jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Increases in Serum Estrone Sulfate Level Are Associated with Increased Mammographic Density during Menopausal Hormone Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Menopausal hormone therapy increases mammographic density. We determined whether increases in serum estrone sulfate (E1S) levels during menopausal hormone therapy predict increased mammographic density. Methods: We measured percent mammographic density and serum E1S levels in 428 participants of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions study who were randomly assigned to daily conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) 0.625 mg alone, CEE + daily medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 2.5 mg, CEE + cyclical MPA (10 mg days 1-12 per 28-day cycle), or CEE + cyclical micronized progesterone (10 mg days 1-12). Serum E1S levels were determined by RIA. Information about covariates was determined by annual questionnaire. Using linear regression, we determined the association between change in E1S level from baseline to 12 months and change in percent mammographic density (by semiquantitative interactive threshold method). Results: After controlling for baseline mammographic density, age, body mass index, alcohol intake, parity, smoking, ethnicity, physical activity, and age at first pregnancy, mammographic density increased by 1.3% for every 1 ng/mL increase in E1S level (P &lt; 0.0001). The association between change in E1S level and change in mammographic density differed by treatment group (greater effect in CEE + cyclical MPA group versus CEE group; P = 0.05). After controlling for treatment group, change in the ratio of E1S to E1 was also positively associated with change in mammographic density. Conclusions: Increases in serum E1S levels during menopausal hormone therapy are associated with increases in mammographic density. The relative contribution of E1S and E1 to stimulation of breast tissue awaits further elucidation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(7):1674–81)
GC-MS ANALYSIS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF RHODODENDRON CAMPANULATUM

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective: Rhododendron c ampanulatum is a native of high altitude and is known for its medicinal properties. The present study is aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents in the leaf extract of R. campanulatum using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Methods: The methanolic leaf extract was prepared using Accelerated Solvent Extraction system at room temperature and high pressure. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of R. campanulatum was performed using GCMS-QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and the spectrum was interpreted on the basis of the databases of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST11LIB) and WILEY8LIB . Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 49 phytochemical compounds in the methanolic leaf extract. Baccharis oxide (9.99%), betuligenol (8%), alpha and beta-amyrin (7.38 and 2.64%), geranyl acetate (5.91%), (R)-(-)-14-methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol (5.19%) and phthalic acid (5.16%) were identified as major constituents. Conclusion: The methanolic leaf extract of R. campanulatum contains various phyto-compounds of pharmaceutical and industrial importance.
Increased resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients seen at a tertiary hospital in the Philippines.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin are now a significantly less effective alternative therapy in tuberculosis, particularly MDR-TB, due to a selection pressure from their widespread use in the treatment of TB and possibly other infections in the community, which is hyperendemic for tuberculosis.
Comparison of methods for the effective evaluation of the energy content of poultry byproduct meal for beagles

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract The objectives of this study were to compare the energy values of poultry byproduct meal (PBM) as feed for adult beagle dogs using the direct, difference, and regression methods to examine dogs’ nitrogen metabolism, energy utilization, gaseous metabolism, and body health. Five groups of six 12 mo old female beagles with an average body weight of 9.67 ± 0.52 kg were tested in a 5 × 6 incomplete Latin square design, with six repetitions in each group. Five experimental diets were tested consisting of 100% PBM; three substitution diets containing either 15%, 30%, or 45% PBM (termed 15PBM, 30PBM, and 45PBM, respectively); and a basal diet (included 6.90% PBM). Each experimental period lasted for 10 d, comprising 4 d of dietary acclimation followed by 6 d of testing (including 3 d feeding period and 3 d fasting period), during which the heat production (HP) was determined and feces and urine were collected. Results showed that, in the feeding state, the nitrogen intake, urinary nitrogen, apparent nitrogen digestibility, retained nitrogen, andHP increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) as the PBM level increased. The net protein utilization, biological value of protein, and total apparent digestibility of amino acids did not differ between the 30PBM and 45PBM diets (P &gt; 0.05). The O2 consumption and CO2 production of beagles during the fasting period were not influenced by the PBM level (P &gt; 0.05). The digestible energy and metabolizable energy values of the PBM estimated by the regression method were 20.16 and 18.18 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively, and did not differ from those determined by the direct method (P &gt; 0.05). The fecal DM percentages and fecal PBM scores were significantly higher in the PBM diet than in the difference method groups (P &lt; 0.05). The direct method group had a significantly higher fecal score (4.63) than the other groups (P &lt; 0.05), The fecal score of the 45PBM diet (3.50) was significantly higher than the 30PBM diet (2.90; P &lt; 0.05). In summary, the direct and difference methods of determining the effective energy value of PBM for beagles, produce significantly different results. Under the conditions of this test, the best proportion of PBM in beagle feed for optimum energy provision is 30%.
Energetic Coupling in the Primary Processes of Photosynthesis in Chroinatium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effects of pH on the thermodynamic properties of the proton-translocating cyclic electron transfer system in a purple photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum were studied. Two thermodynamic parameters, the flux (Je) and force (deltamue) of the electron transfer process, were analyzed. The rate of electron transfer in the re-reduction of photooxidized reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll was used as Je. deltamue was determined from the intensity of the delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll. deltamue is composed of the redox potential difference and the electrical potential difference between two electron transfer components. In the steady state under illumination, the flux-to-force ratio is determined by the following relationship: Je = (1--q2)Lee deltamue where q is the "degree of coupling" of electron transfer to proton translocation and Lee is the value of Je/delta-approximately similar e when there is no back pressure by formation of delta approximately muH+ (electrochemical potential difference of H+). The value of (1--q2) Lee increased with increasing pH in the neutral pH range. Uncouplers and ionophores that dissipate delta-approximately muH+ increased Je and decreased deltamue. The effects were more prominent in the lower pH range. Therefore, q must be smaller at higher pH. The coupling is probably tight when redox components are saturated with protons. The experimental results agreed with the theoretical predictions for a system where a hydrogen-translocating component functions as an electron-proton symport carrier.
Macrocycle-supported titanium complexes with chelating imido ligands: analogues of ansa-metallocenes.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Reactions of 1,4-dimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L1a) and 1,4-diisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L1b) to form 1-aminopropyl-4,7-di-R-1,4,7-triazacyclononane [R = Me (H2L3a) or Pri (H2L3b)] and 1-(2-aminobenzyl)-4,7-di-R-1,4,7-triazacyclononane [R = Me (H2L5a) or Pri (H2L5b)] are reported. Reaction of H2L3a and H2L5a with [Ti(NMe2)2Cl2] gives the ansa-linked macrocycle-imido complexes [Ti(kappa 4-L3a)Cl2] (5a) and [Ti(kappa 4-L5a)Cl2] (6a), respectively, and NHMe2. Reaction of H2L3a with [Ti(NBut)Cl2(py)3] gives [Ti(NBut)(kappa 3-H2L3a)Cl2] (7), which possesses a pendant alkylamine group that does not undergo amine/tert-butylimido group exchange to give 5a and ButNH2. However, reaction of H2L3b and H2L5b with [Ti(NBut)Cl2(py)3] does give amine/tert-butylimido group exchange to form [Ti(kappa 4-L3b)Cl2] (5b), [Ti(kappa 4-L5b)Cl2] (8b), and ButNH2. The compounds 5a,b and 6a,b are isolobal analogues of group 4 ansa-metallocene complexes and relatives of titanium cyclopentadienyl-amido constrained geometry olefin polymerization catalysts. Reaction of 5b with AgOTf affords [Ti(kappa 4-L3b)(OTf)Cl] (8) as the major product, the crystal structure of which has been determined. Alkylation of 6b by RLi gives the dialkyl derivatives [Ti(kappa 4-L5b)(R)2] [R = Me (9) or CH2SiMe3 (10)]. The ethylene polymerization capability of the compounds 5a,b, 6a,b, and 10 in the presence of methylaluminoxane has been determined and compared to that of [Ti(NBut)(kappa 3-L1a,b)Cl2] (11a,b); in all instances, low yields of high-molecular-weight polymer are obtained.
Hybridized and Localized 4f Electronic States of Nd-based Intermetallic Compounds in Cubic Symmetry Probed by High-Energy Photoemission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have performed soft and hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopies on NdTi2Al20 and NdBe13 which show antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures. The Nd 3d core-level photoemission and Nd 3d-4f valence-band resonant photoemission spectra show finite 4f4 initial-state components in addition to the 4f3 configurations attributed to the c-f hybridization effects in NdTi2Al20, while the 4f3 initial-state components with localized character are dominant in NdBe13. These results imply the emergence of overscreening channel due to the two-channel Kondo effect in NdTi2Al20 through the the strong c-f hybridization effect.
[Great differences in health behavior among high school students. A 5-year follow-up of annual questionnaires among students in different school programs].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The school health authority in the municipality of Kramfors performs an annual questionnaire among first-year high school students, which concerns their perceptions about health, wellbeing and the use of alcohol and tobacco. This study covers the period 1995-2000. Psychosomatic complaints and depressive feelings were twice as common among girls. A higher rate of girls and boys in preparatory practical programs were regular users of tobacco and alcohol, were not having breakfast regularly and were practising physical training more seldom compared to girls and boys in more theoretical programs. Bullying was more frequent among boys, especially those from practical programs. In consequence, the school health institutions should emphasise support for exposed groups. A local questionnaire can be a useful tool for identifying such groups and for monitoring health behaviour and health experiences among students as a whole.
Synergy between 15-lipoxygenase and secreted PLA 2 promotes inflammation by formation of TLR4 agonists from extracellular vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance Oxidative stress, which accompanies sterile inflammation, induces release of extracellular vesicles (stressEVs), which activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), resulting in a pattern of gene expression distinct from response triggered by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The synergy between 15-lipoxygenase and secreted phospholipase A 2 , both of which are induced by stress, is necessary for the formation of oxidized lysophospholipids, TLR4 endogenous agonists. Moreover, TLR4 was necessary for sPLA 2 promoted K/BxN serum-induced arthritis. As the formation of TLR4 agonists is enzyme driven, it provides an opportunity to inhibit these enzymes to limit sterile inflammation.
The Effect of Electric Field on Sintering and Electrical Conductivity of Titania

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of DC electric field on sintering, and on the electrical conductivity of undoped rutile, TiO 2 (99.99%), has been investigated at fields ranging from 0 V to 1000 V/cm. The experiments were carried out at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min with the furnace temperatures reaching up to 1150°C. The sintering behavior falls into two regimes: at lower fields, up to 150 V/cm, sintering is enhanced, but densification occurs gradually with time (Type A or FAST sintering). At higher fields sintering occurs abruptly, and is accompanied by a highly nonlinear increase in conductivity, which has been called flash sintering (Type B or FLASH sintering). Arrhenius plots of conductivity yield an activation energy of 1.6 eV in Type A and 0.6 eV in Type B behavior; the first is explained as ionic and the second as electronic conductivity. The evolution of grain size under both types of sintering behavior are reported. These results highlight that the dominant mechanism of field‐assisted sintering can change with the field strength and temperature. We are in the very early stages of identifying these mechanisms and mapping them in the field, frequency, and temperature space.
HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JUNE 2013 FLOOD ON THE DANUBE ALONG THE HUNGARIAN REACH

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Hydrological analysis of the June 2013 flood on the Danube along the Hungarian reach. In the last decades extreme water situations increasingly occurred on the Danube catchment area. In June, 2013 the highest flood wave of any time run off on the German, Austrian, Slovakian and Hungarian sections. During the floods in 2002 and 2006 on the upper Danube section new records were registered only until Budapest. In June, 2013, the Danube overstepped the maximum flood levels ever registered on almost the entire length in Hungary. From 2002 this was the fourth time the Danube overstepped the 800 cm level, in the 20th century this level was overstepped only two times by iceless floods. The water quantity could be maintained inside the high water bed and between the dams, it did not flood any settlements or any large areas.
The XIth International Symposium on Thysanoptera and Tospoviruses Co-sponsored by Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Nanjing Agricultural University in Kunming, China 2019

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The XIth International Symposium on Thysanoptera and Tospoviruses co-hosted by the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Nanjing Agricultural University was held from September 21–25 in Kunming, China (Figure 1) [...]
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 129851965 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "DatasetKey" : [ "is iNaturalist Research-grade Observations" ] } The dataset includes 129851965 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0007401-251009101135966/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Ferritin is a potential marker of cardiometabolic risk in adolescents and young adults with sleep-disordered breathing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To explore markers that reflect sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) severity and investigate their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents and young adults. Methods Participants were recruited from our SDB epidemiological cohort. They underwent overnight polysomnography and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Complete blood count, ferritin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile were measured. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between red cell indices (RCIs), ferritin, and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI). Subgroup analyses on participants with SDB were performed for the association of RCIs and ferritin with lipid profile, hs-CRP, and BP. Results There were 88 participants with SDB and 155 healthy controls aged 16–25 years. Hemoglobin (Hb; p &lt; .001), hematocrit (HCT; p &lt; .001), and ferritin (p &lt; .001) were elevated with increasing SDB severity and were independently associated with OAHI (β=1.06, p &lt; .001; β=40.2, p &lt; .001; β=4.89 × 10−3, p = .024, respectively). In participants with SDB, after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, significant associations were found between ferritin with low-density lipoprotein (LDL; β=0.936 × 10−3, p = .008) and triglyceride (TG; β =1.08 × 10−3, p &lt; .001), as well as between Hb (β=1.40, p = .007), HCT (β=51.5, p = .010) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Ferritin (β=0.091, p = .002), Hb (β=0.975, p = .005), and HCT (β=38.8, p = .004) were associated with hs-CRP independent of age, sex, BMI, plasma LDL, and MAP. OAHI was not associated with LDL and TG in the multivariable models. Conclusions Serum ferritin, but not OAHI, was associated with LDL and TG in participants with SDB, suggesting it is a potential marker of cardiometabolic risk in patients with SDB.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Mechanisms and Antitumor Activity of a Binary EGFR/DNA–Targeting Strategy Overcomes Resistance of Glioblastoma Stem Cells to Temozolomide

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Figure S5 shows additional MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) data to confirm the presence of ZR2002 in brain tumor tissue.</p>
Death rate, recapture frequency and changes in size of tagged eels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

From 475 eels individually marked with floy tags, of which 180 had an additional spot of alcian blue, 142 tags were recovered during a 2‐year release‐recapture programme, but alcian blue spots were not detected. The marked population declined by c. 95% per year (either through death or tag loss); tagged eels did not grow but lost weight; no trap avoidance could be detected. It is concluded that these tagged eels in poor condition did not suffer from winter mortality, and that during summer they moved around very actively.
Bond Fund Returns and Expenses

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study examines the relationship between expenses and net return among bond funds with similar style - that is, duration and quality. It concludes that there is a strong, negative relation between funds9 expense ratios and net return. Most evidence implies that fund expenses, whether in the form of an annual expense ratio or a one-time sales load, are deadweight losses to the investor. The evidence suggests that the lowest-cost bond fund within a sample of similar-style funds will consistently produce top quartile net returns over five-year and longer horizons. Low costs do not produce a persistent net return advantage over shorter horizons, however.
African S&T Professionals Trained in Chinese Universities: Orientations towards Entrepreneurship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Entrepreneurship has emerged as an important career option in several developing countries, particularly in Africa. Consequently, entrepreneurship education and training has been sought out by people who have low or no formal education. Governments and donors have tendency to consider entrepreneurship as an instrument to lift up the most vulnerable population such as uneducated women, school drop outers and people with disabilities. However, there is a shortage of technological entrepreneurship in developing countries. This paper investigated the influential factors affecting the entrepreneurial motivation, intentions and decisions among African scientists and engineers’ postgraduates from China universities since 1995 to 2014. Only 6% of respondents are in technological entrepreneurship related to their field of graduation. Conclusion remark is given to encourage technological entrepreneurship which will provide more opportunities, create jobs and improve people’s quality of life.
MEASURING GALAXY CLUSTERING AND THE EVOLUTION OF [C II] MEAN INTENSITY WITH FAR-IR LINE INTENSITY MAPPING DURING 0.5 <z< 1.5

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Infrared fine-structure emission lines from trace metals are powerful diagnostics of the interstellar medium in galaxies. We explore the possibility of studying the redshifted far-IR fine-structure line emission using the three-dimensional (3-D) power spectra obtained with an imaging spectrometer. The intensity mapping approach measures the spatio-spectral fluctuations due to line emission from all galaxies, including those below the individual detection threshold. The technique provides 3-D measurements of galaxy clustering and moments of the galaxy luminosity function. Furthermore, the linear portion of the power spectrum can be used to measure the total line emission intensity including all sources through cosmic time with redshift information naturally encoded. Total line emission, when compared to the total star formation activity and/or other line intensities reveals evolution of the interstellar conditions of galaxies in aggregate. As a case study, we consider measurement of [CII] autocorrelation in the 0.5 < z < 1.5 epoch, where interloper lines are minimized, using far-IR/submm balloon-borne and future space-borne instruments with moderate and high sensitivity, respectively. In this context, we compare the intensity mapping approach to blind galaxy surveys based on individual detections. We find that intensity mapping is nearly always the best way to obtain the total line emission because blind, wide-field galaxy surveys lack sufficient depth and deep pencil beams do not observe enough galaxies in the requisite luminosity and redshift bins. Also, intensity mapping is often the most efficient way to measure the power spectrum shape, depending on the details of the luminosity function and the telescope aperture.
Mathematics and its Ancient Classics Worldwide: Translations, Appropriations, Reconstructions, Roles (hybrid meeting)

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The two Renaissance mathematicians Niccolò Tartaglia (1499-1557) and Francesco \nMaurolico (1494-1575) were both readers and editors of Euclid’s Elements. The \nthrust that pushed them to plan a new edition was their common dissatisfaction \nwith the available printed editions of the Elements: nevertheless, their purposes \nand their approach to the text were completely different. My contribution is aimed to briefly describe their different approach to the restoration of Euclid's Elements and their achievements.
War as an Institutional Fact: Semiotics and Institutional Legal Theory

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In institutional legal theory, norms and facts are reciprocally operating elements: an interplay in which meaning construction is closely connected with acting: the pragmatic understanding of legal language in terms of its uses. With the semiotic elements of institutional theory, extended by the notion of ‘semiotic groups’, an analytical framework can be constructed to analyze a case study on the shifts in the concept of war which have taken place since the 1945 UN Charter and in the aftermath of 9/11. The semiotic aspects of the institutional approach can offer insight into the complexity of the processes of meaning attribution in the field of law and war.