jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Validation of the 2019 European Society of Cardiology Risk Stratification Algorithm for Pulmonary Embolism in Normotensive Elderly Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend evaluation for right ventricular dysfunction in all normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). We compared the predictive performance of the 2019 and 2014 ESC risk stratification algorithms and the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI). Methods We performed a posthoc analysis of normotensive patients aged ≥ 65 years with acute PE from a prospective cohort. The primary outcome was overall mortality; secondary outcomes were PE-related mortality and adverse outcomes (PE-related death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, catecholamine use, recurrent venous thromboembolism) at 30 days. We assessed outcomes in intermediate-high, intermediate-low, and low-risk groups according to the 2019 and 2014 ESC algorithms and the PESI. Discriminative power was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results Among 419 patients, 14 (3.3%) died (7 from PE) and 16 (3.8%) had adverse outcomes within 30 days. The 2019 ESC algorithm classified more patients as intermediate-high risk (45%) than the 2014 ESC algorithm (24%) or the PESI (37%), and only 19% as low risk (32% with 2014 ESC or the PESI). Discriminatory power for overall mortality was lower with the 2019 ESC algorithm (AUC: 63.6%), compared with the 2014 ESC algorithm (AUC: 71.5%) or the PESI (AUC: 75.2%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.063). Discrimination for PE-related mortality and adverse outcomes was similar. Conclusion While categorizing more patients in higher risk groups, the 2019 ESC algorithm for PE did not improve prediction of short-term outcomes compared with the 2014 ESC algorithm or the PESI.
Specification Analysis of Affine Term Structure Models

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we explore the features of affine term structure models that are empirically important for explaining the joint distribution of yields on short and long-term interest rate swaps. We begin by showing that the family of N-factor affine models can be classified into N+1 non-nested sub-families of models. For each sub-family, we derive a maximal model with the property that every admissible member of this family is equivalent to or a nested special case of our maximal model. Second, using our classification scheme and maximal models, we show that many of the three-factor models in the literature impose potentially strong over-identifying restrictions on the joint distribution of short- and long-term rates. Third, we compute simulated method-of-moments estimates for several members of one of the four branches of three-factor models, and test the over-identifying restrictions implied by these models. We conclude that many of the extant affine models in the literature fail to describe important features of the distribution of long- and short- term rates. The source of the model misspecification is shown to be overly strong restrictions on the correlations among the state variables. Relaxing these restrictions leads to a model that passes several goodness-of-fit tests over our sample period.
How Transformational Leadership Influences Work Engagement Among Nurses: Does Person–Job Fit Matter?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The current study examines whether person–job fit moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and work engagement. Data were collected using cross-sectional design from 224 (15 male and 209 female) hospital nurses. Participants completed measures of transformational leadership, person–job fit, and work engagement. Moderated multiple regression results showed that transformational leadership had a significant positive predictive relationship with work engagement, and person–job fit had a significant positive predictive relationship with work engagement. Simple slope analysis showed that person–job fit moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and work engagement such that transformational leadership was more positively related to work engagement for nurses with high person–job fit compared with those with low person–job fit. Thus, all the hypotheses were confirmed. The findings were discussed, and suggestions for future research were offered.
“Set your minds on things above”: shifting from trauma-based ruminations to ruminating on God

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between trauma-based "Christian rumination," mindfulness, and focusing on God among an online sample of Christian adults (N = 234) from the United States. Participants endorsed experiencing a range of traumatic events, including natural disasters, car accidents, the death of loved ones, assault, and abuse, as well as the tendency to continue to think about the event. Using structural equation modelling, results revealed that "Christian rumination," consisting of trauma-related ruminations (e.g., "why" and "what if" questions about the traumatic event, questioning God's availability in the midst of the traumatic event), was positively associated with attempts to focus on God as a form of religious coping, mediated by mindfulness skills (i.e., attention, present focus, awareness, acceptance). The authors conclude by discussing a manualized treatment approach in development, based on the empirically-confirmed theoretical model in the present study, along with study limitations.
Chimeric antigen receptor adoptive immunotherapy in central nervous system tumors: state of the art on clinical trials, challenges, and emerging strategies to addressing them

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent a significant unmet medical need due to their enduring burden of high mortality and morbidity. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy emerges as a groundbreaking approach, offering hope for improved treatment outcomes. However, despite its successes in hematological malignancies, its efficacy in solid tumors, including CNS tumors, remains limited. Challenges such as the intricate tumor microenvironment (TME), antigenic heterogeneity, and CAR T-cell exhaustion hinder its effectiveness. This review aims to explore the current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy for CNS tumors, highlighting recent advancements and addressing challenges in achieving therapeutic efficacy. Recent findings Innovative strategies aim to overcome the barriers posed by the TME and antigen diversity, prevent CAR T-cell exhaustion through engineering approaches and combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors to improving treatment outcomes. Summary Researchers have been actively working to address these challenges. Moreover, addressing the unique challenges associated with neurotoxicity in CNS tumors requires specialized management strategies. These may include the development of grading systems, monitoring devices, alternative cell platforms and incorporation of suicide genes. Continued research efforts and clinical advancements are paramount to overcoming the existing challenges and realizing the full potential of CAR T-cell therapy in treating CNS tumors.
Demyelinating motor Guillain–Barre syndrome following rubella

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 20-year-old man developed weakness without sensory complaints 10 days after rubella. He had fever, typical rubella rash, and suboccipital lymphadenopathy during an epidemic outbreak in his school. Examination showed symmetric weakness of forearm and intrinsic hand muscles, tibioperoneal muscles, and triceps surae (grade 4/5, Medical Research Council scale) and hyperactive tendon reflexes. He could not get up from squatting or walk on heels and toes. Cranial nerves and sensory examination were normal. Serum creatine kinase was normal. Serologic tests revealed immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antirubella. CSF protein content was increased (0.8 g/L). Electrophysiologic examination showed partial motor conduction blocks (CBs) in eight nerves, prolonged distal motor latencies in tibial nerves, and normal sensory conductions even across the sites of CB (figure). EMG of distal muscles of limbs showed reduced recruitment with high frequency discharging motor units. Brain and spinal MRI and median and tibial somatosensory evoked potentials were normal. A diagnosis of Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) was made, and the patient was treated with four plasmaphereses with complete recovery in 6 months. On serial electrophysiologic examination, CBs disappeared in 8 to 16 weeks, and abnormal temporal dispersion occurred in four nerves, indicating that demyelination was the pathophysiologic basis (see figure). Sensory conductions remained normal, and fibrillation potentials were not detected through …
Crease Recovery of Fabrics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A study has been made of some single fiber properties of wool, rayon, and Vicara zein fibers at various relative humidities, and the crease recoveries of fabrics made from the same fibers have been measured under identical conditions. In general, the wool and Vicara are similar in many load-extension properties. A fair correlation was found between fabric crease recovery on the one hand, and fiber tensile and work recovery on the other hand at low and normal humidities. At high humidity, and particularly with wet fabrics, however, this relationship no longer holds. A general correlation also seems to exist between fabric crease recovery and work returned by stretched fibers during retraction from extension to 4%.
Treatment of non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome with the histamine 1 receptor antagonist ebastine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We evaluated the histamine 1 receptor antagonist ebastine as a potential treatment for patients with non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Methods Non-constipated patients with IBS fulfilling the Rome III criteria were randomly assigned to 20 mg ebastine or placebo for 12 weeks. Subjects scored global relief of symptoms (GRS) and abdominal pain intensity (API). A subject was considered a weekly responder for GRS if total or obvious relief was reported and a responder for API if the weekly average pain score was reduced by at least 30% vs baseline. The primary endpoints were the proportion of subjects who were weekly responders for at least 6 out of the 12 treatment weeks for both GRS and API (‘GRS+API’, composite endpoint) and for GRS and API separately. Results 202 participants (32±11 years, 68% female) were randomly allocated to receive ebastine (n=101) or placebo (n=101). Treatment with ebastine resulted in significantly more responders (12%, 12/92) for GRS+API compared with placebo (4%, 4/87, p=0.047) while the proportion of responders for GRS and API separately was higher for ebastine compared with placebo, although not statistically significant (placebo vs ebastine, GRS: 7% (6/87) vs 15% (14/91), p=0.072; API: 25% (20/85) vs 37% (34/92), p=0.081). Conclusions Our study shows that ebastine is superior to placebo and should be further evaluated as novel treatment for patients with non-constipated IBS. Trial registration number The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of each study site (EudraCT number: 2013-001199-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01908465 ).
Flavonoids: Classification, Biosynthesis and Chemical Ecology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flavonoids are natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom and form one of the main classes of secondary metabolites. They display a large range of structures and ecological significance (e.g., such as the colored pigments in many flower petals), serve as chemotaxonomic marker compounds and have a variety of biological activities. Therefore, they have been extensively investigated but the interest in them is still increasing. The topics that will be discussed in this chapter describe the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, the roles of flavonoids in flowers, fruits and roots and mechanisms involved in pollination and their specific functions in the plant.
Health benefits of snail farming in Imo state, Nigeria: a life science and biomedical approach

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Snail farming links food production, life sciences, and biomedicine, offering not only economic benefits but also vital health advantages. This study investigated the health benefits of snails, described the socioeconomic characteristics of snail farmers, compared the price elasticity of demand for snails with other animal proteins, and identified the key factors influencing profitability in snail farming within the study area. Data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire for 150 selected respondents using snowball sampling techniques. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the elasticity model, the profit model, and ordinary least squares multiple regression. The results showed that 51.33% of respondents were male and 48.67% were female, with a mean age of 46 years, mean 6.8 persons per household, mean farming experience of 5.7 years, and 52.22% of respondents engaged in snail farming as their primary occupation. The price elasticity of demand for animal proteins was calculated, resulting in -0.24 for Archantina archantina and -1.10 for Archantina marginata. Snails were found to offer notable health benefits, including low cholesterol content, potential in asthma management, essential vitamins that aid in skincare and nutrients that support brain cell maintenance. The cost and return analysis revealed that a total of $235.67 was incurred, while $647.60 was realized from sales, resulting in a total profit of $411.92. Additionally, the factors affecting the profit of snail farmers were identified, including age, labour, stock size, and feed. The study recommended government intervention to scale up snail production and suggested that stakeholders in the snail industry adopt measures to promote both the production and consumption of snails.
Development of Spectroscopic Methods for Dynamic Cellular Level Study of Biochemical Kinetics and Disease Progression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

One of the current fundamental objectives in biomedical research is understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease progression. Recent work in genetics support the stochastic nature of disease progression on the single cell level. For example, recent work has demonstrated that cancer as a disease state is reached after the accumulation of damages that result in genetic errors. Other diseases like Huntingtons, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, cardiovascular disease are developed over time and their cellular mechanisms of disease transition are largely unknown. Modern techniques of disease characterization are perturbative, invasive and fully destructive to biological samples. Many methods need a probe or enhancement to take data which alters the biochemistry of the cells and may not be a true representations of cellular mechanisms. Current methods of characterizing disease progression cannot measure dynamics of a process but rely on an average state of a system at a fixed endpoint. They track cellular changes at a population level that rely on static ensemble averages that compare the same population at different time points or populations exposed to different stimuli. Ensemble averaging obscures spatiotemporal and dynamic molecular and cellular mechanism information by only measuring changes before and after disease transitions which neglects mechanistic information. This type of snap shot measurement contains no information regarding the transition into a disease state. The use of an ensemble averages ignores single cell level changes by assuming cells in a population are similar. In reality individual cell-to-cell variability in the same cell population can cause one cell to transition to disease state while another cell does not. Fluctuations are indicators of disease and if cellular processes are not studied spatiotemporally then key molecular changes are undetected. If the path to disease progression is known on an individual cell level, then treatments can be modified to alleviate or prevent disease through early detection. The aim of this thesis is to quantitatively and dynamically measure a biomedical sample on the single cell level without destroying or manipulating it significantly to characterize cellular mechanisms. The technique developed uses microRaman Spectroscopy to analyze molecular signatures of single cells and compare differences between signatures of cells in different populations.
[Echoendoscopy: pathological diagnosis using real-time puncture-aspiration].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to obtain pathologic diagnosis by aspiration punction (AP) by real time lineal echoendoscopy in different lesions suspected to be malignant. AP was performed in 6 cases with a Pentax-Hitachi FG 32UA lineal echoendoscopy. Four pancreatic neoplasms, one plastic linitis and one adenopathy of the celiac trunk were observed. Malignancy was confirmed by clinical evolution or surgery. The sensitivity of malignancy diagnosis was 67%, specificity 100% and diagnostic certainly 87%. No complications were observed. In the authors' preliminary experience, aspiration punction with real time lineal echoendoscopy allowed pathological diagnosis to be performed safely and effectively with relative simplicity.
Resident Cardiac Mast Cells Degranulate and Release Preformed TNF-α, Initiating the Cytokine Cascade in Experimental Canine Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background —Neutrophil-induced cardiomyocyte injury requires the expression of myocyte intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-1–CD11b/CD18 adhesion. We have previously demonstrated interleukin (IL)-6 activity in postischemic cardiac lymph; IL-6 is the primary stimulus for myocyte ICAM-1 induction. Furthermore, we found that induction of IL-6 mRNA occurred very early on reperfusion of the infarcted myocardium. We hypothesized that the release of a preformed upstream cytokine induced IL-6 in leukocytes infiltrating on reperfusion. Methods and Results —Constitutive expression of TNF-α and not IL-1β was demonstrated in the normal canine myocardium and was localized predominantly in cardiac mast cells. Mast cell degranulation in the ischemic myocardium was documented by demonstration of a rapid release of histamine and TNF-α in the cardiac lymph after myocardial ischemia. Histochemical studies with FITC-labeled avidin demonstrated degranulating mast cells only in ischemic samples of canine myocardium. Immunohistochemistry suggested that degranulating mast cells were the primary source of TNF-α in the ischemic myocardium. In situ hybridization studies of reperfused myocardium localized IL-6 mRNA in infiltrating mononuclear cells and in mononuclear cells appearing in the postischemic cardiac lymph within the first 15 minutes of reperfusion. Furthermore, isolated canine mononuclear cells incubated with postischemic cardiac lymph demonstrated significant induction of IL-6 mRNA, which was partially blocked with a neutralizing antibody to TNF-α. Conclusions —Cardiac mast cells degranulate after myocardial ischemia, releasing preformed mediators, such as histamine and TNF-α. We suggest that mast cell–derived TNF-α may be a crucial factor in upregulating IL-6 in infiltrating leukocytes and initiating the cytokine cascade responsible for myocyte ICAM-1 induction and subsequent neutrophil-induced injury.
Comparative Evaluation of Ultraviolet and Visible Light Transmittance through Prescriptive Ophthalmic Minus Lenses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Wearing spectacles is the most common approach in correcting the refractive errors worldwide. Due to harmful effects of overexposure to solar ultraviolet radiations, the usage of multi-layer coatings in ophthalmic lenses has recently been increased. These lenses can reduce the reflections and hence increase the transmission of visible light; they can also decrease the transmission of ultraviolet rays. This study aims to compare the transmission of ultraviolet (A and B) and visible rays through coated and uncoated prescriptive ophthalmic plastic lenses.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 39 minus non-photochromic multi-coated white plastic single-vision lenses; 9 similar lenses but without any coatings were assessed by spectral transmittancemeter for evaluation of the transmission of visible and ultraviolet rays. Results: The transmission of visible light was 97.9%±1.07% for coated lenses and 93.5%±0.54% for lenses without coating. Ultraviolet-A transmission was 12.15%±8.02% for coated lenses compared to 66.27%±23.92% in lenses without coating. The transmission of ultraviolet-B rays was 1.21%±0.4% and 23.0%±15.97% for lenses with and without coatings, respectively. Conclusion: The transmission of visible light was significantly higher in multi-coated lenses compared to uncoated samples; whereas the transmissions of ultraviolet rays in multi-coated lenses were significantly lower than uncoated ones. Therefore, it is recommended that, except for particular cases, prescribed lenses be equipped with this multi-layer coating.
Economic evaluation of the OSAC randomised controlled trial: oral corticosteroids for non-asthmatic adults with acute lower respiratory tract infection in primary care

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To estimate the costs and outcomes associated with treating non-asthmatic adults (nor suffering from other lung-disease) presenting to primary care with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) with oral corticosteroids compared with placebo. Design Cost-consequence analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. Perspectives included the healthcare provider, patients and productivity losses associated with time off work. Setting Fifty-four National Health Service (NHS) general practices in England. Participants 398 adults attending NHS primary practices with ALRTI but no asthma or other chronic lung disease, followed up for 28 days. Interventions 2× 20 mg oral prednisolone per day for 5 days versus matching placebo tablets. Outcome measures Quality-adjusted life years using the 5-level EuroQol-5D version measured weekly; duration and severity of symptom. Direct and indirect resources related to the disease and its treatment were also collected. Outcomes were measured for the 28-day follow-up. Results 198 (50%) patients received the intervention (prednisolone) and 200 (50%) received placebo. NHS costs were dominated by primary care contacts, higher with placebo than with prednisolone (£13.11 vs £10.38) but without evidence of a difference (95% CI £3.05 to £8.52). The trial medication cost of £1.96 per patient would have been recouped in prescription charges of £4.30 per patient overall (55% participants would have paid £7.85), giving an overall mean ‘profit’ to the NHS of £7.00 (95% CI £0.50 to £17.08) per patient. There was a quality adjusted life years gain of 0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.05) equating to half a day of perfect health favouring the prednisolone patients; there was no difference in duration of cough or severity of symptoms. Conclusions The use of prednisolone for non-asthmatic adults with ALRTI, provided small gains in quality of life and cost savings driven by prescription charges. Considering the results of the economic evaluation and possible side effects of corticosteroids, the short-term benefits may not outweigh the long-term harms. Trial registration numbers EudraCT 2012-000851-15 and ISRCTN57309858 ; Pre-results.