jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Detecting Sound Events Using Convolutional Macaron Net With Pseudo Strong Labels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose addressing the lack of strongly labeled data by using pseudo strongly labeled data approximated using Convolutive Nonnegative Matrix Factorization. Using this set of data, we then train a novel architecture called the Convolutional Macaron Net (CMN), which combines Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with MN, in a semi-supervised manner. Instead of training only a single model or using the Mean-teacher approach, we train two different CMNs synchronously using a curriculum consistency cost and a curriculum interpolated consistency cost. In the inference stage, one of the models will provide the frame-level prediction while the other model will provide the clip-level prediction. Our system outperforms the baseline system of the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE) 2020 Challenge Task 4 by a margin of over 10% based on our proposed framework. By comparing with the top submission of the DCASE 2019 challenge, our system accuracy is also higher by 1.8%. On the other hand, as compared to the top submission of DCASE 2020, our accuracy is also marginally higher by 0.3%, even with fewer Transformer encoding layers. Our system remains robust on unseen YouTube evaluation dataset and has a winning margin of 0.6% and 6.3% against the top submission of DCASE 2019 and the baseline system.
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Fusion with Orthogonal Memory Staple Fixation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion is one of the most commonly performed procedure for painful symptomatic arthritis. The implants used for osteosynthesis are variable and depend on surgeon preference. The aim of this paper was to study the outcome of first MTPJ fusion surgery using fixation with orthogonal shape memory alloy (Nitinol) staples. Methods: 75 consecutive patients who underwent first MTPJ fusion with orthogonal memory staples were included in the study. All patients underwent surgery using standard surgical technique with fixation of the arthrodesis with two 20 mm shape memory alloy (Nitinol) staples (Memo staples, Ortho Solutions Inc). The first staple placed medially and the second staple placed dorsally in orthogonal plane. The arthrodesis surfaces were prepared and temporarily fixed with K wire. Once the position and bone approximation was confirmed satisfactory under image intensifier guidance, a flat staple bed was prepared with saw blade to make sure the staples are not proud after fixation. All patients also received standard postoperative care with heel weight bearing shoe for six weeks and follow-up at 3,6 and 12 weeks as standard regimen. Patient demography, time to clinical and radiological union, early/late complications, rate of non-union, revision surgery and implant removal were noted. Results: Average age was 64.6 years. 42 patients had severe radiologic arthritic changes while 27 patients had associated moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity. Five patients were known to have inflammatory arthritis. The average follow-up was 18.3 weeks. There were two early complication of superficial infection treated successfully with oral antibiotics. Average clinical union was 7.2 weeks and radiological union at 12 weeks. Five patients (6.6%) had radiological non-union of which four underwent revision surgery with plate fixation. One patient had delayed union while one had dorsal staple back-out but did not warrant removal. None required staple removal from hardware prominence. There was no significant difference in union or complication rates with regards to gender or presence inflammatory arthritis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the outcome of 1st MTPJ fusion with two memory staples in orthogonal position is comparable with other modalities of fixation in terms of rate of union and resurgery. It is safe, simple and easily reproducible technique. Besides, none of the patients in this series required implant removal for hardware related complications. This could be advantageous compared to fewer other modalities like plate fixation, though larger studies are needed to confirm it.
Herd health for donkeys.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

INTESTINAL AND LUNGWORM PARASITE CONTROL Intestinal parasites affecting donkeys are similar to those that affect horses. These include nematodes (large and small strongyles, ascarids, pinworms), bots, and Cestodes (tapeworms). Basic principles of parasite control are the same as for larger equines. Medications used with success in donkeys include fenbendazole, ivermectin, albendazole, and pyrantel pamoate. Lungworms. Animals in certain areas of the country are also affected by lungworms. These areas are not well defined. Donkeys are the natural hosts for lungworms and as such do not show obvious signs of disease when infected. In fact, the incidence of donkey infestation is not known. Mules are reported to be relatively unaffected by lungworm infestation, much like donkeys. Horses, however, may be severely affected, exhibiting coughing and wheezing. Lungworms should be suspected if an affected horse is pastured with donkeys or mules. Definitive diagnosis is made by demonstrating the presence of Dictyocaulis arnfeldi larvae in fresh feces. Treatment is achieved by oral dosing with ivermectin, followed by a repeat treatment in three weeks. Other strategies of parasite control include pasture rotation, removal of manure, and deworming of new herd additions. Successful use or need for deworming medications should be measured by periodic fecal examinations. I recommend the sugar centrifugation technique of fecal analysis.
A Man of Flowers: A Reflection on Plant Patents, the Right to Food and Competition Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present paper explores the multi-layered relationship between plant patents, the right to food and competition law. The present contribution takes the view that the growing tendency to appropriate agricultural crops through intellectual property (IP) – thereby making a pivotal shift from plant breeder’s rights to patents – has possibly led to hampering effects on the access to food by poor and disadvantaged groups, particularly in low-income countries. Human rights, in particular the right to food, might act as a welcome instrument to restore the balance between the private demand for a fair reward and the public interest in sustainable food supply. However, when making a human rights approach more exacting, and when translating the right to food into IP mechanisms facilitating access to food, competition law might come into play, adding a layer of complexity and uncertainty to this delicate balancing act.
A retrospective study of risk factors for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and clinical disease in swine herds in Illinois during the early years of the pandemic

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To determine whether purchase and isolation of gilts and boars, purchase of semen for artificial insemination (AI), sharing of boars with other herds, herd size, and confinement housing were risk factors for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infection and clinical PRRS in swine herds during the early years of the pandemic. Methods: A herd demographic and management survey of 103 swine herds in Illinois was conducted in 1992 and repeated in 1997 to determine whether PRRS virus infection and clinical disease had been diagnosed during the intervening period. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factor associations. Results: Larger herd size was associated with an increased risk, and isolation of purchased gilts with a decreased risk, of both PRRS virus infection and clinical PRRS. Purchase of semen for AI was associated with an increased risk of PRRS virus infection. Implications: Swine producers should certify that purchased semen is free of PRRS virus, gilts should be isolated prior to introduction to the herd, and biosecurity measures should be implemented to prevent PRRS virus infection, particularly in larger herds.
Isolation and properties of a glycerophosphate acylating fraction in the fat body of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskäl)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An acyl-CoA–L-α-glycerophosphate acyltransferase system has been found in the fat body of the locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskäl). After homogenization and differential centrifugation the enzyme system has been localized in two distinct particulate fractions. In both fractions phosphatidic acid was the main reaction product. The 10 000 g – 30 000 g particulate fraction was further studied. The enzyme system is very sensitive to pH and Mg 2+ concentration. An apparent K m of 0.3–0.5 mM for glycerophosphate was measured.The substrate concentration curve for palmitoyl-CoA is influenced by the protein concentration in the assay medium. This effect would partly explain the non-linearity of the acylation reactions with respect to enzyme concentration. These observations are correlated with physiological phenomena.
An empirical research into the effect of blended learning on English writing learning in institutions of higher vocational education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper tries to identify the effect of blended learning teaching mode on English writing teaching and learning in institutions of higher vocational education by conducting an experiment with the Academic English Writing course with blended learning mode. Through a SPSS statistic analysis of the pretest and posttest results of the experiment and a questionnaire, the author finally finds out that blended learning plays a positive role in the improvement of students English writing skill, it is accepted by students in institutions of higher vocational education in China, and that it can help to enhance students ability to study autonomously.
Limits of resolution tools under the BRRD and the Czech act on recovery procedures and the financial market crisis resolution

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Given the unique position of credit institutions and their systemic importance for the financial stability, their resolution has been traditionally entrusted to supervisory authorities rather than courts. As a result, credit institutions are essentially excluded from the scope of “traditional” insolvency procedure and fall under the resolution regime constituting specific form of administrative proceedings. Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (known as the BRRD) is of a particular consequence here as it harmonized the resolution process at the level of the European Union and the European Economic Area, inter alia through the implementation of specific resolution tools. This article deals with conditions for applicability of such resolution tools, their fundamental mechanics as well as legal implications arising thereunder, considering also the Act on Recovery Procedures and the Financial Market Crisis Resolution under which the BRRD has been implemented into Czech law.
Aside and in a slot against the terror of the fact : the book "The Holocaust : auto (tanato) graphies"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The text is an extensive review of the book by Aleksandra Ubertowska titled "The Holocaust. Auto (tanato) graphies". It underlines, first of all, topics related to the diversity of possible representations of the Annihilation and the revision of the views of the researchers who approach fictionalisation of that event in an orthodox way. The author tries to approach critically Ubertowska’s concept as well as her outlook on representations of the Holocaust. She also looks at the terminology used in the book and seizing the opportunity she presents attitudes of other researchers dealing with this subject, which are very far different from each other sometimes. Therefore the text broaches such issues as: inexpressibility of the Holocaust, ethics of representation, postmemory, dual status of a historian and a participant.
Hyperplasia of Brunner's Glands

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of suggested hyperplasia of Brunner's glands is presented with a discussion of the main differential points in the diagnosis of this condition. The importance of the anatomical site of the lesions is stressed, hyperplasia of Brunner's glands being localised in the first and second parts of the duodenum. The significance of the presence or absence of gastric acidity is discussed, hyperplasia of Brunner's glands being associated with an increased acidity as opposed to duodenal polyposis which is invariably associated with an achlorhydria. The essentially benign nature of the condition is stressed.
T‐bet or not T‐bet: Taking the last bow on the autoimmunity stage

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The search for the encephalitogenic factor driving pathogenic T cells in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and psoriasis has proven to be a long and difficult mission, which is not yet completed. In this issue of the E uropean J ournal of I mmunology , the importance of the transcription factor T ‐bet, previously shown to be essential for the induction of autoimmune disease in mice, is challenged. Two independent groups, O'Connor et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43:2818–2823] report] and Grifka‐Walk et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43:2824–2831], report that T ‐bet is not mandatory for T cells to cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ), which serves as a paradigmatic T ‐cell‐mediated autoimmune disease. Both groups found that T ‐bet KO mice were fully susceptible to develop EAE , both after immunization with self‐antigen and after adoptive transfer of IL ‐23‐polarized autoaggressive T cells. T‐bet deficiency mediated the loss of IFN ‐γ expression but retained or even enhanced GM ‐ CSF and I L‐17 production by central nervous system ( CNS )‐infiltrating T cells. These findings indicate that we have lost the last transcriptional regulator previously held to be required for the generation of autoimmune pathogenic T cells.
Cowboy Culture: A Saga of Five Centuries by David Dary

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

88 Western American Literature reviews from Robert Greeley, Diane Wakoski, and Charles Bernstein, yet the work is confined by its insistence upon style to a harshly restricted compass. If poetry is a continual refinement of technique, an index to footnotes, then this may be good work that I simply lack the close vision to recognize. However it is, I eventually grew irritated at the poet—despite his skill and cultivation—for his constantly blocking the window in order to describe the view. C. L. RAWLINS Boulder, Wyoming Cowboy Culture: A Saga of Five Centuries. By David Dary. (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1989. 384 pages, $9.95.) Cowboy Culture, first published in hardback by Alfred Knopf (1981), has now been reprinted in paperback by University of Kansas Press. It is an excellent historical survey for newcomers unacquainted with cowboy lore, but it is not an essential book for scholars who are already familiar with basic historical facts. Dary doesn't offer us a new way of looking at cowboy life, but he documents what others have already said in a series of clearly written and exhaustively researched chapters that begins with Columbus's voyage to the New World and that ends with the fencing off of the open range in the 1880s and '90s. Along the way, Dary attends to the climatic and geo­ graphical factors that contributed to the development of different cattle econ­ omies on northern, western and southwestern ranges; to the social customs that distinguished cowboys from cattlemen;to the genderroles that determined what parts prostitutes, ranch wives and other women might play; to the labor that Hispanic and Native American cowboys or vaqueros performed; and to the practical functions that chaps, boots, hats, lariats, saddles and spurs served in the cowboy's everyday world. Sometimes Dary interrupts the narrative by illogically inserting bits of information into chapters that are thematically unrelated to the author'sother concerns. So Chapter 11 ("On the Northern Ranges") includes a long and learned discussion of saddles—not because saddles were only worn on the northern range, but because this apparently seemed like a good time to work in some knowledge that the author had gathered. But such digressions are likely to be found in encyclopedic accounts that take pleasure in showcasing their various and informative facts. Its wealth of information makes the book a first-rate introduction to cowboy life for lay readers and an indispensable source book for scholars, who can rely on the book to provide them with necessary knowledge and entertain­ ing details related to an important aspect of nineteenth-century western American culture. BLAKE ALLMENDINGER UCLA ...
Rudolf Steiner's Koberwitz (Kobierzyce, Poland) - Birthplace of Biodynamic Agriculture - A Photographic Exhibition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A Photographic Exhibition of Rudolf Steiner's Koberwitz. \nRudolf Steiner, in the eight lectures of his Agriculture Course presented at Koberwitz (Kobierzyce) in the summer of 1924, laid down the foundations for the development of biodynamic agriculture and organic farming.
Infestation of Irradiated White Oaks by the Solitary Oak Leaf miner, Camieraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae)1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

On isolated shoots of white oak exposed to 20–30 roentgens per day in 2 gradients of gamma irradiation, solitary oak leafminer, Cameraria hamadryadella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae), densities (sample means for 2nd-generation mines per 100 leaves and standard errors of the means) were 220±33 in 1967, 167±67 in 1968, and 16±4 in 1969. During the same years, on white oaks exposed to less than 3 roentgens per day, the densities were 48±7, 35±5, and 3.8±1.7 for leaves on branches 1–3 m high and 20±2, 9.1±1.1, and 1.0±0.2 for leaves collected on the ground.
The Effect Of Ricinus Communis Variety Minor On Reproductive Organs Of The Wistar Rat And Haematological Indicies In Women Volunteers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of the extract on reproductive organs of the wistar rat and its reproductive cyclicity and also to determine the safety of the extract in women volunteers who have been on it for between 1 10 years with respect to their haematological indicies. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The seed extract of Ricinus Communis variety minor given in a dose of 1.2kg/kg body weight to female wistar rats subcutaneously. The oestrous cycle were studied and the ovaries and uteri were obtained , fixed in Boiun`s fluid and prepared for Haematoxylin and Eosin(H&E) stining for histology. Similarly, the ante cubital venous blood of women already on the seed as a means of family planning were obtained and their haematological indices determined. RESULTS.: Thee estrous cycle of the rats were distorted. Furthermore, this seed extract induced changes in the ovarian and uterine histology, which may be due partly to alteration in the estrogen/ progesterone balance, as well as direct effect on these reproductive organs. Hematological indices were not affected in women volunteers who have been on the plant seed of as 3 seeds as a single dose as a means of family planning. CONCLUSION: The seed extract distorted the oestrous cyclce of the female wistar rat. It did not adversely affect the haematologic indicies which may suggest its safety from some known haematological complications of family planning pills such as thrombo embolism etc. KEY WORDS: Ricinus communis, Reproductive organs, women volunteers. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(3) 2003: 31-34
Numerical Data Processing for Graphic Presentations of Geological Structure on the Basis of Dip-Strike Data from the Honjyo Area, Akita Prefecture, Japan

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we tried to analyze numerically the geological structures in the northern Honjyo Area, Akita Prefecture, using methods presented by Ohmae et al. (1985a, b) as follows: (1) we collected 377 dip-strike data from the northern part of the geological map of the Honjyo Area (1: 50, 000) published by the Geological Survey of Japan, (2) converted them to the normal vectors of beds, (3) estimated the dip-strikes at grid points by the weighted averages of the normal vectores to show the areal folding structure as the strike-line maps, and (4) estimated apparent dips at 153 points of 100 m interval to draw three kinds of geological sections using Shiono et al. (1984a, b, c) 's programs. The results were compared with the folding structure and the geological section shown in the original geological map to evaluate the methods used for numerical geological data processing.
A New SDM-Based Approach for Assessing Climate Change Effects on Plant–Pollinator Networks

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Current methods for studying the effects of climate change on plants and pollinators can be grouped into two main categories. The first category involves using species distribution models (SDMs) to generate habitat suitability maps, followed by applying climate change scenarios to predict the future distribution of plants and pollinators separately. The second category involves constructing interaction matrices between plants and pollinators and then either randomly removing species or selectively removing generalist or specialist species, as a way to estimate how climate change might affect the plant–pollinator network. The primary limitation of the first approach is that it examines plant and pollinator distributions separately, without considering their interactions within the context of a pollination network. The main weakness of the second approach is that it does not accurately predict climate change impacts, as it arbitrarily selects species to remove without knowing which species will truly shift, decline, or increase in distribution due to climate change. Therefore, a new approach is needed to bridge the gap between these two methods while avoiding their specific limitations. In this context, we introduced an innovative approach that first requires the creation of binary climate suitability maps for plants and pollinators, based on SDMs, for both the current and future periods. This step aligns with the first category of methods mentioned earlier. To assess the effects of climate change within a network framework, we consider species co-overlapping in a geographic matrix. For this purpose, we developed a Python program that overlays the binary distribution maps of plants and pollinators, generating interaction matrices. These matrices represent potential plant–pollinator interactions, with a ‘0’ indicating no overlap and a ‘1’ where both species coincide in the same cell. As a result, for each cell within the study area, we can construct interaction matrices for both the present and future periods. This means that for each cell, we can analyze at least two pollination networks based on species co-overlap. By comparing the topology of these matrices over time, we can infer how climate change might affect plant–pollinator interactions at a fine spatial scale. We applied our methodology to Chile as a case study, generating climate suitability maps for 187 plant species and 171 pollinator species, resulting in 2906 pollination networks. We then evaluated how climate change could affect the network topology across Chile on a cell-by-cell basis. Our findings indicated that the primary effect of climate change on pollination networks is likely to manifest more significantly through network extinctions, rather than major changes in network topology.