jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Identification and Analysis of the Characteristics of Voluntary Sustainability Standards in the International Market of Agro-Industrial Goods

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper presented below is intended to identify and analyze the main characteristics of voluntary standards of sustainability (VSS) in the international market of agro-industrial goods based on the review of scientific articles published in recent decades.To this end, a bibliometric exercise was methodologically proposed that allowed the collection and processing of a scientific corpus of 61 articles that respond to the objective of the analysis.
D. C. Snell: Ledgers and prices: early Mesopotamian merchant accounts. (Yale Neal Eastern Researches, 8.) xx, [283] pp., 42 plates. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, [1982]. £35.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

D. C. Snell: Ledgers and prices: early Mesopotamian merchant accounts. (Yale Neal Eastern Researches, 8.) xx, [283] pp., 42 plates. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, [1982]. £35. - Volume 47 Issue 2
Darmois matching and C 3 matching

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We apply the Darmois and the C 3 matching conditions to three different spherically symmetric spacetimes. The exterior spacetime is described by the Schwarzschild vacuum solution whereas for the interior counterpart we choose different perfect fluid solutions with the same symmetry. We show that Darmois matching conditions are satisfied in all the three cases whereas the C 3 conditions are not fulfilled. We argue that this difference is due to a non-physical behavior of the pressure on the matching surface.
The effect of host plant selection on development and survival of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When given freedom of choice, the leafminer of chrysanthemum Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) fed and oviposited on a wide range of Nova Scotia weedy plant species, but preferred climbing nightshade Solanum dulcamara. When given no choice gravid females utilized a broad range of weeds as oviposition sites. Larvae failed to develop only in creeping Charlie Glechoma hederacea. In the remaining hosts, percent adult emergence was highest (72.2) on dandelion Taraxacum officinale and lowest (10.5) on lamb's quarters Chenopodium album. However, the total yield of adults per plant was highest on climbing nightshade. When given freedom of choice within three groups of chrysanthemum cultivars grown in different seasons, L. trifolii significantly varied the number of mines/cm² in two, and the number of punctures/cm² and the ratio of mines to punctures in one. In a no choice situation development time of the leafminer varied among certain cultivar and temperature combinations. At 20°C and 30°C development of eggs and larvae was significantly extended in cv "Blue Marble" compared to "Polaris" and ""White Marble". At 20°C total development (egg to adult emergence) was significantly slower in leafminers reared on "Blue Marble" than in those reared on "Polaris" and "White Marble". In general, development time of all life stages decreased with increasing temperature. Adult emergence was highest at 25°C. These experiments suggest that feeding preferences may not accurately indicate host resistance, but merely selective acceptability by the leafminer.
A combined in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study of the thermal decomposition of ammonium tetrathiotungstate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The structural changes occurring during the thermal decomposition of ammonium tetrathiotungstate to form amorphous WS 3 and poorly crystalline WS 2 have been studied in situ using combined extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the tungsten L III -edge and X-ray diffraction. Data collected during isothermal decomposition at both 135 and 150 °C show that ammonium tetrathiotungstate decomposes to produce amorphous WS 3 without the formation of any intermediate phases. Decay curves of starting material and growth curves of product derived from both X-ray absorption data and diffraction data show that the two-phase approach to data analysis is appropriate. The fit of various simple kinetic models to the thermal decay curves is tested and it is found that the Prout-Tompkins expression describes the process very well. Heating ammonium tetrathiotungstate from 100 to 350 °C produces first amorphous WS 3 and finally disordered WS 2 , a material of catalytic interest. The EXAFS data of this freshly prepared WS 2 are compared to those of crystalline 2H-WS 2 . Debye-Waller factors are increased and occupation numbers are significantly reduced from those in the crystalline material for all atomic shells. This behaviour is compared to previous results obtained from poorly crystalline molybdenum disulfide and possible structural models suggested to account for the results of the first EXAFS study of the disordered WS 2 .
Framing Questions: Cynthia Ozick's 'Shots'

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The philosophical (and stern) divide between the Hellenic and Hebraic, especially in relation to aesthetics and ethics, is what critics of Cynthia Ozick's fiction so often focus on. Yet I will argue that in her short story, ‘Shots’, Cynthia Ozick's passion for the Judaic collective memory and moral consciousness has created a character whose principal life's work, the production of visual images, rejects such a facile exiling of beauty and visual aesthetics to the realm of the pagan. For this protagonist, a photographer, see herself as a creator who is not only not a mere maker of idols, a trafficker in vanity, but is rather a seeker, a critical eye, a woman attempting to understand the world both ethically and aesthetically through the interpretation of what she finds in her viewfinder.
Genetic Correlations between Body Weight, Greasy Fleece Weight and Staple Length in Corriedale Yearling Sheep

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The data used m this study were obtained from Corriedale yearling ewes raised at the Department of Animal Husbandry, Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Statich during 7 years from 1951 to 1957. They were analyzed to determine the genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations among the following four economic characters, body weight before and after shearing, greasy fleece weight and staple length. The *-orrelations among paternal half-sibs were used with the records of 283 yearlin, g ewes. The correlations among paternal intra-sire were used with 206 pairs on which records were available on both the daughter and dam. Heritabilities estimated from paternal intra-sire correlations were 0.41. 0.55.0.35 and, O.37 for body weight before and after shearing, greasv. fleece weight and staple length, res pectively. When correlations were estimated among paternal half-sibs, genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations between body weight before shearing and other characters ; body weight after shearing and greasy fleece weight showed middle or high values (near, O. 55-0. 72), and correlations between body weight after shearing and other characters ; staple length and greasy fleece weight showed low values(near O.20-0.37)with the excepticn of positive high genetic correlations (near O.74) between the first and staple length. Also correlations between staple length and other characters; body weight before shearing and greasy fleece weight showed pcsitive low (near O.17-0.26) and middle values (near O.43) with the exception of positive very low genetic correlations (near O.004) between the first and body weight before shearing. When correlaticns were estimated among intra-sire, genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations between body weight before and after shearing showed positive middle or high values (near O.64-0.75). Also each genetic correlation among characters 'with the exception of correlations between above two characters showed positive middle values. (near O.41-0.45).
Confrontation: The Library and THOSE Magazines

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Within the last few years a large number of magazines and magazine-like publications have come slowly but forcefully to the at tention of librarians and libraries. Only a short time ago librarians were wondering (and some still are) what to do about such daring publications as Esquire and Playboy. Esquire has since attained the respectability of being indexed in Reader's Guide to Periodical Lit erature, and Playboy has become another establishment exploiter, its clubs picketed by angry and militant Women's Liberation groups. Now it is Berkeley Barb, East Village Other, Black Panther, The Realist, Ramparts, Amer ican Opinion, Human Events, and a host of others representing a broad range of positions and interests which perplex librarians. While many librarians remain uncertain and ignorant about (and some even hostile toward) this genre of publishing, a number of perceptive and informative articles on the dissident press have appeared in library and general periodicals. Two recent books?Bill Katz's Magazines for Libraries (1969) and Robert B. Muller's From Radical Left to Ex treme Right, 2d ed. (1970)?deal with maga zines of controversy and dissent. Katz discusses them under three categories, Little, Dis sident, and Literary and Political, while Muller's work is entirely devoted to this type of magazine. Jesse Kornbluth's Notes from the New Underground (1968) is an anthol ogy of articles from various underground pa pers and magazines which will give librarians and the public at least a sampling of the contents of some of these. Robert J. Glessing's The Underground Press in America (Indiana Univ. Press, 1970) is a serious attempt to analyze the whole phenomenon of the under ground press?editing, writing, distribution, and its sociological background and implica tions. Aside from these four books, however, the bulk of the writings on controversial and dissident publications will be found in period icals, mainly library journals. The annotated bibliography following this essay is an attempt to pull together for the li brarian a number of excellent but scattered writings on the dissident press. Some of the articles themselves are annotated bibliogra phies, and the reader should not be surprised to find a certain amount of repetition from list to list. While the ideal way to become acquainted with magazines (as well as books and other materials) is to see regularly as many as possible, many librarians are not able to do this. Katz's book, essential for nearly all libraries, will go far in aiding the librarian in the selection of all types of magazines. However, a more intensive, at times even partisan treatment of controversi al magazines is sometimes a more effective means of presenting them. Accordingly, the list below includes objective and balanced ar ticles as well as several which are frankly sym
UNIMAS students' spiritual qualities and learning styles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research raised spirituality in education from the research on Spirituality in Higher Education by Higher Education Research Institute (HERI), and integrates spiritual qualities with Kolb’s Learning Styles. Parallel with Malaysia Education Blueprint (MEB) 2015-2015 for Higher Education (MEB (HE)), a transformation of education is needed to create holistic students with balanced ethics and knowledge. 378 undergraduates were selected as research participants with cluster sampling from all faculties and centres in UNIMAS. A questionnaire combined with adapted College Students’ Beliefs and Values (CSBV) and Kolb Learning Style Inventory version 3.1 (KLSI 3.1) was used to measure participants’ spiritual qualities and learning styles. Majority of participants practice Ecumenical Worldview and are Convergers. There is a weak relationship between all spiritual qualities and learning styles. Spiritual Quest, Equanimity, and Charitable Involvement share a positive relationship with learning styles. Linguistics, Communication Studies and Cognitive Sciences students are Assimilators with most balanced spiritual qualities and are the second most frequent group of learners.
Evening Primrose Oil for Menopause Hot Flashes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) used to treat hot flashes has side effects, such as an increased risk of coronary heart disease and breast cancer. There are ongoing controversies regarding the risk of ovarian cancer associated with HRT. HRT is best avoided in conditions such as liver or gallbladder disease and gastrointestinal disorders. Evening primrose oil (EPO) has been used as an alternative treatment for hot flashes. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials, following the PRISMA guidelines, to compare EPO with placebo or other interventions in alleviating hot flashes in menopausal women. We analyzed the data using Review Manager version 5.3, in conjunction with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The severity of hot flashes was lower when EPO was administered for less than 6 months compared to placebo. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency and duration of hot flashes between EPO and placebo. Participants who received EPO complained of mild nausea and headache. EPO did not show any significant difference in the severity of hot flashes compared to black cohosh at 4 weeks; but the hot flashes were more severe at 8 weeks in the EPO group compared to black cohosh. The current evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the benefits of EPO in alleviating hot flashes. We hope that more research is conducted to provide sufficient evidence for menopausal women considering the use of EPO.
Effect of lead acetate on liver of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Adult catfishes (Clarias gariepinus). were exposed to sublethal concentrations of lead acetate (10 and 30 mg/l) for ten days. The protein content and carbohydrate levels were assessed along with histo-pathological examinations of liver tissues. The results showed significant dose-dependent decrease in hepatic biomolecules, indicating metabolic impairment. Microscopic analysis revealed progressive liver damage with increasing lead concentrations, including vacuolar degeneration, sinusoidal dilation, nuclear pyknosis, necrosis, and melano-macrophage centers. These findings demonstrated hepatotoxic potential of lead acetate on C. gariepinus.
A Practical and Efficient Synthesis of p-Menthane-3,8-diols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The diastereomeric repellents of p-menthane-3,8-diol were produced from citronellal by treatment with 0.25% sulfuric acid at 50 °C for 11 h to give 97.9% conversion and 92.3% selectivity and citronellal acetal by-products with only 2.7%. The crude products were crystallized from n-heptane at −50 °C for 20 h to give p-menthane-3,8-diols in 80% yield and high purity. The stereochemistry of the citronellal acetal by-products was determined by 2D NMR and NOE.
Impact of Preoperative Symptoms and Revascularized Arterial Segment in Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Little is known about the relative impact of the preoperative symptoms rest pain and tissue loss, and of the arterial segment revascularized, on amputation rate and mortality in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). We wanted to investigate this topic further. Method: This population-based observational cohort study involved 10 419 patients revascularized for CLTI in Sweden, 2008 to 2013. Data were collected from health-care registries and medical records. The effect of preoperative symptoms and revascularized arteries was determined using Cox regression models. A competing risk analysis was used to determine the effect of symptoms on the combined endpoint “amputation or death”. Results: The amputation rate during a mean follow-up of 2 years was 7.5% in patients with rest pain, 15.6% in patients with tissue loss only, and 20.1% when both symptoms were present. Mortality was 39% lower in patients with rest pain only than in those with both symptoms. Revascularizations targeted the aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, and infrapopliteal segments in 19.4%, 76.8%, and 30.6%, respectively. Distal revascularizations were associated with a higher amputation rate, but this difference disappeared after adjustment for comorbidities. Aortoiliac revascularizations were associated with high mortality. Competing risk analysis showed that mortality became the major determinant of amputation-free survival outcomes from 1 year after revascularization. Conclusions: Tissue loss implies a clearly worse prognosis compared to rest pain for patients with CLTI. Most revascularizations for CLTI are done in the femoropopliteal segment. Infrapopliteal procedures are associated with a higher amputation rate, whereas aortoiliac revascularizations are associated with higher mortality.
Early Restoration of Autotransplanted Pituitary Function as Determined by Plasma Progesterone Concentrations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Levels of peripheral blood progesterone weremeasured in rats hypophysectomized and autografted on the day of sperm detection (day 1 of pregnancy) and sacrificed at 24 h intervals over a period of 10 days. After an initial delay, progesterone levels reached 3.43 ± 0.80 µg/100 ml at 48 h after autografting, which is comparable to the value on day 6 of normal pregnancy. Progesterone titres reached a level of 8.46 ± 0.98 µg/100 ml by the 6th day of transplantation and showed no significant change for the duration of the experiment. Although rats were pregnant at the time of autografting, only resorbing implantation sites were noted in some of the rats at autopsy. The results of this study indicate that an ectopically placed pituitary achieves functional restitution within 24 to 48 h following transplantation. Although progesterone levels were equal to or greater than those found in normal pregnancy, the transplanted pituitary per se was unable to maintain pregnancy.
A Biologically Plausible Audio-Visual Integration Model for Continual Learning

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The problem of catastrophic forgetting has a history of more than 30 years and has not been completely solved yet. Since the human brain has natural ability to perform continual lifelong learning, learning from the brain may provide solutions to this problem. In this paper, we propose a novel biologically plausible audio-visual integration model (AVIM) based on the assumption that the integration of audio and visual perceptual information in the medial temporal lobe during learning is crucial to form concepts and make continual learning possible. Specifically, we use multi-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley neurons to build the model and adopt the calcium-based synaptic tagging and capture as the model's learning rule. Furthermore, we define a new continual learning paradigm to simulate the possible continual learning process in the human brain. We then test our model under this new paradigm. Our experimental results show that the proposed AVIM can achieve state-of-the-art continual learning performance compared with other advanced methods such as OWM, iCaRL and GEM. Moreover, it can generate stable representations of objects during learning. These results support our assumption that concept formation is essential for continuous lifelong learning and suggest the proposed AVIM is a possible concept formation mechanism.
Two novel gene mutations identified in a child with Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis complicated with bronchitis obliterans: a case report and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

IntroductionPulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is an uncommon, autosomal recessive lung disease with high penetrance (OMIM #265 100) and is considered to be a monogenic disorder. 1 The only known pathogenic gene is solute carrier family 34 member 2 (SLC34A2) (Entrez Gene ID 10568).2-4 SLC34A2 mutations lead to the accumulation of calcium phosphate in the alveoli, restrict alveolar dilatation, and then progress to a restrictive lung function complicated with reduced dynamic and static volumes.5, 6 Dyspnea is the most frequent symptom, followed by dry cough, chest pain, asthenia, pneumothorax, pulmonary fibrosis, and cor pulmonale.7-10While children are always in the onset at the early stage of PAM and usually remain asymptomatic when diagnosed; however, some can present with dry cough, exertional dyspnea, and chronic hypoxic signs, including clubbing.3 Recently, some complications with PAM have been reported, such as asthma, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and so on.11-14PAM is difficult to be diagnosed because of nonspecific symptoms in children. The diagnosis of PAM is often based on radiographic studies at first, and an exact diagnosis requires at least one additional clinical feature including genetic testing demonstrating a mutation in SLC34A2, microlith analysis, or histopathology.15 Gradually, it has been a tendency that gene analysis would play an increasingly important role in the diagnostic procedure. Bendstrup et al. summarized 30 genetic variants of SLC34A2 in 2020.16In this case, we identified a PAM patient complicated with bronchitis obliterans by computerized tomography (CT), bronchoscopy and whole-exome-sequencing. Two novel compound heterozygous gene mutations, gain (EXON:2-6 duplication) and c.1218C>A (p. Phe406Leu) were identified to expand the spectrum of gene mutations.
Investigation, Detention and Release of Foreign Vessels under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 and Other International Agreements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea contains (or makes reference to) many provisions about the investigation, detention and release of vessels. The detention and failure to release a vessel may lead to a dispute which could come before an international court or tribunal, in which case the release of the vessel on bail could be sought as an interim measure of protection (Art. 290). The special procedure for release contained in Article 292 is available only when it can be shown that the detaining state has not complied with the specific provisions of the Convention for the prompt release of the vessel and its crew on bail or upon the posting of a reasonable bond or similar financial security. These provisions are contained, directly or indirectly, in: Article 73, concerning the release on bail of fishing vessels; Article 220(7), concerning the release on bail in cases of suspected violations of MARPOL; Article 226(1)(b), concerning the release on bail of vessels suspected of having violated prohibitions of dumping or discharges or regulations of coastal states; Article 226(1)(c), concerning vessels which may present a threat to the environment. In cases other than the above, the special procedure in Article 292 is not available. Instead, a legal dispute may exist which could be referred to a court or tribunal in accordance with the terms of the Convention.
Separation Experiences and Other Emotional Traumata in Childhood, and Their Relationship To Subsequent Adolescent Breakdown

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper forms part of an M.D. Thesis presented at the University of Cambridge. One hundred adolescents and their parents were interviewed to ascertain details of their early history. Fifty were obtained from adolescent patients in psychiatric units in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and were compared with fifty matched individuals who had no psychiatric history, obtained from other departments in the hospital. A comparison of these two groups showed a significantly higher incidence of separation experiences in the childhood of the patient group than in the control group. This was also true of other traumatic events occurring in childhood. These factors also related adversely to prognosis in a two year follow-up of the patient group.