jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A simple approach to measuring upper ocean light quality using an underwater camera

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Solar radiation is the fundamental driving force of the Earth’s system. In the upper water column, interactions such as absorption and scattering by water constituents decrease light intensity (photon quantity) and alter light quality (spectral distribution of photons). Although changes in solar intensity have been extensively studied over the years, variations in light quality with depth have received comparatively little scholarly attention. This dearth of research may be due to the lack of simple and cost-effective instruments for measuring light quality, unlike commercial instruments available for measuring solar intensity. In this study, we present a simple approach that uses an underwater camera and a diffuser to measure light quality, represented by the hue angle (HA) of the downwelling irradiance. Our results reveal that the HA from this simple, low-cost device aligns closely with measurements from an expensive hyperspectral radiometer across various water types, ranging from oceanic to coastal waters ( R 2 = 0.94, mean absolute percentage difference = 1.64%). The widespread adoption of this approach could significantly enhance our understanding of the impact of solar radiation on the biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments.
Extracellular pH and intracellular phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate control Cl− currents in guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cl − channels serve as key regulators of excitability and contractility in vascular, intestinal, and airway smooth muscle cells. We recently reported a Cl − conductance in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) cells. Here, we used the whole cell patch-clamp technique to further characterize biophysical properties and physiological regulators of the Cl − current in freshly isolated guinea pig DSM cells. The Cl − current demonstrated outward rectification arising from voltage-dependent gating of Cl − channels rather than the Cl − transmembrane gradient. An exposure of DSM cells to hypotonic extracellular solution (Δ 165 mOsm challenge) did not increase the Cl − current providing strong evidence that volume-regulated anion channels do not contribute to the Cl − current in DSM cells. The Cl − current was monotonically dependent on extracellular pH, larger and lower in magnitude at acidic (5.0) and basic pH (8.5) values, respectively. Additionally, intracellularly applied phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P 2 ] analog [PI(4,5)P 2 -diC8] increased the average Cl − current density by approximately threefold in a voltage-independent manner. The magnitude of the DSM whole cell Cl − current did not depend on the cell surface area (cell capacitance) regardless of the presence or absence of PI(4,5)P 2 -diC8, an intriguing finding that underscores the complex nature of Cl − channel expression and function in DSM cells. Removal of both extracellular Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ did not affect the DSM whole cell Cl − current, whereas Gd 3+ (1 mM) potentiated the current. Collectively, our recent and present findings strongly suggest that Cl − channels are critical regulators of DSM excitability and are regulated by extracellular pH, Gd 3+ , and PI(4,5)P 2 .
Investment dimensions in a universal service perspective: next generation networks, alternative funding mechanisms and public‐private partnerships

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper seeks to examine the investment dimensions of next generation networks from a universal service perspective in a European context. The question is how new network infrastructures for providing access for everyone to communication, information and entertainment services in the present and future information society will be funded. Design/methodology/approach The paper starts by looking at the range of policy measures available for promoting broadband access. This is followed by an overview of existing and upcoming access network technologies. Before concluding, there is a section on alternative funding mechanisms, including a sub‐section on the potential of private public partnerships (PPP) in providing funding for broadband access infrastructures. Findings Although there is nothing in principle hindering the development of universal service policies from those that include a specific service and its underlying network technology towards more general access, other policy measures are likely to become more important in practice for the fulfilment of the universal service goal. Wide diffusion and de facto universal service will, to a higher degree, have to rely on other measures: alternative funding mechanisms and a wider range of policy measures to expand broadband take‐up. Originality/value The value of the paper is in its combination of two issues often discussed separately: alternative funding mechanisms and universal access. Furthermore, the implications of NGN are examined.
A new leaf blight pathogen of Vernicia fordii.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new leaf blight pathogen of Vernicia fordii was recorded in Guangxi,China.The diseased leaves show dark brown spots which then spread over the whole leaves.The premature defoliation may significantly reduce the production of tung seeds.Sixteen pure fungal cultures belonging to five taxa were obtained from diseased leaf tissues.Strain VT-04 was identified as the pathogen based on Koch’s postulates and pathogenicity test.Fruiting structures had not been observed on clinic specimens,but induction of sporulation was successfully achieved when the pathogen was cultured on water agar medium containing sterile pine needles under UV light.An integrated analysis of cultural characteristics and phylogeny of two molecular markers including the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) revealed that the pathogen was conspecific with Neofusicoccum parvum.This is the first report that N.parvum can cause leaf disease of V.fordii.
Effect of Packaging Material Types on Antioxidant Activity, Fat Content, and Ash Content in the Imported and Local Yellow Soybean Tempeh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tempeh known as indigenous food that has high nutrients and antioxidant compounds. Tempeh was produced from the fermentation of soybean with Rhizopus sp. Tempeh usually was wrapped with plastic or banana leaf. The purpose of this study to know the effect of soybean originated (import and local soybean) and the packaging material types (plastic, teakwood leaf, hibiscus leaf, and banana leaf) on antioxidant activity, fat content, and ash content of tempeh. The methods of this research were antioxidant activity analyses with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazil) Radical Scavenging Activity method, fat analyses with soxhlet method, ash analyses with dry method. The results of this research showed that the tempeh from local soybeans with waru leaf packaging had the highest antioxidant activity (53,43%), tempeh from import soybeans with plastic packaging had the highest fat content (48,89%), and tempeh from import soybeans with waru leaf packaging had the highest ash content (2,19%). We found that the soybean origin (import and local soybean) and the packaging types (plastic, waru leaf, jati leaf, and banana leaf) had significant effect (p<0,05) on antioxidant activity, fat content, and ash content of tempeh. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Ash content, Fat content, Soybean, Tempeh.
Geoethics in Science Communication: The Relationship between Media and Geoscientists

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The themes addressed by geoethics are becoming central to all scientific debate. A growing number of scientists now consider geoethics as an effective tool to increase, in the scientific community and society as a whole, the awareness of local and global environmental problems that humanity faces. Geoethics deals with ethical, social and cultural aspects related to geosciences. Geoethics addresses fundamental issues such as the prudent and sustainable use of geo-resources, management of natural hazards, defence of geoheritage as a common value to be protected and enhanced. But above all, geoethics aims to raise, in the community of geoscientists, their awareness of responsibilities in conducting scientific and professional activity. In order to extend this awareness to the whole of civil society and also to foster the recognition of the usefulness of geosciences in daily life, geoscience communication should be recognized as a fundamental activity connected with scientific and professional work, since geoscience knowledge is a tool to contribute to the construction of social knowledge for human communities. But today what is the role played by geosciences in the scientific mass culture? Are the geosciences part of a collective “cultural heritage”? Do the publishing world and media offer adequate space to geosciences? Through the analysis of two Italian case studies, the authors highlight the critical features of the relationship between geoscientists and the media and try to suggest some actions that are useful to make the relationship between these two separate fields more functional, with the goal of bringing citizens closer to geosciences and increasing the awareness of the individual and collective responsibility towards the Earth.
Ordered-Range Tuning of Flash Graphene for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Graphene has yet to be mass produced, so practical fast-charging lithium-ion battery (LIB) prototypes based on graphene are scarce. Graphene suffers from long in-plane and reluctant in-depth lithium diffusion due to its defect-free atomic arrangement, resulting in unsatisfactory rate performance as LIB anodes. In this work, combinatorial flash joule heating and ball milling treatment are implemented to enable gram-scale production of graphene in seconds (known as flash graphene, FG) and in-plane ordered-range modulation of graphene architectures. Following the ball milling, the defect-deficient turbostratic FG is transformed to defect-rich cracked FG (CFG), which has shortened ordered ranges and larger interlayer spacings. The CFG anode outperforms FG, commercial carbon black, and graphite electrodes in terms of specific capacity and rate performance due to open channels and shortened pathways for Li+ transport. Moreover, it shows outstanding cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 99% at the 500th cycle. Furthermore, it works well with the LiFePO4 cathode, enabling fast-charging LIB full battery with a state of charge of 77 and 62% at 2C and 4C, respectively. This research on graphene production and structural engineering provides a practical application for the commercial potential of fast-charging LIBs.
Oral antiplatelet therapy in diabetes mellitus and the role of prasugrel: an overview

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diabetics have a prothrombotic state that includes increased platelet reactivity. This contributes to the less favorable clinical outcomes observed in diabetics experiencing acute coronary syndromes as well as stable coronary artery disease. Many diabetics are relatively resistant to or have insufficient response to several antithrombotic agents. In the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention, hyporesponsiveness to clopidogrel is particularly common among diabetics. Several strategies have been examined to further enhance the benefits of oral antiplatelet therapy in diabetics. These include increasing the dose of clopidogrel, triple antiplatelet therapy with cilostazol, and new agents such as prasugrel. The large TRITON TIMI 38 randomized trial compared clopidogrel to prasugrel in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes. The diabetic subgroup (n = 3146) experienced considerable incremental benefit with a 4.8% reduction in cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke at 15-month follow-up with prasugrel treatment. Among diabetics on insulin this combined endpoint was reduced by 7.9% at 15 months. Major bleeding was not increased in the diabetic subgroup. This confirms the general hypothesis that more potent oral antiplatelet therapy can partially overcome the prothrombotic milieu and safely improve important clinical outcomes in diabetics.
Laser Radar System Based on Lightweight Diffractive Lens Receiver System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Diffractive lens has advantages over traditional reflective lens, such as light weight, high folding compression ratio, high tolerance for surface figure error and low manufacturing costs. It provides a new technical approach for a lightweight LiDAR ranging system. In this work, a laser radar system based on a diffractive lens receiver system has been designed. The receiver system is a hybrid structure consisting of an eight-level diffractive lens, a collimation set and a convergence set. Combined with the single photodetector, the designed laser radar system can simultaneously achieve measurements at near-field distances of 6.0 m, 9.9 m, and 16.1 m and far-field distances of 851.2 m.
COVID Crisis and Tourism Sustainability: An Insightful Bibliometric Analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The pernicious impact of COVID-19 on all the aspects of travel and tourism has posed a question of tourism sustainability before policymakers and researchers. This research aims to cast light on the bibliometric construct and knowledge structure of the contemporaneous research that evolved around tourism sustainability amid COVID-19. Bibliometric methods of performance analysis and science mapping were used to analyze a total of 440 bibliographic records retrieved from the Scopus database. The major findings showed sustainability as a trending area of tourism research amid COVID-19 and revealed the concentration of research in three prime domains: Management and sustainable development of tourism, environmental health, and mobility trends in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. These areas may be perceived as the recent domains, and they are imperative for future research.
An equation for the quench propagation velocity valid for high field magnet use of REBCO coated conductors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Based on a study of the thermophysical properties, we derived a practical formula for the normal zone propagation velocity appropriate for REBa2Cu3O7-x coated conductors in high magnetic fields. An analytical expression to evaluate the current sharing temperature as a function of the operating conditions is also proposed. The presented study has allowed us to account for experimental results not fully understood in the framework of the models widely used in the literature. In particular, we provided a fundamental understanding of the experimental evidence that the normal zone propagation velocity in REBa2Cu3O7-x coated conductors can be mainly determined by the operating current, regardless of the applied field and temperature.
SH1074969.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
METODE CONDITIONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE DALAM ANALISIS PENYEBARAN KASUS PENYAKIT TUBERCULOSIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This research discusses the use of CAR model in finding out factors that significantly influence TBC transmission and figuring out its transmission patterns in Gorontalo city. The methods apply CAR model aiming to discover factors that significantly influence TBC transmission and Moran's Index aiming to identify its transmission pattern Findings reveal that the number of impoverished population and highlands in Gorontalo city are factors that significantly influence disease transmission The transmission patterns also indicate positive spatial autocorrelation that signifies a similar category among sub-districts
Analysis of the Parallel-Bridge Rectifier System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new rectifier connection scheme which eliminates line-to-line short circuits and tends to present a balanced load to three-phase power sources, such as synchronous machines with high commutating reactances, is presented. The scheme consists of using three full-wave bridges, one across each of the three isolated phase windings, with their outputs tied in parallel across the load. Resulting voltage and current waveforms have been studied in detail theoretically and verified experimentally for both resistive and inductive load conditions. Equations for voltages and currents and theoretical plots for voltages under different operating conditions are given. Comparison of these with oscillograms obtained from an experimental model shows very close agreement.
A Century of Research in Franco-Provençal and Poitevin

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary Within the Gallo-Romance domain, Franco-Provençal and its western correlate Poitevin have been variously labeled ‘independent languages’, ‘dialects of French’, or ‘dialects of oc ’. At least one attempt has been made to link these two lateral entities against both the north and the south. A historical survey of these conflicting claims encompasses non-partisan methodologies such as dialect geography and linguistic atlases as well as theoretical developments affecting Romance studies during the last one hundred years. Late 19th century research had not yet resolved antinomies between speech and script or between dialect study and historical grammar. Recent research into time and direction of Romanization, significantly clarifying the bi-(or tri-)partitioning of Gaul, has complemented increasingly sophisticated work in all these fields. Yet frequent overemphasis on segmentation, coupled with a failure to distinguish shared linguistic fate from ‘language’ in its general Romance acception, cannot be allowed to obscure the fact that both FP and Poitevin belong to Gallo-Romance; the successful investigation of either must continue to mesh grammar, lexis, scripta, and geohistory.
Effect of Olive Leaf (<i>Olea europaea</i>) Powder on Laying Hens Performance, Egg Quality and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was conducted to measure the effects of olive leaf powder on performance, egg yield, egg quality and yolk cholesterol level of laying hens. A total of 120 Lohmann Brown laying hens of 22 weeks old were used in this experiment. The birds were fed on standard layer diets containing 0, 1%, 2%, or 3% olive leaf powder for 8 weeks. Egg weight and yield were recorded daily; feed intake weekly; egg quality and cholesterol content at the end of the trial. Olive leaf powder had no effect on feed intake, egg weight, egg yield and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05) while olive leaf powder increased final body weight of hens (p<0.05). Dietary olive leaf powder increased yellowness in yolk color (p<0.01) without affecting other quality parameters. Yolk cholesterol content was tended to decrease about 10% (p>0.05). To conclude, olive leaf powder can be used for reducing egg yolk cholesterol content and egg yolk coloring agent in layer diets.
Butchery evidence on animal bones

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Identifying and interpreting butchery evidence on animal bones is an important part of the analysis of bones from archaeological sites. This paper outlines the purposes for which butchery would have been carried out which can prove an aid for interpretation, this being related to one or other of those purposes. There is also some discussion of the type of evidence that may be found and the identification of that evidence. Interpretation must take account of the practical aspect of a range of butchery methods and the feasibility of meat utilisation under various conditions.
Segmentation and Neuronal Development in Vertebrate Embryos

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Understanding the mechanisms of neuronal development and axon guidance necessarily entails the study of suitably simple and accessible experimental models. One such system concerns the generation of segmental patterns during early neuronal development in higher vertebrate (chick) embryos. We describe here the progress which has been made recently in this direction: first, at a molecular level, the factors involved in producing the segmented arrangement of the peripheral spinal nerves; and second, at a cellular level, the importance of segmentation as an influence shaping the neuronal pattern in the developing central nervous system.
Modified Cow-Hitch Suture Fixation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The modified cow-hitch suture fixation described here is a technique that was developed for 2-point transscleral fixation of a CZ70BD lens (Alcon Laboratories, Inc) in the ciliary sulcus when there is insufficient capsular support for in-the-bag lens positioning. Two partial-thickness triangular scleral flaps are made 180 degrees apart with a scleral tunnel in each. Two separate 10-0 polypropylene sutures are inserted blunt-end first through the scleral tunnels. A Kuglen hook is used to retrieve one suture loop per needle via a small limbal incision. The modified cow-hitch knot is created at each lens eyelet by grabbing the tip of the suture loop, feeding it up and through an eyelet, retrieving the trailing double strands through the loop to form a second loop that is double stranded, throwing this loop over the free end of the haptic, over to the optic side of the eyelet, and then pulling to secure. Widening of the limbal incision facilitates lens implantation. The modified cow-hitch suture knot is particularly secure because of the high number of loop segments in contact with each other, the lens haptic, and the eyelet. This maximizes the static friction of the knot and distributes opposing forces over multiple points on the haptic. A retrospective case series where this technique was used in 82 eyes, with an average follow-up time of 23 months, lends support to the safety and efficacy of the modified cow-hitch technique.