jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Representing Perpetrator Trauma in Ian McEwan’s The Children Act

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The concept of trauma explains a disruptive experience with belated effects that are hardly controlled or mastered. Trauma damages one’s psychology by distorting the sense of self and the perception of the world. However, the application of conventional trauma theories focuses on the pains and sufferings in the victim’s life only. It has been critiqued the reluctance to acknowledge that hurting others may cause some perpetrators to experience psychological injuries as well. Drawing on Dominick LaCapra’s concepts of historical trauma and structural trauma, acting out and working through, as well as Judith Butler’s concepts of posttraumatic symptoms, which are described as vulnerability, grief and aggression, this study inquires into the traumatic experience of the protagonist Fiona Maye in Ian McEwan’s The Children Act. It aims to investigate how she transforms from a victim to a perpetrator within the context of trauma. Specifically, it explores how Fiona’s personal traumas happened earlier in life are reactivated and drive her to take the role of a perpetrator, and to hurt Adam Henry with her coldness and aggression that facilitates Adam’s death. Besides, the study also looks at how Fiona gets psychological injuries from her perpetrations. This study concludes that the perpetrator’s aggression in this situation serves as a method of self-protection and release of her repressed trauma, but traumatizing others can never be the antidote for her plights, and she is inevitably traumatized by scheming and carrying out the villainies that hurt others.
The Southwest Pacific Area: Military Strategy and Operations, 1944–45

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On Thursday 7 October 1943 two senior officers, one Australian and one American, held meetings in their respective headquarters. Even though some 2000 kilometres of the Coral Sea separated them, they were linked by a common cause and a common role. They were both senior operations officers of their respective headquarters in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). US Brigadier-General Stephen Chamberlin was the senior operations officer for General Douglas MacArthur, the theatre Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C). The Australian Major-General Frank Berryman was the Deputy Chief of the General Staff responsible to the C-in-C General Sir Thomas Blamey, while concurrently also holding down the position of senior staff officer of New Guinea Force (NGF), the Australian Army formation fighting the Japanese in New Guinea.
Preconception counselling in women of reproductive age attending cardiology clinics in Scotland

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) recommend preconception risk stratification and counselling in all women of childbearing age. We assessed the provision of preconception counselling (PCC) among women of reproductive age attending general cardiology outpatient clinics over a 12-month period in two large health boards in Scotland. Methods and results Electronic health records were reviewed and data on patient demographics, cardiac diagnoses, medication use and the content of documented discussions regarding PCC were recorded. Women were classified according to the modified WHO (mWHO) risk stratification system. Among 1650 women with a cardiac diagnosis included (1 January 2016–31 December 2016), the mean age was 32.7±8.6 years, and 1574 (95.4%) attended a consultant-led clinic. A quarter (402, 24.4%) were prescribed at least one potentially fetotoxic cardiovascular medication. PCC was documented in 10.3% of women who were not pregnant or were unable to conceive at the time of review (159/1548). The distribution of mWHO classification, and proportion of patients within each mWHO category who received any form of PCC, was 15.0% and 6.0% in mWHO class I, 20.2% and 8.7% in mWHO class II, 22.6% and 10.6% in mWHO class II–III, 9.5% and 15.7% in mWHO class III and 3.9% and 19.7% in mWHO class IV. Conclusion PCC is documented infrequently in women of reproductive age with CVD in the general outpatient setting. Education relating to the risks of cardiac disease in pregnancy for clinicians and patients, and tools to support healthcare providers in delivering PCC, is important.
In vitro cell growth in neonates with Down's syndrome and transient myeloproliferative disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Bone marrow and peripheral blood cells from three newborns with Down's syndrome and transient myeloproliferative disorders were cultured in vitro. In the methylcellulose semiliquid system, normal colony formation with maturation and differentiation into granulocytes and monocyte-macrophages were observed in all three patients. This is different from the growth pattern usually seen in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. A maternal serum inhibitor of both normal allogeneic GM-CFU and blast cell growth was also demonstrated, but its role in pathogenesis is uncertain. Normal in vitro granulopoiesis may help to differentiate the transient myeloproliferative syndrome from congenital leukemia in newborns with Down's syndrome.
Bis(DL-valinium) pentafluoridooxidoniobate(V)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound [systematic name: (R)-1-carb­oxy-2-methyl­propan-1-aminium (S)-1-carb­oxy-2-methyl­propan-1-aminium penta­fluorido­oxido­niobate(V)], (C5H12NO2)2[NbOF5], consists of a discrete [NbOF5]2− complex anion and two protonated valinium cations. The Nb atom has a distorted octa­hedral geometry and the Nb—F bond trans to the Nb&z-dbnd;O bond is significantly longer than the other four Nb—F bonds in the polyhedron. The valinium cations are linked to the penta­fluoridooxidoniobate(V) anions via O—H⋯F, N—H⋯F and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
DETERMINANTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC SERVICE CONCEPTS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the article is to identify the concepts of the functioning of public service systems based on the generalization of the institutional environment for the transformation of the concepts of public service in the countries of the European Union. The institutional conditions for the transformation of the civil service in the EU countries are revealed. It is proved that under the new conditions there is an urgent need to identify the institutional prerequisites and factors of the transformation of the civil service in the context of European integration in order to understand the vector of movement of the civil service institute in Ukraine. On the basis of the study of the modernization experience, it has been determined that even minor changes in the structure of public authorities are accompanied by negative consequences, namely, the costs of conducting liquidation or reorganization measures. The main strategies of the modernization processes carried out are outlined. It was found that the institutional preconditions for the transformation of the civil service in the EU originate from constitutional mechanisms that are deeply rooted in the cultural, social and political values that are united around the basic provisions of democracy. It is shown that the prerogatives of functional measures emphasizing the powers of civil servants are an important institutional precondition for the transformation of the civil service. The generalization of the factors of transformation of the civil service in the context of European integration provides an understanding of the vector of the movement of the civil service in Ukraine through the creation of a common European administrative space.
Gender inequality: determinants and outcomes in Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to shed light on gender inequality in Nigeria exploring new available data. It makes a case for attention to women empowerment and likely economic outcomes. The general objective of the research work is to ascertain the direction of gender inequality and show the pattern of inequality. Also, sectoral trends are obtained by analyzing and examining income inequality in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The paper obtained data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey Wave 3, published 2017 with emphasis on the earnings that accrued to both male and female. The study employed the ordinary least square (OLS) method to show the relationship between the mean income and other parameters such as the sector of employment, marital status and education level. Theil’s entropy index was used to measure the within and between inequality that exist in the economy and across regions and sectors while adopting the overcrowding theory. Findings The result shows that gender inequality is more pronounced across the region, location and in some sectors of employment than the others. Geographical area has a higher effect on earnings disparity but is more pronounced among females. Also, the result showed that gender within inequality was high in the regions, education, location, and marital status while a higher level of education contributes to high wages for women. However, married women are more deprived. Originality/value This study has further revealed the need to bridge the gap gender inequality has caused in Nigeria, especially related to income, education and geographical location, with a focus on both opportunities and outcomes.
Landau-Forbidden Quantum Criticality in Rydberg Quantum Simulators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson theory of phase transitions precludes a continuous transition between two phases that spontaneously break distinct symmetries. However, quantum mechanical effects can intertwine the symmetries, giving rise to an exotic phenomenon called deconfined quantum criticality (DQC). In this work, we study the ground state phase diagram of a one-dimensional array of individually trapped neutral atoms interacting strongly via Rydberg states, and demonstrate through extensive numerical simulations that it hosts a variety of symmetry-breaking phases and their transitions including DQC. We show how an enlarged, emergent continuous symmetry arises at the DQCs, which can be experimentally observed in the joint distribution of two distinct order parameters, obtained within measurement snapshots in the standard computational basis. Our findings highlight quantum simulators of Rydberg atoms not only as promising platforms to experimentally realize such exotic phenomena, but also as unique ones allowing access to physical properties not obtainable in traditional experiments.
Dehalogenation\nof Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and\nPolychlorinated Biphenyls Catalyzed by a Reductive Dehalogenase in Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain MB

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\nand polychlorinated biphenyls\n(PCBs) are notorious persistent organic pollutants. However, few organohalide-respiring\nbacteria that harbor reductive dehalogenases (RDases) capable of dehalogenating\nthese pollutants have been identified. Here, we report reductive dehalogenation\nof penta-BDEs and PCBs byDehalococcoides mccartyi strain MB. The PCE-pregrown cultures of strain MB debrominated 86.6\n± 7.4% penta-BDEs to di- to tetra-BDEs within 5 days. Similarly,\nextensive dechlorination of Aroclor1260 and Aroclor1254 was observed\nin the PCE-pregrown cultures of strain MB, with the average chlorine\nper PCB decreasing from 6.40 ± 0.02 and 5.40 ± 0.03 to 5.98\n± 0.11 and 5.19 ± 0.07 within 14 days, respectively; <i>para</i>-substituents were preferentially dechlorinated from\nPCBs. Moreover, strain MB showed distinct enantioselective dechlorination\nof different chiral PCB congeners. Dehalogenation activity and cell\ngrowth were maintained during the successive transfer of cultures\nwhen amended with penta-BDEs as the sole electron acceptors but not\nwhen amended with only PCBs, suggesting metabolic and co-metabolic\ndehalogenation of these compounds, respectively. Transcriptional analysis,\nproteomic profiling, and <i>in vitro</i> activity assays\nindicated that MbrA was involved in dehalogenating PCE, PCBs, and\nPBDEs. Interestingly, resequencing of <i>mbrA</i> in strain\nMB identified three nonsynonymous mutations within the nucleotide\nsequence, although the consequences of which remain unknown. The substrate\nversatility of MbrA enabled strain MB to dechlorinate PCBs in the\npresence of either penta-BDEs or PCE, suggesting that co-metabolic\ndehalogenation initiated by multifunctional RDases may contribute\nto PCB attenuation at sites contaminated with multiple organohalide\npollutants.
Duodenal mucosa synthesis of prostaglandins in duodenal ulcer disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Synthesis of prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2 and PGF2 alpha) and thromboxane A2 was investigated in short term incubates of duodenal mucosa biopsies. Mucosa close to the ulcer site synthesised significantly less PGF2 alpha (p less than 0.001) and PGI2 (p less than 0.002) measured as its stable metabolite 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha than healthy mucosa from non-ulcer patients. In paired biopsies taken from the ulcer site and opposite the ulcer in the same patient PGF2 alpha and PGI2 syntheses were both significantly and similarly depressed when compared with normal mucosa. Synthesis of PGE2 and TxA2 (as its stable metabolite TxB2) was not different in any tissue. There is a defect in the ability of the human duodenal mucosa in duodenal ulcer disease to synthesise PGF2 alpha and PGI2; the defect is not limited to the ulcer site.
Local Officials as Land Developers: Urban Spatial Expansion in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We investigate conceptually and empirically the role of economic incentives in the primary land allocation in China in recent years. A theoretical analysis demonstrates how recent fiscal and governance reforms give rise to land conversion decisions and long run urban spatial sizes much like those generated by competitive land markets with private land ownership. An econometric investigation of Shanghai and the provinces surrounding it demonstrates the presence of rent gradients, often used as an indication of the presence of land markets. It thus appears that economic forces have continued to exercise dominant influence over primary land allocations in spite of recent administrative restrictions on land conversion. These rent gradients are strongest in the most economically developed portions of the study region and weakest in the least economically developed. Urban land values exceed agricultural land values by a considerable margin, suggesting that rates of urbanization will continue to be rapid. The estimated rent gradients also suggest that much of this region will eventually become completely urbanized.
Science as a private matter. To the question of the commercialization of research and development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Basing on the investigations of the organization of modern science, the authors discuss the problem of commercialization of research and development. The aim of the article is to explicate the peculiarities of the commercial science. The authors show that contrary to the wide spread conception, commercial and applied science are not identical. Basing on the activity approach, the authors develop the idea that modern trends in commercialization of the research and development involve new conception of science as a private good, which is contrary to the dominating understanding of science as an activity directed to common good. The authors point out at the change in academic values forming under the influence of the principles peculiar to business. The first part of the article analyses the work of the contract research organizations and professional publication agencies and explicate the change of the structure of research activity within commercial science. The authors point out that the private interests directed at market efficiency of corporations is hidden behind the ideology of the new institutions (contract research organizations and publication agencies). The article notes that the borrowing of the given models of the organization of science in academic reforms in developing countries should be approached with care, taking into consideration the fact of their contrariness and imperfection.
Data from Dual Disruption of DNA Repair and Telomere Maintenance for the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) and the Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 (MRN) complex are key regulators of DNA repair, and have been recently shown to independently regulate telomere length. Sensitivity of cancers to PARPi is largely dependent on the BRCAness of the cells. Unfortunately, the vast majority of cancers are BRCA-proficient. In this study, therefore, we investigated whether a targeted molecular “hit” on the MRN complex, which is upstream of BRCA, can effectively sensitize BRCA-proficient head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to PARP inhibitor (PARPi).</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> Human HNSCC cell lines and a mouse model with HNSCC xenografts were used in this study. <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies were conducted to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of dual molecular disruption of PARP and the MRN complex, using a pharmacologic inhibitor and a dominant-negative Nbs1 expression vector, respectively.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Our findings demonstrate that downregulation of the MRN complex disrupts homologous recombination, and, when combined with PARPi, leads to accumulation of lethal DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, we show that PARPi and MRN complex disruption induces significantly shortening telomere length. Together, our results demonstrate that dual disruption of these pathways causes significant cell death in BRCA-proficient tumor cells both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Our study, for the first time, elucidates a novel mechanism for MRN complex and PARP inhibition beyond DNA repair, demonstrating the feasibility of a dual disruption approach that extends the utility of PARPi to the treatment of BRCA-proficient cancers. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6465–78. ©2014 AACR</i>.</p></div>
A Lightweight Multilayer Dissipative Material with High Acoustic Performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A multilayer acoustic treatment constructed of fibrous acoustic absorption material combined with dissipative acoustic material achieves a low profile and is lightweight and multi-functional, with properties that are desirable for NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) treatments. The dissipative material consists of microfibers and acoustically active particles; this material was introduced in the last SAE NVH conference: A Novel Dissipative Acoustic Material [1]. In this paper, the acoustic performance of the multilayer treatment was evaluated by using random incidence absorption and transmission loss measurements, as well as in-vehicle experiments. Absorption and transmission loss were additionally modeled using the transmission matrix method (TMM). In the in-vehicle test, an OEM wheelhouse liner with Trim, for an SUV, was evaluated utilizing this new multilayer 3M treatment.
Brain melatonin content and polyethism in adult workers of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana (Hym., Apidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Radioimmunoassay showed that melatonin, N ‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine, was synthesized in the brain of workers of Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, and related to the polyethism of the workers. Statistically significant differences were found in melatonin levels between workers at different ages and between workers performing different tasks. The level in foragers was higher than that in young nurses. The highest melatonin level was found in 21‐day‐old adult workers (213.15 pg per worker head) and the lowest level in 1‐day‐old adult workers (6.08 pg per worker head); and the highest level in pollen‐collecting workers (404.13 pg per worker head) and the lowest in nurse workers (13.10 pg per worker head). Apis cerana cerana Fabricius showed a similar pattern, but the nectar foragers had the highest melatonin levels. The melatonin level also showed a daily rhythm. In 30‐day‐old adult workers there were two peaks, at 7:00 and 19:00 hours, and three troughs at 15:00, 21:00 and 1:00 hours respectively.
Leaders’ Impulsive Versus Strategic Abuse, Goal Realization, and Subsequent Supportive Behaviors: A Self-Regulation Perspective

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Leaders may engage in abusive behaviors due to impulsive or strategic drives, but it is unclear whether impulsive and strategic abuse can be differentiated and if they have distinct outcomes. The current research, framed by self-regulation theory, represents an effort to differentiate impulsive and strategic drives of leaders’ abusive behaviors and examine their effects on subsequent supportive behaviors toward subordinates via goal attainment. Leaders’ abusive behaviors, when driven by impulses (strategic rationales), undermine (promote) their goal realization. Because leaders constantly regulate their interactions with subordinates, once they achieve high (low) goal realization, leaders increase (decrease) their supportive behaviors toward those subordinates. Overall, leaders’ impulsive abuse negatively (strategic abuse positively) relates to their subsequent supportive behaviors toward subordinates, through its negative (positive) effect on goal realization. Moreover, self-regulation theory suggests that the effect of leaders’ strategic abuse depends on subordinates’ ability to understand and meet leaders’ expectations; accordingly, subordinate competence strengthens the positive effect of leaders’ strategic abuse on supportive behaviors toward subordinates via goal realization. We first establish a reliable, valid scale to measure impulsive and strategic abuse, and then conduct two experience sampling studies that offer support for the proposed theoretical model. This article concludes with a discussion of both theoretical and practical implications.
Lisinopril Use in a Large Military Medical Center

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The results of a drug use evaluation of lisinopril at a large teaching military medical center are reported. Indicators and thresholds were developed and approved by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The medical charts of 227 patients for whom lisinopril was prescribed from June 1991 to June 1992 were reviewed for appropriateness of prescribing, appropriateness of monitoring, occurrence of any adverse drug reactions, and detection of drug interactions. Prescribing was appropriate in 97% and monitoring was appropriate in all reviewed cases. The most common adverse drug reactions detected were cough (7%), hypotension (3%), and rash (2%). Patients were also prescribed several drugs that may interact with lisinopril. Lisinopril appeared to be well tolerated and efficacious. Forty patients (18%) experienced adverse drug reactions related to lisinopril. There did not appear to be any major deficiencies with lisinopril prescribing and no corrective action needed to be taken other than educational activities for the appropriate use of lisinopril. Information from this drug use evaluation is useful in formulary decision making.