jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The 2P3A Learning Model in Developing Argumentation Ability, Literacy Skills and Problem Solving Skills

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Education is requires students to have skills to support the learning process in the 21st century. 21st century learning skills can be trained in various ways including through the learning model used by the teacher. The 2P3A learning model consists of 5 main stages, namely the Preparation stage, the Problem Statement stage, the Analyze stage, the Argument stage and the Application stage. This learning model focuses on training and improving argumentation skills, problem solving skills and literacy skills of students. Argumentation skills are enhanced at the Argument stage where students will be trained to state their views about a problem, Problem solving skills are improved through the Analyze stage where students are trained to look for and analyze problems given and Literacy Skills can be trained through the Preparation stage where students will be accustomed to read the learning material before starting the learning process.
Denervation Supersensitivity of the Rat Vas Deferens: A Role for Protein Kinase C

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A role for protein kinase C (PKC) in the denervation-induced supersensitivity of the rat vas deferens was investigated. Chronic, surgical denervation of the rat vas deferens (up to 8 days) resulted in tissues that produced enhanced contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE) in isolated organ baths. Single challenges of NE (10 $\\mu$M) produced 0.6 $\\pm$ 0.1 g of maximal tension in the control vas whereas in the paired, denervated tissue 2.2 $\\pm$ 0.3 g of tension was recorded (n = 6). Cumulative concentration-effect curves to NE produced in the denervated vas deferens were shifted 18-fold to the left of the control response. Neurokinin A (NKA) responses after denervation of the tissue were not significantly different from the control. Denervation did not alter the contractile response to phorbol diacetate (PDA), a PKC activator. Pretreatment of denervated and control vas deferens with 100 $\\mu$M nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker), significantly attenuated the contractile response to NE. The responses in the control tissues were depressed by 88%, those in the denervated vasa were only antagonized by 65% after nifedipine treatment. Exposure of denervated and control vas deferens to 100 $\\mu$M NE resulted in no significant accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAG) from basal values. The molecular species of DAG produced after receptor stimulation, in either tissue group, were not different from those found in resting tissues. Denervation also had no effect on the binding characteristics of membrane-associated PKC when assayed using the specific ligand, ($\\sp3$H) phorbol dibutyrate. The PKC activity of resting vas deferens was not altered by chronic surgical denervation. Denervated and control vas deferens that were stimulated with 100 $\\mu$M NE showed a time-dependent translocation of PKC from the cytosolic to the membrane fraction of the tissue. In both tissue groups exposure to NE resulted in a 3-4 fold increase in the membrane-bound PKC activity, which remained elevated above basal values for up to 20 min. The rate of translocation of PKC was faster in denervated vasa (maximal at 5 min after NE) when compared to the control (maximal at 20 min), but the maximal amount of the enzyme activated was the same for the two tissue groups. The ability of NKA, 60 mM K$\\sp+$-depolarization and PDB (PKC activator) to produce translocation of the PKC was not altered by denervation of the vas deferens. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
The Coastal Community Empowerment Strategy in Improving The Welfare Of Fishermen in Pegatan Village, Pegatan Hilir Subdistrict, Katingan Regency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In implementing community empowerment strategies in Pegatan Village, economic disparities, low education levels, and inadequate community welfare remain evident. These challenges stem from limited access to resources, including insufficient accessibility to fishing equipment, inadequate financial support or funding, and price instability of fish catches. These factors contribute to the low and underdeveloped welfare of the fishing community. Therefore, collaboration and coordination between the local government and the coastal community are essential in the process of implementing empowerment strategies in Pegatan Village. Strategies such as providing fishing equipment facilities, conducting skill enhancement programs, and strengthening institutions aim to achieve the goal of empowering the coastal community effectively. This study employs a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach, utilizing data collection techniques including observation, interviews, documentation, and triangulation (combining all three techniques). The research was conducted in Pegatan Village, Pegatan Hilir Subdistrict, Katingan Regency, from June to August. The findings reveal that the local government’s programs to implement community empowerment strategies for the fishing community in Pegatan Village have not been well-executed or optimal. This is evidenced by several obstacles, such as limited access to capital and financial facilities for the coastal community, weak coordination among stakeholders, low education levels in the community, and insufficient monitoring and evaluation. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide recommendations for developing more effective policies to enhance the welfare of fishermen in coastal areas.
The lived experience of patients with obesity: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary Although the deleterious effects of obesity have been well documented in terms of morbidity and mortality, less is known about what it is like to live with this complex and chronic disease. This study systematically reviewed and synthesized peer‐reviewed studies relating to the lived experience of patients with obesity. A total of 12,388 records were screened, resulting in the inclusion of 32 final studies. Meta‐ethnographic synthesis of these 32 studies generated five “third‐order constructs” or themes: the development of obesity; a life limited; stigma, judgment, shame, and blame; treatment and; experiences of specific or minority groups. These constructs describe, from the patient's perspective, the factors associated with the development and maintenance of obesity; the effects of the disease on their day‐to‐day lives; the impact of the stigma and judgment many patients are subjected to; and their experience of accessing, or trying to access, treatment for their healthcare needs. This synthesis reveals the dearth of studies that focus solely on the experience of the patient and highlights the tendency for participant‐informed, rather than participatory, methods in obesity research. It concludes with a call for further participatory research into the experiences of people living with obesity.
[Two sisters with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A few months after birth two sisters aged 5 and 9 years had developed cholestasis and abnormal liver functions with symptoms including itching and jaundice. The younger sister also developed rickets and clotting disorders. On clinical, biochemical and immunohistopathological grounds the diagnosis of 'progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) type 2' was made. Medical treatment was not succesfull in reducing symptoms. An ileocolonic bypass in the younger child was not effective. Subsequently, both patients underwent partial external biliary diversion (PEBD). Except for a period of intermittent itching in the younger child, both patients remained free of symptoms 2 years after PEBD. In cases where an early diagnosis is made, PEBD could delay or even prevent the necessity of liver transplantation.
Multi-Country Analysis of Treatment Costs for HIV/AIDS (MATCH): Unit costing at 161 Representative Facilities in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<p><b>Background</b></p> <p>Today’s uncertain funding landscape threatens to halt progress towards global HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention goals. Improving the efficiency of HIV/AIDS spending is essential to effectively allocate existing funds and promote additional investment. Prior research focused on efficiency opportunities in ART, however recent and representative data on ART costs were limited.</p> <p><b>Methods and Findings</b></p> <p>Comprehensive data on twelve months of ART costs w ere collected at 161 representative facilities across five countries. Sites were selected using stratified random sampling. Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes were measured by reviewing 100 randomly-selected charts per facility. </p> <p>ART costs were significantly lower than expected, averaging $200 per patient-year in low- and lower-middle income countries. Costs in South Africa were higher at $682 per patient-year. Main cost components were ARVs and personnel, together comprising more than 70% of costs. Facilities demonstrated the ability to keep patients alive and on treatment at these cost levels, with relatively low average annual attrition rates for established patients, ranging from 2 - 8%. Retention rates for new patients were highly variable and strongly correlated with CD4 count at initiation. </p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>This study provides new evidence that aggressive scale-up of high-quality treatment in developing countries is possible and sustainable. The low cost of ART should allay concerns about incurring a prohibitively expensive “treatment mortgage” through aggressive scale-up. Additionally, there has been a significant global focus on driving savings by optimizing service delivery design and it appears as though significant savings are unlikely in facility-level A RT costs. Optimization efforts should instead focus on treatment costs outside the facility and program costs unrelated to treatment. In South Africa, and likely other upper-middle income countries, optimizing ART service delivery will generate savings and should be pursued. Finally, across countries, there are clear opportunities to improve patient outcomes without substantially increasing cost, the most prominent of which is better using the money already being spent on pre-ART to more effectively drive earlier initiation of treatment. </p> <p><b>Funding</b></p> <p>The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</p>
The COVID-19 pandemic and cultural industries in the Czech Republic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Czech arts and cultural sector (ACS) has been traditionally and strongly connected and subsidized by the state. For this reason, the impact of the pandemic on this sector may not be as severe as in other countries wherein an extent of privatization exists. This chapter explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Czech ACS. A sample of 317 organizations in the field of professional art such as theatre and dance, music, and fine art and 860 cultural workers were surveyed to investigate the economic impact during the first wave of the pandemic from March to June 2020 inclusively. The research reveals that the most sector impacted is music, with 46% loss of regular income in the first two months of the pandemic, followed by theatres by 24% and the lowest loss reported in fine arts with 17%. The pandemic and the research disclosed structural errors in the form of the lack of data relative to this sector.
EVALUATION OF THE CARE PATHWAY AND RESULTS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERY FOR SPINAL DEFORMITY IN A DISTRICT GENERAL HOSPITAL IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Surgery for spinal deformity was previously carried out only in teaching hospitals in the United Kingdom. With increasing numbers of patients especially adults, seeking treatment for spinal deformity, the number of centres offering treatment for spinal deformity is going to have to increase. The deformity part of the Spinal Surgical Service in the District General Hospital in Taunton started in 2005. This paper is an audit of this deformity service. It looks at two key areas – that of patient satisfaction and patient reported outcomes of surgery. Patient satisfaction was assessed by a validated questionnaire that evaluated a patient9s perception of consultations, consent, preoperative assessment, operative and post operative experience and follows up visits. Patient reported outcomes were evaluated using the SRS 30 questionnaire. 104 patients were contacted and 95 patients (91%) responded. The overall patient satisfaction rate was 96%, with 87% very pleased with the result of surgery, 80% felt that their body shape had improved considerably, 62% had an increased ability to carry out day to day activities to a much higher level and 78% had significantly decreased pain after surgery. The results of the different domains of the SRS questionnaire also supported this. The authors believe that this audit proves that it is possible to provide a spinal deformity service in a District General Hospital in the United Kingdom safely and effectively with a high degree of patient satisfaction. Audits of this kind are required to compare results of treatment between different centres and establish standards.
The OECD enlargement in Latin America and the Brazilian candidacy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article examines the OECD’s enlargement process as an important dimension for understanding global economic governance. It focuses on the Brazilian candidacy, stemming first from the OECD’s strategies towards the BRICS countries, but also towards Latin America, where the organization’s enlargement has expanded its members in a matching process with the incorporation of European countries. The OECD became a high priority for Brazil in the context of a significant change of orientations on economic reforms and foreign policy choices. By looking at the experience of Latin American countries regarding their accession processes to the OECD, the article concludes referring to the organization as an expanding Western-led institution aimed at promoting a liberal economic agenda through enhanced global governance mechanisms.
Nonlinear adaptive control of spacecraft maneuvers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel method is presented to carry out near-minimum-time maneuvers of a spacecraft of unknown inertia. The formulation assumes the presence of three orthogonal reaction wheels located near the system mass center and oriented arbitrarily with respect to the spacecraft principal axes. Modie ed Rodrigues parameters along with their shadow set are used as the primary attitude coordinates. Open-loop maneuver laws are designed while solving the equations of motion by inversedynamics approach. This approach permits theapproximateimposition of the maximum saturation torque constraint. The torque proe les are near-bang-bang, with the instantaneous switches replaced by cubicsplinesof specie edduration.An adaptivetrackingcontrollawisdeveloped to determine perturbations to the nominal open-loop torque commands that will ensure the actual motion to follow the nominal motion in the presence of uncertainty in the inertia matrix and errors in the initial attitude. Global stability of the overall closed-loop controller is proved analytically and demonstrated by numerical simulations.
Differences of corneal biomechanical parameters for keratoconus patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Keratoconus is an eye disorder that results in progressive thinning of the cornea. Corneal biomechanical data can be used for early diagnosis of keratoconus disease. Measurements show the first signs of corneal pathological changes while anterior surface topographic maps don't. In cases of severe keratoconus, the measurements of corneal biomechanical parameters can be modified due to eye lid tension that can influence the evaluation of the keratoconus progression. Aim of this study was to determine differences in corneal biomechanical parameters in keratoconus patients depending on the stage of keratoconus. Method: In our research participated 144 keratoconus patients (256 eyes) and 61 control group patients (122 eyes). We evaluated the corneal thickness (Oculus Pentacam) and corneal biomechanical response with Oculus Corvis. We analyzed the Corvis biomechanical index (CBI), tomographic biomechanical index (TBI), and corneal elevation deviation index (BAD D). The results were compared between the control group and the different stages of the keratoconus patients and were analyzed with ANOVA (two factor) and linear regression. Results: As the keratoconus progresses, corneal thickness decreases (r=-0,98), corneal elasticity decreases (r=0,94), elevation height increases (r=0,77) and the deviation of the corneal elevation from the normative values increases (r=0,98). Conclusion: The results show a strong negative correlation between the stage of keratoconus and the decrease in corneal thickness. Corneal thickness, compared with the control group, decreases statistically significantly (p <0,05), starting with keratoconus stage 2, but CBI, TBI and BAD D corneal biomechanical index values - starting with keratoconus 0-1 stage.
Hybrid or resumption of life (Hanna Kirchner "Nałkowska albo życie pisane")

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

By reaching out for a metaphor derived from the sphere of fi ne arts - "sepia sketch", in her monumental biography of Zofia Nałkowska, Hanna Kirchner encompasses the life of the authoress of Granica within a delicate and unclear framework, though one which is drawn with a bold line. The impossibility of a direct transposition of one's life into a written text, produced a shiny, multi-aspect "multi-portrait". A few dozen chapters make up a fascinating story which though focused on a reconstruction of the authoress’s biogram, it transgresses considerably the task which is traditionally ascribed to biography.
Fair Pricing in Heterogeneous Internet-of-Things Wireless Access Networks Using Crowdsourcing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Price and the quality of service are two key factors taken into account by wireless network users when they choose their network provider. The recent advances in wireless technology and massive infrastructure deployments have led to better coverage, and currently at each given wirelessly covered area there are a few network providers and each have different pricing strategies. These providers can potentially set unfair expensive prices for their services. In this article, we propose a novel crowdsourcing-based approach for fair wireless service pricing in the Internet of Things (IoT). In our considered oligopoly, the regulatory sets a dynamic maximum allowed price of service to prevent anti-trust behavior and unfair service pricing. We propose a three-tire pricing model, where the regulator, wireless network providers, and clients are the players of our game. Our method takes client preferences into account in pricing and discovers the fair service pricing just above the marginal costs of each network provider. Our results show that our model is not prone to collusion and will converge only if one network announces the fair price.
Inorganic Nanobiomaterials Boost Tumor Immunotherapy: Strategies and Applications

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ConspectusTumor immunotherapy, as a new antitumor method to fight cancer by activating or enhancing the body's own immune system, has been extensively studied and applied in clinical practice. However, as an extremely complex system, tumor heterogeneity and complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) lead to poor immune response rate or secondary drug resistance. The advent of nanotechnology has ushered in a new era for immunotherapy. In particular, inorganic nanomaterials, with their unique physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility, are becoming an important tool for enhancing immunotherapy. Inorganic nanomaterials can be used as carriers for immune agents, improving drug delivery efficiency and thereby reducing systemic immunotoxicity and enhancing immune responses. Inorganic nanomaterials also trigger tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD), stimulate antitumor immune responses, and alleviate immunosuppressive TME by increasing oxygen levels, modulating metabolic pathways, and altering the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. The synergistic integration of inorganic nanomaterials with immunotherapy adeptly navigates around the constraints of conventional treatments, reducing side effects while concurrently augmenting therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarize our recent efforts in the design and synthesis of inorganic nanobiomaterials to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. These nanomaterials achieve the desired immune efficacy mainly through four strategies, including inducing ICD, developing tumor nanovaccines, activating pyroptosis, and regulating tumor metabolism, providing beneficial implications for tumor immunotherapy. For one thing, due to the deficiency of ICD effect in single therapy, we mainly developed nanocatalysts that integrate multiple therapeutic functions to play a catalytic role in TME, converting tumor substances or metabolites into therapeutic products in situ, and further enhancing ICD. For another, in order to solve the problems of low antigen loading and therapeutic efficiency of existing adjuvants, several novel multifunctional nanoadjuvants were prepared, which combine high antigen loading and multimode therapeutic function in one, and achieve efficient immune activation. Moreover, to attain strong inflammatory responses and immunogenicity, we engineer pyroptosis adjuvants that selectively induce tumor cell pyroptosis by enhancing intracellular oxidative stress or ion overload. Finally, to reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment, we developed nanoplatforms that target tumor metabolism, altering the levels of nutrients and metabolites in tumor such as glucose, lactic acid, citric acid, and tryptophan to effectively alter the TME, thereby activating and enhancing the body's immune response. The implementation of these strategies not only improves the therapeutic effect but also reduces the side effects and provides valuable insights and references for the development of novel nanomaterials to assist immunotherapy.
Pricing competition on innovative product between innovator and entrant imitator facing strategic customers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

When an innovative product is introduced into the market, innovators always face competition from entrant imitators. Strategic customers may also anticipate this and can design their purchase plans accordingly. In this study, we develop a dynamic game model to formulate the problem associated with competitive product pricing between an innovator and an imitator for obtaining a pricing equilibrium. The influence of various factors on pricing policies, market sales and profits are analysed. We argue that when anticipating forthcoming competitors, innovators should not price too highly in the monopoly stage. The optimal monopoly price decreases with the quality ratio and forms a U shape along with the dimension of customers’ strategic level; however, the right tail of the U is mitigated when the quality ratio increases. In the duopoly phase, the markdown for the innovator and the difference in product cost performance between the innovator and imitator are investigated. We then analyse the value of demand information. The numerical analysis indicates that the value decreases with customers’ strategic level and increases with the quality ratio. The revealing behaviour of the innovator influences the imitator marginally in pricing and considerably in profit. Finally, a medium level is always preferred when the imitator chooses the product quality level.