jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Transitions of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) upon Heating in the Presence of Multiple Noncovalent Interactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reversible coil-to-globule transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous solution is a tenet of the physics of polymers. However, most of the studies have been limited on the transition induced only by the variation of hydrogen bonds. How and what the coil structure will develop into are unclear in the presence of other noncovalent bindings besides hydrogen bonds. Here we introduce noncovalent bindings of anion–dipole into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) aqueous system besides hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions and first have observed that the variant temperature responses of hydrogen bonds and anion–dipole bindings could make the coil structure of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) unconventionally restructure into micelles, nanorods, vesicles, etc., but not only globule-like structure.
A note on the karyotype of the sable, Martes zibellina brachyura, in Hokkaido, Japan.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Gobo Shoko High School, Gobo, Wakayama 644-0012, JapanGenetic contamination resulting from the introduction ofnon-native animals has become a hot issue in conserva-tion biology. The Japanese marten Martes melampusmelampus, which is endemic to Honshu, Shikoku, andKyushu, Japan (Mammalogical Society of Japan 1997),was introduced to Hokkaido, northern Japan, where thesable, M. zibellina brachyura, is indigenous and wherehybridisation between the two species has been antici-pated. The Hokkaido population of M. m. melampus isthought to be descended from individuals that were in-troduced artificially into Hokkaido from Honshu duringthe 1940s/1950s (e.g. Inukai 1975; Hosoda et al. 1999).Over the 60 years since introduction, the distribution ofM. m. melampus has expanded to include a large area ofsouthern and central Hokkaido (Murakami and Ohtaishi2000). Martes zibellina and M. melampus are known to besufficiently closely related, phylogenetically (Hosodaet al. 1997, 1999, 2000; Kurose et al. 1999), to yieldhybrids, although a preliminary genetic survey ofHokkaido’s sable and marten did not show such signs(Hosoda et al. 1999, 2000). In Europe, introgressionof mitochondrial DNA from M. z. to M. martes hasbeen documented (Davison et al. 2001). In order to assess the likelihood of interspecificgenetic crosses occurring, karyological comparisons arenecessary. Differentially stained karyotypes are reportedamong individuals of M. zibellina ssp. from Russia (Gra-phodatsky et al. 1977; Graphodatsky & Radzabli 1988)and of M. m. melampus from Honshu (Obara 1982, 1987,1991), but not from M. z. brachyura from Hokkaido. Inthis study, we analyzed the karyotype of M. z. brachyurain Hokkaido using conventional and differential stainingmethods.
Bolinger’s meaning and form as a pragmatic filler in Chomskyan X-Bar module

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

X-bar module characterizes the syntactic configuration of phrase constituents and recommends various tests for determining their syntactic presentations. The theory, however, does not account for plausible semantic and pragmatic implications of the constituents. The theory suffers a few inaccuracies in its overemphasis on syntactic dimensions of the constituents and its assignment of peripheral significance to their semantic and pragmatic considerations. This paper is an attempt in theoretical linguistics to fill these potential loopholes by applying the theoretical model of Meaning and Form. The study is delimited in its focus because it discusses two aspects of the X ՜- module. The first half discusses the notions of complement and adjuncts while the second part brings into focus the genitive dimension of POSS-NPs. Besides semantic and pragmatic dimensions, the study analyzes genitive structures within the framework of DP-Hypothesis. The study has used the Meaning and Form model as a theoretical tool for plugging in the gaps and has sought the support of other linguists whose notions are at par with the model and whose views can be cited as potential semantic and pragmatic fillers in the module. The study follows a cross-linguistic approach and examines the syntactic configuration of the module in the Pashto language. This has been done to highlight the validity of this module across languages.
Embodying Social Work as a Profession

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research is to highlight competing and contrasting definitions of social work that have been the subject of continuous ideological debate. These opposing interpretations have characterized public and professional discourse. It is the growth of, and struggle over, these conflicting versions of social work that we trace by exploring and expanding on the work of African American and White social work pioneers, feminist and empowerment epistemologies, and implications for social work practice and pedagogy. Our discussion emphasizes the construction of meaning through personal experiences by reuniting the head, hands, heart, and soul of our profession. We offer a reconstructed framework that echoes the groundbreaking work of our historical pioneers and collectively weaves their wisdom into contemporary social work practice.
An End-to-End Demodulation System Based on Convolutional Neural Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The demodulation of digital signal plays a key role in the communication system. The traditional demodulator is usually realized by special hardware platform, which has the disadvantages of high cost and long development cycle. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end digital signal demodulator based on convolutional neural network (CNN). It consists of an encoder and a decoder, in which the encoder encodes the input symbol sequence and maps the signal features to the hidden layer space. Then, the decoder decodes the features of the hidden layer space to obtain the demodulation result of the input sequence. The proposed algorithm can automatically learn how to demodulate the received signal without manually extracting the features. Compared with the traditional demodulator, the proposed CNN demodulator has better bit error rate (BER) performance.
Engineering a healing immune response

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Biomaterials
Infections, surgeries, and trauma can all cause major tissue damage. Biomaterial scaffolds, which help to guide regenerating tissue, are an exciting emerging therapeutic strategy to promote tissue repair. Sadtler et al. tested how biomaterial scaffolds interact with the immune system in damaged tissue to promote repair (see the Perspective by Badylak). Scaffolds derived from cardiac muscle and bone extracellular matrix components trigger a tissue-reparative T cell immune response in mice with injured muscles.

Science , this issue p. [366][1]; see also p. [298][2]

[1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aad9272
[2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaf7587
Physical fitness and productive activity of paraplegics

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Sociodemographic, psychologic, life‐style, and fitness variables have been measured on 74 subjects who sustained a spinal cord injury 3 or more years previously. Stepwise multiple regression and discriminant function analyses have related this information to total productivity (occupation, leisure, and education). Eight variables (education, Barthel's functional index, forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% vital capacity (FEF25‐75), body mass, peak power output, lean body mass, motivation, and the frequency of medical appointments) account for 64% of the variance in total productivity. A discriminant function based on peak power output, FEF25‐75, lean body mass, and total body mass correctly classifies 80% of individuals with high and low levels of total productivity. Habitual activity shows a substantial correlation with aerobic power, but little relationship to productivity. It is suggested that the component of aerobic power describing productivity may be related to muscle mass and thus the ability to negotiate barriers to mobility. If this hypothesis is substantiated by longitudinal research, rehabilitation programs for paraplegics should include exercises to strengthen the shoulder muscles. Keywords: spinal cord injuryhabitual activityendurance trainingstrength trainingproductivityeducationbody massaerobic fitnesspeak power outputpeak oxygen intake
A Comparison of Alcohol-related Problems between Men and Women in Korean University Students

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the reasons for drinking and alcohol-related problems, and to identify the factors related with alcohol problems by gender among university students in Korea. Methods: A total of 472 students (47% men; 53% women) in four universities in Korea participated in this study. The following instruments were used the Reasons for Drinking Questionnaire (RFDQ) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Results: In results the mean AUDIT was 9.6 (±5.4) for men and 6.4 (±4.7) for women, and there were high correlations between the AUDIT score and the reasons for drinking. The factors related with AUDIT score were age, the age of first smoking, and social reasons for drinking in men, but religion, age of first smoking, and negative reasons for drinking in women. Conclusion: This study reveals the reasons for drinking and alcohol related problems were different from drinking by gender among university students in Korea.
THE BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY OF INTESTINAL MUCOSA AND BONE MARROW TO 6-THIOGUANINE.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The differential sensitivity of mammalian tissues to 6-thioguanine was studied by measuring the metabolic fate of this agent in the bone marrow and intestinal mucosa of rabbits. After the injection of thioguanine-S35, intestinal mucosa contained, per gram of tissue, a sixteen-fold higher level of 6-thiouric acid, but less than one-half the quantity of thioguanine mononucleotide than did bone marrow. Thioguanine nucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity in bone marrow extracts was fivefold greater than in extracts prepared from intestinal mucosa. In contrast, thiouric acid was formed by extracts of intestinal mucosa but not by those of bone marrow. These data suggest that the extreme sensitivity of bone marrow to thioguanine is attributable to the relatively rapid conversion of this agent to the nucleotide level, coupled with an inability to catabolize this molecule to inactive products. The resistance of intestinal mucosa to 6-thioguanine appears to have a twofold basis: ( a ) a relatively lower nucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity and ( b ) an active mechanism for conversion of the drug to 6-thiouric acid.
Analysis of the Antiglycolytic Activity of the Glyceraldehyde in Whole Blood Specimens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To study the effect of antiglycolytic activity of the glyceraldehyde in whole blood specimens and its effect on other common clinical laboratory analytes.Methods Heparinized blood was treated with various concentration glyceraldehydes.After incubation in room temperature(23℃)for0、2、4、6、8h,plasma gluˉcose and other common clinical biochemical tests were determined with biochemistry analyzers.Results(1)Plasma glucose affected by various concentration of D.L-Glyceraldehydes.The glucose concentration in specimens treatˉed without D.L-Glyceraldehyde was5.7±0.04mmol/L to3.3mmol/L after incubation for8h,42.1%decline,while the specimens treated with10mmol/L D,L-Glyceraldehyde declined only1.7%.(2)Plasma glucose affectˉed by D.L-Glyceraldehyde in patients'specimens.The relationship of initial glucose to glucose concentration in the presence of D.L-GA yielded a slope of1.032and an intercept of0.2mmol/L.(3)D.L-Glyceraldehyde efˉfectively preserves glucose concentrations in whole blood specimens for up to24h.(4)effect of the glyceraldehyde in whole blood specimens on other common clinical laboratory analytes.Creatinine(alkaline picrate method),t=9.322,P0.01;ALT(enzymatic velocity analysis),t=2.580,Uric acid(enzymatic methods),t=2.340.05P0.01.Other common clinical laboratory analytes P0.05.Conclusions Glyceraldehyde has good antiglycolytic activity in whole blood specimens.
Effect of particulate matter (PM 10) pollutant concentration on peak expiratory flow rate score in junior high school students

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Various pollutants especially particulate matter withdiameter of 10 micrometer or less (PM 10) reduce the function oflung. However, its effect to peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) as aparameter of central airway resistance is still inconsistent.Objective This study was designed to assess the impact of differ-ent PM 10 concentration to PEFR score among junior high schoolstudents who live in two areas.Methods It was a descriptive analytical study with cross sectionaldesign to junior high school students who lived in areas with highPM 10 i.e, Cililin sub district (252.63 mg/m 3 /h) and low PM 10 i.e.,Paseh sub district (27.15 mg/m 3 /h). PEFR was measured by usingMini Wright Peak Flow Meter and body weight by microtoire. Dataof indoor pollutants were collected from questionnaires.Results There were 463 subjects, 242 students in Cililin and 221students in Paseh, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria which wereaged 12 –15 years, living more than one years continuously withinradius of 5 km from the location of pollutant measurement, nonsmokers, and considered “health” according to history taking andphysical examination. The PEFR score in Cililin (305.9+57.9 l/min)was significantly lower than that in Paseh (327.7+54.8 l/min (t=4.15;p<0.001)).Conclusion Although the influence of indoor pollutants especiallycooking stoves could not be ignored, the difference of PEFR scorein these two groups were possibly due to the different concentra-tion of PM 10
Exploring Alkyl Chains in Benzobisthiazole-Naphthobisthiadiazole Polymers: Impact on Solar-Cell Performance, Crystalline Structures, and Optoelectronics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The shapes and lengths of the alkyl chains of conjugated polymers greatly affect the efficiencies of organic photovoltaic devices. This often results in a trade-off between solubility and self-organizing behavior; however, each material has specific optimal chains. Here we report on the effect of alkyl side chains on the film morphologies, crystallinities, and optoelectronic properties of new benzobisthiazole-naphthobisthiadiazole (PBBT-NTz) polymers. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of linear-branched and all-branched polymers range from 2.5% to 6.6%; the variations in these PCEs are investigated by atomic force microscopy, two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D-GIXRD), and transient photoconductivity techniques. The best-performing linear-branched polymer, bearing dodecyl and decyltetradecyl chains (C12-DT), exhibits nanometer-scale fibers along with the highest crystallinity, comprising predominant edge-on and partial face-on orientations. This morphology leads to the highest photoconductivity and the longest carrier lifetime. These results highlight the importance of long alkyl chains for inducing intermolecular stacking, which is in contrast to observations made for analogous previously reported polymers.
Effect of herbal medicine on quality of life: inventory of ethnomedical species and perception of the populator of Laredo, Peru

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Se determinó la efectividad de la medicina herbolaria y su influencia sobre la calidad de vida desde la percepción del poblador del distrito de Laredo, Trujillo, durante 2019. Se aplicó 96 entrevistas en base al Cuestionario de Salud SF-12, v2. Se inventarió 68 especies etnomedicinales, distribuidas en 67 géneros y 38 familias, siendo las Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae y Rosaceae las más representativas. Por su índice de valor de uso, destacan: Gentianella bicolor (IVU= 0,82); Matricaria chamomilla (IVU = 0,73) y Uncaria tomentosa (IVU = 0,66). Los pobladores refieren sufrir 49 enfermedades, agrupadas en 11 Categorías, donde predominan las enfermedades de los Sistemas: Músculo-esquelético (FCI = 0,79), digestivo y gastrointestinal (FCI = 0,79), nervioso (FCI = 0,78), entre otras. Se concluye que la medicina herbolaria tiene una efectividad del 100%; puesto que curan un 68,02 % y alivian un 32,08 % de la población y el 77,41% atribuye haber mejorado su calidad de vida.
An evaluation of hyaluronic acid and poly-L-lysine polyelectrolyte layers on alginate microspheres for use in protein-triggered drug release

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in developed countries in those 50 years of age and older. Increased expression of the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a large role in the onset and progression of the advanced, wet form of AMD. To deliver drugs to the posterior chamber of the eye to treat diseases such as AMD, intravitreal injections are performed. Due to the side effects associated with intravitreal injections, such as retinal detachment and hemorrhage, it is advantageous to reduce the frequency of injections required for treatment. This thesis investigates sustaining the release of drug through encapsulation in polymer microspheres coated with polyelectrolyte layers of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and hyaluronic acid (HA) with the potential for protein-triggered release using aptamers. \n\tIn this research, the feasibility of crosslinking HA with aptamer-containing DNA oligomers for protein-triggered release (for example, in response to VEGF in AMD) was evaluated and the crosslinking of HA layers by methods of click chemistry and through a carbodiimide reaction were compared. The lysozyme aptamer (used for proof-of-concept) in the DNA crosslinker retained its affinity for lysozyme, although lower binding occurred when incubated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The lysozyme aptamer showed moderate specificity when incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or chymotrypsin as the aptamer did not bind BSA, however there was slight binding when incubated with chymotrypsin. \n\tThe properties of the PLL/HA layers on calcium alginate microspheres affected the in vitro release of encapsulated model drug FITC-dextran (MW 10 kDa) into PBS. Coating microspheres with 3 polyelectrolyte layers consisting of PLL, HA crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diamine at a 1:5 molar ratio of amine groups to HA carboxyl groups, and a final layer of PLL did not change the release profile of FITC-dextran in comparison to release from microspheres coated with un-crosslinked layers. Increasing the number of layers on the microspheres from 3 to 5 layers significantly decreased the amount of encapsulated FITC-dextran released. However, increasing the number of layers to 7 layers did not further sustain the release of FITC-dextran.
Mechanism of direct Ca<sub>v</sub>2.2 channel block by the κ-opioid receptor agonist U50488H

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

U50488H is a benzeneacetamide κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR) agonist analgesic, widely used for investigating the pharmacology of G protein-coupled κ-ORs. However, U50488H is also known to directly block various voltage-gated ion channels in a G protein-independent manner. We investigated the direct actions of U50488H on various high voltage-activated (HVA) and low voltage-activated (LVA) neuronal Ca2+ channels heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. U50488H inhibited HVA rat Cav1.3 (rCav1.3), human Cav2.1 (hCav2.1), hCav2.2, hCav2.3, and LVA hCav3.1 and hCav3.2 channels in a concentration-dependent manner, with similar potencies characterised with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of ∼30 μM. U50488H concentrations causing direct Cav inhibition are typically >100 times higher than those producing κ-OR activation. Investigation of the mechanism of U50488H block of the Cav2.2 channel revealed that U50488H interacted with all major kinetic states of the channel − resting, open, and inactivated. U50488H did not affect the voltage dependence of activation but shifted the steady-state inactivation curve by ∼11 mV to more hyperpolarized potentials. U50488H also increased the rate of Ba2+ current inactivation during a step depolarization and significantly delayed recovery from slow inactivation, compared with control. Cav2.2 current inhibition was frequency dependent during repetitive step depolarization at 1 Hz and 3 Hz, consistent with use-dependent block. In summary, our results suggest that preferential interaction of U50488H with inactivated Cav2.2 channels significantly contributes to reduced Cav2.2 channel availability and slow recovery form inactivation. We conclude that U50488H non-selectively blocks heterologously expressed neuronal HVA and LVA Cav channels in the absence of κ-ORs. This cross-reactivity also suggests potentially common U50488H binding motifs across Cav channel targets.
Non-Linear Regression with Minimal Assumptions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Abstract A curvilinear regression model is treated by linear programming methods, so as to require only mild restrictions on the nature of the non-linearities. Specifically a method is proposed that does not require assuming specific mathematical forms for the regression functions. Restrictive assumptions no stronger than monotonicity or concavity of the forms need be imposed. The linear programming formulations provide fits for the regression functions according to the criteria of minimal sum of absolute deviations and minimal maximum deviation. The alteration needed to employ a least squares fit is also sketched.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia: clinical relevance of two major PML-RAR alpha isoforms and detection of minimal residual disease by retrotranscriptase/polymerase chain reaction to predict relapse

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent data have shown that the PML-RAR alpha fusion gene resulting from translocation t(15;17) is a highly reliable molecular marker of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In this study performed on 97 Chinese patients with APL, the retrotranscriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) was used to evaluate the clinical relevance of the long (L) or short (S) PML-RAR alpha fusion mRNA isoforms and to study minimal residual disease during clinical remission (CR). There were more early deaths during the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induction treatment and more relapses within 2 years of CR in the S-type (6 of 19 cases) than in the L-type group (2 of 33 cases) (P < .025). Among 12 cases analyzed before and after the ATRA-induced CR, 9 cases (75%) showed positive RT/PCR, whereas only 3 cases showed a negative result, justifying the need for chemotherapy after ATRA-induced CR. Eleven of 62 APL patients in CR, after ATRA-induced CR and chemotherapy consolidation (follow-up, from 3 to 72 months), showed positive RT/PCR. Five of them relapsed within 1 to 6 months after the positive test; one converted to negative after further chemotherapy; and 5 remained in CR status without further PCR data. However, the latter 5 cases all received further intensive consolidation therapy after the PCR positivity. These results show that a positive RT/PCR of PML-RAR alpha is a sensitive predictor of relapse in APL.