jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Discerning race and gender linguistic cues from the acoustic signal

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

There are multiple factors that contribute to how humans perceive social cues from the speech signal, specifically, cues relating to gender and race. This project sought to find what attributes of the speech signal allow humans to differentiate between speakers across different genders and varieties of American English. To answer this question, 2719 recordings of cis-men and cis women’s voices, speaking in AAE (African-American English) and SdAE (Standardized American English) were analyzed. Machine learning methods were applied through WEBMaus, as opposed to Praat, MFA, and FAVE Align, to investigate the relationship between formants and the target variable (gender/English variety). The selection of formants as the focus of study was based upon pre-existing research affirming formants as a source of differentiation between men/women, and AAE/SdAE. Results of this study showed that formants have a minimal impact on perceiving social cues in speech according to WEBMaus. This research encourages further inquiry into other attributes of the speech signal, such as pitch or intensity, for discerning race and gender in the acoustic signal.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE ON THE MINERAL ELEMENTS CONTENT IN SOIL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ONION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In a field experiment with conservation tillage of Wolska variety of onion the influence of cover plants such as spring rye (Secale cereale) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) as well as varied pre-sowing cultivation measures: no-tillage, disc harrowing during the spring, disc harrowing before the winter in comparison with conventional cultivation, on the content of mineral elements in soil and onion were studied. The content of mineral elements in soil and in onion was modified in greater degree by the changes in weather than by the agro-technical factors. No significant influence of conservation tillage on the content of mineral components in soil or in the onion was found. Soil covered with plant mulch contained slightly more potassium and magnesium in the arable layer in comparison with bare soil. The onion cultivated by using cover plants accumulated slightly more dry mass, N-total and potassium.
Direct observation of atomic configuration of a highly oriented MoS2 film/α-Al2O3 (0001) using atomic resolution electron microscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We deposited a highly oriented MoS2 film on a 2-in. α-Al2O3 (0001) wafer by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and determined the atomic configuration of the MoS2/α-Al2O3 (0001) stacking structure by performing atomic resolution electron microscopy observations along two orthogonal zone axis directions, i.e., the 112¯0 and 11¯00 directions of α-Al2O3. The results show that, first, the in-plane positions of Mo atoms coincide with those of the underlying Al and O atoms, and the 112¯0 direction of the monolayer 2H-MoS2 matches that of the α-Al2O3 substrate. Second, the α-Al2O3 surface was a reconstructed Al-I structure. Moreover, we performed the first-principles calculations using the observed in-plane atomic positions of the MoS2/α-Al2O3 structure as a starting configuration and found that the MoS2–Al2O3 distance is larger than the theoretical van der Waals distance. Because no ordered structures were observed between the MoS2 film and the Al2O3 substrate, the experimental and theoretical results strongly suggest that an amorphous interface layer exists between them. Such an amorphous interface layer is likely to weaken the MoS2–Al2O3 interaction that determines the stability of the MoS2/α-Al2O3 (0001) structure. We thus argue that controlling the interface layer is critical for fabricating highly oriented MoS2 films and is vital for improving the performance of field-effect transistors with MoS2 channels.
Holiness as wholeness : ethical implications towards an inclusive understanding of the HIV/AIDS crisis in Kenya

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study presents a critical examination of holiness as wholeness – ethical implications towards an inclusive understanding of the HIV/AIDS crisis in Kenya. The understanding of holiness and its interpretation has contributed to the stigmatisation of those infected and affected by HIV and AIDS. The study calls for a theologically based re-interpretation of holiness, firstly, by evaluating and interpreting a Pentecostals understanding of HIV and AIDS and its effects on stigma and discrimination; secondly, it aims to assess how the doctrine of holiness as wholeness is challenged by the impact of HIV and AIDS in the Redeemed Gospel Church (RGC), a concrete Pentecostal church in East Africa; and thirdly, it aims to propose a new approach to the doctrine of holiness as wholeness, which could be applied in the Pentecostal African context globally.
Codes for simulation and data for: The relationship between local and regional extinction rates depends on species distribution patterns

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The rapid loss of biodiversity poses a great threat to ecosystem functions and services. Credible estimation of species extinction rates is essential for understanding the magnitude of biodiversity loss and for informing conservation, but this has been a challenge because estimated extinctions are unverifiable due to the lack of data. In this study, we investigated the relationship between local and regional extinctions and assessed the effects of range size, spatial segregation, and patchiness of species distribution on this local-regional extinction relationship. We found that regional extinction rates had a convex relationship with local extinction rates, that is, the regional extinction rate was most likely to be lower than the average local rate. The regional rates deviated from local rates as the sampling area decreased. The difference between local and regional extinction rates (local-regional extinction difference) became larger if a higher number of species had larger range sizes and patchiness. We also detected that there were interactive effects among these factors. Species segregation had a weak positive relationship with the local-regional extinction difference if more species had relatively large range sizes. As the sampling areas increased, the range size showed smaller positive effects on local-regional differences, but patchiness showed larger positive effects. The local-regional extinction relationship of this study provides insights into the spatial scaling of biodiversity loss and offers some important cues for estimating regional extinctions from local data in future studies.
The Dynamics of Managing Diversity: A Critical Approach

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Dynamics of Managing Diversity was one of the first books to respond to growing academic coverage of the topic of diversity management at degree level. This fourth edition has been fully updated to reflect new working practices, statistical information and developments in equality and diversity law, as well as including new case studies and analysis of current and emerging areas of debate in the UK and across Europe.
[Troponins and the indication for treatment with IIb/IIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. Is it time for an "INR" value of troponins?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

At the present time non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes are the most important cause of hospital admissions. Troponin determination in clinical practice is a key element of diagnosis, risk evaluation and prognosis, and now, defines the population that will benefit from IIb/IIIa inhibitors treatment. Probably a "universal standard value of Troponins" is needed to uniform our therapeutic criteria. The "minor elevations" for troponin-I are considered < 0.4 ng/dL and 0.5 ng/dL for troponin-T. The treatment of non ST elevation acute myocardial infarction with IIb/IIIa inhibitors may reduce the total amount of troponins and myocardial damage.
Chemical composition, organic matter degradation and metabolisable energy of three non-cultivated pastures located in the central plateau of Mexico

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Approximately 80% of all production costs are related to the purchase of forages and other feeds in dairy enterprises in Mexico. Resource poor, smallholder ( campesino) systems are heavily reliant on the use of maize stover, noncultivated/cultivated grass species and weeds to feed their dairy cattle, thus a nutritional understanding of local forage resources would be of considerable economic benefit. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value of non-cultivated pastures (NcP) during one productive year.
Cryptanalysis and improvement of a three‐party password‐based authenticated key exchange protocol with user anonymity using extended chaotic maps

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary Three‐party password‐authenticated key exchange (3PAKE) protocols allow two clients to agree on a secret session key through a server via a public channel. 3PAKE protocols have been designed using different arithmetic aspects including chaotic maps. Recently, Lee et al. proposed a 3PAKE protocol using Chebyshev chaotic maps and claimed that their protocol has low computation and communication cost and can also resist against numerous attacks. However, this paper shows that in spite of the computation and communication efficiency of the Lee et al. protocol, it is not secure against the modification attack. To conquer this security weakness, we propose a simple countermeasure, which maintains the computation and communication efficiency of the Lee et al. protocol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of excess iodine in chick embryo thyroid follicles: initial inhibition and subsequent hypertrophy.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effects of excess iodine on the development of the thyroid gland of chick embryos was assessed following injections of potassium iodide prior to incubation. Iodide injection resulted in a significantly greater thyroid gland weight (goitre) on Day 18 of incubation and a delay in hatching. Histological studies of the thyroid gland on Day 12 of incubation revealed that iodide injection had inhibited thyroid follicle development. On Day 14, however, the thyroid glands of the iodide-treated embryos were indistinguishable from controls and on Day 18 the thyroid follicles of the iodide-injected embryos were clearly hypertrophied. In agreement with these light microscopical observations, electron microscopical examination showed conspicuous development of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the follicle cells of both iodide-treated 14 and 18 days old embryos and in those of the corresponding controls. Immunocytochemical studies of the pituitary of 18 days old embryos revealed a depletion of immunoreactive TSH suggesting that the iodide-induced hypertrophy of the thyroid was mediated by an activation of the thyrotropes. Iodide treatment was without effect on plasma levels of T3 and T4 for Day 18 embryos suggesting that the compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland was sufficient to maintain circulating levels of thyroid hormones. The present results demonstrate that, in the embryonic chick thyroid, excess iodine produces effects which occur in two phases. The first phase consists of a transitory inhibition of the formation of follicles; it is followed by a second phase of compensatory hypertrophy resulting in goitre. The first phase probably results from a direct inhibitory effect of iodine on the developing thyroid whereas the second phase probably reflects a stimulation of the thyroid by TSH.
Updated research of very small embryonic-like stem cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Retinal degenerative diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, etc., which culminate in photoreceptor loss, are the leading causes of irreversible blindness. The development of stem cell transplanation gives hope for patients who are suffering from these diseases. Recently, a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELSCs) which express CXCR4, is identified in adult tissue,especially in bone marrow. VSELSCs express several markers of embryonic and primordial germ cells,and research has shown that these cells may differentiate into cells from all three germ layers. With their capacity to give rise to specialized cells, VSELSCs are identified as promising candidates for degenerative diseases. This review focuses on current research on VSELSCs, and discusses potential applications in treating retinal degenerative diseases.

Key words:
Pluripotent stem cells; Stem cell transplanation; Retinal degenerative diseases
Rapid Communications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: We hypothesized that treatment of HIV-1-seropositive study subjects receiving potent antiviral therapy with an HIV-specific immune-based therapy would increase HIV-1-specific T-helper immune function. Design: 10 HIV-1-seropositive study subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy were treated with an inactivated, gp120-depleted immunogen in IFA (HIV-1 immunogen, Remune) at baseline, week 12, and week 24. Methods: The frequency of HIV-1 antigen-stimulated interferon-γ (IFN-γ)producing cells was determined by the ELISPOT assay. Results: Study subjects significantly increased their frequency of HIV-1-stimulated (p < .001) or p24 antigen-stimulated (p < .01) IFN-γ-producing cells after one, two, and three treatments of HIV-1 immunogen. Depletion of CD4 cells resulted in the strongest abrogation of the IFN-γ response. The frequency of HIV-1 (r = 0.64; p = .0002) and p24 (r = 0.72; p < .001) antigen-stimulated IFN-γ-producing cells in the CD8-depleted population before and after treatment was associated with the lymphocyte-proliferative response. Conclusions: Treatment with HIV-1 immunogen significantly enhanced the frequency of HIV-1-specific IFN-γ-producing cells. Studies are ongoing to determine the relationship between this reversal of HIV-specific anergy and virologic outcomes.
The Study on Neural Network-Based Supplier Selection and Evaluation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Supplier lies in first node of SC (supply chain???. Rational supplier evaluation and selection are important to the whole SC's agility and competition. Based on analysis of supplier management, Supplier evaluation guide line is discussed in paper. Then neural network-based supplier evaluation model is established. BP dynamic neural network is applied in constructing model and the amelioration weight reset arithmetic is imported in supplier evaluation and selection model. Finally, the steps of supplier selection and evaluation are described. According to supplier selection and evaluation arithmetic, supplier evaluation and selection center computes supplier selection and evaluation result. Enterprise can select classic supplier based on supplier selection and evaluation result.
XXVII. Note on the distributions of temperature and vapour pressure around a horizontal wet cylinder

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Experiments are described in which unventilated thermocouple psychrometers are used to determine the temperature and vapour pressure distributions above, below, and to one side of the wet surface of a horizontal cylinder. The presence of a convection current passing over the surface in a downwards direction is revealed when the surface is cooled to a temperature well below that of the air. When the surface temperature is raised, a temperature is reached at which very little movement of the air occurs. Under the conditions of the present experiment this occurred when the surface temperature was just over 1° C. below the temperature of the surroundings. With further increase in surface temperature the convection currents change to an upward direction. It is shown that the rate of evaporation falls to a minimum value in the region of little air-movement, and, on the assumption that the whole of the moisture loss takes placeby diffusion, the experimental data for the vapour pressure gradients near the wet surface are seen to lead to values of the correct order of magnitude for the coefficient of diffusion of water vapour into air.
[A new class of soluble guanylate cyclase activators, generating nitric oxide].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Derivatives of diazetidine-di-N-oxides have been found capable nonenzymatic generation of nitric oxide by a principally new mechanism of nitric oxide splitting at physiological values of pH. The effects of the synthesized compounds on human platelet soluble guanylate cyclase activity have been studied. Four of seven derivatives exhibited a distinct correlation between the ability of being decomposed with nitric oxide formation and soluble guanylate cyclase activation. Among those, 3-bromo-4-methyl-3.4-tetramethylene-diazetidine-di-N-oxide proved to be the most effective activator, its spasmolytic effect being commensurate with the glyceryl trinitrate activity. The data obtained open up new opportunities for a search into new vasodilatory agents among compound whose chemical structure provides nitric oxide generation and guanylate cyclase activation in human tissues. Besides, they provide evidence that 1.2-diazetidine-1.2-di-N-oxide derivatives are perspective objects for creating new vasodilatory drugs.
Phosphatidylcholine as the choline donor in sphingomyelin synthesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Sphingomyelin synthesis was studied in cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells by following transfer of [ 14 C]choline label into sphingomyelin (SPH). The study was facilitated by the fact that prelabeling of the cells with [ Methyl ‐ 14 C]choline resulted in rapid accumulation of essentially all the label (≈95%) in phosphatidylcholine (PC). The redistribution of PC label during a 15‐hr chase was dependent upon the extracellular choline concentration. Under conditions of free choline diffusion (500 μM choline), loss of lable from PC was most pronounced, and the percentage of total radioactivity that became trapped in the extracellular water‐soluble choline pool was an order of magnitude greater than in low choline medium (27 μM choline). Despite the significant loss of water‐soluble label from the cells in high choline medium, SPH labeling proceeded at essentially the same rate at either choline concentration. During the label chase in 500 μM choline, the specific radioactivity of PC decreased, but the specific radioactivity of SPH continued to increase for 9–12 hr until it reached the specific radioactivity of PC. In the presence of 300 μM neophenoxine (NPO), transfer of label from PC into SPH was stimulated. NPO also decreased the specific radioactivity of PC to about the same extent as that of SPH was increased. Because transfer of choline label from PC to SPH was not affected by loss or dilution of water‐soluble precursors, and because the specific radioactivity of PC and SPH, in the absence or presence of NPO, responded in a characteristic precursor product fashion, we conclude that sphingomyelin synthesis in Novikoff cells circumvents the water‐soluble choline pool and that phosphatidylcholine serves as the immediate choline source. All our data support the phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase pathway of sphingomyelin synthesis.
VIIRS spectral sharpening, or solution looking for a problem (Conference Presentation)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Visible/Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is the NOAA operational follow-on to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer on NASA's Earth Observing System. VIIRS operates on the Joint Polar-orbiting Satellite System which is the now current NOAA low-earth orbit operational Meteorological Satellite system. The VIIRS has Moderate (750 m nadir resolution) and Imaging (375 m nadir resolution) bands, as well as a band with large dynamic range that operates as a 750 m resolution, full swath imaging band in both day and night viewing conditions. This presentation will look at one specific M-band centered at 680 nm and one I-band centered at 640 nm which are nested spectrally, but for which the I-band has an 80 nm bandwidth and the M-band has a 20 nm bandwidth. We will show that an additional band of 60 nm (centered at 630 nm) may be synthesized from these two bands because the trailing edges of the spectral response of these two bands are nearly identical. The synthetic band will have lower radiometric accuracy and is considered most useful for diagnostic rather than specific quantitative objectives. Potential guidelines for the use of this synthetic band are provided also. A coarse uncertainty budget is shown that provides the uncertainty sources unique to the synthetic band, which are in addition to the uncertainties of the input bands. The concept of constructing a synthetic spectral band in this manner is considered an appropriate remote sensing concept only in the context of spectro-radiometric calibration approaches when tunable laser-source, absolute detector based calibrations are provided due to the enhanced calibrations with this class of standard devices. Traditional radiometric calibrations using integrating spheres are not considered sufficiently precise or sufficiently accurate to support computations of this nature. This may be thought of as a solution looking for a problem. Then we will show the results of an investigation into applying this solution to the detection of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB). Laboratory results from the literature are introduced showing that species common to HAB in the Florida USA Gulf Coast have an absorption feature centered near 630 nm. This species is Karenia brevis which is the most common algae in West Florida shelf HABs. HAB outbreaks observed within the 6-year VIIRS dataset will be investigated using this synthesized band to assess the usefulness of this band as another tool for the study of coastal processes.
Mismatch between lower performance and higher trust in the civil service: Can culture provide an explanation?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The existing literature on institutional trust leads us to expect that institutional trust is determined by institutional performance. In the context of three South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka), we find the opposite – that despite poor performance of the civil service, there is high institutional trust. In this study we examine whether such mismatch can be explained by an authoritarian cultural orientation, which generates unquestioning obedience and loyalty and may contribute to inflated institutional trust in the civil service of these countries.