jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The prevention of human rights violations : contribution on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Marangopoulos Foundation for Human Rights (MFHR)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Message of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights M. Robinson. Part I: Conventional Regimes. 1. The CPT Model: An Examination R. Morgan. 2. The Preventive Mandate of the Control System Created by the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities R. Hofmann. 3. The Preventive Dimension of the Activities of United Nations Treaty Bodies E. Kastanas. 4. Issues of Prevention and the Development of International Humanitarian Law: From the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda to the International Criminal Court S. Perrakis. 5. Some Reflections on the Statute of the International Criminal Court P. Dascalopoulou-Livada. Part II: Non-Conventional Monitoring Mechanisms. 1. The UN Special Rapporteurs L. Joinet. 2. Preventing Human Rights Violations on the Field: The Role of the OSCE Missions D. Christopoulos. 3. The Contribution of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) G. Malinverni. 4. The Prevention of Human Rights Violations: Monitoring Mechanisms of the Council of Europe A. Drzemczewski. Part III: International Commissioners and Ombudsmen. 1. Integrating Human Rights into the Preventive Action of the United Nations E. Stamatopoulou. 2. UNHCR's Role in the Prevention of Human Rights Violations M. Stavropoulou. 3. The Preventive Role of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe J. Schokkenbroek. 4. The Preventive Activities of the European Ombudsman J. Soderman. Part IV: National Ombudsmen and Human Rights Institutions. 1. Evolution and Perspectives of the Institution of the Ombudsman F. Orton. 2. Evolution and Perspectives for National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: Their Contribution to the Prevention of Human Rights Violations E. Decaux. 3. Vigilance and Proposal: The Preventive Role of the French National Advisory Commission for Human Rights G. Fellous. 4. The Greek National Commission for the Protection of Human Rights G. Papadimitriou. Part V: Towards a Human Rights Culture. 1. The Contribution of NGOs to the Prevention of Human Rights Violations A. Dieng. 2. Human Rights Education, a Fundamental Resource in the Prevention of Violations J.-B. Marie. Part VI: General Conclusions. The Prevention of Human Rights Violations: Utopia or Challenge? L.-A. Sicilianos. Index.
Influence of the Reno'Portal Venous Anastomosis upon the Renal Function in the Experimental Renal Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As previously reported, the reno-portal venous anastomosis had curative effect on the elevated blood pressure of the renal hypertensive dogs and this was probably due to the inactivating ability of the liver to the pressure substance released from the kidney. It has also been reported that this anastomosis han no significant noxious effect on the liver function during the long period of observation. Another important problem which should be solved before this technique can be used clinically is its effect on the renal function. In the present experiments, the renal function before and after the reno-portal venous anastomosis was examined by means of renal "Clearance" in normotensive and hypertensive dogs. Experimental hypertension was produced under the modified GOLDBLATT method by constricting the right renal artery with a tantalum plate or under the modified MASUGI'S method by intravenous administration of the anti-dog-kidney-cortex rabbit immune serum in the previously left nephrectmized dogs. The anastomosis was carried out by end to side anastomosis between the right renal vein and the portal vein or to the root of the superior mesenteric vein. Blood N. P. N., and serum Na, K and Cl were measured to investigate the influence caused by such reno-portal venous shunt. Blood N. P. N., serum Na, K and Cl remained within its normal level. Adult female mongrel dogs weighing approximately 10 kg were used for the experiments. In normotensive dogs, no significant change was noted in both the blood pressure and the renal function after the anastomosis. In hypertensive dogs with constricted renal arteries, the impaired renal function showed a slight improvement after the anastomosis and that was accompanied with normalization of the elevated blood pressure. In the nephrotoxic nephritis, the renal function was compared between the non-anastomosed and the anastomosed group, after induced nephritis. In the anastomosed group, no significant elevation of the blood pressure was followed after the administration of the immune serum, whereas the blood pressure of the non-anastomosed elevated markedly. As to the renal function, however, no significant difference concerning the degree of impairment could be found between the two groups after giving the immune serum. It may be concluded that the reno-portal venous anastomosis has no significant effect on the normal kidney, whereas it has the favourable effect upon the impaired kidney function, especially when this is produced by the constriction of the renal artery.
Dependence of thermodynamic quantities at freeze-out on pseudorapidity and collision energy in p-p collisions at LHC energies*

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons produced in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies ( ) of 0.9 TeV and 2.36 TeV, as measured by the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), have been analyzed within various pseudorapidity classes utilizing the thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution. The fitting procedure resulted in the key parameters, namely, effective temperature ( T ), non-extensivity parameter ( q ), and kinetic freezeout volume ( V ). Additionally, the mean transverse momentum ( ) and initial temperature ( T i ) of the particle source are determined through the fit function and string percolation method, respectively. An alternative method is employed to calculate the kinetic freezeout temperature ( ) and transverse flow velocity ( ) from T . Furthermore, thermodynamic quantities at the freezeout, including energy density ( ε ), particle density ( n ), entropy density ( s ), pressure ( P ), and squared speed of sound ( ), are computed using the extracted T and q . It is also observed that, with a decrease in pseudorapidity, all thermodynamic quantities except V and q increase. This trend is attributed to greater energy transfer along the mid pseudorapidity. q increases towards higher values of pseudorapidity, indicating that particles close to the beam axis are far from equilibrium. Meanwhile, V remains nearly independent of pseudorapidity. The excitation function of these parameters ( q ) shows a direct (inverse) correlation with collision energy. The ε , n , s , and P show a strong dependence on collision energies at low pseudorapidities. Explicit verification of the thermodynamic inequality suggests the formation of a highly dense droplet-like Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Additionally, the inequality is explicitly confirmed, aligning with the evolution of the produced fireball.
Wireless and Fiber-Based Post-Quantum-Cryptography-Secured IPsec Tunnel

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the near future, commercially accessible quantum computers are anticipated to revolutionize the world as we know it. These advanced machines are predicted to render traditional cryptographic security measures, deeply ingrained in contemporary communication, obsolete. While symmetric cryptography methods like AES can withstand quantum assaults if key sizes are doubled compared to current standards, asymmetric cryptographic techniques, such as RSA, are vulnerable to compromise. Consequently, there is a pressing need to transition towards post-quantum cryptography (PQC) principles in order to safeguard our privacy effectively. A challenge is to include PQC into existing protocols and thus into the existing communication structure. In this work, we report on the first experimental IPsec tunnel secured by the PQC algorithms Falcon, Dilithium, and Kyber. We deploy our IPsec tunnel in two scenarios. The first scenario represents a high-performance data center environment where many machines are interconnected via high-speed networks. We achieve an IPsec tunnel with an AES-256 GCM encrypted east–west throughput of 100 Gbit/s line rate. The second scenario shows an IPsec tunnel between a wireless NVIDIA Jetson and the cloud that achieves a 0.486 Gbit/s AES-256 GCM encrypted north–south throughput. This case represents a mobile device that communicates securely with applications running in the cloud.
Influence of Heat Treatment Conditions on Photocatalytic Properties of Oxidized TiN Film

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the photocatalytic activity of annealed TiN powders and films were examined to clarify the influence of annealing temperature and pressure on the photocatalytic properties under UV and visible light irradiation. TiN films were deposited on stainless steel and quartz substrates by DC magnetron sputtering, and annealed TiN powders were used as a reference material to confirm the effectiveness of TiN oxidation. TiN powders which were annealed at 873-1173K, showed obvious photocatalytic activity, under both UV and visible light irradiation. However, annealed TiN films on the stainless steel substrate showed low photocatalytic activity except for those annealed at 823K and 1.0kPa. This is because film annealed above 923 K consisted of a dominant rutile phase, and the film annealed at 1023K delaminated from the stainless substrate. For the quartz substrate, the dominant phase of the films annealed at 823 and 923 K was anatase, and all films remained completely on the substrate after annealing. In particular, the film which was annealed at 923K and 1.0kPa showed high photocatalytic activity both under UV and visible light irradiation. Thus, good photocatalytic activity can be obtained by annealing TiN with an appropriate temperature, pressure and substrate material.
Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts Harboured in Bovine Slaughtered in Selected Abattoirs: A Case Study from Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This chapter aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and viability of cystic hydatidosis in bovine slaughtered in four selected abattoirs within Kaduna metropolis. Hydatidosis is cystic parasitosis caused by a larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus with immense economic and public health significance. As to many other parasitic infections, the life cycle of Echinococcus infection is complex which requires two mammalian hosts (intermediate and definitive hosts) for the completion of its life cycle. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, organ distribution and characteristics of hydatid cysts in cattle slaughtered at Kaduna Metropolis abattoir. A total of 160 cattle at slaughter point, that is 40 from each abattoir were randomly sampled and examined for the presence of the hydatid cysts.Out of the 160 cattle examined (40 from each abattoir), 21 (12.2 %) were found to harbor visible hydatid cysts. Significantly higher infection (p < 0.05) was detected in cattle with poor body conditions than animals with moderate and fat body condition score. Animals used were all adults. Cysts were found to be distributed in the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and heart as follows: 42.9%, 38.0%, 4.76%, 9.50% and 4.76% respectively. According to the study, hydatidosis is a serious condition affecting cattle in Kaduna and the surrounding areas. It may result in significant financial losses since affected animals lose weight and suffer organ damage.Out of 36 hydatid cysts examined, 17 (47.22%), 14 (38.88%) and 5 (13.88%) were found to be small, medium and large- sized respectively. Likewise, out of 36 cysts assessed, 18 (50%) were fertile, 4 (11.11%) sterile and 14 (38.8%) were calcified. Of the 18 fertile cysts subjected for viability test, 12 (27.7%) were viable while, 8(22.2%) were non-viable. Health workers should be empowered to enlighten the abattoirs operation on the claim of hydatidosis transmission. They should also increase inspection visits and monitoring of abattoirs activities to avoid illegal consumption of hydatid infected organs.Anti–helminthic drugs should be made available to the bovine farmers in order to eliminate the parasites.
Visual Analytics Dashboard for Exogenous Risk Management and Logistical and Strategic Planning of Supply Chains for Smart Factories

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, which focuses on the exogenous risks, a prototype is developed, which presents the users a world map with the country-specific risk factors. These risk factors, which have a massive impact on the supply chain of a company, are based on live data sources from the Internet, in order to provide up-to-date risk assessments. The prototype allows to place and link the individual company sites or suppliers in the world map. The resulting supply chains can be analyzed based on the exogenous risk factors such as weather and natural catastrophes, as well as war situations and terrorist warnings. Through a detail view, as well as through the comparability of several supply chains, based on an aggregation of the risks, the prototype provides users with the vulnerability of the supply chain as a measure of the risk exposure of the company.
Determination of Base Flipping Free Energy Landscapes from Nonequilibrium Stratification

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Correct calculation of the variation of free energy upon base flipping is crucial in understanding the dynamics of DNA systems. The free energy landscape along the flipping pathway gives the thermodynamic stability and the flexibility of base-paired states. Although numerous free energy simulations are performed in the base flipping cases, no theoretically rigorous nonequilibrium techniques are devised and employed to investigate the thermodynamics of base flipping. In the current work, we report a general nonequilibrium stratification scheme for efficient calculation of the free energy landscape of base flipping in DNA duplex. We carefully monitor the convergence behavior of the equilibrium sampling based free energy simulation and the nonequilibrium stratification and determine the empirical length of time blocks required for converged sampling. Comparison between the performances of equilibrium umbrella sampling and nonequilibrium stratification is given. The results show that nonequilibrium free energy simulation is able to give similar accuracy and efficiency compared with the equilibrium enhanced sampling technique in the base flipping cases. We further test a convergence criterion we previously proposed and it comes out that the convergence behavior determined by this criterion agrees with those given by the time-invariant behavior of PMF and the nonlinear dependence of standard deviation on the sample size.
Thermophysical behavior and the effect of the crystal structure on the thermoelectric properties of Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Four different structure types depending on composition and reaction temperature are known of the highly anisotropic non-stoichiometric oxide Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/. Only /spl gamma/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ (0.55/spl les/x/spl les/0.74) was reported to possess large thermopower and studied in detail. Despite the corresponding stoichiometry of /spl gamma/-, /spl alpha/'-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ and /spl gamma/-, /spl beta/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/, respectively, no phase transition has been reported for /spl gamma/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ while investigating its thermoelectric properties. This aspect motivated our study of the thermophysical behavior of /spl gamma/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ by means of TG/DTA, DSC, XRD and SEM/EDX. No phase transition is detected in air up to 1100/spl deg/C. In contrast, the decomposition of /spl gamma/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ under Ar is accompanied by the formation of /spl alpha/-and /spl alpha/'-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/. Samples with various contents of /spl alpha/-, /spl alpha/'- and /spl gamma/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ have been prepared by heat treatment of /spl gamma/-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ employing different temperatures and sintering atmospheres, namely Ar, air and O/sub 2/. The thermoelectric properties of /spl alpha/- and /spl alpha/'-Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/ were investigated to study the effect of the crystal structure on the thermoelectric properties of Na/sub x/CoO/sub 2/.
The link between the rights of residence and family reunification: C-451/11 (Natthaya Düger v. Wetteraukreis)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reference for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Verwaltungsgericht Giessen (Germany), made by decision of 11 August 2011, received at the Court on 1 September 2011 in order to interpret the first indent of the first paragraph of Article 7 of Decision No 1/80 of the Association Council of 19 September 1980 on the development of the Association (‘Decision No 1/80’).
Diaporthe juglandicola sp. nov. (Diaporthales, Ascomycetes), evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Diaporthe juglandicola sp.nov, collected from diseased branches of Juglans mandshurica in Beijing, China, is described and illustrated in this paper.Evidence for this new species is provided by its holomorphic morphology and phylogenetic analysis.Morphologically, the asexual morph produces hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal, alpha conidia (8.1-8.7 × 2.3-2.9 μm), while the sexual morph produces 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindric asci and fusoid, 0-1-septate ascospores.The phylogeny inferred from combined multi-locus sequences (CAL, HIS, ITS, TEF1-α, TUB) grouped the isolates of the new species into a distinct lineage.
COVID-19 and endoscopic services: the impact of delays in therapeutic colonoscopies on patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We are writing in relation to the study by Rutter et al with interest.1 The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in major changes to healthcare delivery in many clinical areas including endoscopic services.1–3 The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Joint Advisory Group for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (JAG) issued guidance for endoscopic services on 23 March 2020 recommending activities prioritising emergencies or essential procedures and postponement of non-emergency cases, bowel cancer screening and surveillance.4

The study by Rutter et al reported a substantial reduction to as low as 5% of normal endoscopic activity in the UK earlier on in the pandemic with only a 20% increase of pre-COVID-19 levels 10 weeks later. Endoscopic cancer detection rate reduced by 58% overall, with a worrying 72% reduction for colorectal cancer during the study period.1 A national survey of UK endoscopy leads in May 2020 showed a substantial number of endoscopy services stopped performing endoscopy with an anticipated slow recovery and trebling …
Factors influencing the early initiation of breast feeding in public primary healthcare facilities in Northeast Nigeria: a mixed-method study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The early initiation of breast feeding is a high-impact intervention that gives newborns a better chance of survival. We assess the barriers and facilitators influencing the practice of early breast feeding of newborns in public primary healthcare facilities (PHCs) in Northeast Nigeria, to influence the planning of programmes targeted at improving newborn care in the region. Method We used an explanatory mixed-method approach. We conducted case observation of childbirths and newborn care for the quantitative arm, and interviewed mothers and birth attendants 1 hour after childbirth for the qualitative arm. The analysis for the quantitative arm was done with SPSS V.23. For the qualitative arm, we transcribed the audio files, coded the texts and categorised them using thematic analysis. Result We observed 393 and 27 mothers for the quantitative and qualitative arms of the study, respectively. The quantitative arm shows that 39% of mothers did not breastfeed their newborns within 1 hour of birth. The qualitative arm shows that 37% of mothers did not breastfeed within 1 hour of birth. Themes that describe the barriers to early breast feeding in public PHCs are: birth attendants’ unwillingness or inability to accommodate mothers’ safe traditional practices, ineffective rooming-in practices, staff shortages, lack of privacy in the lying-in ward and poor implementation of visiting-hour policy in public PHCs. The pregnant women denied safe traditional birth practices like chanting, praying or reading religious books during delivery are five times more likely not to breastfeed newborns within the first hour of birth (relative risk=4.5, 95% CI 1.2–17.1) compared with pregnant women allowed these practices. Conclusion Stakeholders must increase their focus on improving breastfeeding practices in public PHCs. Instituting policies that protect mothers’ privacy and finding innovative ways to accommodate and promote safe traditional practices in the intrapartum and postpartum period in PHCs will improve the early breast feeding of newborns in these PHCs.
Student perspectives of choice in high school physical education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Physical activity is important for youth. A phenomenological approach was used to investigate students’ experiences with a physical education program that provided choice. The following questions were investigated: • How do students experience PE programs that provide choice? • What are students’ perspectives about PE/PA at school and outside of school? Many students experienced positive relationships in PE with their peers and PE teachers, which resulted in a sense of belonging. The findings also revealed the importance of student voice in PE and students appreciating authentic choice. In addition, students’ were motivated to participate in physical activities because of the general wellness benefits. Yet, students shared that there were barriers that prevented their engagement in physical activities. Gaining a greater understanding of what they experienced in this type of PE program can impact educators’ future decisions pertaining to curriculum and how best to support students in PE programs to live active lifestyles.