jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The dimension of the image of the Abel map associated with normal surface singularities

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $(X,o)$ be a complex normal surface singularity with rational homology sphere link and let $\widetilde{X}$ be one of its good resolutions. Fix an effective cycle $Z$ supported on the exceptional curve and also a possible Chern class $l'\in H^2(\widetilde{X},\mathbb{Z})$. Define ${\rm Eca}^{l'}(Z)$ as the space of effective Cartier divisors on $Z$ and $c^{l'}(Z):{\rm Eca}^{l'}(Z)\to {\rm Pic}^{l'}(Z)$, the corresponding Abel map. In this note we provide two algorithms, which provide the dimension of the image of the Abel map. Usually, $\dim {\rm Pic}^{l'}(Z)=p_g$, $\dim\,{\rm Im} (c^{l'}(Z))$ and ${\rm codim}\,{\rm Im} (c^{l'}(Z))$ are not topological, they are in subtle relationship with cohomologies of certain line bundles. However, we provide combinatorial formulae for them whenever the analytic structure on $\widetilde{X}$ is generic. The ${\rm codim}\,{\rm Im} (c^{l'}(Z))$ is related with $\{h^1(\widetilde{X},\mathcal{L})\}_{\mathcal{L}\in {\rm Im} (c^{l'}(Z))}$; in order to treat the `twisted' family $\{h^1(\widetilde{X},\mathcal{L}_0\otimes \mathcal{L})\}_{\mathcal{L}\in {\rm Im} (c^{l'}(Z))}$ we need to elaborate a generalization of the Picard group and of the Abel map. The above algorithms are also generalized.
How Much Does Your Boss Make? The Effects of Salary Comparisons

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The vast majority of the pay inequality in organizations comes from differences in pay between employees and their bosses. But are employees aware of these pay disparities? Are employees demotivated by this inequality? To address these questions, we conducted a natural field experiment with a sample of 2, 060 employees from a multibillion-dollar corporation in Southeast Asia. We document large misperceptions among employees about the salaries of their managers and smaller but still significant misperceptions of the salaries of their peers, and we show that these perceptions have a significant causal effect on the employees’ own behavior.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Dentists Towards Patients With HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Dental practitioners can be exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) during routine work. Objectives: In this study, the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the dentists in Zahedan were examined on patients with HIV, HBV, and HCV infections. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 dentists in Zahedan in 2013. A reliable and valid questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and performance of the dentists toward the infectious diseases of HIV, hepatitis B and C was distributed to all dentists who worked in Zahedan. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent sample t-test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: The mean score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of the dentists were 51.45 ± 3.16 out of 63, 20.22 ± 3.74 out of 39 and 64.41 ± 4.49 out of 72, respectively. Most of the participants (95%) believed that the fear and concern of the transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV infections are among the reasons of refusing the infected patients. The relationship between demographic variables and the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of dentists was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Although the dentists had a proper knowledge in the field of transmission of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections, fear and concern of being infected make them to refuse these patients. Therefore, training dentists to improve their attitudes toward treatment of these patients is necessary.
Constrained Cost Fuzzy Control via Decentralized Design Approach for Nonlinear Descriptor Interconnected Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a decentralized robust constrained cost fuzzy controller (DRCCFC) design for nonlinear descriptor interconnected systems (DIS) with uncertainties. The considered nonlinear DIS is modeled using Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model (T-S FM) with fuzzy rules and strong interconnections. To derive sufficient stability conditions, the quadratic Lyapunov function (QLF) and free-weighting function (FWF) are defined. In contrast to the existing control approaches, the proportional–derivative feedback (PDF) control is introduced in this paper. Using the PDF control techniques, the regular and causal problems of the system can be solved easily. Based on the PDF control technique and constrained cost control (CCC) function, a set of fuzzy controllers are designed to effectively control the Takagi–Sugeno descriptor interconnected systems (T-S DIS). Then, the proposed sufficient conditions for the T-S DIS are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities using the Schur complement technique. Finally, two simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control scheme.
[Light and electron microscopic findings in eyelid tumors after cryotherapy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the past five years 112 patients underwent cryotherapy of lid tumours. Two methods of freezing, contact freezing and spray freezing, were used. Biopsy specimens for histological studies were taken before and after cryotherapy. The results of light and electron microscopy are reported. Electron microscopic examination shows that cryonecrosis exhibits the well known general characteristics of necrosis. Cryotherapy results in extensive tumour necroses and this fact explains the success rate of 90.9% in basalioma 5 years after therapy.
Evaluation and Clinical Validation of an Alcohol-Based Transport Medium for Preservation and Inactivation of Respiratory Viruses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The clinical and public health importance of influenza and other respiratory viruses has accelerated the development of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics, but data are limited regarding preanalytical stages of diagnostic testing. We evaluated CyMol, an alcohol-based transport medium, for its ability to maintain specimen integrity for up to 21 days of storage at various temperatures; for its ability to inactivate virus; and for its compatibility with antigen- or nucleic acid-based diagnostics for respiratory viruses in clinical samples. In mock-infected samples, both universal transport medium (UTM-RT) and CyMol maintained equivalent viral quantities for at least 14 days at room temperature or colder, whereas a dry swab collection maintained viral quantities only if refrigerated or frozen. CyMol inactivated influenza virus within 5 min of sample immersion. UTM-RT- and CyMol-collected nasal swab specimens from 73 symptomatic students attending a campus health clinic were positive for a respiratory virus in 56.2% of subjects by multiplex PCR testing, including influenza A and B viruses, rhinovirus/enteroviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Detection by PCR was equivalent in UTM-RT- and CyMol-collected specimens and in self- and staff-collected swabs. Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing was substantially less sensitive (23.3%) than multiplex PCR, and DFA testing from UTM-RT-collected swabs was more sensitive than that from CyMol-collected swabs. These data indicate that an alcohol-based transport medium such as CyMol preserves respiratory virus integrity, rapidly inactivates viruses, and is compatible with PCR-based respiratory diagnostics.
Characterization of Annealing Effects in Ultra-Shallow Boron-Implanted Si Wafers using Raman Scattering

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Raman scattering was used as a non-contact and non-destructive characterization technique to present a systematic study on the crystallinity and diffusion of impurities in ultra-shallow ion-implanted Si wafers. In this study, the samples were prepared by the implantation of Si (100) wafers with B. The thermal annealing was carried out to investigate the effect of annealing under various conditions. The crystallinity of the samples deteriorated with in-crease in B implantation level. Especially, near the surface, the crystallinity was seriously deteriorated, and the Raman spectra showed the generation of the amorphous Si phase. By thermal an-nealing, the surface amorphous Si was re-crystallized, and the im-planted B was diffused enough to the top surface region. Further-more, by using an N2+O2 gas mixture, as an annealing atmosphere, promoted the recrystallization of surface amorphous Si and im-proved suppression of diffusion of the implanted B.
Cases and materials on Italian private law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The idea of this book sprung up in connection to the course “An Introduction to Italian Private Law” that we have been holding since 2012 at the University of Milan. The course was conceived in connection with the internationalization program that the Faculty of Law is promoting in order to attract foreign students and to prepare Italian students to work within an increasingly globalised legal profession. Our students come from different European countries (Germany, Spain, France, Portugal, Poland, Norway, Finland, and others), from the East (China and Korea especially), and from Latin America; some Italian students attend the classes as well. Most of the participants are Law students, but some of the foreigners have no background in law. We thus had to provide a simple but clear presentation of the main legislation and doctrines of Italian private law, understandable for people who do not come from a civilian legal system, do not belong to the Western tradition, or are perhaps not even familiar with law in general; at the same time, we wanted to stimulate the interest of the reader and for this reason we decided to offer, in class and in this book, a sketch of recent judgments of the Court of Cassation, together with our own commentary on them. A book focused on the sources of Italian law necessarily implies problems of translation of the Italian legal terms. For a long time, comparative law scholars have pointed out that every translation implies a complex intellectual work that aims to understand the “deep” meaning of what one wants to translate and to identify a possible correspondent. However, this correspondence often does not exist at all or it may happen that there is, in the two languages, a word which has the same etymological root but different legal meaning; moreover, an English word can have a specific legal meaning for a common lawyer but the Italian correspondent may be different, thus the translation may appear odd to an English native speaker. Presenting Italian law in English to a foreign addressee implies using a vehicular language which is neither the language of the speaker and of the sources of law, nor is the addressee’s language nor is the language of a mother tongue common lawyer. The presentation of a complex and articulated branch of law such as private law implies making choices that are often very demanding and idiosyncratic. In line with the traditional approach of the Italian school of comparative law, we have opted for providing for an introduction to what are historically considered the pillars of private law: contracts, property, torts and succession. We have then added a brief update about the recent reforms that have affected family law. Finally, a chapter on sources of law cannot be missed since most of the time students encounters a number of problems in understanding the articulated system of multilevel legislation.
Brain injury and ketamine study (BIKe): a prospective, randomized controlled double blind clinical trial to study the effects of ketamine on Therapy Intensity Level and intracranial pressure in severe traumatic injury patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: In severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), sedatives are often used to control intracranial pressure (ICP), to reduce brain metabolism, to allow for other treatments such as mechanical ventilation or targeted temperature management, or to control paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Prolonged sedation is often necessary. The most commonly used sedatives in TBI are propofol and midazolam, often in combination, but both have significant side effects when used at high doses for several days. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, provides sedation and analgesia with minimal respiratory depression or haemodynamic instability. However, ketamine carries a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) precaution regarding its use in patients with pre-anesthetic elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure, which discourages its use in TBI patients. Several observational studies and two large meta-analyses do not suggest that the use of ketamine as an induction agent or sedative in sedated and mechanically ventilated TBI patients would increase the ICP. Off-label use of ketamine for this indication is increasing worldwide. To date, no prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) has demonstrated the safety of ketamine in TBI patients. Methods: The Brain Injury and Ketamine (BIKe) study is a prospective multicentre double-blind placebo-controlled RCT, to evaluate the safety, and effect on therapeutic intensity to reduce ICP, of ketamine as an adjunct to a standard sedation regimen in patients with severe TBI. Adult TBI patients, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), requiring sedation and ICP monitoring within 72 hours of admission, will be randomized to ketamine or placebo. The study drug will be started within 6 hours of randomization. The dose of the investigational medicinal product (IMP) is 1 mg/kg/hour, by continuous infusion. The IMP will be stopped when the last ICP control sedative is discontinued. Data collection will stop when the patient is discharged from the ICU. All patients will be followed for 6 months post-trauma. The study is powered for the safety endpoint of detecting a clinically relevant increase of two episodes in the median number of episodes of high intracranial pressure episodes per ICU stay. A total of 100 patients are required to meet these objectives. We hypothesize a clinically relevant reduction in the therapeutic intensity level (TIL) score of at least 3 points. Discussion: This study is the first prospective RCT to investigate the safety of ketamine as an adjunct to a standard sedation regimen in TBI patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05097261.
Improving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search through Learned Adaptive Early Termination

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In applications ranging from image search to recommendation systems, the problem of identifying a set of "similar" real-valued vectors to a query vector plays a critical role. However, retrieving these vectors and computing the corresponding similarity scores from a large database is computationally challenging. Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search relaxes the guarantee of exactness for efficiency by vector compression and/or by only searching a subset of database vectors for each query. Searching a larger subset increases both accuracy and latency. State-of-the-art ANN approaches use fixed configurations that apply the same termination condition (the size of subset to search) for all queries, which leads to undesirably high latency when trying to achieve the last few percents of accuracy. We find that due to the index structures and the vector distributions, the number of database vectors that must be searched to find the ground-truth nearest neighbor varies widely among queries. Critically, we further identify that the intermediate search result after a certain amount of search is an important runtime feature that indicates how much more search should be performed. To achieve a better tradeoff between latency and accuracy, we propose a novel approach that adaptively determines search termination conditions for individual queries. To do so, we build and train gradient boosting decision tree models to learn and predict when to stop searching for a certain query. These models enable us to achieve the same accuracy with less total amount of search compared to the fixed configurations. We apply the learned adaptive early termination to state-of-the-art ANN approaches, and evaluate the end-to-end performance on three million to billion-scale datasets. Compared with fixed configurations, our approach consistently improves the average end-to-end latency by up to 7.1 times faster under the same high accuracy targets. Our approach is open source at github.com/efficient/faiss-learned-termination.
Bamboo and Chinese Culture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book is a detailed and comprehensive examination of the physical, symbolic and cultural uses of bamboo in China, where it has long had a ubiquitous presence in all aspects of the lives of the Chinese people: how and what they eat, what they wear, where they live, how they travel, as well as their productive activities, writing, religion, art and philosophy. The authors adopt the theoretical methods of culturology, axiology and semiotics to understand the implications and characteristics of bamboo within traditional Chinese culture. Based on the diachronic and synchronic coordinates, the authors present the multidimensional structure of China’s bamboo culture from the micro-, meso- and macro-perspectives. The book combines a rich body of literature and field investigation reports with indepth and systematic theoretical analysis and interpretation. Together with around two-hundred illustrations, the authors hope to explain the profound in simple terms in this academic monograph.
Phenotypic and Molecular Heterogeneity in Mandibulofacial Dysostoses: A Case Series From India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Facial dysostosis is a group of rare craniofacial congenital disabilities requiring multidisciplinary long-term care. This report presents the phenotypic and genotypic information from South India. Design The study is a case series. Setting This was an international collaborative study involving a tertiary craniofacial clinic and medical genetics unit. Patients, Participants The participants were 9 families with 17 affected individuals of facial dysostosis. Intervention Exome analysis focused on known genes associated with acrofacial and mandibulofacial syndromes. Main Outcome Measure The outcome measure was to report phenotyptic and genetic heterogeneity in affected individuals. Results A Tessier cleft was seen in 7 (41%), lower eyelid coloboma in 12 (65%), ear anomalies in 10 (59%), uniolateral or bilateral aural atresia in 4 (24%), and deafness in 6 (35%). The facial gestalt of Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) showed extensive phenotypic variations. Pathogenic variants in TCOF1 (Treacher Collins syndrome) were seen in six families, POLR1A (acrofacial dysostosis, Cincinnati type) and EFTUD2 (mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly) in one each. One family (11.1%) had no detectable variation. Five out of six probands with Treacher Collins syndrome had other affected family members (83.3%), including a non-penetrant mother, identified after sequencing. Conclusion Our report illustrates the molecular heterogeneity of mandibulofacial dysostosis in India.
Verification of Coldworking and Interference Levels at Fastener Holes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report was developed under SBIR contract for topic AF04-241. TEC developed a measurement and assessment capability to quantitatively determine the structural integrity around cold-worked fastener holes in various locations on aircraft, thereby assessing the aircraft's overall health, targeting necessary maintenance, improving aircraft readiness and air worthiness, and reducing its life-cycle cost. This capability will enable the Air Force to improve its aircraft life cycle management by a reliable, quantifiable, nondestructive means, instead of using other unreliable methods or overly conservative estimates that result in higher inspection and repair costs.
THE STUDY OF ASSOCIATIVE MEANING IN THE SLOGAN OF SKINCARE ADVERTISEMENT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

To promote and market a product, many companies try to create a good slogan for their advertisement. However, due to the existence of the language variety used, it made people difficult to obtain the meaning of the advertisement content. Thus, the researchers were encouraged to analyze the type of associative meaning based on the theory of Geoffrey Leech and the slogan itself was only focused on the link of skincare product website www.littletreeorganics.com.au. In this research, a descriptive qualitative method, and a predefined set of procedures were employed to answer the questions and to collect the evidence as well. The results of the study revealed that there were some associative meanings found in the little tree organics advertisement slogan. It was involving connotative meaning (3 data), affective meaning (3 data), reflective meaning (5 data), collocative meaning (1 data) and no social meaning. Here, the researchers also provided an intense reason why those slogans belong to each meaning of the associative meanings. Based on the data above, this indicated that the advertiser aimed to explain the intrinsic aspect of language within the advertisement slogan, which could be seen from the dominant meanings appeared. They were reflective meaning, affective meaning, connotative meaning, and followed by collocative meaning. But on the other hand, the reflective meaning is the highest one from all.
Firm Size and the Use of Intellectual Property Rights*

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Innovation markets are often characterised by market failure because inventions typically incur high fixed costs relative to marginal costs and their intellectual capital is non-excludable. Intellectual property (IP) rights may attenuate this problem by providing legal recourse for firms to stop imitation by rivals. As IP rights are costly to acquire and enforce, it is often argued that SMEs are disadvantaged in their ability to utilise IP rights. This paper examines the intensity of IP usage by firm size and finds that SMEs actually have higher rates of patent, trade mark and design usage once industry effects are controlled for.
Design and Implementation of Piping Installation for Catfish Farming in Sampora Village

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia has Faculty of Engineering, which is committed to empower its surrounding communities. This empowerment is implemented based on its core values. The present community empowerment activities have been planned through a series of agreements and the main goal of the activities is to develop the entrepreneurship based on the strength of the area. This paper discusses the assistance given by Faculty of Engineering in designing piping installation for supporting aquaponic activities in Desa Sampora. The project was divided into three steps. First, this project focused on observation and data collecting. This first step also involved discussion with experts. Second, it focused on the design process. The result of the first step was used in the design. Third, the design was implemented and installed in the location. All the steps required careful planning to minimize errors. The expected target of these activities was an aquaponic piping design that is feasible to implement to support sustainable and productive entrepreneurship. The final result was piping installation that can grow 120 plants, is easy to clean up, and has area efficiency.