jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Jordanian Students’ Barriers of Utilizing Online Learning: A Survey Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims at finding out the main barriers preventing students in Jordan from using online learning from their perspective. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was developed and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were checked. A simple random sampling was used forming a sample of 400 students. The results indicate that the online learning infrastructure is an immense barrier that obstructs the utilization of online learning in Jerash University. Also, there are statistically significant differences in the barriers that faced students while they are using online learning based on gender and studying year variables in favor of female and students of first year respectively. Moreover, the results of the study revealed that there is an interaction between gender and teaching year variables. Finally, in light of the results, the study recommended that additional efforts from decision makers and teachers should be taken into consideration for the sake of online learning process improvement.
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Zosterophylls and Lycopsids: Evidence from Morphology, Paleoecology, and Cladistic Methods of Inference

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Zosterophylls have been considered the probable ancestors of lycopsids since the establishment of the group in 1968 by Banks. Both share the characters of exarch protosteles and reniform sporangia, and it is argued that characters separating the two, e.g., microphylls and leaf-associated sporangia, could easily be derived by modification of zosterophyll emergences and sporangial position. Recently, different opinions concerning the derivation of lycopsid features have been proposed and an earlier time of occurrence of lycopsids has been suggested (...)
Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We reviewed our experience with 69 patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater admitted to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, from October 1983 to October 1990. Of the 69 patients, 66 were explored and 55 underwent resection (83 percent resectability). The median length of survival for the 55 patients who underwent resection was 51 months, compared with eight months for the 14 patients who did not undergo resection (p = 0.000004). Of the variables evaluated, only resectability was a statistically significant predictor of survival. Positive lymph nodes in 17 of 55 patients who underwent resection were not predictive of long term survival.
Crystal structure of the phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate-binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of tandem PH-domain-containing protein 1 (TAPP1): molecular basis of lipid specificity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and its immediate breakdown product PtdIns(3,4)P2 function as second messengers in growth factor- and insulin-induced signalling pathways. One of the ways that these 3-phosphoinositides are known to regulate downstream signalling events is by attracting proteins that possess specific PtdIns-binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domains to the plasma membrane. Many of these proteins, such as protein kinase B, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and the dual adaptor for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides (DAPP1) interact with both PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 with similar affinity. Recently, a new PH-domain-containing protein, termed tandem PH-domain-containing protein (TAPP) 1, was described which is the first protein reported to bind PtdIns(3,4)P2 specifically. Here we describe the crystal structure of the PtdIns(3,4)P2-binding PH domain of TAPP1 at 1.4 Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm) resolution in complex with an ordered citrate molecule. The structure is similar to the known structure of the PH domain of DAPP1 around the D-3 and D-4 inositol-phosphate-binding sites. However, a glycine residue adjacent to the D-5 inositol-phosphate-binding site in DAPP1 is substituted for a larger alanine residue in TAPP1, which also induces a conformational change in the neighbouring residues. We show that mutation of this glycine to alanine in DAPP1 converts DAPP1 into a TAPP1-like PH domain that only interacts with PtdIns(3,4)P2, whereas the alanine to glycine mutation in TAPP1 permits the TAPP1 PH domain to interact with PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
Jupiter's Enigmatic Ionosphere: Electron Density Profiles From the Pioneer, Voyager, and Galileo Radio Occultation Experiments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Radio occultation experiments on the Pioneer and Voyager missions obtained the first seven electron density profiles N e ( h ) of Jupiter's ionosphere. We use the five complete N e ( h ) observations to assess patterns and processes linked to photo‐chemical‐equilibrium (PCE) theory, modeled previously to be the domain below ∼1,000 km. We find that the N e ( h ) profiles are highly structured and identification of the maximum electron density and its height do not follow PCE expectations for layers produced by the Sun's soft X‐rays and extreme ultraviolet. Pre‐dawn profiles often show larger electron densities than dusk‐side profiles, inconsistent with simple chemical decay throughout nighttime. We examined total electron content (TEC) values, defined as N e ( h ) integrated up to a 3,500 km height, and found statistically significant TEC correlations (correlation coefficient ∼0.85) with solar fluxes over solar cycle time scales. The subsequent set of 25 N e ( h ) profiles obtained during the Galileo mission confirmed all of the variability patterns found by Pioneer and Voyager. Most notable was a weaker solar cycle pattern for TEC. Yet, different solar cycle characteristics during the three missions cannot explain their different values for TEC. Average N e ( h ) profiles from the early missions (P10‐11; V1‐2) revealed a three‐layer system that was confirmed by average Galileo results. Models using faster electron‐ion recombination caused by vibrationally excited H 2 converting atomic ions to molecular ions could lead to enhanced removal of plasma near ∼1,000 km, and thus the topside layer formation that often appears at ∼1,500 km, while XUV radiation likely produces the two lower layers in the PCE domain.
THE SIZE AND TREND OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY OF GHANA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the actual size and trend of the shadow economy in Ghana using the Multiple Indicator and Multiple Causes model. Results from the study show that direct tax rate, the size of government, unemployment rate, GDP per capita and total tax rates are the main causes of the shadow economy. An increase in direct taxes by a unit leads to an increase in the shadow economy by 0.4 units. Growth in the size of government by a unit leads to an increase in shadow economic activities by 0.48 units. A percentage point increase in unemployment leads to an increase in the shadow economy by 0.18 units. It declines by 0.006 units in the case of GDP per capita. The actual size of the shadow economy in Ghana stands around 32% of total economic activities in 2013.
Pharaonic Circumcision Under Patriarchy and Breast Augmentation Under Phallocentric Capitalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, the author discusses the similarities and differences between Pharaonic circumcision and reinfibulation and breast augmentation under systems of male dominance and female subordination. Despite the medical problems associated with each, women choose to be reinfibulated or have breast implants. There are systemic reasons associated with male dominance—in the case of reinfibulation, patriarchy and polygamy, and in the case of breast augmentation, institutional interests and phallocentrism—that impinge on women's “choice” of these procedures.
Comorbidity between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes in adult twins

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim : To examine the relationship between chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and type 2 diabetes in adult twins. Methods : Questionnaire data on chronic bronchitis and hospital data on diagnosed COPD on 13,649 twins, 50-71 years of age, from the Danish Twin Registry, were cross-linked with hospital discharge diagnosis data on type 2 diabetes from the Danish National Patient Registry. Results : The risk of type 2 diabetes was higher in subjects with symptoms of chronic bronchitis compared with subjects without symptoms of chronic bronchitis (3.5 vs. 2.3%), OR=1.53 (1.09 - 2.15), p=0.013; and in subjects with diagnosed COPD compared with subjects without diagnosed COPD (6.6 vs. 2.3%), OR=2.97 (1.95-4.53), p=0.000. The results were significant after adjusting for age, sex, and smoking. Correlations between genetic effects on chronic bronchitis and type 2 diabetes; and between genetic effects on diagnosed COPD and type 2 diabetes, respectively, were 0.25 (0.00-0.59), p=0.130 and 0.35 (0.00-0.72), p=0.134. Conclusions : Patients with chronic bronchitis and COPD have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes independently of sex, age, and smoking. Furthermore, comorbidity between these diseases seemed not to be explained by shared genetic factors. The increased risk of type 2 diabetes must be accommodated in the management of patients with chronic bronchitis and COPD.
Why Target the “Good Guys”? The Determinants of Terrorism Against NGOs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Why would a terrorist group target nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)? We theorize that certain types of NGOs, namely those using mainly nonviolent pressure to advocate for changes in government human rights practices, influence the behaviors of potential terrorist group supporters in ways not liked by terrorist organizations. These advocacy-based human rights NGOs make terrorism attacks against the whole NGO sector more likely by changing the dynamics of terrorist-domestic audience relations in ways that threaten to limit audience support of terrorist groups. Other types of NGOs, especially those that do not have an advocacy focus, are less likely to directly challenge the terrorist organization or the state and can provide resources utilized by terrorist groups and potential sympathizers. Thus, their presence would not increase the likelihood of any NGO-targeted terrorist attacks. A global test of these dynamics supports our basic hypotheses.
Detection and Partial Purification of a Natural Heparin Inhibitor from Hog Small Intestine

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary A natural occurring heparin inhibitor was detected and was partially purified from the mucosa of hog small intestine. The mucosa was homogenized and was extracted overnight in 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M imidazole, 0.001 M EDTA, pH 6.5. When the extract was made to 85% saturation in ammonium sulfate, a large quantity of heparin neutralizing activity was detected in the precipitate. Each small intestine contains approximately 35,000 units of heparin neutralizing activity. This heparin inhibitor was further purified by the procedures of zinc sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ethanol precipitation and heparin-sepharose chromatography. A 37 fold partial purification with 15% overall recovery was achieved to yield heparin inhibitor with specific activity of 50-65 units per mg of protein.
Leukoreduced red blood cell: storage-related complement regulatory proteins and CD47

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Despite progress in red blood cell (RBC) storage, storage lesions still occur, which lead to complement activation and removal of RBCs from circulation. The aim of this study was to assess the surface concentration of complement regulatory proteins, as well as CD47, on leukoreduced RBCs collected on the atreus device and stored in sodium–adenine–glucose–mannitol medium for 42 days.Materials and methods We studied the surface expression of leukoreduced RBC C3d, CD35, CD55, CD59, and CD47 using flow cytometry on weekly intervals from day 1 to day 42 of storage.Results We observed a nonsignificant increase of surface C3d levels (P=0.146) and a decrease in CD47 overall storage time (P=0.196). There was a significant decrease demonstrated in CD35 (P=0.025), and a strong significant decrease in CD55 in their expression over storage time (P=0.000). Last, a nonsignificant alteration of CD59 was observed (P=0.353).Conclusion The study of atreus-processed leukoreduced RBC units stored in sodium–adenine–glucose–mannitol medium for surface expression of complement regulatory proteins showed its inhibition until toward the end of storage time, and also showed a good preservation of CD47, which was thought to be important in transfused RBC survival. However, more research is potentially needed in areas of complement evaluation during component processing.
Analysis on net present value of joint ventures investment using diminishing musyarakah model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Nowdays, joint ventures have grown tremendously between companies all over the world. Joint venture is a partnership between two or more parties that contribute equity of investment to manage a project. The sharing of profit and loss in joint ventures describes the application of diminishing musyarakah principle in investment according to Islamic scholars. The application of diminishing musyarakah can help Muslims to avoid transactions that are based on riba since it is based on syariah principle. Diminishing musyarakah can be defined as an arrangement of agreement whereby the capital provider allows entrepreneurs to buy its equity by installments where the profit and loss will be shared on an agreed ratio. The objective of this paper is to determine the net present value for diminishing musyarakah model in calculating the investment performance by joint venture. It is found that the diminishing musyarakah model can be adapted in determining the investment performance for joint venture using net present value. Thus, this paper may encourage the joint venture company to use diminishing musyarakah concept in managing their investment performance.
Study on Drug Resistance in Aeromonas veronii Isolated from Different Fish

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

To detect the drug resistance genotype and phenotype produced by Aeromonas veronii isolated from different fish.PCR method was used to detect the aminoglycoside antibiotics resistance genes(aac(3)-Ⅱa,aac(6′)-Ⅰb,ant(3″)-Ⅰa,aph(3′)-Ⅱa),sulfonamides resistance genes(Sul1,Sul2,Sul3) and tetracyclines resistance genes(tetA,tetC,tetM) in isolates.The drug susceptibility to seven Aeromonas veronii strains toward 22 kinds of antibiotics were performed with Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.The results showed that the detected resistance genes were aac(3)-Ⅱa(71.4%),aac(6′)-Ⅰb(85.7%),Sul2(85.7%) and tetA(28.5%),while the other resistant genes of ant(3″)-Ⅰa,aph(3′)-Ⅱa,Sul1,Sul3,tetC and tetM were not checked out.The seven Aeromonas veronii isolates were sensitive to Fosfomycin(100%),Polymyxin B(100%),Furazolidone(85.7%) and Ofloxacin(71.4%).They were resistant to Ampicillin(100%),Acetylspiramycin(100%),Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole(85.7%),Sulfisoxazole(85.7%) and Tetracycline(85.7%).Drug resistance genotype had some correlation with the drug resistance phenotype.
Effects of Spaced – Learning and Blended Learning Strategies on Academic Performance of Ekiti State Students in Mathematics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the effects of spaced-learning and blended learning strategies on academic performance of Ekiti State students in mathematics in order to find out the probable best learning strategy and interactive effects of gender and location. The sample of the study was 107 Senior Secondary Schools II, Mathematics students selected from six local government areas in Ekiti State using multi stage sampling technique. Quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. Achievement Test in Mathematics (ATM) was used to collect data. The students in the three groups were homogeneous at the commencement of the study. The data collected in this study were subjected to Analysis of Variance, Multiple Classification Analysis and Scheffe Post-hoc analysis at α = 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that students in the spaced learning group performed better than those in blended learning and conventional groups while students in blended learning group performed better than their counterparts in the conventional group. Also, there were no interactive effects of gender on academic performance of students exposed to spaced-learning, blended learning and Conventional strategies of teaching Mathematics. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that mathematics teachers should adopt spaced-learning and blended learning strategies as effective learning strategies in order to improve student’s performance in Mathematics. Keywords: Mathematics, Senior Secondary Schools, Spaced learning, Blended learning, Conventional and Academic performance,
The effectiveness of suggestive techniques to improve sleep is enhanced by combining with sound stimulus based on binaural beats

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective. To test the hypothesis of the difference between 3 means of sleep latency (SL) during falling asleep: accompanied by audio stimulus embedded with binaural beats (BB); after listening to suggestive body relaxation instructions; accompanied by audio stimulus embedded with BB after listening to suggestive body relaxation instructions (that is the combination of 1 and 2). Material and methods. For the purpose of the study, a special Android application was developed and installed on the subjects’ individual smartphones. The application assumed screen tapping test to control for fall-asleep process. The data of 63 subjects presented with the 3 types of sound stimuli mentioned above in a counterbalanced scheme were analyzed. Results. Statistical analysis confirmed the initial hypothesis about the dependence of LS on the type of sound stimulus (p<0.05). Pairwise SL comparison showed reliable difference between stimuli (3) — 1149±113 s, and (1) — 1469±89 s (p<0.01). SL for the stimulus (2) had an intermediate value of 1269±112 s (difference from (1) at a trend level). Conclusion. The use of background sound embedded with BBs enhances the effect of suggestive instructions to improve sleep. But it is the suggestion as a psychotherapeutic technique that is determinant.
Severe and regionally-widespread increases in tissue urea in the human brain represent a novel finding of pathogenic potential in Parkinson’s disease dementia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Widespread elevations in brain urea have, in recent years, been reported in certain types of age-related dementia, notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Urea increases in these diseases are substantive, and approximate in magnitude to levels present in uraemic encephalopathy. In AD and HD, elevated urea levels occur across the entire brain, and not only in regions heavily affected by neurodegeneration. However, measurements of brain urea have not hitherto been reported in Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), a condition defined by changes in thinking and behaviour in someone with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, which shares neuropathological and symptomatic overlap with both AD and HD. This study aims to address this gap in the current knowledge of PDD.Methods: Here we report measurements of tissue urea from nine neuropathologically-confirmed regions of the brain in PDD and post-mortem-delay-matched controls, in regions that included the cerebellum, motor cortex, sensory cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, middle temporal gyrus, medulla oblongata, cingulate gyrus, and pons, by applying ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Case-control differences were determined using multiple t-tests followed by correction with 10% false discovery rate.Results: We found urea concentrations to be substantively elevated in all nine regions, the average increase being 3-4-fold. Urea concentrations were remarkably consistent across regions in both cases and controls, with no clear distinction between regions heavily affected by neuronal loss in PDD compared to less severely affected areas. These urea elevations mirror those found in uraemic encephalopathy, where equivalent levels are generally considered to be pathogenic. These urea elevations also reflect those previously reported in AD and HD. Conclusions: Increased urea is a widespread metabolic perturbation in brain metabolism common to PDD, AD, and HD, at levels equal to those seen in uremic encephalopathy. This presents a novel pathogenic mechanism in PDD, which is shared with two other neurodegenerative diseases.
Getting under way: the first phase of implementing the 2007-2013 programmes, review of programme developments: Autumn 2007 – Spring 2008

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The approval of the National Strategic Reference Frameworks (NSRF) and nearly all Operational Programmes (OP) by the end of 2007 started the implementation process in earnest across the EU Member States. Among IQ-Net partners, the first phase has been spent on awareness-raising activities and programme launch events. Most partners have also managed to get project generation under way. The early results suggest (generally) high levels of awareness and high demand for funds, although challenges remain, not least in terms of generating quality projects. Commitments and payments remain limited, mainly due to the need finalise management and control systems. However, most partners are optimistic with regard to n+2 and financial absorption. Other administrative challenges relate to monitoring arrangements, institutional changes and partnership management. Efforts are also being made to ensure coordination with other programmes, such as those under the Territorial Cooperation Objective, or in other closely linked policy fields, such as rural development and R&D. While the main focus has been on the 2007-13 period, the closure of the 2000-06 programmes continue to require attention, not least due to the approaching deadlines for final payments. Other operational issues include audit and control, as well as EU-level developments such as the ex post evaluation, which collectively ensure that the old programme period remains on the administrative agenda.
Compounding Fields and Their Quantum Equations in the Sedenion Space

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The sedenion compounding fields and their quantum interplays can be presented by analogy with the octonionic electromagnetic, gravitational, strong and weak interactions. In sedenion fields which are associated with electromagnetic, gravitational, strong and weak interactions, the study deduces some conclusions of field source particles and intermediate particles which are consistent with current electro-weak theory. In the sedenion fields which are associated with the hyper-strong and strong-weak fields, the paper draws some predicts and conclusions of the field source particles and intermediate particles. The researches results show that there may exist some new field source particles in the sedenion compounding fields.