jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of collision cascades in titanium deuteride by D-D fusion

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

As a test of the linear binary collision cascade model for ion-solid interaction, theoretical models of D-D fusion induced by heavy ion irradiation of titanium deuteride are compared with experimental results. Thin-film titanium deuteride samples of composition TiD1.7 were prepared by heating 320 nm titanium films on silicon dioxide in a static pressure of deuterium. The deuterium content of these films was inferred from changes in the titanium and oxygen contaminant signals measured by 3.05 MeV oxygen-resonance backscattering spectrometry. The titanium deuteride samples were irradiated with beams of argon and xenon ions with energies ranging from 140 to 600 keV. The energy of the incident ion was transferred to atoms in the sample through a series of nuclear collisions, resulting in deuteron-deuteron collisions with energies up to tens of keV. The cross sections for D-D fusion at these energies are large enough for fusion events to be detected for doses above 1014 ions. A silicon surface-barrier detector placed at an angle of 130° with respect to the incident ion beam was used to monitor the 3.02 MeV protons and 1.01 MeV tritons from the D(d,p)T reaction and 0.82 MeV 3He ions from the D(d,n)3He reaction. Fusion yields (fusion events per incident ion) ranging from 10-14 to 10-10 were measured. A linear binary collision cascade model is presented which predicts fusion yields which are in excellent agreement with the measured yields for all cases studied. The model predicts a distribution of deuteron-deuteron center-of-mass velocities which causes a distribution of Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the fusion products. The shape of the theoretical proton signals based on the model is a reasonably good fit to the experimental proton signals. The use of D-D fusion induced by heavy-ion irradiation for measuring deuterium concentrations is compared with currently used methods and is found to be somewhat less sensitive than nuclear reaction analysis, but suitable for measuring deuterium concentrations as low as 2 atomic percent with ion beams producible by ion implanters with an energy range of a few hundred kV.
Studying Trapped Tunneling-Electron Migration Due to Program and Erase Cycles in NAND Flash

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the technology scaling, cell-to-cell interference becomes larger in NAND flash memories. This makes it challenging to obtain narrow threshold voltage (V th ) distribution in two times nanometer floating gate technologies. Moreover, Vth distribution is further degraded after experiencing program and erase (P/E) cycles, impeding reliable operations. In this letter, we find that Vth values of programmed cells transiently increases after programming execution, leading to different Vth values between verify and read operations. This effect becomes worse by P/E cycles, degrading the Vth distribution of the programmed cells after P/E cycles. We consider that such a phenomenon occurs, since the electric field across tunneling oxide makes trapped tunneling-electrons migrate to other trap sites inside the oxide, namely, trapped tunneling-electron migration (TTEM). Our experiments show that the effect of TTEM can be significantly reduced by applying negative pulse between programming pulse and verifying. This informs that using such a technique, we are able to improve the reliability of NAND flash memories after P/E cycles.
Sustaining health: the role of BRAC's community health volunteers in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Uganda

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study fills an important gap in current understanding about a critical aspect of \nBRAG's health programmes - the financial sustainability of the community health \nvolunteers (commonly referred to as Shasthya Shebikas in Bangladesh) that are the \ncornerstone of BRAG's health programmes. Shasthya Shebikas (SS) are a cadre of \nfemale volunteers that are recruited and trained by BRAG to provide a range of \nessential healthcare services to their communities. What is unique about BRAG's \napproach is that, while these women can be considered volunteers they do not \nreceive a salary or monthly stipend, they are provided with financial incentives on the \nsale of basic medicines and selected health commodities to their community. This \nsets BRAG apart from other health programmes that rely on either entirely salaried or \nvolunteer cadres of community health workers (GHW) and raises important questions \nabout the financial and programmatic sustainability and replicability of BRAG's \napproach. \nGHWs like the SSs play a crucial role in terms of human resources for health in \nBangladesh and other countries. The 2007 Bangladesh Health Watch reports a \nshortage of 800,000 health workers in Bangladesh. Relying on formal institutions to \ntrain health workers requires significant time and financial investment, therefore, the \nSSs can be a critical and cost-effective input into the provision of essential health \nservices in Bangladesh. BRAG was among the first organization to set up a \ncommunity health volunteer (GHV) programme in Bangladesh in the 1970s. Its \noriginal GHV programme recruited and trained male paramedics to treat minor illness \nfor which they received a small fee for referrals. Lessons from BRAG's early GHV \nexperience included issues related to remuneration, supervision and accountability. \nBRAG addressed these issues by recruiting and training cadres of female health \nvolunteers. Since then, BRAG has adapted and revised the programme in response \nto programmatic and community needs and has effectively scaled up the \nprogramme from 1,080 SSs in 1990 to 80,000 SSs operating in 64 districts in \nBangladesh today. The SSs are an impressive force in terms of their numbers, \ngeographic coverage, and quick mobilization. The 80,000 SSs provide home visits to \n18 million households every month (BRAG 2009). \nThe BRAG Health Programme operating model clearly relies on the successful \nrecruitment. training, and retention of female GHVs. The rationale for BRAG's \napproach is that community-based financial incentives of a volunteer community \nhealth workforce can achieve wide programme coverage and respond to community \nessential healthcare needs while providing income opportunities to its female \nvolunteers.
Comparative studies on human placental insulin and basic somatomedin receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The disuccinimidy! suberate, affinity‐labeling procedure, and proteolytic mapping techniques have been employed to characterize further the human placental receptors for insulin and basic somatomedin. Electrophoretic analysis of the basic somatomedin receptor, selectively crosslinked to 125 I basic somatomedin in the presence of excess native insulin revealed, under reducing conditions, major labeled constituents of 270‐280 and 125‐140 kd, substantiating our previous work employing a photoaffinity labeling reagent. Affinity labeling also demonstrated the presence of less intensely labeled components with apparent molecular weights of 40 and 45 kd but failed to reveal a distinct 90‐ to 100‐kd species observed in parallel experiments with insulin. In the absence of β‐mercaptoethanol, all components specifically labeled with 125 I basic somatomedin migrated in the 300‐ to 400‐kd range. In comparison, selective affinity labeling of the insulin receptor in the presence of excess native basic somatomedin revealed components, upon electrophoresis under reducing conditions, with apparent molecular weights of 270‐280, 125‐140, 90‐100, and 40 kd. The major insulin‐labeled component (125‐140 kd) comigrated with the major constituent (125‐140 kd) selectively labeled with basic somatomedin. When digestion was performed prior to solubilization, chymotryptic and tryptic proteolysis of the membrane‐localized selectively labeled insulin, and basic somatomedin receptors yielded quite similar gel electrophoretic maps. However, when digestion was done subsequent to solubilization, chymotryptic and tryptic proteolysis of selectively labeled insulin and basic somatomedin receptors solubilized in SDS yielded similar but not identical gel electrophoretic maps. We conclude that the receptors for basic somatomedin and insulin are highly homologous structures with respect to their disulfide crosslinked composition, and with respect to the size of the major components detected by selective affinity‐labeling procedures. Nevertheless, the detection of electrophoretically distinct labeled receptor components upon analysis of specifically labeled intact or proteolytically digested receptors points to subtle differences between the polypeptide compositions of the two receptors.
Experiencing authenticity: Sociability and the double lives of middle-class migrant youth in Beijing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Youth spaces, public spaces established by urban youth to facilitate conversations and spiritual exchanges, have proliferated in China since 2012. Through participatory observation in one such youth space, Youth Space A, and in-depth interviews with 20 participants, this article examines the double lives experienced by middle-class migrant youths in Beijing under the conditions of institutionalized individualization. It argues that the highly competitive institutional environment of contemporary China, with the labor market as its core, has systematically pressured migrant youths into a utilitarian institutionalized life model. Under these circumstances, young migrants, on the one hand, are acting as “striving individuals” in order to adapt to these conditions; on the other hand, they are deeply suspicious and despondent, struggling with the paradox of institutional dependency and the need for autonomy. Constructing social interactions in youth spaces has become their way of exploring their “authentic selves”. In Youth Space A, migrant youths build transient “pure relationships” between strangers and participate in public life through noncompetitive relations and highly spiritual conversations. In so doing, they constitute an “authentic self” that enables them to reveal their true inner selves and resist social constraints. However, sociability in the youth space is built upon the premise of “anti-daily life” that precludes its integration into everyday action, and thus is incapable of changing the established structure of daily life. In fact, to a certain degree, it is confined by the logic of institutionalized life, such as utility and instrumentality, thus reducing migrant youths’ authenticity to a tangled, fragile, and place-specific experience. This study reflects on the utilitarian paradigm of the “striving individual” in the discussion of the individualization process in Chinese society, and among Chinese youths in particular. It furthers understanding of the dual connotations of institutionalized individualization. In addition, by analyzing the relationship between public life and the authentic self, it sheds light on the issue of the dilemma of publicness in the process of individualization, and its specifically Chinese manifestations.
Cystic lymphangioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lymphangiomas are the malformations emerging from the insufficiency of the Iymphatic system They are classified into three types capillary, cavernous and cystic Iymphangiomas. They are often localized in head, neck and the axilla However, they are extremely rare in the gluteal region. This report presents a rare cystic Iymphangioma case localized in the gluteal region.
Prevalence of dental caries in Taiwan Aboriginal children — Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Ami, and Yami Tribes

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract The DMF index and OHI were examined in five Taiwan Aboriginal Tribes, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Ami and Yami. The subjects were 843 children (475 boys and 368 girls) between 10 and 15 years of age. Taiwan Aboriginals used to have very little dental caries, but they now have a high dental caries prevalence. The mean number of DMF teeth was the least in the Yami (1.67–2.83) followed by the Ami (3.95–4.06) and Bunun (3.52–4.60) Tribes. It was fairly high in the Paiwan (4.44–8.00) and Rukai (5.44–8.11) Tribes. Quite high Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) values were observed in these tribes. These findings suggest that the rapid increase in dental caries in Taiwan Aboriginals seen in the late 1970s reflects the changes in the traditional dietary habits in the 1970s.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GAMES IN TEACHING VOCABULARY TO ADULT LEARNERS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Vocabulary is essential for building knowledge of a new language. It provides basis for learning structures and grammar. Without vocabulary it is not possible neither to communicate nor improve in language. Well acquired vocabulary ensures a good start to a successful learning process culminating in good knowledge of language and ability to use it well in real life. As a consequent, the article presents the investigation of teaching vocabulary to adult learners by using games. The result of the research shows that the use of games in teaching vocabulary are both suitable and interesting for adult learners.
Strongyloidiasis in an Institution for Mentally Retarded Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A serologic and epidemiologic survey was undertaken to explain the high incidence of eosinophilia (14.1%) in nine of 64 residents of a facility for mentally retarded adults in Pennsylvania. Seven residents had antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis as determined by an IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system (10.9%) and five (71.4%) of this subset had persistent eosinophilia, suggesting a strong association. Sex, race, age, ward, degree of retardation, and medication were not associated with eosinophilia. Stool examination revealed S stercoralis larvae in two residents with S stercoralis antibodies and eosinophilia. Follow-up studies after thiabendazole treatment of the residents with S stercoralis antibodies showed resolution of eosinophilia and disappearance of S stercoralis antibodies in most. Eosinophilia in an adult institutional setting may be associated with strongyloidiasis, even in a nonendemic area. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to S stercoralis may be useful in diagnosing or monitoring therapy of strongyloidiasis.
A novel hybrid analysis approach for subharmonic self-oscillating mixers combining volterra series and conversion matrix methods

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a novel analysis method for subharmonic self-oscillating mixers (SOMs) is presented. It suggests a hybrid approach that effectively combines a Volterra series analysis describing the oscillating steady-state condition and a conversion matrix method analysing the higher-order mixing phenomena. The proposed scheme eliminates the limitation of increasingly complex analytical description for high orders and is therefore an excellent choice for high-order subharmonic SOMs. This method is applied to a balanced subharmonic SOM circuit and yields an excellent performance prediction.
Group Theory of Harmonic Oscillators in n-Dimensional Space

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is shown how the states of N particles which move in a common n-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential can be classified according to the irreducible representations of the unitary groups UN or Un. The complete set of Nn independent integrals of the motion is obtained, their simultaneous eigenvectors being generalized Gel'fand basis vectors which can be enumerated either as bases for irreducible representations of UN or Un. Explicit formulas are given for the linear transformations induced on the basis vectors by the infinitesimal operators of UN and Un. The relation of the present work for n = 3 to that of Bargmann and Moshinsky is noted.
FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STUDENT EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The scientific article consistently examines the factors and conditions for the effectiveness of a student’s educational activities. The article also substantiates the different approaches of different scientists to the effectiveness of training activities. The scientific article notes that the effectiveness of educational activities at various stages of education depends on a number of factors: for example, the economic and social development of the state, society’s requirements for the educational results of citizens, interest in education, incentives.
Creating modernity's others in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England: antiquarian and philological inflections

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Francis Bacon has a secure place in the pantheon consecrated by intellectual historians to the makers of modernity. As we have discussed in Chapter 2, Bacon's bold heralding of the charter for his Natural Philosophy insistently proclaims the need for a decisive break with the past if the quest for genuine knowledge is to be placed on its proper course. An essential part of Bacon's scientific program, we recall, is the necessity of direct experience and the exercise of individual reason in the pursuit of true knowledge, and the concomitant distrust of traditional authority, mediated by texts and testimonies: "First, then, away with antiquities, and citation or testimonies of authors, and also with disputes and controversies and differing opinions – everything, in short, which is philological" (Bacon 1968 [1857–74] IV: 254). By oft-cited pronouncements such as these, Bacon created – or portrayed himself as creating – the kind of gap between the past and the present that is constitutive of the advent of modernity, in this instance between a supernaturalist worldview resting on traditional authority and a naturalist worldview resting upon the exercise of reason.
Off-Grid Underwater Acoustic Source Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Method Based on Iterative Empirical Mode Decomposition Interval Threshold

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To solve the problem that the hydrophone arrays are disturbed by ocean noise when collecting signals in shallow seas, resulting in reduced accuracy and resolution of target orientation estimation, a direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm based on iterative EMD interval thresholding (EMD-IIT) and off-grid sparse Bayesian learning is proposed. Firstly, the noisy signal acquired by the hydrophone array is denoised by the EMD-IIT algorithm. Secondly, the singular value decomposition is performed on the denoised signal, and then an off-grid sparse reconstruction model is established. Finally, the maximum a posteriori probability of the target signal is obtained by the Bayesian learning algorithm, and the DOA estimate of the target is derived to achieve the orientation estimation of the target. Simulation analysis and sea trial data results show that the algorithm achieves a resolution probability of 100% at an azimuthal separation of 8° between adjacent signal sources. At a low signal-to-noise ratio of −9 dB, the resolution probability reaches 100%. Compared with the conventional MUSIC-like and OGSBI-SVD algorithms, this algorithm can effectively eliminate noise interference and provides better performance in terms of localization accuracy, algorithm runtime, and algorithm robustness.
Patterns for normal colon mucosa and colon adenocarcinoma compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract A two-dimensional gel "map" of the proteins in normal cells and transformed cells may well help establish the presence of putative tumor-specific protein antigens, which can be isolated and used as antigens. We so examined normal colon mucosa and colon adenocarcinoma, using a sensitive silver stain. Samples were promptly prepared after excision by rapidly trimming the tissue to a small, grossly homogeneous piece, which was frozen on solid CO2. Frozen histological sections and permanent mounts were also prepared for several areas, to document the cellular constitution and to grade the carcinoma. Sample preparation for electrophoresis is described. The DNA was pelleted by centrifugation (108 000 x g x 1.5 h). Little or no pellet was observed, indicating complete solubilization. Many of the tumors contained proteases, liberated during sample preparation, so protease inhibitors were included. A highly reproducible pattern was observed for normal mucosa. Comparison of the gels from paired samples with histological data allows many of the spots to be tentatively assigned to the different cell types present in the mucosa (epithelium, connective tissue, or muscularis mucosa) and, in most tumors analyzed, detection of a series of spots that are not detectable in the pattern for normal tissue. These apparently tumor-associated proteins may be of epithelial cell or stromal origin.
Universal Coherence of Elements in River‐Fed Earth‐Human Systems

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Elements are the indelible imprint left by the Earth on rivers and life entities. Here, we unveil the evident inheritance of persistent elements, from the Earth's upper continental crust, through the Yellow River, to the associated life entities along a 5,200 km continuum of the Mother River of the Chinese nation. In particular, we confirm the coherence of “metal community” composed of more than 60 detected metallic elements throughout water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment in the river, and further extend such elemental correlations to fish species and even the tissues in human body. Our study also reveals an interesting fact that media‐specific metal abundance occurs in a persistent inverse order with metal toxicity, and microbial cells in the river tend to establish their own self‐defense systems against toxic metals through hosting higher‐level resistance genes. These findings not only stress the human needs for integrated trace element provision, but also highlight the fundamental importance of elemental coherence in the river‐coordinated Earth‐life systems for establishing drinking water and dietary standards that benefit ecological and human health.
On Meta-Functional Characteristics of Movie Posters for Multilingual Films: A Multimodal Contrastive Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper, based on Systemic Functional Grammar and Visual Grammar, conducts a comparative analysis of multimodal textual meta-functions of movie posters from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis. Corpus analyzed consists of 60 pieces of comedy movie posters released in Chinese film market, which are classified into Chinese, German and Indian movie posters according to where a movie was originally shot. This study aims to thoroughly explore the similarities and differences with regard to the way how semiotic resources of different modalities in comedy movie posters are combined with one another to represent meta-functional meanings both qualitatively and quantitatively. Through comparative studies, it is found that movie posters highlight notable variations among different cultural contexts as well as some similarities. Different characteristics and preferences with regard to the use of multimodal resources to represent the three meta-functions are revealed. For example, while Indian movie posters commonly feature demanding visual acts, Chinese and German movie posters tend to showcase offering visual acts. This paper is helpful in stimulating a further multimodal expression in designing Chinese movie posters so as not only to improve the visual effects of movie posters, but also to create limitless imagination of a movie to arouse the audiences' strong curiosity and interest.