jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
91. Gaps and Opportunities in Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Asia: A Survey of 10 Countries

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Most studies on hospital antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) status and practices are conducted in the west, and there is a lack of such data from Asian countries. The objective of this survey was to determine existing AMS practices and gaps, and challenges in implementing AMS programs in secondary and tertiary acute-care hospitals in 10 Asian countries. Methods A 70-item questionnaire was disseminated to hospitals fulfilling inclusion criteria and responses were collected from 10 April 2020 to 9 April 2021. The survey, specific to the Asian hospital setting, enquired about hospital leadership support for AMS; AMS team membership and training; AMS interventions; AMS monitoring and reporting; hospital infrastructure; and education. These were subdivided into core and supplementary components, adapted from the Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance set of core and supplementary indicators for hospital AMS programs, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention checklist for core elements of hospital AMS programs. Results A total of 349 hospitals from Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam responded. Overall, only 47 hospitals fulfilled all 12 core components, and there were inter-country differences in terms of performance. The hospitals generally did well in terms of the AMS team (ie, comprising at least a physician leader responsible for AMS activities, a pharmacist, and infection control and microbiology personnel), and access to a timely and reliable microbiology service, with mean positive response rates (PRR) of ≥ 80% for these indicators (Figure 1). In the core components of AMS program interventions, and AMS monitoring and reporting, the lower mean PRR ( > 60%) revealed that Asia has wider gaps in these areas versus gold standards. Although many hospitals had formal hospital leadership statements to support AMS (mean PPR 85.6%), this was not always matched by allocated financial support for AMS activities (mean PPR 57.1%). Figure 1 Conclusion For all core components of an AMS program, most Asian hospitals participating in this survey fell short of international gold standards. Inter-country differences in gaps highlight that country-specific solutions are needed to improve current standards in AMS. Disclosures Tetsuya Matsumoto, MD; PhD, MSD (Speaker's Bureau)Pfizer (Speaker's Bureau)
Senior Capstone Projects: Student Success from an Impossible Design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The senior capstone design project in Mining Engineering consists of a mining operation prefeasibility study adhering to the Security and Exchange Commission's SK 1300 guidelines.Students begin with a drill hole and topology dataset and must complete the feasibility report to the best of their ability.This includes geostatistical analysis of the drill holes, pit optimization, mine scheduling, equipment selection, mineral processing, reclamation, and market/economic analysis.Like in industry, students strive to create the most economical mine design.However, like in industry, not every deposit is guaranteed to be a financial success.Students whose projects fail to break even in the economic analysis reexamine the design choices for the project.This leads to an iterative design process, novel approaches requiring research, and raises ethical challenges of estimating and reporting.This will improve students' ability to transition to an industry where tough decisions must be made, and bidding for projects must be realistic.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Ultrasonic and Thermal Pretreatments on Anaerobic Digestion of Petrochemical Sludge: Dewaterability and Degradation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Effects of different pretreatment methods on sludge dewaterability and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation during petrochemical sludge anaerobic digestion were studied. Results showed that the total biogas production volume in the thermal pretreatment system was 4 and 5 times higher than that in the ultrasound pretreatment and in the control system, and the corresponding volatile solid removal efficiencies reached 28%, 15%, and 8%. Phenanthrene, paranaphthalene, fluoranthene, benzofluoranthene, and benzopyrene removal rates reached 43.3%, 55.5%, 30.6%, 42.9%, and 41.7%, respectively, in the ther-mal pretreatment system, which were much higher than those in the ultrasound pretreat-ment and in the control system. Moreover, capillary suction time (CST) of sludge increased after pretreatment, and then reduced after 20 days of anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved after anaerobic digestion. The decrease of pro-tein and polysaccharide in the sludge could improve sludge dewaterability during petro-chemical sludge anaerobic digestion. This study suggested that thermal pretreatment might be a promising enhancement method for petrochemical sludge solubilization, thus contrib-uting to degradation of the PAHs, biogas production, and improvement of dewaterability during petrochemical sludge anaerobic digestion.
PREPARATION OF HETEROCYCLIC CONTAINING PHTHALAZINE SKELETONS: 2HINDAZOLO [2,1-B] PHTHALAZINE- 1, 6, 11(13H)- TRIONES

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new protocol for the preparation of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives a class of biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical properties using Mg(HSO4)2 as heterogeneous acid catalyst under solvent-free conditions with short reaction times and in high to excellent yields was described.
A FoodSafeR perspective on emerging food safety hazards and associated risks

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The recently launched FoodSafeR initiative is a cooperative and coordinated approach to the identification, assessment, and management of emerging food security challenges and associated risks—both chemical and microbial. The FoodSafeR consortium includes global stakeholders across governmental, inter-governmental, academic and industrial institutions involved in food safety, research, and production. Consortium members have led in-depth discussions on identifying, assessing and managing chemical and microbial food safety issues resulting from climate change, emerging microbial and chemical contaminants, and evolving dietary preferences. Food safety research often is episodic in nature, increasing after a crisis and then decreasing when there are no major problems. Timely communications about and a central source containing data on previous outbreaks were identified as crucial issues to reduce the harm that could result from a food safety issue. In the course of the discussions, both new and old microbial and chemical hazards were identified for inclusion in a central database. The database could be used to develop artificial intelligence (AI) models to explain existing and predict emerging food safety risks. The FoodSafeR hub continuously collects and merges government, academic and private sector data to enable all stakeholders to better understand emerging risks, both chemical and microbial, and where they are found. As the database expands, climate change impacts on food safety can be documented and then integrated with public health data to rigorously assess the contributions of food safety to public health risks. The overall goal is to enhance global data sharing, improve food safety standards, and ensure the production of safe, accessible food for all populations thereby reducing the economic burden of foodborne illnesses, enhancing food security, and promoting sustainable food systems. The goal of this paper is to alert the global food safety community of the availability of this new resource and to provide information on the types of data it contains while encouraging others to contribute data that would broaden the information available and enable more timely and accurate identification of potential food safety issues throughout the world.
Cosmology with Velocity Dispersion based Counts of Groups and the Effect of AGN Feedback on Host Galaxy Morphology

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The evolution of galaxy cluster counts is a powerful probe of several fundamental cosmological parameters. A number of recent studies using this probe have claimed tension with the cosmology preferred by the analysis of the Planck primary CMB data, in the sense that there are fewer clusters observed than predicted based on the primary CMB cosmology. One possible resolution to this problem is systematic errors in the absolute halo mass calibration in cluster studies, which is required to convert the standard theoretical prediction (the halo mass function) into counts as a function of the observable (e.g., X-ray luminosity, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich flux, optical richness). Here I propose an alternative strategy, which is to directly compare predicted and observed cluster counts as a function of the one-dimensional velocity dispersion of the cluster galaxies. I show that the velocity dispersion of groups/clusters can be theoretically predicted as robustly as mass but, unlike mass, it can also be directly observed, thus circumventing the main systematic bias in traditional cluster counts studies. With the aid of the BAHAMAS suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, I demonstrate the potential of the velocity dispersion counts for discriminating even similar ΛCDM models. Then, I compare the abundance of groups in the GAMA survey to the predictions from BAHAMAS to constrain the values of several cosmological parameters. Additionally, I investigate the role of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxy evolution. The color bimodality of galaxy populations roughly divides galaxies into two groups: blue, star-forming galaxies, and red, quiescent galaxies. One theory that explains how high-mass, red, non-star-forming galaxies maintain this condition is the duty cycle hypothesis. This hypothesis invokes AGN feedback from low luminosity radio-loud AGN (LERGs) to deposit mechanical heating into the intergalactic medium, thus preventing star formation. I test this hypothesis by comparing the half-light radii of quiescent elliptical galaxies with LERG host galaxies using a large multi-wavelength sample from two surveys, UKIDSS/UDS, and ULTRAVISTA/COSMOS. The radius distribution of the two groups are similar, thus providing evidence for the duty cycle hypothesis. I also check the star formation activity of the LERGs. For the duty cycle to hold, LERGs should reside within non-star-forming galaxies. However, I find that a subset of LERGs appear to be dusty star forming galaxies.
UNETR: Transformers for 3D Medical Image Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNNs) with contracting and expanding paths have shown prominence for the majority of medical image segmentation applications since the past decade. In FCNNs, the encoder plays an integral role by learning both global and local features and contextual representations which can be utilized for semantic output prediction by the decoder. Despite their success, the locality of convolutional layers in FCNNs, limits the capability of learning long-range spatial dependencies. Inspired by the recent success of transformers for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in long-range sequence learning, we reformulate the task of volumetric (3D) medical image segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction problem. We introduce a novel architecture, dubbed as UNEt TRansformers (UNETR), that utilizes a transformer as the encoder to learn sequence representations of the input volume and effectively capture the global multi-scale information, while also following the successful "U-shaped" network design for the encoder and decoder. The transformer encoder is directly connected to a decoder via skip connections at different resolutions to compute the final semantic segmentation output. We have validated the performance of our method on the Multi Atlas Labeling Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV) dataset for multi-organ segmentation and the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) dataset for brain tumor and spleen segmentation tasks. Our benchmarks demonstrate new state-of-the-art performance on the BTCV leaderboard.
The Early Phases of Industrialization in Russia: Afterthoughts and Counterthoughts

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The following pages do not purport to cast the topic in a new mould. My views on the course of European industrialization in the nineteenth century in general and on that of Russia in particular have been laid down in a number of essays published within the span of the last ten or twelve years.1 This circumstance, however, should cause no disappointment to the members of this Conference. A paper on an assigned topic resembles the proverbial gift horse in that no reasonable person will expect too much from it. Still, it need not be entirely toothless, and it is possible that a confrontation of my views with those of Professor Rostow might yield one or two additional insights; at the very least, it may draw sharper contours around the methodological problems involved.
Border Crossing for Trucks Twenty Three Years after NAFTA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Despite the liberalization achieved by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and substantial investments in infrastructure, technology, and equipment, significant barriers to efficient truck transport remain between the United States and Mexico. We present the practical and economic implications of changes to the NAFTA border crossing system put in place after the terrorist events of September 11, 2001. Security measures have “thickened” NAFTA’s borders, increasing costs and delays associated with border crossings. These measures have a global impact on the logistics chain, since they are applied to all countries that source goods to the United States. We review literature on costs and impacts of border delays due to enhanced security and build on our earlier research on these institutional peculiarities and their impacts of the US-Canada- Mexico border crossing system. We discuss procedures used today and note changes to border processing since our earlier work. Based on interviews and review of the literature, we present the institutional context in which barriers exist and border authorities’ rationale for establishing new barriers or continuing of pre-existing ones. Based on this information and the time and costs associated with cross-border freight movements, we estimate the welfare effect of these measures on the NAFTA economies in a CGE framework. Our counterfactual assumes the implementation of a “seamless freight flow” system similar to Europe’s Transport International Routier (TIR) system, and calculates the time and cost differentials between such a system and the status quo. We estimate net annual welfare gains for the NAFTA countries accruing from the streamlining of the U.S.-Mexican brokerage system and find that NAFTA-wide annual welfare could rise by $7.5 billion. Extending the simulation to include streamlining intra-NAFTA security-related delays could add an additional $14.7–28.6 billion to annual welfare across the region.
From Plan to Process: Exploring the Leadership Implications of RIS3

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Regional innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) are currently receiving much attention in the face of the European Commission’s requirement that all regions develop smart specialisation strategies in order to receive structural funds linked to innovation. Yet the entrepreneurial discovery process that is at the core of the smart specialisation concept remains a black box. The paper looks inside this black box through an exploration of leadership requirements. A review of literature on place leadership and territorial strategy identifies three key considerations for leadership if RIS3 are to result in coherent and successful place-based strategies for STI investment: a dualism in reference frame; a mix and rotation of leaderships; and the likely different sources of leaders. These are brought together with analysis of the distinct RIS3 processes in two neighbouring Spanish regions – the Basque Country and Navarre – to highlight a series of implications in terms of the context in which RIS3 develop, the required shift from plans to processes, and the required leadership mix.
A study on biological control of diamondback moth by using plants and plant-original insecticide

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tripterygium wilfordii and mustard were used as materials for biocontrol of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).The results showed that both Da Yejie and Zhou Yejie had good effect on inducing the insect to lay eggs,stripping part of their leaves could improve the effect. When concentration of ethanol extract from the root bark of Tripterygium wilfordii was over 1.5%,the control effect on diamondback moth Plutella xylostella surpassed 70%. The combination of mustard inducement with Tripterygium wilfordii poison, may achieve the biocontrol aim.
STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT. THE USE OF FULL AND LARGE SCALE TESTING. THE BENEFITS OF LARGE SCALE STRUCTURAL TESTING

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Large scale testing programmes are often undertaken to reduce project risks to an acceptable level. The benefits of such programmes can be difficult to assess and a new method of assessment, based on the theory of fuzzy sets, has been developed. It equates the change in risks due to testing with the change in insurance premium which should result. A cost benefit is therefore obtained, even if no change in design or construction costs is expected. An example of the method is presented with reference to a proposed suspension bridge structure. It is anticipated that the simplicity and flexibility of the method will be attractive to engineering decision makers. (Author/TRRL)
Invisible CO2 gas killing trees at Mammoth Mountain, California

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Since 1980, scientists have monitored geologic unrest in Long Valley Caldera and at adjacent Mammoth Mountain, California. After a persistent swarm of earthquakes beneath Mammoth Mountain in 1989, geologists discovered that large volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) gas were seeping from beneath this volcano. This gas is killing trees on the mountain and also can be a danger to people. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) continues to study the CO2 emissions to help protect the public from this invisible potential hazard.
Midcarpal Joint Loose Body, Where does it Come from?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of intra-articular loose body in the midcarpal joint following the fracture of the distal radius. The patient fell from a height of 5 ft. The radiographs and computed tomography scan showed a bony fragment in the midcarpal joint. It was associated with dorsal scapholunate ligament tear. The intra-articular bony fragment originated from the fracture distal radius. The possible relationship of the intrusion of the bony fragment and SL ligament injury is discussed.
‘Everyday talk’ about working-from-home: How the affordances of Twitter enable ambient affiliation but constrain political talk

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How do the affordances of microblogging platforms, such as visibility to imagined audiences, shape the nature of ‘everyday talk’? Drawing on a qualitative study of tweets posted during the COVID-19 pandemic and containing the acronym WFH (working-from-home), we draw on Habermasian theorisation of deliberative democratic systems to show how Twitter (X) can act as a third space in which everyday talk about socio-political issues emerges alongside relational talk seeking ambient affiliation. Our analysis shows that tweets expressing already-established political positions that are amenable to reductive symbolism—using memes, images and shorthand stories—gain ‘likes’ and are amplified on Twitter. However, we argue that the desire for ambient affiliation combined with the imperative of reductive symbolism has a constraining effect on public debate, by encouraging the reproduction of established political tropes at the expense of ideas that are novel, controversial or require more complex exposition.
Clinical Results of Alumina-on-Alumina Couple in Total Bip Replacement

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ceramic on ceramic bearings applications were developed, in Europe, 27 years ago. After the initial failures related to both manufacturing problems as well as the surgeons learning curve, these materials now appear to be very promising for total hip replacement surgery in young and active patients. Improvement of the material caracteristics has resulted in a higher toughness and reduced wear than that of the classical Metal on Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene combination. Clinical results are now available from different centers, mainly situated in Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, Finland and France. Although the initial total hip replacements sometimes gave socket loosening and some fracture, the clinical results are acceptable. Moreover the low rate of osteolysis observed may be a very promising long term advantage of this type of bearing surface.
Comments about recurrence development in sigmoid volvulus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Codina Cazador A, Farres Coll R, Olivet Pujol F, Pujadas de Palol M, Martín Grillo A, Gomez Romeu N et al. Colonic volvulus and recurrence of volvulus: what should we do? Cirugia Espanola 2011; 89: 237–42
INFLUENCE OF QUERCETIN AND DIHYDROQUERCETIN ON SOME FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Flavonoids are proved to be prominent plant-derived compounds generally found in fruit- and vegetable- rich diets with free radicals quenching ability. Quercetin, a member of flavonoids subclass – flavonols, has gained major attention due to its overwhelming potential. Quercetin was demonstrated to preserve diverse degenerative diseases by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. In the present paper, we deal with two polyphenolic compounds’ – quercetin and dihydroquercetin – influence on functional parameters of mitochondria. Thus, the fore mentioned flavonols showed the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibition and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation capacities as well as strong antioxidаnt/antiradiсal activity. Improving functional parameters of mitochondria by both quercetin and dihydroquercetin formed a basic idea of the hypothesis that the studied flavonols may provide antihypoxic defense.
Epileptic source localizations based on EEG and SDE measurements

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases related to the disfunctioning of the central nervous system. For the patients whose drug therapy turns out to be ineffective, it is a common method to identify the locations of sources that trigger the seizure in the brain tissue and resect them through surgical means for treatment. The success of the surgical operation depends on the accurate localization of the foci. Spatial location of the epileptic foci in the brain can be determined by solving the inverse problem using the EEG and SDE measurements. In this study, a source localization validation is performed using the surface and cortex electrical measurements of an epilepsy patient who has underwent a resection operation.