jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genomic Sequence and Receptor for the Vibrio cholerae Phage KSF-1Φ: Evolutionary Divergence among Filamentous Vibriophages Mediating Lateral Gene Transfer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT KSF-1Φ, a novel filamentous phage of Vibrio cholerae , supports morphogenesis of the RS1 satellite phage by heterologous DNA packaging and facilitates horizontal gene transfer. We analyzed the genomic sequence, morphology, and receptor for KSF-1Φ infection, as well as its phylogenetic relationships with other filamentous vibriophages. While strains carrying the mshA gene encoding mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) type IV pilus were susceptible to KSF-1Φ infection, naturally occurring MSHA-negative strains and an mshA deletion mutant were resistant. Furthermore, d -mannose as well as a monoclonal antibody against MSHA inhibited infection of MSHA-positive strains by the phage, suggesting that MSHA is the receptor for KSF-1Φ. The phage genome comprises 7,107 nucleotides, containing 14 open reading frames, 4 of which have predicted protein products homologous to those of other filamentous phages. Although the overall genetic organization of filamentous phages appears to be preserved in KSF-1Φ, the genomic sequence of the phage does not have a high level of identity with that of other filamentous phages and reveals a highly mosaic structure. Separate phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences encoding putative replication proteins, receptor-binding proteins, and Zot-like proteins of 10 different filamentous vibriophages showed different results, suggesting that the evolution of these phages involved extensive horizontal exchange of genetic material. Filamentous phages which use type IV pili as receptors were found to belong to different branches. While one of these branches is represented by CTXΦ, which uses the toxin-coregulated pilus as its receptor, at least four evolutionarily diverged phages share a common receptor MSHA, and most of these phages mediate horizontal gene transfer. Since MSHA is present in a wide variety of V. cholerae strains and is presumed to express in the environment, diverse filamentous phages using this receptor are likely to contribute significantly to V. cholerae evolution.
Solute Accumulation in Plant Cells: II. The Progressive Uptake of Non-electrolytes and Ions in Carrot Explants as They Grow1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An earlier paper established the range of solute composition that may obtain in aseptically cultured carrot explants growing in different media which regulate either cell enlargement or cell division in the explants. This paper concentrates upon the most rapidly growing cultures, containing cells which individually pass through their cycle of division and enlargement and collectively trace a sigmoidal curve of growth for the explant as a whole. The time course of growth is interpreted in terms of the number and average size of the cells and, in different phases, in terms of the changes in solute uptake and content of the cells. These data are correlated with the concomitant metabolic characteristics of the tissue, notably its protein synthesis. In the early exponential growth phase of the explant, when the emphasis is on cells in division, the organic solutes which are absorbed are used to create form and complex substance; concomitantly, the cells develop a specific requirement for potassium, selectively preferred to sodium, and balanced by organic anions rather than halide. These relationships change as cells develop; the emphasis is then upon the maintenance of osmotic value in cells with enlarging vacuoles. The developing vacuoles preferentially store organic solutes but, later, these solutes may be replaced by natural salts (KC1, NaCl) when organic supplies are depleted. This latter accumulation of salts does not display as markedly the disparity between potassium, sodium, and chloride which was so evident in the cell multiplication phase of growth. Superimposed upon these relationships are certain clonal differences which are interpreted compatibly with the above concepts. The data obtained on many clones reinforce the view that the changes in ion relations of cells with growth, as noted above, are compensated by accumulation of organic solutes as cells build osmotically active concentrations of solutes in a system that primarily controls the internal activity of their water.
The Influence of Hydration on the Absolute Yields of Primary Free Radicals in Gamma-Irradiated DNA at 77 K. II. Individual Radical Yields

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this report we present an electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation of the yields of the individual free radicals formed in gamma-irradiated frozen DNA as a function of hydration and dose at 77 K. Analysis of the ESR spectra taken at low hydration shows that the ion radical composition remains nearly constant with dose and that few secondary radicals are formed even at high doses (above about 50 kGy). For fully hydrated samples, the radical composition changes dramatically with dose. Thymine anion radical (T-.) is found in abundance at low doses but nearly disappears at higher doses, with a corresponding increase in the N-3 deuterated cytosine anion radical (CD.). Guanine cation radical (G+.) decreases at high doses, with a concomitant increase in secondary radical species (S.). Analysis of the dose-response data for G values (the yields in microM/J), k values (the destruction constants) and k' values (a new constant that characterizes the change in G with dose) was performed for each of the DNA base free radicals present at 77 K. The G value for each of the base radicals increases with the hydration level. The k values for CD. and G+. increase slightly with hydration; however, that of T-. increases substantially. Destruction constants for neutral radicals such as TH. and CD. are found to be substantially smaller than those for ion radicals and provide an indication of the radical charge state. A negative k' value for T-. and a positive k' value for CD. are explained in terms of radiation effects that result in the formation of a deuterated cytosine base, i.e., C(N3)D+, which greatly increases cytosine's electron affinity. The ratio of anion radical to cation radical concentrations is found to be about 1.6 and is invariant with hydration. A speculation on the imbalance based on hole-hole combinations in spurs is presented.
GAINT RETROPERITONEAL LIPOSARCOMA: A RARE CASE REPORT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: \nRetroperitoneal liposarcoma is a rare malignancy arises from perirenal fat \ncomprises of 0.02 to 0.2% of all \nmalignancies and 10 \n- \n20% of all soft tissue sarcomas \n. \n[1,2,3 \n] \nUsual \nage presentation is 5 \n- \n6 \nth \ndecade of age \nwith slight male predominance \n. \n[4 \n] \nThese tumors are \nusually large \n, \nin \n20% of patients \nthe tumor is more than 10cms \nsize \n. \n[5,6 \n] \nThe liposarcoma may \nhave \nweight and dimension variable \n; \nthose over 20 \nkg are called “giant liposarcomas” and are \nextremely rare \n. \n[ \n1,5 \n] \nCom \np \nlete surgical \nresection \n[R0] is the only way for survival advantage \n. \n[7,8,9 \n] \nWe report a case of huge retroperitoneal liposarcoma \n, \nwhich of size \nof 30><25><20cms and \n8kg \nweight. Few cases have been reported of this size in literature \n
TÜRKİYE’DEKİ VİYOLA İCRACILARININ MÜZİK PERFORMANS ANKSİYETESİ (MPA) ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME / Examination On The Music Performance Anxiety Viola Performers In Turkey

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When examined research on the viola education in Turkey, It can be said that the first scientific researches date back to the 90's.Thesis-based studies in these years continued with articles written in national and international quality in 2000s.Lasting studies until today; focused on the content of education in the field of viola, the problems encountered in education, the difficulties encountered in the performance of Turkish Music, Turkish Folk Music and Classical Western Music.While doing this research, observed that the studies on MPA have recently increased.Studies about viola were examined, the lack of study on performance anxiety that performers may encounter makes the study important for the current viola training and performance to be more efficient and sustainable.It was aimed to determine the current situation by comparing the variables such as music type, performance venue, number of performers, gender, age and permanent-guest artist, affect the performance anxiety of viola performers.Performance anxiety scale has been applied on 30 viola performers in orchestras and music ensembles affiliated to state and private institutions in Istanbul, a scale and situation determination questionnaire applied on 6 students who are graduates of viola majors at state universities' post-graduate performers.The data were analyzed using SPSS.The t-test was used to compare quantitative data between two independent groups.One-way Anova test was used to compare quantitative data between more than two independent groups.After the Anova test, the Scheffe test was used as a complementary post-hoc analysis to determine the differences.It was determined that MPA is seen more in the 20-29 age range, performers performed with solo or group and music type variable didn't make a significant difference for MPA.It was concluded that the performance performed as gender variable, venue, permanent or guest artist made a significant difference in MPA.
Data from A Phase I Dose–Escalation Study of Regorafenib (BAY 73–4506), an Inhibitor of Oncogenic, Angiogenic, and Stromal Kinases, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Regorafenib is a novel oral multikinase inhibitor of angiogenic (VEGFR1-3, TIE2), stromal (PDGFR-β, FGFR), and oncogenic kinases (KIT, RET, and RAF). This first-in-man, phase I dose–escalation study assessed the safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of regorafenib in patients with advanced solid tumors.</p><p><b>Patients and Methods:</b> Patients aged 18 years or older with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard treatment were recruited. Regorafenib was administered orally for 21 days on/seven days off in repeating cycles, until discontinuation due to toxicity or tumor progression. Adverse events (AE) were assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0. Pharmacokinetic profiles were measured after a single dose and on day 21. Pharmacodynamic and efficacy evaluations included tumor perfusion assessment using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, plasma cytokines, and tumor response using RECIST (v1.0).</p><p><b>Results:</b> Fifty-three patients were enrolled into eight cohorts at dose levels from 10 to 220 mg daily. The recommended dose for future studies was determined to be 160 mg daily, with a treatment schedule of 21 days on/seven days off in repeating 28-day cycles. The most common drug-related grade 3 or 4 AEs were dermatologic AEs (hand–foot skin reaction, rash), hypertension, and diarrhea. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a similar exposure at steady state for the parent compound and two pharmacologically active metabolites. Tumor perfusion and plasma cytokine analysis showed biologic activity of regorafenib. Three of 47 evaluable patients achieved a partial response (renal cell carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, and osteosarcoma).</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Regorafenib showed an acceptable safety profile and preliminary evidence of antitumor activity in patients with solid tumors. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 18(9); 2658–67. ©2012 AACR.</i></p></div>
The Graham conjecture implies the Erdos-Turan conjecture

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Erdös and Turán once conjectured that any set $A\subset\mathbb{N}$ with $\sum_{a\in A}{1}/{a}=\infty$ should contain infinitely many progressions of arbitrary length $k\geq3$. For the two-dimensional case Graham conjectured that if $B\subset \mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N}$ satisfies $$\sum\limits_{(x,y)\in B}\frac{1}{x^2+y^2}=\infty,$$ then for any $s\geq2$, $B$ contains an $s\times s$ axes-parallel grid. In this paper it is shown that if the Graham conjecture is true for some $s\geq2$, then the Erdös-Turán conjecture is true for $k=2s-1$.
STATISTICAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF EXPERIMENTS TO DETECT DIFFERENCES IN SENSORY EVALUATION OF BEEF LOIN STEAKS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The main objective of a sensory experiment is to determine the effect of certain treatments on the response of a group of people. The primary obstacle in accomplishing this objective is that responses of sensory groups are extremely variable making the detection of true differences in response due to treatments difficult. It was the objective of this study to perform sensory experiments so that true differences in the main effects of interest could be detected. Consequently, achieving this objective necessitated the completion of the following three facets of an exemplary sensory study. Initially, the experimenter should carefully plan the experiment so as to control variation by rigorously training the panelists and controlling the objective and subjective error components of experimental error. Secondly, the experimenter should choose a restricted experimental design which stratifies the experimental units into homogeneous subgroups and accounts for all known sources of variation. The known but uncontrollable sources of variation should be nullified through randomization. A sufficient number of replications should be run to attain the desired level of precision. The principles necessary for the efficient planning and designing of experiments are presented. Lastly, the experimenter must collect accurate data and employ theoretically sound procedures to analyze that data. A sensory experiment was conducted invoking the above guidelines which made possible the detecting of true differences in steak palatability due to cooking endpoint temperature and marbling level.
Multiscale Modelling of Tumour Invasion: Bulk Dynamics and Leading Edge Peritumoural Interactions of Cancer Cells and ECM Fibres (Keynote Speaker Talk)

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Despite recent mathematical modelling advances, the understanding of the biologically multiscale process of cancer invasion remains an open question. In this work we introduce a novel multiscale moving boundary approach for cancer invasion that explores the dynamic interactions that the migratory cancer cells population and the accompanying matrix degrading enzymes(MDEs) have with the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and in particular with the ECM fibres. These complex two-scale interactions are explored via two multiscale systems that share (and contribute to) the same macro-dynamics but have independent in nature micro- dynamics. Specifically, on the bulk of the tumour, this explores the dynamics fibres degradation and realignment occurring at cell-scale (and induced by the spatial flux of invading cancer cells) as well as the immediate impact that this continuously changing field of oriented ECM fibres has over the tumour macro-dynamics. On the other hand, the cell-scale proteolytic micro-dynamics occurring at the tumour invasive edge interacts with the peritumoural ECM fibres through the molecular fluxes of MDEs. This interfacial cell-scale interaction not only results in changes of the micro-scale distribution of peritumoural ECM fibres, but also influences directly the changes of the overall tumour morphology. The new multiscale modelling framework will be accompanied by details of the computational approach and a discussion of the numerical simulation results.
The Levels of Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Using Direct Measurement in Healthy Japanese School Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to investigate the levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) using direct measurement in healthy Japanese school children. The subjects were 621 children (325 boys and 296 girls) aged 9 to 10 in the 4th grade, and 688 children (334 boys and 354 girls) aged 12 to 13 in the 7th grade. The levels of serum LDLC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured by direct determination (Cholestest LDL and Cholestest NHDL; Daiichi Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). In boys in the 4th grade, the mean, the 75th, the 90th and the 95th percentiles of LDLC levels (mg/dl) were 91.6, 104, 124 and 134, respectively. In girls in the 4th grade, they were 92.8, 108, 122 and 130. In boys in the 7th grade, they were 83.4, 96, 113 and 123. In girls in the 7th grade, they were 93.0, 106, 126 and 137. Serum LDLC levels in boys in the 7th grade were lower than those of other groups. The direct measurement of serum LDLC level is useful for evaluation of dyslipidemia in healthy school children, because the method is applicable to non-fasting serum.
Behind the GATE Experiment: Evidence on Effects of and Rationales for Subsidized Entrepreneurship Training

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Various theories of market failures and targeting motivate the promotion of entrepreneurship training programs throughout the world.Using data from the largest randomized control trial ever conducted on entrepreneurship training, we examine the validity of such motivations and find that training does not have strong effects (in either relative or absolute terms) on those most likely to face credit or human capital constraints, or labor market discrimination.On the other hand, training does have a relatively strong short-run effect on business ownership for those unemployed at baseline, but not at other horizons or for other outcomes.On average, training increases short-run business ownership and employment, but there is no evidence of broader or longer-run effects on business ownership, business performance or broader outcomes.
Using Network Calculus to compute end-to-end delays in SpaceWire networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The SpaceWire network standard is promoted by the ESA and is scheduled to be used as the sole on-board network for future satellites. This network uses a wormhole routing mechanism that can lead to packet blocking in routers and consequently to variable end-to-end delays. As the network will be shared by real-time and non real-time traffic, network designers require a tool to check that temporal constraints are verified for all the critical messages. Network Calculus can be used for evaluating worst-case end-to-end delays. However, we first have to model SpaceWire components through the definition of service curves. In this paper, we propose a new Network Calculus element that we call the Wormhole Section. This element allows us to better model a wormhole network than the usual multiplexer and demultiplexer elements used in the context of usual Store-and-Forward networks.
Effective Cancer Diagnosis through High-Dimensional Microarray Data Analysis by Integrating DCT and UFS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cancer remains a global health challenge, with various types such as lung, breast, and colon cancer posing significant threats. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and improved survival rates. Genetic research offers promising avenues in the fight against cancer, as identifying gene mutations and expression levels enables the development of targeted therapies and a deeper understanding of disease subtypes and progression. This study investigates a novel hybrid method aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of cancer diagnosis and classification. By combining Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) and Univariate Feature Selection (UFS) methods, the feature selection process is optimized for the dataset. The extracted features are then rigorously tested using established classifiers to assess their effectiveness in cancer classification. The proposed method's performance was evaluated using eight distinct datasets, and metrics such as MF1, K-score, and sensitivity were calculated and compared with various methods in the literature. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms others on 5 out of 8 datasets in terms of both accuracy and computational efficiency. The presented method represents a reliable tool for cancer diagnosis and classification.
Nuclear modification factors for identified hadrons from 5 TeV $p$-Pb collisions and their relation to the Cronin effect

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Nuclear modification factors (NMFs) are spectrum ratios rescaled by an estimate of the number of binary N-N collisions $N_{bin}$ within an A-B collision. NMFs from more-central A-A collisions have been interpreted to indicate formation of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) when compared with results from control $p$-A or $d$-A collisions. However, subsequent analyses of such control systems are now also interpreted to indicate QGP formation, calling into question proper interpretation of NMFs. An additional complication is the nature of the so-called ``Cronin effect'' contribution to NMF structure that is not well understood. In the present study a two-component model of hadron production (TCM) is applied to identified-hadron (PID) $p_t$ spectra from 5 GeV $p$-Pb collisions extending up to 20 GeV/c. Hard components (jet fragment distributions) are accurately isolated and their evolution with collision centrality parametrized. The TCM is then applied to NMFs without rescaling by $N_{bin}$, allowing direct comparisons between NMF evolution and hard-component evolution with centrality. To address the Cronin effect the TCM is applied to fixed-target $p$-A spectra from the Chicago-Princeton (C-P) collaboration, the origin of the Cronin effect. Inferred C-P spectrum hard components are quantitatively consistent with extrapolation of jet-related structure from higher energies. As a general conclusion spectrum ratios such as NMFs are difficult to interpret, whereas direct differential analysis of isolated spectra may be interpreted simply and accurately.