jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Herbicides Primes P450-Mediated Detoxification of <em>Helicoverpa armigera </em>against Insecticide and Fungal Toxin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

With the long-term and large-scale use, herbicides have been well known to influence tritrophic interactions particularly natural enemies of pests in agro-ecosystems. On the other hand, herbivorous insects, especially the generalist pests, have developed antagonistic interaction to different insecticides, toxic plant secondary metabolites and even heavy metals. However, whether exposure to herbicides would affect resistance of insects against insecticides is largely unknown, especially in agricultural pests. Here, we first reported that pre-exposure to two widely used herbicides butachlor and haloxyfop-methyl for 48 h can prime resistance of a generalist agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera H&uuml;bner against insecticide methomyl and fungal toxin aflatoxin B1. In addition, there were no significant differences between control and herbicides-treated caterpillars on weight gain, pupal weight and pupation rates, suggesting that exposure to herbicides induce resistance of H. armigera accompanied with no fitness cost. Moreover, by determining detoxifying enzyme activities and toxicity bioassay with additional inhibitor of cytochrome P450 piperonyl butoxide (PBO), we showed that exposure to herbicides might prime P450-mediated detoxification of H. armigera against insecticide. Based on these results, we propose that exposure to herbicides primes resistance of H. armigera against insecticide by eliciting a clear elevation of predominantly P450 monooxygenase activities in midgut and fat body.
Determinants of Chicago Neighborhood Homicide Trajectories: 1965-1995

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The homicide rate in Chicago nearly tripled between 1965 and 1992 and subsequently declined by more than 50% through 2005. However, is this trend representative of all areas in the city? Drawing on the social disorganization and concentrated disadvantage perspectives, this article uses semiparametric group-based trajectory modeling to examine homicide trajectories in Chicago neighborhoods from 1965 to 1995. Significant variability is found in homicide trajectories across neighborhoods. Multivariate results show that disadvantage increases the likelihood of having an increasing or persistently high homicide trajectory. Social disorganization and family disruption are also predictive of variation in homicide trajectories but only in communities with already low levels of homicide. Other theoretically relevant predictors are evaluated, and suggestions for theoretical refinement and future research are discussed.
Long-term Outcomes of a Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach in Paediatric Patients with Congenital Dacryocystoceles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Congenital dacryocystoceles are a rare condition caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Symptoms include epiphora, nasal obstruction, and swelling in the medial canthus. Treatment usually entails probing Hasnerʼs valve open and, if necessary, intubating the nasolacrimal duct. We present a minimally invasive, endoscopic procedure with marsupialisation of the endonasal portion of the cele. The operation avoids additional manipulation of the lacrimal duct to prevent iatrogenic injury. Methods This retrospective analysis included a total of nineteen infants or young children (21 eyes) aged 3 days to 39 months. Two of the patients were suffering from acute respiratory distress, seven from recurrent infections with persistent epiphora, and twelve from acute dacryocystitis with orbital phlegmon. Results The endonasal portion of the dacryocele was detected in all cases and resected endonasally using an endoscope. Recurrences required revision surgery involving dacryocystorhinostomy after primary surgery in two patients aged of 22 and 39 months. All other seventeen patients were free of recurrence. Summary Our results show endoscopic endonasal marsupialisation without additional intubation or probing of the lacrimal ducts to be a successful treatment strategy for congenital dacryocystoceles. This avoids iatrogenic scarring, false passages, or postoperative bacteraemia. The surgical technique presented here shows a lower success rate in older children with a history of inflammation.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in services sector of Pakistan: An econometrics approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study examines the key determinants of FDI inflows in Services sector of Pakistan, using time series data (quarterly) for the period of 1996Q1-2008Q4. To check the stationarity of the data, ADF test has been applied. Co-integration and Error Correction Model (ECM) is used for estimation of the data. This study found that Gross Domestic Fixed Capital formation (GDFCF), Inflation Rate(INF), Current Account Balance(CAB), Exchange Rate (ER), and Per Capita Income (PC) are main factors of FDI inflows in services sector of Pakistan. This study reveals that GDFCF, INF and PC are found statistically significant with positive signs. CAB and ER are also statistically significant with negative sign. While, trade openness (TO) is found statistically insignificant but with negative sign.
Determinants of Argentina's External Trade

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Following the liberalization reforms of the late 80s and early 90s, several emerging market economies have experienced large and persistent trade deficits. This paper focuses on the Argentine experience, examining the extent to which trade imbalances in the 1990s resulted from income and relative price movements, as well as from shifts in foreign trade elasticities associated with structural changes. New estimates of export and import equations are presented using a broader set of variables than previous studies and distinguishing between intra and extra MERCOSUR trade. We find that considerable export sensitivity to world commodity prices, domestic absorption, and economic activity in Brazil, combined with a high income elasticity of imports, are key determinants of Argentina's trade balance.
Dolk is required for proper localization of Kv1.1.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>(A-C) In 5 dpf <i>dolk</i> sibling larvae, Kv1.1 (magenta:A,B,C; grey:A’,B’,C’) localizes to fiber tracts (α-3A10 antibody stains neurofilament; green:A,B,C; grey:A”,B”,C”) throughout the brain (A; box indicates hindbrain zoom in B) and spinal cord (C). Particularly high accumulation of Kv1.1 is observed at the axon cap (B, yellow dotted circle), where spiral fiber neurons form axo-axonic synapses with the Mauthner cell. (D-G) In <i>dolk</i> mutants, Kv1.1 is localized within somata of neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord and is strongly reduced along axons throughout the hindbrain (D,D’,E,E’). Soma localization is particularly apparent in the large Mauthner neuron, and Kv1.1 is strikingly absent from its axon cap (F, nucleus marked by asterisk, E,F axon cap marked by dotted ovals). Scale bars = 50 μM.</p>
A New Way Of Living? Luisa De Carvajal And The Limits Of Mysticism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Bainton Reference Works Prize Committee voted unanimously to award the prize to:

The New Companion to Hispanic Mysticism, ed. Hilaire Kallendorf. Brill?s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 19.

From the jury's report:

This volume comprehensively covers a very important topic within the history of early modern religion ? ?Hispanic? mysticism. It provides not only a fine example of the state of current research, but also of new approaches to traditional topics and of new questions to be asked of the materials. Its innovative approach is most evident in the expanded geography of its vision that, looking beyond the traditional borders of Spain, now includes the Spanish possessions not only in the New World, but also in Europe (Portugal, Southern Italy, and the Netherlands). Such a larger geographical view of the field is echoed in the range of the discussions, with articles that consider the relationship of mysticism with such topics as gender, music, or space.

Particularly noteworthy was the editor?s decision to seek contributions from scholars at various points in their career and from very different scholarly traditions (Anglo-American, Latin-American, Iberian, Dutch). This decision enriched the offerings and provided a healthy dose of diversity to the collection. The first four articles consider ?larger trends? and thus provide a ?survey? of the field that will be useful to scholars across the disciplines. The next eight consider ?specific figures?, both male and female, both European and Latin American, and their relationship with such topics as gender, reform, Islam, or with their precursors, such as St. Catherine of Siena. The last five contributions illustrate the ?interdisciplinary applications? the topic and current research both foster.

The book is a terrific reference tool for anyone wishing to teach a course early modern mysticism in general or on Hispanic mysticism itself. Its introduction and its seventeen articles will be useful to scholars across the disciplines and the geography of Europe and its early modern expansion.
Finite-time ESO and Non-singular TSM Control Strategy for Trajectory Tracking of Hovercraft

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A finite-time extended state observer (ESO) based non-singular finite-time integral terminal sliding mode (NFITSM) controller and non-singular finite-time arctangent terminal sliding mode (NFATSM) controller is proposed for the trajectory tracking of hovercraft with model uncertainty and external disturbances. Firstly, a finite-time extended state observer is proposed which can approximate the complex nonlinear time-varying uncertainties, and the dynamics of the errors are considered to achieve high estimation accuracy. Then, based on the disturbances estimation, an NFITSM and NFATSM controllers are developed for hovercraft, which can effectively avoid chattering in the controller and improve the performance of hovercraft trajectory tracking control. Then, the finite-time stability of the proposed trajectory tracking controller can be guaranteed by using the homogeneous method, Lyapunov theory and finite-time stability theory. Finally, a series of simulation tests are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
International obligations through collective rights: Moving from foreign health assistance to global health governance.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes the growing chasm between international power and state responsibility in health rights, proposing an international legal framework for collective rights - rights that can reform international institutions and empower developing states to realize the determinants of health structured by global forces. With longstanding recognition that many developing state governments cannot realize the health of their peoples without international cooperation, scholars have increasingly sought to codify international obligations under the purview of an evolving human right to health, applying this rights-based approach as a foundational framework for reducing global health inequalities through foreign assistance. Yet the inherent limitations of the individual human rights framework stymie the right to health in impacting the global institutions that are most crucial for realizing underlying determinants of health through the strengthening of primary health care systems. Whereas the right to health has been advanced as an individual right to be realized by a state duty-bearer, the authors find that this limited, atomized right has proven insufficient to create accountability for international obligations in global health policy, enabling the deterioration of primary health care systems that lack the ability to address an expanding set of public health claims. For rights scholars to advance disease protection and health promotion through national primary health care systems - creating the international legal obligations necessary to spur development supportive of the public's health - the authors conclude that scholars must look beyond the individual right to health to create collective international legal obligations commensurate with a public health-centered approach to primary health care. Through the development and implementation of these collective health rights, states can address interconnected determinants of health within and across countries, obligating the international community to scale-up primary health care systems in the developing world and thereby reduce public health inequities through global health governance.
Prediction of tumor recurrence by tumor location in stage II and III colon cancer patients through common germ-line variants of genes involved in wnt signaling pathway.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e14714 Background: Wnt signaling is essential for embryonic development, stem cells and tissue regeneration. The Wnt signaling pathway was found to be deregulated in 93% of colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor recurrence after curative resection is still a major problem in the management of adjuvant CRC, with recurrence rate approximately 30-40%. Identifying molecular markers for tumor recurrence is critical for successfully selecting patients who are more likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, our group tested whether gene polymorphisms [TCF7L2 rs7903146, AXIN2 (rs2240308, rs3923087) and P300 (rs7286979, rs220551 and rs5782022)] involved in Wnt signaling pathway could predict the risk of tumor recurrence in stage II and III CRC patients. Methods: Either blood or FFPE tissue specimens were obtained from 234 patients (107 females and 127 males; median age 59 years (range 22–78 years)) with stage II (105 patients) or III (129 patients) colon cancer at the University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center. The median follow-up was 4.4 years. TCF7L2, AXIN2 and p300 SNPs were determined by PCR-RFLP or PCR-based direct sequence. The primary endpoint of the study was time to tumor recurrence (TTR). Results: In univariate analysis, patients with TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT genotype had significantly longer TTR (median=10.7 months, 95%CI 4.9,10.7 +) compared with those harboring CT (median=3.9months, 95% CI 2.4, 10.7) or CC genotype (median=5.9months, 95% CI 2.8, 11.4+) patients (p=0.042, log-rank test). In multivariate analysis, left-side tumor patients with p300 rs7286979 AA genotype had highest risk of TTR (HR=2.85, 95% CI 1.03,7.89) compared to those carring GA (HR=0.81, 95% CI 0.35,1.84) or AA genotype (p=0.048, Wald test). Conclusions: Our results show that germline polymorphisms profiling of Wnt signaling pathway TCF7L2 rs7903146, p300 rs7286979 may predict tumor recurrence risk in adjuvant colon cancer patients, and may dependent on tumor location. Our exploratory data warrants further validation.
Smellmap: Amsterdam—Olfactory Art and Smell Visualization

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Creating a smellmap of a city is a subjective, collaborative exercise. During a series of smellwalks local participants foreground their sense of smell and name perceived aromas emanating from the urban smell-scape. Data and conversations arising from the walks are “analyzed,” and a representative smellscape of the city is visualized as a map. Scents—the nasal stimuli and a catalyst for discussion—accompany the map. As a map of what we do not know, indications of geolocated smell possibilities and ephemeral scents combine visualization with the olfactory to place the emphasis on human interaction with sensory data to create meaning and an understanding of place.
- Raman Spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Embryonic Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 8.4.3 Cell Sorting Potential of Raman Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 8.4.4 Extracellular Matrix Characterization Using Raman Spectroscopy . . . . 224 8.4.5 3D Scaffold Characterization Using Raman Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . 226 8.4.6 Bioprocesses and Bioreactor Monitoring Using Raman Sensors . . . . 227 8.4.7 Applications of CARS Microscopy in Regenerative Medicine . . . . . . . . 2288.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2308.1.1 The Raman Effect e Raman eect belongs to the class of light-matter interaction mechanisms. While infrared spectroscopy is based on the absorption of light, the Raman eect is attributed to the inelastic scattering of light. If the photons that make up the light interact with molecules inside the specimen in such a way that distorts its electron cloud (i.e., inducing a polarizability change), then the Raman eect can be observed. In contrast to ultraviolet light, photons in the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum do not have enough energy to activate the electronic transition of the molecules but will create an unstable and short-lived state called "virtual state." As the molecules reach the thermal equilibrium, following photon interaction, three distinctive wavelengths will be observed. Quantum mechanics dictates that a photon is born with a specic energy that cannot be modied during its life. Hence, during scattering processes, it is assumed that the incident photon is absorbed and then reemitted with either (1) almost the same energy Rayleigh scattering, (2) less energy (Raman-Stokes generating a spectrum on the longer wavelengths compared to incident light), or (3) higher energy (Raman antiStokes generating spectrum on the shorter wavelengths compared to incident light). An illustration of the three processes is shown in Figure 8.1, together with the process for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS).
A One‐Pot Strategy to Synthesize Block Copolyesters from Monomer Mixtures Using a Hydroxy‐Functionized Ionic Liquid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract One‐pot transformation of monomer mixtures into block copolymers remains a key challenge. Herein, a metal‐free route to prepare block copolymers from monomer mixtures by a hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquid of 3‐(2‐hydroxyl‐ethyl)‐1‐methylimidazolium bromide (HEMIMB) is described. HEMIMB can bridge two catalytic cycles including ring‐opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) of phthalic anhydride (PA) with epoxides and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (LA), and enable a selective copolymerization from PA, LA, and epoxides. The selective copolymerization depends on the presence of PA in mixed feedstocks, exhibits the first ROAC of PA with epoxides and then ROP of LA to the formation of block polyesters in one‐pot strategy. This work is beneficial to the development of metal‐free catalysts for sequence‐controlled polymerization that enable block architectures from mixtures of monomers.
Durability of Ultra-High Performance Self-Compacting Concrete with Hybrid Fiber

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Today, the concrete industry is considered one of the most important industries in the world. The need to build high-order structures with more strength and with structural elements with smaller dimensions and high durability has encouraged investigators to search for more resistant and more durable concrete for construction. Therefore, the use of concrete with self-compacting properties, ultra-high performance and fiber-reinforced matrix microstructure can help construct high-performance and high-durability structures. In this experimental research, the engineering properties of fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance self-compacting concrete containing three kinds of pozzolan (microsilica, nanosilica and fly ash), basalt aggregate, carbon fibers and basalt fibers were studied. The engineering properties that were considered in this research were analysed using various methods of testing: mechanical properties tests, including compressive strength and tensile strength tests; durability tests, including volumetric water absorption, special electrical resistance and rapid chloride permeability; and microstructural analysis, including scanning electron microscopy. Experiments were carried out in accordance with relevant standards, and concrete engineering properties discussed in this paper improved in all cases compared with those of the reference concrete. The results indicate the effect of the addition of pozzolans, hybrid fibers and basalt aggregate. Also, significant improvements in mechanical properties and durability distinguish this concrete from ordinary concrete.
Thermal field formation during wIRA-hyperthermia: temperature measurements in skin and subcutis of piglets as a basis for thermotherapy of superficial tumors and local skin infections caused by thermosensitive microbial pathogens

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The temporal and spatial formation of the temperature field and its changes during/upon water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA)-irradiation in porcine skin and subcutis were investigated in vivo in order to get a detailed physical basis for thermotherapy of superficial tumors and infections caused by thermosensitive microbial pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium ulcerans causing Buruli ulcer). Methods: Local wIRA-hyperthermia was performed in 11 anesthetized piglets using 85.0 mW cm−2, 103.2 mW cm−2 and 126.5 mW cm−2, respectively. Invasive temperature measurements were carried out simultaneously in 1-min intervals using eight fiber-optical probes at different tissue depths between 2 and 20 mm, and by an IR thermometer at the skin surface. Results: Tissue temperature distribution depended on incident irradiance, exposure time, tissue depths and individual ‘physiologies’ of the animals. Temperature maxima were found at depths between 4 and 7 mm, exceeding skin surface temperatures by about 1–2 K. Tissue temperatures above 37 °C, necessary to eradicate M. ulcerans at depths <20 mm, were reached reliably. Conclusions: wIRA-hyperthermia may be considered as a novel therapeutic option for treatment of local skin infections caused by thermosensitive pathogens (e.g., in Buruli ulcer). To ensure temperatures required for heat treatment of superficial tumors deeper than 4 mm, the incident irradiance needed can be controlled either by (a) invasive temperature measurements or (b) control of skin surface temperature and considering possible temperature increases up to 1–2 K in underlying tissue.
Utilization of real-time fluorescence PCR for rapid detection of two cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective To detect the pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio parahemolyticus with real- time fluorescence PCR,and compare the real- time PCR with the international standard method to understand the conformance and application value of the two methods. Methods RT- PCR was used for the pathogen primary screening,then the national standard method was employed to isolate and identify the pathogens. Results There were 10 Vibrio parahemolyticus positive samples in the 12 anal swab samples,the positive rate was 83. 33%. While Nine Vibrio parahemolyticus strains were detected by GB methods in 38 samples,the positive rate was 23. 68%,in which 8 Vibrio parahemolyticus strains were detected from the corresponding anal swabs,which were positive for the special DNA nucleotide of Vibrio parahemolyticus by RT- PCR,and the other Vibrio parahemolyticus was detected from the food samples. No other pathogenic bacteria was detected by both methods,such as Salmonella, Shigella and vibrio cholerae. Conclusion The RT- PCR could screen the pathogenic bacteria rapidly and shorten the detection time. It has higher consistency with the national standard method. So it has promotional value to combine the two methods for dealing with public health emergencies.