jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The conference out of which the chapters of this book originated was the second conference organized by the editors on the theme of the history of Chinese identity.1 Following on from an interest in local cultures and identities in China, discussed in the earlier conference, we seek in this volume to explore how Chinese people have characterized themselves with labels which suggest connections to town or country. We think we have arrived at a novel formulation as a solution to this problem, and in this introduction we shall state it as clearly as possible and relate it to the chapters that follow.
The effects of extracellular potassium and several drugs on the premature action potential and postextrasystolic potentiation.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To investigate the mechanism of postextrasystolic potentiation of contraction (PESP), the effects of extracellular K concentration, isoproterenol, verapamil and caffeine were examined in canine ventricular muscle. The muscles were driven at 1 Hz, then a premature stimulus was applied to elicit a premature action potential and after a compensatory pause postextrasystolic stimulus was applied to induce PESP. At 5.9 mM K the premature action potential had a longer plateau than the preceding control action potential. The prolongation was dependent on the proximity, i.e. the interval between the premature stimulus and the preceding control action potential; the maximal enhancement of about 25% was obtained with a proximity of 70 ms. In parallel with this prolongation the post-extrasystolic contraction was increased more than 5-fold. However, PESP was obtained without prolongation of the premature action potential when [K]0 was reduced to 1.2 mM. Similarly, PESP under the effect of 10(-6) g/ml isoproterenol or 10(-5) M verapamil was not accompanied by prolongation of the premature action potential. Thus it is difficult to explain the PESP solely by the increased Ca influx during the premature action potential. Since caffeine abolished PESP, some other effects of the premature beat on sarcoplasmic reticulum might be responsible for the PESP.
Short Literature Review for a General Player Model Based on Behavlets

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present the first in a series of three academic essays which deal with the question of how to build a generalized player model. We begin with a proposition: a general model of players requires parameters for the subjective experience of play, including at least: player psychology, game structure, and actions of play. Based on this proposition, we pose three linked research questions, which make incomplete progress toward a generalised player model: RQ1 what is a necessary and sufficient foundation to a general player model?; RQ2 can such a foundation improve performance of a computational intelligence-based player model?; and RQ3 can such a player model improve efficacy of adaptive artificial intelligence in games? We set out the arguments behind these research questions in each of the three essays, presented as three preprints. The first essay, in this preprint, reviews the literature for the core foundations for a general player model. We then propose a plan for future work to systematically extend the review and thus provide an empirical answer to RQ1 above. This work will directly support the proposed approach to address RQ2 and RQ3 above. This review was developed to support our 'Behavlets' approach to player modelling; therefore if citing this work, please use the relevant citation: Cowley B, Charles D. Behavlets: a Method for Practical Player Modelling using Psychology-Based Player Traits and Domain Specific Features. User Modelling and User-Adapted Interaction. 2016 Feb 8; online (Special Issue on Personality in Personalized Systems):1-50.
Magneto-optical properties of Co/Pd superlattice thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We present the remnant polar Kerr rotation and ellipticity for a Co/Pd superlattice. The magneto-optical properties of Co/Pd superlattice thin films have been investigated by measuring both the polar Kerr and ellipticity hysteresis loops at a wavelength of 780 nm. It was found that the remnant Kerr rotation was strongly dependent on the thickness of Co and Pd sublayers as well as the total film thickness. In this system, the maximum polar Kerr rotation of 0.43° was observed at the film thickness of 110 Å, where each bilayer was composed of 2-Å-thick Co and 9-Å-thick Pd sublayers.
Diagnosis, Staging, and Surgical Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

William J. Catalona, MD, Chief of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis: A 66-year-old man, during a routine physical examination, was noted to have an area of induration in the right lobe of the prostate. His general health was otherwise good. He had had no symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction and no bone pain. His weight had been stable. He was referred to a urologist for further evaluation. The findings were confirmed on digital rectal examination and he was scheduled for a needle biopsy of the prostate. His medical history and findings from the remainder of the physical examination were normal. Laboratory studies revealed a normal urinalysis, acid phosphatase level, and 12-factor automated analysis (SMA-12), including alkaline phosphatase level. The hemogram was also normal. The needle biopsy revealed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate with tumor being present in cores obtained from both lobes of the prostate.
Sudden Hearing Loss: Medical Emergency Management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is considered an otologic emergency requiring immediate and careful clinical intervention, followed by appropriate and specific treatments. The treatment of these patients varies among otologic centers, with no standard protocol universally accepted. The most accepted current treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss is oral or intravenous systemic steroids. Intratympanic steroids offer the potential for directed therapy of a high concentration to the inner ear, with avoidance of systemic side effects.
Interfaith Dialogue in Albania as a Model of Interreligious Harmony

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over many centuries, Albanians have been mostly followers of Islam, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. There are also other smaller religious communities, including Muslim Bektashi, Protestantism, and Judaism. Christianity and Islam, have coexisted in Albania for centuries. Tolerance is a characteristic of Albanian people, which is probably related to their geopolitical position. Being at the intersection of East and West, Albanians were influenced by both. The lands of Albanians were the meeting and division point of the two greatest empires of the Middle Ages, the Roman and the Byzantine Empires. Experiencing many vicissitudes, this peaceful co-existence, as a national value of a small nation, has continued for centuries and is still ongoing. However, a communist government lasting from 1944 to 1991 imposed a severe prohibition of the practice of religion. The interreligious cooperation during the reopening of the first church and mosque in 1990 was an expression of tolerance despite even though the communist regime was still in power. This paper presents some essential historical facts as well as a sociological approach of the interfaith understanding among Albanians.
Temporal and spatial variation of atmospherically deposited organic contaminants at high elevation in yosemite national park, California, USA

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Contaminants used at low elevation, such as pesticides on crops, can be transported tens of kilometers and deposited in adjacent mountains in many parts of the world. Atmospherically deposited organic contaminants in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA, have exceeded some thresholds of concern, but the spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants in the mountains are not well known. The authors sampled shallow-water sediment and tadpoles (Pseudacris sierra) for pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls in four high-elevation sites in Yosemite National Park in the central Sierra Nevada twice during the summers of 2006, 2007, and 2008. Both historic- and current-use pesticides showed a striking pattern of lower concentrations in both sediment and tadpoles in Yosemite than was observed previously in Sequoia–Kings Canyon National Parks in the southern Sierra Nevada. By contrast, PAH concentrations in sediment were generally greater in Yosemite than in Sequoia–Kings Canyon. The authors suggest that pesticide concentrations tend to be greater in Sequoia–Kings Canyon because of a longer air flow path over agricultural lands for this park along with greater pesticide use near this park. Concentrations for DDT-related compounds in some sediment samples exceeded guidelines or critical thresholds in both parks. A general pattern of difference between Yosemite and Sequoia–Kings Canyon was not evident for total tadpole cholinesterase activity, an indicator of harmful exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Variability of chemical concentrations among sites, between sampling periods within each year, and among years, contributed significantly to total variation, although the relative contributions differed between sediment and tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:517–525. © 2012 SETAC
Production of Antibodies in Chicken for Escherichia Coli O157:H7

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium.Despite the availability of potent antibiotics, Gram negative bacteraemia and sepsis is currently a frequent cause of death in hospitals.Chicken egg yolk can become an important tool here.Biochemical tests, comparative studies of pH, temperature and media were conducted to pick out the right strain of bacteria.IgY was produced and isolated from yolk using three different protocols to get the highest yield on production.The final product was tested by methods like ELISA, dot blotting and SDS-PAGE.The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography.It was found that the serotype being used was pure and not contaminated.The IgY produced from PEG ethanol method was found to give the best results.This method makes it easy to produce the antibody in bulk, which in turn will help diagnose the symptoms caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 far more rapidly than other methods.Further the antibody can be formulated for therapeutic uses.
Association between TBXT rs2305089 polymorphism and chordoma in Iranian patients identified by a developed T‐ARMS‐PCR assay

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Chordoma is a locally aggressive bone tumor with a high capability of recurrence. Because chordoma often occurs at critical locations next to neurovascular structures, there is an urgent need to introduce validated biomarkers. T ‐ box transcription factor T ( TBXT ; OMIM: 601397) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and survival of chordoma cells. Methods Herein, we aimed to show whether rs2305089 polymorphism is correlated with chordoma in the Iranian population. In order to detect rs2305089, tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (T‐ARMS‐PCR) was used. In total, 19 chordoma patients and 108 normal healthy individuals were recruited and screened using T‐ARMS‐PCR. The results were subsequently validated by Sanger sequencing. Results The genotype distributions and allele frequencies were significantly different among the patient and healthy groups ( p ‐value <0.05). The A allele of rs2305089 showed a significant positive association with chordoma risk ( p ‐value <0.05). DNA sequencing verified the T‐ARMS‐PCR results as well. This study demonstrated the association between TBXT rs2305089 and chordoma in an Iranian population using a simple, accurate, and cost‐effective T‐ARMS‐PCR assay. Conclusions Our results were in line with those of previous studies showing that TBXT rs2305089 is associated with chordoma development. We also developed an efficient T‐ARMS‐PCR assay to determine the genotype of rs2305089.
The effects of mumie extract on cell proliferation and enzyme expression of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Mumie, as an inorganic and semi-solid herbal substance, could be obtained from crevice caves and is used for bone diseases in traditional medicine. This study investigated the effects of this substance on the expression of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) enzyme as well as proliferation and mortality rates of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells. Materials and methods: The MG63 cells were cultured and the effect of 100, 200 and 300 μg/ml of mumie extract on cell viability were compared with zoledronic acid and estradiol valerate as positive controls, as well as with MG63 cells alone as the negative control group. The activity rate of the BALP enzyme was also assessed. Results: During 48 hours of the study period, the concentrations of 100 and 200μg/ml of mumie extract increased the proliferation rate and decreased the mortality rate of MG63 cells significantly; however, the concentration of 300μg/ml decreased the proliferation rate and increased the mortality rate of the cells. Also, BALP enzyme expression was slightly affected by 100 and 200 μg/ml of mumie extract whilst it was significantly decreased by the concentration of 300 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study showed that mumie extract has an increasing effect on proliferation rate and a decreasing effect on the mortality rate of osteoblast cells in low concentrations; however, the higher concentrations of this substance could be toxic and effect inversely.
The Relationship between Executive Compensation and the Performance of Listed Real Estate Corporations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As the real estate industry becomes a pillar industry of China, its executive compensation has received widespread attention. To study the relationship between executive compensation and the performance of real estate corporations, this paper reviewed the studies of national and foreign scholars, and proposed three hypotheses around this issue. This paper selected the financial data of 122 listed real estate corporations, in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange A-share markets, from the year 2011 to 2013, and did the regression analysis by STATA. The research suggested that executive cash compensation had a positive correlation with corporate performance, but there was no significant correlation between the proportion of executive shareholding and corporate performance. Neither did the research suggest that there is any interval effect in proportion of executive shareholding and corporate performance. In view of the above, this paper proposed some corresponding recommendations to improve executive compensation incentive mechanism of listed real estate corporations.
The Autolysis of Beef and Mutton

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Research Article| January 01 1922 The Autolysis of Beef and Mutton William Robert Fearon; William Robert Fearon Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Dorothy Lilian Foster Dorothy Lilian Foster Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1922) 16 (5): 564–571. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0160564 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation William Robert Fearon, Dorothy Lilian Foster; The Autolysis of Beef and Mutton. Biochem J 1 January 1922; 16 (5): 564–571. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0160564 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1922 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1922 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Estimating the economic benefits of high-speed rail in China: A new perspective from the connectivity improvement

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper evaluates the economic benefits of high-speed rail (HSR) in China, with a focus on the connectivity change resulting from HSR development. The effect of HSR, measured in degree centrality, is assessed using a spatial econometric modeling technique based on a panel dataset that covers 268 Chinese cities from 2008-2015. To provide a robust assessment, statistical issues including heterogeneous effects, endogeneity, and spatial dependence are addressed simultaneously in the spatial panel modeling process. Our empirical results confirm that connectivity improvement brought by HSR plays a vital role in facilitating economic growth. Specifically, the contribution of HSR to urban economic growth is found to be 0.11, most of which comes from a local effect rather than a spillover effect. Overall, the research findings suggest that urban economic growth can benefit from the development of HSR.
Studies on the counter-sinking of aluminum sheet (4th Report)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The effects of the out-of-roundness of counter-sinking on the accuracy of the size of drilled hole were examined on four kinds of aluminum sheets, 3S-R, 52S-R, 61S-R, and G4-R (each about 6mm thick), for various drill dimensions.The pattern of countersunk figure was made with plaster at the last stage of sinking. The drilling was continued and the size of hole on the both faces of the sheet was measured by using shadowgraph. The hole was finished with end mill and the size of the hole was measured at the specified depth. Then, the effects of drilling conditions such as angle of drill tip, angle of relief, angle of chisel edge, relative height of lip, and angle of torsion on the accuracy of the size of drilled hole were researched.The results were summarized as follows.The relationship between the out-of-roundness of the countersink and the enlargement of the diameter of circumscribed circle of the hole was very intimate on the surface of the sheet, but it was not so distinct on its back face. If the Point angle was constant (118° in this study), the out-of-roundness of the countersink and the enlargement of the hole on the surface increased with the increase of the Chisel edge angle. The out-of-roundness of drilled hole was not always large at the entrance of the hole or it did not always gradually decrease with the depth of the hole, but in most cases, it gave the largest value at the middle depth of the hole.In accordance with the above results, a discussion was made on the drill dimension recommended hitherto for the drilling of aluminum. It was found that the recommended dimensions were proper for hard materials such as G4-R; but were not proper for soft materials such as 3S-R. In the latter, the Point angle and the Chisel edge angle would be smaller than those of the recommended dimensions for obtaining good accuracy of drilling.
Tailoring Cell Attachment onto Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds via a Phase Separated Hydrogel Coating with Peptide Functionalization

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Highly porous scaffolds with a high surface area can be designed and fabricated via melt electrowriting (MEW). Here, the study introduces morphological features onto the MEW microfibers via a hydrogel coating of phase‐separated poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA). This coating is achieved by capturing phase‐separated droplets of pHEMA onto poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) microfibers via dip‐coating, resulting in a hydrogel coating with webbed structures across pores of the MEW scaffold. Excess pHEMA droplets are removed and phase separation is quenched by washing in water, and then functionalized by dipping the pHEMA coated scaffold into a buffered peptide solution. It is demonstrated that a cysteine‐terminated peptide sequence (Cys‐Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser‐Gly (CG‐RGD‐SG)) promotes fibroblast adhesion on the hydrogel‐coated MEW scaffolds compared to unmodified pHEMA and compared to scrambled peptide sequence. Due to the protein‐resistant nature of pHEMA, the hydrogel‐coated scaffolds show less cell attachment than non‐coated PCL scaffolds, while RGD‐functionalized pHEMA scaffolds achieve 2.8‐fold increase in cell attachment (p = 0.02) when compared to non‐functionalized pHEMA. The study therefore presents a platform that combines PCL scaffolds of microscale fibers with a phase‐separated pHEMA hydrogel coating that maintains the high porosity of MEW scaffolds yet increases surface area and, importantly, introduces the capability for tailoring cell attachment via peptide functionalization.
Design and Numerical Investigation of Advanced Radial Inlet for a Centrifugal Compressor Stage

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The performance of a centrifugal compressor stage can be seriously affected by inlet flow distortions due to an unsatisfactory inlet configuration and the resulting flow structure. In this study, two radial inlets were designed for a centrifugal compressor stage and investigated numerically using a commercially available 3D viscous Navier-Stokes code. The intent of the design was to minimize the total pressure loss across the inlet while distributing the flow as equally and uniformly as possible to the impeller inlet. For each inlet model, the aerodynamic performance was calculated from the simulation results and then the results from both models were evaluated and compared. The second radial inlet design outperformed the initial design in terms of total pressure loss, flow distortion and uniformity at the impeller inlet. Furthermore, the aerodynamic performance of the second radial inlet was insensitive to a wide range of mass flow rates compared to the initial design due to the distinctive geometric features implemented for the second inlet design.
Genetics of Tourette syndrome and related disorders

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This chapter focuses on alcohol dependence (alcoholism), because the diagnosis is more reliable and because most of the genetic data focus on dependence. The earliest genetic association studies in alcoholism were candidate gene studies targeting coding variations in the genes that metabolize alcohol. Certain variations in alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) genes have very strong effects on the risk for alcoholism. Variations in other genes appear to have a much smaller effect on risk. Linkage studies and their follow-up, along with candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), are beginning to fill the gaps. Initial findings must be confirmed in independent studies, and much work remains to elucidate the mechanisms involved. The future will involve studies of epigenetic factors, copy number variants, and gene expression, as well as tests for rare variants of large effect in specific families.