jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ammonia emissions from livestock facilities around an international airport, Tehran, Iran: An experimental and mathematical study

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Ammonia emissions from livestock farms are a major problem for staff and residents near these centers. Anaerobic decomposition of livestock waste and the collection and stacking of waste are the main sources of ammonia gas on livestock farms. This article examined ammonia emissions from livestock facilities near Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport. First, field measurements were made in the summer (30°C), and collected samples were examined using the indophenol technique. AERMOD, based on Gaussian fluctuating plume theory, was constructed to model ammonia emissions. According to AERMOD, the maximum periodic‐seasonal 2‐hourly and 8‐hourly ammonia concentrations were 15.9, 229, and 63.7 OU (odor unit per unit volume)/m 3 , respectively. The hourly ammonia emission rate from livestock sources is also 0.0168 gm −2 h −1 . AERMOD results mathematical model indicated reasonable agreement with the field measurement, which the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), index of agreement (d), and efficiency coefficient (E) were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.91, respectively. Moreover, Statistical indices, including geometric mean bias (MG), geometric variance (VG), fraction of predictions within a factor of two of observations (FAC2), and normalized mean square error (NMSE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are also indicated by 1.36 and 0.67, respectively, were used to assess the reliability of the model results showed that AERMOD had a good agreement with the field measurement.
Mandal Commission: Equality and Liberty

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Stratification on the basis of caste, class and religion is a very significant aspect of life in India and its impact on the people of the country has been deep and lasting. Equality and liberty – elements which are very important for giving people a chance to lead a happy and meaningful life, have constantly come under threat because of these institutions which have divided the nation and afflicted large sections of the population for a very long time. The Mandal Commission, headed by Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal (M.P.) was established in India, in 1979, by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to identify the socially or educationally backward. It considered the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination, by using eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. This essay is a critical examination of the Mandal commission report, its intent, execution and aftermath with respect to the values of equality and liberty.
The Effects of Cost-Shifting in the State Children’s Heath Insurance Program

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives. Many states are increasing the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) cost-sharing requirements to induce reductions in enrollment. We examined the effect of increasing SCHIP premiums on both health care use and cost to the public. Methods. The net cost to the public of increased cost sharing for SCHIP-insured children in a border community was estimated with multivariate methods. The majority (88%) of children were of Mexican origin. Results. We estimated that a $10 increase in monthly premiums would induce 10% of SCHIP children to disenroll, resulting in a 6% increase in public expenditures. Conclusions. Families that disenroll from SCHIP and become uninsured typically turn to emergency departments for primary care, which increases total health care expenditures through the use of more expensive services.
Theoretical research on dynamic modeling of rigid–flexible coupling system with double joint folded wing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For meeting the requirements of tactical missiles seeking miniaturized launch devices for storage, transportation, and launch, a tube-launched missile wing is adopted, which folds before launch and quickly unfolds after launch. As a structure installed on the missile body to generate the required aerodynamic force for manipulating the missile, the tube-launched missile wing can effectively stabilize the missile’s flight attitude. At present, most research on the unfolding mechanism of missile folding wings is focused on one-time folding. When the wingspan is large, multiple folding is required to meet the launch requirements of modern tube-launched missiles. Therefore, this article designs a dual-joint folding wing deployment mechanism and studies the rigid–flexible coupling dynamic modeling and related technologies of folding wings based on this structure. Based on the inertial coupling between large-scale rigid body motion and structural flexible deformation, the folding wing breaks through the element convergence of the model and achieves the applicability of the structural model through zero-order approximation model analysis and other technologies. Simulation results show that the hybrid coordinate method can fully and accurately display the vibration information of flexible folding wings. At different speeds, the first-order coupling model is more advanced than the zero-order coupling model. In addition, increasing rotational speed, increasing wing thickness, and reducing wing span length can effectively increase the fundamental frequency of wing flutter. The structural design of folding wings has shown important reference significance.
X-ray Kymograms of Normal and Pathological Hearts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

X-Ray kymography is a method of examination by which the outlines of the beating heart are recorded as a wavy or dentate line. The exposure of the photographic film, lasting from one to a few seconds according to the technique employed, takes place through a horizontal slit (or several slits) in a plate of lead. When either the lead plate or the photographic cassette is moved downwards during the exposure, a combination of two motions is registered, the vertical motion of the kymographic slit and the more or less horizontal motion of the heart contour. Originally there was only one slit in the lead plate (Gött and Rosenthal, 1913). In Stumpf's kymograph (1929) the lead plate is provided with multiple slits (0·5 mm. wide), from 12 to 24 mm. apart. When the lead plate with the slit is moved downwards, a continuous curve is obtained, presenting the form of the heart, in which the topographical aspects can be interpreted particularly well (Fig. 1). This curve is read from above downwards. When the grid with the multiple slits is stationary and the photographic film is moved downwards during the exposure, a broken curve is obtained, each section of which presents the movements of one point in the outline of the beating heart.
Multifocality and Bilaterality of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In cases of PTMCs, the incidence of multifocal tumors is high. However, additional tumor foci are too small to be diagnosed preoperatively, especially under the recent guidelines on radiologic screening tests for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Multifocal PTMCs have high risk of bilateral tumors, necessitating more extensive surgery or more thorough follow-up.
LOCAL NILPOTENCY IN VARIETIES OF GROUPS WITH OPERATORS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A theorem of a rather general nature is proved, which gives a positive solution to the restricted Burnside problem for a variety of groups with operators whose identities are obtained by diluting (in some precise sense) ordinary identities defining a variety of groups for which this problem has a positive solution. Namely, let be a finite group, a family of -operator identities, and a family of (ordinary) group identities obtained from by replacing all operators by 1. Suppose that the associated Lie ring of a free group in the variety defined by satisfies a system of multilinear identities that defines a locally nilpotent variety of Lie rings with a function bounding the nilpotency class of a -generator Lie ring in this variety. It is proved that if, for a -generator -group , the semidirect product is nilpotent, then the nilpotency class of is at most .A strong condition that be nilpotent is automatically satisfied if both and are finite -groups. Instead of the condition on the identities of the associated Lie ring, an analogous condition on the identities could be required, but such a condition would be stronger. An example at the end of the paper shows that the word multilinear in this condition is essential. It is not yet clear whether the condition that be finite is essential, and whether one can choose a function from the conclusion to be independent of . Earlier, in [1], a similar theorem on nilpotency in varieties of groups with operators was proved by the author. The author's results on groups with splitting automorphisms of prime order (see [2], [3]) are prototypes for both papers on operator groups.Bibliography: 18 titles.
Optical properties and local structure of MnCl4-6in ABCl3:Mn2+

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The optical properties of ABCl3:Mn2+ crystals are investigated in the 300–10 K temperature range. The variation of the peak energy and the Stokes shift along the series are explained in terms of slight differences in the Mn–Cl distance. The local structure around the Mn is determined by correlating optical spectroscopy and EXAFS techniques. Interestingly, the thermal shift of the 6A1g → 4T1g, excitation band is much smaller than that experienced by the corresponding emission band. This behaviour is explained by the phonon assisted mechanism involve in these transitions. The influence of the structural phase transition of the CsCaCl3:Mn2+ at Tc = 95 K upon the thermal band shift is also analysed.
Correction to Total Phospholipids in Edible Oils by In-Vial Solvent Extraction Coupled with FTIR Analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Total Phospholipids in Edible Oils by In-Vial Solvent Extraction Coupled with FTIR Analysis Xianghe Meng, Qin Ye, Qiuyue Pan, Yang Ding, Min Wei, Yun Liu*, and F. R. van de Voort*Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 20, 4832Publication Date (Web):May 12, 2014Publication History Published online12 May 2014Published inissue 21 May 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/jf502177uCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views264Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (105 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Questioning Strict Separationism in Unsettled Times: Rethinking the Strict Separation of Church and State in United States Constitutional Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Contemporary case law in the United States surrounding the establishment clause of the federal Constitution has entered a period of remarkable uncertainty. Now is an appropriate time to revisit the legal foundations of the Supreme Court’s seminal cases of Everson v. Board of Education (1947) and McCollum v. Board of Education (1948). These cases initiated the Court’s strict separationist construction of the establishment clause. In response to critics who see these cases as without judicial warrant, I argue that the holdings rest on a particular form of substantive due process. Further, I defend the methodology the Court deploys in these cases. Recognizing the legal foundations of Everson and McCollum and the tenability of the method the Court deploys in these cases improves our understanding of important Supreme Court case law. However, it also highlights new lines of critique of the Court’s strict separationist jurisprudence—a conclusion especially relevant today, given the Court’s willingness to revise long-standing precedents.
Isolation of native DNA fragments containing structural genes at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the coding strand

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A method for the isolation of the DNA fragments containing structural genes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the coding strand is described. It involves mechanical or enzymatic shearing, exonuclease treatment, hybridization with mRNA and subsequent retention of DNA-mRNA complex on poly(U)-Sepharose. Hybridization of the DNA fragments with mRNA takes place with high specificity and isolated material is enriched in structural genes. Applications of this method for gene isolation are discussed.
Shaking table test for lightweight spillway with geogrid

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

During 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake, heavy concrete spillways on the embankment of small reservoir were significantly damaged. Especially, it was pointed out that some spillways were detached from the embankment because of the inertia force, and the incidents could be the cause of secondary disaster in downstream area in floods. However, the research on spillways on such embankment is lacking. In this paper, firstly, a series of shaking tests at National Institute for Rural Engineering in Japan on heavy rigid spillway model was discussed. As the result, the detachment of the heavy spillway model from the embankment was confirmed. Moreover, newly-proposed countermeasures to fix the lightweight spillway by geogrid were discussed, and the superiority of the proposed method were confirmed.
Justification of Judicial Decisions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It would not be much of an exaggeration to say that at least in the English-speaking world, and in much of the Western world, almost all contemporary legal philosophy is written under the shadow of Hans Kelsen.I say "shadow" because only in the very recent past have serious analytical efforts been made to show some of the inadequacies or distortions in the Kelsenian architectonics.His early work on the structure of a legal system cast such a strong light that for decades it would have been more accurate to say that almost all serious work in Western legal philosophy was done under the Kelsenian sun.Although it has been 20 years, it is still easy to recall the almost traumatic reaction to my reading Kelsen for the first time.Kant, Hegel, Kohler, Stammler, and other of his philosophic predecessors all seemed so much less modem than Kelsen, so much less concerned with the crucial, contemporary issues.What is somewhat surprising about the work of Kelsen and, in fact, about the legal positivists generally, has been their neglect of the judicial process.Kelsen, Austin, and Hart have done such brilliant work in focusing attention upon the complexities of the kind of structure that characterizes a legal system that it is perhaps ungenerous also to have expected them to appreciate more fully the subtleties of the way the judicial process affects that structure.Their concentration upon the structure of a legal system and their central concern with legitimacy, rather than with the continuity of a legal system, is somewhat understandable, since all of them wrote against the background of rather stable legal institutions and not out of a need to deal with the problem of revolutionary legitimacy.In this connection it is interesting to observe that although Kelsen (as well as Austin and Hart) has never been relied upon by the highest courts in England or America for any purpose, Kelsen has been used, abused, 1 relied upon, and cited in a number
Beyond Text-to-Text: An Overview of Multimodal and Generative Artificial Intelligence for Education Using Topic Modeling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) can reshape education and learning. While large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT dominate current educational research, multimodal capabilities—such as text-to-speech and text-to-image—are less explored. This study uses topic modeling to map the research landscape of multimodal and generative AI in education. An extensive literature search yielded 4175 articles. Employing a topic modeling approach, latent topics were extracted, resulting in 38 interpretable topics organized into 14 thematic areas. Findings indicate a predominant focus on text-to-text models in educational contexts, with other modalities underexplored, overlooking the broader potential of multimodal approaches. The results suggest a research gap, stressing the importance of more balanced attention across different AI modalities and educational levels. In summary, this research provides an overview of current trends in generative AI for education, underlining opportunities for future exploration of multimodal technologies to fully realize the transformative potential of artificial intelligence in education.
Pemahaman Aplikasi E-Bekal bagi Wali Asuh Santri sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Uang Belanja Santri di Pesantren

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

E_BEKAL is a shopping application for students at the Nurul Jadid Paiton Probolinggo Islamic Boarding School, the idea of making the application is to provide solutions to problems experienced by the Islamic boarding school. These problems include (1) the santri's spending money is not controlled by the management, there is an imbalance in the santri's spending money coming from an economy that is capable of spending a lot of spending. Conditions like this will create social jealousy for other santri, the management immediately responds to this condition because some observations and evaluation results from the results of cases that occur there are some santris who will be affected by the lifestyle of students whose economies are related to students with weak economies; (2) there are frequent cases of losing money in provisions for santri. Based on the results of the evaluation of the management every month, cases of losing money from santri can occur every day; (3) can regulate santri spending money with pesantren policies; (4) parents can control and evaluate santri spending money, santri guardians can also TOPUP (send) money online using an application according to the bank specified by the pesantren; and (5) Pesantren administrators conduct socialization and training on the use of the E_BEKAL application as provisions for students' understanding of the use of the E_BEKAL application.Keywords: Boarding School, Application, Management, Provision, Shopping
EP982 Management of indeterminate pelvic masses and borderline ovarian tumours: a survey of current practice of gynaecological oncology centres in the united kingdom

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction/Background

Borderline ovarian tumours (BOT) represent approximately 15% of ovarian tumours. Currently there is no clear guidance on management or follow up, leading to variation in practice. We aimed to assess current practice in gynaecological oncology centres around the United Kingdom.

Methodology

We surveyed the membership of the British Gynaecological Cancer Society (BGCS) via an online survey platform from 01/11/2017–30/06/2018. A single reminder was sent during the collection period. Information was gathered about use of frozen section for indeterminate mass at laparotomy, surgery offered for those who were post-menopausal or with family completed versus those wanting fertility sparing, offer of completion surgery for those who had initial fertility sparing surgery, whether an agreed protocol for follow up of BOT was in place, length of follow up and whether adjuvant treatment is offered. Data analysis was with Microsoft Excel.

Results

Responses were received from 19 of the 33 (58%) UK gynaecological oncology centres. 13 (72%) centres reported frozen section use. 18 (95%) centres reported offering total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for women who were post-menopausal or reported their family was complete. All 19 centres reported offering fertility sparing surgery in those where family not completed. 16 (89%) centres reported offering completion surgery for those who had initial fertility sparing surgery. 16 (89%) centres reported having an agreed protocol for follow up of BOT. Only 5 (28%) centres reported offering adjuvant treatment depending on presence of invasive implants or advanced disease with 12 (67%) not offering any additional treatment.

Conclusion

Based on responses there is variation in the management of indeterminate pelvic masses and borderline ovarian tumours between centres. These findings suggest that there is a need to develop a UK wide management strategy to provide uniformity of care.

Disclosure

Nothing to disclose.
New And Noteworthy Lichens To Belarus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Records of 20 species of lichens from Belarus are presented. Of these, 12 species ( Bacidina egenula , Dimelaena oreina , Jamesiella anastomosans , Psilolechia clavulifera , Rhizocarpon lecanorinum , Rinodina bischoffii , Steinia geophana , Thelidium zwackhii , Thelocarpon intermediellum , Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa , Vezdaea aestivalis and V. leprosa ) are new to Belarus. Biatora ocelliformis and Dermatocarpon miniatum were known only from literature data in the country. New localities for little known in Belarus species such as Cliostomum corrugatum , Cyphelium tigillare , Fellhanera subtilis , Scytinium lichenoides , Schismatomma pericleum and Umbilicaria deusta are provided. Two of these ( Scytinium lichenoides and Umbilicaria deusta ) are included in the Red Data Book of Belarus. The records are briefly discussed.