jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Electronic State Lasers by Stabilized Electric Discharges.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This report describes studies aimed at achieving long pulse laser emission in the near infrared, visible or ultraviolet region using electron-beam-stabilized electric discharge excitation of molecular electronic states. A model for long pulse visible laser emission from electronically excited states is described which involves rapid collisional quenching of the vibrational energy of the electronic states. The production and quenching of specific vibrational levels of excited electronic states of N2 and CO molecules have been studied by observing the fluorescence from gas mixtures excited by an electric discharge. The excitation efficiency for the N2(A 3 Sigma(+) sub u) state was determined by absolute population measurements of the v = O and v = 1 vibrational levels using a nitrogen (B yields A) probe laser technique. The measured decay rate of the N2(A 3 Sigma(+) sub u) state by self-collisions was 3 x 10 to the -9th power cu.cm./molecule-sec. Laser cavity tests were carried out for both N2 and CO gas mixtures for a variety of conditions. Short pulse laser action was observed in the N2 first positive system at 1.05 and 0.888 micrometers using e-beam-stabilized electric discharge excitation. (Author)
Generalized Multi-Hit Model of Radiation-Induced Cell Survival with a Closed-Form Solution: An Alternative Method for Determining Isoeffect Doses in Practical Radiotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The standard linear-quadratic (LQ) model is currently the preferred model for describing the ionizing radiation-induced cell survival curves and tissue responses. And the LQ model is also widely used to calculate isoeffect doses for comparing different fractionated schemes in clinical radiotherapy. Despite its ubiquity, because the actual dose-response curve may appear linear at high doses in the semilogarithmic plot, the application of the LQ model is greatly challenged in the high-dose region, while the dose employed in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is often in this area. Alternatively, the biophysical models of radiation-induced effects with a linear-quadratic-linear (LQL) characteristic can well fit the dose-survival curve of cells in vitro. However, most of these LQL models are phenomenological and have not fully considered the biophysical mechanism of radiation-induced damage and repair, and the fitting quality decreases in some high-dose ranges. In this work, to provide an alternative model to describe the cell survival curves in high-dose ranges and predict the biologically effective dose (BED) for SBRT, we propose a novel generalized multi-hit model with a closed-form solution by considering an upper bound on the number of lethal damages induced by radiation that can be repaired in a cell. This model has a clear biophysical basis and a simple expression, and also has the LQL characteristic under low- and high-dose approximate conditions. The experimental data fitting indicated that compared to the standard LQ model and our previously generalized target model, the current model can better fit the radiation-induced cell survival curves in the high-dose ranges (P < 0.05). The current model parameters and parameter ratios were determined from the fits in different kinds of cell lines irradiated with various dose rates and linear energy transfer (LET), which indicates that the model parameters significantly depend on the dose rate and LET. Based on the current model, we derived two equivalence formulae for the BED calculations in the low- and high-dose ranges, and then calculated the BED for the clinical data of SBRT from 17 selected studies. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant linear correlations between the BED at isocenter and planning target volume (PTV) edge calculated by this model and the LQ model (R > 0.86, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the generalized multi-hit model proposed in this work can be used as an alternative tool to handle in vitro radiation-induced cell survival curves in high-dose ranges, and calculate the in vivo BED for comparing the dose fractionation schemes in clinical radiotherapy.
Changes in the expression of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1 associated with mesoderm induction in the chick embryo

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We report that a monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, identifies specific regions and cell types during primitive streak formation in the chick blastoderm. Immunohistochemical studies show that the cells of the forming hypoblast are HNK-1 positive from the earliest time at which they can be identified. Some cells of the margin of the blastoderm are also positive. The mesoderm cells of the primitive streak stain strongly with the antibody from the time of their initial appearance. In the epiblast, some cells are positive and some negative at pre-primitive-streak stages, but as the primitive streak develops a gradient of staining intensity is seen within the upper layer, increasing towards the primitive streak. At later stages of development, the notochord and the mesenchyme of the headfold are positive, while the rest of the mesoderm (lateral plate) no longer expresses HNK-1 immunoreactivity. This antibody therefore reveals changes associated with mesodermal induction: before induction, it recognizes the ‘inducing’ tissue (the hypoblast) and reveals a mosaic pattern in the responding tissue (the epiblast); after primitive streak formation, the mesoderm of the primitive streak that results from the inductive interactions expresses the epitope strongly. Affinity purification of HNK-l-related proteins in various tissues was carried out, followed by SDS-PAGE to identify them. The hypoblast, mesoderm and epiblast of gastrulating chick embryos have some HNK-l-related proteins in common, while others are unique to specific tissues. Attempts have been made to identify these proteins using Western blots and antibodies known to recognize HNK-l-related molecules, but none of the antibodies used identify the bands unique to any of the tissues studied. We conclude that these proteins may be novel members of the HNK-1/L2 family, and that they may have a role in cell interactions during early development.
Effect of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) on Plant Growth and Yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) is one of the most destructive diseases of okra plant. In the current study, effect of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) was assessed on plant growth and yield in naturally infected crop under agro-ecological conditions of Hyderabad district. The virus showed the significant reduction in plant height, number of leaves, flowers, fruits, and over all pickings and yield of all the locations wherever the crop was examined in the district. The significant reduction in plant height (48.67 cm) in infected plants as compared to healthy plants (62.96 cm) was recorded. Similarly, significant difference in the flowers formation per plant at all four locations was recorded in diseased (0.912) and healthy (2.165) plants. Fruit weight was also significantly reducing due to the disease prevalence at all four locations (73.25 g) as compared to healthy observed fruits (91.50 g). Interestingly, on overall basis there were more numbers of leaves (20.66) in infected plants as compared to healthy one (16.33). It is obvious from the results that virus (OYVMV) showed significant increase in number of leaves but reduced plant height, flowers, fruits and yield at all four observed locations, thus, pathologists and breeders are advised to work more on evaluation of resistant varieties using advanced molecular tools. The growers are also advised to adopt preventive as well as curative control measures so that the yield losses may be decreased.
Analysis, design, and performance evaluation of zero‐voltage‐ripple buck dc–dc converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A buck dc–dc converter with ripple reduction has been proposed previously. However, detailed characterisation and performance analysis were not conducted. This study presents steady‐state analysis, design, and performance evaluation of the zero‐voltage ripple (ZVR) buck dc–dc converter in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The ZVR buck converter is capable of eliminating the output voltage ripple by employing a two‐winding auto‐transformer. The expressions for steady‐state current and voltage waveforms are given. The equations for the design of the converter components are derived. A step‐by‐step procedure to design the auto‐transformer for the ZVR buck converter using the area‐product method is introduced. Derivations of expressions for the power losses in passive components, magnetic core, windings, and semiconductor devices are presented. A laboratory prototype of the ZVR buck converter in CCM with input voltage 12 V, output voltage 5 V, output power 10 W, and switching frequency 500 kHz was designed, built, and tested. Simulation results showing the superior performance of the ZVR buck converter over the poly‐phase converters are given. Experimental results are provided to validate the theory. It was observed that the ZVR buck converter produces nearly zero ripples at any duty cycle with efficiency in the order of 90%.
Maximizing the Density of Active Groups in Porous\nPoly(ionic liquids) for Efficient Adsorptive Desulfurization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Porous\npoly­(ionic liquids) (PPILs) with both advantages of ionic\nliquids (ILs) activities and porous properties have caused great interests\nin adsorptive desulfurization. High density of active functional groups\nand large surface area in PPILs are two critical factors for enhancing\nthe desulfurization performance; however, there is usually a trade-off\nbetween them. In this work, a novel PPIL of poly­(bipropargyl-imidazolium\nchloride) (P­[BPPIM]) was fabricated through a single-step cyclotrimerization\nhomopolymerization. Through this full-atomic utilization method, the\nmass density of active imidazolium groups were maximized; meanwhile,\nthe introduction of rigid benzene rings within imidazolium rings propped\nup the porous structure in P­[BPPIM], with a surface area of 160.8\nm<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup> and pore volume of 0.39 cm<sup>3</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup>. On the basis of the density function\ntheory calculation, the binding energies of dibenzothiophene (DBT)\nover P­[BPPIM] were significantly increased due to the synergistic\neffect of the imidazolium ring and benzene ring, resulting in an enhanced\nsaturated DBT adsorption capacity of 37.13 mgS·g<sup>–1</sup>, which was the best one among all the reported PILs according to\nour knowledge.
Pattern and risk factors of acute poisoning in a tertiary hospital of Central Bangladesh

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Acute poisoning is a common cause of hospital admission in Bangladesh. But, risk factors and characteristics of victims of different modes of poisoning have not been evaluated for possible intervention strategies. So, in this study we aimed to describe the pattern of acute poisoning in central Bangladesh as well as identifying risk factors for various mode of poisoning. Methods: A prospective observational study was undertaken in Dhaka Medical College Hospital in 2015. Consenting adult acute poisoning victims were included as study subjects. A pretested structured case record form was used to systematically record the cases. The poisoning cases were defined by clinical toxidrome (sympathomimetic, antimuscarinic, opioids, cholinergic, sedative, etc) during acute presentation with suspected poisoning and groups accordingly. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis and statistical tests including mean ± standard division (SD), percentage, t test and chi-square were used accordingly. Results: Total poisoning cases were 1155. Suicidal (62.25%, n=719), commuter poisoning (24.16%, n=279) and accidental poisoning (12.38%, n=143) were main types of poisoning. Risk factors of suicidal poisoning were young females of 11 to 30 years, married, housewives and students (P<0.0001). Stressful relationship was the commonest reason of suicidal poisoning. Pesticides and sedatives were frequently chosen for easy availability. Commuter poisoning was common in males and urban areas (P<0.0001). Accidental poisoning was more in males and rural areas (P<0.0001) and snake envenomation was the main cause. Conclusion: Poisoning burden is high in central Bangladesh. Identified risk factors will help develop poisoning prevention strategies.
Comprehensive Outcomes Affected by Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis of Feedlot Calves at Medium-Risk for Bovine Respiratory Disease from a Randomized Controlled Trial

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of metaphylaxis (META) and pull-and-treat (PT) programs on health, antimicrobial use, beef production, economics, and greenhouse gas emissions in cattle at medium risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). A randomized complete block design was used at two US commercial feedlots. Steers and heifers [2366 total; 261 (±11.0) kg initial weight] were blocked by sex and feedlot arrival, and allocated to one of two pens within a block (16 pens total, eight blocks). Pens were randomly assigned to treatment: META, tulathromycin injection at initial processing; or PT, tulathromycin injection only for first clinical BRD treatment. Data were analyzed with linear and generalized linear mixed models. There was greater BRD morbidity in PT than META cattle (17.2% vs. 7.3% respectively; p < 0.01), and greater total mortality (2.5% vs. 1.1% respectively; p = 0.03). Per animal enrolled, 1.1 antimicrobial doses were used for META compared to 0.2 for PT (p < 0.01). Per animal enrolled, final live (p = 0.04) and carcass (p = 0.08) weights were greater for META than PT; however, net returns ($/animal) were not significantly different (p = 0.71). Compared to PT, total lifetime estimated CO2 equivalent emissions from production were reduced by 2% per unit of live weight for META (p = 0.09). While antimicrobial use was reduced with PT, there may be substantial negative impacts on other outcomes if META was not used in this type of cattle population.
Efficacy of Infliximab in Patients with Refractory Uveitis Associated with Behcet Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Ocular involvement in Behcet disease is responsible for severe morbidity by causing nongranulomatous panuveitis and retinal vasculitis. In some cases, recurrent attacks cannot be controlled by conventional immunosuppressives and corticosteroid or interferon. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of infliximab treatment in patients with refractory uveitis associated with Behcet disease.Methods: Nine patients with Behcet disease related uveitis were included in the study. Uveitis had been refractory to treatment with either a combination of cyclosporine-A, azathioprine, and corticosteroid or interferon α-2a monotherapy in all patients. Patients received infliximab infusions (5 mg/kg) at weeks 0, 2, 6, and every 8 weeks thereafter. In patients receiving interferon α-2a at the time of initiation of infliximab therapy, interferon was ceased before starting infliximab. We evaluated visual acuity, ocular inflammatory attacks, and adverse effects.Results: The Patients consist of seven men and two women; their ages ranging from 28 to 49 years. The mean follow-up after initiating infliximab therapy was 14.4 months. Four of the patients had no ocular inflammatory attacks during follow-up. Two of the remaining five patients developed a mild anterior uveitis only once after the start of infliximab infusions. Three of the patients had a mild panuveitis attack 2-4 months after the initiation of infliximab therapy. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved at least 2 lines in 6 (33.3%) eyes, from no light perception to hand motion in one eye, and from light perception to hand motion in another eye. BCVA remained stable in 9 (50%) eyes. In one patient, infliximab treatment was terminated owing to HPV+genital warts at 8th month of therapy. No other adverse effects were noticed apart from temporary infusion reaction and urticaria-like rash.Conclusions: With a follow-up period ranging from seven to thirty three (7-33) months, infliximab was effective and well tolerated in refractory Behcet uveitis.
Expatriate management in Australian multinational enterprises

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Globalization, uncertain domestic markets and increasing competition are encouraging construction firms to internationalize. Although expatriates are commonly used by many construction companies to establish and manage overseas operations, there has been little research into the challenges of managing these people. Through case studies of five Australian construction firms and semi-structured interviews with 10 human resource managers and 36 expatriates, the question of how construction firms select, deploy, develop and support expatriate managers on overseas projects is explored. The results show that firms tend to adopt a highly pragmatic approach to expatriate recruitment and see the process as a logistical rather than a developmental challenge. Selection processes are often reactive, ad hoc and intuitive and based more on technical knowledge than softer behavioural skills and knowledge. Preparation for expatriate assignments is often outsourced, many expatriates feel unsupported while overseas, repatriation is poorly managed and overseas assignments are often seen as a barrier to career progression rather than an investment. These findings are at odds with contemporary research in international human resource management and are important because a major determinant of international project performance is effective human resource management. The findings also contribute to the design of better expatriate human resource management systems.
Supplementary Materials from B-Cell Lymphoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Enable Drug Discovery and Are a Platform for Personalized Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Include supplementary Figure S1-S4 legends; Supplementary Table S1 and S4; and list Supplementary Table S2 and S3 titles. Supplementary Table S1. The panel of drugs used in vitro and in vivo with their doses and duration. Supplementary Table S4. The mean passage time per generation for 5 generations</p>
Civil Society and Activism in the Middle East

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This book analyses the impact of repression on civil society activism in the Middle East through the cases of Egypt and Jordan. It argues that authoritarian regimes’ repressive strategies towards civil society actors vary depending on an authoritarian regime’s recent historical experience with regime breakdown and/or continuity. Authoritarian regimes that go through breakdown and that transition from one autocratic rule to another increase repression against all civil society actors in an effort to pre-empt large-scale mobilization. This instils fear into civil society actors, who as a result either disengage from civic and political activism or turn to different forms of participation, such as social entrepreneurship. On the other hand, long-standing authoritarian regimes that have not faced breakdown utilize targeted repression and co-ptation strategies while tolerating civic and political activism, as well as some forms of contentious activities. Civil society actors in these regimes are able to grasp political opportunities to mobilize for demonstrations at certain times and in certain spaces, and to develop coalition partnerships to push the regime to advance some reforms and change.
Assured, J.M. Gaylord vs. Mrs. Maple, Southern California, 1931

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

11 photographs of automobiles and roads, Southern California, 1931. "Subject: Assured, J.M. Gaylord vs. Mrs. Maple, San Marino and Whittier; Client: Pac[ific] Indemnity; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch]; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Year: 1931; Job: 4-1-7" -- on envelope front. "Name: Joe; 11 Original Photographs - Size: 8x10 @1.00: 11.00; 48 Miles: Transportation at 0.07: 3.36; 3 Hours: Time @2.00: 6.00; Extra Charges: E.J. Morgan" -- on envelope back.
Positions on Social versus Legal Measures as the Proper and Most Effective Tools in Dealing with Prostitution: a Comparative Study of Norway and Sweden

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore, and as a result, to better understand the\npositions of two central prostitution organisations, Pro Sentret in Norway, and\nProstitutionsenheten (Prostitution Centre) in Sweden, using the method of comparative\nanalysis. I used the following research questions: How do the legal and promotional\nprevention measures on prostitution in Norway and Sweden differ and what characterizes\nthem? What is the position of central institutions on the debate on prostitution, Pro Sentret in\nOslo and Prostitutionsenheten in Stockholm, on the visibility of human trafficking and the\nlegal approach used in Sweden? I wondered, could there be a link between the positions\nthese organisations have on prostitution, and the measures they develop to address the\nproblem? For 25 years Pro Sentret has lobbied hard so that laws should remain unchanged,\nand to prevent new laws to end prostitution. They argue that they should not come at the cost\nof the personal freedoms of the women, and there is no proof they work, therefore only social\nmeasures should be used. In Sweden, they use both social and legal measures in combination\nto eliminate prostitution, as that is their primary goal. Prostitution is just another form of\nmale violence and domination, where women are the victims who must be helped and\nprotected, even at the expense of their individual rights and civil liberties.\nIn the discussion both countries argue that they use measures that best protect women’s rights\nwith the goal being equality. It is the difference in interpretation of the concept of equality\nthat is at the heart of this longstanding ideological disagreement. There is a need for an\nevaluation style study to be conducted that looks more closely at the findings from this\nresearch, to determine which approach best meets the needs of women in prostitution.
Non-Equilibrium Ignition Criterion for p-11B Advanced Fuel in Magnetized Target Fusion

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates an analytical illustration of ignition conditions for the aneutronic reaction of proton-boron plasma in the presence of the magnetic field for fusion. In particular, the criterion for this plasma target is derived through two-temperature Lindl–Widner diagrams. Since the heating and cooling terms in the energy balance equation are affected by inequality between ions and electrons temperature combined with the impact of the magnetic field, the reduction of energy loss as well as the areal density parameter will increase the fusion rate. It will also relax the requirements of ignition conditions. Therefore, numerical derivations of ignition conditions at stagnation are performed involving the energy balance equation. The additional parameter applied other than electron and ion temperature as well as areal density is the magnetic field dependent B/ρ. It is shown that as B/ρ develops the required areal density decreases. For ions temperature of Ti < 1000 keV and electrons temperature of Te < 110 keV, the equation has real solutions for the areal density of ρR < 6 g/cm2. Furthermore, it is shown that the B/ρ parameter can be set at approximately 106 G cm3/g value. It shows the magnetic field has more effect than DT case and can reduce the driver requirements significantly. A comparison of this model with DT magnetized case shows that this model of p11B fuel is intermediate between experimental results of p11B non-magnetized and DT magnetized in the two-temperature model.