jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE CONSTRACTION PROCESS AND EFFECTS OF OPEN WATER WORKS IN CASTLE TOWNS : The study of the town planning method of Japanese castle towns from its water work's point of view I

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is one of works in which I intend to clarify the castle town's planning methods of Japan. The summary in this paper is as follows: The water works in castle towns were recognized as an important town facilities. The water works conducted in the non-covered ducts were constructed and served in the the end of sixteenth century both as livings only in the zone of the Samurai-class and defence lines of castle towns. This tendency of the precedence for the zone of the Samurai-class were succeeded in after ages. However water works by open grooves were extended to the zone of the artisans tradesmen in the seventeenth century. The simultaneous constraction in both zone depends on each reason such as a compeled moving of their zone to the place where people could get only bad quality water, the appearance of influential towns men and etc.
Preparation and properties of ferrimagnetic glass–ceramic foams based on pyrite slag

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract By employing a melt‐sintering method, we prepared a new type of ferrimagnetic glass–ceramic foam (FGCF) using ferrimagnetic glass–ceramic and foaming agent SrCO 3 . The ferrimagnetic glass–ceramics were fabricated based on pyrite slag by a melt‐quenching method. The effects of foaming agent content, sintering temperature and time on microstructure, magnetic properties, microwave absorption performance, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of the as‐obtained FGCF were analyzed. This foaming process at 1100°C for 40 min with 3‐wt% SrCO 3 provided an FGCF with a bulk density of .693 g/cm 3 , a porosity of 63.60%, a specific saturation magnetic moment of 5.2 A m 2 /kg, a compressive strength of 2.61 MPa, a thermal conductivity of .241 W/(m K), and the calculated reflection loss of −12.1 dB for a layer thickness of 9 mm.
A MICRODEVICE FOR EXAMINING CARDIAC GAP JUNCTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper reports a microengineered device capable of applying electrical stimulation to the selected cell, and examining intercellular electro-mechanical propagation through the gap junction of the stimulated and the un-stimulated cell in a longitudinally connected doublet of adult cardiac myocytes.Since the contractile performance of the un-stimulated cells due to direct electrical stimulation is eliminated, this work provides a quantitative tool for studying intercellular electro-mechanical transduction at the gap junction and is expected to develop a comprehensive understanding of the role of intercellular communication in various heart diseases.
Supercontinuum generation in a microstructured optical fiber by picosecond self Q-switched mode-locked Nd:GdVO4 laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An effective supercontinuum (SC) generation is demonstrated by injecting picosecond self Q-switched mode-locked Nd:GdVO 4 laser pulses into a 1-m long microstructured fiber. The laser is operated at wavelength 100-nm away from the longer zero-dispersion of this dual zero-dispersion wavelength microstructured fiber. The phenomena of modulation instability, stimulated Raman effect, and dispersive wave can be sequentially observed from experimental results, leading to spectral broadening as pumping increases.
Hydromagnesiation of 1,3‐Enynes by Magnesium Hydride for Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetra‐substituted Allenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A protocol for regio‐controlled hydromagnesiation of 1,3‐enynes was developed using magnesium hydride that is generated in situ by solvothermal treatment of sodium hydride (NaH) and magnesium iodide (MgI 2 ) in THF. The resulting allenylmagnesium species could be converted into tri‐ and tetra‐substituted allenes by subsequent treatment with various carbon‐ and silicon‐based electrophiles with the aid of CuCN as a catalyst.
Preclinical assessment of novel longer‐duration wear negative pressure wound therapy dressing in a porcine model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract While reticulated open cell foam (ROCF) is a well‐established dressing for negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), there is the known potential for granulation tissue ingrowth if left in place for longer than 72 h. This may cause wound bed disruption, bleeding, and pain upon dressing removal. In addition, any retained foam fragments may elicit an adverse tissue reaction. A novel, easy to use dressing designed to utilise the advantages of ROCF while addressing its challenges has recently been created. This 7 day study investigated the utility of a novel NPWT dressing under longer‐duration wear circumstances while assessing the prevalence of tissue ingrowth and ease of dressing removal in full‐thickness excisional wounds utilising a porcine model. Histopathology and morphometry evaluations indicated thicker granulation tissue with, depending on the parameters assessed, either comparable or better tissue quality for wounds treated with the novel dressing. Greater re‐epithelialization levels were also evident compared with ROCF. Three‐dimensional imaging analysis indicated faster wound fill with a corresponding decrease in wound area with the novel dressing. Furthermore, tissue ingrowth was limited to only ROCF‐treated wounds, which was not unexpected in this longer‐duration wear study. The force required to remove the novel dressing was considerably lower compared with ROCF, correlating to the tissue ingrowth results. Results of this study illustrate that the novel dressing provided more favourable wound healing results compared with traditional ROCF. In addition, reduction in the risk of tissue ingrowth and low dressing peel force may allow it to be used as a longer‐wear dressing.
A classification algorithm that derives weighted sum scores for insight into disease

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Data mining is often performed with datasets associated with diseases in order to increase insights that can ultimately lead to improved prevention or treatment. Classification algorithms can achieve high levels of predictive accuracy but have limited application for facilitating the insight that leads to deeper understanding of aspects of the disease. This is because the representation of knowledge that arises from classification algorithms is too opaque, too complex or too sparse to facilitate insight. Clustering, association and visualisation approaches enable greater scope for clinicians to be engaged in a way that leads to insight, however predictive accuracy is compromised or non-existent. This research investigates the practical applications of Automated Weighted Sum, (AWSum), a classification algorithm that provides accuracy comparable to other techniques whilst providing some insight into the data. This is achieved by calculating a weight for each feature value that represents its influence on the class value. Clinicians are very familiar with weighted sum scoring scales so the internal representation is intuitive and easily understood. This paper presents results from the use of the AWSum approach with data from patients suffering from Cystic Fibrosis.
Guanylate cyclase activity in retina optic nerve and optic chiasm of rats under different illumination conditions.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the present work we have measured the guanylate cyclase activity in soluble fractions from several tissues relevant to the visual response under different illumination conditions. Guanylate cyclase was sensitive to changes of light/dark periods in incubated extract obtained from soluble fractions of retina, optic nerve and optic chiasm. The changes in soluble guanylate cyclase activity found, about 100 fold between dark and light periods in those tissues, indicate a key role for this enzyme. The results showed that light inhibit strongly the soluble retinal guanylate cyclase activity; while it increases the activity of this enzyme in the optic nerve. A generalized photoinhibited response of soluble guanylate cyclase was observed in all studied tissues in prolonged dark adapted animals. The effect of Na+ 1 and 10 mM, and free Ca++ 28 eta M and 2.8 microM on the guanylate cyclase activity was performed in the studied tissues. The enzymatic activity appeared to be inversely related in the retina and optic nerve with regard to the ion exposure, which may involve different ionic control mechanisms. All indicate an active role for the soluble guanylate cyclase in the phototransduction process not only in retina, also in other tissues relevant in the visual response.
Violent Order: Understanding Rebel Governance through Liberia's Civil War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rebel groups exhibit significant variation in their treatment of civilians, with profound humanitarian consequences. This book proposes a new theory of rebel behavior and cohesion based on the internal dynamics of rebel groups. Rebel groups are more likely to protect civilians and remain unified when rebel leaders can offer cash payments and credible future rewards to their top commanders. The leader's ability to offer incentives that allow local security to prevail depends on partnerships with external actors, such as diaspora communities and foreign governments. This book formalizes this theory and tests the implications through an in-depth look at the rebel groups involved in Liberia's civil war. The book also analyzes a micro-level dataset of crop area during Liberia's war, derived through remote sensing, and an original cross-national dataset of rebel groups.
Long-term parenteral nutrition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nineteen patients (11 women and eight men) aged 20-68 received long-term parenteral nutrition, mostly at home, for six to 63 months (mean 19 months). Indications for LTPN were extensive, active Crohn's disease in three patients, intestinocutaneous fistulas in three, and short-bowel syndrome in the remaining 13 patients. Subclavian or intra-atrial (Broviac) catheters were most commonly used, for which the average life was four and seven months respectively. Complications of long-term parenteral nutrition included pneumothorax in four out of 48 subclavian vein punctures. Catheter-induced thrombosis of central veins was shown by phlebography 17 times in nine patients, and eight episodes of total occlusion occurred. Two of these patients had pulmonary infarction. Nineteen episodes of catheter sepsis occurred in 11 patients, but only one was fatal. Complications related to intestinal disease included intra-abdominal abscesses and intestinal fistulas, and disturbances of liver function. Five patients died, though in only two was death related to long-term parenteral nutrition. One of these patients died from catheter sepsis, the other had subdural haematoma possibly caused by anticoagulant treatment. Eight of the 14 surviving patients still needed parenteral nutrition. All received a disability pension, but six had an acceptable quality of life with almost normal social activities. Despite problems such as difficulties in maintaining standardised infusion programmes, it was concluded that long-term parenteral nutrition at home is practicable and consistent with an acceptable quality of life.
A Prospective and Nutrition-Related Nomogram Model for Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Survival: A Multicenter Cohort Study in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with high incidence of malnutrition. Increasing evidence showed that nutritional status could be a prognostic indicator of cancer survival. However, there were few prognostic models involving nutrition-related indicators in CRC. This study aimed to develop a nutrition-related prognostic model for CRC survival.MethodsThis multicenter retrospectively primary cohort data included 1,373 CRC patients, and the external validation cohort enrolled other 108 CRC patients. LASSO and multivariate regression analyses were used to select prognostic indicators and develop the nomogram. We performed C-index, calibration curves, and DCA to assess the discrimination, calibration, and applicability. Finally, the indicators of the nomogram model were used as adjustment factors. Multivariate Cox survival analyses were performed to investigate the benefit of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) malnutrition criteria to CRC prognosis.ResultsFive prognostic indicators (TNM stage, radical resection, reduced food intake, activities and function decline, and low albumin) were chosen to develop the nomogram. C-index of the nomogram was 0.74 (95% CI 0.72-0.77) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.62-0.81) in the primary cohort and validation cohort, which were higher than other models. Calibration plots and DCA showed that the nomogram model has a good consistency and clinical benefit in predicting CRC survival. Multivariate Cox survival analysis suggested moderate ( P <0.05, HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.002-1.75) and severe malnutrition ( P <0.001, HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.27-2.25) were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in CRC using the PG-SGA criteria. However, there was no prognostic significance in GLIM criteria (all P >0.05). Finally, stratified analysis suggested that malnourished CRC patients with low albumin synergistically increased the death risk of CRC OS both in PG-SGA and GLIM. ( P for interaction = 0.007 and 0.004, respectively)ConclusionThis study established a prospective model to predict the OS in CRC patients using nutrition-related indicators. Moreover, we also found that PG-SGA had a better prognostic and predictive efficiency in CRC than GLIM. These findings grant further verification.
Capsule Endoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Obscure Jejunal Bleeding

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Diagnosis of Obscure Jejunal Bleeding Methods: Capsule Endoscopy, Push Enteroscopy Results: A 77 year old woman from the Dominican Republic presented with profound anemia (Hgb 6 g/dL, Hct 17%), melenic stool and generalized weakness. Work up included EGD, colonoscopy and push enteroscopy; all were unremarkable. She was transfused 2 units of pRBCs. Outpatient capsule endoscopy revealed active bleeding in the proximal jejunum within 6 minutes of the capsule entering the duodenum. Repeat push enteroscopy revealed fresh blood in the jejunum and a large clot. The area was not able to be consistently be reached by the enteroscope for performance of endoscopic therapy. Bleeding scan was performed with visualization of extravazation in the left upper quadrant (proximal jejunum), but angiogram of the superior mesenteric artery was negative. Repeat push enteroscopy did not show the bleeding site. 3units of pRBC were transfused. Three weeks later she presented again with melena. Her hemoglobin and hematocrit were 9 g/dL and 30%. Push enteroscopy was performed showing fresh blood and a large clot in the jejunum. Again, the lesion could not effectively be reached for endoscopic therapy, but endoclips were successfully placed proximally and distally to the lesion for identification of the bleeding site during surgery. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with intraoperative enteroscopy with subsequent segmental resection of the jejunum. Pathology showed a focus with a fibrin exudate adjacent to a hyalinized area, representing the remnant of a ruptured vessel in proximity to an endoclip. The patient was discharged home and experienced no further bleeding. Conclusions: This case illustrates the utility of capsule endoscopy in diagnosing the etiology of obscure, active gastrointestinal bleeding and the use of endoscopic clips to mark a site of bleeding for surgical resection. The bleeding site in this case may have been a small bowel Dieulafoy lesion which may have accounted for the repeated episodes of bleeding and difficulty in consistently identifying the area.
Bayesian truncation errors in chiral effective field theory: Nucleon-nucleon observables

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Chiral effective field theory (EFT) predictions are necessarily truncated at\nsome order in the EFT expansion, which induces an error that must be quantified\nfor robust statistical comparisons to experiment. In previous work, a Bayesian\nmodel for truncation errors of perturbative expansions was adapted to EFTs. The\nmodel yields posterior probability distribution functions (pdfs) for these\nerrors based on expectations of naturalness encoded in Bayesian priors and the\nobserved order-by-order convergence pattern of the EFT. A first application was\nmade to chiral EFT for neutron-proton scattering using the semi-local\npotentials of Epelbaum, Krebs, and Mei{\\ss}ner (EKM). Here we extend this\napplication to consider a larger set of regulator parameters, energies, and\nobservables as a general example of a statistical approach to truncation\nerrors. The Bayesian approach allows for statistical validations of the\nassumptions and enables the calculation of posterior pdfs for the EFT breakdown\nscale. The statistical model is validated for EKM potentials whose convergence\nbehavior is not distorted by regulator artifacts. For these cases, the\nposterior for the breakdown scale is consistent with EKM assumptions.\n
Mass spectrometric analyses of proteomic dysregulation by Zika Virus in astrocytic cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus, is primarily transmitted via the Aeges aegyptii mosquito species. The first major outbreak of ZIKV was reported in 2013 and 2014 in Micronesia and it wasn’t until summer and fall of 2016 that evidence of its cases and transmission was reported in the US. In 2016, WHO declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Owing to majority of its cases being asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, the reporting of ZIKV transmission and infection has been relatively limited. The most common symptoms of ZIKV infection include acute fever, arthralgia, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash, muscle/joint pain, headache and malaise. Over time, its mode of transmission has also been associated with perinatal, in utero, sexual and transfusion transmission. Among the pathological conditions associated with ZIKV, the most common ones for Central Nervous System include (meningo)encephalitis, myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and the most common ones for Peripheral Nervous System include Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and acute transient polyneuritis. Therefore owing to lack of effective diagnoses, vaccination and treatment availability, the need for understanding ZIKV infections in the nervous system is warranted. Since astrocytes are a major cell type in the CNS and are known to support ZIKV infection, this study performs mass spectrometry to analyse the alterations in the expression profile of the ZIKV infected human glioblastoma cells (U251 cells) as model cell line for astrocytic cells. Ingenuity Pathway Analyses, following two tailed students t-test and z-score analyses, show cellular networks, functions and pathways pertaining to antimicrobial response, cell death/survival, energy production, antigen presentation, neuromuscular disease, interferon signaling and Th1 pathway to be significantly dysregulated by ZIKV at 48hrs post infection. The last part of this study focuses on siRNA mediated knockdown for 50 proteins (mentioned in Table 2). 4, namely HLA-A, HSPA5, IGFBP5 and PSMA2, are chosen from there and they show an increase in ZIKV titres 48hrs post infection. In addition, ZIKV is also shown to restore HLA-A expression in HLA-A siRNA KD cells by 48hrs post infection highlighting the role ZIKV potentially plays in bypassing the siRNA mediated KD in order to aid its replication and synthesis inside the U251 cells.
Susceptibility-weighted imaging in the evaluation of brainarteriovenous malformations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold
standard in the evaluation of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), a relatively new magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) technique, exploits the magnetic susceptibility
differences of various tissues, such as blood, iron and calcification.
Earlier studies have shown that the magnitude and phase information of
SWI offers improved sensitivity, revealing low-flow vascular
malformations that are invisible on conventional gradient-echo (GRE)
sequences. Aim: To evaluate the imaging appearance of AVMs on SWI.
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the appearance of
the various components (feeding artery, nidus, and draining veins) of
AVMs on the phase, magnitude, and minimal intensity projection (minIP)
images of SWI were analyzed in 14 patients with AVM and compared with
conventional sequences. Results: Detection and delineation of various
components of AVMs was best achieved in the magnitude images. Although
minIP was most effective in detecting hemorrhage and calcification, it
was the magnitude image that could separate the hemorrhagic and
calcified component in the nidus from the remaining nidus. The minIP
was less effective in detecting the AVM components, especially nidus
and draining vein, whereas conspicuity was poor with the phase images.
Conclusion: The magnitude images of the SWI help in differentiating the
different components of AVM and also helps in differentiating nidus
from hemorrhage and calcification.
Influence of stator end-winding structure on the end-winding leakage inductance with method of vector-potential

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the stator end-winding leakage inductance is calculated using a new novel numerical method based on magnetic vector potential, which is highly accurate and comparatively simple. And with this method, the influence of stator end-winding structure on end-winding leakage inductances is discussed. To acquire the end leakage inductances between coils, the flux is calculated by a line integral of vector-potential along the end-winding. Then the phase end leakage inductances can be acquired with the assistance of the incidence matrix. The calculation is illustrated by a 3-phase prototype induction machine, and the influence of the stator end-winding structure on end-winding leakage inductances is discussed according to the calculation results.
The Sentencing Consequences of Federal Pretrial Supervision

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Legal variables, such as offense severity and criminal history, principally shape sentencing decisions, but extralegal factors such as race, gender, and age also influence sentencing outcomes. Studies focusing on the effect of pretrial detention on sentencing outcomes usually associate pretrial detention with negative sentencing outcomes. The current study followed 90,037 federal defendants from indictment through sentencing, and measured the effects of pretrial detention on sentencing decisions. Detention (and, to a lesser degree, revocation of pretrial release) was associated with increased likelihood of receiving a prison sentence and greater sentence length, even when controlling for offense severity and criminal history scores.