jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
That which does not kill me makes me stronger; combining ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors and BH3 mimetics to kill tumour cells and prevent acquired resistance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Oncogenic mutations in RAS or BRAF can drive the inappropriate activation of the ERK 1/2. In many cases, tumour cells adapt to become addicted to this deregulated ERK 1/2 signalling for their proliferation, providing a therapeutic window for tumour‐selective growth inhibition. As a result, inhibition of ERK 1/2 signalling by BRAF or MEK 1/2 inhibitors is an attractive therapeutic strategy. Indeed, the first BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, has now been approved for clinical use, while clinical evaluation of MEK 1/2 inhibitors is at an advanced stage. Despite this progress, it is apparent that tumour cells adapt quickly to these new targeted agents so that tumours with acquired resistance can emerge within 6–9 months of primary treatment. One of the major reasons for this is that tumour cells typically respond to BRAF or MEK 1/2 inhibitors by undergoing a G 1 cell cycle arrest rather than dying. Indeed, although inhibition of ERK 1/2 invariably increases the expression of pro‐apoptotic BCL 2 family proteins, tumour cells undergo minimal apoptosis. This cytostatic response may simply provide the cell with the opportunity to adapt and acquire resistance. Here we discuss recent studies that demonstrate that combination of BRAF or MEK 1/2 inhibitors with inhibitors of pro‐survival BCL 2 proteins is synthetic lethal for ERK 1/2‐addicted tumour cells. This combination effectively transforms the cytostatic response of BRAF and MEK 1/2 inhibitors into a striking apoptotic cell death response. This not only augments the primary efficacy of BRAF and MEK 1/2 inhibitors but delays the onset of acquired resistance to these agents, validating their combination in the clinic. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Therapeutic Aspects in Oncology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐8
Digital Whole Slide Image Analysis of Elevated Stromal Content and Extracellular Matrix Protein Expression Predicts Adverse Prognosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. This study evaluates the prognostic value of stromal markers in TNBC, focusing on the tumor–stroma ratio (TSR) and overall stroma ratio (OSR) in whole slide images (WSI), as well as the expression of type-I collagen, type-III collagen, and fibrillin-1 on tissue microarrays (TMAs), using both visual assessment and digital image analysis (DIA). A total of 101 female TNBC patients, primarily treated with surgery between 2005 and 2016, were included. We found that high visual OSR correlates with worse overall survival (OS), advanced pN categories, lower stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte count (sTIL), lower mitotic index, and patient age (p < 0.05). TSR showed significant connections to the pN category and mitotic index (p < 0.01). High expression levels of type-I collagen (>45%), type-III collagen (>30%), and fibrillin-1 (>20%) were linked to significantly worse OS (p = 0.004, p = 0.013, and p = 0.005, respectively) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.028, p = 0.025, and p = 0.002, respectively), validated at the mRNA level. Our results highlight the importance of stromal characteristics in promoting tumor progression and metastasis and that targeting extracellular matrix (ECM) components may offer novel therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, DIA can be more accurate and objective in evaluating TSR, OSR, and immunodetected stromal markers than traditional visual examination.
Postcolonial Theory and the Making of the World Working Class

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article addresses the two main roots of postcolonial criticisms of Marx as a Eurocentric thinker, that is, the closely interrelated views that his value theory is restricted to a national level and that his concept of AMP implies the inferiority of Asia. The article first investigates how classical political economy set the stage for a materialist understanding of capitalism and of history, while contradictorily grounding methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism. Drawing on the still partially unpublished Marx’s London Notebooks (1850–53), the article then argues that Marx consistently developed the labour theory of value at the international level. In the summer of 1853, moreover, he put in question Bernier’s theory of Oriental despotism, paying increasing attention to the concrete situation of the population in India and to forms of anti-colonial resistance. By overcoming atomistic and unilinear views of development, the article argues, Marx was able to recognize the material seeds of interdependence and collective power of an emerging world working class.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Holder Design For On-Line Sensing In Liquid Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the design of a QCM sensor for liquid media measurements in vertical position is described. A rugged and low-cost proof holder has been designed, the cost of which is significantly lower than those of traditional commercial holders. The crystal is not replaceable but it can be easily cleaned. Its small volume permits to be used by dipping it in the liquid with the desired location and orientation. The developed design has been experimentally validated by measuring changes in the resonance frequency and resistance of the QCM sensor immersed vertically in different calibrated aqueous glycerol solutions. The obtained results show a great agreement with the Kanazawa theoretical expression. Consequently, the designed QCM sensor would be appropriate for sensing applications in liquids, and might take part of a future on-line multichannel low-cost QCM-based measurement system.
Assessment of Interpersonal Communication Skills and Related Factors in Nursing and Midwifery Students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background & Objectives: Communication skills have been considered as one of the basic social skills and in medicine field, too, communication is the main component of patient care. Therefore, in students of medical-related fields, the ability of establishing efficient communication with members of medical team leads to the advancement of educational and therapeutic goals and has a significant impact on their performance in patient care. The aim of this study was to investigate interpersonal communication skills in nursing and midwifery students and its related factors. \nMethods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 347 nursing and midwifery students of Azad University of Rasht Selected randomly in 2016. Data gathering tool was a standardized questionnaire of interpersonal communication skills containing 19 items. Data analysis was done using analytical statistical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient, t- test and chi-square and through SPSS version 22. \nResults: Mean age of students was 22.59±6.38 years. Mean score of communication skills was 64.17±8.72 in midwifery students and 65.62±7.97 in nursing students. In whole, 57.3% of students had communication problems. Students’ interpersonal communication score showed no statistically significant association with variables of age, educational level and marital status. But, there was a significant correlation between the midwifery students’ grade point average and their interpersonal communication level (P= 0.03). \nConclusion: Due to the unfavorable status of interpersonal communication skills among students, planning for teaching these skills and holding practical workshops in this area should be considered as a priority. \n \nKey words: Communication Skills, Students, Midwifery, Nursing \n \nCitation: Namazi A, Homauonfar H. Assessment of Interpersonal Communication Skills and Related Factors in Nursing and Midwifery Students. Journal of Health Based Research 2016; 2(4): 369-380.
A Practical Guide to the Use of Mirikizumab

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; 2University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; 3Multidisciplinary Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. Correspondence: Edward L. Barnes, MD, MPH. E-mail: [email protected].
Effect of fish feed containing two Chinese herbal extracts (Ganodema Iucidum and Lonicera japonica) on the non-specific immune system of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (preliminary results)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of two Chinese herbs (Ganoderma lucidum and Lonicera japonica) on non-specific immune response of tilapia was examined. In addition to the control (no herbs), three diet variations were used. These contained 1.0% of Lonicera, 1.0% of Ganoderma and a mixture of Ganoderma (0.5%) and Lonicera (0.5%). The respiratory burst and phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes were monitored. Three weeks after feeding, the fish were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results of this study showed that feeding tilapia with Ganoderma and Lonicera alone or in combination enhanced the phagocytosis of blood leukocytes, but not the respiratory burst activity. Both herbs, when used alone or in combination, reduced mortality after challenge with A. hydrophila. The highest mortality was observed in the control fish – 56.66%, and fish fed with Lonicera extract – 43.33% while 30% of fish died in the group fed with Ganoderma and the lowest mortality (20%) was observed when the fish were fed with a combination of the two herbs. It can be concluded that the herb extracts added to this diet act as immuno-stimulants and appear to improve the immune response and disease resistance of tilapia.
Suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins in innate and adaptive immune responses.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins have been identified as important mediators of negative regulatory circuits within cytokine receptor signaling. They are induced upon stimulation by an increasing set of cytokines as well as further immunological stimuli and are capable to inhibit Janus kinases and signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. Inhibition is mediated by interfering directly with signal transduction at the receptor as well as targeting of associated molecules for proteosomal degradation. Targeted gene deletion approaches have revealed the importance of SOCS mediated termination of cytokine signaling during normal cellular activation. In addition to their function as classical feedback inhibitors SOCS proteins display a broad panel of inhibitory activity thereby mediating cross-talk modulation between different stimuli. The consequences for regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses are thus obvious. Finally, there are emerging data showing involvement of SOCS proteins in various immune diseases. Modulating SOCS activity could be a promising new approach for molecular therapeutic strategies.
Antifeedant and Insecticidal Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Vitex negundo (L) against Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spodoptera litura, commonly knows as cotton leafworm, is a serious polyphagous pest causing damage to more than 150 species of host plants and it is distributed throughout the tropical and sub- tropical regions of the world including India, Japan, China and South East Asia. The chemical pesticides affect the non- target organisms and human beings, directly or indirectly. To find environmentally safe alternative there is need of considering the pesticides of biological origin to replace synthetic pesticides. Anti-insect activity check of plant extract can play important role in ecofriendly control of insect pest. Spodoptera litura is a dangerous polyphagous pest. The present work aimed to identify a natural alternative to chemical pesticides for the control of insect pests by examining a variety of factors, including larval weight, duration, antifeedant activity, and mortality. Maximum larval mortality (10.30%) was noted in Vitex negundo chloroform extract. The larval duration is much longer in the Vitex negundo chloroform and methanol extracts (10.23 days and 10.56 days, respectively) as compared to the control group. The Vitex negundo chloroform extract (59.42%) andacetone (37.68%) have the strongest antifeedant effects. In comparison to the control, the larval weight was significantly reduced in the Vitex negundo chloroform (0.391 gm), acetone (0.401 gm), and methanol extract (0.420 gm) extracts (0.621 gms).
Question of chert exploiting on the Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) by the Bell Beaker People

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Stránská skála is a limestone hill in the eastern part of Brno, Czech Republic. Local Upper Jurassic cherts, referred as the Stránská skála type were used as raw materials in various prehistoric periods, especially at the turn of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic and in the Old Eneolithic. Among archaeological remains discovered on the hill there is a dug-in settlement structure linked with a younger stage of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture (abbr. MBBC), excavated in 2016. The paper raises the question of exploitation of Stránská skála cherts by MBBC people.
Establishment of HeLa cell lines stably expressing HA-tagged TRIM5α.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>HeLa cell lines were stably transfected with a vector control (Vc) or with a vector encoding HA-tagged cynomolgus monkey (CM) TRIM5α. (A) Cells from three independent cell lines were lysed and separated on a 4–12% gradient SDS-PAGE; intracellular HA-tagged proteins were visualized by immunoblotting using anti-HA antibody (upper panel) or anti-actin antibody (loading control; lower panel). (B) Three independent HeLa cell lines expressing HA-tagged CM TRIM5α were stained with anti-HA primary antibody and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Fluorescent signals (green) were observed by fluorescence microscopy (magnification power of 200). Nuclei (blue) were visualized by staining with Hoechst 33342. (C) HeLa cells transfected with Vc or with vector encoding HA-tagged CM TRIM5α were infected with GFP-encoding HIV-1 (MsMnG) or HIV-2 (GH123-GFP). At 24 hr after infection, cells were collected, fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, and sorted by flow cytometry (to detect GFP expression). Data are shown as means + SDs of three independent cell lines.</p>
Incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with different molecular-targeted drugs: A population-based retrospective cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objectives We compared the incidences of four opportunistic infections (OIs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with molecular-targeted drugs from big claims data. Materials and Methods We identified 205,906 patients with RA who were prescribed molecular-targeted drugs in 2010–17 from the National Database of Japan and calculated the incidence of four OIs (Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, and herpes zoster). Results The total number of Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, and herpes zoster patients with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or tofacitinib treatment history in RA was 765, 1158, 834, and 18,336, respectively. The incidence rates of each OI for all biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were 0.14, 0.14, 0.09, and 2.40 per 100 person-years, respectively, while for tofacitinib they were 0.22, 0.22, 0.07, and 7.00 per 100 person-years. No big difference was observed among biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. All OIs showed higher incidence in those &gt;65 years, but Pneumocystis pneumonia, nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, and herpes zoster showed no difference between those 65–74 years old and those &gt;75 years old. The median of occurrence was the third, seventh, ninth, and thirteenth month after treatment, respectively. Conclusions We counted real incidence rates of OIs for the whole nation from big claims data.
PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESES: 9. THE CONVERSION OF DIBENZOYLMETHANE TO TRIBENZOYLETHANE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Irradiation of dibenzoylmethane in benzene gives tribenzoylethane. In more concentrated solution a solid dimer (II) separates which, on solution, is converted by dealdolization into an isomer. This isomer (I, R = H) on irradiation, gives tribenzoylethane in a photolytic reaction which has been shown to have some generality. The overall conversion of dibenzoylmethane to tribenzoylethane therefore involves two photochemical and one chemical reactions.
[Modification of the antiapoptotic ability of H18 hybridoma cells].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To construct eukaryotic expression vector containing murine bcl-XL and stably express it in H18 hybridoma cells in order to enhance hybridoma cells antiapoptotic ability. PCR was used to obtain 710bp murine bcl-XL cDNA from pGEM-T-bcl-XL. Then the recombinant expression vector pEF-bcl-XL was constructed by cloning bcl-XL cDNA into eukaryotic expression vector pEF by Pst I and Xho I double digestion. After transfection into H18 hybridoma cells through lipofectamine 2000, the stable expression cell line was screened by 800mg/L G418. The expression of bcl-XL gene was detected by Western blotting. Flow cytometer was used to test the modified hybridoma cells ability to resist apoptosis induced by 0.4mmol/L Sodium Butyrate. The eukaryotic expression vector pEF-bcl-XL was successfully constructed and stably expressed in H18 hybridoma cells. Our data showed that stably transfected H18 cells expressed high levels of Bcl-XL. Under the condition of 0.4mmol/L NaBu, the production of antibody was to be significantly increased by more than 3-fold in stably transfected H18, which resulted from suppressing the NaBu-induced apoptosis and allowing stably transfected H18 cells to grow at higher viability and extend culture longevity by > 3 days. The increased culture longevity by inhibition of NaBu-induced apoptosis by inducible expression of Bcl-XL combined with the enhanced secretion of antibody by NaBu contributed to the enhancement of final antibody concentration in the stably transfected H18 cells culture. The final antibody concentration of stably transfected H18 cells in the presence of NaBu was three-fold higher than that of H18 cells culture in the absence of NaBu. Together, our results showed that butyrate is of practical interest for production of antibody. NaBu-induced apoptosis of hybridoma cells could be inhibited by inducible expression of Bcl-XL. The expression of murine bcl-XL gene in hyridoma cells and the increasing antiapoptosis ability of hybridoma cells are of significance in further use of hybridoma cells in high density large scale cell culture.
China's Long-Term Economic Growth Sustainability: an Empirical Approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This dissertation focuses on assessing the sustainability of China’s long-term economic growth. The evaluation is performed, first, by examining economic and social issues from the past thirty years that shape China to where it is now, and second, by taking an empirical approach in understanding what factors are critical to China’s economic growth. The empirical model framework consists of three blocks representing the main areas of development in China: economic growth, health and environmental development, and the model is estimated with two-stage least squares methodology. We identify strong, simultaneous feedback between economic growth and health development. The estimation results show that continued improvements in the health status of Chinese workers are important to support stronger economic growth in China. Environmental stress is detrimental to China’s long-term health status, which indirectly reduces the country’s long-term economic potential. We test the robustness of our model, and confirm that, the proposed model setup produce a set of forecast values that are closer to the actual values than a model without health- and environmental-related variables.
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract and Fraction of Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume. Fruit

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Daemonorops draco is a type of draco (Willd.) Blume fruit is well-known as an antiseptic, increases blood circulation, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, wound medicine, diarrhea, fractures, gonorrhea, mild burns, and other traditional medicines. Daemonorops draco is a type of draco (Willd.) Blume belongs to the Arecaceae family and contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids / triterpenoids, and glycosides, among other chemical components. Chemical compounds such as flavonoid compounds, saponins, and tannins have antibacterial and antiviral properties. Simplicia features, phytochemical screening, and antibacterial activity testing of ethanol extract and fruit fractions of Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume are all part of this study. Organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic tests were performed on the simplicia, as well as water content measurement on ethanol extracts. Maceration with ethanol as the solvent was followed by fractionation with n-hexane and ethylacetate as solvents. The phytochemical screening was done on Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume simplicia powder, extract, and fruit fraction. The antibacterial activity of each fraction was determined by examining the zone of inhibition against different test species, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 25923). (ATCC 6539). The water content of the simplicia was 4.65 percent, and the ethanol extract was 5.98 percent, according to the results of the characterisation. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids were found in the phytochemical screening test of the ethanol extract. At a concentration of 25 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest antibacterial activity with an effective inhibitory diameter of 15.3 mm, Escherichia coli had the highest antibacterial activity with an effective inhibitory diameter of 14.2 mm, and Salmonella typhi had the highest antibacterial activity with an effective inhibitory diameter of 14.5 mm.
Educational Attainment and Women’s Environmental Mastery in Midlife

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using data from 1,184 women in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, we estimated associations between education and Ryff’s environmental mastery scale scores at age 52. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated two subscales, here termed mastery skills and mastery accomplishments. Low education was associated with higher mastery skills. This was partly explained by childhood socioeconomic position, as mastery was lower among those with fathers in the most and least advantaged occupational classes. Education was not associated with mastery accomplishments in unadjusted models. Lower ambitions for family/home were associated with higher mastery accomplishments and may have partly suppressed as an association between education and mastery accomplishments. This study highlights childhood as well as adult correlates of mastery and adds to mounting evidence that higher mastery is not universally found among those who are more educated.