jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exploratory biological coordinate analysis on 2,4-epi-brassinolide-induced the size change of leaf angle in tobacco seedlings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Leaf angle (LA) is one of the most important agronomic trait of plant architecture for crop yield. 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) is a bioactive form of brassinosteroids (BRs) and plays a significant role in influencing plant architecture, including the regulation of LA. To investigate the effect of EBR on the size of LA in tobacco seedlings, we performed a histochemical and molecular characterization of LA by spraying differential concentrations of EBR, T1(1×10 − 8 mol/L), T2 (1×10 − 5 mol/L) and CK (0 mol/L). The results showed that compared with CK, EBR could significantly enlarge the size of LA in T1 and T2, respectively (increased 38.6% and 37.3%), especially by promoting cell area (increased 95.2% and 185%) and inhibiting cell division (cell number in per unit area reduced 16.4% and 41.8%). The relative expression levels of NtBIN2 , NtEXPA28 , and NtCYCD1 was consistent correlation with the size of LA. Through detection the representative genes of IAA, GA, BR biosynthesis and signaling pathway, the coordinate relationship of these hormones were evaluated. It showed a positive correlation of EBR concentration with the genes of IAA biosynthesis ( NtYUCCA8 ), GA biosynthesis ( NtGA20 ), BR signaling pathway ( NtBRI1 , NtBES1 ), IAA signaling pathway ( NtGH3.2 and NtLC3 ), and a negative correlation with cell cycle ( NtCYCD2 , NtCYCD3 , and NtCYCD5 ). In conclusion, exogenously application of EBR enlarge the size of LA in tobacco seeding via increasing the cell area by modulating the IAA, GA biosynthesis and IAA, BR signaling and restraining the cell division by cell cycle regulation.
Who nominates judges? : Some issues underlying judicial appointments in South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the importance and impact of the process of nomination on the appointment of judges in South Africa. The process of judicial appointment has changed dramatically following South Africa’s transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy. In the pre-constitutional era, appointments were made by the State President in Cabinet, with little or no external input beyond that elicited from a small political and legal elite.
Mutant IDH1 Differently Affects Redox State and Metabolism in Glial Cells of Normal and Tumor Origin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

IDH1R132H (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) mutations play a key role in the development of low-grade gliomas. IDH1wt converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), whereas IDH1R132H uses α-ketoglutarate and NADPH to generate the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). While the effects of 2-HG have been the subject of intense research, the 2-HG independent effects of IDH1R132H are still ambiguous. The present study demonstrates that IDH1R132H expression but not 2-HG alone leads to significantly decreased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites, reduced proliferation, and enhanced sensitivity to irradiation in both glioblastoma cells and astrocytes in vitro. Glioblastoma cells, but not astrocytes, showed decreased NADPH and NAD+ levels upon IDH1R132H transduction. However, in astrocytes IDH1R132H led to elevated expression of the NAD-synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). These effects were not 2-HG mediated. This suggests that IDH1R132H cells utilize NAD+ to restore NADP pools, which only astrocytes could compensate via induction of NAMPT. We found that the expression of NAMPT is lower in patient-derived IDH1-mutant glioma cells and xenografts compared to IDH1-wildtype models. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data analysis confirmed lower NAMPT expression in IDH1-mutant versus IDH1-wildtype gliomas. We show that the IDH1 mutation directly affects the energy homeostasis and redox state in a cell-type dependent manner. Targeting the impairments in metabolism and redox state might open up new avenues for treating IDH1-mutant gliomas.
Growth and Deprivation in India: What does Recent Evidence Suggest on “Inclusiveness”?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We investigate the relationship between growth and deprivation in India, an issue of immense interest. Given that there is continuing controversy over poverty lines, we use a framework that rigorously addresses this issue over a range of poverty lines. Using National Sample Surveys on consumption expenditure, we show that while growth has "trickled down", it has not benefited the poor sufficiently. Extending this framework, we show that growth has not benefited the poor among disadvantaged caste groups and lower classes adequately. Our findings raise concerns about the "inclusiveness" of Indian growth. We discuss plausible explanations for our findings and policy implications.
The role of ObgE in E.coli cell replication and division

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Z-ring is a ring-shaped machinery which consists of FtsZ. The E.coli cell replication and division would occur after the Z-ring formation. Deficient Z-ring formation can block the cell division. FtsA and ZipA are the two proteins that attach the Z-ring to the cell membrane, make the Z-ring stable and recruit the downstream proteins to the Z-ring. FtsA can also strongly self–interact with each other. It has been proposed that the FtsA self-interaction regulates late division steps. The ObgE is a conserved GTPase critical for the survival and the growth of E.coli cells. With the depletion of ObgE, cells will filament and have more or none Z-rings, suggesting that ObgE can affect the Z-ring assembly. ObgE also shows the functions that are similar to the replication checkpoint in Eukaryotes. We hypothesize that ObgE is responsible for the conversion between the FtsA monomers and FtsA oligomers. We used the yeast two hybrid system, the split-GFP technique and the cell length measurement to confirm the prediction of this hypothesis. Consequently we believe that ObgE does influence the FtsA and regulate the FtsA monomer oligomer conversion. ObgE may have other important roles in addition to this function of the cell division checkpoint.
Measuring employment in the agri-food system: Existing data and directions for future research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rapidly growing populations in sub-Saharan Africa have resulted in a focus by both policy-makers and researchers on understanding and creating employment opportunities for youth. While most attention has focused on jobs outside the agricultural sector, the persistent importance of agriculture in African economies means that the sector cannot be ignored when considering new employment opportunities. A large portion of existing work has made use of Living Standard Measurement Surveys (LSMS) and oth-ers of similar structure and design to describe employment patterns, by focusing on the distinction be-tween on- and off-farm labor, and household enterprises versus hired or wage labor.
Impact\nof Zeolite Aging in Hot Liquid Water on Activity\nfor Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The location and stability of Brønsted\nacid sites catalytically\nactive in zeolites during aqueous phase dehydration of alcohols were\nstudied on the example of cyclohexanol. The catalytically active hydronium\nions originate from Brønsted acid sites (BAS) of the zeolite\nthat are formed by framework tetrahedral Si atom substitution by Al.\nAl K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and <sup>27</sup>Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance\n(NMR) spectroscopies in combination with density functional theory\n(DFT) calculations are used to determine the distribution of tetrahedral\nAl sites (Al T-sites) both qualitatively and quantitatively for both\nparent and HBEA catalysts aged in water prior to catalytic testing.\nThe aging procedure leads to partial degradation of the zeolite framework\nevidenced from the decrease of material crystallinity (XRD) as well\nas sorption capacity (BET). With the exception of one commercial zeolite\nsample, which had the highest concentration of framework silanol-defects,\nthere is no evidence of Al coordination modification after aging in\nwater. The catalyst weight-normalized dehydration rate correlated\nbest with the sum of strong and weak Brønsted acidic protons\nboth able to generate the hydrated hydronium ions. All hydronium ions\nwere equally active for the acid-catalyzed reactions in water. Zeolite\naging in hot water prior to catalysis decreased the weight normalized\ndehydration reaction rate compared to that of the parent HBEA, which\nis attributed to the reduced concentration of accessible Brønsted\nacid sites. Sites are hypothesized to be blocked due to reprecipitation\nof silica dissolved during framework hydrolysis in the aging procedure.
Three new species of Camporesiomyces (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes) associated with coffee in Yunnan, China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During our surveys of microfungi associated with coffee plants in Yunnan Province, China, three saprobic fungi were isolated from dead coffee branches. Multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, tef 1-α, and rpb 2) and morphological characteristics resulted in the identification of three novel species in Camporesiomyces , namely C. bhatii , C. coffeae , and C. puerensis . Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses of these three new species are provided, along with morphological comparisons to closely related taxa. These findings have global implications for understanding the diversity of microfungi associated with coffee trees.
Sites for Music in purcell's Dorset Garden Theatre

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Sites for Music in purcell’s Dorset Garden Theatre Get access Mark A. Radice Mark A. Radice Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Musical Quarterly, Volume 81, Issue 3, Fall 1997, Pages 430–448, https://doi.org/10.1093/mq/81.3.430 Published: 01 October 1997
Offshore Supply Industry Dynamics: Business Strategies in the Offshore Supply Industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This report is part of the research project “The competitive challenges and strategic development possibilities for The Blue Denmark”, which was launched in 2014. The project is funded by the Danish Maritime Fund and carried out by researchers at CBS Maritime which is a Business in Society Platform at Copenhagen Business School with a focus on value creation in the maritime industries. The project embraces various maritime segments from shipping and offshore to ports and suppliers. The research questions for the individual projects have been formulated by researchers at CBS Maritime in cooperation with companies in the maritime sector. This report “Offshore Supply Industry Dynamics – Business strategies in the offshore supply industry” is the second report in mapping project D. It examines the markets and business strategies of various suppliers and furthermore presents an analysis of the challenges and opportunities for the companies engaged in the different parts of the sector. The report is developed from interviews with top management of key players in the Danish supply industry combined with studies on management literature. The macro- and meso levels of the offshore sector are examined in the CBS Maritime report “Offshore Supply Chain Dynamics – The main drivers in the energy sector and the value chain characteristics for offshore oil and gas and offshore wind”, which constitutes the first part of mapping project D. It offers insights into the main drivers in the energy sector (macro level) and the value chain characteristics for offshore oil and gas and offshore wind (meso level).
Importanţa start-up-urilor în dezvoltarea economiei circulare

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Over the past decades, the entire progressive world has been striving to put into practice the concept of sustainable development, which provides for the formation of a balance of environmental, economic and social aspects. The efficiency and effectiveness of the modern economy depend to a large extent on the ability to bring innovative products to market quickly, which is also achieved through startups.
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the calf with denervation of the lungs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transection of the spinal cord at the level of C 2 , spinal anesthesia, and/or bilateral vagotomy were done in 11 healthy young male calves. These procedures did not block the pulmonary arterial pressure rise with 12 or 9% oxygen, but they did block the increase in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure which accompanied hypoxia when the central nervous system was intact. The central nervous system, therefore, appeared to mediate the response to acute hypoxia of the systemic circulation, but not the pulmonary arterial pressure rise. hypoxia; pulmonary circulation; spinal cord section; spinal anesthesia; vagotomy Submitted on February 19, 1964
COMPARING THE ACCURACY OF EUS AND CT IN STAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a suitable device for staging of esophageal cancers. However, chest computed tomography (CT) has traditionally been the standard diagnostic modality for malignancies. This study aimed was to compare the accuracies of EUS and chest CT in T and N staging of esophageal cancers.
[Burch-Schneider Ring in Revision Surgery of THR.].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors evaluate the results of 16 revision surgeries of the hip joint with the application of Burch-Schneider ring in 3A and 3B Paprosky type of acetabular defect on average 4 years after the primary surgery. According to the subjective evaluation 9 of them were very good, 6 of them were good and 1 result was satisfactory. The average Harris Hip Score was 88 points. They did not encounter any evident or probable loosening of the cup. In all patients bone allografts were fully integrated. The new bone created under the Burch-Schneider ring can be in future used for the revision surgery, if need be. Burch-Schneider ring can be successfully used for the treatment of significant defects of acetabulum in revision surgery of the hip joint. Key words: THR, revision surgery.
Preparation Technology and Study of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties for Large Size TC2 Titanium Alloy Sheet by Pack Ply-Rolling

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Wide large size TC2 titanium alloy sheet was produced by a pack ply-rolling process. The influences of pack ply-rolling process on the microstructures and mechanical properties of TC2 alloy sheet were investigated. The results show that large size of TC2 alloy sheet rolled by pack ply-rolling in the two-phase region has the fine and uniform equiaxed microstructure. The cross rolling of the pack ply-rolling can get uniform microstructure and room temperature strength and good plastic matching. Its longitudinal and transverse properties are uniform, which is the benefit to the follow-up sheet metal forming.
Self-calibration Block Adjustment for Three Line Array Image of ZY-3

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The rigorous geometric model of ZY-3imagery was constructed using auxiliary data.Then an additional parameter model was constructed on the base of the factors of sensor distortion,pixel size zooming,CCD circumvolution and so on.An orbit model was used to analyse the variational character of exterior parameters.Then a self-calibration bundle block adjustment model was constructed.Using ZY-3reality data,the additional parameter model and orbit model were researched and improved.The influence of different ground control points distributing was also researched.The experiment demonstrated that the planar accuracy and vertical accuracy are better than0.6 GSD and about 0.5 GSD using right block math model and distribution of GCPS.
ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME,REVIEW OF LITERATURE BASED ON CASE REPORTS.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The article describes one of the forms of 46 XY DSD which is related to androgen peripheral actions. There are two disorders related to DSD with preserved testosterone production by the testes, which are Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and type 5α-reductase deficiency. Although the above-mentioned conditions have similar clinical manifestations, they are initiated by different pathogenetic mechanisms. AIS has X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and is presented by total or partial insensitivity of androgen receptors to male sex hormones.
The effect of rotor eccentricity on the radial and tangential electromagnetic stresses in synchronous machines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper radial and tangential electromagnetic stresses acting in synchronous machines are expressed as function of known and measurable parameters. Therefore, their values are estimated in case of salient-poles and smooth-poles generators. Finally, the effect of the rotor eccentricity on open circuit and in load condition is evaluated, in order to obtain a more correct evaluation of the unbalanced magnetic pull
Comprehensive Assessment of Genetic Variation ofCatechol-O-Methyltransferaseand Breast Cancer Risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Because catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the addition of methyl groups to stabilize catechol estrogens that may induce DNA damage, genetic variants could influence breast cancer risk. To comprehensively characterize genetic variation in this gene, we selected haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNP) in COMT. A total of 11 htSNPs (including COMT Val158Met) were selected based on the resequencing and dense genotyping approach of the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. htSNPs were genotyped in a population-based, case-control study in Poland (1,995 cases and 2,296 controls). Individual SNPs were not significantly associated with risk. Haplotypes were estimated using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Overall differences in the haplotype distribution between cases and controls were assessed using a global score test. The TGAG haplotype (frequent in 4.3% of controls), in a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block that included the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of COMT, was associated with breast cancer risk (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.58) compared with the most common haplotype TGAA; however, the global test for haplotype associations was not significant (P = 0.09). Haplotypes in another LD block, which included COMT Val158Met, were not associated with breast cancer risk (global P = 0.76). Haplotype-breast cancer risk associations were not significantly modified by hormonally related risk factors, family history of breast cancer, or tumor characteristics. In summary, our data does not support a substantial overall association between COMT haplotypes and breast cancer. The suggestion of increased risk associated with a haplotype in the 3′ UTR of COMT needs to be confirmed in independent study populations. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9781-5)
Development of Chess Skill from Domain Entry to Near Asymptote

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The aim of the present study was to see how well the power law of practice, studied mainly with simple skills acquired over short periods with task time as the performance measure, generalizes to chess skill. Chess playing is a complex cognitive skill acquired over years, and expertise can be measured by a performance rating based on game results and relative strengths of opponents. Participants were 75 highly skilled players who entered the domain very young and improved skill greatly. With number of games as the practice measure, the traditional 2-parameter power law fit the mean curve and most individual curves quite well. However, a new formulation of the power law found by artificial intelligence program Eureqa often worked even better. Power models with an asymptote parameter did not work well with chess skill unless that parameter was set to a constant. Another study aim was to see how well various models predict future performance from varying practice levels. For three models, the less practice the greater was the underprediction of future performance, but the new power law formulation predicted well from early in practice. Another study aim was to test model fits with time as the practice measure. With time, power models fit well, but an exponential model and a quadratic model fitted most individual curves better. The power law as traditionally formulated does generalize well to chess skill development but is not always the best model, and no single model always fit best for all participants.
Two cases of bone formation in the postoperative scar of the abdominal wall

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Histogenetically similar cells can sometimes undergo metaplasia under the influence of little-known reasons. In some cases, the transformation of one type of tissue into another occurs for no apparent reason, such as in various kinds of mixed tumors; in other cases, we observe the phenomenon of metaplasia in chronic tissue irritation (Podvysotsky). Our cases of ossification of the postoperative scars of the abdominal wall and can be interpreted in terms of prolonged irritation of the connective tissue of the aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles with silk sutures, for which, to a certain extent, the shape of the bone formations speaks.
Computational Argumentation and Cognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper examines the interdisciplinary research question of how to integrate Computational Argumentation, as studied in AI, with Cognition, as can be found in Cognitive Science, Linguistics, and Philosophy. It stems from the work of the 1st Workshop on Computational Argumentation and Cognition (COGNITAR), which was organized as part of the 24th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), and took place virtually on September 8th, 2020. The paper begins with a brief presentation of the scientific motivation for the integration of Computational Argumentation and Cognition, arguing that within the context of Human-Centric AI the use of theory and methods from Computational Argumentation for the study of Cognition can be a promising avenue to pursue. A short summary of each of the workshop presentations is given showing the wide spectrum of problems where the synthesis of the theory and methods of Computational Argumentation with other approaches that study Cognition can be applied. The paper presents the main problems and challenges in the area that would need to be addressed, both at the scientific level but also at the epistemological level, particularly in relation to the synthesis of ideas and approaches from the various disciplines involved.
Parametric study of an eruptive fire behaviour model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The application of a mathematical model to predict dynamic fire behaviour with different types of fuels is explored. This model predicts the occurrence of eruptive fire behaviour that is observed mainly in steep slopes and canyons. The practical range of the parameters involved in the model is estimated and their average values for four main fuel types are presented. The predicted differences in dynamic fire behaviour between light and heavy fuels are justified by observations. Given the importance of time as a factor in fire behaviour it is proposed to include it explicitly in the set of factors affecting fire behaviour in a ‘square of fire’ instead of a ‘triangle of fire’.