jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Immuno-oncology therapy and COVID-19: What are the potential benefits and risks of undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer during a COVID-19 pandemic?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic raises several challenges around the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) based therapy. ICI-therapy, also known as immuno-oncology (IO) therapy, is an upcoming approach to cancer management for several indications, and works by blocking key immune checkpoints, which enables the immune system to destroy tumour cells. Challenges include the potential risk of more severe/frequent immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in COVID-19 patients.Aim: Explore the risks and benefits of IO-therapy for NSCLC during a COVID-19 pandemic and review current guidelines.Case presentation: Patient X is a 70-year-old man with NSCLC who has resumed ICI-therapy after sustaining COVID-19 lung changes following his recent infection.Method: Medical histories were taken from three ICI-patients with NSCLC. In addition, a literature review was undertaken, looking at databases including PubMed, Medline, and Scopus. Key words such as ‘covid-19’, ‘immunotherapy’ and ‘NSCLC’ were used to identify relevant literature and the literature reviewed ranged from 2015 to present day.Results: Several studies identified poor clinical outcomes associated with IO-therapy use in lung cancer patients throughout this pandemic. However, a large body of literature suggests IO-therapy does not influence the survival of patients with COVID-19 nor the likelihood of severe complications. Thus, complete discontinuation of IO may not be necessary, though many studies did suggest that greater COVID-19 surveillance of IO patients be implemented.Significance: Cases such as Patient X, who have COVID-19 lung changes and resume IO, are rarely seen in the literature; therefore, there is minimal guidance for similar situations. This study highlights vital areas for future research including the implications of a COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusion: It is possible for NSCLC patients to undergo IO-therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and IO-therapy is poorly understood, resultantly it is advised that a case-by-case approach is utilised and patients are involved in the uncertainty of decision-making.
2 Regularized Least Squares Approximation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

However, many times it makes more sense to approximate the given data by a least squares fit. fasshauer@iit.edu MATH 590 – Chapter 19 Fall 2008Up to now we have looked only at interpolation. However, many times it makes more sense to approximate the given data by a least squares fit. This is especially true if the data are contaminated with noise, fasshauer@iit.edu MATH 590 – Chapter 19 Fall 2008Up to now we have looked only at interpolation. However, many times it makes more sense to approximate the given data by a least squares fit. This is especially true if the data are contaminated with noise, or if there are so many data points that efficiency considerations force us to approximate from a space spanned by fewer basis functions than data points.
Tumour necrosis factor-α inhibition can stabilize disease in progressive vitiligo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine central to many autoimmune diseases, has been implicated in the depigmentation process in vitiligo. We review its role in vitiligo by exploring its pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and examine the effects of blocking its actions with TNF-α antagonist therapeutics in reports available in the literature. We found that TNF-α inhibition halts disease progression in patients with progressive vitiligo but that, paradoxically, treatment can be associated with de novo vitiligo development in some patients when used for other autoimmune conditions, particularly when using adalimumab and infliximab. These studies reinforce the importance of stating appropriate outcomes measures, as most pilot trials propose to measure repigmentation, whereas halting depigmentation is commonly overlooked as a measure of success. We conclude that TNF-α inhibition has proven useful for patients with progressive vitiligo, where TNF-α inhibition is able to quash cytotoxic T-cell-mediated melanocyte destruction. However, a lingering concern for initiating de novo disease will likely prevent more widespread application of TNF inhibitors to treat vitiligo.
Quality Deterioration of Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell in Transporting Environment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study described the degradation by variance of surface and quantum efficiency (QE) in multicrystalline silicon solar cell (mc-Si solar cell) after vibration test which was simulated under the condition of land & air transportation. The vibration test follows some procedures from an unleashed draft of one developing international Standard. Mechanical defects on the surface of solar cell were obviously inspected by recognizable patterns evolving, shown from the method of electroluminescence (EL) imaging. The patterns were classified into 7 types by symptoms of crack/micro-crack. On the other hand, quantum efficiency variances of cell were measured in incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE), i.e. IPCE performance worst-case drop was found indeed in spectrum as 23.7%. After vibration test, total breakage rate is near 1% and some specific cells had 3% power loss. EL images showed the sufficient evidences of defect’s growth due to mc-Si cells experienced vibration response during transshipment simulation. Furthermore, this applied research provided a common vibration test from a prenormative Standard, and two nondestructive test method, EL and QE/IPCE to evaluate the damaged spot on mc-Si solar cells. Result shall also be considered as one key point to improve transportation package as well in the future.
Dissolution Glow Curve in LLD

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Lyoluminescence dosimetry is based upon light emission during dissolution of previously irradiated dosimetric materials. The lyoluminescence signal is expressed in the dissolution glow curve. These curves begin, depending on the dissolution system, with a high peak followed by an exponentially decreasing intensity. System parameters that influence the graph of the dissolution glow curve, are, for example, injection speed, temperature and pH value of the solution and the design of the dissolution cell. The initial peak does not significantly correlate with the absorbed dose, it is mainly an effect of the injection. The decay of the curve consists of two exponential components: one fast and one slow. The components depend on the absorbed dose and the dosimetric materials used. In particular, the slow component correlates with the absorbed dose. In contrast to the fast component the argument of the exponential function of the slow component is independent of the dosimetric materials investigated: trehalose, glucose and mannitol. The maximum value, following the peak of the curve, and the integral light output are a measure of the absorbed dose. The reason for the different light outputs of various dosimetric materials after irradiation with the same dose is the differing solubility. The character of the dissolution glow curves is the same following irradiation with photons, electrons or neutrons.
Abstracts of the Fourth Joint Annual Conference, Experimental and Clinical Short Papers Meetings of the British Society of Audiology

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

M.R.D. Maslin*, M. Taylor§, C. Plack* and, K.J. Munro*,#. *School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, §Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK, #Central M...
F2‐03‐04: Double‐Immune Challenge with the Viral Mimic Polyi:C Induces Alzheimer's Disease‐Like Neuropathology In Aged Wild‐Type Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Postmortem brain studies consistently reveal strong inflammatory reactions associated with beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal lesions. However, despite the growing number of studies linking neurotoxic inflammatory responses to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, little information is available on early inflammatory processes which might possess stronger disease-inducing and -modifying potential than Aβ plaque-associated inflammatory responses. We have recently shown that prenatal exposure to the viral mimic PolyI:C (polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidilic acid) results in significant loss of Reelin-producing neurons and morphological abnormalities indicative of premature aging. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of a prenatal infection on AD-like neuropathology. Using immunohistochemical and immunoelectron studies, we found larger and more numerous amyloid-like plaques compared to controls. Distinct fibrillary structures reminiscent of Aβ depositions were evident within Reelin-positive granular deposits. Biochemical analyses showed concomitantly higher levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides, as well as significant elevations in levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1α and 1β. We also observed significant alterations in Reelin processing, and increases in tau phosphorylation in plaque-rich brain areas. Based on this distinct phenotype, we tested whether a second immune challenge would be sufficient to further aggravate the neuropathology in aged PolyI:C-exposed mice. We employed two cohorts of mice that were exposed to PolyI:C or NaCl at gestation day 17. At 9 or 15 months, they were challenged with a second viral-like infection using PolyI:C or NaCl as control and the brain tissue analyzed 3 months post-treatment. We found a widespread fibrillary amyloidosis accompanied by activated microglia in the hippocampal formation of PolyI:C/PolyI:C-challenged mice compared to controls. A significant increase in Tau phosphorylation and translocation from axonal to somatodendritic compartments was also evident in the hippocampus of double-immune challenged wild-type mice. These results show that a combined pre- and postnatal viral-like infection can precipitate the development and progression of AD-like neuropathology in aged wild-type animals.
Water quality in the Northern Colorado Plateau Network: Water years 2019?2022

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water quality monitoring in National Park Service units of the Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) is made possible through partnerships between the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring Division, individual park units, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality. This report evaluates water quality data from site visits at 42 different locations within and around eight park units in Utah and Colorado from October 1, 2018 through September 30, 2022. Data are compared to state water quality standards for the purpose of providing information to park managers about potential water quality problems. Parks included for evaluation are Arches National Park (NP), Bryce Canyon NP, Canyonlands NP, Capitol Reef NP, Dinosaur National Monument (NM), Hovenweep NM, Timpanogos Cave NM, and Zion NP. Evaluation of water quality parameters relative to state water quality standards indicated that 21,644 (96.8%) of the 22,356 total designated beneficial-use evaluations completed for the period covered in this report met state water quality standards. The most common parameters that did not meet a standard include fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli), water temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS). While TDS can be an indicator of pollution, in NCPN parks, it mostly occurs downstream of rock outcrops that naturally increase TDS in streams. Phosphorus concentrations were often greater than acceptable thresholds but were rarely associated with indicators of impairment such as algal blooms, fish kills, or low dissolved oxygen. Sites monitored in Arches NP, Bryce Canyon NP, Capitol Reef NP, Dinosaur NM, Hovenweep NM, and Zion NP all had occurrences when fecal indicator bacteria concentrations were greater than associated state standards. State-coordinated plans to reduce waste contamination are in place for the North Fork Virgin River (Zion NP) and the Fremont River (Capitol Reef NP). The plans have resulted in a decrease in the number of chronic and acute standard violations at Zion. Elevated water temperatures occurred at sites in Canyonlands NP, Capitol Reef NP, and Zion NP. Water temperature is strongly correlated with air temperature in surface waters across the Colorado Plateau. Additional issues of management concern include low dissolved oxygen in Salt Wash at Wolfe Ranch (Arches NP) and Square Tower Spring (Hovenweep NM), as well as selenium in the Colorado River (Arches NP and Canyonlands NP). State-coordinated plans to reduce selenium concentrations in the Upper Colorado River basin are in place.
Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom provides a balanced introduction to both the theoretical and practical aspects of communicative task design, and is aimed at all second and foreign language teachers who want to develop their own tasks, or adopt/adapt those of others. The major purpose is to integrate recent research and practice in language teaching into a framework for analysing learning tasks. This framework should help teachers select, adapt or create their own communicative tasks. The ideas presented are relevant to teachers working in or preparing for a range of teaching situations with a variety of learner types.
Effects of psychological capital and self-esteem on emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background: Psychological capital (PsyCap) and self-esteem can potentially affect mental health among adolescents and can be used effectively to cope with stress. Aim and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between PsyCap, self-esteem, emotional, and behavioral problems and to determine the extent to which PsyCap and self-esteem predict the variability in the emotional and behavioral problems of school-going adolescents. Methodology: The present study was cross-sectional, and schools were selected using purposive sampling technique. A total of 387 samples were included based on the Krejcie and Morgan method to determine the sample size. Sociodemographic datasheet, PsyCap Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (self-report) were administered. Results: The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems was found to be 21.6% (abnormal level), and self-esteem had a negative correlation with emotional and behavioral problems (r = −0.208 P < 0.01) and a positive correlation with PsyCap (r = 0.409; P < 0.01). Self-esteem was found to be a significant predictor for emotional and behavioral problems. Conclusion: Emotional and behavioral problems of the adolescent population are closely related to self-esteem and PsyCap. Building PsyCap and self-esteem can strengthen the mental health of adolescents.
<title>Electromigration in VLSI metallization</title>

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

There are increasing reliability concerns of electromigration-induced and thermal stress-induced failures in submicron interconnects carrying the projected high current density and in multilevel interconnection with W studs. Electromigration characteristics of Al and Al-Cu submicron lines, two level Al-Cu lines with W studs, Al fine lines under pulsed current stressing at high frequencies, and Al and Al-Cu fine lines under temperature cycling have been systematically studied. Lifetime is affected by grain size, grain morphology and bend structure in submicron metal lines. The lifetime of W stud chains is less than a half of that of Al-Cu flat lines. The discontinuity of Cu supply at Al-Cu/W interfaces account for most of the reduction in the electromigration resistance of W stud chains. Under pulsed current stressing at frequencies 50-200 MHz, our data indicate no threshold frequency for drastic change in lifetime. However, lifetime increases with duty cycle as tso cc r- Z.', which is a remarkable improvement over an av¬ erage current density model. Lifetime also depends explicitly on both current on-time and current off period. The extra thermal stress induced by temperature cycling shortens the lifetime of both Al and Al-Cu fine lines by more than an order of magnitude. Our results also show that the addition of Cu in Al fine lines improves the resistance to thermal stress-induced failures, probably by the suppression of grain boundary sliding and migration.
KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY IN ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship among the Knowledge Sharing Factors, Knowledge Sharing Intention, Knowledge Sharing Behavior and Knowledge Management Capability. For this study, a sample of 109 executive engineers of a leading Engineering Organization, from Trichy was drawn from the population of 750 executive engineers using a structured questionnaire. The results of Partial Least Square Path Modelling (PLS-PM) have shown that the Attitude, Subjective Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control are found to be significant predictors of Knowledge Sharing Intention, then the Knowledge Sharing Intention of executive engineers are positively significant with Knowledge Sharing Behavior and Knowledge Sharing behavior of executive engineers plays a vital role in the Knowledge Management Capability of the Organization.
Event scheduling schemes for time warp on distributed systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we present event sensitive state saving as a novel idea for sparse state saving in Time Warp synchronized parallel discrete event simulations. This state saving model is aimed at efficient simulation of models where the execution time or granularity for different types or classes of events typically has a large variance. The event sensitive state saving mechanism is sensitive to which class of event the previously executed event belongs, and decide when to save simulation state based on this information. We present an analytical analysis and compare this new state saving model with the performance of an existing adaptive state saving model as well as the traditional Time Warp state saving model with fixed state saving interval.
Protein phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid and calyculin A, induce alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells derived from newborn mouse calvaria.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To determine whether protein phosphatases can affect bone regulation, we examined the effects of okadaic acid (OA) and calyculin A (CA), specific inhibitors of protein phosphatases type 1 and type 2A, on alkaline phosphatase activity of mouse osteoblastic cells. Clone MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with varying concentrations of OA and CA. OA and CA stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the cells in dose-dependent fashion with a maximal effect at concentrations of 5 nM and 2 nM, respectively. The properties of OA-induced and native ALP in the cells were the same and they were liver-bone-kidney type. These results show that protein phosphatase inhibitors stimulate bone formation in vitro and that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of specific proteins in the cells may be involved in bone regulation in vivo as well.
Webb’s Shropshire and Hardy’s Wessex: Literary and Geographical Influences on the Early Novels of Mary Webb

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mary Webb, whose novels and poetry portray her native county of Shropshire, was a keen reader of Thomas Hardy. Several biographers and scholars – including Gladys Mary Coles, Andrew Radford and Carol Siegel – have noted Hardy’s influence in her work. However, while these authors have explored aspects such as sexual politics, classical myth, and biographical details, they have focussed less upon Webb’s use and description of landscape, as well as Shropshire mythology and folklore. This article will build upon a small amount of research by these scholars, and not only examine the influence of Hardy’s works in Webb’s own writing but also note how she developed her own style stimulated by Hardian influence. It can be assumed that Webb’s use of local legends, vernacular, and landscape mirrors, to some extent, Hardy’s aesthetic depiction of his native Wessex. Additionally, her use of legend and folk beliefs creates a kind of Gothic rendering of a fictional Shropshire, akin to some of Hardy’s portrayals of Wessex. This article examines Webb’s life and literary influences – particularly Hardy, to whom she dedicated her fourth novel – and, following Coles, considers how her time spent living in the West Country, influenced the creation of her first novel.
New strategy to create “Super Dentin” using adhesive technology: Reinforcement of adhesive–dentin interface and protection of tooth structures

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Dentin bonding systems have been dramatically simplified and improved during the recent decades. Monomer penetration into dentin and its polymerization in situ creates a hybrid layer, which is essential to obtain good bonding to dentin. Moreover, the presence of an acid–base resistant zone below the hybrid layer has been documented with self-etching adhesive systems in an artificial secondary caries attack. When ultrastructure of the acid–base resistant zone is assessed by SEM and TEM observations, formation of the acid–base resistant zone is considered to be due to the monomer penetration potential and fluoride release in the adhesive systems. Natural dentin has a limited potential to resist an acid attack of secondary caries; however, the acid–base resistant zone does not purely consist of dentin in morphology, it is rather a combination of dentin and the adjacent hybrid layer. Therefore, the reinforced dentin has been called “Super Dentin” bearing the ability to prevent primary and secondary caries. Prospectively, the great potential of adhesive technology in creation of the “Super Dentin” would lead to the development of new materials for mechanical, chemical and biological protection of the dental structures.