jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Two Modes of Carbonaceous Dust Alignment

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Radiative torques (RATs) or mechanical torques acting on irregular grains can induce the alignment of dust grains in respect to the alignment axis (AA), which can be either the direction of the magnetic field or the direction of the radiation. We show that carbonaceous grains can be aligned with their axes both parallel and perpendicular to the AA, and we explore the conditions where the particular mode of alignment takes place. We identify a new process of alignment of charged carbonaceous grains in a turbulent, magnetized interstellar medium with respect to an electric field. This field acts on grains accelerated in a turbulent medium and gyrorotating about a magnetic field. The electric field can also arise from the temporal variations of the magnetic field strength in turbulent, compressible media. The direction of the electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the carbonaceous grains precess in the electric field because of their electric moments. If this precession is faster than Larmor precession in the magnetic field, the alignment of such grains is with their long axes parallel to the magnetic field. We explore the parameter space for which the new mechanism aligns grains with long axes parallel to the magnetic field. We compare this mechanism with another process that provides the same type of alignment, namely, the RAT alignment of grains with insufficiently fast internal relaxation. We describe the conditions for which the particular mode of carbonaceous grain alignment is realized and discuss what information can be obtained by measuring the resulting polarization.
The impact of the public financial management reforms on financial operations of the Ministry of Finance: a case of Ministry of Finance.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to establish the impact of financial management reforms on financial operation in the Ministry of Finance. This study adopted a descriptive survey design where the population comprised of 98 accountants at the Ministry’s headquarters. The researcher used primary sources to collect the data through the use of a questionnaire which comprised of both open-ended and close-ended questions. The reliability coefficient was found to be 0.73 and thus the instruments were reliable. Thorough editing of data was done; data collected was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data analysis considered inferences that were made from opinions of respondents that were then analyzed thematically where the collected data was analyzed, coded and classified into major topics from which summary report was made. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics supported by tables, frequency distributions, percentages, mean, mode and variance that were established. \nFindings revealed that, the Ministry of Finance has to a large extent improved on commitment control and reduced variance between budget provision and releases. I he development of professional cadre, development of accounting reporting system and review of legal and regulatory framework are among the objectives that the Ministry ol Finance has largely accomplished towards the PFM reforms. It was disclosed that, the Ministry of Finance has been able to establish workable institutional arrangements, develop legal and regulatory framework, ensure competition in tendering and support internal control and commitment control. \nTherefore, there should be established budget stabilization fund through an Act ol Parliament. There is also need to have capacity building and improved terms ol sen ice for public officers. The application of international standards and methods in macroeconomic analysis, budgeting, accounting, procurement and audit requires skilled staff that can apply new methods in professional manner. Introduction ol II MIS and other computerized system requires specific skills and training for public officers.
General view of Lake Ida, with skaters on the ice

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

General view of Lake Ida, showing skaters on the ice and mountains in the background. Cars are parked in a row above the lake. Photograph taken in 1949 by an unidentified photographer.
Inscriptions: Verso - top right - P6/7/49; Verso - top centre - Compo 4 / 10 3/4 x 14; Verso - bottom right - General view of / part of Lake Ida / note car park above lake
Quantity: 1 b&w original photographic print(s).
Physical Description: Silver gelatin print 13.7 x 20.3 cm
Study of Nursing Models by Machine Learning in Children with Congenital Esophageal Atresia

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

This research paper elucidates the clinical effect of an integrated nursing model of medical care and patient in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital esophageal atresia (CEA). For this purpose, a total of 120 children with CEA were selected as study subjects who were admitted to our hospital (January 2017 to April 2020). They were randomly divided into the control group and observation group. Each group had 60 cases. The control group was given routine nursing, while the observation group adopted the integrated nursing model of medical care. The integrated nursing model had the characteristics of recognizing and managing the CEA quickly and efficiently. Thus, it can help increase the survival rate of infants. This model works along with the parents to provide specialized services to the child. They were tasked to carefully observe the infants as well as calm the parents. They were also given the additional task of keeping track of patients who were currently admitted in the hospital and those who were already discharged. The tracking and communication were done with the help of a communication platform which is WeChat. The rehospitalization rate, 1-hour visit rate, accuracy rate of children with suspected postoperative complications, psychological status of children’s parents, medical compliance, and satisfaction were compared between the two groups. The rehospitalization rate in the observation group was lower than that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The 1-hour visit rate and accuracy of children with suspected postoperative complications in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The anxiety and depression scores of the parents in the observation group were lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The compliance and satisfaction of parents in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The clinical effect of the integrated nursing model of medical care and patient in CEA was highly satisfactory. It reduces the rehospitalization rate and enables timely diagnosis and treatment of suspicious complications effectively. It also improved parents’ negative psychological emotions, compliance, and satisfaction.
The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses the emergent gender regime in Africa. A strong 'women's rights as human rights' discourse supports this international regime. The chapter contends that the gender intervention offered by African institutions and governments remains restricted to specific issues such as maternal health, including lowering mortality rates and the levels of mother-to-child HIV/AIDs transmissions, as well as peace and security due to a specific conception of gender equality in Africa. It deals with the argument that while the global influence is influential within Africa, local forces influence the emergent African gender regime, and this has implications for the adoption and absorption process of gender equality norms. The progress made in Africa towards gender equality has often emerged within a human rights and development discourse, which sees gender equality as a consequence of ensuring women's human rights in view of their economic contributions to development.
A method for estimating the rate of shedding of tags from yellowfin tuna

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ENGLISH: The present paper describes a new method for estimating the shedding rate of tags. The method utilizes not only data on tagging and recovery of fish marked with two tags but also data from those marked with one. One important advantage of the new technique is that the estimates of the shedding rates are free from distortion caused by variations in fishing intensity during the total recovery period. The idea of this method appears to be implicit in a short note by Gulland (1963). This technique has been applied to the data obtained by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission in a tagging cruise off the west coast of southern Baja California, during June 1963, at which time both single and double-tagged yellowfin tuna were released. Details of the tagging procedure and equipment have been described by Fink (1965b). The results presented in the present paper are for yellowfin tuna tagged with dart tags. Estimates of shedding should be made separately for each species investigated and also for each type of tag used, since these rates may be variable and often unexpectedly high (Springer and McErlean 1961, Chadwick 1963).SPANISH: El presente estudio describe un nuevo método para estimar las tasas del desprendimiento de marcas. El método emplea no solamente los datos sobre la marcación y recobro de peces marcados con dos marcas, pero también datos de los peces marcados con una marca. Una ventaja importante de la nueva técnica, es que las estimaciones de las tasas de desprendimiento son libres de alteración, causada por las variaciones en la intensidad de pesca durante el período total de recobro. La idea de este método parece ser implícita en un breve apunte por Gulland (1963). Esta técnica se ha aplicado a los datos obtenidos por la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical, en un crucero de marcación efectuado frente a la costa occidental al sur de Baja California, en junio de 1963, tiempo en el cual fueron liberados atunes aleta amarilla marcados tanto con una como con dos marcas. Los detalles del procedimiento de la marcación y del equipo usado han sido descritos por Fink (1965b). Los resultados presentados en este estudio, pertenecen al atún aleta amarilla marcado con marcas de dardo. Las estimaciones del desprendimiento deben efectuarse separadamente para cada especie que ha sido investigada y también para cada tipo de marca usado, ya que estas tasas pueden ser vaiables, y a menudo inesperadamente altas (Springer y McErlean 1961, Chadwick 1963).(PDF contains 20 pages.)
Damage Evaluation of Bi-directionally Prestressed Concrete Panels under Blast-fire Combined Loading

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

각종 사고 및 테러로 인한 폭발, 충돌, 화재 사고가 발생함에 따라 사회적인 안전 불감증이 더욱 고조되고 있으나, 실제 극한하중에 대한 구조물의 방호 설계가 반영되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 원전격납구조물, 가스탱크 등과 같은 주요 시설물에 적용되고 있는 2방향 프리스트레스트 콘크리트(PSC) 구조물에 대한 폭발, 그리고 폭발로 인한 2차적으로 발생 가능한 화재에 대한 연구가 미흡함에 따라 복합손상 시나리오에 대한 구조물의 검토가 필요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 폭발 후 화재하중 복합손상을 분석하기 위하여 1,400 mm × 1,000 mm × 300 mm의 2방향 비부착 프리스트레스트 콘크리트를 제작하여, 폭발하중은 ANFO 25 kg의 장약량을 1.0 m 이격거리로 실험을 구성하고, 화재하중은 5분 이내에 1,200°C의 화재하중을 가할 수 있는 RABT 화재시나리오를 적용하여 극한저항성능을 검토하였다. 본 연구는 향후 국내외 프리스트레스트 콘크리트에 대한 방호설계 및 폭발해석 등 관련 연구분야의 중요한 자료가 될 것이라 판단된다.
Using EEG waveform complexity to characterize the progress of Alzheimer's disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The measurement of electric-potential differences on the human scalp, also known as EEG, has regained a lot of interest in the scientific community throughout the last decade. Improved understanding of the origin of brain-oscillations and rapid progress in the fields of artifact removal and Discrete Time-Series (DTS) analysis have yielded new possibilities to use nonlinear methods in search of diagnostic biomarkers from EEG signals. For people suffering from Alzheimer-s Disease (AD) three common trends concerning the nature of EEG signals have been identified by a wide amount of research groups: a shift of the power spectrum to lower frequencies, a decreased complexity of the signal waveforms and altered synchrony between the EEG records. This thesis investigates the second trend, i. e. the irregularity or complexity of the EEG signals. The choice of methods reflects a selection of the most promising markers according to recent articles and reviews that used complexity based measures. The final implemented algorithms are based on the information theoretic concept of entropy and analyze the signals across multiple temporal scales. The main idea behind the approach is to consider the brain as a black box which - for each sampled timepoint - produces measurable outputs (electric voltages on the scalp) depending on the internal functional- and anatomical structure. Each EEG record is preprocessed to remove artifacts and split into 4s segments called epochs. The methods were applied to and averaged over the resulting DTS of all epochs, and compared between 19 electrodes of all 116 subjects from the PRODEM database classified as probable AD. Several biomarkers were extracted and their predictive strength evaluated by the correlation coefficient (coefficient of determination) of a linear (quadratic) regression model between marker values and the patients- Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE)3 scores. The results of different methods are consistent and confirm the observed trends mentioned above: patients with lower MMSE score and hence more severe AD tend to have less complex waveforms in their EEG records. However this trend is only observable at the original timescale of the signal, which reflects the irregularity between time-steps in the order of the inverse sampling frequency (4ms). With a comparatively big study cohort, this thesis clearly demonstrates the limits of complexity based measures since they show weak trends for the original- and no trends for bigger temporal scales. The main reason for their shortcoming is the high intra-subject variability between epochs of a single patient.
Evaluation of Ca-Based Sorbents for Gaseous HCl Emissions Adsorption

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The problem of acid gas exhaust emissions treatment has not been fully resolved at present. Dry adsorption of acid gases with alkaline sorbents is currently being investigated, to improve solid sorbents. In this study, 5 types of hydrated lime were characterised and tested. The sorption capacities were measured by means of a system consisting of a feed line (HCl/N2), a thermostatic reactor and a water absorber. The physical characteristics of sorbent samples were also compared. Analyses conducted with scanning electronic microscopy revealed that sample C1 showed uniform particle distribution. Samples C2 and C3 showed the co-presence of fine and coarse particles. Sample C4 showed very fine particles with agglomeration phenomena. In sample C5, fibrous elements were found. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analyses showed a similar composition of the samples, with the exception of the presence of Mg in some of them. After 30 min of testing, the following differences in sorption capacities with respect to C1 (3.59 mg g−1) were found: C2, −20%; C3, −13%; C4, −17%; C5, −3%. Higher sorption capacities were associated with more uniform particle size distributions. Conversely, agglomeration of fine particles may have adversely affected the performance of sorbents.
Epidemiological profile of individuals with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Jequitinhonha Valley, Brazil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in 34 municipalities in Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil, registered from 2005 to 2010 with the Regional Health Superintendence, using data from the Brazilian Disease Notification Information System. Among 281 cases, 156 (55.5%) were included in the study. A statistically significant difference was found in ACL among men between 21 and 60 years of age (P = 0.034) in relation to women and other age groups. Analysing the male sample, a significant association was found between ACL and occupation (P = 0.04). The cutaneous form occurred in 87.3% of cases. The medication most often employed was pentavalent antimony (87.3%), with cure achieved in 91.1% of cases. The epidemiological profile of ACL in the Jequitinhonha Valley is similar to that reported for other regions of Brazil, exhibiting a rural occupational nature and affecting men with low levels of schooling within the productive age.
Low-Cost Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Hand Sanitizer Using Air and Tap Water Enriched by Hydrogen Peroxide

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A low-cost plasma hand sanitizer with minimum capital and running costs, combining flexibility in operation and high efficacy in treating common pathogens, is proposed for sanitizing the hands of medical doctors and nurses. Hands are exposed to a mist that is generated using tap water and activated by plasma coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in ambient air. A common ignition transformer operating in the kilohertz range is used for the power supply, and a commercial ultrasonic nebulizer generates the mist. To enhance complete hand sanitization and reduce exposure time without adding oxygen gas to the discharge, solutions of commercial hydrogen peroxide in small concentrations are added to the water that is introduced in the plasma in the form of a mist. The active species produced by DBD during operation as O3 and OH is measured in the treatment zone near the end of the discharge tube. By adding increasing amounts of hydrogen peroxide in the water, we find that OH radicals increase, and measured ozone concentrations in ambient air decrease. This can be considered a beneficial chemical transformation, reducing possible harmful effects of ozone and enhancing sanitization efficacy. Sanitizing effects are reached with a low hydrogen peroxide concentration of 3 mg/L to avoid any harmful effects on the skin of the hands.
Resilient Leaders and Institutional Reform: Theory and Evidence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Strengthening executive constraints is one of the key means of improving political governance. This paper argues that resilient leaders who face a lower probability of being replaced are less likely to reform institutions in the direction of constraining executive power. We test this idea empirically using data on leaders since 1875 using two proxies of resilience: whether a leader survives long enough to die in office, and whether recent natural disasters occur during the leader's tenure. We show that both are associated with lower rates of leader turnover and a lower probability of a transition to strong executive constraints. This effect is robust across a wide range of specifications. Moreover, in line with the theory, it is specific to strengthening executive constraints rather than generalized political reform.
An experimental analysis of the tachycardia that follows vagal stimulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Postvagal tachycardia, the transient increase in heart rate that follows the sinus bradycardia elicited by vagal stimulation, was investigated in thirty chloralosed cats. Maximum postvagal tachycardia was elicited by stimulation at frequencies of 20–60 Hz with train durations of 30–90 sec. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the magnitudes of postvagal tachycardia and of the preceding sinus bradycardia. 2. Postvagal tachycardia was not affected by either spinal transection at C7 or by administration of propranolol (1·5 mg/kg I.V. ), but was abolished by the administration of atropine (2·0 mg/kg I.V. ). 3. Postvagal tachycardia was observed to follow the vagal bradycardia induced reflexly either by administration of phenyldiguanide (100–300 μg I.V. ) or by stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve. 4. In the isolated atria‐vagus preparations from six rabbits a positive correlation was demonstrated between the magnitude of postvagal tachycardia and of the preceding bradycardia elicited by vagal stimulation. 5. Continuous intracellular recordings were obtained from four sinuatrial node pace‐maker cells in the isolated atria‐vagus preparation of the rabbit before, during and after vagal stimulation. During postvagal tachycardia the slope of the diastolic prepotential, the maximum diastolic potential, threshold potential and the overshoot were found to be increased; these changes are different from those found in pace‐maker cells during adrenergic activation. 6. These findings demonstrate that postvagal tachycardia is not mediated by sympathetic adrenergic mechanisms, but suggest that it is dependent upon the preceding vagal bradycardia and may be related to an increase in net sodium influx into pace‐maker cells initiated by the hyperpolarization of the pace‐maker cell membrane during and immediately after vagal stimulation.
Stimulated Raman Scattering in Suspensions of Alternanthera Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus X in the Frequency Range of 1–15 GHz

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Low-frequency stimulated Raman spectra in suspensions of Alternanthera mosaic virus and Potato virus X are calculated and measured. The discrepancy between the calculated and measured frequencies of the Raman lines for the Potato virus X is attributed to the difference in the mechanical properties of the viruses, in particular, Young's modulus, in the native environment and when measured with an atomic force microscope. Differences are recorded in the stimulated Raman spectra of these viruses, allowing them to be identified.
Circulating microRNAs Serve as Novel Biological Markers for

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background-—Biological markers that can be used to predict the risk of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are not available. Methods and Results-—To clarify whether circulating microRNAs could be used as biomarkers for IA, we carried out microarray assays in a screening cohort of 40 IA patients (20 unruptured and 20 ruptured) and 20 healthy volunteers. We identified 20 microRNAs that were unanimously changed in both ruptured and unruptured patients. We confirmed 60 % of these changed microRNAs by a separate microarray test with an independent validation cohort (n=143 including 93 IA patients). To identify potential biomarkers, we combined the 2 cohorts and performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions for selected target microRNAs. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that miR-16 and miR-25 were independent factors for IA occurrence (P&lt;0.001). After controlling for age, sex, smoking, and history of hypertension, the contributions of miR-16 and miR-25 were still highly significant (P&lt;0.001). The adjusted odds ratio values for miR-16 and miR-25 were 1.52 (95 % CI 1.31 to 1.77) and 1.53 (1.30 to 1.79). Combining both miR-16 and miR-25 in a single model did not improve the performance of risk association. Conclusions-—Our data suggest that circulating miRNAs may be novel biological markers that are useful in assessing the likelihood of IA occurrence. ( J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000972 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000972) Key Words: biomarker • intracranial aneurysm • logistic regression • microRNA • plasma • risk factor I ntracranial aneurysms (IAs) affect 2 % to 3 % of thegeneral population.1,2 Rupture of IAs causes subarachnoid
Ferromagnetic resonance in FeCoNi electroplated wires

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have investigated the microwave properties (ferromagnetic resonance and ferromagnetic antiresonance) of FeCoNi magnetic tubes created by electroplating on CuBe wire. Important parameters such as the g factor, magnetization, anisotropy field, and damping parameter were obtained from the measurements. One sample, prepared by a method which entails rf-sputtering deposition of an additional FeNi layer, shows a clear ferromagnetic antiresonance.