jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
2006), Direction observation of the F region dynamo currents and the spatial structure of the EEJ by CHAMP, Geophys

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

[1] The satellite CHAMP in its low-altitude polar orbit, and with its high-resolution magnetic field measurements, provides the opportunity to investigate ionospheric currents in great detail. In this study we focus on average features of equatorial current systems during day time. Considering quiet time observations from the period Aug. 2000 to Oct. 2004 we determined the mean spatial structure of the EEJ current. The existence of reverse currents at the flanks of the primary eastward current is confirmed. More importantly, average characteristics of the F region dynamo driven currents are observed for the first time throughout the daytime. The meridional current system, driven by westward thermospheric winds, peaks around noon. Similar meridional currents, but flowing in the opposite sense, are observed at the dusk sector. At CHAMP altitudes we find over the dip equator in the F region a vertical sheet current of about 6 mA/m oriented downward at noon and an upward current of 4 mA/m around sunset.
Alteration of Sulfur-Bearing Silicate–Phosphate (Agri)Glasses in Soil Environment: Chemical Interactions and Biological Response

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Glasses exposed to soil environments are of interest across various scientific fields, from nuclear waste containment to archaeological preservation and nutrient-delivery systems for plants. While immersion experiments provide valuable insights into the ion release kinetics in root- and microbe-exuded solutions, they fail to replicate the complexities of nutrient leaching in real soil conditions. To address this, the degradation behavior of nutrient-bearing glasses (41SiO2·6(10)P2O5·20K2O·33(29)MgO/CaO/MgO + CaO) with increasing sulfate contents was investigated through a soil incubation experiment simulating Central European weather variability. A comprehensive approach, combining SEM observations and EDS semi-quantitative analysis, revealed that acidic peat strongly promoted ion exchange, where protons from the medium replaced network cations. The glass composition played a crucial role in the fracture behavior: sulfate incorporation increased the network rigidity, making the glasses more prone to mechanical degradation and accelerating the reaction front advancement. The P2O5 content was also a key factor in modulating the reactivity, with higher concentrations intensifying interactions with the soil medium. Limited water availability accelerated the solution saturation, leading to secondary phase precipitation and temporary nutrient immobilization. These findings demonstrate that glass reactivity can be fine-tuned through composition adjustments and highlight the dynamic nature of glass–soil interactions, including seasonal variations in nutrient release under acidic conditions.
ANALISIS REAKSI PASAR TERHADAP PENGUMUMAN PERGANTIAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER (CEO)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Penelitian ini menguji reaksi pasar terhadap pengumuman pergantian Chief Executive Officer (CEO) diukur dengan abnormal return. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 55 pengumuman pergantian CEO dengan menggunakan uji-t untuk menguji kandungan informasi pengumuman tersebut. Penulis mengelompokkan pergantian kepada dua faktor (1) proses pergantian (rutin dan nonrutin) dan (2) asal pengganti (inside dan outside). Pasar bereaksi positif signifikan terhadap pengumuman pergantian CEO secara rutin dengan asal pengganti dari dalam (inside) perusahaan. Reaksi yang berbeda terjadi pada pengumuman pergantian CEO rutin outside dan non rutin inside di mana pengumuman ditanggapi secara negatif dan signifikan. Pasar tidak bereaksi pada pengumuman pergantian CEO non rutin outside. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa investor di Indonesia bereaksi positif terhadap pergantian CEO rutin inside karena investor meyakini bahwa CEO baru akan melanjutkan strategi dan gaya kepemimpinan serta memiliki tingkat ketidakpastian yang lebih rendah. Reaksi negatif terhadap pergantian CEO rutin outside disebabkan karena pasar meyakini bahwa suksesor tersebut tidak akan meneruskan strategi CEO sebelumnya dan memiliki tingkat ketidakpastian yang tinggi. Penyebab reaksi negatif pasar terhadap pengumuman pergantian CEO non rutin inside adalah CEO pengganti akan melanjutkan gaya kepemimpinan yang lama dan secara bersama-sama bertanggung jawab terhadap kinerja buruk perusahaan.
Silencing AT3 gene reduces the expression of pAmt, BCAT, Kas, and Acl genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis in chili pepper fruits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of AT3-gene silencing on the expression of genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis was investigated in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Tampiqueño 74 fruits. Seeds were germinated and seedlings were grown in a greenhouse until they produced fruits. Capsaicinoids (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin) content and AT3 gene expression were determined in placenta tissue from fruits at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days post-anthesis (DPA). Capsaicin was more abundant than dihydrocapsaicin and both exhibited a similar accumulation pattern at different developmental stages starting at 20 DPA, reaching maximum values at 30-40 DPA before decreasing. The AT3 gene expression, as measured by quantitative RT-PCR, was positively correlated with capsaicinoid accumulation; AT3 transcripts were detected at 20 DPA, achieved a maximum at 30-40 DPA and then decreased. The Tampiqueño 74 seedlings were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens bearing a pTRV2-AT3 construct to induce virus-mediated silencing. Fruits were harvested at 40 DPA, and capsaicinoid content and AT3 gene expression were carried out in placenta tissue. A reduction of 81.1 % in AT3 expression and also in capsaicin (89.6 %) and dihydrocapsaicin (87.7 %) content was recorded in the AT3-gene silenced chili pepper plants. Furthermore, fruits from the AT3-silenced plants compared to the non-infected control plants showed a statistically significant reduction in the expression of genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis [pAmt (89.4 %), BCAT (68.8 %), Kas (90.4 %) and Acl (58.6 %)]. These data indicate that AT3 silencing had a negative effect on the transcription of genes involved mainly in the branched-chain fatty acid pathway of capsaicinoid biosynthesis.
Measuring the implications of virtual integration in the new economy

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Addresses the appropriate structuring of the firm's business model in the context of new economy holonic networks. States that this requires some framework for analysing the firm's business model relative to the opportunities offered by those networks and alliances. Proposes that some performance measurement criteria are required that provide a basis for comparing the various options open to the company. Approaches the problem by considering the assessment of the risk that accompanies a decision to outsource a process compared with the alternative option of developing the expertise “in‐house”. Concludes that concepts borrowed from financial management are helpful in this respect and the capital asset pricing model offers a means by which the risk can be assessed.
Conservation laws in recombination kinetic theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The hydrodynamic equations of change for a reacting gas mixture of monomers and dimers are studied. The gas is considered to be dilute and described by the kinetic theory of Lowry and Snider (J. Chem. Phys. 61, 2320 (1974)). From the kinetic equations for the density operators representing the monomer and dimer, the equations of change for one-molecule observables are obtained. Since the energy operator involves the intermolecular potential energy, it is necessary to derive the energy balance equation from the von Neumann equation, since this includes molecule-molecule correlations. As well, the kinetic theory formulated by Lowry and Snider is rewritten so that rearrangement collisions are emphasized. A collisional sum rule is derived involving the commutation properties of channel projectors and their respective potentials. A known property of the optical theorem is that it identifies the reactive loss terms as part of the non-reactive transition superoperators. The sum rule is applied to rewrite the non-reactive transition superoperators so as to display the reactive loss terms. This aids in establishing conservation laws for the physical observables of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum and energy. A form of the optical theorem in which kinetic energy off-diagonality is allowed for is also derived. Both the optical theorem and the sum rule are based on the strong orthogonality hypothesis, which plays a fundamental role in the Lowry-Snider theory. On localising the physical attributes at the centres of mass of the molecules, the contributions to the equations of change from collisional transfer (due to the forces and torques between the collision partners) and from the transfer of the physical attributes from the reactants to the products are identified. The transformation of dimer internal degrees of freedom into monomer translational degrees of freedom or vice versa when a dimer Is dissociated or formed is found to contribute to the equations of change by virtue of the differing locality of the collision partners. The decomposition of the kinetic energy operator into its components for radial and rotational motions allows the kinetic energy flux contributions associated with the pressure tensor and the molecular angular momentum flux to be identified.
Surfactant subtypes in mice: characterization and quantitation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Surfactant obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of normal adult mice was separated into subtypes by a one-step centrifugation to equilibrium on continuous sucrose gradients. Mouse surfactant resolved in this way exists in three subtypes with similar phospholipid compositions. A "light" subtype of buoyant density 1.027 +/- 0.012 (SD) g/ml comprises 43 +/- 18% of the total alveolar lavage phospholipid, has little surface activity, and consists exclusively of small unilamellar vesicles. A "heavy" subtype of buoyant density 1.055 +/- 0.016 g/ml comprises 48 +/- 11% of the total, is surface active, and consists of small amounts of tubular myelin among large empty vesicles. A third component, called "ultraheavy," comprises 9 +/- 4% of the total alveolar lavage phospholipid, has a density of 1.072 +/- 0.020 g/ml, is surface active, and consists of large aggregates of tubular myelin associated with lamellar bodylike structures. Labeling studies suggested that the ultraheavy material was labeled first and was of the same density as purified lamellar bodies. These results are consistent with the view that, in mice, surfactant is secreted into the alveolar compartment in an ultraheavy form, which evolves into the heavy and light forms.
QCDLoop: a comprehensive framework for one-loop scalar integrals

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a new release of the QCDLoop library based on a modern object-oriented framework. We discuss the available new features such as the extension to the complex masses, the possibility to perform computations in double and quadruple precision simultaneously, and useful caching mechanisms to improve the computational speed. We benchmark the performance of the new library, and provide practical examples of phenomenological implementations by interfacing this new library to Monte Carlo programs.
Sustainability of electricity production using a mathematical model for optimal strategic planning: application on Egyptian electricity holding company (case study)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The optimization of the product mix for electricity generation is an important undertaking, with cost efficiency and emission reduction as the primary aims. In this paper, a linear programming model was proposed to support a strategic plan for the electricity production sector. The model aims to get the optimal product mix that minimizes the cost and restricts emissions and fuel consumption. Hypothetical dimensions of the problem were illustrated and the formulation of the model was presented. For the efficiency test, the model was applied to Cairo Company for electricity production which is one of the companies of the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company. The results of applying the proposed model show that the cost improved (reduced) by 10% with an increase of 14.34% in the emissions (still within the permitted limit). The applicability and efficiency were proven by applying the model and analyzing the results. Graphical Abstract
The amplification of reason, or the recuperation of imagination: Peter Weir's Dead Poets Society

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The question addressed here concerns the relation between reason and imagination: is the prejudice against imagination on the part of western philosophers, at least until Kant, justifiable? Or should we, following Kant in (the first edition of) his first Critique, regard imagination as being integral to reason? Moreover, was Shakespeare right, in A midsummer night's dream, about imagination preparing one for mature social and moral action? These issues are addressed here by way of an exploration of their cinematic dramatization in Weir's film, Dead Poets Society.
Neurocysticercosis in non-endemic Muslim areas: A report of seven cases from Kuwait

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic central nervous system disease and the major cause of epilepsy in non-Muslim developing countries. Cases also occur in non-endemic regions reflecting pattern of immigration from highly endemic areas. Intending to increase awareness of cysticercosis even in countries where the religion doesn't allow pork intake we report seven cases of autochtonous infection diagnosed in Kuwait in the period from 2000 to 2004. Six children presented with seizures, three of them also had headache and vomiting. None was given cysticidal treatment however all showed complete resolution of ring enhancing lesions on neuroimaging and a favorable outcome. In a family with two affected members, another asymptomatic sibling showed a ring lesion that resolved spontaneously.
Distribution Characteristics and Source Analysis of Microplastics in Urban Freshwater Lakes: A Case Study in Songshan Lake of Dongguan, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Current studies on microplastic pollution mainly focus on marine systems. However, few studies have investigated microplastics in an urban lake. This research intends to use an urban lake (Songshan Lake) as an example to explore the pollution characteristics of microplastics and use the principal component as well as the heat map analysis to discuss the relationships between different shapes of microplastics. According to this study, the average abundance of microplastics in the surface water and surface sediments of Songshan Lake were, respectively, 2.29 ± 0.98 items/m3 and 244 ± 121 items/kg; thin films were the major microplastics in both media; transparent this type of color has the most microplastic content. The particle size of microplastics was mainly 0.18–0.6 mm (43.3%) in surface water and 1–2 mm (48.3%) in surface sediments. The composition included five polymers: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polypropylene–polyethylene copolymer (PP–PE copolymer), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), among which PE (47%) and PP (36%) were the main components. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there was a positive correlation among the four shapes of microplastics: films, fragments, foams, and fibers. The heat map analysis showed that the same category of shape distribution features may be similar for each sampling site.
Principal-agent assignment: implications for incentives and income distribution in tenancy relationships

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

I analyze a problem of assigning heterogeneous agents (tenants) to heterogeneous principals (landlords), where partnerships are subject to moral hazard in effort choice. The agents differ in wealth endowment and the principals differ in land quality. When the liability of each agent is limited by his initial wealth, a share contract is typically incentive compatible. A pure rent contract, on the other hand, is optimal in the absence of incentive problems. In a Walrasian equilibrium of the economy, wealthier agents work in more productive lands following a positively assortative matching pattern since higher wealth has greater effect in high-productivity lands. Agent's share of the match output is in general non-monotone with respect to initial wealth. If wealth is more unequally distributed than land quality, then the equilibrium share (of the agents) is a monotonically increasing function of wealth. Under symmetric information, all agents earn the same expected wage, and hence no income inequality is observed in equilibrium. When incentive problems are important, wealthier agents earn higher wages, and the income inequality decreases if the agents are more heterogeneous than the principals.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Physical Properties of Titania-Alumina-Silver Nitrate Foam

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nowadays, ceramic foam was widely used in bio-medical as well as engineering field such as thermal insulation and adsorption of environmental pollutants. Ceramic foam made of a porous structure that provides the physical and mechanical properties of both, low specific weight and high thermal fluidity. In this study, the selected starting ceramics powder are titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and Silver Nitrate (AgNO 3 ). In general, TiO 2 is very light weight compared to other substance. It is brightness and very high refractive index. On the other hand, Al 2 O 3 is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminum to weathering while AgNO 3 is plays important role as antiseptics. These unique properties of these ceramics has encouraged more study to be implemented on it. Preferred method for the ceramic foam fabrication is via slurry method. In which consists steps of mixing, dipping, pressing, drying and sintering. Three different temperatures of 1200°C, 1250°C and 1300°C, with compositions of 22.5wt% of TiO 2 + 7.5wt% Al 2 O 3 + 1.25 wt% AgNO 3 with 2.5wt% of Carbolic methylcelulose (CMC) and 7.5wt% Polyethylene glycol (PEG) are apply in this study. Analysis of the phases, morphology, porosity, density and sringkage were carried out on all samples. From this study, foams of 47.8% to 62.6% porosity using TiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 + AgNO 3 were successfully produced. The highest porosity value of 62.61% was fabricated at 1200°C and the highest density value of 2.06% at 1300°C. Thus, it is concluded that the optimal fabrication slurry method parameters of sintering temperature of 1300°C and the compositions of 22.5wt% of TiO 2 + 7.5wt% Al 2 O 3 + 1.25wt% AgNO 3 with 2.5 wt% of CMC and 7.5wt% PEG has absorbability of heavy metal and bacteria in pre-treatment process can be develope.
Bumble bee semi-field studies: choice and management of colonies to reduce variability in assessment endpoints

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The publication of the proposed EFSA risk assessment for pollinators resulted in an increasing demand for experiments with non-Apis pollinators (EFSA 2013). However, no official guideline for the standardized semifield trials exists so far. To overcome this lack of guidance, the development of semi-field study designs are under way. The methodology is concurrently be developed by an ICPPR working group (non-Apis working group). A major challenge in higher tier studies is the variability of the different endpoints. Hive development and particularly the production of young queens are very variable (Cabrera et al. 2016). With the current knowledge it seemed crucial to select appropriate colonies for the tests to reduce variability. The aim was to evaluate different strategies for the selection of bumble bee colonies and to improve the data quality with regard to the most important endpoints in bumble bee semi-field studies.
Comparative profitability of crop and dairy enterprise in semi-hilly tracks of district Gurdaspur and Jammu.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study was conducted in two districts namely; Gurdaspur (Punjab) and Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) which are representing the semi hilly tracks in north India with a view to examine the existing resource use and production patterns on the different farm sizes, to assess the comparative profitability of crop raising and darying. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the samples. The sample comprised 180 farmers. The crop-dairy enterprise mix was found to increase the returns on all size of farms. The higher incomes were obtained from dairy with higher employment. Dairy farming is one of the enterprises under prevailing conditions, which is successfully and profitably complimentary to the crop enterprises.
Weakly True Concurrency and Its Logic

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We firstly find the existence of silent event $τ$ in true concurrency (named weakly true concurrency) by defining weakly true concurrent behaviors and weakly true concurrent logics. Based on Paolo Baldan and Silvia Crafa's comprehensive work on (strongly) true concurrency, we find the correspondence between weakly true concurrent equivalences and weakly true concurrent logics.
Modification of Measures: Threats to Construct Validity and Recommendations for Improving Items

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Poorly written items will result in poor psychometric properties of measures. We review the literature on item generation, develop a typology of threats to construct validity, and present the results of a comprehensive review of published measures. Our results demonstrate that many existing measures have significant problems that may represent threats to construct validity. Next, we provide an empirical demonstration of how a commonly-employed measure of affective commitment is improved by rewriting items to be relatively free from the threats to construct validity identified in the presented typology. Recommendations for improved item generation practice are offered.