jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The regulation of bone remodeling by an adipocyte-derived hormone implies that bone may exert a feedback control of energy homeostasis. To test this hypothesis we looked for genes expressed in osteoblasts, encoding signaling molecules and affecting energy metabolism. We show here that mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase OST-PTP are hypoglycemic and are protected from obesity and glucose intolerance because of an increase in beta-cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. In contrast, mice lacking the osteoblast-secreted molecule osteocalcin display decreased beta-cell proliferation, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Removing one Osteocalcin allele from OST-PTP-deficient mice corrects their metabolic phenotype. Ex vivo, osteocalcin can stimulate CyclinD1 and Insulin expression in beta-cells and Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, in adipocytes; in vivo osteocalcin can improve glucose tolerance. By revealing that the skeleton exerts an endocrine regulation of sugar homeostasis this study expands the biological importance of this organ and our understanding of energy metabolism. PMID: 17693256 Funding information This work was supported by: NICHD NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 HD065439 NIDDK NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 DK080756 NIAMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 AR045548-08 NIAMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 AR045548
Territorial Diagnosis of Ecotourism in Tunisian Mountain Protected Areas: Stakeholders, Positions and Power Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the 2000s, projects and studies have been multiplied for the development of ecotourism in Tunisian protected areas. Despite these efforts, the Tunisian case faces several failures. As part of this study, we aim to provide elements of reflection on a contractual scheme for a sustainable territorial development plan by ecotourism, around mountain protected areas in Tunisia. For this reason, we adopted the strategic prospective analysis revealing and analyzing the relationships between the different actors involved in ecotourism in the protected area. A Matrix of Alliances, Conflicts, Tactics and Objectives among MACTOR actors was developed in a participatory way to analyze the actors&#39; strategies. After doing a triangular analysis which consists in to an inventory of the projects and studies about the protected area of Ichkeul and Cape Negro-Jbel Chitana, semi-structured interviews with personals from different sectors, we invited the actors met on the field or mentioned in the projects in a workshop organized in partnership with the General Directorate of Forests in Tunis in order to identify the different categories of actors and analyze the balance of power between them. This analysis is done through a matrix notation system. Eight categories of actors have been identified: international cooperation, resource managers, politic policy etc. Thanks to the matrix notation systems, we have been able in a participative way to classify these eight categories of actors into four types: dominant actors, relay actors, autonomous actors and dominated actors. Thus, the MACTOR method allowed us to identify actors who played a role in the development of ecotourism projects in Tunisia and to be able to diagnose their balance of power. This allowed showing the multidisciplinarity and complexity of the sector as well as the strong influence of certain actors such as international cooperation and public decision-makers. To conclude, the MACTOR analysis of the ecotourism actors in the protected area of Ichkeul and Cap Negro-Jbel Chitana enters into a methodology of prospective territorial analysis in this area to understand the points that caused the failure of several experiments.
Research and Advance of Reflective Middleware

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Reflective middleware is a noteworthy new direction of middleware research. It eliminates the deficiency of traditional object-oriented middleware systems by opening their “black-box” structure and providing inspection and adaptation capabilities for developers with computational reflection techniques. Reflective middleware supports the customization for different application domains and the adaptation of distributed applications to dynamically evolving environments and user requirements. Its strength has already been shown in the areas such as mobile computing, multimedia applications, etc. In this paper, after a brief introduction on computational reflection and reflective system, the kernel concepts and principles of reflective middleware are firstly introduced and a general reflective middleware structure is presented. Then authors propose a classification and comparison framework which characterizes reflective middleware systems from the aspects of reflection styles, reflection time, reflection scope and implementation mechanisms. Based on this framework, several representative reflective middleware systems are overviewed and compared. And finally, the future problems in this area are discussed.
Configurational and Constitutional Dynamics of Enamine Molecular Switches

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Dual configurational and constitutional dynamics in systems based on enamine molecular switches has been systematically studied. pH‐responsive moieties, such as 2‐pyridyl and 2‐quinolinyl units, were required on the „stator“ part, also providing enamine stability through intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding (IMHB) effects. Upon protonation or deprotonation, forward and backward switching could be rapidly achieved. Extension of the stator π‐system in the 2‐quinolinyl derivative provided a higher E ‐isomeric equilibrium ratio under neutral conditions, pointing to a means to achieve quantitative forward/backward isomerization processes. The „rotor“ part of the enamine switches exhibited constitutional exchange ability with primary amines. Interestingly, considerably higher exchange rates were observed with amines containing ester groups, indicating potential stabilization of the transition state through IMHB. Acids, particularly Bi III , were found to efficiently catalyze the constitutional dynamic processes. In contrast, the enamine and the formed dynamic enamine system showed excellent stability under basic conditions. This coupled configurational and constitutional dynamics expands the scope of dynamic C−C and C−N bonds and potentiates further studies and applications in the fields of molecular machinery and systems chemistry.
Protein phosphatase 2A negatively regulates aPKC signaling by modulating phosphorylation of Par-6 inDrosophilaneuroblast asymmetric divisions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Drosophila neural stem cells or neuroblasts undergo typical asymmetric cell division. An evolutionally conserved protein complex, comprising atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Bazooka (Par-3) and Par-6, organizes cell polarity to direct these asymmetric divisions. Aurora-A (AurA) is a key molecule that links the divisions to the cell cycle. Upon its activation in metaphase, AurA phosphorylates Par-6 and activates aPKC signaling, triggering the asymmetric organization of neuroblasts. Little is known, however, about how such a positive regulatory cue is counteracted to coordinate aPKC signaling with other cellular processes. During a mutational screen using the Drosophila compound eye, we identified microtubule star (mts), which encodes a catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), as a negative regulator for aPKC signaling. Impairment of mts function causes defects in neuroblast divisions, as observed in lethal (2) giant larvae (lgl) mutants. mts genetically interacts with par-6 and lgl in a cooperative manner in asymmetric neuroblast division. Furthermore, Mts tightly associates with Par-6 and dephosphorylates AurA-phosphorylated Par-6. Our genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that PP2A suppresses aPKC signaling by promoting Par-6 dephosphorylation in neuroblasts, which uncovers a novel balancing mechanism for aPKC signaling in the regulation of asymmetric cell division.
The Economic Impacts of Restricting Agricultural Uses of Manure on Hog Farms in Southern Seaboard

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT EPA in December, 2000 proposed rules that would bring more livestock operations under regulation and restrict manure application more closely to crop nutrient needs. This paper, using individual whole-farm modeling applied to survey data, assessed the impacts of the proposed regulation on hog farms in the Southern Seaboard region. Results showed impacts would be particularly severe on large-size farms (over 2,500 pigs) applying manure to Bermuda hay. Feeding hogs a phytase diet that reduces phosphorous in manure reduced the income loss for farms with limited acres for applying manure.
Entalpy of Mixing, Microstructure, Structural, Thermomagnetic and Mechanical Properties of Binary Gd-Pb Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the present work is to study the phase composition, microstructure and magnetocaloric effect of binary Gd100−xPbx (where x = 5, 10, 15 and 20) alloys. The XRD and SEM/EDX analysis confirmed a biphasic structure built by Gd(Pb) and Gd5Pb3 phases. The analysis of M vs. T curves showed the evolution of the Curie point of recognized phases. The temperature dependences of magnetic entropy change revealed two maxima corresponding to the recognized phases. The analysis of the exponent n (ΔSMmax = C(Bmax)n) confirmed the multiphase composition of the produced alloys. The same behavior was also observed in investigations of mechanical properties.
Leaf physiological and structural plasticity of two Asplenium (Aspleniaceae) species coexisting in sun and shade conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background and aims – Relatively few studies have addressed the sun-shade response of fern species. Moreover, there is no information on species-specific plasticity patterns of such response, their relationship with species ecological requirements and the costs of such plasticity. The present study aims at filling these gaps by analysing the sun-shade plastic response of two Asplenium species that differ in their ecological requirements.Methods – We measured 27 leaf morphological, anatomical and physiological parameters using standard methods for A. ceterach and A. trichomanes in the field. The parameters were combined through Principal Component Analysis in order to highlight an integrated sun-shade response across species. Linear regression analysis was carried out to highlight the relationship between the calculated species plasticity patterns and the structural control on photosynthetic process.Key results – A significant degree of phenotypic plasticity was found for both species. Moreover, sun and shade leaves shared a common slope for the morpho-functional relationships reflecting no additional costs in terms of carbon assimilation. Even if the plastic responses of the two species scaled positively (R2 = 0.68, P = 4.667e‒07), A. trichomanes was characterized by a slightly higher anatomical plasticity (plasticity index = 0.19), while A. ceterach showed a higher physiological plasticity (0.60).Conclusion – A remarkable acclimation capacity for the two Asplenium species in response to different light conditions was highlighted. Nevertheless, A. ceterach seems to be more suited to cope with full sunlight conditions as compared to A. trichomanes, according to species ecological requirements.
The Deposition of Time

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Deposition of TimeJennifer L. RobertsMirror-Travels: Robert Smithson and History~One of the canonical specimens of Italian Mannerist painting, known for the audacity with which it challenges the conventions of its high Renaissance predecessors, is Pontormo's Deposition altarpiece (1525–28) in the Capponi...AuthorJennifer L. RobertsPublisherYale University PressCopyright© 2004 by Jennifer L. RobertsRelated print edition pages: pp.36-59 https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00282.3 Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22074Copy Chapter subject tags:CrystallographyMannerism (Art)--ItalyChristian art and symbolismMirrors in artEntropyFourth dimension
Evolution of c-f hybridization and two component Hall effect in β-YbAlB_4

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

β-YbAlB_4 is the unique heavy fermion superconductor that exhibits unconventional quantum criticality without tuning in a strongly intermediate valence state. Despite the large coherence temperature, set by the peak of the longitudinal resistivity, our Hall effect measurements reveal that resonant skew scattering from incoherent local moments persists down to at least ~40 K, where the Hall coefficient exhibits a distinct minimum signaling another formation of coherence. The observation strongly suggests that the hybridization between f-moments and conduction electrons has a two component character with distinct Kondo or coherence scales T_K of ~40 K and 200 K; this is confirmed by the magnetic field dependence of ρ_xy.
Design and Evaluation of a Dynamically Adaptive Fitness Game Environment for Children and Young Adolescents

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Traditional gym and fitness exercise regimens are currently being enhanced with innovative technology and interactive gamification systems. Exergame gyms offer body-centered games, which are controlled by relating the level of the user's physical activity to interactive coordinative and cognitive game demands. This approach can further be enhanced by implementing dynamically adaptive game-balancing mechanisms, and specifically designed full-body-motion controllers, to yield an optimal play/training session. Building on results of interdisciplinary game research, we designed and evaluated a dynamically-adaptive fitness game environment for children and young adolescents. This setting increases the motivating effects of fitness training, and can be used in addition, or as alternative to standard fitness programs.
Annotating and quantifying narrative time disruptions in modernist and hypertext fiction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper outlines work in progress on a new method of annotating and quantitatively discussing narrative techniques related to time in fiction. Specifically those techniques are analepsis, prolepsis, narrative level changes, and stream-of-consciousness and free-indirect-discourse narration. By counting the frequency and extent of the usage of these techniques, the narrative characteristics of different works from different time periods and genres can be compared. This project uses modernist fiction and hypertext fiction as its case studies.
What Do We Know About Threat-Related Perceptual Decision Making?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The ability to make rapid and precise decisions regarding the presence or absence of threats in the environment is critical for survival. Although threatening stimuli may be detected more accurately and faster because of to the bottom-up salience of their features, in the real world, these stimuli are often encountered in familiar environments in which top-down cues signal their arrival. There has been significant progress in understanding of the mechanisms by which people make perceptual decisions regarding relatively routine stimuli; however, the mechanisms of threat-related perceptual decision making remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the psychological, computational, and neural mechanisms by which information from threatening stimuli is integrated with prior knowledge from cues and surrounding contexts to guide perceptual decision making.
Neutralising capacity against Delta (B.1.617.2) and other variants of concern following Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccination in health care workers, Israel

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant of concern (VOC) and other VOCs are spreading in Europe. Micro-neutralisation assays with sera obtained after Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccination in 36 healthcare workers (31 female) demonstrated significant fold change reduction in neutralising titres compared with the original virus: Gamma (P.1) 2.3, Beta (B.1.351) 10.4, Delta 2.1 and 2.6. The reduction of the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant was not significant. Despite being lower, remaining neutralisation capacity conferred by Comirnaty against Delta and other VOCs is probably protective.
Tuberculosis: the current status in India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pulmonary tuberculosis is endemic globally and is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. India is classified among the 22 high burden countries by WHO. According to WHO global TB report 2015 incidence of TB in India in 2014 was 2.2 million (including patients with HIV/TB) while, prevalence was 2.5 million (includes patients with HIV/TB). Mortality (excluding patients wit HIV/TB) was 0.2 million and case detection for all forms of TB was approximately 74%. With the emerging threat of Drug-Resistant TB, We need to improve our surveillance and treatment facility to eliminate TB by 2050.

Key words: Pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV/ TB
Racial and ethnic disparities in US neuroendocrine tumor clinical trial enrollment over the past quarter century.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e16353 Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms originating from neuroendocrine cells, with considerable variation in behavior and clinical presentation. The rising incidence of NETs has driven advancements in drug development; however, it remains unclear whether all demographic groups have equal access to novel therapeutic trials. Previous oncologic epidemiological studies have identified race-specific disparities in overall and disease-specific survival. This study aimed to assess whether similar racial and ethnic disparities exist in the enrollment of patients in NET clinical trials. Methods: We collected data from all completed NET clinical trials involving adult patients conducted in the United States over the past 25 years (1/1/2000 to 1/1/2025) as reported on clinicaltrials.gov. Therapeutic interventional trials were included while observational, non-interventional or non-therapeutic trials were excluded. Key study variables included race, ethnicity, sex, tumor type, and year of study. To assess enrollment patterns, we calculated the enrollment ratio for each racial and ethnic group, defined as the percentage of enrollees from each group divided by their proportion among the overall NET patient population. Results: We analyzed 64 NET trials, comprising 5,020 participants total. The gender distribution was similar, with 2,455 women and 2,565 men. Racial demographic data were reported in 60.9% (39/64) of the trials, while ethnicity data were provided in 42.2% (27/64). The reporting of race increased markedly, rising from 16.7% during 2008–2011 to 78.3% in 2020–2024. The comparison of enrollment ratios revealed that Black participants were significantly underrepresented compared to White participants (0.292, p < 0.001 ), and Hispanic participants were significantly underrepresented compared to Non-Hispanic participants (0.536, p < 0.001 ). Conclusions: Black and Hispanic Americans are significantly underrepresented in NET clinical trials. Clinical trials are critical for developing effective treatments and understanding how interventions perform across populations. The lack of representation hinders our ability to evaluate how NET therapies affect different racial and ethnic groups, potentially worsening existing health disparities. Enhancing the inclusion of underrepresented minorities in NET clinical trials is vital to promoting equitable care and improving health outcomes for all patients. Demographic representation and enrollment ratios in NETs clinical trials. Black White Hispanic Non-Hispanic NETs Patient Demographics 16.1% 74.0% 10.4% 89.6% NETs Clinical Trial Enrollee Demographics 5.33% 83.5% 5.69% 91.3% Enrollment Ratio 0.331 1.13 0.546 1.02 Relative Enrollment Compared with White 0.292 (p<0.001) 1.00 - - Relative Enrollment Compared with Non-Hispanic - - 0.536 (p<0.001) 1.00
The effect of Xenin25 on spontaneous circular muscle contractions of rat distal colon in vitro

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Xenin25 has a variety of physiological functions in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including ion transport and motility. However, the motility responses in the colon induced by Xenin25 remain poorly understood. Therefore, the effect of Xenin25 on the spontaneous circular muscle contractions of the rat distal colon was investigated using organ bath chambers and immunohistochemistry. Xenin25 induced the inhibition followed by postinhibitory spontaneous contractions with a higher frequency in the rat distal colon. This inhibitory effect of Xenin25 was significantly suppressed by TTX but not by atropine. The inhibitory time (the duration of inhibition) caused by Xenin25 was shortened by the NTSR1 antagonist SR48692, the NK1R antagonist CP96345, the VPAC2 receptor antagonist PG99-465, the nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate-cyclase inhibitor ODQ, and the Ca2+ -dependent K+ channel blocker apamin. The higher frequency of postinhibitory spontaneous contractions induced by Xenin25 was also attenuated by ODQ and apamin. SP-, NOS-, and VIP-immunoreactive neurons were detected in the myenteric plexus (MP) of the rat distal colon. Small subsets of the SP-positive neurons were also Calbindin positive. Most of the VIP-positive neurons were also NOS positive, and small subsets of the NK1R-positive neurons were also VIP positive. Based on the present results, we propose the following mechanism. Xenin25 activates neuronal NTSR1 on the SP neurons of IPANs, and transmitters from the VIP and apamin-sensitive NO neurons synergistically inhibit the spontaneous circular muscle contractions via NK1R. Subsequently, the postinhibitory spontaneous contractions are induced by the offset of apamin-sensitive NO neuron activation via the interstitial cells of Cajal. In addition, Xenin25 also activates the muscular NTSR1 to induce relaxation. Thus, Xenin25 is considered to be an important modulator of post prandial circular muscle contraction of distal colon since the release of Xenin25 from enteroendocrine cells is stimulated by food intake.
Liver Fat Accumulation after Islet Transplantation and Graft Survival

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our objective is to evaluate if there is an association between liver fat accumulation after islet transplantation (ITx) and graft survival. A cohort study was conducted in 34 subjects with type 1 diabetes postallogeneic ITx. Liver fat content was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (change in liver signal intensity on in-phase and opposed-phase images). Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were performed with islet dysfunction duration as the dependent variable and fat liver content as an independent one. Values of p < 0.05 were significant (SSPS ® 18.0 and MedCalc ® 12.5). Patients' mean age was 40 ± 8 years (diabetes duration: 31 ± 12 years; male: 41%). Islet survival did not differ in patients without (51 months, 95% CI 40–62 months) or with steatosis (48 months, 95% CI 38–58 months; p = 0.55) during islet dysfunction period. Nevertheless, survival curves appear to separate late in the follow-up, and after 40 months steatosis was associated with shorter graft survival ( p log rank = 0.049). This association remained (RR 23.5, 95% CI 1.1–516.0; p = 0.045) after adjustments for possible confounding factors. In this sample of subjects with type 1 diabetes submitted to ITx, steatosis was not associated with islet failure in the whole cohort. However, in subjects with functional islets after 40 months, a shorter graft survival was observed in those with steatosis during the islet dysfunction period, even after adjustments to variables known to be associated with islet failure.