jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Transceiving protocol design for a free space optical communication system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new transceiving protocol is demonstrated for a Free Space Optical (FSO) communication system, and it's discussed in two parts: the transmitting protocol and the receiving protocol. During the discussion of these two parts, the cooperation of them is also discussed. Different from wired communication, an FSO system modulates the data on a narrow beam of laser transmitting through the free space or the atmosphere, and the protocol presented in this paper is mainly optimized for terrestrial Free Space Optical links, in which the signal channel of the system is mainly the atmosphere. Due to the complex composition and activity of the atmosphere, this signal channel brings in great influence on the transmitting laser in it, for example, the absorption and scattering of the atmosphere molecules and aerosols, the scintillation of received laser power caused by the turbulence of the atmosphere, all of which results in a much higher Bit Error Rate (BER) of the communication system. Thus in designing a protocol for an FSO system, more effort should be taken in the encoding of the data stream, the synchronization of the data stream, error checking and exception handling. The main function of the transmitting protocol includes interfacing the outer input data with a parallel port, buffering the input data, encoding the input data stream, serializing the parallel data and output the serialized data. It also has an output management unit to manage the activity of each part of the transmitting protocol. The main function of the receiving protocol includes filtering and synchronizing the input serial data stream, paralleling the serial data stream, decoding the input data, error checking, exception handling and interfacing the outer receiver with a parallel port. The entire transceiving protocol could be programmed into a single FPGA chip to improve system integrity and reduce the system cost. The presented protocol could be taken as "protocol transparent" for outer interfaces, meaning that when interfacing the presented system to an outer system, you don't have to consider what protocol the outer system transceiving data stream is under, for example, the TCP/IP protocol or anything else, in the case that its I/O interface is a parallel port. Simulation and final experiment prove that the protocol presented is working fine at a certain bit rate scale.
Field ionization mass spectrometry of long chain fatty methyl esters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mass spectrometry is particularly useful for identifying lipid materials. One primary factor in the interpretation of mass spectra is the recording of the molecular ion peak giving the molecular weight of the compound. Regrettably many compounds, including hydroxy compounds, do not give significant molecular ion peaks; consequently their identification is difficult. A mass spectrometer equipped with a field ionization source produces a greatly different mass spectrum consisting almost entirely of the molecular ion peak. This new source was used to measure the mass spectra of methyl esters of saturated, unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids. Saturated esters gave the molecular ion peak almost exclusively; unsaturated esters yielded molecular plus metastable ion peaks; whereas the hydroxy esters had molecular, M‐18, meaastable and fragment ion peaks.
Legal solutions to medical problems: a rights-based approach as the way forward in the ownership and end-of-life contexts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary: \nThis essay takes two contentious issues of contemporary society – end-of-life and ownership of bodily material and examines them through a legal lens. \n \nRelevance: \nIn today’s litigation culture, the spheres of medicine and law increasingly overlap, sparking a need to leave the dichotomies behind and explore the symbiosis between these fields. \n \nTake Home Messages: \nOn the basis of (1) consistency, (2) coherency and (3) control, it is argued that a rights terminology would helpfully organise the way we approach medical decision-making in these two contexts.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase interference in the Haeckel enzymic technique for uric acid determination.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Journal Article Aldehyde dehydrogenase interference in the Haeckel enzymic technique for uric acid determination. Get access F Zoppi, F Zoppi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D Fenili, D Fenili Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S Marcovina, S Marcovina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A Peracino A Peracino Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 26, Issue 1, 1 January 1980, Page 178, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/26.1.178 Published: 01 January 1980
The multilayered organization of engineered human skin does not influence the formation of sunlight-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in cellular DNA.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Solar UVB initiates skin cancer mainly by generating highly premutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and subsequent mutations in critical growth control genes. It is universally presumed that the upper epidermis in human skin blocks a significant portion of the incident UVB, thereby protecting the cancer-prone basal layer from CPD formation. Using two sensitive techniques for measuring CPD in cellular DNA, we confirmed that the multilayered organization of engineered human skin efficiently shields the basal layer against 254-nm UVC (which is not present in terrestrial sunlight) but, very unexpectedly, provides virtually no protection against environmentally relevant UVB. This underscores the importance of regular sunscreen use, which, in light of our data, may constitute a considerably more important first line of defense against photocarcinogenesis than previously believed.
Improving Thematic Mapper land cover classification using filtered data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In an attempt to alleviate the classification problems introduced by the higher spatial resolution of the Thematic Mapper in comparison to the Muitispectral Scanner, classifications were performed on two to six band combinations, first using Thematic Mapper bands only, and subsequently replacing band 5 by its mean-filtered and median-filtered counterpart. The combination of filtered data with non-filtered data smooths out scene noise while retaining some of the boundary detail.
Vapor-Phase γ-Radiolysis of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and the Xylenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three xylenes have been irradiated in the vapor phase with gamma rays. Products and yields have been compared with those in liquid-phase radiolysis. G values for disappearance in the vapor phase range from 6 to 10, more than five times greater than in the liquid phase. The principal product in each case is "polymer." All of the identified products are also found in the liquid phase, but relative yields are markedly different. The high yields of acetylene and some other products in the vapor phase suggest that ionic processes are more important here than in the liquid phase.
Thermochemische Untersuchungen zum ternären System Bi/Se/O. II. Das Teilsystem Bi2O3– SeO2/Thermochemical Investigations on the Ternary System Bi/Se/O.II.The Binary System Bi2O3–SeO2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We describe the existence of six thermodynamically stable phases on the binary line Bi 2 O 3 - SeO 2 at room temperature: Bi 12 SeO 20 , Bi 10 Se 2 O 19 , Bi 16 Se 5 O 34 , Bi 2 SeO 5 , Bi 2 Se 3 O 9 and Bi 2 Se 4 O 11 . At higher temperature we optained evidence for Bi 20 Se 3 O 36 and Bi 4 SeO 8 . The decomposition pressures were measured for all phases in a membrane zero manometer and the enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy was determined. The phase barogram and phase diagram followed from total pressure measurements and differential thermoanalysis. The standard enthalpies of formation of all phases were also derived from solution calorimetry. The necessary data of transitions on molar enthalpies were obtained by DSC- and Cp-measurements.
A Concise Review of Multicomponent Reactions Using Novel Heterogeneous Catalysts under Microwave Irradiation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Multi-component reactions for the construction of heterocycles have been fascinated by microwave energy as an alternative technique of heating, owing to the advantages over traditional reflux methods. The heterogeneous catalysts contribute significantly towards recycling, harmless, easy filtration, catalyst preparation, more life span, abundance, and product yields. With novel and creative uses in organic and peptide synthesis, polymer chemistry, material sciences, nanotechnology, and biological processes, the usage of microwave energy has rapidly increased during the past 20 years. This article covers multicomponent reactions involving construction of chromenes, pyridines, pyrroles, triazoles, pyrazoles, tetrazoles, trans and cis julolidines using heterogeneous catalysts under microwave. It provides an overview of contemporary microwave-assisted heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Microwave chemistry is now an established technology with several advantages regarding reaction rate and production yield, improving energy savings as confirmed by many applications. Due to the widespread curiosity in medicinal chemistry, the heterogeneously catalysed construction of heterocycles under microwave irradiation is explored to reduce time and energy. By considering various aspects of economy, eco-friendly, and user-friendly factors, this review focuses on recent advances in the multi-component construction of heterocycles using heterogeneous catalysts under microwave irradiation. This review also discusses the benefits and limitations of reaction conditions and yields from the literature reports for the past five years.
Conception

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Conception and, more specifically, the way in which people conceive, have evolved significantly over time. While conception was at one point limited to sexual intercourse between two participants, the act of conceiving has now been revolutionized. Because of this, the prior limitations on who can physically conceive have shifted. For instance, same‐sex couples and couples dealing with infertility, who would otherwise be unable to fit into the traditional model of conception, are now able to engage in these relatively new methods of conception. From assisted reproductive technology to donor sperm and surrogacy, the way in which humans conceive and who can conceive have changed and are continuing to change. Along with providing new methods for family formation, these new ways of conceiving present ethical considerations in the commercialization of reproductive material and services.
Structure of the Soluble Domain of Cytochrome f from the Cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum,

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cytochrome f from the photosynthetic cytochrome b(6)f complex is unique among c-type cytochromes in its fold and heme ligation. The 1. 9-A crystal structure of the functional, extrinsic portion of cytochrome f from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum demonstrates that an unusual buried chain of five water molecules is remarkably conserved throughout the biological range of cytochrome f from cyanobacteria to plants [Martinez et al. (1994) Structure 2, 95-105]. Structure and sequence conservation of the cytochrome f extrinsic portion is concentrated at the heme, in the buried water chain, and in the vicinity of the transmembrane helix anchor. The electrostatic surface potential is variable, so that the surface of P. laminosum cytochrome f is much more acidic than that from turnip. Cytochrome f is unrelated to cytochrome c(1), its functional analogue in the mitochondrial respiratory cytochrome bc(1) complex, although other components of the b(6)f and bc(1) complexes are homologous. Identical function of the two complexes is inferred for events taking place at sites of strong sequence conservation. Conserved sites throughout the entire cytochrome b(6)f/bc(1) family include the cluster-binding domain of the Rieske protein and the heme b and quinone-binding sites on the electrochemically positive side of the membrane within the b cytochrome, but not the putative quinone-binding site on the electrochemically negative side.
Approaches and Tools to Optimize and Manage Clinical Processes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

There are several continuing challenges within the health-care domain. On the one hand, there is a greater need for individualized, patient-oriented processes in diagnostics, therapy, nursing, and administration; and on the other hand, hospitals have extremely distributed decision processes and strong local (individual) autonomy with a high degree of situational dynamics. This research focuses on how to optimize processes in hospitals by using agent-based simulation and agent-based information systems that can substantially increase the efficiency of hospital process management. In particular, we describe a methodology for optimization; the ingredients of the simulation and the architecture of a management system; and the integration of existing FIPA, DICOM, and HL7 standards. We discuss example scenarios to show how simulation can improve distributed scheduling and how agent-based systems can be used to manage “clinical trials.” This research is part of the German Priority Research Program (SPP) 1083 “Intelligent Agents and their application in business scenarios.”
Truth and Privilege

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Truth and Privilege is a comparative study that brings together legal, constitutional and social history to explore the common law's diverging paths in two kindred places committed to freedom of expression but separated by the American Revolution. Comparing Nova Scotia and Massachusetts, Lyndsay Campbell examines the development of libel law, the defences of truth and privilege, and the place of courts as fora for disputes. She contrasts courts' centrality in struggles over expression and the interpretation of individual rights in Massachusetts with concerns about defining protective boundaries for the press and individuals through institutional design in Nova Scotia. Campbell's rich analysis acts as a lens through which to understand the role of law in shaping societal change in the nineteenth century, shedding light on the essential question we still grapple with today: what should law's role be in regulating expression we perceive as harmful?
Duct resonance and its effect on the performance of high pressure ratio axisymmetric ejectors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The effect of duct resonance on the performance of high-pressure ratio axisymmetric ejectors was investigated in a series of experiments involving analysis of the emitted noise and schlieren photography of the ejector duct flow. The thrust characteristics obtained with changing blowing pressure were found to contain irregularities, and these were found to be associated with certain tones of acoustic radiation which tuned to the transverse modes of the mixing duct. When varying the blowing pressure for a given ejector the discrete tone fundamental frequency showed a staging behavior, and the frequencies at the discontinuities separating the stages coincided with the calculated modes of the duct. For a given frequency discontinuity, the Helmholtz number (based on duct diameter), was found to be the same for all ejectors tested. For each family of ejectors having the same duct-length to diameter ratio, the blowing pressure at which certain discontinuities occurred varied linearly with duct to nozzle area ratio, and the thrust irregularities assumed similar linear relationships. Increasing the duct length greatly improved thrust augmentation in the relatively high-pressure range and shifted thrust irregularities and the corresponding frequency discontinuities to lower pressure ranges. The schlieren photographs showed that the primary jet spread, and its mixing with the entrained secondary stream, were evidently enhanced by duct resonance. The jet appeared to be surrounded by interspersed helical eddies and to be oscillating in a spinning mode.
Search for Flavor-Changing Neutral Current Interactions of the Top Quark and Higgs Boson in Final States with Two Photons in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Proton-proton interactions resulting in final states with two photons are studied in a search for the signature of flavor-changing neutral current interactions of top quarks (t) and Higgs bosons (H). The analysis is based on data collected at a center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=13~\mathrm{TeV}$ with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $137~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. No significant excess above the background prediction is observed. Upper limits on the branching fractions ($\mathcal B$) of the t quark decaying to an H and an up (u) or charm quark (c) are derived through a binned fit to the diphoton invariant mass spectrum. The observed (expected) $95\%$ confidence level upper limits are found to be $0.019\%~(0.031\%)$ for $\mathcal B(\mathrm{t} \to \mathrm{Hu})$ and $0.073\%~(0.051\%)$ for $\mathcal B(\mathrm{t} \to \mathrm{Hc})$.
Characterization of One Phenotype of Human Periodontal Granulation-tissue Fibroblasts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human granulation-tissue fibroblasts were cultured from oral chronic inflammatory lesions and compared with fibroblasts of healthy gingival connective tissue with respect to cell-surface sialoglycoproteins, and the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. Granulation-tissue fibroblasts exhibited a slower growth rate and larger size than their controls. Their cell-surface sialoglycoproteins resembled those of the control cells, except that the relative amount of glycoproteins in the 140-kd region was lower. The ratio of mRNAs for proαl(I) and proαl(III) collagen chains was decreased in granulation-tissue fibroblasts, although electrophoretic fractionation of the proteins did not reveal consistent differences in type I/type III collagen ratio. Granulation-tissue fibroblasts secreted into the culture medium a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan with a lower molecular weight. After digestion with chondroitinase ABC, the molecular weight of the core protein appeared to be identical with that of the control fibroblasts, suggesting a difference in the glycosylation of the core protein. These results support the theory that granulation-tissue fibroblasts represent a distinct phenotype of fibroblastic cells.
Under-reported relationship: a comparative study of pharmaceutical industry and patient organisation payment disclosures in the UK (2012–2016)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives To examine the under-reporting of pharmaceutical company payments to patient organisations by donors and recipients. Design Comparative descriptive analysis of payments disclosed on drug company and charity regulator websites. Setting UK. Participants 87 donors (drug companies) and 425 recipients (patient organisations) reporting payments in 2012–2016. Main outcome measures Number and value of payments reported by donors and recipients; differences in reported payments from/to the same donors and recipients; payments reported in either dataset but not the other one; agreement between donor–recipient ties established by payments; overlap between donor and recipient lists and, respectively, industry and patient organisation data. Results Of 87 donors, 63 (72.4%) reported payments but 84 (96.6%) were mentioned by recipients. Although donors listed 425 recipients, only 200 (47.1%) reported payments. The number and value of payments reported by donors were 259.8% and 163.7% greater than those reported by recipients, respectively. The number of donors with matching payment numbers and values in both datasets were 3.4% and 0.0%, respectively; for recipients these figures were 7.8% and 1.9%. There were 24 and 3 donors missing from industry and patient organisation data during the entire study period, representing 38.1% and 3.6% of those in the respective datasets. The share of donor–recipient ties in which industry and patient organisation data agreed about donors and recipients was 38.9% and 68.4% in each dataset, respectively. Of 63 donors reporting payments, only 3 (4.8%) had their recipient lists fully overlapping with patient organisation data. Of 200 recipients reporting industry funding, 102 (51.0%) had their donor lists fully overlapping with industry data. Conclusions Both donors and recipients under-reported payments. Existing donor and recipient disclosure systems cannot manage potential conflicts of interest associated with industry payments. Increased standardisation could limit the under-reporting by each side but only an integrated donor–recipient database could eliminate it.
IMPROVING RAIN ATTENUATION ESTIMATION: MODELLING OF EFFECTIVE PATH LENGTH USING KU-BAND MEASUREMENTS AT A TROPICAL LOCATION

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Rain attenuation is an important aspect of signal propagation above 10GHz frequency. The attenuation time series generation from point rain rate measurement is crucial due to unavailability of actual signal measurements. In this paper, a simple and realistic approach has been demonstrated for better estimation of rain attenuation using Ku-band signal propagation data and ground rain rate measurements at Kolkata, India. The ITU-R model of rain attenuation has been modifled by incorporating an efiective slant path model. The efiective slant path has been estimated and modelled in terms of a power-law relationship of rain rate data of 2007{2008. The methodology has been validated with the measured data of 2006. Comparison with ITU-R and SAM clearly demonstrates the improved predictability of the proposed model at the present tropical location.
Thin-disk laser pump schemes for large number of passes and moderate pump source quality

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Thin-disk laser pump layouts yielding an increased number of passes for a given pump module size and pump source quality are proposed. These layouts result from a general scheme based on merging two simpler pump optics arrangements. Some peculiar examples can be realized by adapting standard, commercially available pump optics with an additional mirror pair. More pump passes yield better efficiency, opening the way for the usage of active materials with low absorption. In a standard multipass pump design, scaling of the number of beam passes brings about an increase in the overall size of the optical arrangement or an increase in the pump source quality requirements. Such increases are minimized in our scheme, making them eligible for industrial applications.
Process Maturity Model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The transfer of innovative micro-manufacturing processes from laboratory to volume production for Polytubes required a maturity model that facilitates the integration of several processes to a high volume production line. The transfer strategy to guide, measure and integrate individual micro-manufacturing processes into a process chain and implement it in a manufacturing platform combines approaches and methods from best practice maturity models (like TRL, MRL, CMMI, SPICE) in order to reach targets of fully automated and high quality manufacturing.