jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of the dietary oil mixture for laying hens on the apparent absorption coefficients of some trace elements

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A 4-week feeding trial was conducted on 48 Lohmann Brown layers (55 weeks) to evaluate the effect on zootechnical parameters and coefficients of apparent absorption of micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn). The layers, assigned to 2 groups, were housed in three-tier digestibility cages (4 layers/cage) which allowed the daily recording of the feed intake and excreta, located in an experimental hall under controlled environmental conditions (temperature: 22.41±0.980C; humidity: 66.35±5.68%; ventilation/chick 0.50±0.24%; CO2 level 686.39±104.38 ppm) and 16h/24h light regimen. The control group (C) received a conventional diet (2760 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 16.8% crude protein). Compared to C formulation, the experimental diet (E) included 0.50% oils mixture (20% buckthorn oil, 20% sesame oil, 20% rosehip oil, 20% grape oil and 20% walnut oil). The daily feed intake (at weeks 3 and 4) recorded significant decreases (P≤0.05) in group E (113.29 respectively 114.38 g/chick/day) compared to C group (115 respectively 116.13 g/chick/day). Copper absorption in E group was significantly (P≤0.05) higher (with 32.21%) than in C group, which means that the concentrations of Cu in the excreta significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in E group (0.36 mg/chick/day) compared to C group (0.52 mg/chick/day). This is a positive aspect regarding the soil pollution with Cu. For Fe and Mn, the mineral concentrations in the excretion did not differ significantly (P≥0.05), showing that the supplement administered in the E diet did not affect the possible mineral load at the soil level.
Emergence and dispersal of snakes after syntopic hibernation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A communal hibernaculum situated in Southwestern Bulgaria and its adjacent area (4 km in diameter) was studied. Seven snake species used this hibernating den, Malpoloninsignitus , Dolichophiscaspius , Platycepsnajadum , Elaphequatuorlineata , Telescopusfallax , Viperaammodytes and Xerotyphlopsvermicularis . The emergence of the snakes was related to the rise of daily temperatures. Malpoloninsignitus emerged from hibernation earlier in the spring than the other species, and most individuals were the first to leave the hibernaculum. There was a temporal segregation among the basking area in early spring, between the latter species and D.caspius , which were the two most abundant species. These two species also used the same area of the hibernaculum, in contrast to P.najadum and E.quatuorlineata , which used a different area. After spring dispersal, M.insignitus and D.caspius used the same microhabitats during the rest of the active period. The earlier emergence of M.insignitus (and earlier departure from the site) probably reduces the competition for basking sites. The early departure of the species may give advantage in the competition for optimal microhabitats with D.caspius .
PP63 Household assets and Tuberculosis infection in northern KwaZulu-Natal – data from a tuberculin school survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Background</st> Analyses of the 2010 ZAMSTAR Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence survey show that TB disease remains associated with poverty in Southern Africa. The association between TB infection and poverty is less clear, with a Zambian study finding higher rates of TB infection in residents of wealthier households (Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 80(6): 1004–1011). We examined the association between household wealth and TB infection in children in northern KwaZulu-Natal. </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> We obtained parental consent to test 6–8 year old children for TB infection using the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. These children were registered in the Africa Centre household surveillance programme and attending local schools. Household wealth quintiles were derived using Principal Component Analysis from data on assets. In STATA v13, logistic regression was used to assess the association between TB infection and household wealth. To account for clustering, school was fitted as a random effect. These analyses were adjusted for age, sex and household location (urban/periurban/rural). Two sensitivity analyses were conducted. In one, the analysis was restricted to children with a Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine (BCG) scar. In the second, untested children reported to be receiving TB treatment were assumed to have TB infection. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> School visits were conducted July to December 2013. We obtained Mantoux readings on 1258 of 3699 resident children with 14.5% positive at ≥10 mm. A further 28 children were reported to be receiving TB treatment. 90% of tested children had a BCG scar. We were less likely to have Mantoux readings for children in wealthier households, rural children and older children. Thirty-eight children for whom we had no data on household wealth were excluded from the analysis. There was little association between household wealth and TB infection (p = 0.53), with the adjusted odds of infection in the wealthiest quintile 0.78 times lower than in the poorest quintile (n = 1220; 95% CI 0.42–1.47). When analysis was restricted to children with a BCG scar, there was again little association between household wealth and TB infection. Including untested children reported to be receiving TB treatment did not alter estimates. </sec> <sec><st>Conclusion</st> In this setting, relative wealth does not appear to be associated with TB infection. The association between TB infection and household wealth may vary across Southern Africa. This may be a result of differences in the associations between socio-economic position and household structure or social contact patterns in different settings. </sec>
Land, Water, Language and Politics in Andhra

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book explains how access to and use of land, water and language helped shape Andhra politics in India from 1850 down to the present day. After independence, the debate over land reform and policies on irrigation has shaped the fortunes of various governments, while the debate over the make-up of the language-based state has stimulated separatist movements like the one in support of Telangana. The book discusses how British innovations in irrigation in coastal Andhra in the mid-nineteenth century transformed the economy there from food crops to cash crops, and created new markets for local entrepreneurs. This stimulated increased education and social reform in the region, which in turn supported new politics in search of constitutional concessions. The drive for a Telugu language-based province then arose in concert, and those political resources were then used to determine local patterns down to independence. The 1930s ruse of the socialists, then the communist organisations, was an extension of land and water tax debates, which impacted the political nature of development — both before and after — independence. This is one of the first books on Andhra that recounts this story and is based on extensive archival research exploring the deep relationships between land, water, language and politics. It would be of primary interest to those studying modern nationalism in India, natural resource management, Indian politics and economic growth.
Phosphodiesterase in Dictyostelium discoideum and the Chemotactic Response to Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A phosphodiesterase with a low Michaelis constant for cyclic adenosine monophosphate was found in the membrane fraction of the cellular slime mold. This activity was highest during the aggregation stage. Enzyme with similar properties was also secreted by the cells. Dithiothreitol inhibited both enzymes and potentiated the cellular response to cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
Systematic review: role of elevated plasma von-Willebrand factor as predictor of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this systematic review, we aimed to assess role of plasma von-Willebrand factor (vWF), an endothelial activation marker, as prognostic marker in patients with chronc liver disease [cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF)]. We searched published databases using predefined keywords to identify all studies up to June 2018, in which plasma vWF (antigen or activity assay) was used as prognostic marker predicting mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Relevant extracted data from selected studies were narratively summarized. The individual study’s area under ROC curve for plasma vWF as a predictor of mortality was pooled and meta-analyzed. Six studies (cirrhosis: 5; ACLF: 1) with an aggregate data of 765 patients (cirrhosis: 715 patients; ACLF: 50 patients) were included. Baseline plasma vWF-antigen was an independent predictor of medium-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis (summary area under the curve: 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.70–0.79) with an optimal cutoff of 318% (216–390%; median, range) over a period of 25.6 months (23.6–33 months). Plasma vWF also predicted short-term (over 7 days) mortality in patients with ACLF. Plasma vWF levels correlated with Child’s score, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and hepatic venous pressure gradient and performed as well as MELD score in predicting mortality in patients with cirrhosis and ACLF. Baseline plasma vWF level predicts mortality over a medium term (1–3 years) in cirrhosis and over a short term (1 week) in ACLF patients. The marked elevation of baseline plasma vWF levels in ACLF patients was associated with drastic truncation of survival when compared with cirrhosis patients.
Gender Estimation from Morphometric Measurements of Mandibular Lingula by Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Sex determination from the bones is of great importance for forensic medicine and anthropology. The mandible is highly valued because it is the strongest, largest and most dimorphic bone in the skull. Aim: Our aim in this study is gender estimation with morphometric measurements taken from mandibular lingula, an important structure on the mandible, by using machine learning algorithms and artificial neural networks. Methods: Cone beam computed tomography images of the mandibular lingula were obtained by retrospective scanning from the Picture Archiving Communication Systems of the Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü University. Images scanned in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format were transferred to RadiAnt DICOM Viewer (Version: 2020.2). The images were converted to 3-D format by using the 3D Volume Rendering console of the program. Eight anthropometric parameters were measured bilaterally from these 3-D images based on the mandibular lingula. Results: The results of the machine learning algorithms analyzed showed that the highest accuracy was 0.88 with Random Forest and Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm. Accuracy rates of other parameters ranged between 0.78 and 0.88. Conclusions: As a result of the study, it is thought that mandibular lingula-centered morphometric measurements can be used for gender determination as well as bones such as the pelvis and skull as they were found to be highly accurate. This study also provides information on the anatomical position of the lingula according to gender in Turkish society. The results can be important for oral-dental surgeons, anthropologists, and forensic experts.
OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE INFLUENCE ON THE RELEASE OF PROLACTIN IN OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The concentration of prolactin in serum after oestrogen and progesterone injection into spayed rats was measured by radioimmunoassay. After a single injection of 5 μg oestradiol benzoate (OB) into long-term ovariectomized rats, serum prolactin concentrations showed a circadian rhythm with high levels in the afternoon and almost no changes in the morning. Peaks of prolactin occurred 2, 3 and 4 days after the injection. Below a dose of 1 μg OB, the response was dose-dependent, but the response was then maximal. In spayed rats primed with 5 μg OB, the injection of 2 mg progesterone 2, 3 or 4 days later resulted in a significant increase in serum prolactin. This response, in contrast to that of oestrogen, occurred in the morning and in the evening and was found to be dose-dependent. The rise in serum prolactin after injection of 1 mg progesterone also showed a close relationship to the priming dose of OB. Progesterone had no effect in spayed, untreated animals. Maximal levels of prolactin were attained 3–4 h after the s.c. injection of progesterone. The release of prolactin which can be induced either by OB or by progesterone was blocked by the administration of progesterone injected 1 day before the expected release would occur. These results indicate that progesterone exerts both facilitatory and inhibitory effects on prolactin secretion. Male rats were found to be less sensitive to the ovarian steroid treatment. It is suggested that oestrogen could be responsible for the rise in prolactin observed at pro-oestrus and progesterone for the increase in prolactin in pseudopregnancy and pregnancy.
The End of Strategic Stability? Nuclear Weapons and the Challenges of Regional Rivalries. Edited by Lawrence Rubin and Adam N. Stulberg. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2018. 314p. $110.95 cloth, $36.95 paper.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The End of Strategic Stability? Nuclear Weapons and the Challenges of Regional Rivalries. Edited by Lawrence Rubin and Adam N. Stulberg. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2018. 314p. 36.95 paper. - Volume 17 Issue 2
Probing the work generated by the autonomous rotation around a single ruthenium atom in an organometallic complex

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A variety of rotary molecular motors powered by light, chemical energy or tunnelling electrons have been synthesized and their operation in solution, in gels or on surfaces has been demonstrated. However, the single-molecule mechanics of such machines remain scarcely studied and very little data regarding their quantified performances have been disclosed. Here, we report on the synthesis of a series of molecules incorporating a five-arm rotor subunit and the direct quantitative measurement of the work generated by its rotation around the central ruthenium atom. We have used single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to detect the autonomous oscillations. We demonstrate that a mechanical load does not prevent rotation and show that the chemical nature of the arms influences the energy barrier, causing differences in the work that the motor can generate. Our results illustrate that SMFS, which is now widely used to probe processes at the scale of a few tens of nanometers in biomacromolecules, can detect motions around a single atom in a tiny synthetic molecule.
ARTICLES Justification for Evaluating New Anticancer Drugs in Selected Untreated Patients With Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Randomized Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Studies have shown that response to a given chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer is superior to that in patients previously treated with other regimens. This find-ing raises the question of whether it is necessary and ethical to study the effects of new anticancer agents in untreated patients. Such studies appear to be the best test for drug development, but there has been no evaluation of whether survival of untreated patients, whose cancer is sensitive to established drugs, is adversely affected in trials of new drugs. Purpose: This randomized study of untreated patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer was designed (a) to compare the survival of patients treated with either effective standard chemotherapy or an inves-tigational anticancer drug as initial therapy and (A) to
Validity of the Titmus Vision Screener: A Comparison with the Snellen Chart

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Given limited knowledge regarding validity of the Titmus vision screener, we sought to compare visual acuity measurements obtained from the Titmus with that from the Snellen chart and assess the validity properties of the Titmus as a screening instrument to detect vision impairment. Visual acuity was measured in 150 participants recruited from an academic ophthalmology practice, using the Snellen chart as well as the Titmus vision screener. Visual acuities from the Titmus and Snellen were compared and validity of the Titmus vision screener was assessed by computing sensitivity and specificity. Using Snellen visual acuity as the reference standard, the sensitivity of the Titmus vision screener to detect vision impairment, defined as visual acuity worse than 20/40, was 92% (95% CI (72.5, 98.6)) and the specificity was 64% (95% CI (57.9, 70.1)). Comparisons of the precise visual acuity level revealed poor agreement between the two methods (weighted Kappa: 0.15, 95% CI (0.08, 0.21)). Visual acuities obtained from the Titmus were, on average, two lines worse than Snellen visual acuities. ((logMAR Snellen – logMAR Titmus) = - 0.19 ± 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.23, -0.16)). Titmus vision screener is a sensitive tool to detect visual impairment. However high false positive results and poor agreement with Snellen limits its widespread use in clinical applications.
Recovery from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with altered renal hemodynamics, blunted pressure natriuresis, and sodium-sensitive hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present studies evaluated intrarenal hemodynamics, pressure natriuresis, and arterial blood pressure in rats following recovery from renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Acute I/R injury, induced by 40 min of bilateral renal arterial occlusion, resulted in an increase in plasma creatinine that resolved within a week. Following 5 wk of recovery on a 0.4% NaCl diet, the pressure-natriuresis response was assessed in anesthetized rats in which the kidney was denervated and extrarenal hormones were administered intravenously. Increasing renal perfusion pressure (RPP) from 107 to 141 mmHg resulted in a fourfold increase in urine flow and sodium excretion in sham control rats. In comparison, pressure diuresis and natriuresis were significantly attenuated in post-I/R rats. In sham rats, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) averaged 1.6 ± 0.2 ml·min −1 ·g kidney weight −1 and renal blood flow (RBF) averaged 7.8 ± 0.7 ml·min −1 ·g kidney weight −1 at RPP of 129 mmHg. Renal cortical blood flow, measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry, was well autoregulated whereas medullary blood flow and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure increased directly with elevated RPP in sham rats. In contrast, GFR and RBF were significantly reduced whereas medullary perfusion and interstitial pressure demonstrated an attenuated response to RPP in post-I/R rats. Further experiments demonstrated that conscious I/R rats develop hypertension when sodium intake is increased. The present data indicate that the pressure-natriuretic-diuretic response in I/R rats is blunted because of a decrease in GFR and RBF and the depressed pressure-dependent increase in medullary blood flow and interstitial pressure.
Factors Affecting Disease-Free Status of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The study aim was to assess factors that impact on the outcome of radioiodine therapy in patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 256 patients with DTC who underwent thyroidectomy and received radioiodine therapy during December 2003 to January 2012.All patients were followed up for at least 1 year.They were considered diseasefree by the criteria of the revised American Thyroid Association Management Guideline for Patients with Thyroid nodules and DTC (ATA guideline 2009).Results: On Cox univariate analysis, factors associated with disease-free status were age<45, stage I tumor, low risk group by histopathology, unifocal tumor involvement, stimulated serum Tg level at 1st dose of radioiodine therapy and no distant metastasis from 1st post-treatment WBS (post RxWBS).On multivariate analysis, stage I tumor and stimulated serum Tg level at 1st dose of radioiodine therapy < 30 ng/mL were the significant prognostic factors that increased disease-free rate by 1.73 times and 2.60 times, respectively (P-value <0.05).Conclusions: Factors affecting the outcome of radioiodine therapy in our study were age, stage, risk of recurrence by histopathology, unifocal tumor involvement and 1st postRxWBS findings.From these factors, stage I tumor and stimulated serum Tg level at 1st dose of radioiodine therapy were independent prognostic factors that substantial increase the disease-free rate.
Thermodynamic Studies of Ternary Systems:  I. LiCl−(n-Bu)4NCl−H2O at 25 °C

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Osmotic coefficients were determined for the ternary system lithium chloride - tetra-n-butylammonium chloride - water over a wide range of concentrations and ionic strength fractions at 25°C by utilizing a gravimetric isopiestic technique. The mean ionic activity coefficients were calculated using the Scatchard -Rush - Johnson equations. Using the theories developed by Friedman and by Leifer and Wigent, the excess free energy, Friedman's interaction parameters, and contributions due to pairwise, triplet, and quadruplet interactions were determined. The types and relative strengths of ionic interactions in the system containing the hydrophilic lithium ion and hydrophobic tetrabutylammonium ion are discussed.
Antifungal Activity of Methylene Chloride Fraction of Pimpinella brachycarpa Against Aspergillus niger

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In order to develop safe and economic novel antifungal agents, we prepared 73 methanol extracts from medicinal and edible herbs and examined their 365 solvent fractions using n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethylacetate, butanol and water residue based on the sequential organic solvent fraction method. When using the various fractions in the screening step for antifungal activity, we discovered ethylacetate fraction of Morus alba L., methylene chloride fraction of Pimpinella brachycarpa (MCPB), and n-hexane fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which all have activities in methanol extracts, as potential sources of antifungal agents. Amongst these, the antifungal activity of P. brachycarpa has not to date been reported on. In addition, the mycelial growth inhibition and spore germination inhibition activities of MCPB against A. niger were confirmed by disc-diffusion assay in a 10 day culture. The MIC and MFC of MCPB were determined as 0.25 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The MCPB has no hemolytic activity against human RBC at 0.5 mg/ml and glycoside-flavonoids are theorized to be active constituents. These results suggest that MCPB has a prominent antifungal activity and that the application of sequential organic solvent fractions, instead of simple natural product extracts, is useful in the screening process of novel bioactive substances.