jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Note on Rationalizability and Restrictions on Beliefs

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rationalizability is a widely accepted solution concept in the study of strategic-form games with complete information and is fully characterized in terms of assumptions on the rationality of the players and common certainty of rationality.Battigalli and Siniscalchi extend rationalizability taking as given some exogenous restrictions on players' beliefs and derive the solution concept called ?-rationalizability. This new solution concept has been applied to games with incomplete information as well as dynamic games.On this note, I focus on games with incomplete information and characterize ?-rationalizability with a new notion of iterative dominance that is able to capture the additional hypothesis on players' beliefs.
Text S1: Details of geometric morphometric methods from The impact of gape on the performance of the skull in chisel-tooth digging and scratch digging mole-rats (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The African mole-rats (Bathyergidae) are a family of rodents highly adapted for life underground. Previous research has shown that chisel-tooth digging mole-rats (which use their incisors to dig burrows) are clearly distinguishable from scratch diggers (which only use the forelimbs to tunnel) on the basis of morphology of the skull, and that the differences are linked to the production of high bite forces and wide gapes. We hypothesized that the skull of a chisel-tooth digging mole-rat would perform better at wider gapes than that of a scratch digging mole-rat during incisor biting. To test this hypothesis, we created finite-element models of the cranium of the scratch digging Bathyergus suillus and the chisel-tooth digging Fukomys mechowii, and loaded them to simulate incisor bites at different gapes. Muscle loads were scaled such that the ratio of force to surface area was the same in both models. We measured three performance variables: overall stress across the cranium, mechanical efficiency of biting and degree of deformation across the skull. The Fukomys model had a more efficient incisor bite at all gapes, despite having greater average stress across the skull. In addition, the Fukomys model deformed less at wider gapes, whereas the Bathyergus model deformed less at narrower gapes. These properties of the cranial morphology of Fukomys and Bathyergus are congruent with their respective chisel-tooth and scratch digging behaviours and, all other factors being equal, would enable the more efficient production of bite force at wider gapes in Fukomys. However, in vivo measurements of muscle forces and activation patterns are needed to fully understand the complex biomechanics of tooth digging.
Generation Y's purchase intentions with organic, fair trade, and recycled apparel and their relationships to moral obligation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The apparel industry is taking highly proactive approach to protect people and the environment followed by the upsurge of public opinions. Thus, under an umbrella movement of sustainability, efforts to improve all of three pillars – social, economic, and environmental – became “a focal point in academic and industry literature” (Lee & Hill, 2012, p. 488). Many consumers are becoming aware of apparel company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Companies see social and environmental initiatives as a new source of business profits; therefore, a new green marketing paradigm has emerged and taken over in conventional marketing strategies.
Intercropping summer moong (Vigna radiata) in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) -a feasibility study at Punjab

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

On farm trial on the effect of intercropping of summer moong (Vigna radiata) on growth, yield, and economics of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) was conducted at farmer’s fields in adopted villages of Krishi Vigyan Kendra viz., Kandola Kalan, Kaimwala, Mehsampur and Fatehpur in Jalandhar district during 2012 and 2013. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments. The treatments were T1 - sole turmeric flat (30 cm x 20 cm), T2 - sole turmeric ridge (45 x 15 cm), T3 - sole turmeric ridge (60 x 10 cm), T4 - sole turmeric bed (67.5 cm), T5 - turmeric : summer moong (1:1) flat, T6 -turmeric : summer moong (1:1) ridge 45 x 20 cm, T7 - turmeric :summer moong (1:1) ridge 60 x 20 cm, T8 -turmeric : summer moong (2:1) bed 67.5 cm and T9 - turmeric : summer moong (2:2) bed 67.5 cm. In intercropping treatments, the planting of turmeric was done on the top of ridge and bed and summer moong was sown in furrows. The data on emergence count (30 and 60 DAS), plant height, tillers plant-1 (No.), dry matter accumulation, number of rhizomes (mother, primary, secondary), total rhizomes plant-1, rhizome yield (q ha-1) (fresh, dry and processed) were recorded. The treatments T8 and T9 where turmeric was planted on bed with summer moong in the furrow were found to be better for all the characters under study. The highest net returns of Rs 2.27 x 105 ha-1 with B : C ratio 4.89 was obtained in T9 -turmeric : summer moong (2:2) bed 67.5 cm followed by T8 -turmeric : summer moong (2:1) bed 67.5 cm and recorded lowest net returns of Rs 1.58 x 105 ha-1 with benefit: cost ratio 3.51 in T5 - turmeric : summer moong (1:1) flat. The study revealed that summer moong can be a better option as intercrop in turmeric than the sole turmeric crop for proper utilization of all resources.
Density Dependence in Host-Parasitoid Models

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY (1) Insect populations frequently suffer some density dependent effect in addition to mortality from insect parasitoids. This paper follows Wang & Gutierrez (1981) in examining the question: 'Does the ordering of density dependence and parasitism in the host life cycle have a significant effect on the dynamics of the interaction?' (2) The properties of three models in which density dependence either acts before or after parasitism are displayed in terms of the hosts' rate of increase and the extent to which parasitism depresses the host equilibrium below its carrying capacity. (3) From this analysis, we conclude that the sequence of these events in the host life cycle can indeed have a marked affect on the population dynamics. In particular, the model with parasitism acting before density dependence stands apart in permitting a stable host-parasitoid interaction with the host population above its parasite-free carrying capacity. (4) These conclusions have implications for the use of parasitoids as biological control agents.
Quantifying movements of corrosion products in reinforced concrete using x-ray attenuation measurements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Corrosion of steel reinforcement, embedded in concrete, may substantially degrade concrete structures due to the expansive nature of corrosion products. Expansion of corrosion products cause tensile stresses to develop and cracks to form in concrete. Extensive research has focused on corrosion-induced damage of concrete, typically by monitoring and quantifying the formation of cracks in concrete surrounding corroding reinforcement. Based on the type of experimental data numerous corrosion-induced damage models have been developed. One common conclusion from these models is that a certain amount of corrosion products move into the concrete without generating tensile stresses and cracks in the concrete. Typically, corrosion products are thought to occupy pores, interfacial defects, and/or air voids located near the concrete-steel interface and stresses develop only after filling of these pores. Further, the amount of corrosion products the concrete can accommodate is directly related to model predictions of time-tocracking. While some have attempted to measure the size of the region where corrosion products are accommodated using destructive and invasive approaches, additional techniques are needed to more accurately assess this vital parameter. This paper describes the use of x-ray attenuation measurements to monitor and quantify the movements of reinforcement corrosion products into mortar surrounding corroding reinforcement. Corrosion is induced by application of direct current to the embedded reinforcement. X-ray attenuation measurements are also capable of detecting cracks. Therefore, this approach provides a direct measurement of the amount and location of reinforcement corrosion products required to induce cracking. Results of a parametric investigation on the impact of water-to-cement ratio (0.30, 0.40, and 0.50) and corrosion rate are presented. Results from this non-destructive experimental approach should provide further insights for the modelling of reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced damage of concrete structures.
Speech, silence and the trauma of justice: a difficult conversation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is an assumption in law and politics that speech is cathartic and silence is toxic: that any repair - psychic, political and judicial - is dependent on acts of speech, while silence denotes the acceptance of a taboo and the acquiescence to forgetting. These ideas have been inflicted on trauma survivors since the phenomena of evidence as catharsis first appeared in the trial of Adolph Eichmann and since resistance became largely the domain of free speech. This conversation will explore the idea of silence as resistance, of speech as trauma itself and of law as both a bad listener and a necessary prohibition. If the actual experience of living with trauma necessarily takes us beyond both silence and speech, are there, in fact, forms of justice that can recognise and incorporate a much more complex vision of speech, silence and trauma?
Psychiatry in the General Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CL psychiatry is one of the newer sub-specialties of adult psychiatry and is concerned with the practice of psychiatry in non-psychiatric settings. Typically, this means in general hospital wards and outpatient clinics, although in some countries, it also includes liaison with primary care. In recent years, there have been important changes in general medicine relevant to CL psychiatry. There is now a much wider recognition of the high prevalence of psychiatric and physical comorbidity and how this influences consultation frequency, service utilisation, treatment adherence, the physical prognosis and probably the overall cost as well. The relationship between physical disease and mental disorder is influenced by biological factors contributing to psychological change in physical disease, psychological factors in physical disease, social factors and comorbidity. There has also been recognition of the high prevalence of non-organic complaints among general medical patients as well as an awareness of the high costs of investigating these patients, which has led to a search for better ways to manage this group of patients.
Role of Computed Tomographyand [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Image Fusion in Conformal Radiotherapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Comparison with Standard Techniques with and without Elective Nodal Irradiation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims and background Mediastinal elective node irradiation (ENI) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer candidate to radical radiotherapy is controversial. In this study, the impact of co-registered [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET) and standard computed tomography (CT) on definition of target volumes and toxicity parameters was evaluated, by comparison with standard CT-based simulation with and without ENI. Methods CT-based gross tumor volume (GTV CT ) was first contoured by a single observer without knowledge of PET results. Subsequently, the integrated GTV based on PET/CT coregistered images (GTV PET/CT ) was defined. Each patient was planned according to three different treatment techniques: 1) radiotherapy with ENI using the CT data set alone (ENI plan); 2) radiotherapy without ENI using the CT data set alone (no ENI plan); 3) radiotherapy without ENI using PET/CT fusion data set (PET plan). Rival plans were compared for each patient with respect to dose to the normal tissues (spinal cord, healthy lungs, heart and esophagus). Results The addition of PET-modified TNM staging in 10/21 enrolled patients (48%); 3/21 were shifted to palliative treatment due to detection of metastatic disease or large tumor not amenable to high-dose radiotherapy. In 7/18 (39%) patients treated with radical radiotherapy, a significant (≥25%) change in volume between GTV CT and GTV PET/CT was observed. For all the organs at risk, ENI plans had dose values significantly greater than no-ENI and PET plans. Comparing no ENI and PET plans, no statistically significant difference was observed, except for maximum point dose to the spinal cord D max , which was significantly lower in PET plans. Notably, even in patients in whom PET/CT planning resulted in an increased GTV, toxicity parameters were fairly acceptable, and always more favorable than with ENI plans. Conclusions Our study suggests that [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET should be integrated in no-ENI techniques, as it improves target volume delineation without a major increase in predicted toxicity.
Sex as a biological variable in cardiometabolic burden and brain integrity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The goal of this project is to understand female-specific mechanisms of metabolic health and brain integrity in a mid-to-late life. The majority of prior work has focused on universal mechanisms of neurodegeneration, despite evidence that women are diagnosed with neurocognitive diseases, such as Alzheimer’s Disease, at nearly double the rate of their male counterparts. Further, much research over the past decade has pointed at midlife as an important period for investigating vulnerability to later cognitive decline, as many brain pathologies emerge approximately 20 years prior to clinical diagnosis. This time period is particularly important for women as it is marked by major hormonal changes, most notably the loss of estrogen, caused by the menopausal transition. The proposed projects have three specific aims: 1) to explore the complex associations among markers of peripheral metabolic health and brain integrity in men and women separately using network analysis, and test the capacity of network metrics to predict current cognitive function; 2) to examine the role of estradiol in influencing the female network of cardiometabolic health and brain integrity markers in a sample of women straddling the menopausal transition; and 3) to determine if metabolic and inflammatory markers that correspond to the menopausal transition predict plasma tau in an elastic net model. The results of these studies will provide insight into why women might suffer particular vulnerability to neurocognitive disorders and if these mechanisms are visible before onset of clinical symptoms. The use of network analysis and machine learning is novel in this application and provides broader information about relationships between complex biological symptoms. Additionally, information about the role of estrogen in these relationships could aid in understanding how hormones might operate in a neuro- or cardio- protective manner, which could help inform the design of early diagnostic and intervention tools which are sex-specific.
Ultra-Deep Massive Parallel Sequencing of Plasma Cell-Free DNA Enables Large-Scale Profiling of Driver Mutations in Vietnamese Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Population-specific profiling of mutations in cancer genes is of critical importance for the understanding of cancer biology in general as well as the establishment of optimal diagnostics and treatment guidelines for that particular population. Although genetic analysis of tumor tissue is often used to detect mutations in cancer genes, the invasiveness and limited accessibility hinders its application in large-scale population studies. Here, we used ultra-deep massive parallel sequencing of plasma cell free DNA (cfDNA) to identify the mutation profiles of 265 Vietnamese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Compared to a cohort of advanced NSCLC patients characterized by sequencing of tissue samples, cfDNA genomic testing, despite lower mutation detection rates, was able to detect major mutations in tested driver genes that reflected similar mutation composition and distribution pattern, as well as major associations between mutation prevalence and clinical features. In conclusion, ultra-deep sequencing of plasma cfDNA represents an alternative approach for population-wide genetic profiling of cancer genes where recruitment of patients is limited to the accessibility of tumor tissue site.
Quantifying the relative importance of niches and neutrality for coexistence in a model microbial system

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary 1. Ecologists have identified two types of processes promoting species coexistence: stabilizing mechanisms (niche differentiation and related processes) that increase negative intraspecific interactions relative to negative interspecific interactions, and equalizing mechanisms (neutrality) that minimize the differences in species’ demographic parameters. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that the two types of mechanisms can operate simultaneously; however, their relative importance remains unstudied although this is a key question in the synthesis of niche and neutral theories. 2. We experimentally quantified the relative importance of niche and neutral mechanisms in promoting phenotypic diversity in a model microbial system involving different phenotypes of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens . Initially isogenic populations of the bacterium can diversify into a series of major and minor classes of phenotypes that can be treated as analogues of species. We estimated the relative population growth rate when rare of 32 phenotypes from six replicate microcosms. Each phenotype was assessed in a re‐assembled microcosm in which the relative densities of all phenotypes remained the same except for the focal one which was reduced in frequency. A growth rate advantage when rare was considered evidence of non‐neutral processes. 3. Approximately one‐third of the phenotypes had a growth rate advantage when rare while the remaining two‐thirds showed neutral or near‐neutral dynamics. Furthermore, there was overall little evidence that productivity increased with phenotypic diversity. 4. Our results suggest that niche and neutral processes may simultaneously contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity, with the latter playing a more important role in our system, and that the operation of niche mechanisms does not necessarily lead to a positive biodiversity effect on ecosystem properties.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Export Activities of Estonian Firms

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Summary Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in promoting export growth in local and foreign-owned Estonian firms through the opening of new markets and provision of managerial and marketing know-how and financial resources needed for export. Using data from surveys of firms operating in Estonia, this paper examines the impact of FDI on the export competitiveness of Estonian enterprises. Specific issues analyzed include identification of different investor types and their relative benefits on the host economy, the strengthening of distribution networks, productivity of foreign and domestic exporters, and potential spillover effects.
Prehistoric Plant Use at Beaver Creek Rock Shelter, Southwestern Montana, U.S.A.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The 2011 Carroll College Archaeological Field School conducted an exploratory excavation within the Beaver Creek Rock Shelter in southwestern Montana, U.S.A. The excavation exposed four cultural occupation layers dat-ing to over 2,500 years ago. Pollen retrieved from the pa-leoenvironmental record included a wide variety of plants. Seven plant families were found in three of the occupa-tion layers and in only one natural layer. This research reviewed the traditional Native American ethnobotanical uses of those seven plant families. They were used pri-marily for medicinal purposes. Although archaeologists have traditionally viewed botanical remains as evidence of prehistoric subsistence, this research demonstrates ar-chaeologists' need to use caution in assuming plant re-mains in the archaeological record are predominately tied to subsistence.
Photosynthesis and Remobilization of Dry Matter in Wheat as Affected by Progressive Drought Stress at Stem Elongation Stage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract With increasingly erratic rainfall patterns particularly in drought‐prone production systems, the capacity of plants to recover productively from drought spells becomes an important feature for yield stability in rainfed agriculture. Consequently, effects of water management at the stem elongation stage on partitioning and remobilization of dry matter, alteration in photosynthesis and water‐use efficiency ( WUE ), and yield components of wheat plants were studied in a glasshouse pot experiment. The plants were subjected to three soil moisture regimes: well watered during all phenological stages ( WW ), drought affected during stem elongation and post‐anthesis stages ( DD ) and drought affected during stem elongation and rewatered at post‐anthesis stage ( DW ). Total dry weight substantially decreased by both drought treatments. However, DD plants allocated relatively higher assimilates to roots whereas DW plants remobilized them to the grains. Drought applications resulted in a decrease of grain yield and thousand grain weight while reduction was more pronounced in DD treatment. Relative contribution of post‐anthesis photosynthesis to dry matter formation in grain was higher in WW treatment (72.6 %) than DD (68.5 %) and DW (68.2 %) treatments. Photosynthetic rate, gas exchange and transpiration decreased whereas leaf (photosynthetic) and plant level WUE increased with drought applications. However, all these parameters were rapidly and completely reversed by rewatering. Our findings showed that partitioning of dry weight to grain increases with rewatering of wheat plants subjected to drought during stem elongation phase, but the relative contributions of remobilization of stem reserves and post‐anthesis photosynthesis to grain did not change. Moreover, rewatering of plants at booting stage after a drought period lead to full recovery in photosynthesis and WUE , and a significant although partial recovery of yield components, such as grain yield, TGW and harvest index.