jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Salivary Interleukin 6 is A Valid Biomarker for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Interleukin 6 (IL6) is pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with decline in ovarian function during menopause which is involved in the pathophysiology of postmenopausal bone loss. Objective: To investigate validity of salivary IL6 as a biomarker to diagnose osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 75 postmenopausal women. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to diagnose osteoporosis. Salivary IL6 was measured for all postmenopausal women by using Human ELISA kit . Results: Of a total 75 individual involved in the study, 25 were healthy postmenopausal women, 25 had osteopenia, and 25 had osteoporosis. There was no statistical significant differences between age and body mass index in all groups (p>0.05). Mean level of salivary IL6 was significantly different among healthy controls, osteopenic group, and osteoporotic group (11.66 ± 4.44 vs 14.51 ± 6.5 vs 23.9 ±5.52 pg/ml; p<0.001) respectively. The mean salivary IL-6 was significantly higher in osteoporosis group (23.9 pg/ml) compared to control group (11.66 pg/ml). Salivary IL-6 was a valid parameter to predict osteoporosis in postmenopausal woman (ROC area=0.91, p<0.001).Salivary IL-6 showed positive strong significant linear correlation with bone t- score (r=0.62, P<0.001). Salivary IL6 at the optimum cut off value ≥19.45 pg/ml has highest accuracy (81.3%) to diagnose osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with sensitivity was 84.%, specificity 80 %, positive predictive value (PPV) at pretest probability 50% was 80.8%, and PPV at pretest probability 90% was 97.4 %, and negative predictive value (NPV) at pretest probability 10% was 97.8 %. Conclusions: Salivary IL6 was a simple, easy, and a valid biomarker to diagnose osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with high accuracy. This may indicate a hopeful measure for early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Keywords: Salivary IL6, Menopause, Proinflammatory cytokines, Osteoporosis.
Beaming Terahertz waves : a negative gradient-index meta-surface for out-coupling of surface propagating waves

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A broadband Surface-to-Plane wave out-coupler was designed and simulated to couple surface propagating wave into x-polarized plane wave at 3 THz. The out-coupler is a periodically structured negative gradient-index meta-surface with each unit cell comprising of numerous H-shaped sub cells that are subwavelength along the in-plane dimensions. The negative gradient-index meta-surface is advantageous to second-order Bragg grating for surface emission due to its broadband characteristics. This is possible due to the change in phase response that is caused by the shift in the resonance of the H-shaped sub cell as the operating frequency of the surface wave changes. Furthermore, as the H-shaped sub cells only scatter x-polarized electromagnetic waves, the out-coupler does not suffer from coupling losses to orthogonal polarizations. And through conservation of wave vector, the direction of propagation can be controlled by engineering the phase gradient of a unit cell. A generalized expression for the angle of propagation (Polar angle) was derived for a one-dimensional (1-D) gradient-index meta-surface. And the simulated results agree with good consistency with the generalized expression despite showing slight deviations that can be attributed to the non-uniform scattering amplitude of each H-shaped sub cell. Thus these results open up possibilities for dynamic two-dimensional (2-D) Beamforming and Beam steering in the Terahertz spectrum.
The Influence of Vesical Distension on the Urethral Resistance to Flow: A Possible Role for Prostaglandins?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The possible role of prostaglandins in the mediation and/or modulation of the urethral response to vesical distension was investigated in female dogs. Three criteria for the possible involvement of these mediators have been investigated. Indomethacin could block the reduction of urethral resistance observed during vesical distension. Intra-arterial infusion of exogenous prostaglandin E2 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the urethral resistance to flow. Moreover, a significant release of prostaglandin E2 in the venous blood during the course of vesical distension could be demonstrated. The functional significance, mechanisms of release and mode of action of these highly active lipids are discussed.
Prospect of economic integration of Chinese economic area.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the past two decades, the economic interaction within Chinese Economic Area (CEA), which consists of the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, has strongly proven that CEA has made enormous strides in the economic integration. It is inevitable for the CEA to achieve economic integration and emerge as an economic community like NAFTA or EU in the future, since it is by no means an illusion but a feasible project safely based on the sound foundations of theory and practice.
Gender Difference in Willingness and Capacity for Deliberation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article examines the gender gap in deliberation, focusing on three facets: willingness to deliberate, capacity for deliberation, and facilitation techniques aimed at reducing the gender gap. It hypothesizes that women will be less willing to deliberate but more likely to engage in strictly defined desired deliberative behaviors. Relying on original survey and experimental data, this paper finds women to be more willing to deliberate. However, men’s negative deliberative behaviors—particularly cutting others off or dominating speech––undermine women’s efforts to be effective deliberators. Finally, the two innovative facilitation methods outlined in the article eliminate the gender gap.
General geology and geochemical study of topsoil in Sokor Taku, Tanah Merah

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A study of general geological mapping and the distribution of heavy metals were carried out at Sokor Taku, Tanah Merah, Kelantan. The study area covers latitude between 5 ° 33 '45 "N to 5 ° 36' 28.13" N while longitude is between 101 ° 57 '26.25 “E to 102 ° 0’ 9.38" E with a total 25 km2. Sokor Taku is a part of Telong Formation and Taku Schist. The geological map of the study area is produced and updated by using geographic information system (GIS) with the scale of 1:25 000. Based on the geological mapping that conducted in the study area, Sokor Taku consists of rocks including mud, sandstone, phyllite, tuff and sandstone. In addition, research on the distribution of heavy metals (Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Sn) in the soil is also carried out by taking six random soil samples according to the different lithology. All soil samples were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescent (XRF). The analysis results show the difference in concentration for each element in the soil. The Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Sn concentrations of the soil samples are compared with the permissible limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and according to the European Union Standard and Australia Standard.
Genotypic and environmental effects on pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight in Lupinus angustifolius

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fourteen winter-sown genotypes of Lupinus angustifolius L., comprising most of the Western Australian cultivars released since 1986, were studied over 2 years at 4 southern Chile locations. Pod wall proportion, pod wall specific weight, seed number per pod, mean seed weight, seed weight per pod, wall weight per pod, and mean pod weight were measured, separately sampling pods from the mainstem and pods from branches. The 2 pod positions differed significantly for all characteristics except wall weight per pod. Lower coefficients of variation and greater heritabilities for both pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight were achieved with a sample of pods from branches than with a sample from the mainstem. The ranges for pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight were small (31.8–35.8% and 27.0–34.7 mg/cm2, respectively); however, highly significant genotypic effects were found for both characters. Heritability estimates were moderate for pod wall proportion (0.27 and 0.44 for pods from mainstem and branches, respectively) and moderate to high for pod wall specific weight (0.56 and 0.61, respectively). Pod wall proportion and pod wall specific weight were significantly correlated, more so at the genetic level ( r g&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.83 and r g = 0.76 for pods from mainstem and branches, respectively) than at the phenotypic level ( r ph = 0.57 and r ph = 0.60, respectively). Pod wall specific weight was closely associated with wall weight per pod, meaning that larger pods call for thicker pod walls. Accordingly, selection for low pod wall specific weight in a breeding program could lead to light pods. Correlations with mean seed weight indicate that this trait could decrease as well.
[Triangular skull. Apropos of trigonocephaly].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors present 87 patients with trigonocephaly who were operated on. They take an interest in the consequence of the early synostosis of the metopic suture. The metopic suture combine with the sagittal sutural system, but his spot of manifestation is unambiguous. Its manage the dimension of the frontal bone which himself has repercussions on the set of the orbits. Thereby the fronto-orbito-facial dysmorphy has two component parts. One direct with little frontal bone and a thick sutural spot which extend more or less to the bregma and a second indirect with early deformation of the orbits and late deformation of the parietal bones. Three clinical patterns are described: micro-frontal shape, medio-frontal shape and orbito-frontal shape. In the pure shapes there is no direct impact on the encephalon but the venous stasis is high and probably liable for the encephalic damage when they exist. A single surgical proceeding does not meet the many varieties of deformations. Resection of fused metopic suture from a bifrontal flap; confection of orbito-fronto-nasal band which is opened by greenstick fracture on the metopic site; transposition of an hemicoronal suture between the two hemifrontal valves lateraly translated; foreward mobilisation and interventing temporal flaps. To finish the modeling it is necessary to open the periosteum sheet in order to translate temporal muscles then to overlay with interparietal pedicularly periosteum the anterior step. Metopic synostosis is ordinarily only an aesthetic deformity infrequently associated with intracranial pathology. The treatment must be required for pronounced deformities to prevent significant psychosocial consequences.
Endometriosis of the Bladder: Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Dec 1966Endometriosis of the Bladder: Case Report Ernest A. Norehad, Charles F. Mckiel, Daniel Callahan, and Edwin C. Graf Ernest A. NorehadErnest A. Norehad More articles by this author , Charles F. MckielCharles F. Mckiel More articles by this author , Daniel CallahanDaniel Callahan More articles by this author , and Edwin C. GrafEdwin C. Graf More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)63378-0AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1966 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byIwano J and Ewing G (2018) Endometriosis of the BladderJournal of Urology, VOL. 100, NO. 5, (614-615), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1968. Volume 96Issue 6December 1966Page: 901-905 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1966 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ernest A. Norehad More articles by this author Charles F. Mckiel More articles by this author Daniel Callahan More articles by this author Edwin C. Graf More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
A New Subgenus of Intranasal Chiggers of the Genus Microtrombicula from North America and Korea1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Crypticula, new subgenus, type species Trombicula merrihewi Loomis & Lipovsky, is proposed in the genus Microtrombicula Ewing. Microtrombicula (Crypticula) diabola, n. sp., from is Devils River, Val Verde Co., Texas, from nasal passages of Peromyscus difficilis. Other species included in the subgenus are Trombicula ornata Loomis & Lipovsky, Microtrombicula nasalis Loomis and M. wrenni Loomis from North American cricetid rodents; M. kyongkiensis Ah, M. loomisi Ah, M. miniopteri Ah, and M. pipistrelli Ah from Korean bats.
Cerebral imaging in paediatric mitochondrial disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Because the central nervous system (CNS) is the second most frequently affected organ in mitochondrial disorders (MIDs) and since paediatric MIDs are increasingly recognised, it is important to know about the morphological CNS abnormalities on imaging in these patients. This review aims at summarising and discussing current knowledge and recent advances concerning CNS imaging abnormalities in paediatric MIDs. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted. Results The most relevant CNS abnormalities in paediatric MIDs on imaging include white and grey matter lesions, stroke-like lesions as the morphological equivalent of stroke-like episodes, cerebral atrophy, calcifications, optic atrophy, and lactacidosis. Because these CNS lesions may be seen with or without clinical manifestations, it is important to screen all MID patients for cerebral involvement. Some of these lesions may remain unchanged for years whereas others may be dynamic, either in the sense of progression or regression. Typical dynamic lesions are stroke-like lesions and grey matter lesions. Clinically relevant imaging techniques for visualisation of CNS abnormalities in paediatric MIDs are computed tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR spectroscopy, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron-emission tomography, and angiography. Conclusions CNS imaging in paediatric MIDs is important for diagnosing and monitoring CNS involvement. It also contributes to the understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms that lead to CNS involvement in MIDs.
Osteoarthritis screening using Raman spectroscopy of dried human synovial fluid drops

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe the use of Raman spectroscopy to investigate synovial fluid drops deposited onto fused silica microscope slides. This spectral information can be used to identify chemical changes in synovial fluid associated with osteoarthritis (OA) damage to knee joints. The chemical composition of synovial fluid is predominately proteins (enzymes, cytokines, or collagen fragments), glycosaminoglycans, and a mixture of minor components such as inorganic phosphate crystals. During osteoarthritis, the chemical, viscoelastic and biological properties of synovial fluid are altered. A pilot study was conducted to determine if Raman spectra of synovial fluid correlated with radiological scoring of knee joint damage. After informed consent, synovial fluid was drawn and x-rays were collected from the knee joints of 40 patients. Raman spectra and microscope images were obtained from the dried synovial fluid drops using a Raman microprobe and indicate a coarse separation of synovial fluid components. Individual protein signatures could not be identified; Raman spectra were useful as a general marker of overall protein content and secondary structure. Band intensity ratios used to describe protein and glycosaminoglycan structure were used in synovial fluid spectra. Band intensity ratios of Raman spectra indicate that there is less ordered protein secondary structure in synovial fluid from the damage group. Combination of drop deposition with Raman spectroscopy is a powerful approach to examining synovial fluid for the purposes of assessing osteoarthritis damage.
The cultural politics of national testing and test result release policy in South Korea: a critical discourse analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the ideological construction of educational discourses embedded within the South Korean print media. Significantly, these discourses have recently promoted the resurrection of a sweeping national testing and test results release policy. Through careful examination of the "test plus release" policy, the authors show how the government has achieved hegemonic power by shaping public opinion through the national testing contexts. Drawing on a critical discourse analysis of educational policy texts from the government and top 10 print media sources, this paper analyses how discourses on "accountability", "the right to know" and "the fairness of the tests" have been produced, reproduced and recontextualized to favour particular perspectives. The authors also examine how government and influential print media discourses interact with political and cultural factors such as "acclaiming the evaluative state", "education fever" and "meritocratic beliefs" to achieve public consent for the new "test plus release" policy.
Alzheimer's disease: studies of diagnosis and therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite tremendous recent advances in the clinical neurology, neurobiology and \nepidemiology of Alzheimer's disease, the cause as well as its treatment remains as \nmuch a mystery today as when it was first described in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer.' \nAlzheimer's disease, the most common type of dementia in the elderlf and already \nreferred to as the disease of the century, is one of the major social and medical \nchallenges for clinical practice as well as for scientific medicine, especially since the \nnumber of Alzheimer patients is predicted to rise strongly into the next century.3 \nStudies presented in this thesis deal with issues that confront patients suffering \nfrom Alzheimer's disease and their families and caregivers every day: the uncertainty \nof the clinical diagnosis and the lack of adequate treatment The focus will be on \nsingle photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as a method to assess \nregional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), its methods of analysis and the contribution to \nthe clinical diagnosis. In addition, aspects of two therapeutic strategies will be \nexplored: stimulation of neuronal metabolism and modulation of neurotransmitter \ndependent processes. Much of the work presented is guided by epidemiological \nprinciples and methods. This coincides with the clinical neurological point of view \nthat is a leading thread running through this thesis.
The State of Emergency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines how Ethiopian governments have periodically declared a state of emergency in the country; these effectively turned out to be police and carceral regimes during periods of political crisis. Each of the three Ethiopian governments claimed legitimacy for their respective body politic as a derivation of the ‘consent’ or the ‘general will’ of the Ethiopian people in the last hundred years; Haile-Selassie as the rightful successor tracing the legendary Solomonic Dynasty for his modern Christian autocracy; Mengistu as the head of a socialist state with the will of the working people; and Meles as the head of the federal democratic state with the will of nations/nationalities. Nonetheless, the mode in which they exercised their powers or the mechanism of power they applied in order to normalize their respective body politic is indistinguishable. Furthermore, this contrived idea of the ‘general will’ and its empirical derivative, that is ‘public order’ has become the ‘norm’ in modern Ethiopian politics. These governments have also utilized similar institutional and legal mechanisms that remained intact, such as the police, the criminal law, the prison and the army, as variegated power of normalization despite radical regime changes in September 1974 and May 1991.
Time and space in Hiruharama: James K. Baxter's vivid culture of images

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The New Zealand poet, James K Baxter (1926-1972) was a most professional poet who maintained meticulous records and fair copies. He sought and gained social recognition and international publication. Towards the end of his life he turned away from his professional artistic way of life and literally walked into the wilderness. Where he ended up was a small Maori community at Hiruharama (a transliteration of Jerusalem). Here Baxter attempted a spiritual, social and poetic experiment: he attempted to make his life vivid. The first record of this experiment is to be found in the sequence, Jerusalem Sonnets, consisting of thirty-nine meditative and diary-like poems. The poet announces in the final sonnet, thirty-nine, that he had “hoped for fifty sonnets”, such was his formal temperament even in the mode of mystic voyager. In the Jerusalem Sonnets, Baxter seeks to make explicit (vivid) the spiritual dimension of culture in the everyday life he set out to follow.