jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Treatment decision making after introduction of PD-L1 reflex testing in NSCLC up front.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e21149 Background: PD-L1 testing was established in Denmark (DK) after the approval of Nivolumab (Niv) and Pembrolizumab (Pem) in second line (2L) treatment of Non-Small Lung Cancer (NSCLC) due to the requirements of PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 1% except for Niv in squamous NSCLC Reflex testing up front in the diagnostic work was established Marts 2017 in DK due to the approval of Pem in 1L NSCLC (PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50%). Re-biopsy can be challenging at progressive disease (PD) and the information from the reflex test can be used in clinical decisions in 2L. New biopsy is offered at PD in pts with unknown PD-L1 TPS and if possible in recurrent disease (RD). PD-L1 TPS, stage (TNM), performance status (PS) and co-morbidity is crucial in clinical decision making Methods: Pts examined for PD-L1 expression from 1th of Mar. until 31th of Dec. 2017 at Odense University Hospital were identified. TPS is defined as the percentage of tumor cells expressing PD-L1 assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibody 22C3. In this retrospective study the primary treatment of NSCLC pts was assessed in patients with TPS ≥50 and 1% ≤ TPS < 50% respectively Results: Of 500 pts (lung cancer and other cancer forms) tested for PD-L1 TPS 179 (36%) had TPS ≥50%, 120 (24%) had 1% ≤ TPS < 50%, 181 (37%) TPS < 1% and 20 (4%) of biopsies were non-evaluable In 171 NSCLC with TPS ≥ 50% 40 pts (23%) received immunotherapy (IT), 20 pts (12%) 1L chemotherapy (CT) with or without (+/-) palliative radiotherapy (RT) up front, 52 pts (30%) treated with curative intention (CI), 23 pts (14%) only palliative RT and 24 pts (13%) no treatment at all. EGFR mutation was found in 7 pts (4%) and 5 pts (3%) were treated in another region In 102 NSCLC with 1% ≤ TPS < 50% 34 pts (33%) with newly diagnosed or recurrent disease received 1L CT +/- palliative RT up front, 30 pts (29%) treated with CI, 15 pts (15%) only palliative RT and 12 pts (12%) no treatment at all. In 5 pts (5%) PD-L1 TPS assessment was in order to decide 2L treatment. Only 1(20%) received IT and 4 (80%) CT in 2L Conclusions: In PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% only 23% of all tested NSCLC in our study are candidates for IT in 1L. The reflex testing helps the clinician to identify the pts that benefit from 1L IT. It gives important knowledge for further treatment decision making in pts with PD or RD too
Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of the soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Food production in developing countries, estimated at 1223 million metric tons (Mg), must be increased by 778 million Mg or 2·5 per cent y −1 between 2000 and 2025 to meet the needs of an increased population and projected change in diet. Among numerous options, the one based on enhancing soil quality and agronomic productivity per unit area through improvement in soil organic carbon pool has numerous ancillary benefits. The available data show that crop yields can be increased by 20–70 kg ha −1 for wheat, 10–50 kg ha −1 for rice, and 30–300 kg ha −1 for maize with every 1 Mg ha −1 increase in soil organic carbon pool in the root zone. Adoption of recommended management practices on agricultural lands and degraded soils would enhance soil quality including the available water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, soil aggregation, and susceptibility to crusting and erosion. Increase in soil organic carbon pool by 1 Mg ha −1 y −1 can increase food grain production by 32 million Mg y −1 in developing countries. While advancing food security, this strategy would also off‐set fossil fuel emissions at the rate of 0·5 Pg C y −1 through carbons sequestration in agricultural soils of developing countries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stemonitopsis amoena Nann. - Bremek

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

160. * Stemonitopsis amoena (Nann.-Bremek.) Nann.-Bremek ., Nederlandse Myxomyceten (Zutphen) 205 (1975) Specimen examined. PERU. Ancash: Huari, Huari, Huamparan, 10 km north of town by route PE-14C, 3996 m, 9°12′40”S, 77°12′14”W, 12 May 2018, debris and rhytidome of Polylepis sp. (mc, 3 Jan 2020, pH 5.55), Treviño Myx 650 (HSP). Notes. The Peruvian material has larger sporocarps than described in the literature, 3.5–5.3 mm vs. 2–3.5 mm (Nannenga-Bremekamp 1991) and 1.5– 4 mm (Poulain et al. 2011).
Efficacy and Feasibility of Proton Beam Therapy in Relapsed High-Risk Neuroblastoma-Experiences from the Prospective KiProReg Registry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Despite an intensive multimodal treatment approach, approximately 50% of high-risk (HR) neuroblastoma (NB) patients experience progression. Despite the advances in targeted therapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and other systemic treatment options, radiation therapy (RT) to sites of relapsed disease can be an option to reduce tumor burden and improve chance for disease control. Methods: Patients who received salvage irradiation with proton beam therapy (PBT) for local or metastatic relapse of HR NB within the prospective registry trials KiProReg and ProReg were eligible for this retrospective analysis. Data on patient characteristics, multimodality therapy, adverse events, and oncologic endpoints were evaluated. Adverse events were assessed before, during, and after PBT according to common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) V4.0. Results: Between September 2013 and September 2020, twenty (11 male; 9 female) consecutive patients experiencing local (N = 9) or distant recurrence (N = 25) were identified for this analysis. Distant recurrences included osteomedullary (N = 11) or CNS lesions (N = 14). Salvage therapy consisted of re-induction chemo- or chemo-immuno-therapy (N = 19), surgery (N = 6), high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation (N = 13), radiation (N = 20), and concurrent systemic therapy. Systemic therapy concurrent to RT was given to six patients and included temozolomide (N = 4), carboplatine (N = 1), or anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKI) (N = 1). A median dose of 36 Gy was applied to the 34 recurrent sites. Local RT was applied to 15 patients, while five patients, received craniospinal irradiation for CNS relapse. After a median follow-up (FU) of 20 months (4–66), the estimated rate for local control, distant metastatic free survival, and overall survival at 3 years was 68.0%, 37.9%, and 61.6%, respectively. During RT, ten patients (50%) presented with a higher-grade acute hematologic adverse event. Late higher-grade sequelae included transient myelitis with transverse section (N = 2) and secondary malignancy outside of the RT field (N = 1). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of RT/PBT for recurrent HR NB in a multimodality second-line approach. To better define the role of RT for these patients, prospective studies would be desirable.
3D-ISC: A 65nm 3D Compatible In-Sensor Computing Accelerator with Reconfigurable Tile Architecture for Real-Time DVS Data Compression

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A dynamic vision sensor (DVS) outputs a sequence of digital events, each representing a change in brightness at a particular time. As DVS keeps scaling down the pixel size and increasing the resolution, a larger volume of data is generated at limited bandwidth, resulting in reduced system-level throughput, as shown in Fig. 1(a). Hence, conventional interconnect solutions cannot meet the requirement of real-time data output from a high-speed DVS.
The Effects of Prior Knowledge and Stealing Thunder on Interpersonal Social Attraction

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study first examines the effectiveness of stealing thunder in increasing the target’s liking for the discloser. The study further inspects liking relative to the amount of information known about the discloser prior to their initial interaction. Additionally, the target’s perception of the negativity of the information revealed is observed. 120 subjects participated in an experiment during which they were either exposed to the negative information via the confederate or the experimenter or were not exposed at all. Results, although interesting, were largely inconsistent with the hypotheses. This could have been due to several factors namely, poor experimental execution and unreliability of measurement. However, stealing thunder, with further testing, has several implications for the current state of the stealing thunder literature and future research.
Relationship and search for discounts, and their effects on loyalty and e-commerce, when mediated by satisfaction and trust

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study analyzes the e-commerce relationships, since it can be less humanized and characterized by the search for discounts. Marketing stablishes that the consumption relationships must be based in multiple gains and on a long-term vision. However, although virtual environment fosters economies of scale to the organizations and more attractive prices to consumers, the intensification of this process suggests that there will be only price comparisons in the long term, eroding profitability and improving spurious relationships between companies and consumers. Through structural equation modeling, this study identified that the relationships based on propension to discount lead to satisfaction and trust, more than relationship based relations, as on more human business approaches. We also identified the mediation of loyalty and trust in online consumption environment by replicating the findings in physical stores, to reinforce business to consumer relations.
Electronic Structure and Magnetic Anisotropy of Single-Layer Rare-Earth Oxybromide

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The discovery of intrinsic magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) limit has triggered increasing investigations in layered magnetic materials. However, most of the available candidates involves 3d transition metals, while the layered rare-earth magnetic materials are largely unexplored at present. Here, we proposed a series of 2D rare-earth magnetic semiconductors REOBr (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm) with large magnetic moments and magnetic anisotropy energies using the PBE + U method. Our calculations indicate a half-metallic meta-stable state and a low-energy semi-conducting ground state in these 4f single-layers, which can be characterized by the location of the two-fold degenerate x(x 2 - 3y 2) orbital. The dynamical stability of single-layer REOBr is further confirmed using phonon dispersions. The predicted energy gaps ranging from 2.47 to 4.26 eV decrease with the atomic number of the rare-earth element. Meanwhile, very large spin moments and orbital moments up to 6.018 and 2.872 μB are found, which seem to be insensitive to the magnetic state. Furthermore, the magnetic anisotropy energies are evaluated and understood by a fourth-order non-uniaxial anisotropy mode. Diverse anisotropy energy landscapes including easy cone, easy plane, and easy axis are found, and an extremely high magnetic anisotropy energy of about 8 meV per RE atom is found in the single-layer DyOBr. Our investigations provide a unique insight into layered rare-earth magnetic materials and suggest the single-layer REOBr as competing candidates for low-dimensional data storage applications.
Design and analysis of optical layouts for free space optical switching

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Intelligent Reconfigurable Optical Switch (IROS) is an N x N optical switch that uses two reflective Liquid Crystal (LC) Spatial Light Modulators (SLM} in a "Z" configuration to steer the incoming beams from the input ports to the designated output ports. Currently, the maximum steering capacity of practical SLM is limited to few degrees. For a dense optical switch, this makes the optical path between the input and output fiber ports relatively long. When a Gaussian beam is switched from an input fiber port to an output fiber port in a long free space interconnection topology, the beam's illumination undergoes significant divergence, which contributes to power loss and induces cross talk on the output ports. A possible method to minimize these problems is to design an optical system to collimate divergent beams.
[Modified radical mastectomy in the treatment of stage III breast carcinoma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

From 1972 to 1982, 237 patients with stage III breast carcinoma were admitted into our institute. One hundred and eleven cases underwent Auchincloss and Madden modified radical mastectomy (MRM), and the remaining 126 cases received Halsted radical mastectomy (RM). The 5 and 10 years survival rates were 59.17% (61/111), and 36.92% (24/65) in MRM group. The 5 and 10 years survival rates were 53.17% (67/126) and 29.31% (17/58) in RM group. There were no statistically significant differences in the long-term survival rates between the two groups (P greater than 0.05). The authors believe that MRM causing less trauma should be considered in the treatment of stage III breast carcinoma unless in cases with major pectorial muscle involvement or large metastatic axillary nodes.
Human Nature, Natural Pedagogy, and Evolutionary Causal Essentialism

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The theory of natural pedagogy suggests that human infants genetically inherit a package of psychological adaptations that make them receptive to teaching. This chapter evaluates the theory of natural pedagogy, and makes it a test case for two recent theories of human nature: the nomological account and causal essentialism. However, neither of these theories captures firmly the explanatory project of which natural pedagogy is part. Instead, I offer a hybrid of the nomological account and causal essentialism, ‘evolutionary causal essentialism’. This captures both the evolutionary and the causal–explanatory characteristics of contemporary evolutionary psychology, broadly construed, and allows that natural pedagogy could be part of human nature even if, as this chapter argues, receptivity to teaching is culturally inherited.
‘Transcendental knowledge’ in Tibetan Mādhyamika Epistemology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

At least in as much as it is accessible to ‘transcendental wisdom’, Tsong khapa and Go rampa both maintain that ultimate truth is an object of knowledge. So granting that ultimate truth is an object of knowledge and that transcendental wisdom its knowing subject, this paper attempts to address one key epistemological problem: how does transcendental wisdom know or realise ultimate truth? The responses from the Tibetan Mådhyamikas entail that transcendental wisdom knows ultimate truth in at least two different ways: firstly, ‘by way of not seeing it’ (ma gzigs pa'i tshul gyis gzigs); and, secondly, ‘by way of transcending the conceptual elaborations’ (spros bral gyis sgo nas gzigs tshul), therefore by way of the non-dual engagement (gnyis snang dral ba'i sgo nas gzigs tshul). Although the emphasis is slightly different in each of the two modes of engagement, they are nevertheless alike in that both represent epistemic pathways geared towards the same non-conceptual realisation of ultimate truth. So what does each of these epistemic modes really mean in relation to ultimate truth? This paper addresses this question at issue by means of undertaking a comparative analysis of Tsong khapa's and Go rampa's epistemological traditions regarding the matters at question.
Localization research on autosomal recessive osteopetrosis susceptibility gene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective A Chinese family with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis was investigated with the aim of identifying novel gene mutations associated with osteopetrosis in this Chinese family. Methods Bone mineral density ( BMD) was measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA) . Total genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of all 11 family members and normal controls. The 11 gene mutations associated with osteopetrosis were excluded by gene sequencing. Genome-wide scan,fine mapping study and haplotype analysis were performed to identify the critical region. TRAP staining was used for observing` the osteoclast formation in bone biopsy. Results There is no known gene mutation associated with this Chinese family with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. The results of genome-wide scan,fine mapping study and haplotype analysis indicated that a single critical region of homozygosity on chromosome 19q13. 2q13. 3 between D19S197 and D19S545 spanning 8. 36 cM with maximum LOD score of 2. 907 at θ = 0 was identified. TRAP staining of bone specimen suggests the iliac crest of osteopetrosis patients have fewer osteoclasts than age and gender-matched normal subjects. Conclusion This study showed the decreased osteoclasts in the Chinese family with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. There susceptible gene for osteopetrosis located on chromosome 19q13. 2-q13. 3,which is a novel autosomal recessive osteopetrosis that has never been reported.
AMINO ACID PROFILE OF A BASIDIOMYCETOUS EDIBLE MUSHROOM-LENTINUS SAJOR-CAJU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Objective: In this paper amino acid profile of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr., a basidiomycetous mushroom has been investigated.Methods: During the evaluation 15 amino acids (lysine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine) were determined from the dried sample of Lentinus sajor-caju by following the standard technique of biochemistry using ion-exchange chromatography.Results: The total amino acid content has been evaluated at 18.82 g/100g. Amongst the evaluated amino acids, exogenous amino acid lysine (6.66 g/100g) is preponderantly present in comparison to all other amino acids. The essential amino acid (EAA) index (44.64%) and biological value (BV=36.93%) has also been determined for the examined sample.Conclusion: Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr. is a potential source of quality protein with a substantial proportion of exogenous and endogenous amino acids.
View synthesis prediction using adaptive depth quantization for 3D video coding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Advanced multiview video systems are able to generate intermediate viewpoints of a 3D scene. In addition to the texture content, corresponding depth is associated with each viewpoint. To improve the coding efficiency of such content, view synthesis prediction can be used to further reduce inter-view redundancy in addition to traditional disparity compensated prediction. However, the predictor generated from the view synthesis process is affected by several factors, including signal properties of the texture, the accuracy of the depth and complexity of the scene, as well as coding errors in both the texture and depth. This paper presents an analysis of view synthesis prediction performance considering these factors. Based on this analysis, an adaptive depth quantization scheme is proposed to improve the depth coding, leading to better view synthesis prediction and overall coding efficiency gains. The proposed scheme is able to achieve an average bit rate savings of 0.9% on the coded and synthesized video with a maximum gain of up to 11.7% on the dependent views in the context of an HEVC-based codec.
Myths, misinformation, and communication about family planning and contraceptive use in Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Augustine Ankomah1, Jennifer Anyanti1, Muyiwa Oladosu21Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; 2MiraMonitor Consulting Ltd, Abuja, NigeriaBackground: This paper examines myths, misinformation, factual information, and communication about family planning and their effects on contraceptive use in Nigeria.Methods: A nationally representative sample of 20,171 respondents from two waves of a multiround survey (one in 2003 and the other in 2005), was analyzed at the bivariate level using Chi-square tests and at the multivariate level using logistic regression.Results: Key myths and misinformation about family planning having significant negative effects on contraceptive use included: &ldquo;contraception makes women become promiscuous&rdquo;, &ldquo;it is expensive to practice family planning&rdquo;, and &ldquo;family planning causes cancer&rdquo;. Factual information having significant positive effects on contraceptive use includes the messages that family planning methods are effective and not against religious teaching. The type of people with whom respondents discussed family planning had a significant effect on use of contraception. Respondents who discussed family planning with their spouse, friends, and health workers were more likely to use contraception than those who discussed it with religious leaders. Other significant predictors of contraceptive use were region of residence, gender, and socioeconomic status.Conclusion: Family planning programs should focus on eliminating myths and misinformation, while strengthening factual information. Contraception programs should factor in the role of significant others, particularly spouses and friends.Keywords: contraceptive use, family planning, logistic regression, misconceptions, myths
A QUANTITATIVE ASSAY FOR THE PROGENITORS OF BONE MARROW-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOCYTES

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A cell transfer assay system was developed to study the precursors of bone marrow-associated (B) lymphocytes in the adult mouse. The rationale of the assay is to inject into irradiated mice a cell suspension depleted of B lymphocytes, to wait a period of time to let precursor cells differentiate to B lymphocytes, then to correlate the number of B cells present in the recipient mice with the number of precursor cells injected. The assay as described was shown to be linear in the range of 10(5)–3 x 10(6) fractionated bone marrow cells. Kinetic studies indicated that precursor cells start producing detectable numbers of B cells within 3 days after transplantation; B cell activity then increases with a doubling time of 24 hr. Physical characterization of that precursor cell has shown that it is lighter and sediments faster than small lymphocytes. Precursor cells were found in bone marrow and spleen but could not be detected in peripheral lymph nodes. Results of physical analysis also indicate that the precursors of B lymphocytes described here may not be pluripotent stem cells for the immune system.
What to Expect When Teaching Online

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter sets out to discover how teachers view online teaching and what they experience when teaching online. It focuses on the stories that the 44 instructors shared with me during the interviews taken for this book. A brief perusal through the literature shows reports of increased time demands, more preparation and hard work, and a need for improved technical skills are just some of the issues that online education was reported to put upon teachers. Yet, as a result of this research, new issues were found, enhancing the knowledge on this subject of online teaching; for example, the extent of the adjustments made by teachers (discussed in greater detail in Chapter VII), the skill gap in technology among teachers and students (covered in Chapter V), and the tradeoffs faced by the teachers when moving to an online educational environment.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.