jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Application of Organic Chemical Spectroscopic Techniques to Study the Organic Chemical Structure of Coal in Solid State and in Solubilised (Extract) Form

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016
Manuscript received 28 December 1987, accepted 13 January 1988 With the ultimate depletion of oil, dependence on coal for the oil supplies will increase. No real breakthrough in developing the cheaper and convenient coal conver­sion technologies can be made without clearly understanding the organic chemical structure of coal. Most of the spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques developed to work on solutions can not be applied on coal as it is relatively insoluble in generally available solvents. Spectroscopic techniques, such as FTIR, solid state 12C nmr, esr and mass spectroscopy can be applied on solid coal. Solubilisation (extractability) of coal in generally available organic solvents (such as chloroform) can be enhanced through depolymerisation (phenolation), reduction, alkaline degradation and acety­lation of coal. Solubilisation of coal through these reactions affords the application of spectral techniques. Studies have been reported on Assam coal. Pyrolysis and hydro-pyrolysis of Godavari coal yield predominantly aliphatic and aromatic tars, respec­tively. Spectral studies of coal tars reveal some information on the organic chemical structure of coal. A combination of spectroscopic studies of coal extracts and coal tars obtained would help in the studies of the organic chemical structure of coal macromolecules.
The fuzzy theory and women writers in the late eighteenth century

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

'Fuzzy Theory and Women Writers in the Late Eighteenth Century' contends \nthat women writers require more careful critical treatment, and suggests that critics \nare still bound by the outdated logic of the Law of the Excluded Middle. This law, \nfirst formulated by Aristotle, and developed by Gottfried Leibniz in the early \neighteenth century, indicates that where there are two contradictory prepositions, one \nmust be true and the other false; a female writer must, therefore, either be feminine or \nmasculine, conservative or radical. The twentieth century concept of Fuzzy logic, \nhowever, helped mathematicians and engineers to manage reasoning that was only \napproximate, rather than exact. Borrowing from this, the thesis will employ the \nFuzzy Set Theory, which permits the gradual assessment of elements in a set, rather \nthan relying on elements that are assessed in binaric terms (the principle of bivalence, \nor, contradiction). Put simply, the Fuzzy Set Theory does away with binaries, the Law \nof the Excluded Middle, and the Law of Contradiction, allowing subjects to be \nimprecise, and changeable. Thus, each chapter will construct a Fuzzy Set by which a \nvariety of eighteenth century debates, with which women writers engaged, can be \nexamined. The thesis will show that all such concepts are subjective and unstable— \nchangeable and open to personal interpretation, and will discuss such writers as Mary \nWollstonecraft, Catherine Macaulay, Charlotte Smith, Anna Letitia Barbauld, Mary \nHays, Lucy Aikin, Hannah More and Joanna Southcott.
Controller design for anti-heeling system in container ships

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Excess heeling in container ships often occurs in the process of unbalanced marine cargo loading and unloading, which is a great restriction to rapid loading work and is even detrimental to the security of the ship. In order to increase the loading and unloading speed, as well as ensure the container ship's safety during the process of container stevedoring, this paper investigates two different controller design scenarios for the high efficiency anti-heeling system employed in the container ship. One is a valve switched anti-heeling system with a logic controller and the other is a reversible pump anti-heeling system with a PID controller. Simulation is conducted to illustrate each controller's performance in terms of following the input command and rejecting external heeling moment disturbance. Methods of tuning the related coefficients for controllers in the list control system are given in searching of a sound system's response to loading and unloading work. Simulation results can also be utilized to choose among different types of anti-heeling systems, as well as each individual device, such as valve and pump.
Microstructure of Monolithic DyBa2Cu3O7-x Coated Conductor Thick Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Five μm thick DyBa2Cu3O7-x (DyBCO) films were deposited via Inclined Substrate Deposition (ISD) on Hastelloy substrates. A critical current density of 2.0 MA cm-2 was measured resistively at 77 K and self-field yielding 1000 A cm-1. A grain size of 500-600 nm was determined and only small-angle grain boundaries were observed. The DyBCO film is highly biaxially textured and the c-axis encloses an angle of 27±1̊ with the substrate normal over the complete film thickness. A perfect growth behavior of DyBCO in ISD technology was observed due to the faceted structure of the MgO surface yielding a non-zero component of the growth direction parallel to the (a,b)-plane of the DyBCO.
The glucagon stimulation test in comparison to the insulin tolerance test to diagnose growth hormone deficiency and central adrenal insufficiency in patients following craniospinal irradiation in young ages

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims: The insulin tolerance test (ITT) is the “gold standard“ in the diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) and central adrenal insufficiency (CAI) but it is rather difficult to perform, has a sufficient number of contraindications, need hospitalization. The glucagon stimulation test (GST) may be used as alternative method because it can be carry out as an outpatient and it has fewer contraindications. The aim of this study was to compare the GST and ITT for diagnostic GDH and CAI in patients following craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in young ages.
Facet formation during solid phase epitaxy regrowth: A lattice kinetic Monte Carlo model

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An atomistic model to account for the formation of facets during solid phase epitaxy regrowth (SPER) is shown. This model relies on a lattice kinetic Monte Carlo approach. The lattice atoms produce different crystalline planes growing with different planar velocities. In particular, the model explains the arrow tip formation during SPER of thin silicon fins typical for fin field effect transistors and the formation of trenches in rectangular-shaped amorphized regions in (001) and (011) silicon, caused by the distortion of the lattice by shear strain and propagated by (111) facets.
Serological and Molecular Evidence of Bartonella henselae in Stray Cats from Southern Italy

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bartonella henselae is a slow growing and facultative intracellular pathogen mainly transmitted by arthropod vectors adapted to domestic and wild mammalian reservoir hosts. Since cats are the major source of the B. henselae infection, this study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and the DNA presence in randomly sampled stray cats. Blood samples of 429 cats were collected from shelter of Palermo (Southern Italy) and sera and whole blood were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against B. henselae by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Two hundred and three sera (47.3%) were positive to IFA and 148 blood samples (34.5%) to real-time PCR. Based on serological results, the evaluation of the potential risk factors (sex, age, coat color) was carried out. The multivariate analysis indicated that cats more than 12 months old were more likely to be seropositive to B. henselae than cats <12 months. These data will add useful information to the understanding of the spread of B. henselae in stray cats in Southern Italy.
Hepatic Injury in Dogs Resulting from a Vitamin B Complex-Free Diet

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Five dogs fed a vitamin complex-free diet showed a gradual loss of appetite which culminated in anorexia. Four of these dogs developed an abnormal liver function, as judged by an increased retention of bromsulphalein. The hepatic damage appeared before, or slightly after, the time that anorexia appeared, and as the period of anorexia continued the dye retention returned to normal in 2 dogs. Histologically, the liver of these dogs showed mainly a mild to a marked chronic passive congestion.
Study on the effects of citrate calcium on the quality and calcium concentrations of red Fuji apples

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of infusing citrate calcium on the quality and calcium concentrations of fruits were studied in this experiment The results showed that the calcium concentrations of fruits were significantly increased in all the four different stages,especially in the preblossoming stage and the preharvesting stage.Calcium has the effects of decreasing the concentration of soluble sugar and titratable acid and enhancing the firmness of fruits,has the effects of which was to some degree determined by the calcium-supplemented stages. The influence of spraying amino acid calcium is in accordance with that of infusing citrate calcium. In order to increase more effectivly the calcium concentrations of fruits, citrate calcium along with B,Zn,IAA was infused into the trunk.The results indicated that the calcium concentrations of fruits was increased by 104 89% in comparison with the control.
[Diffculties in medico-social management of tuberculosis in Pneumology Departement of Fann University Teaching Hospital].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This prospective study included all the patients who, during the month of September 1995, were admitted for pulmonary baclliferous tuberculosis to the Pneumology Clinic of the Fann University Hospital, Dakar. The patient's escorts and the health personnel were also included in this study. The aim of the study was to find the different socio-economic and health factors impeding the hospitalization of tuberculosis patients in the Pneumology Clinic of Fann University Hospital. 22 members of the health team, 209 patients aged between 15 and 65 years and 209 escorts were interviewed. Out of the 10% of tuberculosis patients with HIV seropositivity, 80% admitted not to have informed their spouses of their infection. The decision to be admitted was made by the patient himself in 54.4% of cases and by his family in 45.5% of cases. Late admittance with regards to the beginning of symptoms was due to the recourse to traditional medicine in 43.7% of cases, wrong diagnosis in 24%, ignorance in 19.3% and, in 13% of cases, due to inappropiate anti tuberculosis treatment. Despite the fact that anti tuberculosis medicine was free of charge, each patient or his family spent an average sum of 87,500 CFA F (US dollar 175) for a month's admission (the minimal salary (SMIG) in Senegal is 32,000 CFA F (US dollar 64), and 40% of the patients and escorts had difficulties making this payment. 9 patients were judged to be poor by 25.7% of the patients and 8.7% found relations with the health personnel difficult. The escorts deplored the lack of toilets (only 1 out of 4 was functional), the time worn facilities, the overcrowding as well as the irregularity and poor quality of the hospital meals. The entire health team deplored the lack of adequate personnel and 30% of them deplored the lack of hygiene of some patients and escorts. Taking financial charge of tuberculosis patients at the Pneumology Clinic of the Fann University Hospital requires an increased financial effort from the State (rehabilitation of the facilities, recruitment of medical and paramedical personnel, improved meals) harmonisation on a national scale of anti tuberculosis therapeutic protocoles and an Information-Education-Communication (IEC) programme on tuberculosis and hygiene.
Fluid Flow through Filtering Appendages of Insects

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fluid Flow through Filtering Appendages of Insects Get access A. Y. L. CHEER, A. Y. L. CHEER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. A. R. KOEHL M. A. R. KOEHL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA, Volume 4, Issue 3, 1987, Pages 185–199, https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/4.3.185 Published: 01 January 1987 Article history Received: 24 December 1986 Published: 01 January 1987
Kurt Lewin and the Harwood Studies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article examines the importance to the study of organizational change and development of the first phase of the Harwood studies, which were conducted between 1939 and 1947. It examines the studies and their place within Lewin's broader research agenda and personal philosophy. The article shows that the Harwood studies marked a significant break with the past by moving research on group behavior from the laboratory to the real world, changing the focus of research from understanding group behavior per se to understanding and changing group behavior, and pioneering the use of participative management. The article concludes that the first phase of the Harwood studies can be seen as having laid the foundations of organization development (OD) and as having a continuing relevance to the challenges facing organizations today.
Iron dosing frequency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

How does once-daily (QD) iron dosing compare with dosing every second day (QOD) or twice weekly (BIW)? Once-daily dosing of iron results in similar or slightly better hemoglobin (Hb) levels (about 3 g/L) than QOD or BIW dosing during a 3-month period. Daily dosing increases serum ferritin levels
NEXT-GENERATION VIDEO CODING

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the simplicity of its application together with compression efficiency, the Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) plays a vital role in the development of video compression standards. For next-generation video coding, a new set of 2-D separable transforms has emerged as a candidate to replace the DCT. These separable transforms are learned from residuals of each intra prediction mode; hence termed as Mode dependent- directional transforms (MDDT). MDDT uses the Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT) to create sets of separable transforms from training data. Since the residuals after intra prediction have some structural similarities, transforms utilizing these correlations improve coding efficiency. However, the KLT is the optimal approach only if the data has a Gaussian distribution without outliers. Due to the nature of the least-square norm, outliers can arbitrarily affect the directions of the KLT components. In this paper, we will address robust learning of separable transforms by enforcing sparsity on the coefficients of the representations. With this new approach, it is possible to improve upon the video coding performance of H.264/AVC by up to 10.2 % BD-rate for intra coding. At no additional cost, the proposed techniques can also provide up to 3.9 % improvement in BD-rate for intra coding compared to existing MDDT schemes.
DESIGN AND TESTING PRINCIPLES OF THE ALTERNATING FLOW DRIVEN ROTARY HYDRAULIC MOTORS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents some aspects regarding the design and testing of an alternating flow driven, three- phase rotary hydraulic motor. The hydraulic transmissions using alternating flows are based, on the bidirectional displacement of a finite (predefined) fluid volume through the connection pipes between the alternating flow and pressure energy converters (generator and motor). In principle, within these systems, the active stroke of the pistons, is produced by the pressurized fluid flow from the generator, while, for the return stroke there is necessary a supplementary connection to a pressure generator, working in opposite phase with respect to the first one. The pistons can be connected either in a star or delta configuration.
[Detection of circulating autoantibodies to beta 2-adrenergic receptors in patients with asthma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To understand the roles of autoantibodies to beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the pathogenesis of asthma, we investigated the positive chronotropic action of beta 2-selective adrenergic agonist, clenbuterol, on cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Thereafter, we detected the autoantibodies to beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the sera from patients with asthma as it could inhibit the positive chronotropic action of clenbuterol. In the sera of all patients with asthma (16 cases) there were autoantibodies to beta 2-adrenergic receptors, but not in the normal controls (20 cases). Further study showed that the inhibitory autoantibodies were IgG type. This experiment suggests that the autoantibodies to beta 2-adrenergic receptors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
Maize Kernel Moisture at Physiological Maturity as Affected by the Source–Sink Relationship during Grain Filling

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A wide range of values reported in the literature has precluded the use of grain moisture (GM) as an estimate of physiological maturity (PM) in maize ( Zea mays L.). The reason for this variability in GM values remains unclear. Previous evidence suggests that the source–sink ratio could affect the dynamics of kernel water relations during grain filling and thus, GM at PM. To test this possibility, treatments were applied to manipulate the reproductive sink capacity or the assimilate availability during grain filling. Kernel dry weight, water content, and the dry weight to water content (D–W) ratio, were monitored throughout grain filling. A bilinear model relating dry weight and GM was used to estimate GM at PM for each treatment. Severely restricting source capacity during grain filling increased GM at PM. When the source capacity per kernel during grain filling was increased, however, GM at PM was not affected. A single model ( r 2 = 0.99, p < 0.001) described the relationship between relative dry weight and GM for all hybrids and treatments without source reduction during grain filling. The estimated value of GM at PM for this model was 34.9%. These results suggest that calculating GM late in grain filling can provide a reliable estimate of PM when the source capacity has not been severely restricted. A value of 35% moisture would be adequate in these situations. The D–W ratio of developing kernels was similar across all source–sink treatments until PM. Premature cessation of grain filling caused by defoliation increased the D–W ratio as the kernels continued to desiccate.
Sulfhydryl Reactivity: Mechanism of Action of Several Antiviral Compounds—Selenocystine, 4-(2-Propinyloxy)-β-Nitrostyrene, and Acetylaranotin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The addition of 5 mM dithiothreitol to a cell-free assay system for influenza ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity reverses the inhibitory activity otherwise possessed by three established antiviral compounds: selenocystine, 4-(2-propinyloxy)-β-nitrostyrene, and acetylaranotin. Although 50% or greater enzyme inhibitory activity is repeatedly achieved for these compounds at a concentration of approximately 50 μg/ml (0.1 to 0.25 mM) in the absence of dithiothreitol, no inhibition is seen in its presence at inhibitor concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Against the deoxyribonucleic acid-directed RNA polymerases of Escherichia coli and chicken embryo cells, acetylaranotin and 4-(2-propinyloxy)-β-nitrostyrene caused very little inhibition. Only selenocystine significantly inhibited these two enzymes in the absence of reducing agent, but to an extent substantially less than that obtained against the viral enzyme. These results appear to suggest that influenza RNA polymerase is uniquely sensitive to a variety of structurally diverse antiviral compounds as a consequence of their sulfhydryl reactivity—a fact which might aid in the search for and development of more potent chemotherapeutic agents.
DNA Vaccination

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Single image superresolution using sparsity and dictionary learning in wavelet domain

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently sparse representation is proven to be very successful for image processing applications. This paper proposes a superresolution approach that utilizes the decorrelating and sparsifying property of discrete wavelet transform, with the signal-fitting capability of sparse representation over learned dictionaries. Two dictionaries are learned (using K-SVD algorithm) for each wavelet subband: one for the low resolution one for the high resolution images. In the training set, noisy variants of the high a resolution image obtained by interpolating its low resolution counter-part, are intentionally included. A patch based approach is employed and different patch sizes are studied. The sparse representation coefficients for the respective low and high resolution images are assumed to be the same. Experiments are conducted using the Kodak24-image set. The proposed algorithm is proven to be competitive with the leading super-resolution techniques both visually and quantitatively. With a patch size of 11×11 the proposed method is 0.89 dB better than the method proposed by Elad et.al. and 2.19 dB better than bicubic interpolation.