jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Legal implications of Brexit on Customs Union, Internal Market Acquis for Goods and Services and Consumer Protection Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study addresses the implications of several scenarios of the UK withdrawing \nfrom the EU in relation to the EU Customs Union, the Internal Market law for \nGoods and Services, and on Consumer Protection law, identifying the main crosscutting \nchallenges that have to be addressed irrespective of the policy choices \nthat will be made in due course. The analysis takes the fully-fledged EU \nmembership as a point of departure and compares this baseline scenario to a \nmembership of the UK in the European Economic Area (EEA), the application of \ntailor-made arrangements, as well as the fall-back scenario, in which the mutual \nrelationship is governed by WTO law. Following an analysis of the EU, legal \nframework defining the withdrawal of a Member State from the EU the study \ndevelops an analytical framework that allows for the identification of the legal \nimpact of different Brexit scenarios on policy fields falling within the ambit of the \nIMCO Committee. In this context, the general impact of the EEA model, the tailormade \nmodel and the WTO model on key pieces of the currently existing acquis \ncommunautaire in these policy areas are highlighted.
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity Levels in Enzyme-deficient Greek Individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MEDICAL JOURNAL It is intended to follow up the cases considered to be definite, suspicious, or doubtful glaucoma, together with a random sample of those in whom no glaucoma was found, as a long-term project in the glaucoma clinic conducted by one of us (J.P. F. L.) at the Oxford Eye Hospital.Iris colour was recorded in each patient in the survey.The results are shown in Table VI.These suggest that the colour distribution is similar in the two groups-that is, the total sample and the cases of glaucoma, although there are fewer brown eyes in the latter.This is not a significant finding, because most of our brown-eyed persons happened to be in the younger age-groups.
Comparative Look at the Contributions of Abdullah b. Abbas and Rağhib al-Isfahānī to the Garīb al-Qur’ān (In the Context of Ibn Abbas’s Garīb al-Qur’ān and Isfahani’s al-Mufredāt)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Gharīb al-Qur’ān is a field of knowledge in the Qur’ānic sciences, which deals with the words whose meanings in the verses need explanation. By laying the foundation, the first representative of this science is Abdullah b. Abbas (d. 68/687-88). By revealing the most outstanding work, the person who reached this science its peak is Raghib al-Iṣfahānī (d. 502/1108-1109) In this article, common and different aspects of both commentators and the explanation styles such as verse, hadith and poetry which they used while explaining the gharib word will be tried to be determined in a comperative way, based on their contributions to the field in line with their works. Thus, in terms of the beginning and the period after 5 centuries, the development in this science and the change in the explanation of the words will be revealed with concrete examples. The main factors that led this science to include all Qur&#039;ānic words over time will be partly mentioned. It is considered that the study has a unique quality in terms of dealing with İbn Abbas and Iṣfahānī in a comparative way within the framework of gharīb al-Qur’ān. The scope of the study is limited grounding only on gharīb al-Qur’ān works of the authors who have influence and writing in many fields. Due to the nature of the subject, mainly descriptive and comparative analysis methods are used.
Effect of Dextran Sulfate on Experimental Liver Injury

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1) デキストラン硫酸の投与によってallylalcohol肝障害時にラット血漿中に上昇するロイシンアミノペプチダーゼ(LAP)とGPTが低下する.2) デキストラン硫酸の投与によって,D-Galactosamine肝障害ラットにおいて,とくに血漿中に上昇するGPTが低下する.3) CCl4, allylalcoholの投与によって,ラット肝ミクロゾームのグルコース-6燐酸脱燐酸酵素の活性が著明に減少するが,デキストラン硫酸を同時に投与することによって,このような減少はみられなくなる.4) In vitroでCCl4, Allylalcoholはミクロゾームのグルコース-6燐酸脱燐酸酵素を阻害するが,デキストラン硫酸はこのような阻害を解除する.
The Spatial, Temporal, and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Southern-Atlantic United States Tornado Events

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Tornadic storm environments are not well understood in regions beyond the Great Plains. Severe weather forecasting index values are derived for 129 Southern-Atlantic (SA) Coast (South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia) and 98 southern Great Plains (Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas) tornado days through spatial and temporal interpolations of the proximity balloon soundings. Analyses of these data suggest that the two regions are associated with significantly different environments. The SA storm environments would be considered benign by Great Plains standards. In fact, 95% of the SA tornado events fall below the threshold for severe thunderstorms for the Severe Weather Threat (SWEAT) index. Therefore, the universal use of index threshold values by forecasters is inappropriate. Cluster and density analysis of the spatial data found that tornado events in the SA region are clustered in three general regions. One of the regions is likely influenced by the existence of a Sea-Breeze front or the Piedmont trough. However, given the benign thermodynamic environment, mesoscale augmentation of shear and instability is likely in the other two clustered regions as well.
Recognition of various tactile stimuli using independent component analysis and k -means

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A self-developed integrated system is employed to record and analyse intracortical evoked potentials from the primary somatosensory cortex of rats. Four different neural signals are recorded under no stimulation and stimulation using a toothbrush, pen shaft and toothpick separately. These evoked signals undergo preprocessing and post-processing, in that order. In order to improve the shortcoming of independent component analysis (ICA), which the magnitude and sequence of estimated independent components are ambiguous. The authors propose the dynamic dimension increasing method to form a feature vector by correlation coefficient matrix and mitigate the drawback of ICA. Then, k-means is employed to group the feature vector into different clusters. The authors use the information of monitoring subsystem to check the experimental results by using a video recording device. Finally, the presented methods are utilised to extract the features from various evoked potentials and distinguish the stimulants from different sensory signals.
Analysis of antigenic determinants in cholera enterotoxin and heat-labile enterotoxins from human and porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Antigenic determinants of cholera enterotoxin (CT) and heat-labile enterotoxin from a human strain (LTh) and a porcine strain (LTp) were analyzed by Ouchterlony double-gel diffusion test against anti-CT, anti-LTh, and anti-LTp, which were treated by immunoaffinity column chromatography. The results showed the existence of the following antigenic determinants: (i) antigenic determinants unique to CT, LTh, and LTp, respectively; (ii) an antigenic determinant common to CT, LTh, and LTp; (iii) an antigenic determinant common to CT and LTh, but not LTp; and (iv) an antigenic determinant common to LTh and LTp, but not CT. On the basis of these results, an antigenic scheme for CT, LTh, and LTp is proposed.
Immunomodulating Activity of Salicornia herbacea Extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Immunomodulating effect of Salicornia herbacea extract on the mouse splenocytes was investigated. Crude S. herbacea polysaccharide extract (CSP) and other kinds of fine S. herbacea polysaccharides (SPI and SPII) were prepared from S. herbacea by hot water extraction and further ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. In vitro experiment, the mouse splenocytes and separated T cells were treated with CSP, SPI or SPII (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/ml). In vivo experiment, three different S. herbacea extracts were orally administrated everyday for one week. For the basic data, body weight and physiological parameters such as organ weight and spleen index were observed. The proliferation of the cells was used as an index for immunemodulating activity and the effect of proliferation was evaluated using MTS assay. The CSP, SPI and SPII directly induced the proliferation of splenocytes and separated T cells in a dose-dependent manner. In results, the proliferation was more increased in the SPI and SPII treated cells than in the CSP treated cells. The best proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI at the concentration of 4 mg/ml for 24 hr. The proliferation of splenocytes and separated T-cells was higher (3.2 and 3.5 times, respectively) than the control. Moreover, when the mouse splenocytes were treated with mitogen, the efficient proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI. In conclusion, polysaccharides from S. herbacea showed a substantial immunomodulating activity in the mouse immune cells.
Scheduling dynamic load-balancing in parallel and distributed computers using modified genetic algorithm with time dependent fitness function

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Load Balancing has many applications in various systems, but specifically plays a major role in the efficiency of parallel and distributed systems. In these systems, by load balancing we mean scheduling the jobs in a way that every job could be executed concurrently while it is mapped to a processing unit, such as a processor (in a multi-processor system) or a computer (in a grid computer). By developing effective methods the whole program time execution will be decreased and process utilization will be optimized. In this paper, a solution is proposed for dynamic load balancing. Because of the NP-hard nature of the problem, heuristic methods are desired. A simple scheduling method, Round Robin, and Genetic algorithm are discussed as previous methods for this problem and in order to improve the results a new modification of Genetic Algorithm is presented.
Japanese Attitudes Toward Women

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Samples of Japanese college men and women (n = 242) and married women with children (n = 72) were administered a Japanese translation of the short version of Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp's (1973) Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS). A comparison of mean scores on the AWS and the percentage of agreement on individual scale items indicated that men were more conservative than women, generally endorsing the traditional view of women's place in the home and a separation of men's and women's activities. Although mothers were more liberal than men, unmarried college women held the most liberal views of the sample.
A pre –experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programe on knowledge regarding breast self examination among fmphw ist year students at ramzan institute of paramedical sciences, Gulshan Nagar, Nowgam Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A pre –experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programe on knowledge regarding breast self examination among fmphw ist year students at ramzan institute of paramedical sciences, Gulshan Nagar, Nowgam Srinagar, Kashmir, India - IJPNS- Print ISSN No: - 2582-4023 Online ISSN No:- 2582-4031
EMPLOYMENT BASED ON A FICTION: EVALUATING THE LEGITIMACY OF TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF CONTRACT IN THEIR APPLICATION TO AN ATYPICAL EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article will examine the employment relationship between players in professional team sports and their employers. It will focus briefly on the nature of this relationship and on some unique characteristics that serve to distinguish this relationship from theemployment of other employees. The author argues that the general view that the employment contract is largely based on a fiction (in respect of the respective parties’ bargaining power and freedom to contract) is of special importance in professional sport. As the traditional checks and balances which serve to assuage the employer’s significant power are mostly absent in this context, and one encounters an additional factor that serves to further limit the rights and freedom of the player-employee (namely the degree to which the rules and regulatory conduct of sports governing bodies, and especially international sports governing bodies, form part of theemployment relationship and are incorporated in the terms and conditions of employment), it will be argued that this fictional nature of the employment contract is especially relevant. It will further be argued that the courts’ traditional view of the nature of sports governing bodies and of the basis for their authority over participants (including professional player-employees) needs to be reviewed. In light of this the author will argue that the construct of a contract cannot legitimately serve as basis for the incorporation of the rules and regulatory conduct of international sports governing bodies in the employment of players in the domestic context (also in light ofconstitutional freedoms and fundamental rights of employees), and that an alternative basis for the position of authority of such bodies in this context must be found. A future paper will continue this evaluation, with reference to the possible role of international law.
Evaluation of the acute phase protein haptoglobin as an indicator of herd health in slaughter pigs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Health is an important aspect of animal welfare, which is difficult to assess at herd level. Clinical examination of individual animals is time-consuming, and most measures of clinical herd health depend significantly on the examiner. Acute phase proteins are produced during inflammatory processes, and could therefore be used as general markers of infection and injury. Our objective was to evaluate whether haptoglobin could be used to monitor the health status of herds at slaughter. 107 groups of 20 slaughter pigs each were examined at two large abattoirs. Clinical signs of tail biting, lameness, injuries, abscesses, pneumonia, pleurisy, hepatitis and gastritis were recorded. The association between elevated haptoglobin concentration in meat juice samples and clinical signs was assessed via multiple logistic regression. Pigs from groups in which tail biting, lameness, othaematomas, abscesses, pneumonia, pleurisy, pericarditis or condemnations of livers, lungs or carcasses occurred, showed higher levels of haptoglobin than pigs from slaughter groups without any of these clinical signs. In the multiple regression model, only the variables of lameness and tail biting were statistically significant. The haptoglobin test classified 66% of all slaughter groups correctly according to the presence of these clinical signs. These results demonstrate the potential for haptoglobin to be used as a screening test to identify problem herds at slaughter.
Fictions of a Creole Nation: (Re)Presenting Portugal’s Imperial Past

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For more than five centuries Portugal had large colonial dependencies. The end of the empire and the democratization of the country could not erase Portugal's self-image as an imperial nation. The empire still stands as a prominent symbolic touchstone through which the national narrative was and still is built upon and sustained. Such collective representation of Portugal as an imperial maritime nation was ideologically fostered for centuries, slowly nurturing the representation of the Portuguese as peaceful, non-racist, gentler colonialists, and of their culture as universal, hybrid, somehow Creole, enriched by centuries of colonial contact. This chapter will explore several examples out of Portuguese past and present cultural discourses that testify to a continuity that runs through the universalistic, humanistic and multiculturalistic representation of Portuguese history and culture.
Analysis of Digital Image Watermarking Techniques through Hybrid Methods

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Digital image watermarking is an attractive research area since it protects the multimedia data from unauthorized access. For designing an efficient and robust digital image watermarking system, the trade-off among imperceptibility, robustness, capacity, and security must be maintained. Various studies regarding this concern have been performed to ensure these requirements by hybridizing different domains, such as spatial and transform domains. In this paper, we have presented an analytical study of the existing hybrid digital image watermarking methods. At first, we have given a standard framework for designing a hybrid method that ensures the basic design requirements of watermarking for various applications. After a brief literature review, we compared and analyzed the complexity of several existing hybrid methods in a tabular form. The limitations and applications of these methods are also highlighted. Finally, we summarized the challenges of the existing methods and concluded the study by giving future research directions.
Modeling, simulation, and evaluation of a high resolution vip positron emission mammography scanner based on pixelated semiconductor detector

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Breast cancer is the first cause of cancer death among women. Early diagnosis is widely
acknowledged as being crucial in the successful treatment of the disease.
Positron emission mammography (PEM) is a diagnostic technique of positron emission
tomography (PET) dedicated to the breast. By placing the detectors close to the breast, the
PEM geometry subtends more solid angle around the breast than a whole body PET scanner
which allows to detect smaller breast cancers. Additional advantages are lower necessary dose,
costing much less and enhanced device portability. Over the past few years, crystal PEMs have
dramatically increased their importance in the diagnosis and treatment of early stage breast
cancer. Nevertheless, design based on scintillators are characterized by an intrinsic deficiency
of the depth of interaction information from relatively thick crystals constraining the size of
the smallest detectable tumor. This work shows how to overcome such intrinsic limitation by
substituting scintillating crystals with pixilated CdTe detectors.
The proposed high resolution design is developed within the Voxel Imaging PET (VIP)
Pathfinder project and evaluated via Monte Carlo simulation. The system is simulated following
the prescription of the NEMA NU-4 2008 protocol for the evaluation of small animal PET
devices. Several tests are performed to assess the counting and the imaging performance of
the VIP PEM scanner with the accurate modeling of the required experimental conditions.
The volumetric spatial resolution of the VIP PEM is expected to be up to 8 times better than
standard commercial devices and with a point spread function of 1 mm full width at half
maximum (FWHM) in all directions. Pixelated CdTe detectors can also provide an energy
resolution as low as 1.57% FWHM at 511 keV for a virtually pure signal with negligible
contribution from scattered events. The VIP collects virtually noise-free data leading to
excellent quality images. The results show the potential of the novel design for providing high
specificity metabolic images for very small lesions and low TNR.
This thesis consists of 7 chapters. Chapter 1 is a review of the theoretical and historical
background of PET. Chapter 2 defines breast cancer detection in nuclear medicine and state
of the art scanners for PEM. Chapter 3 is the VIP PEM geometry and its distinctive features.
Chapter 4 describes the system simulation and image reconstruction. Chapter 5 describes
the study of the counting performance of the VIP PEM design. Chapter 6 is dedicated to the
assessment of the image quality and the testing of the VIP in pseudo-clinical conditions. Finally,
the conclusions are discussed in the chapter 7.
Evaluation of N-acetyl Cysteine with Nano-Hydroxyapatite Bone Graft for Preservation of Alveolar Ridge After Teeth Extraction.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate N-acetyl cysteine with Nano-hydroxyapatite bone graft for preservation of alveolar ridge after teeth extraction clinically and radiographically.Subjects and methods: Nano-hydroxyapatite bone graft and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were used to preserve sockets after extraction of badly decayed lower molars.To assess alveolar bone height, width and density, preoperative panorama and CBCT were done, immediately after extraction at 3 and at 6 months.Results: Regarding alveolar bone height and width, NAC showed the least decrease in lingual height, Nano-hydroxyapatite +NAC and NAC alone showed the higher increase in bottom and the least decrease in width measurements.Density measurements showed that Nano-hydroxyapatite + NAC and NAC alone showed the highest increase in density measurements.Conclusion: The use of NAC was safe and there were no complications and addition of NAC to Nano-hydroxyapatite resulted in marked enhancement of bone width.
Effect of chronic hyperglycaemia on the parameters of protein, lipid metabolism and platelet-coagulation haemostasis in acromegaly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of the research. Assessing the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on the parameters of the protein, lipid metabolism and platelet-coagulation haemostasis in patients with active phase of acromegaly. Materials and methods: The research included 58 patients with the active phase of acromegaly (36 women and 28 men), median age 50 (43, 57) years, disease duration 9.0 (5.0, 15.0) years, 26 of whom had verified diabetes mellitus. Results: Biochemical parameters and parameters of haemostasis in patients with active phase of acromegaly with normoglycemia differed from the control group by higher levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, an increase in the average volume of platelet aggregation and enhancement of their function. The presence of diabetes mellitus was accompanied by the increase in concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, decrease in high-density lipoproteins, and increase in fibrinogen concentration, soluble fibrin-monomeasured complexes, as well as reduction of disaggregation properties of platelets and enhancement of ejection reactions. Conclusion: The presence of diabetes mellitus with acromegaly can be regarded as a significant risk factor for atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and platelet disfunction.
Living up to High Expectations? Effective Enforcement of the European Pillar of Social Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The recent multidimensional crisis has provided opportunities for renewal and innovation at various levels of EU law and policy making and enforcement. Against this backdrop, policy areas connected with the EU social dimension face both general and policy-specific challenges in the complex network of existing enforcement strategies and tools in the EU legal order. This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of the EPRS as a potential driver of change in this context.