jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Optimal design of ride-pooling as on-demand feeder services

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The technology-enabled ride-pooling (RP) is designed as an on-demand feeder service to connect remote areas to transit terminals (or activity centers). We propose the so-called ``hold-dispatch'' operation strategy, which imposes a target number of shared rides (termed the ride-pooling size) for each vehicle to enhance RP's transportation efficiency. Analytical models are formulated at the planning level to estimate the costs of the RP operator and the patrons. Accordingly, the design problem is constructed to minimize the total system cost concerning the system layout (i.e., in terms of service zone partitioning), resource deployment (i.e., fleet size), and operational decision (i.e., ride-pooling size). The proposed models admit spatial heterogeneity arising from the non-uniformity of demand distributions and service locations, and can furnish heterogeneous designs. Closed-form formulas for the optimal zoning and fleet size are developed, which unveil fundamental insights regarding the impacts of key operating factors (e.g., demand density and distance to the terminal). Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate (i) the effectiveness of heterogeneous service designs and (ii) the advantage of the proposed RP service with hold-dispatch strategy over alternative designs studied in the literature, i.e., RP with a ``quick-dispatch'' strategy and flexible-route transit, in a wide range of operating scenarios. These findings can assist transportation network companies and transit agencies in successfully integrating RP and transit services.
Preparation and Drug Release of Aspirin-Loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA/Montmorillonite Microparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A polymerization method was used to synthesize biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/poly(ethyleneglycol)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) copolymers. These copolymers were then used to prepare microparticles for encapsulating drug (aspirin). The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the montmorillonite (MMT) can be converted into organic montmorillonite (o-MMT). Subsequently, the emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to separately prepare aspirin-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA and aspirin-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA/o-MMT microparticles. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that microparticle formation was related to the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration and the proportion of o-MMT. In addition, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was conducted to determine the release rate of these microparticles.
Randomness in classes of matroids

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

<p>This thesis is inspired by the observation that we have no good random model for matroids. That stands in contrast to graphs, which admit a number of elegant random models. As a result we have relatively little understanding of the properties of a "typical" matroid. Acknowledging the difficulty of the general case, we attempt to gain a grasp on randomness in some chosen classes of matroids. Firstly, we consider sparse paving matroids, which are conjectured to dominate the class of matroids (that is to say, asymptotically almost all matroids would be sparse paving). If this conjecture were true, then many results on properties of the random sparse paving matroid would also hold for the random matroid. Sparse paving matroids have limited richness of structure, making counting arguments in particular more feasible than for general matroids. This enables us to prove a number of asymptotic results, particularly with regards to minors. Secondly, we look at Graham-Sloane matroids, a special subset of sparse paving matroids with even more limited structure - in fact Graham-Sloane matroids on a labelled groundset can be randomly generated by a process as simple as independently including certain bases with probability 0.5. Notably, counting Graham-Sloane matroids has provided the best known lower bound on the total number of matroids, to log-log level. Despite the vast size of the class we are able to prove severe restrictions on what minors of Graham-Sloane matroids can look like. Finally we consider transversal matroids, which arise naturally in the context of other mathematical objects - in particular partial transversals of set systems and partial matchings in bipartite graphs. Although transversal matroids are not in one-to-one correspondence with bipartite graphs, we shall link the two closely enough to gain some useful results through exploiting the properties of random bipartite graphs. Returning to the theme of matroid minors, we prove that the class of transversal matroids of given rank is defined by finitely many excluded series-minors. Lastly we consider some other topics, including the axiomatisability of transversal matroids and related classes.</p>
Supplementary Figures S1-S3 from Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Induces Apoptosis through Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Mediated Ceramide <i>De novo</i> Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Figures S1-S3 from Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Induces Apoptosis through Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Mediated Ceramide <i>De novo</i> Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells
An accidental laboratory exposure to Brucella melitensis: the prospective post-exposure management and a detailed investigation into the nature of the exposure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our aim was to prospectively manage 22 Brucella-exposed individuals and identify the lapses in laboratory practices that lead to the exposure. The exposed individuals were risk-stratified, assessed for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), counselled to self-monitor symptoms and followed-up with three serology tests. Staff laboratory practices were recorded. Ten out of 13 high-risk individuals received PEP within 48 h of exposure. Compliance with PEP and serology monitoring was 90 and 96 %, respectively. No brucellosis cases were documented. A single handler manipulated the Brucella isolate on the open bench. Movement of the isolate was tracked in detail, highlighting various points of laboratory non-conformance. Early PEP intervention is effective in preventing acquired brucellosis. Our pragmatic post-exposure management achieved high PEP and serology compliance. We experience first-hand how regular staff engagement motivated PEP adherence and interval blood sampling attendance. The enforcement of practical strategies and safety practices was also implemented without compromising our laboratory processing times.
State-to-State Mode Specificity in F + CHD3 → HF/DF + CD3/CHD2 Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The F + CHD3 → HF/DF + CD3/CHD2 reaction is studied using a state-to-state quasi-classical trajectory method on a recently developed ab initio based full-dimensional potential energy surface. Consistent with sudden vector projection model predictions, the HF/DF products are highly excited in both vibrational and rotational modes, while the CD3/CHD2 product internal excitation is mostly in the umbrella/out-of-plane mode. Furthermore, the C-H stretching vibration in the CHD3 reactant is found to behave as an active mode for the HF + CD3 channel, leading to additional excitation in the HF product but having almost no impact on CD3 vibrational state distributions. On the other hand, this mode acts as a spectator for the DF + CHD2 channel, exerting little influence on the DF and other CHD2 vibrational modes except an extra quantum excitation in the C-H stretching mode. The calculated vibrational state resolved differential cross sections are in good agreement with available experimental results at Ec = 9.00 kcal/mol.
Multistage Impinging Stream Drying for Okara

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In this study, a multistage drying concept (one-stage and two-stage drying) was applied in an attempt to enhance the performance and energy efficiency of an impinging stream dryer for okara, which is a soy residue obtained from soymilk production. The volumetric water evaporation rate, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient and the specific energy consumption of the drying system at various drying conditions were evaluated. For one-stage drying, the volumetric water evaporation rate increased with an increase in the okara feed rate and the drying temperature. The effect of the drying temperature was insignificant at the minimum okara feed rate, however. For two-stage drying, the drying temperature insignificantly affected the volumetric water evaporation rate. However, an increase in the okara feed rate led to an increase in the volumetric water evaporation rate. The effects of the drying temperature and the okara feed rate on the volumetric heat transfer coefficient were similar to those of the volumetric water evaporation rate, for both one-stage and two-stage drying. The maximum volumetric water evaporation rate and the maximum volumetric heat transfer coefficient of 1784 kg water m -3 h -1 and 3385 W m -3 K -1 , respectively, were noted during one-stage drying at the drying temperature of 150°C and the okara feed rate of 45 kg dry solid h -1 . Regarding the energy efficiency of the drying process expressed in terms of the specific energy consumption (SEC), an increase in the drying temperature and the okara feed rate led to lower values of the SEC for one-stage drying. The effect of the okara feed rate on the SEC for two-stage drying was similar to that for one-stage drying. However, the opposite trend was observed for the effect of the drying temperature. When a multistage drying concept was applied to the impinging stream dryer, the percentage of moisture content reduction of the okara were substantially decreased. The results obtained from this study implied that an impinging stream dryer with a multistage drying concept may be used to dry okara or other high-moisture particulate materials. Keywords: Impinging stream dryer, Multistage drying, Okara, Specific energy consumption, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric water evaporation rate.
Kinetic Analysis of the Catalyst and Nonthermal Plasma Hybrid Reaction for Methane Steam Reforming

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bioresources, such as landfill gas and agricultural residues, attract considerable attention because of growing concerns of global energy and environmental protection. However, the efficient usage of bioresource poses major challenges and generally necessitates appropriate pre-reforming processes. We propose a low-temperature (300−500 °C) upgrading method using an atmospheric pressure nonthermal discharge generated in a reforming catalyst bed reactor for profitable recovery of poor bioresources. Excited species produced by high-energy electron impact, which proceed independent of the temperature, accelerate methane steam reforming at lower temperatures than normal catalyst reactions with minimum energy required. The resultant hydrogen-enriched biogas is then available for use in conventional energy utility systems, such as internal combustion engines. This paper introduces fundamental characteristics of nonthermal discharge and the catalyst hybrid reactor. Furthermore, a detailed mechanistic study of syne...
Use of 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase as a Screen Test for Cervical Carcinoma in Normal Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pyogenic Infection of Liver-McKenzieIJoUkNL 1563 McFadzean et al. (1953), who successfully treated 14 cases by this method. SmmyPylephlebitis and solitary liver abscess are both sequels to intra-abdominal infection.The incidence of pylephlebitis after appendicitis was much less in the past 10 years than in the years 1930-40.The incidence of pylephlebitis and solitary liver abscess due to other causes is not reduced to the same extent.The outlook is very much better for cases treated -in the past 10 years than for cases treated in 1930-40.A clinical diagnosis can be made by recognizing a pattern of clinical features and laboratory findings.Laparotomy findings or histopathological evidence is required for confirmation of the diagnosis.Treatment is by elimination of any known intra-abdominal infection, administration of an adequate course of antibiotics, and drainage of intrahepatic abscesses if present.There is a tendency for relapse to occur when treatment is discontinued, and laboratory tests are of assistance in judging the progress of the case and in deciding when antibiotics should be discontinued.
Breaking in Morocco: Opportunities and challenges for professionalization and gender equality in the run-up to the 2024 Olympic Games

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Morocco, breaking’s formalization through governmental bodies already took off years ago and federations have played a crucial role in the organization, implementation and control of competitions. Formal institutions have shaped the local scenes and provided opportunities but also posed challenges for breakers on the ground. In this article, we explore formalization, gender inequalities and pathways for professionalization in Morocco in the run-up to the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris. Utilizing ethnographic vignettes, interviews and survey data, we investigate how dancers navigate the top-down institutionalization of breaking and we give voice to their criticisms. We discuss how the formalization of breaking affects the Moroccan breaking scene, what critical opinions about this formalization exist and how formalization can be organized in culturally sustaining ways. In our investigation we paid particular attention to opportunities for professionalization and achieving gender equality for dancers from the Global South as well as the question of access to the western structure of the Olympics. We found that institutional formalization is perceived as disappointing and detrimental to the long-term and bottom-up development and self-organization, while nevertheless also opening up support and new opportunities for professionalization and achieving equality for b-girls.
Coarse-grained models of phospholipid membranes within the single chain mean field theory

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Single Chain Mean Field theory is used to simulate the equilibrium\nstructure of phospholipid membranes at the molecular level. Three levels of\ncoarse-graining of DMPC phospholipid surfactants are present: the detailed\n44-beads double tails model, the 10-beads double tails model and the minimal\n3-beads model. We show that all three models are able to reproduce the\nessential equilibrium properties of the phospholipid bilayer, while the\nsimplest 3-beads model is the fastest model which can describe adequately the\nthickness of the layer, the area per lipid and the rigidity of the membrane.\nThe accuracy of the method in description of equilibrium structures of\nmembranes compete with Monte Carlo simulations while the speed of computation\nand the mean field nature of the approach allows for straightforward\napplications to systems with great complexity.\n
Assessing the Comprehensiveness of Informational Content About Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Cancer Organization Websites

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The quality of the information about complementary and alternative medicine provided by four reputable cancer organization websites was assessed in terms of its comprehensiveness. Using each site's search engine, coverage of four CAM modalities, green tea, selenium, acupuncture, and reiki, were investigated. The websites of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute provided the most comprehensive coverage. However, the amount of coverage varied considerably by CAM modality, with selenium, a nutritional supplement; acupuncture, a component of traditional Chinese medicine, itself an alternative medical system; and green tea, an herbal remedy, receiving much more coverage than reiki, an energy therapy of Tibetan and Japanese Buddhist origin.
Capital Supervision and Commercial Bank's Credit Behaviour Choice

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper creates a preference index of credit behavior to describe the behavior preference and the risk preference of banks, introduces the implementation and loosening of capital requirements into calculation model, conducts an empirical test by making use of 522 data sample points of 29 banks in the China from 2002 to 2006. It gets the conclusions that the more rigorous capital requirements will result in the greater credit structure adjustment, the steadier business and the lower risks, and the looser capital requirements will result in the more active capital structure of commercial banks and the higher business risks.
The financial stability of Singapore

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of our project is to analyse the resilience of Singapore’s financial system to a potential banking or currency crisis. Our goal is to critically analyse Singapore’s financial stability and whether Singapore has taken the relevant measure to ensure that she does not fall victim to either crisis. Considering a banking crisis in Singapore, we look at the state of the asset bubble in Singapore, particularly in such a historically low interest rate environment. After evaluating how Singapore has responded to the growing asset bubble, we explore the possibility of a banking crisis in Singapore. Considering a currency crisis in Singapore, we explore the issue of currency mismatch through looking at foreign currency borrowing. We then explore the possibility of a currency crisis by evaluating our position when enables us to defend our currency. Our paper shows that Singapore has strong fundamentals in the financial system and the necessary tools to enable Singapore to be resilient to potential crises.
Parameter Estimation for the Truncated Pareto Distribution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Pareto distribution is a simple model for nonnegative data with a power law probability tail. In many practical applications, there is a natural upper bound that truncates the probability tail. This article derives estimators for the truncated Pareto distribution, investigates their properties, and illustrates a way to check for fit. These methods are illustrated with applications from finance, hydrology, and atmospheric science.
Simple Method for Plating Escherichia coli Bacteriophages Forming Very Small Plaques or No Plaques under Standard Conditions

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The use of low concentrations (optimally 2.5 to 3.5 μg/ml, depending on top agar thickness) of ampicillin in the bottom agar of the plate allows for formation of highly visible plaques of bacteriophages which otherwise form extremely small plaques or no plaques on Escherichia coli lawns. Using this method, we were able to obtain plaques of newly isolated bacteriophages, propagated after induction of prophages present in six E. coli O157:H − strains which did not form plaques when standard plating procedures were employed.
The Red and the White: The “Indian” Novels of José de Alencar

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Writing shortly after Brazil declared its independence from Portugal, Jose de Alencar considered that one of his major tasks was to help formulate a new definition of Brazilian nationality that would be distinct from, but equal in value to, the inevitable European models. Alencar uses some of the stereotypes of European romantic fiction to differentiate the American nation from others. His works, in their subject and in their stance toward Brazilian history and society, reproduce and confirm not only the prevailing national ideologies but also the inherent and characteristic contradictions of those ideologies. Alencar's “Indian” novels–O Guarani, Iracema , and Ubirajara –not only affirm the possibility and the value of the harmonious mingling of the cultures making up the new nation but also show that such harmony is not attainable in the terms in which it is posited. By validating national ideals and following them to their contradictions, Alencar's works show themselves to be firmly embedded in the fabric of Brazilian culture.
Integration of biological control into weed management strategies.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In addition to biological control, many other management techniques including mechanical, cultural and chemical options can be used to control invasive plants. Integration of these strategies with biological control can, in some cases, provide more effective long-term management of a particular weed than the use of a single control option. Herbicides do not generally impact insect populations or pathogens and therefore can be used without compromising the effectiveness of most biological control agents (BCAs). In some cases, particularly with aquatic weeds, the combination of sublethal herbicide concentrations and BCAs can act synergistically. Other studies have used integrated management systems that combine BCAs and prescribed burning. Although burning in spring or summer can kill exposed BCAs, both insects and pathogens are mobile organisms and have the opportunity to readily recolonize the treated site. In other situations, timely burning can increase available nitrogen or remove the soil litter layer, thus benefiting the population growth of BCAs by increasing access to the soil surface or improving the nutrient levels in the target plant. Biological control in concert with competitive, desirable non-target plants can also improve the control of some invasive plant species and prevent subsequent establishment of the weed. Although there are some studies that have demonstrated the benefits of incorporating biological control strategies with other management options, examples of this approach are few. However, with an increased research effort in this area, the potential for successfully using BCAs in an integrated weed management programme is very promising.
Research Status of Nonlinear Feedback Shift Register Based on Semi-Tensor Product

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Nonlinear feedback shift registers (NFSRs) are the main components of stream ciphers and convolutional decoders. Recent years have seen an increase in the requirement for information security, which has sparked NFSR research. However, the NFSR study is very imperfect as a result of the lack of appropriate mathematical tools. Many scholars have discovered in recent years that the introduction of semi-tensor products (STP) of matrices can overcome this issue because STP can convert the NFSR into a quasi-linear form. As a result of STP, new NFSR research has emerged from a different angle. In view of this, in order to generalize the latest achievements of NFSRs based on STP and provide some directions for future development, the research results are summarized and sorted out, broadly including the modeling of NFSRs, the analysis of the structure of NFSRs, and the study of the properties of NFSRs.
Environmental Risk Assessment of gmo – Notes on a Draft Commission Directive to Adapt Directive 2001/18/ec

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The article discusses the scope of the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms ( gmo ). As environmental risks of the combination of gmo and herbicide application are not assessed on a case-by-case basis in the authorisation procedure of a plant protection product, the environmental risk assessment of gmo has to take account of the risks arising from herbicides against which the gm plants are engineered to be tolerant. As regards the scope of the environmental risk assessment of gmo s, the Commission now moves in legislative ‘grey areas’. In 2017 the Commission has drafted a Directive to adapt the Annexes to Directive 2001/18/ ec . Concerning the scope of the environmental risk assessment, the authors wish to highlight that the Commission is not empowered to answer questions of interpretation – be it even by a recital – as they do not fall within the scope of its regulatory powers (here: technical adaptations).