jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Is More R&D Investment Always Better?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

R&D investment has long been the firm foundation of the electronic industry’s competitiveness. According to some prior literature on the linear model, R&D investment has a positive effect on innovation and company performance. However, there is still some question concerning whether more R&D investment is always better. As to enterprise, managers are more concerned about the limits of R&D investment. When do the costs of R&D investment exceed the benefits? This study uses Taiwan’s electronics industry as a research sample and examines the curvilinear relationships between R&D investment, innovation, and firm performance. The empirical results show that R&D investment has an inverted U-shape relationship with innovation and firm performance. The deferred effect lasts five years. Moreover, regarding financial performance and market performance, the optimal R&D intensity is about 18.95% and 12.23% for sample firms. Therefore, excessive investment in R&D will lead to decline in a company’s performance. Finally, the R&D intensity of Taiwanese electronic industry is about 3% to 4%. This study concludes that the Taiwanese electronic industry still has great potential for additional R&D investment compared to the optimal R&D intensity level.
The Minority Muslim Experience in Mainland Southeast Asia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book examines the lives of the Malay and Cham Muslims in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam and examines how they co-exist and live in societies that are dominated by an alternative consensus and are illiberal and non-democratic in nature. Focusing on two major Muslim communities in Southeast Asia, both of whom live as minorities in societies that are not democratic and have a history of hostility and repression towards non-conforming ideas, the book explains their circumstances, the choices and life decisions they have to make, and how minorities can thrive in an unfriendly, monocultural environment. Based on original field work and research, the author analyses how people live, and how they adapt to societies which are not motivated by Western liberal ideals of multiculturalism. The book also offers a unique perspective on how Islam develops in an environment where it is seen as alien and disloyal. A useful contribution analyzing historical and post-colonial experiences of Muslim minorities and how they survive and evolve over the course of state monopoly in mainland Southeast Asia, this book will be of interest to academics working on Muslim minorities, Asian Religion and Southeast Asian Studies.
Cutting Edge: Naive T Cells Masquerading as Memory Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study shows that naive CD8 T cells can acquire characteristics of memory T cells in the absence of stimulation with specific Ag simply by the process of homeostatic proliferation under lymphopenic conditions. This Ag-independent T cell differentiation pathway did not result in up-regulation of early activation markers (CD69, CD25, CD71), but expression of several memory markers (CD44, CD122, Ly6C) increased progressively with successive divisions. These markers were then stably expressed, and these cells also became more responsive functionally to specific Ag. Thus, all “memory” phenotype T cells in an individual may not be true Ag-experienced cells and may include naive cells masquerading as memory cells. These findings are specially relevant in cases of disease or treatment-induced lymphopenia such as in HIV-infected individuals or transplant recipients. In addition, this study may have implications for autoimmunity because homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells requires interaction with self peptide plus MHC molecules.
Synthesis of Three Ternary NiPP@PDA@DTA by Bridging Polydopamine and Its Flame Retardancy in Epoxy Resin

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Epoxy resin (EP) is an indispensable packaging material for batteries. Excellent thermal and flame-retardant properties of EP can ensure the safety performance of batteries. To solve the low-efficiency flame retardant of EP, nickel phenyl phosphate (NiPP) was synthesized and its surface was modified by polymerization of dopamine (PDA). [3-(hydroxy-phenyl-methylidene) imimine] triazole (DTA) was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxygen-10-phosphophene-10-oxide (DOPO), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The hybrid flame retardance NiPP@PDA@DTA was further synthesized by self-assembly between the negative charge on the surface of DTA and the positive charge on the surface of modified NiPP@PDA. Then, NiPP@PDA@DTA was added to EP to prepare EP/NiPP@PDA@DTA composites. The results showed that the incorporation of NiPP@PDA@DTA promoted the residual yield at high temperatures. Furthermore, EP composites showed excellent flame retardancy when NiPP@PDA@DTA was added. The EP/4 wt% NiPP@PDA@DTA composites can reach UL-94 V0 grade with a limit oxygen index (LOI) of 33.7%. While the heat release rate (HRR), total release rate (THR), CO2 production (CO2P) and total smoke release (TSR) of EP/4 wt% NiPP@PDA@DTA composites decreased by 16.9%, 30.8%, 16.9% and 27.7% compared with those of EP. These improvements are mainly due to the excellent catalytic carbonization performance of Ni metal and P compounds. The azazole and phosphaphenanthrene groups have the effects of dilution quenching in the gas phase and cross-linking network blocking, as well as enhanced blowing-out effects.
A Natural History of Modernity: Bernhard Grzimek and the Globalization of EnvironmentalKulturkritik

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores the doomsday vision of humans and other animals found in the nonfiction books, documentary films, and autobiography of former Frankfurt Zoological Garden director and television star Bernhard Grzimek. Focusing on his career transition in the 1940s and 1950s from veterinarian to zoological director to global conservation activist, the article shows that the Malthusian fears that underpinned Grzimek's plea for national parks in sub-Saharan Africa that segregated people and wildlife had their origins in an environmental Kulturkritik born of post-Nazi and Cold War ruminations about human aggression and environmental destruction. Grzimek portrayed both the zoo and the national park as compensation for a “great extinction” that linked the industrialized slaughterhouse in Europe to trophy hunting in Africa. This natural history of modernity envisioned a global nature commons beyond the ideologies of Christian humanism and social democracy, yet it enfolded Africans into a European narrative of development that left no room for cultural landscapes created by customary tenure and vernacular ecologies.
Chloroplast ultrastructure changes in Pisum sativum associated with supplementary ultraviolet (UV‐B) radiation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Pea plants ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Greenfeast) were grown and exposed to supplementary UV‐B radiation from day 17 after planting under growth cabinet conditions. The effects of this exposure on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and the total soluble sugar and starch concentrations were estimated. Supplementary UV‐B radiation was shown to damage the structure of chloroplasts, as manifested by dilation of thylakoid membranes, a progressive disruption of the thylakoid structure and disintegration of the double membrane envelope surrounding the chloroplast, accompanied by the accumulation of large starch grains. Diurnal changes observed in starch concentration suggest that the higher concentration of starch in supplementary UV‐B‐treated leaves is due to its immobilization, rather than to any increase in starch synthesis: soluble sugars accumulated and remained at a higher level and then later declined.
Case report kidney rupture: An unusual cause of abdominal pain, flank pain and hematuria in a 72-year-Old female

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Flank pain, abdominal pain and hematuria are common complaints in emergency medicine. Case report: We describe the case of a 72-year-old female who presented to the emergency department for worsening left lower quadrant abdominal pain and left flank pain associated with new-onset hematuria. The patient reported that the pain began immediately after she accidently tripped on a rock which resulted in a forceful twist of her body and catching herself with her hands without any direct impact to her body. A delayed contrast enhanced CT showed evidence of left kidney rupture with leakage of the contrast dye through the left renal calyx into the lower part of the abdomen and musculature. Why should an emergency physician be aware of this?: Flank/abdominal pain with or without hematuria are common ED complaints. In this case, the combination of a good history and physical examination in conjunction with delayed CT imaging ultimately led to the correct diagnosis of a kidney rupture. It is important to note that immediate and delayed contrast enhanced CT remains the gold standard in diagnosis of this condition. The treatment of kidney rupture is dependent on the stability of the patient. Hemodynamically stable patients should be treated with conservative management, while hemodynamically unstable patients should be treated with either angioembolization by interventional radiology or with stenting or nephrectomy by surgery.
Assignment of the1H and13C NMR spectra of 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A, 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A 11,12-hydrogenborate and azithromycin 11,12-hydrogenborate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A, its 11,12-hydrogenborate derivative and azithromycin 11,12-hydrogenborate were unambiguously assigned using a combination of 1D and 2D H–C correlation spectra. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Use of first and second generation antihistaminics in pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors studied 75 outpatients seen in the Pediatric Allergy Clinic of the Social Security Metropolitan Hospital Complex and of the Paitilla Medical Clinics, between 4 and 14 years of age, 28 females and 47 males, because they were suffering from allergic rhinitis and most of them (84%) had an elevated immunoglobulin E level. Skin tests were positive with house dust (100% of patients), house dust mites (95%), molds (92%) and grasses (22%). Symptoms occurred at any time of the year in 56 (73%) patients, and in the rainy season in only 20 (27%). All were examined by the same investigator at the beginning of the study and at the end of the first and second week. A family member evaluated the symptoms daily in the morning and at night. For this purpose the following scale was used: 0 = no symptoms; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe symptoms. The symptoms evaluated were nasal congestion and sneezing, rhinorrhea and conjunctival congestion, post nasal drip and pharyngeal irritation. The signs that were evaluated were dark circles around the eyes, hypertrophy of the turbinates, the color of the nasal mucosa, the presence of polyps and deviation of the nasal septum. This study showed that Terfenadine improved the rhinitis in 87.5% of the patients, that Clemastine was effective in 70.5%, and that placebo, in 43%. Also, somnolence was observed in 4% and dryness, in 43% of patients using Terfenadine, while Clemastine induced somnolence in 32% of patients.
Presentation of a suitable approach for green programming of urban ways through integrative method CA-Markov: case study—Azadi Street of Tehran, Iran

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Greenways are networks of some connected linear elements that are designed and programmed for a variety of recreational, cultural, aesthetic, and some other purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to check out the land cover changes around the Azadi Street in past and to predict its future changes. This is done in order for checking the connections of the green spaces around the street, connecting Azadi Street and its surroundings, providing solution for future planning and management, and applying greenway principles. For this purpose, using remote sensing techniques, we extracted land cover maps from satellite pictures of years 1986, 2000, and 2016. We used CA-Markov integrated model to predict future changes—in year 2032. The results demonstrate a decrease of 474 ha of the green spots’ area while there is an increase of 658 ha of the built lands during 1986–2016. If the security and management plans on the street area are not going to be changed, this area will transform to a machine-centered space and the limited level of the existing walking-oriented area will disappear soon. The results of this research are effective in reviewing the management approaches of the region so that by providing effective solutions, they can lead the policy makers and planners to follow some of the principles of greenways.
Seed Predation by a Braconid Wasp, Allorhogas sp. (Hymenoptera)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We record the first case of phytophagy among the Braconidae. The larvae of an unidentified species of Allorhogas have been observed feeding on Pithecellobium tortum (Le guminosae) seeds in restinga of Barra de Marica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ecological and biological aspects of the species are described. In a study of seed predation of a leguminous plant, Pithecellobium tortum, Martius, we observed a braconid wasp, Allorhogas sp., feeding on immature seeds. This genus belongs in the Doryctinae, an ectoparasitoid subfamily in the Braconidae, which usually attack wood-boring and bark-mining Coleoptera larvae (Capek, 1970). The phytophagous habit was not recognized at first because the literature considers all the Braconidae to be parasites or hyperparasites upon other insects (Matthews, 1974). Despite the fact that the Ichneumonoidea have been studied for a long time only 10 to 20% of the described species have their hosts recorded (Iwata, 1976). Thus it is reasonable to expect that the number of known cases of phytophagy in the Braconidae may increase with more studies on the biology of this group.
Vanillin alleviates oxidative stress-mediated neuronal pyroptosis induced in rats by isoproterenol via SIRT1/NOX4/ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Vanillin alleviates neuronal pyroptosis induced in rats by isoproterenol via SIRT/NOX4/ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling.
Imaging findings and its relationship to nervous symptoms in 128 cases of diastematomyelia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM: To analyze the relationship between imaging features and clinical nervous symptoms of diastematomyelia(DM). METHODS: The imaging features, clinical nervous symptoms and prognosis of 128 DM patients with complete data in our hospital from May,1975 to January, 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Imaging features including the asymmetry, existence of septum, location in thoracic waist and lumber segments and large combined hydrocyst were displayed in 98 cases of double-tube DM, who suffered serious clinical nervous symptoms. Imaging features including the symmetry, inexistence of septum or having some fiber septum, location in cervical and cervical-thoracic segments and small combined hydrocyst were found in 30 cases of single-tube DM, who suffered mild clinical nervous symptoms. In addition, both had no clear relation to the length of spinal cord division. CONCLUSION: There are close relations between imaging features and clinical nervous symptoms in DM patients. Then the typing, the imaging features and the clinical never symptoms should all be taken into consideration for the treatment.
Systematic Identification of Protein Phosphorylation-Mediated Interactions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism involved in nearly every eukaryotic cellular process. Increasingly sensitive mass spectrometry approaches have identified hundreds of thousands of phosphorylation sites, but the functions of a vast majority of these sites remain unknown, with fewer than 5% of sites currently assigned a function. To increase our understanding of functional protein phosphorylation we developed an approach (phospho-DIFFRAC) for identifying the phosphorylation-dependence of protein assemblies in a systematic manner. A combination of nonspecific protein phosphatase treatment, size-exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry allowed us to identify changes in protein interactions after the removal of phosphate modifications. With this approach we were able to identify 316 proteins involved in phosphorylation-sensitive interactions. We recovered known phosphorylation-dependent interactors such as the FACT complex and spliceosome, as well as identified novel interactions such as the tripeptidyl peptidase TPP2 and the supraspliceosome component ZRANB2. More generally, we find phosphorylation-dependent interactors to be strongly enriched for RNA-binding proteins, providing new insight into the role of phosphorylation in RNA binding. By searching directly for phosphorylated amino acid residues in mass spectrometry data, we identified the likely regulatory phosphosites on ZRANB2 and FACT complex subunit SSRP1. This study provides both a method and resource for obtaining a better understanding of the role of phosphorylation in native macromolecular assemblies. All mass spectrometry data are available through PRIDE (accession #PXD021422).
EX SITU CONSERVATION OF MAGNOLIACEAE INCLUDING ITS RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Eleven genera with 125 taxa, inciuding species, subspecies, varieties and hybrids of Magnoliaceae have been introduced and planted by method of ex situ conservation in South China Botanicai Garden, Guangzhou. Of the taxa conserved, 113 species originate from China, 12 species are from abroad, among them 29 species belong to the rare and endangered plants which are included in the first and second lists of protected plants of China. Thus, a great gene pool of Magnoliaceae has been set up. The introduction and ex situ conservation of Magnoliaceae species are basical1y successful. The great majority of the species from the tropics and subtropics grow well, and the species from the zone at ±10 degrees along the Tropic of Cancer grow best, but the species which originate from temperate zone or high altitude regions in the subtropics are unhealthy. A list of ex situ conservation of Magnoliaceae plants with the growth situation is given.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Leaf, Bark and Fruit Oils ofNeolitsea fischeriGamble

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, bark and fruits of Neolitsea fischeri were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty components comprising 80.3% of the leaf oil, twenty-six components comprising 94.7% of the bark oil and twenty-seven components comprising 78.8% of the fruit oil were identified. The major components in the leaf oil were caryophyllene oxide (33.0%) followed by selin-11-en-4α-ol (14.8%). The bark oil contained 10.2% cadinene and two isomers of cadinol viz. α-cadinol (24.5%) and α-muurolol (22.2%) as the major components, while the fruit oil had α-cadinol (19.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.7%) as the major components. The fruit, leaf and bark oils showed moderate to good activity against some of the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Key Word Index: Neolitsea fischeri Lauraceaeessential oil compositionα-cadinolα-muurololα-cadinenecaryophyllene oxideselin-11-en-4α-olantibacterial activity
Emotional And Expressive Vocabulary In The Sub-Dialects Of The Irkutsk Region

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article deals with the emotionally-expressive vocabulary of the sub-dialects in the Irkutsk region as part of the dialectal vocabulary and as a means to reflect popular beliefs, axiological picture of the world of rural old residents in the region. The work defines the following lexico-semantic groups which include representatives with emotionally-expressive connotations: people' names according to character qualities, peculiarities of behavior; people' names according to appearance characteristics; people's names according to presence/absence of any abilities, strength, and health; names of actions or attributes of actions; names of household items, clothes, footwear; names of items connected with human activity; names of animals, birds. Within each group, the authors analyzed the words by their part-of-speech belonging and concluded that the emotional-expressive vocabulary of the Irkutsk region's sub-dialects consists in a greater extent of nouns and verbs. The paper contains classification of dialect words by type of reflected connotation, identification of words with positive coloring and words with negative coloring, calculations showing quantitative correlation of these language units. The analysis of connotative vocabulary revealed that since ancient times people have approved individuals who are outwardly pleasant, healthy and strong, neat and clean, hardworking and economic, moderately sociable, cheerful and non-conflictual, caring for household items and tools, showing love and care for domestic animals. In children, they value obedience and strongly condemn the laziness. Sub-dialects of the Irkutsk region have much less words with positive coloring than words with negative coloring.
The dominant views of solid objects

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Introduces the concept of the dominant views (DVs) of a solid object as those views that, in a sense to be defined, contain maximal visual information about the solid. The set of dominant views of a solid object is a minimal subset of the object's characteristic views (CVs) that represents all of the object's surfaces in the most general manner. The authors present a method for computing the dominant views of a solid object from its characteristic-view set and illustrate the method on some sample objects. By providing a basis for multi-level indexing of an object-model database, the DV concept should prove useful in object recognition and pose determination. A scheme for multi-level indexing is considered essential for solving the problem of inexact matching in multiview model-based recognition.< >