jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Astaxanthin, a natural antioxidant, lowers cholesterol and markers of cardiovascular risk in individuals with prediabetes and dyslipidaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim To determine the effects of astaxanthin treatment on lipids, cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers, glucose tolerance, insulin action and inflammation in individuals with prediabetes and dyslipidaemia. Materials and Methods Adult participants with dyslipidaemia and prediabetes ( n = 34) underwent baseline blood draw, an oral glucose tolerance test and a one‐step hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp. They were then randomized ( n = 22 treated, 12 placebo) to receive astaxanthin 12 mg daily or placebo for 24 weeks. Baseline studies were repeated after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. Results After 24 weeks, astaxanthin treatment significantly decreased low‐density lipoprotein (−0.33 ± 0.11 mM) and total cholesterol (−0.30 ± 0.14 mM) (both P < .05). Astaxanthin also reduced levels of the CVD risk markers fibrinogen (−473 ± 210 ng/mL), L‐selectin (−0.08 ± 0.03 ng/mL) and fetuin‐A (−10.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL) (all P < .05). While the effects of astaxanthin treatment did not reach statistical significance, there were trends toward improvements in the primary outcome measure, insulin‐stimulated, whole‐body glucose disposal (+0.52 ± 0.37 mg/m 2 /min, P = .078), as well as fasting [insulin] (−5.6 ± 8.4 pM, P = .097) and HOMA2‐IR (−0.31 ± 0.16, P = .060), suggesting improved insulin action. No consistent significant differences from baseline were observed for any of these outcomes in the placebo group. Astaxanthin was safe and well tolerated with no clinically significant adverse events. Conclusions Although the primary endpoint did not meet the prespecified significance level, these data suggest that astaxanthin is a safe over‐the‐counter supplement that improves lipid profiles and markers of CVD risk in individuals with prediabetes and dyslipidaemia.
Efficacy of Diclofenac Transdermal Patch versus Diclofenac Rectal Suppository for Management of Postoperative Pain Following Open Cholecystectomy: A Randomised Clinical Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Postoperative pain can have detrimental effects if proper analgesia is not provided. The most widely used medicines for the management of postoperative pain is Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), among the NSAIDs the most commonly used drug for postoperative pain is diclofenac sodium. Repeated intramuscular/intravenous (i.m/i.v.) injections of diclofenac are associated with pain and discomfort while oral use of diclofenac before and after surgery is limited and is also associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal complications like dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, etc. Diclofenac Transdermal Patch (TD) and Rectal Suppository (RS) are good methods of drug delivery as they avoid first pass metabolism, gastrointestinal complications and pain associated with i.m/i.v. route. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of the transdermal diclofenac patch versus the diclofenac RS for management of postoperative pain. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based, randomised, prospective, interventional, open label comparative clinical trial was conducted in Department of General Surgery and Department of Pharmacology at FH Medical College and Hospital, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, from April 2021 to September 2021. A total of 64 patients were included in the trial and they were randomly divided into two groups using simple randomisation technique. Group A received 100mg diclofenac TD (n=32) and group B received 100 mg diclofenac RS (n=32) just before induction of anaesthesia and repeated 12 hourly for 48 hours. Pain was assessed postoperatively at 6, 12, 24 hours, respectively using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and adverse effects like gastrointestinal complications were also noted in the both groups. The student's t-test was applied to compare the mean values of quantitative variables while qualitative variables were analysed using Chi-square test. p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Both the groups were comparable with respect to age (p-value=0.1048) and gender distribution (p-value=0.3760). VAS score at 12 hours and 24 hours postsurgery in patients of both groups showed significant decrease (p-value <0.001), when compared with VAS score values at 6 hours postsurgery of the same group. On comparison of VAS score between the two groups at 6 hour, 12 hour and 24 hour significant decrease (p-value <0.05) in VAS score was observed with a higher decrement in group B patients i.e., those who received diclofenac rectal suppositories. In group A, seven patients needed rescue analgesia while in group B only three patients required rescue analgesia. Conclusion: Rectal diclofenac suppository had higher efficacy in comparison to transdermal diclofenac patch in management of postoperative pain.
Fusion plants could compete in energy market

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Economically viable fusion power stations that have significant safety and EFDA-JET environmental advantages over current energy sources could be in operation by the middle of the century. That is the conclusion of a newly released study into the feasibility of commercial fusion plants carried out by the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA), which comprises European researchers and companies investigating fusion. The study also concludes that more-advanced fusion plants could be highly competitive with existing energy sources.
Anthropology & peacebuilding: an introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Peacebuilding presents a formidable challenge to anthropology, because it 'enframes' our contemporary world in particular ways. In our introduction to the special section on peacebuilding and anthropology we highlight the changing relationship between peace, conflict, culture and academic writing and how the three articles on Northern Ireland, Afghanistan and India-Pakistan address the changing relationships. The articles do not have the intention to present a coherent statement where anthropology 'is' in relation to peace and conflict studies. Each of them engages with a different aspect of the discipline and broader question beyond ethnographic fieldwork.
Modelling categorical loudness perception for arbitrary listeners and sounds

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

While "classical" loudness models predict loudness in sone using the concepts of Stevens' compressive power law, (subdivided) categorical loudness perception after Heller follows the compressive logarithmic Weber-Fechner law. To bridge the gap between both approaches, this contribution reviews various steps towards a loudness model that predicts categorical loudness (in categorical units, CU) for normal and hearing-impaired listeners for arbitrary sounds. It uses a (modified) classical loudness model for stationary signals to derive the loudness in sone and a nonlinear transformation from sone to CU. This transformation is approximated by a cubic polynomial equation wich is derived from categorical loudness data of 84 normal-hearing subjects. The model parameters are further set to predict the standard isophones that are in good agreement with the equal loudness level contours derived from categorical loudness data. Also, the model predicts the loudness functions near threshold both for normal and hearing-impaired listeners and can be extended to predict duration-dependent loudness perception. Since categorical loudness can be measured more easily and directly than loudness in sone, the current modelling approach can be experimentally tested and can be used in various applications, such as, e.g. hearing aid processing and fitting procedures.
Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 2

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Welcome to the 54th annual SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE TS 2023). Recent years have seen numerous milestones for the SIGCSE Technical Symposium such as its 50th anniversary, and the first online and hybrid symposiums. This year we celebrate another milestone: the first SIGCSE Technical Symposium held outside of the United States. We are thrilled that so many of you have decided to join us in Canada. Simultaneously, we are also excited to have many more people joining us online as the Technical Symposium is, once again, a hybrid event. Through all of these milestones the SIGCSE Technical Symposium has continued to be a forum for educators and researchers to share new results and insights, and it continues to be an opportunity for everyone in attendance to reinforce their existing connections within the community, and to build new ones. The SIGCSE Technical Symposium provides many ways to achieve these goals, including papers, panels, special sessions, workshops, the ACM Student Research Competition, Birds of a Feather (BoFs), demos, lightning talks, nifty assignments, posters, and affiliated events. This variety of tracks allows contributors to present their work in the manner best suited to it, while also providing opportunities for attendees to engage with the work and community in the manner that is most effective for them. Our theme for 2023 is "Prepared for Anything". Exactly what this means is open to interpretation. Maybe it means prepared to come to Canada. Or perhaps it means prepared to adapt to the ongoing challenges of COVID-19. Possibly it means prepared to change and improve our teaching in ways that we never expected. Mayhaps it means prepared for whatever comes in the future, good, bad, or somewhere in between. We hope that it means that you are prepared for another exciting SIGCSE Technical Symposium that includes exceptional content that strengthens your teaching, improves your students' learning, advances your research, inspires you to be active in the community, and increases your career satisfaction.
The distributions and geochemical implications of methylated 2-methyl-2-(4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)chromans in immature sediments

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Methylated 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chromans are salinity-sensitive biomarkers that have been detected in immature – early mature petroleum and sediments. In this study, the occurrence and distribution patterns of 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chromans were investigated in a set of lacustrine sediments from Nördlinger Ries of southern Germany and marine sediments from the South China Sea. Among all of the 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman isomers detected, 8-Me-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman presented with high abundance in sediments deposited in hypersaline environments, while absent in samples from normal marine environments. In contrast, 5,7,8-triMe-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman was more enriched in sediments from marine environments. This study also showed that the ratio of 5,7,8-triMe-/5,8-diMe-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman can be applied as a potential salinity indicator on account of a positive correlation with other 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman salinity indicators. This ratio can be an alternative indicator of paleosalinity when 8-Me-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman is absent or present in quite low abundance. The content of 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman isomers may be affected by freshwater supply and lithology. Molecular simulations showed that 5,8-diMe-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman has a higher thermal dynamic stability than 7,8-diMe-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman. Thus, the ratio of 5,8-diMe-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman/7,8-diMe-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman may be a potential maturity parameter for sediments at a low thermal mature stage.
Studdies on the Bone-Marrow Tissue Culture, the Simple Method of our Design

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although several noteworthy data have been obtained by clinical application of bone-marrow tissue culture, in view of the complexity of its procedures we have devised a simple method of bone-marrow tissue culture modified from the cover-slip method for the purpose of a still wider clincal application. By observing the bone marrow of the sternum of healthy persons by means of this method, the following results were obtained:1. The medium was consisted of a drop each of normal human serum and vitamin B12 solution placed on a tissue culture plate of our own device, and the best results were obtained by the vitamin B12 solution (containing 100 r/cc) to be added to the serum; and the most suitable space-distance between the surface of the slideglass and the coverglass was in the range of 150-200 μ.2. In the determination of the relative growth rate, cell-density index and the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils in the bonemarrow tissue culture of the sternum of healthy persons, within 24 hours of the culture the results obtained resemble quite closely to those obtained by the conventional method of tissue culture, proving that this method is sufficiently worthy of clinical application even though the shortening in the duration of arrest-time in all cells can be observed.
In vivo hyperglycaemia exposure elicits distinct period‐dependent effects on human pancreatic progenitor differentiation, conveyed by oxidative stress

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim The loss of insulin‐secreting β‐cells, ultimately characterizing most diabetes forms, demands the development of cell replacement therapies. The common endpoint for all ex vivo strategies is transplantation into diabetic patients. However, the effects of hyperglycaemia environment on the transplanted cells were not yet properly assessed. Thus, the main goal of this study was to characterize global effect of brief and prolonged in vivo hyperglycaemia exposure on the cell fate acquisition and maintenance of transplanted human pancreatic progenitors. Methods To rigorously study the effect of hyperglycaemia, in vitro differentiated human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)‐derived pancreatic progenitors were xenotransplanted in normoglycaemic and diabetic NSG rat insulin promoter (RIP)‐diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice. The transplants were retrieved after 1‐week or 1‐month exposure to overt hyperglycaemia and analysed by large‐scale microscopy or global proteomics. For this study we pioneer the use of the NSG RIP‐DTR system in the transplantation of hiPSC, making use of its highly reproducible specific and absolute β‐cell ablation property in the absence of inflammation or other organ toxicity. Results Here we show for the first time that besides the presence of an induced oxidative stress signature, the cell fate and proteome landscape response to hyperglycaemia was different, involving largely different mechanisms, according to the period spent in the hyperglycaemic environment. Surprisingly, brief hyperglycaemia exposure increased the bihormonal cell number by impeding the activity of specific islet lineage determinants. Moreover, it activated antioxidant and inflammation protection mechanisms signatures in the transplanted cells. In contrast, the prolonged exposure was characterized by decreased numbers of hormone + cells, low/absent detoxification signature, augmented production of oxygen reactive species and increased apoptosis. Conclusion Hyperglycaemia exposure induced distinct, period‐dependent, negative effects on xenotransplanted human pancreatic progenitor, affecting their energy homeostasis, cell fate acquisition and survival.
Mathematics knowledge for teaching and the classroom environment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the classroom environment in an underperforming mathematics classroom. The objectives were: (1) to investigate the classroom environment and identify influences upon it, and (2) to further explore those influences (i.e., teacher knowledge). This was completed using a diachronic case study approach in which data were gathered during lesson observations and coaching sessions. These data were analysed to describe and exemplify the classroom environment, then further described against forms of teacher knowledge. Conjectures regarding the importance of teacher knowledge of content were made which formed a base for developing a model of teacher planning and pedagogy.
Study of arteriovenous fistula function by the temperature gradient method using the Twister™ device.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1) The TGM is a valuable and reproducible indicator of QA during HD. 2) The Twister™ device is useful to reduce the time for QA measurement by the TGM. 3) The AVF blood flow values obtained by the TGM and the Delta-H technique correlated highly with each other. 4) It has been shown the lack of relationship between the AVF function and the patient's blood pressure.
Differential Diagnosis: Orthopedic Injury or Oncologic Process—A Case Report

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose: Patients referred for orthopedic management of musculoskeletal conditions warrant careful consideration when linear progress or decline is observed. Case Description: A 17-year-old male high school baseball player was referred by an orthopedic surgeon with a diagnosis of right medial epicondylitis. Physical therapy history, examination, and differential diagnosis led to “red flag” identification and a referral back to the orthopedic surgeon for diagnostic imaging. After negative findings, the patient returned for continued treatment of right medial epicondylitis. Upon a second physical therapy evaluation, symptoms progressed and functional capabilities decreased. This prompted the physical therapist to refer the patient and his family for additional medical examination. Outcomes: Review of previous diagnostic imaging led to the diagnosis of a primary osteoblastoma, surgical intervention, and physical therapy, with a quick return to independent functioning. Within 4 months, the aggressive tumor returned, which prompted referral to an orthopedic tumor specialist, and the patient underwent a second more extensive surgery and within a year, a third, most aggressive surgical procedure. He continues to receive medical and physical therapy follow-up visits and has not returned to competitive sports. Discussion/Conclusion: Physical therapists consistently demonstrate the ability to be extremely competent, efficient, and cost-effective in managing neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction. It is imperative to recognize signs, symptoms, and “red flags,” which indicate pathological conditions outside the scope of physical therapy practice, and ensure prompt and appropriate referrals.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DELIVERY TACTICS IN PATIENTS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES ACCORDING TO THE TWO LOCAL PROTOCOLS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective . To evaluate clinical outcomes of labour induction in patients with gestational diabetes (GD) regarding the choice different delivery tactics. Design and methods . The cohort retrospective study including 443 patients with gestational diabetes had given birth during 2014 and 2015 was conducted on the base of Federal North-West Medical Research Centre due to two different local clinical protocols, respectively. The patients were subdivided into two groups: first group — 251 women with GD (2014), second group — 192 (2015). Labour outcomes of the labour outcomes were estimated in each group. Results. Complications of labour such as dysthyroidism (p=1) and fetal distress (p=0,236) did not significantly differ between groups after induction of labour: 7% (3 of 43) and 9,3% (4 of 43) — in the first, 7,7% (2 of 26) and 11,5% (3 of 26) — in the second group, respectively. Clinically important is the fact that uterine inertia was twofold lower in the second group comparing to the first one: 7% (3 of 43) and 15,4% (4 of 26), respectively, that ii however not statistically significant for this size of data selection (p=1). The rate of diabetic embryopathy (p=0,341), macrosomia (p=0,364), urgent caesarean section (p=0,694) did not significantly differ between groups. Conclusion . Lengthening of expectant management in patients with GD in the absence of other indications for earlier delivery has led to the decrease in labour complications. Single standard tactic probably cannot be regarded as an appropriate choice for labour at 38-39 weeks for all patients with GD, such tactic should be used in the risk group for antenatal fetal death.
Popular Participation: Why do People Participate in Amateur Theatre?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There are about sixty amateur theatre companies in Iceland. Hundreds of people every year participate in various theatrical activities, from staging large and intricate produc­tions to smaller and more intimate readings and programs, attending workshops and seminars, writing plays both short and “full-length”, meeting in groups not only to re­hearse but to practice and develop theatrical crafts. None get paid. Some are even ready to part with fairly large sums for aforementioned workshops and seminars. All of them put in untold work hours and a lot of effort – after they get done with their day jobs. These are not “professionals”. Mostly, they don’t want to be. They have no inter­est in pursuing a theatrical career for a living. They just want to make theatre.In my article I explore what it is that people experience when participating in amateur theatre. The paper will mainly be based on a number of in depth interviews I con­ducted in 2009 and 2010 with people from the Selfoss Amateur Theatre Company, as well as my own experience of being a member of the same company for the last 25 years. Using analytical tools such as thematic analysis and Richard Schechner’s perfor­mance process as a time-space sequence I explore how making theatre creates communities and worlds and gives the participants freedom to let loose and play, if only for a time.
Preparation of modified polylactic acid fiber containing anti‐hydrolysis agents

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising alternative to petroleum‐based polymers due to its biodegradability. However, its low mechanical properties in the presence of moisture are a challenge for textile applications. In this study, we investigated the effects of two anti‐hydrolysis agents, an epoxy‐based agent (ADR) and an aromatic carbodiimide‐based agent (ZIKA), on the mechanical properties and hydrolysis resistance of PLA fibers. A melt‐spinning process was used to prepare anti‐hydrolysis fibers by adding 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of ADR and ZIKA to PLA. The topology of ADR/PLA and ZIKA/PLA was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Analysis of the compound chip revealed that ADR formed a branched chain in PLA, while ZIKA produced a linear molecular structure. The hydrolysis resistance of the fibers was evaluated by analyzing their crystallinity, hydrothermal shrinkage behavior, morphology, and tensile strength. ZIKA/PLA fibers showed higher orientation and crystallinity than ADR/PLA fibers. After hydrolysis, the tensile strength of ADR 0.5%/PLA fibers decreased by 31%, while that of ZIKA 0.5%/PLA fibers decreased by only 5% due to the linear molecular structure of ZIKA/PLA. Our findings indicate that ZIKA is more effective than ADR in producing hydrolysis‐resistant PLA fibers with high crystallinity, orientation, and mechanical durability.