jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The phase problem and its implications in the least-squares refinement of crystal structures

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is found that covariance problems encountered in pseudosymmetric crystal structures are caused by an incorrect use of the least-squares refinement procedure. Rederivation of the least-squares equations for the situation in which the residual need not have the phase angle α or α + π, where α is the phase angle associated with a trial structure, reveals that the minimization of the component at π/2 to α has been omitted from the least-squares equations. Inclusion of the extra terms associated with this minimization reveals that it should now be possible to refine a centrosymmetric crystal in an non-centrosymmetric space group. It is also shown that the use of weights derived from counting statistics alone is incorrect and, with a correct weighting scheme, ΣwΔ2/(n - m) should reduce to one in a single cycle. The weighting scheme is re-evaluated for further refinement cycles.
BAD Ser128 Is Not Phosphorylated by c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase for Promoting Apoptosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The phosphorylation and regulation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BAD by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is controversial. JNK can suppress interleukin-3 withdrawal-induced apoptosis via phosphorylation of BAD at Thr201. However, it has also been reported that JNK promotes apoptosis through phosphorylation of BAD at Ser128. Here, we report that JNK is not a BAD Ser128 kinase. JNK phosphorylates murine BAD (mBAD), but not human BAD (hBAD), in which Ser91 is equivalent to Ser128 in mBAD. In contrast, Cdc2, which phosphorylates Ser128, phosphorylates both mBAD and hBAD. Replacement of Ser128 by alanine has no effects on BAD phosphorylation by JNK in vitro and in vivo. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping in combination with phosphoamino acid analysis reveals that JNK does not phosphorylate BAD at Ser128. Elimination of Ser128 phosphorylation has no effects on the proapoptotic activity of BAD in apoptosis induced by UV via JNK or growth factor withdrawal. Thus, our results show that Ser128 is not phosphorylated by JNK for promoting cell death.
Method development for structural analysis of complex polysaccharides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Methylierungsanalyse für Fucoidane, eine Klasse von Algenpolysacchariden, optimiert, um ihre Kohlenhydrat-Verknüpfungen sowie Sulfatierungsmuster und -grad genau zu bestimmen. Die verfeinerte Methode wurde zur Überprüfung einer Vielzahl von Fucoidan-Proben eingesetzt, mit Cladosiphon okamuranus-Fucoidan als Referenz. Die Analyse umfasste vorbereitende Schritte zur Authentizitätsprüfung: Monosaccharid-Profil, Sulfatierungsgrad und FTIR-Analyse.Die Methodenoptimierung umfasste vier wesentliche Verbesserungen: 1) Lithiumdimsyl zur Deprotonierung für eine vollständige Methylierung; 2) Zugabe von Lithiumdimsyl unter wasserfreien Bedingungen in Inertatmosphäre; 3) Festphasenextraktion (SPE) mit C-18-Umkehrphasensäulen anstelle der üblichen Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion zur Isolierung des permethylierten, sulfatierten Fucoidans; 4) ein optimiertes GC-Ofenprogramms in Kombination mit einer stationären Phase auf Cyanopropylbasis (HP-88 statt der üblichen DB-5-Kapillarsäulen) für eine optimale Trennung der Fucosederivate. Mit diesem Ansatz wurden frühere Coelutionsprobleme gelöst und ein präziser Vergleich der Produkte, teilweise methylierte Alditolacetate (PMAAs), von sulfatiertem und desulfatiertem Fucoidan ermöglicht. Zusätzliche Sulfatierungsanalysen, z. B. mittels FTIR, Gelatinetrübung oder Elementaranalyse, sind wegen der Depolymerisationsreaktionen während der Desulfatierung, die die Bestimmung des Sulfatmusters stark erschweren, unerlässlich.In der Studie wurden folgende Fucoidaneuntersucht: Fucus serratus, Fucus evanescens, Fucus vesiculosus und Laminaria hyperborea. Die artenabhängige strukturelle Variabilität wurde bestätigt, und zweifelhafte Strukturen aus früheren Berichten wurden korrigiert. Die vorherrschende Verknüpfung in Fucoidan ist 1,3-verknüpfte Fucose, neben 1,2- und 1,4-Verknüpfungen. Die Sulfatierung erfolgt entweder als Monosulfat (an C-2 oder C-4) oder als Disulfat (an C-2 und C-4 oder C-2 und C-3).
Gunter Pritsch - "Bienenweide", published by Kosmos, Stuttgart, 2007

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The reviewed book “Bienenweide” (“Bee pastures”) is a compendium of knowledge on honey bee plants. Its advantage is its rich photographic documentation in the form of excellently reproduced colourful photographs and tabulated data which are easily accessible for the reader. It can be a valuable scientific resource for researchers involved in evaluation of the apicultural value of both crop plants and plants found in natural plant communities. This book can also provide valuable information to practi-cing beekeepers interested in species selection designed to expand food resources for the honey bee and other pollinators. It can also be re-commended as the literature of the subject to university students in the fields of agriculture and horticulture.
Concentration-dependent transient reduction of impedances by intracochlear steroid injections with a cochlear catheter

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Steroids can reduce foreign body reaction and excessive scarring. The extent of connective tissue growth around the cochlear implant (CI) electrode correlates with the postoperatively measurable impedances. In previous studies, it was possible to achieve a concentration-dependent lowering of the impedances by intracochlear triamcinolone injection using a specially designed cochlear catheter also in apical areas of the cochlea. In order to evaluate the sustainability of this effect, the patients were tracked accordingly and long-term data were evaluated.
Do direct-democratic procedures lead to higher acceptance than political representation?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Are direct-democratic decisions more acceptable to voters than decisions arrived at through representative procedures? We conduct an experimental online vignette study with a German sample to investigate how voters’ acceptance of a political decision depends on the process through which it is reached. For a set of different issues, we investigate how acceptance varies depending on whether the decision is the result of a direct-democratic institution, a party in a representative democracy, or an expert committee. Our results show that for important issues, direct democracy generates greater acceptance; this finding holds particularly for those voters who do not agree with a collectively chosen outcome. However, if the topic is of limited importance to the voters, acceptance does not differ between the mechanisms. Our results imply that a combination of representative democracy and direct democracy, conditional on the distribution of issue importance among the electorate, may be optimal with regard to acceptance of political decisions.
Using Butterfly-patterned Partial Sums to Draw from Discrete Distributions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe a simd technique for drawing values from multiple discrete distributions, such as sampling from the random variables of a mixture model, that avoids computing a complete table of partial sums of the relative probabilities. A table of alternate (“butterfly-patterned”) form is faster to compute, making better use of coalesced memory accesses; from this table, complete partial sums are computed on the fly during a binary search. Measurements using cuda 7.5 on an nvidia Titan Black gpu show that this technique makes an entire machine-learning application that uses a Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model with 1,024 topics about 13% faster (when using single-precision floating-point data) or about 35% faster (when using double-precision floating-point data) than doing a straightforward matrix transposition after using coalesced accesses.
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T7.1 Annual croplands

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for T7.1 Annual croplands, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (v2.0). Please refer to Keith et al. (2020) for details. The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).
The Lika-Krbava County in the Identity of Lika

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Autor analizira povijesno znacenje Licko-krbavske županije na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljece u procesima kristalizacije identiteta Like na cjelokupnom suvremenom prostoru od doline Zrmanje do obronaka Velike i Male Kapele.
A model of nonlinear ion drift spectrometry for gas detectors with separating chamber of cylindrical geometry

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A model of nonlinear ion drift spectrometry for modern gas analyzers with separating chamber of cylindrical geometry is developed. In this case, a peak in the ionogram corresponds to the appearance of a limit cycle in the space of trajectories of the dynamical system. The experimentally observed ion beam focusing is theoretically calculated. For the separating voltage described by a piecewise constant function and the nonlinear mobility component described by a simple model, the shape of ionograms is determined and an analytical expression for the compensating voltage as a function of the separating field is obtained.
Disgrace, Weakness, Rubbish? Material Culture of the GDR in Selected German Films After 1990

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article focuses on the material culture of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as portrayed in selected German films made after 1990 and set in the GDR. The objects that are used in the films serve as a special kind of artefacts, symbolizing the reality of the GDR and defining it as imperfect, below expectations, and inefficient in meeting consumer demand. An important point of reference in the article is the context of post-communist nostalgia, which is a source of interesting symbolic redefinitions.
Front Cover: Redox‐Active BIAN‐Based Iron Complexes in Catalysis (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 30/2022)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Front Cover shows some of the key features and benefits of employing BIANs as redox non-innocent ligands including a chemist with two flasks helping to illustrate just how “simple” BIAN synthesis can be. The ability to use ligands as electron reservoirs capable of storing and releasing electrons on demand in catalysis has helped to unleash an onslaught of 1st-row metal catalysts onto the chemical catalysis community. Armed with non-innocent ligands, chemists have started developing new mechanisms and transformations of iron-based complexes. This review describes recent advances in the field of [BIAN-Fe] chemistry and catalytic applications of such complexes. We wish to thank Adrian Ernesto Pérez for help with the design of the image. More information can be found in the Review by M. A. Chacon-Teran and M. Findlater.
Effects of light and temperature on symptom development and virus content of tobacco leaves inoculated with potato mop‐top virus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Necrotic spots or small rings develop after 3–4 days in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi‐nc inoculated with potato mop‐top virus and kept at 14 °C in continuous light (4320 lux); a series of concentric necrotic rings of increasing diameter then form at 2‐ to 3‐day intervals around each initial lesion. Successive rings take longer to appear when either the light intensity or the photoperiod is decreased. Virus accumulation is much decreased and lesions rarely develop either at 14· in darkness or at 22° in light. Virus accumulates rapidly when plants are transferred from these conditions to 14° in light (4320 lux), and necrotic spots or rings develop whose size depends on the interval between inoculation and transfer, and on the conditions during this period. In such plants, necrosis seems to occur only when conditions become favourable for virus synthesis, it is confined to recently infected cells and it does not prevent virus spread to further healthy cells. From the sizes of the necrotic rings, the virus is estimated to invade tissue in light (4320 lux) at c. 38 μm/h at 22° and c. 16 μm/h at 14°. Invasion in darkness at either temperature is very slow. Necrotic rings develop, and the rate of virus accumulation increases when inoculated plants are transferred from 22° in light (4320 lux) to 14° in darkness, but no lesions appear when the order of the treatments is reversed. The process of lesion formation thus includes an early phase requiring light and a later phase requiring low temperature. The light‐requiring phase takes about a day at 14° but less at 22°. The later phase takes about 2 days in light (4320 lux) or 3 days in darkness.
ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

U ovom radu su prikazane karakteristike energetske efikasnosti zgradarstva te nužnost primjene istih kako bi se osiguralo smanjenje potrosnje energije prema principima održive gradnje. Energetska certifikacija predstavlja osnovni alat za uspjesnu implementaciju smjernica energetske efikasnosti. Europska unija je sa željom smanjenja potrosnje energije i emisije CO2 pocela sa snažnom promocijom Pasivne kuce kao standarda gradnje. Istraživackim radom sa racunalnom podlogom je prikazana ekonomska i ekoloska isplativost uvođenja Pasivne kuce kao standarda gradnje unutar Hrvatskih okvira.
Efficiency and Innovation in Offshore Renewable Energy: A Surrogate Modeling Approach to Mooring System Optimization

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper introduces an advanced framework for the multi-objective optimization of mooring systems in offshore renewable energy applications. Employing a machine learning-based surrogate model integrated with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), the approach efficiently navigates the complex design space. The framework, demonstrated through the optimization of a mooring system for a wave energy converter, emphasizes minimizing manufacturing costs and maximizing x-direction offset motion while adhering to specified constraints. Utilizing validated numerical models, the surrogate model is trained on a comprehensive dataset, enabling accurate predictions of tension and platform motion. The integration of a genetic algorithm systematically explores design possibilities, with the surrogate model validating each generation, eliminating the need for time-intensive simulations. The study produces a spectrum of optimal solutions, offering insights into the intricate interplay between design modifications, cost considerations, and platform motion. This nuanced understanding facilitates informed decision-making in the realm of offshore renewable energy projects, providing a valuable contribution to mooring system design optimization.
The richness of plants in Art Nouveau gardens

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>The turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries signified the appearance of a new trend in art called Art Nouveau in England, <em>Stile floreale</em> in Italy, and in Poland – <em>secesja</em>. It was an attempt to escape from the style that copied historical forms and set a new direction of development. The main inspiration for the creators of this period became nature, its asymmetry, variety of textures, subtle colors or smooth, and wavy lines. Artistic motifs were drawn from the richness of native flora and fauna. Flowering shrubs, perennials and creepers were especially inseparable decorative and compositional elements of a garden. </p><p>Secession had a significant impact on painting, sculpture, architecture, and garden design. The space surrounding people was treated comprehensively by blurring the boundaries between different arts. A multitude of shrubs – especially roses and lots of perennials such as <em>Lilium</em>, <em>Iris</em>, and <em>Phlox</em>, gave the impression of architecture immersing in the surrounding garden.</p><p>The aim of the paper was to briefly analyze the Art Nouveau style and present the diversity of species used in the gardens of that period.</p>
The Conical Methodology: A Framework for Simulation Model Development

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Conical Methodology, intended for large discrete event simulation modeling, is reviewed from two perspectives. The designer perspectivebegins with the question: What is a methodology? From an answer to that question is framed an inquiry based on an objective/principles/attributes linkage that has proved useful in evaluating software development methodologies. The user perspective addresses the role of a methodology vis a vis the software utilities (the tools) that comprise the environment. Principles of a methodology form the needs analysis by which the requirements for tool design can be derived. A comparison with software development methodologies and some applications for the Conical Methodologies comprise the concluding summary.
Deformations of minimal cohomology classes on abelian varieties

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show that the infinitesimal deformations of the Brill--Noether locus $W_d$ attached to a smooth non-hyperelliptic curve $C$ are in one-to-one correspondence with the deformations of $C$. As an application, we prove that if a Jacobian $J$ deforms together with a minimal cohomology class out the Jacobian locus, then $J$ is hyperelliptic. In particular, this provides an evidence to a conjecture of Debarre on the classification of ppavs carrying a minimal cohomology class. Finally, we also study simultaneous deformations of Fano surfaces of lines and intermediate Jacobians.
[Initial experience with preorally administered dipotassium clorazepate and tilidine-naloxone in extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After 70 treatments with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), using a combination of dipotassiumclorazepate p.o. 12 h before treatment and tilidin-naloxon 45 min before ESWL, 56 patients reported to be painfree or only minor, well-tolerable pain. Informed consent was obtained in all patients for this pilot study, leaving the possibility of further pain medication. 7 patients asked for an additional analgesic (fentanyl) and another 7 patients required a sedative (midazolam). No further anesthesiologic procedures were necessary. Nausea was observed in one patient as a possible side-effect of tilidin. To confirm these preliminary results, a prospective randomized study is currently conducted.
Recent Microwave Absorber Wall-Reflectivity Measurement Methods [Measurements Corner]

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The classical and widely used termination - VSWR method, used to measure the reflectivity of an absorber wall in an anechoic chamber, has been recently upgraded. This measurement (slotted-line measurement type) was in the past realized frequency by frequency, with an amplitude transmitter/receiver and one antenna on a moving cart. It is now possible to cover a complete frequency bandwidth without any movement with the advanced VSWR method (AVSWR), and also with the RCS method. These two complementary methods do not require antenna movement, and allow measuring complete bandwidths at the same time, where only a few frequencies were measured before. It is not an exaggeration to say that the progress is as high as the transition between the slotted-line measurement technique and automated vector network analyzers at the end of the 1970s.
Feasibility study of the telemedicine systems deployment in rehabilitation centers for addiction therapy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study aim was to determine the feasibility to establish a telemedicine system in one of the rehabilitation and addiction treatment centers in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive-cross sectional. The research population consisted of 28 people, who were the head and Senior Executive Manager, financial director, IT manager, physicians, nurses and counselors of the addiction center. Due to the small number of statistical population, a total number of sampling was performed. The field research tool was interview, observation and standard questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by professors and experts and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.87). SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results : Our studied center, has the sufficient technical infrastructures needed to implement Telemedicine, and the IT department has a good level of awareness about telemedicine technology. The center does not have any strategic plan that includes telemedicine, and the manager board does not support telemedicine, but the center has the support of the chief executive manager on this matter. The shortage of technical staff, insurance and reimbursement problems, initial costs and medical staff shortages, current costs, and training and medical staff resistance are, in the order of priority, the major barriers to telemedicine implementation, and time barriers, employee attitudes, privacy and licensing issues , issues of confidentiality and competition are less important. Conclusion: Considering that the Rehabilitation and Addict Treatment Center has the technical infrastructures necessary for the implementation of the telemedicine system, as well as the IT department manager is familiar with telemedicine technology, the cost of deploying this system in the center is not significant and is cost-effective. It is recommended to develop an appropriate strategic plan, conduct training programs to change the administrative staff culture and coordinate with the insurer's organizations.