jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fiscal Decentralization and Regional Disparities: Evidence from Several European Union Countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates for the first time the relationship between fiscal decentralization and regional disparities in a set of European Union countries. Our findings reveal that the devolution of fiscal power to subnational governments is negatively correlated with the level of regional inequality within the sample countries. Therefore, the processes of fiscal decentralization may contribute to a more balanced distribution of resources across space, making up for the central government's loss of redistributive power. In fact, this result is robust to the inclusion of additional explanatory variables in the analysis, and to the choice of the measure used to quantify the degree of dispersion in the spatial distribution of per capita income.
Illicit Transnational Enterprises and the State

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article aims at contributing to the current debate over the effects of illicit transnational activities on states. Recent avenues of conceptualizing transnational organized crime call for defining it as an economic activity with the scope of profit, rather than a criminal activity. Illicit transnational business activities largely follow the trends in development of legal business. The transnational criminal enterprises emerged in parallel to the growth of multinational corporations, making use of the same opportunities as legal business did. The article discusses violence by illicit enterprises and reviews current theoretical debate on the linkages between illicit enterprises and the state. The paper then proceeds with an empirical analysis of the effects of the presence of illicit enterprises on state weakness. We have hypothesized that weak states may have higher presence of criminal businesses. The findings generally confirm significant correlation between the two variables. State fragility is positively correlated with the presence of organized crime. Testing these results against empirical evidence partially confirms the findings. However, this correlation might be weakened by the observation that the presence of illicit enterprises alone does not determine state fragility or strength.
Rapid collaborative knowledge building via Twitter after significant geohazard events – Supplementary info 2

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In the paper Lacassin et al. 2019 – https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-2019-23 – we analyse how key geophysical information and possible interpretations were rapidly discussed via Twitter after two 2018 earthquake-related events which were widely commented on Twitter by geoscientists: the Palu Mw7.5 earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia and the long-duration Mayotte island seismo-volcanic crisis in the Indian Ocean. We select the most relevant tweets regarding the event’s characteristics and the possible geophysical processes at work. In this second supplementary document we provide a PDF print of the full thread corresponding to the Mayotte case.
INNOVATIVE ECO-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES "SMART TRANSPORT" IN THE SYSTEM OF MEGAPOLIS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The actuality of the research is defined by the growing significance of energy efficiency of managerial decisions of the subjects of contemporary metropolitan economy in conditions of global environmental degradation, the priorities of which are increasingly shifting towards the man and the nature-saving conditions of his life. The decision to this problem depends to a large extent on the intensity of the integration of innovative nature-saving technologies "smart transport", including policies to support the electric vehicle industry, into the system of sustainable urban management. The research goal is to substantiate, on the basis of foreign experience, the relevance and a number of strategic measures to increase the rate of electric mobility of Russian megacities’ transport systems by creating economic conditions to overcome the identified problems. The article substantiates in detail the recommendations for the formation of a strategy for the development of the electromobility process in Russian cities. It demonstrates that the intensification of electromobilization processes and the introduction of tools contributing to this in the practice of urban management will lead to an increase in the environmental and economic efficiency of the transport system, and, consequently, to an improvement in the quality of life in Russian megacities.
Determination of maneuverability parameters of a road train with a controlled axle of a semi-trailer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

It is impossible not to note the high pace of highway construction, which increases the possibilities of their use. Obviously, an increase in the specific indicators of cargo transit is possible by increasing the carrying capacity of the vehicle. In order to meet the requirements for the load on the roadbed, the priority option remains to increase the number of axles of the road train, as a result, the increase in its length and the deterioration of maneuverability indicators. One of the ways to improve maneuverability indicators is to use a rotary version of the semi-trailer axle. The definition of the law of changing the trajectory of rotation of the wheels of the semitrailer axis will be considered further. Keywords road train, semi-trailer, module stability of movement, controllability, maneuverability, model, speed of movement
AC and DC Conductivity in Nano- and Microcrystalline Li2O : B2O3 Composites: Experimental Results and Theoretical Models

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We report on impedance measurements of nano- and microcrystalline composites of the Li ion conductor Li 2 O and the ionic insulator B 2 O 3 as well as their interpretation in the frame of percolation models. In the experimental part, besides the dc conductivity and its dependence on composition and temperature ( i.e. its activation energy) also the ac conductivity and its dependence on composition, temperature and frequency ( i.e. the conductivity exponent) are presented. Striking differences between the nanocrystalline and the corresponding microcrystalline composites were found. Deviations of the ac from the dc results can be explained by the fact that the experiments probe ion dynamics on different time and thus length scales. In the theoretical part, a continuum percolation model, a brick-layer type bond percolation approach and a Voronoi construction are alternatively used to model the dc behaviour. Based merely on the largely different volume fractions of the interfaces between ionic conductor and insulator grains in the nano- and microcrystalline composites, good overall agreement with the experimental dc results is obtained. The high critical insulator content above which the experimental conductivity vanishes in the nanocrystalline composites suggests the presence of an additional Li diffusion passageway of nanometer length in the interface between nanocrystalline insulator grains.
Toxic Risks: Science, Regulation, and Perception

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

There may be no more difficult topic for scientific communication than that of toxic environmental risks. Not only is the subject scientifically complex, involving several different specialized disciplines, notably toxicology and epidemiology, but it is highly sensitive from the viewpoint of society. While scientific knowledge must be interpreted for regulatory purposes, however incomplete that knowledge may be, public perceptions greatly color how such regulations and their scientific underpinnings are understood. Emotions often run high and understanding low when possibilities of community-wide exposures to radiation or chemicals are raised. In such settings, explanations from scientific and regulatory authorities can seem obscure or contradictory because of the sheer complexity of scientific data, of risk assessment procedures, and of the regulatory process itself. Unfortunately, when such situations arise, and they do so not infrequently, simplistic and often distorted explanations are likely to receive greater attention and credence than sober ones that put scientific
Improved wavelet based a-priori SNR estimation for speech enhancement

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To obtain a reliable estimate of the a-priori signal to noise (SNR) ratio is crucial to most frequency domain speech enhancement algorithms. Recently, the low variance multitaper spectrum (MTS) estimator with wavelet denoising was suggested for the estimation of the a-priori SNR However, traditional approach directly plugs in the wavelet shrinkage denoiser and adopts the universal threshold which is not fully optimized to the characteristic of the MTS of noisy signals. In this paper, a two-stage estimation algorithm is proposed. First, the log MTS components that are dominated by noise are detected and removed in the wavelet domain. Second, a modified SUREshrink scheme is applied to further remove the noise remained in the speech spectral peaks. The new estimator is applied to the traditional Wiener filter and log MMSE speech enhancement algorithms and leads to significantly better performance.
An Approach Towards Painless Administration of Local Anaesthetic Agents in Pediatric Dentistry: In Vivo Study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Three topical anesthetic agents namely Eutectic mixture of Local anesthetic 5% cream, Produit Dentaire ( 20% benzocaine) and Lignocaine 15% spray used in pediatric patients during various dental procedures requiring local anesthesia administration were evaluated in terms of onset of action and clinical efficacy for pain perception. In this study 210 patients aged between 6-14 years were randomly divided into three groups and were subjected to the test agents. The onset of action was analyzed using stop watch and dental probe and response of the patients to pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale. Results showed that Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetic agent 5% had the highest onset of action and superior in pain reduction followed by Produit Dentaire and Lignocaine Spray 15%. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2012; 5: (2), pp. 96-101)
Why molecular biology needs palaeontology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Molecular biology has re-opened the debate on metazoan diversification, including the vexing question of the origin of the major body plans (phyla). In particular, sequence analyses of rRNA have reconfigured significantly metazoan phylogeny, while homeobox genes suggest there could be an underlying similarity of developmental instructions in nominally disparate phyla. Despite this dramatic progress I argue that this renaissance of activity is lop-sided, but can be redressed by palaeontological data, especially from the Cambrian and immediately preceding Vendían. The fossil record complements and amplifies the conclusions derived from molecular biology, notably in the early radiation of cnidarians (Ediacaran faunas) and key steps in the diversification of the protostomes.
FIRST ANALYSIS OF THE $3\nu_{g}- \nu_{g}, 3\nu_{g}- \nu_{5}$ AND $3\nu_{9} -2\nu_{5}$ BANDS OF $HNO_{3}$: TORSIONAL SPLITTING IN THE $\nu_{9}$ VIBRATIONAL MODE.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using the dynamic population approach, the present model can project real-time data to inform a healthcare system decision that affects all actual number of AS patients eligible for anti-TNF agents within different decision time spans. The predicted total population costs of different categories in the present study can help plan the organization of the healthcare resources based on the national budget for the disease.
ON IRREDUCIBLE HYPERFINITE REAL SUBFACTORS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is shown any hyperfinite factor has an involutive *-antiautomorphism. It is proved that a real subfactor is irreducible if and only if its enveloping factor is irreducible. Using constructed examples in the complex case, as well as using an involutive *-antiautomorphism of a W*-algebra, examples of irreducible hyperfinite real subfactors with index larger than 4 are constructed.
Health Problems of Mothers and Children

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An attempt is made by the authors to indicate certain concepts which must be utilized to bring women to and through a healthy childbearing period, to bring the greatest number of infants successfully through the period of infancy and to provide a favorable environment for healthy development of children. To accomplish these aims, proved measures must be used more widely and others must be sought out. Such measures are best used in ways which provide continuity and individualization.
LHD 10p5U-AD01-07-NF #164027.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.
The Development of a Direct Observation Code for Use in Preschool Settings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

With the passage of recent preschool legislation, it is essential that school psychologists are prepared to assess children's behaviors and their interactions with others within specific contexts such as classrooms. Furthermore, assessment procedures are needed that may be applied throughout the intervention process. This article reports the development of an observation system, Preschool Observation Code (POC), for use across the phases of preschool intervention design and evaluation. The purpose of the code, the procedures used for code, the procedures used for code construction, and two related studies of interrater and criterion-referenced agreement are described. Practical issues related to direct observation and preschool assessment are discussed.
Outbreak of Penicillinase-Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae With an African Connection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Previous outbreaks of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection in the United States have generally been attributed to importation of Southeast Asian strains. During July 1982 through July 1983, 110 cases of gonorrhea caused by penicillinase-producing strains were reported in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Among the 53 infected women, 14 (26%) had pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Compared to other infected women, those with PID experienced a greater delay from the time of last sexual exposure (19.1 vs 8.1 days) to receipt of appropriate antibiotic therapy (P less than .01). At least 22 prostitutes were involved in the outbreak. Sixteen (76%) of 21 isolates tested were serogroup 1A; 15 required arginine and proline for growth; and 17 (81%) possessed a 3.2 megadalton plasmid. Our data suggest that this outbreak was associated with both African and Southeast Asian strains.
Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the renal biopsy of patients with chronic kidney disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To evaluate the effects of angiotensin Ⅱreceptor antagonist (ARB) on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor(PAI)-1 in the human renal biopsy of patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)and analyse its clinical significance.Methods PAI-1 expression of 63 specimens with CKD was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis was achieved by image analysis system. meanwhile, the patients'clinical data were collected,and PAI-1 expression of 63 specimens with CKD was compared with that of normal renal tissue(19 cases).Results Compared with the normal renal tissue,the expression of PAI-1 in CKD 1,2 and 3 stage wag respectively drastically increased(P<0.05).The expression of PAI-1 in CKD 3 stage was higher than that in CKD 1 and 2 stage(P<0.05).The expression of PAI-1 in the patients treated by valsartan[renal corpuscle(4.73±1.18)%,renal tubule(37.16±6.81)%]was lower than that with no treatment[renal corpuscle(5.81±1.95)%,renal tubule(43.22 ±10.25)%](P<0.05).Conclusions It suggests that the abnormal expression of PAI-1 in CKD play an important role in the progression of glomerular and tubulointerstitiai sclerosis in patients with CKD.ARB may prevent the development of renal inflammation and sclerosis by inhibiting the production of PAI-1.ARB may contribute to the prevention and therapy of CKD.

Key words:
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; Endothelial cells; Vahartan; Chronic kidney disease
Semantic ghost imaging based on recurrent-neural-network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Ghost imaging (GI) illuminates an object with a sequence of light patterns and obtains the corresponding total echo intensities with a bucket detector. The correlation between the patterns and the bucket signals results in the image. Due to such a mechanism different from the traditional imaging methods, GI has received extensive attention during the past two decades. However, this mechanism also makes GI suffer from slow imaging speed and poor imaging quality. In previous work, each sample, including an illumination pattern and its detected bucket signal, was treated independently with each other. The correlation is therefore a linear superposition of the sequential data. Inspired by human’s speech, where sequential words are linked with each other by a certain semantic logic and an incomplete sentence could still convey a correct meaning, we here propose a different perspective that there is potentially a non-linear connection between the sequential samples in GI. We therefore built a system based on a recurrent neural network (RNN), called GI-RNN, which enables recovering high-quality images at low sampling rates. The test with MNIST’s handwriting numbers shows that, under a sampling rate of 1.28%, GI-RNN have a 12.58 dB higher than the traditional basic correlation algorithm and a 6.61 dB higher than compressed sensing algorithm in image quality. After trained with natural images, GI-RNN exhibits a strong generalization ability. Not only does GI-RNN work well with the standard images such as “cameraman”, but also it can recover the natural scenes in reality at the 3% sampling rate while the SSIMs are greater than 0.7.
Cartel capabilities will increase in Mexico

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Subject Mexico's illicit arms trade. Significance On September 6, a police helicopter crashed over Michoacan during a gunfight with a criminal group. While the direct cause of the crash appears to have been pilot error, a Barret .50 calibre long-range sniper rifle was involved in the skirmish. Military grade weapons feature increasingly in state-criminal confrontations, and drug cartels have proven themselves capable of shooting down aircraft -- the New Generation Jalisco Cartel (CJNG) brought down an army helicopter in Jalisco in May 2015. Impacts Cartel rivalries will drive their desire for ever more sophisticated weaponry. In the absence of a state monopoly of militarised weaponry, government efforts to contain criminal violence will be ineffective. Efforts to bring the arms trade under control will depend as much on the decisions of Washington as those of Mexico City.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 - Biomarkers for Skeletal Maturity Assessment in Class II Malocclusion

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: To estimate the serum levels of non-radiologic biomarkers, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) to potentially identify the pubertal growth spurt in skeletal Class II malocclusion subjects. Material and Methods: Eighty subjects (M-38, F-42) with skeletal Class II malocclusion in the age range of 11-18 years were recruited for the cross-sectional study. Human serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were quantitatively assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cervical stage (CS) was evaluated from a lateral cephalogram. Results: Gender-wise comparison of the mean serum IGF-1 levels revealed that the initial peak was detected at CS2 in both genders, [males (87.87 ng/mL), females (78.49 ng/mL)]. However, there was a cognizable difference in the second peak of the mean serum IGF-1 levels between males (CS5, 68.58 ng/mL) and females (CS4, 74.63 ng/mL). Mean IGFBP-3 serum levels in male subjects were high in CS4 (47.24 ng/mL) with a further spike in CS6 (50.54 ng/mL), and in female subjects, it was found to be highest in CS3 (51.95 ng/mL) and then in CS5 (49.68 ng/mL). Conclusion: Mean IGF-1 levels exhibited both sexes' prepubertal and late pubertal spikes. Mean IGFBP-3 levels revealed a pubertal and a late pubertal spike in both sexes, with an earlier growth trend observed specific to females compared to males.
In the random graph G(n,p),p=n^{-a} : if psi has probability 0(n^{-epsilon}) for every epsilon > 0 then it has probability 0(e^{-n^epsilon}) for some epsilon > 0

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Shelah Spencer [ShSp:304] proved the 0-1 law for the random graphs G(n,p_n), p_n=n^{- alpha}, alpha in (0,1) irrational (set of nodes in [n]= {1, ...,n}, the edges are drawn independently, probability of edge is p_n). One may wonder what can we say on sentences psi for which Prob (G(n,p_n) models psi) converge to zero, Lynch asked the question and did the analysis, getting (for every psi): EITHER [(alpha)] Prob [G(n,p_n) models psi]=cn^{- beta} + O(n^{- beta-epsilon}) for some epsilon such that beta >epsilon>0 OR [(beta)] Prob (G(n,p_n) models psi)= O(n^{-epsilon}) for every epsilon>0. Lynch conjectured that in case (beta) we have [(beta^+)] Prob (G(n,p_n) models psi)= O(e^{-n^epsilon}) for some epsilon>0. We prove it here.
LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: Exacerbation phenotype directed corticosteroid therapy of COPD: Value of blood eosinophilia (primary results)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In COPD, clinically relevant exacerbation phenotypes, such as eosinophilic and bacterial, can be identified with simple biomarkers. Studies are needed to validate the use of these biomarkers to direct therapy for AECOPD. Aim of this study: to evaluate the use of blood eosinophilia (>2%) in directing steroids therapy in AE-COPD. Patients and methods: In the preliminary retrospective analysis of 13297 admissions (2010-2014), AECOPD was the cause in 5016 events, COPD with bronchiectasis (1386) and α1 antitrypsin deficiency (264) were excluded and data of 3366 exacerbations were revised. 2442 (72.5%) were bacterial and 924 (27.5%) Eosinophilic ( Eosinophils>2%). All patients received standard therapy according to GOLD Guidelines. The baseline clinical, functional characteristics, days of hospital stay, side effects, treatment failure, number of exacerbation, need for ICU were recorded. The second phase started January 2015 (till now) and included 71 COPD patients with 106 exacerbation events. The bacterial phenotype received antibiotic + placebo and eosinophilic received antibiotic + prednisolone. Responses were recorded on days 7- 14. Results: in the preliminary analysis, no difference was found in baseline, in FEV1 and symptom improvement, but patients with bacterial exacerbations had more side effects, longer hospital stay and numbers of recurrence. The results of second phase will be completed June 2015. Conclusions: In AECOPD, it would be valuable to suggest that blood eosinophilia (>2%) is a simple accessible routine biomarker to identify phenotypes that respond to oral steroid and those for which there is a greater risk of harm.