jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bioequivalence Test and Its Significance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Bioequivalence is defined as the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives becomes available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses in an appropriately designed study. If a drug is to be bioequivalent to the reference drug, the confidence interval for both pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC(area under the plasma concentration-time curve) and Cmax(maximal plasma concentration), must be entirely within the 80% to 125% of those of the reference drug. Underlying the concept of bioequivalence is the thesis that, if a drug product contains a drug substance that is chemically identical and is delivered to the site of action at the same rate and extent as another drug product, then it is equivalent and can be substituted for that drug product. The primary concern from the regulatory point of view is the protection of the patient against approval of products that are not bioequivalent. In this paper the general concept and the practical significance of the bioequivalence is described. The recently revised Korean guideline for bioequivalence test is also discussed.
Syntheses of Phospholipids Containing 2-Nitrobenzyl Ester Moieties at the Terminals of Alkyl Chains and Properties of Photodegradable Liposomes from the Lipids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Phospholipid 1a bearing 2-nitrobenzyl ester moieties as a photocleavable group at the terminal of alkyl chains was synthesized from the corresponding terminal carboxy-bearing phospholipid 2 by the reaction with 2-nitrophenyl-substituted diazomethane. Phospholipid, 1b bearing α-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl group, 1c bearing 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl group, and 1d bearing α-methyl-4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl group were similarly synthesized by the use of the respective diazo compounds. The order of photolysis rates of 2-nitrobenzyl ester linkage of phospholipids by ultrahigh-pressure mercury lamp is 1b ≥ 1d &gt; 1a &gt; 1c. Liposomes of 1a—1d containing calcein in the inner aqueous layer were prepared by vortexing, sonication, and gel-filtration. UV irradiation resulted in fast release of the entrapped fluorescence dye. The order of release rates : 1b ≥ 1d &gt; 1c &gt; 1a is consistent with that of photolysis rates except for 1c, which has poor retention of the dye.
Geochemical evidence for the formation of a large miocene “travertine” mound at a sublacustrine spring in a soda lake (Wallerstein castle rock, nördlinger ries, Germany)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Travertines” (tufa pinnacles) of the Miocene Riescrater basin have been investigated to test whether carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes can be used for the recognition of fossil subaquatic spring deposits in high-alkalinity settings. The Ries basin “travertines” have so far been interpreted as a product of subaerial to sublacustrine artesian springs discharging calcareous groundwater into a freshwater or slightly saline lake. However, recent studies on microfacies and fabric development propose a formation at Ca2+-supplying sublacustrine springs of a soda lake. Geochemical analysis of “travertines” of the castle rock Wallerstein, including “sickle-cell” limestones, thrombolites, non-skeletal stromatolites, and speleothems, now support the latter interpretation. High Sr contents surpassing that of the contemporaneously formed dolomitic algal biocherms of the lake shore point to an aragonitic composition of primary precipitates. the δ13C values of diagenetically moderately to weakly altered “travertine” facies types are in the same range of the impact-brecciated Upper Jurassic limestones, thus, are inconsistent with a mixture of soil-derived CO2 and CO32− from the Jurassic limestones. In addition, the δ18O values are too high to support a significant contribution of CO32− by meteoric waters seeping through marine Jurassic limestones. Instead the δ13C and δ18O values indicate an origin of the CO32− from a lake water body characterized by evaporation. This is consistent with a sodium-rich lake water as indicated by high sodium contents of aragonitic algal bioherms of the lake shore. The87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio of the “travertine” mound carbonates are consistent with calculated mixing of spring waters discharging from the crystalline basement and lake water high in dissolved inorganic carbon. This points to an origin of the divalent cations from sublacustrine spring waters. In turn,87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of green algal reef carbonates of the lake shore are closer to that of the Upper Jurassic carbonates, due to surface run-off from surrounding limestone uplands.
Codeword based power loading in MU-MIMO

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Precoding is a common technique used in wireless transmissions where multiple data streams are spatially multiplexed by an access point or base station to a number of receiving stations by using multiple transmit antennas. The design of the precoder can be divided into two separate functional blocks: 1) the transmit filters, for example zero-forcing or minimum mean-square error, with unit norm columns and 2) the power loading. In a conventional system the transmit filters and power loading strategy are applied on individual OFDM subcarriers or groups of subcarriers. In this paper we study a codeword based power loading strategy combined with precoding. In this new technique the power allocation is done jointly across the subcarriers spanned by the encoded transmissions to optimise some codeword-related performance requirement. Simulations show that this strategy offers performance gain in terms of both packet error rate and throughput over conventional per-subcarrier power loading. The saving in computational complexity can also be significant, particularly for the MMSE precoder design.
Case Report: Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis of the breast: case report and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis, also known as diabetic mastopathy, is a rare and benign pathology predominantly observed in young women with type I diabetes, typically with degenerative complications. Clinically, the lesion can mimic carcinoma. Biopsy remains the gold standard for a definitive diagnosis. Radical surgery is generally unnecessary when histological verification can be achievedusing core needle biopsy. This case report details the clinical and radiological findings, as well as the management of a 33-year-old patient with a 22-year history of type I diabetes who presented with sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis.
Zooplankton diversity of drainage system reservoirs at an opencast mine

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine the structure of zooplankton in three artificial water reservoirs, the technological function of which is to pre-treat waters from a drainage system of a brown coal open mine by removing inorganic suspension. The background for the zooplankton qualitative and quantitative analyses was the hydrochemical conditions in the individual reservoirs. The greatest zooplankton abundance ( N ), number of taxa ( n ), Shannon’s diversity ( H' ), and species eveness ( J' ) was noted in reservoir Chabielice ( N mean = 1311 ind. L −1 , n = 26, H' = 2.09, J' = 0.64) which was dominated by eurytopic Rotifera species ( Keratella cochlearis , Keratella tecta , Keratella valga , Polyarthra longiremis , Filinia longiseta ). Their abundance was positively correlated with water pH and nutrient concentrations. Reservoir Kamień was characterized by the highest mean values of total suspension (9.6 mg L −1 ), chlorophyll a (Chl a ) content (10.4 μg L −1 ), and water temperature (20.0 °C). These factors significantly correlated with crustacean biomass. The thermal-oxygenation conditions, low trophic level, and low productivity of the water (Chl a = 5.4 μg L −1 ) in reservoir Północny determined the overall low zooplankton abundance ( N mean = 153 ind. L −1 ). Artificial water bodies of opencast mine drainage systems are biologically unstable, but they do have some characteristics of natural ecosystems, and they do take over their functions. Zooplankton is an indicator of their ecological functionality. Knowledge gained about such reservoirs could contribute to decision-making about strategies for water reclamation and how to manage it.
Centromere-proximal suppression of meiotic crossovers in Drosophila is robust to changes in centromere number, repetitive DNA content, and centromere-clustering

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis depends on both the presence and the regulated placement of crossovers (COs). The centromere effect, or CO exclusion in pericentromeric regions of the chromosome, is a meiotic CO patterning phenomenon that helps prevent nondisjunction, thereby protecting against chromosomal disorders and other meiotic defects. Despite being identified nearly a century ago, the mechanisms behind this fundamental cellular process remain unknown, with most studies of the Drosophila centromere effect focusing on local influences of the centromere and pericentric heterochromatin. In this study, we sought to investigate whether dosage changes in centromere number and repetitive DNA content affect the strength of the centromere effect, using phenotypic recombination mapping. Additionally, we studied the effects of repetitive DNA function on centromere effect strength using satellite DNA–binding protein mutants displaying defective centromere-clustering in meiotic nuclei. Despite what previous studies suggest, our results show that the Drosophila centromere effect is robust to changes in centromere number, repetitive DNA content, as well as repetitive DNA function. Our study suggests that the centromere effect is unlikely to be spatially controlled, providing novel insight into the mechanisms behind the Drosophila centromere effect.
Study on training methods and generalization performance of deep learning for image classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial intelligence is experiencing a resurgence in recent years. This is due to the growing ability to collect and store a considerable amount of digitized data. These huge databases allow machine learning algorithms to respond to certain tasks through supervised learning. Among the digitized data, images remain predominant in the modern environment. Huge datasets have been created. moreover, the image classification has allowed the development of previously neglected models, deep neural networks or deep learning. This family of algorithms demonstrates a great facility to learn perfectly datasets, even very large. Their ability to generalize remains largely misunderstood, but the networks of convolutions are today the undisputed state of the art. From a research and application point of view of deep learning, the demands will be more and more demanding, requiring to make an effort to bring the performances of the neuron networks to the maximum of their capacities. This is the purpose of our research, whose contributions are presented in this thesis. We first looked at the issue of training and considered accelerating it through distributed methods. We then studied the architectures in order to improve them without increasing their complexity. Finally, we particularly study the regularization of network training. We studied a regularization criterion based on information theory that we deployed in two different ways.
Rheological Properties Study of Oral Hydrogels Containing Phenobarbital for a Potiential Pediatric Use

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This present study is a continuation of our work entitled “pH-thermosensitive oral chitosan-based hydrogels containing phenobarbital for a potential pediatric use”. The results of that previous study have shown their potential use in newborns in particular premature newborns while the oral form containing phenobarbital is a tablet and is unsuitable for newborns. Thus, in order to have a suitable device for the administration of hydrogels oral formulations to newborns, we have done rheology studies to complement our work. For this we have studied the variation of the viscosity of hydrogels containing phenobarbital as a function of shear rate and time. Phenobarbital is an active drug used in neonatal treatment of epilepsy. The viscosity measurements of hydrogels are carried out using a Fungilab V'PAD Rotational Viscometer (100–240V/50–60Hz) Type 'R series then ANOVA test was used to analysis the results. The results showed that the hydrogels had a non-Newtonian behavior with shear-thinning and thixotropic type which depends on the chitosan concentration, the storage temperature hydrogels, the presence of Eudragit E100 and the final solution’s pH. Rheological properties study have shown that a syringe-type device would be suitable for oral administration of hydrogels formulations to neonates.
Neuropathic Pain among Patients with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis: Results of a Cross-sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Center in Southern India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Pain in knee osteoarthritis (OA) may have a neuropathic component. We used the Douleur Neuropathique in 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire to assess neuropathic pain in knee OA and to identify factors associated with neuropathic pain. Methods: A total of 161 patients with knee OA satisfying the American College of Rheumatology 1986 classification criteria for knee OA were prospectively studied. DN4 questionnaire was administered; a score of ≥4/10 was classified as diagnostic for neuropathic pain. The Indian version of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function. Factors associated with neuropathic pain were explored. Results: Mean age was 55.7 ± 8.8 years. The mean total Indian WOMAC was 75.07 ± 13.8 and WOMAC pain score was 16.1 ± 3.6. Seventy-nine patients of 161 (49%) had DN4 score ≥4 (neuropathic pain present). When diabetics were excluded (n = 58), the proportion of patients with DN4 score ≥4 reduced to 45.6%. The most frequently described pain characteristic was sensation of electric shock (58.4%). Mean total WOMAC and physical function subscale were significantly higher in neuropathic pain group when compared to the group without neuropathic pain (DN4 ≤3), 77.5 ± 11.5 versus 72.6 ± 15.5, P = 0.024 and 54.3 ± 8.8 and 49.8 ± 12.6, respectively, P = 0.008. Conclusions: Neuropathic pain (DN4 ≥4) was seen in up to 49% patients with knee OA. Centrally acting drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants or duloxetine can be used to improve the quality of life and physical function of knee OA patients with neuropathic pain.
Fibre Size Frequency in the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves of Man and Giraffe

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

An Optomax Image Analyser has been used to carry out fibre-size analyses in six pairs of human recurrent laryngeal nerve and two pairs of recurrent nerves from adult giraffes. in every case the left recurrent laryngeal nerve was found to contain a greater number of large, fast-conducting fibres. Since this nerve is longer than the right, these findings may explain the simultaneous arrival of motor impulses to both sides of the laryngeal musculature.
Aerobically Stable and Substitutionally Labile α-Diimine Rhenium Dicarbonyl Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

New synthetic routes to aerobically stable and substitutionally labile a-diimine rhenium(I) dicarbonyl complexes are described. The molecules are prepared in high yield from the cis-cis-trans- [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)Br 2 ] - anion ( 2 , where t Bu 2 bpy is 4,4'-di- tert -butyl-2,2'-bipyridine), which can be isolated from the one electron reduction of the corresponding 17-electron complex ( 1 ). Compound 2 is stable in the solid state, but in solution it is oxidized by molecular oxygen back to 1 . Replacement of a single bromide of 2 by s-donor monodentate ligands (Ls) yields stable neutral 18-electron cis-cis-trans- [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)Br(L)] species. In coordinating solvents like methanol the halide is replaced giving the corresponding solvated cations. [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)Br(L)] species can be further reacted with Ls to prepare stable cis-cis-trans- [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)(L) 2 ] + complexes in good yield. Ligand substitution of Re(I) complexes proceeds via pentacoordinate intermediates capable of Berry pseudorotation. In addition to the cis-cis-trans- complexes, cis-cis-cis- (all cis) enantiomers are also formed. In particular, cis-cis-trans- [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)(L) 2 ] + complexes establish an equilibrium with all cis enantiomers in solution. The solid state crystal structure of nearly all molecules presented could be elucidated. The molecules adopt a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. In comparison to similar fac -[Re(CO) 3 ] + complexes, Re(I) diacarbonyl species are characterized by a bend (ca. 7°) of the axial ligands towards the a-diimine unit. [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)Br 2 ] - and [Re(CO) 2 ( t Bu 2 bpy)Br(L)] complexes may be considered as synthons for the preparation of a variety of new stable diamagnetic dicarbonyl rhenium cis- [Re(CO) 2 ] + complexes, offering a convenient entry in the chemistry of the core.
Orofacial complaints and complications of chemotherapy

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Oral complications of chemotherapy are sometimes unnoticed and if not treated, they can compromise patients? health and quality of life. Methods: This study aimed to assess and characterize orofacial complaints and complications, and their impact on the oral-health-related quality of life in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. Results: We evaluated 28 patients with solid tumors undergoing chemotherapy, through a systematic orofacial evaluation. Eighteen patients (64.2%) developed oral complications during chemotherapy and xerostomia scored the highest incidence n = 14 (50%). About oral health data, gingival index revealed greater part of patients classified with moderate or severe gingival inflammation. The mean plaque index was 25.6%. The mean CPOD index was 15.48 and was worse in patients without oral complications. The patients presented higher plaque index and the oral health impact profile showed higher mean index in the patients group that developed oral complications. Conclusion: These data reinforce the crucial role of the dentist in the multidisciplinary team, with crucial suport in the diagnosis of oral complications. Thus, a specific assistance and relieve of patient?s complaints could impact positively on quality of life.
Computation Acceleration On Sgi Rasc: Fpga Based Reconfigurable Computing Hardware

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper a novel method of computation using FPGA technology is presented. In severalcases this method provides a calculations speedup with respect to the General PurposeProcessors (GPP). The main concept of this approach is based on such a design of computinghardware architecture to fit algorithm dataflow and best utilize well known computingtechniques as pipelining and parallelism. Configurable hardware is used as a implementationplatform for custom designed hardware. Paper will present implementation results ofalgorithms those are used in such areas as cryptography, data analysis and scientific computation.The other promising areas of new technology utilization will also be mentioned,bioinformatics for instance. Mentioned algorithms were designed, tested and implemented onSGI RASC platform. RASC module is a part of Cyfronet’s SGI Altix 4700 SMP system. Wewill also present RASC modern architecture. In principle it consists of FPGA chips and veryfast, 128-bit wide local memory. Design tools avaliable for designers will also be presented.
Phosphatidylserine and phospholipid scramblase in mast cell signaling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

6. CONCLUSIONS 1. We found that mast cell stimulation can induce PS externalization in the absence of secretory response. 2. We identified GPI-APs as molecules whose engagement can induce sustained and reversible non-apoptotic PS externalization. 3. GPI-AP-induced PS externalization was determined as non- apoptotic and distinct from the FceRl-induced PS externalization. 4. The effect of multiple triggering on PS externalization was additive and dependent on a tlpe of stimulus and cells engaged. 5. We identifred PLSCR1 as a molecule that becomes tyrosine phosphorylated in mast cells stimulated through GPI-APs. 6. We found that the PLSCR1 tyrosine phosphorylation is not associated with mast cell secretory response' and with GPI-AP- or FceRl-induced non-apoptotic PS externalization. 7. Using confocal microscopy and electron microscopy visualization of PLSCR1 in the course of mast cell activation we found that PLSCR1: (1) is not co-localized with extemalized PS, (2) is not co- localized with aggregated Thy-l.l or FceR[, and (3) does not form self-aggregates. 8. We děřelóped a modifred one-tube semi-nested PCR-ELISA. The modified assay showed higher sensitivity and specificity than the conventional hybridization-based and a modified semi-nested- based PCR-ELISA. Due to its versatility and robustness, the...
Hypericin Contents of Hypericum erectum Thunberg

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To explore the Korea native plants to substitute for St. John's wort, which produce hypericin that use commercially for the treatment of mild to moderate depression, hypericin contents of Hypericum erectum and H. ascyron collected in two mountain of Korea were examined. From TLC and TLC-densitometer analysis of hypericin contents and biosynthetic pattern, hypericin was detected in flower and leaf of H. erectum, but not in all organs of H. ascyron. The hypericin content of H. erectum grown 200 m high hill in Mt. Byoung-pung was higher than that of Mt. Ji-ri 500 m and 1300 m high hill. When the seasonal variation of hypericin contents in H. erectum leaf collected from two regions was investigated, leaf collected from both regions on July was higher than other seasons.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Anion and Acetylide Equivalents with Functions.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[Neurophysiologic features of twilight consciousness disorders in epilepsy].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In order to study the systemic brain activity in disorders of consciousness, 40 epileptic patients with twilight states were examined during the intra-attack period by the clinical methods and evoked potentials technique. An analysis of the amplitude-tempolabile waves of evoked potentials permitted to detect certain traits in the functioning of the afferent brain systems during twilight states and after egress from psychosis. An attempt has been made to explain on the basis of the data obtained the mechanisms of the clinical symptomatology in the test group of patients.