jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Search for Immediate Effects of X-Radiation on Frog Nerve-Muscle Preparations

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

For more than thirty years there have been reports of the effects of ionizing radiations on nerves and muscles. In the U. S. S. R., in particular, there has been considerable attention paid to these problems, but workers in other countries have contributed occasional important studies. Since such reports form the basis on which we designed our program and since there has been no recent adequate account of them other than by Russian-speaking authors, we review briefly a selection of recent published work to illustrate the considerations involved. Much of the Russian work in the field has been summarized in papers given at the second Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (1-5). Most of the relevant studies mentioned in these papers concern changes in conditioned reflexes in various animals after whole-body or partial-body irradiation. For example, secretion of saliva in response to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli before and after whole-body irradiation with 250 r was studied by Fadeeva, Kurtsin, and Golovskii (quoted by Gorizontov, 4) in dogs with Pavlov stomachs; hypo- and hypersecretion were observed after irradiation, depending on the conditions. Yanson (quoted in 4) studied the increased rate of respiratory rhythm associated with a defensive conditioned reflex elicited in rabbits; he found that after 500 r to the whole body or to the head of the rabbit the rate fell sharply and remained low for some days. Many other such results are also referred to in the papers cited. Some studies have been made of the electrical activity of the higher nervous centers after irradiation. Lee et al. (6) stimulated the sciatic nerve of cats to evoke a cerebellar response which they recorded with electrodes touching the pia mater; the amplitude of the response began to diminish after a dose of about 6 kr had been given, and the effect was severe after 10 kr. The response continued to fall for 10 to 30 minutes after irradiation had ceased. Various changes after irradiation have also been reported in electroencephalograms (2, 7).
Solanum tuberosum C.Linneo subsp. andigena (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes CIP 703893

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Solanum tuberosum C.Linneo subsp. andigena (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes
Common name(s): Potato
Other names: Leona Negra
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Peru
Local sample unique identifier: CIP 703893
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1974-06-01
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
53‐2: Research on HDR True Black Performance of Foldable Active‐matrix Organic Emitting Display in Notebook Application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

HDR True black specify the luminance of black area at chessboard for below 0.0005 Cd/m 2 , which provide a new challenge for organic emitting display in foldable notebook application. Here we analyzed the influencing factors of black luminance from electric and optical sides, and raised the improvement measures toward film structure design with the final black luminance down to 0.0002 Cd/m 2 .
In vitro inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by natural quinone compounds

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways is promising approach in treatment of inflammatory diseases. Drugs able to block production of prostanoids together with leukotrienes should provide better anti-inflammatory properties and fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors [1,2]. Our previous studies revealed that some natural quinone compounds such as primin, alkannin, or shikonin are potent in vitro COX inhibitors [3]. In the current study, we tested 19 quinone compounds for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition using in vitro assay according to [4] where neutrophile granulocytes with 5-LOX activity isolated from the human blood are incubated with arachidonic acid (substrate) and tested samples. After the incubation, the amount of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is determined by commercial LTB4 EIA kit (Assay Designs). The most active quinone 5-LOX inhibitors were benzoquinone primin and naphthoquinone shikonin which decreased LTB4 production by 93 and 87% at 50µM concentration, respectively. Reference inhibitor zileuton reduced LTB4 production by 91% at the same concentration. Based on these preliminary results obtained in 5-LOX assay together with data from previous studies targeted on COX inhibition the plant quinones such as primin and shikonin should be considered for further studies aimed on their potential of dual COX/LOX inhibition.
Clothes make the Irish: Irish dressing and the question of identity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When the Ladies' Committee of the Irish Clothing Committee (of the Society of Friends) launched An Appeal for Clothing the Naked and Destitute Irish in 1847 they probably did what's worst: they meant well. By trying to help the inhabitants of a famine-ridden Ireland, 'the poor perishing, half-clad, and in some cases, naked Irish', they confirmed a stereotype that had slowly evolved during the foregoing centuries: the Irish stand closer to the naked and uncultivated beast than to a well-dressed and civilized human (i.e. English). To help cultivate the Irish they have to be helped into proper clothing, even if these are only second-hand English garments. However, soon after half the nation had been dressed in 'stout flannel jackets' and 'flannel petticoats' [1] that these well-meaning English ladies had collected, this logic was to be turned around in the spirit of the Irish Renaissance. In 1886 a pamphlet was published on How to Dress in Irish Materials [2]. The Irish, wrongly civilised (Anglicised), were to be dressed in an Irish dress to be Irish (again). But why have the Irish to be dressed Irish to be Irish? And what is an Irish dress, and where had it gone?
Effect of Curing, Antioxidant Treatment, and Smoking of Buffalo Meat on pH, Total Plate Count, Sensory Characteristics, and Shelf Life During Refrigerated Storage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of curing, antioxidants, and smoking on pH, total plate count (TPC), and sensory characteristics of buffalo meat stored at 0°C and packed in low density polyethylene (LDPE) bags were investigated. It was observed that treatment of curing, antioxidants (Sodium ascorbate, SA), and smoking, either alone or in combination, significantly (p < 0.05) increased pH and reduced TPC of control meat sample. The combined treatments of curing + smoking and curing + SA + smoking were significantly (p < 0.05) different from the single treatments of curing and smoking (least significant difference, LSD, was found to be less than the difference of log TPC/g values of these treatments). Sensory characteristics, like color and texture, were also significantly improved by single as well as combined treatments of curing, antioxidants, and smoking. However, these treatments did not significantly (p < 0.05) affect aroma of the controlled meat sample. Storage study (at refrigeration temperature, 0°C) revealed that the combined treatment of curing + SA + smoking was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) different and most effective in increasing the shelf life of the controlled meat sample. The shelf lives of meat samples were exactly determined by TPC value and sensory characteristics (total plate count in the order of 107, slimy texture, and undesirable aroma described the beginning of spoilage). The shelf life of control, cured, curing + SA, smoked, cured + smoked, and cured + SA + smoked were found to be 20, 30, 35, 25, 30, and 50 days respectively.
Selective loss of the uncoupling protein from light versus heavy mitochondria of brown adipocytes after a decrease in noradrenergic stimulation in vivo and in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The relative stability against a decrease in adrenergic stimulation of the uncoupling protein (UCP) incorporated into different mitochondrial fractions was investigated in brown-fat-cell cultures. Cultures were initiated with undifferentiated cells from young mice and were acutely stimulated with noradrenaline at confluence (day 7). Cells were harvested just after the finish of the 24 h stimulation treatment or 24 h later, and three mitochondrial fractions were isolated by differential centrifugation: the M1 fraction (1000 g), the M3 fraction (3000 g) and the M15 fraction (15,000 g). The results obtained in vitro indicate that removal of adrenergic stimulation determines a selective loss of UCP from the lightest mitochondrial fractions (M3 and M15). Similar results were obtained in a situation in vivo (24 h starvation in mice) which is known to lead to a decreased noradrenaline input to brown adipose tissue, with decreased UCP levels. Thus brown adipocytes possess different mitochondrial subpopulations, which exhibit characteristic changes in their UCP turnover in response to thermogenic signals.
Improved weed management in organic crop production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Weed problems can constrain organic crop production resulting in significant losses in yield and quality. Especially perennial weed species such as Elytrigia repens, Cirsium arvense and Tussilago farfara are posing problems as arable cropping systems do not hamper their vegetative proliferation sufficiently. Annual weeds may also reach unacceptable infestation levels leaving the growers with poor yielding crops and severe future weed problems owing to the shedding and spread of weed seeds. Effective weed management is a key component for successful organic crop production and a prerequisite to increase the yielding potential of many organic crop production systems. Weed problems are most severe on stockless arable farms because the supply of nutrients can be limited and may not suffice to produce competitive crop stands. Crop rotations in arable cropping systems often have fewer grass-clovers leys or other perennial crops known to disrupt weed proliferation more effectively than cash crops such as cereals and pulses. The higher nutritional status of soils on dairy farms and the more frequent use of perennial crops for mowing are major causes for less severe weed problems on those farms.
Disruption of the p53 Gene Results in Preserved Trabecular Bone Mass and Bone Formation After Mechanical Unloading

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that mechanical unloading facilitates signaling of p53, an important modulator of cell cycling and apoptosis, in bone marrow cells and thereby reduces trabecular bone volume (BV). We performed histomorphometric analyses and bone marrow cell cultures in tail-suspended (TS) p53 null (p53−/−) and wild-type (p53+/+) mice. Eight-week-old male mice were assigned to four groups after 1-week acclimatization: p53+/+ + ground control (GC), p53+/++TS, p53−/−+GC, and p53−/−+TS. Bilateral tibial samples were used for analysis. The histomorphometric parameters of trabecular structure, formation and resorption did not differ between the p53−/−+GC and p53+/++GC groups. Trabecular BV in p53+/++TS mice was significantly reduced to 45% of that in the p53+/++GC group after one week of TS. In contrast, BV in p53−/−+TS mice was preserved at the same level as that in the p53−/−+GC group. The bone formation rate (BFR) was significantly reduced in p53+/++TS but not in p53−/−+TS mice. Unloading significantly increased trabecular osteoclast number (Oc.N) and surface in p53+/++TS mice compared with the p53+/++GC group, but the difference was not significant between p53−/−+TS and p53−/−+GC mice. In bone marrow cell culture, the numbers of alkaline phosphatase-positive (ALP+) colony-forming units fibroblastic (CFU-f) and mineralized nodules were significantly reduced in p53+/++TS, but not p53−/−+TS mice. [3H]thymidine incorporation into bone marrow cells was higher in p53−/− mice than in p53+/+ mice, independent of mechanical loading or unloading. Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis revealed that unloading significantly increased the percentage of hypoploid bone marrow cells in p53+/+ mice relative to that in p53+/++GC mice, but there was no significant difference in ploidy between p53−/−+TS and p53−/−+GC mice. Expression levels of p53 and p21 mRNAs were enhanced after TS in bone marrow cells from p53+/+ mice. Our data show that trabecular bone mass and bone formation were preserved after tail-suspension in p53−/− mice, closely associated with ALP+ CFU-f and mineralized nodule formation in marrow cultures obtained from tibias of p53−/− mice. We speculate that bone loss due to mechanical unloading may be related to facilitation of intracellular p53-p21 signaling.
Economic consequences of the phenomenon of uberization on the example of the services of selected carriers in the transport industry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Uberization is a process, phenomenon, trend, and direction that emerged in the 21st century economy thanks to Uber Technologies, Inc., which was the first to introduce a mobile application that connects drivers and passengers. Although the name of the trend was not formalized by the Uber corporation, it appeared a few years later to describe certain dependencies that emerged in the economy and that gained importance not only in the field of transportation services, but also in the field of finance, in the labor market, or in relation to the real estate market. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of the progressive phenomenon of uberization on the competitiveness of the transportation industry in the pre-pandemic period and in the post-pandemic period. The study assumed the hypothesis that carpooling services, which are one of the important models of uberization, implemented in Poland through the BlaBlaCar app, can be a significant competitor to transportation services provided through traditional forms and models of communication, i.e., train and bus connections. The results of the study showed that BlaBlaCar services are a cheaper alternative to other means of transportation, i.e., public transport (Polskie Koleje Państwowe, PKP Intercity) and bus connections, although not always. As a rule, their competitiveness is higher for those routes and trips where there are many drivers offering free space in the car. On the other hand, on the routes less frequently visited by BlaBlaCar drivers, fares with a BlaBlaCar driver are higher than rail and bus fares. The considerations of the article meet the objectives of the cognitive goal and the application goal and showed that uberization in the transport industry is a significant phenomenon that is still developing and, in the future, may threaten traditional forms of transport, i.e., rail and bus travel.
Efficient coupling between free electrons and the supermode of a silicon slot waveguide

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Laser light can modulate the kinetic energy spectrum of free electrons and induce extremely high acceleration gradients, which are instrumental to electron microscopy and electron acceleration, respectively. We present a design scheme for a silicon photonic slot waveguide which hosts a supermode to interact with free electrons. The efficiency of this interaction relies on the coupling strength per photon along the interaction length. We predict an optimum value of 0.4266, resulting in the maximum energy gain of 28.27 keV for an optical pulse energy of only 0.22 nJ and duration 1 ps. The acceleration gradient is 1.05 GeV/m, which is lower than the maximum imposed by the damage threshold of Si waveguides. Our scheme shows how the coupling efficiency and energy gain can be maximized without maximizing the acceleration gradient. It highlights the potential of silicon photonics technology in hosting electron-photon interactions with direct applications in free-electron acceleration, radiation sources, and quantum information science.
Potential Benefits and Risks of Increased Aid Flows to Burundi

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Burundi has experienced a significant \n increase in aid flows in recent years. Currently, about half \n of the budget is funded by aid, mostly grants. The high \n external assistance has, however, not yet translated into \n high and sustainable growth rates. This paper analyzes (i) \n the policy response of the government to the aid surge and \n its impact on macroeconomic variables; and (ii) the \n allocation of external assistance and its implications for \n growth. Since not all aid affects economic development in \n the same way, aid disbursements are disaggregated by sector \n as well as by their lag in impacting growth. The analysis \n shows that Burundi has mostly spent and absorbed increased \n aid flows, but has until now not suffered significantly from \n the possible negative effects of an appreciating exchange \n rate and the related loss of competitiveness, but the \n possibility of a Dutch disease effect remains a risk. The \n country s low growth performance, despite high aid inflows, \n is not necessarily a sign that aid is ineffective or \n exceeding Burundi s absorptive capacity. It reflects that a \n large share of aid has been allocated to either humanitarian \n and emergency aid or long-run growth enhancing sectors. \n Therefore, the lagged impact of aid on economic growth is \n not yet visible. Furthermore, the composition of the \n domestically financed budget is biased toward recurrent \n spending, and therefore not directly growth enhancing. In \n addition, low and often unpredictable aid disbursement \n ratios aggravate the bias away from investment and toward \n government consumption. To boost short-term growth, the \n share of aid allocated to productive sectors, such as \n agriculture and the supporting infrastructure, needs to be \n increased. Firm commitments and timely disbursements of aid \n by donors are essential and the Government of Burundi needs \n to strengthen its capacity and mechanisms for donor coordination.
Modeling and Simulation of Non-Lambertian Beams-Based Vehicular Visible Light Communications in 6G and Beyond

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the serious spectrum shortage and complex interference issues of the well-known vehicular radio frequency (RF) technology paradigm, vehicular visible light communication (VLC) is becoming one powerful enabling technology for 6G and beyond vehicular wireless networks, thanks to the abundant and unregulated visible light spectrum resource and the ubiquitous deployment of lighting sources based on light-emitting diodes (LED). Typically, vehicular to vehicular VLC transmission techniques have been introduced and explored to enhance the connection performance of vehicular wireless networks. Nevertheless, the current works are usually limited to vehicular connection scenarios employing well-discussed LED transmitters with Lambertian beam patterns, which definitely fail to characterize the vehicular VLC scenarios with distinctive non-Lambertian transmitters. For filling this fundamental research gap, in this work vehicular to vehicular VLC links employing typical non-Lambertian optical beams are proposed. Unlike the conventional Lambertian vehicular VLC research paradigm, the proposed vehicular to vehicular connection scheme employs the commercially available non-Lambertian transmitter to configure the vehicular VLC links. Numerical results illustrate that, for typical outdoor lane scenario, compared with about 17.10 dB average signal-to-noise (SNR) of the benchmark Lambertian vehicular VLC links configuration, up to about 4.0 dB average SNR gain could be achieved by the proposed typical non-Lambertian vehicular VLC links configuration.
Drowning of microbial mounds on the slopes of the Latemar platform (middle Triassic)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Two microbial mound-shaped carbonate bodies buried below the slope deposits of the middle Triassic Latemar platform (Dolomites, Italy) was studied. The two sedimentary bodies, after having reached different stages of evolution, drowned and were covered by the slopes of the Latemar carbonate platform. The estimation of the depth and time at which they were located when they were buried made it possible to infer the average rates of relative sea-level rise to which they were subjected, revealing that such rates exceeded the growth rate of the main Latemar buildup. Given the estimated rates of sea-level rise, the two satellite bodies reached a critical depth at which microbial carbonate production stops, or it is significantly reduced, before being buried. As extensional tectonics was active in the area of the Dolomites during the Anisian, subsidence is the more likely cause of sea level rise. It is therefore hypothesized that the cause of the ultimate drowning of the “mounds” were subsidence rates exceeding their aggradation potential and inducing a progressive deepening that brought them below the lower depth threshold of microbial carbonate production.
Metal dimers as catalysts. Part 6. The use of [{Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)}2] as a catalyst in the metal carbonyl substitution reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reaction between [Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H4R′)X] and RNC in benzene to give [Fe(CO)2 –n(η5-C5H4R′)(CNR)nX](n= 1 or 2; R′= H, R = But, PhCH2, or 2,6-Me2C6H3, X = I or Br; R′= Me, R = But, X = I) is catalysed by [{Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H4R′)}2]. Mechanistic studies (42 °C) reveal that no transfer of ligands takes place between catalyst and substrate and that the reaction is light dependent. These results have been interpreted in terms of an electron-transfer process between the catalyst and the substrate. At higher temperatures (80 °C), a competing radical-chain process is also occurring, as detected by crossover experiments between catalyst and substrate. Predictions that the catalyst [{Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)}2] should activate metal carbonyl substrates in general and that ligand substitution of ligands other than CO should occur have been verified. Thus, (a) the high-yield synthesis of [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CNR)3]I from [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CNR)2I] and RNC (R = But or 2,6-Me2C6H3), (b) the reaction between [Mo(CO)3(η5-C5H5)I] and ButNC to give [Mo(CO)2(η5-C5H5)(CNBut)I] in quantitative yield (benzene, 42 °C), and (c) mechanistic studies on the reaction [Fe(CO)4(CNBut)]+ ButNC →[Fe(CO)3(CNBut)2]+ CO, all in the presence of [{Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)}2], are consistent with the mechanistic scheme proposed.
On the neutral gas content of nine new Milky Way satellite galaxy candidates

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We use a new, improved version of the H <scp>i</scp> Parkes All-Sky Survey to search for H <scp>i</scp> emission from nine new, ultrafaint Milky Way satellite galaxy candidates recently discovered in data from the Dark Energy Survey. None of the candidates is detected in H <scp>i</scp>, implying upper limits for their H <scp>i</scp> masses of typically several hundred to a few thousand solar masses. The resulting upper limits on <f>$M_{\\rm H\\small {I}} / L_{\\rm V}$</f> and <f>$M_{\\rm H\\small {I}} / M_{\\star }$</f> suggest that at least some of the new galaxy candidates are H <scp>i</scp> deficient. This finding is consistent with the general H <scp>i</scp> deficiency of satellite galaxies located within the Milky Way's virial radius and supports the hypothesis that gas is being removed from satellites by tidal and ram-pressure forces during perigalactic passages. In addition, some of the objects may be embedded in, and interacting with, the extended neutral and ionized gas filaments of the Magellanic Stream.