jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
16 Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via delivery of temporally interfering electric fields

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Nir is a Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at Imperial College London and a founding fellow of the UK Dementia Research Institute (UK-DRI). The long-term goal of his research is to develop neuromodulatory interventions for neurodegenerative diseases by direct modulation of the underlying aberrant network activity. Nir received a BSc in Physics from the Israeli Institute of Technology (Technion), an MSc in Electromagnetic Engineering from the Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, and a PhD in Neuroscience from Imperial College London. He then completed a postdoc training, as a Wellcome Trust Fellow, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University. Nir was recently awarded the prestige prize for Neuromodulation from the Science magazine for describing how temporal interfering of kHz electric fields can non-invasively stimulate focal neural structures deep in the brain. Electrical brain stimulation is a key technique in research and clinical neuroscience studies, and also is in increasingly widespread use from a therapeutic standpoint. However, to date all methods of electrical stimulation of the brain either require surgery to implant an electrode at a defined site, or involve the application of non-focal electric fields to large fractions of the brain. We report a noninvasive strategy for electrically stimulating neurons at depth. By delivering to the brain multiple electric fields at frequencies too high to recruit neural firing, but which differ by a frequency within the dynamic range of neural firing, we can electrically stimulate neurons throughout a region where interference between the multiple fields results in a prominent electric field envelope modulated at the difference frequency. We validated this temporal interference (TI) concept via modeling and physics experiments, and verified that neurons in the living mouse brain could follow the electric field envelope. We demonstrate the utility of TI stimulation by stimulating neurons in the hippocampus of living mice without recruiting neurons of the overlying cortex. Finally, we show that by altering the currents delivered to a set of immobile electrodes, we can steerably evoke different motor patterns in living mice.
Validation of two forecast systems to control tomato late blight in Caçador region, SC, Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The MacHardy’s system developed in New Hampshire, USA, and the Maschio &amp; Sampaio’s system developed in Colombo, PR, were compared to the traditional tomato late blight control system in Caçador, SC, Brazil. The forecast systems allowed a reduction in the use of fungicides from 30% to 54,6% with MacHardy’s model and from 20% to 40% with Maschio &amp; Sampaio’s model compared to the traditional one. The yield of bothcultivars Carmem and Santa Clara did not differ among the three systems. The severity of the disease in the firstharvest was significantly higher for cultivar Santa Clara with traditional control, but there was no difference in the severity among forecasting models. In the second harvest there was no difference in the severity among the treatments. The forecast models allowed to delay the first spray from two to four weeks, when compared to the traditional system.
Image formation theory of high-resolution electron microscope.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The theory of image formation by a high-resolution electron microscope is reviewed based on the wave-optics. The image formation in an electron microscope is characterized by strong interaction of electrons as well as a large spherical aberration of an objective lens. Thus the interference between scattered waves at recording an image becomes important. Ananalvtical expression of the transmission-cross-coefficient is derived, which describes the degree of coherence between each two scattered waves due to the aberrations. The transmission-cross-coefficients control the information transfer through the electron microscope, and thus limit the attainable resolution of the microscope. The characteristics of high-resolution electron microscopy will be made clear by comparison with optical microscopy.
Effectiveness of Coffee Plant Extracts and Green Nanoparticles for Mosquito Control of the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti: A Comprehensive Review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This comprehensive review examines the efficacy and environmental impact of coffee plant extracts and green nanoparticles as biocontrol agents for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes pose a significant public health threat by transmitting diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, and yellow fever. However, the use of insecticides for mosquito control raises concerns about the development of resistance and environmental and human health impacts. As an alternative, biocontrol strategies that utilize natural predators, parasites, and pathogens have gained attention. Coffee plant extracts have shown larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent properties against mosquitoes, whereas green nanoparticles, particularly copper and silver nanoparticles, exhibit insecticidal activity. These alternatives offer advantages such as environmental friendliness, reduced resistance risks, and targeted mosquito species control while minimizing harm to non-target organisms. However, challenges exist in the mass production and distribution of biocontrol agents as well as their susceptibility to environmental factors. Ongoing research is aimed at developing more effective biocontrol agents for mosquito-borne disease prevention. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of coffee plant extracts and green nanoparticles for mosquito control, their efficacy, and the environmental considerations associated with their use. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2024;11(2):172-195
Rethinking Developmental Education Policy and Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Due to longstanding social and educational inequities across the United States, scores of students entering postsecondary education systems are identified as "underprepared" and thus required to enroll in developmental education courses. These courses are often noncredit and aim to prepare students for college-level academic work. A constant on college and university campuses, developmental education is alternately upheld and reviled by an educational system that is charged with the task of balancing opportunity with excellence, and to do so with dwindling state resources and often confounding education policies.
Effects of vitamin C on nutritional physiology and immunity in fish:a review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The data reported in the update literature on the effects of vitamin C on the nutritional physiology and immunity of fish are compiled and discussed.The vitamin C requirements of fishes usually vary to some degrees by species,size,environmental factors and the chemical or physical status of vitamin C.Three evaluation indices(growth,tissue concentration and immunity parameters)are often used to estimate the vitamin C requiement of fish.The vitamin C requirements based on constant tissue concentration of vitamin C are generally higher than those on growth performance.Furthermore,vitamin C requirements based on immunity parameters are much higher than those on contant tissue concentration and growth performance.Usually,high level of dietary vitamin C can increase the resistance to stresses and diseases in fish although there are some study results showing no beneficial effect on the non-specific immunity of fish.The research fields in future are also presented in this review.
Full Length Research Paper Path to African security under the 21 st century nuclear regime

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Historically, it is most unfortunate that not long after Africa extricated itself from the hellish pangs of colonialism spurned around her by the contradictions of industrial Revolution of the 19 th century, the continent and the entire humanity for over 40 years have contended with global insecurity occasioned by the recent Cold War between the United States and the then Soviet Union. As the Cold War lasted, and arguably till today, African security also remained under threat, thanks to a resurgence of neocolonialism across the world. Today mankind has arrived the nuclear age and the bubble is about to burst. Today, not only the super powers but also the once pitied countries in the Third World countries in Asia and Latin America now engage one another in an unspeakable cut-throat competition in arms acquisition including the most lethal nuclear war-heads. The point is that this development posed very grave threat to the security of life to the entire mankind in general but also to that of Africa. In particular in this paper the author analyzed aspects of African security and constructed a new path to African security under the current nuclear regime.
Comparison of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion focused therapy on quality of life among female adolescents with high-risk behaviors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction: Many factors, such as the lack of necessary skills, contribute to the emergence of high-risk behaviors in students. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on the quality of life among adolescents with high-risk behaviors. Materials & Methods: The present extended experimental study was conducted on 45 female students studying humanities at the 10th grade of high school in the academic year of 2016-2017 using a pretest-posttest control group design.The study population was selected by single-stage cluster sampling technique, and then randomly assigned into three groups of ACT (n=15), CFT (n=15), and control (n=15). The two intervention groups were subjected to eight 90-minute interventional sessions. Data collection tools included the Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire and Quality of Life Questionnaire SF-36. The three groups filled out the research instruments before the implementation of the intervention and after the end of the eight interventional sessions in forms of pretest and posttest, respectively. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16) using multivariate analysis of covariance, independent t-test, and modified Bonferroni test. Results: The results indicated that both treatments were equally effective in the quality of life (P less-than 0.01). The ACT group had the mean life of quality of 33.87 and 52.3 before and after the implementation of ACT, respectively. Furthermore, regarding the CFT group, the mean quality of life was obtained as 33.5 and 44.56 prior to and following the CFT intervention, respectively. However, no significant increase was observed in the control group in terms of this variable. The results also indicted the higher efficacy of ACT and CFT in the mental and physical health dimensions of the quality of life as compared to the control group (P less-than 0.01). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, the combined application of ACT and CFT can have a significant impact on the quality of life among the female adolescents with high-risk behaviors and improve their well-being.
On $\\lambda$-fold coverings with maximum block size four for $\\lambda = 3, 4$ and 5

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The minimum number of blocks having maximum size precisely four that are required to cover, exactly $\\lambda$ times, all pairs of elements from a set of cardinality $v$ is denoted by $g_{\\lambda}^{(4)}(v)$. We present a complete solution to this problem for $\\lambda=3,4$ and 5.
SU-E-T-278: Risk of Developing a Second Cancer in the Breast for Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Receiving Carbon Ion Therapy Versus Proton Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Although radiation therapy is frequently used to cure Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), young patients treated with radiation have an increased risk to develop secondary malignant neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using carbon ion therapy instead of proton therapy would show a difference in the predicted risk of radiation‐induced second cancers in the breast for female HL patients. Methods: We retrospectively selected 6 female HL patients who were previously treated with proton therapy and limited our study to patients with supradiaphragmatic disease. We designed scanned proton and scanned carbon ion treatment plans to deliver 36 Gy (RBE) to the HL target using a single anterior‐posterior beam for each patient. We calculated relative predicted risks of second cancer in the breast using a linear‐no‐threshold tumor induction model and a linear‐quadratic breast cell inactivation model, and we explicitly modeled RBE values for both of these competing processes. Results: For all patients, we found that the predicted risk for second cancer incidence in the breast was slightly lower using carbon ions instead of protons. For individual patients, we observed large variations in predicted risk given the plausible range of RBE for cancer induction for protons and carbon ions. Conclusion: Our findings are indicative that a higher or lower risk of second cancer in the breast might be expected for some patients using carbon therapy instead of proton therapy, depending on RBE for tumor induction, which implicitly depends on the α/β ratio of breast tissue, as well as on the physical dose distribution. UT MD Anderson Rosalie B. Hite Fellowship. © 2013, American Association of Physicists in Medicine. All rights reserved.
A COMPARATIVE ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF LEIOMYOSARCOMA AND LEIOMYOMA OF THE DUODENUM

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Comparison of ultrastructural features between leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma of the duodenum was made. There was no absolute difference between the two, but the following ultrastructural features of leiomyosarcoma were different from leiomyoma: (1) occasional conglomerations of mitochondria surrounded by granular endoplasmic reticulum; (2) quite rare presence of single cilia; (3) frequent occurrence of intranuclear inclusion bodies; (4) variability in nuclear size and shape; and (5) wide interstitial space with scanty collagen fibrils. Although both tumors were considered to be of smooth muscle origin, their ultrastructural features were distinctively different from the normal smooth muscle in some points. In addition to the light microscopic findings, ultrastructural features were considered to be valuable for distinguishing the malignant from the benign smooth muscle tumors in the gastrointestinal tract.
Natively Unfolded Human Prothymosin α Adopts Partially Folded Collapsed Conformation at Acidic pH

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Prothymosin alpha has previously been shown to be unfolded at neutral pH, thus belonging to a growing family of "natively unfolded" proteins. The structural properties and conformational stability of recombinant human prothymosin alpha were characterized at neutral and acidic pH by gel filtration, SAXS, circular dichroism, ANS fluorescence, (1)H NMR, and resistance to urea-induced unfolding. Interestingly, prothymosin alpha underwent a cooperative transition from the unfolded state into a partially folded conformation on lowering the pH. This conformation of prothymosin alpha is a compact denatured state, with structural properties different from those of the molten globule. The formation of alpha-helical structure by the glutamic acid-rich elements of the protein accompanied by the partial hydrophobic collapse is expected at lower pH due to the neutralization of the negatively charged residues. It is possible that such conformational changes may be associated with the protein function.
Analysis on the Removal Efficiency of Eutrophic Materials in Shifosi Constructed Wetland

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We took the Shifosi constructed wetland as research site and examined the removal efficiency of eutrophic materials in this constructed wetland in Liao River by long-term monitoring of wetland water body eutrophic indexes.The result showed that the eutrophication condition of the water of the reservoir outlet was much better than that before the construction of the wetland since the construction of Shifoshi constructed wetland in 2009.Therein,the DO content increased obviously while the contents of organism CODMn,BOD5 and nutrients(NH3-N,TN and TP)decreased significantly.Liao River flows through the wetland and the change rate of DO content of the water body at some stages appeared negative but the DO content of the wetland outlets reached above 7.0 mg/L.Wetland has good removal efficiency of organism and nutrients,and the removal efficiency of flood season is better than that of non-flood season with the removal rate reaching positive value during the period from 2009 to 2011.The maximum removal rates of wetland on organism CODMn,and BOD5 reached up to 48.3% and 65.8%,respectively,and maximum removal rates of nutrients such as NH3-N,TN and TP reached up to 78.1%,88.2% and 72.0%,respectively.The removal rates at some stages appeared negative in 2012 and 2013,which indicated that the decomposition of dead plants could lead to the secondary release of eutrophic matter with the extension of the runtime of wetland.
Huntington's chorea in Norway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Synopsis By means of a National Case Register of patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Norway it was possible to study the case-histories of the 199 patients admitted from 1916 to 1975 with a diagnosis of Huntington's chorea. Ascertainment is likely to have been most complete for the years 1930–50, when the prevalence rates ranged between 6 and 7 per 100000 population. The social adjustment of the patients was found to be more favourable than expected up to the onset of serious psychiatric and neurological symptoms. The marriage rate and the rate of reproduction were not lowered. Occupational distribution and the pattern of migration were normal. Depression and suicide were remarkably rare. The age of onset among single patients was nearly 10 years lower than among the married, and more than 13 years lower on admission to hospital, indicating selection for marriage. With a marriage rate of about 70% and the late manifestation of the disease, predictive tests without prospects of treatment are apt to increase significantly the burden on the carriers.
Synthesis of tachrosin, (±)-stachyoidin, and (±)-tephrodin, prenylflavonoids of novel type from Tephrosia polystachyoides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Tachrosin [8-(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4-furyl)-5,7-dimethoxyflavone](1) has been synthesized by oxidative rearrangement of a 1-aryl-4-hydroxypent-1-en-3-one with thallium(III) nitrate followed by cyclisation to a 4-aryl-2,2-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one as the key step. A multi-stage transformation of the flavone (1) gave 8-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-5-methoxy-7-methoxycarbonylmethoxyflavone (29), which afforded in one step the furo[2,3-c]pyran (30). Reduction of (30) with borohydride and reoxidation yielded (±)-stachyoidin (2), and treatment of (2) with lead tetra-acetate gave (±)-tephrodin (3). Sodium alkoxides are shown to catalyse the transacetalisation of α-aryl-α-aroylacetaldehyde acetals.
Fast computation of persistent homology representatives with involuted persistent homology

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Persistent homology is typically computed through persistent cohomology. While this generally improves the running time significantly, it does not facilitate extraction of homology representatives. The mentioned representatives are geometric manifestations of the corresponding holes and often carry desirable information. We propose a new method of extraction of persistent homology representatives using cohomology. In a nutshell, we first compute persistent cohomology and use the obtained information to significantly improve the running time of the direct persistent homology computations. This algorithm applied to Rips filtrations generally computes persistent homology representatives much faster than the standard methods.
Wood-Derived Dietary Fibers Promote Beneficial Human Gut Microbiota

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The architecture of the gut bacterial ecosystem has a profound effect on the physiology and well-being of the host. Modulation of the gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment via administration of prebiotics represents a valuable strategy to promote host health. This work provides insights into the ability of two novel wood-derived preparations, AcGGM and AcAGX, to influence human gut microbiota composition and activity. These compounds were selectively fermented by commensal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium , Bacteroides - Prevotella , F. prausnitzii , and clostridial cluster IX spp. This promoted the microbial synthesis of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are beneﬁcial to the microbial ecosystem and host colonic epithelial cells. Thus, our results demonstrate potential prebiotic properties for both AcGGM and AcAGX from lignocellulosic feedstocks. These findings represent pivotal requirements for rationally designing intervention strategies based on the dietary supplementation of AcGGM and AcAGX to improve or restore gut health.
Effect of Fertilization and Low Quality Feed on Water Quality Dynamics and Growth Performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This investigation was conducted to know the effect of low, medium and high doses of either chemical or organic fertilizers along with supplementary feeding on water quality in rearing tanks and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in organic fertilizer treatments (10.03-10.71 mg/L) were lower than those of chemical fertilizer treatments (10.23-12.38 mg/L). Carbonate alkalinities were higher in the organic fertilizer treatments (42-53.8 mg/L) than those of the chemical fertilizer treatments (31.9-51.2 mg/L). This reflected a higher photosynthetic activities and increased algae production in the organic fertilizer treatments. Total Phosphorus concentrations had intermediate values in all treatments (0.214- 0.276 mg - P/L) except for that of the high organic fertilizer treatment (0.513 mg - P/L) which was significantly higher compared to all treatments (P < 0.05).Soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were similar among all treatments (0.061 - 0.093 mg- p/L) except for that of the high organic fertilizer treatment which had significantly higher orthophosphate concentration (0.256 mg-P/L) (P<0.05). In the water quality experiment, growth rates of Nile tilapia were higher in organic fertilizer treatments (0.54-.62 gm/fish/day) compared to those of the chemical fertilizer treatments (0.47-0.51 gm/fish/day). In the fish production experiment, growth rate in terms of daily weight gain, was generally higher in Nile tilapia raised in the medium organic fertilizer treatment (0.92 gm/fish/day), followed by those of the medium chemical fertilizer and control treatments(0.83 and 0.82 gm/fish/day, respectively). The lowest daily weight gains were observed in the high chemical and high organic fertilizer treatments (0.46 and 0.58 gm/fish/day, respectively). (M.A. Elnady, A.I. Alkobaby, M.A. Salem, M. Abdel-Salam and B.M. Asran. Effect of Fertilization and Low Quality Feed on Water Quality Dynamics and Growth Performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of American Science 2010;6(10):1044-1054). (ISSN: 1545-1003).