jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The polyphasic rise of the chlorophyll A fluorescence (O-K-J-I-P) in heat-stressed leaves

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

La cinetique de l'induction de fluorescence de la chlorophyll a (Chl a) depuis sa valeur minimale Fo jusqu'a sa valeur maximale Fm, est un indicateur de la reduction nette de la plastoquinone primaire (Qa⁻). Dans ce papier nous avons examine l'effet de la haute temperature (autour de 44°C) sur l'ascension de la cinetique de la fluorescence de Chl a des feuilles de pomme de terre et de petit pois, en utilisant un systeme sans obturateur qui nous permet de mesurer des signaux de fluorescence de 10 μs jusqu'a 120 s. Apres un traitement a la chaleur, la fluorescence variable de la Chl a a ete considerablement diminuee. Cependant, en augmentant la temperature ou la duree du traitement, la fluorescence caracteristique appelee la transition O-J-I-P est transformee en une fluorescence O-K-J-I-P avec une nouvelle etape rapide appelee etape-K, detectee aux environs de 200 μs. Une grande depression apparait apres l'etape K, suivie d'une augmentation de l'intensite de la fluorescence de la Chl a. Nous avons essaye de determiner l'origine et de faire une interpretation photochimique des changements observes en utilisant du NH₂OH connu comme donneur electron du PSII, et du DCMU qui est connu comme inhibiteur de la chaine de transport d'electrons entre Qa⁻ et Qb. Avec les differentes donnees obtenues, nous proposons que l'apparition de cette nouvelle etape-K est due a une inhibition du water-splitting-system et a une partielle inhibition de la chaine de transport d'electrons entre PPhe⁻QA et PPheQA⁻.
Response to reviewers 1 and 2

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are extreme weather events that can alleviate drought or cause billions of dollars in flood damage. By transporting significant amounts of latent energy towards the poles, they are crucial to maintaining the climate system’s energy balance. Since there is no first-principles definition of an AR grounded in geophysical fluid mechanics, AR identification is currently performed by a multitude of expert-defined, threshold-based algorithms. The variety of AR detection algorithms has introduced uncertainty into the study of ARs, and the algorithms' thresholds may not generalize to new climate datasets and resolutions. We train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect ARs while representing this uncertainty; we name these models ARCNNs. To detect ARs without requiring new labeled data and labor-intensive AR detection campaigns, we present a semi-supervised learning framework based on image style transfer. This framework generalizes ARCNNs across climate datasets and input fields. Using idealized and realistic numerical models, together with observations, we assess the performance of the ARCNNs. We test the ARCNNs in an idealized simulation of a shallow water fluid, in which nearly all the tracer transport can be attributed to AR-like filamentary structures. In reanalysis and a high-resolution climate model, we use ARCNNs to calculate the contribution of ARs to meridional latent heat transport, and we demonstrate that this quantity varies considerably due to AR detection uncertainty.
Establishment of a reverse genetics system for studying human immune functions in mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Reverse genetics approaches in mice are widely used to understand gene functions and their aberrations in diseases. However, limitations exist in translating findings from animal models to human physiology. Humanized mice provide a powerful bridge to understanding human physiology and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis while maintaining the feasibility of working with small animals. Methods for generating humanized mouse models that allow scientists to probe contributions of particular genes have been rudimentary. Here, we established an efficient method for generating genetically modified human cord blood–derived CD34 + cells for transplantation, resulting in humanized mice with near-complete loss of specific gene expression by the human immune system. Mice transplanted with Cas9-edited human CD34 + cells recapitulate functional consequences of specific gene losses in the human immune system. Our approach enables targeted gene knockouts in humanized mice, offering a valuable tool for human gene function studies in vivo.
Calcium-calmodulin kinase II and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 pair as a biological swtich in long-term memory.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Personal identification numbers, directions to the office and mother’s birthday. These are just three amongst billions of others that we can recall with ease. The human brain, with its finite physical size and limited number of nerve cells, seem to have an exceedingly incredible capability to learn new things and store gargantuan amounts of information. However, beneath the surface of this remarkable organ lies an intricate and highly interconnected network of neurons fuelled by an array of specialised neurotransmitters. This project presents some of the major discoveries and key findings in the field of neuroscience from existing literature. The hypothesis that alpha calcium-calmodulin kinase II and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1, two proteins postulated to be vital in the consolidation of long-term memory, can work collaboratively as a biological switch is also investigated here. A computational approach, in particular MATLAB® version 7.11.0 (R2010b), was employed to explore the validity of this theory. The results suggests that that alpha calcium-calmodulin kinase II indeed possess duo steady states under certain conditions. The level of protein kinase tends to converge to either one of two levels in the long-term based on parameters and variables provided. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of memory is a crucial step in finding therapeutic treatments for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Bedrock Installations Used and Reused Outside Tel Burna

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In the summer of 2015, the Tel Burna Excavation Project in Israel opened Area C, with the goal of better understanding the adjacent agricultural areas. During the 2015 and 2016 seasons, installations of various sizes and shapes were found carved out of the limeston bedrock. Although some Byzantine and Persian occupation is known at the site, survey results from this area demonstrate the predominance of Bronze Age occupations and Iron Age II finds concurrent with excavated areas on the tell. Rock-cut installations revealed exclusively Bronze and Iron Age finds.
CHILDREN'S PERSON PERCEPTION: THE GENERALIZATION FROM TELEVISION PEOPLE TO REAL PEOPLE

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study investigated children's perceptions of television people and the extent to which these perceptions are generalized to impressions of peers. Elementary school children (W=172) completed questionnaires measuring viewing, knowledge of, identification with, and the perceived reality of television characters, and ratings of peers on 11 traits (e.g., funny, attractive, kind, nice). Two criterion variables were studied: children's mean rating of peers on each of the traits and the variance in the ratings of peers on each trait. Multiple regression analyses (controlling for grade and sex) revealed that: (1) identification with television characters was a significant predictor of the mean evaluation of peers on the traits; (2) television viewing was a significant predictor of the variance in children's ratings of peers; and (3) the relationship between television viewing and the variance in trait ratings was lower for attributes found in past studies to be suggested by television presentations. Implications of these findings for the traditional concern that television standardizes perceptions of people through stereotyping are considered.
CGC-Net: A Context-Guided Constrained Network for Remote-Sensing Image Super Resolution

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In remote-sensing image processing tasks, images with higher resolution always result in better performance on downstream tasks, such as scene classification and object segmentation. However, objects in remote-sensing images often have low resolution and complex textures due to the imaging environment. Therefore, effectively reconstructing high-resolution remote-sensing images remains challenging. To address this concern, we investigate embedding context information and object priors from remote-sensing images into current deep learning super-resolution models. Hence, this paper proposes a novel remote-sensing image super-resolution method called Context-Guided Constrained Network (CGC-Net). In CGC-Net, we first design a simple but effective method to generate inverse distance maps from the remote-sensing image segmentation maps as prior information. Combined with prior information, we propose a Global Context-Constrained Layer (GCCL) to extract high-quality features with global context constraints. Furthermore, we introduce a Guided Local Feature Enhancement Block (GLFE) to enhance the local texture context via a learnable guided filter. Additionally, we design a High-Frequency Consistency Loss (HFC Loss) to ensure gradient consistency between the reconstructed image (HR) and the original high-quality image (HQ). Unlike existing remote-sensing image super-resolution methods, the proposed CGC-Net achieves superior visual results and reports new state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on three popular remote-sensing image datasets, demonstrating its effectiveness in remote-sensing image super-resolution (RSI-SR) tasks.
Use of vegetation and soil in mineral exploration in areas of transported overburden, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: a contribution towards understanding metal transportation processes

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Five sites were selected in the semi-arid northern Yilgarn Craton (Jaguar VHMS Cu-Zn-Ag, Moolart Well Au, Rumour Au, Gossan Hill VHMS Cu-Zn-Au and McGrath North Au deposits) to test the use of vegetation as an exploration sampling medium in areas of transported overburden. A variety of vegetation samples (litter, roots, bark, branch wood and phyllodes) were collected from Mulga ( Acacia aneura ) plants. In addition, the soil from 10–20 cm below surface was sampled and analysed following total, partial and selective digests to investigate any potential chemical signature of bedrock mineralization at surface. At all sites, selective extractions of the <250 μm fraction of soil show either no expression of buried mineralization or, where present, only a weak or ambiguous signature. In contrast, the vegetation survey shows a multi-element signature in different plant organs. Branches show very low anomaly contrasts or none at all. Phyllodes and bark generally show weak to moderate anomaly contrasts. Litter shows the greatest anomaly contrast of all plant material. There is also an enrichment in metals and an expression of the bedrock mineralization with good anomaly contrast in the uppermost soil horizon (0–4 cm) at Jaguar and this may indicate some mixing of litter and soil by bioturbation, and fixing on organic material, and Fe and/or Mn oxides. This contrasts with greater depths (10–20 cm) where no significant metal enrichment appears to have occurred, suggesting that most contained metals were fixed near-surface and do not percolate deeper into the profile. This is possibly due to slow decomposition of litter in arid terrains, with continuous loss of soil and fine litter particles by wind erosion and bush fires. Our data support the hypothesis that vegetation plays an important role in bringing metals to surface in areas with a semi-arid to arid climate and a low water-table.
Effects of Planting Density and the Composition of Wheat Cultivar Mixtures on Stripe Rust: An Analysis Taking into Account Limits to the Replication of Controls

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of plant density on disease is not well understood in populations of a single host plant genotype and has been studied even less in mixtures of host genotypes. We performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of wheat planting density on infection by Puccinia striiformis in experimental plots with a single wheat genotype and in plots with two genotypes making up a range of frequencies. Stripe rust severity in single-genotype plots increased with planting density in 1997 but decreased with planting density in 1998. Disease in host mixtures was compared to the weighted mean of disease levels in the corresponding single-genotype plots. The design of the field experiment included limited replication of these reference treatments (that is, there was not a unique pair of single-genotype plots for each mixture plot); therefore, we devised an analysis based on collapsing the data into independent mean observations. Disease reduction due to host diversity was less when one genotype predominated than when both host genotypes were present at nearly equal frequencies. The greatest mean host-diversity effect for reduced disease was at the intermediate planting density of 250 seeds per m 2 .
Neguin Yavari: The Future of Iran's Past: Nizam al-Mulk Remembered. xxiv, 275 pp. London: Hurst, 2018. £40. ISBN 978 18490 4820 0.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
A new species of the genus Pseudodepasophilus Voss, 1942 (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae) from China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species, Pseudodepasophilus friedmani Legalov, sp. nov. from Yunnan is described and illustrated. This new species differs from P. blandulus (Voss, 1942) in the yellow-brown elytra, thicker and shorter rostrum, wide pronotum with more rounded sides, wide elytra, shorter antennae, and form of the sclerites of the endophallus. It is the first record of the genus Pseudodepasophilus Voss, 1942 from Yunnan.
Nonspecific adjuvant immunotherapy of lung cancer with cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Theodore Roosevelt refuses to have his name removed from the primary ballot in Nebraska, as requested by Representative Norris on behalf of Senator La Follette. Roosevelt has received the same request from supporters of President Taft and believes acquiescing would help Taft's cause more than La Follette's. He denies being a candidate but is not willing to announce that he will not accept the Republican nomination if offered.
Peer Review #3 of "Revision of the Late Jurassic deep-water teleosauroid crocodylomorph Teleosaurus megarhinus Hulke, 1871 and evidence of pelagic adaptations in Teleosauroidea (v0.2)"

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Teleosauroids were a successful group of semi-aquatic crocodylomorphs that were an integral part of coastal marine/lagoonal faunas during the Jurassic.Their fossil record suggests that the group declined in diversity and abundance in deep water deposits during the Late Jurassic.One of the few known teleosauroid species from the deeper water horizons of the well-known Kimmeridge Clay Formation is 'Teleosaurus' megarhinus Hulke, 1871, a poorly studied, gracile longirostrine form.The holotype is an incomplete snout from the Aulacostephanus autissiodorensis Sub-Boreal ammonite Zone of Kimmeridge, England.The only other referred specimen is an almost complete skull from the slightly older A. eudoxus Sub-Boreal ammonite Zone of Quercy, France.Recently, the validity of this species has been called into question.Here we re-describe the holotype as well as the referred French specimen and another incomplete teleosauroid, DORCM G.05067i-v (an anterior rostrum with three osteoderms and an isolated tooth crown), from the same horizon and locality as the holotype.We demonstrate that all specimens are referable to 'Teleosaurus' megarhinus and that the species is indeed a valid taxon, which we assign to a new monotypic genus, Bathysuchus.In our phylogenetic analysis, the latest iteration of the ongoing Crocodylomorph SuperMatrix Project, Bathysuchus megarhinus is found as sister taxon to Aeolodon priscus within a subclade containing Mycterosuchus nasutus and Teleosaurus cadomensis.Notably Bathysuchus has an extreme reduction in dermatocranial ornamentation and osteoderm size, thickness and ornamentation.These features are mirrored in Aeolodon priscus, a species with a well-preserved post-cranial skeleton and a similar shallow and inconspicuous dermal ornamentation.Based on these morphological features, and sedimentological evidence, we hypothesise that the Bathysuchus + Aeolodon clade is the first known teleosauroid lineage that evolved a more pelagic lifestyle.
Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Cell Viability by Sinecatechins in Cutaneous SCC Cells Is Related to an Imbalance of ROS and Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The term sinecatechins designates an extract containing a high percentage of catechins obtained from green tea, which is commercially registered as Veregen or Polyphenon E (PE) and may be considered for treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and actinic keratosis (AK). As shown here, treatment of four cSCC cell lines with 200 µg/mL of PE resulted in strong, dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (20–30%) as well as strongly decreased cell viability (4–21% of controls, 48 h). Effects correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas early apoptosis was less pronounced. At the protein level, some activation of caspase-3 and enhanced expression of the CDK inhibitor p21 were found. Loss of MMP and induced cell death were, however, largely independent of caspases and of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak, suggesting that sinecatechins induce also non-apoptotic, alternative cell death pathways, in addition to apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were downregulated in response to PE at 4 h, followed by an increase at 24 h. The contributory role of initially reduced ROS was supported by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, which in combination with PE further enhanced the negative effects on cell viability. Thus, sinecatechins inhibited cell proliferation and viability of cSCC cells, which could suggest the use of PE for AK treatment. The mechanisms appear as linked to an imbalance of ROS levels.
Ensuring adequate vascular access in patients with major trauma: a quality improvement initiative

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Ensuring adequate vascular access in major trauma patients prior to decompensative physiological processes is crucial to patient outcomes. Most protocols suggest achieving two 18-gauge or larger intravenous lines immediately in patients with major trauma. We discuss a quality improvement approach to ensure that >90% of patients with major trauma (as defined by an injury severity score ≥12) at a level one trauma centre receive timely and adequate fluid access. Applying Donabedian principles for process improvement, we used the Alberta Trauma Registry to perform a 4-month chart audit on patients with major trauma at the University of Alberta Hospital. Background data were supported with a formal root cause analysis to outline the problems and generate plan, do, study and act (PDSA) rapid change cycles. These PDSA cycles were then implemented over the course of 2 months to alter system and personnel barriers to care, thereby ensuring that patients with major trauma received adequate vascular access for fluid resuscitation. This was followed by a 6-month sustainability assessment. The percentage of patients with major trauma who received adequate fluid access went from a mean of 55.5% to >90% in 2 months and was sustained at or greater than 90% for 6 consecutive months. The formal application of quality improvement processes is uncommon in trauma care but is much needed to ensure success and sustainability of quality initiatives. Planning including engagement and prechange awareness is crucial to staff engagement, change, and sustainment. Formal quality improvement and change management techniques can elicit rapid and sustainable changes in trauma care. We provide a framework for change to increase compliance with fluid access in patients with major trauma.
Magnetic properties of bcc Fe-Pd extended solid solutions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Supersaturated Fe-Pd solid solutions were prepared by mechanical alloying. X-ray diffractometry showed that the as-milled alloys were bcc from 0–26 at. % Pd. Saturation magnetization measurements and Mössbauer spectrometry measurements were performed on these powders. Consistent interpretations of both sets of measurements were possible if the magnetic moment at the Pd atom was 0.35μB and constant, and if the magnetic moments at Fe atoms were enhanced by neighboring Pd atoms in a way similar to the effects of Ni.
Integrating Telemedicine into a National Diabetes Footcare Network

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In a large country such as Australia, using telemedicine in management of diabetic foot disease may minimise unnecessary patient travel and also facilitate regular clinical monitoring. We tested a cost effective simple clinical system that accommodates routine and urgent consultations between an urban Diabetes Centre and rural sites. Routine consultations are organised by prior arrangement without the patient needing to be present. Process includes: (a) Digital images of foot e-mailed in advance to enable the Diabetes Centre foot team to review before phone linkup, (b) Images displayed on computer monitors during the phone linkup, (c) Patient management plan documented at both urban and local sites and implemented locally. Urgent consultations are booked on demand. The only limiting factor is the time taken for images to arrive at the Diabetes Centre. It is essential that at least one person from the Diabetes Centre foot team is available for immediate advice until further review can be arranged. We conclude that telemedicine is a useful adjunct to networking between rural and urban diabetic foot treatment services. It facilitates routine clinical care, allows for urgent consultations, research and ongoing training of this serious diabetic complication. This simple system is very portable relying on e-mail, and thus has the potential for use in very remote regions of Australia and in countries where diabetic foot services are limited. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Genesis, development and application prospect of antibody library: a review].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Antibodies are immunoglobulins specifically introduced by immunity response of high animals, with the responsibility for recognising and cleaning out specific antigens. Antibody is not only a powerful weapon against pathogen invasion in the organism, but also a tool for specific molecular recognition used in basic scientific research. The diversity of antibody molecules resulted in the concept of antibody library; each individual animal is a natural antibody library. In the post-genome era, in order to fit various "omics", especially for proteomics requirement of high throughput technology, some gene engineering antibody libraries and antibody alternative libraries have been constructed based on phage display technology. Yet, more and more in vitro display systems such as ribosome display, mRNA display have been used for antibody library study, and that present more advantages than phage display. This mini review outlines the genesis, development and application prospect of antibody libraries according to the published reviews and research articles, and offers up to date development and application prospect of antibody library technology.