jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of lead and cadmium on chemical composition and total water content of the pupal parasitoid, Pimpla turionellae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was fed on Cd, Pb and Cd + Pb‐contaminated food (33 μg Cd, 82 μg Pb and 33 μg Cd + 82 μg Pb per gram food fresh weight, respectively). Significant decrease in the total lipid and protein content was found along with an increase in the water content particularly in Cd‐contaminated parasitoids.
The Shifting Borders of Domestic Tourism in Hungary, 1918–1945

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, I explore how the state promoted Hungarian domestic tourism to Hungarians during the interwar era and the period of the Second World War. I seek to understand how the domestic market was defined in this period and how the state adjusted its tourism strategies to accommodate the changes in its definition. At the same time, I also explore how the Hungarians who were now separated from the homeland and living in what were now neighbouring independent states were understood and approached (and at times even targeted) in the marketing rhetoric of domestic tourism.
Understanding the Role of Gratitude in Building Quality Relationships

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Developing and maintaining high-quality relationships with customers is an essential part of the marketing function for many luxury restaurants. Accordingly, researchers have identified a number of drivers of relationship quality in the domain of restaurant patronage. However, while there has been much research concerning the antecedents of relationship quality, a central question remains: What is it about relationship marketing that leads to better quality relationships? The purpose of this research is to answer this question by investigating the role of gratitude in the development of high-quality relationships in the luxury restaurant marketplace. To these ends, a conceptual framework of these relationships is proposed and empirically tested using a sample of restaurant consumers in the USA. The results indicate that gratitude plays an important role in relationship marketing in the luxury restaurant industry.
The implementation of Sweden’s prostitution law at the local level

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary The study shows that apprehensions conducted on the suspicion of a purchase of sex target men purchasing sex from women, regardless of geographical location or arena of the local prostitution market. This support and legitimise a present norm within Swedish prostitution policy, regarding who is buying and who is selling sex. Findings The results show that the three largest cities in Sweden have been targeted by the police, with a focus on a specific arena of the prostitution market in each city. Because of this, there are local differences in how the law is implemented, creating local consequences for individuals involved in prostitution. However, the results also show that gender and sexual orientation (i.e. heterosexuality) appear to be the two main factors for identifying individuals who are later apprehended on the suspicion of purchasing sex. Application As certain norms and practices are established and reproduced through the implementation of Swedish prostitution law, professionals within social work, particularly within initiatives targeting individuals buying sex, must consider how this potentially influences their work. In terms of whom they meet, what kind of help and support they offer and what may fall outside the present norm.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the development of adrenergic neurons in mouse neural crest cultures

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Growth of mouse neural crest cultures in the presence of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) resulted in a dramatic dose-dependent increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells that developed when 5% chicken embryo extract was present in the medium. In contrast, growth in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 elicited no increase in the number of TH-positive cells. The TH-positive cells that developed in the presence of GDNF had neuronal morphology and contained the middle and low molecular weight neurofilament proteins. Numerous TH-negative cells with the morphology of neurons also were observed in GDNF-treated cultures. Analysis revealed that the period from 6 to 12 days in vitro was the critical time for exposure to GDNF to generate the increase in TH-positive cell number. The growth factors neurotrophin-3 and fibroblast growth factor-2 elicited increases in the number of TH-positive cells similar to that seen in response to GDNF. In contrast, nerve growth factor was unable to substitute for GDNF. These findings extend the previously reported biological activities of GDNF by showing that it can act on mouse neural crest cultures to promote the development of neurons.
Jevons’s Debt to Bentham: Mathematical Economy, Morals and Psychology

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to show that Jevons’s utilitarianism is to be related to his attempt to build a mathematical theory of economics: the ‘ felicific calculus ’ provides the instrument for transforming sensations into quantities. The first section shows that Jevons referred to Bentham’s calculus but made it much simpler to enable the mathematical instrument to be introduced. The second section is devoted to his rejection of Mill’s attempt to make utilitarianism a morally reasonable philosophy by introducing qualities of feelings. But I endeavour to show that avoiding Mill’s interpretation did not mean that Jevons gave up on moral matters.
Predictors of persistent disease activity and long quiescence in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the Hopkins Lupus Cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives The aim of this study is to identify prognostic factors of persistent disease activity and long quiescence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Patients enrolled in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort from 1987 to 2012, who attended at least three visits per year during 3 consecutive years following baseline and had available information on disease activity were included. Patterns of SLE disease activity over the 3-year period were defined as: persistent long quiescent (pLQ), persistent relapsing-remitting (pRR), persistent chronic active (pCA) and mixed based on Modified SLE Disease Activity Index (M-SLEDAI). Possible predictors of pCA (vs pLQ, pRR and mixed) and pLQ (vs pCA, pRR and mixed) were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results 916 patients were included. In the multivariate analysis, use of hydroxychloroquine (OR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.92, p=0.03), African American ethnicity (OR: 2.36, 95% CI 1.15 to 4.85, p=0.02) and baseline SLEDAI (OR: 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.17, p=0.005) remained significant predictors of pCA. Higher education (>12 years; OR. 2.07, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.03, p=0.03) and lower baseline SLEDAI (OR: 0.67, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.82, p<0.001) were significant predictors of pLQ, while African American (OR: 0.38, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.83, p=0.02) and female patients (OR: 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.57, p<0.001) were less likely to achieve pLQ. Conclusion African American ethnicity and high disease activity at baseline predict chronic activity in SLE, regardless of treatment, years of education and income. Higher education, low disease activity at baseline and male sex predict long quiescence. The use of hydroxychloroquine is independently associated with a lower risk of chronically active disease.
Cumulative Effect of Parent Species in a Surrogate Mixture on Flame Extinction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Surrogate fuels are defined as mixtures of a few hydrocarbon components whose relative concentrations can be adjusted such that the physical and combustion characteristics of the mixtures become similar to those of the commercial fuels. Two surrogate mixtures are available for JP-8 fuel. Simulations performed with these surrogate mixtures resulted in nearly the same flames with respect to extinction characteristics, liftoff heights, shapes, and sooting behavior. These results are somewhat surprising considering the large variations in the mixture compositions and raise a question on the significance of the details of the surrogate composition on combustion characteristics. A numerical study is conducted for understanding the sensitivity of each of the parent components used in the two surrogate mixtures. A time-dependent, detailed-chemistry CFD model UNICORN is used. A semidetailed chemical-kinetics model involving 161 species and 1538 reactions is incorporated into UNICORN code. Concentrations of the parent components in the surrogate mixture are systematically changed for obtaining various modified mixtures. Calculations are made for an opposing-jet nonpremixed flame formed with surrogate mixtures and modified mixtures for strain rates up to extinction limits. Calculations are also made for a co-flowing nonpremixed flame that is lifted by about a radius of the fuel tube. Changes occurred to the liftoff height, shape, and soot distributions when the surrogate fuel was replaced with one of the modified mixtures are recorded and compared with those of the original flame. It is found that parent components that are present in the surrogate in concentrations less than 15-20% do not exhibit any influence on the combustion characteristics of the surrogate mixture.
Inducible transgene expression in PDX models in vivo identifies KLF4 as a therapeutic target for B-ALL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Clinically relevant methods are not available that prioritize and validate potential therapeutic targets for individual tumors, from the vast amount of tumor descriptive expression data. Methods We established inducible transgene expression in clinically relevant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in vivo to fill this gap. Results With this technique at hand, we analyzed the role of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) PDX models at different disease stages. In competitive preclinical in vivo trials, we found that re-expression of wild type KLF4 reduced the leukemia load in PDX models of B-ALL, with the strongest effects being observed after conventional chemotherapy in minimal residual disease (MRD). A nonfunctional KLF4 mutant had no effect on this model. The re-expression of KLF4 sensitized tumor cells in the PDX model towards systemic chemotherapy in vivo. It is of major translational relevance that azacitidine upregulated KLF4 levels in the PDX model and a KLF4 knockout reduced azacitidine-induced cell death, suggesting that azacitidine can regulate KLF4 re-expression. These results support the application of azacitidine in patients with B-ALL as a therapeutic option to regulate KLF4. Conclusion Genetic engineering of PDX models allows the examination of the function of dysregulated genes like KLF4 in a highly clinically relevant translational context, and it also enables the selection of therapeutic targets in individual tumors and links their functions to clinically available drugs, which will facilitate personalized treatment in the future.
Enhanced Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) has been found to possess activity against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro at physiological concentrations. A study was undertaken to evaluate SLPI levels in human saliva and plasma among HIV-positive (HIV + ) patients with various HIV-1 viral loads in comparison to uninfected controls. Whole blood in EDTA and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 37 HIV + patients, of whom 20 had a history of intravenous drug abuse (IVDA). Control samples were collected from 20 appropriate age- and sex-matched HIV-1-negative individuals. SLPI was estimated from both saliva and serum samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HIV viral load was determined using a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. SLPI levels were increased 16.7% in plasma and 10.3% in saliva among HIV + patients in comparison to uninfected controls. SLPI levels were increased 5.9% in saliva and 3.9% in plasma among HIV + patients with a high viral load (>10,000 copies/ml) as compared to patients with a low viral load (<400 copies/ml). Only 23% of patients with a high viral load used combination therapy with protease inhibitor drugs, whereas 92.9% of HIV + patients with a low viral load used protease inhibitors. SLPI levels did not differ significantly among the IVDA patients, patients with different viral loads, or patients using protease inhibitor drugs. There was a statistically significant increase in SLPI levels in saliva among HIV patients in comparison to non-HIV-infected controls. An increase in SLPI levels among HIV + patients may be a natural consequence of HIV pathogenesis and an important factor in preventing oral transmission of HIV, but this increase may not be evident during plasma viremia in patients with a high viral load.
The complement factor 5a receptor gene maps to murine chromosome 7

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Complement factor 5a (C5a) promotes local inflammation and is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and macrophages. We had an interest in C5a and its receptor, C5r1, because we previously identified C5a as a positional candidate gene for the quantitative trait locus <i>Abhr2, </i>which determines allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in our murine model of asthma. To study the significance of C5r1 in our asthma model we first had to determine its genomic map location in mice. Genomic sequence surrounding murine <i>C5r1 </i>was analyzed for polymorphisms and two variable microsatellites were identified. These microsatellites were genotyped in A/J × (C3H/HeJ × A/J)F1 backcross mice (n = 355) and mapped in a panel of 164 markers spaced at approximately 10 cM intervals throughout the genome. Multipoint linkage analysis placed <i>C5r1 </i>on murine chromosome 7, 3.9 cM from the top of the linkage group. This map location has been previously identified as containing an additional quantitative trait locus for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, <i>Abhr3</i>, in this population of mice.
Calculation analysis of semi-rigid asphalt pavement with flexible base

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In respect that flexible base (grading macada m) is applied to prevent semi-rigid asphalt pavement from reflecting cracking, the elastoplastic ity finite element method (FEM) was employed to analyze the maximum tensile stre ss change rules of surfacing course undersides and semi-rigid base undersides i n three kinds of test road pavements in Tonghua, Jilin, by considering the non- linear (elastoplastic) characteristics of the flexible base. Consequently, some reasonable suggestions for the design of semi-rigid asphalt pavement with granu lar base in Tonghua test road were brought forward, and the fatigue lives of sur facing courses of two semi-rigid asphalt pavements were forecasted as well.
Validation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computerized adaptive tests in cervical spine surgery

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, is a set of adaptive, responsive assessment tools that measures patient-reported health status. PROMIS measures have not been validated for surgical patients with cervical spine disorders. The objective of this project is to evaluate the validity (e.g., convergent validity, known-groups validity, responsiveness to change) of PROMIS computer adaptive tests (CATs) for pain behavior, pain interference, and physical function in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. METHODS The legacy outcome measures Neck Disability Index (NDI) and SF-12 were used as comparisons with PROMIS measures. PROMIS CATs, NDI-10, and SF-12 measures were administered prospectively to 59 consecutive tertiary hospital patients who were treated surgically for degenerative cervical spine disorders. A subscore of NDI-5 was calculated from NDI-10 by eliminating the lifting, headaches, pain intensity, reading, and driving sections and multiplying the final score by 4. Assessments were administered preoperatively (baseline) and postoperatively at 6 weeks and 3 months. Patients presenting for revision surgery, tumor, infection, or trauma were excluded. Participants completed the measures in Assessment Center, an online data collection tool accessed by using a secure login and password on a tablet computer. Subgroup analysis was also performed based on a primary diagnosis of either cervical radiculopathy or cervical myelopathy. RESULTS Convergent validity for PROMIS CATs was supported with multiple statistically significant correlations with the existing legacy measures, NDI and SF-12, at baseline. Furthermore, PROMIS CATs demonstrated known-group validity and identified clinically significant improvements in all measures after surgical intervention. In the cervical radiculopathy and myelopathic cohorts, the PROMIS measures demonstrated similar responsiveness to the SF-12 and NDI scores in the patients who self-identified as having postoperative clinical improvement. PROMIS CATs required a mean total of 3.2 minutes for PROMIS pain behavior (mean ± SD 0.9 ± 0.5 minutes), pain interference (1.2 ± 1.9 minutes), and physical function (1.1 ± 1.4 minutes) and compared favorably with 3.4 minutes for NDI and 4.1 minutes for SF-12. CONCLUSIONS This study verifies that PROMIS CATs demonstrate convergent and known-groups validity and comparable responsiveness to change as existing legacy measures. The PROMIS measures required less time for completion than legacy measures. The validity and efficiency of the PROMIS measures in surgical patients with cervical spine disorders suggest an improvement over legacy measures and an opportunity for incorporation into clinical practice.
Do Zero-Energy Solutions of Maxwell Equations Have the Physical Origin Suggested by A. E. Chubykalo? [Comment on the paper in Mod. Phys. Lett. A13 (1998) 2139-2146]

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Zero-energy solutions of Maxwell's equations have been discovered and re-discovered many times in this century. In this comment we show that the paper by A. E. Chubykalo (which, in fact, also comments on the recent papers) did not explain physical interpretation of this solution and it used doubtful (up-to-date) postulates. Different explanations of the considered problem are possible.
THE CURRENT STATE OF COMMUNICATIVE-FUNCTIONAL RESEARCH INTO THE TRANSLATION THEORY IN CHINA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article attempts to describe and evaluate the current state of Chinese communicative-functional theory of translation research. The research aims to assess the present state of research communicative-functional approach in the theory of translation in China. Research methods include scientometric and content analysis, clustering. The research materials are represented by monographs, scientific papers and publications in periodicals on the topic of the communicative-functional translation theory by Chinese authors. The study sample consisted of 6209 scientific papers extracted from the CNKI database. They were divided into three clusters, viz. review, theoretical and applied research. In each cluster, the author identified the key words of the direction and carried out a quantitative assessment of the structure of publication activity with an assessment (a % share of the total sample size). As a result, the predominance of applied research into the communicative-functional theory in the works of Chinese researchers over theoretical ones was found, which proves the author’s hypothesis about the emphasis Chinese scientists put on the pragmatic tasks of the development of translation studies. It is concluded that studies of the communicative-functional approach in Chinese translatology are generally characterized by the breadth and coverage of various areas of translation, but from the perspective of theoretical depth there is still room for their further development. In this study, the author made an attempt to review the current state of the study of translation from the standpoint of the communicative-functional approach, but found that this approach still needs further theoretical understanding, further adaptation and integration with traditional ideas of Chinese translation studies. It was also revealed that it is promising to deepen the theoretical basis of the communicative-functional approach for applied research of the Russian-Chinese and Chinese-Russian approach and to develop didactic issues of teaching translators based on this approach in order to achieve better results in the translation of texts and improve Sino-Russian communication.
D-erythroascorbic acid: Its preparations, chemistry, and metabolism (fungi and plants). Final report

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The origin of oxalate in plants has received considerable attention and glycolate metabolism has been generally regarded as a prime precursor candidate although studies on the metabolism of L-ascorbic acid single out that plant constituent as well. Experiments with oxalate-accumulating plants that contain little or no tartaric acid revealed the presence of a comparable L-ascorbic acid metabolism with the exception that the cleavage products were oxalic acid and L-threonic acid or products of L-threonic acid metabolism. A reasonable mechanism for cleavage of L-ascorbic acid at the endiolic bond is found in studies on the photooxygenation of L-ascorbic acid. Presumably, analogs of L-ascorbic acid that differ only in the substituent at C4 also form a hydroperoxide in the presence of alkaline hydrogen peroxide and subsequently yield oxalic acid and the corresponding aldonic acid or its lactone. We became interested in such a possibility when we discovered that L-ascorbic acid was rare or absent in certain yeasts and fungi whereas a L-ascorbic acid analog, D-glycero-pent-2-enono- 1,4-lactone (D-erythroascorbic acid), was present. It has long been known that oxalate occurs in yeasts and fungi and its production plays a role in plant pathogenesis. As to the biosynthetic origin of fungal oxalic acid there is little information although it is generally assumed that oxaloacetate or possibly, glycolate, might be that precursor.