jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Imaging and biodistribution of Her2/neu expression in non‐small cell lung cancer xenografts with 64Cu‐labeled trastuzumab PET

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Non‐small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) overexpress the Her2/neu gene in approximately 59% of cases. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, interferes with Her2 signaling and is approved for the treatment of Her2/neu overexpressing breast cancer. However, its therapeutic use in Her2/neu overexpressing NSCLC remains obscure. The present study aimed to determine the role of 64 Cu‐labeled trastuzumab positron emission tomography (PET) for non‐invasive imaging of Her2/neu expression in NSCLC. Trastuzumab was conjugated with the bifunctional chelator 1, 4, 7, 10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1, 4, 7, 10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and radiolabeled with 64 Cu. The molecular specificity of DOTA‐trastuzumab was determined in NSCLC cell lines with Her2/neu overexpression (NCI‐H2170) and negative expression (NCI‐H520). Imaging of Her2/neu expression was performed in NCI‐H2170 tumor‐bearing mice with 64 Cu‐DOTA‐trastuzumab PET and 64 Cu‐DOTA‐IgG. In vitro studies revealed specific binding of DOTA‐trastuzumab in the Her2/neu positive NCI‐H2170 cells, while no binding was seen in the Her2/neu negative NCI‐H520 cell line. Biodistribution and PET studies revealed a significantly high accumulation of 64 Cu‐DOTA‐trastuzumab in the Her2/neu overexpressing NCI‐H2170 tumor at 24 h and 48 h post‐injection (21.4±1.4% and 23.2±5.1% injection dose/gram (% ID/g), respectively). PET imaging of Her2/neu negative NCI‐H520 tumors showed much less uptake of 64 Cu‐DOTA‐trastuzumab (4.0% ID/g). The NCI‐H2170 tumor uptake of 64 Cu‐DOTA‐trastuzumab was significantly higher than that of 64 Cu‐DOTA‐IgG (p<0.0001). 64 Cu‐DOTA‐trastuzumab showed a very clear image of a Her2/neu positive tumor and appeared to be effective as a PET tracer for imaging of Her2/neu gene expression in NSCLC, suggesting its potential clinical use for identifying patients that might benefit from trastuzumab‐based therapy.
Assessing competence in technical skills of theatre nurses in India and Sweden : Evaluation of an observational tool

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Surgical processes are a complex function of a number of inter-related factors that include individual skills, team working and operating theatre environment. Individual skills can be divided to technical and non-technical skills. This distinction between technical and non-technical skills is rather recent in the healthcare literature. There are studies made about assessing non-technical skills performed in the operating theatre but studies made to assess theatre nurses‘ technical skills have been lacking until recently. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical applicability of a newly developed observation tool in different contexts and through observing describe similarities or differences between theatre nursing. The observations in the present study are structured with a newly developed observational tool that is developed to assess technical skills of a theatre nurse. The two authors of this study performed the data collection simultaneously at different operation departments. The present study makes evident that the technical skills required of a theatre nurse are considerably different in two different countries. Therefore, it is difficult to use an observational tool without modifying it according to local routines.
Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score: A Novel Tool to Discriminate Monogenic and Type 1 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Distinguishing patients with monogenic diabetes from those with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is important for correct diagnosis, treatment, and selection of patients for gene discovery studies. We assessed whether a T1D genetic risk score (T1D-GRS) generated from T1D-associated common genetic variants provides a novel way to discriminate monogenic diabetes from T1D. The T1D-GRS was highly discriminative of proven maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODY) (n = 805) and T1D (n = 1,963) (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve 0.87). A T1D-GRS of &gt;0.280 (&gt;50th T1D centile) was indicative of T1D (94% specificity, 50% sensitivity). We then analyzed the T1D-GRS of 242 white European patients with neonatal diabetes (NDM) who had been tested for all known NDM genes. Monogenic NDM was confirmed in 90, 59, and 8% of patients with GRS &lt;5th T1D centile, 50–75th T1D centile, and &gt;75th T1D centile, respectively. Applying a GRS 50th T1D centile cutoff in 48 NDM patients with no known genetic cause identified those most likely to have a novel monogenic etiology by highlighting patients with probable early-onset T1D (GRS &gt;50th T1D centile) who were diagnosed later and had less syndromic presentation but additional autoimmune features compared with those with proven monogenic NDM. The T1D-GRS is a novel tool to improve the use of biomarkers in the discrimination of monogenic diabetes from T1D.
Numerical Modelling of Heat Transfer in Fine Dispersive Slurry Flow

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Slurry flows commonly appear in the transport of minerals from a mine to the processing site or from the deep ocean to the surface level. The process of heat transfer in solid–liquid flow is especially important for the long pipeline distance. The paper is focused on the numerical modelling and simulation of heat transfer in a fine dispersive slurry, which exhibits yield stress and damping of turbulence. The Bingham rheological model and the apparent viscosity concept were applied. The physical model was formulated and then the mathematical model, which constitutes conservative equations based on the time average approach for mass, momentum, and internal energy. The slurry flow in a pipeline is turbulent and fully developed hydrodynamically and thermally. The closure problem was solved by taking into account the Boussinesque hypothesis and a suitable turbulence model, which includes the influence of the yield shear stress on the wall damping function. The objective of the paper is to develop a new correlation of the Nusselt number for turbulent flow of fine dispersive slurry that exhibits yield stress and damping of turbulence. Simulations were performed for turbulent slurry flow, for solid volume concentrations 10%, 20%, 30%, and for water. The mathematical model for heat transfer of the carrier liquid flow has been validated. The study confirmed that the slurry velocity profiles are substantially different from those of the carrier liquid and have a significant effect on the heat transfer process. The highest rate of decrease in the Nusselt number is for low solid concentrations, while for C > 10% the decrease in the Nusselt number is gradual. A new correlation for the Nusselt number is proposed, which includes the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, the dimensionless yield shear stress, and solid concentration. The new Nusselt number is in good agreement with the numerical predictions and the highest relative error was obtained for C = 10% and Nu = 44.3 and is equal to −12%. Results of the simulations are discussed. Conclusions and recommendations for further research are formulated.
Effect of Filtration and Thickness of Cross-Sections of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images on Detection of Proximal Caries.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Although CBCT is not sufficiently effective in detecting caries, the best cross-sections for detection of proximal caries were achieved at 3-mm thickness/filtration 2, 1-mm thickness/filtration 2 and 1-mm thickness/filtration 1.
Evaluation of Wind Forecasts and Observation Impacts from Variational and Ensemble Data Assimilation for Wind Energy Applications

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP) has recently been completed with the aim of 1) understanding the performance of different mesoscale data assimilation systems for lower-atmospheric wind prediction and 2) determining the observation impacts on wind forecasts within the different assimilation systems. Here an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was tested against a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) technique. Forecasts lasting 24 hours were produced for a month-long period to determine the day-to-day performance of each system, as well as over 10 individual wind ramp cases. The observation impacts from surface mesonet and profiler/sodar wind observations aloft were also tested in each system for both the month-long run and the ramp forecasts. It was found that EnKF forecasts verified over a domain including Texas and Oklahoma were better than those of 3DVAR for the month-long experiment throughout the forecast window, presumably from the use of flow-dependent covariances in the EnKF. The assimilation of mesonet data improved both EnKF and 3DVAR early forecasts, but sodar/profiler data showed a degradation (EnKF) or had no effect (3DVAR), with the degradation apparently resulting from a lower-atmospheric wind bias. For the wind ramp forecasts, ensemble averaging appears to overwhelm any improvements flow-dependent assimilation may have on ramp forecasts, leading to better 3DVAR ramp prediction. This suggests that best member techniques within the EnKF may be necessary for improved performance over 3DVAR for forecasts of sharp features such as wind ramps. Observation impacts from mesonet and profiler/sodar observations generally improved EnKF ramp forecasts, but either had little effect on or degraded 3DVAR forecasts.
Rectifying the Course of Rectification

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In Daventry District Council v Daventry & District Housing Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1153, the majority of the Court of Appeal held that a contract should be rectified because of a common mistake. This note discusses that decision and recent developments in the law of rectification. It is argued that the approach of the majority in Daventry is unsatisfactory, and that an emphasis upon ascertaining whether the parties have objectively made a common mistake may be inappropriate: rectification should only be granted in order to reflect the parties’ subjective intentions. Such an approach might help to distinguish common mistake rectification from unilateral mistake rectification.
Clinical and biomarker assessment of frailty in liver transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review Liver cirrhosis results in progressive decline, or frailty, which leads to poor outcomes and decreased survival. Multiple biomarkers and clinical assessment tools for quantifying frailty in liver transplant candidates exist, but a universal scoring protocol is lacking. Criteria vary between studies and correlation with patient outcome is not always clear. This review aims to summarize the pertinent biomarkers and assessment tools of frailty in cirrhosis. Recent findings As cirrhosis progresses, the resultant ‘frailty’ is an inseparable independent predictor of pre and posttransplant mortality. Pro-inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and adipokine factors are dysregulated – leading to paradoxical anorexia and downregulation of orexigenic signals. The resulting catabolic utilization of amino and fatty acids leads to progressive malnutrition and sarcopenia. Both functional and imaging criteria define sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients, and degree of debilitation correlates with mortality. Liver-disease-specific frailty biomarkers and scoring tools are optimal to assess physical dysfunction in cirrhotics to promote early diagnosis and intervention. Summary Liver cirrhosis and resulting frailty are progressive and portend a poor patient prognosis. A comprehensive, validated algorithm for detecting and quantifying frailty specific to liver disease would allow for standardization and facile application in the clinical setting. Early diagnosis is key for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
The Discussion of the Power's Special Nature in Public Health Emergency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When Public Health Emergency occurs, the power not only has general power＇s nature, and but also special one. Knowing this can be contributive to the governments of different levels and related power's organizations exercising the rights correctly, reasonably, effectively and timely in Public Health Emergency. Simultaneously, knowing this can also be conducive to them to establish efficacious and rational emergent plan and to do ordinary drills in order to prevent the Emergency.
幼児の恥および罪悪感に関連する表出・行動とその発達的連続性の検討 : 1年後の追跡調査

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

It is known that after a mishap that 2-year-old children appeared to cause and in which they did damage to another person's object, a shame-relevant group of children who avoided him or her in the mishap was less likely to repair and confess his or her damage than a group of children who did not avoid. It is unclear, however, whether children who tried to fix the damage had a guilt-ridden motivation to repair for him or her. And it is not evident whether individual differences in behavioral tendency to shame and guilt are developmentally stable in early childhood, though it was reported that individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt were remarkably stable from middle childhood to early adulthood. Therefore, this research examined above two questions. In Study 1, 25- to 37-month-old children were led to happen to break an experimenter's doll, and their behaviors relevant to shame and guilt were observed. A group of children who fixed the doll with their gaze on the experimenter when the experimenter was present after the mishap was more likely to be quick to rivet their eyes on a nurse when the experimenter had been not present yet after the mishap and to show the broken doll to the experimenter after the mishap than a group of children who fixed the doll without their eyes on the experimenter or who did not fix it. This result suggested that not only repairing but also gazing at another person suffering damage might be critical nonverbal indicator of guilt feeling. In Study 2, which was conducted one year after Study 1, thirteen of children who had participated in Study 1 were led to cause an experimenter's building of blocks to collapse, and then the relation between their behavioral variables in Study 1 and those in Study 2 was examined. The children who had tended to smile and show the broken doll to the experimenter in Study 1 was more likely to do the same in Study 2, but avoidant children in Study 1 did not tend to be avoidant in Study 2. This result indicated that not individual differences in shame-relevant avoidant behavioral pattern but those in guilt-relevant affiliated behavioral pattern could be stable for one year in early childhood.
Expression and significance of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4 in patients with pterygium

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM: To investigate the expression and significance of stromal cell-derived factor(SDF-1)and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)in patients with pterygium of different ages.<p>METHODS: From January 2018 to October 2018, surgical specimens of 60 patients with primary pterygium and 60 eyes(including 30 eyes younger than 50 years old and 30 eyes older than 50 years old)were collected from the No.474 Hospital of Chinese PLA, at the same time collect age matched strabismus diorthosis and normal conjunctiva tissues of 30 patients with retinal detachment repairs(including 15 eyes younger than 50 years, older than 50 years of age 15 eyes).The expression and localization of SDF-1/CXCR4 in pterygium tissue specimens were detected by HE staining and immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between the expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 and the clinical characteristics of patients was analyzed. The mean optical density of SDF-1 /CXCR4 was measured by IPP 6.0 software.<p>RESULTS: SDF-1/CXCR4 showed slightly positive or no positive expression in normal conjunctival basal cells, but positive expression in both full-layer conjunctival epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells in pterygium, with significant difference in expression level, and more obvious expression in basal cells, showing obvious polarity. The expression levels of SDF-1 and CXCR4 in pterygium tissues were higher than those in normal conjunctival tissues, and the difference was statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.05). The expression of CXCR4 in patients younger than 50 years old was greater than that in patients older than 50 years old, and the difference was statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression is up-regulated in pterygium, suggesting that SDF-1 and CXCR4 participates in the formation of pterygium and inhibits the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway, which may inhibit the occurrence of pterygium, and may also become a drug therapeutic target for pterygium, and become a new research direction. The higher expression of CXCR4 in young pterygium patients suggests that individualized drug administration may be realized in the future to reduce the waste of medical resources.
The Risk Factors of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes in People of Kelamayi Area

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study the risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (DM) in people of Kelamayi.Methods An analysis of diet questionnaire and clinical characteristics was performed in 208 subjects who participated in the national DM epidemiological survey during 1994～1995. 87 persons of them were normal glucose tolerance (NGT),54 were IGT and 67 were new diagnosed diabetics (NDM).Results The intake of total calories,protein,fat,saturated fatty acid,monounsaturated fatty acid,polyunsaturated fatty acid in IGT group and NDM group were significantly higher than those in NGT group,while the body mass index (BMI),fas ting blood insulin and triglyceride levels also were significantly higher in the former than in the latter ( P 0 05 and P 0 01).Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI and high fat intake had a positive correlation with IGT and NDM ( P 0 01).Conclusion Obesity,high fat intake are the risk factors of IGT and NDM in people of Kelamayi.It suggested that a rational diet and physical activity,good control of weight all be very important in prevention of IGT and DM.
Structure and Function in Early Glaucoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glaucoma is a general term that includes an array of ocular conditions that cause a specific neuropathy of the optic nerve (Greenfield, Bagga, et al. 2003) of which abnormalities associated with this disorder are localized at the level of the retinal ganglion cell layer (Epstein 1997; Quigley & Broman 2006). This structure-function relationship is not clear as it relies on several factors such as variability from the structural and functional tests, differences in measurement scales between the two modalities (Greaney et al. 2002; Katz 1999; Drance 1985; Hood et al. 2007) and physiological variation amongst individuals (Pan & Swanson 2006). \n \nThe global aim of this thesis was to relate visual function of the retinal ganglion cells to structure of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer with respect to the following perimetry techniques: i) standard automated perimetry (SAP), ii) frequency doubling technology (FDT), iii) flicker defined form (FDF), and iv) the motion detection test (MDT), and the following imaging instruments: i) confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT), ii) optical coherence tomography (OCT), and iii) scanning laser polarimetry (GDx VCC). \n \nThe specific purpose of this study was to i) compare the test-retest characteristics of the perimetry techniques, ii) determine which may be more sensitive for early detection, iii) evaluate the structure-function relationship between measures of retinal nerve fiber layer and visual function, and iv) perform a preliminary study to determine which techniques may be most suitable to monitor progression, in patients with early stage glaucoma. \n \nMDT showed little change in the 1-year follow-up study thus being unsuitable for monitoring change. FDT and FDF gave a similar performance and are likely optimal for the detection of early functional damage. \n \nPoor diagnostic agreement was seen between the HRT and each perimetry technique. Because no one perimetry test showed both high sensitivity and high specificity, it is recommended that a combination of FDF with either SAP, FDT or MDT be used as the functional component in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with glaucoma. \n \nThe strongest global structure-function correlations for OCT were seen with SAP, FDT and MDT; for GDx, the strongest association was seen with FDF. These results suggest that FDF and GDx used in combination are best to detect early glaucomatous changes.
Percolation Segregation in Binary Size Mixtures Under Different Shear and Intensity of Motion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Percolation segregation in binary size mixtures of potash and urea were quantified at three strains of 2, 6, and 10% and two strain rates of 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz. To prepare binary size mixtures, three coarse mean sizes: 3,675, 3,075, and 2,580 μm of potash and urea were mixed with three fines mean sizes, 2,180, 1,850, and 1,550 μm, of potash, and two fines sizes, 2,180 and 1,850 μm, of urea, respectively. Based on experimental results, the percentage of segregated fines and the normalized segregation rate (NSR) of fines for binary mixtures increased when strain rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.5 Hz. NSR and percentage of segregated fines also increased with increase in strain from 2 to 10%. In addition, NSR increased when strain was increased from 2 > 6> 10% for size ratios 1.7:1.0, 2.0:1.0, and 2.4:1.0 (p < 0.05). At the three strains, 2, 6, and 10%, NSR for potash was higher (0.06, 1.13, 1.40 kg/kg-h) versus urea (0.17, 0.62, and 0.69 kg/kg-h) except at strain of 2%, for the same size ratio 2.0:1.0 when coarse size was 3,675 μm (p < 0.05). Keywords: normalized segregation rate (NSR)particulate materialpercolation segregationPSSC-IIstrainstrain rate
How Football Players Determine where to Run to Tackle other Players: A Mathematical and Psychological Description and Analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Players in American football must be able to competently and quickly intercept and tackle an opponent who has the ball. We developed a mathematical model that describes the use of a constant target-heading angle between the pursuer and ball carrier. We found that players in American football maintained a constant target-heading angle across changes in initial angle, direction, and speed of the players being pursued. Players more often evaded capture by running toward the chaser and then changing direction, than by running faster and farther away from the chaser. Our mathematical model made several testable predictions that were supported by our data. It also makes several testable predictions that may be investigated in future work. The act of maintaining a constant target-heading angle seems to be a strategy that is used generically to pursue and intercept moving objects.