jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
What Are Present Limits of Quantitative High Resolution Tem?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In recent years quantitative high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) became a reliable tool to investigate physical processes at an atomic scale. Certainly, there is no unique approach to quantify the information content from lattice images. However, specific methods like Chemical Imaging^ and QUANTITEM were established that allow to investigate the atomic structure of crystalline solids quantitatively and almost routinely. Nevertheless, there are limits to the application of these methods and they are of principle and of practical nature. Obviously, the resolution of quantitative HRTEM is limited by the point resolution of modern microscopes that has reached 0.1 mn. However, the quantification of the information from lattice images requires two important steps, namely, the application of a pattern recognition procedure and the extraction of changes of the electron scattering potential from the lattice images. The application of the pattern recognition procedure influences the lateral resolution of the method because a lattice image has to be broken up into unit cells of identical size (figure 1).
Organizational Identity and The Nature of Stakeholder Relationships in the Blended Age of Organizing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The nature of organizing has changed. If the environment of the 20th century was marked by centralization, a rise in political authority and near unity in organizational form as a result of bureaucratization; it is decentralization, a rise in market authority and the proliferation of diverse organizational forms that characterize the new institutional environments in a global knowledge-based economy. These changes have prompted organizations across sectors to recognize their common enterprise and interact more. No longer are for-profit organizations focusing solely on the pursuit of profit, and government and nonprofit organizations on the pursuit of the common good. Rather, in today’s interconnected world, businesses are expected to embrace collective values and public and nonprofit organizations to internalize a market ethos. While supporters of sector cross-pollination in the public and nonprofit sector often view these changes as a pragmatic way for organizations to survive and thrive, critics believe that the pervasive influence of a market-ethos is changing the way that individuals working in the public and nonprofit sectors view the fundamental nature of relationships with stakeholders and those they serve, by promoting instrumental connections and consumer identities over the public interest. Drawing from theories of isomorphism and organizational ecology, this research examines identity and stakeholder relationships through the lens of Organizational Identity Orientation. Using a mixed method approach, a quantitative measurement model of the organizational identity orientation construct is developed and used to determine how organizational members across sectors view the fundamental nature of stakeholder relationships in the blended age of organizing. Findings suggest that while member perceptions of identity orientation tend to align with historical sector norms of collectivism in the public and nonprofit sectors and individualism in the for-profit sector, all orientations are reflected by members within each sector. Further, average views of individualism are much closer across all sectors than are views of collectivism, and in the case of nonprofit and for-profit members, not significantly different. Factors such as client-type, industry and the type of services an organization provides, help to explain some of these differences.
Natural canine infection by Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis and their implications for disease control

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. Because Leishmania can adapt to new hosts or vectors, knowledge concerning the current etiological agent in dogs is important in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania species detected in 103 samples of peripheral blood from dogs that were naturally infected with these protozoa. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was determined through parasitological examination, the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Leishmania species were identified by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The samples were subjected to PCR using oligonucleotide primers that amplify the intergenic region ITS1 of the rRNA gene in order to identify the species. The amplified DNA was digested using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. A restriction profile identical to L. amazonensis was shown in 77/103 samples and the profile was similar to L. infantum in 17/103. However, a mixed profile was shown in 9/103 samples, which impeded species identification. In conclusion, the infection in these dogs was predominantly due to L. amazonensis, thus indicating that diagnosing of cases of canine leishmaniasis needs to be reexamined, since the causative agent identified is not restricted to L. infantum.
Identification and Prioritizing Influential Merchandising Variables on Customer Purchase Behavior, Case Study:Hyper Star Chain Supermarket

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research was evaluation of the effectiveness of merchandising variables on customer purchase behavior. This research was performed by survey and by distribution of questionnaire. The results of this research showed that after extraction of 57 variables from literature related to merchandising, they were distributed among ten experts and after moderation of the variables to 37, they were distributed among 250 customers in Hyper Star Chain Supermarkets. Statistical analysis included descriptive values and inferential statistics for data analysis. After data collection by questionnaire, they were analyzed using the SPSS software. Considering the results of the research, merchandising variables influential on customer purchase behavior were identified and ultimately ranking of influential merchandising constituents was performed. Results of the Friedman test showed that at a 0/95 confidence level, significant difference exists between ranked mean effectiveness of influential merchandising factors on customer purchase behavior at Hyper Star. In fact, it can be stated that advertisement strategies in merchandising had the highest effect on customer purchase behavior. After this were behavioral variables, technical strategy and ultimately environmental strategy in decreasing order of effectiveness on customer purchase behavior. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n3s2p48
Solubility of the System KOH–K2CrO4–K2CO3–Al2O3–H2O at 150 °C in the High Alkali Concentrated Region

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Phase equilibria of the system KOH-K2CrO4-K2CO3-Al2O3-H2O and its subsystems were investigated at 150 degrees C in the high alkali concentrated region. In the concentrated alkali region of the system and its subsystems KOH-K2CrO4-Al2O3-H2O and KOH-K2CO3-H2O, the equilibrium solid-phase K2CO3 center dot 1.5H(2)O was found. In the concentrated alkali region of the complex system, potassium aluminate and K2CO3 play an evident salting-out role to potassium chromate, respectively, and their combined operation lowers the solubility of K2CrO4. The solubilizing effect of K2CrO4 on Al2O3 in the system KOH-K2CrO4-Al2O3-H2O is similar to that of Na2CrO4 on Al2O3 in the system NaOH-Na2CrO4-Al2O3-H2O. These findings can provide a significant and precious database for the production of K2CrO4 and K2CO3 and the recovery of alumina from a concentrated alkali solution.
Species Richness of Breeding Birds at a Landscape Scale: Which Habitat Type is the Most Important?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of the study was to compare different habitat types according to species richness and estimate their value for total species richness at a landscape level. The study was carried out in the years 1995–2001 in the Tarnów region (1400 km2, S Poland). All bird species were classified according to broadly defined breeding habitat type. Four main, easily distinguishable habitat types were specified: forests (18% of the area), open areas (70%), wetlands (1%) and anthropogenic areas (11%). Birds were classified as habitat specialists if they bred in only one habitat type, or as habitat generalists, if they bred in two or more habitat types. Altogether, 151 species nested in the study area, and a total of 87 species were habitat specialists. There were statistically more endangered species (so called “losers”) among the habitat specialists than in the habitat generalists' group. Habitat specialists were also statistically less abundant than habitat generalists. The following numbers of species were recorded in the specific habitats: forests — 70, open areas — 75, wetlands — 61, anthropogenic areas — 46. Among these, the percentages of habitat specialists were the following: forests — 41.4%, open areas — 18.7%, wetlands — 52.5%, anthropogenic areas — 26.1%. It was found that the numbers of species inhabiting the various habitat types differed from the number to be expected on the basis of their area. This was especially apparent in the case of wetlands, which constituted only a small part of the total area, but as many as 32 species (21.1% of all) occurred only there. For conservation purposes, wetlands appear to play the most important role in shaping species richness in the landscape studied here. However, each habitat type contained some species that were not noted in other habitats.
Developing a Decision Support Tool for Design

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A decision support tool has been created to help developers of enterprise business applications choose appropriate user interface design patterns. The tool implements a dynamic visualization of design choices structured as a faceted classification of user tasks and user types. Terminology used for the facet and choice labels was informed by interviews with developers about their design strategies. The main finding from testing 17 developers was that when the wrong patterns were selected, it was usually due to misinterpretation of the facet choice labels. As a result, certain facet choices were removed or consolidated and new ones were identified.
Limitations and Possibilities of Transnational Mobilization: The Case of Eu Summit Protesters in Brussels, 2001

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although transnational political institutions have been around for decades, it is only recently that the wave of protest against neoliberal globalization has successfully mobilized on a transnational scale. Nevertheless, barriers to transnational participation in protests are especially difficult to overcome. By means of a survey conducted with protesters from all over Europe during the 2001 anti-neoliberal globalization demonstrations at the EU summit in Brussels, we explore the specific impediments to transnational mobilization in the European context. How do anti-neoliberal globalization movement organizations manage to overcome obstacles while other movements are only able to coordinate collective action on a national level? Special attention is given to the impact these difficulties have on the motivation and profile of foreign versus local protesters. Are foreign protesters more radical in their actions than the local participants? Do they take a stronger stance towards their protest actions against globalization? We close by speculating on the future of this movement and on transnational collective action in general.
Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition mediates the killing of HeLa cells by staurosporine.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The role of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in the killing of HeLa cells by staurosporine (STR) was assessed with the use of bongkrekic acid (BK), an inhibitor of the MPT. BK prevented cell killing as well as biochemical manifestations of the MPT: (a) the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim); (b) the release of cytochrome c from the intramembranous space to the cytosol; and (c) the release of malate dehydrogenase from the mitochondrial matrix. Stable transfectants that overexpressed Akt were also resistant to cell killing and did not develop an MPT. STR inhibited the phosphorylation of Bad, whereas Bad phosphorylation was preserved in cells that overexpress Akt. In wild-type HeLa cells treated with STR, the content of Bax in the cytosol decreased as that in the mitochondria increased, a result that was again prevented by overexpression of Akt. Bid accumulation in the mitochondria with STR was not affected by overexpression of Akt. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Val-Asp(OMe) fluoromethylketone prevented cell killing bu not induction of the MPT. The data document the central role of the MPT in the killing of HeLa cells by STR. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that induction of the MPT is a consequence of the movement of Bax to the mitochondria. Phosphorylation of Bad prevents Bax translocation. Caspases participate in the events related to cell killing that occur subsequent to induction of the MPT.
Malaysian Budget Hotel and Accommodation Cooperatives:A Study on Corporate Governance Practice

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Corporate governance has becoming a vital issue which tremendously researched even in a small organization such as cooperative.However, none has studied in the context of Malaysian budget hotel and accommodation cooperatives.This study investigated 56 Board of Directors’ perceptions to find out their awareness of the corporate governance and the existing guidelines in their cooperatives.The study also examined their perceptions toward nine aspects of corporate governance such as management, appointment, responsibilities and accountability, information, assessment, remuneration, auditing and control, communication and finally principles and values. The findings highlighted that board of Directors aware of the corporate governance practice and the existing guidelines. Further, the findings also indicated positive perceptions regarding the practice which significantly contributes to the management of budget hotel and accommodation cooperatives to sustain the economy and community wealth.
Prototype Vehicles Laboratory Steering Apparatus

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Cal Poly Prototype Vehicles Team (PROVE) is designing a solar powered vehicle to break an international land speed record. The space within the driver’s cockpit allotted for the steering mechanism was too small for a conventional steering wheel. This report describes the process that was followed to design, manufacture, and test a compact and lightweight steering apparatus for the PROVE solar vehicle. A lateral lever steering system, the final design selected for PROVE’s solar car, was designed to withstand the maximum expected loads applied by the driver during the three-minute run of the competition. The lateral lever steering apparatus is controlled by two adjustable handles. The rotation of the handles is limited to either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, thus turning the vehicle’s wheels right or left, respectively. The final cost of the system was $250 including shipping and handling. As the PROVE car body was not completed during the scope of this project, our team was not able to complete our testing of the system. Although we were not able to test the apparatus, our team is confident that our system will successfully and safely steer PROVE’s vehicle during their world record run in 2018.
Somatostatinoma syndrome: a challenging differential diagnosis among pancreatic tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among the neuroendocrine neoplasia, the pancreatic somatostatin-producing tumors are very rare. Usually functional, these tumors produce the somatostatinoma syndrome, which encompasses diabetes mellitus, diarrhea/steatorrhoea, and cholelithiasis. Other symptoms may include dyspepsia, weight loss, anemia, and hypochlorhydria. All theses symptoms are explained by the inhibitory actions of the somatostatin released by tumoral cells originated from pancreatic delta cells or endocrine cells of the digestive tract. The diagnosis is easy to overlook since these symptoms are commonly observed in other more common syndromes. Besides the clinical features, diagnosis is based on serum determination of somatostatin, and imaging exams, such as ultrasound, computer tomography and positron emission tomography. Pathologic examination is characterized by the positivity of immunohistochemical reaction for synaptophysin, chromogranin, and somatostatin. These tumors can be classified according to tumor size, mitotic index, neural or vascular invasion, and distant metastases. The authors describe the case of a 61-year-old female patient who sought medical care because of a 6-month history of watery diarrhea, weight loss, and depression. She was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus 3 years ago. Imaging examination revealed a tumoral mass of 4 cm in its longest axis in the topography of the head of the pancreas and calculous cholecistopathy. The patient’s clinical status was unfavorable for a surgical approach. She died after 20 days of hospitalization. The definitive diagnosis was achieved with the autopsy findings, which disclosed a pancreatic somatostatinoma.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RADICAL SURGERY FOR PROSTATIC CARCINOMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

前立腺癌は臨床的に限局性癌であっても, すでに局所浸潤ないしはリンパ節転移のみられるとが多いため, 手術療法の意義が問われている. われわれはこの問題を解決するため, 前立腺癌に対して前立腺全摘を行った症例の成績を検討した. 治療法としては前立腺全摘術42例, 膀胱前立腺全摘術8例, 骨盤内全摘術1例であった. なお, 非治癒例には術後内分泌療法を併用している.stage Aでは全例癌なし生存, 5年生存率100%である. stage Bでは癌なし生存は22例中19例 (86%), 5年生存率87.5%. stage Cでは癌なし生存16例中11例 (69%), 5年生存率68.2%. stage Dでは再発なし生存6例中4例 (67%), 5年生存率66.7%であった. 摘出標本の検索にて stage BではB2になると周囲への浸潤が, stage Cではリンパ節転移が高率に認められ, 術後の内分泌療法が必要であった. 今回のわれわれの成績から, 限局性癌には手術療法を, 浸潤性癌には手術と内分泌療法を併用することは有意義であると考える.
Lateral flow devices for mycotoxin detection : with special emphasis on the characterization of the major components and the development and evaluation of prototypes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit, wurden Schnelltests (Lateral Flow Devices, LFDs) für Mykotoxine entwickelt, mit Fokus auf der Charakterisierung der einzelnen essentiellen Komponenten dieser Tests, sowie auf deren Qualität und Robustheit.LFDs sind immun-chromatographische Streifentests zur einfachen und schnellen Detektion von Substanzen wie z.B. Mykotoxinen. Jeder dieser Teststreifen besteht aus einer Testzone, in welcher ein Mykotoxin spezifisches Protein Konjugat aufgebracht wurde und aus einer Kontrollzone welche die korrekte Durchführung des Tests bestätigt. Um ein sichtbares Ergebnis am Teststreifen zu erhalten, werden anti-Mykotoxin Antikörper an kolloidales Gold oder Kohlenstoff gekoppelt, welche als Signal- (Farb-) reagenz dienen.Die Antikörperkomplexe, wie auch die Proteinkonjugate, sind Schlüsselreagenzien bei der Entwicklung solcher Testsysteme. Deshalb wurde der Fokus auf die reproduzierbare Produktion der Goldkolloide, die Optimierung der Mykotoxin-Protein Konjugate wie auch die Charakterisierung der hergestellten Komponenten gelegt.Eine Machbarkeitsstudie mit kolloidalem Kohlenstoff statt des kolloidalen Goldes wurde zusätzlich durchgeführt.Die synthetisierten, optimierten und charakterisierten Konjugate wurden verwendet, um Prototyp Teststreifen zu entwickeln.Qualitative Teststreifen für ein ausgewähltes Mykotoxin wurden validiert, indem Matrixeffekte und Kreuzreaktivitäten untersucht wurden; zusätzlich wurden diese Tests auch in Afrika durchgeführt, um deren Leistung unter tropischen Bedingungen zu evaluieren.Zuletzt wurden semi-quantitative Teststreifen für Aflatoxine eingesetzt, um natürlich kontaminierte Maisproben zu analysieren. Diese wurden zuvor mit einer validierten Standard HPLC-MS/MS Referenzmethode analysiert.
Temperature dependence of the polaron

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We point out that the existing literature is not even clear on which direction the polaron energy should change with temperature. We analyze the existing simple calculations and show that they are most easily understood in terms of phonon-frequency shifts, rather than a temperature-dependent polaron self-energy. We show further that there are two different ways of defining a temperature-dependent polaron energy level, both of which play a role in some calculations. We use a temperature-dependent form of the intermediate-coupling theory which gives results that are qualitatively acceptable.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity in a Woman With a 9-Year History of Ovarian Cancer: Is Exposure to Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin a Factor?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper reports the case of a platinum-sensitive patient who developed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity after exposure to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). The authors conclude that identification of patients at major risk of PLD-related secondary malignancies and strategies for early detection and reduction of oral carcinogenesis are priorities for future study.
Urinary acidification in the prevention and treatment of feline struvite urolithiasis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Two groups of 12 cats were fed ad libitum an experimental dry expanded ration high in magnesium (0.37%, dry matter basis) and similar to most commercial dry cat foods in all other nutrients. The diet of one of the groups contained 1.5% ammonium chloride, which was added to the diet before processing. Urethral obstruction developed twice in 7 of the 12 cats fed the ration without ammonium chloride. Of the 5 remaining cats in that group, 2 had calculi in the urinary bladder and urethra at necropsy. In contrast, only 2 of the 12 cats fed the ration containing ammonium chloride had urethral blockage once; neither cat had another blockage. Both cats had been catheterized twice as paired controls before urethral obstruction. One of these 2 cats died from a urinary tract infection apparently introduced through the indwelling catheter, and at necropsy there were 2 small calculi in the urethra. At the end of the study, only 1 other cat fed the ammonium chloride diet had a calculus in the urinary bladder at necropsy; this cat had not had a urethral obstruction throughout the study. After each cat had 2 urethral blockages, its diet was changed. Four cats were fed the ration containing ammonium chloride and 3, a dry, commercial ration. Of the 4 cats fed the diet containing ammonium chloride, none developed another urethral obstruction within 6 months, and at necropsy, no calculi were in the urinary bladder or urethra. Two of the 3 cats fed the commercial ration experienced urethral blockage within 3 months. These 2 cats were then fed the diet containing ammonium chloride. They had no further urethral obstruction, and at necropsy 3 and 6 months later, calculi were not found. Chemical and physical properties of 5 experimentally induced and 5 naturally formed feline uroliths were determined. Chemical composition and x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that both kinds of calculi were struvite, ie, magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH 4 PO 4 ·6H 2 O). This study demonstrated that ammonium chloride effectively acidified and maintained the urinary pH below 6.6 (the pH at which struvite dissolves) for a prolonged time. The pH may have been an important factor in preventing calculus formation and dissolving struvite calculi in the bladder; however, the interaction of other contributing factors was not measured. It was concluded that ammonium chloride, at 1.5% of the diet, would be useful in the prevention and treatment of feline struvite urolithiasis.