jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Voting rules in multilateral bargaining: using an experiment to relax procedural assumptions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Experiments can be used to relax technical assumptions that are made by necessity in theoretical analysis, and further test the robustness of theoretical predictions. To illustrate this point we conduct a three-person bargaining experiment examining the effect of different decision rules (unanimity and majority rule). Our experiment implements the substantive assumptions of the Baron-Ferejohn model but imposes no structure on the timing of proposals and votes. We compare our results to those obtained from an earlier experiment which implemented the specific procedural assumptions of the model. Our results are in many ways very similar to those from the more structured experiment: we find that most games end with the formation of a minimum winning coalition, and unanimity rule is associated with greater delay. However, the earlier finding of "proposer power" is reversed. While some important patterns are robust to the less stringent implementation of procedural assumptions, our less structured experiment provides new insights into how multilateral bargaining may play out in real world environments with no strict procedural rules on timing of offers and agreements.
Libya and the Prisoner’s Dilemma

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the prisoner’s dilemma in the context of interactions between Libya’s Tripoli- and Tobruk-led actors in the period between Gaddafi’s 2011 ousting and the 2015 Libyan Political Agreement. In so doing, it reveals the extent to which Libyan decisions aligned with the game’s principal outcome-maximizing strategy to ascertain authority and a non-outcome-maximizing strategy’s conflict resolution-through-cooperation goal. In contrast to the game’s assumptions, however, the findings convey how negotiations between the two players were driven by contextual factors, predominantly: Libya’s historical makeup, internal–external links, and hydrocarbon control. This informs my contention that the complexities of the Libya case study demonstrate the limits of the prisoner’s dilemma in illuminating the dynamics of a given political phenomenon. As a result, this account presents a novel Libya-specific blueprint of the prisoner’s dilemma that highlights the limitations of this framework and concludes with a reflection on what this means for understanding this type of game.
Buddhist Idealists and Their Jain Critics On Our Knowledge of External Objects

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In accord with the theme of the present volume on ‘Philosophical Traditions’, it is not so much the aim of this essay to provide a detailed account of particular lines of argument, as it is to suggest something of the manner in which so-called 'Buddhist idealism' unfolded as a tradition not just for Buddhists, but within Indian philosophy more generally. Seen from this perspective, Buddhist idealism remained a current within Indian philosophy long after the demise of Buddhism in India, in about the twelfth century, and endured in some respects at least until the Mughal age, when the last thinker to be examined here, the Jain teacher Yaśovijaya, was active.
Economic Analysis of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Production Under Different Solar Energy Alternatives in a Commercial Biofloc System in Colombia

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The study investigates the economic aspects of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) production using biofloc technology under different electrical energy sources. Conducted at the El Vergel Fish Farming Association in Arauca, Colombia, the study examines four energy treatments: conventional energy (CE), combined conventional and photovoltaic energy (CPVE), full photovoltaic energy (PVE), and simulation of photovoltaic energy generating surplus for nighttime use (PVES). The water quality and zootechnical performance met the species requirements, with dissolved oxygen decreasing as fish size increased. The PVE treatment had the highest initial investment due to solar panels and battery costs, but it also had the lowest operating energy costs. However, the overall costs of the PVE treatment increased due to depreciation and maintenance. Feed was the largest production cost, followed by labor in most treatments, while depreciation was a major cost for the PVE treatment. The total operating cost (TOC) of the photovoltaic energy systems (PVE and PVES) was lower compared to that of conventional energy (CE), with PVES showing the highest cost savings. The reduction in energy costs highlights the potential for solar energy systems to enhance the economic viability of aquaculture production, making these systems a favorable option for sustainable production in the long term.
Multifold degenerated phonon points in the cubic Nb3Bi compound

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Topological materials are receiving significant attention for their distinctive properties and practical applications. Topological states featuring multi-fold band degeneracy are not restricted to electronic systems but also extend to phonon systems. In this investigation, we delved into the higher-order symmetry-constrained topological attributes of Nb3Bi, an intermetallic compound with a A15 crystal structure. Through the first-principles computations and symmetry evaluation, we tried to describe the topological phonon modes safeguarded by nonsymmorphic symmetries. Our scrutiny revealed that Nb3Bi possesses notable degeneracy in the phonon dispersion relation, particularly highlighted by a sixfold degenerate point situated at the R point of the Brillouin zone. In addition, we also identified cubic contact Dirac points and quadratic contact triple points at the R and Γ points, respectively. The computed phonon surface states considering two distinct terminations on the (001) and (11¯0) planes reveal a distinct twofold rotational symmetry arrangement. The present results offer valuable insights into the distinctive phonon attributes and surface characteristics of Nb3Bi, emphasizing its importance in the field of phonon topology.
Outcome of a public consultation on the draft risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances in food

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Acknowledgements: The Panel wishes to thank the following for their support provided to this scientific output as Hearing experts: Klaus Abraham, Esben Budtz-Jørgensen, Tony Fletcher, Philippe Grandjean, Hans Mielke and Hans Rumke and EFSA staff members: Davide Arcella, Marco Binaglia, Petra Gergelova, Elena Rovesti and Marijke Schutte. The Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific output. The Panel would also like to thank the following authors and co-authors for providing additional information in relation to their respective studies: Berit Granum, Margie M Peden-Adams, Thomas Webster.
Intentional Occlusion of the Left Subclavian Artery in Diseases of the Thoracic Aorta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bertoni and et al. (1) present an interesting experience in occlusion of the left subclavian artery (LSA) in order to improve the proximal fixation of tubular aortic endovascular devices to treat acute type B dissections (n = 4; 13.8%) or chronic (n = 14, 48.3%), intramural hematoma (n = 1; 3.4%), true aneurysm (n = 7; 24.1%), aortic ulcer (n = 1; 3.4% ) and traumatic pseudoaneurysm (n = 2; 6.8%). The percentage of occlusion of the subclavian artery in this series is similar to that observed in our series of patients. The work has a good statistical analysis and is supported by an extensive and important bibliography. It has been recently suggested that the use of selfexpanding devices with proximal end point with free flow stent in the treatment of aortic dissections carries some risk of complications, such as retrograde dissection to the ascending aorta. This complication is the result of trauma which can lead that bare stent. (2, 3) The incidence of stroke may reach 7% (4, 5) according to what was observed in the EUROSTAR registry. Referring to the topic of “overstretch” of the device, we consider that there should not be similar if the pathology to be treated were an atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm or type B dissection. The objectives of treatment in these pathologies differ, since the aneurysm should be approximately oversized 15-20% in relation with the diameter of the healthy proximal aorta, while for the dissection, in our consideration, this oversize should not exceed 3mm that diameter (about 10% if it is considered a standard diameter of 30-36mm in the transverse aorta). This is because in the second mentioned pathology, the end point of treatment is the closure of the proximal tear (which, as it is known, in more than 80% it is within the first 2 left postsubclavian centimeters) and “restoration” of the true lumen, compressed, sometimes measuring no more than 10mm in diameter and sometimes virtually has collapsed under the pressure of the false lumen, thus higher the prosthetic diameter is , greater the risk of rupture of the flap, especially in acute or subacute. For the same reasons, the required length of the seating proximal and distal areas of the endoprotheses differ in both cases and it requires a greater length in the case of aneurysms (1.5 to 2cm), since a large part of the device will be literally “loose” in the aneurysm sac. MARCELO H. CEREZO1
Iterative solution in quantum scattering theory. The log derivative Kohn approach

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The log derivative version of the Kohn variational principle is reviewed in the context of a general inelastic molecular collision. Particular emphasis is placed on the possibility of solving the resulting linear equations iteratively for a single initial state column of the scattering matrix, S, and several important practical observations are made in this regard. In particular, it is argued that the discrete variable representation proposed by Light and coworkers leads to an extremely sparse coefficient matrix, and so has distinct advantages over the more obvious variational basis approach. The resulting methodology is applied to the diffractive scattering of a beam of helium atoms from the (001) face of LiF. Here test calculations with up to 2601 coupled channels and 216 translational grid points clearly demonstrate the practical potential of the iterative technique. The implications of these tests for more general scattering problems are also briefly discussed.
Hereditary protein S deficiency and venous thrombo-embolism. A study in three Dutch families.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor, is involved in the regulation of the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C. Using an immunoradiometric assay for total protein S in plasma we identified 14 patients (7 male and 7 female) in three unrelated Dutch families as fulfilling the criteria for an isolated protein S deficiency. In 9 patients who were not receiving oral anticoagulant treatment the mean total protein S antigen concentration was 0.50 +/- 0.08 U/ml (+/- S.D.) and the calculated free protein S concentration was 0.15 +/- 0.01 U/ml (+/- S.D.). In the five patients who were on oral anticoagulant treatment the mean total protein S antigen was 0.23 +/- 0.05 U/ml (+/- S.D.). Seven of the 14 patients had a history of venous thromboembolism occurring at a mean age of 25 years and often without an apparent cause. Protein S deficiency is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
[Relationship between polymorphism of IRF-3 gene codon 427 and esophageal cancer in Anyang population of China].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The SNPs at codon 427 of the IRF-3 gene may relate to the susceptibility of esophageal cancer. The risk of esophageal cancer in participants with C allele is 2.38-fold compared to those with G allele.
FGFR Inhibitors in Cholangiocarcinoma—A Novel Yet Primary Approach: Where Do We Stand Now and Where to Head Next in Targeting This Axis?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are rare but aggressive tumours with poor diagnosis and limited treatment options. Molecular targeted therapies became a promising proposal for patients after progression under first-line chemical treatment. In light of an escalating prevalence of CCA, it is crucial to fully comprehend its pathophysiology, aetiology, and possible targets in therapy. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in searching for new therapeutic approaches concerning diseases’ symptoms and their underlying causes. Growing evidence showed that fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway dysregulation is involved in a variety of processes during embryonic development and homeostasis as well as tumorigenesis. CCA is known for its close correlation with the FGF/FGFR pathway and targeting this axis has been proposed in treatment guidelines. Bearing in mind the significance of molecular targeted therapies in different neoplasms, it seems most reasonable to move towards intensive research and testing on these in the case of CCA. However, there is still a need for more data covering this topic. Although positive results of many pre-clinical and clinical studies are discussed in this review, many difficulties lie ahead. Furthermore, this review presents up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of the latest clinical data and discussion over future directions of FGFR-directed therapies in patients with CCA.
A Fast Histochemical Staining Method to Identify Hyaline Droplets in the Rat Kidney

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Hyaline droplet formation in the proximal tubular cells of the kidney commonly occurs under different pathological conditions in experimental animals. In rats, intracytoplasmic hyaline droplet formation is predominantly associated with accumulation of the male rat-specific α2u-globulin, whereas under other (pathological) conditions (eg, histiocytic sarcoma and chronic progressive nephropathy [CPN]) other proteins are involved. Staining methods to visualize hyaline droplets either need plastic embedded material or time-consuming (immuno)histochemical methods. A fast Chromotrope-Aniline-Blue-staining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidneys taking only 30 minutes is described. Using this method, hyaline droplets consisting of different types of proteins are easily recognized by their bright-red color.
The function of marketing research in the distributive system

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Marketing research may be said to perform the same function in the economic system as the reconnaissance patrol performs in military manoeuvres. Its main purpose is to discover, as far in advance as possible, what are the intentions and probable future actions of "the enemy", who is, in this case, the general public.\nOur main concern is with the usages of commercial marketing research; but the possibilities of employing the methods described for the solution of other economic and social problems will be apparent. Marketing research is still very largely in the pioneering stage, and it is not possible as yet to forecast where its boundaries will be drawn.
Private environmental governance through cross-sector partnerships: Tensions between competition and effectiveness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We analyze the suitability of cross-sector partnerships as an effective mechanism for private environmental governance. By focusing on the interaction between firms within cross-sector partnerships, we analyze how competition between firms affects partnership effectiveness. Marrying insights from the private governance literature with institutional theory and the resource-based view, we identify under which conditions firm-level competition for legitimacy and capabilities, respectively, undermines or enhances effectiveness of cross-sector partnerships to address environmental issues. In doing so, our argument develops the various factors that moderate the relationship between competition and effectiveness for different types of partnerships. We contend that the effectiveness of cross-sector partnerships for governing global environmental issues depends considerably on whether competitive forces at the firm level are aligned with the collective benefits of partnerships. We discuss the consequences for designing effective cross-sector partnerships as well as the implications of a firm perspective on private governance.
Analysis of sequence-based copy number variation detection tools for cancer studies.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Copy number variations (CNVs) can play an important role in tumor genesis and growth through amplification of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes. Consequently, identification of cancer specific somatic CNVs can provide insight into cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Recent advances in high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have created an opportunity for detecting CNVs with higher accuracy and resolution than previous technologies such as arraycomparative genomic hybridization. As a result, several sequence-based CNV detection methods and software applications have been developed to take advantage of these technologies. However, no comprehensive comparison of the sensitivity and precision of the most recent sequence-based tools has been performed. The results of this work indicate the performance characteristics of the recent sequence-based CNV detection tools, which can facilitate selection of an appropriate tool for cancer studies and serve as a guide to develop new algorithms that address current limitations.
Differential Expansion Sensitivity Studies During Steam Turbine Startup

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to improve the startup flexibility of steam turbines, it becomes relevant to analyze their dynamic thermal behavior. In this work, the relative expansion between rotor and casing was studied during cold-start conditions. This is an important property to monitor during startup given that clearances between rotating and stationary components must be controlled in order to avoid rubbing. The investigation was performed using a turbine thermal simplified model from previous work by the authors. The first step during the investigation was to extend and refine the modeling tool in order to include thermomechanical properties. Then, the range of applicability of the model was validated by a twofold comparison with a higher order finite element (FE) numerical model and measured data of a cold start from an installed turbine. Finally, sensitivity studies were conducted with the aim of identifying the modeling assumptions that have the largest influence in capturing the correct thermal behavior of the turbine. It was found that the assumptions for the bearing oil and intercasing cavity temperatures have a large influence ranging between ±25% from the measured values. In addition, the sensitivity studies also involved increasing the initial temperature of the casing in order to reduce the peak of differential expansion. Improvements of up to 30% were accounted to this measure. The studies performed serve as a base toward further understanding the differential expansion during start and establishing future clearance control strategies during turbine transient operation.
Insulin function in obese children within the low and high ranges of impaired fasting glycemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Objective Impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) reflects an intermediate hyperglycemia in the fasting state. Which fasting glucose level that actually is associated with impaired insulin-glucose homeostasis in children and adolescents with obesity is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how insulin and glucose homeostasis in children and adolescents with obesity in Sweden varies within different fasting glucose levels in the non-diabetic range. Subjects The subjects, n = 333, were divided into three groups based on their fasting glucose level. Normoglycemic range: up to 5.5 mmol/L (n = 268); the exclusive range the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has for IFG diagnosis: 5.6-6.0 mmol/L (n = 44); and IFG according to World Health Organization: 6.1-6.9 mmol/L (n = 21). The three groups were of similar age, degree of obesity, fasting insulin levels, sex, and migrant background distribution. Methods We used an insulin-modified frequent sample intravenous glucose tolerance test to study acute insulin response (AIR), insulin sensitivity (SI), and disposition index (DI) in children and adolescents with obesity. The main outcome measures were AIR, SI, and DI in three groups based on fasting glucose level. Results Fasting glucose levels ranging from 5.6 to 6.0 mmol/L were not associated with a lower AIR, SI, or DI compared with the normoglycemic range. However, glucose levels ranging from 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L were associated with lower AIR and lower DI, but no statistical differences in SI were present. Conclusions IFG in the exclusive ADA range was not associated with disturbed glucose metabolism. This suggests that IFG contributes to adverse metabolic profile in children differently to what has been described previously in adult obese populations.
OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF RELATIVISTIC SPIN PRECESSION IN PSR J1141–6545

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Observations of the binary pulsar PSR J1141-6545 using the Parkes radio\ntelescope over 9.3 years show clear time-variations in pulse width, shape and\npolarization. We interpret these variations in terms of relativistic precession\nof the pulsar spin axis about the total angular momentum vector of the system.\nOver the nine years, the pulse width at the 50% level has changed by more than\na factor of three. Large variations have also been observed in the 1400-MHz\nmean flux density. The pulse polarization has been monitored since 2004 April\nusing digital filterbank systems and also shows large and systematic variations\nin both linear and circular polarization. Position angle variations, both\nacross the pulse profile and over the data span, are complex, with major\ndifferences between the central and outer parts of the pulse profile. Modelling\nof the observed position angle variations by relativistic precession of the\npulsar spin axis shows that the spin-orbit misalignment angle is about 110 deg\nand that the precessional phase has passed through 180 deg during the course of\nour observations. At the start of our observations, the line-of-sight impact\nparameter was about 4 deg in magnitude and it reached a minimum very close to 0\ndeg around early 2007, consistent with the observed pulse width variations. We\nhave therefore mapped approximately one half of the emission beam, showing that\nit is very asymmetric with respect to the magnetic axis. The derived\nprecessional parameters imply that the pre-supernova star had a mass of about 2\nMsun and that the supernova recoil kick velocity was relatively small. With the\nreversal in the rate of change of the impact parameter, we predict that over\nthe next decade we will see a reversed "replay" of the variations observed in\nthe past decade.\n