jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Olfactory Bulbs Enhance Reproductive Hormone Secretion in Male Rats on Long or Short Photoperiod

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Unlike seasonally breeding species such as the Syrian hamster, Sprague‐Dawley laboratory rats do not normally respond to short photoperiod (6L18D) with reproductive regression. However, removal of the olfactory bulbs (BX) unmasks a photoperiodic response in pre‐pubertal rats so that blinding or short photoperiod results in an inhibition of reproductive hormone secretion and/or a delay in pubertal development. This is apparently mediated by pineal melatonin which inhibits gonadotropin and/or prolactin secretion, but the mechanism by which BX facilitates the response to photoperiod is not clear. Experiment I was performed to determine serum levels of reproductive hormones at frequent intervals following BX and/or maintenance on short days. Twenty‐three‐day old male rats were BX or underwent sham BX (SH). They were thereafter maintained on a 14L:10D (long photoperiod) or 6L:18D photoperiod for the duration of the study. At 6 weeks following surgery, BX rats on either photoperiod had smaller testes than the SH groups. At week 8, the BX group on 6L:18D had smaller testes than the other three groups. There were transient reductions in serum luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone in the BX rats on short photoperiod, but there were prolonged effects of BX decreasing prolactin levels in rats on long or short photoperiod. In SH rats, testosterone was elevated for weeks 6 through 10 of the study, and BX blocked this increase. Experiment II was performed to determine whether BX alters testosterone feedback on gonadotropin secretion. Twenty‐three‐day old male rats were BX or underwent SH operation and were then returned to a room on 14L10D. Six to 8 weeks later, all animals were castrated and placed on 6L18D or returned to 14L:10D. Eight weeks following castration, the rats were implanted with Silastic capsules containing 0, 10, 20 or 40mm testosterone. The post‐castration increase in serum luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone was lower in the BX than SH rats. In long photoperiod, serum luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone were often lower in the BX rats receiving no testosterone replacement or lower doses of testosterone than in the SH group receiving similar capsules. Maintenance on short photoperiod increased the responsiveness to testosterone so that even the rats receiving low doses of testosterone had very low luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone levels whether they were SH or BX. In summary, BX rats on long or short photoperiod had lower serum prolactin and testosterone levels than the comparable SH group and BX inhibited the post‐castration increase in gonadotropin secretion. The data therefore suggest that the olfactory bulbs tonically enhance reproductive hormone secretion (especially around the time of pubertal development).
First-in-human H-scan ultrasound imaging of breast cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

H-scan ultrasound (US) is a new imaging technique based on a simplified framework for characterizing the relative size of acoustic scatterers and visualizing the results as color-coding of the matched B-scan US image. Several reports in the literature have demonstrated the utility of H-scan US for visualizing breast cancer and monitoring response to drug treatment in preclinical animal models. The purpose of this research was to explore H-scan US imaging of human breast cancer and present first-in-human results. As part of a multisite clinical trial at Thomas Jefferson University and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, patients newly diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer and scheduled to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) were enrolled in this study. Imaging was performed using a clinical US scanner (Logiq E9, GE Healthcare) equipped with an 9L-D linear array transducer that was modified as an investigational device. Beamformed radiofrequency (RF) data was acquired at 9 MHz in both the transverse and longitudinal planes and saved for offline analysis. Two digital filters were constructed using 2nd and 8th order Gaussian-weighted Hermite polynomial functions and convolved in parallel with each RF data sequence to measure the relative strength of the backscattered US signals. The signal envelope for each filter output was then calculated and color coded to form the final H-scan US image. All tumor locations and boundaries were identified by a trained Radiologist. A total of 5 breast cancer patients scheduled for NAC were examined using H-scan US imaging. Repeat US imaging was performed after 10 and 30 % of the NAC treatment schedule. All cancers responded to NAC with tumor size reductions. Mean H-scan US image intensity and textural features progressively changed during this period suggesting differences in US scattering between responding and nonresponding tumors to NAC as confirmed by pathology at surgery. Overall, H -scan US has the potential to be useful in the evaluation of breast lesions providing additional information to supplement traditional B-scan US imaging.
Scar Endometriosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Being a rare condition often it is not included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal wall swelling. The typical history is a swelling in the scar or near the scar of previous Gynaecological or Obstetric surgery. Most of the time the diagnosis is done only after excision of the swelling. A case of endometriosis in the scar of a cesarean section. We have also discussed clinical feature pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of scar endometriosis..
Phosphorescence or Delayed Fluorescence? Fate of Excitons in Core-Substituted Naphthalimide-Derived Emitters and Ratiometric Optical Oxygen Sensors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Competing rates of phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) need essential balance to yield efficient molecular emitters with color purity falling in either of the categories mentioned above. The large spin–orbit coupling (SOC) matrix element and the small singlet–triplet energy offset (ΔES–T) facilitate the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and efficient TADF. In contrast, the SOC constant and the radiative rate of triplets determine the efficiency of phosphorescence. Herein, we rationalize the above-mentioned radiative mechanisms in perspective of the chemical structure for a pair of naphthalimide derivatives (Br-NMI and NMI-Cz). With experimental evidence and computational support, we prove that the natural selection of these pathways is determined by the existence and nature of the higher-lying triplet states (Tn, n > 1) of suitable energy. Eventually, a highly radiative T1 state and a poor RISC rate led to room-temperature phosphorescence in Br-NMI. In contrast, the higher-lying 3LE facilitated fast RISC, leading to efficient TADF in NMI-Cz. Additionally, the Br-NMI-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film (10 wt %), with enhanced phosphorescence quantum yield (ϕP) compared to its monomeric and pristine films, is also described. C═O···Br noncovalent interactions between phosphors and the polymer matrix were responsible for the enhancement in ϕP and were proven by IR spectroscopic techniques. Interestingly, ϕP of the doped films was insensitive to the sample temperature (77–300 K) but highly susceptible to the sample O2 partial pressure. Utilizing these characteristics, we developed a self-referenced optical oxygen sensor with high sensitivity (KSV = 8.53 kPa–1) and reversibility.
Chemical constituents of Eriobotrya japonica leaf

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To investigate chemical constituents of Eriobotrya japonica(Thunb.) Lindl.leaf,six compounds were isolated by combination of RP-18,silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies,and their structures were identified by chemical and spectral methods.They were identified as tricosanoic acid(Ⅰ),phenylpropyl acid(Ⅱ),rutin(Ⅲ),2β,3β,19α-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(Ⅳ),2α,3α,19α-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(Ⅴ),Nerolidol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(Ⅵ).Compound Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅳ were isolated from this plant for the first time.
The Effect of Culture Conditions on Regeneration Ability of Somatic Cells in Corn

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The tissue culture technique has been paid more attention to in gene engineering and breeding of corn.Because the regeneration ability was mainly affected by its hereditary and culture conditions,it is important to know the culture conditions for corn tissue culture.The paper comprehensively reviews effects of different culture conditions on callus induction and regeneration plantlets in corn tissue culture from three aspects of basic medium selection,plant growth hormones and other additives.
Advances of EphrinBs/EphBs signaling pathway in the nociceptive process

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background Ephs is the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the human genome,which binds to the ligand,Ephrins,to regulate many development processes,including tissue-border formation,re-angiogenesis,axon guidance,and synaptic plasticity.Recent studies indicate that EphrinBs/EphBs signaling regulates the nociceptive process.Objective Here we retrospectively summarized the mechanism of EphrinBs/EphBs signaling pathway in regulating the process of pain. Content A great deal of studies have shown that EphrinBs/EphBs signaling pathway modulates the development of nociceptive process through upregulating the excitability of nociceptive dorsal root ganglia and wide dynamic range neurons in spinal dorsal horn,producing central sensitization,and activating the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) pathway.Trend Clarifying the downstream mechanism of EphrinBs/EphBs signaling pathway in the nociceptive process will be helpful helpful to find a new potential target for the treatment of pain.

Key words:
EphrinBs/EphBs; Nociceptive process; Central sensitization; Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Establishment of Rabbit Model of Tongue Carcinoma and Its Histology

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objective:To establish the rabbit model of tongue carcinoma and observe its metastasis to cervical lymphonode and lung.Methods:Tumor cell strain J-IN_2 was inoculated.Results:The model of tongue carcinoma in rabbits was established successfully after 2 weeks.The rate of carcinogenesis was 100%(10/10).The animals experienced stages including tumor rapid growth,necrosis in center and ulcer in surface.8 of 10 rabbits occured metastasis,the rate of metastasis was 80%,and 4 of 10 occured pulmonary metastasis.The average life span was 72.5 days.The histological type of carcinoma was squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion:The inoculation of tumor cell strain J-IN_2 is a feasible and repeated method on establishing the model of tongue carcinoma,with a high rate of carcinogenesis and long lifespan.The advanced carcinoma metastases to cervical lymphnode and lung.The signs of animal model are similar to those of human,which provides a satisfactory animal model for study on biology and therapeutics in tongue carcinoma.
Quantitative Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for Partial Pressure Measurement in Small Volumes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate the quantitative capabilities of Raman confocal microscopy as a nondestructive method to measure the partial pressure of molecular gases in mm 3 range sealed volume having an optical access. Thanks to a calibration procedure, we apply this technique for the characterization of the absolute nitrogen partial pressure inside buffered micro electromechanical system (MEMS) atomic vapor cells developed for atomic clocks. Our results are compared with measurements obtained by rubidium hyperfine frequency spectroscopy and a good agreement is demonstrated between the two methods, with a three-sigma detection limit below 10 mbar for a 1 h integration time, using a 33 mW 532 nm excitation laser. These results prove the potential of confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy as a simple and nondestructive method for small-scale pressure measurements.
Specification for User Applied Drug Labels in Anesthesiology

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This specification covers the size, color and pattern, and type used on labels applied to unlabeled syringes filled by the users or their agents to identify the drug content. This specification is not intended to cover labels applied by the drug manufacturer. The size and background color requirements of drug labels are presented in details. The type and color requirements of printing for drug labels are presented in details.
KATRIEN PYPE , The Making of the Pentecostal Melodrama: religion, media, and gender in Kinshasa. New York NY: Berghahn Books (hb $95 – 978 0 85745 494 2). 2012, 331 pp.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
sj-pdf-1-vet-10.1177_03009858231176558 – Supplemental material for Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-vet-10.1177_03009858231176558 for Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review by Mayane Faccin, Dominique J. Wiener, Raquel R. Rech, Domenico Santoro and Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann in Veterinary Pathology
Protein Glycosylation as Marker of Melanoma Progression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A lot of experimental data has been produced which suggests that there is a crucial role for glycans during the different stages of melanoma progression. Malignant transformation is associated with various alterations in the glycosylation pattern of the protein glycans. The most common changes are associated with the presence of more branched and hypersialylated N-linked oligosaccharides, re-expression of fetal-type antigens and premature terminated glycans. Some of these changes may provide the tumor cells with an advantage in influencing their social behavior and facilitating metastasis formation so, glycan-target therapy in combination with existing protocols may have an important impact in the treatment of melanoma. Keywords: Glycan markers, glycosyltransferases, melanoma, transformation
Stability of meperidine hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride, and atropine sulfate in plastic syringes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The stability of a combination of meperidine hydrochloride 50 mg, promethazine hydrochloride 25 mg, and atropine sulfate 0.4 mg in plastic syringes at room temperature was studied. The samples were tested for each drug after 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours in the syringes. Freshly prepared mixtures of the drugs in glass containers were used as controls, and three trials using separate test mixtures were performed. A gas chromatography procedure was used; atropine was separated from the mixture and assayed alone for greater accuracy. Drug concentrations in the plastic syringes were not significantly different from controls at any of the test times. A mixture of meperidine hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride, and atropine sulfate in dosages commonly administered as a preoperative medication was stable for 24 hours in plastic syringes.
Investigating chromatin remodelling by the Swi-Snf and Tup1-Cyc8 complexes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Swi-Snf is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex which generally acts as a co-activator of gene transcription via its removal of promoter nucleosomes. Conversely, Tup1-Cyc8 (Ssn6) is a co-repressor complex which acts to repress transcription by positioning nucleosomes at gene promoters. The antagonistic activity of these two complexes has been investigated at only a handful of genes, including the FLO1 and SUC2 genes. We have identified all of the genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which are subject to co-regulation by these two complexes and have mapped the Snf2 and Tup1 proteins across the genome to identify genes directly under the control of Swi-Snf and Tup1-Cyc8. The impact upon chromatin structure of target genes by Tup1-Cyc8 and Swi-Snf has also been shown. The co-regulated genes are enriched for stress-response genes, and 30% of these genes reside in subtelomeric regions. Furthermore, the co-regulated subtelomeric genes are the most robustly regulated genes under the control of these two complexes. The data has revealed two potential models for the chromatin remodelling activities by Swi-Snf and Tup1-Cyc8 at co-regulated genes. In one model, Swi-Snf is recruited to Tup1-Cyc8 repressed genes in the absence of the co-repressor to activate transcription. In the second model, Snf2 and Tup1 both occupy the repressed gene, whilst gene activation correlates with an enrichment of Snf2 at target genes in the absence of Tup1. Thus, this study has identified (i) which genes are under control of the Swi-Snf activator and the Tup1-Cyc8 co-repressor, (ii) where Snf2 and Tup1 are located across the genome, and (iii) how these complexes remodel the chromatin at target genes.
Book Review: Islam is Mercy (Khorchide)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Khorchide's outlook onto a humanistic (perhaps even 'liberation'-) theology is a crucial contribution to understanding the complexity of this religion. His ideas about Islam from within the Muslim circle attempt to transform and renew concepts of the God-creation relationship. Important, yet not unique, this book offers ideas similarly expressed by intellectuals like Amina Wadud, Farid Esack, Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Fazlur Rahman, and Muhammad Arkoun. Religion remains meaningful only when it manages to keep up with the social transformations affecting its members. Religion essentially needs to be constantly rethought, just as Khorchide attempts to achieve with this book. His thoughts are not without ambiguities and can certainly be challenged on several levels. But in the end, this is what the author calls for with his support for spiritual freedom and independent reasoning. This work makes an intriguing read for all who are interested in alternative streams of Islamic theology, specifically those trends emerging in the European university landscapes. There exists no justification for denouncing and rejecting these drafts as 'only products of the West'. Most Muslim reform scholars originate or have lived a considerable time in Muslim societies. And while their voices often become first heard in non-Muslim majority countries, some of their ideas have already traveled to Muslim countries and have met the pleased ears and open hearts of the next generation of believers.
Acoustic marking of prominence: how do preadolescent speakers with and without high-functioning autism mark contrast in an interactive task?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The acoustic correlates of discourse prominence have garnered much interest in recent adult psycholinguistics work, and the relative contributions of amplitude, duration and pitch to prominence have also been explored in research with young children. In this study, we bridge these two age groups by examining whether specific acoustic features are related to the discourse function of marking contrastive stress by preadolescent speakers, via speech obtained in a referential communication task that presented situations of explicit referential contrast. In addition, we broach the question of listener-oriented versus speaker-internal factors in the production of contrastive stress by examining both speakers who are developing typically and those with high-functioning autism (HFA). Diverging from conventional expectations and early reports, we found that speakers with HFA, like their typically developing peers (TYP), appropriately marked prominence in the expected location, on the pre-nominal adjective, in instructions such as "Pick up the BIG cup". With respect to the use of specific acoustic features, both groups of speakers employed amplitude and duration to mark the contrastive element, whereas pitch was not produced selectively to mark contrast by either group. However, the groups also differed in their relative reliance on acoustic features, with HFA speakers relying less consistently on amplitude than TYP speakers, and TYP speakers relying less consistently on duration than HFA speakers. In summary, the production of contrastive stress was found to be globally similar across groups, with fine-grained differences in the acoustic features employed to do so. These findings are discussed within a developmental framework of the production of acoustic features for marking discourse prominence, and with respect to the variations among speakers with autism spectrum disorders that may lead to appropriate production of contrastive stress.
DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE METHODS AND METHODS OF DELIVERY OF EDUCATION TO STUDENTS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We discussed the problems of choosing effective methods and methods of delivering education to students in the paper. This process is very complex and contains a huge range of interacting variables. Nowadays, there is no adequate theory or process to determine effective methods and methods for delivering education to students. As a rule, it is assumed that individual learning is the default option, because of its superiority, and online learning is used only when circumstances do not allow the use of individual learning. However, online learning has become very common and effective in many contexts. Fully online courses are suitable for some types of students better than others: older, more mature students; students with an already high level of education; part-time students who work or with families. In terms of blended learning, the criteria are less clearly defined than for fully online learning. These courses are more suitable for more experienced students with strong motivation. In general, online students need more self-discipline in learning and more motivation to learn to succeed. This does not mean that other types of students cannot benefit from online learning, but additional efforts must be made to develop and support such students on the Internet. In terms of blended learning, the criteria are less clearly defined than for fully online learning. The advantage for students is to increase flexibility, but they should still live close to the educational institution, since this model means attending classes at the university. In addition, blended learning enables the gradual development of self-learning skills, if it is a focused learning strategy. Research also suggests that self-study skills need to be developed while students are at university. In other words, online learning in the form of blended learning should be deliberately introduced and gradually expanded as students work on the training program, so by the time they graduate, they acquire the skills necessary for self-study, which is critical in the digital age .Based on the study, steps are suggested for choosing the necessary method and method of delivering education to students.