jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
French in Canada: Language Issues

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book analyses comprehensively the complex linguistic situation in Canada focusing particularly on the position of the French language at both national and provincial levels. Language issues in Canada are of great interest to linguists and sociolinguists for many reasons, not least because of Canada's policy of official bilingualism (Official Languages Act, 1969). The authors address a wide range of topics of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students of French and Linguistics as well as readers with a specialist interest in Canadian or Quebec Studies. Individual chapters discuss the historical background to the presence of French in Canada, language policy and planning at federal and provincial levels, the changing linguistic landscape of Canada in the twenty-first century, the multilingual community, language contact, code-switching, immersion education and the language of the L2 speaker, the dynamics of French in Canada, language variation and change. The status of French in Canada is of relevance to all researchers with an interest in multilingualism, a crucial issue in this area of globalisation. The authors bring their expertise as linguists to bear on a subject which is of considerable importance internationally as well as within Canada.
Pseudo Acrodermatitis Enteropathica in Bamako: Study of 19 Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Zinc is a co-factor in more than 1000 enzymatic reactions. Zinc deficiency causes cutaneous, digestive and neurological manifestations. Several mechanisms can lead to zinc deficiency. The genetic cause is acrodermatitis enteropathica. Other causes are pseudo enteropathic acrodermatitis. We conducted a 12-month study at the dermatology hospital in Bamako on the epidemiological aspects of pseudo enteropathic acrodermatitis. A total of 19 cases were recruited out of 17212 consultations. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics were consistent with those described in the literature. Quickly improvement was seen in all of our cases under zinc supplementation.
Analysis of Random Perturbations for Robust Convolutional Neural Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent work has extensively shown that randomized perturbations of neural networks can improve robustness to adversarial attacks. The literature is, however, lacking a detailed compare-and-contrast of the latest proposals to understand what classes of perturbations work, when they work, and why they work. We contribute a detailed evaluation that elucidates these questions and benchmarks perturbation based defenses consistently. In particular, we show five main results: (1) all input perturbation defenses, whether random or deterministic, are equivalent in their efficacy, (2) attacks transfer between perturbation defenses so the attackers need not know the specific type of defense -- only that it involves perturbations, (3) a tuned sequence of noise layers across a network provides the best empirical robustness, (4) perturbation based defenses offer almost no robustness to adaptive attacks unless these perturbations are observed during training, and (5) adversarial examples in a close neighborhood of original inputs show an elevated sensitivity to perturbations in first and second-order analyses.
Cache Behaviour of the SPEC95 Benchmark Suite

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Previous cache studies are becoming rather outdated, since they deal with older benchmarks (such as those in SPEC92) and smaller cache configurations than are now feasible. We remedy this situation by performing a battery of cache tests on several interesting programs in the SPEC95 suite. The applications of chief interest to us are those that are represent current trends in computing, such as ijpeg, perl and database programs. We try out a variety of key cache configurations and do some analyses of second-level caches. The results generally corroborate older studies, with some subtle and interesting differences. Some conclusions are: (1) a block size of 32 bytes remains optimal for first-level caches; (2) LRU buys little more than random replacement; (3) going beyond 2-associativity results in little improvement; (4) the 2:1 &quot;cache rule-of-thumb&quot; is highly application-dependent; (5) secondlevel caches do not need to be very large, and there is little point in pushing the...
Changes in Sixteen-foot Buddha Statue and Nine-story Pagoda Buddhist Reliquary in Hwangnyongsa Temple after the Mongolian Invasion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

황룡사는 1238년 몽고전란으로 큰 피해를 입었다. 특히 황룡사의 중심 예배대상인 금당의 장육삼존상과 구층탑이 전소됨으로 인해 당시 황룡사가 폐사된 것으로 인식하기 쉽다. 그러나 『삼국유사』의 황룡사 관련 기록을 검토한 결과 『삼국유사』에 인용된 ‘寺中記’, ‘刹柱記’, ‘寺中古記’ 등은 황룡사 전래 기록으로 몽고전란 이후에도 일정기간 황룡사가 존속했음을 보여준다. 『삼국유사』에는 황룡사 이외에도 감은사, 동천사, 영축사, 불국사 등 ‘사중기’를 인용한 사찰 관련 기록이 다수 수록되어 있다. 이들 사찰은 모두 일연스님이 『삼국유사』를 집필할 당시 존속했던 사찰이라는 공통점이 있다.
황룡사 장육삼존상이 소실된 이후 일연이 목격했다는 ‘소석가상’은 몽고전란 이후 장육상을 대체해서 그 자리에 다시 세운 불상으로 판단된다. 15세기 김시습의 시에 등장하는 동상과 조선시대 문헌에 황룡사 터에 남아있다고 기록한 장육상은 모두 일연이 목격했던 불상과 동일한 불상으로 해석된다. 황룡사 중금당지에 현존하는 장육상 대석에는 진흥왕대에 조성된 장육상을 고정했던 장치와는 별도로 후대에 추가로 가공한 흔적이 남아있다. 이러한 대석의 추가 가공은 기존의 장육상과 크기가 다른 불상을 고정하기 위한 변형으로 몽고전란 이후 황룡사 금당 불상에 변화가 있었음을 보여주는 근거가 된다.
끝으로 사리공 주변에 마련된 독특한 구조의 排水溝와 사리공을 덮고 있는 방형대석은 구층탑의 소실로 인해 외부에 노출된 사리장치를 보호하기 위해 추가된 시설이다. 이는 곧 몽고전란 이후 황룡사 구층탑 사리장치에 변화가 있었다는 것을 보여주는 물질적 증거가 된다.
Non-resolving bilateral consolidation diagnosed as invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma with a lepidic predominant pattern (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma) on biopsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This case study looks at Non-resolving bilateral consolidation diagnosed as invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma with lepidic predominant pattern (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma) on biopsy, and provides questions with model answers.
Boosting electromagnetic wave absorption of Ti 3AlC 2 by improving effective electrical conductivity

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electromagnetic wave-absorbing (EMA) materials at high temperatures are limited by poor conduction loss (Lc). However, adding conductors simultaneously increases the conduction loss and interfacial polarization loss, leading to a conflict between impedance matching (Zin/Z0) and electromagnetic wave loss. This will prevent electromagnetic waves from entering the EMA materials, finally reducing overall absorbing performance. Here, the effective electrical conductivity (σ) is enhanced by synchronizing particle size and grain number of Ti3AlC2 to increase the conduction loss and avoid the conflict between the impedance matching and the electromagnetic wave loss. As a result, the best-absorbing performance with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.8 GHz (10.6–15.4 GHz) at a thickness of only 1.5 mm is realized, which is the best combination of wide absorption bandwidth and small thickness, and the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) reaches −45.6 dB at 4.1 GHz. In short, this work explores the regulating mechanism of the EMA materials of effective electrical conductivity by simulated calculations using the Vienna ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) and COMSOL as well as a series of experiments, which provide new insight into a rational design of materials with anisotropic electrical conductivity.
Machine learning-based prediction of frailty in elderly people : Data from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Frailty is a geriatric medical condition that is highly associated with age and age-related diseases. The multidimensional consequences of frailty are heavily impacting the quality of life, and will inevitably increase the burden on healthcare systems in the future. Most importantly, the lack of a universal standard to describe, diagnose, or let alone treat frailty, is further complicating the situation in the long-term. Nowadays, more and more frailty assessment tools are being developed on a regional and institutional basis, which is continuing to drive the heterogeneity in the characterization of frailty further apart. Gaining better insights into the underlying causes and pathophysiology of frailty, and how it is developing in patients is, therefore, required to establish strong and accurately tailored response schemes for frail patients, where currently only symptoms are treated. Thus, in this study, we deployed machine learning-based classification and optimization techniques to predict frailty in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II, N=1512, frail=484) and revealed some of the most informative biomedical information to characterize frailty, including new potential biomarkers. Frailty in BASE-II was measured by the Fried et al. 5-item frailty index, composed of the clinical variables grip strength, weight loss, exhaustion, physical activity, and gait. The level of frailty in BASE-II was adapted for binary classification purposes by merging the pre-frail and frail levels as frail. A configurable in-house pipeline was developed for pre-processing the clinical data, predicting the target disease, and determining the most informative subgroup of clinical measurements with regards to frailty. The best prediction power was yielded with resampling and dimensionality reduction techniques using the F-beta-2 score, and was further increased by adding one item of the Fried et al. frailty index. We suggest that a combination of the easy-to-obtain biomedical information on frailty risk factors together with one Fried et al. phenotype information provided by i.e. smart wearable devices (gait, grip strength, . . . ) could significantly improve the frailty prediction power.
Prevalence of Eimeria Species in Sheep and Goat in Tikrit City, Iraq

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to detect Eimeria sp. in sheep and goat, diagnose its species, and know its prevalencein Tikrit city and its surroundings during the wet and dry months. The results showed that the total rate ofinfection in sheep was 56.25%, while in goat was 69.05%, and it was also found that the highest rate ofinfection was in dry months 72.08% in sheep and 76%in goat, while the rate of infection in wet months was32.5% in sheep, and 50% in goat. Eleven species of Eimeria were diagnosed in sheep and twelve speciesin goat, and the species E. sundarbanens was recorded for the first time in Iraq after made a survey amongstudies conducted in various governorates of Iraq, and depending on the phenotypic characteristics whichwere identical data in a specialized references . The mixed patterns of infection with different species ofEimeria showed the highest in sheep and goat 57.75%, 51.79% respectively
Asymptotic behaviour of Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $S$ be a polynomial ring over a field. For a graded $S$-module generated in degree at most $P$, the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of each of (i) its $n^{\operatorname {th}}$ symmetric power, (ii) its $n^{\operatorname {th}}$ torsion-free symmetric power and (iii) the integral closure of its $n^{\operatorname {th}}$ torsion-free symmetric power is bounded above by a linear function in $n$ with leading coefficient at most $P$. For a graded ideal $I$ of $S$, the regularity of $I^{n}$ is given by a linear function of $n$ for all sufficiently large $n$. The leading coefficient of this function is identified.
Vibration of thin rotating cross-ply laminated cylindrical shell with rings and stringers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A study on the vibration of thin simply-supported rotating cross-ply laminated cylindrical shell with axial and circumferential stiffeners, i.e. stringers and rings, is presented. The analysis is done using an averaging method whereby the properties of the stiffeners are averaged over the shell surface. Initial hoop tension, centrifugal forces, and coriolis forces due to the rotation of the shell are all considered in the formulation. Equations of motions are first derived using an energy approach. Newton-Raphson’s method is subsequently employed to solve for the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shell. Numerical results are tabulated and presented, from which the graphical results are produced and analysed. Four main points are examined: the effects of rings, stringers, combination of rings and stringers, and stiffener dimensions on the critical rotating speed and natural frequencies of the shell. Analysis of the effects on the critical rotating speed is done specifically using the results where circumferential wave number, n, equals to 1, while the natural frequencies for n greater than 1 are also produced and studied. Finally, the study is concluded with a summary of the trends observed from the results.
Suppression of Tinnitus in Chinese Patients Receiving Regular Cochlear Implant Programming

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To assess the clinical effect of cochlear implant programming on tinnitus. Methods: Tinnitus patients (n = 234) were divided into 3 groups: (1) preoperative tinnitus (n = 108), (2) postoperative tinnitus occurring before implant switch-on at week 4 (n = 88), and (3) tinnitus occurring more than 1 year postoperatively (n = 44). Patients in each group were randomly allocated into a programming subgroup that received programming for 12 weeks postoperatively or after tinnitus occurrence or a control subgroup. Impedance testing and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) were performed preoperatively and at 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively (groups 1 and 2) or after tinnitus occurrence (group 3). Comparisons were performed using t tests and chi-square tests. Results: Impedance was significantly lower in the programming subgroup than in the control subgroup in groups 1 and 2 at 8 and 12 weeks and in group 3 at 12 weeks. The THI scores decreased in both programming and control subgroups in all groups. However, this decrease was pronounced in the programming subgroup, whereas in the control subgroup, it occurred slowly over time. Conclusion: Cochlear implant programming decreases impedance and improves tinnitus symptoms.
In vitro metabolism of neostigmine and pyridostigmine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Journal Article In vitro metabolism of neostigmine and pyridostigmine Get access P A Burdfield, P A Burdfield Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T N Calvey, T N Calvey Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J B Roberts J B Roberts Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 25, Issue 5, May 1973, Pages 428–429, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1973.tb10045.x Published: 12 April 2011 Article history Received: 11 February 1973 Published: 12 April 2011
Response to drought stress of 'Sidi Aissa' clementine (Citrus reticulata Swingle) grafted on five citrus rootstocks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In Morocco, most citrus orchards are planted in the semi-arid area where water is scarce. Furthermore, Moroccan citrus orchards face increasing combinations of biotic (Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) / Phytophthora spp.) and abiotic stress (salinity, alkalinity and drought). Drought in citrus affects plant morphology and physiology, and ultimately leads to yield reduction. Growth, morphological and physiological parameters were monitored, to assess the effect of drought stress on young citrus plants of ‘Sidi Aissa’ Clementine variety grafted on five citrus rootstocks (Citrus macrophylla, C. volkameriana, Mand. Cleo. X CC 30577, Carrizo and Troyer citrange). The experiment was performed under controlled drought conditions on two-year old trees. Two treatments were applied for each rootstock: a control treatment, irrigated at 100% Hcc (field capacity), and a stress-treatment, irrigated at 50%Hcc. Drought stress affected all parameters under consideration. Under stress conditions, ‘Sidi Aissa’ grafted on citrange Carrizo, C. macrophylla and C. volkameriana produced larger canopy sizes than trees grafted on other rootstocks, whereas Cleo. X CC 30577 had the lowest tree canopy volume. This study showed that Carrizo citrange, C. macrophylla and C. volkameriana are the better rootstocks for ‘Sidi Aissa’ Clementine grafting under drought conditions.
[Dilemmas in surgery of the colon and rectum].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The introductory paper on the dilemmas in surgery of the colon and rectum provides the basic information on the pathology most frequently dealt with in this field. It reviews the present state of surgical tactics for solving these issues in Yugoslavia and in the world. Special stress is still to be placed on the carcinoma. The paper treats more extensively the vascular disorders, wish lately, have been on a constant increase outranking the hitherto more widely konown conditions, such as Crohn's disease, bleeding ulcerative colitis and familial and common polyposis of the rectum and sygmoid colon. Finally, the paper points to the sexual problem brought obout by the mutilative interventions, especially on the rectum and rectosygmoid colon, which is generally ignored and passed over without due attention.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Autophagosomes form at ER-mitochondria contact sites.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Autophagy is a tightly regulated intracellular bulk degradation/recycling system that has fundamental roles in cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is initiated by isolation membranes, which form and elongate as they engulf portions of the cytoplasm and organelles. Eventually isolation membranes close to form double membrane-bound autophagosomes and fuse with lysosomes to degrade their contents. The physiological role of autophagy has been determined since its discovery, but the origin of autophagosomal membranes has remained unclear. At present, there is much controversy about the organelle from which the membranes originate--the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and plasma membrane. Here we show that autophagosomes form at the ER-mitochondria contact site in mammalian cells. Imaging data reveal that the pre-autophagosome/autophagosome marker ATG14 (also known as ATG14L) relocalizes to the ER-mitochondria contact site after starvation, and the autophagosome-formation marker ATG5 also localizes at the site until formation is complete. Subcellular fractionation showed that ATG14 co-fractionates in the mitochondria-associated ER membrane fraction under starvation conditions. Disruption of the ER-mitochondria contact site prevents the formation of ATG14 puncta. The ER-resident SNARE protein syntaxin 17 (STX17) binds ATG14 and recruits it to the ER-mitochondria contact site. These results provide new insight into organelle biogenesis by demonstrating that the ER-mitochondria contact site is important in autophagosome formation. PMID: 23455425
The use of Ortho Home Defence Pesticide in determining the lowest pesticide amount at which nodule formation is stunted in Trifolium incarnatum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The modern world is awash with pollutants of many varieties. One of the most prevalent of these pollutants are the pesticides which are sprayed across acres of crops to avoid mass quantities of harmful pests (Damalas and Eleftherohorinos, 2011). Pesticide usage around the household has increased over the past few years (Ye et al., 2013). The purpose of this research was to discover the lowest amount of pesticide exposure that has negative effects on the symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia. It was hypothesized that the medium pesticide amount would be the first to show signs of a weakened relationship between the plant and rhizobia. Three treatments of high, 8 mL, medium, 4 mL, and low, 2 mL, of Ortho Home Defense Pesticide were devised and introduced to the environment of three 30-plant treatments of Trifolium incarnatum. Plant height and leaf number data were collected every week for a total of 6 weeks before the plants were removed from their trays. Root nodules were counted and the roots of each plant were also massed. A One-Way ANOVA [F(3, 82)= 2.46, p= 0.069] conducted on the root nodule data from the final week resulted in a p-value of 0.069. When compared to an ⍺-value of 0.05, this data was not statistically significant. There was not sufficient evidence to suggest that pesticides negatively effect nodule formation.
Physical Origins of Extreme Cross-Polarization Extinction in Confocal Microscopy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Confocal microscopy is an essential imaging tool for biological systems, in\nsolid-state physics and nano-photonics. Using confocal microscopes allows\nperforming resonant fluorescence experiments, where the emitted light has the\nsame wavelength as the excitation laser. Theses challenging experiments are\ncarried out under linear cross-polarization conditions, rejecting laser light\nfrom the detector. In this work we uncover the physical mechanisms that are at\nthe origin of the yet unexplained high polarization rejection ratio which makes\nthese measurements possible. We show in both experiment and theory that the use\nof a reflecting surface (i.e. the beam-splitter and mirrors) placed between the\npolarizer and analyzer in combination with a confocal arrangement explains the\ngiant cross-polarization extinction ratio of 10^8 and beyond. We map the modal\ntransformation of the polarized optical Gaussian beam. We find an intensity\n'hole' in the reflected beam under cross-polarization conditions. We interpret\nthis as a manifestation of the Imbert-Fedorov effect, which deviates the beam\ndepending on its polarization helicity. This implies that this topological\neffect is amplified here from the usually observed nanometer to the micrometer\nscale due to our cross-polarization dark field methods. We confirm these\nexperimental findings for a large variety of commercially available mirrors and\npolarization components, allowing their practical implementation in many\nexperiments.\n
Pengaruh simultan dan parsial supervisi kepala sekolah, disiplin kerja, dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja guru SMK di Wonosobo

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of principal supervision, work discipline, and work environment on the performance of vocational high school teachers in the Wadaslintang sub-district of Wonosobo district both simultaneously and partially . Method − T This research uses a quantitative approach. The sample in this study was 88 teachers. Data collection using survey techniques, with a questionnaire as the research instrument. The analysis used is multiple linear regression analysis Findings − The results showed that: (1) There is a positive and significant effect of principal supervision, work discipline, and work environment together on the performance of vocational high school teachers in the Wadaslintang sub-district of Wonosobo Regency. (2) There is a positive and significant effect of principal supervision on the performance of vocational school teachers in the Wadaslintang sub-district of Wonosobo Regency. (3) There is a positive and significant effect of work discipline on teacher performance at SMKs in Wadaslintang Sub-district, Wonosobo Regency. (4) There is a positive and significant effect of the work environment on the performance of teachers at SMKs in Wadaslintang Sub-district, Wonosobo Regency.