jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Population-level analysis of Blastocystis subtype prevalence and variation in the human gut microbiota

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective Human gut microbiome studies are mainly bacteria- and archaea-oriented, overlooking the presence of single-cell eukaryotes such as Blastocystis, an enteric stramenopiles with worldwide distribution. Here, we surveyed the prevalence and subtype variation of Blastocystis in faecal samples collected as part of the Flemish Gut Flora Project (FGFP), a Western population cohort. We assessed potential links between Blastocystis subtypes and identified microbiota–host covariates and quantified microbiota differentiation relative to subtype abundances. Design We profiled stool samples from 616 healthy individuals from the FGFP cohort as well as 107 patients with IBD using amplicon sequencing targeting the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes. We evaluated associations of Blastocystis , and their subtypes, with host parameters, diversity and composition of bacterial and archaeal communities. Results Blastocystis prevalence in the non-clinical population cohort was 30% compared with 4% among Flemish patients with IBD. Within the FGFP cohort, out of 69 previously identified gut microbiota covariates, only age was associated with Blastocystis subtype carrier status. In contrast, a strong association between microbiota community composition and Blastocystis subtypes was observed, with effect sizes larger than that of host covariates. Microbial richness and diversity were linked to both Blastocystis prevalence and subtype variation. All Blastocystis subtypes detected in this cohort were found to be less prevalent in Bacteroides enterotyped samples. Interestingly, Blastocystis subtypes 3 and 4 were inversely correlated with Akkermansia , suggesting differential associations of subtypes with host health. Conclusions These results emphasise the role of Blastocystis as a common constituent of the healthy gut microbiota. We show its prevalence is reduced in patients with active IBD and demonstrate that subtype characterisation is essential for assessing the relationship between Blastocystis , microbiota profile and host health. These findings have direct clinical applications, especially in donor selection for faecal transplantation.
The Role of Social Participation for Women's Ability to Combine Motherhood and Employment Security in Mali and Ghana

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the role of social participation for the achievements of women in employment security and their fertility choices. In Capability terms, this implies exploring the circumstances in which women combine motherhood and employment security. Employment security is defined as having access to a job with more desirable characteristics, such as stable payment or in a more formal sector of the economy. The DHS and Afrobarometer data are used for two African countries: Ghana and Mali. Estimations from a multilevel model suggest that the resources of the context are a relevant explanatory factor for female employment security. The latent contextual effect for employment security is more pronounced in Mali (33%) than in Ghana (17%). Results confirm that the two countries are very different despite certain common effects. In both countries, social participation seems to play a role in the fertility-labour link, especially for women with more than four children.
Dermatological manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic multisystem disorder with prominent skin involvement that frequently occurs in early childhood. Dermatologic manifestations include facial angiofibromas, hypomelanotic macules, fibrous cephalic plaques, shagreen patches, and ungual fibromas. The International TSC Consensus Conference in 2012 provided guidelines for standardized baseline evaluation and follow‐up. Detailed clinical dermatological evaluation at the time of diagnosis and annual skin examination is recommended for both pediatric and adult populations. The onset of dermatological manifestations is clearly age‐related. However, dermatologists also have to assess for clinical manifestations beyond their own specialty. With advances in genetics and the advent of mTORC1 inhibitors, new specific therapeutic options have become available for TSC patients with skin manifestations. Early intervention is commonly recommended for symptomatic, rapidly evolving, disfiguring, or debilitating lesions. The consensus guidelines recommend “treatment as appropriate for the lesion and clinical context” and suggest the use of surgical excision, laser therapy, or topical mTORC1 inhibitors. Topical mTORC1 inhibitors present a useful option for TSC‐associated skin lesions, particularly in medically complex patients. They may prevent or reduce the risks of subsequent surgeries and permanent scarring.
Environmental Justice in Public Relations: What happened at Love Canal and Carver Terrace

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research will focus on activist organizations as practitioners of public relations. Using this framework, Love Canal and Carver Terrace, two groundbreaking environmental justice case studies, are evaluated through the lens of public relations. These lenses include public relations models, strategies, and tactics. Power and legitimacy are evaluated as factors which impact the public relations activities of activists. It was found that models did not fall into the 2-way symmetrical model and that strategies were motivated by interactions with target organizations. Furthermore, activists in these case studies utilized nearly every category of tactics. Furthermore power and legitimacy were discovered to be major points of contention between activists and target organizations however, legitimacy seemed to be easier for activists to gain than power.\nFinally, the case studies were evaluated based on their success and each case study was found to meet criteria which satisfied the description of success. The findings in this paper will be used to set a foundation for further research in the field of environmental justice activists and public relations for which there is currently very little.
Effect of soil NO3-nitrogen content and nitrogen fertilizer on yield of barley and canola grown on organic soils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Twenty field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to obtain information which would be useful for making N fertilizer recommendations for barley and canola crops grown on organic soils. Nitrogen fertilizer applied as NH4NO3 at rates of 10 to 250 kg ha-1, resulted in significant yield increases in eight of twelve barley experiments and five of eight canola experiments. Maximum grain yields for all sites averaged 2811 kg ha-1 for barley and 1122 kg ha-1 for canola. Fertilizer N required to reach 90% of maximum grain yield (90%MGY) and maximum economic grain yield (MEY) ranged between 30-130 kg ha-1 and varied inversely with spring soil NO3-N levels for most sites where economic response to N fertilizer occurred. Relationsips between % yield [yield of unfertilized treatment / maximum yield of fertilized treatment) * 100] and soil NO3-N content were evaluated for the 0-15, 0-30, 0-60, 0-90, and 0-120 cm sampling depths. The relationship of % yield to soil NO3-N to a depth of 30 or 60 cm was reasonably good and was best described by quadratic regression equations for both barley (r=0.86 for the 30 cm depth) and canola (r=0.86 for the 60 cm depth). The relationship between N uptake by the crop and soil NO3-N content was described equally well by linear or quadratic equations for all depths down to 90 cm for barley, with r values ranging from r=0.80 to 0.91, whereas quadratic models fit the relationship better at all depths for canola. The relationship between seed yield and N uptake of the crop was poor and low r values were obtained for quadratic or linear regression equations for both barley (r=0.55 and 0.53, respectively) and canola (r=0.39 and 0.36, respectively). Apparent amounts of N mineralized during the growing season ranged from 7 to 73 kg N ha-1 and averaged 33.2 kg N ha-1 for soils low in NO3_N at the time of seeding. Percent utilization of fertilizer N averaged 45% for barley and 28% for canola. Soil NO3-N levels remained relatively constant from fall to spring at sites with low initial NO3-N levels.
DABCO-catalyzed mono- and bisallylation of β,γ-unsaturated ketones with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Mono- and bisallylation of β,γ-unsaturated ketones with MBH carbonates in the presence of DABCO at rt, offered α-2-alkoxycarbonyl, α,α-di(2-alkoxycarbonyl) and α,γ-di(2-alkoxycarbonyl) α,β-unsaturated ketones in the moderate to excellent yields.
FROM THE EDITOR

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Other| November 01 1996 FROM THE EDITOR Olu Oguibe Olu Oguibe Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Nka (1996) 1996 (5): 9. https://doi.org/10.1215/10757163-5-1-9 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Olu Oguibe; FROM THE EDITOR. Nka 1 November 1996; 1996 (5): 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/10757163-5-1-9 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsNka Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1996 Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art1996 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
AgeatMenarche:50-YearSocioeconomicTrendsAmong US-BornBlackandWhiteWomen

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives. We investigated 50-year US trends in age at menarche by socioeconomic position (SEP) and race/ethnicity because data are scant and contradictory. Methods. We analyzed data by income and education for US-born nonHispanic Black and White women aged 25 to 74 years in the National Health Examination Survey (NHES) I (1959–1962), National Health Examination and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) I–III (1971–1994), and NHANES 1999–2008. Results. In NHES I, average age at menarche among White women in the 20th (lowest) versus 80th (highest) income percentiles was 0.26 years higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = –0.09, 0.61), but by NHANES 2005–2008 it had reversed and was –0.33 years lower (95% CI = –0.54, –0.11); no socioeconomic gradients occurred among Black women. The proportion with onset at younger than 11 years increased only among women with low SEP, among Blacks and Whites (P for trend < .05), and high rates of change occurred solely among Black women (all SEP strata) and low-income White women who underwent menarche before 1960. Conclusions. Trends in US age at menarche vary by SEP and race/ethnicity in ways that pose challenges to several leading clinical, public health, and social explanations for early age at menarche and that underscore why analyses must jointly include data on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Future research is needed to explain these trends. (Am J Public Health. 2015;105:388–397. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2014.301936)
Non-anthropocentric poetics in John Banville's art trilogy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Since Descartes' cogito ergo sum takes the self-reflexive "I" as the guarantor of its existence and the basis of all things, it may be considered an anthropocentric philosophy. As a critique of the anthropocentrism that underpins Descartes' philosophy, Heidegger's conception of the aesthetic interpellates itself within an anti-humanist tradition that locates the human within a universe which pre-exists it, thereby revealing the limitations of the Cartesian mode of seeking after empirical knowledge. These limitations surface most obviously in the observation of the world's resistance to our attempts to subjugate it under totalising concepts, rendering itself infinitely strange and ungraspable to the inquiring Cartesian subject. The sheer indifference of nature to the human world should further debunk the view that takes the human as the world's ontological centre. Given the decentred condition of the human, which renders the notion of human volition tenuous, Heidegger's non-anthropocentric conception of the aesthetic offers a possibility of transcending this tedium. This possibility is evinced in Heideggerean poiesis, which refers to a bringing forth, by which the artist may realise his volition, however fleetingly, as an interdependent achievement vis-à-vis the autonomous art object that he leads to being. The realisation of this volition is contingent upon the artist's understanding of his ontological standpoint as what Heidegger calls "Being-in-the-world", a standpoint which recognises his situatedness in the world, that his being is always defined vis-à-vis the world itself. Given that much of John Banville's oeurve feature the decentred subject as suspended in an indifferent world, this paper seeks to trace the assimilation of this non-anthropocentric aesthetic specifically in the art trilogy, even as the novels foreground differing sets of meditations on the imagination and the significance of art.
Breast Cancer and Treatment With Neuroleptics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.—

Dr Overall is to be congratulated for being the first to examine a possible association between neuroleptic drug use and breast cancer (Archives35:898-899, 1978). However, no statistically significant evidence for the hypothesized association was found when the proportion of patients with breast cancer who had been treated for schizophrenia at the hospital was compared to the proportion of other cancer patients who had been treated for that disorder. Although Dr Overall fully acknowledges that his study is not definitive, we believe that his conclusions require further verification. Specifically, the author states that the results "certainly seem to support the conclusion that increased risk of breast cancer due to psychiatric drug treatment is not a clinically substantial problem where schizophrenia is the alternative." The major problem is that the study sample size is inadequate to detect anything less than an extremely large relative risk. Dr Overall's observed
Synthesis and binding assays of H3-receptor ligands.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The preparation of a representative group of derivatives of the known H3-antagonist thioperamide is described. Binding affinity for histamine H3-receptors of thioperamide and its derivatives, which were obtained by substitution on the imidazole ring, was measured on rat brain cortex synaptosomes. Competitive binding assays were performed with two different labelled ligands, the physiological agonist [3H]histamine ([3H]HA) and the potent H3-agonist N alpha-[3H]methyl-histamine ([3]NAMHA). We observed a remarkable difference in Ki values obtained versus the two labelled ligands, both for thioperamide and its derivatives. In particular, 5-methylthioperamide showed a considerable selectivity for the system recognized by [3H]NAMHA, being about 100 times more potent versus this system than versus the system recognized by [3H]HA. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that it is necessary to consider this difference in evaluating the affinity of new compounds for the H3-receptors.
Upping the Ante: The Equilibrium Effects of Unconditional Grants to Private Schools

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We assess whether financing can help private schools, which now account for one-third of primary school enrollment in low- and middle-income countries. Our experiment allocated unconditional cash grants to either one (L) or all (H) private schools in a village. In both arms, enrollment and revenues increased, leading to above-market returns. However, test scores increased only in H schools, accompanied by higher fees, and a greater focus on teachers. We provide a model demonstrating that market forces can provide endogenous incentives to increase quality and increased financial saturation can be used to leverage competition, generating socially desirable outcomes. (JEL I21, I22, I25, I28, L22, L26, N75, O15, O16)
EXPERIMENTAL SEPARATION OF TORSIONAL AND CHARGE REDISTRIBUTION EFFECTS IN ROTATIONAL SPECTRA OF HCN DIMERS$^{\ast}$

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

$^{\ast}$Work supported by NSF and PRF. $^{1}$ L.W. Buxton, E.J. Campbell, and W. H. Flygare, Chem. Phys. 56, 399 (1981). $^{2}$ A. J. Filiery-Travis, A. C. Legon, L. C. Willoughby and A.D. Buckingham, Chem. Phys. Letters 102, 126 (1983).
Adverse Events and Signal Generation Induced by the Use of Quinolone Vs Cephalosporin: A Nationwide Spontaneous Adverse Event Reporting Database, 2005-2017

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: Quinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibacterial in the world. We comparatively analysed the status of adverse events (AE) due to quinolones with respect to the use of cephalosporins and detected signals for quinolones. Methods: We used data from the Korea Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management-Korea Adverse Event Reporting System Database (KIDS-KD), collected between 2005 and 2017. Differences in patient demographics, report type, reporter, causality, and serious-AEs between quinolones and cephalosporins was compared, the annual frequency ratio of quinolone AEs versus cephalosporin AEs were compared. Metrics including proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and information component (IC), used to detect signals for quinolones, and they were compared with the information on the drug labels in the USA, EU, and Korea. Results: The total number of AE reported for quinolones and cephalosporins was 22,352 and 76,325, respectively. Both drugs were most used in patients over 60 years of age, and this tendency was more pronounced for quinolones [proportion of patients over 60 years of age: quinolones 45.62% (10,196) vs. cephalosporins 32.85% (25,074)]. The frequency ratio of quinolone AEs to cephalosporin AEs (quinolone AEs/cephalosporin AEs) increased gradually over the years from 2008 (0.11) to 2016 (0.32). The frequency of quinolone AEs was higher than that of cephalosporins in disorders of the skin and appendages only. Thirty-seven cases (10.0%) for quinolones were confirmed as signal information from a total of 369 drug-AE pairs. The number of signals satisfied all three methods (PRR, ROR, and IC) were 23 of 37. Total 9 cases (abscess, leg pain, vein pain, cachexia, skin discoloration, hyperventilation, stomatitis ulcerative, photopsia, and cardiac enzymes increased) out of 37 signals were identified as new signals that were not present on either the Korea, USA, or EU labels. Conclusion: Newly detected signals for quinolones should be continuously monitored to assess causality.
Low KRT15 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast invasive carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although keratin 15 (KRT15) has been indicated to be overexpressed in several types of tumor, its role in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) has so far remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to explore KRT15 expression in BRCA based on data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and The Genotype-Tissue Expression. KRT15 expression was compared using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to reveal the biological roles and pathways of KRT15. The association between KRT15 expression and immune-cell infiltration was evaluated via single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). To investigate the relationship between clinicopathological features and KRT15 expression, the prognostic value of KRT15 and other clinical factors was evaluated using Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier (KM) plots. Subgroup prognostic analysis was also performed using forest plots and KM curves. Finally, a tissue microarray was used to assess KRT15 expression in BRCA tissues. KRT15 expression was significantly lower in BRCA tissues compared with that in normal tissues. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that KRT15-related genes were primarily enriched in the transmembrane transporter complex, cornification and ligand-receptor interactions. Increased KRT15 was associated with several tumor-suppressive pathways. ssGSEA revealed that high KRT15 expression was significantly associated with natural killer-cell, B-cell and mast-cell infiltration. Significant associations were observed between low KRT15 expression and advanced stage clinicopathological factors, as well as unfavorable overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that KRT15 was an independent prognostic factor for OS (P=0.039; hazard ratio, 0.590; 95% CI, 0.358-0.974). Subgroup prognostic analysis demonstrated that low KRT15 was a reliable predictor of poor OS. Immunohistochemistry of a tissue microarray indicated that positive KRT15 expression rates were significantly higher in normal tissues compared with those in the BRCA tissues. In conclusion, low KRT15 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with BRCA. Thus, KRT15 may serve an important role in BRCA progression and may be used as a promising prognostic marker for diagnostic and prognostic analyses in patients with BRCA.
A Review of the Efficacy of 10% Dextrose as an Alternative to High Concentration Glucose in the Treatment of Out-of-Hospital Hypoglycaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Dextrose 50% is commonly accepted as the primary management of severe hypoglycaemia, however its position seems to be by default rather than clinical or research significance. The use of 10% dextrose by some prehospital care providers has demonstrated greater practical and physiological advantages, with less clinical implications than higher concentrations. The objective of this study was to review the literature into the efficacy of intravenous 10% dextrose in the management of out-of-hospital hypoglycaemia. Methods A review of select electronic databases was conducted from their commencement to the end of March 2008. Inclusion criteria was any article which evaluated the administration of intravenous glucose within any setting/discipline, or when compared to any alternative intervention. Exclusion criteria were articles pertaining to the administration of glucose other than in the emergency management of hypoglycaemia. Results The search yielded 3,651 potential articles, with 24 meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Dextrose 10% has demonstrated equal time to restoration of conscious state at smaller doses, with reductions in post-treatment blood sugar levels than the higher 50% concentration. The risk of extravasation injuries and potential clinical ramifications in paediatrics are compelling reasons to consider a shift away from higher concentrations of glucose. The titration of 10% dextrose to patient conscious state has been utilised by other prehospital care providers in replacement of bolus doses of 50% preparations. Conclusion There is evidence to suggest that the titration of 10% dextrose to conscious state in severe hypoglycaemia is as efficacious as the administration of 50% dextrose, while reducing associated risks and producing better post-treatment outcomes.