jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A historical perspective on the working contributions of children in britain: 1800-1914

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper considers the work of children and their contribution to modern societies by looking at this from a historical perspective. Children's work today is often characterised as being little and of no consequence, while it is expected that children should enjoy a childhood free from the cares and worries of the adult working population. In this article I show how children's experience of work moved from the 'public' world of the street and workplace outside the home, to one where children's work is centred in the 'private' realm of the home and school. Children were denied the status and benefits associated with receiving a wage and were therefore a role assumed to be dependent upon others and undervalued. It is argued that children's place in society is similarly devalued and their contributions to the reproduction of that society marginalised. Children's activities and contributions are merely represented as being unworthy of any kind of economic, political or legal reward. The subsequent exclusion from social, economic and political reward separates children from the independence normally enjoyed by adults. While not of course condoning the exploitation of children, or even suggesting that children today are not entitled to a time where they are free of the burdens of paid work, I discuss how children's contributions are redefined, undermined and undervalued. I do so by focusing on the experience of the city of Manchester between 1800 and 1914, and the effects of the slow introduction of legislation curbing children's paid work.
Coherence-Based Prediction of Galaxy Phase Alignment and Spin Bias through Coherence Based Large Scale Eigenmodes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This work presents a first-principles theoretical and mathematical framework that derives galaxy phase alignment and spin bias as emergent phenomena from recursive symmetry breaking within a coherence field model. It introduces coherence eigenmodes that seed macroscopic phase correlations and directional spin asymmetries. Explicit predictions—such as the clockwise vs. counterclockwise galaxy spin excess, spin alignment correlation functions, redshift-dependent coherence decay, and large-scale filament formation—are derived and shown to be in agreement with data from JWST, COSMOS, Horizon-AGN, and CMB anomalies. Supplementary derivations provide detailed analytic support for each prediction, grounded in the spinor field dynamics of the model. Contact darkcoherence@gmail.com to colloborate and see the full model
PKPD Modeling of Predictors for Side Effects and Overall Survival in Sunitinb Treated Patients with Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumor

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

New approaches quantifying the effect of treatment are needed in oncology to improve the drug development process and to enable treatment optimization for existing therapies. This thesis focuses on the development of pharmacometric models for biomarkers, side effects and efficacy in order to identify predictors of clinical response in anti-cancer drug therapy. The variability in myelosuppression was characterized in six different cytotoxic anticancer treatments to evaluate a model-based dose individualization approach utilizing neutrophil counts as a biomarker. The estimated impact of inter-occasion variability was relatively low in relation to the inter-individual variability, indicating that myelosuppression is predictable from one treatment course to another. The approach may thereby be useful for dose optimization within an individual. To further study and to identify predictors for the severe side effect febrile neutropenia (FN), the relationship between the shape of the myelosuppression time-course and the probability of FN was characterized. Patients with a rapid decline in neutrophil counts and high drug sensitivity were identified to have a higher probability of developing FN compared with other patients who experience grade 4 neutropenia. Predictors of clinical response in patients receiving sunitinib for the treatment of gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST) were identified by the development of an integrated modeling framework. Drug exposure, biomarkers, tumor dynamics, side effects and overall survival (OS) were linked in a unified structure, and univariate and multivariate exposure variables were tested for their predictive capacities. The soluble biomarker, sVEGFR-3 and tumor size at start of treatment were found to be promising predictors of overall survival, with decreased sVEGFR-3 levels and smaller baseline tumor size being predictive of longer OS. Also hypertension and neutropenia was identified as predictors of OS. The developed modeling framework may be useful to monitor clinical response, optimize dosing in sunitinib and to facilitate dose individualization.
LOAD SHEDDING SCHEMES FOR ISLANDING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OPERATION

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

One case of contingency or unplanned power outage occurs in the event of large mismatch between the power demand and the power generated. During overloads in islanded networks, the load curtailment applied to interruptible loads is often the only solution to keep them in operation. The loads participating in load shedding schemes experience minimal discomfort. This work proposes an approach to the load shedding schemes that can be employed in islanding distribution networks to guarantee the correct electrical system operation. This new proposed methodology includes the average and the priority shedding schemes and is based on a corrective load shedding optimizer (CLSO) algorithm. The CLSO evaluates and compares the network dynamic responses with the network frequency and voltage stability criteria for each distributed generation to optimize the amount of load shedding requirements. This work presents an in-depth investigation of the operation and robustness of the proposed method under various case studies on a typical IEEE distribution network. The results are then analysed and discussed.
The exchange rate passthrough to domestic prices, new evidence from Colombia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper calculates the exchange rate pass through (ERPT) with time constant and time varying coefficients for Colombia between 2006 and 2023. It then estimates the ERPT during four specific depreciation events during the period of analysis: the 2008 financial crisis, the 2014-2016 fall in international fuel prices, the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-COVID recovery. A Bayesian Vector Autoregressive model with exogenous variables (BVARX) model with time constant and time varying coefficients is used for the exercise. The results for time constant coefficients show that a 1 percentage point (p.p.) increase in the depreciation of the exchange rate leads to an increase in imported, producer and consumer inflation of 0.42 p.p., 0.15p.p., and 0.01 p.p. respectively in the first month of the shock. Time varying coefficient results suggest that the nature and the size of the shock result in a heterogeneous ERPT and monetary policy response. Moreover, higher ERPT in imported inflation and producer inflation does not seem translate into higher ERPT in consumer inflation. Further studies could look at: First, the nature of the ERPT on different types of inflation and why this is heterogeneous in a time varying analysis. Second, how the combined effect of different factors in the Colombian economy led to different monetary policy responses in each of the four episodes under analysis.
Ada technology: current status and cost impact

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It is noted that relatively few commercial practitioners have embraced Ada, chiefly because of the lack of efficient compilers and the high initial cost of using it. The results of efforts to address these concerns are summarized. Several Ada compilers targeted to different commercial microprocessors have been benchmarked. This benchmarking activity included obtaining the execution time as well as the memory requirements of Ada compilers and comparing them with compilers for traditional languages like Pascal. In order to determine the cost impact of using Ada, a model has been developed from first principles. The model predicts the cost of using Ada compared to other high languages encompasses the developmental phase as well as the maintenance phase. The model is further refined to include the impact of reusing software. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that Ada technology has matured enough to be used in the embedded environment and can represent a potential cost savings compared to other languages over the entire life cycle.< >
AAV-Tgfb1 vs. bleomycin: Analysis of gene expression profiles in two models of pulmonary fibrosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Translating clinically relevant disease mechanisms into early preclinical research is key for the successful development of new pharmaceutical drugs. For pathway-focused studies, viral vector-mediated overexpression or knockdown prove very useful to modulate target gene function in vivo . Particularly, Adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been used to set up respiratory disease models. However, even improved Ad vectors induce substantial inflammation following application into the lung, possibly interfering with disease-relevant pathways and therefore limiting their use. To identify an efficient alternative vector with the lowest possible immunogenicity, we carried out a systematic comparison of a commonly used Ad5 vector and an Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 6-based vector. While the Ad5 vector induced an inflammatory response including T-cell activation, the AAV vector did not cause any measurable immune response. We then successfully applied this AAV vector to establish a pulmonary fibrosis model in mice by overexpression of Tgfb1 . Characterization based on immune cell analysis, histology and lung function measurement confirmed fibrosis manifestation. For in-depth analysis of fibrosis development over time, we applied deep sequencing to profile changes in gene expression, particularly in comparison to the commonly used bleomycin model. The increased understanding of the molecular pathways involved will help to decide in the future, which of the models is appropriate to answer defined scientific questions in pulmonary fibrosis research and preclinical drug development.
The P/E Ratio And Profitability

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

<p>This paper examines the relation between the forward price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio and profitability. Consistent with the theoretical predictions of Ohlson and Zhan (2006), this paper finds a U-shaped relation between the forward P/E ratio and return on equity (ROE). Besides, firms with high P/E ratios tend to have lower ROE in the subsequent years, and their ROE is very volatile and wide-distributed. Using the GSCORE from Mohanram (2005), this paper separates winners from losers among high P/E firms. Firms with high GSCORE yield higher earnings growth, sale growth, ROE, and excess stock returns in the following years.</p>
O3–03–03: Sortilin, SorLA, SorCS1: Just novel gamma–secretase substrates or more intimately involved in AD pathogenesis?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Gamma–secretase catalyzes the cleavage of a variety of different type 1 transmembrane proteins. We recently showed that the sorting receptors Sortilin, SorLA and SorCS1 are gamma–secretase substrates. These receptors have pleiotropic functions in chaperoning and targeting various cargoes bound to their luminal domains between various intracellular organelles. There is some evidence that members of this family may have functional consequences in AD. ProNGF death signaling occurs when proNGF is in a complex with two gamma–secretase substrates (Sortilin and p75NTR). Additionally, SorLA has been shown to be decreased in AD brain and modulates Abeta production. We are exploring the potential roles that these sorting receptors may play in AD. ProNGF has been shown to increase with age and is markedly increased in mild cognitive impairment and AD patients. We aim to determine if gamma–secretase cleavage of either Sortilin or p75NTR play a role in proNGF mediated neuronal loss. Using cell culture systems we have determined that Sortilin, SorLA and SorCS1 are gamma–secretase substrates. Experiments are currently underway to determine if gamma–secretae cleavage of these sorting receptors modulates an AD like phenotype. Preliminary results using Adeno–Associated Viral gene delivery to express a non–maturing proNGF construct in mice suggest that proNGF causes significant neuronal loss. Our results suggest that these sorting receptors are cleaved by gamma–secretase and that they may play a role in AD progression.
[Influences of anti-allergic drugs on superoxide generation from the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system or polymorphonuclear leukocytes].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The influences of anti-allergic drugs on superoxide generation from the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were studied by an electron spin resonance assay using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trapper. The intensity of DMPO-OOH signal generated from the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system was not influenced by the presence of azelastine, ketotifen, disodium cromoglycate, mequitazine, or methylprednisolone, but it decreased in the presence of AA-673. A kinetic study showed that the second order rate constant for reaction between AA-673 and superoxide anion at pH 7.4 was 2.9 x 10(8)M-1S-1. The relative intensity of DMPO-OOH spin adduct generated from PMN stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan (OZ) significantly decreased in the presence of azelastine: from the PMN-PMA system, with 10.7 microM concentration of molar concentration causing 50% reduction of the signal intensity (IC50), while from the PMN-OZ system, with 10.5 microM concentration of IC50, and also decreased in the presence of mequitazine: from the PMN-PMA system, with 10.8 microM concentration of IC50, while from the PMN-OZ system, less than 2.0 microM concentration of IC50. These results suggest that some anti-allergic drugs may have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions due to scavenging superoxide radicals or due to inhibiting superoxide production.
Polymer delivered, subcutaneously administered leuprolide acetate provides stable and long-term drug delivery and testosterone suppression in 4 pivotal trials.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

e592 Background: Prostate cancer patients receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to suppress testosterone (T) to prevent proliferation of cancer cells. T suppression levels achieved by bilateral orchiectomy remain the gold standard for the target of suppression by ADT. Although the historical threshold definition of castration is T ≤ 50 ng/dL, increasing evidence suggests T lower than 20ng/dL may improve clinical outcomes, e.g., an increased cancer specific survival and delayed disease progression. To determine the minimal threshold of serum leuprolide required to maintain castrate level T suppression in prostate cancer patients, data from 4 pivotal trials evaluating long-acting, subcutaneously (SC) administered leuprolide acetate (LA) formulated with a biodegradable polymer were pooled. Methods: 438 eugonadal prostate cancer patients (age 40-86) were treated with SC-LA at 7.5, 22.5, 30, or 45mg delivered with a single dose lasting over 1, 3, 4, or 6 months (n = 120, 117, 90, 111), respectively in 4 open-label, fixed-dose, pivotal trials. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the median concentration of leuprolide acetate at each time point as well as to determine level of T suppression. Results: Over the dosing intervals of the 1, 3, 4 and 6-month SC-LA formulations, median serum leuprolide levels were consistent and median serum T remained below T < 20 ng/dL. In the pooled analysis (n = 86), 99% of patients with LA ≥ 0.1 ng/mL after injection achieved castration after 4 Weeks. Conclusions: These data suggest that SC-LA achieves consistent and prolonged drug delivery resulting in sufficient serum LA levels to provide favorable T suppression below 20 ng/dL, which may have clinical outcomes, e.g., increased cancer specific and progression free survival.
A Family Systems Perspective on Loss, Recovery and Resilience

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents a systemic framework to guide assessment and intervention. It presents a conceptual framework for systemic assessment and intervention with loss. Throughout history and in every culture, mourning beliefs, practices, and rituals have facilitated both the integration of death and the transformations of survivors. A systemic perspective is required to appreciate the chain of influences that reverberates throughout the family network of relationships with any significant loss. The family life cycle model of Carter and McGoldrick offers a framework for taking into account the reciprocal influences of several generations as they move forward over time and as they approach and respond to loss. All family members, in their own ways, must confront the reality of a death in the family. The death of a family member disrupts the family equilibrium and established patterns of interaction. Sudden deaths or deaths following protracted illness are especially stressful for families and require different coping processes.
Table_4_Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Combined With Chemotherapy Compared With Chemotherapy Alone for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.doc

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background<p>It is still controversial whether immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can improve the curative effect when added to original standard chemotherapy treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We compared their antitumor efficacy and adverse effects (AEs) to make a better clinical decision.</p>Methods<p>Seven databases were searched for eligible articles. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and AEs were measured as the primary outcomes.</p>Results<p>Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 4,501 patients were included. ICI+chemotherapy treatment achieved better PFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.78, [0.70–0.86], p < 0.00001), OS (HR: 0.86, [0.74–0.99], p = 0.04), and complete response (584/1,106 vs. 341/825, risk ratio [RR]: 1.38, [1.01–1.89], p = 0.04). With the prolongation of survival, the survival advantage of ICI+chemotherapy increased compared with chemotherapy. Subgroup analysis suggested that the addition of ICIs might not have a better effect in Asian patients, patients with locally advanced disease, or patients with brain metastases. In the toxicity analysis, more Grade 3–5 AEs and serious AEs were found in the ICI+chemotherapy group. For Grade 3–5 AEs, more cases of diarrhea, severe skin reactions, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and adrenal insufficiency were related to the ICI+chemotherapy group.</p>Conclusions<p>ICI+chemotherapy appears to be better than chemotherapy alone for TNBC treatment, with better OS and PFS. However, its high rates of serious AEs need to be taken seriously.</p>Systematic Review Registration<p>PROSPERO Registration: CRD42021276394.</p>
Detection and localization of single-source gravitational waves with pulsar timing arrays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) can be used to search for very low frequency (10−9–10−7 Hz) gravitational waves (GWs). In this paper, we present a general method for the detection and localization of single-source GWs using PTAs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method for three types of signals: monochromatic waves as expected from individual supermassive binary black holes in circular orbits, GWs from eccentric binaries and GW bursts. We also test its implementation in realistic data sets that include effects such as uneven sampling and heterogeneous data spans and measurement precision. It is shown that our method, which works in the frequency domain, performs as well as published time-domain methods. In particular, we find it equivalent to the FeFeFe-statistic for monochromatic waves. We also discuss the construction of null streams – data streams that have null response to GWs, and the prospect of using null streams as a consistency check in the case of detected GW signals. Finally, we present sensitivities to individual supermassive binary black holes in eccentric orbits. We find that a monochromatic search that is designed for circular binaries can efficiently detect eccentric binaries with both high and low eccentricities, while a harmonic summing technique provides greater sensitivities only for binaries with moderate eccentricities.
THE MEDICAL EXPERT.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Accrual accounting and Australian fiscal policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Australian governments have recently moved from cash accounting to accrual accounting. Accrual accounting has been accompanied at the national government level by the introduction of a new key fiscal policy measure: the ‘fiscal balance’. This paper explains and evaluates this new fiscal measure. It concludes that, given the present fiscal policy of the Australian government, fiscal balance is a superior fiscal policy measure to the ‘cash’ budget balance measure which it replaced. However, from the alternative ‘golden rule’ policy standpoint, fiscal balance is not a meaningful fiscal policy measure — although its stock counterpart, net financial liabilities, certainly is.