jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Measuring meritocracy: a study of Indonesian English teachers’ views on the role of effort in their own and their students’ success

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Meritocracy argues that people's success in life should be based on their own effort, not their family background. Education plays a vital role here, providing opportunities for people of all ages to develop and demonstrate their merit. Although meritocracy is generally seen as positive, this article cautions that achieving a more meritocratic society can be problematic, that merit can be difficult to define, and that merit may be unfairly used to rationalize inequality. A survey study was presented involving 260 school teachers of English in various parts of Indonesia who were asked their views and experiences on meritocracy. Results suggest that many supported meritocracy and believed that it functioned fairly well in Indonesia for themselves, their own students, and students in Indonesia generally. The study makes an empirical contribution to a small but growing body of research on the role of meritocracy in education, especially in the Global South.
Influence of increased nutrient availability on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and leaf anatomy of subarctic dwarf shrubs under climate warming and increased cloudiness

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background and Aims Climate change is subjecting subarctic ecosystems to elevated temperature, increased nutrient availability and reduced light availability (due to increasing cloud cover). This may affect subarctic vegetation by altering the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and leaf anatomy. We investigated the effects of increased nutrient availability on BVOC emissions and leaf anatomy of three subarctic dwarf shrub species, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Cassiope tetragona and Betula nana, and if increased nutrient availability modifies the responses to warming and shading. Methods Measurements of BVOCs were performed in situ in long-term field experiments in the Subarctic using a dynamic enclosure system and collection of BVOCs into adsorbent cartridges analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Leaf anatomy was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Key Results Increased nutrient availability increased monoterpene emission rates and altered the emission profile of B. nana, and increased sesquiterpene and oxygenated monoterpene emissions of C. tetragona. Increased nutrient availability increased leaf tissue thicknesses of B. nana and C. tetragona, while it caused thinner epidermis and the highest fraction of functional (intact) glandular trichomes for E. hermaphroditum. Increased nutrient availability and warming synergistically increased mesophyll intercellular space of B. nana and glandular trichome density of C. tetragona, while treatments combining increased nutrient availability and shading had an opposite effect in C. tetragona. Conclusions Increased nutrient availability may enhance the protection capacity against biotic and abiotic stresses (especially heat and drought) in subarctic shrubs under future warming conditions as opposed to increased cloudiness, which could lead to decreased resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of changes in nutrient availability in the Subarctic, which can interact with climate warming and increased cloudiness effects.
STRUCTURE OF CORIANIN

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The absolute structures of coriamyrtin C 15Hl805 and tutin Cl5Hl806, the main toxic principles of Coriaria japonica A. Gray, were previously determined as I (1) and II (2). Another constituent, whose melting point is 183.5O (3) or 184O (4) had been isolated in 1884 and 1931. Later, this compound was analyzed as C15H1806, and hence was named pseudotutin (5). Pseudotutin has now been found to be constituted by two equimolar constituents, tutin and its isomer, which has been named corianin.
Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (formerly HTLV-III/LAV) is transmitted by sexual contact, by blood and blood products, and perinatally. There is no evidence for casual transmission. The risk to health care workers is low but appropriate infection control precautions should be taken. Specimens should be transported to the laboratory in plastic bags labeled with an easily recognized biohazard warning. Placing patients in private rooms is unnecessary unless a patient has an additional illness that requires such an arrangement. Disinfection, sterilization, housekeeping, and waste management must be done according to recommended guidelines. Asymptomatic hospital personnel with HIV antibody can safely engage in direct patient care. Routine HIV serologic screening of personnel or patients is not recommended. Counseling and HIV antibody testing should be offered to pregnant high-risk women. Laboratories that process specimens potentially containing HIV virus should adhere to maximum containment procedures. An intensive and continuing educational program on the epidemiology of HIV infection and appropriate infection control practice is recommended.
The epigenetic modification during the induction of Foxp3 with sodium butyrate

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In this study, we were able to transform CD4 + T cells into CD4 + Foxp3 + T cell by using stimulus like antibodies (anti-CD28, anti-CD3) and cytokines (IL-2, TGF-β1). Sodium butyrate contributes to CD4 + Foxp3 + T cell induction in vitro and at an optimum concentration of 5 mM. Sodium butyrate promotes expression of Ezh2 and Fxop3 of T cells in vitro; in addition, to lowering relative expression of phosphorylated Ezh2 probably be influencing some pathways like PI3K-Akt. Epigenetic modification is also thought to take essential part into the upregulation of Foxp3 from naïve CD4 + Tcells.
Physical and functional interactions between TMC1 and LHFPL4/5 in cochlear hair cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The channel that governs mechanotransduction (MT) by hair cells in the inner ear has been investigated intensively for 4 decades, but its precise molecular composition remains enigmatic. Transmembrane channel–like protein 1 (TMC1) was recently identified as a component of the MT channel, and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner–like 5 (LHFPL5) is considered to be a part of the MT complex and may functionally couple the tip link to the MT channel. LHFPL4, a tetranspan membrane protein sharing extremely high similarity with LHFPL5, is reported to be expressed in hair cells but its function is still unknown. As components of the MT complex, TMC1 and LHFPL5 are expected to interact with each other and both locate at the lower end of the tip link in hair cells. In addition, an early study sug...[ Read more ]
The Libertarian Spectrum (Part II) Event-Causal Views, Centered and Non-centered

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The author’s view is usually depicted in the current literature as an event-causal libertarian view. But for reasons explained in Chapter 5, it was never strictly an event-causal view, but rather an agent-causal/event-causal or AC/EC view of the kind described there. And for reasons spelled out in Chapter 6, the view was also not strictly speaking a “centered” view. Undetermined self-forming free actions need not occur only in terminating deliberations, but in many other places in the practical lives of agents. This chapter discusses a variety of influential event-causal libertarian views in the current literature by different authors, comparing them to and contrasting them from the AC/EC view of this book. It explains which aspects of these event-causal views can be retained in this AC/EC view and which cannot. Doing so, the chapter argues, throws additional light on this view and free will issues generally.
Incident hepatitis among repeat blood donors: A sentinel event signaling possible health care–associated infection and need for reporting to public health authorities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's website. Supporting Information Table S1. Healthcare-associated hepatitis transmissions detected via investigation of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroconversion in a repeat blood donor, 2008-2013. Supporting Information Figure S1. Flow chart for reporting documented hepatitis B or C seroconversions from blood collection centers to public health based on an approach used by American Red Cross Biomedical Services Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A microwave radome performance verification gauge

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A microwave radome gauge (MWRG) design for verification of the microwave properties of a radome is presented. A mathematical model of the gauge is developed, and expected results are calculated and compared to measured results. These results indicate that the MWRG is relatively insensitive to its flange (choke) dimensions and the radiation resistance of the slot antenna formed by the flange and conducting foil that enclose the radome. The resonant frequency of the device shifts approximately=0.1% for a 1% change in the radome's core thickness, or dielectric constant, and approximately=0.01% for a 1% change in sheet thickness. The tool is virtually insensitive to a change in loss tangent of radome sheet material. Use of the MWRG shows that this test procedure is a satisfactory method of verifying an RF window's performance prior to shipment and installation with the antenna assembly. Experience with the measurement of standard panels indicates consistency in manufacturing and of the test method and equipment. The MWRG has also demonstrated its ability to detect defects in the RF window; that is, it accurately located bleeder strips and overlap areas between adjacent sheets.< >
Cross-cutting Messages and Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Same-Sex Marriage Amendment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Does disagreement stimulate political participation, or discourage it? Some researchers find that exposure to cross-cutting views demobilizes voters. Selection bias in the way individuals expose themselves to disagreement and other sources of endogeneity pose challenges to causal inference. I address these concerns by using an experimental design that exogenously assigns cross-cutting or reinforcing messages. A random sample of North Carolina Democrats and Republicans received postcards summarizing either liberal or conservative opinions on a statewide same-sex marriage amendment. I find that individuals exposed to disagreement demobilize by 1.0 to 1.6 percentage points, with the majority of the combined effect attributable to a 2.0-percentage point decrease in turnout among Republicans receiving a Democratic message. I observe a similar level of demobilization when defining disagreement on the basis of predicted issue position on same-sex marriage in place of partisan affiliation. The effects are strongest among moderate supporters of traditional marriage that receive a cross-cutting treatment. The experimental design thus enables causal evidence on the nuanced interactions between political or issue position and exposure to campaign information from the opposing side.
Associations between cerebral microvascular hemodynamics and white matter lesion burden in typically aging older adults

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Hypoperfusion is frequently considered a cause of age-related white matter lesions (WML). However, reductions in oxygen availability to brain tissue may also be caused by impaired oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Here, we tested the hypothesis that venous hyperintense signal (VHS) in arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI is indicative of impaired OEF in typically aging older adults. In participants aged 60&ndash;80 years (n=40), we measured VHS with ASL and maximum OEF (OEF max ) with dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. Lower OEF max was uniquely associated with higher WML volume in participants with VHS, indicating a potentially distinct cerebrovascular aging pattern in these individuals.
Intravenous Delivery of Living Listeria monocytogenes Elicits Gasdmermin-Dependent Tumor Pyroptosis and Motivates Anti-Tumor Immune Response

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lmo) has great potential for development as a cancer vaccine platform given its properties. However, the clinical application of Lmo has been severely restricted due to its rapid clearance, compromised immune response in tumors, and inevitable side effects such as severe systemic inflammation after intravenous administration. Herein, an immunotherapy system was developed on the basis of natural red blood cell (RBC) membranes encapsulated Lmo with selective deletion of virulence factors (Lmo@RBC). The biomimetic Lmo@RBC not only generated a low systemic inflammatory response but also enhanced the accumulation in tumors due to the long blood circulation and tumor hypoxic microenvironment favoring anaerobic Lmo colonization. After genome screening of tumors treated with intravenous PBS, Lmo, or Lmo@RBC, it was first found that Lmo@RBC induced extensive pore-forming protein gasdermin C (GSDMC)-dependent pyroptosis, which reversed immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and promoted a systemic strong and durable anti-tumor immune response, resulting in an excellent therapeutic effect on solid tumors and tumor metastasis. Overall, Lmo@RBC, as an intravenous living bacterial therapy for the selective initiation of tumor pyrolysis, provided a proof-of-concept of live bacteria vaccine potentiating tumor immune therapy.
Knowledge of Islamic banking and bank customer satisfaction in Afghanistan: an exploratory analysis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Islamic banking and finance is one of the fastest growing sectors of the Afghan economy. Through the lens of the theory of reasoned action (TRA), we focus on customers' knowledge of Islamic banking and attitudes of Islamic bank customers towards Islamic banking products as well as the factors that determine Afghans' selection of Islamic banking versus conventional banking products in Kabul. We examine the products used by bank customers and their motivations for using Islamic products as an alternative to available conventional products. Islamic and conventional products were found to be both highly utilised by customers. Islamic product selection is influenced by religious beliefs and a greater perceived efficiency of Islamic banking services. These results are consistent with the TRA explanation of rational choice as applied to banking products operationalised through the obtainment of knowledge related to Islamic banking.
A new interpretation of the WZ factorization using block scaled ABS algorithms

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The WZ factorization suitable for parallel computing, was introduced by Evans. A block generalization of the ABS class of methods for the solution of linear system of equations is given and it is shown that it covers the whole class of conjugate direction methods dened by Stewart. The methods produce a factorization of the coecient matrix implicitly, generating well known matrix factorizations. Here, we show how to set the parameters of a block ABS algorithm to compute the WZ and ZW fac- torizations of a nonsingular matrix as well as the WTW and ZTZ factorizations of a symmetric positives denite matrix. We also show how to appropriate the pa- rameters to construct algorithms for computing the QZ and the QW factorizations, where QTQ is an X-matrix. We also provide a new interpretation of the necessary and sucient condition for the existence of the WZ and the ZW factorizations of a nonsingular matrix.
Trace Minerals and Livestock: Not Too Much Not Too Little

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The new approaches of the animal production systems make managing the mineral nutrition a challenge. Versus the excessive, trace mineral supply in intensively managed livestock, well above the physiological requirements, is the no trace mineral supplementation of organic systems, which become highly dependent on trace minerals in the soil. Nowadays, in addition to the animal health perspective, trace mineral nutrition must be environment friendly and allow getting mineral-enriched animal products. We are in a new scenario, where a balance between animal trace mineral needs and limits is needed. This papers focuses on different aspects that will help us to enter a critical dialogue in relation to animal-human-environment.
Insect injury and plant gas exchange processes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

I characterized the influence of insect injury on plant gas exchange processes in studies from 1992 through 1994 to develop more encompassing explanations of plant response to injury. Studies were conducted to characterize the gas exchange responses of apple and crabapple to simulated and actual leaf-mass consumption by cecropia moth larvae. Photosynthetic rates of injured apple and crabapple leaves were not significantly different from uninjured leaves. Photosynthetic rates of injured crabapple leaves were not significantly different from uninjured leaves 3, 27, or 75 hr after the cessation of injury. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rates were not significantly different among treatments. Therefore, the principal effect of leaf-mass consumption on photosynthetic responses of apple and crabapple was to reduce leaf area, not photosynthetic rates. Studies were conducted to characterize the temporal gas exchange responses of soybean following leaf-mass consumption. Gas exchange parameters of soybean leaflets generally were not significantly affected by gross tissue removal at approximately 0.25, 1, 3, and 24 hr after injury was imposed. The results support previous research which indicates that gross tissue removal does not appreciably alter photosynthetic rates of injured soybean leaves. Studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of photosynthetic rate reductions after injury by Mexican bean beetle. Both adults and larvae reduced photosynthetic rates of the remaining tissue of the injured leaflet on both soybean and dry bean. A significant linear relationship between photosynthetic rate and percentage injury was observed for both adult and larval injury. Injury reduced photosynthetic rates in all varieties used in the experiments. There was no recovery of photosynthetic rates after injury of an individual leaflet. Stomatal conductance rates were not consistently different between injured and uninjured leaflets. Additionally, intercellular CO$\\sb2$ concentrations were similar or higher in injured leaflets. Consequently, reductions in photosynthesis do not seem to be attributable to stomatal limitations. Quantum efficiency was not affected by injury, indicating that light harvesting structures were not perturbed. Results suggest that the limitation must be associated with phosphate utilization.
A model and simulation study of developers’ multicontract incentives for contractors’ green technology innovation decisions considering marketing efforts and innovation capability

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

To promote low-carbon development of the construction industry and popularize green buildings (GBs), considering the influence of marketing efforts and innovation capability on GB market demand, this paper constructs multiple incentive decision models based on contract theory, analyzes developers’ decision-making behaviors for incentivizing contractors’ green technology innovation (GTI) under different incentive decision models; and explores the impacts of greenness preference and service quality preference on contract prices, sales prices, innovation levels and marketing effort levels. In addition, the impacts of marketing effort cost coefficient and innovation capability on innovation levels, marketing effort levels and developers’ profits are simulated through parameter assignment and computer software. The results show that greenness preference and service quality preference have positive impacts on developers’ and contractors’ decisions and profits; under the decision model based on innovation level, the developers maximize profits, but the developers’ marketing effort levels and contractors’ innovation levels are lower at this time; under the decision model based on cost-sharing, the contractors have the highest innovation levels and achieve optimal profits, while the innovation capability can promote innovative activities. The results of the study have guiding significance for enhancing the levels of GTI and promoting the development of GBs.
A Three-dimensional Analysis of Flow in the Pivot Regions of an ATS Bileaflet Valve

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bileaflet heart valves are currently the most commonly implanted type of mechanical prosthetic valve, because of their low transvalvular pressure drop, centralised flow and durability. However, in common with all mechanical heart valves, implanted bileaflet valves show an inherent tendency for blood clot formation at the valve site. Fluid dynamical phenomena associated with blood clotting are elevated blood shear stresses and regions of persistent blood recirculation, particularly when both occur together. Using three-dimensional CFD modelling, combined with enlarged scale experimental modelling, we investigated the blood flow through the ATS bileaflet valve during forward flow, with particular attention to the leaflet pivot regions. Recirculating regions were found both within and downstream of the valve housing ring. Qualitative assessment of the entire cardiac cycle suggested that recirculating blood within the housing ring will be washed away whilst the valve is closed, but as with all bileaflet valve designs recirculating blood downstream of the valve may have a residence time much longer than one cardiac cycle.
The Vertebrate Fauna of Ichauway, Baker County, GA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Less than 4% of the once extensive Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) ecosystem remains today. Although longleaf pine habitats are recognized for their high species diversity, few published accounts document the vertebrate faunas of remaining tracts. Here we report on the vertebrate species richness of Ichauway, an 11,300-ha property in Baker County, GA. The property includes ca. 7300 ha of longleaf pine with native ground cover, along with more than 30 seasonal wetlands and ca. 45 km of riparian habitat associated with Ichawaynochaway Creek, Big Cypress Creek, and the Flint River. The fauna includes 61 species of fish, 31 amphibians, 53 reptiles, 191 birds, and 41 mammals. Despite the relative isolation of the property from other natural ecosystems, the vertebrate fauna of Ichauway is remarkably diverse and may offer an example of reference conditions to guide restoration of longleaf pine forests, associated seasonal wetlands, and riparian areas elsewhere in the southeastern US.