoter. As a consequence of this enhanced Sp1 binding, Syk gene expression was upregulated. Syk inhibitors could attenuate DKD-associated oxidative stress and apoptosis via down-regulation of PKCβ/ P66shc signaling pathway proteins. Together, our results identify Syk as a promising target for intervention in DKD.
Can the Cultural Transmission of Trans-Affirming Values Serve as a Protective Factor for Transgender/Gender-Nonconforming Youth?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Through a social learning theoretical framework, this article seeks to understand how gender normativity is perpetuated, as well as how it results in the marginalization of transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) youth. Additionally, ways in which TGNC youth navigate oppression and how discrimination against TGNC youth may be reduced through disruption of gender normativity are explored. Using qualitative methods, including the analysis of community meeting transcripts as well as town hall meetings with gender-diverse participants, the present study will answer the following research questions: (1) how do transgender and gender-nonconforming youth navigate discrimination and marginalization? (2) How can social learning theory be leveraged to disrupt gender normativity and reduce the discrimination, marginalization, and victimization of transgender and gender-nonconforming youth? This article aims to bridge the gap in the literature by expanding on research specifically pertaining to TGNC youth and directly addressing how social learning mechanisms can both perpetuate and mitigate gender-normative ideologies.
Magnetic Properties of Two‐Dimensional Iron Chloride Intercalated in Graphite

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Susceptibility and Mössbauer measurements have been made on a saturated FeCl 3 ‐ graphite intercalation compound with alternating graphite and FeCl 3 ,‐layers. It orders magnetically at 4 K. Extreme broadening of the Mössbauer spectrum is found in the critical region, and there is no anomaly in the sucseptibility. The moments lie in planes which are antiferromagnetic. Anisotropy of the susceptibility is ascribed t o the presence of Fez+ ions a t low temperatures, but a t room temperature there is rapid electron hopping between the iron sites.
SYNTHESIS OF MODEL COMPOUNDS RELEVANT TO THE ACTIVE‐SITE‐DIRECTED INACTIVATION OF L‐ASPARAGINASE BY 5‐DIAZO‐4‐OXO‐L‐NORVALINE*

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Earlier work has shown that 5‐diazo‐4‐oxo‐ l ‐norvaline (DONV) irreversibly inactivates the l ‐asparaginase from E. coli by formation of a covalent bond in the region of the active site. Model compounds have been prepared to study this acid‐labile covalent bond tentatively assigned to a serine or possibly a threonine residue in a decapeptide isolated from 14 C‐DONV‐inactivated enzyme. Appropriately blocked DONV was found to alkylate methanol, and the hydroxyl function of blocked serine or threonine in the presence of boron trifluoride. The labile β‐ketoethers thus formed were reduced to the more stable β‐hydroxyethers. Facile lactonization of these 5‐substituted‐4‐hydroxy‐ l ‐norvalines was observed. The diastereoisomers of both the lactonized and open forms of 5‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐ l ‐norvaline and related 4‐hydroxy‐ l ‐2‐amino acids of similar length were distinguishable on the amino acid analyzer. The β‐hydroxyethers derived from serine and threonine were hydrolyzed with acid and yielded the expected cleavage products. When the β‐ketoether was reduced by sodium borohydride prior to deblocking, in addition to the β‐hydroxyether, N‐blocked amino alcohols were also formed, yielding a complex mixture of products.
Transcriptional Regulation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The eukaryotic cell is remarkably versatile. Whether it is destined to spend its existence producing antibodies for immune response or moving mucus over the epithelial sheets of the colon is determined by the myriad of proteins that it manufactures. Some processes are shared by all cells. Therefore, most cells contain a subset of common proteins, including proteins involved in forming the cytoskeleton, proteins intrinsic to the membranes of the golgi and endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomal proteins, and other "housekeeping proteins." In contrast, subsets of proteins are expressed only in specialized cells, where they serve specific and often unique functions. Cellular specialization is controlled by gene expression, in which groups of genes are activated or repressed in response to internal and external stimuli. Moreover, the integrity with which gene expression is controlled can determine whether a cell performs its function in harmony and collaboration with its surroundings or defies the controls of growth and proliferation and invades territories normally reserved for other cells, resulting in malignancy.
A case of refractory IgG4-related peripheral neuropathy with severe axonal damage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 78-year-old man presented complaining of tingling and pain. Neurological examination revealed dysesthesia and hypothermesthesia below both knees and areflexia in the lower extremities. Laboratory data revealed elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin IgG4 and para-aortic, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy was evident on plain computed tomography of the abdomen. Microscopic findings of a bone marrow biopsy specimen showed occlusion of blood vessels with IgG4-positive plasma cells. IgG4-related disease was diagnosed because the bone marrow biopsy exhibited > 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field. Treatment was initiated with prednisolone starting at 30 mg/day, but no improvement in neurological symptoms was achieved. Sural nerve biopsy demonstrated obstructive thromboangiitis with severe loss of myelin and axons. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the relationship between obstructive thromboangiitis and steroid-resistant IgG4-related peripheral neuropathy.
Dynamic-Aware Autonomous Exploration in Populated Environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Autonomous exploration allows mobile robots to navigate in initially unknown territories in order to build complete representations of the environments. In many real-life applications, environments often contain dynamic obstacles which can compromise the exploration process by temporarily blocking passages, narrow paths, exits or entrances to other areas yet to be explored. In this work, we formulate a novel exploration strategy capable of explicitly handling dynamic obstacles, thus leading to complete and reliable exploration outcomes in populated environments. We introduce the concept of dynamic frontiers to represent unknown regions at the boundaries with dynamic obstacles together with a cost function which allows the robot to make informed decisions about when to revisit such frontiers. We evaluate the proposed strategy in challenging simulated environments and show that it outperforms a state-of-the-art baseline in these populated scenarios.
A simplified stoichiometric kinetic model for estimating the concentration of reaction products in anaerobic digestion

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Modelling the anaerobic digestion process is often complex and needs to consider many input parameters. This study simplified the modelling procedure by developing an idealized stoichiometric kinetic model that simulates the anaerobic digestion process with only a few parameters: composition coefficients (α and β), maximum substrate utilization rate (qmax), endogenous-decay coefficient (b), biodegradable fraction (fd), and temperature coefficient (Ф). We validated the model with the operating results of a pilot two-phase anaerobic digester for food wastewater disposal and calculated using the MATLAB programing software. The comparison between the experimental and model simulation results demonstrated a good agreement. The developed model correctly simulated the fate of chemicals in the anaerobic digestion process.
Introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The reforms of 1991 marked a paradigm shift from the Nehruvian import substitution economy to market liberalization. How have the Prime Ministers explained this shift to the population and the world and how are these transformations projected as the glossy embodiment of a New emerging India? How have Prime Ministers attempted to rescue state secularism in moments of crisis? The larger framing of the questions posed by the book is: How do nation-states recalibrate and renegotiate their authority as the vanguards of the nation in times when they come to be severely challenged by forces dubbed under the rubric of ‘globalization’? The author explains how the book treats both the cross cutting themes of state secularism and market liberalization not as two distinct themes, marked by separate events, but as intertwined topics through the lens of the same sources. It grounds why it is important to study prime ministerial oratory.
Requirements for AMHS in 450 mm era

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

When examining new configuration for manufacturing systems for 450 mm wafers, it is important to build logical models of whole or parts of fabs that include AMHS (automated material handling system), and then investigate behaviors of them. This paper presents a logical model of a part of a fab that includes production tools and AMHS. It shows CET (carrier exchange time) becomes more important for AMHS design in 450 mm fabs than in 300 mm fabs. It also implies that AMHS would be required to reduce variability of carrier delivery times.