jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Online Sales of HIV Self-Test Kits and Implications for HIV Prevention: Analysis of Transaction Data from a Leading E-commerce Platform in China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV self-testing (HIVST) remains unclear. We aimed to quantify the impact of COVID restrictions on HIVST kit purchasing behaviors in mainland China. Methods: Deidentified transaction data were retrieved from a large online shopping platform. An interrupted time series model was constructed to examine the impact of COVID restrictions on the weekly number of anonymous customers purchasing HIVST kits, online orders, and purchased kits. Results: A total of 2.32 million individuals submitted 4.46 million orders for 4.84 million HIVST kits between January 7, 2016, and April 22, 2020. Compared with expected levels, assuming COVID-19 epidemic and related restrictions had not happened, the number of purchasers, orders, and kits decreased by an estimated 10,500 (51.7%), 18,000 (55.3%), and 18,500 (54.9%) in the first week (January 23, 2020, to January 29, 2020) after COVID restrictions were implemented, respectively. As restrictions eased, the number of purchasers, orders, and kits increased by an average of 7.4%, 4.8%, and 4.9% per week, respectively. In the first week after COVID restrictions were lifted (April 9, 2020, to April 15, 2020), the number of purchasers returned to expected levels, whereas the number of orders and kits were still lower than expected levels. The impact of COVID restrictions on outcomes at the beginning of COVID restrictions and the increasing trends of outcomes were larger among those living in regions with higher COVID-19 incidence (eg, Wuhan city and Hubei province). Conclusions: Online sales of HIVST kits were significantly impacted by COVID restrictions, and HIVST kit purchasing patterns returned to expected levels after restrictions were lifted.
Biological conversion of biomass to methane. Quarterly progress report, December 1, 1976--March 31, 1977

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Progress is reported in research on the development of optimum conditions for the production of methane from organic materials by fermentation. Beef lot and dairy herd manures were used in tests of three types of reactors constructed for the study. They are complete mixed, two-stage, and plug flow reactors. Although there are variations in the data collected, preliminary results indicate that the complete mix reactor exhibits better methane production than either of the other two reactor designs. (JGB)
Activity screening of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from alfalfa rhizosphere

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Some rhizobacteria by various mechanisms influence plant growth as they are called plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Scientists identified some PGPR characters involved in promoting plant growth, while all these characters are not able to study. The aim of this study was to evaluate PGP activities of bacterial isolates, (45 isolates belonged to rhizobium and 2 bacterial isolates belonged to Pseudomonas fluorescens), which were isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) rhizosphere and root nodules grown around Zanjan. Materials and methods: These bacteria were isolated from alfalfa roots grown around Zinc industries in Zanjan province. After bacterial isolation and purification from root and soil samples, isolates were screened in vitro for plant growth promoting traits such as IAA (Indole Acetic Acid), ACC- deaminase (Amino Cyclopropan Carboxylate), HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide), siderophore, chitinase production and mineral and organic phosphate solubilization activities. Results: The results indicated that 43 bacterial isolates produced IAA (4.04- 4.95 μg/ml) and 15 isolates produced ACC- deaminase (0.23- 1.05 μg/ml). Only one isolate (Rm66) produced high amount of HCN. Qualitative siderophore production was observed in 9 isolates. None of the isolates produced chitinase. Solubilization of mineral phosphate was commonly detected in 19 isolates (4.33- 5.86 μg/ml), and 15 isolates solubilized organic phosphate (1.66- 144.28 μg/ml). Discussion and conclusion: This study shows that most of the bacterial strains which isolated from alfalfa cultivated lands had PGP activities and also a good potential to increase plant growth after inoculation with to seeds as eco- friendly fertilizers.
The Decomposition of cis‐Fused Cyclopenteno‐1,2,4‐Trioxanes induced by Ferrous Salts and some oxophilic reagents

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Two cis ‐fused cyclopenteno‐1,2,4‐trioxanes, 1a and 1b , were subjected to Zn in AcOH or FeCl 2 · 4H 2 O in MeCN. In the first case, the main course was deoxygenation to give cyclopentanone ( 18 ) and the 1,4‐diphenyl‐ or 1,4‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)cyclopent‐3‐ene‐1,2‐diol 10 ( Scheme 5 ). In the second case, isomerization chiefly occurred resulting in the formation of a dimer 9 of the respective 3,5‐diaryl‐5‐hydroxycyclopent‐2‐enyl 5‐hydroxypentanoates 8 ( Scheme 3 ).
Blood substitutes: how close to a solution?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The term "blood substitute" is commonly misused when "red cell substitute (RCS) is meant. The ideal RCS should deliver (i) oxygen; (ii) require no compatibility testing; (iii) cause few side effects; (iv) have prolonged storage qualities; (v) persist in the circulation and (vi) be available at reasonable cost. While no drug with all these qualities is on the near horizon, several early generation RCS are approaching submission for licensing, at least for limited indications. Haemoglobin-derived RCS from human, bovine and recombinant sources, as well as perfluorochemicals that dissolve 02 are in different stages of development. While each formulation has its own physical characteristics, biological activities, and adverse reaction profile, all share one characteristic: the physiological consequences of delivering 02 with small molecules is poorly understood and may both account for problems seen in the clinical trials and provide therapeutic opportunities for the cancer patient. Those RCS in phase III trials all have a half-life measured in hours and are unlikely to replace transfusions or drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis for chronic anaemia, but they may play a role (i) in military and civilian trauma as resuscitation solutions, (ii) as a bridge to transfusion when no compatible blood is immediately available, (iii) as an adjunct to the autologous haemodilution management of surgery, or even (iv) in radiation therapy or the management of cancer-related vascular occlusive syndromes.
Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of breast lesions.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article reviews the current status of Doppler sonography in breast neoplasms. The results already reported in the literature all indicate that more vessels are displayed and higher flow velocities are measured in malignant tumors than in benign conditions. The potential role of Doppler sonography remains to be definitively determined. It appears that high measured flow velocities and markedly elevated number of detectable vessel density indicate malignancy. However, Doppler sonography does not make it possible to rule out cancer, since a subset of malignant tumors show few Doppler signals or none at all. The use of Doppler sonography for monitoring the results of treatment is currently being evaluated.
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy Mediated by COVID-19 Infection: Insights into its Clinical Features and Pathogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) is a rare retinal condition that predominantly affects young females. The incidence of AMN increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby providing a unique opportunity to elucidate the etiology of this disease. In the present study, 24 articles reporting 59 patients were reviewed. The average age of the patients was 33.51 ± 14.02 years, ranging from 16 to 75 years, with females comprising 71.19% of the cases. The average duration of ocular symptoms post-infection was 8.22 ± 10.69 days, ranging from 4 to 150 days. This study investigated the potential pathogenesis of AMN, including the impact of COVID-19 on retinal neurovascular structure and function, immune-mediated inflammatory factor production, blood-retinal barrier disruption, and retinal microvascular damage, as well as potential clinical therapeutic interventions. This research provides a theoretical framework that can inform further investigations of AMN.
100 K Cooling Performance of a Modified Collins Cycle Cryocooler for In-space Applications

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents 100 K cooling performance of a Modified Collins cycle cryocooler designed for in-space cooling applications. Descriptions of this lightweight, high efficiency, and power dense cryocooler design are included. Experimental results are shown of a single-stage floating piston design with active control designed to provide 100 W of cooling at temperatures below 100 K. Maintenance of in-space cryogenic fuels (liquid methane and liquid hydrogen) and liquid oxygen should be possible with this medium-scale, continuous flow architecture.
Politics in Groups

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study of government in society has tended to concentrate on the State, yet government and politics exist and operate in other associations than the State. Not only political institutions like parties and interest groups but also football clubs, like that at Pentrediwaith, or other associations are microcosms of the State with their own government and internal politics. This internal politics can have a significance for the State and can be studied for this reason, but it can also operate in a way that has little if any significance for the State while nevertheless having an importance for those who are seeking simply to understand government and politics as integral features of the life of man in society.
Reproductive cycle and size at first sexual maturity of the white shrimp Penaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936) in northeastern Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study aimed to investigate the reproductive cycle and size at first maturity of Penaeus schmitti through a macro and microscopic approach.Between August 2011 and July 2012, 1169 specimens were collected by an artisanal fishing vessel operating a double trawl off the coast of Pernambuco, northeast Brazil.The total proportion of males (42%) was significantly lower than females (58%), corresponding to the sex ratio of 1:1.38.The total body length at first ovarian maturation (TL50) in females was estimated at 14.2 cm.The ovarian development was divided into four distinct stages based on histological characteristics and visual observations.This is the first reported occurrence of vitellogenic oocytes in the spent stage of P. schmitti, indicating a rapid ovarian maturation after spawning.Furthermore, the frequency of maturation stages, diameter of oocytes and gonadosomatic index were distributed homogeneously throughout the study period, reinforce a continuous reproductive cycle for P. schmitti population in northeastern Brazil.
Simultaneous measurement of all thermoelectric properties of bulk materials in the temperature range 300–600 K

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Thermoelectric materials can directly convert heat into electrical energy. The characterization of different materials is an important part in thermoelectric materials research to improve their properties. Usually, different methods and setups are combined for the temperature dependent determination of all thermoelectric key quantities — Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Here, we present a measurement system for the simultaneous determination of all of these quantities plus the direct determination of the figure of merit by means of the Harman method zTH in a temperature range from room temperature up to 600 K. A simultaneous measurement saves time and reduces the measurement error, and the change of all material properties can be monitored even for unstable materials. Thermal conductivity measurements are inherently affected by undesired thermal losses, in particular, through radiation at higher temperatures. We show a simple experimental approach to measure radiation losses and correct for those. Comparative measurements on traditional systems show good agreement for all measured quantities.
Infrared Imaging Using Microcantilevers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A micromechanical detector using microcantilever for infrared (IR) radiation is demonstrated. Because of their small size and low thermal mass, these microcantilever IR detectors are promising new family of IR sensors. This novel IR sensor is based on deflection due to IR adsorption induced thermal stress on a bimaterial cantilever which can be monitored with several methods such as optical deflection or piezoresistive. When laser-deflection-monitored Si4N4 microcantilevers coated with a 40nm thick coating of gold were irradiated by a low-power diode laser, the noise equivalent power and specific detectivity, NEP and D* were found to be 173pW/Hz and 7.18 × 108cmHz/W, respectively, when compensation for the laser reflectivity was made.
Effect of heat treatment on the properties of surimi gel from black mouth croaker (Atrobucca nibe).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of surimi gel-forming ability due to different heating conditions. Textural properties, whiteness, expressible moisture, microstructure and protein pattern of the gel specimens were determined. All gel samples were incubated for 18 hours at 4°C before applying for analyses. Kamaboko gel (KK) by setting sol at 40°C prior to cooking at 90°C for 20 min showed the highest breaking force (623.20±21.74 g), followed by directly heated (DH) and modori (MD) gels, respectively (p<0.05). The highest expressible moisture (5.269±0.09%) and whiteness (73.91±0.02%) were found in DH gel (p<0.05). Conversely, two-steps heated gels (i.e. KK and MD) showed lowest expressible drip and whiteness (p<0.05). KK had the higher interconnected three-dimensional protein networks than other gels. High Hardness (1.6-3.8 Kg force) and deformation (10.73 to 12.06 mm) of black mouth croaker surimi gels, introduce that this low fat and white-fleshed fish species could be used for producing high quality surimi-based products. Analysis of SDS- PAGE indicated that myosin heavy chain (MHC) as a major protein with a high density band in surimi, decreased in all gels. However, MHC was more retained in DH gel. In conclusion, preparation of KK enhanced the gel-forming properties of surimi.
The distribution, density, and biomass of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on natural substrates in Lake Winnipeg 2017–2019

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The distribution, density, biomass and size-structure of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) population in Lake Winnipeg were examined between 2017 and 2019. Zebra mussels have colonized most of the available hard substrate in the south basin and Narrows region, but colonization of the north basin remains low at present, even on suitable substrate. Numerical densities and shell free biomass peaked at 5530 ± 953 m−2 and 64.7 ± 57.9 g shell free dry mass m−2 respectively. The distribution appeared to be strongly limited by substrate type and availability, with further limitations on the distribution imposed by physical disturbance in shallow waters and unsuitable substrate in deeper areas of the lake. Zebra mussels <1 year old dominated the populations, and individuals >18 mm were exceedingly rare. Poor recruitment was observed at sites along the eastern side of the south basin compared to elsewhere in the lake. The proximate causes of these differences in colonization success and recruitment are not clear, but may be in part due to heterogeneous patterns of key physico-chemical environmental conditions such as calcium concentrations required for successful development of juvenile mussels and colder water temperatures in the north basin. This study provides a baseline of information on which to track further expansion of zebra mussels in Lake Winnipeg and assist efforts to develop an understanding of how zebra mussels may affect the ecology of Lake Winnipeg.
A study of mixed legal systems: endangered, entrenched, or blended, edited by S. Farran, E. Örücü, and S.P. Donlan, Farnham and Burlington, Ashgate (Juris Diversitas Series)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This edited volume offers a number of detailed and fascinating case studies of mixed legal systems (i.e., mixed systems of common law and civil law) from across the globe: Cyprus, Guyana, Jersey, Mauritius, the Philippines, Quebec, Saint Lucia, Scotland, and Seychelles. It explores the question of the extent to which the elements of these mixed systems may be seen to be “entrenched”, “endangered”, or “blended.” The studies include colourful histories of the jurisdictions, of their complex relationships to parent legal systems, and of language, legal education, and legal actors. They explore how legal change happens, question whether some systems are at greater risk than others, and detail various strategies aimed at accelerating or counteracting change.
Mathematical thinking through different representations and analogy

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Mathematical thinking is a core element in mathematics education and classroom learning. This paper wish to investigate how primary four (grade 4) students develop their mathematical thinking through working on tasks in multiplication where greatest products of multiplication are required. The tasks include the format of many digit times one digit, 2 digits times 2 digits up to 3 digits times 3 digits. It is found that the process of mathematical thinking of students depends on their own representation in obtaining the product. And the solution is obtained through a pattern/analogy and pattern plus process. This specific learning process provides data for understanding structure and mapping in problem solving. The result shows that analogy allows successful extension of solution structure in the tasks.
Analytic Expressions of Potential and Electric Field Generated by a Triangular Surface Charge with Second-order Charge Density

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes analytic expressions of the potential and electric field generated by a triangular surface charge which uses a second-order function for representing the charge density on the element. These expressions are applicable to the surface charge method in electric field calculations. In general the high-order charge density improve the calculation accuracy.
Oxalate-induced changes in renal epithelial cell function: role in stone disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many studies on the etiology of stone disease have focused on the properties of urine that affect crystal nucleation and growth. More recent studies have focused on the properties of the renal epithelium and the role of injury in crystal retention. The latter studies have shown that oxalate exposure per se can damage renal epithelial cells and enhance crystal binding. This overview summarizes findings of specific biochemical and genetic alterations observed in renal epithelial cells after exposure to oxalate. In LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells, oxalate exposure produces marked effects on membranes, causing a redistribution of phosphatidylserine and activation of two lipid signaling cascades, one involving phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and one involving ceramide. Longer exposure to oxalate leads to membrane damage and cell death. Adaptive responses are also observed, including proliferation (for replacement of damaged cells) and induction of various genes (for cellular replacement and repair). Many or all of these responses are blocked by antioxidants, and many can be mimicked by PLA(2) agonists/products. This finding suggests links between oxalate-induced increases in oxidant stress, lipid signaling pathways, and subsequent molecular responses that may eventuate in renal cell damage or death. Whether such changes play a role in stone disease in vivo, and whether strategies to inhibit these changes would be beneficial therapeutically, is unknown.
High Natural Background Radiation Areas: A Literature Review that Reveals Systematic Adaptive Response but Controversial Data With Single Dose

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The natural radiation background contributes to the dose of ionizing radiation received by the whole population. However, the telluric component of the natural background radiation is not homogenous on Earth: while the average effective dose has been estimated to be 2.4 mSv/year worldwide, certain regions are considered as high natural background radiation areas (HBRA). To investigate the specificities of a continuous exposure to low-dose-rate irradiation, we reviewed data of the major HBRA from 98 studies published between 1973 and 2023. Three conclusions were drawn: 1) the dose received by the HBRA inhabitants is much lower than values assessed on hot spots : at Ramsar (Iran), 260 mSv/year were assessed at the highest hotspots but the maximal estimated dose-rate received by inhabitants is 80 mSv/year; 2) when DNA or chromosome breaks, cancer or accelerated aging are used as endpoints, no significant difference was observed between cells from HBRA and non-HBRA inhabitants; 3) conversely, adaptive response effect was systematically observed on ex vivo lymphocytes from HBRA inhabitants when they are exposed to a high dose ranging for 0.25 to 4 Gy. A mechanistic model based on the radiation-induced nucleoshuttling of the ATM protein provides an explanation to these last two conclusions.
Distributed variable stiffness joint assist mechanism based on laminated structure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Exoskeleton technology is more and more widely used in military, human rehabilitation, and other fields, but exoskeleton assisting mechanisms have problems such as high quality, concentrated driving sources, and poor flexibility. This article proposes a distributed variable stiffness joint power-assisted mechanism based on a laminated structure, which uses a giant magnetostrictive material as the driving source and the variable stiffness source of the structure. The distributed driving is realized by multiple driving units connected in series and parallel. Firstly, the drive unit stiffness matrix is deduced, and the expression equations of the cascaded total stiffness matrix of the drive module are obtained. After the simulation study, the curve of the stiffness of a single drive unit with a magnetic field and the stiffness of multiple drive units connected in series and parallel are in the absence of the magnetic field. The change curve of the stiffness of the booster module with the number of drive units under the excitation and saturation magnetic field excitation conditions is to achieve the effect of dynamically controlling the structural stiffness of the drive unit by controlling the size of the magnetic field and to obtain a general formula through data fitting. The number of drive units required under a fixed magnetic field excitation can ensure that the error is within 5%. The research results lay the foundation for further analysis of the distributed variable stiffness joint assist technology.