jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Complications of Endoscopic and Conventional Dacryocystorhinostomy (External) in Chronic Dacryocystitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Describe the complications of endoscopic and conventional dacryocystorhinostomy (external) in chronic dacryocystitis (CDC) in a public hospital. Methods: Case series. We evaluated 39 patients who were treated surgically of CDC by endoscopic or conventional dacryocystorhinostomy between January 2006 and December 2011 at the Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru. We evaluated the complications associated with the treatment received. Results: Of the 39cases, 29 (74.4%) were women, and the average age was 54.9 years. The mean disease duration was 29.7 months. The affected side was the right in 59%, and the most common symptom was epiphora (84.6%), followed by secretion (7.7%) and tumor (5.1%). 56.4% of the surgeries were made by conventional technique. The most common complication was the post‐surgical removal of the probe in 4 patients, 3 (7.7%) by the conventional and 1 (2.5%) by the endoscopical technique. Other complications were reocclusion (5.2%), abscess (2.6%), and epistaxis (2.6%), all for the conventional technique. By the endoscopical technique, just the infection (5.2%) and synechiae (2.6%). Conclusions: Complications associated with the conventional technique were expulsion of the probe (7.7%), reocclusion (5.2%), abscess (2.6%), and epistaxis (2.6%), while complications with the endoscopic technique were removal of the probe (2.5 %), infection (5.2%), and synechiae (2.6%).
Histopathological evaluation of different methods of experimental induction of periapical periodontitis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This study evaluated histopathologically different methods of experimental induction of periapical periodontitis. The radiographic and microbiological evaluations have been performed in a previous investigation. Fifty-seven root canals from dogs' teeth were assigned to 4 groups. In GI (n=14) and GII (n=14), the root canals were exposed to oral environment for 180 days; in GIII (n=14) and GIV (n=15) the root canals were exposed for 7 days and then the access cavities were restored and remained sealed for 53 days. The root apices of GI and GIII were perforated, whilst those of GII and GIV remained intact. After induction of periapical periodontitis, the dogs were euthanized. Serial sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Data of the histopathological evaluation were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% significance level. The inflammatory periapical reaction and resorption of mineralized tissues were less intense in GII than in the other groups (p<0.05). There was no histopathological difference among the experimentally induced periapical lesions in the teeth with coronal sealing. On the other hand, when coronal sealing was not performed, greater intensity of induced periapical periodontitis was observed in the teeth with apical perforation.
The effect of a perceptual–motor intervention programme on learning readiness of Grade R learners from South African deprived environments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

South Africa consists of developed and developing contexts. This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the effect of a Perceptual–motor Intervention Programme in learning readiness of Grade R learners from deprived environments. Le Roux's Group Test for School Readiness was used as baseline assessments to establish the school readiness of Grade R learners from a deprived environment and to determine whether an effective intervention programme could rectify the shortcomings. The sample of the intervention group (n = 21) and the control group (n = 27) consisted of five to six-year-old learners. The experimental group (n = 21) of a Grade R class in a quintile 1 school followed a 10-week perceptual–motor intervention programme, while another Grade R class from a quintile two school as control group was not exposed to perceptual–motor intervention. A mixed method was applied, within an interpretivistic research design. The outcomes of the research are as follows: the results of the school readiness test were analysed with an independent t-test before intervention, a dependent t-test on improvement over time and an ANCOVA controlling for pre-test scores on the post-test. The results showed improvement in the school readiness as the experimental group improved with 33.3% compared with 14.8% in the control group. The experimental group's standard deviation (SD) is 8.11 and control group's SD is 4.96. Qualitative information was obtained from interviews with teachers and observation at the schools. The research shows the benefit for young learners learning readiness if teachers focus on intensive intervention programmes to overcome backlogs of deprivation and that effective intervention programmes could rectify shortcomings before formal teaching in Grade 1 commences. Future research to follow up the outcomes of the intervention group as well as control group could lead to a longitudinal report on the effects of such an intervention programme. Future research could also focus on other aspects contributing to school readiness like social–emotional development of young learners
A protocol for a systematic review of behaviour change techniques used in the context of stillbirth prevention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Stillbirth is a devastating pregnancy outcome that affects approximately 3.5 per 1000 births in high-income countries. Previous research has highlighted the importance of focusing prevention efforts on targeting risk factors and vulnerable groups. A wide range of risk factors has been associated with stillbirth before, including maternal behaviours such as back sleep position, smoking, alcohol intake, illicit drug use, and inadequate attendance at antenatal care. Given the modifiable nature of these risk factors, there has been an increase in the design of behaviour change interventions targeting such behaviours to reduce the risk of stillbirth. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify all behavioural interventions with a behavioural component designed and trialled for the prevention of stillbirth in high-income countries, and to identify the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used in such interventions using the Behaviour Change Techniques Taxonomy V1 (BCTTv1). Inclusion criteria: Interventions will be included in this review if they (1) have the objective of reducing stillbirth rates with a focus on behavioural risk factors; (2) are implemented in high-income countries; (3) target pregnant women or women of childbearing age; and (4) are published in research articles. Methods: A systematic search of the literature will be conducted. The results of the search will be screened against our inclusion criteria by two authors. The following data items will be extracted from the selected papers: general information, study characteristics, participant and intervention/approach details. The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) risk of bias criteria will be used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Intervention content will be coded for BCTs as present (+) or absent (-) by two authors using the BCTTv1, discrepancies will be discussed with a third author. A narrative synthesis approach will be used to present the results of this systematic review.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Optimal Decision Trees using Dynamic Programming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Global optimization of decision trees has shown to be promising in terms of accuracy, size, and consequently human comprehensibility. However, many of the methods used rely on general-purpose solvers for which scalability remains an issue. Dynamic programming methods have been shown to scale much better because they exploit the tree structure by solving subtrees as independent subproblems. However, this only works when an objective can be optimized separately for subtrees. We explore this relationship in detail and show the necessary and sufficient conditions for such separability and generalize previous dynamic programming approaches into a framework that can optimize any combination of separable objectives and constraints. Experiments on five application domains show the general applicability of this framework, while outperforming the scalability of general-purpose solvers by a large margin.
PENGARUH WEB MODUL IPA TERINTEGRASI POTENSI LOKAL “EKOSISTEM PEGUNUNGAN DIENG” TERHADAP THINKING SKILL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

THE EFFECT OF SCIENCE WEB MODUL INTEGRATED LOCAL POTENTIAL OF DIENG MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEM TOWARD THINGKING SKILL Abstract21st-century learning requires learning media that can improve thinking skills, including understanding information, formulating alternative solutions and solving problems in the environment around students by utilizing the available information sources. This study aimed to identify the influence of the science web module integrated local potential "Dieng Mountain Ecosystem" to thinking skills. The method used in this study was quasi-experimental with a post control group design. The researcher used random cluster sampling to get two sample groups were 7C and 7E SMP N 1 Wonosobo. The data collection instruments used were essay tests based on the indicators of thinking skills. Data were processed using the Kruskal Wallis test and effect size. The study results showed that there were differences in thinking skills measurement results between the experimental and control classes. The science web science module has a high influence on thinking skills with an effect size of 0.9. AbstrakPembelajaran pada abad ini membutuhkan media pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan thinking skills meliputi kemampuan untuk memahami informasi, merumuskan alternatif pemecahan masalah dan menyelesaikan masalah yang ada di sekitar siswa dengan memanfaatkan sumber informasi yang tersedia. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh dari modul web IPA terintegrasi potensi lokal “Ekosistem Gunung Dieng” terhadap thinking skills. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian quasi-experimental dengan post control group design. Peneliti menggunakan metode pengambilan sampel cluster random sampling untuk mendapatkan dua kelompok sampel yaitu kelas 7C dan 7E di SMP N 1 Wonosobo. Pengumpulan data thinking skills menggunakan tes uraian berdasarkan indikatornya. Data yang didapatkan diolah menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis untuk menganalisis perbedaan hasil thinking skills pada kelas eksperimen dan kontrol. Pengaruh web modul IPA yang dikembangkan terhadap thingking skills diketahui melalui perhitungan effect size. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan thinking skills antara kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperiman yang dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan web modul sains yang ditunjukkan dengan effect size sebesar 0,9.
Consumption Pattern and Nutritional Assessment of Minor Millets among Rural Women in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The research study was conducted in Peraiyur taluk of Madurai district of Tamil Nadu to know the consumption pattern of minor millets among rural women. 120 rural women were selected from the village of Mangalrevu at Periyur taluk. Investigation on the millet consumption pattern including food habits and meal pattern, frequency of millet consumption, food expenditure pattern, frequency of millet purchase, the per capita food intake of the selected subjects in comparison with requirement, Anthropometric measurement, per capita nutrient intake of the selected subjects in comparison with RDA of the selected subjects were assessed.
Smut fungi of Iran

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A short history of the knowledge of Iranian smut fungi is given followed by an account of the 99 known smut fungus species (Ustilaginomycetes) from Iran.Each species is presented with its authors, place of publication, synonyms, description, host plants and geographic distribution.A key to the 16 genera, to which these smuts belong, and keys to the species within each genus are given.There is also a host plantsmut fungus index.The following six species are known only from Iran: Anthracoidea songorica, Entyloma majewskii, Tilletia rostrariae, Tranzscheliella iranica, Urocystis behboudii and Urocystis phalaridis.
Seeking Spirituality: Respecting the Social Value of Coastal Recreational Resources in England and Wales

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT PIKE, K., JOHNSON, D., FLETCHER, S and WRIGHT, P., 2011. Seeking Spirituality: Respecting the Social Value of Coastal Recreational Resources in England and Wales. In: Micallef, A. (ed.), MCRR3-2010 Conference Proceedings, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 61, pp. 194–204. Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy, ISSN 0749-0208. Social value is understood by individuals but is itself a contested concept, although community and participation are key associated terms. Arguably social value of protected areas can be viewed as primarily recreational and aesthetic. Perhaps as a result, social value is often much less considered when compared to environmental and economic aspects when planning the establishment and management of protected areas in coastal locations. Understanding how society values these areas could therefore make a significant difference to optimising management direction and outcomes. Furthermore, understanding non-monetary values could help evaluate trade-offs which can be made between scenarios such as alternative development, management and conservation. Literature on social value touches on many topics including the emotional appreciation of wilderness and theory of visitor management. Ironically, in the future, climate change may raise social value at the coast given a public fascination with dramatic storms and sensational rapid change as a result of coastal processes. In order to identify social value, evaluate how it has been applied, and suggest better future integration, research focussing on selected coastal protected areas in England and Wales has taken an inductive grounded theory approach. A combination of practitioner and public interviews were undertaken to inform the design of a normative statement and model of social value. To understand social values at an operational level a detailed ‘zoning chart’ exercise in conjunction with an expert scoring system was applied to four case studies This work has resulted in validating social value criteria and has highlighted the complexities of measuring social value, particularly using a scoring system to rate the criteria. Tranquillity, for example, is typically subjective. Zoning charts proved to be a productive data collection tool, allowing visualisation of the criteria. All the data collection phases demonstrated that criteria in the ‘spirituality and natural environment’ theme provided the most social value to the public. Criteria in this theme include areas where it is possible to get away from other people in order to experience tranquillity, isolation and remoteness: experiences of views and open coastline: inspirational opportunities for art, poetry and photography: and an outdoor experience in a place where people want to be.
Determining acceptable and reliable cognitive testing methods in an Australian Aboriginal population

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

\n \t\t\tIntroduction: Cognitive tests are a measure of brain abilities including memory, judgement, evaluation, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, comprehension and language. These tests provide practitioners with information to guide treatment protocols, monitor treatment effectiveness and care planning. Cognitive tests are traditionally based on Western concepts and norms; often requiring familiarity with the English language and formal education. Current literature suggests that culturally specific and appropriate cognitive assessments for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is an underserved area that requires further investigation. Differences in language and culture mean that the psychometric properties of tests should be assessed prior to use in other populations, including Aboriginal Australians. The aim of this study was to examine the acceptability and reliability of four cognitive tests for future use in a randomised controlled trial investigating the optimum thiamine dose for treating and preventing Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS).Methods: Medical staff at Alice Springs Hospital referred Aboriginal patients meeting the study&rsquo;s inclusion and exclusion criteria. The cognitive tests included: Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Screen (RUDAS) (n=19), PEBL Corsi Blocks (CORSI) (n=19), Story Memory Recall Test (SMRT) (n=17) and CogState Brief Battery (n=18). Each test was chosen as they measured specific cognitive domains, are supported for use in culturally and linguistically diverse populations and prior use at Alice Springs Hospital. Participants performed one to three tests with repeated assessment to determine test-retest reliability. Qualitative interviews and theme discussions were conducted to explore perceived acceptability of the tests.Results: Test-retest reliabilities ranged from 0.61 (CogState one back accuracy) to 0.86 (RUDAS). Inter-rater reliability for the SMRT displayed high results (0.98-0.99). Several themes emerged across the four cognitive tests relating to general impressions, impacts on understanding and performance, appropriateness and assisting in understanding the task.Discussion and Conclusion: All four tests demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. RUDAS, Story Recall and the CogState choice reaction time task showed the highest reliability. Overall the tests were viewed as a positive challenge, an opportunity to learn about the brain and reflect on the past. Certain caveats about test acceptability included the use of interpreters, impacts of convalescence and cultural relevance. Reliability and acceptability may be improved by providing instructions in Aboriginal language for those whose first language is not English.\n
Correlation averaging of ordered arrays of Photosystem II

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Photosystem II (PS II) is one of two reaction centers found in the photosynthetic membranes of eukaryotic cells. PS II converts solar to chemical energy and can split water, giving off H + and O 2 . Neither bacterial reaction centers nor PS I can evolve O 2 , making PS II unique. Oxygen evolution involves three polypeptides (17, 24 and 33 kDa) that are exposed on the inner surface of the membrane. The remainder of PS II consists of intrinsic membrane proteins with molecular masses of 47, 43, 34, 33 and 10 kDa and multiple low molecular mass polypeptides (for review, see Hansson and Wydrzynski, 1990). In order to obtain structural information regarding PS II, and particularly the oxygen evolving-polypeptides (OEPs), we have induced the complexes to form two-dimensional crystals. The crystals are formed by sequential treatment of whole membranes with low concentrations of Triton X-100. The two-dimensional crystals are tubular, with the complexes arranged in a helical manner around the tube (Fig. 1). The tubes are being characterized by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, using antibodies directed against the OEPs.
Chlorinated Auxins—How Does Arabidopsis Thaliana Deal with Them?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant hormones have various functions in plants and play crucial roles in all developmental and differentiation stages. Auxins constitute one of the most important groups with the major representative indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A halogenated derivate of IAA, 4-chloro-indole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), has previously been identified in Pisum sativum and other legumes. While the enzymes responsible for the halogenation of compounds in bacteria and fungi are well studied, the metabolic pathways leading to the production of 4-Cl-IAA in plants, especially the halogenating reaction, are still unknown. Therefore, bacterial flavin-dependent tryptophan-halogenase genes were transformed into the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The type of chlorinated indole derivatives that could be expected was determined by incubating wild type A. thaliana with different Cl-tryptophan derivatives. We showed that, in addition to chlorinated IAA, chlorinated IAA conjugates were synthesized. Concomitantly, we found that an auxin conjugate synthetase (GH3.3 protein) from A. thaliana was able to convert chlorinated IAAs to amino acid conjugates in vitro. In addition, we showed that the production of halogenated tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) and IAA is possible in transgenic A. thaliana in planta with the help of the bacterial halogenating enzymes. Furthermore, it was investigated if there is an effect (i) of exogenously applied Cl-IAA and Cl-Trp and (ii) of endogenously chlorinated substances on the growth phenotype of the plants.
Investigating the Role of Permanent Court of International Justice in the Development of International Minority Protection System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Minority rights are increasingly recognized as an integral part of the United Nations' strategy towards the promotion and protection of human rights, sustainable human development, and peace and security. Permanent Court of International Justice (hereinafter PCIJ), has played a pivotal and determinative role in interpreting and developing international legal framework concerned with the protection of minorities. Interestingly, the related material of some highly significant human rights instruments such as International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities as well as the 1992 UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to Ethnic, National, Religious and Linguistic Minorities is based on and built upon the case law of PCIJ regarding minorities and their rights. Views and precedent of PCIJ in this regard could be regarded a reliable foundation for the protection of minorities and promotion of their rights within the framework of UN and other relevant international and regional mechanisms. Accordingly, following PCIJ's opinions and precedent as to minority rights can pave the way for an evolution in protection of these groups through specific binding international instruments. The present study, through a descriptive-analytic approach, attempts to investigate the role of PCIJ in development of international minority protection system.
Eigengesetzlichkeit: The Relationship between Religion and Politics in India and in the Occident

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Max Weber's studies of Asian traditions were intended to further a better understanding of the Occident. They may also have contributed to comparative concept building. The analysis starts from Weber's comments on the lack of a universally valid ethic in classical India, on conflicting ethics and the sources of Indian law, the secularization of the political domain and particularly the ethics of the kṣatriyas (warriors), seen as power politics and warfare: their svadharma. Weber's perhaps overstated view of the Indian situation, resulting, as it may be conjectured, from his desire to find a paradigm for the situation in Germany, led him to the formulation of the concept of Eigengesetzlichkeit. Its several meanings and its various English translations are discussed. Once formulated, the concept was then used by Weber himself and by his contemporaries with regard to the ‘battle of the gods’: the tension between and then the separation of the religious and the political domain in the Western tradition since Antiquity and then in the Lutheran Germany of his time.