jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Novel Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy for Detection of Iron‐Induced Morphological Changes in Human Blood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Fibrinogen is key to the maintenance of hemostasis and is an acute phase protein that is part of the coagulation cascade of proteins. It plays a fundamental role in inflammation, particularly as indicator for a proinflammatory state and is a prominent marker for developing vascular inflammatory diseases. The ultrastructure of fibrin nets can be studied using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) with the addition of thrombin to plasma. In inflammatory conditions such as thromboembolic ischemic stroke and diabetes, the fibrin networks are changed to from dense matted fibrin deposits ( DMDs ) instead of typical netlike appearance. Similar DMDs can also be induced with the addition of FeCl 2 and FeCl 3 . Importantly, the iron‐induced DMDs look similar to those from patients with prothrombotic conditions. Excessive or misplaced tissue iron now is recognized to pose a substantial health risk. The current research therefore investigates the establishment of a laboratory fibrinogen model to study that might mimic fibrin fiber generation that is achieved using plasma from healthy and diseased individuals. Furthermore, to determine whether the addition of iron to purified fibrinogen will show DMDs and whether hydrophilic agents can prevent them. We conclude that SEM is a very effective tool for the visualization of circulatory consequences of the interaction of iron‐induced hydroxyl radicals with human fibrinogen. Furthermore, this novel fibrinogen model provides a convenient method to study the interactions of the intramolecular and intermolecular hydrophobic forces responsible for the maintenance of the tertiary structure of native fibrin(ogen) and the prevention of iron‐induced DMDs formation by hydrophilic agents. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:268–271, 2013 . © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of exercise on hypoglycaemic responses in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study sought to determine whether moderate exercise influences hypoglycaemic responses in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ten patients with IDDM and no history of hypoglycaemia unawareness or autonomic neuropathy were included. The patients were studied in random order on 4 occasions: twice during euglycaemia (once at rest and once on a treadmill) and twice during a gradual drop in blood glucose from 5 to 2 mmol/l (once at rest and once on a treadmill). Blood samples for hormones and glucose were drawn, and a symptom questionnaire was filled out every 5 min. Cognitive tests were performed at the start and end of each study. Glucose thresholds for hormones and symptoms are reported as the plasma glucose level at which responses were more than two standard deviations above basal level and continued to increase. The thresholds for adrenaline and noradrenaline release came at a significantly higher blood glucose level during exercise than at rest: 2.7 +/- 0.2 vs 2.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (p < 0.05) for adrenaline and 2.7 +/- 0.2 vs 2.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (p < 0.01) for noradrenaline. Thresholds for neuroglycopenic symptoms were also at a significantly higher blood glucose level during exercise: 2.6 +/- 0.2 vs 2.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (p < 0.05). During hypoglycaemia, patients showed a non-significant trend towards a lower score on cognitive tests during exercise than at rest. It is concluded that moderate exercise during a gradual drop in blood glucose does not mask hypoglycaemic responses in patients with IDDM.
Plasma exosomes are enriched in Hsp70 and modulated by stress and cortisol in rainbow trout

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Exosomes are endosomally derived vesicles that are secreted from cells and contain a suite of molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. Recent studies suggest the possibility that exosomes in circulation may be affecting recipient target cell function, but the modes of action are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exosomes are in circulation in fish plasma and that these vesicles are enriched with heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Exosomes were isolated from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) plasma using differential centrifugation, and their presence was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and the exosomal marker acetylcholinesterase. Plasma exosomes were enriched with Hsp70, and this stress protein was transiently elevated in trout plasma in response to a heat shock in vivo . Using trout hepatocytes in primary culture, we tested whether stress levels of cortisol, the principle corticosteroid in teleosts, regulates exosomal Hsp70 content. As expected, a 1-h heat shock (+15°C above ambient) increased Hsp70 expression in hepatocytes, and this led to higher Hsp70 enrichment in exosomes over a 24-h period. However, cortisol treatment significantly reduced the expression of Hsp70 in exosomes released from either unstressed or heat-shocked hepatocytes. This cortisol-mediated suppression was not specific to Hsp70 as beta-actin expression was also reduced in exosomes released from hepatocytes treated with the steroid. Our results suggest that circulating Hsp70 is released from target tissues via exosomes, and their release is modulated by stress and cortisol. Overall, we propose a novel role for extracellular vesicular transport of Hsp70 in the organismal stress response.
In Silico Study of Brazilin from Secang Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L) as a Candidate for Splenomegaly Therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Brazilin is a flavonoid found in secang (sappan) wood extract (Caesalpinia sappan L) currently undergoing clinical trials in phase 2 for the treatment of thalassemia patients. It is recognized for its antioxidant effects and its efficacy as a strong iron chelator, facilitating the binding and excretion of excess iron in the bloodstream of patients with thalassemia. This flavonoid compound may serve as a Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor through the EPO/EPOR/JAK2/STAT5 pathway, which is responsible for splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which sappan wood metabolite chemicals (brazilin) inhibit JAK2 in silico. This inhibition is expected to reduce splenomegaly in thalassemia patients and serve as an alternative to ruxolitinib (conventional medications). The pharmacokinetic profile of the ligand is predicted according to Lipinski's rule, while the binding energy (ΔG), initiation constant, and chemical bonds are examined using molecular docking with AutoDock v.4.25. This study successfully determined that brazilin, with a binding energy of -8.37 kcal/mol, is comparable to ruxolitinib, which has a binding energy of -8.71 kcal/mol. This finding shows that brazilin derived from sappan wood contains bioactive chemicals with potential JAK2 inhibitory activities. This finding establishes a foundation for further research aimed at developing new therapeutic agents for the treatment of splenomegaly in β-thalassemia and associated disorders.
Cross-wavelet transform as a new paradigm for feature extraction from noisy partial discharge pulses

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this work a new approach based on cross-wavelet transform towards identification of noisy Partial Discharge (PD) patterns has been proposed. Different partial discharge patterns are recorded from the various samples prepared with known defects. A novel cross-wavelet transform based technique is used for feature extraction from raw noisy partial discharge signals. Noise is a significant problem in PD detection. The proposed method eliminates the requirement of denoising prior to processing and therefore it can be used to develop an automated and intelligent PD detector that requires minimal human expertise during its operation and analysis. A rough-set theory (RST) based classifier is used to classify the extracted features. Results show that the partial discharge patterns can be classified properly from the noisy waveforms. The effectiveness of the feature extraction methodology has also been verified with two other commonly used classification techniques: Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based classifier and Fuzzy classifier. It is found that the type of defect within insulation can be classified efficiently with the features extracted from cross-wavelet spectra of PD waveforms by all of these methods with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Entrapment and Denial of the Crime: A Defense of the Inconsistency Rule

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although litigants in civil proceedings are permitted to argue inconsistent positions,' most federal courts have not allowed inconsistent defenses in criminal cases. 2 Concern over this so-called "inconsistency rule" in criminal cases most frequently arises with respect to the entrapment defense.Currently, the federal courts of appeals are split on the question whether a criminal defendant who wants to plead entrapment may also assert other defenses. 3 The Supreme Court has declined to resolve the issue. 4 After a brief discussion of the development of the entrapment defense, this note outlines the four approaches that the federal courts of appeals have taken in addressing whether a criminal defendant may assert inconsistent defenses in an entrapment case. 5 The note advocates adherence to the inconsistency rule, but suggests that courts adopt a more precise definition of "inconsistency" in this context. 6 The proposed rule would prohibit a defendant from denying a crime and asserting entrapment.It would not, however, require a defendant to admit the crime as a prerequisite to an entrapment plea.A defendant could deny the crime or not testify at all and receive entrapment instructions if the government's case-in-chief establishes entrapment as a matter of law.
Classification of Brain Tumor Into Four Categories Using Convolution Neural Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A Brain Tumor is a growth of abnormal cells in the brain which can cause discomfort and loss of function for some parts of the brain. The detection and classification of brain tumor using MRI Imaging is done manually by doctors and radiologists which is very time consuming and tedious task as well as the accuracy depends upon the human expertise. So, the use of computer aided technology such as Deep Learning becomes very necessary to overcome these limitations. Our proposed system used Deep Learning algorithm called CNN for automated detection and classification of brain tumor using MRI images into four major categories, Glioma, Meningioma, Pituitary Tumor and No-Tumor. Our dataset consists of 7,183 Brain MRI Images collected from different hospitals and few private scan centers in Mumbai, India. Out of 7,183 Brain MRI images, 5,712 images were used for training and 1,471 images were used for Test Dataset 1 and Test Dataset 2 contains 1,311 images acquired from online sources. Our proposed system has achieved 97.82% accuracy, 97.54% precision, 98.01% recall and 97.76% f1-score on the Test Dataset 1 while Test Dataset 2 achieved 98.70% accuracy, 98.59% precision, 98.66% recall and 98.61% f1-score.
The church in Nigeria and political economy of youth unemployment: A pragmatic approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nigeria has over 57% of its population as youths. The nation is rich in human and mineral \nresources, yet the level of youth unemployment continues to rise and to pose serious socioeconomic and political threats. The aim of this study was to highlight the strong link between \nthe high level of youth unemployment and the rising tide of violence and criminalization of \nthe public space in Nigeria. In other words, we argued that the youth routinely took out their \nfrustrations in violent and criminal forms. The study was set in Aba, city of Abia state, which \nis arguably the largest commercial town in the south-east region of Nigeria. It is also \nsynonymous with violent and criminal social breakdowns. This empirical study adopted a \nmulti-phase sampling technique for the data collection procedure, including the distribution \nof questionnaires, extensive library research and personal observation. By implication, both \nprimary and secondary sources were used. The results show that youth unemployment was \non the increase and government efforts alone were inadequate to solve the problem. In \nconclusion, the all-hands-on-deck approach was advocated. This entailed that the visibility of \nthe church at almost every level of community life, especially at the grass-root level must be \nused as a vital platform to reach the people. Thus, it was recommended that the church should \nactively tap into the multifarious professional capacities of her members and use them as \nresource persons to creatively tackle the problem of youth unemployment. \nCONTRIBUTION: This article contributes to the concept ‘faith seeking understanding’. It includes \na systematic and practical reflection, within a paradigm in which the intersection of social \nsciences and theology generates a transdisciplinary contested discourse.
Effectiveness of values communication through cross-cultural corporate symbol design

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Intercultural communication occurs between people whose culture, language, and visual perceptions are distinct enough to alter the communication event between them. In this arena, the graphic designer plays the role of a visual ambassador, creating vehicles of communication intended to carry messages within or across cultural barriers. The task is challenging and necessary because of the contemporary tendency toward globalization. In today's global market, multinational corporations are creating brands to express their corporate values. As a result, these corporations are more connected to their customers and are differentiated from their competition.;This study tested the effectiveness of communicating values instead of products in the design of a symbol for a cross-cultural corporation. For this study, the existing corporate symbol of a Colombian coffee company was redesigned into three different versions in an attempt to communicate values to a cross-cultural audience. Each symbol was tested by means of a survey completed by participants from different parts of the world who were studying at Iowa State University. The first survey tested the effectiveness of a symbol that communicates values only. The second survey tested the effectiveness of a symbol that communicates the same values when accompanied by a reference to a product. The final survey tested the influence of values perception when the symbol uses a universally recognized icon. This methodology provided a clear idea of the possibility to universally communicate values through a corporate symbol.;The results of this study showed that the corporate symbol which combined product and values had the highest percentage of values recognition. It can also be suggested that by using this corporate symbol redesign, the Colombian coffee company would effectively communicate what the company is and its brand values to a cross-cultural audience.
The importance of non-linear relationships between attitude and behaviour in policy research

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The relation between consumers’ attitude and behaviour is of importance in designing marketing and public policy measures. However, many empirical studies find only low effects of attitudes on behaviour. In this paper, we suggest that the conflicting evidence on the attitude-behaviour link is partly due to only extreme attitudes impacting behaviour. That is, possible non-linearities not detected by standard linear models could occur in the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. We present and compare alternative model specifications to assess the non-linear relationship. We test our view using empirical examples relating to the link between environmental concerns and the purchase of organic products, and the link between privacy concerns and the possession of loyalty cards. We find strong support for the appearance of a non-linear relationship between environmental concern and the purchase of organic products, while only weak support for such a relationship between privacy concern and the possession of loyalty cards. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007
THE BRILLIANCE OF GAS-LIT EYES: ARTHUR SYMONS’ EROTIC AUTO-VOYEURISM OBSERVED

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“And Never Know the Joy” : Sex and the Erotic in English Poetry promises the reader much to enjoy and to reflect on: riddles and sex games; the grammar of relationships; the cunning psychology of bodily fantasies; sexuality as the ambiguous performance of words; the allure of music and its instruments; the erotics of death and remembrance, are just a few of the initial themes that emerge from the twenty-five articles to be found in this volume, with many an invitation “to seize the day”. Reproduction, pregnancy, and fear; discredited and degraded libertines; the ventriloquism of sexual objects; the ease with which men are reduced to impotence by the carnality of women; orgasm and melancholy; erotic mysticism and religious sexuality; the potency and dangers of fruit and flowers; the delights of the recumbent male body and of dancing girls; the fertile ritual use of poetic texts; striptease and revolution; silent women reclaimed as active vessels, are amongst the many engaging topics that emerge out of the ongoing and entertaining scholarly discussion of sex and eroticism in English poetry.
Peer Review #1 of "Pollen extracts and constituent sugars increase growth of a trypanosomatid parasite of bumble bees (v0.2)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytochemicals produced by plants, including at flowers, function in protection against plant diseases, and have a long history of use against trypanosomatid infection.Floral nectar and pollen, the sole food sources for many species of insect pollinators, contain phytochemicals that have been shown to reduce trypanosomatid infection in bumble and honey bees when fed as isolated compounds.Nectar and pollen, however, consist of phytochemical mixtures, which can have greater antimicrobial activity than do single compounds.This study tested the hypothesis that pollen extracts would inhibit parasite growth.Extracts of six different pollens were tested for direct inhibitory activity against cell cultures of the bumble bee trypanosomatid gut parasite Crithidia bombi.Surprisingly, pollen extracts increased parasite growth rather than inhibiting it.Pollen extracts contained high concentrations of sugars, mainly the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.Experimental manipulations of growth media showed that supplemental monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) increased maximum cell density, while a common floral phytochemical (caffeic acid) with inhibitory activity against other trypanosomatids had only weak inhibitory effects onCrithidia bombi.These results indicate that, although pollen is essential for bees and other pollinators, pollen may promote growth of intestinal parasites that are uninhibited by pollen phytochemicals and, as a result, can benefit from the nutrients that pollen provides.
Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Aims Playing digital games has been associated with forms of addictive behavior. Past research on the subject has often been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds, due mainly to measurement or sampling issues. The present study aims to overcome these two limitations, and presents data from a representative study in G ermany using an already established instrument for measuring problematic game use. Design Large‐scale, representative study using a computer‐assisted telephone survey. Setting G ermany. Participants A total of 580 adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age, 1866 younger adults between 19–39 years and 1936 older adults aged 40 years and older (overall n = 4382). Measurements Problematic game use was measured with the G aming A ddiction S hort S cale ( GAS ), which covers seven criteria including salience, withdrawal and conflicts. Additionally, differential aspects of personality, as well as gaming behaviour, were measured. Findings Only seven respondents [0.2%, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 0.1, 0.3] met all criteria of the GAS Scale. In contrast, 3.7% (95% CI: 3.1, 4.3) of the respondents can be considered problematic users, meeting at least half these conditions. The percentage of problematic gamers among adolescents is above average (7.6%, 95% CI: 5.6, 10.1). High GAS scores are associated with aggression, low sociability and self‐efficacy and lower satisfaction with life. Additionally, these scores correspond with intensive use and preferences for certain gaming genres across all age groups. Conclusions Following G aming A ddiction S hort S cale criteria, gaming addiction is currently not a widespread phenomenon among adolescents and adults in G ermany. G aming A ddiction S hort S cale scores are associated with intensive use, as well as certain problematic aspects of individuals' personalities and social lives.
Fake But True: Model Maker Roberto Guatelli, Science Museums and Replicated Artifacts of Computing History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Science museums have a long tradition in resorting to reproductions, both to preserve original artifacts and to make exhibitions attractive by presenting the material culture of science and technology. The art of making copies of precious objects, sometimes for fakery or forgery, is as old as collecting, but since the 19th century it has become both commonplace and profitable. In this article, the authors reconstruct the life and works of a 20th century model maker, Roberto Guatelli, whose reproductions of technological artifacts of the past, particularly calculators, can be found in several museums.
New York; from North River; showing Brooklyn Bridge [front caption] (2back) [h0053ac2]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Postal data: posted, postmarked [straight lines with (COLLEGE?) embedded in the postmark] (NEW YORK, N.Y., OCT 4, 12-PM, 1907; SOUTH MANCHESTER, CONN., OCT 5, 1907, 12 M REC'D), stamp; Postcard type: undivided back; (THIS SIDE IS FOR THE ADDRESS ONLY); Printing information: series number (No. 228); Logo (POST CARD); Addressee (Miss Sigrid Jahnsson, South Manchester, c/o Miss A.W. Cherry, Conn., Mr. [indiscernible] Landsmann written in reverse above addressee); Benjamin Franklin one cent stamp facing front.
Psychoanalytic process and thought: Convergence of Bion and Matte‐Blanco

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Using the convergence between Bion and Matte-Blanco, in this article the author attempts to stress the view of the psychoanalytical method as promoter of expansion of the ability of the patient to think his emotional experiences. After a brief résumé of the ideas of both Bion and Matte-Blanco, certain points of congruence between the two are emphasised: the way of perceiving the range of phenomena observed by psychoanalysis, intuition as a method for observing this field, the feelings as the raw material for thinking, and the importance of the concept of infinity in psychoanalysis. The way in which the ideas of Matte-Blanco assist in the understanding of Bion's propositions is highlighted. Following these correlations, the author discusses certain questions pertinent to the psychoanalytical method and proposes a model in which the analyst acts as a mediator/catalyst in the process of revision of the ways in which the patient has organised his emotional experiences and the theories constructed to support these hypotheses. Samples of clinical material are presented.