jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synergistic use of several receptor models (CMB, APCS and PMF) to interpret air quality data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract PM 10 samples were collected in Civitavecchia (Rome, Italy) during a monitoring campaign performed between August and September 2008; elemental, ionic and organic characterisation of the samples was carried out. Three receptor models (Chemical Mass Balance, Absolute Principal Component Scores and Positive Matrix Factorisation) were applied to identify PM 10 sources and their contributions. The results obtained by the models were compared in order to perform a robust characterisation of the sources. Seven emission sources were considered relevant for the area under investigation and their profiles were used to run CMB. Source percentage contributions to the total particulate matter samples were evaluated: the greater contribution was obtained for Traffic (39%), the lower for Marine Aerosol (3%). Five factors were selected to perform the multivariate receptor models (APCS and PMF) after the application of explorative Principal Component Analysis to the dataset. Furthermore, attention was focused on the characterisation of source profiles and contributions obtained by PMF because it best reconstructed the PM mass of the samples. The percentage contributions of the five sources to the total PM samples were estimated: the greater contribution was obtained for resuspended matter (22%), the lower for combustions (17%). The results of the source apportionment studies can be used by air quality managers to develop appropriate control strategy. However, the differences in sources profiles and weights obtained by the models were related to their specific approaches: further investigations are suggested in order to develop sources profiles more reliable for the area under investigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Food Deficits and Agricultural Policies in Tropical Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hunger is the most immediate, visible, and compelling symptom of a continent-wide agricultural breakdown in tropical Africa. The crisis of food deficits has now become so perennial and so widespread that it can no longer be understood as the outcome of particular political or climatic occurrences such as wars, ethnic strife, or drought. SubSaharan Africa is the only region in the world where food production per capita has declined during the past two decades. As a result, the average calorie intake per capita has now fallen below minimal nutritional standards in a majority of African countries. By current estimates, approximately 150 million out of Africa's 450 million people suffer from some form of malnutrition originating in an inadequate supply of foodstuffs. This abysmal picture is further highlighted by the fact that the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations recently indicated that no fewer than 28 African countries were faced with food shortages so critical that further famine might occur imminently. This stark reality challenges fundamentally our earlier assumptions about the possibility of economic devlopment.
The Crucible of Southern Vietnamese Nationalism and America’s Cold War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the rise of nationalism in South Vietnam within the context of the Cold War. On February 1, 1950, a U.S. State Department working group articulated the logic for providing American military aid to France during the Indochina war. Over the next four years, Washington increased its economic support to France and pressured it to continue the fight against falling dominoes in Southeast Asia. This chapter argues that the United States pressed the French to grant greater independence to the noncommunist nationalist government they had established in Saigon not because of concern over Vietnam's internal affairs, but because of its perceived strategic significance within the Cold War international system. It also suggests that the United States was driven by fears that it might be losing ground to the Soviet Union in a competition for the allegiance of the rapidly decolonizing world.
In vitro prescreening study of the hemoreactivity of polymeric nanocarriers designed for the delivery of biopharmaceutical drugs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The optimization of nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery, in particular to target the blood brain barrier (BBB), imposes to verify their hemocompatibility both for toxicology and targeting efficiency perspectives. The large surface area of the NPs that can be exposed to the biological environment promotes their interaction with various biochemicals, in particular proteins which, following adsorption, can elicit the activation of biological cascades responsible either for NPs clearance or/and harmful body reactions (inflammatory / coagulation). In the framework of the European Integrated Project : “Nanobiopharmaceutics”, we had the opportunity to compare in vitro the hemoreactivity of about 145 different NP samples differing in core and surface chemistry and classified according to their expected difference in hydrophobicity based on the nature of their core materials. According to this classification, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles, polyglycidol-polyethyethylene oxide nanoparticles, polyglycidol thyolated or polyacrylamide nanogels, and polyelectrolyte complexes either based on polyamidoamine or poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethylmethacrylate) have been evaluated within a concentration range of 0.3 to 1000 μg/mL. The in vitro tests have been performed for screening purposes adopting normal human bloods and according to Iso 10993. The results of this extensive study clearly highlighted that most of the polymeric nanoparticles evaluated give rise to some alterations of the blood components. In particular the platelets, the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the complement activation were found to be the most reactive biological parameters in the presence of these nanostuctures. Although not strictly related to their surface chemistry, the classification of the NPs allowed us to derive some clear correlations between the nanomaterial properties and their hemoreactivity. Within the class of polyelectrolyte complexes, the modification of the surface chemistry was found to drastically improve their hemoreactivity.
Short report: Ceftriaxone for cat and dog bites. Simple outpatient treatment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ounds inflicted by cats and dogs are reported to account for 1% yearly of all visits to emergency departments (EDs).1 Although dogs cause most animal-infl icted wounds (95%), infections occur more commonly after cat bites (50% incidence) than dog bites (10% to 15% incidence).2 Cats’ teeth cause deep punctures and seed tissues with their oral bacteria. Pasteurella species, the pathogen isolated most commonly from infected animal bites, is recovered from 50% of infected dog bites and 75% of infected cat bites. Other important pathogens include Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Capnocytophaga, and assorted anaerobic bacteria.3 Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and fi rst-generation cephalosporins are ineff ective against Pasteurella species.4,5 Amoxicillin-clavulanate, other β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and certain secondand third-generation cephalosporins provide good to excellent activity against most animal-bite pathogens.4,5 Published recommendations cite oral amoxicillin-clavulanate as the drug of choice for mild infections caused by animal bites,6 and hospitalization and intravenous (IV) antibiotics for moderate and severe infections.6-8 Th e latter treatment is expensive and inconvenient. For moderate-to-severe wound infections, you could choose the antibiotic ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin. Although never directly assessed for clinical efficacy in animalwound infections, it is eff ective against common bite pathogens.9 Its serum half-life of 8 hours permits once-daily dosing and eliminates need for hospitalization merely for drug administration.10 Intramuscular (IM) administration of ceftriaxone is technically simple, rapidly done, and nearly painless, and it eliminates the cost and inconvenience of establishing IV access. Ceftriaxone is covered by most drug plans. Th is paper describes our experience with an ED protocol that used ceftriaxone in the initial phase of outpatient management of seriously infected wounds from animal bites.
Enseñanza - color - País Vasco: claves de una reflexión (ávida de esperanza)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article revolves around the initial components of the title -a professional situation, a topic being studied and a socio cultural context with the Basque language as its outstanding protagonist - and it aims, faced with the vigour of the 'universalist' (or Western mentality's) outline of perception, comprehension and articulation of the world of colour which tends to build itself up as the main (if not the only) reference guideline, claiming responsibility for its cultural dimension by raising awareness of the Basque situation, with particular reference to schools.
Using class decompilers to facilitate the security of Java applications!

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Undoubtedly, Java/sup TM/ has become a very popular choice of Internet programming language for developing many Web applications. However, few engineers or researchers questioned Java security problems due to its informative classfiles in which hackers can easily use most available decompilers to reverse-engineer targeted applications. We investigate an interesting proposal of the innovative combination of class decompilers and obfuscators as a feedback-and-control system to secure Java applications. Unlike ordinary obfuscation techniques which always require prior knowledge about the Java source files, our approach can start from the compiled Java classfiles, especially useful when the original source is partially or completely lost. Moreover, the obfuscated codes can also use back the class decompiler as a tester to check if the final product is sufficiently secured. In general, our contribution is two-fold. First, our proposal demonstrated the first constructive use of class decompilers to facilitate the security of Java applications. Decompilers are combined with visualization techniques to deduce useful information for obfuscation. More importantly, with component-based approach, our implemented system can actually be extended as a centralized Web-based testing center with a library of obfuscators to secure most real-life Java applications against a collection of class decompilers.
Labisia pumila var. alata Extract Induces Apoptosis Cell Death by Inhibiting the Activity of Oestrogen Receptors in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Labisia pumila var. alata (LP) is an herbaceous shrub commonly used by women to promote health and vitality, alleviate postmenopausal symptoms, and enhance libido. Research indicates that LP possesses significant oestrogenic and antiproliferative properties towards breast cancer; however, the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigate the oestrogenic effects of LP in inducing apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells and the mechanisms underlying this process. Docking analysis reveals that the phytoestrogens in LP can bind to oestrogen receptors (ER), specifically ERα and ERβ. MTT assays demonstrate that LP has a dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative effect on MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of LP on MCF-7 cells is inhibited by Fulvestrant, indicating that its effects are mediated through oestrogen receptors. Flow cytometry analysis shows that the antiproliferative effect of LP results from the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The activation of caspase 3, along with caspase 8 and caspase 9, suggests that LP triggers apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The findings regarding the aqueous extract of LP and its impact on the proliferative activity of MCF-7 cells may have significant therapeutic and preventive implications for future drug development, particularly in the context of breast cancer.
United Nations convention on the Law of the Sea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

STATUS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA, OF THE AGREEMENT RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PART XI OF THE CONVENTION AND OF THE AGREEMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION RELATING TO THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS, AS AT 30 NOVEMBER 2019
The Impact of Culture & Ethnicity on the Counseling Process: Perspectives of Genetic Counselors from Minority Ethnic Groups

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In the genetic counseling profession, discussions about cross-cultural counseling and cultural competence emphasize the importance of patient culture as well as counselor culture in a counseling session. A culturally competent counselor should be aware of the influence of her own cultural values on interactions with patients and peers (Weil, 2000; & Uhlmann, Schuette, & Yashar, 2011). Focusing specifically on counselors from cultural/ethnic minorities, this mixed-methods study sought to empirically evaluate the influence of a counselor's cultural values and ethnic identity on the genetic counseling process. 162 genetic counselors, 58 of whom self-identified as being from an ethnic minority group, completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) scale (Phinney, 1992). The survey also included additional questions from the Benet-Martinez Acculturation scale (BMAS) (Benet-Martinez, 2006), demographic data, and questions regarding patient preference and cross-cultural counseling. 20 counselors participated in semi-structured telephone interviews to discuss cultural values, cultural competency, preference, experiences surrounding cross-cultural counseling. Results showed that patient preference and cross-cultural changes in counseling were not significantly associated with ethnic identity or acculturation, but were significantly associated with the counselor's age and years of experience; younger counselors and counselors with less clinical experience are more likely to alter their counseling based on cultural similarity. The importance of family and education were cultural values that were considered to directly influence the respondents' approach to genetic counseling. While some changes in counseling based on cultural differences were noted, counselors generally felt that the needs of the patient were more influential than the cultural similarity between them. A discussion of common genetic counselor traits and recommendations for improved cultural competency are provided.
EOS Topical meeting on Diffractive Optics 1 Efficient spectrometer gratings in the resonance domain

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The growing use of optics in modern measuring systems as well as the evolution of the fabrica-tion methods of microstructures have given rise to a demand for developing novel approaches to obtaining higher efficiencies and wider operating frequency bands [1]. For several decades gratings have been handy tools to analyze narrow spectra because the decay of the diffraction
Accurate minkowski sum approximation of polyhedral models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present an algorithm to approximate the 3D Minkowski sum of polyhedral objects. Our algorithm decomposes the polyhedral objects into convex pieces, generates pairwise convex Minkowski sums and computes their union. We approximate the union by generating a voxel grid, computing signed distance on the grid points and performing isosurface extraction from the distance field. The accuracy of the algorithm is mainly governed by the resolution of the underlying volumetric grid. Insufficient resolution can result in unwanted handles or disconnected components in the approximation. We use an adaptive subdivision algorithm that overcomes these problems by generating a volumetric grid at an appropriate resolution. We guarantee that our approximation has the same topology as the exact Minkowski sum. We also provide a two-sided Hausdorff distance bound on the approximation. Our algorithm is relatively simple to implement and works well on complex models. We have used it for exact 3D translation motion planning, offset computation, mathematical morphological operations and bounded-error penetration depth estimation.
Barns tannhelse i Oslo

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

English summary Childrens'' oral health in Oslo. A combined east-west and an ethnic perspective 872-7 Reports from the Public Dental Service in Oslo have shown east-west diversity in oral health of children and adolescents benefitting the western parts of the city. Epidemiological studies found a difference in the occurrence of caries between ethnic Norwegian and immigrant children. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the effect of either of the variables residence and ethnic background, and to study any interaction between the variables. In 2011 oral health data from 480 3-, 12- and 18-years-old children were anonymously transferred from the service registers to independent data files. The clinical data comprised sound (S) and missing teeth (M) and untreated decay (D) at different levels accumulated over the years the child was treated in the service to a total caries score. The analysis comprised descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses including an interaction term. For the three agegroups the clinical indicators were better for the ethnic Norwegian group. There were few east- west differences in the clinical oral health variables. Only in the eighteen-years-old age group two interaction terms were statistically significant. The ethnic differences were thus independent of east-west residence among three and twelve year olds. Among eighteen year-olds the difference in number of sound teeth and surfaces with caries between the ethnic groups was larger on the western part of the city. The possible role of selection could not be sorted out. In summary, the traditional east-west difference in oral health in the city of Oslo may have been isolated to an ethnic challenge.
The effect of améliorant kind and its application time on soybean growth in tidal land soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tidal swampland is one type of suboptimal land that can be developed to increase food crop production in Indonesia. However, tidal land contains a lot of Al 3 + because it has acid soil reactions. Previous research found that the critical period for soybean plants against Al 3+ stress was at the beginning of growth until 20 days after planting. This study aims to obtain the appropriate ameliorant to overcome Al 3 + stress during the critical period of soybean growth. An experiment on the types of ameliorant and the application time was arranged in a randomized block design repeated three times. The kinds of ameliorant tested were no ameliorant, dolomite, husk charcoal, husk ash, and straw. Each ameliorant was given 2 tonnes ha −1 before planting in dry cultivation (DC), before planting in saturated soil culture (SSC), 10 days after planting (DAP) on DC, 10 DAP for SSC, 20 DAP on DC, and 20 DAP on SSC. The experiment results are consistent with studies of saturated soil culture, which show that soybean in water-saturated culture has better growth than dry cultivation. In all kinds of ameliorant and at all times, saturated soil culture had more effect on the growth and production of soybeans. The kind of ameliorant only affected the number of branches, and the highest number of branches was obtained in soybean treated with dolomite ameliorant. However, it was not significantly different from other ameliorants.
Mission to Nowhere: Putting Short-Term Missions into Context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 33, No. 4 S missions have experienced explosive growth in the past two decades.1 In addition to the many parachurch organizations promoting such trips, for many congregations this sort of “mission” has become a key component of youth group activities. In the United States short-term mission trips are widely promoted as a key means through which average church members can become involved in mission outreach and by which they can make a direct, even sacrificial contribution in the foreign missions work of the church. Today more than 1,600,000 adults and young people from the United States travel abroad yearly on short-term mission trips, most for two weeks or less duration.2 A phenomenon of this scope certainly merits social-scientific observation, as well as missiological reflection. My expertise is as an anthropologist. Over a two-year period I observed a high school mission team in their preparation and visit to the Dominican Republic. My research uncovered multiple ways in which the group’s preparation, travel, and return narrative served to minimize the contextual specificity of the trip’s destination in favor of a more generic “short-term mission” Mission to Nowhere: Putting Short-Term Missions into Context
The Validity of Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CME Educational Objectives 1. Differentiate the consistencies of the historical concepts of bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia and distinguish that the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder are unique and disease-specific in contrast with those of schizophrenia. 2. Compare the validities of schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. 3. Outline the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder.
A silent mutation, C924T (G308G), in the L1CAM gene results in X linked hydrocephalus (HSAS).

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a neuronal gene involved in the development of the nervous system. Mutations in L1CAM are known to cause several clinically overlapping X linked mental retardation conditions: X linked hydrocephalus (HSAS), MASA syndrome (mental retardation, aphasia, shuffling gait, adducted thumbs), spastic paraplegia type I (SPG1), and X linked agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). In an analysis of a family with HSAS, we identified a C-->T transition (C924T) in exon 8 that was initially thought to have no effect on the protein sequence as the alteration affected the third base of a codon (G308G). Extensive analysis of the other 27 exons showed no other alteration. A review of the sequence surrounding position 924 indicated that the C-->T transition created a potential 5' splice site consensus sequence, which would result in an in frame deletion of 69 bp from exon 8 and 23 amino acids of the L1CAM protein. RT-PCR of the RNA from an affected male fetus and subsequent sequence analysis confirmed the use of the new splice site. This is the first report of a silent nucleotide substitution in L1CAM giving rise to an alteration at the protein level. Furthermore, it shows that as mutation analysis plays an ever more important role in human genetics, the identification of a synonymous base change should not be routinely discounted as a neutral polymorphism.
COMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF THYROID SURGERY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To find out the incidence of complications in Thyroid surgery in a tertiary care Hospital.Material and Methods: It was a retrospective study done in the Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. The study was conducted from January 2006 to December, 2015.Results: Post operative complications were studied in 230 patients undergone thyroid surgery. Female to male ratio was 6.6:1. Mean age was 42 years, Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) damage 6 (2.6%), Bilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) damage 02 (0.86%), Haematoma 02 (0.86%) and Tracheostomy needed 02 (0.86%).Conclusion: Recurrent laryngeal Nerve damage and haematoma formation are common complications in thyroid surgery