jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Free Competition and Fiscal Policy in European Union

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Fiscal policy and the harmonization of tax laws are extremely important in order to prevent distortions of free competition in UE. The process of European Union construction is based on integration and liberalization of markets in order a loyal and free competition. This issue is really important in order to crisis superaction. In this context the fiscal policy has a very significant impact on countries economics in EU and on company’s management, especially for those most exposed to globalization. The impact of taxes on free competition, economic growth and employment is quite evident since the EU foundation. So, it would be expected a more significant progress towards fiscal harmonization among EU countries. However, until now the question of tax harmonization had no results. It remains a sensitive question in EU. Almost two decades after the entry of the Euro, after a deep economic crisis that endangered the European project, face to BREXIT, we raised some questions as base to this work: what are the political and institutional limitations to tax harmonization in EU? Why there are no further progress was made in the field of tax harmonization, at least, in company’s income? How does this affect social cohesion? What are the effects on economic and social cohesion? This study intends to reflect on the political and institutional constraints of the tax harmonization, quite necessary to the effective process of economic and social integration within the EU. As methodology, we will use a comparative study about income taxes in several EU countries and the relation to GDP, as well the deductive method to analyze the results we find and some reference studies on the subject. In conclusion, we will present the analyze the results and try to answer to these questions. With this study we pretend give a contribution in order to find an answer to the investigation questions.
Is Internet Reciprocal Teaching the Remedy for Saudi EFL Learners’ Reading Difficulties During the Covid-19 Pandemic?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of Internet Reciprocal Teaching (IRT) for remedial English reading instruction in the EFL context, specifically for the purpose of overcoming the reading difficulties encountered by low-achieving Saudi students majoring in English at the University of Jeddah.The treatment phase lasted three months and, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting shift to online teaching, the instruments used were an online pre-and post-test of reading comprehension, an IRT dialogue rubric downloaded on the Blackboard platform that is used for online teaching, as well as a phone interview conducted with randomly selected students from the sample.The findings indicated significant improvements in the reading comprehension of the Saudi learners participating this study, as reflected in the students' effective use of the different IRT strategies and the significant results of the post-test.However, despite the proved effectiveness of IRT in strengthening reading comprehension, some challenges were voiced by the participants.These include computer competency, familiarity with online courses and, most notably, their linguistic difficulties with English, which justified their resorting to their native language (Arabic) as one way of demonstrating their comprehension.Finally, the paper draws pedagogical implications from the research results.
Quantum Particles: Understanding Wave-Particle Duality through Conceptual Insights

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This preprint explores the conceptual foundations of particle quantum nature, focusing on wave-particle duality and the probabilistic outcomes of quantum measurements. It emphasizes that even individual particles exhibit inherent wave-like behavior, representing distributions of potential existence, and that observations localize these waves into discrete points. The paper provides an intuitive framework for understanding quantum phenomena without heavy reliance on mathematical formalism, discussing the relationship between wavefunctions, measurement, and probability. It also considers the potential connection between quantum indeterminacy and the primordial conditions of the universe, offering conceptual insights into the fundamental nature of particles.
Essay on the simplification effected by the codes of law prepared and adopted for British India, and the desirability of framing similar codes for England, Ireland, and Scotland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The formation of codes, or of consolidated statutes relating to portions of Indian law, has taken place within the last few years. The greater portion of this work was carried out in the year 1872. The first statute on this subject became law in 1859. The public are still ignorant of the extent of this great legal reform?the difficulties encountered and the success achieved in this undertaking. In order to form a judgment as to whether what has been, carried out in India can or ought to be attempted in England, it is necessary to consider precisely what has been done in the former country.\nIt is necessary to examine shortly, in-the first place, the state of the Indian law, previous to the passing of these statutes; secondly, the form in which they have been passed; lastly, whether, tested by experience, they have proved successful.
Using word probabilities as confidence measures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Estimates of confidence for the output of a speech recognition system can be used in many practical applications of speech recognition technology. They can be employed for detecting possible errors and can help to avoid undesirable verification turns in automatic inquiry systems. We propose to estimate the confidence in a hypothesized word as its posterior probability, given all acoustic feature vectors of the speaker utterance. The basic idea of our approach is to estimate the posterior word probabilities as the sum of all word hypothesis probabilities which represent the occurrence of the same word in more or less the same segment of time. The word hypothesis probabilities are approximated by paths in a wordgraph and are computed using a simplified forward-backward algorithm. We present experimental results on the North American Business (NAB'94) and the German Verbmobil recognition task.
The Role of Attitude Strength in Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter explores the role that attitude strength plays in influencing behaviors relevant to COVID-19. Strong attitudes are those that are durable and impactful in guiding behavior. After explaining the antecedents and consequences of strong attitudes, the first part of this chapter focuses on two techniques that have proven successful in changing deeply entrenched views. The first relies on matching the message to some characteristic of the attitude, such as presenting moral arguments to those whose attitudes are based on morality. The second involves using a two-sided, rather than the traditional one-sided, message to render people more open to opposing views. The second half of the chapter describes research on when strong attitudes are more likely to govern behavior than weak ones versus when the opposite is more likely. Evidence is provided for the idea that when a self-threat is salient, weak attitudes can be more effective in guiding behavior than are strong attitudes because of efforts to compensate for the threat by bolstering one’s weakly held views. For each topic, suggestions for future research are included.
An analysis of the factors affecting the adoption of cloud consumer relationship management in the machinery industry in Taiwan

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In recent years, cloud computing services have developed rapidly and are being widely used, but most applications focus on consumers. However, a few successful cases of enterprise application systems have been constructed and adopted by companies. To understand the factors that affect the adoption by a company of cloud Customer Relationship Management (CRM), which is an enterprise application system, this study used a Technology Organization Environment Framework (TOE) as a theoretical framework, reviewed related literature on the relevant factors affecting the adoption of a cloud service, and then constructed a three-level hierarchical table of the factors. A pairwise comparison questionnaire was then designed and issued to top managers of firms in the machinery industry in Taiwan that have adopted cloud CRM. A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) was then used to calculate the weights of the factors, based on the returned questionnaires. The results show that enterprises in the machinery industry gave priority to the factor, ‘support of senior managers’, followed by the factors ‘organizational policies’ and ‘system information security’. Some implications of the findings are discussed, which can serve as a guide for the successful adoption of cloud CRM in machinery industry if firms allocate their resources appropriately to these important factors. These results can also be used by the service providers of cloud CRM to devise effective marketing strategies.
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity Monitored In Vivo by Hyperpolarized 13C-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Demonstrates Its Importance for pH Regulation in Tumors.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Carbonic anhydrase buffers tissue pH by catalyzing the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)). We assessed the functional activity of CAIX in two colorectal tumor models, expressing different levels of the enzyme, by measuring the rate of exchange of hyperpolarized (13)C label between bicarbonate (H(13)CO3(-)) and carbon dioxide ((13)CO2), following injection of hyperpolarized H(13)CO3(-), using (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C-MRS) magnetization transfer measurements. (31)P-MRS measurements of the chemical shift of the pH probe, 3-aminopropylphosphonate, and (13)C-MRS measurements of the H(13)CO3(-)/(13)CO2 peak intensity ratio showed that CAIX overexpression lowered extracellular pH in these tumors. However, the (13)C measurements overestimated pH due to incomplete equilibration of the hyperpolarized (13)C label between the H(13)CO3(-) and (13)CO2 pools. Paradoxically, tumors overexpressing CAIX showed lower enzyme activity using magnetization transfer measurements, which can be explained by the more acidic extracellular pH in these tumors and the decreased activity of the enzyme at low pH. This explanation was confirmed by administration of bicarbonate in the drinking water, which elevated tumor extracellular pH and restored enzyme activity to control levels. These results suggest that CAIX expression is increased in hypoxia to compensate for the decrease in its activity produced by a low extracellular pH and supports the hypothesis that a major function of CAIX is to lower the extracellular pH.
Sexual violence in Brazil: voices of raped women

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aimed to understand the perception of women regarding sexual violence.For that, a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative research was carried out, in which 521 women, from different Brazilian states, aged between 16 and 62 years old, participated.The results showed that: a) 87.5% of the respondents did not formally report the sexual violence suffered to the competent bodies; b) in addition to sexual violence, 88.00% of respondents reported having been victims of other forms of violence (physical, psychological, moral and/or property); c) the negative impacts on women's lives were multidimensional, manifested soon after the aggressions, and/or in the medium and long term, such as genital and extragenital injuries (86.00%), post-traumatic stress disorder (98.00%), and dysfunctional beliefs involving feelings of guilt (80.00%), difficulties in trusting people (80.00%) and difficulties in relating emotionally and sexually (80.00%).In view of these data, it is considered that, often, women are faced with acts of aggression against life, equality, dignity and freedom and this changes their being and being in society, restricting their opportunities to actively participate in issues public and political, as well as work, education, community, among others.
Immigration Ethics and the Context of Justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

By now one might hope that the robust body of theoretical work recently published on immigration ethics would have taken general political philosophy a long way from the prevailing Rawlsian-style insularity premise, according to which society is “a closed system isolated from other societies” into which persons “enter only by birth and exit only by death.” But there are still a great many political theorists whose focus is unreflectively endogenous and who assume away questions of states’ constitutive scope and boundaries. One of the signal merits of David Miller's new book, Strangers in Our Midst , is that it lucidly demonstrates why ignoring state boundary constitution is untenable for political theory. Miller shows that foundational debates in political philosophy are inescapably related, both as premise and entailment, to many normative immigration questions.
Figure 2 in A new Maastrichtian hyposaurine dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha) from Namibe province, Angola

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Figure 2. Cranial remains of MGUAN-PA548: superimposed on skull outline from Jouve et al. (2006) (A); the skull (photography and 3D model views): in posterior view (B), in dorsal view (C), in ventral view (D), in left lateral view (E); tooth in lingual view (F); part of the left ectopterygoid wing (G); (additional views of the specimen are available in the Supporting Information, Material S6, S7). Abbreviations: B, boss; bo, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; cqc, cranioquadrate canal foramen; ect, ectopterygoid; ex, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; mef, median eustachian foramen; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; oc, occipital condyle; ot, occipital tuberosity; pa, parietal; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve; X, vagus nerve; XI, accessory nerve; XII, anterior and posterior bundles of hypoglossal nerve. Scale bar = 10 cm (A–D) and 1 cm (E–G).
Enhanced Double Via Insertion Using Wire Bending

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Redundant via insertion is highly recommended for improving chip yield and reliability. In this paper, we studied the problem of simultaneous double via insertion and wire bending (DVI/WB) in a postrouting stage, where a single via can have at most one redundant via inserted next to it. Aside from this, we are allowed to bend existing signal wires for enhancing the insertion rate of double vias. The primary goal of the DVI/WB problem is to insert as many double vias as possible; the secondary objective is to minimize the amount of layout perturbation. We formulate the DVI/WB problem as that of finding a minimum-weight maximum independent set (mWMIS) on an enhanced conflict graph. We proposed algorithms to perform wire bending and to construct the enhanced conflict graph from a given design. We also proposed a zero-one integer linear program (0–1 ILP)-based approach to solve the mWMIS problem. Moreover, we studied the problem of DVI/WB with the consideration of via density and extended our 0–1 ILP-based approach to solve it. Experimental results show that our approaches can improve the insertion rate by up to 6.34% at the expense of up to 1.29% wirelength increase when compared with the state-of-the-art double via insertion methods that do not consider wire bending. Moreover, when compared with an existing method that considers wire bending, our DVI/WB approach can insert 2% more double vias and produce 32% less wirelength increase rate on average.
Electric Field-Modulated Charge Transfer in Geometrically\nTailored MoX<sub>2</sub>/WX<sub>2</sub> (X = S, Se) Heterostructures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Light-induced interlayer charge transfer\nin staggered-type heterostructures\n(HSs) in transition-metal dichalcogenides provides the opportunity\nto improve the performance of optoelectronic applications. Herein,\nwe employ density functional theory to investigate the vertical electric-field-controlled\ninterlayer charge transfer in stacked MoX<sub>2</sub>/WX<sub>2</sub> (X=S, Se) HSs. Upon application of electric field from −3\nto 3 V/nm, we observe the band-alignment transition, band inversion,\nand offset variations in these HSs. Furthermore, these electric fields\nare found to modulate charge localization/delocalization across the\nlayers, which provides insight into charge transfer. The positive\nelectric field is supposed to localize the charges in WS<sub>2</sub>, whereas the charges are localized in MoS<sub>2</sub> at negative\nelectric field. Based on charge localization/delocalization, our study\nsuggests that the interlayer hole transfer upon MoS<sub>2</sub> photoexcitation\ncan be suppressed at higher positive electric fields, whereas electron\ntransfer can be blocked by excitation of WS<sub>2</sub>. In contrast,\nnegative electric fields (of −3 V/nm) can induce interlayer\nhole and electron transfer. Owing to the tunability of interlayer\ncharge transfer by means of a vertical electric field, our findings\nbear paramount importance in modulating electron–hole recombination\nand charge-transfer time, which is beneficial for future optoelectronic\ndevices.
The study and application of the primary current limiting harmonic excluder for the type of the thermal resistor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the non-effective earthed neutral system, the ferro-resonance over voltage of the electromagnetic voltage transformer is kind of internal over voltage which appear frequent and cause more faults. The study shows that using the harmonic excluder made of thermal resistor is liable of eliminating the ferro-resonance. The primary current limiting harmonic excluder for the thermal resistor type can effectively prevent the bus short circuit fault due to the unreliable fusing of the fusible cut-out.
The Genesis of Russian Warlordism: Violence and Governance during the First World War and the Civil War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The article looks at how the collapse of the tsarist regime in Russia and the civil war which followed created the conditions wherein a class of violent paramilitary entrepreneurs, usually veterans of the Great War, were able to operate almost entirely without restraint. The author terms this phenomenon ‘warlordism’, and shows how the rise and eventual fall of warlords was connected to the absence and restoration of state control during 1917–23. The article calls for an interpretation of violence during this period which eschews the reductive dualism of ‘red’ and ‘white’ terror in favour of an analysis which emphasises the role played by individual and largely autonomous warlords.
Editorial: Understanding molecular interactions that underpin vascular mechanobiology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cells are exposed to a variety of mechanical forces in their daily lives, especially endothelial cells that are stretched from vessel distention and are exposed to hemodynamic shear stress from a blood flow. Exposure to excessive forces can induce a disease, but the molecular details on how these cells perceive forces, transduce them into biochemical signals and genetic events, i.e., mechanotransduction, and integrate them into physiological or pathological changes remain unclear. However, seminal studies in endothelial cells over the past several decades have begun to elucidate some of these signals. These studies have been highlighted in APL Bioengineering and elsewhere, describing a complex temporal pattern where forces are sensed immediately by ion channels and force-dependent conformational changes in surface proteins, followed by biochemical cascades, cytoskeletal contraction, and nuclear remodeling that can affect long-term changes in endothelial morphology and fate. Key examples from the endothelial literature that have established these pathways include showing that integrins and Flk-1 or VE-cadherin act as shear stress transducers, activating downstream proteins such as Cbl and Nckβ or Src, respectively. In this Editorial, we summarize a recent literature highlighting these accomplishments, noting the engineering tools and analysis methods used in these discoveries while also highlighting unanswered questions.
Influence of Multi Extrusion Die Process on Mechanical and Chemical Behavior of 2024-T3 Alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a cold multi-pass extrusion process for a <i>15mm</i> in diameter solid 2024-T3 aluminum alloy rod was carried out using three dies to obtain three different diameters of <i>14mm, 13mm</i>, and <i>12mm</i>. The microstructure, hardness, and corrosion behavior were investigated before and after the extrusion process. Load-Displacement data were recorded during each extrusion process. The electrochemical corrosion test was made in a <i>3.5 wt.</i>% NaCl solution using potentiostat instrument under static potentials test. Corrosion current was recorded to determine the corrosion rate for specimens. The results showed that the extrusion load increased with the number of extrusion passes, which is also seen in hardness test results. In addition, the corrosion rate decreased with the increase in the number of extrusion passes. This is due to severe plastic deformation, which generates a fine grain structure of (AlCu) and (AlCuMg) components.
ANALISIS EVOLUSI EKOSISTEM PERANGKAT LUNAK OPEN SOURCE : TINJAUAN PUSTAKA SISTEMATIS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The development of an Open Source Software (OSS) can influence the development of other Open Source Systems. The relationship between OSS is often called an ecosystem, there are several aspects to the OSS ecosystem that can affect ecosystem evolution in the software. This study reports a systematic literature review on the influence of several aspects of the OSS ecosystem on the evolution of OSS. The Sistematic Literature Review method based on Kitchenham was used to analyze 1099 articles published in leading journals and conferences. The Results showed that Social aspects have a significant impact on ecosystem evolution, where communication between communities in an OSS ecosystem influences aspects of contributions and dependencies that encourage an ecosystem to develop and evolve.
Biosimilar bidding in centralized tenders in Norway

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Our objective is to study the competition effect of biosimilar entry in centralized tenders for an expensive category or drugs - TNF-inhibitors. We use monthly observations of prices and volumes for all brands and biosimilars in this drug category in Norway, covering the period from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2016. Descriptive statistics and regression models are used to investigate the impact of biosimilars on the drug price and the effect of the number of brands on the intensity of competition. Both the entry of biosimilars and new branded drugs have increased competition and reduced prices. According to our estimates, an increase in the market share of biosimilars from 10 % to 60 %, will be accompanied with a 50 % reduction in the expected price. Only two years after entry, the first biosimilars in this drug category had gained a market share of 40 % in Norwegian hospitals. Although entry barriers for biosimilars are higher than for generics of chemical substances, significant cost savings are expected from patent expirations of expensive biologics as well. The centralized design of the tenders is an important institutional factor behind the strong competition effect. Published: Online January 2020