jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Population Genetics of Ploidy Change in Fungi

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ploidy is a significant type of genetic variation, describing the number of chromosome sets per cell. Ploidy evolves in natural populations, clinical populations, and lab experiments, particularly in fungi. Despite a long history of theoretical work on this topic, predicting how ploidy will evolve has proven difficult, as it is often unclear why one ploidy state outperforms another. Here, we review what is known about contemporary ploidy evolution in diverse fungal species through the lens of population genetics. As with typical genetic variants, ploidy evolution depends on the rate that new ploidy states arise by mutation, natural selection on alternative ploidy states, and random genetic drift. However, ploidy variation also has unique impacts on evolution, with the potential to alter chromosomal stability, the rate and patterns of point mutation, and the nature of selection on all loci in the genome. We discuss how ploidy evolution depends on these general and unique factors and highlight areas where additional experimental evidence is required to comprehensively explain the ploidy transitions observed in the field and the lab.
The role of dorsal columns pathway in visceral pain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Traditionally, the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system has been viewed as a pathway not involved in pain perception. However, recent clinical and experimental studies have provided compelling evidence that implicates an important role of the dorsal column pathway in relaying visceral nociceptive information. Several clinical studies have shown that a small lesion that interrupts fibers of the dorsal columns (DC) that ascend close to the midline of the spinal cord significantly relieves pain and decreases analgesic requirements in patients suffering from cancer originating in visceral organs. Behavioral, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical methods used under experimental situations in animals showed that DC lesion lead to decreased activation of thalamic and gracile neurons by visceral stimuli, suppressed inhibition of exploratory activity induced by visceral noxious stimulation and prevented potentiation of visceromotor reflex evoked by colorectal distention under inflammatory conditions. Whereas the surgical lesion of the DC tract has proven to be clinically successful, a pharmacological approach would be a better strategy to block this pathway and thus to improve visceral pain conditions under less dramatic circumstances than cancer pain. Our finding that PSDC neurons start to express receptors for substance P after colon inflammation suggests new targets for the development of pharmacological strategies for the control of visceral pain.
Visit-to-visit lipid variability, coronary artery calcification, inflammation, and mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims This study aimed to explore relationships between visit-to-visit lipid variability, coronary artery calcification (CAC), inflammation, and long-term mortality, which may be prognostically relevant. Methods and results This prospective cohort study included participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with available plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides from all three initial exams who underwent computed tomography CAC quantification at the third (index) exam. Visit-to-visit variability (coefficient of variation) was calculated from all three initial exams. Outcomes included the index Agatston score, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Altogether, 1515 participants were analysed. Higher HDL-C variability was associated with higher index Agatston score [Quartile 4 (Q4; vs. Q1) adjusted marginal effects 0.25 0.02–0.48)], but not LDL-C, TC, and triglyceride variability. Over a 15.1-year median follow-up, higher HDL-C [Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted sub-hazard ratio 2.68 (1.61–4.48)] and TC [Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted sub-hazard ratio 2.13 (1.17–3.89)] variability, but not LDL-C and triglyceride variability, was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality, which remained significant after adjusting for the index Agatston score. Additionally, higher HDL-C variability was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality [Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted hazard ratio 1.46 (1.00–2.11)], but LDL-C, TC, and triglyceride variability were not. HDL-C [Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted β: 0.132 (0.034–0.230)] and TC [Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted β: 0.210 (0.064–0.357)] variability, but not LDL-C and triglyceride variability, may be correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Conclusion Elevated HDL-C variability was associated with greater CAC burden and long-term risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. These mortality-related associations were probably not completely explainable by atherosclerosis. Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00005487.
Assessing Inequalities in Thai Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using data from Thailand's Household Socioeconomic Survey, this paper measures the inequalities of Thai education in 2011. We utilize the Gini coefficients to estimate Thai educational inequalities from cumulative years of educational attainment which are between zero (no schooling) to twenty-one (doctoral level) years. The education Gini coefficient of the whole country is 0.349. At the provincial level, the Gini coefficients are in a range between 0.272 (Nonthaburi) and 0.521 (Mae hong son). The provinces located near the Bangkok metropolis have greater equality in education, except for Samut Sakhon, while the provinces in the northern part of Thailand have severe inequality in education, especially the border provinces. As for the effect of schooling on educational inequality, we found that at the regional level, average years of schooling was significantly and negatively associated with the educational inequality, except in the northern part of Thailand. The magnitudes of coefficients of average years of schooling in the northern and southern parts are twice that of the central part of Thailand. The policy implication of this paper is that the Thai government should pay attention to two points in adjusting the scope of distribution: reduce the number of people without schooling and extend the educational attainment of people with primary education to secondary education. At the regional level, the policy of education expansion for reducing educational inequality is workable only in central Thailand, the north, and the south. Governments should utilize different policies in each region. In addition, the Thai government should pay more attention to solving the social problems which contribute to the issue of educational inequality.
Experimental investigation of electrical power generated by the rolling of a high aspect ratio wing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Energy harvesting is gaining its popularity among researchers all around. Vibration is abundant all around and energy is commonly converted from the vibration into electrical energy. More often, many studies have shown to show interest in applying harvesting technology on aerial vehicle. Attentions are now crossing over to building Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), these vehicles are subject to atmospheric disturbance which subjects them to rolling motion called wing rock phenomenon. Wing rock is phenomenon is the state where aircraft undergo self-excited oscillation cycle. In this cycle, the aircraft is subjected to roll on its longitudinal axis of the body. With frequent roll of the MAVs, energy can be harvested from this roll frequency which might in turn power these small vehicles in future studies. However, very little studies have been made on high aspect ratio wings like the MAVs and wing rock energy harvesting is still new in this field therefore it is a challenge to further study on this area. In this experiment, wing rock was observed in high aspect ratio wing of ratio 4.5 at post-stall regime. Energy is harvested from the wing rock motion using piezoelectric transducer. Different configuration of setup was tested to gain insights of this experiment in this new field.
Production and Properties of α‐Amylase fromPenicillium chrysogenumand its Application in Starch Hydrolysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fungi were screened for their ability to produce alpha-amylase by a plate culture method. Penicillium chrysogenum showed high enzymatic activity. Alpha-amylase production by P. chrysogenum cultivated in liquid media containing maltose (2%) reached its maximum at 6-8 days, at 30 degrees C, with a level of 155 U ml(-1). Some general properties of the enzyme were investigated. The optimum reaction pH and temperature were 5.0 and 30-40 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a pH range from 5.0-6.0 and at 30 degrees C for 20 min and the enzyme's 92.1% activity's was retained at 40 degrees C for 20 min without substrate. Hydrolysis products of the enzyme were maltose, unidefined oligosaccharides, and a trace amount of glucose. Alpha-amylase of P. chrysogenum hydrolysed starches from different sources. The best hydrolysis was determined (98.69%) in soluble starch for 15 minute at 30 degrees C.
Sport nutrition and doping factors in swimming; parallel analysis among athletes and coaches.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The sport nutrition and doping are known to be important issues in sports, but there is evident lack of studies which investigated those issues in swimming, especially with regard to parallel analysis of coaches and athletes. The first aim of this study was to compare knowledge of swimming coaches and their athletes about nutrition and doping. Also, we have identified interrelationships between studied sociodemographic-, sport-; nutrition- and doping-related-factors. The sample of subjects comprised 55 athletes (20.3 +/- 2.2 years of age; 24 females) and 22 coaches (mean age 36.5 +/- 7.8 years; 4 females) from Croatia (98% of respondents). In the first phase of the investigation we have validated specific questionnaires to determine the knowledge of sport nutrition (KSN), and knowledge on doping (KD). The test-retest correlation and percentage of equally responded queries revealed both questionnaires as reliable. The discriminative validity was proven also since coaches scored better than their athletes on both questionnaires. Athletes declared their coaches as the primary sources of knowledge about nutrition and doping. Among coaches, formal and self-education are equally important sources of information about doping and nutrition. The age is negatively, while the formal education is positively correlated to KD and KSN scores among coaches. Consequently, permanent educational programs about nutrition and doping are emphasized, especially among older coaches and younger athletes.
Inscription with List of Donors 15 at Yangtai Palace (陽臺宮)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This stone inscription in Chinese is located at Yangtai Palace (陽臺宮), Jiyuan, Henan, China. It is dated 1368-1911 (Ming or Qing 明清 period). Dimensions: 41 cm (H) ✕ 23 cm (W). Further details are provided in the accompanying metadata spreadsheet, "Inscription metadata for Cluster 2.1 (2017): Jiyuan Shi (China)" under ID YT-111.
[Impact on tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression of expression of the 18 kd and 24 kd isoforms of FGF-2].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The role of FGF-2 in tumor progression and tumor cell invasiveness was investigated using the rat bladder carcinoma cells NBT-II, which do not constitutively express FGF-2 or its membrane-spanning receptor. The NBT-II cells were transfected using expression vectors encoding either the 18 kD or the 24 kD isoform of FGF-2. The 24 kD isoform contains a nuclear localization signal. The transfected NBT-II cells that expressed 18 kD FGF-2 produced and secreted this factor as the biologically active form and retained an epithelial morphology. When injected to nude mice, the tumorigenic potential of these cells was not increased over that of non-transfected NBT-II cells; however, although the time to tumor development was long, the tumors were highly vascularized, indicating secretion of the angiogenic factor FGF-2. The transfected NBT-II cells that expressed 24 kD FGF-2 varied in their morphological appearance and did not secrete FGF-2; immunofluorescence and Western-blot studies showed that the FGF-2 was mainly intranuclear. When injected to nude mice, these cells produced tumors and migrated not only to the lymph nodes but also to the lungs where they produced metastases. In aggregate, these data indicate that stimulation of angiogenesis is not sufficient to increase tumor growth and that nuclear FGF-2 acts as a tumorigenic and metastasis-promoting factor in the NBT-II carcinoma model.
Effective lagrangian for the macroscopic motion of fermionic matter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We consider macroscopic motion of quantum field systems. Zubarev statistical operator allows to describe several types of motion of such systems in thermal equilibrium. We formulate the corresponding effective theory on the language of functional integral. The effective lagrangian is calculated explicitly for the fermionic systems interacting with dynamical gauge fields. Possible applications to physics of quark - gluon plasma are discussed.
[Development of Magnetic Anastomat for Laparoscopic Bilioenterostomy].

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work introduces the design and operating procedure of a novel magnetic anastomat for laparoscopic bilioenterostomy. Three techniques (magnetic compression technique, mechanic control technique and purse string suture technique) are used to design this device. The anastomat is mainly composed of two parts, a magnetic head and a handle. The surgical procedure for laparoscopic bilioenterostomy with this novel anastomat is similar to performing an end-side enteroenterostomy with the circular stapler. After the anastomosis is achieved, the magnetic head is placed at the anastomoses to maintain the digestive tract continuity. The magnetic head would fall into the jejunal lumen when the anastomoses is formed. This surgical approach would bring an innovation to the laparoscopic bilioenterostomy. Performing laparoscopic bilioenterostomy with this magnetic anastomat is safe, reliable and feasible.
Investigating Replication Protein A's Role in Telomere Maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Replication protein A (RPA) and CST are two highly similar heterotrimeric telomere complexes involved in various aspects of DNA metabolism. RPA functions in genome-wide DNA metabolism (including DNA replication, repair and recombination) while CST has been shown to play a specific role in telomere protection and maintenance. Recent studies have implicated RPA in telomere maintenance. Two CST subunits, STN1 and TEN1, have been found to form a sub-complex independent of the CST complex. Given the high level of structural conservation between RPA and CST, I hypothesize that individual CST and RPA subunits form alternative complexes. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis by determining if RPA and CST subunits associate with each other using an in vitro co-immunoprecipitation assay. Expression vectors have been constructed with RPA2A, RPA2B, RPA3A, RPA3B, STN1, and TEN1 and have been tested in rabbit reticulocyte lysate for protein expression. If association between CST and RPA subunits is found, further studies could investigate how and why the CST and RPA complexes work together to maintain telomeres and to promote aspects of genome stability. Another goal of this study is to construct fluorescent protein tagged RPA1B (GFP) and RPA1D (YFP) for use in subcellular localization studies in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Bioassay of Lemongrass on Fungi Pathogen Associated with Cassava Tubers Rot in Farin Gada Market, Jos

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Lemongrass on fungal pathogen associated with cassava tuber rot. The study was carried out in the biology laboratory of the Federal College of Forestry Jos, Plateau state from March to May, 2019. Rotten and healthy cassava tubers were collected separately from Farin-Gada market Jos, fungi species were isolated from rotten cassava tubers by direct inoculation of the spoiled part on sterile Potato Dextrose Agar medium and incubated for 3-5 days, the isolated fungi were identified microscopically and macroscopically. The identified fungi were used for pathogenicity test. The antifungal effect of different concentrations of ethanol extract of lemongrass was investigated. Data collected were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at (p≥0.05). The fungi isolated include, Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp, Geotrichum candidum, and Aspergillus flavus. The frequency of occurrence of the isolated fungi indicated Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp, Geotrichum candidum, and Aspergillus flavus had 30, 15, 35 and 20% respectively. 20 mL of the tested extract gave the highest inhibition of 19.07, 20.57, 18.17 mL and 18.00 mL on Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, Geotrichum candidum and Aspergillus flavus respectively. At the 5th day of incubation the results of the pathogenicity showed that Aspergillus flavus gives the highest deterioration of 9.17 mm. The length of deterioration showed significant difference. The lemongrass extract indicated anti-fungal effect on the fungal isolates, therefore could be used to control cassava tuber rot caused by fungi.
Simple functional equations for generalized Selberg zeta functions with Tate motives

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove that for a compact locally symmetric Riemannian space $M$ of rank 1 there exist infinitely many automorphic Tate motives $f$ such that the generalized Selberg zeta function $Z_{M(f)}(s)$ satisfies a simple functional equation in the sense that it has no gamma factors.
The Behavior of Link Choice of Satellite Town's Traveler Based on Relative Regret

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The production of the regret theory and the influence on decision-making were analyzed. The concept of relative regret and absolute regret of satellite town's traveler were defined, and the expressions correspond to the relative regret and absolute regret also was defined. The relative regret was introduced to the Logit model of travel choice, and was computed by an example. The paper believed that the drivers are not always choose the links which has the least travel time, but choose the links based on considering the relative regret and utility. The paper also implied that we should consider the behavior of link choice based on relative regret in the condition of combine travel information and multi-attributes in further study.
Professional development through reflective practice for English-medium instruction (EMI) teachers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The constraints and demands on teachers and students, related to implementing English medium instruction (EMI), mean that teachers need to be able to reflect on their practice and make appropriate adjustments. Reflective practice generally means that EMI teachers subject their philosophy of practice, principles, theories and practices to a critical analysis so that they can take more responsibility for their actions. Reflective practice allows EMI teachers to act in a deliberate, intentional manner. Reflective practice involves EMI teachers systematically looking at what they do, how they do it, why they do it, what the outcomes are in terms of student learning, and what actions EMI teachers will take as a result of knowing all of this information. Thus experience combined with systematic reflection can lead to professional growth so that we can become more effective language teachers. In this paper I discuss what reflective practice is and how it can be accomplished by EMI teachers.
Subdural Electrodes:Usefulness and Problems in Epilepsy Surgery and Functional Mapping

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Subdural grids or strips are useful for seizure localization and functional mapping but are not used easily due to invasiveness. If properly used subdural electrodes can provide much information about seizure localization and brain function without significant risk. During the last two and 3/4 years 61 patients were operated upon for subdural electrode insertion and monitored for EEG recording and functional mapping. Five cases presented with rare seizures with glial tumors in the functionally eloquent areas. Other 56 cases were intractable epilepsy patients requiring accurate seizure focus localization and resection. Twenty-eight cases were temporal lobe epilepsy patients;23 patients with suspected neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy and 5 with bitemporal subdural strips for lateralization. Eleven cases of frontal lobe epilepsy 5 cases of central sulcus region epilepsy 2 cases of occipital lobe epile psy and 10 cases of multifocal epilepsy patients are includeded. We preferred extensive coverage for more accurate brain mapping. The mean duration of electrode insertion was 8.2 days (1-20 days. Fifty-eight patients (95.1% went through successful resection procedures. Resection could not be performed in 3 cases due to involvement of eloquent area poor localizatin of seizures and brain swelling. Infection and transient third nerve palsy occurred in each two cases. One patient had epidural hematoma and another patient pulled out and displaced the electrode. There was no permanent neuropsychological problems. 89.1% of intractable epilepsy patients fared well and showed good seizure control (Engel Class I and II during the mean follow up period of 16.2 months. If used carefully and properly subdural electrodes are very useful for seizure localization and functional mapping without significant risk. Problems about repeated use of disposable electrode are discussed. ( (( (J Korean Epilep Soc 1:92-98, 1997
Deep Learning Based Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The emergence of the lumpy skin disease has become a major threat to the livestock industry in recent years, causing high economic losses and health risks to both animals and humans. This virus is difficult to detect due to its complexity, making the early detection and accurate diagnosis of this virus essential. This study will explore the utilization of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to efficiently and accurately detect and identify the LSDV than traditional methods. Further, the advantages of using CNNs for this purpose has been discussed and some of the applications of this new technology has also been explored. Additionally, the future potential of using CNNs to perform virus detection is also discussed. However, Lumpy disease is classified differently based on its severity. To determine the extent to which the animal is impacted by lumpy skin disease, it is necessary to recognize various stages of the disease. This research study referred to the use of several CNN architectures and Regression algorithms to detect the Lumpy skin disease virus as early as possible. The architectures explored are and the EfficientNet-EfficientNetB7 architecture, MobileNetV2, EfficientNet-EfficientNetB3 architecture, VGG16, InceptionV3, ResNet50, VGG19, Xception and DenseNet201. The paper thoroughly describes all of the steps required to carry out the disease detection model, from data collection to process and outcome.