jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Using the power spectral density method to characterise the surface topography of optical surfaces

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Power Spectral Density (PSD) is an alternative method for specifying optical surfaces, and quantifies the contribution of each spatial regime to the total surface error. This approach naturally includes mid-range spatial frequency errors, which are often overlooked. The PSD method has recently been adopted by the Space and Astronomy industries, but has not yet received general acceptance within the synchrotron community. To assess the suitability for specifying synchrotron optics using PSD, Fast Fourier Transforms were performed on topography data from a range of optical surfaces of varying quality and manufacturing techniques. For each grade of optic, the entire regime (~100nm to ~50mm) of surface errors was measured, with overlapping bandwidths, using a micro-interferometer and a Fizeau interferometer. From this heuristic information, root-mean square "roughness" can be predicted over any desired spatial range, thus allowing direct comparison of metrology data obtained by instruments with different spatial bandwidths. We present an efficient approach for calculating 1-D and 2-D PSDs using MATLAB algorithms, and discuss analysis considerations, including "field of view" effects and instrument calibration.
Complex effective depth and mode eigenvalues for a layered elastic waveguide

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The complex effective depth [Z. Y. Zhang and C. T. Tindle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 205–213 (1993)] has been investigated for a shallow water waveguide with a layered elastic bottom. For multiple layers, both the complex effective depth and the reflection coefficient for the bottom have oscillatory structure as a result of resonant effects in the layers of the sediment. Under these conditions and for elastic layers, some of the normal mode eigenvalues can be difficult to find, as a simple mode counting procedure is not available. The complex effective depth leads to a formulation of a eigenvalue problem in terms of a phase integral. The phase integral is a function of complex wave number and a normal mode exists whenever it is a multiple of π. A path exists in the complex plane along which the phase integral is real and monotonic. The path passes through all eigenvalues for both trapped and leaky modes and these can be found systematically. [Work supported by DND.]
Book review of Mirosława Buchholtz and Grzegorz Koneczniak (eds.), World War 1 from Local Perspectives: History, Literature and Visual Arts. Austria, Britain, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Poland and the United States

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Book review of Miroslawa Buchholtz and Grzegorz Koneczniak (eds.), World War 1 from Local Perspectives: History, Literature and Visual Arts. Austria, Britain, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Poland and the United States
Colour thresholds in a coral reef fish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Coral reef fishes are among the most colourful animals in the world. Given the diversity of lifestyles and habitats on the reef, it is probable that in many instances coloration is a compromise between crypsis and communication. However, human observation of this coloration is biased by our primate visual system. Most animals have visual systems that are ‘tuned’ differently to humans; optimized for different parts of the visible spectrum. To understand reef fish colours, we need to reconstruct the appearance of colourful patterns and backgrounds as they are seen through the eyes of fish. Here, the coral reef associated triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus , was tested behaviourally to determine the limits of its colour vision. This is the first demonstration of behavioural colour discrimination thresholds in a coral reef species and is a critical step in our understanding of communication and speciation in this vibrant colourful habitat. Fish were trained to discriminate between a reward colour stimulus and series of non-reward colour stimuli and the discrimination thresholds were found to correspond well with predictions based on the receptor noise limited visual model and anatomy of the eye. Colour discrimination abilities of both reef fish and a variety of animals can therefore now be predicted using the parameters described here.
Critical Realism and Affordances: Theorizing IT-Associated Organizational Change Processes1

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Convincing arguments for using critical realism as an underpinning for theories of IT-associated organizational change have appeared in the Information Systems literature. A central task in developing such theories is to uncover the generative mechanisms by which IT is implicated in organizational change processes, but to do so, we must explain how critical realism’s concept of generative mechanisms applies in an IS context. Similarly, convincing arguments have been made for using Gibson’s (1986) affordance theory from ecological psychology for developing theories of IT-associated organizational change, but this effort has been hampered due to insufficient attention to the ontological status of affordances. In this paper, we argue that affordances are the generative mechanisms we need to specify and explain how affordances are a specific type of generative mechanism. We use the core principles of critical realism to argue how affordances arise in the real domain from the relation between the complex assemblages of organizations and of IT artifacts, how affordances are actualized over time by organizational actors, and how these actualizations lead to the various effects we observe in the empirical domain. After presenting these arguments, we reanalyze two published cases in the literature, those of ACRO and Autoworks, to illustrate how affordance-based theories informed by critical realism enhance our ability to explain IT-associated organizational change. These examples show how researchers using this approach should proceed, and how managers can use these ideas to diagnose and address IT implementation problems.
Modulation of the host immune response as a result of Chlamydia psittaci infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

After intraperitoneal injection of mice with infectious, inactivated, or envelope preparations of the elementary body of Chlamydia psittaci, lymphocyte transformation of spleen cells to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide was significantly reduced 1 and 2 weeks postinjection. Lymphocyte response returned to the control values by 4 weeks. Similarly, transformation of cells by chlamydial antigen was not detected until 4 weeks postinjection. Injection of the noninfectious intracellular reticulate body, in contrast, had little effect on transformation of cells to concanavalin A. When control spleen cells were incubated with infectious or inactivated elementary bodies in vitro, response to all three mitogens was also reduced. The sooner the organisms were added after the addition of mitogen, the greater the reduction in transformation. Incubation with elementary body envelopes and reticulate bodies had no effect on lymphocyte transformation of the spleen cells to concanavalin A. The relationship between the observed ability to reduce the response in the in vitro assay of lymphocyte transformation and the actual in vivo establishment of infection is discussed.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder torsion.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although torsion of the gallbladder is most commonly a disease of the elderly, an 18-year-old woman presented with this condition. This is the first reported case of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder torsion. Signs and symptoms of gallbladder volvulus are often subtle. Radiologic evaluation may be normal. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make the preoperative diagnosis. If treated laparoscopically, gallbladder decompression and detorsion prior to cholecystectomy are helpful techniques to avoid bile duct injury. A literature review of this uncommon problem is provided.
Injection Molding of SUS316L Powder with Polyacetal.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Injection molding of metal powder with use of POM(polyacetal) was discussed.The compound on this process consisted essentially of POM and depolymerization polymers. It was clearly that the rate of degradation of the compound which contains a good deal of polyacetal was faster than that of which contains a good deal of other depolymerization polymers (PBMA and PS) or random degradation polymers (PP(polypropylene) and EVA (Ethylene-vinyl-acetate)). On thermal debinding process, the degree of distortion of the test piece which contains a good deal of POM was smaller than that of the test piece of which contains a good deal of PP, and the sintered bodys contained the only 30 ppm carbon. The relative density of sintered body was 96%.
Affine semigroup rings and monomial varieties

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a techinique which constructs an affine semigroup Se,d (resp. a monomial variety) from a given affine semigroup S (resp. monomial variety). The two affine semigroups (resp. monomial varieties) have a number of algebraic properties in common. Using this technique we are able to unify and extend a number of results scattered in the literature.
Beclomethasone dipropionate dry-powder inhalation compared with conventional aerosol in chronic asthma.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In a double-blind study beclomethasone dipropionate inhaled as a dry powder in doses of 100 microgram four times daily and 150 microgram four times daily was compared with the conventional aerosol dose of 100 microgram four times daily in 20 outpatients with chronic asthma. Each of the three treatments was given for four weeks. The dry powder in a dose of 150 microgram four times daily had advantages over the other two treatments in terms of FEV1 and the number of exacerbations of asthma during the study. There were no adverse reactions to inhaling dry-powder beclomethasone. It was concluded that this new way of administering the drug was effective in chronic asthma, and should allow most patients with chronic asthma who cannot use conventional pressurised aerosols efficiently to benefit from inhaled corticosteroid treatment.
ROADS CENTRE-AXIS EXTRACTION IN AIRBORNE SAR IMAGES: AN APPROACH BASED ON ACTIVE CONTOUR MODEL WITH THE USE OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC SEEDING

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Research works dealing with computational methods for roads extraction have considerably increased in the latest two decades. This procedure is usually performed on optical or microwave sensors (radar) imagery. Radar images offer advantages when compared to optical ones, for they allow the acquisition of scenes regardless of atmospheric and illumination conditions, besides the possibility of surveying regions where the terrain is hidden by the vegetation canopy, among others. The cartographic mapping based on these images is often manually accomplished, requiring considerable time and effort from the human interpreter. Maps for detecting new roads or updating the existing roads network are among the most important cartographic products to date. There are currently many studies involving the extraction of roads by means of automatic or semi-automatic approaches. Each of them presents different solutions for different problems, making this task a scientific issue still open. One of the preliminary steps for roads extraction can be the seeding of points belonging to roads, what can be done using different methods with diverse levels of automation. The identified seed points are interpolated to form the initial road network, and are hence used as an input for an extraction method properly speaking. The present work introduces an innovative hybrid method for the extraction of roads centre-axis in a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) airborne image. Initially, candidate points are fully automatically seeded using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), followed by a pruning process based on specific metrics. The centre-axis are then detected by an open-curve active contour model (snakes). The obtained results were evaluated as to their quality with respect to completeness, correctness and redundancy.
Corpus-Based Training to Build Translation Competences and Translators’ Self-Reliance

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Among well-established standard operating strategies and methodologies aimed at improving students’ multi-layered translation competence, corpus linguistics has given impulse to new interdisciplinary standpoints. Plugging in cutting edge toolkits, corpus use envisages real-life translation training in compliance with current market demands. The paper underpins specialised corpus design, using MAXQDA as an interactive tool meant to build translators’ functional autonomy.
Spread of ESC-, carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli clones and plasmids within and between food workers in Lebanon

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Knowledge on the dynamic of MDR Escherichia coli in the human community is still limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Our goal was to decipher the dynamics of E. coli lineages and plasmids resistant to ESC, carbapenem and colistin within and between food workers in Lebanon using genomic-based approaches. Methods Eighty-four healthy adults working in three bakeries were sampled twice at a 6 monthly interval. E. coli resistant to ESC (ESC-E), carbapenem (CP-E) and colistin (CO-E) were collected on selective plates. Non-duplicate isolates were whole-genome sequenced using the Illumina technology and plasmid transmission was assessed by long-read sequencing. Data were analysed using bioinformatics tools and SNP-based phylogeny. Results ESC-E carriage rate reached 34.5% (t0) and 52.9% (t6), and 15 workers were positive at both t0 and t6. Carbapenem resistance (blaOXA-181, blaOXA-204, blaNDM-5) was found in five workers at t0 and two at t6, while colistin resistance (mcr-1.1) was found in five workers at t0 and one at t6. Forty-seven different STs were identified, of which three STs were predominant (ST131, n = 9; ST10, n = 5; ST69, n = 5). One worker presented the same ESC-E clone at t0 and t6. Twelve different events of clonal transmission among individuals were exemplified while plasmid transmission was only shown once. Conclusions Our study revealed a high carriage rate of MDR E. coli (60.7%) and the emergence of CP and colistin resistance in the Lebanese community. Incidental and long-term ESC-E carriage was observed in 41.7% and 17.9% of the workers, respectively. The high clonal diversity suggests an important dynamic of acquisition and loss of MDR E. coli and limited plasmid spread.
Renal Impairment and the Use of Bisphosphonates in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Retrospective Analysis of 114 Patients with Respect to Age and Other Clinical Characteristics.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Backgound: The clinical course of multiple myeloma is often associated with significant bone related morbidity. This can be modified by the use of bisphosphonates. Studies have shown renal toxicity associated with different bisphosphonates especially following the exposure of zoledronic acid. Published literature suggests renal function deterioration occurs in 8.8–15.2% of patients at recommended dose of 4 mg infused intravenously over 15 minutes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients with multiple myeloma who received bisphosphonates during the period of January 2002-June 2004 at our institution. 114 patients were analyzed (male/female 63/51; age-median 69;mean 71;range 40–92). 61 (54%) were >70 years of age. They received a total of 1301 doses (mean 11.4) during this period. The type of bisphosphonate used was: zolendronate: 58; pamidronate: 23; pamidronate changed to zolendronate (both) : 33. Patients were categorized to the type and sequence of bisphosphonates [ pamidronate vs. zoledronate and pamidronate followed by zoledronate (both) ], age and sex. Renal dysfunction was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >0.5 mg/dl over baseline. Results: There were 19 patients (16.7%) who developed renal dysfunction. 15 of the 19 episodes (79%) occurred in the 70 years and older group. The table shows the distribution of patients, type of bisphosphonate and the distribution of patients with renal toxicity. Conclusion: This analysis showed increase in renal dysfunction occurs in all ages with use of bisphosphonates. The elderly may be particularly susceptible to this toxicity. Although we have not analyzed the impact of associated comorbidities (including type of multiple myeloma) leading to renal insufficiency in this study, the elderly patients may need more close monitoring of renal function with the use of bisphosphonates. Age and renal impairment with bisphosphonate use Age Zolendronate Pamidronate Both Total Number in paranthesis indicates the renal impairment case 40–49 6 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 10 (0) 50–59 10 (0) 1 (0) 4 (0) 15 (0) 60–69 14 (2) 3 (0) 11 (1) 28(3) 70–79 19 (3) 9 (1) 14 (4) 42 (8) 80+ 9 (3) 8 (0) 2 (4) 19 (7) Total 58 (9) 23 (1) 33 (9) 114 (19)
Porous silica frame for deep ultraviolet lithography

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Several significant technical issues are associated with the current anodized aluminum pellicle frame. These problems will become more acute as shorter wavelengths such as 193 and 157 nm become standard. For example, it is difficult to purge the pellicle space, and the nonporous nature of the aluminum frame can lead to pressure-induced film breakage during transport. In addition, the thermal expansion behavior of aluminum does not match that of the silica substrate, which can lead to pattern distortion or bending of a hard pellicle film. Proposed solutions such as a perforated silica frame or a porous InvarTM frame may address some of these issues, but a complete solution has not been forthcoming. A porous silica frame technology based on sol-gel processing may eliminate concerns associated with the lack of porosity in the aluminum frame, as well as thermal expansion mismatch problems. Several additional advantages may also be realized, including the removal of organic contaminants from inside the pellicle space, filtration of particulate contaminants, and stability under aggressive cleaning. This approach to a porous silica frame may help enable a cost-effective route to more rapid commercialization of shorter-wavelength microlithographic processes.
[Tissue and aural discharge distribution of tebipenem pivoxil].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tebipenem pivoxil (TBPM-PI) is a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic. It has been developed as a prodrug of tebipenem (TBPM), to increase absorption. We assessed the distribution of TBPM to aural discharge and tissues after administration of TBPM-PI to adult patients who underwent otolaryngological surgical tissue resection and pediatric patients with acute otitis media or acute sinusitis. Following the administration of single oral doses of 150 and 250 mg (potency) of TBPM-PI to adult patients who underwent otolaryngological surgical tissue resection, tissue TBPM concentrations for the respective doses were 0.38 to 1.76 microg/g and 0.17 to 0.91 microg/g in mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus, 0.26 to 0.94 microg/g and 0.14 to 0.45 microg/g in mucous membranes of the ethmoid sinus, and 0.12 to 0.13 microg/g and 0.14 to 0.47 microg/g in palatine tonsil tissues, as well as 0.29 microg/g in mucous membranes of the middle ear for the dose of 250 mg. The percentages of these tissue concentrations to plasma concentrations for the respective doses were 14.3% to 61.0% and 18.4% to 54.6% in mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus, 34.3% to 52.1% and 9.9% to 54.6% in mucous membranes of the ethmoid sinus, and 10.3% to 15.0% and 6.5% to 17.4% in palatine tonsil tissues, as well as 16.8% in mucous membranes of the middle ear for the dose of 250 mg. Following the administration of TBPM-PI at doses of 4 mg (potency)/kg and 6 mg (potency)/kg twice daily to pediatric patients with acute otitis media or acute sinusitis, TBPM concentrations in the aural discharge for these doses were 0.03 to 2.00 microg/g and 1.07 or 1.18 microg/g, respectively. The percentage of aural discharge concentrations to plasma concentrations for these doses was 0.3% to 86.1% and 40.5% or 83.6%, respectively. These results indicate a favorable distribution profile of TBPM to tissues affected by otitis media or sinusitis after the administration of TBPM-PI and can support the high efficacy of TBPM-PI.
Sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence microlymphography for detecting lymphedema of the lower extremity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fluorescence microlymphography (FML) is used to visualize the lymphatic capillaries. A maximum spread of the fluorescence dye of ≥ 12 mm has been suggested for the diagnosis of lymphedema. However, data on sensitivity and specificity are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of FML for diagnosing lymphedema in patients with leg swelling. Patients with lower extremity swelling were clinically assessed and separated into lymphedema and non-lymphatic edema groups. FML was studied in all affected legs and the maximum spread of lymphatic capillaries was measured. Test accuracy and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess possible threshold values that predict lymphedema. Between March 2008 and August 2011 a total of 171 patients (184 legs) with a median age of 43.5 (IQR 24, 54) years were assessed. Of those, 94 (51.1%) legs were diagnosed with lymphedema. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio and positive and negative predictive value were 87%, 64%, 2.45, 0.20, 72% and 83% for the 12-mm cut-off level and 79%, 83%, 4.72, 0.26, 83% and 79% for the 14-mm cut-off level, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.88). Sensitivity was higher in the secondary versus primary lymphedema (95.0% vs 74.3%, p = 0.045). No major adverse events were observed. In conclusion, FML is a simple and safe technique for detecting lymphedema in patients with leg swelling. A cut-off level of ≥ 14-mm maximum spread has a high sensitivity and high specificity of detecting lymphedema and should be chosen.
Development of hybrid rainwater-greywater systems for sustainable water management in green buildings in Malaysia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A hybrid rainwater-greywater system can swap between rainwater and greywater during wet and dry monsoon seasons and offers increased water savings and reduced stormwater and wastewater volumes than either rainwater or greywater system alone. However, despite these advantages, the technical, economical, and environmental impacts of implementing a hybrid rainwater-greywater system have been poorly studied in literature. Thus, the feasibility of a hybrid system needs to be investigated to promote its widespread adoption. The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the technical, economical, and environmental feasibility of a hybrid rainwater-greywater system using green buildings in Malaysia as case studies.