jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Measurement Error when Using the Laser Spectrum Analyzers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The article dwells on assessment of measurement errors when using the laser spectrum analyzers. It presents the analysis results to show that it is possible to carry out a spectral analysis of both amplitudes and phases of frequency components of signals and to analyze a changing phase of frequency components of radio signals using interferential methods of measurements. It is found that the interferometers with Mach-Zehnder arrangement are most widely used for measurement of signal phase. A possibility to increase resolution when using the combined method as compared to the other considered methods is shown since with its application spatial integration is performed over one coordinate while time integration is done over the other coordinate that is reached by the orthogonal arrangement of modulators relative each other. The article defines a drawback of this method. It is complicatedness and low-speed because of integrator that disables measurement of spectral components of a radio pulse if its width is less than a temporary aperture. There is a proposal to create an advanced option of the spectrum analyzer in which phase is determined through the signal processing. The article presents resolution when using such a spectrum analyzer. It also reviews the possible options for creating devices to measure the phase components of a spectrum depending on the methods applied to measure a phase. The analysis has shown that for phase measurement a time-pulse method is the most perspective. It is found that the known circuits of digital phase-meters using this method cannot be directly used in spectrum analyzers as they are designed for measurement of the phase only of one signal frequency. In this regard a number of circuits were developed to measure the amplitude and phase of frequency components of the radio signal. It is shown that the perspective option of creating a spectrum analyzer is device in which the phase is determined through the signal processing. The article presents a function diagram of such spectrum analyzer and a time diagram of its operation.
Introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The circulation of resources for welfare is a central theme in the urban history of Britain, and the terms on which welfare was provided had an immediate effect on another process of circulation: migration within the urban network, as discussed by David Feldman. Regional urban networks revolved around a major city, which coordinated the activities of towns within a specialised economy. One of the major concerns of economists and political scientists is to understand the circumstances in which individual rationality gives way to collective action. The scale of investment in the infrastructure of urban services, such as roads, railways, sewers, water, gas, electricity, was huge, and created major problems both of collective action and of regulation of private enterprise. A common view of British history in the nineteenth century assumes a division between industrial capitalism in the North, and a commercial and service economy in the South.
A Synopsis of the Genus Cyrtopodium (Catasetinae: Orchidaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A synopsis is presented for the Neotropical genus Cyrtopodium. Type data, taxonomic status, geographical distribution, and nomenclatural and taxonomic notes are presented for each species. A total of 116 names have been proposed in the genus, of which 50 are accepted here (47 species and three subspecific taxa). The identity of five species in the list is unclear. Forty names are synonyms in the genus, five are nomina nuda, and 21 belong in other genera including Eulophia, Koellensteinia, Otostylis, Eriopsis, Tetramicra, and Oncidium. Brazil, with 39 species, is the country with the highest number of species, followed by Bolivia and Venezuela, with nine species each. The main center of diversity of the genus is the cerrado vegetation of central Brazil, were 29 taxa are found. Field and taxonomic research on the genus in the last 15 years has led to the description of 19 new and accepted species, most from central Brazil. Eight lectotypifications and one new synonym are proposed. Cyrtopodium flavum is recognized as the accepted name for C. polyphyllum.
The European Union through an American Prism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The USA is deeply implicated in European dreams of a more perfect union. This chapter investigates three aspects of the European-American nexus. First, it focuses on the striking gap between politics and administration in contemporary Europe, and reflects on the implications for democracy. Second, it examines recent tensions between the USA and European governments, arguing that the source goes far deeper than the bare-knuckles diplomacy of the current Bush Administration. Finally, it examines the early history of US national unity as a model for European efforts.
Antioxidant Activity of the Brown Macroalgae <em>Fucus spiralis</em> Linnaeus Harvested from the West Coast of Ireland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The extraction and isolation of natural antioxidants with potential in reducing the incidences of oxidative stress in the body and their potential inclusion into functional foods is a major topic of research at present. In this study, the aim was to investigate food-friendly Accelerated Solvent Extraction® (ASE®) samples and a Viscozyme® hydrolysate of the brown macroalga Fucus spiralis Linnaeus for total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the effect of ultra-filtration steps on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the Fucus spiralis hydrolysate were also evaluated. Fucus spiralis ethanolic-aqueous and methanolic-aqueous ASE® extracts displayed high phenolic contents of 37.03±3.01 and 39.04±5.72 μg phloroglucinol equivalents mg/sample, respectively. Both the Fucus spiralis Viscozyme® hydrolysate and ASE® extracts displayed in vitro antioxidant activities. Our findings suggest that food-friendly extracts of Fucus spiralis show potential as alternative sources of antioxidants.
Omni-Channel Retailing : Blurring the lines between online and offline

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Background Omni-channel retailing has developed as an extension of multi-channel retailing. The difference between the concepts is the level of integration, where an omni-channel requires seamless and complete channel integration compared to a multi-channel where the level of integration varies from non-existing to high. Today’s customers expect an integrated shopping experience where they can combine the different channels according to their preferences and omni-channel is a way for retailers to meet this need. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explore the concept of omni-channel retailing and its implementation in retail firms operating in the Swedish market. Method This study is based on an interpretive approach and takes the form of an exploratory multiple case study through the investigation of four retailers. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the findings were analyzed abductively. Conclusion The conclusion of this thesis is that the investigated retailers still have, more or less, a long way to go in their integrative efforts. The retailer that has come the furthest in their effort has only implemented nine out of fifteen omni-channel criteria. Three main incentives for implementing an omni-channel strategy were identified. These are to respond to customer demands, to optimize the individual sales channels and to gain a competitive advantage. Additionally, several challenges arise as the retailer moves towards an omni-channel. These include technological investments, change management, channel conflict, return management and consistency. Furthermore, five potential sources of these challenges were identified as technological requirements, organizational changes, sales accreditation policies, in-store returns and finally the franchise business model.
UV-B treated algae exhibiting different responses as a food source for Daphnia magna

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The response of green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and Selenastrum capricornutum to different levels of UV-B radiation was studied. Daphnia magna, the next step in the food web, was fed with UV-B treated algae. UV-B radiation induced the synthesis of UV absorbing substances and photosynthetic pigments, enhanced the level of respiratory potential and suppressed growth of the treated algae. Biomass production in S. quadricauda was higher than in S. capricornutum, but the production of photosynthetic pigments and relative amounts of UV absorbing substances as well as respiratory potential were more pronounced in S. capricornutum. A short-term feeding experiment with D. magna showed that in general, females ingested higher numbers of cells of algae treated with a high UV-B dose, but the biomass of ingested algae did not differ significantly. The exception was S. capricornutum treated with a high UV-B dose; a lower biomass was ingested, probably reflecting the smaller UV-treated cells.
How Not to Miss a Case of Malaria in Emergency Department in Malaria Non-Endemic Areas? Practical Approach &amp; Experiences in Hong Kong

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne protozoan parasitic infection in human involving female anopheline mosquitoes as vector for transmission. It is caused by Plasmodium species, most commonly, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum, and rarely P. knowlesi. Malaria remains a significant global health issue and is a medical emergency. It is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, particularly in at-risk groups. In Hong Kong, where malaria is non-endemic, more than 20 cases of malaria per year have been notified in recent years. We still have chances encountering patients with malaria presented to public or private emergency departments. High index of clinical suspicious is utmost important for not missing a case of malaria. A practical approach for prompt identification of patients with severe malaria is essential, followed by appropriate initiation of appropriate effective antimalarial treatment within 24 to 48 hours of symptoms onset after blood taken for thick and thin smears for diagnosis. Vigilance with increased awareness of not falling into common diagnostic traps has to be alerted. The risk of missing any case of malaria presenting to emergency department could be largely minimized.
Protective Effect Of Hesperidin And Tiger Nut Against Acrylamide Toxicity In Female Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

protection against several diseases among humans. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of hesperidin and tiger nut against the changes that may be related to the toxicity of acrylamide in female rats. 72 adult Sprague Dawley female rats were divided equally into six groups: control group (I); hesperidin (HES) treated group (II); tiger nut (TN) treated group (III); Acrylamide (ACR) treated group (IV); HES-ACR treated group (V); and TN-ACR treated group (VI). The treatments were daily administered for 4 months. There was a significant increase in the levels of serum carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (CO), ALT, AST and LDH, while significant decreases of body weights and reduced glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of ACR treated group compared with the control. Also, many histopathological changes that observed in liver tissue in ACR group were regressed after HES or TN treatment. In conclusion, our results suggested that supplementation of a diet with hesperidin provided antioxidant defense more significant than tiger nut against the toxicity of ACR in the liver tissue.
CD5+ B cells from bovine leukemia virus infected cows are activated cycling cells responsive to interleukin 2.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Most of the B cells from bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infected cows in persistent lymphocytosis (PL) were known to express the CD5 T-cell marker but it was not known whether this peculiar membrane phenotype relates to an activation state. It was demonstrated that these B cells were also flagged by two other membrane markers normally borne by cells belonging to the myeloid lineage (namely CD11b and CD11c). Moreover, cell cycle analysis illustrated that a significant percentage of these B cells (greater than 15%) left their resting (G0/G1) status and progressed through the cell cycle. In addition, T-cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from animals in PL were shown to proliferate in response to a IL-2-containing supernatant (MLA 144). These results indicate that the CD5+ B cells from BLV-infected cows in PL are activated cells.
THE FREEZING POINTS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. III. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, BROMIDE, IODIDE, NITRATE AND SULFATE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE FREEZING POINTS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. III. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, BROMIDE, IODIDE, NITRATE AND SULFATEGeorge Scatchard and S. S. PrentissCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 7, 2696–2705Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1932Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1932https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01346a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01346a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views722Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ELECTRONIC ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE LOW - LYING CHARGE TRANSFER STATES OF $I_{2}$

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The D'2g-A'2u transition in $I_{2} (340 nm I_{2} UV Laser)$ was excited using two CW lasers. A rotational analysis of this system was performed. The observation of high vibrational levels of the A'2u state permitted a long range analysis of this state resulting in absolute energies of D'2g and A'2u relative to $X^{1}{\Sigma_{y}}^{+} (\upsilon = 0 - J = 0)$. In order to study the collisional energy transfer among the low-lying charge transfer states of $I_{2}$ responsible for the observation of the D'2g - A'2u transition, we excited specific $E {O_{g}}^{+}$ rovibronic levels to study transfer to $D {O_{u}}^{+}$ and D'2g levels. The various mechanisms will be discussed.
Impact of elastic ankle exoskeleton stiffness on neuromechanics and energetics of human walking across multiple speeds

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background: Elastic ankle exoskeletons with springs of intermediate stiffness in parallel with the human plantarflexors can reduce the metabolic cost of walking by ~7% at 1.25 m s -1 . In a move toward ‘real-world’ application, we examined whether the unpowered approach has metabolic benefit across a range of walking speeds, and if so, whether the optimal exoskeleton stiffness was speed dependent. We hypothesized that, for any walking speed, there would be an optimal ankle exoskeleton stiffness - not too compliant and not too stiff - that minimizes the user’s metabolic rate. In addition, we expected the optimal exoskeleton stiffness to increase with walking speed. Methods: Eleven participants walked on a level treadmill at 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 m s -1 while we used a state-of-the-art exoskeleton emulator system to apply bilateral ankle exoskeleton assistance at five controlled rotational stiffnesses (k exo = 0, 50, 100, 150, 250 Nm rad -1 ). We measured metabolic cost, lower limb joint mechanics, and EMG of muscles crossing the ankle, knee, and hip. Results: We measured significant reductions in metabolic cost at the lowest exoskeleton stiffness (50 Nm rad -1 ) for assisted walking at both 1.25 (4.2%; p = 0.032) and 1.75 m s -1 (4.7%; p = 0.009). At these speeds, the metabolically optimal ankle exoskeleton stiffness provided peak assistive torques of ~0.20 Nm kg -1 that resulted in reduced biological ankle moment of ~12% and reduced soleus muscle activity of ~10%. We found no spring stiffness that could reduce the metabolic cost of walking at 1.5 m s -1 . Across all speeds, the non-weighted sum of soleus and tibialis anterior activation rate explained the change metabolic rate due to exoskeleton assistance ( p < .05; R 2 > 0.56)). Conclusions: Elastic ankle exoskeletons with low rotational stiffness reduce users’ metabolic cost of walking at slow and fast walking speeds but not at intermediate walking speed. The relationship between the non-weighted sum of soleus and tibialis activation rate and metabolic cost (R 2 > 0.56) indicates that muscle activation may drive metabolic demand. Future work using computer simulations and ultrasound imaging will get ‘under the skin’ and examine the interaction between exoskeleton stiffness and plantarflexor muscle dynamics to better inform stiffness selection in human-machine systems.
NHC‐Organocatalyzed CAr−O Bond Cleavage: Mild Access to 2‐Hydroxybenzophenones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A Truce–Smiles rearrangement of acyl‐anion equivalents generated by N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis has been achieved. The developed method includes C Ar −O, C Ar −S, or C Ar −N bond cleavage for the formation of a C Ar −C bond and enables access to 2‐hydroxybenzophenones, an important structural motif that is present in several bioactive natural products. By utilizing this procedure, the alkaloid taxilamine was synthesized in three steps. DFT calculations and control experiments support a classical S N Ar mechanism with a catalyst‐bound Meisenheimer‐type intermediate. The method features mild reaction conditions, excellent functional‐group tolerance, and a broad substrate scope, including various classes of (hetero)arenes.
Presence of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by Histopathology, ELISA and RT-PCR

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

บทคดยอ อตสาหกรรมการเพาะเลยงปลาเรนโบวเทราท (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ในประเทศเมกซโก เคยประสบปญหาการตายของปลาซงพบวาอาการดงกลาวมความสมพนธกบโรคตดเชอไวรส infectious pancreatic necrosis virus disease (IPNV) วตถประสงคของการศกษานเพอศกษาศกยภาพของวธการวนจฉยโรค IPNV โดยวธ ELISA จลพยาธวทยา และ RT-PCR. โดยทำการศกษาในฟารมปลาเรนโบวเทราท จำนวน 14 ฟารมทเคยพบการระบาดของโรค พบวารอยละ 21 ของตวอยางทงหมดทเกบจากฟารมใหผลบวกทง 3 วธ การตรวจหาแอนตเจนของไวรส โดยวธ ELISA และ RT-PCR สามารถทใหผลบวกภายในวนท 2 ของวนทปลาเรมปวย ซงทำการยนยนผลโดยวธทางจลพยาธวทยาทสามารถตรวจพบรอยโรคในวนท 5 จากผลการศกษาพบวาวธ ELISA และ RT-PCR มความไว รวดเรว และเปนแนวทางเลอกทดในการวนจฉยโรค IPNV เมอเปรยบเทยบกบการเพาะแยกเชอไวรส และการตรวจรอยโรคทางจลพยาธวทยา ซงสามารถนำวธดงกลาวมาใชในการเฝาระวง ควบคมและปองกนโรคในฟารมปลาไดเปนอยางด คำสำคญ: ELISA, infectious pancreatic necrosis, ปลาเรนโบวเทราท, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Abstract Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in Mexico experiences sporadic and significant fish mortalities, wheredisease signs are associated with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus disease (IPNV). The purpose of the present workwas to support the potential of ELISA, histopathology, and RT-PCR as routine techniques for IPNV detection.Fourteen trout farms were monitored after a disease outbreak. Positive results were confirmed in different collectedorganisms from 21% of tested farms by all 3 techniques. Virus detection by ELISA and RT-PCR was successfullyperformed in only two days after the initial signs of disease were observed in fish, since these methods are fasterwhen compared to histopathology, which only detected signs of disease such as necrosis of the pancreatic acinus andintestine after 5 days. The results suggest that ELISA and RT-PCR offer an early, sensitive, faster and cheaperalternative for the routine detection of IPNV compared to cell culture and histopathology. These techniques can beperformed for fish health monitoring and are reliable tools in the control, prevention and timely detection of IPNV. Keywords: ELISA, infectious pancreatic necrosis, trout, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Novel Prenylated 2‐Quinolinones from East Asian Zanthoxylum Species

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In addition to already known 2‐quinolinones [flindersine ( 3 ), N ‐methylflindersine ( 4 ), 8‐methoxyflindersine ( 5 ), zanthobungeanine ( 6 ), glycolone ( 1 ), O ‐methylglycosolone ( 2 )], four novel derivatives have been isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. The roots of Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Z. simulans contain the novel prenylated schinifoline ( 7 ) and N ‐methylschinifoline ( 8 ), whereas the leaves of Z. simulans predominantly form N ‐acetoxymethylflindersine ( 10 ). From the roots of Z. scandens zascanol epoxide ( 9 ) has been isolated whose prenyl side chain is characterized by an epoxide ring and a terminal hydroxy group.
Coagulation optimization for DOC removal: pilot-scale analysis of UF fouling and disinfection byproduct formation potential

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A pilot-scale study was performed to evaluate a coagulant dose which had been optimized for biopolymer (i.e., foulant) removal on subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) fouling, as well as disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor removal. Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) dosages were selected based on a point of diminishing returns for biopolymer removal (0.5 mg/L) and directly compared to that applied at full-scale (6 mg/L). Membrane fouling (reversible and irreversible) was measured as resistance increase over a 48 hour filtration period. DBP formation potential (total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), haloacetic acids (HAA9) and total adsorbable organic halides (AOX)) were measured in both raw and treated waters. Results of the study indicate that application of a PACl dose optimized for biopolymer reduction (0.5 mg/L) resulted in 65% less irreversible UF fouling when compared to 6 mg/L. The addition of PACl prior to the membrane resulted in up to a 14% reduction in DBP precursors relative to the UF membrane alone. A similar level of DBP precursor reduction was achieved for both 0.5 and 6 mg/L dosages. The results have implications for cost savings, which may be realized due to decreased chemical use, as well as increased membrane life associated with lower irreversible fouling rates.