jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Death by Train

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When in Dombey and Son (1846–8), Charles Dickens described James Carker being 'beaten down, caught up, and whirled away upon a jagged mill, that spun him round and round, and struck him limb from limb, and licked his stream of life up with its fiery heat, and cast his mutilated fragments in the air', he earned the distinction of being the first major novelist to kill a character 'by train'.1 However, it was not until he was involved in the 1865 Staplehurst disaster — the railway accident that killed ten passengers and seriously wounded as many as forty more2 — that he fully felt the locomotive's terrible power over human life. By all accounts, the event left Dickens deeply shaken. He wrote about it in his postscript to Our Mutual Friend (1864–5), which was in the later months of its serialization at the time of the accident: 'I remember with devout thankfulness that I can never be much nearer parting company with my readers for ever, than I was then, until there shall be written against my life, the two words with which I have this day closed this book: — THE END'.3 Three months later, the Staplehurst disaster retained life or death proportions in Dickens's mind. Jill L. Matus, reading 'The Signalman' (1866) in the context of the Staplehurst disaster, suggests that Dickens developed symptoms 'typical of trauma' following the event.4
Prospective study ofearly rheumatoid arthritis. II. Association ofrheumatoid factor isotypes with fluctuations indisease activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARYThirty-three patients withearly peripheral synovitis werefollowed upfortwotofour years inorder tostudy therelationship between fluctuations inrheumatoid factor (RF)levels and indices ofclinical activity. Twenty-eight ofthese patients developed classical/defini te rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Seventeen patients developed erosive disease oftheir handsandwrists and thirteen hadapositive RF agglutination test. Nineteen patients hadraised levels ofIgM,RF, IgA,RF,orIgGRF asmeasured byisotype-specific ELISAtechniques. Thewithin-patient fluctuations inIgARFlevels correlated significantly withthecorresponding fluctuations ingrip strength (p<0-05), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)(p<0-01), andacomposite index of disease activity (p<002). IgGRF levels werealsoassociated withchanges inESRandgrip strength, butIgMRFshowed only aweakassociation withfluctuations inESRandnotwithany other clinical parameters. Itissuggested that serumIgARFmaybeauseful marker ofdisease activity inrheumatoid arthritis.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I-Dependent Signal Transduction Pathways Leading to the Induction of Cell Growth and Differentiation of Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line SH-SY5Y. The Roles of MAP Kinase Pathway and PI 3-Kinase Pathway.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

IGF-I regulates cell growth, differentiation, and survival in many cultured nerve cell lines. The present study was undertaken in the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, to elucidate whether there are differences in the IGF-dependent signal transduction pathways that stimulate proliferation compared to those that induce differentiation. Quiescent SH-SY5Y cells were treated with IGF-I in the presence or absence of PD98059 (an inhibitor of MEK, a MAP kinase kinase) or LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase). Cell growth was assessed by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell number. Cell differentiation was assessed by measuring mRNA levels of NPY and neurite outgrowth. IGF-I both induced cell proliferation and differentiation. It stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR) beta-subunit, IRS-I, IRS-2, and Shc, and these changes were associated with activation of Erk and Akt. PD98059 inhibited activation of Erk and LY294002 repressed activation of Akt in response to IGF-I, but did not affect tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, or Shc. Each PD98059 and LY294002 inhibited IGF-I-dependent cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, each of these inhibitors only partially depressed NPY gene expression induced by IGF-I and slightly inhibited IGF-I-mediated neurite outgrowth; however, when both PD98059 and LY294002 were present, IGF-I-dependent NPY gene expression and neurite outgrowth were abolished completely. These results suggest that in these nerve cells, 1) the IGF-I signals through the MAP kinase pathway and PI-3 kinase pathway are independently essential to induce IGF-I-dependent growth, and 2) alternate activation of the MAP kinase pathway and PI 3-kinase pathway is sufficient for the cells to undergo IGF-I-dependent differentiation.
Use of pineapple waste for single cell protein (SCP) production and the effect of substrate concentration on the yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Single cell protein (SCP) is used as a protein supplement in animal feed and protein rich foods for humans. In this study, extracts of pineapple waste were used as substrate for SCP production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp. (Baker or brewing yeast). The study also focused on the effect of the pineapple substrate concentration on the yield of SCP. Pineapple waste were collected from food processing companies in Kumasi and processed into pineapple juice extracts. The residual soluble sugars in the extract were measured and the concentration adjusted (40–100% v/v) for various submerged yeast fermentations to produce the SCPs. Initially, the yeast cells were cultured on Yeast Potato Dextrose Agar (YPDA) and then transferred into a Nutrient Broth to generate the activated yeast inoculum for the final fermentation. Pineapple extracts in 2.50 × 10 −4 m 3 conical flasks at various concentrations were each inoculated with 1 mL inoculum. The set‐ups were incubated at 298 K and the yeast cells or colonies counted at 24 hr interval for 5 days. Biochemical analysis of the substrate revealed the following composition: pH of 5.5 and 4.7% (m/v) total soluble sugars. Maximum yield and doubling time/hr of SCPs (3.01 kg/m 3 , 1,108 hr) was observed for the 60% (v/v) pineapple substrate concentration. The 100% (v/v) substrate concentration produced the least SCP yield of 2.5 × 10 −2 kg/m 3 . It is concluded from this study that pineapple waste generated in the food processing industry serves as good substrates for SCP production with high‐potential economic value. Practical applications Single cell proteins are utilized mainly as food supplement for human beings and animals. Several other applications of single cell proteins are available. It is used as a health food to control obesity, and provide instant energy to especially sports men. It is also used in therapeutic and natural medicines to: reduce body weight, cholesterol, stress, lower blood sugar in diabetic patients, promote healthy eyes and skin, and increase lactation. It is further used in the technical field for paper and leather processing, and as foam stabilizer.
Ultraviolet Absorption of Transition Metal Ions in Alkali-Halides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ultraviolet absorption bands of V 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cu + , and Zn 2+ in NaCl or NaF were studied. One or two strong and temperature-insensitive bands were observed for ions with partly filled 3d-shells. Two or three weak and temperature-sensitive bands were detected for all kinds of ions. The strong bands were tentatively assigned to electron transfer transitions from nonbonding orbitals of surrounding halogen ions to antibonding orbitals of a central metal ion and the weak ones to parity forbidden intraionic transitions.
Toward Optimal Orientation Scheduling for Full-View Coverage in Camera Sensor Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study full-view coverage in camera sensor networks, by exploiting their limited mobility of orientation rotation. We focus on the fairness based coverage maximization problem, i.e., how to schedule the orientations of the camera sensors to maximize the minimum accumulated full-view coverage time of target points. To solve this problem, we first try to reduce the space dimension of orientation search by dividing the orientation space into a set of discrete regions. We select the minimum number of sensing regions that camera sensors should rotate to in order to ensure the full-view coverage of all target points. Next, we attempt to understand the relationship of full-view coverage among the target points, which are spatially coupled. Based on results in these two steps, we devise an algorithm to solve the problem based on "largest demand first serve" principle. We provide extensive simulations to demonstrate the desired performance of the proposed algorithms.
NG-DTA: Drug-target affinity prediction with n-gram molecular graphs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Drug-target affinity (DTA) prediction is crucial to speed up drug development. The advance in deep learning allows accurate DTA prediction. However, most deep learning methods treat protein as a 1D string which is not informative to models compared to a graph representation. In this paper, we present a deep-learning-based DTA prediction method called N-gram Graph DTA (NG-DTA) that takes molecular graphs of drugs and n-gram molecular sub-graphs of proteins as inputs which are then processed by graph neural networks (GNNs). Without using any prediction tool for protein structure, NG-DTA performs better than other methods on two datasets in terms of concordance index (CI) and mean square error (MSE) (CI: 0.905, MSE: 0.196 for the Davis dataset; CI: 0.904, MSE: 0.120 for Kiba dataset). Our results showed that using n-gram molecular sub-graphs of proteins as input improves deep learning models' performance in DTA prediction.
Interaction of Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics on Discourse Prosody in Standard Chinese

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The interface of discourse structure and prosody has been increasingly regarded as an important research area, with abundant studies conducted to account for prosodic features on the discourse level. Still, the key issue of whether discourse structure on different linguistic layers exert intertwined effect on prosodic features remains unsolved, since most existing studies focused merely on a single layer. The present study aims to investigate the interactive effect of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors on prosody in Chinese discourse. Specifically, the effects of syntactic function, centering structure and information structure on stress and boundary distribution are examined through log linear analysis. Materials selected from the Annotated Speech Corpus of Chinese Discourse (ASCCD) are annotated following a multilayered annotation scheme. The results indicate that, apart from the individual effect of each aforementioned factor, interactive effects of centering structure and information structure on both stress and boundary distributions are observed. This finding highlights the significance of an interactive perspective towards prosody studies on the discourse level.
Val-Leu-Leu-Tyr (VLLY) Alleviates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Cell Impairment by Improving Mitochondrial Fission

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ethanolic gastric mucosal impairment is one of the most common disorders in the gastrointestinal system. In this study, we investigated the potential alleviating effects of sea cucumber peptides on Ges-1 impairment caused by ethanol and the associated mechanisms. The sea cucumber peptide VLLY could promote the proliferation and migration of healthy Ges-1 cells. After ethanol injury, VLLY peptide treatment could greatly promote the migration of Ges-1 cells, scavenge intracellular and mitochondrial ROS, reverse mitochondrial fission and F-actin depolymerization, and improve mitochondrial respiration. VLLY peptide restored mitochondrial dynamics by downregulating Drp1 and Fis1 and upregulating Mfn2 against excessive mitochondrial fission. In addition, the VLLY peptide maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential, ablated the leakage of cytochrome c to the cytoplasm, upregulated the expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-XL, decreased the expression of the proapoptotic factors of Bax, BAD, and cleaved caspase-3, and finally blocked the mitochondria-related apoptotic pathway. These findings strongly suggested that sea cucumber peptides could promote proliferation and migration of healthy Ges-1 cells and reverse ethanol-induced excess mitochondrial fission and maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through the Fis1/Bax pathway, thereby improving ethanol-induced apoptosis. VLLY offers a new perspective for improving the ethanolic gastric mucosal epithelial cell injury.
Development and initial validation of the Teaching Multiple School Subjects Role Conflict Scale (TMSS-RCS)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is a need to better understand the reality of enacting dual teaching positions, or roles, within a school. Therefore, role conflict experienced by teachers who are tasked with concurrently teaching multiple subjects warrants further understanding. For example, teachers responsible for teaching physical education (PE) and another school subject(s). There is, however, currently no published instrument for measuring role conflict of this nature. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Teaching Multiple School Subjects Role Conflict Scale, an instrument to measure interrole conflict between the roles of teaching PE and another school subject(s). Research aims included: (a) developing the instrument; (b) identifying a factor structure for the instrument using exploratory factor analysis; (c) confirming the factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis; and (d) examining the correlation between the newly validated measure and conceptually similar (i.e. role stress) and dissimilar (i.e. resilience) constructs. Exploratory factor analysis identified a stable three-factor, nine-item solution, including schedule conflict, energy expenditure conflict, and status conflict. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this solution, χ 2 (24) = 47.16, p < 0.001, non-normed fit index = 0.950, comparative fit index = 0.967, standardized root mean square residual = 0.069, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.069. The newly validated scale correlated appropriately with conceptually similar and dissimilar constructs.
Family and Human Development: Current Trends, Teaching Strategies, and Resources for the 21 st Century Classroom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Teaching about human development, parenting, family life, and interpersonal relationships is one of the ways that family and consumer sciences educators work to strengthen individual and family life. This article examines current social trends impacting individual and family life and addresses what family and consumer sciences teachers should know and be able to do when teaching family and human development. Other topics included in this article are discussions about determining appropriate subject matter, developing suitable curriculum, creating a positive learning environment, and assessing teacher candidates’ progress. A list of government agencies, professional organizations, and nonprofit organizations that provide services or content related to family and human development also is included. The profession of family and consumer sciences has historically viewed the family as the central institution of society and has been primarily concerned with strengthening family life (Green, 2001). Over one hundred years ago the early founders of the profession believed that “the family is the most important of human institutions” (as cited in Green, p.1). This is still true today. Both the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences and the Family and Consumer Sciences Division of the Association for Career and Technical Education state their purpose is working to improve and strengthen individual and family life (American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences [AAFCS], 2006; Association for Career and Technical Education [ACTE], 2008). One way to achieve the goal of improving individual and family life is through education. Family and consumer sciences (FCS) is taught at the elementary, middle, secondary, postsecondary, and community levels. The emphasis on the importance of the family as a human institution and the goal of strengthening individual and family life provides the foundation and rationale for teaching about family and human development. In 2004 the National Association of Teacher Educators of Family and Consumer Sciences (NATEFACS) developed 10 standards for middle and secondary level FCS teachers. These standards identify the necessary skills and knowledge that beginning family and consumers sciences educators should possess. Standard 3 addresses Family and Human Development. The purpose of this article is to discuss appropriate subject matter, elements of effective teaching, and assessment as they relate to FCS teacher candidates meeting Standard 3, Family and Human Development. Current Individual and Family Trends Standard 3, Family and Human Development, states, “Apply principles of human development, interpersonal relationships, and family to strengthen individuals and families across the lifespan in contexts such as parenting, care giving, and the workplace” (NATEFACS, 2004). One way to equip family and consumer sciences educators about family and human
The Development of Contemporary Fashion Designs Specialized in the Traditional Costume of the Miao

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study examines decorative features found in the traditional costume of the Miao, one of the minority groups in China, and adapts them for the development of modern Korean-style fashion designs in order to present visual sample data and to introduce techniques. As for the research method, both literature and visual data are examined: the former includes Miao-related books and theses; the latter, pictures from various documents and real-life data in the possession of Seoul Women's University. The study result is as follows: 1. The basic structure of Miao costume is consist of a Caftan-type upper garment and an accentuated lower garment, pleats skirt although they are decorated luxuriously with various techniques such as delicate embroidery and dyeing. 2. Details and trimmings in modern shapes are developed and presented by adding modern materials to satin, twists, cross-stitch embroidery, stripe patterns, geometrical patchwork, machine pleats and smoking, trimmings of fringe & feather, and the border line decoration of coloration, braids, piping, embroidery, belts tied and wound with colorful threads. 3. Detachable accessaries such as front reinforcement strips, back reinforcement strips, belts, decorative aprons and patchwork skirts are developed and designed by adapting highlighted layered effects. 4. The silver decoration used as an necessary by the Miao is suitable for modern fashion design in futuristic sense. Various techniques and decorative features of Miao costume display their true value all the more in modern fashion stream in which ethnic trends draw much attention.
Finite Element Analysis for Rocket Motor Case Under Internal Pressure and Thermal Loads

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rocket motor combustion chamber need to contain very high pressure and temperature due to burning of rocket fuels. Although for small rocket the burning time in the combustion chamber are short about 1 to 5 seconds it is very important to make sure that the combustion chamber can hold the pressure and heat produced by the burning of the fuels. Even with a very strong material of combustion chamber and the analysis proof that the chamber is able to stand the high pressure produced there are high probability of structural failure due to the increase of temperature due to heat into the combustion chamber wall since the increasing temperature of the combustion chamber wall will decrease the strength of the material. In this study the thermal analysis was done using ANSYS software with various thickness from CC 2.5, CC 3.5 and C.C 5.0 in two condition which are the stress due to static stress and the stress due to static stress and thermal stress. The propellant properties, pressure applied, chamber temperature and heat coefficient are the same in all cases. Then the results for the different thickness stress at the wall are plotted and compared. The study shows that the results due to then static stress and overall stress with different combustion chamber thickness for the radial stress show no significant differences. While the hoop stress and von-Mises stress due to static stress are maximum at inner wall and decrease as the direction of the wall increase from the inside. In other cases where the static and thermal stress are applied, the highest stress is at the outer wall of the cylinder. The higher combustion chamber thickness, the lower hoop stress and von-Mises stress need applied to the combustion chamber wall. Thus, results in higher safety factor for the higher combustion chamber thickness.
Binding mode of Congo Red to Alzheimer's amyloid β‐peptide studied by UV Raman spectroscopy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Congo Red (CR) has long been used for staining amyloid fibrils and recently been found to inhibit amyloid formation. We examined the binding mode of CR to Alzheimer's amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) by UV Raman spectroscopy. The 244 nm‐excited Raman spectrum of CR exhibits five bands in the 1620–1550 cm −1 region, where C C stretching vibrations of the naphthalene and biphenyl moieties are expected. Among the C C stretching bands, one at 1615 cm −1 becomes weaker and another at 1598 cm −1 gains intensity upon binding to Aβ, resulting in a reversal of the relative intensity of the two bands. Concomitant with the intensity reversal, a band at 1158 cm −1 assignable to the N–C stretch becomes stronger. These UV Raman spectral changes are in line with those observed when the fraction of the planar CR molecule is increased by crystallization. Furthermore, opposite spectral changes were observed when the central biphenyl group was methylated to force the two benzene rings in an orthogonal orientation. These observations suggest an increase in planarity of the biphenyl group in the CR–Aβ complex. A red shift of the visible absorption is consistent with an expansion of π‐conjugation in the planar CR molecule. The torsional mobility of the biphenyl group permitting a planar conformation may be essential for the binding of CR to Aβ amyloid fibrils. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.