jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Muslim Caucasus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter applies a historical perspective to analyse the evolution of the social order among various peoples of the northern Caucasus in the period between the seventh and nineteenth centuries. It examines the ideational, cultural and legal aspects of the early arrival of Islam to southern Dagestan and outlines the stages, agencies and forms of the region's subsequent comprehensive Islamisation. It pays special attention to the correlated application of 'adats (customary norms) and shari'ah in the familial, communal and political spheres and discusses the impact on them of the Caucasian War and Russian governance. The chapter argues that throughout history, unlike in the southern part of the Caucasus, the social order in its northern part, and especially in the highlands, has been shaped by local 'adats, which have in turn influenced the nature and forms of the region's Islamisation, including the prominence in it of Sufism and the 'adat-shari'ah legal dualism.
Childhood diabetes in a developing country; How much knowledge can the clinical medical students offer?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Knowledge of childhood diabetes is not as common as diabetes in adults. Previous studies revealed a gross deficiency in the knowledge of childhood diabetes among the general population. Unfortunately, with the exception of paediatric endocrinologists, many doctors do not have in-depth knowledge of childhood diabetes. Focused attention on medical students becomes necessary since medical students are the future custodians of the medical profession and major disseminators of information. It becomes imperative for them to be knowledgeable of this poorly discussed and neglected disease but still exists among us. The study assesses the depth of knowledge of childhood diabetes among clinical medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional interview of consenting final, penultimate, and year four medical students of the University of Nigeria (UNN) was performed in December 2019. A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge of childhood diabetes. For the purposes of this study, knowledge <50% was graded as poor, equal to 50% and <70% was average and good for equal to and >70%. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi-squared were used as appropriate. Results: Seventy-seven percent of the students were aware of childhood diabetes, while 23% had no idea that diabetes could occur in children. Yet, in-depth knowledge of the different aspects of diabetes was deficient among students in successive classes. An average of 17.2%, 24.2%, 11.3%, and 4.8% of the students had good knowledge of the definition, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, and complications, respectively. All the 4th year clinical students could not define childhood diabetes nor the different types. In general, a positive association existed between the depth of knowledge and the year of the study (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Among the medical students studied, there is a deficiency in the knowledge of childhood diabetes. This underscores the need for a wider curriculum spectrum in childhood diabetes.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Rocket launcher mechanism of collaborative actin assembly defined by single-molecule imaging.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interacting sets of actin assembly factors work together in cells, but the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. We used triple-color single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to image the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the formin mDia1 during filament assembly. Complexes consisting of APC, mDia1, and actin monomers initiated actin filament formation, overcoming inhibition by capping protein and profilin. Upon filament polymerization, the complexes separated, with mDia1 moving processively on growing barbed ends while APC remained at the site of nucleation. Thus, the two assembly factors directly interact to initiate filament assembly and then separate but retain independent associations with either end of the growing filament. PMID: 22654058 Funding information This work was supported by: NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 GM043369 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 GM063691 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 GM081648 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM81648 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM43369 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM083137 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 GM083137 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R37 GM043369 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 GM098143 NIBIB NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: T32 EB009419 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: T32 GM007596 More Less keyboard_arrow_down
Fatigue Detection in SSVEP-Based BCIs Using Biomarkers: A Comparative Study

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a BCI system, prolonged command execution can lead to mental fatigue, making the user dissatisfied and decreasing the system's effectiveness. Utilizing functional indicators to determine the level of fatigue is the first step in reducing its negative consequences. This study classified alert and fatigue states using a combination of fatigue indices for better classification performance. First, $\boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}, \boldsymbol{\theta}$ frequency bands, SNR, and MSE were extracted from long-term and continuously recorded signals. The significant increases in $\boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}, \boldsymbol{\theta}$ , as well as the decrease in SNR and MSE, are observed to be associated with the increasing fatigue level. Then, all of the fatigue indices were classified with SVM, KNN, Decision Tree, Ensemble, and Logistic Regression. $\boldsymbol{\alpha}$ frequency band and MSE are the most appropriate fatigue indices because in the fatigue state the ability to process complex information decreases and the mental effort to maintain vigilance level increases. The main results show that a combination of fatigue indices can improve the accuracy of classification between alert and fatigue conditions to 88.5%.
God, modality and meaning in some recent songs of Bob Dylan

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is an apocryphal legend that when Louis Armstrong was asked whether he considered his music to be folk music he replied: ‘Wal, yeah, I guess so: leastways, I never heard of no horse making it.’ If and when we talk of Bob Dylan as a folk singer, we do so partly of course in this fundamental sense: his music is of, about and for people. But we also mean — as Satchmo's interviewer must have done — that Dylan calls on resources and techniques that pertain to oral cultures rather than ostensibly to our own. Unlike ‘real’ folk song, Dylan's words and music are written down; yet what is notated is no more than an approximation to the sounds heard, which are created empirically for each performance, from verbal inflection and from the body's gestures. Dylan is a ‘folk’ artist in that his sources are absorbed at a more or less pre-conscious level: from the monody and banjo-picking of ‘poor white’ Americans and the traditions of white British folk music behind them; from the black blues and the African heritage it stemmed from; and from some more sophisticated, or at least literate, sources such as white hymn, march and parlour ballad. To these musical roots there are literary parallels: Dylan's verses have been deeply influenced by rural folk ballads, by the poetry of the blues, by the Bible, by Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (scarcely less pervasive in the Bible belts than the Good Book itself), by Hymns Ancient and Modern , by children's rhymes and by runic verse of all kinds, including Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience , which are close to the core of Dylan's experience and which, although literary, were sung by the poet himself to improvised, presumably folk-like, tunes. In his early days Dylan operated with his voice — untrained, ‘natural’, veering between speech and song — and his acoustic guitar.
Fluctuation of mid-frequency propagation in shallow water

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

As part of the ONR-sponsored SW06 experiment, mid-frequency sound propagation was measured at ranges 1-10 km in the frequency band of 2-10 kHz in August, 2006. The water depth is 80 m and the source depth is 30 m, close to the minimum of a duct with a thermocline above and a warm salty water below. The receivers are clustered into two groups, one at 25 m depth, the other at 50 m. The region has active internal wave activity during this time. Because the source is near the axis of the sound channel, it is observed that propagation is dominated by trapped modes and behaves similar to sound propagation in a deep water duct. Amplitude fluctuations and cross-frequency correlations are estimated. The scintillation index as a function of frequency and bandwidth is calculated.
Successful Treatment with Etanercept of Rheumatoid Arthritis Occurring in a Patient with Familial Mediterranean Fever

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inherited disorder characterized by lifelong recurrent, self-limiting attacks of fever and systemic inflammation.Rheumatoid arthritis is an erosive, chronic, inflammatory disease that affects mainly the wrists and joints of the hands.Development of rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with FMF is extremely rare.To our knowledge, this condition has been reported only once previously.Here, we present a 31-year-old female patient who developed rheumatoid arthritis during the course of FMF.In the patient, while the FMF was under control with regular use of colchicine, the rheumatoid arthritis was resistant to conventional therapies.Etanercept treatment provided complete remission in our patient.
William Irwin Thompson, the Utopian Tradition and American Transcendentalism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Introduction Many Utopian writers would affirm with William Irwin Thompson that their thinking presents an apposite assessment of society and offers a practical prescription for its transformation. As cultural historians, such thinkers critique their societies from perspectives that challenge existing com- placencies. Moreover, these critiques often uncover in the disintegration of the culture in which they live out their lives the materials for building a new and radically different society. It is in describing their vision of a transformed humanity or a drastically altered civilization that Thompson and other like- minded authors are most often branded Utopian dreamers.
O-7 Exploring the facilitators and barriers to providing palliative care to people who use drugs within the primary care sector of the UK – a qualitative study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background

In the UK, an aging population of people who use drugs (PWUD) is experiencing vastly reduced life expectancies due to an excess mortality associated with chronic health conditions. Although these anticipated deaths would benefit from palliative care, its provision is fraught with challenges. Identifying these challenges and their underlying drivers is crucial to facilitating the equitable provision of palliative care in this marginalised population.

Methods

Primary care-based stakeholders with experience in managing PWUD and palliative care were recruited through purposive sampling methods to undergo semi-structured interviews. These were recorded, transcribed, and analysed thematically. The interview topic guide was informed by the results of a literature review summarising the current evidence base around palliative care provision to PWUD within the primary care sector.

Results

Analysis of interviews with eight stakeholders identified two overarching narratives: challenges around identifying palliative need and challenges around the practical delivery of primary care-based palliative care. Underlying drivers included: difficulty distinguishing terminal disease from substance use, the absence of appropriate prognosticating tools for PWUD, poor communication from secondary care specialists, the inflexible and fragmented nature of care services and the complexities of pain management.

Conclusion

Many of the identified barriers are unique to PWUD and would benefit from specific interventions to prevent unmet need and the overburdening of acute healthcare services at the end of life These may include the use of peer advocacy services and the embedding of specialist palliative care practitioners within substance use treatment programmes. Accounts present novel ways of working to overcome these barriers and valuable learning opportunities for primary care practitioners where current service fails.
Colloid osmotic pressure changes of dog's blood exposed to different mixtures of CO2 and air

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hansen's membrane manometer method for measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure was used to obtain the osmolality changes of dogs breathing different levels of CO2. Osmotic pressure was converted to osmolality by calibration of the manometer with saline and plasma, using freezing point depression osmometry. The addition of 10 vol% of CO2 to tonometered blood caused about a 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O increase of osmolality, or 1.2% increase of red blood cell volume. The swelling of the red blood cells was probably due to osmosis caused by Cl- exchanged for the HCO3- which was produced rapidly by carbonic anhydrase present in the red blood cells. The change in colloid osmotic pressure accompanying a change in co2 tension was measured on blood obtained from dogs breathing different CO2 mixtures. It was approximately 0.14 mosmol/kg H2O per Torr Pco2. The corresponding change in red cell volume could not be calculated from this because water can exchange between the plasma and tissues.
Molecular characterization and In silico analysis of Sorghum Panallergens: Profilin and Polcalin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In India, 20-30% of the human population suffer from allergic rhinitis and 15% of them develop asthma. Plant pollens are one of the causative aeroallergens and are mixture of a number of molecules including major and minor allergens (Panallergens). Profilin and polcalcin are the known pollen specific panallergens. Allergenicity of the Sorghum plant in Andhra Pradesh was found to be 54.9%. But the allergens responsible have not been characterized well. This study highlights identification and molecular characterization of Sorghum bicolor profilin (Sorb PF) and S. bicolor polcalcin (Sorb PC) allergen genes based on homology. The coding sequences of the two genes were PCR amplified from the cDNA constructed from Sorghum pollen total RNA. The gene sequences were deposited in NCBI, KC427126 and KC427125. Recombinantly expressed histidine tag (His-tag) purified Sorghum polcalcin and profilin confirmed 9 and 14 kDa proteins, respectively. Based on multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, Sorghum polcalcin and profilin were found to be closely related with Cynodon dactylon, Phleum pratense and Oryza sativa grass species. In silico Algpred based screening of SorbPF and SorbPC showed an allergenicity score of 1.149 and 0.879, respectively. The structure of two Ef-hand sequences (DTNGDGKISLSEL and DTDGDGFIDFNEF) of SorbPC showed an exact match with Phlp7. It is concluded that Sorghum recombinant profilin and polcalcin proteins can be of potential use in developing diagnostic kits for allergenicity to Sorghum pollen grains.
Clinical spectrum of neonatal encephalopathy and the role of cpk mb assay in transient myocardial ischemia of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To study the various causes of encephalopathy and their outcome in newborns admitted in TVMCH and to evaluate the myocardial dysfunction in neonates having birth asphyxia (HIE ) by electrocardiographic study (ECG) and creatine phosphor kinase muscle brain fraction (CPK-MB ) assay.
METHODOLOGY:
All term neonates with features of encephalopathy
Establishing systemic rust infections inCirsium arvensein the field

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract An existing method to induce systemic rust infections in creeping thistles (Cirsium arvense) using an insect vector, the weevil Ceratapion onopordi, was successfully applied in the field. Urediniospores of Puccinia punctiformis were experimentally transmitted to naturally grown thistles, to our knowledge for the first time resulting in systemically infected shoots in an established thistle population.
Using Item Response Mixed (IRM) Models to Improve the Comparability of Educational Assessment Scores

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In educational assessment, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) occurs when students with the same proficiency levels have different probabilities of giving the same answer to some of the test items. DIF can be a hindrance to the quality of the comparability of measures produced by large-scale evaluations. The problem can be particularly serious in evaluations that aim at making international comparisons of education quality, such as for instance the PISA program, which deals with a considerable amount of cultural, linguistic and curricular differences among its participating countries. Traditional methods that analyze the problem have a generally good performance when DIF is an exception, restricted to a few items of the test. However, this is not the case when, for instance, one compares the functioning of the items in a test administered in Japan and Brazil. Recently, new methods for DIF detection have been proposed, based on IRT procedures. Among them, it is worth mentioning those that employ Item Response Mixed (IRM) models for DIF analysis, which allows them to treat the problem even under unfavorable circumstances, as in the cases when there is a considerable amount of DIF in the test items. This article makes a review of these models and proposes new DIF analysis methods that are alternatives which are safe enough to guarantee the quality of the comparability of the results. Simulations and applications using results of PISA and some educational tests in Brazil are presented in order to show the efficacy of the methods.
Giant Hepatic Carcinoid: A Rare Tumor with a Favorable Prognosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary hepatic carcinoids are rare tumors that are often diagnosed at a locally advanced stage. Their primary nature can only be ascertained after thorough investigations and long-term follow-up to exclude another primary origin. As with secondary neuroendocrine liver tumors, surgical resection remains the mainstay of therapy. Despite their large size and often central location liver resection is often feasible, offering long-term survival and cure to most patients. In selected patients liver transplantation appears to be a good indication for tumors not amenable to liver resection. An aggressive surgical attitude is therefore warranted. We report a large and unusually fast-growing liver carcinoid that appeared only marginally resectable in a patient who remains free of disease four years after surgery.
Clinical profiles and genetic spectra of 814 Chinese children with short stature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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