jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of displacement and stress for tactile sensing : part 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adhesion is a physical condition that leads to formation of a bonding scar tissue between the two or more organs. This will cause severe pain, obstruction and other fatal conditions. Due to similarity in symptoms with other illness like diverticulitis, endometriosis and appendicitis, it is harder to detect it. Moreover, if not detected early, it might result in to severe problems in the body of the individual that could cause monetary, mental, physical and life loss. Adhesions holds 15% to 20% for being the cause of secondary female infertility. [7] Adhesion causes organs that are normally separated to stick together which cases major problems like small bowel obstruction, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia infertility and more complications during subsequent surgery. Adhesion is a frequent source of medicolegal conflict. There are many different adhesions, such as pericardial adhesion, abdominal and pelvic adhesion, etc. [1]. The report will focus on pelvic and abdominal adhesion. In current state of art, methods such as laparoscopy and MRI scans are used to detect adhesion. However, such techniques are either invasive which might cause discomfort and pain for the patient or it is expensive and hard to afford for poor countries. Thus, the research is focusing on utilizing the change in skin elasticity and stresses on application of external pressure as a mechanical marker for diagnosis of adhesion. In the present study, an analogical test rig is developed to measure the deformation of the silicone skin (normal versus diseased) under application of external load.
Preliminary Assessment of the Nutrient Film Technique for Wastewater Treatment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : An experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a solar powered, self-regenerating plant growth system, called the nutrient film technique (NFI), to treat primary effluent (average temperature, 11.1 C). Primary effluent was pumped onto the elevated end of a sloping waterproof 2-x- 40-ft plywood tray and trickled through the root mat of reed canarygrass. The quantity of influent and effluent was measured as well as temperature, pH, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, BODs, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, phosphate phosphorus, and fecal coliform organisms. The quantity and quality of the reed canarygrass was determined from samples taken from six harvests. Mass balances are presented for BOD5, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphate phosphorus. The removal of several volatile trace organic compounds was determined on two separate dates.
Nucleants in Grain Refined Aluminium alter Addition of Ti- and B-containing Master Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nucleation sites for aluminium grains after addition of different types of Al-Ti B master alloys to pure aluminium have been studied. In the master alloys used the Ti/B-rations (wt.%) were 2.6/1.4, 4.8/1, 5.3/0.1, and 6.2/0.03. Specimens were taken after different contact times at 775deg C. The phases involved were identified by powder X-ray diffraction. Phase morphologies in master alloys and in diluted samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectrometry. The observations are discussed and related to possible grain refining mechanisms. (orig.).
Self‐perceived problems in daily activities and strategy building in people without and with mild and severe dementia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background It is well known that people with dementia experience severe problems in their daily lives. Less is known about how self‐perceived problems decline throughout the course of dementia together with their decline in memory, language, and executive functions. Hence, we wanted to assess self‐perceived problems when performing daily activities as well as possible developed strategies that help to prevent mentioned difficulties at different cognitive stages for older people. Method To attain our goal, we analyzed qualitative semi‐structured interviews conducted with 25 people (age (mean: 67.64; SD: 23.625), sex (f: 14 (56%); m: 17 (68%)), cognitive status (healthy: 6; mild demented: 7; severe demented: 12)) based on the Grounded Theory approach from Glaser and Strauss. The interviews further comprised a cognitive and a functioning assessment, including Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa), the script generation task, and the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), that were used as a base for the qualitative questions concerning self‐perceived problems and thereupon developed strategies in daily activities. Result Three main categories where identified, (i) disturbing factors when performing daily activities, (ii) variations in the autonomy level and (iii) self‐established daily life strategies to circumvent mentioned problems. Findings suggest that orderliness, making notes for appointments, and the usage of a shopping list help with daily activities whereas conversations, noise, and stress disturb the performance of daily activities. People who were aware of problems, reported developing strategies, while people who did not have awareness of any problems did not. Only people without and with mild dementia recognize problems and therefore develop strategies. Conclusion This study aimed at understanding how self‐perceived problems change and get affected with increasing cognitive impairment. It turns out that a certain cognitive status is needed to develop strategies and be aware of problems. Further research is needed to establish more useful strategies that help dementia sufferers as well as older people to delay the progress or onset of the disease and make their lives longer, more independent and especially more worth living.
sView - Architecture Overview and System Description

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This report presents an architecture overview and a system description of the sView system. The system provides developers, service providers, and users of electronic services with an open and extendible service infrastructure that allows far-reaching user control. This is accomplished by collecting the services of an individual user in a virtual briefcase. Services come in the form of self-contained service components (i.e. including both logic and data), and the briefcase is mobile to allow it to follow as the user moves between different hosts and terminals. A specification of how to build such service components and the infrastructure for handling briefcases is presented. A reference implementation of the specification as well as extensions in the form of service components is also described. The purpose of the report is to serve as a technical reference for developers of sView services and software infrastructure that builds on sView technology. Keywords. Electronic services, personal service environments, user interfaces, mobility, personalization, service collaboration, component-based software engineering. May 2001 SICS Technical Report T2001/06 ISSN 1100-3154 ISRN: SICS-T--2001/06-SE 2 Bylund 1.
Evaluation of Nuclear Knowledge Management for the Light Water Reactor and Fusion Reactor: A Case Study of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

AbstractFunds invested in a 45-year study of the light water reactor (LWR) technology in JAERI totaled 4.2b$ (billion dollars) for research including human resources of 34, 718 man × years. The benefits to taxpayers from this JAERI work was estimated to be about 6.3 b$, resulting in a favorable cost-benefit ratio of 1.5 (6.3/4.2). Funds invested in the 32-year study of FR were 5.4b$ for R&D and 0.6b$ (6, 331 man × years) for personnel. Estimates are that after commercialization in 2050, the share of FR will reach 23.4% in year 2100 and that a commercialized FR will generate revenue from electricity as high as 1, 687b$ during the period 2050-2100.
Recent Progress of Fabrication of Cell Scaffold by Electrospinning Technique for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As a versatile nanofiber manufacturing technique, electrospinning has been widely employed for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. Since the structure of natural extracellular matrices varies substantially in different tissues, there has been growing awareness of the fact that the hierarchical 3D structure of scaffolds may affect intercellular interactions, material transportation, fluid flow, environmental stimulation, and so forth. Physical blending of the synthetic and natural polymers to form composite materials better mimics the composition and mechanical properties of natural tissues. Scaffolds with element gradient, such as growth factor gradient, have demonstrated good potentials to promote heterogeneous cell growth and differentiation. Compared to 2D scaffolds with limited thicknesses, 3D scaffolds have superior cell differentiation and development rate. The objective of this review paper is to review and discuss the recent trends of electrospinning strategies for cartilage tissue engineering, particularly the biomimetic, gradient, and 3D scaffolds, along with future prospects of potential clinical applications.
San Miguel de Allende: Topographic Views

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Large handcrafted wood double door leading to courtyard; Located in the far eastern part of the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico, 274 km from Mexico City. As of the 2005 census, the population stood at 139,297. Since WWII, the town has attracted a very large number of foreign retirees, artists, writers and tourists, which is shifting the area’s economy from agriculture and industry to commerce catering to outside visitors and residents, who make up about 10 percent of the population. The main attraction of the town is its well-preserved historic center, filled with buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries. This and the nearby Sanctuary of Atotonilco have been declared World Heritage Sites. Source: Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (accessed 7/16/2012)
LABORATORY SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA TO METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE AND NOMURAEA RILEYI*

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Five isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and one isolate of Nomuraea rileyi were bioassayed against larvae of Plutella xylostella . Larvae were treated by exposing cabbage leaf discs previously immersed in conidial suspension, and were then incubated at 25 o C and observed daily. One of M. anisopliae isolates, F11248, originally from Mastotermes darwiniensis was found being most virulent against P. xylostella . The LC 50 was estimated as 2.03 times 10 4 conidia/ml with 9 d mortality data, and the LT 50 was 4.97 d at concentration of 10 7 conidia/ml. Isolate F163 ( N. rileyi ) showed virulence to P. xylostella in both tests, but no cadavers sporulated.
Forewarning Reduces Fraud Susceptibility in Vulnerable Consumers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Telemarketing fraud is pervasive and older consumers are disproportionally targeted. Given laboratory research showing that forewarning can effectively counter influence appeals, we conducted a field experiment to test whether forewarning could protect people who had been victimized in the past. A research assistant with prior experience as a telemarketer pitched a mock scam two or four weeks after participants were warned about the same scam or an entirely different scam. Both warnings reduced unequivocal acceptance of the mock scam although outright refusals (as opposed to expressions of skepticism) were more frequent with the same scam warning than the different scam warning. The same scam warning, but not the different scam warning, lost effectiveness over time. Findings demonstrate that social psychological research can inform effective protection strategies against telemarketing fraud.
Predictors of Patient Attendance for Follow-Up Cancer Genetic Counseling Appointments

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Medical providers often interact with and provide care for their patients over the course of several visits. In the cancer genetic counseling setting, many patients choose to have genetic testing for mutations that confer a heritable predisposition for cancer. Follow-up genetic counseling is integral for disclosing genetic testing results and discussing the patient’s cancer screening regimen and recommendations for at-risk family members in the context of genetic testing results. Previous research has revealed the barriers to an initial cancer genetic counseling visit and uptake of genetic testing, but less is known about patients who miss follow-up visits. This retrospective chart review compared demographic factors, aspects of patients’ medical history, family cancer history, and information covered during genetic counseling for patients who had an initial cancer genetic counseling visit in 2016-2017 and attended their scheduled follow-up visit to those who missed their follow-up visit. Patient sex, ethnicity, age, personal cancer history, initial visit referral indication, type of genetic testing ordered, and proportion of first and second-degree relatives affected with cancer did not differ between patients who attended and patients who missed their testing results disclosure visit. However, female patients who had biological children were statistically more likely to attend their follow-up appointment compared to childless women, and this trend was present but not statistically significant for men who had children compared to childless men. Identifying predictors of follow-up visit patient attendance highlights the need for alternate delivery methods in genetic counseling, such as written materials, and video or telephone counseling.
Supplementary Figures from The History of Chromosomal Instability in Genome-Doubled Tumors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figures S1 to S52 S1 WGD frequencies across cancer types and stage. S2 Effect of WGD constraint on timing accuracy. S3 Measuring timing accuracy on simulated data. S4-7 Measuring timing accuracy on simulated data by copy number state. S8-11 Measuring inferred route probabilities on simulated data. S12 Timing of gains in multi-region tumors. S13-14 Difference in timing between different gain routes. S15 Non-parsimony in copy number gain evolution. S16 Non-parsimony by copy number state. S17-18 Calibrating a penalty on non-parsimony. S19 Clear-cell sample gain timing. S20 Gain route agreement within chromosomes. S21 Probability of pre-WGD gains in different chromosomes and copy number states. S22 Distribution of gain timing by major copy number. S23 Single-cell copy number profiles of an undifferentiated sarcoma. S24 Distribution of gain rates relative to WGD by cancer type. S25 Distribution of gain rates relative to WGD compared to simulations. S26 Example sample gain timing posterior. S27 Combined distribution over gain timing by WGD status. S28 The timing of gains relative to WGD. S29 The timing of gains relative to WGD by cancer type. S30 Proportion of copy number events post-WGD. S31 The relationship between genome gained post-WGD and WGD timing by cancer type. S32 The relationship between genome gained pre-WGD and WGD timing by cancer type. S33 The relationship between fraction of genome lost pre and post-WGD and WGD timing by cancer type. S34 Punctuated gains in WGD tumors. S35 Association between chromothripsis and punctuated gains. S36 Genomic features of punctuated gains. S37 Frequency of arm gains pre and post-WGD and in non-WGD tumors. S38 Frequency of arm gains pre and post-WGD and in non-WGD tumors by cancer type. S39 Frequency of arm losses pre and post-WGD and in non-WGD tumors by cancer type. S40 Effect of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene density on arm gain rates. S41 Effect of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene density on arm loss rates. S42-46 Pan-genome frequencies of pre and post-WGD gains by cancer type. S47-49 Pan-genome frequencies of pre and post-WGD losses by cancer type. S50 The effect of NRPCC and mutation count on gain timing inference. S51 WGD status calling in GRITIC. S52 The effect of the non-parsimony penalty on event timing.</p>
The Role of Manganese in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: High manganese (Mn) levels during fetal growth or prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN) may have adverse effects on neurodevelopment. We aim to report on Mn levels and their short‐term impact on clinical course in very low birth weight infants. Methods: An observational study including newborns with a gestational age (GA) ≤32 weeks and/or ≤1500 g of birth weight (BW). Newborns received intravenous supplementation of Mn at 1 µg/kg/day (Peditrace ® ) in PN and continued with fortified breast milk. Mothers answered surveys about dietary and other habits and blood levels of Mn in newborns were analyzed at days 1, 15, and 30 of life. Associations of Mn levels with mothers’ and newborns’ data were evaluated and adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: One hundred and sixty premature infants were recruited. Median blood Mn levels at birth were 43.0 and 24.5 µg/L at day 30. No important association with mothers’ data was found. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] duration of PN was 8 days (7–14). A prolonged PN and late oral feeding showed a nonsignificant association with lower blood Mn levels at day 30 ( P = 0.010, P threshold 0.003). Mn levels at day 15 and 30 were associated with increasing GA ( P < 0.001). Low Mn was not a significant predictor of adverse outcomes such as retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or respiratory distress syndrome after adjusting for potential confounders and multiple testing. Conclusions: Mn showed lower levels with decreasing GA and prolonged PN. Using a low Mn PN solution may not raise blood Mn levels in premature infants.
Increased Expression of Cyclin D2 during Multiple States of Growth Arrest in Primary and Established Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cyclin D2 is a member of the family of D-type cyclins that is implicated in cell cycle regulation, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. To better understand the role of this cyclin in the control of cell proliferation, cyclin D2 expression was monitored under various growth conditions in primary human and established murine fibroblasts. In different states of cellular growth arrest initiated by contact inhibition, serum starvation, or cellular senescence, marked increases (5- to 20-fold) were seen in the expression levels of cyclin D2 mRNA and protein. Indirect immunofluorescence studies showed that cyclin D2 protein localized to the nucleus in G0, suggesting a nuclear function for cyclin D2 in quiescent cells. Cyclin D2 was also found to be associated with the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK2 and CDK4 but not CDK6 during growth arrest. Cyclin D2-CDK2 complexes increased in amounts but were inactive as histone H1 kinases in quiescent cells. Transient transfection and needle microinjection of cyclin D2 expression constructs demonstrated that overexpression of cyclin D2 protein efficiently inhibited cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis. These data suggest that in addition to a role in promoting cell cycle progression through phosphorylation of retinoblastoma family proteins in some cell systems, cyclin D2 may contribute to the induction and/or maintenance of a nonproliferative state, possibly through sequestration of the CDK2 catalytic subunit.
Rehabilitation of Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Patients　Ⅰ. Gravity-Center-Swaying and Walking Ability

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to analyze how the locus of the sway of the center of gravity (LSCG) while standing could serve as a prognostic predictor of the hemiplegic's walking ability. It was demonstrated that the prognosis of the walking ability could be predicted by the size of LSCG while standing. The size of LSCG was based on the results of the rehabilitation of 33 stroke patients with hemiplegia. After rehabilitation treatment, LSCG was significantly small and its level was maintained for a short follow-up. In the deep sensory disturbance group, however, LSCG was still larger after treatment than that of the control group. LSCG was closely correlated with walking ability at admission and discharge. With regard to the predictable factor of the walking ability improvement rate, four important factors in the following order were able to be determined by using multivariate analysis: Walking ability at admission, duration of illness, LSCG with eyes opened at admission and the rate of visual suppression (% VS). Furthermore, with respect to the predictable factor of walking ability at discharge, the following four factors, were able to be concluded: duration of illness, LSCG with eyes opened, % VS and Barthel Index Score (BIS) at the time of admission. It is therefore suggested that LSCG can make it possible to predict the walking ability, i.e., the improvement and the quality of it.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Control Based on Retina Neural Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A novel neural network, retina neural network (RNN) is put forward, and its definition, network structure, parameters, and characteristic are presented. After training it using a set of samples, an ideal training waveform is obtained, which is a great guide for future research. Moreover, a model of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) PI controller is constructed based on RNN to test drive performances. Finally, the simulation results show that the network convergence is rational and its rapidity and real-time performance are attractive. RNN has a simple structure and weight adjustment. The RNN application in future research to PMSM drive area is forecasted.
On the long-time behavior of a perturbed conservative system with degeneracy

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider in this work a model conservative system subject to dissipation and Gaussian-type stochastic perturbations. The original conservative system possesses a continuous set of steady states, and is thus degenerate. We characterize the long-time limit of our model system as the perturbation parameter tends to zero. The degeneracy in our model system carries features found in some partial differential equations related, for example, to turbulence problems.
Women in Madagascar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Lineage and rootedness in ancestral lands shape the course of women’s lives in Madagascar. Women certainly benefit from this situation, but it also constrains them. Despite the diversity of situations within the social spaces inherited from former kingdoms, women across the island play an essential role in their lineage. Some women have influenced the course of history, at times in ways that extend beyond their social sphere, in the capacity of queens, while others have voiced their disapproval of sovereigns’ decisions. Madagascar has witnessed accelerated change since the 19th century, brought about by the island’s increased integration into global markets dominated by the West, and represented by traders, missionaries, and colonial administrators. Upper-class women and their families have been able to choose from among the novelties offered them in the form of material goods, careers, education, and religion. Women of lesser means have likewise tried to find their way within an enlarged horizon, including through emigration, while their country, since independence, has been confronted by increasing challenges.