jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity and pluralism in science education from the perspective of conceptual profiles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this chapter we explore the relationship between the conceptual profile theory and representational pluralism. We begin by presenting the view of concepts as social constructs. From thinking about concepts as mental entities, we shift to thinking about mental processes or activities of conceptualization as grounded on but not reducible to brain processes, since to conceptualize means to engage with concepts as social constructs. We then present the basic features of the conceptual profile theory. Conceptual profiles are models built to deal with the heterogeneity of ways of thinking and speaking about the world, used by the individuals to signify their experience in different contexts or spheres of their lives. Assuming the existence of conceptual profiles as a manifestation of pluralism implies recognizing the coexistence of two or more meanings for the same word or concept, which are accessed and used by the individual in the appropriate contexts. We also present conceptual profile as a research program and exemplify it with one of the models proposed for the chemical concept of substance. We finish by discussing how the conceptual profile theory can be related to different views of representational pluralism.
Could severe COVID-19 be considered a complementopathy?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Exposure to smoking in films is a recognised cause of smoking uptake among children. In India, in an attempt to protect children, films containing smoking are required to include tobacco control messaging including audiovisual disclaimers, on-screen health warnings when tobacco imagery is displayed and antitobacco ‘health spots’ before and during the film. We report a study of the association between ever smoking and exposure to tobacco imagery in locally popular films among children in Udupi district of Karnataka state in southern India.

Methods

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of all students in grades 6–8 in schools in the Udupi district ascertained smoking status and potential confounders of smoking uptake, and whether children had seen any of 27 locally popular films we had coded and found to contain imagery of actual or implied tobacco use. Ever-smoking status was defined as any reported smoking of cigarettes, beedis or other tobacco products currently or at any time in the past. Independent effects on ever-smoking status were estimated using multiple logistic regression.

Results

Of 46 706 students enrolled in grades 6–8 in 914 participating schools, 39 282 (84.1%) provided questionnaire responses sufficiently complete for analysis. Ever smoking was reported by 914 (2.3%) participants and in a mutually adjusted model was significantly related to age, male sex, living in a home where smoking is allowed, having parents or siblings who smoke, low paternal education, low levels of family wealth, low self-esteem, rebelliousness and poor school performance. After allowing for these effects, the odds of ever smoking were not increased among students who had seen any of the listed films containing tobacco imagery when included in the analysis as a binary exposure (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4 to 2.0), and decreased in relation to level of exposure graded into tertiles of tobacco intervals seen.

Conclusions

In this cross-sectional study, children in southern India who had seen films containing tobacco imagery are no more likely to smoke than those who had not, indicating that the tobacco control messaging mandated by Indian law may be attenuating the effect of tobacco imagery in films on smoking uptake.
PROLIFERATION INHIBITION AND APOPTOSIS INDUCTION ON HUMAN HEPATO-CARCINOMA HepG-2 CELLS BY UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA POLYSACCARIDES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect of Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides (UPPS) on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cells and its possible mechanism. Method: The effect of inhibiting proliferation and inducting apoptosis of UPPS were determined by means of MTT and FCM. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was immunohis to chemcally evaluated after treatment of UPPS. Results: UPPS inhibited HepG-2 cells growth in vitro , significantly higher than the negative control group (P 0.01), and induced apoptosis after UPPS treatment 24～48h, with decreased expression of Bcl-2 and increased expression of Bax. Conclusion: UPPS inhibits the proliferation of HepG-2 cells by apoptosis, perhaps associated with the change of expression of Bax and Bcl-2.
Slow Digestion Properties of Rice Different in Resistant Starch

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The hydrolysis of starch is a key factor for controlling the glycemic index (GI). Slow digestion properties of starch lead to slower glucose release and lower glycemic response. Food with high resistant starch (RS) possesses great value for controlling the GI. To elucidate the factors that play a role in slow digestibility, seven rice mutants different in RS contents were selected for comparative studies. The degree of hydrolysis showed highly significant correlation with RS, apparent amylose content (AAC), lipid content (LC), and other starch physiochemical properties in all these materials with different RS contents. The rate of in vitro digestible starch correlated positively with RS, whereas digestibility was affected mostly by lipid content for those mutants with similar RS. Starch-lipid complexes and short chains with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 8-12 strongly influenced starch digestion. The integrity of aggregated starch and the number of round starch granules might influence the digestibility of starch directly.
Community-driven development, social capital, and empowerment : conceptual and operational links

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This think note examines the conceptual, and to a more limited extent, the operational linkages between three clusters of concepts - community, social capital, and empowerment. The following ideas are presented as a series of loosely connected points that the author sometimes illustrates with empirical examples. Two conclusions of the argument can be highlighted : a) a focus on community as the driver of development needs to be supplemented with attention to socio-political processes both below and beyond the community; and b) policy relevant conceptions of social capital are more appropriately those that focus on the individual and that view it as an endogenous rather than exogenous factor.
Additional file 2 of Antioxidant potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains from the sow milk bacterial collection in weaned piglets

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Light microscopy images of P. pentosaceus strains with strong antimicrobial activity under a 63x oil immersion objective. Supplementary Data 2. The alignment of 1240 16S rRNA gene sequences against the Silva version 132 16S rRNA gene database, NCBI nucleotide collection (nr/nt) database and DAIRYdb database using BLASTN.
Stewing in Its Own Juices? The Permeability of PET by Water and Acetic Acid

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Historic documents are frequently protected by placing them in a sealed polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) envelope. Although the paper is mechanically stabilized, the PET film may limit transmission of moisture or acidic degradation by-products of the paper. This creates a microenvironment for the encapsulated document. The permeation of water and acetic acid vapor through the PET film was measured to understand the microenvironment within an encapsulated enclosure. For encapsulation with a 102 μm (4 mil) PET film, the water vapor mass flux through the encapsulated film was measured. The water vapor was found to flow into or out of the PET film depending on the sample and environmental conditions. Because the encapsulated paper needed a longer time to dry than paper in open air, PET encapsulation provides a microenvironment that will buffer the encapsulated object from large swings in humidity. Acetic acid either did not diffuse through the PET, or it diffused at such a slow rate as to not be measured, due to the larger size of the acetic acid molecule than the water molecule. Keeping one edge of an encapsulation open allowed a drying rate that was four times faster than when all four sides were sealed. Because acetic acid vapor does not readily diffuse through the PET, these results reinforce the recommendations for deacidification and/or addition of buffering agents to the paper or enclosure. The results of this study point to a critical need for the investigation of new materials in conjunction with further evaluation of currently used materials.
Official Sector Lending Strategies During the Euro Area Crisis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In response to the euro area crisis, European policymakers took a gradual, incremental approach to official lending, at first relying on the approach followed by the International Monetary Fund, then developing their own crisis resolution framework. We review this development, marked by a substantial divergence in the terms of official loans offered to the crisis countries by the IMF and the euro area official lenders. Based on a unique dataset, we use event analysis to assess the impact of changing maturity and spreads of official loans on bond yields, liquidity and market access. In light of the euro area experience, we discuss arguments for rebalancing Debt Sustainability Analysis and programme design towards cash-flow management. While the official assistance granted to crisis countries in the euro area may not be replicable elsewhere, key lessons from it that could foster a reconsideration of the modalities by which official lending institutions handle crises.
Children's Insurance Coverage and Service Use Improve

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Data from the third round of the National Survey of America's Families show that between 1999 and 2002, the number of uninsured children under age 19 fell from 9.6 to 7.8 million. The uninsurance rate among low-income children declined by nearly six percentage points. Regardless of family income, uninsurance rates among black and Hispanic children declined by more than four percentage points each. Receipt of well-child care, office visits, and dental care by low-income children increased by 3.5 percentage points, 4.5 percentage points, and 2.1 percentage points respectively. More than 4 million uninsured children appear eligible for Medicaid or SCHIP.
The Level of Mental Imagery of the Arab Fencing National Teams (Junior& Cadet) and its Relation with Achievement

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study aimed to investigate the level of mental imagery of the Arab fencing national teams (junior & cadet) and it's correlation with achievement. The group of this study consisted of 80 players from six Arab national teams that participated in the 15th Arab championship held in Amman between 29th July to 4th August, 2008. The researcher used the descriptive approach since it suits the nature of the study, and includes the mental imagery criteria in sport, and the computer software (Engarde) relevant to fencing competitions management and reaching at the results. The results indicated that the mental imagery level of the study group is moderate. There was also a significant correlation between the mental imagery level and achievement. The results showed also a significant correlation among the dimensions of mental imagery. The researcher recommended more focusing and concentration on both mental imagery and mental training by all Arab fencing trainers and players to improve the performance and achievements in the different kind of weapons and categories in fencing. هدفت الدراسة التعرف الى مستوى التصور العقلي لدى المنتخبات العربية للمبارزة بالسيف من فئة الأشبال والناشئين وعلاقته بالإنجاز. وقد اشتملت عينة الدراسة على (80) لاعباً ولاعبة من (ستة) منتخبات عربية مشاركة في البطولة العربية الخامسة عشر التي أقيمت في عمان في الفترة بين 29/7/2008م و4/8/2008م. واستخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي نظراً لملاءمته لطبيعة هذه الدراسة، كما اشتملت أدوات هذه الدراسة على مقياس التصور العقلي في المجال الرياضي، وبرنامج الحاسوب (Engarde) الخاص بإدارة بطولات المبارزة واستخراج النتائج، إضافة إلى مفتاح التصحيح الخاص وسلم التقدير الخاص بمقياس التصور العقلي. وأشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن مستوى التصور العقلي لعينة الدراسة كان وبحسب سلم التقدير المعتمد ضمن التقدير (المتوسط) وأنه توجد علاقة ارتباط إيجابية دالة إحصائياً بين مستوى التصور العقلي بأبعاده جميعها وبين الترتيب النهائي لكل فرد من أفراد العينة (الانجاز). كما أظهرت الدراسة علاقة ارتباط دالة إحصائياً بين أبعاد التصور العقلي ومكوناته مما ساعد الباحث على الخروج ببعض التوصيات أهمها: اهتمام بشكل أكبر بالتدريبات العقلية والمهارات العقلية من قبل مدربي ولاعبي المبارزة العربية، و ضرورة التركيز على التصور العقلي والمهارات العقلية في البرامج التدريبية المختلفة لرفع مستوى الأداء والانجاز في المبارزة، إضافة إلى ضرورة تضمين تدريبات التصور العقلي في البرامج التدريبية لمختلف الأسلحة والفئات في رياضة المبارزة.
Kultura a moralność. Współczesne wyzwania

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Human being is both the creator of culture and is shaped by it. The natural environment for his development as a person is exactly the cultural environment. Therefore, his well-being depends on the shape of culture. There is no denying the fundamental confrontation that is taking place between the hitherto existing culture, which grew out of the Christian message, and the secular culture, which in the new globalised and communicatively closely interconnected reality is assuming the rank of dominant culture. Both of them contain a strong normative dimension and their own vision of morality. The new global culture, which promotes individualisation and relativisation of moral norms, rejects reference to God and is marked by a strong Promethean motif, i.e. the utopia of the new man and the new society, poses a great challenge to the believer as an individual and to the Church as a community. This unavoidable confrontation can, on the one hand, correct and stimulate certain elements of the hitherto strongly Christian culture, but it is also necessary to clearly ask the critical question whether the new global culture is really based on an adequate concept of the human person and serves the true well-being of individuals and societies.
Risk of device-related thrombosis following short-term oral anticoagulation with low-dose dabigatran versus warfarin after Watchman left atrial appendage occlusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) provides an alternative for poor candidates for long-term oral anticoagulation (OAC). To prevent device-related thrombosis (DRT), OAC should be continued for the first 45 days to allow complete endothelialization post-LAAO implantation. Whereas, evidence is limited on the feasibility and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) used after LAAO. Methods: This was a retrospective observational single-center study of AF patients undergoing LAAO with a Watchman device and receiving either low-dose dabigatran (110mg twice daily) or warfarin in the peri- and post-procedural period for 45 days. Transesophageal echocardiography was scheduled to perform at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the procedure to assess the stability of the device and to detect DRT. Incidence of thromboembolic and bleeding events were also evaluated during the follow-up period. Results: There were a total of 84 patients who successfully underwent Watchman implantation, with 38 patients (45.2%) receiving low-dose dabigatran and 46 patients (54.8%) using warfarin post-LAAO. Peri-procedural complications occurred in 10 patients, with 3 patients in the dabigatran group and 7 patients in the warfarin group (7.9% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.30). During the 12-month follow-up, 1 patient experienced major bleeding and 16 patients suffered minor bleeding in the warfarin group, while 5 patients treated with dabigatran had minor bleeding (34.8% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.02). Besides, 6 DRT (15.8%) were detected in dabigatran groups, and the incidence was higher than in the warfarin group (15.8% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.03). No DRT-related ischemic events were found. Conclusions: This study suggested that short-term low-dose dabigatran (110 mg twice daily) could significantly decrease the risk of bleeding compared with warfarin at the expense of increased risk of DRT post-LAAO. Therefore, low-dose dabigatran should be used with caution for post-implant anticoagulation of LAAO. Further studies are urgently needed on the feasibility and safety of DOACs post-LAAO.
Parasites and Hyperparasites of the Egg-pods of injurious Locusts (Acridodea) of Turkestan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The following brief contribution summarises a part of the contents of an extensive Russian report on parasites of the egg-pods of some Turkestan Acridodea, studied by the writer while on the staff of the Middle-Asian Institute of Plant Protection (Tashkent, U.S.S.R.), in the years 1927–30. The writer is specially indebted to Mr. V. I. Plotnikov, Director of the Institute, under whose supervision the work was done, and who kindly identified the Acridian hosts ; and for the identification of the parasites reared, to Messrs. A. A. Ogloblin, Santa-Anna ( Scelionidae ), S. J. Paramonov, Kiev ( Bombyliidae ), B. B. Rohdendorf, Leningrad ( Tachinidae ) and B. S. Kuzin, Moscow ( Meloidae ). The author's thanks are due also to Mr. B. P. Uvarov, for his kind assistance in the publication of this note.
O2 extraction by hind limb versus whole dog during anemic hypoxia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The ability of the hind limb to obtain oxygen and maintain its O2 uptake in relation to the whole body during isovolemic hemodilution with dextran was measured in eight anesthetized, paralyzed dogs kept at constant ventilation. Hind limb venous outflow (ankle to upper thigh) was restricted by tourniquets to femoral vein. Hind limb blood flow, O2 uptake (VO2), cardiac output, and total VO2 were measured at normal hematocrit, at hematocrits just above (16%, stage 2) and just below (10%, stage II) that at which total VO2 could be maintained at the control level, and following isovolemic reinfusion of recovered red blood cells (Hct = 23%). VO2 was maintained at the control level in whole body and hind limb during stage I. Total VO2 decreased significantly in stage II (P less than 0.05), whereas limb VO2 did not. Hind limb had a consistently greater extraction ratio for O2 (P less than 0.01) and lower venous oxygen partial pressure than the body as a whole (P less than 0.01). In spite of limitations of O2 delivery by anemia to the point that total O2 demand was not met, there was no redistribution of blood flow away from or decreased demand for O2 by the hind limb, which was mostly skeletal muscle.
Genome rearrangements and sorting by reversals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sequence comparison in molecular biology is in the beginning of a major paradigm shift-a shift from gene comparison based on local mutations to chromosome comparison based on global rearrangements. In the simplest form the problem of gene rearrangements corresponds to sorting by reversals, i.e. sorting of an array using reversals of arbitrary fragments. Kececioglu and Sankoff gave the first approximation algorithm for sorting by reversals with guaranteed error bound and identified open problems related to chromosome rearrangements. One of these problems is Gollan's conjecture on the reversal diameter of the symmetric group. We prove this conjecture and further study the problem of expected reversal distance between two random permutations. We demonstrate that the expected reversal distance is very close to the reversal diameter thereby indicating that reversal distance provides a good separation between related and non-related sequences. The gene rearrangement problem forces us to consider reversals of signed permutations, as the genes in DNA are oriented. Our approximation algorithm for signed permutation provides a 'performance guarantee' of 3/2. Finally, we devise an approximation algorithm for sorting by reversals with a performance ratio of 7/4.< >
Preliminary studies on the antibacterial properties of essential oil extracts from five folk medicines.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In folk medicine, many plants have been claimed to have antibacterial properties. To establish the antimicrobial properties and the therapeutic value of such plants, investigations have to be conducted. In this study, essential oils extracted from the seeds of the five plants of the umbelliferae family including Apium graveolens, Ferula copoda, Cnmminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi have been examined for antimicrobial activity. The data showed that these essential oils possess considerable antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenese, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, isolated from patients suffering from ENT and urinary infections. Their activity was comparable or even greater than penicillin, streptopenicil-lin and tetracycline. It is conceivable that oils either themselves exert antimicrobial effect or some active principles are present in them. Further pharmacological studies are needed to prove their efficiency in systemic infections at safe dosage levels (JPMA 31:230, 1981).
The Contribution of the Rüdin School to Psychiatric Genetics: The Light and the Darkness

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In this special issue, Kendler and Klee1 present for the first time English translations of 5 articles from the Rüdin school in Munich published in German between 1916 and 1933, together with commentaries on each article. These articles are of historical importance because they were among the first to systematically explore the inheritance of dementia praecox (schizophrenia) using state-of-the-art clinical and statistical approaches. The first2 was a study of risk in siblings. This was followed by pioneering studies of risk in offspring3 and nieces and nephews,4 by the first systematic twin study of schizophrenia5 and one of the first studies to explore clinical and etiological heterogeneity in schizophrenia using genetic data.6 In many ways, these articles are an important part of the foundations of modern psychiatric genetics and are valuable historical documents that remain relevant as the field grapples with some of the same issues faced by these pioneers. Kendler and Klee1 bring out many of these points in their scholarly commentaries.
Detection of CIAV and ALV-J in embryos of AA broilers and breeders and chicks at 1-day-old by PCR

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

To investigate the incidence of chicks at 1-day-old and AA broilers and breeders being infected with CIAV and AVL-J,the virus DNA were obtained from various tissues such as liver,spleen,kidney,thymus,bone marrow,Fabricius bursa in embryos of chicken and chicks at 1-day-old,which come from 3 different AA broiler and breeder houses in Shandong province.Then amplified it by PCR and sequenced.The results showed that both viruses were found in the chicks at 1-day-old and embryos of AA broilers and breeders from 3 chicken houses.The positive rate of CIAV was 20.42% and that of ALV-J was 15.83%.The rate of co-infection was 6.25%;The positive rate was the most in the young chicks and dead embryos with healthy chicks and normal embryos following.The amount of viruses showed differences in the tissues.CIAV existed mostly in the spleen and ALV-J in the kidney.Bacterial detection of the liver showed that mixed infection of E.coli,Salmonella and Mycoplasma existed in 3 chicken houses.The result indicated that chicks and embryos of AA broilers and breeder were infected with CIAV,AVL-J or both.Secondary mixed infections of E.coli,Salmonella and mycoplasma also existed.