jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Climate change alters the ability of neotropical forests to provide timber and sequester carbon

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Logging is widespread in tropical regions, with approximately 50% of all humid tropical forests (1.73 × 109 ha) regarded as production forests. To maintain the ecosystem functions of carbon sequestration and timber supply in tropical production forests over a long term, forest management must be sustainable under changing climate conditions. Individual-based forest models are useful tools to enhance our understanding about the long-term effects of harvest and climate change on forest dynamics because they link empirical field data with simulations of ecological processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the combined effects of selective logging and climate change on biomass stocks and timber harvest in a tropical forest in French Guiana. By applying a forest model, we simulated natural forest dynamics under the baseline scenario of current climate conditions and compared the results with scenarios of selective logging under climate change. The analyses revealed how substantially forest dynamics are altered under different scenarios of climate change. (1) Repeated logging within recovery times decreased biomass and timber harvest, irrespective of the intensity of climate change. (2) With moderate climate change as envisaged by the 5th IPCC Assessment Report (representative concentration pathway 2.6), the average biomass remained the same as in the baseline scenario (−1%), but with intensive climate change (RCP 8.5), the average biomass decreased by 12%. (3) The combination of selective logging and climate change increased the likelihood of changes in forest dynamics, driven mainly by rising temperatures. Under RCP 8.5, the average timber harvest was almost halved, regardless of the logging cycle applied. An application-oriented use of forest models will help to identify opportunities to reduce the effects of unwanted ecosystem changes in a changing environment. To ensure that ecosystem functions in production forests are maintained under climate change conditions, appropriate management strategies will help to maintain biomass and harvest in production forests.
THE ROLE OF HERBAL TO IMPROVE BROILER PERFORMANCE: A SUBJECT REVIEW

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This review was conducted to explain the efficacy of some herbals as a growth and performance promoter in broiler. The importance and use of herbal remedies has been reviewed systematically. Garlic can be utilized to successfully increase broiler growth, Aloe vera has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of wounds and the treatment of diabetes. Fenugreek has the ability to provide ruminant animals with high-quality feed. Nettle leaves were found to boost body weight increase and feed conversion efficiency for broilers. The effects of Thyme extracts or essential oils on a range of meat varieties, including pig, beef, and lamb, have been thoroughly examined and reported after their direct addition. The weight gain of Cobb broilers is dramatically increased by 16.97% when O. sanctum aqueous extracts is added to water compared to the controls.
Our Experience in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

仏国, 米国などで胆石症の治療法として開腹術による胆嚢摘出術のかわりに腹腔鏡下胆嚢摘出術が普及しつつある.われわれは1990年7月より腹腔鏡下胆嚢摘出術を開始した.胆嚢結石症および胆嚢ポリープ症例のうち, 急性炎症症例, 上腹部に手術既往を有する症例, 総胆管結石症例は適応より除外した.原則として, 点滴静注胆道造影検査にて胆嚢が造影されない症例も適応から除外した.施行症例は188例で17歳から80歳, 平均47歳であった.手術時間は最初の10例の平均は140分であったが最後の10例の平均は59分で, 急速に習熟したことを示している.最短は27分であった.術後合併症として, 2例に胆汁流出を認めたが翌日には自然に止まった.皮下気腫も2例に認めたが, 数時間で消失した.術中, 術後に開腹した症例は1例もなかった.腹腔鏡下胆嚢摘出術は術後の痺痛も軽微で美容にもすぐれ, これからの胆石治療としてますます繁用されるであろう.
Additional file 1 of Is energy excess the initial trigger of carbon overflow metabolism? Transcriptional network response of carbon-limited Escherichia coli to transient carbon excess

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Metabolic response to the addition of a single glucose pulse to a glucose-limited continuous culture. Time course data of carbon dioxide transfer rates (CTR). The differently coloured curves correspond to three different independent experiments. Time zero indicates the time point of the glucose pulse. Experimental conditions as specified in the Materials and methods section of the main manuscript. Fig. S2. Cluster validity index ‘Silhouette’. Differentially expressed genes showing at least a log2 fold change of ± 1.5 in response to the glucose pulse were sorted into clusters using a constrained k-means algorithm [1] with the background information of transcription factor (TF)/ sigma factor (SF) - target gene interaction form RegulonDB database (http://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx/) [2, 3]. The optimal cluster number (N = 14) was determined by repeated calculation of the cluster validity index ‘Silhouette’ [4]. Mean and standard deviation of the cluster validity index ‘Silhouette’ are shown in the y-axis. Fig. S3. Detailed analysis of transcript changes in response to the glucose pulse from indicated pathways are given in Figs. S4 – S10. Fig. S4. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins involved in carbohydrate transport. Fig. S5. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and pyruvate decarboxy-lation. Fig. S6. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from methylglyoxal metabolism. Fig. S7. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from by-product metabolism. Fig. S8. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from TCA cycle, glyoxylate shunt and anaplerotic reactions. Fig. S9. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from respiratory energy generation. Fig. S10. Heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from the GABA shunt (acid resistance system 2, AR2) and the mass, energy and redox balance of the GABA shunt (2-oxoglutarate to succinate). Fig. S11. Condensed heat-map of time course profiles of transcripts (log2 fold change) encoding designated proteins from central catabolic pathways.
Biodegradation Characteristics of Triphenylmethane Dyes by White Rot Fungus in Rice Straw Media

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the study on the characteristics of biodegradation of the classical triphenylmethane dyes, such as crystal violet, malachite green and bromophenol blue by white rot fungus in rice straw media. The results indicated the biodegradation rate of the dyes reached over 93% by white rot fungus in 10 days. Addition of dyes inhibited secretion of lignin peroxidase(LiP). The biodegradation rate of dyes increased with the processing of cultivation. Lac played important roles in biodegradation of dyes. The results also showed the structure of dyes changed through UV scanning, and bromophenol blue could be completely mineralized. Fig 2, Tab 2, Ref 10
[Immunogenic properties of lyophilized vaccine against fowl pox produced on a New Jersey strain of pigeon].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Studied was a freeze-dried vaccine against fowl pox, which was produced with the pigeon type of the New Jersey strain and was considered an innocuous and immunogenic biopreparation for birds of all ages. There were neither complications after vaccination via the wing web or through rubbing the leg nor any drop in egg laying. The vaccine stored at 4 degrees C retained its immunogenic properties in the course of one year (the period of observation).
INDIA’S VIOLATIONS OF THE INDUS-WATERS-TREATY, ITS IMPLICATIONS AT THE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL LEVEL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Currently, the world continues to face pressing challenges on the issue of water. To regulate transboundary water distribution, there are numerous water-related regimes, but they lack the requisite authority to enforce their policies. The Indus River System (IRS) is essential for both India and Pakistan, and it needs to be handled carefully by preserving the sanctity of the rare diplomatic victory of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960. Yet, the risk of hydro-political tension is increasing in the region against the spirit of the suggestion made by scholars that sharing water should not be a zero-sum game. India is already violating the IWT and might experiment to revoke it altogether, putting Pakistan’s survival at stake. The situation could lead to a worst-case scenario where Islamabad might be compelled to react without separating the two issues, namely ‘Water and Kashmir’. Contemporary times call for water rationality to prevail, presently, all options to uphold peace in the region lie with India. Thus, it is suggested that both countries address their long-pending unsettled issues so that the two sides could work together for the well-being of over 1.6650 billion people of this region.
How Do Women Affect Politics and Legislation Among Distinct Nations?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How does the increase of women in the political realm affect legislation? It is critical to discover the answer to this presented question as it allows academics to better understand the past, present, and future of politics. Understanding why more women are entering the political world, and how they can influence the rate of policy change, presents academics with a basis to further analyze the impact of women in various disciplines. This study will attempt to prove that an increase of women in high-ranking, legislative positions will prompt an increase in progressive legislation. Historically, the implementation of progressive policies has changed various societies. Therefore, an increase of women in government can drastically alter the current political world. This study examines the United States, Rwanda, Sweden, Germany, and Bolivia. It should be noted that each of the cases being investigated are described as developed democracies, with the exception of Rwanda. A Most Different System Design has also been applied to clearly examine the differences and similarities among the presented cases. At initial glance, these countries have little in common. However, through extensive research, it can be determined that each country has seen an increase of women political participation, and thus, share a similar outcome.
A c-KIT codon 816 mutation, D816H, in the testicular germ cell tumor: case report of a Japanese patient with bilateral testicular seminomas.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mutations of the c-KIT gene have been reported not only in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mast cell tumors, but also in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). In the present study we employed polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing analysis to characterize the c-KIT gene in a 29-year-old Japanese patient with bilateral testicular seminomas. Direct sequence analyses revealed a single base substitution in exon 17 in one c-KIT allele, resulting in an amino acid substitution of D816H in this mutated allele. This mutation was found in the left, but not in the right, testicular seminoma. This is the first description of a c-KIT gene mutation in a Japanese patient with bilateral TGCT. The mutational analysis of the c-KIT gene seems to provide crucial information for managing TGCT patients not only in Europe but also in Japan.
Analysis and Control of Grid Connected DFIG Under Sub & Super Synchronous Modes of Operation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The most reliable system in the present scenario for effective use of the wind power is grid integrated Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The implementation of a simple power converter arrangement in the rotor circuit for variable speeds has been proposed. Depending on wind speed, a DFIG based variable speed wind turbine is capable of operating in sub-synchronous or super-synchronous mode of operation using power electronic converters. The power flow in the rotor circuit is controlled for controlling the stator power in both the modes of operation by effecting rotor voltage through IGBT in sub-synchronous mode whereas in super-synchronous mode it is controlled by current sequence through LCI. The complete system has been modeled Using MATLAB/SIMULINK blocks and simulation study has been conducted, the operation of the proposed scheme is illustrated at different operating conditions i.e. above and below synchronous speeds. T. Suhasini | M. Mohana Rekha"Analysis and Control of Grid Connected DFIG Under Sub & Super Synchronous Modes of Operation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9568.pdf Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/9568/analysis-and-control-of-grid-connected-dfig-under-sub-and-super-synchronous-modes-of-operation/t-suhasini
Knowledge and Attitude of Dormitory Students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences about Smoking in 2016

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim: Smoking is one of the most important causes of respiratory, cardiovascular and cancers diseases. This study examined the smoking-related knowledge, attitudes and practices of dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. The specific aim is to determine the correlation between the main variables' affect on smoking habits, knowledge and attitudes.Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted with descriptive and analytical approach, 340 students were selected through random cluster sampling. The participating students completed an interview measuring demographic characteristics and smoking-related knowledge, attitude and practice. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Pearson's tests in SPSS (ver. 21).Findings: The mean and SD of the participants was 22.93±4.05 years. Accordingly, 23% (n=78) of the subjects were current smokers and 17.1% (n=58) had experienced smoking. The knowledge of 1.8% (n=6) of the subjects was weak about smoking's health effects, 9.97% (n=332) had average and 0.3% (n=1) had good knowledge. Attitude of 8.6% (n=29) of the participants about smoking was poor, 29.5% (n=100) average and 61.9% (n=210) good. Relationship between knowledge and attitude about the harms of smoking (r=0.35, p<0.001), between knowledge and smoking (r=0.2, p<0.001), and between attitude and smoking (r=0.45, p<0.001) was significant.Conclusion: There was a moderate level of knowledge and attitude about smoking hazards among the participants. Also the prevalence of smoking was relatively high. With regard to the statistically significant relationship between knowledge and attitude with smoking, declared health educational programs may enrich current knowledge, and promote the attitudes related to smoking risk and effects on the students' health.
Bop or Flop?: Integrating Music and Data Science in an Elementary Classroom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The importance of data literacies and the shortage of research surrounding data science in elementary schools motivated this research-practice partnership (RPP) between researchers and teachers from a STEM elementary school. We used a narrative case study methodology to describe the instructional practices of one music teacher who co-designed a data science curricular unit during a summer professional development program and implemented it in her 5th-grade music classroom. Data collected for this study include in-person and video observations, reflective journals, artifacts, and interviews. Findings suggest that this teacher integrated data science literacies into her classroom by supporting multiple avenues for data storytelling and relying on learners’ everyday discourse and experiences. Our study details a practical example of implementing data science with non-STEM domains in elementary classrooms.
Design of a Fuel Explosion-Based Chameleon-Like Soft Robot Aided by the Comprehensive Dynamic Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Soft robotics have advantages over the traditional rigid ones to achieve the bending motion but face with challenges to realize the rapid and long-distance linear motion due to the lack of a suitable actuation system. In this paper, a new explosion-based soft robot is proposed to generate the axial fast extension by the explosion pressure. To support and predict the performance of this explosion-based soft robot, a novel dynamic model is developed by considering the change of working fluid (molecular numbers) and some unavoidable and influential factors in the combustion process. Then, based on the physical prototype, a set of experiments is conducted to test the performance of the explosion-based soft robot in performing the axial extensions, as well as to validate the model proposed in this article. It is found that the novel explosion-based soft robot can achieve rapid axial extension by the developed explosion-based actuation system. The explosion-based soft robot can achieve 41-mm displacement at a fuel mass of 180 mg. In addition, the proposed dynamic model can be validated with an average error of 1.5%. The proposed approach in this study provides a promising solution for future high-power density explosion-based soft robots.
Effects of Catch-and-Release Angling on Nesting Male Smallmouth Bass

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We assessed the effects of angling stress on nesting male smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu from two lakes in southeastern Ontario. In the first portion of the study, adult male smallmouth bass were hooked and then played either briefly (<20 s) or to exhaustion (2 min). White muscle acid–base and metabolite status were used as indicators of the extent of the physiological disturbance in these fish. Angling of smallmouth bass resulted in decreases in muscle pH and energy reserves for burst activity (phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate), as well as increases in muscle lactate, metabolic protons (▵H+), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2). The physiological disturbance was most severe in smallmouth bass played to exhaustion. In the second portion of the study, other adult male smallmouth bass were hooked and played as described above. Fish played to exhaustion took four times longer to return to their nests than did fish played briefly. As a result, offspring in the nests of fish played to exhaustion were exposed to more predation risk. The physiological and behavioral effects of exhaustive exercise induced by angling indicate the potential for catch-and-release angling of smallmouth bass during their spawning season to negatively affect reproductive success.
Purification and characterization of W-protein. A DNA-binding protein showing high affinity for the W chromosome-specific repetitive DNA sequences of chicken.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A protein component, which binds with high affinity to the W chromosome-specific XhoI family repetitive DNA of chicken (Tone, M., Sakaki, Y., Hashiguchi, T., and Mizuno, S. (1984) Chromosoma (Berl.) 89, 228-237), was detected in the 0.35 M NaCl extract of the female chicken liver nuclei. This protein, designated as W-protein, was substantially purified by phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite, and DEAE-Toyopearl column chromatography. Molecular weight of W-protein was estimated to be about 72,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but it seems to form multimeric structure having apparent molecular weight of about 2.3 X 10(6) under nondenaturing conditions. W-Protein binds strongly to both 0.7- and 1.1-kb repeating units of the XhoI family, both of which show curved DNA characteristics, and weakly to the AATAT-satellite sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Stable binding of W-protein requires greater than or equal to 300 base pairs of the 0.7-kilobases sequence, or more than 14 tandem repeats of the 21-base pair internal repeating unit of the 0.7-kilobase sequence. DNA footprint analysis and effects of some DNA-binding compounds suggest that the DNA double helix wraps around W-protein or its multimeric form contacting through A-T-rich minor grooves. A possible role of W-protein in the formation of W heterochromatic body is discussed.
Genetic analyses of quantitative disease resistance in wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Weizen hat mit einer weltweiten Ackerfläche von 220 Millionen ha den größten Anteil an allen wirtschaftlich genutzten Kulturpflanzen. Nach Angaben der FAO (FAOSTAT 2017) liefert Weizen rund 20% des Gesamtenergie- und Proteinbedarfs der Welternährung, somit ist Weizen weltweit die bedeutendste Getreideart. Auf Grund der prognostizierten Bevölkerungszunahme und des Klimawandels steht die Sicherung der zukünftigen weltweiten Ernährung vor einer großen Herausforderung. Züchtung, unter anderem von krankheitsresistenten Sorten, kann wesentlich zur Ertragssteigerung und Ertragsstabilität und damit zur Erreichung der Ernährungssicherheit beitragen. Der Anbau resistenter Sorten ist umweltfreundlich, Ertragsverluste können ohne zusätzlichen Pestizideinsatz und den damit verbundenen Kosten effizient vermieden werden. Die überwiegende Zahl der züchterisch relevanten Merkmale, unter anderem auch Krankheitsresistenzen, werden quantitativ über ein Zusammenspiel einer Vielzahl von Genen moduliert. Das Ziel der nachstehend angeführten Studien war es, die genetische Konstitution hochresistenter Weizenlinien gegenüber Ährenfusariose, Gelbrost und Braunrost mit Hilfe von „quantitative trait locus/loci“ (QTL) Kartierung zu charakterisieren. Die Studien versuchten im Wesentlichen folgende Fragestellungen zu beantworten: Wie viele und welche chromosomale Abschnitte oder genetische Marker sind mit dem Merkmal eng gekoppelt? Wie hoch und wie stabil sind die Effekte der identifizierten QTL? Haben morphologische Merkmale, wie Wuchshöhe, Blühverhalten oder Infektionszeitpunkt einen Einfluss auf den Krankheitsbefall? Gibt es Übereinstimmungen mit bereits publizierten QTL Studien? Mit dem gewünschten Merkmal sehr eng gekoppelte molekulare Marker können zur Marker gestützten Selektion verwendet werden. ReferenceFAOSTAT (2017) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ accessed December 2017