jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
High-resolution last deglaciation record from the Congo fan reveals significance of mangrove pollen and biomarkers as indicators of shelf transgression

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract High abundances of mangrove pollen have been associated with transgressive cycles on tropical margins, but the detailed relations between systems tracts and the taphonomy of the pollen are unclear. We report here the occurrence and high abundance of Rhizophora pollen, in association with taraxerol, a Rhizophora -sourced biomarker, from a high-resolution Congo fan core covering the last deglaciation. An age model based on 14 C dates enables the temporal changes in taraxerol content and the percentage frequencies and flux (pollen grains (pg) cm –2 (10 3 yr) –1 ) of mangrove pollen to be compared quantitatively with the lateral rate of transgression across the flooding surface (derived from glacio-hydro-isostatic model output and the bathymetry of the margin). Rhizophora pollen concentrations and taraxerol content of the sediment are very strongly positively correlated with the lateral rate of transgression and indicate, independently of any sequence stratigraphic context, that mangrove pollen spikes are associated with the transgressive systems tract rather than the highstand systems tract or maximum flooding surface. Lower-resolution longer-term records from this margin indicate an association between taraxerol concentrations and transgressive rather than regressive phases. The flux of these materials to the Congo fan is interpreted as a function of the erosion of flooded mangrove swamp on the shelf and less importantly, changing extent of mangrove habitat, during sea-level rise. Congo River palaeoflood events also result in reworking of mangrove pollen and supply to the fan, but this mechanism is subdominant. Rhizophora pollen has been underestimated in many palynological studies undertaken on cores from the African margin because of inappropriate sieve mesh size used during laboratory preparation.
Roche Lobes in the Second Post-Newtonian Approximation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Close binary systems of compact stars, due to the emission of gravitational radiation, may evolve into a phase in which the less massive star transfers mass to its companion. We describe mass transfer by using the model of Roche lobe overflow, in which mass is transferred through the first, or innermost, Lagrange point. Under conditions in which gravity is strong, the shapes of the equipotential surfaces and the Roche lobes are modified compared to the Newtonian case. We present calculations of the Roche lobe utilizing the second order post-Newtonian (2PN) approximation in the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner gauge. Heretofore, calculations of the Roche lobe geometry beyond the Newtonian case have not been available. Beginning from the general N-body Lagrangian derived by Damour and Schaffer, we develop the Lagrangian for a test particle in the vicinity of two massive compact objects. As an exact result for the transverse-traceless part of the Lagrangian is not available, we devise an approximation that is valid for regions close to the less massive star. We calculate the Roche lobe volumes, and provide a simple fitting formula for the effective Roche lobe radius analogous to that for the Newtonian case furnished by Eggleton. In contrast to the Newtonian case, in which the effective Roche radius depends only upon the mass ratio $q=m_1/m_2$, in the 2PN case the effective Roche lobe radius also depends on the ratio $z=2 (m_1+m_2)/a$ of the total mass and the orbital separation.
GeoDILI: A Robust\nand Interpretable Model for Drug-Induced\nLiver Injury Prediction Using Graph Neural Network-Based Molecular\nGeometric Representation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Drug-induced\nliver injury (DILI) is a significant cause of drug\nfailure and withdrawal due to liver damage. Accurate prediction of\nhepatotoxic compounds is crucial for safe drug development. Several\nDILI prediction models have been published, but they are built on\ndifferent data sets, making it difficult to compare model performance.\nMoreover, most existing models are based on molecular fingerprints\nor descriptors, neglecting molecular geometric properties and lacking\ninterpretability. To address these limitations, we developed GeoDILI,\nan interpretable graph neural network that uses a molecular geometric\nrepresentation. First, we utilized a geometry-based pretrained molecular\nrepresentation and optimized it on the DILI data set to improve predictive\nperformance. Second, we leveraged gradient information to obtain high-precision\natomic-level weights and deduce the dominant substructure. We benchmarked\nGeoDILI against recently published DILI prediction models, as well\nas popular GNN models and fingerprint-based machine learning models\nusing the same data set, showing superior predictive performance of\nour proposed model. We applied the interpretable method in the DILI\ndata set and derived seven precise and mechanistically elucidated\nstructural alerts. Overall, GeoDILI provides a promising approach\nfor accurate and interpretable DILI prediction with potential applications\nin drug discovery and safety assessment. The data and source code\nare available at GitHub repository (https://github.com/CSU-QJY/GeoDILI).
Inclusiveness of Iqbal’s educational thought.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The contemporary education system, though grooming the youth for running economy and industries, is severely inhibiting the creativity in children.It is based on the ‘Factory model of education’ and not compatible with a child’s learning faculties as put by Sir Ken Robinson, in his TED Talk in 2010. When we look from our own perspective, in addition it is also acutely diminishing the vital spiritual aspect in children. With all the above weaknesses it cannot serve the
purpose of grooming the youth of Muslim ummah to take their position as Khalifa of Allah subhanawata’ala. Has Iqbal given us clear directives for an education system from Islamic perspective? My research findings are that he has, which we can discover in his two Persian anthologies of Asrar i khudi (Secrets of the Self), and Ramooz i bikhudi (Mysteries of Selflessness).And that these directives are quite inclusive to design an education system from an Islamic perspective. Iqbal was selected for my project, as he is considered to be the ideologue of Pakistan and has
lucidly presented his educational philosophy. Exploring Iqbal’s educational thought includes drawing hermeneutical interpretations from Asrar i khudi (Secrets of the Self), and Ramooz i bikhudi (Mysteries of Selflessness). Thematic data analysis was used to draw the aims and objectives for education from Iqbal’s said works. This paper attempts to explore the inclusiveness of Iqbal’s educational directives from the perspective of developing an Islamic education model.
Assessment of the Impact of the Digital Economy on Labor Resources Transformation in Kazakhstan

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The present paper analyzed the impact of the digital economy and innovations on Kazakhstan’s labor resource transformation from theoretical and empirical perspectives. By means of correlation analysis the factors that were the most significant for the result variable - the employed population in high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy were determined (R2>0,8). However, the correlation analysis revealed the multicollinearity - close linear relationship between all factors. In this regard, the method of statistical equations of dependencies was applied for further research. During the study, a multifactorial equation of dependencies was calculated. Key socio-economic factors influencing population employment in high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy were determined. The degree of influence of each factor on the result variable was calculated. Thus, the level of employment in high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries of Kazakhstan is most influenced by four key factors: the share of Internet users, the degree of influence of this indicator is the most significant and amounted to 38.28%; the share of computer users – 28.27%; gross domestic product per capita - 19.47%; and internal expenditure on research and development work – 11.69%. Taking into account the fact that the digital innovation era today is almost at the very beginning of its development, the digital processes occurring in the economy, in particular in the labor market, require monitoring and in-depth analysis for the timely development of management levers and control of their impact, that only emphasizes the relevance of this study.
Goal Abstraction, Goal Linkage Dependency, and Perceived Utilitarian Value of Information Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Prior research has shown that the utilitarian value of an information system influences user acceptance because of the way the system helps to achieve certain user goals. It is less recognized in the literature that users have multiple goals that influence a user’s perception regarding the information system’s utilitarian value. This paper extends this body of knowledge by incorporating different types of goals into a theoretical framework. Building on means-end chain theory, two goal characteristics are identified, goal abstraction and goal linkage dependency, that both exert an influence on the utilitarian value of an information system. Findings from a qualitative and a quantitative study indicate that perceived utilitarian value changes as goal abstraction increases, and that goal linkage dependency influences the similarity of perceived utilitarian values across goals. Implications are important because they provide insight into potentially contradicting user evaluations of information systems.
Victoria: The Story of A Western Kansas Town

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis is a history of the English colony at Victoria, Kansas, from the purchase of the land from the Kansas Pacific Railroad by Georg E. Grant in 1872 until the end of the colony in the early eighties. It does not attempt to deal in any complete form with history of the German- Russians who settled at Herzog, a mile north of the original town of Victoria in 1876. The history of Herzog is a story in itself, an intensely interesting one, but too long to be more than suggested in this thesis. It is given only for the years in which the two groups existed side by side and for the purpose of showing their relationships to each other and the contrast between them.
An Overview of the Phytochemical Composition of Different Organs of Prunus spinosa L., Their Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to analyze prospective approaches that emphasize the beneficial biofunctional and metabolic effects of different anatomic parts of the Prunus spinosa L. on maintaining human health and improving some pathophysiological processes. Our research is based on recent data from literature on the biology and ecology of P. spinosa L., focusing on its bioactive compounds. Based on such bifunctional parameters, we aim to conceptualize path-breaking approaches that have as a goal the incorporation of P. spinosa L. fruits into certain food products to make use of their potential metabolic benefits in cardiovascular pathologies and other disorders that are prevalent at present and respond to nutritional intake of antioxidants. It is well known that dietary interventions allow the search for mechanisms leading to the development of effective nutritional therapies. This review has mainly focused on the identification of bioactive and functional nutrients of P. spinosa L. that can be incorporated into diverse food formulations. This is because nutrition plays a pivotal role in the development, validation, and recommendation of the nutritional composition of food, with demonstrated impacts on metabolic processes in specific diet-related pathologies.
Spleen Stiffness Measured by 2D-Shear Wave Elastography and Rebleeding Risk in Cirrhotic Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Variceal Ligation for Variceal Bleeding

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims. Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) of esophageal varices alters the portal pressure. We observed the changes in 2D-shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) measurements of spleen and liver following EVL and tried to identify the predictors for rebleeding and mortality at 6 months. Methods. A prospective observational study of 202 patients who underwent EVL for bleeding esophageal varices was done. 2D-SWE measurements of liver stiffness (LS) and spleen stiffness (SS) and spleen volume (SV) were measured half an hour before, 1 hour, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks after EVL. All were followed up for 6 months for rebleeding and all-cause mortality. Results. 83 patients were in child C (41%). Difference in SV, SS, and LS at 2 and 6 weeks from baseline was noted as Delta 2 (2nd week post-EVL - pre-EVL SV, LS, and SS) and Delta 3 (6th week post EVL - pre - EVL SV, LS and SS), respectively. Mean Delta 2 VOL and Delta 3 VOL were lower in the bleeding and mortality groups. Delta 2 SS, Delta 3 SS, Delta 2 LS, and Delta 3 LS were higher in the rebleeding and mortality groups. These changes were statistically significant. AUROC in predicting rebleeding was the highest for Delta 2 VOL (0.773) and Delta 3 LS (0.764) amongst the USG parameters that performed better than MELD score (0.677). AUROC in predicting mortality was the highest for Delta 3 VOL and Delta 2 VOL-0.873 and 0.842, respectively, and higher than MELD’s (0.641). Statistically significant variables in binary logistic regression analysis for rebleeding were Delta 3 LS and Delta 3 SS and none for mortality. Conclusion. LS, SS, and SV change after EVL. Changes in liver and spleen stiffness at 6 weeks from baseline had good diagnostic accuracy for predicting rebleeding at 6 months.
A Stronger Second Chamber? Assessing the Impact of House of Lords Reform in 1999 and the Lessons for Bicameralism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The UK's second chamber is generally seen as a historical curiosity and, as Labour governments post-1997 have failed to introduce elected members, continues to be seen as ‘unreformed’. But a ‘first stage’ reform of the House of Lords in 1999 removed most of its hereditary members, leaving it almost wholly made up of appointed life peers. Although many at the time claimed that this would neuter the upper house, since most of those evicted were Conservatives, it instead seems to have had the opposite effect. This article examines whether the 1999 reform strengthened the House of Lords, how we can assess this and why it might have happened. The article concedes that measuring legislative influence is notoriously difficult. The analysis it constructs seeks to overcome this by using a range of indicators on two dimensions: the assertiveness of the House of Lords to use its powers, and the executive's responses to the chamber. This analysis indicates that the 1999 changes strengthened the Lords against the government and, in doing so, strengthened parliament as a whole. The most obvious consequence is that our understanding of British politics now needs revision. But if the Lords was strengthened by reform this also demonstrates a need to revise established comparative politics theories of bicameralism – particularly that of Arend Lijphart, which would have predicted the reverse. The recent developments in Britain validate George Tsebelis' approach of recognising ‘partisan veto players’ and the critical role of partisan balance in inter-cameral relations. But they also demonstrate that a more nuanced understanding of both legitimacy and legislative influence is needed in order to understand second chambers' (and indeed first chambers') de facto power.
Developmental milestones in children born post‐term in the Danish National Birth Cohort: a main research article

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To examine the timing of reaching developmental milestones in children born post‐term. Design Cohort study. Setting The Danish National Birth Cohort: children born between 1997 and 2003. Population Data were obtained from a cohort of 92 892 pregnancies participating in the first pregnancy interview. All singletons born in gestational weeks 39–45 were identified. The study was then restricted to children who participated in an interview at the age of approximately 18 months and had information on at least one developmental milestone. We excluded children of mothers with chronic diseases from the final analysis. The remaining study population constituted of 43 915 singletons (27 503 born at term; 16 412 born post‐term). Methods Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios of late achievement of these developmental milestones, adjusted for potential confounding factors. Main outcome measures Achieving developmental milestones at the time of interview or at a certain age. Results More children born post‐term achieved the assessed developmental milestones compared with children born at term (39–40 weeks). A test for trend for gestational ages 39, 40, and 41 weeks also showed a positive trend at achieving developmental milestones with gestational age at birth in nine out of 14 milestone items. Conclusions Children born post‐term appear to reach the main developmental milestones at an earlier age than children born at term. The association could also result from bias related to a longer time between conception and interviewing, misclassification of end points, or selection bias.
Cyber-bullying from a socio-ecological perspective: a review of evidence from cross-national data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Involvement in bullying has been shown to result from a complex interplay between individuals and their wider social environment. Using Bronfenbrenner's classic ecological theory as a starting point the current paper reviews findings on cyber-bullying from the cross-national survey data of the EU Kids Online project; a representative sample of 25,142 internet-using European children aged 9-16 years. Methods: Research outputs on cyber-bullying using the EU Kids Online data were accumulated. With the child at the centre, factors associated with cyberbullying were considered at different levels of the socio-ecological system: a) the individual level (e.g., socio-demographic, psychological and internet use characteristics of the child), b) the immediate social environment (e.g., awareness, mediation and support sought of parents, teachers and peers), and c) the more distal environment (e.g., policy regulations, national statistics and cultural norms at the country level).The results for each level were reviewed and synthesised using a qualitative approach. Findings: Risk and protective factors associated with the experience of cyber-bullying were identified on the level of the individual (e.g., psychological difficulties increased risk), the social environment (e.g., peer support increased coping), the country (e.g., higher national crime rates increased risk) and their interactions (e.g., online activities were related to cyber-bullying dependent on countries’ mobile phone penetration). Discussion: An evidence-based framework with regards to the experience of cyber-bullying among young people from a socio-ecological perspective is presented. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts to consider different levels of the socio-ecological system as well as their interactions are pointed out.
Optimizing antifungal properties of tetrabranched peptide B4010.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

B4010 is a new tetrabranched antifungal peptide that depolarizes and permeabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane. However, the role of the different amino acid components is not clear. It was hypothesized that alanine scanning, a method of replacing each amino acid with alanine, could identify the amino acid residues responsible for antifungal and hemolytic activities. The alanine mutants were tested in their ability to inhibit three Candida strains, alter membrane potential measured by DiSC35 assay and hemolyse red blood cells. Residues in the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 8th position were critical for antifungal activity as substitution caused a decrease in the antifungal activity. The 4th and 5th residues were non-essential as there was no change in the antifungal activity compared to B4010. The antifungal response for the 2nd residue substitution differs among three strains of Candida. The alanine substitution for the 7th residue had the best MIC99 at 1.48 µM against C. albicans ATCC strain. All peptides displayed low hemolytic activity compared to B4010. B4010 had the highest depolarization among the peptides but not the best antifungal activity, implying other factors contribute to antifungal action. By this approach we obtained an activity-toxicity profile that enabled us to design therapeutically important antifungal peptides.
Greasing the Wheel, An Interdisciplinary Study of Buddhism in the United States as a Transcultural Phenomena

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The phenomenon of Buddhism in the United States provides an opportunity for an interdisciplinary look into the history and recent developments in the process of transmission and adoption from its origins in Asia. Not only will looking at this topic from many perspectives aid in a more comprehensive understanding, its nature demands it. Furthermore, lack of up to date, intelligent empirical information within the boundaries of the traditional academic disciplines, on this subject has to some extent impeded this study of American Buddhism. Nonetheless, the available books, articles, and personal interviews, ranging from perspectives in sociology, psychology, economics and religion have revealed a very complex, yet similar trends in the United States. Whatever the future holds, it is true that within a relatively short period of time, Buddhism has become an influential force in the unfolding of the American consciousness. These forces, that are now shaping the psyche of millions of Americans, as well as the factors that allow for a seemingly "foreign" system to gain such acceptance, shall be discussed below.
Supply Chain Management Implementation on Snacks Production Process

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

PQR's company is a company that located in Citeureup Tasikmalaya. The company is engaged in the production of snacks such as mie lidi. The production strategy that used by this company is a make to stock. The company organizes activities from upstream to downstream. Activities that occur in the upstream is to procure raw materials to suppliers by purchasing department. However, some problem was found when the purchasing department has difficulty determining the amount of raw material for the procurement process. This is due to uncertain demand from distributors. While the activities in downstream is sending the product to distributor by shipping department. Some problem that occurs in the downstream were shipping department has difficulty to make schedule product shipments because there was a delay in the product delivery process. All problem occurs because there is no system that can manage supply chain information. So, the implementation of supply chain management by using the forecasting method of single moving average and calculation of sale limits of raw material and product inventory using safety stock method, it was expected to provide a solution to this problem.