jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of normal and rcdl Irish setter retinal proteins.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In both of the early onset systems, the rd mouse and the rcdl Irish Setter, early elevation of cyclic GMP may be the ultimate cause of accelerated photoreceptor degeneration. This would be consistent with the data utilizing in vitro systems in which retinal samples, in culture, undergo degeneration in response to constant exposure to high levels of this nucleotide. However, the ultimate cause of the elevated cyclic GMP in the rd mouse or in the rcdl Irish Setter still remains a mystery. It appears that all of the necessary proteins of the visual cascade are produced, although they are lost at different rates. The phosphodiesterase appears to be reduced faster than other proteins. This may, in turn, account for the elevation in cyclic GMP levels. The cause of this enhanced disappearance could reside in the phosphodiesterase protein itself, or in other more distal components. The alteration in rhodopsin reaction to the specific rhod-4 antisera suggests that this protein is not properly oriented in the disc membrane. Although this may or may not alter the visual cascade, it does suggest that these membranes are not identical to those of the normal dog retina. Future studies should focus on the individual functional activities of each component, on their structures, and on their proper assembly within the disc.
There is No “Axillary Tail”: Rethinking the Assumption of James Spence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Widely quoted, “the axillary tail of Spence” refers to a contiguous extension of adipose angling superolaterally from the primary breast into the axilla. Described anecdotally in 1871, the “tail of Spence” has been considered important to the fields of general surgery, oncology, plastic surgery, and anatomy ever since. Despite the ubiquitous presence of the concept in literature, clinical discussions, and educational settings, we argue against the very existence of Spence’s “tail.” While pinch-testing and topographically mapping 316 consecutive patients in preparation for breast and gynecomastia surgery, we found a consistent pattern of focal fat mounds without continuity between breast and axilla. The absence of an uninterrupted superolateral tail was reaffirmed while analyzing 20 research participants who were pinch-tested with calipers and topographically mapped, specifically to define fat pad anatomy. We documented that the axillary breast mound was always distinct from the primary breast and that all women and many men had an additional “lateral chest wall tail” that never angled toward the axilla. In most, rolling the shoulder girdle anteriorly created a visible groove between the axillary mound and the primary breast, with little or no pinchable fat beneath that crease. With all deference to Spence, we have established that the outer half of the chest is consistently defined by three focal adipose structures—an axillary mound, the primary breast mound, and a previously unnamed “lateral chest wall tail”—with no anatomic evidence of an “axillary tail” of fat extending superolaterally from breast to axilla.
Evidence from bare verbs for the future versus non-future split in Creoles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Vincentian Creole makes a future/non-future temporal distinction on the basis of the categorisation proposed in several studies, according to which languages combining present and future make a past/non-past distinction and those using the same form for past and present make a future/non-future tense opposition. In Vincentian Creole examples of absolute tense, underspecified (or unmarked) predicates do not generally obtain a future interpretation: only readings in the past tense (for dynamic predicates) or the present (for non-dynamic predicates) are available. Thus, predicates in the future tense are unambiguous regardless of the lexical aspect of these predicates, unlike the context of past and present tense interpretations which I explored in my previous column. Evidence from other English-related creoles supports this claim.
Pleurozium schreberi Mitt.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

* Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt. RECORDS. — Jelenc (1967): sine loco. COMMENT Doubtfully present in Algeria. According to Jelenc (1967), the only report of the species in Algeria was taken from the distribution data of the species in Allorge (1955), who stated that it was based on a record of Feldmann in 1940, although it was not included in any of the publications of this author.
Imaging and visualizing the spectral signatures from Landsat TM and ‘τ’ value-based surface soil microzonation mapping at and around Agartala (India)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This work aims to assess the soil microzonation of Agartala city and its surrounding areas based on spectral geophysical signatures. Different spectral resolutions of Landsat TM have been used for assessing the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index, spatial thermal emission representation and plant water moisture representation. Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) was measured from band 4 (near-infrared (NIR)) and band 3 (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)). The Digital Number (DN) values of thermal infrared band (TIR) were used for measuring spatial variation of thermal representation in the city area. A very simple model was developed for measuring thermal emission representative index from NDVI and automated classified TIR band. Overlaid NDVI and classified TIR shows the spatial distribution of thermal emission representative values. Classified mid-wave infrared band (MWIR) was used for measuring the surface geotherm units (τ) which are related with different types of soil. On the basis of spatial distribution of τ value which is clearly visible in a thermal emission representative map overlaid by classified MWIR, the soil microzonation map of the study area was prepared. This soil microzonation map shows that Agartala and its surrounding areas are characterized by four types of soil which are related to different geomorphic and geological units. The soil of this area is classified as dry sandy soil and sandy clay soil of the highland areas and wet sandy alluvium and clayey alluvium of the flood plain area.
Alexithymia and gambling: Psychotherapy to differentiate feelings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction The relationship of alexithymia with gambling addiction is not obvious, but it is present, as evidenced by the results of many studies. Alexithymia is likely to associate with gambling as a coping behavior to increase emotional arousal and avoid negative emotions, according to the affect dysregulation model. Alexithymic individuals experience the same spectrum of emotions as ordinary people, however, from the standpoint of psychology, psychiatry, unexpressed emotions are repressed into the subconscious, and their bodily manifestations accumulate. Objectives We plan to conduct research to improve the medical and psychological support of patients with pathological gambling due to the presence of alexithymia. Methods A systematic search of the literature was run in the major reference databases including PubMed, Cochrane Database for Systematic Review, Web of Science, Scopus until 2019. All studies assessed alexithymia with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale while gambling problems were assessed mostly with the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Results We assume that for pathological gamblers, specific psychotherapeutic techniques like body-centered psychotherapy could help them to differentiate feelings from bodily sensations. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of taking in the relationship between alexithymia and pathological gambling. Further studies are needed to widen the knowledge of this association.
Evaluation of the Rabbit Nasal Cavity in Inhalation Studies and a Comparison with Other Common Laboratory Species and Man

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The rabbit is occasionally used for inhalation and intranasal safety assessment studies, but there are no detailed descriptions of the anatomy or histology of the rabbit nose. To address this deficit, the nasal cavities of thirty-two control adult rabbits were sectioned and examined to provide mapping of the main epithelial types and histological structures present within the cavity and turbinates. Four levels of the nasal cavity were prepared and examined using anatomic landmarks. Level I was sectioned immediately posterior to the incisors, Level II at the first palatal ridge, Level III immediately anterior to the first upper premolar teeth, and Level IV immediately anterior to the first upper molar. Level I was lined predominantly by squamous epithelium with small amounts of thick transitional epithelium, and examination is recommended only for studies involving test article administration via instillation. Level II was lined primarily with transitional and respiratory epithelia, whereas Levels III and IV were lined with respiratory and olfactory epithelia and often contained nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. The vomeronasal organs were evident only in Level II. The similarities and differences of these features are compared with those of other common laboratory species (rat, mouse, dog, and cynomolgus monkey) and man.
Transfer RNAs are Linked to Ischemic Stroke and Major Bleeding in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at very high risk for thromboembolism and bleeding. This study aimed to identify small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), specifically microRNAs and transfer-RNA (tRNA)-derived fragments (tRFs), as potential novel biomarkers for predicting thromboembolism and bleeding in this high-risk population. Methods In this sncRNA discovery research, we leveraged the VIVALDI cohort, consisting of 625 ESKD patients on hemodialysis, to conduct two nested case–control studies, each comprising 18 participants. The primary outcomes were ischemic stroke in the first study and major bleeding in the second. Plasma samples were processed using the miND pipeline for RNA-seq analysis to investigate differential expression of microRNAs and tRNA/tRFs between cases and their respective matched controls, with results stringently adjusted for the false discovery rate (FDR). Results No significant differential expression of microRNAs for either ischemic stroke or major bleeding outcomes was observed in the two nested case–control studies. However, we identified four tRNAs significantly differentially expressed in ischemic stroke cases and seven in major bleeding cases, compared with controls (FDR < 0.1). Coverage plots indicated that specific tRNA fragments (tRFs), rather than full-length tRNAs, were detected, however. Alternative mapping approaches revealed challenges and technical limitations that precluded in-depth differential expression analyses on these specific tRFs. Yet, they also underscored the potential of tRNAs and tRFs as markers for thromboembolism and bleeding. Conclusion While microRNAs did not show significant differential expression, our study identifies specific tRNAs/tRFs as potential novel biomarkers for ischemic stroke and major bleeding in ESKD patients.
Winds from stripped low-mass helium stars and Wolf-Rayet stars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present mass-loss predictions from Monte Carlo radiative transfer models for helium (He) stars as a function of stellar mass, down to 2 M⊙. Our study includes both massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars and low-mass He stars that have lost their envelope through interaction with a companion. For these low-mass He stars we predict mass-loss rates that are an order of magnitude smaller than by extrapolation of empirical WR mass-loss rates. Our lower mass-loss rates make it harder for these elusive stripped stars to be discovered via line emission, and we should attempt to find these stars through alternative methods instead. Moreover, lower mass-loss rates make it less likely that low-mass He stars provide stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe) of type Ibc. We express our mass-loss predictions as a function of L and Z and not as a function of the He abundance, as we do not consider this physically astute given our earlier work. The exponent of the Ṁ versus Z dependence is found to be 0.61, which is less steep than relationships derived from recent empirical atmospheric modelling. Our shallower exponent will make it more challenging to produce “heavy” black holes of order 40 M⊙, as recently discovered in the gravitational wave event GW 150914, making low metallicity for these types of events even more necessary.
Constitutional Developments: Kings and Cortes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

By the mid-fourteenth century there was as yet no royal theocracy in the Castilian realms which embodied in itself the principle of legislative sovereignty. Yet Castilian—Leonese kingship was strong enough to contrast with the constitutionalism of the Crown of Aragon where, by the end of the reign of Peter IV (1336–87), the exercise of royal power was clearly limited by law and by the establishment of controls and checks on monarchical government. As the momentum of the reconquest slackened from the mid-thirteenth century onwards, the frontier dominated political life to a lesser extent. In accounting for these constitutional divergences, therefore, less attention will be devoted to the theme of the frontier, and much of this chapter will deal with issues which continued to dominate political life during the later medieval period.
Effect of muscle stretch during isometric contraction on the time-course or relaxation in mammalian myocardium.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of stretch on the time-course of relaxation has been investigated in rat papillary muscle. In control conditions, a quick stretch carried out at or after the peak of an isometric twitch promotes an earlier and faster relaxation. Following inotropic interventions which decelerate the activation decay rate (caffeine addition and Ca2+ replacement with Sr2+) the onset and time-course of relaxation are unaffected by the stretch.
Blending Boundaries in the New Normal: Leveraging Technology, AI and Global Perspectives in Modern Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the dynamic landscape of modern education, the "New Normal" demands innovative approaches to adapt and thrive. This qualitative study explores the integration of technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and global perspectives in blended learning within the context of the "New Normal" in higher education. Through an in-depth literature review and a robust theoretical framework, the research delves into the potentials and challenges of blended learning, AI in education, and international perspectives on teaching and learning. The researcher employed a phenomenological research design and conducted document analysis of scientific books, journals, magazines, research, and online sources, considering the constraints of the "New Normal." Findings revealed five significant themes: (1) Pedagogical Shifts in the "New Normal", (2) Technological Adaptability and Digital Literacy, (3) Digital Equity and Inclusivity, (4) AI in Personalized Learning, and (5) Fostering Global Perspectives and Collaborative Learning. The study contributes to the field by offering valuable insights into enhancing blended learning, embracing AI, and fostering global perspectives in the rapidly evolving educational landscape. By addressing the limitations of the research, this study invites further exploration to revolutionize modern education and embrace the transformative potentials of technology, AI, and global perspectives in the "New Normal."
Irradiation-induced permeability in pyrocarbon coatings. Final report of work conducted under PWS FD-12

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Two US irradiation experiments were planned to provide information to supplement data from the German program on irradiation-induced permeability in pyrocarbon coatings. Hopefully, the data from both programs could be combined to define the onset of neutron-induced permeability in a variety of Biso coatings produced with different process variables (coating temperature, coating gases, and coating rates). The effort was not successful. None of the preirradiation characterization procedures were able to adequately predict irradiation performance. A large amount of within-batch scatter was observed in the fission gas and cesium release data along with significant within-batch variation in coating properties. Additional preirradiation characterization might result in a procedure that could successfully predict irradiation performance, but little can be done about the within-batch variation in coating properties. This variation is probably the result of random movement of particles within the coating furnace during pyrocarbon deposition. 19 figures, 4 tables.
Insulin‐induced gene 2 expression correlates with colorectal cancer metastasis and disease outcome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide accounting for ∼9% of cancer‐related deaths, 90% of which are due to metastasis resulting from resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, it is imperative to develop novel biomarkers of CRC. Insulin‐induced gene 2 ( INSIG2 ) has been previously reported to be a negative regulator of cholesterol synthesis and was recently identified as a putative‐positive prognostic biomarker for colon and pancreatic cancer prognosis. Even though it has been suggested as a colon cancer biomarker and as an inhibitor of Bax‐mediated apoptosis, the role of INSIG2 in CRC is elusive. We initially validated that INSIG2 is a gene with univariate‐negative prognostic capacity to discriminate human colon cancer survivorship and that if present along with adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) gene mutations further decrease overall survival. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies of INSIG2 showed that the gene product is responsible for inducing migration and invasion and maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype in vitro and metastasis in vivo . Interestingly, loss of INSIG2 did not affect tumorigenic potential per se , but affected hepatic invasion in a xenograft assay. Our findings reinforce that INSIG2 is a novel colon cancer biomarker, and suggest, for the first time, an exclusive connection between INSIG2 and metastatic dissemination without any effect on tumorigenesis. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 68(1):65–71, 2016
MUSCULAR ACTIVITY UNDERLYING VENTILATION AND SWIMMING IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB,LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS(LINNAEUS)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Ventilatory and swimming movements in Limulus polyphemus are described and the underlying muscular activity is analyzed.2. Ventilatory and swimming muscle activity in gill plates consists of repetitive, metachronal bursts in both extensor and flexor muscles beginning in the caudal gill plate muscles and proceeding sequentially forward.3. Ventilatory muscle bursts are approximately symmetrical, being of relatively long duration, small amplitude and long intersegmental delay, affecting exclusively the gill plate musculature.4. Hyperventilation involves the active participation of the genital operculum in the rhythmic cycle. Rapidly decreasing intersegmental delay, increasing muscle burst amplitude and transition in the muscle burst shapes accompany decreasing interburst intervals.5. Swimming movements consist of comparatively high frequency, large amplitude excursions of the gill plates, genital operculum and, to various degrees, the walking legs. Metachronous, high amplitude, square shaped muscle bursts, which proceed rostrally with a short intersegmental delay, are responsible for these propulsive movements.6. Swimming movements of the gill plates require descending information from the brain, whereas the neural circuitry required for ventilation and hyperventilation is endogenous to the opisthosomal ganglia.7. The pacemaker function for swimming and ventilatory movements may be served by any of the five involved opisthosomal ganglia if its caudal connectives are severed.8. The ventilatory coordinating mechanism is not polarized; whichever ganglion functions as the pacemaker, the wave of excitation propagates both rostrally and caudally, sequentially exciting neighboring ganglia.
"Public Vs. Private Firms: Energy Efficiency, Toxic Emissions And Abatement Spending"

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we examine the effect of ownership status on three environmentally relevant variables: energy efficiency, toxic emissions and spending on pollution abatement. Prior research has demonstrated that public firms invest less than private firms and suggests this difference in investment behavior is due to ‘short-termism’ - pressure from capital markets to strongly favor short over long term earnings. We extend this logic to other firm behavior, examining whether publicly owned plants invest in energy efficiency and pollution reduction differently than privately owned plants. Using data from the US Census of Manufactures from 1980-2009, linked with information on pollution from the EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) and pollution abatement spending from the PACE survey, we find some evidence that publicly owned plants are less energy efficient, release more toxic emissions and spend less on pollution abatement than their privately owned counterparts. We also examine how different sources of external pressures alter these results and find that increased regulatory scrutiny is correlated with increased energy efficiency, toxic emissions and abatement spending. More concentrated institutional ownership in public firms is associated with lower energy efficiency as is a greater brand focus. These latter results are broadly consistent with the idea that publicly owned firms respond to pressures from capital markets with a reduced focus on environmentally relevant variables.
A modified barrier system for maintenance of Pasteurella-free rabbits.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A modified barrier system for maintaining Pasteurella multocida-free rabbits in an animal facility also housing Pasteurella multocida-infected rabbits was implemented. All research and laboratory animal technical personnel performed their duties involving non-infected rabbits prior to working with infected rabbits housed in separate rooms of the facility. Bacterial culture data involving mature rabbits indicated a 17% infection rate when Pasteurella-free rabbits were housed in a conventional manner for 3-6 months prior to institution of the modified barrier. No transmission of Pasteurella multocida from infected to non-infected rabbits housed in separate rooms was observed during 6 months of maintenance after initiation of the modified barrier system.