jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Law criminal responsibility adopted by the Indonesian criminal law and the environmental law are regulated in Law Number 32/ 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management is only a fault liability. The principle of fault liability based complicate law enforcement in the process of criminal evidence. Law Number 32/ 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management of the Environment has set a strict liability issue but nevertheless the strict liability only obligate to pay compensation in the event a civil lawsuit. Criminal law recognize the strict liability. Strict liability is defined as liability without fault is criminal liability without proof of fault further to the offender. In criminal cases involving corporate environment needs to be applied the principle of strict liability, so that the strict liability can be expanded application not only to the claim for damages in civil cases but can also be done in the legal protection of penal law. Is expected with the integration of law will be able to simplify the process of proving crime against violation of environment by the corporation. This research aims to determine the corporate criminal liability based on the principle of Strict Liability and its implication in the process of proving environmental criminal.
Effects of Combined Micronutrient(Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo and B) Application on Forage Traits in Pure and Mixed Swards of Orchardgrass and White Clover III. Changes in the contents and yields of N-compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compounds) in forage plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Orchardgrass 및 white clover의 단파 및 혼파 재배조건에서 미량요소 Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo및 B의 조합시비가 목초의 생육, 개화, 수량, 양분 함량 및 식생구성비율 등에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 다량요소 양분을 동일 량 시비한 조건에서 7 수준의 미량요소 조합시비는 $T_1$; 대조구, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe+Mn, $T_4$; Fe+Mn＋Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo 및 $T_{7}$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo＋B로 하였다. 본 III보에서는 조합시비가 목초의 N-화합물(조/순단백질 및 수용성 N-화합물)의 함량 및 이들의 수량(함량<%>/100 ${\times}$ 건물수량) 등에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 1. N-화합물의 함량은 일반적으로 초종(grass-clover), 재배방법(단파/혼파) 및 추비의 시비여부별 큰 차이를 보였다. Orchardgrass에서 처리별 N-화합물의 함량차이는 경미하였으나 $T_3$와 $T_6$ 에서는 단파 및 혼파재배 공히 다소 낮은 경향을 보였다. White clover에서는 처리별 차이가 단파재배에서는 뚜렷하지 않았으나 혼파재배에서는 $T_1$, $T_3$ 및 $T_6$ 에서 다소 낮은 부정적인 영향을 보였다. 2. 처리별 건물수량에 미치는 효과보다 조/순단백질의 수량에 미치는 효과가 상대적으로 더 컸으며 이는 orchardgrass의 경우보다 white clover에서 더 큰 영향을 보였다. 처리별 조단백질의 수량차이를 보면 orchardgrass는 건물수량의 변화특성과 상대적으로 비슷한 경향을 보였으나 조단백질의 수량에 미치는 $T_3$와 $T_6$의 부정적인 효과는 건물수량의 경우보다 더 크게 나타났다. 3. White clover에서 처리별 조단백질의 수량차이는 특히 혼파재배와 무추비 5차 예취 시에 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 추비(특히 N)가 조단백질의 수량에 미치는 조합시비의 효과를 경감시켰다. 또한 혼파재배에서 적합한 조합시비에 따른 white clover의 양호한 생육은 N-화합물의 양호한 함량 및 수량과 밀접한 연관성을 갖는 것으로 보였다. 두 초종 공히 처리별 순단백질의 수량변화 특성은 상술한 조단백질의 변화 특성과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined micronutrient application($T_1$;control, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe＋Mn, $T_4$; Fe＋Mn＋Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo, $T_7$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo＋B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The third part was concerned with the changes in the contents and yields of N-compounds (crude/pure protein and soluble N-compounds) in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The contents of N-compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compounds) were generally different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed culture, and additional fertilization, especially N. In orchardgrass, these contents were relatively low at the $T_3$ and $T_6$ in both pure and mixed cultures. In white clover, these contents were relatively decreased by the $T_1$, $T_3$, and $T_6$ in mixed culture. 2. The treatments influenced relatively more on the yields of crude/pure protein than on the dry matter yields of forages, and this tendency was more significant in white clover than in orchardgrass. 3. In white clover, the great differences in the yields of crude protein by the treatments occurred especially in mixed culture and at 5th cut without no additional fertilization. In white clover, the positive effects of optimum treatments on the yields of crude protein seemed to be decreased by the additional fertilization, especially N. In mixed culture, the favorable growth of white clover by the optimum treatments tended to be positively related to the favorable contents and yields of N-compounds. The changes in the yields of pure protein were similar to the tendency of crude protein
Design of oil-free simple turbo type 65 K/6 KW helium and neon mixture gas refrigerator for high temperature superconducting power cable cooling

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

For the requirement of HTS facility cooling, we propose oil-free simple turbo-type refrigerator. The working gas is a helium and neon mixture. Two single-stage turbo compressors and two expansion turbines are applied to the cycle. The rotor consists of the compressor impeller, turbine impeller and driving motor, and is supported by foil type gas bearing. The refrigerator requires two rotating machines with excellent reliability and compactness, and the motor power required is 72.5 kW for a refrigeration load of 6 kW. For the cooling of power cable, sub-cooled pressurized liquid nitrogen and a circulation pump must be provided. If the estimated distance between inter-cooling stations is quite long, for example 5 km, plural refrigerators may be set up on one cooling station.
Support for a Monophyletic Lemuriformes: Overcoming Incongruence Between Data Partitions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Malagasy lemurs (Lemuriformes), represented today by 32 extant species (Mittermeier et al. 1994), are thought to have diverged approximately 60 MYA from their last common ancestor with the Lorisiformes in Africa and Asia (Yoder et al. 1996). Despite a great deal of morphological and molecular data, the family-level relationships—and even the monophyly—of the Lemuriformes remain controversial (e.g., Tattersall and Schwartz 1974; Cartmill 1975; Szalay 1975; Dene et al. 1976; Sarich and Cronin 1976; Dene, Goodman, and Prychodko 1980; Schwartz and Tattersall 1985; MacPhee and Cartmill 1986; Adkins and Honeycutt 1994; Yoder 1994; Del Pero et al. 1995; Porter et al. 1995; Yoder et al. 1996; Yoder, Vilgalys, and Ruvolo 1996; Stanger-Hall 1997). In this paper, we focus on resolving a remarkable pattern of incongruence between codon positions found in two mitochondrial DNA genes, cytochrome b (Cyt b) (Yoder, Vilgalys, and Ruvolo 1996) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) (Adkins and Honeycutt 1994). To test the hypothesis that first and second codon positions of these genes are misleading in their support for a diphyletic Lemuriformes (Yoder, Vilgalys, and Ruvolo 1996), we collected partial sequences of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (16S) from 17 species and subspecies of the Lemuriformes. Our sequences represented the 39 portions of the gene (33%), which are known to be far more conserved than the 59 portions (Hillis and Dixon 1991). This study represents the largest taxon sampling to date of the Lemuriformes for any gene. We chose the 16S gene, because, as a mitochondrial gene, it is guaranteed to have had the same history as the two protein-coding genes, but, as a ribosomal gene, it presumably operates under different selective constraints. As many taxa as possible were analyzed in an effort to resolve the long deep branches found in previous analyses with fewer taxa. After analyzing the 16S gene by itself, we used an iterative procedure to investigate whether the incongruence between data partitions is aggravated by inadequate phylogenetic reconstruction methods (Cunningham 1997). Three different phylogenetic reconstruction models were applied to the data using PAUP* 4.0d63 (written by D. L. Swofford, Smithsonian Institution): the best-fit model under maximum likelihood (ML), equally weighted parsimony, and six-parameter parsimony. The
Two-stage Joint Bidding and Pricing Optimization Strategy for Load Aggregators in Demand Response Market

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Load aggregators (LA) can incentivize residential consumers to participate in demand response programs and provide grid services through market-based transactions. However, existing researches on market bidding and pricing strategies for load aggregators are often performed separately without considering the coupling between them, which may lead to suboptimal profits. To address this issue, we propose a two-stage joint bidding and pricing strategy that takes into account the coupling relationship between bidding and pricing. In the first stage, a pricing plan is set to predict the response capacity of consumers and formulate a bidding strategy accordingly. In the second stage, the actual bidding results and market-clearing price are obtained, and the pricing plan is optimized accordingly. The proposed strategy is evaluated using real-world bidding data from the California DR market. The results show that the two-stage pricing strategy can significantly increase the profit of LAs compared to the traditional one-stage strategy. Additionally, we employ robust optimization to analyze uncertainty in the DR market. The proposed pricing strategy can provide valuable insights for LAs to participate in the DR market effectively and efficiently.
Research on qualitative and quantitative methods of Alternanthera philoxerodes (Mart.) Griseb

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To establish qualitative and quantitative methods of Alternanthera philoxerodes.Method: Qualitative analysis for Alternanthera philoxerodes by TLC;the chromatographic condition for Alternanthera philoxero- des were:a developer of chloroform-methanol(40:1).The content of oleanolic acid in Alternanthera philoxerodes was determined by HPLC,Alhima C_(18) column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)was used.The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-water-glacial acetic acid-triethylamine (90:10:0.03:0.06) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min~(-1),col- umn temperature was 25 ℃,and the detection wavelength was 210 nm.Results:Alternanthera philoxerodes could be detected by TLC;the calibration curve of oleanolic acid was linear over the range of 1.03-4.99 μg,and the equa- tion of linear regression was Y=3.676×10~3X-3.958×10~3(r=0.9997).The average recovery rate (n=6) was 99.8%,RSD=2.3 %.Conclusion:The method is convenient,accurate and have a good reproducibility.The quality of Alternanthera philoxerodes can be controlled effectively.
Spline windows for power spectral density estimation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The power spectral density of a signal can be estimated most accurately by using a window with a narrow bandwidth and large sidelobe attenuation. Conventional windows generally control these characteristics by only one parameter, so there is a trade-off problem. To reduce the effect of spectral leakage, a window function can be used whose amplitude tapers smoothly and gradually toward zero at both ends. To overcome this problem, we propose using grouped spline windows with two control parameters for power spectral density estimation and analyze its characteristics.
Parametric estimation for indoor localization application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This report shows the parametric estimation of Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non Line-of-Sight (NLOS) paths for localization. The parametric estimation of the LOS and NLOS paths like Time of Arrival (TOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA) using Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation (SAGE) algorithm are explained. The experiment set up and execution will then be shared. Subsequently, the data obtained from the experiment will be processed using MATLAB software to produce the estimated TOA and AOA. With the estimated TOA and AOA found, the LOS and NLOS path can be known and used for localization. The errors of the measured values were then compared to the actual values to evaluate the accuracy of the parameter estimation. The errors of localization using LOS and NLOS will also be shown. Lastly are the future works that can be implemented to achieve better parameter estimation for localization.
The effect of Herceptin on the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines with HER-2/neu gene overexpression

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To study the effect and mechanism of Herceptin on the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines with HER-2/neu gene overexpression.Methods:The effect of Herceptin on the growth of NPC CNE-2Z and CNE-2 cell lines in vitro was tested by MTT and ~3H-TdR incorporation, and the effect of the cell growth and cell cycle and apoptosis on NPC CNE-2Z cell line was assayed by flow cytometer.Results:Herceptin could inhibit the growth of CNE-2Z cell line, and induce cell apoptosis index to increase.Conclusion:Herceptin inhibited the growth of CNE-2Z cell lines with HER-2/neu gene overexpression, and induced cell (apoptosis.)
Estimation of asymptotic spermatocrit value of bovine semen

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Rationalisation of method for determining spermatocrit value at an arbitrarily chosen speed of centrifugation is attempted through determination of asymptotic spermatocril value which represents the final volume of packing under increasing relative centrifugal force. Asymptotic spermatocnt value of 56 ejaculates from 3 different breeds of bulls is estimated as 3.047±2.3316 (mean ±SD). High coefficient of variation is due to the wide variation in the spenn density of the samples. The asymptotic sperrnatocrit value would radically help in easy determination of total count, mean corpuscular volume and density for belter understanding of physiological qualities of the sperm cells in the sample.
EVERY LONGEST HAMILTONIAN PATH IN EVEN n-GONS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We single out every longest path of n-1 order that solves each of the [Formula: see text] Longest Euclidean Hamiltonian Path Problems on the even nth root of the unity, by means of a geometric and arithmetic procedure. This identification is done regardless of planar rotations and orientation. In addition, the uniqueness of the Euclidean Hamiltonian cycle that resolves the Maximum Traveling Salesman Problem is shown.
The Ecology of R Factors

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

THE ability of many gram-negative bacilli to resist certain commonly used antibiotics has been shown to be mediated in large part by R factors. Since the incidence of infections caused by gram-negative bacilli has been increasing, and since R factors can mediate multiple-drug resistance, and can be transferred between bacteria, these extrachromosomal genetic elements have concerned public-health workers and interested microbiologists.In this issue of the Journal, Davis and Anandan report the recovery of Escherichia coli with R factors from an "antibiotic virgin" community in Borneo. Their findings confirm and extend those of other studies1 , 2 indicating that resistant, and . . .
The Return of Character: Parallels Between Late-Victorian and Twenty-First Century Discourses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There has been an increasingly common trend in the UK to identify character skills and traits as the basis for various individual successes and achievements. In education policy and employment services, character has been linked to the making of successful, morally aware, employable and socially mobile citizens. This article explores the late-19th-century use of character discourses, focusing on the economist Alfred Marshall. During this period character was associated with future-oriented subjects – those displaying provident and thrifty habits and dispositions – and held particular class, race, and gender prejudices. The article draws parallels between this late-Victorian approach to character and the ‘return’ of character in 21st-century education and welfare-to-work policy, in particular, where cultivating character is linked to improving employability and social mobility. We can make productive comparisons between character’s Victorian legacy and its re-emergence more recently amid increasingly moralised discourses around poverty, inequality, and unemployment. In doing so, we might better understand the historical antecedents to stigmatising character discourses today, insofar as they leave the burden of responsibility for particular social outcomes in life and the labour market with individuals and their ability to cultivate their own human capital.
The Effect of Adding Silica Elements from Rice Husk Ash on the Mechanical Characteristics of CFRP for Fairing Automotive Vehicle

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforce Polymers) is an alternative automotive component material that has the advantage of being lighter than other materials, making it an option as a substitute for metal. Apart from mechanical strength, lightness, and ease of form, CFRP is also expected to have a high safety value. Research on the mechanical characteristics resulting from efforts to increase the thermal resistance of CFRP will be discussed in this article. Using the experiments method was made CFRP using the hand lay-up (CFRP-HLU) method. By paying attention to the phenomenon caused by the addition of silica gel from rice husk ash, the workpiece is made with 4 variations of silica composition. From this research, the tensile strength and hardness of the material tend to decrease significantly with increasing silica on the matrix composition in CFRP.
Agnathan brain anatomy and craniate phylogeny

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The central nervous system of hagfishes displays unique characteristics that are distinct from any other craniate neuroanatomic features. Whether these hagfish characters are general for all craniates, autapomorphies of hagfishes, or merely a derived state of the general cyclostome condition is still a matter of debate that relates to the question of the monophyly or paraphyly of the cyclostomes. The present cladistic study includes 123 neuroanatomical characters of nine chordate species and supports cyclostome paraphyly, in contrast to most current molecular sequence‐based phylogenies, which support cyclostome monophyly. An understanding of the unique neural characters in hagfishes is critical to inspiring further comparative and developmental studies with regards to these two conflicting results and the very deep divergence between craniates and their presumed sister groups. The recent access to hagfish developmental data may provide exciting perspectives in the understanding and characterization of the basalmost craniate node and the interpretation of hagfish brain structure.
International Compensation for Majority Cultural Loss

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This work examines the case for international compensation programs for reasonably justly formed majority cultures facing threats due to the ordinary functioning of globalization. While many “majority rights” claims cannot withstand scrutiny, standard liberal-democratic arguments for minority rights couched in concerns about cultural vulnerability now apply to several majority cultures. Parity of reasoning from the minority rights literature thus provides some reasonably justly formed majorities with claims to cultural protections. Domestic laws are unlikely to adequately protect against transnational threats, and some would threaten minority rights. But majority cultural vulnerability presents an injustice that international institutions should address. A well-designed international compensation scheme could maintain recognized benefits of globalization while compensating those who lose part of their cultural identity as a result. The following motivates and provides preliminary details on how to design a scheme.
Prostacyclin: A Potentially Valuable Agent for Preserving Myocardial Tissue in Acute Myocardial Ischemia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Prostacyclin, a potent, naturally occurring prostaglandin exerts a variety of cardiovascular and cellular actions of potential value in acute myocardial ischemia. These properties include the reduction of systemic blood pressure without changing heart rate, the lowering of coronary vascular and total peripheral resistance, the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the concomitant formation of thromboxane B 2 , and the reduction of the release of lysosomal enzymes.
Women Lawyers in England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Female participation in employment, particularly in male-dominated elite occupations and professions, is often influenced by structures, ideologies, and recruitment patterns which effectively discriminate against women. The English legal profession is male dominated and sex-typed as “male”; less than 1 lawyer in 10 is a woman. Interviews with 76 women lawyers are used to examine the experience of inequality both at the point of entry and in professional practice. It is concluded that although dramatic and overt discrimination was not a typical experience, many women lawyers had had difficulties on account of their gender and found their careers and choices shaped and fashioned in particular ways.
Abstract 324: Pathological Quantitative Assessment of Plaque Instability in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Instability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques leads to cerebral thromboemboli and ischemic symptoms. However, there has been no specific pathological quantification for the instability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of this study was to quantify atherosclerotic plaque instability in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods: Carotid plaques were collected after CEA from 67 symptomatic and 15 asymptomatic patients between May 2015 and August 2016. Samples were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Elastica-Masson (E-Masson). Immunohistochemistry was performed by using an endothelial specific antibody to CD31, CD 34 and PDGFRβ. Plaques were assessed for histopathological characteristics. Results: Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that plaque instability was independently associated with the presence of plaque rupture (odds ratio [OR], 9.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62 to 58.6, p = 0.013), the minimal fibrous cap thickness (FCT) (OR per 10 μm 0.70, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.96, p = 0.025), the presence of microcalcification in the fibrous cap (OR 7.82, 95% CI: 1.35 to 45.4, p = 0.022) and the intraplaque microvessels (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.02 to 3.57, p = 0.043). If these four independent parameters were combined to a score using the equation derived from the multivariable logistic regression model (Logit(Score) = 0.179 + 2.277 * (insert 1 if plaque rupture present; else 0) - 0.355 * (insert minimal FCT in multiples of 10 μm) + 2.057 * (insert 1 if microcalcification in the fibrous cap present; else 0) + 0.646 * (insert intraplaque microvessels /mm 2 ), the diagnostic efficiency could be improved to an AUC 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85-0.99, optimal cut-off value 0.814, sensitivity 89.6%, specificity 86.7%, PPV 96.8%, NPV 65.0%, diagnostic accuracy 89.0%). Conclusions: This study suggested the diagnostic scoring was useful for the quantification of carotid plaque instability in patients undergoing CEA.