jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Fall of Uncitedness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is a widely held belief, [HAMILTON 1990; 1991] that most scientific articles are never cited. Though several authors [PENDLEBURY 1991, ABT 1991, GARFIELD 1998] challenged this belief by showing that papers uncited after 5 years represented only 25% of the literature in the sciences, this taken for granted common lore comes back periodically in the literature [MEHO, 2008; MACDONALD and KAM, 2007; COLLINS, 2004, p.364]. Though several empirical study have been made on uncitedness rates [SCHWARTZ 1997, STERN 1990, VAN DALEN and HENKENS 2004] and its differences among natural and social sciences fields, no study has yet measured the changes in scientific articles' uncitedness rates over a long period of time and across fields. As suggested by PENDLEBURY [1991]: "A trend toward more or less "uncitedness," however, might be meaningful. For the 1980s, we see no such trend in the scientific literature: the numbers are essential flat …" p. 1410. This paper analyses the changes in articles' uncitedness rates over a 26 year period (1981-2006) for all fields of the natural sciences and engineering (NSE), medicine (MED), social sciences (SS) and humanities (HUM). This paper provides evidence that the widely held belief that the majority of scientific papers are never cited is not empirically grounded. Contrasting with this belief, the data presented here suggest that the science system is increasingly being efficient as less and less literature is published without ever being unused. One can indeed observe that in all domains but HUM, the share of scientific papers that are uncited has been decreasing steadily since the beginning of the eighties. Four phenomena could explain this trend. First, the emergence of online bibliographic databases and of electronic means of diffusion and access provided more opportunities for researchers to find and access scientific articles. Second, as suggested by SEGLEN [1992], uncitedness rates might be caused by limited space allowed to references by journal editors. Hence, the steady increase in the number of references per paper [LARIVIÈRE, ARCHAMBAULT, GINGRAS, 2008] might decrease uncitedness rates. Third, the levelling off of the growth of the world's scientific production [LARIVIÈRE, ARCHAMBAULT, GINGRAS, 2008] increases the probability that articles are increasingly being cited. A fourth phenomenon that could explain this decrease is an improved accuracy of cited references in Thomson's bibliographic database, but we think that this technical aspect would explain only part of the decline in uncitedness. For the particular case of humanities, the relatively high level of uncitedness and its stability over time are probably related to the fact that these disciplines tend to cite books more than articles (LARIVIÈRE et al., 2006)
Lightweight MIPv6 with IPSec Support

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mobility management is a desired feature for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). Mobility aware solutions increase the connectivity and enhance adaptability to changes of the location and infrastructure. IoT is enabling a new generation of dynamic ecosystems in environments such as smart cities and hospitals. Dynamic ecosystems require ubiquitous access to Internet, seamless handover, flexible roaming policies, and an interoperable mobility protocol with existing Internet infrastructure. These features are challenges for IoT devices, which are usually constrained devices with low memory, processing, communication and energy capabilities. This work presents an analysis of the requirements and desirable features for the mobility support in the IoT, and proposes an efficient solution for constrained environments based on Mobile IPv6 and IPSec. Compatibility with IPv6-existing protocols has been considered a major requirement in order to offer scalable and inter-domain solutions that were not limited to specific application domains in order to enable a new generation of application and services over Internet-enabled dynamic ecosystems, and security support based on IPSec has been also considered, since dynamic ecosystems present several challenges in terms of security and privacy. This work has, on the one hand, analysed suitability of Mobile IPv6 and IPSec for constrained devices, and on the other hand, analysed, designed, developed and evaluated a lightweight version of Mobile IPv6 and IPSec. The proposed solution of lightweight Mobile IPv6 with IPSec is aware of the requirements of the IoT and presents the best solution for dynamic ecosystems in terms of efficiency and security adapted to IoT-devices capabilities. This presents concerns in terms of higher overhead and memory requirements. But, it is proofed and concluded that even when higher memory is required and major overhead is presented, the integration of Mobile IPv6 and IPSec for constrained devices is feasible.
Systematic meta-analyses, field synopsis and global assessment of the evidence of genetic association studies in colorectal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To provide an understanding of the role of common genetic variations in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, we report an updated field synopsis and comprehensive assessment of evidence to catalogue all genetic markers for CRC (CRCgene2). Design We included 869 publications after parallel literature review and extracted data for 1063 polymorphisms in 303 different genes. Meta-analyses were performed for 308 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 158 different genes with at least three independent studies available for analysis. Scottish, Canadian and Spanish data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were incorporated for the meta-analyses of 132 SNPs. To assess and classify the credibility of the associations, we applied the Venice criteria and Bayesian False-Discovery Probability (BFDP). Genetic associations classified as ‘positive’ and ‘less-credible positive’ were further validated in three large GWAS consortia conducted in populations of European origin. Results We initially identified 18 independent variants at 16 loci that were classified as ‘positive’ polymorphisms for their highly credible associations with CRC risk and 59 variants at 49 loci that were classified as ‘less-credible positive’ SNPs; 72.2% of the ‘positive’ SNPs were successfully replicated in three large GWASs and the ones that were not replicated were downgraded to ‘less-credible’ positive (reducing the ‘positive’ variants to 14 at 11 loci). For the remaining 231 variants, which were previously reported, our meta-analyses found no evidence to support their associations with CRC risk. Conclusion The CRCgene2 database provides an updated list of genetic variants related to CRC risk by using harmonised methods to assess their credibility.
Actor–critic-based decision-making method for the artificial intelligence commander in tactical wargames

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a tactical wargame, the decisions of the artificial intelligence (AI) commander are critical to the final combat result. Due to the existence of fog-of-war, AI commanders are faced with unknown and invisible information on the battlefield and lack of understanding of the situation, and it is difficult to make appropriate tactical strategies. The traditional knowledge rule-based decision-making method lacks flexibility and autonomy. How to make flexible and autonomous decision-making when facing complex battlefield situations is a difficult problem. This paper aims to solve the decision-making problem of the AI commander by using the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method. We develop a tactical wargame as the research environment, which contains built-in script AI and supports the machine–machine combat mode. On this basis, an end-to-end actor–critic framework for commander decision making based on the convolutional neural network is designed to represent the battlefield situation and the reinforcement learning method is used to try different tactical strategies. Finally, we carry out a combat experiment between a DRL-based agent and a rule-based agent in a jungle terrain scenario. The result shows that the AI commander who adopts the actor–critic method successfully learns how to get a higher score in the tactical wargame, and the DRL-based agent has a higher winning ratio than the rule-based agent.
Zipf's law in nuclear multifragmentation and percolation theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the average sizes of the $n$ largest fragments in nuclear multifragmentation events near the critical point of the nuclear matter phase diagram. We perform analytic calculations employing Poisson statistics as well as Monte Carlo simulations of the percolation type. We find that previous claims of manifestations of Zipf's Law in the rank-ordered fragment size distributions are not born out in our result, neither in finite nor infinite systems. Instead, we find that Zipf-Mandelbrot distributions are needed to describe the results, and we show how one can derive them in the infinite size limit. However, we agree with previous authors that the investigation of rank-ordered fragment size distributions is an alternative way to look for the critical point in the nuclear matter diagram.
Duration of the IgM response in women acquiring Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy: implications for clinical practice and

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY We followed up a cohort of 446 toxoplasma-infected pregnant women to determine the median and variability of the duration of positive toxoplasma-IgM (immunoglobulin M) results measured by an immunofluorescence test (IFT) and an immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA). IgM antibodies were detected for longer using the ISAGA test [median 12-8 months, interquartile range (IQR) 6-9-24-9] than the IFT (median 10-4, IQR 7-1-14-4), but the variability between individuals in the duration of IgM positivity was greatest for the ISAGA test. IgM-positive results persisted beyond 2 years in a substantial minority of women (27-1 % ISAGA, 9-1 % IFT). Variation in the duration of the IgM response measured by ISAGA and IFT limit their usefulness for predicting the timing of infection in pregnant women. However, measurement of IgM and IgG antibodies in a cross-sectional serosurvey offers an efficient method for estimating the incidence of toxoplasma infection.
Malicious software identification system provision on the basis of context-free grammars

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Предметом статті є дослідження методів ідентифікації шкідливого програмного забезпечення в комп’ютерних системах. Метою є дослідження існуючих моделей виявлення вірусів на базі формальних мов та граматик та удосконалення моделі за рахунок використання LL(1)-граматики. Завдання: розробити математичну модель ідентифікації шкідливого програмного забезпечення на основі контекстно-вільних граматик; вибрати ефективний алгоритм її роботи, розробити програмну модель та виконати тестування. Використовуваними методами є: апарат формальних мов та граматик, математичні моделі на основі детермінованих магазинних автоматів. Обґрунтовано вибір типу граматики та моделі магазинного автомату. Розроблено програмне забезпечення, яке генерує функції переходів магазинного автомату відповідно до заданих правил граматики, аналізує вхідний файл на наявність заданих ознак, характерних для шкідливого програмного забезпечення та моделює роботу детермінованого низхідного магазинного автомату. За результатом роботи магазинного автомату формується висновок що до можливості зараження комп’ютерної системи. Наукова новизна отриманих результатів полягає в наступному: досліджено існуючі моделі антивірусних сканерів на базі формальних мов та граматик; удосконалено модель за рахунок використання LL(1)-граматики, розроблено програмне забезпечення та виконано тестування. Проведені експериментальні дослідження підтверджують можливість використання запропонованого підходу, як додаткового засобу для виявлення шкідливого програмного забезпечення.
5 Urban Widows, Economy and Family

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

THE opportunities to be found in a city have always had a considerable level of attraction, relative to the countryside, and by the year 1700, Paris, Venice, Milan, Moscow, Vienna, London, Rome, Lisbon and Prague, to name but a few, had populations exceeding 100,000. However, urban living could be of more modest proportions, as in the Nordic countries, and the increase in people in Europe living in cities of more than 5000 persons grew only from ten to twelve percent between 1600 and 1800. The physical environment of pre-industrial European small towns was sometimes not unlike the countryside. Old maps and place names reveal the locations of areas where the town burghers grazed their cattle or grew cabbages. The buildings were set around a yard, with cowsheds and stables. The wives of craftsmen and tradesmen were milking, baking and brewing, salting meat and making textiles. Artisans’ households were not very different from farms engaged in household production. While the apprentices had clearly defined tasks, servants and family members could be participating, not only in housework, but also in the workshop. Bakers and brewers seem to have favoured such arrangements, but they were not unknown in other fields. The population of early modern towns was divided into hierarchical groups. A considerable proportion of manufacture was controlled by the guilds; however, the rate at which these gained control over operations varied. In certain parts of northern Europe, their control over the local economy was not achieved until the seventeenth century. Some manufacture remained outside guild control, as did, of course, a certain proportion of manual work. Although the most influential citizens were to be found among opulent merchants, or within the guilds, it should be remembered that these represented only one part of the urban population. In German towns, and along the Baltic, a distinction was also made between those engaged in local trade and those involved in overseas trade. The most important distinction was, however, that between legal urban dwellers with town privileges or citizenship, and outsiders. Even a menial manual worker, legally domiciled in a town, bestowed upon his widow the right to reside, remain and apply for the privilege of engaging in a trade.
Computationally efficient optimization algorithms for model predictive control of linear systems with integer inputs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The model predictive control problem of linear systems with integer inputs results in an integer optimization problem. In case of a quadratic objective function, the optimization problem can be cast as an integer least-squares (ILS) problem. Three algorithms to solve this problem are proposed in this paper. Optimality can be traded in to reduce the computation time. An industrial case study-an inverter-driven electrical drive system-is considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented techniques.
Reply to Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepali Porters: A Controlled Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor: Drs Ghimire and Pun have made some important points about problems that continue to put Nepali porters at risk of developing acute mountain sickness (AMS). Our answers to their questions are as follows:1.Exclusion criteria were established solely by taking a history. This can be difficult in any population. Many porters were unaware of the medical conditions mentioned, with the exception of AMS, with which most were familiar. The Nepali doctors, using colloquial language, asked specifically about each exclusion criterion. For example, diabetes was “chini rog,” meaning “sugar disease.”2.In the discussion we have touched on the reasons for a low incidence of AMS in these porters. It is also possible that trekking porters are a self-selected group from which AMS sufferers have to some extent been excluded over the years. Because there was such a high dropout rate, the power of the study was so weak that no conclusion could be drawn about the efficacy of acetazolamide.3.We did not find any evidence of a taboo regarding medication, but as you are probably aware, rural Nepalis are generally reluctant to take medication, often preferring to trust local healers (shamans). The porters were apparently fit and healthy and sometimes “macho,” so we suspect that there might have been some reluctance to take medication despite their initial agreement. Some were persuaded by their sirdars to stop their trial medication. However, we were unable to question many porters who dropped out of the study, so we cannot give a precise answer.4.We agree that porters’ options are limited by the demands of trekking schedules, but this has to change. Sick porters should not be forced to continue trekking and then be abandoned to descend alone. We hope that the results of our study will increase local awareness, thereby supporting the efforts of such organizations as the International Porters Protection Group (IPPG) and Porters’ Progress, who are trying to improve the education and working conditions of Nepali porters. The Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal could play an important role in advising and working with trekking companies to reduce the risk of AMS in this vulnerable group of lowland porters.5.We agree that better education is vital. The Nepali doctors who enrolled the porters in this study did their best, counseling them carefully about the risks of AMS and the role of acetazolamide. They also advised them about what to do if they had AMS symptoms, and they treated those porters who exited the trial due to AMS. Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepali Porters: A Controlled TrialWilderness & Environmental MedicineVol. 18Issue 1PreviewTo the Editor: Full-Text PDF
Charting the heterogeneity of healthy and malignant immune cells, one cell at a time

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Specialization and plasticity are hallmarks of immune cells. Thus, charting their heterogeneity is crucial to understand their function and role in diseases. In this setting, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as the leading technology to map cell-cell variability at unprecedented resolution. However, scRNA-seq suffers from numerous technical artifacts, which can lead to false conclusions if not accounted for. This thesis uses scRNA-seq in three studies. First, we study the effect of time at room temperature before cryopreservation on single-cell transcriptomes, and propose experimental and computational solutions to mitigate it. Second, we created an atlas of cell types and states in human tonsils, which are a model secondary lymphoid organ (SLO). We discover previously uncharacterized heterogeneity in slan+ cells and T-cells. In the third and final chapter, we chart the clonal evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to Richter’s transformation (RT). We show that RT cells are present already at diagnosis and are detectable with scRNA-seq. In addition, we quantify the transcriptomic changes associated with RT, revealing a characteristic OXPHOShighBCRlow axis of variability. Finally, all the code, data and papers derived from this thesis follow the FAIR principles: findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable; which are vital features of responsible scientific research.
[African tick-bite rickettsiosis: the 1st case of autochthonous infection?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

African tick-bite fever was identified as a clinical entity different from Mediterranean spotted fever by Kelly in 1992 who demonstrated the causal role of R. africae. The typical clinical presentation associates fever, several black spots, lymphangitis and multiple node enlargement. The serological diagnosis is difficult owing to cross immunity with R. conorii. Western blot and polymerase chain reaction are required for definitive diagnosis. In our case, the infection was probably due to a R. africae imported into France in the luggage of the patient's daughter who had spent 3 months in Zimbabwe.
A Moving Human Detection and Tracking using Combination of HOG and Color Histogram

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Detection and tracking of a moving target in a crowded area using camera surveillance is still an open topic that to be resolved. Determining a single target instance known among other objects in the room becomes a problem. We propose a color-based human tracking algorithm by considering the correlation distance from the color histogram used as the target selection. Furthermore, we also create a new dataset based on the INRIA dataset to minimize the detection area. Then, we apply the HOG extraction feature to the human detection system. We apply the Recall-Precision curve to evaluate the performance. The accuracy and precision rate has increased by 10 times. Experimental results are also provided in performance metrics to prove the reliability of our proposed method.
Algorithms for min-buying in networks

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper is motivated by pricing decisions faced by forecourt fuel retailers across their outlets on a road network. Through our modelling approach we are able adapt the network structure to a bipartite graph with demand nodes representing volumes of fuel from customers using a specific route that connects to the seller's outlet nodes that intersect that route on the network. Customers may have their demand satisfied at the lowest priced competitor on their route. However, the seller can satisfy some or all of this demand by matching or beating this price via one of their outlets intersecting the route. We give a practical extension to min-pricing by considering a binary logit variant for buyers evaluating the choice between two sellers. We derive two MIP formulations for min-buying in the case of general demand. We also propose several constructive heuristics, based on insertion and selection operations, suitable for problem instances beyond the scope of the exact methods. The performance of models and algorithms are evaluated in a numerical study and develop insights from the results. Importantly, we are able to highlight the value of price-matching decisions under buyer demand sensitivity.
Figure 3 from: He ZX, Ma LB (2021) Two new species of cricket genus Anaxiphomorpha Gorochov, 1987 (Orthoptera, Trigonidiidae, Trigonidiinae) in China. ZooKeys 1073: 13-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75598

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Figure 3 Habitus photographs. A, BA. nonggangensis sp. nov. C, DA. manereserratus sp. nov. A, C Male B, D Female. Scale bar: 1 mm.