jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Per-Unit Ethanol Tax on Wine Prices : A Comparative Perspective: Sweden and Germany

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

After Swedish alcohol retail monopoly, Systembolaget, changed the taxation for alcohol sold in retail stores according to its absolute alcohol content in 1992, Ponicki et al. (1997) used this opportunity to examine the effect of per-unit alcohol tax on the prices of spirits, comparing before and after, and found that beverages from higher price range experienced a relatively smaller rise in price in percentage terms than the beverages from lower price range, which can be described as compression of prices. This paper builds on the statement and findings by Ponicki et al. in 1997 and looks at whether or not unit taxes on ethanol content, as opposed to ad valorem taxes, compress the price range and make low quality wines relatively more expensive after-tax in Sweden as compared to no alcohol-content taxation. For the purposes of comparison German wine market is selected due to its market specifics (no per-unit taxes on wine), geographical proximity and availability of wide range data. The perception that the Swedish Pigouvi-an alcohol content tax should make wines in low price ranges relatively more expensive than its pre-tax price and in high ranges relatively cheaper (Kronstam, B.-G., 2010) did not receive thorough support in this paper.
Challenge Facing Sudanese Business Organizations For Using Knowledge Management System

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The current century is focusing toward knowledge-based system. Knowledge is a fundamental resource for developing a knowledge-based system and it can give power to any organization. Because of that, every Sudanese organization is going to changes and is required to adapt to the changes for good results. While the field of Knowledge Management has long been studied by scholars of several disciplines, there remain significant challenges for the future. The Most people expect the economy to grow and competition to increase in Sudan. In our paper, we will focus on Challenge Facing Sudanese Business Organizations for Using Knowledge Management System. These challenges reside in Sudanese organization by both theoretical and conceptual studies include; The Growth of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Globalization, Knowledge Management and Organizational Competitiveness, Culture, The individual, Shared leadership, and others. On this paper we will use an observation and literature survey from all possible sources and formats based on knowledge management challenges.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP WITH THE SUPPORT OF EU FUNDS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Streszczenie: Pobudzanie przedsiębiorczości indywidualnej w Polsce jest jednym z priorytetowych obszarów prowadzonej polityki gospodarczej.Cel ten pochłania wysokie środki publiczne, w tym te wpisane w fundusze europejskie.Okazuje się jednak, że znaczącym subsydiom nie towarzyszy wysoki ilościowy przyrost liczby przedsiębiorstw osób fizycznych
Activities of the Consular Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Years of the Austro-Hungarian Occupation 1878 – 1881

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The system of capitulations was dominant from the 16th century in economic and political relations of the Ottoman Empire and the European countries. Capitulations had always emphasized the right of foreign consuls to execute consular jurisdiction in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Since the Eyalet of Bosnia was an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls included that area, which had especially become significant in the 19th century when the leading European powers increasingly started to open their consulates in this part of the Empire. However, after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, it aimed at terminating everything the capitulations contained regarding this area. The paper analyses the dynamics of termination of the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls, the termination of the Austro-Hungarian consulates and the establishment of the new practice of appointment of foreign consuls in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878.
Effect of pretreatments on drying of red dacca in a single slope solar dryer

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Pretreatment of fruits normally increases moisture loss and reduces the overall drying period. The combination of pretreatments and drying assures the least color difference, excellent preservation, and better antioxidant activity. Pretreatment of Red Dacca is soaked in four different solutions, namely honey, lemon juice, sugar syrup, and ascorbic acid, for 10 min. The best solution for pretreatment is investigated among the selected samples. The results indicated that dipping the red dacca in ascorbic acid and lemon juice had a higher impact on moisture loss. The moisture content of the red dacca control samples reduced from 74 to 14% on a wet basis within 8 hr, whereas pretreated red dacca reaches an equilibrium moisture content of 14% within 6 hr. The ascorbic acid dipped samples have shown the best drying rate. The lemon juice samples have the best sensory appeal, whereas honey samples have the best taste over the other samples. The effect of pretreatment on drying characteristics is experimentally investigated on a single slope dryer in both natural and forced convection mode. Pretreated red daca drying is investigated for the first time and the enhancement in performance is compared with three kinds of drying modes. Practical applications Due to a lack of processing facilities, the farmers have to sell their products at very low prices. Red dacca is a popularly consumed fruit and it contains various nutritional and health benefits to humans. The drying process is playing an important role in heat‐sensitive product dehydration. Solar drying is a better choice to reduce the loss and produce good quality red dacca after harvesting. In this research, the best drying and pretreatment method for red dacca is identified from existing literature. The finding obtained from this research work will help to increase the shelf life of food samples by reducing the overall drying time without altering the dryer design.
Pass Design of wet-Drawing with Ultra High Speed for Steel Cord

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High-speed multi-pass wet wire drawing has become very common for production of high-carbon steel cord because of the increase in customer demand and production rates in real industrial fields. Although, the wet wire drawing process is performed at a high speed usually above 1000m/min, greater speed is required to improve productivity. However, in the high-carbon steel wire drawing process, the wire temperature rises greatly as the drawing speed increase. The excessive temperature rise makes the wire more brittle and finally leads to wire breakage. In this study, the variations in wire temperature during the multi-pass wet wire drawing process were investigated. A multi-pass wet wire drawing process with 21 passes, which is used to produce steel cord, was redesigned by considering the increase in temperature. Through a wet wire drawing experiment, it was possible to increase the maximum final drawing speed to 2000m/min.
EVALUATION OF TOTAL LYMPHOCYTE COUNT, BODY MASS INDEX, HAEMOGLOBIN AND ALBUMIN LEVELS AS LOW COST SURROGATE MARKERS FOR CD4 COUNTS IN ASSESSING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN HIV/AIDS- A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUNDInfection with HIV progresses to AIDS at different rates in different individuals with a spectrum varying from rapid progression to long-term non-progression.Thus, it becomes essential to have tests which accurately assesses the stage of the disease as well as predicting the progression.The single best predictor so far used being the Plasma HIV RNA load and the CD4+ T cell count.Plasma viral load testing with its reliance on sophisticated laboratories and patented PCR kits has also been extremely challenging to scale up in resource limited settings.Hence, the need for evaluation of surrogate markers for identifying disease progression.The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Total Lymphocyte Count, Body Mass Index, Haemoglobin and Albumin levels as low-cost surrogate markers in predicting disease progression in HIV/AIDS. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a Descriptive Study; 100 patients fulfilling the above-mentioned criteria were included in the study.Their presenting Total Lymphocyte Count, Body Mass Index, Haemoglobin and Albumin levels were correlated with their CD4 counts and to their clinical staging.The feasibility of using these parameters as low cost surrogate markers instead of CD4 count in assessing the progression of the disease was finally evaluated.The statistical method used for analysis was Spearman's Rho rank correlation test.Analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistical software Version 20.0. RESULTSA total of 100 patients were included into the study.Patients in stage I disease had a mean CD4 count of 665 [SD 219.82].There was a significant drop in the mean CD4 count in the stage II disease to 298 [SD 74.54].There was still further drop in the CD4 count in stages III and IV to 195 [SD 118.03] and 146 [SD 85.09] respectively, proving the well-known fact that fall in CD4 count is a marker of disease progression in HIV.The range of TLC in our study was between 906 and 4256.Patients in the stage I disease had a mean TLC of 3246 [SD 524.98].There was a significant drop in the mean TLC in the stage II disease to 2053 [SD 362.04].There was still further drop in the TLC in stages III and IV to 1460 [SD 346.85] and 1343 [SD 310.00], respectively.There is strong positive correlation between CD4 count and TLC, HB, BMI and Serum Albumin. CONCLUSIONHIV infection is common in third-to-fifth decade of life with higher prevalence in males.TLC together with BMI, HB and Serum Albumin levels are sensitive surrogate markers for CD4 counts in predicting the progression of HIV/AIDS.
Two Empirical Approaches to the Study of Reasoning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

David N. Perkins has studied everyday reasoning by an experimental-critical approach involving taped interviews during which subjects reflect on controversial issues and articulate their reasoning on both sides. The present author has studied scientific reasoning in natural language by an historical-textual approach involving the reconstruction and evaluation of the arguments in Galileo's Two Chief World Systems. They have, independently, reached the strikingly similar substantive conclusion that the most common flaw of informal reasoning is the failure to consider lines of argument supporting conclusions contrary to the one in fact reached. This article describes, compares, and contrasts their respective approaches, results, and theoretical frameworks.
Gas on the QSO 0045+3926 sightline: High-Velocity Features in our Local Group

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The QSO 0045+3926 (IO And) sightline is an intriguing one for studying high-velocity gas in our Local Group, and it also yields information about more distant, extra-galactic material. Exploratory FUSE observations (8 ksec, Cycle 2) revealed four components: a local Galactic one, two red-shifted ones associated with the quasar, and one blue-shifted component originating within our Local Group. Additional data clarify these early results, providing better column densities, and revealing a pair of additional components probably arising in or near another intervening galaxy. Additional Cycle 4 observations, eventually totaling 200 ksec, have yet to be obtained.
Reports on carvedilol in rosacea and skin cancer.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

According to the literature, carvedilol is most commonly used for rosacea and for the prevention of skin cancer in the field of dermatology. Carvedilol has curative effect in the treatment of rosacea, which can effectively relieve facial flushing and erythema, and reduce skin temperature. Also, carvedilol prevents malignant transformation and carcinogenesis induced by ultra violet, chemical carcinogens and epidermal growth factor.
Liposome Nanoparticles Loaded with Paeoniflorin Protect Neuronal Damage in Parkinson’s Disease by Regulating miR-135a

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Paeoniflorin (PAE) is an active ingredient extracted from peony. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which liposome nanoparticles loaded with PAE protect neuronal damage in Parkinson’s disease. Model group, PAE group, PAE-Lips group, PAE-Lips+miR-135a agonist group, PAE-Lips+miR-135a inhibitor group, PAE-Lips+BAY11-7085 group, PAE-Lips+SC75741 group were designed. PCR, learning and memory ability testing, pole climbing test, etc. were used to determine the mechanism of PAE-Lips on Parkinson’s disease and whether it exerts effects through regulating miR-135a. PAE-Lips were successfully constructed. PAE-Lips improved Parkinson’s disease in rats and had a certain connection with miR-135a. Up-regulating miR-135a inhibited NF- κ B pathway to a certain extent and improved Parkinson’s disease. It helped protect neurons. Further verification using PAE-Lips+miR-135a agonists, SC75741, BAY11-7085, etc. showed that PAE-Lips upregulated the expression of miR-135 and inhibited NF- κ B pathway, which has a good protective effect on neurons in Parkinson’s disease. PAE-Lips can promote miR-135a to inhibit the NF- κ B pathway, thereby protecting neuronal damage in Parkinson’s disease. This study will provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease, clarify the impact of PAE-Lips, miR-135a, NF- κ B, BAY11-7085 and SC75741 on Parkinson’s disease, and provide a basis for the combined use of these interventions. The possibility of treating Parkinson’s disease more effectively deserves further exploration and research and provides a theoretical basis for the development of related therapeutic drugs.
The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The past decade has seen rapid advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of saccadic eye movements. This multiauthored volume, the third in a series devoted to oculomotor research, provides an excellent, comprehensive review of recent work in the field. Part I describes the physical characteristics of saccades and then discusses various models put forth to explain them. Part II summarizes the neural structures involved in the generation of saccades, with individual chapters covering the brain stem, tectum, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, pulvinar, thalamus, and cerebellum. Each review is clearly organized, informative, and extensively referenced. The reader must cope with a fair amount of modeling jargon, but the prose is palatable. The chapter on brain-stem regions related to saccade generation is excessively long. Perhaps a separate chapter on the neurology of saccade deficits resulting from clinical and experimental lesions would have been a good idea. Saccadic eye movements are popular
Introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The once distinct intellectual trajectories of communication & media studies and science & technology studies have begun to gather around a common purpose: to understand media technologies as complex, socio-material phenomena. However, efforts to develop this conversation struggle against the residual force of two historical tendencies. First, in communication and media scholarship, the overwhelming focus has been on the meaning of texts, the industries that produce them, and the viewers that consume them; the materiality of texts, devices, and networks has been understudied. Second, STS scholars have until recently largely overlooked media technologies, preferring to study technologies of industrial and knowledge production, and information technologies only when they fit this mold. However, conceptual intersections between these trajectories afford fruitful intellectual exchanges. So what should come next? The chapters in this volume intend to serve as foundational starting points for a new set of questions going forward. They urge scholars of media technologies to attend to the linkages between the symbolic elements of media and the materiality of its artifacts, and to look beneath the artifacts and within the networks to where people construct, maintain, and ultimately disassemble these socio-material things.
This Flame Within

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In This Flame Within Manijeh Moradian revises conventional histories of Iranian migration to the United States as a post-1979 phenomenon characterized by the flight of pro-Shah Iranians from the Islamic Republic and recounts the experiences of Iranian foreign students who joined a global movement against US imperialism during the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on archival evidence and in-depth interviews with members of the Iranian Students Association, Moradian traces what she calls “revolutionary affects”—the embodied force of affect generated by experiences of repression and resistance—from encounters with empire and dictatorship in Iran to joint organizing with other student activists in the United States. Moradian theorizes “affects of solidarity” that facilitated Iranian student participation in a wide range of antiracist and anticolonial movements and analyzes gendered manifestations of revolutionary affects within the emergence of Third World feminism. Arguing for a transnational feminist interpretation of the Iranian Student Association’s legacy, Moradian demonstrates how the recognition of multiple sources of oppression in the West and in Iran can reorient Iranian diasporic politics today.
Correlation of molecular docking and cytotoxicity assay for prediction of ABCB1-substrates and -non-substrates

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1361 Objectives ABCB1 (P-Glycoprotein, Pgp, 170 kDa plasma membrane protein) represents a critical barrier to successful chemotherapy and delivery of therapeutics into the brain (blood-brain barrier). New FDA guidelines require that all new drugs must have their Pgp status verified to avoid dosing complications following their approval. To assess whether or not molecular docking in combination with a cytotoxicity screen for a given chemotherapeutic could be employed as a tool for its stratification as a Pgp-substrate and -non substrate, we performed molecular docking experiments and cytotoxicity assays in MDR and non-MDR cells. Methods Schrodinger (Glide) was used for modeling. Crystal structure of mouse-Pgp was imported from the PDB. For determining efficacy, KB-3-1 and KB-8-5 cells in 96-well plates were exposed to chemotherapeutics and stimulants over a range of pharmacologically relevant concentrations at 37C for 5 d, and cell survivals were determined using the MTS method. Results The rank order for binding energy with the mouse Pgp using the best binding site was found to be: paclitaxel > vinblastine > doxorubicin > chloroquine. While the methotrexate showed modest binding energy, 5-fluorouracil did not show any significant affinity for the protein. Both stimulants (caffeine and nicotine) did not indicate any significant preferential binding affinities. While cytotoxicity profiles for paclitaxel, vinblastine, doxorubicin and chloroquine were modulated by the Pgp expression in MDR KB 8-5 cells, chemotherapeutic drug (5-fluorouracil) and stimulants (caffeine and nicotine) did not show any effects on either MDR or non-MDR cells. Conclusions Preliminary results indicate a correlation between the molecular docking data and cytotoxicity assay. However, this methodology would need to be examined in a larger group of chemotherapeutics and new chemical entities to further validate these results Research Support R33AG033328 (VS)
STUDIES ON POLYNUCLEOTIDES, LXVIII * THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF YEAST PHENYLALANINE TRANSFER RNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Adaptive radiations—species descended from a common ancestor that are adapted to a wide variety of ecological niches—occur frequently on remote islands where a colonist finds few competitors in an unexploited ecological landscape. We examined ...We investigated whether celebrated cases of evolutionary radiations of passerine birds on islands have produced exceptional morphological diversity relative to comparable-aged radiations globally. Based on eight external measurements, we calculated the ...
Five Factor Model-Based Personality Disorders across Sex and Age-groups (N=320,128)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The Five Factor Model (FFM) with its 30 facet traits is proposed as a universal basis for PD (Personality Disorders). For instance, based on the FFM-count method (Miller et al., 2005), the disposition for Paranoid PD can be calculated by a validated set of FFM sub-traits: N2 + E1_R + E2_R + O4_R + O6_R + A1_R + A2_R + A3_R + A4_R + A6_R. Using a comprehensive open-source representation of FFM (IPIP-NEO-120; Johnson, 2014), we explored age and sex differences in the 10 DSM-IV PD categories with the presumably largest US sample to date (N = 320,128). The results showed differences of up to ½ SD in all PD categories across age-groups, as well as clear gaps between sexes. For example, the largest decline with age, as well as differences in sex, was seen in Antisocial PD. Also, interaction effects between age and sex could be seen in Schizoid and Schizotypal PDs. The present study presents tentative support for personality trait theory as a basis for psychopathology, and updated benchmarks on the scope and size of sex and age differences in PD dispositions in the community.
Children's orientation of a listener to the context of their narratives.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Narratives of children from ~Wi to Wi years of age were studied, and the adequacy of the children's orientation to context was assessed by an analysis of the number of clauses produced which were solely orientative in function, a quantitative analysis of the types of orientative comments given by the children, and a qualitative analysis of how well they answered the traditional questions of who, where, what, when, how, and why. All of the children provided a substantial amount of orientation, and the proportion of the narratives that was devoted to orientation remained constant across age. The children gave good orientation about what props were used and how the events occurred. They were less explicit about who, where, and why. They seldom provided information about when the events took place. Older children increasingly clustered their orientative comments at the beginning of their narratives and gave more complete contextual embedding.
Doppler-induced unidirectional operation of a CW Raman ring laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given. Lasing was recently achieved on a third-order nonlinear optical transition in gaseous hydrogen. The researchers used a highly stabilized, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser to pump the Q(1) vibrational Raman transition in diatomic hydrogen gas, which was substantially enhanced by a doubly-resonant high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity (HFC). The transition was pumped with diode lasers shortly thereafter, which highlighted the usefulness of this technique for generating broadly tunable, narrow linewidth laser radiation throughout the near infrared. However, these systems utilized exclusively linear Raman laser resonators. By exploiting a Doppler-induced Raman gain anisotropy between the forward and backward directions, we demonstrate what is to our knowledge the first unidirectional Raman ring laser. We are unaware of other ring laser systems that utilize this inherent anisotropy in a predominantly homogeneous gain medium.