jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Scalable Interfacing of Flexible Electronics with High-performance ICs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Early-stage damage detection for buildings and bridges re­ quires continuously sensing and assessing strain over large sur­ faces, yet with centimeter-scale resolution. To achieve this, we present a sensing sheet that combines high-performance ICs with flexible electronics, allowing bonding to such surfaces. The flexi­ ble electronics integrates thin-film strain gauges and amorphous­ silicon control circuits, patterned on a poly imide sheet that can potentially span large areas. Non-contact links couple digital and analog signals to the ICs, allowing many ICs to be intro­ duced via low-cost sheet lamination for energy-efficient readout and computation over a large number of sensors. Communi­ cation between distributed ICs is achieved by transceivers that exploit low-loss interconnects patterned on the polyimide sheet; the transceivers self-calibrate to the interconnect impedance to maximize transmit SNR. The system achieves multi-channel strain readout with sensitivity of 18J1'strainRMs at an energy per measurement of 270nJ, while the
Experimental characterization of FM spectroscopy of /sup 127/I/sub 2/ at 532 nm using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Deals with the experimental characterization of the frequency modulation spectroscopy method by means of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser and saturated absorptions of /sup 127/I/sub 2/ at the wavelength of 532 nm. A power of 8.7 mW at 532 nm with a continuous frequency tuning range of 80 GHz has been obtained by doubling 80 mW of the infrared Nd:YAG radiation incident on a self made external cavity doubler. In order to obtain a high degree of stability and reproducibility of the 532 nm radiation locked to a saturated absorption of /sup 127/I/sub 2/, linewidth, sensitivity, and signal to noise ratio of the demodulated signals have been characterized for different phase modulation conditions, iodine vapor pressures and for different optical power levels.
The Eastern European Fertility Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Eastern European Fertility Crisis by Sebastian D. Zgirski\nIn the years following the 1989 collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe, demographers noticed a sharp decline in total fertility rates in many of the countries of the region. While this trend is consistent with a general worldwide trend, it does seem to be even more pronounced in the region, with many countries having fertility rates significantly below replacement. This puzzled demographers as in previous years the region was considered to have some of the highest fertility rates in Europe. Additionally, there is worry that with fertility rates below replacement, these countries with, still, relatively new economies will not be able to sustain themselves. Many scholars have examined this issue, pointing to the various social and economic changes linked with post-communism as explanations for the phenomenon. In particular, scholars point to the Second Demographic Transition theory and Becker’s Economic Crisis Theory as possible explanations. For this paper, I have gathered and examined literature on this topic to learn more about this phenomenon. I have also examined information on the social and economic conditions in countries such as Poland, Russia, Hungary, the Ukraine, and Romania, and synthesized that information to come to conclusions on how post-communist societal conditions in Eastern Europe have influenced the region’s sudden decline in total fertility rates.
Community Education in New HIV Prevention Technologies Research

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An estimated 39.5 million people are living with HIV worldwide. There were 4.3 million new infections in 2006 with 2.8 million (65%) of these occurring in sub-Saharan Africa with important increases in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where there are some indications that infection rates have risen by more than 50% since 2004. In 2006, 2.9 million people died of AIDS-related illnesses (UNAIDS, 2006). The continued increase in new HIV infection is a call for concern. It is imperative that more innovative ways of combating the infections are found sooner. There is an enormous body of evidence that HIV infection is caused mainly by sexual contact. There is also undisputed evidence that there are other contributing factors such as extreme poverty, survival sex, gender inequality, lack of education, fatalism, religious barriers and others. This chapter seeks to support the need to do more research in finding new technologies and innovative ways of dealing with the spread of HIV. The chapter suggests that the involvement of researched communities be effectively involved. Involving communities in finding solutions will help, in that research protocols and health programmes will take into account the cultural acceptability of the new technologies and systems and ensure that recipients of health services become effective organs of change. The chapter seeks to highlight the fact that, if the recipients are involved in all stages of development of health programmes, including technologies, we may begin to see changes in how new technologies are taken up or may shift toward getting technologies that are acceptable. There are various suggested and implemented ways which aid in achieving the protection for individuals and communities; such as community involvement, community participation and community education (Collins, 2002; Gupta 2002), this chapter will focus on community education and a proposal for a community principle.
Comparative Anatomy of Cypselae in the Complex Group Chrysolaena, Echinocoryne, Lepidaploa, and Lessingianthus: Contributions to the Systematics of Vernonieae (Compositae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Vernonieae is known as the evil tribe due to its complex this tribe. This complexity is reflected in the genera of this tribe as Chrysolaena, Echinocoryne, Lepidaploa and Lessingianthus which, besides having many shared morphological characters, also possess an uncertain phylogenetic relationship. In26 groupsmorphology with great overlapping character status shared with many of Asteraceae, several anatomical studies have demonstrated the importance of the anatomy of the cypselae for the classification of the family, and these studies have contributed to the separation of the genera. In this way, we studied the anatomy of the cypselae of these four genera, evaluating their potential for solving thesystematic problems in this group. The pericarp, floral disk, carpopodium and pappus were analysed for the genera. Our study shows that the structural characteristics of the cypselae are uniform between the genera and that they cannot contribute to the separation of the same, although these characteristics contribute to the separation of some species. This result corroborates that the separation of these genera is uncertain. Although these genera were segregated from the ancient genus Vernonia s.l. its separation is still questionable, since to date there are not enough morphological and phylogenetic characters to contribute to this classification. Actually, the anatomy of the cypselae only contributes to the taxonomy of some of the species, since the presence of glandular trichome and idioblasts, lignification of the carpopodium exocarp and definition of ribs present taxonomic value only at specific level.
The Effect of Bifonazole on the Structure of <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i>

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The morphological changes in the growing hyphae of <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i> treated with a new azole antimycotic bifonazole (Mycospor®) were studied by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Treatment with the drug at concentrations ranging from 1–10 ng/ml that were much lower than its MIC value for this fungal strain (630 ng/ml) caused a profound inhibition of hyphal growth. It was characterized by several findings: (1) development of wavy or curled hyphae; (2) occasional formation of swollen cells often arranging in chain; (3) partial exfoliation of hyphal walls, and (4) excretion of fibrillar materials. These morphological changes of the hyphae became more prominent with increasing drug concentrations up to 500 ng/ml, at which many hyphae were collapsed and distorted. These results strongly suggest that subinhibitory concentrations of bifonazole profoundly affected the normal growth and induced degenerative changes of the hyphae of <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> probably by affecting some essential metabolism or structure of the fungal cell.
An Approach to Urban Traffic State Estimation by Fusing Multisource Information

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an information-fusion-based approach to the estimation of urban traffic states. The approach can fuse online data from underground loop detectors and global positioning system (GPS)-equipped probe vehicles to more accurately and completely obtain traffic state estimation than using either of them alone. In this approach, three parts of the algorithms are developed for fusion computing and the data processing of loop detectors and GPS probe vehicles. First, a fusion algorithm, which integrates the federated Kalman filter and evidence theory (ET), is proposed to prepare a robust, credible, and extensible fusion platform for the fusion of multisensor data. After that, a novel algorithm based on the traffic wave theory is employed to estimate the link mean speed using single-loop detectors buried at the end of links. With the GPS data, a series of technologies are combined with the geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T) map to compute another link mean speed. These two speeds are taken as the inputs of the proposed fusion platform. Finally, tests on the accuracy, conflict resistance, robustness, and operation speed by real-world traffic data illustrate that the proposed approach can well be used in urban traffic applications on a large scale.
Integrating Heuristic Evaluation and Think-Aloud Protocols By Applying Nielsen’s Metrics on Indonesian e-Pangan Application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Usability testing has emerged as one of the most important aspects of software testing to provide high-quality software to users. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usability of an Indonesian mobile government application known as e-pangan. Because of the growing number of mobile phone users, the government has deployed mobile applications to make it easier for people to obtain information. Unfortunately, mobile government is not user-friendly and still has a lot of issues, as evidenced by user reviews in the Google Play store. The study employed a hybrid usability methodology that included heuristic evaluation and think-aloud protocols. The mobile government application Panel Harga Pangan will be tested to represent the study of this testing. Furthermore, the heuristic evaluation is performed by a usability expert, while the think-aloud protocols are performed by ten users. Nielsen's metrics are applied to measure the learnability, efficiency, memorability, error rate, and satisfaction of the application. The results of the research show that the application has an average score of 66%, indicating that while some users might discover it challenging others might discover it to be straightforward. This research is expected to be beneficial for usability practitioners or developers to develop a user-friendly e-government application.
The efficiency of rehabilitation for self-service eating in institutionalized children aged 2–6 years with mental and motor retardation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The purpose of the work is an evaluation of the efficiency of therapeutic programmes applied for manual skills in self-service eating, as well as for the motion range of chosen upper limb joints in children aged 2–6 years with mental retardation. Methods The research was carried out among 2 groups of children, 12 members each. The methods used to evaluate the effects of the therapy included Sagittal Frontal Transverse Rotation (SFTR) as per International Standard Orthopaedic Measurements (ISOM) and Gunzburg’s PPAC Inventory as adapted by Witkowski. The study presents the results of the therapy in a group run with the Vojta method and in a group run with other paediatric physiotherapy methods. Results The research results have shown no essential difference between the groups at the first measurement (before therapy), a statistically significant difference (an improvement in mobility and function) in the second test in both examined groups, and statistically significant results of comparing the first and second measurement for both methods, mostly in favour of the Vojta group. Conclusions The Vojta method therapy is more effective than the other therapeutic methods in improving both upper limbs motion and the self-service function of eating.
The main directions of the fight against corruption by criminal legal means

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in the legislative regulation of the fight against corruption crimes. The amendments to the main regulatory legal acts on the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation (including the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), as well as statistical data on the state of crimes of this group are considered. Based on the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion about the uncertainty of the legislator in the choice of means and methods in the fight against corruption crimes, which made it possible to develop proposals for improving the criminal legal impact.
Chiral Phenomena in Nonlinear Optics

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The unique nonlinear optical properties of chiral interfaces suggest a wealth of nascent structural information in studies of biological interfaces can be mined from polarization- dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) measurements. Recent research efforts in our group have focused on understanding and interpreting the origins of chiral phenomena in second-order nonlinear optical processes.
The effect of Pomegranate Peels Aqueous Extract against Streptococcus Mutans and the Adherence to tooth surface in Comparison to Chlorhexidine Gluconate (in Vitro Study)

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

For centuries, nature has been an enormous source of agents of medical importance and this study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of pomegranate peels against Streptococcus mutans by using agar diffusion technique and the adherence to tooth surface in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate in vitro was also studied. This study revealed that pomegranate peels exhibit good antibacterial activity and this activity was found to be increased as the concentration of extract increased and the result also showed that the pomegranate peels aqueous extract was effective in inhibiting the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to tooth surface Keywords: pomegranate peels, streptococcus mutans, adherence
A High-Temperature β -Phase NaMnO 2 Stabilized by Cu Doping and Its Na Storage Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The high-temperature β-phase NaMnO2 is a promising material for Na-ion batteries (NIBs) due to its high capacity and abundant resources. However, the synthesis of phase-pure β-NaMnO2 is burdensome and costineffective because it needs to be sintered under oxygen atmosphere at high temperature and followed by a quenching procedure. Here we first report that the pure β phase can be stabilized by Cu-doping and easily synthesized by replacing a proportion of Mn with Cu via a simplified process including sintering in air and cooling to room temperature naturally. Based on the first-principle calculations, the band gap decreases from 0.7 eV to 0.3 eV, which indicates that the electronic conductivity can be improved by Cu-doping. The designed β-NaCu0.1 Mn0.9O2 is applied as cathode in NIBs, exhibiting an energy density of 419Wh/kg and better performance in terms of rate capability and cycling stability than those in the undoped case.
The Strategy of social and economic regional development: territorial brand building

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article dials with the concept of a regional brand, that has gained popularity in the economic and political spheres, as the quintessence of the mission and strategy of regional development, the algorithm of the territorial branding is offered, its similarities and differences with the branding of goods or services are considered. The authors analyze the structure of the program document – “Strategy of social and economic development of the region” as a source of information for the territorial brand building. For example of a number of strategic regional development programs general information about STEP and SWOT-analyzes of territories is identified. The authors analyzed the relationship of the Strategy with indicators of regional brand, the mission of Russian regions, their formulation and the availability of “core” in the missions are considered. Also, group of the factors, affecting the possibility of territorial brand building in the region, is analyzed. The authors highlighted sections of the Strategy, which could serve as sources of information in the process of territorial branding, as well as a concept of new Strategy’s content with section “Regional brand” is offered.
ANALYSIS OF SIMULATED DIFFUSION AND ADSORPTION WITH AN ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful tool to predict molecular diffusivity in femtoliter observation volume. The applicable analytical model in 3-D for porous chromatographic environment has been introduced to evaluate in this contribution. Regarding chromatographic environment, it is important to understand and characterize both diffusion and adsorption-desorption kinetics at interfacial area between mobile and stationary phases. In this contribution, a demonstration of a newly designed analytical model for FCS was presented that can predict simulated diffusion and adsorption-desorption kinetics in 3-D matrix. This work was motivated by a previous 2-D analytical solution study. The range of desorption rate (800–1000 1/s) was found to be where the analytical model can predict the molecular dynamics most accurately and precisely.
Visual topography of V1 in the Cebus monkey

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The representation of the visual field in the striate cortex (VI) was mapped with multiunit electrodes in the Cebus monkey. Nine Cebus apella , anesthetized with N 2 O and immobilized with pancuromium bromide were studied in repeated recording sessions. In each hemisphere, VI contains a continuous representation of the contralateral visual hemifield. The representation of the vertical meridian (VM) forms the external border of V1 except at the anteriormost portion of the calcarine fissure. The representation of the horizontal meridian (HM) divides the area so that the representation of the lower visual field is located dorsally, and that of the upper field ventrally. The convoluted surface of VI can be only partially unfolded, and no precise “flattened” map can be obtained without introducing surface discontinuities. The visual topography of VI is presented in a series of coronal sections and in “flattened” maps. The representation of the central visual field is magnified relative to that of the periphery in VI. The evaluation of the cortical magnification factors measured along isoeccentric and isopolar dimensions in the partially unfolded model of VI revealed anisotropies in the representation of the visual field with larger magnification along isopolar lines than along isoeccentric lines. Receptive field size increases with increasing eccentricity, whereas point image size decreases with increasing eccentricity.
The BALTO Toolkit - A New Approach to Ethical and Sustainable Data Collection for Equitable Public Transit

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In most American cities commuters on public transit have disproportionately lower incomes than commuters who use automobiles. Given the proven link between geographic and economic mobility, it is critical to offer quality public transit to improve access to jobs, health care and education opportunities. Departments of Transportation (DOTs) routinely measure public transit performance and quality perceptions to assess the need for improvements in the transit systems. Nevertheless, the performance metrics used fail to capture the experiences of low-income individuals who often endure complex, lengthy trips, requiring several modes or transfers. We propose BALTO, a novel toolkit to characterize transit system performance and passenger's quality perceptions across all types of passengers and trips. We are designing the BALTO toolkit in collaboration with public housing residents from the Housing Authority of Baltimore City (HABC) and together with two local transit advocacy groups and the departments of transportation in Baltimore and in the state of Maryland.
Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Data Sets for Global Environment and Climate Change Studies

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

For a number of years there has been considerable interest in the earth's radiation budget (ERB) or energy balance, and entails making the best measurements possible of absorbed solar radiation, reflected shortwave radiation (RSW), thermal outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and net radiation. ERB data are fundamental to the development of realistic climate models and studying natural and anthropogenic perturbations of the climate. Much of the interest and investigations in the earth's energy balance predated the age of earth-orbiting satellites (Hunt et al., 1986). Beginning in the mid 1960's earth-orbiting satellites began to play an important role in making measurements of the earth's radiation flux although much effort had gone into measuring ERB parameters prior to 1960 (House et al., 1986). Beginning in 1974 and extending until the present time, three different satellite experiments (not all operating at the same time) have been making radiation budget measurements almost continually in time. Two of the experiments were totally dedicated to making radiation budget measurements of the earth, and the other experiment flown on NOAA sun-synchronous AVHRR weather satellites produced radiation budget parameters as a by-product. The heat budget data from the AVHRR satellites began collecting data in June 1974 and have operated almost continuously for 23 years producing valuable data for long term climate monitoring.