jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effects of acute oxidative stress on the expression, localization and activity of cell death regulatory protein BNIP3

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

BNIP3 is a BCL2 family member that promotes cell death or survival depending on expression level and localization. During hypoxia BNIP3 levels increase and localize to mitochondria, inducing autophagic cell death. Although hypoxic regions are common in solid tumors, BNIP3 expression in these cells promotes cell survival and more aggressive disease. ROS may play a role in regulating cellular response to hypoxia and is known to induce autophagy. However, BNIP3’s role in regulating oxidative stress-induced cell death is unknown and the focus of this study. Effects of hydrogen peroxide exposure on expression, localization and function of BNIP3 were explored using HEK293, U87 and MEF cells. BNIP3 expression and colocalization with mitochondria increased after treatment, along with cell death. However, knockdown of BNIP3 provided minor protection, suggesting that BNIP3 is not required for cell death induced by acute oxidative stress. Overall, BNIP3 may regulate oxidative stress-induced cell death in some cells.
Genetics in sarcoidosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Purpose of review Epidemiological and clinical observations as well as familial clustering support the existence of a genetic predisposition to sarcoidosis. In this article, we review the most recent findings in genetics of sarcoidosis and discuss how the identification of risk alleles may help advancing our understanding of disease etiology and development. Recent findings Genetic studies of sarcoidosis phenotypes have identified novel and ancestry-specific associations. Gene-environment interaction studies highlighted the importance of integrating genetic information when assessing the relationship between sarcoidosis and environmental exposures. A case-control-family study revealed that the heritability of sarcoidosis is only 49%, suggesting the existence of additional important contributors to disease risk. The application of whole-exome sequencing has identified associations with disease activity and prognosis. Finally, gene expression studies of circulating immune cells have identified shared and unique pathways between sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Summary Sarcoidosis genetic research has led to the identification of a number of associations with both sarcoidoses per se and disease phenotypes. Newer sequencing technologies are likely to increase the number of genetic variants associated with sarcoidosis. However, studying phenotypically and ethnically homogeneous patient subsets remains critically important regardless of the genetic approach used.
Queer Curations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Considers the ways that Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and other gender and sexual non-conforming subjects may be represented in exhibitions, as well as how the display form itself can be rearticulated or “queered” to allow for more dynamic subject positions for such people, including how contemporary curators may learn from responses to the AIDS crisis (Lax), a transnational and highly personal installation series that features lesbian oral narratives (Hallberg and Karlsson Rixon), and a critical history of the VIVA Museum, the first queer institution of its kind in Los Angeles (Hernandez).
Dynamics of food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa : Implications for consumption patterns and farmers’ position in food supply chains

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper looks into the dynamics in the food system in SSA countries, describing developments in drivers of the food system, analysing food consumption patterns in selected SSA countries, investigating the pace of change of the regional food retail formats and the impacts it has on how local production is connected to modern food retailers. More specifically, the research objectives are to: Depict the trends in population growth, urbanisation rates, income growth and the food-system environment as drivers of change in dietary patterns; Investigate the trends in food consumption patterns in a range of SSA countries, with attention to differences between urban and rural consumption trends; Illustrate the changing food retail and provisioning system in the SSA region with examples and data from selected countries; Analyse the effects of modernising food systems on small farmers’ position in local and regional supply chains and explore whether dynamics in the SSA food retail structure and consumption patterns have had implications for food import dependency in certain countries in the region.
Reaping the benefits of reflexive research and practice in early childhood mathematics education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter provides a synthesis of previous chapters, highlighting the connections between research and the professional practice of observing children, writing vignettes and analysing them in terms of Bishop's fundamental activities. In exploring the issues raised throughout the chapters, we argue for the importance of reflexive praxis as educators engage with, listen to, and respond to young children's early mathematical activities. The chapter concludes with a range of possible ways to continue research and praxis conversations around appropriate methods and methodologies for supporting early childhood mathematics teaching and learning.
Half-Uncial Scripts. A Way of Presenting Texts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper treats half-uncial as a minuscule script. It documents the use of passages written in half-uncial in uncial manuscripts, investigates which texts were copied in half-uncial, and suggests that half-uncial was the elementary script first mastered by most scribes in the Early Middle Ages. Scribes then went on to write in a range of different scripts, often combining them in a hierarchy in the same manuscript, but a minuscule script had clear advantages.
Pathology of Spinal Cord in Leprosy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The pathologic aspects and distribution of lesions resulting from leprosy have been extensively investigated in the peripheral nerves, but little attention has been paid to the spinal cord. The spinal lesions are mentioned briefly or not at all in most neuropathology text-books. Although there are reports on acute stage of lesions and young cases, the distribution of old lesions in the spinal cord-treated is not well known. This report describes the neuropathologic findings in the spinal cord of 12 patients who has old lesions and survived for an extended period.The pattern of dorsal column degeneration was observed in all patients, with degeneration of the posterior funiculi and survival of few axons without lepra bacilli. Most often, the degeneration was limited to the fasciculus gracilis, occured bilaterally, and extended from thoracic through cervical segment to the nucleus gracilis, while sparing lumbar and sacral cord. Only rarely was the slightless pallor demonestrable in the posterior funicli in the rostal lumbar spinal cord. The site of degeneration was marked by cellular and fibrillary astrogliosis. The presence and amount of macrophages were variable. The cross-sectional areas of the degenerated fasciculus gracilis was larger in the upper cervical than in the lower cervical spinal cord.The gray matter of the spinal cord as well as the fasciculus cuneatus and the anterior and lateral funiculi were normal. No cribriform degeneration was noted, and the destruction did not resemble that of combined degeneration. Dystrophic axons were found in the gracile and cuneate nuclei. Whether or not there was a degeneration of the fasciculus gracilis. Dorsal roots and ganglia were abnormal in all checked-patients who had degeneration of the posterior column. The other, no other lesions were seen in the remaining portions of central nervous system in these patients except for cerebral softening.Of the 12 patients in our sample, one patient died at 30 years of age. The male: female ratio for these with the degeneration was 7:5.Clinically, the posterior column lesion was not suspected. Of the entire population, most of all had clinical evidence recorded of psychoneurological signs of the leprosy. The spinal cords dying with leprosy after advanced age showed posterior column degeneration. Advanced age did not to be appear a increased risk. None of these patients had findings of pericious anemia or spino-cerebellar degeneration. It is possible that nutritional, toxic or bacteric factors may be play role in producing this lesion. Such limited damage cannot account for the dissociated deficit of the sensory system.The selective involvement of the posterior funiculi in our patients with leprosy may be a better explanation of the neurologic deficit following neuropathy.
Does Africa Trade Less than it Should and Why?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Africa’s share in world exports has declined sharply over time. This raises the question whether the observed pattern of exports from Africa is consistent with the predicted or expected level of trade. This paper addresses the question whether or not Africa is an under-trading continent. We answer this question using a much improved dataset for obtaining predicted trade and by employing methods that correct for bias in estimates of under-trading. Our results indicate that globally Africa is an under-exporter in our preferred Heckman specification. This result is robust to addition of different controls and application of different variants of the gravity model of trade. We further ask the question what could explain Africa’s under-trading. We find that accounting for transport and communication infrastructure reduces the under-trading effect for Africa and in some specifications of the gravity model, the under-trading effect vanishes altogether. In order to assess the impact of infrastructure on trade, we employ a semi parametric variant of the gravity model. This model allows for unknown nonlinear impact of infrastructure on trade and also complementarity among several infrastructure variables. Results from the semi-parametric model provide evidence for significant non-linear impacts of infrastructure where the effects for a large number of African countries are significant and compare favorably with marginal effects of infrastructure in countries in other continents being in comparable income brackets. This model also finds evidence for complementarity across transport and communication infrastructure implying that much greater impacts will be likely if the infrastructure are developed jointly rather than in isolation.
Selection Indices for Improvement in Body Weights in Sirohi Goats Under Field Conditions of Southern Rajasthan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present investigation, body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age, of 3465 kids of Sirohi breed born from 1447 does and 59 bucks spreading over a period of seven years (2006-2012) andmaintained under AICRP on goatsin Nathdwara, Railmagra and Devegarh clusters of Rajasamand district, Bhadsoda cluster of Chittorgarh district and Vallabhnagar cluster of Udaipur district of Rajasthan wereanalyzed to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters required for the development of selec- tion indices.A total of 26 selection indices were constructed by incorporating different traits in different combinations to know which and how many traits combines best in an index based on reliability, genetic gain in aggregate genotype and maximum genetic gain in 12 months body weight.The index0.3532 (BWT) + 0.2112 (3WT) + 0.1374 (6WT) + 0.1892 (12WT) was adjudged to be the most useful due to its highest reliability (rIH= 0.4927)and maximum genetic gain in 12 months body weight.
Reactions of copper(II) bromide with 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(phenyl-hydrazone) (L)-molecular and crystal structure of L and its mixed-valence complex [CuIIL2][CuI2Br4]

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Utilizing X-ray crystallography, the crystal and molecular structures of 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(phenylhydrazone) (L) were determined. The energetics of the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure were assessed with computational methods, revealing that dispersion interactions are dominant. The basic structural unit of the crystal packing was revealed to be the herring- bone type arrangement of L molecules. Assignation of the IR spectrum of L with the aid of DFT calculations was performed. Furthermore, new reactions of L with CuBr2 in different solvents are described, which led to the synthesis of the mixed Cu(II)?Cu(I) complex with the formula [CuIIL2][CuI 2Br4] (1), and its structural characterization. In the complex cation, two molecules of tridentate N3 ligand are meridionally arranged in a very distorted octahedral environment of a Cu(II) ion. In [Cu2Br4]2-, the bromide ions are arranged in a trigonal- -planar geometry around each copper(I) atom. Finally, for ligand, 1, and the previously synthesized complex [CuL2]Br2, the thermal properties were examined. The thermal stability of the complexes were lower than that of the ligand and decrease in the order: L (250?C) > [CuL2]Br2 (221?C) > [CuIIL2][CuI 2Br4] (212?C). The differences in thermal stability of the complexes are due to differences in the packing efficacy of the constitutional ions.
Synthesis of ribooligonucleotides having sequences of transfer ribonucleic acids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleSynthesis of ribooligonucleotides having sequences of transfer ribonucleic acidsMorio IkeharaCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1974, 7, 3, 92–96Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50075a005RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views48Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (649 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A New Marine Ascomycete from Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYA new marine ascomycete, Spathulospora phycophila, from Victoria, Australia, occurring on the alga, Ballia callitricha, is described and discussed briefly. This pyrenomycete is characterized by the profusely villous ascocarps and nonseptate spores provided with bluntly tapered apices, each of which has a lateral, appressed, gelatinous appendage.
Incorporation of expert beliefs in the two-parameter bayesian logistic dose response model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Logistic regression models are often proposed to describe dose-response relationships in dose-escalation clinical trials to determine the maximum tolerated dose. In a Bayesian setting, the 1-parameter continual reassessment method and the 2-parameter escalation with overdose control designs have been implemented assuming acceptable tolerability thresholds of between 20% and 35%. The literature is sparse on the operating characteristics of 2-parameter Bayesian logistic regression models (BLRM) when sample sizes are small (i.e. <50); response rates <20% or >35% are of interest; and expert beliefs are available for incorporating into prior distributions for model parameters. Motivated by a case study of a new infertility treatment, this thesis describes the operating characteristics of the 2-parameter BLRM in a dose-escalation setting, with small sample sizes, and applied to response rates consistent with both safety and efficacy endpoints i.e. 10% to 90%. When information external to the trial is available from expert beliefs, ways in which those beliefs may be elicited in a structured manner are evaluated. Simulation is used to assess the impact of these prior distributions on trial conclusions. I have demonstrated that elicitation can be performed in a structured manner in both academic and industry settings and I provide specific recommendations for the structured planning and execution of elicitation sessions. Simulations show that there is no single set of priors that always produce unbiased estimates with minimum variance across a range of target response rates, so simulations specific to the planned trial must be conducted. Furthermore, when only discrete doses are available, simulations show that choosing the available dose closest to that recommended by the model is more likely to lead to an unbiased estimate of the dose that attains a pre-specified response rate. Recommendations are provided for how to improve the study design and analysis for the motivating case study.
Intrarectal sonography. A new technique for the assessment of rectal tumors.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Preoperative staging of rectal tumors provides a selective therapeutic approach. Twenty-three patients were evaluated with prospective intrarectal sonography. Endosonography identified all 21 rectal lesions. Two patients with previous rectal carcinoma had no evidence of recurrence. Thirteen of 17 patients (76%) with rectal carcinoma were correctly staged by endosonography. A submucosal leiomyosarcoma and pararectal arachnoid cyst were correctly identified. Preoperative assessment of lymph node status was accurate in five of ten patients (50%). Results of preoperative digital rectal examination predicting rectal wall involvement correlated with pathologic findings in 11 of 15 patients (73%). Intrarectal sonography is an important staging technique for preoperative evaluation of rectal wall invasion and guides appropriate surgical intervention.
Genome-wide analyses of empathy and systemizing: heritability and correlates with sex, education, and psychiatric risk

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Empathy is the drive to identify the mental states of others and respond to these with an appropriate emotion. Systemizing is the drive to analyse or build lawful systems. Difficulties in empathy have been identified in different psychiatric conditions including autism and schizophrenia. In this study, we conducted genome-wide association studies of empathy and systemizing using the Empathy Quotient (EQ) (n = 46,861) and the Systemizing Quotient-Revised (SQ-R) (n = 51,564) in participants from 23andMe, Inc. We confirmed significant sex-differences in performance on both tasks, with a male advantage on the SQ-R and female advantage on the EQ. We found highly significant heritability explained by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for both the traits (EQ: 0.11 ± 0.014; P= 1.7x10-14 and SQ-R: 0.12 ± 0.012; P=1.2x10-20) and these were similar for males and females. However, genes with higher expression in the male brain appear to contribute to the male advantage for the SQ-R. Finally, we identified significant genetic correlations between high score for empathy and risk for schizophrenia (P= 2.5x10-5), and correlations between high score for systemizing and higher educational attainment (P= 5x10-4). These results shed light on the genetic contribution to individual differences in empathy and systemizing, two major cognitive functions of the human brain.
A New Route to Diaminoacetylenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Inspired by the preparation of diaryl-acetylenes, a general synthetic approach to diaminoacetylenes (ynediamines) has been developed based on the Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangement. Both aromatic and aliphatic diaminoacetylenes 5 can be synthesized conveniently in moderate to high yields. X-ray crystal structures of the diaminoacetylenes (5a and 5b) have been determined for the first time, confirming the theoretical prediction that the two NC3 planes are almost perpendicular.
Constrained Dynamic Controller Design for Ship Steering Yaw-Control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Multiple constrained dynamic controller design problems associated with steering of ship yaw motion are discussed in this paper. The multiple constraints considered here contain individual state variance constraints, robust performance (H.. norm) constraints and regional pole assignment (D-stability) constraints. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the constrained dynamic controller, which achieves the above three constraints, will be derived. Under achieving these conditions, the dynamic controllers will be solved by using the well known singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques and the theory of generalized inverses. Finally, a numerical simulation is given to show the usefulness and applicability of the present approach.
Uranium Repartitioning during Microbial Driven Reductive Transformation of U(VI)-Sorbed Schwertmannite and Jarosite

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study exposes U(VI)-sorbed schwertmannite and jarosite to biotic reductive incubations under field-relevant conditions and examines the changes in aqueous and solid-phase speciation of U, Fe, and S as well as associated microbial communities over 180 days. The chemical, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and microscopic data demonstrated that the U(VI)-sorbed schwertmannite underwent a rapid reductive dissolution and solid-phase transformation to goethite, during which the surface-sorbed U(VI) was partly reduced and mostly repartitioned to monomeric U(VI)/U(IV) complexes by carboxyl and phosphoryl ligands on biomass or organic substances. Furthermore, the microbial data suggest that these processes were likely driven by the consecutive developments of fermentative and sulfate- and iron- reducing microbial communities. In contrast, the U(VI)-sorbed jarosite only stimulated the growth of some fermentative communities and underwent very limited reductive dissolution and thus, remaining in its initial state with no detectable mineralogical transformation and solid-phase U reduction/repartitioning. Accordingly, these two biotic incubations did not induce increased risk of U reliberation to the aqueous phase. These findings have important implications for understanding the interactions of schwertmannite/jarosite with microbial communities and colinked behavior and fate of U following the establishment of reducing conditions in various acidic and U-rich settings.