jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Supervoltage Radiotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The program of nearly every annual meeting of the several radiological societies of the United States has in recent years included papers and often symposia devoted to supervoltage radiotherapy. The increasing availability and relatively low cost of cobalt 60 has led to an enormous increase in the use of this particular form of supervoltage (roughly equivalent to a 3-million-volt x-ray generator). With few exceptions, those who have presented material have merely given early impressions, since not enough time had yet elapsed for conclusions to be drawn in terms of survival rates. In this issue of Radiology there is included a Symposium on supervoltage therapy. The essayists were chosen from those few in this country who have had many years experience with this form of treatment. Their statements and the conclusions which they reach should be carefully studied. The writer, who served as moderator of the Symposium, has had but short experience with a 2-million-volt x-ray machine and a cobalt teletherapy source, but in three years time has seen enough material to learn that there are some definite advantages in the use of supervoltage and some very serious disadvantages. In fact, advantages with regard to the patient may in some instances constitute a hazard as regards proper treatment of a malignant lesion. It is a matter of general agreement that there is no biological advantage in radiation in the 1 to 3-million-volt range as compared with 200–250 kv therapy. Tumors which are resistant to 250-kv radiations will not be sensitive to radiations of greater energy, at least at the levels now available for therapy. On the other hand, there are some physical advantages, such as increased depth dose, decreased side-scattering, and lessened bone absorption. In lesions surrounded by bone the decreased absorption makes dose calculation more accurate. The increased penetration allows for greater ease in treating deep-seated lesions, and the decreased side-scattering aids in sparing normal tissues. With respect to the patient, supervoltage radiation seems to produce less systemic reaction, probably due to decreased integral dose. There is less radiation sickness, and in general less hematopoietic effect. Because the point of maximum dose lies some millimeters below the surface of the skin, one of the advantages of supervoltage is that the usual skin effects are markedly decreased. This lack of reaction is not without its drawbacks, however, since often with 250 kv the skin reaction is a limiting factor, preventing overdosage of underlying structures. In addition, late fibrosis of subcutaneous tissues can occur where the limiting superficial reaction is lost and overdosage of this tissue is unwittingly given. In general, supcrvoltage therapy is easier to plan than is therapy in the ordinary range. Often fewer portals can be used and dosimetry is thereby simplified.
Exploring the impact of the recent global warming on extreme weather events in Central Asia using the counterfactual climate data ATTRICI v1.1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

We study the impact of recent global warming on extreme climatic events in Central Asia (CA) for 1901-2019 by comparing the composite representation of the observational climate with a hypothetical counterfactual one that does not include the long-term global warming trend. The counterfactual climate data is produced based on a simple detrending approach, using the global mean temperature (GMT) as the independent variable and removing the long-term trends from the climate variables of the observational data. This trend elimination is independent of causality, and the day-to-day variability in the counterfactual climate remains preserved. The analysis done in the paper shows that the increase in frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature and precipitation events can be attributed to global warming. Specifically, the probability of experiencing a +7 K temperature anomaly event in CA increases up to seven times in some areas due to global warming. The analysis reveals a significant increase in heatwave occurrences in Central Asia, with the observational climate dataset GSWP3-W5E5 (later called also factual) showing more frequent and prolonged extreme heat events than hypothetical scenarios without global warming. This trend, evident in the disparity between factual and counterfactual data, underscores the critical impact of recent climatic changes on weather patterns, highlighting the urgent need for robust adaptation and mitigation strategies. Additionally, using the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI), the sensitivity of dry and wet events to the coupled precipitation and temperature changes is analyzed. As a result, the areas under dry and wet conditions are enhanced under the observational climate compared to a counterfactual scenario, especially over the largest deserts in CA. The expansion of the dry regions aligns well with the pattern of desert development observed in CA in recent decades.
Patient Outcomes and Satisfaction With Care Following Palliative Care Consultation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Palliative care incorporating pain management, transitional care planning, and coordination of care as patients move between sites or levels of care can improve patient outcomes and patient satisfaction. This descriptive study explored patient outcomes and satisfaction with palliative care consultations provided by nurse practitioners to patients 60 years or older seen in acute care, skilled nursing facilities, assisted-living facilities, or their own homes. A modified FAMCARE Scale survey measured satisfaction, and a chart audit of 100 initial consults identified documented site of care, diagnosis, pain assessment, recommendations for pain management, advanced care planning, and transitional care planning. Sixty-five percent of the patients reported pain, with most having a diagnosis of cancer, but 57% of these patients had negative intervening events that interfered with pain management. Transitional care was provided for 75% of the patients. Outcomes of the survey included a high rate of satisfaction with care and comfort achievement. This quality improvement study provides an example of palliative care provided by nurse practitioners for a fragile population of older adults as they move between sites or levels of care. Further research should be done studying similar populations upstream and over extended periods.
Habitat suitability of the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, (Mart.) Solms, in some ecosystems of Anzali wetland watershed using generalize linear model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a free-floating aquatic plant and is known as one of the 100 most harmful invasive species. In the present research, 10 sampling sites were selected from various parts of the Anzali wetland watershed to study the habitat suitability of an invasive water hyacinth plant. 120 biotic data (60 presence samples and 60 absence samples) were monthly sampled with environmental variables (12 physical-chemical and structural variables) at each sampling site during one year. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that except for the water and air temperature (p > 0.05 for both variables), there were significant differences among other variables (acidity, nitrate, orthophosphate, electrical conductivity, salinity, water depth, water flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, water turbidity, and bicarbonate) and presence and absence of water hyacinth (p < 0.01 for all variables). The results of the generalized linear model (GLM) also showed that except for the water and air temperatures (p > 0.05 for both variables), there was a significant difference between the occurrence probability pattern of presence/absence of plant in the sampling sites with the total of 10 variables (p < 0.01 for all variables).
Methods of Evaluation of Anorectal Causes of Obstructed Defecation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obstructed defecation is a complex disorder that results in impaired propagation of stool from the rectum. It is one of the major subtypes of functional constipation and can be secondary to either functional or anatomic etiologies. Patients with obstructed defecation typically present with symptoms of abdominal discomfort, a sensation of incomplete evacuation and rectal obstruction, passage of hard stools, the need for rectal or vaginal digitation, excessive straining, and reduced stool frequency. Evaluation of obstructed defecation is multimodal, starting with a thorough history and physical examination with focus on the abdominal, perineal, and rectal examination. Additional modalities to elicit the diagnosis of obstructed defecation include proctoscopy, colonic transit time studies, anorectal manometry, a rectal balloon expulsion test, defecography, electromyography, and ultrasound. The results from these studies should be taken in the context of each patient's clinical situation, as there is no single criterion standard for the diagnosis of obstructed defecation. Surgery is typically a last resort for these patients and the majority of patients will have good symptomatic management with diet and lifestyle changes. Patients who are found to have functional mechanisms behind their obstructed defecation also benefit from pelvic floor exercises and biofeedback therapy.
A study on catalytic and non-catalytic sites of H5N1 and H1N1 neuraminidase as the target for chalcone inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The H1N1 pandemic in 2009 and the H5N1 outbreak in 2005 have shocked the world as millions of people were infected and hundreds of thousands died due to the infections by the influenza virus. Oseltamivir, the most common drug to block the viral life cycle by inhibiting neuraminidase (NA) enzyme, has been less effective in some resistant cases due to the virus mutation. Presently, the binding of 10 chalcone derivatives towards H5N1 and H1N1 NAs in the non-catalytic and catalytic sites was studied using molecular docking. The in silico study was also conducted for its drug-like likeness such as Lipinski Rule, mutagenicity, toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles. The result demonstrates that two chalcones (1c and 2b) have the potential for future NA inhibitor development. Compound 1c inhibits H5N1 NA and H1N1 NA with IC50 of 27.63 µM and 28.11 µM, respectively, whereas compound 2b inhibits NAs with IC50 of 87.54 µM and 73.17 µM for H5N1 and H1N1, respectively. The in silico drug-like likeness prediction reveals that 1c is 62% better than 2b (58%) in meeting the criteria. The results suggested that 1c and 2b have potencies to be developed as non-competitive inhibitors of neuraminidase for the future development of anti-influenza drugs.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13765-021-00639-w.
A synthesis of hornwort diversity: Patterns, causes and future work

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hornworts are the least species-rich bryophyte group, with around 200-250 species worldwide. Despite their low species numbers, hornworts represent a key group for understanding the evolution of plant form because the best-sampled current phylogenies place them as sister to the tracheophytes. Despite their low taxonomic diversity, the group has not been monographed worldwide. There are few well-documented hornwort floras for temperate or tropical areas. Moreover, no species level phylogenies or population studies are available for hornworts. Here we aim at filling some important gaps in hornwort biology and biodiversity. We provide estimates of hornwort species richness worldwide, identifying centers of diversity. We also present two examples of the impact of recent work in elucidating the composition and circumscription of the genera Megaceros and Nothoceros. Important areas for further research are highlighted, particularly at taxonomic, ultrastructural, phylogenetic and genomic levels.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Capacity-Building Initiatives: Seven Issues for the Field

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Two recent trends in philanthropy—increased focus on measurable outcomes and greater investment in capacity building or organizational effectiveness—lead to an important question: How should we go about measuring the effectiveness of capacity-building efforts? Consulting and evaluation perspectives offer two very different, sometimes conflicting approaches to it. Without sound and positive evaluation results, the foundations that have been behind the capacity-building trend are unlikely to continue to make these kinds of much needed resources available to nonprofits generally, whether they in truth work or not. Seven unresolved issues, that neither consultants nor evaluators can so far answer, put continued funding for capacity building at risk. The article lays out the seven issues and discusses their implications for the design, management, and evaluation of capacity-building initiatives. The article closes with next steps for moving forward.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Transformations of Ethyl (Z)‐2‐(2,2‐Bis( ethoxycarbonyl)vinyl)amino‐3‐dimethylaminopropenoate, a New Reagent in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The McDonaldization of Nigerian Universities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the extent to which the deregulation of Nigerian higher education (HE) has facilitated the McDonaldization of the universities. University education in Nigeria commenced in 1948 with the establishment of the University College, Ibadan. After independence in 1960, subsequent governments expanded the number of universities, a policy based on a lack of quality manpower in leadership positions created by the exit of British officials and the need to grant access to an increasing number of prospective students. In the 1970s, the number of universities increased accompanied by a decline in infrastructure, funding, and working conditions. This resulted in several strikes and an exodus of academics to other countries. Instead of tackling the problems, the federal government shifted responsibilities by approving private ownership of universities in 1999 and by establishing the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) in 2001. Against this backdrop, this article critically analyzes how some of these reforms facilitated the McDonaldization of Nigerian universities. The article reveals how this has resulted in an overloading of responsibilities on the faculty, erosion of academic autonomy, a prioritization of quantity over quality of publications, and an assumption of “customer” status by students. The article uses evidence from McDonaldized HE in Western countries to discuss the implications of these developments and suggests some remedial measures.
Hypervalent iodine reagents for heterocycle synthesis and functionalization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Jiyun Sun,1 Daisy Zhang-Negrerie,2 Yunfei Du,1 Kang Zhao,1 1Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 2Concordia International School Shanghai, Shanghai, People&amp;rsquo;s Republic of China Abstract: Hypervalent iodine reagents have been vastly applied in many significant oxidative reactions. This surging interest in iodine reagents is mainly due to the very useful oxidizing properties, combined with their benign environmental character and commercial availability. In this review, we focus on the representative transformations that used the common hypervalent iodine reagents as oxidants in heterocycle synthesis and functionalizations, based on the type of the hypervalent iodine reagents. Keywords: hypervalent iodine reagent, heterocycle synthesis, heterocycle functionalization, oxidative reaction
Discussion of 'Financial innovation and European housing and mortgage markets', by David Miles and Vladimir Pillonca

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Although their paper stresses the potential merits of a particular financial innovation—a form of shared-ownership indexed contract—Miles and Pillonca surprisingly neglect the role of differential surges of financial innovation in explaining cross-country differences in house-price inflation. The risk-reducing potential of their favoured instrument deserves further analysis, not least because of the sizeable political risk involved: the experience of several other countries that have used indexed mortgage contracts shows their limited robustness to macroeconomic shocks.
Complexation of Salicylanilide with Some Metal Ions of Biological Interest

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Department of Chemistry, V. S. S. D. College, Kanpur-208 002 Manuscript received 21 July 1980, revised 27 July 1981, accepted 1 May 1982 In order to examine complexation a s a possible mode of action of some fungicides, the complexation of salicylanilide with a few metal ions of biological interest, such as, Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), ), La(III) and Th(IV), has been studied potentiometrically using Calvin-Bjerrum titration technique as employed by Irving and Rossotti. Protonation constant of the ligand and stability constants of the respective metal complexes have been determined at constant tempera­ture (25º) and ionic strength (0.1 M, KNO3) in 70% (v/v) dioxan-water medium. Complexes of salicylanilide with Fe(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) have also been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and it spectral data. A possible mechanism of action of this fungicide has been discussed.
PACIOLI 8; Innovations in the FADN

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Improving the competitiveness of Swiss agriculture is a priority objective of agricultural policy. International comparisons play an important role in analysing competitiveness. However, such comparisons are only possible and meaningful with a suitable data base. In conjunction with all the EU Member States the EU Commission operates a Farm Accountancy Data Network (EU FADN), based on standard methodology. The conversion of Swiss data in accordance with EU FADN methodology carried out by the FAT has now made comparable results available. This paper explains the methodology and presents an initial analysis. First results show that on Swiss farms the income per family labour unit is significantly higher than that of neighbouring countries and the EU average. This makes no allowance for the fact that in Switzerland the purchasing power of an ECU is approximately 20-30% less than in the countries compared. In order to rule out the effects of different farm structures, dairy farms (EU typology TF41) with an area of between 30 and 50 ha are investigated in greater detail. Total costs in the compared French, German and Austrian dairy farms account for only 40 to 60% of the costs on Swiss valley and hill farms. 2.1 What is EU FADN? The Farm Accountancy Data Network of the European Union (EU FADN) was set up in 1965. Its aim is to gather accountancy data from agricultural holdings in order to determine their incomes and to analyse their business conditions. The annual sample currently encompasses approximately 60,000 farms, covering over 90% of the total utilised agricultural area (UAA) and over 90% of the total agricultural production in the EU. Most EU countries also operate national accountancy networks from which FADN data can be extracted for the EU commission. EU FADN is the only data source with EUwide comparable economic data on agricultural holdings (cf. also bibliographical references relative to EU FADN purpose and organisation). 1 Swiss Federal Research Station for Agricultural Economics and Engineering (FAT), CH-8356 Tanikon, Switzerland; Email: Beat.Meier@fat.admin.ch; FAX: ++41 52 365 11 90; Phone: ++41 52 368 31 31.
Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and urban environmental monitoring based on remote sensing images

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In order to improve people's quality of life, it is necessary to establish a complete environmental monitoring system outdoors. In the organizational structure of the environmental monitoring system, monitoring nodes are placed according to actual monitoring requirements to meet the needs of environmental monitoring and data information collection in the area. It mainly analyzes ZigBee technology and 4G technology in detail. In order to overcome the short-distance transmission shortcomings of ZigBee technology, the system combines short-distance ZigBee technology and long-distance 4G technology to achieve short-distance data collection and long-distance transmission. This paper selects the tin mining area as a representative research field, and processes the images through professional remote sensing image processing software to extract land and plant pollution caused by tailings and mining areas. Then, enter the sample point to be tested to select typical main vegetation mining areas, complete the reflectance spectrum detection on the spot, and then conduct a comprehensive analysis of the spectral characteristics of some test data, and then check the plant reflectance and pollution status based on image processing Through studying the polluted materials extracted by spectroscopy, the tailings ecological restoration plan was finally developed.
Active forest: towards inclusive exercising -- redesigning public fitness corners in Singapore

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the face of an aging population, Singapore promotes exercising in elderly by increasing the number of outdoor fitness corners available around neighbourhoods. However, quantity does not necessarily equate to quality. On examining the needs and perceptions of older adults aged 65 and above in engaging outdoor fitness equipment using user research methodology, this project proposes three key elements to improve-- Exercise, Experience and Environment. The reconfigured space will include a selection of ideal fitness equipment, an exercise sequence, corners to promote social interaction and various tools of communication to address linguistic problems, teaching users how equipment are used and how much exercise is sufficient. Taking into consideration the climatic conditions of Singapore, the space hopes to be an ideal space for rest and leisure, promoting exercise through bonding.
Optical-absorption edge of CsI up to 58 GPa

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The optical transmittancy of cesium iodide single crystals has been studied up to 58 GPa, using xenon as a pressure-transmitting medium. The shape and position of the absorption edge under pressure has been measured under controlled stress-homogeneity conditions. It is found to differ significantly from previous results obtained on highly strained powder samples. The data are analyzed in terms of band-toband transitions and show that band closing in cesium iodide is not to be expected below 90 GPa.