jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with external sulfur mustard gas with particular reference to its potential carcinogenic risk. III. Clinical and experimental studies on the extent of percutaneous and inhalational uptake of sulfur mustard gas].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Concerning the often discussed carcinogenic risk of psoriasis treatment with 0.005% S-mustard-vaseline (so-called Russian Ointment) -- especially by inhalation -- 19 patients were treated with a radioactive labeled S-mustard-ointment and examined. The patients' whole bodies were inuncted for 1--2 days with about 50 g of radioactive S-mustard vaseline (U14C, 3 muCi/g). Afterwards the radioactivity was determined in the patients' expired air, blood, urine, and in their surrounding air. In three patients punch biopsy material from normal and psoriatic skin was assayed for radioactivity after combustion. In the skin, radioactivity distinctly decreased from the epidermis (13.1 pCi/mg) to the subcutis (0.77 pCi/mg) without significant differences between normal skin and psoriatic lesions as confirmed by autoradiography. In all samples of air, body fluids and tissue, definitive amounts of radioactivity were found, which, however, were far below the US-American MAK-values. Between skin surface and shirt, the values varied from 1.5 to 13.7 nCi/20 l air, at a distance of 2 meters by 0.3 nCi/100 l air, in the breath by 0.5 nCi/20 l. The radioactivity decreased to 1/10 of the maximum values after 1--2 hours. In blood the activity was at the limit of detection and was parallelled by the activity of the urine. Generally, 1--7% of the radioactivity applied to the skin was eliminated with the urine within one week. Thus, the carcinogenic risk may be very low in the external S-mustard therapy of psoriasis and other skin diseases.
Molecular basis of dark-eyed albinism in the mouse.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dark-eyed albino (C44H) is a recessive allele at the mouse albino (c) locus, which encodes tyrosinase (monophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1), the key enzyme in melanin synthesis. Similar to type IB oculocutaneous albinism in humans, overall production of pigment is greatly reduced in dark-eyed albino mice and obvious only in the eyes. We have studied the molecular basis of the c44H mutation and show that expression of the tyrosinase gene is not affected. After sequencing tyrosinase cDNA isolated from c44H/c44H homozygotes, we uncovered a single base alteration from wild type leading to a serine-to-isoleucine exchange. The importance of this mutation was demonstrated by generating transgenic mice containing a mutated tyrosinase minigene. This showed that the single base change was sufficient to severely depress pigment production in transgenic mice. We therefore conclude that the point mutation is responsible and sufficient to generate the dark-eyed albino phenotype.
Logic after Wittgenstein

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wittgenstein's later rejection of the externalist Tractarian picture of logic according to which all rationally analysable discourse is properly understood as truth-functional rules out any conception of logic as the study of universal features of discourse. Given later references to 'the logic of our language', some conception of logic appears to survive even on Wittgenstein's later view. However, given his rejection of any conception of philosophical theory as explanatory or hypothetical, Wittgenstein seems to be forced into descriptivism. Despite these constraints, I attempt to show that a valuable account of logic consistent with Wittgenstein's critique can be identified. That possibility raises the question: can any conception of formal logic as valuable modulo natural language survive Wittgenstein's later change of heart? Taking Wittgenstein's rejection of Tractarian conceptions seriously, logic is relativised to language-games in general and, perhaps, localised to particular language-games. Looking at logic in this way opens up the possibility of uncovering inferential structures distinct from those which form the traditional logical-epistemological dichotomy. Here I outline a formal logical framework consistent with all of the foregoing points in terms of which analogues of inferential structures (traditional and non-traditional) can be constructed. Taking third-person ascriptions of psychological predicates as a testcase, I try to show that the formal framework (a system of formal dialogue) has a flexibility which augurs well for future logical investigations into linguistic practices without presupposing knowledge of the kinds of inferential structures which such investigations might reveal. Hence, my claim that the system in question represents logic after (the later) Wittgenstein.
Arterial Pressures in Tourniquet Shock

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Arterial pressure in rats with fatal tourniquet shock shows 3 main phases: (1) an abrupt fall immediately after tourniquet release, (2) sustained hypotension within a relatively narrow range during most of the shock state, and (3) a terminal more or less rapid decline associated with death. Only in the terminal period does profound hypotension intervene, with levels below 40 mm. Although arterial pressure is not a reliable index of the severity of tourniquet shock, the-absence of drastic hypotension might help explain why this form of shock is not irreversible.
Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This paper is focused on the grassland communities in Hodrušská hornatina highland, Central Slovakia. We studied grasslands at 153 sites during the vegetation periods of 2013-2015 and recorded 303 species of vascular plants in the studied localities. The species richness ranged from 16 to 66 taxa per relevé. Data analysis (TWINSPAN, DCA) grouped the relevés into eight clusters. These clusters include five associations from three alliances: Holcetum lanati (Deschampsion cespitosae), Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatherum elatioris, Alchemillo- Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis (all from Arrhenatherion elatioris) and Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti (Bromion erecti). The other three clusters represent the transitional and successional stages of the communities listed above. A brief description of syntaxa is given. At some sites, the threatened, rare or protected taxa of Slovakia occurred as well, one from each of the categories of Critically Endangered and Vulnerable, nine species of the Nearly Threatened and six species from the category of Least Concerned.
Validate and measure KPI effectiveness in design thinking for startups

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper discusses the process created for key performance indicators in the Design Thinking Mentoring for startups in the Creative Economy Program created by Samsung.In almost two years, more than twenty Startups were evaluated using this methodology, which allowed to identify the individual evolutions in each stage of the mentoring process and phase of the Design Thinking Process.The evaluation of the indicators gained refinements along this trajectory, allowing to be applied in different segments of startups market, stages of product maturity and business models.The process aims evaluate the evolution of startups from the application of methodology of Design Thinking, being ultimately an evaluation of the method itself.
Legal Reform for Passive Euthanasia in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of Policy and Ethics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to elaborate on the ethical and legal problems concerning passive euthanasia and Advance Directives (ADs) in Indonesia, focusing on the legal obscurity in current legislation, which causes uncertainties among families and medical practitioners. Although Indonesia’s Penal Code criminalizes active euthanasia, it remains silent on passive euthanasia, making healthcare providers vulnerable to the risk of prosecution when withholding or withdrawing futile treatments. Using a normative juridical approach, this research primarily analyzes Indonesian statutes and compares them with those of India, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. Despite provisions in health laws for patients to refuse treatment, the absence of explicit guidelines forces healthcare providers to operate with legal uncertainty. A comparative analysis of India’s legalization of passive euthanasia showcases how legislative clarity can align with ethical, medical, and societal needs. Insights from Islamic-majority countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran also reveal that Islamic jurisprudence, through the harm reduction principle, can be aligned with passive euthanasia within an ethical framework. Several particular reform recommendations are provided in this regard in the study, comprising amending the Penal Code to differentiate passive euthanasia and murder, establishing formal AD procedures, and introducing ethics committees and dual-approval oversight to maintain the ethical purity of the process. These reforms and public awareness initiatives would enhance the principle of patient autonomy and clarify misconceptions and legal responsibilities, providing overall improvement in an unattended aspect of medical care.
Removal of clock gene Bmal1 from the retina affects retinal development and accelerates cone photoreceptor degeneration during aging

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Significance Circadian rhythms are not simply a passive consequence of cyclic fluctuations in the environment, but instead originate within the organism. Accumulating evidence indicates that disruption of circadian rhythms contributes to the development of many diseases. Here, we demonstrate that removal of the clock gene Bmal1 from the retina has multiple effects on rod and cone pathways. In the cone pathway, the primary effect is on cone viability, an effect accentuated in aging mice. In the rod pathway, we observed that retinal Bmal1 removal caused stunting of rod bipolar cell dendrites and thinning of the outer plexiform layer in both young and old mice. Hence, our data suggest that circadian clock dysfunction contributes to aberrant visual function during development and aging.
Macroscopic Dynamic Modeling of Metabolic Shift to Lactate Consumption of Mammalian Cell Batch Cultures

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A macroscopic model that considers the shift to lactate consumption is proposed to simulate the therapeutic proteins produced by mammalian cells using human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293-6E) cultures. The macroscopic model contains four macroscopic reactions: (i) substrate consumption and lactate production, (ii) lactate consumption, (iii) biomass death, and (iv) viable biomass maintenance. The maximum likelihood principal component analysis has been used to extract the number of reactions from experimental data collected in four batch experiments. The model parameters and confidence intervals are obtained via nonlinear least-squares identification. The model successfully predicts the dynamic behavior of cell growth and death, substrate consumption (glucose and glutamine), lactate production and consumption, and protein production. In addition, the proposed model structure is also validated as a generalized representation of the mammalian cell cultures that do not present lactate consumption.
Brief for the Albuquerque Peace and Justice Center, Hispano Round Table De Nuevo Mexico, Los Jardines Institute, Martin Luther King Memorial Center, New Mexico Forum as Amicus Curiae for Youth in Community, New Mexico League of Latin American Citizens, New Mexico Old Lesbians Organized for Change, and Southwest Organizing Project in United States of American v. The City of Albuquerque

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The United States Department of Justice released a Findings Letter in connection with its investigation of the use of force by the Albuquerque Police Department from 2009 to early 2013. It found that APD had engaged in a pattern or practice of using excessive force, both lethal and non-lethal. The parties reached an agreement on October 31, 2014 and the Complaint and Settlement Agreement were filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico for approval. This amicus brief was filed on behalf of The Albuquerque Peace and Justice Center, Hispano Round Table De Nuevo Mexico, Los Jardines Institute, Martin Luther King Memorial Center, New Mexico Forum For Youth In Community, New Mexico League of Latin American Citizens, New Mexico Old Lesbians Organized For Change, and Southwest Organizing Project. This brief addresses four issues. First, it asked the court to use the fairness hearing to educate the community about the process under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 42 U.S.C. §14141. It also asked the court to seek an explanation of why neither APD nor the officers involved in the constitutional violations delineated in the Findings Letter are subject to discipline or other sanctions in the Settlement Agreement or its acceptance of City of Albuquerques refusal to acknowledge any wrongdoing in light of the findings. Second, the brief argued that the Settlement Agreement does not adequately cover issues of race and biased policing and should be amended to do so. It also should be amended to include mechanisms to address issues pertaining to youth. Third, it requested amendments to the community engagement mechanisms. Finally, it urged the selection of a monitoring team that is diverse, includes law enforcement experience, police reform experience, legal experience with police oversight, crisis intervention for the mentally ill and homeless populations, familiarity with policing in a city with a substantial Hispanic population, a significant Native American population, and relatively small African American and Asian populations.
Mild-to-moderate malnutrition and small intestine of young rhesus monkeys.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of severe malnutrition and protein deficiency on small intestine has been documented, but the literature on the effect of mild-to-moderate protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) on small intestine is scant. Mild-to-moderate PEM is most prevalent in India. Twenty-four young rhesus monkeys weighing 1.5-2.0 kg were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Mild-to-moderate PEM was induced in the experimental group by giving half of the required normal diet providing 2.42 g protein.kg-1.day-1 and 55 kcal.kg-1.day-1. Body weight, serum protein, and D-xylose were measured before starting the experiment, at PEM stage, and after rehabilitation. Experimental monkeys representing group I were killed after a 25-30% reduction in body weight along with control group 1 animals at 12 wk. The rest of the experimental animals were rehabilitated for another 10-12 wk and killed along with their respective controls (control group 2). Brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared from three parts of the small intestine. Viable vesicles were used for the uptake of [U-14C]L-proline. Alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase were also measured. Uptake of L-proline amino acid and the activity of both enzymes were found to be decreased significantly in the PEM group; a D-xylose test was abnormal. All animals recovered after rehabilitation. These results indicate that even mild-to-moderate malnutrition affects the absorptive and digestive capacity of the brush border of the small intestine, which reversed back on rehabilitation.
Electrofusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Auxotrophic Mutants of Identical Mating Type Using a Laboratory-Made System

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Yeast protoplasts from haploid auxotroph strains DC6 (MATa) and FY73 (MATa) were exposed to an inhomogeneous alternating field (AC 200 V/cm). Due to the dielectrophoretic aggregation two or more cells with close membrane contact were formed between the two electrodes. The effects of different DC pulses were investigated to determine critical fusogenic pulse strength. In the results, the maximum fusant cells were obtained only when 8 kV field strengths were applied. These findings showed that the optimum fusogenic pulse strength for yeast protoplasts is 8 kV/cm under our experimental conditions. After fusion, the DNA contents of both hybrid and individual parental strains were compared. The amount of DNA in the hybrid was found to be about twofold higher than that in the individual parental strain.
Effects of milk replacer composition on gut and lung health and performance in veal calves

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Negative energy balance (NEB) in dairy cows results from a fast increase in milk production post calving while feed intake is limited in this period. NEB is accompanied with an altered metabolic status, which triggers metabolic disorders. Metabolic status in early lactation is related with reproductive performance, e.g. reduced concentrations of insulin and IGF-I, which contributes to reduced follicular responsiveness to gonadotrophic stimulation, and thus prevents the dominant follicle to ovulate, resulting in a delay in the resumption of cyclicity. Omitting or shortening the dry period (DP), adjusting dietary energy level or feeding different dietary energy sources is of interest because that could minimize the risk of NEB, postpartum metabolic diseases and suboptimal fertility like delayed resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of DP length, dietary energy level, dietary energy source and interactions among these factors on fertility (resumption of ovarian cyclicity and days open) of dairy cows postpartum. Additionally, the relation between energy balance and metabolic status of dairy cows during early lactation and resumption of ovarian cyclicity and days open will be evaluated.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF CERTAIN NEWER INSECTICIDES TO THE MORINGA HAIRY CATERPILLAR, Eupterote mollifera (Walker) AND ITS ECONOMICS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) is one of the most popular vegetables in South India, grown in an area of 38,000 ha with an annual production of 11 to 13 lakh tonnes of tender fruits (Rajangam et al., 2001). The partially matured fruits, ﬂowers and leaves are used in culinary preparations. The export potential of this crop is bright as readymade powder of boiled and dried pods finds value in culinary preparations (Veeraraghavathatham et al., 1991). Several pests have been recorded on this crop, of which, the hairy caterpillar, Eupterote mollzfera is a specific one feeding on the foliage and scraping the bark (Ayyar, 1940). Recently, this pest has assumed greater significance because of widespread cultivation of annual moringa. As of now, there are no reports available on the management of this pest except a few on cultural practices.
The politics of laws in the establishment of the Human Rights Court in Indonesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In spite of the existence of international human rights laws and the inclusion of similar laws at the national level, serious human rights violations have continued to occur. In the case of Indonesia, severe violations of human rights have been committed systematically as a means of maintaining the government's status quo. After a long discussion, the House of Representative (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or hereinafter so called as DPR) passed the bill as a definitive law. The enactment of the Human Rights Law on 23 November 2000 implies a new hope for the enforcement of human rights in Indonesia. In this law, it is stipulated that the Human Rights Court has the authority to try severe human rights violations, including crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity. In the explanation, it is stated that the severe human rights violations stipulated under this law are in accordance with the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This paper will depict the substance of the law on the Human Rights Court and the enactment process, more specifically concerning the debate in parliament while discussing the substance of the law. Hence, this paper will focus on the debates on the legislative process in the DPR by presenting views from different factions in the parliamentary debate in the legislative process. Depicting the views of some of the factions in the parliamentary debates will give an idea to the readers about the importance of the law on the Human Rights Court in relation to the settlement of some severe past violations of human rights.
Peer Review #1 of "A hybrid multi-objective whale optimization algorithm for analyzing microarray data based on Apache Spark (v0.1)"

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A microarray is a revolutionary tool that generates vast volumes of data that describe the expression profiles of genes under investigation that can be qualified as Big Data.Hadoop and Spark are efficient frameworks, developed to store and analyze Big Data.Analyzing microarray data helps researchers to identify correlated genes.Clustering has been successfully applied to analyze microarray data by grouping genes with similar expression profiles into clusters.The complex nature of microarray data obligated clustering methods to employ multiple evaluation functions to ensure obtaining solutions with high quality.This transformed the clustering problem into a Multi-Objective Problem (MOP).A new and efficient hybrid Multi-Objective Whale Optimization Algorithm with Tabu Search (MOWOATS) was proposed to solve MOPs.In this paper, MOWOATS is proposed to analyze massive microarray datasets.Three evaluation functions have been developed to ensure an effective assessment of solutions.MOWOATS has been adapted to run in parallel using Spark over Hadoop computing clusters.The quality of the generated solutions was evaluated based on different indices, such as Silhouette and Davies-Bouldin indices.The obtained clusters were very similar to the original classes.Regarding the scalability, the running time was inversely proportional to the number of computing nodes
Hidrojen peroksit diş beyazlatma metodunun insan dentin ve minesinin mikroyapı ve fonksiyonu üzerine etkileri

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

In recent years bleaching of vital teeth has become popular among both dentist and patients. Different bleaching agents were used for this purpose. They are either applied professionally at high dose (office bleaching) or by patient at lower dose (home bleaching). In the present work we studied the effects of a high concentration bleaching agent (35% hydrogen peroxide), and a low concentration bleaching agent (17% carbamide peroxide) on human enamel and dentin using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic Technique. The OH stretching band of hydroxyapatite at 3567 cm-1 appeared in the spectra of enamel tissue which was absent in dentin. Carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide treatment induced some differences in enamel and dentin spectra according to control group spectra. While the treatment of hydrogen peroxide leaded to significant decrease in mineral to matrix ratio, carbamide peroxide treatment did not cause decrease in this level. In addition, organic components of the teeth were changed after the treatment of bleaching agents. The frequency of the Amide A and Amide I bands were significantly changed for enamel tissue after the treatment of high concentration bleaching agent. However, it is observed that these changes result from two different bleaching methods are negligible in dentin tissue. In conclusion it can be stated that hydrogen peroxide treatment caused dramatic changes in enamel structure according to carbamide peroxide treatment, but two methods did not cause significant changes in dentin tissue.