jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A study of depolymerization and crosslinking reactions in coal liquefaction: Seventh quarterly report for the period March 1, 1987 to May 31, 1987

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The major goal of this program is to characterize the depolymerization and crosslinking reactions of low rank coals and determine how they can be optimized in liquefaction by combining high heating rates with solvent interactions. High heating rates are achieved by using a heated tube reactor where coal is heated at about 20,000 /degree/C/sec. Solvent interactions to stabilize depolymerization fragments formed at high heating rates are achieved by: co-injection of a donor solvent into the heated tube reactor, preswellling the coal at elevated temperatures (100/degree/C) and pyrolyzing the swelled coal in the heated grid or heated tube reactors and injecting rapidly preheated coal into a hot solvent. Crosslinking and depolymerization reactions are also being studied by using polymers to simulate the chemistry occurring in coal. In order to determine the rank dependence of liquefaction yields, experiments were carried out with North Dakota Zap lignite and Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal at 400/degree/C and reaction times up to 30 minutes. The conversion to toluene solubles for the bituminous coal was found to be higher than the lignite. A strong dependence of temperature on the conversion to toluene solubles was observed for both the lignite and the bituminous coal. To assess the influencemore » of the liquefaction solvent on the crosslinking of Zap lignite, chars were made in the presence of tetralin or helium at different temperatures. The coal was heated in an electrically heated tube reactor to the desired temperature and the temperature was held for 3 minutes. The crosslinking curve shifted to higher temperatures for the same loss in swelling for the chars formed in the presence of tetralin. Hence the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent like tetralin reduces the rate and extent of the crosslinking reactions. The mechanism may be capping some of the crosslinking sites with hydrogen donated by the tetralin. 4 refs.« less
Comparing the Growing Lamb Model to Human Pediatric Size and Growth: Mitral Valve Dimensions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The ovine model is the most commonly used large animal model for preclinical cardiovascular device testing. For pediatric devices, a growing lamb is often used as the testing model. However, the comparative age and growth rate of the model is not well defined. We aim to identify the relative age comparisons and growth rate of this model. Methods: We calculated normal pediatric dimensions of the mitral valve based on previously established normograms utilizing body surface area and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) growth curves for the 50th percentile in the United States. Trans-thoracic echocardiogram data was generated from four sheep starting 1.5 months of age and at 2- or 4-week intervals until 10.5 months of age. One animal was only followed for 3 months as the animal was used for a surgical study. Intercomissural and septal-lateral measurements were compared to values generated from the normograms. Results: At 1.5 months of age, the mean valve dimensions of growing lamb model corresponded to normal values of a 6-year-old child either male or female. The cardiac growth rate was greatly accelerated in the lamb model compared to normal pediatric growth, with mean dimensions in a 10-month-old lamb corresponding to those of a 16-year-old child. Conclusions: At initiation of preclinical device studies using the growing lamb model, the mitral valve dimensions of the model correspond to those of a 6-year-old pediatric patient. The somatic growth is much more accelerated in the growing lamb model. These factors should be considered when choosing this model. KEYWORD: e-PD-73 The authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
Self-Training Sampling with Monolingual Data Uncertainty for Neural Machine Translation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Self-training has proven effective for improving NMT performance by augmenting model training with synthetic parallel data. The common practice is to construct synthetic data based on a randomly sampled subset of large-scale monolingual data, which we empirically show is sub-optimal. In this work, we propose to improve the sampling procedure by selecting the most informative monolingual sentences to complement the parallel data. To this end, we compute the uncertainty of monolingual sentences using the bilingual dictionary extracted from the parallel data. Intuitively, monolingual sentences with lower uncertainty generally correspond to easy-to-translate patterns which may not provide additional gains. Accordingly, we design an uncertainty-based sampling strategy to efficiently exploit the monolingual data for self-training, in which monolingual sentences with higher uncertainty would be sampled with higher probability. Experimental results on large-scale WMT English$\Rightarrow$German and English$\Rightarrow$Chinese datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Extensive analyses suggest that emphasizing the learning on uncertain monolingual sentences by our approach does improve the translation quality of high-uncertainty sentences and also benefits the prediction of low-frequency words at the target side.
Fig6B_modifiedSplitter_adjustTidalVolume_Patients_C_C_baseline: Variables for pair C-C, where no alteration was made. from A simulated single ventilator/dual patient ventilation strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The potential for acute shortages of ventilators at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the possibility of needing to support two patients from a single ventilator. To provide a system for understanding and prototyping designs, we have developed a mathematical model of two patients supported by a mechanical ventilator. We propose a standard set-up where we simulate the introduction of T-splitters to supply air to two patients and a modified set-up where we introduce a variable resistance in each inhalation pathway and one-way valves in each exhalation pathway. Using the standard set-up, we demonstrate that ventilating two patients with mismatched lung compliances from a single ventilator will lead to clinically significant reductions in tidal volume in the patient with the lowest respiratory compliance. Using the modified set-up, we demonstrate that it could be possible to achieve the same tidal volumes in two patients with mismatched lung compliances, and we show that the tidal volume of one patient can be manipulated independently of the other. The results indicate that, with appropriate modifications, two patients could be supported from a single ventilator with independent control of tidal volumes.
Influence of Different Heat Units and Supplementary Irrigation on Barley Production Under Matruh Conditions-Egypt

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was carried out at Marsa Matruh governorate - western north coast Egypt (31° 15´ 35ʺ N, 27° 9´ 43ʺ E) in the 2017/2018 growing season. The experiment was conducted to assess the different heat units or Accumulative of growing degree-days (AGDD) under various factors [sowing dates, tillage operation and different Supplementary irrigation strategies] on biomass and grain yield production for barley. Thus; the factor of sowing date comprise into three treatments (15 th Nov, 30 th Nov and 15 th Dec). Second factor is tillage with two treatments (no tillage”NT” and tillage 20cm”T”) and the third factor is Supplementary irrigation with three treatments (0, 70and 140mm). thus; The results revealed that the (1 Ton.Fed -1 ) for (BY) needs for (585.3, 578.73 and 626.64) heat units (AGDD) as an average under different sowing dates (15 th Nov, 30 th Nov and 15 th Dec.) respectively with tillage treatment “T” . Further; the (1 Ton.Fed -1 ) from grain yield (GY) needs for (1518) heat units if sowing on the (15 th Nov.), for (1531.85) heat units on (30 th Nov.) and for (1468.7) heat units on (15 th Dec.). on the hand; with no tillage (NT) the BY and GY need for more heat unit to get (1 Ton.Fed -1 ) by (683.7,729.7 and 807.6) heat units for BY and (1845.1,1904.1 and 2099.5) heat units for GY under different sowing date (15 th Nov, 30 th Nov and 15 th Dec). Notable; that the highest value for heat uses efficiency (HUE) observed with (140mm) and tillage operation (T) under sowing date 15 th Nov by (2.06 & 0.76 Kg. fed -1 C-1day-1) for both (BY) and (GY) respectively. However; under sowing date 30th Nov there is not any significant differentiation for heat uses efficiency (HUE) value compare with sowing date 15th Nov which recorded (2.03 & 0.73 Kg. fed -1 C-1day-1) for both (BY) and (GY) respectively. On the other hand; The Aqua Crop model adequately simulated the biomass yield (BY), and grain yield (GY) for barely under different treatments. The simulated (BY) agreed well with the measured (BY) across different treatments where (R 2 = 0.98 & E = 0.95 & RMSE = 1.17%) for barely under different treatments of (sowing dates and supplementary irrigation strategies) with tillage process. measured and simulated (GY) were also closely related. The Aqua Crop model calibrated the GY with the prediction statistics error by (R 2 = 0.90 & E = 0.51 & RMSE = 1.18%) with tillage process. Consequently; these results suggest that the good value recorded with tillage (T), (140mm) and 15 th Nov. In addition, AquaCrop model could be used to predict BY and GY of barely with a high degree of reliability at western north coast conditions. Thus; using Aqua Crop helps to determine the plantation day which records a highest efficiency for heat units and water productivity. Keywords : Aqua Crop; Barley production; Heat unit; Sowing date; Supplementary irrigation and Tillage DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-14-04 Publication date :July 31 st 2019
Influence of the μ‐chain C‐terminal sequence on polymerization of immunoglobulin M

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Immunoglobulin (IgM) is found in various states of covalent polymerization (μL) n , where n is typically 8, 10, or 12. The usual form of IgM of bony fish is tetrameric (8 μL units) as compared to the pentameric form (10 μL units) observed in cartilaginous fish and mammals. Two hypotheses were tested in this study. First, that the length of the μ‐chain C terminus following Cys575 determines whether an IgM polymerizes as a tetramer or as a pentamer. This was tested by examining the covalent polymerization state of mouse IgM mutated to contain a series of μ‐chain C‐termini from bony and cartilaginous fish. The results proved this hypothesis wrong: mouse IgM bearing the C‐terminal sequence of shark, salmon and cod μ‐chain behaved identically to native mouse IgM, forming predominantly (μL) 10 and (μL) 12 forms. The second hypothesis was that an additional Cys residue near the C terminus of the μ‐chain is responsible for the multiple covalent structures seen in IgM of the channel catfish. The addition of a catfish C terminus to the mouse μ‐chain resulted, as predicted, in the production of a series of covalently bonded forms, with the major species being (μL) 4 . When a Ser‐Cys unit was removed from the catfish C terminus added to the mouse μ‐chain, this resulted in production of IgM indistinguishable in structure from that of wild‐type mouse IgM.
The Essential Oils of Some AustralianCassythaSpecies (Lauraceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The essential oils of three Australian species of the genus Cassytha have been investigated using GC and GC/MS. Cassytha filiformis produced an oil that was sesquiterpenoid in nature, with bicyclogermacrene (12–26%), spathulenol (27–36%) and β-caryophyllene (5–10%) being the principal components. Cassytha pubescens appeared to exist in several chemical types. A Principal Components Analysis of the oils appeared to indicate that there were three chemical types present in the 13 collections. The first variety contained (E)-nerolidol (26.7%) and β-caryophyllene (23.5%) as major components. The second chemical variety of this species showed elevated levels of α-copaene (4–6%), moderate amounts of β-caryophyllene (8–14%), caryophyllene oxide (3–17%) and bicyclogermacrene (2–9%), and high levels of spathulenol (27–32%). The third variety was more variable and contained significant amounts of spathulenol (4–21%), bicyclogermacrene (2–40%), β-caryophyllene (1–31%), and aromadendrene (0.7–10%). The principal component of C. capillaris oil was spathulenol (31%). The oil yields, in all species, were 0.1% or less.
Dual-Layer Superstrate Structure for Decoupling of Dual-Polarized Antenna Arrays

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new antenna decoupling structure by combining metal and dielectric superstrates is studied in this letter. The decoupling concept is elaborated in a 5-element antenna array. Afterwards, the decoupling performances are validated in a 3 × 3 staggered antenna array. The dielectric superstrate serves as magnitude and phase compensators. It achieves the tradeoff design to simultaneously improve decoupling bandwidth and matching in wideband decoupling issue. The E-plane and H-plane isolations are enhanced by at least 9 dB, reaching > 23 and > 27.2 dB in the operating bandwidth of 3.4–4.2 GHz. The radiation performances are also enhanced through decoupling.
The Reception of Marital Consent in the Medieval Legislation of Spain and Norway

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Castilian king Alphons X the Wise and the Norwegian king Haakon IV the Law-Mender were both eager legislators, pursuing to use law as a tool for political and legal unification of their kingdoms. They knew each other well and the family ties they created contributed even further to this. They were both fully aware of the canon-law doctrine of marital consent, and were willing to endorse and receive it in their kingdoms. However, while the Castilian bishops allowed Alphons the Wise to legislate canon-law matters, the main archbishop of Norway, Jon the Red, rejected the Norwegian king Magnusʼs involvement in ecclesiastical legislation, keeping him away from having to get into the doctrinal intricacies of canon law. This explains why the Magnus Code of 1274 did not contain any rule revolving around the celebration of marriage and merely covered the patrimonial and hereditary aspects connected to marital consent. The present article seeks to make a comparative analysis of a particular aspect of marriage - marital consent - in both codes, the Castilian Siete Partidas and the Norwegian Landslög. This topic will enable us to explore the influence of canon law in both legal texts. In doing so, references are made to other contemporary legal sources, both Castilian and Norwegian
Corrosion of URLs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this study is to analyze the accessibility, corrosion and half-life of URLs cited in the articles of Indian LIS conference proceedings published during 2001 to 2010. A total of 5,698 URLs cited in the 1,700 articles were examined. The percentage of URLs increased from 39.10 percent in 2001 to 73.47 percent in 2009. The study found that 50.09 percent of URLs were not accessible at the time of testing and the remaining 49.91 percent of URLs were accessible. The HTTP 404 error message – “file not found” was the overwhelming message encountered and represented 53.29 percent of all HTTP messages. The study also noticed that the average half-life of URLs of missing URLs was estimated to be 4.94 years. Even though there are various retrieval tools being used to recover vanished URLs, still there is a need to improve such tools.
ChemInform Abstract: Sagecoumarin, a Novel Caffeic Acid Trimer from Salvia officinalis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Trust-Based Identity Sharing For Token Grants

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Authentication and authorization are two key elements of a software application. In modern day, OAuth 2.0 framework and OpenID Connect protocol are widely adopted standards fulfilling these requirements. These protocols are implemented into authorization servers. It is common to call these authorization servers as identity servers or identity providers since they hold user identity information. Applications registered to an identity provider can use OpenID Connect to retrieve ID token for authentication. Access token obtained along with ID token allows the application to consume OAuth 2.0 protected resources. In this approach, the client application is bound to a single identity provider. If the client needs to consume a protected resource from a different domain, which only accepts tokens of a defined identity provider, then the client must again follow OpenID Connect protocol to obtain new tokens. This requires user identity details to be stored in the second identity provider as well. This paper proposes an extension to OpenID Connect protocol to overcome this issue. It proposes a client-centric mechanism to exchange identity information as token grants against a trusted identity provider. Once a grant is accepted, resulting token response contains an access token, which is good enough to access protected resources from token issuing identity provider's domain.
Left Ventricular Regional Wall Motion in the Early Neonatal Period.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To investigate the changes in regional wall motion of the left ventricle in the early neonatal period, serial echocardiography was performed in normal neonates at 2 and 120 hr after birth. Quantitative analysis of the regional wall motion was performed by the centerline method. We measured right ventricular systolic time intervals, left ventricular stroke volume, flow velocity-time integral of the pulmonary artery, and size of the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus was 4.5 +/- 0.5 mm at 2 hr but was closed in all subjects by 120 hr. At 2 hr, there was hyperkinesis of the interventricular septum which disappeared by 120 hr. The right ventricular systolic time intervals at 2 hr showed a sign of pulmonary hypertension. At 2 hr, the left ventricular stroke volume was at the highest level and the flow velocity-time intervals of pulmonary artery was at the lowest level. Thus the hyperkinesis of the interventricular septum at 2 hr might reflect the circulatory changes that are characteristic of the early neonatal period.
RECOGNITION OF HIRAGANA JAPANESE HANDWRITING CHARACTERS USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE AND SCALE INVARIANT FEATURE TRANSFORM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The abundance of characters in Japanese Hiragana, the similarity in character shapes, and the lack of familiarity among the public with Hiragana in daily life make it difficult to learn. People tend to be more accustomed to romanized writing (alphabet) than specific characters, leading to difficulties in understanding Hiragana with its various sizes and shapes. This research aims to develop an effective and systematic Japanese Hiragana handwritten recognition system using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) methods. The research methodology includes problem identification, literature review, data collection, data preprocessing, system design, implementation, and evaluation. The obtained data undergo augmentation and image preprocessing processes to create a larger variety and amount of data. Furthermore, feature extraction is performed on the data using the SIFT method before training the model using SVM. The research results show that the SVM-SIFT model achieves an accuracy of 0.928261, which is superior to the SVM model without SIFT with an accuracy of 0.389130. The best CV score for the SVM model without SIFT is 0.7746709410609622. Testing proves that the use of SVM SIFT is effective for classifying handwriting that varies in shape and size.
Non-assigned Medicare payment increases practice revenue & lowers Medicare costs.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Private practice physicians can increase practice revenue and also save Medicare money. What seems like a paradox is instead a choice. The non-assigned Medicare payment option allows physicians to bill 8% more for their services. This also decreases Medicare payment 5%. Selecting the non-assigned payment method does not require permission from Medicare or any Medicare contractor. This is a physician decision and for 2014 must be made between mid-November and year end 2013.
Future Use of Renewable Energy Sources in EU - Lessons learned from Implementing the RES-E Directive

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources in EU is currently guided by three different directives. Europe is on the way to fulfill targets for renewable electricity use set in 2001, followed by targets for biofuels use in road transportation sector in 2003. In 2009 sectoral targets were combined under the RES directive, giving targets for the gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources in 2020. In this paper, the implementation of directives concerning renewable electricity is assessed on EU level and in three example countries: Finland, Germany and the Netherlands. Conclusions are drawn regarding policy measures and barriers hindering the exploitation of renewable energy, with a special focus on bioenergy and biomass, and their further effects on reaching the targets of renewable energy use for the year 2020.
Computer-Based 3D Simulation Method in Dental Occlusion Education: Student Response and Learning Effect

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Occlusion is a fundamental subject in dental education, and occlusal adjustment is clinically essential in daily dental practices. This study aimed to assess the effects of computer-based 3D simulations on learner responses and learning effect on the principles of occlusal adjustment in undergraduate dental students in comparison with the traditional approach. Two teaching methods, i.e., paper-based 2D presentation and computer-based 3D simulation, were used for teaching the occlusal adjustment concepts. Sixty dental students were divided into two groups using a pair-matching randomization method. In the 2D presentation group, a textbook with 2D illustrations was used. 3D graphic dental models and computer design software were applied in the 3D simulation group. After the course, an attitudinal survey and examination were conducted to evaluate the participants’ feedback and the learning effects resulting from the teaching methods. The independent t test was used to compare the test scores between groups (with α = 0.5). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to investigate the agreement between the survey data and test scores. Most of the students’ feedback indicated that the 3D simulation method would be effective in acquiring knowledge on occlusion and jaw movement. The examination scores were significantly higher in the 3D simulation group compared with those in the 2D presentation group in the questions for centric relation (P = 0.034). Conversely, the scores were insignificant in the questions for eccentric relation (P = 0.403). There was no correlation observed between the survey data and the actual examination score. Computer-based 3D simulation could increase the participants’ expectations and learning effects in dental occlusion education. Further studies in diversified learning environments are required on the efficacy of digital educational modality.