jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Local Governments and Fınancıal Structure of Local Governments in Azerbaıjan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Thecountries affiliated to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) haveundergone financial transformation following the disintegration and separationof the Soviet Union. The aim of this study is to show how managerial andeconomic transformation manifests within the framework of public finance andlocal governments. In this study, which will examine the example of Azerbaijan,which is one of the countries separated from the USSR, the local taxes will beevaluated with the focus of local governments on local taxes, which include thefinancing of local services. After the USSR period, many administrative andeconomic reforms were realized in Azerbaijan. Relations with Europe have beenincreased while moving away from the Eastern Bloc understanding. During thisperiod, local governments and the financial structure of local governments wereregulated by legal norms. Azerbaijan&#039;s adoption of the European Charter of LocalSelf-Government was decisive in the reforms that took place. Local governmentunits in the country consist of municipalities, local district governorshipsand autonomous units. Since the country&#039;s economy is a transition economy, theincrease in public expenditures is considered natural. In the country&#039;s taxsystem, there are taxes specific to local governments. The local budget iscalculated separately from the central budget and there is also financialtransfer from the center to the local. Local income is divided into local taxesand payments. In order to increase the efficiency of local governments,regulations are being made to strengthen the financial structure of localgovernments and further regulation is needed. Regulations that are considered toimprove local revenues need to continue with consistent progress and to reducethe rate of transfer revenues without reducing the level of local services.This will alleviate the distribution burden of the central budget whileimproving the local financial structure.
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with Iterative Sparse Extended Information Filter for Autonomous Vehicles

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a novel iterative sparse extended information filter (ISEIF) was proposed to solve the simultaneous localization and mapping problem (SLAM), which is very crucial for autonomous vehicles. The proposed algorithm solves the measurement update equations with iterative methods adaptively to reduce linearization errors. With the scalability advantage being kept, the consistency and accuracy of SEIF is improved. Simulations and practical experiments were carried out with both a land car benchmark and an autonomous underwater vehicle. Comparisons between iterative SEIF (ISEIF), standard EKF and SEIF are presented. All of the results convincingly show that ISEIF yields more consistent and accurate estimates compared to SEIF and preserves the scalability advantage over EKF, as well.
Towards an integrated multi-channel fully digital acquisition system for imaging applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this contribution, we present the experimental \nproof of concept of a fully integrated digital architecture that \ndirectly interfaces to detection units and returns data ready for the synthesis of the images. The proposed system is fed by the output of each detector preamplifier and correspondingly calculates energy and occurrence time of events. The convenience of such a choice is self-evident, starting from re-configurabiIity, linearity, low-noise, resolution to finish with hardware and firmware topologies that also allow the system to operate with optimal EMI performance.
A simple approach to distributed observer design for linear systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This note investigates the distributed estimation problem for continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems observed by a network of observers. Each observer in the network has access to only part of the output of the observed system, and communicates with its neighbors according to a given network graph. In this note we recover the known result that if the observed system is observable and the network graph is a strongly connected digraph, then a distributed observer exists. Moreover, the estimation error can be made to converge to zero at any a priori given decay rate. Our approach leads to a relatively straightforward proof of this result, using the mirror of the balanced graph associated with the original network graph. The numerical design of our distributed observer is reduced to solving linear matrix inequalities (LMI's). Each observer in the network has state dimension equal to that of the observed plant.
Robotics in Early Childhood Development

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: This article presents the robotics technology and the benefits on early childhooddevelopment. Robotics technology can help children to think creatively and systematically,learn to work together, problem solving and improve fine motor skills. The use of robotics inearly childhood development is also very suitable to constructivism theory which states thatlearning is to build knowledge of the self. The robot that used is Huna robotic education kitthat is suitable for children because it can be assembled into a variety of shapes and aremade of materials that are safe for children. This article also describes the steps inintroducing robotics technology to early childhood.Keywords: robotics, early childhood development, educational robotics kit
Effects of Progestogen Treatment and Season on Superovulatory Responses of Ewes and Developmental Capacity of Early Embryos Recovered.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of season (autumn or spring), device type (MAP sponge or CIDR device) and the number of devices (one or two) were evaluated by the superovulatory responses of ewes in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Plasma progesterone (P4) and estradio1-17β (E2) were measured to evalu-ate the characteristics of the different progestogen treatments and seasons. The embryos (1 to 8 cell stage) recovered from superovulated ewes in both seasons were cultured to examine their developmental capacity.The mean ovulation rate of ewes treated during spring was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of ewes treated during autumn (8.4 and 14.7, respectively), but there were no significant differences in the number of recovered ova and normal embryos between autumn and spring. Replacing the CIDR device on Day 9 of the 12-day insertion period maintained the P4 concentra-tions during gonadotropin treatment but did not improve ovulation rate, number of recovered ova and normal embryos of ewes treated in both autumn and spring. Developmental capacity of the early embryos (1 to 8 cell stage) to morulae or blastocysts did not significantly differ between autumn (45.7%) and spring (34.4%). These results indicate that the type (MAP sponge or CIDR device) and the number (one or two) of the progestogen devices did not affect ovulation rate, number of recovered ova or normal embryos, and a seasonal effect was found only in the ovula-tion rate but not in the number of recovered ova, normal embryos or the subsequent developmen-tal capacity of cultured embryos.
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Chilga District, Northwestern Ethiopia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study was conducted to investigate and document medicinal plants and associated knowledge plants in Chilga district, Northwestern Ethiopia. Questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews, ranking and transect walk techniques were employed for data collection in midland and lowland agroecologies and in natural forests, riverine forests and farmlands. One hundred one medicinal plants were used to treat 52 (41 human and 8 livestock and 3 for both) ailments. Herbs (36 %) and shrubs (30%) were the most widely used plant growth forms. About 89.8 % of remedies are prepared from roots and leaves. Wealthier groups mentioned significant number of medicinal plants than poorest groups in Quavier Lomiye Kebele. Most medicinal plants (68.48 % in lowland and 76.3 % in midland agroecology) provide other types of uses in addition to medicinal value. However, these plants are threatened by agricultural expansion, fuel wood and construction and overgrazing. Thus, conservation of these plants and associated knowledge base is very essential.
Simultaneous photoacoustic detection of multiple inflammatory biomarkers using bioconjugated gold nanorods as selective targeting agents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In vitro cell experiments have been performed to detect the upregulation of ICAM-1 and E-selectin simultaneously by photoacoustics (PA). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown on gelatin-coated glass slides and stimulated with inflammatory cytokines to induce the expression of the inflammatory biomarkers ICAM-1 and E-selectin. Gold nanorods (GNR) of aspect ratio (AR) 1:3 with absorption centered at 715 nm conjugated to anti-ICAM-1 antibody and GNR of AR 1:3.5 with absorption centered at 800 nm conjugated to anti-E-Selectin were exposed to HUVECs with different stimulation conditions. A focused high frequency ultrasonic transducer (60 MHz, f/1.5) was used to scan the PA signal over the top surface of the cell containing slides. Averaged PA signal intensity from the stimulated cells was about 3 folds higher (9 dB) compared to the unstimulated cells for both ICAM-1 and E selectin. The strong binding of GNRs to the upregulated biomarker was evidenced by the fluorescence imaging. Exposure of HUVEC cells to GNR conjugated to isotype control antibodies confirms a low level non-specific binding.
Feature Extraction of the Acoustic Emission Signals of Low Carbon Steel Pitting Corrosion Based on Independent Component Analysis and Wavelet Transform

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Based on the characteristics of the acoustic emission (AE) signals from low carbon steel pitting corrosion, a new extraction method was proposed with wavelet transformation and independent component analysis. The experiment result shows that the new method can overcome the influence induced by the uncertainty of the independent source of low carbon steel pitting corrosion and good extraction result can be achieved.
Brain plasticity and multi-sensory experience in early blind humans.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

During the first years of life, the human brain undergoes repetitive modifications in its anatomical, functional, and synaptic construction to reach the complex functional organization of the adult central nervous system. This is also the case for the visual cortex that receives visual stimuli from the environment and matures during infancy and childhood. But what about this maturation when the human is affected by early (or congenital) blindness? The "neural Darwinism" theory would predict that when one sensory modality is lacking, as in congenital blindness, the target structures would be taken over by the afferent inputs from other senses that would promote and control their functional maturation (Edelman, 1993). This view receives support from both cross-modal plasticity experiments in animal models and functional imaging studies in man. On the one hand, a reorganization of sensory representations with cross-modal expansion of nonvisual modalities into normally visual brain areas has been demonstrated, using electrode recordings, in early visually deprived animals (Rauschecker, 1995). These physiological modifications might be partly related to behavioral abilities of congenitally blind cats, who are, for instance, faster in learning tactile exploration of space or sound localization than blindfolded controls (Rauschecker & Korte, 1993). On the other hand, over the last decade, functional brain imaging like positron emission tomography (PET) has provided further insight in the maturation processes in humans and helped elucidate the pathophysiological processes involved in brain plasticity in the absence of vision. In this chapter, we present some research applications of PET and rehabilitation of vision to investigate sensory substitution procedures in human blindness.
Student misbehaviour in secondary education: Greek teachers' views and attitudes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present paper examines Greek secondary education teachers' views on and attitudes towards in-classroom students' misbehaviour. Eight hundred and sixty-nine participants provided information, firstly, on the frequency and the forms of in-class misbehaviour incidents, secondly, on their beliefs about the origins of students' misbehaviour, and, thirdly, on the feelings they experience whenever they face behavioural problems in their classroom. Finally, they put forward their suggestions regarding ways of successfully addressing misbehaviour. The research showed that Greek teachers attribute misbehaviour mainly to students while they themselves, due to strict and inflexible curricula which underrate social and affective orientations of learning, are neither given specialized training on classroom management nor a free hand to establish relationships of trust and respect with their students.
Tropical Geometric Variation of Tree Shapes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We study the behavior of phylogenetic tree shapes in the tropical geometric interpretation of tree space. Tree shapes are formally referred to as tree topologies; a tree topology can also be thought of as a tree combinatorial type, which is given by the tree’s branching configuration and leaf labeling. We use the tropical line segment as a framework to define notions of variance as well as invariance of tree topologies: we provide a combinatorial search theorem that describes all tree topologies occurring along a tropical line segment, as well as a setting under which tree topologies do not change along a tropical line segment. Our study is motivated by comparison to the moduli space endowed with a geodesic metric proposed by Billera, Holmes, and Vogtmann (referred to as BHV space); we consider the tropical geometric setting as an alternative framework to BHV space for sets of phylogenetic trees. We give an algorithm to compute tropical line segments which is lower in computational complexity than the fastest method currently available for BHV geodesics and show that its trajectory behaves more subtly: while the BHV geodesic traverses the origin for vastly different tree topologies, the tropical line segment bypasses it.
Re-ranking in user-driven reputation systems with splay tree

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In e-learning environments, trust relationship plays a vital role in establishing collaborative activities among co-learners. Reputation is a fundamental source for measuring co-learners' trust. An efficient and effective way to construct trust relationship among faculties and students in e-learning environment is ranking. User-driven reputation systems are based only on the feedback or ratings provided by the users. Users with higher points obtain high rating compared to less scored users. Thus, by Zipf's law, alleged low users are pushed to the bottom of the ranking list. This condition is avoided by encouraging less likely users and preventing them from moving further down in ranking level. Low ranked users are provided with few more chances to participate actively in the e-learning environment. A splay tree is a binary search tree with self-balancing skill. The splay tree brings the recently accessed item to the top of the tree. A splay tree is used to represent user's ranks, and low ranked users are semi-splayed again in the tree thus preventing them from further drowning in the ranking list for the fixed number of times. In this paper, we presented Rank_Improvement algorithm to enhance average scored users and compared with the ranking algorithm in the existing question-answering websites.
The influence of weld geometry on plastic strain history in cyclic loading – a parametric study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The loss of material ductility in the presence of very high amplitude cyclic straining is an observed phenomenon in many extreme conditions like earthquake loadings. This phenomenon is called ultra-low cycle fatigue (ULCF) and failure is often achieved in a few number of cycles – around 5 to 10. Design to ULCF often involves the use of finite element (FE) models to assess the plastic strain history at critical points in a component. In the case of a welded joint, a number of factors contribute to its ultimate cyclic fracture strain, such as the weld and heat affected zone’s (HAZ) material characteristics, and the weld geometry, which cause a local rise in plastic strains at the weld toe. The purpose of the paper is to study the influence of the weld geometry on the plastic strain history of material points near the weld toe, through an FE parametric analysis with nonlinear kinematic hardening. The motivation behind this study stems from a set of experiments conducted on high-strength S770QL steel, whose material properties will be used in this paper. The joint that will be analyzed consists of a welded tube to plate connection. Here 3 geometric parameters will be studied: throat thickness (a – 4, 6, 8 and 10mm, on a 8 mm thick tube wall), weld angle (Θ – 30°, 45° and 60°), and weld toe radius (R – 0, 1 and 2 mm). In addition to these factors, the impact of the type of loading (L – bending, pure torsion and combined proportional bending and torsion during 5 high amplitude cycles) and mesh size (M – 1.0 and 0.5 mm) will also be addressed. As a simplification, the weld material and heat affected zone have the same mechanical properties as the base material. Stress state variables important in ULCF analyses, such as the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter, are analyzed in addition to the plastic strain history.
Effect of γ-radiation. Part X. Action of γ-radiation on oxygenated solutions ofDL-mandelic acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The non-volatile products formed by γ-irradiation of DL-mandelic acid in 0·1% oxygenated, aqueous solution have been determined quantitatively by isotope dilution analysis. The initial products of irradiation are carbon dioxide, phenylglyoxylic acid, and benzaldehyde, part of which is converted by autoxidation into benzoic acid. Phenols resulting from hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus are also observed but the principal abstractions occur in the side-chain. Mechanisms to account for these products are suggested.
Impact of Social Interaction on the Capacity of Hybrid Wireless Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we jointly consider the optimal max-L-hops routing policy and social features for the throughput capacity of a hybrid wireless network, which is different from the existing works that ignored the network traffic model. For the social feature, each node's social group is determined by a probability related to the distance from the source node. To embody the features of social behavior, we propose a traffic model within a social group. Under the max-L-hops routing policy in the hybrid wireless network, we analyze the effects of physical distance, clustering property, and a number of base station on throughput capacity. We also study the influence of different social group sizes on the throughput capacity. Our results demonstrate that: 1) the optimal L is not only related to social group size, but also the selection of destination nodes; 2) when the social contact factors α and β increase, the throughput capacity trends to be independent of the number of base station and routing parameter L. Particularly, our results show that the wireless network is scalable with the number of node, if the social contact factor is large enough; and 3) the results demonstrate that the base station and social interaction improve the throughput capacity of hybrid wireless networks.
The “Dreaded Comparison” Revisited: Animal and Black Human Rights

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter looks at the intersection between human and animal rights within the context of the French and Haitian Revolutions. As Napoleon Bonaparte reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 1802, France turned to the question of animal rights as a diversion from, but also a bridge to, the more pressing issue of human rights in the post‐1789 era. The Code Noir helps us understand to what extent slave and animal law serve a similar purpose of hiding the overall barbaric nature of the French deemed unfit for the Enlightenment.
Global Citizenship: The Handbook for Primary Teaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

1 Global Citizenship, and why it is important in school - The 'what' and the 'why' of Global Citizenship 2 Global Citizenship in the whole school - Suggestions on how to implement Global Citizenship through a whole-school approach 3 Activities to bring Global Citizenship into your school - Assembly ideas and classroom activities to explore issues of Global Citizenship across the primary curriculum 4 Global Citizenship and Literacy - Three sets of lessons for three different age groups on the themes of bullying, children's rights and Nelson Mandela 5 Global Citizenship and Geography - Pointers on teaching Geography in a way that promotes Global Citizenship 6 Resources and contacts - A selected list of children's books, resource books and contacts to help you take the issues forward
Characteristics and Production of Tantalum Powder on the amount of Diluent By Na Reduction Method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High-pure tantalum powder was fabricated through Na reduction process and has been produced by using $K_2$TaF$_{7}$, and KCI, KF for raw material and diluent, respectively. A raw material and diluent were charged at the hestalloy bomb by the weight rate of 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5 and 1:0.25 each other, investigated properties of morphology, chemical composition and yield and particle size after reduced. Ta metal has been achieved by reduction of $K_2$$TaF_{7}$ 500g with 1% sodium in excess of stoichiometric amount in the charge at a reduction temperature of $850^{\circ}C$ for 3hours. According to amount of the diluent, a formation of the powder doesn't have an effect. The diluent prevented the temperature rising caused from the heat of reaction and it maintained the speed of reducing reaction. But in the mixture ratio of raw material and diluent in the 1 : 2 and 1 : 0.25, an oxide and partially not reacted K were detected. As the amount of diluent increased, the size of tantalum powder decreased. According as raw material and the mixture ratio of diluent change from 1:0.25 to 1:2, the size is decreased from 5$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 1$\mu\textrm{m}$, and a particle size distribution which is below 325 mesh in fined powder increases from 71% to 83%. In the case of average size of Tantalum powder which is the mixture ratio (1:0.5), we would get the Ta powder with grain size about 3$\mu\textrm{m}$, which come close to the average size (2~4$\mu\textrm{m}$) of tantalum powder which is used commonly in the present is Ta powder about 3$\mu\textrm{m}$.