jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhancing debugging technology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This dissertation presents a new debugging assistant called a Debugging Critic. As an alternative to an automated debugging oracle, the debugging critic evaluates hypotheses about fault locations. If it cannot confirm that the code at the hypothesized location contains a fault, it formulates an alternative hypothesis about the location of a faulty statement or the location of omitted statements. The debugging critic derives knowledge of possible locations of a fault that manifested itself under a given test case from failure symptoms. It derives information about failure symptoms from programmers' replies to its questions. Therefore, it can operate without a line-by-line specification and a knowledge base of faults. A prototype of our debugging critic has been implemented as an extension of an existing debugger, Spyder. An experiment with Spyder shows that programmers debug two to four times faster on the average with the debugging critic than without it. Ninety-two percent of the critic's users recommend the critic as an extension of conventional debuggers. The research in this dissertation contributes to debugging and critic systems. In debugging, our experiment shows that an active debugging assistant can effectively improve debugging performance. Another contribution is our approach to evaluate and formulate hypotheses about fault locations, especially the locations of omitted statements. In critic systems, our contribution is the use of questions to present informative and non-insulting criticism.
El largo camino hacia la elección de un presidente en el Líbano: juego de alianzas impredecibles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The long process needed for the election of a new president highlights the imperfections\nof the Lebanese political system, based on the sectarian distribution of power. The victory\nof Michel Aoun only happened after two years of negotiations and agreements that have\nstressed the internal crises in both of the two blocks in which most of the political parties\nare divided, as well as the challenges to be faced by the Shia group Hezbollah, headed\nby Hassan Nasrallah, and the Sunni Future Movement, controlled by the new Prime\nMinister Saad Hariri.
Authentication of Edible Vegetable Oil and Refined Recycled Cooking Oil Using a Micro-UV Spectrophotometer Based on Chemometrics

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have developed a new method to make a clear distinction between edible oil and refined recycled cooking oil by using a micro-ultraviolet spectrophotometer and analysis of spectra full data combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster discriminant anal- ysis (CDA). This method shows an excellent capability of distinguishing edible oil from refined recycled cooking oil, which is difficult to accomplish by previous methods using physical and chemical properties. Edible oils and refined recycled cooking oils have the different positions on the resulting plot of PCA and CDA. The oil samples are respectively concentrated relatively distribution and dis- tinct from other kinds, with a certain amount of edge intersection between samples. But the edible oil and refined recycled cooking oil samples have a clear divisional interface. By the increase in sampling and the improvement of modeling, the edge intersection or overlap of com- monality between samples can be reduced. Using this method, it is possible to determine qualitatively the identity of unknown samples.
Cytotoxic Bryostatin Derivatives from the South China Sea Bryozoan Bugula neritina

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Four new macrocyclic lactones, bryostatin 21 (1) and 9-O-methylbryostatins 4, 16, and 17 (2-4), together with three known related compounds, bryostatins 4, 16, and 17 (5-7), have been isolated from an extract of the South China Sea bryozoan Bugula neritina. The structures of all compounds were unambiguously elucidated using detailed spectroscopic analysis. Structurally, the presence of a single methyl group at C-18 in compound 1 has not been observed before for known bryostatins. The isolated macrolides exhibited inhibitory effects against a small panel of human cancer cell lines.
Impacts of bariatric surgery in health outcomes and health care costs in Brazil: Interrupted time series analysis of multi-panel data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background : The increasing burden of obesity generates significant socioeconomic impacts for individuals, populations, and national health systems worldwide. The literature on impacts and cost-effectiveness of obesity-related interventions for prevention and treatment of moderate to severe obesity indicate that bariatric surgery presents high costs associated with high effectiveness in improving health status referring to certain outcomes; however, there is a lack of robust evidence at an individual-level estimation of its impacts on multiple health outcomes related to obesity comorbidities. Methods : The study encompasses a single-centre retrospective longitudinal analysis of patient-level data using micro-costing technique to estimate direct health care costs with cost-effectiveness for multiple health outcomes pre-and post-bariatric surgery. Data from 114 patients who had bariatric surgery at the Hospital of Clinics of the University of Sao Paulo during 2018 were investigated through interrupted time-series analysis with generalised estimating equations and marginal effects, including information on patients' characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometric measures, hemodynamic measures, biochemical exams, and utilisation of health care resources during screening (180 days before) and follow-up (180 days after) of bariatric surgery. Results : The preliminary statistical analysis showed that health outcomes presented improvement, except cholesterol and VLDL, and overall direct health care costs increased after the intervention. However, interrupted time series analysis showed that the rise in health care costs is attributable to the high cost of bariatric surgery, followed by a statistically significant decrease in post-intervention health care costs. Changes in health outcomes were also statistically significant in general, except in cholesterol and LDL, leading to significant improvements in patients' health status after the intervention. Conclusions : Trends multiple health outcomes showed statistically significant improvements in patients' health status post-intervention compared to trends pre-intervention, resulting in reduced direct health care costs and the burden of obesity.
Danazol regulates the functions of normal human endometrial stromal cell subpopulations by modifying endometrial cytokine networks

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Local danazol therapy can improve endometriotic signs and symptoms without causing any menstrual disorders. As a consequence, certain direct actions of danazol on endometriotic tissues have been proposed, but the mechanisms of these actions have not been clarified. In the present study, the direct effects of danazol on normal human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) were examined using in vitro decidualization assays. Danazol did not affect the viable cell numbers of unstimulated ESCs or 8Br-cAMP-stimulated decidualized ESCs, but significantly enhanced the viable cell numbers of 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated ESCs during decidualization in a dose-dependent manner. Danazol had no effect on PRL secretion by 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated decidualized ESCs. Danazol, as well as progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), induced ESC decidualization. Danazol synergistically enhanced the differentiation process of 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated ESCs during decidualization. Although progesterone and MPA increased G-CSF and IL-8 secretion by ESCs in similar manner to 8-Br-cAMP, danazol had no such effects. Moreover, remarkable increases in G-CSF and IL-8 secretions by 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated ESCs during decidualization were completely inhibited by cotreatment with danazol. These results indicate that danazol has specific pharmacological effects on ESCs, rather than progesterone-like effects or similar effects to those reported for endometrial cytokines. According to the results, normal human ESCs can be classified into at least four functional subpopulations. Therefore, under certain circumstances, danazol has similar or opposite effects on ESCs to certain endometrial cytokines, suggesting that it regulates functional cellular subpopulation ratios of normal human ESCs by modifying the endometrial cytokine network in endometrial stromal tissues.
Entlarvt: Das Schadenspotential der Spulwurmlarve

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Wer annimmt, dass nur die adulten, bis zu 20 Zentimeter langen Spulwürmer Schaden im Tier anrichten können, der irrt: Denn die größten Übeltäter sind die deutlich weniger als 1 Millimeter kleinen Larven dieser Wurmparasiten. Gelangen Spulwurmeier durch Aufschnuppern oder Lecken in den Darm eines Hundes, beginnt eine wochenlange Larvenwanderung durch den Hundeorganismus, die viele Organe in Mitleidenschaft ziehen kann. Um eine nachhaltige Entwurmungswirkung zu erzielen und den Hund vor Organschädigungen zu schützen, sollte die Parasitenbehandlung deshalb bereits bei der Bekämpfung der Larvenstadien beginnen.
Review Article On Pharmacovigilance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A crucial and essential component of clinical research is pharmacovigilance. "The activities involved in the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems" is the definition of pharmacovigilance. It is a professionally organised endeavour in the health sector with significant social and economic ramifications intended to keep an eye on the medications' ost-to-benefit ratio while enhancing patient safety and quality of life. Pharmacovigilance requires the spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Adverse drug reactions (ADR) have become a big issue in developing nations; however, there is a large underreporting of ADRs. Understanding pharmacovigilance could serve as the foundation for initiatives meant to increase ADR reduction and reporting rates. India has the third-largest pharmaceutical industry in the world by volume; hence, understanding pharmacovigilance could serve as the foundation for initiatives meant to increase ADR reduction and reporting rates. This explains the need for pharmacovigilance in pharma companies, the process of pharmacovigilance, the growth of pharmacovigilance in different centuries, and the current status of pharmacovigilance in the country. India's pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest in the world in terms of volume. As such, India has a core of clinical research and drug design and development. The introduction of national PV programmers has had a significant impact on raising public awareness of drug safety.
The power of creative learning through the arts: Economic imperative or social good?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article uses data generated through qualitative methods and discourse analysis to explore how ‘creative learning’ is articulated in the current educational context in Wales. The research focused on the Arts and Well-Being in Education professional learning programme for primary and secondary schools, delivered by Arts Champions through one of the Regional Arts and Education Networks. The Networks were created to support the Welsh Government and Arts Council of Wales’ Creative learning through the arts action plan. The analysis applies a post-structural framework, influenced by the work of Foucault, to examine the circulating discourses around the ‘benefits’ and ‘value’ of creative learning and the arts. The discussion reveals the underlying structures and ideological project that (in)form the policy context and the resultant practice. The findings show how the Welsh Government’s rhetoric describes a broadly democratic, economic value of the arts, while the Network D case study emphasises the benefit of the arts as a ‘social good’. Within this context, the Arts and Well-Being in Education professional learning programme functions as a local revolution, extending, enhancing and personalising the ‘social good’ so that the benefits centre on well-being through mindful approaches to creativity, the value of which is decided by the individual.
Improved antibacterial activity of topical gel-based on nanosponge carrier of cinnamon oil

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) is a volatile oil, obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum has become one of the most important natural oil due to its antimicrobial activity. CEO suffers from various limitations such as instability and skin irritation. This problem has been overcome by formulating CEO-loaded nanosponges incorporated in carbopol gel with increased antimicrobial property and reduced skin irritation. Methods: The nanosponges were fabricated by solvent emulsion diffusion method and evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, particle size, field emission scanning electron microscopy studies (FE-SEM), in vitro dissolution studies, in vitro antibacterial studies, using agar diffusion method, in vivo antibacterial activity and skin irritation studies and stability studies. Results: Nanosponge NS1 batch was found to be in the nanosize range. FTIR studies confirmed the absence of drug-polymer interaction. NS1 confirmed a porous structure with a uniform spherical shape using FE-SEM studies. In vitro dissolution studies of optimized NS1 revealed 80% drug release in 5 h whereas, incorporating the formulation into carbopol gel showed 100% release in 5h from G1 formulation. In vitro antibacterial study of the nanosponge (NS1 and NS3) showed remarkable antibacterial activity as seen from the zone of inhibition and gel formulation G1 also showed the highest zone of inhibition with 50±1.2 mm. NS1 and G1 were stable for 2 months under accelerated conditions and 3 months under room temperature conditions. Furthermore, the in vivo and skin irritation studies were performed with selected formulation against Staphylococcus aureus , where the results confirmed the significant antimicrobial activity with no skin irritation. Conclusion: Nanosponge carriers can be more therapeutically effective for essential oils which can further be incorporated into topical gels for convenient application.
On-orbit mission overview of the low power hall thruster propulsion system aboard venμs satellite

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Venμs is a satellite launched in 2017, for super-spectral Earth imaging and Electric Propulsion System (EPS) demonstration. In this paper we overview EPS design and operation throughout all five mission phases, from open/closed-loop orbit control, through orbit descent (720 → 410 km), orbit maintenance under high drag environment, to orbit raising (410 → 560 km). The EPS consisted of two throttleable Hall thrusters, PPU, Propellant Management Assembly (PMA), and a 9 L propellant tank carrying 16 kg of Xenon. Both thrusters operated in the 300–550 W power range, generated a combined total impulse of 158.1 kN-sec and consumed all propellant. Two methods are described to compute the remaining propellant mass – "Bookkeeping" and "PTV" methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in light of the Venµs mission. Thruster performance was measured on-orbit using the "Orbit Determination" method and compared to laboratory experiments conducted on the ground with identical thrusters. The measured performance on-orbit was found to agree within the error bars with the performance measured on the ground. Lastly, we present several repeating events in which the propulsion system suffered from sudden beam-outs or ignition difficulties. We present the methods used to construct a solution and implement it.
Biochemical Activities of Propolis-Extracts III. Inhibition of Dihydrofolate Reductase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the natural compound PROPOLIS indicate substantial antiinflammatory functions as well as antibiotic activities in vitro and in vivo. The exact mode of physiological or biochemical mechanisms responsible for the medical effects, however, is all but clear. The standardization on the basis of quantitative determination of prominent components of these extracts have been substituted recently by simple biochemical model reactions including photodynamic properties. In this communication we report on the inhibitory activity of an aqueous extract of propolis on the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This activity may at least partially be due to the content of caffeic acid, as revealed by HPLC chromatography and comparative activity tests of representative ingredients of the propolis extract. This result may explain some of the protective functions of propolis, similar to those shown for several “non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs”, NSAIDs.
: Canada (2013)&quot; ROBUST TREE-STRUCTURED NAMED ENTITIES RECOGNITION FROM SPEECH

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Named Entity Recognition is a well-known Natural Language Processing (NLP) task, used as a preliminary processing to provide a semantic level to more complex tasks. Recently a new set of named entities has been defined; this set has a multilevel tree structure, where base entities are combined to define more complex ones. In this paper I describe an effective and original NER system robust to noisy speech inputs that ranked first at the 2012 ETAPE NER evaluation campaign with results far better than those of the other participating systems. Index Terms — named entities recognition, Conditional Random Fields, discretization of numeric features
Motherhood during the teen years: Adevelopmental perspective on risk factors for childbearing

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The role of peer relations in childhood and behavioral and family characteristics in early adolescence as risk factors for adolescent childbearing was investigated. Sociometric surveys across third, fourth, and fifth grade and parent and child measures of behavioral and family functioning at sixth and eighth grade were collected in a lower income, urban sample of 308 African American females. Results replicated earlier findings on the role of childhood aggression as a predictor of teen motherhood. In addition, girls who displayed stable patterns of childhood aggression were at significantly higher risk not only to have children as teenagers but to have more children and to have children at younger ages. Results also indicated that females who were depressed in midadolescence were at greater risk to become parents between age 15 and 19 years. These findings demonstrate the need to take a differentiated approach to understanding teen childbearing and varying developmental pathways in the prediction of teen motherhood.
Site Specific Ground Response Analyses at Delhi, India

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Equivalent linear ground response analyses are conducted at four representative sites at Delhi, India to compare the free field acceleration spectra with local code of practice. Possible ground motions at rock outcrop were generated using stochastic finite source model and specific barrier model for earthquakes that are likely to occur from central seismic gap and local sources. To take into account the uncertainty in ground motion parameters, 10 random rupture scenarios were considered for each case. Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) technique was adopted to measure the in-situ shear wave velocity profile at the representative sites. Experimentally evaluated strain dependent modulus reduction and damping curves for local soils are adopted in the ground response analysis. A comparison of computed response with the standard code of practice being used currently in India for seismic zone of Delhi indicated that the design spectra is not able to capture site amplification due to local sources.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Piezo1 channels sense whole body physical activity to reset cardiovascular homeostasis and enhance performance.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Mammalian biology adapts to physical activity but the molecular mechanisms sensing the activity remain enigmatic. Recent studies have revealed how Piezo1 protein senses mechanical force to enable vascular development. Here, we address Piezo1 in adult endothelium, the major control site in physical activity. Mice without endothelial Piezo1 lack obvious phenotype but close inspection reveals a specific effect on endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric resistance artery. Strikingly, the Piezo1 is required for elevated blood pressure during whole body physical activity but not blood pressure during inactivity. Piezo1 is responsible for flow-sensitive non-inactivating non-selective cationic channels which depolarize the membrane potential. As fluid flow increases, depolarization increases to activate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells, causing vasoconstriction. Physical performance is compromised in mice which lack endothelial Piezo1 and there is weight loss after sustained activity. The data suggest that Piezo1 channels sense physical activity to advantageously reset vascular control.The mechanisms that regulate the body's response to exercise are poorly understood. Here, Rode et al. show that the mechanically activated cation channel Piezo1 is a molecular sensor of physical exercise in the endothelium that triggers endothelial communication to mesenteric vessel muscle cells, leading to vasoconstriction. PMID: 28839146 Funding information This work was supported by: British Heart Foundation, United Kingdom Grant ID: FS/12/80/29821 Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom Medical Research Council, United Kingdom Grant ID: MR/L019051/1 Medical Research Council, United Kingdom British Heart Foundation, United Kingdom Grant ID: FS/14/22/30734
Aesthetic Puzzlements: Jonas Mekas's Diary Films and Ludwig Wittgenstein

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this article, I argue that by considering Ludwig Wittgenstein's methods, we can better understand and appreciate Jonas Mekas's diary films. Based on Wittgenstein's notion of “aesthetic puzzlement”, I identify the main confusions encountered by the viewer upon watching Mekas's films, such as: 1) fragmentation; 2) persistent repetition; and 3) the importance placed on the everyday. I discuss three films – Walden (1969), Lost Lost Lost (1976), and As I Was Moving Ahead Occasionally I Saw Brief Glimpses of Beauty (2000) – and demonstrate that the aesthetic puzzlements within them may be dissolved by looking at the format of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations (1953). Mekas's lifelong interest in filming the most mundane and domestic scenes can be understood as a puzzlement in itself: why not just admire the ordinary whilst living in it? Wittgenstein's thought experiment in Culture and Value helps us understand the aesthetic puzzlement of Mekas's interest in filming, remembering and presenting an extensive array of everyday activities, and also explains why the viewer can find the most mundane and domestic activities in his films remarkable. Additionally, I discuss how Mekas's diary films may be regarded as coming close to Wittgenstein's aesthetic ideal of art as being able to represent “life itself”. I aim to show how Mekas's cinematic practice places extreme importance on ordinary acts and offers a mode of thinking which echoes Wittgenstein's own views on philosophy. I conclude with a discussion of “nomadism”, a notion that elucidates the peculiar form of the works of both Wittgenstein and Mekas.