jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optical repeater using PFM at 1 GHz

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We report the first realization of PFM optical communication with a repeater station, using double heterostructure GaAs/GaAlAs semiconductor lasers. The system uses the property of semiconductor lasers for which the optical pulse rate can be locked by an external modulation of the injection current in the vicinity of the resonance frequency of the laser. This modulation scheme has the advantages of a high information rate capability by using the "spiking" resonance of the laser and, more importantly, of a simple repeater station in which another pulsing laser acts as a regenerative pulse amplifier.
Integrated Land, Water and Forest Management at Landscape Level

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The report, presented by Elias Fereres of the Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and University of Cordoba, Spain, covers the issue of integrated natural resource management (INRM) and discusses the complexity of managing natural resources at the landscape level. Technological packages such as simulation models, decision support systems and tools for spatial characterization and analysis are introduced together with an adaptive management framework. The importance of achieving dynamic management processes is discussed in the context of the need to sustain high productivity in agriculture without depleting the available water and soil resources. Tools for monitoring and surveillance of soil degradation are available for use at different scales and can assist with decision making and choice of soil management techniques. Soil conservation approaches are discussed with reference to a specific case in organic olive oil production. The challenge of incorporating both the biophysical and social dimensions in research on forest, land and water management is also discussed. Recent advances in irrigation management highlight the challenge of scaling up activities and moving from planning to the management of natural resources at the landscape level. This report was discussed at the Stakeholder Meeting at AGM2005.
Nonlinear dynamics of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes driven by trapped energetic particles

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The nonlinear dynamics of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) driven unstable by the resonant interaction with trapped energetic particles and, to a lesser extent, with nonstandard copassing particles are analyzed using simulations performed with the HMGC code (Hybrid Magnetohydrodynamic Gyrokinetic Code). The magnetic equilibrium considered is the low-shear configuration from the International Tokamak Physics Activity benchmark. The detailed investigation of the nonlinear mode-particle dynamics is based on the Hamiltonian-mapping approach, where the resonant phase-space structure is sampled by a large number of test particles evolving in the perturbed fields computed in the self-consistent simulations. Several precession-bounce resonances effectively drive the TAE unstable. Around each resonance radius, density mixing occurs as resonant particles form closed-trajectory islands in the (phase, radius) space. It is shown that these islands, whose width increases with the mode amplitude, eventually coalesce, leading to global density mixing. It causes a sudden reduction in the mode-particle power exchange, which is the main saturation mechanism when the energetic-particle density is relatively high. Correspondingly, the scaling of the saturation amplitude with the mode growth rate is slightly weaker than linear, similar to the radial-decoupling scaling observed in previous papers. This result is consistent with the observation that the width of the density-mixing region is limited, at saturation, by the mode width, which is nearly independent of the growth rate. At lower energetic-particle densities, local density mixing around each isolated resonance effectively reduces the power transfer, causing a transition to a stronger scaling, similar to the resonance-detuning regime reported in the literature.
Introducing a Composite Index of Information Quality for Medical Web Sites

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In this paper we present the MIR index, a composite index of Medical Information Reliability. This percentage index is intended as a simple indicator of Information Quality of medical online resources from the perspective of their potential consumers. We exemplify its application in the domain of the Non Conventional and Complementary Medicine (NCM/CAM) for its lack of institutional professional figures; yet the structure of the index makes it suitable also for other healthcare-related domains where guidelines for IQ assurance exist.
Alphabetic processing in English and Spanish

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This dissertation used letter detection and masked priming to address four questions: Are graphemes or letters more fundamental in low-level reading processes? How does alphabetic-processing knowledge manifest in different languages? Do bilinguals transfer such knowledge across languages? And do young children also show such effects?Some researchers have recently revived an old hypothesis in which graphemes, not letters, are the fundamental, perceptual reading unit. This can be tested by looking at congruency effects in a letter-detection task with masked priming. Six groups participated: Spanish and English monolingual adults; Spanish- and English-dominant bilingual adults; Spanish-dominant bilingual children; and English monolingual children. The experiments with adult monolinguals tested the letter- against the grapheme-as-percept hypothesis. The experiments with developing bilinguals examined whether they would transfer alphabetic-processing knowledge from L1 to L2. And the experiments with English monolingual children probed how early congruency effects with masked primes might occur.Participants responded YES or NO depending on the presence of letters in targets. Both congruent and incongruent masked primes preceded the targets. Among the congruent primes, some contained double vowels, and others single vowels. Assuming letters are fundamental, single- and double-vowel primes in both languages should facilitate and inhibit reactions equally. Assuming graphemes are fundamental, single-vowel primes in English, but not Spanish, should facilitate and inhibit more because double vowels are digraphs in English, and should therefore conceal the identity of their component letters. Bilinguals should show L1-like effects in L2 if they transfer alphabet-specific processing knowledge. Young children should simply show congruency effects if they are able to process letter information automatically.The results with Spanish and English monolinguals suggested that graphemes do exert an effect on the task, but only after letters are perceived. This has major implications for models of proficient reading. The results also suggest that Spanish readers do not construct graphemes from letters, but rather syllables and abstract syllable structure. Bilinguals showed evidence of L1-L2 transfer at low levels of L2 proficiency. This has implications for transitional bilingual education programs. And young children showed congruency effects, which provides another link in establishing the connection between literacy development and proficient reading.
Central Asia Over a Decade

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines Russian and Chinese initiatives in Central Asia since the formation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) a decade ago, and studies how Central Asian states managed these initiatives with a special focus on how Kazakhstan managed them given that it is a key state in the BRI and the EEU. Sino-Russian competition in Central Asia is managed through a process of adaptation as both aim to create a stable Eurasian regional order. Russia intended to keep post-Soviet states within a Russian sphere of influence, emphasizing Russia's influence in security and culture. The chapter analyzes the energy dimension in Kazakhstan's relations with China and Russia. And finally, it examines multivector diplomacy within Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia. Kazakhstan was the center of Chinese interest in Central Asia due to its oil resources and its geographic location as a transportation hub linking China to Europe.
Inadvertent Entrapment of a Central Venous Catheter by a Purse-String Suture during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 65-year-old female patient with severe mitral valve stenosis plus coronary artery disease was scheduled for mitral valve replacement and 2-vessel coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries simultaneously. After a successful procedure, resistance was met on a CVC withdrawal. During postoperative fluoroscopy, fixation of the catheter at the heart was confirmed which necessitated reopening the chest, cutting the suture, and removing the catheter. When a catheter became hard to withdraw after open heart surgery, we should never withdraw it forcefully and blindly. Although rare, one should consider inadvertent entrapment of CVC by a suture as the possible cause.
Identification of the accessory nerve by its relationship to the great auricular nerve

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To describe the use of the great auricular nerve as a 'road map' for locating the accessory nerve in the anterior and posterior triangle, in comparison with other methods described in the literature.Design: A review of the literature using Medline and Embase searches was performed. Illustrative photographs were taken from consenting, elective patients.Results: Various methods have been described, using different anatomical landmarks. We describe a new method, based on the fact that the great auricular nerve runs, with relation to the edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 1 cm superior to the accessory nerve anteriorly and 1 cm inferior posteriorly.Conclusions: This is a reliable and safe method, used by the senior authors in their extensive work as head and neck and skull base surgeons. It allows the accessory nerve to be located in both the anterior and posterior triangle. This avoids the inherent dangers of following the nerve's tortuous course through the sternocleidomastoid.
Further evidence for syncytiotrophoblastic localization of beta 1-SP1-glycoprotein.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We have tried to localize beta 1 SP1-glycoprotein in placental tissue through an indirect immunofluorescence procedure. Some of the syncytiotrophoblastic cells were selectively immunostained. Specificity test supported the conclusion that beta 1 SP1-glycoprotein is stored in such cells.
Paracrine signalling Linear stability analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We model paracrine and autocrine signalling between breast tumor cells and macrophages. Analytical results are confirmed with discrete and continuum model simulations. Motility of breast tumor cells can be eliminated by changing certain model parameters. We identify parameters responsible for the observed tumor cell to macrophage ratio. Sensitivity of tumor cells to autocrine signalling affects their ability to migrate. a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Freeze–Thaw Events Change Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes Through Modifying Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Processes in a Temperate Forest in Northeastern China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Freeze–thaw events are predicted to be more frequent in temperate forest ecosystems. Whether and how freeze–thaw cycles change soil greenhouse gas fluxes remains elusive. Here, we compared the fluxes of three soil greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) across the spring freeze–thaw (SFT) period, the growing season (GS), and the annual (ALL) period in a temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains in Jilin Province, Northeastern China from 2019 to 2020. To assess the mechanisms driving the temporal variation of soil fluxes, we measured eleven soil physicochemical factors, including temperature, volumetric water content, electrical conductivity, gravimetric water content, pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, total-carbon-to-total-nitrogen ratio, nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), and dissolved organic carbon, all of which play crucial roles in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Our findings indicate that the soil in this forest functioned as a source of CO2 and N2O and as a sink for CH4, with significant differences in greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes among the SFT, GS, and ALL periods. Our results suggest freeze–thaw events significantly but distinctly impact soil C and N cycling processes compared to normal growing seasons in temperate forests. The soil N2O flux during the SFT (0.65 nmol m−2 s−1) was 4.6 times greater than during the GS (0.14 nmol m−2 s−1), likely due to the decreased NO3− concentrations that affect nitrification and denitrification processes throughout the ALL period, especially at a 5 cm depth. In contrast, soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes during the SFT (0.69 μmol m−2 s−1; −0.61 nmol m−2 s−1) were significantly lower than those during the GS (5.06 μmol m−2 s−1; −2.34 nmol m−2 s−1), which were positively influenced by soil temperature at both 5 cm and 10 cm depths. Soil CO2 fluxes increased with substrate availability, suggesting that the total nitrogen content at 10 cm depth and NH4+ concentration at both depths were significant positive factors. NO3− and NH4+ at both depths exhibited opposing effects on soil CH4 fluxes. Furthermore, the soil volumetric water content suppressed N2O emissions and CH4 oxidation, while the soil gravimetric water content, mainly at a 5 cm depth, was identified as a negative predictor of CO2 fluxes. The soil pH influenced CO2 and N2O emissions by regulating nutrient availability, particularly during the SFT period. These findings collectively contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the factors driving GHG fluxes in temperate forest ecosystems and provide valuable insights for developing strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.
Problems and Programs in the Application of the Sterility Principle for the Control of Ceratitis capitata Wied.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In spite of the good results obtained in the control of Ceratitis under field conditions on the Italian islands of Capri and Procida, in Nicaragua and in the Spanish Murcia area, several problems connected with the sterile male technique still have to be solved. Mass rearing of the insects must be improved. Perhaps, total sterility of the males is not required and the necessary dose of irradiation must be studied in relation to its effect on their competitiveness in the field. In checking the efficacy of field operations the recapture of marked individuals will have to be supplemented or gradually replaced by the time‐consuming assessment of egg‐hatching and fruit‐damage. Studies of the influence of environmental factors on population densities must be intensified.
Understanding new microbial communication systems to combat antimicrobial resistance

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Bacterial biofilms provide an advantageous spatial structure for colonization and cell maintenance as a community. This multicellular behaviour is regulated by a bacterial quorum-dependent mechanism, called the quorum sensing (QS) system that regulates other diverse social behaviours such as toxin production and virulence factors. This mechanism is regulated by signal molecules that regulate intra-specific, inter-specific and inter-kingdom interactions. For these reasons, this mechanism is strongly studied, as well as signalling molecules and analogues, such as alkyl-quinolone based compounds, for the disarming of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multi-drugs that plague public health worldwide. The path to a complete understanding of how this occurs, what are the conditions for such biological responses and what machinery and mechanisms exist for the perception and modulation of these interactions is still far from reaching a conclusion. Therefore, the present work seeks to evaluate compounds against behaviours dependent on the quorum sensing mechanism, as well as the effect of these compounds on the growth of harmful pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Providing information to assist in understanding these microbial interactions, as well as the development of new anti-infectious strategies and the fight against antimicrobial resistance. The tested compounds confirmed activities such as anti-biofilm, anti-swarming and anti-pyocyanin production. Of the twenty-three analogous compounds to the alkyl-quinolones screened thirteen presented some type of interference between the three evaluated phenotypes, five with significant antagonistic activities against P. aeruginosa PA14 and three against staphylococcal strains, such as S. aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis. Thus, it is concluded that small molecules based on alkyl-quinolones are effective bioactive against QS dependent behaviours and can assist in unravelling microbial communication and its impacts on human society.
ChemInform Abstract: Perfluoroalkylation of Heterocumulenes with Trimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)silanes in the Presence of Fluoride Ions: Synthesis of Perfluoroalkanesulfinyl Amides from N‐Organylsulfinyl Amines.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
John Moschus and His Friend Sophronius the Sophist

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article John Moschus and His Friend Sophronius the Sophist Get access H. Chadwick H. Chadwick Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume XXV, Issue 1, January 1974, Pages 41–74, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/XXV.1.41 Published: 01 January 1974
Effect of Pessary vs Surgery on Patient-Reported Improvement in Patients With Symptomatic Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance Pelvic organ prolapse is a prevalent condition among women that negatively affects their quality of life. With increasing life expectancy, the global need for cost-effective care for women with pelvic organ prolapse will continue to increase. Objective To investigate whether treatment with a pessary is noninferior to surgery among patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse. Design, Setting, and Participants The PEOPLE project was a noninferiority randomized clinical trial conducted in 21 participating hospitals in the Netherlands. A total of 1605 women with symptomatic stage 2 or greater pelvic organ prolapse were requested to participate between March 2015 through November 2019; 440 gave informed consent. Final 24-month follow-up ended at June 30, 2022. Interventions Two hundred eighteen participants were randomized to receive pessary treatment and 222 to surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was subjective patient-reported improvement at 24 months, measured with the Patient Global Impression of Improvement scale, a 7-point Likert scale ranging from very much better to very much worse . This scale was dichotomized as successful, defined as much better or very much better , vs nonsuccessful treatment. The noninferiority margin was set at 10 percentage points risk difference. Data of crossover between therapies and adverse events were captured. Results Among 440 patients who were randomized (mean [SD] age, 64.7 [9.29] years), 173 (79.3%) in the pessary group and 162 (73.3%) in the surgery group completed the trial at 24 months. In the population, analyzed as randomized, subjective improvement was reported by 132 of 173 (76.3%) in the pessary group vs 132 of 162 (81.5%) in the surgery group (risk difference, −6.1% [1-sided 95% CI, −12.7 to ∞]; P value for noninferiority, .16). The per-protocol analysis showed a similar result for subjective improvement with 52 of 74 (70.3%) in the pessary group vs 125 of 150 (83.3%) in the surgery group (risk difference, −13.1% [1-sided 95% CI, −23.0 to ∞]; P value for noninferiority, .69). Crossover from pessary to surgery occurred among 118 of 218 (54.1%) participants. The most common adverse event among pessary users was discomfort (42.7%) vs urinary tract infection (9%) following surgery. Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse, an initial strategy of pessary therapy, compared with surgery, did not meet criteria for noninferiority with regard to patient-reported improvement at 24 months. Interpretation is limited by loss to follow-up and the large amount of participant crossover from pessary therapy to surgery. Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Register Identifier: NTR4883
A Study on the Correlation between the Word Order of the Adposition and the Types of Motion Verbs in the Ancient Chinese Period

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Whether the adposition phrase is placed before or after the verb has a significant meaning in terms of a typological study, it is one of the criteria for determining whether a language typology is SOV or SVO. This study examined the word order of the ‘ZI’ adposition phrase used both before and after a verb in the Ancient Chinese period. This study focused on how the ‘ZI’ adposition phrase changes the evolution process in accordance to the typology of the motion verb. The ‘ZI’ phrase is used in the structure of ‘V+自N’, strongly following the abstract principle adhered to in the western Zhou dynasty period. This is a characteristic of the VO languages that follow the head-initial principle. However, evolution takes place starting from the spring and autumn period. This evolution differs in accordance with the semantics of the motion verbs. If the motion verbs of starting-verb classes, and arrival-verb classes were used a change in the meaning of the verb occurred, the ‘ZI’ phrase was placed in front of the verb. Pragmatically, when the ‘ZI’ phrase was used in contrastive sentences to indicate focus or when the noun component placed after the ‘ZI’ phrase was old information, it was placed in front of the verb. Such transposition of the ‘ZI’ phrase to the front of the verb was related to the marked use. Motion verbs of moving-verb classes were placed before the verb in case the location was introduced. At this time, the reason why the ‘ZI’ phrase was moved to the front of the verb without being moved to sentence-initial or to sentence-final was that it followed the iconicity theory. This trend tends to be maintained until the late spring and autumn period. However, since the warring states period, it is placed before the verb regardless of the semantics of the verb. In other words, it follows the iconicity theory perfectly. In this manner, the regular syntactic structure of the ‘ZI’ phrase becomes the ‘自N+V’ structure. This is a characteristic of the OV languages that follow the head-final principle. Taking a syntax and pragmatics perspective, it was possible to understand how a language that followed the abstract principle changed into a language that was centered on the iconicity theory through a process of change in the word order of the ‘ZI’ adposition phrase. It was also found that these changes intrinsically possess differences in accordance to the semantics of motion verbs. Moreover, it was possible to infer the process in which the word order of the ‘ZI’ adposition phrase changes from VO to OV from a typological perspective.