jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Use of laparocentesis in the treatment of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ascites occurs in about 60 % of patients with cirrhosis within 10 years of diagnosis. Laparocentesis is the preferred first-line therapy in patients with cirrhosis and massive tense ascites, allowing more than 5–6 liters of ascitic fluid to be removed at one time. The search for informative prognostic factors and the development of a method for predicting unfavorable outcomes of repeated laparocenteses in patients with ascites are relevant to timely refer this contingent of patients to perform TIPS.The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the diagnostic significance of a model for determining the probability of unfavorable outcomes of laparocentesis in patients with ascites on the background of liver cirrhosis.The results of treatment of 99 patients with the ascitic syndrome associated with intrahepatic portal hypertension were studied. The multiple regression analysis using the binary response logit model was carried out to calculate the prediction models. The analysis of the treatment results of patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites by the laparocentesis method revealed a number of factors that influence the onset of an unfavorable outcome. 2 models with the inclusion of initial variables are the most promising for forecasting. Model A includes: patient weight, serum-ascites total protein gradient, hyponatremia; model B: MELD-Na score, serum-ascitic total protein gradient, patient weight. The developed prediction method is highly informative, effective, easily applicable, and can be widely used in clinical practice.The ability to predict an unfavorable outcome in patients with portal hypertension and ascites after laparocentesis allows for a personalized approach in the process of timely selection of more effective, but also more expensive treatment methods, such as TIPS, which will help us to increase the therapy effectiveness and the survival of this cohort of patients.
Associations Between Self-Reported Sensory Impairment and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Impairment in the Health and Retirement Study Cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives We aimed to determine whether self-assessed single (hearing or visual) and dual sensory (hearing and visual) impairments are associated with cognitive decline and incident possible cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) and probable dementia. Method Data were drawn from the 1996–2014 surveys of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), involving 19,618 respondents who had no probable dementia and who were aged 50 years or older at the baseline. We used linear mixed models to test the association between self-assessed sensory impairment and cognitive decline followed by a Cox proportional hazard model to estimate the relative risk of incident possible CIND and probable dementia associated with the presence of sensory impairment. Results Respondents with self-assessed single and dual sensory impairment performed worse in cognitive tests than those without sensory impairment. The fully adjusted incidence of developing possible CIND was 17% higher for respondents with hearing impairment than those without hearing impairment. Respondents with visual impairment had 35% and 25% higher risk for developing possible CIND and probable dementia, respectively, than those without visual impairment. Respondents with dual sensory impairment at baseline were 38% and 26% more likely to develop possible CIND and probable dementia, respectively, than those with no sensory impairment. Discussion Self-assessed sensory impairment is independently associated with cognitive decline and incident possible CIND and probable dementia. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanism underlying this association and to determine whether treatment of sensory impairment could ameliorate cognitive decline and delay the onset of dementia among older adults.
Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzyme in Lactating Holstein Cows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to analysis the effect of Astragalus polysaccharides( APS) on antioxidant capacity of lactating Holstein cows. In trial,35 lactational Holstein cows were randomly divided into 5 group( 7 per group) with similar age,calving number,and weight. 0,5,10,50 and 100 g of APS were added to each group in-order with concentrated feed every day and lasting for 14 days. The total antioxidant capacity( T-AOC),activity of superoxide dismutase( SOD) and glutathione peroxidase( GSH-Px),and the content of malondialdehyde( MDA) in serum were determined at 0 day, 14thday and 24thday after feeding APS,respectively. The results showed that T-AOC,activity of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly improved( P 0. 05),and the content of MDA was significantly decreased( P 0. 05) under the influence of the appropriate APS. The results indicated that addition of APS in daily ration can improve the antioxidant capacity of lactational cows and the suitable amount of APS is 10 g to 50 g per day for each cow.
Corporate governance reforms and political partisanship: an empirical analysis in 16 OECD countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the determinants of pro-minority shareholder corporate governance reforms. Using a Cox conditional model in gap time, this paper provides new empirical evidence on the linkages between the adoption of pro-minority shareholder corporate governance reforms at the firm level and government ideological affiliation in 16 OECD countries over the period 1970–2009. I find strong evidence linking rightward shifts in government ideological orientation with the adoption of minority shareholder protection legislation. This result supports our argument that changes in the composition of the coalition of heterogeneous interests and/or a change in the expectations of the parties’ constituency will affect government strategy on the adoption of pro-minority shareholder corporate governance reforms. I also find that the macroeconomic context at the international level may influence the adoption of these reforms. Our findings suggest that international economic integration has resulted not in the convergence of corporate governance regimes to the Anglo-Saxon model, but rather the emergence of hybrid corporate governance systems.
Numerical Approximations of Stochastic Optimal Stopping and Control Problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study numerical approximations for the payoff function of the stochastic optimal stopping \nand control problem. It is known that the payoff function of the optimal stopping and control \nproblem corresponds to the solution of a normalized Bellman PDE. \nThe principal aim of this thesis is to study the rate at which finite difference approximations, \nderived from the normalized Bellman PDE, converge to the payoff function of the optimal \nstopping and control problem. We do this by extending results of N.V. Krylov from the Bellman \nequation to the normalized Bellman equation. To our best knowledge, until recently, no \nresults about the rate of convergence of finite difference approximations to Bellman equations \nhave been known. A major breakthrough has been made by N. V. Krylov. He proved rate of \nrate of convergence of tau 1/4 + h 1/2 where tau and h are the step sizes in time and space respectively. \nWe will use the known idea of randomized stopping to give a direct proof showing that \noptimal stopping and control problems can be rewritten as pure optimal control problems by \nintroducing a new control parameter and by allowing the reward and discounting functions to \nbe unbounded in the control parameter. \nWe extend important results of N. V. Krylov on the numerical solutions to the Bellman \nequations to the normalized Bellman equations associated with the optimal stopping of controlled \ndiffusion processes. We obtain the same rate of convergence of tau1/4 + h1/2. This rate of \nconvergence holds for finite difference schemes defined on a grid on the whole space [0, T]×Rd \ni.e. on a grid with infinitely many elements. This leads to the study of localization error, which \narises when restricting the finite difference approximations to a cylindrical domain. \nAs an application of our results, we consider an optimal stopping problem from mathematical \nfinance: the pricing of American put option on multiple assets. We prove the rate of \nconvergence of tau1/4 + h1/2 for the finite difference approximations.
Intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to segmental arterial mediolysis associated with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A man in his 50s with no significant past medical history developed subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured left middle cerebral artery aneurysm. On the ninth hospital day, he had a ruptured visceral aneurysm with segmental arterial mediolysis, and we successfully treated with transarterial embolization using metallic coils.
[Monitoring of the results of the treatment of chorionic carcinoma (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Because of the high sensitivity and specificity of the method, radio-immunologic determination of the Beta Subunit HCG in the serum is superior to other methods of monitoring the therapeutic results of the treatment of chorionic carcinoma. A ratio of 225 to 1 of HCG concentrations in the serum versus the cerebral spinal fluid is evidence against the probability of a metastasis of chorionic carcinoma in the central nervous system. Following successful treatment of chorionic carcinoma it is advisable to determine the serum HCG with the Beta Subunit method weekly during the first two months and montly in the succeeding two years and thereafter at three months intervals.
An inventory model for deteriorating items with fuzzy random planning horizon

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

An inventory model for deteriorating items over a fuzzy random planning horizon incorporating inflation and time value of money is studied. It is assumed that planning horizon follows exponential distribution with imprecise parameter. The model is formulated using cost minimization principle. As the fuzzy cost cannot be minimized directly, the possibilistic mean value of the fuzzy cost is found and then optimized. The model is illustrated with a numerical example.
Cationic Lipid/Polynucleotide Condensates for in Vitro and in Vivo Polynucleotide Delivery - the Cytofectins

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cationic liposomes have been used extensively during the last 5 years to facilitate delivery of DNA, MRNA, antisense molecules and proteins into living cells. Since their initial description in 1987 several reagents have become commercially available. Other cationic lipid reagents not yet commercially available, have been described showing advantages relative to the commercial products. Their widespread utility has been further established from in vivo studies showing delivery to catheterized blood vessels, lung epithelial cells, brain tissue and xenopus embryos. Finally, the compounds have been introduced into man in a gene therapy clinical trial recently initiated by Nabel etal. Because there is now a rapidly growing list of compounds that act by a similar mechanism we are referring to this class of polynucleotide delivery reagents as the “Cytofectins”.
Nursing of biliary stent in the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice and complications

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the perioperative nursing through percutaneous transhepatic puncture biliary stent placement for jaundice of malignant obstructive jaundice. Methods:53 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice were treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placement. Before and One week after operation,total bilirubin (TB),direct bilirubin (DB) and alanine transaminase were examined. 22 cases of the patients underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE). Results:In 53 cases of patients,55 Ni-Ti shap memory alloy were implanted in the stenosis common hepatic duct and two stents were placed in two patients respectively. The successful rate of operation was 100%,complications were treated in this group. Conclusion:Nursing plays an important role in reducing the complications of percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent implantation.
Methods and Technologies for Designing Digital Information Models of Oil Recycling Processes

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The methodology of designing digital information models of oil recycling processes is presented, which includes three main design stages: selection and layout of technological equipment, piping and formation of a complete digital model, which is the basis for the formation of digital production twins. A computer system is described, including a complex of computer-aided design tools: databases of equipment, raw materials, catalysts, pipeline elements, a library of mathematical models, the system allows solving the problem of creating digital information models for this class of objects. The system was tested using the example of the catalytic cracking process and confirmed its operability.
Perspectives of healthcare providers on the nutritional management of patients on haemodialysis in Australia: an interview study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To describe the perspectives of healthcare providers on the nutritional management of patients on haemodialysis, which may inform strategies for improving patient-centred nutritional care. Design Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted until data saturation, and thematic analysis based on principles of grounded theory. Setting 21 haemodialysis centres across Australia. Participants 42 haemodialysis clinicians (nephrologists and nephrology trainees (15), nurses (12) and dietitians (15)) were purposively sampled to obtain a range of demographic characteristics and clinical experiences. Results Six themes were identified: responding to changing clinical status (individualising strategies to patient needs, prioritising acute events, adapting guidelines), integrating patient circumstances (assimilating life priorities, access and affordability), delineating specialty roles in collaborative structures (shared and cohesive care, pivotal role of dietary expertise, facilitating access to nutritional care, perpetuating conflicting advice and patient confusion, devaluing nutritional specialty), empowerment for behaviour change (enabling comprehension of complexities, building autonomy and ownership, developing self-efficacy through engagement, tailoring self-management strategies), initiating and sustaining motivation (encountering motivational hurdles, empathy for confronting life changes, fostering non-judgemental relationships, emphasising symptomatic and tangible benefits, harnessing support networks), and organisational and staffing barriers (staffing shortfalls, readdressing system inefficiencies). Conclusions Organisational support with collaborative multidisciplinary teams and individualised patient care were seen as necessary for developing positive patient–clinician relationships, delivering consistent nutrition advice, and building and sustaining patient motivation to enable change in dietary behaviour. Improving service delivery and developing and delivering targeted, multifaceted self-management interventions may enhance current nutritional management of patients on haemodialysis.
Networks Cannot Compute Their Diameter in Sublinear Time

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study the problem of computing the diameter of a network in a distributed way. The model of distributed computation we consider is: in each synchronous round, each node can transmit a different (but short) message to each of its neighbors. We provide an lower bound for the number of communication rounds needed, where n denotes the number of nodes in the network. This lower bound is valid even if the diameter of the network is a small constant. We also show that a (3/2 − ε)-approximation of the diameter requires rounds. Furthermore we use our new technique to prove an lower bound on approximating the girth of a graph by a factor 2 − ε.
Nasal Delivery of a Commensal Pasteurellaceae Species Inhibits Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Colonization and Delays Onset of Otitis Media in Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a prerequisite for developing NTHi-associated infections, including otitis media. Therapies that block NTHi colonization may prevent disease development. We previously demonstrated that Haemophilus haemolyticus , a closely related human commensal, can inhibit NTHi colonization and infection of human respiratory epithelium in vitro . We have now assessed whether Muribacter muris (a rodent commensal from the same family) can prevent NTHi colonization and disease in vivo using a murine NTHi otitis media model.
Tunable\nMethacrylamides for Covalent Ligand Directed\nRelease Chemistry

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Targeted covalent\ninhibitors are an important class of drugs and\nchemical probes. However, relatively few electrophiles meet the criteria\nfor successful covalent inhibitor design. Here we describe α-substituted\nmethacrylamides as a new class of electrophiles suitable for targeted\ncovalent inhibitors. While typically α-substitutions inactivate\nacrylamides, we show that hetero α-substituted methacrylamides\nhave higher thiol reactivity and undergo a conjugated addition–elimination\nreaction ultimately releasing the substituent. Their reactivity toward\nthiols is tunable and correlates with the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>/p<i>K</i><sub>b</sub> of the leaving group. In\nthe context of the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, these electrophiles showed\nlower intrinsic thiol reactivity than the unsubstituted ibrutinib\nacrylamide. This translated to comparable potency in protein labeling,\nin vitro kinase assays, and functional cellular assays, with improved\nselectivity. The conjugate addition–elimination reaction upon\ncovalent binding to their target cysteine allows functionalizing α-substituted\nmethacrylamides as turn-on probes. To demonstrate this, we prepared\ncovalent ligand directed release (CoLDR) turn-on fluorescent probes\nfor BTK, EGFR, and K-Ras<sup>G12C</sup>. We further demonstrate a\nBTK CoLDR chemiluminescent probe that enabled a high-throughput screen\nfor BTK inhibitors. Altogether we show that α-substituted methacrylamides\nrepresent a new and versatile addition to the toolbox of targeted\ncovalent inhibitor design.
Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An operation has been developed that permits total removal of all disease-prone mucosa in ulcerative colitis but avoids the need for a permanent ileostomy. The colon and upper half of the rectum are excised and the remaining inflamed mucosa is stripped from the rectal stump down to the dentate line of the anal canal. A pouch is fashioned from a triplicated loop of terminal ileum. This is drawn down through the denuded rectum and an anastomosis created, via the per-anal approach, between the ileum just distal to the pouch and the mid-anal canal. A temporary ileostomy is made. Out of eight patients so treated, five were available for assessment, and four of them were highly satisfied with the result in improved health and function. The remaining three were awaiting closure of their ileostomies.
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Treatment Enhances C2C12 Wound Closure and Protects Cells from Oxidative Stress

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

MSM is known to provide anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant effects in both animals and humans. Because both exercise and chronic disease have the potential to induce inflammation and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, MSM may be a novel therapy to counter the negative consequences of these stressors on skeletal muscle function. Recent evidence has shown that MSM supplementation in human subjects can increase serum MSM concentrations to 2–3 mM. These serum concentrations of MSM have been associated with reduced muscle pain and reduced markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) following damaging exercise. Therefore, MSM may protect muscle against damage or favorably influence the adaptive capacity of skeletal muscle under stress. However, it is not known if MSM induces this protection by directly acting on skeletal muscle. Therefore, our objective was to determine if MSM may provide cytoprotection from oxidative stress, or enhance the recovery processes in C2C12 myoblasts. We found that treating C2C12 myoblasts with increasing concentrations of MSM (0–200 mM) for 24, 48 and 72 hours decreased cell metabolism (via Alamar Blue) at high concentrations (100 & 200 mM); however this decline was not associated with increased cell death (via Trypan Blue). Flow cytometry analysis showed MSM treatment (200 mM) trapped myoblasts in G1 phase (+51%) and reduced the number of cells moving into S phase (DNA synthesis; −38%) or G2+M phase(mitosis; −43%) of cell division. MSM had no effect on C2C12 differentiation (d1, d4, d6). High concentrations of MSM (100 & 200 mM) were able to reduce cell death (−36% & −89% respectively) induced by oxidative stress (tert‐butyl hydrogen peroxide; 20 uM). Because heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be cytoprotective, we determined if increasing concentrations of MSM induced HSP expression; however, we found no changes in HSP70 and HSP27 expression. Lastly, lower concentrations (12.5 mM) of MSM enhanced wound closure (+35%) from a scratch assay 24 following treatment, while higher concentrations (200 mM) were associated with an impaired closure rate (−51%). While more applied research is needed, these findings suggest that MSM may directly alter the skeletal muscle response to stress and injury. Therefore, MSM supplementation may serve as an ergogenic aide to protect skeletal muscle from injury. Support or Funding Information Funded by Bergstrom Nutrition to CDT
Improving the Wearing Rate of Mouthguards in the Youth Rugby Category Affects the Total Future Mouthguard Wearing Rate

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study is to consider the hypothesis that wearing mouthguards (MGs) from a young age helps to shape players’ habit of continuing to wear MGs as adults. In addition, we consider the mandatory rule of wearing mouthguards in the youth category on the future wearing rates of mouthguards. Eighty-five Japanese male amateur rugby players were included in this study. We examined the relationship between the wearing rates of mouthguards when participants were high school students and as adults (in 2018) using a questionnaire. Collected data were classified into categories (age, mouthguard type, and applied mandatory rule or not), and their relationships were analyzed. The wearing rate of mouthguards in high school was significantly related to the wearing rate of mouthguards in adulthood (χ2 = 12.1, p < 0.01). The mandatory rule to wear mouthguards at high school was related to the wearing rates of mouthguards as adults, but not significantly (χ2 = 3.42, p = 0.06). Participants’ mouthguard wearing rates as adults were affected by their high school wearing rates. The mandatory rule of wearing mouthguards in the youth category may be somewhat effective for improving mouthguard wearing rates; however, it is more important to provide knowledge about their importance.