jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comment on gmd-2023-7

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has developed a national hydrological projections (NHP) service for Australia. With the focus on hydrological change assessment, the NHP service aims at being complementary to climate projections work carried out by many federal and state governments, universities, and other organisations across Australia. The projections comprise an ensemble of application-ready bias-corrected climate model data and derived hydrological projections at daily temporal and 0.05° × 0.05° spatial resolution for the period 1960–2099 and two emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The spatial resolution of the projections matches that of gridded historical reference data used to perform the bias correction and the Bureau's operational gridded hydrological model. Three bias correction techniques were applied to four CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) and one to output from a regional climate model forced by the same four GCMs, resulting in a 16-member ensemble of bias-corrected GCM data for each emission scenario. The bias correction was applied to fields of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, downwelling shortwave radiation and surface winds. These variables are required inputs to the Bureau's landscape water balance hydrological model (AWRA-L) which was forced using the bias-corrected GCM and RCM data to produce a 16-member ensemble of hydrological output. The hydrological output variables include root-zone soil moisture (moisture in the top 1 m soil layer), potential evapotranspiration and runoff. Here we present an overview of the production of the hydrological projections, including GCM selection, bias correction methods and their evaluation, technical aspects of their implementation and examples of analysis performed to construct the NHP service. The data are publicly available on the National Computing Infrastructure (https://dx.doi.org/10.25914/6130680dc5a51) and a user interface is accessible at https://awo.bom.gov.au/products/projection/.
The Analysis of English Loanwords Used by Indonesian Generation Z in Social Media “Threads”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research aims to identify the types of loanwords used by generation Z in social media “Threads” and this research also analyzed the social context on the use of loanwords by generation Z in that social media. To analyze the loanwords the author used Haugen's (1950) types of lexical borrowing theory. The researcher found that there are 3 loan-words, 16 loan-shifts, and 1 loan-translation in their statements in social media “threads”. The social context matches with the Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING theory. Dell Hymes' SPEAKING theory also can analyze the social context of Generation Z's statements on social media threads in Indonesia by examining the setting, participants, goals, communication process, language use, communication channels, norms, and genre. Based on the research results, the researcher hopes that young people will realize and know that the words they use every day are loanwords and the author also hopes that foreign language words will not replace their mother tongue just because those words are popular.
Method of the retrieval of fractured screw fragments

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background After 10-year function percentage of the implants screw fractured are increasing. It is very difficult task to remove the screw from integrated implants. Aim/Hypothesis The aim of this research- comparative estimated efficiency of methods to removal of fractured dental implant screw. Twenty screws in implant internal connections were fractured to test fragment retrieval, comparing two methods- method using ultra-sonic tools and method using special kit by reverse f Material and Methods In this study we insert 20 implants which were divided into two groups, 10 implants per group. After we made incisions on the screws, using a diamond discs, which we placed in implants. Incisors made in the coronal third (n = 3), middle third (n = 3), and the apical third (n = 4), for each group. In the first group the fragment of the screw was extracted by ultrasonic nozzles. In the second group, fragment of the screw was extracted by special sets. Results From 20 fragments of the screws only 7 (35%) were extracted, 4 fragments by ultrasonic tools, and 3 fragments by special kit for screw retrieval. 1 (5%) of the fragment was retrieved with a fracture in the coronal third of the screw, 2 (10%) fragment with a fracture in the middle third region, and 4 (20%) fragment with a fracture in the apical third region. The average time taken to remove the screw with ultrasonic instruments is 10 minutes 30 seconds, a special set is 6 minutes. Conclusion and Clinical Implications This study demonstrated that extracting the fragment of the screw is slightly more effective by ultrasonic tools. The average time spent on the method of extracting a fragment of the screw with the use of ultrasonic instruments for 4 minutes. more about the method using a special retrieval kit. According to the experimental data, than deeper the level of the fracture, the higher probability of its retrieving.
Stability of Macro Creatine Kinases and Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Compared: Heat Inactivation Test for Determination of Thermostable Creatine Kinases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Creatine kinase isoenzymes showed decreasing thermal stability and increasing lability towards pH changes in the order: MM, MB, and BB. The three isoenzymes exhibited their highest stability between pH 6.5 and 7.0. At 37 degrees C and an almost physiological pH of 7.5 the decay constants were 0.025, 0.164 and 0.580 h-1 (MM, MB, and BB isoenzyme), respectively. In contrast to free creatine kinase BB, immunoglobulin-linked creatine kinase BB (macro creatine kinase BB, type 1 macro creatine kinase) showed a markedly higher stability; this accounts for the persistence of creatine kinase BB activity in macro creatine kinasaemia. In addition we identified a second type of macro creatine kinase in patients' sera, which is also thermostable. A simple heat inactivation test (20 minutes, 45 degrees C, immunoinhibition of the M-subunits) differentiates thermostable macro creatine kinases from thermolabile creatine kinases and thus completes isoenzyme diagnosis.
Hybrid Model to Reduce Latency in Vertical Hand Off

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the number of network service provider's increases so the numbers of handoffs are increases to avail the best quality of services within affordable cost.In such scenarios fast and secure handoff is obligatory but diversification always creates worries of intruders and latency due to heterogeneous architectures with multiple access points.And elongated latency may go ahead to jitter, ping pong effect, triangular routing and packet loss like issues.Neither the reactive nor the proactive protocols alone for vertical hand off addresses the problem of latency efficiently due to their onboard calculation during peak time of handoff.Ensuring security in such frequent vertical handover without interrupted and delayed services is challengeable but desirable as well.Here we proposed a hybrid model for vertical handoff dividing the standard IEEE 802.11 hand off phases in reactive and proactive manner.Initially executing triggering, discovery and authentication phases in proactive mode while association, IP acquisition and home agent acquisition phases in reactive.That will eventually results in reducing latency and packet loss in the best possible way for vertical handoff while maintaining effective continuous session and provide reliable services.For performance evaluation in our scheme we used reactive (AODV), proactive (OLSR) and hybrid (TORA) protocols via OPNET simulator.Parameters used are throughput, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.The results show that hybrid protocol using less time comparatively with either reactive or proactive protocols.
Development of Connective Tissue Fibres in Pancreas of Prenatal Stages of Goat (Capra hircus)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The present study was conducted on the 24 goat foeti of either sex ranging from 42 days to full term of gestation. The material was divided into early prenatal (0 to 50 days), mid prenatal (51 to 100 days) and late prenatal (101 to till term) periods. In all goat foetuses the pancreas lied in the abdominal cavity partly on right and partly on left side of median plane. Tissue processing was done with routine histological technique. Up to 59 days gestation the reticular fibers, collagen fibers and elastic fibers were absent in foetal goat pancreas. Fine reticular fibers along with fibroblasts were first observed at 69 days of gestation. From 76 days onwards reticular fibers and fibroblast were more pronounced in capsule, interlobar and interlobular areas. Moreover, these encircled the tubules, buds, acini, islets and blood vessels. Beyond this the reticular fibres gradually became coarser with the increase in age of foetus. Fine collagen fibres having a little bluish tinge were seen around vicinity of blood vessels at 115 days and distinct fine collagen fibres were observed at 118 days of gestation. No elastic fibres were observed at any stages of prenatal goat.
Transparent space: Law, technology and deliberative democracy in the information society

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The resuscitation of deliberative democracy in the Information Age requires the construction of transparent public spaces ‐ public arenas where power relationships between speakers are discernible and debate ensues according to the rules of civility and reason (conversational transparency). The metaphor of transparency, in the sense of legal accountability, also connects the role of communications regulation to the development of democratic political culture (legal transparency). Finally, transparency suggests the power of technology to obscure and hinder as well as help the progress of deliberative democracy (technological transparency).
Helium Discharge Detector for Gas Chromatography

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An overview of the design, analytical figures of merit, recent applications, and limitations of a helium discharge detector (HDD) for element selective detection in gas chromatography is presented. The operational features, spectral characteristics, excitation temperatures, and considerations for the means of analyte excitation relative to the microwave induced plasma are discussed. Utilization of alternative analytical wavelengths in the near IR is evaluated for improved selectivity of several elements traditionally detected in the UV. Potential improvements in the HDD are considered.
Dynamic Event Tree advancements and control logic improvements

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The RAVEN code has been under development at the Idaho National Laboratory since 2012. Its main goal is to create a multi-purpose platform for the deploying of all the capabilities needed for Probabilistic Risk Assessment, uncertainty quantification, data mining analysis and optimization studies. RAVEN is currently equipped with three different sampling categories: Forward samplers (Monte Carlo, Latin Hyper Cube, Stratified, Grid Sampler, Factorials, etc.), Adaptive Samplers (Limit Surface search, Adaptive Polynomial Chaos, etc.) and Dynamic Event Tree (DET) samplers (Deterministic and Adaptive Dynamic Event Trees). The main subject of this document is to report the activities that have been done in order to: start the migration of the RAVEN/RELAP-7 control logic system into MOOSE, and develop advanced dynamic sampling capabilities based on the Dynamic Event Tree approach. In order to provide to all MOOSE-based applications a control logic capability, in this Fiscal Year an initial migration activity has been initiated, moving the control logic system, designed for RELAP-7 by the RAVEN team, into the MOOSE framework. In this document, a brief explanation of what has been done is going to be reported. The second and most important subject of this report is about the development of a Dynamic Event Tree (DET) sampler named “Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree” (HDET) and its Adaptive variant “Adaptive Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree” (AHDET). As other authors have already reported, among the different types of uncertainties, it is possible to discern two principle types: aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The classical Dynamic Event Tree is in charge of treating the first class (aleatory) uncertainties; the dependence of the probabilistic risk assessment and analysis on the epistemic uncertainties are treated by an initial Monte Carlo sampling (MCDET). From each Monte Carlo sample, a DET analysis is run (in total, N trees). The Monte Carlo employs a pre-sampling of the input space characterized by epistemic uncertainties. The consequent Dynamic Event Tree performs the exploration of the aleatory space. In the RAVEN code, a more general approach has been developed, not limiting the exploration of the epistemic space through a Monte Carlo method but using all the forward sampling strategies RAVEN currently employs. The user can combine a Latin Hyper Cube, Grid, Stratified and Monte Carlo sampling in order to explore the epistemic space, without any limitation. From this pre-sampling, the Dynamic Event Tree sampler starts its aleatory space exploration. As reported by the authors, the Dynamic Event Tree is a good fit to develop a goal-oriented sampling strategy. The DET is used to drive a Limit Surface search. The methodology that has been developed by the authors last year, performs a Limit Surface search in the aleatory space only. This report documents how this approach has been extended in order to consider the epistemic space interacting with the Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree methodology.
Drainage morphometry and its influence on landforms in volcanic terrain, Central Anatolia, Turkey

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An evaluation of morphometric parameters was made to study drainage morphometry and its influence on landform processes, flood and erosion characteristic in subbasins which are located in volcanic terrain between Nigde and Aksaray Province SW Cappadocia, Central Anatolia. The study area was divided into 28 subbasins. The high flood potentiality exists on the high volcanic cones, dom, dissected foot of mountains and the high parts of plateaus covering the 13 subbasins, and are associated with high slope, shape of subbasins, impermeable geology and sparce vegetation. The moderate flood potentiality exists on the plateaus covering the 9 subbasins and is associated with high drainage density, high stream frequency, high bifurcation ratio and high slope conditions; although these subbasins have long narrow shapes. The low flood potentiality exists on plains covering 5 subbasins and is associated with low slopes and its long narrow shape. Analysis of drainage morphometry helps to understand inter-relationships between landforms and flood potentiality for planning and management in basins.
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Wu-Zi-Yuan-Chung-Wan against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective potentials of the Wu-Zi-Yuan-Chung-Wan (WZYCW) using an animal model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced liver injury. CCl 4 induced chronic liver hepatotoxicity in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Excluding the control group, all of the rats with chronic liver fibrosis received 0.4% CCl 4 (1.5 mL/kg of body weight, ip) twice per week for 8 weeks. WZYCW (20, 100, and 500 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) were administered five times per week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were obtained, and liver histological examinations were performed for subsequent assays. These results suggest that WZYCW considerably reduced Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT), Triglyceride (TG); and cholesterol activity; and the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) in the liver. WZYCW also increased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) in liver tissue. WZYCW produced hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects. This is the first study to demonstrate that WZYCW expressed hepatoprotective activity against CCl 4 induced acute hepatotoxicity in rat. In addition, the primary compound of WZCYW was analyzed using HPLC. The major peaks of WZCYW, including schizandrin. The results indicate that WZYCW not only enhances hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibits lipid peroxidation but also suppresses inflammatory responses in CCl 4 induced liver damage. Our findings provide evidence that WZYCW possesses a hepatoprotective activity to ameliorate chronic liver injury.
National identity as an antecedent of national memorabilia purchase intent

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We explore the nature of national identity and its relationship with citizenship and the purchase as well as the intent to purchase Singaporean memorabilia. This was carried out with a sample consisting of Singaporean citizens and tourists. Our research tended to support the notion that national identity may indeed consist of a conglomerate of variables including ethnocentrism, patriotism, national achievement, and a sense of place. While our findings in support of the positive relationship between national identity and intent to purchase are not surprising the negative relationships with citizenship and the purchase of memorabilia is unexpected and provide an interesting basis of speculation. It is possible that the scholarly accepted measurement of ‘consumer ethnocentrism’ does not in fact measure ethnocentrism but rather some other variable(s) related to attitudes to free trade.
Monitoring Kidney Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Incipient and Overt Diabetic Nephropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE — The purpose of this study was to assess agreement between glomerular fil-tration rate (GFR) and the decline in GFR estimated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group equation or the Cockcroft-Gault formula and measured by the plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA. RESEARCHDESIGNANDMETHODS — We followed a cohort of 156 microalbumin-uric type 2 diabetic patients for 8 years with four measurements of GFR and another cohort of 227 type 2 diabetic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy for 6.5 (range 3–17) years with seven (3–22) measurements of GFR. RESULTS — For patients with microalbuminuria, mean SD baseline GFR was 117 24 measured, 92 20 estimated (MDRD equation), or 103 24 ml min1 per 1.73 m2 estimated (Cockcroft-Gault formula) (both P 0.001); 95 % limits of agreement were 66.1 to 20.3 (MDRD equation) and58.7 to 30.7 (Cockcroft-Gault formula). The rate of decline in GFR was 4.1 4.2 measured, 2.9 2.8 estimated (MDRD equation), or 3.4 3.2 ml min1 per 1.73 m2 estimated (Cockcroft-Gault formula) (both P 0.001). For patients with overt nephropathy, baseline GFR was 84 30 measured, 73 24 estimated (MDRD equation), or 81 28 ml
The Biology of Australian weeds 60. 'Sagittaria platyphylla' (Engelmann) J.G. Smith and 'Sagittaria calycina' Engelmann

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sagittaria (Alismataceae) are aquatic herbs with 40 described species and eight infraspecific taxa. The genus has a natural distribution throughout North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia, but species diversity is highest in the neotropics, temperate North America and eastern Asia. The name Sagittaria is derived from the Latin word sagitta, meaning 'arrow', which refers to the arrowhead shape of the emergent leaf blades produced by many species.
The miR-9b microRNA mediates dimorphism and development of wing in aphids

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wing dimorphism is a phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity in aphid dispersal. However, the signal transduction for perceiving environmental cues (e.g., crowding) and the regulation mechanism remain elusive. Here, we found that aci-miR-9b was the only down-regulated microRNA (miRNA) in both crowding-induced wing dimorphism and during wing development in the brown citrus aphid Aphis citricidus . We determined a targeted regulatory relationship between aci-miR-9b and an ABC transporter ( AcABCG4 ). Inhibition of aci-miR-9b increased the proportion of winged offspring under normal conditions. Overexpression of aci-miR-9b resulted in decline of the proportion of winged offspring under crowding conditions. In addition, overexpression of aci-miR-9b also resulted in malformed wings during wing development. This role of aci-miR-9b mediating wing dimorphism and development was also confirmed in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum . The downstream action of aci-miR-9b- AcABCG4 was based on the interaction with the insulin and insulin-like signaling pathway. A model for aphid wing dimorphism and development was demonstrated as the following: maternal aphids experience crowding, which results in the decrease of aci-miR-9b. This is followed by the increase of ABCG4 , which then activates the insulin and insulin-like signaling pathway, thereby causing a high proportion of winged offspring. Later, the same cascade, “ miR-9b-ABCG4-insulin signaling ,” is again involved in wing development. Taken together, our results reveal that a signal transduction cascade mediates both wing dimorphism and development in aphids via miRNA. These findings would be useful in developing potential strategies for blocking the aphid dispersal and reducing viral transmission.
Risk Factors of Parastomal Hernia and Creation of an Ostomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

See Article on Page 241-246

A parastomal hernia at the site of a permanent end colostomy is a common and troublesome complication, and its incidence is estimated to be up to 48.1% [1]. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of and the risk factors for a parastomal hernia. In this study, the plausible risk factors for a parastomal hernia were as follows: female gender, age over 60 years, body mass index more than 25 kg/m2, and hypertension. Other risk factors from other studies were obesity and waist circumference greater than 100 cm. Although the prophylactic use of mesh may be an option for those patients requiring a permanent [2], the efficacy of using prophylactic mesh for patients with a permanent is a subject of debate due to mesh-associated complications [3, 4]. In this study, the parastomal hernias were assessed by using computed tomography scans. No objective grading-system was used, and no subject symptoms were noted. Also, no descriptions of the stoma-creation techniques used by the authors were given.

The key factor to prevent a parastomal hernia is the surgical accuracy of creation. As general rules, stomas should be placed through the rectus sheath for additional muscular support, fascial openings should be fit to the size of the exteriorized bowel circumference, prophylactic application of mesh may only be considered for those patients requiring a permanent stoma, and an extraperitoneal tunneling of the bowel may be considered [4]. The procedure of an end colostomy is usually performed as a final surgical procedure; the surgeon should do his or her best to create an appropriate because the incidence of a too loose stoma might be double the incidence of a too tight stoma.

Further detailed studies regarding the degree of herniation and standardization of the stoma-creation method may be helpful for focusing on the risk factors. This study appears to support the prophylactic use of mesh in high-risk patients.