jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Utilization Status of Improved Garri Processing Technology in South Eastern Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The improved garriprocessing technology collaboratively developed by International Institute Tropical Agriculture (Ibadan), andNational Root Crops Research Institute Umudike has been withfarmers South eastern Nigeriafor over two decades. This paper seeks to investigate the status of utilization of this technology which appears to be popular among farmers Nigeria. Thrionugh structured questionnaires, data were collected from 320 farmers randomly sampled from five out nine states that consotiftute the South east agro ecological zone. Data were analyzed with descriptive and Product-moment co-relation statistics. Analysis ofdata collected showed that the technology was in the medium level inofthuetilsiztuadtiyoanrea withmost farmers using two out offivepractices in the technology. Again, while majority offarmers utilized the grating machine (79.37%) and de-watering press (65.31%), less than halfof the farmers utilized the recommendedfermentationperiod(39.38%) whilefew utilized garri sieving machine (15.62%) and garrifrying tray (12.81%). Also a strong relationship existed between grating machine and de-watering press as well as between sieving machine and garrifrying tray. It was thus recommended that efforts should be made by extension agencies in the zone to promote andpopularize the advantage of processing technology over the traditional method as well as sensitize thefarmers on the dangers of inadequatefermentation ofgarri. Also Governments and nonÂ¬governmental organisations canfacilitate the adoption of the improved garriprocessing technology by establishing of prototypeprocessing centresforfarmers co-operative societies in the,rural areas. This will encouragefarmers to utilize the technology as recommended.
CALCULATION OF THE U-VALUE OF THE BUILDING PARTITIONS WITH MINERAL WOOL UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CONVECTION

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present investigation aims at the analysis of the impact of natural and forced convection on heat transfer through the thermal insulating layers of partitions. The velocities of the air movement in the ventilated air gaps of partitions as well as pressure fields have been analysed both in the partition models, which were arranged in a climatic chamber, and in the exploited houses. The influence of the air movement on heat transfer through partitions has been investigated with the use of numerical modelling methods and by carrying out experiments in a climatic chamber. The thermal effects of air flows are described by Nusselt number defined as the ratio of average conventional and conductive heat fluxes with heat flux without air flow.
Characteristics of the acetylcholine‐operated channel at twitch and slow fibre neuromuscular junctions of the garter snake.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Synaptic responses to acetylcholine were recorded from garter snake (sp. Thamnophis) neuromuscular junctions with the voltage clamp. 2. In the following respects the responses were identical in twitch and slow fibres: exponential miniature end‐plate current decay, reversal potential (approximately ‐5 mV), permeant ionic species (Na+, K+, Ca2+, but not Cl‐), two component miniature end‐plate current decay in the presence of procaine, insensitivity to tetrodotoxin, alpha‐bungarotoxin and leiurus toxin. 3. The responses differed in several important ways: miniature end‐plate current decay rate was only half as sensitive to voltage at slow fibre end‐plates as at twitch; while all twitch fibre current fluctuation spectra were single component, about 60% of the slow fibre spectra were not. The latter could be fitted with two Lorentzian components. In all cases the mean end‐plate current was proportional to total induced noise variance. 4. Two mechanisms which might account for the response differences were identified and tested in a fashion independent of specific molecular kinetics. The different responses do not arise from separate ion‐selective channels for the permeant ions at slow fibre end‐plates and seem unlikely to derive from separate populations of synaptic and extrasynaptic channels.
Quantifying patterns of research interest evolution

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Our quantitative understanding of how scientists choose and shift their research focus over time is highly consequential, because it affects the ways in which scientists are trained, science is funded, knowledge is organized and discovered, and excellence is recognized and rewarded. Despite extensive investigations of various factors that influence a scientist's choice of research topics, quantitative assessments of mechanisms that give rise to macroscopic patterns characterizing research interest evolution of individual scientists remain limited. Here we perform a large-scale analysis of publication records, finding that research interest change follows a reproducible pattern characterized by an exponential distribution. We identify three fundamental features responsible for the observed exponential distribution, which arise from a subtle interplay between exploitation and exploration in research interest evolution. We develop a random walk based model, allowing us to accurately reproduce the empirical observations. This work presents a quantitative analysis of macroscopic patterns governing research interest change, discovering a high degree of regularity underlying scientific research and individual careers.
How Personal Evaluation Affects the Underlining and Recall of Prose Material

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The influence of personal evaluation from the experimenter on the underlining and recall of prose material was investigated for college undergraduates (N = 135). Subjects who received positive personal evaluation performed better on the underlining task and on the recall of nonunderlined material than subjects who received negative personal evaluatoion. Subjects who received no personal evaluation also performed better on the underlining task than subjects who received negative personal evaluation. Implications for education are presented.
Efficient Algorithms for Scheduling Semiconductor Burn-In Operations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study the problem of scheduling semiconductor burn-in operations, where burn-in ovens are modeled as batch processing machines. A batch processing machine is one that can process up to B jobs simultaneously. The processing time of a batch is equal to the largest processing time among all jobs in the batch. We present efficient dynamic programming-based algorithms for minimizing a number of different performance measures on a single batch processing machine. We also present heuristics for a number of problems concerning parallel identical batch processing machines and we provide worst case error bounds.
Progress of Gene-Modified Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy For Hemoglobinopathies -

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia represent the most common forms of hemoglobinopathies. Since the first successful bone marrow transplant in 1981, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only treatment option for the patients. However, the current routine therapies for these conditions are limited by the availability of suitable donors and graft-vs-host disease. On the other hand, hemoglobinopathies were long considered amenable to the genetic correction by available gene transfer technologies. Therefore, gene therapy strategies aim at the globin gene transfer resulting hemoglobin function recovery. Here we review the studies and clinical applications of gene therapy for the hemoglobinopathies within the timeline of developed technologies, including the viral vectors, transposons, homolog recombination as a treatment modality together with generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and chimeraplasty. This brief review highlights the gene therapy strategies, current developments, challenges and future perspectives for hemoglobinopathies.
Welt-Fischereierträge 1995: 112,9 Mio. Tonnen

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Total world fishery production 1995, including aquaculture, of fish, shellfish, frogs and turtles – reached a new record of 112.9 million tones live weight. Marine fishery had a share of 91,9 million tonnes (+ 0.4) and freshwater fishery 21.0 million tonnes (+ 2.0). Not included in these figures are seals, whales, crocodiles and algae. Marine mammals and crocodiles are listed by number of killed individuals, and not given by weight. Algae alone represent a biomass of 7.1 million tonnes, but are not included by the FAO in the nominal „total production of the world“ either. About two thirds of the marine fishery harvest was used for human consumption, one third for industrial purposes – mainly production of fish meal and fish oil.
Automated wafer management system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this report is to details the function and reliability test done to the Automated Wafer Management System. The results of these tests will determine the system reliability and whether given functionality works as specified. The anticipated outcome of these tests is to identify the problems in the system design and functionality. The findings can be used to improve the performance and eliminated failure mode of the system. Through these tests, we have found out the limitations of the equipment and the reliability of the system. These tests have aid in reaching the next milestone of the project.
SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE OF APOE2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Apolipoprotein E is a glycoprotein mediator and regulator of lipid transport and uptake. The APOE-ε4 allele has been associated with higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease and of mortality, but the effect of the less prevalent APOE-ε2 on survival remains elusive. We aggregated data of 38,537 individuals of European ancestry (mean age 65.5 years; 55.6% women) from six large population-based cohorts to determine the association of APOE-ε2, with survival in the general population. During a mean follow-up of 11.7 years, 17,021 individuals died. Compared with homozygous APOE-ε3 carriers, APOE-ε2 carriers were at lower risk of death (hazard ratio,95% confidence interval: 0.94,0.90-0.99; P=1.1*10-2), whereas APOE-ε4 carriers were at increased risk (HR 1.17,1.12-1.21; P=2.8*10-16). Risk was lowest for homozygous APOE-ε2 (HR 0.89,0.74-1.08), and highest for homozygous APOE-ε4 (HR 1.52,1.37-1.70). Results did not differ by sex. The association was unaltered after adjustment for baseline LDL or cardiovascular disease. Larger, multiethnic collaborations are ongoing.
Effect of Hemodynamics on Stroke Risk in Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Vertebrobasilar Occlusive Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Distal flow status determined using a noninvasive and practical imaging tool is robustly associated with risk for subsequent stroke in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic VB occlusive disease. Identification of high-risk patients has important implications for future investigation of more aggressive interventional or medical therapies.
Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Bioanalysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Looking back upon the past decade, functionalized noble metal nanoparticles (NMNs) with controlled size, morphology, composition or structure have becoming a major motive force behind the development of modern bioanalytical chemistry. In this chapter, a brief introduction is given to the history and progress of NMNs based bioanalysis. Particular attention is devoted to some representive works in the area of biosensing and biorecognition applications. The article is mainly categorized into absorbance-based assay, electrochemical detection and fluorescent analysis.
Mathematical analysis and numerical methods for pricing some pension plans and mortgages

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

[Resumen] El objetivo principal de esta tesis se centra en el análisis matemático y la solución numérica de algunos modelos de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales (EDPs) para valorar planes de pensiones con beneficios definidos e hipotecas a tipo de interés fijo.\n\t\t\t\t En los planes de pensiones, los beneficios por jubilación dependen del salario medio. Cuando no se permite jubilación anticipada, se plantea un problema de Cauchy asociado con un operador de Kolmogorov degenerado, en otro caso aparece un problema de complementariedad. Bajo ambas alternativas, obtenemos la existencia y unicidad de solución en los espacios funcionales adecuados. Además, si incorporamos saltos en el salario, entonces los problemas de Cauchy y de complementariedad están asociados a un operador integro-diferencial.\n\t\t\t\t En las hipotecas a tipo de interés fijo, consideramos las opciones de amortización anticipada e impago. Los factores estocásticos subyacentes son el tipo de interés y el valor del colateral. La valoración del contrato requiere resolver una serie de problemas de frontera libre enlazados. Los valores del seguro y de la fracción de pérdida potencial no cubierta por dicho seguro son la solución de una serie de problemas de Cauchy enlazados.\n\t\t\t\t Para obtener una solución numérica, se propone un método de Lagrange-Galerkin para la discretización de las EDPs, que se combina con un método iterativo de conjunto activo basado en una formulación de tipo lagrangiana aumentada para las restricciones de desigualdad. El término integral en el operador integro-diferencial se trata con técnicas de integración numérica apropiadas.
Labour Responses to Globalization: The Australian Experience by Bernard McKenna

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This contribution deconstructs globalization using a critical discourse method. Taking Australia as its case study, the essay argues that globalization must be seen within the context of hypercapitalism and the unchallenged hegemony of neo-classical economics and neo-liberal politics. The Australian experience, it is argued, shows that trade unions should refuse to be incorporated into this hegemony presented as technocratic alchemy. In fact, deconstruction reveals that globalist claims rest upon highly contestable tautological claims. This essay briefly describes Australian political economy 1983-96 when the Labor government, in an ‘accord’ with the trade union movement, embraced free-market globalism; critically deconstructs the ideological features that underlie the technocratic claims made about the benefits of globalization; and argues for a resurgent unionism and traditional labourism that dialectically challenges the inequitable and destructive features of contemporary hypercapitalism.
Inhibitory action of dopamine on cat carotid chemoreceptors.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. The influence of some drugs which affect the dopaminergic system was studied on chemosensory responses to dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), sodium cyanide NaCN) and hypoxia during experiments on pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats in which chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the peripheral end of a sectioned sinus nerve. 2. Spontaneous chemosensory activity was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by DA (0.5‐5 microgram, I.A.). Higher doses (10‐50 microgram) caused a delayed increase in discharge and were associated with inconsistent inhibitory responses. 3. The DA antagonist alpha‐flupenthixol (0.2 mg/kg, I.A.) blocked the inhibitory response to DA without affecting either the spontaneous discharge frequency or the response to ACh. The effect of NaCN was potentiated, and during hypoxia chemoreceptor activity increased more rapidly, although the maximum frequency attained was not appreciably different from control values. Similar results were obtained with haloperidol (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, I.V.). 4. Higher doses of alpha‐flupenthixol (0.5‐1.0 mg/kg, I.A.) increased spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, but this was regarded as a non‐specific effect of the drug since at these doses the inhibitory effect of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) was also abolished. 5. The animals were exposed to alternate periods of hypoxia and hyperoxia following administration of the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha‐methyl p‐tyrosine (AMPT, 0.2‐10 mg/kg, I.A.). The inhibitory response previously evoked by amphetamine was abolished, and electron microscopic studies showed a great reduction in the number of dense‐cored granules, both of which suggested that DA levels in the carotid body had been substantially reduced. Responses to NaCN and hypoxia were slightly potentiated following AMPT, but neither spontaneous activity nor the response to ACh was affected. 6. Apomorphine (0.05‐0.2 mg/kg, I.A.) inhibited the chemoreceptor discharge for up to 45 min, an effect which was antagonized by alpha‐flupenthixol (0.2 mg/kg, I.A.), implying it resulted from DA receptor stimulation. Although responses to NaCN, hypoxia and higher doses of ACh were reduced following administration of apomorphine, the reduction was not very marked. 7. These results are not compatible with the theory of Osborne & Butler (1975), that in normoxia DA is tonically released in the carotid body and suppresses spontaneous chemosensory activity. 8. It is concluded that DA modulates chemosensory activity by influencing the rate of increase in discharge, without affecting maximum discharge frequency. The mechanism whereby DA is released in response to increased chemosensory activity remains to be established.
Development of optical magnetometry based on Nitrogen Vacancy centers in diamond to study unconventional superconductors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Unconventional superconductivity often emerges in close proximity to a magnetic instability. Upon suppressing the magnetic transition down to zero temperature by tuning the carrier concentration, pressure, magnetic field, or disorder, the superconducting transition temperature T$_c$ acquires its maximum value. A major challenge is the elucidation of the relationship between the superconducting phase and the strong quantum fluctuations expected near a quantum phase transition (QPT). While unusual normal state properties, such as non-Fermi liquid behavior of the resistivity, are commonly associated with strong quantum fluctuations, evidence for its presence inside the superconducting dome are much scarcer. Uncovering the existence of QPT hidden inside the superconducting dome may allow to understand the unconventional superconductivity. BaFe$_2$As$_2$ is an ideal system to study the possibility of QPT because there are very clear two phase lines (structural and magnetic phase transition lines) passing through the superconducting dome. \par We developed the technique to measure lower critical field, H$_{c1}$ and associated London penetration depth (\la) by employing minimally invasive optical magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond that allows accurate detection of the vector magnetic field with subgauss sensitivity and submicrometer spatial resolution. We apply this sensitive and precise technique to probe the doping evolution of the T = 0 penetration depth in the electron-doped iron-based superconductor Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$)As$_2$. A non-monotonic evolution with a pronounced peak in the vicinity of the putative magnetic QPT is found. This behavior is reminiscent to that previously seen in isovalently-substituted BaFe$_2$(As$_{1-x}$P$_x$)$_2$ compounds, despite the notable differences between these two systems. Whereas the latter is a very clean system that displays nodal superconductivity and a single simultaneous first-order nematic–magnetic transition, the former is a charge-doped and significantly dirtier system with fully gapped superconductivity and split second-order nematic and magnetic transitions. Thus, our observation of a sharp peak in λ(x) near optimal doping, combined with the theoretical result that a QPT alone does not mandate the appearance of such peak, unveils a puzzling and seemingly universal manifestation of magnetic quantum fluctuations in iron-based superconductors and unusually robust quantum phase transition under the dome of superconductivity.
Anatomical studies of maxillary cheek teeth infundibula in clinically normal horses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Summary Reasons for performing study: Although clinical disorders of equine maxillary cheek teeth (CT) infundibula are common, anatomical knowledge of these structures is poor. Hypothesis: Anatomical examinations of sectioned CT infundibula will better define their shapes and sizes and allow identification of infundibular cemental variations and changes. Material and methods: Cheek teeth were extracted post mortem from 33 horses, aged 3–30 years, without a clinical history of dental disease. The CT were sectioned longitudinally in the bucco‐palatal plane through the widest aspects of both infundibula. The infundibular surfaces were then assessed morphologically, including by measurements of areas of cemental variations and changes. Specimens from selected teeth were examined histologically. Results: Infundibular length and infundibular surface area, and infundibular length as a proportion of dental crown length progressively decreased with age, e.g. infundibular length was up to 89 mm after eruption to 2 mm in one older horse. Triadan 06 and 09 positions had significantly shorter CT and therefore infundibula, than the other 4 Triadan positions. Only 11.7% of infundibula were filled completely with normal appearing cementum, 8.2% of infundibula (especially the 09 position) had complete cemental caries; 22.6% of infundibula had areas with cemental hypoplasia and the remaining 57.5% of infundibulae had a variety of other cemental appearances, including the presence of central defects, localised occlusal caries and cemental discolourations. Histology showed the presence of an apical blood supply to infundibular cement in younger horses. Conclusions: Anatomical variations of CT infundibular cement are very common and some changes, such as areas of localised cemental hypoplasia, may predispose to the development of infundibular caries. Potential relevance: This more complete description and quantification of CT infundibular anatomy should allow more rational assessment and treatment of equine CT infundibular disorders.
Designing a spoken dialogue interface to an intelligent cognitive assistant for people with dementia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Intelligent cognitive assistants support people who need help performing everyday tasks by detecting when problems occur and providing tailored and context-sensitive assistance. Spoken dialogue interfaces allow users to interact with intelligent cognitive assistants while focusing on the task at hand. In order to establish requirements for voice interfaces to intelligent cognitive assistants, we conducted three focus groups with people with dementia, carers, and older people without a diagnosis of dementia. Analysis of the focus group data showed that voice and interaction style should be chosen based on the preferences of the user, not those of the carer. For people with dementia, the intelligent cognitive assistant should act like a patient, encouraging guide, while for older people without dementia, assistance should be to the point and not patronising. The intelligent cognitive assistant should be able to adapt to cognitive decline.