jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Critical regionality and alternative pedagogies in Eastern Kentucky.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines the history of several Appalachian educational institutions, their approaches, and how that may influence contemporary Eastern Kentucky students (the Appalachian region in Kentucky). Eastern Kentucky today suffers from high rates of poverty and low rates of educational attainment, with a postsecondary attainment rate less than half of the nation’s average. This study proposes looking at Eastern Kentucky’s educational history and proposing ways to alter the current standardized pedagogies in secondary schools to cultivate higher rates of academic interest and motivation. I approach Eastern Kentucky’s complex history with the institution of education and its contemporary implications through a review of primary and secondary literature and interviews with secondary school educators in Eastern Kentucky. The overarching conclusion arrived at with this study is that pedagogical approaches that utilize the student’s experiences, such as critical regionality, are effective at cultivating educational motivation within a locale like Eastern Kentucky.
Visual information is broadcast among cortical areas in discrete channels

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Among brain areas, axonal projections carry channels of information that can be mixed to varying degrees. Here, we assess the rules for the network consisting of the primary visual cortex and higher visual areas (V1-HVA). We use large field-of-view two-photon calcium imaging to measure correlated variability (i.e., noise correlations, NCs) among thousands of neurons, forming over a million unique pairs, distributed across multiple cortical areas simultaneously. The amplitude of NCs is proportional to functional network connectivity, and we find that they are robust, reproducible statistical measures, and are remarkably similar across stimuli. We used these NCs to measure the statistics of functional connectivity among tuning classes of neurons in V1 and HVAs. Using an unbiased clustering approach, we identify that there are approximately 60 distinct tuning classes found in V1 and HVAs. We find that NCs are higher between neurons from the same tuning class, both within and across cortical areas. Thus, in the V1-HVA network, mixing of channels is avoided. Instead, discrete channels of visual information are broadcast within and across cortical areas, at both the micron and millimeter length scales. This principle for the functional organization and correlation structure at the individual neuron level across multiple cortical areas can inform and constrain computational theories of neocortical networks.
Experimental Study of Anthracite Combustion in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

An introduction to the experimental work done on boilers is presented, together with an analysis of the results obtained, which show that anthracite can effectively be burnt. In circulating fluidized beds, but with existing problems of high ignition temperature, large content of carbon in the fly ash and relatively low efficiency of combustion. Based on test results and engineering experience, some suggestions are made for raising the combustion of anthracite, lowering the carbon content in the fly ash und for designing circulating fluidized bed boilers that may burn anthracite efficiently. Figs 8, table 1 and refs 6
Effect of the production site on stable isotopes of ethanol in fruit spirits

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Stable isotope ratio analyzes are powerful analytical methods that can be used to check the authenticity of alcoholic beverages and to detect any adulteration. The Forensic Institute of National Tax and Customs Administration applies stable isotope techniques - SNIF-NMR (Site specific Natural Isotope Fractionation), IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) to determine the botanical origin of the alcoholic beverages. The process starting from fruit until the Hungarian ‘pálinka’ has several steps, most of them well studied: fermentation from fruit sugar to ethanol, sample preparation (Cadiot distillation) and isotopic measurements (SNIF-NMR, IRMS). To keep the complete process under control only the study of the isotope fractionation effect of distillation step during the production procedure is missing. In this study the control of the different scale fermentation and distillation step was investigated by comparing isotope ratios: (D/H), δ13C of ethanol distilled from spirits produced in laboratory and in a commercial/Hungarian distillery. The experimental results of multivariable F-test (MANOVA) show that the scale of the fermentation and distillation – laboratory or commercial - has no impact on measured stable isotope ratios. This is a practical proof that the stable isotope database of the Forensic Institute can be used for the evaluation of the authenticity of spirits produced in any distillery.
Ruminal acidosis challenge impact on ruminal temperature in feedlot cattle1

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The objective of this experiment was to determine if ruminal temperature rise coincides with pH reduction using an acidosis challenge model. Twelve ruminally cannulated steers (518 ± 28 kg BW) were administered ruminal temperature-monitoring devices that recorded temperature every 2 min. Steers were fed a 63% concentrate diet at 1.6% BW for 20 d before being randomly assigned to 1 of 3 acidosis challenge treatments: no dietary change (CON), one-half of daily DMI replaced with cracked corn (HALF), or all of daily DMI replaced with cracked corn (CORN). The challenge was initiated by ruminally dosing steers with their treatment diets. Ruminal pH and rectal temperatures (T(rec)) were recorded every 3 h for 72 h. All steers were offered CON diets at 24 and 48 h after challenge. Ruminal pH showed a treatment × day effect (P = 0.01). Ruminal pH of CORN steers was lower (P = 0.03) than that of HALF steers on d 1, was lower (P ≤ 0.004) than that of HALF and CON steers on d 2, and tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.10) than that of HALF and CON steers on d 3. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.42) RecT. Ruminal temperature (T(rum)) showed a treatment · d(-1) · h(-1) after feeding interaction (P < 0.01). At 3 h after challenge, T(rum) of CORN and HALF steers was higher (P ≤ 0.01) than that of CON steers. On d 2, T(rum) of CORN steers was higher (P ≤ 0.03) than that of CON between 6 and 12 h after feeding. From 15 to 21 h after feeding on d 2, T(rum) of HALF steers was higher (P < 0.01) than that of CORN and CON steers. On d 3, at the time of feeding until 3 h later, T(rum) of CORN steers was lower (P ≤ 0.04) than that of all other steers. Rectal temperature was correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with T(rum) on all days for CON and CORN steers. Ruminal pH was negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.04) with T(rec) on d 2 and T(rum) on d 1 in CORN steers, and T(rum) was negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.02) with ruminal pH in HALF and CON steers on d 1 and 3, respectively. The amount of time above T(rum) of 39.0°C or 39.45°C was correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with the time spent below a ruminal pH of 5.5 in CORN steers; however, time above T(rum) of 39.0°C did not differ (P = 0.87) among treatments. Results indicate that there is a negative relationship between T(rum) and ruminal pH during an acidotic episode; therefore, T(rum) monitoring can detect a potential acidotic episode.
iSeeYou: disabling the MacBook webcam indicator LED

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The ubiquitous webcam indicator LED is an important privacy feature which provides a visual cue that the camera is turned on. We describe how to disable the LED on a class of Apple internal iSight webcams used in some versions of MacBook laptops and iMac desktops. This enables video to be captured without any visual indication to the user and can be accomplished entirely in user space by an unprivileged (non-root) application.

The same technique that allows us to disable the LED, namely reprogramming the firmware that runs on the iSight, enables a virtual machine escape whereby malware running inside a virtual machine reprograms the camera to act as a USB Human Interface Device (HID) keyboard which executes code in the host operating system.

We build two proofs-of-concept: (1) an OS X application, iSeeYou, which demonstrates capturing video with the LED disabled; and (2) a virtual machine escape that launches Terminal.app and runs shell commands. To defend against these and related threats, we build an OS X kernel extension, iSightDefender, which prohibits the modification of the iSight's firmware from user space.
Transient ischemic episodes — a marker for future cardiac events in patients with stable angina pectoris

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronary heart disease is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized countries. Besides its irreversible manifestations as myocardial infarction or sudden death, the disease presents itself in symptomatic form as angina pectoris or in asymptomatic form as silent ischemia. In recent years the similarities between silent and non-silent manifestations of transient ischemia have received much attention [1–4]. It has been shown that pain is not a very reliable warning system for patients with transient episodes of myocardial ischemia. Even in myocardial infarctions a high percentage of asymptomatic occurrences has been found [5].
Characterization of HSP27 and Three Immunologically Related Polypeptides during <i>Drosophila</i> Development

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein HSP27 is made in the absence of heat shock during Drosophila melanogaster development. An analysis of the accumulation of HSP27 during specific stages of development is presented using an antiserum recognizing this protein. Whereas HSP27 is abundant during embryogenesis, the level of this protein begins to decrease in the 20-h old embryo and is no longer detectable in second instar larvae. A high level of HSP27 is again observed in third instar larvae and reaches a maximal level in late pupae. While still abundant in young adult flies of both sexes, a greater amount of HSP27 is found in females with the protein being highly concentrated within the ovaries. Following lysis of whole pupae, about 60% of HSP27 is found in the soluble lysate fraction in a form which sediments between 5 and 20S. Anti-HSP27 serum also recognizes three other developmentally regulated polypeptides with apparent MW of 33, 85 and 120 kDa. The 33 kDa protein accumulates in pupae while those of 85 and 120 kDa are more abundant in third instar larvae. Unlike HSP27, these proteins are not detected in embryos or ovaries. Immunoblot analysis of V8 proteolytic fragments suggests that HSP 27 and 33 kDa are related polypeptides. Exposure of the developing insect to heat-shock treatment results in increased level of HSP27. In larvae, a small amount of the 33 kDa protein accumulates following heat shock, while in pupae and adult flies a decrease in the concentration of this protein is observed after heat shock. Finally, different cellular localizations and distributions within the pupal body have been found for these developmentally regulated polypeptides.
Effect of seed pelleting and foliar nutrition on growth and yield traits of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field study, effect of seed pelleting and foliar nutrition on growth and yield of summer sesame cv. GJT 5 was conducted at the Sagdividi Farm, Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during the summer of 2022, using a factorial randomized block design. The experiment comprised five seed pelleting treatments (P0: non-pelleted, P1: seed pelleted with urea @ 20 g/kg, P2: seed pelleted with DAP @ 10 g/kg, P3: seed pelleted with ZnSO4@ 4 g/kg and P4: seed pelleted with MgSO4 @ 4 g/kg) and five foliar nutrition treatments (F0: No spray (control), F1: foliar nutrition with urea @ 1 % at 30 DAS, F2: foliar nutrition with DAP @ 1 % at 30 DAS, F3: foliar nutrition with ZnSO4 @ 1 % at 30 DAS and F4: foliar nutrition with MgSO4 @ 1 % at 30 DAS). Among the seed pelleting treatments, seed pelleting with ZnSO4 @ 4 g/kg (P3) and among the foliar nutrition, foliar nutrition with DAP @ 1 % at 30 DAS (F2) recorded the maximum number of branches per plant (5.40), plant height (86.27 cm), number of capsules per plant (85.60), number of seeds per capsule (66.91), seed yield per plant (20.53 g), biological yield per plant (78.73 g), 1000 seed weight (3.49 g), harvest index (25.88 %), seed yield in (25.88 kg/ha) with the lowest days to 50 per cent flowering (37.40 days) and days to maturity (78.80 days).
Scorpion sting.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acute life threatening systemic involvement (cardiovascular and central nervous system) occur due to scorpion poisoning, often reported from rural part of world comprises the majority of developing countries. The most serious symptoms are hypertension, impaired left ventricular systolic function, hypotension and pulmonary oedema. Scorpion antivenin neutralizes circulatory and tissue venin. It has no action on effective effectors (Receptors). Prazosin possesses pharmacological properties that render it most suitable in antagonizing the toxicological effects of scorpion venom.
Apparent lack of discrimination in the reading of certain codons in Mycoplasma mycoides.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We report a cluster of four tRNA genes from Mycoplasma mycoides as well as the sequence of the alanine, proline, and valine tRNAs and the serine tRNA reading the UCN codons (where N stands for G, A, C, or U). This brings the total number of tRNA genes that we have so far characterized in this organism to 14, 6 of which code for tRNAs that read the codons of family boxes. In each of these latter cases, we found only one gene per family box, and the gene sequence contains a thymidine in the position corresponding to the wobble nucleotide, with the exception of the arginine tRNA gene that has an adenosine in this position. Furthermore, all of the tRNA structures reported here have an unsubstituted uridine in the wobble position. These findings are similar to those reported for mitochondria, especially yeast mitochondria, that contain an arginine tRNA with the anticodon ACG. However, the resemblance is not complete since we have demonstrated the presence of two isoacceptor tRNAs for threonine having uridine and adenosine, respectively, in the wobble position. It is suggested that in the M. mycoides at least some of the family codon boxes are read by only one tRNA each, using an unconventional method without discrimination between the nucleotides in the third codon position.
Effects of supplementing a feedlot diet with microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study evaluated the effect of different levels of fresh microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) in a feedlot diet on the performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of lambs. Forty-five, four-month-old wether lambs were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) CONTROL, without algae; 2) MEDIUM, with 0.5 % dry matter (DM) algae; or 3) HIGH, with 1 % DM algae added to a basal diet consisting of barley hay and commercial feedlot pellets in a 41:59 ratio. The lambs were fed for 98 days and then slaughtered. Microalgae supplementation did not affect (P ≥ 0.09) growth performance, wool quality, rumen fermentation parameters, carcass weight, dressing percentage, or subcutaneous fat thickness of the lambs. However, microalgae supplementation at 0.5 % DM increased (P ≤ 0.05) the concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3n-3), arachidic acid (C20:0), and total omega-3 long-chain (n-3 LC) fatty acids in the longissimus lumborum et thoracis (LTL) muscle of lambs, compared to the CONTROL. Intramuscular fat (%) was similar between the CONTROL and the MEDIUM group (av. 3.65 %), but was lower (P = 0.044) in the HIGH group (3.1 %). Therefore, our results indicate that adding 0.5 % DM microalgae to lamb diets can increase the levels of alpha-linolenic acid and total n-3 LC PUFA in fresh lamb meat without affecting lamb performance or carcass characteristics.
THE PECULIARITIES OF DISTRACTION REGENERATE BONE IN EXPERIMENT WHILE CHRONIC STIMULATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POINTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In experiment the forming and remodeling of distraction regenerate in rabbits Shinshila while conducting transosseous elements through the acupuncture points were studied. One of the rabbit's forearm was stretched by Hizarov's method for 10 mm. Multidetector CT gave the results of mineral density of the bone distraction regenerate. To the 10th day of fixation of bone fragments by the external fixation device the distraction regenerate with a clear zonal structure formed. To the 20th day of fixation in the middle zone there were clear signs of the formation of the medullary canal, that proves the decrease of mineral density to negative values. The prolonged stimulation of acupuncture points by introduced transosseous elements leads to formation of the structure and properties of bone regenerate, which are close by the characteristics to the parameters of the intact bone.
Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy and Gastrointestinal Protection Audit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Every year in the UK 124,000 patients have a myocardial infarction (MI). Following an ST elevation MI a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel should continue for at least 4 weeks. The net benefit from using dual antiplatelet therapy in high-risk vascular disease patients comes at the cost of increased gastrointestinal (GI) complications. Major complications include GI haemmorhage, perforation, obstruction and death. Baseline risk factors have been highlighted that make GI bleeding more common. These include the following: Anticoagulation, H. pylori positive, concomitant NSAID use, long term steroid use, age>60, female, low body weight, diabetes, baseline anaemia, alcohol excess and chronic kidney disease. With regard to bleeding after antiplatelet treatment post MI, studies have shown a significantly lower incidence of upper GI bleeding with PPIs.There is data to suggest concomitant use of PPIs may competitively inhibit activation of clopidogrel by CYP2C19, thereby attenuating its antiplatelet effects. This was however based on ex vivo data. It should be noted that the COGENT trial failed to show any clinically significant interaction with omeprazole and clopidogrel. The American College of Gastroenterology and others have advised the use of a PPI in those on dual antiplatelet therapy who had multiple risk factors for bleeding or had a previous gastrointestinal bleed. Methods: Using all ST elevation MI patients that presented to Harefield hospital in Middlesex, UK over November 2011. We reviewed if risk factors for GI bleeding were recorded and if so whether PPIs were appropriately prescribed. We restrospectively reviewed 55 set of notes through the month of November 2011. We recorded if all risk factors listed above were recorded. Analysis revealed we were not risk assessing appropriately often leading to inappropriate omission of GI protection. We rewrote the clerking proforma to include an obligatory Gastrointestinal bleeding risk assessment. We reaudited the process with the new proforma in situ in March 2012. Results: Initial results highlighted 44% of cases were without a bleeding history or assessment, 78% without an alcohol intake history and potentially we missed 36% who should have been on a PPI. Upon completing the audit cycle we found there was a 35% reduction in those not assessed for risk factors for GI bleeding. We also found a 33% increase in correct GI protection prescription. Conclusion: It is important we highlight that an adverse GI event in those with a myocardial infarction is often associated with poor prognosis. It is therefore vital to assess patients risk of GI bleeding at presentation and presribe the appropriate medication to limit risk.
APPLICATION OF THE EVERYCIRCUIT PROGRAM ON THE DISCIPLINE «CIRCUIT DESIGN» FOR BUILDING TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The application of the program of technical simulation EveryCircuit is provided for modeling electronic circuits, in relation to a large circuit of the operation of transistor amplifiers within the discipline «Circuit Engineering». The program allows you to more clearly establish the principle of operation of the developed amplifier circuit and allow setting the negative operating mode of the tran-sistor. Examples of using programs are given and the setting of a transistor amplifier is clearly imple-mented
Agricultural land consolidation vs. land fragmentation in Russia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The development of Agricultural Land Consolidation in Russia has always been unique, compared to other countries due to the state land policy, the vastness of the territory, and the variety of natural and soil conditions. Because of it, the internationally recognized and generally accepted approaches and models of it cannot always be accepted and applied. The consolidation of agricultural land in the country is developing sometimes spontaneously and is chaotic. At the federal level, there is an extended trend of the absorption of private land by parastatals. There is also an extended trend of decreasing the land use of coops and increasing the land use of joint-stock companies and partnerships. The development of Agricultural Land Consolidation in Russia is primarily dependent on regional land policies. In Kalmykia, the unique trend continues to increase the number of private farms with an increase in their average size. In this regard, the super goal of the paper is to research how to apply Project Analysis Principles Approach to strengthen the development of Agricultural Land Consolidation in Russia. The specific objective of the paper is to research the role and importance of Agricultural Land Market tools to support the consolidation of agricultural lands.
Good Faith in Treaty Interpretation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the origins of the principle of good faith as forming part of the law of treaties and the functions of that principle in interpreting treaties. In particular, the chapter addresses good faith’s (objective) function as a technical tool assisting interpreters and as a possible vehicle for relying on principles of interpretation that are not codified in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), as well as its (subjective) function as a standard for assessing the behaviour of the interpreter, while also assessing the validity of that distinction between functions. In doing so, the chapter draws widely on the caselaw of international courts and tribunals, including but not limited to investment treaty and trade tribunals, as well as the historical materials recording the debates in the International Law Commission (and elsewhere) leading to the conclusion of the VCLT.