jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Avoiding obstacles : Strategy changes as a result of visual field limitation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Unrestricted, the human visual field is approximately 200° wide and 135° tall (Werner 1991). As a consequence of certain hardware (e.g., head-mounted displays, night-vision goggles) and eye-disease (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa), this can be severely limited. Also, carrying large objects will cause partial occlusion of the lower visual field. Recently, the importance of peripheral visual cues in the online guidance of locomotion has been recognized (Marigold 2008). Here, we present two experiments performed to investigate how visual field limitation influences obstacle avoidance behavior during human locomotion. Participants performed two separate obstacle avoidance tasks while wearing visual field restricting goggles. The first task involved stepping over a single obstacle situated in the pathway. For the second task participants were required to steer through a multiple obstacle environment. Using full-body motion capture we investigated the changes in motor behavior that occurred as a consequence of visual field limitation. The results for both experiments show very similar behavioral changes: When we take the unrestricted condition as a baseline, it is observed that participants move at their desired speed over a path providing them with clearance to the obstacles that permits only small deviation from the planned path. It is proposed that this behavior is governed by an energy conservative strategy. Next, when the visual field is restricted to an intermediate size, we observed that participants enlarged their safety margin by taking a path that increased their clearance around the obstacles (both for stepping over, and circumvention). However, they did not slow down. Finally, when confronted with a small visual field, participants did slow down, in addition to further enlarging their obstacle clearance. We conclude that for both obstacle avoidance tasks, participants choose to prioritize safety over energy conservation as a consequence of visual field limitation. Furthermore, it seems that only with a small visual field, safety concerns were substantial enough to warrant a decrease in speed.
Supplemental material for Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 promote control of the fungal pathogen Trichophyton rubrum independently of IL-17 and adaptive immunity in experimental deep dermatophytosis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Supplemental Material for Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 promote control of the fungal pathogen Trichophyton rubrum independently of IL-17 and adaptive immunity in experimental deep dermatophytosis by Fabio SY Yoshikawa, Rikio Yabe, Yoichiro Iwakura, Sandro R de Almeida and Shinobu Saijo in Innate Immunity
Seasonality in vestibular disorders.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our objective in this study was to evaluate a causal relationship between vestibular pathological findings and climatic variations during the year (summer, autumn, winter, and spring). The study was conducted in a Brazilian clinic located in a tropical climate and having well-defined warm and cold weather. For this retrospective study, our outpatients were the subjects, and the diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical (ear, nose, and throat) and electronystagmographic evaluation. Data were collected, matched with the year's seasons, and analyzed for significance statistics. We found no significant differences among the illnesses in relation to the climatic seasons. We concluded that a correlation did not exist between annual seasons and vestibular disorders in our environment.
Development of an optical fibre multiplexed Bragg grating strain measurement system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Strain sensing continues to be an area of research interest due to its importance in a variety of fields including civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering. This has intensified with the advent of the concept of ‘smart structures’, i.e. structures that possess both the means to detect changes in their environment and the ability to respond to those changes. Strain measurement techniques using optical fibre based sensors have attracted a great deal of interest due to the advantages afforded by the nature of the fibres themselves in such measurement systems. \n \nThis thesis represents a body of work concerning the design, development and analysis of an optical fibre based strain sensor system, utilizing Bragg gratings as the prime sensing elements. \n \nWavelength demodulation is examined and a wavelength shift detection scheme utilizing a Wollaston prism interferometer is presented having been considered as a means to achieve wavelength demodulation in sensor systems. However, further analysis suggested an alternative was needed and the final wavelength demodulation scheme chosen, based on the Michelson interferometer, is analysed in this context. \n \nA time-domain based demultiplexing system is presented where the signals from individual Bragg gratings are separated electronically by using a matrix of fast GaAs switches. This system is successfully demonstrated and the capability of addressing a potentially large number of Bragg gratings sensors elements is considered. Results are presented in the form of strain and temperature sensitivity data and an analysis of the results in the frequency domain demonstrates that the crosstalk present in the system is very low. \n \nThe results presented are set in the context of work reported in the literature and in the light of results achieved elsewhere.
Influence of VNIIMK 620 and Itil flax varieties on the rheological properties of wheat dough

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The influence of the mass fraction of flax in the composite mixture on the state of the carbohydrate – amylase complex of the studied system was studied. It was found out that the maximum viscosity of the suspension and the rate of starch gelation in a mixture of wheat flour with whole-ground flax is lower than in the suspension, where the dispersed phase was wheat flour, but higher than that, where the dispersed phase is flax. The influence of flax on the rheological characteristics of wheat dough in the Chopin+ Mixolaba protocol was revealed. It is found out that with an increase in the mass fraction of flax in the composite mixture from 5 to 20%, the formation time of the test and its water absorption capacity increases, and the stability decreases. When the mass fraction of flax increases, the torque values at the extreme point of the function C2, which characterizes the dilution of the dough, increase; and at the point C5, which characterizes the retrogradation of starch, they decrease.
Analyzing Vortex Dynamics in the Laminar Separation Bubble vis Surface Pressure Measurements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The development of coherent structures within the laminar separation bubble (LSB) that forms over a NACA 0018 airfoil at 8° and Rec = 100,000 is investigated experimentally using a combination of high-speed flow visualizations and time-resolved surface pressure measurements. The amplification of disturbances in the separated shear layer leads to the formation of roll-up vortices that are shed upstream of the mean reattachment location. The experimental results and a simplified analytical model show that these structures produce distinct, periodic surface pressure fluctuations that can be used to detect, track, and characterize the roll-up vortices. A vortex tracking technique is developed and validated in the present investigation. The developed methodology is used to investigate temporal and spatial variation in vortex shedding parameters and to study attendant vortex interactions, which involve merging of two or more consecutive vortices. The results provide novel insight into vortex dynamics in LSBs and the developed technique provides an efficient tool for future studies involving LSBs and active flow control applications.
External and Internal NGO Accountability in Asymmetrical Power Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

NGOs face several accountability claims to multiple actors, which have generated academic, as well as political debates. Yet, previous research has produced ambiguity within the area. The aim of this comparative case study is to investigate how accountability towards donors’ impact internal accountability towards the NGOs themselves. The units of analysis are two organisations operating in India, namely the Swedish NGO Hand in Hand Sweden, and the Indian NGO Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group. The study applies a sceptical approach and uses a postmodern theoretical perspective, with emphasis on power relations and accountability as a social phenomenon. To analyse which actors’ interests are being prioritised by current accountability practices, two main accountability concerns have been identified: externally benchmarked standards and internal learning and knowledge. Reports, as an external benchmarked standard, and observations of the two NGOs work as the empirical material. A thematic analysis is applied to compare what differences and similarities there are concerning internal accountability in two organisations based in different geographical settings. Findings suggest that donor demands are largely prioritised, often at the expense of NGOs organisational development. Current practices of upward accountability essentially influence NGOs to neglect internal accountability towards themselves. (Less)
Primary hyperparathyroidism resembling rickets of late onset.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Important aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism in childhood were encountered in the patient described in this report.The osseous manifestations were of unusual interest, compris- ing osteitis fibrosa cystica, osteosclerosis, and metaphysial changes simulating rickets.There was a neurological disturb- ance resembling chorea.
No Smoke Without ‘Fire’

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The use of Ganja has been known to create adverse effects on youth. In Jamaica, ganja use is culturally accepted despite the fact that its use is illegal. Many studies done on the use of ganja in Jamaica have looked at prevalence but understanding of motivating factors that drive youth to perform this risky behavior is not clear. This paper analyses the effect of attitude and subjective influences on the prevalence of ganja use among teenagers twelve to seventeen years in the rural parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica. This is based on a study done using the constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action a behavior theory that explains the factors that are likely to motivate an individual to perform a specific behavior. Ganja use is associated with belief that it has emotional health benefits. There is also a role for the subjective influences of family and peers who smoke ganja. Addressing the problem of ganja use among teens in this community will have to include social policies and other strategies which impact key persons in their social milieu.
HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF $Sr^{79}$ Br AND $Sr^{81}$Br: $B^{2}\Sigma^{+}-X^{2}\Sigma^{+}$ ROTATIONAL ANALYSIS AND HYPERFINE STRUCTURE

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

$^{1)}$W.E. Ernst, Opt. Commun. 46, 18 (1983). $^{2)}$W.E. Ernst and T. T\""{o}rring, Phys. Rev. A 27, 875 (1983).
The politics of voicelessness: voices of community elders in ethic and religious minorities in the Philippines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study aims to examine the phenomena of minoritization, which involves the imposition of the beliefs and culture of dominant groups onto minority groups, leading to social exclusion and conflicts. The study utilizes data analysis to identify themes related to the process of minoritization. The study illustrates that minoritization occurs when dominant groups perceive themselves as superior and endeavor to dominate others, resulting in violence, oppression, and social exclusion. This study focuses on the perspectives of grassroots voices, going beyond traditional inquiries on equalities between different groups to provide a deeper insight into the systemic challenges encountered by minority communities. It emphasizes attributes such as dominant groups imposing their beliefs on others, perceiving them as inferior, and forcing them to adopt their culture or traditions. To address the issue of minoritization, the study emphasizes the importance of carrying out dialogues at all levels, promoting understanding across various cultures and religions, implementing policies that protect the rights of minority groups, and preventing systematic minoritization. This study enhances broader discussions on inclusivity and equality through exploring its findings in relation to global issues of prejudice. It advocates for the increased recognition and valued of minority voices in society. This emphasizes the need for holistic strategies that promote mutual respect among different communities and prevent conflicts arising from social exclusion.
The lived experiences of Indian nurses working in the United States : perceptions and attitudes towards nurse-physician collaboration

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Nurse-physician collaboration has received much attention over the past decade in the USA. The release of three reports from the Institute of Medicine implicated poor communication and collaboration among nurses and physicians as a major contributing factor to the incidence of sentinel events and medical errors. Despite the growing awareness of the imperative related to collaboration between nurses and physicians to ensure patient safety, the problem of poor nurse-physician collaboration remains endemic throughout the country. Indian nurses, along with many other internationally educated nurses, comprise 12-15.2% of the nursing workforce in the USA. Little is known about how Indian nurses culture potentially influences their ability to effectively collaborate with physicians to ensure patient safety. The purpose of this study is to understand Indian nurses’ attitudes and perceptions about nurse-physician collaboration. Hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology as influenced by the work of Martin Heidegger guided this study through the use of interviews via Skype. The overall experience of the Indian nurses was of one experiencing a dramatic positive change in nurse-physician collaboration in the USA as compared to India. Four themes emerged describing this phenomenon: Respect/feeling heard, Being Trusted, Assurance of Accountability, and Finding Freedom. Indian nurses practicing in the USA find a freedom that empowers them to collaborate with physicians for patient safety. They, as all nurses may, benefit from continuing educational opportunities that demonstrate ways to collaborate more fully.
The First Transmembrane Domain of the Hepatitis B Virus Large Envelope Protein Is Crucial for Infectivity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The early steps of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle are still poorly understood. Indeed, neither the virus receptor at the cell surface nor the mechanism by which nucleocapsids are delivered to the cytosol of infected cells has been identified. Extensive mutagenesis studies in pre-S1, pre-S2, and most of the S domain of envelope proteins revealed the presence of two regions essential for HBV infectivity: the 77 first residues of the pre-S1 domain and a conformational motif in the antigenic loop of the S domain. In addition, at the N-terminal extremity of the S domain, a putative fusion peptide, partially overlapping the first transmembrane (TM1) domain and preceded by a PEST sequence likely containing several proteolytic cleavage sites, was identified. Since no mutational analysis of these two motifs potentially implicated in the fusion process was performed, we decided to investigate the ability of viruses bearing contiguous deletions or substitutions in the putative fusion peptide and PEST sequence to infect HepaRG cells. By introducing the mutations either in the L and M proteins or in the S protein, we demonstrated the following: (i) that in the TM1 domain of the L protein, three hydrophobic clusters of four residues were necessary for infectivity; (ii) that the same clusters were critical for S protein expression; and, finally, (iii) that the PEST sequence was dispensable for both assembly and infection processes. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the main human pathogen
The Hatch Act and the Political Activities of Federal Employee Unions: A Need for Policy Reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the United States, political neutrality is widely regarded in traditional merit systems as integral to the impartial administration of federal laws and services. The 1939 Hatch Act is intended to protect such neutrality by limiting federal employees' rights to participate in partisan electoral activities. The act limits important first amendment freedoms available to other citizens, and thus, its salutary intent aside, continually arouses controversy. In fact, several recent legal developments add an intriguing new dimension to this debate that revolves around the act's potential restraint on union political activity. In 1984, the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) of the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), which prosecutes Hatch Act violations, precipitated this current controversy by issuing an unsuccessfully challenged advisory opinion to the effect that federal employee unions could not use federal employees for otherwise permissible nonpartisan voter registration drives if they (the unions) had already endorsed partisan political candidates. Federal employees participating in such drives would presumably be prosecuted and could face dismissal for violating the Hatch Act.' Furthermore, in February 1985, the Special Council initiated dismissal actions against three federal union presidents because they campaigned for Walter Mondale in 1984.2 The broad issue underlying these actions is the legal applicability-direct and indirect-of the Hatch Act to federal employee unions. This particular question affects not only these unions' role in partisan politics but also the future of unionism and labor relations in the federal service. It is particularly important to unions operating predominantly in the general schedule (GS) and wage grade (WG) federal service, because these civil service employees are denied
Incidence Rates of Myomectomy-Related Mortality and Venous Thromboembolism in South Korea: A Population-Based Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose Uterine leiomyomas are the most commonly observed pathologies, with an estimated prevalence of 4.5–68.6%. We aimed to calculate the post-myomectomy mortality rates in the Republic of Korea. Methods The data of patients who underwent myomectomy (2009–2018) were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Inpatient Sample. The mortality rate after myomectomy was calculated using the leiomyoma diagnostic codes and myomectomy procedure codes. Results The data of 23,549 women who underwent myomectomy among 3,307,214 women aged 15–55 years were extracted. The rate of myomectomy was 14.6 ± 0.1 per 10,000 patients. The average age was 39.39 ± 0.04 years. One patient who underwent myomectomy died; this patient did not have concomitant venous thromboembolism (VTE). The post-myomectomy mortality rate was 1.3 ± 0.8 per 10,000 patients. The incidence rates of VTE, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism after myomectomy were 5.7 ± 1.6 per 10,000 patients, 4.4 ± 1.4 per 10,000 patients, and 2.5 ± 1 per 10,000 patients, respectively. The conversion rate to hysterectomy was 2.9 ± 1.1 per 10,000 patients. Conclusion The current mortality rate after myomectomy (0.013%) is substantially lower than that described in previous studies at the turn of the 20th century.
FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE AND PERFORMANCE OF MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMEs) IN CENTRAL INDIA

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The key objectives of this study are to find the influence of financial knowledge on the performance of MSMEs in Central India, which includes the states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, India, and to assess the financial knowledge scores of entrepreneurs. Purposive and convenience sampling were used to collect the data from 459 MSMEs entrepreneurs. These enterprises work in service, manufacturing, and trading sectors, where data was collected with the help of a bilingual (English and Hindi) questionnaire based on 5-point Likert scale questions. Financial knowledge has five subdimensions: taxation and interest rate, financial markets, financial planning and budgeting, banking products and services, and government schemes. The MSME's performance has been measured through six indicators, which are profit, sales and revenue, total assets, number of employees, wages and salaries of employees and repayment of dues. After calculating the average value of both variables, simple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Results showed a significant positive effect (F= 59.014, p < 0.001), with financial knowledge explaining 11.4% of performance variance (R² = 0.114; Beta = 0.338, p < 0.001), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Financial knowledge scores (FK = 72.24) highlight a moderate to high level of financial awareness, where financial planning and budgeting (82.40) shows the highest scoring dimension, followed by taxation and interest rate (82.40), but a weak score in financial markets (52.30), highlighting the need for improvement. These findings underscore the role of financial knowledge as a key driver of MSME success. The study suggests a focused financial education programme that is especially intended to improve financial markets-related awareness and enhance entrepreneurial capacity. Keywords: Financial Knowledge, MSMEs Performance, Regression Analysis, Central India
Synthesis of Novel [1,2,4]triazolo[3,2-b][2,4,6]benzothiadiazocin-11(5H,10H)-One Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Several [1,2,4]triazolobenzothiadiazocin-11-ones 3 were prepared via ring expansion of [1,2,4]triazolo[3,2-b][2,4]benzothiazepin-10(5H)-ones 1 in presence of sodium azide. The reaction intermediate was isolated and characterized as an aryl isocyanate 2b . A possible pathway for formation of novel triazolobenzothiadiazocin-11-one 3 is described.
Causal effect of pandemic COVID-19, gold and oil prices on United States economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from ARDL method

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The United States is the most significant economic power in the world. Therefore changes in economic indicators or economic policy of the United States will affect the whole world economy like the global financial crisis 2007-08. The first innovative study examines the effect of United States Coronavirus (COVID-19), oil, and gold prices on United States economic policy uncertainty. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model(ARDL) is employed to get the long and short-run co-integration results. The outcome shows that (USCOVID_19 and OIL) significantly co-integrated in both the short and long run with United State Economic Policy of Uncertainty(USEPU) at a significant level. USCOVID-19 is positively short and long-run co-integrated, while oil is negatively short and long-run co-integrated with the economic uncertainty level of the USEPU. Only one variable of gold has no short and long-run co-integrated with USEPU.