jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Association between sclerostin and bone density in chronic spinal cord injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in profound bone loss due to muscle paralysis and the inability to ambulate. Sclerostin, a Wnt signaling pathway antagonist produced by osteocytes, is a potent inhibitor of bone formation. Short-term studies in rodent models have shown increased sclerostin in response to mechanical unloading that is reversed with reloading. These studies suggest that complete spinal cord injury, a condition resulting in mechanical unloading of the paralyzed lower extremities, will be associated with high sclerostin levels. We assessed the relationship between circulating sclerostin and bone density in 39 subjects with chronic SCI and 10 without SCI. We found that greater total limb bone mineral content was significantly associated with greater circulating levels of sclerostin. Sclerostin levels were reduced, not elevated, in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with those with SCI who walk regularly. Similarly, sclerostin levels were lower in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with persons without SCI who walk regularly. These findings suggest that circulating sclerostin is a biomarker of osteoporosis severity, not a mediator of ongoing bone loss, in long-term, chronic paraplegia. This is in contrast to the acute sclerostin-mediated bone loss shown in animal models of mechanical unloading in which high sclerostin levels suppress bone formation. Because these data indicate important differences in the relationship between mechanical unloading, sclerostin, and bone in chronic SCI compared with short-term rodent models, it is likely that sclerostin is not a good therapeutic target to treat chronic SCI-induced osteoporosis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Analysis of PWR SBO sequences with RCP passive thermal shutdown seals

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The operation of recently implanted low-leakage seals after Fukushima has altered the analysis of classical PWR Station Blackout (SBO) sequences , as Seal Loss of Coolant Accident (SLOCA) is no longer one of the dominant factors in the accident progression . An analysis of different management strategies in non-SLOCA sequences has been performed by means of the Integrated Safety Assessment (ISA) methodology using the SCAIS-MAAP model of a 3-Loop PWR Westinghouse design. Through the use of the Damage Domain concept(i.e. the region of the uncertain crew actuation times or physical parameters space where each damage limit is exceeded for each sequence), the times for reaching different damage limits are obtained. Results evidence the positive impact of low-leakage seals, which greatly increase the margin to core uncoveryand reduce core damage frequency. Results also allow concluding that an SBO is dominated, namely by the Auxiliary Feed-Water (AFW) mass flow(turning blind AFW management into an essential procedure), SLOCA (in case the new low-leakage seals fail or they are not present), an excessive AFW mass flow (leading to Turbine-Driven Pump failure) and the DC failure time (losing control valves and the instrumentation).
Youth intimate partner violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A body of research confirms that many youth are subjected to intimate partner violence (IPV), challenging our previous understanding of such violence as primarily an adult problem. Nevertheless, scholars have observed that youth IPV differs from adult IPV in certain ways, making it relevant to focus specifically on youth and IPV. Thereby, this chapter presents existing research on youth IPV, structuring it thematically on a societal, social and individual level in order to discuss aspects of youth that arguably affect victimisation and perpetration of IPV for young people. Theoretically, this chapter uses social constructivism theory, and the social studies of childhood and youth as its point of departure, drawing upon the notion that how youth and IPV are understood and constructed, is dependent on the societal and social contexts. Furthermore, by taking an intersectional lens, it is highlighted that youth is not a homogenous group, showing how youths' vulnerability is impacted by the interaction of different social positions. It is proposed that youth IPV need to be examined on all these three levels, taking a holistic approach to a young person's experience of IPV. This holistic approach also reflects how youth IPV as a social problem should be tackled: by involving youth, parents, practitioners, researchers and policy-makers, representing all levels. It seems important that we all work together, by sharing information and influence each other's work, to fully address and prevent youth IPV.
Testing animal models of human oculomotor control with neuroimaging

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We know more about the primate oculomotor system than any other motor system. From numerous studies that have measured electrical activity in single neurons, applied electrical microstimulation, characterized the behavioural sequelae of lesions, and mapped the afferent and efferent connections in oculomotor areas, exquisite animal models of human oculomotor control have evolved. In this chapter, I review studies that have begun to test these animal models in humans using neuroimaging techniques. I hope to highlight the importance of this form of translational research by describing several successes involving our understanding of the roles of the frontal and parietal cortex in saccade control. Moreover, I will discuss several problematic methodological issues that have proven challenging to our efforts of translation.
Verifying the nonreporting hemolysis index for potassium, phosphate, magnesium, AST, LDH, iron, CA 19-9, and vitamin D, using Beckman Coulter AU5800 and DxI800 automated analyzers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Hemolysis is a common reason for nonreporting results in biochemistry and is measured using the hemolysis index (HI), with nonreporting limits set for analytes by manufacturers. Objective To verify the nonreporting HI limit for potassium, phosphate, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), iron, CA19-9, and vitamin D on the Beckman Coulter AU5800/DxI800 analyzers. Method Hemolysate was created from EDTA-lined tubes of whole blood using an osmotic shock procedure. The hemolysate underwent serial dilutions with saline and was spiked in paired serum. The delta changes in HI and analyte concentration were measured, assessed using regression analysis, and compared against calculated reference change values. Results A linear relationship between increasing HI and increasing analyte concentration (R2 &gt; 0.9) was observed for potassium (y = 0.8864x), phosphate (y = 0.1079x), magnesium (y = 0.0678x), AST (y = 29.035x), and LDH (y = 350x). Increasing HI values did not have a linear effect on iron (y = −0.2544x), CA19-9 (y = 2.7019x), or vitamin D (y = 8.036x) concentrations. Conclusion The results from this experiment support increasing the HI nonreporting limit to 100 mg/dL for potassium; 200 mg/dL for magnesium; and 300 mg/dL for phosphate, CA19-9, and vitamin D. The iron assay is not affected by hemolysis as high as 500 mg/dL. The current HI nonreporting limit of 50 mg/dL is appropriate for LDH.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Isparta

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"In the days following the Armistice of Mudros, the people of Isparta were in great anxiety, as was the case throughout the country. About 5 months after the armistice, the Italians’ landing of soldiers in Antalya on March 28 and their efforts to spread their occupation in the direction of Burdur-Isparta was met with a reaction in Isparta. In addition to this danger from the south, the Greek occupation of Izmir on May 15 made the people of Isparta agitated. On the same day and in the following days, the occupation of İzmir and the Italian occupations were protested in various ways and rallies were held in Isparta and almost all its districts. In Isparta, Hafız İbrahim (Demiralay), the mayor, the head of the Military Branch, and prominent people from the notables led these protests and the national resistance. In the districts, mayors, muftis, heads of military branches and prominent members of the public took the lead. The national reflex that emerged in Isparta Sanjak turned into an organization in a short time. National societies were established in Isparta and its districts, which would later be called Association for Defence of National Rights. With the encouragement and effort of these societies and some military and local administrators in the region, militia volunteer forces were formed. The Demiralay militia, which we can count at the head of these volunteer forces, displayed great heroism against the invading Greek army on the front west of Denizli. The people of Isparta, together with all its districts, did their best to meet the needs of the front, such as food and clothing, as well as personnel support. These sensitivity and sacrifices in the defense of the homeland were not made under easy conditions. Despite the pressures of Konya Governor Cemal and Isparta Governor Talat, the counterpropaganda of some minority groups and supporters of the Freedom and Entente Party, and the negative effects of the Delibaş Revolt that spread throughout the region, all Isparta people made their moral and material sacrifice in defense of the homeland until the end of the National Struggle. According to the available data, the tags of nearly three hundred Ispartans who were martyred in the War of Independence were reached. Undoubtedly, it is highly probable that the number of martyrs will increase in the future with the opening of Vefayâta Mahsus Incident Books (Death Records Books) and other related sources belonging to Isparta and its districts for research."
Additional file 1 of Highly differentiated loci resolve phylogenetic relationships in the Bean Goose complex

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Additional file 1. Table S1. Overview of sampling locations. Table S2. Mapping and coverage statistics for all samples in this study. Table S3. Outcomes of phylogenetic analyses for different selections of highly differentiated genomic windows. Table S4. Percentage of monophyletic gene trees for the different goose taxa and particular combinations of taxa. Table S5. Detailed information on the D-statistics analysis of Dtrios.
Review of surgical techniques for performing laparoscopic donor hepatectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Living related liver transplantation has proved to be an effective, safe and radical method for treating end-stage liver diseases. In the last decade, a laparoscopic approach to donor hepatectomy has been gradually introduced into clinical practice. According to world literature, there are presently no uniform standards for performing laparoscopic liver resections in living donors. This literature review considers almost all methods for performing this surgery in living donors. These methods are described in transplant centers around the world.
Remarkably Facile Solvolyses of Triflates via Carbocationic Processes in Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A number of triflates have been shown to undergo clean pseudo-first-order solvolysis reactions in DMSO-d(6) to give products derived from carbocationic intermediates. Thus, t-BuCH(OTf)CO-t-Bu (5) and t-BuCH(2)OTf (9) react readily in DMSO-d(6) at 25 degrees C to give a rearranged oxosulfonium salts, and subsequent alkene products where methyl migration to the incipient cationic center occurs. t-BuCH(OTf)CO(2)CH(3) (14) gives analogous rearranged products, and 1-methylcyclopropyl triflate (21) gives a ring-opened allylic oxosulfonium salt. These triflates react primarily via k(Delta) pathways. 6-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-yl triflate (23), bicyclo[2.2.1hept-1-yl triflate (24), 1,6-methano[10]annulen-11-yl triflate (25), (CH(3))(2)C(OTf)CO(2)CH(3) (26), and (CH(3))(2)CCN(OTf) (29) all react in DMSO-d(6) to give carbocation-derived products. PhCH(OTf)CF(3) (33) and substituted analogues also react readily in DMSO-d(6), and the Hammett rho(+) value is -3.7. This suggests a "borderline" mechanism where the transition state has substantial charge development. The primary feature of these solvolyses is the high reactivity of all of these triflates in DMSO-d(6). Thus, these triflates are all more reactive in DMSO-d(6) than in HOAc, and for most, rates are faster than in CF(3)CH(2)OH. Triflates 5, 21, 29, and 33 are 10(8)-10(9) times more reactive in DMSO-d(6) than the corresponding mesylates. It is suggested that the decreased need for electrophilic solvation of triflate anion, and the high cation solvating ability of DMSO, are the reasons for the high triflate reactivity in DMSO-d(6).
Characteristics and severity of motorcycle crashes resulting in hospitalization in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study aims to describe the crash characteristics, injury outcomes, and risk factors associated with injury severity for motorcycle crashes resulting in hospitalization in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken of motorcyclists who were injured as the result of a crash and were admitted to hospital for more than 24 h. Information was collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire and a medical record review. Descriptive statistics and a multiple logistic regression model were undertaken. The outcome of interest was severity of the injury, measured using the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results: A total of 352 hospitalized motorcyclists were included in the study, of which 6.8% (n = 24) were classified as severe injuries (ISS > 15). At the time of the crash, 41% of participants were not licensed to drive a motorcycle, 26% were speeding, 13% were not wearing a helmet, and 9% were using their mobile phone. The results of the multiple logistic regression model found that not being licensed to drive a motorcycle (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–9.34) and crashing at nighttime (AOR = 4.28; 95% CI, 1.33–13.78) were significantly associated with increased injury severity among hospitalized motorcyclists. Conclusions: This study highlighted several high-risk behaviors among hospitalized motorcyclists in Vietnam. In addition, the study found that being unlicensed and crashing at night were associated with higher injury severity among hospitalized motorcyclists. The findings suggest that prevention and enforcement interventions targeting high-risk behaviors may reduce the significant morbidity and mortality associated with motorcycle crashes in Vietnam.
High-dose fluconazole therapy in Intensive Care Unit.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We found that fluconazole offers a treatment option that is less toxic, less expensive and equally effective for these infections, provided that it is used at an adequate dose and that high-risk patients are identified for "empiric treatment". No significant increases in resistance were noted, as is demonstrated by the fact that only 1 case of candidemia required conversion to amphotericin B.
Analysis of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in Group B Streptococcus from clinical samples

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Streptococcus agalacticae (Group B Streptococcus , GBS) is one of the most important causative agents of serious infections among neonates. This study was carried out to identify antibiotic resistance and virulence genes associated with GBS isolated from pregnant women. Methods: A total of 43 GBS isolates were obtained from 420 vaginal samples collected from HIV positive and negative women who were 13-35 weeks pregnant attending Antenatal Care at Chitungwiza and Harare Central Hospitals in Zimbabwe. Identification tests of GBS isolates was done using standard bacteriological methods and molecular identification testing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer method and E-test strips. The boiling method was used to extract DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to screen for 13 genes. Data was fed into SPSS 24.0. Results: Nine distinct virulence gene profiles were identified and hly-scpB-bca-rib 37.2% (16/43) was common. The virulence genes identified were namely hly 97.8% (42/43), scpB 90.1% (39/43), bca 86.0% (37/43), rib 69.8% (30/43) and bac 11.6% (5/43). High resistance to tetracycline 97.7% (42/43) was reported followed by 72.1% (31/43) cefazolin, 69.8% (30/43) penicillin G, 58.1% (25/43) ampicillin, 55.8% (24/43) clindamycin, 46.5% (20/43) ceftriaxone, 34.9% (15/43) chloramphenicol, and 30.2% (13/43) for both erythromycin and vancomycin using disk diffusion. Antibiotic resistance genes among the resistant and intermediate-resistant isolates showed high frequencies for tetM 97.6% (41/42) and low frequencies for ermB 34.5% (10/29), ermTR 10.3% (3/29), mefA 3.4% (1/29), tetO 2.4% (1/42) and linB 0% (0/35). The atr housekeeping gene yielded 100% (43/43) positive results, whilst the mobile genetic element IS1548 yielded 9.3% (4/43). Conclusion: The study showed high prevalence of hly, scpB, bca and rib virulence genes in S. agalactiae strains isolated from pregnant women. Tetracycline resistance was predominantly caused by the tetM gene, whilst macrolide resistance was predominantly due to the presence of erm methylase, with the ermB gene being more prevalent. Multi-drug resistance coupled with the recovery of resistant isolates to antimicrobial agents such as penicillins indicates the importance of GBS surveillance and susceptibility tests. It was also observed that in vitro phenotypic resistance is not always accurately predicted by resistance genotypes.
Tie-2/Angiopoietin pathway modulation as a therapeutic strategy for retinal disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The Tie-2/Angiopoietin pathway is a therapeutic target for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Activation of Tie-2 receptor via Ang-1 maintains vascular stability to limit exudation. Ang-2, a competitive antagonist to Ang-1, and VE-PTP, an endothelial-specific phosphatase, interfere with the Tie-2-Ang-1 axis, resulting in vascular leakage. Areas covered: Faricimab, a bispecific antibody that inhibits VEGF-A and Ang-2, is in phase 3 trials for nAMD and DME. Nesvacumab is an Ang-2 inhibitor; when coformulated with aflibercept, it failed to show benefit over aflibercept monotherapy in achieving visual gains in phase 2 studies of nAMD and DME. ARP-1536 is an intravitreally administered VE-PTP inhibitor undergoing preclinical studies. AKB-9778 is a subcutaneously administered VE-PTP inhibitor that, when combined with monthly ranibizumab, reduced DME more effectively than ranibizumab monotherapy in a phase 2 study. AKB-9778 monotherapy did not reduce diabetic retinopathy severity score compared to placebo. AXT107, currently in the preclinical phase, promotes conversion of Ang-2 into a Tie-2 agonist and blocks signaling through VEGFR2 and other receptor tyrosine-kinases. Expert opinion: Tie-2/Angiopoietin pathway modulators show promise to reduce treatment burden and improve visual outcomes in nAMD and DME, with potential to treat cases refractory to current treatment modalities.
Historia Sicut Prophetia : Re-Reading Joseph Ratzinger in the Light of His Habilitationsschrift on St Bonaventure

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores Joseph Ratzinger’s account of Bonaventure’s theological development in his Habilitationsschrift: The Theology of History in St Bonaventure . It shows that there are several parallels between the intellectual transitus which Ratzinger attributes to Bonaventure during the 1260s and 1270s and his own much studied intellectual journey. Ratzinger portrays Bonaventure as a thinker who, because of a series of crises at the University of Paris shifted from a sympathetic engagement with the Peripatetic and Thomist schools to a much more critical, openly hostile, attitude towards them. While much has been made of Ratzinger’s Bonaventurian heritage, this article argues that his relationship with the Franciscan possesses a dimension that goes beyond simple indebtedness: in his Habilitationsschrift , Ratzinger presents us with a blueprint of what was to be his own future development and, more importantly, a new way of approaching the controversial question of whether his core theological ideas changed.
FIGURE 90. Taraxacum desolatum. A in Towards a revision of Taraxacum sect. Borealia (Compositae, Crepidinae) in Siberia and the continental Far East, with special reference to the dandelions of the Altai and Kamchatka

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 90. Taraxacum desolatum. A, general habit (PRA, no. det. 37812, holotype); B, achenes (PRA, from cultivation JK 4705). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B = 1 mm.
Heavy Ion Fluence Measurements Based on Radiation Effects Generated in CTA Foils

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The usefulness of cellulose triacetate (CTA) foils to measure heavy ion beam fluence was investigated. Two different CTA foils: FTR-125 Fuji dosimetric foil and Polish CTA-T technical foil, were examined. Ion beam irradiation (Ar, 155 MeV and Xe, 245 MeV) were performed on a 4-metre U-400 cyclotron operated in JINR, Dubna, Russia, and optical analysis — on a UV/VIS spectrophotometer Cintra-40 in INCT, Poland. Some results of gamma ray irradiation of CTA foils are included for comparison. It was established that an increase of optical absorbance at 280 nm was strictly proportional to the fluences of the investigated ions for both kinds of foils. No postirradiation effects were observed. The results show that cellulose triacetate foils can be used for quick and easy measurement of ion beam fluences between 109 and 1011 ions/cm2 and also for evaluation of mean absorbed dose.
[Laparoscopy and laparoscopic echography in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The potentials of laparoscopy (LS) and laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) in diagnosing pancreatic diseases are assayed. The study covers forty-five patients of which 36 presenting carcinoma of the pancreas, and nine-acute peritonitis. APUD (VIP) is documented in one case. For the purpose laparoscope R. Wolf and 7.5 MHz echolaparoscopic linear probe obtained from the Aloka company are employed. The LUS technique used in pancreatic diseases is described in details. In the group of pancreatic carcinoma patients 72.2 per cent prove to be inoperable. Emphasis is laid on the superiorities of LUS over transabdominal echography and laparoscopy in diagnosing, staging and resectability evaluation of pancreatic carcinomas, as well as in terms of establishing the indications and practicability of the procedure in acute pancreatitis. LS and LUS are the only preoperative alternative to intraoperative echography, since imaging, endoscopic and histomorphological diagnostic methods are combined. LS in conjunction with LUS are no longer considered as a synonym of peritoneoscopy which in turn, considerably augments the possibilities of the method in handling diseases of the pancreas.
Tūhono : the United Collective : an exhibition report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Māori Visual Arts, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This exhibition report provides a detailed outline of the pathway undertaken to complete the requirements of a Masters of Māori Visual Arts Thesis and the presentation of works Tūhono in December 2017. \nTūhono explores the combination of tikanga Māori and customary techniques alongside modern and contemporary processes. The three pou whakairo were developed to align with the kaupapa Te Kore, Te Pō, and Te Ao Mārama. A range of tools and techniques, both traditional and contemporary were used to explore the medium.