jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Uptake and distribution of [3H]praziquantel in Echinococcus granulosus cysts].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

[3H]Praziquantel was absorbed rapidly by the cysts in mice infected with metacestodes of Echinococcus granulosus and treated with ig [3H]praziquantel 400 mg/kg (containing 3H 1.48 MBq). Within 24 h after treatment, 3H content in the ectocyst was 27.7-54.9% higher than that in cyst wall. The peak concentration of 3H in cyst wall and cyst fluid were 11.7-15.3% of those found in plasma. However, when the cysts were exposed to [3H]praziquantel 20 micrograms/ml (containing 3H 3.7 kBq), the 3H radioactivity in the cyst wall and cyst fluid reached equilibrium within 30 min-48 h after medication, corresponding to 45.5-63.3% of 3H radioactivity in the medium. Autoradiography showed that [3H]praziquantel entered into the germinal layer through ectocyst and laminated layer. The damage to germinal layer was related closely to deposition of the drug.
Dungeness crab research program: Report for the Year 1976

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

All larval stages of the 1976 year class, with the exception of the 5th zoeal stage, were found in Gu1f waters January through March. The first post-larval stage was collected in San Pablo Bay in May. Fifty percent of 1976 year class crabs entered the Bay complex as compared to nearly 80% in 1975. The 1976 year class appears relatively weak. No electrophoretic polymorphism was found in Cancer magister to be of value in Dungeness crab population determinations.Multi-variate correlations comparing crab landings with an array of oceanographic parameters and the crab density dependent factor were computer-run for both northern and central California. The most significant correlating factors at the time late stage larvae prevail were sea level and atmospheric pressure for central California and, for northern California, the density dependent factor and sea surface temperature. Female crabs held at controlled temperatures indicated gonad maturation and spawningmay be induced by increased temperature. Analyses of crabtissues revealed burdens of petroleum hydrocarbons, silver,selenium, cadmium, and PCB's higher in central California crabs, while DDE was found in higher amounts in northern California crab tissue.Thru-flow culture systems were developed which should yield about 163 megalopae of Dungeness crabs in 63 days from 1,200 laboratory hatched zoeae.(46pp.)
Customer equity promotion strategies for commercial banks based on four-dimensional drivers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Using the customer equity measurement model with four-dimensional drivers, the authors establish an index system for the customer equity of commercial banks. Then the data are collected through a sample survey based on the index system. After the principal component analysis and logistic regression are carried out on the data, the weights of all sub-drivers of the customer equity of commercial banks are achieved, as well as explained. Incorporated with the previous qualitative analysis of the customer equity drivers for commercial banks, relevant strategies to promote the customer equity of commercial banks are proposed separately on value driver, brand driver, relationship driver and perception driver. The result also provides theoretical basis for customer equity management and operation for the commercial banks in China.
Design of a highly active Pt/Al2O3catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A series of Al2O3 supported platinum catalysts (Pt/Al2O3), were prepared by a colloid deposition route. The Pt chemical state and nanostructure over the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were characterized after calcination treatment using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Pt chemical state and nanostructure depended on the treatment temperature: a metallic Pt surface was formed on the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts calcined at low temperature, whereas oxidized Pt existed after the relatively high temperature treatment. The Al2O3 support acted as an anchor and inhibited the sintering of Pt particles on the catalyst surface through intimate interaction between Al2O3 and Pt. The Pt/Al2O3 catalyst pre-treated at 200 °C (i.e., Pt/Al2O3-200) exhibited relatively high activity for CO oxidation. According to the results of catalyst characterization, Pt/Al2O3-200 could efficiently govern O2 adsorption by trapping O2 molecules on Pt sites and producing active oxygen species. That is, the surface metallic Pt could facilitate the adsorption and activation of O2 molecules even with the CO pre-adsorption on the surface of Pt particles.
Foreground Contributions to 0.2-2 Degree CMB Anisotropies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We examine the extent to which galactic and extragalactic foregrounds can hamper the detection of primordial Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. We limit our discussion to intermediate angular scales, $10^{\prime}\lsim θ\lsim 2^{\circ}$, since many current as well as future experiments have been designed to map CMB anisotropies at these angular scales. In fact, scales of $\gsim 10^{\prime}$ are of crucial importance to test both the conditions in the early Universe and current theories of the gravitational collapse.
An Efficient Approach to Detecting Lung Nodules Using Swin Transformer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Lung cancer has the highest rate of cancer-caused deaths, and early-stage diagnosis could increase the survival rate. Lung nodules are common indicators of lung cancer, making their detection crucial. Various lung nodule detection models exist, but many lack efficiency. Hence, we propose a more efficient approach by leveraging 2D CT slices, reducing computational load and complexity in training and inference. We employ the tiny version of Swin Transformer to benefit from Vision Transformers (ViT) while maintaining low computational cost. A Feature Pyramid Network is added to enhance detection, particularly for small nodules. Additionally, Transfer Learning is used to accelerate training. Our experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher mAP and mAR for small nodules by 1.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Overall, our model achieves the highest mAP of 94.7% and mAR of 94.9%.
Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in People Receiving Health Checkups — A Hospital-based Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 2006, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis was the fi fth leading cause of death and hepatocellular carcinoma ranked the second leading cause of cancer death in Taiwan. 1 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are 2 major causes of chronic liver disease in Taiwan. 2,3We analysed viral hepatitis data from 2695 subjects who received health checkups at 1 medical centre in Taichung city from 2003 to 2004.There were 1526 men (56.6%) and 1169 women (43.4%).The mean age was 49.2 years (standard deviation, 12.2; range, 20 to 84).The overall prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 14.7%, with a statistically signifi cant difference between genders (17.4% for men vs 11.2% for women, P <0.001).The prevalence of HBsAg decreased with age in men, with a statistically signifi cant difference (P <0.001).The prevalence also decreased with age in women, without a statistically signifi cant difference (P = 0.08) (Fig. 1).The overall prevalence of HCV antibody was 5.2%, without a statistically signifi cant difference between genders (4.8% for men vs 5.7% for women, P = 0.272).The prevalence of HCV antibody increased with age in men and in women, with a statistically signifi cant difference (P <0.001 and P <0.001, respectively) (Fig. 2).HBV infection was highly prevalent in Taiwan.Before 1984, the prevalence of HBsAg was 11.2% to 19.5% in the general population. 4,5A national hepatitis B immunisation programme was launched in Taiwan in July 1984.For the fi rst 2 years, only newborns whose mothers were hepatitis B carriers were vaccinated.From 1986 till to date, immunisation has been extended to all newborns. 6In this current report, most of the subjects were born before 1984 and did not receive universal vaccination.This was the reason for the high prevalence of HBsAg.Previous Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in PeopleReceiving Health Checkups -A Hospital-based Study studies have revealed that the prevalence of HCV antibody was 3% to 7.6% in Taiwan. 7,8In this report, the prevalence of HCV antibody was high.Due to the lack of effective vaccination, harm reduction strategies for HCV infection are of great importance.We suggest that regular serologic and ultrasonographic surveillance should be indicated in these viral infected individuals who are at increased risk for chronic liver disease.
Health campaigns in an infodemic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 crisis is not only a pandemic, but also an infodemic. In the editorial for this Special Issue about health campaigns and COVID-19, we offer an overview of the context as well as of the three articles in the issue. This opening editorial focuses on the wider context within which the various campaigns took place. While the essays focus on the use of graphics and visual advertisements, we explore meme culture with special emphasis on character assassination, where memes are used to target accountability claims and engender distrust towards powerholders. Hence this presents a backdrop to the cultural and visual environment into which these responses to the global spread of COVID-19 entered.
Critical Analysis of the Influence of Transnational Capitalism on Institutions and Organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter aims to analyze the development of capitalism and its influences on institutions and organizations from its beginnings to reach the highest stage in the processes of neoliberal economic globalization and the New Economy version with supports of information and communication technologies. In raising this development from a critical analysis, it examines the impacts and effects on individuals, communities and the nation state. Subsequently it is questioned the scope of the imposed transnational neoliberal capitalism model. Finally, it is concluded that it needs a cultural transformation for not accepting the forms of domination, power and alignment of globalizing capitalism and to reconstruct the identity of communities through individual action and asserting collective self-determination, independence and self-management. To a certain extent, this analysis finds that evolution and globalization support divergence more than convergence.
Quaternary organization of the human eEF1B complex reveals unique multi-GEF domain assembly

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell is spatially and structurally compartmentalized that ensures high efficiency of this process. One of the distinctive features of higher eukaryotes is the existence of stable multi-protein complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and translation elongation factors. Here, we report a quaternary organization of the human guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex, eEF1B, comprising α, β and γ subunits that specifically associate into a heterotrimeric form eEF1B(αβγ)3. As both the eEF1Bα and eEF1Bβ proteins have structurally conserved GEF domains, their total number within the complex is equal to six. Such, so far, unique structural assembly of the guanine-nucleotide exchange factors within a stable complex may be considered as a ‘GEF hub’ that ensures efficient maintenance of the translationally active GTP-bound conformation of eEF1A in higher eukaryotes.
A FIWARE-based IoT Framework for Smart Water Distribution Management

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A key axis of design and implementation of sustainable water management solutions is based on the application of IoT, which enable the deployment of monitoring systems across the water distribution network, facilitate data acquisition in an automated manner and provide a rich set of data. Distributed software architectures are acknowledged as vital to realize smart water management systems, especially in large-scale and complex deployments with heterogeneous interacting entities. Current smart water systems mainly use commercial IoT platforms with only a few researches rooting for open source software solutions. However, both approaches have limitations as the closed APIs of commercial IoT platforms have been accused of hindering open market evolution, while open source solutions lack interoperability and data integration/sharing mechanisms. This paper presents an IoT framework based on FIWARE that aims to realize a highly flexible standards-based open source software solution for the development of smart water systems. We designed an architecture consisting of various FIWARE software components and two dashboard applications. We have also constructed a digital model of a part of a water distribution network and used a simulation dataset to showcase the framework's functionality and data visualization aspects.
Estrogen Therapy and the Risk of Breast Cancer-Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Reply.

—Dr Meyer discusses the implication that increased parenchymal density of breast tissue associated with HRT will obscure occult malignant masses. This is a legitimate concern that should be taken into account by women who are at high risk for breast cancer, who are on HRT, and who have increased breast density. Meyer speculates that increased density, when focal, may presage the development of a malignant process. Since he saw that densities regressed soon after HRT was terminated, one can infer that the hormones may promote tumor growth. This inference may be supported by recent evidence from a large epidemiologic study that showed that current use of HRT was associated with a small but significant increase in risk of breast cancer.1Meyer also wonders why the increase in parenchymal density was only seen in 24% of women on HRT. That the increase occurred in a minority of the
Challenging perceptions : community music practice with children with behavioural challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the past decade, and particularly since the publication of The National Plan for Music Education (DfE, 2011), there has been increasing opportunity for community musicians in England to work with young people with challenging behaviour in Pupil Referral Units (PRUs) and in Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (EBD) Units. \nThis study identifies and discusses six key elements that influence community music delivery in these settings. These elements are: what the children bring, organizing structures, ideas and materials, focus and energy, reflection and reflexivity and the intentions of the leader. These elements emerged from the data collected through the study. \nThis study combined action research and grounded theory. It employed a number of data collection methods, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group work and a literature review. \nThe environment of PRUs and EBD Units are based on formal schooling but are both volatile and academically ineffective (Taylor, 2012). Community musicians, who frequently work outside the curriculum, need insights and understandings beyond traditional educational practice if they are to be successful in engaging children in these environments. \nCommunity music practice addresses not only musical but also personal and social development. This, and the nature of PRUs, and of the children within them, makes the work complex. Through understanding the role all six elements can play in shaping the child’s experience, the community musician can use this knowledge to develop programmes that address these children’s complex needs, allow them to place themselves at the centre of their own learning and encourage their ownership of their own creative expression. This can give them a sense of meaning for their own often troubled histories and may offer them a pathway to reconstructing their own self concept away from conferred negative identities as excluded children towards seeing themselves as learners and musicians.
Near Infrared spectroscopy as a potential tool to monitor the mineralization of exogeneous organic matter within the soil.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The ability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor the dynamic of organic matter incorporated into the soil has not yet been tested. This method has a great potential as it can be faster, cheaper and more accessible than conventional techniques dealing with this topic. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of the visible near infrared (Vis-NIR: 400-2500nm) to monitor the mineralization of organic matter added to the soil by quantifying, over time, its various degradation products. This study focused on 2 types of soils, one from France (Neoluvisol developed on silt wind) and the other from Tunisia (Vertic Xerofluvents). Both soils received two types of organic input, poultry manure (C/N = 17.8) and composted pig manure on straw (C/N = 20.6).
Societal perception of bioeconomy in Austria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Bioökonomie könnte eine von vielen Lösungen sein, um zukünftige sogenannte „Grand Challenges“ wie beispielsweise die Ausbeutung natürlicher Ressourcen, die rasch wachsende Weltbevölkerung oder den Klimawandel zu meistern. Da ein Wandel des Wirtschaftssystems in Richtung einer Bioökonomie jedoch auch gesellschaftlicher Zustimmung bedarf, untersucht diese Masterarbeit, wie Bioökonomie von der österreichischen Gesellschaft wahrgenommen wird. Um Hoffnungen und Ängste in Verbindung mit Bioökonomie zu erfassen, wurden die Stimulus-Response Technik und die Laddering Methode angewandt. Außerdem wurde die Einstellung zur Nutzung von Holz als Rohstoff in diversen Industriesektoren und die Einstellung zu nachhaltigem Konsumverhalten abgefragt. 456 Interviews wurden dafür im Rahmen der Hauptstudie durchgeführt. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte mittels Chi-Quadrat Tests, Korrelationsanalysen nach Kendall-tau-b und Spearmen, Cluster Analysen und Implikationsmatrizen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Bioökonomie eher positiv als negativ wahrgenommen wird, das Konzept hinter dem Begriff „Bioökonomie“ jedoch nicht allgemein bekannt ist. Des Weiteren wird Bioökonomie oftmals mit den Worten Umweltbewusstsein, nachhaltiger Konsum oder Optimismus in Verbindung gebracht, häufig gibt es jedoch auch Zweifel an der Umsetzbarkeit von Bioökonomie und Zweifel, dass das System bzw. die Regierung die Entwicklung von Bioökonomie unterstützt. 9 von 10 Personen befürworten die Verwendung von Holz als Rohstoff in der chemischen -, Textil- und Kunststoffindustrie und es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Einstellung zu nachhaltigem Konsum die Wahrnehmung von Bioökonomie beeinflusst. Diese Masterarbeit kann also als Startpunkt für weitere, tiefergehende Forschungen über die gesellschaftliche Wahrnehmung von Bioökonomie in Österreich angesehen werden.
L9 COVID-19 and respiratory departments in England: a national survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction

We developed a national survey to capture how respiratory departments in England adapted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and to develop lessons which can be applied to subsequent planning.

Methods

A link to the online survey, hosted on a secure platform in an NHS England and Improvement account, was sent by email to all NHS trusts in England with known respiratory departments. The survey was open for 43 days during August and September 2020. The survey included sections on COVID patient numbers, bed capacity, workforce, delivery of respiratory support, equipment, diagnostic and interventional services, and follow-up for patients discharged.

Results

58 (43.9%) responses were received. Workforce – 42 sites (72.4%) changed their respiratory consultant rota, for example, by changing to 12 hours shifts and overnight resident on calls. 24 sites (41.4%) stated that respiratory consultants had been removed from the general medical rota. Respiratory Support - CPAP was used in a variety of clinical environments including closed bays (in 36 sites) and closed wards (19 sites), and was primarily used as a bridge to ventilation (46 sites), to prevent intubation (48 sites) and as a ceiling of care (47 sites). Equipment – 28 (48.3%) of units reported a shortage of at least one respiratory medical consumable (most commonly non-vented NIV masks (16 units) and CPAP machines (12 units)). Diagnostic and interventional services - Bronchoscopy and EBUS services were suspended in 16 (27.6%) and 10 (17.2%) sites respectively and continued for cancer patients only in 24 (41.4%) and 27 (46.6%) sites respectively. Follow up - 12 units (20.7%) did not offer follow up to patients with COVID related pneumonia at 6 weeks.

Conclusion

This national survey shows the significant changes made, and challenges faced, by respiratory departments during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified some areas where there were deviations from best practice and some positive changes that should be continued. The lessons drawn from the survey results can assist in future COVID-19 planning.
Tactics for providing location privacy against global adversaries in wireless sensor networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The unprotected surroundings of a sensor network makes relatively easy for an adversary to eavesdrop the network. Even though there is wide range of protocols for providing content privacy, the contextual information remains exposed. So adversary will use this contextual information to perform attack on source node or sink node. The existing methods for location privacy protect the network only against a local eavesdropper. In this backdrop to provide location privacy for source node intervallic gathering and source imitation methods are proposed. Also for preventing sink location privacy sink imitation and backbone flooding methods are proposed. These proposed methods provide location privacy against global adversaries.
Evolution of Peptide-Based Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Inhibitors: An Approach to Novel Prostate Cancer Therapeutics

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with approximately 1.1 million cases diagnosed annually. The rapid development of molecular imaging has facilitated greater structural understanding which can help formulate novel combination therapeutic regimens and more accurate diagnosis avoiding unnecessary prostate biopsies. This accumulated knowledge also provides greater understanding into aggressive stages of the disease and tumour recurrence. Recently, much progress has been made on developing peptidomimetic-based inhibitors as promising candidates to effectively bind to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) which is expressed by prostate cancer cells. Objective: In this review, recent advances covering small-molecule and peptide-based PSMA inhibitors will be extensively reviewed, providing a base for the rational design of future PSMA inhibitors. Method: Herein, the literature on selected PSMA inhibitors that have been developed from 1996 to 2020 were reviewed, emphasizing recent synthetic advances and chemical strategies whilst highlighting therapeutic potential and drawbacks of each inhibitor. Results: Synthesized inhibitors presented in this review demonstrate the clinical application of certain PSMA inhibitors, exhibited in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: This review highlights the clinical potential of PSMA inhibitors, analyzing the advantages and setbacks of the chemical synthetic methodologies utilized, setting precedence for the discovery of novel PSMA inhibitors for future clinical applications.