jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Application of electron-donor properties of glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase for reduction of microsomal NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transport chains.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The reduction of cytochromes b5 and P-450 in mammalian hepatic microsomes by glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase has been investigated. Under anaerobic conditions cytochrome b5 is reduced by glucose oxidase to the "dithionite" level, while cytochrome P-450 remains oxidized. Under the same conditions xanthine oxidase completely reduces both hemoproteins. Besides, neither glucose oxidase nor xanthine oxidase reduces isolated cytochromes. They can be reduced only after addition of microsomes to incubation media. Only in this case are the cytochromes, both isolated and included in microsomal membranes, reduced. The participation of microsomal flavoproteins in the reduction reaction is discussed. The method suggested makes it possible to substantially decrease the rates of reduction of microsomal hemoproteins, thus permitting the investigation of interactions between microsomal NADH- and NADPH-dependent electron-transport chains and electron carriers.
On-Line D/H Analysis for Water, Natural Gas, and Organic Solvents by Manganese Reduction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new technique for on-line sample preparation and D/H determination is described. The technique is suitable for the preparation of fresh and brine waters, as well as natural gases and organic solvents. A 5-microL sample of water or hydrogen equivalent is injected and reduced by means of hot manganese metal in a specially designed reaction tube surrounded by a tube furnace and attached directly to the mass spectrometer inlet without modification.The hydrogen gas flows directly into the MS to be analyzed by reference/sample comparison. The reproducibility varied between 0.7 and 1.8% for all liquid and gas samples. The accuracy of this technique is confirmed by analysis of IAEA standard waters V-SMOW, GISP, and SLAP, as well as NGS-3 (IAEA methane intercomparison material).
An Open Label Add-On Trial of Cetirizine for Neuromyelitis Optica (P4.003)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To preliminarily study the efficacy and safety of cetirizine for NMO Background: NMO is a severe inflammatory disease affecting the CNS with the potential to cause serious neurological disability. Granulocyte infiltration with subsequent neutrophil and eosinophil degranulation are critical to the ultimate destruction of astrocytes, demyelination, and neuronal/axonal loss. This trial was conducted to examine the efficacy and tolerability of cetirizine, an eosinophil-stabilizer, as an add-on to currently-available therapies for NMO. Design/Methods: Eligible patients met Wingerchuk 2006 criteria or had a single episode with positive NMO IgG, and were stable on DMT for 3 months. Subjects were followed clinically and with serum/CSF analysis for cytokines/chemokines associated with eosinophil activity for 1 year. Planned endpoints included relapse rates, tolerability with particular attention to drowsiness, and changes in immunological parameters. Results: 16 subjects were enrolled between April 2014 and February 2015. 15 were female, 7 were black, with median age 36.5. 13 were NMO IgG positive. 8 were on rituximab, 7 on mycophenolate, and 1 on azathioprine. 7 had previously experienced a total of 9 relapses while on the current treatment. There was 1 mild confirmed relapse during the study. The pre- and post-study ARR differences were statistically significantly different from zero (p=0.047). Median EDSS was 3.0 at baseline and at study end. Mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was 6.5 ± 5.33 at baseline and 6.9 ± 4.50 at conclusion (p=0.74). There were no significant drug-related adverse events. Analysis of immunological profiling is in process. Conclusions: Eosinophil-stabilizing properties and favorable safety profile make cetirizine an attractive add-on therapy for NMO. In our pilot study the drug was very well-tolerated with no significant increase in sleepiness. The very low pre-study relapse rates in our patient population preclude definitive conclusions related to cetirizine’s effect on relapse rates and severity, though results are interesting and warrant further study. Study Supported by: The Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Katz Sand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Telford has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fabian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kraus has nothing to disclose. Dr. Farrell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Phelps has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chehade has nothing to disclose. Dr. Masilamani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Riffle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cook has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lubin has received personal compensation for activities with Abbott, Acorda, Actelion, Allozyne, Avanir, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genmab, Johnson & Johnson, Medicinova, MorphoSys, Novartis, Pfizer, Questcor, Roche, Sanofi and Teva Neuros for consulting or serving on an advisory board.
Towards the integrated pest control in cereals in Italy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Several insects damage winter cereals in Italy (i.e. wheat, barley, oats and rye), but their infestation only occasionally reaches a high enough population density to be of any economic interest and, as a rule, it is confined to the major species. Among them, aphids undoubtedly represent the most constant and comprehensive group of cereal pests, followed by occasional outbreaks of some Pentatomidae bugs (i.e. Aelia rostrata) and of the Chrysomelidae beetle Oulema melanopa. At present, insecticide applications against such pests are not yet a routine practice — as for other intensive agroecosystems — but there is a general trend of farmers to increase their use. As to maize, severe damage is mainly linked with the European corn borer and Sesamia infestations. Such pests, as well as other harmful species (i.e. Elateridae and Noctuidae larvae, responsible for heavy attacks to the hypogeal plant organs), are usually controlled by applications of synthetic pesticides. All in all, it is advisable to limit the risk of a progressive utilisation of non-selective pesticides as the main method for pest control on cereals, to avoid the consequent deterioration of beneficial entomophagous effects. Present investigations aim, therefore, at promoting new methods of forecasting and control, in order to improve the standardisation of methodologies of supervised and integrated control.
Regional Variation in Jespersen’s Cycle in Early Middle English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper we investigate the place of origin of the change from Jespersen’s Cycle stage II – bipartite ne + not – to stage III, not alone. We use the LAEME corpus to investigate the dialectal distribution in more detail, finding that the change must have begun in Northern and Eastern England. A strong effect of region and time period can be clearly observed, with certain linguistic factors also playing a role. We attribute the early onset of the change to contact with Scandinavian: North Germanic is known to have undergone Jespersen’s Cycle earlier in its history, and the geographical distribution of early English stage III fits neatly with the earlier boundaries of the Danelaw.
Renal failure in otherwise uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twelve patients with otherwise uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis (two were HBsAg-positive) developed renal failure. Apart from dehydration due to repeated vomiting in one patient, no factor responsible for precipitating renal failure could be identified. The clinical course was characterised by renal failure with plasma urea concentrations reaching maximum values of 26-69 mmol/l (175-416 mg/100 ml). Ten patients needed dialysis for up to two weeks. Seven patients recovered completely, while the other five died from sepsis. The types of renal failure were similar to those described in fulminant hepatic failure and cirrhosis--namely, functional renal failure in five patients and acute tubular necrosis in seven. Two of the patients with functional renal failure later developed tubular necrosis. The mechanism responsible for renal failure in acute viral hepatitis is uncertain, though endotoxaemia may contribute.
Isolation and characterization of anti ROR1 single chain fragment variable antibodies using phage display technique

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR1) belongs to one of the families of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RTKs are involved in the various physiologic cellular functions including proliferation, migration, survival, signaling and differentiation. Several RTKs are deregulated in various cancers implying the targeting potential of these molecules in cancer therapy. ROR1 has recently been shown to be expressed in various types of cancer cells but not in normal adult cells. Hence a molecular inhibitor of extracellular domain of ROR1 that inhibits ROR1-cell surface interaction is of great therapeutic importance. In an attempt to develop molecular inhibitors of ROR1, we screened single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display libraries, Tomlinson I + J, against one specific synthetic oligopeptide from extracellular domain of ROR1 and selected scFvs were characterized using various immunological techniques. Several ROR1 specific scFvs were selected following five rounds of panning procedure. The scFvs showed specific binding to ROR1 using immunological techniques. Our results demonstrate successful isolation and characterization of specific ROR1 scFvs that may have great therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy.
Berries: Functional Foods That Promote Beneficial Bacterial Species in the Gut

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Functional foods are ingredients that offer health benefits that extend beyond their nutritional value. Berries are a proven functional food due to their numerous reported health benefits. Berries naturally contain many beneficial compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, fibers, and organic acids and represent an important source of antioxidants in the American diet. Anthocyanin, proanthocyanins, and monomeric phenolic acids from berries have shown various biological effects, including the amelioration of the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. The native high-molecular-weight polyphenols from berries have been recognized as prebiotics and positive modulators of the gut microbiota. Currently, berries are being investigated as a new potential arsenal of antimicrobials and prebiotics because of their ability to selectively inhibit enteric pathogens while promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms. The result of a berry enriched diet is a symbiotic relationship with sustained benefits to the host. However, promising data on berries’ purported health benefits still requires mechanistic insight, which can be gleaned through utilizing various in vitro and in vivo models. This chapter will focus on the specific constituents of berries and microorganisms that support this beneficial relationship and the studies that aid in drawing these conclusions.
Yield and morpho-physiological traits of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as affected by azotobacter, mycorrhizal symbiosis and biochar application

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and azotobacter with the application of biochar on tobacco growth parameters, yield and nicotine content under rainfed conditions for two growing seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). The factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with four replications and three factors including biochar at three levels (0, 4 and 8 ton/ha), mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum each one at two levels (without and with application). Results showed that biochar application had a significant and positive effect on all evaluated parameters. However, there was no statistically significant difference between 4 and 8 tons per hectare of biochar in yield. Mycorrhizal symbiosis had a significant effect on relative water content. Application of azotobacter had a positive and significant effect on growth parameters, yield and nicotine content under rainfed conditions for two growing seasons (2016-2017 and nicotine content. The greatest effect of azotobacter with a 17% increase was on leaf nicotine content. Whereas tobacco dry yield in rainfed conditions is lower, the combined use of biochar and these biofertilizers can be considered a desirable solution. Then in terms of economic aspects, the use of 4 tons biochar per hectare along with the use of mycorrhiza and azotobacter to achieve acceptable yield while maintaining chemical quality in tobacco farms is recommended.
Protists with Uncertain Phylogenetic Affiliations for Resolving the Deep Tree of Eukaryotes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Resolving the eukaryotic tree of life (eToL) remains a fundamental challenge in biology. Much of eukaryotic phylogenetic diversity is occupied by unicellular microbial eukaryotes (i.e., protists). Among these, the phylogenetic positions of a significant number of lineages remain unresolved due to limited data and ambiguous traits. To address this issue, we introduce the term “PUPAs” (protists with uncertain phylogenetic affiliations) to collectively describe these lineages, instead of using vague or inconsistent labels, such as incertae sedis or orphan taxa. Historically, protists were classified based solely on morphological features, and many with divergent cell structures were left unplaced in the eToL. With the advent of sequence-based approaches, the phylogenetic affiliations of some PUPAs have been clarified using molecular markers, such as small subunit ribosomal DNA. The combination of technological progress and continuous efforts to cultivate diverse protists, including PUPAs and novel protists, now enables phylogenetic analyses based on hundreds of proteins, providing their concrete placements in the eToL. For example, these advances have led to the discovery of new deep-branching lineages (e.g., Hemimastigophora), the resolution of relationships among major groups (e.g., Microheliella, which linked Cryptista and Archaeplastida), and insights into evolutionary innovations within specific clades (e.g., Glissandra). In this review, we summarize current consensus in eukaryotic phylogeny and highlight recent findings on PUPAs whose phylogenetic affiliations have been clarified. We also discuss a few lineages for which the phylogenetic homes remain unsettled, the evolutionary implications of these discoveries, and the remaining challenges in resolving the complete eToL.
ANATOMICAL ACROMIAL VARIATIONS THAT IMPACT ON ARTHROSCOPIC ACROMIOPLASTY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The acromion is a bony process that juts out from the lateral end of the scapular spine. It is continuous with the blade and the spinous process. The process is rectangular, and carries a facet for the clavicle. Inferiorly is sited the subacromial bursa. Inferior encroachment or displacement of the acromion can result in impingement. The aim of this osteological study was to assess the presence of acromial displacement and variations predisposing to compaction of the subacromial space. Using the method described by Morrison and Bigliana, we assessed the scapulae of 128 men and women ranging from 35 to 92 years of age. We found a flat acromion in 30%, no hook in 48%, a small hook in 18% and a large hook in 4%. The presence of a hook was associated with a subacromial facet and a large hook with glenoid erosion. This study confirms the presence of four types of acromion.
Caring for Children with Prenatal Substance Exposure: An Educational Video and Pilot Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Prenatal exposure to opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamine is associated with alterations in fetal brain that lead to structural changes in the brain postnatally, contributing to developmental and behavioral effects seen throughout childhood. Opioid exposure is associated with withdrawal in newborns, effects on somatic growth of infants, difficulty with executive functions and a tendency towards externalizing behaviors in older children. Cocaine and methamphetamine exposure are associated with effects on somatic growth, irritability and feeding issues in infants, problems with executive functions, and externalizing behaviors. Many substance-exposed children are placed in foster care and the pre-licensure training for foster parents does not specifically address how to care for substance-exposed children. Purpose: To create and evaluate a video that outlines common effects of prenatal exposure to opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamine, as well as evidenced-based caregiver interventions. Methods: The script for the video “Caring for Children with Prenatal Substance Exposure: Opioids, Cocaine, and Methamphetamine” was written by the author and evaluated by two clinical experts. The video was filmed and was presented to 6 licensed foster parents and 1 unlicensed adoptive parent who evaluated the video’s presentation at Devereux Foster Care Agency in Tucson, AZ using the Patient Educational Materials Assessment Tool for Audio/Visual (PEMAT-AV). Responses were entered into the PEMAT Autoscoring tool and component scores for understadability and actionability were calculated. Results: Both clinical experts evaluated the video’s content as being factual, and consistent with evidence-based research. Mean PEMAT-AV understandability and actionability scores were both 100%. Discussion: The video’s content and presentation are both strong as evidenced by high evaluation scores from clinical experts and foster parents, making it a useful educational tool for educating foster parents on caring for substance-exposed children. Further research is needed to determine if the viewing video increases foster parent knowledge and produces long-term change in parenting practices. Additionally, the video was designed to also be used to educate biological parents of substance-exposed children, but future studies are needed to determine if the video is an effective educational tool for this population.
3D threat image projection through dual-energy decomposition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Synthetic data are commonly used to train machine learning models in domains where real data are sparse. In this work, we describe a method to generate synthetic x-ray imaging data by inserting objects into a dual-energy computed tomography scan while simultaneously inserting the beam-hardening and noise artifacts that corrupt real data. This type of data augmentation is useful for training classifiers, for example, by artificially increasing the prevalence of objects of interest in a dataset. This work extends existing 3D Threat Image Projection methods by using dual-energy decomposition to model the energy-dependence of attenuation values in the sinogram data. By summing linear attenuation coefficient functions, objects can be inserted directly into a sinogram while accounting for beam-hardening in the insertion region. In addition, we introduce a calibration method to model the change in noise levels resulting from the insertion of attenuating objects. The performance of the method is demonstrated on a simple phantom scanned with a benchtop microCT system.
Experimental Study of a Mixed-Mode Solar Dryer with Internal Reflectors for Tomatoes Preservation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A mixed-mode solar dryer with forced circulation and internal reflectors has been developed and evaluated for its performance for drying of tomato slices. Two solar PV module powered, 3 W DC fans, are installed for ventilation. The cabinet of the dryer is 70 cm in length and 70 pm wide and loading capacity of 2 kg of tomatoes, respectively. Tomatoes were cut into slices and loaded in perforated trays within the cabinet. The drying characteristics were studied and compared with natural convection based indirect solar dryer. To investigate its performance, three experimental runs with 1 kg of tomatoes were carried out in the dryer during the month of October 2024. The experiments showed that drying rate initially increased and then started decreasing gradually as the drying progressed. It was also observed that the forced convention drying produced better quality, color and texture of the dried product compared to natural convection based dryer. The drying temperature also improves with internal reflectors in dryer. At the start, the moisture content of tomatoes was 91-95 %. The time taken to dry 1 kg tomatoes up to 5-10% moisture content without auxiliary heating in 11-20 hours, while the drying efficiency was varying from 12 to 20%.
Effect of Aluminum Addition on the Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Fractography of Cast Mg-Based Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The present study was performed on Mg-based alloys containing Zn and Mn. The alloys were cast in a permanent metallic mold preheated to 200°C and with a protective atmosphere of dry air, CO 2 , and SF 6 . Two main phases are observed in the as-cast condition: Mg-Al-Zn and Mn-Al intermetallics. The size and morphology of the Mg-Al-Zn phase are significantly affected by the concentration of Al. Tensile properties, using standard ASTM B-108 samples, are directly related to the size, morphology, and density of the existing phase particles. The alloy ductility is reduced with increase in the Al concentration, whereas the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength are more or less stable. The fracture surface of the tested tensile bars is mostly ductile for low Al-containing alloys and tends to be brittle with the increase in Al content as evidenced by an increase in the density of cleavage ruptured areas.
Marine aquaculture mapping using GF-1 WFV satellite images and full resolution cascade convolutional neural network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Growing demand for seafood and reduced fishery harvests have raised intensive farming of marine aquaculture in coastal regions, which may cause severe coastal water problems without adequate environmental management. Effective mapping of mariculture areas is essential for the protection of coastal environments. However, due to the limited spatial coverage and complex structures, it is still challenging for traditional methods to accurately extract mariculture areas from medium spatial resolution (MSR) images. To solve this problem, we propose to use the full resolution cascade convolutional neural network (FRCNet), which maintains effective features over the whole training process, to identify mariculture areas from MSR images. Specifically, the FRCNet uses a sequential full resolution neural network as the first-level subnetwork, and gradually aggregates higher-level subnetworks in a cascade way. Meanwhile, we perform a repeated fusion strategy so that features can receive information from different subnetworks simultaneously, leading to rich and representative features. As a result, FRCNet can effectively recognize different kinds of mariculture areas from MSR images. Results show that FRCNet obtained better performance than other classical and recently proposed methods. Our developed methods can provide valuable datasets for large-scale and intelligent modeling of the marine aquaculture management and coastal zone planning.