jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Self-Driving Vehicles and Policy Implications: Current Status of Autonomous Vehicle Development and Minnesota Policy Implications

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Whether you call them self-driving, driverless, automated, or autonomous, these vehicles are on the move. Recent announcements by Google (which drove over 500,000 miles on its original prototype vehicles) and other major automakers indicate the potential for development in this area. Driverless cars are often discussed as “disruptive technology” with the ability to transform transportation infrastructure, expand access, and deliver benefits to a variety of users. Some observers estimate limited availability of driverless cars by 2020, with wide availability to the public by 2040. This Article includes examination of the current status of this technology, and the implications for road safety, capacity, travel behavior, and cost. This Article also considers the regulatory framework and policy challenges this technology may face. In particular, this Article presents a Minnesota perspective. As the Minnesota Department of Transportation implements the Twenty-Year Minnesota State Highway Investment Plan and establishes priorities for the next several decades, state officials need information about the potential for this technology to transform Minnesota’s transportation system. The Metropolitan Council also needs to pay serious attention, as self-driving cars can potentially change the way we live and travel within the Council’s planning horizon. Additionally, Minnesota policymakers will need to consider whether current policy accommodates the deployment of this driverless technology. Finally, this Article summarizes the current consensus about self-driving vehicles, considers the implications for Minnesota, and suggests steps that policymakers in Minnesota can take to prepare for such technology.
Situation-Aware Workflow Engines for Adaptive Yet Constrained Human-AI Teaming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Hybrid intelligence (HI) demands approaches for adaptive yet reliable distributions of tasks in mixed teams of humans and agents powered by artificial intelligence (AI). In this context, task distributions must adhere to collaboration strategies that define appropriate levels of automation. Reliable compliance with these specifications could be met by employing workflow engines in HI systems that typically distribute tasks based on predefined instructions described by process models. To enable adaptivity in such systems, this paper proposes research on an approach that selects and configures process models with regard to an appropriate collaboration strategy before their execution by a workflow engine. In this context, the configuration of a process model focuses on allocating predefined tasks to suitable actors. As a fundamental theory of the developed approach, the proposed research will adopt a widely acknowledged model for dynamic decision-making based on situation awareness. To this end, it is considered to build a model that can be implemented through a shared representation for situation awareness. This serves as a basis for the development of mechanisms that decide on the selection and configuration of process models. So far, only preparatory work has been done.
Reflectance anisotropy spectra of Cu and Ag (110) surfaces fromab initiotheory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Reflectance anisotropy spectra of Cu and Ag (110) surfaces are obtained by ab initio calculations. We disentangle the effects of the intraband and interband parts of the bulk dielectric function in the spectra, splitting them further into components stemming from bulk and surface states. As in the case of semiconductor surfaces, transitions across bulk states yield large contributions. A good description of experimental results is obtained. We find evidence of a small surface dielectric anisotropy due to intraband transitions.
Preoperative cranial ultrasound findings in infants with major congenital heart disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Advances in diagnostic testing and surgical techniques have resulted in reduced mortality in neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) and a major concern for neurological morbidity in the presence of preoperative neurological injury. Objectives: To determine the incidence and nature of preoperative cerebral ultrasound abnormalities in neonates with major CHD and to examine the relationship between cerebral abnormalities and the type of CHD. Methods: Retrospective study; inclusion criteria: (1) neonates with major CHD admitted to the NICU over a 3-y period, (2) gestational age > 35 wk, (3) documented preoperative cranial ultrasound available; exclusion criteria: (1) small for gestational age, (2) other congenital anomalies and/or chromosomal abnormalities, (3) a 5-min Apgar score < 7, (4) congenital infection. Cranial ultrasounds (CUS) were reviewed without knowledge of the cardiac defect. CHDs were categorized. Results: Fifty of 108 neonates with CHD met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-one patients (42%) had abnormalities on CUS. Thirteen of these (26%) had widened ventricular and/or subarachnoid spaces, three (6%) lenticulostriate vasculopathy, one (2%) calcification in the basal nuclei, and four (8%) had acute ischaemic changes. Cerebral abnormalities occurred more frequendy in patients with coarctation or hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) than transposition of the great arteries (TGA) (63% vs 14%; n.s.). Conclusion: There is a high incidence of preoperative cerebral ultrasound abnormalities in this group of neonates with major CHD.
Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Penyakit Jantung Koroner pada Pasien di Unit Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Panti Rapih Yogyakarta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Is a condition when the arteries that supply blood to the heart wall experience hardening and narrowing. It is estimated that 30% of coronary heart disease causes death worldwide. Objective: This study aims to determine the risk factors for CHD in Panti Rapih Hospital. Methods: This descriptive study aims to determine the risk factors for CHD in outpatients at Panti Rapih Hospital. The population is patients who have been diagnosed with coronary heart disease and the sample was taken by 50 respondents with non-random accidental sampling technique. This research take the data use questionnaire and make univariat analysis. Results: Risk factors for CHD are a number of factors that cannot be changed: family history of 42%, age = 40 years 95% in men and 95% age = 65 years in women. Factors that can be changed are: Smoking 78%, history of hypertension 68%, history of diabetes mellitus 28%, dyslipidemic 90%, excess body weight42% and lack of exercise 38%. Conclusion: Risk factors for CHD that cannot be changed: family history of 42%, age = 40 years 95% in men and 95% age = 65 years in women. Factors that can be changed are: Smoking 78%, history of hypertension 68%, history of diabetes mellitus 28%, dyslipidemic 90%, excess body weight 42% and lack of exercise 38%. Keywords: coronary heart disease, risk factors
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Assessment of some Groundwaters in Al-Khoarah, Rabigh Governorate, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Before using well water for human health maintenance, its quality and compatibility for human and agricultural consumption require regular evaluation.Thus, ten water samples were collected from ten wells scattered in the area of Al-Khoarah of Rabigh, Makkah Province, Saudia Arabia.Samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, including salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), anions (F -1 , NO, Cl -1 ), Cations (K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) and heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Be, Ba, As, Al, Ag, Zn, Sb, Se, Pb, Hg & Cu).In addition, bacteriological assessment (Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria & total bacterial count) was addressed in this study.The physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses were compared to the standards of the World Health Organization, the Saudi Standards Organization (SASO), and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCCS).Following WHO guidelines, the total hardness, EC, and salinity of water samples from all wells were significantly higher than the permissible limits.The anions were found to be below the WHO's acceptable standards for drinking water quality; whereas, the cations exceeded the WHO's allowable limits.Six water wells were contaminated with fecal coliform bacteria, suggesting that the water was unsafe for human consumption.
The expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in colorectal cancer and its clinical significance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To investigate the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in several colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, in order to demonstrate its clinical significance therein. Methods CXCR4 mRNA expression in 8 CRC cell lines was detected by RT-PCR, and the protein expression was detected by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect CXCR4 expression in a tissue array comprising 54 cases of normal intestinal mucosa and 50 cases of colorectal cancer tissues. Results CXCR4 mRNA was highly expressed in the HT29 CRC cell line, lowly expressed in the HCT116 cell line, and moderately expressed in the SW480, SW620, Colo205, LoVo, CaCO2 and SW1116 cell lines. The expression of CXCR4 protein was significantly higher in CRC tissues than that in normal intestinal mucosa (P=0.000). CXCR4 expression in metastatic CRC was higher than that in CRC without metastasis (P=0.024). Conclusions CXCR4 plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of CRC, and may be considered as a potential therapeutic target of metastatic CRC.
AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LEARNING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research aims to determine the phenomenon of authentic assessment implementation in improving learning quality. Assessment is an important aspect of knowing the quality of a learning process. The learning quality is very determined by the assessment patterns used in educational institutions. Indonesia is one of the countries that uses authentic assessment. An authentic assessment goes into the 2013 curriculum structure. But today's phenomenon that the assessments still used by some educators is a traditional assessment. Traditional assessment is unable to improve the quality of learning so that it implicates the quality of education. Quality of education becomes the main function to prepare future generations that are characteristic and have a high competitiveness. This prompted us to study the traditional assessment shift into an authentic assessment. Assessments are able to improve learning quality. The method used in this study uses library research or research literature. This study uses a qualitative approach. With observation collecting techniques, interviews, and documentation. The study concluded that authentic assessments with project-based learning and problem based learning approach are able to improve the learning quality, giving positive implications for the development of human resources. For example: building competence, confident, critical thinking, innovative, and making work in the form of products. Thus, an authentic assessment (project based learning, problem based learning, and product assessment) is able to improve the quality of learning so as to give implications for the development of human resources in the future.
The Association Between Stress Levels and Body Mass Index Among University Students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Upon reaching the university level, all students face a new learning environment, which may be a very stressful experience. If this situation is not handled properly, it can cause stress and other psychological problems, which can affect students' performance and result in unhealthy coping mechanisms like eating disorders. The objective of this research is to inspect the association between stress levels and variations in body mass index among students at Wasit University, in addition to other socio-demographic factors such as student gender, age group, marital status, and college they study. A self-administered questionnaire containing three components: The socio-demographic background, perceived stress scale (comprising 10 questions, widely used to assess stress levels), and social habits were given to 822 students from different colleges at Wasit University. The majority of students had moderate stress 640 participants (77.86%). Very few students were found to have severe stress levels 172 participants (20.92%) and only 10 participants (1.22%) showed low stress levels. Academic-related stress had the highest prevalence in this population (33.7%). Stress was not found significant in any particular body mass index category. More than half of the participants (61%) had normal weight, 24% were overweight, 8% were underweight, and 7% were obese. The results of this study showed that, although the majority of students had moderate stress levels, mostly academic, there is no association between weight and this stress. Stress levels may be related to the type of college attended, fewer hours of studying, and fast-food intake.
Global Trends of the Teacher Knowledge of Physical Education: A Bibliometric Analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Physical Education is an important subject in the formal education curriculum in Malaysia also the development of teacher professionalism to face the 21st century education. The bibliometric methods can help researchers and educators understand the important of the research. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the bibliometric characteristics of motivation in the field of Physical Education from 1989 to 2021 that try to discover the related research context and topics. Methods: By using the keywords “physical education” and “teacher knowledge”, the bibliographic records and references have been retrieved from the Scopus databases (date of search: July 15, 2022). The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel for frequency analysis, VOSviewer for data visualisation, and Harzing's Publish or Perish for citation metrics and analysis. Bibliometrics' large picture is also provided. Finding: This study analysed the progression of teacher expertise in physical education research, based on source title, country, and institution, and the publication's citation pattern. This document recognises notable researchers. The data show that physical education teacher knowledge has been extensively distributed and has had a significant influence, since the number of publications outside of Europe, in North America and Asia, has grown. Practical implications: The paper will identify the leading trends in the journal in terms of papers, authors, institutions, countries, journals and keywords. This study is useful for obtaining a quick snapshot of what is happening in the journal. Conclusion/ Significant of Study: The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the global landscape of research on physical education teacher knowledge. Keywords: physical education, PE, teacher knowledge, bibliometric analysis
Dynamic kin selection

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When an animal performs an action that has consequences both for its own fitness and that of a relative, Hamilton’s rule tells us that the action will be favoured by natural selection if br > c, where c is the cost to the animal that performs the action (the ‘actor’), b is the benefit to its relative (the ‘recipient’), and r is the relatedness of the two individuals. We consider a period of time ending at T during which the actor makes a series of decisions. We show that the strategy predicted by Hamilton’s rule maximizes a particular form of the fitness function defined at T. Furthermore, each decision taken during the interval can be characterized by a form of Hamilton’s rule in which b depends not only on the state of the recipient but also on the state of the actor; similarly c depends on the states of both animals. We illustrate this with two schematic examples based on the actor controlling the delivery of food to itself and a relative.
Test on the Anti-inflammatory Action and the Toxic Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine Prescription

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The methods of mice ear-swelling and granulation tissue hyperplasia of mice induced by tampon were adopted to study the anti-inflammatory action of pure traditional Chinese herbal medicine for dairy cow mastitis,and improved Karbr was adopted to study the toxic effect of the Chinese herbal medicine prescription with LD50 as the evaluate index of the acute toxicity strength.The test results indicated that the Chinese herbal medicine prescription to mice ear swell were 10.41,9.26,8.82 mg,respectively in the three test groups(high dosage,middle dosage and low dosage of the prescription).There had significant difference between the control group(12.52 mg) and test groups(P0.05).Mice granulation tissue hyperplasia in the Chinese herbal medicine prescription groups were 11.21,10.71,8.83 mg,respectively.There had significant difference between the control group(12.63 mg) and test groups(P0.05).In the actute toxicity test,none mouse was dead,so the LD50 of the prescription were more than 60000 mg/kg·bw.The results showed that the anti-inflammation action of the Chinese herbal medicine prescription was significantly effective for both of active and chronic inflammation period.The Chinese herbal medicine prescription belongs to a practical innoxious substance and can be used in the clinical research.
Attack politics from Albania to Zimbabwe: A large-scale comparative study on the drivers of negative campaigning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is little comparative research on what causes candidates in elections across the world to ‘go negative’ on their rivals – mainly because of the scarcity of large-scale datasets. In this article, we present new evidence covering over 80 recent national elections across the world (2016–2018), in which more than 400 candidates competed. For the first time in a large-scale comparative setting, we show that, ceteris paribus, negativity is more likely for challengers, extreme candidates, and right-wing candidates. Women are not more (or less) likely to go negative on their rivals than their male counterparts, but we find that higher numbers of female MPs in the country reduces negativity overall. Furthermore, women tend to go less negative in proportional systems and more negative in majoritarian systems. Finally, negativity is especially low for candidates on the left in countries with high female representation, and higher for candidates on the right in countries with proportional representation (PR).
Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a Source of Polyphenolic Antioxidants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The possibility of utilising chopped and deseeded carob pods (kibbles) as a source of polyphenolic antioxidants was examined by performing extractions with various solvent systems, in order to evaluate and optimize the conditions for the recovery of polyphenols. Maximum quantities of polyphenolic components were found in 80 % acetone extracts, as evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and total flavanol content. By contrast, ethyl acetate was inefficient in extracting polyphenols. The assessment of the antioxidant potency of carob pod extracts employing two characteristic in vitro models showed that carobs contain polyphenols with appreciable antiradical and reducing properties. The values obtained were compared to the data on red wines and pure polyphenolic antioxidants.
Mechanical bowel preparation before gynecologic laparoscopic procedures: Is it time to abandon this practice?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim To examine the influence of mechanical bowel preparation on surgical field visualization and patients' quality of life during benign gynecologic laparoscopic procedures. Methods A single blind, randomized, controlled trial was undertaken with laparoscopic gynecologic surgical patients to one of the following three groups: liquid diet on the preoperative day; mechanical bowel preparation with oral polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution; minimal residue diet for 3 days. Primary outcomes included assessment of the condition of small and large bowel and the overall quality of the surgical field. Additional measures included assessment of patients' preoperative symptoms, tolerance of the preparation method and compliance to the protocol, postoperative symptoms and bowel function. Results One hundred forty‐four patients were randomized as follows: 49 to liquid diet, 47 to mechanical bowel preparation, and 48 to minimal residue diet. Most characteristics were similar across groups. The intraoperative surgical view and the condition of large and small bowel were equal or inferior at the patients who received mechanical bowel preparation compared with the other groups. The 4‐point Likert scale scoring for small bowel (2.51 vs. 2.72 vs. 2.81, p = 0.04), large bowel (2.26 vs. 2.38 vs. 2.48, p = 0.32) and overall operative field quality (2.34 vs. 2.67 vs. 2.67, p = 0.03) demonstrated no advantage from the use of preoperative mechanical bowel preparation over liquid diet and minimal residue diet, respectively. Preoperative discomfort was significantly greater in the mechanical bowel preparation group. Conclusion Mechanical bowel preparation before gynecologic laparoscopic operations for benign pathology could be safely abandoned. Clinical Trial Registration ISRCTN registry, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN59502124 (No 59502124).
Practical Incremental Gradient Method for Large-Scale Problems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Stochastic algorithms have become more and more popular in the minimization of finite sums due to their efficiency and effectiveness. Recent advances include the stochastic average gradient algorithm, the stochastic variance reduced gradient algorithm, and the SAGA algorithm, a set of incremental gradient algorithm. However, both the stochastic average gradient algorithm and the SAGA algorithm require to store gradients for each sample, which is expensive and impractical especially in the case of large scale problems. To the best of our knowledge, existing memory-free algorithm like the stochastic variance reduced gradient algorithm might not be efficient (fast) enough in this case. Taking these into account, we propose a new optimisation algorithm in this class with low memory requirement but still achieves faster convergence rate than the state-of-the-art, called Practical SAGA. Remarkly, as a variant of the SAGA algorithm, the Practical SAGA algorithm enjoys the advantages of the SAGA algorithm, for example, supports non-strongly convex problems directly. Extensive experiments on four benchmarks show the efficiency and effectiveness of the Practical SAGA.
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR subcommittee on Corticotropin-releasing Factor Receptors [34]) receptors are activated by the endogenous peptides corticotrophin-releasing hormone, a 41 amino-acid peptide, urocortin 1, 40 amino-acids, urocortin 2, 38 amino-acids and urocortin 3, 38 amino-acids. CRF1 and CRF2 receptors are activated non-selectively by CRH and UCN. CRF2 receptors are selectively activated by UCN2 and UCN3. Binding to CRF receptors can be conducted using radioligands [125I]Tyr0-CRF or [125I]Tyr0-sauvagine with Kd values of 0.1-0.4 nM. CRF1 and CRF2 receptors are non-selectively antagonized by α-helical CRF, D-Phe-CRF-(12-41) and astressin. CRF1 receptors are selectively antagonized by small molecules NBI27914, R121919, antalarmin, CP 154,526, CP 376,395. CRF2 receptors are selectively antagonized by antisauvagine and astressin 2B.