jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact and Cost Effectiveness of Videonystagmography

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Videonystagmography (VNG) is a commonly ordered test to evaluate patients with vestibular complaints. To date, there are no evidence-based guidelines for evaluating patients presenting with vestibular symptoms. This study evaluates the cost effectiveness of VNG and the impact of VNG findings on patient management. Methods: Patient charts were reviewed from 3 institutions to collect the pre- and post-VNG ICD-9/10 diagnosis and treatment plan. VNG findings were recorded to calculate the incidence of abnormal findings and the incidence of change in diagnosis and/or treatment plan. The cost effectiveness of VNG was estimated based on these calculations. Results: A total of 120 patient charts were reviewed. 69/120 (57.5%; 95% CI: 48.2%-66.5%) patients had abnormal findings on their VNG. A change in diagnosis was noted in 24/120 (20.0%; 95% CI: 13.3%-28.3%) patients. A change in treatment plan was noted in 62/120 (51.7%; 95% CI: 42.4%-60.9%) patients, and 11/120 (9.2%; 95% CI: 4.7%-15.8%) had a change in diagnosis that led to change in treatment plan. Using the average Medicare reimbursement for VNG, the cost effectiveness analysis showed a cost of $869.57 per VNG with abnormal findings and a cost of $5454.55 per VNG that lead to a change in diagnosis and treatment plan. Conclusions: VNG findings may not result in changes in clinical diagnosis. However, VNG is impactful at influencing treatment plan changes. VNG results are beneficial for counseling patients, guiding treatment plans, and managing patient expectations. When there is a clear indication, VNG testing can be cost effective in managing patients presenting with vestibular symptoms.
Experience use of a non-invasive marker activity of inflammation in the colon in patients with colon polyps and ulcerative colitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

. The activity of a non-invasive marker of inflammation in the colon is used to evaluate the clinical, endoscopic and biological characteristics of ulcerative colitis and colon polyps. In this study, the authors studied the possibility of using non-invasive marker – a faecal calprotectin as a highly sensitive method in the activity of the inflammatory process in the colon. The study included 40 patients with ulcerative colitis and colon polyps, which a colonoscopy was performed. The concentration of calprotectin in stool samples was determined in all patients and was evaluated according to the clinical activity of the disease. A significant increase in the level of calprotectin in patients with colon polyps 42±5,6 µg/g wasn’t revealed. On the contrary, the concentration of a faecal calprotectin was significantly higher in patients with ulcerative colitis. This concentration increases in patients with a high degree of inflammatory activity and length of lesions of the mucous membrane of the colon. The concentration of calprotectin level correlates with the extent of lesion and activity of the inflam-matory process in the colon, but not with endoscopic activity of ulcerative colitis. The use of modern method of non-invasive diagnostic marker of the inflammatory process in the intestine allows to diagnose functional and organic pathologies of the colon without the supplementary instrumental methods.
Personality Expression Using Co-Speech Gesture

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We express our personality through verbal and nonverbal behavior. While verbal cues are mostly related to the semantics of what we say, nonverbal cues include our posture, gestures, and facial expressions. Appropriate expression of these behavioral elements improves conversational virtual agents’ communication capabilities and realism. Although previous studies focus on co-speech gesture generation, they do not consider the personality aspect of the synthesized animations. We show that automatically generated co-speech gestures naturally express personality traits, and heuristics-based adjustments for such animations can further improve personality expression. To this end, we present a framework for enhancing co-speech gestures with the different personalities of the Five-Factor model. Our experiments suggest that users perceive increased realism and improved personality expression when combining heuristics-based motion adjustments with co-speech gestures.
In situ laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements during laser welding of superalloy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been utilized for in situ diagnostics of the laser welding process. The influence of different weld spot areas (melt pool, solid weld) on LIBS signals and plasma properties has been studied in detail. Liquid metal sampling and high target surface temperature of the melt enhance LIBS plasma intensity and increase plasma temperature. The influence of laser welding process parameters on LIBS measurements has been studied in order to differentiate optimal and defective laser welding. In case of defective laser welding, the melt pool was intensively boiling, so we have observed greater LIBS signals but poor reproducibility. For the first time, the LIBS technique was demonstrated to detect defective laser welding during in situ measurements utilizing atomic and ionic line comparison by paired sample t-test hypotheses testing.
INAPPARENT PYELONEPHRITIS-THE MISSING LINK?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A significant degree of bacteriuria has been found in some cases to exist in the absence of leukocytes in the urine and also in the absence of such urologic symptoms as dysuria, frequency, and nocturia. Autopsies disclose the presence of pyelonephritis in cases where it had not been recognized ante mortem. For these reasons it is suggested that there must exist an asymptomatic stage in the history of pyelonephritis, intervening between the acute stage and the chronic end-stage. Recognition of the asymptomatic stage depends on the development of reliable and safe techniques for detecting bacteriuria. It is essential if the termination in hypertension and uremia is to be prevented.
Inverse magnetic force microscopy of superconductors in half-space geometry

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A key step in an inversion algorithm to recover the penetration depth λ for a superconductor in the Meissner state from one-dimensional magnetic force microscopy (MFM) data is demonstrated numerically. The profile λ(z) is found as a function of distance z into a superconducting half space. The algorithm reduces the inversion to the solution of a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations of first order. A precursor inverse Laplace transformation of the MFM force data as a function of height gives a kernel function K which provides the initial conditions for integrating the nonlinear system. The results show that the penetration depth can be reconstructed to increasing distances within the sample as the size of the truncation of the nonlinear system is increased. Analytic results for the force function for the examples are also presented.
Seasonality of Birth Month of Children With Celiac Disease Differs From That in the General Population and Between Sexes and Is Linked to Family History and Environmental Factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background: Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, atopic dermatitis, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and multiple sclerosis have a different seasonality of month of birth (MOB) from the general population. This study was undertaken to determine the seasonality of MOB in children with celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune‐mediated enteropathy. Patients and Methods: The medical records of 431 children with CD (239 girls, 192 boys) were included in the study; 138 girls and 81 boys were under the age of 24 months. Data were analyzed by the cosinor method, which, in addition to statistical significance, provides parameters of rhythms. Statistical differences between groups were also analyzed by the χ 2 test. Results: Patients with CD showed different patterns from that in the general population, which peaks in September. Boys and girls with CD were found to have a different seasonality of MOB ( P < 0.02). Girls whose CD was diagnosed before age 24 months (peak July–August) had a different seasonality of MOB from those whose CD was diagnosed after age 24 months (no rhythm; P < 0.005) and showed a different seasonality from boys whose CD was diagnosed above 24 months (peak July; P < 0.02). In addition, we found a different seasonality of MOB in children with a family history of CD compared with those with no family history ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: Girls with the diagnosis of CD and patients of both sexes with a family history of CD have a different pattern of seasonality of birth from the general population. This is suggestive of a perinatal virus infection as a plausible candidate for the primary trigger.
ROLE OF CALCIUM AND NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (NOS) IN BRAIN MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Mitochondria are essential for promoting cell survival and growth through aerobic metabolism and energy production. Mitochondrial function is typically analyzed using mitochondria freshly isolated from tissues and cells because they yield tightly coupled mitochondria, whereas those from frozen tissue can consist of broken mitochondria and membrane fragments. A method, utilizing a well-characterized cryoprotectant such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is described. Such mitochondria show preserved structure and function that presents us with a possible strategy to considerably expand the time-frame and the range of biochemical, molecular and metabolic studies that can be performed without the constraints of mitochondrial longevity ex vivo.\nMitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mainly through oxidative stress and altered metabolism. Mitochondria are isolated from post-mortem brain samples from selective regions of AD and control patients and, utilizing the cryopreservation strategy, analyzed for respiration and oxidative damage. While we did not observe increases in free radicals, we did observe decreased respiration and increases in oxidative damage markers in AD patients, suggesting a role for oxidative stress in mitochondrial dysfunction.\nWhile in the mitochondria, calcium (Ca2+) increases free radical generation by processes not completely understood. A new isoform of nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) has been isolated and localized to mitochondria; though its existence and physiological role is debated. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), when activated by Ca2+, produces nitric oxide (NO•) that can interact with ROS producing various reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These highly reactive radical species can damage DNA, proteins and lipids, ultimately resulting in cell death via apoptosis or necrosis.\nThe current research is aimed at understanding the role of Ca2+ and NOS in oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. We observed a significant reduction in mitochondrial respiration with increasing doses of calcium. We also observed NOS enzyme activity and detected NOS protein in the purified mitochondrial fraction. Lastly, we were also able to show that Ca2+ increased the levels of free radicals and changes in oxidative damage markers. These results suggest the presence of NOS in mitochondria that could play a role in Ca2+ induced mitochondrial dysfunction and potentially leading to cell death as relevant to aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
Thermodynamic investigation of the austenite and the delta ferrite in the system Fe-Cr-Mn-N

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The nitrogen solubility was measured in a wide range of temperatures including both the austenitic and the ferritic phase of iron-chromium-manganese alloys. The mass contents of the samples were 6.0 to 20.5 % Cr and 5.7 to 16.6 % Mn. Parameters describing the austenite and the delta ferrite in the system Fe-Cr-Mn-N were calculated analyzing all available experimental data. This evaluation yielded an improvement of the known parameters describing the austenitic phase by means of the regular solution model. At the first time, accurate thermodynamic parameters describing the delta phase both in the systems Fe-Mn-N and Fe-Cr-Mn-N could be deduced. By means of the phase diagram program package PD-pp the austenite-delta ferrite phase boundaries of the investigated alloys were calculated. They were compared with experimentally determined temperatures and nitrogen concentrations in the two-phase region. There is a good correspondence between theory and experiment. Using published data describing the melt a calculation of phase diagrams in the high temperature region can be performed. In einem großen Temperaturbereich sowohl des austenitischen als auch des ferritischen Bereiches von Eisen-Chrom-Mangan-Legierungen mit Massengehalten zwischen 6,0 und 20,5 % Cr und 5,7 bis 16,6 % Mn wurde die Stickstofflöslichkeit gemessen. Unter Nutzung aller verfügbaren experimentellen Daten wurden Parameter zur Beschreibung des Austenits und des Delta-Ferrits im System Fe-Cr-Mn-N berechnet. Diese Auswertung führte zu einer Verbesserung der bekannten Parameter zur Beschreibung der Austenit-Phase auf der Basis des regulären Lösungsmodells. Erstmals konnten genaue thermodynamische Parameter zur Beschreibung der Delta-Phase in den Systemen Fe-Mn-N und Fe-Cr-Mn-N abgeleitet werden. Mit dem Programmpaket PD-pp wurden die Phasengrenzen zwischen Austenit und Delta-Ferrit für die untersuchten Legierungen berechnet. Sie wurden mit experimentell gemessenen Temperaturen und Stickstoffkonzentrationen verglichen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment ist gut. Unter Einbeziehung publizierter Daten für die Schmelze können Phasendiagramme im Bereich hoher Temperaturen berechnet werden.
SH3248815.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Relationship of Atrophy and Tau Imaging Subtypes in Prodromal and Clinical AD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Amyloid‐positive MCI and AD participants show heterogeneity in patterns of atrophy and tau‐deposition. We sought to directly compare the previously‐defined subtypes (hippocampal sparing (HpSp), limbic predominate (LP), typical AD (tAD), and minimal atrophy) derived from [ 18 F]flortaucipir PET (T) and structural MRI (N) in the context of positive amyloid (A). In addition, we examined assessed associations between demographic factors and subtype group for atrophy or tau. Methods 243 amyloid‐positive participants from ADNI with MRI and tau PET scans at the same visit were included (160 MCI, 83 AD). Brain volumes were extracted using Freesurfer version 6 and tau PET SUVR values were extracted using standard techniques. Hippocampal to cortical ratios for grey matter volume and tau SUVR were calculated as previously described (Risacher et al. 2017 Neurology ). Minimal pathology subjects showed similar levels of atrophy relative to cognitive normal participants. Relationships between atrophy‐ and tau‐based subtypes, as well as their relationship to sex and race/ethnicity were assessed using a Chi‐square test. An ANOVA model was used to compare age and education between atrophy‐ and tau‐based subtypes. Results A significant association between tau‐based and atrophy‐based subtypes was observed, driven by consistency in minimal atrophy, HpSp, and tAD groupsp = 0.024). In addition, differences by sex and race/ethnicity were also observed for atrophy but not tau subtypes with non‐Hispanic Whites most likely to be either minimal atrophy or tAD, while African Americans were more likely to be HpSp. Finally, significant differences in age and education were observed across the atrophy subtypes, with the HpSp group being younger and less educated, while the LP were older and more educated. Conclusions Overall, we observed consistency between atrophy‐based and tau‐based subtypes, especially minimal pathology, tAD, and HpSp forms. Interesting associations between demographics and atrophy but not tau subtypes were also observed. Future studies in larger and more diverse samples are needed. These results underscore the importance of examining heterogeneity in amyloid‐positive MCI and AD across multiple modalities to better understand patterns of A/T/N pathophysiology that may have implications for risk of progression and personalized therapeutic strategies.
Openness to experience is associated with better on-road driving performance in older adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Particularly in older age, personality has been an underrepresented predictor of driving safety. However, when changes in driving-related abilities are inevitable, on-road performance declines and personality traits may play an important role because the need for self-assessment and self-management is rising. In a prospective on-road study with data from N = 81 older drivers, we therefore examined whether and to what extent the Big Five dimensions predict on-road driving performance. Statistical analyses included a multiple regression of on-road driving performance onto the Big Five dimensions. Moreover, we explored the relation of the Big Five dimensions with specific driving dimensions and different driving-relevant variables. Among all Big Five dimensions, only openness to experience significantly predicted on-road performance in older drivers. Moreover, it showed positive correlations with most driving dimensions and several driving-relevant variables. Both openness to experience and extraversion were associated with greater driving practice. Among different personality factors, our results highlight the relevance of openness to experience for on-road driving behavior in older adults. Although personality alone does not appear to adequately predict on-road performance, the examination of specific personality traits may help to identify at-risk drivers and aid in prevention and intervention.
Energy and protein supplements to straw-based diets for yearling cattle: effects on straw intake and digestibility

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A series of change-over experiments examined the intake and digestibility of straw-based diets in yearling dairy heifers. Voluntary intakes of straws given as the sole food to yearling dairy heifers were 1·28, 1·20 and 0·90 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg live weight for barley, wheat and oat straws respectively, and the corresponding digestibility of organic matter was 0·47, 0·53 and 0·48. When supplemented with 2 kg rolled barley the intakes of straw did not alter, nor were they affected by replacing part of the rolled barley with an equal amount of soya-bean meal and thus increasing the dietary concentration of protein from about 50 to 110 g/kg DM. The use of molassed sugar-beet pulp in place of rolled barley reduced the intake of straw. Flaked maize promoted slightly higher intakes of straw than an equal amount of coarsely milled maize. Replacing rolled barley by lucerne hay reduced straw intake. It is estimated that, to provide sufficient energy and protein for a daily gain of 0·5 kg, heifer straw-based diets would require a supplement of 1·2 kg rolled barley and 0·8 kg soya-bean meal.
The Processing of Effevescent Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Extract.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The research about the processing of ginger ekstrac (Zingiber Officinale Rose)Effervescent had been conducted by using water solvent with granulation and formulation of sugar,citric acid and sodium bicarbonate.In the premiliminary research 3 (three)type of powder ginger has been treated from ginger extract and sugar with each comparation 70:80 60:90 and 50:100.From those three types of powder ginger that form a granula/crytal which is comparation of ginger extract and sugar 50:100.On the main research powder ginger had been used to create effervescent formula which is the mixture of powder ginger,citric acid,sodium bicarbonate and aspartam with specific comparation.The best result treated from the research of Effervescent product is C formula,which is the comparation of powder ginger :citric acid:sodium bicarbonate:aspartam =92:6:2:0,005.The organoleptic test(taste,colour,smell and apperance)with hedonic method by 15 panelists resulted in C formula as most favourable.Based on observation of effervescent product during incubation (0,14,28,56 days)to sugar concentration is showed tend to descreased,however,the moisture was increased,meanwhile ash content and insoluble matter were not changed.
Female representation in Singapore's publicly listed companies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the female role model effect on female board directorship and the relationship between female directors and firm’s performance, in the context of Singapore. An analysis is conducted based on two events: the appointment of Ms Ho Ching as the Chief Executive Officer of Temasek Holdings in 2004, and the formation of Singapore government’s Diversity Action Committee in 2013. The results indicate that Ms Ho Ching’s appointment results in a differential increase in female board membership in government linked corporations, relative to non-government linked corporations listed in Singapore. In addition, the proportion of female directors has a positive influence on firm outcomes but not policy decisions.