jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, practices, compliance and beliefs of university nursing students’ toward hand hygiene: A cross-sectional survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Nursing students can contribute to healthcareassociated infections if having inadequate knowledge and noncompliance of hand hygiene. Effective hand hygiene is considered the most effective measure for preventing healthcare-associated infections. This study investigated the knowledge, practices, compliance, and beliefs of university nursing students toward hand hygiene. By using a well-validated, self-report hand hygiene questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was performed. In the convenience sampling, 421 out of 506 questionnaires were returned (83.2%). There were 169 (40.14%), 170 (40.38%) and 82 (19.48%) nursing students from Years 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The respondents’ overall mean score for hand hygiene knowledge was 7.33/10 (SD = 1.52) with an increasing trend of knowledge performance along study year was observed. The hand hygiene practice inventory was 4.76/5 (SD = 0.303). The mean scores for respondents from Years 1, 2 and 3 were 4.75 (SD = 0.367), 4.82 (SD = 0.20) and 4.69 (SD = 0.290), respectively. The self-reported hand hygiene compliance rate was 88.17% (SD = 11.922) and the mean score on the health beliefs scale was 4.03/5 (SD = 0.34). The university nursing students demonstrated moderate knowledge, good practices, a high compliance rate and positive beliefs toward hand hygiene. More effort on educating healthcare professionals about alcohol-based hand rubs and the promotion of hand cream usage to prevent hand-hygiene-induced skin irritations are suggested. Regular training workshops or seminars could be arranged to maintain knowledge levels and cultivate a positive attitude toward hand hygiene.
Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and purpose Although COVID‐19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, recent studies have reported the occurrence of neurological disorders such as stroke in relation to COVID‐19 infection. Encephalitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain that has been described as a severe neurological complication of COVID‐19. Despite a growing number of reported cases, encephalitis related to COVID‐19 infection has not been adequately characterised. To address this gap, this systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to describe the incidence, clinical course, and outcomes of patients who suffer from encephalitis as a complication of COVID‐19. Methods All studies published between 1 November 2019 and 24 October 2020 that reported on patients who developed encephalitis as a complication of COVID‐19 were included. Only cases with radiological and/or biochemical evidence of encephalitis were included. Results In this study, 610 studies were screened and 23 studies reporting findings from 129,008 patients, including 138 with encephalitis, were included. The average time from diagnosis of COVID‐19 to onset of encephalitis was 14.5 days (range = 10.8–18.2 days). The average incidence of encephalitis as a complication of COVID‐19 was 0.215% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.056%–0.441%). The average mortality rate of encephalitis in COVID‐19 patients was 13.4% (95% CI = 3.8%–25.9%). These patients also had deranged clinical parameters, including raised serum inflammatory markers and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Conclusions Although encephalitis is an uncommon complication of COVID‐19, when present, it results in significant morbidity and mortality. Severely ill COVID‐19 patients are at higher risk of suffering from encephalitis as a complication of the infection.
The effect of peer education on health beliefs about breast cancer screening

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peer education about breast cancer screening on the health beliefs of female university students. Background The breast self‐examination method is an effective technique that is also simple and inexpensive. Introduction In recent years, besides the classic methods of providing education on breast self‐examination, it has been observed that the use of the technique of peer education is increasing and more and more studies are being conducted on this method and its effectiveness. Methods This study is of quasiexperimental design using a single group, pretest/post‐test model. The study was conducted with 742 university first‐year students. The data for the study were collected using a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Breast Cancer Knowledge Questionnaire, Peer Education Satisfaction Questionnaire and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale. Results It was found that the students’ perception of barriers to performing the breast self‐examination had declined and their self‐efficacy had increased, and that the level of perceived barriers to having a mammogram had decreased and 98% of the students were satisfied with the peer education. Conclusion It was seen in this study that the level of knowledge of the students about breast cancer, perceived severity, barriers, benefits and self‐efficacy as well as the rate of performing BSE displayed a significant increase after the peer education programme. Implications for nursing and health policy The method of peer education may be utilized in the effort to increase young women's awareness about breast cancer and ensure that they learn about breast self‐examinations. The peer education model can be useful in providing breast self‐examination education to young people in school. The results of the present study may be beneficial in developing policies on health education on university campuses.
A Comprehensive Review of the Art of Cell Balancing Techniques and Trade-Offs in Battery Management Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The battery pack is a critical component of electric vehicles, with lithium-ion cells being a frequently preferred choice. Lithium-ion cells are known for long life, high power and energy density, and are reliable for a broad range of temperatures. However, these batteries have a drawback of over-voltage, under-voltage, thermal runaway, and especially, state of charge or voltage imbalance. Among these, the cell imbalance is particularly important because it causes an uneven power dissipation in each cell, resulting in non-uniform temperature distribution. This uneven temperature distribution negatively affects the lifetime and efficiency of a battery pack. Cell imbalance is mitigated by cell balancing techniques, of which several methods have been presented over the last few years. These methods consider different power electronics circuits and control approaches to optimise cell balancing characteristics. This paper reviews basic to advanced cell balancing techniques and compares their circuit designs, costs, switching stresses, complexity, sizes, and control techniques to highlight the recent trends and future directions. This paper also compares the recent trend of machine learning integration with basic cell balancing topologies and provides a critical analysis of the outcomes.
Links between the timing of life‐history transitions and dietary and morphological variation during early life history in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bipartite life histories involve a suite of morphological changes that support the pelagic to demersal transition and an expanded range of prey options and microhabitats. Pelagic individuals are thought to shift (settle) to their preferred benthic habitat at the earliest opportunity once they have attained a minimum level of morphological competency to access their new environment. In theory, early changes in larval morphology (collectively termed ‘metamorphosis’), habitat and diet—a measure of habitat‐use—ought to be synchronous. Yet relationships may be decoupled by factors linked to behaviour, prey availability or morphological complexity, and few descriptions exist to allow such synchrony to be assessed. The sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus , is a common coastal fish across north‐western Europe, with a size at larval metamorphosis and settlement of around 10 and 16–18 mm standard length (SL), respectively. We sampled shoreline larval and juvenile populations to examine relationships between morphology, diet and life stage. Prey diversity increased with body length; however, dietary change was clearest at 16–18 mm SL, with a reduction in calanoid copepods and shift to larger prey such as Nereis polychaetes and mysid and amphipod crustacea. Early growth in five prey capture and processing morphologies was rapid. Four of these showed a subsequent marked shift to slower growth, but none of these changes were aligned with size at metamorphosis and only that of mouth width coincided with body size at settlement. Early life history in P. minutus appears geared towards a protracted morphological reorganization prior to demersal life and an alternative suite of prey resources. Larval metamorphosis seems to be of limited consequence in this regard. Comparable studies of other Baltic Sea fishes would confirm whether these dynamics relate to shared environmental pressures or to factors intrinsic to P. minutus biology.
A Review of Kahu (Lactuca sativa Linn.): An Important Drug of Unani System of Medicine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Kahu Lactuca sativa Linn. is a botanical origin drug of Unani system of medicine that is reported to be useful in various hot temperament disorders Amrad Mizaj-i-Haarsquor due to its cold temperament. Because of the presence of sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds it functions as an anesthetic sedative hypnotic and anti-inflammatory. The goal of this study was to determine the morphological ethnomedicinal physicochemical and pharmacological qualities of Lactuca sativa Linn. in the treatment of a variety of diseases. The bibliographic databases PubMed Google Scholar Science Direct and Scopus were used to conduct a review of literature on Kahu. Lactuca sativa Linn. Kahu and Lettuce were among the keywords used to search the related information. Lactuca sativa Linn. has been used in single as well as in compound dosage forms for the treatment of different types of diseases. Traditional medicine practitioners have been using it since ancient times. Unani scholars claim that lettuce and its oil are beneficial in the treatment of insomnia pain and early stages of inflammation. Some clinical trials also point to the possibility of such an effect although more detailed and extensive research is needed to affirm such a claim.
The best way to select features?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Feature selection in machine learning is subject to the intrinsic randomness of the feature selection algorithms (for example, random permutations during MDA). Stability of selected features with respect to such randomness is essential to the human interpretability of a machine learning algorithm. We proposes a rank based stability metric called instability index to compare the stabilities of three feature selection algorithms MDA, LIME, and SHAP as applied to random forests. Typically, features are selected by averaging many random iterations of a selection algorithm. Though we find that the variability of the selected features does decrease as the number of iterations increases, it does not go to zero, and the features selected by the three algorithms do not necessarily converge to the same set. We find LIME and SHAP to be more stable than MDA, and LIME is at least as stable as SHAP for the top ranked features. Hence overall LIME is best suited for human interpretability. However, the selected set of features from all three algorithms significantly improves various predictive metrics out of sample, and their predictive performances do not differ significantly. Experiments were conducted on synthetic datasets, two public benchmark datasets, and on proprietary data from an active investment strategy.
Using Regulatory Benchmarking Techniques to Set Company Performance Targets: The Case of US Electricity

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Consolidation in many sectors has lead to the formation of “groups of companies”. Extracting all the potential cost savings from these independent or separate operating units is a challenge given asymmetric information. We develop a step-by-step approach that applies regulatory benchmarking techniques to set efficiency targets for operating units. Holding company management – like a regulator – will want to set targets to encourage efficient operation but in the absence of full information on effort, costs and environmental conditions. Our approach using the parallel with regulation incorporates issues such as measurement error and potential environmental factors that could influence the underlying efficiency score. We demonstrate the approach using data from the US electricity distribution sector and show that substantial savings can be extracted using this approach that was originally developed for regulatory purposes.
Harry Greene: "Darwin, Kant and Biodiversity"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Greene conducts research and teaches in the areas of behavioral ecology, evolution and conservation of predators, including desert and tropical rain forest snakes. He has traveled to North, Central and South America, as well as Europe, Africa and Asia, to conduct fieldwork. He now works mainly in the borderlands of Arizona, Texas and Mexico. During his 27-year career, Greene has received several honors, including the University of California, Berkeley, Distinguished Teaching Award and the American Society of Naturalists Edward Osborne Wilson Award. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the California Academy of Sciences, and is president of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Greene earned his bachelor's degree from Texas Wesleyan College, a master's from the University of Texas at Arlington and doctorate from the University of Tennessee. He previously was a professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. He currently serves as a consulting editor for the journal Organisms and Environments, published by the University of California Press. He is the author of more than 140 scientific and popular publications. His first book, "Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature," was reviewed in Natural History, Science, Nature, Time and The New York Times. The book won a PEN Center West Literary award for nonfiction and a Silver Medal from the Commonwealth Club of California. He is currently writing "Chiricahua Blacktails: The Natural History of a Montane Rattlesnake" with D.L. Hardy Sr. and "Tracks and Shadows: Field Biology as Art" to be published by the University of California Press.
Small-molecule aggregation inhibitors reduce excess amyloid in a trisomy 16 mouse cortical cell line

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We have previously characterized a number of small molecule organic compounds that prevent the aggregation of the beta-amyloid peptide and its neurotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal cultures. We have now evaluated the effects of such compounds on amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulation in the CTb immortalized cell line derived from the cerebral cortex of a trisomy 16 mouse, an animal model of Down's syndrome. Compared to a non-trisomic cortical cell line (CNh), CTb cells overexpress APP and exhibit slightly elevated resting intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+] inverted exclamation mark). Here, we show that the compounds 2,4-dinitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol and 4-anisidine decreased intracellular accumulation of APP in CTb cells. Those compounds were non-toxic to the cells, and slightly increased the basal [Ca2+] inverted exclamation mark. Results indicate that the compounds tested can be leads for the development of drugs to decrease intracellular vesicular accumulation of APP in trisomic cells.
Revisiting Sustainability Disclosure in Annual Reports and Websites: An Empirical Examination from the Banking Industry of Bangladesh

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study is to determine the current scenario of the disclosure of sustainability in the annual reports and websites of the listed banks in Bangladesh. In this study, the financial year 2019 has been selected (most current at the time of conducting this study) to examine the changes in various aspects of sustainability disclosure over the period of time. It is found that banks disclosed more information in annual reports compared to that of corporate websites. Based on average sentences disclosed, Human Resource Development disclosure is the highest, and Energy consumption and savings related disclosure is the lowest compare to other items disclosed. Based on average sentences disclosed, third-generation banks disclosed more information compared to first and second-generation banks, and conventional banks with Islamic windows disclosed more information compared to sharia-based Islamic banks and interest-based commercial banks. This study also develops a theoretical framework to explain the results.
Adaptive Control of IoT/M2M Devices in Smart Buildings using Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) are becoming essential for many applications. One of the most emblematic IoT/M2M applications is smart buildings. The current Building Automation Systems (BAS) are limited by many factors, including the lack of integration of IoT and M2M technologies, unfriendly user interfacing, and the lack of a convergent solution. Therefore, this paper proposes a better approach of using heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Mobile Cellular Networks (MCNs) for IoT/M2M smart building systems. One of the most significant outcomes of this research is to provide accurate readings to the server, and very low latency, through which users can easily control and monitor remotely the proposed system that consists of several innovative services, namely smart parking, garden irrigation automation, intrusion alarm, smart door, fire and gas detection, smart lighting, smart medication reminder, and indoor air quality monitoring. All these services are designed and implemented to control and monitor from afar the building via our free mobile application named Raniso which is a local server that allows remote control of the building. This IoT/M2M smart building system is customizable to meet the needs of users, improving safety and quality of life while reducing energy consumption. Additionally, it helps prevent the loss of resources and human lives by detecting and managing risks.
An overview of multi agent system approach in knowledge management model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Multi-agent system approach is now widely used as a solution to real-world problems, including problems in the organization model. The complexity of the organizational environment demands a model of knowledge management (KM) improvement that can create innovation and responsiveness process, this matter caused by rapid changes, so the knowledge will grow and improve continuously. Multi-agent system is seen as an approach that can achieve this goal, through its characteristics. This paper describes an overview of implementation of multi-agent system approach to KM models, including a review of several research contributions related to that domain. Assessment of any research results are discussed with systematically to compare each contribution of each researcher. At the end of this paper, we make conclusion and propose a preliminary study that needs further study, which is expected can give new idea and description for other researcher at this domain to invent a value of novelty on the future.
Biodistribution of Salicylates: A Clue to the Understanding of some Effects and Side Effects

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

According to our concept that biodistribution of salicylates (SA) might be an important factor of their mode of action the distribution of sodiumsalicylate (NaSA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was investigated in vivo and in vitro. It was shown that particular high concentrations of both compounds were found in vivo in the glandular stomach region and the kidney tubules of rats as well as in inflamed tissue. Quantitative studies showed that in chicken, in inflamed joints, higher concentrations as in plasma and about three times higher concentrations as in control joints were observed. In vitro studies using human erythrocytes suspended in buffer of different pH showed that added NaSA accumulated in these cells when the environmental pH was lowered from 7.4 to 6.8. From these results it is speculated that SA being weak acids accumulate within cells which are surrounded or bordering acidic fluids. This is the case in the stomach, the kidney and the inflamed tissue. This is where SA exert their effects and side effects.
Influence of Certain Nutrients and Light on Growth and Morphogenesis of the Synnema of Ceratocystis ulmi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYVegetative growth, whether mycelial or yeast phase, of mating strain A of Ceratocystis ulmi required exogenous pyridoxal and was stimulated by both biotin and thiamine. Growth occurred when glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, L-arabinose, sucrose, mannitol, L-rhamnose, xylose, cellobiose, sorbitol or starch was the sole carbon source. Slight amount of growth occurred on citrate, L-glutamate, DL-malate, maltose and succinate. Growth did not occur by 12 days on lactose, dulcitol, D-tartrate, oxalate, acetate, or cellulose. The low respiration of citrate was not enhanced by providing it as the undissociated form and disrupting cell structure by sonication did not lead to increased respiration in presence of citric acid. Growth occurred when ammonium ion, L-asparagine, glycine, L-glutamate, urea or DL-valine was the sole nitrogen source. Nitrate would not support growth. Optimal pH for rapid growth was approximately 6.3 with no growth occurring at 7.8. Vegetative growth but not synnematal growth took place at 30 C. Synnemata formed on all media which favored abundant spreading colony growth. Illumination at approximately 1,500 ft-c prevented growth because of pyridoxal destruction. Synnematal formation does not require light and synnemata are not phototropic.