jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluating anti‐β‐Catenin monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and ranks second in mortality in the US. Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in colorectal cancer, and the mutation events have been studied the most for colorectal carcinogenesis. However, other studies have shown the nuclear translocation of β‐Catenin could be an additional factor for clinical diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Therefore, it is essential to develop the monoclonal antibody with the highest sensitivity and specificity. Even though there are many monoclonal antibodies being used for β‐Catenin studies, they have not been carefully examined for potential cross‐reactivity which could cause false diagnosis. To develop the most suitable monoclonal antibody for β‐Catenin studies, we used different immunoassays to validate the specificity and sensitivity of the commercially available antibodies. By the high density protein microarray chip technology and other assays, we identified that β‐Catenin UltraMAB antibody can be used for different applications in basic research. Furthermore, we used immunohistochemistry with tissues from colorectal cancer patients and showed that β‐CateninUltraMAB antibody is a great tool for potential cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
CBD Effects on TRPV1 Signaling Pathways in Cultured DRG Neurons

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Uma Anand,1 Ben Jones,2 Yuri Korchev,3 Stephen R Bloom,2 Barbara Pacchetti,4 Praveen Anand,5 Mikael Hans Sodergren1 1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, UK; 2Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, UK; 3Nanomedicine Laboratory, BN5 Commonwealth Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, UK; 4EMMAC Life Sciences Ltd, London EC2A 2EW, UK; 5Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, UKCorrespondence: Uma Anand Email u.anand@imperial.ac.ukIntroduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) is reported to produce pain relief, but the clinically relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms remain uncertain. The TRPV1 receptor integrates noxious stimuli and plays a key role in pain signaling. Hence, we conducted in vitro studies, to elucidate the efficacy and mechanisms of CBD for inhibiting neuronal hypersensitivity in cultured rat sensory neurons, following activation of TRPV1.Methods: Adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were cultured and supplemented with the neurotrophic factors NGF and GDNF, in an established model of neuronal hypersensitivity. Neurons were stimulated with CBD (Adven 150, EMMAC Life Sciences) at 1, 10, 100 nMol/L and 1, 10 and 50 μMol/L, 48 h after plating. In separate experiments, DRG neurons were also stimulated with capsaicin with or without CBD (1 nMol/L to10 μMol/L), in a functional calcium imaging assay. The effects of the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin were determined. We also measured forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels, without and after treatment with CBD, using a homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay. The results were analysed using Mann-Whitney test.Results: DRG neurons treated with 10 and 50 μMol/L CBD showed calcium influx, but not at lower doses. Neurons treated with capsaicin demonstrated robust calcium influx, which was dose-dependently reduced in the presence of low dose CBD (IC50 = 100 nMol/L). The inhibition or desensitization by CBD was reversed in the presence of forskolin and cyclosporin. Forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels were significantly reduced in CBD treated neurons.Conclusion: CBD at low doses corresponding to plasma concentrations observed physiologically inhibits or desensitizes neuronal TRPV1 signalling by inhibiting the adenylyl cyclase – cAMP pathway, which is essential for maintaining TRPV1 phosphorylation and sensitization. CBD also facilitated calcineurin-mediated TRPV1 inhibition. These mechanisms may underlie nociceptor desensitization and the therapeutic effect of CBD in animal models and patients with acute and chronic pain.Keywords: cannabidiol, CBD, chronic pain, DRG neurons, cAMP, calcium imaging, desensitization
Relationship between cognitive functioning impairment and nutrition in obesity: Current Perspective

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obesity is one of the serious public health problems and its prevalence has been increasing in recent years. As well as causing health problems, obesity is associated with cognitive function impairment, especially with reduced language, motor capacity skills, and attention named as executive functions. Obesity is also related to decrease in brain volume, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, sociopathic, aggressive personality traits, anxiety, and major depressive disorder. There are several mechanisms; increased vascular damage, blood pressure, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, tumor necrosis factor, serum amyloid A levels explaining the relationship between obesity and cognitive functioning. Obesity generates fluctuations in levels of insulin, leptin and metabolites. These fluctuations may affect cognitive capacity by causing atrophic changes in the brain. FTO gene is also being studied to explain the relationship between obesity and cognitive function. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are disorders commonly associated with obesity. Besides these disorders, some studies reported associations between decreases in brain volume and IQ levels and obesity. To investigate the underlying mechanisms between these two matters, more longitudinal studies are needed. In this review, we aimed to study the relationship between obesity and cognitive functioning.
The Status of Modern Greek Studies in Higher Education: Who Needs Modern Greek?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Who needs Modern Greek? Like many European-based fields of study (French, German, and Italian, for instance), Modern Greek Studies faces a crisis of relevance in American universities. I look at this crisis by examining three issues: the relationship between Modern Greek programs and the classical tradition, the place of these programs in diaspora communities, and finally the position of Greek culture in the reorganization of knowledge along the lines of multiculturalism and postcolonialism. I conclude that the answer to this crisis cannot be found only in student enrollments, which are dwindling in many places, but also in a clearly-defined research profile which connects scholarship on Greece to current epistemological developments.
Sienkiewicz v Greif (UK) Ltd and Willmore v Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council: A Material Contribution to Uncertainty?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the conjoined cases of Sienkiewicz and Willmore , the Supreme Court decided that the exceptional Fairchild approach to the proof of causation in negligence applied where a mesothelioma victim had been negligently exposed to asbestos by one defendant at a level well below unavoidable environmental asbestos exposure. The negligent exposures in both cases materially increased the risk of mesothelioma thereby satisfying the Fairchild test. Whilst reasserting the primacy of the common law as governing the rules of causation in mesothelioma cases, the Supreme Court failed to clarify the scope of the Fairchild exception. Moreover, in an extensive obiter discussion of epidemiological evidence, the Supreme Court has raised more questions than it has answered relating to the role, if any, of scientific evidence in the law of toxic torts.
Spectrum analysis by virtual leakage minimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A method is presented which estimates very accurately the spectrum of digitized signals, which can be periodic, or combinations of sinusoids with arbitrary amplitudes, frequencies, and phases. The proposed algorithm uses the interpolated discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The bias removal and leakage compensation are presented for rectangular and Hanning windows. The analysis is performed interactively in virtual environment on personal computer.
Code Mixing in Ali and Ratu Ratu Queens (2021): Sociolinguistics Study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The research aims to identify the types of code-mixing and the factors that affect the use of code-mixing in the movie Ali and Ratu Ratu Queens (2021) by analyzing the characters' dialogues. The research uses qualitative analysis to determine the types and factors of code mixing contained in the dialogues of the characters in the film. The findings of this study indicate types of code mixing according to Hoffman's theory–such as intra-lexical code-mixing, intra-sentential code-mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation–have appeared several times in the movie. In conclusion, the research underscores the complexity of code mixing in multilingual contexts portrayed in the movie, providing insights for further sociolinguistic studies. Keywords: Bilingualism, Code Mixing, Movie, Sociolinguistics
The Role of Personality in Explaining Burnout, Work Addiction, and Stress-Related Growth in Prehospital Emergency Personnel

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background/Objectives: This is a cross-sectional study designed to explore the contribution of personality factors (the Alternative Five Factor Model) and lower order characteristics (responsive distress and self-discipline) to burnout, work addiction, and stress-related growth among Romanian prehospital emergency healthcare workers. Methods: A total of 266 prehospital professionals (41 physicians, 74 nurses, and 151 paramedics) participated in the study out of the 728 invited (36.5% response rate). The age of participants ranged between 20 and 57 years and 67.3% were men. The participants completed the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (the short version), the Stress-Related Growth Scale, the Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Inventory, the Responsive Distress Scale, and the Self-Discipline Scale. Results: The results show that burnout was predicted by age, gender, impulsive sensation seeking, responsive distress, and self-discipline; work addiction was predicted by aggression–hostility, sociability, and responsive distress, while stress-related growth was predicted by age, activity, and self-discipline. Additionally, we found that emergency healthcare workers displayed lower impulsive sensation seeking, neuroticism–anxiety, and aggression–hostility, but displayed higher levels of activity and sociability in comparison with the general Romanian population, although these differences must be interpreted with caution as the general Romanian population tend to be significantly younger. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the role of personality traits as risk factors for burnout and work addiction, and as protective factors for stress-related growth in prehospital emergency personnel. It is also among the few studies in this field to employ the Alternative Five Factor Model of personality.
A preliminary report on the spawning behaviour and nature of sexual selection in the barbel, Barbus barbus (L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the spring of 1974 the migration and spawning behaviour of barbel, Barbus barbus (L.) were observed. The migration and behaviour of males prior to the spawning attempts may be strategies designed to increase the quota of receptive females experienced by each male. Spawning attempts were divided into two categories: successful and failed. Successful attempts comprised six sequential sub‐events: approach period, pre‐spawning phase, spawning, post‐spawning phase, dispersal period and inter‐spawning period. The spawning and post‐spawning phases did not occur in a failed attempt. The success or failure of attempts was dependent upon the number of males present. The advantage gained by females abandoning attempts when the male densities were high is discussed. In both the pre‐spawning phase of failed attempts and the post‐spawning phase of successful attempts, males attempted to drive away other male competitors by the use of male ‘chase away’ interactions.
Rethinking Regime Politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many recent studies of “regime politics” argue that judicial review is ultimately used to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime. I explore this claim by evaluating whether the invalidation of federal laws by the US Supreme Court fits the empirical expectations of the regime politics approach. I find that the Court frequently invalidates statutes when (1) the ideology of the Court diverges from that of the sitting elected branches (suggesting that the Court does not fear sanctions or nonimplementation), and (2) the ideology of the sitting elected branches converges with that of the elected branches that enacted the statute (suggesting that the Court is defying the sitting elected branches). My findings suggest that the Court does not primarily use judicial review to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime.
OC-057 PREVENTION OF INCISIONAL HERNIAS BY PROPHYLACTIC MESH-AUGMENTED REINFORCEMENT OF MIDLINE LAPAROTOMIES FOR ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM TREATMENT. 5-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction The incidence of incisional hernias (IHs) after open repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is high. Several randomized controlled trials have reported favorable results with the use of prophylactic mesh to prevent IHs, without increasing complications. In this analysis we report on the results of the 60-month follow-up of the PRIMAAT trial (Ann Surg 2016; 263(4): 638–45). Methods In a prospective, multicenter, open label, randomized design, patients were randomized between prophylactic retrorectus mesh reinforcement (MESH group), and primary closure of their midline laparotomy after open AAA repair (NOMESH group). This article reports on the results of clinical follow-up after 60 months. If performed, ultrasonography or computed tomography were used for the diagnosis of IHs. Results Of the 120 randomized patients, 114 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Thirty-three patients in the NOMESH group (33/58–56.9%) and 34 patients in the MESH group (34/56–60.7%) were evaluated after 5 years. The cumulative incidence of IHs in the NOMESH group was 32.9% after 24 months and 49.2% after 60 months. No incisional hernias were diagnosed in the MESH group. In the NOMESH group, 21.7% (5/23) underwent reoperation within 5 years due to an IH. Conclusion Prophylactic retrorectus mesh reinforcement after midline laparotomy for the treatment of AAAs safely and effectively decreases the rate of IHs. The cumulative incidence of IHs after open AAA repair, when no mesh is used, continues to increase during the first 5 years after surgery, which leads to a substantial rate of hernia repairs.
Internal Safety

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Conceptions of school safety have historically been focused exclusively on physical, external, safety (e.g., bullying, drugs, weapons). Attention to internal safety, to students' identities and the heteronormative contexts in which they live and learn, is critical to the experiences of and dialog about lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth and queer issues in education. Educators must attend to multiple conceptions of safety in order to create equitable, affirming, and empowering learning opportunities for all students. In this chapter, the authors discuss the history and limitations of how "safety" has been used in schools with an emphasis on experiences of LGBTQ youth. They provide a summary of trends in school safety initiatives in the USA and then lay the foundation for a framework, based around the concept of internal safety (Leonardi and Saenz, Conceptualizing safety from the inside out: Heteronormative spaces and their effects on students' sense of self. In D. Carlson & E. Meyer (Eds.), Gender and sexualities in education: A handbook. New York: Peter Lang, 2014), in order to provide insights for teacher education programs to better support preservice teachers in cultivating affirming and safe classrooms.
5. Captioned Irony

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Under the right conditions and with the right readers, closed captions can manipulate time, transporting readers into the future, or, in more general terms, providing them with advance or additional information. In this chapter, I coin the term captioned irony to account for this significant difference between captioned and uncaptioned texts. Just as dramatic irony accounts for situations in which the audience knows more than the characters, captioned irony accounts for situations in which caption viewers know more, sooner, or differently than non-caption viewers. This different experience is not dependent solely on poorly timed captions (although sometimes it is) but on the different affordances of reading and listening, and, in some case, the inflexible application of style guidelines to situations that require a more subtle approach. This chapter will explore the time-traveling potential of punctuation at the end of a line (when coupled with fast reading and/or slow speaking), speaker identifications (when they give away the identity of characters too soon), and ironic juxtapositions (when captions cross boundaries they shouldn't).
Factors Controlling the Redox Activity of Oxygen in Perovskites: From Theory to Application for Catalytic Reactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Triggering the redox reaction of oxygens has become essential for the development of (electro) catalytic properties of transition metal oxides, especially for perovskite materials that have been envisaged for a variety of applications such as the oxygen evolution or reduction reactions (OER and ORR, respectively), CO or hydrocarbons oxidation, NO reduction and others. While the formation of ligand hole for perovskites is well-known for solid state physicists and/or chemists and has been widely studied for the understanding of important electronic properties such as superconductivity, insulator-metal transitions, magnetoresistance, ferroelectrics, redox properties etc., oxygen electrocatalysis in aqueous media at low temperature barely scratches the surface of the concept of oxygen ions oxidation. In this review, we briefly explain the electronic structure of perovskite materials and go through a few important parameters such as the ionization potential, Madelung potential, and charge transfer energy that govern the oxidation of oxygen ions. We then describe the surface reactivity that can be induced by the redox activity of the oxygen network and the formation of highly reactive surface oxygen species before describing their participation in catalytic reactions and providing mechanistic insights and strategies for designing new (electro) catalysts. Finally, we give a brief overview of the different techniques that can be employed to detect the formation of such transient oxygen species.
Influence of Metamizole on Antitumour Activity of Risedronate Sodium in In Vitro Studies on Canine (D-17) and Human (U-2 OS) Osteosarcoma Cell Lines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The availability of metamizole varies greatly around the world. There are countries such as the USA, UK, or Australia where the use of metamizole is completely forbidden, and there are also countries where this drug is available only on prescription (e.g., Greece, Italy, Spain, etc.) and those in which it is sold OTC—over the counter (e.g., most Asian and South American countries). Metamizole, as a drug with a strong analgesic effect, is used as an alternative to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or in combination with opioid drugs. Risedronate sodium is a third-generation bisphosphonate commonly used in orthopaedic and metabolic diseases of the musculoskeletal system, including hypercalcemia, postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, etc. The aim of this study was to check whether there were any pharmacological interactions between metamizole and risedronate sodium in in vitro studies. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT method, the number of apoptotic cells was assessed using the labelling TUNEL method, and the cell cycle assessment was performed with a flow cytometer and propidium iodide. This was a pilot study, which is why only two cancer cell lines were tested: D-17 of canine osteosarcoma and U-2 OS of human osteosarcoma. Exposure of the canine osteosarcoma cell line to a combination of risedronate sodium (100 µg/mL) and metamizole (50, 5, and 0.5 µg/mL) resulted in the complete abolition of the cytoprotective activity of metamizole. In the human osteosarcoma cell line, the cytotoxic effect of risedronate sodium was entirely eliminated in the presence of 50 µg/mL of metamizole. The cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effect of metamizole in combination with risedronate sodium in the tested human and canine osteosarcoma cell lines indicates an urgent need for further in vivo studies to confirm or disprove the potential dose-dependent undesirable effect of such a therapy.
Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is the key Akt-mesenchymal stem cell-released paracrine factor mediating myocardial survival and repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising tool for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Previously, we have shown that Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells mediate tissue repair through paracrine mechanisms. Using a comprehensive functional genomic strategy, we show that secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is the key stem cell paracrine factor that mediates myocardial survival and repair after ischemic injury. Sfrp2 is known to modulate Wnt signaling, and we demonstrate that cardiomyocytes treated with secreted frizzled related protein increase cellular β-catenin and up-regulate expression of antiapoptotic genes. These findings reveal the key role played by Sfrp2 in mediating the paracrine effects of Akt-mesenchymal stem cells on tissue repair and identify modulation of Wnt signaling as a therapeutic target for heart disease.
Energy transfer within the isolated light‐harvesting chlorophylla/bprotein of photosystem II (LHC‐II)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Picosecond absorption spectroscopy has been used to study energy transfer within the isolated light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex of photosystem II (LHC‐II). The results suggest: (i) a fast transfer (τ = 6 ± 4 ps) from chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a , (ii) during the lifetime of the chlorophyll b excited state there is no transfer of excitation energy between differently oriented molecules of chlorophyll b , (iii) a fast redistribution (τ = 20 ps) of excitation energy between different chlorophyll a chromophores.