jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Review of Polypharmacy in the Elderly and Its Management Strategies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

With the increase in the elderly population and the increase in life expectancy, the possibility of chronic diseases and the use of several drugs at the same time has increased, which can cause harmful drug interactions and reactions.This research is a review study that was conducted by searching the keywords poly-pharmacy, elderly, and prevalence in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid, Magiran, and Sid databases in the period of 2005-2023.According to the findings, the highest prevalence of polypharmacy was in the age groups of 70-74 and 80-84, and polypharmacy was related to the demographic characteristics and health status of the individual and the characteristics of the health center.Also, studies have shown that there is a relationship between the source of obtaining information about drugs and the polypharmacy consumption pattern.To prevent drug side effects, the necessity of continuous monitoring of elderly drugs has been emphasized in various articles.The results of the studies showed that the use of strategies such as; interaction between doctor and pharmacist, educating the elderly about the dangers of self-inflicted use of medicines, informing the elderly about the limitations of using herbal medicines, using electronic tools to monitor the process of taking medicines and using protocols and guidelines for prescribing medicines can reduce to a great extent the multiplicity of drug regimens in the drug regimen of the elderly and make the use of drugs in this age group much easier.
Rashes in Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The hormonal, physiological and physical changes that occur during pregnancy can lead to a number of skin conditions being exacerbated, occurring for the first time or appearing in an altered form. In addition to this, there are a number of systemic infections in which skin symptoms or rash may be the presenting complaint. It is important to be able to distinguish between those rashes which represent potential complications for the pregnant woman and developing foetus and those which do not. Where the diagnosis is unclear, it is useful to have a management strategy to exclude serious causes.
Poets laureate: Nahum Tate

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Poets laureate: Nahum Tate Get access Jaydee Jaydee Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s3-IX, Issue 217, 24 February 1866, Page 164, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-IX.217.164b Published: 24 February 1866
Test Bench for Highly Segmented GRIT Double-Sided Silicon Strip Detectors: A Detector Quality Control Protocol

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the characteristics of highly segmented double-sided silicon detectors. These are fundamental parts in many new state-of-the-art particle detection systems, and therefore they must perform optimally. We propose a test bench that can handle 256 electronic channels with off-the-shelf equipment, as well as a detector quality control protocol to ensure that the detectors meet the requirements. Detectors with a large number of strips bring new technological challenges and issues that need to be carefully monitored and understood. One of the standard 500 μm thick detectors of the GRIT array was investigated, undergoing studies that revealed its IV curve, charge collection efficiency, and energy resolution. From the data obtained, we calculated, among other things, the depletion voltage (110 V), the resistivity of the bulk material (9 kΩ·cm), and the electronic noise contribution (8 keV). We present, for the first time, a methodology called “the energy triangle’’ to visualize the effect of charge sharing between two adjacent strips and to study the hit distribution with the interstrip-to-strip hit ratio (ISR).
The impact of undergraduate degrees on early-career earnings

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This report uses the new Longitudinal Educational Outcomes (LEO) administrative dataset to provide the latest estimates of the impact of Higher Education (HE) on individuals' early-career earnings after accounting for individuals' pre-university characteristics.This will provide vital evidence for prospective students choosing whether, where and what to study at university.We estimate the overall average impact of attending HE on earnings at age 29, and show how this varies for individuals studying different degree subjects or at different Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), based on those who went to HE in the mid-to late-2000s.We also investigate how these returns might differ for students with different prior attainment, based on their GCSE results and whether or not they studied a maths or science ('STEM') A-level.We focus on those who start HE, rather than just on HE graduates, as this is the relevant decision facing prospective students.This is the second in a series of reports by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, commissioned by the Department for Education (DfE), that makes use of the LEO dataset to improve information on the value of HE degrees.The dataset, developed in collaboration with the DfE, tracks English students through school, college, university and into the labour market.This report, for the first time, uses the dataset to compare individuals who went to HE to those with similar background characteristics who did not.
Recreating Beowulf’s “Pregnant Moment of Poise”: Pagan Doom and Christian Eucatastrophe Made Incarnate in the Dark Age Setting of The Lord of the Rings

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien recreates the “pregnant moment of poise” that inspired him in his study of Beowulf. Tolkien believed that this moment was a brief period of “fusion” which occurred in the Dark Ages as paganism was in decline and Christianity on the rise, when the dueling notions of Doom and salvation briefly coexisted in the hearts and minds of the Anglo-Saxon people. Derived from a careful study of Tolkien’s fiction, lectures, letters, and the writings of his contemporaries, instructors, and friends, in combination with many Dark Age texts, the works of various Tolkien critics, historians, and specialists in the fields of Christian and Norse apocalypse, this thesis will consider the ways that Tolkien’s study of Beowulf inspired him in the creation of The Lord of the Rings. Following the template that he outlined in his lecture, Tolkien integrated history, Christianity, and pagan myth to create a literary epic steeped in Christian and Norse apocalyptic images, in which incarnate religious figures walk abroad in a past that reflects the era in which Beowulf was set. The recreation of the “pregnant moment of poise” in this setting allows Tolkien to simultaneously enact the paradoxical outcomes of pagan Doom and Christian salvation at the novel’s climatic moments. When Doom and salvation collide, Tolkien’s heroes become martyrs without the necessity of death. Because they are mortals faced by powerfully magical enemies and are bereft of hope in victory, they are endowed with all of the rhetorical power that Doom elicits, but their miraculous deliverance enacts divine eucatastrophe, the moment of supreme joy that, to Tolkien, can only be fully appreciated when Doom gives birth to salvation.
Composition dependence of photoinduced second-order nonlinearity of germanosilicate glasses

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The dependence of the photoinduced second-order nonlinearity of germanosilicate glasses on the GeO(2)-SiO(2) composition was investigated using photoinduced second-harmonic generation (SHG). The photoinduced SHG was encoded by coherent superposition of the 800-nm fundamental and the 400-nm second-harmonic light of a femtosecond laser. Experimental results showed that the photoinduced second-order optical nonlinearity increased with increasing concentrations of GeO(2) in the glasses, and the concentration dependence was mainly due to the dependence of the photoinduced internal dc electric field of the glass on the GeO(2)-SiO(2) composition.
Ectopic pituitary adenoma associated with an empty sella presenting with hearing loss: case report with literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ectopic pituitary adenomas are uncommon entities that may pose substantial diagnostic challenges. In the majority of these cases, patients present with endocrine and/or nasal obstruction symptoms. We report the case of an ectopic pituitary adenoma in a 76-year-old man with an empty sella who initially presented with right-sided hearing loss progressing to bilateral hearing loss over the next 4 years. Neuroimaging studies revealed a large, expansile central skull base mass replacing the clivus and sphenoid sinus, and invading the internal auditory canals and inner ear bilaterally. The tumor also involved the floor of the middle cranial fossae and bilateral medial temporal and occipital bones. Histopathologic examination, including immunohistochemical studies, revealed a sparsely granulated lactotroph adenoma. Hearing loss in a patient with ectopic pituitary adenoma constitutes an extremely unusual presentation. This case was further complicated by the presence of an empty sella and the absence of symptoms related to hyperprolactinemia.
Risks from Breathing Elevated Oxygen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Effects of breathing gas with elevated oxygen partial pressure (Po 2 ) and/or elevated inspired oxygen fraction (F I o 2 ) at sea level or higher is discussed. High F I o 2 is associated with absorption problems in the lungs, middle ear, and paranasal sinuses, particularly if F I o 2 > 80% and small airways, Eustachian tubes, or sinus passages are blocked. Absorption becomes faster as cabin altitude increases. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity and direct oxidative injuries, related to elevated Po 2 , are improbable in flight; no pulmonary oxygen toxicity has been found when Po 2 < 55 kPa [418 Torr; 100% O 2 higher than 15,000 ft (4570 m)]. Symptoms with Po 2 of 75 kPa [520 Torr; 100% O 2 at 10,000 ft (3050 m)] were reported after 24 h and the earliest signs at Po 2 of 100 kPa (760 Torr, 100% O 2 at sea level) occurred after 6 h. However, treatment for decompression sickness entails a risk of pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Elevated Po 2 also constricts blood vessels, changes blood pressure control, and reduces the response to low blood sugar. With healthy lungs, gas transport and oxygen delivery are not improved by increasing Po 2 . Near zero humidity of the breathing gas in which oxygen is delivered may predispose susceptible individuals to bronchoconstriction. Shykoff BE, Lee RL. Risks from breathing elevated oxygen . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(12):1041–1049.
35 Detecting Effective Starting Point of Genomic Selection by Divergent Trends from BLUP and ssGBLUP

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Genomic selection has been adopted nationally and internationally in different livestock and plant species. However, understanding whether genomic selection has been effective or not is an essential question for both industry and academia. Once genomic evaluation started being used, estimation of breeding values with pedigree BLUP became biased because this method does not consider selection using genomic information. Hence, the point of divergence of genetic trends obtained with BLUP and Single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) may indicate the start date of genomic selection. This study aimed to find the start date of genomic selection for a set of economically important traits in pigs and Angus cattle by comparing genetic and Realized Mendelian sampling (RMS) trends obtained using BLUP and ssGBLUP. In pigs, the genetic trends from ssGBLUP and BLUP diverged for all traits with different intensity. In beef cattle, the trends started diverging in 2009 for weaning weight and in 2016 for postweaning gain, with little divergence for birth weight. In pigs, the RMS trends from ssGBLUP and BLUP diverged strongly for one trait and weakly for another trait. In beef cattle, the RMS trends started diverging in 2009 for weaning weight and in 2016 for postweaning gain, with little trend for birth weight. Divergence of the genetic trends from ssGBLUP and BLUP indicate onset of the genomic selection. Presence of trends for RMS indicates selective genotyping, with or without the genomic selection. The onset of genomic selection and genotyping strategies agree with industry practices across the two species. In summary, the effective start of genomic selection can be detected by the divergence between genetic and RMS trends from BLUP and ssGBLUP.
Deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis for brain and retinal diseases

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep neural network has achieved excellent performance for many recognition tasks. Despite its recent wide application on medical imaging tasks, the requirement of large amount of manually labeled samples limits its performance on medical image recognition tasks. Comparing with natural images, medical image is difficult and expensive to acquire and requires specialized training for its labeling. However, the data samples for a specific clinical task shares much less heterogeneity comparing with most image recognition tasks. Exploring advanced network architecture and incorporate it with a-priori, domain-specific knowledge has a great potential to deliver superior recognition performance and better computer-aided diagnosis system. In this thesis, we presented the development of four novel deep learning based frameworks regarding four medical image recognition tasks, early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, differential diagnosis of multiclass dementia, OCT retinal fluid segmentation and OCT retinal layer segmentation. Comprehensive experiments proved that the proposed frameworks out-performed state-of-the-art methods in each individual task.
Transcription Factors in Myelinating Cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This is a digitally enhanced text. Readers can also see the coverage of this topic area in the second edition of Neuroglia. The second edition of Neuroglia was first published digitally in Oxford Scholarship Online and the bibliographic details provided, if cited, will direct people to that version of the text. Readers can also see the coverage of this topic area in the first edition of Neuroglia.AbbreviationsBMPcAMPCNSGprHDACHMGMRFMSENFATOPCPDGFRαPNSPOUSCANYYZfp
Approaches to Semantic Similarity Measurement for Geo‐Spatial Data: A Survey

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Semantic similarity is central for the functioning of semantically enabled processing of geospatial data. It is used to measure the degree of potential semantic interoperability between data or different geographic information systems (GIS). Similarity is essential for dealing with vague data queries, vague concepts or natural language and is the basis for semantic information retrieval and integration. The choice of similarity measurement influences strongly the conceptual design and the functionality of a GIS. The goal of this article is to provide a survey presentation on theories of semantic similarity measurement and review how these approaches – originally developed as psychological models to explain human similarity judgment – can be used in geographic information science. According to their knowledge representation and notion of similarity we classify existing similarity measures in geometric, feature, network, alignment and transformational models. The article reviews each of these models and outlines its notion of similarity and metric properties. Afterwards, we evaluate the semantic similarity models with respect to the requirements for semantic similarity measurement between geospatial data. The article concludes by comparing the similarity measures and giving general advice how to choose an appropriate semantic similarity measure. Advantages and disadvantages point to their suitability for different tasks.
Supersize My Mouse

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Although human beings have been altering genomes by selection and breeding of particular animal or plant variants for thousands of years, and X-rays and chemicals were first used to create mutants in the early 20th century genetic engineering in the true sense only became possible much more recently. First, the discovery that genes are made of DNA, revealed the material nature of the genome. Second, scientists in the early 1970s discovered enzymes in bacteria that can be used to cut and paste DNA in the test tube. Using such molecular ‘tools‘ bacteria were engineered to produce important medical products such as human insulin for diabetics, and from this was born what would become a billion-dollar biotechnology industry. A further important development was the discovery of embryonic stem cells and manipulation of these to make ‘knockout’ mice that had a deletion of a specific gene, or ‘knockin’ mice that had subtle changes in a gene. However such an approach was still relatively expensive and time-consuming, and cold only be applied to mice. And although gene constructs could be introduced into cells in a less precise manner, the crude nature of this approach limited its application for both agriculture and gene therapy. In both areas of application there have been concerns about the safety and ethics of using such an approach. A major criticism has been the lack of precision in where a gene construct would end up the genome, leading to concerns about possible adverse effects.
Civil Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper provides empirical evidence of the persistent effect of exposure to political violence on human capital accumulation. I exploit the variation in conflict location and birth cohorts to identify the long- and short-term effects of the civil war on educational attainment. Conditional on being exposed to violence, the average person accumulates 0.31 less years of education as an adult. In the short term, the effects are stronger than in the long run; these results hold when comparing children within the same household. Further, exposure to violence during early childhood leads to permanent losses. I also explore the potential causal mechanisms.
L’information implicite entre économie d’effort et esquive du jugement critique

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The implicit transmission of contents in a message is one of the most effective means of persuasive communication. In both commercial and political propaganda, discursive strategies such as presuppositions, implicatures and topicalisations (which we propose to recast as implicit communicative devices) are frequently used. This trend may hinge on the fact that these strategies conceal the actual communicative intention of the speaker (implicature) or his responsibility for the truth of the content conveyed (presuppositions and topicalisations). The paper proposes a reflection on the use of presuppositions, implicatures and topicalisations to achieve persuasive aims in communication. A discussion will be devoted to the cognitive constraints underlying the brain response to the processing of these categories, as well as to their influence on the receiver’s mental representation of the discourse model.
Changes in the soil cover structure upon local waterlogging of slopes in steppe agrolandscapes.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Extremely complex soil cover patterns composed of the soils that differ by degrees of hydromorphism, gleyzation, salinity, and erosion are described in the southeastern part of Donetsk Ridge. These patterns develop on slopes under unirrigated croplands in the areas affected by the discharge of saline groundwater. Specific features of soil microcombinations in such areas and the main flows of substances leading to the differentiation of the soil cover are considered. On this basis, a forecast of the further development of the territory is given.
Validation of PozQoL scale in Turkish population living with HIV: a cross-cultural adaptation study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background The increasing number of people living with HIV requires a simple and easy-to-use quality of life (QoL) scale for people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aims to adapt the PozQoL scale into Turkish and assess its reliability and validity for the PLWH population in Turkey. Methods Translation-back-translation methodology was employed, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 130 patients using the PozQoL, socio-demographic, and clinical data questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were utilized to identify the underlying factor structure and examine the validity of the measurement model, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability, respectively. Results EFA revealed four factors with an eigenvalue of 0.88, explaining 62.1% of the cumulative variance. CFA indicated that the four-factor solution achieved good levels of fit. The total Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81, indicating high internal consistency. The ICC for the total score was 0.92 (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.90–0.94]; p < 0.05), demonstrating high test-retest reliability. Conclusion The Turkish version of the PozQoL was found to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the health-related QoL of PLWH in Turkey.
Quantifying the Excess Risk of Type 2 Diabetes by Body Habitus Measurements Among Australian Aborigines Living in Remote Areas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE—To quantify the risk for type 2 diabetes by body habitus measurements among remote-living Australian Aborigines relative to that measured in the general Australian population (as characterized by the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle [AusDiab] study). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Anthropometric measurements and diabetes status were assessed by standard procedures among Aborigines (n = 1,456) and Australians aged ≥25 years (n = 11,247). Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes among Aborigines relative to AusDiab participants were calculated by commonly used categories of body size measurements. RESULTS—The OR (95% CI) values for diabetes among normal, overweight, and obese (by waist) Aboriginal women relative to AusDiab women were 2.6 (0.6–11.5), 13.1 (6.7–25.7), and 6.1 (4.6–8.0), respectively, and for Aboriginal men relative to AusDiab men, they were 7.6 (4.6–12.5), 7.6 (4.3–13.4), and 5.2 (3.4–8.0), respectively. Rates of diabetes were also excessive in Aborigines for each standard category of BMI. CONCLUSIONS—Higher rates of diabetes, even at normal and lower body habitus measurements, among Aborigines suggest that strategies for prevention should expand beyond exclusive focus on diet and weight management.
The Impact of Mutual Fund Family Membership on Investor Risk

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Many investors confine their mutual fund holdings to a single fund family either for simplicity or through restrictions placed by their retirement savings plan. We find evidence that mutual fund returns are more closely correlated within than between fund families. As a result, restricting investment to one fund family leads to a greater total portfolio risk than diversifying across fund families. We examine the sources of this increased correlation and find that it is due primarily to common stock holdings, but is also more generally related to families having similar exposures to economic sectors or industries. Fund families also show a propensity to focus on high or low risk strategies, which leads to a greater dispersion of risk across restricted investors. An investor considering adding an additional fund, either in the same family or outside the family, would need to believe the inside fund offered an extra 50 to 70 basis points to have the same Sharpe ratio.