jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antifungal Activity Evaluation of the Constituents of Haliclona baeri and Haliclona cymaeformis, Collected from the Gulf of Thailand

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new compound maleimide-5-oxime was isolated, together with 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid, tetillapyrone, from the ethyl acetate extract of the marine sponge Haliclona baeri while tetillapyrone, nortetillapyrone, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and phenylacetic acid were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Haliclona cymaeformis, collected from the Gulf of Thailand. The structures of tetillapyrone and nortetillapyrone were re-examined using HMBC correlations. Maleimide-5-oxime, tetillapyrone and nortetillapyrone were found to be inactive against three human tumor cell lines (the estrogen-dependent ER(+) MCF-7, the estrogen-independent ER(-) MDA-MB-231 and NCI-H460. Maleimide-5-oxime, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phenylacetic acid, tetillapyrone and nortetillapyrone were evaluated for their growth inhibitory effect against seven yeasts and eight filamentous fungi. Only nortetillapyrone showed antifungal activity, with a preponderance on the dermatophytic filamentous fungi.
Peripheral Infection after Traumatic Brain Injury Augments Excitability in the Perilesional Cortex and Dentate Gyrus

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Peripheral infections occur in up to 28% of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is a major etiology for structural epilepsies. We hypothesized that infection occurring after TBI acts as a “second hit” and facilitates post-traumatic epileptogenesis. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to lateral fluid-percussion injury or sham-operation. At 8 weeks post-injury, rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg) to mimic Gram-negative peripheral infection. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect the cortical lesion type (small focal inflammatory [TBIFI] vs. large cavity-forming [TBICF]). Spontaneous seizures were detected with video-electroencephalography, and seizure susceptibility was determined by the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test. Post-PTZ neuronal activation was assessed using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. LPS treatment increased the percentage of rats with PTZ-induced seizures among animals with TBIFI lesions (p < 0.05). It also increased the cumulative duration of PTZ-induced seizures (p < 0.01), particularly in the TBIFI group (p < 0.05). The number of c-Fos immunopositive cells was higher in the perilesional cortex of injured animals compared with sham-operated animals (p < 0.05), particularly in the TBI-LPS group (p < 0.05). LPS treatment increased the percentage of injured rats with bilateral c-Fos staining in the dentate gyrus (p < 0.05), particularly in the TBIFI group (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that peripheral infection after TBI increases PTZ-induced seizure susceptibility and neuronal activation in the perilesional cortex and bilaterally in the dentate gyrus, particularly in animals with prolonged perilesional T2 enhancement. Our data suggest that treatment of infections and reduction of post-injury neuro-inflammation are important components of the treatment regimen aiming at preventing epileptogenesis after TBI.
The naked truth: An examination of gender bias in the field of acting

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis exposes unconscious gender bias in actor training and the entertainment industry. Such exposure will aid teachers and industry professionals in identifying language and practices that perpetuate this prejudice, and ultimately, effect revisions, forging a new standard for good acting. I posit that images generated by an industry that continues to drive this bias through unequal opportunities for women, double standards, and the preeminence of the male gaze in cinematic practices, contribute to situating women as objects of desire, rather than as subjects who command professional equity and respect. I will introduce the science behind this long-standing problem and the need to reorient the brain toward gender equality, thereby offering means through which students, educators, and industry professionals can forge an equitable environment, one that empowers young women to take ownership of their presence in the entertainment industry and thus society’s perception of them.
Wild-Type and Met-65 → Leu Variants of Human Cystatin A Are Functionally and Structurally Identical

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The solution structure of an N-terminally truncated and mutant form (M65L(2-98)) of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin A has been reported that reveals extensive structural differences when compared to the previously published structure of full-length wild-type (WT) cystatin A. On the basis of the M65L(2-98) structure, a model of the inhibitory mechanism of cystatin A was proposed wherein specific interactions between the N- and C-terminal regions of cystatin A are invoked as critical determinants of protease binding. To test this model and to account for the reported differences between the two structures, we undertook additional structural and mechanistic analyses of WT and mutant forms of human cystatin A. These show that modification at the C-terminus of cystatin A by the addition of nine amino acids has no effect upon the affinity of papain inhibition (K(D) = 0.18+/-0.02 pM) and the consequences of such modification are not propagated to other parts of the structure. These findings indicate that perturbation of the C-terminus can be achieved without any measurable effect on the N-terminus or the proteinase binding loops. In addition, introduction of the methionine-65 --> leucine substitution into cystatin A that retains the N-terminal methionine (M65L(1-98)) has no significant effect upon papain binding (K(D) = 0.34+/-0.02 pM). Analyses of the structures of WT and M65L(1-98) using (1)H NMR chemical shifts and residual dipolar couplings in a partially aligning medium do not reveal any evidence of significant differences between the two inhibitors. Many of the differences between the published structures correspond to major violations by M65L(2-98) of the WT constraints list, notably in relation to the position of the N-terminal region of the inhibitor, one of three structural motifs indicated by crystallographic studies to be involved in protease binding by cystatins. In the WT structure, and consistent with the crystallographic data, this region is positioned adjacent to another inhibitory motif (the first binding loop), whereas in M65L(2-98) there is no proximity of these two motifs. As the NMR data for both WT9C and M65L(1-98) are wholly consistent with the published structure of WT cystatin A and incompatible with that of M65L(2-98), we conclude that the former represents the most reliable structural model of this protease inhibitor.
A model for the canonical algebras of bimodules type (1, 4) over truncated polynomial rings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Let $$\mathbb {C}(\!(\varepsilon )\!)$$ C ( ( ε ) ) be the field of complex Laurent series. We use Galois descent techniques to show that the simple regular representations of the species of type $$(1,\, 4)$$ ( 1 , 4 ) over $$\mathbb {C}(\!(\varepsilon )\!)$$ C ( ( ε ) ) are naturally parametrized by the closed points of $$\textrm{Spec}(\mathbb {C}(\!(\varepsilon )\!)[x]){\dot{\cup }}\{1,\,2\}$$ Spec ( C ( ( ε ) ) [ x ] ) ∪ ˙ { 1 , 2 } . Moreover, we provide weak normal forms for those representations. We use our representatives of the simple regular representations to describe the canonical algebras associated to the species of type (1, 4) over $$\mathbb {C}(\!(\varepsilon )\!)$$ C ( ( ε ) ) . This suggests a model of those algebras in the sense of the work of Geiss et al. (Invent Math 209(1):61–158, 2017; Math Z 295:1245–1277, 2020).
Ethylene from natural gas by direct catalytic oxidation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The title report describes optimizing the phys. parameters of the oxidative coupling catalyst, defining the optimum reactor design and reaction conditions, collecting data for modeling of the chem. reaction, and process design and economic evaluations. Li-doped MgO catalyst was optimized with respect to catalytic performance. Essential for the catalytic activity and selectivity is the presence of Li. The most suitable reactor was fluidized bed reactor because of the high exothermicity of the reaction. The optimum reaction conditions for reaching the max. ethylene yield (18%) for the longest time were 800°/1 atm. using a CH4/O = 5 ratio gas-feed mixt. at 0.6 g-s/mL catalyst. The reaction mechanism was described as a complicated mixt. of heterogeneous (catalytic) and homogeneous (gas phase) reactions occurring simultaneously. Coupling to ethane takes place in the gas phase. Ethane is dehydrogenated on the catalyst or in the gas phase to ethylene, which in turn gets easily oxidized into CO and CO2 which are mainly formed at the catalyst surface. A computer program was developed which simulated the network reaction (&gt;150 elementary radical reactions) of the homogeneous gas phase.
International Multicenter Validation of GES Score for HCC Risk Stratification in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims: We have recently demonstrated the ability of a simple predictive model (GES) score to determine the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after using direct-acting antivirals. However, our results were restricted to Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4. Therefore, we studied a large, independent cohort of multiethnic populations through our international collaborative activity. Methods: Depending on their GES scores, patients are stratified into low risk (≤ 6/12.5), intermediate risk (> 6–7.5/12.5), and high risk (> 7.5/12.5) for HCC. A total of 12038 patients with chronic HCV were analyzed in this study, of whom 11202 were recruited from 54 centers in France, Japan, India, the U.S., and Spain, and the remaining 836 were selected from the Gilead-sponsored randomized controlled trial conducted across the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Australia. Descriptive statistics and survival analysis were performed using Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests. The performance of the GES score was evaluated using Harrell's C-index (HCI). Results : The GES score proved successful at stratifying all patients into 3 risk groups, namely low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk. It also displayed significant predictive value for HCC development in all participants (P < 0 .0001), with HCI ranging from 0.55 to 0.76 among all cohorts after adjusting for HCV genotypes and patient ethnicities. Conclusion: The GES score can be used to stratify HCV patients into 3 categories of risk for HCC, namely low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk, irrespective of their ethnicities or HCV genotypes. This international multicenter validation may allow the use of GES score in individualized HCC risk-based surveillance programs.Funding: None to declare. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Board of each participating center, as per local regulations
Comparative Complementation Mapping of Methylophilus spp. Using Cosmid Gene Libraries and Prime Plasmids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cosmid gene libraries of the obligate methylotrophs Methylophilus viscogenes and Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1 were generated by ligating Sau3A partial digests of chromosomal DNA into the broad-host-range cosmid vector pLA2917. Genetic linkage groups were identified for each organism by complementation following mobilization of the recombinant cosmids to a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli auxotrophs. The linkage data thus obtained confirmed and extended those previously established by prime plasmid complementation, and the two methylotrophs showed very similar arrangements for four of the gene clusters studied. However, comparison of DNA sequences which complemented the same auxotrophic markers failed to demonstrate restriction fragment identity or substantial DNA-DNA homology between the two methylotrophs.
Predicting Sepsis‐Related Mortality: Pitt Bacteremia Score is Superior to the Charlson Comorbidity Index

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To assess the role of Pitt bacteremia score (PBS) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in predicting mortality among patients with intensive care unit (ICU)–acquired Gram‐negative bacterial sepsis and to investigate other factors associated with mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out between January 2018 and January 2023. Patients diagnosed with ICU‐acquired sepsis caused by Gram‐negative bacteria were included in the study. Demographics, laboratory data, blood culture results, management, length of ICU stay, mortality, and other clinical data were recorded. PBS and CCI score were calculated based on data collected at time of blood withdrawal. The primary endpoint was mortality in ICU. Results: Among the 425 patients included in the study, mortality was observed in 268 (63%). Age and sex were distributed similarly in the mortality and survival groups. CCI score with a cutoff value of > 5.5 (AUC = 0.611) and PBS with a cutoff value of > 2.5 (AUC = 0.904) were able to significantly predict mortality. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that mortality was independently associated with having any comorbidity, congestive heart failure, low platelet count, high lactate, high (> 2.5) PBS, and carbapenem resistance ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: PBS was more successful than CCI in predicting mortality in patients with ICU‐acquired sepsis caused by Gram‐negative bacteria. In addition to higher PBS, having any comorbidity (and additionally, congestive heart failure), lower platelet, higher lactate, and carbapenem resistance were risk factors for mortality.
Bibliography

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A collection of essays about the Colonial Medical Service of Africa in which a group of distinguished colonial historians illustrate the diversity and active collaborations to be found in the untidy reality of government medical provision. The authors present important case studies in a series of essays covering former British colonial dependencies in Africa, including Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zanzibar. These studies reveal many new insights into the enactments of colonial policy and the ways in which colonial doctors negotiated the day-to-day reality during the height of Imperial rule in Africa. The book provides essential reading for scholars and students of colonial history, medical history and colonial administration.
Creating Space, Creating Self: Street-frequenting Youth in the City and Suburbs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Focusing on street-frequenting youth, this paper explores the ways in which young people link spaces and selves in city and suburban environments. In much current youth studies research there is an emphasis on the marginalization of young people, particularly in their use of public spaces. Drawing on space/identity theory, this paper reconceptualizes these issues, highlighting young people's understandings of themselves and the subversive spaces they construct. Through an empirical analysis of the construction of space and self, the paper stresses a need to explore the process of subjective interpretation, undertaken by young people, in order to more sensitively understand the culture of street frequenting.
Acceleration and sprint profiles of a professional elite football team in match play

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterise the acceleration and sprint profiles of elite football match play in one Norwegian elite football team (Rosenborg FC). Fifteen professional players in five playing positions took part in the study ( n = 101 observations). Player movement was recorded during every domestic home game of one full season ( n = 15) by an automatic tracking system based on microwave technology. Each player performed 91 ± 21 accelerations per match, with a lower number in the second compared with the first half (47 ± 12 vs. 44 ± 12). Players in lateral positions accelerated more often compared to players in central positions (98.3 ± 20.5 vs. 85.3 ± 19.5, p < 0.05). Average sprint distance was 213 ± 111 m distributed between 16.6 ± 7.9 sprints, with no differences between first (106 ± 60 m, 8.2 ± 4.2 sprints) and second halves (107 ± 72 m, 8.3 ± 4.8 sprints). Players in lateral positions sprinted longer distances (287 ± 211 m vs. 160 ± 76 m, p < 0.05) and tended to sprint more often (21.6 ± 7.8 vs. 13.0 ± 5.7, p = 0.064) compared to players in central positions. We found more walking and less of the more intense activities during the last third of the season compared to the first. The main finding in this study was that Norwegian elite players had substantially less number of accelerations and fewer but longer sprints than previous studies reported for higher‐ranked leagues. Also, less high‐intensity activity was found towards the end of the season. Ultimately, these data provide useful information for the fitness coach (1) in planning of position‐specific football training and (2) to avoid the decline in high‐intensity activities the last third of the competitive season.
Nutrient composition and energy concentration in soybean meal from 5 different countries fed to pigs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted to compare nutritional composition and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in soybean meal (SBM) from the 5 largest soybean producing countries when fed to pigs. Five sources of SBM from China, Argentina, and the U.S., and 4 sources from Brazil and India were collected. A basal diet based on corn and 23 diets based on corn and each source of SBM were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to a 24 × 7 Youden square design with 24 diets and 7 periods. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and concentrations of DE and ME in each diet and source of SBM were calculated. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE was greater (P<0.05) in SBM from Argentina and China than in Brazilian and Indian SBM. The DE and ME values (88% dry matter) of Indian SBM were the lowest (P<0.05) among countries, but there were no differences in the ME of SBM among the other 4 countries. Few differences in the DE and ME of SBM among countries were observed, indicating that the conditions that may affect growing conditions of soybeans have limited effect on the energy value of SBM fed to pigs.
10-Amino-9-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2H,7H)-dione

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The title compound, C23H27ClN2O2, has been synthesized by the reaction of 9-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra­methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexa­hydroxanthene-1,8-dione with hydrazine in ethanol under microwave irradiation. The dihydro­pyridine ring adopts a boat conformation.
Difference in activated partial thromboplastin time values with two different reagents according to C-reactive protein values

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is susceptible to reagent composition. This study aimed to investigate a large number of specimens and determine the cause of discrepancies. Method This study included 18,994 subjects who underwent coagulation tests at our hospital from May 2020 to December 2020. Measuring reagents included HemosIL SynthASil APTT (APTT-SS, Instrumentation Laboratory) and Coagpia APTT-N (APTT-N, Sekisui Medical). Results A total of 451 patients demonstrated APTT-N of &gt;39 seconds and an APTT-N/SS ratio of &gt;1.3. A C-reactive protein (CRP) level of ≥1.4 mg/L demonstrated a significant positive correlation, with a higher APTT-N/SS indicating higher CRP levels. All 28 subjects receiving no anticoagulants and who had remaining specimens underwent a cross-mixing test (CMT). Of them, 17 were suspected for lupus anticoagulant (LA) by both the waveform shape and the index of circulating anticoagulant (ICA) value, 6 by the ICA value, and 5 were difficult to determine. Conclusion This study revealed that the APTT-N prolongation correlated with CRP degree and the transient involvement of LA in CMT results due to CRP. This study indicated various reactivities depending on the assay reagents used. Further testing is warranted if LA is suspected, considering the patient’s background.
Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Muscles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The hand serves as the origin and/or insertion for a vast number of muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the hand contain the origin and insertions within the carpal and metacarpal bones. The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate outside the hand, commonly the forearm, and insert into hand structures. A rule of thumb is that any muscle tendon that crosses a joint will act on that joint. For example, muscles of the forearm that cross the carpometacarpal joint will produce flexion or extension at the wrist joint.
A Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Approach to Enantiomerically Pure (R)- and (S)-Duloxetine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The synthesis of (R)-duloxetine is described. Dynamic kinetic resolution of β-hydroxynitrile rac-1 using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB, N435) and ruthenium catalyst 6 afforded β-cyano acetate (R)-2 in high yield and in excellent enantioselectivity (98% ee). The subsequent synthetic steps were straightforward and (R)-duloxetine was isolated in 37% overall yield over 6 steps. The synthetic route also constitute a formal total synthesis of (S)-duloxetine.
Hydrodynamic Analysis Of Reservoir Due To Vertical Component Of Earthquake Using An Analytical Solution

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an analytical solution to get a reliable estimation of the hydrodynamic pressure on gravity dams induced by vertical component earthquake when solving the fluid and dam interaction problem. Presented analytical technique is presented for calculation of earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressure in the reservoir of gravity dams allowing for water compressibility and wave absorption at the reservoir bottom. This new analytical solution can take into account the effect of bottom material on seismic response of gravity dams. It is concluded that because the vertical component of ground motion causes significant hydrodynamic forces in the horizontal direction on a vertical upstream face, responses to the vertical component of ground motion are of special importance in analysis of concrete gravity dams subjected to earthquakes.
Conversational Analysis: Types and Function of Speech Acts in EFL Classroom Interactions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Understanding speech act production in EFL classroom interactions is crucial for enhancing teaching effectiveness and student engagement, as it sheds light on how language is used to convey meaning and manage social interactions in the learning environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the speech act types and functions that were used by an EFL teacher and their students during classroom interactions. Observational data was collected and analyzed according to Conversation Analysis standards (CA). The findings of the study revealed that the types of speech acts produced by the teacher and students were influenced by their respective roles and statuses. Although the students produced fewer speech acts, they served the same functions as the teacher's speech acts in terms of controlling and managing classroom interactions. As a result, the speech acts of both the students and teacher distributed authority in different ways during turn-taking and commodity exchanges. The practical knowledge and pedagogical use of the teacher-student relationship as a unique social event in the classroom context has the potential to effectively manage classroom interactions.