jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Anura, with descriptions of four new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four new species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from anurans from Texas and Arkansas, U.S.A. Oocysts of Eimeria flexuosa sp.n. were found in Pseudacris streckeri streckeri and are irregular in shape, long axis 17.0 (15.2–19.2) μm (mean, range), with a thin, flexible wall. Micropyle and oocyst residuum absent; polar granule present. Sporocysts ovoid, 10.3 × 7.3 (9.6–12.0 × 6.4–8.0) μm, with Stieda body and sporocyst residuum. Oocysts of Eimeria streckeri sp.n. were also found in P. s. streckeri and are spherical or subspherical, 18.8 × 18.7(16.8–21.5 × 16.8–20.8) μm, with a thin wall. Micropyle and polar granule absent; oocyst residuum present. Sporocysts ovoid, 11.1 × 7.7 (9.6–12.8 × 7.2–8.8) μm, with Stieda body and sporocyst residuum. Oocysts of Isospora delicatus sp.n. were found in P. s. streckeri and Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis and are spherical or subspherical, 15.8 × 15.7(12.8–16.8 × 12.8–16.8) μm, and have a thin wall. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule absent. Sporocysts ovoid, 13.5 × 8.0(11.2–14.8 × 7.2–9.6) μm, with Stieda body and diffuse sporocyst residuum. Oocysts of Isospora fragosum sp.n. were recovered from Gastrophryne olivacea and are spherical, 18.5 (16.8–20.8) μm, and have a thin wall that ruptures easily. Micropyle, polar granule, and oocyst residuum absent. Sporocysts ovoid, 12.7 × 10.9 (11.2–14.4 × 9.6–12.0) μm, lacking Stieda and substieda bodies; large sporocyst residuum present.
Induction of Interleukin 2‐Responsiveness in Thymocytes of the Transgenic Mice Carrying lck‐Transgene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The role of lck gene in T cell proliferation and differentiation was investigated with transgenic mice carrying human lck cDNA whose expression was regulated by the promoter of mouse H‐2K b and the enhancer element of mouse IgH. RNase protection assay revealed that the lck transgene was expressed in the thymus and spleen, whereas immunoblot analysis demonstrated that amounts of p56 lck in freshly isolated lymphoid organs were almost equal between transgenic mice and negative littermates. Cell‐surface marker analyses of the thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes revealed no remarkable difference between both groups. Notable finding is that the thymocytes from transgenic mice showed a significant proliferative response to the stimulation with IL‐2, but not the thymocytes from negative littermates. Further analysis revealed that CD4 + 8 – single positive thymocytes proliferated in response to IL‐2. While surface expression levels of IL‐2R α and IL‐2R β of these CD4 + 8 – thymocytes from transgenic and control mice were almost equal before stimulation with IL‐2, the expression of IL‐2Rβ was induced only in transgenic thymocytes after stimulation with IL‐2. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the expression of p56 lck of transgenic thymocytes was not down‐reguated at 4 hr after stimulaion with IL‐2, whereas p56 lck of control ones were not detectable any more at 4 hr after stimulation with IL‐2. Moreover, in vitro kinase assay substantiated such unchanged expression of p56 lck in the thymocytes from transgenic mice: the kinase activities of p56 lck did not decrease in thymocytes from transgenic mice after stimulation with IL‐2, while kinase activities of control ones were significantly down‐regulated by stimulation of IL‐2. These results suggested that a significant proliferative response found in the thymocytes from lck ‐transgenic mice after the stimulation with IL‐2 was caused by a constitutive expression of p56 lck in these thymocytes even after the stimulation. Our findings, therefore, support a possibility that p56 lck may play a role in the IL‐2R‐mediated signaling system in CD4 + 8 – thymocytes.
Democracy and Science Fused by the Atomic Bomb

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

LOOKING at the production side of the picture and leaving scientific considerations to others, I find that the most remarkable feature of the development of the atomic bomb in the United States was the manner in which we muddled through to the achievement of this miraculous discovery while following the established forms of our democratic institutions and of our war effort. It is natural that the initial reports of the bomb's development seemed to emphasize the exact opposite of this, stressing instead the abnormal secrecy of the undertaking, the high priorities it enjoyed for manpower, materials, and so on. But appraising the situation realistically, and from the standpoint of the production sense with which I am familiar, I see it very differently.
Keeping the Nation’s Secrets: “Colonial Storytelling” within Australian Families

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent studies of the genealogy craze focus on how family historians appeal to ancestors to fashion their own identities, but practicing family history can also be a form of national identity-work. In this paper I explore how Larissa Behrendt’s notion of “colonial storytelling” might apply to the hi/stories told within families, as they seek to reproduce or challenge inherited narratives of settler colonialism. To do this, I analyze a sample of self-published family histories of “settlement” held at the National Library of Australia. With close attention to family historians’ books, I consider how genealogical research can revise the collective memories that shape both familial and national imaginaries and offer a model for truth-telling.
Plasma levels of growth‐related oncogene (CXCL1‐3) associated with fibrosis and platelet counts in HCV‐infected patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Background Fibrosis progression in hepatitis C virus ( HCV )‐infected patients varies greatly between individuals. Chemokines recruit immune cells to the infected liver and may thus play a role in the fibrosis process. Aim To investigate plasma levels of a diverse chemokine panel in relation to liver fibrosis. Methods African‐American and Caucasian HCV genotype 1 infected patients were treated with peginterferon (peg IFN ) and ribavirin ( RBV ) for 48 weeks ( VIRAHEP ‐C cohort). Plasma levels of 13 cytokines were studied at baseline ( n = 386). Subsequently, GRO α levels were assessed in a sub cohort ( n = 99) at baseline, and at 4 and 12 weeks after start of peg IFN / RBV treatment. Results Increased severity of fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis score 0–2 vs. 3–6) was associated with increased plasma IP ‐10 ( CXCL 10) and IL ‐8 ( CXCL 8) levels, and decreased plasma levels of the chemokine growth‐related oncogene ( GRO , CXCL 1‐3). Plasma GRO levels were also positively correlated with platelet counts, and were higher in African‐American as compared to Caucasian patients. In response to peg IFN / RBV treatment, GRO α levels increased in Caucasian but not African‐American patients from week 4 onwards. Conclusions The association with severity of fibrosis and platelet count positions plasma GRO as a potential biomarker for liver fibrosis in HCV ‐infected patients. The secretion of GRO by platelets may explain the correlation between GRO plasma level and platelet count. The ethnic difference in GRO levels both pre‐treatment and in response to peg IFN / RBV might be driven by a genetic polymorphism in GRO α associated with higher plasma levels and more common in the African‐American population.
Research on the Culturing of the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina L. At the State University of Ghent (Belgium)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In the framework of research on mariculture at the Belgian Institute for Marine Scientific Research (I.Z.W.O.), the Laboratory for Biological Research in Environmental Pollution at the State University of Ghent is focusing on culturing problems of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina.
Potential dangers of common drug dosing regimens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Various plasma level versus time profiles for procainamide and theophylline, based on different dosage regimens, were generated and compared using a digital computer program. The usual 12-hour dosing period was compared to a 24-hour dosing period. A normal dose of procainamide given according to the usual q.i.d. regimen over a 12-hour period resulted in plasma levels that were below the therapeutic range for 12 hours out of each day. The same amount of drug given every four hours around the clock resulted in plasma levels that were always within the therapeutic range for this drug. The usual dose of theophylline given t.i.d., according to the usual definition of this term, resulted in plasma levels that were out of the therapeutic range for 14 hours out of each day. The same amount of drug given every six hours around the clock resulted in steady state plasma levels that were always within the therapeutic range for theophylline. The results indicated that despite the time and effort devoted to the choice of drug and the amount of drug to be used for a given patient, the entire clinical effect observed for that patient might be markedly impaired by improper timing of the doses of the drug. This is primarily true for drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges, including diphenylhydantoin, lidocaine, lithium and quinidine, in addition to procainamide and theophylline.
Conversion of Cholesterol to Bile Acids in Rat: Purification and Properties of a Δ4‐3‐Ketosteroid 5β‐Reductase and a 3α‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A Δ 4 ‐3‐ketosteroid 5β‐reductase active on 7α‐hydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one and 7α,12α‐di‐hydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one and a 3α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase active on 7α‐hydroxy‐5β‐cholestan‐3‐one and 7α,12α‐dihydroxy‐5β‐cholestan‐3‐one have been isolated from the soluble fraction of a rat liver homogenate and have been partially purified by chromatography on TEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G‐75. The Δ 4 ‐3‐ketosteroid 5β‐reductase required NADPH as cofactor and was inhibited reversibly by p ‐chloromercuribenzoate. The enzyme preparation catalyzed the reduction of the double bond in a number of Δ 4 ‐3‐ketosteroids of the C 19 , C 21 , C 24 , and C 27 series. The reduction of 7α,12α‐dihydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one in the presence of the Δ 4 ‐3‐ketosteroid 5β‐reductase preparation was not inhibited by addition of 7α‐hydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one and the reduction of 7α‐hydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one was not inhibited by 7α,12α‐dihydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one indicating that these substrates were reduced by different reductases present in the Δ 4 ‐3‐ketosteroid 5β‐reductase preparation. The 3α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase required reduced pyridine nucleotide, NADPH being preferred, and was inhibited reversibly by p ‐chloromercuribenzoate. The enzyme preparation catalyzed the reduction of the 3‐keto group in a number of 3‐ketosteroids of the C 19 , C 21 , C 24 , and C 27 series. The rate of reduction was faster with 3‐keto‐5β‐steroids than with the corresponding 3‐keto‐5α‐steroids.
CULTURAL IDENTITY IN YU HUA’S NOVEL TO LIVE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Every ethnic group has its own cultural identity and is used as a reference to distinguish between one ethnic group and another. Understanding cultural identity is important to avoid cultural conflicts so that all ethnic groups within a unitary society can live side by side in harmony. The core discussion in this research is related to Chinese cultural identity based on the novel To Live written by Yu Hua with two points of discussion, kinship system and marriage system, conducted by means of a qualitative descriptive method to obtain data related to social phenomena with the results of the analysis in the form of description. Concepts and theories relating to cultural identity, Chinese cultural identity, kinship and marriage systems are implemented to support the overall research. The results of the analysis show that wherever Chinese ethnic groups are located, they try to maintain their cultural traditions. In Chinese culture, kinship includes all members of the extended family and the essence of a marriage is the union of two extended families; both have values that must be used as guidelines based on the teachings of Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism; the value of maintaining and preserving harmonization and norms to bind each individual to remain in the corridor of cultural tradition heritage.
The Use of Involved Neutrality with Self-Mutilative Behavior Among Young People in Residential Settings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Self-mutilative behavior by young people in residential programs is a major cause of concern. It is a behavior that is quite distressing to family members, caregivers, service providers, other clients, and, often, the young people themselves. It can be the cause of severe disruption in residential program. Self-mutilation is difficult to understand and even more difficult to successfully treat. This article examines the definitions, dynamics, causes and treatment of the self-mutilative behavior of young people in residential programs and as well, the differences between self-mutilation and suicide are outlined. The article then discusses how modifications in staff reactions can be used to effectively decrease rates of self-mutilative behavior even in the contagious episodes often experienced in residential treatment programs. KEYWORDS: Self-mutilationself-harmresidential treatmentcontagion
SPECIALIZED AND HIGH-TECH MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TO THE VICTIMS OF THE ACCIDENT AT THE CHERNOBYL NPP IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE UNION STATE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper presents the experience and features of the organization and provision of specialized and hightech medical care to victims of the Chernobyl accident in the framework of the activities of the Union State in the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine EMERCOM of Russia. It reveals the features of the morbidity, disability and mortality of the injured in the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The paper presents the data on the types and amount of medical assistance provided to victims of the Chernobyl accident for the period from 2007 to 2018 as well as the features of the organization of rendering specialized, including hi-tech, medical assistance and medical rehabilitation to participants of liquidation of consequences of the Chernobyl accident and inhabitants of the radioactively contaminated territories.
Socio-demographic factors influencing the use of free maternal health services among pregnant women

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Maternal health remains a major public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite Kenya’s efforts to provide free maternal healthcare, maternal mortality rates remain high in Turkana Central Sub-County due to socio-cultural, economic, and infrastructural barriers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Turkana Central Sub-County to assess factors influencing the uptake of free maternal health services. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 29, employing chi-square tests and logistic regression to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and service utilization. A significance level of p<0.05 was applied. Results: The study included 210 participants, most aged 20-24 (16.2%) and married (49.0%). The majority were Christians (82.5%) and self-employed (63.3%), with 79.5% having no or only primary education. Age (p=0.012), parity (p=0.011), and household income (p=0.013) were significantly associated with service utilization, while marital status, religion, income source, and education level were not. Women aged 25-29 were less likely to utilize free maternal health services (OR=0.141, p=0.007), whereas lower-income women (Ksh. 0-2,500) were more likely (OR=2.584, p = 0.036). Higher income levels correlated with decreased uptake. Conclusions: Age, parity, and household income significantly influenced the utilization of free maternal health services. Financial constraints remain a key determinant, with lower-income women more reliant on free services. Efforts to improve maternal health should prioritize increasing awareness and accessibility.
Additional file 4: Figure S4. of Drosophila innate immunity: regional and functional specialization of prophenoloxidases

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Survival analysis after Leptopilina clavipes and L. boulardi wasp infestation in wild type and PPO mutants. Synchronized L2 larvae were exposed to gravid female L. clavipes (A) or L. boulardi (B) wasps in custom infection traps, re-isolated and cultured at room temperature until wasps emerged. Vials were scored daily for total number numbers of eclosed flies and wasps. PPO3 mutant larvae show enhanced susceptibility against L. clavipes, whereas the loss of all PPO does not further increase this effect. The mild effect of PPO mutants on wasp encapsulation led us to hypothesize that optimal encapsulation requires a precise level of phenoloxidase activity due to a possible toxic effect on the host (PDF 41 kb)
In vitro interaction of eosinophils from ascarid-infected eyes with Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis larvae.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The role of eosinophils in ocular ascarid infection is studied in an animal model. Primary intravitreal infection of guinea-pig eyes with ascarid (Toxocara canis, Ascaris suum) second-stage (L2) larvae resulted in an anterior chamber exudate containing 98% or more eosinophils. Anterior chamber aspirates were cultured in RPMI media 1640 with T. canis or A. suum L2 larvae at 37 degrees C for 1-96 hours. The in vitro interaction of eosinophils with L2 larvae was studied by light, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Eosinophil interaction with L2 larvae in vitro was dependent upon soluble factors present in the anterior chamber aspirates from the infected eyes. Eosinophils adhered firmly to the surface of the L2 larvae, to a larval sheath, or to attached eosinophils. Eosinophils interacting with larvae displayed a range of granular matrix changes, core duplication, and reversal of the relative electron densities of the core and matrix, suggestive of eosinophil activation. An eosinophil secretory granule was seen to empty its contents onto a T. canis L2 larval surface. Electron-dense material was observed in the interphase between eosinophils and the larval cuticle or sheath. Large lipid droplets within muscle cells and ballooned-out epidermal cells were seen within larvae immediately beneath adherent eosinophils. Parasites were able to partially evade interaction with eosinophils in culture by shedding their sheaths. A similar phenomenon in vivo may allow the parasite to migrate from a site of inflammation. It is possible that a discarded sheath or membrane serves as an antigenic stimulus for a local intraocular granulomatous reaction free of parasite.
Autoimmunity in juvenile diabetics and their families.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pancreatic islet cell, thyroid, and gastric antibodies were studied in 116 young insulin-dependent diabetics and 257 relatives. Seventy-four per cent of the diabetics studied within three months of diagnosis had islet-cell antibodies but only 20% of those studied three years or more after diagnosis. Persistence of these antibodies was associated with a high prevalence of thyrogastric autoimmunity, which suggests that some cases have an aetiology similar to that of "polyendocrine" autoimmune disease. Retinopathy or nephropathy, or both, was present in 10 diabetics, who were all members of "autoimmune" families, in which one or more members had organ-specific antibodies. Nine of the 10 healthy relatives with islet-cell antibodies and all families with more than one diabetic were also in this autoimmune group. These data suggest that an autoimmune factor may contribute to juvenile diabetes and that such autoimmune diabetes has a tendency to run in families and may be more likely to cause complications.
Characteristics and Literary Stature of [Geumsokhaengyonggagok]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

조선 후기 시조사는 전문 가창자의 출현과 다양한 가집이 편찬되었고, 그로 인해 창작과 향유의 측면에서 활발한 활동이 이어졌다는 점을 뚜렷한 특징으로 들 수 있 다. 甁窩李衡祥(1653〜1733)의 유품 중에서 발견된 <병와가곡집>이 이형상의 편 찬이라는 주장이 여전히 제기되고 있으나, 이는 해당 문헌을 정밀하게 검토한 심재 완에 의해서 그 가능성이 일찌감치 부정된 바 있다. 여전히 <병와가곡집>의 이형 상 편찬설이 제기되고 있으나, 뚜렷한 논거 없이 그 가능성을 언급하고 있을 뿐이 다. 이형상은 시조 갈래와 긴밀하게 연관되어 있음을 확인할 수 있는 자료를 남겼는데, 『지령록』에 수록된 <今俗行用歌曲>이 바로 그것이다. 비록 漢譯의 형태이기 는 하지만, 당대에 불리던 시조 55수를 음악적으로 분류하여 수록하고 있다는 점에 서 시조사에서 중요하게 다뤄야만 한다. 이 자료는 현전 최고의 가집인 김천택 편 <청구영언>보다 앞선 시기(1706)에 기록으로 정착되었다. 여기에 수록된 작품들 이 <병와가곡집>에 대거 누락이 되었기에, 이형상의 가집 편찬설을 부정하는 결정 적인 논거를 제공하고 있다고 판단된다. 그동안 <금속행용가곡>의 성격과 의미에 대해서는 적지 않은 연구가 제출되어 있다. 이들 연구에서는 주로 현전하는 시조 작품들 가운데 한역 작품의 ‘底本’을 찾 는 것에 초점이 맞춰져 있다. 이와 함께 수록 작품의 내용 파악이 어느 정도 이뤄져, <금속행용가곡>의 성격과 특징들이 어느 정도 밝혀졌다. 그러나 ‘저본’을 확인할 수 없는 일부 작품을 제외하면, 기존의 연구에서는 대체로 현전 시조 자료를 통해 서 시조 한역의 의미를 따지는 것에 초점이 맞춰져 있었다. 여기에서는 한역 작품 의 내용과 형상화를 자세히 고찰하여, <금속행용가곡>이라는 자료의 성격과 편찬 의도를 살펴보았다. 일단 <금속행용가곡>의 원문을 논의 대상으로 삼아 그 내용과 문학적 성격을 논해보았다. 이 기록의 ‘서문’에는 시조를 한역한 의도와 <금속행용가곡>의 체제에 대한 이형상의 언급이 적시되어 있다. 이 ‘서문’의 내용을 정밀하게 분석하여, 그 의 미와 함께 분류 기준의 특징을 살펴보았다. 여기에 나타난 곡조별 분류는 당대의 가집들과는 명확히 구별되는데, 『악학편고』를 비롯한 이형상의 저작들에 나타난 음 악에 관한 인식을 통해 그 성격을 유추할 수 있었다. 그리고 한역 작품의 검토를 통해 이 자료가 지니는 문학적 위상을 점검함으로써, 조선 후기 시조사에서 이 자 료가 지니는 위치를 논할 수 있었다.
Concurrent design approach for designing space telescopes and instruments

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

At the Project Design Center at the JPL, a concurrent design environment is under development for supporting development and analyses of space instruments and telescopes in the early, conceptual design phases. This environment is being utilized by a Team I, a multidisciplinary group of experts. Team I is providing study and proposal support. To provide the required support, the Team I concurrent design environment features effectively interconnected high-end optics, CAD, and thermal design and analysis tools. Innovative approaches for linking tools, and for transferring files between applications have been implement. These approach together with effective sharing of geometry between the optics, CAD, and thermal tools are already showing significant timesavings.
Strategii perevoda russkich pristavočnych glagolov na ital'janskij jazyk

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper analyses the semantics of Russian prefixal verbs and the strategies \nused by translators to convey the meanings of some lexical (spatial) and supralexical \nprefixes. For this purpose I have considered various translation solutions from the \nparallel Russian-Italian corpus to identify any possible approach to translating process \nand solutions. The analysis confirms the idea of the semantic equivalence of derivational \ncomponents as far as the discussed prefixed verbs are concerned. In some cases it is not \nthe meaning of the verbal root but the meaning conveyed by the prefix that becomes \nsubject of translation.
Effects of Varying Concentrations of Insulin Upon Protein Synthesis in Isolated Fat Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Incorporation of 14C-amino acids by isolated epididymal adipose tissue cells into cell protein was determined. Rate of incorporation was proportional to duration of incubation. Fat cells demonstrated statistically significant increased incorporation of amino acids into protein at physiological levels of insulin, the dose response curve being 10–800 μU/ml. Insulin increased amino acid incorporation into fat cell protein in the absence of glucose. (Endocrinology81: 386, 1967)