jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exploring the interplay between continent formation, surface erosion, and the evolution of plate tectonics on Earth

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we test the hypothesis of surface-erosion controlled plate tectonics preceded by plume-induced retreating subduction tectonic regime on Earth proposed by Sobolev and Brown (2019) using 2D global compressible convection models. To simulate the effect of increased sediment supply as a result of surface erosion after the emergence of continents in the late Archean and after the Neoproterozoic "snowball Earth" glaciation, we decrease the effective frictional strength of the oceanic lithosphere in models spanning the age of the Earth. These StagYY models self-consistently generate oceanic and continental crust while considering both plutonic and volcanic magmatism (Jain et al., 2019). Pressure-, temperature-, and composition-dependent water solubility maps calculated with Perplex (Connolly, 2009) are also utilised, which control the ingassing and outgassing of water between the mantle and surface (Jain et al., 2022). The core cools with time and different initial mantle potential temperature values are tested within the range of 1750-1900 K (Herzberg et al., 2010; Aulbach and Arndt, 2019).Models that consider a more realistic upper mantle rheology (diffusion creep and dislocation creep proxy) show higher recycling of denser basaltic-eclogitic (oceanic) crust, efficient cooling of the planet, and higher mobilities (ratio of surface to mantle rms velocities) (Tackley (2000); Louren&#231;o et al. (2020)). These models exhibit intermittent episodes of long-lasting mobile-lid regime and short-lived plutonic-squishy-lid regime in the Hadean and the early Archean accompanied by extensive subduction leading to rapid production and recycling of the continental crust. Models that consider adaptive frictional strength (to mimic sedimentation post glaciation and continental emergence) predict the transition to continuous plate tectonics in the late Archean, reproduce features of supercontinent cycles, and appear to be consistent with cooling history of the Earth inferred from petrological observations (Herzberg et al., 2010).&#160;The thermo-compositional evolution can vary between models due to the inherent randomness arising from the initial thermal perturbations and the initial positions of the tracers/particles. Accordingly, we intend to run multiple instances of every model considered in our parameter space to present statistically robust results. We also aim to test more realistic models where the lithospheric frictional strength adapts with the surface topography.
An Overview of the Commercial Cloud Monitoring Tools: Research Dimensions, Design Issues, and State-of-the-Art

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cloud monitoring activity involves dynamically tracking the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters related to virtualized resources (e.g., VM, storage, network, appliances, etc.), the physical resources they share, the applications running on them and data hosted on them. Applications and resources configuration in cloud computing environment is quite challenging considering a large number of heterogeneous cloud resources. Further, considering the fact that at each point of time, there will be a different and specific cloud service which may be massively required. Hence, cloud monitoring tools can assist a cloud providers or application developers in: (i) keeping their resources and applications operating at peak efficiency; (ii) detecting variations in resource and application performance; (iii) accounting the Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations of certain QoS parameters; and (iv) tracking the leave and join operations of cloud resources due to failures and other dynamic configuration changes. In this paper, we identify and discuss the major research dimensions and design issues related to engineering cloud monitoring tools. We further discuss how aforementioned research dimensions and design issues are handled by current academic research as well as by commercial monitoring tools.
Statistical methods and its applications in Whey protein binding (Bos Taurus)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Milk is made up of two proteins, such as casein (80%) and whey (20%). These proteins, which include membrane globular proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins, are mostly found in the outer layer of milk fat globule membranes. WP can be separated from the casein in milk or formed as a byproduct of cheese making and contains all nine essential amino acids with a low lactose content. Whey protein has many health benefits, including improving strength and body composition, promoting weight loss, boosting metabolism, stifling hunger, maintaining good health, avoiding nourishing the bones, reducing inflammation, promoting quick wound healing, lowering blood pressure, repairing and preserving muscle tissues etc. Many dairy and food-based industries eagerly explore the accurate retention time for the formation of health related new byproducts. As of date, there are very few studies available in the world literature citation database and too many micro and macro studies on WP are currently being undertaken globally, they provide insight into the binding of particular amino acids (Seq. peptides) and their accurate lag time of binding to the formation of "helixes and sheaths. In this paradigm, statistical tool are very important to determine average time and WP algorithms for analysis of seq amino acids and the metabolic pathway's action. Overall, the present research attempts to extrapolate the Seq peptide's binding capacity and its retention time for amino acids in order to fill the aforementioned research gap. For the model demonstration we used the commonly cited whey protein peptide (Seq) NCBS, which was considered to prove the hypothesis. The Markova two state random and Monte Carlo simulation (superimposed artificial neural network) models were formulated to extract transient probabilities and retention times of Seq peptides. As per the results, the binding capacity was found to be excellent with a good retention time (5 to 11.50 minutes) in cross-linked and unlinked cases (10 to 13.50 minutes). Bioinformatics, the dairy industry, and life scientists will find these more recent discoveries to be very helpful for measuring likelihoods and transient probabilities of binding.
Inhibiting Interfacial Diffusion in Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells by Replacing Low‐Dimensional Perovskite with Uniformly Anchored Quaternized Polystyrene

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Surface heterojunction has been regarded as an effective method to improve the device efficiency of perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, the durability of different heterojunction under thermal stress is rarely investigated and compared. In this work, benzylammonium chloride and benzyltrimethylammonium chloride are utilized to construct 3D/2D and 3D/1D heterojunctions, respectively. A quaternized polystyrene is synthesized to construct a three‐dimensional perovskite/amorphous ionic polymer (3D/AIP) heterojunction. Due to the migration and volatility of organic cations, severe interfacial diffusion is found among 3D/2D and 3D/1D heterojunctions, in which the quaternary ammonium cations in the 1D structure are less volatile and mobile than the primary ammonium cations in the 2D structure. 3D/AIP heterojunction remains intact under thermal stress due to the strong ionic bond anchoring at the interface and the ultra‐high molecular weight of AIP. Furthermore, the dipole layer formed by AIP can further reduce the voltage loss caused by nonradiative recombination at the interface by 0.088 V. Therefore, the devices based on the 3D/AIP heterojunction achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 24.27% and maintain 90% of its initial efficiency after either thermal aging for 400 h or wet aging for 3000 h, showing a great promise for polymer/perovskite heterojunction towards real applications.
Heritable Behaviour of Dermal Configurations of Toes in Relation to Sex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The sex-wise distribution of whorls among the offspring of various parental combinations reveals that the over-all influence of the parents on the same sex offspring is somewhat less marked. A similar tendency is noticed in case of loops and arches. There hardly seems to exist any relationship between the sex of the parents and their offspring regarding the distribution of pattern-types.
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and aphid (Aphis gossypii) management on lady’sfinger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) by using safe insecticides

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lady’sfinger Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench is an annual kharif vegetable crop belongs to the family Malvaceae. This crop is cultivated in various parts of tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. In West Bengal, India it is cultivated in a commercial scale but its pest complex is very high which limit its production. Contribution of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and aphid (Aphis gossypii) as sucking pest in this case is of great importance. Three doses of dinotefuron 20 SG (@ 20, 30 and 40 a.i. g /ha) two doses of imidacloprid 70 WG (@ 21 and 24.5 a.i. g /ha) and two doses of fipronil 5% SC (@ 25 and 37.5 a.i. g /ha) were applied to control whitefly and aphid. From overall observation it was revealed that dinotefuron 20 SG @ 40 g a.i./ha, fipronil 5% SC @ 37.5 g a.i./ha and imidacloprod 70 WG @ 24.5 g a.i/ha provided best suppression of whitefly (83.46 %, 82.59 % and 68.94 % white fly population suppression respectively) and aphid (79.02 %, 76.96 % and 70.46 % aphid population suppression respectively). These insecticides may be recommended for farmers use to control sucking pest.
Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism in Experimental Osteoarthrosis Caused by Immobilization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study was made of glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in developing experimental osteoarthrosis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee. Cartilage samples from various sites in the knee and hip joints were analysed, samples from the mobile limb serving as controls. The concentration of glycosaminoglycans in the tissue was measured by determinations of hexosamine and uronic acid after prior papain proteolysis and subsequent purification. The uptake of 35S-sulphate was used as an indicator of the synthesis rate of sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Metabolic changes characteristic of osteoarthrosis, i.e., glycosaminoglycan depletion and increased uptake of 35S-sulphate, were found in tibial weight-bearing and femoral condylar cartilages. Net synthesis of glycosaminoglycans occurred in the tibial marginal cartilage.
A Markov approach to style replication

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The design of algorithms modelled on the abstraction of
compositional formalisms has been practised by composers for several centuries. Modern science has provided us with the technology to model such processes within digital micro-domains, establishing a mechanism for the autonomous generation of musical material. This study investigates the abstraction of musical processes integral to the design of
such micro-domains, focusing in particular on the design and
implementation of a software package developed to model musical style systems using probability theory. Markov systems provide a means by which compositional formalisms can be learnt, and generated, using the probabilistic tendencies inherent within musical style systems. The
development of style databases representing several Western music genre's provides a source for the generation of new artistic material within a probabilistic paradigm. An investigation of the systems generative output provides a forum for the discussion of Markov processes and their relevance to musical style study.
Initialization in Scratch

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the growing movement to use visual block-based languages (VBBLs) in elementary and middle school classrooms, questions arise about the learning outcomes of such activities. While some schools are content to use VBBLs to spark interest and motivation for the future pursuit of computing, others are asking, "Does this early exposure produce knowledge that transfers to traditional text-based languages (TBLs)?" If transfer is a goal, then a corollary is, "How do we design the transition to maximize the transfer?" This paper focuses on initialization of state and variables, exploring the differences between Scratch and two TBLs: C and Java. Based on observations of 9-12 year old students in a VBBL curriculum, we identify four "pieces of knowledge" that are critical for C and Java but are not nearly as obvious in Scratch, including whether, when, and how to perform initialization. We conclude with suggestions for instruction and development environment that may improve transfer.
Comparative Studies of Steroidogenesis Inhibitors (Econazole, Ketoconazole) on Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Proliferation by Growth Experiments, Thymidine Incorporation and Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effects of aminoglutethlmide, econazole and ketoconazole on human breast cancer cells In culture were compared with those of tamoxifen using four methods (growth experiments, thymidine incorporation, monoparameter and bivariate DNA content flow cytometry analysis). Aminoglutethlmide (1 nM-10 μM) had no effect on cell proliferation after 8 days of treatment and did not decrease thymidine tritiated incorporation during logarithmic phase. Even at 20 μM, similar results were obtained with flow cytometry. Econazole and ketoconazole (1 nM-1 μM) decreased MCF-7 cell proliferation in a time- and dose- dependent fashion. They also decreased tritiated thymidine incorporation. By using flow cytometry and a monoclonal antibody against bromodeoxyuridine, we showed an accumulation of MCF-7 cells treated by imidazoles derivatives In G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Floating Ring Stabilization System

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The necessity of magnetically levitating a superconducting, current carrying ring without mechanical supports requires an electrical stabilizing system. The ring, when supported, has only one equilibrium position and this position is one of unstable equilibrium. The ring is free to move with up to six degrees of freedom. Two degrees are dictated by the ability of the ring to move in any direction in the plane of the ring. Additionally, the ring can be tilted requiring three more reference points to determine a new plane. The sixth degree of freedom is the ability of the ring to rotate upon its own axis, but because external forces tending to cause this rotation can, in principal, be eliminated, a restoring supply is not provided. Each of the five identical stabilizing supplies in this system has a feedback loop composed of the following segments. The position detector element is an optical head which sends a light beam across an optical edge on the ring, the reflection of which is sensed on a photo diode. This diode voltage signal, proportional to the ring position, is the input to an amplifier whose output is a signal proportional to position, velocity and ring acceleration. A 50 volt, 100 ampere, bidirectional dc transistor power supply is activated from this signal which in turn powers the appropriate stabilizing coil located near the floating current carrying ring.
CELP base-band coder for high quality speech coding at 9.6 to 2.4 kbps

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A baseband coder is discussed and its subjective quality compared with code-excited linear prediction (CELP) and vector-quantized transform coding at various bit rates from 9.6 to 4.8 kb/s. It is also with that CELP-BB coding is capable of producing natural, intelligible and smooth speech at 2.4 kb/s. The code-book search in CELP-BB requires no convolution. The pitch filter memory is subtracted from the original baseband signal to form the reference signal, which is directly matched by the code-book sequences. Because most of the computation is performed on the baseband, which is decimated, and during code-book search only the pitch filter response is considered, the complexity of CELP-BB is very much less than that of CELP and its speech quality is not affected by LPC quantization error to such an extent as in CELP.< >
A SUMMARY OF FOUR STUDIES INTO THE VALUE OF TRAVEL TIME SAVINGS --TRANSPORTATION PLANNING METHODS. PROCEEDINGS OF SEMINAR M HELD AT THE PTRC SUMMER ANNUAL MEETING, SUSSEX UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND, JULY 14-17, 1986. VOLUME P282

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the final phase of a study into the value of time, undertaken for the UK Department of Transport, four surveys were conducted in Great Britain to derive values of time for a variety of contexts and circumstances. These surveys considered urban and inter-urban car travel, urban bus travel and inter-urban rail and coach travel. Each of these studies dealt with private non-work travel and the two urban studies also looked at commuting. The four surveys used stated preference techniques to gather data required for the calibration of choice models. At a previous stage of this study, these techniques were found to be an efficient and reliable means of obtaining value of time estimates. A special feature of the analysis conducted on the four data sets is the consideration of the influence of relevant socio-economic and trip characteristics on the value of time. This paper reports the more important findings concerning variations in values of time and briefly discusses the theoretical basis for such variations. An accompanying paper by bates and roberts outlines the purpose, common methodology and overall findings from these coordinated investigations into the values that travellers place upon time savings.(a) for the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 812674.
Typologies of the popular science web video

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article provides a first statistical analysis of the typologies and characteristics of popular science web videos on YouTube. An analysis of 190 videos from 95 online video channels was conducted. Several factors such as narrative strategies, video editing techniques, and design tendencies with regard to cinematography, the number of shots, the kind of montage used, and even the use of sound design and special FX point to a notable professionalism among science communicators independent of institutional or personal commitments. This analysis represents an important step in understanding the essence of current popular science web videos and provides an evidence-based description of their distinctive features.
La Marcha Violenta? Railroads and Land in 19th‐century Mexico

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The impact of railroad development on land tenure and use in 19th‐century Mexico has long been central to interpretations of Mexico's rural history, in particular of the grievances culminating in the Revolution (1910–20). The prevailing interpretation, that railroads displaced Mexican peasants and smallholders from the land, has intuitive appeal but lacks empirical support. This article treats the question of the railroads' impact by studying the terms of the railroads' acquisition of land in southern Mexico. It argues that railroads failed to displace owners and occupants of the land, despite the governments's new laws and handpicked agents intended to oust recalcitrant residents with minimal delay and expense.
Sets or frequencies? How to help people solve conditional probability problems

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Since the 1970s, the Heuristics and Biases Program in Cognitive Psychology has shown that people do not reason correctly about conditional probability problems. In the 1990s, however, evolutionary psychologists discovered that if the same problems are presented in a different way, people's performance greatly improves. Two explanations have been offered to account for this facilitation effect: the natural frequency hypothesis and the nested-set hypothesis. The empirical evidence on this debate is mixed. We review the literature pointing out some methodological issues that we take into account in our own present experiments. We interpret our results as suggesting that when the mentioned methodological problems are tackled, the evidence seems to favour the natural frequency hypothesis and to go against the nested-set hypothesis.
Profit-Function of Two- Similar Cold Standby Nuclear Missiles System subject to failure due to engineering or failure shuts down Squadron of Nuclear Missiles

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Failure Shuts Down Squadron of Nuclear Missiles MARC AMBINDEROCT 26 2010, 4:36 PM ET President Obama was briefed this morning on an engineering failure at F.E. Warren Air Force Base in Wyoming that took 50 nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), one-ninth of the U.S. missile stockpile, temporarily offline on Saturday in their bunkers could no longer communicate with the missiles themselves. LF Down status also means that various security protocols built into the missile delivery system, like intrusion alarms and warhead separation alarms, were offline. In LF Down status, the missiles are still technically launch-able, but they can only be controlled by an airborne command and control platform like the E-4B NAOC aircraft or perhaps the TACAMO fleet, which is primarily used to communicate with nuclear submarines. Had the country been placed on a higher state of nuclear alert, those platforms would be operating automatically because the frequencies used to transmit nuclear codes would be interfacing with separate systems, according to officials. According to the official, engineers believe that a launch control center computer (LCC), responsible for a package of at least five missiles, usually ten of them, began to ping out of sequence, resulting in a surge of noise through the system. The LCCs interrogate each missile in sequence, so if they begin to send signals out when they're not supposed to, receivers on the missiles themselves will notice this and send out error codes. In this paper we have taken failure due to engineering or failure causing shuts down Squadron of Nuclear Missiles. When the main unit fails due to engineering then cold standby system becomes operative. Failure due to engineering cannot occur simultaneously in both the units and after failure the unit undergoes very costly repair facility immediately. Applying the regenerative point technique with renewal process theory the various reliability parameters MTSF, Availability, Busy period, Benefit-Function analysis have been evaluated.
Essays on incentives in rank-order tournaments

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This dissertation explores the effect of a dynamic tournament on strategic behavior. First, I examine the relevant theory and build a model of a two-player continuation contest. I find that there are two unique equilibria including one where an underdog can take the lead. Second, I analyze the effect that an educational signal from the Air Force Academy has on distant career outcomes. Using a regression discontinuity design, I show that the distinction of Distinguished Graduate has no effect on selection to In-residence Intermediate Developmental Education. Finally, I explore the impact that the tournament structure and the prize valuation have on strategic behavior of cadets at the Air Force Academy.