jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The key role of the level of ACE2 gene expression in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SARS-CoV-2 more readily affects the elderly, especially as they present co-morbidities. In the COVID-19 pathogeny, ACE2 appears to be the key cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2 to infect humans. The level of ACE2 gene expression influences the susceptibility of contracting SARS-CoV-2. In circumstances in which the ACE2 level is low, the incidence of Covid-19 seems to be fewer. Two clinical patterns illustrate this observation, i. e., in infants and in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Very young children and AD patients get little COVID-19, in part probably due to decreased expression of ACE2. The determination of the nasal level of ACE2 gene expression could provide a useful scale to predict the susceptibility to contract the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Efficient Method for Propargylation of Aldehydes Promoted by Allenyl Boron Compounds under Microwave Irradiation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The propargylation of aldehydes promoted by microwave irradiation using allenyl boron compounds in a chemo- and regioselective way is described. The corresponding products were obtained in short reaction time, high yield and purity without the need of any solvent when allenyl boronic acid pinacol ester was used, or using a minimal amount of acetone when potassium allenyl trifluoroborate was used.
Potential threat to wildlife posed by enteric pathogens from Nakuru sewage treatment plant

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY A study was carried out to investigate the levels of faecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Vibrio cholerae at different stages of wastewater treatment at Nakuru Town Sewage Treatment Plant (TSTP). The plant has two treatment lines namely trickling filter line (a combination of conventional/mechanical treatment units) and anaerobic pond line (wastewater stabilization ponds only). Standard methods were used for the enumeration of FC, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Vibrio cholerae. There was a decrease in microbial densities along both treatment lines up to third maturation pond followed by a progressive increase in the tertiary treatment units. The mean microbial levels achieved at different treatment stages of anaerobic pond line (APL) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that achieved along the trickling filter line (TFL). A mean of 1.08×103 FC 100 ml-1 achieved in the APL final effluent was significantly lower (P = 0.003, n = 14) than 1.49×104 FC 100 ml-1 obtained in the TFL final effluent. None of the treatment lines achieved 1000 FC 100 ml-1 recommended for discharge to the lake. The likely impact of these pathogens on wildlife is discussed.
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN KEY SOIL CHARACTERISTICS FOLLOWING PIPELINE RECLAMATION IN WYOMING

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Reclamation efforts across Wyoming have been successful in reestablishing vegetative biomass, but restoration of a diverse vegetative community has proven difficult. We hypothesize that the lack of diverse plant species establishment is due, in part, to the homogenization of the soil environment occurring with disturbance and reclamation. Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil characteristics using geospatial statistics has not been widely examined in wildland systems, particularly in relation to post-disturbance recovery of soils and vegetation. The purpose of this project was to quantify the spatial variability of key soil characteristics on a recently installed and reclaimed pipeline and adjacent undisturbed reference site in south central Wyoming. Soils (0-5 cm) were sampled on a grid design at a small spatial scale (10 - 1000 cm). Soils were analyzed for soil moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, and major microbial group abundance. In general, reclaimed soils support more biomass of vegetation and soil microbes than undisturbed soils. We found weak spatial dependence of most soil properties measured, and the response of the property to disturbance and reclamation varied by property. Spatial variability of soil pH, bacteria abundance, and AM fungi abundance appear to be most affected by soil disturbance and reclamation, but further investigation into the spatial patterns of soil and vegetation properties is warranted.
Safety enterprise architecture approach for a railway safety management system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper finds an extended set of railway Safety Management System (SMS) goals to manage safety compliance, technological complexities, operational uncertainties and business objectives in a holistic perspective using Enterprise Architecture (EA) approach. It also presents a comparative analysis of EA frameworks for implementation of a railway SMS. We call this system Safety Enterprise Architecture System (SEAS). In the technique, a set of selected capabilities based on the proposed railway SMS goals and system requirements are evaluated from legal, business and information systems perspectives. The SEAS approach establishes that the prevailing new technologies, evolving social realities and changing market dynamics has made the case of railway safety management more complex. Alongside regulatory compliance, it should also mandate explicit goals of standardization, innovation, business transformation, and IT alignment at all levels. It was found that at present not a single EA framework exists that suits the target SEAS approach entirely but the open group standard TOGAF comes closest.
Studies on Isolation and Identification of Yersinia enterocolitica from Cheese and Pasteurized Milk (Turkish with English Abstract)

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

In this study, dairy and dairy products have been investigated for Yersinia enterocolitica accepted as a human pathogen. For this purpose 66 cheese and 60 pasteurized milk samples were collected in different periods. 19 cheese (28.8%) and 4 pasteurized milk samples (2.4%) were found to be positive according to both biochemical tests and typical appearance of colonies on selective media. Five out of 19 isolated colonies obtained from cheese were atypical, whereas two out of 4 isolated colonies obtained from pasteurized milk were found to be atypical.
Changes in opinions on health insurance benefits deservingness in the Netherlands between 2013-2023

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background In many European countries, including the Netherlands, the healthcare system is financed according to the principles of solidarity. Although people are generally highly supportive of collectively financed healthcare services, some groups are considered more deserving of health insurance benefits than others. Increasing knowledge of the health risks of certain lifestyle choices and pressure on healthcare systems may result in changing opinions on the allocation of resources. Our study looks into changes in citizen’s opinions on the deservingness of different groups between 2013 and 2023. Methods Questionnaires were sent out to samples of 1.500 members of the Dutch Health Care Consumer Panel in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, and 2023. Response rates varied between 42% (2015) and 56% (2021). Deservingness was studied by asking respondents about their opinions on the amount of health insurance premium for different, opposing groups, for example older and younger people and those with a healthy and unhealthy lifestyle (group A should pay more, both groups should pay the same amount, or group B should pay more). Multinominal logistic regression models were used to examine changes in deservingness opinions over time. Results Our study showed year-to-year fluctuations in opinions on the premium amount for health insurance for different, opposing groups. However, no distinct increases or decreases were observed over the whole time period. This applies to both the general population and to people who do and do not belong to the different groups. Conclusions Although there are differences in the degree to which groups are considered deserving of health insurance benefits, deservingness opinions were found to be fairly stable in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2023. Our results do not point to increasing support for premium differentiation based on personal characteristics. This suggests that support for solidarity in healthcare financing is not in decline. Key messages • Opinions on the deservingness of health insurance benefits of different groups were found to be fairly stable in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2023. • No evidence of increasing support for premium differentiation based on personal characteristics was found.
Exploring Mature-Aged Students’ Motives for Doctoral Study and their Challenges: A Cross Border Research Collaboration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aim/Purpose: It aimed at investigating the motives and challenges of 15 mature-aged doctoral students at two education faculties in Australian and Asian contexts. Background: This cross-border research collaboration investigated the first international higher-research forum between two education faculties in Hong Kong and Australia. Methodology: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to explore partic-ipants’ self-reported experiences concerning the motivations and challeng-es of 15 mature-aged doctoral students. Contribution: The findings have important implications for global doctoral program de-velopment, international exchange forum organizations, intercultural capaci-ty building, academic enhancement and cross-border research collabora-tion. Findings: From interview data four overarching themes emerged: Taking calculated risks, Determination to succeed, Financial stress, and Balancing life and research. Recommendations for Practitioners: Recommendations include mentoring schemes, greater support for isolated students, and more opportunities for students to complete their PhD by publication. Recommendation for Researchers: More research is needed to investigate mature-aged students’ motives for embarking on study in diverse cultural contexts among different ethnic groups. Impact on Society: This study recognized the merits and potentials of mature students whose research contributes to their societies. Future Research: Future research directions include using multiple case study design, thus exploring diverse aspects of the existing sample in greater depth, as well as tapping into a new sample of students at risk of attrition at both faculties.
Therapeutic experience with bilateral cleft lip and palate and unilateral cleft lip and alveolus in a pair of monozygotic twin sisters

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The incidence of monozygotic twins with cleft lip and palate is very low, and there have been few studies of longitudinal observations. The observation of monozygotic twins with different types of cleft lip and palate from the perspective of jaw growth facilitates comparison and evaluation of the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In this study, we observed monozygotic twin sisters with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) and unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA). In the child with BCLP in whom collapse occurred during jaw development, we placed a palatal plate and maxillary expansion appliance in infancy, and longitudinally compared her with her sister with UCLA. Although there were no marked differences in the growth or development of the middle face between the sister with BCLP, in whom jaw guidance was performed from birth, and the sister with UCLA at the age of 7 years and 11 months, mandibular growth in the inferior direction was noted in the sister with BCLP.The results suggest that careful follow-up of both patients, including occlusal control, is necessary.
The world’s languages in crisis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“The world’s languages in crisis” (Krauss 1992), the great linguistic call to arms in the face of the looming language endangerment crisis, was first delivered in an Endangered Languages Symposium at the 1991 annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Using the best available sources, he surveyed the global situation and estimated that only 10% of languages seem safe in the long term, up to 50% may already be moribund, and the remainder are in danger of becoming moribund by the end of this century. Twenty years later, better information is available. In this paper we use information from the latest edition of the Ethnologue (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2013) to offer an update to the global statistics on language viability. Specifically the data for this study come from our work to estimate the level of every language on earth on the EGIDS or Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (Lewis & Simons 2010). Our finding is that at one extreme more than 75% of the languages that were in use in 1950 are now extinct or moribund in Australia, Canada, and the United States, but at the other extreme less than 10% of languages are extinct or moribund in sub-Saharan Africa. Overall we find that 19% of the world’s living languages are no longer being learned by children. We hypothesize that these radically different language endangerment outcomes in different parts of the world are explained by Mufwene’s (2002) observations concerning the effects of settlement colonization versus exploitation colonization on language ecologies. We also speculate that urbanization may have effects like settlement colonization and may thus pose the next great threat to minority languages.
New Photometric Models of Four Near-Contact Binaries: EP Cassiopeiae, AK Canis Minoris, FG Geminorum, and DF Puppis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present new photometric observations of EP Cas, AK CMi, and FG Gem, which were obtained during the period from 2008 October to 2011 March using the 60 cm telescope at the Xinglong station. Several light-minimum times were determined, and orbital periods were revised. By using the 2003-version Wilson–Devinney code, photometric solutions of EP Cas, AK CMi, FG Gem, and DF Pup were deduced from multicolor light curves. The results imply that the four systems are Algol-type near-contact binaries (NCBs), whose less-massive components are filling their Roche lobes. With mass and angular-momentum loss, the separation between both components will decrease, and the primary will finally fill its Roche lobe. Algol-type NCBs of this kind, such as EP Cas, AK CMi, FG Gem, and DF Pup, may evolve into the contact configuration as a progenitor of a W UMa-type binary.
“There’s More Going On”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Digital games represent ubiquitous forms of everyday social and cultural activity. Young people are engaging with these texts across a range of physical and digital spaces, and the speed with which digital game literacies have evolved has raised questions about how teachers can support their students to be critical participants in a digital game literacy world. In this chapter, I explore a case study that involved the development and delivery of an Indigenous storytelling unit combining the play and study of a digital game with a short animation film. The first part of this chapter details the nature of the intervention, including brief descriptions of activities from the case study, highlighting the challenge of progressing beyond literary approaches to texts that focus on decoding and engaging with authors' intended meanings. The second part engages more closely with Critical Digital Literacies praxis (), re-examining the intervention with the assistance of Luci Pangrazio's (, ) Critical Digital Design approach. The aim is to demonstrate how both students and teachers can encourage border-crossing in terms of what texts we bring to the literacy classroom and the critical dispositions we seek to nurture.
Structural Isomers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This Glossary contains definitions, explanatory notes, and sources for terms used in physical organic chemistry. Its aim is to provide guidance on the terminology of physical organic chemistry, with a view to achieving a consensus on the meaning and applicability of useful terms and the abandonment of unsatisfactory ones. Owing to the substantial progress in the field, this 2021 revision of the Glossary is much expanded relative to the previous edition, and it includes terms from cognate fields.
The Use of Ultra- and Nanofiltration Techniques in Homogeneous Catalyst Recycling

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, the application of membrane technology in homogeneous catalyst recycling has received widespread attention. This technology offers a solution for the major drawback of homogeneous catalysis, that is, recycling of the catalyst. From both an environmental and an industrial point of view, this technology is very interesting, since it allows the future application of homogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of commercial products, leading to faster, cleaner and highly selective green industrial processes. In this account, an overview is given of the promising results obtained in the field of homogeneous catalyst recycling using nanofiltration membrane technology.
Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants.
Development of Chicken Sausages: Value Addition to Spent Hen Meat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

India is the most popular country for the production of poultry eggs which lead to the problem with the disposal off spent hens. Utilization of such spent hen meat is a big challenge to modify into potential palatable value added products. The present study had made an attempt to develop chicken sausages using spent hen meat. Two varieties of chicken sausages were developed viz., one without ginger garlic paste and the other with incorporation of ginger garlic paste at three percent level and stored at refrigerated temperatures (-18±10 c) for a period of 60 days at 15 days intervals. The sensory evaluation results on cooked samples clearly demonstrated highly acceptable scores in the fresh samples and slightly lower scores on storage. The experimental samples scored relatively better than control sample indicating the positive effectiveness with the incorporation of ginger garlic paste on enhancing the palatability as well as shelf life
Development of a measurement-based algorithm for topology detection in distribution grids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The current integration of electric vehicles into the low- and medium-voltage grid causes the possibility of voltage violations and thermal overloads in the grid. To recognise such violations, knowledge of the grid state is required. A necessity for obtaining the grid state is knowledge of the grid topology. However, in most distribution grids, no communication of the status of switches to gain knowledge of the grid topology takes place. Thus, algorithms to detect the topology of a distribution grid are required. This paper presents a measurement-based approach to detect topology changes in observable distribution grids of arbitrary structure and updates their topology. The algorithm consists of two steps: The identification and the validation of potential topology changes. It is shown that the algorithm is able to detect topology changes in distribution grids and provides the basis for application in research of the institute of energy systems, energy efficiency and energy economics (ie3) at TU Dortmund University.
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in the rat: A preliminary report

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract In chronic experimental myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in rat, the decrement of electrical and mechanical responses evoked by maximal repetitive (3–167/sec) stimuli to the nerve was greater in the slow‐twitch soleus (SOL) than in the fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Excitation‐contraction coupling was impaired in moderate to severe EAMG, as evidenced by a diminished staircase phenomenon and by diminished posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of twitch tension in two EDLs. The only morphologic abnormality observed was an increase in length of the endplates in the EDLs of those animals that had had an acute phase of EAMG. The latter had more than a 90% reduction in the amplitude of the action potential and in the twitch tension of the EDL when stimuli were applied to the nerve. Stimuli applied directly to the muscle evoked a tetanic tension that was one‐third of normal. The staircase and PTP were normal. Necrosis occurred in the endplate and in the adjacent segment of muscle fiber; outside the endplate region, the muscle fiber was normal.
Coherence and truth conducive justification

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Coherence and truth conducive justification Get access Charles B. Cross Charles B. Cross The University of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30602-1627, USAccross@ai.uga.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 59, Issue 3, July 1999, Pages 186–193, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/59.3.186 Published: 01 July 1999
Attitudes of Hong Kong Medical Students toward Different Modalities of Treatment for Cancer

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

140 medical undergraduates in a Hong Kong medical school rated the usefulness of different modalities of cancer treatment for curative, medically palliative, and psychologically palliative care, respectively. Factor analyses showed that respondents used a Chinese versus non-Chinese cultural framework in conceptualizing modalities of treatment outside the conventional Western medical model. The functions of unconventional modalities were mainly for psychologically palliative care according to the respondents, although they did not regard these modalities as adversive to curative and medically palliative treatments. Among the Western medical modalities, surgery was rated as more useful for curative treatment while chemotherapy and radiotherapy were rated as more useful for symptom control. The implications of the findings for cancer care and further research were discussed.