jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Finding Diverse Minimum s-t Cuts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, many studies have been devoted to finding diverse solutions in classical combinatorial problems, such as Vertex Cover (Baste et al., IJCAI'20), Matching (Fomin et al., ISAAC'20) and Spanning Tree (Hanaka et al., AAAI'21). Finding diverse solutions is important in settings where the user is not able to specify all criteria of the desired solution. Motivated by an application in the field of system identification, we initiate the algorithmic study of k-Diverse Minimum s-t Cuts which, given a directed graph G = (V, E), two specified vertices s,t ∈ V, and an integer k > 0, asks for a collection of k minimum s-t cuts in G that has maximum diversity. We investigate the complexity of the problem for two diversity measures for a collection of cuts: (i) the sum of all pairwise Hamming distances, and (ii) the cardinality of the union of cuts in the collection. We prove that k-Diverse Minimum s-t Cuts can be solved in strongly polynomial time for both diversity measures via submodular function minimization. We obtain this result by establishing a connection between ordered collections of minimum s-t cuts and the theory of distributive lattices. When restricted to finding only collections of mutually disjoint solutions, we provide a more practical algorithm that finds a maximum set of pairwise disjoint minimum s-t cuts. For graphs with small minimum s-t cut, it runs in the time of a single max-flow computation. These results stand in contrast to the problem of finding k diverse global minimum cuts - which is known to be NP-hard even for the disjoint case (Hanaka et al., AAAI'23) - and partially answer a long-standing open question of Wagner (Networks 1990) about improving the complexity of finding disjoint collections of minimum s-t cuts.
Implications of the Withdrawal of the Reservation to the Art.13 (2) (c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When Japan ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1979, it reserved the right not to be bound by “in particular by the progressive introduction of free education” in applying the provision of subparagraph (c) of paragraph 2 of article 13 of ICESCR. Although Japan withdrew the reservation 33 years later, on September 11, 2012, the percentage of household expenditure in the total of public and private expenditure for tertiary education has significantly increased. This situation is a result of government policy, “The beneficiary payment principle”. The Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education, which was approved by the Japanese cabinet on June 14, 2013, did not include increasing public expenditure to the average of OECD countries, despite a recommendation in the draft of the Basic Plan by the Central Education Council. In this article, through researching General Comments of Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) and ICESCR, I argue that the Japanese government is obligated to take steps to fully implement article 13 (2) (c).
Dehydration-enhanced ion-pore interactions dominate anion transport and selectivity in nanochannels

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

State-of-the-art ion-selective membranes with ultrahigh precision are of significance for water desalination and energy conservation, but their development is limited by the lack of understanding of the mechanisms of ion transport at the subnanometer scale. Herein, we investigate transport of three typical anions (F − , Cl − , and Br − ) under confinement using in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in combination with transition-state theory. The operando analysis reveals that dehydration and related ion-pore interactions govern anion-selective transport. For strongly hydrated ions [(H 2 O) n F − and (H 2 O) n Cl − ], dehydration enhances ion effective charge and thus the electrostatic interactions with membrane, observed as an increase in decomposed energy from electrostatics, leading to more hindered transport. Contrarily, weakly hydrated ions [(H 2 O) n Br − ] have greater permeability as they allow an intact hydration structure during transport due to their smaller size and the most right-skewed hydration distribution. Our work demonstrates that precisely regulating ion dehydration to maximize the difference in ion-pore interactions could enable the development of ideal ion-selective membranes.
Model-Based Geostatistical Methods Enable Efficient Design and Analysis of Prevalence Surveys for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection and Other Neglected Tropical Diseases

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Maps of the geographical variation in prevalence play an important role in large-scale programs for the control of neglected tropical diseases. Precontrol mapping is needed to establish the appropriate control intervention in each area of the country in question. Mapping is also needed postintervention to measure the success of control efforts. In the absence of comprehensive disease registries, mapping efforts can be informed by 2 kinds of data: empirical estimates of local prevalence obtained by testing individuals from a sample of communities within the geographical region of interest, and digital images of environmental factors that are predictive of local prevalence. In this article, we focus on the design and analysis of impact surveys, that is, prevalence surveys that are conducted postintervention with the aim of informing decisions on what further intervention, if any, is needed to achieve elimination of the disease as a public health problem. We show that geospatial statistical methods enable prevalence surveys to be designed and analyzed as efficiently as possible so as to make best use of hard-won field data. We use 3 case studies based on data from soil-transmitted helminth impact surveys in Kenya, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe to compare the predictive performance of model-based geostatistics with methods described in current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In all 3 cases, we find that model-based geostatistics substantially outperforms the current WHO guidelines, delivering improved precision for reduced field-sampling effort. We argue from experience that similar improvements will hold for prevalence mapping of other neglected tropical diseases.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of work motivation and job satisfaction on performance in employees of the Kediri District Trade Office. The variables of this study are work motivation (X1), job satisfaction (X2) and employee performance (Y). This study used a quantitative method using data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation, literature and questionnaires. While the analysis used is the validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, multiple linear regression test, t test and f test and the coefficient of determination. Sampling in this study used a saturated sample with the consideration of all employees of the Kediri Regency Trade Office, totaling 57 employees based on the results of the research conducted. The results of this study indicate that partially work motivation influences employee performance and partially job satisfaction influences employee performance. This study also shows the results that simultaneously work motivation and job satisfaction affect employee performance.
Islamic Attitudes towards Environmental Problems and Practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Brunei Darussalam is rich in natural resources, including fossil fuels and biodiversity, which it uses to develop its economy, while at the same time, conserve them in order to ensure that it maintains a clean and green environment. However, as a developing Islamic nation, Brunei Darussalam cannot escape from creating an undesirable change to its environment. Pollution is considered to be one of the most critical problems facing the environment today. Haze and solid waste are among the most prominent kinds of pollution in the country. The paper will look into the attitudes of the largely-Muslim society in Brunei Darussalam on environmental pollution, and their knowledge and behaviour regarding this issue. Finally, the paper attempts to explain what seems to be uncaring attitude and behaviour among Muslims in Brunei Darussalam towards environmental issues.
The sickness of being disallowed: premonition and insight in the ‘‘artist’s sketchbook”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article makes an original contribution to the histories of sculpture in Britain, a phenomenon that I argue has no register of identity formation within it. I use my own particular practice, positioned in terms of class and gender, as a case study. It articulates how I know, through experience of sculptural practice, that it is not uncommon for artists to bring seemingly incompatible ideas together in the acts of thinking and making, and therefore how they may not perform a straightforward logic in what they call their process. I reflect upon the way that I use content contained in old, personal sketchbook pages to make sculpture now. I bring together the work of American feminist Patti Lather, with the psychoanalytical ideas of Christopher Bollas to argue for the legitimisation of the contents of these pages in my work now. To do this I use the concept of Artistic Research developed by Hannula, Suoranta and Vadén (2005). Their notion of being positioned ‘inside-in’ practice, as the one who is doing the research, and their principle of ‘methodological abundance’, enables my cradling of what might seem incongruous or conflicting tools of interpretation for an artist. Lather’s work acknowledges power and discourses through which she analyses the bodies of knowledge which define and limit what we can say. In the essay I interface Lather’s transgressive categories for validity in qualitative research, developed from her use of Foucauldian theory, with Bollas’s particular model of human subjectivity, represented his writings. I propose that an artist can be both an intellectual and material bricoleur and Life Writing is the method I use to play out a way in which Foucauldian ideas can coalesce with psychoanalytical ideas, described as happening inside what anthropologist Tim Ingold calls the ‘thinking through practice’ of a maker (2013).
Politics and Cultural Nativism in 1970s Taiwan Youth, Narrative, Nationalism By A-chin Hsiau. Columbia University Press, 2021. 312 pages. Hardcover, $140.00, ISBN: 9780231200523. Paperback, $35.00, ISBN: 9780231200530. E-book, $34.99, ISBN: 9780231553667.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
RIPENING RESPONSE OF TWELVE SUGARCANE CULTIVARS TO MODDUS ® (TRIN-EXAPAC ETHYL)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIELD experiments were conducted at two sites in the Bundaberg area between 2004 and 2006 to quantify the impact of MODDUS ® (trin-exapac ethyl) on increasing CCS in sugarcane. The experiments were undertaken to support product registration and to develop strategies for economic forward extension of the harvesting season. MODDUS ® was sprayed from a tractor-based overhead boom at 200 g ai/ha to 12 varieties in replicated trials. In 2004, sequential harvests were conducted at 6, 8 and 10 weeks after a single application of MODDUS ®. In 2006, harvests were conducted at 5, 7 and 9 weeks after two applications of MODDUS ® two weeks apart. Cane was harvested in 2005 after no further treatment with MODDUS ® to assess any residual effects of the 2004 treatment on subsequent yield. Significant responses in CCS, across varieties, of 0.81, 1.00 and 0.99 units were obtained at 6, 8 and 10 weeks after treatment of plant cane in 2004. Increases in sugar yield were significant for the 8 and 10 week harvests. Significant CCS responses were also obtained in the second ratoon crop at this site, but responses were not as large as in plant cane. Q205 A and Q225 were less responsive than the other four clones and there was no difference in response by delaying spraying by 14 days. CCS response across another six plant cane clones in 2006 was significantly higher for the earlier spraying (0.96 versus 0.60 units) and average CCS response declined from 1.10 units at 6 weeks after spraying to 0.6 units at 10 weeks. There were also significant varietal effects on CCS response. MODDUS ® had no significant effect on cane yield for the duration of the experiments in 2004 and 2006 and the carry-over effect on cane yield was not significant for five of the six varieties in 2005. Significant CCS responses generally resulted in higher sugar yields. CCS response to MODDUS ® was controlled by both the level of CCS at spraying and the rate of natural rise in CCS in the five weeks after spraying.
Before Meeting the Greeks: Kutaisi Influence in Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Colchian Settlements

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This contribution synthesizes the results of the Kutaisi Archaeological Landscape Project (KALP), focusing on the analysis of the development of settlement patterns in the Colchis lowlands during the 2nd and 1st millennia b.c. The targeted excavations carried out within the urban center of Kutaisi provide new information regarding earthen architectural practices, raw material procurement, and defensive structures that characterized the area in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The three sites identified within the Kutaisi urban area, Gabashvili, Dateshidze, and Bagrati, are analyzed in detail to provide fresh insights on settlement structure and typology. They also present distinctive vernacular architectural traditions that make the role of Kutaisi in the region essential to understanding Late Bronze/Early Iron Age building practices, their continuity over time, and their environmental sustainability.
[Surgery of carotid lesions after irradiation. Apropos of 15 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Out of 15 patients operated on for a carotid stenosis 3 to 19 years after a cervical irradiation, 2 were treated by a subclavian-carotid by-pass, 3 by a common carotid-internal carotid by-pass, 10 by an endarterectomy (6 closed with a patch), 3 of these endarterectomy extended largely down on the common carotid. Although the surgical approach was often difficult through the sclerotic tissues and 8 times the scar of a lymphadenectomy, the removal of the atherosclerotic core was as easy as usual. We observed neither mishap in arterial and cutaneous healings nor post operative stenotic myointimal hyperplasia.
External ventricular drain infections are independent of drain duration: an argument against elective revision

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Object The authors explored the relationship among the duration of external ventricular drainage, revision of external ventricular drains (EVDs), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection to shed light on the practice of electively revising these drains. Methods In a retrospective study of 199 patients with 269 EVDs in the intensive care unit at a major trauma center in Australasia, the authors found 21 CSF infections. Acinetobacter accounted for 10 (48%) of these infections. Whereas the duration of drainage was not an independent predictor of infection, multiple insertions of EVDs was a significant risk factor. Second and third EVDs in previously uninfected patients were more likely to become infected than first EVDs. An EVD infection was initially identified a mean of 5.5 ± 0.7 days postinsertion (standard error of the mean); these data—that is, the number of days—were normally distributed. Conclusions This pattern of infection is best explained by EVD-associated CSF infections being acquired by the introduction of bacteria on insertion of the drain rather than by subsequent retrograde colonization. Elective EVD revision would be expected to increase infection rates in light of these results, and thus the practice has been abandoned by the authors' institution.
A Case of Sch&ouml;enlein-Henoch Purpura Improved by Prednisolone Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 24-year-old man admitted to our hospital complaining abdominal pain. He suffered from melena and purpuric rash on his extremities on the second and third hospital days. Endoscopic examination of upper GI tract revealed multiple intramucosal hemorrhage in the duodenal bulb. Colonoscopic findings demonstrated intramucosal hemorrhage with erosion or ulcer through the colon. The biopsy specimens showed intramucosal hemorrhage and perivascullar cellular infiltrations. We diagnosed Schönlein-Henoch purpura from physical findings and examinations. He was treated by prednisolone 70mg/day. Abdominal pain and melena ceased in a few days.
Virtualization of a 4G Evolved Packet Core Network Using Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Technology with NS3 for Enterprise and Educational Purpose

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The current networks of many operators dispose an increasing variety of purpose built, vertically integrated, and vendor-locked hardware equipment. This makes it difficult to easily scale their radio access and core networks as it requires yet another variety of equipment, leading to increased Time-to-Market and inefficient resource utilization. Furthermore, network equipment are expensive to procure and upgrade (increased CAPEX), and are difficult to adapt and program for new services (increased OPEX). These trends have recently spurred several efforts to redesign various components of mobile networks, notably the 4G Evolved Packet Core (EPC). With regards to this, the present work proposes a solution based on Network Function Virtualization (NFV), which can be deployed for educational or enterprises purpose like in Data Centers, or network nodes with a fine-grained QoS, while maintaining the scalability of the virtualized network function entities, and optimum resource utilization. The actual work develops a mobile network simulation module centered on the 4G Core network comprising its major components; MME, SGW, and PGW (vEPC), as well as the networking amongst these entities, core network related aspects such as its interaction with the Enhanced Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and the Packet Data Network Services (Internet). This solution gives to core network engineers and EPC network agents the possibility to design, analyze and test variable types of network scenarios. The solution can be also integrated in engineering schools and college for labs’ practical work or to any e-laboratory initiative to allow students in virtual environment to analyze signaling, modify the network configuration and better understand some theoretical concepts taught during the courses. The results obtained from the present work can be of great help during the final deployment phase of the network for full production for engineers of carriers’ network or improve the engineering understanding of core network in academic domain. In this light, the network can easily be scaled, adjust virtually for the time to commercialize a service reduced for carrier or enterprises’ solutions or for testing in e-laboratories.
Learner variables in the development of intercultural competence: A synthesis of home and study abroad research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To provide insights into a wide array of individual learner variables implicated in intercultural education in home and study abroad contexts, this study systematically reviewed the effects of such variables on the development of intercultural competence. The corpus consisted of 56 journal articles published over the past two decades (2000-2020). The purpose of this study was to explore: (a) learner variables that were described in research on intercultural competence, including, inter alia, their age, gender, first language (L1) background, proficiency level, and attitudinal orientations; (b) settings in which learners’ intercultural development was studied, including both home contexts and study abroad contexts; and (c) effects of learner variables on the development of their intercultural competence. The results of this synthesis indicate that a growing number of studies have started to document intercultural instruction in both home and study abroad contexts. They show how learner variables were considered in conducting these studies and how variation in these variables impacted the effectiveness of instruction that targeted intercultural competence. The findings can considerably broaden our understanding of both opportunities and constraints in intercultural education in terms of learner variables and in particular variables that make the most contribution to intercultural development in home and study abroad contexts.
Rationing Agricultural Credit in LDCs: The Role and Determinants of Transaction Costs for Borrowers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Agricultural credit programs in lesser developed countries (LDCs) frequently incorporate low interest rates to benefit small farmers. This paper investigates the role of transaction costs (in addition to interest rate charges) as a logical rationing mechanism in agricultural credit markets in LDCs that in effect creates unanticipated and undesired results among borrowers. Recent research in five LDCs suggest that the intended effect of credit policies to promote uniformly low interest rates to all borrowers is not attained in practice. Instead a skewed, regressive incidence of total costs (interest rates plus transaction costs) on borrowers emerges. A more detailed study of these countries indicates that transaction costs as a percent of loan amount decrease with loan size, decline with increases in the interest rate (reflecting a "trade-off" relationship), are more significant for small than for large loans, and are higher for private than for development bank loans at given loan sizes and interest rates. This trade-off (i.e. the negative elasticity between the interest rate and transaction costs) is larger for private banks than for the development bank, suggesting that private banks are more responsive and flexible in adjusting their loan procedures to a changing regulatory environment. Finally, contrary to conventional wisdom, an increase in the explicit interest rate on loans would have a progressive impact, since it would reduce transaction costs more for small than for large loans.
Specificity, Conflict, and Focal Point: A Systematic Investigation into Social Media Censorship in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Internet censorship mechanisms in China are highly dynamic and yet to be fully accounted for by existing theories. This study interrogates postpublication censorship on Chinese social media by examining the differences between 2,280 pairs of censored WeChat articles and matched remaining articles. With the effects of account attributes and article topics excluded, we find that article specificity raises the odds of being censored. Also, an examination on a collection of international trade articles indicates that such articles with textual units disclosing conflicts, even pro-regime messages, are also removed by the censors. This mixed-method study introduces focal point as a theoretical angle to understand China’s contextually contingent content regulation system and offers evidence based on large-scale, nonproprietary, and original social media data to investigate the evolving censorship mechanisms in China.