jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
English Obstruent Perception by Native Mandarin, Korean, and English Speakers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter reports preliminary results of an acoustic analysis of fricatives in American English produced by native Japanese-speaking adults and children. The data were from 16 native Japanese (NJ) adults and 16 NJ children as well as 16 native English-speaking (NE) adults and NE children. All 64 participants were tested twice, one year apart, to study NJ adults’ and children’s learning of English. Their production of /s/ in the word ‘six’ was acoustically analyzed. Noise duration (absolute and normalized), fricative intensity, and center of gravity (CoG) were measured. For duration, the NJ adults’ /s/ was longer than the NE adults’ /s/ in both absolute duration and normalized duration. The CoG values were greater in the NE adults’ and children’s /s/ than in the NJ adults’ and children’s /s/. Noise amplitude was greater in the NE speakers’ /s/ than in the NJ speakers’ /s/. These results suggest that the NJ speakers’ /s/ was slightly more back than the NE speakers’ /s/ productions and that the NE speakers’ /s/ was more sibilant than the NJ speakers’ /s/. In addition, the noise amplitude increased significantly over the course of one year in the NJ children’s productions.
Comment on “Tidal Love numbers of neutron and self-bound quark stars”

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We comment on the paper of S. Postnikov et al. in Phys. Rev. D 82, 024016 (2010) and give a modified formula that needs to be taken into account when calculating the tidal Love number of neutron stars in case a first order phase-transition occurs at non-zero pressure. We show that the error made when using the original formula tends to zero as $p \rightarrow 0$ and we estimate the maximum relative error to be $\sim 5\%$ if the density discontinuity is at larger densities.
Heavy Particle Jet Identification with Zest

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a new jet observable {\em zest} defined on exclusively constructed jets and study its potential to discriminate jets originated from Standard Model heavy particles like $W,~Z$ bosons and top quark from gluon initiated jets. Zest exhibits properties such as boost invariance, stability against global color exchange among partons, and inclusion or exclusion of a few soft particles in the jet. We also observe that for gluon jets, zest distribution is mostly insensitive to the jet mass. These properties make zest a suitable candidate for vetoing gluon jets at the colliders. Zest when used in conjunction with other substructure observables that are uncorrelated to it can further improve gluon jet veto. We generalize zest and show that in one limit it is synonymous to particle multiplicity and in the other limit, it projects only the leading particle. Optimization on the parameter of generalized zest further improves the discrimination ability of the observable. We find that for the top quark-initiated jets, the discrimination provided by generalized zest is in close comparison with a class of machine learning-based top taggers. We propose that studying other non-linear infrared and collinear unsafe observables may help in unveiling the hidden physics of machine learning-based observables.
Serologic Evidence for Human Infection With Adenovirus-Associated Viruses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The adenovirus-associated viruses (AAV) are a newly recognized group of defective viruses that are capable of multiplying only in cell cultures infected with an adenovirus. Their natural history is unknown, since they have been identified only as contaminants of laboratory stocks of adenoviruses. This report describes the detection of antibodies to AAV serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in human sera by neutralization, complement fixation, and immunofluorescence tests. The curve of antibody frequency showed a steep rise between the ages of 1 and 10; about one-half of older children and adults showed antibodies to one or more AAV serotypes. AAV seroconversions were demonstrated by neutralizing and/or CF antibody in 5 of 12 children residing in a receiving home for young children in 1957–58 and in 7 of 28 children residing there in 1965–66. These findings therefore strongly indicate that man is naturally infected with viruses of the AAV group. Captive African green monkeys frequently showed antibody to AAV 4. Antibodies to all 4 AAV serotypes were found in a low proportion of captive but not in wild rhesus monkeys.
Which NODDI implementation is nicest for diffusion MRI?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) is becoming increasingly common as multiband acceleration becomes available for clinical scanning, but fitting the model can be extremely slow. Since the release of the original MATLAB implementation in 2012, three alternatives have become popular: Accelerated Microstructure Imaging via Convex Optimization (AMICO), the Microstructure Diffusion Toolbox (MDT), and the CUDA Diffusion Modelling Toolbox (cuDIMOT). They accelerate fitting through reformulation and/or using GPUs, but the implementation differences raise the question of which approach is best. To our knowledge all previous comparisons lacked knowledge of the true values and used the original implementation as the nominally correct one, with in vivo data. We remedy that using simulations with known NODDI values, in addition to in vivo scans. Method We created a software phantom with Neurite Density Index (NDI) values linearly increasing from 0.1 to 1.0 in x, Orientation Dispersion (ODI) from 0 to 1 in y, and Isotropic water Volume Fraction (ISOVF) from 0 to 0.9 in z. We simulated five scans using the ADNI3 advanced diffusion MRI protocol. The phantom had 20 voxels in each direction, and the fiber bundle principal direction randomly varied between the simulations. The simulations were fit by the original, AMICO, MDT, and cuDIMOT implementations, and root mean square errors were calculated as shown in Table 1. A discrepancy measure was also calculated using the brain voxels of three in vivo human scans acquired using the same protocol on a Siemens Prisma, substituting the original implementation’s values for the truth since the latter is unknown for in vivo scans. Result cuDIMOT had the least error (for ODI < 0.8) and was fastest. The original implementation was a close second in accuracy but much slower. cuDIMOT’s ODI underestimation can be corrected with a transfer function in the noise‐free case, but that approach fails with actual scans. Conclusion The original or cuDIMOT implementations should be used, with cuDIMOT the favorite when at least one CUDA‐capable GPU is available and the number of scans are large. Correcting cuDIMOT’s ODI underestimation using a different initialization or form of Dawson’s integral should be investigated.
Critical Incidents that Help and Hinder Learning Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The study's purpose was to identify and categorize the factors that helped or hindered therapists' ability to learn and implement Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for Couples. Fourteen therapists were interviewed using the Critical Incident Technique and asked to describe experiences that had helped or hindered their learning process. A total of 532 critical incidents were documented, which were sorted into 10 “helpful” and 8 “hindering” categories. Among the helpful factors were exposure to and discussion of EFT concepts, the use of an online listserv, and personal “fit” with model. Hindering factors included therapist anxiety about implementing EFT effectively, countertransference reactions, and the therapist's personal distractions and limitations. Implications of the results for training EFT therapists are discussed.
Method for detecting methylation status by using methylation-independent primers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A reliable and highly sensitive method is provided for detecting methylation status of CpG-containing nucleic acids by nucleic acid amplification and melting curve analysis of amplification products. The methods and compositions employs a novel design of primers, CpG-containing methylation-independent oligonucleotide primers, wherein both unmethylated and methylated alleles of a CpG-containing nucleic acid can be detected by use of only one set of primers after the CpG-containing nucleic acid has been subjected to cytosine to thymine conversion of unmethylated Cytosine. The method is useful for detection of methylation status in for example cancer genes and other disease related genes, wherein methylation influences gene expression.
Analysis of the Effects of Renewable Energy Mix, Primary Energy Intensity, Population, and GDP per Capita on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Energy Sector in ASEAN Countries

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study aims to examine the effects of population, GDP per capita, primary energy intensity, and the renewable energy mix on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the energy sector across ASEAN countries. A panel data regression analysis was conducted using the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) on annual data from ten ASEAN nations over the period 2000–2020. Robust standard errors clustered by country were applied to address issues of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. The results reveal that population growth and higher primary energy intensity are significantly associated with increased GHG emissions, while GDP per capita and the renewable energy mix do not show statistically significant effects. These findings indicate that energy efficiency and demographic trends are key drivers of emissions in the region. The novelty of this study lies in its use of panel econometrics to comprehensively assess multiple variables simultaneously within the context of ASEAN’s energy sector, an area underrepresented in previous research. Practically, the results underscore the need for targeted energy efficiency improvements and integrated population-energy planning in policy formulation. This study contributes empirically to the discourse on sustainable energy transition and provides evidence-based insights for developing climate mitigation strategies tailored to the ASEAN context.
A111‐a: Setting Up of Japanese Online Registry of Pediatric Rheumatic Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Purpose: Performing quality clinical and translational research in pediatric rheumatic diseases (eg. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Child onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (cSLE) and Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM)) had been difficult due the rarity of these diseases. Methods: Professor Takei, the former chairman of Pediatric Rheumatology Association of Japan (PRAJ), had ordered his working group to set up a new registry system in 2012. We, working group, have set up Japanese online registry for pediatric rheumatic disease in 2014 and have named it as Pediatric Rheumatology International Collaboration Unit Registry (PRICURE). Results: Under this registry, PRAJ will collect basic information (e.g. age of onset, sex, symptoms, major complication, main treatment) about these diseases (JIA, SLE, JDM, Sjogren syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Systemic Sclerosis, Behcet's disease, Vasculitis, Autoinflammatory syndromes, Fibromyalgia). Conclusion: We had set up new registry of pediatric rheumatic diseases. We will show initial data from this registry here.
Rapid urbanization and the growing demand for urban infrastructure in Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Africa is undergoing a rapid urban transition and is set to be the fastest urbanizing region in the coming decades. This shift has profound implications for achieving the continental and global targets for inclusive growth and transformation. Theory and global experience show that urbanization and structural transformation are closely linked—but less so in Africa. Urbanization in many African countries has not been driven by improving agricultural productivity. Indeed, most countries are urbanizing rapidly amid declining or stagnant industrial output and low agricultural productivity. The infrastructure development agenda has to make cities more productive and liveable yet with great reliance on the provision of sizable resources. However, matching the investment agenda to the goals of urbanization is a complex task, encompassing regional, national, urban, and rural dimensions which together determine the quality of the urbanization process. Institutional reforms should be undertaken to positively drive urbanization in Africa.
The Effectiveness of Using Youtube Video in Improving Students Writing Skill of Procedure Text at the Tenth Grade Of SMA Prima Tembung

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this research was to obtain the empirical evidence about the effectiveness of tutorial video on students’ writing of procedure texts. The method used in this research was a quantitative method and the research design was a quasi-experimental. The sample of this research was at the tenth grade students of SMA Prima Tembung academic year of 2020/2021. They were X IPA-1 class as the experimental class, whereas X IPA-2 class as the control one. Each class consisted of 25 students. The experimental class was taught with tutorial video while the control class was taught with teacher’s presentation or without tutorial video. For sampling technique the researcher used purposive sampling. The instrument used in this research was a written test and the scoring of writing rubric was used to score the students’ writing on the pre and posttest. Based on the calculation, the post-test mean scores of the experimental class was 79.32 while that of the control class was 75.44. Then, the result of statistical hypothesis testing by using independent sample t-test found that on degree of significance 5% (? = 0.05), tobserve was 3.108 while t table was 2.001 or tobserve > t table. Therefore, H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted. Furthermore, the Cohen’s formulation was used in order to know the effect size of tutorial video and the result was 0.80. It proved that tutorial video gave moderate effect and it can be concluded that there was a significant effect of tutorial video on students’ writing of procedure texts at the tenth grade of students SMA Prima Tembung in the academic year of 2020/2021.
Idiopathic Peripheral Retinal Telangiectasia in Adults: A Case Series and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Idiopathic peripheral retinal telangiectasia (IPT), often termed as Coats disease, can present in a milder form with the onset in adulthood. The goal of this case series study and literature review was to describe and classify different presenting forms and treatment of this entity and to review contemporary methods of its management. Six cases of adult onset IPT were described with the following phenotypes based on fundus ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography findings: IPT without exudates or foveal involvement, IPT with peripheral exudates without foveal involvement, IPT with peripheral exudates and cystoid macular edema, and IPT with peripheral and macular hard exudates. Treatments applied in this series included observation, laser photocoagulation, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment with variable outcomes depending upon the extent of IPT, the aggressiveness of laser treatment, and the stringency of follow-up. The accompanying literature review suggests that ablative therapies, especially laser photocoagulation, remain the most effective treatment option in adult-onset IPT, with anti-VEGF therapy serving as an adjuvant procedure. Close follow-up is necessary to achieve and maintain reasonable good visual and morphological results.
Second‐generation cryoballoon ablation for recurrent atrial fibrillation after an index procedure with radiofrequency versus cryo: Different pulmonary vein reconnection patterns but similar long‐term outcome—Results of a multicenter analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Repeated procedures are often needed for long‐term success of atrial fibrillation ablation. There are scarce data regarding cryoballoon use for such procedure. Methods and Results We analyzed acute effect and long‐term follow‐up of second‐generation cryoballoon ablation, performed as a repeat procedure after an index radiofrequency vs cryoballoon ablation. Sixty‐one patients from three centers were included. In 36 cases radiofrequency (RF‐I) and in 25 cryoballoon ablation (CB‐I) was the index procedure. During redo procedure, pulmonary vein reconnection was less frequent in CB‐I vs RF‐I (51.5% vs 66.9%; P = 0.017). After cryoballoon, left inferior ( P = 0.027) and right superior ( P = 0.06) pulmonary veins were less likely to exhibit reconnection. Moreover, patients after initial RF ablation frequently presented multiple‐vein reconnection ( P = 0.018), while patients after cryoablation more often had only one vein reconnected ( P = 0.008). During reablation procedures, all 149 reconnected veins in both groups were isolated, with no differences in procedural parameters, except for procedure time, shorter in CB‐I group (65.5 vs 71.1 minutes; P = 0.04). Transient phrenic nerve palsy was the only complication in both groups (5.6% and 8.0%; ns). After mean follow‐up of 15 ± 9 months, 70.3% of patients were free from atrial fibrillation (AF), with no differences between the groups ( P = 0.71). In multivariate Cox‐regression analysis, the persistent form of arrhythmia ( P = 0.009) and relapse in the blanking period ( P = 0.0004) were the only independent predictors of AF recurrence. Conclusions The use of second‐generation cryoballoon is associated with less frequent pulmonary vein reconnection compared with RF ablation. Cryoballoon is safe and effective for repeated AF ablation, regardless of the technique used for the initial procedure.
Reaction between various benzaldehydes and phenylhydroxylamine: special behaviour compared with other amines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between phenylhydroxylamine and benzaldehydes to give nitrones has been studied. Phenylhydroxylamine exhibits special behaviour compared with other amines. We have determined the following. (i) The pH–rate profile of the reaction of phenylhydroxylamine with benzaldehydes does not correspond to any of those previously encountered for this kind of reaction. Unlike amines of similar pKa values, the pH–rate profile for phenylhydroxylamine does not show a negative break, because the rate-determining step is the dehydration of the dihydroxy intermediate over the entire pH range (pH 1–11). (ii) The point for the reaction of phenylhydroxylamine shows a positive deviation from the Brønsted relation between the hydronium ion catalytic rate constant and the pKa of the amines. It is evident that this behaviour is caused by a very fast first step for the reaction of phenylhydroxylamine and it is suggested that this is due to a pre-association mechanism of attack of phenylhydroxylamine on carbonyl compounds.
An Invisible Impediment to Progress: Perceptions of Racialization in the Nonprofit Sector

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Popular beliefs about the nonprofit sector suggest it as a place devoted to the public good on behalf of disadvantaged individuals and groups. This dominant view implies an organization’s success or failure as the result of individual decision-making, capacity issues, or inability to behave like successful organizations. This fuels a view of the sector as race-neutral where all organizations encounter the same challenges and in the same ways. In this article, I use interview data from a 2-year qualitative study of Black-led organizations in Madison, Wisconsin to examine how Black-led organizations perceive racialization in the sector and its impact on their work. Findings suggest that Black-led organizations perceive racialization in the sector across key areas understood as central to an organization’s operation: leadership, funding, data, collaboration, and volunteering. I conclude by calling for a more robust theory of racialization in the nonprofit sector that might vary by place.
Understanding Molecular Testing Uptake Across Tumor Types in Eight Countries: Results From a Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: The growth in understanding of molecular biology and genomics has augmented the development of targeted cancer treatments; however, challenges exist in access to molecular testing, an essential precursor to treatment decision-making. We used data from a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the differences in uptake of molecular testing, METHODS: Using the aggregated results of a questionnaire developed and distributed to clinicians by IQVIA, including treatment details and investigations undertaken for patients, we compared proportions of patients receiving molecular testing and targeted treatment by cancer type for the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, South Korea, Japan, and China. We used multivariable logistic regression methods to understand the effect of country on the odds of receiving a molecular test. RESULTS: There was a total of 61,491 cases. Across countries and cancer types, uptake rates for molecular testing ranged between 2% and 98%, with the greatest differences seen in gastric cancers (range, 23% to 70%), and significant variations were observed for both European and Asian countries. China consistently demonstrated a significantly reduced uptake for all molecular tests assessed; however; uptake of drug treatment in gastric cancers after testing positive for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene was higher than in some European countries (China, 85%; European range, 8% to 66%). The uptake of epidermal growth factor receptor gene testing was greater in some Asian countries relative to the United Kingdom, where incidence of lung cancer is higher (Japan: odds ratio, 3.1 [95% CI, 2.6 to 3.8]; South Korea: odds ratio, 2.7 [95% CI, 2 to 3.4]). CONCLUSION: We have highlighted inequity in access to molecular testing and subsequent treatments across countries, which warrants improvements.
A Tear in the Fabric: the James Bulger Murder and New Theatre Writing in the 'Nineties

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is not yet ten years since Mark Ravenhill's Shopping and Fucking reached the stage of the Royal Court, during its West End exile in 1996; yet the play has already become, with Sarah Kane's Blasted , identified as central to the emergence of so-called ‘in-yer-face’ theatre. While Mark Ravenhill recognized the influence of such writers as Martin Crimp and David Mamet, it was only recently, during a discussion over coffee about a possible screenplay, that he began to consider the effects of both private and public events of 1993 upon his emergence as a writer – the death of a partner, and the infamous murder of a child by other children. In the following article he identifies recurrent concerns in his first three plays which he now sees as a working-out of his responses to a year which was crucial not only to his own personal narrative, but to others for whom the James Bulger murder epitomized all the worst aspects of a society that the Thatcherites claimed no longer to exist. Among Mark Ravenhill's more recent plays have been Mother Clap's Molly House , which transferred from the National Theatre to the Aldwych in 2002, and Totally Over You , written for the 2003 Shell Connections youth theatre season at the National. This article was first presented as the Marjorie Francis Lecture at Goldsmiths' College, University of London, on 5 May 2004.