jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Substance use disorders in prisoners: an updated systematic review and meta-regression of prevalence studies in recently incarcerated men and women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims: The aims were to (1) estimate the prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders in prisoners on reception to prison, and (2) estimate and test sources of between study heterogeneity Methods: Studies reporting the 12 month prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders in prisoners on reception to prison from 1 January 1966 to 11 August 2015 were identified from 7 bibliographic indexes. Primary studies involving clinical interviews or validated instruments leading to DSM or ICD diagnoses were included; self-report surveys and investigations that assessed individuals more than 3 months after arrival to prison were not. Random-effects meta-analysis, and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results: In total, 24 studies with a total of 18,388 prisoners across 10 countries were identified. The random-effects pooled prevalence estimate of alcohol use disorder was 24% (95% CI 21–27) with very high heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). These ranged from 16 to 51% in male and 10 to 30% in female prisoners. For drug use disorders, there was evidence of heterogeneity by sex, and the pooled prevalence estimate in male prisoners was 30% (95% CI 22–38; I2 = 98%; 13 studies; range 10-61%) and, in female prisoners, it was 51% (95% CI 43–58; I2 = 95%; 10 studies; range 30-69%). On meta-regression, sources of heterogeneity included higher prevalence of drug use disorders in women, increasing rates of drug use disorders in recent decades, and participation rate. Conclusions: Substance use disorders are highly prevalent in prisoners. Around a quarter of newly incarcerated prisoners of both sexes had an alcohol use disorder, and the prevalence of a drug use disorder was at least as high in men, and higher in women.
Bunkering in Singapore : challenges and ideas to maintain Singapore as the world's top bunkering port

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The period from 2008 to 2012 has been trying time for the local bunker suppliers. The number of Singapore accredited bunker suppliers fell from 79 in 2011 to 71 in 2012(MPA 2013), as smaller suppliers find it harder to stay afloat as profit margins shrink away. Credit, or rather lack of it, is the biggest challenge for Industry. With banks reluctant to dip into their liquidity, bunker suppliers face significant issues. They are starved for credit to maintain and carry out operations whist waiting from returns via credit lines. They scramble for funds to finance derivatives to offset their risks. They face a hand to mouth existence as bunker volatility threatens to erode away profits. A balanced approach is needed ride this crisis. Careful assessments of Credit and Hedging Risk is essential to help minimise risk exposure, and give them more flexibility in managing finances. Hence this study will present Industry best practices in both assessments and discuss means to improve the governmental support Singapore gives its Bunker Suppliers
Simultaneous Administration of TRH and Sulpiride Caused Additive but Not Synergistic PRL Responses in Normal Subjects.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to study the mode of action of TRH and sulpiride in man, we administered TRH (500 micrograms, iv) and sulpiride (DA D2 receptor antagonist, 100 mg, im) simultaneously to 6 normal females (20-21 yr). Normal females showed significantly greater PRL increments and AUC in response to the combined administration compared to a single administration of each agent (P < 0.05-0.01), while the increment and AUC in response to the combination did not exceed the sum of those responses to a single administration. In contrast, the combined administration of TRH and sulpiride did not elicit an enhanced response of plasma TSH. These results indicate that the sites of action of TRH and sulpiride might be different from each other, and these agents work additively with no interaction in human lactotrophs.
Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane production by low concentrations of aspirin in vitro

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. The aspirin concentrations previously reported to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro (40–500 μmol/l) are much greater than those required in vivo in man (5 μmol/l). 2. Human platelet-rich plasma was incubated with buffer or various aspirin concentrations at 37°C for up to 4.5 h. Platelet aggregation and thromboxane generation were measured in response to collagen (0.4–6.3 μg/ml) and adenosine 5′-pyrophosphate (0.5–4 μmol/l). 3. The concentration of aspirin needed to inhibit platelet aggregation in response to a critical concentration of aggregating agent (lowest concentration to cause greater than 50% aggregation) was lower than that required for higher concentrations of aggregating agent. 4. With more prolonged incubation times with aspirin, lower concentrations of aspirin inhibited platelet aggregation. 5. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation by 10 μmol/l aspirin was maximal by 90 min. There was progressive inhibition by 3 μmol/l aspirin during incubation for 270 min. By the end of this time there was also significant inhibition by 1 μmol/l aspirin. 6. The apparent discrepancy between inhibitory aspirin concentrations in vivo and those observed in vitro in previous studies appears to have been resolved by extending the incubation time of platelets with low aspirin concentrations, thus mimicking the conditions in vivo.
Introducing Applied Linguistics: Concepts and Skills

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Part I: Describing English 1. Three Reasons Why 2. Vocabulary and Collocation 3. Grammatical Metaphor 4. Conversation Analysis in the Language Classroom Part II: Teaching and Learning a Language 5. What is Communicative Language Teaching 6. Six Propositions in Search of a Methodology: Applying Linguistics to Task-based Learning 7. Researching Motivation 8. Learning English in a Global Society Part III: Applied Linguistics in a Wider Context 9. Investigating Metaphor and Ideology in Hard News Stories 10. Who Wrote This? The Linguist as Detective 11. Choices the Translator Makes 12. Interrogating the Concept of Stereotypes in Intercultural Communication Part IV: Doing Research in Applied Linguistics 13. Designing a Questionnaire 14. Using Interview Data in Case Studies 15. Transcribing Classroom Language 16. Using a Corpus to Study Spoken Language Part V: Skills of Interpretation 17. Understanding Noun Phrases 18. Understanding Reporting Verbs Part VI: Skills of Expression 19. Finding your Voice 20. Organising an Essay Part VII: Editing Skills 21. Referencing 22. Editing your Own Work
The Reconstruction of the Church of Ireland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Thomas Wentworth landed in Ireland in 1633 - almost 100 years after Henry VIII had begun his break with Rome. The majority of the people were still Catholic. William Laud had just been elevated to Canterbury. A Yorkshire cleric, John Bramhall, followed the new viceroy and became, in less than one year, Bishop of Derry. This 2007 study, which is centred on Bramhall, examines how these three men embarked on a policy for the established Church which represented not only a break with a century of reforming tradition but which also sought to make the tiny Irish Church a model for the other Stuart kingdoms. Dr McCafferty shows how accompanying canonical changes were explicitly implemented for notice and eventual adoption in England and Scotland. However within eight years the experiment was blown apart and reconstruction denounced as subversive. Wentworth, Laud and Bramhall faced consequent disgrace, trial, death or exile.
Learner-centred teaching style: perceptions and practices of teachers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Primary school principals and teachers were interviewed and observed to generate criteria that could identify a learner-centred teaching style. The data indicated two models of learner-centred teaching in schools. The first model infers that learning follows a pre-determined sequence which can be catered for once needs are determined; and the second, that learning is a complex process and providing for the complexity of the individuals in a class is achieved more effectively through an holistic approach. The implication of the first model is that the locus of control for learning is the prerogative of the teacher, whereas in the second, teachers and students share ownership.
Levels of biogenic amines in the brain of rats at experimental post-traumatic stress disorder development

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Aim. To study the changes in levels of biogenic amines-neurotransmitters in the brain at experimental post-traumatic stress disorder development in rats. Methods. Post-traumatic stress disorder was modeled by keeping 48 outbred male rats in under constant and inescapable strong unconditioned stimulus. The control group included 16 intact animals, not exposed to stress influences. The levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were determined by fluorometric methods. Behavioral activity of animals was evaluated on the day 3, 7, 10 and 14 by «open field» and «elevated plus maze» actinographs. Results. When comparing the concentrations of studied neurotransmitters in the brain of control animals with experimental groups, reflecting the development of post-traumatic stress disorder at the time, adrenaline and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine levels were increased on the third day, level of norepinephrine was reduced on the seventh day, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine levels were elevaled, gamma-aminobutyric acid level was reduced on the tenth day, gamma-aminobutyric acid level was increased on the fourteenth day after the stress. Conclusion. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the largest contribution to the development of behavioral disorders are made by altered brain level of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the time of post-traumatic stress disorder formation (tenth and fourteenth day). At the earlier stages (third and seventh day), the relationship of rats behavioral activity and altered 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and norepinephrine brain levels was shown.
Dance insights for neuroscience research

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In this paper, I will present insights that interaction with dancers has given me for my research in neuroscience. I will do this by explaining the different types of neuroscientific questions I work with. I will discuss the interactions I have had with dancers and choreographers, and go into detail with two of these, the dance performance SPLASTIC and the Avatar experiment. Using material from the production of SPLASTIC as examples, I will give an account of how neuroscience and dance can 1) change public awareness of physical disability, 2) provide insight into basic principles in neuroscience, and 3) lead to new ways of understanding human control of actions.
Potential impact of climate change on shifting the calendar of rainfed crops produced in Jordan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Climate change alters the usual pattern of rainfall distribution and temperature in the East Mediterranean region. We investigated the impact of climate change on true season onset, and crop calendar for field crops grown in areas with Semi-Arid-Sub-Humid Mediterranean climate. Analysis showed a clear reduction of annual rainfall for the zone with rainfall more than 200 mm, and above 1°C rise in air temperature for all zones. Generally, the rainfall reduction occurred, in descending order, along the South-North direction. A new approach is proposed to identify the true season onset and the end of the effective rainy season. Shifting the true season onset consequently reduces the crop-growing season and hence the yield. Reducing annual rainfall and the length of effective rainfall season, rising air temperature, and the sharp increase in the number of heat waves will have profound negative impacts on both plant growth and yield.
Criminal experience and perceptions of risk: what auto thieves fear when stealing cars

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the past two decades criminologists have devoted considerable attention to modeling the decision-making process of offenders. This literature suggests that while there is a general pattern to these decisions, experience with crime likely effects the way offenders assess the costs and benefits of crime. Using interviews with 42 auto thieves we examine how experience shapes auto thieves' perceptions of the risks of stealing cars. We find that experience influences the ways offenders perceive the fears associated with auto theft. Specifically, experienced offenders were most concerned with being confronted (and possibly injured) by owners, while novice offenders were most concerned with being sanctioned by family members.
Order Statistics and Item Bank Analysis in Computer Adaptive Testing

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper addresses the problem of items exposure rate in computer adaptive testing and its relation with the structure of an item bank. An item is a structure defined by real and/or virtual components possibly containing text, image, audio and/or video elements, which are useful to build a context where a question is made about, and of diverse elements or mechanisms for information acquisition to provide an answer to this question. Every item has an associated difficulty that depends on how easy is to answer the question about the defined context. An item bank is a deposit of this kind of structures and, in this paper, the item bank structure is defined in terms of statistical indexes arising from the onedimensional Order Statistics Theory, namely, nearest neighbor index and the standard variate of normal curve; and another one from the concept of compactness of intervals of real numbers. In this sense, the work talks about items difficulty exposure rate assuming that the item bank is, in fact, defined by a finite discrete set of items difficulties. Therefore, the emphasis is given on the items difficulty and it is assumed that the number of items per difficulty in the item bank is unlimited. The experimental results are obtained through a simulation environment that takes into account the definition of the structure of an item bank, the definition of a testing subject and the definition of an item administration context. Therefore, the results are mainly experimental rather than theoretical, although the validation of the simulation environment is based on theoretical results of other authors in the field.
Synthesis of a Helical Analogue of Kekulene: A Flexible π-Expanded Helicene with Large Helical Diameter Acting as a Soft Molecular Spring

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A π-expanded helicene that is the helically twisted analogue of kekulene was synthesized using a 6-fold ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) reaction as a key step. The π-expanded geometry with large helical diameter ( dh = 10.2 Å), consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms (C54H30), was unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. We found that the π-expanded helicene with large helical diameter will act as a soft molecular spring with a small spring constant. Interestingly, the mechanical properties of the molecular springs roughly satisfied a physical formula for macroscopic spring materials; i.e., the force constant of the elongation of a molecular spring ( k) is inversely proportional to the third power of the helical diameter ( k ∝ dh-3).
Displaying Religious Image on Youtube: Ganjar Pranowo's Political Communication Strategy on Social Media

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The dynamics of political communication are becoming increasingly attractive in today's digital era. Marked by the widespread use of social media by politicians, vlog (video blog) has been widely popular among youngsters. Its popularity increases once the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, took part in using the platform. Besides Joko Widodo, the Governor of Central Java, Ganjar Pranowo also used vlogs as a means of political communication. Using semiotic analysis of Roland Barthes, this research aims at revealing the image that Ganjar Pranowo wants to display through his vlogs. The study concludes how Ganjar wants to be perceived as a religious, popular, and contemporary person through the vlogs he uploaded on his Youtube channel. Religious image needed to be displayed considering that Ganjar is from a nationalist party (PDIP) while political opponents of President Joko Widodo (Ganjar's colleague at PDIP) are building the impression of Joko Widodo as anti-Islam. It was important for Ganjar to show himself as an egalitarian and a populist because he had an interest in the 2018 Central Java governor election.Ganjar utilizes a vlog to display him being up to date. This is important for Ganjar to attract sympathy from the millennials.
Authentic leadership journey: an empirical discussion from Pakistani higher education employing the lay theory of psychology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose From a lay theory standpoint, the authentic leadership journey has not been perceived together. This research aims to examine how both theories might be combined to reveal an authentic leadership journey in the eyes of laypeople when they perceive commitment and performance in an organization. Design/methodology/approach Using simple random sampling, this research used a self-administered questionnaire prepared and distributed to higher education professionals in Islamabad. SPSS was used to compute the data, and PLS Smart was used to determine the path analysis. Findings The need for authenticity among humans is not a phantom, but the perspective is more toward better performance. In Pakistan, the general public and the educational establishment may benefit from greater self-awareness. Originality/value This study sheds light on a new phenomenon that can help us better comprehend what it means to be an authentic leader.
Apparent competition between parasitoids mediated by a shared hyperparasitoid

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cocoons of the specialist parasitoid Cotesia melitaearum , which attacks the Glanville fritillary butterfly in the Åland islands of SW Finland, are parasitized by the generalist hyperparasitoid Gelis agilis . We added experimentally to the system a second host species for G. agilis , C. glomerata , with which C. melitaearum does not compete for resources. After the one‐time addition of the second parasitoid the natural populations of C. melitaearum declined in the treatment, as predicted by the apparent competition theory.
Coaching the Brain

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Described as a newly-emerging and applied sub-discipline of psychology (Green, Oades & Grant, 2006), it has been asserted that coaching psychologists are at the forefront of developments in the coaching field (Palmer & Cavanagh, 2006). This paper aims to draw attention to recent developments in psychology and neuroscience which may help us to synthesise knowledge about the coaching process and gain a deeper understanding of the effects of coaching in relation to brain functioning.
Local skin friction coefficients and boundary layer profiles obtained in flight from the XB-70-1 airplane at Mach numbers up to 2.5

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Boundary-layer and local friction data for Mach numbers up to 2.5 and Reynolds numbers up to 3.6 x 10 to the 8th power were obtained in flight at three locations on the XB-70-1 airplane: the lower forward fuselage centerline (nose), the upper rear fuselage centerline, and the upper surface of the right wing. Local skin friction coefficients were derived at each location by using (1) a skin friction force balance, (2) a Preston probe, and (3) an adaptation of Clauser's method which derives skin friction from the rake velocity profile. These three techniques provided consistent results that agreed well with the von Karman-Schoenherr relationship for flow conditions that are quasi-two-dimensional. At the lower angles of attack, the nose-boom and flow-direction vanes are believed to have caused the momentum thickness at the nose to be larger than at the higher angles of attack. The boundary-layer data and local skin friction coefficients are tabulated. The wind-tunnel-model surface-pressure distribution ahead of the three locations and the flight surface-pressure distribution ahead of the wing location are included.
Historical Fire In Longleaf Pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i>) Forests of South Mississippi and Its Relation to Land Use and Climate

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We characterized historical fire regimes in Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) forests of southern Mississippi with regard to global and regional coupled climate systems (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and past human activity. The composite fire chronology spanned 1756–2013 with 132 individual scars representing 89 separate fire events. The mean fire interval was 2.9 yr, and mean intervals were significantly different between identified time periods (e.g., settlement period vs. management period). Evidence of biannual fire activity (up to three fires occurring within a 12‐ to 15‐month period) was found coeval with a peak in livestock grazing and logging from the 1850s through the 1880s. Connections were also found between historical fire and Pacific climate variability (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation; P < 0.05), yet the fire–climate linkage was likely at least partially masked by substantial human land use activities over the past several centuries. Coupled climate and human land use activity controlled the historical fire regime over the past ca. 240 yr. Although the many fire adaptions of P. palustris yield limitations in tree‐ring‐based fire history studies (e.g., thick bark), we highlight the efficacy of considering the height at which fire scars are analyzed along the bole as a way to glean a more accurate depiction of historical fire occurrence, especially in ecosystems characterized by a frequent, low‐severity fire regime. This study suggests growing‐season fire prescribed at a 2‐ to 3‐yr interval would be the first step toward simulating historical landscape conditions and fire activity, should that be the goal by land managers.
Chirp Signal Generation Using Spectral Warping

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Spectral warping is a technique that transforms a digital signal in the time domain by a warping of the frequency axis in its frequency representation. This corresponds to a mapping of the samples in the z-domain such that they are unevenly spaced around the unit circle. Spectral warping can be implemented with a network of linear all-pass filters. The Spectral Warping has a property that a time-shifted impulse function is transformed into a chirp function. This has useful applications in the electronic testing of mixed-signal (analog-digital) circuits. The properties of the spectral warping network, generation of the chirp signals, and their applications are discussed in the paper.