jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Redox regulation of the K ATP channel complex in colonic inflammation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), like nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gaseous mediator. Sulfhydration of cysteine residues and tyrosine nitration are post‐translational modifications that alter cellular function. The objective of this study was to define the interaction of tyrosine nitration and cysteine sulfhydration within the K ATP channel in experimental colitis. A modified biotin switch assay was performed to determine sulfhydration of the K ATP channel subunits in CHO transfected cells and in native mouse colonic tissues. NaHS (a donor of H 2 S) significantly enhanced sulfhydration of SUR2B but not Kir6.1 subunit. Treatment with dithiothreitol reversed both the basal and the NaHS‐induced sulfhydration. The basal sulfhydration of SUR2B was significantly enhanced in the mouse colon following inflammation. SIN‐1 (a donor of peroxinitrite) induced nitration of Kir6.1 subunit but not SUR2B. NaHS reduced the nitration of Kir6.1 by SIN‐1. Two specific mutations within SUR2B, C24S and C1455S, prevented sulfhydration by NaHS and failed to decrease tyrosine nitration. The studies described herein suggest that sulfhydration of SUR2B prevents the nitration of Kir6.1. These data suggest that the increase of H2S production observed in colonic inflammation might be a protective mechanism triggered by the protection of nitration of Kir6.1 by sulfhydration of SUR2B.
Physical Science Study Committee

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The newly formed Physical Science Study Committee, directed by Jerrold R. Zacharias, Elbert P. Little, and Francis L. Friedman, held its first major planning conference on December 10, 11, and 12, 1956, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The committee met to discuss and plan improved and modernized courses in physical science for secondary schools, under a program sponsored by the National Science Foundation. In attendance were forty-eight committee members, representing more than a dozen universities, government agencies, and commercial laboratories.
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Studies on Mildew of Barley (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei Marchal)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plants of the mildew susceptible barley cultivar Peruvian and the adult plant resistant cultivar Osiris were inoculated with Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei at the first and fifth leaf stages. Samples taken at 32 hr after inoculation were examined by electron microscopy to compare papillae associated either with penetration failure or with successful penetration of the fungus into the epidermal cell and haustorium formation. Four types of papillae with ultrastructural differences could, be classified. Although their definite association with fungal ingress or failure is not possible, our data suggest that papillae with larger, more compacted and amorphous or globular structures may be more effective as penetration barriers than others, with more or less uniform distribution of irregular, smaller electrondense structures.
Effects of browning antagonists on antibrowning,growth and multiplication of tissue culture of tree peony

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Browning occurring in tissue culture of tree peony restrains the growth and multiplication of propagators and success of micropropagation.Contrast tests of activated charcoal,silver nitrate,PVPP and vitamin C were designed in tissue culture of tree peony to study their effects on antibrowning,growth and multiplication of subculture propagators.Results showed that browning occurred during the first four days of subculture.Activated charcoal eliminated browning effectively but restrained growth and multiplication of propagators synchronously because of its absorbency on nutrient elements in culture media.A four-day treatment of(2.0 g/L) activated charcoal after subculture initiation,also eliminated browning as well as promoted appreciably the growth and multiplication of propagators.Silver nitrate with concentrations of 1.0-8.0 mg/L controlled browning obviously,in which treatment of 2.0 mg/L was optimal to the antibrowning and multiplication of propagators and that of 8.0 mg/L was most effective to promote the growth of them.PVPP controlled browning to some extent.Its lower concentration benefited the growth,while the higher one promoted the multiplication.Vitamin C was not suitable for both antibrowning and development of the propagators.In conclusion,a two-step process,during which the subculture propagators were treated firstly in the culture media with activated charcoal 2.0 g/L for four days,then in the media without it,should be used in tissue culture of tree peony to obtain the best effect of antibrowning as well as promote the growth and multiplication of propagator to some extent.The inclusion of 2.0 mg/L silver nitrate in media should also be used to effectively control browning and promote the growth and multiplication of propagators.
Investigation of metallurgical properties of Al-Si-Mg casting alloys with integrated computational materials engineering for wheel production

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, integrated computational materials engineering, which is one of the new generation approaches in materials science, was used in the production of aluminum alloy wheels by low pressure die casting method. In casting alloys, the efficiency of grain refinement provided by master alloys added to the melt decreases with increasing silicon content of the alloy. In this context, as-cast properties of silicon reduced (Si: 5.0 wt.%) alloys with different Mg ratios (Mg: 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 wt.%) are discussed using integrated computational materials engineering approaches. It has been evaluated whether the examined alloys can be an alternative to the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy, which is currently used traditionally in the production of aluminum-based wheels, with their microstructural and mechanical properties. The study consists of three stages which are computer-aided production, pilot production, testing and characterization studies. In computer-aided production, original sub-eutectic compositions were determined in types and amounts of alloying elements, alloy designs were realized and a database was created with a computational materials engineering software. Then, low pressure die casting analysis were performed in a virtual environment by transferring these data directly to the casting simulation software. Thus, the microstructural and mechanical properties of the wheel were obtained computationally on the basis of the varying alloy composition. In the second stage, the virtually designed alloy compositions were prepared and sample wheels were manufactured by the low pressure die casting method on an industrial scale. In the testing and characterization phase, spectral analyses, macro and microstructural examinations, hardness measurements and tensile tests were carried out. As a result of this study, it was determined that the studied alloys could be used in the production of wheels by the low pressure die casting method considering the metallurgical properties expected from the wheel. In addition, it is thought that the mathematical design of the material with integrated computational materials engineering approaches before casting simulations will play an active role in the competitiveness and sustainability of the aluminum industry in technological conditions.
Promising Approaches to Improve the Security of Artificial Intelligence Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The role of cybersecurity in creating reliable and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems is especially important, as attackers conduct more and more diverse and large-scale computer attacks on artificial intelligence (AI) and constantly look for new vulnerabilities. The article presents an analysis of the threats of AI and ways to protect machine learning models. To fulfill the requirement of adaptation to security threats, the authors propose an approach of adaptive cyberimmune defense of AI.
The Role of the Dopamine D1-D2 Receptor Heteromer in Brain Reward Function: Relevance to Drug Addiction and Depression

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We have identified a novel dopamine-mediated signaling complex, the D1-D2 receptor heteromer, which couples to Gq protein to elicit phospholipase C-mediated intracellular Ca2+ release. Activation of the D1-D2 heteromer was further shown to modulate the expression of proteins implicated in reward in the nucleus accumbens, such as calcium calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a finding which may be of relevance in neuropsychiatric disorders that exhibit altered reward perception such as addiction and depression. Therefore, the purpose of current study was to investigate a role for the D1-D2 heteromer in reward-related behaviours using animal models of cocaine addiction and depression. The results show that D1-D2 heteromer stimulation by agonist SKF 83959 attenuated addiction-related behaviours including cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), the maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine self-administration (SA), and the expression of locomotor sensitization to cocaine, whereas D1-D2 heteromer inactivation by a selective disrupting peptide TAT-D1 consistently augmented cocaine-induced behaviours, whereas a control scrambled peptide had no such effects. Moreover, D1-D2 heteromer stimulation alone was shown to induce conditioned place aversion, whereas its selective inactivation induced CPP. In the tests for depression, D1-D2 heteromer stimulation by SKF 83959 induced a pro-depressive and anxiogenic state in the forced swim test, novelty-induced hypophagia, and the elevated plus maze, effects that were abolished by pretreatment with TAT-D1 peptide. Lastly, it was shown that the D1-D2 heteromer exerts dual modulation on neuronal activity in certain regions of brain, increasing activity in the NAc, and exerting tonic inhibition in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, lateral habenula, and the thalamus, which likely reflects the dual excitatory/inhibitory capabilities of the GABA/Glu-co-expressing D1R/D2R MSNs. Collectively, these findings indicate that the D1-D2 heteromer may be a single molecular entity that could bidirectionally modulate brain reward function depending on its state of activation. Such an unprecedented function of a receptor complex makes the D1-D2 heteromer an attractive and novel therapeutic target for cocaine addiction and major depression, two reward-related neuropsychiatric disorders that are currently without effective treatments.
A Convenient Route to Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Cyclopropane Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A range of alkenes have been converted in a single step into the corresponding trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropanes by treatment with 2-diazo-l,l,l-trifluoroethane over metal catalysts. Application of the Gaspar-Roth procedure allowed the preparation of target compounds on a multi-gram scale. The practical utility of this reaction has been demonstrated by the synthesis of both diastereoisomers of the non-natural amino acid trifluoronorcoronamic acid in two steps.
Partial Characterization of the Factor Responsible For Tryptophanless Death in Bacillus subtilis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The decline in colony-forming ability observed during tryptophan starvation of Bacillus subtilis auxotrophs is a concentration-dependent phenomenon. It does not manifest itself when the initial cell concentration is 10 6 cells/ml or lower. This property has been used to test the killing activity of different fractions of the dying cells. Most of the activity recovered is found in the supernatant fluid of the starved culture. Sensitive and resistant strains can be identified. Active supernatant fluids can only be isolated from tryptophan auxotrophs sensitive to tryptophanless death. Resistant cells neither produce nor respond to the factor, and sensitive cells respond only when deprived of tryptophan. The killing activity is continuously produced and released into the medium at least up to 4 hr after removal of tryptophan from the culture. The killing activity is deoxyribonuclease-, ribonuclease-, and heat-resistant.
The Comparison Of Self-administered, Unsupervised At Home Testing And At School, Supervised Group Testing Of The Impact Baseline Composite Scores In One Interscholastic High School

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

AbstractContext: Baseline concussion testing has been a common practice in head injury management, and the administration environment suggests to have an effect on the outcome scores. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing restrictions prohibited concussion baseline testing in group settings. Objective: To compare Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) baseline scores of supervised groups to baselines taken unsupervised individually. Design: Retrospective study. Participants: 50 different individuals were selected from both the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 school years; 2019-2020 took the baseline in a supervised group setting, 2020-2021 were unsupervised and self-administered the baseline. Both groups were from the same institution, matched by age, gender, sport, and history of concussions. Procedures: The 2019-2020 athletes took the ImPACT baseline in the institute’s library, supervised by the employed athletic trainers. The 2020-2021 athletes were given an institution specific access code to input in order to self-administer the baseline at home (or where they had computer access). MANOVA was used to compare the composite scores (verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, and impulse control) and an Independent T-test was used to compare the symptom scale. Results: No significant difference was found between the composite scores of the two groups [V = 0.45, F(5,94) = 0.89, p = .49]. One symptom score, visual problems, was deemed significantly higher in the supervised group. Conclusion: The influence of certain test administration factors can have an effect on testing outcomes for every individual and must be considered when administering concussion baseline testing. Consistent control of administration and scripted instructions in future studies will fill the gaps that remain in the debate of baseline administration. Word Count: 270
Bringing the Household Back in: Family Wage Gaps and the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class in the Household Context.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Galaxies in the local Universe are characterized by blue, star-forming disk galaxies, and red, massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) whose star-formation has been quenched early in the Universe's history. The ETGs are relics of the evolutionary processes that transform galaxies over cosmic time, but currently we still lack a comprehensive understanding of their evolution. An important link in the evolution of ETGs is that the first quenched galaxies (z~2) are both the most massive, and most compact, suggesting a physical connection between high stellar density and efficient, rapid cessation of star-formation. In this dissertation, I seek insight into the formation and evolution of ETGs, in particular the physical mechanisms that quench star-formation, through analysis of their star-forming progenitors at high-redshift. First, I present a clustering analysis of rare and extreme sub-millimeter galaxies, thought to be gas-rich mergers of massive star-forming galaxies, and find that their clustering is weaker than expected for the progenitors of the massive ETGs in the center of z~0 clusters. Second, I identify a population of likely progenitors of the compact ETGs at z~2 among compact star-forming galaxies at z>3, and found that the stellar populations in these compact LBGs may be older than that of coexistent LBG that are normal in terms of mass and size (i.e. not compact). The morphologies of these compact LBG, as well as the compact ETGs at z~2, appear inconsistent with the predictions from simulations of gas-rich mergers, at least to the extent that current simulations describe real gas-rich mergers. Finally, I study the conditions in the interstellar medium of a sample of these compact progenitors using rest-frame ultra-violet spectroscopy. I find faster outflows, and large populations of metal-rich massive stars in the compact progenitors compared to normal star-forming galaxies at the same epoch and stellar mass, and present evidence that winds from these massive stars are energizing the interstellar medium of these compact galaxies. I conclude with a discussion of these findings in the context of star-formation quenching in massive high-redshift galaxies, and outline future directions which may further illuminate the nature of quenching at high-redshift.
The Cosmic Causal Mass

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In order to provide a better understanding of rotating universe models, and in particular the Gödel universe, we discuss the relationship between cosmic rotation and perfect inertial dragging. In this connection, the concept of causal mass is defined in a cosmological context, and discussed in relation to the cosmic inertial dragging effect. Then, we calculate the mass inside the particle horizon of the flat ΛCDM-model integrated along the past light cone. The calculation shows that the Schwarzschild radius of this mass is around three times the radius of the particle horizon. This indicates that there is close to perfect inertial dragging in our universe. Hence, the calculation provides an explanation for the observation that the swinging plane of a Foucault pendulum follows the stars.
Exploring mental health practitioners' beliefs about hope and experiences of fostering service users' hope within community and secure settings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Hope has been linked to psychological well-being, resilience and
recovery from mental health difficulties. Many recovery-oriented policies
have included calls for mental healthcare staff to develop hope-inspiring
relationships with their clients. However, guidance and research regarding
the clinical application of these recommendations are lacking. This is
particularly the case within forensic mental health services, which have been
slower to adopt the recovery model. This thesis aimed to develop an
understanding of staff perspectives about hope and their experiences of
fostering hope with service users, in forensic mental health settings. An initial
scoping exercise found that no such studies have been conducted in secure
settings. Therefore, Paper One reports a review of qualitative literature
exploring staff beliefs of hope, practices to foster hope and the challenges
faced by practitioners across a broad range of mental health settings. The
therapeutic relationship, helping the client to maintain social connections,
uncovering values and goals and working to develop different perspectives
emerged as important hope-inspiring practices. Clinicians identified the
importance of maintaining their own sense of hope and also the challenges
to remaining hopeful. Many of the studies lacked an integration of the
themes and categories that emerged from analysis. Paper Two reports an
empirical study that utilised a Grounded Theory methodology to develop a
model of nurses’ experience of inspiring hope in their clients within one
medium secure hospital. The grounded theory that was developed from the
data described what it meant for the nurses to hold on to hope for their
clients. Two categories (being the intervention and doing reasonable hope)
captured the practices through which nurses worked to foster hope. These
practices were influenced by the nurses’ beliefs about hope and the context
of the secure unit. The model also captured the emotional impact of working
to inspire hope and the way in which nurses managed their emotional
response. The clinical implications of the findings, particularly to staff
recruitment, training and support, are discussed. Paper three outlines the
author’s own reflections on the research process.
Biochemical studies of primate retroviruses.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the present paper, recent biochemical studies of retroviruses carried out in our laboratory are summarized. Protein compositions, peptide maps of internal structural proteins, neighborhoods of major structural proteins, and serological properties of reverse transcriptases of type D virus isolates from human cells (including Graffi's isolate termed PMFV and also isolates from HeLa- and HEp-2 cells) were compared with those of type D viruses from Old World (Mason-Pfizer virus of rhesus monkeys, langur virus) and New World (squirrel monkey retrovirus) monkeys. The results provide various new informations on, and further demonstrate the diversity of primate type D viruses. Other studies showed that tumor promoting agents (phorbol ester TPA, indole alkaloid teleocidin) are able to considerably increase, in a transient manner, the production of type C and type D primate retroviruses in persistently infected human cells. From experiments demonstrating a disintegrating activity of chelating agents (EDTA, EGTA) and certain psychoactive drugs (including trifluoperazine) on various primate and nonprimate retroviruses it is concluded that divalent cations, probably Ca2+ ions, and possibly also cation-binding proteins are associated with retroviral membranes and that complexing of these components results in loss of viral infectivity.
High-Resolution Tiled Display System for Visualization of Large-scale Analysis Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

본 논문에서는 저가의 클러스터 컴퓨터 시스템과 저해상도 영상장비들을 이용하여 초대형 해석 데이터를 정밀하게 분석할 수 있는 고해상도 타일 가시화 시스템을 개발하였다. 타일 가시화 하드웨어 구축 시 유의점을 고찰하고, 화면왜곡 현상을 제거할 수 있는 빔프로젝터 위치조절장치를 설계/제작하였다. 타일 가시화 소프트웨어 개발에서 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스와 렌더링을 위해서는 Qt와 OpenGL 라이브러리를 이용하였다. 또한 LAM-MPI 라이브러리를 통해 각각의 클러스터 컴퓨터 노드로부터 얻게 되는 조각적인 화면들을 전체의 한 화면으로 동기화시켜 왜곡 없는 전체 타일 영상을 만들도록 하였다. In this paper, a tiled display system is developed to get a high-resolution image in visualization of large-scale structural analysis data with low-resolution display devices and low-cost cluster computer system. Concerning the hardware system, some of the crucial points are investigated, and a new beam-projector positioner is designed and manufactured to resolve the keystone phenomena which result in distorted image. In the development of tiled display software, Qt and OpenGL are utilized for GUI and rendering, respectively. To obtain the entire tiled image, LAM-MPI is utilized to synchronize the several sub-images produced from each cluster computer node.
Longitudinal Impedance Investigations at 28.5 GeV

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An accelerated beam of ≈ 3 x 10<sup>12</sup> was obtained with a longitudinal phase space area ≳ .6evsec. It was carried through transition with little dilution by a programmed outward radial excursion of 6mm (β<sub>min</sub>) coinciding with the transition phase jump. Extraction into the FEB U line with the upstream collimator closed was the next step. Then extraction near the end of a 1sec. flat top was tried. This was also successful after provision was made to obtain a radius shift on the flat top. However, this then made it impossible to achieve the required speed of radius jump to insure no missmatch, i.e., dilution at transition. Hence tight uniform bunches, one of the requirements for the investigation, were not available. The bunch shape damper was employed to control some of the effects due to the resulting missmatch. Finally, the $\\dot{B}$ servo on the "D" time comb was adjusted to give a constant frequency over ≈ .6 sec of the flat top.