jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Swainsonine: an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, inhibits the processing of asparagine-linked glycoproteins in both cell-free extracts and animal cells in culture. Thus, in a liver particulate enzyme preparation, swainsonine at 0.1-1.0 microM inhibited the mannosidase that releases [3H]mannose from a high mannose glycopeptide but only slightly inhibited the release of glucose from a glucose-labeled glycopeptide. MDCK and Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture incorporate [2-3H]mannose and [6-3H]glucosamine into both high mannose and complex types of oligosaccharides. When these cells were incubated with swainsonine and then labeled with mannose or glucosamine, there was a dramatic decrease in the amount of label in the complex type of glycopeptide and a substantial increase in the radioactivity in the high mannose type. This change was monitored by the increase in radioactivity that became susceptible to digestion by endoglucosaminidase H with increasing concentrations of swainosine. The endoglucosaminidase H-released oligosaccharide(s) from swainsonine-treated cells was larger and more homogeneous than that from controls and eluted from Bio-Gel P-4 at the position of Man9GlcNAc. Several tissue culture cell lines were grown in the presence of swainsonine to determine its effect on cell surface glycoproteins. Cells grown in the alkaloid showed an increased capacity to bind Escherichia coli B886, a bacterium that binds to high mannose glycoproteins. These cells also showed an increasing binding of [3H]concanavalin A.
Respiratory bioelectronics measurement for infant

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper is the Final report for the Final Year Project (FYP) of the ‘Respiratory Bioelectronics Measurement for Infant’. The purpose of this report is to summarize the entire project progress, tasks that have completed as well as the results obtained and identified potential problems that occurred in this year. First, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age. SIDS usually occurs when the infant is sleeping. Moreover, there is usually no evidence of the infants struggling and crying. Thus, it is very hard for parents to determine whether their baby is sleeping safely. Hence, the main objective of this study is to implement a Bioelectronics respiratory device to monitor the respiratory rate of the infants. Signals will be sent from the Accelerometer through the movement of the diaphragm and alarm will be sounded to alert the surrounding when the breathing rate of the infant is abnormal.
Study on Adsorption Behavior of Starch Microspheres to Iron (II) Ions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide cross-linked starch microspheres (CSM) were synthesized from soluble starch in inverse suspension system. Then the starch microspheres and its adsorption behavior to iron (II) were characterized using scan electron microscope (SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer, and the mechanism of adsorption was also discussed in the present study. The results showed that the adsorption behavior of the starch microspheres to iron (II) ions was adapted to Langmiur adsorption isotherm equation with nice correlations. At room temperature and pH 4.5, the maximum absorption amount of starch microspheres to iron (II) ions was 0.866 mmol/g within 60 min. Meanwhile, the adsorption rate equation was deduced. The crystallinity of microspheres decreased after the absorption to iron (II) ions.
Penis size and sperm quality, are all bats grey in the dark?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Penises play a key role in sperm transport and in stimulating female genitals. This should impact post-copulatory competition, and expose penis characteristics to sexual selective pressures. Studies of male genitalia have repeatedly reported negative static allometries, which mean that, within species, large males have disproportionally small genitals when compared with smaller individuals. Males of some sperm-storing bat species may stand as an exception to such a pattern by arousing from hibernation to copulate with torpid females. The selection for large penises might take place, if a long organ provides advantages during post-copulatory competition and/or if females have evolved mechanisms allowing the choice of sire, relying on characters other than pre-copulatory traits (e.g., penis size). In this study, we measured dimensions of the erected penis in 4 sperm-storing bat species. Furthermore, we collected sperm and evaluated the link between penis dimensions and sperm velocity. Our results revealed steep allometric slopes of the erected penis length in Barbastella barbastellus and an inverse allometry of penis head width in Myotis nattereri. More detailed studies of copulatory behavior are urgently needed to explain the range of observed scaling relations. Furthermore, penis head width correlates with sperm velocity in Plecotus auritus. For this last species, we propose that penis shape might act as a marker of male fertility.
The Imprint of Preferences and Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: A Window Into Contemporary Residential Segregation Patterns in the Greater Boston Area

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

If we truly desire to keep integration on the upswing and to hasten segregation’s descent, we must continue to effectively harness and improve the resources and tools at our disposal—including social science research.In the last quarter of the twentieth century, three of the most important socioeconomic and demographic factors contributing to the decline in residential segregation were the suburbanization of people and jobs, the economic prosperity of the 1990s, and the surge in the number of multiethnic metropolitan areas. These trends started slowly in the 1960s and 1970s, gained momentum in the 1980s, and surpassed most expectations in the 1990s (Frey &amp; Farley 1996; Glaeser &amp; Vigdor 2002; U.S. Bureau of the Census 2003). Still, residential segregation is demonstrably complex and resistant to change. Many cities surely will remain highly segregated (and, in the case of a select few, hypersegregated) for decades to come. Despite the progress that has been made to date, residential segregation remains one of the most vexing social and policy problems facing American society.Also available at http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu
Serum Lipocalin 2 Levels in Acute Exercised Prediabetic Rat Model in Comparison to Normal Healthy Control

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Excess caloric intake expands adipose tissue resulting in a higher risk of metabolic disease. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is an adipokine having a role in innate immunity and energy metabolism. It is an acute phase protein that was recently correlated with potential effects on obesity and inflammation. The reaction of this protein to progressive exercise in animals has limited studies. Exercise encourages weight loss and improves insulin sympathy. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating its beneficial effects are not fully understood. Obesity associates with increased production of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn, subsidizes to systemic insulin resistance. LCN2 has been shown to have a significant association with body mass index (BMI). However, only few of the LCN2-related studies have investigated whether LCN2 constitutes a causal factor of the metabolic conditions in animals. One of the best strategies to prevent obesity and its associated inflammation is participation in regular physical activity. Objective: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that exercise mitigates this inflammatory response, thereby improving insulin sensitivity, we tested whether there is an insulin-sensitizing effect of exercise is associated with related changes in circulating LCN2 levels in rats. Design: A total number of 24 adult healthy male albino rats were used. Rats were divided into three groups: group I (control, C), group II (model of pre-diabetic obese rats without exercise, PD) and group III (model of pre-diabetic obese rats with acute voluntary exercise, PDE). Results: This study revealed that after a 2 days acute exercise program, insulin sensitivity was improved, as indicated by a significant decrease in serum insulin (1.98±0.04), serum glucose (121.75±2.85) and Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) (0.59±0.02) in PDE in comparison to corresponding values in PD group (3.94±0.08), (159±1.49) and (1.44±0.11) respectively. Also, Serum LCN2 concentrations were significantly decreased (62.88±1.79) in PDE group in comparison to PD group (94.75±3.36). Conclusion: We concluded that exercise has an insulin sensitizing effect in the pre-diabetic stage and its mechanism could involve a reduction in LCN2 levels in exercise-trained group.
Comparison of the effect of various drugs on the survival rate of hop cuttings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In the territory of modern Russia over the previous 40 years, the production of hops has decreased tenfold. Since hop raw materials are in demand in the world community and in Russia, the government is taking measures to support the revival of hop production as an increase in agricultural production. In this regard, albeit extremely slowly, but, the interest of individual agricultural enterprises in hop seedlings begins to increase. There is a shortage of planting material. In the production of seedlings, one of the main problems is the survival rate of hop cuttings (on average over the years - 50-55%). Among other reasons, the incidence of rooted hop cuttings is of great importance. To increase the yield of standard hop seedlings, various preparations are being tested at the Chuvash Research Institute of Agriculture, which reduce the damage to cuttings by external factors and increase the percentage of their survival. The article presents data on tests of biological fungicides and growth stimulators, not previously studied on hops, for 2 years of research.
Treatment of Nelson's syndrome by pituitary implantation of yttrium-90 or gold-198.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eight patients with Nelson's syndrome were treated with a pituitary implant of yttrium-90 or gold-198 four to 16 years after adrenal surgery. All had considerable pigmentation. One already had cranial nerve abnormalities and visual field defects and had had both a craniotomy and deep x-ray treatment. Radiographs showed that the pituitary fossa was abnormal in seven patients. A biopsy performed in six cases showed mucoid (or basophil) adenoma in all. In the four specimens examined ACTH was identified by electron microscopy or immunofluorescence, or both. Patients were followed up after pituitary implantation for three months to 12 years. All showed decreased pigmentation, and six became normal. Four patients regained normal ACTH levels and the other two studied had decreased levels. In no case did new cranial nerve disease or further sellar expansion develop since operation, and two patients showed remodelling of the sella. Complications were temporary leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and diabetes insipidus in one patient and gonadotrophin deficiency in another.
LHD cECE #162097.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging to determine the electron temperature profile by measuring the intensity of each frequency of ECE. This system uses a wide-band two-dimensional horn-antenna mixer array (HMA) whose frequency response is between 50 and 110 GHz and the ECE signal is selected using a 95 GHz local oscillator and a 93 GHz high-pass filter.
Lizardite “kolskite” from the Lesnaya Varaka alkaline ultrabasic massif (Kola peninsula): new data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Background. A rare morphological variety of magnesian serpentine, described in 1939 in the veins of the Lesnaya Varaka alkaline ultrabasic massif (Kola Peninsula) under the name “kolskite” is studied. For a long time, this variety has been considered an antigorite. Aim. Identification of the polymorphic modification of “worm-like” serpentine; determination of its crystal chemical features and possible genesis. Materials and methods . Samples were studied using electron probe analysis and scanning electron microscopy by a Jeol JSM-IT500 scanning electron microscope equipped with an INCA X-Max energy dispersion spectrometer; powder X-ray diffraction; infrared spectroscopy using a FSM-1201 IR Fourier spectrometer; and Raman spectroscopy using a EnSpectr R532 spectrometer. Results. Serpentine “kolskite” is represented by lizardite with the empirical formula (Mg 2.79 Al 0.04 Fe 3+ 0.01 ) ∑2.84 [Si 2.06 O 5 ](OH) 4 . The calculated parameters of the trigonal unit cell are as follows: a = 5.32(1) Å, c = 7.88(2) Å, V = 193.0(1) Å 3 . An increase in parameter c compared to that of apoolivine lizardite typical of ultrabasic objects indicates an expansion of the interlayer distance and is associated with serpentine hydration. Conclusion . The formation of “worm-like” lizardite aggregates could occur either by replacing vermiculite under the action of low-temperature alkaline hydrothermal solutions, or as a result of hypergenic alteration in the earlier apoolivine serpentine.
A History of the Mahrattas, Volume 1

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the many famous 'administrator-historians' of India, James Grant Duff (1789–1858), Captain of the First Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry, first arrived in India as a cadet at the age of sixteen. Quickly mastering the Marathi, Urdu, and Persian languages, Duff became well known for his ability to cut through the cultural divide, and was regarded as a valuable resource for the East India Company's expansion of trade. His wide-ranging network of connections enabled him to obtain unrestricted access to state papers, documents and temple archives. Consequently, Duff's history is comprehensive and thorough; it served as the best history of its kind for decades. This first volume includes preliminary observations on geography, climate, people, religion, and early history of the Maratha country. Its fourteen chapters detail the general history from 1000 CE to 1740, starting with the Islamic conquest of the Deccan
Comparison of the effect of native glucagon‐like peptide 1 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV‐resistant analogues on insulin release from rat pancreatic islets

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background Glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) stimulates insulin secretion and may improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic use is limited by its rapid degradation, primarily by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Materials and methods Five GLP‐1 analogues with alterations at cleavage positions were synthesized according to the Fmoc strategy and tested for metabolic stability by incubation with rat kidney membranes containing dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity. Their insulinotropic effect was compared in isolated rat pancreatic islets after 24 h maintenance in tissue culture. Ten islets per vial were incubated for 30 min; insulin was measured radioimmunologically. Each analogue was compared with GLP‐1 in the same experiment. Results All analogues were biologically active in isolated islets in the potency order da2d8 = da2 > d2d9 > da2ds8 > desamino. At 16.7 mmol L −1 glucose, GLP‐1 and GLP‐1 analogues altered as position 2, or 2 and 8 significantly ( P < 0.05) increased insulin release at 10 −9 mol L −1 . N‐terminal modification of GLP‐1 confers resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation in rat kidney membranes in vitro . Conclusions The analogues tested are biologically active and resistant to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Their greater metabolic stability may help to realize the potential of GLP‐1 analogues in diabetes therapy.
Design and development prototype of measurement oxygen saturation in blood (SpO2) as early detection happy hypoxia in Covid-19 patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Covid-19 pandemic outbreak is still not over. Even today, there are many cases of people without symptoms (OTG=Orang Tanpa Gejala/People Without Symptoms). The sufferer does not feel the symptoms of fever, cough and runny nose. Patients can still do activities as usual, but suddenly experience shortness of breath and decreased consciousness due to lack of oxygen. This phenomenon of reducing the amount of oxygen in the body without causing symptoms is known as happy hypoxia. This study aims to design a prototype measurement of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) as an early detection of happy hypoxia in Covid-19 patients using a pulse oximeter sensor and non-invasive methods (without surgery). The sensor is placed on the patient's fingertip and will measure the intensity of light that penetrates the bloodstream at the fingertip. The measurement data is compared with an oximeter and this tool has the highest error of 0.02% and the lowest 0.01%.
Incremental SAR Automatic Target Recognition With Error Correction and High Plasticity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition (SAR ATR) uses computer processing capabilities to infer the classes of the targets without human intervention. For SAR ATR, deep learning gradually emerges as a powerful tool and achieves promising performance. However, it faces serious challenges of how to deal with incremental recognition scenarios. The existing deep learning-based SAR ATR methods usually predefine the total number of recognition classes. In realistic applications, the new tasks/classes will be added continuously. If all old data are stored and mixed with newly added data to update the model, the storage pressure and time consumption make the application infeasible. In this article, the high plastic error correction incremental learning (HPecIL) is proposed to address the model degradation and plasticity decline in the incremental scenario. Multiple optimal models trained on old tasks are used to correct accumulative errors and alleviate model degradation. Moreover, the sharp data distribution shift due to newly added data can also result in the model underperforming. A class-balanced training batch is constructed to deal with the issue of unbalanced data distribution. To make a tradeoff between model stability and model plasticity, low-effect nodes in the model are removed to boost the efficiency of model update. The proposed HPecIL outperforms the other state-of-the-art methods in incremental recognition scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Leadership styles in the context of effective management of virtual teams

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

. In connection with the development of digital technologies, as well as the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, many organizations faced the problem of transitioning to a virtual work format. A large number of teams suddenly had to work not physically, but in a digital environment. However, the transition to virtual teamwork is a challenge not only for the team, but also for the management of virtual teams. Despite the importance of the issue of virtual leadership in the modern aspect, there is still a lack of research on leadership specifically among virtual teams. In this study, the main advantages and disadvantages of the transition to remote work were determined, and it was found that one of the potential bottlenecks of the work of virtual teams is the need to transform the management system and leadership styles in accordance with the needs of personnel in the new reality. Based on existing research, the key factors that influence the choice of leadership style in virtual teams are grouped, with the factors divided into four subsystems (leader personality, team member personalities, tasks/projects, external environment) and further detailed as triggers to be identified individually in each organization. According to the most popular leadership styles in scientific and business literature, the advantages and possibilities of using each style in the context of managing virtual teams are determined. Therefore, the authoritarian style of leadership in most cases, except for situations where the risk factor and the need to make quick decisions are extremely important, is ineffective in managing virtual projects and teams. In addition, the transformational style of leadership, which is recognized by many researchers as the most acceptable against the background of digitalization of work processes, from our point of view does not meet all the challenges that may arise. Therefore, the situational style of leadership in cases of managing virtual teams provides a sufficient level of flexibility and meets the modern needs of managers and staff. Thus, our work is a starting point for a structured study of the mechanisms of implementing a situational type of leadership in virtual teams.
Cognitive Outcomes and Relationships with Phenylalanine in Phenylketonuria: A Comparison between Italian and English Adult Samples

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We aimed to assess if the same cognitive batteries can be used cross-nationally to monitor the effect of Phenylketonuria (PKU). We assessed whether a battery, previously used with English adults with PKU (AwPKU), was also sensitive to impairments in Italian AwPKU. From our original battery, we selected a number of tasks that comprehensively assessed visual attention, visuo-motor coordination, executive functions (particularly, reasoning, planning, and monitoring), sustained attention, and verbal and visual memory and learning. When verbal stimuli/or responses were involved, stimuli were closely matched between the two languages for psycholinguistic variables. We administered the tasks to 19 Italian AwPKU and 19 Italian matched controls and compared results from with 19 English AwPKU and 19 English matched controls selected from a previously tested cohort. Participant election was blind to cognitive performance and metabolic control, but participants were closely matched for age and education. The Italian AwPKU group had slightly worse metabolic control but showed levels of performance and patterns of impairment similar to the English AwPKU group. The Italian results also showed extensive correlations between adult cognitive measures and metabolic measures across the life span, both in terms of Phenylalanine (Phe) levels and Phe fluctuations, replicating previous results in English. These results suggest that batteries with the same and/or matched tasks can be used to assess cognitive outcomes across countries allowing results to be compared and accrued. Future studies should explore potential differences in metabolic control across countries to understand what variables make metabolic control easier to achieve.