jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Application of the TLM method to half-space and remote-sensing problems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The problem of scattering and radiation in the presence of a material half-space is solved using the transmission line matrix (TLM) method. The TLM method is a general numerical method for obtaining an approximate solution to the time-dependent form of Maxwell's equations in the presence of complex environments. The method requires the discretization of the entire spatial domain of the problem and provides the transient response as well as (through discrete Fourier transform) the frequency domain response. The three-dimensional symmetric-condensed TLM node is applied. A total/scattered field formulation is applied to excite the space. The source used is an electrically short electric dipole and is described analytically in the time-domain. The method is used to calculate near field distributions (in both the time and frequency domain) and the change in source input impedance of a dipole radiator in the presence of a half-space. Numerical simulations relevant to the detection of buried objects are provided.< >
Impact of Compensated Solar-Grade Silicon on Czochralski Silicon Wafers and Solar Cells

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Alternative feedstock production routes avoiding the gaseous phase during the purification of the silicon result in significantly increased boron and phosphorus concentrations, which leads to compensation effects in the material. We studied Cz crystals with different mix-in ratios of compensated SoG silicon feedstock from Elkem Solar (100%, 50%, 33% and 0%) regarding the impurity content, the specific resistivity, the effective carrier lifetime, the Cz defect formation and the resulting solar cell parameters of cells processed in an industrial standard screenprinting process. We find that the compensated material is dominantly influenced by the intrinsic metastable Cz defect which is proportional to the net-doping concentration. It is demonstrated that at least up to a mix-in ratio of 33% there are no feedstock-dependent performance losses. There is potential for higher mix-in ratio for this feedstock by lowering the net acceptor dopant concentration.
Prevalence of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases and their impact on health-related quality of life, physical function and mental health in Portugal: results from EpiReumaPt– a national health survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To estimate the national prevalence of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) in the adult Portuguese population and to determine their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical function, anxiety and depression. Methods EpiReumaPt is a national health survey with a three-stage approach. First, 10 661 adult participants were randomly selected. Trained interviewers undertook structured face-to-face questionnaires that included screening for RMDs and assessments of health-related quality of life, physical function, anxiety and depression. Second, positive screenings for ≥1 RMD plus 20% negative screenings were invited to be evaluated by a rheumatologist. Finally, three rheumatologists revised all the information and confirmed the diagnoses according to validated criteria. Estimates were computed as weighted proportions, taking the sampling design into account. Results The disease-specific prevalence rates (and 95% CIs) of RMDs in the adult Portuguese population were: low back pain, 26.4% (23.3% to 29.5%); periarticular disease, 15.8% (13.5% to 18.0%); knee osteoarthritis (OA), 12.4% (11.0% to 13.8%); osteoporosis, 10.2% (9.0% to 11.3%); hand OA, 8.7% (7.5% to 9.9%); hip OA, 2.9% (2.3% to 3.6%); fibromyalgia, 1.7% (1.1% to 2.1%); spondyloarthritis, 1.6% (1.2% to 2.1%); gout, 1.3% (1.0% to 1.6%); rheumatoid arthritis, 0.7% (0.5% to 0.9%); systemic lupus erythaematosus, 0.1% (0.1% to 0.2%) and polymyalgia rheumatica, 0.1% (0.0% to 0.2%). After multivariable adjustment, participants with RMDs had significantly lower EQ5D scores (β=−0.09; p<0.001) and higher HAQ scores (β=0.13; p<0.001) than participants without RMDs. RMDs were also significantly associated with the presence of anxiety symptoms (OR=3.5; p=0.006). Conclusions RMDs are highly prevalent in Portugal and are associated not only with significant physical function and mental health impairment but also with poor HRQoL, leading to more health resource consumption. The EpiReumaPt study emphasises the burden of RMDs in Portugal and the need to increase RMD awareness, being a strong argument to encourage policymakers to increase the amount of resources allocated to the treatment of rheumatic patients.
Sebaceous hyperplasia resembling lymphangioma circumscriptum.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A young boy presented with multiple soft linear papules on left ear of short duration with associated psoriasiform dermatitis of scalp. The lesions clinically resembled lymphangioma circumscriptum. Histology revealed multiple hyperplastic sebaceous glands branching from a single duct and dilated hair follieles suggesting sebaceous hyperplasia. The case is presented with review of the relevant literaturs.
Additional file 1: of Development and validation of a climate-based ensemble prediction model for West Nile Virus infection rates in Culex mosquitoes, Suffolk County, New York

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Variability of ensemble model predictions. Box plots showing the range of predictions across 16 ensemble models for each grid cell and year. The red dots indicate the observed WNV infection rate for that grid cell and year. (PDF 63Â kb)
Property Tax and Housing Returns

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper evaluates the effects of property tax on housing. While land tax and capital gains tax are widely used for curbing hoarding of land and speculation, its effectiveness is inconclusive. The imposition of a capital gains tax will impair the liquidity of property transaction, lower the rate of return on property investment, and reduce revenue from land sales which represents an important tax resource for the communities. This paper shows that a capital gains tax is capitalized into housing prices. Individuals tend to postpone the purchase of houses because of transaction taxes. Using an impulse response function, we show that a transaction tax has a dynamic negative impact on housing returns. While this paper focuses on Hong kong, for the purpose of comparison Singapore and Taiwan are also discussed.
Self-Adaptive Mechanisms for Misconfigurations in Small Uncrewed Aerial Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Small uncrewed aerial systems, sUAS, provide an invaluable resource for performing a variety of surveillance, search, and delivery tasks in remote or hostile terrains which may not be accessible by other means. Due to the critical role sUAS play in these situations, it is vital that they are well configured in order to ensure a safe and stable flight. However, it is not uncommon for mistakes to occur in configuration and calibration, leading to failures or incomplete missions. To address this problem, we propose a set of self-adaptive mechanisms and implement them into a self-adaptive framework, CICADA, for Controller Instability-preventing Configuration Aware Drone Adaptation. CICADA dynamically detects unstable drone behavior during flight and adapts to mitigate this threat. We have built a prototype of CICADA using a popular open source sUAS simulator and experimented with a large number of different configurations. Experimental results show that CICADA's adaptations reduce controller instability and enable the sUAS to recover from a significant number of poor configurations. In cases where we cannot complete the intended mission, invoking alternative adaptations may still help by allowing the vehicle to loiter or land safely in place, avoiding potentially catastrophic crashes.
Preparing films of nanocrystalline molybdenum disulfide and examining their surface structure

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A method for preparing MoS2 nanocrystalline films at room temperature in which the single-layer dispersions of MoS2 crystals are used and the films are formed by depositing a suspension of the obtained MoS2 nanoparticles onto a substrate has been developed. The peculiarities of the structure and morphology of the new films have been studied by diffractometry and atomic force microscopy. Data on the sizes of MoS2 nanocrystallites and the character of their distribution on the surface of films of various thicknesses have been obtained. A mechanism of the formation of the nanocrystalline structure of the films is proposed.
31P MR spectroscopic imaging combined with 1H MR spectroscopic imaging in the human prostate using a double tuned endorectal coil at 7T

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Improved diagnostic sensitivity could be obtained in cancer detection and staging when individual compounds of the choline pool can be detected. Therefore, a novel coil design is proposed, providing the ability to acquire both 1 H and 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in patients with prostate cancer. Methods A two‐element 1 H/ 31 P endorectal coil was designed by adjusting a commercially available 3T endorectal coil. The two‐element coil setup was interfaced as a transceiver to a whole body 7T MR scanner. Simulations and phantom measurements were performed to compare the efficiency of the coil. 1 H MRSI and 31 P MRSI were acquired in vivo in prostate cancer patients. Results The efficiency of the 1 H/ 31 P coil is comparable to the dual channel 1 H coil previously published. Individually distinguishable phospholipid metabolites in the in vivo 31 P spectra were: phosphoethanolamine, phosphocholine, phosphate, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocreatine, and adenosine triposphate. 1 H MRSI was performed within the same scan session, visualizing choline, polyamines, creatine, and citrate. Conclusion 1 H MRSI and 31 P MRSI can be acquired in the human prostate at 7T within the same scan session using an endorectal coil matched and tuned for 1 H (quadrature) and 31 P (linear) without the need of cable traps and with negligible efficiency losses in the 1 H and 31 P channel. Magn Reson Med 72:1516–1521, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative stress and antioxidants, influence on health and brain ageing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Oxidative Stress is caused by free radicals. Free radicals can be attenuated by synergistic antioxidant systems of the body to a certain extent. If oxidative stress is severe, however, cell damage and cell death occur. Function and ageing of the brain are related to radical formation in a particular manner. There is an association between radicals and age-related neurodegeneration as in human Alzheimer's disease. The biological basis and possibilities for attenuation of oxidative stress by dietary intervention are described in detail by the example of data obtained from human and primate studies.
Hierarchy of the low-lying excitations for the (2 + 1)-dimensional q= 3 Potts model in the ordered phase

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The $(2+1)$-dimensional $q=3$ Potts model was simulated with the exact\ndiagonalization method. In the ordered phase, the elementary excitations\n(magnons) are attractive, forming a series of bound states in the low-energy\nspectrum. We investigate the low-lying spectrum through a dynamical\nsusceptibility, which is readily tractable with the exact diagonalization\nmethod via the continued-fraction expansion. As a result, we estimate the\nseries of (scaled) mass gaps, $m_{2,3,4}/m_1$ ($m_1$: single-magnon mass), in\nproximity to the transition point.\n
A Case of Gastrointestinal Amyloidosis Presenting with Hematochezia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Amyloidosis is a disorder of protein metabolism that leads to extracellular deposition of amyloid in tissues and organs. Multiple organ dysfunction can be induced by deposition of amyloid. Diagnosis is established by histologic demonstration of amyloid protein in involved tissue using Congo red staining. A 72 year-old woman was admitted due to mild abdominal pain, diarrhea and hematochezia. Duodenoscopic and colonoscopic findings were nonspecific, however, multiple biopsies showed amyloid deposits characterized by green birefringence under polarized light. The findings of small bowel series and abdominal CT were compatible with amyloidosis. We experienced a case of amyloidosis with involvement of the whole bowel.
What do Exporters Know?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Much of the variation in international trade volume is driven by firms ’ extensive margin deci-sion to participate in export markets. To understand this decision and predict the sensitivity of export flows to changes in trade costs, we estimate a standard model of firms ’ export par-ticipation. In choosing whether to export, firms weigh the fixed costs of exporting against the forecasted profits from serving a foreign market. We show that the estimated parameters and counterfactual predictions from the model depend heavily on how the researcher speci-fies firms ’ expectations over these profits. We therefore develop a novel moment inequality approach with weaker assumptions on firms ’ expectations. Our approach introduces a new set of moment inequalities—odds-based inequalities—and applies the revealed preference in-equalities introduced in Pakes (2010) to a new setting. We use data from Chilean exporters to show that, relative to methods that require specifying firms ’ information sets, our approach generates estimates of fixed export costs that are 65-85 % smaller. Counterfactual reductions in fixed costs generate gains in export participation that are 30 % smaller, on average, than those predicted by existing approaches.
The Politics of the Environment in Australia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Australia has a distinctive environment, with rich remnant biodiversity, mega-diversity (Kirkpatrick 1994), and World Heritage listings, but it persists with Eurocentric settler practices, exploiting its natural resources, and rolling back its ecological frontiers. Valuing nature and transitioning to sustainability are advocated by experts, academics, green political parties, environmental NGOs, and, increasingly, by civil society. However, attention to environmental policy waxes and wanes according to national circumstances, with the major parties typically more accommodating of pressures to develop than protect the environment. Ecology and climate change are therefore persistent challenges that are routinely subject to political contestation and polarization. While recurrent developmentalism, environmental impacts and policy failures are central to Australian politics today, they are not prominent in political or policy-based analysis. This chapter presents an overview of the key issues.
Study on Quality Standard of Huoluo Oil

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To establish the quality standard of Huoluo Oil.Methods Gas chromatography(GC)was adopted to identify the four components(turpentine oil,camphor,menthol and wintergreen oi)lof Huoluo Oil.Naphthalene was used as the internal standard to test the contents of menthol and wintergreen oil.Results Turpentine oil,camphor,menthol and wintergreen oil had been well isolated under the same chromatographic condition.The standard curves of menthol was linear in the range of 0.66～4.40 mg·mL-1,Y=0.185X+0.003(r=1),and that of wintergreen oil was linear in the range of 0.88～5.86 mg·mL-1,Y=0.124X+0.002(r=0.999).The average recovery of menthol and wintergreen oil was 97.30%(RSD=1.08%)and 99.61%(RSD=1.08%)(n=9),respectively.Conclusion The established method is simple,reproducible and suitable for quality control of Huoluo Oil.
Meeting the guidelines for end-of-life care.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The number of patients initiating dialysis in most countries continues to increase, with the greatest increase being in the oldest age group. Clinical practice guidelines have been developed to help the nephrology team with end-of-life carefor patients on dialysis. The aim of the project reported here was to assess if we were meeting the guidelines. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients 80 years of age and older who had started dialysis at our center Our cohort included 105 patients (50% men; median age: 84.5 years; age range: 80-95 years), of whom 55% were on hemodialysis and 45% were on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Overall life expectancy was 2.1 years. Among the 59 patients who died while still part of our program, 92% had a do not resuscitate order in place, and 46% had withdrawn from dialysis. Palliative care was consulted in 46% of cases. Dyspnea and pain were the two most common symptoms in the last 24 hours of life. Of these 59 patients, 71% died in hospital. Only 6 patients died at home, all of these being on home PD. End-of-life care for this elderly cohort of dialysis patients could be improved on several measures to meet clinical practice guidelines, especially with greater access to palliative care units and community palliative care programs.
Synthesis, of some transition metal (ΙΙ/ΙΙΙ)-Schiff base complexes and copper, zinc nanoparticle size bearing sulfonamide fragment : New drugs for antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A simple approach to the synthesis metal complexes and copper, zinc nano particles size (CuNPs, ZnNPs) of novel Schiff base of sulfonamide ligand (HL) resulted from the condensation of sulfametrole [N ' -(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl]sulfanilamide and 1-(2-Furanyl) ethanon.The metal complexes and copper, zinc nano particles size (CuNPs, ZnNPs) of HL ligand were synthesized and characterized using different physico-chemical studies as elemental analyses, mass spectra, conductivity measurement, UV-vis Spectra, solid reflectance, IR spectra,, 1 H NMR spectra, magnetic susceptibility, thermal analyses (TGA and DTA), (TEM) Transmission Electron Microscope and their microbial and anticancer activities .The spectroscopic data of the complexes suggest their 1:2(L:M) complex structures.Also the spectroscopic studies suggested the octahedral structure for all complexes.The size and morphology investigation of copper and zinc nano particles (CuNPs, ZnNPs) with (HL) ligand by TEM images indicate that the copper and zinc nano (CuNPs, ZnNPs) show spherical shape with core shell of HL ligand.The synthesized Schiff base and its metal complexes, CuNPs, ZnNPs were screened for their bacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity.The activity data show that the metal complexes, CuNPs and ZnNPs to be more potent than the parent HL Schiff base ligand.Also the data show that the CuNPs and ZnNPs more potent than the metal complexes and than HL free ligand .
The Effects of <i>Aloe vera</i> L. Leaf Extract on Some Physiological and Cytogenetical Parameters in <i>Allium cepa</i> L. Seeds Germinated under Salt Stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was performed to evaluate the role of Aloe vera L. leaf extract (AvLE) on some physiological and cytogenetical parameters of Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salinity. The radicle length of the seeds germinated in the medium with AvLE alone increased as compared with ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium, while their radicle number and fresh weight reduced according to the control. In addition, the germination percentage of the mentioned seeds statistically was the same as the control seeds. Furthermore, the seeds germinated in the media containing 0.1 mg/L AvLE alone showed a significant increase of mitotic index, although they exhibited a higher number of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus (MN) formation as compared with the seeds germinated in control conditions. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. Moreover, salinity markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. The negative effect of salt on the seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity and MN formation was alleviated in dramatically varying degrees by AvLE application. In contrast, the detrimental effects of salt on the chromosomal aberrations greatly increased with this treatment. Consequently, we reported that the application of AvLE alone induced chromosomal aberrations and MN formation, which are an indicator of genotoxicity, and had cytotoxic activity in normal conditions. However, the frequency of MN is greatly reduced in root tip cells of the seeds germinated in the medium containing 0.1 mg/L AvLE +0.15 M NaCl.
South Africa's maritime power in the Indian Ocean Rim∗

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The article assesses South Africa's maritime power in the Indian Ocean. It is argued that South Africa needs a credible navy to exercise power and influence in support of foreign policy imperatives in the Indian Ocean. The maritime potential of other states which may have an impact on South Africa's interests is examined, including Australia, Malaysia, India, Pakistan and Kenya and, from outside the region, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. The contrast between the growth and modernisation of other navies and the contraction and ageing of the South African Navy is highlighted. It is concluded that these developments leave South Africa strategically vulnerable.
First report of Tyzzeria parvula (Kotlán, 1933) Klimes, 1963 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), in swan goose Anser cygnoides L., 1758, in Brazil.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This is the first description of Tyzzeria parvula from the swan goose (Anser cygnoides) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fecal samples were collected from 15 swan geese, but only four of them shed oocysts in feces. After sporulation, the oocysts were spherical to sub-spherical, and measured 12.4 +/- 1.0 (11-15) x 10.4 +/- 0.8 mum (8-12). They presented a shape index of 1.2 (1.0-1.4), with a bi-layered wall that was 0.7 +/- 0.1 mum (0.6-0.8) thick. The outer side was smooth and colorless, while the inner side was pale greenish. Micropyles and polar granules were absent. The residuum sometimes formed a mass of spherules and granules and, at other times, was dispersed. Sporozoites had one rounded end and the other end was fine and slightly curved.