jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Does Liberal Prehospital and In‐Hospital Tranexamic Acid Influence Outcome in Severely Injured Patients? A Prospective Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Early hemorrhage control is important in trauma‐related death prevention. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has shown to be beneficial in patients in hemorrhagic shock, although widespread adoption might result in incorrect TXA administration leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Methods A 7‐year prospective cohort study with consecutive trauma patients admitted to a Level‐1 Trauma Center ICU was performed to investigate administration of both pre‐ and in‐hospital TXA and its relation to morbidity and mortality. Indication for prehospital and in‐hospital TXA administration was (suspicion of) hemorrhagic shock, and/or systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤ 90 mmHg. Demographics, data on physiology, resuscitation and outcomes were prospectively collected. Results Four hundred and twenty‐two patients (71% males, median ISS 29, 95% blunt injuries) were included. Even though TXA patients were more severely injured with more deranged physiology, no differences in outcome were noted. Overall, thrombo‐embolic complication rate was 8%. In half the patients, hemorrhagic shock was the indication for prehospital TXA, whereas 79% of in‐hospital TXA was given based on suspicion of hemorrhagic shock. Thirteen percent of patients with SBP ≤ 90 mmHg in ED received no TXA at all. Based on SBP alone, 22% of prehospital TXA and 25% of in‐hospital TXA were justified. Conclusions Despite being more severely injured, TXA patients had similar outcome compared to patients without TXA. Thrombo‐embolic complication rate was low despite liberal use of both prehospital and in‐hospital TXA. Caution should be exercised in selecting patients for TXA, although this might be challenging based on SBP alone in patients who do not yet show signs of deranged physiology on arrival in ED.
Content and composition of pentose in buckwheat flour (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The total pentose quantity in buckwheat flour of cvs. Siva, Darja, Petra and Bednja 4n was determined using the volumetric bromide-bromate method. The Molisch test was used to determine the presence of carbohydrates in hydrolysates (72% H2SO4) and, in the same samples, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - based on ion-exchange chromatography and after-column reaction derivation with copper 2,2’-bicinchoninate and detected by using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer - was used to determine monosaccharides glucose (hexose) and xylose (pentose). We established that the only pentose present in buckwheat flour is xylose, whose content in different analysed cultivars ranged from 5.44 to 6.51%.
Research and Application of Rough Lattice Construction Based on Compressed Matrix

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper does some researches on rule mining according to the production of fluid industry, as its production process has the characteristics of complexity, strong correlation, nonlinear and uncertainty. Rough sets and concept lattice are two effective methods for data analysis and knowledge discovery in data mining. In this paper, according to CARCL(Construction Algorithm of Rough Concept Lattice), we combine the two methods' advantages and propose a new method for the construction of Rough Lattice based on compressed matrix. The new method can solve the redundancy of construction process and obtain corresponding rules . Index Terms—Compressed matrix, Fluid industry, Rough
Grasshopper-Based Detection of Fake Social Media Profiles

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The proliferation of fake profiles on social media platforms presents a growing challenge for digital ecosystems, where the detection of such profiles is critical to maintaining the integrity of online environments. This paper introduces a hybrid approach that integrates the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm with various Machine Learning classifiers, including Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, and Random Forest. The nature-inspired metaheurisitic used is employed to optimize key hyperparameters of these classifiers, thereby enhancing their performance in detecting fake profiles. The proposed method is evaluated on a well defined balanced dataset, demonstrating significant improvements in classification performance, particularly in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The results suggest that the proposed hybrid approach can effectively address the challenges associated with balanced and imbalanced datasets in fake profile detection. Furthermore, the study discusses potential directions for improving scalability and applying the approach to larger and more dynamic datasets in the future.
Hemispheric Free Trade: Reality or Lost Opportunity

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract : With democratic reforms and the development of market economies well underway, Latin America is emerging as one of the fastest growing regions for US goods and services. The most significant outcome of the 1994 Summit of the Americas was the commitment of all freely elected leaders in the hemisphere to expand the free trade provisions outlined in the newly ratified North American Free Trade Agreement to the entire Western Hemisphere. Dubbed the Free Trade Area of the Americas, a goal was established for a negotiated agreement by 2005. President Clinton pledged full US support for this initiative. However, with the approach of the next summit in 1998, both the commitment and leadership of the United States toward expanded free trade in the hemisphere are being questioned. This paper will examine the developments affecting the realization of a hemispheric free trade area and the leadership role of the United States.
Fractures of the Carpal Bones

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The experience of the average radiologist with fractures of the carpal bones is limited by the relative rarity of many of these injuries. The navicular fractures are most important and are relatively common. Other fractures are usually less significant, but the radiologist should be aware of their prognosis and the complications to be expected so that he may not only recognize the injury but, when requested, may advise the attending physician as to the significance of the individual injury and the advisability of management by an orthopedic surgeon. The minimum examination of the wrist should include a postero-anterior view ade with the hand in partial ulnar deviation, an oblique view with the hand in partial pronation, and a true lateral view. It is essential that the better detail afforded by a film exposed in a cardboard holder be obtained. Special non-screen film is desirable, since the exposure time may thus be significantly reduced. These films should be viewed wet as a basis for further study of the patient. The radiologist who does not combine a personal clinical examination with the roentgenographic studies will have a false sense of security and will fail to recognize many carpal injuries. Localized swelling and tenderness will indicate areas that need more complete evaluation. Pain upon percussion over the third metacarpal bone will indicate a fracture of the navicular bone. If the roentgenograms do not then clearly demonstrate a fracture, additional views should be obtained, such as a postero-anterior view with the hand in marked ulna deviation and an oblique view with angulation of the roentgen beam. Continued inability to completely extend the middle finger suggests a dislocation of the lunate. This clinical sign will be most helpful in evaluation of a persistent dislocation when the hand and wrist are in a heavy cast and roentgen examination may be difficult. Local areas of tenderness of the volar surface will suggest the need of an axial or profile view of the anterior carpal bones. Fractures of the ridge of the greater multangular bone or the unciform process of the hamate bone may be recognizable only on roentgenograms made in this projection. With a complete examination with non-screen film, the incidence of undiagnosed fractures should be negligible. If, however, pain persists unduly following an apparent sprain, re-examination is essential. Very rarely an avascular necrosis, such as Kienböck's disease of the lunate bone, will appear after an injury with no evidence of a fracture. Unfortunately, some fractures of the carpal bones will be masked by associated injuries. A fracture of the navicular bone may not be recognized in a patient who has a Colles' fracture with marked deformity. Under such circumstances, a complete examination of the carpal bones is not practical, but the navicular fracture will usually be recognized if a careful evaluation of the carpal bones is made in all fractures of the wrist.
Physical (in)activity‐dependent structural plasticity in bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons of rat rostral ventrolateral medulla

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system is thought to play a role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Recent work has shown that physical inactivity versus activity alters neuronal structure in brain regions associated with cardiovascular regulation. Our physiological studies suggest that neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are more responsive to excitation in sedentary versus physically active animals. We hypothesized that enhanced functional responses in the RVLM may be due, in part, to changes in the structure of RVLM neurons that control sympathetic activity. We used retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify bulbospinal catecholaminergic (C1) neurons in sedentary and active rats after chronic voluntary wheel‐running exercise. We then digitally reconstructed their cell bodies and dendrites at different rostrocaudal levels. The dendritic arbors of spinally projecting TH neurons from sedentary rats were more branched than those of physically active rats ( P < 0.05). In sedentary rats, dendritic branching was greater in more rostral versus more caudal bulbospinal C1 neurons, whereas, in physically active rats, dendritic branching was consistent throughout the RVLM. In contrast, cell body size and the number of primary dendrites did not differ between active and inactive animals. We suggest that these structural changes provide an anatomical underpinning for the functional differences observed in our in vivo studies. These inactivity‐related structural and functional changes may enhance the overall sensitivity of RVLM neurons to excitatory stimuli and contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in sedentary individuals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:499–513, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility study on BNCT-SPECT using a CdTe detector

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

There is no doubt that boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a promising cancer therapy in the near future. At present, one of the severest problems to solve is monitoring of the treatment effect during neutron irradiation. It is known to be difficult in real time. So far, activation foils, small detectors and so on were used to measure the thermal neutron fluence in a certain place of the tumor. The dose distribution is thus estimated from the measured result and prediction with a transport code. In the present study, 478 keV gamma-rays emitted from the excited state of {sup 7}Li produced by {sup 10}B(n,α){sup 7}Li reaction are directly measured to realize real time monitoring of the treatment effect of BNCT. In this paper, the result of the feasibility study carried out using a Monte Carlo transport code is summarized. We used CdTe detectors with a quite narrow collimator to obtain a BNCT image keeping good spatial resolution. The intensity of capture gamma-rays of 2223 keV produced by {sup 1}H(n,γ){sup 2}H reaction is very much higher than that of 478 keV. We thus adjusted the detector efficiency by selecting an appropriate thickness so as to optimize the efficiency ratio between 478 and 2223 keV. From the result of the detector response calculation, in case of 20 mm thick CdTe detector with the collimator of 2 mm in diameter, sufficient net count of ∼1000 for 478 keV in 30 min. was realized. It means an efficient and high-resolution BNCT-SPECT image could be obtained. (author)
Transportation Ergonomics for Self-Driving Automated Vehicles: Out-dated or Necessary?

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While automated vehicles are emerging around the world, many people are unsure what role, if any, ergonomics will play in this new technology. Will ergonomics still be necessary for automated vehicles? This article attempts to answer this question by reviewing key information on two aspects. First, the key elements of ergonomics in human-driven vehicles, including vehicle ergonomics, warehouse ergonomics, training and education, and research and profession, are described. Second, the characteristics of automated vehicles on highways and off highways (e.g. mining and agriculture) are discussed. These two aspects provide the insight needed to determine whether ergonomics are still necessary for automated vehicles and to determine the level of ergonomic requirements. The reader may be surprised to know that self-driving automated vehicles must have drivers, although some special-purpose automated vehicles will be driverless. The results indicate that self-driving automated vehicles have the same ergonomic requirements as human-driven vehicles and that their automated features warrant even more ergonomic research. The results also indicate that ergonomic applications are needed for emerging automated warehouses and off-highway automated vehicles.
A systematic review and network meta‐analysis of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for advanced melanoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Immune and BRAF ‐targeted therapies have changed the therapeutic scenario of advanced melanoma, turning the clinical decision‐making a challenging task. This Bayesian network meta‐analysis assesses the role of immunotherapies and targeted therapies for advanced melanoma. We retrieved randomized controlled trials testing immune, BRAF ‐ or MEK ‐targeted therapies for advanced melanoma from electronic databases. A Bayesian network model compared therapies using hazard ratio ( HR ) for overall survival ( OS ), progression‐free survival ( PFS ), and odds ratio ( OR ) for response rate ( RR ), along with 95% credible intervals (95% CrI), and probabilities of drugs outperforming others. We assessed the impact of PD ‐L1 expression on immunotherapy efficacy. Sixteen studies evaluating eight therapies in 6849 patients were analyzed. For OS , BRAF ‐ MEK combination and PD ‐1 single agent ranked similarly and outperformed all other treatments. For PFS , BRAF ‐ MEK combination surpassed all other options, including CTLA ‐4‐ PD ‐1 dual blockade hazard ratio ( HR : 0.56; 95% CrI: 0.33–0.97; probability better 96.2%), whereas BRAF single agent ranked close to CTLA ‐4‐ PD ‐1 blockade. For RR , BRAF ‐ MEK combination was superior to all treatments including CTLA ‐4‐ PD ‐1 ( OR : 2.78; 1.18–6.30; probability better 97.1%). No OS data were available for CTLA ‐4‐ PD ‐1 blockade at the time of systematic review, although PFS and RR results suggested that this combination could also bring meaningful benefit. PD ‐L1 expression, as presently defined, failed to inform patient selection to PD ‐1‐based immunotherapy. BRAF ‐ MEK combination seemed an optimal therapy for BRAF ‐mutated patients, whereas PD ‐1 inhibitors seemed optimal for BRAF wild‐type patients. Longer follow‐up is needed to ascertain the role of CTLA ‐4‐ PD ‐1 blockade. Immunotherapy biomarkers remain as an unmet need.
Trombone Obbligati of Johann Ernst Eberlin: Historical Contexts, Analyses, and Performance Editions for Inclusion to the Trombonist Lexicon

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Johann Ernst Eberlin (1702-1762) regularly composed for the alto trombone as an obbligato instrument in his oratorios and schuldramen. His works are an important predecessor of concerted music for trombone in the Classical era, though trombonists rarely perform his arias in the present day. This resource provides an analysis of three arias composed by Eberlin that contain trombone obbligato. Although the arias “Was hat mein Aug erblickt!” from Die Blutschwitzende Jesus, “Fließ o heißer Tränenbach!” from Der Veruteilte Jesus, and “Menschen sagt, was ist das Leben?” from Der verlorene Sohn have survived in editions by Robert Haas, found in volume 55 of Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich, little help with respect to performance practice is to be found here. This study, then, offers a detailed approach to performance practice and suggested ornamentations for the trombonist are provided for each aria. Appendices include the original trombone part overlaid with suggested ornamentations added and a new edition of the score with the previously missing figured bass restored.
An Exploratory Study on the Composition of ESG Content as Liberal Arts Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As a part of liberal arts education, ESG should provide college students with the knowledge and practical opportunities necessary for participation and coexistence with people and as citizens of the community. However, in order for the goals of ESG education to be realized, particularly when it comes to participation and coexistence, ESG content must be organized first. In order to construct ESG content, this study analyzed the content validity of 4 liberal arts professors and the subjective suitability of the ESG content composition among 164 college students. Five topics were selected for their ESG content that is suitable for general education in the environmental field: climate change and carbon emissions, waste management, energy efficiency, environmental regulations, and biodiversity. In the social sector, four topics were selected: community relations, data protection, human rights⋅gender⋅diversity, and worker safety. In the governance area, three areas were extracted: corporate ethics, bribery and anti-corruption, and fair competition. In the future, ESG liberal arts education needs to be approached with content related to 12 topics. In addition, ESG in liberal arts education should be approached by integrating the three areas rather than providing a curriculum for each of the E(environment), S(society), and G(governance) areas, and should be conducted in such a way that it that integrates ESG theory and practice cases.
Mechanical properties of the passive pharynx in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. II. Dynamics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We described the dynamic mechanical properties of the passive pharynx in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs and the effects of caudal tracheal displacement. During general anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, airflow through the upper airway (V˙) and pharyngeal cross-sectional area were measured during ramp decreases in pressure downstream from the pharynx (Pdown). Measurements were made with 0, 1, and 2 cm of caudal tracheal displacement. Airflow limitation and/or negative pressure dependence (NPD) were observed in all animals. Tracheal displacement (2 cm) increased maximal V˙ (V˙ max ) by 205.1 ± 105.1% ( P < 0.05) relative to the value with no displacement and increased the magnitude of NPD, expressed as percent decrease in V˙ from V˙ max , from 22.9 ± 27.4 to 56.6 ± 37.5% ( P < 0.05). Initial decreases in Pdown narrowed all levels of the pharynx, but, once V˙ max was reached, further decreases in Pdown narrowed the hypopharynx but not the nasopharynx and oropharynx. We conclude that the hypopharynx is the flow-limiting site in the pig pharynx. Tracheal displacement not only improved airflow dynamics as V˙ max increased but also resulted in pronounced NPD.
Lack of Association Between Pertussis Vaccination and Symptoms of Asthma and Allergy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.

—Previous reports1suggesting that pertussis vaccination considerably increases the risk for bronchial asthma in schoolchildren prompted us to add a structured interview to all the families in a double-blind study of per tussis vaccines to assess whether pertussis vaccination might influence symptoms in early childhood consistent with later development of allergic disease. Pertussis immunization elicits an IgE response in animals.2Children may also show pertussis IgE after pertussis infection and vaccination, but clinical consequences are unclear.3Retrospective data support a weak effect of pertussis infection on development of sensitization.4 Since 1979, pertussis vaccination has not been included in the Swedish vaccine program. The Swedish Pertussis Vaccine Efficacy Trial 15recruited 9829 infants born in 1992. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. The study was performed double-blind, and three fourths of the infants were
Orchestrating Regional Security Cooperation in Peace Negotiations: A Comparative Study of the Civil Wars in Cambodia and El Salvador

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

By contrasting the peace negotiation processes in Cambodia and El Salvador, this paper argues that although the structural constraints against regional security cooperation in Southeast Asia and Central America during the 1980s were similar, the states in the two regions achieved varying success in overcoming two major structural constraints: the influence of global/regional actors and internal disunity. In particular, it focuses on how the political will and diplomatic skills of Indonesia and Mexico led to their different levels of contribution to the peace processes and their respective achievements. Through this, this paper intends to re-examine a core assumption of neorealism, that is, that structural constraints have a determinant influence on actors' behaviour.
Analysis of the Damage on Citrus Root Caused by the Soil Inhabiting Insect.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ミカンネコナカイガラムシ(以下不カイガラと略称)によるミカン根部の被害を詳細に分析するため, 吉田・二見の装置にミカンを植えて, 直根の上部と下部に分布する根群をそれぞれ切断した場合における, ミカンの地上部と地下部にみられる影響を調査した.1) ミカンの直根の上部および下部の新根を切断することにより旧葉の落葉がみられた. 上部根群の切断区では無処理区の5.7倍, 下部根群の切断区では3.0倍の旧葉が落葉した.2) 上部根群の切断区における落葉は, 根群の切断直後から約60日の間に起り, 又その傾向は葉位の下部から起った. 下部根群の切断区におけるそれは秋期における落葉が顕著で, また無作為に落葉した.3) 上部における根群の増加曲線の峰は, ミカンの地上部の伸長期(夏期)とほぼ一致したが, 下部における根群の増加曲線の峰は秋期にみられた.4) 苗の生体重を比較すれば, 上部根群の切断区は無処理区に比較して68.6%, 下部根群の切断区では82.996ではあった. 地上部の生体重の傾向も同様であった.5) 上部根群の切断区では上部の旧根ばかりでなく下部の新根の生体重が減少した. 下部根群の切断区では下部旧根の生体重は減少したが, 反対に直根の上部に分布する新根の生体重は増加し, 補償作用がみられた.
Top‐down approach to attach liquid polyethylene glycol to solid surfaces by plasma interaction

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel top‐down approach is presented to produce stable functional films from low vapor pressure liquids via plasma processing. Low‐pressure plasma activation and deposition are examined to cross‐link liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG‐400) surfaces. After stabilizing the thus‐obtained films on the liquid with a silicone backing layer, water contact angle measurements, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging were used for characterization. The results show that PEG molecules are covalently bonded to the solid films providing high hydrophilicity.
Mycobacterium avium Complex Peritonitis in an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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