jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cellular scaling rules for primate brains

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Primates are usually found to have richer behavioral repertoires and better cognitive abilities than rodents of similar brain size. This finding raises the possibility that primate brains differ from rodent brains in their cellular composition. Here we examine the cellular scaling rules for primate brains and show that brain size increases approximately isometrically as a function of cell numbers, such that an 11× larger brain is built with 10× more neurons and ≈12× more nonneuronal cells of relatively constant average size. This isometric function is in contrast to rodent brains, which increase faster in size than in numbers of neurons. As a consequence of the linear cellular scaling rules, primate brains have a larger number of neurons than rodent brains of similar size, presumably endowing them with greater computational power and cognitive abilities.
A Mechanistic Link betweenSTMandCUC1during Arabidopsis Development

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The KNOXI transcription factor SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) is required to establish and maintain the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) apical meristem, yet little is known about its direct targets. Using different approaches we demonstrate that the induction of STM causes a significant up-regulation of the organ boundary gene CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), which is specific and independent of other meristem regulators. We further show that the regulation of CUC1 by STM is direct and identify putative binding sites in its promoter. Continuous expression of STM in Arabidopsis leaf primordia also causes the activation of CUC2-3, as well as microRNA MIR164a, which provides a negative feedback loop by posttranscriptionally regulating CUC1 and CUC2. The results bring new insights into the mechanistic links between KNOXI and CUC transcription factors and contribute to the understanding of the regulatory network controlled by STM.
Leonine facies and madarosis in lepromatous leprosy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 69-year-old man presented with a 5-year history of diffuse infiltration of skin and progressive sensory loss over his bilateral hands. His face had a few papular-nodular lesions over forehead and cheeks, attenuated skin folds, with loss of eyelashes and eyebrows (figure 1). Peripheral nerve examination showed thickened bilateral ulnar and posterior tibial nerves. Slit skin smear examination and histopathology of a nodule showed features consistent with multibacillary …
Peripheral Vascular Intervention: A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) continues to increase worldwide. It is important to identify patients with PAD because of the increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death and impaired quality of life because of a profound limitation in exercise performance.Lower extremity PAD affects approximately 10% of population, with 30% to 40% of these patients presenting with claudication symptoms. Peripheral arterial disease is common, but the diagnosis frequently is overlooked because of subtle physical findings and lack of classic symptoms. Screening based on the ankle brachial index using doppler ultrasonography may be more useful than physical examination alone. Noninvasive modalities to locate lesions include duplex scanning, computed tomography angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography and invasive modalities peripheral angiogram is the gold standard. Major risk factors for peripheral arterial disease are cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, older age (older than 40 years), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperhomocystinemia. Intermittent claudication may be improved by risk-factor modification, exercise, and pharmacologic therapy. Based on available evidence, a supervised exercise program is the most effective treatment. Effective drug therapies for peripheral arterial disease include aspirin (with or without dipyridamole), clopidogrel, cilostazol, and pentoxifylline. By contrast, critical limb ischemia (CLI) is considered the most severe pattern of peripheral artery disease. It is defined by the presence of chronic ischemic rest pain, ulceration or gangrene attributable to the occlusion of peripheral arterial vessels. It is associated with a high risk of major amputation, cardiovascular events and death. The management of CLI should include an exercise program, guideline-based medical therapy to lower the cardiovascular risk. Most of the cases, revascularization is indicated to save limbs; an “endovascular first” approach and lastly surgical approach, if all measures were failed. The choice of the intervention is dependent on the anatomy of the stenotic or occlusive lesion; percutaneous interventions are appropriate when the lesion is focal and short but longer lesions must be treated with surgical revascularisation to achieve acceptable long-term outcome. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2019; 34(1) : 58-67
Perspectives of northern researchers, residents and educators on science education and outreach in Yukon, Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

International Polar Year 2007-2008 renewed interest in and funding for circumpolar research. One unique element of this International Polar Year was the focus on education and outreach initiatives. This study explores outreach stakeholdersâ perspectives on conducting science outreach with northern Canadian schools. A total of sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with northern researchers, residents and educators to determine culturally appropriate and pedagogically suitable methods for educational outreach initiatives in the Canadian north. I examined northern resident and educator experiences with integrating Indigenous and Western ways of knowing, identified factors supporting educational outreach initiatives, and provided recommendations on how to strengthen educational outreach partnerships. Results show that institutional barriers discourage researchers from participating in educational outreach. Northern residents and educators viewed integrative science as an effective method to engage students in Indigenous and Western science, and to encourage collaborative educational outreach partnerships amongst outreach stakeholders.
Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Generation of a list of critical agents for public-health preparedness must take into account various situations that might include different groups of terrorists, various resources, and differing motives. The list should also consider agents on the basis of their public-health impact to cause mass casualties, their ability to be widely disseminated, or their ability to be transmitted from person to person, and the public perception associated with their intentional release. As currently defined, category-A agents are those most likely to cause mass casualties if deliberately disseminated, generally as small-partide aerosols, and require broad-based public-health preparedness. Public-health preparedness is based on the fact that the initial recognition of bioterrorism will be at the local and state level, as will the initial public-health response. An effective initial response will not only have to be robust and well-rehearsed but also timely since there is only a short window to provide prophylaxis or implement other control measures.
Correction of aberrant imprinting by allele‐specific epigenome editing

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Imprinting disorders are caused by the loss of the normal allele‐specific DNA methylation at imprinting centers. Epigenetic editing is a promising approach to alter DNA methylation at defined genomic target regions. The novel development of CRISPR‐Cas9‐based DNA binding domains may allow for an allele‐specific editing of DNA methylation at imprinted loci, for the first time offering a rational approach for correction of the molecular defects in imprinting disorders.
Code verification & validation and competitive swimming analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In competitive swimming analysis, the complexes in 3D six degree of motion simulations have made the dive phase to be the least analyzed to date. Since the time taken by the swimmer to complete the dive phase bank on the opposing forces offered by the water, optimum dive will help to reduce the time required to complete a lap. The research aims at developing a fluid force model that simulates the forces acting on a 3D swimmer's body during water entry. This study intends to determine the effect of forces acting on the swimmer, in the dive phase, with respect to dive velocity and angle using computational modelling. However, the available computational resources are too limited to accomplish such simulations. The motion solvers associated with standard open source codes have two major setbacks; firstly, the mesh elements in the entire fluid domain should be very fine in order to avoid a jump in mesh size, which increases the computational costs. Secondly, the mesh around the swimmer has to be recomputed for each time-step as the swimmer moves. This results in poor near-wall meshes which impairs the accuracy of the simulation. In this study, the dynamic simulations are done using an overset meshing algorithm (OPErA) in association with OpenFOAM. The overset algorithm fixes the mesh around the swimmer and moves it on a fixed background mesh while interpolating between the meshes. The overset meshing algorithm is validated against the standard OpenFOAM solver and used to simulate the diving phase. Multi-phase dynamic motion simulations are initially done using the 2D plate to have an insight into the dynamic simulations including the various criteria that influence the stability and convergence of such simulations. The observations are utilized to run 3D multiphase motion simulations for different angles of entry. The results of the different dive angles are compared to find the efficient angle of dive. The 3D results are also compared with the experimental data extracted from the trial diving footages provided by Singapore Sports Institute.
[Multimodality therapy for synchronous liver metastases of gastric cancer--significance of aggressive hepatic resection of liver lesions].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We analyzed 15 gastric cancer patients with synchronous liver metastases, and studied the significance of hepatic resection with multimodality therapy. 1. Both gastric and hepatic resections followed by intra-arterial or systemic chemotherapy were performed for six patients, two of whom had intra-operative MCT or EIT. The survival time of four patients without recurrence was 5 Y 4 M, 4 Y 5 M, 2 Y 4 M and 11 M. Two patients died of recurrence in the retroperitoneum or residual liver 3 Y 10 M and 8 M after therapy, respectively. The three-year survival rate was 83%. 2. The longest survival among the five patients treated with gastric resection without hepatic resection followed by intra-arterial or systemic chemotherapy was 1 Y 1 M. 3. Four patients with non-curative factors (P, N, M) were treated with systemic chemotherapy only, and the longest survival was 1 Y 1 M. In conclusion, when local control is obtained during surgery in patients with gastric cancer with synchronous liver metastasis, aggressive hepatic resection supported with MCT or EIT should be performed on liver lesions to improve the prognosis.
Realization of the cognitive and educational potential of M.M. Zoshchenko's stories in the lessons of literary reading in elementary grades

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The authors consider the possibilities of using M.M.Zoshchenko's stories in the process of forming the life experience of primary school students, reveal the essence of an integrated approach to the organization of ideological and thematic analysis of the text, methodological features of composing a mathematical problem based on the storyline of a work of art.
PLURIPOTENT DIFFERENTIATION IN VITRO OF MURINE ES-D3 EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Although the ES-D3 murine embryonic stem cell line was one of the first derived, little information exists on the in vitro differentiation potential of these cells. We have used immunocytochemical and flow cytometric methods to monitor ES-D3 embryoid body differentiation in vitro during a 21-d period. Spontaneous differentiation of embryoid body cells was induced by leukemia inhibitory factor withdrawal in the absence of feeder cells. The pluripotent stem cell markers Oct-3/4, SSEA-1, and EMA-1 were found to persist for at least 7 d, whereas the primitive endoderm marker cytokeratin endo-A was expressed at increasing levels from day 6. The localization of these antigens within the embryoid bodies suggested that embryonic ectoderm– and primitive endoderm–derived tissues were segregated. Localized expression of class III beta-tubulin and sarcomeric myosin also was detected, indicating that representatives of all three embryonic germ layers were present after induction of differentiation in vitro.
Identifying compassionate oesophago-gastric cancer service care: a qualitative exploratory study of patient experiences and expectations in England

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives Oesophago-gastric cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. Care pathways are highly variable and complex to organise;however,there is limited evidence from a service user perspective to inform service design for best experience of care. This study explored the experiences of people living with incurable oesophago-gastric cancer to determine how services can be delivered to best support their needs. Design Based on interpretivism, this qualitative study used single, face-to-facesemistructured interviews. Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim by a professional transcription serviceandinterrogated throughframework analysis. Setting and participants The study was based in a large UKNational Health ServiceTrust and designated regional specialist cancer centre. A total of27 patientsliving with incurable oesophago-gastric cancer took part in the study. Results The analysis revealed a central theme of‘integrated relationship-centred care’and three subthemes: compassionate care interactions, integrated processes and systems and compassionate care environments. Positive experiences were marked by high-quality relationships with healthcare professionals, further strengthened by care process and environments that responded to their individual symptoms and healthcare needs, effectively spanning multiple agencies and professions. Conclusions High quality services require enhanced clinical awareness and integrated service design to address a range of physical and psychosocial challenges which are often overlooked in thispatientpopulation. These essential components of positive care experiences must be driven at policy level to ensure a pathway approach to quality relationship-centred care, which crucially is not interrupted aspatientsmove across organisations and systems.
Local-Aware Intra Block Copy for Video Coding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Intra block copy is an efficient coding tool for screen content video, in which the prediction is obtained from a reference block within the same picture indicated by a block vector. Since repetitive textures typically exist in the screen content video, the non-local information used in IBC can improve coding performance significantly. However, the local information thoroughly investigated in intra prediction has not been explored in IBC. In this paper, local-aware intra block copy (LA-IBC) is proposed to further improve the coding performance of IBC. LA-IBC is composed of three methods. First, combined IBC and intra prediction (IBC-CIIP) is proposed to fuse the two prediction signals generated by IBC and intra prediction. Second, IBC with geometry partitioning (IBC-GPM) is proposed, in which a block is divided into two sub-partitions geometrically and IBC and intra prediction are used to obtain their prediction signals, individually. Third, IBC with local illumination compensation (IBC-LIC) is proposed to explore the illumination variation between the local and non-local templates within the picture. LA-IBC is integrated in the latest exploration software of video coding (Enhanced Compression Model, ECM) published by JVET to evaluate its efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that LA-IBC can achieve 1.7% and 0.88% Bjontegaard Delta rate (BD-rate) saving for screen content video compared to ECM-6.0 under all intra and random access configurations, respectively.
Gas–Solid Flow Characteristics of Airflow and Dust Particles in Blasting Excavation of Underground Metal Mine Tunnels

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Effective dust removal has long been a challenge in the blasting mining of underground metal mine tunnels, and uncontrolled dust diffusion seriously endangers workers' respiratory systems and the underground space safety environment. However, the vast majority of existing numerical studies on dust diffusion are focused on coal mine fully mechanized mining, which is different from metal mine blasting excavation in terms of stope structure and dust properties. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the forced and exhaust ventilation modes affect the diffusion characteristics of inhalable particles is unclear. In this work, gas-solid flow characteristics for dust diffusion in a typical metal mine blasting tunnel were numerically investigated based on the Euler-Lagrange method, where the blasting face instantly released 6.37 × 107 particles with 100 different sizes, ranging from 0.8 to 200 μm. The interphase forces between airflow and dust particles are comprehensively modeled, and the particle diffusion effect caused by fluid turbulence is described by a discrete random walk model. Detailed information for airflow turbulence and particle migration was revealed, and dust removal efficiencies for inhalable particulate matter (PM10) by forced, exhaust, and hybrid ventilation were analyzed. Numerical results predict a complex airflow pattern in the working roadway, including the jet-flow region, return airflow core region, airflow disorder region, and secondary flow region. Dust diffusion temporal characteristics can be divided into three stages, namely, the initial stage of dust generation, the efficient ventilation and dust removal stage, and the later stage of dust diffusion. Dust diffusion spatial characteristics indicate that under the Coanda wall attachment effect, the dust concentration exhibits nonuniform distribution in both vertical and horizontal directions of the return air roadway. The dust removal efficiency of hybrid ventilation on inhalable particles above respiratory height is better than that of forced ventilation, especially in the return air roadway. The additional exhaust air duct based on forced ventilation can discharge more inhalable particles from the tunnel.
Family history of cancer and risk of breast cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The relationship between breast cancer risk and family history of cancer in first-degree relatives was investigated using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy between June 1991 and April 1994 on 2,569 women aged less than 75 years, with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer, and 2,588 control women admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-gynaecological conditions. Relative to women with no history, those with a family history of breast cancer had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–3.0], and those with family history of intestinal cancer had an OR of 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7). No significant relations emerged between breast cancer risk and family history of prostate (OR 1.1), ovarian (OR 1.3), cervical or endometrial (OR 1.2) or other cancers, except gallbladder (OR 8.6). The OR for family history of any type of cancer except breast cancer was 1.1. For family history of breast cancer the ORs were similar across strata of age of the proband, being 2.4 below age 45, 2.2 at age 45–59 and 2.7 above age 60, and whether the relative affected was the mother, sister(s) or both, while the risk appeared higher if the age at onset of breast cancer in the relative was lower than 40 years (OR 3.5), rather than higher (OR 2.2). Thus, our results, based on the investigation of all neoplasms in first-degree relatives, confirm that breast cancer risk is increased in women with a family history of breast cancer, while there was no material association with family history of cancer in general, excluding breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 72:735–738, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Attitudes and Policies of George F. Seward, American Minister at Peking, 1876-1880: Some Phases of the Co-Operative Policy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Research Article| December 01 1933 Attitudes and Policies of George F. Seward, American Minister at Peking, 1876-1880: Some Phases of the Co-Operative Policy Paul Hibbert Clyde Paul Hibbert Clyde Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1933) 2 (4): 387–404. https://doi.org/10.2307/3632936 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Paul Hibbert Clyde; Attitudes and Policies of George F. Seward, American Minister at Peking, 1876-1880: Some Phases of the Co-Operative Policy. Pacific Historical Review 1 December 1933; 2 (4): 387–404. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3632936 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1933 The Arthur H. Clark Company Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Deep Learning on Big Data Sets in the Cloud with Apache Spark and Google TensorFlow

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Machine learning is the branch of artificial intelligence giving computers the ability to learn patterns from data without being explicitly programmed. Deep Learning is a set of cutting-edge machine learning algorithms that are inspired by how the human brain works. It allows to selflearn feature hierarchies from the data rather than modeling hand-crafted features. It has proven to significantly improve performance in challenging data analytics problems. In this tutorial, we will first provide an introduction to the theoretical foundations of neural networks and Deep Learning. Second, we will demonstrate how to use Deep Learning in a cloud using a distributed environment for Big Data analytics. This combines Apache Spark and TensorFlow, Google’s in-house Deep Learning platform made for Big Data machine learning applications. Practical demonstrations will include character recognition and time series forecasting in Big Data sets. Attendees will be provided with code snippets that they can easily amend in order to analyze their own data. A related, but shorter tutorial focusing on Deep Learning on a single computer was given at the Data Science Luxembourg Meetup in April 2016. It was attended by 70 people making it the most attended event of this Meetup series in Luxembourg ever since its beginning.