jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Short-tailed hawk ( Buteo brachyurus ) in the Argentine Chaco

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

La presencia del Aguilucho Cola Corta ( Buteo brachyurus ) en la Region Chaquena argentina es muy poco conocida y esta basada en pocos datos concretos. En este trabajo se presentan nueve registros nuevos para las provincias de Chaco, Formosa y Santiago del Estero, siendo este ultimo el primero para la provincia. Buteo brachyurus parece no ser tan rara ni ocasional en la Region Chaquena argentina como se sugiere en la bibliografia actual, sino que existiria regularmente en los distritos Oriental y Occidental. Tambien se sugiere que el morfo oscuro podria ser mas comun que en otras areas como en la provincia de Misiones o en el sur de Brasil.
Economic instruments in environmental policy of Ukraine taking into consideration the experience of Germany

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

W artykule zaprezentowano podstawowe instrumenty ekonomiczne polityki \nochrony środowiska oraz różnice w zakresie wykorzystywanych instrumentów ekonomicznych \nna Ukrainie z uwzględnieniem możliwości zastosowania doświadczenia Niemiec. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na doświadczenia i rozwiązania niemieckie oraz możliwości i perspektywy \nrozwoju danego sektora na Ukrainie. Narzędzia te funkcjonujące na Ukrainie od początku lat \ndwutysięcznych dość powszechnie wykorzystywane są w krajach wysokorozwiniętych w tym \nw Niemczech już od dawna. Ponadto sklasyfikowano i opisano znaczenie innych instrumentów \ni działań wykorzystywanych w polityce ochrony środowiska, takich jak ekopodatki, subwencje, \nkary, ubezpieczenia ekologiczne, omówiono również rozwiązania, funkcjonujące w Niemczech, \nktóre mogłyby zostać zastosowane w ukraińskiej polityce ochrony środowiska i jednocześnie mogą \npośrednio przyczynić się do wsparcia rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej. \nSłowa kluczowe: Polityka ekologiczna, energetyka odnawialna, ekonomiczne instrumenty, ekoopłaty, \nekopodatki, opłaty produktowe i depozytowe, subwencje, kary, ubezpieczenia \nekologiczne.
The role of endogenous H2S formation in reversible remodeling of lung tissue during hibernation in the Syrian hamster

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY During hibernation, small mammals alternate between periods of metabolic suppression and low body temperature (‘torpor’) and periods of full metabolic recovery with euthermic temperatures (‘arousal’). Previously, we demonstrated marked structural remodeling of the lung during torpor, which is rapidly reversed during arousal. We also found that cooling of hamster cells increased endogenous production of H2S through the enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). H2S suppresses the immune response and increases deposition of collagen. Therefore, we examined inflammatory markers and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in relation to CBS expression and H2S levels in lungs of euthermic and hibernating Syrian hamsters. Lung remodeling during torpor was confirmed by a strong increase in both collagenous and non-collagenous hydroxyproline content. The number of leukocytes in lung was unchanged in any phase of hibernation, while adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and the inflammatory marker NF-κB (P65) were modestly upregulated in torpor. Gelatinase activity was decreased in lungs from torpid animals, indicating inhibition of the Zn2+-dependent MMP-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, expression of CBS and tissue levels of H2S were increased in torpor. All changes normalized during arousal. Inhibition of gelatinase activity in torpor is likely caused by quenching of Zn2+ by the sulphide ion of H2S. In accord, inhibition of CBS normalized gelatinase activity in torpid animals. Conversely, NaHS decreased the gelatinase activity of euthermic animals, which was attenuated by excess Zn2+. Similar results were obtained on the activity of the Zn2+-dependent angiotensin converting enzyme. Our data indicate that increased production of H2S through CBS in hamster lungs during torpor contributes to remodeling by inhibition of gelatinase activity and possibly by suppression of the inflammatory response. Although administration of H2S is known to induce metabolic suppression in non-hibernating mammals (‘suspended animation’), this is the first report implying endogenous H2S production in natural hibernation.
Bactericidal capacity of peripheral blood leucocytes in relation to bacterial infections in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Phagocytosis and bacterial capacity of peripheral blood leucocytes were studied in 49 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. No impairment of phagocytic ability was found, but 36% of children in relapse and 25% in remission had varying degrees of diminished intracellular killing capacity of ingested Staphylococcus aureus. Serial values in the same individual were constant irrespective of drugs used or stage of the disease. There was a highly significant positive correlation between bactericidal capacity ratio and the number of episodes of infection per patient; there was no significant correlation with death from infection.
Do plant secondary compounds induce epigenetic changes that confer resistance or susceptibility to toxicosis in animals?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in phenotype, or gene expression, caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. While cellular alterations such as DNA methylation may remain for multiple generations, the underlying DNA sequence of the organism does not change. Rather, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to be expressed differently. In essence, the epigenome is a layer of biological reactions that controls whether or not genes will be expressed. For example, rodents given dietary supplements show epigenetic changes that affect expression of genes which alter their fur colour, weight, and propensity to develop cancer. In human medicine, epigenetic alterations are clearly implicated in the development of cancer, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this paper we will review possible epigenetic changes, and their interactions with in utero and early life experiences. We also discuss how epigenetic alterations may interact with animals' consumption of plant secondary compounds by altering critical physiological defense mechanisms in the liver and other tissues.
Are all shortcuts in encoder–decoder networks beneficial for CT denoising?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Denoising of CT scans has attracted the attention of many researchers in the medical image analysis domain. Encoder-decoder networks are deep learning neural networks that have become common for image denoising in recent years. Shortcuts between the encoder and decoder layers are crucial for some image-to-image translation tasks. However, are all shortcuts necessary for CT denoising? To answer this question, we set up two encoder-decoder networks representing two popular architectures and then progressively removed shortcuts from the networks from shallow to deep (forward removal) and from deep to shallow (backward removal). We used two unrelated datasets with different noise levels to test the denoising performance of these networks using two metrics, namely root mean square error and content loss. The results show that while more than half of the shortcuts are still indispensable for CT scan denoising, removing certain shortcuts leads to performance improvement for denoising. Both shallow and deep shortcuts might be removed, thus retaining sparse connections, especially when the noise level is high. Backward removal seems to have a better performance than forward removal, which means deep shortcuts have priority to be removed. Finally, we propose a hypothesis to explain this phenomenon and validate it in the experiments.
MONITORING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSING AND COMMUNAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF UKRAINE IN THE SYSTEM OF EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

У статті досліджено рівень розвитку житлово-комунальної інфраструктури України в розрізі її функціональних складових, а саме: житлового фонду, благоустрою житлового фонду та благоустрою прибудинкових територій. Виявлено основні загрози розвитку житлово-комунальної інфраструктури та формуванню сприятливого середовища для проживання населення держави. Проаналізовано індикатoри розвитку складників житлово-комунальної інфраструктури та виявлено, що рівень розвитку житлово-комунальної інфраструктури в Україні є дoсить низьким. Обгрунтовано, що низький рівень доступності житла та забезпеченості громадян комфортними умовами проживання впливають не тільки на їх матеріальне становище та якість життя, але і на забруднення навколишнього середовища, зниження рівня здоров'я населення та низьке соціальне благополуччя. Проаналізовано вплив розвитку житлово-комунальної інфраструктури на забезпечення економічної безпеки держави через задоволення потреби людини у якісному житлі.
A Survey of Transfusion Practices among Anesthesiologists

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A survey of transfusion practices was conducted among anesthesiologists practicing in the United States to determine if significant variation exists and to identify those areas toward which research and educational efforts should be directed. Thirty-seven percent (389) of 1,043 active members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists who received the survey responded. The indications for transfusion as well as the types of components administered were found to vary considerably. Among the areas which need to be addressed are arbitrary preoperative hemoglobin requirements, indications for fresh frozen plasma administration, preoperative blood ordering and autologous transfusion.
On the Application of Funeral Vocabulary in Chinese International Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For foreign students, the Chinese funeral culture is inherently mysterious and exotic, and funeral vocabulary carries a strong cultural connotation, making it ideal for use in Chinese international education teaching. However, funeral vocabulary is rarely seen in current Chinese international education teaching, and there are still problems such as limited coverage, scattered content, and superficiality in this area. Therefore, this paper will analyze the funeral vocabulary with Chinese characteristics and study their value and application necessity in language teaching and cultural teaching of Chinese international education.
Mesothelioma in north east London

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The North East London Cancer Network (NELCN) has the second highest incidence of mesothelioma in the UK. The 2010 ERS/ESTS malignant pleural mesothelioma guidelines have subjected the evidence to systematic review and it was felt that the network should audit its own service in 2009 & 2010. There were 52 new cases of mesothelioma, data was obtained on 34. Of these patients 91% were pleural and 9% peritoneal. Over 90% was confirmed histologically. All patients were discussed in a multidiciplinary team meeting (MDT), 50% received chemotherapy. All patients who had a VATS biopsy had a surgical pleurodesis. At the end of the audit deadline 11/34 patients had died including all patients with sarcomatoid histology. Lung cancer patients in the NELCN are known to present late with advanced disease, only 41% of these patients came through a respiratory specialist as a first port of call, and only 35% as urgent cancer referrals. Chemotherapy was offered to 74% of patients, but only 50% had it. Most of those did not have chemotherapy because of poor performance status. However in two cases chemotherapy was delayed in order to wait for symptoms. The current ERS/ESTS evidence suggests that chemotherapy before symptom progression has a better outcome. Port site radiotherapy was given to a third of patients, those who did not have chemotherapy. This is in line with the BTS 2007 statement. The NELCN has a high case load of mesothelioma. Diagnostics are moving uniformly across the network towards early CT biopsy or VATs biopsy. Palliative surgical pleurodseis is common and chemotherapy is being offered to three quarters of patients. Mesothelioma MDTs are operational and assist in optimizing patient pathways.
Metformin: Adjunct Therapy in Cancer Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An employee undergoing cancer treatment was prescribed metformin, a medication used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and currently used as adjunct therapy for cancer. Metformin’s anti-inflammatory properties inhibit tumor growth. It is speculated that cancer cells develop a metabolism that enhances aerobic glycolysis, which promotes cell growth and increases the need for glucose. Metformin decreases insulin in the blood, which decreases the amount of glucose available to cancer cells, thus starving the cells of nutrition, resulting in cell death. This case study explores the role of metformin in cancer treatment, with implications for occupational health nurses.
Design of Gaussian White Noise Generator with Adjustable Parameters Based on FPGA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a Gaussian white noise generator with adjustable parameters based on field programmable gate array(FPGA),gives the general system scheme,algorithm implementation and some essential points of design.The upper computer can perform real time parameter configuration of the noise generator and bit error rate statistic of the system by means of universal asynchronous receving/transmitting interface.The measured data practically demonstrate that the proposed method can meet the requirement of bit error rate testing of practical communication system.
A gene risk score using missense variants in SLCO1B1 is associated with earlier onset statin intolerance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background and aims The efficacy of statin therapy is hindered by intolerance to the therapy, leading to discontinuation. Variants in SLCO1B1, which encodes the hepatic transporter OATB1B1, influence statin pharmacokinetics, resulting in altered plasma concentrations of the drug and its metabolites. Current pharmacogenetic guidelines require sequencing of the SLCO1B1 gene, which is more expensive and less accessible than genotyping. In this study, we aimed to develop an easy, clinically implementable functional gene risk score (GRS) of common variants in SLCO1B1 to identify patients at risk of statin intolerance. Methods and results A GRS was developed from four common variants in SLCO1B1. In statin users from Tayside, Scotland, UK, those with a high-risk GRS had increased odds across three phenotypes of statin intolerance [general statin intolerance (GSI): ORGSI 2.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29–4.31, P = 0.003; statin-related myopathy: ORSRM 2.51; 95% CI: 1.28–4.53, P = 0.004; statin-related suspected rhabdomyolysis: ORSRSR 2.85; 95% CI: 1.03–6.65, P = 0.02]. In contrast, using the Val174Ala genotype alone or the recommended OATP1B1 functional phenotypes produced weaker and less reliable results. A meta-analysis with results from adjudicated cases of statin-induced myopathy in the PREDICTION-ADR Consortium confirmed these findings (ORVal174Ala 1.99; 95% CI: 1.01–3.95, P = 0.048; ORGRS 1.76; 95% CI: 1.16–2.69, P = 0.008). For those requiring high-dose statin therapy, the high-risk GRS was more consistently associated with the time to onset of statin intolerance amongst the three phenotypes compared with Val174Ala (GSI: HRVal174Ala 2.49; 95% CI: 1.09–5.68, P = 0.03; HRGRS 2.44; 95% CI: 1.46–4.08, P &lt; 0.001). Finally, sequence kernel association testing confirmed that rare variants in SLCO1B1 are associated with the risk of intolerance (P = 0.02). Conclusion We provide evidence that a GRS based on four common SLCO1B1 variants provides an easily implemented genetic tool that is more reliable than the current recommended practice in estimating the risk and predicting early-onset statin intolerance.
Exploring self-esteem during expressive writing about trauma predicts decreased depression in people with HIV

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Self-esteem is often negatively impacted by trauma. Low self-esteem has been related to significantly worse depression in people with HIV (PWH). This study explores whether the expression of words related to self-esteem during a 4-session augmented trauma writing intervention predicted post-traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and health outcomes 6-months later. Ninety-five PWH completed four 30-minute augmented trauma writing sessions in the intervention arm of a randomized controlled trial. One augmented session was devoted to self-esteem. Two individuals coded trauma essays for number of self-esteem words. CD4+ and viral load data were collected, and the Davidson PTSD Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were administered at baseline, one-, and six-month follow-up. Greater total self-esteem words were related to lower depressive symptoms at 6-months, controlling for depressive symptoms at study entry, age, race, and education (t(80) = -2.235, ß = -0.239, SE = 0.283, p < 0.05, 95% CI [-1.195, -.069). Total self-esteem words were not predictive of PTSD, viral load, or CD4+ at 6-months. Exploring self-esteem when writing about and processing a traumatic event could be an important mechanism for decreasing depressive symptoms among PWH. Research is needed to test augmented expressive writing interventions that support efforts to bolster self-esteem in PWH.
Methodological, Measurement, and Conceptual Problems in the Study of Instructional Leadership

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the past 10 years a good deal of attention has been devoted to examining the role that school administrators play in improving learning outcomes for students. One theme that has received considerable emphasis is the instructional leadership dimension of administrative activity. In this article a comprehensive review of the research in the area of instructional leadership is provided. I report on progress that has been made in overcoming first generation research difficulties in this area, describe some of the more deep-rooted conceptual difficulties that have been less amenable to resolution, and analyze problem areas in the study of instructional leadership that have heretofore received little scrutiny. For purposes of organizational clarity, weaknesses in the studies of instructional leadership are grouped under the three headings of methodological, measurement, and conceptual problems. Within these three areas, particular attention is devoted to analyzing problems that emerge from (a) relying on a job analysis approach to defining instructional leadership, (b) failing to adequately consider both the micro and macro level contextual aspects of leadership, and (c) attributing causality to persons rather than organizational conditions.
Risk-Based Coordination of Generation Rescheduling and Load Shedding for Transient Stability Enhancement

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a risk-based method for coordinating generation rescheduling and load shedding to enhance overall transient stability of power systems. Firstly, a generation rescheduling model that can consider the risk-based dynamic security constraint is proposed, in which some acceptable risk level should be respected and can be adjusted by a risk coordination parameter. For the purpose of considering the potential corrective control costs at the stage of preventive control design, a bi-level coordination optimization model is developed, in which on the upper level the total coordination cost is minimized by the risk coordination parameter adjustment; and on the lower level the generation rescheduling and the load shedding are performed successively to enhance the risk-based dynamic security and the transient stability performance, respectively. Finally, a hybrid method that can combine the Golden Section Search and the Successive Linear Programming is developed to solve the bi-level optimization model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by using the New England test system and a real power system. © 2013 IEEE.
Thermodynamics of G⋅A mispairs in DNA: Continuum electrostatic model

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

An analysis of the stability of a duplex containing G⋅A mispairs or G⋅A/A⋅G tandem during the DNA melting has shown that the duplex stability depends on both DNA sequences and the conformations of the G⋅A mispairs. The thermodynamics of single pair opening for the G(anti)⋅A(syn) and G(anti)⋅A(anti) conformations adopted by a G⋅A mispair is found to strongly correlate with that of the canonical base pairs, while for the sheared conformation a significant difference is observed.
Application of neutrosophic Poisson distribution series on harmonic classes of analytic functions defined by q− derivative operator and sigmoid function

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

There are several authors who have obtained various forms of properties for some subclasses of analytic univalent functions related to different distribution series, such as Binomial, Generalized Discrete Probability, Geometric, Mittag-Leffler, Pascal, and Poisson distribution series. The authors, in this paper, proved the inclusion relation of the harmonic analytic function class $H_{q}^{\alpha}(\theta, \gamma(s), \Psi)$ established by applying convolution operators regarding neutrosophic distribution series equipped with the Sigmoid function (activation function). The present results are capable of handling both accurate (determinate) data and inaccurate (indeterminate) data.
Chapter 13. Rural Older Adults at Home

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

SUMMARY In this chapter, we discuss circumstances that affect rural seniors living in their own homes. The strengths perspective informs this discussion, allowing the reader to consider several alternatives to the deficit-focused mentality that often pervades those who work with elders who are, sometimes, and perhaps stereotypically, regarded as frail. Issues unique to rural areas are addressed, programs that serve rural seniors are reviewed, and suggestions are made for the service provider working with this population.
Serological grouping of urinary Escherichia coli

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Using only 12 antisera it has been possible to group 56·6% of all strains. Forty-four per cent of all strains were typable in the first eight of the serological groups used. Of the primary isolates from symptomatic infections, 65·7% were typable; 48·6% of all strains of the serological groups 01, 02, 04, and 06 occurred in these primary symptomatic isolates. There was a good correlation in the serological typing of five colonies isolated from the initial isolation plates. There was complete agreement in all the typable strains, 325 of the 350 colonies. Twenty-five strains were not typable due to roughness. It is considered that this reproducibility confirms the validity of using one colony for serotyping of urinary isolates. Statistically there was no significant difference in the number of typable strains from specimens with high bacterial counts and specimens with low bacterial counts. Nor was there any difference in frequency of the typability of strains in patients with primary symptomatic infection compared with those with associated urinary tract abnormalities. There was a possibly significant increased frequency of typable strains in the primary infection compared with the recurrent infection. There was no significant difference in the frequency of specific serological groups in the high and low bacterial count groups. There was no statistical difference in the frequency of individual serological groups isolated from the two sexes.