jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the high frequency escape reactions ofOithona SP.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The cyclopoid copepod Oithona was found to exhibit multiple escape reactions when entrained within quantified flow fields. The distance of the escape from the flow‐producing predator mimic (a siphon) decreased with a concurrent decrease in escape distance and speed. Although individuals became behaviorally more sensitive to fluid motion with each successive escape reaction, the lower thresholds were not manifested as more distant escape reactions. Overall, the escape distance and speed decreased significantly with decreased signal strength. The decrease may result from the high cost of the escape reaction, which was calculated to account for 36% of the normal metabolic rate and 500 times the cost of normal swimming.
The bittersweet symphony: Decreased evaluations and effectiveness of products given as an apology

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Consumers often buy products for others (Belk 1976), for example, to celebrate their birthdays, or to apologize for harm done. Given products generally are positively evaluated(Ruth et al. 1999; Cheal 1987), but the reason why a product is bought may influence consumers’ product evaluations. We propose that products given to apologize (so-calledapology gifts) may have detrimental effects. More specifically, an apology setting will have anegative influence on receiver’s product evaluations. In addition, we reveal that apology giftswork insufficiently, meaning that they are not as positively evaluated as givers expect, andinsufficiently repair receiver’s anger.
Everfeed Technology Pte Ltd

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report describes the experience that Muhammad Hamizan Abdul Samad, Year 3 Nanyang Technological University student of the School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, has gained throughout his 20-week Industrial Attachment (IA) with Everfeed Technology, from 11th January 2016 to 28th May 2016. The report covers the general highlights of all assignments and projects undertaken during the five-month period while Muhammad Hamizan was attached to. These projects include:- • Submission of technical paper to ESD Association • On-site visit to various companies for quality assessment • Digital Marketing Muhammad Hamizan attended a three day Exemplar Global – iNARTE ESD control workshop as part of this programme. This has help Muhammad Hamizan better understand what is required of an ESD Engineer - conducting technical verification on grounding/bonding system, wrist strap system, footwear/flooring system, and electrostatic discharge control items. Apart from that, Muhammad Hamizan was given opportunities to visit various semi-conductor companies to be involved in quality assessment such as maintaining and installing of ionizers
Quantification of the Effectiveness of Various Adhesives in Holding an SMA Actuator Wire During Joule Heating

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator wires undergo a large contraction (∼4%) and resistance change (∼7%) in response to a material phase change induced by heating. However, a major impediment to using SMA wires as embedded actuators or sensors in practical applications is the challenge of attaching the small wires to the surrounding structure without adding significant bulk to the system. This work systematically determines the bond strength of different adhesives that could be used to attach small (<100-µm diameter) SMA wires to a structure by exposing the adhesive bond to the thermal and mechanical loading expected during typical embedded SMA applications. Results show that for all adhesives tested, bonding strength is reduced as heating current is increased; however, some two-part epoxies and contact adhesives are still able to maintain 6 MPa of bonding strength to a heated SMA wire. This number can be used to determine how much adhesive is needed to hold different diameter wires for a range of applications.
Using ensemble quantitative precipitation forecast for rainfall-induced shallow landslide predictions

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Heavy rainfall brought by typhoons has been recognised as a major trigger of landslides in Taiwan. On average, 3.75 typhoons strike the island every year, and cause large amounts of shallow landslides and debris flow in mountainous region. Because landslide occurrence strongly corresponds to the storm dynamics, a reliable typhoon forecast is therefore essential to landslide hazard management in Taiwan. Given early warnings with sufficient lead time, rainfall-induced shallow landslide forecasting can help people prepare disaster prevention measures. To account for inherent weather uncertainties, this study adopted an ensemble forecasting model for executing precipitation forecasts, instead of using a single-model output. A shallow landslide prediction model based on the infinite slope model and TOPMODEL was developed. Considering the detailed topographic characteristics of a catchment, the proposed model can estimate the change in saturated water table during rainstorms and then link with the slope-instability analysis to clarify whether shallow landslides can occur in the catchment. Two areas vulnerable to landslide in Taiwan were collected to test the applicability of the model for landslide prediction. Hydrological data and landslide records derived from 15 typhoons events were used to verify the applicability of the model. Three indices, namely the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and threat score (TS), were used to assess the performance of the model. The results indicated that for landslide prediction through the proposed model, the POD was higher than 0.73, FAR was lower than 0.33, and TS was higher than 0.53. The proposed model has potential for application in landslide early warning systems to reduce loss of life and property.
Signal transduction by B lymphocyte receptors: structure-function relationships of membrane immunoglobulins and associated molecules.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Membrane immunoglobulins function in transmembrane transduction of information leading to gene activation and to receptor desensitization. These receptors also function in focusing and internalization of antigen for subsequent processing and presentation to T cells. These functions require that antigen receptors communicate physically with molecules in the cytoplasm. Recent evidence suggests that this is accomplished via an mIg-associated protein complex analogous to T cell CD3. Here we review evidence regarding the molecular basis of signal transduction by mIg and the structure of mIg-associated proteins which may be involved in signal transduction.
Yazd and its Zoroastrians

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This is a review article of a three-volume book in Persian by Ali Akbar Tashakori on the social history of Yazdi Zoroastrians in medieval and modern times. 1 The work goes beyond the history of the Yazdi community, encompassing the broader history of Iranian Zoroastrians. Despite certain novelties, the volumes largely rely on a conventional reconstruction of the history of Iranian Zoroastrians in the second millennium CE. The foundational elements of this reconstruction include the gradual Islamization of Iran and the subsequent “retreat” of Zoroastrians to the “marginal” regions of Yazd and Kerman, the challenging conditions faced by Zoroastrians in medieval and early modern times, the beginning of Iranian Zoroastrians’ social and intellectual “emancipation” in the nineteenth century with Parsi assistance, the community's increasing political and economic influence in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras, and the Pahlavis’ exceptional role in elevating the status of Zoroastrians within wider Iranian society. Tashakori's extensive reliance on these narratives offers an opportunity to not only review his own new interpretations, but also to reassess these long-standing assumptions. Additionally, the article highlights neglected primary sources pertaining to the Yazdi community.
Longitudinal evolution of diffusion metrics after left hemisphere ischaemic stroke

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract White matter is often severely affected after human ischaemic stroke. While animal studies have suggested that various factors may contribute to white matter structural damage after ischaemic stroke, the characterization of damaging processes to the affected hemisphere after human stroke remains poorly understood. Thus, the present study aims to thoroughly describe the longitudinal pattern of evolution of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging metrics in different parts of the ipsilesional white matter after stroke. We acquired diffusion and anatomical images in 17 patients who had suffered from a single left hemisphere ischaemic stroke, at 24–72 h, 8–14 days and 6 months post-stroke. For each patient, we created three regions of interest: (i) the white matter lesion; (ii) the perilesional white matter; and (iii) the remaining white matter of the left hemisphere. We extracted diffusion metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean, axial and radial diffusivities) for each region and conducted two-way repeated measures ANOVAs with stage post-stroke (acute, subacute and chronic) × regions of interest (white matter lesion, perilesional white matter and remaining white matter). Fractional anisotropy values stayed consistent across time-points, with significantly lower values in the white matter lesion compared to the perilesional white matter and remaining white matter tissue. Fractional anisotropy values of the perilesional white matter were also significantly lower than that of the remaining white matter. Mean, axial and radial diffusivities in the white matter lesion were all decreased in the acute stage compared to perilesional white matter and remaining white matter, but significantly increased in both the subacute and chronic stages. Significant increases in mean and radial diffusivities in the perilesional white matter were seen in the later stages of stroke. Our findings suggest that various physiological processes are at play in the acute, subacute and chronic stages following ischaemic stroke, with the infarct territory and perilesional white matter affected by ischaemia at different rates and to different extents throughout the stroke recovery stages. The examination of multiple diffusivity metrics may inform us about the mechanisms occurring at different time-points, i.e. focal swelling, axonal damage or myelin loss.
Theory and applications of fuzzy random variables

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We discuss the historical perspective of concepts of fuzziness and randomness, with emphasis on fuzzy random variables. We will describe the analysis of the interpretation, modeling, and impact of fuzzy random variables. Examples will be given of scenarios modeled by fuzzy random variables. Also, main approaches using fuzzy random variables will be discussed. The theoretical concept of expected value will be one of our main focus points. Finally, we present some statistical applications of fuzzy random variables mainly to statistical testing of hypotheses and to regression analysis with imprecise data.
Magnetically Actuated Continuum Medical Robots: A Review

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The magnetic field has unique advantages in manipulating miniature robots working inside the human body, such as high transparency to biological tissue and good controllability for field generation. Generally, the actuated magnetic robot can be classified into two categories: tethered devices like intravascular microcatheters and untethered devices like helical swimmers. Among these, the tethered devices have a long history and good clinical application prospects, considering their high‐dose delivery and easy removal after the procedure. As an evolution of traditional continuum medical devices, the integration with magnetic actuation provides them with better scalability and improved dexterity. Although rapidly developed in the last two decades, the field of tethered magnetic robots requires further advancements in terms of design, fabrication, modeling, and control, especially for clinical applications. Herein, the recent progress of magnetically actuated continuum medical robots is focused on, intending to offer readers a comprehensive survey of the state‐of‐the‐art technologies and an information collection for future system design.
[Extra dural hematoma complicating ventricular decompression during posterior fossa exploration (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A new case of bilateral frontal extra dural hematoma following ventricular decompression during posterior fossa exploration is reported. Hazards of such ventricular drainage are discussed with a review of relevant literature. The authors emphasize the role of non communicating hydrocephaly in pathogenesis of these complications.
The Post Shock Nonequilibrium Relaxation in a Hypersonic Plasma Flow Involving Reflection off A Thermal Discontinuity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The evolution in the post shock nonequilibrium relaxation in a hypersonic plasma flow was investigated during a shock&rsquo;s reflection off a thermal discontinuity. Within a transitional period, the relaxation zone parameters past both, the reflected and transmitted waves, evolve differently compared to that in the incident wave. In a numerical example for the non-dissociating N2 gas heated to 5000 K/10,000 K across the interface and M = 3.5, the relaxation time for the transmitted wave is up to 50% shorter and the relaxation depth for both waves is significantly reduced, thus resulting in a weakened wave structure. The results of extension into larger values of heating strength and the shock Mach numbers are discussed. The findings can be useful in the areas of research involving strong shocks interacting with optical discharges or other heated media on the scale where the shock structure becomes important.
A New Screening Method for COVID-19 based on Ocular Feature Recognition by Machine Learning Tools

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected several million people. With the outbreak of the epidemic, many researchers are devoting themselves to the COVID-19 screening system. The standard practices for rapid risk screening of COVID-19 are the CT imaging or RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction). However, these methods demand professional efforts of the acquisition of CT images and saliva samples, a certain amount of waiting time, and most importantly prohibitive examination fee in some countries. Recently, some literatures have shown that the COVID-19 patients usually accompanied by ocular manifestations consistent with the conjunctivitis, including conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, epiphora, or increased secretions. After more than four months study, we found that the confirmed cases of COVID-19 present the consistent ocular pathological symbols; and we propose a new screening method of analyzing the eye-region images, captured by common CCD and CMOS cameras, could reliably make a rapid risk screening of COVID-19 with very high accuracy. We believe a system implementing such an algorithm should assist the triage management or the clinical diagnosis. To further evaluate our algorithm and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai public health clinic center of Fudan University, we conduct a study of analyzing the eye-region images of 303 patients (104 COVID-19, 131 pulmonary, and 68 ocular patients), as well as 136 healthy people. Remarkably, our results of COVID-19 patients in testing set consistently present similar ocular pathological symbols; and very high testing results have been achieved in terms of sensitivity and specificity. We hope this study can be inspiring and helpful for encouraging more researches in this topic.
NRF-1: a trans-activator of nuclear-encoded respiratory genes in animal cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The assembly of the respiratory apparatus requires the coordinate expression of a large number of genes from both nuclear and mitochondrial genetic systems. In vertebrate organisms, the molecular mechanisms integrating the activities of these distinct genomic compartments in response to tissue demands for respiratory energy remain unknown. A potential inroad to this problem came with the discovery of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), a novel transcriptional activator defined by mutational and DNA binding analysis of the somatic cytochrome c promoter. Functional NRF-1 sites are now observed in several other recently isolated nuclear genes whose products function in the mitochondria. Among these are genes encoding subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase (subunit VIc) and reductase (ubiquinone-binding protein) complexes. In addition, a functional NRF-1 site resides in the MRP RNA gene encoding the RNA moiety of a ribonucleoprotein endonuclease involved in mitochondrial DNA replication. Synthetic oligomers of these sites competitively displace NRF-1 binding to the cytochrome c promoter. NRF-1-binding activities for each site also have the same thermal lability, copurify chromatographically, and make similar guanosine nucleotide contacts within each recognition sequence. Moreover, NRF-1 recognition in vitro correlates with the ability of each site to stimulate expression in vivo from a truncated cytochrome c promoter. The presence of NRF-1-binding sites in nuclear genes encoding structural components of the mammalian electron transport chain, as well as the mitochondrial DNA replication machinery, suggests a mechanism for coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial genetic systems through the concerted modulation of nuclear genes.
Radiation induced peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids: Recent results on formation of hydroperoxides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Aqueous solutions of linoleic acid were irradiated in air with γ-rays of 137 Cs. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was been used to separate and measure the production of hydroperoxides. The results obtained after reverse phase chromatography, associated with a microperoxydase for hydroperoxide detection, indicate the presence of two different hydroperoxides. One type of hydroperoxide was the major product obtained when the initial linoleic concentrations were below the critical micellar concentration (2 mM), and the second type was produced when the concentrations were above 2 mM. A further separation carried out on the second hydroperoxide by direct phase HPLC showed that it contains three compounds, mainly HPODE 9 and 13.Key words: linoleic acid, peroxidation, hydroperoxide, direct phase HPLC, reverse phase HPLC.
Lifestyle Consumption

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Lifestyles are symbolically embellished ways of living. Sociologically, they serve two important functions: they classify or categorize the practitioner within a broader social matrix, and in so doing offer practitioners a unique sense of self and identity. Thus, lifestyles combine material and symbolic processes: they are practical ways of providing for basic needs and requirements such as food, clothing, and shelter, but also aesthetic and symbolic expressions of one's sense of self and of one's membership among certain social groups. As such, lifestyles occur at the intersection of individual agency and social structure. They project a unity that is both subjectively meaningful to practitioners themselves, and objectively legible to those defining the social context in which they are performed. For these reasons, lifestyle has sustained as a key sociological concept, capable of bridging the divide between macro‐level concerns with large scale social structures and social groupings, and micro‐level concerns with the subjective dimensions of agency, meaning, and identity.
Reliability and Validity of the Assessment for Disaster Engagement with Partners Tool (ADEPT) for Local Health Departments

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective. This study presents reliability and validity findings for the Assessment for Disaster Engagement with Partners Tool (ADEPT), an instrument that can be used to monitor the frequency and nature of collaborative activities between local health departments (LHDs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) and faith-based organizations (FBOs) for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Methods. We used formative research to develop the instrument by ranking LHDs according to their disaster outreach and engagement activities. We validated the scale through a 2011 national survey of disaster preparedness coordinators ( n=273) working in LHDs. We reduced the original measure of 25 items to a final measure comprising 15 items with four dimensions: ( 1) communication outreach and coordination, ( 2) resource mobilization, ( 3) organizational capacity building, and ( 4) partnership development and maintenance. We used internal consistency reliability m correlation and factor analysis to validate the measure. Results. Using internal consistency reliability, we found reasonable inter-item reliability for the four hypothesized dimensions (Cronbach's alpha: 0.71–0.88). These four dimensions were confirmed through correlation and factor analysis (Varimax rotation). Conclusion. Higher scores on all four dimensions of ADEPT for organizational respondents suggest that more activities were conducted for inter-organizational preparedness in those organizations than in organizations whose respondents had lower scores. This finding implies that organizations with higher ADEPT scores have more active relationships with CBOs/FBOs in the realm of preparedness, a key element for creating community resilience for emergencies and disaster preparedness.