jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prudence, Principle and Minimal Heuristics: British Public Opinion toward the Use of Military Force in Afghanistan and Libya

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research Highlights and Abstract This article shows: Clear pluralities of British survey respondents opposed their nation's military interventions in Afghanistan and Libya. Opposition to involvement in the conflicts mostly a function of the costs the missions would impose on the nation and concerns about the morality of the missions. Attitudes towards the parties and their leaders are weak predictors of the respondents' attitudes towards involving the nation's military in the conflict. Survey experiment reveals the positions leaders and parties took on sending additional British troops into Afghanistan did not prime support or opposition to such a ‘surge’. Scholarship is divided on the primary drivers of public support for the use of military force. This article addresses this controversy by comparing three competing models of British public opinion towards the use of military force in Afghanistan and Libya. Analyses of national survey data demonstrate that cost-benefit calculations and normative considerations have sizable effects, but leader images and other heuristics have very limited explanatory power. These results are buttressed by experimental evidence showing that leader cues have negligible impacts on attitudes towards participation in a military ‘surge’ in Afghanistan. The minimal role heuristics played in motivating citizen support and opposition to the conflicts in these two countries contrast with their significant relationship to citizen attitudes towards the British intervention in Iraq. These conflicting results suggest that the strength of leader and partisan cues may be animated by the intensity of inter-elite conflict over British involvement in military interventions.
Buyers' power strategies and suppliers' compliance mechanism : case of Indian apparel export firms

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Apparel industry in the developing world is experiencing a boom in apparel export since the quota free trade. However, incidences of poor working conditions and labor standard violations are commonly reported. Therefore, it is important to investigate factors and mechanisms affecting apparel suppliers' compliance, particularly with the code of conduct policies that were adopted by international buyers to regulate social compliance issues in the global apparel industry. This research investigated the influence of buyers' (apparel importers from developed countries) power strategies on suppliers' (apparel manufacturers from developing countries) motivations, and its overall effect on the suppliers' compliance mechanisms in the Indian apparel industry context, which is a force to reckon with in this industry. Face-to-face interviews of 210 managers from Indian apparel export firms were conducted. Data was analyzed using a statistical procedure of structure equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that buyers' power strategies that were punitive in nature had a significant effect on suppliers' extrinsic motivation (a form of motivation that depends on punishment), while no effect on intrinsic motivation (motivation that relates to internal values of the managers). Interestingly, it was also found that the suppliers' extrinsic motivation affected both monitoring and transparency (two important components of compliance mechanisms), while intrinsic motivation affected only transparency mechanism. Overall, this study concludes that in order to develop a well-integrated code of conduct compliance mechanism, international buyers should use their powers in such a way that it may induce both extrinsic as well as intrinsic motivations. Altogether, this study highlights alternative pathways for international buyers to gain suppliers' compliance in the Indian apparel context.
Risk-Aware Linear Bandits: Theory and Applications in Smart Order Routing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Motivated by practical considerations in machine learning for financial decision-making, such as risk aversion and large action space, we consider risk-aware bandits optimization with applications in smart order routing (SOR). Specifically, based on preliminary observations of linear price impacts made from the NASDAQ ITCH dataset, we initiate the study of risk-aware linear bandits. In this setting, we aim at minimizing regret, which measures our performance deficit compared to the optimum's, under the mean-variance metric when facing a set of actions whose rewards are linear functions of (initially) unknown parameters. Driven by the variance-minimizing globally-optimal (G-optimal) design, we propose the novel instance-independent Risk-Aware Explore-then-Commit (RISE) algorithm and the instance-dependent Risk-Aware Successive Elimination (RISE++) algorithm. Then, we rigorously analyze their near-optimal regret upper bounds to show that, by leveraging the linear structure, our algorithms can dramatically reduce the regret when compared to existing methods. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the algorithms by conducting extensive numerical experiments in the SOR setup using both synthetic datasets and the NASDAQ ITCH dataset. Our results reveal that 1) The linear structure assumption can indeed be well supported by the Nasdaq dataset; and more importantly 2) Both RISE and RISE++ can significantly outperform the competing methods, in terms of regret, especially in complex decision-making scenarios.
Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay for Aquaponic Products in a Developed Food Market: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Even in highly developed food markets, aquaponic products have not yet been successfully introduced. This is particularly surprising, as aquaponics is an excellent example of a sustainable circulation food production system. The purpose of this empirical study was to determine the factors that influence consumers’ willingness to pay for aquaponic products. The direct and indirect relationships were tested via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Primary data of 315 respondents from Austria were collected. The findings revealed that the willingness to pay for aquaponic products was significantly and directly driven by the purchase intention. As a result, the successful implementation of aquaponics in the market requires the provision of information for consumers. We suggest emphasizing the value of aquaponics as a sustainable food production system, since indirect factors that influence the willingness to pay are (besides the assessment of aquaponics) environmental awareness and green consumption.
Close Relationship of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance With Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract —Hypertension is frequently accompanied by left ventricular hypertrophy, endothelial dysfunction, and abnormal glucose metabolism. However, no study has examined the relative pathological significance of left ventricular hypertrophy and abnormal glucose metabolism on endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. This study was conducted to evaluate whether abnormal glucose tolerance assessed by 75-g oral glucose tolerance test or left ventricular hypertrophy is more closely associated with endothelial dysfunction in never-treated hypertensive patients without elevated fasting blood glucose. We studied 107 unmedicated hypertensive patients (mean age, 54±10 years) whose fasting blood glucose was <7.0 mmol/L. Endothelial function was assessed by change in brachial artery diameter in response to reactive hyperemia, and left ventricular mass index was determined by ultrasonography. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated that endothelial function significantly correlated with left ventricular mass index and 2-hour blood glucose in 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, but not with fasting blood glucose. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that endothelial function significantly correlated with 2-hour blood glucose (β=−2.68, P <0.05) after we controlled for other clinical variables. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to 2-hour blood glucose levels. Endothelial function was more impaired in patients with diabetes (n=12; 4.7±1.8%) and in those with impaired glucose tolerance (n=31; 6.3±2.9%) than in those with normal glucose tolerance (n=64; 8.4±4.5%) ( P <0.05), but left ventricular mass index was similar in these 3 groups. Abnormal glucose tolerance assessed by 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, rather than left ventricular hypertrophy, may have direct pathophysiological relevance to endothelial dysfunction in borderline to moderate hypertensive patients.
The Electronic Adiabatic-to-Diabatic Transformation Matrix and the Irreducible Representation of the Rotation Group

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this publication we consider the electronically multi-fold degeneracy with the aim of revealing the connection between the adiabatic-to-diabatic transformation matrices and Wigner's irreducible representation of the rotation group. To form the connection we constructed simplified models of two, three and four states, all (electronically) degenerate at a single point, and we employed the relevant non-adiabatic coupling matrices. We found that once these matrices are properly quantized (Baer, M. Chem. Phys. 259,123,2000) the adiabatic-to-diabatic transformation matrices and Wigner's dj-rotation matrices are related via a similarity transformation.
Local spin valve effect in lateral (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs spin Esaki diode devices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report on a local spin valve effect observed unambiguously in lateral all-semiconductor all-electrical spin injection devices, employing p+-(Ga,Mn)As/n+-GaAs Esaki diode structures as spin aligning contacts. We discuss the observed local spin-valve signal as a result of interplay between spin-transport-related contribution and tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance of magnetic contacts. The magnitude of the spin-related magnetoresistance change is equal to 30 Ohm which is twice the magnitude of the measured non-local signal.
Epidural versus general anesthesia for open pyloromyotomy in infants: A retrospective observational study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Thoracic epidural anesthesia for open infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis surgery is a controversial issue in the presence of little comparative data. Aims To compare this approach to general anesthesia for desaturation events (≤90% oxygen saturation) and absolute values of minimal oxygen saturation, minimal heart frequency, operating‐room occupancy time, and durations of surgery in a retrospective study design. Methods Data were retrieved for patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis managed by thoracic epidurals under sedation or general anesthesia with rapid sequence induction between 01/2007 and 12/2017. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were analyzed over eight 5‐minutes intervals relative to the start of anesthesia / sedation (four‐time intervals) and before discharge of the patient from the operating room (four‐time intervals). Fisher's exact tests and mixed model two‐way analysis of variance for repeated measures were employed for intergroup comparisons. Results The epidural and general anesthesia groups included 69 and 32 evaluable infants, respectively. Patients managed under epidural anesthesia had cumulatively higher minimimal mean (SD) oxygen saturation values (98.2 [2.6] % versus 96.6 [5.2] %, p < 0.001) and lower minimal mean (SD) heart rate values (127.9 [15.0] beats per minute versus 140.7 [17.2] beats per minute, p < 0.001) over time. Similarly, the frequency of desaturation events (defined as ≤90% oxygen saturation) was significantly lower for these patients during the period of 5 minutes after induction of sedation or general anesthesia (odds ratio 7.4 [2.1–25.9]; p = 0.001) and during the subsequent period of five minutes (odds ratio 6.2 [1.1–33.9]; p = 0.031). One case of prolonged respiratory weaning was observed in the general anesthesia group. The mean (SD) operating‐room occupancy was 61.9 (16.6) minutes for the epidural anesthesia group versus 73.3 (22.2) minutes for the general anesthesia group ( p = 0.005) as a result of shorter emergence from sedation. Conclusions In our series, maintaining spontaneous breathing with minimal airway manipulation in patients undergoing open repair of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis under single‐shot epidural anesthesia resulted in fewer desaturation events ≤90% than general anesthesia. In addition, this approach seems to result in shorter turnover times in the operating room.
MTN-001 Study Schema.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Formulations: Oral, 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; Vaginal, 1% tenofovir gel.</p><p>Sampling occurs at the 3-week mid-point (blood only) and 6-week end of period visit (blood, PBMC, vaginal biopsy [intensive sites], vaginal fluid, and rectal fluid [Bronx-Lebanon site]).</p><p>Number of samples at each visit varied between intensive (US) and non-intensive (African) clinical sites.</p>
‘Scholars at Risk’ in Germany: Forced Migration and Agency in Forced Migration Decision-Making

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The recent migration waves from countries ruled by leaders with autocratic tendencies or under war regimes included also the forced migration of academics who have become targets of widening severe attacks against academic-scientific values, institutions, and students/scholars (GCP EA). Based on empirical research, this paper studies the forced migration of scholars from such countries to Germany after 2015. While putting theoretical concepts deriving from distinct study fields (such as forced migration and exile studies) into a dialog, the paper perceives the migration of these scholars as forced due to risks they encountered in their home countries. It also addresses the complexity of their forced migration as a multidimensional and relational process involving various structural and subjective push-pull drives. In line with the empirical data and post-structuralist theories on migration and forced migration, the paper pursues the following theses: Risks and responses against risks are varied and involve the agency of migrants. Although forced migration is a regulated process concerning migration regimes and laws, it calls for the performance/agency of exiled scholars and other actors’ governing activities. As a complex and transformative process, forced migration results in different exilic positions. It is not a predetermined linear process in time and space, but a process with unexpected outcomes, since it entails the ongoing struggle of exiled scholars over/through their academic and social networks and capitals, which function as mediating-pulling drivers.
Intermedial Translation as Circulation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract We generally believe that literature first circulates nationally and then scales up through translation and reception at an international level. In contrast, I argue that Taiwan literature first attained international acclaim through intermedial translation during the New Cinema period (1982–90) and was only then subsequently recognized nationally. These intermedial translations included not only adaptations of literature for film, but also collaborations between authors who acted as screenwriters and filmmakers. The films resulting from these collaborations repositioned Taiwan as a multilingual, multicultural and democratic nation. These shifts in media facilitated the circulation of these new narratives. Filmmakers could circumvent censorship at home and reach international audiences at Western film festivals. The international success ensured the wide circulation of these narratives in Taiwan.
Evaluation of explosion loading effects on concrete infrastructures using ABAQUS software

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

One of the most important facilities of a country is Fluid Reservoirs which should be secured against different damage of explosion. Reservoir structural failure after explosion not only could lead to economic losses, but also could cause water shortage and toxic leakage. In this paper a reservoir is modeled in ABAQUS software. The results for displacements and deformations, energy dissipation of various forms and principal stresses are illustrated.
Prorogation by submission under art. 26 of Brussels Ibis Regulation and the protection of weaker parties

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Section 7 of Chapter II of the Brussels Ibis Regulation deals with prorogation of juris-diction. The choice of jurisdiction can be made by a choice-of-court agreement or by a trust provision (Art. 25), or by submission to the court seized (Art. 26). The purpose of Art. 26 is, in part, common to the purpose of Art. 25: to respect freedom of choice. However, where one of the parties is a typically weaker party, it may be appropriate to limit freedom of choice or, as it is the case in Art. 26(2), to provide for a duty of information aimed at overcoming the information asymmetry between the parties. The present essay addresses the main interpretation and gap filling issues arising therefrom.
Approximate Methods for Analysing the Effects of Creeping and Shrinkage of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Constructions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

́Precisé procedures of analysis of so - called slow deformations, based on absence of negligence, are not suitable for practical calculations, due to its characteristic to be in demand of sufficient analyses. For that reason, there is the need for applying the approximative procedures and methods of analyses which give acceptable results, and they are still based on simplified mathematical relations. There are three procedures of that kind included in the exposition: method of simplified differential equation, modified Trost procedure and method of the idealistic modulus of elasticity, as well as their applicability on the exact example of the reinforced and prestressed concrete element.
History of Birth Complications, Having Chronic Diseases and Children's Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at Age 7-8 Years Old in Baghdad City, Iraq

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

History of birth complications may affect cognitive development of children later in life.The main objective of this study was to determine the level of IQ and to assess its relationship with birth complications history and chronic diseases.A cross-sectional study was done in Baghdad city among 450 primary school children aged 7 to 8 years old.Translated questionnaires were distributed to mothers to answer, also Raven IQ tool was used to obtain children IQ level.A total of 22.2% children have low IQ score.The prevalence of birth complications history was 20.9%.There was a significant association between birth complications history, having chronic diseases and parents working status with child's IQ status (p=0.001,p=0.041and p<0.001) respectively.After adjusting for confounders, history of birth complications remain a strong factor affecting children IQ status at age 7-8 years old in Baghdad city, Iraq.As a conclusion, having a history of birth complications during child delivery may affect IQ level later in life.
CFD prediction of bioaerosol dynamics in a concept air sanitiser for space applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

SAILOR Moon is a concept air sanitiser for closed space environments. There is indeed an increasing interest in the development of potentially inhabited outposts in space, such as the forecasted NASA's Lunar Gateway, as well as on the Moon and Mars surfaces. The health monitoring of astronauts is paramount in the development of such missions. The idea is to collect pathogens emitted in the closed environment by astronauts, especially through bioaerosol, and use the well-known principle of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) through UVC light for pathogen inactivation. This work focuses on the method for predicting the device's bioaerosol dynamics. The method mainly relies on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and optical simulations. In this paper, the CFD simulations performed are presented, along with some analysis results and their implications.
Initiation fracture toughness of HSLA steel through automatic measurement of stretch zone

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Stretch zones are formed due to crack tip blunting in ductile materials before the initiation of a crack. Using special edge detection filters, an automatic measurement procedure based on image analysis (IA) for estimating stretch zone dimensions has been proposed. The in house developed software based on the proposed technique requires only fractographic images to automatically define stretch zone boundaries. Employing the proposed technique, stretch zone measurements were carried out on a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel. The initiation fracture toughness of this HSLA steel has been estimated using these stretch zone dimensions. A comparison of measured stretch zone dimensions with the crack tip blunting region of the fracture resistance curve revealed that the blunting behaviour is non-linear and the data range normally considered for constructing the blunting line is inadequate to represent this non-linearity for these steels. Prediction of initiation fracture toughness (J i) in high strength, high toughness materials therefore requires blunting line estimation from a modified data range. An upper bound blunting line data range is proposed for accurate prediction of Δacr (SZW) and J i. The results of this study indicate that the IA technique can be used effectively for accurate determination of SZW, SZD, J i, and J Q. It is also noted that for materials with non-linear blunting behaviour, SZW is a better parameter than SZD for predicting J i and J Q.
A Novel Potassium Channel in Photosynthetic

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Elucidation of the structure-function relationship of a small number of prokaryotic ion channels characterized so far greatly contributed to our knowledge on basic mechanisms of ion conduction. We identified a new potassium channel (SynK) in the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, a photosynthetic model organism. SynK, when expressed in a K+-uptake-system deficient E.coli strain, was able to recover growth of these organisms. The protein functions as a potassium selective ion channel when expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. The location of SynK in cyanobacteria in both thylakoid and plasmamembranes was revealed by immunogold electron microscopy and Western blotting of isolated membrane fractions. SynK seems to be conserved during evolution, giving rise to a TPK (two-pore K+ channel) family member which is shown here to be located in the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis. Our work characterizes a novel cyanobacterial potassium channel and indicates the molecular nature of the first higher plant thylakoid cation channel, opening the way to functional studies.