jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Extramural Cemeteries in Neolithic Southeast Europe: A Formally Modeled Chronology for Cernica, Romania

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The emergence of separate cemeteries for disposal of the dead represents a profound shift in mortuary practice in the Late Neolithic of southeast Europe, with a new emphasis on the repeated use of a specific space distinct from, though still often close to, settlements. To help to time this shift more precisely, this paper presents 25 dates from 21 burials in the large cemetery at Cernica, in the Lower Danube valley in southern Romania, which are used to formally model the start, duration of use and end of the cemetery. A further six dates were obtained from four contexts for the nearby settlement. Careful consideration is given to the possibility of environmental and dietary offsets. The preferred model, without freshwater reservoir offsets, suggests that use of the Cernica cemetery probably began in 5355–5220 cal BC (95% probability) and ended in 5190–5080 cal BC (28% probability) or 5070–4940 (67% probability) . The implications of this result are discussed, including with reference to other cemeteries of similar age in the region, the nature of social relations being projected through mortuary ritual, and the incorporation of older, Mesolithic, ways of doing things into Late Neolithic mortuary practice.
Evaluating the stabilisation degree of digested sewage sludge: investigations at four municipal wastewater treatment plants

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Further reduction of volatile suspended solids (VSS) during a post-stabilisation step was applied to evaluate the stabilisation degree of digested sewage sludge. For this purpose digested sludge was collected at four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and further stabilised in lab-scale chemostat reactors either under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Experimental results showed that even in adequately digested sludge a consistent amount of VSS was degraded during aerobic post-stabilisation. It seems that aerobic conditions play a significant role during degradation of residual VSS. Additionally, specific VSS production (gVSS/peCOD110.d) as well as specific oxygen uptake rate were shown to be suitable parameters to assess the degree of sludge stabilisation at WWTPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to reveal changes in the sludge composition. Spectra of treated and untreated sludge samples indicated that the major component of residual VSS in stabilised sludge for instance consisted of biomass, while cellulose was absent.
Chloro‐Functionalized Photo‐crosslinking BODIPY for Glutathione Sensing and Subcellular Trafficking

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) is one of major antioxidants inside cells that regulates oxidoreduction homeostasis. Recently, there have been extensive efforts to visualize GSH in live cells, but most of the probes available today are simple detection sensors and do not provide details of cellular localization. A new fluorescent probe (pcBD2‐Cl), which is cell permeable and selectively reacts with GSH in situ, has been developed. The in situ GSH‐labeled probe (pcBD2–GSH) exhibited quenches fluorescence, but subsequent binding to cellular abundant glutathione S‐transferase (GST) recovers the fluorescence intensity, which makes it possible to image the GSH–GST complex in live cells. Interactions between probe and GST were confirmed by means of photo‐crosslinking under intact live‐cell conditions. Interestingly, isomers of chloro‐functionalized 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3 a ,4 a ‐diaza‐ s ‐indacene (BODIPY) compounds behaved very distinctively inside the cells. Following co‐staining imaging with MitoTracker and mitochondria fractionation upon lipopolysaccharide‐mediated reactive oxygen species induction experiments showed that pcBD2–GSH accumulated in mitochondria. This is the first example of a live‐cell imaging probe to visualize translocation of GSH from the cytosol to mitochondria.
Abstract 1864: Verticillin A causes DNA damage and apoptosis in high grade serous ovarian cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy affecting women worldwide and the fifth most common cause of cancer related deaths among U.S. women. New targeted therapies are needed to prevent HGSOC progression and metastasis related lethality from the disease. The goal of this study was to test the novel natural compound, Verticillin A, for its anticancer properties and mode of action in HGSOC cells. Verticillin A is an epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) alkaloid that is isolated from several terrestrial and marine filamentous fungi and has been shown to be cytotoxic in several cancer cell lines including OVCAR8, OVCAR4 and Kuramochi. Our data indicated that Verticillin A treatment caused cytotoxicity in HGSOC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore, treatment with Verticillin A in HGSOC cell line OVCAR8 and OVCAR4 enhanced apoptosis, which was demonstrated by PARP cleavage and Annexin V/ Propidium iodide staining. To determine whether Verticillin A caused in vivo tumor growth inhibition, OVCAR8-RFP cells were xenografted in mice to form tumors and the mice were treated with Verticillin A. Encapsulated nanoparticles of Verticillin A decreased tumor growth in vivo and had low cytotoxicity compared to the naked drug. RNA-Seq analysis was performed with OVCAR8 cells treated with Verticillin A and the data found an upregulation of apoptosis signaling pathway and oxidative stress response and downregulation of cancer stemness signaling pathways. A proteomic histone profiling performed in OVCAR8 cells indicated that Verticillin A caused epigenetic modifications with global changes in histone methylation and acetylation marks. Thus, our study identifies Verticillin A as a novel epigenetic modifier in ovarian cancer cells and indicates therapeutic potential for treatment of HGSOC.Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.Citation Format: Amrita Salvi, Julia Austin, Daniel Lantvit, Joanna Burdette. Verticillin A causes DNA damage and apoptosis in high grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1864.
Commonalities in Lung Cancer and COPD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite significant efforts, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain leading causes of significant morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. With the goal of developing successful strategies to prevent lung cancer, intensive research is attempting to better understand the early steps of lung carcinogenesis. One of these efforts is to investigate the molecular links between COPD and lung cancer. This chapter focuses on discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers to predict COPD development, COPD progression, and risks of developing lung cancer in individuals with COPD. Currently, efforts are ongoing to investigate whether distinct molecular signatures of the COPD-related oncogenic processes and pathways can be identified through airway epithelial profiling, thereby allowing for subsequent non-invasive monitoring of these processes and potential early detection of the signatures prior to the development of lung cancer.
Neurons Are Dying for CREB

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Two reports demonstrate the importance of signaling to the adenosine 3′-5′ monophosphate (cAMP) response-element-binding protein (CREB) for neuronal survival. Lonze et al. reported enhanced apoptosis and neuronal degeneration, as well as defects in axon growth in mouse embryos deficient for the Creb gene. Hardingham et al. discovered that in hippocampal neurons in culture two pathways can regulate CREB activity and that the extrasynaptic pathway that inhibits CREB activity can result in apoptosis. Analysis of the Creb −/− mice showed that by embryonic day 17.5 there was increased apoptosis and loss of peripheral neurons of the trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and superior cervical ganglia. At earlier times, neuron number and morphology of the DRG was similar to wild-type mouse DRG, which suggests that CREB is not required for the initial differentiation of sensory neurons, but is required for neuronal survival. Hardingham et al. monitored the phosphorylation of CREB and the expression of CRE-containing genes in response to activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic N -methyl-D-aspartate type of glutamate receptors. They found that activation of synaptic glutamate receptors (by evoked action potentials) stimulated CREB phosphorylation and CRE-dependent gene expression. However, activation of extrasynaptic receptors (by bath application of glutamate under conditions in which the synaptic receptors were inhibited) promoted CREB dephosphorylation and promoted apoptosis of the cells. Thus, the compartmentalized activation of glutamate receptor signaling can produce two opposing signals: one to activate CREB and to promote cell survival and one to inhibit CREB activity and to promote apoptosis. The implications of this dual signaling and the potential differences in these pathways during development are discussed by Riccio and Ginty. B. E. Lonze, A. Riccio, S. Cohen, D. D. Ginty, Apoptosis, axonal growth defects, and degeneration of peripheral neurons in mice lacking CREB. Neuron 34 , 371-385 (2002). [Online Journal] G. E. Hardingham, Y. Fukunaga, H. Bading, Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways. Nature Neurosci. 5 , 405-414 (2002). [Online Journal] A. Riccio, D. D. Ginty, What a privilege to reside at the synapse: NMDA receptor signaling to CREB. Nature Neurosci. 5 , 389-390 (2002). [Online Journal]
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase is required for viability and morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The genome of Caenorhabditis elegans possesses two genes, dpy-18 and phy-2, that encode α subunits of the enzyme prolyl 4-hydroxylase. We have generated deletions within each gene to eliminate prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity from the animal. The dpy-18 mutant has an aberrant body morphology, consistent with a role of prolyl 4-hydroxylase in formation of the body cuticle. The phy-2 mutant is phenotypically wild type. However, the dpy-18; phy-2 double mutant is not viable, suggesting an essential role for prolyl 4-hydroxylase that is normally accomplished by either dpy-18 or phy-2 . The effects of the double mutation were mimicked by small-molecule inhibitors of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, validating the genetic results and suggesting that C. elegans can serve as a model system for the discovery of new inhibitors.
Transglutaminase type II is involved in the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The pathogenesis of sepsis is characterized by the inability of the host to regulate the inflammatory response, and as a consequence, dysregulated inflammatory processes induce organ dysfunctions and death. Altered transglutaminase type II (TG2) expression is associated with the development of many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in this study, we questioned whether TG2 could also contribute to the pathological inflammatory dysregulation occurring in septic shock in vivo. To this aim, we used as an experimental model the TG2 knockout mice, in which the process of septic shock was elicited by treatment with LPS. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that TG2 ablation leads to partial resistance to experimental sepsis. The increased survival of TG2(-/-) mice was reflected in a drastic reduction of organ injury, highlighted by a limited infiltration of neutrophils in kidney and peritoneum and by a better homeostasis of the proinflammatory mediators as well as mitochondrial function. We also showed that in wild-type mice, the TG2 expression is increased during endotoxemia and, being directly involved in the mechanisms of NF-kappa B activation, it may cause a continuous activation cycle in the inflammatory process, thus contributing to development of sepsis pathogenesis. We propose that the inhibition of TG2 could represent a novel approach in the treatment of inflammatory processes associated with sepsis.
Fabrication and Interfacial Bonding of CNT-reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in various engineering applications demand new materials that have multi-functionality along with suitable structural properties. Metal matrix composites are the class of materials that satisfy this purpose due to their lightweight, increased strength, and other improved mechanical properties. These composite materials can be prepared by various conventional techniques which aim reducing the cost of production and meeting the demand of the industries efficiently. The properties and functionality of these materials are greatly influenced by the type of reinforced particulates and their composition in the metal matrix. Many reinforcement particles or fibers can be used in MMC depending upon the applications. Commonly used reinforced materials are graphene, polymers, carbon fibers, ceramic materials, etc. Among the carbon family, carbon nanotubes (CNT) exhibit enhanced performance as an ideal reinforcement material for MMCs. With outstanding intrinsic physical properties, CNTs are considered a promising candidate for reinforcement. CNT owes its properties due to its small diameter, high tensile strength, stiffness, high Young’s modulus, and good chemical stability. They exhibit thermal stability even at high temperatures and exhibit good electrical conductivity. They also show improved fatigue resistance and plasticity and thus broaden the performance of the MMC. In this chapter, various fabrication techniques along with blending and processing methods of CNT-reinforced MMC have been discussed. The main methods have been explained with their schematic representations. The advantages and limitations of these methods have also been discussed. A strong interfacial bonding between the reinforced particulate and the metal matrix affects the performance of the material. This chapter also deals with a deep understanding of the various interfacial bonds that can exist between CNT and the metal matrix
EFFECT OF POWER AND HYDROTHERMAL HEAT TREATMENT ON RF SPUTTERED COPPER OXIDE THIN FILMS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nano-crystalline copper oxide films were deposited on quartz substrates by RF-magnetron sputtering in argon gas environment. The XRD patterns show Cu 4 O 3 phase for films deposited at 50 and 60[Formula: see text]W of RF power. The film deposited at 70[Formula: see text]W shows existence of Cu 4 O 3 and CuO phases, whereas film deposited at 100[Formula: see text]W of RF power consists of only CuO phase. Raman spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also confirm these results. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows morphological changes in the film as a function of RF power. The optical band gap estimated from the transmission spectra of the films are 2.3 and 1.7[Formula: see text]eV for Cu 4 O 3 and CuO phase, respectively. The hydrothermal heat treatment of the film leads to transformation of Cu 4 O 3 to CuO phase in the film.
The anti-hypoxia effects of potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

[Objective] To study the anti-hypoxia and radical scavenge effects of potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide. [Methods] A model of hypoxia injury was developed by using primary cultural myocytes of neonatal SD rats. The metabolic ability of the cells treated with potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) out of cells were measured by spectrophotometry. The model of normobaric hypoxia was used for studying the effect of potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide on the average survival time of mice. [Results] After treated with potentilla anserine L polysaccharide of 0.2 mg/ml or 0.02 mg/ml, the metabolic ability of the myocytes incresead significantly when compared with the model group after 6 h of hypoxia. After treated with potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide of 1.8 g/kg, the average survival time of mice was prolonged by 28.91 % when compared with the control group and the difference was statistically significant. [Conclusions] The Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharide shows anti-hypoxia ability and dose dependant.
Changes in structural characteristics of LLDPE functionalized with DEM using gamma‐irradiation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This work studies the structural changes produced by gamma‐radiation as a source of free radicals for functionalizing linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) with diethyl maleate (DEM). The grafting of the DEM onto the LLDPE was carried out in solution using gamma‐rays from a 60 Co source in air at room temperature, at a dose rate of 4.8 kGy/h and absorbed doses ranging from 15 to 400 kGy. The increase in the dose produced a higher concentration of free radicals and hence a higher grafting degree. The effects of DEM concentration are only perceptible at absorbed doses higher than 50 kGy. For a concentration of 30% DEM, the functionalization degrees ranged from 0.04 to 0.44 mol%. The use of gamma radiation modifies the structural and physical characteristics of the functionalized polyethylene with respect to the unmodified one, because, depending on the dose, the effects of gamma‐rays can lead to crosslinking of materials with decreased flowability. The effects of gamma‐radiation onto the molecular structure and molecular weight distribution of LLDPE are mitigated by the presence of DEM, due to the competition with the chain scission, branching and crosslinking reactions, for the consumption of the free radicals. The results provided by applying the successive self‐nucleation and annealing technique allow reaching an unequivocal conclusion: that the free radicals formed by gamma radiation for the DEM insertion and main chain modifications are preferentially generated in the secondary carbons of the more regular CH 2  sequences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
IS THERE A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND PREMIUM PRODUCTION? EVIDENCE FROM TURKISH INSURANCE INDUSTRY

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study aims at determining the causal link between financial performance and premium production of non-life insurance companies. The relation between the financial performance and premium production is explored employing data from the 2011-2019 period for eight Turkish non-life insurance companies. In the first stage of the analysis, a hybrid model including LOPCOW, SWARA II, and MARCOS methods is proposed to determine companies’ financial performance values. In this stage, a novel integrated weighting method for calculating criterion weights is applied based on objective information and judgements of decision-makers. In the second stage, the association between financial performance and premium production is investigated by correlation analysis. In the last stage, the causality linkage between the two variables is estimated using a panel causality test developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012). According to the results obtained from the panel causality test, the bidirectional causality relation exists between financial performance and premium production. Besides, the individual panel causality results reveal that bidirectional causality is valid for only Allianz and Anadolu insurance companies, which had an average share of over 35% in total non-life premium production during the analysis period. The paper provides fresh evidence on the association between the financial performance and premium production, particularly from the Turkish context.
Representation Learning from Limited Educational Data with Crowdsourced Labels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Representation learning has been proven to play an important role in the unprecedented success of machine learning models in numerous tasks, such as machine translation, face recognition and recommendation. The majority of existing representation learning approaches often require a large number of consistent and noise-free labels. However, due to various reasons such as budget constraints and privacy concerns, labels are very limited in many real-world scenarios. Directly applying standard representation learning approaches on small labeled data sets will easily run into over-fitting problems and lead to sub-optimal solutions. Even worse, in some domains such as education, the limited labels are usually annotated by multiple workers with diverse expertise, which yields noises and inconsistency in such crowdsourcing settings. In this paper, we propose a novel framework which aims to learn effective representations from limited data with crowdsourced labels. Specifically, we design a grouping based deep neural network to learn embeddings from a limited number of training samples and present a Bayesian confidence estimator to capture the inconsistency among crowdsourced labels. Furthermore, to expedite the training process, we develop a hard example selection procedure to adaptively pick up training examples that are misclassified by the model. Extensive experiments conducted on three real-world data sets demonstrate the superiority of our framework on learning representations from limited data with crowdsourced labels, comparing with various state-of-the-art baselines. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis on each of the main components of our proposed framework and also introduce the promising results it achieved in our real production to fully understand the proposed framework.
Machine-Learning-Based Classification Approaches toward Recognizing Slope Stability Failure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the authors investigated the applicability of combining machine-learning-based models toward slope stability assessment. To do this, several well-known machine-learning-based methods, namely multiple linear regression (MLR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function regression (RBFR), improved support vector machine using sequential minimal optimization algorithm (SMO-SVM), lazy k-nearest neighbor (IBK), random forest (RF), and random tree (RT), were selected to evaluate the stability of a slope through estimating the factor of safety (FOS). In the following, a comparative classification was carried out based on the five stability categories. Based on the respective values of total scores (the summation of scores obtained for the training and testing stages) of 15, 35, 48, 15, 50, 60, and 57, acquired for MLR, MLP, RBFR, SMO-SVM, IBK, RF, and RT, respectively, it was concluded that RF outperformed other intelligent models. The results of statistical indexes also prove the excellent prediction from the optimized structure of the ANN and RF techniques.