jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part III. Heterometrus yaleensis sp. n. (Scorpionidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Heterometrus yaleensis sp. n. from Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Yale National Park is described and compared with other species of the genus. The presence of a unique dorsointernal carina on the pedipalp chela distinguishes H. yaleensis sp. n. from all other Heterometrus species. Additional information is provided on the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Heterometrus in Sri Lanka, fully complemented with color photos of specimens of both sexes of the new species, as well as of their habitat. In addition to external morphology and hemispermatophore, we also describe the karyotype of H. yaleensis sp. n. (2n=99).
Iron-Mediated Microbial Oxidation and Abiotic Reduction of Organic Contaminants under Anoxic Conditions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In anoxic environments, the oxidation of organic compounds, such as BTEX fuel components, by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction can generate reactive mineral-bound Fe(II) species, which in turn are able to reduce other classes of organic and inorganic groundwater contaminants. In this study, we designed and evaluated an anaerobic batch reactor that mimicks iron-reducing conditions to investigate the factors that favor the coupling of microbial toluene oxidation and abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants. We investigated the influence of different Fe(III)-bearing minerals and combinations thereof on the coupling of these two processes. Results from laboratory model systems show that complete oxidation of toluene to CO2 by Geobacter metallireducens in the presence of Fe(III)-bearing minerals leads to the formation of mineral-bound Fe(II) species capable of the reduction of 4-nitroacetophenone. Whereas significant microbial toluene oxidation was only observed in the presence of amorphous Fe(III) phases, reduction of nitroaromatic compounds only proceeded with Fe(II) species bound to crystalline Fe(III) oxides. Our results suggest that in anoxic soils and sediments containing amorphous and crystalline iron phases simultaneously, coupling of microbial oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic compounds may allow for concurrent natural attenuation of different contaminant classes.
Multifunctional Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Gag-Specific CD8+T-Cell Responses in Rectal Mucosa and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells during Chronic HIV Type 1 Infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The intestinal tract is a lymphocyte-rich site that undergoes severe depletion of memory CD4 + T cells within days of simian immunodeficiency virus or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. An ensuing influx of virus-specific CD8 + T cells, which persist throughout the chronic phase of infection, has also been documented in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known of the functionality of these effector cells or their relationship to the disease course. In this study, we measured CD8 + T-cell responses to HIV-1 peptides in paired rectal and blood samples from chronically infected patients. In both blood and rectum, there was an immunodominant CD8 + T-cell response to HIV Gag compared to Pol and Env ( P < 0.01). In contrast, cytomegalovirus pp65 peptides elicited gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion strongly in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but weakly in rectal CD8 + T cells ( P = 0.015). Upon stimulation with HIV peptides, CD8 + T cells from both sites were capable of mounting complex responses including degranulation (CD107 expression) and IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. In rectal tissue, CD107 release was frequently coupled with production of IFN-γ or TNF-α. In patients not on antiretroviral therapy, the magnitude of Gag-specific responses, as a percentage of CD8 + T cells, was greater in the rectal mucosa than in PBMC ( P = 0.054); however, the breakdown of responding cells into specific functional categories was similar in both sites. These findings demonstrate that rectal CD8 + T cells are capable of robust and varied HIV-1-specific responses and therefore likely play an active role in eliminating infected cells during chronic infection.
Some properties of purified phospholipase D and especially the effect of amphipathic substances

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

1. The soluble phospholipase D of cabbage was purified by heat treatment, acetone precipitation and electrophoresis on a density gradient of aqueous glycerol. 2. The purified enzyme slowly attacked a lecithin suspension whereas ultrasonically treated lecithin was hydrolysed more rapidly. 3. Diethyl ether stimulated the hydrolysis of both the lecithin suspension and ultrasonically treated lecithin. 4. Ca(2+) was essential for the hydrolysis (optimum about 0.04m); it could not be replaced by Mg(2+) or cationic amphipathic substances. 5. The reaction had a sharp pH optimum at pH5.4, irrespective of the physical form of the lecithin substrate or the activator used. 6. Anionic amphipathic substances such as dodecyl sulphate, phosphatidic acid, triphosphoinositide and monocetyl phosphoric acid, were potent activators of the reaction: other acidic lipids were relatively inactive. 7. Cationic amphipathic substances inhibited the hydrolysis; however, they also reversed the inhibition caused by using an excess of anionic amphipathic substance as activator. 8. The activation produced by amphipathic substances could not be correlated with their effect on the zeta-potential or size of the substrate particles. 9. The addition of activating anionic amphipaths to lecithin induces the latter to adsorb enzyme from solution. In the absence of Ca(2+) the enzyme is denatured on the highly negatively charged surface, but in the presence of Ca(2+) (or Mg(2+)) it is protected from denaturation. It is suggested that this adsorption is an essential prerequisite for ready enzymic hydrolysis. 10. The hydrolysis of lecithin by the enzyme was strongly inhibited by protamine sulphate (0.1mg./ml.) and by choline and ethanolamine. 11. Ultrasonically treated phosphatidylethanolamine, or mixed particles of phosphatidylethanolamine plus dodecyl sulphate, were slowly attacked by the enzyme provided that Ca(2+) was present.
Simulation of the tensile loading of a cylindrical gel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This project serves to highlight the goal of obtaining the theoretical deformation response of a cylindrical soft gel derived when subjected to a tensile load. This is achieved with the aid of higher-order non-elastic models for simulations. The use of the computational software, Mathematica and Matlab will assist in creating simulations of the gel in order to study the complex material behaviour through characterizing elastic constants: λ, μ, l, m and n. λ and μ are called the 2nd order elastic constants while l, m and n are termed 3rd order elastic constants. λ and μ which are the 2nd order elastic constants have been found to be the Lame’s parameters. μ that represents shear modulus is the measure of rigidity. Through simulation, it is shown that as μ, the rigidity of the specimen increases the overall relative extension in z-direction reduces at a decreasing rate. This can be attributed to the increase in the rigidity of the material. λ which is the first Lame’s parameter, is also shown through simulation to contribute to the drop in relative extension. This is dependent on both rigidity and compressibility. The additional component of compressibility in λ accounts for a more pronounced drop in relative extension compared to that of μ constant as compressibility shares an inverse relationship with λ. Next the relationship between the three 3rd order elastic constants: l, m and n were studied. Prior to that, a physically possible range for the elastic constants were obtained as hydrogels have no evidence of undergoing negative strain and hence a negative Poisson’s ratio. A suitable range set amounted to a positive range set for λ & μ and negative to positive range set for l, m and n. The relationship studies showed that as the values of l,m and n were increased to a very large value, there was noticed to be an inverse relationship with some of the other elastic constants: λ, l, m, n. Both linear and non-linear second order deformation theories were studied in this report but the bulk of the focus fell on the latter. The range of values for the constants: λ and μ for which the linear theory coincided with the non-linear one was observed through graphical analysis of different combination of changes to the other elastic constants. This yielded an extensive range of correspondence for both λ and μ and is shown in the report.
Soil organic matter can delay—but not eliminate—leaching of neonicotinoid insecticides

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) retains and attenuates many contaminants; however, its interactions with neonicotinoid insecticides under field conditions remain poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine if SOM influences the persistence or leaching of two neonicotinoid insecticides: thiamethoxam (TMX) and its transformation‐product clothianidin (CLO). Thiamethoxam‐coated soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was planted into a clay soil containing different soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations. Leachate and soil samples were collected for 10 wk after planting and were analyzed for insecticide concentrations using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Single and multiple linear regressions were performed between SOC, leaching volumes, and measured insecticide concentrations, focusing on rainfall events near the beginning, middle, and end of the study. Correlations were also tested between SOC and cumulative mass of leached insecticides. Neither SOC nor per‐event leachate volumes explained variability in TMX leaching or residual CLO concentrations in soils; however, by the conclusion of the study residual thiamethoxam concentrations in soil were negatively correlated with cumulative volume of leached water. Initially, the concentration and total mass of leached CLO were significantly and negatively correlated with SOC content; however, this effect faded with time. Leachate dynamics also affected CLO transport, with positive correlations between leachate volume and CLO concentration during the latter events. This analysis demonstrates that SOM can reduce peak loading of neonicotinoids but may not alter cumulative leaching over the entire growing season.
Histochemical studies on rumen buffalo of durinf prenantal development

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

studies on runlen of buffalo during prenatal development. Indian buffalo fetuses ranging from 5.0 cm. CRL (crown fUlnp length) to 62 em CRL were used. Specimens were divided into group 1-5.0 to 20 CRL (51-91 days of gestation), group 2-CRL 2.1 to 40 cm (92-164 days of gestation), group 3CRL above 40.0 cm (above 165 days). Neutral mucopolysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides, lipids and phospholipids were studied.
The Mechanism of Compound Anshen Essential Oil in the Treatment of Insomnia Was Examined by Network Pharmacology

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The active component-target network and protein-protein interaction network of Compound Anshen essential oil were constructed. The target functions and related pathways were analyzed to explore the mechanism of Compound Anshen essential oil in the treatment of insomnia. GC-MS was used to detect the chemical composition of Compound Anshen essential oil, and the TCMSP, STITCH, TTD, and DrugBank databases were searched to predict and screen the targets of Compound Anshen essential oil in the treatment of insomnia. Cytoscape software was used to construct the network diagrams of the active component-action target and protein-protein interaction networks, ClueGO software was used to analyze the GO enrichment and KEGG pathway of the target, and the systemsDock website database was used for molecular docking. The analysis of the network results showed that the activity of Compound Anshen essential oil mainly involves biological processes such as the phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, response to ammonium ions, calcium ion transport into the cytosol, and chloride transport. The results of molecular docking showed that linalool, caryophyllene, dibutyl phthalate, (-)-4-terpineol, and (-)- α -terpineol have good binding activity with ADRB2, DRD2, ESR1, KCNH2, NR1H4, NR1I2, NR1I3, and TRPV1 targets. This study demonstrates the multicomponent, multitarget, and multichannel characteristics of Compound Anshen essential oil and provides a new therapeutic idea and method for further research on the mechanism of Compound Anshen essential oil in the treatment of insomnia.
Imatinib mesylate in soft tissue and bone sarcomas: Interim results of a Sarcoma Alliance for Research thru Collaboration (SARC) phase II trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

9001 Background: The success of imatinib (Gleevec) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is proof that a small oncogene targeted molecule can have significant benefit in a solid tumor. Sarcomas, other than GIST, also overexpress one or more of the tyrosine kinases inhibited by imatinib. We are performing a multi-institutional study to evaluate imatinib activity in nine different sarcoma subtypes and desmoid tumors. Methods: Patients ≥10 years old with a sarcoma subtype not curable by multidisciplinary management were eligible. Imatinib was prescribed at 300 mg BID (BSA≥1.5m2), 200 mg BID (BSA=1.0–1.49m2), or 100 mg BID (BSA<1.0m2). Responses at two and four months were collected. Rules for early termination within each disease type were based on a hierarchical Bayesian probability model accounting for correlation of the responses of the 10 disease types. Tissue specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for c-kit, PDGFRα, PDGFR****223'3f NEEDS TO BE ADDED TO TIMES NEW ROMAN GREEK FONT****, AKT, PTEN, FKHR, and by allelic PCR analysis for PDGFRα exon 18. Results: 181 patients have been enrolled; 161 currently evaluable. Patients received prior chemotherapy and all had progressive disease. Four month progression-free survival (PFS) rates follow: all sarcoma subtypes 18% (27/147), angiosarcoma 10% (1/10), Ewing sarcoma 0% (0/13), fibrosarcoma 29% (2/7), liposarcoma 32% (9/28), leiomyosarcoma (LMS) 20% (6/30), malignant fibrous histiocytoma 1/15 (7%), osteosarcoma 18% (3/17), peripheral nerve sheath tumor 20% (1/5), rhabdomyosarcoma 0% (0/2), synovial sarcoma 20% (4/20). Among patients with LMS, one had a complete remission for 11 months while four others had PFS greater than one year. Conclusions: Further investigation of imatinib in the therapy of liposarcoma, LMS, and fibrosarcoma is warranted. Imatinib is less likely to be active in the other sarcoma subtypes. The postulated mechanism of action is through inhibition of polymorphisms of PDGFR and/or downstream effectors. The hierarchical Bayesian probability model is an effective method for studying rare diseases and their subtypes, when it is reasonable to assume that their response rates are exchangeable. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Novartis
Research on Blockchain Application for E-Commerce, Finance and Energy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Research and apply blockchain technologies for e-commerce, finance and energy. The blockchain system includes blockchain technology components, blockchain application programming interfaces, and applications. The blockchain-based applications cover supply chain finance, e-commerce transactions, product traceability, user credits, financial services, trust systems, new energy, etc. Based on blockchain technology, it builds a creative and security trading system, payment system and trust system for e-commerce, financial services and new energy business.
Effect of bedding types and different nutrient densities on growth performance, visceral organ weight, and blood characteristics in broiler chickens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The principal objective of this study was to assess whether bedding types could influence the growth performance of broiler chickens fed on high and low nutrient density diets. The broilers were bedded with clean hulls or shavings. Four hundred eighty male broiler chickens (Ross) were divided into 6 treatment groups, including 1) a high-density diet with rice hulls, 2) a high-density diet with wood shavings, 3) a high-density diet with coconut hulls, 4) a low-density diet with rice hulls, 5) a low-density diet with wood shavings, and 6) a low-density diet with coconut hulls. Weight gain, feed intake, G:F, visceral organ relative weight, red blood cells, white blood cells, and lymphocyte concentrations were evaluated. The bursa of Fabricius, liver, and abdominal fat relative weight, white blood cells, and lymphocyte concentrations were not altered consistently by any of the treatments. For the overall period, weight gain and feed intake were greater in the coconut hull treatment groups as compared with the wood shavings treatments (P < 0.05). Feed intake was also greater in the low-density diet than in the high-density diet treatment groups (P < 0.05). The concentration of red blood cells in blood was reduced significantly by wood shavings bedding compared with the rice hull treatments (P < 0.05).
TOURIST ACTIVITY OF OLDER INHABITANTS OF THE WARMIAN-MAZURIAN VOIVODESHIP

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose. Describing tourist behavior of people over the age of 60 = living in the countryside and cities. An attempt to indicate differences in behaviour of elderly tourists according to their place of residence. Method. The research included 380 individuals (305 women and 75 men) over the age of 60. The authors used a diagnostic survey and an anonymous questionnaire. The results were drawn up with STATISTICA v.12 using a descriptive statistic module (N and %) and the statistical hypothesis test for two indices with the significance of  = 0.05. Findings. The majority of the tested senior citizens are active tourists. They travel more than when they were younger, and a considerable group claims to have started travelling when retired. Seniors have time and money which they willingly spend on tourism, even at the expense of services or products. However, the research showed that place of residence (countryside or a city) is a factor that has a substantial influence on the participation of elderly people in tourism, their reasons for travelling, manners of travel organization and realization, choice of transport and accommodation. Senior citizens living in the countryside definitely do not opt for tourism as often as the city-dwellers. Research and conclusion limitations. The difficulty in reaching elderly people, especially those living in the countryside and those who are not members of any organizations for seniors was the limitation of the research. What is more, the research was only conducted in one Polish Voivodeship. Practical implications. The collected data may be useful for organizers of tourist events directed towards seniors and social organizations working for the elderly. Originality. The available literature on the subject does not include data connected with tourist activity of the elderly living in the countryside. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research.
COMPLICATIONS OF FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN NIGERIAN IGBOS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary An analysis is made of 43 children and 15 adult female patients who presented with post‐circumcision complications at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, between January 1973 and December 1980; 57 patients had been circumcised within 21 days of birth and one patient in the seventh month of her first pregnancy. Age of presentation varied with the severity of the symptoms: 21 children and 11 adults presented with varying degrees of labial occlusion, while 9 children and 4 adults had implantation dermoids. Urinary retention was the problem in 12 children and one adult
Non-epithelial malignant breast tumors: a retrospective study of 29 patients treated exclusively by surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction . The aim of the study was to perform a retrospective assessment of the outcome of patients with non-epithelial malignant breast tumors, treated exclusively by surgery. Material and methods . We collected the survival data of 29 women with breast sarcoma or malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes, treated surgically between 1977 and 2001. The median size of the tumor was 10 cm (range: 3-30 cm). Results . Recurrence of the disease was observed in 11 patients (38%), and 8 patients died during follow-up (28%). The probability of disease-free survival was 0.55 at 5 years and 0.44 at 10 years. The overall survival probability was 0.69 at 5 years and 0.61 at 10 years. A majority of the patients with recurrence (10/11; 91%) and all patients who had died had tumors larger than 5 cm. Conclusion . The probability of disease relapse in patients with non-epithelial malignant breast tumors treated surgically is high in patients with tumors larger than 5 cm.
Intestinal adaptation after ileal interposition surgery increases bile acid recycling and protects against obesity-related comorbidities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Surgical interposition of distal ileum into the proximal jejunum is a bariatric procedure that improves the metabolic syndrome. Changes in intestinal and hepatic physiology after ileal interposition (transposition) surgery (IIS) are not well understood. Our aim was to elucidate the adaptation of the interposed ileum, which we hypothesized, would lead to early bile acid reabsorption in the interposed ileum, thus short circuiting enterohepatic bile acid recycling to more proximal bowel segments. Rats with diet-induced obesity were randomized to IIS, with 10 cm of ileum repositioned distal to the duodenum, or sham surgery. A subgroup of sham rats was pair-fed to IIS rats. Physiological parameters were measured until 6 wk postsurgery. IIS rats ate less and lost more weight for the first 2 wk postsurgery. At study completion, body weights were not different, but IIS rats had reversed components of the metabolic syndrome. The interposed ileal segment adapted to a more jejunum-like villi length, mucosal surface area, and GATA4/ILBP mRNA. The interposed segment retained capacity for bile acid reabsorption and anorectic hormone secretion with the presence of ASBT and glucagon-like-peptide-1-positive cells in the villi. IIS rats had reduced primary bile acid levels in the proximal intestinal tract and higher primary bile acid levels in the serum, suggesting an early and efficient reabsorption of primary bile acids. IIS rats also had increased taurine and glycine-conjugated serum bile acids and reduced fecal bile acid loss. There was decreased hepatic Cyp27A1 mRNA with no changes in hepatic FXR, SHP, or NTCP expression. IIS protects against the metabolic syndrome through short-circuiting enterohepatic bile acid recycling. There is early reabsorption of primary bile acids despite selective “jejunization” of the interposed ileal segment. Changes in serum bile acids or bile acid enterohepatic recycling may mediate the metabolic benefits seen after bariatric surgery.