jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary embolism and infarction with a paradoxical thrombus visualised in both atria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 59-year-old woman presented with a sudden onset of breathlessness and chest pain. An echocardiography and CT scan showed pulmonary embolism and infarction with a paradoxical thrombus visualised in both atria. For haemodynamically stable patients, the optimal management strategy is poorly defined. Three main strategies were considered: surgical thrombectomy, thrombolysis and anticoagulation. Surgery with reversal of anticoagulation may lead to further coagulation and increased risk of bleeding complications. The significant pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular infarction raised the prospect of difficult weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass following thrombectomy. Thrombolysis, which has significant mortality rate, and systemic embolisation including pulmonary infarction with haemorrhagic transformation were also contraindications. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted and anticoagulation was therefore believed to be the safest and effective approach. Here, the use of anticoagulation alone was fortunately successful but could as easily end in disaster. This approach should be considered the ideal paradigm to yield optimum outcomes.
Nilpotent structures and collapsing Ricci-flat metrics on the K3 surface

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We exhibit families of Ricci-flat Kähler metrics on the K3 surface which collapse to an interval, with Tian-Yau and Taub-NUT metrics occurring as bubbles. There is a corresponding continuous surjective map from the $K3$ surface to the interval, with regular fibers diffeomorphic to either $3$-tori or Heisenberg nilmanifolds.
Inferences in natural language understanding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a subsymbolic fuzzy approach to language understanding. The author addresses the issue of natural language understanding in terms of two fundamental inferences: 1) the reasoning of implicit knowledge surrounding the text; and 2) the deduction from the explicit context of the sentences. Fuzzy reasoning and connectionist techniques are employed in order to yield right results. They are flexible enough to work in a natural language environment which is characterized by almost infinite variability. Firstly, linguistic meanings are encoded in subsymbolic microfeatures. A technique of fuzzy reasoning in a fuzzy rule matrix is used to capture the surrounding knowledge in the text. Finally, a fuzzy unification process is employed to form a coherent structure and comprehend the context.< >
The Effects of Fatigue on Balance in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: Influence of Medication and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genotype

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the effects of fatigue on balance in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Because falls in this population can have deleterious consequences, it is important to understand the influence of fatigue and PD medications on balance. Additionally, since brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be related to motor performance, we explored its role in balance fatigue. Participants: 27 individuals (age= 65.4±8.1; males= 14, females= 13) with neurologist-diagnosed PD. Of the 27, 13 were genotyped for BDNF as Val/Val, 11 as Val/Met, 2 as Met/Met, and one refused genotyping. Methods: Participants were tested twice, first on medication and second off medication, one week apart. On both days, participants completed the following tests before and after a fatiguing condition: mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (mini-BESTest), computerized dynamic posturography (sensory orientation and motor control), functional reach, and gait spatial-temporal parameters at preferred gait speed across an instrumented walking mat. To address the primary aim of the study, a 2 (condition: pre and post) X 2 (medication: on and off) factorial ANOVA was performed for each outcome variable in each of the following domains: 1. anticipatory postural response; 2. adaptive postural responses; 3. Dynamic balance; 4. sensory orientation; and, 5. gait characteristics. For the exploratory aim, independent t-tests were conducted to compare both pre- and post-fatigue states, and on and of medication states for all of the aforementioned balance domains. Results: There were no statistically significant interactions between time (pre and post) and medication (on and off) for anticipatory postural responses, adaptive postural responses, dynamic balance, sensory orientation, or gait characteristics (ps≥.187). Participants with BDNF Met alleles were not significantly different from Val/Val participants in balance or gait (ps≥.111) and response to a fatiguing condition (ps≥.070). Discussion: The results of this study suggest that fatigue does not have a detrimental effect on balance and gait in individuals with PD. Likewise, our results were also in line with other studies that suggest that PD medications are not effective for decreasing risk of falls due to postural instability. Lastly, these results also indicate that individuals with a BDNF Met allele are not at an increased fall risk after a fatiguing condition compared to those with the Val/Val genotype.
Effect of Fractions of Barleria Buxifolia and their Biological Activity Against Economically Important Lepidopteron Pests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Antifeedant, larvicidal and ovicidal activities of fractions isolated from ethyl acetate crude extracts of Barleriabuxifolia leaves were tested against fourth instar larvae of Spodopteralitura and Helicoverpaarmigera. The maximum antifeedant, ovicidal and larvicidal activity was recorded in fraction III of B. buxifolia against S. litura and H. armigera. Whereas significant larval mortality was observed in fraction III of B. buxifoliaon S. litura (78.66%) and H. armigera(73.76%) at the same concentration. These results indicate that B. buxifolia has the potential to serve as an alternate botanical pesticide in the management of Spodopteralitura and Helicoverpaarmigera.
Culture Contact as a Dynamic Process an Investigation in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Opening Paragraph In considering the effects of the contact between African societies and European civilization, one is apt to forget that the exploitation of Africa by Europeans began more than five centuries ago. To trace the consequences of this long intercourse between Africa and Europe is a legitimate and worthwhile task. But is it a task for the social anthropologist? Previous contributors to the present symposium have emphasized the necessity of historical reconstruction in order to understand the effects of contact with European civilization upon a particular culture. They have been fortunate in dealing with cultures where the initial impact of the white man is recent enough to be within living memory. On the West Coast of Africa no feat of skill or imagination would suffice to establish a reliable zero point of culture contact. One would presumably have to be content with the construction of an ‘ideal type’ based on the scanty literature and on descriptions of cognate cultures. But must we therefore abandon every hope of investigating the influence of European civilization in these areas, and confine ourselves to the regions of recent contact where the procedure sponsored by Dr. Hunter and Dr. Mair can be successfully employed? I do not think so; and I shall endeavour to describe an approach which is, I believe, equally applicable both in societies which have recently come under the influence of culture contact, and those which have reached an advanced stage of Europeanization.
Beyond the RCT: When are Randomized Trials Unnecessary for New Therapeutic Devices, and What Should We Do Instead?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop an evidence-based framework for evaluation of therapeutic devices, based on ethical principles and clinical evidence considerations Summary Background Data: Nearly all medical products which do not work solely through chemical action are regulated as medical devices. Their huge range of purposes, mechanisms of action and risks pose challenges for regulation. High-profile implantable device failures have fuelled concerns about the level of clinical evidence needed for market approval. Calls for more rigorous evaluation lack clarity about what kind of evaluation is appropriate, and are commonly interpreted as meaning more randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These are valuable where devices are genuinely new and claim to offer measurable therapeutic benefits. Where this is not the case, RCTs may be inappropriate and wasteful. Methods: Starting with a set of ethical principles and basic precepts of clinical epidemiology, we developed a sequential decision-making algorithm for identifying when an RCT should be performed to evaluate new therapeutic devices, and when other methods, such as observational study designs and registry-based approaches, are acceptable. Results: The algorithm clearly defines a group of devices where an RCT is deemed necessary, and the associated framework indicates that an IDEAL 2b study should be the default clinical evaluation method where it is not. Conclusions: The algorithm and recommendations are based on the principles of the IDEAL-D framework for medical device evaluation and appear eminently practicable. Their use would create a safer system for monitoring innovation, and facilitate more rapid detection of potential hazards to patients and the public.
Impact of Amplitude Response on the Capacity of an Intelligent-Reflecting-Surface-Enabled Narrowband SISO System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Future wireless networks are characterized as having a combination of various technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, combined communication, sensing and others. In this context, intelligent reflecting surfaces have been identified as a powerful candidate for 6G enabling technologies. In this paper, we present the performance analysis of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted narrowband single-input single-output (SISO) system. We evaluate the capacity and received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a SISO wireless system by considering the effect of amplitude response of the channel and changes in transmit SNR. The simulation results show that the capacity of the system can be significantly improved in the presence of passive, as well as active, reflecting elements even when the strength of the direct link between the transmitter and receiver is very low. Similarly, transmit SNR has a significant impact on the overall performance improvement of the system.
Trust, corruption, and inequality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In highly unequal societies, the rich subvert the political, regulatory, and legal institutions of society for their own benefit. Corruption and inequality wreak havoc with the moral sense. Where corruption is widespread, people realise that they are not the masters of their own fate – and they lose faith that their future will be bright. The chapter examines how corruption and inequality affect generalised trust and confidence in government. It focuses on perceptions of corruption but objective measures of inequality are used. The Gallup World Poll is the most comprehensive cross-national survey project. It covers a wide range of countries through either face-to-face or telephone interviews. The World Poll has several measures of petty corruption: paying bribes for medical services, to the police, to avoid taxes, to get government contracts, to obtain an apartment, or to gain admission to university or to a school for the child.
Social media analysis of BPS data availability in economics using decision tree method

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) is one of the government institution with the duty to provide accurate and reliable data for the government and society uses. Currently BPS does not have basic tool that can be used to evaluate usage of their data by people or government. The aim of this study is to analyze the usage of BPS data, especially in economics by people or society via social media "Twitter", mapping them and comparing the result with the availability of the current data in BPS so that some suggestions for upgrading and advancing BPS in providing data to the public can be made. Some comments, especially about economics, from the public via Twitter were mined and classified by Decision tree method. Four categories data were produced: (1) Not in the field of economic, (2) in the field but not using BPS data, (3) in the field that may be using BPS data and (4) in the field that using BPS data. Tweets harvesting were done during two months period January 2016 til February 2016 by using Twitter Archiver. About 77.854 tweets that indicates to economic topic were collected. 2.360 data were used for training data. The result showed that 49.425 tweets were classified as economic topic. The majority of class was obtained from the tweets of economics but not using BPS data. 12 major keywords were obtained during this study. These keywords were generated using unigram, bigram, and trigram. In conclusion, we found that 3 primary keywords about economics were needed to be concerned by BPS: The economic policy package, Palm Oil, and Creative Economy.
The gothic version of the bible by bishop ulphilas

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The gothic version of the bible by bishop ulphilas Get access F. C. H. F. C. H. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s3-VI, Issue 142, 17 September 1864, Page 234, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-VI.142.234a Published: 17 September 1864
Comparative urban ecological research in developing countries

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

As of 2003 more of the world's population lives in urban than in rural settings, and this provides us with immense challenges in the planning, management and conservation of urban areas. Cities in sub-Saharan Africa are growing faster than in any other region as a result of migration, reflecting people's hopes of escaping rural privation more than actual opportunity in the cities (United Nations Population Fund,1996). This sociological phenomenon is also backed by statistical reason: in South Africa a new resident moving into a city has a 60% chance of securing a work opportunity, while the general chances for someone remaining in a rural area are about 40% (Policy Co-ordination and Advisory Services, 2003). In our view, this increase in urbanisation provides enough reason to study the ecology of cities, towns and settlements.
Characterization of atomic force microscopy and electrical probing techniques for IC metrology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to image a microlithographic sample. The AFM operates in the non destructive non-contact mode, uses glass tips as opposed to tungsten or silicon, and has an optical interferometric detection system. Its estimated lateral resolution is under 10 nanometers and much better in the z direction. A sample consisting of chrome features on quartz was produced for measurements using AFM and electric probe techniques. The features are single and grouped lines on the order of 1 micrometers incorporated into an electric probe pad layout. Dimensions of these features are determined from the AFM images by relating their sizes in pixels to the excursions of the scanners during the formation of the images. These results are compared with measurements obtained through electric probing techniques.
Role of defects in radiation chemistry of crystalline organic materials. 3. Geometrical and electronic structures of alkene radical anion and cation in alkene/n-alkane mixed crystals as studied by ESR spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRole of defects in radiation chemistry of crystalline organic materials. 3. Geometrical and electronic structures of alkene radical anion and cation in alkene/n-alkane mixed crystals as studied by ESR spectroscopyKaoru Matsuura, Hachizo Muto, and Keichi NunomeCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 23, 9481–9487Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100176a082https://doi.org/10.1021/j100176a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
BW619C89, a glutamate release inhibitor, protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate is involved in excitotoxic brain injury and neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia. Therefore, compounds that block the release of glutamate may be useful as cerebroprotective agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cerebroprotective properties of a glutamate release inhibitor, BW619C89. In the studies reported here, the effect of BW619C89 [4-amino-2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrimidine] on neurotransmitter release (endogenous amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and acetylcholine) from slices of rat brain cerebral cortex in vitro has been determined. The neuroprotective efficacy of BW619C89 has been evaluated using the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia in the Fischer 344 rat. In the in vitro studies, BW619C89 inhibited veratrine- (but not potassium-) evoked release of both endogenous glutamate and aspartate from rat cerebral cortex slices with IC50 values of approximately 5 microM. BW619C89 was approximately 10-fold less potent to inhibit veratrine-evoked 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid release (IC50 = 51 microM), fourfold less potent to inhibit 3H-acetylcholine release (IC50 = 21 microM), and at 10 microM had only weak activity at excitatory amino acid (N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate, and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) binding sites. When administered intravenously to Fischer 344 rats 5 minutes after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, BW619C89 produced marked reductions of both total (cortex and basal ganglia) and cortical infarct volumes. Cortical infarct size was reduced by 20% at a dose of BW619C89 of 5 mg/kg (n = 6, not significant); 43% at 10 mg/kg (n = 8, P < .01); 59% at 20 mg/kg (n = 8, P < .001); 61% at 30 mg/kg (n = 8, P < .001), and 53% at 40 mg/kg (n = 8, P < .001). BW619C89 at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg also significantly reduced noncortical (basal ganglia) infarct volumes, demonstrating that a proportion of this tissue also appears to be salvageable. Behavioral effects observed were dose related, generally minor, and at doses of 20 mg/kg IV and above consisted of body tremor and mild ataxia lasting approximately 2 hours. These results suggest that glutamate release inhibitors such as BW619C89 may provide an alternative to excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists in the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia and stroke.
The Effects of Lamin A/C C1908T Polymorphism on Body Composition, Plasma Lipoprotein Lipid Profile and Insulin Sensitivity Changes with Aerobic Exercise Training

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obesity, lipoprotein subclass concentrations and insulin resistance are predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Lamin A/C (LMNA) C1908T polymorphism has been associated with obesity-related anthropometric and biochemical traits, higher fasting triglyceride, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations and the metabolic syndrome. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to generate favorable changes in body composition, lipoprotein-lipid profile and insulin sensitivity and to reduce CVD risk. The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of the C1908T polymorphism on percent body fat, plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in sedentary subjects before, and their change with, 24 weeks of exercise training. Following IRB approval, 144 sedentary adults underwent dietary stabilization, body composition scans, a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile analysis. Genotyping was performed using standard techniques. Following baseline testing, 104 subjects completed six months of aerobic exercise training and then underwent a final body composition scan, 3-hour OGTT and plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile analysis. Comparisons were made between C-allele carriers and TT homozygotes; ANOVA and ANCOVA procedures were utilized to examine the effects of the C1908T polymorphism on percent body fat, lipoprotein-lipid profile and insulin sensitivity before, and their changes with, 24-weeks of aerobic exercise training. Statistical significance was set at p&#8804;0.05 level. Overall, genotype frequencies were as predicted by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no significant differences between the genotype groups regarding body composition, lipoprotein-lipid profile or OGTT variables at baseline, nor were there significant differences in the change with exercise training of these variables between the two genotype groups. This study suggests that components of the metabolic syndrome and certain CVD risk factors may not be dependent on LMNA A/C genotype. However, a larger and more balanced study population across genotype groups may be needed to reach a definitive conclusion.
Modification of the calcium and calmodulin sensitivity of the type I adenylyl cyclase by mutagenesis of its calmodulin binding domain.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The type I adenylyl cyclase is directly stimulated by Ca2+ and calmodulin in vitro, and the enzyme is also stimulated by increases in intracellular Ca2+ in vivo. Ca2+ stimulation of the enzyme in vivo may be due to direct interactions of the enzyme with Ca2+ and calmodulin or to an indirect mechanism involving stimulation of the enzyme by Ca(2+)-activated protein kinases. In this study, we have made several point mutations within the calmodulin binding domain to determine if the Ca2+ sensitivity of the enzyme can be modified by mutagenesis. The catalytic activities of the mutant enzymes were comparable to wild type type I adenylyl cyclase. Substitution of Cys-507 with Ser-507 did not have significant effects on the calmodulin or Ca2+ sensitivity of the enzyme. However, replacement of Lys-504 with Asp caused a 4-fold decrease in sensitivity to Ca2+. Ca2+ and calmodulin stimulation were abolished by substitution of Phe-503 with Arg-503. Stimulation of type I adenylyl cyclase activity in vivo by intracellular Ca2+ was also greatly diminished with the Arg-503 mutant indicating that Ca2+ stimulation of the enzyme in vivo is due primarily to direct interactions with calmodulin and Ca2+. These data demonstrate that the Ca2+ sensitivity of this enzyme can be modulated by point mutagenesis within the putative calmodulin binding domain and indicate that the enzyme can be directly regulated by Ca2+ and calmodulin in vivo.