jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Turkish Privatization Experience, 1984 to 2009

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Republic of Turkey began its privatization initiative in 1984 in an attempt to loosen the state’s grip on the economy and move towards more free market principles. In order to understand the Turkish privatization experience, one must first understand the Turkish economy prior to this 1984 initiative. When the Republic of Turkey was established in 1924 by Ataturk, the primary goal was to strengthen the economy. Following World War I, the fledgling country had no industry, no entrepreneurial spirit, and, most of all, no savings. Ataturk tried to focus on implementing liberal, free-market economic policies; however, the economic climate at the time was not yet ready for a move in this direction. Instead, state economic enterprises (SEEs) were formed. SEEs can be used by a government for advancing its industrial economic policies. They are comprised of one or more businesses where the government owns at least a fifty percent share in the enterprise. In order to accelerate economic development, SEEs were formed in Turkey adhering to state-centered economic policies well into the 1950s. After 1950 the Turkish government again attempted to implement more liberal economic initiatives. However, private sector growth was stagnant, and the government decided that the only way to promote growth was through further expansion of the public sector. From the 1960s to the 1980s Turkey’s economy became increasingly “mixed.” (Ertuna, p. 4) By 1985 SEEs were responsible for nearly 12 percent of Turkish GDP. Since the 1980s, Turkey has followed more liberal economic policies in trying to institute free markets, with the objective of integrating the Turkish economy with the rest of Europe and the world. Thus, the privatization initiative began in 1984. (Ertuna, p. 4) In the following sections of this article, I first discuss the background of privatization and
FINAL INSTAR LARVA AND METAMORPHOSIS OF HYPOPYRA PUDENS WALKER IN SINGAPORE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE: CATOCALINAE)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The noctuid moth, Hypopyra pudens Walker, 1858, belongs to the tribe Hypopyrini of the subfamily Catocalinae (Holloway, 2005). This species is wide-ranging in Asia and has been recorded from Japan, India, the Andaman Islands, Sundaland, and Sulawesi (Holloway, 2005). In Singapore, an early report by Michael W. F. Tweedie (former director of the Raffles Museum, Singapore: 1946–1971) noted the arrival of a “leaf-like” example of “Enmonodia pudens” to overripe pineapple bait placed in forest near the MacRitchie Reservoir (Tweedie, 1953). Three examples of a common noctuid, Erebus ephesperis (Hubner, 1827), were also attracted to this fruit bait (Tweedie, 1953: pl. 8). In addition, there are representative voucher specimens of Hypopyra pudens deposited in the Zoological Reference Collection (ZRC) of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research (RMBR), National University of Singapore. Locally, there have been no published accounts of its caterpillar. This article documents the final instar larva and metamorphosis from a specimen encountered in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Singapore.
Systematic literature review: Trend analysis on the design of lightweight block cipher

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Lightweight block ciphers have become a standard for security protections on IoT devices. Advanced technology is required to secure the data, thus encryption is the method that can provide information security. From previous studies, comparisons of lightweight algorithms in various literature focus on their performance and implementation. However, a lack of analysis has been done on the relationship between the algorithm components and their security strength. This information is crucial for developers in designing secure algorithms. In this paper, a comprehensive systematic literature review on 101 existing lightweight algorithms is presented. This review focuses on the security aspect of lightweight algorithms that cover the identification of secure design components based on substitution and permutation. Security analysis and the evolution of lightweight algorithms are also presented. This research includes the results and discussions to observe the selections of substitution and permutation functions to analyse their impact on the security strength. Recommendations from the developer's insight on methods and considerations for designing an algorithm are also presented. Findings from the research indicate that various techniques can be used to develop a secure algorithm. Most importantly, an algorithm must be provided with confusion and diffusion properties in the design to ensure sufficient security.
Previous Recommendations:

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. Evidence does not support a difference in efficacy/effectiveness 2. Evidence does not support a difference in harms/adverse events 3. Recommend including this class on the PDL and consider including entecavir (Baraclude) and tenefovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) 4. Recommend establishing PA criteria for non-preferred products Summary: There are currently five oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NA) available: lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, telbivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The long term clinical goals of antiviral therapy in CHB include reducing the development of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. There is moderate evidence suggesting that all of the NA have positive effects on one or more intermediate biomarkers associated with CHB including suppression of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA, normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss or seroconversion, and hematologic response of improved necroinflammatory and fibrosis scores but no one treatment has shown to improve all biomarkers and there remains controversy over how these intermediate outcomes are related and if they predict clinical long term outcomes. The highquality systematic review prepared for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice center concluded that observational studies suggest that male gender, coinfection with Hepatitis C, D, or HIV, increased HBV DNA, and cirrhosis were associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and death. 1 Although, there is limited direct evidence that any anti-HBV therapies have a beneficial impact on these clinical outcomes, there is growing evidence that prolonged and effective suppression of HBV DNA can decrease the risk of cirrhosis and
Status of fish diversity in Surha Taal, a natural lake in the floodplains of river Ganga, in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study presents the status of fish diversity, abundance and habitat structure of Surha Lake, which is a perennial and natural lake fed by the river Ganga. The study was conducted between 2011 to 2013 covering pre and post-monsoon seasons. In total, 4,852 individual fish specimens were collected representing 66 fish species belonging to 23 families. The species diversity comprised 65 species in pre-monsoon and 60 species in post-monsoon season (p<0.05). The highest species diversity was recorded for the family Cyprinidae (22), followed by Bagridae (7). An assessment of conservation status of 66 fish species as per IUCN Red List 2019 criteria listed 6 species under near threatened (NT), 54 under least concern (LC) and two species under vulnerable (VU) category. The study reports several commercially important species under near threatened (Chitala chitala, Labeo pangusia, Ompok bimaculatus, Ompok pabda, , Ailia coila and Bagarius bagarius), which makes Surha Taal an important natural lake from fishery management point of view. The study also prioritised different habitat types important for different species. The slow water in the mid-channel areas of the lake were categorised as important habitats for near threatened and vulnerable fish species like C. chitala, B. bagarius and Wallago attu, which can be prioritised for population level management.
ENHANCING LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Digital innovation has incorporated advanced technologies in transforming the way we access and use existing financial products and services. The Islamic Economy is becoming increasingly disrupted by revolutionary enterprises using technologies such as cloud computing, extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics, integration of interoperable Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and the blockchained decentralization.Nevertheless, to sustain such innovation, the Islamic Economy has to fully develop digital ecosystems that nurture and develop both the demand and supply sides of the ecosystem. At the same time, regulatory and legal systems need to be strengthened in order for the ecosystem be protected from cyber risks and threats to allow for the market actors to flourish.This chapter assesses the key features of the Islamic Digital Economy and its network to foster fair competition, innovation, and the entrepreneurship mindset. On the supply-side, recommendations to continually develop and attract talent, expertise, and capital to ensure sufficient funding for groundbreaking ideas and novel scalable business models will be made. The regulatory issues that comes with technological adoption along with financial stability implications and consumer protection, with suggestions that regulators themselves adopt advanced technologies (SupTech) to embark on the new era of market supervision and monitoring will also be discussed.
Stepwise hydrogen removal in the enzymic ring expansion of penicillin N to deacetoxycephalosporin C

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Reaction of a 1:1 mixture of penicillin N and 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)penicillin N with partially purified deacetoxy-cephalosporin C/deacetylcephalosporin C synthetase from Cephalosporium acremonium CO 728 resulted in preferential conversion of the protiated substrate, whereas in similar experiments with a 1:1 mixture of penicillin N and 3-deuteriopenicillin N both substrates were converted at the same rate; these results accord with a stepwise process for hydrogen removal during the ring expansion in which the methyl hydrogen is first removed.
Comparative analysis of the detection of diseases of the muscular system in minors of Saint Petersburg

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system in children and their dynamics and structure are urgent health problems and have important scientific and practical significance. The epidemiological features of the detectability of pathology in different regions are of interest for detailed consideration. AIM: This study aimed to conduct a comparative characterization of the primary morbidity of children with diseases of the musculoskeletal system in St. Petersburg in the 2017–2022 period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Official collections of statistical reports of the Central Research Institute of Organization and Informatization of Healthcare from 2017 to 2022 were analyzed. Indicators of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue in children were analyzed, and a comparative assessment of the ratio of the probabilities of detecting pathologies in general and for individual nosologies presented in the collections in St. Petersburg and the Russian Federation was performed. Digital analysis was performed in Microsoft Office 2010 programs (Word and Excel). RESULTS: The indicators of primary morbidity in St. Petersburg from 2017 to 2022 exceeded the national and regional averages and had a negative upward trend. In all age groups, over 6 years, the odds ratio in favor of St. Petersburg increased with arthropathies in general and deforming dorsopathies and decreased with spondylopathies and systemic connective tissue lesions. Moreover, in children aged 0–14 years, the chances of detection in St. Petersburg increased with respect to reactive arthropathies and fell with juvenile arthritis, whereas in adolescents the increase concerned juvenile arthritis and the decrease in reactive arthropathies. In rheumatoid arthritis, a transition was noted – the probabilities of detection have become lower in favor of the regions in Russia. CONCLUSIONS: In St. Petersburg, an unfavorable trend in the probabilities of detecting diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue was registered among children. A two-stage increase in indicators was found in 2017–2019 and 2020–2022, and the rate of increase in the detectability of most nosologies during the COVID-19 pandemic exceeded the prepandemic values, indicating the conjugacy of the studied group of diseases with organizational limitations in the outpatient unit, quality and specificity of differential diagnosis, and viral component. The identified features indicate the need for a reassessment of organizational measures and management decisions.
EphA2 expression is regulated by EGFR and KRAS and promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The development of improved systemic therapy is needed for the most common form of the disease, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This will depend on the identification of valid molecular targets. Recent studies point to the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 as a novel therapeutic target. Overexpression of EphA2 has been demonstrated in a number of epithelial cancers, and its expression has been associated with more severe disease. Regulation of EphA2 in cancer is poorly understood. Recently, regulation of EphA2 by EGFR and KRAS has been reported in a number of in vitro models, but no examination of this relationship has been undertaken in patient tumors. Because of the established importance of EGFR and KRAS in NSCLC, we have investigated the relationship between these mutations and EphA2 in NSCLC patient tissues and cell lines. The significance of Epha2 expression was further examined by testing for correlation with survival, metastases, histology, and smoking status in patient tissues, and tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. EphA2 expression was analyzed in by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray (TMA) format utilizing surgically resected lung cancer specimens. EGFR and KRAS mutation status was determined for the majority of specimens. EphA2 expression was detected in >90% of NSCLC tumors. High EphA2 expression was associated with decreased time to recurrence and metastases, and predicted poorer progression free and overall survival. Expression of EphA2 was positively correlated with activated EGFR and with KRAS mutation. Expression of EphA2 was also positively correlated with a history of smoking. There was no association between gender or histology and EphA2 expression. In H322 cells, activation of EGFR or KRAS resulted in an increase in EphA2 protein expression. Downregulation of EphA2 resulted in decreased proliferation in a clonal growth assay, and inhibited migration in a wound healing assay, in a panel of cell lines. The decrease in proliferation correlated with a transient decrease in the levels of phospho-ERK, a downstream effector of EGFR and KRAS. Based on these data, the potential of EphA2 as a therapeutic target for NSCLC should be further investigated.
Optimal FM Strategy for Commercial Office Buildings Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

For owners of aged buildings, considerable attention needs to be devoted to efficient facility management (FM) to extend building life and achieve life-cycle cost savings. The fundamental step in this is to identify the level of FM performance. Few studies have focused on the quantitative investigation of FM performance, and there has been minimal research on the methodology required to arrive at the optimal strategy. The purpose of this study is to present a systematic algorithm that allows FM practitioners to evaluate their performance in an objective manner. In addition, the authors have formulated a FM performance evaluation index in conjunction with the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method. The framework for this evaluation includes 12 critical success factors and 18 key performance indicators according to 4 balanced scorecard perspectives. A case study on a commercial office building was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed methodology. The results reveal an optimal FM strategy for the building recommended using the novel algorithm, and its effectiveness is validated by FM experts. The proposed method will allow industry practitioners to quantitatively evaluate FM performance and make better decisions in selecting the optimal management strategy. Furthermore, the findings can advance the body of knowledge on building performance evaluation in view of quantitative metrics development.
Remote monitoring of moisture deficit as a basis for preventing environmental and economic risks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The paper presents the results of research of the possibility of using Water Stress Index data for early detection of moisture deficiency in plants of spring and winter crops during their cultivation in the Western Polissya of Ukraine. The example of the growing season of 2021 shows the high efficiency of remote monitoring of crops with a comprehensive analysis based on NDVI and Water Stress Index. It is established, that timely detection of moisture deficit allows to better predict crop yields and, if possible, avoids unproductive loses of material resources when they are applied in the second half of the growing season. There is no negative impact on crop productivity.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Micro-Bubble Expansion in Gas Embolotherapy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We are currently developing a novel gas embolotherapy technique that involves the selective, acoustic vaporization of liquid perfluorocarbon droplets in or near a tumor as a possible treatment for cancer. The resulting bubbles can then stick within the tumor vasculature to occlude blood flow and “starve” the tumor. The potential development of high stresses during droplet vaporization is a major concern for safe implementation of this technique. No prior study, either experimentally or theoretically, addresses this important issue. In this work, the acoustic vaporization procedure of the therapy is investigated by direct numerical simulations. The nonlinear, multiphase, computational model is comprised of an ideal gas bubble surrounded by liquid inside a long tube. Convective and unsteady inertia, viscosity, and surface tension affect the bubble dynamics and are included in this model, which is solved by a novel fixed-grid, sharp-interface, moving boundary method. We assess the potential for flow-induced wall stresses to rupture the vessel or damage the endothelium during vaporization under a range of operating conditions by varying dimensionless parameters—Reynolds, Weber, and Strouhal numbers, inertial energy and initial droplet size. It is found that the wall pressure is typically highest at the start of the bubble expansion, but the maximum wall shear stress occurs at a later time. Smaller initial bubble diameters, relative to the vessel diameter, result in lower wall stresses.
Establishing particle alignments in extrusion-based bioprinting system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, 3D bioprinting has been under the limelight of tissue engineering scientists for its’ potential in providing valuable solutions to needy patients in organ replacement. Owing to scarcity of organs and massive patients that require it, scientists resort to produce the organs using the technology. In bioprinting, cells are often deposited in the biomaterials as to promote attachment of cells and hence uniformly distributed in the tissues. There are however, limitations to the tissues produced using the technology as there are drawbacks in the alignment of particles in the printed strands. Therefore the motivation of this project is to explore the factors affecting the performance of bioprinter and hence eventually be able to improve control in particle alignments. Gelatin was selected as the medium in the project and cells incorporated in the flow of gelatin were investigated. A stage speed factor was deployed to study the optimum stage speed in printing the gelatin corresponding to the flow rate. Several factors were investigated to characterize the particle alignment in gelatin flow. They are average distance between cells, average number of cells and average distance between cells and centreline.
The association between exosomal proteins and the efficacy of thermoradiochemotherapy in overweight/obese rectal cancer patients: a pilot prospective cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Overweight and especially obesity are associated with the risk of the development and progression of colorectal cancer. It can be assumed that there are multifaceted interactions between the tumor and adipose tissue during anti-tumor treatment. Cancer cells secrete exosomes, extracellular vesicles affecting the microenvironment of the tumor and promoting its progression or regression. The presence of transcription/translation/folding factors (heat shock proteins (HSPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in exosomes secreted by irradiated cells and cells exposed to hyperthermia, indicates the cell adaptation to the thermal and radiation stress. Aim: To analyze the MMPs, TIMP1, and HSPs on CD9-positive (CD9+) exosomes, as well as on exosomes of adipocytic origin (FABP4+) in rectal cancer patients with overweight/obesity under thermoradiochemotherapy (TRCT) and their association with the immediate treatment efficacy. Methods: Since 2021, 20 patients (of those 8 men; median age 59.0 [52.0; 63.0] years, median body mass index 29.6 [28.5; 33.1] kg/m2) with morphologically verified rectal cancer (T3-4N0M0 and T3-4N1M0, differentiation grade G1–G3) have been participating in the study. They were treated with TRCT: external gamma therapy (2 Gy, 1 fraction/day, 5 days/week, total focal dose 54 Gy), chemotherapy with capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice daily) combined with local hyperthermia (42–44 °C, 60 min, 3 times/week, 10 sessions). The TRCT efficacy was assessed by RECIST 1.1 and ESGAR criteria. Blood samples for exosomes were taken from the patients at baseline (point 1), in the middle of the treatment course (point 2), at 6 to 10 weeks after the end of TRCT (point 3), and at 6 months after point 1 (point 4). Small extracellular vesicles were isolated from plasma by ultrafiltration with double ultracentrifugation. The isolated exosomes were characterized by transmission electronic microscopy, flow cytometry and nanoparticle trajectory analysis (NTA). Results: TRCT resulted in complete tumor regression in 13/20 of the rectal cancer patients and partial regression or stabilization in 7/20. Four subpopulations of CD9+ and FABP4+ exosomes associated with the TRCT efficacy were identified (CD9+MMP2+, СD9+MMP2+9+TIMP1+, СD9+MMP2+9+TIMP1-, and FABP4+MMP2+9-TIMP1+). Compared to the CD9+ exosomes, the adipocytic vesicles had higher MMP2 expression (p = 0.026); however, the adipocyte vesicles subpopulation were virtually free of vesicles with combined MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase expression. The HSPs expression by circulating exosomes at various TRCT steps was associated neither with direct treatment efficacy nor with the vesicle type. Conclusion: The expression of MMPs and TIMP1 on CD9+ and FABP4+ exosomes is associated with TRCT efficacy. In the future, vesicular markers could be used to build prognostic models, to identify patient groups with an unfavorable prognosis, and to personalize treatment and follow-up.