jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
10. Iterative reconstruction techniques and their superiorization for the inversion of the Radon transform

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The problem of image reconstruction is to produce an image of a distribution that is compatible with constraints provided by measurements of its line integrals (i. e., values of its Radon transform) along a finite number of lines of known locations and with other possible constraints, such as nonnegativity. Algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) form a family of iterative algorithms used for image reconstruction. Their distinguishing features are: (1) they assume that the image is represented as a linear combination of some known basis functions and (2) the unknown coefficients in this linear combination are estimated by an iterative process in which just one of the measured line integrals is used in any one iterative step. The first section of the chapter gives a tutorial overview of variants of ART, concentrating on the mathematical results regarding them and mentioning their computational efficiency in various applications. All variants of ART aim at producing an image that is compatible with the constraints, such constraints-compatibility is mathematically defined by what is referred to as the primary criterion. The second section of the chapter is devoted to the superiorization methodology, which is a recently-developed heuristic approach to optimization, and to a discussion of its applicability to improving the results of iterative approaches to inverting the Radon transform. The underlying idea is that many iterative algorithms for finding such an inverse are perturbation resilient in the sense that, even if certain kinds of changes are made at the end of each iterative step, the algorithm still produces a constraints-compatible solution. This property is exploited by using permitted changes to steer the algorithm to a solution that is not only constraints-compatible, but is also desirable according to a specified secondary criterion. The approach is very general, it is applicable to many iterative procedures and secondary criteria used in the inversion of the Radon transform. Superiorization produces automatically from any given iterative algorithm its superiorized version. If the original iterative algorithm satisfies certain mathematical conditions, then the output of its superiorized version is guaranteed to be as good as the output of the original algorithm from the point of view of the primary criterion, but it is superior to the latter according to the secondary criterion. This intuitive description is made more precise and is illustrated in the second section of the chapter.
Morphological analysis of the hagfish heart. I. The ventricle, the arterial connection and the ventral aorta

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT We have studied the heart in three species of hagfish: Myxine glutinosa , Eptatretus stoutii , and Eptatretus cirrhatus and report about the morphology of the ventricle, the arterial connection and the ventral aorta. On the whole, the hagfish heart lacks outflow tract components, the ventricle and atrium adopt a dorso‐caudal rather than a ventro‐dorsal relationship, and the sinus venosus opens into the left side of the atrium. This may indicate a “defective” cardiac looping during embryogenesis. The ventral aorta is elongated in M. glutinosa and E. stoutii but sac‐like in E. cirrhatus . The ventricles are entirely trabeculated. The myocytes show a low myofibrillar content and junctional complexes formed by fascia adherens and desmosomes. Gap junctions could not be demonstrated. Myocardial cells in M. glutinosa contain numerous lipid droplets. These droplets are less numerous in E. stoutii and practically absent in E. cirrhatus , suggesting different metabolic requirements. Other cell types present in the ventricle are chromaffin cells and granular leukocytes that contain rod‐shaped granules. The ventricle‐aorta connection is guarded by a bicuspid valve with left and right, pocket‐like leaflets. The leaflets extend from the cranial end of the ventricle into the aorta but the junction is asymmetrical. This junction contains a ganglion‐like structure in E. cirrhatus . The ventral aorta shows endothelial, media, and adventitial layers. The media contains smooth muscle cells surrounded by dense bands formed by tightly‐packed extracellular filaments. In addition, a short number of elastic fibers are observed in M. glutinosa and E. stoutii . Cellular and extracellular elements are more loosely organized in the aorta of E. cirrhatus . The collagenous adventitia contains ganglion‐like cells in the three species. In the absence of nerves, chromaffin and ganglion‐like cells may control the activity of the myocardium and that of the aortic smooth muscle cells, respectively. J. Morphol. 277:326–340, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction and characterization of a knock-down RNA interference line of OsNRPD1 in rice ( Oryza sativa ssp japonica cv Nipponbare)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In plants, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a silencing mechanism relying on the production of 24-nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by RNA POLYMERASE IV (Pol IV) to trigger methylation and inactivation of transposable elements (TEs). We present the construction and characterization of osnrpd1 , a knock-down RNA interference line of OsNRPD1 gene that encodes the largest subunit of Pol IV in rice ( Oryza sativa ssp japonica cv Nipponbare). We show that osnrpd1 displays a lower accumulation of OsNRPD1 transcripts, associated with an overall reduction of 24-nt siRNAs and DNA methylation level in all three contexts, CG, CHG and CHH. We uncovered new insertions of known active TEs, the LTR retrotransposons Tos17 and Lullaby and the long interspersed nuclear element-type retrotransposon Karma. However, we did not observe any clear developmental phenotype, contrary to what was expected for a mutant severely affected in RdDM. In addition, despite the presence of many putatively functional TEs in the rice genome, we found no evidence of in planta global reactivation of transposition. This knock-down of OsNRPD1 likely led to a weakly affected line, with no effect on development and a limited effect on transposition. We discuss the possibility that a knock-out mutation of OsNRPD1 would cause sterility in rice. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Crossroads between transposons and gene regulation’.
Lectin Histochemistry on Squamous Metaplasia in Different Epithelial Tumors of Dogs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Biotinylated lectins and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex were used to study the correlation between cellular glycoconjugates' expression and squamous maturation in normal canine skin and in various epithelial neoplasms. Normal skin tissue was obtained from five, male, random-source dogs, 5 to 7 years old. The tumors tested, selected from the files of our Department, were fifteen squamous cell carcinomas from different tissue origin, five hepatoid perianal gland adenocarcinomas with squamous metaplasia, and fourteen solid mammary carcinomas with and without histologic evidence of squamous metaplasia. Except for mammary gland carcinomas, all tumors had been surgically excised from male dogs. Intermediate filament aggregation of twelve solid mammary gland carcinomas were studied electron microscopically. The basal and the lower spinous cells in normal skin and the less differentiated cells in squamous cell carcinomas stained moderately with Griffonia simplicifolia agglutin-I. Spinous and granular cell layers stained strongly with Phytolacca americana mitogen and Arachis hypogaea agglutinin. Both lectins stained well-differentiated cells in squamous cell carcinomas. The electron microscopic study carried out in solid carcinomas of mammary glands revealed some relationship between the presence of intracytoplasmic tonofibrils and the binding of Griffonia simplicifolia glutinin-I and Phytolacca americana mitogen to the tumors tested. Our results suggest that the glycosylation pattern occurring during normal keratinocyte differentiation is conserved in squamous cell carcinomas and that Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin-I and Phytolacca americana mitogen may represent useful tools in distinguishing poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas from other poorly differentiated mammary epithelial tumors.
Assessing the Impact of Artificial Recharge Ponds on Hydrological Fluxes in an Irrigated Stream–Aquifer System

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial recharge ponds have been used increasingly in recent years to store water in underlying aquifers and modify baseline groundwater gradients or alter natural hydrologic fluxes and state variables in an aquifer system. The number of constructed ponds, their geographic spacing, and the volume of water diverted to each pond can have a significant impact on baseline system hydrologic fluxes and state variables such as groundwater head, with the latter sometimes rising to cause waterlogging in cultivated areas. This study seeks to quantify the impact of recharge ponds on groundwater state variables (head, saturated thickness) and associated fluxes within an irrigated stream-aquifer system. We use a numerical modeling approach to assess the impact of a set of 40 recharge ponds in a 246 km2 region of the South Platte River Basin, Colorado on localized groundwater head, regional groundwater flow patterns, and groundwater interactions with the South Platte River. We then use this information to determine the overall influence of recharge ponds on the hydrologic system. A linked agroecosystem–groundwater (DayCent-MODFLOW) modeling system is used to simulate irrigation, crop evapotranspiration, deep percolation to the water table, groundwater pumping, seepage from irrigation canals, seepage from recharge ponds, groundwater flow, and groundwater–surface water interactions. The DayCent model simulates the plant–soil-water dynamics in the root zone and soil profile, while MODFLOW simulates the water balance in the aquifer system. After calibration and testing, the model is used in scenario analysis to quantify the hydrologic impact of recharge ponds. Results indicate that recharge ponds can raise groundwater levels by approximately 2.5 m in localized areas, but only 15 cm when averaged over the entire study region. Ponds also increase the rate of total groundwater discharge to the South Platte River by approximately 3%, due to an increase in groundwater hydraulic gradient, which generally offsets stream depletion caused by groundwater pumping. These results can assist with groundwater resource management in the study region, and generally provide valuable information for the interplay between pumping wells and recharge ponds, and their composite effect on groundwater–surface water interactions. In addition, the developed linked DayCent-MODFLOW modeling system presented herein can be used in any region for which recharge rates should be calculated on a per-field basis.
Development and research of non-contact starting devices for electric consumers and motors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article presents the analysed information about power consumers and electric motor starters in order to ensure the reliable operation of the power supply system, which is relevant today. Disadvantages of contact starters used for small power electric motors in the power supply system and advantages of non-contact starters are given. In addition, it is based on the creation of additional opportunities when using this device, that is, it creates opportunities for protection and automatic control. Contactless starters are recommended for some heavy-duty electric motors. The article describes these cases in details.
Inflammation Controls B Lymphopoiesis by Regulating Chemokine CXCL12 Expression

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Inflammation removes developing and mature lymphocytes from the bone marrow (BM) and induces the appearance of developing B cells in the spleen. BM granulocyte numbers increase after lymphocyte reductions to support a reactive granulocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that inflammation, acting primarily through tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), mobilizes BM lymphocytes. Mobilization reflects a reduced CXCL12 message and protein in BM and changes to the BM environment that prevents homing by cells from naive donors. The effects of TNFα are potentiated by interleukin 1 β (IL-1β), which acts primarily to expand the BM granulocyte compartment. Our observations indicate that inflammation induces lymphocyte mobilization by suppressing CXCL12 retention signals in BM, which, in turn, increases the ability of IL-1β to expand the BM granulocyte compartment. Consistent with this idea, lymphocyte mobilization and a modest expansion of BM granulocyte numbers follow injections of pertussis toxin. We propose that TNFα and IL-1β transiently specialize the BM to support acute granulocytic responses and consequently promote extramedullary lymphopoiesis.
Dynamin-Related Protein 1 at the Crossroads of Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mitochondrial dynamics are known to have an important role in so-called age-related diseases, including cancer. Mitochondria is an organelle involved in many key cellular functions and responds to physiologic or stress stimuli by adapting its structure and function. Perhaps the most important structural changes involve mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion), which occur in normal cells as well as in cells under dysregulation, such as cancer cells. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a member of the dynamin family of guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), is the key component of mitochondrial fission machinery. Dynamin-related protein 1 is associated with different cell processes such as apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, metabolism, and cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. The role of DRP1 in tumorigenesis may seem to be paradoxical, since mitochondrial fission is a key mediator of two very different processes, cellular apoptosis and cell mitosis. Dynamin-related protein 1 has been associated with the development of distinct human cancers, including changes in mitochondrial energetics and cellular metabolism, cell proliferation, and stem cell maintenance, invasion, and promotion of metastases. However, the underlying mechanism for this association is still being explored. Herein, we review the published knowledge on the role of DRP1 in cancer, exploring its interaction with different biological processes in the tumorigenesis context.
SA54. The Structure of Embodied Emotions in Schizophrenia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background: Past research suggests a disconnection between experienced emotions and bodily sensations in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), but mechanisms underlying abnormal embodiment of emotions in SZ are unknown. There might be an overall reduction in emotion-related bodily sensations, but it is also possible that the spatial distribution of bodily sensations associated with emotions may be altered in SZ. We hypothesized the presence of a more coherent underlying structure giving rise to embodied emotions in healthy controls (HC) compared to SZ. Methods: Fifteen SZ and 15 demographically matched HC (bootstrapped from a possible 300 HC) were asked to complete the emBODY task (Nummenmaa et al., 2014). In the emBODY task, participants were asked to shade in where they felt sensations (activation and deactivation) on the outline of a human body when presented with an emotion word. Fourteen emotion words were presented sequentially. From activation and deactivation data, body maps of emotions were generated and 2 separate principal components analyses (PCA) were conducted, one for each group to determine the multivariate structure of embodied emotions. Results: The pattern of principal components for HC differed significantly from that of the SZ group. SZ showed more diffuse components with lesser magnitude than the HC. Moreover, the variance that accounts for these dimensions was significantly reduced for SZ. This suggests anomalous embodied emotion in SZ. In this PCA framework, a particular set of innate constructs is thought to yield the activation and deactivation maps of emotions on the body. Our results imply that the complexity of this set in SZ is highly deviant from that of the HC. Conclusion: Quantitative modeling of the underlying structure of self-reported embodied emotion provided novel insight into altered emotional experience in SZ. Our findings illustrate radically different bodily maps of emotions in SZ compared to HC. Bodily sensations are not only different in intensity but also in where they are felt in SZ. While an important first step, our analysis was exploratory and limited by the small sample size. Future direction includes probing the specific contents of the underlying dimensions that give rise to embodied emotions.
Heritability and Genotype × Environment Interactions for Discolored Rice Kernels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Discolored kernels are but one component of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) quality that requires attention by rice breeders. Discolored kernels are most often caused by damage from rice stink bugs [ Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius)] and kernel smut disease ( Tilletia barclayana Bref.), but other pathogens and physiological disorders can also contribute to kernel discoloration. Our objective was to further understand the inheritance and genotype × environment (GE) interactions for discolored rice kernels to improve rice kernel quality characteristics. Thirty‐seven genotypes, representing southern U.S. rice germplasm, were evaluated for susceptibility to all causes of discolored kernels in field tests conducted during 1993 and 1994 at three Arkansas locations: Stuttgart, Tupelo, and Rohwer. Traits were inherited quantitatively, with single‐plot heritability values of 0.07, 0.18, and 0.33 for rice stink bug damage, kernel smut, and other discolorations, respectively. The GE interactions were significant for all traits. Closer inspection of the GE interaction revealed that the causes were primarily related to magnitude changes but also included genotype rank changes. The bias of GE interaction during selection could be reduced by multi‐year and multi‐location testing. Phenotypic correlations among traits were low, indicating that selection for lower levels of one trait would not adversely raise the levels of another trait. Cultivars, such as Katy, Kaybonnet, and Drew, were identified as having stable, low susceptibility to rice stink bug damage, kernel smut, and other discolorations. Although breeding for improved kernel quality traits will have certain difficulties because of low heritability, the availability of good germplasm and a proper screening program should minimize this problem.
Gas‐solid fluidized systems: Average mass transfer potentials of shallow beds

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An experimental investigation has been conducted on the direct establishment of mass transfer driving forces for the vaporization of n ‐decane from Celite particles fluidized by air. Ranges of particle sizes and reactor diameters were employed. Concentration profiles of n ‐decane were determined and were integrated to obtain the actual average concentration difference for the entire bed. The ratio of the actual driving force to the corresponding log‐mean value has been correlated with the average particle size, the fluidized bed height, and the modified Reynolds number to produce two relationships capable of predicting these ratios to within 2.5% (83 runs). The results for these mass transfer studies should also be applicable to comparable studies on heat transfer in fluidized beds.
A Proxy Analysis of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Rice Plan by Using the Gravimetric Method.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

水稲各器官中の非構造性炭水化物(NSC)の簡易定量法としての重量法の有効性を検討した. 試料約0.5gに蒸留水30mLを加えてホットプレート上で加熱してデンプンを糊化, 放冷後, リン酸緩衝液(KH2PO4;12.08g L-1, Na2HPO4・12H2O;3.98g L-1, NaN3;0.025g L-1)20mLにα-アミラーゼ1.5mgとアミログルコシダーゼ0.5mgを添加した懸濁液を加え, 40℃・24時間振どう培養を行い, NSCの抽出を行った. 重量法では, NSC抽出後, 全ての残渣を濾紙(Advantic Toyo No.5A)上に濾別し, この残渣乾物重を測定し, それと試料乾物の差より可溶性物質含有率(NSCWS)を算出した. 比色法では, この濾液に弱酸加熱処理を加えた後, ρ-ヒドロキシ安息香酸ヒドラジド法により, グルコース換算量の還元糖含有率(NSCGL)を測定した. 水稲の葉身では両分析値間に一定の関係はなかったが, 葉鞘+稈および穂では, 極めて高い正の相関(r2≧0.912)があり, この関係には栽培条件, 品種, 生育時期等による明確な差異はなかった. 誤差の伝播法則を用いて画法の誤差を比較した結果, 重量法のNSCWS分析値およびそのNSCGLへの変換値の方が, 比色法のNSCGL分析値よりも誤差が小さかった. 近赤外分光分析法(NIR法)に用いた場合, NSCWSの方がNSCGLよりも誤差が小さかった. 以上より, 重量法は, それ単独で, あるいはNIR法と結合させることで, 水稲の葉鞘+稈および穂のNSCを簡易・迅速・高精度に分析できること, NSCWSはNSCの指標となること, そして, 回帰式NSCGL=1.10NSCWS-11.7(葉鞘+稈), NSCGL=1.07 NSCWS-8.2(穂)により, NSCGLにも高精度で変換できることがわかった.
Alpha-decay of light protactinium isotopes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Light protactinium isotopes have been produced with 204Pb (19F,xn) reactions. α‐activities with Eα=9.90(5) MeV, T1/2=53(10) ns and Eα=9.65(5) MeV, T1/2=0.78(16) μs could be attributed to the previously unobserved nuclei 219Pa and 220Pa with the help of excitation functions. The peak cross sections for the 4n and 3n evaporation channels are on the order of 10 μb. The decay energies as well as the halflives fit well into the systematics of these nuclei close to the magic neutron number N=126. 219Pa is the shortest lived nuclide known with directly measured halflife.
Long non‑coding RNA TMPO‑AS1 promotes tumor progression via sponging miR‑140‑5p in breast cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor suppression, and are novel biological tumor regulators. However, the functional roles of lncRNAs and their underlying dysregulation mechanisms in breast cancer are not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance and biological functions of lncRNA TMPO antisense RNA 1 (TMPO-AS1) in breast cancer. TMPO-AS1 levels were measured in human cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines, and the functional roles of TMPO-AS1 in breast cancer cells were investigated by performing in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays were conducted to detect the association between microRNA (miR)-140-5p and TMPO-AS1. TMPO-AS1 expression levels were significantly increased in breast cancer tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues and MCF-10A cells, respectively. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that TMPO-AS1 knockdown significantly suppressed breast cancer cell viability at 48 and 72 h compared with the small interfering (si)RNA negative control group (NC; siNC). TMPO-AS1 knockdown in vitro inhibited MCF-7 and T47D cell migration and invasion compared with the siNC group. TMPO-AS1 knockdown in metastatic breast cancer cells also decreased metastatic colonization in the mouse lung compared with the short hairpin RNA NC group. Mechanistically, TMPO-AS1 promoted cellular viability and migration as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging miR-140-5p. The results suggested that TMPO-AS1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in patients with breast cancer.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A.C. ARC IN A HEATER WITH DISCHARGE STABILIZATION BY SYNCHRONIZED PULSES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A model is offered for an a.c. arc, which is stabilized by synchronized high-voltage pulses imposed at every half-period. The arc is supposed to bum in a duct with negligible gas flow-rate and connected to a circuit without ballast resistance. Expressions for instantaneous current and voltage as well as for effective current value as function of the arc ignition angle are obtained. Quantitative comparison of theoretical calculations with experimental data for an arc burning in air verifies the basic assumptions of the model.