jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cheiracanthium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Other Cheiracanthium species We agree with Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) that C. insulanum (Thorell, 1878) and C. melanostomum (Thorell, 1895) are closely related and distinguishing between the males of these two species is almost impossible. Furthermore, the type series of C. melanostomum consists of males, females and immature spiders (deposited at NHML, examined). These males show a substantial degree of variation in palpal structure, especially in the shape of the retrolateral tibial apophysis and the size of the conductor. The designated lectotype male was obviously based on the selection of a specimen which has the most heavily sclerotized palpal morphology. However, this lectotype bears little resemblance to other male syntypes examined and included by Thorell in his original description. The female holotype of C. insulanum is very similar to that of C. melanostomum and can only be distinguished by the insemination ducts, which are slightly narrower and more strongly bent anteriorly, and with spermathecae that are closer together. Much larger samples would be needed to corroborate these slight differences as speciesspecific rather than as individual variation.
Changes in content and phosphorylation of cytosol proteins in luteinizing ovarian follicles and corpora lutea

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cytosol prepared from rat preovulatory ovarian follicles contained several specific substrates which were phosphorylated by [gamma 32P] ATP in the presence of 2 microM cyclic AMP (cAMP) or 780 nM of highly purified catalytic subunit. These substrates were identified as RII, the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase, an Mr = 43,000 protein presumed to be actin, and four other proteins with Mr = 36,500-15,000. A marked decrease in phosphorylation of these proteins was observed within 6-48 h of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation and luteinization in hormonally primed immature rats. The phosphorylation of these proteins was also low in cytosol of corpora lutea isolated on Days 2, 4, 9, 13 and 23 of pregnancy. The decrease in phosphorylation of RII was associated primarily with a decrease in substrate content as measured by photoaffinity labeling and silver staining techniques, and not to a marked increase in phosphoprotein phosphatase and adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities. Whereas the decreased phosphorylation of other proteins is also presumed to be related to a decrease in their cytosol content, the data do not exclude the possibility that luteal tissue contains a specific phosphoprotein phosphatase which is not present in granulosa or theca cells of preovulatory follicles. We conclude that luteinizing hormone (LH) or hCG, and thereby cAMP itself, induces the rapid loss of specific phosphoproteins which may be involved in regulating cAMP action in granulosa cells.
Economic and Social Linkages Between Malaria Illness and Crop Production in Yobe State, Nigeria

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to stimulate discussion about the links between malaria pandemic and crop production, and to broaden our understanding of the effect of malaria in terms of its economic burden on households and national economic development of endemic economies. It begins with a theoretical framework, emphasising economic development imperative of malaria, and the implication for agricultural development. Using propensity score matching, the likelihood of malaria infection was evaluated in relation to key socioeconomic variables among infected and uninfected households in agricultural communities of Yobe State. Similarly, the linear regression provides empirical evidence to suggest that the instrumented malaria indices significantly reduce crop production among malaria infected households. The economic loss approach further stresses the economic imperative of the opportunity cost of labor among malaria infected households. The empirical results suggest targeting farmers with malaria-specific control and prevention programs in the state.
Supplementary Figure 1 from MCL-1 Degradation Mediated by JNK Activation via MEKK1/TAK1-MKK4 Contributes to Anticancer Activity of New Tubulin Inhibitor MT189

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>PDF - 18K, The chemical structure of MT189 and its synthesis approach.</p>
Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) in Goats: A Report of Eight Cases in Quebec.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is reported in eight goats. Clinical signs were mainly those of a chronic wasting disease which lead to emaciation, severe weakness, prostration and death. Soft pasty stool and/or profuse diarrhea were observed only after several weeks of illness, in the terminal stages of the disease, in six of the eight goats. Gross lesions were characterized by emaciation and mesenteric lymphadenopathy with more or less extensive areas of caseous necrosis and calcification. Gross lesions in the intestinal tract were limited to a mild thickening and corrugation of the mucosa of the distal small intestine, cecum and proximal parts of the colon in three of the affected animals. Caseous necrosis of Peyer's patches and ulceration were observed in two goats when small tuberculoid nodules were present in the liver of another one. Histologically, the intestinal lesions were characterized by accumulations of large foamy or vacuolated macrophages in the intestinal mucosa. Lesions were usually mild and multifocal in the proximal and middle parts of the small intestine, more diffuse and severe in the distal jejunum, ileum and proximal parts of the colon. Several of the macrophages infiltrated in the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes were packed with acid fast bacilli. Observations made on these animals stress the importance of a careful histological examination of the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes of adult goats submitted to necropsy because of a chronic wasting disease.
Barnyard millet: A crop of promise elucidated through correlation and path analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

With today's changing dietary demands and agricultural constraints, millets have become essential crops with significant agronomic and nutritional benefits. Among these, barnyard millet stands out for its resilience and nutritional richness. Despite its considerable nutritional and agronomic benefits, Barnyard millet suffers from a lack of recognition, relegating it to the status of a neglected and underutilized crop. The present study ventures into barnyard millet cultivation, utilizing correlation and path coefficient analysis to elucidate the complex interplay influencing its productivity and attributes. The study was conducted over two consecutive years and involved 172 genotypes with 23 yield-contributing traits under scrutiny. Panicle weight per plant (PWPP) (0.98), single panicle weight (0.81), biological yield per plant (0.79) and harvest index (0.71) exhibited strong positive correlations with grain yield per plant. While PWPP (0.82), PL (0.36), DSYPP (0.31) and HI (0.30) demonstrated high direct positive effects on grain yield per plant in the path coefficient analysis, emphasizing their significance in breeding programs. By improving these traits through selective breeding or genetic manipulation, researchers can potentially develop high-yielding varieties better adapted to varying environmental conditions. Conversely, days to maturity had a significant negative correlation with grain yield (-0.28) focusing on selecting early maturity genotypes. Panicle exertion (-0.30), biological yield per plant (-0.21) and flag leaf sheath length (-0.18) had the highest negative direct effects in the path analysis, suggesting their potential role as limiting factors in barnyard millet cultivation. Overall, these findings provide a roadmap for future research endeavours aimed at enhancing the productivity and resilience of barnyard millet, ultimately contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability in regions where this crop plays a vital role.
Letter by Belmadani and Matrougui Regarding Article, “Integrated Stress Response Couples Mitochondrial Protein Translation With Oxidative Stress Control”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite available therapies and interventional coronary reperfusion approaches, acute myocardial infarction (MI)-induced morbidity and mortality remains substantial.Therefore, there is a critical unmet need to delineate mechanisms, identify treatable targets to improve cardiac function and structure, and limit the progression of acute MI.Zhang et al 1 documented the effect of the integrated stress response (PERK [PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum resident kinase]/eIF2α [α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2]) dictating protein translation in combination with mitochondrial reactive oxidative stress in acute MI induced by cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).It is well established that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress PERK and eIF2α pathway induces C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) induction. 2Previous studies reported the role of ER stress-induced CHOP in cardiac damage induced by I/R injury. 3The inhibition of ER stress-induced CHOP pharmacologically or genetically protects the heart from damage. 3,4The study by Zhang et al 1 reported that acute PERK activation protects against acute I/R injury, whereas chronic PERK activation damages the heart. 5 It would be interesting to determine the concept and delineate the mechanism by which acute PERK activation could favor the cardioprotective pathway through the mitochondria versus the detrimental pathway of chronic PERK activation through CHOP induction.Moreover, the overexpression of ER stress-induced ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) has been documented to protect the heart against I/R.These complex ER stress pathways in the context of cardiac damage are not clearly understood and future studies are needed to delineate their interaction within the cardiomyocytes in the setting of acute and chronic I/R injury.Another aspect to take into consideration is the fact that the majority of cells in the heart are nonmyocytes.
Tunable magnomechanically induced transparency and fast-slow light in a hybrid cavity magnomechanical system

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We theoretically explore the tunability of magnomechanically induced transparency (MMIT) phenomenon and fast-slow light effect in a hybrid cavity magnomechanical system in which a high-quality yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere and an atomic ensemble are placed inside a microwave cavity. In the probe output spectrum, we can observe magnon-induced transparency (MIT) and MMIT due to the photon-magnon and phonon-magnon couplings. We further investigate the effect of atomic ensemble on the absorption spectrum. The results show that better transparency can be obtained by choosing appropriate atomic ensemble parameters. We give an explicit explanation for the mechanism of the Fano resonance phenomenon. Moreover, we discuss phenomena of slow-light propagation. The maximum group delay increases significantly with the increasing atom–cavity coupling strength, and the conversion between slow light and fast light can also be achieved by adjusting the atom–cavity coupling strength. These results may have potential applications for quantum information processing and high precision measurements.
How AI can move customer personalisation to customer contextualisation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Reaching beyond personalisation to achieve contextualisation is the holy grail for brands and retailers — a challenge that countless businesses hope to crack by applying emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. International business leaders are increasing their investments in technology and data analytics to drive performance. This includes building out marketing teams with data scientists and acquiring tech start-ups to transform their businesses’ capabilities to more accurately predict customer needs and wants. McDonald’s US$300m acquisition of AI start-up Dynamic Yield is a clear example, described as fuelling the business’s vision to create more personalised customer experiences. In the race to tailor communications and customise recommendations, however, few businesses can deliver contextualisation — the ability to understand what a customer wants, immediately, at a particular moment in time. Advances in voice interfaces and consumer use of personal assistants only accentuate the need for greater sophistication in analysing situational context. This paper shares a view of the emerging AI-fuelled voice and virtual assistant ecosystem, how businesses can drive demonstrable value by solving the contextualisation challenge, and how new low-code development practices can accelerate and democratise these coming technological advances.
Normal acid-base equilibrium in acute hyponatremia and mixed alkalosis in chronic hyponatremia induced by arginine vasopressin or 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin in rats.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of acute and chronic water intoxication induced by the administration of oral water and arginine vasopressin (AVP) or 1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) on blood acid-base equilibrium and aldosterone, corticosterone, and thyroxine secretion were studied in rats. Acute hyponatremia (3 hours) was associated with normal bicarbonate and blood acid-base equilibrium and a decrease in aldosterone and thyroxine concentrations, while corticosterone was increased. When similar levels of hyponatremia (serum sodium 110 mEq/L) were maintained for 24 or 72 hours, a normal serum bicarbonate concentration was observed, but blood acid-base equilibrium showed a mixed respiratory and metabolic alkalosis. Blood pH was negatively correlated with serum sodium concentration (R = -0.65; p < 0.001), as was the metabolic alkalosis (base excess; R = -0.64; p < 0.001) and the aldosterone concentration (R = -0.52; p < 0.01), while the PCO2 was positively correlated (R = +0.49; p < 0.01). Hyperaldosteronism was similar whether hyponatremia was induced with AVP or DDAVP and was observed even for mild hyponatremia. When hyponatremia was induced by a high water and salt intake (2.5% D-glucose, 0.45% NaCl; 15% body weight), aldosterone concentration was as high (about three times control values) as in rats with similar levels of hyponatremia but with a salt-free diet. The high salt intake was associated with a more severe metabolic alkalosis (base excess +5,5 mEq/L). In chronic hyponatremia, corticosterone and thyroxine values were normal. In hyponatremia related to syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, the normal serum bicarbonate level is an expected observation; as in acute water intoxication, it stays normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CASE REPORTS Reentry Within the Atrioventricular Node: Surgical Cure with Preservation of Atrioventricular Conduction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is commonly caused by reentry within the atrioventricular (AV) node. This arrhythmia was abolished by operative dissection of the AV junction in a patient with disabling tachycardia that was not controlled by drugs. The operation was intended to create com-plete AV block, but AV conduction persisted after surgery. An electrophysiologic study 1 year after the opera-tion revealed that the operation changed AV conduction in both the antegrade and retrograde directions, which may explain the absence of tachycardia. The patient has been free of arrhythmias for 18 months. PAROXYSMAL SUPRAVENTRICULAR tachy-cardia (PSVT) caused by reentry using an accessory atrioventricular (AV) pathway has been successfully treated with surgical division of the accessory pathway when drug therapy has failed. &apos; This operation is per-formed without damaging the normal AV conduction system. In contrast, some patients who have PSVT caused by reentry within the AV node have been treated with destruction of the normal AV conduction
Determination of the Purity of Metals by Temperature-Dependent Electrical Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

It is well known that the electrical properties of metals are strongly affected by the presence of very small amounts of impurities. The employment of the relatively large changes in their temperature coefficients of electrical resistance and in their thermoelectric properties are well established as measures of purity for scientific purposes. However, their utility and worth as means for the determination and control of the degree of purity of commercial metals are seldom recognized or exploited. The tests described here are applicable to any metal whose degree of purity is of importance in its technical or commercial applications. Very dilute silver-base alloys are used for illustrative purposes. The results of simple electrical resistance and thermoelectric voltage measurements obtained from these alloys, made at just two convenient and easily reproducible temperatures (0 and 100°C), are given. Special equations, derived from fundamental relationships, for the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance and for the thermoelectric voltage, as functions of small impurity contents are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the experimental data. Both greater utility and direct comparison of the effects of impurities are afforded by the use of equivalent composition, rather than atom percent, in these equations. The large degrees to which both the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance and the thermoelectric properties are affected by impurities are apparent. The sensitivities of these properties are compared and their applications are discussed. The thermoelectric properties demonstrate a greater change induced by the presence of a given, small, total amount of impurity present in the metal (sensitivity) than does the temperature coefficient of resistance. Thus, for many practical applications, the employment of simple thermoelectric voltage measurements can provide an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive means for the determination of the purity of metals.
Heme and Iron Metabolism: Role in Cerebral Hemorrhage

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Heme and iron metabolism are of considerable interest and importance in normal brain function as well as in neurodegeneration and neuropathologically following traumatic injury and hemorrhagic stroke. After a cerebral hemorrhage, large numbers of hemoglobin-containing red blood cells are released into the brain's parenchyma and/or subarachnoid space. After hemolysis and the subsequent release of heme from hemoglobin, several pathways are employed to transport and metabolize this heme and its iron moiety to protect the brain from potential oxidative stress. Required for these processes are various extracellular and intracellular transporters and storage proteins, the heme oxygenase isozymes and metabolic proteins with differing localizations in the various braincell types. In the past several years, additional new genes and proteins have been discovered that are involved in the transport and metabolism of heme and iron in brain and other tissues. These discoveries may provide new insights into neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Friedrich's ataxia that are associated with accumulation of iron in specific brain regions or in specific organelles. The present review will examine the uptake and metabolism of heme and iron in the brain and will relate these processes to blood removal and to the potential mechanisms underlying brain injury following cerebral hemorrhage.
Optical properties of human arterial thrombus, vascular grafts, and sutures: implications for selective laser thrombus ablation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To determine the optimal wavelength for laser ablation of arterial and graft thrombus, an integrating sphere was used to obtain optical measurements from different depths of abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombi, vascular grafts, and vascular sutures. Arterial thrombus of all depths maintained the wavelength profile of oxyhemoglobin absorption: the magnitude of the absorption coefficient, however, varied with the thrombus depth or age. White vascular materials demonstrated little variation in spectral absorption coefficients. When dyes were present, the suture's spectral absorption coefficients varied with the dye utilized and the product manufacturer but the nadir of absorption was in the 450-500 nm waveband, consistent with their blue-green color. A simple thermal model was used as an indicator for the radiant exposure (energy/area) that could cause vascular material dehiscence or arterial thrombus ablation.< >
DECISION BOUNDARY PRESERVING PROTOTYPE SELECTION FOR NEAREST NEIGHBOR CLASSIFICATION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The excessive computational resources required by the Nearest Neighbor rule are a major concern for a number of specialists and practitioners in the Pattern Recognition community. Many proposals for decreasing this computational burden, through reduction of the training sample size, have been published. This paper introduces an algorithm to reduce the training sample size while preserving the original decision boundaries as much as possible. Consequently, the algorithm tends to obtain classification accuracy close to that of the whole training sample. Several experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method when compared to other reduction algorithms based on similar ideas.
Sanitation for Unserved Populations: Technologies, Implementation Challenges, and Opportunities

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The global population without complete sanitation services is enormous; it includes those without access to basic, household-level sanitation (2.6 billion) as well as those without adequate collection, treatment, and disposal or reuse of their waste. The main goals of a complete sanitation system are to protect human health and the environment and to recover valuable resources from waste (e.g., water, nutrients, energy). The needs of households and the larger community vary dramatically among the unserved population, as do the financial and institutional resources available to provide sanitation services. Thus, a wide range of technologies is needed that can be adapted to each particular situation. In this chapter, existing sanitation technologies are reviewed, from simple latrines to advanced wastewater treatment, with specific attention to characteristics that affect long-term performance. In addition, the context in which sanitation projects are implemented is discussed, including user preferences and demand, costs and financing, and institutional capacity.