jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Combined Effects of Impurity and Thickness on the Conduction Electron Spin Resonance Linewidth in Silver

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The conduction electron spin resonance of silver foils doped with 10 ppm Au has been measured by the transmission method over the thickness range 5-66 µm in the temperature range between 18 K and 44 K at 22.7 GHz as functions of thickness and temperature. As a result of doping silver with Au, the spin-orbit parameter dominating the phonon-induced spin relaxation has not been changed significantly. On the other hand, the surface spin scattering probability ε has increased from 6×10 -4 to 2×10 -3 . This increase with Au impurities has been attributed to the impurity-induced disorder of the silver surface.
Immune allied genetic algorithm for Bayesian network structure learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Bayesian network (BN) structure learning is a NP-hard problem. In this paper, we present an improved approach to enhance efficiency of BN structure learning. To avoid premature convergence in traditional single-group genetic algorithm (GA), we propose an immune allied genetic algorithm (IAGA) in which the multiple-population and allied strategy are introduced. Moreover, in the algorithm, we apply prior knowledge by injecting immune operator to individuals which can effectively prevent degeneration. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, we present some experimental results.
The Role of the Wangara in the Economic Transformation of the Central Sudan in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The term ‘Wangara’ has most commonly been used to describe the gold merchants of ancient Mali and Ghana and has been equated with ‘Juula’ (Dyula). This article establishes another meaning for ‘Wangara’, as it has been used in the Central Sudan, particularly Hausaland. There the Wangara were descendants of merchants who were once connected with the Songhay Empire of the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Since the term is also used in Borgu to describe resident Muslim merchants in the Bariba states, it is postulated that the Wangara were once a Songhay-based commercial group which established diaspora communities in the Bariba and Hausa towns before the Songhay collapse of 1591. It is argued that these Wangara merchants were instrumental in the economic development of the Central Sudan in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. They were not only associated with commerce but were involved in early leather and textile production and probably were responsible for the introduction of such new products as kola nuts and the spread of the Songhay monetary system, based on cowries and gold. The immigration of the Wangara came at a time when other economic changes were taking place in the Hausa cities and Borno. The combined impact of these developments were such as to mark the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries as a major turning point in the economic history of the Central Sudan.
Solving signal decoupling problems through self-bounded controlled invariants

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with decoupling problems of unknown, measurable and previewed signals. First the well known solutions of unknown and measurable disturbance decoupling problems are recalled. Then new necessary and sufficient constructive conditions for the previewed signal decoupling problem are proposed. The discrete time case is considered. In this domain previewing a signal by p steps means that the k-th sample of the signal to be decoupled is known p steps in advance. The main result is to prove that the stability condition for all of the mentioned decoupling problems does not change, i.e. the resolving subspace to be stabilized is the same independently of the type of signal to be decoupled, being it completely unknown (disturbance), measured or previewed. The problem has been studied through self-bounded controlled invariants, thus minimizing the dimension of the resolving subspace which corresponds to the infimum of a lattice. Note that reduced dimension on resolving controlled invariant subspace yields to reduce the order of the controller units.
The use of progesterone and oestrogen concentrations in the diagnosis of pregnancy, and in the study of seasonal infertility in sows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestrogen in sows 18 days after mating were examined, firstly, as a method of pregnancy diagnosis, and secondly, for indication of any abnormal endocrine patterns that may have been involved in the aetiology of seasonal infertility in sows. Progesterone levels were the most relevant indicator of ovarian function. For the diagnosis of pregnancy, progesterone levels were accurate (97 %), but for the diagnosis of non-pregnancy, especially where a high degree of early embryonic death and/or cystic follicles was suspected, as in this trial, progesteronc levels were not as accurate (60%). Oestrogen levels were of use only in confirming the type of infertility suffered by non-pregnant sows. This study shows that seasonal infertility in mated sows is a complex of several forms of infertility, each manifest in a common physical symptom of delayed return to oestrus after a normal mating to a fertile boar. The forms of infertility involved appear to be early embryonic death, luteinized ovarian cysts, small ovarian cysts and silent oestrus.
Experimental assessment of lean-burn characteristics for a modified diesel engine operated in methanol direct injection spark ignition (DISI) mode at full throttle condition

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the lean-burn characteristics of a high-compression direct injection spark ignition (DISI) methanol engine were investigated. The tests were conducted on a modified diesel engine in methanol DISI mode at three excess air ratios (1.2, 1.3, and 1.4) and injection timings from −60° to −300° crank angle (CA) after top dead center (ATDC). The engine was run at 1500 rpm, 100% throttle opening, and spark timing at maximum brake torque condition. The results demonstrated that the test engine under lean-burn condition can obtain the higher indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), but the lower indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). The THC, CO, CO2 and NOX emissions are all reduced with the increased λ. Injection timing had a large influence on the combustion and emissions and these influences became largely in the case of retarded injection conditions. There existed an optimum injection timing of −240 °CA ATDC where the IMEP and ITE got their highest values along with the lowest coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP). Meanwhile, the THC and CO emissions are lowest, but the CO2 and NOX emissions highest. The methanol engine can obtain the maximum toque of 27.6 N·m, which is 25.3% more than the original diesel engine at the same speed. Meanwhile, there was no knocking throughout the entire experiment, and the maximum pressure rise rate and COVIMEP were found to be 0.4 MPa and 4.1%, and those are much less than the critical points of 1.0 MPa and 5%, respectively.
Poles of degenerate Eisenstein series and Siegel-Weil identities for exceptional split groups

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $G$ be a linear split algebraic group. The degenerate Eisenstein series associated to a maximal parabolic subgroup $E_{P}(f^{0},s,g)$ with the spherical section $f^{0}$ is studied in the first part of the thesis. In this part, we study the poles of $E_{P}(f^{0},s,g)$ in the region $\operatorname{Re} s >0$. We determine when the leading term in the Laurent expansion of $E_{P}(f^{0},s,g)$ around $s=s_0$ is square integrable. The second part is devoted to finding identities between the leading terms of various Eisenstein series at different points. We present an algorithm to find this data and implement it on \textit{SAGE}. While both parts can be applied to a general algebraic group, we restrict ourself to the case where $G$ is split exceptional group of type $F_4,E_6,E_7$, and obtain new results.
De Haan v. German Federal Republic.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Peace treaties — Performance of — Restitution provisions — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation, 1952-197#x2014;Claims for compensation — Distinguished from claims for restitution. Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Limitation of — Arbitral Commission on Property, Rights and Interests in Germany — Effect of Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising Out of the War and Occupation, 1952–1954 — Chapter Ten, Article 12, paragraph 1 (a) — Claims against German Federal Republic — Distinction between claims for restitution and claims for compensation — Absence of jurisdiction over latter.
Specific roles of alpha-toxin and beta-toxin during Staphylococcus aureus corneal infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Staphylococcus aureus corneal infection results in extensive inflammation and tissue damage. Our previous studies of bacterial mutants have demonstrated a role for alpha-toxin in corneal virulence. This study analyzes, by genetic rescue experiments, the virulence of mutants affecting alpha-toxin and beta-toxin activity and demonstrates the ocular toxicity of these purified staphylococcal proteins. Three types of isogenic mutants were analyzed: (i) mutants specifically deficient in alpha-toxin (Hla) or beta-toxin (Hlb), (ii) a mutant deficient in both Hla and Hlb, and (iii) a regulatory mutant, deficient in the accessory gene regulator (agr), that produces reduced quantities of multiple exoproteins, including alpha- and beta-toxins. Plasmids coding for Hla and Hlb (pDU1212 and pCU1hlb, respectively) were used to restore toxin activity to mutants specifically deficient in each of these toxins. Either corneas were injected intrastromally with logarithmic-phase S. aureus or purified alpha- or beta-toxins were administered to normal eyes. Ocular pathology was evaluated by slit lamp examination and myeloperoxidase activity of infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Corneal homogenates were cultured to determine the CFU per cornea. Eyes infected with the wild-type strain developed significantly greater corneal damage than eyes infected with Agr-, Hlb-, or Hla- strains. Epithelial erosions produced by parent strains were not produced by Agr- or Hla- strains. Hlb+ strains, unlike Hlb- strains, caused scleral edema. Plasmid pDU1212 restored corneal virulence to strain DU1090 (Hla-), and plasmid pCU1hlb restored corneal virulence to strain DU5719 (Hlb-). Application of purified alpha-toxin produced corneal epithelial erosions and iritis, while application of beta-toxin caused scleral inflammation. These studies confirm the role of alpha-toxin as a major virulence factor during S. aureus keratitis and implicate beta-toxin, a mediator of edema, as a lesser contributor to ocular damage.
Wavelength uniformity in λ/4 shifted DFBlaser array WDMtransmitters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Six-element quarter-wave-shifted DFB arrays have been fabricated using holographic printing with e-beam generated quartz phase masks. A standard deviation of s = 0.18 nm from a uniform WDM channel spacing has been achieved, a dramatic improvement over the values associated with wafer-wide DFB wavelength distributions.
Embryology of the Female Urogenital System and Clinical Applications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The lower urinary tract can be divided into the bladder and urethra. At the junction of these two continuous, yet discrete, structures lies the vesical neck. This hybrid structure represents that part of the lower urinary tract where the urethral lumen traverses the bladder wall before becoming surrounded by the urethral wall. It contains portions of the bladder muscle, and also elements that continue into the urethra.
Technology Adoption under Uncertainty: Take-Up and Subsequent Investment in Zambia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Technology adoption often requires multiple stages of investment. As new information emerges, agents may abandon a technology that was profitable in expectation. We use a field experiment to vary the payoffs at two stages of investment in a new technology: a tree species that provides on-farm fertilizer benefits. Farmer decisions identify the information about profitability that arrives between the take-up and follow-through stages. Results show that this form of uncertainty increases take-up but lowers average tree survival, decreasing the cost-effectiveness of take-up subsidies. Thus, uncertainty offers another explanation for why even costly technologies may go unused or be abandoned.
Drilling of composite laminates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Composite materials are increasingly being used in many engineering industries due to their high specific strength, modulus and toughness. Fiber reinforced polymer composites can be made to meet the various demands of weight, stiffness and strength through proper laminate ply design. The strength and flexibility can be altered by changing the matrix, fiber type or fiber orientation. Due to limited manufacturability of composite structures, assembly by mechanical fasteners or through adhesive bonded joining is common. Drilling of such composite material is needed for mechanical joining and it is a complicated machining process. Delamination and fiber pull out are among the most serious concerns during drilling of fiber-reinforced composite material due to the need for structural joining. As such, several drilling operating factors such as speed, feed rate etc must be taken into consideration when drilling the composite material. This report investigates the general behaviour on how glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (GFRP) respond to certain drilling process parameters. Two type of drill bits (router and reamer), two different spindle speed and two feed rates were of drilling experiment were considered on two different fiber orientation (unidirectional and bidirectional cross ply) specimen. This is a continuation of previous report done by previous student, Low [1]. In addition to the thrust force, torque will also be measured and analysed. Specimen samples will also be thicker than the previous experiment to allow more data acquisition.
Article Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium by Real-Time PCR with High Resolution Melting Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract: The present study describes a real-time PCR approach with high resolution melting-curve (HRM) assay developed for the detection and differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in fecal and urine samples collected from rural Yemen. The samples were screened by microscopy and PCR for the Schistosoma species infection. A pair of degenerate primers were designed targeting partial regions in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene of S. mansoni and S. haematobium using real-time PCR-HRM assay. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 31.8%; 23.8 % of the participants were infected with S. haematobium and 9.3 % were infected with S. mansoni. OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16 16086 With regards to the intensity of infections, 22.1 % and 77.9 % of S. haematobium infections
MUTANTS DEFICIENT OR ALTERED IN BRANCHED-CHAIN-AMINO- ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE IN <i>SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM</i>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ten ilv multisite mutants deficient in both branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase and α, β-dihydroxyacid dehydratase activities were isolated from wild-type and ilvD18 strains Salmonella typhimurium LT2. One of these mutants, KA109, harbors an additional deficiency in the activity of the reductoisomerase. From these mutants, five Ile- strains possessing a defect in the branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase were isolated by P22 transduction. The TR109 and DT101 strains (Ile-) grow slow and irregular in minimal medium containing isoleucine unless supplementation with leucine and valine in the medium is made. All Ile- strains accumulate α-keto-β-methylvalerate as well as pyruvate and an unknown α-keto acid in the culture media; α-ketoisovalerate and α-ketoisocaproate have not been detected. By mutual and reciprocal cotransduction tests using ilv multisite mutant as recipient and Ile- mutant as donor, an arrangement of the Ile- mutational sites in ilvE locus was obtained.
Age-related loss of nongoblet crypt cells parallels decreased secretion in rabbit descending colon

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of aging on active electrolyte transport and epithelial cell morphology were studied in rabbit descending colon. The rate of electrolyte transport was determined using the voltage-clamp technique, while computerized morphometric techniques were used to describe age-related and secretion-induced changes in histology. Comparison of percent water content of fecal pellets between young (2-3 mo) and mature (3.5-5 yr) animals demonstrated that mature animals had significantly decreased percent stool water. In mature animals, the total number of crypt epithelial cells was significantly less than in young animals, primarily due to the loss of crypt nongoblet cells. Crypt goblet cell number and area were not significantly changed from young to mature, while the crypt nongoblet cell number and area declined 38 and 28%, respectively, in the mature colon. Theophylline elicited dilatation of the crypt lumen. The decreased crypt nongoblet cell area correlated with a decreased theophylline-induced Cl- secretory response observed in the mature colon as measured by the change in short-circuit current (Isc). Also, a significant decrease in theophylline-stimulated active Cl- secretion was observed in mature vs. young animals in the presence of mucosal barium (5 mM) to eliminate active K+ secretion. The maximum theophylline plus barium-induced increase in Isc in young colon was 3.4 +/- 0.3 mueq.cm-2.h-1 and in mature colon 2.5 +/- 0.3 mueq.cm-2.h-1 (P less than 0.05). No significant difference in basal Isc and amiloride-inhibitable Na+ absorption was found between young and mature animals. The decreased capacity to secrete Cl- and the decrease in number and area of crypt nongoblet cells corresponds with the decrease in percent water content of mature fecal pellets.
Hagiographie et pandémie : analyse de la vie de Saint Roch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Black Death that ravaged Europe in the second half of the 14th century inspiredmuch Middle Ages to think about explaining the trigger for the disease, but all accountscoincide on an underlying rationale: the divine anger falling on Men. The field ofart echoes the trauma caused by the pandemic to populations and the fear that leads toextreme behaviour (flagellants, dance of death, expiatory processions, etc.). Literature doesnot fail to stage the plague either, as evidenced by the Decameron, which in its first pagesdescribes the plague which is reaching the West through Italy. The hagiography, in turn,and specifically the genre of the Lives of Saints, becomes a significant source of informationon the description and repercussions of the disease in Europe. Thus, in this contribution wepropose to analyse La Vie et légende de monseigneur saint Roch, a French incunable of JehanPhelipot published in 1494, which went through three editions, in order to see how in thehagiographic text Roch’s ascent to holiness revolves around the theme of the plague diseaseand how the text becomes a source of information on the pandemic and its consequences.
Doxepin in the treatment of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To evaluate the response of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(SAHS) to doxepin.Methods:After a baseline polysomnography(PSG) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS) documented SAHS,109 patients were treated with doxepin(25 mg · d-1),and the patients were visited by telephone about their feeling and dose on 7,14,21 and 28 day after treatment.A repeating PSG and ESS was performed to the patients dosing for 4 weeks.Results:After 28 days doxepin therapy,there were 85 patients left.The sleep period time and slow waves sleep time was significantly increased,the REM sleep time and wake time was significantly decreased,P 0.05.The assessment of ESS was significantly decreased,P 0.05.The apnea-hypopnea index,desaturation event index and snore index had a decrease,but the differences were not statistically significant.The treatment efficiency of doxepin to SAHS was 31.7%.The major side effect was drowsiness and dry mouth.Conclusion:Small dose of doxepin had some determinate curative effect on pa-tients with SAHS.
Weakly interpolating subspaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A study is made of those n-dimensional subspaces G of C 0(T) which are weakly interpolating. They are more general than the classical Haar or Chebyshev subspaces, or the weak Chebyshev subspaces considered in [2]. Weakly interpolating subspaces G have the property that for each fεC0(T) which has a unique best approximation g0 ε G, the error f - g0 has at least n+1 peak points. In many cases of interest (e.g. any Chebyshev subspace or the splines), the converse is also valid.
Performance of DLSZ Students in the National Achievement Test in Araling Panlipunan: Does Language Matter?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study sought to determine how language impacts the performance of De La Salle Santiago Zobel (DLSZ) fourth year students in the National Achievement Test (NAT) in Araling Panlipunan (AP). In the past two academic years, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, DLSZ has been performing unsatisfactorily compared to other schools in the Muntinlupa division. Can the use of the Filipino language in the NAT, as opposed to the teaching of the subject in English, be a stumbling block in our students' performance in the NAT AP? Primary research data were obtained by identifying the Filipino words the students found difficult to understand. The weekly review sessions held in Social Studies class provided the venue to acquire the said data. Students were then tasked to answer the items and jot down the difficult Filipino words beside their answers. The difficult words were then tallied and analyzed thru rank order. Data analysis was conducted thereafter. Our findings show that the top ten (10) most difficult words used in the NAT AP reviewer either had no direct translation in Filipino or were not appropriately examined in context. These support our claim that language has an influence on testing and understanding. It is thus essential to recognize the value of delivering quality instruction by making sure that students understand and wisely use language in the learning process. Likewise, it is critical to recognize that teachers should be adept in the use of the required medium of instruction to guarantee that authentic learning is taking place.
Mandibular advancement with clear aligners in the treatment of skeletal Class II. A retrospective controlled study.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The present data show the effectiveness of both TB and MA in the management of skeletal Class II malocclusions due to mandibular retrusion. But some differences exist in the dentoalveolar effect of the two appliances. MA seems indicated in Class II cases where a control of the upper frontal teeth position is needed.
Understanding the religious behaviour of Muslims in Europe: a comparative study of the Netherlands and Britain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The position of Muslims in Western societies is the subject of intense study and debate. However, remarkably little attention has been paid to the practice of European Muslims and how Muslim religiosity relates to conventional measures of social and economic integration. In this paper we draw on theories of secularization, assimilation, revitalization and integration to explore the correlates of attendance at religious meetings for Muslims of different backgrounds in the Netherlands and the UK. We conclude that patterns of religiosity and secularisation cannot be generalised across national contexts.