jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Differential Synthesis of Human Placental Lactogen and Human Chorionic Gonadotropinin Vitro*

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The dynamics of the synthesis and secretion of human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were investigated by culturing explants from normal term placentae in minimal essential medium with 15% fetal calf serum for periods up to 4 days. The total amounts of hPL and hCG in the media and tissues at the end of each day were determined by radioimmunoassay, and new hormone synthesis was measured by incorporation of [3H]leucine into hPL and hCG at several intervals during the first 2 days after a 1-h pulse with 25 μCi of [3H]leucine. The secretion of hPL was maximal on the 1st day, decreased by 83.5 ± 9.3% on the 2nd day, and then remained constant over the next 2 days. The secretion of hCG also decreased by 78.0 ± 3.7% from the 1st to the 2nd day of culture. In contrast to hPL, however, the secretion of hCG increased by an average of 780% from the 2nd to the 4th days. Hormone released into the medium during the 1st day in culture was almost all preformed since the addition of cyclohe...
On properties of probability‐based multivariate process capability indices

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Multivariate process capability indices (MPCIs) have been proposed to measure multivariate process capability in real‐world application over the past three decades. For the practitioner's point of view, the intention of this paper is to examine the performances and distributional properties of probability‐based MPCIs. Considering issues of construction of capability indices in multivariate setup and computation with performance, we found that probability‐based MPCIs are a proper generalization of univariate basic process capability indices (PCIs). In the beginning of this decade, computation of probability‐based indices was a difficult and time‐consuming task, but in the computer age statistics, computation of probability‐based MPCIs is simple and quick. Recent work on the performance of MPCI NMC pm and distributional properties of its estimator reasonably recommended this index, for use in practical situations. To study distributional properties of natural estimators of probability‐based MPCIs and recommended index estimator, we conducted simulation study. Though natural estimators of probability‐based indices are negatively biased, they are better with respect to mean, relative bias, mean square error. Probability‐based MPCI MC pm is better as compared with NMC pm with respect to performance and as its estimator quality. Hence, in real‐world practice, we recommend probability‐based MPCIs as a multivariate analogue of basic PCIs.
Ectomycorrhizal status of a mature productive black truffle plantation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The truffle-plantation “Los Quejigares” was planted in 1971 by AROTZ-CATESA company. It is a 600 ha plot of Quercus ilex mycorrhizated with Tuber melanosporum at 1250 m a.s.l. on calcareous soil. This plantation is the largest of the world and one of the eldest truffle-plantations of Spain and it is in full production. Knowledge of the mycorrhizal status of a mature black truffle plantation is significant for the improvement of truffle cultivation. Ectomycorrhizae were studied for knowing T. melanosporum persistence and diversity and abundance of other ectomycorrhizal types. Roots of 16 holmoaks were sampled, 12 trees produce truffle sporocarps and four did not. It was found a mean of about 70% of T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizae in all the studied trees, independently of their capacity to produce or not sporocarps. Also, 105 more different ectomycorrhizal types were found. In spite of the high number of morphotypes found, it seems that they do not replace T. melanosporum, showing that there is a coexistence between species in the fungal community associated to the roots.
I Feel You: The Design and Evaluation of a Domotic Affect-Sensitive Spoken Conversational Agent

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe the work on infusion of emotion into a limited-task autonomous spoken conversational agent situated in the domestic environment, using a need-inspired task-independent emotion model (NEMO). In order to demonstrate the generation of affect through the use of the model, we describe the work of integrating it with a natural-language mixed-initiative HiFi-control spoken conversational agent (SCA). NEMO and the host system communicate externally, removing the need for the Dialog Manager to be modified, as is done in most existing dialog systems, in order to be adaptive. The first part of the paper concerns the integration between NEMO and the host agent. The second part summarizes the work on automatic affect prediction, namely, frustration and contentment, from dialog features, a non-conventional source, in the attempt of moving towards a more user-centric approach. The final part reports the evaluation results obtained from a user study, in which both versions of the agent (non-adaptive and emotionally-adaptive) were compared. The results provide substantial evidences with respect to the benefits of adding emotion in a spoken conversational agent, especially in mitigating users’ frustrations and, ultimately, improving their satisfaction.
The Limitation Amount of Available Potassium for Wheat in a Loess Soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was determining the most limiting plant growth factor in the wheat root zone dominated by illite in clay fraction and a high specific surface with ample ammonium acetate extractible potassium. A completely randomized block design with 4 replicates was used in Seyed Miran Research Farm (Gorgan) during 2009-2010 growing season. Treatments were mineral fertilizers (to achieve different levels of yields), gypsum (1000 Kg/ha calcium), calcium chloride (1000 Kg ha-1 Ca), urea (93 Kg ha-1 N) and potassium chloride (105 Kg ha-1 K) combined, gypsum (1000 Kg ha-1 Ca) and potassium chloride (105 Kg ha-1 K) combined, calcium chloride (1000 Kg ha-1 Ca) and potassium chloride (105 Kg ha-1 K) combined and control. Wheat cultivar (N-80-19) was planted in experimental site at 2009/12/9. The results showed that potassium is the most limiting plant growth factor in the site of the experiment. Electric diffuse double layer is expected to be truncated with a high specific surface soil in this area minimizing the soil solution-diffuse double layer interface for rapid potassium diffusion. The highest yield grain and straw with urea and potassium chloride showed a greater effect on plant and soil potassium concentrations. A greater potassium diffusion rate may be achieved as a result of greater concentration gradients between the exchange sites and soil solution by potassium fertilization and more potassium excess. Ammonium from urea diminished potassium fixation with illite and increased potassium root uptake.
Intravitreal anti‐VEGF therapy is not associated with a higher risk of all‐cause mortality in patients with macular oedema caused by posterior segment vascular diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To examine whether real‐world clinical patients with macular oedema (MO) receiving intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy have a higher mortality compared with a matched reference population. Methods A population‐based, retrospective cohort study of 26 386 patients from Finland, from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2017. Index patients were identified through the Caring Epidemiology Project database, receiving at least one intravitreal anti‐VEGF injection for wet age‐related macular degeneration (AMD, n = 2243, 48.61%), diabetic MO ( n = 744, 16.12%), MO due to retinal vascular occlusion ( n = 589, 12.77%), or other MO ( n = 1038, 22.5%). For each individual treated with intravitreal injection ( n = 4614), five age‐ , sex‐ , calendar year‐ and hospital district‐ matched control individuals ( n = 21 772) were chosen. Baseline data of chronic conditions were available. All‐cause and cause‐specific mortality was analysed using Cox´s proportional hazards model. Results In general, the anti‐VEGF treated patients had a higher prevalence of systemic conditions, including diabetes (60.1% vs. 46.8%, p < 0.001), chronic hypertension (38.4% vs. 34.6%, p < 0.001), in hospital‐treated ischaemic heart disease (23.1% vs. 21.5%, p = 0.014), and glaucoma (11.1% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.001) than controls. There was no difference in all‐cause mortality between the anti‐VEGF treated patients and matched controls (p = 0.62). In unadjusted Kaplan–Meier analysis of wet AMD subgroup, all‐cause mortality was lower in anti‐VEGF treated patients than matched controls (p = 0.015), but adjusted Cox´s proportional hazards model showed no difference in the risk of all‐cause mortality (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.66–1.09). Conclusions Intravitreal anti‐VEGF therapy was not associated with an increase in the risk of mortality in patients with MO compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls.
Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella are paraphyletic

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella infect marine ciliates and dinoflagellates. Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates are understudied relative to congeners infecting ciliates and their molecular phylogeny remains uncertain. Morphology, development, and rRNA gene sequences of intracellular parasites infecting heterotrophic dinoflagellates from coastal waters of Busan, Republic of Korea in summer to fall of 2019–2021 indicate that Cucumeridinium coeruleum , Gyrodinium cf. ochraceum , and two unidentified species of Gyrodinium were each infected by a different Euduboscquella species. Morphological features including shield structure, shape and color of the mature trophont, and sporogenic process distinguished each of the four parasites from the 10 previously described species of Euduboscquella . Our molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed considerably greater genetic distance of SSU and ITS‐LSU rRNA gene regions among Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates than among those infecting ciliates. Rather than clustering as a group with Euduboscquella species infecting ciliates, SSU rRNA sequences of the four novel parasites spread out across the syndinean Group I phylogeny, occurring in two different clades and a new lineage. Placement of our novel parasites in multiple clades that encompass Ichythyodinium chabelardi strongly indicates that the genus Euduboscquella is paraphyletic.
Internal Friction due to Wire Twist in Bent Cable

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A static and a quasi‐static cyclic bending of a cantilever cable is considered in order to investigate the friction losses in cables. It is assumed that slippage due to twisting of wires is a source of internal friction. Slippage takes place within finite segments along the wire. It starts near the clamp and then propagates along the cable with the increase in load. The load‐deflection characteristic becomes essentially nonlinear after the load exceeds some critical magnitude below which there is no slippage. Two types of hysteretic loops are investigated: (1) Local, characterizing losses in a wire cross section; and (2) global, associated with the point of load application. It is shown that the local loop is symmetrical and closed and that a unique correspondence exists between a load versus twisting characteristic of a wire in a simple bending and friction losses in this cross section in a cyclic bending. Similar correspondence between global characteristics of a cable is introduced. Numerical results for a one lay cable are given.
Anti-aging Effect of Panax notoginseng Saponins via Protecting Endogenous Antioxidant in Fruit Flies

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Introduction: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), the main active ingredients extracted from Panax notoginseng, are chemical mixtures, with the five main active components of ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Re, Rd and notoginsenoside R1. Objectives: The present study investigated the effect of PNS on anti-aging in fruit flies, which represented as a natural physical organism aging model. Materials and Methods: After lifelong supplement of PNS in the culture medium at the concentration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/L, the reproduction and the lifespan were observed in fruit flies. The activity of total antioxidative capabilities (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) were detected to evaluate oxidative stress levels. Results: Lifelong supplement of 50 mg/L PNS significantly prolonged the lifespan of fruit flies (Log rank χ2=6.752, P=0.009); supplement of 100 mg/L PNS tendency increased the lifespan of fruit flies with no significance; while supplement of 200 mg/L PNS potentially accelerated the death of fruit flies with no significance. Supplement of 50 mg/L PNS protected the reproductive capacity (p<0.05 for 15 and 30 days) in fruit flies. The activity of T-AOC, CAT, total SOD (T-SOD) and GSH-px significantly or tendency increased by 50, 100 and 200 mg/L PNS. Conclusion: Supplement of 50 mg/L PNS prolonged the lifespan and protected the reproductive capacity of fruit flies. The mechanism might be, at least in part, through the anti-oxidative stress pathway by protecting the activity of T-AOC, CAT, T-SOD and GSH-px. Supplement of 200 mg/L PNS might be toxic for fruit flies. Keywords: Panax notoginseng saponins, Aging, Lifespan, Reproduction, Antioxidant enzyme.
Detection of Mussel Beds Using Airborne Polarimetric SAR Data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

As an important source of food and protective habitat for other species living in the eulitoral, mussel beds have an important impact on the coastal ecosystem. To realize a frequent monitoring, we proposes the use of airborne polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to meet the challenge of limited time windows for data acquisition. For distinguishing mussel beds from surrounding tidal flats, the suitability of six different polarimetric features, based on the Freeman Durden decomposition, the Kennaugh element framework and target depolarization effects, are analyzed. Based on the most promising features, pixel-based classification is performed using an encoder-decoder Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The resulting regions identified as mussel covered are compared to verified reference data, generated three and five years before. Detected changes are additionally compared by visual alignment with current optical aerial imagery. The study demonstrates the potential of airborne polarimetric SAR data for the generation of up-to-date maps of mussel beds.
A study of the mandibular movement with multiple stroboscope apparatus. The mandibular condyle movement during the (a:) sound was pronounced.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Many reports have been made by researchers in the past on the study of the mandibular movement, which is a matter of primary concern in prosthodontics. It has been made clear by these reports that the movements of mandibular condyle can be divided into two kinetic elements of translation and rotation. However, almost no report has been made so far concerning in what temporal process these two elements occur at the time of physiologic condyle movement, especially when phonation is made.Therefore, the author particulary took up the phonation of the [a:] sound, which is least influenced by occlusion and the vertical and horizontal overlap of the anterior. The author then paid attention to the movement of mandibular condyle when the [a:] sound was pronounced. And in order to serve for the diagnosis of dysfunction of the stomatognathic system, the subjects used for the present experiment were limited to those who had no abnormality in their stomatognathic system. By photographic analysis using a multiple stroboscope apparatus, and considering the time element, the author recorded and analyzed the translation and rotation of mandibular condyle, and reached the following conclusion.1) All the seven subjects tended to show very little difference in the amount of translation and the degree of rotation of their mandibular condyle, as well as in the time required until it came to the position ready to pronounce the [a:] sound.2) The amount of translation of mandibular condyle from the position of maximal intercuspal occlusion to that when the [a:] sound was ready to be pronounced was between 2.31 mm and 6.15 mm ; the degree of rotation was between 5.03°and 7.73°; and the time required was between 0.115 and 0.174 seconds.3) The amount of translation from the position of the maximal intercuspal occlusion to that when the mandibular movement stopped with the pronunciation of the [a:]sound was between 3.02 mm and 13.37 mm; the degree of rotation was between 6.42° and 12.81°; and the time required was between 0.194 and 0.326 seconds.4) When compared before and after the [a:] sound was pronounced, the rotation of mandibular condyle tended to occur earlier than translation.5) When comparison was made by dividing the entire movement of mandibular condyle into three periods, the speed of change, both in translation and rotation, tended to be quickest in the second period; as for rotation, the degree of rotation tended to be smaller in the third period compared to that in the first.6) From the result of the present research, it is presu med that the mandibular condyle first moves, featuring rotation, to a comparatively fixed position, and later moves, featuring translation, to the position most appropriate for the pronunciation of the [a:] sound.
The Sound of Silence: The 1929-30 Gikuyu 'Female Circumcision Controversy' and the Discursive Suppression of African Women's Voices

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1929-30, British missionaries active in central Kenya sought the help of the British colonial government in banning and eventually eradicating the Gikuyu tradition of female circumcision. This was met by an uproar amongst the Gikuyu population, many of whom protested in the form of the Muthirigu dance song, giving rise to what is known as the 'female circumcision controversy.' Contemporary sources demonstrate the numerous contributions to the debate on the issue, including from missionary societies, colonial officials, British women, and Kenyan men, who all incorporated the controversy into their various agendas, be it concern for women's health on the missionary's part; anxiety of colonial officials over the impact of circumcision on Kenya's long-term population growth; worry for their 'sisters' by British women Members of Parliament; or concern about Western infringement on Gikuyu traditions on the part of Kenyan men. What is most noticeable is the absence of Kenyan women's voices in the sources on the matter, in spite of the fact that this was an issue about their own bodies. This article examines the different ways in which Kenyan women's voices were silenced on the issue, and attempt to retrieve their voices from the sources available. In doing so, the article seeks to demonstrate the general tendency to silence African women in history and in historical epistemology.
Profit Maximization through Online Advertising Scheduling for a Wireless Video Broadcast Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we address the problem of how to make the wireless service provider (WSP) earn profits in a wireless video broadcast network with consideration of advertisement insertion. At the beginning, this study examines the profit components by analyzing traffic provision and advertisement insertion. This study considers using two components for profit maximization-one is the function for allocating video rates, and the other is the function for inserting advertisement duration. The maximum achievable profit depends on joint optimization of optimal video-rate vectors and advertisement-duration vectors, which are usually computationally intensive. To resolve such a complexity problem, this work also proposes an effective algorithm for joint optimization. First, the overall profit is formulated as the solution of four local optimization problems through horizontal and vertical decomposition. Second, a theoretic polymatroidal framework is introduced in our work for optimization as this framework is proved effective in profit maximization of multiuser systems. Third, this study shows that the overall profit can be maximized by finding the optimal profit points on the boundary of the rate and duration regions. As a result, the optimum points and the total profit can be obtained through a hierarchical greedy algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of making maximum profits for WSPs in a wide range of broadcasting rates.
Effect of Concomitantly Administered Drugs on the Control of Long Term Anticoagulant Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The stability of control of long term anticoagulant therapy was studied in a group of 277 patients with respect to drug interactions. Increased instability (changes of dose/month of therapy) was related to the number of concomitant drugs taken irrespective of, and in addition to, known specific interactions. Fluctuating cardiac status in patients requiring digoxin and diuretic therapy was a major factor in stabilizing anticoagulant control.
Encapsulation of state with monad transformers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We relate the type-and-effect system of Tofte and Talpin and monadic systems while handling the permissive notion of encapsulation and various other features of their system. In particular, we translate from an object language that allows interaction between computations at different regions to a language based on the state monad transformer. The syntactic classes of the languages are indexed respectively by sequences of region indicators and by the depth within evaluation constructs. The fundamental difference between a monadic programming language and a more traditional programming language with encapsulated effects is that the monadic language uses relative addressing of regions while the traditional language uses absolute addressing of regions. This relative addressing is inherent in the return and run constructs and there's no need for region identifiers to indicate a region for an effectful operation. Even memory addresses are free of region names, so that the representation is truly modular. This approach carries a restriction against upward (inward) references that gives a sequence-of-trees structure to the regions of a program, and thus to the store of such a program with state effects. We also define effect-annotated monad transformers and make use of them in presenting a type system that uses tree-structured store types and is equally free of region identifiers. We show this type system to be sound with respect to the operational behavior. Semantics-preserving translations from a direct-style effect system are provided. The reduction semantics and typing judgments are also indexed, giving them a precise characterization in terms of the syntactic classes. Under our restriction against upward references, the tree structure of monadic programs carries information not available to direct-style programs with a linear store---namely that certain regions aren't accessible. This difference cannot be made up by the translation, so the earlier one translates to monadic style, the more efficient the resulting program. We demonstrate support for various extensions, including recursion, polymorphism, eager deallocation of regions that departs from the stack regime, and subtyping to allow live pointers to be viewed as dangling ones. Finally, we briefly consider region-polymorphic functions and sketch an incremental implementation supporting computational reflection.