jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Magnetosphere simulations with ideal MHD, Hall MHD and the MHD with Adaptively Embedded Particle-in-Cell (MHD-AEPIC) models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;The Magnetohydrodynamic with Embedded Particle-In-Cell (MHD-EPIC) model has been developed and applied successfully to Earth, Mercury, Mars and Ganymede magnetosphere simulations. While MHD-EPIC is many orders of magnitude faster than a fully kinetic global model, it can become prohibitively slow if the potential region of interest where kinetic phenomena, such as magnetic reconnection, can occur is large. This is due to the fact that the PIC domain in MHD-EPIC is restricted to a set of static Cartesian boxes. For example, a very large PIC box would be needed to accommodate the flapping motion of the magnetotail current sheet during a geomagnetic storm simulation. To tackle this problem, we have developed a new MHD with Adaptively Embedded Particle-In-Cell (MHD-AEPIC) model. MHD-AEPIC inherits all numerical algorithms from MHD-EPIC and incorporates a new adaptive PIC model, the Flexible Kinetic Simulator (FLEKS). FLEKS allows the PIC cells to be activated and deactivated during a simulation. The coupling between the MHD model and the adaptive PIC grid has been developed and implemented into the Space Weather Modeling Framework. We have also developed physics-based criteria to identify potential reconnection sites, which makes the adaptation fully automatic. In this work, we apply the new MHD-AEPIC model to a geomagnetic storm simulation and demonstrate how adaptation makes this simulation feasible. We compare MHD-AEPIC, Hall MHD and ideal MHD simulation results with each other and with observations ranging from electron scales to global scales. In particular, we demonstrate that MHD-AEPIC is capable of reproducing electron-scale physics in a global simulation.&lt;/p&gt;
Exploring a Model of Autonomy to Live, Learn and Teach By

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While there have been many attempts to define and redefine autonomy in language learning in order to outline and pinpoint its inherent qualities, it has been a rather different matter when it comes to providing some kind of model of or model for autonomy on which to base language learning and teaching practices. It is unfortunate that the few attempts to provide such a model have been somewhat neglected, since a model could perhaps enable us to transform theory into practice and serve as a framework or guide which could inform our learning, teaching, and even living. In this paper, I will examine the EFL models for autonomy which were investigated for deployment on the Assessment for Autonomy Research Project (AARP), initiated in 2005 and completed in 2010, and consider their advantages and drawbacks. I will then explore the possibility of whether a model, created by Stolk, Martello and Geddes (2007) for the Lifelong Learning of Engineers and adapted by the author to the context of the AARP in a Greek Higher Education (HE) EFL setting, could be appropriated and used by others in different educational, cultural, geographical and socio-political contexts.
Predisposing factors for first and recurrent venous thrombosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Venous thrombosis, which mainly manifests as deep vein thrombosis of the leg or pulmonary embolism, is a major contributor to global disease burden. With a recurrence rate of approximately 25% in 5 years, and a 30-day case fatality rate of 5–10%, identification of predisposing factors for venous thrombosis is imperative. Dozens of risk factors for first venous thrombosis are known today, which can be grouped into three categories: first venous thrombosis 'provoked by a transient risk factor', 'provoked by a persistent risk factor', or 'unprovoked'. This chapter comments on how risk factors known today can be classified into these categories, how this classification determines recurrence risk, and how knowledge on predisposing risk factors should be interpreted and integrated for optimal clinical use. The chapter proposes that predisposing factors for venous thrombosis are not the same for each high-risk situation. This is important to consider when one wants to identify high-risk groups in, for example, cancer patients, surgical patients, in patients with a medical illness, or in patients at risk for recurrent venous thrombosis. This way it will be possible to expose only those patients at unacceptably high risk of thrombosis to the risks and burden of anticoagulant treatment. In conclusion, the knowledge on predisposing factors for venous thrombosis is extensive, but the patient will benefit most when this knowledge is properly integrated, depending on the clinical situation.
Automated Meteor Fluxes with a Wide-Field Meteor Camera Network

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Within NASA, the Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO) is charged to monitor the meteoroid environment in near ]earth space for the protection of satellites and spacecraft. The MEO has recently established a two ]station system to calculate automated meteor fluxes in the millimeter ]size ]range. The cameras each consist of a 17 mm focal length Schneider lens on a Watec 902H2 Ultimate CCD video camera, producing a 21.7 x 16.3 degree field of view. This configuration has a red ]sensitive limiting meteor magnitude of about +5. The stations are located in the South Eastern USA, 31.8 kilometers apart, and are aimed at a location 90 km above a point 50 km equidistant from each station, which optimizes the common volume. Both single station and double station fluxes are found, each having benefits; more meteors will be detected in a single camera than will be seen in both cameras, producing a better determined flux, but double station detections allow for non ]ambiguous shower associations and permit speed/orbit determinations. Video from the cameras are fed into Linux computers running the ASGARD (All Sky and Guided Automatic Real ]time Detection) software, created by Rob Weryk of the University of Western Ontario Meteor Physics Group. ASGARD performs the meteor detection/photometry, and invokes the MILIG and MORB codes to determine the trajectory, speed, and orbit of the meteor. A subroutine in ASGARD allows for the approximate shower identification in single station meteors. The ASGARD output is used in routines to calculate the flux in units of #/sq km/hour. The flux algorithm employed here differs from others currently in use in that it does not assume a single height for all meteors observed in the common camera volume. In the MEO system, the volume is broken up into a set of height intervals, with the collecting areas determined by the radiant of active shower or sporadic source. The flux per height interval is summed to obtain the total meteor flux. As ASGARD also computes the meteor mass from the photometry, a mass flux can be also calculated. Weather conditions in the southeastern United States are seldom ideal, which introduces the difficulty of a variable sky background. First a weather algorithm indicates if sky conditions are clear enough to calculate fluxes, at which point a limiting magnitude algorithm is employed. The limiting magnitude algorithm performs a fit of stellar magnitudes vs camera intensities. The stellar limiting magnitude is derived from this and easily converted to a limiting meteor magnitude for the active shower or sporadic source.
An Energy-efficient Processing-in-memory Architecture for Long Short Term Memory in Spin Orbit Torque MRAM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many recent studies have focused on Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures for neural networks to resolve the memory bottleneck problem. Especially, an increased interest in Spin Orbit Torque (SOT)-MRAMs has emerged due to its low latency, high energy efficiency, and non-volatility. However, the previous work added extra computing circuits to support complicated computations, which results in large energy overheads. In this work, we propose a new PIM architecture with relatively small peripheral circuit, which produces the highest energy efficiency for processing a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) among the PIM architectures. We improve the efficiency with a new computing method for logical operations, which exploits characteristics of SOT-MRAMs. We reduce the number of word lines (WLs) activated concurrently to one from two in the previous works. As a result, the energy for driving WLs is saved, and the sensing current for computation is reduced. Moreover, we propose efficient methods for additions, multiplications and non-linear activation functions in memory to process an LSTM. Accordingly, we achieve 1.26x energy efficiency with the proposed computing method for logical operations compared to the previous study based on SOT-MRAMs and up to 5.54x energy efficiency over the previous PIM architectures based on other memories.
Complete Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens Myophage MyoSmar

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that causes respiratory, urinary, and digestive tract infections in humans. Here, we describe the annotation of Serratia marcescens myophage MyoSmar. The 68,745-bp genome encodes 105 predicted proteins and is most similar to the genomes of Pseudomonas PB1-like viruses.
Toward a Fuzzy Theory of Performance Measurement

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : This report offers an alternative method for evaluating military unit performance. Fuzzy set theory is presented as a formal model of language expressions used in value judgments made by military experts. Further, it is suggested that fuzzy set theory may be used to connect the automated or instrumented physical measures taken from unit exercises with subjective judgments of expert military observers who interpret events in the framework of accepted concepts and principles of effective ground operations. Finally, the report documents a case study of a military domain of constructs wherein a sample of commanders identify three dimensions of communication and the semantic networks used to judge reports on these dimensions. The networks provide a sample group of interrelated terms that can be used to investigate the validity of fuzzy set operations for representing how expert observers describe and quantify aspects of communication performance.
IPCC-AR4 MPI-ECHAM5_T63L31 MPI-OM_GR1.5L40 SRESB1 run no.1: atmosphere monthly mean values MPImet/MaD Germany

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Project: IPCC Assessment Report Four ECHAM5/MPIOM data sets - The project embraces the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPIOM, relevant for the 4th Assessment Report (AR4, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global environment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and to aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenario families (A1, A2, B1, B2) have been developed (see also http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/index.htm ) The model output data are available at the World Data Center for Climate, Hamburg.( wdc-climate.de ).Projection of future trends based on selected emission scenarios are provided through this project for a great many model variables of ECHAM5/MPIOM . For a selected set of variables the IDCC-Data Distribution Center provides additional data sets from a multitude of models that contribute to the IPCC-AR4 report (project: IPCC_DDC_AR4). Summary: The data represent monthly average values of selected variables for the Data Distribution Centre (DDC) of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (see also: http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk) The B1 scenario describes a storyline with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy, with reductions in material intensity and the introduction of clean and resource-efficient technologies. The experiment has been initialized in year 2000 of the 20C_1 run and continues until year 2100 with anthropogenic forcings (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, O3 and sulfate) according to B1. The experiment is extended until year 2200 with all concentrations fixed at their levels of year 2100 (stabilization experiment). Datasets with higher resolution (6 hourly) are also available. Technical data to this experiment: The experiment is using ECHAM5.2.02a coupled to MPI-OM Vers. 1.0 GR1.5L40 and was run on a NEC-SX (hurrikan). The output from the model run: hurrikan.dkrz.de: /ut/k/k204098/EXP000/run013
Images of Encounters in Social Work - with a Focus on Social Interaction, Morality and Gender

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter provides an overview of Nordic research concerning the encounter between social workers and clients. It reports the results of research conducted in Nordic countries on the encounter between social workers and clients within social services. The focus of the report is being upon research studying authentic conversations between social workers and clients. Encounters between clients and social workers are influenced by a number of different factors. The chapter shows how social interaction may be understood as a kind of negotiation process between the parties to the conversation. The interplay between participants in the encounter in the social welfare institution was said in the introduction to be dependent upon relevant background and contextual factors. The encounter between the social worker and client within social welfare institutions may be described as a phase in the transformation of sociopolitical issues to institutionally delimited problem definitions and measures that are the hallmark of modern society.
The Design and Validation of the Four Tier Test Instrument for Energy Literacy Using the Rasch Model Analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The science education curriculum needs to contain content on environmental issues including energy and its use as an effort to equip prospective physics teacher students with knowledge about the importance of reducing the impact of energy use. For this reason, it is important to measure energy literacy knowledge in prospective physics teacher students. This study aims to design and validate a four-tier test instrument to measure the energy literacy knowledge of prospective physics teacher students. The test instrument format used is a four-tier test. This test model has the advantage of being able to capture more accurate information with various answer patterns. The stages of developing this test used the design-based research model which consisted of five stages, namely developing an assessment framework, designing items, developing rubrics, conducting tests, and applying the Racsh Model analysis. The application of the Racsh Model analysis aims to obtain a valid and reliable test instrument with the Item Response Theory (IRT) approach assisted by the Winsteps program. The research method used is a descriptive-exploratory method to describe the results of the development and validation of the Four Tier test to measure Energy Literacy for prospective physics teacher student. The validation of the test was carried out through an assessment by five experts to assess the construct and content of the test instrument. The results of the item validation showed that the questions were acceptable in all aspects. The conclusion is that the test with four-tier format is suitable for identifying the knowledge of prospective physics teacher students about Energy Literacy. The four tier test model in exploring the energy literacy abilities of prospective teacher students can basically also be applied to students at the elementary school, middle school and high school levels. However, the complexity of the content tested needs to be adjusted to the existing curriculum at each level.
Effects of vermincompost application on the population dynamics of Hypogastrura denticulata (Collembola) in an orchard habitat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of vermicompost application on population abundance, vertical and spatial distribution, and the population age structure of Hypogastrura denticulata (Collembola). In field, experiment was designed on the base of completely randomize samples. Vermincompost treatments at doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 kg/plot were adopted and Collembola densities were estimated four times during 1 year after treatment. A significant effect on the abundance of Collembola in the 15 kg treated plot was observed, where its population abundance was obviously flourished. However, at a dose of 15 kg/plot, intensive vertical migration was recorded. In a vermin compost-free plot, and 5kg vermincompost treated plot Hypogastrura denticulata showed tendency of less frequent spatial aggregation. The application of vermincompostat the highest dose had a marked influence on the aggregation indices. A slight effect at the dose of 5 kg/plot, on the current reproductionstatuswas observed but no significant effect of that dose comparing with control could be detected. At the high dose of vermin compost (5 kg/plot) the pattern of the frequency distribution curve of different age classes could describe the general characteristic of the expanding population. It is concluded that the vermincompost treatment of 15 kg/plot has a positive effect on the abundance and the development of the test species. Moreover, that Hypogastrura denticulata may serve as bio indicators to evaluate the role of vermincompost application on the soil habitat.
Testing Grb2 as a Target for Cancer Therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract : In breast cancers with erbB-2 overexpression abnormal cell proliferation is caused by the extremely active tyrosine kinase activity and resulting high level of signal transduction. An early and important intermediate in this signalling is the adaptor protein Grb2. This application proposed to design and test novel Grb2 inhibitors. This analysis will have important implications for translational cancer research by testing Grb2 inhibition as a target for therapy using compounds of defined biochemical activity. The support from USAMRMC for the peptide based studies has led to development of modified peptidomimetics and small molecule inhibitors and successful funding from the Komen Foundation for Breast Cancer Research. The results from the peptide Grb-2 inhibitors study provided an important proof-of-concept for an approach that may generate specific, potent SH2 antagonists as clinical candidates in the near future. This type of SH2 antagonists might have a better therapeutic potential to be used either by themselves or in combination with other conventional chemotherapeutics in the treatment of breast cancer.
Predicting the Newtonian viscosity of complex fluids from high strain rate molecular simulations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The prediction of viscosity by molecular simulation has been a goal of molecular modeling essentially since its inception. With today’s computing power, the Newtonian or zero shear viscosity of a low molecular weight fluid can easily be determined using equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation methods. However, both methods are constrained to systems with relatively short relaxation times that are accessible on the timescale of a molecular dynamics simulation. Here we demonstrate that using a simple scaling relation enables us to predict the Newtonian viscosity of a molecule at any state point for a small fraction of the time that it takes to obtain the same result through nonequilibrium or equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation.
Relation of Stimulus-Size to Pattern Discrimination Training for the Hooded Rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Two experiments were performed to determine the relation of pattern area, background area, and pattern-background ratio to discrimination learning in the hooded rat. In Exp. 1 (triangle-circle discrimination) and Exp. 2 (diamond-square discrimination) a 1-sq. in. pattern placed on a 4-sq. in. background resulted in faster learning and a higher level of performance than three other pattern-background combinations. It was concluded that (a) supraliminal variation in stimulus-size is related to efficiency of discrimination learning, and (b) a unique combination of an optimal pattern and background area may be more critical than pattern area, background area, or pattern-background ratio per se.
Congenital Epulis: Case Report and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Congenital epulis of the neonate (CE) or congenital gingival granular cell tumor (CGCT) is a rare, benign, mostly single tumor. This arises from gingival mucosa, most commonly from maxillary alveolar ridge, with predominance in females. The histogenesis of the lesion remains unclear. The present report describes a case of congenital epulis in the maxillary alveolar ridge. This lesion was causing feeding difficulties and was excised under general anaesthesia.
Semi-supervised image classification based on a multi-feature image query language

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The area of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) deals with a wide range of research disciplines. Being closely related to text retrieval and pattern recognition, the probably most serious issue to be solved is the so-called \\semantic gap". Except for very restricted use-cases, machines are not able to recognize the semantic content of digital images as well as humans. This thesis identifies the requirements for a crucial part of CBIR user interfaces, a multimedia-enabled query language. Such a language must be able to capture the user's intentions and translate them into a machine-understandable format. An approach to tackle this translation problem is to express high-level semantics by merging low-level image features. Two related methods are improved for either fast (retrieval) or accurate(categorization) merging. A query language has previously been developed by the author of this thesis. It allows the formation of nested Boolean queries. Each query term may be text- or content-based and the system merges them into a single result set. The language is extensible by arbitrary new feature vector plug-ins and thus use-case independent. This query language should be capable of mapping semantics to features by applying machine learning techniques; this capability is explored. A supervised learning algorithm based on decision trees is used to build category descriptors from a training set. Each resulting \\query descriptor" is a feature-based description of a concept which is comprehensible and modifiable. These descriptors could be used as a normal query and return a result set with a high CBIR based precision/recall of the desired category. Additionally, a method for normalizing the similarity profiles of feature vectors has been developed which is essential to perform categorization tasks. To prove the capabilities of such queries, the outcome of a semi-supervised training session with \\leave-one-object-out" cross validation is compared to a reference system. Recent work indicates that the discriminative power of the query-based descriptors is similar and is likely to be improved further by implementing more recent feature vectors.