jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Perception and acceptable risks &ndash; the union of decision-theory, behaviour and the brain

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Acceptability and perception drive risky environmental heath and safety decisions: protecting against nearly infinitesimal risks can involve expenditures of millions or billions of dollars. Societal decision-makers and individual taxpayers are asked to understand numbers that span over more than 15 orders of magnitude, numbers with which most individuals lack experience. For example, we perceived real estate values will continue to rise, and lenders, in part misperceiving the potential risks of defaults, lent to more than 7 million high-risk borrowers: more than a trillion dollars were involved in the sub-prime loans market disaster. Even when public agencies or industry perform a health or safety assessment and demonstrate low risk, such assertions are not sufficient justification for those at risk to accept as minimal guarantees of safety, as the Challenger disaster shows. However, to assert that a risk is correctly perceived and acceptable requires understanding of 'acceptable risk' numbers, otherwise any 'acceptable risk criterion' to justify a choice can hardly be meaningful. This paper's synthesis of theoretical and experimental aspects integrates decision-theoretic, behavioural and neurological results, including surprising or paradoxical choices.
Underreporting of Lyme and Other Tick‐Borne Diseases in Residents of a High‐Incidence County, Minnesota, 2009

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Lyme disease ( LD ), anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other tick‐borne diseases ( TBD s) attributed to Ixodes ticks are thought to be widely underreported in the United States. To identify TBD cases diagnosed in 2009, but not reported to the Minnesota Department of Health ( MDH ), diagnostic and procedural billing codes suggestive of tick‐borne diseases were used to select medical charts for retrospective review in medical facilities serving residents of a highly endemic county in Minnesota. Of 444 illness events, 352 (79%) were not reported. Of these, 102 (29%) met confirmed or probable surveillance case criteria, including 91 (26%) confirmed LD cases with physician‐diagnosed erythema migrans ( EM ). For each confirmed and probable LD , probable anaplasmosis and confirmed babesiosis case reported to MDH in 2009, 2.8, 1.3, 1.2 and 1.0 cases were likely diagnosed, respectively. These revised estimates provide a more accurate assessment and better understanding of the burden of these diseases in a highly endemic county.
Dietary Iron Intake and Biomarkers of Iron Status in Slovenian Population: Results of SI.Menu/Nutrihealth Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency are recognised as a public health problem in the population at large, and particularly in specific subpopulations. Dietary iron intake was analysed using data of the national Slovenian food consumption study, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10–74 years), while iron status was evaluated with laboratory analyses of blood haemoglobin, serum ferritin, and iron concentration in samples, collected in the Nutrihealth study (n = 280, adults). The estimated daily usual population-weighted mean iron intakes ranged from 16.0 mg in adults and the elderly to 16.7 in adolescents, and were lower in females for all three age groups. The main dietary iron sources in all the age groups were bread and bakery products, meat (products), fruit, and vegetables. The highest prevalence of haemoglobin anaemia was observed in females aged 51–64 years (6.7%). Critically depleted iron stores (ferritin concentration < 15 µg/L) were particularly found in premenopausal females (10.1%). Factors influencing low haemoglobin, ferritin, and iron intake were also investigated. We observed significant correlations between iron status with meat and fish intake, and with iron intake from meat and fish, but not with total iron intake. We can conclude that particularly premenopausal females are the most fragile population in terms of inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency, which should be considered in future research and public health strategies.
Hierarchical nanocomposite of polyanilinenanorods grown on the surface of carbon nanotubes for high-performance supercapacitor electrode

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A facile method was successfully developed for the preparation of a hierarchical nanocomposite of vertical polyaniline (PANI) nanorods aligned on the surface of functional multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWNTs) by in situ polymerization of PANI on the surface of FMWNTs. The formation mechanism was illustrated according to the morphological evolution of PANI-FMWNTs nanocomposite at different polymerization times. The hierarchical nanocomposite possessed higher special capacitance and better stability than each individual component as supercapacitor electrode materials due to the synergistic effect of both components, as well as to the special hierarchical structure, which not only increases the specific surface area of the nanocomposite but also facilitates the penetration of electrolyte ions. This research gives a better insight into the preparation of functional hybrid nanocomposites by combining different dimensional nanomaterials.
A study of digital architectural heritage preservation based on blockchain technology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Liben Building, constructed in 1822 AD, is located in Xinnan Village, Hukeng Town, Yongding District, Longyan City, Fujian Province, China. This square earthen building covers an area of about 2100 square metres. In 1931 AD, the building was sacked and burned down by bandits during a war, leaving behind only the remnants of the walls of the main building. In the meta‐universe environment, firstly, this study adopted blockchain DAO technology to conduct a study on the digital collection, storage, processing, display and dissemination of Liben Building, revealing the problems with digital regeneration of cultural heritage. Then, the questionnaire with 20 questions was designed, and 158 valid completed copies of the questionnaire were collected. Combining influence relationship with sample clustering analysis methods, this paper explored the findings of a study of the historical sites under blockchain digital heritage preservation and protection in the metaverse.
An evaluation of two interventions on the phonetic repertoire of children with multiple disabilities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Children who have multiple disabilities often have complex communicational needs (Crickmay 1966; Orelove & Sobsey, 1996; Van Riper & Erickson, 1996; Workinger 2005). To augment or supplement these children’s communication skills some form of alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) may be provided (Beukleman & Mirenda, 2005; Downing, 1996; Orelove & Sobsey, 1996; Stephenson & Dowrick, 2005). However it has been found that parents fear AAC will prevent focus on verbal output which is the preferred way of communication (Allaire et al 1991; Beukelman & Mirenda, 2005; Schlosser, 2003; Stephenson & Dowrick, 2005). This study investigated the impact of a combined therapy approach on the phonetic repertoire of children with multiple disabilities. In addition, changes in communication intent were also explored. Each child received intervention across four, 20-30 minute sessions per week for six weeks. Results show that all of the children made improvements, however not all changes were significant. Clinical implications of the study include the notion that working on traditional therapy techniques can improve the speech and language of children who have multiple disabilities and there is a need to look further at traditional therapies and incorporate AAC into these
Attempted prevention of neonatal thyrotoxicosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

thyroid, and increased lipofuscin deposition.Increasing use of mino- cycline could produce additional examples.Pigmentation of the thyroid need not cause functional upset.However, nuclear pyknosis indicates epithelial damage, and the studies of Benitz et al showed that minocycline has an antithyroid effect.Patients on long-term minocycline should have their thyroid function monitored.
Sorption performance of quercus cerris cork with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxicity testing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Quercus cerris is an important oak species extended in large areas of Eastern Europe and Minor Asia that has a thick bark which is not utilized at all. The sorption performance of cork from Quercus cerris bark with four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene) was investigated. Quercus cerris cork was characterized for elemental analysis, acidic groups, and summative chemical composition, and the results were compared with Quercus suber cork. A Microtox® test was carried out to test for the release of any toxic compounds into the solution. All isotherms fit the Freundlich model and displayed linear n values. Quercus cerris exhibited a high efficiency for sorption of PAHs for the studied concentrations (5 to 50 µg/L) with 80-96% removal, while the desorption isotherms showed a very low release of the adsorbed PAHs (<2%). In relation to Quercus suber cork, KF values of Quercus cerris cork are about three times lower. The quantity of Quercus cerris cork required to reduce water pollution by PAHs was estimated to be less than twice the quantity of other adsorbents such as aspen wood and leonardite. Toxicity tests indicated that non-toxic compounds were released into the solution by the Quercus cerris and Quercus suber cork samples. Overall the results indicate the potential use of Quercus cerris cork and of Quercus suber cork as effective and economical biosorbents for the treatment of PAH-contaminated waters
Intraoviductal Instillation of a Solution as an Effective Route for Manipulating Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos in vivo

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Preimplantation embryos of mammals are enclosed by a translucent layer called zona pellucida (ZP), which is composed of glycoproteins. ZP is important for protecting against infection by virus and bacteria, and to prevent attachment of embryos to the oviductal epithelia. Due to the presence of ZP, it has been difficult to transfect preimplantation embryos existing within the oviductal lumen, with exogenous nucleic acids, such as DNA and mRNA. However, intraoviductal instillation of nucleic acids, and subsequent in vivo electroporation in pregnant females, enables transfection of these embryos, leading to the production of gene-modified animals. This new method for production of genetically modified animals does not require any ex vivo handling of embryos, which has been essential for traditional transgenesis. In this article, we describe recent advances in the in vivo transfection of preimplantation mammalian embryos, and also the possibility of simple transfection of these embryos through intraoviductal instillation of a solution, alone.
ATR-FTIR Analysis on Polymorphism of PVDF/MgO Nanocomposite Thin Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This study employed 7 weight percent (wt.%) of untreated and treated MgO nanofillers incorporated into PVDF polymer. The effects of coupling agents (chlorotrimethylsilane and triacetoxyvinylsilane) on the polymorphism of PVDF/MgO nanocomposite were investigated. The PVDF/MgO nanocomposite thin films of untreated and treated MgO nanofillers, with and without the addition of coupling agents were produced via spin coating technique. The average thickness recorded for these films was 300 nm thick. ATR-FTIR was conducted to investigate the changes in polymorphism of PVDF/MgO nanocomposite thin films. The results shows that PVDF/MgO (Chlorotriemethylvinylsilane) indicates better compatibility than PVDF/MgO, with sharp and distinguished absorption band at 840 cm -1 , indicating high content of PVDF, β-crystals.
Clues to neonatal genitourinary problems

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Most neonatal genitourinary problems are due to congenital anomalies. The first clues to urinary dysfunction are the quantity and quality of the urinary stream, and this should be scrutinized in every newborn. Common signs of dysfunction include anuria, hematuria, and masses. Anuria may be caused by obstruction, a vascular disorder, or renal agenesis or dysplasia. In the male, obstruction is commonly caused by posterior urethral valves. A mass may be a bladder distended by obstruction, a persistent urachus, a hydronephrotic or dysplastic kidney, or scrotal enlargement due to spermatic cord torsion.
Enhanced collisionless heating in a nonuniform plasma at the bounce resonance condition

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The importance of accounting for a nonuniform density profile for modeling of collisionless electron heating in a bounded low-pressure plasma is demonstrated. A drastic enhancement of the power transfer into an inductive plasma under the condition of a bounce resonance is observed if the nonuniformity of the plasma density profile is accounted for. This enhanced plasma heating is attributed to the increase of the number of resonant electrons, for which the bounce frequency of electrons confined inside the plasma potential is equal to the rf field frequency.
Emerging novel concept of chaperone therapies for protein misfolding diseases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chaperone therapy is a newly developed molecular therapeutic approach to protein misfolding diseases. Among them we found unstable mutant enzyme proteins in a few lysosomal diseases, resulting in rapid intracellular degradation and loss of function. Active-site binding low molecular competitive inhibitors (chemical chaperones) paradoxically stabilized and enhanced the enzyme activity in somatic cells by correction of the misfolding of enzyme protein. They reached the brain through the blood-brain barrier after oral administration, and corrected pathophysiology of the disease. In addition to these inhibitory chaperones, non-competitive chaperones without inhibitory bioactivity are being developed. Furthermore molecular chaperone therapy utilizing the heat shock protein and other chaperone proteins induced by small molecules has been experimentally tried to handle abnormally accumulated proteins as a new approach particularly to neurodegenerative diseases. These three types of chaperones are promising candidates for various types of diseases, genetic or non-genetic, and neurological or non-neurological, in addition to lysosomal diseases.
Artificial Neural Network Model for Estimating Mold Flux Melting Temperature

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The accuracy of the current models for the calculation of the melting temperature of the mold flux shows that there is still room for improvement, given that their accuracy could not be satisfactory enough to keep up with the current industrial needs. In this work the use of artificial neural networks for data prediction is explored. The network acts as a “black box” capable to predict the melting temperature determined by complex physical interaction among the involved chemical species composing the flux. The network is trained by learning from real experimental data provided by different research groups through hot stage microscopy. The data was tested first within its respective batches and then tested as a single aggregate data batch. After testing and optimization of the networks’ parameters, an acceptable level of accuracy was reached because the estimated melting temperatures point out an average error lower than 30 K if compared to measured data. This opens the possibility for the development of a standalone application that can be used for reference. In order to open the possibility for further improvements of this study the paper shares and makes public the values contained in the matrixes connecting the nodes of neural networks.
Vertically integrated transistors for field emission applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Field emission devices have demonstrated several research and commercial applications in the areas of flat panel displays, microwave power devices, imaging sensors and electron sources. Recent work has shown the feasibility of using integrated MOSFETs to control and enhance field emission stability and operating characteristics. This research effort investigates the integration of vertical MOS transistors with field emitter arrays as a means to enhance field emission device capabilities and range of applications. Vertical MOSFET device modeling was performed using MEDICI, a commercially available electrostatic simulator. In addition, process modeling was conducted using SUPREM to optimize design and layout sequencing for device fabrication. Working devices were fabricated and tested in the Integrated Circuits Laboratory within the Microsystems and Technology Laboratory at MIT. Techniques to achieve high-density field emitter arrays necessary for integrated VMOS / FEA devices were also investigated. This study determined that it is feasible to integrate and control field emitter arrays with vertical MOSFET
Efficient transgenic rat production by a lentiviral vector

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Lentiviral vectors based transgenesis is emerging as a new method which may substantially increase the transgenic success rates in the rat. We generated Dahl S transgenic rats using a lentiviral vector expressing eGFP driven by the CAG promoter, consisting of a hCMV immediate‐early enhancer, a chicken â‐actin transcription start site, and a composite intron including sequences from rabbit â‐Globin. Subsequently, we comprehensively evaluated the transgenic rates, transgene inheritance, and expression patterns in terms of the potential usefulness of this tool for gene function studies in the rat. Transgenic and mosaicism rates were 21.7% (n=60) and 12.5%, respectively. In the founders, the copy number of the transgene ranged from 1–4. The transgene inheritance was 48.9%. Small numbers of insertion sites allowed deriving transgenic inbred lines with a single copy of the transgene within one generation of offspring. eGFP fluorescence of the transgenic organs (carrying a single copy of the transgene) was at a similar level across the evaluated five lines of the F1 generation (using Metamorph), indicating no significant chromosomal position effect on expression level. The CAG appears to be a very potent promoter in the rat as it drove the eGFP expression in all examined 21 organs. Lentiviral transgenesis provides a novel powerful tool for efficient transgenic rat generation allowing this most comprehensively studied species to be more broadly used in physiological genomics research. Support: AI42380, HL54998.
The turbulence development at its initial stage: a scenario based on the idea of vortices decay

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a model of the development of a quantum turbulence in its initial stage is proposed. The origin of the turbulence in the suggested model is the decay of vortex loops with an internal structure. We consider the initial stage of this process, before an equilibrium state is established. As result of our study, the density matrix of developing turbulent flow is calculated. The quantization scheme of the classical vortex rings system is based on the approach proposed by the author earlier.
Maternal Care and Individual Differences in Defensive Responses

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Familial transmission of mental illness is common. Recent studies in behavioral neuroscience and biological psychiatry reveal the importance of epigenetic mechanisms of transmission that center on the developmental consequences of variations in parental care. Studies with rats suggest that environmental adversity results in patterns of parent–offspring interactions that increase stress reactivity through sustained effects on gene expression in brain regions known to regulate behavioral, endocrine, and autonomic responses to stress. While such effects might be adaptive, the associated cost involves an increased risk for stress-related illness.
Uptake and Metabolism of Organic Compounds: Green‐Liver Model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Plant metabolism of organic compounds is a vital phytoremediation process for sustainable waste management. Metabolism appears to follow detoxification or elimination metabolic processes, which are collectively called the "green-liver" model. For this metabolism to take place, the compounds must enter plant tissues; therefore uptake of organic compounds is also covered, with specific applications for phytoremediation. Plant metabolism of organic compounds shares many processes with mammalian liver function, including (1) the capability to detoxify contaminants, (2) the specific enzymatic pathways, and (3) removal of the compounds from the susceptible organelles. The similarities extend to the very structure of the enzymes involved. The major difference is in the ultimate fate—storage as opposed to excretion in mammals. By understanding the processes that occur within the plants used in phytoremediation, a better knowledge of the potential ecological impacts can be gained. Furthermore, new applications can be developed with the knowledge of plant metabolism and, through molecular engineering techniques, a new paradigm in the plant metabolism of contaminants and phytoremediation should result.
Multiline Addressing by Network Flow

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider an optimization problem arising in the design of controllers for OLED displays. Our objective is to minimize amplitude of the electrical current through the diodes which has a direct impact on the lifetime of such a display. Modeling the problem in mathematical terms yields a class of network flow problems where we group the arcs and pay in each group only for the arc carrying the maximum flow. We develop (fully) combinatorial approximation heuristics suitable for being implemented in the hardware of a control device that drives an OLED display
Neural Network Architectures and Activation Functions: A Gaussian Process Approach

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For neural networks we propose stochastic, non-parametric activation functions that are fully learnable and individual to each neuron.
Overfitting is prevented by placing a Gaussian process prior over these functions.
The model can handle uncertainties in its inputs and self-estimate the confidence of its predictions.
Using variational inference and the central limit theorem, a deterministic objective is derived, allowing it to be trained as efficiently as a conventional neural network using gradient descent.