jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Development of the Castle in England and Wales

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1910, when this essay was originally published, any account of the development of the art of castle-building in England was bound, at the outset, to take a tentative form. The question whether the origins of the English castle were to be sought in the private fortifications of Anglo-Saxon thegns, or in the defensive works of Norman knights or barons, had not yet reached a final settlement; it was still impossible to speak with certainty about the relation which the fortresses raised in the days of the first two Norman kings bear to the earthworks which have descended to the present time from the period which lies beyond 1066. 1 At the present time there is no serious opposition to the view that the art of castle-building, in the usual acceptation of the phrase, was introduced into England as a result of the Norman influence which became predominant in the eleventh century. The remarks in regard to this point of Ordericus Vitalis, who finds a main reason for the rapidity of the Norman Conquest of England in the fact that the English had possessed very few of those fortresses which the Normans knew as castles, 2 are supported both by the recorded progress of castle-building in the country during the reign of William I, and by the resemblance in general plan between the earliest Norman castles in England and the remains of contemporary fortifications in Normandy, and it is very significant that the first work of the Conqueror as he passed over his new kingdom was the establishment of castles in all the greater towns of the country, and along all the more important lines of road. Little as we know about the internal history of England during the Conqueror's reign, we can at once compile a list of from fifty to sixty castles built during the twenty years which followed 1066. It is at least evident that William I felt that his hold upon England would never be secure until the land was planted everywhere with castles in the hands of persons whom he could trust, and that it is from his activity in this matter that the great majority of the castles existing at the close of his reign derive their origin.
Antioxidant mechanisms of iso-6-cassine in suppressing seizures induced by pilocarpine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant effects of 12-[(2R,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-methylpiperidin-2-yl]dodecan-2-one (iso-6-cassine; ISO) and the anticonvulsant effects of ISO on pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group), and the association of ISO (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min after administration of ISO (ISO plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 1h. The antioxidant effect of ISO on the pilocarpine model was assessed by determining the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) as well as the levels of reactive species (RS) and lipid peroxidation (LP). In vitro, ISO (5 μM) reduced RS and LP. ISO (1.0 mg/kg) and abolished seizures and death induced by pilocarpine in rats. ISO protected against the increase in the RS and LP levels, GST activity as well as the inhibition of GPx activity caused by pilocarpine. In addition, ISO increased the catalase activity in hippocampus of seized rats. In conclusion, the dta suggest that ISO can present anticonvulsant and antioxidant properties in the pilocarpine model of seizures in rats.
Different Portfolio on Investment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

To understand the best strategy for the investment for the maximum return, one should accurately make a portfolio for the investment. It is a critical challenge to different investors to find the best path for investment. In this study, nine different companies are selected and the data collected from www.yahoo.finance. The 9 companies are divided into 3 categories such as high risk, moderate and low risk. The stock price on day one was recorded and on 30th day, the authors also recorded the close price of the stocks. Now, on the basis of the return of different companies, the authors will draw a conclusion regarding the investment strategy and will make the best strategy based on 9 companies for the maximum return. Now, the analysis part will provide a good portfolio from future investment. Finally, the statistical tool will be used to check whether there is any significant difference between the portfolio or not.
Speed limits to fluctuation dynamics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fluctuation dynamics of an experimentally measured observable offer a primary signal for nonequilibrium systems, along with dynamics of the mean. While universal speed limits for the mean have actively been studied recently, constraints for the speed of the fluctuation have been elusive. Here, we develop a theory concerning rigorous limits to the rate of fluctuation growth. We find a principle that the speed of an observable’s fluctuation is upper bounded by the fluctuation of an appropriate observable describing velocity, which also indicates a tradeoff relation between the changes for the mean and fluctuation. We demonstrate the advantages of our inequalities for processes with non-negligible dispersion of observables, quantum work extraction, and the entanglement growth in free fermionic systems. Our results open an avenue toward a quantitative theory of fluctuation dynamics in various non-equilibrium systems encompassing quantum many-body systems and nonlinear population dynamics.
Transitional Criminal Justice: The Polish Way

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter considers the criminal prosecution of Communist crimes in Poland. It specifically focuses on one of the most contentious issues in this area, namely cases concerning the maladministration of justice by judicial officials during Communist rule (1944-1989). The maladministration of justice refers to the misuse of the legal system in a manner that results in wrongful convictions, or miscarriages of justice. In other words, it concerns those who have been arrested on criminal charges, who have either pleaded guilty to the charges or have been found guilty, and who, notwithstanding their guilty plea or verdict, are actually innocent. This is sometimes discussed as judicial murder or court crime. The present assessment adds a much-needed dimension to the area of transitional criminal justice, in which the judiciary is an oft-neglected area. The discussion begins by outlining the theoretical framework into which key questions can be set. It then provides an overview of two periods, the Stalinist era (1944-1956) and martial law (1981-1983). These two periods are excellent examples of times in which judicial officials were involved in the maladministration of justice and have been the focus of relevant legislation seeking to redress documented injustices. My investigation identifies common themes with similar and opposite aims in which the judiciary was manipulated and controlled by the Polish authorities during the selected periods. The chapter concludes by critically analysing the measures undertaken in post-Communist Poland in order to redress such injustices.
Models and solutions of strategic resource allocation problems : approximate equilibrium and online learning in Blotto games

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this thesis, we investigate resource allocation games, broadly defined as resource allocation problems involving interactions between competitive decision makers. We primarily focus on the Colonel Blotto game (CB game). In the CB game, two competitive players, each having a fixed budget, simultaneously distribute their resources toward n battlefields. Each player evaluates each battlefield with a certain value. In each battlefield, the player who has the higher allocation wins and gains the corresponding value. Each player's payoff is her aggregate gains from all the battlefields. First, we model several variants of the CB game and their extensions as one-shot complete-information games and analyze players' strategic behaviors. Our first main contribution is a class of approximate equilibria in these games for which we prove that the approximation error can be well-controlled. Second, we model resource allocation games with combinatorial structures as online learning problems to study situations involving sequential plays and incomplete information. We make a connection between these games and online shortest path problems. Our second main contribution is a set of novel regret-minimization algorithms for online shortest path problems under several feedback settings that provide significant improvements in regret guarantees and running time in comparison with existing solutions.
TAHFIZ EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the education of Tahfiz learning in Malaysia, with a focus on the subject of Tahfiz within the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM) program. It outlines the history of Tahfiz education in Malaysia and the development of Tahfiz education models that integrate religious and humanities knowledge. Exposure to Tahfiz subjects in the STPM program provides students with the opportunity to delve deeper into the knowledge of Islam alongside conventional academic learning. Furthermore, the article discusses the positive effects of STPM Tahfiz education on students and society. The introduction of Tahfiz subjects in STPM enables students to integrate religious knowledge with humanities, shaping individuals who are academically and spiritually holistic. Therefore, this article focuses on qualitative research, emphasizing the historical focus on STPM Tahfiz education in Malaysia and the positive effects of Quran memorization and understanding Islamic values in the development of students' minds and spirits. The findings of this paper can provide a statement that STPM Tahfiz education has a positive impact on the formation of a generation that is faithful, moral, and knowledgeable in religious and academic matters. In conclusion, STPM Tahfiz education plays an important role in contributing to the development of a harmonious and moral society in Malaysia.
Diaphragm dysfunction: a comprehensive review from diagnosis to management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Although the diaphragm represents a critical component of the respiratory pump, the clinical presentations of diaphragm dysfunction are often non‐specific and can be mistaken for other more common causes of dyspnoea. While acute bilateral diaphragm dysfunction typically presents dramatically, progressive diaphragm dysfunction associated with neuromuscular disorders and unilateral hemidiaphragm dysfunction may be identified incidentally or by recognising subtle associated symptoms. Diaphragm dysfunction should be considered in individuals with unexplained dyspnoea, restrictive respiratory function tests or abnormal diaphragm position on plain chest imaging. A higher index of suspicion should occur for individuals with profound orthopnoea, those who have undergone procedures in proximity to the phrenic nerve(s) or those with co‐morbid conditions that are associated with diaphragm dysfunction, particularly neuromuscular disorders. A systematic approach to the evaluation of diaphragm function using non‐invasive diagnostic techniques such as respiratory function testing and diaphragm imaging can often confirm a diagnosis. Neurophysiological assessment may confirm diaphragm dysfunction and assist in identifying an underlying cause. Identifying those with or at risk of respiratory failure can allow institution of respiratory support, while specific cases may also benefit from surgical plication or phrenic nerve pacing techniques.
Staying grounded! Organizational identification and perceived control during crises

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Organizational identification could play an important role during crises if it contributes to individuals' perceptions of control. This study examines this relationship and unpacks some of its complexities by investigating the mediating role of job satisfaction and citizenship behaviors that have previously been examined as outcomes of organizational identification in noncrisis contexts. The authors also investigate the moderating role of the perceived severity of the crisis on the relationships between organizational identification and job satisfaction and citizenship behaviors. There is limited empirical research on these relationships in a crisis context, and studying them is important for understanding the role of identification in diverse contexts and for crisis management research and practice. Design/methodology/approach Using the survey method, quantitative data were collected from 354 individuals from a nonprofit organization that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. This was supplemented with qualitative data from respondents' comments in the survey. Findings Using process analysis, the authors find the following: (1) job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between organizational identification and perceived control; (2) the perceived severity of the crisis moderates the relationship between organizational identification and job satisfaction; (3) citizenship behavior is associated with organizational identification but is not a significant mediator in the relationship between organizational identification and perceived control and (4) the perceived severity of the crisis is not a significant moderator of the relationship between organizational identification and citizenship behaviors. Research limitations/implications This study’s model can be further tested in public and private organizations that are experiencing bankruptcies to examine the robustness of our findings. Also, due to the cross-sectional design of this study, the findings need to be tested in a longitudinal study to examine if they persist over time during the recovery and growth phases of a crisis. Practical implications Leaders can rely on individuals who identify with their organizations during a crisis, such as bankruptcies because they experience job satisfaction and a sense of control. Additionally, these individuals also demonstrate citizenship behaviors in these challenging situations. Originality/value This study is one of the first to empirically examine the association between organizational identification and perceived control, the mediating role of job satisfaction and citizenship behaviors and the moderating role of perceived severity in the context of an organizational crisis. An additional strength of this study is that it provides empirical evidence from individuals in an actual crisis rather than from laboratory studies.
Clinical characteristics of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment options

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective
To investigate the clinical characteristics of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its treatment options.

Methods
Clinical data of IBD in-patients treated in Peking University First Hospital from January 1995 to December 2014 were reviewed and the subsequent information in the follow-up was also collected. Based on the onset age, patients were divided into the elderly-onset group (≥60 years old) and the control group (<60 years old). The general situation, clinical characteristics and treatment options were retrospectively analyzed and compared between the two groups.

Results
There were 37 patients (9.3%) with IBD in the elderly-onset group, with 25 cases with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 12 cases with Crohn disease (CD). The ratio of gender, smoking, family history of IBD and colon cancer in the elderly-onset and control groups were 1∶0.9 and 1∶1.3, 32.4% and 21.7%, 0.0% and 6.1%, 0.0% and 1.9%, respectively, with no significant differences between the two group (P=0.597, 0.139, 0.247 and 0.840). The attack frequency and the percentages of patients with persistent symptoms and severe disease had no statistical differences between the elderly-onset and the control groups. Compared with the control group, the elderly-onset group showed that the percentage of UC patients with extensive colitis (E3) was decreased 〔16.0%(4/25)vs. 41.2%(117/289)respectively (χ2=6.123, P=0.013)〕, and the percentage of CD patients with colonic type (L2) was increased 〔58.3% (7/12)vs.21.3% (16/75)respectively (χ2=6.447, P=0.011)〕. For treatment options, the number of patients receiving 5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA)/sulfasalazine(SASP) as maintenance treatment for more than 1 years were 274 cases (96.9%) in the control group and 22 cases (86.5%) in the elderly-onset group (χ2=6.382, P=0.011). And the number of patients receiving systemic corticosteroids during induction period were 5 cases (19.4%) in the elderly-onset group and 122 case (43.2%) in the control group (χ2 =7.617, P=0.006). There were no statistically significances in the number of patients with immunosuppressant, biologics and operation treatment between the two groups.

Conclusions
The elderly-onset IBD patients are not rare. The inflammation involvement is more limited in the elderly-onset patients than in the young-onset patients. The treatment option for elderly-onset IBD should be more cautious, especially for the treatment with 5-ASA/SASP long-term maintenance and systemic corticosteroids usage.

Key words:
Inflammatory bowel disease; Colitis, ulcerative; Crohn disease
Reconstitution of SCID mice with human lymphoid and myeloid cells after transplantation with human fetal bone marrow without the requirement for exogenous human cytokines.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Investigation of human hematopoietic maturation has been hampered by the lack of in vivo models. Although engraftment of irradiated C.B-17 scid/scid (SCID) mice with human progenitor cells occurred after infusion with human pediatric bone marrow cells, significant engraftment of the mouse bone marrow with human cells was dependent upon continuous treatment with exogenous human cytokines. Furthermore, despite cytokine treatment, only minimal peripheral engraftment of these mice with human cells was observed. In the present study, after infusion of irradiated SCID mice with pre-cultured human fetal bone marrow cells (BM-SCID-hu mice), their bone marrow became significantly engrafted with human precursor cells and their peripheral lymphoid compartment became populated with human B cells and monocytes independently of the administration of extraneous human cytokines. Examination of the bone marrow of the BM-SCID-hu mice for human cytokine mRNA gene expression demonstrated human leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA and interleukin 7 mRNA in nine of nine BM-SCID-hu mice and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA in seven of eight BM-SCID-hu mice. This was an intriguing observation because these cytokines regulate different stages of human hematopoiesis. Since engraftment occurs in the absence of exogenous cytokine treatment, the BM-SCID-hu mouse model described should provide a useful in vivo system for studying factors important in the maturation of human myeloid and lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and the behavior of the mature human cells after dissemination into the peripheral lymphoid tissue.
Supporting the Development of Homestay Tourism in the Yangtze River Delta: A Study Based on Tourists' Perceived Value

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Homestay tourism has begun to flourish throughout the country, becoming a model of tourism innovation and upgrading, and attracting increasing amounts of capital. Through the collection and analysis of tourist questionnaire data for key cities in the Yangtze River Delta, and based on the theory of tourists' perceived value,18 factors related to the perception of homestay tourism are examined. Through exploratory factor analysis, three main factors of facilities and environment perception, cultural experience perception and service value perception are extracted. Then, from the perspectives of each of these perceptions, this study determines the degree of support for homestay tourism development in the Yangtze River Delta, obtains the key factors that affect the development of homestay tourism, and constructs a structural equation model of tourist perception and the degree of homestay tourism support. By calculating the regression path of the structural equation, the standardized path coefficients of the facilities and environment perception, cultural experience perception and service value perception are found to be 0.724, 0.813 and 0.692, respectively. These three factors have a significant impact on the development of homestay tourism agglomeration. Positive facilities and environmental perception can effectively support the development of homestay tourism, while the cultural experience perception provides its basic condition, and the service value perception constitutes an important factor of homestay tourism development. To better guide the development of homestay tourism, attention must be paid to developing the tourism facilities and environment, to cultivating tourism cultural experiences, and to improving of tourism service value.
Effects of Calcium on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Quality of Garlic

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this experiment,the effects of calcium in nutrient solution on calcium content, photosynthetic characteristics and qualities of garlic were studied. Six different Ca 2+ concentrations at 0, 1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0 mmol·L-1 were designed. The results indicated that the calcium contents of garlic bolt and bulb were increased with the increase of calcium concentrations. When the calcium concentrations were in the range of 0–3.0 mmol·L-1 ,the pigment contents and photosynthetic parameters(Pn,E,Gs) of garlic leaves were enhanced with the increase of calcium concentrations,then they were decreased with the increase of calcium concentrations. The fresh weight of bolt and bulb,the bolt diameter,the bolting rate and the transverse diameter of bulb were increased at first and then decreased with the increase of calcium concentrations,these shape indexes under 3.0 mmol·L-1 treatment were the highest. At the same time,the contents of allicin,soluble sugar,vitamin C,free amino acid and soluble protein in bolt and bulb were also improved with the increase of calcium concentrations ranging from 0 to 3.0 mmol·L-1 ,theseindexes under 3.0 mmol·L-1 treatment were increased by 54.7% and 72.1%,33.9% and 33.9%,11.5% and 5.2%,19.3% and 21.5%,32.6% and 29.6% compared to the treatment of 1.0 mmol·L-1 calcium concentration,then they were minished with the increase of calcium concentrations greater than 3.0 mmol·L-1 . Thus it can be seen that,the 3.0 mmol·L-1 calcium concentration was the best treatment to garlic under hydroponic condition.