jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Smuggler nation: how illicit trade made America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

America is a smuggler nation. Our long history of illicit imports has ranged from West Indies molasses and Dutch gunpowder in the 18th century, to British industrial technologies and African slaves in the 19th century, to French condoms and Canadian booze in the early 20th century, to Mexican workers and Colombian cocaine in the modern era. Contraband capitalism, it turns out, has been an integral part of American capitalism. Providing a sweeping narrative history from colonial times to the present, Smuggler Nation, now available in paperback to retell the story of America--and of its engagement with its neighbors and the rest of the world--as a series of highly contentious battles over clandestine commerce. As Peter Andreas demonstrates in this provocative and fascinating work, smuggling has played a pivotal and too often overlooked role in America's birth, westward expansion, and economic development, while anti-smuggling campaigns have dramatically enhanced the federal government's policing powers. The great irony, Andreas tells us, is that a country that was born and grew up through smuggling is today the world's leading anti-smuggling crusader. In tracing America's long and often tortuous relationship with the murky underworld of smuggling, Andreas provides a much-needed antidote to today's hyperbolic depictions of out-of-control borders and growing global crime threats. Urgent calls by politicians and pundits to regain control of the nation's borders suffer from a severe case of historical amnesia, nostalgically implying that they were ever actually under control. This is pure mythology, says Andreas. For better and for worse, America's borders have always been highly porous. Far from being a new and unprecedented danger to America, the illicit underside of globalization is actually an old American tradition. As Andreas shows, it goes back not just decades but centuries. And its impact has been decidedly double-edged, not only subverting U.S. laws but also helping to fuel America's evolution from a remote British colony to the world's pre-eminent superpower.
No‐Arbitrage Restrictions on the Dynamics of Smile Surfaces

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter contains sections titled: A Worked-Out Example: Pricing Continuous Double Barriers Analysis of the Cost of Unwinding The Trader's Dream Plan of the Remainder of the Chapter Conditions of No-Arbitrage for the Stochastic Evolution of Future Smile Surfaces Deterministic Smile Surfaces Stochastic Smiles The Strength of the Assumptions Limitations and Conclusions
Detection of Lupeol in Calendula Officinalis Grown in Iraq by GC-MS Analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Triterpenes are abundant group of natural compounds with important structural components of plant’s cell membranes. Free triterpenes stabilize phospholipid bilayers in plant cell membranes just as cholesterol does in animal cell membranes. Lupeol is a pentacyclic trite- rpene reported to have important physiological and therapeutic effects in human health issues, therefore its extraction from Calendula officinalis flowers and detection by GC-MS is of significant importance.
Melancholy and Revolution: The Culture in postcommunist State of Emergency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rad se bavi kritickom analizom postkomunistickoga stanja nakon 1989. na prostorima istocne Europe i osobito bivse Juglasvije. Teorijska analiza izvedena je na osnovu pristupa Alaina Badioua i Giorgia Agambena: nakon kraja komunizma nije rijec o usponu liberalne demokracije i kapitalizma, vec o hibridnim politickim poretcima nastalim na ideji zakasnjele suverenosti nacije-države. Stoga je fenomen melankolije kao žalovanja ili sjete za prosloscu jedan od socio-psihiloskih fenomena duha vremena. Problem je u tome sto umjesto artikulirane nove kulture u poretcima o kojima je rijec imamo jedino zahtjev za politikom identiteta sto pretpostavlja sukob umjesto tolerancije razlika, povratak u proslost umjesto normalizacije i prihvacanja realnosti u znakovima neoliberalizma i multikulturalnosti.
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TOURIST IMPACT ON ANCIENT VILLAGES IN SOUTHERN ANHUI --A Case Study of Xidi?Hongcun and Nanping

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ancient villages in Southern Anhui of Yixian county have become world cultural legacy in 2000. During the previous several years, tourism industry of the ancient villages in Southern Anhui is developing gradually, but tourism development of the ancient villages possesses speciality. There for inquiring the impact on the ancient villages is very necessary in the course of tourism development of the ancient villages. By the case of Xidi, Hongcun and Nanping, This paper gets the tourist synthetical impact index of 3 ancient villages on the foundation gone on investigating villages continuously two years from 1999 to 2000. The tourist synthetical impact index includes the economic impact index, sociculture impact index and environmental impact index. This paper analyzes economic, sociocultural and environmental impact on tourist by comparing the tourism development of 3 ancient villages. The essay has finally pointed out that the tourist impact effect of the ancient villages in southern Anhui now has appeared, Also in other words the tourist impact effect on Xidi is more than that on Hongcun and Nanping. In view of the above, the author puts forward at present the similar model that exists in the course of tourism development of Chinese ancient villages: (1)the tourist impact effect possesses stage in the course of tourism development of the ancient villages; (2)the protection, planning and development of the ancient villages are the life axis of sustainable development. (3)Community villagers and local government are the most important factor influencing sustainable development. Tourism development of the ancient villages, which has established the better mechanism moving mutually between community villager and local government, will center on the life axis of development in reality, in order to ensure sustainable development of the ancient villages.
Spectral Engineering in π-Conjugated Polymers with Intramolecular Donor−Acceptor Interactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

With the development of light-harvesting organic materials for solar cell applications and molecular systems with fine-tuned colors for nonemissive electrochromic devices (e.g., smart windows, e-papers), a number of technical challenges remain to be overcome. Over the years, the concept of "spectral engineering" (tailoring the complex interplay between molecular physics and the various optical phenomena occurring across the electromagnetic spectrum) has become increasingly relevant in the field of π-conjugated organic polymers. Within the spectral engineering toolbox, the "donor-acceptor" approach uses alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient moieties along a π-conjugated backbone. This approach has proved especially valuable in the synthesis of dual-band and broadly absorbing chromophores with useful photovoltaic and electrochromic properties. In this Account, we highlight and provide insight into a present controversy surrounding the origin of the dual band of absorption sometimes encountered in semiconducting polymers structured using the "donor-acceptor" approach. Based on empirical evidence, we provide some schematic representations to describe the possible mechanisms governing the evolution of the two-band spectral absorption observed on varying the relative composition of electron-rich and electron-deficient substituents along the π-conjugated backbone. In parallel, we draw attention to the choice of the method employed to estimate and compare the absorption coefficients of polymer chromophores exhibiting distinct repeat unit lengths, and containing various extents of solubilizing side-chains along their backbone. Finally, we discuss the common assumption that "donor-acceptor" systems should have systematically lower absorption coefficients than their "all-donor" counterparts. The proposed models point toward important theoretical parameters which could be further explored at the macromolecular level to help researchers take full advantage of the complex interactions taking place in π-conjugated polymers with intramolecular "donor-acceptor" characteristics.
Additional file 2 of The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Additional file 2: Table S2. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 1990 and 2019 for both sexes and percentage change in age-standardised rates (ASRs) per 100,000 in the Middle East and North Africa region (generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ).
Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis: Presentation, Diagnosis and Management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms. Psychosis is a common feature of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) encompasses minor phenomena (illusions, passage hallucinations and presence hallucinations), visual and nonvisual hallucinations and delusions. PDP is associated with reduced function and quality of life. The initial management approach should focus on identification and treatment of any contributory medical factors, reduction or discontinuation of medications with potential to induce or worsen psychosis, nonpharmacological strategies and consideration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment in the setting of dementia. Pimavanserin, quetiapine and clozapine may all be considered for use in PDP. In this review, we discuss the presentation, diagnosis and management of PDP.
A new bivariate autoregressive model driven by logistic regression

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a new bivariate random coefficient autoregressive (BOD-RCAR(1)) process driven by both explanatory variables and past observations. Firstly, some statistical properties of this model are derived. Secondly, three methods are used for estimating the unknown parameters: conditional least squares (CLS), conditional maximum likelihood (CML) and maximum empirical likelihood (MEL). The asymptotic properties of the estimators are given. Besides, two kinds of test based on empirical likelihood (EL) are established. A simulation experiment is presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, an application to a real data example is investigated to assess the performance of the model.
Building a modified block matching kernel based on Wave Atom transform for efficient image denoising

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The block-matching and 3D filtering strategy is a recent adequate solution for different problems related to low-pass image filter; however, this technique presents some drawbacks. In fact, handling noise with variable density and average or Gaussian noise with high densities may limit the performance of this approach. To overcome these limitations and increase the performance of the original BM3D approach, we propose in this work a modified BM3D technique based on wave atom transform with adaptive threshold called BM3D-AT. Experimental results and simulations revealed that the proposed technique is more efficient in removing different types of noise from different images, hence achieving outstanding performances.
CHSY3 As A Potential Therapeutic Target For Gastric Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Chondroitin synthase 3(CHSY3) has been reported to be closely related to the occurrence, development, recurrence, and metastasis of a variety of cancers. But its role in gastric cancer (GC) has not been studied. Methods : Tumor Immune Estimate Resource (TIMER), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used to detect the expression of CHSY3 in gastric cancer. Analyze the correlation between CHSY3 expression and clinicopathological parameters. Draw a Kaplan-Meier survival curve to detect the clinical prognostic significance of CHSY3 in gastric cancer. Meta-analysis of the above results to determine the role of CHSY3 in GC.COX regression analysis was used to study whether CHSY3 is a predictor of GC patients. Analyze the methylation data from the TCGA database to determine the sites with a significant correlation. Through GO analysis and KEGG analysis to study the regulation mechanism of CHSY3 related genes. Screen 3 genes (APOD, GJA1, SERPINE1) from the related genes of CHSY3 as a predictive signature.Constructed a nomogram to predict the 1-year and 3-year survival probability of GC patients. The TIMER database was used to study the correlation between CHSY3 and tumor infiltrating immune cells.Study the drug sensitivity of CHSY3 related genes by using Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA). Results: CHSY3 was highly expressed in GC and significantly correlated with the T stage.The higher the expression level of CHSY3 in GC, the higher the methylation level of cg06610705 and cg11572844,which suggests that patients with gastric cancer have a poorer prognosis.Enrichment analysis identified multiple cancer-related pathways, for example, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway, and TGF-beta signaling pathway.The risk score has a very high predictive value.CHSY3 is closely associated with CD4 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic.Besides,different mutational forms of CHSY3 were associated with the immune infiltration of 6 leukocytes.In addition,CHSY3 may contribute to drug resistance in GC. Conclusion: CHSY3 may be a potential prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer, and it can be used as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Graduates’ responses to student loan debt in England: “sort of like an acceptance, but with anxiety attached”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In 2020–2021, 94% of undergraduates in England took out government-backed loans to fund their higher education. The growing and widespread use of student loans in England, mounting student debt, and governments’ increasing dependence on tuition fees underwritten by loans to finance public higher education raise important questions which this paper seeks to address. Specifically, the paper asks how do graduates respond to student loan debt and what does this tells us about the nature of the relationship between the graduate debtor and the state lender? We also question the usefulness of symbolic violence as a sociological lens to better understand graduates’ different patterns of responses and reactions to student loan debt and their relationship with the state lender. Our analysis draws on 98 in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with English graduates between 2020 and 2021. We conclude that a more comprehensive explanation requires an exploration of both symbolic violence and structural violence and a re-appraisal of the word ‘violence’ to better represent the wide range of graduates’ responses.
A FULLERENE FORMATION MODEL PROPOSED FROM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

By using the molecular dynamics method, a clustering process of randomly distributed carbon atoms was simulated. A C60 imperfect fullerene obtained in the simulation was kept at 2500 K in order to evaluate the effect of the collision-free annealing process which was almost ignored in the clustering simulation. Through successive pentagon-migration transformations, the perfect fullerene structure was achieved within a plausible time scale of 200 ns. Similar annealing simulations for smaller precursor clusters were also performed to infer the annealing effect at each stage of clustering process. Based on these simulations, a new formation model of empty fullerene was proposed. Moreover, the formation process of metal containing fullerene was also simulated using virtual L-J metal atoms.
Intrauterine hypoxia inhibits caspase 3 in a NO‐dependent manner in fetal hearts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of cardiac function and apoptosis. We have previously shown that hypoxia upregulates iNOS expression in fetal guinea pig hearts. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify the effect of intrauterine hypoxia on the pro‐apoptotic enzyme, caspase 3, and the role of NO in fetal hearts. Methods To test this pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to room air (N=4) or 10.5%O 2 (N=5) for 14d prior to term (term=65d) and administered either water or L‐NIL, a selective iNOS inhibitor, at 1‐2mg/kg/d for 7‐10d. At 60d gestation, near term fetuses were removed from anesthetized sows, fetal hearts excised, and left ventricles frozen in liquid N 2 and stored in − 80C. Caspase 3 protein and activity levels were measured by Western and ELISA kit, respectively. Results Chronic HPX decreased (P=.009) active caspase 3 (15kDa) protein levels by 40%, but had no effect on either levels of the pro‐form (32kDa) or active caspase 3 form (22kDa) compared to NMX controls. Hypoxia decreased (P=.029) activity levels by 38% compared to NMX controls. L‐NIL reversed the HPX‐induced decrease and increased activity levels by 72% compared to HPX alone. Thus, chronic hypoxia inhibits apoptosis in near term fetal guinea pig hearts. This may be mediated by an inhibitory effect of NO on caspase 3 activity as a compensatory and cardioprotective response to hypoxic stress. [(NIH HL49999/LT & NIH HL90044/LE)]
What is it about Grupo Corpo?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I was 18 years old when I first watched Grupo Corpo’s Nazareth (1993). The evening began with the critically acclaimed 21 (1992) and, after a 15-minute intermission, the company premiered its latest work. Each piece consisted of almost 45 minutes of uninterrupted dancing. Though the company’s innovative way of moving on stage touched me deeply, leaving a long-lasting impression in my young mind, I was equally moved to see Shell’s logo splashed all over the walls of Brasília’s Teatro Nacional and its lustrous program notes and posters. Certainly, Shell’s substantial and unprecedented support contributed to elevating the cultural capital and the socio-economic value of a dance group whose aesthetic influences deviated from the established norm. To me at the time, the financial endorsement of the Brazilian division of an American oil company worked as an unquestionable seal of approval (see the Conclusion). As I walked out of the theater that night, I also remember thinking to myself, and later sharing with my dance teachers and fellow students, that I had never seen a professional dance company in Brazil moving “like that.” Shortly after that performance, the dance critic Helena Katz proposed that: “What Grupo Corpo has been shaping, in a way that is both rigorous and singular, is a manner of dancing ‘as one of them,’ but using bodies as found over here” (1995, p. 23).
Retracted: Gastrodin relieves inflammation injury induced by lipopolysaccharides in MRC‐5 cells by up‐regulation of miR‐103

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The beneficial function of gastrodin towards many inflammatory diseases has been identified. This study designed to see the influence of gastrodin in a cell model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MRC‐5 cells were treated by LPS, before which gastrodin was administrated. The effects of gastrodin were evaluated by conducting CCK‐8, FITC‐PI double staining, Western blot, qRT‐PCR and ELISA. Besides this, the downstream effector and signalling were studied to decode how gastrodin exerted its function. And dual‐luciferase assay was used to detect the targeting link between miR‐103 and lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1). LPS induced apoptosis and the release of MCP‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in MRC‐5 cells. Pre‐treating MRC‐5 cells with gastrodin attenuated LPS‐induced cell damage. Meanwhile, p38/JNK and NF‐κB pathways induced by LPS were repressed by gastrodin. miR‐103 expression was elevated by gastrodin. Further, the protective functions of gastrodin were attenuated by miR‐103 silencing. And LRP1 was a target of miR‐103 and negatively regulated by miR‐103. The in vitro data illustrated the protective function of gastrodin in LPS‐injured MRC‐5 cells. Gastrodin exerted its function possibly by up‐regulating miR‐103 and modulating p38/JNK and NF‐κB pathways.
Impaired Skin Microvascular Reactivity in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE—The pathogenesis of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is not clear. Following our in vivo observations of increased sural nerve epineurial blood flow in patients with PDN, we investigated the cutaneous microcirculation of the foot by laser Doppler flowmetry to determine if the epineurial findings were just confined to the nerve or more widespread in other vascular beds. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured foot skin vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic (deepest possible gasp) stimulation in 5 healthy control subjects, 10 non-neuropathic diabetic (NND) patients, 10 diabetic patients with painless neuropathy (PLDN), and 8 diabetic patients with PDN. RESULTS—In PDN, there were significantly reduced responses to Ach (ANOVA P = 0.003) and vasoconstrictor inspiratory gasp (ANOVA P &lt; 0.001) but not to SNP (NS). Post hoc analysis showed significant differences in Ach-induced vasodilation between PDN and nondiabetic control subjects (P &lt; 0.05) as well as between PDN and NND (P &lt; 0.05) but not PDN and PLDN (NS). There were no significant differences for SNP-induced vasodilation. However, there were significant differences in the vasoconstrictor response between PDN and control, NND, and PLDN (P &lt; 0.01). CONCLUSIONS—We found an impairment of cutaneous endothelium-related vasodilation and C-fiber–mediated vasoconstriction in PDN. Inappropriate local blood flow regulation may have a role in the pathogenesis of pain in diabetic neuropathy. Prospective studies are required to determine the temporal relationship of these changes in relation to the emergence of neuropathic pain.
COACHING PRACTICES AND ATHLETES’ BEHAVIOR TOWARD SPORTS

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The coach-athlete relationship in sports is one of those areas affected by the sudden shift in paradigm caused by the pandemic. The coaches’ ability to interact with their athletes has changed after the pandemic crisis. Using the self-determination and behaviorism theories, the study’s primary purpose is to identify the level of coaching practices, the level of athletes’ behavior towards sports, and the significant relationship between these two variables. The participants of this study were 186 varsity athletes from different sports at the college level of the University of Mindanao. This study used a descriptive quantitative correlation study to describe the relationship that naturally occurs between and among them. The study's overall result shows no significant relationship between coaching practices and athletes' behavior toward sports, specifically on the antisocial behavior of athletes. However, the result also revealed that coaching practices have a significant relationship and are related to the athletes' prosocial behavior. The findings indicate that coaching practices did not affect athletes' antisocial behavior, but did affect the athletes’ prosocial behavior with the sport. Future studies could focus on including other aspects of coaching practices as it shows a significant effect on the prosocial behavior of the athlete.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0877/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>