jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Chemical Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Properties of a Novel Cyclic ADP-Ribose Analogue

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

For the investigation of the structure-activity relationship of the analogues of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a novel cyclic IDP-ribose analogue, cIDPRN, in which the northern ribose was replaced by N-carbobenzyloxy-alkylimine bridge was designed and synthesized. The enzymatic stability of cIDPRN was evaluated by the incubation with Jurkat T-lymphocytes for 0, 2 and 18 h. The result analyzed by capillary electrophoresis indicated that cIDPRN antagonized the hydrolysis, whereas cADPR was easily hydrolyzed. The Ca{2+} signal release behavior was investigated in intact Jurkat T-lymphocytes by spectrofluorometer. It showed that cIDPRN induced calcium release either in extracellular Ca{2+}-containing or Ca{2+}-free condition. The result indicated that cIDPRN was a mild membrane-permeant agonist of cADPR/RyR signaling system. This study provided further information for understanding the effect of structure of northern ribose moiety of cIDPR on the calcium motivation activity.
Córki Syjońskie (Iz 3, 16-24)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Passus from Iz 3,16-24 describing splendor of Zion’s daughters is without a doubt a perfect base to perform a comparison between the Hebrew Bible and Septuagint. It is hard to identify many of the Hebrew hapax legomena used by Isaiah, however, this is not this particular difficulty that can be seen as a cause of differences in translation of LXX. Thorough analysis shows, that Greek translator made an acculturation of the text to Egyptian conditions, as the list of goods he compiles has its representation in papyrus texts, in particular in these listing items in bride’s dowry. Explanation based on the culture is, however, not sufficient, since Greek version of the fragment can be also interpreted by using specifically “vailed” theology. This is because the translator adds to his version of text the same precious items, which has been used, according to LXX Ex to build the tabernacle at the desert. It is well seen in analogies between LXXIsa 3,20 and LXXEx 35,22, and also LXXIsa 3,23 and LXXEx 25,4. In this context explaining the difference between LXX and Hebrew Bible by referring to different Vorlage cannot be justified and proved.
Essential Tremor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tremor is a common neurologic symptom and should be distinguished from other movement disorders that may superficially resemble tremor. In addition, essential tremor, a primary tremor disorder consisting of bilateral upper limb action tremor, is commonly misdiagnosed. A careful history and clinical examination for other neurologic findings, such as bradykinesia, dystonia, or evidence of peripheral neuropathy, can reveal potential alternative etiologies of tremor. Drug-induced tremor and metabolic disturbances should always be considered in patients with recent-onset tremor. Oral pharmacotherapies, including propranolol and primidone, are mainstays of treatment, whereas DBS and focused ultrasound thalamotomy can be offered to alleviate disabling, medication-refractory tremor. Novel oral pharmacologic agents, noninvasive stimulation for tremor, and botulinum toxin injections for hand and head tremor need further study but may serve as potential future treatment options.
Chitotriosidase attenuates microglia‐associated inflammation via HDAC3/NF‐κB pathway in D‐galactose and aluminum‐induced rat model with cognitive impairments

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Chitotriosidase (CHIT1, chitinase 1) is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Our previous study has shown that CHIT1 provides potential protection through microglial polarization and reduction of β‐amyloid (Aβ) oligomers on rats models of AD. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) plays an important regulatory role in the expression and regulation of proteins associated with AD pathophysiology. In addition, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway activation in neurons is involved in the development and progression of AD. NF‐κB activation is regulated by HDAC3 deacetylation. In this study, we investigated the role of CHIT1 in HDAC3/NF‐κB signaling in D‐galactose and aluminum‐induced rat model with cognitive impairments. Method Rats in each group were euthanized and transcardial perfusion was performed with 0.9% saline. Brain tissues (cortex and hippocampus) from these rats were quickly removed. The prepared samples were used for western blotting (WB), and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). For paraffin sections, rats were anesthetized and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde following normal saline infusion. Once the limbs became stiff, the brains were removed for dehydration, embedding and sectioning. Result We found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF‐κB were reduced after CHIT1 treatment, and the expression level of IκBα increased after CHIT1 treatment. Anti‐inflammatory factors (Arg‐1, IL‐10, and CD206) were increased while pro‐inflammatory factors (TNF‐a, IL‐1β, and iNOS) were decreased in D‐galactose/aluminum‐induced AD rats with CHIT1 treatment. Conclusion These results indicate that CHIT1 can regulate microglial polarization via HDAC3/NF‐κB p65 pathway in D‐galactose and aluminum‐induced rat model with cognitive impairments.
Fuzzy Logic Sliding Mode Controller based PMBLDC Motor to improve the performance parameters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An FLSMC speed control system is proposed for use in PMBLDC motor within the scope of this paper. The high-speed control of BLDC motors is accomplished with the help of a fuzzy sliding mode controller. The efficacy of the system can be increased with the help of an FSM controller. PI controllers are not applicable to BLDC motors because of the non-linear features that they possess. The Interval Type2 fuzzy PID controller has a tough time dealing with noise disturbances, harmonics, and uncertainty caused by either their antecedents or their consequents. Sliding Mode Control, on the other hand, is the most appealing control strategy for all kinds of uncertainties, and it also increases the performance of the system. A successful simulation results demonstrated the appealing performance of the projected system.
Functional MRI analysis of cortical activation during saccadic adaptation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Saccadic adaptation is a mechanism to preserve accuracy during changes in the oculomotor system. Adaptation occurs when a visual target is repeatedly displaced during a saccade, so that the original saccade either overshoots the target or falls short of it. Though many primate studies emphasize the role of the cerebellum in this process and a PET study revealed activation in cerebellar neurons (Desmurget et al. Nat Neurosc., 1998, 1, 524–8), the exact neuronal substrate of saccadic adaptation remains unclear. We investigated the neural correlates of inward and outward saccadic adaptation using a gaze-dependent visual display in fMRI. Subjects were asked to saccade from fixation to a target as quickly as possible. Saccadic gain adaptation was experimentally induced using the double step paradigm: During the adaptation phase, the target was displaced peri-saccadically by 30%. In control condition, however, the displacement was done post-saccadically, delayed by 300 ms related to saccade onset. The experiment comprised 480 trials in all, arranged in (a) pre-adaptation (control), (b) adaptation and (c) post-adaptation (control) phases. Functional MR images (Siemens 3T) and eye movements from 12 subjects were recorded simultaneously. Data was preprocessed and statistically analysed using SPM5. The SPMs which resulted from our random effects analysis were initially thresholded with p uncorrected[[lt]]0.001. Clusters surpassing a threshold of p corrected[[lt]]0.05 were considered as significantly activated. The eye movement data indicate a significant (T = 2.57; p [[lt]]0.05) decrease in gain (12 percent on average) during (b), which was accompanied by bilateral enhanced activity in the posterior parieto-insular cortex when compared with (a). This region is involved in processing of vestibular information in primates and part of a cortical network labelled parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC; Eickhoff et al. Hum. Brain Mapp., 2006, 27, 611–21). The enhanced activation probably reflects an integration of information regarding head position and oculomotor information.
Confronting Power in Economics: A Pragmatic Evaluation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

All social sciences have in common their preoccupation with human interaction. Maiiistream economics has traditionally preferred to assume that such interaction is essentially harmonious, if not because of the intrinsic nature of human beings, at least by virtue of their subservience to the Invisible Hand. Generally, institutionalists, following Charles Darwin, have always assumed that human interaction is essentially based on conflict; therefore, the pursuit of power by participants in the economy-the ability to prevail over others-must always be assumed.' Coping with this pursuit must, therefore, be a major concern of any social science. Mainstream economics confronts the implications of concentrated power from two perspectives, one theoretical and the other applied. Formal theory was amended many years ago to incorporate oligopoly as a market structure intermediate between competition and monopoly. This effort to inject realism into economic theory remains to this day, we shall see, one of the least satisfactory aspects of conventional theory. In applied economics, the field known as industrial organization has attempted to measure concentration and to explore its implications for resource allocation via markets. It has led to a variety of possible evaluative
ELEVATIONAL GRADIENTS IN DIVERSITY OF SMALL MAMMALS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A global analysis of elevational diversity trends for nonvolant small mammals revealed a clear pattern of mid-elevational peaks in species richness. Fifty-six data sets were used to test the predictions of a null model (the mid-domain effect) and climatic hypotheses. Very few data sets fit entirely within the predictions of the null model, and the average predictive power of the null model was low. Regional (gamma) diversity fit the null model better than did local (alpha) diversity. Diversity peaked at higher elevations on taller mountains, consistent with climatic factors producing elevationally correlated habitat bands (Massenerhebung effect). This positive, linear relationship was documented for all data sets but was particularly pronounced for alpha diversity. Gamma diversity, which is generally highly influenced by area, exhibited a trend of highest diversity shifting toward lower elevations, and higher elevational peaks in species diversity at higher latitudes. The elevation of temperate diversity peaks exhibited a negative association with latitude. These results are evidence for the importance of a suite of interacting climatic, area, and geometric factors on elevational diversity patterns, apparent in spite of noise associated with different sampling techniques, localities, and historical pressures.
The Main Challenges of Higher Education Institutions in the 21st Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Interest in higher education institutions (HEIs) as instruments for development has increased in recent years. The main objective of this chapter is to address the main challenges HEIs face in the 21st century as key actors for regional development, emphasising their entrepreneurial dimension. The pressures exerted on HEIs to become more effective, efficient, and autonomous require a reflection regarding the present and future of higher education. Through a detailed analysis and discussion of the relevant literature, this chapter contributes to a better understanding of the role of HEIs, especially given its relationship with society and the need for a more effective contribution to socioeconomic development.
Nippon Daishowa to build new boiler

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The ability of an amphiphilic molecule to form topologically ordered, surfactant-like aggregates is probed by studying the ethoxylated alcohols 3-oxaheptanol (C4 E1) and 3,6-dioxadodecanol (C6 E2). Density, refractive index, and NMR measurements indicated C4 E1-water-(NaCl salt) solutions are ideal dilute solutions with no solute association up to a C4 E1 mole fraction of about 0.018 (ca. 11 wt%). Above this concentration, the amphiphile forms aggregates which appear to be at least weakly cooperative. At high C4E1 concentrations, 23Na NMR and quasielastic light scattering (QLS) measurements indicated the existence of small brine-rich domains (<10A˚) which though probably of short life (⩽1 μs) can interact and exchange with the amphiphile. Addition of n-decane to C4E1-water-salt and of n-dodecane to C6E2-water-salt mixtures leads to strong solution nonidealities evidenced by both brine-rich and oil-rich critical points. The spectroscopic and QLS data obtained from amphiphile-oil-brine mixtures at low brine content (1–13 wt% brine) indicated larger brine-rich domain sizes (25–40A˚) than those in the oil-free mixtures. The 23Na NMR data in the oil-containing mixtures were very sensitive to nearness to the binodal separating one- and two-phase samples, which indicates that the domain size was largest when there was just enough amphiphile present to completely solubilize oil and brine. 13C NMR measurements suggested that both amphiphiles were oriented in the oil-containing mixtures with ethylene oxide groups toward water and tail groups toward oil. From the magnitude of the chemical shifts observed, C6E2 appeared to be more oriented than C4E1. Hence, even with these simplest ethoxylated alcohols, there are indications of surfactant-like aggregation, i.e., topological ordering, between oil and brine domains.
Spectral properties of the Newtonian potential field and their application in the interpretation of the gravity anomalies

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Some spectral properties of the Newtonian potential field and of fields related to it by derivation processes are examined. Corresponding spectral techniques are proposed to treat several geophysical problems connected with the study of local gravity perturbation fields. In particular it is shown that, given the perturbing masses, such techniques allow the Bouguer and isostatic anomalies, the deflections of the vertical, as well as their upward and downward continuation, the geoidal height variations and, in general, the undulations of gravity equipotential surfaces, all to be obtained.
Hydrogenation of CO2 over 15% Fe/SiO2 Catalyst under Sub- and Supercritical Conditions

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The results of comparative studies of CO 2 hydrogenation over 15% Fe/SiO 2 catalyst under sub- and supercritical conditions are presented for the first time. The reaction was studied at 300–500 °C and atmospheric pressure in gas phase and at 95 atm under supercritical conditions. The molar H 2 : CO 2 ratio was 2 : 1. Under supercritical conditions, the selectivity to CO 2 decreased from 90–95 to 30–50 % at all temperatures, while the selectivity to hydrocarbons increased up to 60 %. The reaction under supercritical conditions, unlike gas-phase hydrogenation, produced alcohols. TG-DTG-DTA techniques were used to demonstrate 2.2-fold decrease in the quantity of carbon-like deposits in comparison to that in the gas-phase reaction. XRD studies revealed the formation of graphite-like species on the catalyst surface under gas-phase but not supercritical conditions. The developed process and catalyst for hydrogenation of CO 2 can be recommended to be further modified in order to improve the catalyst based on iron nanoparticles that is as expensive as 0.1–0.01 of the known catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation.
Child Welfare Reform as Anger Management

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter introduces the critical role played by outrage in child protective services (CPS) decision making. It discusses the rational and emotional components of decision making, which are important to child welfare reform. Among wealthy democracies, the United States has the toughest system for assuring child well-being. The organizational effectiveness and efficiency, financial resources, necessary services, minimization of decision errors, worker quality and training, computerized management, and quality control data systems are the persistent themes that have run through child welfare reforms. Outrage has aroused child welfare reform through the implementation of court orders, injunctions, or consent decrees. Outrage-driven legislation, lawsuits, government task forces, and special panel reports can and have affected the structure and process of CPS organizations. It is noted here that CPS bureaucracy has struggled to attain new stability, guided by modified SOPs and new rules.
Developing a tactical metric to estimate the defensive area of soccer teams: The defensive play area

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study proposes a computational method to inspect the tactical position of players during the match and a new metric to analyse the defensive pressure made by a soccer team. These metrics only require Cartesian information about the players’ positions on the field. As a case study, three matches played by the same professional soccer team were considered, including variables computed for the half of the match (first half vs second half) and the final score of the game for an analysis of variance of tactical performance, trying to identify the influence of such variables on the collective organisation. The data were collected at 1 Hz and from this process, 9218 instances of useful time were collected. The results revealed that the different kinds of final scores had significant effects on the tactical performance. The comparison between two halves of the match revealed significant differences with a small effect size on tactical performance. In summary, this study showed that these new tactical metrics can be a computational option to increase a coaches’ knowledge about the defensive organisation of soccer teams, giving them the possibility to augment their own perception with metrics that can provide specific information.
‘Values Are Always at Stake’: An Interview with Jay G. Blumler

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the questions you often raise in research seminars is about the normative position of the speaker. Is it essential for media and communications researchers to have a clear normative stance? Why is it so important in your view? I'm not sure whether it's essential, but I certainly think it is desirable and important. And that's because values are at stake in our subfield of the communication discipline. I think one can see that at four different levels. First of all, there is the civic level itself. On the one hand, there is the Schumpeterian view that democracy should pivot on competition between two teams of would-be political leaders for the votes of citizens. Now, that was not just an observation of how democratic politics was being conducted on the part of Schumpeter and others who followed him (often described as a 'realist' view of democracy), but it was also normative for him. At one point, Schumpeter even maintained that for politics to work well, there should be restraint on the part of citizens from trying to do more than choose between competing leaders (Schumpeter, 1942). Well, of course, that stands in opposition to the participatory view of democracy, especially as outlined by Carole Pateman (1970), who argued that a worthwhile democratic process should encourage, enable and involve more wide-ranging forms of citizen participation.
«Свод памятников старины и археологических находок в Бессарабии» Н. Могилянского и Я. Эбергарда / «Corpus of antiques and archaeological findings in Bessarabia» by N. Mogilyansky and Ya. Ebergardt

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article is devoted to the analysis and republishment of the full version of the little-known «Corpus of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Findings in Bessarabia», created in 1913-1916 by questioning of 800 local correspondents. It was created by the wine-maker N.K. Mogilyansky (1877-1966) and the official Ya.M. Ebergardt (1887 - ?). On the territory of eight districts of Bessarabia (now the Republic of Moldova, Odessa and Chernivtsi regions of Ukraine) about 1300 objects were taken into account: burial mounds, ancient cemeteries, ancient settlements and settlements, earthworks and other fortifications, caves, as well as finds of coins and other artifacts. The article contains an analysis of the «Corpus» and concluded that it is a living canvas of the collective folk notions about the antiquities of Bessarabia, as well as a road map for searching and excavating old and unknown archeological monuments.
Nudges and Networks: How to Use Behavioural Economics to Improve the Life Cycle Savings-Consumption Balance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Many people find it difficult to start and maintain a retirement savings plan. We show how nudges can be used both to encourage people to save enough to provide an acceptable standard of living in retirement and to draw down their accumulated pension fund to maximize retirement spending, without the risk of either running out of money or leaving unintended bequests. Networks can help too, particularly employer-based networks. However, the nudges and networks are more likely to be effective if they have legislative backing and support.
Direct determination of lipoprotein cholesterol distribution with micro-scale affinity chromatography columns.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract A quick and practical procedure based upon the principles of affinity chromatography has been developed and specifically adopted for the separation of serum lipoproteins into their respective alpha- and beta-lipoprotein fractions. The cholesterol, phospholipids, apoproteins, and triglycerides of these two lipoprotein fractions--the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and lower density lipoproteins--can be directly measured independently after this separation. The sums of each fraction agree with total serum components when independently assayed. The affinity column is packed with heparin bound in high capacity to agarose. The beta-lipoproteins (low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins) and HDL-containing apolipoprotein E are absorbed to the column support; the alpha-lipoproteins (non-apolipoprotein E) pass through. The beta-lipoproteins are subsequently desorbed from the column support with saline. The direct assay of both the "protective" alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and of the presumably atherogenic lower-density beta-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL + VLDL cholesterol) permits calculation of a beta-: alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, which may better indicate a patient's risk of stroke or coronary heart disease than does the value for HDL cholesterol alone.