jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Wars of National Liberation II

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is sometimes suggested that nuclear weapons technology has made the world safe for “wars of national liberation.” I don't happen to accept this proposition, but I do acknowledge that “wars of national liberation” are a prominent part of both the declaratory and action policies of the Communist world. The free world does not have the option of declining to respond to such wars. This is sufficient reason for attempts to assay the ethical issues they raise. Wars of liberation have been called “political wars.” I assume two different things are intended by this: on the one hand, that they have a larger political component than other wars in that they do emphasize or circumvent some of the more typical military missions such as seizing and holding territory; on the other hand, as compared with nuclear war, they seem more nearly to be. compatible with Clausewitx's dictum that war is a continuation of policy. There are difficulties with both notions, but I do acknowledge that wars of liberation are intimately related to the political purposes of their sponsors and that they do generally employ means aimed directly at political power and try to postpone or avoid military engagements as the determinants of their outcome.
Eco-Conscious Consumerism and Purchase Intention Towards Alternative Fuel Vehicles – An Examination

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The increasing urgency to stop climate change and lower greenhouse gas pollution has made Alternate Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) a popular way to travel that is also good for the environment. A wide range of vehicles are considered AFVs, such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and vehicles that run on biofuels or compressed natural gas (CNG). This kind of vehicle is made to use less fossil fuels, put out less CO2, and be a cleaner option to regular vehicles that run on petrol or diesel, However, despite the potential of AFVs, several challenges remain in promoting their widespread adoption. Additionally, in collectivistic societies like India, social norms play a major role in influencing the purchase intention of consumers. Therefore, getting inspiration from the Value-Belief-Norm Theory, this study tried to find out how eco-conscious consumers’ behavior influence their intention to purchase AFVs (personal values, attitudes, personal norms, social norms and purchase intention towards AFVs). Data was collected from 269 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The findings show that personal values, such as concern for the environment and social influences, like peer and societal expectations, play a significant role in encouraging consumers to choose AFVs.
2.The Legacy Fromjosephus

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The works of Josephus have been a great source of information on the Samaritans, ever since they were created. Even today-with an increased amount of material-Josephus constitutes a most valuable source from antiquity on this question. This chapter focuses on the legacy from him. He has influenced the image of the Samaritans in several ways, even their own image of themselves. Already in antiquity, Josephus influenced the understanding of the origin of the Samaritans. Some examples of this may be found in the church fathers. The Samaritans do not have to explain their origin, as they envisage themselves as descendants of the original Israel. Instead, the existence of the Jews demands explanation and this is found in the Chronicles.Keywords: church fathers; Josephus; Samaritans; the Chronicles
The teaching and culture of household Spanish: Understanding racist reproduction in ‘domestic’ discourse

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Inspired by Hill's work on the uses of Spanish among Anglo-Americans, this article exposes 'Household Spanish' as a discursive site for the reproduction of racism and social order. Also called 'domestic' discourse, this use of Spanish consists largely of one-way directives given by native English-speaking, middle-to-upper class homeowners who intend to 'communicate' with their Spanish-speaking housekeepers and gardeners. This domestic discourse has, for many years, been taught and sold as pocket-sized mini-textbooks; these are tremendously appreciated by busy, time-tied homeowners for their brevity and approachability. The author investigates one such text so popular that it has been newly republished. A critical look into Harvey's Household Spanish aims to provide an introduction to the teaching and culture of domestic discourse, including a historical overview of the US Spanish-speaking domestic labor force. Discussions of indexicality and the elevation of Whiteness follow, as well as, of course, close discourse analyses of particular Household Spanish examples.
Hak asuh anak pasca perceraian dalam perspektif hukum islam dan hukum positif di Indonesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses child custody rights after divorce from the perspective of Islamic law and civil law. The provisions regarding child custody are contained in Law no. 1 of 1974, stated in article 54 paragraph (2) "That parents are obliged to look after their children until they marry or can stand on their own". In the system that has prevailed in many communities, the responsibility for caring for children is more suited to a woman. Because this is because most women with a "feminine" temperament tend to care, as if this care is natural for a woman. And based on a hadith from the Prophet sallallaahu'Alaihi wa Sallam, he said: "You have the right to take care of him as long as you have not remarried." (HR. Abu Dawud). This hadith shows that a woman (mother) has the most right to care for her child when her husband divorces her. However, the right to hadhalah does not always fall to the mother, the husband also has the right to have the same rights as the mother, if the conditions for determining the mother do not meet the criteria for providing for the child's interests, such as being apostate, having no noble character, being crazy, and so on. Because when it comes to raising children, the first thing that must be considered is the interests of the child and having the ability and ability to provide a sense of security to children who are victims of divorce.
Big data differential analysis of microglial cell responses in neurodegenerative diseases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Microarray technology has become an indispensable tool for monitoring the levels of gene expression in a given organism through organization, analysis, interpretation, and utilization of biological sequences. Importantly, preliminary microarray gene expression differs from experimentally validated gene expression. Generally, microarray analysis of gene expression in microglial cells is used to identify genes in the brain and spinal cord that are responsible for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases; these genes are either upregulated or downregulated. In the present study, 770 genes identified in prior publications, including experimental studies, were analyzed to determine whether these genes encode novel disease genes. Among the genes published, 340 genes were matched among multiple publications, whereas 430 genes were mismatched; the matched genes were presumed to have the greatest likelihood of contributing to neurodegenerative diseases and thus to be potentially useful target genes for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In protein and mRNA expression studies, matched and mismatched genes showed 99% and 97% potentiality, respectively. In addition, some genes identified in microarray analyses were significantly different from those in experimentally validated expression patterns. This study identified novel genes in microglial cells through comparative analysis of published microarray and experimental data on neurodegenerative diseases.
FREE SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN HAPTOGLOBIN

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human haptoglobin of types 1-1 and 2-2 has been examined for its content of free sulfhydryl groups by two methods: (i) treatment of haptoglobin in the presence of 7.2 M guanidine hydrochloride with 14 C-iodoacetate followed by acid hydrolysis and determination of 14 C-carboxymethylcysteine content, and (ii) spectrophotometric titration of haptoglobin in the presence of 7.2 M guanidine hydrochloride with p-chloromercuribenzoate. By both methods, the content of free sulfhydryl was less than 1 equiv/10 5 g of protein.
Dutch doctors are told to be more aggressive in treating extremely premature babies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dutch doctors’ cautious approach, in comparison with their international colleagues, to intensive treatment of babies born at 24 weeks’ gestation is shifting as evidence grows that treatment offers a better chance of survival.

A new guideline from the Dutch Associations of Paediatrics and of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ordered by the ministry of health in 2007, recommends bringing forward the limit for starting treatment from 25 weeks’ to 24 weeks’ gestation.

The associations believe that “there are now enough medical reasons” to treat babies born at 24 weeks and so “give them a chance of survival.”

Its decision is based on “better possibilities for treatment in recent …
Negative co-operativity in the EGF receptor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Scatchard analyses of the binding of EGF (epidermal growth factor) to its receptor (EGFR) yield concave up Scatchard plots, indicative of some type of heterogenity in ligand-binding affinity. This was typically interpreted as being due to the presence of two independent binding sites: one of high affinity representing ≤10% of the receptor population, and one of low affinity making up the bulk of the receptors. However, the concept of two independent binding sites is difficult to reconcile with the X-ray structures of the dimerized EGFR that show symmetrical binding of the two ligands. A new approach to the analysis of 125I-EGF-binding data combined with the structure of the singly-occupied Drosophila EGFR have now shown that this heterogeneity is due to the presence of negative co-operativity in the EGFR. Concerns that negative co-operativity precludes ligand-induced dimerization of the EGFR confuse the concepts of linkage and co-operativity. Linkage refers to the effect of ligand on the assembly of dimers, whereas co-operativity refers to the effect of ligand binding to one subunit on ligand binding to the other subunit within a preassembled dimer. Binding of EGF to its receptor is positively linked with dimer assembly, but shows negative co-operativity within the dimer.
Investigating the Association Between miR-608 rs4919510 and miR-149 rs2292832 with Colorectal Cancer in Iranian Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our findings reveal that genotypes of rs2292832 and rs4919510 are not associated with risk of colorectal cancer in Iranian population. Moreover, the CC genotype of rs4919510 contributes to the metastatic features of the colorectal cancer.
MOESM1 of Role of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 in group 3 (MYC-driven) Medulloblastoma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The expression correlation of PRMT5gene with MYCgene in medulloblastoma. These data were analyzed using a Pifster(nÂ =â 223) cohort at R2-Genomics platform.
An Induced-Convection Effect Upon the Peak-Boiling Heat Flux

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An induced-convection effect upon the peak pool-boiling heat flux is identified and described. A method is developed for correlating this effect under conditions of variable gravity, pressure and size, as well as for various boiled liquids. The effect is illustrated, and the correlation verified, with a large number of peak heat-flux data obtained on a horizontal ribbon heater. The data, obtained in a centrifuge, embrace an 87-fold range of gravity, a 22-fold range of width, a 15-fold variation of reduced pressure, and five liquids.
Contributions of baro‐ and chemoreceptors in mediating the hypertensive response to bilateral carotid occlusion in conscious mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to characterize the hypertensive response to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) in conscious C57BL mice and differentiate the role played by baro‐ and chemoreceptors in this response. Under tribromoethanol anesthesia, mice were implanted with pneumatic cuffs around the common carotid arteries and a femoral artery catheter for measurement of arterial pressure. In the same surgery the mice were submitted to aortic (n=7) or carotid sinus (n=5) denervation, or sham surgery (n=6). BCO (30 s) elicited a prompt rise in mean arterial pressure that was sustained throughout the period of occlusion. The hypertensive response to BCO from sham‐operated mice (40±5 mmHg) was not significantly different than that observed in aortic‐denervated mice (48±3 mmHg), but was much greater than that observed in carotid sinus denervated mice (15±3 mmHg). In separate groups of mice, suppression of chemoreceptor activity by ventilation with 100% O 2 (PaO 2 >500 mmHg) attenuated the hypertensive response to BCO in sham‐operated mice (30±6 vs. 51±5 mmHg, n=7) but did not alter the response in carotid sinus denervated mice (20±4 vs. 18±3 mmHg, n=6). The results of the present study indicate that the hypertensive response to BCO in conscious mice is mediated by both baro‐ and chemoreceptors and, in contrast to the rat, the aortic baroreceptors play a minimal role in buffering the hypertensive response to BCO in mice. CNPq, FAEPA.
Negotiating Wage Settlements: A Structural Approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

While attracting a growing research attention, the wage determination process has largely been studied from an economic perspective. This study, in contrast, adopts a combined, economic and structural approach in an attempt to account for wage gains and concessions. This paper asks, which determinants, other than economic factors, may impact the outcomes of wage settlements? Given their economic and political environments, what are the choices available to parties pursuing the maximization of wage settlements? A logit analysis of 405 agreements filed with Alberta Labour, in 1987, shows that structural variables bear important impacts on the likelihood of wage negotiations to result in wage increases. This, in turn, carries important implications for union and management wage bargaining tactics which are also discussed.
Thresholding for Population-Level Polygenic Scores to Maximize Predictive Accuracy: iq and Educational Abilities.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Polygenic scores (PGS) are being used to predict group-level traits across time and space, hence proving useful to detect recent selection. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different p value thresholds on signal to noise ratio and predictive validity of polygenic scores, using the largest GWAS of educational attainment and cognition to date. Signal to noise ratio linearly decreases with p value, but this phenomenon is limited to Eurasians. There is a linear degradation of validity and population differentiation in allele frequencies with higher p values. However, compounded polygenic scores have a quadratic relationship with p value. A thresholding at or below the conventional GWAS significance (p<5*10-8) seems to maximize validity, corroborating earlier results. The highest correlation with population IQ is achieved by the Highest Math Class completed and the EDU MTAG PGS (r= 0.90 and 0.89, respectively). Using random SNPs, it is shown that correlations of this magnitude occur only once out of 46k trials. A table provides an empirical estimate of the rarity of the correlation coefficients and it is shown that they are a function of PGS size. Finally, an analogy between the noise contained in polygenic scores and physical instruments is put forward.
Global investigation of the co‐evolution of MIRNA genes and microRNA targets during soybean domestication

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary Although the selection of coding genes during plant domestication has been well studied, the evolution of MIRNA genes ( MIR s) and the interaction between micro RNA s (mi RNA s) and their targets in this process are poorly understood. Here, we present a genome‐wide survey of the selection of MIR s and mi RNA targets during soybean domestication and improvement. Our results suggest that, overall, MIR s have higher evolutionary rates than mi RNA targets. Nonetheless, they do demonstrate certain similar evolutionary patterns during soybean domestication: MIR s and mi RNA targets with high expression and duplication status, and with greater numbers of partners, exhibit lower nucleotide divergence than their counterparts without these characteristics, suggesting that expression level, duplication status, and mi RNA –target interaction are essential for evolution of MIR s and mi RNA targets. Further investigation revealed that mi RNA –target pairs that are subjected to strong purifying selection have greater similarities than those that exhibited genetic diversity. Moreover, mediated by domestication and improvement, the similarities of a large number of mi RNA –target pairs in cultivated soybean populations were increased compared to those in wild soybeans, whereas a small number of mi RNA –target pairs exhibited decreased similarity, which may be associated with the adoption of particular domestication traits. Taken together, our results shed light on the co‐evolution of MIR s and mi RNA targets during soybean domestication.
Drug interactions resulting from scheduling and errors in the preparation of antibacterials

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objetivo: identificar as interacoes medicamentosas induzidas pelo aprazamento e os erros no preparo de antibacterianos administrados. Metodos: estudo observacional e transversal, realizado em clinicas medicas de hospital da rede sentinela. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da observacao das prescricoes e do preparo de 265 doses de antibacterianos com a utilizacao de um check-list. Resultados: prevaleceu a administracao da Piperaciclina e Tazobactan, com 51 doses. O aprazamento de horario dos antibacterianos com outro medicamento ocorreu prevalentemente no periodo matutino, destacando-se interacoes com anticoagulantes injetaveis e entre antimicrobianos de classes diferentes, e se associou com a nao disponibilizacao no setor de orientacoes impressas acerca dos cuidados com a administracao do medicamento (p=0,003). O principal erro encontrado foi o de dose (32,5%). Conclusao: o aprazamento de antibacterianos em setor de clinica medica pode potencializar possiveis interacoes medicamentosas e os erros de dose sao identificados na administracao dos medicamentos.
Racism in a “Raceless” Society: The Soviet Press and Representations of American Racial Violence at Stalingrad in 1930

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In late August 1930, two white American workers from the Ford Motor Company in Detroit were tried for attacking a black American laborer at one of the Soviet Union's prized giants of socialist industry, the Stalingrad Traktorostroi. Soviet trade-union authorities and all-union editors used the near month-long campaign to bring the two assailants to “proletarian justice,” in order to cultivate the image that workers in the USSR valued American technical and industrial knowledge in the construction of the new socialist society, but vehemently rejected American racism. They reinforced this image in publications by juxtaposing visual depictions of Soviet citizens' acceptance of black Americans as equals against those which portrayed the lynching of black workers in the United States.
Determination of Oxidative Status in EDTA Plasma of Hemodialysis Patients by PerOx Assay

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with end stage renal disease undergoing regular hemodialysis very often suffer from oxidative stress, which is defined as a state where the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defense systems in the cells and tissues. It has been observed that the free radical induced lipid peroxidation can further lead to a significant tissue damage, which plays role in the pathogenesis of various co-morbidities in the hemodialysis patients. \n
Filarial DNA Probes in Jakarta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Jakarta, Indonesia During 18-20 December 1989, the Hotel Indonesia in Jakarta simultaneously hosted a meeting on DNA probes for fllariasis and a meeting of film producers from Southeast Asia. Although the DNA probes will not be showcased on the silver screen in the near future, the recently published WHO White paper Workshop on DNA Diagnostics and Filan- asis and a Symposium on Filariasis and Onchocerciasis r will allow you to read the book. The meeting was co-sponsored by TDR (UNDPANorld BankNVHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases) and New England Biolabs Inc. Bintari Rukmono and Felix Partono (University of Indonesia) did an excellent job as the local organizers. On the first day of the meeting a Symposium on Filariasis and Onchocerciasis was held. This was attended by the 22 foreign participants and more than 20 scientists from different regions of Indo- nesia. This symposium provided an overview of the current methods for identification and treatment of filarial infections and was followed by the two- day workshop which focused on the application of DNA probes for parasite identification. Felix Partono reviewed current meth- ods of diagnosis and treatment of infec- tions with Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, all of which are mosquito-borne filariae. It is estimated that 100-300 million people in the world are infected with lymphatic filarial parasites with the majority of infected individuals living in China, Indonesia and India. In Indonesia, over four million people are infected, with over 20 million at risk of infection. These parasites cause a range of clinical symptoms, from the acute phase with episodic: inflammation and obstruction of the lymphatics to the chronic phase with lymph blockage lead- ing to elephantiasis; hyperallergic reac- tions, like tropical pulmonary eosino- philia (TPE), can also o,-cur. Diethyl- carbamazine (DEC) is the current drug of choice but ivermectin is also being evaluated for use in lymphatic filariasis.
Exploring the phases of 3D artificial spin ice: From Coulomb phase to magnetic monopole crystal

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Artificial spin-ices consist of lithographic arrays of single-domain magnetic nanowires organised into frustrated lattices. These geometries are usually two-dimensional, allowing a direct exploration of physics associated with frustration, topology and emergence. Recently, three-dimensional geometries have been realised, in which transport of emergent monopoles can be directly visualised upon the surface. Here we carry out an exploration of the three-dimensional artificial spin-ice phase diagram, whereby dipoles are placed within a diamond-bond lattice geometry. We find a rich phase diagram, consisting of a double-charged monopole crystal, a single-charged monopole crystal and conventional spin-ice with pinch points associated with a Coulomb phase. In our experimental demagnetised systems, broken symmetry forces formation of ferromagnetic stripes upon the surface, a configuration that forbids the formation of the lower energy double-charged monopole crystal. Instead, we observe crystallites of single magnetic charge, superimposed upon an ice background. The crystallites are found to form due to the intricate distribution of magnetic charge around a three-dimensional nanostructured vertex, which locally favours monopole formation. Our work suggests that engineered surface energetics can be used to tune the ground state of experimental three-dimensional ASI systems.