jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study analysed the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth. The study used the secondary data from CBN Statistical Bulletin from 2004 – 2018. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship between capital expenditure on economic services and economic growth, evaluate the relationship between capital expenditure on social and community services and economic growth, and assess the relationship between expenditure on transfers and economic growth. The Economic Growth was analysed in term of the Real Gross Domestic Product and this formed the dependent variable. The independent variable of interest was the Capital Expenditure on Economic Services, Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services and Expenditure of Transfer. A multiple regression model was employed for the study and was analysed using the Generalized Least Square (GLS) with the aid of a statistical program (Eviews 11). The causality test was conducted using the Pairwise Granger Causality Test. The results of the hypotheses tested are that Capital Expenditure on Economic Services has a positive and significant impact on Economic Growth. Also, the study found that Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services has a negative and insignificant impact on Economic Growth and that Expenditure on Transfer has a negative and insignificant impact on Economic Growth. The study conducted a Pairwise Granger Causality Test and the result shows that causality runs from Capital Expenditure on Economic Services to Economic Growth and not from the Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services and Expenditure of Transfer. The study recommends that Capital Expenditure on Economic Services should be maintained and increased since it drives the economy positively, the productive components of the Capital Expenditure on Social and Community Services should be focused on, Expenditure on Transfer (oil subsidy) should be made Zero and the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) should be encouraged.
Decomposition of Differences in Income Distributions Using Quantile Regression

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The paper deals with microeconometric techniques useful for the study of differences between groups of objects, methods that go beyond simple comparison of average values. Techniques for the decomposition of differences in distributions by constructing counterfactual distributions were considered. Using the Machado-Mata quantile regression approach the empirical decomposition of the inequalities in income distributions of one-person households in urban and rural areas was performed. We employed data from the Household Budget Survey for Poland in 2012. It was found that the tendency towards increased income inequalities between urban and rural residents when moving to the right of the income distribution can be observed. The rural residents are at a disadvantage. The decomposition of the inequalities revealed a growing share of the part explained by different characteristics of people and a declining share of the unexplained part, associated with the evaluation of those characteristics.
Collaborative Governance in the Digital Transformation Age: A Systematic Literature Review with Bibliometric Mapping

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The article aims to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of academic research in the field of collaborative governance and digital transformation, with an emphasis on the emerging topic of collaborative digital transformation. Digital transformation is a recurrent theme in today’s society, fuelled by events such as the Covid-19 pandemic, global climate challenges, and other crises reshaping the world. As societies increasingly rely on digital platforms and online communication, the prime urge and necessity of the human race – i.e., to communicate and collaborate in tackling these challenges – puts collaborative governance in digital transformation high on the agenda of governments, the private sector, and citizens.Design/Methodology/Approach: To address this topic, we performed a bibliometric analysis using various analytical and visualisation tools to evaluate and visualise existing scientific bibliographic materials. The analysis covers 286 articles published in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over the past two decades in the area of collaborative governance and digital transformation, employing established and innovative bibliometric approaches. Graphical analyses are used to illustrate co-authorship, keywords co-occurrence, research topics evolution, and the network of influential researchers within collaborative governance and digital transformation.Findings: The results show that the relationship between collaborative governance and digital transformation is still limited and needs further study, considering that these two concepts have been emerging trends in public administration over the past two decades. In addition, the findings reveal a significant growth in research of these topics over time, although not specifically focused on collaborative digital transformation.Practical Implications: The article provides a summary of key aspects of collaborative governance and digital transformation research and helps lay the foundations for shaping the future of this evolving field of public administration. Thus, it helps researchers understand the development of collaborative digital transformation research over the past two decades, as collaborative digital transformation is a relatively new ﬁeld of research characterised by rapid growth and evolution.Originality/Value: The research contributes to the understanding of collaborative digital transformation as a distinct research area within the broader concepts of digital transformation and collaborative governance, which is still seeking its own identity in academic literature, and offers a definition of collaborative digital transformation (CDT).
Expression of green fluoscrescent protein gene in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protoplasts of the pathogenic plant fungus,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,were transformed using the pPGF plasmid,which contains green fluorescent protein gene,under the control of Aspergillus nidulans regulatory sequences. The pPGF plasmid was introduced by PEG/CaCl2 treatment. Positive transformants were harvested with hygromycin B (HYG) resistance as selective marker,and then were observed with green fluorescence phenomena in response to blue light,which suggested that GFP gene was cloned into genome DNA of S. sclerotiorum. The transformants were verified mitotically stable by Southern blotting analysis and passage culturing. This study is developed as an initial step for further research into infection mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum to plants and interactions with bio-control fungus.
An Optimized H6-Type Single-Phase PV Inverter with Bi-Directional Quasi-Diode Clamping

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Transformerless inverters (TLIs) have become increasingly popular in single-phase distributed photovoltaic power generation systems due to the superiorities of their high efficiency, slighter volume, moreover lower cost than the one with the transformer. However, in the absence of a transformer, high-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV) brings about hazardous ground leakage current flow. To reduce the leakage current, plenty of TLI structures have been published in the works, and among them, H5, H6, and Heric topologies are the three topology's very popular mainstays. The third has the highest efficiency but the worst CM behavior owning to the switches' junction capacitances. Consequently, the CM leakage current may exceed the recommended limit. In this paper, an optimized HERIC inverter with a quasi-diode clamp structure, namely OHERIC-BQDC topology, is suggested, in that a bi-directional clamping based upon MOSFETs, but like a diode clamping without dead time, is added on the basic HERIC inverter to eradicate the common-mode voltage fluctuation in freewheeling periods. A Matlab/Simulink pattern is constructed to investigate the feasibility of the suggested approach. In addition, PSIM's software package is used to confirm the effectiveness of the suggested HERIC-based inverter.
Novel Computational Technologies for Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis and Their Applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such as Illumina/Solexa, ABI/SOLiD, and Roche/454 Pyrosequencing, are revolutionizing the acquisition of genomic data at relatively low cost. NGS technologies are rapidly changing the approach to complex genomic studies, opening a way to the development of personalized drugs and personalized medicine. NGS technologies use massive throughput sequencing to obtain relatively short reads. NGS technologies will generate enormous datasets, in which even small genomic projects may generate terabytes of data. Therefore, new computational methods are needed to analyze a wide range of genetic information and to assist data interpretation and downstream applications, including high-throughput polymorphism detections, comparative genomics, prediction of gene function and protein structure, transcriptome analysis, mutation detection and confirmation, genome mapping, and drug design. The creation of large-scale datasets now poses a great computational challenge. It will be imperative to improve software pipelines, so that we can analyze genome data more efficiently.

Until now, many new computational methods have been proposed to cope with the big biological data, especially NGS sequence data. Also, many successful bioinformatics applications with NGS data through these methods have unveiled a lot of scientific results, which encourage biologists to adopt novel computing technologies. The research papers selected for this special issue represent recent progress in the aspects, including theoretical studies, novel algorithms, high performance computing technologies, and method and algorithm improvement. All of these papers not only provide novel ideas and state-of-the-art technologies in the field but also stimulate future research for next-generation sequencing data analysis and their applications.
Outcomes of using a modified anteromedial thigh perforator flap for repairing the anterolateral thigh free flap donor site

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap plays an essential part in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, repair of the anterolateral donor site has not been the focus of the clinicians.To assess the clinical value and feasibility of using a modified anteromedial thigh (AMT) perforator flap for repairing the ALT free flap donor site.In this retrospective study, 16 ALT flaps were transferred to resurface large soft-tissue defects (ranged from 7 × 5 to 13 × 8 cm) in the foot or hand from June 2012 to March 2013. The donor sites were repaired with an advancement flap pedicled with an AMT perforator. Sensation within the advancement flap, return-to-work (RTW) time, the aesthetic appearance of the donor sites, and functional recovery were measured.All 15 flaps survived completely without necrosis. One flap developed partial necrosis in the tip but healed with dressing changes after 1 week. The medain follow-up period was 3.5 months (range, 3-6 months). The average median time was 9.5 weeks (range 8-13 weeks). There was no numbness of the advancement flap. Additionally, there was no specific complication at both the recipient and donor sites. Thigh quadriceps muscle strength and activities of the knee were normal. All patients were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome postoperatively at the 3-month to 6-month follow-up.The modified advancement flap pedicled with an AMT perforator is an ideal option for repairing the anterolateral donor site.
Interface properties of the oxide grown on Si at low temperatures using point to plane corona discharge

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The interface trap density of oxide film grown on silicon at low temperatures using point to plane corona discharge is studied. For oxide grown with this method with a 1-cm electrode distance, an interface density on the order of 10/sup 13/ to 10/sup 14/ eV/sup -1/ cm/sup -2/ is obtained from the high-frequency current-voltage curves. This is higher than the interface trap density of the oxide grown by the conventional high-temperature oxidation method. The interface trap density can be lowered by changing such processing parameters as the distance between the electrodes and the corona discharge current density.< >
Effect of cattle slurry fractions on nitrogen mineralization in soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The mineralization kinetics of nitrogen in acid soils, and their modification by the addition of an organic fertilizer (cattle slurry), were studied by incubating a humic cambisol for 36 weeks using a method based on that of Keeney & Bremner (1967). The cumulative curve of the quantity of nitrogen mineralized in soil not given fertilizer departs significantly from Stanford's theoretical model, which predicts linear dependence of nitrogen mineralized upon √t. The observed kinetics are interpreted as due to the superposition of two mineralization processes involving different substrates. The cumulative mineralized nitrogen curves for soil samples enriched with the various slurry fractions likewise reflect complex kinetics involving at least two main substrates. Consideration of the net mineralized nitrogen shows that F,, the solid fraction with the highest C/N ratio, clearly induced immobilization of nitrogen during the first 130 days of incubation, and analysis of the NO 3 /NH 4 ratio suggests that this immobilization was probably at the expense of nitrate. F 3 , the liquid fraction, first induced a brief period of mineralization and then stabilized nitrogen levels, giving rise to a reduction in net mineralized nitrogen. The addition to the soil of F 2 , the semi-liquid fraction, produced results intermediate between those of the other two fractions. In conclusion, the increase in organic nitrogen in the soil after addition of cattle slurry depends in the short term on the liquid and semi-liquid fractions, whereas long-term effects involve both the stable residues of these fractions and the more solid fraction. The labile fraction of the pool of mineralizable N benefits more than the recalcitrant fraction, and the time constants of the mineralization process are reduced.
The paradox of women in sport in Singapore

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A pertinent issue in sport is that of gender with the notion that sport is a male preserve and women’s identity in it as contested ideological terrain. Women endeavours in sport have risen yet still pose its challenge with society’s contrasting views and doubts on them. Singapore, with its continual efforts for a sporting culture has seen an overall increase in sport participation rate and international sporting successes. Gender comparison ironically shows fewer women sport participation but their greater delivery on the international sporting stage for the country then the men. The purpose of this study was to look at the factors that combine to create this paradoxical image in Singapore. 2 focus groups were conducted among young adults (n=15), men and women aged 20 to 39 years old and participated in sport/physical exercise in the last 3 months. Conducted over a span of 1 week in a meeting room facility, sessions lasted for an hour and were video recorded. The lag of women sport participation to that of men saw personal, social, structural and environmental constraints outweighing their sporting motivators. Explanation for women athletes’ superiority over men encompassed role of sporting fraternities and priorities, nature of the sport, media and publicity and luck. Constraints might have deter women’s general sporting involvement, but at a professional level of sport, fulfilment of political and economic priorities for a country’s success and development supersede all else thus the paradox. Keywords: Women, sport participation, sport success, paradox, Singapore
Primary hydrogen isotope effects on the rate of ionization of nitroethane in mixtures of water and dimethyl sulphoxide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rate of ionization of nitroethane and [1-2H2]nitroethane has been measured in solutions of sodium hydroxide in six aqueous solvents containing 0–58 mol % of dimethyl sulphoxide. The observed values of the kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD), together with previously published values for the ionization of several nitro-alkanes in aqueous solution, provide further evidence supporting the existence of an isotope effect maximum when the basicities of the substrate anion and the catalysing base are approximately equal (i.e.ΔpK=ca. 0). The results further indicate that the variation of kH/kD with ΔpK is at least qualitatively the same whether the variation in ΔpK results from the use of different substrates and bases or from the effects of solvent variation on a fixed substrate–base pair.
Models of the electromechanical system of the floating wave power station

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The structure of the electromechanical system (EMS) of a floating wave power plant (FWPP) is developed, which, in addition to generating electricity, protects coastal structures or individual objects on the high seas. The mechanisms of formation of moments on the FWPP shaft are analyzed. Problems are formulated to determine the relationship between the capacity of an electric accumulator and the volume of the water basin of an energy concentrator. Mathematical and simulation models of EMS components are developed. The power ratios of the EMS components and the rated power of the FWPP under the expected operating conditions are determined. Keywords: model, energy converter, electromechanical system. kryukov@nntu.ru
Simultaneously measured current, luminosity, and electric field pulses in a rocket‐triggered lightning flash

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

[1] Current, luminosity, and electric field pulses in a rocket‐triggered negative lightning flash have been analyzed based on the channel base current, high‐speed video images, and electric field changes at 30 m from the channel. Among the 31 distinct current pulses, there are 4 return strokes, 18 typical M components, 5 large M components with unusual large peak current in a range of kiloamperes, 3 initial continuing current (ICC) pulses, and 1 stroke–M component (RM) event which exhibits both return stroke and M component features. The geometric mean of peak current is 13.5 kA, half peak width is 28.4 ms, and risetime from 10 % to 90 % peak is 1.1 ms for the 4 return strokes, while the corresponding values are 243 A, 400 ms, and 319 ms, respectively, for the 18 typical M components and 5.1 kA, 76.3 ms, and 34.6 ms, respectively, for the 5 large M components. The electric field and current waveforms of ICC pulses exhibit features similar to those of the M components, indicating the similarity of their mechanisms. Detectable optical luminosity is found just prior to all the pulse events, even return strokes. The M components are superimposed on a slowly varying continuing current, while the directly measured current prior to the return stroke is not significant. The simultaneous electric field and current waveform of RM implies a superposition of dart leader and M incident wave in the channel, and the possible reason is that two branches with common lower portions coexist simultaneously in the upper part of the discharge channel.
Hypocenter estimation for 14 earthquakes in south-central Alaska (1929-1975)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We provide results from an analysis of 14 historical earthquakes in the region of Cook Inlet and Susitna, south-central Alaska. Using global arrival times of P and S waves, we estimate probabilistic hypocenters using the code NonLinLoc. We provide the complete results, as well as a set of plots to help interpret the likelihood of each earthquake being within the crust, on the subduction interface, or within the subducting Pacific slab.
Experimental study on microscopic evolving process of boiling overheat liquor in boiler under microcracking condition

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Boilers are frequently used in agricultural engineering. After micro cracks appear on the wall of the boiler for high pressure saturated liquor, the containing liquid will be overheated, rapidly boiled and expanded, which may result in explosion of the whole container. The evolving processes differ greatly by cracking conditions. In the experiment conducted in the this article, we made a small sized experimental device and applied high speed photography technology observing the simulated fierce boiling process of the high temperature and high pressure saturated water under overheat condition when micro cracking appears on boiler wall. According to our study, lower depressurization rate will suppress the boiling intensity of the overheated liquid and slow the growth of bubbles, decelerating the expansion of the two-phase flow compared with the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. The magnitude of overpressure in the container is also relatively smaller than overpressure in BLEVE.
[Detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection in tuberculosis patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Enough knowledge of the risk of combined HIV/MTB infection and high-degree alert should be emphasized in medical professionals involving in diagnosis, treatment and management of tuberculosis. Routine HIV antibody detection in high-risk tuberculosis patients for HIV infection, especially in young and middle-age tuberculosis patients, is helpful for early diagnosis and treatment of AIDS and avoiding its spreading.
Preparation and Fertilizer-Permeation Performance of Urea-Formaldehyde Resins Modified by Montmorillonite

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins modified by montmorillonite(MMT) were prepared for coating materials of controlled-release fertilizers. The influences of MMT on the mechanical properties and fertilizer-permeation performance of UF resin were studied. The mechanical properties of modified UF resins are enhanced by the addition of MMT. The shear strength of modified UF resin with 3% MMT increases by nearly 20% and reaches the maximum. The urea permeation rate of modified UF resin membranes decreases with the increasing of membrane thickness and increases with the increasing of MMT content.
The Gospel of Thomas

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book, first published in 2002, offers an authoritative and accessible introduction to the New Testament and early Christian literature for all students of the Bible and anyone interested in the origins of Christianity. It is designed primarily for undergraduate courses in the New Testament, biblical studies and early Christianity. Delbert Burkett focuses on the New Testament, but also looks at a wealth of non-biblical writing to examine the history, religion and literature of Christianity in the years from 30 CE to 150 CE. An appendix containing translations of primary texts allows instant access to the writings outside the canon. With this textbook and the Bible, the student should therefore have all the necessary basic texts. The book is organised systematically with questions for in-class discussion and written assignment, step-by-step reading guides on individual works, special box features, charts, maps and numerous illustrations designed to facilitate student use.