jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Snow-Melt Water to the Streamflow over the Three-River Headwater Region, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Snowmelt water is essential to the water resources management over the Three-River Headwater Region (TRHR), where hydrological processes are influenced by snowmelt runoff and sensitive to climate change. The objectives of this study were to analyse the contribution of snowmelt water to the total streamflow (fQ,snow) in the TRHR by applying a snowmelt tracking algorithm and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. The ratio of snowfall to precipitation, and the variation of the April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) associated with fQ,snow, were identified to analyse the role of snowpack in the hydrological cycle. Prior to the simulation, the VIC model was validated based on the observed streamflow data to recognize its adequacy in the region. In order to improve the VIC model in snow hydrology simulation, Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer E (ASMR-E) SWE product data was used to compare with VIC output SWE to adjust the snow parameters. From 1971 to 2007, the averaged fQ,snow was 19.9% with a significant decreasing trend over entire TRHR (p < 0.05).The influence factor resulted in the rate of change in fQ,snow which were different for each sub-basin TRHR. The decreasing rate of fQ,snow was highest of 0.24%/year for S_Lantsang, which should be due to the increasing streamflow and the decreasing snowmelt water. For the S_Yangtze, the increasing streamflow contributed more than the stable change of snowmelt water to the decreasing fQ,snow with a rate of 0.1%/year. The April 1 SWE with the minimum value appearing after 2000 and the decreased ratio of snowfall to precipitation during the study period, suggested the snow solid water resource over the TRHR was shrinking. Our results imply that the role of snow in the snow-hydrological regime is weakening in the TRHR in terms of water supplement and runoff regulation due to the decreased fQ,snow and snowfall.
Owning Your Actions as an Individual

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract People often have mixed feelings, ambivalence, and conflicting impulses. Yet they act as an individual, that is, an entity that cannot be divided. Somehow inner conflict gets resolved to permit a single response. The popular expression to “own” one’s actions is to accept full responsibility for having done them, despite inner conflict and uncertainty. Free will is involved in this resolving of inner conflict so as to make a whole-hearted action. This topic remains understudied, but this chapter does draw on evidence from neuroscience (including the classic split-brain studies) as well as philosophy, psychopathology, and moral and legal systems to develop the importance of recognizing that free will means acting as a unified self.
Enhancing economic efficiency in modular production systems through deep reinforcement learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In times of increasingly complex production processes and volatile customer demands, the production adaptability is crucial for a company's profitability and competitiveness. The ability to cope with rapidly changing customer requirements and unexpected internal and external events guarantees robust and efficient production processes, requiring a dedicated control concept at the shop floor level. Yet in today's practice, conventional control approaches remain in use, which may not keep up with the dynamic behaviour due to their scenario-specific and rigid properties. To address this challenge, deep learning methods were increasingly deployed due to their optimization and scalability properties. However, these approaches were often tested in specific operational applications and focused on technical performance indicators such as order tardiness or total throughput. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning based production control to optimize combined techno-financial performance measures. Based on pre-defined manufacturing modules that are supplied and operated by multiple agents, positive effects were observed in terms of increased revenue and reduced penalties due to lower throughput times and fewer delayed products. The combined modular and multi-staged approach as well as the distributed decision-making further leverage scalability and transferability to other scenarios.
Antiproliferative and cytotoxic secondary metabolites from fruits of Leplaea mayombensis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Two new seco-lanostane-type triterpenes, named mayomlactones A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the fruits of Leplaea mayombensis together with 10 known compounds (3-12). Structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic studies. Except compounds 11 and 12, all the other chemical compounds are newly reported from Leplaea genus. From the results of this investigation, compounds 1-10 were examined for antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells as well as cytotoxicity against 3T3 cell line. Compounds 3 and 4 showed moderate antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 10.4 ± 0.1 and 18.6 ± 0.2 μM, respectively. On the other hand, compounds 1, 4 and 9 showed weak cytotoxicity with IC50 values 44.1 ± 0.5, 55.8 ± 0.7 and 55.1 ± 0.5 μM. Overall, none of the tested compounds showed good selectivity (SI ranging from 0.51 to 3.06) but high toxicity against the 3T3 cell line.
Pandora box: The eurozone and the euro crisis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The global economy has experienced considerable turbulence since 2007. The financial crisis has been viewed as the trigger for a prolonged period of economic decline. This decline remains an issue for all member states of the European Union, the eurozone and beyond. We argue genesis of this crisis lies in the integration negotiations of 1991, ratified in 1992. These produced a flawed economic model within the eurozone. Given the seeds of decay were planted at origin; we argue the solution can be found through a reconstructed eurozone via looser integration, where countries less equipped to deal with the realities of closer integration will be economically independent.
Early childhood pedagogy in a Ghanaian socio-cultural medley: A case study of two Kindergarten classrooms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a quest for quality-driven early childhood education settings, it is important to explore subtleties that define socio-culturally-relevant pedagogy that is often ignored in scholarly literature. To address this gap in literature, a qualitative multi-case study approach was used to explore four Kindergarten teachers views regarding early childhood pedagogy over a six-month in Kindergarten classrooms in Tata School and at Kariba School. This study sought to establish "Why does children's socio-cultural contexts influence choice of pedagogy in kindergarten classrooms". The study was framed by Bronfenbrenner's framework, ecological theory. The sources of data comprised semi-structured individual interviews, pair-interviews and field notes of classrooms observations. Both within and across case interpretative analysis was used. The study established that, participants in the two cases perceived that a socio-cultural context-based pedagogy such as learning materials, storytelling, traditional songs and traditional rhymes supported children's development in terms of their understanding of concepts, language development, cognitive and moral development, respectively.
The Roles of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment Associated with Inflammation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

State of tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely linked to regulation of tumor growth and progression affecting the final outcome, refractoriness, and relapse of disease. Interactions of tumor, immune, and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been recognized as crucial for understanding tumorigenesis. Due to their outstanding features, stem cell-like properties, capacity to regulate immune response, and dynamic functional phenotype dependent on microenvironmental stimuli, MSCs have been perceived as important players in TME. Signals provided by tumor-associated chronic inflammation educate MSCs to alter their phenotype and immunomodulatory potential in favor of tumor-biased state of MSCs. Adjustment of phenotype to TME and acquisition of tumor-promoting ability by MSCs help tumor cells in maintenance of permissive TME and suppression of antitumor immune response. Potential utilization of MSCs in treatment of tumor is based on their inherent ability to home tumor tissue that makes them suitable delivery vehicles for immune-stimulating factors and vectors for targeted antitumor therapy. Here, we review data regarding intrusive effects of inflammatory TME on MSCs capacity to affect tumor development through modification of their phenotype and interactions with immune system.
Recent Glacier Variations of the Hielos Patagónicos, South America, and Their Contribution to Sea-level Change

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Area variations of outlet glaciers of the Hielos Patagónicos (Patagonia icefields), South America, since 1944/45, are summarized, and the volume of ice loss due to recession and thinning estimated, in order to derive the contribution of the Patagonian glaciers to sea-level change. For the Hielo Patagónico Norte (HPN), variations of 22 outlet glaciers were studied for the period between 1944/45 and 1995/96. Until 1990, most glaciers retreated at increasing rates; however, since then, the retreat has slowed down. The total area loss of the HPN due to frontal recession is about 64 km2. From the estimated ice thickness and thinning rates, a total ice loss of 152–310 km3 was obtained for the 51 yr.In the Hielo Patagónico Sur (HPS), 48 outlet glaciers were studied for the period between 1944/45 and 1985/86. Most glaciers have been retreating, with a few remaining almost stagnant, but two glaciers, Pío XI and Perito Moreno, showed a net advance. The total area loss of the HPS due to recession was about 200 km2. From the estimated ice thickness and thinning rates, a total ice loss was 285–670 km3 for the period of 1945–1986. With a simple linear extrapolation to the period of 1945–1996, figures of 355–833 km3 were obtained. The total volume reduction of the HPN and HPS is therefore roughly 825 ± 320 km3 for the 51-yr period. This amount roughly translates into a world-wide sea-level rise of 1.93 ± 0.75 mm, or 0.038 mm yr−1 since 1944/45, which accounts for 3.6% of the total sea-level change.Analyses of climatic data at several Chilean and Argentinean meteorological stations located around the icefield revealed a slight increase in air temperature and a decrease in precipitation over the last 40 to 50 yr. Other factors affecting the variation include calving status, the ratio of the accumulation area to the total area (AAR), the gradient of the glacier surface near the equilibrium line (EL), and subglacial topography.
Sensitivity ofProstephanus truncatus(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Flight Activity to Environmental Variables in Benin, West Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Based on pheromone trap catches, a model of weekly Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) flight activity was generated for southern Benin. Using response surface regression, the following environmental variables were examined: number of rainy days per week, precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures, minimum relative air humidity, and daylength. A time-variable, year, was included to account for the variance between years. From step-wise exclusion of variables with the lowest contribution to the model fit, a model was generated which included three environmental variables (daylength, minimum relative air humidity, and minimum temperature) that explained 55% of the total variance, and the yearly variable explaining 8%. The response surface regression analysis of P. truncatus flight activity revealed the following: (1) it was positively correlated with daylength when daily minimum temperature and relative air humidity were low, (2) it was positively associated with minimum relative air humidity when lower than 75%, (3) it was negatively associated with minimum temperature, (4) unexplained yearly variation was important for the predictive strength of the model, (5) interactions of environmental variables contributed substantially to the model fit, and (6) precipitation, both as mm rain and as number of rainy days, had little influence on P. truncatus flight activity. Independent data showed that the model predicted P. truncatus flight activity well elsewhere in southern Benin, whereas in central Benin new coefficients for the same environmental variables were needed to produce an adequate prediction. The model did not fit pheromone baited trap catches from northern Benin.
A new dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (vanillyl alcohol dehydrogenase) from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila M402 purification, identification of reaction product and substrate specificity.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A new dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (vanillyl alcohol dehydrogenase) was purified to homogeneity from cells of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain M402 grown aerobically on vanillyl alcohol. The reaction product from vanillyl alcohol was identified as vanillin as judged by its melting point, elemental analysis and IR, mass and NMR spectra. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be approximately 72, 000 as determined by gel filtration and the isoelectric point was pH 6.01. The most characteristic feature of this enzyme is its wide substrate specificity range. The enzyme catalyzes the dehydrogenation of various aromatic and aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes with phenazine methosulfate as electron acceptor. The active substrates of this enzyme are as follows: Vanillyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, aliphatic alcohols of C2 to G8, trans-cinnamaldehyde, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde. The highest activities were obtained with vanillyl alcohol, n-propanol and n-butanol at the same level. The apparent Km values were as follows: 112μm for vanillyl alcohol, 7μm for benzyl alcohol, 180μm for n-propanol, 14μm for n-butanol, 20μm for 2-phenoxyethanol, 12μM for 2-phenylethanol and 105μm for butyraldehyde. These activities were confirmed to be catalyzed by a single enzyme by activity staining on polyacrylamide gels. But the enzyme is completely inert on vanillin and methanol. Therefore, dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase is the most suitable name for this enzyme from R. acidophila M402 rather than vanillyl alcohol dehydrogenase or aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, but this enzyme is substantially different from the dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase from R. acidophila 10050 which is active on methanol.
Spatial water management under alternative institutional arrangements (A case study of coastal lands of Yengejeh Dam)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Currently, water demand management and optimal operation of its resources is one ofthe most important issues in environmental economics and management. Water demandmanagement has been a concern of economic planners as a new approach in environmentaleconomics. This study aims to investigate water demand management in different productmarkets in downstream of Yengejeh Dam in Neyshabur. This is an exploratory study innature which was conducted through a questionnaire survey in 2015-2016. The populationof this research is composed of all farmers who use water from Yengejeh Dam to irrigatetheir lands. Using Cochran formula at the level of 6% error, 139 farmers were selected asthe sample of this research randomly. A scenario of increasing the elasticity of productdemand in resource allocation in the competitive and monopolar water market wasdeveloped by assimilation algorithm in the studied region. According to the marketsituation of water in the region which is almost similar to monopolar water market, theresults suggest that if barley farmers replace cultivation of this crop and orient towardsexported products instead, the amount of product is reduced and farmers increase their yieldper hectare of land while using more water supply and more area under cultivation.
Preaching to the Coast (Mark 4: 1 )

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article explores the significance of Jesus’ preaching to the crowds beside the Sea of Galilee in the gospel of Mark in the light of OT references to the coastlands and to the mixed multitude in Ex. 12:38. Passages from Isaiah prove that coastlands, such as the shore of the Lake, will receive the Messiah’s message.
The Right to Liberty in the Field of Migration, Asylum and Borders

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The EU has adopted several legal instruments on immigration, asylum and borders. This legislation regulates many important aspects of these matters, including the way that Member States use detention in the context of the enforcement of their immigration and asylum laws. The right to liberty under Article 6 of the Charter applies to deprivations of liberty ordered in connection with a Member State’s implementation of EU law. Though EU-level regulation of detention is relatively recent, the CJEU has had several opportunities to elaborate on the content of the right to liberty in this context. This chapter examines how the CJEU has grappled with the competing interests of safeguarding the right to liberty and ensuring an effective system for immigration, asylum and borders in the EU. In so doing, it compares and contrasts the CJEU’s approach with the right to liberty under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the related case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The chapter concludes that, though the CJEU does in many cases keep its case law in line with that of the ECtHR, a distinct, EU-specific jurisprudence on the right to liberty is beginning to emerge.
How spatial release from masking may fail to function in a highly directional auditory system

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Spatial release from masking (SRM) occurs when spatial separation between a signal and masker decreases masked thresholds. The mechanically-coupled ears of Ormia ochracea are specialized for hyperacute directional hearing, but the possible role of SRM, or whether such specializations exhibit limitations for sound source segregation, is unknown. We recorded phonotaxis to a cricket song masked by band-limited noise. With a masker, response thresholds increased and localization was diverted away from the signal and masker. Increased separation from 6° to 90° did not decrease response thresholds or improve localization accuracy, thus SRM does not operate in this range of spatial separations. Tympanal vibrations and auditory nerve responses reveal that localization errors were consistent with changes in peripheral coding of signal location and flies localized towards the ear with better signal detection. Our results demonstrate that, in a mechanically coupled auditory system, specialization for directional hearing does not contribute to source segregation.
CASPER: A Space Mission Concept to Investigate Transient Luminous Events and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

As part of the Alpbach Summer School, a collaboration between FFG, ESA and ISSI, a team of students developed the F-class CASPER mission concept to investigate Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes (TGFs). These lightning-related plasma phenomena, first detected on Earth in 1989, typically occur in the mesosphere at an altitude between 50-100 km. The UVS instrument onboard the JUNO mission detected several similar events on Jupiter, and they are expected to also occur on other planets.The CASPER mission consists of two identical spacecraft, each of which will be equipped with three cameras in different wavelengths and four high speed sensors, the latter will function as triggers to start the data acquisition of higher resolution images. A system chosen to combat the transient characteristic of the events (lifetime < 300 ms). While three sensors will be taking measurements of photons, one will quantify the electron flux in order to constrain the role of TLEs and TGFs in the global electric circuit.The second great area of interest is the vertical structure of TLEs as well as their global distribution and occurrence rates. To achieve this, data will be captured using a two-satellite train in a sun-synchronous low earth orbit. The orbit is inclined at 98&#176; and the satellites are phased at an angle of 5.2&#176; to observe these events from two points of view simultaneously. The operational mission lifetime is five years, with a possible extension.
Large Scale Identification of the Missing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter describes the experiences of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) in conducting large-scale, DNA-based identification of the missing, discussed within the context of policy and historical developments underpinning today’s requirement for effective investigations when persons go missing. These developments include a shift to the rule of law and human rights reference framework as part of advancing state responsibility on the issue of the missing. The chapter takes note of historical as well as rule-of-law initiatives at the international level in the wake of the wars in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, including the creation of ICMP. Generally accepted as capable of establishing facts, forensic science, including DNA analysis, has become a centerpiece of effective investigations in the pursuit of justice at the individual and societal levels. However, access to forensic science is not universal, largely due to cost. The chapter discusses two limitations on using DNA to identify missing persons that drive cost: the use of kinship analysis and degraded DNA. DNA analysis through next generation sequencing (NGS), or massive parallel sequencing (MPS), will likely redress both shortcomings. In ICMP’s experience, innovation, research, and dedication can contribute to a more effective approach to accounting for missing persons; this in turn will contribute more broadly to the pursuit of justice and the advancement of human rights globally.
ANDROGENIC HAIR PATTERN RECOGNITION FOR BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Untuk dapat melakukan identifikasi pelaku kriminal atau pedofil pada kasus kejahatan seksual anak-anak yang tertangkap kamera atau video digital menjadi tantangan yang sulit ketika wajah atau fitur unik dari kriminal tersebut tidak terlihat. Untuk dapat mengatasi kesulitan ini, telah dibangun sistem pengenalan berbasis pola rambut androgenik. Pola rambut androgenik menjadi ciri biometrik baru sejak tahun 2014. Terdapat 4 metode yang dibandingkan di dalam tesis ini, transformasi wavelet Haar, analisis komponen utama, skala ruang hierarki Gauss dan scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT). Untuk ketiga metode pertama, 400 gambar digital diuji untuk sistem pengenalan. Metode skala ruang Hierarki Gauss menghasilkan keakuratan presisi sistem terbaik yaitu 94,23 % menggunakan validasi silang 10-lipat dengan ekualisasi histogram. Metode ini mengalahkan transformasi wavelet Haar yang memberikan presisi 83,48 % dan analisis komponen utama yang menghasilkan 75,19 % presisi keakuratan. Desain sistem selanjutnya menggunakan versi basis data yang lebih kecil, 50 gambar digital dengan kondisi ekstrem hanya 2 variasi gambar yang diambil dari setiap responden. Untuk desain sistem terakhir ini, algoritma SIFT memberikan keakuratan presisi terbaik yaitu 38 % dan mengalahkan ketiga metode sebelumnya transformasi wavelet Haar, analisis komponen utama dan skala ruang Hierarki Gauss yang hanya menghasilkan sekitar 30-32% presisi keakuratan