jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Particle Based Inks for Inkjet Printing of Thin Catalytic Layers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate that functional inks can be successfully and systematically formulated to obtain the required properties for printing Fe2O3-based photoelectrodes. The formulation of the ink as well as the parameters for the printing process can be varied within certain limits to adjust the properties of the electrodes. Characteristics of the formulation process and the printing process are comprehensively studied to estimate the potential of printing different dimensions and structures. For the examination of the photoelectrochemical properties, an optimized photoelectrode is fabricated applying inkjet printing.
Structural and microvascular retinal changes as biomarkers for cognitive impairment and fatigue symptoms in multiple sclerosis disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To assess the structural and microvascular chorioretinal changes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We also investigated whether these changes correlate with the severity of fatigue and cognitive impairment in patients with MS. Patients andMethods: This prospective study included [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]
Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Liriope platyphylla (Liliaceae), a medical plant distributed mainly in China, Taiwan, and Korea, has been used traditionally for the treatment of cough, sputum, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study involved the metabolic profiling of this plant and reports spicatoside A accumulation in four different varieties of L. platyphylla (Cheongyangjaerae, Seongsoo, Cheongsim, and Liriope Tuber No. 1) using HPLC and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOFMS). A total of 47 metabolites were detected in the different cultivars using GC–TOFMS-based metabolic profiling. The resulting data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for determining the whole experimental variation, and the different cultivars were separated by score plots. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering, Pearson’s correlation, and partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) were subsequently performed to determine significant differences in the various metabolites of the cultivars. The HPLC data revealed that the presence of spicatoside A was detected in all four cultivars, with the amount of spicatoside A varying among them. Among the cultivars, Liriope Tuber No. 1 contained the highest amount of spicatoside A (1.83 ± 0.13 mg/g dry weight), followed by Cheongyangjaerae (1.25 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight), Cheongsim (1.09 ± 0.04 mg/g dry weight), and Seongsoo (1.01 ± 0.02 mg/g dry weight). The identification of spicatoside A was confirmed by comparing the retention time of the sample with the retention time of the standard. Moreover, the Cheongsim cultivar contained higher levels of phenolic compounds—including vanillic acid, quinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and benzoic acid—than those of the other two cultivars. On the other hand, the levels of amino acids were higher in the Seongsoo cultivar. Therefore, this study may help breeders produce new varieties with improved nutraceutical and nutritional qualities.
The Problems of Diversifying into Commercial Lines: The Instance of Scotswood Locomotives

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

On 10 October 1918, the full board of Armstrong Whitworth decided that they should take up locomotive manufacture. Immediate steps were to be taken to organise the new department. Capital cost estimates were of the order of 500000 plus 20000 for a boiler-making plant which in part would serve the locomotive works. With the removal of automobile production to Coventry and the need for replacement work for its projectile and ammunition sections, Scots-wood seemed the ideal location. A decision was taken not to stint in making this a first-rate operation. To that end arrangements were made with Mr G. M. McColl of the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia to supervise building and start-up.1 By 1919, a target annual production of 300 to 400 locomotives had been decided. During that year a big party was thrown at the Station Hotel in Newcastle to launch the new department. After the party the guests were taken to Scotswood to see the first of the new locomotives run down the track and, to cheers, cut a red, white and blue ribbon. The department thus inaugurated with a flourish which recalls some of the pre-war battleship launches was to provide an interesting illustration of the differences between the economics of armament and of commercial engineering. In December 1921, McColl returned to America at the end of his contract.
Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Cranz) Foliage Replacing Brewer’s Grains as Protein Supplement for Yellow Cattle fed a Basal Diet of Cassava Pulp-Urea and Rice Straw

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Twelve local "Yellow" cattle with initial weight from 114 to 117kg and 1.8 to 2 years of age were allocated in a completely randomized block design to 4 treatments and 3 replicates.The treatments (as supplements to ad libitum cassava pulp plus 3% urea on DM basis and rice straw 1% of LW) were: cassava foliage and brewers' grains in the ratio 4:0, 3:1, 2:2 and 0:4 as % of live weight, fresh basis.The experiment was carried out for 120 days from February to July 2016.At the end of the trial, concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide were determined in eructed gas mixed with air in a closed chamber in which the animals were kept for 20 minutes prior to measurement of the gases.There was a quadratic relationship between the rate of live weight and the proportion of brewers' grains in the diet DM, with the maximum growth rate being recorded when the brewers' grains provided 15% of the diet DM.There was a similar relationship between level of brewers' grains and DM feed conversion with the optimum value at about 17% of brewers' grains in the diet DM.The ratio of methane to carbon dioxide in mixed eructed gas and air declined with a curvilinear trend as the fresh cassava foliage replaced brewers' grains in the diet.
Galois symmetries of knot spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We exploit the Galois symmetries of the little disks operads to show that many differentials in the Goodwillie–Weiss spectral sequences approximating the homology and homotopy of knot spaces vanish at a prime $p$ . Combined with recent results on the relationship between embedding calculus and finite-type theory, we deduce that the $(n+1)$ th Goodwillie–Weiss approximation is a $p$ -local universal Vassiliev invariant of degree $\leq n$ for every $n \leq p + 1$ .
Progress of the 30-year Laser Vision Technology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This review paper will consist of: (1) A historical review of the 30 years progress of laser vision corrections (1987 to 2016); (2) Summary of eye lasers and their applications; (3) Recent developments and new trends; (4) The principles and formulas of laser and non-laser vision corrections; and (5) UV-light-initiated corneal collagen crosslinking.
Analysis of Risk Assessments in Textile Industry With ANP Method

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

As each sector and industry has its own risks and hazards in terms of occupational health and safety, many of these can also be found in the textile industry. A good analysis of these risks and hazards, the correct and quick determination of the precautions to be taken can prevent many occupational accidents that may occur. In this study, the current risk assessment forms of a textile company operating in Bursa were examined. As the result of these analyzes made, the hazards of the current risks were classified into 8 main criteria and 55 sub-criteria. In order to determine the internal and external dependencies of these criteria, the ANP method, one of the multi-criteria decision making methods, was used. Thanks to the ANP, weightings of the main criteria and sub-criteria were obtained. In this way, the main criterion with the highest priority hazard has been determined as the criterion of machinery, working equipment and hand tools. The moving rotating part was found as the most prioritized sub-criterion of this main criterion. As a result of the comparisons of each sub-criterion with the sub-criteria in different main criteria, the most priority sub-criterion was determined as electric shock.
The innate immune architecture of lung tumors and its implication in disease progression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Lung malignancies are the leading cause of cancer‐related mortality. By virtue of its unique physiological function, the lung microenvironment is highly dynamic and constantly subjected to mechanical, chemical and pathogenic stimuli. Thus, the airways rely on highly organized innate defense mechanisms to rapidly protect against pathogens and maintain pulmonary homeostasis. However, in the context of lung malignancy, these defenses often provide collateral inflammatory insults that can foster tumor progression. This review summarizes the interactions between cancer cells, recruited immune cells and tissue‐resident cell subpopulations, such as airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, during homeostasis and disease. Furthermore, we examine the role of the lung immune landscape in response to current therapeutic interventions for cancer. Given the prevalence of lung malignancies, we propose that consideration of lung physiology as a whole is necessary to understand and treat these lethal diseases. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid Phase Microextraction–Multicapillary Column–Ion Mobility Spectrometry (SPME–MCC–IMS) for Detection of Methyl Salicylate in Tomato Leaves

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a plant-signaling molecule that plays an essential role in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic pathogens. In this work, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a multicapillary column (MCC) are coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to detect MeSA in tomato leaves. The SPME-MCC-IMS method provides two-dimensional (2D) separation by both MCC and IMS, based on the retention and drift times. The effect of the IMS polarity on the separation efficiency of MCCs was also investigated. In the positive polarity, ionization of MeSA resulted in [MeSA + H]+ formation while, in the negative, deprotonated ions, [MeSA - H]-, and the O2- adduct ion, [MeSA + O2]-, were formed. In the real sample analysis, the negative polarity operation resulted in the suppression of many matrix molecules and thus in the reduction of interferences. Four different SPME fibers were used for head space analysis, and four MCC columns were investigated. In the negative polarity, complete separation was achieved for all of the MCCs columns. The limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1 μg mL-1 and linear range of 0.25-12 μg mL-1 were obtained for the measurement of MeSA in a standard solution (H2O/CH3OH, 50:50) by the SPME-IMS method with a 5 min extraction time using an SPME with a PDMS fiber, in the negative mode of IMS. The MeSA contents of fresh tomato leaves were determined as 1.5-9.8 μg g-1, 24-96 h after inoculation by tomato mosaic ringspot virus (ToRSV).
Comparison of Molecular Weight Distribution Determined from the Three Methods, SEC-Calibration Curve, SEC-MALS, and MALDI-TOF-MS Measurements

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The molecular weight distribution curves determined by three methods, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with calibration curve, SEC with multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and matrix-aided laser deposition ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) were compared.
Supplementary Table from <i>FOXM1</i> Variant Contributes to Gefitinib Resistance via Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Pathway in Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Table from <i>FOXM1</i> Variant Contributes to Gefitinib Resistance via Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Pathway in Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
High dispersion IUE spectra of active chromosphere G and K dwarfs

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

IUE far ultraviolet echelle spectra of three active chromosphere dwarf stars X1 Orionis (GO V), Bootis A (G8 V), and Eridani (K2 V), are analyzed utilizing spectra of Alpha Cen A (G2 V) and Alpha Cen B (K1 V) as quiet chromosphere comparisons.
Replacement of groundnut cake with rubber (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) seed cake in diets for Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was carried out to determine the level of rubber seed cake (RSC) that could be used to replace groundnut cake (GNC) in practical diets of Oreochromis niloticus. RSC, a by-product of the oil extraction of the rubber tree seed and GNC were interchangeably replaced in the formulation of five experimental diets fed to the fish. Fish fed with 30% RSC inclusion level gave the best result with the highest SGR (1.73), best food conversion ratio [FCR (1.69)] and protein efficiency ratio [PER (1.97)]. These values were statistically superior (P > 0.05) to those of the other diets. This was followed by the group fed the control diet (CD), while the poorest result was obtained in the group fed test diet with 60% RSC inclusion level. This study showed that an equal replacement of GNC with RSC was best suitable as dietary protein source for O. niloticus. Key Words: . Journal of Aquatic Sciences Vol.19(1) 2004: 27-31
More Than Charged Base Loss — Revisiting the Fragmentation of Highly Charged Oligonucleotides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Tandem mass spectrometry is a well-established analytical tool for rapid and reliable characterization of oligonucleotides (ONs) and their gas-phase dissociation channels. The fragmentation mechanisms of native and modified nucleic acids upon different mass spectrometric activation techniques have been studied extensively, resulting in a comprehensive catalogue of backbone fragments. In this study, the fragmentation behavior of highly charged oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) comprising up to 15 nucleobases was investigated. It was found that ODNs exhibiting a charge level (ratio of the actual to the total possible charge) of 100% follow significantly altered dissociation pathways compared with low or medium charge levels if a terminal pyrimidine base (3' or 5') is present. The corresponding product ion spectra gave evidence for the extensive loss of a cyanate anion (NCO(-)), which frequently coincided with the abstraction of water from the 3'- and 5'-end in the presence of a 3'- and 5'-terminal pyrimidine nucleobase, respectively. Subsequent fragmentation of the M-NCO(-) ion by MS(3) revealed a so far unreported consecutive excision of a metaphosphate (PO3 (-))-ion for the investigated sequences. Introduction of a phosphorothioate group allowed pinpointing of PO3 (-) loss to the ultimate phosphate group. Several dissociation mechanisms for the release of NCO(-) and a metaphosphate ion were proposed and the validity of each mechanism was evaluated by the analysis of backbone- or sugar-modified ONs.
Molecular Medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the major con-stituent of blood vessels, play an essential role in the regulation of blood pressure, blood vessel tone, and blood flow distribution. Unlike the terminally differentiated skeletal or cardiac myocytes, VSMCs retain remarkable phenotypic plasticity in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Although the plasticity is indispensible for normal vascular develop-ment, dysregulated irreversible change in VSMC phenotype is associated with a number of cardiovascular diseases, in-cluding atherosclerosis, aneurysm, and hypertension.1,2 The phenotypic modulation (or phenotypic switching) of VSMCs is a multifaceted process, and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. VSMCs express a repertoire of Ca2+-permeable ion channels, some of which have been implicated in phenotypic modulation of VSMCs. For in-stance, maintenance of the differentiated state of VSMCs re-
Seed Germination of American Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). I. Laboratory Techniques and Autotoxicity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seeds of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), an underinvestigated species, were studied to determine optimal conditions for laboratory germination. Soaking seeds in acid solutions prior to sowing increased rates of germination. Concentrated (conc) H2SO4 was more effective than conc NO3 or conc HCl acids. Physiological evidence from seed germination studies suggests that autotoxicity, or intraspecific inhibition, exists in pokeweed, a species known to possess several biologically active compounds. Seed germination was investigated in the laboratory with aqueous extracts of vegetative and reproductive structures of the plant. The presence of extracts from most plant parts correlated with reduced or no germination by seeds of its own species, whereas the presence of distilled water correlated with high percentages of germination by control seeds. Whether diluted with water by 5-fold (20% v/v) or undiluted, juice of pokeweed fruits completely inhibited the laboratory germination of pokeweed seeds. Also, extracts of freshly harvested mature leaves, stems, and immature fruits inhibited seed germination. However, results with root extracts, obtained from a single individual, depended more on concentration, since the highest concentration (50% v/v) inhibited germination, and lower concentrations (10 and 20% v/v) increased germination percentages over control samples. Results with extracts of juvenile leaves correlated with neither inhibition nor promotion of germination. Thus, except for juvenile leaves and the root, most extracts of the pokeweed plant inhibited seed germination with more mature structures exerting more inhibition and less mature structures exerting less or no inhibition. The ecological implication of autotoxicity is that seeds are more dispersed through time and space. In regard to seed germination by other species, especially those taxa known to possess biologically active compounds, these and other results suggest that the phenomenon of autotoxicity might be more widespread than previously suspected.
Ocean borehole horizontal seismic sensor orientation determined from explosive charges

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

High‐quality seismic data recorded by a three‐component, ocean borehole seismometer are used to determine the horizontal geophone azimuths to within ±1.5°. Analysis of water waves and first arrivals from 22 explosive charges fired to the downhole instrument show the effects of tilted sensors, shot mislocation, and dip of sediment‐basement interface. Analysis also shows that the ocean subbottom seismometer (OSS IV) borehole package is not positioned below the sediment‐basalt interface as previously believed but is actually locked in the sediments at some distance above the basement. The results of this study indicate that carefully located shots can be used to obtain geophone sensor azimuths to within ±1.0°, a precision adequate for most seismic and acoustic purposes.
Detection by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the human serum amyloid A protein in inflammatory sera

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Human serum amyloid A protein in inflammatory sera is easily identified by simple protein staining after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as the lowest molecular weight detected proteic band. Western blotting followed by immunoblot has been used to demonstrate this result. By contrast, serum amyloid A protein is not detectable by these combined techniques in normal sera.
Solitary choroidal metastasis of distal cholangiocarcinoma: A case report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metastatic choroidal carcinoma is rare and generally has a poor prognosis. The present case report describes a case of choroidal metastasis from distal cholangiocarcinoma, which was successfully managed using stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). A 67-year-old Japanese man underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for distal cholangiocarcinoma. The pathological stage was T2N0M0 stage IIA, according to the Union for International Cancer Control 8th edition. After surgery, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with oral TS-1® for 1 month. A total of 2 months after surgery, the patient was readmitted to hospital due to decreased visual acuity. Fundoscopy revealed a macular hole in the right eye that accounted for the decreased visual acuity. Additionally, Goldmann three-mirror contact lens examination revealed a 4-mm choroidal mass with a yellowish color situated at a considerable distance from the optic nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhanced choroidal mass. Based on the findings of ophthalmologic examinations and the patient's history of cholangiocarcinoma, they were diagnosed with choroidal metastasis from distal cholangiocarcinoma. SRT was administered at a total dose of 40 Gy divided into 8 Gy fractions. A total of 1 year after SRT, the patient achieved complete remission without decreased visual acuity. The patient remains alive and in good health without recurrence, 4 years after the diagnosis of choroidal metastasis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported case of intraocular metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma. In conclusion, SRT may provide an opportunity to control metastatic choroidal carcinoma without decreasing visual acuity.
Topoisomerase 1 Inhibition Promotes Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Dependent Antiviral Responses

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Inflammatory responses, while essential for pathogen clearance, can also be deleterious to the host. Chemical inhibition of topoisomerase 1 (Top1) by low-dose camptothecin (CPT) can suppress transcriptional induction of antiviral and inflammatory genes and protect animals from excessive and damaging inflammatory responses. We describe the unexpected finding that minor DNA damage from topoisomerase 1 inhibition with low-dose CPT can trigger a strong antiviral immune response through cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) detection of cytoplasmic DNA. This argues against CPT having only anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, expression of the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen was paramount to the proinflammatory antiviral activity of CPT, as it potentiated cytoplasmic DNA leakage and subsequent cGAS recruitment in human and mouse cell lines. This work suggests that the capacity of Top1 inhibitors to blunt inflammatory responses can be counteracted by viral oncogenes and that this should be taken into account for their therapeutic development. IMPORTANCE Recent studies suggest that low-dose DNA-damaging compounds traditionally used in cancer therapy can have opposite effects on antiviral responses, either suppressing (with the example of CPT) or potentiating (with the example of doxorubicin) them. Our work demonstrates that the minor DNA damage promoted by low-dose CPT can also trigger strong antiviral responses, dependent on the presence of viral oncogenes. Taken together, these results call for caution in the therapeutic use of low-dose chemotherapy agents to modulate antiviral responses in humans.