jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing to Detect Prosopis juliflora Invasion: Environmental Drivers and Community Insights in Rangelands of Kenya

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The remarkable adaptability and rapid proliferation of Prosopis juliflora have led to its invasive status in the rangelands of Kenya, detrimentally impacting native vegetation and biodiversity. Exacerbated by human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and land degradation, these conditions make the spread and management of this species a critical ecological concern. This study assesses the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing in monitoring the invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Baringo County, Kenya. We investigated the environmental drivers, including weather conditions, land cover, and biophysical attributes, that influence its distinction from native vegetation. By analyzing data on the presence and absence of Prosopis juliflora, coupled with datasets on weather, land cover, and elevation, we identified key factors facilitating its detection. Our findings highlight the Decision Tree/Random Forest classifier as the most effective, achieving a 95% accuracy rate in instance classification. Key variables such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for February, precipitation, land cover type, and elevation were significant in the accurate identification of Prosopis juliflora. Community insights reveal varied perspectives on the impact of Prosopis juliflora, with differing views based on professional experiences with the species. Integrating these technological advancements with local knowledge, this research contributes to developing sustainable management practices tailored to the unique ecological and social challenges posed by this invasive species. Our results highlight the contribution of advanced technologies for environmental management and conservation within rangeland ecosystems.
A Comparison of Authoring Software for Developing Mathematics Self-Learning Software Packages.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Four years ago, the authors started to develop a self-paced mathematics learning software called NPMaths by using an authoring package called Tencore. However, NPMaths had some weak points. A development team was hence formed to develop similar software called Mathematics On Line. This time the team used another development language called Scientific Notebook. In early 1998, the authors developed some question items using Maple as it includes the strong points of both Tencore and Scientific Notebook. Unfortunately, all the software mentioned above requires the downloading of the package into the local machine. All these packages (Tencore, Scientific Notebook, and Maple) do not have a convenient plug-in version suitable for Web browser application. The team recently developed similar software using Java. The first batch of question items using Java were used by more than 1,000 students. The Java development was not too successful because the downloading time was too slow, especially when many students are using the package at the same time. Currently the team is studying the possibility of using ActiveX to develop a learning package in which the downloading time is expected to be one-tenth of the Java downloading time. (Author) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. A COMPARISON OF AUTHORING SOFTWARE FOR DEVELOPINGMATHEMATICSSELF-LEARNING SOFTWAREPACKAGES Che-yin Suen Mathematics, Science and Computing Centre Ngee Ann Polytechnic suency@asial.com Yang-mingPok Mathematics, Science and Computing Centre Ngee Ann Polytechnic pym@np.edu.sg Abstract Four years ago, the authors started to develop a self-paced mathematics learning software called NPMaths by using an authoring package called Tencore. However, NPMaths had some weak points. A development team was hence formed to develop similar software called Mathematics On Line. This time the team used another development language called Scientific Notebook. In early 1998, the authors developed some question items using Maple as it includes the strong points of both Tencore and Scientific Notebook. Unfortunately, all the software mentioned above requires the downloading of the package into the local machine. All these packages (Tencore, Scientific Notebook and Maple) do not have a convenient plug-in version suitable for web browser application. The team recently developed similar software using Java. The first batch of question items using Java were used by more than 1000 students. The Java development was not too successful because the downloading time was too slow especially when many students are using the package at the same time. Currently the team is studying the possibility of using ActiveX to develop a learning package in which the downloading time is expected to be one-tenth of the Java downloading time.
Cerebrovascular Hyper‐permeability and Memory Impairment after Cortical Contusion Injury during Hyperhomocysteinemia in Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the devastating public health problem worldwide. It is accompanied with inflammation, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and memory impairment. The latter is known to be greatly affected by cellular prion protein (PrP C ). Elevated blood level of Homocysteine (Hcy), called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is considered to be an independent inflammatory and high risk factor for many cerebrovascular diseases. HHcy was found in TBI patients. High level of Hcy is associated with increased levels of another inflammatory marker fibrinogen (Fg). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that HHcy exacerbates TBI‐induced macromolecular protein extravasation resulting in enhanced Fg‐PrP C complex formation leading to reduction in short‐term memory. Cerebrovascular permeability was studied in cystathionine‐β‐synthase heterozygote knockout (CBS+/−) mice, a well‐known model of HHcy. As a control we used wild type (WT, C57BL/6J) mice. Mice were subjected to cortical contusion injury (CCI) or sham operation (sham). Cerebrovascular permeability was assessed by measuring the fluorescence intensity of Alexaflour 647‐labeled bovine serum albumin (647‐BSA) in extravascular space using an intravital fluorescence microscopy. Formation of Fg‐PrP C complex in brain sample cryosections was studied using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Short‐term memory changes were evaluated by a novel object recognition test (NORT) and Y maze spontaneous alternation and two trial recognition tests. Pial venular permeability to 647‐BSA was greater in all experimental animals with CCI compared to that in respective sham‐operated mice. However, in injured CBS+/− mice the protein leakage was greater (201±6 % of baseline) than that (166±9 % of baseline) in WT animals with CCI. Enhanced Fg‐PrP C complex formation was found in WT animals after CCI compared to that in sham mice. Increased depositions of Fg and PrP C and their complex formations were detected in CBS+/− mice compared to those in control WT group. Short‐term memory deficiency after CCI was noted in both mice groups. However, reduction in short‐term memory (difference in discrimination ratios between sham and CCI groups) defined by NORT was greater (0.4±0.05) in CBS+/− mice compared to that (0.2±0.04) in control WT mice. Thus, our study reveals a novel, additive effect of HHcy in TBI‐induced memory impairment, which can be therapeutically targeted in future. Support or Funding Information Supported in part by NIH grant NS084823, AHA grant 17SDG33670372, and UofL SOM Basic grant 57139 This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Broadband Infrared (IR) metamaterial absorber

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work a Metamaterial (MTM) absorber design is introduced that has a very wide absorption characteristics over the midrange Infrared (IR) band, the proposed structure comprised of 4 layers, the extra layer adds a degree of freedom in optimizing the response compared the conventional 3-layered absorbers. The simulations revealed a broadband absorption region that extends from 3μm up to 12μm of light wavelength.
Deterioration of Surfaces Exposed to Environmental Changes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research into the mechanical behavior of fabric-supported paintings goes back to the late 1960s when G. Berger's investigations culminated in the development of a new lining system for paintings (BEVA) (Berger 1972, 1975). Lining of the Atlanta Cyclorama required further research, which, since 1980, has been done jointly with W. H. Russell (Berger 1981). In order to measure the responses of canvas paintings to controlled changes in the environment, the authors have built a Biaxial Stress Tester for Stretched Canvas, described under “Test Equipment.” Numerous samples of old and new, painted and unpainted linen canvas have been tested under controlled environmental conditions of Q–50°C and 5–100% RH, and their stress changes have been recorded (Russell and Berger 1982; Berger and Russell 1984, 1986, 1988). The resistance of the samples to controlled dimensional changes (Modulus of Elasticity, “E”) has also been measured within the limits of the above environmental conditions.Since June 1984, a wealth of information has been collected with the help of automated data logging. Based on these findings, a working model of the decay of canvas paintings was developed (Berger and Russell 1984, 1986). Since all outer surfaces of solid bodies may be considered stressed membranes, these investigations have provided new insights into the process of aging and decay of all surfaces exposed to environmental changes. Investigations into the effects of some artists' techniques and certain conservation treatments have already been published [Berger and Russell 1986, 1987, 1988). Because not all of the above publications are readily available, they have been summarized in this paper, supported by actual examples and accompanied by practical applications (Berger 1983, 1984). Recent findings were incorporated to update, confirm, and elaborate on previously published material wherever necessary.
The epilepsy-associated protein TBC1D24 is required for normal development, survival and vesicle trafficking in mammalian neurons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Mutations in the Tre2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC)1 domain family member 24 (TBC1D24) gene are associated with a range of inherited neurological disorders, from drug-refractory lethal epileptic encephalopathy and DOORS syndrome (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, mental retardation, seizures) to non-syndromic hearing loss. TBC1D24 has been implicated in neuronal transmission and maturation, although the molecular function of the gene and the cause of the apparently complex disease spectrum remain unclear. Importantly, heterozygous TBC1D24 mutation carriers have also been reported with seizures, suggesting that haploinsufficiency for TBC1D24 is significant clinically. Here we have systematically investigated an allelic series of disease-associated mutations in neurons alongside a new mouse model to investigate the consequences of TBC1D24 haploinsufficiency to mammalian neurodevelopment and synaptic physiology. The cellular studies reveal that disease-causing mutations that disrupt either of the conserved protein domains in TBC1D24 are implicated in neuronal development and survival and are likely acting as loss-of-function alleles. We then further investigated TBC1D24 haploinsufficiency in vivo and demonstrate that TBC1D24 is also crucial for normal presynaptic function: genetic disruption of Tbc1d24 expression in the mouse leads to an impairment of endocytosis and an enlarged endosomal compartment in neurons with a decrease in spontaneous neurotransmission. These data reveal the essential role for TBC1D24 at the mammalian synapse and help to define common synaptic mechanisms that could underlie the varied effects of TBC1D24 mutations in neurological disease.
Near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric algorithms for predicting chemical components in black goji berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fourier-transform near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric algorithms was applied comparatively for the quantification of chemical compositions in black wolfberry. The compositional parameters, i.e. total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total carotenoid content, total sugar, and total acid were performed for quantification. Model results were evaluated using the correlation coefficients of determination for calibration (R 2 ) and prediction (r 2 ), root-mean-square error of prediction and residual predictive deviation. The findings revealed that the performances of models based on variable selection such as synergy interval-PLS, backward interval-PLS and genetic algorithm-PLS were better than the classical PLS. The performance of the developed models yielded 0.88 ≤ R 2 ≤ 0.97, 0.87 ≤ r 2 ≤ 0.94 and 1.75 ≤ RPD ≤ 4.00. The overall results showed that the FT-NIR spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometric algorithms could be used for the quantification of the chemical composition of black wolfberry samples.
AUDIBLE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRIES OF NORMAL INFANTS AND THOSE WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Previous investigations have established that reliable differences exist between normal infants and those suffering from diffuse brain damage with regard to crying behavior: normal infants generally require (a) less paidul stimulation to provide a specific amount of crying activity (Karelitz & Fisichelli, 1962), (b) they respond more quickly, and (c) as a group, a greater number of them respond to such stimulation than do infants suffering from brain damage (Fisichelli & Karelitz, 1963). Since mongolism is a form of diffuse brain abnormality, it was postulated that quantitative measures of crying activity would reflect differences between normal and mongoloid infants not only in sensitivity, as measured by threshold and latency, but also along two dimensions. (Output) Normal infants would produce more crying sounds than the mongoloid infants. (Duration) Within uniform test sessions the time spent in actual crying (cumulative time) would be greater for the normal infants.
Dynamics of Transitional Endoplasmic Reticulum Sites in Vertebrate Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A typical vertebrate cell contains several hundred sites of transitional ER (tER). Presumably, tER sites generate elements of the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), and ERGIC elements then generate Golgi cisternae. Therefore, characterizing the mechanisms that influence tER distribution may shed light on the dynamic behavior of the Golgi. We explored the properties of tER sites using Sec13 as a marker protein. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that tER sites are long-lived ER subdomains. tER sites proliferate during interphase but lose Sec13 during mitosis. Unlike ERGIC elements, tER sites move very little. Nevertheless, when microtubules are depolymerized with nocodazole, tER sites redistribute rapidly to form clusters next to Golgi structures. Hence, tER sites have the unusual property of being immobile, yet dynamic. These findings can be explained by a model in which new tER sites are created by retrograde membrane traffic from the Golgi. We propose that the tER–Golgi system is organized by mutual feedback between these two compartments.
d‐AO spherical aromaticity in Ce6O8

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

After the first introduction of π aromaticity in chemistry to explain the bonding, structure, and reactivity of benzene and its derivatives, this concept was further applied to many other compounds featuring other types of aromaticity (i.e., σ, δ). Thus far, there have been no reports on d‐AO‐based spherical σ aromaticity. Here, we predict a highly stable bare Ce 6 O 8 cluster of a spherical shape using evolutionary algorithm USPEX and DFT + U calculations. Natural bond orbital analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning algorithm, electron localization function, and partial charge plots demonstrate that bare Ce 6 O 8 cluster exhibits d‐AO spherical σ aromaticity, thus explaining its exotic geometry and stability. Ce 6 O 8 complex plays an important role in many reactions and is known to exist in many forms, such as in NH 4 [Ce 6 (μ 3 O) 5 (μ 3 OH) 3 (μ 2 ‐C 6 H 5 COO) 9 (NO 3 ) 3 (DMF) 3 ]*DMF*H 2 O compound, which is prepared under room temperature, and acts as an oxidizing agent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solution of a Problem about Symmetric Functions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let a > b > c be positive integers with (a, b, c) = 1.Then the field Q) is the field of all symmetric rational functions in X, Y over Q.This solves a conjecture made by Mead and Stein.Let X, Y be independent indeterminates and, for a positive integer m, letbe the Newton symmetric power of order m.In the recent paper [2], the authors calculate the degree [S :where S is the field of all symmetric rational functions in X, Y with rational coefficients.They also raise a few conjectures on the fields Q(N a , N b , N c ).The purpose of the present paper is to prove their main Conjecture 1, which we state as the following.
Parents of Children With Diabetes: What Are They Worried About?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Parental worries, specific to having a child with diabetes, have been associated with poor diabetes control. This study addressed three questions relating to this issue: Does parental worry affect the metabolic control of the child with IDDM? What specific aspects of diabetes are the most worrisome to parents? Do these concerns change with the child's age and disease duration? Parents of 93 children with IDDM were given a modified version of the Diabetes Quality of Life measure to evaluate diahetes-specific worries. No correlation was found between parental worry and the child's metabolic control. Parents of younger children expressed the largest amount of worry, yet the kinds of things that parents were most concerned about were the same, regardless of age or duration of the child's disease.
Anaphylactic Reaction in the Phrenic Nerve of the Guinea-Pig

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Specific antigens were applied to isolated phrenic nerves taken from allergized guinea-pigs. The demarcation potential changes were measured upon exposure to antigen. Both positive and negative deflections were observed, depending upon the immunological system used, When antigen was applied a second and a third time, the preparation became partially or totally desensitized. In spite of the marked changes in demarcation potential, the compound action potential elicited by electrical stimulation, often exhibited little change in amplitude. The results are consistent with the idea that antibodies bound to the surface membrane of the nerve fibers behave as ionic valving devices, which are activated by their interaction with the specific antigens.
Linking knowledge management to tourism business of SMEs in aftermath of disaster: Implications for open innovation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Business recovery in the aftermath of natural disasters has become a crucial issue, particularly for tourism small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study aimed to examine and analyze knowledge management (KM) as an effort to improve business adaptability, mitigation, and business loss in supporting business recovery in the tourism SME sector after the Lombok earthquake. Data collection was carried out using an offline survey involving 272 owners and managers of tourism SMEs that were affected by the Lombok earthquake in the West Lombok and North Lombok regencies, which are tourism destinations in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The collected data were analyzed using SmartPLS. The results show that KM has a significant effect on improving business adaptability, mitigation, and business loss . Moreover, mitigation has a significant effect on improving business adaptability, business loss, and business recovery. Further, business adaptability and business loss have a significant effect on business recovery. However, KM has no significant effect on business recovery. The novelty of this study relates to examining and analyzing the relationship between KM, mitigation, business loss, and business recovery, which has not been widely studied in the SME sector.
一个遗传性低异常纤维蛋白原血症家系及其致病机制研究

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The proband was a 32-year-old female patient who sought medical attention for over 9 months of pregnancy, reduced fetal movement, and discomfort in the lower abdomen. The proband and her father had normal activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, decreased fibrinogen activity and antigen levels, and prolonged thrombin time, whereas the test results of her mother were normal. Ultrasonography showed intermuscular vein thrombosis in the left calf of the proband. Peripheral blood DNA was extracted from the proband and her parents, and Sanger sequencing was performed to detect the base sequences of the FGA, FGB, and FGG genes. The proband and her father had heterozygous missense mutations in exon 6 c.615A > C（p. Leu205Phe）and exon 8 c.1121A > C（p. Tyr374Ser）of the FGG gene. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the two gene mutations may be the pathogenic mechanism of this congenital hypodysfibrinogenemia family.
Carotenoids in Food

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

No members of the animal kingdom, including humans, can synthesize carotenoids. Even those animals (birds, fish, invertebrates) that use carotenoids for colouration must obtain them from the diet. Although humans, being mammals, are normally not coloured by carotenoids, analysis of human blood and tissues reveals a significant content of carotenoids which, as discussed later in this book, are associated with good health and reduced risk of diseases. Although some carotenoids are added to manufactured foods as colourants, or are taken as supplements (Chapter 4), most ingested carotenoid is obtained direct from natural food, especially vegetables and fruit.
ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF MAGNETIC PROCESSING OF OSCE DIES FOR COLD AND BOLT FORMING OF BOLTS AND NUTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nowadays, in theoretical works and practice of mechanical engineering the issues related to technological strengthening of tool surface layers and change of their properties in the right direction are being developed. The proposed work is devoted to the study of the issues related to the improvement of operating properties of tools made of fast-cutting steels by magnetic pulse processing, which is a combination of electromagnetic and thermodynamic methods to control the unbalanced structure of the substance. Existing methods of magnetic processing are analyzed, on the one hand, as methods to increase tool resistance by overlaying the magnetic field on the processing area and on the other hand, the influence of the magnetic field on the material from which the tool is made. It is shown that methods related to processing of the tool material itself in constant, alternating and pulsed magnetic fields most stably increase tool stability and quality. With increasing intensity of magnetic field, in which the tool was processed, the value of hardness and heat resistance of steel P6M5K5 increased. Tool holding time during magnetic processing is an important element of the magnetic processing mode. Thus, for P6M5 steel the time of magnetic field exposure during 60 seconds is enough to achieve the greatest increase in the hardness of the material. It is noted that the increase in tool resistance is not due to the disadvantages of heat treatment, but due to improved properties of the tool material, and primarily such operational properties as hardness and heat resistance.