jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Melanesian way: Law and justice before the arrival of the white man

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For the past thirty or forty thousand years the people of Papua New Guinea have lived in small communities. In that time they have developed a law and justice system based on a social contract which forbids murder, adultery, stealing and other behaviours that would endanger the quality of life in the community. The law was maintained by a community process administered by the Bigman and his council. Its primary aim was to mend the relationships and then find justice through apology, restitution, reconciliation and restoration of the victim and offender to the community. Payback and revenge certainly did occur but eventually the community settled its affairs according to this Melanesian way. The colonial powers did not know of the Melanesian way and introduced the Westminster system. A marriage of the two would be not only possible but the most suitable for Papua New Guinea.
The p53 inhibitors MDM2/MDMX complex is required for control of p53 activity in vivo

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There are currently two distinct models proposed to explain why both MDM2 and MDMX are required in p53 control, with a key difference centered on whether these two p53 inhibitors work together or independently. To test these two competing models, we generated knockin mice expressing a point mutation MDMX mutant (C462A) that is defective in MDM2 binding. This approach allowed a targeted disassociation of the MDM2/MDMX heterocomplex without affecting the ability of MDMX to bind to p53, and while leaving the MDM2 protein itself completely untouched. Significantly, Mdmx C462A/C462A homozygous mice died at approximately day 9.5 of embryonic development, as the result of a combination of apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation, as shown by TUNEL and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. Interestingly, even though the MDMX mutant protein abundance was found slightly elevated in the Mdmx C462A/C462A homozygous embryos, both the abundance and activity of p53 were markedly increased. A p53-dependent death was demonstrated by the finding that concomitant deletion of p53 completely rescued the embryonic lethality in Mdmx C462A/C462A homozygous mice. Our data demonstrate that MDM2 and MDMX function as an integral complex in p53 control, providing insights into the nonredundant nature of the function of MDM2 and MDMX.
Visual exploration of landmarks and trends in the medical informatics literature.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study presents preliminary results from a visual study of a new dataset of forty years of citation data from publications of twelve journals in the medical informatics field covering the time period from 1964-2004. Highly cited and pivotal documents, areas of specialization within medical informatics, and emergence of research topics are visually mapped through a progressive knowledge domain visualization approach to detecting and visualizing trends and patterns in scientific literature.
Space-time clustering and associated risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in southwest China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB,both smear positive and smear negative) is an airborne infectious disease of major public health concern in China and other parts of the world where PTB endemicity is reported. This study aims at identifying PTB spatio-temporal clusters and associated risk factors in Zhaotong prefecture-level city, located in southwest China, where the PTB notification rate was higher than the average rate in the entire country. Space-time scan statistics were carried out using PTB registered data in the nationwide TB online registration system from 2011 to 2015, to identify spatial clusters. PTB patients diagnosed between October 2015 and February 2016 were selected and a structured questionnaire was administered to collect a set of variables that includes socio-economic status, behavioural characteristics, local environmental and biological characteristics. Based on the discovery of detailed town-level spatio-temporal PTB clusters, we divided selected subjects into two groups including the cases that resides within and outside identified clusters. Then, logistic regression analysis was applied comparing the results of variables between the two groups. A total of 1508 subjects consented and participated in the survey. Clusters for PTB cases were identified in 38 towns distributed over south-western Zhaotong. Logistic regression analysis showed that history of chronic bronchitis (OR = 3.683, 95% CI: 2.180–6.223), living in an urban area (OR = 5.876, 95% CI: 2.381–14.502) and using coal as the main fuel (OR = 9.356, 95% CI: 5.620–15.576) were independently associated with clustering. While, not smoking (OR = 0.340, 95% CI: 0.137–0.843) is the protection factor of spatial clustering. We found PTB specially clustered in south-western Zhaotong. The strong associated factors influencing the PTB spatial cluster including: the history of chronic bronchitis, living in the urban area, smoking and the use of coal as the main fuel for cooking and heating. Therefore, efforts should be made to curtail these associated factors.
Exchange rate assessments for Australia and New Zealand

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of the real effective exchange rate in Australia and New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes three empirical models commonly used to conduct exchange rate assessments and applies them to data for Australia and New Zealand. Findings The baseline results using data and medium‐term projections, available as of October 2008, suggest that the Australian and New Zealand dollar were broadly in line with fundamentals, but with a wide variation across models. A battery of sensitivity tests illustrates that altering the underlying assumptions can yield substantially different assessments. The results are particularly sensitive to the choice of assessment horizon, the set of economies included in the sample, medium‐term forecasts, and the exchange rate reference period. Originality/value The paper provides an assessment of the exchange rates in Australia and New Zealand.
PERSPECTIVE URINARY BIOMARKERS ACCORDING TO PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PRETERM-BORN CHILDREN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Technologies for nursing preterm-born babies have evolved significantly in recent years. However, we still have several unresolved issues, among which acute kidney injury remains one of the most urgent. This pathological clinical syndrome is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in premature infants with severe perinatal pathology. Arrester diagnosis is based on the classification proposed in 2012 by the International Expert Group - Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. The main criteria for verifying the diagnosis of acute renal injury are an increase in serum creatinine levels and a decrease in urine output. The problem of diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute renal failure in prematurely born children occupies a leading place, because it is still no consensus on the possibilities of using specific biomarkers of kidney damage, and no nomograms are taking into account the gestational age at birth, body weight and the severity of perinatal pathology.Plasma creatinine is still the most commonly used marker of impaired filtration function, but in recent years there have been numerous scientific discussions and new, highly sensitive, and highly specific markers of renal injury. In particular, it was proposed to consider functional biomarkers and markers of tubular damage as separate categories, since impaired renal function and the injury itself can coexist independently, simultaneously, or a transition of categories is observed. Plasma cystatin C, urinary and serum fractions of alpha-1-microglobulin and beta-2-microglobulin, lipocalin associated with neutrophil gelatinase, and others are promising biomarkers. Attention is focused on the importance of the epigenetic concept in the formation of kidney damage, blocking of the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone-antidiuretic hormone system, and the role of transient receptor potential channels in the modulation of basic renal functions. Metabolic urine profiles are widely studied taking into account gestational age and body weight.
Visualization of the flow adjacent to a vertical ice surface melting in cold pure water

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Time-exposure photographs of the buoyancy-driven flow adjacent to a vertical ice surface melting in pure water are presented for ambient water temperatures between 3·9 and 8·4 °C. These conditions are of special interest since between about 4 and 8 °C the buoyancy force distribution is locally bi-directional across the thermal transport region, owing to the density extremum at about 4 °C. Although knowledge of the transport for such circumstances is important in both environmental and technological applications, previous experimental studies have provided only limited information, concerning only the gross aspects of the resulting fluid motions. It is now possible, from the extensive experimental results presented here, to understand some of the more subtle mechanisms which arise in such flows. Photographs of the entire flow field document the many complicated flow configurations which occur for these circumstances. As the ambient water temperature is increased from 3·9 to 8·4 °C, regimes of upward, locally bi-directional, and downward flow are observed. Bi-directional flow is seen to result from the reversal of part or all of the upward wake above the top of the ice surface. Local velocities and surface heat-transfer rates, measured from the photographs, are compared, where possible, with the analytical results of Carey, Gebhart & Mollendorf (1980). It was found that the flow velocities for ambient temperatures from 4·05 to 4·70 °C, depart only slightly from the analytical predictions, in spite of an interaction of the outer portion of the upward flow with downward-moving remnants of the upward wake. However, near the surface, the velocity profiles, and consequently the heat transfer and melting rates, agree well with the analytical results. Comparisons at ambient temperatures below 4·05 °C and above 5·9 °C show that the velocity profile and surface heat transfer are in excellent agreement with the results of Carey et al . (1980). At ambient water temperatures between 4·7 and 5·0 °C the flow was found to be bi-directional and weakly time dependent. This weak time dependence is attributed to the instability of the upward wake, which in turn is the source of the outside downward flow in such circumstances.
Ultrasonographic findings of painful shoulders and correlation between physical examination and ultrasonographic rotator cuff tear

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objectives of this study were to identify ultrasonographic (US) abnormalities and to compare physical examination with US findings, especially of rotator cuff abnormalities in patients with shoulder pain. A total of 120 patients with shoulder pain were prospectively studied. The physical examination of shoulders was performed as follows: (1) the area of tenderness; (2) the range of passive and active motion for abduction, forward flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation; (3) Neer and Hawkins's tests for shoulder impingement; and (4) maneuvers for determining the location of the tendon lesions. Transverse and longitudinal planes from the long head of the biceps, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons, the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, and the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints were included for US examination. The range of motion most affected by shoulder pain was abduction, followed by external rotation and forward flexion. The most frequent US finding was effusion in the long head of the biceps tendon. Among the rotator cuff tendons, supraspinatus was the most frequently involved. Physical examination had low sensitivity and specificity for the detection of tendon tear. US examination leads to an anatomical diagnosis of shoulder pain in many patients. Whether the US examination of the painful shoulder improves its treatment should be investigated.
Role of Electronic Data Interchange On Supply Chain Performance in Cargo Distribution Management in Kenya: A Case of Mombasa Port

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The research project is an investigation into the role of E.D.I on supply chain performance in the cargo distribution management in Kenya. The Port of Mombasa is the major gateway to Kenya’s international trade by sea handling 22 million tons of goods in 2013 (KPA, 2014). This represents double the volume of Dar es Salaam Port and only 4% of the volume 557.5 million tons that was handled through the port of Singapore. Over the last decade, the Government and the private sector have invested heavily in the improvement and modernization of the transport infrastructure and services aimed at improving trade facilitation. Some of these investments include the dredging of the Mombasa Port, completion of Berth 19, construction of the second container terminal, development of Embakasi ICD, focus on regional road links, privatization and improvement of weighbridges, customs modernization project, the standard gauge railway line, development of KRA Simba 2005 System, and the E.D.I.. Despite all these, issues still remain (African Universal Consulting, 2014). The objectives of the study are the roles of E.D.I corporate policies, employee training, and volume of cargo processing and employee culture on supply chain performance in the cargo distribution management in Kenya’s Mombasa Port. The research used descriptive research design as it provides information on the characteristics of the phenomenon. The population was 167 employees of the Mombasa Port and the population sample was 50 employees who work at the operations department both at the office and in the field and amongst them,5 line managers were selected purposively . The response was 70% successful with a response of 35 out of 50 respondents. The sampling design that was used is the stratified random. A pilot test was done with the key informants before the full administration of questionnaire. Nevertheless, the researcher used questionnaires as the main method of data collection, although interviews and observations were applied as well. Data was then analyzed using the quantitative and descriptive statistics, then presented using tables and pie charts, whereas the quantitative data was coded and data was be entered in SPSS for analysis. The findings from this study showed that E.D.I plays a great role in the cargo distribution management at the Mombasa Port, although there are issues which include; inadequate non IT staff training, lack of trust of other EDI partners, negative staff employee culture by some employees and stakeholders, more requirements of changes in business requirements than expected, unforeseen technical problems and the system compatibility problems. In conclusion, a well adopted, planned and executed EDI roles and application process is necessary for the cargo distribution management at the Mombasa Port.
Host Plant Resistance to Sesamum Leaf Webber and Capsule Borer Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fifty-four genotypes of sesamum were evaluated against leaf webber and capsule borer Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel. Correlation of the physiological parameters of the genotypes was observed with plant, flower, capsule damage and larval density. It was found that moisture content (%) and chlorophyll content index exhibiting significant positive correlation with damage and larval incidence. Ash content and water saturation deficit showed significant negative correlation.
Cryopreservation of supernumerary oocytes in IVF/ICSI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to investigate cryopreservation of oocytes in patients refusing embryo cryopreservation for ethical reasons, patients from whom no sperm could be retrieved and patients with enough oocytes to yield a number of fresh and cryopreserved embryos to transfer. METHODS: A total of 2900 oocytes out of 6216 retrieved were cryopreserved in 286 patients undergoing 303 cycles. The reasons for cryopreser-vation were because no sperm was found in 16 cycles, for ethical or personal reasons in 80, and in 207 only supernu-merary oocytes were frozen. In 159 cycles, the oocytes were thawed and the surviving metaphase II oocytes microinjected. RESULTS: A toal of 1087 oocytes were thawed, 760 (69.9%) survived and 687 were microinjected. We obtained 368 (53.5%) normally cleaved embryos, 331 were transferred and 37 were cryopreserved. One hundred and forty-five transfers (range 1–3 embryos/patient) were performed and 18 (12.4%) pregnancies were obtained. Twelve patients delivered 13 healthy children, and six first trimester abortions were observed (33.3%). CONCLUSION: Although a low implantation rate was observed and a higher abortion rate than in fresh cycles, our results show that in sibling oocytes, the process of cryopreservation apparently does not affect the fertilization and cleavage rate. In this group of patients, producing a large number of mature gametes, oocyte cryopreservation gives the couple extra chances to achieve a pregnancy within a single retrieval and is a good effort towards reducing the number of embryos cryopreserved and enhancing our experience in this new technology. Key words: assisted reproduction/cleavage/embryo transfer/fertilization/oocyte cryopreservation
Household Gender Roles and Slow-Onset Environmental Change in Morocco: A Barrier or Driver to Develop Migration Aspirations?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We study how slow-onset environmental changes impact the adaptive capacity of rural women living in the Souss-Massa region of Morocco. Given the immobility of many women in rural regions, we especially focus upon the internal migration aspirations of rural woman. In this way our study aims to shed light on the interrelationships between environmental change, gender relations and social and migration aspirations in a gradually environmentally degrading region. Based on Carling’s aspiration/ability model, we analyse how slow-onset environmental changes influence the internal migration aspirations and trajectories of rural women, taking into account important background factors such as household characteristics, land heritage systems and migration networks. Our study is based on 38 interviews with inhabitants of the Souss-Massa region of Morocco that (used to) work in the agricultural sector, of which 15 interviews were conducted with rural women. Our findings show the ambiguous role of slow-onset environmental changes in the development of migration aspirations of rural women in a Moroccan rural context and underscores that environmental changes should be taken into account in migration decision making processes, both for internal and international migration.
Preparing Dislocated Workers in Delaware for a Career Readiness Credential

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

No system exists in Delaware for measuring the foundational skills of unemployed adults and no formal evaluation has been conducted in Delaware on the effect of academic enrichment services on the foundational skills of unemployed adults. In addition, there is no instructional model in Delaware for delivering academic enrichment to unemployed adults that would result in readiness to earn a National Career Readiness Certificate (NCRC™) through an industry recognized assessment system. This study documented the outcomes of the pilot implementation of an academic readiness program in Kent County, Delaware. It compared mean pre and post-test ACT WorkKeys® assessment scores in Applied Mathematics and Reading for Information of 119 dislocated workers. A second aspect of the study was to determine the perceived level of preparedness in work-related math, work-related reading, general computer skills, overall work readiness, and ability to obtain work-related credentials before and after participation in the program. It was predicted that the integration of academic skills enrichment into the DDOL re-employment services (RES) model would result in increased participant literacy skills. It was also predicted that program participants would be motivated to engage in an educational program that could potentially yield a relevant, work-related, and “stackable” credential, one that could be added to their existing credentials to enhance employability and advancement opportunities. Study data yielded support for the research questions posed; however, satisfaction survey data, including open-ended response data, suggested little or no support for the delivery model piloted.
Spaces for the children of the urban poor: experiences with participatory action research (PAR)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explains why participatory action research (PAR) could be so important in helping the children of the urban poor, and those who work with them, generate relevant insights into their specific needs and priorities and help them influence decisions that are taken about their lives. The paper begins by discussing the problems facing children in urban areas of the South and why more participatory research approaches which work with children have come to the fore. It then describes what participatory action research is (and is not) and why researchers and the institutions that fund them have difficulty in supporting such a research approach, especially in relation to children. The paper then addresses the three main implications for researchers who want to use PAR with children: taking responsibility for the children’s needs and priorities within the research; balancing participation and mediation; and ensuring the research helps to negotiate more spaces for children in their environment and more power in their relationship with the state and society.
Breaking the optical difraction barrier with nanophotonics - Ultrahigh-resolution bioimaging and biosensing in the subwavelength nanometric range with nanobiophotonic technologies

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The main goal of this study is to develop novel fiber-optic-based nanobiophotonics techniques for noninvasive imaging and biosensing optical properties of cellular and tissue samples beyond the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength nanoscale range. The work covers fundamental principles, recent developments, and trends in advanced nanobiophotonics techniques exploited for either minimally invasive diagnostics and imaging in biomedicine at cellular/intracellular level or development of nanosensors and nanostructured materials. Somerecently developed advanced ultrahigh-resolution nanotechnologies such as confocal nanoscopy and fiber-optic-based nanosensors, will also be discussed. These technologies allow one to break the theoretical optical diffraction barrier and to work in the subwavelength nanoscale range