jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative feeding habits of the invasive non-indigenous devil firefish Pterois miles and the indigenous scorpionfishes Scorpaena porcus, Scorpaena scrofa, and Scorpaena notata on the southwest coast of Türkiye, eastern Mediterranean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The feeding habits of the invasive alien devil firefish (Pterois miles) and the indigenous scorpaenids Scorpaena porcus, Scorpaena scrofa, and Scorpaena notata in the eastern Mediterranean Sea were investigated based on stomach content analysis. Furthermore, we examined whether these confamiliar species feed upon similar prey. Specimens were captured by professional fishers using trammel nets on the southwestern coast of Türkiye in the winter and summer of 2021. A total of 608 stomachs (286 P. miles, 112 S. porcus, 136 S. scrofa, and 74 S. notata) were investigated. The results demonstrate that the diet of P. miles included a total of 45 taxa, with 33 identified at the species level (27 indigenous, 6 non-indigenous), while those of the three congeneric scorpaenids included a total of 46 taxa and 37 identified species (30 indigenous, 7 non-indigenous). For P. miles, the highest index of relative importance (%IRI) values were determined for fish in both seasons (83.44% in winter, 93.82% in summer), with the damselfish Chromis chromis being the most preferred species. S. scrofa fed mainly on fish in winter and cephalopods in summer, whereas the diets of S. porcus and S. notata included mainly crustaceans in both seasons. In winter, P. miles exhibited a higher percentage of empty stomachs, demonstrating a significant difference in the vacuity index in different sampling seasons, while other scorpaenids did not exhibit statistically significant differences. This study also provides the northernmost record of the non-indigenous crab species Gonioinfradens giardi and the second record of the squat lobster Dactylonida curvimana in Türkiye. It also provides new reports of rarely observed fish species for the eastern Mediterranean, including Bellottia apoda and Odondebuenia balearica.
The detection of Burkholderia plantarii from farmpond water and overwintering of bacterium in waterside weeds.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

メンブランフィルターと選択培地を用いて,水中のBurkholderia plantariiを分離・定量する方法を考案し,本法を用いて農家が育苗等に使用していたため池水からB. plantariiを選択的に検出した.ため池水におけるB. plantariiの濃度は,夏期には最高300cfu/100ml程度であり,冬期には検出されなかったが,池の水際に自生する一部のイネ科雑草株元の水を攪拌すると検出菌量が激増した.またB. plantariiはため池の表面水からは検出されたが,水深2mの中間地点や池底の検出菌量は0.4cfu/100ml以下と微量であった.またB. plantariiは池の周辺に自生する多年生イネ科及びカヤツリグサ科雑草の根部から検出され,多年生イネ科雑草では越冬期間中でも検出された.なお,同様なB. plantariiの生態はこの地域の他のため池でも確認された.またB. plantariiを含むため池の水を接種することでイネ苗立枯細菌病菌の発病が認められた.以上の結果から,B. plantariiのため池周辺雑草での普遍的生存とB. plantariiを含むため池水が本病の伝染源となる可能性が強く示唆された.
Intra-Household Gender Disparity in School Choice: Evidence from Private Schooling in India

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper explores gender inequality within households in the decision of private versus government school choice in India. Using a three-period longitudinal dataset on rural households from Uttar Pradesh, a northern state of India, this paper estimates a household fixed effects model and finds that there is an intra-household gender bias of 6 percentage points in private school enrolment among children aged 6–16 years. Contrary to the trend in overall enrolment, the gender gap in private school choice is rising over time, and is more pronounced in villages with a larger cost difference between private and government schooling. This finding remains robust even after controlling for average school quality and considering potential endogeneity of the cost variables.
Caulis Sinomenii Extracts Activate DA/NE Transporter and Inhibit 5HT Transporter

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Caulis Sinomenii (QFT) has analgesic, sedative, and anxiolytic-like actions, and is proven effective for improving drug dependence that is known to be associated with abnormal monoaminergic transmission. We assessed whether QFT would be biologically active in functionally regulating monoamine transporters using CHO cells expressing dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), or serotonin transporter (SERT) (i.e. D8, N1, or S6 cells, respectively). Here, we showed that its primary extracts, such as QA, QC, QE, QD, and QB (QFT ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, alkaloid-free chloroform, and alkaloid-containing chloroform extract, respectively), and secondary extracts, such as QE-2, − 3, − 5, − 7, QD-1, − 2, − 3, − 4, − 5, and QB-1, − 2, − 3, − 4, − 5 (fractioned from QE, QD, and QB, respectively), in differing degrees, either increased DA/ NE uptake by corresponding D8/N1 cells or decreased 5HT uptake by S6 cells; wherein, QE-2, QD-3, and QE-7 were potent DA/NE uptake activators while both QE-7 and QB-5 were potent 5HT uptake inhibitors. Furthermore, the enhancement of DA/NE uptake was dependent of DAT/NET activity, and the inhibition of 5HT uptake was typical of competition. Thus, QFT extracts, especially QE-2 and QE-7 (both with stronger potencies), are novel monoamine transporter modulators functioning as DAT/ NET activators and/or SERT inhibitors, and would likely improve neuropsychological disorders through regulating monoamine transporters.
The Autism Literary Underground

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Though most physicians and public health officials deny that vaccination can cause autism, many autism parents believe there is such a link, and many of them resort to alternative treatments. This article takes no position on these controversies, but it uses the methods of reception history to explain how this “underground” movement has gained traction in the face of fierce opposition from the medical establishment and the mass media. The movement belongs to a long tradition of do-it-yourself medicine, which urged patients to read medical literature and treat themselves. Large-scale surveys of vaccine-hesitant websites and parents, and an intensive study of the reading done by six autism parents, reveals that these parents read extensively and critically both refereed medical literature and Internet postings by other autism parents. They are not “antiscience,” but they are producing and consuming literature about autism and interacting with each other on social media.
Characterising organic and inorganic chemical signatures of water associated with shale gas extraction operations

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

During hydraulic fracturing, hydrocarbons trapped in formations flow back to the surface with water used during operations, also called “produced water”. The potential for degraded water quality in the vicinity of extraction operations thereby increases risks to public health via ingestion of contaminated groundwater. Chemical characterisation of produced water provides valuable information to manage water and preserve resources, and to treat and mitigate wastewater in future extraction operations. Currently, the lack of standard methods to quantitatively analyse produced water provides challenges for comparisons of inter-laboratory and inter-basin data. This work addresses some of the knowledge gaps associated with the characterisation of water arising from shale gas extractions operations. A combined protocol for the universal preparation of samples with organic and inorganic constituents in aqueous matrices was achieved using a solid phase extraction (SPE) C18 cartridge. The products of various shale-fluid experiments using this method indicated that in the case of produced water contamination by hydrocarbons, compounds will more likely originate from operations on site rather than from contact with the lithology. Maturation of shale is a prerequisite for hydrocarbon generation, and associated changes in shale mineral composition and the mobilisation of its trace elements could create challenges for future shale gas extraction operations, more so where acidic injection fluids are used. Therefore, careful water management practices during shale gas extraction operations are critical to avoid episodic contamination incidents. The use of fluorescence excitation emission matrix was demonstrated to be a useful portable ex-situ analysis technique to discriminate anthropogenic sources of contamination from natural signatures of water surrounding extraction operations, thereby providing a cost-efficient tool to better characterise contamination incidents during monitoring. Understanding produced water chemistry related to shale gas extraction operations is therefore essential to effectively assess and mitigate environmental and public health risks.
Optimization of Preparation Conditions for Quercetin Nanoliposomes Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Their Stability

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Quercetin is a flavonol compound with excellent biological activities. However, quercetin exhibits poor stability and solubility in water, which limits its application. In this study, quercetin nanoliposomes (QUE-NL-1) were prepared using an ultrasonic thin-film dispersion method, and the preparation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for preparing QUE-NL-1 were as follows: an evaporation temperature of 35 °C, a drug concentration of 0.20 mg/mL, and a lipid bile ratio of 4:1. The encapsulation rate of QUE-NL-1 is (63.73 ± 2.09)%, the average particle size is 134.11 nm, and the average absolute value of the zeta potential is 37.50 and PDI = 0.24. By analyzing the storage temperature, storage time, and leakage rate of QUE-NL-1 in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, it was found that quercetin exhibits good stability after embedding and can achieve sustained release in intestinal juice. In addition, the cytotoxicity of QUE-NL-1 was not significant, and the survival rate of Caco-2 cells was >90% when the concentration range of QUE-NL-1 was 0.1-0.4 mg/mL. This study provides an efficient method for preparing QUE-NL-1 with small particle sizes, good stability, and high safety, which is of great significance for expanding the application range of quercetin.
Reconfigurable multifunctional neuromorphic memristor fabricated from two-dimensional ReSe2 ferroelectric nanosheet films

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Memristor-based neuromorphic computing is beneficial for artificial intelligence to process external information autonomously with high speed and high efficiency. Two-dimensional (2D) layered van der Waals rhenium selenide (ReSe2) has optoelectronic and semiconductor properties, but its ferroelectricity has not been confirmed fully experimentally and the application exploration is currently limited. Here, we experimentally confirmed the room-temperature ferroelectricity of 2D ReSe2 and proposed a reconfigurable ReSe2 memristor that can realize multiple functions. The device can realize the conductance bidirectional regulation, and under the action of electrical signals, it exhibits the high 0.99 and 0.98 linearity and accurate bidirectional update of weights. Under the complementary effect of ReSe2 ferroelectric polarization flipping and interface defects, the device exhibits the memcapacitor and memristor reconfigurable behavior and multiple functions such as visible light perception, logical “OR” calculation, and long/short-term synaptic plasticity. In addition, the six-layer convolutional neural network built based on ReSe2 memristors can perform feature extraction and classification recognition of handwritten digital pictures, and its recognition accuracy can reach 97.04%. In addition to obtain substantial experimental evidence for the ferroelectricity of 2D ReSe2, this work also provides a new avenue for the implementation of ReSe2 ferroelectric memristors in the neuromorphic computing system with the front-end sensing and back-end processing.
Cell Biology Meets Cell Metabolism: Energy Production Is Similar in Stem Cells and in Cancer Stem Cells in Brain and Bone Marrow

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Energy production by means of ATP synthesis in cancer cells has been investigated frequently as a potential therapeutic target in this century. Both (an)aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been studied. Here, we review recent literature on energy production in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) versus their normal counterparts, neural stem cells (NSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), respectively. These two cancer stem cell types were compared because their niches in glioblastoma tumors and in bone marrow are similar. In this study, it became apparent that (1) ATP is produced in NSCs and HSCs by anaerobic glycolysis, whereas fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is essential for their stem cell fate and (2) ATP is produced in GSCs and LSCs by OXPHOS despite the hypoxic conditions in their niches with FAO and amino acids providing its substrate. These metabolic processes appeared to be under tight control of cellular regulation mechanisms which are discussed in depth. However, our conclusion is that systemic therapeutic targeting of ATP production via glycolysis or OXPHOS is not an attractive option because of its unwanted side effects in cancer patients.
Prognostic value of right ventricular echocardiographic measures in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is associated with poor outcome in patients with heart failure. In order to better predict mortality in this patient group we wanted to compare the prognostic value of conventional and advanced RV echocardiographic measures. Methods Echocardiographic examinations were retrieved from 701 patients. End point was all‐cause mortality and follow‐up 100%. RV parameters were measured offline in accordance with current guidelines. Speckle tracking was derived using the algorithm originally designed for the left ventricle. Results During follow‐up (median: 39 months) 118 patients (16.8%) died. RV global longitudinal strain (GLS) and RV free wall strain (FWS) remained associated with mortality after multivariable adjustment independent of Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (RV GLS: HR 1.07, 95%CI 1.02–1.13, p = 0.010, per 1% decrease) (RV FWS: HR 1.05, 95%CI 1.01–1.09, p = 0.010, per 1% decrease). This seemed to be caused by significant associations in men. All RV estimates provided prognostic information incremental to established risk factors and significantly increased C‐statistics. Conclusions RV GLS and FWS were associated with mortality in HFrEF patients after multivariable adjustment independent of TAPSE. TAPSE, however, remained as the strongest prognosticator in women. More research is needed to identify whether speckle tracking could be superior to conventional RV measures in identifying HFrEF patients with poor outcome.
What future for Avebury?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Towards the end of 1989, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Chairman of English Heritage, announced that detailed planning had started on a visitor centre at Stonehenge. For someone not touched by the generations of wrangling over this site, or spared the depressing squalor with which a visit deftly obliterates any preconceptions of mystery or romance, what could be more appropriate than good visitor facilities at one of the world’s top heritage attractions? What could be simpler to construct in an open landscape of not particularly valuable farmland? Of course, Stonehenge is not like that. This small group of standing stones by a road has provoked one of the most complex, bitter, and long-running archaeo-political stories of all time. It will run and run – make no doubt about that – but Lord Montagu’s announcement has a real significance for anyone with an interest in our past. Someone is actually trying to do something about the place.
Effect of autogenous bone marrow injection on long bone nonunion fractures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The impact on bone union of injecting bone marrow from the anterior iliac crest was examined in patients with non-unions. Materials and Methods: The present study was prepared following a retrospective study on non-union patients who applied to our clinics who accepted bone marrow injection and were followed up and monitored after the procedure. A total of 14 bones from 13 patients with long bone diaphysis and metaphysis non-union were included in the study from among patients who applied during the dates of November 2016 – December 2019. Bone marrow aspiration from the anterior iliac crest was conducted on the patients under anesthesia which was injected to the fracture line under local anesthesia and fluoroscopy. All patients were monitored on a monthly basis with front-rear and side radiography. The injection operation was conducted three times on seven patients and 2 times on a total of seven non-unions in 6 patients. Results: A total of 11 unions took place in 14 patients. A union could not be attained in three fractures. The gap was over 2 mm in fractures without union. Fracture union ratio was obtained as 79 %. The mean injection number applied on the patients was 2.5. A statistically significant correlation could not be identified between the fixation method and non-union type and union. Conclusion: Bone marrow injection is a cheap, effective, easy to use and safe surgical method for the treatment of long bone fractures with non-union.
Minorities or citizens in the Middle East? Locating the ‘minority question’ in the intersecting histories of collective national belonging and state‐building

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article contributes to the growing scholarship on minority politics in the Middle East by arguing that if minorities are socially or politically constructed then the meaning and implications of minority terminology requires greater historical contextualisation. Focusing on the experience of minority‐ness rather than the deployment of the terminology, which only became prevalent after World War I, this article offers additional insights into the historical roots of contemporary minority politics, as well as the (un)making of national minorities. It explores how debates and reforms pertaining to inclusion/exclusion in the period preceding and during the shift from empire to nation‐state directly contributed to the reception and understanding of who is a minority in the modern Middle East. This is particularly examined through the cases of Chaldean Christians in Iraq and Coptic Christians in Egypt. Many of the leaders of these communities publicly reject minority identification and instead favour locating their communities in the nation‐state through the notion of inclusive citizenship (al‐Mowāṭana). According to this narrative, belonging as citizens erases the meaning of minority. The article suggests that the framing of citizen and minority as mutually exclusive notions is one contemporary expression of an enduring tension around constructing belonging in political communities.
An optimization‐based model of iron—light—ammonium colimitation of nitrate uptake and phytoplankton growth

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The ability to model “new” (nitrate‐based) production is crucial to predicting the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle. The ability to model the distribution of high‐nutrient/low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) areas is particularly important in this regard. Here I draw together three elements that appear to be necessary for constructing the required model: (1) iron limitation of algal growth rates as an ultimate cause of the HNLC condition; (2) ammonium inhibition of nitrate uptake and utilization as a proximate mechanism that leads to reduced nitrate use; and (3) the dependence of both processes on algal cell size. In the model, cells are postulated to maximize their growth rates by partitioning scarce iron between nitrogen‐ and carbon‐related demands. The effect of iron limitation is postulated to depend on cell size through surface/volume effects on uptake efficiency; this dependence on cell size in turn affects phytoplankton community structure and community‐level uptake of nitrate. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated by its ability to reproduce community‐level curves of nitrate uptake versus ammonium concentration from both HNLC and non‐HNLC areas. The partition formalism can be incorporated directly into ecosystem models; when implemented in an ecosystem model with multiple size classes, the model should produce HNLC versus non‐HNLC conditions in appropriate locations and for appropriate reasons. In particular, the model's ability to produce iron–light and iron–light–nitrogen colimitation should be useful in understanding and predicting the HNLC condition in parts of the Southern Ocean. With suitable changes to parameter values, the postulated mechanism for iron partitioning may also prove useful in modeling iron and energy partitioning in nitrogen fixers.
Preliminary tests using a laser particle-size analyzer on geothermal brine

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A laser light-scattering particle-size analyzer was used for a two-day period under limited field conditions to observe the occurrence and growth of particles in geothermal brines. Tests were conducted under conditions where both pH and rate of cooling to room temperature strongly influence the size and nature of the particulate population, with a low (4.5) pH and rapid quenching favoring slow growth rates. A method for estimating particulate mass in time periods shorter than 6 h from quenching is presented. Some implications for sampling and solids analysis are discussed.
Photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide in aqueous solution using Cu-doped TiO2/GO photocatalysis vicinity of UV and visible light

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

In this study, the sol-gel method was used to synthesize Cu-doped TiO2/GO composite nanoparticles. The prepared samples were identified utilizing XRD, EDX-SEM, BET, and FT-IR methods. Photocatalytic absorber prepared vicinity of UV light and visible light was used to remove chlorpyrifos pesticide. The effect of factors, such as pH, amount of adsorbent, and irradiation time, on the amount of pesticide removal, was investigated. The maximum efficiency of chlorpyrifos removal was obtained at pH = 2, irradiation time of 80 minutes, and photocatalyst amount of 0.2 g for UV light and visible light, equal to 91.4% and 78.25%, respectively. The Pseudo-first order kinetics as best choice efficiency described the chlorpyrifos degradation process according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic with rate constants equal to 0.0301 and 0.0177 min− 1 vicinity of UV light and visible light respectively.
Toward a Theoretical Perspective on the Legislation of Adolescence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A theoretical perspective on the historical origins of adolescence in the United States is outlined. Based on a materialist theory of social change, it is argued that adolescence is best understood as the state-appropriation of youth leisure, that the imposition of this status was effected through the enactment of compulsory education legislation, and that the reason for enacting this legislation was to increase the average propensity to consume within the population. We appeal to Dahrendorf's theory of class and Poulantzas' theory of the state to aid in our reconstruction of the history of compulsory education in terms of the creation and maintenance of adolescence. We conclude that adolescence was not a by-product of a socio-cultural need to institute a compulsory system of public education, but the reverse, that child-saving movements reflected the need to institute adolescence. The primary purpose of secondary education is to manipulate the deployment of youth within the economic sphere, and to serve as the locus of confinement within the structure of authority relations in the culture.