jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Golden Goose

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the late 1950s, the oil oligopoly reached the apex of their dominance over the global oil economy. Yet rising petro-nationalism in the oil-producing Global South threatened to destabilize the concessionary system erected to balance prices and distribute profits. Following cuts to the price of oil in 1960, the producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to pressure the companies into offering better terms. Iran occupied a middle position, as the shah hoped to use OPEC to further his own interests while maintaining close ties to the companies. His government was pulled in two directions, with OPEC Secretary General Fu’ad Ruhani pushing for more assertive petro-nationalism while conservatives in the shah’s cabinet urged a closer relationship with the companies. In the end, the shah opted to sabotage OPEC and conclude his own arrangement with the companies, one that would ensure Iran’s rising revenues and a firm financial foundation upon which to build a more powerful central state.
Estimating Disease Prevalence in Administrative Data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Disease prevalence estimates from population-based administrative databases are often biased due to measurement (misclassification) errors. The purpose of this article is to review the methodology for estimating disease prevalence in administrative data, with a focus on bias correction. Source Several approaches to bias correction in administrative data were reviewed and application of these methods was demonstrated using an example from the literature: physician claims and hospitalization data were employed to estimate diabetes prevalence in Ontario, Canada. Findings Misclassification bias in prevalence estimates from administrative data can be reduced by developing and selecting an optimal algorithm for case identification, applying a bias correction formula, or using statistical modelling. An algorithm for which sensitivity equals positive predictive value provides an unbiased estimate of prevalence. Bias reduction methods generally require information about the measurement properties of the algorithm, such as sensitivity, specificity, or predictive value. These properties depend on disease type, prevalence, algorithm definition (including the observation window), and may vary by population and time. Prevalence estimates can be improved by applying multivariable disease prediction models. Conclusion Frequency of a positive case identification algorithm in administrative data is generally not equivalent to disease prevalence. Although prevalence estimates can be corrected for bias using known measurement properties of the algorithm, these properties may be difficult to estimate accurately; therefore, disease prevalence estimates based on administrative data must be treated with caution.
Reconstruction of Skull Base Defects Following Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approaches to the Sellar Region

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Water-tide closure of the bone and dura defects, prevention of CSF leak after endonasal transsphenoidal approaches to the sellar region, anterior and mid-clival skull base, especially extended approaches to the large pituitary tumors and craniopharingiomas with extrasellar extension is a real challenge for neurosurgeons.
A compression‐based distance measure for texture

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The analysis of texture is an important subroutine in application areas as diverse as biology, medicine, robotics, and forensic science. While the last three decades have seen extensive research in algorithms to measure texture similarity, almost all existing methods require the careful setting of many parameters. There are many problems associated with a lot of parameters, the most obvious of which is that with many parameters to fit, it is very difficult to avoid overfitting. In this work, we propose to extend recent advances in Kolmogorov complexity‐based similarity measures to texture matching problems. These Kolmogorov‐based methods have been shown to be very useful in intrinsically discrete domains such as DNA, protein sequences, MIDI music, and natural languages; however, they are not well defined for real‐valued data. To address this, we introduce a very simple idea, the Campana‐Keogh (CK) video compression‐based method for texture measures. These measures utilize video compressors to approximate the Kolmogorov complexity. Using the parameter‐free CK method, we novely utilize lossy compression to create an efficient and robust parameter‐lite texture similarity measure: the CK‐1 distance measure. We demonstrate the utility of our measure with extensive empirical evaluations on real‐world case studies drawn from nematology, arachnology, entomology, medicine, forensics, texture analysis benchmarks, and many other domains. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 381‐398, 2010
Inset Mapper: A Software Tool In Island Cartography

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Island cartography deals with special cartographic problems confronted in the portrayal of island regions and demands the use of specially developed software tools. One of the most commonly faced problems is the need of inset map creation for very small islands, and sometimes isolated ones, that must be displayed in the main map. This paper presents the methodology followed for the development of the Inset Mapper (IM) Software toolbox, describes the toolbox, and showcases its ability to create inset maps in Island regions. The IM software tool provides a useful cartographic tool for assisting the selection of the most appropriate position and scale of the inset map in an Island region.
Retraction Notice: Perfectively Deducing Bessel Mean Square Error Formula

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In the survey teaching materials of China, deducing Bessel mean square error formula is all based on survey values with same mathematical expectation. These methods aren't perfect. So, based on survey values without same mathematics expectation to prove Bessel mean square error formula is very necessary. Therefore, considering different mathematical expectation, it is meaningful that this paper has perfectively deduced Bessel mean square error formula.
Acute Effects of a High Volume vs. High Intensity Bench Press Protocol on Electromechanical Delay and Muscle Morphology in Recreationally Trained Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the acute responses on muscle architecture, electromechanical delay (EMD) and performance following a high volume (HV: 5 sets of 10 reps at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM)) and a high intensity (HI: 5 sets of 3 reps at 90% of 1RM) bench press protocol in women. Eleven recreationally trained women (age = 23.3 ± 1.8 y; body weight = 59.7 ± 6.0 kg; height = 164.0 ± 6.3 cm) performed each protocol in a counterbalanced randomized order. Muscle thickness of pectoral (PEC MT) and triceps muscles (TR MT) were collected prior to and 15 min post each trial. In addition, EMD of pectoral (PEC EMD) and triceps (TR EMD) muscles were calculated during isometric bench press maximum force tests performed at the same timepoints (IBPF). Significantly greater increases in PEC MT (p < 0.001) and TR MT (p < 0.001) were detected following HV compared to HI. PEC EMD showed a significantly greater increase following HV compared to HI (p = 0.039). Results of the present study indicate that the HV bench press protocol results in greater acute morphological and neuromuscular changes compared to a HI protocol in women. Evaluations of muscle morphology and electromechanical delay appear more sensitive to fatigue than maximum isometric force assessments.
Design of fluorescence immunoassays. Perspectives for continuous monitoring of biological warface agents.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This thesis was devoted to the design of fluorescence immunoassays aiming at the detection of biological warfare agents. We developed a new concept of competitive immunoassay for continuous flow detection involving a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). This procedure is based on the use of an heterotrifunctional reagent (tripod) bearing i) a fluorophore donor (D), ii) a molecule structurally close to the target and iii) a linker to the solid phase. The binding of an anti-target antibody labeled with an acceptor molecule (A) on the tripod generates the decrease of the donor emission via the FRET phenomenon (quenching). The presence of the target competiting with the tripod for the binding to the antibody leads to an increase of the fluorescence signal. The solid phase can be easily further reactivated by adding the labeled antibody. This method was evaluated in microtiter plates using small molecules (substance P, atrazine, aflatoxine) and larger proteins (β-lactoglobuline, botulinum toxin, ricin). Spectral properties of the dyes, A/D ratio and A-D distance were demonstrated to have largely influenced FRET efficiency and hereby the sensitivity of the assay. The sensitivity also strongly depends on the binding characteristics of the antibody. The main difficulty lies on the relative affinity characteristics of the antibody towards the tripod and the analyte, since the antibody should exhibit ideally a strong affinity for the tripod and even stronger affinity for the analyte. Assays performed in glass microcells using a CCD camera and a fluorescence microscope allowed continuous-flow detection and are promising for the build-up of a biosensor. We also present a simple method for performing rapid assays in microtiter plates thanks to the difference in fluorescence signal observed between free and immobilized dyes which proved to be efficient for the design of a simultaneous multiplexed immunoassay.
The Results of MSC-428 NanomoleculesApplication in Neoadjuvant Therapy inPatients with Breast Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Breast cancer takes the first place in the structure of morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms in women. It indicates the problem of patients and doctors’ unsatisfied needs in the treatment of this disease. Some types of cancer, such as melanoma, bladder or renal cell carcinoma, demonstrated a long-term response to immunotherapy, however, breast tumors did not show the same efficacy, because breast cancer is immunologically cold, it is weakly infiltrated with T cells and causes a weak immune response. The causes of immune silence in breast cancer are not fully defined and this knowledge gap threatens the life and health of hundreds and thousands of patients. Thus, further studies of new therapeutic agents, mixed agonists/antagonists of nanomolecules MSC-428 in multitarget immunotherapy targeted at reprogramming the activity of 8 receptor proteins, are crucial for the development of the most effective cancer treatment strategies. According to the study, it can be stated that MSC-428 application in the combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) demonstrated the greatest clinical benefits for cancer patients, by involving the immune system in the process of tumor destruction. It made the tumor immunologically “hot”, by enhancing its infiltration with T cells, reducing the risk of metastasis, inhibiting several very important immune checkpoint proteins, thereby increasing the cytotoxic effect of T-lymphocytes and, accordingly, the duration of disease-free survival of patients.
A Case of Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn with Hypoglycemia and Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

환아 : 김◯선아기, 생후 1일, 여아 주소 : 출생 직후 발생한 호흡곤란 출생력 및 현병력 : 환아는 타원에서 재태 기간 40주 0 일에 특별한 분만 손상 없이 제왕절개술로 출생하였으며 출생 체중은 2,860 g (10-25백분위수)이었다. 아프가 점 수는 1분 8점, 5분 8점으로 양호하였으나, 출생 시 양수가 태변 착색을 보였고 이후 호흡곤란 증상을 보여 기관 삽관 후 양압환기를 시행하며 본원 신생아 집중 치료실로 입원 하였다. 산모 병력 및 가족력 : 임신성 당뇨 외에 특이 사항 없음. 피하지방괴사(subcutaneous fat necrosis)는 다양한 연령층에서 나타날 수 있지만 신생아에서 드문 질환으로, 신생아에서는 분만 손상, 가사(birth asphyxia)와 같은 저 산소증, 저체온 치료(therapeutic hypothermia), 저혈당 증, 산모의 임신성 당뇨병과 고혈압 등의 위험 요인을 가지 는 만삭아에서 출생 후 수주 이내에 잘 발생한다. 지방 패드(fat pad)가 있는 사지, 등, 엉덩이, 허벅지 등에 주로 발 생하는 한 개 혹은 여러 개의 경계가 뚜렷한 압통을 동반한 홍반성, 경화성 피하 결절(nodules) 및 판(plaque)을 특징 으로 하는 지방층염의 드문 형태로 예후가 좋아 대부분 수 주 내지 수개월 후 소실된다. 합병증으로는 고칼슘혈증, 통 증, 지질이상, 신부전, 피하 위축 들이 있다. 국내에서는 신 저혈당증과 태변 흡인 증후군을 보인 신생아에서 나타난 피하지방괴사 1례
Tramadol aggravates cardiovascular toxicity in a rat model of alcoholism: Involvement of intermediate microfilament proteins and immune‐expressed osteopontin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tramadol and alcohol are among commonly abused drugs. Although there are potential dangers reported upon their mixing, there are no previous reports describing this mixture's effects on the cardiovascular system (CVS). The aim was to study the effects of mixed alcohol and tramadol on the CVS of adult male rats. Fifty rats were divided into four groups: control, tramadol‐treated group, alcohol‐treated, and coadministration groups. Tramadol caused a significant increases in creatine kinase‐MB, troponin I, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, and a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity with histological alterations in sections of the heart and aorta and a significant increase in the area% of collagen fibers while there was a nonsignificant difference in body weight, heart weight, heart weight/body weight ratio, lipid profile, tissue tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ, intermediate microfilament proteins (IFPs) {desmin, vimentin, connexin43} gene expression, mean area% of elastic fibers in aortic tissue and osteopontin expression in cardiac and aortic tissue. Alcohol treatment caused a significant change in all the measured parameters and more damage in histological sections. The changes were highest in the coadministration group. There was a strong positive correlation between the area% of collagen fibers and vimentin gene expression, and the area% of osteopontin expression was positively correlated to connexin43 in cardiac and vascular tissue. Tramadol causes CVS injury mainly through oxidative stresses, while the alcohol effect is multifactorial; mixing both aggravates CVS injury. The study also highlights the role of IFPs and osteopontin‐expression in inducing injury.
Addressing Hidden Hunger via Improving Soil Health and Crop Nutrients Through Nanofortification

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Micronutrient deficiency represents a significant challenge in developing regions, particularly in Asia and Africa, where agricultural systems often yield foods lacking essential vitamins and minerals. These nutrient-poor diets are commonly consumed by low to middle-income families, exacerbating disease burden at global level. The nutritional health crisis stems from ineffective food systems failing to provide sufficient nutrients, especially to vulnerable populations. Many strategies such as food fortification, dietary diversification, nutritional education supplementation have been implemented for addressing this issue. Additionally, advancements such as nano-chelating technology offer promising solutions by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and enabling the crop biofortification along with crucial micronutrients. Biofortification involves crop breeding to enhance their nutritional content, has emerged as a key approach in recent years. By enhancing the vitamin and mineral profiles of crops, these interventions aim to improve overall soil and human health.
Association study of dopamine D2, D3 receptor gene polymorphisms with motor fluctuations in PD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors investigated the association between dopamine receptor D2, D3 gene polymorphisms, and the risk of developing motor fluctuations in PD. DRD3 BalI and MspI polymorphisms were not associated with risk of developing motor fluctuations. However, the genotypic distribution of DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism was significantly different in motor fluctuators and nonmotor fluctuators. These findings suggest that DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk for developing motor fluctuations in PD.
Reduced proliferative capacity of highly purified T cells from patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A pilot study assessing the proliferation of peripheral blood T cells from ASD patients as compared to controls was performed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were purified via ficoll. T cells were isolated from PBMC by negative selection (>95% CD3 + ), labeled with cytoplasmic dye, activated in vitro, and assessed for proliferation by flow cytometry on day 5. Results indicate that the percent of T cells entering the cell cycle upon activation with anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28 coated beads from ASD patients (73%) and controls (76.4%) were not statistically different. Likewise the division index, defined as the number of divisions on average that every T cell in the culture undergoes, was also not statistically different between ASD patients (1.8) and controls (2.1) activated with the antibody beads. However, the average number of divisions that a T cell that has divided undergoes, the proliferative index, was significantly less in ASD patients (2.45) activated with the beads than in controls (2.67), p‐value = 0.03. Proliferation of T cells to lectins were not different between ASD patients and controls as measured by the percent of cells entering the cell cycle, division index, or proliferative index. These results indicate that while ASD patient T cells are not profoundly deficient in proliferative capacity, they may demonstrate subtle defects in activation via antibody‐coated beads.
The impact of exercise and nutrition on the regulation of skeletal muscle mass

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength throughout life is a key determinant of human health and well‐being. There is a gradual loss of both skeletal muscle mass and strength with ageing (a process termed sarcopenia) that increases the risk of functional dependence, morbidity and mortality. Understanding the factors that regulate the size of human muscle mass, particularly during the later years of life, has therefore become an area of intense scientific inquiry. The amount of muscle mass is determined by coordinated changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). In this review, we assess both classical and contemporary work that has examined how resistance exercise and nutrition impact on MPS and MPB. Special consideration is given to the role of different sources of dietary protein (food vs . supplements) and non‐protein nutrients such as omega‐3 fatty acids in regulating MPS. We also critically evaluate recent studies that have employed novel ‘omic’ technologies such as dynamic protein profiling to probe for changes in rates of MPS and MPB at the individual protein level following exercise. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research that we hope will yield important information for the development of exercise and nutritional strategies to counteract muscle loss in a variety of clinical settings. image
Message amplification phenotyping (MAPPing): a technique to simultaneously measure multiple mRNAs from small numbers of cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A rapid and highly sensitive technique (MAPPing: message amplification phenotyping) has been developed to simultaneously analyze the array of messenger RNAs made by small numbers of cells. The technique incorporates a micro-procedure for isolating RNA, reverse transcription of total cellular RNA to produce cDNA, and enzymatic amplification of cytokine-specific DNA fragments using the polymerase chain reaction. In this study, the technique has been applied to the analysis of cytokines produced by lymphoid cells ranging in number from a single cell to 10(6) cells. The technique should be applicable to virtually any tissue or cell type.
Confirmation of Parentage of the Pear Cultivar ‘Niitaka’ (Pyrus pyrifolia) Based on Self-incompatibility Haplotypes and Genotyping with SSR Markers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The parentage of the horticulturally important pear cultivar ‘Niitaka’ was confirmed by determining its S -genotypes based on the S-RNase and PpSFBB-γ genes, and genotyping using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Previous reports suggested that the cultivars ‘Amanogawa’ and ‘Imamuraaki’ were the parents of ‘Niitaka’, although the cultivars ‘Chojuro’ and ‘Shinchu’ were also examined as candidate parents, along with two other cultivars. In the present study, the S -genotype of ‘Niitaka’ was determined to be S3S9. The S9-RNase of ‘Niitaka’ was found to be likely inherited from the parent ‘Amanogawa’ (S1S9) and the S3-RNase from ‘Chojuro’ (S3S5) or ‘Shinchu’ (S3S5). Based on the S-genotypes, the cultivar ‘Imamuraaki’ (S1S6) had no contribution to the parentage of ‘Niitaka’ (S3S9). A total of 67 polymorphic SSR markers were used to further confirm the parentage of ‘Niitaka’. Discrepancies were found at several SSR loci between ‘Niitaka’ and the cultivars ‘Imamuraaki’ and ‘Shinchu’, whereas ‘Niitaka’ inherited alleles from ‘Amanogawa’ and ‘Chojuro’ at all SSR loci. Therefore, our findings established that ‘Amanogawa’ and ‘Chojuro’ are the parents of pear cultivar ‘Niitaka’, and not ‘Imamuraaki’ as previously reported.