jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Malaria studiesin vitro

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The erythrocytic stages of strains of plasmodia sensitive to chloroquine (CQ) concentrate some three to six times more drug than CQ-resistant strains. A simple, but so far untested hypothesis is that the intracellular pH of drug resistant strains is higher than that for sensitive strains. This would result in a reduced accumulation of any weakly basic drug molecule (e.g. CQ) which is capable of passive diffusion through the cellular membran. The mean intracellular pH of erythrocytes parasitised with either CQ-sensitive or CQ-resistant strains of P. berghei was determined, therefore, from the distribution of 14C-5, 5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione between intra- and extracellular aqueous phases. The results obtained showed that over the range 6-8--7-2 the intracellular pH is governed directly by the extracellular pH and that the intracellular pH of CQ-sensitive parasites is slightly above that for resistant ones, neither being greatly different from that for uninfected erythrocytes. There was no evidence, therefore, to support, the suggested hypothesis. Elimination of this possibility adds weight to the opinion that changes in drug sensitivity of these plasmodia are the result of changes in the properties of drug-binding sites.
On the repulsive nature of the Dirichlet boundaries in the confined atom problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

An atom in a box with penetrable or impenetrable potential walls is shown analytically to move under the influence of the repulsive forces from the boundaries of the cavity when all the atom-medium interactions are described by the Dirichlet boundary conditions or effective one-particle `box' potentials. Simple geometrical methods allow one to find the energetically optimal position of the atom in the cavity. For instance, the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is proved to be minimal when the nucleus is situated at the centre of the cube or sphere. Some applications for molecules are also mentioned.
the source. Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I am grateful for funding support from a Spencer Dissertation Fellowship and the University of California, Berkeley, and the comments of numerous seminar participants, most recently at Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the University of California, Davis. I am particularly thankful to my dissertation advisor, David Card, and to Nora Gordon, Ethan Lewis, and Sarah Reber for helpful discussions and suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the
Structure and properties of complexes of polycationic brushes with anionic liposomes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The adsorption of anionic lipid vesicles (liposomes) on the surfaces of colloidal particles containing grafted polycationic chains (cationic brushes) is studied. The stability of liposome-brush complexes in aqueous salt solutions increases with the content of anionic lipid in the liposomal membrane; complexes with liposomes containing 20 and 30 mol% anionic lipids do not dissociate into individual components in a 1.2 M NaCl solution. The integrity of the brush-bound liposomes is preserved. The developed approach can be used to obtain nanosized carriers for biologically active compounds.
Marketing the Unfamiliar: The Role of Context and Item-Specific Information in Electronic Agent Recommendations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Electronic agents have the capacity to help consumers discover new products and generate demand for unfamiliar products. This article explores how consumers respond to recommendations of unfamiliar products made by electronic agents. Two studies using simulated music shopping agents show that (1) additional recommendations of familiar products serve as a context in which unfamiliar recommendations are evaluated; (2) when the presentation of the recommendations makes unfamiliar and familiar products appear similar, evaluative assimilation results; and (3) when additional information about unfamiliar products is given, consumers discriminate them from the familiar products, which produces evaluative contrast. These results establish that information that leads to higher evaluations when context is absent can lead to contrast and lower evaluations in the presence of attractive contextual recommendations.
Fast Evaluation Method for Steady State Frequency of Multi-DC Interconnected Asynchronous Power Grid after DC Blocking

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract For a multi-DC interconnected asynchronous power grid, to quickly evaluate the steady-state frequency after DC blocking, a fast evaluation method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the power flow model was established, including the DC transmission system, each interconnected asynchronous power grid model. The steady-state operation state before DC blocking was solved. Secondly, considering the adjustment of the model after DC blocking, the steady-state frequency analysis model considering the effects of primary frequency regulation and various stability control strategies was established. Finally, a case study was used to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results and analysis show that the proposed method is fast and accurate.
The perception of melodic consonance: an acoustical and neurophysiological explanation based on the overtone series

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The melodic consonance of a sequence of tones is explained using the overtone series: the overtones form "flow lines" that link the tones melodically; the strength of these flow lines determines the melodic consonance. This hypothesis admits of psychoacoustical and neurophysiological interpretations that fit well with the place theory of pitch perception. The hypothesis is used to create a model for how the auditory system judges melodic consonance, which is used to algorithmically construct melodic sequences of tones.
Essays on current issues affecting banks and pensions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The 2008 financial crisis had a significant impact on financial institutions. Banks have been in the limelight when some of them were liquidated and pensions funds have not been immune to the effects of the financial crisis. In the wake of the financial crisis, governments,
regulators and political commentators have pointed an accusing finger at the securitization market - even in the absence of a detailed statistical and economic analysis. The eight years leading up to 2008 saw a rapid growth in the use of securitization by UK banks. We aim to
identify the reasons that contributed to this rapid growth. The time period (2000 to 2010)
covered by our study is noteworthy as it covers the pre-financial crisis credit boom, the peak of the financial crisis and its aftermath.
We also investigate how the banks have gone about their fund-raising in support of their investment without signalling the value of the bank to the investors. This involves critical financing decisions about their main financing sources: Debt and equity issuance.
We attempt to establish which decision banks have taken in the recent years. We do this by analysing financial data of banks in the US for the period 2001 to 2011. We examine how
banks choose between the financing instruments available at a given time and in different
financial contexts. This provides evidence regarding the difference between financing options available for investment opportunities that banks have at a given time. Thus, we show that internal finance is preferred to external finance, and that the theory regarding the impact
of asymmetric information holds for banks on financing decisions as modelled by Myers and Majluf (1984). The steep drop in financial markets in 2008 coupled with the ongoing
economic recession has also posed immediate challenges for pensions funds. We therefore consider how safe the pension funds are in the current period of high stock market volatility.
We use the case of the Dutch pension funds since it is ranked to be the best managed pension funds in the world. The pension risk for the firms together with the market risk will give an idea of the impact of market volatility on pension asset allocation. It is expected that most firms who allocated a large percentage of their assets to equity were negatively affected by the stock market crash. Hence, pension funds are safe investing elsewhere other than in
equities despite the high returns.
Judicial review of competition law decisions: an empirical study of the Lithuanian context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Commemorating the 20th anniversary since joining the European Union (EU) (together with an obligation to enforce EU competition law), this study evaluates national judgments reviewing the Lithuanian National Competition Council’s [known as Konkurencijos Taryba (KT)] decisions during the 2004–24 period. Building on comprehensive empirical research on judicial review of the KT’s decisions, which involved employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, this article aims to capture the main trends and patterns of judicial review in the Lithuanian context, with some comparison to other small European countries. The study covers the KT’s decisions in relation to the application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU (and domestic equivalents), pertaining not only to infringement decisions but also to settlements, commitments, as well as decisions not to launch an investigation or discontinue an investigation. The findings reveal a predominant focus on the national provisions, with only 27 per cent of appealed cases embracing the EU element. As far as the outcomes are concerned, this article notes that the administrative courts mostly confirmed the competition authority’s decisions, with any interventions being calibrated in a manner to avoid any encroachment upon the authority’s discretion, clearly upholding the concept of judicial deference.
Specialist Qualifications

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives

To explore how criminalisation and policing of sex buyers (clients) rather than sex workers shapes sex workers’ working conditions and sexual transactions including risk of violence and HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Design

Qualitative and ethnographic study triangulated with sex work-related violence prevalence data and publicly available police statistics.

Setting

Vancouver, Canada, provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of policies that criminalise clients as the local police department adopted a sex work enforcement policy in January 2013 that prioritises sex workers’ safety over arrest, while continuing to target clients.

Participants

26 cisgender and 5 transgender women who were street-based sex workers (n=31) participated in semistructured interviews about their working conditions. All had exchanged sex for money in the previous 30 days in Vancouver.

Outcome measures

Thematic analysis of interview transcripts and ethnographic field notes focused on how police enforcement of clients shaped sex workers’ working conditions and sexual transactions, including risk of violence and HIV/STIs, over an 11-month period postpolicy implementation (January–November 2013).

Results

Sex workers’ narratives and ethnographic observations indicated that while police sustained a high level of visibility, they eased charging or arresting sex workers and showed increased concern for their safety. However, participants’ accounts and police statistics indicated continued police enforcement of clients. This profoundly impacted the safety strategies sex workers employed. Sex workers continued to mistrust police, had to rush screening clients and were displaced to outlying areas with increased risks of violence, including being forced to engage in unprotected sex.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that criminalisation and policing strategies that target clients reproduce the harms created by the criminalisation of sex work, in particular, vulnerability to violence and HIV/STIs. The current findings support decriminalisation of sex work to ensure work conditions that support the health and safety of sex workers in Canada and globally.
Hunting vulnerability and wintering strategy among waterfowl in Camargue, France

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hunting vulnerability of waterfowl species has often been associated with age and sex classes, or with body condition in relation to physiological constraints. In the Camargue, southern France, body weights and daily feeding duration of three dabbling duck species (teal Anas c. crecca , gadwall A. strepera and wigeon A. penelope ) have recently been used to isolate three main periods in the winter season (August to March). These periods are characterised successively by high, low and high levels of energy demand, and they constitute the time schedule for a model of wintering strategy. For feeding, birds exploit the productive hunted marshes, mostly during the periods of high energy demand. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hunting vulnerability can be predicted from these seasonal patterns, being highest when energy demand is highest (at the beginning and at the end of the winter), and being lowest in mid‐winter when energy demand is lowest. We used numbers of birds killed (45,000 birds, including the species mentioned above, as well as mallard Anas platyrhynchos and coot Fulica atra) collected from hunting bags in three locations over 12 years, validated on 110,000 killed birds from another location, and adjusted to living (censused) birds. The results do not fit exactly to our predictions. They rather suggest that hunting vulnerability results from a combination of energy demand, habitat selection (both related to wintering strategy), chronology of migration and trophic status of duck species (granivorous vs herbivorous). At the beginning of the winter season, granivorous species, the first to arrive, are inexperienced to hunting, have a high energy demand and are highly vulnerable. At the middle of the winter season, when energy demands are low, the birds can escape from hunting to refuge areas. Meanwhile, herbivorous species, still arriving, must spend more time on feeding (vegetative food contains less energy than seeds) on productive hunted marshes; they suffer high hunting vulnerability from hunters who shift from granivorous to herbivorous species. At the end of the winter season, granivorous and herbivorous species rely on hunted areas for feeding and are very vulnerable. However, hunting vulnerability of a given species is lowered since hunting pressure during that last period of winter is shared among a maximum number of game species, some of which are migrating back from Africa.
Evaluación del comportamiento agronómico con la utilización de bioestimuladores de crecimiento orgánico en dos variedades de amaranto (amaranthus spp) originarios de vniissok (rusia) para la producción de biomasa bajo cubierta, sector Lasso-Latacunga-Cotopaxi 2016”.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present research the following was proposed: with the use of biostimulators of organic growth in two varieties of amaranth (Amaranthus spp) originating from VNIISSOK (Russia) for the production of biomass under cover. The experimental part of field was realized in the Farm Blooming Acres located in Lasso - Cotopaxi. The specific objectives of the research were to determine the best growth biostimulant for the biomass under cover, to determine the amaranth variety that is best suited under cover, to economically evaluate the best treatment. It was a Randomized Full Block Design with a 2x3 +1 factorial arrangement; Where A, are the varieties of amaranth, Nezhenka (Amaranthus hybridus L.), Valentina (Amaranthus tricolor L.), B were considered organic growth biostimulants (Basfoliar Algae, Seaweed Extrac, Basfoliar Aktiv) and 1 the control Biostimulants), with a total of 7 treatments that were arranged in three replicates, and during the whole vegetative period, the morphological parameters were evaluated every 15 days, obtaining as final results: emergency days, root length, stem length , Number of leaves and size of inflorescence. In the accumulation of biomass the best treatment was evidenced in T5 (Valentina, Seaweed Extrac) with 227.19gr and in T2 (Nezhenka, Seaweed Extrac) with 296.97gr. According to the economic analysis, the best treatment was T2 (Nezhenka, Seaweed Extrac) with an economic benefit of field of $ 13680 per hectare, while for the T5 (Valentina, Seaweed Extract) the profit was $ 18260. The results conclude that the action of the biostimulator Seaweed Extract and its influence on the biometric parameters evaluated is the most effective. It is recommended to use the Valentina variety (Amaranthus tricolor) to obtain by-products and the Nezhenka (Amaranthus Hybridus) variety for consumption as a vegetable.
Surgical Reconstruction for High-Output Chylothorax Associated with Thrombo-Occlusion of Superior Vena Cava and Left Innominate vein in a Neonate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of high-output chylothorax associated with thrombo-occlusion of the superior vena cava (SVC) and left innominate vein (LIV) following an arterial switch operation in a neonate. The chylothorax was resolved by 3 weeks after surgical reconstruction of the SVC and LIV using fresh autologous pericardium. We confirmed the patency of the SVC and LIV with a 1-year follow-up computed tomographic scan at our outpatient clinic.
Classical and path-integral molecular-dynamics study on liquid water and ice melting using non-empirical TTM2.1-F model

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The TTMF2.1-F model is a non-empirical intermolecular water potential parametrised from ab-initio calculations of the water dimer with a complete basis set limit including dispersion correction from second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. In this work, using two-phase ice-water NVT molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations, we found the ice melting temperature using the TTM2.1-F potential is close to 273 K when the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) were included using path-integral centroid MD. Detailed analysis of the radial distribution functions, angle distribution functions, and associated joint probability for both liquid water and the two-phase cases showed that the melting-point-temperature drop when using path-integral simulation is due to the weakening of hydrogen bonds vis-à-vis classically-propagated MD.
TAZ Regulates Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis via p38 Activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background The progression of cancer is driven by the deregulation of various signaling pathways, especially Hippo and p38 MAPK pathway. TAZ, a downstream target of Hippo pathway, has been demonstrated to promote tumorigenesis in various cancers, but the functions of both Hippo and p38 signaling in bladder cancer cells are still unclear. Methods T24 and 5637 cells with knockdown of TAZ were constructed. EdU cell proliferation assay and western blot were used to illustrate the effects of TAZ on the proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells and the expression of p38 protein and phosphorylation. We overexpressed Flag-tagged TAZ in 293T cells. Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to further illustrate the effect of TAZ on the expression level of p38. The p38 inhibitor (PH-797804) combined with western blot and EDU cell proliferation assay were used to show whether TAZ affects the proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by regulating the activity of p38. Results The shTAZ contained in T24 and 5637 cells significantly inhibited bladder cancer cells proliferation, in addition, the knockdown of TAZ-induced apoptosis of T24 and 5637 cells was found out. The loss of TAZ led to the upregulation of p38 protein as well as phosphorylation. The over-expression of Flag-TAZ had no obvious effect on p38 mRNA level, but p38 protein was reduced clearly in 293T cells. ShTAZ induced the upregulation of cleaved-caspase 3, which disappeared when treated with PH-797804, a p38 inhibitor, and the reduction to EdU positive cells induced by shTAZ was reversed by PH-797804 treatment, which suggested that p38 activity could mediate both cell proliferation and apoptosis regulated by TAZ knockdown. Conclusions In this study, it was demonstrated that TAZ could regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by regulating the stability of p38 protein. Our finding uncovered the novel functional interaction between Hippo and p38 MAPK pathway. An in-depth understanding of this question may indicate a new direction of diagnosis or treatment for bladder cancer.
The Efficacy of Closed Versus Open Kinetic Chain Exercise in Knee Osteoarthritis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background/Purpose Despite the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, no consensus exists in the most effective exercise type for improving patient clinical outcomes. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to compare the effectiveness of closed and open kinetic chain exercises (CKC and OKC) in reducing pain, increasing physical function and improving quality of life (QoL) in people with knee OA. Methods We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, Scopus and Cochrane from inception to April 2024. Studies were included if they compared pain, physical function and QoL outcomes via a randomised controlled trial design in people with knee osteoarthritis. The Pedro Scale was used to assess the risk of bias, and the GRADE approach was used to determine the certainty of evidence. Outcomes were pooled in a random effects meta‐analysis. 13 randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of CKC versus OKC exercises in the short term (≤ 13 weeks) were included. Results Low‐certainty evidence found that CKC exercises were superior to OKC exercises in the short term for improving pain (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.18, 95% CI –0.37 to < 0.00; p = 0.048) and self‐reported physical function (SMD –0.24, 95% CI –0.44 to −0.03, p = 0.022), with very low‐certainty evidence of no difference in QoL outcomes (SMD –0.25, 95% CI –0.81 to 0.30, p = 0.370). Discussion To reduce pain and improve physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis in the short term, physiotherapists should prescribe CKC exercises. However, there is a paucity of information outlining the effects of these CKC versus OKC in the medium to long term. Study Registration Number PROSPERO (CRD42023470739)
Analysis on Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance of Mycoplasma Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

[Objectives]To monitor and analyze the detection rate and drug resistance of mycoplasma in clinical samples, provide guidance for prevention and treatment, and offer reference for research of infertility and aphoria.[Methods]With isolation, culture and identification of mycoplasma, and drug sensitivity test, the detection rate and drug resistance of mycoplasma in examined samples were analyzed.[Results]The infection rates of mycoplasma were high among the patients with infertility and aphoria, reproductive system infection and reproductive system infection, as well as healthy population, which the positive detection rate was 40.51%, 48.15%, 56.09% and 28.57%, respectively. The drug resistance from high to low was as followed: quinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines.[Conclusion]The mycoplasma infection is related to the occurrence and development of some diseases which included infertility and aphoria, reproductive system inflammation and reproductive system infection. Because of the different drug resistance of mycoplasma for different kinds of antibacterial, the sensitive antibiotics should be chosen according to the susceptibility test results.