jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Taxation and labor supply decisions: impact of the earned income tax credit in Italy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose The earned income tax credit – so-called “monthly 80 euros bonus” – introduced in Italy in 2014, has been characterized by a rapid phase-out area for budget-constraints reasons, leading to very high effective marginal tax rates. The aim of our analysis is to empirically investigate whether this policy design has effectively determined a reduction of the intensive margin of the labor supply of employees. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is based on the longitudinal electronic database of Personal Income Tax returns from 2011 to 2017 assembled by the Department of Finance of the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance. The timing and the structure of the reform allow us to exploit the “Regression Discontinuity in Time” (RDiT) framework using the before/after with the discontinuous policy change. Findings Despite a close to 100% effective marginal tax rate for a substantial income range, a unique feature among EU and OECD countries, we found that the tax credit design had no negative effect on changes of the labor effort in Italy, challenging the economic theory but confirming previous empirical evidence. We identify the following explanations of this result: the unawareness of the workers of their effective marginal tax rate, caused by the complexity of the tax system, the limited ability of workers to actually decide their labor effort and the fact that labor supply also responds to anticipated future wage changes. Originality/value First, this is the first paper that applies the RDiT approach to measure the impact of the EITC policy, as previous studies applied difference-in-differences. Second, in previous empirical studies analyzing the effects of EITC on labor effort, the taxpayers’ behavioral response is observed where the EMTRs are around 50% or lower. Our application tests, in a quasi-natural experiment, an extremely high EMTR, reaching 96%, and has the added advantage of being based on the entire dataset of dependent employees. Third, our paper also specifically contributes to the literature on EITCs in Italy and their impact on the labor market.
Quantitative exploration of arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization in Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó in Kashmir Himalaya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mycorrhizae, exclusively associated with orchids, play a crucial role in plant growth, competitive interactions and pathogen protection. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization rate in Dactylorhiza hatagirea at three sites in Kashmir Himalaya: Gulmarg, Sonamarg, and Pahalgam. Additionally, it examines soil parameters such as temperature, precipitation, pH, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. The root tips were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm. Samples were stored in sterilized polythene bags, refrigerated at 4±1 °C. Our results showed a significant variation in mycorrhizal colonization across three sites, with Pahalgam showing the highest at 78%, followed by Gulmarg at 73%, and Sonamarg at 57%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed 69.5% of the variation in environmental and soil variables. Positive correlations were observed among pH, nitrogen, potassium, and organic carbon, whereas phosphorus was negatively correlated with potassium and nitrogen. Gulmarg and Pahalgam were similar in soil characteristics, while Sonamarg exhibited distinct differences. Phosphorus positively correlated with Sonamarg but negatively with Pahalgam and Gulmarg, while other soil parameters showed opposite trends. The study emphasizes the significance of AMF colonization in understanding and enhancing plant-microbe interactions in terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting its role in nutrient cycling and the assimilation of essential elements like phosphorus and nitrogen.
Facilitation strategies to improve the use of evidence in integrated stroke care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Research evidence has identified practices across the care continuum which can improve the chronic condition of stroke; however, challenges remain to implementing this evidence.The two research projects presented evaluated whether facilitation can increase evidence-informed stroke care. Theory:The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework was used to design and evaluate the facilitation strategies.Methods: Project one evaluated the effect of a knowledge network, centralised around a knowledge broker, on increasing the awareness and application of evidence across the health care system.Project two used an interactive workshop to help family practitioners contextualise best practice recommendations for the secondary prevention of stroke.The research projects were conducted in primarily rural areas of Canada, and used mixed methods for evaluation. Results and Conclusions:The results indicate that the knowledge brokerynetwork intervention effectively increased the awareness of evidence, and stimulated improvements in stroke care through increased communication networks.The workshop increased practitioner knowledge and support for health system changes necessary for integrated stroke care.The evaluation identified healthsystem barriers which affect implementation.Discussion: These findings identify the need and methods for improving communication, which if implemented can reduce health system barriers to improving integrated stroke care.
Criteria for User Interface Design in Performance Evaluation and Guidelines of Medical Mobile Apps for Beginner Developers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study created a performance evaluation form specifically designed to assess user interfaces in medical apps, with a focus on educational and preventive aspects. Developed in collaboration with a diverse group of usability and design experts, the form was structured around heuristic principles and rigorously refined using content accuracy evaluations and consistency index analyses. This meticulous process resulted in a comprehensive 145-question tool that successfully met rigorous evaluation standards. Emphasizing the necessity of early integration of user interface considerations in the development process, this tool is crucial for enhancing app usability and quality. It provides immense value to novice developers by addressing common design challenges such as disorganized layouts and privacy concerns, ensuring that mobile applications are not only user-friendly but also highly effective in interactive design scenarios. This approach facilitates the development of apps that are optimally designed for user engagement and functional precision in medical contexts.
A methodology for private transportation planning assessment: GETRAM environment, an application to Barcelona's metropolitan area

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Traffic assignment models based on the user equilibrium approach are one of the most widely used tools in transportation planning analysis. Based on Wardrop’s, principle as a behavioral principle modeling the route choice process, they lead to a nice mathematical model for which there are efficient algorithms that provide solutions in terms of the expected flows on network links. Resulting flows offer a static average view of the expected use of the road infrastructure under the modeling hypothesis. This information has usually been enough for the planning decisions. However, the evolution of advanced technologies and their application to modern traffic management systems require in most cases a dynamic view complementing the static estimates provided by the assignment tools. The planned infrastructure is probably sufficient for average demand, but time-varying traffic flows, i.e. at peak periods, combined with the influence of road geometry, can produce undesired congestion that can not be forecasted or analysed with the static tools. There is a clear case for a change in the analysis methodology such as combination of a well known traffic assignment tool, the EMME/2 model, with a microscopic traffic simulator, the AIMSUN2 (Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non-urban Networks) which this paper proposes.
A Comparison of Structure Determination of Small Organic Molecules by 3D Electron Diffraction at Cryogenic and Room Temperature

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

3D electron diffraction (3D ED), also known as micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED), is a rapid, accurate, and robust method for structure determination of submicron-sized crystals. 3D ED has mainly been applied in material science until 2013, when MicroED was developed for studying macromolecular crystals. MicroED was considered as a cryo-electron microscopy method, as MicroED data collection is usually carried out in cryogenic conditions. As a result, some researchers may consider that 3D ED/MicroED data collection on crystals of small organic molecules can only be performed in cryogenic conditions. In this work, we determined the structure for sucrose and azobenzene tetracarboxylic acid (H4ABTC). The structure of H4ABTC is the first crystal structure ever reported for this molecule. We compared data quality and structure accuracy among datasets collected under cryogenic conditions and room temperature. With the improvement in data quality by data merging, it is possible to reveal hydrogen atom positions in small organic molecule structures under both temperature conditions. The experimental results showed that, if the sample is stable in the vacuum environment of a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the data quality of datasets collected under room temperature is at least as good as data collected under cryogenic conditions according to various indicators (resolution, I/σ(I), CC1/2 (%), R1, Rint, ADRA).
Small Molecular, Macromolecular, and Cellular Chloramines React with Thiocyanate To Give the Human Defense Factor Hypothiocyanite

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Thiocyanate reacts noncatalytically with myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl to produce hypothiocyanite (OSCN<sup>−</sup>), thereby potentially limiting the propensity of HOCl to inflict host tissue damage that can lead to inflammatory diseases. However, the efficiency with which SCN<sup>−</sup> captures HOCl <i>in vivo</i> depends on the concentration of SCN<sup>−</sup> relative to other chemical targets. In blood plasma, where the concentration of SCN<sup>−</sup> is relatively low, proteins may be the principal initial targets of HOCl, and chloramines are a significant product. Chloramines eventually decompose to irreversibly damage proteins. In the present study, we demonstrate that SCN<sup>−</sup> reacts efficiently with chloramines in small molecules, in proteins, and in <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells to give OSCN<sup>−</sup> and the parent amine. Remarkably, OSCN<sup>−</sup> reacts faster than SCN<sup>−</sup> with chloramines. These reactions of SCN<sup>−</sup> and OSCN<sup>−</sup> with chloramines may repair some of the damage that is inflicted on protein amines by HOCl. Our observations are further evidence for the importance of secondary reactions during the redox cascades that are associated with oxidative stress by hypohalous acids.
Holography and irrelevant operators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We explore the holographic proposal involving spacetimes with linear dilaton asymptotics in three dimensions from a gravity perspective. The holographic dual shares some properties with a symmetric product conformal field theory deformed by a single-trace analogue of the $T\overline{T}$ deformation. We present solutions of ten-dimensional supergravity which interpolate from BTZ black holes in the interior to either a linear dilaton spacetime near infinity, or to flat space. This allows a precise identification of field theory parameters with gravity parameters. The solutions manifestly exhibit the square root structure that is characteristic of $T\overline{T}$-deformed conformal field theories. We compute the mass of the spacetimes using the covariant phase space formalism and find agreement with the square root formula for the case of black holes without spin. We also discuss whether closed string tachyons might play a role when the deformation parameter becomes too large and the vacuum becomes unstable.
A New Approach for Handling Uncertainty of Expert Judgments in Complex Decision Problems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Decision-making in complex real-world scenarios requires careful analysis to manage conflicting criteria and optimize outcomes. Many decision support systems leverage expert knowledge to increase the quality of recommendations. However, relying solely on expert judgment can introduce biases and inaccuracies. Subjective criteria weighting methods attempt to quantify the importance of criteria, but often ignore the uncertainty associated with expert judgment. Their results are presented as a single vector of weights, which may not precisely reflect the actual problem. Highlights the information gap in current methodologies. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a novel approach that considers the partial or complete order of the criteria provided by experts to generate multiple weight vectors for the criteria. Enhances the robustness and reliability of decision recommendations by exploring possible weight distributions and examining decision variants in different scenarios. The proposed approach is compared with existing subjective weighting methods through illustrative examples and practical applications, demonstrating its efficacy in handling uncertainties and incomplete knowledge. The study fills a crucial information gap in decision support methodologies, offering a comprehensive approach to criteria weighting that improves decision-making outcomes in multi-criteria problems.
Coupled tensorial form for atomic relativistic two-particle operator given in second quantization representation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract General formulas of the two-electron operator representing either atomic or effective interactions are given in a coupled tensorial form in relativistic approximation. The alternatives of using uncoupled, coupled and antisymmetric two-electron wave functions in constructing coupled tensorial form of the operator are studied. The second quantization technique is used. The considered operator acts in the space of states of open-subshell atoms.
Root distribution characteristics of Salix psammophyla and Caragana Korshinskii in Mu Us sandy land

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper covers the researches about the root distribution characters of Salix psammophyla and Caragana Korshinskii in Mu Us sandy land.Research showed:Both Salix psammophyla and Caragana Korshinskii are taproot type plants,and Salix psammophyla has more developed lateral root.For a three-year-old Salix psammophyla,the horizontal range of root system can reach a radius of 160cm,and mainly in 40cm which can account for 78.73%;The root of Caragana Korshinskii is mainly 60cm in radius,and which account for 78.58%.Root of Salix psammophyla is mainly less than 60cm in depth,and for Caragana Korshinskii,there is a mass of root in 30-90 cm soil layer.
ASSESSING THE HEALTH OF PINUS RADIATA PLANTATIONS USING REMOTE SENSING DATA AND DECISION TREE ANALYSIS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Forest health monitoring is essential to sustainable management of Pinus radiata D. Don plantations. Conventional survey techniques such as aerial sketch mapping are qualitative and subjective, their effectiveness depending on the skill of the surveyor. In contrast, digital remote sensing has the potential to provide quantitative and objective data on the location, extent, and severity of crown damage at a range of spatial scales. Decision tree analysis can incorporate both categorical and continuous data and is inherently non-parametric. Decision trees were used to model the crown condition of P. radiata plantations in southern New South Wales in three situations involving discoloured leaves, stunted crowns, and transparent crowns associated respectively with the Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx fungus, nitrogen deficiency, and the pine aphid Essigella californica Essig. Spectral indices and fraction images derived from linear spectral mixture analyses of remote sensing scenes were used to classify crowns into either two or three condition classes. The best performing model was obtained for D. pinea with a two-class classification of crown discoloration (overall accuracy [OA] 92%; Kappa 83%). The three-class model of crown transparency from
weight loss pills Does It Really Work?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Revive Keto For seriously overweight people that have neglected to get results from diet and exercise alone, weight reduction medical procedure has become the most secure and best methods for accomplishing critical weight reduction. Indeed, considers have shown that with diet and exercise alone, almost 95% of hefty patients will restore all the shed pounds inside 5 years. Then again, long haul achievement rates for weight reduction medical procedure - including the LAP-BAND system - are strikingly high, permitting patients to keep a deficiency of between 50-70% of their overabundance body weight. Despite the fact that there are numerous variables that can affect an individual patient&#39;s weight reduction achievement, weight reduction medical procedure is basically the best long haul weight reduction and sound way of life answer for seriously large patients.&nbsp;\n\n\nStudies show that most patients that go through weight reduction medical procedure will lose between 50-70% of their abundance body weight inside the initial three years following their methodology. Those that go through gastric detour a medical procedure will lose overabundance body weight more quickly in the initial a year than those that pick LAP-BAND a medical procedure. In any case, gastric detour patients regularly experience a more prominent number of difficulties and results than LAP-BAND patients, as the LAP-BAND strategy takes into consideration more progressive and normal long haul weight reduction.
Angular dependence of static and kinetic friction on alkali halide surfaces

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The angular dependence of the lateral forces acting on an atomically sharp tip slowly pulled by an elastic spring along a crystal surface with square symmetry is investigated in the framework of a separable two-dimensional tip-surface interaction potential. In the stick-slip regime kinetic friction is proportional to $(\text{cos}\text{ }\ensuremath{\varphi}+|\text{sin}\text{ }\ensuremath{\varphi}|)$, $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ being the angle between the scan direction and a particular symmetry axis. For a high enough normal force, static friction is proportional to $1/\text{cos}\text{ }\ensuremath{\varphi}$, whereas for intermediate loads it shows a $\ensuremath{\varphi}$-dependent spread of possible values. Continuous sliding with ultralow friction sets in below a load-dependent corrugation amplitude. Numerical simulations help interpret those analytic results in terms of the zigzag motion of a friction force microscope tip sliding on the (001) surface of a rocksalt crystal. The influence of the offset between the start of a scan and the center of the corresponding unit cell, in particular, for scans along $⟨100⟩$ directions is also elucidated. The predicted ratio of kinetic friction along the $⟨100⟩$ and $⟨110⟩$ directions agrees best with values measured on alkali halides with similar cation and anion radii. This ratio, as well as the angular dependence of the static friction may be used to determine fine details of the lateral tip-sample interaction.
A Syntax for Defining, Communicating, and Implementing Video Decoder Function and Structure

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fully configurable video coding is a novel approach to video compression in which a video decoder can be dynamically constructed based on a decoder description. This paper presents a new syntax for describing video decoder functionality and structure, namely, the decoder description syntax (DDS). The DDS is a platform-independent syntax that can define all aspects of a video decoder in terms of basic processing instructions. A DDS description of a video decoder may be coded and transmitted, and then executed by a generic processing platform, a “universal video decoder (UVD).” Any new or modified video decoding function may be described, communicated, and instantiated using the DDS, which makes it possible to rapidly implement new coding algorithms, to dynamically adapt the coding algorithm to suit the video data, and to efficiently implement multiple coding formats on one platform. We present examples of video decoding functions implemented in the DDS and show how these may be executed on a UVD. We demonstrate that flexible configuration, re-configuration, and decoding of video can be achieved using a real-time prototype UVD with functions transmitted and instantiated on-the-fly using the DDS.
Visualization of Fluoride Ions In Vivo Using a Gadolinium(III)-Coumarin Complex-Based Fluorescence/MRI Dual-Modal Probe

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new Gadolinium(III)–coumarin complex, DO3A-Gd-CA, was designed and prepared as a dual-modal probe for simultaneous fluorescence and relaxivity responses to fluoride ions (F−) in aqueous media and mice. DO3A-Gd-CA was designed by using Gd(III) center as an MRI signal output unit and fluoride binding site, and the 4-(diethylamino)-coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (CA) as a fluorescence reporter. Upon the addition of fluoride ions to the solution of DO3A-Gd-CA, the liberation of the coordinated CA ligand led to a 5.7-fold fluorescence enhancement and a 75% increase in the longitudinal relaxivity (r1). The fluorescent detection limit for fluoride ions was determined to be 8 μM based on a 3σ/slope. The desirable features of the proposed DO3A-Gd-CA, such as high sensitivity and specificity, reliability at physiological pH and low cytotoxicity enable its application in visualization of fluoride ion in mice. The successful in vivo imaging indicates that DO3A-Gd-CA could be potentially used in biomedical diagnosis fields.
MgATP-Dependent Activation by Phosphoenolpyruvate of the E187A Mutant of Escherichia coli Phosphofructokinase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Using enzymatic assays and steady-state fluorescence emission, we performed a linkage analysis of the three-ligand interaction of fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and MgATP on E187A mutant Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase (PFK). PEP allosterically inhibits Fru-6-P binding to E. coli PFK. The magnitude of antagonism is 90-fold in the absence and 60-fold in the presence of a saturating concentration of MgATP [Johnson, J. J., and Reinhart, G. D. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 12814-12822]. Substituting an alanine for the glutamate at position 187, located in the allosteric site (i.e., mutant E187A), activates Fru-6-P binding and inhibits the maximal rate of enzyme turnover [Lau, F. T.-K., and Fersht, A. R. (1987) Nature 326, 811-812]. The allosteric action of PEP appears to depend on the presence of the cosubstrate MgATP. In the presence of a saturating concentration of MgATP, PEP enhances the binding of Fru-6-P to the enzyme by a modest 2-fold. Decreasing the concentration of MgATP mitigates the extent of activation. At MgATP concentrations approaching 25 microM, PEP becomes insensitive to the binding of Fru-6-P. At MgATP concentrations < 25 microM, PEP "crosses over" and becomes antagonistic toward substrate binding. The present study examines the role of Glu 187 at the allosteric site in the binding of Fru-6-P and offers a more complex explanation of the mechanism than that described by traditional allosteric mechanistic models.