jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of low-silicon cast aluminium alloys with varying Mn contents

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The influences of Mn level (0–0.8 wt%) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and T6 heat-treated low-silicon cast aluminium alloys were investigated. The results indicated that the addition of 0.5% Mn completely transformed the needle-like β-Fe phase in as-cast condition into a small-sized π-Fe phase, and the π-Fe phase was fully dissolved after T6 heat treatment. The as-cast and T6 heat-treated alloys with 0.5% Mn achieved the best combination of strength and ductility. However, an excess addition of Mn reduced the mechanical properties due to the occurrence of coarse π-Fe phase (as-cast state), α-Al(Fe, Mn)Si phase (T6 heat-treated state) and eutectic Si. With the increase of Mn content from 0 to 0.8%, the fracture modes of the as-cast alloys changed from intergranular + cleavage fracture to intergranular + quasi-cleavage fracture; The fracture modes of the T6 heat-treated alloys underwent a transition from intergranular + cleavage fracture to quasi-cleavage fracture and then to intergranular + cleavage fracture.
Query Sense Discovery Approach to Realize the User's Search Intent

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The main goal of information retrieval is getting the most relevant documents to a user’s query. So, a search engine must not only understand the meaning of each keyword in the query but also their relative senses in the context of the query. Discovering the query meaning is a comprehensive and evolutionary process; the precise meaning of the query is established as developing the association between concepts. The meaning determination process is modeled by a dynamic system operating in the semantic space of WordNet. To capture the meaning of a user query, the original query is reformulating into candidate queries by combining the concepts and their synonyms. A semantic score characterizing the overall meaning of such queries is calculated, the one with the highest score was used to perform the search. The results confirm that the proposed "Query Sense Discovery" approach provides a significant improvement in several performance measures.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Inhibitor of Differentiation-1 Sustains Mutant <i>KRAS</i>-Driven Progression, Maintenance, and Metastasis of Lung Adenocarcinoma via Regulation of a FOSL1 Network

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>An Id1 gene signature is dependent of KEAP1-related genes and a FOSL1 network.</p>
The Limits of Liberal Internationalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter addresses how Fulbright’s views on race complicated American exchange programs with African nations in the 1960s. At the height of the civil rights movement, Presidents Kennedy and Johnson sought to improve relations with newly decolonized African nations, and Fulbright’s influence over exchange programs complicated that pursuit. Though Fulbright believed that boosting mutual understanding through exchange was the world’s best hope for creating and maintaining peace, he did not believe that all people—not least Africans—would be able to grasp the liberal, Western ideals he wished to spread. Though he was known as a racial moderate, his outlook on policy was hemmed in by the color line at home and abroad, a fact that constrained the US government’s African exchange programming. He preferred that the focus of exchange programs remain on Europe.
First-Principles\nInvestigation on Delithiation Mechanisms\nin a Li-Rich Monoclinic Li<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub> Cathode Material\nfor Li-Ion Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Li<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub> is\na promising cathode material for\nhigh-capacity Li-ion batteries. However, during cycling, migration\nof Mo to Li sites results in capacity fading. The present study analyzed\nstructural, electronic, electrochemical, and mechanical characteristics\nof ordered monoclinic <i>C</i>2/<i>m</i>-Li<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub> and found that this phase has improved electrochemical\nproperties compared to the rhombohedral <i>R</i>3̅<i>m</i> phase. Nudged elastic band calculations showed that Mo\nmigration to the Li site is less probable in <i>C</i>2/<i>m</i>-Li<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub>. The charge and chemical\nbonding analyses during delithiation showed Mo<sup>4+</sup>/Mo<sup>6+</sup> oxidation and partial oxygen oxidation, but no spontaneous\noxygen release occurred. The voltage profile calculated using the\nSCAN + <i>U</i> method exhibits high voltage, and partial\nW substitution at Mo sites suppresses intralayer Mo migration to the\nLi site and improves the voltage characteristics. These findings suggest\nthat monoclinic Li<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub> is a potential cathode\nmaterial for high-capacity Li-ion batteries with reduced Mo migration\nand maintained Mo<sup>4+</sup>/Mo<sup>6+</sup> oxidation and oxygen\nstability. Moreover, partial W substitution at Mo sites further enhances\nthe electrochemical properties of <i>C</i>2/<i>m</i>-Li<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub>.
ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION SOFTWARE TOOL

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to present an accident reconstruction software tool, developed by INRETS (France), to make the best possible use of an In-deth Accident Survey, which includes high quality data collection for each driving system component. The accident scenario is recreated in both space and time, starting from the final vehicle positions, and then analyzing in turn post-crash, crash and pre-crash phases. It is then possible to carry out investigative work on the emergency manoeuvres which should have been performed. The basic version of ANAC works on PC and enables graphic animation of accident reconstructions and simulations seen from above. An extended version developed on workstations enables three-dimensional digital images. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 880121.
Supplementary Table 1.pdfCross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in the Americas: contrasting patterns between alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Table 1. List of CoV sequences used in this study. Genbank accession numbers, host species, country, isolation date, host family, CoV genus, and RdRp sequence length are indicated for 128 alphaCoV sequences, 17 betaCoV sequences, and 66 additional reference sequences.
Supplementary Table 2. List of Cyt b sequences used for inferring bat phylogenies. Bat species and Genbank accession numbers for representative sequences of 22 (alphaCoV) and 7 (beta CoV) hosts are shown.
Wolbachia infection in wild mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for transmission modes and host-endosymbiont associations in Singapore

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterial endosymbiont found in most insect lineages. In mosquitoes, the endosymbiont’s influence on host reproduction and arboviral transmission has spurred numerous studies aimed at using Wolbachia-infection as a vector control technique. However, there are several knowledge gaps in the literature and little is known about natural Wolbachia infection across species, transmission modes as well as the associations between various Wolbachia lineages and their hosts. This study aims to address these by exploring mosquito-Wolbachia associations and their evolutionary implications.Methods: We conducted tissue-specific PCR screening for Wolbachia infection in the leg, gut and reproductive tissues of wild mosquitoes from Singapore using the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) molecular marker. Mosquito-Wolbachia associations were explored using three methods – a tanglegram, distance-based, and event-based method, and inferred instances of vertical transmission and host shifts.Results: Adult mosquitoes (271 specimens) representing 14 genera and 40 species were screened for Wolbachia. Overall, 21 species (51.2%) were found positive for Wolbachia, including Aedes (5 species) and Culex (5 species). Seven out of the 21 infected species were not previously reported: Aedes nr. fumidus, Aedes annandaelei, Uranotaenia obscura, Uranotaenia trilineata, Verrallina butleri, Verrallina sp., and Zeugnomyia gracilis. Wolbachia was predominantly detected in the reproductive tissues, an indication of vertical transmission. Despite this, Wolbachia infection rates vary widely within a mosquito host species. There is no clear signal of co-phylogeny between the mosquito hosts and the twelve putative Wolbachia strains observed in this study. Host shift events were also observed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mosquito-Wolbachia relationship is complex and that a combination of transmission modes and multiple evolutionary events likely explain the distribution of Wolbachia diversity observed across mosquito hosts. This has implications towards understanding Wolbachia’s diversity, ecology, and utility as a biocontrol method.
8. Mosquito-borne diseases in the livestock industry

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Mosquito bites may result in increased stress and pain, which reduces livestock fitness, weight gain, and animal welfare. Furthermore, mosquito feeding may also result in pathogen transmission between livestock reservoirs (epizootics) and incidentally humans (zoonotic diseases). Not all mosquito species are disease vectors and not all individuals within a species will become infected post exposure and these important differences between mosquito genera and species are discussed. The epidemiology (hosts, environment, pathogen, and mosquito vectors) of most significant and frequent pathogens are explained, with particular emphasis on the viruses Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and the equine encephalitis (Western equine, Eastern equine, and Venezuelan equine). Increased globalization and anthropogenic landscape modification has resulted in widespread emergence and re-emergence of pathogens in old and new habitats. Furthermore, viral adaptation and global climate change will place more animal and human populations at risk of these pathogens.
Effects of p‐Type Nickel Oxide Semiconductor and Gold Bilayer on Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cell

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we report a new hole‐collecting interlayer ( HCI ) comprising NiO /Au/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT : PSS ) for poly(3‐hexylthiophene) ( P3HT ) and phenyl‐ C61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester ( PCBM )‐based polymer solar cells ( PSCs ). The insertion of a bilayer of NiO /Au between indium tin oxide ( ITO ) and PEDOT : PSS improves the photocurrent generation of the PSCs . The NiO layer provides an intermediate step energy level between ITO and PEDOT : PSS , leading to enhanced hole collection. The ultrathin Au induces a surface plasmon resonance effect, allowing more photons to be absorbed by the photoactive layer and improving the hole‐collecting properties by planarizing and doping the NiO . The PSCs with the NiO /Au/ PEDOT : PSS HCIs yield a power‐conversion efficiency of 3.9 ± 0.2%, which is approximately 15% higher than that of PSCs with a PEDOT : PSS ‐only HCI , under a simulated air mass 1.5 global (G) 100 mW /cm 2 illumination.
2nd International Conference on Agricultural and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Conference Summary Report

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In a globalized era driven by booming economies and technological advancements, poverty, inequality, and unemployment ironically persist and remain as critical challenges faced by many societies today, particularly in Southeast Asia. These issues link closely with the state of the agriculture sector. Key agricultural development concepts such as inclusive and sustainable growth, rural development, sustainable agricultural growth, and effective natural resource management are seen as important pillars in addressing poverty especially in the rural areas. However, even in these identified areas of development, gaps, difficulties, and challenges still exist. This sparked a great need to establish an avenue which would foster in-depth and fruitful discussion of these issues and gather experts from different fields, disciplines, and areas of expertise to engage in an exchange of knowledge and solutions toward developing holistic and systematic ways of addressing the challenges concerning the agriculture sector. This was the goal of the 2nd International Conference on Agricultural and Rural Development in Southeast Asia (ARD2014). This year's conference focused on the theme Strengthening Resilience, Equity, and Integration in ASEAN Food and Agriculture Systems. The two-day meeting included plenary presentations, parallel sessions, and a partners' forum including renowned speakers and experts in the agriculture sector and representatives from the different ASEAN countries. Each discussion comprehensively elaborated the three main themes of the conference, namely, resilience, equity, and integration. Discussions throughout the conference associated resilience with the concept of sustainability, particularly the resilience of food and agricultural systems, which currently bear the brunt of rapid urbanization and social transformation, resource and environmental degradation, and heightened competition with regional and global integration of markets. On the second theme, participants linked equity closely with "inclusive growth" or "inclusive development" that provides for extensive and equal access to opportunities to all stakeholders, particularly the marginalized, in agricultural and rural development. On the other hand, integration widens the perspective of agricultural development by calling for private companies, governments, and other countries in the ASEAN region to support and participate toward stronger regional political and economic coordination and cooperation. The conference served as a prolific platform for sharing and discussing innovative ideas, best practices, and lessons learned along these main themes and its subthemes on food security and safety; institutions and governance; and regional cooperation and integration. It contributed toward healthy academic discourse for conceiving policies, programs, and initiatives addressing important and emerging issues impinging on sustainability and poverty reduction.
Addressing the Use of AI by EU Tax Authorities: Towards a Common Framework of Taxpayer Protection

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The implementation of AI in tax administration is transforming the structure of tax audits, raising potential conflicts with the principles of EU law. This article explores how the automation of tax audits intersects with data protection law, requiring tax authorities to adhere to the provisions of the GDPR and, specifically, respect the rights and obligations related to automated decision-making. Building on this perspective, the authors elaborate on a two-rule framework that is meant to extend the provisions of the GDPR to individual tax proceedings, enhancing the safeguards of taxpayer protection in the field of automated tax audits.
Transnational Fordism. Ford Motor Company, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union in the Interwar Years

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This historical dissertation investigates the international proliferation of Fordism in politically illiberal settings during the 1920s and 1930s. Based on American, German, and Soviet primary sources, it is the first archive-based study of this process. The dissertation's main finding is that the implementation of Ford's ideas and practices was a key component of illiberal modernization drives - that is, projects of state-led economic growth which explicitly fashioned themselves as alternatives to Western liberal capitalism. This point of view is a departure from previous accounts of the global success of Fordism, which subsume the story under the spread of American market capitalism or portray it as a process of quasi-self-explanatory technology transfer. It is also distinct from the well-known approach in history and the social sciences that describes Fordism as a specifically capitalist production regime (in distinction to a later post-Fordism). The argument pursued here requires a re-interpretation of Ford Motor Company's position within the American corporate arena of the 1920s and 1930s. Undertaken in the opening chapter, this re-examination characterizes the production practice of Ford Motor Company as an illiberal strategic alternative to the American business mainstream. Subsequent chapters trace the reception of Ford's political and business writings abroad, reconstruct the Nazi and Soviet motorization effort in the wake of Ford's model, and examine the transfer of Ford's mass production techniques to Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. The empirical results show that motorization and productive efficiency, both associated with Ford's innovations, became hallmarks of illiberal modernization efforts in these countries. The dissertation highlights the importance of non-market motivations for economic actors and policy-makers. It introduces the term illiberal modernism to describe the motivating power of ideology on economic practice during the interwar years.
Improving long-term retention: promoting distributed practice in an introductory economics course

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper reports on a classroom experiment that tested whether increased use of a pedagogical approach known as distributed practice can lead to enhanced long-term retention of material covered in an Introduction to Economics course. In a distributed practice approach, students are encouraged to learn course material over a longer period of time and to keep coming back to the same material more than once. This contrasts with more traditional pedagogical approaches that effectively encourage students to cram for exams in a short space of time. Students in a class that made more frequent use of comprehensive exams across a semester, and students in a class that employed a more traditional assessment structure, re-took an exam on core economic concepts one year after the end of semester to test their long-term retention of these concepts. Results from this experiment indicate a positive correlation between post-semester test scores and participation in the section that used more frequent comprehensive exams, controlling for parental education, the taking of other economics courses, original course grade, and other relevant variables. These results suggest the effectiveness of the high-frequency assessment strategy and the associated distributed practice approach to learning. Implications for future work are also considered.
From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History Get access George M. Fredrickson George M. Fredrickson Edgar E. Robinson Professor of United States history Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 82, Issue 2, September 1995, Pages 587–604, https://doi.org/10.2307/2082188 Published: 01 September 1995
Resistance heating using electrically conductive cements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Steel fibre (8 μm diameter, 0·72 vol.%)-reinforced cement was found to be effective for resistance heating. A DC electrical power input of 5·6 W (7·1 V, 0·79 A) resulted in a maximum temperature of 60°C (initial temperature = 19°C) and a time of 6 min to reach half the maximum temperature. Efficiency of energy conversion increased with time of heating, reaching 100% after 50 min. The heat power output per unit area was 750 W/m2 for steel fibre cement, compared with 340 W/m2 for a metal wire with the same resistance. The use of carbon fibres or graphite particles in place of steel fibres resulted in less effective heating, due to the higher resistivity.
Computational algorithms for multiphase magnetohydrodynamics and applications to accelerator targets

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An interface-tracking numerical algorithm for the simulation of magnetohydrodynamic multiphase / free surface flows in the low-magnetic-Reynolds-number approximation of (Samulyak R., Du J., Glimm J., Xu Z., J. Comp. Phys., 2007, 226, 1532) is described. The algorithm has been implemented in multi-physics code FronTier and used for the simulation of MHD processes in liquids and weakly ionized plasmas. In this paper, numerical simulations of a liquid mercury jet entering strong and nonuniform magnetic field and interacting with a powerful proton pulse have been performed and compared with experiments. Such a mercury jet is a prototype of the proposed Muon Collider / Neutrino Factory, a future particle accelerator. Simulations demonstrate the elliptic distortion of the mercury jet as it enters the magnetic solenoid at a small angle to the magnetic axis, jet-surface instabilities (filamentation) induced by the interaction with proton pulses, and the stabilizing effect of the magnetic field.
Bending Constant of Straight Beam with the Same Cross Section on Linear-Deforming Soil Medium

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper a new method of calculation about bending constant of beam on an elastic foundation is set up, it is based on elastic theory and can be caltulated by the microcomputer. This formula have practical significance to solve the closed framework on soil foundation. It is more than one modified item to relate to correspondent fomula of general beam and its numerical value is dependent on the characteristics of soil as well as inflexibitity of beam. This formula show to be not equal in T to Z and in T＇ to Z＇ due to the influence of the reaction of the foundation, but principle to be equal to each other at work is still tenable.
Long Term Shoreline Change and Future Forecast Due to Climate Change in Five Japanese Beaches

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigates long term shoreline changes of Japanese five beaches and estimates effect of sea level rise due to future climate change on beaches. The long term shoreline changes were investigated at Sendai, Niigata, Kashiwazaki, Kochi, and Miyazaki using old maps. In all those areas, notable erosion occurred from 1950 to 1990 and shoreline change tended to be stable after 1990. The future forecasts estimated shoreline changes using Bruun rule for SRES A1B scenario considered about wave heights and subsidence, in addition to sea level rise. The results were shoreline retreat over 10 m in five beaches. Shoreline retreat over 10 m will cause harmful impacts on the coastal management in the future.
Numerical treatment of diffusional phase transformation through fully implicit control volume method

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

AbstractAbstractSolid state, diffusion controlled phase transformation kinetics with a moving boundary has been quantified using a fully implicit, fixed grid, finite difference method based on the control volume approach. In a departure from the usual modeling techniques for phase change problems, the region undergoing phase change has also been considered as a control volume. A new equation for the interface flux balance has been obtained that minimises the mass balance error that normally plagues the numerical solution of moving boundary problems. The model has been validated with the calculated phase thickness based on binary equilibrium diagram and available experimental data in the literature for the Cu–Zn system and a good match has been obtained. The results obtained by the present formulation are compared with those obtained from the other models. In addition to the improved accuracy of the prediction because of elimination of the mass balance error, the proposed method has the usual advantages of a fully implicit scheme.Keywords: DIFFUSIONMOVING BOUNDARYALLOYSMODELLINGCONTROL VOLUME