jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thickness and Ga-Content Variations in Co-Evaporated CIGS Solar Solar Cells with Flat Ga Profile - an Electrical Characterization

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work an extensive experimental series has been carried out by co-evaporating CIGS layers with varying thickness (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 μm) and varying Ga content (Ga/(Ga+In)=0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60). In all CIGS layers the Cu concentration has been held constant at Cu/(In+Ga)=0.85. The cells have been characterized with dark and light current voltage measurements, external quantum efficiency measurements and apparent quantum efficiency measurements at negative bias. In agreement with the literature, we observe a distinctively shorter collection length for high Ga concentrations and voltage dependent photo current collection for all cells. Voltage dependent current collection however cannot alone explain our data and the cells need to be described with an illumination dependent diode current or photo current. The generation dependent diode or photo current increase the slope of the light JV curve at negative bias voltage for all solar cells and dominates the slope in cells with 0.5 μm thin absorbers regardless of Ga content. We propose that this behavior is connected to the recombination at the back contact, as it is smaller in the cells with thick absorber layers and since we do not observe the same behavior in back side passivated cells.
Tandem Rh(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Acylation of Secondary Benzamides with Aldehydes and Intramolecular Cyclization: The Direct Synthesis of 3-Hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rhodium-catalyzed oxidative acylation between secondary benzamides and aryl aldehydes via sp(2) C-H bond activation followed by an intramolecular cyclization is described. This method results in the direct and efficient synthesis of 3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-one building blocks.
Micro-Doppler Effect of Extended Streamlined Targets Based on Sliding Scattering Centre Model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The scattering center of extended streamlined targets can slide when the direction of radiation is changed. The sliding scattering center has influence on the micro-Doppler effect of micro-motion of the extended streamlined target. This paper focused on the micro-Doppler of the extended streamlined target for the bistatic radar. Based on the analysis, the analytical expressions of the micro-Doppler of coning motion with sliding scattering center model were given for bistatic radar. And the results were validated by the simulated results of the scattering field based on the full-wave method of the electromagnetic computation. The results showed that the sliding of the scattering center can make the micro-Doppler be less and distorted, and the influence of the sliding is different for two different types of the sliding scattering centers: sliding on the surface and sliding on the bottom circle. The analytical expressions of the micro-Doppler are helpful to analyze the time-frequency presentations (TFR) of the coning motion of the extended streamlined target and to estimate the parameters of the target.
Religione, donne, storia d’Italia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The volume on Women and Faith was the first of the series of the History of Women in Italy. It focused on the relationship between women, Church institutions and beliefs which was something that militant feminists were not particularly interested in. Philosophers and women theologians developed a feminist thought in the field of religion, while feminist historians chose to shed light on the forms of religious dissent from orthodoxy and ecclesiastic institutions. The volume offered a synthesis of the ongoing national and international research and I will point first to its lacunae, and secondly to its high points. Its main shortcoming is the absence of minority religions in Italy, and especially the lack of attention for Jewish communities, the only ones on which there were some significant studies. Today’s interest for “other” religions beyond Catholicism measures the changed intellectual landscape that separates us from the Nineties. Owing to the fruitful encounter between Italian and North American scholars, Women and faith integrated religious history into the wider institutional, social and cultural history. In 1999 it was translated and published by Harvard University Press and had a deeper influence on religious studies in the US than in Italy. The emerging new theme of the book are nuns viewed in their refusal or acceptance of the religious profession, in their daily life inside important Italian convents in major cities, and within family strategies that allocated daughters to the marriage market or to the convent. The crucial role of convents in promoting women’s intellectual and artistic production is an important feature of the volume which offers a diachronic overview of religious female movements in Italy.
Mutagenic and Inactivating DNA Alterations

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

typic consequences has greatly benefited from the advancement of biochemical and genetic methods. 1. The alteration of nucleic acid bases can be measured by UV,1 infrared and nuclear magnetic spectra, use of radioactive bases in nucleic acids, chromatography, and straightforward chemistry. Cross-linking can be shown by reversible DNA denaturation, and backbone breakage by decreases in the sedimentation constant, viscosity, or light scattering. To uncover the primary site of attack and the high specificity of some chemicals toward nucleic acids, synthetic oligo- and polynucleotides will have to be increasingly used. 2. The methods for determining the phenotypic consequences of nucleic acid alterations range far afield. Chromosomal breaks and large chromosomal alterations can be determined cytologically or by classical genetic methods. The extent and specificity of small nucleic acid alterations can be analyzed both by genetic fine structure measurements and by the specificity of forward and reverse mutation induction. The correlation between nucleic acid alterations and genetic investigations has been possible mainly by the use of viruses or transforming DNA for which the effect of chemicals can be safely attributed to the direct effect on nucleic acids. Finally, the analysis of mutagenic nucleic acid alterations can be used, together with in vitro experiments on protein synthesis, to determine the base sequence of some genetic regions. The consistency of these results checks in turn the validity of the genetic and biochemical conclusions.
Interagency Report: Astrogeology 58, television cartography

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the processing of digital television pictures into base maps. In this context, a base map is defined as a pictorial representation of planetary surface morphology accurately reproduced on standard map projections. Topographic contour lines, albedo or geologic overprints may be super imposed on these base maps. The compilation of geodetic map controls, the techniques of mosaic compilation, computer processing and airbrush enhancement, and the compilation of con tour lines are discussed elsewhere by the originators of these techniques. A bibliography of applicable literature is included for readers interested in more detailed discussions.
Approximation of Local Consistency for Soft Constraints

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we generalize to soft constraints the techniques and approximations usually used for local consistency in classical constraint satisfaction and programming. The theoretical results show that this is indeed possible without loosing the fundamental properties of such techniques, and the experimental results (on partial arc-consistency) show that this work can help develop more ecient implementations for logic-based languages working with soft constraints. 1 Introduction In [4, 6, 5, 9, 10], a new framework (called SCSP) has been dened and implemented where classical CSPs, fuzzy CSPs, hierarchical CSPs and others can be easily cast. The framework simply adds a semiring structure to a constraint system, in order to represent preferences among the variable instantiations, and thus also among constraints and solutions. The aim of this paper is to extend the local consistency algorithms, dened in [4, 6] for SCSPs, to capture some approximated algorithms which have been prove...
Marriage in 1901 Canada: An Ecological Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the absence of comprehensive national-level databases, historical patterns of Canadian marriage behavior remain poorly understood. This study draws on the Canadian Families Project’s 5 percent sample of the 1901 Census of Canada to contextualize district-level variation in both the timing and intensity of marriage among Canadian women and men. Local constraints and freedoms on marriage were conceptualized by a selection of marriage-market, economic, demographic, and general social characteristics. The results of ecological regression modeling indicate that, collectively, these were important factors underlying national variation in Canadian nuptiality, particularly with reference to striking interprovincial differences in marriage behavior.
Effects of the cranial parasite Tylodelphys sp. on the behavior and physiology of puye Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Diplostomatid digeneans are well-known manipulators of the behavior of their intermediate hosts. Unencysted metacercariae of Tylodelphys sp. inhabit the cranial cavity of the fish Galaxias maculatus ; however, to date they have not been documented to alter their host behavior. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of Tylodelphys sp. inhabiting the cranial cavity of Galaxias maculatus on host physiology and swimming behavior as well as its reaction to a simulated predation attempt. Blind experiments in the lab were carried out on 56 fish that were filmed individually. The Fulton condition factor (K) was used as an approximation of nutritional status and a respirometry chamber was used to evaluate oxygen consumption rates of fish. Of the 56 fish, 21 were parasitized by Tylodelphys sp. (mean intensity = 30, range from 1 to 101). Parasitized and non-parasitized fish were similar in condition factor and oxygen consumption rates. Furthermore, the oxygen consumption rate of G. maculatus was not correlated with the abundance of Tylodelphys sp. However, parasitized fish more frequently swam close to the water surface, whereas non-parasitized fish more frequently swam at intermediate depths. When faced with a simulated predator attack, unparasitized fish showed more frequent fleeing behavior as well as a more intense post-fleeing activity. Collectively, these results suggest that Tylodelphys sp. inhabiting the cranial cavity of fish may alter their behavior predisposing them to predation by birds.
Waste Disposal in Saline Aquifers Affected by Geothermal Heating: ABSTRACT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years considerable interest has been focused on deep saline aquifers as reservoirs for the disposal of liquid waste. In general, the water in such aquifers is already in motion controlled by 3 sets of gradients: the hydraulic-pressure gradient, the geothermal gradient, and the salt concentration gradient. In thick aquifers, interaction of these gradients induces gravity convection currents which are not present in constant-density fluid systems. The fate of the waste liquids entrained in this fluid system will depend (among other things) upon the state of motion in the aquifer before injection and the modification of this state by the injection process. A hydraulic laboratory sandstone model was built to simulate a saline aquifer, a geothermal source, freshwater recharge, and waste-injection wells. The studies show stream lines, velocities, and temperature/salinity distributions before and during waste injection. The governing equations, namely, the hydraulic flow equation, the diffusion equation for salt and injected contaminants, and the heat diffusion equation are solved simultaneously on a high-speed digital computer. Obtaining theoretical solutions comparable to the model data requires choosing correct empirical values of coefficients of salt and heat diffusion. After the validity of solutions of the governing equations is established by comparison with the model studies, a basis for prediction is investigated by comparing theoretical solutions for field conditions with temperature and salinity data from selected oil exploratory wells in the Floridan aquifer of southern Florida. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2085------------
Simulation models of the trophic cascade: predictions and evaluations

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Previous chapters have detailed the responses of Peter and Tuesday Lakes to fish manipulations. Some of the changes were anticipated, while others were surprises. Our research was guided by models of the trophic cascade in lakes. To what extent did these models forecast the experimental results? The purpose of this chapter is to assess how our predictions fared, and how our view of the trophic cascade has been modified by the experimental outcome. First, we must explain why we developed simulation models of the trophic cascade, how the models were structured, and the predictions that derived from the models.
Anthocyanin biofortified black, blue and purple wheat exhibited lower amino acid cooking losses than white wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biofortified colored wheat are known for their anthocyanin content. In the present study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the quantification of amino acids in black, purple, blue and white colored wheat flour and chapatti samples. Black and blue wheat flour and chapatti samples had higher total amino acid content, and nutrition index in comparison other flour and chapatti samples, while EAA content were similar among all flour and chapatti samples. In Asian countries, wheat is mainly consumed as chapattis and after chapatti cooking, average percent reduction in amino acid content in black, blue, purple and white wheat were 11.41, 12.4, 19.0, and 23.8%, respectively. White chapatti samples exhibited >20% losses in the contents of 14 amino acids, while black chapatti showed >20% losses in case of only one amino acid. The higher retention of amino acids in colored wheat might be due to the masking and protective effects of anthocyanins on proteins and amino acids from heating and oxidative damages. Hence, incorporation of colored wheat in diet can pose several nutritional and health advantages to the consumers.
Próba utworzenia sojuszu muzułmańsko-serbskiego w trakcie walk o autonomię religijno-szkolną w Bośni i Hercegowinie w latach 1899–1902

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Attempt to create a Muslim-Serbian alliance during the struggle for the religious and educational autonomy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1899–1902 The article explains the reasons why in 1899–1902 the Serbs wanted to form an alliance with the Muslims. During the Austro-Hungarian period, the Orthodox in Bosnia and Herzegovina fought for autonomy and religious schools. They needed an ally in their efforts; that is why they turned to the Muslims with an alliance proposal. They appealed to the Muslims because, since 1897, they had also fought with the ZMF (Zajedničko Ministarstvo Finansija) and governor of Bosnia Benjamin von Kàllay.
Printed in Great Britain BIOCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE FLIGHT MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA OF AGEING BLOWFLIES,

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Biochemical investigations with isolated blowfly flight muscle mitochondria show that uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation increases with increasing age of the adult fly. Of the two principal substrates used (i.e. a-glycerophosphate and pyruvate), uncoupling is most marked when a-glycerophosphate is used as substrate. Although age-related changes in the structure of the thoracic flight muscle are observed by electron-microscope studies, no obvious degenerative changes take place in either the mitochondrial structure or the myofibrils of old flies. Labelling experiments with [3H]leucine indicate that uncoupling is mainly due to the lack of repair and replacement of mitochondrial proteins. These experiments also show that mitochondria] protein synthesis is important in the maturation of young flies, that is, those between o and 4 days old, but is insignificant in the further increase in mitochondrial size observed in older flies, where mitochondrial fusion appears to be more important.
Sequence analysis of a novel HLA-DRB1 allele,DRB11212

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the molecular genetics basis for HLA novel allele HLA-DRB1*1212 in Chinese population. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood by salting-out method. HLA-DRB1 gene exon 2 was amplified by PCR with group-specific primers from genomic DNA. PCR products were cut back from agarose gels and purified to sequence directly. The polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes(PCR-SSO) was performed to confirm the mutations which were detected by sequencing in this study. Results The sequencing results showed HLA-DRB1 alleles of the proband as DRB1*090102 and the novel allele. The sequences of the novel allele have been submitted to GenBank(AY899825). Through BLAST analysis, the novel allele was found to be different from DRB1*120101 at position 199A→C in exon 2, that results in an amino acid change from Ile to Leu at codon 67. Conclusion This allele is a novel and has been officially named as DRB1*1212 by the WHO Nomenclature Committee.
Quality assessment of chilies (Capsicum annuum L.) by using a smartphone camera

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study aims to determine the image parameters that can the chili quality and arrange the best Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) architecture in order to classify the quality into several groups. The image was taken and analyzed by means of image processing and ANN. Samples of chilies were divided into 2 groups, 75% for training data and 25% for network testing. The sample was placed in a black box and the image was captured using smartphone camera for both sides. The sample image was converted to binary to get the color value. Value color of image processing results using Matlab were used as input parameters for color group identification of ANN. Subsequently, color used as variable for classification using ‘if then’ logic. The results showed that the color elements of the image that could be the quality identity of chili were red, green, a*, and intensity. The ANN input layer that consisted of 4 input cells, 9 hidden layer cells, and 1 output layer cell could classify chilies into 4 color groups i.e.green, tinge of red, red and dark red with an accuracy of 90.43%.
A review of the genus Rhipidoglossum Schltr

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The large number of African orchids belonging to the group Monopodiales, the so-called âAngraecoid Orchidsâ, constitute a puzzling assemblage of which the main lines of classification are still uncertain. Several well-defined minor groups can, however, be readily distinguished, the most striking of which are such genera as Cyrtorchis Schltr., Aerangis Schltr. (sensu stricto) and Tridactyle Schltr. Among the less welldefined but nevertheless reasonably natural groupings is the genus Rhipidoglossum. This genus was described by Schlechter in his comprehensive treatment and revision of the Angraecoid orchids in 1918. He separated four genera, including Rhipidoglossum, from the remainder on account of the presence of a foot to the column. This character, which appears to be of value in the delimitation of Asiatic genera belonging to the Monopodiales, is, however, of less use in classifying the African genera. Several pairs of closely allied species occur in which one species is with and the other without a foot to the column. On the whole those genera constantly possessing a column-foot can he easily characterised by other more obvious features.\nRhipidoglossum, on the other hand, is clearly very closely allied to Diaphananthe in which the column foot is absent or very weakly developed. Indeed the theoretical delimitation of these two genera rests on the presence or absence of a callus in the mouth of the spur, the callus being absent in Rhipidoglossum. At the same time the two genera show different ranges of variation in habit and in floral structure, although the species at the various points of contact closely resemble some of those in the other genus. For instance, the stem is usually elongated in Rhipidoglossum whereas it is short with a rosette type of growth in Diaphananthe. D. bidens, however, which is typical in other respects, has much elongated stems. There is, on the other hand, a tendency towards shortening of the stem in some species of Rhipidoglossum. Secondly, in Diaphananthe the pollinia, although always provided with distinct stipites, usually share a common viscidium. There are also, however, a number of species in which two separate viscidia are found, this feature being general in Rhipidoglossum. The column in the two genera is very similar, and the rostellum is of the same general type.