jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Monte Carlo Assessment of Photon Organ Doses from 222Rn Progeny in Adult ORNL Phantom

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The potential hazards posed by exposure to radiation from radon have been of great concern worldwide, since it is especially associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Some radioisotopes of radon progeny deposited in the human lungs emit β particles followed by the γ rays. While γ rays are comparatively less damaging to the respiratory system than α and β particles, it is the principal deposited energy in other organs. Materials and Methods In order to establish a quantitative estimate of hazards caused by the radiation, this paper studies the photon absorbed doses from radon progeny in all major organs of the human body through a simulation of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) adult phantom using MCNPX2.4.0 Monte Carlo code and calculations which were performed in photon/electron mode. Results Effective dose due to photons from radon progeny deposited in the human lungs was about 1.69 µSvWLM-1. Based on UNSCEAR2006 reports, the effective dose of these photons per year is about 5.76´10-1mSv in for radon concentration of 31000 Bq/m3 (the maximum concentration of radon in Iran). Therefore, this value is comparable with 1mSv (The annual allowable effective dose). Conclusion The dosimetry of photons particularly in areas with high levels of exposure to radon and radon's decay products is important because all organs receive the photon absorbed dose from radon progeny.
Factors responsible for the retention of fluid in human tumor edema and the effect of dexamethasone

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

✓ The components of vasogenic edema associated with brain tumors were investigated in human biopsy material sampled from tumor and peritumoral tissue during neurosurgical operations. Tissue from 60 patients with glioblastomas, gliomas, meningiomas, and metastases who had been treated with dexamethasone prior to surgery was used for measurement of water, electrolyte, hemoglobin, serum protein, and dexamethasone concentrations. In all samples except metastases, positive correlations were obtained between water content and both serum protein levels and sodium content in tumors and peritumoral edema, suggesting that these components simultaneously determine forces for extravasation of plasma-derived edema fluid. However, the mean serum protein content varied considerably, being high in glioblastomas (16 mg/ml) and low in peritumoral edema surrounding metastases (4 mg/ml). The mean cerebral blood volume in all samples, as calculated from the tissue hemoglobin content, was 2.5 ml/100 gm wet weight in tumor tissue and 1.6 to 2.0 ml/100 gm wet weight in peritumoral tissue. Sodium concentrations were not significantly different among the tumor types. Both water and serum protein content decreased with increasing dexamethasone concentrations in glioblastomas, while this effect was virtually absent in gliomas and meningiomas. A therapeutic threshold of dexamethasone at 500 mg/gm wet weight was obtained for tumoral and peritumoral tissue of glioblastomas and was effective in a dose-dependent manner as long as the water content and the serum protein concentration remained below 6 ml/gm dry weight and 30 mg/gm dry weight, respectively. These results suggest a previously unknown selectivity among tumor types for the reduction of both water content and serum proteins in corticosteroid-treated edematous tissue.
The LLC Controversy: Classifying LLC Members as Limited Partners under Proposed Treas. Reg. §1.1402(a)-2

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The LLC entity form continues to be popular, and LLCs continue to seek definitive guidance regarding the classification of LLC members for purposes of Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §1402. Although a series of recent judicial decisions and Proposed Treas. Reg. §1.469-5(e), issued in November 2011, address when an individual will be treated as a limited partner for purposes of IRC §469, they exacerbate the uncertainty surrounding how LLC members should be classified for other purposes of the Internal Revenue Code. They do not address how LLC members should be classified for purposes of IRC §1402, or whether deference should be afforded Proposed Treas. Reg. §1.1402(a)-2. Through an analysis of the relevant statutes and related regulations, recent judicial decisions, and other recent developments, we show that Proposed Treas. Reg. §1.1402(a)-2 provides limited authority to support classifying LLC members as limited partners.
Sorption of Flu Viruses from Aqueous Media by Composites of Electrically Conducting Polymers: Polyaniline and Polypyrrole

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Composites of polymers with conjugated chain structures, polyaniline and polypyrrole, are used as sorbents for human and bird flu viruses. Sorption properties of the composites are compared to characteristics of the initial polymers. It is shown that polymer composites containing metallic silver nanoparticles possess sorption activity, similarly to their composites with polyethylene and the initial polyaniline and polypyrrole. The introduction of silver into polypyrrole resulted in an enhancement of the sorption activity as compared to that of the initial polymer. Nontoxic metal—polymer composites reduce considerably the concentrations of human flu viruses A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B and bird flu virus A(H5N2) with different structures of surface virion proteins in aqueous media at a sorbent concentration of 10–20 mg/mL in the temperature range from +4 to 37°C.
Linkage analysis of complex disorders with multiple phenotypic categories: Simulation studies and application to bipolar disorder data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The problem of linkage analysis of disorders with multiple possible phenotypes (diagnostic spectrum) is considered. A modification is proposed to Ott's [1994] method of down-weighting the contribution of broader diagnoses by reducing penetrance ratios for affected cases. A “robust weighting” strategy considers only the robustness of a set of ratios across a range of true genetic models. Practical models for lod-score analysis will typically employ a high penetrance ratio (> 10) for “core” cases, and ratios between 2 and 5 for broader cases. Results suggest that an additive parametric analysis correlates highly with dominant, recessive and nonparametric linkage (NPL) analyses. A weighted, additive model is then applied to a modified NIMH bipolar chromosome 18 data set (Genetic Analysis Workshop 10) and compared with NPL analyses under narrow and broad diagnostic models. The weighted model performed well. The introduction of similar weights into nonparametric analyses may prove more useful. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virtual Reality improves symptom control in palliative care – a feasibility trial

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Effective symptom control is the primary goal in palliative care (PC). Virtual reality (VR) allows a temporary escape from pharmacological resistant pain and enables experiences and journeys palliative patients are not capable of experiencing due to frailty or hospitalization. Patients can immerse in virtual worlds, be distracted by playing games or go on a journey once again. Another benefit of enabling unrealizable wishes in the virtual world is potentially an additional control of psychological and physical symptoms. We evaluated in a national single-center feasibility trial, whether a onetime VR experience is a feasible, satisfactory and effective tool for improving end of life-symptoms for hospitalized patients with palliative needs. Methods: 45 patients at the University Hospital of Muenster with inpatient palliative treatment were offered a one-time VR experience. We excluded patients with brain tumors, brain-metastases, seizure, motion sickness, claustrophobia, vertigo attacks, hearing or visual impairment and those who could not consent.A selection of several videos and games were offered by a VR system. The primary endpoint was patient-reported pain recorded by visual analogue scale. Pre-, during- and post-interventional pain scores were reported. Additionally, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured by the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. The Pain-Out questionnaire for postoperative pain was handed to the participants before and after the VR intervention. Results: Data of 21 women and 19 men were analyzed, their average age was 51.9 (SD: 15.8) years. Five patients were excluded for loss of glasses, a VR experience less than five minutes, claustrophobia, acute disorientation or hardly comparable environmental circumstances. The mean Karnofsky score was 45.5 (SD: 14.9) and self-reported health in EQ-5D-5L was 41.9 (SD: 23.1).A significant pain reduction could be shown during, directly post- and one hour postinterventional (VAS preinterventional 2.25 (SD: 0.4399), during 0.7 (SD: 0.2983, p<0.0001), postinterventional 0.9 (SD: 0.3354, p=0.0001), one hour postinterventional 1.15 (SD: 0.4163, p=0.0004). More than 80% evaluated the VR-experience as very good or good, as many as wanted to use the device again. No serious side effects were reported, but three patients felt nausea (7%), two headache (5%) and three stated dry eyes (7%). Conclusion: This pilot trial suggests that VR seems to be a feasible and effective tool to reduce pain and ameliorate the mood in PC. The usage of VR in PC has broad acceptance and might be a valuable future tool for symptom control. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03698526(https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03698526?term=virtual+reality&cond=palliative+care&cntry=DE&city=Münster&rank=1)
Traceless pH-Sensitive Antibody Conjugation Inspired by Citraconic Anhydride

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a pH-sensitive amide bond, inspired by citraconic anhydride, for the reversible conjugation of polymers to the lysine residues of proteins and antibodies. The pH sensitivity arises from a conformation lock at the end of the polymer, which we introduce by means of a Diels-Alder reaction, that positions a carboxylic acid close to the amide after conjugation occurs. The amide is stable over weeks at pH 7.4 but sensitive to hydrolysis at pH 5.5 and below, returning the amine to its original state. The pH sensitivity can be tuned by positioning secondary amide groups nearby. We use this approach to PEGylate an antibody to human serum albumin at high dilution and demonstrate successful recovery of the activity after hydrolysis at pH 5.5. These results offer a convenient and traceless approach to protein and antibody functionalization.
Biochemotherapy of melanoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Based on the observation of a small proportion of long-term responses the use of biotherapy or biochemotherapy is currently preferred in many institutions as first line treatment in stage IV melanoma, but still the outcome for patients with stage IV melanoma is unsatisfactory. Various interleukin 2 (IL-2) dosing schedules and combinations with interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) have been tested in patients with advanced melanoma in phase I and II studies. The response rate reported with cytokines alone (IL-2 as a single agent or in combination with IFN-alpha) varies from 10-41%. Subsequently, biochemotherapy regimens combining IL-2, IFN-alpha and chemotherapy have been evaluated in phase II trials suggesting improved response rates. Recent randomised trials have investigated the role of biochemotherapy as compared to biotherapy alone or as compared to chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma. So far, none of the approaches has been proven to confer a survival benefit and thus the uniform desire is to include as many patients as possible into controlled clinical trials. Therefore current trials are under way trying to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy alone by adding histamine or vaccines to IL-2.
Intracranial Growth of Pulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma Cells in Nude Athymic Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pulmonary small cell carcinoma of the lung cells were inoculated intracranially and subdermally in nude athymic mice (Balb/c strain). There was a 100% intracranial tumor incidence in response to 1/10th the cell dose required to produce subdermal tumors in immunosuppressed nude mice. Tumors did not grow in the brains of Balb/c normal (haired) mice.
Towards Computational Flapping Wing Aerodynamics of Realistic Configurations using Spectral Difference Method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper high-order high-fidelity simulations of unsteady flows over flapping wings are examined. The numerical framework for the present computational flapping wings analysis is based on the high-order spectral difference (SD) scheme and a mesh deformation algorithms. The resulting method is capable of performing accurate and efficient simulations for unsteady flows over unsteady moving surfaces. This is demonstrated through several numerical experiments with increasing complexity in geometries and flow physics. The problems being studied include three-dimensional flows over an Eppler61 airfoil over a range of angles of attack at transitional Reynolds number of 46, 000, and flows over an oscillating NACA0012 airfoil at Reynolds number of 40, 000. In both cases three-dimensional simulations of the two-dimensional airfoils have been carried out. The numerical solver is finally applied to perform a three-dimensional flapping wing simulation of flows over a semi-complex wing-body configuration.
Soy noodles processed from soy flour or tofu affects antioxidant content, lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, and plasma lipids in hamsters

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nutritional properties of noodles prepared with soy flour (SN) or soy flour processed into tofu (TN) were compared to wheat noodles (WN) in vitro and in vivo using a hypercholesterolemic hamster model. SN and TN had higher levels of isoflavones, protein, fat, and dietary fiber, but lower levels of carbohydrate than WN. Predicted in vitro glycemic indices followed carbohydrate contents: WN, 88; SN, 30; and TN, 26. Lipid accumulation in 3 T3-L1 cells treated with an alcohol extract of TN was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that treated alcohol extract of WN or SN. Hamsters fed a high fat diet supplemented with SN or TN had lower plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, body weight, and adipose weight than those fed a high fat diet supplemented with WN. Results of antioxidant capacity, in vitro glycemic and lipid accumulation, and animal feeding study showed that TN had higher nutritional value and bioactive potential than WN. Practical applications Thermal processing modifies nutritional values and functional properties of food with chemical changes. Soy based noodles were prepared from the same material using different processing methods: raw soy and heat-treated soy (tofu). Results of this study indicated that the soy based noodles showed greater bioactive capacity, leading to lower plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, less body weight, and less adipose weight than wheat noodles. Based on our results, tofu may be a better soy noodle ingredient than raw soy flour to improve health benefits of noodles.
Recent Expansion of the Cascades Volcano Observatory Geophysical Network at Mount Rainier for Improved Volcano and Lahar Monitoring

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) recently expanded its continuous geophysical monitoring at Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano in Washington state. CVO monitors volcanoes in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho to characterize volcanic systems and detect unrest. Mount Rainier has a history of large lahar occurrences in the Holocene, including at least one that may not have been associated with volcanic activity. Pierce County, Washington, is one of the areas most at risk from large lahars. In the 1990s, CVO collaborated with Pierce County to install the Rainier lahar detection system (RLDS), an automated system designed to detect large lahars in high-risk drainages and mitigate hazards to heavily populated areas. The system was designed to detect lahars within 5–10 min of their occurrence and alert authorities of the need to evacuate populated low-lying areas before lahar arrival. In addition, CVO and the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) maintained and expanded a network of seismic and geodetic monitoring stations on and near the edifice to provide adequate volcano monitoring capabilities. Since 2016, CVO has worked to upgrade the existing RLDS and to expand its capabilities into other drainages around Mount Rainier. This expansion includes installation of 25 new broadband seismic stations with many including infrasound along high-risk drainages, as well as support for equipment upgrades at existing PNSN and CVO volcano monitoring sites. All stations transmit continuous, near-real-time data with dramatically improved spatial coverage for volcano monitoring and lahar hazard mitigation compared to the previous system.
[Homoeologous grouping of R. kamoji chromosomes introduced in wheat using RFLP molecular marks].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Twenty six DNA probes from seven homoeologous groups of triticeae were screened to reveal the RFLP between 45 wheat-R. kamoji derivatives and their parents R. kamoji, Chinese Spring, Yangmai 5. The result showed that the introduced R. kamoji chromosomes in 16 wheat-R. kamoji alien chromosome lines including additions, substitution or putative translocations were grouped into homoeologous group 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7. Alien chromosome pairs could be readily transmitted into the descendants. The added chromosomes in K139, K141, K214, K218, K219 and K224 disomic addition lines were grouped into homoeologous group 1, but the added chromosomes in K214 and K218 were different from K219 and K224 which originated from different genomes of R. kamoji. Ditelosomic addition line K147 might involve a R. kamoji chromosome long arm homoeologous to group 1 of wheat, and the added R. kamoji 1 L chromosomes in K139, K141 and K147 probably derived from different three genomes of R. kamoji. U chromosome of R. kamoji. showed homology to wheat homoeologous group 1. Homoeologous group 1 chromosome of R. kamoji, particularly its long arm is related to genes for scab resistance. Result also demonstrated a possible rearrangement occurred between homoeologous group 1 and group 6 of R. kamoji. Two R. kamoji chromosomes introduced in K203 were grouped to homoeologous group 1 and 6, respectively. In K166, the introgressed R. kamoji chromosome involved the short arm of group 5. Another alien chromosome line K177 was revealed as to be with introduced chromosome involving group 5L, 6S and 7SL of R. kamoji. Results also confirmed the homoeology between S, H and Y genomes of R. kamoji.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS WITH FULL-FIELD DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY, DIGITAL BREAST TOMOSYNTHESIS AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED SPECTRAL MAMMOGRAPHY

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The purpose is to compare full-field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) technologies on three mammography systems in terms of image quality and patient dose. Two Senographe Essential with DBT and CESM (denoted S1 and S2) and one Selenia Dimensions (S3) with FFDM and DBT were considered. Dosimetry methods recommended in the European protocol were used. Image quality was tested with CDMAM in FFDM and DBT and with ideal observer method in FFDM. Mean values of mean glandular dose (MGD) from whole patient samples on S1, S2 and S3 were as follows: FFDM 1.65, 1.84 and 2.23 mGy; DBT 2.03, 1.96 and 2.87 mGy; CESM 2.65 and 3.16 mGy, respectively. S3 exhibited better low-contrast detectability for the smallest sized discs of CDMAM and ideal observer in FFDM, and for the largest sized discs in DBT, at similar dose levels.
Thomson Scattering Measurements of Magnetic Annular Shock Tube Plasmas

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Measurements of Thomson scattering from the plasma electrons created by high speed shock waves in a magnetic annular shock tube have been used to determine the electron density behind shock waves and some preliminary measurements of the electron velocity distribution. A Q-switched ruby laser furnished the light beam which was scattered by the plasma electrons. A rotating quartz prism furnished the Q-switching of the optical cavity for the ruby laser, and rather long Q-switched pulses were obtained (between 10−7 and 10−6 sec duration). The power level during the Q-switched pulse was between 30 and 100 mW. Rayleigh scattering from an air sample at various pressures was used to calibrate the power output of the laser and gave for all of the tests a simultaneous measure of the laser output power, while the Thomson scattering was being measured. The measurements of the electron density using the Thomson scattering and the plasma continuum intensities agreed within the scatter of the data. The electron temperature measurements obtained with the Thomson scattering showed that the electron temperature increased with increasing shock speed for a given initial condition.
The effects of short-term aerobic training program in a hot \nAnd cold environment on thermoregulation, sweat \nSecretion and composition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of low-intensity exercise 1n the heat on thermoregulation and some \nbiochem~cal changes in temperate and tropical subjects under poorly and well-hydrated states \nwas examined. Two V02m£L-c matched groups of subjects consisting of 8 Japanese (JS) and 8 \nMalaysians (MS) participated in this study under two conditions. They are poorly-hydrated (no \nwater was given) and well-hydrated (3 rnl. Kg-1 body weight of water was provided at onset of \nexercise, 15th, 35th and 55th min of exercise). Experimental room in both countries was adjusted \nto a constant level (Ta: 31.5±0.03°C, rh: 72.9±0.1 %). Subjects spent an initial 10 min rest, 60 \nmin of cycling at 40% V02max and then 40 min recovery in the experimental room. Rectal \ntemperatures (Tre) skin temperatures (Tsk), heart rate (HR), heat-activated sweat glands density \n(HASG), local sweat rate (Msw-back) and percent dehydration were recorded during the test. \nBlood samples were analysed for plasma glucose and lactate levels. \nThe extent of dehydration was significantly higher in the combined groups of JS ( 1.43± \n0.08%) con1pared to MS (1.15±0.05%). During exercise Msw-back was significantly higher in JS \ncompared to MS in the well-hydrated condition. The HASG was significantly more in JS \ncompared toMS at rest and recovery. Tre was higher in MS during the test. Tsk was significantly \nhigher starting at the 5th of exercise until the end of the recovery period in MS compared to JS. \nIn conclusion, tropical natives have lower Msw-back as a result of higher Tsk and Tre during \ntest. However, temperate natives have higher Msw-bock and thus both Tsk and Tre, were lower \nduring experiments in the hot environment. This phenon1enon occurs in both poorly-hydrated \nand well-hydrated states at low intensity of exercise in hot environ1nent. The difference in Msw-bnck Tsk and Tre, is probably due to vasodilation which occurred during passive heat exposure \nin tropical natives.