jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Timolol on Central Corneal Thickness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Timolol is an effective and safe medication that is widely used in glaucoma treatment. Although it is known that it is quickly taken up by the cornea following topical administration and that the cornea exhibits β-adrenergic receptors, there are few studies available on the clinical impact of timolol on central corneal thickness (CCT). Methods Twenty healthy subjects were tested in a double-blind, prospective, and randomized study. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and CCT were measured before and during administration of timolol 0.5% eyedrops over 28 days. Results Administration of timolol 0.5% resulted in a reduction of IOP from an initial value of 16 ± 2 mm Hg to 13 ± 0 mm Hg (p<0.001, R 2 = 0.7033) as well as an increase in CCT from 555 ± 11 μm from the time of the baseline examination to 567 ± 9 μm (p = 0.005, R 2 = 0.8754), an increase of epithelial thickness from 53 ± 2 μm to 59 ± 3 μm (p<0.001, R 2 = 0.5063), and an increase of stromal thickness from 494 ± 4 μm to 498 ± 9 μm (p = 0.045, R 2 = 0.4352) after 9 days each. From day 10 on, a decrease in CCT (R 2 = 0.6164), epithelial thickness (R 2 = 0.2216), and stromal thickness (R 2 = 0.2092) was observed. At the end, the values had returned toward the initial values measured (CCT 553 ± 8 μm, p = 0.391; epithelial thickness, 50 ± 2 μm, p = 0.214; and stromal thickness, 493 ± 8 μm, p = 0.483). In contrast, endothelial thickness did not vary following administration of timolol 0.5% (p = 0.727, R 2 = 0.009). Conclusions Topical administration of timolol 0.5% results in a reversible increase in CCT. These modest changes are unlikely to influence tonometry or clinical decision-making.
Association of the Metabolic Syndrome With History of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— The combination of cardiovascular risk factors known as the metabolic syndrome is receiving increased attention from physicians, but data on the syndrome’s association with morbidity are limited. Methods and Results— Applying National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria, we evaluated 10 357 NHANES III subjects for the 5 component conditions of the metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, abdominal obesity based on waist circumference, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension, as well as the full syndrome, defined as at least 3 of the 5 conditions. Logistic regression was used to estimate the cross-sectional association of the syndrome and each of its 5 component conditions separately with history of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and either MI or stroke (MI/stroke). Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, and cigarette smoking. The metabolic syndrome was significantly related in multivariate analysis to MI (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.64), stroke (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.48 to 3.16), and MI/stroke (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.64 to 2.57). The syndrome was significantly associated with MI/stroke in both women and men. Among the component conditions, insulin resistance (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.66), low HDL-C (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.74), hypertension (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.08), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.66; 95% CI=1.20 to 2.30) were independently and significantly related to MI/stroke. Conclusions— These results indicate a strong, consistent relationship of the metabolic syndrome with prevalent MI and stroke.
Phaseolus vulgaris G16072

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Phaseolus vulgaris
Common name(s): beans
Other names: Garrapata
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia
Local sample unique identifier: G16072
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1982-02-01
Other identifiers: n/a,MAS & LCG 69
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
An anomaly detection method for spacecraft solar arrays based on the ILS-SVM model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Solar arrays are important and indispensable parts of spacecraft and provide energy support for spacecraft to operate in orbit and complete on-orbit missions. When a spacecraft is in orbit, because the solar array is exposed to the harsh space environment, with increasing working time, the performance of its internal electronic components gradually degrade until abnormal damage occurs. This damage makes solar array power generation unable to fully meet the energy demand of a spacecraft. Therefore, timely and accurate detection of solar array anomalies is of great significance for the on-orbit operation and maintenance management of spacecraft. In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection method for spacecraft solar arrays based on the integrated least squares support vector machine (ILS-SVM) model: it selects correlated telemetry data from spacecraft solar arrays to form a training set and extracts n groups of training subsets from this set, then gets n corresponding least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) submodels by training on these training subsets, respectively; after that, the ILS-SVM model is obtained by integrating these submodels through a weighting operation to increase the prediction accuracy and so on; finally, based on the obtained ILS-SVM model, a parameterfree and unsupervised anomaly determination method is proposed to detect the health status of solar arrays. We use the telemetry data set from a satellite in orbit to carry out experimental verification and find that the proposed method can diagnose solar array anomalies in time and can capture the signs before a solar array anomaly occurs, which reflects the applicability of the method.
Quantum tunneling splittings from path-integral molecular dynamics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We illustrate how path-integral molecular dynamics can be used to calculate ground-state tunnelling splittings in molecules or clusters. The method obtains the splittings from ratios of density matrix elements between the degenerate wells connected by the tunnelling. We propose a simple thermodynamic integration scheme for evaluating these elements. Numerical tests on fully dimensional malonaldehyde yield tunnelling splittings in good overall agreement with the results of diffusion Monte Carlo calculations.
Penetapan Kadar Tablet Kalsium Laktat Di Pt. Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk. Plant Medan Secara Titrasi Kompleksometri

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tablet Kalsium Laktat merupakan salah satu sediaan yang sering digunakan sebagai terapi suplemen pada hipokalsemia atau kebutuhan kalsium meninggi. Sediaan ini merupakan garam kalsium yang berguna untuk menjamin kebutuhan tubuh akan kalsium. Tujuan penulisan Tugas Akhir ini adalah untuk menetapkan kadar tablet Kalsium Laktat produksi PT. Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk. Plant Medan apakah memenuhi persyaratan Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV (1995), sehingga dengan kadar yang tepat tablet dapat memberikan efek terapi yang dikehendaki.
Penetapan kadar tablet Kalsium Laktat dilakukan secara titrasi kompleksometri dengan menggunakan indikator Eriochrom Blak T dan pentiter Na2EDTA. Diperoleh kadar tablet Kalsium Laktat sebesar 96,95%.
Hasil penetapan kadar menunujkkan bahwa tablet Kalsium Laktat yang diproduksi oleh PT. Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk. Plant Medan memenuhi persyaratan Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV (1995) yaitu tidak kurang dari 94,0% dan tidak lebih dari 106,0% dari jumlah yang tertera pada etiket.
Kata kunci : Tablet, Kadar Kalsium Laktat, Kompleksometri
Experimental animal models of invasive fungal infections

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This chapter discusses the importance and utility of experimental animal models of invasive fungal infections, and their role in drug development. The standard approach to drug discovery begins with initial in vitro laboratory tests (e.g., susceptibility testing). Once a novel drug has proven to show efficacy in vitro, the next step is to demonstrate its ability to retain that efficacy in an in vivo setting. In addition to this, the animal model plays a pivotal role in predicting the toxicity of novel compounds prior to introduction into humans. Herein, we provide a clear and concise description of the experimental procedures for some of the most well-known and characterized animal models of fungal infection to date, as well as the central part they play in drug development.
Graded modules over simple Lie algebras

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The paper is devoted to the study of graded-simple modules and gradings on simple modules over finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras. In general, a connection between these two objects is given by the so-called loop construction. We review the main features of this construction as well as necessary and sufficient conditions under which finite-dimensional simple modules can be graded. Over the Lie algebra sl2(C), we consider specific gradings on simple modules of arbitrary dimension.
Assessment of new forage sources in saline areas of Iran

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Halophytes, as integral parts of many marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems, can play an important future role for biosaline agriculture, forage production and habitat restoration. There is currently a lack of public awareness and scientific documentation regarding nutritive value of halophytes. The aim of this research was to determine nutritive value of native halophytes of Iran. Seven saline indicator species of Iran including Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachys caspica, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Salicornia herbacea, Alhagi persarum, Salsola regida and Atriplex leucoclada were sampled at three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seed ripening). Then, the plants were powdered and six quality traits, Crude Protein (CP), Acid detergent fiber (ADF), Moisture, Metabolizable Energy (ME), Ash and Dry mater digestibility (DMD) were determined. ANOVA results revealed that there were significant differences among all species and phenological stages. ME, DMD and CP decreased in all the species in three stages, but ADF changed significantly in seed ripening stages in H. strabilaceum (20.63), S. rosmarinus (17.61 %) and H. caspica (17.4 %). The difference was not significant in flowering (32.56%) and seed ripening (31.66 %) stages for A. persarum. Increasing of ash and moisture content in flowering stage in succulent halophytes helps them to tolerate salinity. Due to less fiber and more CP, ME and DMD, S. regida has the highest nutritive value and A. leucoclada has the lowest value. Also, late vegetative or early flowering stages are the best time of forage quality according to these traits.
India, Russia, and the Iranian Nuclear Crises - an analysis of Indian and Russian foreign policy towards Iran

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nuclear activity in Iran has during last years been a widely discussed topic worldwide, as well as an important element in international relations. United States has looked for allies in attempts to isolate Iran politically and economically. India and Russia are powers of growing importance with interests in Iran. So far, both countries have cooperated with the US in IAEA although not completely followed the US policy. The purpose of this essay is to explain the countries ambivalent policies on Iran by using James N. Rosenau's model of pre-theories categorised in five sets on variables ? individual, role, governmental, societal, and systemic. They are also analysed through Peter Wallensteen's classification of policies ? Geopolitik, Realpolitik, Idealpolitik, and Kapitalpolitik. By applying this theoretical framework on empirical material, India and Russia's policies towards Iran are explained, respectively. The study suggests Indian policy to be a result of mainly systemic and societal variables and can be categorised as Kapitalpolitik, Geopolitik, and Idealpolitik, while Russian policy primarily can be explained by systemic and individual factors and primarily is characterised by Realpolitik.
Design and testing of a tandem row pump inducer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design and testing of a tandem row pump inducer having a supercavitating first stage with a 0.60 hub ratio is presented. The second stage tested was a helical impeller with a 0.70 hub ratio. A cubic arc transition was utilized to accomplish the hub change. The first stage had two blades and the free-vortex design approach was empirically modified based on previous experience. The recommended second stage design having four blades and using cambered blade section is presented but the model was not built or tested. The more simple helix was built instead to reduce cost. Data taken included head generation, cavitation observations and unsteady head fluctuations over the 0-100Hz range.
Abstract: Proximal Row Carpectomy Versus Four-Corner Arthrodesis for the Treatment of Slac/Snac Wrist: A Cost-Utility Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC) can cause persistent pain, weakened grip strength, and decreased range of motion. These factors can lead to a significant reduction in quality of life. Two mainstay surgical options for salvage include proximal row carpectomy (PRC) and four-corner arthrodesis (4CA). This study evaluates the cost-utility of PRC versus three methods of 4CA (K-wire fixation, plate fixation, or screw fixation) for the treatment of SLAC/SNAC wrist. METHODS: A cost-utility analysis was performed in accordance with the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. A decision tree was created to illustrate the various health states, and a systematic literature review was performed to obtain the probability of potential complications. Costs were derived using both societal and health care sector perspectives. A visual analog scale survey of expert hand surgeons was performed to estimate utilities. Overall cost, probabilities, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were used to complete a decision tree analysis. Both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Forty studies yielding 1730 SLAC/SNAC wrists were identified. Overall complication rate was highest in the 4CA Plate group (11.3%), with malplacement of hardware requiring revision being the most prevalent (7.3%). Notably, PRC had the highest rate of persistent pain requiring conversion to total wrist arthrodesis (5.9%). Using a willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of $50,000 per QALY, decision tree analysis determined that both 4CA with screw fixation and PRC were cost-effective options. However, 4CA with screw was the optimal treatment strategy as it offered the greatest effectiveness at an incremental cost-utility ratio less than the WTP threshold. 4CA with K-wire fixation and 4CA with plate fixation were dominated (inferior) strategies and therefore not cost-effective. This was true for both societal and health care perspectives. One-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated that when the QALYs for a successful 4CA Screw are lower than 26.36, PRC becomes the optimal strategy. However, multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analysis, which included acceptability curves and incremental cost-effectiveness scatter plots, confirmed the results of our model. CONCLUSION: 4CA with screw fixation and PRC are both cost-effective treatment options for SLAC/SNAC wrist due to their lower complication profile and high efficacy, with 4CA with screw as the most cost-effective treatment strategy. 4CA with plate and K-wire fixation should be avoided from a cost-effective standpoint. This study can serve as a framework for providers with regards to resource allocation and implementing policies consistent with efficiencies in both hospital and societal costs when treating patients with degenerative wrist disease.
‘Proxy War’ - A Reconceptualisation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents a definitional structure for the notion of ‘proxy war’ organised around three components: (1) a material-constitutive feature, e.g. external support; (2) a processual feature explaining the modalities through which the material-constitutive component is provided; and (3) a relational feature underlying its specific type of strategic behaviour, e.g. strategic bargaining short of alliance building. In doing so, the article investigates the analytical utility of ‘proxy war’ as concept given the rapid expansion of the literature. First, the article evaluates the multiple usages of the term of ‘proxy war’ in light of its contested character. Second, it proposes a way of making sense of the literature’s conceptual turmoil by analysing the different attempts at defining the notion. To this end, it adds an important link to the methodology of concept analysis, namely the ‘semantic field’, which it re-introduces as a heuristic to identify ‘military intervention’ as a root concept for defining proxy wars. The article does so by identifying a type of semantic relationship between ‘proxy war’ and ‘military intervention’, namely sub-type inclusion.
New Enzymatic Colorimetric Method for the Quantitative Determination of Phenylalanine in Dry-Blood Spots

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder, which is characterized by severe mental retardation, microcephaly and seizures. The symptoms of this disease can be prevented if detected soon after birth. Therefore, blood Phenylalanine (Phe) measurement is essential for the early diagnosis, treatment and dietary monitoring of PKU patients. The goal of this research was to introduce a rapid, precise and effective enzymatic colorimetric method using the recombinant Bacillus badius phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH; EC 1.4.1.20) for the quantitative determination of Phe in dry-blood spots. This test was based on the enzymatic reaction of PheDH coupled with an artificial electron acceptor system composed of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and iodonitro tetrazolium chloride (INT). This assay system contained PMS to transfer the electrons of NADH to INT, enabling the formation of formazan with an absorbance at 490 nm. Calibration curve was plotted and the experimental data were fitted by linear regression analyze. The regression equation and correlation coefficient (R 2 ) were Y= 0.0109x + 0.032 and R 2 =0.996, respectively. This method showed a recovery in the range of 95.1%-102.6% and had the limit detection of 0.5 mg/dl for Phe. The between run coefficients of variation (CVs) mean was between 3.8% and 9.1%. The within-run CVs was between 8.5% and 18.6%. Furthermore, no interferences from other amino acids and Phe derivatives were observed. Altogether, we here presented a quick and reliable enzymatic colorimetric assay for application in newborn screening and monitoring of PKU patients.
The Smartphone You Want on the Carrier You Don't

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Smartphone platform market is a "multi-layer" two-sided market in that it requires the coordination of two strategic firms -- an OS vendor and a mobile carrier -- to join the customers on both sides of the network, namely application developers and end users. A new OS vendor entering into such a market must partner with at least one existing carrier in the market, and the entrant may perceive some advantage to contracting exclusively with one carrier. The market is also dynamic because users tend to sign multi-period contracts with carriers. We determine the conditions under which a new OS vendor would sign an exclusive contract with a single carrier, the responses of incumbent firms, and the optimum length of the exclusive period. We contrast the entrant's private optimum with that of end users and application developers to analyze the role of a regulator in multi-layer two-sided markets.
[Influence of long non - coding RNA on liver diseases and related mechanisms].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Non-coding RNAs include microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and are a group of RNAs in the product of genome transcription which do not encode proteins. In recent years, with the development of screening technology, more and more lncRNAs have been identified. Related studies show that these lncRNAs play an important role in the development and progression of liver diseases. This article reviews the research advances in the influence of lncRNAs on liver diseases and related mechanisms.
Disruption of the Escherichia coli cls gene responsible for cardiolipin synthesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cls gene of Escherichia coli is responsible for the synthesis of a major membrane phospholipid, cardiolipin, and has been proposed to encode cardiolipin synthase. This gene cloned on a pBR322 derivative was disrupted by either insertion of or replacement with a kanamycin-resistant gene followed by exchange with the homologous chromosomal region. The proper genomic disruptions were confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and a transductional linkage analysis. Both types of disruptants had essentially the same properties; cardiolipin synthase activity was not detectable, but the strains grew well, although their growth rates and final culture densities were lower than those of the corresponding wild-type strains and strains with the classical cls-1 mutation. A disruptant harboring a plasmid that carried the intact cls gene grew normally. The results indicate that the cls gene and probably the cardiolipin synthase are dispensable for E. coli but may confer growth or survival advantages. Low but definite levels of cardiolipin were synthesized by all the disruptants. Cardiolipin content of the cls mutants depended on the dosage of the pss gene, and attempts to transfer a null allele of the cls gene into a pss-1 mutant were unsuccessful. We point out the possibilities of minor cardiolipin formation by phosphatidylserine synthase and of the essential nature of cardiolipin for the survival of E. coli cells.
Impaired phase synchronization of motor‐evoked potentials reflects the degree of motor dysfunction in the lesioned human brain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The functional corticospinal integrity (CSI) can be indexed by motor‐evoked potentials (MEP) following transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Glial brain tumors in motor‐eloquent areas are frequently disturbing CSI resulting in different degrees of motor dysfunction. However, this is unreliably mirrored by MEP characteristics. In 59 consecutive patients with diffuse glial tumors and 21 healthy controls (CTRL), we investigated the conventional MEP features, that is, resting motor threshold (RMT), amplitudes and latencies. In addition, frequency‐domain MEP features were analyzed to estimate the event‐related spectral perturbation (ERSP), and the induced phase synchronization by intertrial coherence (ITC). The clinical motor status was captured including the Medical Research Council Scale (MRCS), the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT), and the intake of antiepileptic drugs (AED). Motor function was classified according to MRCS and GPT as no motor deficit (NMD), fine motor deficits (FMD) and gross motor deficits (GMD). CSI was assessed by diffusion‐tensor imaging (DTI). Motor competent subjects (CTRL and NMD) had similar ERSP and ITC values. The presence of a motor deficit (FMD and GMD) was associated with an impairment of high‐frequency ITC (150–300 Hz). GMD and damage to the CSI demonstrated an additional reduction of high‐frequency ERSP (150–300 Hz). GABAergic AED increased ERSP but not ITC. Notably, groups were indistinguishable based on conventional MEP features. Estimating MEP phase synchronization provides information about the corticospinal transmission after transcranial magnetic stimulation and reflects the degree of motor impairment that is not captured by conventional measures.