jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Pathogenesis Involved in Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Therapeutic Treatment Strategies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

: A vast advancement has been made in the treatment related to central nervous system disorders especially Parkinson’s disease. The development in therapeutics and a better understanding of the targets results in upsurge of many promising therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is defined by neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation and it is reported that the presence of the neurofibrillary aggregates such as Lewy bodies is considered as the marker. Along with this, it is also characterized by the presence of motor and non-motor symptoms, as seen in Parkinsonian patients. A lot of treatment options mainly focus on prophylactic measures or the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease. : Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the point of interest which can be exploited as a new target to emphasis on Parkinson’s disease. : A thorough study of these targets helps in modifications of those molecules which are particularly involved in causing the neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. : A lot of drug regimens are available for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, although levodopa remains the choice of drug for controlling the symptoms, yet is accompanied with significant snags. It is always suggested to use other drug therapies concomitantly with levodopa. : A number of significant causes and therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease have been identified in the last decade, here an attempt was made to highlight the most significant of them. It was also found that the treatment regimen and involvement of therapies are totally dependent on individuals and can be tailored to the needs of each individual patient.
Drinking water quality and consumer perceptions at the point-of-use in San Rafael Las Flores, Guatemala

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Limited information is available describing point-of-use (POU) water quality in rural Guatemala. Source water quality in eastern Guatemala is of concern given underlying volcanic geology that can leach arsenic and the presence of large-scale mining, which can potentially exacerbate exposure. On-premise piped POU water in the rural community of San Rafael las Flores was sampled in 31 households to characterize a suite of metallic ions and E. coli, along with a survey of water uses and perceptions. Samples were analyzed via standard laboratory methods in the United States and an arsenic quick kit in the field. Fourteen household samples contained arsenic &gt;9 μg/L and 13% of households exceeded at least one Guatemalan and US health-based water quality standard. Survey results revealed widespread dissatisfaction with water quality and service: most participants did not drink their POU water, fearing illness, and instead purchased bottled water or collected from untreated springs. Ideally, establishment of baseline water quality and an understanding of local concerns will facilitate collaborative partnerships and interventions that build community trust in appropriate water infrastructure while identifying surrounding land use impacts. This work represents the first Guatemalan study that quantifies POU contamination while concurrently examining user perceptions, preferences, and concerns.
Greater large conducting airway luminal area in adult patients with interstitial lung disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses pulmonary disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis that disrupt pulmonary gas exchange. While ILD‐related changes in the lung parenchyma are well‐documented, less is known about how ILD affects luminal area within the large conducting airways. This retrospective, case–control study tested the hypothesis that patients with ILD would have greater large conducting airway luminal areas than healthy matched controls. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography images were used to quantify airway luminal areas in patients with ILD ( n = 82; 54% female) and healthy controls matched for age, sex, and height. Patients with ILD had 16%–22% greater airway luminal areas across all seven measured large conducting airways compared to controls (all p < 0.001). Among patients with ILD, males had 17%–34% greater height‐normalized airway luminal areas than females (all p < 0.05). These data provide evidence that ILD is associated with greater large conducting airway luminal area, even when matched for key demographic factors. Consistent with observations in health, males with ILD exhibited greater height‐normalized airway size than females. These findings offer new insight into airway remodeling in ILD and highlight potential sex differences in airway luminal area.
Aeration Tanks for Activated Sludge Plants

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design of aeration tanks in which diffused air is used for aeration, as differentiated from tanks with mechanical, surface aeration apparatus, is treated in this paper. An endeavor has been made to present the bases of theory and practice governing the design of the principal elements of diffused-air aeration tanks. The derivation of practicable bases of design has been made possible by the wealth of research, experimental, and plant-operation data which have been made available during the past few years particularly through the work of such agencies as the Sanitary District of Chicago.
Application of Whatsapp In Learning in The Subject Of The Human Reproductive System Of IX E Class SMP Negeri 1 Latambaga Year 2019

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the use of the Whatsapp application in learning on the subject of the human reproductive system in class IXE at SMP Negeri 1 Latambaga for the 2018/2019 academic year. This research was conducted through several processes, namely: (1) planning, (2) action, (3) observation or observation, and (4) reflection on the four steps that constitute one cycle. For data management the results of the study were carried out by tabulating the value of each student from several aspects of the assessment that had been predetermined by the researcher which was composed as a research instrument. From the data analysis, it was found that in Cycle I which caused students classically to have not reached the Minimum Learning Completion Criteria (KBM) because it was influenced by several factors, including the ability to understand the material which was still quite low for students and in Cycle II the results showed that The minimum learning completeness criteria have been achieved well so that there is an increase in student learning outcomes in using the Whatsapp application in Class IXE at SMP Negeri 1 Latambaga
The Effect of the National Brand on High-Tech Exports in Selected Countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract High-tech exports play a crucial role on the growth and prosperity of the national economy due to higher added value and higher profitability; however, gaining a competitive advantage and increasing high-tech exports is arduous because of the highly competitive environment in global markets. Also, increasing the value of the national brand through the improvement of foreign customers' mental image of products made in a specific country can play an undeniable role in the increase of customer loyalty and the growth of high-tech exports. Therefore, we intended to evaluate the impact of the national brand on high-tech exports in 14 selected developing countries (sample group) and 12 selected developed and emerging countries (control group) by using panel data and generalized method of moments (GMM), during the period 2011–2018. The results showed the positive and significant impact of the national brand in both groups, but the estimated coefficient is higher in developed and emerging countries. It means that although the improvement of the national brand stimulates the demands for high-tech products from foreign customers, countries that have had more capacity to increase the production and supply of these products have been more successful in meeting the surplus demand created. Therefore, developing countries should take action to improve the national brand, by moving towards a knowledge-based economy, and at the same time, they have to increase their capacity of production and supply of high-tech products to be able to meet the demands for these products in global markets. JEL Classification: F14, M16, F31, K11.
Effect of L‐Dopa in Schizophrenia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary L‐Dopa was administered to 84 cases of schizophrenia (55 male, 29 female) together with major tranquilizers which had been given previously. 1) Patients suffering from lack of spontaneity, abulia, apathy, and disturbance of rapport were chosen as subjects in this research. The cases with hallucination, delusion and disturbance of the self were also included. Duration of illness is as follows: 111 for within one year 2 cases, 2–3 years 4 cases, 3–5 years 8 cases, 5–10 years 17 cases, more than 10 years 53 cases. The subjects are in most cases 20–50 years old. 2) Initial daily dose was 100–600 mg, then gradually increased to maximum dose 1200 mg. Maintenance dose was 400–600 mg, and continued administration was at most for 3 months in the longest administered cases. Symptom‐changes including amelioration and exacerbation were most remarkable at 400–800 mg daily dose. 3) Remarkable amelioration was seen in 8 cases (9.5%), moderate in 17 cases (20.2%), and slight in 20 cases (23.8%). Aggravation was seen in 5 cases (6.0%), no change were seen in 34 cases (40.5%). Remarkable and moderate amelioration were noted in 25 cases (29.8%). 4) Most remarkable amelioration was seen at L‐Dopa 600 mg administration: Remarkable amelioration 6 cases, moderate 11 cases, and 17 cases (20.2%) in all. Next was seen at 400 mg administration: Remarkably ameliorated cases are 2, moderately 2; in total of 4 cases. However four cases exacerbated at 600 mg. 5) The relation between duration of illness and therapeutic effect is as follows. In the cases ill for more than 10 years, which show personality deterioration, any amelioration is hopeless. Generally speaking it is effective for the cases ill for within 10 years. 6) The evaluation result on 74 cases is as follows. Disturbance of rapport was the most improved: Remarkably ameliorated cases were 5, moderately 18, and amelioration rate was 31.5%. Disturbance of emotional expression was ameliorated second most: Remarkably ameliorated cases were 8, moderately 11; the rate 26.4%. 7) As exacerbated cases, 10 cases of excitement were noted. In relation to the above‐mentioned results, we discussed L‐Dopa's therapeutic mechanism.
[The bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the UK and France: an epidemiological perspective].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Epidemiology is aimed at the study of the health status of human and animal populations. The present review shows how epidemiologists in the UK and France, contributed to a better knowledge of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), its probable origin, and its associated risk factors. Following case studies and case-control surveys, the role of meat and bone meal (MBM) as the source of infection for cattle has been well established. Other epidemiological studies have shown the absence of horizontal transmission, but on the other hand a cohort study concluded to a possible vertical transmission. Backcalculation models, which intend to infer the characteristics of infection from the observations, agree on two results : first, the BSE infects young animals, under 2 years. Secondly, the peak of the French BSE epizootic, probably in the nineteen-eighties, was ignored. Successive measures concerningMBMfailed to completely abolish the epizootic. The analysis of born-after-the-ban (BAB) cases shows that their spatial distribution in France is not random, which argues against a sporadic origin. The French BAB cases may result from two nonexclusive events : residual contaminations of cattle by feed intended for pigs and poultry, and mother-to-calf prion transmission, likely at a low rate. If a total eradication of BSE is not obtained, it will be the task of epidemiologists in particular, to figure out the source of the residual infection.
Exit Clauses in Regional Human Rights Systems

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Regional human rights bodies, such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, have constituent instruments which contain clauses allowing states to leave the institution. Given that regional human rights tribunals have the power to issue rulings against states, these clauses have been relatively underused. This paper argues that this is due to the socialisation of states within regional human rights regimes. Exit clauses are a reflection of underlying political forces behind a regional human rights bodies’ formation. They also play an important and under-examined role in state socialisation once a state is a member of a regional human rights body.
Laboratory Safety of Dupilumab, and Its Effect on Inflammatory Biomarkers, in Chinese Adults With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: An Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind Phase III Study

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: Limited information is available on the use of dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the Chinese population. Methods: We analyzed laboratory data from a previously published randomized, double-blind phase III trial (NCT03912259) to provide further insight into the safety of dupilumab in Chinese adults with moderate to severe AD. The trial participants received either 300 mg of dupilumab or placebo every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Hematology, blood chemistry, serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) were evaluated. Results: In total, 82 participants received dupilumab and 83 received placebo. With the exception of eosinophil counts of >0.8 × 10 9 /L, which were found less frequently with dupilumab (9.8%) than with placebo (18.7%), the hematology and blood chemistry values were generally stable in both treatment groups. There were no clinically significant differences between the dupilumab and placebo groups, and no participants developed treatment-emergent abnormalities of potential clinical significance. However, compared with placebo, greater decreases in serum lactate dehydrogenase (mean change, −97.4 vs. −33.5 IU/L), TARC (median percent change, −78.6% vs. −30.8%), and total IgE (median percent change, −53.4% vs. −0.2%) were observed with dupilumab than placebo at week 16. Conclusion: Dupilumab demonstrated a favorable laboratory safety profile in Chinese adults with moderate to severe AD.
The Jailed Rohingya in West Bengal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on Rohingya detained in the Correctional Homes of West Bengal, India. Through testimonies, narratives and analysis of the data the chapter explores the lives of the Rohingya: how they live amidst persecution, what they do, how they migrate and what they need at present to have a life of a human being. The research is based on both primary and secondary sources of data. With these objectives, the study conducts in-depth interviews with a hundred Rohingya in the Correctional Homes.
Zinc in the Anterior Pituitary of Rat: A Histochemical and Analytical Work

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Recent studies have suggested zinc to be a possible modulator of hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary. The three aims of the present study were: to estimate the total amount of zinc in the gland by instrumental analysis; to visualize the zinc at light and electron microscopical levels, and to estimate the amount of zinc that can be visualized by histochemical techniques. PIXE measurement showed the total amount of zinc to be 74 ng/mg dry weight in males and 100 ng/mg dry weight in females, which is a highly significant difference. Histochemically, the zinc was shown by a modified Timm method and the selenium method to be localized to the secretory granules, and to a smaller extent to the Golgi apparatus of the somatotrophs, corticotrophs and thyrotrophs. Chelation of tissue zinc by intravital dithizone treatment effectively blocked subsequent selenium and Timm staining in the secretory granules, and PIXE assays of the chelated metal (extracted into CCl4) showed it constituted less than 5% of the total zinc in the tissue. It is concluded from the study that zinc is present in the anterior pituitary of rats in rather high amounts and that loosely bound zinc, which is suggested to exert a biological effect by itself, can be located to the parts of the cells responsible for production, storing and release of hormones.
Editorial Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Cancer: treatment or prevention?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cancer chemotherapy, often in combination with other therapies, has been succesful in the treatment of some cancers, but its failure to affect the common solid cancers has meant that mortality from cancer has changed little over the past forty years. Calls for the money spent on treatment to be transferred to education, early detection, and prevention are increasing, despite lack of solid evidence that these approaches are any more likely to be effective than therapy. Conventional routes to the discovery of anticancer drugs, which have relied on extensive and costly testing in animal models to select a small number of potentially useful drugs, are now being replaced in favour of more widespread testing of a greater range of agents in early clinical trials. Drug development programmes are being introduced to facilitate clinical trials at a fraction of the time and cost of more conventional programmes. A whole range of new types of anticancer agents are now in Phase I/ll clinical trials. Should none of these prove to be effective against the common solid cancers there will be renewed calls to divert research into early detection and prevention. Of particular interest has been the finding that many anticarcinogens used by experimentalists over the years are specifically toxic to transformed cells expressing aberrant signal transduction pathways. Agents of this type may therefore remove partially transformed cells and thus form the basis for new cancer prevention programmes.
Sexist Prejudice of Primary School Children in Different Urban and Rural Contexts of Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At present a great deal of historical gender prejudice is still visible in society. It is essential to eliminate these invisible barriers that impede achieving real equality between men and women. Â This article seeks to provide a vision of the perception of primary school girls and boys regarding the masculine and feminine genders. A questionnaire was given to groups of schoolchildren in different locations, including rural areas and large cities such as Madrid, the capital of Spain. In addition to detecting prejudice towards one of the two genders, some of the most often repeated answers were taken into account. On several occasions one of the two sexes, or the two, were linked to intelligence or to the ideal of beauty.However, differences were not observed in all cases. Comments are made on the most relevant data regarding the predisposition amongst children to link girls with more passive attitudes than boysâ€™.For many years society has fought to achieve real equality between the two sexes. However, there is still a great deal to be done, and the younger generations have the responsibility of succeeding in having the two sexes live together in a more egalitarian society. The role of education is to encourage this process.
Single and multiple precision sequential large multipliers for field-programmable gate arrays

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents single and multiple precision sequential large multiplier designs for field-programmable gate arrays. Both designs use the Karatsuba–Ofman method. They are pipelined and can generate a full size (double operand size) or a single size product. The syntheses results show that the sequential large Karatsuba–Ofman multiplier (SLKOM) implementations have up to 2.23 times less delay compared with the standard sequential large multipliers implementations presented in previous research. The 2048-bit multiple precision sequential Karatsuba–Ofman large multiplier (MPSLKOM) implementation can simultaneously execute eight 256-bit multiplications. The MPSLKOM implementations use roughly 1% more registers and up to 3% more LUTs than the SLKOM implementations.
Effect of early feeding on the transfer of maternal antibodies and development of immune competence in the broiler chicken

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

We investigated effects of early feeding on the development of maternal antibodies in yolk and plasma and the consequences on growth and immune responses in later life. Broiler chickens (Ross 308) were immediately fed after hatching or withheld from feed and water for 24, 48 or 72 h. Both fed and unfed chickens were sacrificed immediately after hatch or 24, 48 or 72 h after hatch and IgY contents of the residual yolk and plasma were analyzed. Another group of fed and held chickens was raised in floor housing till d 19 and were intra-tracheally challenged with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) – Human Serum Albumen (HuSA) cocktail as a model for lung infection. Nitric oxide (NO) production and plasma antibody titers against LPS and HuSA were determined on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 postchallenge. Body weight showed a faster increase in the fed than in the held chickens, ending up in a body weight at d 40 of 2,269 and 1,994 g, respectively. Absorption of residual yolk was not affected by treatment, but results demonstrated that IgY in the yolk is not utilized as fast as the rest of the residual yolk, possibly due to dehydration in the held chickens or a kind of saturation in the IgY transport system in the fed chickens. No differences between treatments were found for NO production or LPS/HuSA antibody titers after the challenge. However, held chickens showed a significant decrease in growth following the LPS/HuSA challenge at d 19, whereas this drop in growth was less severe in the fed chickens. We concluded that early feeding in broiler chickens results in faster growth in later life, but also that fed chickens are better able to cope with an immunological challenge in later life, although this is not reflected in different antibody titers.