jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Morbidity and Mortality of a Cohort of Peruvian HIV-infected Children 2003–2012

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Data on pediatric HIV in Peru are limited. The National Institute of Child Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño: INSN) cares for the most HIV-infected children under the age of 18 years in the country. We describe the outcomes of children seen at INSN’s HIV clinic over the 10 years when antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions became available in 2004. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of INSN HIV clinic patients between 2003 and 2012. Deidentified data were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 280 children were included: 50.0% (140/280) were male; 80.0% (224/280) lived in metropolitan Lima. Perinatal transmission was the mode of HIV infection in 91.4% (256/280) of children. Only 17% (32/191) of mothers were known to be HIV-infected at delivery; of these mothers, 41% (13/32) were receiving antiretroviral therapy at delivery, 72% (23/32) delivered by Cesarean section and 47% (15/32) of their infants received antiretroviral prophylaxis. Median age at HIV diagnosis for all children was 35.7 months (interquartile range 14.5–76.8 months), and 67% (143/213) had advanced disease (clinical stage C). After HIV diagnosis, the most frequent hospitalization discharge diagnoses were bacterial pneumonia, chronic malnutrition, diarrhea, anemia and tuberculosis. Twenty-four patients (8.6%) died at a median age of 77.4 months. Conclusions: Most cases of pediatric HIV were acquired via perinatal transmission; few mothers were diagnosed before delivery; and among mothers with known HIV status, PMTCT was suboptimal even after national PMTCT policy was implemented. Most children were diagnosed with advanced disease. These findings underscore the need for improving early pediatric HIV diagnosis and treatment, as well as PMTCT strategies.
Techniques for nothingness: Debate over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen in early-twentieth-century Japan

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper explores a debate that took place in Japan in the early twentieth century over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen. The debate was among the first exchanges between psychology and Buddhism in Japan, and it cast doubt on previous assumptions that a clear boundary existed between the two fields. In the debate, we find that contemporaries readily incorporated ideas from psychology and Buddhism to reconstruct the experiences and concepts of hypnosis and Buddhist nothingness. The resulting new theories and techniques of nothingness were fruits of a fairly fluid boundary between the two fields. The debate, moreover, reveals that psychology tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by religious introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a positive way. In the end, however, psychology no longer regarded them as viable experimental or psychotherapeutic tools but merely as particular subjective experiences to be investigated and explained.
Characterizing annual dynamics of two- and three-dimensional urban structures and their impact on land surface temperature using dense time-series Landsat images

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

To attain sustainable development goals and understand urban growth patterns, continuous and precise monitoring of built-up area heights is essential. This helps reveal how urban form evolution impacts the thermal environment. Previous research often used isolated images, ignoring the temporal dimension of thermal infrared and reflectance data from Landsat sensors. Additionally, cost-effective and efficient methods for reconstructing time-series built height are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we utilized Landsat time-series data to reconstruct the yearly trends in urban form in Beijing, China, spanning from 1990 to 2020. Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) time series analysis method was used to identify urban growth and renewal years. Employing a reference height for 2020 and logical reasoning method, we reconstructed the annual dynamics of built-up heights, pinpointing years of significant change. Finally, we analyzed the alterations in urban form over the past three decades and their impact on surface temperature changes. Our change detection method achieved an overall accuracy of 86 %, demonstrating its effectiveness in determining the year of change. When compared with data from Lianjia and LiDAR point cloud, our height reconstruction method showed impressive accuracy, with R2 values of 0.9773 and 0.9526, respectively. Analysis of summer and winter LST values revealed distinct temperature patterns across different building heights, with mid-rise buildings exhibiting the highest LST in summer and low-rise buildings registering the highest LST in winter. During periods of urban growth, both mean and amplitude values of LST increased, while during urban renewal (demolition), they decreased. The date of annual temperature peaks advanced during urban growth but delayed during urban renewal (demolition). Our time series analysis framework offers a new method for understanding the yearly dynamics of urban form and its influence on surface temperature, with potential applications in carbon emission and urban climate modeling studies.
Evaluation of the quality of radiological systems\nusing objective measurements

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The assessment of physical image quality in diagnostic radiology is a well established discipline. It has evolved over several decades and is based on the measurement of three fundamental parameters: contrast, spatial resolution and noise. Image transfer theory has been successfully applied to determine signal and noise transfer characteristics to a known input. Metrics of image and system quality includes modulation transfer function (MTF), noise-equivalent number of quanta (NEQ), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) among others. Furthermore, to facilitate a comparison of detector systems and to obtain an overall view of their performance, quality indices have been also introduced. Pertinent physical quantities will be critically reviewed and discussed in the framework of the digital technology.\n\tFinally, it is important to bear in mind that extrapolation from objective measures of image quality to performance in the clinical situation is always problematical due to the complexity of the diagnostic task. A complete evaluation of imaging system performance requires a psychophysical approach in order to take the observer's behaviour into account.
The effect of aqueous preparation of Allium Cepa (onion) and Allium\nSativa\t (garlic) on erythrocyte osmotic fragility in wistar rats: in\nvivo and in vitro studies

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Allium Cepa (onion) and Allium Sativa (garlic) are bulbous herbs\nused as food item, spice and medicine in different parts of the world.\nThe effects of onion and garlic on the osmotic fragility of red blood\ncells in albino rats were assessed in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo\nstudies, five albino rats weighing between 150 – 200g composed\neach of three study groups. Group A were administered 150mg/Kg body\nweight aqueous onion preparation; Group B 75mg/Kg body weight aqueous\nonion and 75mg/Kg body weight garlic preparations; and Group C served\nas the control and were administered distilled water. The treatment\nregimens were orally administered thrice a week, for a period of four\nweeks by gavages. The in vitro erythrocyte osmotic fragility was also\nevaluated in 12 wistar rats that were not pre-treated with either onion\nalone or onion and garlic. The animals were divided into three groups.\nBlood samples from group A rats were treated with 150mg onion while\nblood from group B rats was treated with 75mg onion and 75mg garlic\nextracts. Group C served as the control and were treated with normal\nsaline and osmotic fragility assays were carried out. The degree of\nhaemolysis was greater (P<0.05) in the treatment group compared to\ncontrol and the percentage haemolysis was greater in blood samples with\nonion and garlic compared to the onion group (P<0.05). The same\nobservation was made in the in vitro study, but the degree of\nhaemolysis was significantly higher (P<0.05) in in vitro than the in\nvivo experiments. It is concluded that onion and garlic increase the\nosmotic fragility of red blood cells in albino rats.
Diagnosis Using the Four-Dime

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The surgical target of Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia (MMTAH) is the masseter or temporal muscle. In our clinic, the 4-dimentional muscle model (4DMM) has been used to decide if we should approach to the masseter or temporal muscle. The aim of this study is validate the clinical usefulnes Methods 3D-CT an made us catory m length at 4DMM b enrolled Results: mouth op in the co muscles o Therefore suggested ently, we surgical i Conclusi decide th MMTAH seems to
Toxicity of Organic Fluorophores Used in Molecular Imaging: Literature Review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fluorophores are potentially useful for in vivo cancer diagnosis. Using relatively inexpensive and portable equipment, optical imaging with fluorophores permits real-time detection of cancer. However, fluorophores can be toxic and must be investigated before they can be administered safely to patients. A review of published literature on the toxicity of 19 widely used fluorophores was conducted by searching 26 comprehensive biomedical and chemical literature databases and analyzing the retrieved material. These fluorophores included Alexa Fluor 488 and 514, BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, Cy 5.5, Cy 7, cypate, fluorescein, indocyanine green, Oregon green, 8-phenyl BODIPY, rhodamine 110, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine X, rhodol, TAMRA, Texas red, and Tokyo green. Information regarding cytotoxicity, tissue toxicity, in vivo toxicity, and mutagenicity was included. Considerable toxicity-related information was available for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds indocyanine green and fluorescein, but published information on many of the non-FDA-approved fluorophores was limited. The information located was encouraging because the amounts of fluorophore used in molecular imaging probes are typically much lower than the toxic doses described in the literature. Ultimately, the most effective and appropriate probes for use in patients will be determined by their fluorescent characteristics and the safety of the conjugates.
Phase I randomized safety study of twice daily dosing of acid form vaginal gel: candidate antimicrobial contraceptive, PLoS ONE 7

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Acidform gel, an acid-buffering product that inactivates spermatozoa, may be an effective topical non-hormonal contraceptive. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of vaginal dosing and effects of Acidform on mucosal immune mediators, antimicrobial properties of genital secretions, and vaginal microbiota. Methods: Thirty-six sexually abstinent U.S. women were randomized to apply Acidform or hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) placebo gel twice daily for 14 consecutive days. Safety was assessed by symptoms and pelvic examination. The impact of gel on mucosal immunity was assessed by quantifying cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial proteins and antimicrobial activity of genital secretions collected by cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) at screening, 2 hours after gel application, and on days 7, 14 and 21. Vaginal microbiota was characterized at enrollment and day 14 using species-specific quantitative PCR assays. Results: The median vaginal and cervical pH was significantly lower 2 hours after application of Acidform and was associated with an increase in the bactericidal activity of CVL against E. coli. However, 65 % of women who received Acidform had at least one local adverse event compared with 11 % who received placebo (p = 0.002). While there was no
The Concept of Business Model Scalability

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to de ne what scalable business models are. Central to the contemporary understanding of business models is the value proposition towards the customer and the hypotheses generated about delivering value to the customer which become a good foundation for a long-term pro table business. However, the main message of this article is that while providing a good value proposition may help the rm ‘get by’, the really successful businesses of today are those able to reach the sweet-spot of business model scalability. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article is based on a ve-year longitudinal action research project of over 90 companies that participated in the International Center for Innovation project aimed at building 10 global network-based business models. Findings: This article introduces and discusses the term scalability from a company-level perspective. It il- lustrates how managers should be using this term for the bene t of their business by focusing on business models capable of achieving exponentially increasing returns to scale, thus ful lling the objective of making it applicable for business decisions and not merely an abstract economical concept. The article nds ve pat- terns of business model scalability that all companies, regardless of industrial a liation, can use to their advantage. Especially the role of stakeholders in the business model is highlighted in achieving scalability. Research limitations/implications: Limitations relating to qualitative research con ne the generalisation of the ndings. The implication of this research is that achieving scalability is not solely a matter of digitalizing business models. Rather, there are a number of speci c business model con gurations that support scalability and the mechanisms to do this are not merely characterized as digital. Practical implications: This article provides managers with a concrete roadmap for how to work towards busi- ness model scalability including suggested managerial processes and how to facilitate these. Originality/Value: The power of business models lies in their ability to visualize and clarify how rms’ may con gure their value creation processes. Among the key aspects of business model thinking are a focus on what the customer values, how this value is best delivered to the customer and how strategic partners are leveraged in this value creation, delivery and realization exercise. This paper couples these advantages with a structure for identifying scalability, and hence stronger business models.
Perspectives in gene therapy.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gene therapy is understood to be both the restitution of genetic alterations caused by mutation or deletion and the control of overexpressed genes. The concept of gene therapy can also encompass molecular strategies to induce cell death in tumor cell by either the so-called "suicided genes" or by certain viral genes that induce a more selective cell death among the transformed cells. The prospect for the clinical application of gene therapy are enormous and, at least theoretically, its utilization can be extended to a number of diseases known to have a genetic basis, and to neoplastic processes. This review summarizes some of the projects that are currently underway involving neoplastic diseases, liver diseases, hematopoietic cells and respiratory tract cells. The results of most of the ongoing protocols are not yet conclusive, and presumibly, their clinical application is still some years away. One of the major limitations is the method of introducing the genetic sequences into the cells and achieving their constitutive expression by the cells. For ethical reasons, this approach should not be done in germ cells, but at the level of the tissue or cells most closely involved in the development of each gene-based disease. The methods employed in gene therapy are discussed, focusing on those mediated by the application of viral vectors, as well as those requiring the use of liposomes and others.
The Prognostic significance of MELD-XI in Patients Admitted to the ICU for Respiratory Failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of MELD-XI score and SOFA score in patients with different etiologies admitted to the ICU for respiratory failure. Out of 128 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with respiratory failure between September and December 2019, a total of 90 patients (69.6±18.2 years, 41 males) with etiologies of COPD exacerbation (n=36), acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (n=18), acute PTE (n=14), pneumonia (n= 22) were included. DM, HT, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, valvular heart disease, kidney failure, liver failure, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary HT comorbidities were recorded. 31 patients died in ICU follow-up. MELD-XI and SOFA score were found to be associated with mortality in the whole group. Univariate Cox regression analysis MELD-XI for all patients was associated with increased mortality in the ICU (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.12; p=0.01). In multivariate analysis, MELD-XI (1.03; 95%CI 1.01–1.05; p=0.01), creatinin (1.05; 95%CI 1.03–1.08, p=0.02), and PaO2 (HR 1.04, 95%CI 1.01–1.06; p = 0.01) were determined as independent variables. There was no difference in mortality estimation between SOFA score and MELD-XI score in the whole group. Patients with a high MELD-XI score (≥12) had higher mortality rates (47.5% vs 24%, p=0.01) and had more than three comorbidity rates (35% vs 14%, p=0.01). There was no difference between the MELD-XI scores of different etiologies. MELD-XI is an important marker of ICU mortality in patients with respiratory failure. The MELD-XI score was as effective as the SOFA score in predicting mortality. Patients with multiple comorbidities have higher MELD-XI scores.
Meaning in the context of stress and coping.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although theoretical and empirical work on topics related to meaning and meaning making proliferate, careful evaluation and integration of this area have not been carried out. Toward this end, this article has 3 goals: (a) to elaborate the critical dimensions of meaning as it relates to stressful life events and conditions, (b) to extend the transactional model of stress and coping to include these dimensions, and (c) to provide a framework for understanding current research and directions for future research within this extended model. First, the authors present a framework for understanding diverse conceptual and operational definitions of meaning by distinguishing 2 levels of meaning, termed global meaning and situationalmeaning. Second, the authors use this framework to review and synthesize the literature on the functions of meaning in the coping process and propose a definition of meaningmaking that highlights the critical role of reappraisal. The authors specify the roles of attributions throughout the coping process and discuss implications for future research.
Plasma Armatures for Railguns

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Renewed interest has arisen in plasma armatures as evidenced by two papers presented at the 2008 EML Symposium. It is hoped that the work at the University of Texas described in these papers succeeds. There may, however, be some uncertainties related to the nature of plasma armatures in that work. The thoughts we offer here may help. It is not yet obvious how the 6-km/s velocity limit encountered in the Canberra railgun can be overcome. In the years following this discovery, a considerable number of experiments were conducted on the subject with no clear outcome. One strategy for overcoming the velocity limit may be to vent the bore behind the armature. In order to do this, it is necessary to find out how long the armature must be to be effective. Too long would make the venting process unwieldy. Too short and the armature losses will rise to unacceptable levels. Further, the method we suggest for implementing the venting strategy may be extended to prevent damage to the railgun rails caused by the arcing current transfer from rails to armature. We examine the possibilities and implications involved in implementing these strategies.
Problematika Pendidikan Anak Pasca Perceraian Orangtua

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Children are the mandate from Allah in that children have the rights to live and be loved by parents. Children’s growth and development are very dependent upon how parents educate and guide them. Children are like white paper given the potential by Allah, and such potential must be developed by parents in any condition and situation even though, for instance in a particular case, the parents must get divorce. Departing from this argument, this study aimed to find out a depiction of children's (17 children) education continuity after their parents got divorce in Babakan Baru Village, Bermani Ulu Raya District, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu. This study used a qualitative approach with key informants referring to parents who got divorce, close family members, child victims of divorce, and community and religious leaders. In addition, the marriage registrars of KUA in Bernani Ulu Raya were involved as the secondary informants. The data were obtained from observations and interviews, and they were analyzed using the approach of Miles et al with the stages encompassing data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusion. This study found the conclusion that the continuity of children's education after parental divorce in Babakan Baru Village was not solely grounded in parental divorce, but it was more dominantly influenced by economic factors and parents' awareness of the importance of children’s education.
Miniature Sodium-Selective Ion-Exchange Optode with Fluorescent pH Chromoionophores and Tunable Dynamic Range

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An extension into the fluorescence mode of ion-exchange optodes is described, allowing miniaturization and its concomitant benefits. A micrometer-size, fluorescent fiber-optic sodium sensor is described, based on a highly sodium-selective, crown ether-capped calix[4]arene ionophore, capable of ratiometric operation. Three sensor configurations are given, employing different lipophilic, fluorescent pH chromoionophores (Nile Blue derivatives), demonstrating the ability to improve the detection limit and tune the dynamic range to the desired region of interest. Two of the sensors are of special interest in that their working ranges lie within those desired for measuring intracellular cytosolic or blood levels of sodium at the respective physiological pH. These optodes have excellent sodium selectivity, with other physiologically relevant cations (e.g., potassium, calcium, and magnesium) being highly discriminated. Three simple mathematical relationships are given for the three experimentally used fluorescent signal mechanisms (intensity, intensity ratios, and inner-filter or energy transfer effects), permitting visualization on a single graph and enabling direct comparison of the different sensors' optical responses on a common platform. Finally, these optodes measure the sample's sodium activity, rather than the concentration, provided that the sample's pH is measured simultaneously by another sensor, such as a glass electrode.