jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In Situ Calibration to Account for Transmission Losses in Backscatter Coefficient Estimation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The backscatter coefficient (BSC) has demonstrated the ability to classify disease state and to monitor changes in tissue due to therapy. However, traditional methods of estimating the BSC in vivo using a reference phantom technique do not account for transmission losses due to intervening layers between the ultrasonic source and tissue region to be interrogated. The intervening layers result in increases in bias and variance of BSC-based estimates. To accurately account for the transmission losses, an in situ calibration approach is proposed to obtain a more robust estimate of the BSC. The in situ calibration technique employs the use of a biocompatible sphere that is well-characterized ultrasonically and embedded inside a sample or tissue. Ultrasound scattered from the sphere encounters the same transmission loss and attenuation as the investigated sample and can be used as a reference spectrum to provide a more accurate estimate of the BSC. A 2-mm diameter titanium sphere was embedded inside a homogeneous phantom containing glass bead scatterers with diameters ≤ 90 μm placed spatially at random. A layer of fatty meat was placed on top of the phantom to produce transmission losses from a layer. The BSC was estimated from the phantom with and without the layer on top and compared using a traditional reference phantom technique and using the in situ sphere as a calibration target. Estimates of the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) were obtained for each condition and compared. The BSCs estimated using the in situ calibration approach with and without the layer present overlapped with the BSC estimated using the traditional reference phantom approach without the layer present. The BSC estimated using the traditional reference phantom approach with the layer present did not overlap with the other curves. Estimates of the ESD were 80 μm, 82 μm, 84 μm and 95 μm using the in situ calibration approach without the layer, with the layer and using the reference phantom approach without layer and with the layer present, respectively. The results indicate that an in situ calibration target can account for overlying tissue losses thereby improving the robustness of BSC-based estimates. This work was supported by a grant from the NIH (R21 EB020766).
Understanding stress in patients with multiple sclerosis: The joint predictive role of disease characteristics and emotion regulation processes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. This condition is enhanced by stress. In turn, stress symptoms are a risk factor for the onset and progression of MS. However, knowledge about predictors of stress in patients with MS is scarce. Objectives This preliminary study aimed to verify whether the number of relapses, fatigue, physical disability (MS characteristics), experiential avoidance and self-judgment (emotion regulation processes) predict stress symptoms in patients diagnosed with MS. Methods A convenience sample of 101 patients diagnosed with MS and without other neurological diseases participated in this study. Participants completed the Depression Scale of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21, Analog Fatigue Scale, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-12, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and Self-Judgment Subscale of the Self-Compassion Scale. Results All predictors initially hypothesized and years of education have significant correlations with stress symptoms. Simple linear regression analyses showed that the variables significantly predicted stress symptoms and were, therefore, included in the multiple linear regression model. This model explained 51.8% of the variance of the stress symptoms and showed that years of education, the number of relapses, fatigue, and experiential avoidance significantly predicted those symptoms. Conclusions The promotion of mental health mental in patients with MS must develop functional skills to deal with stress induced by years of education (possibly responsible for the degree of awareness about MS and its consequences), recurrence of relapses and fatigue, and should minimize emotion regulation strategies focused on experiential avoidance.
El Capitan: Historic Feats and Radical Routes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I was nonplussed by Daniel Duane's latest work, El Capitan: Historic Feats and Radical Routes. What I thought would be another strong nonfiction book from one of the foremost new writers in the adventure sports genre was a short profile of a handful of climbers in Yosemite's climbing junto. The 4 chapters span 4 decades and detail a handful of amazing legends: Warren Harding and Royal Robbins defined the 1960s; Jim Bridwell had the 1970s; John Middendorf and Mike Corbett dominated the 1980s; and Scott Burk typified the 1990s. The book highlights Yosemite climbing through these idols but brings neither the personal experience of Duane's climbing (he's ascended El Cap twice) nor the description of the natural world for which his other nonfiction books are noted. And it left out a lot. Yvon Chouinard was mentioned in passing. Duane doesn’t bring to light how El Cap changed Jim Bridwell's life or anything about his life today. Lynn Hill's ascent of The Nose, a magnificent feat for climbing and for women athletes, was only briefly mentioned. And as an aside, nonclimbers may have some difficulty with climbing terms that are not fully defined. What had potential as a definitive history treatise on Yosemite climbing is a short read on a handful of influential climbing personalities. The beautiful black and white photos add some heft to the book, but it is otherwise not worth the price.
Misguided policy initiatives in small-island destinations: why do up-market tourism policies fail?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Following the rhetoric of sustainability, many destinations have adopted policies aimed at attracting high spending visitors while limiting the further growth of mass package tourism. Drawing mainly from the experiences of small-island destinations, we question whether these policies are either environmentally or economically justifiable. Up-market tourists are few in number, prefer varied destinations and require luxury accommodations and facilities that are environmentally taxing and often foreign owned. Mass tourism, while certainly no panacea, has the advantages of larger markets, higher rates of repeat visitation, lower per capita rates of energy and natural resource use, and is often relatively spatially confined. Additionally, given the downturn in all travel following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, destinations are likely to welcome any paying guest.
Sentiment Analysis of Public Opinion on Deforestation in Papua on YouTube Platform Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deforestation in Papua has emerged as a significant environmental concern, attracting considerable attention due to its effects on biodiversity and the livelihoods of indigenous communities. This study seeks to examine public sentiment toward the issue by analyzing comments posted on the YouTube platform, employing the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method. A dataset of 3,000 comments was gathered and processed through several stages, including text cleaning, tokenization, normalization, and Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) weighting. Subsequently, an LSTM model was developed and assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score as evaluation metrics. The results reveal that the LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 88.43%, a precision of 90.01%, a recall of 97.49%, and an F1-score of 93.60%. Nevertheless, signs of overfitting were observed, indicated by lower validation performance compared to training results. These findings demonstrate that the LSTM approach is effective for identifying public opinion regarding deforestation and can serve as a valuable reference in decision-making and the formulation of environmental policies.
Students With Intellectual Disabilities Accessing Postsecondary Education Settings: Promoting Education Equity: Seeing Students for Their Ability First and Supporting Their Development as Contributing Members Into a Diverse Society

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to examine and describe the lived experiences of seven students with intellectual disabilities (ID) participating in two postsecondary education (PSE) settings in Southern California that were aligned to the Think College Standards-Based Conceptual Framework for Inclusive Higher Education. Through a qualitative approach of ethnography, the researcher examined various stakeholders’ awareness and ability to support students with ID in higher education settings in an effort to support future development of PSE programs for students with ID. Methodology tools included classroom observations, individual interviews, and examination of artifacts from the sample of PSE settings in Southern California supporting students with ID. Through triangulation of the interviews, observations, and artifacts, the researcher found 13 themes that emerged as substantial stories related to the lived experiences of students with ID in PSE. The findings included that the experiences of the students with ID in PSE were associated with new opportunities, meaningful experiences through independence and teamwork, development of self-advocacy, community acceptance similar to experiences of nondisabled peers, confidence to raise the bar of expectations, and an understanding of the impact on others through the lived experience of the students with ID in PSE. As a result of inclusive higher education, the experiences of students with ID in PSE programs focused on developing life skills beyond the classroom through impacting the culture of the college and community, increased acceptance amongst nondisabled peers, and created parallel adult development that led to more fulfilling adult lives and deepened relationships with others. Recommendations from the research include PSE teams’ need to create interdisciplinary groups that design inclusive, innovative classroom environments that promote community acceptance, acknowledgment of individual ability, and increased relationships; create assessment tools to determine individual strengths and needs; and offer additional scholarships to increase the opportunity to access higher education environments.
Organizational Justice as a Predictor of Job Satisfaction: An Examination of Head Basketball Coaches

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to measure head basketball coaches' attitudes of three dimensions of organizational justice and determine if these attitudes differed based on NCAA divisional membership or sex of the coach. Additionally, this study examined the relationship between distributive, procedural, and interactional justice and overall job satisfaction. A total of 213 head basketball coaches (137 men, 76 women; 110 from Division I, 103 from Division III) participated in this study. Male basketball coaches demonstrated significantly higher scores on measures of interactional and procedural justice while no difference was found for distributive justice. There was no significant difference on scores for the three dimensions of justice based on NCAA divisional membership (I or III). Collectively, the three dimensions of organizational justice explained 28.5% of variance associated with overall job satisfaction, with interactional and distributive justice each making unique contributions. Based on the results of this study, athletic departments should consider basketball coaches' perceptions of organizational justice when attempting to influence their attitudes of job satisfaction.
New Bounds on the Number of Tests for Disjunct Matrices

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Given n items with at most d of which being positive, instead of testing these items individually, the theory of combinatorial group testing aims to identify all positive items using as few tests as possible. This paper is devoted to a fundamental and thirty-year-old problem in the nonadaptive group testing theory. A binary matrix is called d-disjunct if the Boolean sum of arbitrary d columns does not contain another column not in this collection. Let T(d) denote the minimal t, such that there exists a t × n d-disjunct matrix with n > t. T(d) can also be viewed as the minimal t such that there exists a nonadaptive group testing scheme, which is better than the trivial one that tests each item individually. It was known that T(d) ≥ ( 2 d+2 ) and was conjectured that T(d) ≥ (d + 1) 2 . In this paper, we narrow the gap by proving T(d)/d 2 ≥ (15 + √33)/24, a quantity in [6/7,7/8].
Warring Moldovan leaders look to 2018 polls

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Significance The Moldovan defence ministry sent 57 soldiers in defiance of a veto by President Igor Dodon, who favours Moscow and is in constant conflict with the pro-European government. The incident illustrates a domestic schism that is fuelling tensions with Moscow and the separatist entity of Transnistria, itself a Russian client. Impacts The Democratic Party may have reduced its chances of building a pro-EU coalition by reforming the electoral system. The votes of labour migrants in Russia and Europe will matter but the electoral reform bill is unclear on voting arrangements. Neither Moldova nor Transnistria has the armed forces or the will to move towards hostilities.
Biochemical Studies on Pepper Seeds at Different Maturity Stages and Stored for Various Periods

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fatty acid, unsaponifiable matter and amino acid compositions of pepper seeds extracted from green, green with red streaks and red‐ripe fruits and stored for various periods were studied. Linoleic and palmitic acids were increased and decreased during seed ripening, respectively. A reverse observation was found during storage. The concentration of individual unsaponifiable matter varied according to the different maturity stages. The ratio between sterols might govern the germination rate of pepper seeds. A progressive increase in the concentration of all amino acids and in particular arginine and glutamic acids during seed ripening was found. The amino acid pattern of pepper seeds was not affected by the different maturity stages and storage periods.
Fig. 6 in Identification and characterization of UDP-glucose:Phloretin 4 -O-glycosyltransferase from Malus x domestica Borkh

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fig. 6. Expression patterns of MdPh-40-OGT in different apple "Golden Delicious" tissues. Quantification of MdPh-40-OGT transcript levels were measured by real-time qRT-PCR analysis and normalized relative to actin. Bars labeled with different letters indicate the significant differences as determined by JMP statistical software (P Ĺ 0.05; Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test). All analyses were performed using three biological replicates.
THE INVESTIGATION OF RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND UPPER EXTREMITY FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT AGE PATIENTS WITH DEGENERATIVE ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinical outcomes and upper extremity functions are deteriorated over time in degenerative rotator cuff tear (dRCT). Therefore, evaluation of the radiological and clinical parameters in cases with dRCT will guide to choose a proper treatment. This article is a case-control study which investigates the effects of age related changes on degree of anatomic abnormalities in individuals with dRCT and the influence of these parameters on upper extremity functions (UEF). 20 healthy participants and 43 symptomatic patients with dRCT participated in this study. The healthy group and patient group were divided into 2 categories based on their ages and degree of abnormalities. UEF was determined with Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) and 9 Hole Peg Test (9PEG). Number of tendons, tear size, humeral head migration>7mm (Mig>7mm), humeral cysts, presence of retraction (PR) and muscle atrophy (MA) were evaluated with MRI. Mean age of the patients with severe radiological parameters was 10 years older than those with mild abnormalities. Mean age of the patients with mild degree abnormalities was cumulated about 50 years whereas those with severe degree abnormalities were around 64 years. Mean age of the patients with Mig>7mm, involvement of more than 2 tendons, PR and MA were significantly older (p
A Unified MIMO Optimization Framework Relying on the KKT Conditions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A popular technique of designing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems relies on optimizing the positive semidefinite covariance matrix at the source. In this paper, a unified MIMO optimization framework based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions is proposed. In this framework, with the aid of matrix optimization theory, Theorem 1 presents a generic optimal transmit covariance matrix for MIMO systems with diverse objective functions subject to various power constraints and different levels of channel state information (CSI). Specifically, Theorem 1 fundamentally reveals that for a diverse family of MIMO systems, the optimal transmit covariance matrices associated with different objective functions under various power constraints can be derived in a unified generic water-filling-like form. When applying Theorem 1 to the case of multiple general power constraints, we firstly equivalently transform multiple power constraints into a single counterpart by introducing multiple weighting factors based on Pareto optimization theory. The optimal weighting factors can be found by the proposed modified subgradient method. On the other hand, for the imperfect MIMO system with statistical CSI errors, we firstly address the non-convexity of the robust optimization problem by following the idea of alternating optimization. Finally, our numerical results verify the optimal solution structure in Theorem 1 and the global optimality of the proposed modified subgradient method, as well as demonstrate the performance advantages of the proposed alternating optimization algorithm.
Identification of mast cells in buffy coat preparations from dogs with inflammatory skin diseases.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In 100 dogs with 4 inflammatory dermatologic diseases, buffy coat preparations from EDTA-treated blood samples were examined cytologically. Fifty-four dogs had atopy, 26 had flea-bite hypersensitivity, 17 had sarcoptic mange, and 3 had food allergy. Twenty-eight dogs had 2 or more concurrent skin diseases; most of these had secondary pyoderma. Dogs did not have mast cell tumors. Thirteen samples contained 1 or more mast cells/4 slides reviewed. This study revealed that dogs with inflammatory skin diseases can have a few to many mast cells evident on cytologic examination of buffy coat preparations.
Electrophilic Properties of Patulin. Adduct Structures and Reaction Pathways with 4-Bromothiophenol and Other Model Nucleophiles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The mycotoxin patulin (PAT) is believed to exert its cytotoxic and chromosome-damaging effects by forming covalent adducts with essential cellular thiols. Since the chemical structures of such adducts are unknown to date, we have studied the reaction of PAT and its O-acetylated derivative with the monofunctional thiol model compound 4-bromothiophenol (BTP), which was chosen due to analytical advantages. By means of analytical and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, 16 adducts of PAT and 3 adducts of acetyl-PAT were isolated and their chemical structures elucidated by (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy. Time course studies and analysis of daughter product formation from isolated intermediate adducts led to a detailed scheme for the reaction of PAT with BTP. The structures of adducts of PAT formed with other model nucleophiles, e. g., the aliphatic thiol 2-mercaptoethanol and the aromatic amine 4-bromoaniline, were also elucidated and found to corroborate the reaction scheme. In addition, one further reaction pathway was observed with 2-mercaptoethanol, which appears to be independent from those found for BTP. Our study with model nucleophiles provides insights into the electrophilic reactivity of PAT and proved to be useful for the structure elucidation of PAT adducts with biological nucleophiles of toxicological relevance, as will be reported by Fliege and Metzler [(2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 373-381].
Meat Irradiation: A Comprehensive Review of Its Impact on Food Quality and Safety

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Food irradiation is a proven method commonly used for enhancing the safety and quality of meat. This technology effectively reduces the growth of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. It also increases the lifespan and quality of products by delaying spoilage and reducing the growth of microorganisms. Irradiation does not affect the sensory characteristics of meats, including color, taste, and texture, as long as the appropriate dose is used. However, its influence on the chemical and nutritional aspects of meat is complex as it can alter amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins as well as generate free radicals that cause lipid oxidation. Various factors, including irradiation dose, meat type, and storage conditions, influence the impact of these changes. Irradiation can also affect the physical properties of meat, such as tenderness, texture, and water-holding capacity, which is dose-dependent. While low irradiation doses potentially improve tenderness and texture, high doses negatively affect these properties by causing protein denaturation. This research also explores the regulatory and public perception aspects of food irradiation. Although irradiation is authorized and controlled in many countries, its application is controversial and raises concerns among consumers. Food irradiation is reliable for improving meat quality and safety but its implication on the chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of products must be considered when determining the appropriate dosage and usage. Therefore, more research is needed to better comprehend the long-term implications of irradiation on meat and address consumer concerns.
Information seeking and beyond: Impacts of studying different forms of information behavior

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Although people engage in a range of information behaviors, the majority of previous models and empirical research in information behavior tend to focus just on information seeking and use. This panel will discuss the need of extending the territories of information behavior research beyond seeking and use. Panelists will explain their own research studies that explore different forms of information behavior, and introduce emerging models including serendipitous finding of information, information‐organizing behavior, and information‐creating behavior. Theoretical and methodological issues concerning modeling the new modes of information behavior will be discussed. This panel will involve the audience in identifying under‐investigated areas of information behavior and discussing potential impacts of studying various forms of information behavior on individuals, society, organizations, systems & technology, and culture.