jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Charge and spin transport through normal lead coupled to $s$-wave superconductor and a Majorana zero mode

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Zero-bias charge conductance peak (ZBCCP) is a significant symbol of Majorana zero modes (MZMs). The proximity effect of s-wave superconductor is usually demanded in the fabrication of MZMs. So in transport experiments, the system is inevitably coupled to the s-wave superconductor. Here we study how the ZBCCP is affected by coupling of the s-wave superconductor. The results show that the ZBCCP could be changed into a zero-bias valley due to the coupling of s-wave superconductor, although the conductance at the zero bias still keeps a quantized value $2e^2/h$. So it does not mean no MZM exists when no ZBCCP is experimentally observed. In addition, the spin transport is investigated. Four reflection processes (the normal reflection, spin-flip reflection, normal Andreev reflection, and equal-spin Andreev reflection) usually occur. The reflection coefficients are strongly dependent on the spin direction of the incident electron, and they may be symmetrical or Fano resonance shapes. But the spin conductance always shows a zero-bias peak with the height $e/2π$ regardless of the direction of the spin bias and the coupling strength of the s-wave superconductor. So measuring spin transport properties could be a more reliable method to judge the existence of MZMs.
Understanding the destination choice: a study of the Chinese long-haul outbound tourists

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Among tourism decision making studies, choice heuristics are barely explored. Choice heuristics are a set of rules decision makers use to process information about their choice criteria. The types of rules applied in the process can make a substantial difference to eventual outcomes, which for tourists includes not only the final choice of the tour package but also the choice process (Sen, 1997). Therefore, in order to better understand tourists' decision making behaviour, choice heuristics deserve greater attention. However, whilst compensatory choice heuristics are commonly applied in consumer focused tourism research, and conjoint analysis is often used for modelling compensatory heuristics, minoring the predominant approach in consumer research, less attention has been afforded to non-compensatory heuristics. Recently, a greedoid method was introduced by Kohli and Jedidi (2007) and Yee et al. (2007) independently to that contributed to methodology for estimating non-compensatory heuristics. The aim of this study was to provide a greater understanding of consumer decision-making processes, based on the exploration of different choice heuristics used by the Chinese long-haul outbound tourists. This thesis makes theoretical contribution by providing insights on (1) how the concept of choice heuristics can be used to better understand the process of decision making and (2) how choice heuristics are used for the selection of complicated intangible services, tourism destinations in this case. The study also sheds light on the possible measurements for evaluating the fit of different choice heuristic models. In addition, the information found regarding the destination preference of Chinese long-haul outbound tourist is of great use for marketers and suppliers to improve their destination products as well as their advertisement campaigns.
Realpolitik and the Bases of Multistate System Endurance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper focuses on policy and structural factors that preserve or undermine the pluralism of interstate systems. Using a large scale computer simulation model that incorporates many of the essential elements of the "automatic stabilization" version of the balance of power theory, we conduct a systematic exploration of alternative Realpolitik theses that purport to define the conditions and policies required to prevent the emergence of a hegemonic system. The exploration relies on ninety-six experimental runs of the model wherein five factors are varied. Analysis reveals that overoptimism in expectations about war's outcome plays the paradoxical role of maximizing the length of system endurance. The distribution of power within the system, error in decision processes and punitiveness on the part of victors in war are also found to have a conditioning role in the endurance of the system while no discernible effect is apparent in the case of the costliness of war. Analyses focusing on the processes underlying the evolution of the system also point out the importance of context-specific conditions in generating the deterrence situations Realists argue to be important within the workings of a balance of power system.
Screening of high-esterase-producing strains and the optimization of fermentation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A Schizophyllum commun strain named E1,with high-esterase-production ability,was achieved by ~(60)Co mutation from wild type strain ZM 37.8.The cultivation medium and fermentation conditions of strain E1 were optimized to produce esterase with an activity of 87.56 U/ml.
Pervasive knowledge-based networking for maintenance inspection in smart buildings.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In modern Smart Buildings, systems monitor and regulate energy consumption, lighting levels, humidity and other environmental factors. However, with the number of data sources increasing, the resulting information glut can reduce decision making efficiency for facility management. A promising technique to mitigate this problem is the use of an integration platform allowing smart applications to process the volume of data and aid in reducing information overload for facility managers and others, such as maintenance engineers who utilise the data. This paper presents an approach for managing data volumes by only routing the data to users or smart applications that have expressly requested it. Experiences with a prototype implementation are also described.
Determination of Five Active Constituents in Shengmai Injection by LC-MS/MS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method is established for simultaneous determination of ginsenoside Rb1,Rd,Re,Rg1 and schizadrin in Shengmai Injection. The analytical column is a Lichrospher C18 ( 150 ×2. 1 mm,i. d. ,5 μm) . The mobile phase consists of acatonitril-0. 1% formic acid solution ( 65∶ 35,V/V) at a flow rate of 0. 2 mL·min -1. The sensitivity of ginsenoside Rg1,Re,Rb1,Rd and schizadrin are favorable in this Chromatographic conditions. All the compounds show good linearity in their corresponding detection range. The RSD of precision,repeatability and recovery in experiments are less than 3% . This method is accurate,simple,reliable and reproducible to determine the 5 active constituents in the Shengmai Injection.
Analysis of near cortex versus both cortex screw fixation in bone fracture surgery

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bone fractures are common due to accident and falls. The current-state of the art of stabilizing a fracture is by using of Locking Compression Plates (LCPs). Accelerated healing can occur when the blood supply to bone is taken care of. This project seeks to create and validate fracture fixation models of 9-hole LCPs together with Locking Head Screws (LHS) on long bones using Finite Element Method (FEM). The validation was done with Finite Element (FE) simulation of 3-point bending on the LCPs and axial loading and 4-point bending on the plate-bone constructs. The FE results on the construct reveal an under estimation of the stiffness in axial and overestimation of the stiffness in bending.
Investigation of Active Birth Method with Evidence Based Practice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Active birth was one of the prenatal education methods which hasn’t been common in our country, yet. The aim of this article was to clarify the approach to the active birth method and to investigation thi method by means of evidence based practice perspective. Active birth was important method, because of focusing on the normal birth, encouraging women to activity during labor and emphasizing the importance of pregnancy exercises and birth ward. It was seen that practices recommended in this method effect labor positively, by the investigation of evidence based studies and evidence based guidelines. For this reason, to widespread this method in our contry will be useful.
Social Insurance Networks

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on administrative panel data from Norway, we examine how social insurance claims spread among neighbors and former schoolmates. We use a fixed effects methodology that accounts for endogenous group formation, contextual interactions generated by predetermined social factors, and time-constant as well as time-varying confounders. We report evidence that social insurance claims are contagious. There are significant local peer effects both in the overall use of social insurance and in the propensity to use one particular social insurance program rather than another. The magnitudes of the estimated peer effects rise consistently with measures of geographical and relational closeness.
The perceived benefits derived from visits to a super regional shopping centre: An exploratory study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Studies that aim to identify shopper types typically attempt to identify a limited set of differentiated shopper types to which retailers can target differentiated marketing efforts. The identification of shopper segments patronising large shopping centres. have been surprisingly underresearched. This study investigated the perceived benefits of shopping at a large super regional shopping centre and three distinct benefit dimensions emerged.
Opioid crisis: Placing blame or fixing the problem

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT There is prevalent news media coverage about the opioid crisis in the United States. Overdose deaths are on the rise, but who's fault is it really? Perspective into the crisis is key if we as health care providers ever hope to change the current situation. Although overdose deaths are on the rise, opioid prescribing rates are decreasing. Considering a complex issue requires looking into to the lives of patients and their past experiences to truly identify those at risk for addiction, not just opioid addiction, but addiction as a whole. Nurse practitioners play a vital role in identifying those at greatest risk, making the identification early and assisting patients into treatment to help change the trajectory of their lives.
Out-of-plane shaking table tests on URM cavity walls

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Damage observations from recent seismic events confirm the activation of out-of-plane local mechanisms as one of the major causes of structural collapse in unreinforced masonry buildings. Whytes on either side of a cavity wall are in unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is often typically held together by regularly spaced metal associated with the activation of local mechanisms cavity ties. Since no dynamic tests on cavity walls were found in the literature, four out-of-plane shaking table tests were conducted on full-scale masonry assemblies reproducing different cavity wall configurations with different tie distributions and one test on a single-whyte wall. The first step for a better understanding of the seismic behaviour of these walls has been trying to investigate the first mechanism, taking into account the final goal: a solid experimental reference for the development of out-of-plane fragility models for URM buildings in the Groningen area.
Shedding light on cognitive control

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This thesis aimed to investigate the ability to adjust cognitive processes and behavior, i.e., cognitive control, and its related functional activity in the cortex. The optical imaging technique functional near-infrared spec- troscopy (fNIRS) was used to detect change in cortical activity during neu- ropsychological tests of conflict processing and proactive cognitive control\nThe two first studies used a test-retest design and investigated how pro- longed mental activity, neuropsychological testing for two and a half hours, affects cognitive performance and functional activity in the frontal cortex in individuals suffering from pathological mental fatigue after trau- matic brain injury (paper I) and exhaustion disorder (paper II). We were able to show that both patient groups have reduced functional activity dur- ing cognitive control, especially in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and that this reduction was associated with the level of pathological mental fatigue. There was no indication that prolonged mental activity induced a change in functional activity during the test session.\nPaper III showed that increased trait mental fatigue in healthy adults was associated with a tendency to use cognitive control in a reactive way. The increase in trait mental fatigue was also associated with an increased func- tional activity in frontal and parietal cortex during reactive conflict pro- cessing situations compared to proactive ones.\nIn the last studies, we brought the fNIRS machine to two schools to inves- tigate functional brain activation during mathematical cognition (paper IV) and cognitive control (paper V) in children between the age of 8- to 9- years in a school environment. The result suggested that the visual aid in mathematical tasks reduces the cognitive load and the functional activity in the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to equivalent tasks without visual aid. Children who tend to be less reactive or more pro- active in a conflict processing test involve the right posterior parietal cortex more during reactive situations than proactive ones.
Evaluating the relationship between hepatitis B viral activity and gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Hepatitis B infection has been associated with the development of gestational diabetes but the underlying mechanism is not known. Objective: To examine associations between viral activity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and insulin resistance in pregnant people with chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV). Design: Prospective cohort study across three tertiary maternity centres in Melbourne, Australia, between May 2021 and April 2023. Methods: Participants were followed prospectively through pregnancy to evaluate subsequent GDM diagnosis. Demographics, pregnancy outcomes, and markers of viral activity were compared between those with GDM versus those without. Logistic regression analysis was performed pre- and post-adjustment for known confounders. Sub-group analysis of participants from South East Asia (SEA) was performed. Outcome measures included GDM diagnosis, insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance score (HOMA-IR) score), HBV activity as measured by liver function tests, HBV viral load, hepatitis B e antigen, and quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (quantHBsAg). Results: A total of 113 women were recruited. One third (38/112, 33.9%) developed GDM, mostly diagnosed on isolated postprandial hyperglycaemia (25/38, 65.8%). Over half were born in SEA (66/113, 58.4%). Mean quantHBsAg was significantly lower in those with GDM ( p = 0.044). No other associations were identified between GDM or HOMA-IR and markers of hepatic activity on multivariate logistic regression analysis and on sub-group analysis of those born in SEA. Conclusions: QuantHBsAg was significantly lower in those with GDM; otherwise, no association between GDM and measures of HBV viral activity was found. QuantHBsAg may be useful as an early pregnancy marker for GDM risk and warrants further research.
Autonomous Dissipative Maxwell’s Demon in a Diamond Spin Qutrit

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Engineered dynamical maps combining coherent and dissipative transformations\nof quantum states with quantum measurements, have demonstrated a number of\ntechnological applications, and promise to be a crucial tool in quantum\nthermodynamic processes. Here, we exploit the control on the effective open\nspin qutrit dynamics of an NV center, to experimentally realize an autonomous\nfeedback process (Maxwell demon) with tunable dissipative strength. The\nfeedback is enabled by random measurement events that condition the subsequent\ndissipative evolution of the qutrit. The efficacy of the autonomous Maxwell\ndemon is quantified by experimentally characterizing the fluctuations of the\nenergy exchanged by the system with the environment by means of a generalized\nSagawa-Ueda-Tasaki relation for dissipative dynamics. This opens the way to the\nimplementation of a new class of Maxwell demons, which could be useful for\nquantum sensing and quantum thermodynamic devices.\n
Self-determination v. Freedom of Movements in Ethiopia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Taking the case of Amhara exogenous ethnic groups in Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNPR) and Benishangul-Gumez Region (BGR), the essay examined the implication of ethnic federalism espoused self determination right of ethnic communities on citizens right to freedom of movement and residence. In doing so, the essay scrutinized whether self rule right of endogenous people can be exercised to the extent of excluding exogenous ethnic groups from coming and residing or expelling them, if they already reside, in the self determined territories.
Intersubjective Exchange between Discussants and Author: Reply to Garth Stevens and Julie Gerhardt

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

I respond to discussions by Garth Stevens and Julie Gerhardt and elaborate first on Stevens’ clinical musings about parental haunting in my patient’s case history, and the relatively unexplored triadic inflection. His larger question about the role of language in communication between psychoanalysts is addressed, while his question about the possibilities and limitations of pluralism and diversity is incorporated in my response to Gerhardt. Gerhardt’s discussion, well-formulated and often insightful, also evokes feelings of intersubjective disconnect, as some of her reformulations of my material feel superimposed and substitutive rather than complementary and additive. This leads to a consideration of the influence of psychoanalytic diversity on contemporary psychoanalytic fractionation and sectarianism. These are reflected in training institutes and the communication of psychoanalysts from different orientations with one another, limiting possibilities for a more integrative pluralism and genuine intersubjectivity in psychoanalytic exchange.
The role of anti-tumour necrosis factor in wound healing: A case report of refractory ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica treated with adalimumab and review of the literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a chronic granulomatous disease historically associated with diabetes. Necrobiosis lipoidica commonly presents with erythematous papules or plaques on the anterior lower extremities, which can be ulcerated in up to 30% of patients. The pathophysiology of necrobiosis lipoidica is unknown but proposed to be predominantly linked to microangiopathy. No treatment option for necrobiosis lipoidica has shown consistent efficacy. Previous case reports have shown immune-modulating agents to be reasonable treatment options for ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica. However, evidence for the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, adalimumab, is limited and contradictory. We report a case of a 74-year-old type 2 diabetic female with a 2-year history of multiple ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica plaques resistant to topical and systemic therapy. Treatment with adalimumab showed complete re-epithelization of all ulcers by week 28. Adalimumab may be an effective treatment option for ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica that has failed traditional therapies. Further reports of adalimumab treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica and other chronic inflammatory wounds are needed.
Non-invasive research of the vessels of the lower extremities with the help of complex method

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the present work the features of complex method for non-invasive studies is demonstrated using as an example the control of partial pressure of oxygen in subcutaneous tissues of the lower extremities within the anomalous thermal zones when functional tests were conducted for healthy people and people with pathological signs. Simultaneous monitoring of distribution of the surface temperature and partial pressure of oxygen in subcutaneous tissues allows get information about vessels and micro vessels faster and more reliably
Novel insights into the GCN2 pathway and its targeting. Therapeutic value in cancer and lessons from lung fibrosis development

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Defining the mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to environmental stress is critical for understanding the progression of chronic diseases and identifying relevant drug targets. Among these, activation of the pathway controlled by the eIF2‐alpha kinase GCN2 is critical for translational and metabolic reprogramming of the cell in response to various metabolic, proteotoxic, and ribosomal stressors. However, its role has frequently been investigated through the lens of a stress pathway signaling via the eIF2α‐activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) downstream axis, while recent advances in the field have revealed that the GCN2 pathway is more complex than previously thought. Indeed, this kinase can be activated through a variety of mechanisms, phosphorylate substrates other than eIF2α, and regulate cell proliferation in a steady state. This review presents recent findings regarding the fundamental mechanisms underlying GCN2 signaling and function, as well as the development of drugs that modulate its activity. Furthermore, by comparing the literature on GCN2's antagonistic roles in two challenging pathologies, cancer and pulmonary diseases, the benefits, and drawbacks of GCN2 targeting, particularly inhibition, are discussed.
The composition of the aphid fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A systematic, zoogeographical and ecological survey of the composition of the aphid faunas of Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark is given. A total of 634 species have been recorded, most of them of western Palearctic origin. Some species have their borders of distribution here, in several cases depending on the distribution of host plants. Some of the species are boreo-alpine and some others have recently been introduced from other continents.
A study of some factors influencing conception rates in dairy cows in Manitoba

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Within the last twenty years an outstanding advancement in the field of animal production has been made through the adoption of the method of artifical insemination in breeding of females. While artificial insemination has been practiced in a crude, haphazard manner for hundreds of years, only within the last two decades has sufficient knowledge and refinement of techniques been available to assure its practical and economical feasibility. Artificial insemination may be defined as the deposition of semen containing spermatozoa, the male reproductive cells, in the female genitalia by instrument rather than by natural methods. Since only a very small fraction of the total ejaculate of a sire is required to bring about fertilization, it follows therefore, that a tremendous wastage in spermatazoa occurs at every natural breeding. In artificial insemination the total volume of the semen from an ejaculate is divided into many small portions, thereby extending the number of females to which a male may be bred. Modern techniques permit a sire artificially to serve possibly ten thousand females in a lifetime. Under natural conditions the same sire might serve two hundred.