jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Coercive Paternalism in Health Care: Against Freedom of Choice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I argue that it can be morally permissible to coerce people into doing what is good for their own health. I discuss recent initiatives in New York City that are designed to take away certain unhealthy options from local citizens, and argue that this does not impose on them in unjustifiable ways. Good paternalistic measures are designed to promote people's long-term goals, and to prevent them from making short-term decisions that interfere with reaching those, and New York's attempts to ban the sale of sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces and the use of trans fats fall within those parameters. Given our tendency to cognitive bias, we need help in making choices that truly instantiate our values.
Topical Papaverine as Rescue Therapy for Vasospasm Complicated by Unsecured Aneurysm

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 55-year-old female presented in 2010 with a World Federation of Neurosurgeons (WFNS) grade 3 subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).She had aneurysms of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) (Fig. 1A) and anterior choroidal arteries, plus a left pericallosal and anterior cerebral aneurysm (ACA).Clipping was delayed by emergent Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.Coiling of the ACA aneurysm was uneventful, however the MCA aneurysm was uncoilable.Subsequent right MCA spasm was refractory to intrarterial nimodipine, and angioplasty was contraindicated given its proximity to the aneurysm (Fig. 1B).Triple-H therapy was complicated by cardiac dysfunction.Severe hemiparesis prompted urgent surgical intervention, and undiluted papaverine (120 mg/10mL) was applied directly to the spastic MCA and all other aneurysm parent vessels after clipping.We irrigated all vessels except for the right MCA with saline prior to closure.The patient responded dramatically; her hemiparesis improved signifi cantly and transcranial Doppler showed immediate and persistent reduction in right MCA velocity from 268 cm/s to 76 cm/s.
The Potential of Optimized Liposomes in Enhancement of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis of Encapsulated Egyptian Propolis on Hep-2 Cell Line

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Purpose: Development of pharmaceutical dosage forms of natural products has gained great interest recently. Propolis is a natural product with various active compounds and multiple pharmacological activities. Its resinous nature and low bioavailability were obstacles in the optimum use of this magnificent natural product. Aim: This study evaluates the effect of using liposomes as a drug delivery system on the enhancement of the cytotoxic effect of propolis on squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) of head and neck. Methods: An optimized liposomal formulation of propolis was prepared using the conventional thin film hydration method 1, 2. The prepared (Hep-2) cell line was treated with different concentrations of propolis and optimized propolis liposomes for 24 h. The effect of both propolis and propolis liposomes on cell line was investigated using MTT assay, cytological examination, and nuclear morphometric analysis. The effect of the drugs on the cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V. Results: The findings revealed that both propolis and propolis liposomes have a cytotoxic effect on Hep-2 cell line through induction of apoptosis. The effect was dose dependent. However, a statistically significant enhancement in propolis-mediated apoptosis on Hep-2 cells was elucidated due to encapsulation within the prepared liposomes. Conclusion: Liposome is a powerful tool for enhancing the cytotoxicity of propolis against Hep-2 cell line.
Virtual screening of Ibuprofen, Celecoxib and Aspirin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

These data are derived from molecular docking of Ibuprofen, Aspirin, celecoxib, and their zinc compounds to both Cox-1 and 2 enzymes. Compounds with better docking scores to Cox 1 and 2 as compared to reference compounds (Ibuprofen, celecoxib, aspirin) were analyzed for toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties. Post docking analysis of compounds was done and results included.
Future Of Privatized Warfare

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This monograph explores the phenomenon of privatized warfare (mercenarism) in its historical and contemporary contexts in order to explain its resurgence and anticipate its future in the United States. Current literature is nearly devoid of theoretical explanations for the recent growth of private military companies (PMCs). This study fills this void by defining the logic of privatized warfare, those dynamics which impel a nation-state's reliance on mercenaries rather than its own citizens. It explores the political, social, ideological, and environmental factors that transformed the nation-state and the conduct of warfare across time. This analysis is broken into three periods: end of the feudal period to the French Revolution when mercenarism was dominant; the French Revolution to the second half of the 20th Century (approx. 1990) when mercenarism was delegitimized and subsequently declined; and the current period which has seen a resurgence in the form of PMCs. Within each phase of privatized warfare, complex systems theory is used to explain the set of internal and external dynamics that constrained and influenced the state with respect to employing mercenaries or its own citizens in external coercion. Some key dynamics include the state-society and citizen-military relationships, social norms, character of war, and the autonomy of the nation-state within the international system. This methodology highlights the important patterns and parallels that exists between the history of the nation-state and the current dynamics of the United States. In fact, the emerging nature of the United States resembles the states in the era when mercenarism was dominant while diverging from the phase of its decline. These correlations indicate that privatized warfare will continue to expand. This monograph illustrates that the use of mercenaries is not a historical anomaly but its normal state. The recent growth of PMCs is not an aberration due to the context of recent wars. Therefore, the regular military must not shirk this challenge to its existing paradigm in which the citizen-military dominates. It must acknowledge the future presence of privatized warfare and seamlessly blend its evolving forms into its theories of warfare and operating concepts.
Evaluation of Plant and Animal Source Proteins for Replacement of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for the Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two feeding trials were conducted with juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to evaluate alternative plant and animal source proteins for their ability to replace fish meal in practical diets. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. The second trial was conducted to evaluate how much of the fish meal could be replaced by those candidates. In Study 1, feed-trained largemouth bass (3.1 ± 0.7 g) were randomly stocked into 18114-L glass aquaria at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish were fed one of six experimental diets, each containing approximately 38% crude protein and 10% crude lipid, to apparent satiation twice daily. The control diet (CTL) contained 30% fish meal and 34.5% soybean meal. Diets 2–6 each contained 15% fish meal and at least 34.5% soybean meal with the remainder of the protein made up of either meat and bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), a 50150 mixture of blood meal and corn gluten meal (BM/CG), or 50150 mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal and soybean meal (FMISBM). There were three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. After 12 wk, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among treatments in survival which averaged 92% overall. Only fish fed the PBM or BM/CG diets had average individual weights and feed conversion efficiencies that were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control diet (CTL). In Study 2, the formulation of the control diet (CTL) remained the same. Based on their performance in the first trial, PBM and BM/CG were chosen to now replace 75 or 100% of the fish meal. Fish were stocked at an average weight of 6.9 ± 1.7 g. After 11 wk, fish fed diets containing the BM/CG mixture at both levels were significantly smaller (P 5 0.05) than fish fed other diets and at 100% replacement survival was reduced. Fish fed diets containing poultry meal as the primary protein source performed as well as those fed the control diet (CTL). It appears that PBM can completely replace fish meal in diets for juvenile largemouth bass without adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, or body composition.
Effect of canary grass ( Phalaris canariensis ) seed extract on the lipid profile of rats with induced hyperlipidemia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor in cardiovascular diseases; however, the consumption of certain plants favorably affects blood lipid profile. The aim of this study was to determinate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of canary grass seeds at 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg concentration on the lipid profile of rats with induced hyperlipidemia. The rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: a target group, a control group, atorvastatin group and two treatment groups. There was no significant difference observed between the treatment groups.
Two-dimensional silicon optical phased array with large field of view

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Optical phased array (OPA) is a promising beam steering component for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. For most LiDAR applications, two-dimensional (2D, lateral and longitudinal) beam steering with large field of view is required. To achieve large lateral and longitudinal field of view, waveguide with nonuniform spacing and broadband tunable laser source is commonly utilized, resulting in complex structure and high cost. Here, a 2D OPA with large field of view is proposed and demonstrated on the silicon-on-insulator platform. Assisted by an improved optical antenna and polarization switch, lateral and longitudinal steering range could be both significantly improved. The experimental results show the steering ranges are 99.24° × 15.62° and 96.48° × 16.08° for transverse electric mode and transverse magnetic mode, respectively. The proposed scheme provides a promising approach to realize the integrated OPA with large field of view.
Common Aspects of Boronic Acids and Chalcogen Chemistry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This review presents the organic compounds and reactions in which boronic acids are featured together with chalcogens. Structurally varied sulfur-, selenium- and tellurium-containing boronic acids are described. Survey of their preparation methods as well as the scope of applications in organic, medicinal, analytical and supramolecular chemistry is provided. Reactions involving both the boronic acids and chalcogen-containing compounds are discussed, with emphasis placed on the role of the chalcogen atom in these transformations. Keywords: Boron, Boronic acid, Chalcogen, Cross-coupling, Heteroatoms, Selenium, Sulfur, Tellurium, phenylboronic, boronic
Microstructure of Electrodeposited Sn-Ag-Cu Ternary Alloys.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Composition, surface morphology and phase structure of Sn-Ag-Cu ternary alloys electrodeposited from pyrophosphate-Iodide bath under the galvanostatic conditions were examined. Contents of Ag and Cu in the deposits decreased with increasing current density. There was correlations between surface morphology of the deposits and their compositions. Composition-phase diagram of the electrodeposits corresponded to Sn-Ag-Cu ternary alloy phase diagram in the composition range with higher content of Sn.
Morphological and stomatal characterization of Heliconia chartacea Var. sexy pink induced polyploidy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The growth of the tropical flower market has demanded a consistent search for new varieties, primarily those endowed with an exotic profile, but that are also beautiful and durable. The genus Heliconia, naturally found in the Amazon region, is among the most prominent of tropical flowers. Looking to augment the genetic variability available in Heliconia chartacea var. Sexy Pink, biotechnological research was conducted with the application of colchicine to induce polyploidy in plants from this species. With that in mind, this paper sought to evaluate the established plants in the field drawn from in vitro polyploidy induction assay to determine the morphological and physiological characteristics of 38 H. chartacea var. Sexy Pink clones. The characterization analyzes were performed through 49 morphological descriptors and a stomatal density evaluation using microscopy. The genotype 35 exhibited the greatest morphological variations, with alterations in the position and coloring of the inflorescence, in addition to having the edges of the entire limbus. Genotype 18 featured the lowest amounts for plant height and inflorescence size, showing promise for research geared towards use in reduced environments. Some genotypes did not have any flowering and are recommended exclusively for landscape composition such as foliage, since their exotic characteristics allow for this. The genotypes that were evaluated displayed stomata with tetracytic morphology and guard cells that had no significant changes. However, genotypes with greater equatorial diameter and stomatal density were obtained in relation to the mother-plant. Overall, the induction of polyploidy allowed for clones to be obtained with a high variability for the characteristics of the leaf, pseudostem and inflorescence, with various attributes that confer a more efficient post-harvest management to some genotypes, in addition to favorable aspects for commercialized purposes as a cut flower.
Combining humic acid with NPK fertilizer improved growth and yield of chili pepper in dry season

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research aimed to study the effect of humic acid and NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) on growth and yield of red chili, and to obtain the most suitable composition of humic acid and NPK fertilizer which gave the best growth and yield. The study used a randomized block design with five replications. The treatments tested were the composition of humic acid and NPK fertilizer: 100% humic acid; 75% humic acid + 25% NPK; 50% humic acid + 50% NPK; 25% humic acid + 75% NPK; and 100% NPK. Data on plant growth and yield were processed by Analysis of Variance, and means were compared using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference test. In addition, data on plant biochemical and soil chemical parameters were determined compositely by mixing leaves taken from sample plants or soil samples into one homogenous sample. Results showed that there was no significant difference in growth and yield of plants treated with 100% humic acid in comparison with those plants treated with 100% NPK. However, in comparison with 100% humic acid, the application of different ratios of humic acid/NPK increased plant chlorophyll contents by 65% - 82% and total sugar by 28% - 71%. The application of humic acid/NPK increased soil fertility by improving soil pH as well as N, P and K. In the combination of humic acid/NPK, the best growth and yield were obtained with the application of 25% humic acid + 75% NPK fertilizers. Therefore, for the sustainability of chili cultivation, the use of humic acid needs to be accompanied with NPK fertilizers at a reduced amount, along with the increase in the dose of humic acid.
LHD NB2arm #117961.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel.
Terpenoid cell factory

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Terpenen vormen de grootste, meest gevarieerde groep van natuurproducten met talrijke toepassingen als voedingssupplement of geneesmiddel. In de natuur worden de meeste terpenen in lage concentraties aangemaakt, hetgeen betekent dat hun zuivering gepaard gaat met dure extracties en met de consumptie van grote hoeveelheden natuurlijke hulpbronnen. Het uitsterven van de natuurlijke bron is soms een reële bedreiging als de hoeveelheid te isoleren verbindingen de marktvraag kan niet dekken, zoals voor het antikankermiddel paclitaxel en het antimalariamiddel artemisinine. Chemische synthese van de meeste terpenen is problematisch en duur als gevolg van de complexiteit van hun structuren. Er is dus een dringende behoefte aan alternatieve methoden voor terpeen productie. Een van de veelbelovende nieuwe methoden is de engineering van micro-organismen ten behoeve van de productie van terpenen. De tweeledige doelstelling van het proefschrift van Ingy Abdallah is het onderzoeken van de grampositieve bacterie Bacillus subtilis als platform voor de productie van terpeen én de verbetering van de biosynthetische routes van terpenen inclusief kern enzymen zoals terpeen synthases. Als resultaat van dit onderzoek is nu een nieuwe B. subtilis stam beschikbaar gekomen, waarin de terpeen biosynthese route succesvol hoog tot expressie is gebracht. Deze “Cell Factory” is gebruikt voor de productie van C30 carotenoïden en de diterpeen voorloper van paclitaxel, taxadiene. Deze nieuwe gastheer kan dienen als een universele cel-fabriek voor de productie van waardevolle terpenen. Het onderzoek in dit proefschrift is verder verdiept met een analyse van de enzym-familie van terpeen synthases. Dit heeft geleid tot een veel beter begrip van de structuur-functie relaties van amorphadiene synthase, een sleutelenzym in de productie van artemisinine, en, niet onbelangrijk, tot de verbetering van de katalytische activiteit.
Comparison of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometric measurements for high accuracy analysis of cholesterol in human serum by isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cholesterol measurements are of vital clinical importance and reliable reference materials are essential for method validation. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is usually used for the high accuracy analysis of cholesterol by isotope dilution. A certified reference material for cholesterol content in human serum was analysed by isotope dilution utilising GC/MS and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The use of LC/MS avoided the need for a derivatisation step. Both LC/MS and GC/MS produced results on the measurement of cholesterol that agreed within 0.5% of the certified value. Moreover, the precision obtained for ratio measurement using both techniques are comparable and lead to relative expanded standard uncertainties (with a coverage factor of 2) varying between 0.2 and 0.5%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On existence and curvature estimates of Ricci flow

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this work, using the method by He, we prove a short time existence for Ricci flow on a complete noncompact Riemannian manifold with the following properties: (i) there is $r_0>0$ such that the volume of any geodesic balls of radius $r\le r_0$ is close to the volume of the geodesic ball in the Euclidean space with the same radius; (ii) the Ricci curvature is bounded below; (iii) the sectional curvature is bounded below by $-Cd^2(x,x_0)$ where $d(x,x_0)$ is the distance from a fixed point. An application to the uniformization for complete noncompact Kahler manifolds with nonnegative bisectional curvature and maximal volume growth is given. The result is related to the results of He and Liu. We prove if $g(t)$ is a complete solution to the Kahler-Ricci flow on a complete noncompact Kahler manifold so that $g(0)$ has nonnegative bisectional curvature and the curvature of $g(t)$ is bounded by $at^{-b}$ for some $a>0, 2>b>0$, then $g(t)$ also has nonnegative bisectional curvature. This generalizes a previous result. Under the assumption that $g(0)$ is noncollapsing, with additional assumption that the curvature of $g(t)$ is uniformly bounded away from $t>0$, we prove that the curvature of $g(t)$ is in fact bounded by $at^{-1}$ for some $a>0$. This result is proved using the method by Simon and Topping.
Simulation-based mastery learning in medical students: Skill retention at 1-year follow up

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Context: Deficits in basic skill performance and long-term skill retention among medical students and novice doctors are a persistent problem. This controlled study tested whether the addition of a mastery learning component to simulation-based teaching is associated with long-term retention and performance of peripheral venous catheter insertion. Methods: Fourth-year medical students were assigned to receive either the control (simulation without mastery learning, n = 131) or the intervention (simulation + mastery learning, n = 133) instruction in peripheral venous catheter insertion. Performance was assessed at one year post-instruction. Eighty-four students from the control group and 71 from the intervention group participated in the assessment. Results: Students who received the mastery learning instruction achieved higher overall test scores than did controls (median mastery learning score: 20.0, IQR 2.0; median control score 19.0, IQR 3.0; Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001, effect size d = 0.82). Pass rates also differed significantly between the groups, with 74.5% (n = 53) of the intervention group passing compared with 33% (n = 28) of the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Mastery learning is an effective means of teaching practical skills to medical students, and is associated with higher scores at a 1-year follow up.
The Teachers Teaching Teachers GIS Institute: Assessing the Effectiveness of a GIS Professional Development Institute

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The authors assessed eight years of a national professional development institute focused on providing geographic information systems (GIS) teaching and technical skills for educators, titled Teachers Teaching Teachers GIS (T3G). Through a survey (N = 276 [out of a total population of 450]), the authors determined that the institute generally met its goals of equipping educators so that they could (1) teach GIS concepts and skills for their peers, (2) create GIS-based curricula, and (3) communicate the value of GIS to other disciplines. Over the eight years that the institute ran in a face-to-face format, the institute reflected broad changes in GIS technology and methods, including the transition from desktop to Web-based GIS and the movement to shorter lessons. Our study also revealed challenges and benefits of this model of professional development and broader issues of adoption of GIS in primary, secondary, university, and informal areas of education. These revelations allowed us to expose and evaluate strategies to advance the implementation and effectiveness of the use of GIS in instruction.