jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
S29 The impact of GOLD stage on the effectiveness of tiotropium/olodaterol in preventing COPD exacerbations in the DYNAGITO trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rationale

The DYNAGITO trial investigated the effect of bronchodilation on exacerbation rate in patients with COPD. The observed rates were 0.90 per patient-year with tiotropium/olodaterol (T/O) and 0.97 per patient-year with tiotropium alone (Tio) (rate ratio 0.93; 99% confidence interval 0.85–1.02; P=0.0498). We investigated whether the effect on exacerbation rate was the same across patients with varying degrees of baseline airflow limitation.

Methods

DYNAGITO was a 52-week, double-blind trial in which patients with COPD were randomized (1:1) to receive T/O 5/5µg or Tio 5µg once daily, delivered via Respimat® (NCT02296138). Patients continued to take inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) if receiving them at baseline. Inclusion criteria included post-bronchodilator FEV1 <60% predicted at baseline and at least one moderate or severe exacerbation in the previous 12 months. In this post hoc analysis, we grouped patients by baseline Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages 2–4; there was a small number of patients classed as GOLD 1 (n=47), so we did not include this group. We used a negative binomial model adjusted for a number of covariates to calculate adjusted incidence rates and rate ratios.

Results

Overall, there were 2,784 patients classed as GOLD 2, 4,039 GOLD 3 and 992 GOLD 4. Baseline COPD treatment differed by GOLD stage. More patients were receiving a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) only or LAMA/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) in GOLD 2 (12.6% and 13.4%) than GOLD 3 (7.5% and 12.0%) or 4 (5.6% and 8.4%), while fewer patients were receiving LAMA/LABA/ICS in GOLD 2 (32.6%) than in GOLD 3 (42.8%) or 4 (47.7%). T/O reduced the exacerbation rate compared with Tio in GOLD 2 and 3 patients, but not in GOLD 4 patients (figure 1).

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that improving bronchodilation with T/O reduced the exacerbation rate compared with Tio in patients with GOLD 2 and 3 COPD. The lack of effect of bronchodilators in the most severely limited patients has been reported previously (Wedzicha et al. N Engl J Med 2016;374:2222–34) and may reflect the complex contributors to airflow obstruction in very severe COPD.
True Black Metal: Authenticity, Nostalgia, and Transgression in the Black Metal Scene

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Black metal as a distinct genre of popular music is characterized by a general yearning for authenticity. This authenticity can be expressed through production values, musical techniques adopted, and style of dress and presentation among members of the scene. In this context, members of the scene are presented with a dilemma given the demand to both showcase individuality in their taste and style while also conforming to what it means to be “true” or authentic within the scene. Due to these traits, “The debates surrounding heavy metal and the people who make it – over meaning, character, behavior, values, censorship, violence, alienation, and community – mark metal as an important site for cultural contestation” (Walser 1993: 10). This thesis explores ideas surrounding authenticity in the black metal community as they are continually reproduced through the negotiation of normative relations to tradition found within the black metal community. It will also analyse the policing of its borders, examining how certain identities and practices are inherently constructed as more “authentic” to black metal while others are underrepresented, and thus may be seen as marginalized. I want to discuss the problematic conception of authenticity in the genre, in particular its static relation to the genre’s history defined in terms of the styles of older “second-wave” bands (centrally those bands understood to be True Norwegian Black Metal) which are celebrated as the “hegemonic” form of black metal. As well as a discourse analysis of the scene in these terms, this thesis will centrally include a virtual ethnography of online communities for black metal fans. By examining the content and systems of distinction produced within these online communities, I will consider how the static nature of the authentic black metal style and associated “gate-keeping” in this community regulate how authenticity is produced within the scene.
Metadiscourse in dentistry research articles published in international and Iranian journals / Elham Basiratesfahani

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Writing is a social engaging performance in which the writer is responsible for creating an unfolding and persuasive piece of writing and also for interacting with the reader so as to secure and endorse his authorial credential. Linguistically, there exist several language features that help the writer to come up with a cohesive and reader-friendly text. Among the features are metadiscourse. Metadiscourse highlights how writers control the interactive meaning and at the same time, express their commitments and perspectives. The present study is an attempt to compare the frequency and function of metadiscourse markers in International and Iranian English dentistry articles to distinguish if the Iranian dentistry authors stick to their own native norms, which reflect their cultural identity, or follow the discourse-oriented norms and conventions when they write in English. For this purpose, 20 dentistry research articles (10 from each context) were analyzed following Hyland’s (2005a) metadiscourse model. The frequency of occurrence of each marker and its subtypes is calculated per 1000 words due to the unequal size of datasets. Then, the function of each metadiscourse marker is determined. Results indicate that Iranian writers tend to use more interactive metadiscourse markers compared to their International counterparts, while both International and Iranian writers showed a similar trend in the employment of interactional metadiscourse markers. The results of this study provide authentic material to design ESP and writing courses for dentistry writers. \n
Effect of harvest maturity stage and seeding rate on alfalfa yield and quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly productive forage crop with great economic potential. Our objectives were to investigate the effects and interactions of environment, harvest maturity stage, seeding rate and cultivars on alfalfa dry matter yield and quality. The field experiment was carried out over 2010-2012 at the Experimental Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, at two locations: (I) Cenej, and (II) Rimski Šančevi, which were characterized by a contrasting soil condition. The experimental treatments included two seeding rates of 8 and 16 kg ha-1, three different harvest maturity stages of alfalfa, and four alfalfa cultivars included as a subplot in every treatment. Harvesting alfalfa five times within a year (cutting in the beginning of flowering) in the second and third year of stand life is the most efficient harvest regime that allows full exploitation of cultivar genetic potential and environmental conditions. There was no difference in yields between harvests at early and full flowering stage (15.9 t ha-1). Data related to forage quality components show increase of nutritive value when harvesting alfalfa in earlier maturity stage. Maturity stage in the moment of harvesting significantly affected all quality parameters. The results obtained suggest that in a temperate climate of Southeast Europe there is little justification for planting higher seeding rates of alfalfa varieties under good establishment practices. Increasing seeding rates above 16 kg ha-1 does not provide a long-term boon in alfalfa production.
The Expression Profile of Dental Pulp-Derived Stromal Cells Supports Their Limited Capacity to Differentiate into Adipogenic Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can self-renew, differentiate into specialised cells and have different embryonic origins—ectodermal for dental pulp-derived MSCs (DPSCs) and mesodermal for adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs). Data on DPSCs adipogenic differentiation potential and timing vary, and the lack of molecular and genetic information prompted us to gain a better understanding of DPSCs adipogenic differentiation potential and gene expression profile. While DPSCs differentiated readily along osteogenic and chondrogenic pathways, after 21 days in two different types of adipogenic induction media, DPSCs cultures did not contain lipid vacuoles and had low expression levels of the adipogenic genes proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA). To better understand this limitation in adipogenesis, transcriptome analysis in undifferentiated DPSCs was carried out, with the ADSC transcriptome used as a positive control. In total, 14,871 transcripts were common to DPSCs and ADSCs, some were unique (DPSCs: 471, ADSCs: 1032), and 510 were differentially expressed genes. Detailed analyses of overrepresented transcripts showed that DPSCs express genes that inhibit adipogenic differentiation, revealing the possible mechanism for their limited adipogenesis.
A tensioned-wire strain seismometer

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A 10 m span, tensioned-wire strain seismometer is described which has successfully recorded solid-tidal strains in Britain. Secular drift is within a few parts in 108 per week and sensitivity exceeds 1 part in 1010. Needing only two-point support it can be installed in a few hours for immediate use. The cost is comparable to that of conventional seismometers and is considerably less than current types of strain meters; it can therefore be used on an extensive scale for geophysics research.
Adoption Patterns of Occupational Pensions in Germany

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The withdrawal of the welfare states from pensions underscores the need for a better understanding of the spatial characteristics of adoption processes in the case of financial innovations. In 2001 the German pension reform reduced publicly provided pensions, and introduced subsidised, voluntary occupational plans to replace the loss in retirement income. This paper looks at the spatial and temporal adoptions of the newly created occupational pensions by analysing a unique, proprietary database, containing data on 12 000 employers and 286 000 employees working in the German metal and electric industry. The study identifies metropolitan/nonmetropolitan, East–West, and further geographical differences in the employers' timing to adopt, which in turn influences employees' decisions to enrol. Differences are identified among employee-level adoptions depending on the employers' timing and further, individual-level factors. The results emphasise the importance of geography in the transformation of old-age finances in the German welfare state.
VISUAL REHABILITATION USING THE PRINCIPLES OF MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Because all organisms live in a world that produces stimuli of multiple sensory modalities, multisensory integration has become an invaluable tool for discriminating signals from the noise. Multisensory integration is the process by which information from different senses is combined in the brain to produce effects stronger than those seen evoked by any of the unisensory components presented individually. There are constraints on this process honed by environmental experience, and within this framework, the conditions leading to the greatest benefit derived from multisensory integration can be approximated by heuristics derived from these constraints (Xu et al. 2015). Here we examine some of these constraints and stimulus properties from which the greatest benefit is derived. Traditionally the benefits of multisensory integration manifest behaviorally in the form of lower stimulus detectability thresholds, and neurophysiologically in the form of increased firing rate. However, this thesis will illustrate the benefit of multisensory integration behaviorally in the visual rehabilitation process.
Genomic profiles of gestational choriocarcinoma for diagnosis and predicting prognosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Gestational choriocarcinoma (GC) is one of gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs), and a unique cancer that originates in pregnant tissues.GCs are known to be preceded by complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) (50%), previous abortions (25%), or normal/ectopic pregnancies (25%).CHM is considered a preneoplastic condition of GC, and invasive mole (IM) has neoplastic characteristics such as tissue invasion.However, what triggers CHM/IM to progress to GC is not figured out.Genomic alterations of GCs are not well studied because of the rare availability of tumor tissues.The lack of genome-wide alteration data on GTDs, led us to analyze GC genomes by whole exome sequencing, copy number alteration, copy-neutral loss-ofheterozygosity (CN-LOH) profiles in this study.Methods: Whole-exome sequencing (20 GCs) and/or singlenucleotide polymorphism microarray (29 GCs) were performed.We analyzed CN-LOH in 29 GCs.Results: Most GCs (25/29) harboring recurrent copy number alterations (CNAs) and gains on 1q21.1-q44 were significantly associated with poor prognosis.We detected five driver mutations in the GCs, most of which were chromatin remodeling gene (ARID1A, SMARCD1, and EP300) mutations but not in common cancer genes such as TP53 and KRAS.Conclusion: Our data indicate that GCs have unique profiles of CN-LOHs, mutations and CNAs that together differentiate GCs from non-GCs.Practically, CN-LOH and CNA profiles are useful for the molecular diagnosis of GC and the selection of GC patients with poor prognosis for more intensive treatments, respectively.
Dissolved and particulate metals in lake waters as directly determined by laser-excited atomic fluorescence

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Total and dissolved concentrations of trace metals in lake waters are low and are normally determined by AAS and ICP-AES following preconcentration, centrifugation of large water volume (>600 liters), freeze-dry, and acid indigestion. These steps have been necessary but are labor-intensive and tend to accumulate contamination. To obtain total metals, separate analyses of particulate and dissolved fraction have to be made and summed. Direct determination of total Fluorescence Spectrometer (LEAFS) has been developed and shown to be an ultrasensitive, versatile instrument for direct determination of ultratrace Pb in seawater, one of the most difficult matrices encountered in chemical analysis. This presentation describes a LEAFS method for direct determination of dissolved and total metals, voiding all the laborious preconcentration and acid digestion steps. The results from various methods will be compared and assessed. The fraction of dissolved and particulate metals will be reported for water samples and profiles.
Recognition of Treponema pallidum and Other Spirochetes by the Innate Immune System

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

contains only 1041 coding sequences and lacks numerous catabolic and biosyntheticpathways (Fraser et al., 1998) like, i.e. fatty acid synthesis (Livermore & Johnson, 1975).Therefore this organism utilises many of the biosynthetic precursors from its host and upto now it is not possible to continuously cultivate it
The Application of Skin Soft tissue Expander and Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor in the Plastic Surgery of Facial and Cervical Scars

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the safety and clinical effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor(rhEGF) applied in the plastic surgery of facial and cervical scars with the help of a skin soft tissue expander. Method: 40 eligible patients were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group,20 patients in each group; the control group used a skin soft tissue expander,while the observation group additionally used rhEGF,and the clinical effects of the two groups were compared. Result: The required time for expanding to a rated capacity,skin expansion rate and soft tissue prompt- retraction rate in the patients of the observation group were all better than those of the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P 0. 05). The hydroxyproline( OHP) content in the wound surface at the donor site in the patients of the observation group was higher than that of the control group,while the I /Ⅲ- form collagen ratio in the patients of the observation group was lower than that of the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P 0. 05). Conclusion: In the period of skin expansion in a plastic surgery of facial and cervical scars using a skin soft tissue expander,additional use of rhEGF can promote skin expansion,shorten skin expansion time and reduce soft tissue prompt- retraction rate,It is easy and feasible,and consequently it is worthy of clinical application.
Mutual adaptation in differently evolved host-parasite systems

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wirt-Parasit-Systeme bieten ideale Voraussetzungen zur Erforschung von koevolutionären Prozessen, da die beteiligten Individuen in kontinuierlicher Interaktion stehen. Insofern sind die entsprechenden Adaptationsprozesse gezielt darauf ausgerichtet, die Wirkungen des Gegenspielers abzuschwächen. Invasive Parasitenarten sind in diesem Zusammenhang von großer Bedeutung, denn sie lassen Vergleiche zwischen etablierten und neu entstandenen Wirt-Parasit-Verbindungen zu. Die invasive, ursprünglich im Japanischen Aal (Anguilla japonica) parasitierende Schwimmblasennematoden-Art Anguillicola crassus hat sich seit ihrer Einführung in den frühen 1980er Jahren über Populationen des Europäischen Aals (Anguilla anguilla) in ganz Europa ausgebreitet. Die vorliegende Studie basiert auf Infektionsexperimenten mit diesen beiden Wirtsaalarten und A. crassus sowie der nahe verwandten Parasitenart A. novaezelandiae, die endemisch im Kurzflossenaal (Anguilla australis) vorkommt und dementsprechend in beiden untersuchten Aalarten nicht heimisch ist. Daraus resultieren vier unterschiedlich angepasste Wirt-Parasit-Systeme, die eine Gegenüberstellung von langfristig, kurzfristig und nicht-koevolvierten Beziehungen ermöglichen. Die Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf den Infektionserfolg, die morphologischen Eigenschaften und die Stressreaktionen, gemessen an den Expressionsniveaus von Hitzeschockproteinen (hsp70), der beiden Anguillicola-Arten in den verschiedenen Wirtsarten sowie die jeweilige im Wirt hervorgerufene Schwimmblasenschädigung, um wirtsspezifische Unterschiede herauszustellen, die in Zusammenhang mit koevolutionären Prozessen stehen. Die Wiederfindungsraten beider Parasitenarten waren in Japanischen Aalen signifikant niedriger als in Europäischen Aalen, was auf die Etablierung einer effektiven Genus-spezifischen Immunantwort auf Infektionen mit Anguillicola-Arten im Japanischen Aal hindeutet, der in der Lage ist, eindringende Larven einzukapseln und zu töten. Diese Einkapselungen gingen mit einer deutlichen Verdickung der Schwimmblasenwände einher. Detaillierte morphometrische Analysen konnten zeigen, dass beide Parasitenarten in Japanischen Wirten auch eine deutlich geringere Körpergröße als in Europäischen Wirten erreichten. Stark erhöhte Hitzeschockproteinwerte konnten in Individuen der Art A. crassus in Japanischen Aalen festgestellt werden, während A. crassus im Europäischen Aal leicht erhöhte Werte aufwies, was darauf hinweist, dass leicht bis stark an die jeweilige Infektion angepasste Wirtsarten eine höhere Stressreaktion in den Parasiten hervorrufen als unangepasste Arten. Anguillicola novaezelandiae zeigte weder im Japanischen noch im Europäischen Wirt gesteigerte hsp70-Niveaus. Dennoch deuten die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammen betrachtet deutlich auf eine beeinträchtigte Entwicklung beider Anguillicola-Arten in Reaktion auf die ausgeprägte Immunantwort eines stark angepassten Wirtes.
Endovascular Stent-Assisted Angioplasty in the Management of Traumatic Internal Carotid Artery Dissections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— The prognosis of traumatic dissection of the internal carotid artery is worse than for spontaneous dissections. Rapid stenting followed by antiplatelet therapy may prevent complications when anticoagulation therapy is not applicable. Methods— Patients with angiographically proven traumatic carotid artery dissection and hemodynamic significant hemispheric hypoperfusion, or in whom anticoagulant therapy was either contraindicated or failed clinically, were regarded as being at high risk for stroke and were selected for stenting. Results— Ten patients with traumatic dissection underwent stenting. Endovascular treatment reduced mean dissection stenosis from 69% to 8%. During a mean clinical follow-up time of 16 months, none had additional transient ischemic attacks or stroke. Doppler ultrasound studies did not detect any signs of de novo in-stent stenosis. Conclusion— In selected cases of traumatic carotid artery dissections, endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty immediately restored the integrity of the vessel lumen and prevented efficiently the occurrence of new ischemic events, without additional anticoagulation.
Traveler's diarrhea: update 1983.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Each year, more than one million American travelers develop diarrhea, usually due to toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Traveler's diarrhea can be prevented with bismuth subsalicylate or doxycycline, but neither is suitable for pediatric patients. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective for prophylaxis and treatment in adults. It is also safe for children and may prove to be efficacious. It may be possible to avoid widespread prophylaxis and to give medication only if diarrhea develops.
Relationship between land use pattern and the structure and diversity of soil meso-micro arthropod community

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Soil arthropod communities can provide valu- able information regarding the impacts of human distur- bances on ecosystem structure. Our study evaluated the structure, composition and diversity of soil meso-micro arthropod communities, in six different vegetation types and assessed the impacts of human activity. A completely randomized design, including 3 replicates from 6 sites (mowing steppe, natural grassland, severe degradation grassland, farmland, artificial shelter forest, and wetland) was used. Soil samples from the depth of 0 to 20 cm were collected during May, July, and September 2007. Soil meso-micro arthropod were separated using the Tullgren funnels method, and were identified and counted. Soil pH value, organic matter, and total nitrogen were measured in topsoil (0-20 cm) from each site. A total of 5,602 soil meso-micro arthropod individuals were collected, repre- senting 4 classes, 14 orders, and 57 families. Most soil arthropods were widely distributed; however, some species appeared to be influenced by environment variables, and might serve as bioindicators of adverse human impacts. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated the soil arthropod distribution in the severely degraded grassland, mowing steppe, farmland, and shelter forest differed from the natural grassland. Arthropod density and diversity were greatest in May, and the forestland community was the most stable. Because of the vital role soil arthropods have in maintaining a healthy ecosystem, mechanisms to maintain their abundance and diversity should be further evaluated.