jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Domain wall brane in squared curvature gravity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We suggest a thick braneworld model in the squared curvature gravity theory. Despite the appearance of higher order derivatives, the localization of gravity and various bulk matter fields is shown to be possible. The existence of the normalizable gravitational zero mode indicates that our four-dimensional gravity is reproduced. In order to localize the chiral fermions on the brane, two types of coupling between the fermions and the brane forming scalar is introduced. The first coupling leads us to a Schrödinger equation with a volcano potential, and the other a Pöschl-Teller potential. In both cases, the zero mode exists only for the left-hand fermions. Several massive KK states of the fermions can be trapped on the brane, either as resonant states or as bound states.
Simultaneous Analysis of Eight Catechins in Tea Drinks by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of catechins in tea drink were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in this study. The polyphenols of green-tea leaves are composed of four major catechins : ( − )-epicatechin (EC), ( − )-epigallocatechin (EGC), ( − )-epicatechin gallate (ECG), and ( − )-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Bottled teas contain not only these epicatechins, but also their epimers : namely ( + )-catechin (C), ( − )-gallocatechin (GC), ( − )-catechin gallate (CG), and ( − )-gallocatechin gallate (GCG). Although the GC/MS is an analytical method useful for identification of unknown compounds, the simultaneous determination of these eight catechins has not been reported because of difficulty in separation between CG and GCG. GC/MS analysis under the analytical condition proposed in this study showed that the eight catechins could be successfully separated and identified. This analysis was very useful for discrimination between a hot water extract of tea leaves and bottled tea, and was applicable to discrimination between green tea and other types of teas, such as oolong tea and black tea.
A multilocus study of pine grosbeak phylogeography supports the pattern of greater intercontinental divergence in Holarctic boreal forest birds than in birds inhabiting other high‐latitude habitats

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Aim Boreal forest bird species appear to be divided into lineages endemic to each northern continent, in contrast to Holarctic species living in open habitats. For example, the three‐toed woodpecker ( Picoides tridactylus ) and the winter wren ( Troglodytes troglodytes ) have divergent Nearctic and Palaearctic mitochondrial DNA clades. Furthermore, in these species, the next closest relative of the Nearctic/Palaearctic sister lineages is the Nearctic clade, suggesting that the Palaearctic may have been colonized from the Nearctic. The aim of this study is to test this pattern of intercontinental divergence and colonization in another Holarctic boreal forest resident – the pine grosbeak ( Pinicola enucleator ). Location The Holarctic. Methods We sequenced the mitochondrial ND2 gene and Z ‐specific intron 9 of the ACO1 gene for 74 pine grosbeaks collected across the Holarctic. The sequences were used to reconstruct the phylogeographical history of this species using maximum likelihood analysis. Results We discovered two distinct mitochondrial and Z ‐specific lineages in the Nearctic and one in the Palaearctic. The two Nearctic mtDNA lineages, one in the northern boreal forest and one in south‐western mountain forest, were more closely related to each other than either was to the Palaearctic clade. Two Nearctic Z‐chromosome clades were sympatric in the boreal and south‐western mountain forests. Unlike the topology of the mtDNA tree, the relationship among the Z‐chromosome clades was the same as in the three‐toed woodpecker and winter wren [Nearctic (Nearctic, Palaearctic)]. The Palaearctic Z‐chromosome clade had much lower genetic diversity and a single‐peak mismatch distribution with a mean < 25% of that for either Nearctic region, both of which had ragged mismatch distributions. Main conclusions Our data suggest that, similar to the other boreal forest species, the pine grosbeak has divergent lineages in each northern continent and could have colonized the Palaearctic from the Nearctic. Compared with many Holarctic birds inhabiting open habitats, boreal forest species appear to be more differentiated, possibly because the boreal forests of the Nearctic and Palaearctic have been isolated since the Pliocene (3.5 Ma).
[Intimal muscular fibrodysplasia responsible for an ischemic gastric ulcer in a patient with a von Recklinghausen's disease: a case report].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 78 year-old woman, suffering from a von Recklinghausen's disease sought medical assistance for hematemesis with anemia. This patient had previously experienced an amputation of the right arm for gangrene. Gastric fibroscopy unveiled a deep chronic ulcus developed in the antrum, highly suspect of malignancy. Multiple biopsies of the ulcer showed mainly interstitial gastritis. The persistence of the hematemesis imposed a subtotal gastrectomy. Pathological examination of the operative specimen evidenced an ischemic ulcer caused by arterial intimal muscular fibrodysplasia with associated neurofibromatosis in the neighboring sub-mucosal layer. This case report highlights the frequent association of phacomatosis especially von Recklinghausen's disease, with vascular lesions whose clinical expression mainly depends on the involved vascular area.
“Quasi Nonparametric” Upper Tolerance Limits for Occupational Exposure Evaluations

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Upper tolerance limits (UTLs) are often used in comparing exposure data sets with an occupational exposure limit (OEL) or other regulatory criterion (RC): if the 95%-95% UTL does not exceed the OEL, one is 95% confident that at most 5% of exposures exceed the OEL, and the comparison "passes." The largest of 59 observations is a nonparametric (distribution-free) 95%-95% UTL (NPUTL); the chance that this largest value equals or exceeds the actual 95th percentile is at least 95%, regardless of the underlying data distribution. That many observations may seem excessive in clean environments or small studies, though, and one would like to "pass" using UTLs based on fewer observations sufficiently far below the OEL or RC. "Quasi-nonparametric" UTLs (QNP UTLs) accomplish this. QNP UTLs assign a "pass" so long as one has "59 [values] less than the RC" (the NPUTL itself), "30 less than 1/2 [of the RC]," "21 less than 1/3," and on down to "8 less than 1/10," the last matching a rule-of-thumb given in 2006 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) guidance. They are derived using the conservative, experience-based assumption that the data distribution is lognormal with log-scale standard deviation σ at most 2.0 (geometric standard deviation at most 7.39). Although based on this assumption, their statistical performance is reasonably unaffected or conservative when data come from other distributions often assumed for contaminant concentrations; moreover, their performance is insensitive to analytical variation. This conservative robustness merits the description "quasi-nonparametric." QNP UTLs are very easy to use. Reporting Limit (RL) issues do not arise. QNP UTLs reduce the numbers of observations needed to support conservative risk management decisions when sampling from compliant working conditions.
Union Aberration of Sweet Cherry on Prunus mahaleb Rootstock Associated with X-disease

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Several sweet cherry (Prunus avium) scions, including cultivars Bing and Sam, on mahaleb roots (P. mahaleb) developed pits and grooves (aberration) in the wood at the union of the scion and rootstock a year after having been graft-inoculated with tissue from trees with symptoms of X-disease. Graft inoculations of Bing trees on Colt (P. avium × P. pseudocerasus) rootstock produced chronic X-disease symptoms consisting of small leaves and small fruit with short pedicels, but no union aberration
SOVEREIGNS VERSUS BANKS: CREDIT, CRISES, AND CONSEQUENCES

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Two separate narratives have emerged in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis. One interpretation speaks of private financial excess and the key role of the banking system in leveraging and deleveraging the economy. The other emphasizes the public sector balance sheet and worries about the risks of lax fiscal policy. However, the two may interact in important and understudied ways. This paper examines the co-evolution of public and private sector debt in advanced countries from 1870 to 2012. We find that in advanced economies financial crises are not preceded by public debt build-ups nor are they more likely when public debt is high. However, history shows that high levels of public debt tend to exacerbate the effects of private sector deleveraging after financial crises. The economic costs of financial crises rise substantially if large private sector credit booms are unwound at times when the public sector has little capacity to pursue macroeconomic and financial stabilization.
Extraphilosophical Instigations in Don Delillo's "Running Dog"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wittgenstein once wrote to a friend, My work consists of two parts: the one presented here plus all that I have not written. And it is precisely this second part that is the important one.' Although he was referring to the Tractatus, the later Philosophical Investigations did not extend his written work into that second part. In fact, the Investigations is even more severe in marking out those areas that could not be entered by the philosopher than was the Tractatus. Don DeLillo alludes to Wittgenstein's letter in his second novel, End Zone. In the closing pages, the narrator visits the room of Taft Robinson, a college football star, and finds that Robinson is quitting football. The narrator looks over the walls of the room for tape-remnants, traces of posters that might have been on the walls:
Effect of Different Types of Loads on the Force-Velocity Relationship Obtained During the Bench Press Throw Exercise

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Cosic, M, Knezevic, OM, Nedeljkovic, A, Djuric, S, Zivkovic, MZ, and Garcia-Ramos, A. Effect of different types of loads on the force-velocity relationship obtained during the bench press throw exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2401–2406, 2021—This study aimed (a) to evaluate the degree of linearity of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship across different types of loads, (b) to compare the magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters (maximum values of force [ F 0 ], velocity [ V 0 ], and power [Pmax]) between the different types of loads, and (c) to explore the concurrent validity of F 0 with traditional measures of maximal strength. The F-V relationships of 15 physically active men (age: 20.9 ± 2.0 years, bench press 1 repetition maximum relative to body mass: 1.20 ± 0.10 kg·kg −1 ) were determined during the bench press throw exercise using predominantly gravitational ( W ), inertial ( I ), and combined ( W + I ) loads. The bench press maximal isometric force (F iso ) and the 1RM were also assessed. The individual F-V relationships were highly linear regardless of the type of load considered (median r [range] = 0.98 [0.94, 1.00]). The W + I load provided the largest value of F 0 (972 ± 45 N; 6.0 and 14.6% higher than W and I , respectively), the I load the largest value of V 0 (2.99 ± 0.34 m·s −1 ; 40.4 and 20.1% higher than W and W + I , respectively), and the W load the lowest value of Pmax (501 ± 46 W; −22.7 and −17.1% lower than I and W + I , respectively). The F 0 obtained from the W load presented the highest association with F iso and 1RM values ( r > 0.90). The W + I load and the I load should be recommended to work closer to the F 0 and V 0 capacities, respectively. However, the W load should be recommended to assess maximal strength capacity through the value of F 0 .
Response of Selected Pinusstrobus L. Clones to Fumigations with Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Response of eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) to ozone (O 3 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) was studied utilizing controlled fumigation chambers in the greenhouse. Tolerant and sensitive clones were fumigated for 6 h at concentrations of 5, 10, 30, and 60 parts per hundred million (p.p.h.m.) O 3 , 2.5, 5, 15, and 45 p.p.h.m. SO 2 , and 2.5 p.p.h.m. SO 2 plus 5 p.p.h.m. O 3 in combination. Response was judged by needle elongation and two indices of direct needle damage.Ozone exposures did not produce a consistent response among tolerant and sensitive classes, while injury caused by SO 2 and SO 2 plus O 3 correlated well with field observations of damage under ambient conditions. The most sensitive clone was injured by concentrations of SO 2 as low as 2.5 ± 1 p.p.h.m. Sixty percent of the tolerant clones were injured by 5 and 15 p.p.h.m. SO 2 , and all tolerant material was injured at 45 p.p.h.m. SO 2 . The interaction of SO 2 and O 3 at low concentrations was established as more serious than that caused by either pollutant alone at similar levels.
Modeling the optimum conditions for the formation of defect-free CVD graphene on copper melt

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The nucleation and growth of nuclei of graphene (graphene islets) on the surfaces of copper melts during catalytic CVD, i.e., the catalytic decomposition of a gas-phase carbon support, is considered. It is shown that on a copper melt the optimum combination of conditions for the preservation of islets with almost perfect hexagonal shape and the necessary conditions of the CVD-process are reached at the same time. The average distance between the islets and the dimensionless parameter that determines changes in the shape of islets is calculated. The maximum rate of decomposition of the carbon support at which this parameter simultaneously promotes the growth of defect-free islets and the maximum possible rate of growth of the graphene monolayer is determined.
Analysis of the Need for the Underwearules Program as a Sexual Education Service in the Prevention of Early Childhood Sexual Violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research is based on the problem of early childhood sexual violence which cases continue to increase every year.The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of needs in the development of the Underwear Rules program as a sexual education service and sexual violence prevention efforts that can reach ages 4 to 6 years.This research uses mixed methods design with embedded mixed methods.This program is expected to identify the constraints and needs in implementing sex education service programs for early childhood.In addition, the birth of this program will make a positive contribution to the science of child education, especially early childhood sex education.
A first meeting place: John Webber’s An Interview Between Captain Cook and the Natives (January 1777)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

On 26 January 1777, on the first stage of his third voyage to the Pacific, James Cook anchored in Adventure Bay on what is now called Bruny Island, Tasmania. Cook encountered the local Nuonenne people on two occasions, the second of which was recorded in an unfinished drawing (possibly done on the spot) by the expedition’s artist, John Webber. Comments in their journals from officers and sailors on board Cook’s ships indicate that the European perceptions and representations of Aboriginal people were initially mediated by the explorers’ stereotypical understanding of other races. However, through a close reading of a number of structural features of Webber’s composition – symmetry, resemblances in opposition, chiasmus, a figure who acts as a spectatorial stand-in, spatialisation – it is argued that Webber’s drawing recognises the Aboriginal people encountered by the British as individuals, attends to the dramaturgy of the encounter, and is marked in various ways by a powerful and grounded indigenous agency. It is proposed that anthropologist Marshall Sahlins’ paradoxical aphorism ‘structure of the conjuncture’ might be used to illuminate and designate the particular quality of events, the ‘indigenous countersigns’, depicted by Webber in this drawing.
Atomic Lifetime Measurements of Highly Charged Ions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Atomic line spectra reveal atomic structure and the fact that energy is quantized. Only transitions between the "fixed" excitation levels of an atom are possible. However, not all combinations of levels occur in actual spectra and not all spectral lines are of similar intensity. These observations point to selection rules (invoking parity, angular momentum, spin, etc.) and to the concept of transition probability, or the "A factor" Aki for a transition from level k to level i. The mean lifetime τ that appears in the exponential decay law of an excited level is the reciprocal of the sum of all transition probabilities from a given level:τk = 1 ΣAki.
The preference-for-signalled-shock phenomenon: Reliability and sensitivity of asymmertical and symmetrical changeover procedures in the skinner box

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The reliability and sensitivity of changeover for signalled inescapable shcok was assessed in seven experiments. Evidence from Experiments la-ld showed that the asymmetrical changeover preparation (ACP) intended to measure preference for signalled to unsignalled shock was not reliable in that a marked and stable changeover for signalled shock could be obtained in only 1 of 24 rats tested. Evidence from Experiment le that rats would not even readily changeover from shock to no shock further indicated that the ACP is an inadequate method for evaluation preference. Experiment IIa employed a significantly more sensitive symmetrical changeover preparation (SCP) wherein preferenc for low over high intensity shock was found, but Experiment IIb, using SCP found that rats are indifferent to a choice between signalled and unsignalled inescapable shock.
Marxism and media studies: key concepts and contemporary trends

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Preface - from the small screen to the big picture. Class and creative labour mode of production - technology and new media the powers of capital - Hollywood's media-industrial complex the state base and superstructure - reconstructing the political unconscious signs, ideology and hegemony commodity fetishism and reification - the world made spectral knowledge, norms and social interests - dilemmas for documentary conclusion - reflections on key concepts and contemporary trends.
PREVENTIVE ACTION OF PROXAZOLE IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED RENAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Proxazole or 3-α-phenylpropyl-5-β-diethylaminoethyl-1, 2, 4-oxadiazole citrate, is an unusual drug because it possesses both anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties (1) and because each of these two properties has some uncommon features. The anti-inflammatory action takes place mostly against edematous responses and is devoid of ulcerogenic effects which are instead produced by most anti-inflammatory drugs; moreover proxazole prevents indomethacin-induced ulcers without exerting any anti-secretory effect (2-3). The antispasmodic activity results in a specific inhibition of smooth muscle spasm, both at the vascular and at the intestinal level, without significant interferences with the physiologic activity of that tissue (1-4). The above data suggested a potential interest in the use of proxazole in pathological situations sustained by ischemic-inflammatory processes. Therefore experiments were undertaken to test proxazole in rats operated according to Grollman (6). In such animals the induced hypertension may be measured and used as an index of renal alterations.
Machine learning driven landslide susceptibility prediction for the Uttarkashi region of Uttarakhand in India

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A landslip is derived from nature and sometimes caused by human activities that endanger humanity and habitation. This work focuses on landslide behaviour for sustainable landslide mitigation and susceptibility analysis. The current research aims to evaluate three state-of-the-art machine learning techniques including, Random Forest (RF), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), and Bayesian Network (BN), to predict the landslide susceptibility for the Uttarakashi district, Uttarakhand (India). For this purpose, a total of 554 landslide locations and eleven influencing factors were integrated to construct a landslide susceptibility map. The landslide inventory data were separated into training and testing sets. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) with other statistical metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and accuracy, was applied to compare the performance of machine learning techniques. The results indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) value for the RF model (AUC=0.89) is high.Furthermore, our findings showed that the RF model performs the best among all the other models with the highest training and testing accuracy, 96% and 86%, respectively. The final landslide susceptibility map is grouped into three classes, i.e. Low, Moderate, and High. The study outcome would provide support to disaster management officials in effective decision-making to prioritise necessary actions.
Two-Component Spin-orbit Effective Core Potential Calculations with an All-electron Relativistic Program DIRAC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have implemented two-component spin-orbit relativistic effective core potential (SOREP) methods in an all-electron relativistic program DIRAC. This extends the capacity of the two-component SOREP method to many ground and excited state calculations in a single program. As the test cases, geometries and energies of the small halogen molecules were studied. Several two-component methods are compared by using spin-orbit and scalar relativistic effective core potentials. For the $I_2$ molecule, excitation energies of low-lying excited states agree well with those from corresponding all-electron methods. Efficiencies in SOREP calculations enhanced by using symmetries are also discussed briefly.