jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GCFR main helium circulator and electric drive

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

One of the major objectives of the helium circulators for the gas-cooled fast breeder reactor (GCFR) is to achieve the highest possible operational reliability. This is no simple task considering the plant system integration requirements, auxiliary support systems, all possible transient requirements, and resulting complexity in supplying the driving power, primary coolant flow control, and lubrication and sealing. Therefore, the design of the circulator itself is highly dependent on the type of prime mover selected to drive the circulator, e.g., series turbine, parallel turbine, or electric motor. The circulator main drive has evolved from the series steam turbine drive into the variable-speed, synchronous electric motor drive mounted externally to the reactor and controlled by thyristor variable frequency controller. This design is a result of 18 months of joint effort by General Atomic Company and Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
Patient Safety: Adverse events notified in the Southern Region of Brazil, 2014-2019

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: One in ten inpatients suffers damage from healthcare, most of which is preventable. Objective: To describe the occurrence and characteristics of adverse events or incidents recorded in the National Health Surveillance System (Notivisa) for the three southern states of Brazil, between March 2014 and January 2019. Methods: Use of data from Notivisa's Adverse Events Reports for the three states of the Brazilian South Region (n=55.536 records). Variables studied: type of incident and year of occurrence; processes involved and problems occurred in incidents involving failures during assistance; types of services and hospital units; patient profile; shift in which the incident occurred; degree of damage and deaths per incident. Results: Of the total records, 56.7% occurred in male people, 57.7% in the age group above 56 years of age, 54.3% in the day shift and 50.7% resulted in mild damage. The three main reasons for incidents and adverse effects were: Failures during healthcare (24.5%), pressure ulcers (21.6%) and patient falls (15.0%). In “failures during health care”, the procedures, treatment and / or intervention predominate (64.5%); in problems, incomplete or inadequate assistance (36.3%). The number of notifications four times higher in Parana and twice in Santa Catarina suggests possible underreporting in Rio Grande do Sul. Conclusion: Failures predominated during health care in Parana and Santa Catarina, and the patient's fall in Rio Grande do Sul.
Treatment of gastrointestinal infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There have been several notable advances in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections during 1990 and 1991. First, the effectiveness of the already well established glucose-based rehydration therapy for dehydrating diarrhea has been reaffirmed and improved with the use of starch-based solutions; second, new information on the use of fluoroquinolones has better characterized their indications and limitations; third and finally, more experience was gained in treating gastrointestinal infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, who will unfortunately pose a serious therapeutic challenge for years to come. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 1992, 8:128-133
HPLC-HRMS simultaneous determination of salicylic, shikimicand jasmonicacids in wild and transgenic NicotianaLangsdorffiiplants exposed to abioticstresses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When dealing with adverse or limiting growth conditions, plants respond by specific-stress mechanisms which are regulated by the phytohormonal network. Salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) are hormones involved in plant growth and development, which also take part in plant response towards different kind of stresses. Shikimic acid (SHA) is an important plant intermediate and a key molecule in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites implicated in the stress response mechanisms. The Nicotiana genus includes small, well characterized plants, traditionally used as biological models for genetic and physiological studies; the insertion of the rolC gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in Nicotiana plants have been previously investigated, demonstrating interesting results for the production of resistant plants. In this study, a new HPLC-ESI-LTQ Orbitrap method for the simultaneous quantification of SA, JA and SHA in N. Langsdorffii is presented. The method was developed and validated by estimating matrix effect, accuracy, precision and the detection limits. The method, which, to our known, is the first which permit the simultaneous quantification of these three compounds, was then applied to 82 wild and transgenic plants, exposed to chemical, water and heat stresses. The results showed a differential regulation of the phytohormones’ levels in the wild and genetically modified plants, as a clear indication of the activation of stress response processes. A differential induction of the shikimic acid pathway in stressed plants was moreover observed, highlighting the mechanisms the plant behavior against different abiotic stresses.
A Blind All-sky Search for Star Clusters in Gaia EDR3: 886 Clusters within 1.2 kpc of the Sun

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Although previous searches for star clusters have been very successful, many clusters are likely still omitted, especially at high-Galactic-latitude regions. In this work, based on the astrometry of Gaia EDR3, we searched nearby ( ϖ > 0.8 mas) all-sky regions, obtaining 886 star clusters, of which 270 candidates have not been cataloged before. At the same time, we have presented the physical parameters of the clusters by fitting theoretical isochrones to their optical magnitudes. More halo members and expanding structures in many star clusters were also found. Most of the new objects are young clusters that are less than 100 million years old. Our work greatly increased the sample size and physical parameters of star clusters in the solar neighborhood, in particular, 46 clusters are newly found with ∣ b ∣ > 20°, which represents a nearly threefold increase in the number of clusters at high-Galactic-latitude regions.
Challenging Prison Officers’ Discretion: “Good Reasons” to Treat Courteously Mafiosi in Custody in Italy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prison ethnography has long touched on the central role of prison officers’ discretion. Nowadays, a large number of sociologists and criminologists share the assumption that prison officers have de facto to resort to discretional decisions continuously to be able to translate the law into practice as they go about their job. This paper addresses the topic of prison officers’ discretion differently by adopting analytic autoethnography and Carolyn Ellis’ emotional recall. It outlines four officers’ “good reasons” for cooperating with mafiosi in custody—treating them with good manner—rather than showing neutrality as they would do with “ordinary” prisoners. The main good reasons that ground mafiosi–officers relationships are (1) reciprocal institutional recognition that Italian criminal justice and high-ranking mafia prisoners recognize one another; (2) mafioso capacity to help officers to “govern” fellow prisoners in practice; (3) the social embeddedness of the mafia both inside and outside prison; and, lastly, (4) prison officers’ fear of retaliation.
Maribavir Inhibits Epstein-Barr Virus Transcription through the EBV Protein Kinase

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Maribavir (MBV) inhibits Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication and the enzymatic activity of the viral protein kinase BGLF4. MBV also inhibits expression of multiple EBV transcripts during EBV lytic infection. Here we demonstrate, with the use of a BGLF4 knockout virus, that effects of MBV on transcription take place primarily through inhibition of BGLF4. MBV inhibits viral genome copy numbers and infectivity to levels similar to and exceeding levels produced by BGLF4 knockout virus.
Effects of different phenylcapsaicin doses on resistance training performance, muscle damage, protein breakdown, metabolic response, ratings of perceived exertion, and recovery: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study suggests that PC may favorably influence SQ performance, RPE-AM, and muscle damage compared to PLA. However, HD exhibited most of the biochemical and mechanical anti-fatigue effects instead of LD.
Olfactory dysfunction due to allergic rhinitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

アレルギー性鼻炎を有する患者の54～67％が嗅覚低下（嗅覚脱失，嗅覚低下）を自覚し，21～45％で嗅覚検査の有意な閾値上昇を認める．嗅覚障害の原因疾患別には鼻副鼻腔炎，感冒罹患後，頭部顔面外傷後の次に頻度が多い．アレルギー性鼻炎の嗅覚障害は，鼻粘膜の肥厚や鼻汁過多に伴う鼻閉によるいわゆる呼吸性嗅覚障害がメインで，既存のガイドラインでの治療法の選択は，少なくとも中等症以上の鼻閉型または鼻閉を主とする完全型が適応となる．比較的予後良好とされ，適切な治療により改善しうる病態と考えられている．
Influence of mineral substances on the synthesis of volatile organic compounds by Pleurotus ostreatus in the process of solid phase cultivation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mineral substances play an important role in ensuring high-grade growth and high organoleptic quality of the fruit bodies of basidiomycetes. In the process of solid-phase cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. the lignocellulosic substrates were enriched with mineral additives of calcium, iron and selenium. Their influence on the synthesis of volatile aroma compounds was investigated by the methods of sensory profile analysis and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Mineral additives in the form of CaCl2, FeSO2•7H2O and Na2SeO3 salts were added to the substrate (sunflower husk, barley straw) before sterilization in concentrations that correspond to the physiological needs of the mushrooms. When carrying out a sensory profile analysis of dried fruit bodies, the following attributes of the flavor were determined: mushroom, woody, sweet, herbaceous, fish, meat, floral, earthy, acidic, putrescent. The conducted profile analysis showed an unequal dependence of the effect of mineral additives for each of the P. ostreatus strains. For IBK-549 and IBK-1535, an increase in the intensity of mushroom notes of aroma was observed with the addition of calcium and selenium to the husks, and for IBK-551, this was observed with the addition of iron and selenium to both substrates. The volatile aroma compounds were extracted with hexane at boiling point for 30 minutes. Absorption spectra were recorded in the wavelength range 200–330 nm. The examined extracts had light absorption maxima at 200–210 and 260–300 nm, which is typical for solutions of unsaturated compounds that have non-conjugated double bonds, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. Additions of iron to the substrates increased the intensity of light absorption in comparison with the control. Additions of selenium selectively influenced different strains, and calcium ions did not significantly affect the change in the intensity of light absorption, and therefore the synthesis of volatile compounds by mushrooms. The level of synthesis of aroma-forming substances was higher when cultivating fungi on sunflower husks than on barley straw. This was confirmed both by the obtained aroma profiles and by the recorded absorption spectra of all examined strains. The study showed the possibility of influencing the organoleptic qualities of P. ostreatus fruiting bodies during solid-phase cultivation by supplementing the composition of lignocellulosic substrates with various mineral additives.
Four‐kilobase sequence of the mouse CNP gene directs spatial and temporal expression of lacZ in transgenic mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The gene encoding 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP) is one of the earliest myelin genes to be expressed in the brain. It is expressed at basal levels in some non-neural tissues but at much higher levels in the nervous system, and its relevance and mechanism are unknown. Using transgenic mice, we examined the expression pattern conferred by a 4-kilobase (-kb) 5′-flanking sequence of the mouse CNP gene coupled to the bacterial lacZ reporter gene. Here we report that this 4-kb fragment contains sufficient information to direct expression of the transgene to the tissue and/or cell type, in which CNP is normally expressed. In the central nervous system (CNS), CNP-lacZ expression was regulated in a temporal manner, consistent with endogenous CNP expression. Transgene expression was detected in embryonic brain and spinal cord in immature oligodendrocytes, and it significantly increased with age. In adult mice, β-galactosidase activity (which appeared to be oligodendrocyte specific) was found essentially in white matter areas of the CNS. Moreover, the transgene was expressed in peripheral nervous system, testis, and thymus—tissues that normally express CNP. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence that cis-acting regulatory elements, necessary to direct spatial and temporal expression of the transgene in oligodendrocytes, are located within the 4-kb 5′-flanking sequence of the mouse CNP gene. This promoter could be a valuable tool to target specific expression of other transgenes to oligodendrocytes, and may provide important new insights into myelination or dysmyelination. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:393–404, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coverage of Private Pension Systems: Evidence and Policy Options

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

To adapt pension systems to demographic trends, many countries are reducing pay-as-you-go public pension levels and lifting retirement ages. In this context, funded pensions could play a major role to avoid adequacy gaps. Yet, as this paper shows, the coverage of funded private pensions, as measured by enrolment rates, is highly uneven across countries and between individuals, especially in voluntary systems. Some countries have made funded pensions compulsory (e.g. Australia, Chile) or quasimandatory (e.g. Denmark, the Netherlands) to ensure that most workers are covered and therefore have access to a sufficiently high complementary pension. However, in other countries with relatively low pay-as-you-go public pension benefits, funded private provision remains voluntary. The low level of funded pensions’ coverage in such countries should be a major policy concern. Recent policy initiatives in Germany and New Zealand, involving the introduction of financial incentives (and auto enrolment in New Zealand) have been effective in raising coverage to the highest levels among voluntary pension arrangements, but coverage gaps remain that need to be addressed. Couverture des systèmes de pensions privées : preuve et options politiques Pour adapter les systèmes de retraite aux tendances démographiques, de nombreux pays réduisent les niveaux des retraites publiques par répartition et relèvent les âges de départ à la retraite. Dans ce contexte, les retraites par capitalisation pourraient jouer un rôle majeur pour éviter des écarts d’adéquation. Toutefois, comme le montre ce document, la couverture des pensions privées par capitalisation, telle que mesurée par les taux d’adhésion, est fortement inégale entre les pays et entre les individus, en particulier dans les systèmes volontaires. Certains pays ont rendu les pensions par capitalisation obligatoires (par ex. l’Australie, le Chile)ou quasi-obligatoires (par ex. le Danemark, les Pays-Bas) pour s’assurer que la plupart des travailleurs sont couverts et ont ainsi accès à une retraite complémentaire suffisamment élevée. En revanche, dans d’autres pays, où les prestations des retraites publiques par répartition sont relativement faibles, l’offre privée par capitalisation reste volontaire. La faible couverture des pensions par capitalisation dans ces pays devrait être un souci politique majeur. De récentes initiatives politiques en Allemagne et en Nouvelle-Zélande, impliquant l’introduction d’incitations financières (et l’adhésion automatique en Nouvelle-Zélande), ont été efficace à augmenter la couverture parmi les plus hauts niveaux au sein des dispositifs de retraites volontaires, mais des écarts de couverture demeurent et doivent être abordés.
Two cases of malignant lymphoma in hemodialysis patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

透析患者に発生した悪性リンパ腫の2例を経験したので報告する．症例1は85歳，男性．血液透析歴は14年．2007年7月，喉に違和感があり近医を受診，径3 cm程度の右咽頭腫瘍を認め確定診断目的に生検，non-Hodgkin，diffuse large B-cell lymphoma，CD20＋との病理診断であった．精査の結果，Ann Arbor分類で臨床病期IEと診断，R-CHOP療法を開始した．CTと内視鏡では3コース終了時点で腫瘍は完全に消失，化学療法は3コースで終了し，追加療法も行わなかった．現在，再発を認めていない．症例2は84歳，男性．血液透析歴は8か月．2008年3月に誤嚥性肺炎を発症，抗生剤投与で肺炎改善後も38℃前後の発熱が継続，全身状態が急速に悪化した．4月下旬，UA 15.4 mg/dL，補正Ca 12.0 mg/dLと異常高値を認め，悪性腫瘍の存在を疑って精査したところ，CTで径15 cm程度までの鼠径部・骨盤内腫瘤が多数出現，LDH 3,744 U/L，sIL-2R 9,863 U/mLと上昇しており，悪性リンパ腫が疑われた．確定診断目的に鼠径部・大腿部腫瘤を生検，症例1と同様の病理診断であった．生検の2日後に急変，永眠された．発熱が持続する場合は，悪性疾患を鑑別診断の1つとして考える必要がある．
Moving In before Moving Out

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Chapter 2 establishes the historical context by summarizing how Nubri gradually became part of the broader Tibetan Buddhist cultural world through the immigration of lamas and establishment of temples. Even after being incorporated into the Hindu kingdom of Nepal during the nineteenth century, the residents of Nubri retained a Tibetan cultural orientation. The chapter’s historical perspective is essential for understanding the development of the social networks that play a major role in shaping the direction and magnitude of today’s educational migration.
Malignant meningioma with adenocarcinoma‐like metaplasia: Demonstration of intestinal phenotype

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Meningiomas show a diverse histopathologic appearance, often referred to as metaplastic changes; however, adenocarcinoma‐like metaplasia is an extremely rare condition. Here, we present a novel case. A dura‐based bulky mass located in the right frontotemporal region was identified radiologically in an 83‐year‐old woman. The tumor, yellow to ash‐gray in color, was subtotally removed. Histopathological examination revealed robust adenocarcinoma‐like structures within a conventional meningothelial neoplasm. Meningioma elements showed a WHO grade I to III histology. Morphological and immunophenotypic transition between meningothelial and columnar epithelial cells was confirmed on detailed observation. It was of note that the adenocarcinomatous components shared an immunophenotype with intestinal epithelium, expressing CDX2 , MUC2 and cytokeratin 20. The present case could be differentiated from secretory meningioma based on distinct cellular atypia, lack of intracytoplasmic lumina and pseudosammoma bodies, and the intact status of the KLF4 gene. In addition, the morphological and immunophenotypic transition excluded the possibility of metastatic carcinoma within meningioma. This is the first reported case of meningioma with adenocarcinoma‐like metaplasia harboring an intestinal immunophenotype.
[Advance in lung cancer surgery].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

近年来微创技术在各期肺癌的检测、诊断和治疗中的应用出现爆发。这些技术的应用提高了手术的风险-收益比，并且使考虑肺癌手术治疗的患者更易接受手术。同时它们为晚期肺癌患者综合治疗的实施提供了便利。该综述总结了代表肺癌胸外科手术前沿的现有外科技术。
Compact holographic sound fields enable rapid one-step assembly of matter in 3D

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Acoustic waves exert forces when they interact with matter. Shaping ultrasound fields precisely in 3D thus allows control over the force landscape and should permit particulates to fall into place to potentially form whole 3D objects in “one shot.” This is promising for rapid prototyping, most notably biofabrication, since conventional methods are typically slow and apply mechanical or chemical stress on biological cells. Here, we realize the generation of compact holographic ultrasound fields and demonstrate the one-step assembly of matter using acoustic forces. We combine multiple holographic fields that drive the contactless assembly of solid microparticles, hydrogel beads, and biological cells inside standard labware. The structures can be fixed via gelation of the surrounding medium. In contrast to previous work, this approach handles matter with positive acoustic contrast and does not require opposing waves, supporting surfaces or scaffolds. We envision promising applications of 3D holographic ultrasound fields in tissue engineering and additive manufacturing.
Hypertrophy from the Uredial Stage of Bean Rust

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. Hypertrophy during the uredial stage of bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli typica Arthur) on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto) was manifested (a) by concavities or convexities in the areas of localized light or heavy inoculations of primary leaves, (b) by visible increases in the total growth of infected primary leaves when compared with that of their respective opposite healthy leaves, and (c) as measurable increases in total growth of leaves when entire plants were inoculated. 2. In the second type of comparison (b) the increase in growth resulting from rust infection was most pronounced in the later stages of leaf growth, but in the third type (c) it was clearly measurable in as little as 12 hours after inoculation. 3. In the last two types of comparison (b, c) hypertrophy occurred only where there were about 200 or less original infections per square centimeter of leaf area; more infections than this usually reduced the rate of leaf growth. 4. The transient upcurling of leaves following heavy inoculation of the lower epidermis may also be a type of hypertrophy occurring under conditions of high humidity.
Preconditioning with SDF-1 Improves Therapeutic Outcomes of Bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in a Mouse Model of STZ-induced Diabetes.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our results showed the effectiveness of SDF-1α preconditioning in BMSCs transplantation of STZ induced diabetes mice which might be achieved through improvement of BMSCs homing into the injured pancreas.
Migraine Attacks and Increased Platelet Aggregability Induced by Oral Contraceptives

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Migraine attacks and increased platelet aggregability induced by oral contraceptives. S. Mazal, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1978, 8 , pp. 646–648. A case where common and complicated migraine attacks appeared during the course of oral contraception is reported. The attacks of complicated migraine also continued to appear after the contraceptives were stopped. Increased platelet aggregability was found at the time when the complicated migraine attacks were frequent and, therefore, treatment with dipyridamole and aspirin was given. At the time when a gradual reduction of the platelet aggregability was observed, a decrease in the frequency, and eventual disappearance of the complicated migraine attacks was simultaneously seen. Causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and complicated migraine attacks is suggested.