jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cognitive, Intervention, and Neuroimaging Perspectives on Executive Function in Children With Reading Disabilities

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The role of executive function (EF) in the reading process, and in those with reading difficulties, remains unclear. As members of the Texas Center for Learning Disabilities, we review multiple perspectives regarding EF in reading and then summarize some of our recent studies of struggling and typical readers in grades 3-5. Study 1a found that a bi-factor structure best represented a comprehensive assessment of EF. Study 1b found that cognitive and behavioral measures of EF related independently to math and reading. Study 1c found that EF related to reading, above and beyond other variables, but Study 1d found no evidence that adding an EF training component improved intervention response. Study 1e found that pretest EF abilities did not relate to intervention response. Neuroimaging studies examined EF-related brain activity during both reading and nonlexical EF tasks. In Study 2a, the EF task evoked control activity, but generated no differences between struggling and typical readers. The reading task, however, had group differences in both EF and reading regions. In Study 2b, EF activity during reading at pretest was related to intervention response. Across studies, EF appears involved in the reading process. There is less evidence for general EF predicting or improving intervention outcomes.
Modeled abductive inference for event management and correlation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This thesis describes a number of novel techniques for performing efficient event correlation in computer networks. We develop a new object-oriented event modeling methodology which is algorithm independent, and generalizes or is superior to the modeling capabilities of competing systems. We prove this assertion through the elegant modeling of a number of real world problems, simulation of the models of competing systems using our methodology, and a case study providing a quantitative analysis of the benefits of our methodology. We provide a probabilistically correct correlation algorithm which also generalizes or improves on the correlation component of competing systems. In addition, our algorithms improve correlation efficiency by pruning redundant information from the event model and preprocessing to further reduce correlation-time processing. These features are unique to our system. We demonstrate performance results which are conservatively measured to be greater than an order of magnitude better than those of competing systems.
Robust detection and reconstruction of state and sensor attacks for cyber‐physical systems using sliding modes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The problem of detection and reconstruction of cyber‐attacks corrupting states and/or outputs of a linear cyber‐physical system is addressed. Robust state/sensor attack observers are designed able both to work as detection monitors with guaranteed performances, and to reconstruct the attacks within a finite‐time. Detection and reconstruction are performed robustly with respect to bounded modelling errors possibly affecting the state equation. Compensation of attacks is also addressed for square plants. An extensive simulation study using test‐cases taken from the literature is shown to support the theoretical findings.
Microstructure and Functionality of Processed Cheese: The Role of Milk Fat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cooling, the final stage in processed cheese manufacturing, plays a significant role in determining the texture and firmness of the final product. To interpret cooling mechanisms of processed cheese, model processed cheese analogues were formulated including rennet casein powder, anhydrous milk fat, and emulsifying salts. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and large deformation compression tests analyzed rheological properties and trends exhibited in processed cheese analogues when cooled with different cooling schedules. Two cooling rates, 0.5 oC&#8260;min and 0.05 oC&#8260;min, were selected, and based on protein network formation and fat crystallization, two significant cooling phases were identified: 80-40oC and 40-5oC. In all, four cooling schedules were developed from a two-by-two matrix of cooling rates and cooling phases. After the cheese analogues were cooled with the desired cooling schedules, SAOS rheology measured the complex shear modulus (G*) of cheese analogues through a frequency sweep range of 0.01-10 Hz. Utilizing the same cooling schedules, the normal, compressive strength of cheese analogue cylinders was measured and converted into shear modulus (G) values. Rheological analysis revealed that a slower cooling rate through the first phase of coolig (80-40oC) created a firmer cheese product (larger G* and G values) when compared with a faster rate of cooling through the same temperature range. The cooling rate through the second phase of cooling, during fat crystallization, did not impact final cheese storage modulus. Small and large deformation rheological analyses found that the final cheese texture was governed by the cooling rate through the first phase of cooling (80o-40oC), formation of the protein network.\n\nConfocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to investigate the effects of cooling rate on the microstructure of processed cheese analogues. Micrographs of cheese analogues stained with Rhodamine B and Nile Red fluorescent probes revealed a protein ring surrounding fat droplets that formed during cooling from 80-5oC. The protein ring thickness was not influenced by cooling cheese analogues at two different rates, 1 oC&#8260;min and 10 oC&#8260;min. However, the presence of the protein ring surrounding fat droplets in processed cheese analogues lays the framework for future study on the effects of very slow cooling rates on the thickness of the protein ring.\n\n With a better understanding of cheese rheology and cheese microstructure during cooling, cheese manufacturers can control cooling schedules to help optimize quality attributes in processed cheese.
Inhibitors of PCSK9

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Observational data show a consistent association between elevated low density lipoproteins (LDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Reduction of LDL-C reduces the risk of CVD as has been shown by many trials. Statins are currently the most effective drugs for lowering LDL-C, but can present side effects which might limit the prescribed dosage and prevent patients from reaching the recommended LDL levels. Although treated with statins important residual cardiovascular event risk remains in patients in primary and secondary prevention for CVD. The discovery of protein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 antibodies is a very promising new hypolipidemic treatment and the aim of this review is to explain their mechanism of action and to discuss safety and efficacy results of some phase III studies.
Buddhist Meditation and the British Colonial Gaze in Nineteenth Century Sri Lanka

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper argues that the multiple orientalist expressions that flowed from British pens in nineteenth century Sri Lanka are of use to the scholar of Buddhism, in that they can not only shed light on the growth of Buddhist modernism and the use of the term 'meditation' within it, but also on Sri Lankan Buddhist practice on the ground. It first surveys the preconceptions of the British about the concept of 'meditation'. It then examines the writings of a representative selection of scholar civil servants and Christian missionaries who were resident in Sri Lanka within the century. This data reveal that a vibrant culture of Buddhist devotion and preaching existed throughout the century, together, among the laity, with the practice of 'meditation' on objects related to insight into reality. Additionally, it suggests that the jhānas, although hard for westerners to understand, were an important part of Buddhist self-understanding. The paper, therefore, argues that the priority given to vipassanā as the essence of meditation within Buddhist Modernism is a reduction of the diversity within traditional practice and a distortion of the traditionally recognised interrelationship between the jhānas and other forms of mental culture.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a primaquine prodrug without red blood cell membrane destabilization property

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Primaquine is an important therapeutic resource for malaria treatment and it has wide activity against several pathogens. The haematotoxicity of primaquine is the major problem for its therapeutic application. This effect is aggravated by repeated use at high doses and by the wide fluctuation of plasma levels after administration. The primaquine prodrug (Phe‐Ala‐PQ) was planned in order to modify the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of primaquine. The in vitro conversion of Phe‐Ala‐PQ to primaquine, and the primaquine pharmacokinetics were evaluated in four groups of rats: two groups that received a single dose of Phe‐Ala‐PQ, one by intravenous and the other by gavage route, and two other groups that received primaquine diphosphate, by intravenous and gavage routes. In addition, the erythrocyte osmotic fragility was compared in two groups of rats that received multiple doses of primaquine diphosphate or Phe‐Ala‐PQ, as a parameter of haematotoxicity. The in vitro conversion of Phe‐Ala‐PQ to primaquine by plasma enzyme action was observed. The pharmacokinetic profile of primaquine from Phe‐Ala‐PQ was more favourable due to the lower fluctuation of plasma concentrations. Haematotoxicity was not evidenced in the prodrug administration. The results reinforce the need for further studies with this prodrug, promising an alternative in the therapeutic use of primaquine. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng in animal model of Parkinson's disease: antiapoptosis, antioxidant, antiinflammation, and maintenance of blood–brain barrier integrity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Ginsenosides are the main ingredients of Korean Red Ginseng. They have extensively been studied for their beneficial value in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) with various components are unclear. METHODS: We investigated the multitarget activities of KRGE on neurological dysfunction and neurotoxicity in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)–induced mouse model of PD. KRGE (37.5 mg/kg/day, 75 mg/kg/day, or 150 mg/kg/day, per os (p.o.)) was given daily before or after MPTP intoxication. RESULTS: Pretreatment with 150 mg/kg/day KRGE produced the greatest positive effect on motor dysfunction as assessed using rotarod, pole, and nesting tests, and on the survival rate. KRGE displayed a wide therapeutic time window. These effects were related to reductions in the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons, apoptosis, microglial activation, and activation of inflammatory factors in the substantia nigra pars compacta and/or striatum after MPTP intoxication. In addition, pretreatment with KRGE activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 pathways and inhibited phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways, as well as blocked the alteration of blood–brain barrier integrity. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that KRGE may effectively reduce MPTP-induced neurotoxicity with a wide therapeutic time window through multitarget effects including antiapoptosis, antiinflammation, antioxidant, and maintenance of blood–brain barrier integrity. KRGE has potential as a multitarget drug or functional food for safe preventive and therapeutic strategies for PD.
Co2MnSi Heusler alloy as an enhancing layer of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions with L10 ordered FePd

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Ultra-thin Co 2 MnSi Heusler alloy improves perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of FePd in an MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction after annealing it just once at a temperature of as low as 400 °C. Co 2 MnSi as thin as 1.0 nm inserted between MgO and FePd facilitated phase-transformation of 3-nm-thick FePd to ordered L1 0 and led a change in magnetic anisotropy to perpendicular-to-the-plane. To make it even better, FePd also helped the phase-transformation of Co 2 MnSi to ordered B2 known to have high spin polarization, which makes the L1 0 FePd/B2 Co 2 MnSi bilayer promising for perpendicular-magnetic tunnel junction and improving both thermal stability and tunnel magnetoresistance.
Trends and Age-Stratified Analysis of Electroconvulsive Therapy Utilization in Japan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The status of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Japan is unknown on a nationwide scale. This study aims to elucidate the use of ECT utilizing a Japanese nationwide receipt database. Methods: The annual average number of ECT sessions per 100,000 people in Japan between 2014 and 2021 was evaluated by stratifying the population into sex and age groups. ECT was further broken down into management type (outpatient or inpatient) and anesthesia methodology (general or non-general). We analyzed the distribution peak patterns of the age-stratified data. Annual trends were evaluated using the Jonckheere–Terpstra trend test or Poisson regression model. Results: Over the 8-year period, the overall ECT administration amounted to 700,621 sessions, translating to a rate of 69.2 sessions per 100,000 person-years. The men-to-women ratio was 1:1.4, indicating slight women predominance. The age-stratified data fluctuated greatly from year to year, except for inpatient ECT under general anesthesia (iECT-GA), which remained stable. Peak analysis of the iECT-GA indicated that the maximum peak was observed in men aged 50 to 59 years and women aged 70 to 74 years. Conclusions: Considering that a typical ECT course consists of 6 to 12 sessions, the average number of patients undergoing ECT is estimated to be 5.8 to 11.5 per 100,000 person-years. A demographic peak of the iECT-GA was observed in men in their 50s and early 70s for women, suggesting distinct sex-specific patterns. This preliminary study provides an overview of the ECT use in Japan, representing one of the nations in Asia.
The Relation of Public Health Nursing to Other Phases of Work of the State Board of Health, with Special Reference to That of the Division of Child Hygiene

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Relation of Public Health Nursing to Other Phases of Work of the State Board of Health, with Special Reference to That of the Division of Child Hygiene Rose M. Ehrenfeld CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.12.3.218 Published Online: August 30, 2011
Impact of shipping alliances on the competitiveness of the top busiest ports: Port of Singapore, Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Southeast Asia region is one of the busiest port regions in the world, where Port of Singapore, Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas is located. This competitiveness of these hub ports were evaluated using Porter’s Diamond Model, and it was seen that the Port of Singapore was the most competitive. In the past 10 years, there have been increasing consolidation in the market through the formation of shipping alliances. The rise of shipping alliances have affected the competitiveness of ports around the world due to their scale of operations. Unlike shipping lines, the decision process of alliances for port selected is multi-faceted and involves all members of the alliances. Thus, this paper thus seeks to explore and analyse the impact of shipping alliances on the competiveness of ports. Through a questionnaire conducted among members of alliances, it revealed that ‘Geographical Location’, ‘Port Connectivity’, ‘Port Reliability’, ‘Preferences of Shipping Line’s Clients/Shippers’, ‘Adequacy of Depth Alongside’, ‘Adequacy of Container Handling Equipment’, ‘Terminal Handling Charges’, ‘Adequacy of Quay Length’ were deemed as more important factors. Questionnaire results and statistical analysis of the port calls of the alliances showed that Singapore remained as the most competitive port. The findings from this study provide insights on what alliances look out for when selecting a port of call and how ports can maintain competitiveness.
Myelin debris clearance during Wallerian degeneration in the goldfish visual system

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We have examined the clearance of myelin debris from the visual pathways of the goldfish during Wallerian degeneration. Both the rate and pattern of myelin disappearance from the optic nerve and tract were determined using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections, as well as plastic sections and electron microscopy. Animals with and without regenerating optic axons were examined in order to determine whether the axons play a role in myelin clearance. We found that myelin is cleared at different rates along the visual paths. Thus, virtually all myelin debris is gone in the optic tract and distal optic nerve stump by 4 weeks after surgery, while in the cranial nerve segment, myelin clearance is still incomplete at 6 weeks postoperative. These temporal and spatial patterns of myelin clearance are the same in animals with and without regenerating axons, thus indicating that growing axons do not influence this process. Finally, ultrastructural observations revealed that both astrocytes and microglia participate in phagocytosing myelin debris in the optic nerve, while in the tract, the vast majority of debris is removed by microglia alone. These data are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms controlling the differential expression of myelin clearance.
Distributing Agency Everywhere: TV Critiques Postcritique

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay analyzes and challenges a group of contemporary responses to the discordance between intention and “distributed agency,” as it has become known in the postcritical work of Rita Felski and like-minded critics (typically self-identified as postcritics, surface readers, posthumanists, or new materialists). Although readers have tended to see such critical positions as distinct, they all share a set of essential commitments regarding agency that render intention—and literary interpretation, by extension—incoherent. The essay argues that postcriticism and likeminded theories rely on a two-part commitment functioning in the background: first, a commitment to intention as a performance that occurs in the mind, and, second, to distributing agency to other actors and “actants”—most crucially "readers"—as an obligatory result of this account of intention. To illustrate the analysis and critique, the essay considers brief but telling moments from some contemporary prestige television shows such as "The Americans", "Homecoming", and "Patriot". These readings help to clarify that the crucial postcritical error is not distributive agency per se, but the now-familiar account of "textual" agency. Exploring a similar set of problems about intention and interpretation, shows like "Homecoming" and "Patriot" take a far more skeptical stance towards the beliefs and strategies embraced by postcritique. Moreover, only a commitment to authorial intention makes that skepticism legible.
Mechanisms of Elimination Reactions. XX. Reactions of 2-Bromocyclohexanols and Derivatives with Zinc1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanisms of Elimination Reactions. XX. Reactions of 2-Bromocyclohexanols and Derivatives with Zinc1Stanley J. Cristol and Leo E. RademacherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 7, 1600–1602Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01516a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01516a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views320Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
P4‐022: Swimming training‐to‐criterion and pre‐exposure to MWM are required for complete restoration of learning in APP transgenic mice carrying a mutation in Asp664

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In addition to the cleavages that generate Aß, APP is processed at Asp664 in its intracellular domain, releasing a second toxic peptide, APP-C31 [Nat Med 6:397;Cell 97:395]. Transgenic mice otherwise identical to a well-characterized model of AD, PDAPP mice, but carrying a mutation that obliterates Asp664, do not display AD-like cognitive deficits, nor alterations in non-cognitive components of behavior, in spite of accumulating very high levels of Aß [PNAS 103:7130;JNeurosci 26:13428;Behav Brain Res 191:246]. These results suggest that cleavage of APP at Asp664 plays a role in the generation of AD-like deficits, and that a major pathway of Aß-induced toxicity in vivo, or a pathway that crucially impinges on it, may depend on the cleavage of APP at Asp664. Young PDAPP(D664A) mice, however, show a pronounced kinetic phenotype akin to the tonic phase of a seizure (immobility in stereotyped limb positions) when first exposed to swimming. To rule out confounding effects (e.g., mistaken scoring as floating and increased latencies) in MWM studies, a cohort was trained-to-criterion (normal swimming) (3 months) and pre-exposed to the Morris water maze (MWM) environment (5 months), then compared to a cohort without prior experience. Objective: Determine whether swimming training-to-criterion and preexposure to MWM (“practice”) affects cognitive and non-cognitive components of performance in PDAPP and PDAPP(D664A) mice. Learning impairments were found in PDAPP mice irrespective of prior experience. In contrast, while no learning impairments were present in practiced PDAPP(D664A) mice, non-practiced PDAPP(D664A) mice showed an intermediate phenotype, with performance indistinguishable from non-Tg littermates' but also indistinguishable from that of PDAPP mice. Floating (helplessness) decreased across trials for all practiced but increased for all non-practiced groups, and only practiced PDAPP mice showed increased floating. No differences in thigmotactic swim (anxiety) were observed among non-practiced groups. Practiced PDAPP mice, however, showed increased thigmotaxis, while practiced PDAPP(D664A) mice were indistinguishable from non-Tg littermates. Our results indicate that swimming training-to-criterion and preexposure to MWW do not affect learning impairments in PDAPP mice, but may contribute to improved performance of PDAPP(D664A) animals, suggesting that these early experiences may be required for the complete amelioration of learning deficits in PDAPP(D664A) mice.