jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Solvent Quality on the Phase Behavior of Polyelectrolyte Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The\nrole of polyelectrolyte–solvent interactions, among\nother non-Coulomb interactions, in dictating the thermodynamics and\nkinetics of polyelectrolyte complexation is prominent yet sparingly\nstudied. In this article, we present systematic comparisons of the\nbinodal phase behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) comprising\npolyelectrolytes with varying quality of backbone–solvent interactions.\nExperimental phase diagrams of polyelectrolyte complexes with either\na peptide or an aliphatic backbone highlight the influence of backbone\nchemistry on the compositions of complexes and their salt resistance.\nCorresponding theoretical phase diagrams, obtained from a framework\ncombining the random phase approximation and the Flory–Huggins\napproach, reveal a transition from closed phase boundaries, with confined\ntwo-phase regions for PECs in good solvents, to open phase boundaries,\nwherein two-phase systems are predicted to exist even at very high\nsalt concentrations, for PECs in poor solvents. These predicted trends\ncompare qualitatively well with experimental observations of low salt\nresistance (∼1 M NaCl) of PECs comprising hydrophilic polyelectrolytes\nand persistence of complexes, stabilized by short-range hydrophobic\ninteractions, even at very high salt concentrations (∼6 M NaCl)\nfor PECs comprising hydrophobic polyelectrolytes.
The Constitutional Crossroads in Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the Constitutional Court ruling (31/2010) – which included the declaration that interpretation of references to Catalonia in the 2006 Statute of Autonomy as ‘a nation’ and to its ‘national reality’ were devoid of legal effect – the Spanish central government has taken approaches to territorial power distribution which have had increasingly severe negative impacts on the autonomy of the Basque Country and Catalonia. Specifically, while the Basque and Catalan Autonomous Communities have begun to question why the current model cannot adapt to some of the more ambitious expectations of self-government, in the Spanish State the present model of devolution has been questioned precisely for the opposite reason: a perception that the model has gone too far. Facing such a complex panorama, this chapter examines the characteristics of the current Constitutional crossroads in Spain, proposing a new constitutional consensus based on the development of democracy and deepening of human rights.
Eye‐tracking analysis of user behavior and performance in web search on large and small screens

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, searching the web on mobile devices has become enormously popular. Because mobile devices have relatively small screens and show fewer search results, search behavior with mobile devices may be different from that with desktops or laptops. Therefore, examining these differences may suggest better, more efficient designs for mobile search engines. In this experiment, we use eye tracking to explore user behavior and performance. We analyze web searches with 2 task types on 2 differently sized screens: one for a desktop and the other for a mobile device. In addition, we examine the relationships between search performance and several search behaviors to allow further investigation of the differences engendered by the screens. We found that users have more difficulty extracting information from search results pages on the smaller screens, although they exhibit less eye movement as a result of an infrequent use of the scroll function. However, in terms of search performance, our findings suggest that there is no significant difference between the 2 screens in time spent on search results pages and the accuracy of finding answers. This suggests several possible ideas for the presentation design of search results pages on small devices.
[The diagnosis of genital papillomavirus infections using molecular hybridization].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-cultivable, small ADN viruses, of which about sixty different types are known at present. They infect specifically the stratified epithelium and are responsible for skin lesions (warts) and mucous lesions (condylomata). Their presence can probably be associated with the possible development of genital neoplasia. They cannot be detected by culture and it is at present impossible to reveal their presence by specific antigens. However, the presence of their genome in the infected cells can be detected by hybridization with the use of marked nucleic probes, Southern-blot (method of reference), dot-blot, quicker but less specific, or hybridization in situ which enables the assessment of the histopathological environment. Finally, the very sensitive technique of enzymatic amplification of the genes (Polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR) could become a method of choice for the detection of HPV. These techniques of molecular biology have shown that genital HPV infections are widely spread, but the markers necessary to determine the risk of neoplastic degeneration are yet to be discovered.
Observer Attributions of Depressed Students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In two identical experiments, depressed and nondepressed college students made attributions about the causes of another's essay-writing behavior. Half of each depressed group was given information designed to lead to an internal attribution for the essay writing and half was given information designed to lead to an external attribution. The results of both experiments showed that across the attribution conditions, depressed students made more use of the attributional information than did nondepressed students. These data fit with the theoretical reasoning of Pittman and Pittman (1980) that lack of control motivates attributional processing. In addition, the data imply that depressed students, compared to nondepressed students, show more sensitivity in some types of information processing tasks.
Renal relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis: unpredictable, but predictive of renal outcome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In addition to baseline renal function, the occurrence of renal relapses is an important determinant of ESRF in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. We did not find any clinical predictors for renal relapse itself, including disease activity elsewhere. In light of the silent nature of renal relapse in ANCA-associated vasculitis, we stress the need for long-term vigilant monitoring for early signs of renal relapse and propose performing 3-monthly urinalysis. This will enable timely treatment and help further improve renal outcome.
Post-2008 British Industrial Policy and Constructivist Political Economy: New Directions and New Tensions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article serves to introduce a number of recent changes in the practices and rationale of British industrial policy since 2008. I observe a shift towards a stronger role for the government and for agencies of industrial policy in the provision of industrial finance, and towards an increasingly discretionary and strategic approach to industrial policy intervention, both of which stand in tension with the neoliberal 'coordinative discourse' that continues to structure macroeconomic policy in the post-2008 context. I suggest that this tension is indicative of the emergence of two competing 'crisis diagnoses' in government after 2008; one reflecting the neoliberal coordinative discourse that structured economic policymaking prior to 2008, the other at odds with this neoliberal crisis diagnosis. I argue that constructivist analytical frameworks on crisis and political-economic change are insufficiently developed to accommodate these findings. I therefore reflect upon some conceptual and empirical implications that the findings raise for a constructivist analysis of economic policy in the post-2008 context in Britain, before concluding that a more contingent, contested and, crucially, incomplete process of re-alignment in the ideas that structure economic policymaking is underway in Britain than is generally acknowledged.
Generalized Born and Explicit Solvent Models for Free Energy Calculations in Organic Solvents: Cyclodextrin Dimerization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Evaluation of solvation (binding) free energies with implicit solvent models in different dielectric environments for biological simulations as well as high throughput ligand screening remain challenging endeavors. In order to address how well implicit solvent models approximate explicit ones we examined four generalized Born models (GB(Still), GB(HCT), GB(OBC)I, and GB(OBC)II) for determining the dimerization free energy (ΔG(0)) of β-cyclodextrin monomers in 17 implicit solvents with dielectric constants (D) ranging from 5 to 80 and compared the results to previous free energy calculations with explicit solvents ( Zhang et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2012 , 116 , 12684 - 12693 ). The comparison indicates that neglecting the environmental dependence of Born radii appears acceptable for such calculations involving cyclodextrin and that the GB(Still) and GB(OBC)I models yield a reasonable estimation of ΔG(0), although the details of binding are quite different from explicit solvents. Large discrepancies between implicit and explicit solvent models occur in high-dielectric media with strong hydrogen bond (HB) interruption properties. ΔG(0) with the GB models is shown to correlate strongly to 2(D-1)/(2D+1) (R(2) ∼ 0.90) in line with the Onsager reaction field ( Onsager J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936 , 58 , 1486 - 1493 ) but to be very sensitive to D (D < 10) as well. Both high-dielectric environments where hydrogen bonds are of interest and low-dielectric media such as protein binding pockets and membrane interiors therefore need to be considered with caution in GB-based calculations. Finally, a literature analysis of Gibbs energy of solvation of small molecules in organic liquids shows that the Onsager relation does not hold for real molecules since the correlation between ΔG(0) and 2(D-1)/(2D+1) is low for most solutes. Interestingly, explicit solvent calculations of the solvation free energy ( Zhang et al. J. Chem. Inf. Model . 2015 , 55 , 1192 - 1201 ) reproduce the weak experimental correlations with 2(D-1)/(2D+1) very well.
RECOLECCION Y COMERCIALIZACION DEL OREGANO (Lippia spp) EN EL SEMI-DESIERTO MEXICANO, UN CASO DE ESTUDIO: RESERVA ECOLOGICA MUNICIPAL SIERRA Y CAÑON DE JIMULCO, MEXICO

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The oregano plant (Lippia spp) is a wild resource located in arid and semi-arid areas of northern Mexico. Due to its important culinary and medicinal properties it is collected for sale by the population living in those areas which represents to the majority of the collectors more than 50% of their income. The objective of this work was to characterize its collection and commercialization to make proposals that allow to improve the standard of living of the population living in these regions and whose income is scarce and irregular. The work was carried out in a representative area of the Chihuahuan Semi - desert located in the Sierra and Cañón de Jimulco Municipal Ecological Reserve, Torreón municipality, Coahuila, Mexico, applying a field survey to 23 oregano collectors representing more than 30% of the population. The results found allow us to conclude that the marketing structure favors intermediaries and industrialists with very little margin for the collectors. It is necessary that they improve in their organization, participate more in the commercialization, look for the aggregation of value and above all they must manage a certification like organic product which would allow them to improve significantly their income.
MODELING PREY-PREDATOR TYPE FISHERY WITH RESERVE AREA

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a prey-predator type fishery model in two patch environment. We assume that one patch is accessible to both prey and predator while other is a refuge for prey. The prey refuge constitutes a reserve zone where fishing is not allowed. In the unreserved area there are both prey and predators and harvesting of only predators is permitted. The equilibria of the model and their stability are discussed. Also we investigate various possibilities of bionomic equilibrium. Finally, the model is simulated for varied set of parameters and sensitivity of the parameters and effect of the size of reserve on maximum yield are studied. We found that it is the best to keep the size of reserve small and increase the harvesting effort upto optimal harvesting effort to get the higher maximum yield.
Rearmament to the Rescue? New Estimates of the Impact of ‘Keynesian’ Policies in 1930s’ Britain

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We report estimates of the fiscal multiplier for interwar Britain based on quarterly data, time-series econometrics, and ‘defense news’. We find that the government expenditure multiplier was in the range 0.3 to 0.8, much lower than previous estimates. The scope for a Keynesian solution to recession was less than is generally supposed. We find that rearmament gave a smaller boost to real GDP than previously claimed. Rearmament may, however, have had a larger impact than a temporary public works program of similar magnitude if private investment anticipated the need to add capacity to cope with future defense spending.
Final Comparison Study of Teaching Blended In-Class Courses vs. Teaching Distance Education Courses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper will share with the members of the conference the findings from the final study. This study contains five semesters of analyzed data which compares the retention of students, final grades for students, grades for five specific tasks that were given in blended in-class courses and in the totally online courses, and a comparison of data by GPA, gender, and by class level. All courses were American Politics PLSC 111. Each semester one or two American Politics courses were conducted in the classroom and one American Politics distance education course was conducted totally online. Each time the courses were given, it was during the same semester and by the same professor who is the researcher.
Using Facebook to tell stories of premature ageing and sexual and reproductive healthcare across the life course for women with cerebral palsy in the UK and USA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objective To enhance understanding of the bodily and lifestyle effects of ageing with cerebral palsy (CP) for women, with a particular focus on experiences with sexual and reproductive healthcare (SRH) services in the UK and North America. Design A qualitative study underpinned by feminist disability theory and drawing on digital ethnographies to capture health and healthcare experiences for women with CP. Setting A global community of 140 women with CP, who are members of the closed international Facebook group, Women Ageing with Cerebral Palsy (WACP). Participants Forty-five members of WACP who were based in the UK and North America. The women were aged between 21 and 75. Methods Messages posted on WACP between January 2018 and October 2018 were collated and underwent thematic analysis to identify themes relating to effects of ageing and experiences of SRH for women with CP at different points over the female life course. Results The breadth of experiences in relation to the effects of ageing and access to reproductive and sexual healthcare for women with CP can be divided into three themes: (1) bodily effects of ageing; (2) lifestyle effects of ageing; (3) experiences of reproductive and sexual healthcare. Conclusions Giving women with CP a platform to ‘speak for themselves’ in relation to effects of ageing and SRH provides health professionals with an informed knowledge base on which to draw. This might improve treatment for this growing adult patient community whose experiences have not received attention in health discourse or services. Including these experiences in public medical and social discourse can also bring a new knowledge to girls with CP about what ageing could mean for them so plans can be put in place for their future.
National Disparities and Standards Essential Patents: Considerations for India

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Patents on standardized technologies are being issued with increasing frequency, and large multinational firms based in developed economies hold the majority of these patents. As a result, firms from less-developed economies with sparse patent holdings may be disadvantaged in both domestic and foreign markets. While protectionist governmental policies can address these disparities, such measures are potentially contrary to international treaty obligations and often unsuccessful in the long term. An alternative approach involves greater participation in international SSOs by firms from less-developed economies. This increased participation is likely to benefit such firms both in terms of technology development, strengthening of patent positions, and influence over SSO policies. To facilitate increased participation, subsidies may be required from local governments, NGOs, multinational organizations or SSOs themselves.
Near-wake structures of a finite square cylinder with a flapping film at its free end

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As a follow-up study of Wang et al. [“Control of the flow around a finite square cylinder with a flexible plate attached at the free end,” Phys. Fluids 34(2), 027109 (2022)], this paper presents an experimental study of flow around a wall-mounted finite square cylinder with a vertically clamped flapping film at its free end. The width (d) of the square cylinder was 40 mm, and the aspect ratio (H/d) was 5, where the height H was 200 mm. The flexible film was made of low-density polyethylene, with a thickness of 0.04 mm and the width and length (l) each of d. Flow visualization and particle image velocimetry were conducted in the central lateral plane and several horizontal planes to reveal the 3D structure of the flapping induced vortex (FIV) and its effects on the cylinder near wake. All measurements were done in a low-speed wind tunnel at a flow speed of U∞ = 5 m/s with a Reynolds number of 13 700 based on U∞ and d. Previous study suggests that the flapping film reduces aerodynamic forces of the cylinder significantly and that the fluctuating lateral force is reduced by 60% [Wang et al., “Control of the flow around a finite square cylinder with a flexible plate attached at the free end,” Phys. Fluids 34(2), 027109 (2022)]. Vortices that shed from the trailing edge of the flapping film connect those from the side edges, forming n-shape FIVs downstream. FIVs induce more high-speed flow downwards into the wake, which suppresses the mean recirculation zone near the free end but enlarges it in the lower part of the wake. The two legs of n-shape FIVs are symmetrically arranged near the cylinder free end, whose effects diminish gradually as approaching the bottom wall, where alternating Karman vortex shedding still prevails.
Class, gender, and ritual puppetry: negotiating revival for the hakomawashi puppeteers of Tokushima, Japan 1

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter looks at the hakomawashi puppet tradition in Tokushima, Japan, in which puppeteers go house to house (kadozuke) at New Year, blessing homes with the puppet figures Okina, Senzai, Sanbas{obar}, and Ebisu. It focuses specifically on the role of a small group of women in the form's current revival. While some parts of the tradition may have been off limits to women in the past or viewed with suspicion if performed by women, today it is a woman who is its central performer, thanks to her unique heritage and devotion to the art. Her work connects to a long history in Japan both of women being associated with spiritual powers and of rituals being performed with puppet-like figures. Hakomawashi have traditionally held outcast status (burakumin). Today's hakomawashi promote the rights of the outcast class, as they lift the form from the social stigmas previously associated with it.
Effect of Naoxintong on Serum Lipid Level in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the effects of atorvastatin combined with Naoxintong capsules on serum lipid level and hish sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Methods 82 ACS patients were randomly divided into observation group(10 mg/d of atorvastatin and 4 capsules 3 times of Naoxintong daily,n=41) and control group(20 mg/d of simvastatin daily,n=41).The levels of serum lipid and hs-CRP were detected before and after treatment.Results 8 weeks after treatment,the levels of serum hpid[TC (4.21±0.87)mmol/L,TG(1.99±0.48)mmol/L,LDL-C(2.71±0.83) mmol/L] and serum hs-CRP(5.63±1.38)mg/L in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group[TC(4.89±0.91)mmol/L,TG (2.58±0.52)mmol/L,LDL-C(3.28±0.89)mmol/L],and serum level HDL-C(1.89±0.47)mmol/L was higher than that in control group(1.63±0.45)mmol/L(t=2.55-4.36,P<0.01～0.05).Conclusion Adjuvant therapy of Naoxintong could promote the levels of serum lipid and hs-CRP in patients with ACS.and offer a better therapeutic effect in these patients.

Key words:
Atorvastatin; Naoxintong capsule; Coronary disease; C-reactive protein; Serum Lpid
Evaluating the efficacy of a virtual reality infused child-pedestrian training

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This research has developed a child pedestrian training module using Virtual Reality (VR) system. Children can have an immersive experience of walking on streets in different street-crossing scenarios. Past literature and crash data analysis revealed higher and more severe injury cases for child pedestrians in school zones serving low-income and underrepresented communities. This training was developed to fulfill the needs for a child-pedestrian, living in such communities, to understand basic pedestrian rules and develop safe walking behavior. The training module has been created as a VR "game" where the child played the game as a "player". Each child experienced eight critical street-crossing scenarios named "levels" and numbered from 1 through 8. These levels are designed and developed based on crash data analysis to test the player's decision-making ability. A head-mounted device (HMD) was used to play the game, where a right-hand game controller was used to change levels. As the game was developed, it had to go through a quality test of the developer. Players' experience survey responses were also recorded. These measures were collected to ensure the effectiveness and user-friendliness of the game. Results show that the game was effectively developed to perform it's defined task in the improvement of child-pedestrian behaviors. Future research can include objective measures to evaluate participants' improvement in walking behavior and make the training module more comprehensive with additional crossing scenarios.