jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dark Tourism: can you have a Hierarchy of Tragedy ?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As those developing the notion of Dark Tourism seek to establish it as a paradigm and to differentiate it from mainstream Tourism, a sharp debate has arisen as to the efficacy of both traditional Tourism models and those being proposed by Dark Tourism advocates. This paper seeks to explore that debate, further, by addressing the tourist experiences generated. \n \nDrawing on both traditional Tourism models and emerging Dark Tourism models, the paper will ask the audience to re-evaluate their perceptions of likely tourist experiences at a number of Dark Tourism sites. \n \nThe paper will use counterpoints [e.g. the first and third Manhattan bombings] and contrasts between mainstream sites [e.g. war memorials and concentration camps] and lesser known sites [such as the Frongoch camp, or the Buschmannshof] to highlight the diversity and complexity of experiences that must be dealt with. Moreover, sites that don’t seem mired in controversy [such as the waterfronts of Ostend and Liverpool] will be shown to be deeply involved and, so, requiring cogent management of the tourist experience. \n \nThe paper will use the examples and draw upon the current debate to focus the audience’s attention to the critical factors that will be at the heart of the models and approaches adopted in the coming years. \n
Apium graveolens Herbs Ethanolic-Extract Improve Acetic Acid–Induced Colitis Condition in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Colitis is a growing gastrointestinal inflammation condition that affect individual all around the globe. No specific treatment for colitis condition is available at the moment and this disease can develop into colorectal cancer. Phytochemical in Apium graveolens (AG) are potential as anti-inflammation and antioxidant. This study aimed to investigate the potency of AG ethanolic-extract (EES) in improving acetic acid (AA) – induced colitis in rats. Rats with colitis induced by acetic acid were treated with 5-ASA and several concentrations (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) of EES. Colitis severity was determined by scoring of macroscopic condition including body weight, colon, and faeces condition. In addition, colon tissues conditions were observed with haematoxylin-eosin staining. Colon permeability is determined by measuring urine glucose level. The observation of the change in Enterobacteriaceae population is investigated using PCR. Apium graveolens ethanolic-extract shows highest improvement of colitis condition at concentration of 900 mg/kg, based on macroscopic observation and disease severity index. At this dose, no blood existed on the faeces and the faeces consistency is solid. Group receiving lower dose of EES still shows blood existence and less solid faeces. The EES dose dependently return the population of Enterobacteriaceae which increase upon AA treatment. Apium graveolens is potential to be use as preventive or treatment for colitis.
25 Success Factors of Digital Start-ups

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This exploratory study examines the personality characteristics that influence the success of digital start-ups from the perspective of German venture investors. The original research takes a three-dimensional approach and integrates the micro-perspective on the entrepreneurial personality, the meso-perspective on the business model,and the macro-perspective on the entrepreneurial context. Based on qualitative content analysis of expert interviews with German VC investors, this study considers personality and behavioral characteristics of entrepreneurs, such as entrepreneurial motivation and energy and willingness to learn, as the most relevant characteristics for success. Particularly in the start-up phase of a digital company, the ability to question one’s approach and convictions regularly, not only when mistakes are recognized but also to consider information and assessments from others, characterizes successful entrepreneurship. In addition, German VC investors consider the overall group of personality characteristics (perspective on entrepreneurial personality) to be most important for entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, the experts’ assessment of success characteristics provides a valuable perspective that has received little attention in the current literature. Finally, this study provides practical added value for researchers and practitioners regarding considering focal points in German VC investors’ implicit or explicit valuation model.
Hyperon polarization and single-spin asymmetries in different hadronic reactions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We show that the polarization of hyperons observed in high energy collisions using unpolarized hadron beams and unpolarized nucleon or nuclear targets is closely related to the left-right asymmetries observed in single spin inclusive hadron production processes. The relationship is most obvious for the production of the hyperons which have only one common valence quark with the projectile. Further implications of the existence of large polarization for hyperon which has two valence quarks in common with the projectile and their consequences are discussed. A comparison with the available data is made. Further tests are suggested.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of published studies on controlled smoking of marijuana

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The recommendation for laying down a limiting value of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration in plasma raises the question of dose-effect relations. For this an essential precondition is the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters as resorption, distribution and elimination constants as well as distribution volume and bioavailability. We have evaluated results of five studies which contain data relating to THC levels in plasma after smoking of marijuana cigarettes with defined content of THC. The pharmacokinetic parameters developed out of these studies under presumption of a two compartment model leads to a time plot of average THC concentrations as well as minimum and maximum curves at which the standard deviation of the pharmacokinetic parameters are taken into account. In particular during resorption and in the late elimination stage estimation of plasma levels of THC is accompanied by a wide dispersion. Nevertheless estimation of THC concentrations out of the amount of consumed marijuana at a stated time or on the other hand interval out of THC concentration in plasma is to be derived using the developed curves of THC concentrations. (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.
Seeing a speaker’s face helps stream segregation for younger and elderly adults.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Listening to a speaker while hearing one or more competing speakers in the background can be a challenging task, especially for elderly adults. We show that younger and elderly listeners (above the age of 65) with varying degrees of age-related hearing loss benefit in stream segregation and speech processing from seeing the target speaker talk in addition to hearing an audio mix of a target and a competing speaker. This audiovisual benefit was found for response accuracy and speed in a phoneme monitoring task, where participants indicated by button press the occurrence of given target phonemes in the monitored speech of the target speaker. The audiovisual benefit was larger for younger than for older adults, despite their equivalent performance on auditory-only trials and in an off-line phoneme lip-reading task. Better lip-reading performance, however, predicted a larger audiovisual benefit. The audiovisual benefit was found for both highly visible phonemes (/p/) and poorly visible phonemes (/k/), but was modulated in its size by segmental visibility. The audiovisual benefit therefore arises from local segmental visual information but is also at least partially driven by audiovisual synchrony information that aids in attending to the target speaker.
COVID-19 Critical Illness: A Data-Driven Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges in critical care medicine, including extreme demand for intensive care unit (ICU) resources and rapidly evolving understanding of a novel disease. Up to one-third of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experience critical illness. The most common form of organ failure in COVID-19 critical illness is acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, which clinically presents as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in three-quarters of ICU patients. Noninvasive respiratory support modalities are being used with increasing frequency given their potential to reduce the need for intubation. Determining optimal patient selection for and timing of intubation remains a challenge. Management of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 largely mirrors that of non-COVID-19 ARDS. Organ failure is common and portends a poor prognosis. Mortality rates have improved over the course of the pandemic, likely owing to increasing disease familiarity, data-driven pharmacologics, and improved adherence to evidence-based critical care.
Eliminating hepatitis C: Part 1. Finding your patients with hepatitis C

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can now cure almost all patients with chronic hepatitis C. This gives us the opportunity to eliminate hepatitis C from Australia. However, the number of people receiving DAA treatment is declining despite an estimated 165,000 people living with chronic hepatitis C. GPs have a key role in identifying and treating their patients living with hepatitis C if we are to reduce disease burden and achieve hepatitis C elimination.
Long-term impact of fistula status on growth and anemia in infants with congenital anorectal malformations.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with ARM are at risk for growth problems and anemia. The long-term impacts of fistula status on infant length presented earlier than those associated with other physical indicators. Compared to infants with urogenital comorbidities, those with congenital heart disease (CHD) seemed to be more prone to growth disorders and anemia.
Examining the Relationship Between Weapon Type and Relationship Type in American Homicides: A Bayesian Approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Past research indicates that weapon type used in a homicide predicts the victim-perpetrator relationship. Limitations include small sample sizes, inconsistent findings, and limited data analytic techniques. To address these limitations, we examined 363,927 homicides and used Bayesian multilevel categorical regression. In addition to analyzing weapon type (final model consisted of 16 weapon categories), we examined the victims’ sex, age, and race as covariates and modeled the data across states and counties. Results indicate that weapon type is highly informative, however, the age of the victim and sex of the victim interact with weapon type in important ways.
Neutropenia, Recurrent Bacterial Infections, and Congenital Deafness in Patients With Monocytopenia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The factors that regulate granulopoiesis in vivo are unclear, but recent evidence suggests a role for monocytes; these cells produce a leukopoietin termed colony-stimulating activity (CSA), which stimulates growth of colonies of myeloid cells in vitro. We describe a family in which three of four siblings had neutropenia with myeloid marrow hypoplasia, deafness, and monocytopenia. Two of the three affected siblings died of bacterial septicemia; the third sibling, who resided in a long-term care facility, remained relatively free of infections. Studies of this patient's peripheral blood disclosed deficient CSA production consistent with the virtual absence of monocytes. These findings support the purported role of monocytes as a source of peripheral blood leukopoietic factors.
The Resource-Based View Theory and Women Microbusiness Entrepreneurs: A Contribution to Business Sustainability

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The unprecedented effects of COVID-19 have been felt in nearly every industry and country around the globe, but the outbreak's severity varies across nations and sectors. This includes the population of female entrepreneurs who own small businesses. Despite numerous financial assistance available to assist women entrepreneurs, it remains a difficult phase for them to re-establish operations, given the embedded problems and challenges they face throughout the process. On top of that, the survival rate of the women-related business is also unsatisfactory due to several business internal factors. Therefore, this study will explore the use of the Resource-Based View theory in achieving business sustainability among women microbusiness entrepreneurs. It is a subject of interest as the RBV theory asserts that the key to enhancing business performance is by exploiting the business’s internal characteristics. The RBV framework recommended the management focus on the firm’s internal resources in developing the potential to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage. The RBV brings the idea for a firm to properly identify the firm resources, that are subject to be exploited as strategies for development, which in turn help to improve the firm’s efficiency and effectiveness. The discussion will be constructed following three attributes of firm resources suggested by the RBV framework, which consists of physical capital resources, human capital resources and organisational capital resources. This paper clarifies the concepts of each attribute and demonstrates the framework’s relevance in promoting business sustainability among women microbusiness entrepreneurs.
Application of Miniature Ring-Core and Interferometric Strain/Slope Rosette to Determine Residual Stress Distribution With Depth—Part II: Experiments

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The theoretical development of the interferometric strain/slope rosette (ISSR) and ring-core cutting method is described in Part I of the paper [K. Li and W. Ren, ASME J. Appl. Mech. 74(2), 298–306 (2007)]. In Part II, experiments are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method. The procedures of experimentation are developed. An ISSR/ring-core cutting system was established and its measurement stability and accuracy were examined in a two-step measurement program. By repeating the two-step measurement procedures, several incremental ring-core cutting experiments were conducted. Residual stress distribution is calculated from the measured ISSR data by using the relaxation coefficients calibrated in Part I of the paper. Measurement resolution, accuracy, and sensitivity of the ISSR/ring-core method are evaluated. Tests on a titanium block show the reliability of the method in comparison with the results obtained by using other measurement methods. The new method is also applied on a laser weld which demonstrates its uniqueness to measure residual stresses in small areas with high stress gradients. The experiments show advantages of the ISSR/ring-core method, such as miniature size, noncontacting nature, and high sensitivity. The method can be effectively used to measure residual stress distributions with depth on various manufactured components.
Perspectives A Step Closer to Meeting the Threat of Avian Influenza

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of the H5N1 subtype have crossed the species barrier and infected humans in many parts of the world. These strains continue to evolve and expand their host range, and have been associated with greater than 50 percent mortality [1]. No vaccines directed against H5N1 strains are commercially available for humans, and the development of effective H5N1 vaccines poses a number of challenges on both the basic science and manufacturing levels [2]. Several strategies have been
Depression and Effect of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Hearth failure frequently seems with depression and increases the morbidity and mortality with worse prognosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the psychological situation of decompensated syctolic heart failure (DSHF) patients and applied medical and psychological therapy to them.Materials and Methods: Totally 71 patients enrolled to the study which entered to Cardiology Department of Abant Izzet Baysal University Medical School Hospital with diagnosis of functional class II-IV DSHF according to New York Cardiology Association classification and ejection fraction (EF) of 40% or lower. These patients were divided into two groups (Group A: NHYA grade 2-3, Group B NYHA grade 4). The depression of patients were evaluated by geriatric depression scale (GDS).Results: Twenty one (29.6%) of 71 patients had depression consisting of 8 (38%) male and 13 (62%) female. The depression in female patients were significantly different from male patients (p< 0.05). GDS scores were significantly higher in group B patients (p< 0.05). There was a positive corelation between GDS scores and age (r= 0.648, p= 0.023) and female patients have had significantly higher GDS scores (p< 0.05). The adaptation to the treatment was significantly better in non-depressive patients (p< 0.05). There was a positive corelation between the hospital entrance number due to NC-SHF and GDS scores in all DSHF (r= 0.415, p< 0.05). On the other hand, there was a negative corelation between the EF and GDS scores (r= -0.307, p= 0.019).Conclusion: Depression is frequently seen in patients with DSHF. These patients should be carefully followed against psychiatric symptoms to give adequate treatment.
Commentary: The importance of exploring dose‐dependent, subtype‐specific, and age‐related effects of maltreatment on the HPA axis and the mediating link to psychopathology. A response to Fisher (2017)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We greatly appreciate Dr. Fisher's commentary that provides an excellent backdrop and well‐considered perspective on our findings. We agree that our results mesh well with previous work documenting hypocortisolism among youth who experienced early adversity, especially neglect. Moreover, as also perceptively noted by Dr. Fisher, our cross‐sectional data provide support for the notion that hypocortisolism is not simply a transient phenomenon, but, rather, a persistent pattern characterizing maltreated youth. Specifically, the consistency of the between group effect (from age 9.69 onwards) on a multimonth index of cumulative cortisol and the dose‐dependent gradient of cortisol secretion within the maltreated group, which was related to the number of subtypes and the length of exposure to maltreatment, lend weight to this view.
Advances in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Process Management —From Physical Pharmaceutics to Automatic Pharmaceutical Production—

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Since entering graduate school 43 years ago, I have been studying physical pharmaceutics with a focus on the effects of environmental factors on pharmaceutical properties of solid oral dosage forms during the manufacturing process. I have reported on changes in the characteristics of pharmaceutical products during manufacturing processes, such as grinding, mixing, granulation, and tableting owing to complicated phenomena based on chemical reactions or the crystalline polymorphic transitions of bulk drugs and excipients. To develop modern pharmaceutical manufacturing processes based on process analysis technology (PAT) as a next generation good manufacturing practice, real-time monitoring was introduced in these processes using a non-destructive analytical method, such as the near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Many case studies related to the mixing, granulation, tableting, and coating processes involving PAT have been reported. In those studies, I focused on clarifying the physical and chemical mechanism through "design space" representation. Additionally, non-destructive analytical methods, including X-ray computed tomography, audible acoustic emission, Raman spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, and infrared thermal imaging analysis were applied as novel candidate analytical methods to the pharmaceutical process to monitor critical quality attributes. To achieve this purpose in various pharmaceutical dosage forms, I have been attempting the assembly of a modern manufacturing process managed through a "design space" paradigm involving in-line monitoring using novel analytical methods, multivariate analyses, and feed-back systems.
Treatment, outcomes and prognostic factors of angiosarcoma of breast: A 25 year single institution experience.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e22540 Background: Primary (PAS) and secondary angiosarcoma (SAS) of breast account for < 1% of all breast neoplasms. SAS develops following radiation therapy (RT) to the breast or chest wall for treatment of breast cancer. The rarity of this tumor type makes it challenging to determine prognostic factors and develop optimal treatment strategies. Historically, large NCI cancer centers have reported a median overall survival ranging from 28 – 100 months with recurrence rate of 55%. Methods: We reviewed demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics of breast AS patients diagnosed and treated at our institution between 1990 and 2015. Overall (OS) and recurrence free (RFS) survival were compared using standard statistical methods at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Of 12155 breast cancers, 22 patients (0.008%) with AS (PAS in 34%, SAS in 66%) were identified. Median age of PAS patients was significantly lower than SAS – 45 vs 71 years (p < 0.001). Median tumor size was 6.9 cm (7.3 cm vs 6.9 cm, p = 0.93) with multifocal disease seen in 22.7%. Tumor was high grade in 14 (50% vs 83.3%, p = 0.34). Median time from RT to SAS diagnosis was 7.8 years. Treatment included: mastectomy in 17 (77.3%), wide excision in 4 (18.2%), adjuvant RT in 4 (18.2%), taxane based chemotherapy in 11 (50%) and chemo-RT in 1 (4.5%). No significant differences were noted in tumor (p = 0.9) or treatment characteristics (p = 0.4) between PAS and SAS. Recurrence rate (mainly distant) was 36% (8 pts). The 5-year OS and RFS rates were 51% (95% CI 27–72%) and 36% (95% CI 14–58%) with estimated medians of 64.2 and 55.5 months, respectively with no significant difference between the two groups. Black ethnicity (11.6 vs 64.2 months, p = 0.015), multifocal disease (15.5 vs 64.2 months, p = 0.004) and tumor size of > 6.9 cm (8.3 vs 64.2 months, p = 0.03) were associated with poorer outcomes. Tumor grade was not related to OS. Adjuvant treatment (RT p = 0.49, chemotherapy p = 0.36) conferred no RFS or OS benefit. Conclusions: Patients with PAS were younger than SAS. Black race, multifocal presentation and larger tumor size predict worse clinical outcomes. Our institutional experience confirms the poor prognosis of angiosarcoma, and highlights the need for further research.