jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Automated, low-cost yield mapping of wild blueberry fruit

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The presence of weeds, bare spots, variation in soil/crop characteristics and fruit yield within the wild blueberry field requires more accurate applications to maximize profit and reduce environmental risks. The objective of this research was to develop an Automated Yield Monitoring and Mapping System to produce real-time fruit yield map for site-specific application of agrochemicals. This AYMMS was mounted on a specially designed Farm Motorized Vehicle (FMV). The AYMMS consists of a 10-mega pixel, 24-bit digital color camera (Canon Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada), Trimble Ag GPS 332 (Trimble Navigation Limited, Sunnyvale, CA) for geo-referencing and a laptop computer. Custom software was developed in ‘Delphi’ and ‘C’ programs for image processing to estimate %BPI (blue pixel index) representing ripe fruit. Two wild blueberry fields were selected in central Nova Scotia to evaluate the yield monitoring system. Percentage blue pixels correlated highly significantly with actual fruit yield in field 1 (R2=0.90; P<0.001; n=19) and field 2 (R2=0.97; P<0.001; n=19). The correlation between actual and predicted fruit yield in field 2 (validation) was also highly significant (R2=0.97; P<0.001; n=19). Real time yield mapping was carried out with AYMMS by acquiring images on the moving FMV at a spacing of 1.25 m and a ground speed of 0.5 m/sec. The estimated yield per image field of view along with geo-referenced coordinates was imported into ArcView 3.2 GIS (ESRI, Redlands, Calif., USA) to map fruit yield for the two selected fields. The maps showed substantial variability in fruit yield in both fields. The yield maps along with soil maps could be used for variable rate application of site specific crop inputs.
SHS in the Ni–Al system: Influence of mechanical activation, vacuum heat treatment, and ambient pressure

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Explored was the influence of mechanical activation (MA), vacuum heat treatment (VHT), and ambient pressure on combustion of Ni–Al mixtures. Burning velocity was found to grow with increasing MA time. An increase in ambient pressure hampered the elongation of burned samples. No elongation was found for non-activated and heat-treated samples. VHT strongly accelerated combustion and prevented the formation of cracks on the surface of burned samples. The results were rationalized in terms of convection–conduction combustion theory.
Field Testing and Adjusting of Hydraulic Turbine-Generator to Improve System Regulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents some of the results and methods of extensive hydro prime-mover governor tests conducted at the Big Creek Hydro System of the author’s company. Each governor response was improved by making co-ordinated governor adjustments. Frequency-response curves and dead band X-Y charts are included to show the improvement obtained. Frequency dead band and the governor transient response time were improved as much as 50 per cent. A good share of the credit for the results and improvements obtained is due to the use of adequate test equipment. As described elsewhere, the Mobile Dynamics Laboratory for Studying Generating Plant Controls and Governors was designed and used for extensive preliminary tests. Later, a small compact test rig, described in this paper, was assembled and used for the routine testing and adjusting of governors.
[Determination of isoniazide concentration in pleural effusion and its pleural permeability in patients with tuberculous pleurisy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As isoniazide has a high penetration rate into the pleural effusion in most patients, continuous oral administration of isoniazid has been sufficient to achieve an effective treatment concentration, and intrapleural injection of isoniazide may seem unnecessary for non-drug-resistant tuberculosis pleurisy.
A Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Interdisciplinary Capstone Design Project

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Since Spring 2000, and running every semester, the University of South Carolina Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering have collaborated on a capstone senior design project. In the beginning, the collaboration was between a junior level mechanical engineering class and the electrical engineering senior capstone design class. The collaboration has evolved and is currently between both departments’ senior capstone design classes. This paper outlines the growth of the collaboration from inception to current state with focus on the recent history of the collaboration. In its current embodiment students from mechanical engineering design, develop, construct and deliver a robotic vehicle platform for electrical engineering students to place a microcontroller for use in the autonomous control of the robotic platform. The integrated and completed robotic platform is used in the Southeastern Conference IEEE student competition held each Spring. The collaboration is considered successful by both departments and is used as a key example of an interdisciplinary design effort between the two departments for ABET review considerations.
Extra-Curricular Exposures AS Factors Influencing The Development Of Proficiency In English

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study reported here aims to investigate the relation between the level of proficiency in English as a second language attained by a sample of 100 Bahraini university students and exposures to the language: extra-curricular exposures outside the formal environment of the classroom.The results demonstrate no significant association between extra exposure and proficiency for the sample.In this report, I first discuss the results and then present an analysis and interpretation of the statistical findings.I conclude by considering the pedagogic implications of the findings for the studied group and the theoretical implications for Krashen's Comprehensible Input Hypothesis.
Effect of alloying on the structure and electric properties of ZnFe 2 O 4 /ZnMn 2 O 4 heterostructure nanocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The heterostructure nanocomposite (1-x)ZnFe2O4/xZnMn2O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 0.8, 1) samples were prepared using the sol–gel method. The structural parameters and the percentages of the phases formed were determined utilizing the Rietveld method. Beside the two phases formed ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) and ZnMn2O4 (ZMO), a minor phase ZnO (3%) was observed in the sample x = 0.5. Analysis revealed phase percentages for composite samples different from intended (x) values due to the exchange of cations between the phases formed. The effect of composition ratio (x), as well as the frequency and temperature on the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, impedance spectroscopy and complex electric modulus and ac conductivity, was examined. The degree of correlation in each sample was also determined. Different conductivity mechanisms are found for different samples and frequency ranges. The 0.2ZFO-0.8ZMO sample disclosed higher conductivity and higher dispersion relative to other samples. The effect of temperature on the Cole–Cole plots was also studied.
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on root foraging and competitive ability depend on soil phosphorus distribution: Evidence from two pairs of invasive and native plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Root foraging associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in nutrient uptake. While distribution of nutrients can influence the role of AMF, but the interactive effects of nutrient heterogeneity and AMF on root foraging and plant competition are still unclear. Two invasive and two native species of Asteraceae family were selected. We conducted a common garden experiment of three factors (heterogeneity, AMF and competition).
Transfer of health care technology in university-industry research collaboration environment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The traditional innovation research has focused on the diffusion process and adoption of new technologies. This paper deals with health care technology in the early innovation stages preceding targeted development and marketing. A model of early research processes in the biomedical field and determinants of technology transfer will be presented. The study material is eleven projects in the Competence Center Noninvasive Medical Measurements (NIMED), Linkoping University, which is a collaboration center where academic researchers cooperate with industry and clinical departments. Data collection was made through semi-structured interviews. A qualitative approach has been adopted for data analysis. Research initiatives of the investigated projects do in most cases originate in the academic knowledge base and earlier connections in industry and health care play an important role in the formation of cooperation constellation. A number of internal factors are perceived as positive to project advancement, such as stable economy, proximity to clinical departments, and positive feedback from collaboration partners. Significant negative factors are all related to changes in cooperation structure. Clusters of related projects seem to be beneficial to research work and is an evident external factor which has to be added in a new model of technology transfer.
U.S. Military Overseas Basing: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On August 16, 2004, the Bush Administration announced a proposal to significantly alter the U.S. overseas military basing posture. The proposal would, if implemented, establish new overseas operating sites, and transfer up to 70,000 U.S. troops, plus 100,000 family members and civilians, from Europe and Asia back to the United States. The Administration argues that current U.S. global basing arrangements are a product of World War II and the Korean War. With the end of the Cold War, these basing arrangements need to be updated to ensure that U.S. forces are optimally positioned to respond to potential 21st-Century military threats. The Administration's proposal has received mixed reactions from non-DoD observers. A May 2004 Congressional Budget Office report raises questions concerning the potential cost effectiveness of changing the current Army overseas basing posture. The Administration's proposal raises several potential oversight issues for Congress. This report will be updated as necessary.
Етіологія та клініко-біохімічні показники крові за аліментарної остеодистрофії корів

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Established etiological factors of nutritional osteodystrophy cows LLC Danylo Galician Yavoriv district, Lviv region. A clinical study on nutritional osteodystrophy cows. A decrease in productivity, alotriophagy, strained course, lameness, thickening and tenderness of the joints, softening of the caudal vertebrae, in severe cases – the formation of animals have been established. The fatness of most animals was below average, hypotension and atony of the predniegens were observed, body temperature was within the norm. In 50% of cows pallor of the mucous membranes was noted, in 10 cows – tachypnea (47.0 ± 0.45) and tachycardia (110.0 ± 3.65). In 10% of the cows, the thorax was pulled up, and the vertebral trunk – curved upwards. In 5 cows, fluctuations of the teeth were noted. Analyzing the diet of feeding cows, a shortage of phosphorus (10–15 g), cobalt (4–5 mg), zinc (27–110 mg), iodine (5–6 mg), sugar (120–180 g), copper (24–26 mg), carotene content (20–30 mg), excess calcium (14–28 g), iron (1400–2200 mg), manganese (210–360 mg). In the blood of experimental cows, the level of hemoglobin was reduced (by 10.6%), the number of erythrocytes (18.8%) in comparison with the animals in the control group. Leukoformula in cows was characterized by a decrease in the number of basophils (9%), eosinophils (47.6%), stabnoid (82.3%) and segmented (4%) neutrophils, monocytes (13.3%) and an increase in lymphocyte count (11% ). In the blood serum of the experienced, a decrease in the total protein content (7.2%), total calcium (26.3%), carotene (22.8%) and cobalt (58.8%) was established.
Integration of fungicides, crop varieties and sowing dates for the management of sorghum smuts in Nigerian Savanna

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Two field trials in split plot design were carried out in the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons to assess the effects of varieties, fungicides and sowing dates on the incidence and severity of smuts of sorghum in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria. Based on the incidence of smut diseases, covered smut incidence was significantly higher on Guzama white, while long smut incidence was significantly higher on Warawarabashi. The incidence of loose smut was not significantly different among varieties. Seed treatment with Apron plus 50DS and Super homai 70%WP were effective in reducing covered, long and loose smuts infections. Seeds sown on 14 July had significantly higher covered smut than long smut infection. Integration of appropriate sorghum variety, seed dressing fungicide and sowing date have been found to minimise smut and increase seedling establishment, grain yield and 1000 grain weight. Seeds sown on 30 June had significantly higher grain yield and 1000 grain weight than those sown on 14 July.
Serum IgG Antibodies Reactive with Potential Periodontal Pathogens and Other Subgingival Plaque Bacteria in a Population of Male British Adolescents with Minimal Destructive Periodontitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractWe have estimated the levels of IgG antibodies by solid-phase ELISA to the whole cells of a variety of bacteria from dental plaque in 100 male adolescents with minimal destructive periodontitis and gingivitis. IgG antibodies were found to all the organisms tested and the levels varied to each both within subjects as well as between subjects. The levels of IgG antibodies to P. gingivalis and P. intermedia but no other organism correlated with the probeable crevice depth. The correlation with P. intermedia was shown to be probably due to a cross-reactive antigen(s) with P. gingivalis. The levels of antibodies were highly correlated with each other and to the levels of total IgG, but no significant crossreactivity could be demonstrated between diverse species. This suggested that we were measuring the general ability of these subjects to respond immunologically to a commensal flora.Key Words: IgGAntibodiesPlaqueBacteriaGingivitis
The Effects of Tax-Based Saving Incentives on Government Revenue and National Saving

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper shows that previous analyses of IRA-type plans have miscalculated their effect on tax revenue and therefore on national saving by ignoring their impact on corporate tax payments. Recognizing the important effect of IRA plans on corporate tax revenue changes previous conclusions about the revenue effects of IRA plans in fundamental ways. The revenue loss associated with IRAs is either much smaller than has generally been estimated or is actually a revenue gain, depending on the time horizon and key parameter values. In addition to analyzing the effects of traditional tax-deductible IRA plans, the paper presents an alternative nontaxable IRA (in which contributions are not deductible and no subsequent tax is levied on earnings or withdrawals) and shows that, for the most plausible parameter values, the net revenue effect is positive in every year. Although each individual participant eventually withdraws all of his own contributions and accumulated earnings from his IRA account, the net impact on the national capital stock of that individual's participation remains positive even after his death because of the favorable cumulative effects on tax revenue. This is true for traditional deductible IRA plans as well as for the nontaxable IRAs.
Why Not Women Too? An Analysis of the Effects of Women's Marital Status and Other Related Factors on Wages 1

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The male marriage premium has been well established in economic theory in recent years. Even controlling for demographics, industry, occupation, and a host of other relevant characteristics, married men still earn more than unmarried men (Gray 1997, Korenman and Neumark 1991). However, while this marriage premium’s presence in wages is unmistakable, economists are undecided about its origin. Some of the more prominent theories involve employer discrimination, human capital increases, and immeasurable qualities inherent in married men. While a marriage premium has consistently been found for men, there is less certainty about whether women receive a similar premium or penalty as a result of marriage. Women are more difficult to test than men, since they tend to show less labor force attachment as a result of motherhood and possibly loyalty to a more traditional household model (Van Velsor and O’Rand, 1984). In addition, studies of women’s wages as they relate to marriage are hindered by two known factors; self-selection, whereby women choose not to participate in the labor force, and the endogeneity of marriage. While we acknowledge the problems that these two issues raise, it is beyond the scope of this paper to adequately deal with either of these issues.
Civil society and state-centred struggles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is about civil society and state-centred struggles in contemporary Zimbabwe. I first identify and outline three current understandings of civil society. Two understandings (one Liberal, one Radical) are state-centric and exist firmly within the logic of state discourses and state politics. A third understanding, also Radical, is society-centric and speaks about politics existing at a distance from the state and possibly beyond the boundaries of civil society. This civil society-state discussion frames the second section of the article, which looks specifically at Zimbabwe. It details civil society as contested terrain (from the late 1990s onwards) within the context of a scholarly debate about agrarian transformation and political change. This debate, which reproduces (in theoretical garb) the key political society (or party) fault-lines within Zimbabwean society, has taken place primarily within the restricted confines of state-centred discourses.
Theatre is more beautiful than war: German stage directing in the late twentieth century

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In almost every area of production, German theater of the past forty years has achieved a level of distinction unique in the international community. This flourishing theatrical culture has encouraged a large number of outstanding actors, directors, and designers as well as video and film artists. The dominant figure throughout these years, however, has remained the director. In this stimulating and informative book, noted theater historian Marvin Carlson presents an in-depth study of the artistic careers, working methods, and most important productions of ten of the leading directors of this great period of German staging. Beginning with the leaders of the new generation that emerged in the turbulent late 1960s - Peter Stein, Peter Zadek, and Claus Peymann, all still major figures today - Carlson continues with the generation that appeared in the 1980s, particularly after reunification - Frank Castorf, Anna Viebrock, Andrea Breth, and Christoph Marthaler - and concludes with the leading directors to emerge after the turn of the century, Stefan Pucher, Thomas Ostermeier, and Michael Thalheimer. He also provides information not readily available elsewhere in English on many of the leading actors and dramatists as well as the designers whose work, much of it for productions of these directors, has made this last half century a golden age of German scenic design. During the late twentieth century, no country produced so many major theater directors or placed them so high in national cultural esteem as Germany. Drawing on his years of regular visits to the Theatertreffen in Berlin and other German productions, Carlson will captivate students of theater and modern German history and culture with his provocative, well-illustrated study of the most productive and innovative theater tradition in Europe.
Pulmonary Prostacyclin Synthase Overexpression Chemoprevents Tobacco Smoke Lung Carcinogenesis in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Increased pulmonary production of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by lung-specific overexpression of prostacyclin synthase decreases lung tumor incidence and multiplicity in chemically induced murine lung cancer models. We hypothesized that pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression would prevent lung carcinogenesis in tobacco-smoke exposed mice. Murine exposure to tobacco smoke is an established model of inducing pulmonary adenocarcinomas and allows for the testing of potential chemopreventive strategies. Transgenic FVB/N mice with lung-specific prostacyclin synthase overexpression were exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke for 22 weeks and then held unexposed for an additional 20 weeks. All of the exposed animals developed bronchiolitis analogous to the respiratory bronchiolitis seen in human smokers. The transgenic mice, when compared with smoke-exposed transgene negative littermates, had significant decreases in tumor incidence and multiplicity. Significantly fewer transgenics (6 of 15; 40%) developed tumors compared with the tumor incidence in wild-type littermates (16 of 19; 84%; Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.012). Tumor multiplicity was also significantly decreased in the transgenic animals (tg+ = 0.4 ± 0.5 versus wild-type = 1.2 ± 0.86 tumors/mouse; P &lt; 0.001). Targeted prostaglandin levels at the time of sacrifice revealed significantly elevated prostaglandin I2 levels in the transgenic animals, coupled with significantly decreased prostaglandin E2 levels. Gene expression analysis of isolated type II pneumocytes suggests potential explanations for the observed chemoprevention, with Western blot analysis confirming decreased expression of cytochrome p450 2e1. These studies extend our previous studies and demonstrate that manipulation of prostaglandin production distal to cyclooxygenase significantly reduces lung carcinogenesis in a tobacco smoke exposure model, and gene expression studies show critical alterations in antioxidation, immune response, and cytokine pathways.