jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bayesian tomography using polynomial chaos expansion and deep generative networks

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Implementations of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods need to confront two fundamental challenges: accurate representation of prior information and efficient evaluation of likelihoods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and related techniques can in some cases facilitate the definition and sampling of the prior distribution, as well as the training of accurate surrogate models, using for instance, polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). However, complex geological priors with sharp contrasts necessitate more complex dimensionality-reduction techniques, such as, deep generative models (DGMs). By sampling a low-dimensional prior probability distribution defined in the low-dimensional latent space of such a model, it becomes possible to efficiently sample the physical domain at the price of a generator that is typically highly non-linear. Training a surrogate that is capable of capturing intricate non-linear relationships between latent parameters and outputs of forward modeling presents a notable challenge. Indeed, while PCE models provide high accuracy when the input-output relationship can be effectively approximated by relatively low-degree multivariate polynomials, this condition is typically not met when employing latent variables derived from DGMs. In this contribution, we present a strategy combining the excellent reconstruction performances of a variational autoencoder (VAE) with the accuracy of PCA-PCE surrogate modeling in the context of Bayesian ground penetrating radar (GPR) traveltime tomography. Within the MCMC process, the parametrization of the VAE is leveraged for prior exploration and sample proposals. Concurrently, surrogate modeling is conducted using PCE, which operates on either globally or locally defined principal components of the VAE samples under examination.
Development of Fe-Doped Ni2P-POx Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Water electrolysis is extensively researched as a next-generation energy storage method to overcome the intermittency of renewable energy. Electricity generated from renewable sources such as solar and wind power can be converted into pure green hydrogen through water electrolysis. Despite the potential of green hydrogen as a renewable energy storage/carrier medium, the high overpotential resulting from the slow kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the use of expensive noble metals make cost-competitive hydrogen production a significant challenge. Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is one method for hydrogen production, offering economic advantages over proton exchange membrane systems as it allows for the use of relatively inexpensive transition metal catalysts like Ni, Fe, and Co due to its alkaline environment. Nickel phosphide (Ni 2 P)-based catalysts have emerged as highly promising candidates to accelerate the electrocatalytic OER. In particular, the introduction of Fe into Ni 2 P has been found to induce charge transfer, optimizing the electronic structure and accelerating the OER process. OER catalysts based on transition metal phosphides often exhibit a core-shell structure with phosphide at the core and oxide at the shell during OER measurements. This core-shell structure enhances OER performance through the oxide shell, complementing the deficient electrical conductivity of the phosphide core, resulting in superior catalytic activity and durability. From this perspective, transition metal phosphates are also being studied as electrocatalysts for OER. Phosphates, such as PO 3 - , not only promote oxygen adsorbate adsorption but also induce a distorted local metal center geometry that favors OH - adsorption and further oxidation. To address these challenges, this study develops a facile and scalable synthesis of iron-doped nickel phosphide-phosphate (Fe-doped Ni 2 P-PO x ) nano-hybrid system as a superior noble-metal free OER powder-catalyst. The utilization of self-filling and pyrolysis approaches facilitates economically viable production of the highly porous phosphide catalyst with a high specific surface area and rough surfaces. X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance elucidates the electronic structure modulation, resulting in phosphide-phosphate nano-hybrid structures. Consequently, the catalyst demonstrates excellent OER activity in 1 M KOH, with a significantly low overpotential of 283 mV at 20 mA cm -2 , a small Tafel slope of 28.4 mV dec -1 , and a superior exchange current density of 8.22 mA cm -2 , surpassing state-of-the-art PGM catalysts. Furthermore, its durability over 20 hours indicates its excellent stability, mass transport properties, and mechanical robustness in alkaline media, underscoring its potential as an efficient OER catalyst to facilitate electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Figure 1
Evaluation of KIR ligand incompatibility in mismatched unrelated donor hematopoietic transplants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One of the functions of HLA class I alleles is interaction with natural killer (NK) cells. Receptors termed killer immunoglobulinlike receptors (KIRs) on NK cells recognize groups of HLA class I alleles, and interaction between receptor and class I allele inhibits reactivity of the NK cell. Failure to recognize the appropriate KIR ligand on a mismatched cell can trigger NK cell elimination of that target cell. Recent analysis of haploidentical hematopoietic transplantations has shown a reduction of graft failure, graft-versus-host disease, and relapse in those with KIR ligand incompatibility in the graft-versus-host direction. In this study we analyzed the effect of KIR ligand incompatibility on outcomes of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantations. The data show no advantage for KIR ligand incompatibility in this clinical setting as assessed by HLA-Bw4 and HLA-C alleles. It is possible that there will be a benefit of NK cell alloreactivity if strategies of haploidentical transplantation are used: high stem cell doses, extensive T-cell depletion, and no postgrafting immune suppression.
Materials Data on DySbPt by Materials Project

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

DyPtSb is half-Heusler structured and crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy3+ is bonded to four equivalent Pt2- and six equivalent Sb1- atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and face-sharing DySb6Pt4 tetrahedra. All Dy–Pt bond lengths are 2.86 Å. All Dy–Sb bond lengths are 3.31 Å. Pt2- is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Dy3+ and four equivalent Sb1- atoms. All Pt–Sb bond lengths are 2.86 Å. Sb1- is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy3+ and four equivalent Pt2- atoms.
Gene resources for improvement of drought tolerance and yield quality in dry pea breeding

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effectiveness of selection for improved drought tolerance and consumption quality in the progeny of crosses between pea cultivars with semi-leafless (afila) and normal leaves and different origins, respectively, were investigated. After single crosses, parent cultivars and F1, F2 and F3 generations were grown under non-irrigated conditions in the same trials. We created a colour scale from 1 to 9 to measure statistically the shade of seed colour. The tolerance of genotypes against high temperature was measured by the number of pods per plant. The 3:1 segregationobserved in the F2 generation of crosses between semi-leafless and conventional cultivars indicated that the semi-leafless character is determined by a recessive gene. In contrast, the ratios of conventional (Af) and semi-leafless (af) genotypes were 7:1 and 9:1 ratio in the progenies of crosses of Af × af. The genetic progress was effective for improving the seed quality in F3 generation from crosses Af x af where we found that multipledominant alleles controlled the orange colour of cotyledons and its high heritability (h2 A=0,63). Selection is more effective in producing the genotypes with high yield and normal leaves if the crosses were made between the western European cultivars such as semi-leafless Profi and Delta used as maternal cultivars and conventional Auralia cultivars. In this case, there were decreases in the consumption quality, such as seed size and shade of colour. The selection based on the seed weight of single plants for increasing drought tolerance seemed to be more effective in F4strains with normal leaves originated from Czechoslovakian maternal cultivar Y228; however, the genetic progress in the improvement of seed size and colour quality was slow.
Criteria for Uniform Designing and Signing of No-Passing Zones in Portugal

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In Portugal there are two criteria for the definition of passing sight distance (PSD): the one from the Portuguese Design Standard (PDS), which follows the AASHTO model for defining the minimum PSD for a two-way two-lane highway, and the one from the Portuguese Standard for Road Marking (PSRM), which follows the Vienna Convention and the CEMT guidelines to define the no-passing zone marking. The definition of a uniform PSD for road design and road signing in Portugal is fundamental, and was included in the Plano Nacional de Prevencao Rodoviaria (National Road Safety Plan), issued in 2003. This paper describes the method which allows the PSD to be compatible both with road design and no-passing zone marking. The method was achieved drawing comparisons between the two models used in Portugal (above mentioned) and considering the Glennon model. The method takes into account that the second phase of the AASHTO passing model corresponds to the relevant manoeuvre considered in the Glennon model and that the basic assumptions concerning passing and opposing vehicle drivers’ behaviour during the passing manoeuvre are similar in both models. The no-passing marking distances proposed, using the Glennon’s Criteria applied to the PDS’s PSD, were found to be consistent with the range of CEMT values, for the length of continuous no-passing lines, and with the length of warning markings, defined in the PSRM and in use in Portugal.
Frequency and Predictors of Relapses following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Interim Results from a Longitudinal Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite protection from severe COVID-19 courses through vaccinations, some people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are vaccination-hesitant due to fear of post-vaccination side effects/increased disease activity. The aim was to reveal the frequency and predictors of post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccination relapses in PwMS. This prospective, observational study was conducted as a longitudinal Germany-wide online survey (baseline survey and two follow-ups). Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, MS diagnosis, and ≥1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Patient-reported data included socio-demographics, MS-related data, and post-vaccination phenomena. Annualized relapse rates (ARRs) of the study cohort and reference cohorts from the German MS Registry were compared pre- and post-vaccination. Post-vaccination relapses were reported by 9.3% PwMS (247/2661). The study cohort’s post-vaccination ARR was 0.189 (95% CI: 0.167–0.213). The ARR of a matched unvaccinated reference group from 2020 was 0.147 (0.129–0.167). Another reference cohort of vaccinated PwMS showed no indication of increased post-vaccination relapse activity (0.116; 0.088–0.151) compared to pre-vaccination (0.109; 0.084–0.138). Predictors of post-vaccination relapses (study cohort) were missing immunotherapy (OR = 2.09; 1.55–2.79; p < 0.001) and shorter time from the last pre-vaccination relapse to the first vaccination (OR = 0.87; 0.83–0.91; p < 0.001). Data on disease activity of the study cohort in the temporal context are expected for the third follow-up.
METODE PEMBELAJARAN TAHFIDZ AL-QUR’AN SANTRI USIA SEKOLAH DASAR DI RUMAH TAHFIDZ BAYTUL HUFFADZ JATIUWUNG KOTA TANGERANG

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Seeing the reality of Indonesian society, there are very many people who are educated but they are not yet close to noble character. This is a serious step for the nation to fix deficiencies in education, one of which is through learning and memorizing the holy verses of the Koran from an early age. This is expected to be able to improve the quality of education and create a generation of people with noble character. This is also so that children are happy with the Qur'an as a guide for human life, if the way it is conveyed is also fun, of course this requires a learning method for tahfidz al-Qur'an to support success. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach by taking the background of the Tahfidz Baytul Huffadz House. The research was conducted starting in February 2017 in Ledug Village 02/06 Kel. Keroncong Kec. Jatiuwung Tangerang City. The informants were 3 students, 1 Al-Qur'an teaching staff, and 1 head of the Tahfidz House. Data collection techniques using observation, documentation and interviews. Then the data is transcribed into complete data. Data transcripts were analyzed using deductive, inductive methods.The results of the study show that the method applied in learning the tahfidz of the Qur'an is very useful for improving the performance of the Baytul Huffadz Tahfidz House and its role as an educational institution in improving the quality of education and creating a generation of noble people.
PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H Genes Over-Expression in Petunia (Petunia hybrida) and Phalaenopsis (Phalaenopsis aphrodite) Regulate Flower Color and Branch Number

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flower breeders are continually refining their methods for producing high-quality flowers. Phalaenopsis species are considered the most important commercially grown orchids. Advances in genetic engineering technology have provided researchers with new tools that can be used along with traditional breeding methods to enhance floral traits and quality. However, the application of molecular techniques for the breeding of new Phalaenopsis species has been relatively rare. In this study, we constructed recombinant plasmids carrying flower color-related genes, Phalaenopsis Chalcone synthase (PhCHS5) and/or Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (PhF3′5′H). These genes were transformed into both Petunia and Phalaenopsis plants using a gene gun or an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based method. Compared with WT, 35S::PhCHS5 and 35S::PhF3′5′H both had deeper color and higher anthocyanin content in Petunia plants. Additionally, a phenotypic comparison with wild-type controls indicated the PhCHS5 or PhF3′5′H-transgenic Phalaenopsis produced more branches, petals, and labial petals. Moreover, PhCHS5 or PhF3′5′H-transgenic Phalaenopsis both showed deepened lip color, compared with the control. However, the intensity of the coloration of the Phalaenopsis lips decreased when protocorms were co-transformed with both PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H. The results of this study confirm that PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H affect flower color in Phalaenopsis and may be relevant for the breeding of new orchid varieties with desirable flowering traits.
Dickens,Charles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Charles Dickens (1812–70) shot to fame in the 1830s, and as he did he effected decisive and lasting change in the history of Gothic fiction. Essentially, he fastened on to a Romantic paradox enunciated at its simplest and clearest in Byron's Don Juan : that “truth is stranger than fiction” (Byron 1902: 541) (see byron, george gordon, sixth baron ). In the context of Gothic, this implied that the true sphere of terror lay not in remote times and Catholic places but in the here and now of contemporary urban society (see urban gothic ). The emerging techniques of flâneurial realist writing and reportage – focused upon the physiognomical signs of human appearance, with the supposedly disinterested passer‐by engaging in a fashionable new activity of detecting urban mysteries and observing and interpreting what he saw in the streets of great cities – gave birth to a new version of Gothic that came to maturity in the Victorian period, in the work of Dickens and Wilkie Collins above all (see collins, wilkie ).
<title>Stress-strain investigations near cracks in rubber specimens by photoelasticity</title>

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The stress-strain state and the stress concentration under the large elastic strains in the rubber specimens with the cracks or sharp notches subjected to uniaxial and biaxial tension were investigated. The cracks were placed horizontally or they were inclined. (Load direction is vertical). The investigation was carried out by means of the non-linear photoelastic method using the models made of a birefringent polyurethane resin. The nominal relative lengthening on the distance from the crack reached 55% and the maximum lengthening near the crack's tip were 120%. According to the results of the well-known theoretical solution large stresses at the cracks tip are infinite. It also concerns the large strains (V.V. Novozhilov, K.F. Chernikh). The goal of this research was to check out this statement. The experiment refutes it.
Ventricular Infusion and Nanoprobes Identify Cerebrospinal Fluid and Glymphatic Circulation in Human Nerves

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: Growing evidence suggests that cerebrospinal fluid circulates in human nerves. Several conditions encountered by the plastic surgeon may be related to dysregulation of this system, including nerve transection, stretch injuries, and peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to show how ventricular infusion and nanoprobes identify CSF and glymphatic circulation in neural sheaths of human nerves. Methods: The technique of ventricular infusion using buffered saline was developed in 2017. The technique was used in a series of eight fresh cadavers before dissection of the median nerve, and combined with fluorescent imaging and nanoprobe injections in selected specimens. Results: Eight cadaver specimens underwent ventricular infusion. There were six female and two male specimens, ages 46–97 (mean 76.6). Ventricular cannulation was performed successfully using coordinates 2 cm anterior to coronal suture and 2.5 cm lateral to sagittal suture. Depth of cannulation ranged from 44 to 56 mm (mean 49.7). Ventricular saline infusion complemented by nanoprobe injection suggests CSF flows in neural sheaths, including pia meninges, epineurial channels, perineurium, and myelin sheaths (neurolemma). Conclusions: Ventricular infusion and nanoprobes identify CSF flow in neural sheaths of human nerves. CSF flow in nerves is an open circulatory system that occurs via channels, intracellular flow, and cell-to-cell transport associated with glial cells. Neural sheaths, including neurolemma, may participate in glucose and solute transport to axons. These techniques may be used in anatomic dissection and live animal models, and have been extended to the central nervous system to identify direct ventricle-to-pia meninges CSF pathways.
The Impact of Distant Education on the Art and Design Students’ Performance in Practical Courses during the Corona Pandemic. The School of Art and Design at the University of Jordan as a Model

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Objectives: The study aimed to reveal the extent to which students are affected by the transition to e-learning in light of the Corona pandemic, and how it affects their academic achievement and performance. The study also aimed to identify the reality of e-learning for practical courses in the Faculty of Arts and Design at the University of Jordan in light of the Corona pandemic. Methods: The descriptive survey approach was adopted in this study as it is the most suitable approach for the study's topic. E-learning for practical courses was measured using a questionnaire distributed to 120 students to collect data from the study sample. The collected data was then analyzed using SPSS to obtain results that could help answer the research questions. Results: The study showed that there are differences in students' performance as a result of the transition to e-learning, which has had a negative impact on their academic achievement. It also revealed that practical courses in the Faculty of Arts and Design at the University of Jordan were negatively affected in terms of learning outcomes compared to in-person learning. Conclusion: The study concluded that the e-learning process falls short of achieving the goals of education in practical courses, necessitating the development of e-learning programs and platforms that are aligned with the requirements of these courses.
IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS DUE DILIGENCE THROUGH CORPORATE CIVIL LIABILITY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Since the adoption of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights the relationship between human rights due diligence (HRDD) and corporate liability has been a source of legal uncertainty. In order to clarify this relationship, this article compares and contrasts civil liability provisions aiming at implementing HRDD. It explains the legal liability mechanisms in the draft Treaty on Business and Human Rights and in domestic mandatory HRDD legislation and initiatives such as the French Duty of Vigilance Law and the Swiss Responsible Business Initiative. It compares these developments with the emerging case law on parent company and supply chain liability for human rights abuses. It explores the potentially perverse effects that certain civil liability provisions and court decisions might have on companies’ practices. Finally, it makes recommendations for the design of effective liability mechanisms to implement HRDD.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Red Cell Distribution Width in Diagnosing Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in Patients with Abdominal Pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background We investigated the utility of the red cell distribution width (RDW) in diagnosing acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) in patients with abdominal pain. Methods The patients were divided into two groups in this retrospective case–control study: patients with AMI and patients with abdominal pain who did not require urgent surgery. Venous blood was collected from the patients upon admission to the emergency department, and abdominal computed tomography angiography was performed. The RDW and hematological and biochemical parameters of the groups were compared. The primary outcome was AMI among the patients with abdominal pain. The secondary outcome was mortality, complaint period, and size of ischemia/necrosis among the AMI patients. Results The RDW, white blood cell lactate dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen of the patients with AMI were significantly different from those of the control group. When the average RDW (15.04 %) of the patients with AMI was used as a cut‐off value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR), and negative likelihood (−LR) were 40.8 %, 81.2 %, 2.17, and 0.73, respectively. When patients with AMI and anemia were included in the group, the sensitivity and specificity values did not change. There was no relation between the RDW and mortality, size of the ischemia/necrosis, and complaint period. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the average RDW between the patients with ischemia/necrosis in the small intestine only and those with ischemia/necrosis in the colon. Conclusion The RDW on admission is of marginal help to diagnose AMI among patients with abdominal pain.