jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment Guideline for Elder Domestic Violence (AGED)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction: Violence against the elderly is a complex multidisciplinary social problem that requires cooperation between institutions and professionals. World Health Organization [1] defines this kind of violence as a single or repeated action, or the absence of an appropriate action, arising in the context of a relationship where there is an expectation of trust that causes suffering or harm to an elderly person. Occurs through several behaviors involving psychological, physical, sexual, financial violence, neglect and self-neglect [2]. In Portugal it is possible to identify a small number of studies about elder abuse, only about general prevalence and about some subtypes of elder abuse [3], but not about risk assessment. According to Portuguese Association for Victims Support, between 2013 and 2015, were recorded 2.063 processes of elderly people were victims of violence [4]. The main goal of this research is to contribute for the definition and prevalence of elder abuse in Portugal, identifying familiar, social and cultural dynamics and develop an integrative risk management protocol that will allow the elder abuse risk assessment. Materials and methods: In order to assist the victims’ support professionals and the criminal justice system have been developed a new risk assessment tool, called “Assessment Guidelines for Elder Domestic Violence” (AGED). This work is organized in 3 phases/studies: Study I. Elderly abuse prevalence, risk, protective and vulnerability factors study, and checklist variables construction; Study II. Retrospective study of the elder abuse cases reported in the victims support organizations and criminal justice system; Study III. Development of the AGED. All ethical principles have been taken due to the sensitive nature of the data involved. Results: After study 1 and study 2, the results of the development of AGED were composed by five sections/areas: I. Victim’s Risk factors; II. Offender’s Risk Factors; III. External, Contextual and Relational Risk Factors; IV. Victim/Context Protective Factors; and finally, V. Institutional Risk Factors, if applicable. AGED also contemplates the possibility of the evaluator being able to add other additional factors that they consider necessary, contributing to the effectiveness of the measurement of the level of risk of the victim (low, moderate or high) and critical factors. Discussion and conclusions: AGED is developed with the main goal to supporting professionals who work in domestic violence. Scientific community make evident the need for an evidence-based, valid, user-friendly risk assessment tool of elder abuse to support the professionals. This study offers the opportunity to provide professionals specific knowledge, skills, competences and a tool, in order to an effective risk assessment and management of elder abuse, contributing to the efforts for protect victims and prevent the occurrence of future cases.
Ovariectomy Reduces the Arrhythmia Threshold Induced by Coronary Artery Occlusion in Conscious Rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death for men and women in industrially developed countries. The majority of these deaths result from tachyarrhythmias that culminate in ventricular fibrillation. Approximately 1% of the victims of cardiac arrest are resuscitated and survive to leave the hospital. Importantly, there are gender differences in cardiac physiology and in the types and severity of cardiac arrhythmias. Female sex hormones may be a contributing factor. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that ovariectomy reduces the arrhythmia threshold induced by coronary artery occlusion. Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized or sham ovariectomized and instrumented with a radio‐telemetry device for recording arterial pressure, ECG and body temperature. Six weeks later a Doppler ultrasonic flow probe was placed around the ascending aorta to measure cardiac output and a snare was placed around the left main coronary artery. After recovery, the response to coronary artery occlusion was determined in conscious intact and ovariectomized rats by pulling on the snare. Occlusion of the left main coronary artery in intact females resulted in tachyarrhythmias that culminated in ventricular fibrillation within 3.7 +/− 0.1 min. In contrast, occlusion of the left main coronary artery in ovariectomized females resulted in tachyarrhythmias that culminated in ventricular fibrillation within 2.4 +/− 0.1 min. These responses were associated with differences in cardiac autonomic tonus and electrophysiology. Supported by HL67713
Rare Genetic Variants in Jewish Patients Suffering from Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To identify rare genetic variants in early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) utilizing whole-exome sequencing (WES). Methods: Eight non-related early-AMD families of different Jewish ethnicities were ascertained. Initial mutation screening (phase-1) included common complement factor-H (CFH) p.Y402H; and age related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) p.A69S; and rare variants complement factor-I (CFI) p.V412M; and hemicentin1 (HMCN1) c.4163delC identified previously in our population. Four families, whose initial screening for the aforementioned variants was negative, underwent WES (phase-2). Bioinformatics filtering was based on functionality (from a panel of 234 genes with proven or presumed association to AMD); predicted severity; and frequency (rare variants with minor allele frequency <1%). When applicable, further screening for specific rare variants was carried out on additional cases of similar ethnicities and phenotypes (phase-3). Results: Phase-1 identified three families carrying CFI p.V412M mutation. WES analysis detected probable disease-related variants in three out of the remaining families. These included: a family with a variant in PLEKHA1 gene p.S177N; a family with previously reported variant p.R1210C in CFH gene; and two families with the C3 p.R735W variant. Conclusions: Rare, high-penetrance variants have a profound contribution to early-AMD pathogenesis. Utilization of WES in genetic research of multifactorial diseases as AMD, allows a thorough comprehensive analysis with the identification of previously unreported rare variants.
Extreme learning machine based general purpose real time hand gesture recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the technology advancement of 3D cameras and computational power, hand gesture based Human Machine Interaction (HMI) is recognized to be the future trend for Natural User Interface (NUI). However, one of the bottlenecks for current development of hand gesture recognition is the accuracy and real-time performance (prediction speed) of classification algorithms. To tackle this challenging problem, the FYP thesis “Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) based general purpose real-time hand gesture recognition” is proposed. In this report, the following research and developments are discussed: feature extraction using Relative Position and Rotation Method (RPRM), Time Window Method (TWM) proposed by the author, ELM performance evaluation (accuracy and speed), real-time static gesture recognition application, real-time dynamic gesture recognition application, real-time motion recognition application and real-time hand-gesture desktop control application. RPRM and TWM are proven to be effective feature extraction method and ELM performs accurately and speedy in real-time using the C++ coded applications listed above. This project is part of the NTU-BMW joint research project led by Professor Huang Guangbin.
Crisscross Heart with Tricuspid Atresia Diagnosed In Utero

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Crisscross heart is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly in which systemic and pulmonary venous streams cross without mixing at atrioventricular level. We report a case of crisscross heart with tricuspid atresia, double outlet right ventricle, and pulmonary stenosis, which was diagnosed prenatally.
Transformation Methods for the Blasius Problem and its Recent Variants

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract—Blasius problem is the simplest nonlinear boundary layer problem. We hope that any approach developed for this epitome can be extended to more difficult hydrodynamics problems. With this motivation we review the so called Töpfer transformation, which allows us to find a non-iterative numerical solution of the Blasius problem by solving a related initial value problem and applying a scaling transformation. The applicability of a non-iterative transformation method to the Blasius problem is a consequence of its partial invariance with respect to a scaling group. Several problems in boundary-layer theory lack this kind of invariance and cannot be solved by non-iterative transformation methods. To overcome this drawback, we can modify the problem under study by introducing a numerical parameter, and require the invariance of the modified problem with respect to an extended scaling group involving this parameter. Then we apply initial value methods to the most recent developments involving variants and extensions of the Blasius problem.
Inheritance of resistance of rice varieties to the blast fungus strains virulent to the variety "Reiho".

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

いもち病抵抗性遺伝子 Pi-ta2 を持つイネ品種レイホウは,病原性を持ついもち病菌の出現により罹病化した.レイホウの罹病化の原因と推定されるレース102に属する菌糸に対して不安定な中度抵抗性を示す品種が,新2号型と愛知旭型品種中にあった、そこでレース102に属する菌糸九77-07Aを用いて,その抵抗性の遺伝様式を検討し,以下の知見を得た.種々の交雑組合せでF2,F3における遺伝様式を調べた結果,新2号,農林22号および日本晴は菌糸九77-07Aに対して優性の抵抗性逃伝子を1対持っていた.この遺伝子は,既知の抵抗性遺伝子座のうちPi-a,Pi-i,Pi-k,Pi-ta,Pi-z,Pi-bとは独立で,Pi-tと連鎖関係にあり,未記載の新遺伝子であることが判明した.そこで,これをPi-shと命名した.なお本遺伝子はクサブエ,フクニシキ,Pi No.4,BL 1なとの品種中にも存在した.Pi-sh遺伝子はレース102に属する他の2菌系にも低抗性を示した.以上から,新2号の九77-07Aに対する中度抵抗性はPi-ksによるものでなたく,Pi-shによるものであった.またPi No.4とレイホウの九77-07Aに対する反応の違いは,Pi No.4がPi-t2とPi-shを持つのに対し,レイホウはPi-ta2のみを持つということで説明できた.
Food traceability in the context of Karoo lamb : supply chain and consumer perspectives

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As food markets have become more globalised, consumers have become more concerned about the origin of the foods they eat by accommodating the importance of establishing a link between the product, the producer and the place of production, and these are gaining momentum in the food industry. This paper describes the product attributes that could influence the decision making process of consumers towards purchasing a specific type of meat, namely Karoo lamb. Karoo lamb is the product of specifically reared lambs in the Karoo region of South Africa and has a distinctive taste. The information used in this paper was obtained in the first phase of a research endeavour involving three focus groups. They were conducted to identify the product attributes that were critical in influencing the consumers’ preferences and choices regarding Karoo lamb. In phase two conjoint analysis was used to measure the importance that individual consumers attach to the various product attributes and their denominations, and the utility they then attach to it based on their valuation of the product as a whole. Price, as an extrinsic attribute, was identified as the most important factor in the decision making process of consumers when purchasing lamb. Safety and quality were also relatively important although, of the two, food safety was clearly the more important consideration. This is not surprising given the legacy of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, and e-coli outbreaks that, in the past, received considerable publicity, especially in the press. The attribute “origin” was rated as of the lowest importance. Traceability can be meaningful to consumers although in an indirect manner. The importance of traceability to consumers is mostly in terms of its benefits such as providing information on safety and quality, in relation to aspects that they think are important regarding food in general. In terms of meat especially, there is a need for fast and reliable traceability. From origin to the user, the end consumer, provision of safe and high quality food is imperative.
Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Assemblage and Their Relationships with Nitrous Oxide Emission following a Winter Cover Cropping and Vegetable Production System

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Agriculture production emits significant amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas with high global warming potential. The objectives of this study were to examine whether different husbandry practices (tillage and plasticulture) following winter cover cropping would influence soil food web structure and whether a change in the soil community could help mitigate N2O emission in vegetable plantings. Three consecutive field trials were conducted. A winter cover crop mix of forage radish (Raphanus sativus), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) and cereal rye (Secale cereale) were planted in all plots. Winter cover crop was terminated by flail mowing followed by (1) conventional till without surface residues [Bare Ground (BG)], (2) conventional till with black plastic mulch (BP) without surface residues, (3) strip-till (ST) with partial surface residues, or (4) no-till (NT) with surface residues. The cash crop planted subsequently were eggplant (Solanum melongena) in 2012 and 2014 and sweet corn (Zea mays) in 2013. The soil food web structure was consistently disturbed in the BP compared to other treatments as indicated by a reduction in the abundance of predatory nematodes in 2012 and 2014, and nematode maturity index in 2013 in BP. Changes in soil food web structure in the conservation tillage (NT or ST) treatments based on the weight abundance of nematode community analysis were not consistent and did not improve over the 3-year study; but were consistently improved based on functional metabolic footprint calculation at termination of cover crops of 2013 and 2014. None-the-less, the N2O emissions increased as the abundance of fungivorous nematodes increased during all three trials. It was also found that improved soil food web structure [higher abundance of omnivorous in 2012 or predatory nematodes in 2013 and 2014, and structure index (SI) in all 3 years] reduced N2O emissions. These findings suggested that proper soil husbandry practices following winter cover cropping could mitigate N2O emissions over time.
IRS Reform: Politics As Usual?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The IRS is still reeling from accusations that it “targeted” Tea Party and other non-profit organizations. Although multiple government investigations found no politically motivated behavior—only mismanagement—Congressional hearings were quite inflammatory. Congress recently followed up those hearings with a set of IRS reforms. Congress’s approach is reminiscent of the late 1990s, when highly publicized Congressional hearings regarding alleged abuses by the IRS resulted in a major IRS reform and restructuring, although the allegations subsequently were largely debunked. This Article argues that the recent allegations against the IRS also were overblown. It looks to the aftermath of the 1998 IRS reform, which included a major downturn in enforcement, for lessons for the present day. The Article concludes that Congress as a whole can do a better job of keeping politics from undermining tax administration.
Charge-Controlled Switchable CO2 Capture on Boron Nitride Nanomaterials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Increasing concerns about the atmospheric CO2 concentration and its impact on the environment are motivating researchers to discover new materials and technologies for efficient CO2 capture and conversion. Here, we report a study of the adsorption of CO2, CH4, and H2 on boron nitride (BN) nanosheets and nanotubes (NTs) with different charge states. The results show that the process of CO2 capture/release can be simply controlled by switching on/off the charges carried by BN nanomaterials. CO2 molecules form weak interactions with uncharged BN nanomaterials and are weakly adsorbed. When extra electrons are introduced to these nanomaterials (i.e., when they are negatively charged), CO2 molecules become tightly bound and strongly adsorbed. Once the electrons are removed, CO2 molecules spontaneously desorb from BN absorbents. In addition, these negatively charged BN nanosorbents show high selectivity for separating CO2 from its mixtures with CH4 and/or H2. Our study demonstrates that BN nanomaterials are excellent absorbents for controllable, highly selective, and reversible capture and release of CO2. In addition, the charge density applied in this study is of the order of 10(13) cm(-2) of BN nanomaterials and can be easily realized experimentally.
Improving the Performance of Partitioning Methods for Crowd Simulations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Simulating the realistic behavior of large crowds of autonomous agents is still a challenge for the computer graphics community. In order to handle large crowds, some scalable architectures have been proposed. Nevertheless, the effective use of distributed systems requires the use of partitioning methods that can properly assign different sets of agents to the existing distributed resources. In this paper, we propose the improvement of the partitioning method for distributed crowd simulations by using irregular shape regions. Concretely, we propose the partition of the virtual world using convex hulls. The performance evaluation results show that the convex Hull method outperforms the rest of the considered methods in terms of both fitness function values and execution times, regardless of the movement pattern followed by the agents. These results show that the shape of the regions in the partition can improve the performance of the partitioning method, rather than the heuristic method used.
U.S. State Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article summarizes U.S. State practice in the area of maritime enforcement. Focusing on the activities of the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Navy, the article covers law enforcement for piracy and human trafficking, law enforcement for maritime terrorism and weapon trafficking, enforcement against illegal extraction of living marine resources, enforcement to protect the marine environment from pollution, enforcement to prevent accidents at sea, customs and illegal immigration enforcement, and drug trafficking enforcement. The article notes that the U.S. approach to maritime enforcement has been a “long-arm” approach ensuring enforcement of U.S. interests spanning oceanic regions.
The Spectre of the Second Amendment: Re-reading the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) and U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) in light of the KKK Cases (1871-2)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1866 Members of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction introduced the Fourteenth Amendment into the House of Representatives and the Senate, respectively. Several speakers indicated that the force of the new amendment would be to protect basic or fundamental citizen rights against adverse action by state governments and would allow Congress for the first time to protect such rights against such state action. One speaker in the House, John Bingham, who had written Section One of the amendment, indicated that among the protected “privileges or immunities of citizens” were those rights listed in the first eight amendments to the Constitution, rights that previously had been enforceable only against Congress, not against state governments. He specifically cited the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments by way of example.1 In the U.S. Senate it was Sen. Jacob Howard
A crucible of Chinese trans-nationalism : the triad movement in late-colonial Singapore 1945-59

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The existing historiography of Chinese Triads has generally been marred by a colonial inherited criminalising narrative. Most scholars study secret societies and the Triads with the mistaken belief that these associations had unravelled with the 1889 Societies Ordinance; and their political role thereafter being restricted within an underworld realm distinct from mainstream society. Reality was however far removed from these assumptions: A foray into British archival records of Singapore’s late-colonial period reveal that the Triads remained sociopolitically important networks for Chinese community leaders to rally Chinese non-elites. Plagued by destabilising political impulses emanating from events of the Chinese civil war, the Malayan Emergency, and British decolonisation, Chinese community leaders attempted meet the uncertainty of radical change by infusing Triad networks with the legitimating force of a pan-Chinese nationalism which transcended geographically defined jurisdictional boundaries. The story that emerges from the archives is primarily one of Chinese leaders from an ebbing Kuomintang movement leveraging on Triad networks to countervail their diminishing ability for political action. Significantly, the state authorities found common ground with these Chinese Triad leaders and co-opted them through an allegedly bygone colonial system of informal policing in the hopes of nurturing moderate Chinese opinion.
Minority Entrepreneurship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the field of minority entrepreneurship, sociologists and economists have written most of the influential studies, yet these groups typically ask different questions and base their analysis on different assumptions. The literature predictably lacks a single unifying focus and is quite diverse regarding issues explored and methodological approaches employed. Differing approaches and their outcomes are summarized and critically probed in this review. My intent is to illuminate strengths and weaknesses — along with patterns of common findings — in this voluminous literature. Minority-owned businesses are collectively reflections of evolving constraints and opportunities operating in broader society. Minorities seeking to create viable business ventures have traditionally faced higher barriers than whites as they sought to exploit market opportunities, raise financing, and penetrate mainstream networks. Entrepreneurial dynamics are clarified by focusing upon specific contexts in which firms are being shaped by prevailing opportunity structures. Progress has been noteworthy overall for minority-owned businesses, in part because barriers impeding their collective development have been gradually declining. The dominant methodological approaches and findings of economists and sociologists in the minority entrepreneurship literature are, ultimately, highly complementary. Sociologists have posed bolder questions while economists have paid more attention to pinning down cause-and-effect relationships, yet their findings have been gradually moving towards convergence over the past two decades. It is possible — and desirable — that these respective bodies of work may someday merge, creating a minority entrepreneurship scholarly synthesis.
Examining the temporal evolution of top-down task dependent modulations across cortical depths.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously acquiring submillimeter and subsecond functional images to examine the temporal evolution of task-dependent modulations across cortical depths elicited by socially relevant stimuli such as faces at the single subject level. We achieved this using NORDIC denoising. Our results highlight the complexity of laminar fMRI results in humans which can be better resolved by high spatiotemporal recordings. We suggest that, when studied with sufficient, sub-second temporal resolution, depth-dependent fMRI has the potential to address laminar communication within and across areas, which is crucial to understanding the complexity of human hierarchal organization at the mesoscale level.