jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
<title>Deposition of PZT thin films by pulsed laser ablation for MEMS application</title>

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Deposition of PZT with UV laser ablation for realization of thin film sensors and actuators. Deposition rate of more than 3 micron/hour was attained by pulsed KrF excimer laser deposition, which is fairly better than those obtained by other methods like sputtering and sol-gel process. Perovskite phase was obtained at room temperature deposition with fast atom beam (FAB) treatment and annealing. Cohesion between substrate and PZT were also improved with FAB irradiation during deposition. Smart MEMS is now a subject of interest in the field of micro optical device, micro pump, AFM cantilever devices etc. It can be fabricated by deposition of PZT thin films and micromachining. The reported thin films have been mostly prepared by sol-gel process and sputtering process. However PZT film of more than 1 micron thickness is difficult to obtain because of low deposition rate for sputtering process. However PZT film of more than 1 micron thickness is difficult to obtain because of low deposition rate for sputtering and accumulated thermal stress in sol-gel process. This is the reason why we applied excimer laser ablation for thin film deposition. Deposition was done in an ultra high vacuum chamber with 6 targets and a 3 inches wafer size substrate which can be heated up to 1273 K. Targets and substrate were rotated during deposition for improvement of thickness uniformity of deposited layer. Effects of deposition parameters such as LASER wave length, power density and radiation conditions were investigated on deposition rate and film properties. Effect of annealing was also investigated with XRD analysis. Relative dielectric constant is measured for thin films, and the micromachined cantilever beams were fabricated for measuring the deflection of the beams.
SULFAPYRIDINE IN THE TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The results of the use of 2-(para-aminobenzenesulfonamido) pyridine, officially known as sulfapyridine, in animal experiments and the favorable effects obtained with it in the treatment of pneumonic infections in human beings warrant a trial of this drug with infants and children under carefully controlled conditions. Furthermore, whenever possible the results of such a study should be subjected to statistical analysis. For this purpose we have employed the methods of Fisher1because they appeared to be the most appropriate for the analysis of a small series.2Both the value and the possible harmful effects of sulfapyridine must be determined as soon as possible so that physicians may know how widely it should be used. No attempt will be made to review the literature on this subject, since adequate reviews are available.3 In a study of any treatment of pneumonia in children the low case fatality rate makes it
The Lungs Are Not a Lonely Island—A Current View on Respiratory Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studies investigating the mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of respiratory diseases conducted in recent years but also the state-of-the-art and increasingly sophisticated technologies that successfully allow us to gain an insight into the structure of the lungs and the microcosm of cells and tissues have become a driving force for the key changes in contemporary opinions on the processes which eventually shape the clinical picture and complaints that prompt the patient to seek a pulmonologist consultation [...]
Longitudinal associations between time-varying insomnia symptoms and all-cause healthcare services utilization among middle-aged and older adults in the US

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

This study examines longitudinal associations between time-varying insomnia symptoms (including difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early-morning awakenings, and nonrestorative sleep) and all-cause healthcare services utilization (HSU; overnight hospital stays, nursing home stays, and home healthcare services) among middle-aged and older adults. Data were obtained from 2002 through 2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study in the US for a population-representative sample of 13,168 adults (aged ≥50 years; mean [SD] age= 66.8±9.4; females= 57.7%; ≥2 comorbid medical conditions= 52.5%). A marginal structural modeling approach and generalized estimating equations were implemented to capture time-varying biological, psycho-cognitive, lifestyle, or behavioral health factors and to adjust for selection bias due to differential loss to follow-up. At baseline, 38.9% of respondents reported experiencing at least one insomnia symptom. During the 16-year follow-up, 72.9%, 17.9%, and 35.1% reported overnight hospital stays, nursing home stays, and home healthcare services utilization, respectively. Higher numbers of insomnia symptoms on a cumulative scale were associated with more overnight hospital stays, nursing home stays, and home healthcare services utilization. Further, experiencing each of difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, and nonrestorative sleep, as standalone symptoms, was associated with a higher likelihood of HSU compared to those not experiencing any of these symptoms. Independent associations of early-morning awakening with nursing home stays and home healthcare utilization were not significant. The results emphasize the roles of screening and addressing symptoms of insomnia among middle-aged and older adults or those prone to sleep disorders to reduce avoidable HSU. Future investigations should focus on the underlying causes and health systems pathways linking insomnia symptoms to HSU.
A discrete time neural network model with spiking neurons II. Dynamics with noise

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We provide rigorous and exact results characterizing the statistics of spike trains in a network of leaky integrate and fire neurons, where time is discrete and where neurons are submitted to noise, without restriction on the synaptic weights. We show the existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure of Gibbs type and discuss its properties. We also discuss Markovian approximations and relate them to the approaches currently used in computational neuroscience to analyse experimental spike trains statistics.
Table5_Programmed Cell Death: Complex Regulatory Networks in Cardiovascular Disease.DOCX

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Abnormalities in programmed cell death (PCD) signaling cascades can be observed in the development and progression of various cardiovascular diseases, such as apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cell death associated with autophagy. Aberrant activation of PCD pathways is a common feature leading to excessive cardiac remodeling and heart failure, involved in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, timely activation of PCD remodels cardiac structure and function after injury in a spatially or temporally restricted manner and corrects cardiac development similarly. As many cardiovascular diseases exhibit abnormalities in PCD pathways, drugs that can inhibit or modulate PCD may be critical in future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we briefly describe the process of various types of PCD and their roles in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the interplay between different cell death signaling cascades and summarize pharmaceutical agents targeting key players in cell death signaling pathways that have progressed to clinical trials. Ultimately a better understanding of PCD involved in cardiovascular diseases may lead to new avenues for therapy.</p>
Decoding the complex internal chemical structure of garnet porphyroblasts from the Zermatt area, Western Alps

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Garnet is a prototypical mineral in metamorphic rocks because it commonly preserves chemical and textural features that can be used for untangling its metamorphic development. Large garnet porphyroblasts may show extremely complex internal structures as a result of a polycyclic growth history, deformation, and modification of growth structures by intra‐ and intercrystalline diffusion. The complex internal structure of garnet porphyroblasts from garnet–phengite schists (GPS) of the Zermatt area (Western Alps) has been successfully decoded. The centimetre‐sized garnet porphyroblasts are composed of granulite facies garnet fragments overgrown by a younger generation of grossular‐rich eclogite facies garnet. The early granulite facies garnet (G‐Grt) formed from low‐ P , high‐ T metamorphism during a pre‐Alpine orogenic event. The late garnet (E‐Grt) is typical of high‐pressure, low‐temperature (HPLT) metamorphism and can be related to Alpine subduction of the schists. Thus, the garnet of the GPS are polycyclic (polymetamorphic). G‐Grt formation occurred at ~670 MPa and 780°C, E‐Grt formed at ~1.7 GPa and 530°C. The G‐Grt is relatively rich in Prp and poor in Grs, while E‐Grt is rich in Grs and poor in Prp. The Alm content (mol.%) of G‐Grt is 68 of E‐Grt 55. After formation of E‐Grt between and around fragmented G‐Grt at 530°C, the GPS have been further subducted and reached a maximum temperature of 580°C before exhumation started. Garnet composition profiles indicate that the initially very sharp contacts between the granulite facies fragments of G‐Grt and fracture seals of HPLT garnet (E‐Grt) have been modified by cation diffusion. The profiles suggest that Ca did not exchange at the scale of 1 µm, whereas Fe and Mg did efficiently diffuse at the derived maximum temperature of 580°C for the GPS at the scale of 7–8 µm. The Grt–Grt diffusion profiles resulted from spending c. 10 Ma at 530–580°C along the P–T–t path. The measured Grt composition profiles are consistent with diffusivities of log D MgFe = −25.8 m 2 /s from modelled diffusion profiles. Mg loss by diffusion from G‐Grt is compensated by Fe gain by diffusion from E‐Grt to maintain charge balance. This leads to a distinctive Fe concentration profile typical of uphill diffusion.
2107-LB: The Impact of Obesity Phenotypes and Short-Term Dynamic Transitions on Diabetes Risk in Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Populations—A Longitudinal Study Based on the CHARLS Cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction and Objective: To examine the longitudinal effects of baseline obesity phenotypes and their transitions on diabetes risk in Chinese adults aged ≥45 years, with a particular focus on the role of abdominal obesity in normal-weight individuals. Methods: Based on data from the CHARLS cohort, this study included 4,543 non-underweight participants free of diabetes at both baseline and the 3-year follow-up. According to Chinese BMI and abdominal obesity criteria, baseline phenotypes were categorized into: NW-NAO (normal weight/non-AO), HB-NAO (high BMI/non-AO), NW-AO (normal weight/AO), and HB-AO (high BMI/AO). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the associations of baseline phenotypes and their trajectories from baseline to the second year with incident diabetes risk after the third year, adjusting for confounders including age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: During a median follow-up of 8.42 years, 737 incident diabetes cases were recorded. Compared with the NW-NAO group, the baseline HB-NAO, NW-AO, and HB-AO groups exhibited higher risks with HR 1.44(1.08,1.91), HR 1.65(1.29,2.12), and HR 1.73(1.43,2.09), respectively. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that the HB-NAO group maintaining status, transitioning to NW-AO through waist circumference gain, or progressing to HB-AO had 58%, 3.3-fold, and 68% elevated risks, respectively. The NW-AO group persisting with abdominal obesity or developing HB-AO via BMI increase showed 106% and 61% increased risks, respectively. The HB-AO group maintaining the phenotype had a 91% higher risk. No protective effects were observed with 2-year phenotype improvements. Conclusion: Abdominal obesity independently predicts diabetes risk, even in normal-weight individuals. Sustained or aggravated obesity phenotypes amplify diabetes susceptibility, whereas short-term improvements fail to mitigate risks. Disclosure Y. Liu: None. J. Zhang: None. S. Gao: None. M. Han: None. L. Zhang: None. X. Jia: None. M. Xie: None. T. Wang: None. H. Zhu: None. M. Li: None. Z. Song: None.
Do stock markets move in tandem after significant events? an investigation of the 9/11 event.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Linkages and efficiencies between markets with which innovations are transmitted are analysed. Adopting the generalized approach to forecast error variance decomposition and impulse response, markets are found to be informationally efficient and move in tandem in times of crises. Transient “herding effect” in the Asian and Middle Eastern countries exists.
HIV INFECTION AMONG WOMEN OF PRIMORSKY REGION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this report is to analyse the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics and also obstetrical history in women with newly diagnosed HIV infection according to the Centre for the AIDS. The results of the study revealed a tendency to increase the number of women with HIV infection, which is associated with a high rate of heterosexual transmission rate and the high number of women who use drugs. Furthermore, there is an increase in the proportion of births among pregnant women with HIV infection, resulting in the need for chemoprophylaxis of perinatal transmission of HIV. From 2012 to 2014 has been a clear trend to increase the number of women who received chemoprophylaxis in full.
The study of ovulatory pattern following use of clomiphene citrate and anastrozole in infertile women with ovulatory dysfunction: A comparative study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine an efficacy of Anastrozole compared with clomiphene citrate to induce follicular growth and ovulation in infertile women with ovulatory dysfunction. Study Design: Comparative prospective study setting: The study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at AVBRH, Sawangi, Wardha. Patient(s): The study comprised a total of 100 infertile women (cycles) with ovulatory dysfunction. Intervention(s): Patient received anastrozole (1 mg /d;50 patient , 87 cycles) and CC (50 mg /d ;50 patient, 74 cycles) for 5 days , starting on day3 of mense. Result(s): In 1st treatment cycle the ovulation rates for anastrozole at 1 mg was 32% (n=50) ,compared with 54% (n=50) for Clomiphene citrate at 50 mg/d. in up to 3 cycles of treatment, cumulative ovulation rate was 59.4% with CC and 43.6% with anastrozole. Conclusion(s): CC 50 mg exerts a stronger stimulatory effect on follicular growth compared with 1 mg of anastrozole . Anastrozole was associated with significantly fewer mature and growing follicle and thicker endometrium.
An evaluation of Employee Commitment of Part-Time Faculty (PTF) in Hong Kong’s Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Economic crises in recent years have exposed the presence of a large number of poorly educated workers who can barely meet the needs of Hong Kong’s knowledge-based economy. In response, in April 2002 the HKSAR Government set up a HK$5 billion Continuing Education Fund to encourage and subsidize those who want to improve themselves through continuing education. This policy presents unprecedented opportunities for continuing professional development (CPD) course providers. To grasp these opportunities, they must act quickly to develop program mixes that match the education needs of potential students and demonstrate excellence in teaching quality by recruiting and retaining well-qualified faculty. As the majority of the courses are designed for those who seek to improve themselves after work, most of the courses are extramural courses conducted by part-time faculty (PTF). Recruitment of PTF raises an employee commitment problem which might affect their performance in teaching and also subsequently the effectiveness of those part-time courses. In addition, the various backgrounds of PTF also might affect the effectiveness of delivering of those CPD courses. So the objectives of this study are to examine the extent of employee commitment of those part-time staff and also the relations of their background towards the employee commitment. A quantitative study was used by applying Wang’s (2004) five-component commitment model to test employee commitment of PTF in Hong Kong. An online questionnaire was used to collect sample data from a population of PTF working at the 450 registered CPD course providers in Hong Kong. The data were analyzed and tested by means of factor analysis, correlation tests and structural equation modeling (SEM). Based on the data collected from 270 respondents, the study suggests that Wang’s five-component model is better than other models for explaining employee commitment in Hong Kong’s CPD industry. All five components of employee commitment of PTF and demographic variables were concluded to have no association with passive continuance commitment, but have varying levels of influences on different components of employee commitment.
Translational control and the escape from translational arrest in stumpy form Trypanosoma brucei

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The transmission of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African \ntrypanosomiasis, depends upon the development in the bloodstream of 'stumpy \nforms' from non-transmissible 'slender forms'. In stumpy forms many mRNAs are \ndownregulated and translation is generally repressed. However, a small subset of \ngenes escape this repression and are upregulated, presumably as an adaptation for \ntransmission. To understand the basic of this, regulatory sequences within the 3'UTR \nof a major stumpy-enriched transcript (an ESAG9 gene) have been characterised. \nThis identified a signal responsible for gene silencing in slender forms and gene \nactivation when cells develop to stumpy forms. \nAn investigation was made of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) as a \nmechanism for the control of stumpy form gene expression. No evidence was found \nof uORF control, but one gene investigated was found to produce two transcripts \nthrough trans-splicing at different sites. These transcripts, which were found to \nexhibit some differential abundance between life-cycle stages, would generate a long \nand short form (from an internal ATG) of the encoded protein. Both are predicted to \ncontain a UBA/TS-N (ubiquitin associated) domain, however, the longer form of the \nprotein is also predicted to contain a transmembrane helix and cleavable signal \npeptide, suggesting a different localisation. However, ectopic expression of either \nprotein form with a Ty epitope tag resulted in the same protein localisation. \nAdditionally, the transcripts of two translational protein homologues, TbeIF4E4 and \nTbeIF6, were identified as upregulated in stumpy forms. Radiolabelled-methionine \nexperiments and polysome analysis showed that overexpression or RNAi-mediated \nablation of TbeIF6 resulted in a decrease in protein synthesis and decrease in \ntranslation. Unlike its archaeal homologue, TbeIF6 protein was not induced by coldshock \ntreatment. \nFinally, to identify which transcripts escape translational repression in stumpy forms \nan analysis was made of polysome-associated transcripts by RNA-sequencing. This \nidentified potentially interesting genes for further investigation, and showed that \nmany procyclic-enriched transcripts were also enriched in stumpy form polysomeassociated \nRNA, confirming these cells as preadapted for transmission. Together, \nthis work has characterised a 3’UTR regulatory element in a stumpy-enriched \ntranscript, examined alternative trans-splicing of another transcript, investigated two \ntranslational protein homologues and identified transcripts that escape translational \nrepression in the transmissible life-cycle stage of T. brucei.
The receptor for advanced glycation end products is dispensable in a mouse model of oral and esophageal carcinogenesis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aberrant expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands, such as S100/Calgranulins, has been demonstrated in squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. However, the question whether RAGE signaling is causally linked with neoplastic transformation of keratinocytes in mucosal epithelia has not been addressed so far. We used the well-established mouse model of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) induced tumorigenesis to investigate tumor development in control and RAGE-deficient (Rage(-/-)) animals. Although 4-NQO induced lesions of the tongue and the esophagus showed strong induction of the RAGE ligands S100a8 and S100a9, we did not observe any significant difference in tumor incidence or multiplicity between control and Rage(-/-) mice. Furthermore, detailed analysis of tumor sections by histological and immunohistochemical staining revealed no difference in either the size or histological architecture of dysplastic lesions, tumor cell proliferation, or the number of inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we detected induced transcript and protein levels of the Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) in 4-NQO induced lesions, suggesting that signaling via the S100-Tlr4 axis may compensate for the lack of RAGE in early stages of tumor development. Our data demonstrate that RAGE is dispensable in the onset of genotoxic induced oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and provide evidence for an alternative pathway of S100-Calgranulin signaling via Tlr4.
Creative Engagement: Embodied Metaphor, the Affective Brain, and Meaningful Learning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT In this commentary, I build on recent interdisciplinary models for embodied cognition with additional perspectives from affective neuroscience, educational psychology, creativity theory, and science education. I invoke William James and John Dewey, pioneers of an embodied philosophy of mind, alongside recent affective neuroscience theory about the role of bodily emotional response in learning. I present educational implications of the need for meaning making through body–mind and affective interaction with a social learning environment. I reformulate the problem of learner engagement in school to look beyond the need for autonomy, belonging, and competency to include the need for creative meaning making in learner engagement. To provide context, I explore the experience of adolescent students using a drama‐based pedagogical tool to learn an abstract science concept. This example illustrates how embodied, creative learning rich with metaphor shapes meaning making in science learning. I conclude by elaborating further on a proposed model of creative engagement.
Upgrading Value Chains through Farm Advisory

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The article discusses the benefits of an integrated farm advisory program on sheep farms, focusing on improving their economic performance. The program involves a team of experts providing advice on animal nutrition and farm management, and conducting a thorough techno-economic analysis before and after recommendations. The economic impact is assessed using a partial budget tool. Results show increased yields, decreased production costs, and increased gross value added. The program requires a cohesive group of experts, trusting relationships between farmers and consultants, and funding. Implementing this program on a large scale can upgrade the relevant value chain.