jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evolving Causal Neural Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We introduce causal neural networks, a generaliza-tion of the usual feedforward neural networks which allows input features and target outputs to be rep-resented as input or output units. For inferring the values of target outputs which are represented as in-put units, we developed a forward-backward propa-gation algorithm which uses gradient descent to min-imize the error of the predicted output features. To deal with the large number of possible structures and feature selection, we use a genetic algorithm. Exper-iments on a regression problem and 5 classication problems show that the causal neural networks can outperform the usual feedforward architectures for particular problems. 1
EXPLANATIONS REGARDING THE COMPETENCE OF THE PROSECUTOR WHEN CARRYING OUT THE CRIMINAL PROSECUTION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The criminal prosecution is the first phase of the criminal process, which consists of the activity carried out by the criminal prosecution body, where the necessary evidence is administered and verified regarding the existence of the crime, the identification of the perpetrator, the establishment of his responsibility, what is necessary to know to send the case into the court. The prosecutor holds the main competence in the organization, management, and control of the activity of the criminal investigation bodies by exercising certain prerogatives, such as: annulling illegal ordinances, amending and completing the unfounded ordinances of the criminal investigation body, pronouncing in the procedural documents whether or not it took place violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms through the lens of jurisprudence.
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CARCINOGENESIS: AN EXAMPLE OFCOLORECTAL CANCER IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEAS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are a very heterogenous group of diseases. The basis is an inapropriate immune response of the bowel mucosato environmental factors in genetically predisposed persons. Incidence of inflammatorybowel disease is increasing in the developed countries and in Slovenia also. Patients withcolitis lasting more than 10 years are at an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Chronicinflammation of the bowel mucosa is believed to be the main factor influencing colorectalcancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis is a complex, long-lasting multistep process. Despiteintense research in this field there is still no objective marker which would help us inpredicting clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease and identify patients with thehighest risk for colorectal cancer development. In this paper we review some of the knowncharacteristics of chronic inflammation in the bowel mucosa, their molecular and geneticfeatures and possible associations with carcinogenesis
CRAXweb: Automatic Web Application Testing and Attack Generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes to test web applications and generate the feasible exploits automatically, including cross-site scripting and SQL injection attacks. We test the web applications with initial random inputs by detecting symbolic queries to SQL servers or symbolic responses to HTTP servers. After symbolic outputs detected, we are able to generate attack strings and reproduce the results, emulating the manual attack behavior. In contrast with other traditional detection and prevention methods, we can determine the presence of vulnerabilities and prove the feasibility of attacks. This automatic generation process is based on a dynamic software testing method-symbolic execution by S 2 E. We have applied this automatic process to several known vulnerabilities on large-scale open source web applications, and generated the attack strings successfully. Our method is web platform independent, covering PHP, JSP, Rails, and Django due to the supports of the whole system environment of S 2 E.
Post-secular society, transnational religious civilizations and legal pluralism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Taking for granted a radical criticism of the universalistic value of a post-Protestant understanding of religion and of the nexus between political democracy and secularization, the article aims first at framing the perspective of multicultural jurisdictions within contemporary processes of change of religious pluralism on a transnational scale; secondly at framing that perspective within the intellectual tradition of legal pluralism; and finally at inquiring into the compatibility of the new conceptual constellation ‘post-secular society plus legal pluralism’ with a liberal frame.
Mesoscale structure of a polar low with strong upper-level forcing

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Dry air descending within the circulation of a polar low was observed to give a striking signature in the echo return from an upward-looking VHF radar. Data from this radar, along with weather-radar data, satellite imagery and output from limited-area and mesoscale versions of the Met Office Unified Model, are synthesized to depict the mesoscale structure of the weather system. The polar low had a compact vortex centred near 3 km, a cold core below this level, and a warm core above. Attribution of quasi-geostrophic forcing showed that on the larger scale the polar low was dominated by upper-level forcing. The detailed mesoscale analysis showed that the polar low, during its mature phase, was affected by a stratospheric intrusion that brought air from near tropopause level down to 3 km to give the striking signature in the VHF radar echo pattern. The echo pattern also suggested that thin tongues of this stratospheric, or near-stratospheric, air were penetrating slantwise down a further several hundred metres, above the shallow cloud constituting the southern end of an archetypal cloud head. It is argued that this may be a locally important region of mixing between air originating near the tropopause and the boundary layer. In more general terms, the study demonstrates the ability of the operational mesoscale model to represent various small-scale features. The study also helps in developing the interpretation of the patterns of clear-air radar echo observed with VHF radar.
The Sophists and Socrates

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Aristotle seems to be a more objective and sympathetic witness to some particular views of sophists than Plato was. Aristophanes portrays Socrates as a sophist and natural scientist. Xenophon portrays him as a conventionally good man who was unjustifiably put to death. Plato portrays him as a complex, idiosyncratic, challenging genius, full of irony and overmastered desire. Most of the sophists who visited Athens were sponsored by wealthy patrons, such as Callias, son of Hipponicus, the inheritor of a fortune in silver who, Plato says, 'spent more money on sophists than everyone else put together'. Sophistic education, whether it covered music, grammar, astronomy, mathematics, oratory or statecraft, aimed at one ultimate outcome: success. Plato's Callicles openly expresses what many of the critics of nomos were thinking, namely that conventional values have no authority over the powerful; that in reality power is all the justification one needs to do whatever one pleases.
Understanding mechanisms of multidrug resistance with guidance from evolution (994.2)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cancer accounts annually for over half a million deaths in the U.S. and 7.6 million deaths worldwide. Although effective chemotherapeutics are available for different types of cancers, multidrug resistance (MDR), mediated by ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters, is responsible for the failure of chemotherapy in most metastatic cancers. Active transport of drugs out of tumor cells by efflux transporters: ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 (a.k.a., P‐gp, MRP1, and BCRP), is the major mechanism of acquired MDR in cancer. MDR transporters have promiscuous substrate recognition, which makes the design of chemotherapeutic drugs a challenging task. Because high‐resolution crystal structures are not available for every clinically important MDR transporter, comparative mutagenesis is a useful method to understand drug‐transporter interactions. In this study, we adopt a comparative transporter efflux assay approach to define the structural features that mediate the conserved promiscuous substrate recognition using MDR transporter homologs from a basal deuterostome, the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Despite the vast evolutionary distance, we found that sea urchin MDR transporters have conserved efflux activities for canonical substrates of their closest human homologs. We also found that relatively a few changes in the drug binding pocket could fine‐tune substrate specificity through evolution without destroying the broader pattern of substrate selectivity. Our current efforts focus on determining the conserved residues in the drug‐binding pockets between sea urchin and human MDR transporters and testing their role in canonical substrate efflux by site‐directed mutagenesis. Identification of the critical residues involved in the promiscuous efflux function will broaden our knowledge of how substrate‐transporter interactions occur, and help in the design of better drugs that can traverse the plasma membrane without being recognized by MDR transporters. Grant Funding Source : Supported by NIH and University of California, Cancer Research Coordinating Committee
Anti-oxidative systems in rat skeletal muscle after acute physical exercise

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to analyze the oxidative stress of skeletal muscle of sedentary rats at the morphological and biochemical level, due to acute physical effort performed at different intensities and during different periods of time. Forty-two male sedentary Wistar rats were divided into two groups, group A (swimming for 50 min) and group B (swimming for 100 min), which were further subdivided into 3 different exercise intensities, non-weight bearing (subgroup I), 3% weight load (subgroup II), and 5% weighted load (subgroup III), as well as a control-rested group (C). The animals were killed by ether inhalation and fragments of the gastrocnemius muscle were removed for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and vitamin E concentrations. When all groups were compared with the control-rested group (C), gastrocnemius MDA levels at 50 and 100 min were higher at all swimming intensities. GSH consumption was greater at all intensities in group A, and only at 100 min in group BI; vitamin E consumption was significantly higher only in groups BII and BIII. When groups were compared by intensity at each swimming time there were no differences between I, II, and III at 50 min for any of the substances analyzed (MDA, GSH, and vitamin E), but at 100 min opposite effects were observed for GSH and vitamin E, with vitamin E consumption and GSH recovery occurring with increasing weight load. Higher concentrations of skeletal muscle MDA could indicate elevated lipid peroxidation at each time and exercise intensity, with highest MDA levels observed after the longest exercise duration and at the highest intensity. The layer-line mode of utilization of body antioxidants could explain the concentrations of GSH and vitamin E: first the use of GSH, even with minor oxidative stress, and then vitamin E consumption only in the presence of greater and more prolonged oxidative stress, indicating the necessity of adequate body levels of both antioxidants for proper utilization by the body antioxidant defense system.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Macrophage Gene Expression Includes the p21 Gene, a Target for Viral Regulation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In contrast to CD4 + T cells, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected macrophages typically resist cell death, support viral replication, and consequently, may facilitate HIV-1 transmission. To elucidate how the virus commandeers the macrophage's intracellular machinery for its benefit, we analyzed HIV-1-infected human macrophages for virus-induced gene transcription by using multiple parameters, including cDNA expression arrays. HIV-1 infection induced the transcriptional regulation of genes associated with host defense, signal transduction, apoptosis, and the cell cycle, among which the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21) gene was the most prominent. p21 mRNA and protein expression followed a bimodal pattern which was initially evident during the early stages of infection, and maximum levels occurred concomitant with active HIV-1 replication. Mechanistically, viral protein R (Vpr) independently regulates p21 expression, consistent with the reduced viral replication and lack of p21 upregulation by a Vpr-negative virus. Moreover, the treatment of macrophages with p21 antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNAs reduced HIV-1 infection. In addition, the synthetic triterpenoid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), which is known to influence p21 expression, suppressed viral replication. These data implicate p21 as a pivotal macrophage facilitator of the viral life cycle. Moreover, regulators of p21, such as CDDO, may provide an interventional approach to modulate HIV-1 replication.
The Sino-Russian Relationship: Fellow Travellers in the West-dominated World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A decade ago, Beijing's relations with Moscow were of marginal interest to China scholars. Topics such as growing Sino-American interdependence-cum-rivalry, engagement with East Asia or relations with the developing world overshadowed China's relationship with its northern neighbour. Scholars preoccupied with Russia's foreign policy did not pay much attention either, regarding the Kremlin's policy towards China as part and parcel of Russia's grand strategy directed towards the West. The main dividing line among those few who took a closer look ran between sceptics and alarmists. The former interpreted the post-Cold War rapprochement as superficial and envisioned an imminent clash of interests between the two states. The latter, a minority, saw the prospect of an anti-Western alliance.
From Bantu subject-object reversal to inverted copular sentences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The validity of Rizzi’s Relativized Minimality is challenged by configurations in which a non-subject raises over a c-commanding subject to a case/phi/EPP position. Two such configurations are studied in this contribution, subject-object reversal (SOR) in Bantu and inverse copular constructions. Developing the analysis proposed in Shlonsky and Rizzi (2018), it is argued that in both, the subject internally merges with a clause-internal, “low” focus head. This is followed by smuggling—in the sense of Collins (2005) and related work—of the phrase that dominates the trace of the subject to a position above FocusP. Subsequent movement of the non-subject nominal out of the smuggled constituent gives rise to the observed inversion in both constructions and circumvents the locality violation that would be induced by direct movement of the non-subject. An attempt to identify the parametric differences between the languages that allow SOR and those that do not is also discussed.
Hemofiltration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1976年1月より, 血液濾過法 (HF) を臨床的に検討した. 1982年1月現在, 5年2か月にわたる長期治療を行っている.その間, HFでの装置, filter, 等のhard wareの側面の研究開発を行った.また, 同時にHFでの物質移動や, filter特性等のsoft wareの面での検討を行ってきた.その結果, 装置やfilterに関しては, すでに臨床的に検討しても十分な能力を備えたものが得られている. 一方, HFでの物質移動やfilter特性の解析は, 十分とはいえないまでも, 実際の臨床経過や症状を解く鍵を提供している. 次に, このsoftとhardの両面を, 生体反応との関係から検討してみると, 従来の人工腎では, 解決困難であったいくつかの問題点に対し有効性を確認できた.すなわち, 一部蛋白を含む, 分子領域の除去拡大により糖代謝, アミノ酸代謝等の改善を見た. また, 免疫能の点で, HF, HDを比較しても, その改善効果は, HFで高い等いくつかの有効性が認められている. さらに, 生体的物質移動よりHF, HDを比較すれば無症候治療の可能性と, 不均衡症候群発生頻度の軽減の説明がつく.こういったHFの有効性と有用性をふまえ次にきたるべき新しい人工腎の開発と研究を現在めざしている.
Study on Bacterial-wilt-resistance Identification Methods for Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the optimal concentration and inoculation procedure of crude toxin from Ralstonia solanacearum,and to establish the identification method for bacterial wilt resistance of Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.seedling,so as to lay the foundation for resistance breeding of Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth..Methods The growth curve of Ralstonia solanacearum was determined.And then we studied the effect of seedling age,crude toxin concentrations and inoculation ways for the crude toxin on the pathogenicity of Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth..Results The growth of Ralstonia solanacearum presented as the S-shaped curve,the highest concentration being 12.46×108 cfu/mL.The seedling of Pogostemon cablin(Blanco) Benth.aged 100 days was optimal for the identification of bacterial wilt resistance.In the crude toxin concentration range of 0.4×108～0.6×108 cfu/mL,the inoculated plant showed a moderately advanced progress of bacterial wilt,which was suitable for the resistance identification.Having the advantage of shortening the experiment period,the root-submerging method was recommended for the resistance identification of Pogostemon cablin(Blanco) Benth..Conclusion The indoor identification method for Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.resistance to bacterial wilt has been established preliminarily.
Desulfovibrio alaskensis sp. nov., a sulphate-reducing bacterium from a soured oil reservoir

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A novel sulphate-reducing bacterium (Al1T) was recovered from a soured oil well in Purdu Bay, Alaska. Light and atomic force microscopy observations revealed that cells were Gram-negative, vibrio-shaped and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The carbon and energy sources used by the isolate and the salinity, temperature and pH ranges facilitating its growth proved to be typical of a partial lactate-oxidizing, moderately halophilic, mesophilic, sulphate-reducing bacterium. Analysis of the fatty acid profile revealed that C18 : 0, isoC15 : 0 and isoC17 : 1 ω7c were the predominant species. Fatty acid profile and complete 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated the similarity between strain Al1T and members of the genus Desulfovibrio. The position of strain Al1T within the phylogenetic tree indicated that it clustered closely with Desulfovibrio vietnamensis DSM 10520T (98·9 % sequence similarity), a strain recovered from a similar habitat. However, whole-cell protein profiles, Fourier-transform infrared studies and DNA–DNA hybridization demonstrated that, in spite of the high level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, there is sufficient dissimilarity at the DNA sequence level between D. vietnamensis DSM 10520T and strain Al1T (10·2 % similarity) to propose that strain Al1T belongs to a separate species within the genus Desulfovibrio. Based on the results obtained, the name Desulfovibrio alaskensis sp. nov. is therefore proposed, with Al1T (=NCIMB 13491T=DSM 16109T) as the type strain.
Endothelial Cells: A Key Player in Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Endothelial cells (EC) constitute the linings of the entire vascular system including blood and lymphatic vessels.The vascular and lymphatic ECs are essential for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis as versatile and multifunctional organs.The EC heterogeneity in different microenvironment determines the complexity and diversity of its functions in the regulation of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic processes.In fact, many molecular regulators and signaling pathways are involved in these processes.In addition to VEGF, other angiogenic factors including FGF, HGF, TSP-1, endostatin and phospholipids such as lysophosphatidic acid all act on the ECs directly or indirectly by inducing the expression of angiogenic factors.Furthermore, it should be noted that the dynamic balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors determines the angiogenic switch and process through such signaling pathways as notch and ephrin B2, in which angiogenic receptors may serve as a key axis.Up to date, many questions still remain to be answered.However, the answers to these questions will aid in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.Elucidating these mechanisms will aid in finding novel therapeutic strategies against cancer, ischemic cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular complications of diabetes, and obesity.
Role of Allergen-Speciﬁc Immunotherapy in Childhood Asthma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although allergen-specific immunotherapy by subcutaneous injections (SIT)is not standard therapy in the management of childhood asthma, a substantial body of evidence finds that SIT can achieve clinical and immune modulatoryoutcomes that can complement conventional pharmacotherapy for asthma.To provide a current basis for SIT in childhood asthma, this chapter willreview the clinical rationale, mechanisms of action, and the key parametersfor SIT administration in asthmatic children. Impediments to its widespreadimplementation include the complexity of optimal SIT administration andthe risks of allergic reactions. Improvements in SIT that could lead to itswidespread implementation for childhood asthma include: (a) safety; (b) ease and route of administration; (c) efficacy; and (d) costs. Recent and ongoingefforts to improve SIT in these ways will also be discussed.
Four lichen species new for Russia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four lichen species, Biatora chrysanthoides collected from Kostroma Region, Gyalidea minuta from Nizhnii Novgorod Region and Polyblastia borealis and Thelocarpon saxicola from Murmansk Region, are reported for the first time for Russia. Comments on their habitats, substrates, key anatomical features and world distribution are provided for each species.