jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simulating Design Processes to Assist Design Process Planning

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Design processes of complex products are riddled with uncertainties, making them notoriously difficult to plan. Processes inevitably involve task failure and iteration. Yet most design processes are planned as if each task had a fixed duration and number of expected iterations, largely the result of current design process planning techniques such as Gantt charts and PERT charts. This paper reviews alternative design processes modeling approaches. These include ‘signposting’ models that describe tasks in terms of the quality of their input parameters and the probability of reaching a certain quality of output parameters. Such models enable design process performance to be simulated, giving managers an in depth understanding of likely process behavior. However, simulations do not normally provide a clear schedule of tasks to assist subsequent planning. This paper addresses this issue and describes how information regarding task dependency and sequence, which is salient in a conventional process description, can be extracted from probabilistic simulations.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Flow Measurement by Piezoelectric Accelerometers: Application in the Oil Industry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The objective was to analyze a recently developed flow measurement technique based on the vibration captured by an accelerometer attached to the pipeline surface for use in the oil industry. The applied methodology consists of performing an experimental study to obtain data in an accredited laboratory for calibration of flowmeters, estimating a flow rate for each vibration measured, followed by an uncertainty analysis. The results of water flow rates showed a measurement uncertainty between 2.5% and 5.0% of reading (95% confidence). While these results do not meet to Brazilian regulations for the measurement of crude oil of 0.3% of reading, they are acceptable under the regulations for produced, injected, captured, or discarded water, which occur the processing of oil.
Heat transfer in a channel with internal intensifiers during azeotropic mixture circulation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Today, the use of mixtures as refrigerants and coolants in various energy systems is widespread. The volatility coefficients for the components of a non-azeotropic binary mixture vary significantly. In an azeotropic binary mixture, the volatility coefficients for both components are the same. This paper presents the experimental results on the intensity of heat transfer to an azeotropic alcohol-water mixture during forced circulation in a round heated channel. Experiments are carried out both in a smooth channel and in a channel with a spiral intensifier. The inner diameter of the channel is D = 7.6 mm, the length is 2 m. The intensifier surface has a hydrophobic coating. The experiments are carried out at low (0.03 – 0.04 MPa) pressure in the system, in the range of mass velocities 36 < M < 376 kg/m 2 s and Reynolds numbers of 360 – 3700. The heat flux density in these experiments is 8000 W/m 2 . In the single-phase flow of an azeotropic alcohol-water mixture in the channel with a spiral intensifier, the heat transfer coefficient is up to 5–6 times higher than that in a smooth channel. In this case, the higher the mass flow velocity, the greater the excess of the heat transfer coefficient. In the two-phase flow of the mixture in the channel with a spiral intensifier, the heat transfer coefficient is up to 2–3 times higher than that in a smooth channel.
Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes: Molecular Pathogenesis and Diagnostics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately, 20% of breast cancer cases are due to a familial predisposition. Most of these familial breast cancers are due to mutations in well‐known genes linked to breast cancer, such as BRCA1 , BRCA2 , TP53 , CHEK2 , PTEN , CDH1 , STK11 / LKB1 , RAD50 , BRIP1 and PALB2 . Some of these cancers are, however, due to (a combination of) mutations in lower penetrance genes or some cancers show no relationship with known susceptibility genes. In this article, we describe the function of recently known breast cancer susceptibility genes, the molecular pathogenesis and the histopathology of these hereditary breast cancer syndromes. This may provide a better understanding and classification of hereditary breast cancer and may offer tools for better diagnosis and selection of patients sensitive to specific targeted therapies. Key Concepts Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. In 5–10% of total breast cancer cases, there is familial breast cancer susceptibility. Hereditary breast cancer is familial breast cancer with a clear Mendelian inheritance pattern. Breast cancer susceptibility genes can be divided into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk genes, of which the high‐risk genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the best known. Breast cancer susceptibility genes mostly involve DNA repair mechanisms. The discovery of breast cancer susceptibility genes has improved our knowledge of breast carcinogenesis, including the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterisation of familial breast cancer. Moreover, knowledge of the biological processes underlying familial breast cancer offers tools for cancer screening, prevention and management.
The Acute Administration of Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Performance and has No Effect on the Metabolic Response to Exercise

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An increase in muscle carnosine content, following its chronic supplementation, has been shown to im- prove anaerobic performance. In addition, carnosine can affect plasma glucose concentration and insulin response. However, it is not clear whether the acute ingestion of carnosine can have the same effects. Aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of carnosine ingestion on anaerobic intermittent per- formance and the responses of blood insulin, glucose, bicarbonate and lactate concentrations to exercise. Twelve healthy, young, active participants (BMI 23.5 ± .6, age: 22 ± 2 years) underwent in two separate occasions (double-blind, randomized, crossover design) the running-based anaerobic test (RAST), con- sisting of 6 × 35-m sprints interspersed with 10 s rest after acute (4 hours before the test) ingestion of ei- ther 1 g of L-carnosine and 1 g of β-alanine or placebo. None significant difference was found between the acute ingestion of carnosine and the placebo conditions in terms of running performance (30.0 ± .8 and 29.8 ± .8, p = .302), perceptual response to exercise (RPE), blood lactate, insulin (23.8 ± 13.0 and 19.5 ± 9.0 μU·ml−1, p = .329), blood glucose (109 ± 23 and 104 ± 12 mg·dl−1, p = .969), and blood bicar-bonates (16 ± 2 and 16 ± 2 mEq·l−1, p = .277). In conclusion, the acute ingestion of carnosine had no ef-fect on performance, perceptual response to exercise, blood lactate concentration, insulin, glucose, and bicarbonates responses to exercise compared to a placebo treatment. It is not clear whether these results may be attributed to an insufficient dose of carnosine or to a lack of acute effect per sé.
Financial Consumer Protection and the Cost of Financial Intermediation: Evidence from Advanced and Developing Economies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Using a data set of approximately 3,000 commercial banks from more than 100 countries, I examine the impact of financial consumer protection policies on the cost of financial intermediation. I find evidence that the existence of internal mechanisms for handling complaints, requirements for fair treatment, supervisory power related to consumer protection, and various disclosure requirements reduce the cost of financial intermediation in advanced countries. The results are different in the case of developing countries, where I observe that most financial consumer protection policies increase the cost of intermediation, suggesting that banks pass on regulatory burdens to their customers. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
The Effect of Management Practices on Bacterial, Fungal, and Nematode Communities on Cool Season Turfgrass

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the past forty-years, neoliberal education reform policies in the U.S. have spurred significant resistance, often galvanized by claims that such policies undermine public education as a vital institution of U.S. democracy. Within this narrative, many activists call to “save our schools” and return them to a time when public schools served the common good. With these narratives in mind, I explore the foundational and persistent power structures that characterize the U.S. as a means to reveal the fundamental purpose of its public education system. The questions that guide my research include: (1) With an understanding that capitalism, white supremacy, settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy are inherently inequitable, incredibly violent and undemocratic; how can we expect meaningful and lasting social protections or even emancipation within a nation-state constituted by these structures? (2) Consequently, can we then expect public education - an institution constructed and controlled by these structural forces - to be transformed into an equitable and democratic institution? (3) Is it even possible to attain state protections for the common good within the current global domain of finance capital? In this extensive historical analysis, I examine these questions using a critical theory lens, historical revisionism and discourse analysis to interrogate primary source materials, scholarly work, news stories, policies and industry publications. This research shows that public education is an extension of a duplicitous and despotic cultural political economy and thus has never been, nor ever could be, an institution that serves democratic or emancipatory purposes. I contend that it is imprudent to strive to transform public education to serve democratic purposes. My research makes evident how current education policies are a continuation of the original design of public education, yet modernized to bolster the imperious and ubiquitous interests of global financialization.
Prevention of Reformation of Peritoneal Adhesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Peritoneal adhesions were produced in 20 rabbits and 35 monkeys by traumatizing the cecum and corresponding parietal peritoneum. Adhesions were classified into six grades, depending on the extent and density. Combined therapy with oxyphenbutazone, proteolytic enzymes from carica papaya, and dextran 40 after lysis of adhesions reduced the reformation of peritoneal adhesions significantly, and the percentage reduction was greatest as compared to the individual use of the drugs. It is emphasized that the role of any therapy in peritoneal adhesions should be evaluated only by the decrease in the reformation of adhesions after lysis.
The effect of immunosuppressive agent FTY-720 on coagulation, nitroxidergic lung activity and water balance in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic acquired autoimmune thrombophilia that leads to impaired non-respiratory lung functions due to the circulation of antiphospholipid antibodies, shifting the balance between the coagulation link of hemostasis and the anti-coagulation system towards hypercoagulation. The research examines the modulating effect of FTY-720 on the water balance, coagulation and NO-activity of the lungs under conditions of experimental APS. The functional activity of FTY-720 is largely due to its ability to bind to S1P1 receptors and block signaling pathways mediated by the interaction of the mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate with them. The main effect of FTY-720 is immunosuppression, which develops as a result of the drug’s receptor interaction predominantly with S1P1 receptors, resulting in the retention of autoreactive lymphocytes in lymph nodes, and prevents further spread of inflammation and damage. The experiments were conducted on 85 male rats, divided into groups as follows: The first group of animals (n = 30) was injected with cardiolipin antigen every other day for three weeks for APS modeling; the rats of the second group (n = 25), which served as a control group, were similarly injected with 0.9% NaCl; APS modeling and FTY-720 injection were combined on the remaining animals (n = 30). Three weeks later, arterial (art) and venous (ven) blood was taken, in which APTT and PT were determined using a hemocoagulometer CGL 2110 “Solar” and the corresponding coefficients of APPT of ven/art, PT of ven/ art were calculated. NO-activity was assessed by the content of plasma NO and NO bronchoalveolar lavage obtained by washing the extraction of the bronchopulmonary complex in anesthetized animals. To study the water balance of the lungs, the mass of moist and dried lungs was measured, were determined the total, extra- and intravascular fluid of the lungs. In APS, an increase in APTT and PT of arterial and venous blood was observed, an increase in the level of NO in bronchoalveolar lavages against the background of worsening nitroxidergic activity of the lungs – the NO index of ven/art decreased. There was a positive effect of FTY- 720 on the restoration of non-respiratory lung functions in APS.
The Ability of Listeners to Report Oral Responses of Black and White Children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A group of 20 black and 20 white college students viewed videotapes of eight first-grade boys and recorded in writing the boys' responses to 10 vocabulary items from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The eight boys represented four dialect groups: black standard, black nonstandard, white standard, and white nonstandard. Analysis of the data revealed significant interactions between race and dialect of child relative to (1) a listener’s ability to report in writing a child’s verbatim responses without producing a change in the WISC scoring of the responses, and (2) a listener’s ability to restate in writing a child’s responses without producing a change in the scoring of the responses. Further, both dialect and race of child were found to be significantly related to (3) the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses. The race of the listener as a main effect was not found to be significantly related to (1), (2), or (3). However, significant interaction did occur between race of listener and race of child, as well as among race of listener, race of child, and dialect of child relative to (3), the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses.
Influence of Reaction Conditions on Enzymatic Enantiopreference: the Curious Case of HEwT in the Synthesis of THF‐Amine

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Enzymatic enantiopreference is one of the key advantages of biocatalysis. While exploring the synthesis of small cyclic (chiral amines) such as 3‐aminotetrahydrofuran (THF‐amine), using the ( S )‐selective transaminase from Halomonas elongata (HEwT), inversion of the enantiopreference was observed at increasing substrate loadings. In addition, the enantiopreference could be altered by variation of the ionic strength, or of the co‐solvent content in the reaction mixture. For example, using otherwise identical reaction conditions, the presence of 2 M sodium chloride gave ( R )‐THF‐amine (14 % ee ), while the addition of 2.2 M isopropyl alcohol gave the ( S )‐enantiomer in 30 % ee . While the underlying cause is not currently understood, it appears likely that subtle changes in the structure of the enzyme cause the shift in enantiopreference and are worth exploring further.
Operational drivers of water reuse efficiency in Portuguese wastewater service providers

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Identifying the service providers that perform best in key operational indicators is important for increasing the sustainability of the wastewater treatment sector. Wastewater reuse is increasingly considered as a relevant aspect in this context. The current study first identifies the Portuguese service providers in the efficiency frontier regarding wastewater reuse and proceeds to identify its main operational drivers. Reused wastewater was then successfully estimated using the selected drivers. The main policy recommendations, resulting from this study, towards wastewater reuse upsurge include fostering the aggregation of smaller SP to benefit from economies of scale, and strive for adequate infrastructure maintenance practices.
Combination of encorafenib and binimetinib in the treatment of patients with <i>BRAF</i>-mutated advanced melanoma. Case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. The need to use BRAF and MEK inhibitors in the treatment of patients with metastatic and/or unresectable BRAF + melanoma in certain clinical situations is beyond doubt nowadays. The medical community need more information about the new combination of targeted therapy approved in Russia, further details on the expected efficacy and tolerability, potential differences from the existing combinations. Aim. To present of the study results and demonstration of our experience with the new generation of targeted therapy encorafenib and binimetinib combination in the treatment of patients with metastatic and/or inoperable BRAF+ melanoma. Materials and methods. We present the clinical case of BRAF+ advanced melanoma patient with multiple metastases in the liver, spleen, mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes, stomach and bones who is being treated with encorafenib and binimetinib since 2015 with the treatment efficacy and tolerability described in details, as well as the published data on the efficacy and tolerability of this combination from the pivotal phase III study COLUMBUS. Results. High immediate and long-term efficacy, satisfactory tolerability of encorafenib and binimetinib combination are presented. Updated data on progression-free and overall survival in the COLUMBUS study confirmed the long-term efficacy of COMBO450 therapy in patients with advanced melanoma with BRAF V600 mutation. Conclusion. New generation of BRAFi and MEKi combination expands options of systemic therapy for patients with metastatic and/or inoperable BRAF+ melanoma.
Green and Dry-Weight Equations for Above-ground Components of Planted Loblolly Pine Trees in the

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Prediction equations based on 130 sample trees from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in central Louisiana are pre- sented for the green and dry weights of aboveground tree components. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 21 in. dbh, 18 to 94 ft in height and from 9 to 55 yr in age. Signifi- cant differences in partial stem weight be- tween trees from thinned and unthinned stands required development of separate sets of weight ratio equations. The range of the studies' observations increases the pre- dictive applicability of planted loblolly pine biomass equations.
Simulation of ingestion of flammable gas mixture by a gas turbine compressor in CFX

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Gas Turbine is efficient machine for converting fuel into energy at near design point. This project draws the boundary conditions from one known operating point on the operation of an industrial and marine gas turbine LM 2500 to simulate with CFX software. Normal operations see combustion taking place only within the combustor as that is the only point fuel is introduced. A large gas leak (high flow rates) scenario gives rise to the possibility that the flammable gas passes through the filters before the filter doors are shut. In such a plausible scenario, combustion could take place outside the combustor. This project seeks to understand and preliminarily simulate hot surfaces causing combustion within the first stage of the LM 2500 compressor and the conditions that support this. The investigation would be carried out computationally.
Toxoplasma in Tissues of Man and Pets

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In animals experimental infection with Toxoplasma gondii often lasts for years. In man ocular toxoplasmosis may at times become reactivated years after the initial lesion is seen. This suggests that a dormant infection is present. It therefore seems that a chronic cryptic infection in animals and man is quite common without any obvious evience of toxoplasmosis. Since man and his household pets such as cats and dogs commonly harbor Toxoplasma gondii according to the serological evidence obtained from the SabinFeldman tests it was believed that the organism perhaps could be isolated in possible dormant infection by inoculation of tissue into susceptible mice. The purpose of this paper is to report on the infections which were found with this procedure.
Performance Comparison of Three Spark-Based Implementations of Parallel Entity Resolution.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

During the last decade, several big data processing frameworks have emerged enabling users to analyze large scale data with ease. With the help of those frameworks, people are easier to manage distributed programming, failures and data partitioning issues. Entity Resolution is a typical application that requires big data processing frameworks, since its time complexity increases quadratically with the input data. In recent years Apache Spark has become popular as a big data framework providing a flexible programming model that supports in-memory computation. Spark offers three APIs: RDDs, which gives users core low-level data access, and high-level APIs like DataFrame and Dataset, which are part of the Spark SQL library and undergo a process of query optimization. Stemming from their different features, the choice of API can be expected to have an influence on the resulting performance of applications. However, few studies offer experimental measures to characterize the effect of such distinctions. In this paper we evaluate the performance impact of such choices for the specific application of parallel entity resolution under two different scenarios, with the goal to offer practical guidelines for developers.
Using Concept Learning for Restructuring Control Policy in Reinforcement Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Conventional reinforcement learning has focused on learning in a stable environment. However, an agent may be given another environment which differs from the old environment. Thus, an autonomous agent needs a method to learn efficiently a new policy suited for the new environment. In this paper, we propose a method to adapt to a new environment for an agent which has a task to reach goals. When an agent is provided with a new environment, our method learns a new partial policy using the precondition of agent’s old policy. The precondition of a policy is a condition that says what must be satisfied in order to reach goals by using the policy. Similarly to learning the precondition of an action from the instances of action’s success or failure by using concept learning, our method learns the precondition of a policy from the instances of policy’s success or failure by using concept learning. We describe a method using inductive logic programming (ILP) as a concept learning method. Since ILP provides methods for learning relational knowledge that is not expressible in attribute-value learning, our method can use relational representation for the precondition. We applied our method to a blocks-world problem for evaluation. We have come to conclusion that our method is effective when the cost to carry out the task is high.