jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Adequacy of Commercial Baby Foods

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The nutritional adequacy of commercial baby foods is assessed from data derived from a longitudinal nutrition survey of 400 infants in Canada. On the average, the nutrient intakes from infant food meet or exceed the recommended daily allowances for most nutrients. Most infants would not be able to meet the minimum daily requirements for iron, B vitamins, or calcium if infant cereals were not fortified.
Coastal Dunes of East Mediterranean Features of Endemic Ononidetum hispanicae Association

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ononidetumhispanicae association is endemic on coastal dunes of East Mediterranean inTurkey. This association is identifed in&amp;nbsp;Çaltıcak1, Çaltıcak2, Göynük, Kemer of Antalya province, in Taşucu,Sazbaşı and Susanoğlu of Mersin province and Muğla province. The associationconsists of grasses whose lentgh vary between 5 and 50 cm. Theassociation’s&amp;nbsp; dominant species areOnonis hispanicae, Cynodon dactylon, Echium plantagineum, Paronchia argentea,Pancratium maritimum, Cyperus capitatus, Polygonum equisetiforme and Euphorbiaparalias. It is an association of perennial vegetation on coastal dunes. Theobjectives of this study are investigation of the relationship between plantassociations and the environment, especially the soil. Plant associations werefound out to have displayed not only properties of soil, but also the way plantassociations interact with it. The work area is coastal dunes as the type ofland. Mediterranean floristic region of about 50 vascular plants have beenidentified within the study area. Most of the work place is filled withquaternary type of land. Stations in the study area, The central Mediterranean(WASS) and the Eastern Mediterranean I. Type (WSAS) precipitation regimes showand the work place has “Rainy Sub Soft, Rainy Sub Hot, A Little Rainy Warm, Alittle Rainy Soft” Mediterranean Bioclimate.&amp;nbsp;Alluvial soils exist in the group&#039; s study field. Water saturationpercentage is lower than of 36 % of the sand soils structure. % Watersaturation ratio is high on&amp;nbsp;Mersin-Silifke coastal dunes.&amp;nbsp;Humidity percentage is high Antalya-Göynük&amp;nbsp; coastal dunes. Obviously, distribution ofgrain sizes plays key roles on vegetation on coastal dunes. Coastal sand dunesrange from small to large grain sizes. The rate of small sand is high. The soilsamples taken from the group are very little salty, very highly calcareous(21,64-55,61) on Mersin-Silifke and Taşucu coastal dunes, pH (7,6-7,8) slightlyalkaline on Mersin-Susanoğlu coastal dunes and other coastal dunes are stronglyalkaline.
Multi-Model Noise Suppression using Particle Filtering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a noise suppression method based on multi-model compositions using particle filtering. In real environments, input speech for speech recognition includes many kinds of noise signals. For such noisy speech, we previously proposed Multi-model Noise Suppression (MM-NS) that uses many kinds of noise models and their compositions obtained from training data. However, since MM-NS only uses the static property of noise models, handling unknown noise distributions is difficult. We introduce a particle filter into MM-NS. The distributions of noise models are used as prior distributions of particle filtering to increase the accuracy of the estimation of noise signals for input data. We evaluated this method using the E-Nightingale task, which contains voice memoranda spoken by nurses during actual work at hospitals. The proposed method outperformed the original MM-NS.
Data for: Fire history and weather interact to determine extent and synchrony of mast-seeding in rhizomatous scrub oaks of Florida

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In disturbance-prone ecosystems, fitness consequences of plant reproductive strategies are often determined by the relative timing of seed production and disturbance events, but the role of disturbances as proximate drivers of seed production has been overlooked. We use long-term data on seed production in Quercus chapmanii, Q. geminata, and Q. inopina, rhizomatous oaks found in Southcentral Florida’s oak scrub, to investigate the role of fire history and its interaction with weather in shaping acorn production and its synchrony. Acorn production increased with the time since last fire, combined with additive or interactive effects of spring precipitation (+) or drought (–). Furthermore, multiple matrix regression models revealed that ramet pairs with shared fire history were more synchronous in seed production than ones that burned in different years. Long-term trends suggest that increasingly drier spring weather, in interaction with fire frequency, may drive a decline of seed production. Such declines could affect the community of acorn-reliant vertebrates in the Florida scrub, including endangered Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens). These results illustrate that fire can function as a proximate driver of seed production in mast-seeding species, highlighting the increasingly recognized importance of interactions among reproductive strategies and disturbance regimes in structuring plant populations and communities.
Parametric design methods development for the comparison of American football faceguards using validated structural stiffness models

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in headgear design research have sought to inform athletes’ safety related decisions by ranking headgear systems according to impact performance. These rankings have provided athletes with greater agency in their safety-related decisions. Despite these improvements, little quantitative information exists to compare faceguard performance. Using validated structural stiffness finite element models, this study sought to develop a parametric design approach that could be consistently applied to faceguards of different qualitative categories and of different helmet-compatible series. The methods presented in this study detail the objective measurement techniques and parameters of interest used to fully define three common American football faceguards. The results of this study indicate an ability to define parameters consistently for faceguards of different qualitative categories and of different helmet-compatible series. The high degree of correlation between mass and structural stiffness indicates expected model performance – providing increased confidence in results. Intuitively, the greatest effect on mass and structural stiffness was the size of the diameter of the main bars. Increases in mass were achieved with minimal changes in structural stiffness. Conversely, increases in structural stiffness were achieved with minimal changes in mass. These results have implications for manufacturers as some faceguards, such as those classified as “overbuilt,” are banned – in part – for their weight. Future work should continue to compare manufacturers’ original designs and investigate other metrics to further quantify performance and safety for athletes. This tool may be used to improve new faceguard designs by comparing new models to faceguards allowed for use.
Simultaneous and enantiospecific quantification of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The enantiomers of the 8-aminoquinoline anti-malarial primaquine have different pharmacological properties. Development of an analytical method for simultaneous quantification of the enantiomers of primaquine and its metabolite, carboxyprimaquine, will support clinical pharmacometric assessments.A simple and sensitive method consisting of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous and enantiospecific determination of primaquine and its metabolite, carboxyprimaquine, in human plasma. Stable isotopes were used as internal standards to compensate for potential interference and matrix effects. Plasma samples (100 µL) were precipitated with 1% formic acid in acetonitrile followed by phospholipid removal solid phase extraction. Primaquine and carboxyprimaquine enantiomers were separated on a Chiralcel OD-3R (150 mm × 4.6 mm; I.D. 3 μm) column using a LC gradient mode. For separation of racemic primaquine and carboxyprimaquine, the LC method was modified and validated using a reverse phase column (Hypersil Gold 100 mm × 4.6 mm; I.D. 3 µm) and a mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 3.5 and acetonitrile in the isocratic mode. Method validation was performed according to regulatory guidelines.The calibration range was set to 0.571-260 ng/mL and 2.44-2,500 ng/mL for primaquine and carboxyprimaquine enantiomers, respectively, resulting in a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.0998 for all calibration curves. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions were < 10% and the accuracy was between 94.7 to 103% for all enantiomers of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine. The enantiospecific method was also modified and validated to quantify racemic primaquine and carboxyprimaquine, reducing the total run time from 30 to 8 min. The inter-, intra-day assay precision of the racemic quantification method was < 15%. The absolute recoveries of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine were between 70 and 80%. Stability was demonstrated for up to 2 years in - 80 °C. Both the enantiomeric and racemic LC-MS/MS methods were successfully implemented in pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers.Simple, sensitive and accurate LC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of enantiomeric and racemic primaquine and carboxyprimaquine in human plasma were validated successfully and implemented in clinical routine drug analysis.
Railway access optimization for a container port in the high-speed railway era - a case study in China

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The expansion of high-speed railway (HSR) has opened up new freight capacity on traditional railway (TR) lines in China. In order to increase China's railway volume of containers transported to port terminals, this paper estimates the HSR and TR modal splits for passenger transport. Then, the TR capacity used for passengers is calculated via traffic assignment model, and the number of passenger trains on TR lines is estimated and then deducted from total TR capacity. The remaining balance gives the freight capacity of a TR line. Moreover, a bi-level programming model is built to optimise the location of railway freight terminals and the corresponding train dispatching frequencies in a case in which trains on TR lines and trucks on highways are both used to transport containers to port terminals. The ports of Shanghai and Ningbo with their hinterlands are used as a case study for numerical analysis.
International Legal Problems of Qualification of Armed Conflicts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article addresses the qualification problems of armed conflicts. The study was conducted through the analysis of international legal doctrine, international treaties, decisions of international organizations. Attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court. It is noted that International Humanitarian Law has been in place since the beginning of the armed conflict. Therefore, the application of International Humanitarian Law does not require any recognition of the existence of armed conflict (international or non-international); this conflict exists because of armed clashes. It is emphasized that the need to classify the conflict arises in view of domestic and international legal factors (to bring to international criminal justice those who have committed war crimes; state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, etc.). Attention was paid to the non-existence of a single body, which was empowered to determine the existence of an armed conflict. Different international agencies may have different qualifications for the same armed conflict. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish a Committee of Experts under the UN Secretary-General, to avoid different qualifications from the same armed conflict.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Efficient Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐5(4H)‐ones under Catalyst and Solvent‐Free Conditions.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A highly sustainable and efficient multicomponent reaction of readily available 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one, aldehydes, and acetophenones is developed.
Effective treatment of post‐intubation subglottic stenosis in children with holmium laser therapy and cryotherapy via flexible bronchoscopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Importance Post‐intubation subglottic stenosis ( SGS ) in children can be life threatening. Definitive treatment varies and lacks a universally accepted approach. Objective We performed a prospective study to assess the safety and feasibility of holmium laser combined with cryotherapy delivered via flexible bronchoscopy for the treatment of post‐intubation SGS in children. Methods This study involved all patients with post‐intubation SGS seen at the Interventional Pulmonology Department of Beijing Children's Hospital between July 2014 and December 2016. Holmium laser treatment and cryotherapy was then performed under flexible bronchoscopy, whose parents refused to accept the alternative standard treatment of tracheotomy and balloon dilation under direct laryngoscopy. Results Sixteen patients with post‐intubation SGS were included in this study. Ages ranged from 2 months to 12.25 years old. According to the Cotton‐Myer grading system, three cases were Grade II , 12 cases were Grade III , and one case was Grade IV . According to the McCaffrey system, eight cases were Stage 1, two cases were Stage 2, and six cases were Stage 3. The average number of procedures was 4.88. Fifteen of the 16 patients achieved clinical cure. One patient achieved clinical improvement. The average treatment course duration was 55.31 days. No severe complications were seen. Post‐treatment clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings and quality of life showed marked improvement. Interpretation Our study supports the conclusion that holmium laser treatment combined with cryotherapy via flexible bronchoscopy appears to be a safe and feasible treatment for post‐intubation SGS in children.
Bifurcation Analysis of a Modified Leslie–Gower Predator–Prey System

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Leslie–Gower model, a kind of predator–prey model with weak Allee effect, is studied in this paper. The existence and stability of non-negative equilibria are first discussed. Then, we investigate several bifurcation phenomena undergoing positive equilibria, such as saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation, etc. Some possible dynamical behaviors of this model are illustrated by numerical simulation. The bifurcation diagrams for the cases of codimensions 2 and 3 are given respectively. The coexistence of a periodic cycle and a homoclinic cycle, and two limit cycles enclosing an unstable equilibrium are also proved. This appears to be the first study of the Leslie–Gower model including the influence of weak Allee effect on prey.
How to improve computer advisory services

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract There are an increasing number of active computer users who are not computer professionals and so require continuous guidance in order to effectively employ computer facilities. In universities such guidance is provided by a formal advisory service. While advisory services play a vital role for university users, there are numerous problems which can detract from their effectiveness. This paper identifies many of these problems, and recommends ways of overcoming them. These suggestions are largely based on the results of a research project carried out for the past four years at the University of Liverpool. Topics considered are: (i) the assessment of various methods for organizing advisory services; (ii) the specific needs of inexpert users and strategies for effectively advising them; (iii) problems of the comprehension of computing information; (iv) guidelines for good advisory communication; (v) methods for improving the professional status of the advisory function.
CONGENITAL RENAL POLYCYSTIC DISEASE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Much prognostic pessimism has been associated with polycystic disease of the kidney. When the variability of the clinical manifestations and course of this not uncommon clinical entity is considered, the pessimistic prognosis is oftentimes unwarranted and unjust to the patient. The present study was undertaken to elaborate further on the various aspects and manifestations of the disease that, when properly evaluated, permit the physician to outline treatment more accurately and prognosticate in a given case.

PATHOGENESIS

The pathogenesis of polycystic disease is not completely understood. The various theories of etiology that have been proposed were summarized by Rall and Odel1under the categories of metabolic, inflammatory, neoplastic, and developmental defects. Since Rall and Odel covered this aspect of the condition, we will mention only two recent contributions. Experimentally, Bagg2has been the only one successful in producing a true polycystic kidney. He treated the abdomens of mice with
A Joint Venture of Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics, Coupled Cluster Electronic Structure Methods, and Liquid-State Theory to Compute Accurate Isotropic Hyperfine Constants of Nitroxide Probes in Water

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The isotropic hyperfine coupling constant (HFCC, Aiso) of a pH-sensitive spin probe in a solution, HMI (2,2,3,4,5,5-hexamethylimidazolidin-1-oxyl, C9H19N2O) in water, is computed using an ensemble of state-of-the-art computational techniques and is gauged against X-band continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurement spectra at room temperature. Fundamentally, the investigation aims to delineate the cutting edge of current first-principles-based calculations of EPR parameters in aqueous solutions based on using rigorous statistical mechanics combined with correlated electronic structure techniques. In particular, the impact of solvation is described by exploiting fully atomistic, RISM integral equation, and implicit solvation approaches as offered by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) of the periodic bulk solution (using the spin-polarized revPBE0-D3 hybrid functional), embedded cluster reference interaction site model integral equation theory (EC-RISM), and polarizable continuum embedding (using CPCM) of microsolvated complexes, respectively. HFCCs are obtained from efficient coupled cluster calculations (using open-shell DLPNO-CCSD theory) as well as from hybrid density functional theory (using revPBE0-D3). Re-solvation of "vertically desolvated" spin probe configuration snapshots by EC-RISM embedding is shown to provide significantly improved results compared to CPCM since only the former captures the inherent structural heterogeneity of the solvent close to the spin probe. The average values of the Aiso parameter obtained based on configurational statistics using explicit water within AIMD and from EC-RISM solvation are found to be satisfactorily close. Using either such explicit or RISM solvation in conjunction with DLPNO-CCSD calculations of the HFCCs provides an average Aiso parameter for HMI in aqueous solution at 300 K and 1 bar that is in good agreement with the experimentally determined one. The developed computational strategy is general in the sense that it can be readily applied to other spin probes of similar molecular complexity, to aqueous solutions beyond ambient conditions, as well as to other solvents in the longer run.
Numerical Investigation of a New Kind of Flutter Exciting System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The unsteady aerodynamic characteristic of a new kind of flutter exciting system is investigated with the numerical simulation.An effective unstructured rotational dynamic grid was adopted to solve the unsteady two-dimensional Euler equations.The results of the unsteady method were compared with the quasi-steady results.It is shown that the results obtained by the present unsteady method are very different from the quasi-steady results.The aerodynamic lift variation was relevant to the rotational direction of the cylinder.The faster the rotational speed is,the smaller the unsteady lift amplitude will be.The opening width of the cylinder also affects the unsteady lift effectively.
Cost-effectiveness of axicabtagene ciloleucel versus lisocabtagene maraleucel for adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy in the US

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study evaluated from a US payer perspective the cost-effectiveness of two chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapies, axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) versus lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel), for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) following two or more systemic therapy lines. We developed a 3-state (i.e., pre-progression, post-progression, death) partitioned survival model to estimate patients’ lifetime outcomes. Mixture cure models were used for survival extrapolation to account for long-term remission. Survival inputs were based on a matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) that reweighted the ZUMA-1 population (receiving axi-cel) to match patient characteristics in TRANSCEND-NHL-001 (assessing liso-cel). Costs included apheresis, drug acquisition, and administration for conditioning chemotherapy and CAR T therapies, monitoring, transplant, hospitalization, adverse events, routine care, and terminal care, per published literature and databases. Utilities were derived from ZUMA-1 and literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. In the base case, axi-cel was associated with more QALYs (7.76 vs. 5.94) and greater costs overall ($611,440 vs. $597,174) than liso-cel, at $7,843/QALY gained. The incremental costs (+$14,266) were largely driven by higher routine care costs (+$18,596) due to longer survival and hospitalization (+$10,993) but partially offset by reduced costs of CAR T acquisition (‒$11,300) and terminal care (‒$4,025). Sensitivity analyses consistently suggested robustness of base-case results. This study relied on an MAIC in which trial design differences and unobserved confounders could not be accounted for. Future real-world studies for recently approved CAR T are warranted to validate our results. Due to a lack of data, we assumed equivalent use of transplants and treatment for B-cell aplasia between the two therapies based on clinicians’ opinions. In the US, axi-cel is a potentially cost-effective treatment option compared with liso-cel for adult patients with r/r LBCL after two or more systemic therapy lines.