jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Noise Effects on Sensitive Animal Communities

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

There is a statutory requirement to protect certain animals and to assess the environmental effects of new developments on wildlife. However, there is no formal guidance on how such assessments should be undertaken. This research has developed an assessment process specific to animals, which enables informed judgement as to the likely short or long-term impacts. Published animal responses have been analysed to identify particular trends and response thresholds, and a standard procedure for assessing noise effects on animals has been developed. The procedure assigns significance criteria (no effect, slight, moderate and severe) that take account of the physiological and behavioural responses exhibited following exposure to noise. The significance rating determines whether mitigation is required.
Particular combinations of noise, animals and habitat that are especially sensitive to environmental noise are identified as off-road vehicles, helicopters, very quiet habitats, and animals having special hearing characteristics.
An assessment threshold is proposed based on key factors such as the noise level, source distance, and other site-specific circumstances. If LAmax noise levels are greater than 80 dB or the separation between the animals and the noise source is less than 1,000m, an assessment is recommended. For fish and marine mammals, if the Received Level (RL) is greater than 140 dB re: 1μPa rms an assessment is recommended. Slight responses may still arise below these thresholds but moderate or severe responses would not be expected. Circumstances most likely to affect animal responses are a rapid onset of noise, and the presence of helicopters, sonic booms, low flying aircraft, artillery/rockets, blasting/explosions, fireworks, motorboats or float planes.
The assessment methodology is tested on two animal species (black grouse and golden plover) using data from a planning application for military development, and retrospectively to mammals at a wildlife park where low-flying jets had caused moderate/severe responses.
Unilateral Absent Pulmonary Artery in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Systematic Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery (UAPA) is a rare congenital malformation associated with hemoptysis, pulmonary hypertension, and infection. Little is known about the impact on pregnancy outcomes. We sought to synthesize the existing literature on pregnancy outcomes in patients with maternal UAPA. Study Design We report a case of maternal UAPA and performed a systematic review of the existing literature. Articles in English reporting pregnancy outcomes among women with unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery were included. Articles were reviewed at the abstract level and, if eligible, at the full-text level by two independent reviewers with disagreements adjudicated by a third reviewer. Data were abstracted by two independent reviewers. Outcomes of interest were mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery, intensive care admission, maternal death, and length of stay. Summary statistics for each outcome are presented. Results We identified 14 studies, including the presented case, reporting outcomes in 22 pregnancies impacted by maternal UAPA. Median age at diagnosis was 21 years. Concurrent cardiac comorbidities were reported in 6/13 (46.2%) with pulmonary hypertension in 5/20 (25%) of cases where this information was reported. We observed high rates of preterm birth (4/12, 33.3%), cesarean delivery (10/15, 66.7%), and operative vaginal delivery (2/5, 40.0%). There was one maternal death occurring in the immediate postpartum period for a mortality rate of 4.5%. Conclusion Our study provides a comprehensive review of existing literature on maternal UAPA. Our findings suggest increased rates of adverse outcomes and underscore the importance of early diagnosis, identification of pulmonary hypertension, and multidisciplinary care. Key Points
Best interests determination within the Singapore context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Familialism is a significant mindset within Singaporean culture. Its effects through the practice of familial determination and filial piety, which calls for a family centric approach to care determination over and above individual autonomy, affect many elements of local care provision. However, given the complex psychosocial, political and cultural elements involved, the applicability and viability of this model as well as that of a physician-led practice is increasingly open to conjecture. This article will investigate some of these concerns before proffering a decision-making process based upon a multidisciplinary team approach. It will be shown that such a multidimensional and multiprofessional approach is more in keeping with the inclusive and patient-centred ethos of palliative care than prevailing practices. It will be shown that such an approach will also be better placed to deliver holistic, coherent and sensitive end-of-life care that palliative care espouses.
Role of Leaf Epicuticular Wax Load and Composition against Whitefly Population and Cotton Leaf Curl Virus in Different Cotton Varieties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract—Current experiment was conducted on existing cotton varieties against Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) and whitefly infection. The objective of this study was to determine the difference in leaf epicuticular wax load and composition of CLCuV resistant and susceptible cotton varieties. Settling behaviour of whitefly in previous studies showed more whitefly population on CLCuV susceptible whereas less on CLCuV resistant cotton plants. Correlation analysis of CLCuV infection with whitefly population and leaf epicuticular wax load was performed. CLCuV infection has significant positive correlation with whitefly population and significant negative correlation with leaf epicuticular wax load. These results depicted more leaf epicuticular wax load and less whitefly attack on G. arboreum as compared to G. hirsutum varieties. It was also hypothesized that resistant cotton varieties may have different wax composition than susceptible varieties. For this purpose, GC-MS analysis of leaf epicuticular wax of both types of varieties was performed. GC-MS results of CLCuV resistant and susceptible cotton plants also showed differences in quantity and composition of leaf epicuticular wax. Based on these results, we can conclude that leaf epicuticular wax acts as a barrier against CLCuV and whitefly infection. Different biochemical compounds present in leaf epicuticular wax along with their quantity, are also responsible for the resistance and susceptibility of G. arboreum and G. hirsutum varieties.
Model evidence links (MELs) and the impact of critical thinking on open ended responses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this dissertation, which was conducted in a rural school district that is equidistant from three major urban areas in central Iowa, and employed an action research methodology, was to examine the relationship between graphic organizer use and critical thinking. A multitude of studies have provided evidence that graphic organizers aid in the recall and understanding of basic facts in the lower grade levels; however, little research exists that supports a connection between graphic organizer use and the ability of students to recall information used on open-ended critical thinking assessments or the ability to create what Bickel and Lombardi (2016) call “causal connections” with content material. This study examined a research-based method that can deliver consistent results in growing students’ understanding of social studies content, while allowing students to interrogate content and demonstrate knowledge of critical thinking skills through an open-ended written response.\nThis dissertation was based on an action research methodology in which the researcher conducted the dissertation within his secondary social studies classroom. The students who participated in this study were members of two different courses, divided into two sections of each course according to their class schedule determined by the high school counselor. Students were engaged in instruction using research based instructional methods, in coordination with the three, twenty minute blocks per week of direct MEL instruction. Students were measured on growth in critical thinking skills on open-ended critical thinking writing prompts. The growth of students measured using a rubric, allowed for isolation of specific critical thinking skills that were specifically targeted with MEL usage and instruction.\nThese results suggest that MELs are an effective tool for promoting critical thinking and potentially other higher levels of learning. The positive impact of MELs, may be found in multiple subject areas including social studies. Implications for incorporating the use of MELs into classroom instruction are discussed, as well as broader theoretical implications for critical thinking that involves cognitive models and evidence.
Epic Romance: How the Duchess of Richmond Read her Ariosto*

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A copy of Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, printed in Venice in 1539, came to England by 1545. This article discovers the first readers of this particular book—Mary, Duchess of Richmond, William Pickering, servant of Mary’s brother Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and one whose identity remains anonymous—and the circumstances in which they read it. They did more than claim ownership; they wrote private messages at special moments in the text where its fantasy world had significance for their lives. Their marginalia may testify to secrets shared, to trysts, to princely honour and aspiration, and to political thinking. This little company ventured in the Furioso to write inscriptions which might threaten them.
The connection between incentives and success criteria in the governance of projects

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper attempts to find evidence for suboptimal behaviour caused by suboptimal incentives in the governance of public projects. The paper uses data from two internal sources within the Norwegian Defence Material Agency. The data suggests that the agency's projects respond to the incentives put forward by the success criteria, and this led to suboptimal behaviour. Further, the paper uses principal-agent theory to investigate how to explain the Norwegian Defence Material Agency's actions and how to rectify the problem.
Defense Horizons. A New Military Framework for NATO. May 2005, Number 48

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although Americans and Europeans do not always agree on political strategies in the Middle East, they have a compelling reason to reach an accord on the need to strengthen North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military forces for future operations in that region and elsewhere. If adequate military capabilities are lacking, the Alliance will not be able to act even when its political leaders agree on the need to do so. But if it creates such capabilities, it will be able to act either ad hoc or across the board if a common political strategy eventually were to emerge. This article proposes a new and comprehensive military framework to help guide NATO improvements in the years ahead. This framework envisions a pyramid-like structure of future NATO forces and capabilities in five critical areas: a new NATO Special Operations Force, the NATO Response Force, high-readiness combat forces, stabilization and reconstruction forces, and assets for defense sector development. The United States would provide one-third of the necessary forces, and Europe would be responsible for the other two-thirds. For the Europeans, creating these forces and capabilities is a viable proposition because they require commitment of only 10 percent of their active military manpower, plus investments in such affordable assets as information networks, smart munitions, commercial lift, logistics support, and other enablers. If NATO succeeds in creating these forces for power projection and expeditionary missions, it will possess a broad portfolio of assets for a full spectrum of operations against such threats as terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and cross-border aggression.
Instrumental Competence Development of Internship Students in English Translation and Interpreting Department

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study explores the development of instrumental competence among students of the English Translation and Interpreting Department at Sakarya University during their internships. Instrumental competence, defined as the ability to effectively use technological tools in translation processes, plays a crucial role in modern translation education. The research specifically examines how fourth-year students' proficiency in Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) tools, machine translation systems, and digital resources evolves throughout their mandatory internships. Additionally, the study assesses students' perceptions of their academic preparation and how well university courses equip them to meet the technological demands of the translation industry. Using a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 students who completed internships in translation companies. The findings highlight that internships significantly enhance students' instrumental competence, particularly in using CAT tools and other digital resources. However, gaps were identified in the curriculum, particularly in offering practical experiences with advanced translation technologies. Recommendations are provided for improving translation education to better bridge the gap between academic learning and professional technological requirements. The study underscores the importance of internships in advancing instrumental competence, suggesting that hands-on experience with industry-standard tools is essential for students' success in the field, ensuring they are adequately prepared for real-world challenges.
COMPETITIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE: THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FORMATION AND PRACTICAL TOOLS OF IMPLEMENTATION

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The article examines the theoretical foundations of building competitive advantages for enterprises, with a particular focus on modern concepts and practical approaches to their implementation. Competitive advantages are essential for ensuring the sustainability of companies, especially in the context of global competition, rapid technological developments, and constant changes in the external environment. A key factor in achieving these advantages is the ability to create unique resources and competencies that enable an enterprise to achieve sustained differentiation from competitors. Both tangible and intangible assets play a crucial role in this process. Among the most significant intangible resources are brand equity, corporate reputation, innovation potential, intellectual property, and know-how, all of which contribute to a unique market position. The article explores various strategic approaches for enhancing customer loyalty, increasing their commitment, and creating added value through improved product offerings. Theoretical models of competitive strategies—such as differentiation, cost leadership, and focus on specific market segments—are analyzed in terms of their practical application. In addition, the concept of dynamic capabilities is discussed, highlighting an enterprise's ability to rapidly adapt to external changes, enhance operational flexibility, and refresh its resource base to remain competitive. Innovation, digital technologies, automation, and robotics are also identified as critical elements for sustaining long-term competitive advantages and driving productivity growth. Furthermore, the role of human capital is emphasized, particularly the importance of skilled labor, ongoing professional development, and effective employee motivation programs. To maintain leadership positions in a rapidly evolving market, enterprises must invest consistently in innovation, enhance their dynamic capabilities, and respond flexibly to emerging challenges while optimizing resource use and internal management processes. This comprehensive approach enables firms to maintain and strengthen their competitive edge over time.
Controlling Drug Use and Crime Among California's Drug-Involved Offenderes: Testing, Sanctions, and Treatment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

CONTROLLING DRUG USEAND CRIME AMONG CALIFORNIA'S DRUG-INVOLVED OFFENDERS: TESTING, SANCTIONS, AND TREATMENT Mark A.R. Kleiman Executive Summary California suffers from a serious crime problem. The use and sale of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine are tightly linked to that problem. More than half of the total volume of those drugs is sold to a relatively small group of heavy users who are also criminally active. To succeed, any approach to drug abuse control must address the behavior of those hard-core user/offenders, but current strategies hold out little hope of greatly improving their behavior. Precisely because they are criminally active, however, members of the hard- core population are usually under the nominal supervision of the criminal justice system. When not in. prison, they are on probation or parole. While probationers and parolees are nominally required to abstain from illicit drug use, that requirement is not currently very effective, because severity of punishment is not an adequate substitute for certainty of detection in changing the behavior of drug-involved offenders. Increasing the capacity of the probation and parole systems to discourage hard-drug consumption among hard-core offenders is essentialto improving the drug and crime situation in California. Abstinencefrom drug use for probationers paroleesoughtto be enforced and with frequentdrug testsand predictablesanctions, with treatment offered or required to thosewhoserepeated failure to abstainundercoercionaloneshowsthem to be in needof it. The benefitsof mounting sucha programwould vastly outstripits costs,and outstrip the benefitsof any otherprogramthat could be mountedagainstdrugs and crime using comparableresources. The administrativeand political barriers are formidablebut perhaps insurmountable. not Background: California's Drug/Crime Problem Compared other states,California has high crime and low levels of police to protection. Not only do actualpropertyand violent crimescreatesubstantial levels of damage, actionstaken,or not taken,in orderto avoid criminal victimization shape but patternsof socialinteraction,residentia1lo~ation, business and activity in ways whose costsare vastly greater thanthe directcoststo victims of completed crimes.
Sampling and Statistical Analysis of Snow-Urine Allantoin: Creatinine Ratios

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Investigations with captive and free-ranging cow elk (Cerous elaphus) have demonstrated that urinary allantoin;creatinine (A;C) ratios can be used as an index of metabolizable energy intake. Practical management applications of the technique, however, would require random collections of snow-urine, resulting in unknown proportions of samples from various sex-age classes. The goals of this research were to investigate sampling protocols and statistical methods for analyzing A:C ratios from random collections of snow-urine to develop an index of cow elk nutrition, and to evaluate these methods by comparing the winter nutrition of cow elk in several free-ranging herds. Snow-urine samples (n = 2,051) were collected from cow, calf, and bull elk in the Madison-Firehole Drainage of Yellowstone National Park during 5 consecutive winters from 1991-92 through 1995-96. Significant differences were detected in mean A:C ratios among sex-age classes. Computer simulations using these data demonstrated that mean A:C ratios derived from random sample collections were highly variable and consistently overestimated the true mean A:C ratio of cow elk. These problems were alleviated by the use of trimmed means, which we calculated by trimming 15% off the right tail and 20% off the left tail of the ordered sample distribution and calculating the mean of the remaining samples. Trimmed estimates of mean A:C ratios were consistently less biased with lower variability of sample means, and hence smaller confidence interval widths than were untrimmed means. Additional simulations and field experience suggested that a realistic sampling goal would be the collection of 20 samples at 2-week intervals throughout the winter. We tested this sampling protocol and the use of trimmed means during the winter of 1996-97 by collecting 1,008 samples from 6 elk herds that were managed for 3 different goals and were expected to have different nutrition. One difference in average overwinter A:C ratios was detected with trimmed means that was not detected with untrimmed means. Several differences in average overwinter A:C ratios were also detected that were consistent with expected differences in nutrition among the 6 herds, indicating that the sampling protocol and statistical methods detailed in this paper for urinary A:C ratios may provide a useful technique for indexing winter nutrition of ungulate herds.
Thermal Maturity, Porosity, and Facies Relationships Applied to Gas Generation and Production in Tertiary and Cretaceous Low-Permeability Sandstones, Uinta Basin, Utah

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Uinta basin rocks include a thick sequence of low-permeability (tight) sandstones that contain a large volume of gas. Most known gas accumulations occur in the eastern part of the basin in the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group; uppermost Cretaceous to early Eocene North Horn Formation; and the Paleocene and Eocene Wasatch, Colton, and Green River formations. Most successful tight-gas completions are in Tertiary strata, but rocks in the underlying, largely undrilled Mesaverde Group in the north-central part of the basin are potential targets as well. To characterize the gas-bearing sandstones, the authors have constructed a series of interrelated maps and cross sections showing thermal maturity, porosity, fluid pressures, and lithofacies relations for the Uinta basin. Vitrinite reflectance (R{sub m}) for each of these low-permeability sequence increases to the north and levels of thermal maturation are sufficient for gas generation over large areas of the basin. Projection of maturity values and fluid-pressure data into undrilled parts of the basin reveals the probability of a regional, overpressured, basin-entered gas accumulation, where gas is likely to be generating at present. Plots of porosity vs. R{sub m} allow prediction of porosity for Mesaverde sandstones in unexplored areas of the basin. The authors data indicates amore » large area of organic-rich, overpressured strata probably underlies the northern part of the Uinta basin. Wells drilled in the Mesaverde and lower part of the Tertiary, in the areas where R{sub m} at the base of the Mesaverde is greater than 1.1%, should have the best potential for gas production. Overpressured gas reservoirs are likely to have no free water and be enveloped by successive zones of mixed water and gas and of water only.« less