jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Kazakhstan’s cotton sector reforms since independence

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Um die Abhangigkeit von den Einnahmen aus Roholverkaufen zu verringern, hat die Regierung der Republik Kasachstan in den vergangenen Jahren die Unterstutzungszahlungen fur den einheimischen Agrarsektor erhoht. Doch viele Beobachter stimmen darin uberein, dass weniger die Hohe der offentlichen Zuwendungen als die Qualitat der staatlichen Regulierung das langfristige Wachstum befordert. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der vorliegende Bericht die Beschaffenheit und die Auswirkungen der staatlichen Eingriffe im Baumwollsektor. In den fruhen 2000er Jahren wurde dieser Sektor als das einzig vorhandene Beispiel rein privater vertikaler Koordination in der kasachischen Landwirtschaft angesehen, welches in starkem Gegensatz zu den in Usbekistan und Turkmenistan verbreiteten Anbauverpflichtungen fur Produzenten stand. Im Jahre 2007 zwang ein neues Gesetz die Baumwollverarbeiter jedoch dazu, ein kompliziertes System der Einlagerungsscheine (warehouse receipts) einzufuhren, ohne sicherzustellen, dass die beteiligten Akteure es akzeptierten und ohne die notigen institutionellen Voraussetzungen dafur zu schaffen. Gleichzeitig erschwerte das Gesetz die Finanzierung der von den Landwirten eingesetzten Vorleistungen, die bisher vorwiegend von den Verarbeitern bereitgestellt wurde. Weitere Masnahmen betrafen die Einrichtung einer Sonderwirtschaftszone zur Schaffung eines 'Baumwoll-Clusters'. In den Folgejahren wandten sich die privaten Produzenten und Investoren von der Baumwollproduktion ab und sowohl die Anbauflache als auch die Erzeugung fielen deutlich. Aus Sicht der Autoren zeigt die Entwicklung des Baumwollsektors nach 2007, wie fehlgeplante Regulierungen und staatliche Eingriffe einen vielversprechenden Sektor in den Abschwung sturzen konnen. Als unbeabsichtigter Nebeneffekt fuhrte die Regulierung zu starker diversifizierten Fruchtfolgen, die nun zunehmend Produkte mit hoher Wertschopfung beinhalten.
Genetic variability in yam cultivars from the Guinea-Sudan zone of Benin assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is an important food and cash crop in the Guinea-Sudan zone of Benin. The genetic diversity of about 70 cultivars of Dioscorea cayenensis/Dioscorea rotundata (Guinea yam) and about 20 cultivars of Dioscorea alata (water yam) was analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The amplified bands revealed high polymorphism. These polymorphic DNA fragments were used to construct dendrograms, clustering all accessions into 18 groups: 12 for D. cayenensis/D. rotundata and six for D. alata. The analysis of molecular variance revealed highly significant variation among species, among groups within species, and among cultivars within groups. The study showed that the genetic diversity changed along a spatial gradient. In general, there was a tendency that most of the varieties from the north-east and north-west of the zone investigated appeared to be distinctive from the ones of the centre. However, few varieties were distributed randomly and did not reflect any specific relation to their zone of collection. The current study suggests that the Guinea-Sudan zone of Benin has a large gene pool of yam varieties. Yam farmers may have played a significant role in the enrichment and the maintenance of the genetic diversity of yam.
INHIBITION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL MATURATION OF ADRENERGIC NEURONS BY NICOTINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKADE

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract— The developmental increases of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase and doparnine‐β‐hydroxylase activities in neonatal mouse superior cervical ganglion were prevented by administration of the ganglionic blocking agent chlorisondamine. In addition, ganglionic blockade prevented the normal post‐natal increase in ganglion volume and neuron numbers. Inhibition of development followed nicotinic‐receptor blockade, but not muscarinic blockade with atropine.
Lymphovenous Anastomosis for Treating Lymphedema in IgG4-Related Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Immunoglobin G4-related disease (IgG4RD) is a multi-organ immune-mediated condition, and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is one of the main pathologic features. 1,2 Lower extremity lymphedema is likely to occur if the infiltration involves multiple inguinal lymph nodes and thus disrupting lymphatic transport. Lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) is a surgical procedure used to treat obstructive lymphedema in extremities 3,4 or in the head and neck area. 5 It basically reroutes the obstructed lymph flow into patent venous system by making microsurgical anastomosis between lymphatic duct and vein over the swollen area. Herein, we reported a patient with recalcitrant lower extremity lymphedema caused by IgG4RD, whose lymphedema subsided after being treated with LVA.
Hoesch's Synthesis with 2-Alkylindoles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2-アルキルインドールとo-,m-およびp-トルニトリルあるいはペンゾニトリルを用いてHoesch反応を行なった。アルキル基がメチルまたはエチルであるときには収率よくケトンを生成するに反し,n-またはイソプロピル,あるいはtert-ガーブチルであると相当するケトンの収率はいちじるしく減少し,反応に障害を示めす。
A perspective on notions of spirituality, democracy, social cohesion and public theology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores the notions of spirituality, democracy, social cohesion and public theology briefly. Whilst these notions seem unrelated to each other, the article finds that they are indeed very much related especially in a conversation pertaining to the role of theology in democratic South Africa today. It argues that these notions are particularly important if one seeks the unity of a dislocated people. The word dislocation here refers to more than merely those who were dispossessed of their wealth and land, but speaks especially also to a spiritual dislocation which happened as a result of that material dislocation. Black liberation theology which has always been public must be seen to incorporate issues of the spiritual in its reflections. All this, it is argued, has pertinent repercussions for social cohesion in South Africa today.
The cellular and molecular basis of CD69 function in anti-tumor immunity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy utilizes our immune system to attack cancer cells and is an extremely promising strategy for cancer treatment. Although immune-checkpoint blockade, such as anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death 1) antibody, has demonstrated significant enhancement of anti-tumor immunity and has induced notable clinical outcomes, its response rates remain low, and adverse effects are always a matter of concern; therefore, new targets for cancer immunotherapy are always desired. In this situation, new concepts are needed to fuel the investigation of new target molecules for cancer immunotherapy. We propose that CD69 is one such target molecule. CD69 is known to be an activation marker of leukocytes and is also considered a crucial regulator of various immune responses through its interacting proteins. CD69 promotes T-cell retention in lymphoid tissues via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) internalization and also plays roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders through interacting with its functional ligands Myl9/12 (myosin light chains 9, 12a and 12b). In anti-tumor immunity, CD69 is known to be expressed on T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). We revealed that CD69 negatively regulates the effector function of intratumoral T cells and importantly controls the ‘exhaustion’ of CD8 T cells. In addition, we and others showed that either CD69 deficiency or the administration of anti-CD69 monoclonal antibody enhances anti-tumor immunity. Thus, CD69 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy.
Haptic Texture Rendering and Perception Using Coil Array Magnetic Levitation Haptic Interface: Effects of Torque Feedback and Probe Type on Roughness Perception

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A Novel maglev-based haptic platform was deployed to investigate the effects of torque feedback and stylus type on human roughness perception. For this purpose, two haptic probes, fingertip and penhandle, were 3D printed each with one and four embedded magnets respectively. Three different torque renderings namely No Torque, Slope Torque, and Stiff Torque were developed, in tendem with penetration-based force feedback to render simulated surfaces. The main difference between these conditions was the amount and type of active torque that was generated. Conventional magnitude estimation experiment for data gathering and analysis was performed. The results of the experiment showed strong effects of wavelength within all torques and probes. Participants rated surfaces rougher in the Slope Torque and with the fingertip compared to penhandle. These results revealed new means of torque-based surface generation that lead to higher roughness perception. The outcomes also highlight the importance of probe type on human roughness perception.
RECONSTRUCTING THE FORMATION OF PERI-ABANDONMENT DEPOSITS AT BAKING POT, BELIZE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Archaeological research in the Maya lowlands has identified special deposits that offer essential information about the abandonment of Classic Maya centers. We argue that some of the “problematical deposits” associated with terminal architecture may be more accurately described as peri-abandonment deposits since they temporally and behaviorally relate to the activities associated with the final use of ceremonial space. Here, we describe several peri-abandonment deposits that were identified in Group B at the site of Baking Pot, located in western Belize. Using detailed stratigraphic and contextual information, artifact assemblages, and calendar dates recorded on polychrome vessels recovered in the deposits, we describe the nature of activities associated with the formation of peri-abandonment deposits at Baking Pot in the eighth to ninth centuries. We find patterning in the spatial locations of deposits in the corners of plazas and courtyards at Baking Pot, with variability in artifact assemblages between specific deposits.
Programmable Biointerfaces and Adaptive Functionality in Next-Generation Green Nanomaterials

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in green nanomaterials have primarily focused on mitigating toxicity through passive approaches, yet emerging technologies suggest a transformative paradigm shift toward programmable nanomaterials with dynamic biointerfaces. This Review explores how convergent innovations in synthetic biology, DNA nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and advanced manufacturing are creating unprecedented opportunities for developing nanomaterials with context-responsive functionality. Integration of cell-free synthetic biology enables nanomaterials with genetic-circuit-driven responses to biological cues, allowing expression of bioactive compounds precisely when and where needed. DNA nanotechnology provides molecular-level programmability through stimuli-responsive structures that can perform logical operations based on complex biological inputs. Advanced machine learning approaches are revolutionizing predictive design by identifying nonintuitive correlations between green synthesis parameters and programmable functionalities. Metabolic engineering approaches utilizing engineered microbial systems offer unprecedented control over nanomaterial synthesis with reduced batch-to-batch variability, while 4D bioprinting enables macroscale assemblies with nanoscale programmable elements distributed in precise spatiotemporal arrangements. These converging technologies are enabling the development of autonomous theranostic systems with closed-loop functionality, capable of sensing biological parameters, processing this information through molecular computing, and adjusting therapeutic activity accordingly. This evolution represents a fundamental reconceptualization of biocompatibility from a static property to a dynamic, programmable characteristic, potentially yielding nanomaterials that behave more like sophisticated biological entities than traditional therapeutic agents. While significant challenges remain in stability, sensitivity, and manufacturing scalability, this emerging paradigm promises transformative advances in precision nanomedicine through self-regulating, patient-responsive therapeutic systems.
Foraminifera larger than 0.5 mm in the southwestern lagoon of New Caledonia; distribution related to abiotic properties

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Other| April 01, 1988 Foraminifera larger than 0.5 mm in the southwestern lagoon of New Caledonia; distribution related to abiotic properties Jean-Pierre Debenay Jean-Pierre Debenay Universite du Maine, Departement de Geologie, Le Mans, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Journal of Foraminiferal Research (1988) 18 (2): 158–175. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.18.2.158 Article history first online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jean-Pierre Debenay; Foraminifera larger than 0.5 mm in the southwestern lagoon of New Caledonia; distribution related to abiotic properties. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 1988;; 18 (2): 158–175. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.18.2.158 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyJournal of Foraminiferal Research Search Advanced Search This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Measurement of human fetal growth

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Perinatal mortality and morbidity are linked not only to gestational age but also to fetal growth. The antenatal recognition of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is therefore one of the primary aims of obstetric care. However, for years clinicians have confused size with growth. Size is an endpoint, typically weight at birth, whereas growth is the process by which this endpoint is reached. Size is determined by a combination of local factors in tissues and organs, together with systemic nutritional and endocrine factors. Genetic influences, which are the primary determinant of fetal size, probably act primarily at the local level. Systemic factors are, in a sense, secondary, because although they might direct the growth process they do not determine size other than at pathological extremes (Chard, 1989).
[Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting with multiple intracranial and intraspinal masses: a case report].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), a systemic histioproliferative disorder, was first described by Rosai and Dorfman in 1969. However, only 41 cases involving the central nervous system have been reported. The authors present a rare case of RDD with multiple intracranial and spinal lesions mimicking multiple meningioma. A 59-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a history of bilateral visual impairment. MRI demonstrated multiple central nervous system lesions in the suprasellar region, right temporal convexity, left frontal convexity, left cerebello-pontine angle and C5 level of the spinal cord. Preoperative neuro-imaging studies suggested multiple meningioma. Subtotal removal of the suprasellar lesion was performed, followed by gamma knife radiosurgery to the residual lesion and the other intracranial lesions. All intracranial lesions disappeared following gamma knife radiotherapy. The spinal lesion, however, was completely excised one year after the initial operation following the appearance of sensory disturbance. Both intracranial and spinal lesions were diagnosed as RDD on histological examination. No recurrences have been detected on MRI two years after the initial operation. Seeing the good results already achieved by surgical removal of RDD, this case suggests that the combination of surgery and gamma knife radiotherapy might improve further.
Species Diversity and Eco-geographical Distribution of Dinoflagellate Cysts in the Bohai Sea, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

摘要: 在渤海湾24个站位采集0–10 cm表层沉积物144份样品, 进行甲藻孢囊的种类多样性和生态地理分布研究, 并分析渤海海域水体的富营养化趋势。在渤海海域共采集鉴定出6类32种甲藻孢囊, 包括原多甲藻类孢囊11种、裸甲藻类孢囊6种、膝沟藻类孢囊7种、钙质类孢囊5种、翼藻类孢囊2种及Tuberculodinioid类孢囊1种。其中, 自养型甲藻孢囊17种, 优势种为锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)孢囊, 丰富的孢囊库为锥状斯氏藻赤潮提供种源, 可作为该海域发生锥状斯氏藻赤潮的参考依据; 异养型甲藻孢囊15种, 优势种为无纹多沟藻(Polykrikos schwartzii)和锥形原多甲藻(Protoperidinium conicum)孢囊; 发现1种产麻痹性贝类毒素的孢囊——塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)孢囊, 但是仅在S6、S8和S14三个站位发现, 且孢囊数量较少。渤海甲藻孢囊组成与世界其它海域相似, 异养型甲藻孢囊种类丰富, 提示渤海海域富营养化程度较高。每个站位沉积物样品分为3层(每层约3 cm), 春夏两季表层、中层和底层之间孢囊组成差异不大, 平均种类数为5.58–7.29, 孢囊的平均密度范围在58.82–103.57 cysts·g–1 DW之间; 孢囊种类丰富的站点, 孢囊密度也较高, 如S9、S14站位。对渤海海区表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的生物多样性进行了统计分析, 发现表、中、底3层甲藻孢囊的平均种类多样性指数在春季(5月)分别为1.69、1.61和1.52; 略低于夏季(8月)的1.83、1.89和1.60。
Self-Management Report in Brazil - Technical Concepts and Challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present text seeks to inform about the current situation of productive enterprises organized on the general principles of self - management in Brazil. Data were collected on various aspects of self-management, such as the concept of selfmanagement in Brazil, number of enterprises, technical problems such as technological lag, internal relations in self-management ventures, networking, problems arising from lack of a specific legislation for these enterprises, the technical capacity of these enterprises to produce and commercialize in an efficient way, and, in the end, a critical assessment of self-management in Brazil. The main methodology used was the bibliographic review.
Laparoscopic Reverse Cholangiopancreatography (LRCP)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is safe and efficacious. “Classic” LCBDE technique utilizes isolated choledochoscope-guided retrograde basketing; however, it is less effective than transcholedochal exploration. We report on the evolution of our LCBDE technique away from “classic” transcystic approach towards prioritizing antegrade clearance using a novel algorithm utilizing a variety of tools, which we term laparoscopic reverse cholangiopancreatography (LRCP). Methods: We report an algorithm-driven LRCP technique for LCBDE that tailors intervention to the patient’s anatomy and stone burden (size, location, number) seen on cholangiogram (IOC). For cystic ducts ≥4 mm, we use a choledochoscope-assisted technique versus a fluoroscopy-guided technique if <4 mm. For small stones, we use wire basketing (with the “classic” technique) or the “snow-plow” maneuver. For medium (≤10 mm) or multiple stones, we utilize sphincteroplasty plus “snow-plow” if needed. For large (>10 mm), we use laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Fallback methods are ERCP or transcholedochal exploration. Results: We retrospectively reviewed our 80 LCBDE cases at a single Veterans Affairs hospital: 50 cases in the “classic” phase and 30 subsequent cases using LRCP. Transcystic clearance was significantly higher for LRCP at 97% vs. 56% during the “classic” phase (χ2=15.14, P <0.001). There was zero utilization of choledochotomy during LRCP. Conclusions: Algorithm-driven LRCP dramatically improved transcystic clearance success and reduced reliance on choledochotomy. Our algorithm serves as a decision aid, allowing surgeons to utilize a variety of available tools for LCBDE.
Multilingual English teachers in Asian Expanding Circle ELT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This paper surveys studies that explore the experiences of multilingual English teachers (MET) teaching English to learners from the Eastern part of Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand). By MET, I refer to teachers who speak English as one of their multilingual repertoires and teach English to students from different linguistic backgrounds than their own (Galloway 2014). Studies have recently shown that Outer Circle has been establishing a role in providing English education to Expanding Circle learners. Moreover, it is also becoming common for teachers from Expanding Circle to cross national borders in order to teach English in another Expanding Circle country. This paper reviews studies specifically addressing those teachers and identifies three contact zones: (a) study abroad programs in Asian Outer Circle; (b) EFL classrooms; and (c) digital space. As there are some distinctive characteristics pertaining to different contact zones, I first briefly review the previous studies by each zone, followed by a synthesis of the research findings with a focus on how environment influences teachers' experiences based on the lens of intersectionality and situated power dynamics. Then, I conclude the review by discussing the problematic nature of treating this unique teacher population as pseudo-native speakers from a pedagogical perspective.