jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From alcohol to cannabis: a replication and extension study on the relationships between perceived efficacy, social norms, and use of protective behavioral strategies among cannabis-using young adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) are effective in mitigating substance use and its associated consequences, research on the determinants of PBS use is limited. A previous study in the context of alcohol use demonstrated that both perceived descriptive norms (i.e., the frequency with which peers use PBS) and the perceived efficacy of PBS in reducing alcohol-related harms are prospectively linked to personal PBS use. Additionally, it found that descriptive norms were prospectively associated with personal PBS use both directly and indirectly through perceived efficacy. This study aims to replicate these findings in the context of cannabis use, using a similar design with baseline and 3-month follow-up data from 462 young adults (ages 18-25, Mean age = 20.98; SD = 2.14; 61.3% male). We also explore how sex and university status moderate the relationships between cannabis PBS descriptive norms and personal PBS use. Consistent with the replicated study, our results show that the relationship between descriptive norms for cannabis PBS and personal PBS use is partially mediated by the perceived efficacy of PBS. Furthermore, our moderated mediation analysis reveals that the impact of perceived norms on personal PBS use is stronger for men than for women. These findings underscore the potential of normative interventions to promote cannabis PBS use. These interventions would not only impact personal PBS use directly but also through the modification of young adults´ beliefs about the effectiveness of PBS in reducing cannabis-related negative harms.
A New Organocatalyst for the Strecker Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new organocatalyst has been developed which contains a glycosyl amine and a planar-chiral [2.2]paracyclophane but no hydrogen-bond-donor or Brønsted acidic functionalities. The catalyst was used in an enantioselective Strecker reaction where HCN was generated in situ from Me3SiCN and methanol. Imines derived from aliphatic aldehydes afford products in good yields with high enantioselectivities. The reaction with aromatic aldimines, on the contrary to other reported enantioselectively catalyzed Strecker reactions, gave slightly lower enantioselectivity.
Adherence of Human Spermatozoa to Trypsin-Modified Hamster OVA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human spermatozoa do not attach to the zona pellucida of other species because of their high specificity compared to that of other animals in recognizing the zona pellucida. This study describes the recognition mechanism of human spermatozoa through trypsin treatment of the ovum of human and other species. This research has revealed two findings: (1) The "lattice-like" structure, the surface of the zona pellucida of the hamster ovum, was lost and became a uniformly coarse and flat structure. More than 200 human spermatozoa attached to it. The number of attaching spermatozoa increased significantly along with the prolongation of the incubation period and in direct dependence on the spermatozoa concentration. (2) Human spermatozoa did not attach to the zona pellucida of mouse, rat, and human ovum. This result confirmed that human spermatozoa attach to hamster ovum if modified with trypsin.
Surface Characteristics of Dental Implants: Review

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Başarılı dental implant uygulamalarında, titanyum implant yüzeylerine osseointegrasyonun tam bir şekilde sağlanması temel koşuldur. Yerleştirilen implant ile alıcı sahadaki sert ve yumuşak doku arayüzündeki etkileşim, yerleştirilen implantın başarısını ve ömrünü etkiler. Bu nedenle implant tasarımı yapılırken gerek form ve gerekse yüzey yapısı açısından doku ve hücrelerde istenilen yanıtı verebilecek yüzeyler elde edilmelidir. Osseointegrasyonu arttıracak yüzeylerin elde edilmesinde farklı materyallerden ve yöntemlerden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu yönü ile implant-kemik arayüzeyinin ve osseointegrasyona etki eden faktörlerin ele alınması önemlidir. Titanyumun sıvı ortamda pasif olması nedeni ile günümüzde titanyum ve alaşımları canlı dokular için en biyouyumlu materyallerdir. İmplantasyonu izleyen biyolojik değişimlerde implant yüzeylerinin kimyasal yapısı ve pürüzlülüğü önemli rol oynar. Güncel implant yüzey geliştirme teknolojileri yüzeye materyal eklenmesi değil, yüzeyden eksiltme ve pürüzlendirme ile osseointegrasyonun sağlanmasına yöneliktir. Bu amaçla kullanılan yöntemler; morfolojik, fizikokimyasal ve biyolojik tekniklerdir. İmplantların yüzey yapılarının geliştirilmesi osseointegrasyon süresini ve protetik rehabilitasyon yapım sürecini kısaltmaktadır. Dental implantolojinin geleceği; kontrollü ve standart yüzey kimyası çalışmalarına yönelik olmalıdır. Bu yaklaşım; implant yüzeyleri ile protein, hücre ve doku etkileşimlerini anlamayı kolaylaştıracaktır. Bu çalışmada, güncel olarak kullanılan dental implantların yüzey yapılarının, biyolojik etkileri ile birlikte değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nano yüzey yapılarının kontrollü ve yinelenebilir teknolojiler ile güncel dental implant yüzeylerine uygulanması; implantların osseointegrasyon sürecini kısaltarak, biyomimetik davranış gösterebilen yapılar haline getirilmesini sağlar.
Anticipated Outcomes of Accidental Occupational Exposure to HIV

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This descriptive study surveyed a random sample of 60 registered nurses (R.N.s) regarding their perceptions of nine possible consequences of an HIV infection resulting from occupational exposure. Areas of highest concern were financial: adequacy of workers' compensation and ability of the employer to cover all health care costs. Nurses were also concerned about confidentiality and ability to trace the event of the occupational exposure. These nurses felt the least threatened in the areas of maintaining their housing and the support of family and friends. Overall, the responses indicate a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the anticipated outcomes of an accidental occupationally derived infection. The results suggest clearer communication is needed between nurses and their employers regarding their benefits and existing support services.
Band of localized electromagnetic waves in random arrays of dielectric cylinders

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Anderson localization of electromagnetic waves in random arrays of dielectric cylinders is studied. An effective theoretical approach based on analysis of probability distributions, not averages, is developed. The disordered dielectric medium is modeled by a system of randomly distributed two-dimensional electric dipoles. Spectra of certain random matrices are investigated and the appearance of the band of localized waves emerging in the limit of an infinite medium is discovered. It suggests deeper insight into the existing experimental results.
Microencapsulation of Omeprazole by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Surface Layer Protein and Evaluation of its Stability in Acidic Condition.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present study introduces a novel method for encapsulation of the acid-labile drug called Omeprazole using Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) ATCC 4356 S-layer protein. Before preparing the Omeprazole suspension, a series of preliminary studies were performed on the Omeprazole powder. For this purpose, some parameters such as melting point, IR spectrum, UV spectrum, and the particle size of Omeprazole powder were investigated. The size reduction process was done in order to achieve an ideal formulation. Ultimately, the resulting powder had an average particle size of 35.516 μm and it was almost uniform. After calculating the amount of S-layer protein required for complete covering of drug particles, the effect of different factors on the drug coating process was investigated with one factor at a time method. Then stability of coated Omeprazole was evaluated in acetate buffer (pH 5). Finally, the maximum coat of drug particles was determined using S- layer protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 at 25 °C for 2 h, shaking rate of 100 rpm and ratio of 2:1 for S-layer protein amount/Omeprazole Surface in Tris hydrochloride buffer medium (50 mM, pH 8). The coating of Omeprazole by the S-layer protein decreased the drug decomposition rate up to 2.223.
Interplay of Isoprenoid and Peptide Substrate Specificity in Protein Farnesyltransferase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the post-translational modification of many important cellular proteins, and is a potential anticancer drug target. Crystal structures of the FTase ternary complex illustrate an unusual feature of this enzyme, the fact that the isoprenoid substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) forms part of the binding site for the peptide substrate. This implies that changing the structure of FPP could alter the specificity of the FPP-FTase complex for peptide substrates. We have found that this is the case; a newly synthesized FPP analogue, 3-MeBFPP, is a substrate with three peptide cosubstrates, but is not an effective substrate with a fourth peptide (dansyl-GCKVL). Addition of this analogue also inhibits farnesylation of dansyl-GCKVL by FPP. Surprisingly, the differential substrate abilities of these four peptides with FPP-FTase and 3-MeBFPP-FTase complexes do not correlate with their binding affinities for these isoprenoid-enzyme complexes. The possible mechanistic rationales for this observation, along with its potential utility for the study of protein prenylation, are discussed.
Does Self-Rated Health Predict Dementia?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: 1. To determine if Self-Rated Health (SRH) predicts dementia over a five period in cognitively intact older adults, and in older adults with Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND); and 2. To determine if different methods of eliciting SRH (age-referenced (AR) versus unreferenced) yield similar results. Design: Prospective cohort. Population: 1468 cognitively intact adults and 94 older adults with CIND aged 65+ living in the community, followed over five years. Measures: Age, gender, education, subjective memory loss, depressive symptoms, functional status, cognition, SRH and AR-SRH were all measured; dementia was diagnosed on clinical examination. Those with abnormal cognition not meeting criteria for dementia were diagnosed with CIND. Results: In those who were cognitively intact at time 1, and had good SRH: 69.4% were intact; 6.0% had CIND; 6.9% had dementia, and 17.7% had died at time 2, while in those with poor SRH: 44.9% were intact, 11.1% had CIND, 9.1% had dementia, and 34.8% had died (p<0.001, chi-square test). In multinomial regression models SRH predicted dementia and death. In those with CIND at time 1 and good SRH: 2.3% were intact: 18.6% had CIND; 34.9% had dementia and 44.2% had died at time 2, while in those with poor SRH: 4.8% were intact, 31.0% had CIND, 19.0% had dementia, and 43.6% had died (p=0.30, chi-square test). In multinomial regression models, this was not significant. AR-SRH analyses were similar. Conclusions: In cognitively intact older adults SRH predicts dementia. In older adults with CIND, SRH does not predict dementia.
Integrating Pedagogy and Mathematics Content in Content-Focused Professional Development

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this Perspective on Practice , we describe how we interpreted, built on, and adapted the design principles shared in “The Content-Focused Methods Course: A Model for Integrating Pedagogy and Mathematics Content” by Steele and Hillen (2012). Using evidence of learning from that report as a foundation, we provide insights into how integrating pedagogy and mathematics content in content-focused professional development (CFPD) influenced our evidence of learning.
Synthetic biology and the categorical ban on bioweapons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses the security threat posed by efforts to engineer biology by placing the threat in its technical, historical, social, political, and legal contexts. It deals with a short introduction to the scientific developments that are putting synthetic pathogens within reach at a rapid pace. The chapter discusses the interests and capabilities of non-state and state actors in applying synthetic biology to bioterrorism and biological weapons attacks. It argues that while the potential for state use is very low, this is where the most significant security threat from synthetic biology is originating – and not from non-state actors, which receive the vast amount of attention in policy discussions. The chapter explores the interest and capabilities of non-state and state actors in applying synthetic biology to bioterrorism and biological weapons attacks. Bioweapons might not have military utility in all contemporary conflicts, but they might well have utility in a small subset.
A vernacular way of “safeguarding” intangible heritage: the fall and rise of rituals in Gouliang Miao village

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper documents a vernacular method of interpreting and safeguarding intangible heritage in an ethnic Miao village in China. Tracing the conflicting discourses of ritual in different stages of the past and the present, it shows how ritual practices were transformed by imperial Qing officials in the mid-nineteenth century, demonised and denounced as feudal superstition during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), exploited as cultural resources for ethnic tourism since the early twentieth century and involved in the evaluation system of intangible cultural heritage in the twenty-first century. Based on ethnographic materials collected in 2008 and 2009, this paper argues that it is the inherited vernacular narratives and ritual performances that are negotiating with the state's constant effort of shaping the ritual through various discourses, constructing the meaning of inheritance and safeguarding the intangible heritage within the community.
Assessment of climate change and its impact on growth and yield of wheat under temperate and sub-tropical conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of SKUAST-K, Shalimar campus, Srinagar for 2 years (2003-04 and 2004-05) on silt clay loam soil and at research farm of Integrated Farming System, SKUAST-J, Chatha, Jammu for 7 years (2003-04 to 2009-10) at sandy loam soil in order to find out the impact of climate change on wheat crop under temperate and sub tropical condition by using crop simulation model (DSSAT-v4.0). The results showed that under temperate condition the phenology of wheat is more affected compared to sub tropical condition if temperature increased and decreased. Simulated grain yield of wheat increased up to 18.31 per cent by elevated CO2 to 350 ppm from the base value 330 ppm in temperate condition.
Earthquakes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Earthquakes are considered as one of the most destructive disasters. Several theories exist that attempt to explain earthquake behavior. The concept accepted by seismologists is the Tectonics Plate Theory. The persistent threat of seismic events and the difficulties involved with mitigating their effects highlight the importance of disaster preparedness. A review of pertinent literature reveals that up to 20% of the patients hospitalized after earthquakes suffer from nontrauma-related conditions. The conditions commonly seen are acute exacerbations of chronic conditions such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarctions, end-stage renal disease, anxiety, hypertension, and the onset of spontaneous abortions, among others. Although investigators examining the medical consequences of seismic events have made significant progress, additional work is necessary to further improve the care and outcomes of earthquake victims. These endeavors require a true transdisciplinary approach involving participation by individuals from multiple medical, health, and nonmedical specialties.
Evaluation of MRSA Detection By Genetic v/s Chromogenic v/s Conventional Methods in New Admission to SICU/TICU/NICU Units at Hamad Medical Corporation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is usually acquired during exposure to hospitals and other healthcare facilities, and causes a variety of serious health care associated infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate, compare and detect MRSA using genetic, chromogenic and conventional methods in admission to SICU/TICU/NICU at Hamad Medical Corporation. A total of 30 specimens were collected from patients admitted to SICU/TICU/NICU and each specimen was performed in 4 different methods including 1‐ conventional method using: Mannitol salt agar (MSA), 2‐ chromogenic using CHROMagar and 2 genetic methods; 3‐Smart Cycler BD GeneOhm™ MRSA and 4‐ GeneXpert® MRSA Assay. The results indicated that MRSA was detected in 10% of the study population. The distribution of positive samples using MSA Vs CHROMagar Vs Gene OHM Vs GenXpert methods was as following: 28%, 18%, 27% and 27% respectively. So we can conclude that traditional methods for screening of MRSA with the conventional and chromogenic methods are still useful to determine the type of MRSA and both methods are complementary to each others and introducing the genetic methods had a great advantage in solving problems facing the hospital with turnaround time.
Iron Supplementation Maintains Ventilatory Threshold And Improves Energetic Efficiency In Iron-deficient Nonanemic Athletes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE to determine the effect of iron supplementation on iron status and endurance capacity in iron deficient nonanemic, trained males and females. METHODS Twenty iron deficient (serum ferritin, sFer < 16 μg/l; serum transferrin receptor, sTfR > 8.0 mg/l; or sTfR/log sFer index > 4.5), nonanemic (hemoglobin, Hb > 12 g/dl) males and females (18- 41 y) received 30mg elemental iron or placebo daily for 6 weeks in a randomized, double blind trial. Each subject performed two exercise tests on a cycle ergometer pre- and postsupplementation: 1. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max); 2.60-minute submaximal test at 60% of VO2max. Data were analyzed using 2x2 ANOVAs with repeated measures on time (pre- and post-supplementation) and Pearson correlations. RESULTS Three-day dietary records and daily training logs showed no differences in iron intake or physical activity between groups before or after supplementation. Iron supplementation significantly increased sFer (p = 0.003) and tended to decrease the sTfR/ log sFer index (p = 0.072) compared to placebo, while other indicators of iron status remained unchanged for both groups. Iron supplementation prevented the decline in absolute and relative ventilatory threshold (VT) observed in the placebo group from pre- to post-supplementation. Average workload maintained during the submaximal test (91.4±11.0 to 97.7±12.1 watts) increased significantly in the iron group without a concurrent increase in average HR or energy expenditure, resulting in an increase in efficiency (energy expended/work performed, kcal/watt). In the placebo group, average workload did not change, but HR increased significantly (146±4 to 153±5 bpm) after six weeks of treatment. Changes in serum ferritin over the six-week intervention were negatively correlated with changes in average respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during the submaximal test. CONCLUSIONS Iron supplementation significantly improves iron status and endurance capacity in trained males and females. These results suggest that even marginal repletion of iron stores in iron deficient individuals benefits aerobic function.
VPS13B and Cohen Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Chapters provides overview of pathways of development and reviews of dysmorphic syndromes for which the causative gene has been identified. For each disorder, an analysis of the role of the gene in the relevant developmental pathway is provided, along with the mechanism by which mutations in the gene cause the developmental pathology. Emphasis is placed the developmental roles of genes in the causation of hereditary conditions affecting appearance and function.
Photoprocessable Polymer Opals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Monodisperse colloids have been synthesized from the acid labile polymer poly tert-butyl-methacrylate. They can be loaded with photoacid generator and crystallized into polymer opal photonic crystals. Irradiation with UV-light followed by baking and development with aqueous base allows subsequent patterning of the opaline films. This chemical approach makes it possible to use the self-assembly of this colloids (opal formation) to form a large-scale periodic structure and to introduce optical defects with UV-lithography.
Screening bananas for root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and lesion nematode (Pratylenchus goodeyi) resistance for the Canary Islands

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Quinze cultivars et clones de bananier destines aux Canaries ont ete evalues vis-a-vis de Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita et Pralylenchus goodeyi. La plupart se sont montres hautement sensibles aux deux especes de Meloidogyne, meme si des niveaux differents de sensibilite ont pu etre detectes. Tous les materiels vegetaux testes sont hotes de P. goodeyi, a l'exception du cv. Yangambi Km 5 qui a montre un indice de lesions racinaires et une reproduction du nematode significativement inferieurs. Les bananiers les plus sensibles a M. incognita et P. goodeyi sont les cinq cultivars commercialises aux Canaries (Gruesa, Pequena Enana, Williams, Johnson Negrita et Grande Naine).
Postembryonic development of digestive system of Trachinotus ovatus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The development of digestive system of larva,juvenile,and young Trachinotus ovatus from 0 to 31th days after hatching were studied with techniques of histology and morphology.Results showed that under the rearing condition of 23~28℃,the development of digestive system could be divided into 4 stages.Stage I was endogenous trophic stage at the age of 0 to 2 d.The digestive tract of newly hatched larva was a threadlike tube lying dorsal to the yolk-sac,with no feeding and digesting abilities.Stage Ⅱwas mixotrophic stage ranged from 3 to 5 d,the mouth and anus opened,the digestive tract ran through and the larvae began to feed.On the 5 d,the yolk was completely absorbed,the liver and pancreas appeared.The digestive tract was differentiated to buccopharyngeal cavity,esophagus,stomach,foregut and hindgut.Stage Ⅲ was exotrophic stage ranged from 6 to 17 d.The structure and function of digestive system developed gradually during this period.Vacuoles occurred in the foregut and there were esoinophilic granulae in hindgut,which indicated that lipid and protein were absorpted by epithelium cells of intestine.Gastric glands and pyloric caecum were observed in 17~18 d,indicating the beginning of juvenile period.Stage Ⅳ ranged from 18 to 22 d,when the digestive organs such as stomach gland,pyloric caeca,liver and pancrease developed completely,indicating the beginning of young fish period.In conclusion,development of the digestive system of T.ovatus were in accord with the growth,morphology development and perfection of functions of larva and junvenile.