jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Defective FXR-SHP Regulation in Obesity Aberrantly Increases miR-802 Expression, Promoting Insulin Resistance and Fatty Liver

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Aberrantly elevated expression in obesity of microRNAs (miRs), including miR-802, contributes to obesity-associated metabolic complications but the mechanisms underlying the elevated expression are unclear. Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR), a key regulator of hepatic energy metabolism, has great potential for treatment of obesity-related diseases. We examined whether a nuclear receptor cascade involving FXR and FXR-induced Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) regulates expression of <i>miR-802</i> to maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis. Hepatic miR-802 levels are increased in FXR-knockout (KO) or SHP-KO mice and are decreased by activation of FXR in a SHP-dependent manner. Mechanistically, transactivation of <i>miR-802 </i>by<i> </i>Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is inhibited by SHP. In obese mice, activation of FXR by obeticholic acid treatment reduced miR-802 levels and improved insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis, but these beneficial effects were largely abolished by overexpression of miR-802. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice, occupancy of SHP is reduced and that of AHR is modestly increased at the <i>miR-802</i> promoter, consistent with elevated hepatic miR-802 expression. These results demonstrate that normal inhibition of <i>miR-802</i> by FXR-SHP is defective in obesity, resulting in increased <i>miR-802</i> levels, insulin resistance and fatty liver. This FXR-SHP-miR-802 pathway may present novel targets for treating type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.
A Theoretical Review on Corporate Tax Avoidance: Shareholder Approach versus Stakeholder Approach

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Objective - Although corporate tax avoidance is a widely discussed topic in the literature, conflicts do emerge when it is analyzed through the context of primary corporate duty. Should companies, in managing their taxes, solely honor their obligation to increase shareholders' wealth or should they cater to the interests of all their stakeholders? Such conflicts are especially evident in the inconsistent empirical observations on how corporate tax avoidance relate to corporate social responsibility (CSR), which makes the dearth of theoretical analysis on this issue even more conspicuous. Taking into account the socio-political nature and human elements in corporate tax avoidance, theoretical analyses from social sciences' perspectives are becoming markedly crucial. Methodology/Technique – This paper critically reviews the extant literature for discussions on how corporate tax avoidance is influenced by the dissenting approaches towards primary corporate duty. Findings – By allowing an insight into how people act and the world they live in, these analyses form a constructive tool to rationalize and foretell managerial actions towards shareholders and stakeholders alike. Novelty – It focuses particularly on the theories that are widely used to lend supports for such approaches. These theories are the agency theory, stakeholder theory, and legitimacy theory. Type of Paper - Review. Keywords: Corporate Tax Avoidance; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Theoretical Analysis; Shareholder Approach; Stakeholder Approach; Agency Theory; Stakeholder Theory; Legitimacy Theory. JEL Classification: G30, G32, G39.
Pulmonary rehabilitation for patients who undergo lung-volume-reduction surgery or lung transplantation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients preparing for or recovering from lung-volume-reduction surgery (LVRS) or lung transplantation represent a selected group of patients with advanced chronic respiratory disease. Such patients typically have severe ventilatory limitation and disability and are at high risk of preoperative and postoperative complications. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an ideal setting in which to: address the patient's questions and knowledge-deficits regarding his or her disease and its treatment; ensure that the patient understands the nature, potential benefits, risks, and expected outcomes of the surgery relative to medical therapies, and; prepare physically and emotionally for the surgery. Pulmonary rehabilitation also may improve survival to and/or outcomes of LVRS and transplantation, at least in part by stabilizing and improving the patient's exercise tolerance and muscle function. Further work is needed to determine whether pulmonary rehabilitation can augment the benefits and outcomes of LVRS or lung transplantation, reduce postoperative complications, or improve patient survival to or following the surgery.
Unchanged Glycolytic Capacity in Rat Kidney under Conditions of Stimulated Gluconeogenesis. Determination of Phosphofructokinase and Pyruvate Kinase in Microdissected Nephron Segments of Fasted and Acidotic Animals

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The glycolytic capacity in rat kidney was studied under conditions of stimulated gluconeogenesis like 48 h starvation and 48 h acidosis induced by force-feeding with a NH4Cl/glucose solution. Rats fed ad libitum and force-fed with a glucose solution served as controls. The specific activities of the key enzymes phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were determined in single segments of the nephron. The determinations were performed by microdissection of lyophilized tissue sections followed by enzymatic analysis, including oil well technique, enzymatic amplification, and fluorometric measurement. In the distal portion of the nephron of both fed and force-fed animals a 10-fold higher specific activity of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase was found compared with the proximal portion, known as the site of renal gluconeogenesis. Starvation and acidosis altered neither the distribution pattern nor the specific activities of these enzymes. From these results it is concluded that renal glycolysis does not undergo alterations at the level of enzymatic activities in favour of renal gluconeogenesis, probably because of the separate localization of both pathways within the nephron.
When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We propose that two situational dimensions moderate gender effects in negotiation. Structural ambiguity refers to potential variation in a party’s perception of the bargaining range and appropriate standards for agreement. Gender triggers are situational factors that make gender salient and relevant to behavior or expectations. Based on a review of field and experimental data and social psychological theory on individual difference, we explain how structural ambiguity and gender triggers make negotiations ripe for gender effects.
Modelling the impact of replacing fish oil with plant oils: A meta‐analysis to match the optimal plant oil for major cultured fish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The replacement of fish oil with plant oils is a common practice in aquaculture to compensate for the shortage of fish oil supply and has been thoroughly studied. However, because the experimental conditions vary in many aspects, the results are usually inconsistent quantitatively. Therefore, a meta‐analysis was conducted based on a dataset containing 328 articles to systematically model the influence of plant oils on the main aquaculture fish. In addition to demonstrating the species‐specific dose‐dependent impact of plant oils on fish growth, feed utilization efficiency, lipid deposition and health parameters, we have also investigated the role of other factors in this process. We found that the adverse effects caused by plant oils worsen as the experimental duration extends for Atlantic salmon, while Gilthead seabream and European seabass gradually adapt to the change. Further, water temperature could be a decisive factor for Rainbow trout, and early adaptation to plant oils would be helpful for Gilthead seabream. Moreover, sufficient fishmeal supply could alleviate the adverse effects caused by plant oils for most species, but for Gilthead seabream and European seabass, the growth suppression effect of plant oil was larger when fed high‐fishmeal diets. Besides, by comprehensively considering the effects of plant oils, we matched the potential optimal plant oil for each fish species. Our article quantitatively modelled the adverse effects of replacing fish oil with plant oils, investigated the influences of assistant factors and offered a panorama of the research status with emphasis on potential breakthrough orientations.
Ground displacement measurement of the 2013 M7.7 and M6.8 Balochistan Earthquake with TerraSAR-X ScanSAR data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the November 2013 Balochistan Earthquake. A co-seismic TerraSAR-X pair acquired in wide-swath ScanSAR mode has been used to derive two-dimensional deformation measurements (radar line-of-sight and azimuth direction) of the eastern part of the main M7.7 earthquake and the large M6.8 aftershock by correlating SAR amplitude images. Atmospheric and solid Earth tide corrections have been considered to achieve accuracy in the order of several centimeters. Correlation measurements from Landsat-8 images have been additionally estimated. The intention is to isolate vertical and horizontal components in order to obtain three-dimensional deformation measurements. Interferometric processing issues of ScanSAR data for non-stationary scenarios, specifically co-registration, are additionally discussed.
Collagenase Secretion by Human Breast Neoplasms: A Clinicopathologic Investigation<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref>

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Evidence is presented that biopsy specimens from fibroadenomas, benign cystic lesions, and carcinomas of the human breast can produce in organ culture a neutral protease capable of digesting type I collagen. This enzyme activity, measured with the use of a radioactive release assay, was characterized as true vertebrate collagenase and occurred in both active and latent (requiring trypsin activation) forms. For the two types of benign breast lesion studied, collagenase secretion was significantly higher from fibroadenomas than from benign cystic tissue. Breast carcinomas, however, exhibited a wide quantitative spectrum of collagenase secretion, encompassing the extremes observed for the benign lesions and showing no correlation with histologic type. These results, while providing a plausible mechanism for the marked collagen degradation seen in disseminating neoplasms, demonstrate that high collagenase secretory activity is not pathognomonic of invasive behavior. The findings, however, indicate disordered regulation of collagenase activity in malignant tumors.
Evaluation of clinical, diagnostic features and therapeutic outcome of neurobrucellosis: a case series and review of literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neurobrucellosis should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of befitting neurological, rheumatological, and neuropsychiatric presentations in endemic regions for brucellosis. To prevent morbidity and mortality associated with neurobrucellosis, a multimodal diagnostic approach is essential for early and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Revealing a Public Choice Variable for Condominiums and Condominium Conversions: Percentage Funded for Maintenance Reserves

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper is the first to investigate the impact of homeowner association dues and percentage funded for maintenance reserves on condominium and condominium conversion pricing. Homeowner association dues are typically readily available to buyers via the MLS; however, the percentage funded for maintenance reserves is not easily accessible to prospective buyers. This paper constructs a three-step funding policy model. Results indicate that buyers should be mindful of the level of homeowner association dues and to the heretofore unavailable percentage funded for maintenance reserves.
Economic and Educational Dimensions of Efficiency Justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"The article analyzes and proves the interaction of such indicators of the efficiency of justice as the level of training and professional development of a judge, the number of canceled and changed decisions on appeal, the level of public confidence to the judiciary and the number of European Court of Human Rights decisions against Ukraine. It is substantiated that to avoid an increase in the number of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the training and professional development of a judge, reduce the number of canceled and changed decisions on appeal and increase public confidence to the judiciary. By influencing at least one of the indicators of the efficiency of justice, it is possible to achieve effectiveness in the system of efficiency justice. The article proves that justice and economic preconditions create the basis for the unity of implementation of aspects of the effectiveness of the judiciary. Emphasis is placed on the creation and implementation of criteria and indicators of the efficiency of justice in combination with economic components, which will help adjust the indicators of justice and find ways to improve the economic performance of justice. Improving the indicators (the level of training and professional development of a judge, the number of canceled and changed decisions on appeal, the level of public confidence to the judiciary and the number of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against Ukraine) it can be argued that there is a systematic effective impact on the system. The article substantiates that the main points of contact between the interaction of justice and the economic system in the plane of comparison indicate the functioning of the interdependent influence of concepts. Efficiency justice is impossible without economic development, and the economic system cannot function without efficiency justice."
Intraspecific differences of section on root head of siler (Saposhnikovia divariacata (Turcz.) Schischkin) in Mongolia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Present study reveals intraspecific differences of root head section of Saposhnikovia divaricata and explain controlling factors. Root head section have divided into three categories and compared to the factors of geography, climate, fire and human activities. Clearly recognized section dominantly recorded in Dornod and Selenge-Tuv-Arkhangai provinces but it showed lower percentage in Khentii and Sukhbaatar. Within the administrative province, it was higher in Bayan-Uul, Sergelen, Dashbalbar and Tsagaan-Ovoo sites, Dornod province; in Dadal, Norovlin and Bayan-Khutag sites, Khentii province and Shaamar, Zuunduren and Altanbulag, Selenge province. The percentage of clearly recognized section was higher with drought events during early summer and lower aridity index, burning and in pasturelands. It was higher on wild roots of S. divaricata than on cultivated ones. Percentage of poorly recognized section was higher in Zuunkharaa, Nomgon and Siakhan sites, Selenge province while that of not-sectioned root head was higher on cultivated roots. The results of our study suggest that clearly and poorly recognized sections on root head of S.divaricata is morphological signs of larger and smaller amounts of storage but not-sectioned root head is of smallest amount. The clearly recognized section can be changed to poorly recognized section and/or not-sectioned roots, caused by coldness, strong fire frequency, trampling and/or gathering and cultivation.
A Modular Approach to Combine Postmarket Clinical Follow-Up Studies and Postmarket Surveillance Studies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The European Medical Device Regulation 2017/745 (MDR) has its date of application in May 2021. This new legislation has refined and expanded the need of manufacturers to have a postmarket surveillance (PMS) system. According to this legislation, a postmarket clinical follow-up (PMCF) plan is also required. Manufacturers of high-risk medical devices are obliged to conduct both PMCF and PMS studies. There is thus the need to generate evidence from clinical data. Objectives The conduct of several studies for PMS and PMCF can be cumbersome. We therefore aim to present a modular approach to combine PMS and PMCF studies into a single study. Materials and Methods We extracted the topics listed in the MDR, especially Annex XV, Section 3, the Good Clinical Practice for medical devices (EN 14155:2020, Annex A). In addition, we added topics according to the SPIRIT and the SPIRIT-PRO statement and created a draft clinical investigation plan (CIP). Results The CIP template is provided as part of the manuscript. The modular concept has passed the required regulatory and legal requirements for one specific study. Conclusion A modular approach for combining PMCF and PMS studies in a single CIP has been developed and implemented, and it is ready for use. The provided CIP template should enable other researchers and groups to adopt this concept according to their needs.
Immunohistochemical Study of Steroidogenesis, Proliferation, and Hypoxia-related Proteins in Caprine Corpora Lutea during the Estrous Cycle

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that produces progesterone, a product required for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.In the absence of pregnancy, the production of progesterone in the CL decreases and the structure itself regresses in size.The life span and function of the CL are regulated by complex interactions between stimulatory (luteotrophic) and inhibitory (luteolytic) mediators.When an ovum is released from a mature follicle, angiogenesis and rapid growth of follicular cells form the CL.The purpose of the present study was to determine whether steroidogenesis, proliferation, and hypoxiarelated proteins are expressed in caprine CL.The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were determined in caprine CL during the estrous cycle.Cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage protein did not vary significantly during the estrous cycle; however, there was an increased expression of 3βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the early and middle stages, which rapidly decreased in the late stage.The same observations were made with respect to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein.Variations in progesterone content and expression of PCNA, HIF-1α, and VEGF were consistent with this result.Thus, the steroidogenic proteins, PCNA, HIF-1α, and VEGF in caprine CL are dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle.
Van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of ZnO Films on Mica Substrates in Low-Temperature Aqueous Solution

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article, we demonstrate the van der Waals (vdW) epitaxial growth of ZnO layers on mica substrates through a low-temperature hydrothermal process. The thermal pretreatment of mica substrates prior to the hydrothermal growth of ZnO is essential for growing ZnO crystals in epitaxy with the mica substrates. The addition of sodium citrate into the growth solution significantly promotes the growth of ZnO crystallites in a lateral direction to achieve fully coalesced, continuous ZnO epitaxial layers. As confirmed through transmission electron microscopy, the epitaxial paradigm of the ZnO layer on the mica substrate was regarded as an incommensurate van der Waals epitaxy. Furthermore, through the association of the Mist-CVD process, the high-density and uniform distribution of ZnO seeds preferentially occurred on mica substrates, leading to greatly improving the epitaxial qualities of the hydrothermally grown ZnO layers and obtaining flat surface morphologies. The electrical and optoelectrical properties of the vdW epitaxial ZnO layer grown on mica substrates were comparable with those grown on sapphire substrates through conventional solution-based epitaxy techniques.
Fluid Substitution-Based Reservoir Studies and Seismic Response in ‘Vyshion’ Field, Niger Delta

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A case study of how fluid substitution affects the seismic waveforms is presented. Direct hydrocarbon prediction on the seismic data is prone to inaccuracy without investigating the impact of fluids on the seismic waveforms since the seismic data is influenced by mineral composition, porosity, salinity, pressure, and other factors in addition to fluid type. The study relies on 3D seismic data and log data gathered from 3 wells. Petrophysical and rock physics models were computed in order to understand the seismic dataset. In the analysis, prolific hydrocarbon intervals were identified. Then, model compressional velocities and densities obtained for various fluid scenarios were generated by using the Gassmann fluid substitution theory. Normalized bulk modulus approach was used to reduce the ambiguities that shales portend on the velocity models. Model synthetics were generated. The synthetic seismograms were compared with the seismic dataset in order to understand how fluid saturation and lithology impacts the seismic data. In the analysis, two major hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs were delineated. Other mapped reservoirs have characteristic indices that make them unsuitable for the fluid modelling. The results show that the model oil velocity model better approximates the field velocity. The density models produced the same kind of results, suggesting that the reservoir fluid is oil. The generated synthetic diagrams show that replacing the in-situ fluid with either gas or oil models has no appreciable impact on the seismic dataset’s amplitude waveform. This is because seismic reflection amplitude only slightly increases each time gas is assumed. By using the seismic data from this field of study, hydrocarbons cannot be directly predicted from amplitude anomalies because the lithology better influences the seismic waveforms than the fluid composition.
Effect Of Cement-Kiln Dust Pollution On The Vegetation In The Western Mediterranean Desert Of Egypt

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigated the ecological effects of particulate pollution from a cement factory on the vegetation in the western Mediterranean coastal desert of Egypt. Variations in vegetation, soil chemical characters, and some responses of Atriplex halimus, as a dominant species in the study area, were investigated in some sites located in different directions from the cement factory between Burg El-Arab in the east and El-Hammam in the west. The results showed an obvious decrease in vegetation diversity, in response to cement-kiln dust pollution, that accompanied by a high dominance attributed to the high contribution of Atriplex halimus. Annual species were found to be more sensitive to cement dust pollution as they all failed to persist in highly disturbed sites. It is remarkable that cover and phytomass of Atriplex halimus were increased greatly in response to cement dust pollution, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the mature seeds and leaf-area of the plant. The few seeds of the affected individuals seemed to be more fertile and attained higher germination percentages and exhibited hardening against drought stress.