jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is an inhibitor of ErbBs activity in human breast cancer cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

One of the most interesting recent developments in the nuclear receptor field has been the identification of natural and synthetic agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, coupled with a growing recognition that the γ isoform (PPARγ) affects pathways important in a variety of human diseases. Here we show that the activation of PPARγ through the 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PG-J2) ligand causes a dramatic inhibition of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 tyrosine phosphorylation caused by neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and neuregulin 2 (NRG2) in MCF-7 cells. This effect is accompanied by a very efficient blocking of ErbBs effects upon proliferation, differentiation and cell death in these cells. Preincubation of MCF-7 cells with PG-J2 before addition of NRG1 and NRG2 had a dramatic growth-suppressive effect accompanied by accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 compartment of the cell cycle, and a marked increase in apoptosis. NRG1 and NRG2 induce G1 progression, which was associated with stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI 3-K) pathway, whereas survival was dependent on ERK1/ERK2 activation. Both pathways were inhibited by PG-J2. Furthermore, PG-J2 can abolish the NRG1 and NRG2-induced increase in anchorage-independent growth of these cells. PG-J2 also blocks phosphorylation of other receptor tyrosine kinases, such as IGF-IR, in MCF-7 cells, and suppress proliferation of other breast cancer cell lines. In summary, our data show a specific inhibitory action of PG-J2 on the activity of the ErbB receptors in breast cancer cells.
Equitable Tolling in State and Local Tax Cases

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Tax statutes, like statutes of all kinds, frequently prescribe dates or times by which actions are to be taken. If the actor – either the taxpayer or the state or local revenue authority – fails to act by the specified date or time, the actor sometimes can be rescued by any of several legal and equitable mechanisms. This installment of Interpretation Matters addresses one of those mechanisms: the doctrine of equitable tolling. Part I below describes the doctrine generally and gives examples of successful use of the doctrine by taxpayers and by revenue authorities. Part II identifies possible barriers to application of the doctrine. Part III offers practice suggestions for advancing and opposing equitable tolling arguments.
Reactor considerations for Compact Toroids

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

All fusion reactor concepts must allow engineering solutions for tritium breeding blankets, shields, vessel maintainability, duty cycle availability, radiation damage and activation, plasma particle and power balance, current drive, plasma surface interactions, and integration of systems. Operations must facilitate inspection and maintenance. Compact Toroids (CT: spheromaks and FRCs) simplify the solutions to many of these problems. A large improvement in the fusion reactor cost follows from the following features of the CT: ∞ CT power plants balance reactor engineering attractiveness against physics/technical risk. ∞ Radial build of integrated blanket-coolant-shield-coil modules determines the minimum practical radius of the first wall, and leads to a compact reactor size. ∞ Higher engineering β: lower cost coils for a given plasma pressure ∞ Simply-connected first wall with no toroidal field coil leads to simplified and modular blanket-coolant-shield-coil designs. Purely poloidal fields at the boundary allows coolants to flow parallel to the magnetic field hence there no MHD drag on liquid metal coolants. Better cooling may allow higher wall loading. ∞ Naturally diverted particle and heat flux allow particle-heat wall loads to be spread out to the optimal area and plasma wall loading can be in different locations from the neutron wall loading. This allows attractive divertor designs. ∞ Good confinement: closed drift surfaces from toroidally-symmetric closed-flux equilibria. ∞ Compact tori are translatable and allow separation of formation and reactor volumes.
[Invasive angiomyxoma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Invasive angiomyxoma is a rare mesenchymal tumour predominantly affecting women and essentially involving the pelvis, perineum and inguinal region. It is essentially characterized by a high local recurrence rate. Treatment of these recurrences is almost exclusively surgical and is not always easy to perform. Other treatment modalities have been proposed (radiotherapy, endocrine therapy) with encouraging preliminary results. The authors report the case of a patient presenting with a recurrence at 9 months, treated by surgery and preoperative embolization. No disease progression was observed at the various follow-up CT examinations 9 months after the operation. Along with most other authors, they believe that surgery is still the standard treatment for these recurrences, but this attitude may need to be revised with the appearance of new treatment modalities.
A sequential sorting network analogous to the batcher merge

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present a network of delay log2 N, whose comparators have only log2 N different lengths with maximum length N/2. This network is log-sequential in that it will sort N data items when they are passed through it log2 Ntimes. The design, which is related to the Batcher odd-even merge, is distinctly different from the first known example of a log-delay log-sequential network, due to Dowd, Perl, Rudolf, and Saks. It is quite probably the best possible sorting network. ∗Research supported by the National Security Agency. ∗Research supported by the National Security Agency. Notes ∗Research supported by the National Security Agency.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF OIL RESERVOIR FORMATIONS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This paper is to be presented at the 37th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Los Angeles on October 7–10, 1962. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.
Acceptance of stakeholder comments during EMA scientific guidelines public consultations: legitimacy of the quadruple helix model of innovation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aim: Guidelines establish a framework for how therapeutics and vaccines are developed, assessed and approved. They influence which innovations are likely to be approved in the EU, and by that, they have an impact on the pipeline decisions taken by the research-based industry. This study analyses the level of acceptance for changes suggested by stakeholders within the authoring groups at the EMA. Methods: We looked at 87 guidelines from EMA Working Parties (WPs) launched for consultation between 2013-2017. Acceptance of stakeholder proposals and the time between the end of consultation and guideline adoption were studied as well as the openness of different Working Parties to accept changes. Results: Adoption of a guideline after the close of public consultation took at least 4 months, with average 12-16 months. The number of accepted and rejected comments were nearly equal across the stakeholders, with government having slightly higher chance for acceptance. Academia and NGOs had generally higher chances to have their comments accepted for general and indication-level guidelines. Government and individual companies had highest acceptance for molecule-level guidelines and trade associations for indication-level guidelines. The EMA WPs working with emerging technologies were more open to accept proposed changes. Conclusion: This pattern of progress in regulatory science at EMA demonstrates the essential and interrelated role of academia, industry, government and civil society – described as the quadruple helix model - to promote establishment of a strong innovation ecosystem in Europe. Further integration and utilisation of competences of each stakeholder is necessary for guideline development.
Rubber formation in plants: a mini-review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The ability of plants to synthesize rubber is based on a single enzyme, rubber transferase, which causes the cis-polymerization of isoprene units, as isopentenyl pyrophosphate, into long, single stranded hydrocarbons. These are assembled and accumulated in the cell as rubber particles which range in size from 0.01 to 15 μm and are bounded by an osmiophilic film. Parthenium argentatimi (guayule) and Hevea brasiliensis represent two species which accumulate large quantities of high molecular weight rubber by different intercellular routes. Rubber synthesis takes place in parenchyma cells in guayule and in specialized latex vessels in Hevea. Biochemical questions concerning rubber synthesis are discussed.
Knowledge and practice of caregivers/mothers of under five children admitted with diarrhoea at the referral hospital, Northern Cape

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge and practices of \ncaregivers/mothers of under-five children with diarrhoea-related illnesses admitted at the \nreferral hospital. \nThe setting for this qualitative study was the referral hospital located in the Sol Plaatje \nMunicipality, Northern Cape Province. \nUnstructured interviews were conducted with caregivers/mothers of under-five children \nwith diarrhoea admitted to the referral hospital. Colliazzi’s seven steps of data analysis \n(1998) as cited in Bazeley (2013:65) were used to analyse data. \nThe study population was the caregivers/mothers of children with diarrhoea admitted to \nthe referral hospital. \nThe findings assisted us in understanding the knowledge the caregivers/mothers had with \nregard to the management of diarrhoea and in improving the health education guide used \nto teach caregivers/mothers.
Simulation-Guided Engineering Enables a Functional Switch in Selinadiene Synthase toward Hydroxylation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Engineering sesquiterpene synthases to form predefined alternative products is a major challenge due to their diversity in cyclization mechanisms and our limited understanding of how amino acid changes affect the steering of these mechanisms. Here, we use a combination of atomistic simulation and site-directed mutagenesis to engineer a selina-4(15),7(11)-diene synthase (SdS) such that its final reactive carbocation is quenched by trapped active site water, resulting in the formation of a complex hydroxylated sesquiterpene (selin-7(11)-en-4-ol). Initially, the SdS G305E variant produced 20% selin-7(11)-en-4-ol. As suggested by modeling of the enzyme-carbocation complex, selin-7(11)-en-4-ol production could be further improved by varying the pH, resulting in selin-7(11)-en-4-ol becoming the major product (48%) at pH 6.0. We incorporated the SdS G305E variant along with genes from the mevalonate pathway into bacterial BL21(DE3) cells and demonstrated the production of selin-7(11)-en-4-ol at a scale of 10 mg/L in batch fermentation. These results highlight opportunities for the simulation-guided engineering of terpene synthases to produce predefined complex hydroxylated sesquiterpenes.
Improper Creation and Distribution of 3D Data and Response of the Design Protection Act

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

본고는 디지털제조시대의 중심으로 떠오른 3D데이터의 법적위상을 정립하고 해외동향을 주 시하면서 3D데이터의 제작과 유통에 따른 디자인보호 정책상 대응 전략을 몇 가지 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 디자인의 물품성, 시각성 등 성립요건과, 공업성, 실시개념 등 기초개념을 디지털제조시 대에 부합되게 재정립하여야 한다. 둘째, 정책적으로 3D프린터 제조 및 관련 서비스 산업의 활성화를 위해 3D프린팅 단계에서의 컨트롤과 3D데이터 자체의 제작과 유통에 대한 통제간의 실익을 잘 따져보아 법의 개입 단계를 신중하게 설정하여야 한다. 셋째, 디자인보호법 영역에서 그 보호대상과 실시대상으로서의 물품(또는 물)의 개념을 재정립하고 침해판단의 전제가 되는 실시개념도 데이터 전송을 포함한 무형적 이용이 포함될 수 있도록 개정되어야 한다. 또한 디자 인보호법에서 업(業)으로서 실시개념을 유지하여야 하는지에 대한 찬반론이 있는 만큼 충분한 검토가 필요하다. 넷째, 교체부품의 3D프린팅을 용인할 것인지의 여부는 소위 수리-재생산법리 (Repair- Reconstruction Doctrine)의 법칙에 따르게 되는데, 소비자 개인의 개입과 빈도수가 크게 증가한 측면에서 새로운 도전을 제기한다. 권리자의 침해사실 추적과 입증을 용이하게 하고 소비자들인 개인도 불안한 상태를 극복할 수 있도록 합리적 기준마련이 필요하다. 다섯째, 디지 털이슈를 먼저 겪은 저작권법 영역에서는 분산된 침해나 간접침해에 대한 대응과 사적 복제의 한계 설정 등에 대한 입법이 이루어졌다. 이러한 대응방식을 디자인보호법 영역에 어떻게 도입할 것인가에 대한 진지한 고민이 필요하다. 디자인과 특허의 영역에서 DMPA의 입법을 통해 DMCA의 세이프 하버(safe harbor) 규정 및 통지 및 게시 중단 조항과 유사한 조항의 도입을 통해 불법적 3D데이터의 유통을 통제하되 무고한 OSP에게 면책도 주어져야 한다. 간접침해에 대해서는 디자인보호법에도 비전용품에 대한 간접침해를 도입할 것인지를 검토하여야 하며 이 때 그 권리남용을 통제할 수 있도록 적절한 주관적 요건을 추가할 필요가 있다.
Analysing the Relationship between Generation Z’s Attitude towards Gluten-free Products and their Demographics

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract: Gluten is a type of protein naturally present in wheat, barley, and rye. It plays a crucial role in providing elasticity and structure to dough, making it indispensable in baking processes. However, some individuals face health challenges related to gluten consumption, such as gluten intolerance, wheat allergies, and the widely recognized celiac disease. Consequently, medical professionals often advise these individuals to adopt a gluten-free diet, which excludes gluten-containing foods. Interestingly, gluten-free diets aren't solely for those with gluten-related disorders; they're also embraced by individuals seeking a nutritious diet and improved digestion. The study aims to analyse the relationship between Generation Z’s demographics and their attitudes towards Gluten-free products with the objective of formulating more effective marketing strategies. The data for the study was collected with the help of 58 respondents within the Generation Z age group with the help of a structured questionnaire, focusing on demographic variables such as age, income, preferences and lifestyle. The collected data was analysed with the help of a chi-square test to analyse the preferences and behaviour of Generation Z regarding gluten-free products. The findings provide valuable insights into the interplay between Generation Z demographics and their attitudes towards gluten-free products, which can help marketers to understand and promote these products
Efficiency and Innovativeness as Determinants of Design Architecture Choices

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study analyzes why firms use both internal and external design, and attempts to understand the determinants of design architecture choices. It is based on the design literature that analyzes the compared benefits of internal, external, and combined design, and it mobilizes the concept of vertical architecture that designates at the level of the firm the configurations of transactional choices along the firm's value chain. The research methodology follows an exploratory multiple case study of fashion triads (manufacturer, designer, and retailer) theoretically sampled according to the design position (internal, external, or combination) relative to the manufacturer and retailer. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews and archival documents. The 31 triad cases were clustered into five industry architectures ( IAs ). The IAs are characterized as follows. Designer‐led architecture, in which the three players are independent, offers an advantage in terms of branding and creativity. Manufacturer‐led architecture, in which design is internal to the manufacturer, is recognized in terms of cost‐effectiveness and speed of development process. Retailer‐led architecture, in which design is internal to retail, offers advantages in terms of speed of development process and fit with market needs. Finally, the two hybrid architectures—licensing designer and designer retailer cobranding—with a combination of internal and external design are recognized in terms of cobranding and innovation. Through this process, the authors identify three determinants of design architecture choices (efficiency, level of fashion innovativeness, and innovation type) that can be grouped into two main opposing determinants: efficiency and innovativeness. Internal design offers greater efficiency, whereas external design provides increased innovativeness. Efficiency and innovation act in tension, there is no IA that offers both high efficiency and high innovativeness, there is a trade‐off effect. But the tension between efficiency and innovativeness can be reconciled by combining internal and external design. Unlike prior literature, this research analyzes vertical choices with regard to choosing among a menu of IAs instead of transactions, and focuses on a distinctly creative activity. External design also offers an “ingredient brand” that end customers may recognize. The authors propose additional research for the generalization of these results.
Greenhouse Effect International Cooperation: Rethink Kyoto Protocol

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The greenhouse gas emission has the closed relation with the economic growth in the every country, therefore reducing the greenhouse gas emission level or decreasing its increasing speed affect the national economic growth. If developed countries take the unconcern of the developing countries as the reason, they didn’t adopt any measurements. If developing countries think the developed countries must be responsible for the climate change, they reject any action, also including Kyoto protocol. Every country governments lack national support so that the promise can’t be realized in the international negotiates. Whether Kyoto Protocol finally can formally become effective depends on the economy and sustainable development.
Why study the UGP gene in grafted woody plants?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grafting is a technique for cultivating commercial fruit species that guarantees genetic characteristics using selected clones. However, candidate genes involved in the re-establishment of grafted woody plants remain poorly understood. In this way, our manuscript aimed to present current knowledge on UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) gene expression and its enzymatic activity (UGPase) by incorporating Brazilian wild to elucidate the role of “players” in re-establishing post-grafting in woody species. Considerable benefits were observed in grafted plants, explained by the correlation between gene expression, such as that of UGP, and UGPase biosynthesis and enzymatic activity. This enzyme is directly responsible for cell wall formation, which explains faster tissue formation in some grafting combinations than others. Besides, UGP promotes the re-establishment of the vascular connection in plant grafting, thus regulating short- and long-term grafting compatibility in woody plants. These crucial experiments are also highly relevant to many nurseries. In this study, we report that the Annona genus is a valuable plant model for studying plant grafting in wood species.
External fibrillation of wood pulp

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Pulp refining produces external fibrillation consisting of fibrils tethered to fiber surfaces, in addition to loose fibrils and fines. Both contribute to a larger bonding area that increases paper strength, but tethered fibrils have less likelihood of being washed out during papermaking. This study postulates the mechanism by which refining produces external fibrillation and the optimum conditions for doing so. The postulated mechanism is surface abrasion during sliding of fibers in refiner gaps. External fibrillation occurs when forces are great enough to partially dislodge fibrils from fiber surfaces, but not large enough to break the fibrils. The refining intensities to achieve these forces were determined by a mathematical model and experiments using a laboratory disc refiner. The optimum intensities in terms of specific edge load (SEL) for chemical pulps were about 0.1 J/m for hardwoods and 1.0 J/m for softwoods An extension of this study suggested that abrasion may also account for most of the energy consumed in the mechanical pulping process.
Clinical validity of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and gamma knife thalomotomy (GKT) neurosurgical therapeutic techniques treating neurogenic disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Increased progression of neurogenic disorders among elderly personnel is considered a top trend challenge for developed economies to standardize the life quality. Generally, Deep brain stimulation (an invasive neurosurgical technique) and Gamma Knife Thalamotomy (non-invasive radiosurgical therapeutic technique) are adopted to treat neurogenic disorders. Deep brain stimulation includes implantation of receptor compatible electrical devices in human brain, to generate type specific electrical signals to improve the impulse conduction capability of a motor neuron. Whereas, Gamma knife thalamotomy is adopted to target tumor specific cells by radiations to inhibit tumorigenesis. Selection of either technique treating specific patient is considered a key challenge faced by many neurosurgeons. Current study aims to to evaluate Clinical validity and relative specificity of deep brain stimulation and gamma knife thalamotomy treating neurogenic disorders. NCBI/PubMed, Medline and neurosurgery Journal databases were retrieved from January 2008-upto November 2018. About 39 principle studies with complete demographic details were assessed and analyzed by using RISMA and Revman5.30 multiple tools. About 6,724 patients from past ten years were enrolled. By following random effect data analysis tool at 95 % confidence interval moderate target specificity was observed for both techniques (heterogeneity Tau2 = 0.76; Chi2 = 8.08, I2 = 63 %). Whereas relative target specificity of DBS was recorded higher rather than GKT. Similarly, GKT was found safer in comparison to DBS. Calculated Risk ratio = 2.20 further assure the validity of both neurosurgical techniques. Even not a single neurosurgical therapeutic technique was found effective against inherited neurological disorders.
Liquid structure and the thermal pressure coefficients of cyclohexane + normal- and branched-alkane mixtures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Velocities of sound, thermal expansion coefficients and heat capacities have been measured at 25 °C for cyclohexane mixed with n-hexadecane and with a series of highly branched alkanes (br-Cn, where n= 6, 8, 12, 16 and 19), leading to isentropic and isothermal compressibilities and thermal pressure coefficients, γ. With these data and corresponding literature values for the normal series, the mixing function Δ(γVT) has been obtained for c-C6+ n-Cn and c-C6+ br-Cn. For the branched series, Δ(γVT)≈–HE, as predicted by the Flory and other theories, which assume van der Waals behaviour for the component liquids. For the n-Cn series, as n increases, Δ(γVT) deviates from –HE towards much more negative values, indicating that the longer n-Cn are not accurately van der Waals liquids. Their behaviour is consistent with the presence of orientational order, which affects the equation of state of a liquid. The Flory theory successfully predicts dVE/dP for both the linear and branched series, the effect of order on the compressibility apparently being small. The quantities ΔCv and Δ(αγVT) are both strongly negative for c-C6+ n-Cn, corresponding to a decrease of n-alkane order with increasing T, because of thermal motion and expansion of the liquid, respectively, the latter effect predominating. For the br-Cn, Δ(αγVT) is small and negative but ΔCv is unexpectedly positive, perhaps indicating a disturbance of cyclohexane motion on the addition of the branched alkanes.