jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Enterococci: high level of resistance to aminoglycosides].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

According to different authors, the emergence of enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside-resistance reaches values of 4.5-55%. The objective of this work is to determine the frequency of these strains in our hospital. We have studied 274 strains of enterococci isolated in our centre, of which 235 were E. faecalis and 39 E. faecium. Strains were obtained from haemocultures (75), urine cultures (100) and other samples (99). The detection of high-level resistance was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar, containing concentrations of 2,000 mg/l of streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin or amikacin. MICs and MBCs were determined for several antibiotics by microdilution. We detected the presence of high-level resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin in 29.1%, 52.9%, 31.0%, 26.6%, and 1.8% respectively. The more active antibiotics against the strains with high-level resistance to gentamicin were: mezlocillin (MIC90 = 1.0 mg/l), piperacillin and vancomycin (MIC90 = 2.0 mg/l), and ampicillin and imipenem (MIC90 = 4.0 mg/l).
Erie Canal, Newark, N.Y. [front caption] (1front) [e0526ac1]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Postal data: unmarked, unposted; (PLACE STAMP HERE -- DOMESTIC ONE CENT -- FOREIGN TWO CENTS) printed inside stamp box, (Made in Germany.) printed below; Postcard type: divided back; Printing information: card number (1402); Logo (POST CARD) in stylized lettering; No Message; No Addressee.
Regulation of Respiration and the Oxygen Diffusion Barrier in Soybean Protect Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation from Chilling-Induced Inhibition and Shoots from Premature Senescence

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is sensitive to dark chilling (7°C–15°C)-induced inhibition in soybean (Glycine max). To characterize the mechanisms that cause the stress-induced loss of nodule function, we examined nodule structure, carbon-nitrogen interactions, and respiration in two soybean genotypes that differ in chilling sensitivity: PAN809 (PAN), which is chilling sensitive, and Highveld Top (HT), which is more chilling resistant. Nodule numbers were unaffected by dark chilling, as was the abundance of the nitrogenase and leghemoglobin proteins. However, dark chilling decreased nodule respiration rates, nitrogenase activities, and NifH and NifK mRNAs and increased nodule starch, sucrose, and glucose in both genotypes. Ureide and fructose contents decreased only in PAN nodules. While the chilling-induced decreases in nodule respiration persisted in PAN even after return to optimal temperatures, respiration started to recover in HT by the end of the chilling period. The area of the intercellular spaces in the nodule cortex and infected zone was greatly decreased in HT after three nights of chilling, an acclimatory response that was absent from PAN. These data show that HT nodules are able to regulate both respiration and the area of the intercellular spaces during chilling and in this way control the oxygen diffusion barrier, which is a key component of the nodule stress response. We conclude that chilling-induced loss of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in PAN is caused by the inhibition of respiration coupled to the failure to regulate the oxygen diffusion barrier effectively. The resultant limitations on nitrogen availability contribute to the greater chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in PAN than in HT.
The Importance of the Scots Pine for the Diversity of Forest Avifauna: The Augustów Forest as a Case Study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris is the most widespread tree species in forests of lowland parts of Central and Eastern Europe. In Polish forests, stands dominated by the Scots pine cover almost 60% of the forest area. We analysed the relationship between forest birds and pine trees in an extensive forest complex in north-eastern (NE) Poland. Based on the 20-year-long study, we considered the percentage of broods established on pine trees and the percentage of Scots pine in stands on grouse leks and territory. A total number of over 20 bird species are dependent on the Scots pine trees or stands to locate their nests. Among this group, 11 bird species strongly associated with pine trees were confirmed, and they located at least 90% of broods or nests on pines. The Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius selects the Scots pine to excavate cavities. Its cavities were regularly used by some species of secondary cavity nesters. In turn, the Common Raven Corvus corax nests were occupied by selected birds of prey. The importance of Scots pine for birds increased with the age of the trees. Old Scots pine trees were chosen by birds that built large nests, placed nests in the tree top, and excavated large cavities. Populations of pine-specialized bird species may be in danger due to the possibility of the Scots pine range moving to the north, which results from global warming. The maintenance of the Scots pine with the modification of the methods of forest regeneration should be included in the Polish forestry’s strategies and plans as a critical factor for the care of the population of rare breeding bird species.
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Following Urological Surgery-Alarming Reaction: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TRALI (Transfusion related acute lung injury) is characterized by rapid onset of respiratory distress following transfusion of blood products. We report a case of bilateral stone disease with hydronephrosis and hematuria. After surgery, following1 hour of 100 ml of blood transfusion, she developed severe respiratory distress with oxygen saturation 68%and sudden hypotension. The blood transfusion was stopped immediately and she was managed with mechanical ventilation that resulted in a gradual improvement of dyspnoea and oxygen saturation. There is wide discrepancy in literature with reported frequency as low as 1/557,000 RBC units and as high as 1/432 platelet units. The severity of symptoms can range from mild to severe, and the treatment requires oxygen support and mechanical ventilation. If treated properly, most patients with TRALI recover within 96 hours.
A Holistic Perspective

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In today's interconnected global world, luxury marketing is going through a significant change. It is now embracing sustainable practices while dealing with the complex differences between various cultures. This chapter examines the challenges of practicing sustainable luxury marketing across different cultures. It looks at the need for adapting to different cultures, how luxury is perceived, the role of immersive technologies, and how sustainability intersects with cultural values. The chapter also explores the ethical issues that arise from balancing exclusivity and inclusivity, as well as the risks of cultural appropriation. It also discusses strategies for measuring and communicating cross-cultural sustainable luxury marketing efforts, emphasizing the importance of collaborating on sustainability reporting and creating compelling stories.
Control of FimY translation and type 1 fimbrial production by the arginine tRNA encoded by fimU in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Expression of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium undergoes phase variation or alteration between a fimbriate and a non‐fimbriate phenotype. This variation is known to be dependent upon environmental conditions in vitro and is thought to be a complex process involving regulation by a number of proteins. The regulatory genes located within the fim cluster include fimZ , fimY and fimW . A fourth gene of the cluster, fimU , encodes a tRNA molecule specific for rare arginine codons. We have shown previously that fimU affects the expression of S. typhimurium type 1 fimbriae, and that fimU is functionally related to the Escherichia coli gene argU . A high frequency of rare arginine codons was found within the three fim regulatory genes, and five of these codons were clustered within fimY alone. To investigate the affects of fimU on FimY production, a FimY fusion with the E. coli maltose‐binding protein was constructed and expressed in an E. coli argU background. Western blots of extracts from the argU mutant and parental strain indicated that production of FimY was significantly reduced in the absence of a functional tRNA Arg (UCU). FimY production in this mutant could be restored to high levels when fimU was introduced on a plasmid, and also when three rare arginine codons, located within the first 14 positions within fimY , were exchanged for major arginine codons. A Tn 10 insertion from a Salmonella enteritidis fimU mutant was transduced into S. typhimurium , and this strain was analysed for the expression of type 1 fimbriae. The resulting S. typhimurium fimU mutant was found to be non‐fimbriate under all conditions tested and could be complemented by the introduction of fimU alone on a plasmid. In addition, this mutant could be complemented by transformation with fimY altered in the first three rare arginine codons. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the fimY transcript was present at similar levels in the fimU mutant and parental strain. These results indicated that the observed inhibition of protein expression was not occurring at the transcriptional level. Analysis of expression of the malEfimY fusion in the S. typhimurium fimU mutant and parental strain confirmed the data observed in E. coli . In contrast, a FimW fusion was found to be produced at similar levels in both the fimU mutant and the parental strain. Together, these data indicate that the absence of a functional fimU results in the inhibition of efficient FimY translation, and thus type 1 fimbrial production in S. typhimurium .
Interactions Between Soil Texture and Cover Crop Diversity Shape Carbon Dynamics and Aggregate Stability

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Increasing attention is being paid to the use of cover crops as a means of improving soil quality, particularly in relation to soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation and aggregate stability. This study evaluated the effects of soil texture, soil depth, and cover crop type on soil organic carbon (Corg), labile carbon (CL), and soil structure under field conditions in western Slovakia. A field experiment compared two texturally distinct Phaeozem soils—silty clay loam and sandy loam —and two cover cropping strategies: pea (Pisum sativum L.) monoculture and a four-species mixture of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), and Italian millet (Setaria italica L.). Fine-textured soil accumulated up to 50% more Corg and 1.5 times more CL than sandy soil, while aggregate stability was up to 90% higher. The surface layer (0–10 cm) contained more SOM, but the deeper layer (10–20 cm) showed greater aggregate stability. Pea cultivation increased total organic carbon, whereas the diverse mixture enhanced labile carbon content and promoted the formation of smaller yet more stable aggregates. Strong correlations between CL and aggregate stability confirmed the key role of labile organic matter fractions in soil structural stabilisation. Overall, the results demonstrate that the interaction between soil texture and cover crop diversity critically shapes SOM dynamics and soil structure. Combining diverse cover crops with fine-textured soils provides an effective strategy to enhance soil quality, carbon sequestration, and long-term agricultural sustainability.
Improving the performance of the reinforcement learning model for answering complex questions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the task of answering complex questions using a multi-document summarization approach within a reinforcement learning setting. Given a set of complex questions, a list of relevant documents per question, and the corresponding human-generated summaries (i.e. answers to the questions) as training data, the reinforcement learning module iteratively learns a number of feature weights in order to facilitate the automatic generation of summaries i.e. answers to unseen complex questions. Previous works on this task have utilized a fully automatic reinforcement learning framework that selects the document sentences as the potential candidate (i.e. machine-generated) summary sentences by exploiting a relatedness measure with the available human-written summaries. In this paper, we propose an extension to this model that incorporates user interaction into the reinforcement learner to guide the candidate summary sentence selection process. Experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the user interaction component in the reinforcement learning framework.
Predicting properties of ferroelectric relaxors based on stochastic models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The stochastic models of temperature diffusing of the phase transition are presented, taking into account the structural disorder of the material by introducing a random function, i.e., the temperature of the phase transition as a function of coordinates. The structural disorders in the plane and across the thickness of the ferroelectric film are considered. The temperature of the phase transition and the width of the region of its diffusing are determined depending on the probabilistic characteristics of the random function, the film thickness, and the type of the film surface. It is established that the phase transition temperature at the structural disordered in the plane of the ferroelectric film is significantly higher than in the case of disordered over the film thickness with the same other material parameters.
Complementary and alternative medicines

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract This chapter covers the underlying philosophy and the types of complementary therapies which are used with patients who have palliative care needs. Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) comprise a diverse array of treatment modalities that are not presently considered part of conventional/mainstream medicine. CAM emphasize a holistic approach towards healthcare, i.e. they are based on the belief that mind, body, and spirit are interconnected, and that health depends on wholeness and balance between them. The individual therapies described in this chapter are considered under four headings: alternative medical concepts; mind-body interventions, biologically based therapies, and manipulative therapies. The chapter also looks at some of the evidence associated with such therapies.
A case of nonsyndromic aplasia cutis congenita (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta) in a large white Yorkshire piglet

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Nonsyndromic Aplasia Cutis Congenita (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta) are congenital, circumscribed hypoplastic defects of multiple or deeper skin layers in swine. A new born Large White Yorkshire female piglet was presented with glistening red, well-demarcated discontinuities in the skin on the frontal skull with no apparent bleeding which was managed by conservative treatment.
Parliament in the Reign of Edward II

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Latin word ‘parliamentum’, and other similar terms such as ‘colloqium’ and ‘locutio’, basically means nothing more than an occasion on which words are spoken. Just what those words might be, spoken by whom, under what circumstances and to what purpose are other matters entirely. John Maddicott has traced the distant origins of the English parliament as an institution as far back as the Anglo-Saxon monarchy in the early tenth century, and there is some justification for such a long view; but it was not until the thirteenth century that the term ‘parliament’ came to mean a formal meeting to which the king summoned his leading subjects to give him advice and to discuss important matters affecting the ‘state of the realm’, such as the approval of legislation in the form of statutes, the granting of taxation, and the answering of petitions. Those summoned initially consisted of the great men of the kingdom or ‘magnates’, together with the bishops and abbots of the greatest monastic houses. Such meetings are recorded from the beginning of the reign of Henry III in 1216; usually they were described in the records as a ‘council’ or ‘colloqium’, but sometimes the cognate term ‘parliament’ was applied, with no obvious reason for the distinction. Examples of meetings called ‘parliaments’ occur in 1236 and 1242, but with increasing frequency in the 1250s and 1260s. Occasionally other groups of people were summoned: representatives of the knights in 1254, 1258 and 1264; and in 1265 two knights from each county together with two burgesses from the leading towns in England. However, apart from the magnates and prelates, there was no fixed composition of parliament, and it was not until late in the reign of Edward I that the attendance of knights, burgesses, and also representatives of the lower clergy became frequent. The description ‘Model Parliament’ has been applied to the assembly of November 1295, at which all these elements were present, although, as we shall see, the practical reality was not so straightforward.
Practical approaches to reviewing and recording pathology data

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Two approaches can be used to help generate data more quickly from pathology specimens and in a form that can be more easily statistically manipulated: (i) use standardized terminology for the description of lesions, and (ii) apply scoring or quantitative methodology to enrich the data. The usefulness of these techniques is greatly assisted by consistent sample selection and tissue trimming patterns. It is important that the expectations for the histopathology results are discussed with the pathologist before tissue blocks and sections are made so that the selection and trimming of tissues can be optimized before embedding. Reduction in numbers or absence of controls may seem attractive from a 3Rs (reduce, replace, refine) perspective or to reduce the costs of histological and pathological analysis but may be unjustifiable if an experiment ultimately needs to be repeated because of uninterpretable or equivocal data.
Design and implementation of a novel conversational companion robot for older adults

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Social robots can help people with a variety of problems in everyday life. One of the issues that have been explored in the field of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is using social robots as companions, or to help with issues such as loneliness. Loneliness is a problem seen extensively in older adults, especially those who live alone as they have reduced social interaction. We investigate the use of a humanoid social service robot that can be used for conversation. Through iterative prototyping, we designed and developed a robotic behaviour to support individual self-reflection and wellness. We proceeded to then implement it as a stand-alone conversational social robot using Softbank’s humanoid robot NAO. Our approach relies on simple interaction design to avoid high robotic expectations and achieve a robust reflective behaviour. To learn about our behaviour’s feasibility, what people thought of it, and if people wanted to use it, we conducted a study where we deployed our novel behaviour using our stand alone offline conversational robot. We deployed our robot completely unsupervised and unmonitored for two nights into the homes of 14 older adults 65 and over. This study showed that most participants engaged with, and reported enjoying using the robot; based on participant’s feedback, our simple behaviour was able to successfully aid more than half of our participants to engage in self-reflection. This thesis provides a first step towards robots as an in-home companion for older adults by leveraging simple conversational techniques that prompt people to self reflect by talking about their day-to-day lives and feelings. Future long-term deployment can help us learn if our robot could potentially help older adults alleviate feelings of loneliness and thus, helping decrease the related stress and anxiety that comes with it.
LHD imp02 #145498.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Line intensities of Lyman-alpha and some impurity ions to monitor impurity behaviors, which use 20cm normal incidence monochromators, grazing incidence monochromator, and interference filter + photomultipliers (or + APD), for CIV, OVI, HI, FeXVI, CIII and OV.
Mechanistic Insight into Apoptotic Induction in Human Rhabdomyosarcoma and Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells by Chnoospora minima: A Sri Lankan Brown Seaweed

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The current study determined the cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of the polyphenol-rich methanol extract of Chnoospora minima (C. minima) and its fractions against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells. MTT and neutral red assays were used to determine cytotoxicity. The clonogenic assay evaluated the antineoplastic activity, while the apoptotic activity was determined by cellular morphological changes, caspase 3/7 activity, and DNA fragmentation. Morphological alterations in apoptosis were observed by an inverted phase-contrast microscope and Hoechst 33342 staining methods. The total phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, and antioxidant activity in the hexane and chloroform fractions were determined, based on their cytotoxic activity. The hexane fraction of C. minima effectively reduced the cell growth that is concentration-dependent in human RMS and MCF-7 cell lines. It also exhibited low cytotoxicity on Vero cells. The characteristic cellular and nuclear apoptotic morphological features were observed. A noticeable caspase 3/7 activation and the fragmented DNA were detected only in the hexane fraction treated RMS cells, whereas MCF-7 cells showed low caspase 3/7 activation due to a lack of caspase 3 and no evidence of having a typical ladder pattern of apoptosis. Further analysis revealed that the hexane fraction-treated RMS cells upregulated the p53 gene twofold (2.72) compared to the p21 (0.77) gene, whereas in the MCF-7 cells, a 2.21-fold upregulation of p53 was observed compared to the p21 (0.64) gene. The hexane fraction exhibited moderate total phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids content, and antioxidant activity. According to the different antioxidant mechanisms, hexane and chloroform fractions showed the highest antioxidant activities by FRAP and ORAC assays, respectively. GC-MS analysis of hexane fraction revealed the presence of methyl tetradecanoate (38.314%) as the most abundant compound. The study’s findings highlighted that the non-polar compounds present in the hexane fraction of C. minima suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis-mediated cell death in RMS and MCF-7 cells, mainly via the activation of the p53 gene. Hence, the isolation of compounds is warranted. However, more studies are required to understand the mechanistic insights of these observations.
Plasma enhanced chemically vapor deposited thin films for microelectromechanical systems applications with tailored optical, thermal, and mechanical properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Microbridge materials optimized for room temperature infrared microbolometers have been fabricated using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Thin films were deposited from tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) and oxygen. They have a 4× lower thermal conductivity than that of Si3N4 and an inherent absorption coefficient (8–12 μm range) approximately half that of nitride. The PECVD films deposited from TMDS are compatible with current complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor processing and have been shown to have adequate mechanical strength for use as microbolometer membranes.