jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The use of bone morphogenetic protein in the treatment of non-union in a canine model.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A non-union model was established in the mid-part of the radial diaphysis in dogs. The non-union was treated with operative implantation of a carrier (guanidine-extracted, demineralized bovine bone or a polylactic acid polymer), alone or in combination with fractions that had been enriched in bone morphogenetic protein. All sites of treatment were examined radiographically and histomorphometrically at twelve weeks after implantation. Guanidine-extracted, demineralized bovine bone, alone or combined with fifteen milligrams of canine bone morphogenetic protein, failed to induce any healing of the non-union. When polylactic acid alone had been implanted, a small amount of reparative new bone was found in the defect at three months. When polylactic acid combined with fifteen milligrams of canine bone morphogenetic protein had been implanted, a significant increase in new bone formation was seen (p less than 0.03), compared with that seen in control animals. Trabecular bone bridged the gap between the proximal and distal fragments in all four specimens from the dogs that had received that treatment. In contrast, when polylactic acid combined with bovine bone morphogenetic protein had been implanted, significant reparative new bone was not found in the defect at three months.
Sociocultural pressure as a mediator of eating disorder symptoms in a non-clinical Australian sample

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Eating disorders continue to be a major cause of concern worldwide. The continuum model of eating disorders proposes (1) that there are sub-clinical behaviours or symptoms that differ only by being less frequent and/or severe when compared to those with clinically diagnosed eating disorders and (2) that these behaviours should be studied, including in non-clinical populations. In the present study, perceived social pressure to aspire to a thin ideal was tested as a potential mediator in the relationships between selected sociocultural factors and eating disorder symptomology in a non-clinical sample (comprised of 265 participants aged 18–40 years). Participants completed a series of self-report measures assessing levels of body dissatisfaction and several sociocultural factors (e.g. internalisation of a thin ideal-general and athlete, effects of media pressure and Media Information Influence). The role was also examined of sociocultural pressure as a mediator in the relationships between internalisation (using the media as a source of information regarding physical appearance) and eating disorder symptoms. The results showed that perceived sociocultural pressure was a significant mediator in the relationship between internalisation of the thin ideal (general and athletic) and eating disorder symptoms, and also between Media Information Influence and eating disorder symptoms. We concluded that sociocultural factors increase the risk of eating disorder symptoms occurring before diagnosis of an eating disorder is made, for those who are susceptible to societal pressures.
A western Canadian study of the effect of winter transport conditions including acceleration on animal outcomes in cattle

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The intent of this study was to monitor the effect of Canadian winter commercial transport conditions on animal outcomes. A methodology was developed to measure acceleration on trailers transporting cull cows and a preliminary comparison of acceleration and carcass bruising revealed that further study of the relationship was warranted. The accelerometer methodology was used as one tool to examine factors influencing internal trailer microclimate and trailer acceleration on shrink, and severe bruising in finished cattle. This research has improved our understanding of Canadian winter transport conditions affecting finished cattle and demonstrated that there is a relationship between vertical rms of acceleration (P=0.0025), beta agonist use (P=0.0323), total wait time (P=0.0052) and the two way interaction of carcass position and yield score (P=0.0025) with cattle bruising. It also demonstrated that there is a relationship between journey duration (P<0.001), allometric coefficient (P<0.001), temperature humidity index (P<0.001) and prod use during loading (P=0.0012) with cattle shrink.
The material-weight illusion is a Bayes-optimal percept under competing density priors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The material-weight illusion (MWI) is one example in a class of weight perception illusions that seem to defy principled explanation. In this illusion, when an observer lifts two objects of the same size and mass, but that appear to be made of different materials, the denser-looking (e.g., metal-look) object is perceived as lighter than the less-dense-looking (e.g., polystyrene-look) object. Like the size-weight illusion (SWI), this perceptual illusion occurs in the opposite direction of predictions from an optimal Bayesian inference process, which predicts that the denser-looking object should be perceived as heavier , not lighter. The presence of this class of illusions challenges the often-tacit assumption that Bayesian inference holds universal explanatory power to describe human perception across (nearly) all domains: If an entire class of perceptual illusions cannot be captured by the Bayesian framework, how could it be argued that human perception truly follows optimal inference? However, we recently showed that the SWI can be explained by an optimal hierarchical Bayesian causal inference process (Peters, Ma & Shams, 2016) in which the observer uses haptic information to arbitrate among competing hypotheses about objects’ possible density relationship. Here we extend the model to demonstrate that it can readily explain the MWI as well. That hierarchical Bayesian inference can explain both illusions strongly suggests that even puzzling percepts arise from optimal inference processes.
A Survey on Deep Learning Advances and Emerging Issues in Pneumonia and COVID19 Prediction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the COVID19 pandemic evolves and coronavirus mutates to different variants, a high workload falls on the shoulders of doctors and radiologists. Identifying COVID19 through X-ray and Computed Tomography (CT) scanning in a short amount of time is vital because it helps doctors start the COVID19 treatment in the early stages. Deep Learning algorithms showed tremendous results in automating COVID19 detection using X-ray and CT scans. As there are not many survey papers on COVID19 detection using deep learning techniques, the goal of this paper is (1) to give a thorough discussion of COVID19 prediction considering Computer Vision problems like COVID19/pneumonia classification, detection, and segmentation, (2) to address new advances in deep learning like Transformers, GANs, and LSTMs, and (3) to cover technical issues like data security and data scarcity of X-ray and CT scans in COVID19.
Clinical outcomes and safety of apatinib monotherapy in the treatment of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma who progressed after standard regimens and the analysis of the VEGFR2 polymorphism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aims of the present study were to investigate the clinical outcomes and safety of apatinib monotherapy in the treatment of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) who have progressed after standard regimens, and to analyze the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) rs2071559 polymorphism. A total of 118 patients with advanced EOC who received apatinib treatment were included in the study. Tumor response was evaluated using progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) time, and safety data were documented. Additionally, peripheral blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens from the patients with EOC were collected to perform the genotyping of genetic polymorphism and assess the mRNA expression of VEGFR2, respectively. The objective response rate across the 118 patients with advanced EOC was 38.98%, the disease control rate was 63.56%, the median PFS time was 4.65 months and the median OS time was 15.10 months. Regarding the polymorphism analysis, the prevalence of rs2071559 in VEGFR2 among the 118 patients with advanced EOC was recorded as the TT genotype in 72 cases (61.02%), TC genotype in 41 cases (34.75%) and CC genotype in 5 cases (4.23%), and the minor allele frequency of rs2071559 was 0.22. The distribution of the three genotypes was in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P=0.781). TC and CC genotypes were merged in the subsequent analysis. The prognosis analyses suggested that the median PFS time of patients with the TC/CC genotype and the TT genotype was 3.10 and 5.40 months, respectively (P=0.015). Moreover, the median OS time of the two genotypes was 12.60 and 17.50 months, respectively (P=0.009). However, no association was noted between genotype status of the polymorphism and adverse reactions. Additionally, the mRNA expression analysis indicated that the mRNA expression levels of VEGFR2 in PBMC specimens were significantly different between TT and TC/CC genotypes (P<0.001). The present study suggested that the clinical outcomes of patients with advanced EOC, who progressed after standard regimens and received apatinib treatment, might be influenced by the VEGFR2 rs2071559 polymorphism.
Hemorheologic Alterations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Presented with an Acute Myocardial Infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diabetics with AMI resulted in adverse hemorheologic changes with lower EI and higher CSS compared to diabetic subjects without AMI. Evaluation of the hemorheologic parameters may provide valuable supplementary information for managing patients with AMI and T2DM.
Exploring the Influence of Organizational Sustainability on Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of HRM Sustainability

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The study explores the link between Human Resource Management (HRM) sustainability and employee performance within Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Pakistan. It investigates the mediation effect of HRM sustainability on various organizational factors including human resources, social factors, psychological factors, and employer branding. Additionally, it examines the moderating role of organizational culture on the relationship between these organizational factors and HRM sustainability. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as social cognitive theory and prior literature on sustainability and HRM, this study posits and empirically tests thirteen hypotheses. The study was conducted using quantitative methodology and the data was collected from 458 faculty members across diverse regions of Pakistan using structured questionnaires, and analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS and measurement model and structural model were analyzed using AMOS software. The findings reveal significant positive relationships between human resource management and HRM sustainability, social factors and HRM sustainability, psychological factors and HRM sustainability, employer branding and HRM sustainability, and HRM sustainability and employee performance. Moreover, organizational culture was found to moderate these relationships. This study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the importance of HRM sustainability in promoting employee performance in the higher education sector. It provides valuable insights for HEIs in Pakistan to enhance their sustainable practices and organizational culture, ultimately fostering social responsibility and productivity. Despite some limitations, this research underscores the critical role of HRM sustainability in organizational effectiveness and sustainability, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan.
Improving Workforce Education and Adult Learning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Workforce education and adult learning cannot and should not be separate. These two closely interrelated fields continue to produce a sustainable competitive advantage in a competitive and global 21st century workforce. This chapter highlights some of the major concepts used to improve workforce education and adult learning in the hope that future researchers can replicate and continue to generate new knowledge when change reshapes the nature of the adult learner’s work. The authors have addressed existing and emerging concepts in these two fields, from a very different perspective than most articles of this nature, to assist in redefining workforce education and adult learning in the 21st century. It is hoped that everyone, including those in key leadership positions, will take a renewed interest in these vitally important fields and seek to leverage the respective theories, models, and frameworks to produce a more productive citizen of the world.
Multi parametric programming and exact linearization based model predictive control of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Linear motors have many advantages in compare with rotary motors due to directly creating linear motion without gears or belts,… It is hard to apply the online model predictive controller for electro-mechanism systems with input, output and state constraints because it requires the good ability in calculations of microcontroller and the nonlinear property of these models. In this paper, the exact linearization is applied to obtain the corresponding linear model and we propose the offline model predictive control law based on multi-parametric programming (MPP) for permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSM) to remarkably reduce amount of calculation. Thus, it is convenient for embedding the control law into microcontroller. Several simulation results show the ability of the proposed method in this paper.
Potentials and charges on conducting rocket sections

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : An analysis is made of the potential differences measured by Cohen et al between pairs of three rocket conductors when various ion or electron beams are emitted. Approximate values of coefficients of potential, capacity, and induction are calculated. A simple method of measuring them is also presented. Approximate formulae are developed for sheath radius and are used to calculate this radius for each of six beam currents. The extended probe is found to be inside the sheath for all of the beam currents except 1 Micro A. The potential of the rear section is shown to be close to zero, so is assumed equal to zero, which leads immediately to the absolute potentials of the rocket sections. Approximate formulae are developed to calculate the sheath potential from the charge in the sheath. A fast converging reiteration gives the charge on each conductor, the sheath charge, and the part of the conductor potentials that are due to the sheath. Explanations are given for: (1) the charge on the rear section having the opposite sign of, and a smaller magnitude than that on the forward section; (2) the magnitude of the probe voltmeter reading being less than that of the rear section voltmeter for moderate beam currents, and the same for beam currents way beyond saturation; (3) the ratio of these two voltmeter readings approaching 1 with increasing magnitude of beam current; (4) the potential of the probe being negative for ion emission; (5) the magnitude of the probe potential reaching a maximum, then approaching zero with increasing magnitude of beam current.
Demonstration and Observation of a Frequency Standard Based on an Expanding Cold Atoms Cloud of Cesium

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This work reports the first results obtained in a laboratory system implemented to be a primary standard based on an expanding cloud of cold 133Cs. An atomic sample is prepared through the magneto-optical trapping technique, and after the loading procedure the atomic cloud is left to freely expand. A microwave interrogation signal is applied to the atoms, probing them in the ground state transition 6S 1/2 (F = 3)- 6S 1/2 (F = 4). The microwave interrogation was applied either in one or two pulses methods. The system could be also locked in a commercial standard to perform its stability evaluation. The first results showed a stability of 9times10 -11 tau -frac12 , promising for such use of simple type of frequency standard
Supersolid phases of dipolar fermions in a two-dimensional-lattice bilayer array

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Supersolid phases as a result of a coexistence of superfluid and density ordered checkerboard phases are predicted to appear in ultracold Fermi molecules confined in a bilayer array of two-dimensional square optical lattices. We demonstrate the existence of these phases within the inhomogeneous mean-field approach. In particular, we show that tuning the interlayer separation distance at a fixed value of the chemical potential produces different fractions of superfluid, density ordered, and supersolid phases.
Benefits And Harms Of Implementing [18F]FDG-PET/CT For Diagnosing Recurrent Breast Cancer: A Prospective Clinical Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography / computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) has been implemented sporadically in hospital settings as the standard of care examination for recurrent breast cancer. We aimed to explore the clinical impact of implementing [18F]FDG-PET/CT for patients with clinically suspected recurrent breast cancer and validate the diagnostic accuracy. Methods Women with suspected distant recurrent breast cancer were prospectively enrolled in the study between September 2017 and August 2019. [18F]FDG-PET/CT was performed, and the appearance of incidental benign and malignant findings was registered. Additional examinations, complications, and the final diagnosis were registered to reflect the clinical consequence of such findings. The diagnostic accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT as a stand-alone examination was analyzed. Biopsy and follow-up were used as a reference standard. Results [18F]FDG-PET/CT reported breast cancer metastases in 72 of 225 women (32.0%), and metastases were verified by biopsy in 52 (52/225, 23.1%). Prior probability and posterior probability of a positive test for suspected metastatic cancer and incidental malignancies were 27%/85% and 4%/20%, respectively. Suspected malignant incidental findings were reported in 46 patients (46/225, 20.4%), leading to further examinations and final detection of nine synchronous cancers (9/225, 4.0%). These cancers originated from the lung, thyroid, skin, pancreas, peritoneum, breast, kidney, one was malignant melanoma, and one was hematological cancer. False-positive incidental malignant findings were examined in 37/225 patients (16.4%), mainly in the colon (n = 12) and thyroid gland (n = 12). Ten incidental findings suspicious for benign disease were suggested by [18F]FDG-PET/CT, and further examinations resulted in the detection of three benign conditions requiring treatment. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC-ROC for diagnosing distant metastases were 1.00 (0.93-1.0), 0.88 (0.82-0.92), and 0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99), respectively.Conclusion [18F]FDG-PET/CT provided a high posterior probability of positive test, and a negative test was able to rule out distant metastases in women with clinically suspected recurrent breast cancer. One-fifth of patients examined for incidental findings detected on [18F]FDG-PET/CT were diagnosed with clinically relevant conditions. Further examinations of false-positive incidental findings in one of six women should be weighed against the high accuracy for diagnosing metastatic breast cancer.Trial registration: Clinical.Trials.gov. NCT03358589. Registered 30 November 2017 - Retrospectively registered, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
Development of a realistic human respiratory tract cast representing physiological thermal conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Toxicological assessment of inhaled aerosols and their effects on respiratory tissue cells requires accurate measurements of particle delivery, properties, evolution, and deposition in the human respiratory tract. These measurements are affected by both anatomical features and physiological factors, such as thermal conditions in the respiratory system. We constructed a segmented cast model, based on a realistic geometry of the human respiratory tract, equipped with features to control the temperature of the air flow. We then evaluated the thermal equilibrium of the air flow through the cast using both experimental measurements and computational fluid dynamics modeling. Uniform temperature distribution in the cast shell was achieved using parallel connection of the cast segments to a thermal bath by flow splitter. Air temperature inside the cast was shown to require <1 min to equilibrate with the temperature of the cast during internal circulation of hot water. Air flow temperature was shown to equilibrate with the cast temperature in the mouth–throat region, and a uniform temperature distribution was achieved in the other segments, resembling the thermal conditions of respiratory flow in the human lung. We showed that the cast successfully represents the physiological thermal conditions of the human respiratory system.
First-line Osimertinib in EGFR Mutation-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Poor Performance Status

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The efficacy of osimertinib as a first-line treatment for patients with poor performance status (PS) remains unclear. Patients & methods: This multicenter retrospective study evaluated patients treated with osimertinib between 2018 and 2020, with PS 2-4. Results: Among 36 patients with PS 2, the median progression-free survival (PFS), 1-year PFS, median overall survival (OS) and 1-year OS were 14.5 months, 65.4%, 18.1 months and 72.7%, respectively. Among 20 patients with PS 3-4, the median PFS, 1-year PFS, median OS and 1-year OS were 3.0 months, 27.1%, 5.0 months and 46.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Osimertinib was not as efficacious as other EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
MICROMORPHOLOGY OF A NOVEL FUNGAL DECAY IN PRESERVATIVE-TREATED PINUS RADIATA WOOD IN WET ACIDIC SOILS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Light microscopy of Pinus radiata D. Don field test stakes (20 x 20 x 500 mm) exposed in wet acidic (pH4.5) soil for 12-24 months showed predominance of an unusual type of decay characterised by tunnelling attack of wood cell walls. After 2 years, decay was moderate to severe in wood treated to ground contact CCA specifications and also equivalent retentions of creosote, and a number of new generation preservatives. Relative to other New Zealand temperate test sites and also an Australian tropical site, the New Zealand acidic soil test site was very aggressive. Correlative microscopy, including light microscopy (LM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was used to elucidate the micromorphology of this attack. Tunnels of diameter 0.2—5 urn were present throughout all layers of the cell wall, and their orientation was not related to the cellulose microfibril orientation. They also showed no preference for particular cell wall layers, indicating a lignin-degrading capability. CLSM images showed that living, connecting fungal hyphae were present in the cell lumina and tunnels, and this was also confirmed by other forms of microscopy used. This type of attack was predominant in wood that was highly saturated with water whereas wood that was less moist was attacked predominantly by classical white rot at the same site. Ongoing isolation and incubation studies in conjunction with further microscopy should enable identification of the fungal species involved.