jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Detection method for individual pig based on improved YOLOv4 Convolutional Neural Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Aiming at the problem of low non-invasive intelligent identification of pigs in healthy breeding, a pig individual identification method based on the improved YOLOv4 convolutional neural network is proposed. By preprocessing the images of 30 live pigs in the collected video, a method based on the whole live pig as the feature extraction sample is proposed, instead of using the pig face as the feature extraction sample, to make a data set to obtain the effective features of the whole body. Considering the living habits of live pigs and the living environment of live pigs, the improved YOLOv4 model is proposed, which adapted certain data enhancement and attention mechanisms, and conducts multi-scale training and detection on the data set to achieve accurate detection and identification of individual live pigs; obtains the best parameters according to the training log, and carries out verification and comparison experiments for individual pig identification. The result shows that when the threshold is 0.5, the average accuracy (mAP) on the test set reaches 98.12%. The recall rate reached 95%, the F1-score was 96%, the average recognition time Mean FPS was 34.3ms, and the average crossover ratio (IoU) was 83.91%. The improved model comparison between YOLOv3 and Fast R-CNN has improved the recognition accuracy and speed of individual pigs; at the same time, compared with the traditional pig face data set, the pig body data set has significantly improved the recognition accuracy. Based on the whole live pig as a feature extraction sample combined with the improved YOLOv4 model, the live pig can be recognized quickly and effectively in various postures and complex backgrounds. As a multi-angle and multi-target recognition method, it can quickly and accurately identify individual pigs in a large-scale group healthy breeding environment as well as realization of individualized healthy breeding and efficient management for pig.
Retracted: Attention, Attitudes, and Action: When and Why Incidental Fear Increases Consumer Choice

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Past research finds that general negativity inherent to a choice set increases deferral. In contrast, we adopt a functional perspective—linking fear to narrowed attention, negative expectations of the future, and an increased readiness for action—and propose that incidental fear increases the likelihood of consumer choice and reduces deferral. Six studies find consistent support for this view, using both hypothetical and consequential choices. We demonstrate that relative to other emotions (disgust, sadness, hope, pride, anger) and general feelings of uncertainty, those experiencing incidental fear choose significantly more and defer less. This increased choice, however, is realized only for decisions made in the present (vs. future), when information about the deferred options is not available. Importantly, increased choice from incidental fear is mediated by increased attention and liking. Moreover, we also demonstrate that individuals with high levels of trait fear (vs. trait anger) are more likely to choose and less likely to defer.
Bootstrapping the data envelopment analysis Malmquist productivity index

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a bootstrap approach to calculate confidence intervals for firm-specific Malmquist productivity indices obtained from data envelopment analysis (DEA) models. The bootstrap is easily implemented and allows identification of production units that have significant productivity changes. An application using data from Swedish eye-care departments is included. We find that 40% of departments have significant progress in productivity whereas only 10% of the departments have a significant regress in productivity. This differs from the original results where about half the sample have estimates of progress and the other half have estimates of regress in productivity.
A Collision-Free Pedestrian-Following System for Mobile Robots Base on Path Planning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to overcome the problems of collision avoidance and the pedestrian target loss in pedestrian-following system. This paper proposes a Collision-Free pedestrian following approach with a multi-sensor fusion-based pedestrian detector module and a path planning module. The pedestrian detector module use extended Kalman filter(EKF) to fuse a camera and a 3D LiDAR data for the target pedestrian positioning and perceive obstacles.for the path planning module, In order to track pedestrians in real time and collision-free, a global path planner and a local path planner will work simultaneously. Overall, we conducted experiments on pedestrian following in different environmental conditions to evaluate the performance of ours proposed approach.
Acute abdominal pain in childhood.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute abdominal pain in children occurs often and requires rapid clarification. Hints as to the condition are often given by the first impression and the case history of the patient. When the clinical examination and laboratory results do not lead to a clear finding, imaging methods such as a sonography can clarify the case. The most common cause for abdominal pain in infants is acute enteritis, mostly brought about by rotaviruses. Additional diagnoses are abdominal hernia, malrotation, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, invagination or gastroesophageal reflux. In school-age children, the classic finding is "appendicitis". This should be differentiated from constipation, gastritis, pancreatitis, sigmoid volvulus, bowel and intestinal obstruction or, perhaps, gallstone trouble.
The Relation of Alkali‐Resistant Haemoglobin in Thalassaemia and Abnormal Haemoglobin Syndromes to Foetal Haemoglobin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A lkali ‐resistant haemoglobin (haemoglobin F or foetal haemoglobin) normally constitutes the major haemoglobin component of the foetus; it is also present in gradually decreasing amounts through the first year of life. In the older individual, less than I per cent of the haemoglobin is of the foetal type; normally, most of the remaining haemoglobin is the adult variety—haemoglobin A. Alkali‐resistant haemoglobin is found in greater than normal concentrations in several blood dyscrasias. In patients with thalassaemia major, it is invariably increased and frequently constitutes the major haemoglobin component (Fessas, 1959; Beaven, Ellis and White, 1961). On the other hand, in those who are homozygous for an abnormal haemoglobin, 20 per cent or less of the haemoglobin, as a rule, is alkali‐resistant and increased percentages are not invariably found (Beaven et al. , 1961; Rucknagel and Neel, 1961). The abnormal haemoglobin syndromes are most characterized by the presence of electrophoretically abnormal haemoglobin(S), although alkali‐resistant haemoglobin may be present. Neither in thalassaemia major nor in thalassaemia minor, despite the frequently increased quantity of haemoglobin A 2 (Fessas, 1959), have electrophoretically abnormal components been found. Both the thalassaemia and abnormal haemoglobin syndromes, have common clinical, haematological, biochemical, genetic and anthropological features. It has not seemed unlikely that thalassaemia is based on a genetically determined abnormality similar to that resulting in the abnormal haemoglobin syndromes; it is assumed, however, that a structurally modified haemoglobin is electrophoretically undetectable (Itano and Pauling, 1961). Because an electrophoretically abnormal haemoglobin is absent in thalassaemia, one might consider that the alkali‐resistant haemoglobin is, in fact, the abnormal haemoglobin. This subject has been reviewed by Beaven and Gratzer (1959) who cite abundant biochemical and immunological evidence to the contrary. Nevertheless, recent publications report biochemical and immunological differences in the foetal haemoglobin of thalassaemia compared to that from the normal newborn (Derrien, 1959; Diacono and Castay, 1959). Studies on the structure of alkali resistant haemoglobin in thalassaemia and abnormal haemoglobin syndromes, however, have not been available. Structurally, haemoglobin A is composed of a pair of α chains and a pair of β chains. In haemoglobin F, γ chains occur instead of β chains. From genetic evidence, the production of the three types of chain appears to be under the control of sets of allelic genes at separate loci; this subject has been reviewed recently (Rucknagel and Neel, 1961). The abnormal haemoglobins are products of mutant genes at the α and β chain loci. A single amino acid
Crowdfunding and Innovation in Times of Economic Crisis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 health crisis has caused a collapse in global economic activity, which is unprecedented since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the same line of thought, the world economy will be durably marked. We wonder about the mutations it will undergo to recover rising indicators to address the challenges of the Circular Economy (CE). In this context, we note the impetus for alternative financing models for SMEs, particularly participatory financing or crowdfunding. This spurs an investigatory question in what way and how can crowdfunding drive innovation in the context of economic crisis? This study takes a mixed approach. We interviewed project leaders using an interview guide to better understand the reasons that motivated them to use crowdfunding and to gather their feelings about the democratization of start-up financing. Additionally, we collected 30 questionnaires from project leaders and collected data for the same campaigns on the participatory financing Kisskissbanbank platform. The responses were analyzed and compared with the conceptual framework and basis of prior studies. Results brought to light that crowdfunding certainly allows to finance start-ups that would not have had access to traditional financing. Also, the results of our survey postulate a role for crowdfunding in innovation. But this data remains fragile, due to the framework of the survey and the context of the crisis, which is still adjustable.
EARLY COLECTOMY AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESMOID TUMORS IN FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Desmoid tumors are rare, non-metastasising fibromatoses which can occur in association with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Desmoids have a prevalence of 10-20% in FAP. Intra-abdominal desmoid tumors are a major source of morbidity in FAP, and are one of the common causes of death in these patients. Desmoid tumors often develop in surgical scars leading to the theory that local trauma is a potential initiating factor. Prophylactic colectomy at an early age may increase the risk of developing desmoids. Aim: The aims of this study were to determine: (1) if colectomy earlier in life is a risk factor for the development of symptomatic desmoid tumors, and (2) if family history, APC genotype and gender are risk factors in the development of desmoids in FAP. Methods: The association between desmoid development and age at colectomy, family history of desmoids, gender, and APC mutation was reviewed in FAP patients entered in the Toronto Mount Sinai Hospital Polyposis Registry. Results: Patients with FAP (n = 1 153) from 365 kindreds were identified over a 25 year period. Overall, desmoid prevalence was 10% (n = 121).The mean age at diagnosis of desmoid was 32.1 years (range 13.0 to 74.0 years, SD 11.9 years). Patients who developed desmoid tumors were significantly younger (26.9 years) at the time of colectomy, compared with patients who did not develop a desmoid (29.2 years) (P = 0.03). FAP patients with desmoid tumors had a strong family history of desmoids compared to FAP patients without desmoids (40% vs. 8%; P < 0.0001). There was no statistical significant difference between females (57.8%) and males (42.2) for the risk of developing a desmoid (P = 0.057). Conclusions: Patients who developed a desmoid were younger at the time of colectomy compared to those who did not develop a desmoid. Having a family history of desmoid tumors is a significant risk factor for the development of the same lesions.
Mineral nutrient requirements and effects of CO2enrichment onGerberamicrocuttings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SummaryThe effects of CO2 concentration (350 and 1200 μmol mol-1), growing media (peat + perlite, 3:1, peat + coco dust, 1:1; and coco dust alone), and concentration of nutrient solution (EC 2.1 and 2.8 mS cm-1) on growth of gerbera microcuttings, leaf nutrient content, and the chemical properties of the growing media were investigated. Plants grown in peat + coco dust had the highest dry weights of leaves and roots. There were no significant differences in the fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots due to concentration of nutrient solution. CO2 enrichment increased all growth variables, except leaf number. Leaf nutrient content of gerbera cuttings and chemical properties of growing media after eight weeks of growth, with reference to all treatments, are discussed and presented as tables.
5/ The Quest of the Holy Grail

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract For many decades, critics debated whether the Grail should be identified with Christianity or with pre-Christian Celtic traditions. In the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, when the major Grail romances were being composed, western Europe witnessed a revival of both Eucharistic and penitential practices. As theologians conceptualized the transubstantiation of the Eucharist, the common people flocked to see the exposition of the host, occasionally witnessing miracles in its vicinity. People of all classes embarked on pilgrimages to shrines, including crusaders to the Holy Lands. Yet if these romances have appeared to many readers to evoke Celtic rather than Christian prototypes, it is because the Grail is not reducible to a container of the Eucharist, nor is the quest for the Grail reducible to a pilgrimage. During the Grail adventures, the knight does not just see through the literal, physical level of reality in order to apprehend the figurative, spiritual level, as happens in Christian allegory, but sees in the literal, physical level, and savors it. In their valorization of what they call the semblance of reality, and not just its senefiance, these romances resist, even as they recall, the theological and pastoral developments of their time.
What are tourists willing to pay for securing the survival of a flagship species? The case of protection of the Ethiopian wolf

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Ecotourism can be an important tool for protecting biodiversity in developing countries. Tourists have preferences for viewing charismatic species and for their conservation, but our understanding of these preferences remains limited. Using choice experiment surveys, we investigate tourists’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for the protection of the Ethiopian wolf ( Canis simensis) in Ethiopia’s Bale Mountains National Park. Results from a random parameter logit model show that tourists were willing to pay up to US$5.82/day/trip for increasing the wolf population from 200 to a more viable number of 250 but very little for a more substantial increase. Tourists also valued increases in the size of the protected area (PA) and access to the wolf habitat. The WTP is found to be dependent on tourists’ prior experience to Ethiopian PAs and whether they had viewed other unique species in the park. The findings suggest opportunities for ecotourism to support the Ethiopian wolf, which is in a critical state, and that the primary motivation for tourists’ support might be due to the wolf’s existence value.
Toward Architecture Knowledge Sustainability: Extending System Longevity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Complex software systems must be maintained for years or decades, and the effort and cost to maintain them are often high, involving continuous refactoring to ensure their longevity in the face of changing requirements. In this article, we introduce the notion of architectural knowledge (AK) sustainability as a new concept to support architects dealing with the evolution of long-lived systems. Architecture sustainability refers to the ability of the architecture to endure over time with the minimum number of refactoring cycles possible. We suggest that sustainability of the AK is a function of how stable the decisions are, and we discuss a set of sustainability criteria and metrics useful to estimate the sustainability of this AK.
Enzyme analysis,gene CDs cloning and expression in E.coli of Mulberry Borer(Apriona germari hope) endogen β-1,4-endoglucanase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

【Objective】 This objective focused on endogen β-1,4-endoglucanase gene of mulberrying borer,with the purpose of supplying the theory basis for constructing engineering bacteria which can decompose cellulose effectively.【Method】 The activities of endogen β-1,4-endoglucanase were measured by 1% of CMC-Na,total RNA was isolated from Mucberry Borer gut by trizol,the first cDNA chian was used as template,a pair of primers was designed based on the gene whose accession number is AY771358.1,for PCR endogen β-1,4-endoglucanase gene of Mulberry Borer,DNASTAR and BLAST of NCBI were used for sequence analysis;another pair of primers was designed based on the sequence of this study,which was to add restriction enzyme cutting site BamHⅠfor up site and SacⅠfor down site,PCR endogen β-1,4-endoglucanase gene of Mulberry Borer,and structure pET-APEG for prokaryotic expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).【Result】 The most suitable pH range is from 4.4 to 5.6,with peak at 5.0;the most suitable range temperature is from 30 to 50 ℃,with peak at 50 ℃.If solution of endoglucanase is treated in water bath of 37 ℃ for 30 min,the activities hardly change;However,after treated in water bath of 60 ℃ for 30 min,the activities plummet.The length of CDs of β-1 and 4-endoglucanase is 978 bp,ecoding 325 amino acid residues;The result of BLAST showed that,the sequence identity of this gene is 85% compared with the cellulase gene of yellow-spotted longicorn beetle,Psacothea hilaris which belongs to the GHF5,and the sequence identity of protein reaches 90%,the sequence identity of this gene is 98% compared with the sequence of Ag-EaseⅢ which has been reported in mulberry borer,the sequence identity of protein reaches 99%.Structed pET-APEG for expression in E.coil BL21(DE3) and SDS-PAGE result showed,pET-APEG vector was expressed as about 55 ku polypeptide in E.coli BL21(DE3).【Conclusion】 The mulberry borer of Shannan area belongs to GHF5,and has multi-domains of endogen β-1,4-endoglucanase,and it's gene can be expressed in E.coil BL21(DE3).
Ongoing Transitions – Editors' Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When taking over the editorship of History in Africa , the current editors foresaw several lines of development for the journal. The first one was to re-examine the inheritance of David Henige and build on this to keep the journal contemporary with new developments and trends in methodology and method, emerging technologies and the growing and changing availability of sources. Secondly, the editors felt that to comply with ever more stringent demands of academic quality control a full peer review system needed to be introduced, as well as action undertaken to make the journal visible in ranking systems. Thirdly, the editors decided that the journal was in need of a larger input from African scholars in Africa, to reflect developments in the continent better. Fourthly, it was decided that the paper version of the journal was in need of a more modern and professional look and format, enhancing readability, and falling into line with comparable journals, most specifically the sister journal African Studies Review . The production of this third post-Henige issue has proven transition to be an ongoing process. All four points of development have been instituted, some with immediate results, others as a work in progress. Volume 37 (2010) saw the extension of the Editorial Board with several African members working in Africa, the consolidation of Henige's work with the publication of numerous articles inherited from him, and an agenda for further development. At the Annual General Meeting of the African Studies Association in San Francisco in 2010, two panels were organized to honor Henige and his work. Many of the contributions to these panels were included in volume 38 (2011), making it a Festschrift, definitively concluding the Henige era. The current issue of History in Africa is therefore the first regular issue under the regime of the new editorial team.
Substituent-Controlled Regiodivergent Rearrangement of Gramine Ammonium Ylide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The complicated mechanism makes the regiodivergent rearrangement of ammonium ylide seem to be out of reach. Herein, we reported a regiodivergent rearrangement of gramine ammonium ylide well controlled by the substituents. Density functional theory studies reveal that the ammonium ylide with a more steric hindrance substituent 2-diazo-2-arylacetate goes through a stepwise mechanism to yield both a kinetically and thermodynamically preferred [1,2]-rearrangement product. In contrast, the ammonium ylide with a less steric hindrance ethyl diazoacetate goes through a concerted mechanism to generate the [2,3]-rearrangement product, which is kinetically favored as a result of the release of the ring strain in the transition state. This study would open up avenues to grasp the rearrangement of ammonium ylide, which will promote application in the skeletal editing and synthesis of complex natural products.
MAGE A1-6 isoforms genes mRNA as specific markers in detection of tumor cells in lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the expression of melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) A1-6 isoforms genes mRNA in sputum and peripheral blood of patients with lung caner and its clinical significance in early diagnosis of lung cancer. Methods The expression of MAGE A1-6 isoforms genes mRNA was detected in sputum and peripheral blood from 23 patients with lung caner, 8 patients with benign pulmonary lesion and 10 healthy adults by nested RT-PCR. Results The positive rates of MAGE A1-6 isoforms genes mRNA were 30.4% (7/23) and 39.1% (9/23) in sputum and peripheral blood from lung cancer patients, respectively. The united detection rate of the genes in sputum and peripheral blood, 47.8% (11/23) was significantly more than 17.4% (4/23), the detection rate of sputum cytology (P0.05). No MAGE A1-6 isoforms genes mRNA expression was found in the samples from patients with benign pulmonary lesion and healthy adults. Conclusions MAGE A1-6 isoforms genes mRNA may be a valuable marker for detecting tumor cells in sputum and peripheral blood of lung cancer patients, and their united detection will do benefit to improve the detection rate of lung cancer.