jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting ventricular volumes determined by a count-based equilibrium method.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using a 99mTc-filled source ("ventricle") in an elliptical torso phantom, we analyzed the effect of source depth, region of interest (ROI) size, background concentration and source shape on volumes determined by an attenuation-corrected count-based equilibrium method. The calculated volume of a 96 cc sphere decreased linearly from 103 to 82 cc with increasing depth from 4 to 18 cm [vol = -1.48 X depth (cm) + 109, r = 0.99]. The calculated volume of the same sphere imaged at a depth of 9 cm increased from 98 to 117 cc with ROI sizes increasing from 161 to 1,369 pixels (1 pixel = 0.17 cm2). With increasing background concentration from 0-2 microCi/ml calculated volumes decreased from 95 to 85 cc (vol = -5.3 X background concentration (microCi/ml) + 95, r = 0.97). However, with correction for over-subtraction of background, increasing background activity caused no decrease in calculated volume (mean = 95 cc, s.d. = 1). Calculated volumes for the sphere and various cylinders were accurate, while those for cones were up to 37% lower for actual volumes ranging from 56-608 cc. This study demonstrates that multiple factors produce variability in count-based determination of phantom volumes. A careful consideration of the interaction of these factors with the edge-detection and computational algorithms is required.
Sensor Data Collection Using Heterogeneous Mobile Devices

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract—Data collection has always been a major challenge in sensor networks and various techniques have been proposed to enable efficient data collection. One such methodology is the use of mobile elements within the existing infrastructure to enable data collection. The paper proposes the use of existing mobile elements like mobile phones which have enough spare capacity to act as data carriers within a sensor network to carry sensor data. With advent of technology, mobile devices have become so powerful that they can work in a pervasive environment and make decisions based on context information like presence, location etc. Our proposal is an intelligent heterogeneous network in which the sensor nodes act as the data accumulators and the context-aware mobile phones act as data carriers of the sensed data. A framework that enables the mobile node and sensor node communication over Bluetooth is proposed and a p implementation is presented. I.
Adopting imports: new images and alliances in Brazilian popular music of the 1990s

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anyone visiting Brazil today in search of an idealised ‘Brazilian Sound’ might, at first, be disappointed with the popular music scene. The visitor will soon realise that established musical styles such as bossa nova and MPB (Música Popular Brazileira (Brazilian Popular Music)), with their well-defined roles within the Brazilian social and political scene of the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, have lost their immediate appeal with some contemporary audiences, and especially with Brazilian urban youth. In the 1990s, Brazilian radio and TV are saturated with a variety of new local genres that borrow heavily from international musical styles of all kinds and use state-of-the-art electronic apparatus. Hybrid terms such as samba-rock, samba-reggae, mangue-beat, afro-beat, for-rock (a contraction of forró and rock), sertaneja-country, samba-rap , and pop-nejo (a contraction of pop and sertanejo ), are just a few examples of the marketing labels which are loosely applied to the current infusion of international music in the local musical scene.
Nonautonomous Apoptosis Is Triggered by Local Cell Cycle Progression during Epithelial Replacement in Drosophila

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tissue remodeling involves collective cell movement, and cell proliferation and apoptosis are observed in both development and disease. Apoptosis and proliferation are considered to be closely correlated, but little is known about their coordinated regulation in physiological tissue remodeling in vivo. The replacement of larval abdominal epidermis with adult epithelium in Drosophila pupae is a simple model of tissue remodeling. During this process, larval epidermal cells (LECs) undergo apoptosis and are replaced by histoblasts, which are adult precursor cells. By analyzing caspase activation at the single-cell level in living pupae, we found that caspase activation in LECs is induced at the LEC/histoblast boundary, which expands as the LECs die. Manipulating histoblast proliferation at the LEC/histoblast boundary, either genetically or by UV illumination, indicated that local interactions with proliferating histoblasts triggered caspase activation in the boundary LECs. Finally, by monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of the S/G₂/M phase in histoblasts in vivo, we found that the transition from S/G₂ phases is necessary to induce nonautonomous LEC apoptosis at the LEC/histoblast boundary. The replacement boundary, formed as caspase activation is regulated locally by cell-cell communication, may drive the dynamic orchestration of cell replacement during tissue remodeling.
The Potential Roles of Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Gut Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gut acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a serious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and is associated with high mortality. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a group of innate-like T cells enriched in the intestine that can be activated by riboflavin metabolites from various microorganisms. However, little is known about the function or mechanism of action of MAIT cells in the occurrence of gut aGVHD in humans. In our study, multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM) was used to evaluate the number of MAIT cells and functional cytokines. 16S V34 region amplicon sequencing analysis was used to analyze the intestinal flora of transplant patients. In vitro stimulation and coculture assays were used to study the activation and function of MAIT cells. The number and distribution of MAIT cells in intestinal tissues were analyzed by immunofluorescence technology. Our study showed that the number and frequency of MAIT cells in infused grafts in gut aGVHD patients were lower than those in no-gut aGVHD patients. Recipients with a high number of MAITs in infused grafts had a higher abundance of intestinal flora in the early posttransplantation period (+14 days). At the onset of gut aGVHD, the number of MAIT cells decreased in peripheral blood, and the activation marker CD69, chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4, and transcription factors Rorγt and T-bet tended to increase. Furthermore, when gut aGVHD occurred, the proportion of MAIT17 was higher than that of MAIT1. The abundance of intestinal flora with non-riboflavin metabolic pathways tended to increase in gut aGVHD patients. MAIT cells secreted more granzyme B, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ under the interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18 stimulation [non-T-cell receptor (TCR) signal] and secreted most of the IL-17 under the cluster of differentiation (CD)3/CD28 stimulation (TCR signal). MAIT cells inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ T cells in vitro. In conclusion, the lower number of MAIT cells in infused grafts was related to the higher incidence of gut aGVHD, and the number of MAIT cells in grafts may affect the composition of the intestinal flora of recipients early after transplantation. The flora of the riboflavin metabolism pathway activated MAIT cells and promoted the expression of intestinal protective factors to affect the occurrence of gut aGVHD in humans.
Tethered multifluorophore motion reveals equilibrium transition kinetics of single DNA double helices

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance Understanding cellular functions and dysfunctions often begins with quantifying the interactions between the binding partners involved in the processes. Learning about the kinetics of the interactions is of particular importance to understand the dynamics of cellular processes. We created a tethered multifluorophore motion assay using DNA origami that enables over 1-hour-long recordings of the statistical binding and unbinding of single pairs of biomolecules directly in equilibrium. The experimental concept is simple and the data interpretation is very direct, which makes the system easy to use for a wide variety of researchers. Due to the modularity and addressability of the DNA origami-based assay, our system may be readily adapted to study various other molecular interactions.
Increased PI3K pathway activity is associated with recurrent breast cancer in patients with low and intermediate 21-gene recurrence score

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims We investigated key signalling pathways’ activity and mutational status of early-stage breast carcinomas with low and intermediate 21-gene recurrence score (RS) to identify molecular features that may predict recurrence. Methods This is a retrospective case–control study of 18 patients with recurrent breast carcinoma with low and intermediate 21-gene RS (<25) and control group of 15 non-recurrent breast cancer patients. DNA and mRNA were extracted from tumour tissue. mRNA expression of genes involved in oestrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), PI3K and MAPK signalling pathways was measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-qPCR (OncoSIGNal G4 test, InnoSIGN). Tumour mutational landscape was assessed by targeted DNA sequencing (Oncomine Precision Assay). Results There were no statistical differences between the groups’ demographic and clinicopathological characteristics. PI3K pathway showed significantly higher activity in cases compared with controls (p=0.0014). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.79 for PI3K pathway activity in the prediction of recurrent disease in low and intermediate 21-gene RS breast cancer. There was no difference in ER, AR and MAPK pathway activity. PIK3CA alterations were the most common driver mutations, but no difference was found between the groups (p=0.46) and no association with PI3K pathway activity (p=0.86). Higher Ki67 gene expression was associated with recurrences (p=0.042) Conclusion Increased PI3K pathway activity, independent of PIK3CA mutations, may play a role in the recurrence of early-stage breast cancer with low and intermediate 21-gene RS. Pathway analysis can help to identify high-risk patients in this setting.
Long-term Survival and Cure in Lung Cancer Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

From 1942 to July 1955, 265 lung cancer patients were resected. There were 51 hospital deaths and 214 patients were discharged. All survivors have been followed-up for at least 25 years, and 8 are still alive--one patient 30 years after pneumonectomy. Survival after 5, 10, 15 and 25 years were 32%, 22%, 15%, 10% and 5%, excluding hospital deaths. A survival curve for a Danish population of the same age and sex has been calculated and used for construction of an adjusted survival curve, describing the survival from lung cancer patients divided by survival of general population multiplied by 100. Cure time is obtained when the adjusted survival percentage is constant. This happened 14 years after surgery and no patient with demonstrable lymph node metastasis survived cure time. Cure rate was a little more than 20%. Lung cancer patients can live to be old after either lobectomy or pneumonectomy.
Search persistence and failure on the web: a “bounded rationality” and “satisficing” analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to examine our current knowledge of how searchers perceive and react to the possibility of missing potentially important information whilst searching the web is limited. The study reported here seeks to investigate such perceptions and reactions, and to explore the extent to which Simon's “bounded rationality” theory is useful in illuminating these issues. Design/methodology/approach Totally 37 academic staff, research staff and research students in three university departments were interviewed about their web searching. The open‐ended, semi‐structured interviews were inductively analysed. Emergence of the concept of “good enough” searching prompted a further analysis to explore the extent to which the data could be interpreted in terms of Simon's concepts of “bounded rationality” and “satisficing”. Findings The results indicate that the risk of missing potentially important information was a matter of concern to the interviewees. Their estimations of the likely extent and importance of missed information affected decisions by individuals as to when to stop searching – decisions based on very different criteria, which map well onto Simon's concepts. On the basis of the interview data, the authors propose tentative categorizations of perceptions of the risk of missing information including “inconsequential” “tolerable” “damaging” and “disastrous” and search strategies including “perfunctory” “minimalist” “nervous” and “extensive”. It is concluded that there is at least a prima facie case for bounded rationality and satisficing being considered as potentially useful concepts in our quest better to understand aspects of human information behaviour. Research limitations/implications Although the findings are based on a relatively small sample and an exploratory qualitative analysis, it is argued that the study raises a number of interesting questions, and has implications for both the development of theory and practice in the areas of web searching and information literacy. Originality/value The paper focuses on an aspect of web searching which has not to date been well explored. Whilst research has done much to illuminate searchers' perceptions of what they find on the web, we know relatively little of their perceptions of, and reactions to information that they fail to find. The study reported here provides some tentative models, based on empirical evidence, of these phenomena.
On the Cationic Polymerization of 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxole and 2,2-Diphenyl-1,3-dioxole

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the Cationic Polymerization of 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxole and 2,2-Diphenyl-1,3-dioxoleM. K. Akkapeddi and H. K. ReimschuesselCite this: Macromolecules 1979, 12, 5, 827–831Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60071a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60071a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views227Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Report on Open Gastrostomy by Mini-Laparotomy Using a Replaceable Button Gastrostoma Kit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

【目的】PEG施行困難な３例に対し交換用ボタン型胃瘻キットを用いた小開腹胃瘻造設術を経験したので報告する．【症例】症例１は70歳男性で放射線化学療法治療後の全周性狭窄を伴う食道癌である．症例２は86歳女性で脳梗塞後遺症に伴う経口摂取困難症例で著明な頸部屈曲，亀背を認めた．画像上，胃前面に横行結腸が存在していた．症例３は80歳女性でアルツハイマー型認知症に伴う食事摂取困難症例である．S状結腸軸捻転に伴うイレウスのため当科に紹介された．画像上，胃前面にS状結腸が存在していた．この３例に関して小開腹胃瘻造設とした．【手技】全身麻酔下，上腹部に５cmの小開腹をおいた後，胃前壁に左側腹部より交換用イディアルボタンを経腹直筋的に挿入し固定，腹壁と胃壁挿入部を吸収糸で補強した．【結果】手術時間は20～35分で術後経過は良好であった．【まとめ】本法は特殊な器具を必要としないため簡単な方法で，ボタン式のため日常管理の上でも利点ありと考えた．
Bacterial Endophthalmitis Following Penetrating Keratoplasty Suture Removal

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of bacterial endophthalmitis following suture removal after penetrating keratoplasty is presented. The sutures were removed 10 months postoperatively, and the endophthalmitis became apparent 2 days following suture removal. The patient was chronically immunosuppressed and was found to have a chronic dacryocystitis, which was felt to be the source of the bacterial infection.
Is Hypoalbuminemia an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients with Gastric Cancer?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Studies have indicated that hypoalbuminemia is associated with decreased survival of patients with gastric cancer. However, the prognostic value of albumin may be secondary to an ongoing systemic inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between hypoalbuminemia, the systemic inflammatory response, and survival in patients with gastric cancer. Methods Patients diagnosed with gastric carcinoma attending the upper gastrointestinal surgical unit in the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow between April 1997 and December 2005 and who had a pretreatment measurement of albumin and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were studied. Results Most of the patients had stage III/IV disease and received palliative treatment. The minimum follow‐up was 15 months. During follow‐up, 157 (72%) patients died of their cancer. On univariate analysis, stage ( p < 0.001), treatment ( p < 0.001), albumin level ( p < 0.001), and CRP level ( p < 0.001) were significant predictors of survival. On multivariate analysis, stage ( p < 0.001), treatment ( p < 0.001), and CRP level ( p < 0.001) remained significant predictors of survival. Albumin was no longer an independent predictor of survival. Conclusions Low albumin concentrations are associated with poorer survival in patients with gastric cancer. However, the strength of this relation with survival is dependent on the presence of a systemic inflammatory response, as evidenced by an elevated CRP level. Therefore, it appears that the relation between hypoalbuminemia and poor survival is secondary to that of the systemic inflammatory response.
Financing Terrorism: A Look at the Past, Present, and Future of Defunding Terror Organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Terrorism is a major problem facing governments across the globe in the 21st century. Terror organizations, domestic and international, are complex and vary in structure as well as how they are financed. By using various governmental and journalistic resources, this paper will examine four different terror organizations in how they are operated and financed. It will focus on what are the current practices by law enforcement officials to stop the sources of terror organizations’ funds. This paper will also examine future areas of concern related to where terror organizations will receive their financing in the future. The impacts of economic stagnation and its effects on terror networks recruiting its members will be discussed. The key findings of this paper include how law enforcement should be vigilant in their current efforts to stem the funds of terror organizations. Law enforcement should also beware of terror organizations using human trafficking in the coming years as a source of funds. Lastly, the promotion of economic growth policies, banking transparency, and anti-money laundering tools should be accepted by policy makers in all countries where terrorism is a credible threat.
Effect of Equivalent Weight of Phosphotungstic Acid-Incorporated Composite Membranes on the High Temperature Operation of PEM Fuel Cells

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two types of composite membrane were prepared by incorporating phosphotungstic acid (PTA) into host NafionO` membranes; one with 1100 EW of NafionO` and 15% PTA, namely FSEC1, and the other with 750 EW of NafionO` and 15% PTA, namely FSEC3. Catalyst-coated membranes (CCMs) were made using the composite membranes with the 32 wt.% and 25 wt.% ionomer contents in the catalyst layer for FSEC1 and FSEC3 membranes, respectively. The composite membranes were tested in a 25 cm2 single cell at the temperature of 80 oC, 100 oC, and 120 oC and compared to NafionO`112. At 80 oC and 100 oC, the performance of FSEC1 membrane showed the highest and followed by NafionO`112 and FSEC3 membranes. However, both the composite membranes, FSEC1 and FSEC3, outperformed NafionO`112 at 120 oC, showing great potential for their application in the high temperature (~120 oC) operations. At 400 mA/cm2, the potentials maintained were 0.47V, 0.55V, and 0.51V for NafionO`, FSEC1 and FSEC3 membranes, respectively. The resistance of oxygen mass transfer in FSEC3 was pronounced at high temperature as evidenced by oxygen gain at the temperature.
Trifluoroacetic-acid-catalyzed rearrangement of dialkyl xanthates to dithiocarbonates with inversion of configuration

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTrifluoroacetic-acid-catalyzed rearrangement of dialkyl xanthates to dithiocarbonates with inversion of configurationMichael W. Fichtner and Neil F. HaleyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 15, 3141–3143Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00328a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00328a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views300Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Forward and flyback converter that can realize secondary BOOST or BUCK function

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

It's known to all that higher voltage gain is indispensable before grid connecting of renewable energy. Furthermore, auxiliary electronic equipment of electric vehicle also requires relative low rated voltage to ensure regular service. In fact, BOOST-BUCK DC-DC converter (also called Cuk DC-DC converter) could realize ascending and descending of voltage. However, in order to ensure secure operation, electrical isolation measure needs to be adopted as well. Forward converter and Flyback converter are ordinary isolated DC-DC converter. Therefore, combinational Cuk-Forward and Cuk-flyback DC-DC converter are theoretically feasible to meet above requirements. In this paper, modeling and simulation of the two combinational converter have been manipulated with OrCAD-Pspice software. The result shows that the principle of Cuk-Forward and Cuk-flyback DC-DC converter is absolutely accurate. Moreover, the harmonic of output voltage, input current, and voltage stress of switch could also be reduced by optimization design of circuit parameters.