jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fluoride Level In Drinking Bottled Waters In The Republic Of Macedonia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A vast majority of people in Macedonia use bottled water for drinking. Use of bottled water without knowing the F level may expose children to dental caries risk if the F level is lower than optimal or to dental fluorosis if the F level is too high. To determine the content of fluoride in drinking bottled water available in the country. Thirty-five commercial brands of bottled water (12 out of 23 domestic production and imported brands) were procured from bigger markets in the Republic of Macedonia. Determination of the content of fluorine is performed using ion selective electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) and Ionometer (pH/ISE meter - Thermo-Orion) of the public health Institute. The content of fluoride in packaged water from domestic production ranged from 0.035 in Spring to 1.086 in vision with an average 0.368 (± 0.305), while imported bottled water ranged from 0.032 in ordinary water ROSA to 2.220 in bottled water KOM, with an average 0.631 (± 0.497). There was a wide variation in the F levels in the different brands of bottled water. Parents that use bottled water to prepare powdered milk for babies and baby foods should be aware that it may contain higher concentrations of fluoride and put their child at risk the occurrence of dental fluorosis.
The Value of Low Volatility

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The evidence for the existence of a distinct low-volatility effect is mounting. However, implicit exposures to the Fama–French value factor (HML) seem to explain the performance of straightforward U.S. low-volatility strategies since 1963. In this article, the author shows that the value effect fails to explain the performance of large-capitalization low-volatility strategies pre-1963 as well as post-1984, when the Fama–French value factor itself ceased to be effective in the large-cap segment of the market. Moreover, the performance of small-capitalization lowvolatility strategies cannot be explained by the value effect during any period. Fama–MacBeth regressions support the existence of a low-volatility effect for every subsample. Based on these results and various other arguments, the author concludes that there is a distinct low-volatility effect that cannot be explained by the value effect. The combined evidence even appears to be stronger for the low-volatility effect than for the value effect. TOPICS:Factor-based models, volatility measures
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Factors Influencing Choice in Volunteering Activities

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Within the larger domain of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the growing field of volunteerism. Despite the theoretical and practical interest in volunteering, relatively little is known about the contextual and situational variables that influence an actor’s volunteering-related choices. This study offers preliminary insight into this question. Drawing on the results of cross-cultural, experiential class exercises at the undergraduate and graduate student levels, we find that a majority of volunteering decisions are 1) made without thoughtful reflection, 2) based on convenience and an effort to reduce personal hardship, and 3) influenced heavily by institutional and organizational structures. These results call into question the notion that volunteering-related choices are deeply personal, purposeful, and/or reflective decisions. Moreover, the findings begin to explain why volunteerism continues to be dogged by labels such as “ineffective,” “inefficient,” or “lacking in value” when benchmarked against expectations.
Analysis of Medical Images by Data Hiding Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A fragile watermarking system is designed for the authentication of medical images. The proposed system authenticates the computed tomography (CT) scan medical images of the effected organs against different distortions. The system enhances the embedding capacity of a CT scan image by isolating the region of interest (ROI) based on higher gray values which need to be unaffected for medical diagnosis and hide character watermark only in region of non interest (RONI) and border areas, thus not compromising the diagnostic value of medical imaging. The method utilizes the spatial domain overlapping and least significant bit (LSB) replacement method (in case of overflow or no data matched) for embedding the watermark. Experimental results reveal that the proposed system detects both legitimate and illegitimate distortions and outperforms the existing reversible data hiding schemes in terms of embedded capacity and PSNR.
Racial disparities in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure is an important intervention for management of complications of portal hypertension. The objective of this study was to identify predictors of mortality from the TIPS procedure with a focus on race and ethnicity. Design TIPS procedures from 2012 to 2014 in the National Inpatient Sample were identified. Weighting was applied to generate nationally representative results. In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome of interest. χ 2 and Student’s t-tests were performed for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Predictors of mortality following TIPS were assessed by survey-weighted logistic regression. Results 17 175 (95% CI 16 254 to 18 096) TIPS cases were identified. Approximately 71% were non-Hispanic (NH) white, 6% were NH black, 16% were Hispanic and 7% were other. NH black patients undergoing TIPS had an in-hospital mortality rate of 20.1%, nearly double the in-hospital mortality of any other racial or ethnic group. NH black patients also had significantly longer median postprocedure and total lengths of stay (p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively). The interaction of race by clinical indication was a significant predictor of in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). NH black patients had increased mortality compared with other racial/ethnic groups when presenting with bleeding oesophageal varices (OR 3.85, 95% CI 2.14 to 6.95). Conclusion This cohort study presents important findings in end-stage liver disease care, with clear racial disparities in in-hospital outcomes following the TIPS procedure. Specifically, black patients had significantly higher in-hospital mortality and longer lengths of stay. Further research is needed to understand how we can better care for black patients with liver disease.
AN EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PATTERNING OF POROUS SILICON

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An efficient and reliable method for patterning a two-dimensional porous Si (PS) is presented in this work. The Cr/Au (50/200 nm) layer is used as a mask for electrochemical prosification of Si to form a two-dimensional pattern of porous Si. Quality of the formed 8 × 8 pads of porous Si is analyzed using statistical image analysis, an atomic force microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and also images from an optical microscope. It is shown that a combination of photoresist patterning and Cr/Au deposition can be used to generate arrays of silicon nanoporous in selected surface regions. Our results indicate that using the Cr/Au layer as a mask during prosification of Si results in sharper patterns with higher resolution in comparison to conventionally used photoresist masks such as Shipley and SU8 photoresists. The sharpness of the formed patterns is also investigated by calculating the correlation coefficient using image processing of the formed pattern with the ideal pattern. The correlation coefficient of the patterns made by the Cr/Au mask is 0.99 and the maximum deviation of the formed pattern from the original Cr/Au pattern is 3.44 μm, which shows an almost perfect correlation of the generated array with the ideal pattern.
PLAG1 and NCAPG‐LCORL in livestock

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A recent progress on stature genetics has revealed simple genetic architecture in livestock animals in contrast to that in humans. PLAG1 and/or NCAPG‐LCORL , both of which are known as a locus for adult human height, have been detected for association with body weight/height in cattle and horses, and for selective sweep in dogs and pigs. The findings indicate a significant impact of these loci on mammalian growth or body size and usefulness of the natural variants for selective breeding. However, association with an unfavorable trait, such as late puberty or risk for a neuropathic disease, was also reported for the respective loci, indicating an importance to discriminate between causality and association. Here I review the recent findings on quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stature in livestock animals, mainly focusing on the PLAG1 and NCAPG‐LCORL loci. I also describe our recent efforts to identify the causative variation for the third major locus for carcass weight in Japanese Black cattle.
Disputes on women’s deaconate in the Church of England

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the history of the Anglican Church the top-ranked issue of the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was disputes on women’s priesthood. As a result of these debates, the Anglican Church began to ordain women as deacons, then as priests, and finally as bishops. In Orthodox view, it was the radical change of the doctrine and the deviation from the apostolic tradition, though at the beginning of the 20th century the Anglican Church was considered as one of the closest churches to Orthodoxy. The first critical step in the direction of women’s priesthood was the opening the diaconate to women. Both in Russian and Western theological science little attention has been devoted to the analysis of this first step, since historically the hottest theological discussion was on the issue of women’s priesthood and women’s episcopate. However, the decision on women’s diaconate was very important since it actually opened the way for all subsequent decisions on women’s priesthood in the Anglican Church. This article offers an analysis of the historical processes and theological discussions that brought the Church of England to the appearance of deaconesses and then women deacons. The article considers the revival of sisterhoods and monastic communities in the Church of England in the middle of the 19th century, the initiative to revive the rank of deaconesses in 1862 and subsequent official decision of the 1920 Lambeth Conference, as well as the relevant reports of the Commissions of 1897, 1908, 1919 and 1935. Then we analyze the discussions about the functions of the deaconess, as well as additional factors that influenced the decision to allow women to be ordained as deacons. One of these factors was the general crisis of the diaconal ministry and the desire to strengthen the role of the laity in the life of the Anglican Church. As a result, the 1968 Lambeth Conference opened diaconate to all laymen remaining in secular occupations (both men and women). The Church of England turned out to be one of the most conservative churches in the Anglican Communion – it introduced women's diaconate almost 20 years later, in 1987. Conservative groups were concerned that this decision would put the Church of England on a "slippery slope" towards women's priesthood and women's episcopate. Subsequent history proved that these fears were completely justified.
An amusing optical toy for the hands?: reassessing nineteenth-century British paper peepshows through embodied knowledge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

My article examines the structure of the nineteenth-century British paper peepshow and the experience of using it. Inspired by the agenda of media archaeology, I argue that an analysis of this medium that goes beyond excavating details of an obscured optical recreation can bring new insight into our understanding of peep media and nineteenth-century visual culture. By discussing the origin and circulation of the paper peepshow and detailing the clear distinction between it and media like the peepshow box and pop-up books, I detach the paper peepshow from the genealogy of these media while stressing the significance of its intermedial relationship with other nineteenth-century visual entertainments. I then adopt the notion of embodied knowledge to explore users’ engagement with this medium, drawing from personal handling experience in archives as well as theoretical conceptualisations. My article argues that peering into the paper peepshow should be understood as an act of creativity and imagination, and that the tactile played a crucial role in users’ interaction with this medium. This study thus fits well in debates about the embodied or multi-sensory vision in the nineteenth-century context, and functions as another example that affirms the active agency of users of visual recreations of this period. Overall, by analysing significant features of the paper peepshow and the experience of peeping into it, my research also constitutes a small but important expansion in the current understanding of peep media.
Women in the weighing room: gendered discourses of exclusion in English flat racing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Women jockeys are a small minority on the thoroughbred racetrack and securesignificantly fewer racing mounts than their male counterparts. This suggests female jockeys are facing discriminatory barriers, in one of the only major professional sportswhere men and women compete against each other on equal terms. This exploratorystudy considers discriminatory barriers that exist and the effects they have on women’scomparative profile and participation in the flat racing industry. Six participants wererecruited for the study from different areas within the industry, and with at least threeyears experience. Information was derived from semi structured individual interviews. The data was analysed using discourse analysis techniques. Five main themes wereevident: a culture of sexism, including the sense that women are more nurturing;opportunities, including for women to become trainers; body shape and strength; riskand danger; industry fashion and trends. The results from this study suggest women face discrimination in horseracing onaccount of a number of factors, the three main perceived reasons are due to theirphysical strength, body shape and the tradition and history embedded within theindustry. Whilst there is a shift starting to occur where more women are coming throughin flat racing, this is slow. Participants consider that women may find these barriers andperceptions held by others difficult to overcome, which may result in their inability toachieve equality in this sport. Given the exploratory character of the study, conclusionsare tentative and we propose a number of areas for further research.
ART and Modular Neural Network Architecture for Multilevel Categorization and Recognition of Fingerprints

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ART1 based clustering approach is used for classification, which groups fingerprints into more compact classes. ART1 is a efficient technique for grouping fingerprints in to N number of classes, which speedup the process of fingerprint recognition. After classification of fingerprints the keyfingerprint class is used for the purpose of fingerprint identification. The key-fingerprint is recognized by using Monolithic and Modular Neural Network and their performance has been compared on the bases of time and accuracy. Due to modularity, Modular Neural Network gives better performance on the classified databases as compared to Monolithic Neural Network even with poor quality fingerprints. Monolithic Neural Network takes average of 44.7 seconds with an accuracy of 98%, correct recognition where as Modular Neural Network takes average time 1.84 seconds with an accuracy of 100% correct recognition.
Measuring producer welfare under output price uncertainty and risk non-neutrality

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Procedures to measure the producer welfare effects of changes in an output price distribution under uncertainty are reviewed. Theory and numerical integration methods are combined to show how for any form of Marshallian risk-responsive supply, compensating variation of a change in higher moments of an output price distribution can be derived numerically. The numerical procedure enables measurement of producer welfare effects in the many circumstances in which risk and uncertainty are important elements. The practical ease and potential usefulness of the procedure is illustrated by measuring the producer welfare effects of USA rice policy.
Michael R. Fischbach. The Movement and the Middle East: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Divided the American Left.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dispassionate and richly informed history provides a reliable, detailed account of how a wide range of left-wing organizations and tendencies in US life responded to the struggle between the State of Israel and the Arab world between 1967 and the early 1980s. The groups and formations covered here, which range from Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), the Weather Underground, and intersectional feminism to “traditional” Communist and Socialist parties, vary in their political significance. Yet because the author, Michael Fischbach, writes—at least in part—about an era when the political Left carried relatively large weight in North American life, the small organizations whose positions on Zionism and Arab nationalism he describes faithfully are more important than some might suppose. All the organizations and groups studied here were parts of the white US Left, as Fischbach makes plain. (Fischbach charted the debates among radical and progressive African Americans regarding Palestine and...
Effectiveness of Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation on Sand-Clay Mixtures

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biocementation using microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a newly introduced and promising soil stabilization technique. In this process, ureolytic bacteria hydrolyze urea to give carbonate ions, which when combined with calcium-rich solution produces calcium carbonate that binds the soil particles together. The amount of calcite precipitate formed depends upon the pore size and hydraulic conductivity of the soil (keeping other factors the same). As the particle size decreases, the pore size and hydraulic conductivity both decrease, and hence the amount of induced calcite precipitate reduces. But the efficiency of this process not only depends on the amount of calcite precipitated but also depends upon how these precipitates bind the soil particles. In this study, the effectiveness of MICP on sand-clay mixtures of different proportions is investigated to find out the optimum gradation of sand-clay mixture for maximum efficiency of MICP treatment. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the unconfined compressive strength and induced calcium carbonate content of both treated and untreated clay-sand mixtures at various proportions. Test results indicated that as the amount of clay content increased in sandy soil, the size of the pore and hydraulic conductivity both reduced, leading to a reduction in the amount of induced calcium carbonate precipitation. The UCS of the treated samples showed better strength than the untreated samples. A post-treated sample with 20% clay soil shows 200 kPa more than an untreated sample of the same clay percentage. The improvement in strength between treated and untreated samples was reduced significantly after increasing the percentage of clay in sandy soil. At a higher amount of clay content, the MICP is restricted due to the improper growth of ureolytic bacteria and a lack of pores. The test results from this study provide an opinion about the applicability of the MICP on soil containing a significant amount of clay.
Transportinės eutektikos šaldymo sistemos su R290 (propanas) šaldymo agentu tyrimas

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, eutectic transport refrigeration system with R290 (propane) is analyzed. In eutectic refrigeration systems phase-change material (eutectic liquid) is used to absorb heat from the refrigerated compartment. Due to the fact that propane has almost no global warming potential and no ozone depletion potential, it is held in high regard when the ever more demanding environmental requirements are considered. On the other hand, propane and other hydrocarbon refrigerants are flammable and considered to be class A3 refrigerants. For this reason, additional requirements and safety regulations are put into effect which mainly limit the allowed refrigerant charge in the system. According to IEC 60335-2-89, the maximum allowed hydrocarbon refrigerant charge in a commercial refrigeration system currently is 150g, though this limit is expected to rise to 500g soon. The main aim of the calculations provided in this paper is to determine whether the analyzed transport propane refrigeration system can meet these requirements. To achieve this, a mathematical model for two- phase flow with Premoli correlation for slip ratio was used. The results showed that regardless of ambient temperature, the charge in the system exceeds the 500g limit and is close to 750g. As an alternative to propane, propylene was also analyzed – results were similar to propane. This means that these systems need further charge optimization. In addition to charge calculations, experiments to determine pull-down times and energy consumption were also carried out. The results showed, that the propane system can perform a pull-down from −20°C to −33°C in 4.5 hours and consume almost 6 kWh of electricity (when the ambient temperature is equal to 20°C).
Correlation Studies in Segregating Population of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Developed Through Bi-Parental Mating Using Bacterial Wilt Resistant Varieties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was undertaken with the objective to determine the nature and magnitude of association between yield and it`s component characters and their direct, indirect effects on marketable fruit yield per plant in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Forty eight bi-parental and 60 F3 progenies were evaluated for identifying their efficiency with respect to 16 yield and quality traits. The correlation studies revealed strong positive association of marketable fruit yield with fruits per plant, plant height and fruit weight. Genotypic correlations in general were high as compared to their phenotypic correlations indicated strong inherent association between the characters. The result of path analysis indicated that the fruit weight had maximum direct effect on marketable fruit yield followed by number of fruits per plant and fruit length.