jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative Physiology of Sound Localization in Four Species of Owls (Part 2 of 2)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Bilateral ear asymmetry is found in some, but not all, species of owls. We investigated the neural basis of sound localization in symmetrical and asymmetrical species, to deduce how ear asymmetry might have evolved from the ancestral condition, by comparing the response properties of neurons in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx) of the symmetrical burrowing owl and asymmetrical long-eared owl with previous findings in the symmetrical great horned owl and asymmetrical barn owl. In the ICx of all of these owls, the neurons had spatially restricted receptive fields, and auditory space was topographically mapped. In the symmetrical owls, ICx units were not restricted in elevation, and only azimuth was mapped in ICx. In the barn owl, the space map is two-dimensional, with elevation forming the second dimension. Receptive fields in the long-eared owl were somewhat restricted in elevation, but their tuning was not sharp enough to determine if elevation is mapped. In every species, the primary cue for azimuth was interaural time difference, although ICx units were also tuned for interaural intensity difference (IID). In the barn owl, the IIDs of sounds with frequencies between about 5 and 8 kHz vary systematically with elevation, and the IID selectivity of ICx neurons primarily encodes elevation. In the symmetrical owls, whose ICx neurons do not respond to frequencies above about 5 kHz, IID appears to be a supplementary cue for azimuth. We hypothesize that ear asymmetry can be exploited by owls that have evolved the higher-frequency hearing necessary to generate elevation cues. Thus, the IID selectivity of ICx neurons in symmetrical owls may preadapt them for asymmetry; the neural circuitry that underlies IID selectivity is already present in symmetrical owls, but because IID is not absolutely required to encode azimuth it can come to encode elevation in asymmetrical owls.
A importância do marketing no processo empreendedor dos microempresários/ The importance of marketing in the entrepreneurial process of microentrepreneurs

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Com todas essas questões relacionadas ao empreendedorismo e, considerando um aumento cada vez maior da concorrência nos negócios, as estratégias de marketing se tornaram mais importantes e relevantes para a sobrevivência no mercado. E para que os microempresários possam se adequar neste mercado tão inovador e cheio de mudanças a todo tempo, eles precisam de estratégias para estar sempre atingindo seus objetivos diante da concorrência e satisfazer seus clientes que estão cada dia mais exigentes, devido ao grande leque de possibilidades que se têm hoje em dia. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a importância que o marketing exerce sobre o comércio como um todo, contribuindo para que os microempresários possam se destacar e ter maior visibilidade diante de seus concorrentes. A metodologia utilizada no presente trabalho foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, com abordagem qualitativa. Foram abordados passos e técnicas para vendas, inclusive os melhores e mais eficientes e que são mais usados pelos microempresários ultimamente para despertar a atenção dos clientes para seu trabalho e os fidelizar. Constatou-se então que o uso das ferramentas certas voltadas para o marketing é crucial para manter uma empresa em seu patamar de sucesso e/ou destacá-la das demais.
Hydrogen negative ion source with LaB6 inserts

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The compact negative ion source having a semiplanotron discharge geometry and the two independently heated LaB6 cathode inserts was developed and studied. The hot LaB6 cathode insert supports discharge ignition and operation at low hydrogen pressure, while the cold one provides the glow discharge concentration in its vicinity. The stable production of H− beams with the current density in the emission hole in the range of about 0.1 A/cm2 was obtained in the pure hydrogen discharge. Negative ion yield at the different parts of the composite source cathode was measured. It was maximal in the glow region. An enhanced H− yield was recorded due to discharge concentration near the LaB6 inserts. LaB6 with a decreased work function does not produce a sizable income of surface-produced negative ions to the beam, extracted from the pure hydrogen discharge. The use of LaB6 inserts as a reliable source of electrons to form the discharge simplifies the surface-plasma source use.
"If Sight and Shape be True": The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article “If sight and shape be true”: The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage Get access Tracey Sedinger Tracey Sedinger Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shakespeare Quarterly, Volume 48, Issue 1, Spring 1997, Pages 63–79, https://doi.org/10.2307/2871401 Published: 01 April 1997
Characterization of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) protease

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The healthy Chinese shrimp were infected artificially by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). To analyze the characters of WSSV protease, the purified WSSV was prepared from the extraction of the dying shrimp. The results show that WSSV contains virus protease as well as indigenous protease. The highest activity of the protease is attained at pH 7.5. Anyway, the protease activity is stable with pH within a wide range that when pH is over 10.0, the activity of the protease is low. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF), a serine inhibitor, has the inhibiting effect on enzymatic activity, which indicates that it is the responsibility of serine protease. Under the presence of Ca~(2+), Mn~(2+), Fe~(2+) and Cu~(2+),the protease activity is reduced, but Mg~(2+) has a little active effect. Trypsin inhibitor has no effect on protease activity of WSSV at concentration between (12.5) mg/L and 25.0 mg/L, and Leupeptin can reduce the protease activity of WSSV by 12.29%. Strong inhibit effect was observed when the concentration of chymostatin was at 12.5-25.0 mg/L. This suggested that WSSV-encoded protease is related to the chymotrypsin-like protease. Based on the effect of protein modification on WSSV protease activity, it is indicated that Histidine residue is necessary for WSSV protease, but SH-residue is not. This supports that the protease of WSSV is not SH-residue dependent protease.
Original Article The role of mitochondrial tRNA mutations in lung cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Alternations in mitochondrial genome resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. Mitochondrial tRNA (mt-tRNA) is known for its high frequencies of polymorphisms and mutations, however, the roles of these mutations and polymorphisms in lung cancer are among heated de- bates. To evaluate the possible roles of reported mt-tRNA mutations in lung cancer, we examine recent published paper concerning three mt-tRNA mutations with lung cancer: A7460G in tRNA Ser (UCN) gene, G5563A in tRNA Trp gene and A12172G in tRNA His gene. We perform the phylogenetic approach to investigate the deleterious roles of these mutations in lung cancer, moreover, we use bioinformatics tool to predict the secondary structure of mt-tRNAs with and without these mutations. In addition, through the application of pathogenicity scoring system, we find that only the A12172G mutation is regarded as a pathogenic mutation, whereas other mutations may act as neutral polymor- phisms in human population. Thus, our study provides the novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of mt-tRNA mutations in lung cancer.
Black Swans and the Social Value of Corporate Disaster Giving

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Over 90 percent of the deaths from natural disasters have occurred in low- and middle-income countries, yet more than 85 percent of in-kind and monetary relief coming from business organizations worldwide has gone to high-income economies. From the perspective of social welfare, does this mean an inefficient allocation of economic resources? Is this a failure of the doing well by doing good argument? To assess these empirical questions, we study donations by corporations from 65 countries to the relief and reconstruction fund of 3,115 high-magnitude, low probability disasters that affected the world between 2003 and 2013. We argue and provide evidence that business giving efficiently specializes in black swans, highly unexpected and costly phenomena that maximize the incapacity of the state to cope with the economic hardship. In such contexts, corporate giving acts as a stop-loss mechanism and complements public funding in nations that have been historically deprived of public multilateral aid.
[Distribution of melanocytes in the dorsal skin of genetic mouse chimeras].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chimeras were obtained by aggregating two embryos from inbred mice (C57BL/Mib), C57BL/Mib mice, and outbred albino mice (c/c). It was shown that C57BL/Mib AKP chimeras had unbalanced pigment distribution with a higher proportion of AKR melanocytes in the posterior coat, while C57BL/Mib c/c chimeras had unbalanced pigment distribution with a higher proportion of C57BL/Mib melanocytes in the posterior coat. This observation can be explained, provided the differences in the migration rate of the three melanocyte populations from the neural crest are controlled genetically.
Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2004 influenza season.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

2007年9月-2008年1月,全球分离到甲型流感(H1N1)、甲型流感(H3N2)、甲型流感(H5N1)和乙型流感病毒.全球流感疫情比近年同期轻,南半球在9月份仍有轻型流感,10月减轻.北半球流感疫情,亚洲和北美洲在11月开始,在12月、1月加剧,欧洲在12月流感疫情开始,1月加剧.对流感病毒分离株的抗原性分析表明,甲型流感(H1N1)病毒的抗原性与疫苗株A/所罗门群岛/3/2006密切相关,但日益增加的比例与A/布里斯班/59/2007更密切相关.甲型流感(H3N2)病毒的抗原性与疫苗病毒A/威斯康星/67/2005和A/广岛/52/2005密切相关.但大多数与新近建议的疫苗病毒A/布里斯班/10/2007密切相关;乙型流感病毒B/维多利亚/2/87谱系病毒的抗原性与疫苗病毒B/马来西亚/2506/2004密切相关;大多数B/山形/16/88谱系病毒的抗原性与B/佛罗里达/4/2006、B/布里斯班/3/2007和B/仙台/114/2007病毒密切相关。
ANALISIS PENGARUH PERPUTARAN PERSEDIAAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN OTOMOTIF DI BEI

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyse the effect of inventory turnover and sales growth on profitability in automotive sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2018-2022. Data obtained from the financial statements of ten companies in the automotive sub-sector for five years. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with a multiple linear regression statistical approach to test the effect of independent variables (inventory turnover and sales growth) on the dependent variable (profitability measured by Return on Assets / ROA). The results showed that partially, inventory turnover and sales growth do not always have a significant effect on profitability, but simultaneously both have a contribution to the company's profitability. These findings can provide input for company management in managing inventory and sales strategies to improve financial performance, as well as a reference for further research in the field of accounting and financial management of automotive companies in Indonesia.
A subrenal capsule assay for testing the effect of anticancer drugs against human tumors.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fresh surgical explants of solid tumors obtained from 50 patients were tested against six chemotherapeutic agents in the in vivo subrenal capsule assay. Control growth adequate to meet evaluable assay criteria was obtained in 36 of 50 tumors (72.0%). With activity criteria set at current drug screening levels as a change in modifidd PAPAN score in less than or equal to -2.0 for the SRC assay, 36.1% of the human tumors evaluable and 11.6% of drugs tested were sensitive, respectively. Our research reveals that gastric cancers respond to drugs about 2.5-fold higher than colorectal cancers. Comparisons were made of the drug sensitivity in terms of histologic differentiation, and it was strongly suggested that the sensitivity of the poorly differentiated type was higher than that of well or moderately differentiated type.
PROGRESSIVE TAXATION AND MACROECONOMICS (IN)STABILITY UNDER HOUSEHOLD HETEROGENEITY

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

It has been shown that progressive income taxation may stabilize an otherwise standard representative-agent real business cycle model with an indeterminate steady state against aggregate fluctuations caused by agents’ animal spirits. By contrast, within an identical model that allows for sustained economic growth, progressive taxation could lead to equilibrium indeterminacy and sunspot-driven fluctuations. In the context of household heterogeneity that gives rise to income and asset inequality, the fiscal authority has (at least) two options of setting the baseline level of taxable income: (i) the economy-wide average level of income and (ii) the economy’s steady-state level of per capita income. I show that the adoption of a fiscal rule (i) invalidates the effects that a progressive tax can exert on the model’s local stability properties. Progressive income taxation thus no longer operates as an automatic stabilizer that mitigates belief-driven cyclical fluctuations in a no-growth economy, nor as an automatic destabilizer that leads to local indeterminacy in a sustained-growth economy. If a tax policy rule (ii) is instead adopted, then the existing literature’s findings of the (de)stabilizing roles of progressive taxation are robust to the inclusion of household heterogeneity.
In-Silico Primer Designing and PCR for Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study focuses on Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a contagious viral illness affecting cloven-hoofed animals. Caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), it is known for rapid replication and various transmission modes. Clinical symptoms vary among animals, including vesicular lesions and lameness in cattle. Global outbreaks continue to pose challenges. Amid the pandemic crisis, quick and sensitive diagnostic tests are essential. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real-time PCR (qPCR) are precise methods for viral detection. The study aims to design FMDV-specific primers using bioinformatics tools, targeting conserved genome regions. The study successfully designs primers, demonstrating specificity against FMDV. These primers hold promise for commercial PCR-based kits, offering rapid, sensitive, and specific FMDV detection in various samples. Further validation on infected cattle is required. In conclusion, this study presents potential primer sets for FMDV detection, contributing to accurate and efficient diagnosis in disease control efforts.
‘It’s not really about the food, it’s also about food’: urban collective action, the community economy and autonomous food systems at the Groningen Free Café

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Free Café is a citizen-driven collective in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands that serves a free meal biweekly, using food that would otherwise be thrown away. While principally attempting to create a space where financial pressures and social status are lifted, the group also works to raise awareness about the environmental and societal impacts of food. Using Gibson-Graham’s community economies (CE) lens to analyse the Free Café, this paper aims to understand how urban citizen collectives are organised and governed, to better facilitate local action in food initiatives. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews, this research focuses on the daily practices, interactions, organisation and challenges surrounding the Free Café, to draw lessons about urban collective action and CE. Though findings indicate internal conflicts and contradictions, through sharing its vision and opportunities, the café is found to be valuable to food-waste awareness-raising and experimentation towards sustainable post-capitalist societies.
The Chan Buddhist Monastery: History and Modern-day Evolution

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 477 C.E., a temple was commissioned by the Northern Wei dynasty on Shaoshi Mountain, Henan Province, China. This temple, under the leadership of the foreign monk Bodhidharma (known as Fuuo in China), became the birthplace of Chan (Zen) Buddhism and developed into the globally renowned Shaolin Monastery. Bodhidharmas influence in Chinese Buddhism sparked the growth of the faith, attracting millions of followers and establishing Chan Buddhism as a major cultural and religious movement in East Asia.
Hydroelectric Dams on Brazil's Xingu River and Indigenous Peoples

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Hydroelectric Dams on Brazil's Xingu River and Indigenous Peoples. Leinad Aver de O. Santos And Lucia M.M. De Andrade (editors). Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, 1990. 192 pp. $19.95 (paper) ISBN 0–939521–40–7.
Entre los programas de transferencias condicionadas de ingresos y las asignaciones familiares: disputas por los sentidos alrededor de la Asignación Universal por Hijo para Protección Social en Argentina

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractThis article aims to conduct a conceptual study around a particular type of social policy such as the Universal Child Allowance for Social Protection (AUH), implemented in Argentina in 2009. This is a social intervention of the State through a cash transfer to households in poverty conditions with children under 18 years. The AUH creation occurred through a Necessary and Urgent Decree (1602/09) and was conceptualized as an extension of the Family Allowances Regime. There was a broad debate focused on establishing whether the AUH could be think a Conditional Cash Transfer Program -due to the profile adopted by the program- or as a type of the Family Allowance System. This document will try to consider this. For this purpose, the paper: a) analyses the AUH in relation to the central components of the Conditional Cash Transfers; b) exposes the AUH history in relation to the Family Allowances System; c) considers the recipient families’ definition of the situation; and d) introduces some final reflections as a starting point of debate for future approaches that take into account the different discussions and meanings of the State’s interventions proposed here.
A Numerical Study of Turbulence Model and Rebound Model Effect on Erosion Simulations in an Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Sand production is one of the most serious problems of electrical submersible pumps (ESPs). It is important to predict erosion rate and pump life under sand flow condition. However, erosion experiments on centrifugal pumps are difficult, expensive and time-consuming. Besides, the erosion on pump blades and shrouds are hard to be quantified. It is difficult to measure or scan the thickness of an inside flow channel. Therefore, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method is a convenient way to forecast erosion failures of the pump. Although various erosion simulations were carried out for simple geometries, including pipelines, elbows, tees, and etc., erosion simulation methodology in a turbomachinery geometry should be carefully evaluated. Therefore, the effect of different turbulence models and rebound models are investigated in a 3-stage mixed type ESP by ANSYS Fluent Discrete Phase Model (DPM) simulations. The erosion rate is calculated and particle impact parameters are extracted by a User Define Function (UDF). Preliminary erosion simulation methodology recommendations were given in this study.
Self-Reported Behaviour about Internet Addiction among Medical and Paramedical Students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Internet has become an essential tool in day to day life. It has become an important and convenient mode for networking and information exchange. Excessive use of internet adversely affects an individual’s physical, mental and social health along with academic performance. Aim: The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of internet addiction among undergraduate and postgraduate medical and paramedical students and also the effect of internet on gender. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire based, cross-sectional study carried out among 1011 medical and paramedical undergraduate and postgraduate students of Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai. A questionnaire consisting of two components; basic demographic information of the participants and Modified Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used to gather data. The normal users were categorized as non-addicts and mild, moderate and severe users were categorized as addicts. Descriptive statistics was calculated in terms of frequency and percentage. Inferential statistics was calculated using Chi-Square test. Results: According to the findings, most of the students were mild internet addicts 590 (58.40%) followed by moderate addicts 239 (23.60%), normal users 171 (16.90%) and severe addicts 11 (1.10%). Prevalence of internet addiction was outnumbered by medical 112 (91.10%) students among all the other medical and paramedical specialties. Conclusion: Internet addiction has become an emerging problem among the professional students, which has educational, physical and mental impact on student’s life. So, it is necessary to understand the importance of prevention of internet addiction, which is essential for promoting safe and healthy use of the internet.
Service Science, Quo Vadis?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The world is dominated by service-based economies. The service sector in developed economies accounts for over 75% of economic activities. The industrial and agrarian economic activities amount to around 20% and 5%, respectively. Despite their dominant position, services are the least studied part of the economy. This is partly attributed to the complexity and diversity of services, and inherent difficulties in providing a comprehensive theoretical foundation with well-defined concepts, tools, methods, and practical implications. Service science is an emerging discipline that fills in the gap. It is an interdisciplinary endeavor bringing together economics, management, engineering, and information and system sciences. The authors present a concise historical account of the development of economic activities leading to the present body of services. Aspects of service diversity and evolution are addressed. Scientific approaches to elucidation of services are overviewed. They are organized into four logical categories and examined from both macro and micro-level viewpoints. The emerging service science requires effort in synthesizing partial knowledge from individual disciplines and encompassing both micro and macro characteristics of services. A future perspective on service science is also offered.
Compensatory Photosynthetic Responses of Three African Graminoids to Different Fertilization, Watering, and Clipping Regimes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three C4 graminoids, Kyllinga nervosa, Themeda triandra, and Hyparrhenia filipendula, were grown in unbalanced factorial treatment designs of clipping height, clipping frequency, watering frequency, and nitrogen availability for periods equivalent to one growing season, after which gas exchange was measured on all plants. Clipped plants in all three species had higher photosynthetic rates, but the percentage of stimulation was least in T. triandra. Stimulation of photosynthesis may have been caused by increased stomatal opening.