jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
“HER2-Low Status in Breast Cancer: Clinicopathological Factors and Prognostic Value”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction This study aimed to assess the prognostic importance of HER2-low status in breast cancer (BC). Additionally, we compared the HER2-low subgroup (defined as HER2-low1+; HER2-low2+/ISH(-)) with HER2-zero and HER2-positive subgroups according to clinical, histopathological and molecular features. Material and methods The study analyzed the medical records of BC patients treated at the National Institute of Oncology in Gliwice, Poland, between 2002-2018. HER2 overexpression was assessed in postoperative specimens or samples obtained via core needle biopsy. Results Of the 657 tumors, 176 (27%) tumors were classified as HER2-low BC, 248 (38%) as HER2-zero and 233 (35%) as HER2-positive tumors. BC patients with HER2-low tumors were more likely to have hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status compared to those with HER2-zero tumors (82.4% vs. 62.1%, P < 0.001). Specifically, patients with HER2-low1+ tumors had a higher frequency of HR+ status versus both HER2-zero and HER2-positive tumors. Similarly, patients with HER2-low2+/ISH(-) tumors were more frequently characterized as HR+ compared to HER2-zero and HER2-positive patients. In the subgroup of patients with estrogen receptor negative tumors, OS was slightly worse than for those with HER2-low status compared to HER2-zero patients (5-year OS 72.6% vs. 86.7%, P = 0.074). A tendency toward poorer OS was noted in HER2-low1+ patients with negative prognostic factors, including HR-, progesterone receptor-negative, grade 3, and larger tumors. Conclusions HER2-low status appears to be associated with worse OS in breast cancer patients with certain negative prognostic factors versus HER2-zero status. Also, HER2-low1+ and HER2-low2+/ISH(-) subgroups were characterized by HR+ status.
XUV Frequency Combs via Femtosecond Enhancement Cavities

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We review the current state of tabletop extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources based on high harmonic generation (HHG) in femtosecond enhancement cavities (fsEC). Recent developments have enabled generation of high photon flux (1014 photons/sec) in the XUV, at high repetition rates (>50 MHz) and spanning the spectral region from 40 nm - 120 nm. This level of performance has enabled precision spectroscopy with XUV frequency combs and promises further applications in XUV spectroscopic and photoemission studies. We discuss the theory of operation and experimental details of the fsEC and XUV generation based on HHG, including current technical challenges to increasing the photon flux and maximum photon energy produced by this type of system. Current and future applications for these sources are also discussed.
PERCEPTION OF NEIGHBORHOOD WALKABILITY INFLUENCES PHYSICAL THERAPISTS’ WALKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OLDER ADULTS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background/objectives Neighborhood walkability is the extent to which built and social environments support walking. Walkability influences older adults’ participation in outdoor walking. Physical therapists (PTs) may identify factors that influence decisions about outdoor participation in walking. Current understanding of PTs’ knowledge and perceptions of walkability, and utilization of walkability assessments is not described and serves as the purpose of this study. Methods A cross-sectional survey was sent via email to 5000 PTs nationwide with IRB approval. The 40-item survey covered the following: walking and walkability perceptions and assessments, perception of responsibilities, and demographics. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square analyses. Results After inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 122 outpatient PTs who worked in geriatrics were used for analysis. A significant difference was found between perceptions of whether PTs should assess walkability and whether they assess walkability (x2=78.7, p&lt; 0.001). Components that influenced decisions to prescribe outdoor walking were prioritized in this order: availability (n=79, 64.8%) and maintenance (n=11, 9.0%) of sidewalks, crime (n=9, 7.4%), hills (n=7, 5.7%), aesthetics (n=6, 4.9%), and other (n=10, 8.2%). Objective measures were not used to assess walkability. Conclusion Respondents had a significant difference between perceptions of their responsibility to assess walkability and whether they do assess walkability in older adults before prescribing walking. Built environment constructs were prioritized over the social environment. Significance/Implications: Assessment of walkability may allow PTs to identify barriers and make more informed recommendations concerning outdoor walking for older adults. Objective measures are available for PTs when prescribing outdoor walking.
RAWLS ON SELF-RESPECT AND SOCIAL UNION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal of Chinese PhilosophyVolume 5, Issue 3 p. 255-269 RAWLS ON SELF-RESPECT AND SOCIAL UNION WAYNE PROUDFOOT, WAYNE PROUDFOOT Columbia UniversitySearch for more papers by this author WAYNE PROUDFOOT, WAYNE PROUDFOOT Columbia UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.1978.tb00061.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume5, Issue3September 1978Pages 255-269 RelatedInformation
Prognostic Significance of Cerebral Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background —Cerebral metabolic abnormalities were proposed as a potential marker of disease severity in congestive heart failure (CHF), but their prognostic significance remains uncertain. Methods and Results —We investigated the prognostic value of cerebral metabolic abnormalities in 130 consecutive patients with advanced CHF (100 men aged 42.6±11.9 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 22.2±6.2%). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were obtained from localized regions (≈8 mL) of the occipital gray matter and the parietal white matter. The primary end point was the occurrence of death after the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. During follow-up (18.5±14.4 months), 21 patients died and 15 underwent urgent heart transplantation. In the Cox proportional model, occipital metabolites (N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, and myoinositol), parietal N-acetylaspartate level, and the duration of CHF symptoms (>12 months) were validated as univariate predictors of death. In multivariate Cox analyses, however, the occipital N-acetylaspartate level was an independent predictor of death (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.67; P <0.001). An analysis with respect to the combined end point of death or urgent transplantation showed similar results. The best cutoff value (9.0 mmol/kg) for occipital N-acetylaspartate level had 75% sensitivity and 67% specificity to predict mortality. Conclusions —The occipital N-acetylaspartate level is a powerful and independent predictor of CHF mortality, suggesting that cerebral metabolic abnormalities may be used as a new prognostic marker in the assessment of patients with CHF.
Development of Advanced Propeller Damper (Shift Dampener System)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Generally, the gearshift mechanism for outboard motors shifts into forward or reverse gear without using the synchromesh arrangement (dog clutch engagement)(See <span class="xref">Fig.1</span>). This type of shift mechanism has advantages in simple structure and in saving space and cost, but at the same time, this is often the source of problem due to the abrasion caused by the hitting of gear against the dog clutch before the engagement, as well as large gearshift shock and noise. In addition, the outboard motor horsepower is getting bigger in recent years. As they are equipped with bigger and heavier engines and propellers, the shifting shock and noise tend to become more severe. For this reason, the improvement in this aspect is required.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">We looked into the way to reduce the shock and noise by means of propellers, because the propeller can be mounted and replaced easily, which allows the effective improvement to be spread to the outboard motors already in the market. Consequently, the advanced propeller damper for reducing the gearshift shock and noise has been developed. This report presents the development process of the advanced propeller damper.</div></div>
Self-Improving Safety Performance of Reinforcement Learning Based Driving with Black-Box Verification Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we propose a self-improving artificial intelligence system to enhance the safety performance of reinforcement learning (RL)-based autonomous driving (AD) agents using black-box verification methods. RL algorithms have become popular in AD applications in recent years. However, the performance of existing RL algorithms heavily depends on the diversity of training scenarios. A lack of safety-critical scenarios during the training phase could result in poor generalization performance in real-world driving applications. We propose a novel framework in which the weaknesses of the training set are explored through black-box verification methods. After discovering AD failure scenarios, the RL agent's training is re-initiated via transfer learning to improve the performance of previously unsafe scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach efficiently discovers safety failures of action decisions in RL-based adaptive cruise control (ACC) applications and significantly reduces the number of vehicle collisions through iterative applications of our method. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/data-and-decision-lab/self-improving-RL.
Climatic dipoles drive two principal modes of North American boreal bird irruption

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Significance This study is the first, to our knowledge, to reveal how climate variability drives irruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Patterns of Pine Siskin irruption and associated climate drivers manifest as two modes (North-South and West-East) in which dipoles of temperature and precipitation anomalies push and pull irruptive movements across the continent at biennial to decadal periodicities. Our study accentuates the value of sustained and synoptic biological observations, contributed by citizen scientists in this case, that match the spatial and temporal scales at which climatic phenomena are observed and understood. Such observations can help probe new questions, such as the role of climatic dipoles in other large-scale ecological processes.
Reação de genótipos de milho ao parasitismo de Meloidogyne incógnita raça 1 e a M. paranaensis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The use of corn hybrids and genotypes resistant to root-knot nematodes in crop rotation systems reduce the population of nematodes, preventing losses and allowing for the use of more susceptible genotypes. In this study, the resistance of eighteen hybrids of corn to parasitism of Meloidogyne paranaensis and M. incognita breed 1 were evaluated in a greenhouse. The plants were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and possible juveniles of each nematode in a completely randomized design, using ten replicates for each treatment with nematodes, and five replicates for the treatment without inoculation (control). The root staining technique using acid fuchsin was also applied, according to Byrd et al. (1972). Sixty days after the inoculation, the roots systems were collected, washed and evaluated for penetration, egg production and estimated reproduction factor (RF). The results showed that, for M. paranaensis, the RF varied from 0.01 to 0.08, while for M. incognita the variation was from 0.01 to 0.03, showing that all corn genotypes were resistant, presenting a RF < 1.
Philosophical challenges

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Most contemporary philosophers would accept that the intelligence is provided by the material brains, and thus would be disinclined to challenge the possibility of artificially intelligent devices on the ground of their materiality. The questions and problems about artificial intelligence (AI) that remain can be divided into those that are largely independent of particular approaches to AI, and those that are prompted by more specific ideas about artificially realizable cognitive architectures. The chapter shows that questions about representations and their use play an important role in many challenges to AI. Connectionist devices are characterized by their rule for finding a set of connection weights that will yield patterns on their output units that are appropriate to each pattern on their input units. Dynamical systems theory (DST) views cognition as depending on a continuous interaction of a cognitive agent with its surroundings.
A novel approach of watermarking for multiple images with DWT-DCT

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a novel approach is discussed, to embed the multiple images (more than one image) with single cover image. More than one image coefficients are can be effectively embedded into cover image coefficients. The 3 images (cover image, 2 watermark images) are transformed into wavelet coefficients. One of the coefficients of watermark images LLw1 & LLw2 & cover image LLc & HHc are follows DCT & embedding process respectively. The resultant cover image hiding multiple watermark images respectively. The quantitative & qualitative analysis is discussed with Normalized Correlation (NC), Mean square error (MSE) & Peak Signal to noise ratio (PSNR).
Functional Roles of Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract This chapter describes how distinct classes of cortical inhibitory interneurons (INs) mediate unique aspects of cortical computation. First, it details how INs can be classified into discrete cell types based on their morphology, cellular physiology, gene expression, and synaptic connectivity. Next, it discusses how different IN classes shape cortical dynamics through their control of excitation-inhibition balance, their role in generating neural oscillations, and their modulation by brain state and arousal. Finally, it surveys INs’ functional role in neocortical computations, with a primary focus on sensory processing. While a series of exciting discoveries in the past decade have linked specific IN classes to specific cortical computations, more recent experimental and theoretical work suggests that most cortical computations are carried out by the interactions between multiple types of INs. The chapter highlights a specific computation that has been heavily researched and yet remains unsolved: the question of how inhibition shapes excitatory principal cells’ feature selectivity. The chapter concludes with a proposal for a general approach to understanding IN contributions in light of the complexity, and highlight several key unanswered questions in cortical function that could be solved by employing a more holistic approach to understanding IN roles in cortical computations.
Causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia： a Mendelian randomization analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome （MetS） is highly prevalent in patients with mental disorders， including elevated diastolic or systolic blood pressure， elevated fasting glucose， hypercholesterolemia， abdominal obesity and so on. As an important component of MetS， the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and mental disorder has been extensively reported， whereas few genome-wide association studies （GWAS） have been conducted to identify the causal role of mental disorders in hypercholesterolemia.ObjectiveTo explore the potential causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia by two-sample Mendelian randomization （MR） method.MethodsSummary data from GWAS were analyzed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） strongly associated with mental disorders were chosen as instrumental variables， and hypercholesterolemia was used as outcome variable. MR analysis utilized inverse-variance weighted （IVW）， MR-Egger regression and weighted median estimation （WME） as the primary analytical tool， and supplemented by simple mode （SM） and weighted mode （WM）. The causal relationship between mental disorders and the risk of hypercholesterolemia was illustrated in terms of odds ratio （OR）.ResultsA total of 36 SNPs associated with mental disorders were identified as instrumental variables. The primary findings from IVW revealed existence of a causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia （IVW： OR=1.067， 95% CI： 1.026~1.109， P=0.001）. Findings from the additional methods （MR-Egger regression， WME， SM， WM） were basically consistent with those reported in IVW method. Further verification indicated that the causal relationship between mental disorders and the risk of hypercholesterolemia was not affected by genetic polymorphism （P>0.05）. The absence of heterogeneity was confirmed through Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger regression （P>0.05）. Furthermore， no causal association in the reverse direction was found （P>0.05）.ConclusionThere is a causal relationship between mental disorders and hypercholesterolemia， and patients with mental disorders may have an increased probability of suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
Mineral fertilization in the chosen Lower Silesian districts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The mineral fertilizers are in the modern agriculture the indispensable measure yielding. Mineral fertilization influences on the manufacturing and economic results achieved in the farms. The article presents preferences of agriculture producers from Lower Silesia voivodship in buying a different kind of mineral fertilizers. The main objective of this paper is to compare the use of mineral fertilizers in the three districts of Lower Silesia in years 2004-2008.
Betalains from prickly-pear fruit: An alternative natural coloring for food

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Food coloring are additives that are usually incorporated into foods to make them more attractive to people. However, some mineral and synthetic dyes used in the food industry are related to harmful effects on human health. Natural dyes, such as betalains extracted from prickly-pear fruit, have fewer restrictions on use and represent a healthier alternative to enhance the appearance of food. In this work, a process to extract betalains from the pulp and peel of Cardona prickly-pear fruit was implemented and optimized. The extracted pigment was encapsulated in cornstarch. Then, it was analyzed the effect of the extract/encapsulant ratio on the amount of encapsulated betalains. It was found that the peel of this variety of prickly-pear fruit represents about 48% of its total weight. It was also demonstrated that concentrations of betalains in the peel (12.0 mg/g) and in the pulp (16.5 mg/g) are alike. For these reasons, we consider that the peel of red prickly-pear fruit is an ideal material for the extraction of betalains because it is a waste material with high content of red pigments.
1-(4-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl benzenesulfonate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The mol­ecular structure of the title compound, C16H9BrF4N2O3S, is stabilized by an intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal structure, supramolecular layers are formed parallel to the bc plane by an inter­molecular C—H⋯F hydrogen bond. The CF3 group was found to be disordered.
The Spillover Effects of Grade-Retained Classmates: Evidence from Urban Elementary Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Numerous studies have examined how grade retention can impede the academic success of those retained students. One uncharted line of research is the spillover effect that retained students may exert on their classmates. The purpose of this study is to evaluate this relationship for students in urban elementary school classrooms. To do so, this study analyzes a longitudinal data set comprising entire populations of five elementary school cohorts within the School District of Philadelphia. Because individual student records can be linked to teacher and classroom data as well as to school, grade, and year identifiers, this study employs a series of multilevel fixed-effects models to address estimation issues regarding omitted variable bias. All results indicate that the effects of having a greater number of grade-retained peers are detrimental to the standardized achievement outcomes of nonretained classmates. Data-driven policy implications are discussed.
Immunohistochemical localization of mdm-2, p27Kip1 and bcl-2 in Warthin's tumor of the parotid gland

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Warthin's tumor is a benign monomorphic adenoma with unclear origin that almost occur exclusively in the parotid gland. Etiology of Warthin's tumor as well as its malignant potential are still unclear. Therefore immunohistochemical assessment of Warthin's tumor may be useful to detect its origin or its malignant transformation potential. The present study aims to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of murine double minute-2 (mdm-2), p27Kip1 and B cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) in Warthin's tumor of parotid gland and also to clarify the role of these proteins in the behavior of that tumor. Twenty paraffin blocks of cases previously diagnosed as Warthin's tumor were collected for immunohistochemical staining with primary antibodies against mdm-2, p27Kip1 and bcl-2 using streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining system. All cases showed immunopositivity for mdm-2 and p27Kip1 while 18/20 showed bcl-2 immunopositivity. Both layers of the neoplastic epithelial cells that line the cystic spaces showed immunopositivity with all antibodies used. Goblet cells were mdm-2 immunonegative while myoepithelial cells were p27Kip-1 immunonegative. Areas of epithelial proliferation that formed buds were p27Kip-1 and bcl-2 immunopositive. Mdm-2 played a tumor-suppressor role that might be implicated with the benign behavior of Warthin's tumor. The mutual expression of both p27Kip1 and bcl-2 suggested a protective role of these slowly proliferating cells from apoptosis to maintain their survival and elevated bcl-2 expression offers a significant protection against p27Kip1-mediated apoptosis.
Factors affecting the progression of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Significant progression of atherosclerotic changes in the coronary vessels was confirmed in the studied population. In the group of men faster progression of atherosclerotic changes, in particular of lesions in the proximal parts of the coronary arteries, was confirmed, whereas therapy with statins significantly slowed down this process in all studied sections of the coronary arteries, especially in their distal parts.