jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Experiences of nursing staff in the prevention of infections associated with health care (IASS) in Neonatology

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Introduction: infections Associated with Health Care (IASS) worldwide is considered one of the main problems for the health system, directly affecting patient safety and the quality of service provision. Objective: to analyze the experiences of nursing staff in the prevention of Health Care Associated Infections (IASS) in Neonatology.Methods: this study is the result of a qualitative, purposeful investigation with a phenomenological approach, in a sample of 10 nurses. who work in the Neonatology area, the information collection technique was through a semi-structured interview.Results: the results show that the nursing staff that works in the Neonatology area is trained and knows the complications that can be contracted by not correctly applying the standards established by the service. Conclusions: the activities carried out by the nursing staff were effective in avoiding to a large extent the occurrence of IASS cases in the service, which has been a gratifying experience
The Economic and Employment Entitlements of Community-based Tourism in Nature Conservation Sites

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper reviews the economic and employment significance of tourism in general and livelihood linkage of community-based ecotourism in particular. The tourism industry is conceptualized based on literature support to render a framework for the paper. The evolution and growth of tourism in the study area is also discussed. Time series data pertaining to the direct income from community-based ecotourism programmes has been analysed to explore the economic significance of tourism to the local community. Though the study covers only a part of the expenditure by tourists, its socio-economic significance is really laudable. The paper also explores the sustainability issues of ecotourism as well.
Thermo-kinetic and spectral studies of niobium(V) complexes with 3-substituted-4-amino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole Schiff bases

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Metal complexes of niobium(V) with 3-substituted-4-amino-5-mercapto 1,2,4-triazole Schiff bases have been synthesized in dry chloroform under a nitrogen atmosphere. They were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, electronic, infrared, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and thermal studies. Parameters, such as energy of activation (Ea), enthalpy (?H#), entropy (?S#) and Gibbs energy (?G#), were computed from the thermal decomposition data. Based on the spectral and thermal studies, a coordination number of seven is proposed.
Isolation and Characterization of a Cat 2+‐Binding Polysaccharide Associated with Coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Coccolithophoridae, a group of mostly unicellular algae, possess a cell wall containing calcified plates, called coccoliths. The coccoliths from the species Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner contain a water‐soluble acid polysaccharide. In this paper we describe the isolation and some characteristic properties of the polysaccharide, in particular its Ca 2+ ‐binding capacity. A large‐scale cultivation of the Coccolithophoridae was worked out and a new procedure for isolating coccoliths was developed. The polysaccharide obtained from the coccoliths contained two types of monobasic acid groups in a total amount of 1.8 μmol/mg polysaccharide. One type consisted of weakly acid groups which were identified as uronic acids. The nature of the stronger acid groups remains to be established. The ratio between the respective groups was 1:0.8. Studies with; 45 Ca 2+ demonstrated that the isolated polysaccharide is capable of binding Ca 2+ . Equilibrium dialysis revealed that the maximum amount of Ca 2+ which can be bound is 0.92 ± 0.05ltmol/mg polysaccharide. Flow‐rate dialysis experiments strongly suggested the presence of two classes of Ca 2+ ‐binding sites differing in affinity for Ca 2+ . High‐affinity sites (dissociation constant Kd for Ca 2+ : 2.2 + 1.0 × 10 −5 M) were found to be present in amounts (0.38 ± 0.04 μmol/ mg polysaccharide) approximately equivalent to the strongly acid monovalent groups mentioned above (0.8 μmol/mg polysaccharide). Low‐affinity sites (K d for Ca 2+ : 111 ± 39 × 10 −s M) were estimated at 0.74 ± 0.11 μmol/ mg polysaccharide. Although this figure could be determined less accurately, it is suggested that the uronic acids (1.0 μmol/mg polysaccharide) are identical to the low‐affinity sites. Preferential binding of Ca 2+ occurred in a 100‐fold excess of Na + and Mg 2+ as was shown by gel filtration. A 100‐fold excess ofSr 2+ inhibited Ca 2+ binding to a great extent while no Ca 2+ was bound in the presence of an equimolar amount of La 3+ . The dissociation constants of the high‐affinity sites for Na + , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ and La 3+ (in the presence of Ca 2+ ) were determined with the flow‐rate dialysis technique. They confirm the order of binding preference found with gel filtration. A polysaccharide with similar properties could be isolated from subfossil coccoliths of E. huxieyi (about 1000 years old). The possible role of the polysaccharide as a heterogeneous matrix in coccolith formation is discussed.
Effect of gallopamil on local excitability, conduction and the index of arrhythmogenicity in the early phase of acute myocardial ischaemia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

During the first 30 minutes of acute LAD occlusion, ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation occur with bimodal distribution. These characteristic, ischaemia-induced arrhythmic subphases Ia and Ib correlate with typical changes with time in local myocardial excitability thresholds and conduction times measured epicardially (at 6 electrode sites). Ia-arrhythmias develop during a rapid, pronounced and inhomogeneous rise in excitability thresholds and conduction times, whereas the Ib-arrhythmias are preceded by a spontaneous improvement in excitability and a speed-up in conduction.
Assessment of antibiotic prescribing behavior of consultants of different localities of Pakistan

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The objective of study was to evaluate the pattern and practice of consultants especially antimicrobials in the allopathic health sector in Pakistan to assess the magnitude of the problem and suggesting corrective measures. A cross-sectional survey in various cities of Pakistan was conducted which was developed in line with WHO and has so far been implemented in 12 developing countries. A total of 4923 prescriptions of 197 consultants were collected and analyzed. Drugs dispensed were 480142; average number of drugs per prescription for all disciplines was 3.13±1.5. The number of encounters with antibiotics in medicine department was 20.17% of the total antibiotic while ophthalmology had no encounter with injectables. Cost of 23.79% of prescriptions was below Rs.100 and 4.9% above 500 rupees. Therapeutic categories of the drugs prescribed were 14.6% antimicrobial followed by 12.5% cardiovascular or renal drugs. The age of the patient, severity of disease, socio-economic status, previous experience of treating similar patients were important factors that determined choice of drugs. EDL was not available in most of the facilities. Around 80% drugs were prescribed by brand name. The drugs prescribed from the essential list were around 30%. Concern of losing patients to others practitioners was considered among the top three factors by only 18% of providers. Age of the patient, severity of disease, socio-economic factors were important factors that determined choice of drugs. Prescribing and dispensing practices are inappropriate and irrational in Pakistan like many developing countries. Managerial and regulatory interventions are proposed to improve the rational use of drugs. Key words: Prescribing behavior, consultants, antimicrobials, Pakistan.
Cutoff value of carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 elevation levels for monitoring recurrence in patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The aim of this longitudinal study was to try and improve the specificity of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in monitoring tumor recurrence in patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma by setting suitable elevation levels. Methods One hundred eighty-one patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma were considered. Serum samples were obtained preoperatively and every 3 months postoperatively. Results Preoperative CEA and CA19-9 positivity rates were 19.9% and 18.2%. The specificity and sensitivity of CEA elevation to monitor recurrence were 92.9% and 23.4% versus 76.5% and 78.9% in CEA-negative versus CEA-positive patients, respectively. For CA19-9 the specificity and sensitivity were 95.0% and 18.8% versus 60.0% and 83.3% in CA19-9-negative versus CA19-9-positive patients, respectively. When we set the elevation level of CEA at 5 ng/mL, the specificity of CEA elevation to monitor recurrence increased to 94.1% for CEA-positive patients. The specificity increased to 93.3% for CA19-9-positive patients when the CA19-9 elevation level was set at 100 U/mL. Conclusions For CEA- or CA19-9-positive patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma we can increase the specificity of CEA and CA19-9 by setting the elevation level of CEA at 5 ng/mL and CA19-9 at 100 U/mL.
Private and Public Incentive to Reduce Seasonality: A Theoretical Model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this article, the authors present a theoretical model to investigate the private and social incentives to reduce seasonality in a given market. They assume that consumers derive different utilities from the consumption of the same good in different seasons. The seasonal product differentiation is modelled along the lines of Gabszewicz and Thisse ( Price Competition, Quality and Income Disparities , 1979) and Shaked and Sutton ( Relaxing Price Competition through Product Differentiation , 1982). The authors assume that it is possible for a firm to invest in order to reduce the degree of the demand seasonality. They show that, for a wide set of parameter configuration, the optimal effort to reduce seasonality is higher from a social welfare perspective, as compared to the private producer perspective. The tourism market can represent an application of the present model. However, unlike most available literature in this field, their model provides a microeconomic basis for the evaluation of investments aimed at reducing seasonality, rather than taking a macroeconomic approach.
Bhikkhuni Ordination Debate

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the recent events following the bhikkhuni revival in Sri Lanka, and looks at the position of the Burmese Sangha, which has traditionally seen itself as the custodian of an ‘authentic’ Buddhist legacy, thrown into a debate by the action of a Burmese bhikkhuni who was recently ordained in Sri Lanka. It introduces the early initiatives of revivalist monks in Burma as well as the viewpoints of Burmese Sangha and the nuns in regard to the bhikkhuni issue. Since most debate on the position of nuns take place without much reference to the local political contexts in which they stand, the state monastic organization in Burma is introduced to aid understanding of the framework in which the nuns operate today. At another level, the paper draws attention to the tension created between the international bhikkhunis who promote liberal ideologies of gender equality, individual rights and universalism into a faith based community, and local nuns who adhere to the traditional norms of religious duty, moral discipline and service to the community, and questions the ultimate aim in endorsing such secular ideals.
Importance of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Utilization in Francisella Intracellular Adaptation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Intracellular bacterial pathogens have adapted their metabolism to optimally utilize the nutrients available in infected host cells. We recently reported the identification of an asparagine transporter required specifically for cytosolic multiplication of Francisella . In the present work, we characterized a new member of the major super family (MSF) of transporters, involved in isoleucine uptake. We show that this transporter (here designated IleP) plays a critical role in intracellular metabolic adaptation of Francisella . Inactivation of IleP severely impaired intracellular F. tularensis subsp. novicida multiplication in all cell types tested and reduced bacterial virulence in the mouse model. To further establish the importance of the ileP gene in F. tularensis pathogenesis, we constructed a chromosomal deletion mutant of ileP (Δ FTL _ 1803 ) in the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS). Inactivation of IleP in the F. tularensis LVS provoked comparable intracellular growth defects, confirming the critical role of this transporter in isoleucine uptake. The data presented establish, for the first time, the importance of isoleucine utilization for efficient phagosomal escape and cytosolic multiplication of Francisella and suggest that virulent F. tularensis subspecies have lost their branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathways and rely exclusively on dedicated uptake systems. This loss of function is likely to reflect an evolution toward a predominantly intracellular life style of the pathogen. Amino acid transporters should be thus considered major players in the adaptation of intracellular pathogens.
Animal Models of Orthopoxvirus Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity. Although smallpox was eradicated through a historically successful vaccination campaign, there is concern in the global community that either Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, or another species of Orthopoxvirus could be used as agents of bioterrorism. Therefore, development of countermeasures to Orthopoxvirus infection is a crucial focus in biodefense research, and these efforts rely on the use of various animal models. Smallpox typically presented as a generalized pustular rash with 30 to 40% mortality, and although smallpox-like syndromes can be induced in cynomolgus macaques with VARV, research with this virus is highly restricted; therefore, animal models with other orthopoxviruses have been investigated. Monkeypox virus causes a generalized vesiculopustular rash in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and induces fatal systemic disease in several rodent species. Ectromelia virus has been extensively studied in mice as a model of orthopoxviral infection in its natural host. Intranasal inoculation of mice with some strains of vaccinia virus produces fatal bronchopneumonia, as does aerosol or intranasal inoculation of mice with cowpox virus. Rabbitpox virus causes pneumonia and fatal systemic infections in rabbits and can be naturally transmitted between rabbits by an aerosol route similar to that of VARV in humans. No single animal model recapitulates all known aspects of human Orthopoxvirus infections, and each model has its advantages and disadvantages. This article provides a brief review of the Orthopoxvirus diseases of humans and the key pathologic features of animal models of Orthopoxvirus infections.
Notes - Arylthiomethyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts from the Alkylation of Some Dialkylaminomethyl Aryl Sulfides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - Arylthiomethyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts from the Alkylation of Some Dialkylaminomethyl Aryl SulfidesGerald Grillot and Harold ThompsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 6, 706–707Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online22 April 2003Published inissue 1 June 1957https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01357a616Request reuse permissionsArticle Views86Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (256 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Processing Technology of Ketupat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Indonesia has a typical rice processing method as part of the nation’s culture, namely ketupat. Ketupat is typical food made of rice wrapped in diamond shaped-woven coconut leaves and boiled in water. This article reviewed the variety of processing ketupat as well as changes in ketupat during storage of ketupat according to the results of research and related references. Traditionally, ketupat is cooked in boiling water for 5 hours. This is considered inefficient in terms of cooking fuel and time required for cooking. The efforts of modifying ketupat cooking method have been done to shorten processing time, such as cooking ketupat in pressure cooker for 30 minutes. The development of ready-to-cook ketupat or quick-cooking product in attractive package becomes a promising opportunity. Quick-cooking ketupat was made by immersing ketupat in salt, steaming, freezing and drying. The package of quick-cooking ketupat was designed using HDPE plastics made square shape that requires boiling period for 30 minutes. Ingredients and the amount of rice, the size of coconut leaves, immersion process and cooking technic affected the texture of ketupat produced. Ketupat is normally stored for 2 days in room temperature and 4-7 day if it is refrigerated. Spoilage of ketupat is due to microbiological and physical changes during storage. Starch retrogradation and increase in RS III may occur when ketupat is stored at low temperature.
[Identification of tanshinones with related compounds by high performance thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometric analysis].

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

28 compounds isolated from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and S. przewalskii Maxium) were identified by both HPTLC and mass spectrometric analysis. The mass spectra of tanshinones and related terpenoids have been examined and a number of characteristic features noted which might be helpful in the identification of these compounds. The Rf values of five groups of tanshinones and related compounds in six solvent systems were given. They can be used for identifying several epimeric compounds which are difficult to identify by mass spectra alone.
Taking the history

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of doctors is to understand the patient and the disease. Taking the history is key to both of these objectives. Only through talking to patients can doctors can get to know them as people, and their personal experience of illness, and the history remains the richest source of information about their diseases. Most diagnoses are suggested by the history, with examination and investigation providing supporting and confirmatory evidence. By the same token, if doctors reach the end of the history without some idea as to the cause of the patient’s problem, they need to go back and retake it, because their chances of arriving at the correct diagnosis without this map to guide them are slim. History taking is a conversation with a purpose, not a cross-examination; as well as using questions, doctors often need to use other conversational devices to help the flow of information. This chapter looks at some aspects of history taking that are of particular relevance to diagnosis in internal medicine.
First record of the beetle family Biphyllidae (Coleoptera) in Korea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The Biphyllidae including four species, Biphyllus lewisi (Reitter), B. marmoratus (Reitter), B. rufopictus (Wollaston) and B. throscoides (Wollaston), are discovered for the first time in Korea. A key, habitus photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters of the species are presented.
The use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to estimate the diversity of wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)Honchar H.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Дикі бджоли (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) є найкращими запилювачами більшості квіткових рослин, але внаслідок діяльності людини вони потерпають від багатьох негативних факторів впливу та скорочують чисельність популяцій в усьому світі.Міські парки, сади, сквери та інші зелені території міста набувають останнім часом більшої значимості у збереженні цих комах
[Praziquantel in the treatment of Far Eastern hepatic distomiasis caused by Clonorchis sinensis or Opisthorchis viverrini].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Forty-six patients infected with Opistorchis viverrini and/or Clonorchis sinensis, 24 males and 22 females, all Laotian or Vietnamese, aged 7 to 68, weighing 18 to 70 kg, were detected by parasitological stool examinations, numeration of Eggs Per Gram of feces (E.P.G.). In this manner we observed 23 light infestations (1-999 E.P.G.), 20 moderate infestations (10,000-29,999 E.P.G.). Before treatment, all these patients were submitted to a complete history and clinical examination with biological controls that totaled up 47 parameters. These controls were repeated daily from the eve of the treatment to 5 days after. The treatment was given orally at the dose of 75 mg/kg of body weight in three doses 4 to 6 hours apart during the same day. The tolerance was excellent in the children who did not have any trouble even minor. The adults had only slight side-effects such as fatigue (18 cases), dizziness (19 cases) and headaches (16 cases). Light or moderate, these troubles spontaneously disappeared after one or at the most two days. Biological controls did not show any significant variation. The therapeutic efficiency appears excellent with 100% cure in 46 patients treated who were controlled daily during the first week, at the 20th and 40th day and for some of them up to seven month after treatment. These results are all the more remarkable since certain patients were severely infected and that of all the far-eastern liver flukes O. viverrini is probable the most resistant to known drugs. Very efficient and very well tolerated, praziquantel offers the advantage of one day treatment in the cure of opistorchiasis and hospitalization is not necessary.
Has the US Lurched into a Process of Underdevelopment? Insights from Celso Furtado

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we apply Celso Furtado’s vision of the process of economic development to the United States’ economy. Furtado was a creator of Latin American structuralism and continues to be one of the region’s most influential economists. Yet, he is little known in the English literature. As we argue, there are few academics who offer a theoretical framework capable of robustly evaluating the current trajectory of U.S. economic development with the depth of Furtado. Through his analytical lens, and with some help from John Maynard Keynes, we examine the present reality, as well as the more remote economic history of the US. We argue that, seen through Furtado’s lens, the US can now be accurately described as an under-developing economy.