jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Histiocytic sarcoma:a case report with review of literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To report a case of histiocytic sarcoma and its clinical and pathologic features, as well as the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.Methods:A case of histiocytic sarcoma was studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining, with review of the relevant literatures.Results:The tumor cells with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm were diffusely distributed. The cells were large and round in shape, while focal areas showed spindlingly. The nuclei were large, round to oval, partly were foamy, with atypia varies from mild to moderate, and obvious nucleolus. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were positive for LCA,CD68 and CD45RO in cytoplasm, and they were postive for CD163,S-100,CD117,LYS,HLA-DP,a-ATT,while negative for ACT,NSE,CD21,CD35,DES,CD23,HLA-DR Tumor cells showed focal positive for SMC and CD1α.Ki-67 indicated that the proliferation index of the histocytic sarcoma was 44%.Conclusion:Histocytic sarcoma is a rare malignant tumor. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis are based on pathological morphology and immunophenotype.
High Arctic Lake sediments show that Heinrich Event 2 was preceded by summer warming

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Throughout the Last Glacial period, episodic deposition of Ice Rafted Debris marks phases of circum-North Atlantic ice sheet instability. The causes of these Heinrich Events remain contested; while initially attributed to internal ice sheet dynamics, there is a growing consensus that favors external climate forcing. But based on the timing and expression of change, it remains unclear whether this trigger was oceanic or atmospheric. We present data from a High Arctic Lake sediment sequence, whose geochronology was previously published, that suggests Heinrich Event 2 was preceded by atmospheric warming. Alkenone-inferred temperatures, geochemical indicators of stratification and provenance, and leaf wax-based information about moisture availability, all indicate summers warmed from 27.5 to 23.5 thousand years before present. This evidence supports the view that Heinrich Stadials were marked by extreme seasonality rather than year-round cold conditions. Our findings also show that a High Arctic Lake ecosystem existed during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Prediction and Analysis of Reinforcement Corrosion in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution Based on Neural Network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The corrosion of reinforcement has always been a problem to be solved in the field of architecture. In this paper, the corrosion characteristics of chromium alloy steel under different pH conditions are studied. The impedance characteristics and equivalent circuit are predicted by neural network model. First of all, in simulated pore solution with different pH values, the characteristics of Nyquist impedance spectroscopy of the whole chromium alloy under passivation stage and the damaged passivation film of reinforcing bars under initial corrosion stage have been found. Then, according to the difference of impedance characteristics under different pH values, different equivalent circuits have been established and [Formula: see text] values of different equivalent circuits under different chloride ion concentration have been calculated. By fitting the electrochemical parameters of the equivalent circuit with [Formula: see text] values, the equivalent circuit model which can be predicted by neural network has good consistency with the equivalent circuit which can be predicted by [Formula: see text] values.
LHD Langmuir2 #142223.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Langmuir probes on divertor plates to investigate divertor plasma parameters and fluctuation characteristics of ion flux near the divertor plates. Total 400 Langmuir probes embedded on 20 divertor plates on each of which 20 electrodes are aligned every 6 mm. Sweeping and sampling frequency is normally 250 kHz.
Metformin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Drug-Resistant Leukemia Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Recent epidemiological studies indicate that the antidiabetic drug metformin has chemosensitizing and chemopreventive effects against carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that metformin exerts varying degrees of antitumor activity against human leukemia cells, as reflected by differences in growth inhibition, apoptosis, and alterations to metabolic enzymes. In metformin-sensitive cells, autophagy was not induced but rather it blocked proliferation by means of arresting cells in the S and G2/M phases which was associated with the downregulation of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cdc2, but not that of cyclin E. In 10E 1 -CEM cells that overexpress Bcl-2 and are drug-resistant, the effect of metformin on proliferation was more pronounced, also inducing the activation of the caspases 3/7 and hence apoptosis. In all sensitive cells, metformin decreased the Δψm and it modified the expression of enzymes involved in energy metabolism: PKCε (PKCepsilon) and PKCδ (PKCdelta). In sensitive cells, metformin altered PKCε and PKCδ expression leading to a predominance of PKCε over PKCδ which implies a more glycolytic state. The opposite occurs in the nonresponsive cells. In conclusion, we provide new insights into the activity of metformin as an antitumoral agent in leukemia cells that could be related to its capability to modulate energy metabolism.
Magnetic domains in rolled-up nanomembranes of Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Compact rolled-up nanomembranes of high quality (111)-oriented Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are realized by combining strain engineering with top-down preparation methods. Magnetic force microscopy analyses were performed in the demagnetized state and under magnetic fields applied on rolled-up Co/Pt tubes. Observed magnetic domains are composed of radially polarized stripe-shaped domains. The stripes running along the rolled-up tubes axis are observed for magnetic fields applied along this direction, whereas a salmon-like pattern is observed for magnetic fields applied along the tube diameter. Present results indicate potential for applications as magnetic encoders and servo motors.
Multispot model of contacts based on surface features

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A model to account for long-term degradation of stationary contacts is proposed. The model is based on introducing a third level of multispot constrictions on the surface of each asperity. The results of simulating fretting corrosion provided good agreement with existing test data. In the latter case it was found that variation of the basic parameter which represents film breakdown indicates that asperity deformation and film growth are important variables in delaying fretting degradation. This model was also used to provide statistical data on change in resistance, and appears to agree with the often observed increase in variability as contacts degrade.< >
Africa Human Development Report 2016

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 68 years ago, to the Millennium Declaration 15 years ago, and to the Sustainable Development Goals today, global attention remains focused on promoting human rights and eliminating discrimination and inequitable outcomesfor women, men, girls and boys. However, despite widespread recognition of women's rights and the benefits that accrue to all of society from equitable treatment and access to resources and opportunities for women and men, inequalities persist. At the regional and national levels, there is growing recognition that as African women attain higher measures of economic and social well-being, benefits accrue to all of society; despite this growing understanding, removing inequalities for women has not kept pace. Significant gaps between men's and women's opportunities remain a major challenge and a severe impediment to structural economic and social transformation that is still the goal of all African countries.The evolving development landscape – with its emerging opportunities, vulnerabilities and shocks – makes it imperative for Africa to accelerate the advancement of sustainable and equitable human development. This can be achieved by building economic, social and environmental resilience for women and men, enhancing their productivity, and accelerating the pace of structural economic transformation in the region. This report explores where and how progress in gender equality has been made and how best to accelerate the pace of gender advancement in Africa. Its focus on gender equality comes at a time of tremendous change across the continent, including recent dynamics of social and economic transformation that have resulted in significant strides in Africa's human development.This report pinpoints the intersection between political and economic processes, and presents a clear agenda for action. The agenda provides an approach to help African countries more forcefully confront the challenge and accelerate progress on gender equality and women's empowerment. The agenda on gender equality can support progress toward Africa's Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While SDG 5 focuses specifically on gender equality, addressing gender issues more vigorously and comprehensively will expediteefforts by governments and other stakeholders to achieve many, if not all, of the other SDGsdue to the role and position that women play across all of society and all sectors.
Reinterpreting History: Perceptions of Nazism in Egyptian Media

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the beginning of the early 1990s, National Socialism has increasingly attracted interest within the Arab public. While before, authors and intellectuals nearly entirely avoided addressing the topic—rejecting any relation between the Arab world and the German crimes of Nazism—this void has been filled in the past few years. Several incidents, for instance the planned visit of Yasir Arafat to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington in 1998, triggered controversial reactions in Arab media, in which National Socialism and its crimes were referred to. During the last few years, intellectuals like Edward Said and Hazem Saghiyeh have repeatedly questioned the avoidance of the subject and, instead, asked the Arab public to recognize the Holocaust as an extra-ordinary crime against humanity. However, charges of an Israeli distortion and mystification of National Socialist history and its use for blackmailing the world public remain widespread.1 Various arguments from Holocaust deniers like the British historian David Irving and the French professor Robert Faurisson are still commonly articulated. Recent translations of the so-called Leuchter-Report or the book Did Six Million Really Die? in which the Holocaust is flatly rebuked, continue to be distributed by renowned editors. The first Arab translation of Norman Finkelstein's controversial book The Holocaust Industry was marketed in Beirut and Cairo even before a German translation hit the bookshops.
It's a Legal Matter, Baby: Fair Use Law and the Rock ‘n’ Roll Scholar

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In order to reveal the discrepancy between the rock scholar's desire to quote copyrighted lyrics and the limited use allowed by holders of these copyrights, this essay explores the traditional understanding of the “fair use” doctrine in the context of a post‐Napster, corporate‐friendly legal world. In three parts—The Law, The Book, and The Lesson—Hamelman analyzes recent legal developments in copyright, discusses their impact on his 2004 book on rock ’n’ roll music, and then provides guidelines for aspiring authors in this field. The essay argues that scholars must not assume that lyrics can be quoted with impunity, and that to avoid repercussions they should prepare themselves for an arduous permissions process.
Placing Children in Special Education: Some Comments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

grams for the Mentally Retarded (Heller, Holtzman, & Messick, 1982), and the papers by Messick (1983) and by Resnick and Finn (1983) summarizing its conclusions, deserve the careful consideration of many audiences. Educational researchers and practitioners in general as well as in special education, the agencies that fund (or should fund) research in this field, the test publishing organizations, and many groups of public officials, administrators, and concerned citizens, most certainly will benefit from the wise, thought-provoking, and thorough review of the issues addressed.
Role of T-helper 17 cells and interleukin-17 expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Several observations suggest that immunological events are important for antileukemic immune reactivity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells play an active role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; however, the nature of Th17 cells in hematological malignancies remains unknown. Aim The aim of this work was to assess the role of Th17 cells and its related cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the pathogenesis and prognosis of AML. Participants and methods The study was carried out on 40 adult AML patients and 20 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Patients were diagnosed and classified according to the WHO criteria for AML. Plasma levels of IL-17 in patients and controls were measured using the sandwich ELISA technique. Th17 cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Results The percentage of Th17 cells and the concentration of IL-17 were significantly increased in untreated patients with AML compared with the healthy controls (10.2±2.2 vs. 4.38±0.16% and 20.15±2.9 vs. 8.2±1.3 pg/ml, respectively). In addition, the increased Th17 cells were reduced significantly when the patient achieved complete remission after chemotherapy, but the decrease was not significant in patients with incomplete remission. Conclusion These results suggest that Th17 cells play a role in the pathogenesis and response of therapy in AML patients through the secretion of IL-17 cytokine.
Immunohistochemical study of the brain glutamine synthetase expression in the rat septic model

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Severe sepsis is accompanied by multiple organ dysfunction where acute liver failure (ALF) plays one of the most critical roles. The principal sign of acute hepatic encephalopathy accompanying ALF is ammonia induced edema of astrocytes. In case of ALF in sepsis, one can suppose increase in systemic and brain ammonia. Astroglia are target cells for ammonia metabolism as they are principal source of glutamine-synthetase (GS). Previous studies have reported that ALF stimulates increase in astroglial GS which correlates with deterioration of the animal state. The aim of the study was to determine the level of glutamine synthetase expression in different brain regions of rats in the conditions of experimental sepsis. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in Wistar rats: 5 sham-operated (control) animals and 20 rats with cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) septic model. Immunohistochemical study of GS expression was performed in the cortex, white matter, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus/putamen in the period of 20–48 h after CLP. Results. Starting at 12th h after CLP, operated animals displayed progressive impairment finished by profound lethargy and respiratory failure. Between 20–38 h, 9 animals expressed final mentioned symptoms and were euthanized (CLP-B, non-survived), 11 rats displayed less expressed suffering up to 48 h (CLP-A, survived). At 23 h in CLP-B and 48 h in CLP-A rats, liver tissue displayed morphological signs of the focal irreversible damage which was aggravated with time after CLP which could be observed dynamically in non-survived group. Both CLP-A and CLP-B rats showed gradual elevation of GS in all studied brain regions. From 24 to 38 h after CLP, non-survived animals showed significant region-specific dynamic increase in GS expression: in the cortex – by 69.35 %, hippocampus – by 53.6 %, thalamus – by 50.0 %; with the most substantive elevation in the cortex – 1.69-fold increase compared to control. Conclusions. In CLP model, 24 h after operation there is significant dynamic increase in GS level in the cortical, hippocampal and thalamic regions of the rat brain with the most prominent in the cortex. Heterogeneous increase in GS indicates regions more or less vulnerable for incoming systemic agents as well as region-specific reactiveness of the brain tissue, including local astroglia, to these factors in septic conditions. Morphological signs of sepsis-associated liver damage preceding significant increase in the brain GS by 1 h, might suppose addition of the liver failure to the course of sepsis which is accompanied by increased level of hepatogenic toxins (presumably including ammonia) in the blood and in the brain parenchyma by 23 h after CLP. The latter might propose an active implication of hepatogenic detrimental agents in sepsis pathophysiology and involvement of reactively increased brain GS levels in the complex mechanisms of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.
The Toll‐like receptor 7/8‐ligand resiquimod (R‐848) primes human neutrophils for leukotriene B 4 , prostaglandin E 2 and platelet‐activating factor biosynthesis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Toll‐like receptors (TLR) recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and play important roles in the innate immune system. While single‐stranded viral RNA is the natural ligand of TLR7/TLR8, the imidazoquinoline resiquimod (R‐848) is recognized as a potent synthetic agonist of TLR7/TLR8. We investigated the effects of TLR7/8 activation on lipid mediator production in polymorphonuclear leukocytes exposed to R‐848. Although R‐848 had minimal effects by itself, it strongly enhanced leukotriene B 4 formation on subsequent stimulation by fMLP, platelet‐activating factor, and the ionophore A23187. R‐848 acted via TLR8 but not TLR7 as shown by the lack of effect of the TLR7‐specific ligand imiquimod. Priming with R‐848 also resulted in enhanced arachidonic acid release and platelet‐activating factor formation following fMLP stimulation, as well as enhanced prostaglandin E 2 synthesis following the addition of arachidonic acid. Western blot analysis demonstrated that R‐848 induced the phosphorylation of the cytosolic phospholipase A 2 α, promoted 5‐lipoxygenase translocation and potently stimulated the expression of the type 2 cyclooxygenase. Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, efficiently inhibited all R‐848‐induced effects. These studies demonstrate that TLR8 signaling strongly promotes inflammatory lipid mediator biosynthesis and provide novel insights on innate immune response to viral infections.—Hattermann K., Picard, S., Borgeat, M., Leclerc, P., Pouliot, M., Borgeat P. The Toll‐like receptor 7/8‐ligand re‐siquimod (R‐848) primes human neutrophils for leuko‐triene B4, prostaglandin E2 and platelet‐activating factor biosynthesis. FASEB J. 21, 1575–1585 (2007)
Phototriggered Self‐Adaptive Functionalized MOC‐Based Drug Delivery Platform Promises High Antitumor Efficacy

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Due to their great stability and special cavities, metal‐organic cages (MOCs) are increasingly considered as promising nanocarriers for drug delivery. However, the size and surface dilemmas restrict their further biomedical applications. The ultrasmall size of MOCs facilitates tumor penetration but suffers from quick clearance and poor accumulation at the tumor site. Hydrophobicity of MOC surfaces improves internalization into tumor cells while causing low blood circulation time as well as poor biocompatibility. Therefore, it remains challenging for the MOC‐based drug delivery nanoplatform to realize high therapeutic efficacy because it requires different or even opposite dimensions and surface characteristics in different steps of circulation, penetration, accumulation, and internalization processes. In this study, an unprecedented phototriggered self‐adaptive platform (ZnPc@polySCage) is developed by integrating functionalized MOCs and a photodynamic therapy based reactive oxygen species responsive strategy to realize high‐efficiency tumor‐specific therapy. ZnPc@polySCage remains hydrophilic and stealthy during circulation, and retains its small original size for tumor penetration, while transforming to a larger size for effective accumulation and hydrophobic for enhanced internalization under laser irradiation in tumor tissue. With these essential transitions, ZnPc@polySCage demonstrates prominent antitumor effects. Overall, the work provides an advantageous strategy for functional MOC‐based platforms and biomedical applications.
Analisis Literasi Masyarakat Tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Pribadi Terhadap Tabungan, Investasi, dan Pengeluaran

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This research aims to measure people's understanding of personal financial concepts, such as savings, investment and spending. Factors such as education, experience, and social and economic factors will be identified as influencing people's financial literacy levels. It is hoped that concrete recommendations will help in increasing financial literacy for the people of Nginden Jagkungan subdistrict, Surabaya. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The type and source of research data is an important element in the research process. The data used in this research is primary data. The data analysis method used in this research uses the PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis application through the Smart PLS program. Financial literacy with the Insurance, Investment and Financial Planning indicators has a positive effect of 0.540 and a significant 0.000% on Investment with the Knowledge of Investment and Market indicators. capital, financial literacy with indicators of Insurance, Investment and Financial Planning have a positive effect of 0.256 and a significant of 0.033% on Savings with indicators of Knowledge Interest and Confidence, Financial literacy with indicators of Insurance, Investment and Financial Planning have a positive effect of 0.632 and a significant of 0.000% on Expenditures with Knowledge indicators Availability of goods and services and price levels1. Financial literacy with insurance, investment and financial planning has a positive and significant effect on public investment with knowledge about investment and capital markets. 2. Financial literacy with insurance, investment and financial planning has a positive and significant effect on people's savings with financial knowledge. 3. Financial literacy with insurance, investment and financial planning indicators has a positive and significant effect on the level of public expenditure with knowledge of the availability of goods and services and price levels.