jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Flow measurement mechanism and hydraulic characteristics analysis of the airfoil weir-orifice facility in a rectangular channel

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Experimental studies and numerical simulations are conducted on the airfoil weir-orifice facilities to find a flow measurement and control device with a stable combined outflow form and good hydraulic performance. The orifice height under the weir is changed by adjusting the chord length and rotation angle of the weir. This paper uses three airfoil weir-orifice facilities for comparative study. The facilities have three flow forms under different rotation angles and flow conditions. Orifice discharge in combined outflow form is related to weir crest height but not upstream water depth. Flow formulas for three discharge forms are derived using dimensional analysis and incomplete self-similarity theory. The results show that the relative error of the formula is within ±6.34%. The Froude number is less than 0.4 under all working conditions; the critical submerged range is between 0.7 and 0.95; and under the premise of the unified weir crest height, the head loss decreases with the increased orifice height. The hydraulic jump location analysis yields the airfoil weir-orifice facility under the combined outflow as a submerged orifice outflow, and the hydraulic jump energy cancelation efficiency under the same flow condition is consistent with the upstream water depth change trend.
Handcycling: different modes and gear ratios

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Handrim wheelchair propulsion is a straining form of ambulation. In contrast, arm crank exercise in laboratory settings has shown a higher degree of gross mechanical efficiency and increased levels of peak power output. Moreover, arm crank exercise can be conducted at different gear ratios and in asynchronic or synchronic mode. Although tricycle crank exercise or handcycling has become increasingly popular for recreational use, sports and outdoor wheeling over the last decade, today little is known about the cardiopulmonary strain in handcycling. The physiological and subjective responses during handcycling were evaluated in a group of 12 male non-wheelchair users (age 24.6 +/- 2.7 yr; body weight 73.7 +/- 9.7 kg). During an incremental submaximal exercise test on a motor driven treadmill (velocity: 1.8 ms-1; an incremental slope of 1% per 3 min; 0-3%; mean power output of the subject group varied between 7.6 +/- 1.6 W and 47.5 +/- 6.2 W), effects of asynchronic and synchronic crank settings and three different gear ratios (1:0.42, 1:0.59, 1:0.74 (or 24, 36 and 44 rpm)) were evaluated in a random testing sequence. Significantly lower levels of mean oxygen uptake, ventilation, relative heart rate and oxygen uptake were seen during synchronic arm use and for the lighter gear ratios (i.e. higher movement frequency; 44 rpm). Subjective local perceived discomfort showed similar trends. Conversely, gross mechanical efficiency appeared higher for these conditions. The need for strong medio-lateral stabilizing muscle effort during asynchronic arm use (to ensure a proper wheeling direction as well as simultaneous power transfer to the cranks) and the effective use of the trunk in this subject group may explain the advantage of synchronic arm use. Whether this advantage is consolidated among wheelchair confined individuals needs further study. Apart from the important effects of a shift in force--velocity characteristics of the contracting muscles with varying gear ratios, increased static finger flexor and arm muscle activity may explain the increased strain in the somewhat unnatural heavy gear condition (24 rpm) at the studied velocity. Results need to be re-evaluated for wheelchair user populations and different higher velocities and power conditions. Moreover, other aspects of the wheelchair--user interface must be studied in order to generate optimum fitting and design guidelines for different user groups and conditions of use.
Eschatological Presentism in Protestant German Theology of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter’s exploration of preaching in Protestant Germany considers concepts of redemption through the period of the First World War, locating these within Christian intellectual culture over a wider frame. While the sense of a present charged with redemptive potential is a long held feature of Christian temporality (if sometimes poorly understood), it was in the conceptual framework of historical time as developed in 18th and 19th century thought that Protestant pastoral theology found a new way of articulating this sense of the divine present. In the mid- to late-19th century, pastors of the pietist tradition felt the nearness of the Second Coming and foresaw its signs in many of the political upheavals of their day. Ultimately the time of God and the time of man were increasingly seen as separate, but this meant that by the turn of the 20th century, the sense of an imminent end to the world was receding: many saw the Last Day as a distant event. The First World War, however, shook up the concerns of the faithful with the passing of time. The search for redemption was firmly relocated in a call to repentance in the present, through which God would successfully intervene. Karl Barth in particular moved away from the idea that human progress could intertwine itself with God’s redemption. Redemption came in a present moment of decision. In so far as God represented ‘the real’, to the community of believers in Protestant Germany, the present became more and more important, as the claim of the modernist vision of progress to redeem the world seemed less and less persuasive.
Synaptosomal Membrane‐Bound Form of Endopeptidase‐24.15 Generates Leu‐Enkephalin from Dynorphin 1‐8, α‐ and β‐Neoendorphin, and Met‐Enkephalin from Met‐Enkephalin‐Arg6‐Gly7‐Leu

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Brain contains a membrane‐bound form of endopeptidase‐24. 15, a metalloendopeptidase predominantly associated with the soluble protein fraction of brain homogenates. Subcellular fractionation of the enzyme in rat brain showed that 20–25% of the total activity is associated with membrane fractions including synaptosomes. Solubilization of the enzyme from synaptosomal membranes required the use of detergents or treatment with trypsin. The specific activity of the enzyme in synaptosomal membranes measured with tertiary‐butoxycarbonyl‐Phe‐Ala‐Ala‐Phe‐ p ‐aminobenzoate as substrate was higher than that of endo‐peptidase‐24.11 (“enkephalinase”), a membrane‐bound zinc‐metalloendopeptidase believed to function in brain neuropeptide metabolism. Purified synaptosomal membranes converted efficiently dynorphini 1‐8 , α‐and β‐neoen‐dorphin into leucine enkephalin and methionine‐enkepha‐Iin‐Arg 6 ‐Gly 7 ‐Leu 8 into methionine enkephalin in the presence of captopril, bestatin, and N‐[l‐ (R, S)‐carboxy‐2‐phenylethyl]‐Phe‐p‐aminobenzoate, inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), and membrane‐bound metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11), respectively. The conversion of enkephalin‐containing peptides into enkephalins was virtually completely inhibited by N ‐[l‐ (R, S)‐carboxy‐2‐phenylethyl]‐Ala‐Ala‐Phe‐ p ‐aminobenzoate, a specific active‐site‐directed inhibitor of endopeptidase‐24.15, indicating that this enzyme was responsible for the observed interconversions. The data indicate that synaptosomal membranes contain enzymes that can potentially generate and degrade both leucine‐and methionine‐enkephalin.
1/f noise in n-channel silicon-gate MOS transistors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It is found that equivalent gate noise power for l/f noise in n-channel silicon-gate MOS transistors at near zero drain voltage at room temperature is empirically described by two noise terms, which vary as K_{1}(q/C_{ox}) (V_{G} -V_{T})/f and K_{2}(q/C_{ox})^{2}/f, where V_{G} is gate voltage, V T is threshold Voltage, and C ox is gate-oxide capacitance per unit area. Unification of carrier-density fluctuation (McWhorter's model)and mobility fluctuation (Hooge's model) can account for the experimental data. The comparison between the theory and experiment shows that the carrier fluctuation term K 2 is proportional to oxide-trap density at Fermi-level. The mobility fluctuation term K 1 is correlated to K 2 , being proportional to \radic K_{2} . The origin of this correlation is yet to be clarified.
Compression of the peripheral branches of the sciatic nerve by lipoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors report two female patients with chronic sensitive and motor findings in lower limbs caused by compression of distal branches of sciatic nerve by lipoma. Similar cases were not described on literature. Nerve conduction studies allowed to localize the exact site of compression. At surgery, lipomas compressing the deep peroneal nerve (case 1) and the posterior tibial nerve (case 2) were observed. Histologic studies of tumors confirmed the diagnoses.
Effect of 1,2,4-triazole ethylamine on gastric secretion

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

3-(beta-aminoethylamine)-1,2,4-triazole, the triazole analogue of histamine, was found to be a potent excitant of gastric secretion, 0.42 mg of the triazole base being equivalent to 0.3 mg histamine in the dog. The action was slightly more prolonged than that of histamine. The evidence in this study along with earlier evidence strongly indicates that aminoguanidine (AG) acts additively with histamine, since AG inhibits the destruction of histamine. It was found that AG also augments the action of the triazole on gastric secretion, the mechanism of which is now uncertain.
Contaminant-induced current decline in capillary array electrophoresis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This research clarifies, for the first time, the mechanism and impact of current decline in capillary array electrophoresis (CAE). High throughput capillary array electrophoresis instruments for DNA sequencing suffer to varying degrees from failure associated with electrophoretic current decline and inhibition or delay in the arrival of fragments at the detector. This effect is known to be associated with residual quantities of large, slow moving fragments of template or genomic DNA carried through from sample preparation and sequencing reactions. Here, we document and investigate the existence of an expanding ionic depletion region induced by overloading the capillary with low-mobility DNA fragments, and the effect of growth of this region on electrophoresis run failure. This depletion region forms upstream of the smaller sequencing fragments, and its expansion was found not to affect the quality of the sequencing peaks at the detector. Rather the current decline associated with depletion region growth reduces the velocity of the downstream sequencing fragments, so fewer fragments arrive at the detector during the run. It is shown, through analytical and numerical models, how increasing quantities of slow moving DNA cause the concentration of background electrolyte downstream to decline. With the concentration of such fragments beyond a threshold quantity, the anode-side boundary of the nascent depletion region is shown to propagate toward the anode at a rate faster than the contaminant DNA migration. Under such conditions the depletion region expands, the current declines, and the electrophoresis run suffers from a reduced yield of sequence data or fails completely. While the upstream boundary of the depletion region propagates with the DNA, the propagation rate of the downstream boundary is found to be inversely proportional to the amount of ionic depletion, and independent of the motion of the DNA. Observations suggest that these downstream boundaries may propagate as a result of an imbalance in current carriers brought about by the exposure of bound charges in the matrix or capillary wall, which may be coupled to a rise in pH.
Sorption of Co2+, Pb2+, and Sr2+ Ions on Hydroxyapatite, Synthesized in the Presence of Oxyethylidenediphosphonic Acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The physicochemical and sorption properties of hydroxyapatite synthesized in the presence of oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid, as crystallization inhibitor, were studied. The effect of acid concentration and calcium phosphate reagents was established on the sorption properties of hydroxyapatite with respect to ions Co2+, Pb2+, and Sr2+. It was shown that the sorption capacity of amorphous hydroxyapatite obtained in the presence of 1.0 mol % oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid, for Co2+ and Sr2+ ions, increases by 2–2.5 times, and for Pb2+ ions, by 4–5 times compared to crystalline hydroxyapatite obtained without acid additives. It was revealed that the observed differences in the sorption capacity of amorphous and crystalline hydroxyapatite with respect to the studied metal ions are due to different mechanisms of their adsorption.
KOALA: Empirical Lessons Toward Memory-Efficient and Fast Diffusion Models for Text-to-Image Synthesis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As text-to-image (T2I) synthesis models increase in size, they demand higher inference costs due to the need for more expensive GPUs with larger memory, which makes it challenging to reproduce these models in addition to the restricted access to training datasets. Our study aims to reduce these inference costs and explores how far the generative capabilities of T2I models can be extended using only publicly available datasets and open-source models. To this end, by using the de facto standard text-to-image model, Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL), we present three key practices in building an efficient T2I model: (1) Knowledge distillation: we explore how to effectively distill the generation capability of SDXL into an efficient U-Net and find that self-attention is the most crucial part. (2) Data: despite fewer samples, high-resolution images with rich captions are more crucial than a larger number of low-resolution images with short captions. (3) Teacher: Step-distilled Teacher allows T2I models to reduce the noising steps. Based on these findings, we build two types of efficient text-to-image models, called KOALA-Turbo &-Lightning, with two compact U-Nets (1B & 700M), reducing the model size up to 54% and 69% of the SDXL U-Net. In particular, the KOALA-Lightning-700M is 4x faster than SDXL while still maintaining satisfactory generation quality. Moreover, unlike SDXL, our KOALA models can generate 1024px high-resolution images on consumer-grade GPUs with 8GB of VRAMs (3060Ti). We believe that our KOALA models will have a significant practical impact, serving as cost-effective alternatives to SDXL for academic researchers and general users in resource-constrained environments.
Comparison Of Productivity And Income Of Rice Farming Irrigation System Andrainfed Systems In Gorahut Village, South Tapanuli District

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research is to comparison of productivity and income of rice farming Irrigation System and rainfed system, thefeasibility of irrigation and rainfed farming system.. Data analysis methods used are nonprametric statistics test wilcoxon and business feasibility analysis. From the research results obtained: Productivity of irrigated farmers is 3.05 tons / ha and the productivity of rainfed farmers is 2.64 tons / ha. , irrigation farmer income is higher than rainfed farmer where the average of irrigated paddy farmer is Rp7.777.974 / ha and rain-fed farmer is Rp6.107.993. Irrigated wetland rice farming is feasible to cultivate because> 1 where R / C irrigated rice field 2.66 and rainfed 2.06 and B / C irrigated rice 1.66 and rainfed 1.06 means irrigated rice farming is more high feasible than rain-fed rice fields. BEP Production of 1,137,5 kg / ha and rainfed 1,222.37 kg / ha, BEP of irrigated rice paddy rice amounted to Rp1.527,7 / kg and rainfed rice Rp2.316,26 / kg
Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: "on an object lens," "on a photographic optical system," and "on an illumination optical system." The house dust position "on an object lens" had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions "on a photographic optical system" and "on an illumination optical system" had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.
Secular Trends, Race, and Geographic Disparity of Early-Stage Breast Cancer Incidence: 25 Years of Surveillance in Connecticut

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives. We considered changes in the geographic distribution of early stage breast cancer among White and non-White women while secular trends in lifestyle and health care were under way. Methods. We aggregated tumor registry and census data by age, race, place of residence, and year of diagnosis to evaluate rate variation across Connecticut census tracts between 1985 and 2009. Global and local cluster detection tests were completed. Results. Age-adjusted incidence rates increased by 2.71% and 0.44% per year for White and non-White women, respectively. Significant global clustering was identified during surveillance of these populations, but the elements of clustering differed between groups. Among White women, fewer local clusters were detected after 1985 to 1989, whereas clustering increased over time among non-White women. Conclusions. Small-area variation of breast cancer incidence rates across time periods proved to be dynamic and race-specific. Incidence rates might have been affected by secular trends in lifestyle or health care. Single cross-sectional analyses might have confused our understanding of disease occurrence by not accounting for the social context in which patient preferences or provider capacity influence the numbers and locations of diagnosed cases. Serial analyses are recommended to identify “hot spots” where persistent geographic disparities in incidence occur.
Amaranth - A Functional Food

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. Approximately 60 species are presently recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold. Because of recent concerns about global food security and malnutrition scientists all over the world are engaged in exploring the plant biodiversity to broaden the crop list. Due to described agricultural advantages, unique nutritional properties and versatile usage, grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) has gained increased attention. Amaranth seeds have a high content of storage proteins (14-19%) whose amino acid composition is rich in lysine and methionine, two limiting amino acids in cereals and legumes, respectively. Amaranth (Amaranthuscaudatus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and ka~niwa (Chenopodiumpallidicaule) are originally from the Andes of South America where they have remained a staple since Pre-Hispanic times. Due to its good protein quality which is comparable to casein, high fibre content and bioactive compounds, and these gluten-free grains are formidable food alternatives for celiac patients and/or those suffering from gluten-sensitivity.
Incomplete democratization and conflict: The role of territory and nationalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dissertation explores the impact of incomplete democratic transitions on international peace and security. Since the end of the Second World War, the number of democracies has seen a five-fold increase. Countries do not, however, magically transform into fully institutionalized democracies overnight. I ask how ongoing democratic transitions impact the likelihood of international conflict and the ability of states to resolve disagreements peacefully. I advance a nuanced argument, suggesting that democratization leads to belligerent foreign policies, but only in contexts where territory is a salient point of contention between states. The presence of territorial issues allows political actors to use nationalistic rhetoric and, therefore, they will pursue hardline policies vis-à-vis other states. I find support for my argument in statistical analyses, using existing data on territorial issues and militarized disputes in an innovative way, as well as qualitative case studies. Notably, the process described here does not appear to be present when states contend over non-territorial issues, supporting the argument that there is a unique link between democratization, territorial issues, and nationalism
The relation between accelerated life tests by brand-new insulation and step-up voltage tests by working insulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Accelerated life tests using the brand-new electrical insulation have long been used to estimate the lifetime of the insulation. Although a variety of types of stresses are imposed on the insulation in the accelerated life tests, the insulation is often broken more quickly than the estimated lifetime due to unexpected deterioration factors. The step-up breakdown voltage tests using the working insulation are then performed to assess the actual remaining lifetime of the insulation. However, theoretical explanations of the relation between these two test methods have not been made rigorously. One way to combine these two may be the cumulative exposure model proposed by Nelson, or Sedyakin model which is usually applied to short time accelerated life testing. This paper shows that Sedyakin model is also useful to assess the actual remaining lifetime using the inspection breakdown voltage data, although the relation between the duration of use and the electrical strength in breakdown voltage data seems to differ from the relation between the imposed stress and the lifetime in the accelerated life test data.