jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Linkage between Productive Safety Net Program and Health Services in Somali Region, Ethiopia: Lessons, Challenges and Missed Opportunities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background The fourth phase of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP 4) included a system of integrated health and nutrition service delivery for its categories of beneficiaries. This include the creation of a temporary direct support (TDS) category for clients that are pregnant and lactating women or caregivers of malnourished children, who are exempted from public work but expected to comply with co-responsibilities which counts towards their public works requirement. This is aimed at improving utilization of health and nutrition services. Methods The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey and used qualitative methods, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions conducted in Gursum and Kebribayah woredas (districts) in Farfan zone of Somali region. The study populations were key actors involved in the linkages of PSNP with health services and the beneficiaries. The study assessed the implementation of the linkage between PSNP4 and health services. Result The implementing actors have adequate knowledge and their expected roles in the linkages between PSNP and the health services. The barriers to effective linkage were poor coordination among the implementing actors, poor monitoring and reporting of compliance with the co-responsibilities by development agents and health extension workers and poor adherence to co-responsibilities by the TDSs clients. Conclusion Considering the size of the program in the region which is targeted to the poor, the Productive Safety net program has the potential to improve access and utilization of health and nutrition services if more efforts are put to strengthen integration and linkages with the health sector and monitoring of compliance of co-responsibilities by the beneficiaries of the program.
The Prevalence of Maternal Obesity at First Antenatal Visit and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study in a Southern Nigerian Region

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Alarmingly, high prevalence of obesity has been reported globally. There is a paucity of data on maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity among pregnant women at their first antenatal visit and its impact on pregnancy outcome. Patients, Materials and Methods: This was an institution-based prospective cohort study involving 1050 pregnant women. Their baseline body mass index (BMI) was calculated and obesity was diagnosed based on the World Health Organisation cutoff of 30 kg/m 2 . They were followed up to delivery and major maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between the obese and nonobese women using appropriate statistical models. Results: The prevalence of obesity at the first ANC visit among the women was 29.55%. Obese pregnant women had higher risk for hypertensive disorders ( P = 0.049, relative risk [RR] =1.40; 95% [CI]: 1.02–1.92) and gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), ( P = 0.003, RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.59–3.35). Other maternal outcomes were comparable in both groups. Obese women also had higher risk of giving birth to a macrosomic infant ( P = 0.001, RR = 2.65; 95% CI: 2.23–3.15). Baseline BMI had stronger positive correlation with infant birth weight than gestational weight gain ( r = 0.43 vs. r = 0.18), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity in pregnancy in this region is high and carries higher risk for major pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and GDM as well as giving birth to a macrosomic infant. Prepregnant lifestyle modification is, therefore, advised for such women.
A Unit Hydrograph Model Considering Spatio-Temporal Variation of Rainfall

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

For many years,the impaction of watershed morphologic and topographic structure and spatio-temporal variation of rainfall on unit hydrograph has been the key question in studying method of watershed flow routing.This paper introduced the traditional classifications of unit hydrograph according to the spatio-temporal variation and analyzed their disadvantages.A new S-curve method considering the spatio-temporal variation of rainfall was proposed.The relationship between the parameters of the new S-curve equation and the barycenter of storm and the intensity of rainfall was found.The unit hydrograph with changing position of storm barycenter and intensity of rainfall can be built by using this method,which has the characteristics of Sherman unit hydrograph and also consider the temporal-spatial variation.
Elucidating the Impact of the Dielectric Environment on Excitons and Trions in 2D Semiconductor Electrodes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (MX 2 ; M = Mo, W; X = S, Se) are a promising class of materials for photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion applications due to their optimal bandgaps and natural abundance. In this configuration, TMDs are placed onto a conductive substrate and employed as a photoelectrode. A key step in the solar energy conversion process is to photo-excite the semiconductor and dissociate the photogenerated excitons to drive a reaction of interest (e.g., H 2 evolution). Because these materials are so physically thin, the excitons are sensitive to the local environment. In this work, we characterize the exciton and trion formation behavior as a function of solvent dielectric, ionic strength, and chemistry. As the dielectric constant of the solvent decreases, trion formation increases. The lower dielectric solvent causes lower Coulombic screening, increasing the probability that an exciton will encounter another electron to generate a trion. I will discuss how these findings relate to a working photoelectrochemical cell.
The Archaeology of Terminology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Archaeology is described as the study of ancient cultures through remains. In this paper the ancient culture is the terminology used within hospital design manuals and the remains are our outdated health buildings. Text is a powerful tool used by architects and designers as a tactic to identify specific spaces and people in a brief, on a drawing, within a building and ultimately on a signboard. The terms used are accompanied by implied information and preconceptions. When we analyse the terminology of architectural healthcare guidelines of the past, we start to understand the underlying questions asked and how the resultant buildings attempted to answer those questions. Attitudes to health, death and everything in between are expressed through these texts and inform the design of hospital buildings, many of which remain in use today. New hospitals have incorporated great changes that reflect efficiency and comfort, the institution and the individual, and health and well-being. However, the reality is many people die in hospital, yet death and dying with dignity are not considered part of the contemporary hospital's core activity. This paper seeks to provoke thought about the implications of the texts that preceded the hospital buildings we live with, with a view to challenging the texts currently being written and the buildings that will follow.
Congestive Failure in a 5-Day-Old Child

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dr. Dale E. Wenlund: A 5-day-old baby boy was referred to this hospital because of congestive failure. The child had been born of a normal full-term pregnancy. There had been a short labor of only one hour and a normal delivery. Initially, he did well but on the fifth day, developed respiratory distress. A diagnosis of congestive failure was made at that time. It was noted that the infant was not cyanotic but had a respiratory rate of 140 per minute and a normal temperature level. On admission to the hospital, he was in respiratory distress but did not appear to be moribund. The blood pressure was thought to be about 60 mm Hg in both the arms and the legs, although this was difficult to determine. The heart beat was in a gallop rhythm at a rate of 140 beats per minute. There was a grade I systolic murmur
Building a Civilization Base on Spiritual Values: Learning from the Struggle of Husain

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The modern paradigm gives a strong influence to the modern people especially in the west. The influence is from its coup to the reality of God by some western thinkers and intellectuals. Than it has the impact to the meaning of advance civilization, futher it gives serious problems to the most social structure. The struggle of Sayyidana Husain as the everlasting history of humanity gives another view to the human concept and advance civilization. The oneness values (tauhid) which is contained by al-Husain, look at the spiritual aspects as the measure of the advance civilization. Therfore the definition of advance civilization has a new space, and opens the way of the inherent potentials as the basic of the advance civilization. This writing tries to open the values of Sayyidina Husain’s struggle in Karbala and mixs it contextually with the concept of Coomaranswammy’s spiritual civilization as the basic meaning of civilization by using the historical and analysis descriptive method. Hence the paradigm of advance civilization has an alternative of the new paradigm, and the spirituality can be a measure of advance civilization.
Effect of Interleukin 18 on Cardiac Myocytes Apoptosis Induced by High Glucose

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Increases in interleukin 18 level has been reported in the damaged muscular tissues of diabetes rat.Whether proinflammatory IL-18 are involved in cardiac myocytes apoptosis induced by high glucose in vitro is uncertain.Objective To investigate the effect of activated interleukin 18 on cardiac myocytes apoptosis induced by high glucose.Methods The cardiac myocytes of rat were divided into five groups as followings:control group(group C);high glucose (25 mmol/L)(group G);high glucose+caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CHO 15 μmol/L group(group I).The viability of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes was measured by MTT assay;apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry;intracellular expression of caspase-3 and the level of mature interleukin 18(mat-IL-18)in the supernatants were analyzed by Western blotting.Results Compared with control myocytes,high glucose deareased viability of cardiac myocytes[(0.23±0.04)vs(0.51±0.05),P0.01];apoptosis rate and the relative gray scale of caspase-3 expression were concomitantly increased[(8.8±0.7)% vs(5.6±0.5)% and (214.6±23.2)% vs (100.2±14.6)%,P0.01].In the presence of Ac-YVAD-CHO,the high glucose induced apoptosis of cardiac myocyte were reduced.The relative gray scale of mature interleukin 18 in the supernatants were decreased[group G (190.1±20.3)% vs group I (109.7±18.5)%,P0.01].Conclusion Mature interleukin 18 mediates the rat cardiac myocytes apoptotic induced by high glucose,which could be inhibited by caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CHO.
Implicit and explicit gender attitudes as predictors of the effectiveness of non-traditionally gendered advertisements.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Explicit measures of gender attitudes are vulnerable to egalitarian norms and thus may not predict the effectiveness of gendered advertising consistently. We report three quantitative studies which manipulate egalitarian norms (Study 1) and employ hierarchical regression analyses to test the predictive power of explicit and implicit gender attitudes in explaining the effectiveness of gendered advertisements. Study 1 (n=47) showed uniquely that only under conditions where egalitarian norms were inactive did the (subtle) explicit Benevolence toward Men attitude predict the effectiveness of non-traditional Househusband advert types (i.e. the higher the benevolence the greater effectiveness of these adverts). Study 2 (n=60) showed that under the same conditions a new paper Implicit Association Test (IAT) predicted their effectiveness better than explicit attitudes (the higher the relative implicit preference for non-traditional vs. traditional male type the greater effectiveness of the Househusband advert). Study 3 (n=72) replicated these findings for non-traditional female advert types (the higher the relative implicit preference for non-traditional vs. traditional female type the greater effectiveness of the Businesswoman advert). Thus paper IATs had greater utility than explicit gender attitude measures in predicting the effectiveness of gendered ads.
Local Delivery of Amikacin and Vancomycin from Chitosan Sponges Prevent Polymicrobial Implant-Associated Biofilm

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Military personnel have high risk for infection, particularly those with combat-related extremity trauma. Administration of multiple or broad-spectrum antibiotics provides clinicians with a strategy for preventing biofilm-based medical device infections. Selection of effective antibiotic combinations based on common pathogens may be used to improve chitosan wound dressing sponge-based local antibiotic delivery systems. In vitro assays in this study demonstrate that vancomycin and amikacin have a synergistic relationship against a strain of osteomyelitis-producing Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, although an indifferent relationship was observed against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In an in vivo model of orthopedic hardware-associated polymicrobial (S. aureus and Escherichia coli) biofilm, chitosan sponges loaded with a combination of vancomycin and amikacin at 5 mg/mL each showed a greater percentage of complete clearance, 50%, than either antibiotic alone, 8.33%. Doubling the loading concentration of the combination achieved a complete clearance rate of 100%, a four log-fold reduction of S. aureus on the wire and a six log-fold reduction in bone. E. coli was detected in bone of untreated animals but did not form biofilm on wires. Results demonstrate the clinical potential of chitosan sponges to prevent infection and illustrates antibiotic selection and loading concentrations necessary for effective biofilm prevention.
The Contribution of Dental Amalgam to Mercury in Blood

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

We determined the exposure to mercury from dental amalgam by comparison of blood levels of mercury before and after removal of all amalgams from ten subjects. Baseline concentrations of mercury in whole blood were measured weekly for four to 18 weeks (median = 6.6 weeks) prior to removal. All amalgams were removed in a single appointment. The subjects had an average of 14 surfaces of amalgam, seven of which were occlusal surfaces. Weekly blood sampling was continued for five to 18 weeks (median=7.6 weeks) after the amalgams were removed. The mean baseline concentration of total mercury in whole blood of the ten subjects was 2.18 (SD = 0.90) ng Hgl mL before the amalgams were removed. The baseline mercury levels were related to the number of amalgam surfaces. The linear correlation coefficient was 0.724 with number of occlusal surfaces, and 0.433 with total number of surfaces. After removal of the amalgams, nine of the ten subjects exhibited a statistically significant decrease in blood mercury at the 95% level of confidence. The mean decrease in mercury was 1.13 (SD = 0.60) ng Hg/mL. The half-time for elimination of mercury from blood after amalgam removal was 30.2 (SD = 5.8) days. Removal of the amalgams provided an additional exposure of 1. 46 (SD = 1.17) ng HglmL that was rapidly cleared from the blood with a half-time of 2.9 days. The daily intake of mercury from amalgam in the subjects was estimated to be at least 1.3 μg.
Growth, Inequality, and Poverty

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Shows the importance of growth for poverty reduction, particularly for income and human development, and how low and declining inequality enhances the impact of growth on poverty. Growth can be made more equitable by improving access to assets and opportunities, but this requires opening market opportunities to poor people and building up their assets as well as making state institutions work better for poor people, removing social barriers, and supporting poor people's organizations. Strong links exist between economic growth and the income and nonincome dimensions of poverty, such as health and education. Deviations in the way policies and institutions underpin growth and provide the basis for poverty reduction reflect the wide diversity of country experience. Cross-country differences in the poverty-growth nexus result from initial inequalities in the distribution of income and opportunities as well as changes in the distribution of income that occur with growth.
Aldosterone, Catecholamines, and CK-BB as Biochemical Markers in Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The author measured blood concentrations of aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and creatine kinase isozyme (brain type) (CK-BB) in 65 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these measurements in determining the severity of acute cerebral damage in such patients. There were 42 males and 23 females ranging in age from 30 to 93 years. Their clinical status was classified as mild or severe on the basis of neurological grading. In the mild group, plasma aldosterone increased slightly at the onset of disease, while the other markers showed no change. In contrast, the severe group showed elevation of all markers on admission, with a gradual return to normal by day 3 to day 7 of hospitalization. Analysis of the data by hematoma site revealed that aldosterone levels increased in patients with thalamic hemorrhage; epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were high in those with pontine hemorrhage; and CK-BB levels were elevated in cases of thalamic and cerebellar hemorrhage. It was also noted that patients in whom all four markers were increased tended to have poor outcomes.
The Analysis of EMAS Efficiency in Industrial Companies: A Case of Lithuania

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The contemporary progress in civilisation is combined with new scientific approaches, technological innovations and the huge and growing use of natural resources, which leads to their over-exploitation and, as a result, to their depletion. There is an opinion that without further regulation of economic growth and excessive harvesting of resources, the entire ecosystem of the Earth can be irreparably destroyed. The 2030 Agenda is based on the decoupling principle, which means that the economic growth of the manufacturing and service sectors must be faster than the consumption of natural resources and energy. To this end, countries around the world have developed and are still pursuing different environmental measures, such as regulations, laws and orders, taxes, etc. The most popular management systems in Europe are ISO 14001 and EMAS. The newest analyses reveal that a large number of companies that have received an EMAS certificate are not willing to renew their registration after some time and the reasons are not very clear yet. The article discusses the methods for environmental impact assessment, sustainable industry development and motivations for resources efficiency. The study of the selected three production companies operating in Lithuania and currently using a pollution prevention tool – the environmental management system – is presented and discussed aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of resources consumption.
Targeting the Receptor-G q Interface to Inhibit in Vivo Pressure Overload Myocardial Hypertrophy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Hormones and neurotransmitters may mediate common responses through receptors that couple to the same class of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding (G) protein. For example, several receptors that couple to G q class proteins can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Class-specific inhibition of G q -mediated signaling was produced in the hearts of transgenic mice by targeted expression of a carboxyl-terminal peptide of the α subunit Gα q . When pressure overload was surgically induced, the transgenic mice developed significantly less ventricular hypertrophy than control animals. The data demonstrate the role of myocardial G q in the initiation of myocardial hypertrophy and indicate a possible strategy for preventing pathophysiological signaling by simultaneously blocking multiple receptors coupled to G q .
BASIC: a high-sensitivity all silicon bolometer focal plane for the SAFARI instrument aboard the SPICA Observatory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The 6 K cooled primary mirror of the SPICA observatory, to be launched in 2018, allows a photometry gain in sensitivity in the far infrared of more than two orders of magnitude when compared with current instrumentation in space. All the proposed detector solutions will have to deploy radically different solutions from previous developments to cope with the extremely low background and very low power budgets available at all the temperature stages. We present the current design of very large "all Silicon" filled Bolometer Arrays cooled below 100 mK, and the solutions we develop for the BASIC (Bolometer Arrays for the All Silicon SAFARI Imaging Camera) focal planes of SAFARI. They will cover simultaneously three wavelength bands between 30 and 210 μm.
Chinguetti: Terrestrial Age and Pre-Atmospheric Radius

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Chinguetti is a 4.5 kg mesosiderite find recovered from the Adra region of Mauretania. In this paper the authors analyse a portion of the recovered sample for cosmogenic radionuclides to determine its terrestrial age, and to determine its pre-atmospheric radius. They determined the terrestrial age of Chinguetti to be < 30 ky. They constrain the pre-atmospheric radius to 50--80 cm and the shielding depths of 15--25 cm. These data indicate that Chinguetti is a comparatively recent fall.
Wheelchair backs that support the spinal curves: Assessing postural and functional changes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: To compare outcomes using a wheelchair back designed to support the natural seated spinal curves versus an upholstered back that promotes posterior pelvic tilt and thoracolumbar kyphosis.Design: Cross-over intervention.Setting: Two free-standing spinal cord injury (SCI) model system hospitals.Participants: Fifty adults with motor complete SCI C6-T4, between the ages of 18-60 years who use a manual wheelchair for mobility were recruited from a convenience sample.Intervention: Each participant's wheelchair back support was removed and replaced by an upholstered back and a solid back in randomized order. Postural and functional outcomes, pain, and satisfaction were evaluated using each back.Outcome measures: Seated postural measurements included pelvic angle, spinal angle of kyphosis and linear measurement of spine. Functional outcomes included vertical forward reach, one stroke push, timed forward wheeling, ramp ascent and descent. Numerical pain rating and a satisfaction survey provided input pertaining to both backs.Results: The solid back demonstrated significance in seated postural measurements. Participants using the solid back trended to higher scores in functional outcome measures including vertical forward reach, one stroke push and timed ramp ascent. Participants reported increased satisfaction with comfort and stability with the solid back.Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that a wheelchair back, which supports the seated spinal curves improves upright posture, functional reach, and wheelchair propulsion skills. Further research is necessary to demonstrate statistical findings as well as to assess back height and lateral support.