jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Soil nitrogen dynamics during stand development after clear-cutting of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

AbstractWe examined soil N dynamics, including inorganic N concentration, net N transformation rates, and estimated plant N uptake (EPNU) from soil N budgets, and litterfall inputs, in five Japanese cedar plantation stands of different ages (5, 16, 31, 42, and 89 years) in the Mt Gomadan Experimental Forest (GEF). Net soil N mineralization and nitrification rates did not differ significantly between the youngest and oldest stands; soil moisture and inorganic N concentration were higher in the youngest stand. The EPNU was highest in the 16-year-old stand and lowest in the 31-year-old stand, and had a significant negative correlation with litter C:N ratio. The oldest (89-year-old) stand had a higher soil C:N ratio, lower proportion of nitrification rate to mineralization rate (%NIT), and higher estimated plant NH4+ uptake than did the other stands, indicating that changes of soil organic matter quality can alter soil N dynamics. These results suggest that as a Japanese cedar plantation develops, soil N dynamics can be altered by the quantity and quality of input litter and soil organic matter, and can generate the imbalance between N supply from soil and N demand by plant.Keywords: Biomass productivityInternal nitrogen cyclingJapanese cedar plantationsSoil nitrogen availabilityStand development AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to the staff of Wakayama Forest Research Station, FSERC, Kyoto University, for field survey support. We also thank Drs Takahito Yoshioka, Nobuhito Ohte, Keisuke Koba, and Muneto Hirobe for helpful suggestions. This study was supported by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (5–2 project), a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (nos. 15380105 and 22780145) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, a Sasakawa Grant for Science Fellows from the Japan Science Society, and the Division of Integrated Coastal Management, FSERC, Kyoto University.NotesElectronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10310-011-0286-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Causation in International Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Causal claims are bound into the fabric of international relations (IR). Efforts to explain past outcomes, to predict future developments, to comprehend the range of options open to international actors, to advance policy prescriptions, and to evaluate policy decisions vis-à-vis possible alternatives all typically rely, explicitly or implicitly, on causal claims. Moreover, politicians, policymakers, and other state and nonstate actors who seek to manipulate particular aspects of world politics are also (whether they realize it or not) typically acting on causal claims. Acquiring reliable causal knowledge is therefore extremely valuable. It is, however, a challenging task. The content of causal claims is shaped not only by relevant facts about the world, but also by ideas about causation itself—for example, about what ‘causing’ is, about the kinds of things that can be causes (and effects), about how causes can be identified, and about what constitutes an adequate Causal Explanation. These are tricky and controversial issues which are often submerged below the surface of our thinking. The challenge of arriving at a clear understanding is reflected in the divisions within work which explicitly engages with questions about causation in IR, divisions which are also found within the philosophical literature on which this work draws. It is also reflected in the tendency, within the broader discipline, to set questions about causation to one side, either because they are viewed as too hard to answer or because it is not obvious how answering them will improve our knowledge of world politics. In order to gain a full picture of debates about causation in IR and their implications for substantive topics it is helpful to explore three broad kinds of literature: first, the philosophical texts which provide the backdrop against which discussions of causation in IR take place; second, existing debates about causation in IR, encompassing both mainstream discussions of methods for causal inference and more specialist literatures on causal realism, the nature of causal explanation, and the relationship between historical and causal inquiry; and third, literature in IR which explicitly examines how positions on underlying questions about causation can and do shape positions on substantive topics in IR.
Effects of Sn2+ Co-doping on the Photoluminescence of Eu3+ Ion in Strontium Phosphate Chung-Hsin Lu1, a and V.Natarajan1, b

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

co-doping, photoluminescence Abstract. The emission of Sn 2+ ion can vary from blue to red depending on its co-ordination number in the host lattice. Since Sn 2+ ion has strong absorption in the ultra-violet region and can act as a reducing agent, it is of interest to examine the effects of co-doping Sn 2+ ions on the luminescence properties of Eu
A Study on the Response Differences to the Sasang Constitution Questionnaire by Sasang Constitutions in Adult Women with Menstrual Pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the menstrual pain affect the Sasang constitutions questionnaire response in adult women. Methods Using a structured menstrual history questionnaire, we evaluated the degree of menstrual pain of 550 adult women who participated in this clinical trial. Based on the survey we classified them into menstrual pain group and control group. They filled out SSCQ-P (Sasang Constitution Questionnaire for Patients) and we had compared the difference in response by Sasang constitutions. From 329 women in menstrual pain group and 212 women in control group, 541 questionnaire was analyzed statistically by their constitutions. Results 7 questions in Soyangin, 11 questions in Taeeumin and 20 questions in Soeumin were statistically significant in response between menstrual pain group and control group. Conclusions Soyangin's menstrual pain shows less influence on SSCQ-P than Taeeumin and Soeumin. Taeeumin who has Taeyangin's appearances and characteristics has more menstrual pain. In Soeumin, menstrual pain may result in negative and less expressive characteristics.
Prokaryotic Expression, Purification and Activity Detection of Phosphodiesterase 2A Protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Depression is associated with changes in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. Depression can be improved by increasing the cGMP concentration through the cGMP/PKG pathway with PDE2A inhibitors. This study is aimed to improve the expression of a highly active PDE2A protein with an Escherichia coli vector ST6 for the screening of PDE2A inhibitors. PDE2A gene was obtained through polymerase chain reaction. A recombinant plasmid of ST6-PDE2A was built by seamless cloning and then introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3). The cultivation conditions were optimized to increase target protein expression. The expressed protein was purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Its purified activity was measured by a PDE-GloTM phosphodiesterase kit. An maximized protein expression was obtained by cultivating E. coli BL21 with ST6-PDE2A in the YT medium at 37 °C till OD600 reached to 0.6-0.8 and then by inducible expressing with 1 mM IPTG at 16 °C for 40 hours. The resultant active protein has an EC50 of 0.1196 mg/ml.
Dynamic Service Innovation Capabilities for Servitisation - A Literature Review and Development of a Process Model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Industrial manufacturers increasingly aim to differentiate their portfolio by offering services. In order to manage the development process of new industrial services, certain intangible requirements are necessary. Previous studies, however, do not specify how the participating actors can best fulfil these requirements. Insights in this field are essential for understanding how industrial manufacturers can establish a successful service business. We close this gap by matching the determined requirements with dynamic service innovation capabilities (DSICs) that we identify by performing a literature review. Following a conceptual deductive approach, we create a bilateral new service development (NSD) process that considers the innovating firm’s and its client’s perspectives. Our theoretical implications encompass broadening the servitisation literature by creating a capabilities-based process framework for industrial manufacturers. Our recommendations for practice include adhering to a new process for industrial NSD that is based on the capabilities necessary for the development, offer, and constant delivery of industrial services.
I. Observations upon several species of small water insects of the polypus kind, communicated in a letter to the President, from Mr. Abraham Trembley F. R. S

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

I have, in a Paper printed in the 474th Number of the Philosophical Transactions , Art. X. taken notice of several species of small water insects, all which have been ranged in the general class of the Polypi .
Effect of different diets on growth and survival rates of snakehead (channa striatabloch, 1797) larvae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A study was conducted to determine growth and survival rates of snakehead (Channa striata) larvae. Live foods such as Artemia salina naupiii, Moina micrura and bloodworm and artificial diet were given to larvae from 1–15 days after hatching as the 1st phase and from 15–30 days as the 2nd phase. In the 1st phase, the growth and survival rates of larvae fed with Artemia nauplii were significantly different from larvae fed with Moina (p<0.05) with values of 28.5 mg, 49% and 26.7 mg, 31%, respectively. Meanwhile, all larvae fed with bloodworm (Chironomus sp.) or artificial diet (49% protein) died within 10 days of experiment. For the 2nd phase, growth of the fry fed with Artemia or Moina differed significantly from that fed with bloodworm or pellet (200.1, 187.7, 109.6 and 8.2 mg, respectively). Specific growth rate (SGR) of larvae fed with Moina was higher than that of larvae fed with Artemia (17.9 and 17.4% day‐1 respectively) in the 1st phase. In the 2nd phase, SGRs of larvae fed with Artemia (12.7% day‐1) or Moina (11.5% day‐1) were significantly higher than those of larvae fed with bloodworm (8.3% day‐1) or dry diet (6.1% day‐1). Generally, Artemia and Moina were suitable food for snakehead larvae during the first month of their life, and artificial diet was much less acceptable and resulted in poor growth and survival.
Dietrich's Index Philosophicus

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This database is an invaluable information source for libraries specializing in philosophy, theology and religious studies. More than 919,600 articles from 5,500 humanities journals, festschriften and reviews published 1983-2009 are searchable. Editors have catalogued the data according to standard subject headings in English and German. This ensures speedy access based on subject matter, independent of the source language.
Value of 3D Preoperative Planning for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Accurate preoperative planning is an important step for accurate reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Presently, preoperative planning is completed using either a two-dimensional (2D) template or three-dimensional (3D) mimics software. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, AI HIP, a planning software based on AI technology can quickly and automatically identify acetabular and femur morphology, and automatically match the optimal prosthesis size. However, the accuracy and feasibility of its clinical application still needs to be further verified. The purposes of this study were to investigate the accuracy and time efficiency of AI HIP in preoperative planning for primary THA, compared with 3D mimics software and 2D digital template; and further analyze the factors that influence the accuracy of AI HIP. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 53 consecutive patients (59 hips) undergoing primary THA with cementless prostheses in our department. All preoperative planning was completed using AI HIP as well as 3D mimics and 2D digital template. The predicted component size and the actual implantation results were compared to determine the accuracy. The templating time was compared to determine the efficiency. Furthermore, the potential factors influencing the accuracy of AI HIP were analyzed including sex, body mass index (BMI), and hip dysplasia. Results: The accuracy in predicting the acetabular cup and femoral stem was 74.58% and 71.19%, respectively, for AI HIP; 71.19% (P = 0.743) and 76.27% (P = 0.468), respectively, for 3D mimics; 40.68% (P < 0.001) and 49.15% (P = 0.021), respectively, for 2D digital templating. The templating time using AI HIP was 3.91±0.64 min, which was equivalent to 2D digital templates (2.96±0.48 min, P < 0.001), but shorter than 3D mimics (32.07±2.41 min, P < 0.001). Acetabular dysplasia(P = 0.021), rather than sex and BMI, was an influential factor in the accuracy of AI HIP templating. Compared to patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the accuracy of acetabular cup in the non-DDH group was better (P = 0.021), but the difference in the accuracy of the femoral stem between the two groups was statistically insignificant (P = 0.062). Conclusion: AI HIP showed excellent reliability for component size in THA. Acetabular dysplasia may affect the accuracy of AI HIP templating.
Poch[@]teca: Rhetorical Strategies of a Chican@ Academic Identity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This dissertation addresses the rhetoric of deficiency that frames Latina/o students as lacking with regard to education. This dissertation begins by examining the cultural deficit model entrenched in colonial narratives of history that justify unequal access to resources in the US. I argue that the reimagining of the pejorative trope of 'pocho' by reconnecting it with its etymological root pochteca provides a trope of resistance to deficiency rhetoric, and a trope that embodies rhetorical strategies for Latina/o students navigating academic institutions. Additionally, this dissertation furthers the advocacy of culturally relevant reading and writing assignments and practices, while at the same time arguing that the discursive productions responding to culturally relevant writing demonstrate rhetorical strategies. The analysis of a student publication that responds to and integrates dichos provides a site of analysis where students identify rhetorical strategies that help them navigate obstacles related to education. The use of Twitter by a predominantly Latina/o summer bridge program provides an additional site of analysis where the writing of students in digital spaces allows them to perform latinidad, and create support networks that help them succeed in school. The pedagogical chapter of this dissertation analyzes the Arizona House Bill 2281 and the rhetoric that frames the Tucson Unified School District's Mexican American Studies program as racist and anti-American; following this analysis come suggestions for incorporating culturally relevant aspects of the TUSD MAS curriculum into rhetoric and composition curriculum.
Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: Behavioral effects and neural mechanisms

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction The long preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease provides opportunities for potential disease‐modifying interventions in prodromal stages such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (anodal‐tDCS), with its potential to enhance neuroplasticity, may allow improving cognition in MCI. Methods In a double‐blind, cross‐over, sham‐controlled study, anodal‐tDCS was administered to the left inferior frontal cortex during task‐related and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess its impact on cognition and brain functions in MCI. Results During sham stimulation, MCI patients produced fewer correct semantic‐word‐retrieval responses than matched healthy controls, which was associated with hyperactivity in bilateral prefrontal regions. Anodal‐tDCS significantly improved performance to the level of controls, reduced task‐related prefrontal hyperactivity and resulted in “normalization” of abnormal network configuration during resting‐state fMRI. Discussion Anodal‐tDCS exerts beneficial effects on cognition and brain functions in MCI, thereby providing a framework to test whether repeated stimulation sessions may yield sustained reversal of cognitive deficits.
Social capital, brand and football : tales from the digital field - extended abstract for : UKAIS & British Academy of Management E-business and E-government SIG

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research focuses on a new era for Salford City Football Club (SCFC). SCFC currently sit in the 8th tier of English football and have been taken over by ex-Manchester United players the ‘class of ‘92’. The new era heralds an unusual case of a non-league football team having such high profile owners with reported ambitions to turn SCFC into a ‘digital football club’ (Conn, 2014).

The author has worked in the digital industry since 1997 and is a new academic. He has been teaching and researching digital business and marketing and is currently in the second year of a part time PhD. Understanding the power of the links between people and interactions online has been a long term interest of the author. The overall aim of this study is to gain a deep understanding of how digital and social media are used within a UK football club and the role of social capital using SCFC as a vehicle for this research. The research questions pertinent to this study are:

•	How is digital media being used by SCFC and its fans for marketing?
•	How does digital media influence brand awareness of SCFC?
•	How is the relationship between fan engagement and social capital important?
The vegetation of the Rheban Spit, Tasmania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The vegetation of the Rheban spit, Tasmania is described and discussed. The vegetation on the frontal dunes, which have largely been developed in the last twenty years, can be divided into three zones, one dominated by Ammophila arenaria, one dominated by small herbs, and one dominated by Pteridium esculentum and Banksia marginata. The beach ridge vegetation cannot be divided so clearly into zones, but continuous variation is demonstrated through the use of polar ordination. The saltmarsh vegetation is briefly described, and the case for the preservation of the vegetation of the spit outlined.
Isothiocyanate Derivatives of 9-[3-(cis-3,5-Dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]- carbazole (Rimcazole):  Irreversible Ligands for the Dopamine Transporter

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cocaine has been reported to bind to the dopamine transporter in a biphasic fashion, and it has been hypothesized that the low-affinity component may play a modulatory role in cocaine's psychomotor stimulant effects. In an effort to gain further insight into the roles of the two sites, we have prepared a series of irreversible ligands based on rimcazole (9-[3-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]carbazole, 2), a compound that has been postulated to bind only to the low-affinity site. The alkylating moiety (isothiocyanate) is attached to the distal nitrogen of the piperazine ring via alkyl chains of varying lengths or directly attached to one of the aromatic groups. It was found that substitution on the piperazine nitrogen caused an initial decrease in affinity that was recovered as the alkyl chain length increased. Importantly, the analogue 16, with the highest affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT), binds in a monophasic and irreversible manner, as evidenced by the greatly diminished binding of [3H]WIN 35,428 in tissue that had been preincubated with the ligand and then thoroughly washed using centrifugation. The dose-dependent reduction in Bmax was accompanied by a concentration-related decrease in KD values. This shift in KD to a lower value suggests that the preincubation with 16 produced a preferential irreversible binding to the low-affinity [3H]WIN 35,428 site on the dopamine transporter. These ligands may prove to be important tools with which to study the significance of the low-affinity site on the DAT. Since rimcazole does not share the behavioral profile of cocaine, and in fact appears to play a modulatory role, these compounds may provide leads for a novel cocaine-abuse treatment.
Book Review H.K. Chang: Civilizations of the Silk Road

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Through this book, Chang skillfully portrays the interactions among various civilizations and societies along the Silk Road from 500 BC to 1500 AD. Using primary data in the form of paintings, artifacts, and maps, the book weaves together the cultural exchanges that stretched across the Silk Road, starting with the pioneering success of Zhang Qian, who initiated the opening of the Silk Road, and tracing the origins and spread of religions such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Christianity, Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam. The book also elegantly describes the historically significant migrations of various peoples from east to west, including the Xiongnu, Yuezhi, Han, Qiang, Hephthalites, Turkic groups, Uighurs, Mongols, and Xibe.
Duodenal ulcer: a model of impaired mucosal defence.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is a new model of chronic duodenal ulcer in which the ulcer is generated by irradiating the lower mediastinum of mice with a single dose of 18 Gy 250 kV x rays. Single ulcers develop in the proximal duodenum of about half the animals. Previous studies have shown a remarkable morphological and behavioural similarity to duodenal ulcer in man. Ulceration occurs because of an imbalance between aggressive and defensive forces within the duodenum and an attempt has been made to elucidate the pathomechanism of this ulcer by determining acid and pepsin secretion. The basal and pentagastrin stimulated secretion of acid, pepsin, and histamine were measured and no changes in acid or pepsin secretion were shown to occur (risk of type II error < 1%). It is therefore concluded that this chronic ulcer is a model of impaired duodenal defence.