jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Performance assessment of a volcanic ash transport model mini‐ensemble used for inverse modeling of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The requirement to forecast volcanic ash concentrations was amplified as a response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption when ash safety limits for aviation were introduced in the European area. The ability to provide accurate quantitative forecasts relies to a large extent on the source term which is the emissions of ash as a function of time and height. This study presents source term estimations of the ash emissions from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption derived with an inversion algorithm which constrains modeled ash emissions with satellite observations of volcanic ash. The algorithm is tested with input from two different dispersion models, run on three different meteorological input data sets. The results are robust to which dispersion model and meteorological data are used. Modeled ash concentrations are compared quantitatively to independent measurements from three different research aircraft and one surface measurement station. These comparisons show that the models perform reasonably well in simulating the ash concentrations, and simulations using the source term obtained from the inversion are in overall better agreement with the observations (rank correlation = 0.55, Figure of Merit in Time (FMT) = 25–46%) than simulations using simplified source terms (rank correlation = 0.21, FMT = 20–35%). The vertical structures of the modeled ash clouds mostly agree with lidar observations, and the modeled ash particle size distributions agree reasonably well with observed size distributions. There are occasionally large differences between simulations but the model mean usually outperforms any individual model. The results emphasize the benefits of using an ensemble‐based forecast for improved quantification of uncertainties in future ash crises.
Memoria de la tesi realitzada per

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

per tal d’optar al grau de Doctor en Ciències F́ısiques. Joaquim Gomis Torné, professor investigador altament qualificat de la Universitat de Barcelona del programa propi de la Generalitat de Catalunya certifica: Que la present memòria ha estat realitzada sota la meva direccio ́ per Jordi Paŕıs Mollo ́ i constitueix la seva tesi per a optar al grau de Doctor en F́ısica.
Data from Molecular Signature of Tumor-Associated High Endothelial Venules That Can Predict Breast Cancer Survival

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>High endothelial venules (HEV) are specialized post-capillary venules that recruit naïve lymphocytes to lymph nodes. HEVs are essential for the development of adaptive immunity. HEVs can also develop in tumors where they are thought to be important for recruiting naïve T cells and B cells into the tumors and locally enhancing antitumor immunity by supporting the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. Herein, we used comparative transcriptome analysis of human breast cancer to investigate genes differentially expressed between tumor-associated HEVs and the rest of the tumor vasculature. Tumor vessels highly expressing HEV-upregulated genes, such as the homeobox gene <i>MEOX2</i> and the tetraspanin gene <i>TSPAN7</i>, were associated with extensive infiltration of T and B cells and the occurrence of tertiary lymphoid structures, which is known to predict therapeutic responses to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, high transcript counts of these genes in clinical tumor specimens were associated with a significant survival benefit in advanced breast cancer. The molecular signature of HEVs identified herein may be useful for guiding immunotherapies and provides a new direction for investigating tumor-associated HEVs and their clinical significance.</p><p><i>See related Spotlight by Gallimore, p. 371</i>.</p></div>
SkyMapper Southern Survey: Data release 4

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present the fourth data release (DR4) of the SkyMapper Southern Survey (SMSS), the last major step in our hemispheric survey with six optical filters: u , v , g , r , i , z . SMSS DR4 covers 26 000 deg $^{2}$ from over 400 000 images acquired by the 1.3 m SkyMapper telescope between 2014-03 and 2021-09. The 6-band sky coverage extends from the South Celestial Pole to $\delta=+16^{\circ}$ , with some images reaching $\delta\sim +28^{\circ}$ . In contrast to previous DRs, we include all good-quality images from the facility taken during that time span, not only those explicitly taken for the public Survey. From the image dataset, we produce a catalogue of over 15 billion detections made from $\sim$ 700 million unique astrophysical objects. The typical 10 $\sigma$ depths for each field range between 18.5 and 20.5 mag, depending on the filter, but certain sky regions include longer exposures that reach as deep as 22 mag in some filters. As with previous SMSS catalogues, we have cross-matched with a host of other imaging and spectroscopic datasets to facilitate additional science outcomes. SMSS DR4 is now available to the worldwide astronomical community.
Analyzing Marketing Strategies in the Emerging Mobile Communications Market

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As one of the typical emerging markets, China's 3rd generation (3G) mobile communications service is proliferating rapidly recently, and great potentialities are expected in the market. Thus the strategy to improve the share in the emerging 3G service market appears to be an important topic for the mobile communications operators. To study the topic, the authors apply an agent-based model to study the interactions among the individuals and the complex externalities in China's 3G mobile communications market, and analyze several strategies of the operators with computational simulation. Based on the analysis, the efficient strategies for each operator to improve the market share are proposed. Furthermore, the analysis also shows that how the efficiency of the strategies varies depending on the different market environments. Because the emerging markets share some common characteristics, the conclusions can also be applied in other emerging communications markets.
Emerging Breast Cancer Biomarkers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The most common cancer for women in the United Kingdom is breast cancer and it is well known that genomic modifications are responsible for breast carcinogenesis. Major developments in genomics and proteomics have uncovered biomarkers which have a crucial role in this process. To move towards individualized and improved breast cancer care, there is a need for tumor markers that are associated with disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and monitoring. General opinion is that biomarkers can bring more accurate and sensitive tools to the clinical settings than conventional approved histopathological parameters. However, clinical applications of breast tumor markers remain quite low in numbers because the data regarding these novel markers for breast cancer is limited and do not allow well-grounded conclusions. This review presents a non exhaustive selection of biomarkers published, some validated, and their uses in breast cancer management. Keywords: Breast cancer, tumor markers, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, NPI
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, I: A.D. 260–395. Edited by A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale and J. Morris. Pp. xxiv + 1152. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. £18.50.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, I: A.D. 260–395. Edited by A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale and J. Morris. Pp. xxiv + 1152. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. £18.50. - Volume 23 Issue 2
Education policy and returns to education

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Summary To form an efficient education policy, politicians need answers to the following types of questions: What are the economic returns to individuals’ participation in different types of schooling? How are prospective students’ schooling choices affected by the perceived economic returns to schooling before and after taxes and student costs? What are the returns to additional resources, e.g. smaller classes in primary education? In the 1990s, the Swedish government increased the number of study places at colleges and in other institutions for adult education. New subsidies were introduced to stimulate adult education. At the same time, the local governments reduced expenditure per pupil in compulsory education. This paper summarises Swedish empirical research in this area. Several studies suggest a robust causal relationship between years of education and the logarithm of individuals’ earnings. The relationship is remarkably linear with a slope around 0.04, which suggests that an additional year of schooling would on average raise earnings by around four percent. Nonetheless, it is questionable whether adult education, which takes place later in life, yields as high a return as youth education. College enrolment seems to be sensitive to the economic returns to such education. However, the marked increase in enrolment during the 1990s would not have occurred without additional study places. Present Swedish research offers almost no guidance on the effects of the expenditure reductions in primary education during the 1990s. Randomised experiments would probably be needed to fill this serious gap in our knowledge.
Mutations in FLVCR2 associated with Fowler syndrome and survival beyond infancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly‐hydrocephaly syndrome ( PVHH , OMIM 225790), also known as Fowler syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, caused by mutations in FLVCR2 . Hallmarks of the syndrome are glomerular vasculopathy in the central nervous system, severe hydrocephaly, hypokinesia and arthrogryphosis. The disorder is considered prenatally lethal. We report the first patients, a brother and a sister, with Fowler syndrome and survival beyond infancy. The patients present a phenotype of severe intellectual and neurologic disability with seizures, absence of functional movements, and no means of communication. Imaging of the brain showed calcifications, profound ventriculomegaly with only a thin edging of the cerebral cortex and hypoplastic cerebellum. Investigation with whole‐exome sequencing ( WES ) revealed, in both patients, a homozygous pathogenic mutation in FLVCR2 , c. 1289C >T, compatible with a diagnosis of Fowler syndrome. The results highlight the power of combining WES with a thorough clinical examination in order to identify disease‐causing mutations in patients whose clinical presentation differs from previously described cases. Specifically, the findings demonstrate that Fowler syndrome is a diagnosis to consider, not only prenatally but also in severely affected children with gross ventriculomegaly on brain imaging.
Sono-assisted Adsorption of Methyl Violet 2B Using a Magnetic Kaolin/TiO2/γ-Fe2O3 Nano Composite

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this study, the efficacy of sono-assisted adsorption for the removal of methyl violet 2B (MV-2B) was investigated. A magnetic adsorbent was synthesized using kaolin and TiO 2 , designated as KTF. Various analyses including scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were conducted to characterize the structure of KTF. The BET surface area and pore volume of KTF were determined to be 65.279 m 2 /g and 0.072 cm 3 /g, respectively. VSM analysis confirmed the superparamagnetic property of KTF. The effect of contact time, initial MV-2B concentration, KTF amount, temperature, ionic strength and initial pH of the solution on the sono-assisted adsorption of MV-2B was investigated. Sono-assisted removal of MV-2B was achieved at a rate of 85.6% under optimal conditions: original pH, KTF amount of 0.2 g/100 mL, initial MV-2B concentration of 20 mg/L, contact time of 15 min, and temperature of 22 °C. Conversely, lower removal efficiencies were observed with conventional adsorption methods employing shaking (37%) and stirring (60.5%). The kinetics of sono-assisted MV-2B removal followed a pseudo-second order model, while the Freundlich isotherm model exhibited a superior fit (R 2 = 0.985) in describing the equilibrium behavior compared to Langmuir and Temkin models.
Evaluation of Serum Desmoglein 1 and Desmoglein 3 in Oral Erosive Lichen Planus before and after Topical Application of Tacrolimus

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Monitoring the serum level of antibodies against keratinocyte cadherins Dsg 1 and Dsg 3 can be used to evaluate the effect of topical application of tacrolimus on Erosive Oral lichen planus.
A Continuous Noninvasive Method to Assess Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Pigs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Mixed venous oxygen saturation (Sv o 2 ) is important when evaluating the balance between oxygen delivery and whole-body oxygen consumption. Monitoring Sv o 2 has so far required blood samples from a pulmonary artery catheter. By combining volumetric capnography, for measurement of effective pulmonary blood flow, with the Fick principle for oxygen consumption, we have developed a continuous noninvasive method, capnodynamic Sv o 2 , for assessment of Sv o 2 . The objective of this study was to validate this new technique against the gold standard cardiac output (CO)-oximetry Sv o 2 measurement of blood samples obtained from a pulmonary artery catheter and to assess the potential influence of intrapulmonary shunting. METHODS: Eight anesthetized mechanically ventilated domestic-breed piglets of both sexes (median weight 23.9 kg) were exposed to a series of interventions intended to reduce as well as increase Sv o 2 . Simultaneous recordings of capnodynamic and CO-oximetry Sv o 2 as well as shunt fraction, using the Berggren formula, were performed throughout the protocol. Agreement of absolute values for capnodynamic and CO-oximetry Sv o 2 and the ability for capnodynamic Sv o 2 to detect change were assessed using Bland-Altman plot and concordance analysis. RESULTS: Overall bias for capnodynamic versus CO-oximetry Sv o 2 was −1 percentage point (limits of agreement −13 to +11 percentage points), a mean percentage error of 22%, and a concordance rate of 100%. Shunt fraction varied between 13% at baseline and 22% at the end of the study and was associated with only minor alterations in agreement between the tested methods. CONCLUSIONS: In the current experimental setting, capnodynamic assessment of Sv o 2 generates absolute values very close to the reference method CO-oximetry and is associated with 100% trending ability.
Rapid prototyping for kids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rapid prototyping technologies have been contributing greatly in driving down the production time and cost in the design and manufacturing industries. The recent popularity of Rapid Prototyping applications has led to a growing demand for more comprehensive educational tools in these fields. Integrating Rapid Prototyping concepts into toys and games, we can produce educational toys with the purpose to educate kids about Rapid Prototyping concepts. We successfully designed a conceptual toy that can be used as a tool to implicitly educate basic Rapid Prototyping principles to children, as well as providing them creative design experience. In addition we successfully produced a prototype based on the principles of the toy. In the first part of the report, the methodology to arrive to the solution, which consists of functional analysis and conceptual design, will be explained in details. This followed by the rules of thumb and principles to improve the selected designs which will be described in the embodiment design. After that, the material and part selections will be illustrated in the detailed design. Finally the price of the design is determined.
FIXING MOTORCRAFT VARIABLE VENTURI CARBURETORS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While all motorcraft variable venturi carburetors look very much alike, there are subtle internal differences. Replacement parts and adjustment procedures should be used according to the part number stamped on the side of the carburetor. Mechanics are warned that special tools are needed and, most important of all, they will need to take the time and patience to get to know this new breed of carburetor. A series of captioned photos are presented which outline the most difficult parts of the procedure for rebuilding a Motorcraft variable venturi carburetor.
Generalized seismicity window and its application in tracing the developmental process of precursory anomalies

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A concept of generalized seismicity window has been suggested. Investigations have been made within various generalized seismicity-windows to stress local tectonic features. A method of dividing generalized seismicity windows has been proposed on the basis of the average value of earthquake frequency for many years. 45 generalized seismicity windows have been identified in the eastern China. They have obvious tectonic implications. Based on some existing seismicity parameter a relative index f has been proposed to eliminate the influences of local differences and temporal fluctuations of the seismicity, thus enhance our ability to draw more information from the original seismicity parameter. Using the seismicity index A(b) to form a relative index f A(b) , a method of multi window anomaly combination plot combining the three dimensional information of anomalies in time and space has been proposed to trace the developmental process of anomalies. The results show that migration phenomenon of anomalies exists prior to the mainshock, that is, anomalies appear successively in a number of generalized seismicity windows. Advances of strain waves are tentatively considered as the physical nature of this phenomenon.
IL-15 mimics T cell receptor crosslinking in the induction of cellular proliferation, gene expression, and cytotoxicity in CD8+memory T cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Generation of CD8 + memory T cells requires antigenic stimulation through T cell receptor (TCR); however, maintenance of CD8 + memory T cells seems to be mediated by cytokines, such as IL-15, in a TCR-independent manner. Compared with the TCR-induced activation, less is known about the mechanisms of IL-15 action. We report here a comparative and kinetic analysis of the responses of memory phenotype CD8 + T cells to IL-15 or TCR (anti-CD3) stimulation in vitro . These two stimuli induce highly similar responses in memory phenotype CD8 + T cells as measured by cellular proliferation, gene expression changes, synthesis of effector molecules (IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor β, granzyme B, and perforin), and induction of cytotoxicity. From 189 genes/expressed sequence tags (ESTs) whose expression changed in CD8 + memory T cells after IL-15 and anti-CD3 stimulation identified by cDNA microarray analysis, 77% of the genes/ESTs exhibit a highly similar pattern of expression between IL-15 and anti-CD3-treated cells, and only 16% and 7% of the genes/ESTs are differentially expressed in response to IL-15 and anti-CD3 treatments, respectively. These results show that IL-15 and anti-CD3 stimulation induced remarkably similar gene expression and effector function. Thus, IL-15 acts not only as a crucial growth factor but also as an antigen-independent activator of effector functions for CD8 + memory T cells.
Molecular Soybean-Pathogen Interactions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Soybean hosts a wide variety of pathogens that cause significant yield losses. The importance of soybean as a major oilseed crop has led to research focused on its interactions with pathogens, such as Soybean mosaic virus, Pseudomonas syringae, Phytophthora sojae, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, and Heterodera glycines. Pioneering work on soybean's interactions with these organisms, which represent the five major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes), has contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence and immunity. These mechanisms involve conserved and unique features that validate the need for research in both soybean and homologous model systems. In this review, we discuss identification of effectors and their functions as well as resistance gene–mediated recognition and signaling. We also point out areas in which model systems and recent advances in resources and tools have provided opportunities to gain deeper insights into soybean-pathogen interactions.
Bioactive Heterometallic CuII–ZnII Complexes with Potential Biomedical Applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series of multinuclear heterometallic Cu-Zn complexes of molecular formula [(CuL)2Zn(dca)2] (1), [(CuL)2Zn(NO3)2] (2), [(CuL)2Zn2(Cl)4] (3), and [(CuL)2Zn2(NO2)4] (4) have been synthesized by reacting [CuL] as a "metalloligand (ML)" (where HL = N,N'-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine) and by varying the anions or coligands using the same molar ratios of the reactants. All of the four products including the ML have been characterized by infrared and UV-vis spectroscopies and elemental and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. By varying the anions, different structures and topologies are obtained which we have tried to rationalize by means of thorough density functional theory calculations. All of the complexes (1-4) have now been applied for several biological investigations to verify their therapeutic worth. First, their cytotoxicity properties were assessed against HeLa human cervical carcinoma along with the determination of IC50 values. The study was extended with extensive DNA and protein binding experiments followed by detailed fluorescence quenching study with suitable reagents to comprehend the mechanistic pathway. From all of these biological studies, it has been found that all of these heterometallic complexes show more than a few fold improvement of their therapeutic values as compared to the similar homometallic ones probably because of the simultaneous synergic effect of copper and zinc. Among all of the four heterometallic complexes, complex 3 exhibits highest binding constants and IC50 values suggest for their better interaction toward the biological targets and hence have better clinical importance.