jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of unbalanced load flow program for large power systems

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The idea of unbalanced load flow calculation was proposed many years ago. At that time, however, the needs for such techniques was not urgent. Modern power system networks are comprised of long untransposed transmission lines. Therefore, for some kinds of analysis, it is now almost impossible to treat a system as though it were a symmetrical network. The aims of most previous studies were oriented to solve voltage/current imbalance in local or small systems, as local imbalance was a serious concern. This is still an important issue, but more recently needs have become concentrated on practical bulk power systems, since principal EHV lines are entirely untransposed. In this paper, the development of practical unbalanced load program and practical experience with it are reported. This program was developed for steady‐state analysis of large‐scale practical networks under many possible unbalanced conditions. The Newton‐Raphson method in polar coordinates is used, since fast and moderate convergent characteristics are suitable for solving solutions. The program was applied to practical case studies. The models contain all of the 500‐kV and most of the 275‐kV overhead transmission lines in TEPCO. Since the density of the Jacobian matrix is higher than in single‐phase load flows, the number of nonzero elements is extremely large. Convergent characteristics are excellent in all cases. The fear of numerical instability has been allayed.
Internalization of Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles in Human Vascular Cells: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alteration of endothelial cells and the underlying vasculature plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various CVDs. The application of nanoscale materials such as nanoparticles in biomedicine has opened new horizons in the treatment of CVDs. We have previously shown that the iron metal–organic framework nanoparticle, Materials Institut Lavoisier-89 (nanoMIL-89) represents a viable vehicle for future drug delivery of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In this study, we have assessed the cellular uptake of nanoMIL-89 in pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells using microscopy imaging techniques. We also tested the cellular responses to nanoMIL-89 using molecular and cellular assays. Microscopic images showed cellular internalization of nanoMIL-89, packaging into endocytic vesicles, and passing to daughter cells during mitosis. Moreover, nanoMIL-89 showed anti-inflammatory activity without any significant cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that nanoMIL-89 formulation may offer promising therapeutic opportunities and set forth a new prototype for drug delivery not only in CVDs, but also for other diseases yet incurable, such as diabetes and cancer.
Reclassification of the clausophyid siphonophore Clausophyes ovata into the genus Kephyes gen. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Comparisons are made between the species currently called Clausophyes ovata and other Clausophyes species. It is concluded that Cl. ovata should be removed to another genus and, consequently, the genus Kephyes gen. nov. is established for it. The relationships of all clausophyid genera are briefly discussed.
High intensity running results in an impaired neuromuscular response in ACL reconstructed individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction reestablishes electromyographic activity during moderate activities such as walking but is unclear if this is also the case in sports activities such as high intensity running that results in accumulation of metabolic fatigue. Nine bone‐patella tendon‐bone ACL reconstructed athletes were evaluated 19.2 (5.7) months post‐operatively using a telemetric electromyographic system. The neuromuscular response of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles was tested bilaterally on separate occasions during 10 min running at moderate intensity (20% below the lactate threshold) and 10 min running at high intensity (40% above the lactate threshold). During moderate intensity running, electromyographic activity did not change for either leg. During high intensity running, electromyographic activity did not change for the vastus lateralis of the ACL reconstructed leg [267.8 (142.8)–263.8 (128.9) μV, P > 0.05] while it increased significantly [294.2 (120.6)–317.1 (140.5) μV, P = 0.03] for the vastus lateralis of the intact leg. High intensity exercise that is associated with accumulation of metabolic fatigue, results in an impaired neuromuscular response for the vastus lateralis muscle of the ACL reconstructed leg.
Hawking Radiation of Dirac Particles in a Variable-Mass Kerr Black Hole

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Hawking effect of Dirac particles in a variable-mass Kerr space-time is\ninvestigated by using method of the generalized tortoise coordinate\ntransformation. The location and the temperature of event horizon of the\nnon-stationary Kerr black hole are derived. It is shown that the temperature\nand the shape of event horizon depend not only on the time but also on the\npolar angle. However, our results demonstrate that the Fermi-Dirac spectrum\ndisplays a new spin-rotation effect which is absent from that of Bose-Einstein\ndistribution.\n
Ordinary men. A forgotten chapter in the Final Solution

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The documentary, which lasts just 58 minutes, deals with what is sometimes called the ‘Shoah by bullets’: the massacres perpetrated by German troops and their allies in Eastern Europe, in the villages and towns that the army had just conquered as it advanced. These massacres took place for the entire duration of the war. There were some two million victims: men, women and children, especially but not only Jews, shot down in cold blood by the dozens at the edge of mass graves, most of which remained anonymous.
Strength of parrot flight feathers is a function of position on the wing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Powered flight in birds is reliant on feathers forming an aerodynamic surface that resists air pressures. Many basic aspects of feather functionality are unknown, which hampers our understanding of wing function in birds. This study measured the dimensions of primary and secondary flight feathers of 19 species of parrots. The maximum force the feathers could withstand from below was also measured to mimic the pressures experienced during a downstroke. The analysis tested whether: (1) feather dimensions differed along the wing and among secondary and primary remiges; (2) the force that feathers could withstand varied among the remiges; and (3) there would be isometric relationships with body mass for feather characteristics. The results show that body mass significantly affected vane width, rachis thickness, maximum force, and ultimate bending moment, but the relationship for feather length only approached significance. Many of the proximal secondary feathers showed significantly lower values relative to the first primary, whereas for distal primaries the values were greater. There were isometric relationships for force measurements of primary and secondary feathers with body mass, but there was positive allometry for feather lengths and vane widths. The forces feathers can withstand vary along the wing may be a proxy for the aerodynamic properties of the feathers in situ. Broader taxonomic studies that explore these topics are required for other species representing a range of different orders. A better understanding of the functionality of feathers will improve our understanding of how avian flight works particularly considering the variety in flight style and wing shape in birds.
Jasmonic Acid- and Ethylene-Induced Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase Stimulates Marssonina brunnea Defense in Poplar

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mitochondrial processes are implicated in plant response to biotic stress caused by viruses, actinomyces, bacteria and pests, but their function in defense against fungal invasion remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role and regulation of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) in response to black spot disease caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Marssonina brunnea in poplar. M. brunnea inoculation induced the transcription of the AOX1a gene in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthetic genes, with the accumulation of these phytohormones in poplar leaf, while inhibiting the transcript amount of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene (COX6b) and genes related to salicylic acid (SA). Enhanced AOX reduced poplar susceptibility to M. brunnea with a higher ATP/ADP ratio while the repressed AOX caused the reverse effect. Exogenous JA and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, a biosynthetic precursor of ET) inhibited the transcript amount of COX6b and consequently increased the ratio of AOX pathway to total respiration. Furthermore, the transcription of CYS C1 and CYS D1 genes catalyzing cyanide metabolism was induced, while the cysteine (CYS) substrate levels reduced upon M. brunnea inoculation; exogenous JA and ACC mimicked the effect of M. brunnea infection on cysteine. Exogenous SA enhanced, while JA and ACC reduced, poplar susceptibility to M. brunnea. Moreover, inhibiting AOX completely prohibited JA- and ET-increased tolerance to M. brunnea in poplar. These observations indicate that the JA- and ET-induced mitochondrial AOX pathway triggers defense against M. brunnea in poplar. This effect probably involves cyanide. These findings deepen our understanding of plant–pathogenic fungi interactions.
FIGURATIVE ART IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

As an important part of modern culture, figurative art is embodied in the reflection of social reality and the expression of the artist’s subjective world and deep cultural consciousness. In the context of philosophy and culture, figurative art adopts an interdisciplinary research approach, combining philosophical, cultural and art historical studies to reveal its meaning and role in contemporary society. Through the framework of philosophical theory and the analysis of cultural context, the deep meaning of figurative art is demonstrated, and the importance of philosophical and cultural analysis in understanding figurative art is emphasized. Using a philosophical and cultural analysis approach, it delves into the deeper meaning of figurative art. Through the analysis of philosophical theoretical framework and cultural context, the significance and role of figurative art in contemporary society are revealed.
The Thames Discovery Programme: Public Engagement and Research on London’s Foreshore

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Thames Discovery Programme (TDP) – a community archaeology project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund (from 2008–2011) and now hosted by Museum of London Archaeology – has maintained close links with UCL throughout the lifetime of the project. This continues the association established by our predecessor project, the Thames Archaeological Survey (Milne 'et al.', 1997: 130–146), which was directed by Gustav Milne (from 1995–1999) and encouraged participation by UCL Institute of Archaeology students in foreshore fieldwork and research. This paper summarises initiatives undertaken by the TDP, with the support of UCL’s Public Engagement Unit, and further research by Institute students.
Selected Aspects of Polish Digital Purchasers’ Behaviour. Results of Research

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The progressing digitisation, technical and technological development, new functionalities of the Internet and hyper-medial environment shape stakeholders', i.e. also customers' behaviour. Entrepreneurs, while seeking to grow up to such conditions, feel obliged to undertake holistic marketing activities. At the heart of the process, there should stay digital (i.e. mobile) purchasers, equipped with the devices such as smart phone, tablet, etc. Now the questions arise: Who are these digital purchasers? What are their needs, preferences, tastes, likes, and habits? and What direction should the effective marketing activities take to target such purchasers? The article aims at outlining the results of the studies of digital purchasers' behaviour, and identifying the directions of the marketing activities expected by them. The analysis evolves around the following assumption: in the age of digitisation and mobile technology, the performance of effective marketing activities is determined by knowledge of behaviour of the market game players (stakeholders), including the purchasers, and keeping up with their expectations and habits. Starting from the definition of a digital consumer, the methodology and results of the conducted research are discussed. As it turned out, the studied Polish purchasers (equipped with digital devices) adopt different habits; not only they communicate, but in practice they continuously remain on-line. The digital devices they have are used for communication with friends, for browsing for information, for dealing with personal matters, and for entertainment. The most important features of the digital purchaser include: courage, self-awareness and the awareness of own needs, and keen interest in innovation. The article proposes recommendations for entrepreneurs who are interested in conducting effective marketing activities targeted at digital purchasers. In the current market conditions, the attention should be primarily focussed on creation of relevant experiences, stirring emotions, involving the stakeholders, providing entertainment, facilitating life, by means of, among other, offering new services and free applications for mobile devices.
Preliminary safety analysis of phase II open-label NIVACOR trial (GOIRC-03-2018) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer RAS or BRAF mutated.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

37 Background: NIVACOR trial is an open-label, multicentric Italian phase II trial of FOLFOXIRI/bevacizumab in association with an anti-PD1 antibody, nivolumab, in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We report preliminary safety analysis by an Independent Monitoring Committee. Methods: Pts with mCRC RAS or BRAF mutated, regardless microsatellite status and eligible to receive a first line treatment will be enrolled. FOLFOXIRI/bevacizumab (BEV) in association with nivolumab (NIV) was administered every 2 weeks for 8 cycles (induction) followed by BEV plus NIV every 2 weeks (maintenance) until PD or unacceptable toxicities. BEV was administered intravenously at dose of 5 mg/kg and NIV intravenously as a flat dose of 240 mg every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was the ORR. The safety is assessed after the inclusion of the 10 th patient, receiving ≥1 dose. Results: As of September 20, 2020, 25/70 pts are enrolled. The first 10 pts were evaluated for preliminary safety analysis. Median age was 58 years (32-66), 60% of pts were male, median cycles of treatment was 5.5 (1-9). 100% were KRAS G12D mut and BRAF wild type, respectively, and 2% MSI-H/dMMR. 7/10 pts experienced at least one AE related to FOLFOXIRI/BEV and 2/10 related to NIV. The most frequent grade 1-2 AEs related to FOLFOXIRI/BEV were nausea and vomiting 4(57%), fatigue 5(71%), and diarrhea 5(71%); 3(43%) pts had grade 3-4 neutropenia, and 1(14%) febrile neutropenia. Only 2 pts developed grade 1-2 AEs related to NIV represented by rash (50%) and salivary gland infection (50%); no grade 3-4 was reported. One of pts with dose delay because of serious AES (proteinuria) BEV related, and one patient discontinued due to serious AEs (ileo-urethral fistula) not related to NIV. Conclusions: Combination of FOLFOXIRI/BEV and NIV was generally well tolerated and showed an acceptable toxicity profile. The final analysis will be scheduled at the end of enrollment. Clinical trial information: NCT04072198.
Advanced Optical Coating

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Ion beam sputtering has been used for smoothing of silicon and quartz glass substrates and for deposition of nanometer multilayers for high-end optical applications in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and in X-ray. The tool used is equipped with two linear ion beam sources, a rotatable drum of targets, movable substrate and shaper with pre-calculated velocity maps. Two ion beam sources, one directed to the target and the second to the substrate, provide reproducible and precise application of ion beam sputtering technology to etch, smoothen, or figure substrates, or to deposit high quality nanometer multilayers. Smoothing of a silicon substrate to a microroughness of 0.11 nm rms (AFM scan length 5 μm) is presented. Examples of high precision ion beam sputter deposition are shown on Mo/Si, DLC/Si, and Ni/C multilayers. The results of the x-ray reflectometry on deposited multilayers are presented.
Unstable variant of NADH methemoglobin reductase in puerto ricans with hereditary methemoglobinemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The electrophoretic mobility of erythrocyte NADH methemoglobin reductase in five hereditary methemoglobinemia patients from three Puerto Rican kindreds was 118% of normal at pH 8.6. The methemoglobin ferrocyanide reductase activity of the enzyme in erythrocyte hemolysates was 3.2-6.4% of normal. Electrophoresis of hemolysates prepared from the blood of patients from two different families at six pH values between 4.6 and 9.3 did not differentiate between the variant enzymes. Examination of the deficient enzymes extracted from the erythrocytes of one patient from each kindred revealed altered affinity for NADH and dichloroindophenol dye and decreased thermal stability. The quantitative similarity of the abnormal findings, together with the Puerto Rican origin of the kindreds, suggested that the cyanotic patients possessed the same abnormal enzyme and were thus homozygous for the same rare mutant gene. Consanguinity of the kindreds could not be established. The rates of decline of the normal and variant NADH methemoglobin reductase enzymes in vivo were measured in erythrocyte fractions of increasing cell age. The rate of decline of the variant enzyme was increased 20-fold by comparison with the normal enzyme. The methemoglobin percentage in erythrocyte fractions of increasing cell age correlated inversely with the activity of the variant. The variant enzyme averaged 37% of normal mean activity in young cells and 1% in old cells. The normal enzyme, on the other hand, lost only one-sixth of its activity as the cells aged, and the methemoglobin content in old normal cells did not rise. These observations support the hypothesis that the deficient activity and the heterogeneous pattern of methemoglobin accumulation in vivo arise principally from the accelerated inactivation of variant NADH methemoglobin reductase during the life-span of the red blood cell.
Understanding philanthropic leadership: a bibliometric analysis of research trends over the 1991–2021 period

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Philanthropy has developed into a trillion-dollar industry with substantial transnational funds. Scholarly research on philanthropic leadership has experienced substantial growth since the 1990s, but as an academic field, it remains ill-defined. The purpose of this study is to examine the current state of the literature on philanthropic leadership to determine the extent to which the field needs to be further specialized. Design/methodology/approach Relying on the VOSviewer software version 1.6.15, the authors conducted a bibliometric analysis of 470 identified articles published between 1991 and 2021 to uncover the most influential articles, academic outlets and scholars in the field. Findings There is a noticeable lack of literature that accurately reflects the overall practice of philanthropic leadership. Most specialized research concentrates on the influence of corporate leaders in using philanthropic activities as a means of achieving business objectives. However, it is essential to recognize that leadership plays a critical role in effective philanthropy, which benefits various stakeholders and produces favorable spillover effects. The findings indicate that existing literature tends to focus on the influence of corporate leaders on philanthropic activities and their correlation with business outcomes. Originality/value This study contributes to the field by offering insights into the intellectual structure of the field and assists with the identification of new research directions within the philanthropic leadership domain. Further scholarly consideration is needed to understand the practice of philanthropic leadership.
Conformity of Goods, Third Party Claims, and Buyer’s Notice of Breach under the United Nations Sales Convention ("CISG"), with Comments on the "Mussels Case," the "Stolen Automobile Case," and the "Ugandan Used Shoes Case"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper, which derives from comments delivered at a 2006 conference held at Istanbul (Turkey) Bilgi University, gives an overview of Part III, Chapter II, Section II of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"). This portion of the Convention encompasses provisions addressing a number of critical issues, including the seller’s obligations concerning the quality (Article 35), title (Article 41) and intellectual property aspects (Article 42) of goods sold in a transaction governed by the CISG, as well as a buyer’s obligations to inspect delivered goods and to give notice of their failure to conform to those seller’s obligations (Articles 38 – 40 and 43-44). Included are extensive comments on three significant German cases that have applied these provisions of the Convention – the “Mussels Case” (decision of the Bundesgerichtshof, 8 March 1995, English translation available at http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/950308g3.html), the “Stolen Automobile Case” (decision of the Bundesgerichtshof, 11 January 2006, English translation available at http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/060111g1.html) and the “Ugandan Used Shoes Case” (decision of the Landgericht Frankfurt,11 April 2005, English translation available at http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/050411g1.html). This paper concludes that the Mussels Case is a good (but not perfect) example of a court complying with the Convention’s mandate to interpret the CISG from an international perspective and with the goal of maintaining international uniformity in its interpretation. The assessment of the Stolen Automobile Case in light of these factors is more mixed. The analysis of the Ugandan Used Shoes Case concludes that the court ignored those criteria, badly misinterpreted the provisions of the Convention, and perpetrated a gross miscarriage of justice.
Oxidation Resistance and Nanoscale Oxidation Mechanisms in Model Binary and Ternary Alloys Exposed to Supercritical Water

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The oxidation behavior of model binary and ternary alloys in supercritical water (SCW) was examined. Binary alloys contained 9 or 14 at% Cr. Ternary alloys had 1.5 at% of one of the following elements: Si, Al, V, Mn or Ti. Samples with different surface finishes were exposed to SCW for up to 500 hours. The oxidized samples were characterized using gravimetry, SEM, HRTEM and EDX. After exposure, a uniform double layer oxide with outwardly grown magnetite inwardly grown Fe-Cr mixed oxide was detected on most of samples. Alloys contains 14 at% Cr or/and 1.5 at% Si showed a mixed oxidation mode, where relatively thick double layer oxides coexisted with thin protective oxide. The coverage with the thin oxide increased with the increase of deformation and/or Cr and/or Si content. A 20 nm thick Si-enriched layer was detected at such alloy/oxide interfaces. This behavior is very similar to âthird element effectâ.