jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Assessment of Cytoprotective Effects of CANOVA against Cell Death Induced by the Anti-malarial Artesunate – A Preliminary Experiment

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Artesunate (ATS) is a semi-synthetic compound derived from artemisinin, which is widely accepted in the treatment of malaria. However, there is evidence that ATS, under certain in vitro conditions, induces several impairments to normal cell functions. Canova (CA) is a Brazilian homeopathic formulation indicated for patients with depressed immune system. CA shows both in vitro and in vivo protective effects against mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, we aimed to assess in vitro the cytoprotective effects of CA against the cytotoxicity of ATS in Vero cells. Methods Viability of Vero cells exposed to ATS was assessed by MTT assay, whereas the anti-cytotoxic effect of CA was evaluated by apoptosis and necrosis quantification with fluorescent dyes. Results After 24 hours of ATS treatment, a reduction in cell viability was observed at 32 and 64 µg/mL, the latter being statistically significant (p < 0.05) in relation to the negative control. The concentration of 64 µg/mL was chosen for the subsequent experiments. ATS significantly induced both apoptosis and necrosis in Vero cells in relation to controls (p < 0.01). We also observed a statistically significant decrease in the number of apoptotic cells observed in the CA 16% + ATS co-treatment compared with ATS treatment (p < 0.01). Treatment with CA alone also had no influence on either type of cell death. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that ATS is cytotoxic in the assessed conditions. However, such cytotoxicity was attenuated when the cells were treated simultaneously with ATS and CA.
Informal employment and subjective well-being in urban China: do employment sector and working time flexibility matter?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper tests if there exists a subjective well-being gap between informal workers in the informal and formal sectors in urban China, and explores the mechanisms behind such differences. Design/methodology/approach The author develops a simple theoretical model to analyze the effects of the employment sector and work time flexibility on workers' happiness and conducts a descriptive study to examine the relationship between employment type and subjective well-being using the China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2017 datasets, a nationally representative sample. Findings The results show that only dependent informal work in the formal sector impairs workers' happiness, while the effect of independent informal work is not statistically significant. The potential mechanisms suggest that independent informal workers have higher working time flexibility and can work more hours to increase their earnings, which increases their subjective well-being. However, it is difficult for dependent informal workers to earn more by working more hours due to poor working time flexibility. Originality/value This study indicates that informal workers in the formal sector have lower subjective well-being in urban China and deserve more attention from policymakers. The author also suggests that increasing working time flexibility and encouraging self-employment can contribute to the welfare of informal workers.
Perceptions of South Africans on traditional leadership: a case of Limpopo Province

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The institution of traditional leadership was recognized by the constitution of the Republic of South Africa. The debate about its relevance has been going on even before South Africa gained independence. The study investigated the perceptions of South Africans on the institution of traditional leadership. This study adopted qualitative and quantitative designs using literature review and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) to obtain secondary and primary data respectively. The study has shown that even at the time when others opposed its existence, it enjoys support from the rural people. It has also shown that this institution should co-exist formally with the elected government to complement the latter in policy implementation to speed up service delivery. It finally showed that this institution is still relevant in the African politics. Therefore, the constitution should be amended to allow this institution to operate side by side with the elected government. This will enable them to take their needs to the municipal council for tabling and decisions as they are popular to existing councillors. This mechanism of decentralisation has to be implemented if the elected government is to survive.
CO2 Laser Scattering from Turbulence in Tokamaks

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report a study of electron density fluctuations in the Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor (ATC) Tokamak using heterodyne detection to study the small angle scattering of CO 2 laser radiation. The scattering apparatus described below allows us to study fluctuations with wavelengths from 1 to 10 −3 cm, frequencies from 10kHz to 1GHz and fluctuation amplitudes ñn as low as 10 −5 (where ñ is the total fluctuation amplitude and n is the electron density)[1]. We observed scattering due to density fluctuations at frequencies ω/2Π below 2MHz and wavelengths λ from 0.3 to 1cm These fluctuations are predicted to be driven in contained plasmas by density and temperature gradients. The observed turbulence may play an important role in electron transport phenomena in prototype fusion reactors similar to the ATC.
The Herschel Reference Survey: Dust in Early-Type Galaxies and Across the Hubble Sequence

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present Herschel observations of 62 Early-Type Galaxies (ETGs), including 39 galaxies morphologically classified as S0+S0a and 23 galaxies classified as ellipticals using SPIRE at 250, 350 and 500 microns (and PACS 100 and 160 microns for 19 sources) as part of the volume-limited Herschel Reference Survey. We detect dust emission in 24% of the ellipticals and 62% of the S0s. The mean temperature of the dust is 23.9+/-0.8 K, warmer than that found for late-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. Including the non-detections, the mean dust mass is log(Mdust) = 5.9+/-0.1 and 5.2+/-0.1 Msun for the S0s and elliptical galaxies respectively. The mean dust-to-stellar mass is log(Mdust/Mstar) = -4.4+/-0.1 (S0s) and -5.8+/-0.1 (ellipticals). Virtually all the galaxies lie close to the red sequence yet the large number of detections of cool dust, the gas-to-dust ratios and the ratios of far-infrared to radio emission all suggest that many ETGs contain a cool interstellar medium similar to that in late-type galaxies. The mean dust-to-stellar mass ratio for S0s is approximatly a factor of ten less than for early-type spirals and the sizes of the dust sources in the S0s are also much smaller. We show that the difference cannot be explained by either the different bulge-to-disk ratios or environmental effects such as ram-pressure stripping. The wide range in the dust-to-stellar mass ratio for ETGs and the lack of a correlation between dust mass and optical luminosity suggest that much of the dust in the ETGs detected by Herschel has been acquired as the result of gravitational interactions; these interactions are unlikely to have had a major effect on the stellar masses of the ETGs. The Herschel observations tentatively suggest that in the most massive ETGs, the mass of the interstellar medium is unconnected to the evolution of the stellar populations.
Imputing Missing Values Using Support Variables with Application to Barley Grain Yield

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In any data collection process, regardless of the sampling method, missing data values are encountered due to many different reasons. Depending on the amount of missing data the results to be obtained from the analysis of such data will somehow be affected. Therefore, starting from 1950s an increasing interest is shown by statisticians on one hand how to minimize the missing data values and also how to impute the missing values. In this thesis the theory and methods employed so far for the imputation of missing values in a data set are studied in detail. This is followed by the introduction of a new concept in the imputation of missing data using the support variables as part of multivariate regression process. Conversion of the units of support variables to that of the response variable is very important and is studied in detail via the imputation of missing values in a barley grain yield data set. Application results of the support variable concept is comepared with the results obtained from Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Gaussian and Epanechnikov Kernel regression and found to be better performer in terms of lower error levels and in terms of robustness. The robustness of the results of all methods are checked using the Relative Aitchison Distance (RDA) concept. Keywords: Missing Value, Imputation, Support Variables, Mean Squared Error (MSE), Regression, Correlation, Kernel Regression.
Crew Systems for Asteroid Exploration: Concepts for Lightweight & Low Volume EVA Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This RFI response is targeting Area 5. Crew Systems for Asteroid Exploration: concepts for lightweight and low volume robotic and extra-vehicular activity (EVA) systems, such as space suits, tools, translation aids, stowage containers, and other equipment. The NASA KSC Surface Systems Office, Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations (GMRO) Lab and the Electrostatics & Surface Physics Lab (ESPL) are dedicated to developing technologies for operating in regolith environments on target body surfaces. We have identified two technologies in our current portfolio that are highly relevant and useful for crews that will visit a re-directed asteroid in Cis-Lunar Space. Both technologies are at a high TRL of 5/6 and could be rapidly implemented in time for an ARM mission in this decade.
RD21-like proteases: key effector hubs in plant–pathogen interactions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Over the past decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that proteases serve as a crucial regulatory mechanism in controlling plant immunity. In this review, we specifically focus on the role of one subfamily of RD21-like papain-like cysteine proteases that carry a C-terminal granulin domain. These proteases share high homology but have been described under very different names in different plant species. We provide a comprehensive overview of the background, endogenous regulation, and subcellular localization of RD21-like proteases in plants. Notably, RD21-like proteases act in immunity against various pathogens and they are targeted by many unrelated pathogen-secreted effectors that inactivate, mislocalize, or degrade RD21-like proteases. We highlight open questions and strategies to use this knowledge to develop innovative approaches for crop protection.
Design of 8-channel electroencephalogram amplifier

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An 8-channel electroencephalogram(EEG)amplifier is designed based on instrumentation amplifier and universal active filter.Strong background noises are eliminated effectively by multi-level amplifier and filter,and un-Anamorphic EEG can be acquired and be displayed synchronously in computer.This design has simple structure and delicate appearance,and signals can be processed through its eight parallel channels.
Retroviruses and AIDS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) is one prototype viral isolate of the virus proposed as the cause of AIDS. In all cases of AIDS, it was possible to isolate LAV: sexually active male homosexuals, intravenous drug users, recipients of blood transfusions, hemophiliacs, Africans and Haitians. All isolates have the characteristics of a retrovirus. LAV is T4 lymphotropic and cytopathic for the T4 helper-inducer subset. The T4 molecule is involved in the cellular receptor for the virus. The seroepidemiological study shows a prevalence of IgG antibodies to LAV in patients with AIDS related complexes or AIDS. LAV was shown to be infectious for chimpanzees. The inactivation of LAV by chemical and physical agents is reported. LAV reverse transcriptase is strongly inhibited by an inhibitor of murine retroviruses, the ammonium 21 tungsto 9 antimoniate.
Growth of the adult goldfish eye. II. Increase in retinal cell number

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The retinas of adult goldfish, one to four years of age, 4–23 cm in length, were examined with standard paraffin histology to determine if new cells were being added with growth. Retinal cell nuclei were counted and the area of the retina was measured. An analysis of cell densities in various regions throughout the retina showed that the cells are distributed nearly homogeneously. The density (No./mm 2 of retinal surface) of ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer cells and cones decreases with growth, but the density of rods remains constant. Thus the rods account for a larger proportion of the cells in larger retinas. The total number of cells per retina increases: the ganglion cells from 60,000 to 350,000; the inner nuclear layer cells from 1,500,000 to 4,000,000; the cones from 250,000 to 1,400,000; the rods from 1,500,000 to 15,000,000. This increase in the number of retinal neurons implies the formation of even more new synapses, and suggests the adult goldfish retina as a model for both neuro‐ and synaptogenesis.
Local effects of cosmological variations in physical "constants" and scalar fields. I. Spherically symmetric spacetimes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We apply the method of matched asymptotic expansions to analyse whether\ncosmological variations in physical `constants' and scalar fields are\ndetectable, locally, on the surface of local gravitationally bound systems such\nas planets and stars, or inside virialised systems like galaxies and clusters.\nWe assume spherical symmetry and derive a sufficient condition for the local\ntime variation of the scalar fields that drive varying constants to track the\ncosmological one. We calculate a number of specific examples in detail by\nmatching the Schwarzschild spacetime to spherically symmetric inhomogeneous\nTolman-Bondi metrics in an intermediate region by rigorously construction\nmatched asymptotic expansions on cosmological and local astronomical scales\nwhich overlap in an intermediate domain. We conclude that, independent of the\ndetails of the scalar-field theory describing the varying `constant', the\ncondition for cosmological variations to be measured locally is almost always\nsatisfied in physically realistic situations. The proof of this statement\nprovides a rigorous justification for using terrestrial experiments and solar\nsystem observations to constrain or detect any cosmological time variations in\nthe traditional `constants' of Nature.\n
Phase‐field modelling of fracture in heterogeneous materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this contribution, we apply a phase‐field model to simulate fracture processes in heterogeneous materials. The local material structure is modelled in a diffuse manner, e.g. by a local reduction of the fracture toughness. In order to obtain a physically meaningful crack propagation, the interaction between the length scales of the diffuse microstructure and the regularised crack are studied. We employ a local correction of the fracture toughness assigned to the interface domain. The method is verified in several numerical benchmark problems and applied to simulate fracture processes in heterogeneous materials.
THE NOTHING THAT REALLY IS!

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The denial of the existence of contradiction is at the root of all idealism in epistemology and the cause for alienations.Â This alienation has become a hindrance for the understanding of the nature and the historical evolution mathematics itself and its role as an instrument in the enquiry of the physical universe (1).Â A dialectical materialist approach incorporatingÂ the role of the contradiction of the unity of the opposites, chance and necessity etc., can provide a proper understanding of the historical evolution of mathematics andÂ may ameliorate Â the negative effect of the alienation in modern theoretical physics and cosmology. The dialectical view also offers a more plausible materialist interpretation of the bewildering wave-particle duality in quantum dynamics (2).
Study on Mechanical Properties of AlFeCrMoNi1.8Nb1.5 Eutectic High-Entropy Alloy Coating Prepared by Wide-Band Laser Cladding

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, AlFeCrMoNi1.8Nb1.5 (at.%) eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) coating was successfully prepared on the surface of M2 high-speed steel (HSS) by wide-laser cladding. The effects of laser defocusing amount, laser power, scanning speed, and preset powder thickness on the formation quality of the EHEA coating were studied by the orthogonal experimental design, then the mechanical properties of the coating prepared by water-cooled solidification under optimal process parameters were studied. The experimental results showed that the optimal laser cladding process parameters are defocusing with an amount of −30 mm, laser power of 4 kW, scanning speed of 3 mm/s, and preset powder thickness of 1.5 mm. The substrate exhibited a favorable metallurgical bond with the coating, characterized by a stable interface devoid of any holes or cracks. Furthermore, the coating, which was prepared using water cooling, displayed a finer lamellar eutectic structure comprising FCC and Laves phases. The microhardness of the coating (544 HV0.2) was significantly higher than that of the substrate M2 HSS (~220 HV0.2), accompanied by good wear resistance.
Extraction and Comparison of Anthocyanin Content in Seeds of Different Black Rice Varieties Using Water Bath Solution Extraction Method

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Black rice, rare colored rice, is rich in anthocyanins. Black rice anthocyanin is a kind of natural plant pigment, which has the important effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer, protecting eyesight and promoting cardiovascular health. Fifteen representative black rice seeds in Southern Henan were used as test materials, and were determined and analyzed by using rice huller, visible light spectrophotometer and water bath solution extraction method and microwave assisted extraction method. The results showed that the anthocyanin content of different varieties of black rice varies greatly, among which the anthocyanin content of black fragrant glutinous rice No. 2 was the highest (0.4258%), and that of black fragrant glutinous rice No.4 was the lowest (0.0207%). The average content of anthocyanin in seeds of black rice varieties tested in Southern Henan Province was 0.1925%. Therefore, the above research results provide important clues for the genetic breeding and improvement of high-quality black rice varieties in Southern Henan. At the same time, varieties with higher anthocyanin content in black rice can be considered as backbone parents for new breeding high-quality black rice.
Listeria monocytogenes contamination of the environment and surfaces of the equipment in the meat processing facilities in republic of Macedonia

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Listeria monocytogenes contamination of the environment and surfaces of the equipment was examined in seven meat processing facilities. Up to date prevalence of this foodborn pathogen in meat processing facilities facilities in Republic of Macedonia was unknown. Biofilms are composed from food spoilage microorganisms and food born pathogens. They are located on the surfaces of the equipment that come in contact with food and in facilities environment. Microorganisms in biofilm presenting micro eco system and are source of dissemination and contamination of food born pathogens in final meat products. During the preparation of this study we have covered a 7 meat processing facilities and we took a total of 39 swabs from surfaces that come in direct or indirect contact with food. Listeria monocytogenes was discovered in 10 (25,64%) swabs (locations). Prevalence of other Listeria spp. compared with total number of taken samples was 15 (38,46%) Listeria innocua, 3 (7,69%) Listeria welshimeri and 1 (2,65%) isolate Listeria seeligeri.
Gold induced thrombocytopenia: platelet associated IgG and HLA typing in three patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Three patients who developed thrombocytopenia while taking gold therapy are reviewed. Bone marrow examinations at the time of thrombocytopenia revealed adequate numbers of megakaryocytes. Elevated levels of platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) were demonstrated in relationship to the thrombocytopenia. A response to prednisone therapy was seen with a rise in platelet count and a fall in PAIgG. All 3 patients were found to have the following alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex, HLA-B8, DR3. These findings suggest that gold induced thrombocytopenia is immunologically mediated and possibly related to the genes of the major histocompatibility complex.
Calcium-sensitive cls mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing a Pet- phenotype are ascribable to defects of vacuolar membrane H(+)-ATPase activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ca(2+)-sensitive mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing a Pet- phenotype (cls7-cls11) have lesions in a system for maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis (Ohya, Y., Ohsumi, Y., and Anraku, Y. (1986) J. Gen. Microbiol. 132, 979-988). Genetic and biochemical studies have demonstrated that these Pet- cls mutants are related to defects in vacuolar membrane H(+)-ATPase. CLS7 and CLS8 were found to be identical with the structural genes encoding subunit c (VMA3) and subunit a (VMA1), respectively, of the enzyme. In addition, these five mutants all had vma defects; no vacuolar membrane ATPase activity was detected in the cls cells, and the cls mutants showed a loss of ability to acidify the vacuole in vivo. Measurements of the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) in individual cells showed that the average [Ca2+]i in wild-type cells was 150 +/- 80 nM, whereas that in five Pet- cls cells was 900 +/- 100 nM. These data are consistent with the observation that vacuolar membrane vesicles prepared from the Pet- cls cells have lost ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake activities. The cls defects of vacuolar membrane H(+)-ATPase resulted in pleiotropic effects on several cellular activities, including Ca2+ homeostasis, glycerol metabolism, and phospholipid metabolism. The mutants showed an inositol-dependent phenotype, possibly due to alteration in regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis; the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activities of the mutants were 15-50% of that of the wild-type cells and were not repressed by the addition of inositol. In contrast to the majority of previously isolated pet mutants (Tzagoloff, A., and Dieckmann, C. L. (1990) Microbiol. Rev. 54, 211-225), the Pet- cls mutants showed no detectable mitochondrial defects. Taking all these findings into account, we suggest that at least six genes, VMA1 (CLS8, subunit a), VMA2 (subunit b), VMA3 (CLS7, subunit c), VMA11 (CLS9), VMA12 (CLS10), and VMA13 (CLS11), are required for expression of the vacuolar membrane H(+)-ATPase activity.