jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The use of 360-degree videos to facilitate pre-learning and reflection on learning experiences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the effective use of 360-degree videos recorded during student fieldwork. Typical fieldwork procedures comprise three steps: pre-learning, on-site fieldwork, and post-learning. This study aims to support mainly pre- and post-learning steps. Four fieldwork experiences were targeted in which the students recorded 360-degree videos, reflected on their experience, and presented their experiences to non-participating students by showing their 360-degree videos on a virtual reality headset. By observing these actions, the authors were able to determine some of the effects of using 360-degree videos as a learning aid, including helping students detect what they missed while on site, maintaining students' excitement and motivation after returning, and promoting pre-learning for younger students. Further practical efforts are needed to confirm such effects and pursue appropriate use of 360-degree video for fieldwork.
Coulomb logarithm and the Dreicer field in a dense semiclassical plasma

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We obtained an expression for the Coulomb logarithm for a dense semiclassical plasma based on momentum transport cross sections using an effective interaction potential. It was shown that for densities and temperatures corresponding to the dense semiclassical plasma our results are in good agreement with MD simulations. We applied the Coulomb logarithm for the calculation of the Dreicer field. The case of dense non‐thermal Lorentzian semiclassical plasma was considered, too.
"Masked Emotions" - Measuring Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards stigmatizing products (dust masks)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

New products have an emotional impact on their users and observing bystanders. This is especially true for protective and bodily near products, such as dust masks. Our research started from the hypothesis that reactions to dust masks are generally negative and that people have a spontaneous avoidance reaction. Not only the thoughtful and deliberative reactions, but also the initial unconscious and involuntary reactions, can be very confronting and emotionally challenging towards the stigmatized person. This experimental study aims to test whether the generic distinction between models without dust masks and models with dust masks is sufficient to trigger elementary motor tendencies associated with approach and avoidance, which could serve as an indicator for the product acceptance process. A questionnaire was presented to compare participants’ test reactions with their rational and explicit responses. The approach versus avoidance measurements showed a faster approach towards the mask stimuli. Although this result is in contrast with our initial expectations, and to a certain extent with the explicit judgments that were recorded, the results between the different mask-types did provide valuable information. Once we manage to improve our control over the intervening variables, we believe that designers can strongly benefit from this simple and straightforward experimental approach.
Soil Property and Plant Diversity Determine Bacterial Turnover and Network Interactions in a Typical Arid Inland River Basin, Northwest China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water sources from the lower reaches of the Heihe River northwest China, located in an arid area impacted by environmental stresses, have promoted changes to the local soil and plant conditions; however, our understanding of variations and drivers of soil bacterial communities in an arid inland river basin remains unclear. Therefore, we collected 39 soil samples from a riparian oasis zone (ROZ) to the circumjacent desert zone (CDZ) at the lower reaches of Heihe River to evaluate bacterial communities based on the 16S rRNA gene data. We found that the bacterial community composition differed between ROZ and CDZ habitats, with significantly higher relative abundance of the phyla Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria in ROZ, whereas the abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus was greater in CDZ. The difference in the bacterial community was almost entirely generated by the species turnover rather than the nestedness among all samples. In addition, we found that bacterial α-diversity index showed no significant difference between ROZ and CDZ habitats. The distance-decay analysis showed that spatial distance, plant community, soil property, and plant functional trait were correlated with bacterial community variations. However, the variation partition analysis (VPA) revealed that both soil properties and plant community strongly explained the difference [such as soil water content (WC), soil silt content, and plant community structure] compared with plant functional traits in bacterial β-diversity and species turnover. Based on a co-occurrence network analysis, we found that the bacterial network of ROZ, which had more negative correlations, higher average connectivity, shorter average path length, and smaller modularity, was more complex than the network of CDZ. This suggested that the bacterial community was more stable and less vulnerable to change in the ROZ habitat than in the CDZ habitat. Overall, our findings suggest that the heterogeneity of soil properties and plant community collectively affect the structure of the soil bacterial community in an arid inland river basin. However, the influence of plant functional traits on the variation of the bacterial community depends on soil properties and plant community.
Metabolomic Signatures of Brainstem in Mice following Acute and Subchronic Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an environmental toxicant of significant health concern. The brain is a major target in acute H2S poisoning. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that acute and subchronic ambient H2S exposures alter the brain metabolome. Male 7–8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation to 1000 ppm H2S for 45 min and euthanized at 5 min or 72 h for acute exposure. For subchronic study, mice were exposed to 5 ppm H2S 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks. Control mice were exposed to room air. The brainstem was removed for metabolomic analysis. Enrichment analysis showed that the metabolomic profiles in acute and subchronic H2S exposures matched with those of cerebral spinal fluid from patients with seizures or Alzheimer’s disease. Acute H2S exposure decreased excitatory neurotransmitters, aspartate, and glutamate, while the inhibitory neurotransmitter, serotonin, was increased. Branched-chain amino acids and glucose were increased by acute H2S exposure. Subchronic H2S exposure within OSHA guidelines surprisingly decreased serotonin concentration. In subchronic H2S exposure, glucose was decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acids, inosine, and hypoxanthine were increased. Collectively, these results provide important mechanistic clues for acute and subchronic ambient H2S poisoning and show that H2S alters brainstem metabolome.
Evaluating anti-inflammatory effects of drug-loaded PLGA microparticles on macrophages

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The use of a polymeric microparticle to deliver drugs has been renowned in many biomedical applications. Its capability of sustaining and controlling the release of the drug it contained has been used throughout the field. This study focused on the effect of size of an ibuprofen loaded PLGA microparticle on its loading capacity, drug release profile, alongside its cytotoxicity and ROS response towards macrophages. Different sized ibuprofen loaded PLGA microparticles were prepared using oil-in-water emulsion method and were homogenized at varying speeds. The newly synthesized particles then underwent SEM imaging to determine the size. The loading capacity of the particle ranges from 9 to 5% and was determined using HPLC. The drug release profile of each size was also plotted, with the smallest particle releasing the drug faster than the larger sized counterpart. In vitro testing with RAW 264.7 macrophages was also done to see the cytotoxic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation effect of the fast drug release kinetics of the smaller particle. Smaller drug loaded particle reduced the cell viability, with the larger particle not having any significant effect on cell viability. Unfortunately, no conclusion can be made from the ROS generation test as PLGA alone affected the result. In conclusion, the release kinetics of ibuprofen from a PLGA microparticles can be controlled by altering the size of the particle itself, which opens up the possibility of tailoring the release of drugs for different needs in biomedical applications.
The stratigraphy of the Carboniferous rocks around Castletown, Isle of Man

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY A revised lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Dinantian rocks at the southern end of the Isle of Man is presented. Resting on the Cambro-Ordovician Manx Slate Group is the Langness Conglomerate, representing a locally-derived alluvial fan deposit. The succeeding Derbyhaven and Castletown Formations are both thinly-bedded, fine-grained dark limestones with variable amounts of shale partings; the Derbyhaven Formation has yielded fossils suggesting an early Arundian to Holkerian age, whilst the Castletown Formation appears to be mostly of early Asbian age. The latter is diachronously overlain by the thick Balladoole Formation, composed of lime-mud mounds, of Asbian age. The Poyllvaaish Formation is of similar mudmounds and beds, with original depositional dips of up to 20° and yielding late Asbian to early Brigantian faunas. The penecontemporary Close-ny-Chollagh Formation consists of black limestones and shales enclosing an unusual complex of slipped and foundered blocks from the upper Poyllvaaish limestones, with considerable distortion of the black beds around the blocks. The Scarlett Volcanic Formation consists of subaqueous volcanic breccias, vesicular and pillow basaltic lavas and fine-grained tuffs, with local intercalations of black limestones of early to mid-Brigantian age. Disruption surfaces and contortions, previously thought to be due to thrust-faulting, are now regarded as contemporary mass-flow and eruptive disturbances.
Ligand-Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Heterotactic Polylactide with Titanium(IV) Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Stereoselective synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) was achieved using titanium(IV) complexes. The NO3 ligands prepared from 2,2′-dihydroxybenzophenone and salicylaldehyde derivatives were used to control the stereoselectivity of Ti(IV)-catalyzed polymerization of rac-lactide, in which a substituted ligand provided heterotactic PLA with high stereoselectivity. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the ligand structure is crucial for differentiating reaction pathways, and that the octahedral transition states are stabilized by the preorganized intermediates.
A Robust Framework for Rapid Deployment of a Virtual Screening Laboratory

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A high throughput framework for virtual screening (VS) applications has been designed which enables researchers in in-silico drug discovery to deploy large scale time-consuming virtual screening experiments on High Performance/Grid computing environments. Issues related to enabling virtual screening on grids have been addressed extensively in the past; in this paper we describe a new framework, which supports the rapid deployment of virtual screening services based on UNICORE-6 and Meta Scheduling Service (MSS). We demonstrate, how the deployment of complex virtual screening workflows is facilitated by this framework and we provide some first results of the virtual laboratory testbed established in the course of the EU project PHOSPHORUS. The flexibility of the new VS framework allows easy deployment and integration of new resources and applications, making the Grid more accessible to the users.
An ichnotaxonomic assessment of the Cretaceous Dakota Group, Front Range, Colorado, USA, and its comparison to other Western interior seaway deposits

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Aptian-Cenomanian Dakota Group along the Colorado Front Range is known for its dinosaur tracks; however, it also contains extensive invertebrate marine and continental trace fossils. The Dakota Group in Colorado is subdivided into the Lytle, Plainview, Glencairn (Cañon City), Skull Creek Shale (Denver, Fort Collins), and Muddy formations. Thirty-two invertebrate ichnogenera and 34 ichnospecies were identified: Archaeonassa, Arenicolites, Asterosoma, Asthenopodichnium, Aulichnites, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Conichnus, Cruziana, Cylindrichnus, Diplocraterion, Gyrolithes, Lockeia, Macaronichnus, Margaritichnus, Naktodemasis, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Protovirgularia, Rhizocorallium, Rosselia, Rusophycus, Schaubcylindrichnus, Scolicia, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, Teredolites, Thalassinoides, Treptichnus, and Zoophycos. Six tetrapod ichnogenera and three ichnospecies were identified: Caririchnium, Dromaeosauripus, Hatcherichnus, Ostendichnus, Magnoavipes, and Tetrapodosaurus. Three tetrapod ichnogenera Chelonipus, Ignotornis, and Mehliella have been reported at other sites in the Dakota Group, but none were found at our study sites. Rhizohaloes are reported in the Muddy Formation. Three vertebrate ichnogenera and two ichnospecies were previously described elsewhere by other workers. The Dakota Group trace fossils comprise eight ichnocoenoses–Caririchnium, Diplocraterion, Lockeia, Naktodemasis, Rhizohalo, Scolicia, Skolithos-Teichichnus, and Zoophycos–representing dwelling, deposit- and filter-feeding, and locomotion behaviors of plants, invertebrates, and tetrapods. Twelve previously unreported ichnogenera were identified: Archaeonassa, Asthenopodichnium, Conichnus, Cylindrichnus, Gyrolithes, Macaronichnus, Naktodemasis, Protovirgularia, Rusophycus, Taenidium, Treptichnus, and Zoophycos. This study is the first systematic ichnotaxonomic assessment of the invertebrate trace fossils of the Dakota Group along the Colorado Front Range, which has the highest reported ichnodiversity when compared to other Western Interior Seaway deposits.
High‐speed temperature measurements during rapid solidification of iron‐silicon ribbons, produced by planar flow casting

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to investigate the melt undercooling and the non‐equilibrium solidification of crystalline Fe 5 wt.% Si melt spun ribbons, produced by planar flow casting (PFC), high speed temperature measurements and appropriate process simulations have been performed. Using a rotating fibre optical system with a fast response double pyrometer, the temperature radiation of the solidifying ribbon during the casting process has been recorded with a measuring frequency of 50 kHz. The obtained cooling curves have been interpreted by computer simulations. It is shown that with increasing wheel temperature the overall cooling becomes more efficient. This is caused by an improved wetting behaviour of the melt‐wheel system and an increase in the heat transfer coefficient at the interface of the solidifying ribbon and the wheel from 6 · 10 4 to about 2 · 10 5 W/(m 2 K). The solidification of 100 to 200 μm thick ribbons takes place in a time interval of 2 to 5 ms. The average growth rate varies between 10 and 60 mm/s. The high cooling rate results in a fine dendritic solidification morphology with diminishing microsegregations.
The Legionella pneumophila Collagen-Like Protein Mediates Sedimentation, Autoaggregation, and Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Although only partially understood, multicellular behavior is relatively common in bacterial pathogens. Bacterial aggregates can resist various host defenses and colonize their environment more efficiently than planktonic cells. For the waterborne pathogen Legionella pneumophila , little is known about the roles of autoaggregation or the parameters which allow cell-cell interactions to occur. Here, we determined the endogenous and exogenous factors sufficient to allow autoaggregation to take place in L. pneumophila . We show that isolates from Legionella species which do not produce the Legionella collagen-like protein (Lcl) are deficient in autoaggregation. Targeted deletion of the Lcl-encoding gene ( lpg2644 ) and the addition of Lcl ligands impair the autoaggregation of L. pneumophila . In addition, Lcl-induced autoaggregation requires divalent cations. Escherichia coli producing surface-exposed Lcl is able to autoaggregate and shows increased biofilm production. We also demonstrate that L. pneumophila infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmanella vermiformis is potentiated under conditions which promote Lcl dependent autoaggregation. Overall, this study shows that L. pneumophila is capable of autoaggregating in a process that is mediated by Lcl in a divalent-cation-dependent manner. It also reveals that Lcl potentiates the ability of L. pneumophila to come in contact, attach, and infect amoebae.
Information-seeking practices of dental hygienists.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper reports on a survey of the information-seeking, critical-analysis, and computer-application practices of dental hygienists. Questionnaires were mailed to a convenience sample of seventy-one dental hygiene practitioners. A 62% response rate was achieved. Results indicated that discussions with colleagues, continuing education courses, journals, and newsletters were the sources used most frequently for professional development and information retrieval. To evaluate professional information, these hygienists tended to rely on personal experience, credibility of the journal, and discussions with colleagues. Word processing was the most frequently used computer application; online database searching was rare in this group. Computer used within the employment setting was primarily for business rather than clinical applications. Many hygienists were interested in attending continuing education courses on use of computers to acquire professional information.
Measuring Soil Quality Indicators under Different Climate-Smart Land Uses across East African Climate-Smart Villages

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The present study assessed soil physical-chemical characteristics as reliable soil health indicators in six climate-smart land use types; agroforestry, community forest, cropland with soil and water conservation (SWC), crop land without SWC, grassland and control across climate-smart villages (CSVs) in Lushoto (Tanzania), Hoima (Uganda), Wote and Nyando (Kenya). Soils were sampled at three depths; 0–15 cm, 15–45 cm and 45–100 cm and then analyzed for bulk density (BD), pH, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na), extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, exchangeable acidity (ExAc), Electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Land use types and sampling depths significantly affected soil properties (p < 0.05), High bulk density (BD) was measured at 45–100 cm depth in grassland (1.47 g/cm3) and crop land (1.50 g/cm3) in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. BD in Ugandan grasslands was statistically lower (p < 0.05) than BD in other land use types at all depths. Soil pH of surface soil (0–15 cm) ranged from 6.67 ± 0.67 (agroforestry) to 6.27 ± 0.85 (grassland). Ex. bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, ExAc, EC, TC, TN and CEC were significantly affected by land uses (p ≤ 0.05). Soil properties were significantly correlated, a positive correlation between silt % (p < 0.01) and pH, sand and Ca (p < 0.05). EC and pH, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable bases, exchangeable K and C: N ratio was observed. There was a negative correlation (p < 0.05) between pH and clay. The study has shown that improving soil properties using land use systems leads to an increase in soil nutrients.
Spontaneous diploidization of the maternal chromosome set in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) eggs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spontaneous diploidization of the maternal chromosome set (SDM) in Oreochromis niloticus is described here for the first time. The SDM phenomenon was observed in progeny of only one XY neofemale out of 11 such neofemales from which eggs had been fertilized with UV-irradiated sperm: this treatment produced only the expected haploid embryos from the other females. SDM progeny were produced from three different batches of eggs from this female. No significant differences in survival at different stages of embryonic development were observed between the SDM and the diploid control group. The maternal inheritance of SDM progeny was verified using multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Only diploid karyotypes were observed in these fish and diploid control groups. In both the SDM and control groups, sex ratios were significantly skewed towards males (93.3% and 65.0% males respectively). The actual mechanism of SDM in eggs from this particular female remains unknown.
[Histological complete response in a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach treated by chemotherapy with docetaxel and cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The patient was a 68-year-old man with melena. Endoscopic examination revealed a type 2 advanced tumor in the mid body and an elevated lesion in the upper body of the stomach. Biopsy specimens from both lesions were diagnosed histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. Abdominal CT showed thickening of the midbody in the greater curvature and bulky lymph nodes along the lesser curvature (No. 3), and the greater curvature(No. 4d). We diagnosed Stage IIIB (cP0, cH0, cT4, cN1, cM0) cancer, but we concluded radical resection would be difficult due to lymph node invasion to the diaphragm and mesocolon. DCF combination therapy (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 day 1, CDDP 75 mg/m2 day 1, 5-FU 750 mg/m2 day 1-5) was administered. After 3 courses of chemotherapy, endoscopic examination and abdominal CT findings showed remarkable reduction of the primary tumor and the lymph node metastasis, indicating a partial response (PR) to the chemotherapy. After consultation with the patient, total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection (D2) was performed. The pathological specimens showed no cancer cells in the gastric wall and lymph nodes, so the histological effect was judged as Grade 3. This case suggested that DCF combination chemotherapy may prove useful to treat patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach.
An Efficient Multilevel Coverage Scheme in Mobile Sensor Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We focus on the coverage problem in the mobile sensor network, where each node is capable of movement. Most of the prior schemes pursue coverage by uniformizing the node density or internodal distance over the area of interest. In this paper, we first argue that the uniformizing schemes are inefficient to achieve the multi-level coverage due to the phenomenon we call geometric anomaly, and that the anomaly can be solved by layering. Then, we design a distributed layering scheme, where the layers are built by nodes' local decision and the imbalance of the layer size is minimized by regrouping. Simulation results show that our scheme achieves the required multilevel coverage with a significantly reduced number of nodes.