jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial action of lactoferrin on Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in Minas frescal cheese.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effect of the addition of lactoferrin on Staphylococcus aureus to Minas frescal cheese was evaluated. Three cheeses were made: control (S. aureus), Lf-2% (2% lactoferrin + S. aureus) and Lf-4% (4% lactoferrin + S. aureus). Cheeses were packaged and S. aureus populations were determined on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 of storage at 6 degrees C. The experiment was repeated three times. S. aureus population increased 1.3 logarithmic cycles in the control cheese during storage, while it decreased to numbers below the detection limit in cheeses containing lactoferrin, over the same period. Moreover, antimicrobial effect showed to be dose-dependent.
The Beta Exponential Fréchet Distribution with Applications

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We define and study a new generalization of the Fréchet distribution called the beta exponential Fréchet distribution. The new model includes thirty two special models. Some of its mathematical properties, including explicit expressions for the ordinary and incomplete moments, quantile and generating functions, mean residual life, mean inactivity time, order statistics and entropies are derived. The method of maximum likelihood is proposed to estimate the model parameters. A small simulation study is alsoreported. Two real data sets are applied to illustrate the flexibility of the proposed model compared with some nested and non-nested models.
Pengembangan Perencanaan Jaringan Bisnis Yang Efektif Makanan Cepat Saji Pada Produk Harumaki Beef

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research aims to develop and plan an effective business network for the lumpia beef business, especially in building a business network so that the lumpia beef business can continue to grow. This research uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The source of data used in this study is primary data. Data collection is done through observation and documentation. Observation in this study was carried out by observing consumer tastes and documentation was carried out by collecting data on effective business networks. The subject of this research is business development through business networks and the object is the Harumaki Beef business. Based on the results of research on the development of effective business networks for Harumaki Beef, it can be concluded that the development of Harumaki Beef can be done effectively if Harumaki Beef can be marketed online so that it can be more widely known by the public by strengthening its business network.
Advanced TiAl Based Alloys: From Polycrystals to Polysynthetic Twinned Single Crystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract TiAl alloys stand out for low density, high specific strength, and excellent creep resistance, making them promising for high‐temperature aerospace applications. However, traditional TiAl alloys suffer from poor room‐temperature ductility and low service temperature that limit their critical applications in aerospace structures. To address these issues, research has focused on improving the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys through alloying and microstructural design. After decades of effort, the evolution of TiAl alloys has progressed from polycrystalline TiAl to high‐performance polysynthetic twinned (PST) TiAl single crystals. The well‐aligned PST TiAl single crystals enriched with Nb enable an excellent combination of strength and ductility, significantly outperforming polycrystalline TiAl alloys. This review summarizes recent progress on TiAl alloys, particularly focusing on newly developed PST single crystals. First, the development history of TiAl alloys is overviewed; then their crystal structures, phase diagrams, and typical microstructures are systematically discussed, along with the design strategies based on alloying elements. Additionally, recent advances in TiAl columnar crystals, which are between polycrystals and single crystals, are reviewed. Subsequently, the mechanical anisotropy, preparation methods, and superior mechanical properties of the PST single crystals are analyzed in detail. The final remark highlights the future development and application prospects of TiAl alloys.
Multiple diversity facets of crucial microbial groups in biological soil crusts promote soil multifunctionality

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Aim: Microbial diversity is one of the most important factors for maintaining the performance of multiple functions in soils (multifunctionality). However, existing studies typically consider taxonomic richness or Shannon diversity of the entire community. We know little about the connection network of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity facets and their collective impact on multifunctionality. In this study, the linkages of diversity effects within functional groups were disentangled in drylands. Location: The central Tibetan Plateau. Time period: Present. Major taxa studied: Phototrophs and diazotrophs (mainly cyanobacteria). Methods: Given the carbon- and nitrogen-limited nature of drylands, we conducted a high throughput sequencing of C/N-fixing functional groups from biocrusts and evaluated multiple diversity facets (i.e., richness, evenness, and phylogeny-related trait dissimilarity), together with seven crucial variables of soil functioning to calculate multifunctionality. The relations between multifaceted diversity and abundance with individual functions and multifunctionality were validated by a set of solid statistical analyses. Results: We found that the integrated biodiversity index was a stronger predictor of multifunctionality than richness. The divergent performance of different diversity facets determined the idiosyncratic effect of each functional group on soil multifunctionality. Moreover, the evaluation of functional significance at the species level gave important clues on the trade-offs and redundancy in each functional group, explaining the distinct patterns of diversity effects. Namely, richness was the dominant factor for diazotrophs to maximize multifunctionality, whereas phylogenetic dissimilarity was the essential one for phototrophs. Main conclusions: our study demonstrated that multiple diversity facets should be considered when grasping the biodiversity effects. In contrast with the community level, within-functional group measures may adequately capture the features of diversity that are most correlated with soil multifunctionality. Our results provided a perspective to bridge the gap between taxonomic and trait-based approaches for elucidating the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship.
NADI 2020: The First Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Task

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present the results and findings of the First Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Task (NADI). This Shared Task includes two subtasks: country-level dialect identification (Subtask 1) and province-level sub-dialect identification (Subtask 2). The data for the shared task covers a total of 100 provinces from 21 Arab countries and are collected from the Twitter domain. As such, NADI is the first shared task to target naturally-occurring fine-grained dialectal text at the sub-country level. A total of 61 teams from 25 countries registered to participate in the tasks, thus reflecting the interest of the community in this area. We received 47 submissions for Subtask 1 from 18 teams and 9 submissions for Subtask 2 from 9 teams.
Reversible Deficiency of Serum High Density Lipoproteins in Hodgkin's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An elderly woman with Hodgkin's disease and hepatic involvement but without cholestasis presented with markedly depressed levels of serum esterified cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Within five days of her first cycle of chemotherapy her serum HDL-cholesterol rose from 8-10 mg/dl to 88 mg/dl, and levels of the major HDL-apoprotein, apoA-I, rose from 60 to 138 mg/dl. The proportion of unesterified serum cholesterol fell from 60-80% to 27-30%. These observations suggest a relatively specific effect of the hepatic lymphoma on synthesis or release of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.
Preferential uptake of small-aggregate fraction of pulmonary surfactant in vitro

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Homeostasis of pulmonary surfactant requires metabolic clearance of surfactant forms with decreased surface activity. Rabbit pulmonary surfactant was labeled in vivo with rhodamine-labeled dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (R-DPPE), isolated, and fractionated into large- and small-aggregate subfractions by differential centrifugation. Endocytosis of large (LA)- and small (SA)-aggregate surfactant by a mouse lung epithelial cell line (MLE-12) was evaluated in vitro by epifluorescence microscopy. More SA than LA surfactant was taken up by MLE-12 cells. Endocytosis of SA and LA surfactant was inhibited by preincubation of the subfractions with surfactant protein A and 3.3 mM Ca2+. The difference in uptake between SA and LA surfactant was lost for reconstituted organic extracts of the subfractions. Much of the difference in uptake of SA and LA surfactant may be attributed to the greater concentration of surfactant protein A in LA surfactant.
An Action Recognition Model Based on the Bayesian Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a novel human action recognition method based on Bayesian network model and high-level semantic concept (human action attribute). Firstly, we extract 3D-SIFT descriptors for each spatio-temporal interest point in the videos. Secondly, the bag of words is used as the low-level feature to represent these videos. Finally, Bayesian networks related to action attributes are trained based on MAP (Maximum A Posterior Probability) to recognize human behavior. The experimental results show that the proposed model is effective on action recognition.
Contrasting dose-dependent effects of acute intravenous methamphetamine on lateral hypothalamic extracellular glucose dynamics in male and female rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Enzyme-linked glucose biosensors were used to monitor lateral hypothalamic (LH) extracellular fluctuations during nondrug stimuli and intravenous methamphetamine injections in drug-naive awake male and female rats. Second-scale glucose changes occurred after nondrug stimuli, differing by modality and sex. Robust minute-scale decreases followed most methamphetamine injections. Sex differences at the minute-scale indicate female central glucose regulation is more sensitive to methamphetamine effects. We discuss likely mechanisms underlying these fluctuations, and their implications in methamphetamine use disorder.
Estimation of Seismic Behaviour of Corroded Steel Bridge Plates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>The maintenance and safety of existing bridges is an important concern of all highway and railroads. Corrosion is one of the most important causes of deterioration of steel girder bridges which affects their long term mechanical performance, usability and durability. Furthermore, some recent earthquakes demonstrated the potential seismic vulnerability of some types of steel bridges, and hence, it would be very important to understand the behavior of existing steel bridges which are corroding for decades in future severe seismic events. Therefore, the prediction of residual ultimate strength capacities of steel bridge members with different corrosion conditions is investigated under different earthquake loadings and a methodology to assess the seismic demand of existing steel bridge members with different corrosion conditions is discussed.</p>
Combining Meta-Heuristics to Solve the Rook Problem

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The combination of various meta-heuristics to solve NP-hard problems has great potential to produce good results. Ant algorithms and multi-agent system are proposed to solve a chess problem. The problem is about how to place n rooks on a chessboard so that they are all mutually non-attacking. The introduced algorithms produce reasonable results and have several advantages. A combination between the two meta-heuristics is presented and some possible crossover improvements of the proposed algorithms are suggested
Intestinal obstruction, a correlation between operative and radiological findings

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims and objectives: To compare the intra-operative findings in cases of intestinal obstruction to radiological findings and correlate the percentage of cases where the finding matched and where the findings did not match. To help with management of occult cases, in which the intraoperative findings and radiological findings did not correlate. To find occult causes for obstruction, such as hidden malignancies, ischemic pathology for intestinal obstruction. To assess the cause of obstruction using USG, CT and correlate with intra operative findings. Materials and methods: Design of study: This is a hospital based case study in patients attending OPD or admitted in the surgery ward of Krishna Institute of Medical Science, Karad. Study Duration: 18 months December 2019 - June 2021. Sampling size and technique: Study comprises of 50 patients selected with randomised sampling.
A control mechanism of voice intensity in relation to expiratory and laryngeal functions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A model explanation of controlling voice intensity in relation to expiratory and laryngeal functions is reported. Using the phonatory function analyzer PS-77 (Nagashima Medical Instruments, Tokyo), a log-linear relationship between the vocal intensity I* (dB) and the mean airflow rate U(cm3/s) was obtained during a stepwise increment of intensity with a constant pitch. More precisely, a piecewise linear relationship with an S-shaped pattern was obtained in an I* vs U* display, where U*equals; 20 log (U/U0). At most, three line segments with different slopes are necessary to approximate these relationships. To examine, theoretically, the controlling mechanism of the intensity for the different slope values in I* vs U* display, a simple intermittent triangular wave was assumed as the glottal sound. Using the model waveform, the vocal intensity can be expressed by a functional relationship with the mean airflow rate U and the open quotient. Based on this functional relationship and speculation on the physiology voice production, the contribution of laryngeal control and expiratory control on vocal intensity is discussed. Results of the experiment indicate that laryngeal control is more dominant in the middle intensity region than in either of the higher or the lower intensity regions. These findings may contribute to developing an effective means of noninvasive voice assessment.
Neural Correlates of Encoding Within- and Across-domain Inter-item Associations

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The neural correlates of the encoding of associations between pairs of words, pairs of pictures, and word–picture pairs were compared. The aims were to determine, first, whether the neural correlates of associative encoding vary according to study material and, second, whether encoding of across- versus within-material item pairs is associated with dissociable patterns of hippocampal and perirhinal activity, as predicted by the “domain dichotomy” hypothesis of medial temporal lobe function. While undergoing fMRI scanning, subjects (n = 24) were presented with the three classes of study pairs, judging which of the denoted objects fit into the other. Outside of the scanner, subjects then undertook an associative recognition task, discriminating between intact study pairs, rearranged pairs comprising items that had been presented on different study trials, and unstudied item pairs. The neural correlates of successful associative encoding—subsequent associative memory effects—were operationalized as the difference in activity between study pairs correctly judged intact versus pairs incorrectly judged rearranged on the subsequent memory test. Pair type–independent subsequent memory effects were evident in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the hippocampus. Picture–picture pairs elicited material-selective effects in regions of fusiform cortex that were also activated to a greater extent on picture trials than on word trials, whereas word–word pairs elicited material-selective subsequent memory effects in left lateral temporal cortex. Contrary to the domain-dichotomy hypothesis, neither hippocampal nor perirhinal subsequent memory effects differed depending on whether they were elicited by within- versus across-material study pairs. It is proposed that the left IFG plays a domain-general role in associative encoding, that associative encoding can also be facilitated by enhanced processing in material-selective cortical regions, and that the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex contribute equally to the formation of inter-item associations, regardless of whether the items belong to the same or to different processing domains.
Flow Theory and Leisure

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Csikszentmihalyi's flow theory has done more than most to illuminate the study of the leisure experience, providing valuable insights into how the activities of everyday life come to be invested with meaning and experienced as enjoyable. A substantial bank of empirical evidence exists suggesting that flow is certainly something real for people in their leisure. This chapter seeks to draw to the fore the relevance and implications of recent theoretical extensions of flow theory in leisure and their capacity to reflect, and in some cases enrich, human experience in the context of peoples' everyday lives.
Analytical Modeling of Asymmetric Junctionless DMDG MOSFET for Suppressing Short Channel Effects

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, an analytical model is proposed for Asymmetric Junctionless dual material double gate (AJDMDG) MOSFETs structure with high K dielectric material for developing electrostatic potential, electric field, front gate threshold voltage (V th ), subthreshold swing (SS). The electrostatic potential is found by solving Poisson's equation through parabolic approximation method. Moreover, the analytical model is developed for asymmetric nature in device performance through altering back gate oxide thicknesses and voltage. The substantial outcomes of analytical solution are compared with the result of TCAD simulation to validate the device structure. A comparative study has been carried for AJDMDG and junctionless DMDG (JDMDG) MOSFET structure to show the efficacy of asymmetric operation in device performance for suppressing short channel effects (SCEs).
Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Non-Rodents (OECD TG 409)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

TG 409 is an OECD validated test providing information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to test chemical. The determination of sub-chronic oral toxicity using repeated doses may be carried out after initial information on toxicity has been obtained from acute or repeated dose 28-day toxicity tests. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the chemical of interest over a prolonged period (one dose level daily during 90 days). This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with non-rodents species. The commonly used non-rodent species is the dog (the beagle is frequently used). At least 8 animals (4 female and 4 male) should be used for each test group. At least three concentrations of test chemical should be used. The test chemical is administered in the diet or in the drinking water, by gavage or in capsules. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include: measurements (body weight measured at least once a week, food/water consumption) and daily (preferably at the same time) and detailed observations (ophtalmological examination, haematology, clinical biochemistry and urinalysis), as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
Emerging issues in the relationship between adolescent substance use and suicidal behavior.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adolescent suicidal behavior poses a major global public health concern as it is highly prevalent and associated with mortality and morbidity worldwide. Substanceuse disorders are also an issue of increasing concern among adolescents and have been shown to increase the risk for suicidal behaviors. In this review we address emerging issues in the relationship between adolescent substance use disorders and suicidal behaviors. We focus on common hazardous patterns of substance abuse such as binge drinking and poly-substance abuse and point out developing patterns of substance preferences as evidenced by the contemporary widespread use of synthetic cannabinoids. We address these issues in the context of vulnerable populations such as sexual-minority adolescents and youth with co-occurring mental-disorder diagnoses. Finally, we relate to the present and future challenges presented by these issues to implement effective anti-suicidal treatment and prevention strategies in adolescents with substance use disorders.
Differential Effects of Question Formats in Math Assessment on Metacognition and Affect

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study investigated the effect of item format on metacognitive and affective processes of children in the context of a large-scale mathematics assessment program. Mathematical items were presented in both multiple-choice and open-ended formats to 8th-grade students (N = 1,032) as part of the California Learning Assessment System. Metacognition and affect were measured following each format for boys and girls of various ethnic groups. Results indicate that open-ended and multiple-choice question formats have differential effects. Open-ended questions induced more cognitive strategy usage, less self-checking, and greater worry than did multiple-choice questions. These effects did not vary substantially as a function of gender and ethnicity.
Litter Size Reduction Induces Metabolic and Histological Adjustments in Dams throughout Lactation with Early Effects on Offspring

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Moreover, MG from SL-dams had reduced alveoli development and high adipocytes content, resulting in milk with elevated energetic value and fat content in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Maternal states influenced offspring anthropometric conditions during lactation, offspring-SL displayed higher body weight and growth, hyperglycemia, augmented lipid deposition in BAT and elevated islet. Thus, maternal histological and metabolic changes are due to modifications to nursing small litters and reinforce the importance of preserving maternal health during lactation avoiding early programming effects on offspring preventing metabolic consequences later in life.