jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Central Place Theory.

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Central Place Theory predicts a regular spatial pattern in the plane and it is observed that the Delaunay triangles will be equilateral under the theory. However, when the pattern is random, the asymptotic p.d.f. of the interior angles of a random Delaunay triangle are given. A von Mises-type model is proposed with a concentration parameter K; the larger the value of K, the closer one is to the Central Place Theory. The model can be approximated to the Miles' density for some value of K. The moment and maximum likelihood estimators of K are provided, and it is recognized that the areas of the Delaunay triangles play an important role. A test of departure from the random pattern is constructed with the alternative of Central Place Theory. As a numerical example, 44 Central Places in Iowa are analyzed where some evidence for the validity of Central Place Theory in that particular region is found.
The effect of nicotine on fetal breathing movements in conscious pregnant ewes.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nicotine (0.14--0.25 mg/kg), injected intravenously or intraarterially into conscious pregnant ewes, caused a decrease in fetal PaO2 within 5 minutes, persisting for up to 30 minutes. There was a significant fall in the incidence of fetal breathing movements. These changes did not occur if the ewe was treated with an alpha-blocking agent (phentolamine) or if the nicotine was infused for 30 minutes at 0.27 to 0.85 mg/minute. Nicotine crossed the placenta; fetal concentrations equaled those in the ewe 5 minutes after the injection and remained at or above maternal levels for 1 hour. Nicotine given directly to the fetus (0.005--0.03 mg/kg estimated fetal weight) stimulated fetal breathing movements in a dose-related manner. We suggest that the maternal injection of nicotine results in a fall of uterine blood flow by a sympathomimetic action, leading to transient fetal hypoxemia and a reduction of fetal breathing movements and that a similar phenomenon may occur when a pregnant woman smokes cigarettes.
Contribution to the knowledge of Clavigeritae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Fiji and Vanuatu, with the catalogue of Clavigeritae of Oceania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Besuchet, Claude, Hlaváč, Peter (2011): Contribution to the knowledge of Clavigeritae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Fiji and Vanuatu, with the catalogue of Clavigeritae of Oceania. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 517-528, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5328923
Bridgehead substitution reactions of 3-methoxy-4-azahomoadamantane via N-acyliminium ions. A novel route to some [3,4]-fused 4-azahomoadamantane heterocycles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Treatment of 3-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-(9) and 4-acetyl-3-methoxy-4-azahomoadamantane (10) with AlCl3 in benzene afforded the corresponding 3-phenyl derivatives (12) and (17) accompanied by considerable amounts of the ring-opened products (13) and (18), respectively. The reaction of compound (9) with phenylethynyltrimethylsilane (2) and AlCl3 gave the 3-phenylethynyl substitution product (19), while the same reaction of (10) gave the 3-phenylacetyl product (21). The cyclization of compound (19) with partially hydrated AlCl3 afforded the oxazinone (23), the oxazolidinone (24), and the hydrochlorinated product (25); the base-catalysed cyclization of (21) gave the 3-pyrrolin-2-one (26). Intramolecular substitution of the 3-methoxy group with the aryl group of the arylureas (28a–c) took place smoothly with AlCl3 to give the corresponding quinazolinones (29a–c) in good yields.
Antecedents and Consequents

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter situates the present system within the tradition it comes from, in the process examining foundational concerns about the overall architecture and how this has influenced other lines of research. It begins by reviewing earlier models (the Extended Standard Theory and the Principles and Parameters system) — precursors of the Minimalist Program — to show how the roots of how cyclicity is addressed in this book are very much within the spirit of earlier proposals. It then moves on to the best known cyclic system in contemporary studies, which proposes that derivations run transitioning from one phase to the next. It shows how this system is compatible with the MSO architecture, as they are addressing different aspects of cyclicity — a condition that makes good derivational sense. The theme of justifying the derivational nature of the linguistic architecture is further explored in the middle sections of the chapter. It concludes with two detailed case studies in the literature, which explicitly and creatively use the MSO architecture to make predictions about reanalysis in parsing and specific conditions that arise in language development.
Pie/Decorative Pumpkin Cultivar Evaluation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fourteen pie and decorative pumpkin cultivars were evaluated in a replicated trial to determine their performance under Central Kentucky growing conditions. Plants were grown using standard commercial growing practices, using raised beds with trickle tube irrigation and fertigation, and covered with black plastic film. Fungicides and insecticides were applied following University of Kentucky Extension guidelines. Yields per-acre, fruit dimensions, weights and sugar contents were measured. Cultivars were also evaluated for visual attributes, such as size- and color uniformity and stem attractivness. Bisbee Gold’, ‘Baby Wrinkles’, ‘Darling’, ‘Fall Splendor Plus’, ‘Jack Sprat’, ‘Little Giant’ and ‘Cinnamon Girl’ were the best overall performers based on yield-related parameters and visual attributes. Powdery- and Downy mildew severity ratings were also determined. Severity ratings for both diseases were similar for most cultivars. ‘Lumina’, ‘Baby Pam’ and ‘Jack Sprat’ had some of the lowest Powdery- plus Downy mildew severity ratings. A culinary evaluation of roasted pumpkin slices was also conducted. ‘Speckled Hound’, ‘Lumina’, ‘Cinnamon Girl’, ‘Little Giant’ and ‘Jack Sprat’ rated highly overall for taste, flesh smoothness, flesh firmness, aroma, and color after roasting. Considering yield, fruit attractiveness a nd roasted pumpkin evaluations, ‘Bisbee Gold’, ‘Baby Wrinkles’, ‘Fall Splendor Plus’ and ‘Jack Sprat’ were the best pumpkins in this trial. ‘Speckled Hound’, one of two squash in the trial, also performed well.
The Performance and Reaction Mechanism of Untreated Steel Slag Used as a Microexpanding Agent in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Steel slag is an industrial by-product of the steelmaking process, which is under-utilized and of low value due to its characteristics. Alkali-activated technology offers the possibility of high utilization and increased value of steel slag. A geopolymer composition was composed of steel slag, fly ash, and calcium hydroxide. Four experimental groups utilizing steel slag to substitute fly ash are established based on varying replacement levels: 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% by mass. The final samples were characterized by compressive strength tests, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, thermogravimetric measurements, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to investigate the chemical composition and microstructure of the final products. Higher steel slag/fly ash ratios lead to a lower bulk density and lower compressive strength. The compressive strength ranges from 3.7 MPa to 5.6 MPa, and the bulk density ranges from 0.85 g/cm3 to 1.13 g/cm3. Microstructural and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses show that the final geopolymer products were a type of composite consisting of both calcium aluminate silicate hydrate and sodium aluminate silicate hydrate, with the unreacted crystalline phases acting as fillers.
First Report of Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, and Garlic common latent virus in Garlic in Oregon

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A general mosaic and yellowing of leaves of three cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum L., Late, Early, and Germinador) were observed in two seed-production fields in Morrow County, OR in June 2005. Approximately 50% of plants within the 50-ha fields were symptomatic. With recent findings of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), and Garlic common latent virus (GCLV) in Washington (2), 45 composite samples of 10 leaves each from symptomatic (mosaic and yellowing) and nonsymptomatic plants were analyzed with a GCLV-specific antiserum (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). All samples of ‘Germinador’ were infected regardless of symptoms, whereas 6.7% of all ‘Late’ and ‘Early’ samples were positive. GCLV infection was verified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers specific to the coat protein gene of GCLV followed by cloning and sequencing of the cloned amplicon. To determine the presence of a potyvirus, all composite samples were also tested with a general potyvirus antiserum (Agdia) and all samples from symptomatic plants were found to be positive. Representative positive samples from each cultivar were then tested by RT-PCR using degenerate, potyvirus group specific primers (3), and an amplicon of the expected size was obtained. To confirm which potyvirus was present, amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and sequence comparisons indicated that the representative samples were infected with OYDV. All symptomatic samples from the three cultivars were positive for OYDV when tested by RT-PCR using primers specific to its coat protein gene (1). Additionally, 53.3 and 6.7% of ‘Early’ and ‘Late’ samples, respectively, were also positive when tested with LYSV-specific primers (4). LYSV infection was further verified through cloning and sequencing of the cloned amplicon. Because this garlic is grown for seed, studies are being initiated to determine if current season spread occurs and yields are reduced. To our knowledge, this is the first report of OYDV, LYSV, and GCLV in garlic in Oregon. References: (1) P. Lunello et al. J. Virol. Methods 118:15, 2004. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. Plant Dis. 89:205, 2005. (3) S. S. Pappu et al. J. Virol. Methods 41:9, 1993. (4) T. Tsuneyoshi et al. Phytopathology. 86:253, 1996.
The Politics of Wedding Poetry under the Cromwellian Protectorate: Sir William Davenant and “Hymen’s Policy”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: This essay presents a reading of Sir William Davenant’s previously unstudied poem “Epithalamium. The Morning after the Marriage of the Earl of Barymore with Mrs. Martha Laurence,” written in October 1656. The poem offers a significant comparison to Andrew Marvell’s near-contemporary wedding song for the marriage of Oliver Cromwell’s daughter Mary. It thereby sheds light on Cromwellian poets’ efforts to formulate a poetic language in which to address the Protectoral court. The essay contextualizes the poem in the political realignment of the Cromwellian regime in 1656–1657. It suggests that Davenant’s paradoxical style attempts to adapt the courtly epithalamium to the minimalistic religious settlement and the principle of toleration for Protestants that underpinned the Cromwellian coalition. In this way, the poem illustrates how the 1650s Davenant can be read as a Cromwellian poet, alongside Marvell, Edmund Waller, and even John Milton, developing his ambitious and idiosyncratic ideas about public festivity and civil religion.
Sea Surface Moving Target Detection Using a Modified Keystone Transform on Wideband Radar Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The echoes collected by wideband radar systems provide abundant information on target scatterers, which is beneficial to target detection, classification, and recognition. However, as the radar range resolution increases, range cell migration (RCM) during the coherent integration (CI) period happens much easier, which may cause a degradation of target detection probability. In addition, due to the target’s orientation and structure relative to the radar, the distribution characteristics of the target scatterers in high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs) and the detection window length may vary from pulse to pulse, which may reduce the performance of traditional energy integration (EI) detectors. To solve those problems, moving range-spread target (RST) detection combining the modified keystone transform (MKT) and improved EI (IEI) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on waveform entropy minimization, MKT using hunter–prey optimization (HPO) is introduced to reduce the CI gain loss. The target Doppler ambiguity factor is estimated using such an effective optimization technique. Then, the IEI detector optimized by the adaptive threshold and detection window is utilized to achieve target detection, which minimizes the sensitivity of the traditional EI detector to the detection window length. The proposed method significantly improves the performance of moving RSTs in sea clutter without prior knowledge of the target Doppler ambiguity factor. Experiments are conducted by comparing the proposed method with other competing methods on both simulation data and real sea clutter data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain the CI more efficiently and has a higher detection probability.
Spatial and temporal changes of land use land cover distribution in selected sites of the southern coastal zone of Sri Lanka

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The southern coastal zone of Sri Lanka has been subjected to a variety of natural and anthropogenic influences over the past three decades. Understanding impacts of such influences on Land Use Land Cover (LULC) is vital for proper management of the coastal zone. This study, therefore, focused on mapping the change/s in the distribution of selected LULC in the selected sites, Bundala, Galle, Kalametiya, and Hambantota of the southern coastal zone, over last 24 years using satellite imagery. LULC maps of nine classes (mangrove, inland vegetation, marsh and grass, sand, bare land, built-up, cultivation, water, and unclassified) were created by employing an on-screen digitization technique achieving an accuracy of >70%. Trend analysis and two-sample proportion tests were used for statistical analyses, whereas geometric calculations were used for descriptive analyses. The results showed the highest overall change in LULC in Kalametiya, followed by Hambantota, Galle, and Bundala. The changes in the LULC classes are mainly attributed to the conversion of water to mangroves, marsh and grass areas in Kalametiya, water to built-up areas in Hambantota, cultivations to built-up areas in Galle, and marsh and grass areas to bare lands in Bundala. The causes of LULC changes were site specific. Trend analyses indicate the least LULC changes in Bundala possibly by 2025. The study highlights the significance of taking into account geographical dislocations when considering and anticipating the potential impacts of development projects over broader extents.
Firsthand Experience and The Subsequent Role of Reflected Knowledge in Cultivating Trust in Global Collaboration

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

While scholars contend that firsthand experience - time spent onsite observing the people, places, and norms of a distant locale - is crucial in globally distributed collaboration, how such experience actually affects interpersonal dynamics is poorly understood. Based on 47 semistructured interviews and 140 survey responses in a global chemical company, this paper explores the effects of firsthand experience on intersite trust. We find firsthand experience leads not just to direct knowledge of the other, but also knowledge of the self as seen through the eyes of the other - what we call “reflected knowledge”. Reflected and direct knowledge, in turn, affect trust through identification, adaptation, and reduced misunderstandings.
Additional file 1 of Structural landscape of the complete genomes of dengue virus serotypes and other viral hemorrhagic fevers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. ROC curves of our predictions obtained using CROSS and experimental SHAPE data on DENV-2 (A) and DENV-1 (B). SHAPE data were ranked according to their reactivity, and the 5, 10 and 25% top/bottom nucleotides were selected. The AUC increases from 0.75 (25% top/bottom ranked SHAPE data; i.e. half of the dataset) to 0.85 (5% top/bottom ranked SHAPE data). Uncharacterised SHAPE reactivities
Two Dosage Technique for Nisin Determination and the C++ Program for Data Calculation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The conditions of agar diffusion technique determining nisin potency were studied. It is very important to de- termine nisin potency for the fermentation industrialization ofnisin. There are many impressing factors inthe determining course. For two dosage technique, only the differents of product and sample have efficient effects on nisin potency. In this way, the determination of nisin potency was simplified. A computer program was designed to calculate the data ob- tained. This program directly makes use of formula of two dosage technique to calculate potency.
Breeding habitat selection of the black woodpecker dryocopus martius L. in mediterranean forests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Black Woodpecker has a wide northern Palearctic range, but in much of western Europe it has a highly fragmented distribution. As these isolated populations are vulnerable to land cover change, a better understanding of the factors driving their presence is needed in the perspective of conservation. To shed light on the habitat preferences of the Black Woodpecker in the southern part of its range, we carried out a research in a large protected area, the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park (the first investigation on this species anywhere in southern Italy). We used a playback technique to detect occurrence of Black Woodpeckers, as well as sympatric woodpecker species, and recorded environmental characteristics that might explain the bird’s occurrence, such as tree species and stand age. The “extent of occurrence” of the Black Woodpecker was calculated, and its habitat preferences investigated. Occurrence of the species was clearly dependent on beech dominance, in contrast with the other woodpecker species, with an estimated total population for National Park 18.56 (± 6.19) pairs in beech-dominated woods. Habitat preferences were narrower compared to northern European populations, highlighting the dependence of this species on beech forests in southern Europe. Since beech forests in the Mediterranean region are predicted to recede due to climate change, our findings highlight the vulnerability of southern Black Woodpecker populations.
Chapter 5. Omics for the Identification and Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Foodborne disease is caused in great part by the ingestion of food contaminated with bacterial pathogens, representing a serious but also largely preventable global burden. The detection of the most important foodborne pathogens forms a main part of risk assessment systems to guarantee food safety. No less important is the investigation of foodborne outbreaks, including effective source-tracking and obtaining information about epidemiology, virulence and antibiotic resistance. This chapter reviews the application of omics as powerful tools for screening and subtyping of the most relevant foodborne pathogenic bacteria in foodstuffs and carrying out robust risk assessment in the field of food safety. The approaches discussed include genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, giving special attention to high-throughput techniques, such as next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry.
Temperature dependence of internal friction in enzyme reactions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Our aim was to elucidate the physical background of internal friction of enzyme reactions by investigating the temperature dependence of internal viscosity. By rapid transient kinetic methods, we directly measured the rate constant of trypsin 4 activation, which is an interdomain conformational rearrangement, as a function of temperature and solvent viscosity. We found that the apparent internal viscosity shows an Arrhenius‐like temperature dependence, which can be characterized by the activation energy of internal friction. Glycine and alanine mutations were introduced at a single position of the hinge of the interdomain region to evaluate how the flexibility of the hinge affects internal friction. We found that the apparent activation energies of the conformational change and the internal friction are interconvertible parameters depending on the protein flexibility. The more flexible a protein was, the greater proportion of the total activation energy of the reaction was observed as the apparent activation energy of internal friction. Based on the coupling of the internal and external movements of the protein during its conformational change, we constructed a model that quantitatively relates activation energy, internal friction, and protein flexibility.—Rauscher, A. Á., Simon, Z., Szöllősi, G. J., Gráf, L., Derényi, I., Malnasi‐Csizmadia, A. Temperature dependence of internal friction in enzyme reactions. FASEB J. 25, 2804‐2813 (2011). www.fasebj.org
Splenitis in Immunocompetent Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bacillary angiomatosis and parenchymal bacillary pelio-sis are recently described vascular disorders associated with infection by Rochalimaea henselae and Rochali-maea quintana, which occur in patients with either human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or drug-induced immune suppression (1-5). In addition, R. henselae and R. quintana (also the agent of trench fever) are both members of the family Rickettsiaceae (1, 4, 5), and infections due to Rochalimaea species have been associated with exposure both to cats (2) and to arthropod vectors (1, 5). We describe five patients with cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis or bacillary splenitis without evidence of HIV infection who were deter-mined to be immunocompetent after immunologic eval-uation. In three patients with both cat and cat flea
Modeling and Simulation of Multifield Diffusionin Laminated Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study an analytical and numerical modeling of the interaction between the process of diffusion and the mechanics of a solid are developed. It is then implemented on a fiber composite material, and several cases are simulated and analyzed. Starting with the a free energy as a function of the deformation and concentration, &Psi( F ,C), a constitutive model is derived for the strain energy function &Psi_m( F ), the coupled term of the free energy, &Psi_md( F ,C), and the diffusion part of the free energy, &Psi_d(C). With these terms we define the stress, the coupling terms, and the diffusion flux respectively. These are then used in the balance of mass, the balance of linear momentum and the continuity equation. The equations are discretized using a finite difference scheme for the time variable, and a nonlinear finite element method for the spacial variables. The coupling is implemented using a staggering methodology. The staggering scheme allows for easy implementation and provides a convenient framework. Several phenomena are modeled, for example, strain-dependent diffusivity, concentration based saturation, diffuso-elasticity and nonuniform diffusion induced swelling. The simulations involve various parametric studies including using different elastic strain energy functions, such as Kirchhoff Saint Venant. Moreover, the simulations are conducted for both isotropic and orthotropic materials where we explore such effects as free swelling, and combined mechanical loading and diffusion boundary conditions.