jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bioeconomic Modelling of Wetlands and Waterfowl in Western Canada: Accounting for Amenity Values

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study reexamines and updates an original bioeconomic model of optimal duck harvest and wetland retention by Hammack and Brown (1974, Waterfowl and Wetlands: Toward Bioeconomic Analysis. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future). It then extends the model to include the nonmarket (in situ) value of waterfowl and the ecosystem service and other amenity values of wetlands in addition to the value of ducks to hunters. The focus is the prairie pothole region of Western Canada. Results indicate that wetlands and duck harvests need to be increased relative to historical levels, confirming Hammack and Brown's original conclusions. Including amenity values leads to a significant increase in the quantity of wetlands and hunters’ harvests of ducks relative to models that focus only on hunting values.
Clinical Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Drug-Interaction Profile of the Integrase Inhibitor Dolutegravir

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dolutegravir is a second generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) currently under review by the US FDA for marketing approval. Dolutegravir’s in vitro, protein adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) for wild-type virus is 0.064 μg/ml, and it retains in vitro anti-HIV 1 activity across a broad range of viral phenotypes known to confer resistance to the currently marketed INSTIs, raltegravir and elvitegravir. Dolutegravir has a half-life (t½) of 13 to 14 hours and maintains concentrations over the in vitro, protein adjusted IC90 for more than 30 hours following a single dose. Additionally, dolutegravir has comparatively low intersubject variability compared to raltegravir and elvitegravir. A plasma exposure-response relationship has been well described, with antiviral activity strongly correlating to trough concentration (Ctrough) values. Phase III trials have assessed the antiviral activity of dolutegravir compared with efavirenz and raltegravir in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve patients and found dolutegravir to achieve more rapid and sustained virologic suppression in both instances. Additionally, studies of dolutegravir activity in patients with known INSTI-resistant mutations have been favorable, indicating that dolutegravir retains activity in a variety of INSTI resistant phenotypes. Much like currently marketed INSTIs, dolutegravir is very well tolerated. Because dolutegravir inhibits the renal transporter, organic cation transporter (OCT) 2, reduced tubular secretion of creatinine leads to non-progressive increases in serum creatinine. These serum creatinine increases have not been associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate or progressive renal impairment. Dolutegravir’s major and minor metabolic pathways are UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A1 and cytochrome (CYP)3A4, respectively, and it neither induces nor inhibits CYP isozymes. Thus dolutegravir has a modest drug interaction profile. However, antacids significantly decrease dolutegravir plasma exposure and should be separated by 2 hours before, or 6 hours after, a dolutegravir dose. In summary, dolutegravir is the first of the second generation INSTIs, which exhibits a predictable pharmacokinetic profile and a well-defined exposure-response relationship. Dolutegravir retains activity despite the presence of some class resistant mutations and achieves rapid and sustained virologic suppression in ARV-naïve and -experienced patients. Clinically dolutegravir is poised to become a commonly used component of antiretroviral regimens.
Predicting ionospheric storm-time fof2 using Support Vector Machine

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Using data from two ionosonde stations, Haikou and Chongqing, based on the knowledge gained from the variability of low latitude ionospheric storms, we have developed an empirical model using a new technique, Support Vector Machine, to predict the storm time F2 layer critical frequency, fof2. The model is driven by Dst, AE index and the historical data of fof2. Ionosonde data was sorted as a function of season, and the intensity of the storm, to obtain the corresponding dependencies. It indicated that the model described here can capture the low latitude storm time F2 layer variability at most times.
Tetrandrine (TET) Induces Death Receptors Apo Trail R1 (DR4) and Apo Trail R2 (DR5) and Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, but not in normal cells; as such, it is a promising therapeutic agent. However, therapeutic resistance limits its clinical use in many malignancies, including prostate cancer. Strategies to sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL are urgently needed. We demonstrate here that small-molecule tetrandrine (TET) potentially sensitizes previously resistant (LNCaP and C4-2B cells) and mildly sensitive (PC3 cells) prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and they do so by upregulating mRNA expression and protein levels of death receptors Apo Trail R1 (DR4) and Apo Trail R2 (DR5). Using shRNA knockdown, we show critical requirement of DR4 and DR5 in sensitization of prostate cancer cells to TRAIL. We show that double knockdown of DR4 and DR5 abrogated the apoptotic effects of TET and TRAIL. We also demonstrate that TET-induced DR4 and DR5 expression is independent of p53 status. Given that loss of p53 is associated with progression of prostate cancer to CRPC and NEPC, our results show that TET, by acting as a TRAIL-sensitizing agent in prostate cancer, could serve as a potential therapeutic agent in CRPC and NEPC, for which there is no cure to date. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1217–28. ©2018 AACR.
CO-REGISTRATION AIRBORNE LIDAR POINT CLOUD DATA AND SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL IMAGE REGISTRATION BASED ON COMBINED ADJUSTMENT

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Aim at the problem of co-registration airborne laser point cloud data with the synchronous digital image, this paper proposed a registration method based on combined adjustment. By integrating tie point, point cloud data with elevation constraint pseudo observations, using the principle of least-squares adjustment to solve the corrections of exterior orientation elements of each image, high-precision registration results can be obtained. In order to ensure the reliability of the tie point, and the effectiveness of pseudo observations, this paper proposed a point cloud data constrain SIFT matching and optimizing method, can ensure that the tie points are located on flat terrain area. Experiments with the airborne laser point cloud data and its synchronous digital image, there are about 43 pixels error in image space using the original POS data. If only considering the bore-sight of POS system, there are still 1.3 pixels error in image space. The proposed method regards the corrections of the exterior orientation elements of each image as unknowns and the errors are reduced to 0.15 pixels.
Thrombosis in Critically Ill Influenza Patients: Incidence and Risk Factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Influenza infection is associated with a risk of thrombosis. Whether factors associated with reduced thrombosis might also be associated with reduced risk in patients with severe influenza is unknown. To investigate risk factors associated with thrombosis in patients with severe influenza. We used a cohort data set to identify adults diagnosed with severe influenza. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models explored potential risk factors for thrombosis events in patients with severe influenza. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the risk factors for mortality in patients with severe influenza. A total of 854 patients with severe influenza were included in the analysis. The incidence of VTE was 9.37% (80/854). Multivariable regression analysis showed that previous aspirin medication (OR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.14-0.84; P = .029) could reduce the risk factor of thrombosis in patients with severe influenza. Compared with patients in the non-thrombosis group, patients in the thrombosis group required more mechanical ventilation ( P < .001), tracheostomy ( P < .001), ECMO ( P = .046), and high-frequency ventilation ( P = .004). The incidence of co-infection was higher in the thrombosis group compared to the non-thrombosis group ( P = .025). Univariable Cox regression analysis showed that previous aspirin medication (HR 0.52, 95%CI: 0.33-0.82, P = .005) and previous statin medication (HR 0.54, 95%CI: 0.34-0.87, P = .011) were risk factors for 60-day mortality in patients with severe influenza. Patients with severe influenza are at high risk for thrombosis. The effect of aspirin on thrombosis in patients with severe influenza needs further investigation.
Contracts: A Holistic Perspective

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In a lengthy editorial in ASCE News (2004) Patricia Galloway, P.E. calls for engineers to "lead the way" in the development of engineering and construction contracts. She notes that a significant portion of the problems that occur in projects today relate to management issues that result from "a failure to understand the basic tool that governs all projects.... the contract." In discussing these issues, engagement with the legal profession is seen as a critical step towards this leadership position. This paper argues that indeed the contract is a key component of all projects, however the understanding required goes beyond that which is encompassed in a legalistic perspectives. Contracts define the playing field upon which the project evolves bringing economic and social-psychological issues into play. Understanding contracts require an understanding of these forces.
Biomedical response to products and effluents from the University of Minnesota-Duluth gasifier

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Electrostatic precipitator tars from the UMD gasifier were found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay and were confirmed in the yeast assay. After chemical fractionation of the ESP tars, it was found that the mutagenic activity was contributed principally by the organic constituents of the basic fraction, and only secondarily by constituents of the neutral fraction. The ESP tars occupy a position intermediate to the low-activity petroleum crude oils and the relatively higher-activity coal-derived liquids, with respect to mutagenic potential. Aqueous extracts of ESP tar were embryotoxic and teratogenic in the amphibian system. Distilled water leachates of bottom ash were both embryotoxic and teratogenic in the amphibian system. ESP tar caused decreased postnatal survival, cytotoxicity, and some teratogenicity coincident to the mouse spot test, but there was no evidence of mutation induction. ESP tar caused transient loss of reproductive capacity in mice. There was a detectable increase in dominant-lethal mutations at all stages in spermatogenesis. ESP tars were slightly toxic to mice when given orally. Moderate toxicity was noted following intraperitoneal injection. Tar samples caused moderate, albeit reversible, eye irritation. The data obtained in the mouse lung adenoma bioassay indicate that ESP tar is tumorigenic. ESP tar is carcinogenicmore » mouse skin. 10 references.« less
On the Formation of a Protic Ionic Liquid in Nature

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The practical utility of ionic liquids (ILs) makes the absence (heretofore) of reported examples from nature quite puzzling, given the facility with which nature produces many other types of exotic but utilitarian substances. In that vein, we report here the identification and characterization of a naturally occurring protic IL. It can be formed during confrontations between the ants S. invicta and N. fulva. After being sprayed with alkaloid‐based S. invicta venom, N. fulva detoxifies by grooming with its own venom, formic acid. The mixture is a viscous liquid manifestly different from either of the constituents. Further, we find that the change results as a consequence of formic acid protonation of the N centers of the S. invicta venom alkaloids. The resulting mixed‐cation ammonium formate milieu has properties consistent with its classification as a protic IL.
An Improved Iterative Reweighted STAP Algorithm for Airborne Radar

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, sparse recovery-based space-time adaptive processing (SR-STAP) technique has exhibited excellent performance with insufficient samples. Sparse Bayesian learning algorithms have received considerable attention for their remarkable and reliable performance. Its implementation in large-scale radar systems is however hindered by the overwhelming computational load and slow convergence speed. This paper aims to address these drawbacks by proposing an improved iterative reweighted sparse Bayesian learning algorithm based on expansion-compression variance-components (ExCoV-IIR-MSBL). Firstly, a modified Bayesian probabilistic model for SR-STAP is introduced. Exploiting the intrinsic sparsity prior of the clutter, we divide the space-time coefficients into two parts: the significant part with nontrivial coefficients and the irrelevant part with small or zero coefficients. Meanwhile, we only assign independent hyperparameters to the coefficients in the significant part, while the remaining coefficients share a common hyperparameter. Then the generalized maximum likelihood (GML) criterion is adopted to classify the coefficients, ensuring both accuracy and efficiency. Hence, the parameter space in Bayesian inference will be significantly reduced, and the computational efficiency can be considerably promoted. Both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments validate that the proposed algorithm achieves superior performance with considerably improved computational efficiency in sample shortage scenarios.
Effect of Dietary <i>Kaempferia parviflora</i> on Ischemic Brain Injury in the rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Problem statement: Stroke often causes irreversible neuronal damage and related behavioral deficits. The lack of effective and widely applicable pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke patients may explain a growing interest in traditional plant medicines. We investigated the ability of consuming Kaempferia parviflora extract, a Thai medicinal plant reputed for neuroprotective effects against brain damage, reduced infarct volume and improve neurological outcome in rats with permanent right Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO). Approach: Male adult Wistar rats were administrated an alcoholic extract of KP orally once daily at a period of 14 days before and 7 days after MCAO. Neurological function assessment was performed at 7 days after MCAO using the 6-points postural reflex test. The brain infarct volume and the densities of survival neurons in hippocampus were also determined at the end of experiment. Results: Oral administration with KP at a dose of 200 mg kg-1 BW significantly improved the neurological behavior performances and reduced the infarct volume when compared to the vehicle treated group. The reductions of survival neurons densities were also mitigated. Conclusion: The consumption of KP extract may have the possibility of protective effect against neurological disorders such as brain ischemia, while further investigations about precise underlying the defense mechanism against cerebral ischemia are still required.
TECHNIQUE AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR BUNCH SHAPE MEASUREMENTS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Bunch shape is one of the most important, interesting but difficult to observe characteristics of a beam in ion linear accelerators. Different possibilities of bunch shape measurements are considered but the emphasis is put on the Bunch Shape Monitors (BSM) developed in INR RAS. The operation of BSM is based on coherent transformation of a longitudinal structure of a beam under study into a transverse distribution of a secondary electron beam through rf scanning. BSM characteristics found both by simulations and experimentally are presented. Modifications of BSM are described. Some experimental results of bunch observations are demonstrated.
Energy Relativity and its Implications on the Energy Conservation Principle

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will provide the exact amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, which implies that Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will conclude, with complete validity, that the amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, can be indeed represented by a constant value. The above implies that Humans are not able to provide a proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, which means, that the Energy Conservation Principle is presented only as an axiom, even though, it is a corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics. Thus, in view of the above, this paper tries to examine the extent of the validity that Humans can attribute, to the Energy Conservation Principle. Initially, this paper tries to explore, if the evaluation of the amount of Energy, only in certain specific Energy components, in the Universe, will result in the evaluations of the same Energy amounts, by any Human evaluator, or, if separate Human evaluators might arrive at different results, relating to the Total Energy Content, of these certain several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. Thus, in view of the above, this paper provides significant arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. The above implies that Energy evaluations by Humans is relative to the specific Human evaluating that Energy. Moreover, this paper also provides significant arguments that Humans that evaluate the amount of Energy in specific Energy components, and then experience an Acceleration, and following this Acceleration end up in an Inertial Frame of Reference which is moving at a different velocity, as compared to the velocity that existed in the Inertial Frame of Reference, in which these Humans resided, before they experienced the above mentioned Acceleration, will change their evaluations, as related to the amount of Energy embedded in the same above mentioned Energy components. The above further supports the conclusion, presented above, that Energy evaluations by Humans is relative to the specific Human evaluating that Energy. The paper then elaborates on the Implications of what was presented above, on the Energy Conservation Principle.
Polymorphism in Army Ants Related to Division of Labor and Colony Cyclic Behavior

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Comparisons of frequency distributions and allometric relationships of pupal size among species representing the doryline ant genera Eciton, Neivamyrmex, and Aenictus indicate that Eciton and Neivamyrmex are polymorphic, while Aenictus is best classified as quasi-monomorphic. In some cases it is possible to assess the adaptiveness of the contribution of an organism's morphological allometric relationships to its function in colony activities. In Eciton hamatum, for example, the relative size of the legs of the submajor workers facilitates their role in raiding and emigrating. Differences in the details of colony cyclic behavior between polymorphic Eciton and Neivamyrmex and monomorphic Aenictus may be due, in part, to corresponding differences in the physiological properties of the individual workers. In polymorphic Eciton and Neivamyrmex, workers differing in size and morphology may also differ in excitability and in sensitivity to chemical and tactual stimuli. This condition would tend to buffer stimuli that might ordinarily arouse the colony sufficiently so that an emigration would result. In monomorphic Aenictus, all individuals react similarly to arousal stimuli, so that waves of excitation spread quickly throughout the colony, resulting in frequent mass exoduses.
Creating and troubleshooting microscopy analysis workflows: common challenges and common solutions.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As microscopy diversifies and becomes ever-more complex, the problem of quantification of microscopy images has emerged as a major roadblock for many researchers. All researchers must face certainchallenges in turning microscopy images into answers, independent of their scientific question and the images they've generated. Challenges may arise at many stages throughout the analysis process, including handling of the image files, image pre-processing, object finding, or measurement, and statistical analysis. While the exact solution required for each obstacle will be problem-specific, by understanding tools and tradeoffs, optimizing data quality, breaking workflows and data sets into chunks, talking to experts, and thoroughly documenting what has been done, analysts at any experience level can learn to overcome these challenges and create better and easier image analyses.
“Does It Really Get Better After Dad Leaves?” Children’s Experiences With Domestic Violence: A Qualitative Systematic Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Domestic violence (DV) can persist and escalate post-separation. However, little focus has been given to children exposed to DV during this period. This review aims to consolidate the available evidence on children’s post-separation experiences with DV caused by their fathers. A qualitative systematic review was carried out. Six electronic databases were searched from the inception of each database until July 2022. Qualitative studies of children aged below 24 years, with biological fathers that committed DV, of which each had experienced parental separation were selected. Twenty studies were included in this review after screening according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. Using Sandelowski and Barroso’s analysis method, a meta-summary and a meta-synthesis were conducted. Three major themes with eight subthemes were identified: (1) continued abuse post-separation, (2) child’s wavering mind of their fathers, and (3) wrangling between past and present. Overall, the findings highlighted that the experience of DV persisted post-separation through various forms of abuse. Children also struggled with mixed feelings and thoughts toward their fathers. They found it hard to trust their fathers and were cautious about their fathers’ intentions regarding love and interest. Some children had difficulty interacting with their fathers and were exploited by them. Different stakeholders such as healthcare professionals and court officials can play a significant role in supporting and protecting children exposed to DV and schools can play a significant role in empowering children against DV.
A Graph Decomposition motivated by the Geometry of Randomized Rounding

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a graph decomposition which exists for all simple, connected graphs $G=(V,E)$. The decomposition $V = A \cup B \cup C$ is such that each vertex in $A$ has more neighbors in $B$ than in $A$ and vice versa. $C$ is `balanced': each $v \in C$ has the same number of neighbours in $A$ and $B$. These decompositions arise naturally from the behavior of an associated dynamical system (`Randomized Rounding') on $(\mathbb{S}^1)^{|V|}$. Connections to judicious partitions and the \textsc{MaxCut} problem (in particular the Burer-Monteiro-Zhang heuristic) are being discussed.