jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Characterization, and Catalytic Ability in Alkane Oxygenation\nof Chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) Complexes with\nTris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and Its Derivatives<sup>1,2</sup>

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

New ruthenium(II) complexes having a tetradentate ligand such as tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA), tris[2-(5-methoxycarbonyl)pyridylmethyl]amine [5-(MeOCO)<sub>3</sub>-TPA], tris(2-quinolylmethyl)amine (TQA), or bis(2-pyridylmethyl)glycinate (BPG) have been prepared. The reaction of the ligand with [RuCl<sub>2</sub>(Me<sub>2</sub>SO)<sub>4</sub>] resulted in a mixture of trans\nand cis isomers of the chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-κ<i>S</i>)ruthenium(II) complexes containing a TPA or a BPG, whereas\na trans(Cl,N<sub>amino</sub>) isomer was selectively obtained for 5-(MeOCO)<sub>3</sub>-TPA and TQA. The trans and cis isomers of the\n[RuCl(TPA)(Me<sub>2</sub><i>S</i>O)]<sup>+</sup> complex were easily separated by fractional recrystallization. The molecular structures of\n<i>trans</i>- and <i>cis</i>(Cl,N<sub>amino</sub>)-[RuCl(TPA)(Me<sub>2</sub><i>S</i>O)]<sup>+</sup> complexes and the <i>trans</i>(Cl,N<sub>amino</sub>)-[RuCl{5-(MeOCO)<sub>3</sub>-TPA}(Me<sub>2</sub><i>S</i>O)]<sup>+</sup>\ncomplex have been determined by X-ray structural analyses. The reaction of TPA with [RuCl<sub>2</sub>(PhCN)<sub>4</sub>] gave a\nsingle isomer of the chloro(benzonitrile)ruthenium(II) complex, whereas the bis(benzonitrile)ruthenium(II) complex\nwas obtained with BPG. The <i>cis</i>(Cl,N<sub>amino</sub>)-[RuCl(TPA)(Me<sub>2</sub><i>S</i>O)]<sup>+</sup> complex is thermodynamically much less stable\nthan the trans isomer and isomerizes in dimethyl sulfoxide at 65−100 °C. Oxygenation of alkanes catalyzed by\nthese ruthenium(II) complexes has been examined. The chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-κ<i>S</i>)ruthenium(II) complexes with\nTPA and its derivatives using <i>m</i>-chloroperbenzoic acid as a cooxidant showed high catalytic ability. Adamantane\nwas efficiently and selectively oxidized to give 1-adamantanol up to 88%. The chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-κ<i>S</i>)ruthenium(II) complex with 5-(MeOCO)<sub>3</sub>-TPA was found to be the most active catalyst among the complexes\nexamined.
High-Performance Photoresistors Based on Perovskite Thin Film with a High PbI2 Doping Level

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We prepared high-performance photoresistors based on CH3NH3PbI3 films with a high PbI2 doping level. The role of PbI2 in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin film was systematically investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and photoconductive atomic force microscope. Laterally-structured photodetectors have been fabricated based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films deposited using precursor solution with various CH3NH3I:PbI2 ratios. Remarkably, the introduction of a suitable amount of PbI2 can significantly improve the performance and stability of perovskite-based photoresistors, optoelectronic devices with ultrahigh photo-sensitivity, high current on/off ratio, fast photo response speed, and retarded decay. Specifically, a highest responsivity of 7.8 A/W and a specific detectivity of 2.1 × 1013 Jones with a rise time of 0.86 ms and a decay time of 1.5 ms have been achieved. In addition, the local dependence of photocurrent generation in perovskite thin films was revealed by photoconductive atomic force microscopy, which provides direct evidence that the presence of PbI2 can effectively passivate the grain boundaries of CH3NH3PbI3 and assist the photocurrent transport more effectively.
Development and characterization of noodles from pregelatinized white kidney bean starch prepared by drum drying technology with guar gum integration

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Noodles are a staple food in many Asian countries, but traditional wheat-based noodles have a high estimated glycemic index (eGI) and contain gluten, raising health concerns. White kidney bean (WKB) known for its high carbohydrate content, contains resistant starch (RS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS), which are linked to lower eGI. This study aimed to develop low-eGI noodles using 100 g of WKB flour, starch, and pregelatinized starch at various temperatures (120°C, 130°C, and 140°C). Pregelatinization reduces the eGI by increasing starch resistance to digestion. Thai egg noodles received the highest scores for appearance, color, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The WKB flour noodles had higher protein content and were stronger but lacked chewiness and were more prone to breakage due to lack of gluten. In contrast, noodles made from pregelatinized starches demonstrated improved moisture retention and were stronger than those produced from white bean starch. Noodles produced from WKB flour had the lowest eGI (47.60), while those made from pregelatinized starch at 120°C achieved the highest sensory acceptability, superior elasticity, and texture. These low-eGI noodles made from WKB flour and starch offer health benefits such as regulating blood sugar levels, reducing insulin response, and lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Dispersal Versus Gene Flow in Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The notions that gene flow in plants is restricted and that neighborhood size and area are small are based upon data on pollination, and pollen and seed dispersal.However, neighborhood size and area estimates from these data incorporate several assumptions: (1) Pollinator flight distance is representative of pollen dispersal distance; (2) All pollen picked up by pollinators from one plant is deposited on the next one visited; (3) PoUinator flights between plants are random in direction; (4) Pollen-pistil compatibility is independent of the proximity of egg and pollen parents; (5) Seed viability is independent of the proximity of egg and pollen parents; (6) Seed production is independent of the proximity of seeds to the source; (7) The fitness of plants is independent of the distance between egg and pollen parent.These assumptions have been found to be unwarranted in many instances leading to the following conclusions: (1) Pollen carry-over may be considerable; (2) Pollinator flight sequences have a directional component; (3) Pollen-pistil compatibility may be lower among near-neighbors than among moderately spaced plants; (4) Seed abortion may be higher following self and near-neighbor crosses than following wide crosses; (5) Seed-set may be lower following crosses of neighboring plants than widely spaced plants; (6) Seed and seedling mortality may increase as the seed source is approached; (7) Fitness of offspring from distant crosses may be superior to that from self or nearneighbor crosses; (8) Gene flow over some distance may be higher in natural populations than in crops.There is abundant reason to believe that dispersal data underestimate gene flow.As a consequence, we may conclude that neighborhood sizes and areas are larger, there is less potential for random differentiation, there is less isolation by distance, there is less potential for geographical differentiation, and that stronger selection is needed to foster and maintain local differences than judged from dispersal data alone.Nevertheless, even if gene flow distances were twice as large as we now think, the spatial scale of gene dispersal: (1) is still small enough to allow substantial differentiation over short distances with moderate selective differentials, and (2) is too small to be a major cohesive force within a species.In 1969, Ehrlich & Raven challenged the prevailing view that plant species were Mendelian populations integrated by gene flow.They argued that gene flow probably is much too restricted to homogenize anything but local gene pools.They pointed to selection as the primary cohesive and disruptive force in evolution.Selection would determine the influence of gene flow, often counterbalancing it in the course and maintenance of microgeographic differentiation.
How Do Self‐Assessment of Alexithymia and Sensitivity to Bodily Sensations Relate to Alcohol Consumption?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background Alexithymia describes an abnormality of emotional experience that is commonly expressed among individuals with addiction and alcohol abuse disorders. Alexithymic individuals are characterized by difficulties in identifying and describing their emotions. This impairment is linked to the development and maintenance of addiction. Moreover, an emergent theory suggests alexithymia is itself secondary to a failure of interoception (sensitivity to internal bodily signals, including physiological arousal states). Methods This study tested for hypothesized contributory roles of alexithymia and dysfunctional interoception in the expression of social drinking. Alexithymia, subjective sensitivity to bodily sensations, and alcohol consumption scores were quantified using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Body Perception Questionnaire, and the Alcohol Use Questionnaire, respectively, in a normative sample ( N = 600). Regression and bootstrapping mediation analyses were used to test the hypothesis that alexithymia mediated the association between sensitivity to bodily sensations and alcohol consumption. Results Alexithymia was positively correlated with sensitivity to bodily sensations and with alcohol consumption. Mediation analysis revealed that alexithymia, and more precisely, difficulty in identifying feelings, mediated the relationship between sensitivity to bodily sensations and alcohol consumption, such that the predictive effect of sensitivity to bodily sensations on alcohol intake became nonsignificant when controlling for alexithymia. Conclusions These results indicate that alexithymia is associated with subjective hypersensitivity to bodily sensations. Moreover, our findings support the theoretical proposal that alexithymia is an expression of impaired processing of bodily sensations including physiological arousal, which underpin the development of maladaptive coping strategies, including alcohol use disorders. Our observations extend a growing literature emphasizing the importance of interoception and alexithymia in addiction, which can inform the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Iron Overload Mimicking Conditions Skews Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells Differentiation into MHCIIlowCD11c+CD11b+F4/80+ Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Iron overload is an undesired effect of frequent blood transfusions or genetic diseases. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients become transfusion dependent, but due to the combination of ineffective haematopoiesis and repeated blood transfusions they are often subject to iron overload. In this study, we demonstrate that iron-overload mimicking condition alters bone marrow progenitor differentiation towards dendritic cells (DCs). Cells cultured in iron-enriched culture medium for seven days fail to differentiate into conventional CD11c+MHCIIhi DCs and fail to efficiently respond to LPS (Lipopolysaccharides). Cells appear smaller than control DCs but vital and able to perform FITC-dextran (Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran) endocytosis. At molecular level, cells cultured in iron-enriched conditions show increased ARG1 and PU.1, and decreased IRF8 expression.
Modulation of F-actin dynamics by maternal Mid1ip1L controls germ plasm aggregation and furrow recruitment in the zebrafish embryo

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT During the early embryonic cell cycles, zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) gradually multimerize and become recruited to the forming furrows. RNPs multimerization occurs prior to and during furrow initiation, as forming aggregates move outward through their association with the tips of growing interphase astral microtubules. Germ plasm RNPs are also associated with short cortical F-actin. We show that, in embryos mutant for the cytoskeletal regulator mid1ip1l, germ plasm RNPs fail to become recruited to the furrow, accumulating instead at the periphery of the blastodisc. RNP aggregates are associated with zones of mid1ip1l-dependent cyclical local cortical F-actin network enrichments, as well as contractions at both the cortex and the contractile ring. F-actin inhibition in wild-type embryos mimics the RNP peripheral accumulation defect of mid1ip1l mutants. Our studies suggest that a common mechanism underlies distinct steps of germ plasm RNP segregation. At the cortex, this process attenuates microtubule-dependent outward RNP movement to retain RNPs in the blastodisc cortex and allow their recruitment to the furrows. F-actin network contraction likely also facilitates higher-order germ plasm RNP multimerization.
How Many Classes Are There?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To examine the elements of social mobility, especially the intergenerational change in social position, requires the establishment of an appropriate schema that captures social class position across generations. This chapter summarizes the major debates surrounding the definition of social class, with a specific focus on class in the Indian context. So far there is little consistent effort to map the possible classes in Indian society. This chapter discusses the conceptualisation of class and its operationalisation in terms of a class schema. The focus is on a possible ‘objective’ measure of class in the Indian context.
Structural Characterisation of Grown InSe:Mn Semiconductors and Effect of Doped Manganese

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Scientific studies on binary semiconductors have been going on for half a century. The growth and research of semiconductors have contributed greatly to the advancement of semiconductor technology. Indium and selenium were synthesized from elements in stoichiometric ratios and doped with manganese. InSe and InSe:Mn single crystals were successfully grown by the Bridgman/Stockbarger crystal growth method. Since the surfaces of the grown samples do not contain contamination, chemical contamination was not caused by chemical treatment. Since the grown semiconductors have a layered structure, the samples were easily prepared for characteristic analyses along the 001 planes. The structure of the InSe and InSe:Mn semiconductors was analysed using x-ray diffractometers and energy dispersive X-ray techniques. An important study has been carried out on the structural properties of the grown InSe and InSe:Mn semiconductors. The hexagonal structure of the InSe semiconductor with lattice parameters a = b = 4.025 Å and c = 16.732 Å was confirmed with the help of X-ray diffraction. III-VI semiconductors are used in visible and infrared light-emitting diodes, infrared detectors, converters, amplifiers, optical parameter oscillators, and far infrared generator.
LHD CHD_UR_01 #175876.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 2-O port camera, where ROI is (1184,72) - (1236,148) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Can Cladosporium fulvum become a type-species for plant pathogenic Dothideomycetes?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cladosporium fulvum is a biotrophic pathogen that causes leafmould of tomato. So far, ten effector proteins have beenidentified from this fungus including avirulence (Avrs: Avr2,Avr4, Avr4E and Avr9) and extracellular proteins (Ecps: Ecp1,Ecp2, Ecp4, Ecp5, Ecp6 and Ecp7). Also many cognate Cf (forC. fulvum) resistance proteins have been identified that mediaterecognition of Avrs and Ecps and subsequent defensesignaling. Although demonstrated for only a few, all Avrs andEcps are assumed to be virulence factors. Avr2 is an inhibitorof apoplastic plant cysteine proteases and Avr4 is achitin-binding protein that protects chitin present in the cellwalls of the fungus against the deleterious effects of plantchitinases during infection. Ecp6 containscarbohydrate/chitin-binding LysM domains that are supposedto bind chitin fragments released from fungal cell walls duringinfection and prevent them to cause chitin receptor-mediatedinduction of basal defense responses. Recently we have sequenced the genome of race 0-Wag of C. fulvum that enabled us to perform comparative genome analyses with other sequenced members of the plant pathogenic Dothideomycetes. Surprisingly, so far the genome of C. fulvum is most homologous to Mycosphaerella fijiensis the causal agent of Black Sigatoka, a devastating fungal disease of the monocot banana. We have now identified for the first time, homologues of the C. fulvum Avr4, Ecp2 and Ecp6 effectors in Dothideomycetes, including M. fijiensis, M. graminicola, Cercospora nicotianae and C. beticola. Recently, we have tested whether these proteins are functional homologues of the three C. fulvum effectors. We will report on the most recent results that have been obtained from these studies.
Response of Dry and Floating Saline Ice to Cyclic Compression

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Laboratory experiments on saline ice are often performed on cold, isothermal and dry specimens out of convenience versus working with warm specimens or specimens floating in water. The laboratory conditions, thus, usually involve non‐natural conditions. This study compares cyclic loading experiments covering the main range of ocean wave periods performed on both dry, isothermal and warm, floating ice specimens. Results indicate that −2.5°C isothermal dry specimens have higher moduli than floating specimens with an average temperature of −2.5°C with a naturally occurring temperature gradient. Moreover, the dislocation density estimated using a physics‐based model and the strain energy density dissipated in 10 −3 –10 −2 Hz loading‐unloading cycles are much lower for the −2.5°C dry specimens than for the −2.5°C floating specimens. Although the precise reason for the dislocation density difference requires further study, the results nonetheless contribute to the understanding and implementation of ice rheology and related geophysical modeling.
Characterizing multiple-unit activity in the anterior cingulate cortex during choice behavior as a stochastic nonlinear process

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Successful decision-making requires an ability to monitor contexts, actions and outcomes, functions in which the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a critical role. There is accumulating evidence that the transient organization of neurons into dynamic ensembles and the sequential transitions among them may form the basis for cortical information processing [1-3]. Recently, we analyzed the population activity obtained from multiple single-unit recordings from the rat ACC during performance of an ecologically valid decision making task [2]. We showed that ensembles of neurons move through different coherent and dissociable states as the cognitive requirements of the task change. This organization into distinct network patterns with respect to firing rate changes broke down on trials with numerous behavioral errors, especially at choice points of the task. So far, in this and other studies, state spaces were examined that were direct representations of the multiple-unit activity (MUA) with dimensions directly corresponding to the instantaneous firing rates of all simultaneously recorded units. These spaces were then visualized using dimensionality reduction techniques like metric multi dimensional scaling and analyzed using multivariate statistics like linear discriminant functions [2,3]. However, there is also evidence that, for instance temporary synchrony among neurons down to the millisecond level and locked to specific behavioral events [4], plays an important role in neural information processing. These highly non-stationary properties of the MUA time series are not or only implicitly contained in previous state space approaches, a problem which some groups started to address [5]. Therefore, the temporal dynamics of ACC neurons and their functioning as an integrated network are still poorly understood. A more indepth understanding might be achieved by new algorithms that fuse statistical learning with nonlinear time series analysis methods. Here, we propose a new modelfree multivariate nonlinear stochastic time series algorithm for the analysis of those simultaneous multiple single-unit recordings. It produces a low-dimensional state space that is optimal with regards to several dynamical properties of the multiple recorded units. Our results show that not only successful choice behavior, as it was demonstrated in [2], but also the incorrect choice behavior in challenging situations can be visually and effectively characterized as attracting sets in a suitable coordinate map, but with important differences to the state space characterization of MU activity during correct choice behavior. These methods also suggest ways to accurately predict behavior based on the state space trajectories obtained from the neural ensemble dynamics.
Dataset related to article "Important functional role of the protein Osteopontin in the progression of malignant pleural mesothelioma"

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This record contains raw data related to article “Important functional role of the protein Osteopontin in the progression of malignant pleural mesothelioma" Background: Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer of the mesothelial lining associated with exposure to airborne non-degradable asbestos fibers. Its poor response to currently available treatments prompted us to explore the biological mechanisms involved in its progression. MPM is characterized by chronic non-resolving inflammation. in this study we investigated which inflammatory mediators are mostly expressed in biological tumour samples from MPM patients.
Methods: Expression and quantification of Osteopontin (OPN) was detected in tumour and plasma samples of MPM patients by mRNA, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The functional role of OPN was investigated in mouse MPM cell lines in vivo using an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model.
Results: In patients with MPM, the protein OPN was significantly more expressed in tumours than in normal pleural tissues and predominantly produced by mesothelioma cells; plasma levels were elevated in patients and associated with poor prognosis. However, modulation of OPN levels was not significantly different in a series of 18 MPM patients receiving immunotherapy with durvalumab alone or with pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy, some of whom achieved a partial clinical response. Two established murine mesothelioma cell lines: AB1 and AB22 of sarcomatoid and epithelioid histology, respectively, spontaneously produced high levels of OPN. Silencing of the OPN gene (Spp1) dramatically inhibited tumour growth in vivo in an orthotopic model, indicating that OPN has an important promoting role in the proliferation of MPM cells. Treatment of mice with anti-CD44 mAb, blocking a major OPN receptor, significantly reduced tumour growth in vivo.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that OPN is an endogenous growth factor for mesothelial cells and inhibition of its signaling may be helpful to restrain tumour progression in vivo. These findings have translational potential to improve the therapeutic response of human MPM