jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Positivism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Legal positivism means different things to different scholars, and traditions of positivism differ among legal scholarship of municipal legal systems, international law, and theorists/philosophers of law. Therefore this article will separate legal theoretical writings on positivism from international legal scholarship on the topic. The differences between positivists are so considerable that it would be moot to try to impose a lowest common denominator or a definition of positivism. However, we can identify some typical positions held by legal positivists: (1) Either the identification or the method of creation of rules of law (legal norms) is based on “sources,” that is, on form, rather than on the content of the rule alone. (2) The positive law as object of scholarship is, in the original Latin sense, positus. It is somehow “put,” made more than fictive imaginings, for example, by social convention or by having a real act of will as its basis. (3) Positivism is also identified by the “separability thesis” (Hart 1957–1958, cited under Modern Approaches and Primary Texts): law can be separated from the realm of morals and can exist, and be valid law, independently from its moral value. This is sometimes also expressed by positivists in espousing a separation between the law in force and the law that is desirable (lex lata v. lex ferenda). (4) Equally, positivism can be defined by its traditional antipathy to the possibility or cognizability of “natural law” as a realm of absolute norms above positive law and controlling it. (5) With theses (3) and (4), positivists, to a greater or lesser degree, espouse a form of value relativism: no values (rules, norms, precepts, standards) are absolute and, by their very nature or content, are so much “better” than other values that they must necessarily exist and trump all others. (6) Positivists may also espouse the categorical distinction between the real world (or statements about what “is”) and the world of values (or statements about what “ought to be”), which is sometimes known as the is-ought dichotomy. Hans Kelsen is famous for the maxim “no is from ought, no ought from is alone.” However, the closer a positivist thesis is to legal realism, the less likely the scholar will separate strictly between “is” and “ought.” A scholar does not have to incorporate all of these to be called a positivist (particularly if writing before approximately 1945), but some of these elements will probably be present in all positivist writings.
Spontaneous rupture of the liver.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Four cases of spontaneous rupture of the liver are reported. In all these cases, pathological processes in the liver caused the rupture, i.e. primary hepatoma in 3 cases and a benign angiomatous tumour in one case. In one case, the diagnosis was not established until autopsy and in 3 cases at operation. In one of these latter cases, however, the bleeding source was not found until at a secondary surgical exploration. In none of the patients was the diagnosis suspected preoperatively. Four-quadrant puncture is highly recommended even in patients with only a slight suspicion of intra-abdominal hemorrhage. In cases with a ruptured solitary primary liver tumour, an acute liver resection might be performed. If there are multiple tumours--primary or secondary--simple hemostasis seems to be the treatment of choice. In patients with intra-abdominal hemorrhage, thorough palpation of the whole liver is an obligatory manovre during surgery.
Sound propagation in a refracting fluid above a layered fluid-saturated porous elastic material

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A fast Fourier method of solution of wave equations is applied to sound propagation in a system composed of a horizontally stratified fluid overlying a horizontally stratified porous and elastic solid. A Biot model is used for the porous elastic material. Predictions are made of sound-pressure level in the fluid and vertical displacement in the solid. These are validated by comparison to analytic approximations, and results from another numerical model for propagation in a layered, nonporous viscoelastic material system. The validated code predicts the possibility of significant ground elasticity effects on above-ground propagation.
Is Europe ready to provide a pan-European Identity Management System?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

European public administrations must manage citizens' digital identities, particularly considering interoperability among different countries. Owing to the diversity of electronic identity management (eIDM) systems, when users of one such system seek to communicate with governments using a different system, both systems must be linked and understand each other. To achieve this, the European Union is working on an interoperability framework. This article provides an overview of eIDM systems' current state at a pan-European level. It identifies and analyzes issues on which agreement exists, as well as those that aren't yet resolved and are preventing the adoption of a large-scale model.
Cervical thymic cyst: a case report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cervical thymic cysts are rare benign lesions. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cervical cysts in paediatric age group. This paper presents a case of a 6 years male child who presented with gradually increasing painless mass on right side of neck. Surgical excision was done. Histopathological study revealed features diagnostic of thymic cyst. It was clinically diagnosed as branchial cleft cyst. Though rare, thymic cysts should be included in the differential diagnosis of neck masses, especially in children.
Dual sensitivity of inferior colliculus neurons to ITD in the envelopes of high-frequency sounds: experimental and modeling study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Human listeners are sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs) in the envelopes of sounds, which can serve as a cue for sound localization. Many high-frequency neurons in the mammalian inferior colliculus (IC) are sensitive to envelope-ITDs of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) sounds. Typically, envelope-ITD-sensitive IC neurons exhibit either peak-type sensitivity, discharging maximally at the same delay across frequencies, or trough-type sensitivity, discharging minimally at the same delay across frequencies, consistent with responses observed at the primary site of binaural interaction in the medial and lateral superior olives (MSO and LSO), respectively. However, some high-frequency IC neurons exhibit dual types of envelope-ITD sensitivity in their responses to SAM tones, that is, they exhibit peak-type sensitivity at some modulation frequencies and trough-type sensitivity at other frequencies. Here we show that high-frequency IC neurons in the unanesthetized rabbit can also exhibit dual types of envelope-ITD sensitivity in their responses to SAM noise. Such complex responses to SAM stimuli could be achieved by convergent inputs from MSO and LSO onto single IC neurons. We test this hypothesis by implementing a physiologically explicit, computational model of the binaural pathway. Specifically, we examined envelope-ITD sensitivity of a simple model IC neuron that receives convergent inputs from MSO and LSO model neurons. We show that dual envelope-ITD sensitivity emerges in the IC when convergent MSO and LSO inputs are differentially tuned for modulation frequency.
Mechanisms Targeting Apolipoprotein B100 to Proteasomal Degradation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objectives— In lipid-poor states, the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway rapidly degrades misfolded apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) cotranslationally, although the mechanism of delivery from the ER to cytosolic proteasomes is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate key roles of BiP, an ER luminal chaperone, and p97, a cytosolic ATPase anchored to the ER membrane, in the targeting of apoB for proteasomal degradation. Methods and Results— Using coimmunoprecipitations, we observed associations of apoB with BiP, p97, Derlin-1, VIMP, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 in HepG2 cells. BiP and p97 were found to bind apoB cotranslationally. Expression of C-terminal truncated apoB molecules in COS-7 cells showed an N-terminal region outside apoB15 and a C-terminal region found in apoB72 were required for BiP and p97 binding, respectively. Interestingly, overexpression of dominant negative p97 demonstrated that the ATPase activity of p97 was essential for proteasomal degradation of apoB but not for apoB binding. However, p97 activity did not appear to affect the N terminus of apoB, which may be cleaved before degradation. Conclusions— These data suggest that p97 and BiP play critical roles in the cotranslational delivery of apoB to proteasomes and formation of a degradative complex. Proteasomal degradation appears to selectively target apoB molecules with large C-terminal domains.
Evapotranspiração e coeficiente de cultura da melancia na microrregião de Teresina, PI, Brasil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The determination of crop coefficient (Kc) values during the crop development cycle is essential to obtain the water requirements for the culture. The present study aimed to determine the evapotraspiration and Kc on Shadow, Top Gun and Crimson Sweet watermelon cultivars, during different stages of development using the method of soil water balance. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Meio Norte in Teresina, PI, experimental field, from August to October, 2010. The evapotranspiration reference was estimated by Penman-Monteith, based on meteorological data obtained by an automatic weather station. According to the results, the ETc was 224.4 mm, corresponding to an average of 3.8 mm day-1. The higher water demand was 5.5 mm day-1, obtained at the intermediate phenological stage. The Kc values were 0.39, 0.80, 1.14, 0.59 (Crimson Sweet), 0.35, 0.72, 1.20, 0.30 (Top gun) and 0.34, 0.58, 0.89, 0.55 (Shadow), for initial, growth, intermediate and final phases, respectively.
Associations between the expression of SCCA, MTA1, P16, Ki‑67 and the infection of high‑risk HPV in cervical lesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The application of detection technologies for human papillomavirus (HPV) has increased the resection rate for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early cervical cancer types. However, a large number of patients still present with advanced cervical cancer upon diagnosis. Therefore, to find a marker for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer, the present study investigated the expression profiles of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), tumor metastasis related factor-1 (MTA1), the multiple tumor suppressor gene P16, and the nucleus-associated antigen Ki-67 in cervical lesions, and evaluated the association between the four proteins and the infection of high-risk (HR)-HPV in cervical lesions. The rate of SCCA expression gradually increased with the progression of cervical lesions, but the increase in SCCA expression levels from low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was not significant (P=0.197). The positive rate of MTA1 expression gradually increased with the development of cervical lesions, but the increase from chronic cervicitis to LSIL was not significant (P=0.258). The positive rates of P16 and Ki-67 expression exhibited significant increasing trends with the progression of cervical lesions. The expression ratio of SCCA between HR-HPV infection and non-infection groups was not statistically significant (P=0.38), but the expression ratios of MTA1, P16 and Ki-67 between HR-HPV infection and non-infection groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that the expression of SCCA, MTA1, P16 and Ki-67 increased gradually with the severity of cervical lesions. In addition, there was a positive association between the expression levels of MTA1, P16 and Ki-67 and the infection of HR-HPV in cervical lesions. Therefore, SCCA, MTA1, P16 and Ki-67 may be used to enhance the diagnostic accuracy for cervical lesions.
The Orient in Chaucer and Medieval Romance

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The idea of the Orient is a major motif in Chaucer and medieval romance, and this new study reveals much about its use and significance, setting the literature in its historical context and thereby offering fresh new readings of a number of texts. The author begins by looking at Chaucer's and Gower's treatment of the legend of Constance, as told by the Man of Law, demonstrating that Chaucer's addition of a pattern of mercantile details highlights the commercial context of the eastern Mediterranean in which the heroine is placed; she goes on to show how Chaucer's portraits of Cleopatra and Dido from the 'Legend of Good Women', read against parallel texts, especially in Boccaccio, reveal them to be loci of medieval orientalism. She then examines Chaucer's inventive handling of details taken from Eastern sources and analogues in the 'Squire's Tale', showing how he shapes them into the western form of interlace. The author concludes by looking at two romances, 'Floris and Blauncheflur' and 'Le Bone Florence of Rome'; she argues that elements in Floris of sibling incest are legitimised into a quest for the beloved, and demonstrates that Le Bone Florence be related to analogous oriental tales about heroic women who remain steadfast in virtue against persecution and adversity. Professor CAROL F. HEFFERNAN teaches in the Department of English, Rutgers University.
Hunters' Willingness to Adopt and Support Biosecurity Actions to Prevent the Spread of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

These are the data published in Shapiro et al. "Engaging Stakeholders in Wildlife Disease Management: Hunters’ Willingness to Adopt and Support Biosecurity Actions to Prevent the Spread of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease" Conservation Science and Practice, published online on 12/22/22. Note: We uploaded the corrected dataset (Version 2) on 12/23/22. We found coding errors for the gender and age variables in the original data set (Version 1), which we corrected. The updated data set also contains a Case Number variable (which was randomly generated by SPSS) and the RHDV2 status of the state in which respondents resided at the time of the survey. This binary variable (0=no RHDV2; 1=RHDV2 cases) was calculated using people’s state, the date they took the survey, and the latest RHDV2 maps.
A KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF BACKWARD TUCKED SOMERSAULT DISMOUNT PERFORMED ON HIGH BAR BY ELITE AND NON-ELITE GYMNASTS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The backward tucked somersault dismount from the high bar, also known as a ‘fly-away’, is a basic gymnastic skill. While it is a common practice for gymnasts to practice high-difficulty dismounts upon stable execution of basic skills, there is little evidence to support this practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematic differences of the fly-away dismount performed by elite and non-elite gymnasts. Four elite gymnasts (18±3 y; 166.7±4.3 cm, 61.4±10.4 kg) and four non-elite gymnasts (10±1 y; 137±2 cm, 34.6±8.7 kg) volunteered for the study. The sagittal plane of the release action up to the peak of the flight and the landing were recorded by two cameras at 50Hz. Simi Motion was used to digitize 7 markers placed on the gymnast's body. The angular position of the release measured from the handstand, the flexion-extension angles of hip and knee joints at the instants of release and landing, the vertical peak of the flight and the horizontal distance of the hip from the bar at the peak of flight were analysed. The differences in the variables were rank-ordered and a Mann Whitney test was used to compare the ranks for the elite and non-elite gymnasts. The angles of hip and knee joints at the instant of release for the elite gymnasts (Hip=mdn (range)=142°(49); Knee=69°(61)) were different from the non-elite gymnasts (Hip=161°(54); Knee=109°(87)). Vertical and horizontal distances at the peak of the flight were different between elite (Vert Peak=1.4 m (0.8); Hor distance=1.7 m (0.9) and non-elite gymnasts (Vert Peak=0.7 m (0.9); Hor distance=1.2 m (0.3)). To improve the performance of the fly away dismount, non-elite gymnasts should focus on their ability to rotate in a full tucked position stressing flexion of hip and knee joints; and control the increased angular momentum. It is assumed that by employing these strategies, a double rotation fly-away will be mastered more quickly.
Infrared observation of Mira variables and their galactic distribution

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Since November 2003, we have monitored AGB candidates in infrared wavelengths with the Kagoshima 1m telescope. We present the latest results based on the data until June 2011. For each of 400 monitored AGB stars, we estimate the periods, amplitudes, and mean apparent magnitudes in K band. Based on the two color diagram we choose 259 objects as Miras. We use the period–luminosity relation to obtain distances to them. As results we show the 3 dimensional distribution of 259 Mira variables.
Specificitatea reglementării diferendelor in cadrul organizatiilor economice - The specificity of dispute settlement in economic organizations (Romanian Version)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is an approach to capturing the specificity of mechanisms for resolving economic disputes between states through international organizations designed to facilitate economic cooperation between them. International organizations are institutionalized forms of economic cooperation between states. Currently, in the conditions of the economic crisis generated by the COVID 19 pandemic, we believe that these mechanisms within the organizations but also of the bilateral treaties in the field will be more and more requested, their importance increasing exponentially. Against this background, some pre-existing differences (such as that between the US and China) are likely to worsen, with high-level political statements already being held about China’s accountability for the economic damage of the health crisis. (Author)
A Lightweight Wireless Overpressure Node based Efficient Monitoring for Shock Waves

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Overpressure measurement is an important approach to evaluate the power of shock wave (SW) monitoring. Traditional wired monitoring systems exhibit the limitations of high-cost, heavyweight, troublesome maintenance, and big-data transmission in SW monitoring. In this article, a new lightweight FPGA-based wireless overpressure node (LFWON) with the resistance to high-temperature and high-pressure environment for SW monitoring. The proposed LFWON is based on the Spartan-6 XC6SLX92TQG144C FPGA circuit, via a serial peripheral interface to the RF transceiver and data bus to the NAND flash chip for data management. To validate the LFWON, experimental tests in terms of dynamic parameters and network quality are performed in a real blast testing with 8-kg trinitrotoluene. This article is conducted to provide new insights into how the antishocking structure and sensing algorithm of wireless sensor node is designed in SW monitoring for acquiring overpressure accurately. The results show that the errors of ΔP(7 m-12 m), t d (>6 m), and I + (3 m-24 m) from proposed LFWON are below 20% in comparison with wired system. In addition, the RSSI value of LFWON should be set above -70 dBm for stable communication quality.
Prediction of soil organic matter by Kubelka-Munk based airborne hyperspectral moisture removal model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Obtaining high-precision soil organic matter (SOM) spatial distribution information is of great significance for applications such as precision agriculture. But in the current hyperspectral SOM inversion work, soil moisture greatly influences the representation of the sensitive information of SOM on the spectrum. Therefore, a Kubelka-Munk theory based spectral correction model for soil moisture removal is proposed to improve the spectral sensitivity of SOM. Firstly, the soil moisture content was obtained by the use of a Kubelka-Munk based physical soil moisture model and an unmixing method. Then, the spectral correction model for soil moisture removal was implemented based on the quantitative description of the Beer-Lambert law. The results show that the proposed spectral correction model for soil moisture removal can significantly enhance the expression of the sensitive spectral features of SOM, especially for the short-wave infrared range. After moisture removal, the imaging spectral data were used for inversion, using the sensitive band at 0.69 μm and a support vector machine regression (SVR) modeling method. The Kubelka-Munk moisture removal model for soil moisture removal can improve the accuracy of SOM inversion by at least 22% comparing with the 0.69 μm original spectral inversion model, with R2 of 0.42. Moreover, the proposed model can also improve the accuracy of SOM inversion by 19% for the SVR statistical regression method, with R2 of 0.69. Finally, the SOM distribution maps based on sensitive band model and SVR regression method were analyzed. Findings show that the two methods have high consistency, but the statistical method obtains better details of the SOM spatial distribution, due to its higher accuracy.