jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The natural history of breast cancer and the link between local recurrence and distant metastases: implications for therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study had two aims: to assess the tumour size at metastatic dissemination by analyzing the relationship between tumor diameter and incidence of distant metastases during the 25 years after initial treatment, to investigate the impact of a residual tumor on the probability of distant dissemination. An analysis of the data registered at the Institut Gustave Roussy in Villejuif was undertaken on about 4000 breast cancer patients treated prior to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and followed-up for over 15 years. The data show that the volume at which dissemination occurs in 50% of patients can be estimated in each subset of patients as defined by the size of the tumour, histopathologic grade and number of involved axillary nodes. This V50 varies widely but is inversely correlated with the histologic grade and the number of involved axillary nodes. Moreover, a gradual increase in the grade of the tumours was observed during their growth, confirming the usefulness of early treatment and breast screening. The analysis of the delay between the initial treatment and clinical emergence of the metastases shows that the excess of distant metastases in patients with local recurrence corresponds to disseminations which are initiated after initial treatment, and therefore originated from the residual tumor. This finding emphasizes the importance of loco-regional treatment. Whereas during the first 2 years after treatment the incidence of distant metastases was lower in the arm treated by chemotherapy (P=0.32, NS), from the third year on, the reverse was observed and the incidence of metastases was significantly lower in the group treated by post-op RT + poly A – poly U (P<10−4). At 15 years, the incidence was significantly lower in the group treated by post-op RT + poly A – poly U (42% metastasis-free survival in the RT group and 29% in the CT group p=0.03). This result seems to be due mostly to lower incidence of local recurrence. But even in patients without local recurrence, the incidence of distant metastasis is not greater than that in patients treated by CMF, which might be due to the favourable effect of poly A – poly U. The results of this trial are consistent with those of other recent clinical trials, and emphasize the favourable impact of post-op RT and the paramount importance of local control on the long-term outcome of the disease.
Comprehensive analysis of depression-related factors among middle-aged residents in Japan, an Eastern culture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract There is a need to comprehensively identify depression-related factors, including individual and socioeconomic factors, in each country or cultural area, to consider effective measures to address depression within communities. However, there are not enough studies on middle-aged residents in Japan or other Eastern countries to currently achieve this. Thus, the aim of this study was to comprehensively identify factors related to depression in middle-aged residents in Japan, an Eastern country. The study design was cross-sectional. A questionnaire survey was conducted among all community residents aged 40 to 59 in a rural municipality in Western Japan. The questionnaire contained items on demographic characteristics, psychological factors, health-related behaviors, and socioeconomic factors. A Chi-Squared test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze the relationships between depression and each assessed factor. Next, a logistic regression analysis was performed to identify comprehensive relationships between depression and its related factors. Data from 362 participants were analyzed. The average age was 51.5 years; 148 were male. A Chi-Squared test or Fisher exact test demonstrated that many psychological factors, health-related behaviors, and socioeconomic factors ware significantly related to depression. A logistic regression analysis showed that depression was significantly associated with male gender, low sense of coherence, high cognitive stress levels, low help-seeking behavior, poor quality sleep, and a lack of hobbies. Nagelkerke R 2 was 51%. This study revealed through multivariate analysis that depression was primarily associated with personal behavioral and psychological factors in Japan, an Eastern country with a holistic cultural background. This result is consistent with findings from Western countries. This study can contribute the promotion and evaluation of preventive measures for depression in Eastern culture that focus on individual behavioral and psychological factors.
Effects of Different Land Use Systems on Selected Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils in Northwestern Ethiopia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Information about effects of different land use systems on soil physico-chemical properties is crucial for best land management practices. This study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the same on Nitosols of Achefer District, Northwestern Ethiopia. The landuse systems studied included grassland, cultivated land, plantation forest and natural forest. The research was superimposed on land use systems that were located nearby on similar soil, contour line and slope classes. Undisturbed core and disturbed composite soil samples were collected randomly from two sites with three replications for each landuse system at two varying depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). The undisturbed soil samples were analysed for bulk density, particle density, porosity and moisture content at different pressures; while the composite soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, total N and available P. Results of the study indicated that the lowest bulk and particle densities, the highest total porosity, and higher moisture content at both field capacity and permanent wilting percentage were found under natural forest land use system. In contrast, the highest bulk and particle densities, the lowest total porosity and lower water contents at both field capacity and permanent wilting percentage were obtained under the cultivated landuse system. Soil pH was moderately acidic under all landuse systems. The lowest organic carbon, total N, and C:N ratio were recorded under cultivated land; whereas the highest values of the same parameters were found under natural forest. In all landuse systems, organic carbon and total N decreased with soil depth. The highest and lowest available P contents were recorded under natural forest and grassland, respectively. From the results of the study it was possible to conclude that conversion of forest lands to cultivated and grasslands had detrimental effects on the soil physico-chemical properties under subsistance farming systems of the study area. It is, therefore, recommended that appropriate and integrated land management options for different land use syetems are required to sustain agricultural productivity while protecting the environment.
Gemini and the sacred: twins and twinship in religion and mythology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Why do twins remain uncanny to those born alone—in other words, most of us? Even with the rise of IVF and an increase in multiple births, why do we still do "a double take" when we encounter twins? Why has this been a near-universal response throughout human history, and how has it played out in religion and myth? Through the work of leading scholars in religion, folklore and mythology, anthropology, and archaeology, Gemini and the Sacred explores the sacred imagination of twinship and the relationship of twin traditions to "twins on the ground" in biology and in lived experience. The book considers the multiple ways in which the "doubling" of a human being may be religiously and culturally expressed as auspicious and powerful—or suppressed as unstable and dangerous. Treating both famous and lesser-known twins—including supernatural animal twins—in the ancient Near Eastern and classical Mediterranean worlds; early Christianity and Gnosticism; West African, Afro-Atlantic, and native American traditions; ancient Mesoamerica; Celtic Roman Britain; and Scandinavia, the book offers a variety of perspectives on this fascinating topic. Gemini and the Sacred makes a major contribution to a field of great cultural significance."
Transfer of Parecoxib and Its Primary Active Metabolite Valdecoxib Via Transitional Breastmilk Following Intravenous Parecoxib Use After Cesarean Delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Paech, Michael J.*†; Salman, Sam*; Illett, Kenneth F.*†; O’Halloran, Sean J.‡§; Muchatuta, Neil A.† Author Information
The General Practitioner and the Psychiatrist

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Aim: Distinguishing between primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas in the lung may sometimes be difficult by conventional histopathological methods. In addition, novel biomarkers are needed for the more accurate subtyping of primary lung carcinomas. Materials and Methods: MicroRNA microarrays were performed on 26 primary lung adenocarcinomas, 3 squamous cell carcinomas, 6 small cell lung cancers (SCLCs), and 2 colorectal cancer metastases in the lung. Results: Forty-four microRNAs differentially expressed between three histological subtypes at p<10−6 predicted histology with 100% accuracy in 100 randomly drawn datasets. Prominent among differentially expressed genes were miR-375, miR-217 and miR-216a, which were found overexpressed in SCLC compared to lung adenocarcinomas. Lung adenocarcinomas overexpressed miR-29b-1, miR-375, miR-2110, miR-29c-star, 199b-5p, and 146b-3p and underexpressed miR-617, miR-205-star, and miR-1246 compared to squamous cell carcinomas. In primary vs. metastatic lung adenocarcinomas, miR-552 and miR-592 were differentially expressed at p<10−6; the level of expression of miR-552 in colorectal cancer metastases was 39-times higher and that of miR-592 was six-times higher. Furthermore, microRNA profiles of primary colorectal cancer in our database indicated that these two microRNAs were overexpressed in primary colorectal cancer relative to primary lung adenocarcinomas. Conclusion: MicroRNA profiles predict the histology of primary lung carcinomas, and differentiate between primary lung adenocarcinomas and colorectal cancer metastases.
Origin and development of records scheduling in North America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis begins by tracing the development of the practice of records scheduling in the federal governments of United States and Canada, from the initial concern with records disposal in the late eighteen hundreds, to the implementation of formal records schedules in the 1940s in the United States and the late 1950s in Canada. These federal initiatives provided a model for later developments at the state and provincial level. However, changes in scheduling methods have lately become necessary to meet the demands of the increasing volume of records, organizational complexity and change, and the widespread use of new media, particularly electronic records. Many of these changes have occurred at the provincial and state level, where the limited size of government has allowed the agencies responsible for scheduling to be more responsive and innovative. For this reason, analysis of current records scheduling practices in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario, and the states of Washington and New York were conducted. These studies reveal schedules which are both flexible in their use and adaptable over time because they attempt to accommodate both records in all media and organizational change. Among the scheduling techniques examined are the addition of media specific elements, the use of functional schedule arrangement, the integration of schedules with other management tools, like classification, and the expanded use of general schedules for records common to more than one organization. These techniques are capable of dealing with the volume, complexity and variety of records which are being created in government today. Despite the changes demonstrated, the studies show that records scheduling remains a viable practice to control the life cycle of all records, from creation until disposal. Throughout this investigation, the role of archivists is discussed. Archivists' involvement in scheduling began with the earliest developments and continues still today. Archivists have been central to the initiation, development and adaptation of records scheduling in government. With the development of new information technologies, archivists' role is even more important, for they must intervene into the process of records creation if they want to maintain the ability to identify records of enduring value to society, and to ensure that their integrity is maintained throughout administrative procedures and use.
Social Networks and the Employment Problem of the Urban Poor

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the link between social networks and the ability to find a job through a personal contact among adult inner-city residents. Using data collected by the National Opinion Research Center that interviewed 2490 adult inner-city residents, the impact of network structure and composition on finding a job through word-of-mouth is estimated. Ethnic differences in the rate of finding jobs through word-of-mouth were found, as well as interesting ethnic and racial differences in the way social networks operate to connect job-seekers and job vacancies. Overall, the findings suggest that social networks account for some of the employment problems that many inner-city residents face.
Egypt's New Authoritarianism under Sisi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While many have noted how the regime of 'Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi differs from that of Husni Mubarak, scholars have not yet conceptualized these differences' significance. This article utilizes the literature on authoritarianism to argue that the Mubarak–Sisi transition was an attempt to shift from a provision pact, grounded in an extensive patronage network, to a protection pact in which elites back the regime because it protects them from internal and external threats. This transition is incomplete and, as the protection pact disintegrates, Egypt is left with a fragmented elite and a fractured state that renders the country more difficult to rule.
Stratigraphic Texture-Enhanced Seismic Facies Analysis via Unsupervised Dictionary Learning

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary Conventional seismic facies analysis methods are difficult to adapt to the seismic facies analysis that focuses on characterizing the stratigraphic texture. We propose a method for seismic facies analysis via unsupervised dictionary learning for stratigraphic texture enhancement. The method first learns a complete dictionary containing seismic data features through the dictionary learning method. Then clustering method and DBI index are used to cluster the atoms in the dictionary and automatically determine the number of categories to divide multiple sub-dictionaries. Finally, the sub-dictionary is used to perform sparse reconstruction on the seismic data. According to the reconstruction error, it is determined which sub-dictionary the reconstructed seismic signal belongs to. In the process of sparse reconstruction, the amplitude strength of the seismic signal is converted into the coefficient magnitude of the sparse reconstruction. The sparse reconstruction error only reflects the difference in the waveform structure between the reconstructed data and the sub-dictionary, which can alleviate the influence of amplitude strength related to physical property changes, and achieve the purpose of fine identification of geological bodies related to strata structures. Synthetic data and field data tests have confirmed that the proposed method can more effectively characterize the lateral distribution of river channels.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Natural Hepatotoxins SIR,-The juxtaposition of your recent leading article (15 May, p. 1261) on natural hepatotoxins with that on communication difficulties inherent in the increasing proliferation of specialist journals (" Too Many Words," p. 1264) was timely.For the ques- tion, " Are these toxins in any part responsible for the chronic liver disease which is so wide-
Evaluation Of Sweetpotato Varieties Response To Sweetpotato Virus Disease

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sweet potato is an important food, feed and cash crop in Eastern Africa but its productivity is \ngreatly reduced by the sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD). Variety based tolerance to SPVD is \na cheap and sustainable way of increasing productivity for smallholder farmers who are the \npredominant producers. The objectives of the study were to (i) identify the best technology \nfor multiplication and maintenance of healthy sweetpotato planting vines, (ii) evaluate and \ndisseminate farmer-preferred sweetpotato varieties tolerant to SPVD. A study to evaluate the \nbest technology (spraying, maize barrier, control, net and polyethylene cover) to multiply and \nmaintain healthy planting vine was conducted at University of Nairobi Kabete Field Station \nfarm. Sweetpotato varieties were evaluated for tolerance to SPVD in three sites at the coast \nbetween May 2006 and February 2007 at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)- \nMtwapa in Kilifi district and two on-farm sites in Lukore and Mwaluvanga locations, Kwale \ndistrict. The experimental design in the two experiments was randomised complete block \ndesign. Net and polythene covers effectively excluded insect vectors. Spraying kept the \npopulation low compared to the maize barrier. A preliminary survey revealed that farmers \nlacked adequate knowledge on SPVD diagnosis and management. Variety based tolerance \nwas identified among sweetpotato varieties that had farmer and market desired traits. Disease \nincidence was positively correlated to vector population. The yield of the tolerant varieties \nwas high and stable in seasons and sites. Tolerant varieties had thicker leaf cuticle and longer \ninternodes while hairy varieties tended to be susceptible. Farmers learnt that roguing is a \ncheap effective way of managing the SPVD disease in both nursery and field. Varieties were \ndisseminated in the region and more than fifty farmers planted them. Dissemination of \ndisease tolerant sweetpotato varieties with desirable traits coupled with building farmers \ncapacity to maintain clean vines can sustain sweetpotato productivity
What’s All the Fuss about Social Work Syllabi? Action Speaks Louder Than Words in Addressing the Silence of Whiteness in Social Work Curriculum: A Game Theory Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

What’s All the Fuss about Social Work Syllabi? Action Speaks Louder Than Words in Addressing the Silence of Whiteness in Social Work Curriculum: A Game Theory Perspective Sulaimon Giwa, PhD; Michael G. Mihalicz, MScM Abstract A cursory review of the mission statements of progressive Canadian schools of social work reveals that most have a commitment to anti-oppressive education. That is a commitment to social justice and the amelioration of multiple forms of oppression using a broad range of praxis-oriented approaches. In practice, questions remain regarding these schools‘ commitment to transformative education. To what extent do the pedagogical promises of a ―progressive‖ education match the actions of education administrators? Can a school or curriculum be progressive if devoid of a critical analysis of the operation of Whiteness at the root of social injustice? The first author‘s experience teaching an elective undergraduate course and the curriculum tension experienced by students over the lack of content on Whiteness in their core courses are examined. We analyze two different events experienced by them using solution concepts drawn from game theory, to answer the question: Is the non-disclosure of course syllabi evidence that a school has something to hide? Action-oriented efforts—and difficulties encountered—in raising consciousness about the students‘ need for curriculum change to address this issue are discussed. Pedagogical implications and recommendations are included for transformative practice that might support the integration of content on Whiteness in mandated social work courses. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jssw.v7n2a6
Buckling of Elastic Beam Under Unilateral Constraint

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT A criterion is proposed to calculate the critical load of a continuous beam under unilateral constraint. The beam is assumed to be built in at the ends and to rest on equally spaced elastic supports, that have equal stiffness. The problem is solved by determining the length of the half-wave of the buckled shape, the number of supports involved, and their position with respect to the end of the half-wave. The analysis model thus defined is determined in relation to the geometry of the beam and to the ratio between the stiffness of the supports and the shearing stiffness of the generic span. It is shown that there exists a limiting value of this ratio, below which the critical load is unaffected by the presence of unilateral constraints. The results obtained are shown in a nondi-mensional diagram that is of practical value. Two examples are presented to illustrate applicability of the procedure proposed.
Prevalence, Associated Factors and Awareness of Hypertensive Retinopathy Among an Elderly Population with Hypertension in Nepal: The Bhaktapur Retina Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, associated factors and awareness of hypertensive retinopathy among an elderly population with hypertension in Nepal Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Bhaktapur district, Nepal. The sample size was 2100 subjects age 60 years and above. From this sample, all diagnosed patients with hypertension were analyzed. A detailed history was obtained, and an ocular examination was performed. Blood sugar and blood pressure were measured. Result: Information was complete for 1860 (88.57%) subjects. The age ranged from 60 to 95 years with the mean ± SD age of 69.64±7.31 years. Hypertension was found in 643 subjects (34.61%), of which 224 (12.04%) were newly diagnosed cases. Hypertensive retinopathy was found in 81 cases (12.6%). Grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy comprised 53 (65.43%), 19 (23.46%), and 9 (11.11%) cases, respectively. Hypertensive retinopathy was more frequent in the age group 70-79 years (15.23%) compared to other age groups, among males (13.25%), illiterates (13.56%), diabetics (16.49%), and those with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (14%). However, none of the factors was found to be statistically significant. Among the subjects with hypertension, awareness of hypertension’s effects on the eyes, retina and vision was found in 13.84%, 8.4%, and 11.98% respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension, hypertensive retinopathy and associated factors among an elderly population were similar to other countries. Awareness of hypertensive retinopathy was found in only 8.4%. Increased emphasis should be directed toward improving awareness campaigns. Key words: Hypertension, hypertensive retinopathy, elderly, awareness, Nepal