jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Beyond Hydrology: Exploring the Factors Influencing the Seasonal Variation of the Molecular Composition of Riverine Dissolved Organic Matter

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The export of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from rivers is essential for linking terrestrial and marine carbon reservoirs in the global carbon cycle. However, there is limited knowledge regarding how the molecular composition of riverine DOM changes under different hydrological conditions, especially during extreme rainfall events. Moreover, the factors beyond hydrology that impact DOM composition have not been well defined. To address these gaps, samples were collected from a human‐impacted medium‐sized subtropical monsoonal river across various hydrological conditions throughout a complete hydrological cycle. Utilizing high‐resolution mass spectrometry, it was discovered that the solid‐phase extractable DOM (SPE‐DOM) during the high‐flow (1 < runoff (Q): annual mean runoff (Q m ) < 3) and extreme‐rain (Q:Q m > 3) periods exhibited a higher number of molecular formulae, lower H/C, higher O/C, and a higher proportion of carboxylic‐rich alicyclic molecules compared to the low‐flow period (LFP) (Q:Q m < 1). These alterations were attributed to input from more diverse sources, particularly a greater input from soil organic matter with higher oxidation degrees. Additionally, the P‐containing formulae were more enriched during the extreme‐rain period, likely from agricultural lands and sediment release. Conversely, the fraction of S‐containing formulae was significantly higher during the LFP, possibly due to the amplified influence of anthropogenic input. Furthermore, the DOM aromaticity did not fluctuate with runoff but was significantly associated with temperature. In summary, the study indicated that the composition of DOM varied significantly under different hydrological conditions, with temperature and anthropogenic activities identified as crucial factors influencing riverine DOM export.
Targeted therapies for advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung cancer is a serious health problem and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, due to its high incidence and mortality. 85% of lung cancers are represented by the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Traditional chemotherapy has been the main treatment option in NSCLC. However, it is often associated with limited efficacy and overall poor patient survival. In recent years, molecular targeting has achieved great progress in therapeutic treatment of cancer and plays a crucial role in the current clinical treatment of NSCLC, due to enhanced efficacy on cancer tissues and reduced toxicity for normal tissues. In this review, we summarize the current targeting treatment of NSCLC, including inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3Ks), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2), vascular epidermal growth factor receptor (VEGFR), kirsten human rat sarcoma protein (KRAS), mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF). This article may serve as a guide to clinicians and researchers alike by assisting in making therapeutic decisions. Challenges of acquired drug resistance targeted therapy and imminent newer treatment modalities against NSCLC are also discussed.
Application of an Integrated risk management system (IRMS) to an international construction project

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Integrated Risk Management System (IRMS) is a decision support tool designed to support users at all phases of risk management and to assist cost estimation in the bid preparation stage, especially in international construction projects. IRMS process model consists of four integrated phases such as risk identification, risk rating and response development, risk analysis, and finally, risk revising and monitoring. A hierarchical risk breakdown structure is provided in the system which facilitates systematic risk identification process. Risk coding option embedded in the system creates a common language between the project participants. IRMS carries out an iterative risk rating and response generation process as an input for Monte Carlo Simulation. Moreover, IRMS is designed to store and retrieve risk information from a corporate memory that helps learning from projects. IRMS also allows multi-user risk rating. It increases the awareness of project participants on the magnitude of risks and helps visualization of risk scenarios by its effective reporting options. It can be used throughout the project life cycle and risk scenarios can be revised as the project proceeds. In this paper, application of IRMS prototype is illustrated by a real case study. The example project is a hydro electric power plant project (HEPP) which has been carried out by an international consortium in Turkey. Performance, shortcomings and benefits of IRMS are discussed by referring to experiences gained as a result of this application.
Characteristics of Food Components in Granular Ark and Ark Shell

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

전남의 남해안 지방에서 주로 생산되고 있는 고막과 새고막의 생시료와 자숙 시료를 육과 내장 부위로 나누어 이들의 식품학적 품질을 구명하기 위하여 일반성분, 지질 및 지방산 조성, 유리아미노산, 핵산관련물질 및 무기성분 등을 비교, 분석하였다. 수분은 새고막이 고막에 비해 많았고, 조단백질은 적었으며, 다른 성분은 비슷하였다. 고막과 새고막의 비극성지질의 주성분은 triglyceride이었고, 두 시료 모두 내장이 육에 비해 그 조성이 높았다. 극성지질의 주성분은 phosphatidyl choline과 phosphatidyl ethanolamine이었고, 각 시료간에는 phosphatidyl choline은 내장에, phosohatidyl ethanolamine은 근육에 함유율이 높았다. 주요지방산은 16:0, 20:5n-3, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 18:0 및 U:6n-3이었다. 핵산관련물질은 AMP와 ADP가 주체를 이루고 있었으며, 이들은 내장보다 근육에 그리고 생시료보다 자숙시료에 다소 많았다. 또한 자숙함에 따라 ATP는 다소 감소하였으나 그외는 다소 증가하였다. 고막과 새고막의 주요 아미노산은 taurine, glycine, ala-nine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine 및 aspartic acid이었다. 고막생육은 자숙육에 비해 glycine, alanine 및 $\alpha$-amino-iso-butyric acid의 함량은 많았고, glutamic acid, aspartic acid 및 phenylala-nine의 함량은 적었다. 새고막 생육은 자숙육에 비해 taurine과 $\alpha$-amino-iso-butyric acid의 함량은 많았고, glutamic acid와 aspartic acid의 함량은 적었다. 무기성분은 인, 나트륨, 마그네슘, 철 및 칼슘이 주체를 이루고 있었고, 고막 자숙육은 생육에 비해 나트륨과 마그네슘의 함량이 많았으며, 인과 철의 함량은 적었다. 새고막 자숙육은 생육에 비해 나트륨, 마그네슘 및 칼슘의 함량이 많았다. In order to effectively utilize of granular ark and ark shell, lipid and fatty acid compositions, free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds and minerals in the muscle and viscera of raw and cooked specimens were analyzed. The major constituents of non-polar lipids in the granular ark and ark shell were triglycerides, which showed higher content in viscera than the muscle. The polar lipids in the granular ark and ark shell were mainly consisted of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids of total lipid were 16:0, 20:5n-3, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 18:0 and 22:6n-3 both the granular ark and ark shell. The major nucleotides and the related compounds were adenosine monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate and they had higher content in the muscle than in viscera both samples, free amino acids such as taurine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, phenyl alanine and aspartic acid were abundant both the granular ark and ark shell. In the raw muscle of granular ark, glycine, alanine and $\alpha$-amino-iso-butyric acid were high level, but glutamic acid, aspartic acid and phenyl alanine were low level compared with those of cooking muscle. In the raw muscle of ark shell, taurine and $\alpha$-amino-iso-butyric acid were high content, but the glutamic acid and aspartic acid were low level compared with those of cooking muscle. Minerals in the granular ark and ark shell were chiefly consisted of potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron and calcium.
Thus to revisit; some reminiscences of Ford Madox Hueffer.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

pt. I. Before moonrise.--pt. II. Prosateurs: Credentials. Puiser dans le vide. The lordly treasure-house. Mots justes. Combien je regrette. Coda. W. H. Hudson and the simple word. Mr. Joseph Conrad and Anglo-Saxondom. Henry James, Stephen Crane and the main stream.--pt. III. The battle of the poets: "Thoughts before battle." Mr. Pound, Mr. Flint, some imagistes or cubistes, and the poetic vernacular. A descriptive interlude. "Vers libre." Second coda. Index.
The Study of Culture and Evolution across Disciplines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Evolutionary scholars often appear to disagree strikingly about the value of "culture" in explaining human behavior. John Tooby, one of the founders and figureheads of evolutionary psychology, recently responded to the Edge.org question "What scientific idea is ready for retirement?" with the answer "Learning and culture" (Tooby, 2014). At around the same time, Joseph Henrich, Professor of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard, published a book titled The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter (Henrich, 2015). How can two highly reputable scholars, both committed to understanding human behavior within an evolutionary framework, come to such apparently opposing conclusions? Should the concept of "culture" be retired, or should it be heralded as the secret to humanity's evolutionary success?
Novel mode of contraception using polymeric hydrogels. I

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract A new method of fertility control has been proposed and tested. The technique involves the use of the polymer, which when injected into the vas deferens lowers the pH sufficiently so as to kill the spermatozoa passing through. The polymer provides an acidic environment for a prolonged time and slowly erodes. The fertility may be restored after complete solubility of the polymer itself over a period of time or by flushing it with a suitable solvent. This method of male contraception is nonsurgical, nonocclusive, and reversible.
Chlorpheniramine-Dependent Thrombocytopenia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SEVERE thrombocytopenia, as a consequence of an immune reaction, is a rare complication of therapy with a wide variety of drugs.1With respect to the antihistamines, antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia has been demonstrated in only a single case in which antazoline hydrochloride was implicated.2We report a case of chlorpheniramine-induced thrombocytopenic purpura in which serologic study established the presence of a drug-dependent IgG antiplatelet antibody. The patient's serum displayed antiplatelet activity in the presence of the closely related compound, brompheniramine maleate, but did not react with other antihistamines. Report of a Case A 53-year-old man was hospitalized on Sept 20, 1973, with generalized petechiae, hematuria, and melena. In the spring and summer of 1951 he had been hospitalized three times for severe acute thrombocytopenia. Each episode had followed an upper respiratory tract infection, and complete recovery had occurred spontaneously within two weeks. In August 1951 he underwent splenectomy, despite a
Легітимність державної влади: історіографія питання

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study focuses on one of the most urgent problems of modern political and legal process – the legitimacy of political power. Scientists’ interest in this topic is dictated primarily by dramatic structural, economic and political changes in former socialist countries, which, after decades of social experiment return to the basics of modern society, is restoring its traditional structure. \nThe aim of the study is to determine the theoretical and methodological foundations of legitimacy of the government, their analysis is associated with the study of the main approaches to consideration of the issues of formation, functioning and ways of improving the mechanisms of legitimation of state authority in the foreign and domestic literature. \nIn European and American political science questions of legitimacy of power have a stable research tradition. In recent decades hundreds of foreign political and legal science papers devoted to this topic have been published. They disclose in sufficient details its theoretical, methodological and historical aspects. But most of these works were written on the basis of the analysis of tradition and experience of Western European and North American societies. In this regard, in modern political science there is a certain shortage of works devoted to the issues of legitimacy of power applied to the countries of Eastern Europe and Ukraine, especially related to the current, to a certain extent unique, period of their development. \nThe problem of legitimacy of power has a long tradition in European political philosophy, although the conceptual apparatus of research developed mainly in the last century. In classical philosophy of ancient Greece the problem was mentioned in the context of seeking of regulatory policy framework in an effort to overcome the contradictions between power and violence, law and morality, in the pursuit of truth, justice, harmonious unity of society, creating the concept of the ideal state and ideal of the board. During Middle Ages in Western Europe it manifested in the confrontation of secular and ecclesiastical power. During Modern Times and formation of secular political science socio-legal bases and sources of legitimation of power were disclosed. At the turn of XVIII–XIX centuries, when in Europe the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy and the recognition of the illegal government of Napoleon were discussed, the topic gained practical political significance. In the middle of XIX century, the problem of legitimacy as the legality of the board became one of the most important in legal science, especially German, and was primarily concerned with the creation of the theory of constitutional state. \nIn the XX–XXI centuries deepening of differentiation between political and legal existence of power occurs. By virtue of the processes of modernization of society, inclusion of huge masses in the political process, power relations become more complex in its content and therefore form the necessity for further analysis of the problem.
DETECTION OF YERSINIA RUCKERI BY PCR IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUSMYKISS- WALBAUM) HATCHERY FARMS IN THE WEST OF TURKEY

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The presence of Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout hatchery farms was investigated by PCR Assay. Twenty-five rainbow trout, suspected of Enteric Redmouth Disease, were examined in this study. Yersinia ruckeri strains were identified from 8 out of 25 samples (32%). Ten of 25 (40%) rainbow trout samples showed positive reactions for Yersinia ruckeri in the PCR. All PCR positive samples have shown specific amplification bands of the 575-bp fragment for Yersinia ruckeri. Key Words: Yersinia ruckeri, Rainbow trout, PCR, diagnosis. &amp;nbsp; TÜRKİYE&#039;NİN BATISINDAKİ GÖKKUŞAĞI ALABALIK YETİŞTİRME ÇİFTLİKLERİNDE YERSİNİA RUCKERİ&#039;NİN PZR KULLANILARAK TANIMLANMASI ÖZET Bu araştırmada, Gökkuşağı Alabalığı çiftliklerindeki Yersinia ruckeri varlığı Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) metodu ile incelendi. Bu çalışmada Kızıl Ağız Hastalığı &amp;sect;şüpheli 25 adet Gökkuşağı Alabalığı materyal olarak kullanıldı. 25 örneğin 8 (%32)&#039;inden Yersinia ruckeri identifiye edildi. 25 örneğin 10&#039;unda PZR&#039;da Yersinia ruckeri yönünden pozitiflik saptandı. PZR pozitif ürünlerin hepsinde, Yersinia ruckeri için spesifik 575 bp uzunluğunda bantlar elde edildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yersinia ruckeri, Gökkuşağı Alabalığı, PZR, tanı. &amp;nbsp;
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serological tests for Rocky Mountain spotted fever were performed on single serum specimens from sixth graders from Forsyth County, North Carolina, an area highly endemic for this disease. Five of 508 *.098%) sera were positive (titer greater than or equal to 1:64) using the indirect fluorescent antibody method. Elevated Proteus agglutination antibody titers (greater than 1:160) to OX-19, but not ot OX-2, were common (19.6%) in these children. No correlation of those with positive OX-19 titers could be made with the cases demonstrating elevated indirect fluorescent antibody titers or with a history of urinary tract infection. These data suggest that the increased prevalence of elevated Proteus OX-19 antibody levels makes a single high titer unreliable in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and that naturally acquired mild or asymptomatic subclinical cases of Rickettsia rickttsii infection occur.
Caesarean section-related blood transfusion: risk factors in a private teaching hospital in Nigeria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Comprehensive emergency obstetric care, which includes the life-saving procedure of blood transfusion, is one of the essential components of effective emergency obstetric care that leads to a reduction in maternal mortality. In this study, blood transfusion risk factors were found in patients who had Caesarean deliveries at our facility.Methods: This was a retrospective study of all pregnant women who had caesarean section at Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria between 2016 and 2020. Their medical records were retrieved and reviewed using pro-forma. Chi square analysis was used to determine significant association between blood transfusion status and independent variables. Information was extracted from medical records using pro-forma.Results: Of 1568 obstetric admissions, there were 1210 deliveries and 369 (30.5%) caesarean sections. Ninety-five women (25.7%) of those that had caesarean sections were transfused. The incidence of blood transfusion was 13.7%. The preoperative packed cell volume, age and caesarean delivery type were significantly associated with blood transfusion status (p<0.05).Conclusions: Preoperative anemia, age and caesarean delivery type were all associated with blood transfusion status. To maximize hemoglobin levels at delivery and to identify high-risk patients, regular antenatal checkups should be given more importance.
Riscoprire la formazione nelle amministrazioni pubbliche che cambiano

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nel presente contributo, la formazione del personale emerge quale fattore che contribuisce ad alimentare la sostenibilita dei processi di riforma e cambiamento nelle amministrazioni pubbliche per la valorizzazione delle risorse umane. Riscoprire la formazione del personale permette di sostenere la tensione al cambiamento e all’innovazione nell’organizzazione delle amministrazioni pubbliche. In uno scenario strategico, mutevole e dinamico che impone alle amministrazioni pubbliche di affrontare sfide complesse per garantire qualita della vita, condizioni favorevoli alla produttivita di sistema, sostenibilita dei servizi pubblici e perseguire un orientamento continuo alla creazione di valore pubblico seguendo un percorso sustainability-driven (Borgonovi, 2001a; Borgonovi, 2001b; Borgonovi, 2005; Rebora, 1999; Borgonovi, 2010) e necessario riscoprire il ruolo della formazione del personale quale risorsa per sostenere il cambiamento che procede, attraverso le riforme, nelle amministrazioni pubbliche. La formazione del personale emerge quale risorsa per sostenere sia il ciclo di vita professionale del dipendente pubblico sia come leva che aiuta l’implementazione dei processi di riforma ed emerge quale supporto strategico ed operativo per le amministrazioni pubbliche orientate a promuovere cambiamenti nelle procedure, nel modo di interagire con i cittadini e nella cultura organizzativa dell’amministrazione pubblica. La formazione sostiene la motivazione al servizio pubblico e aiuta l’aggiornamento ed il consolidamento delle competenze, permette alle persone di assumere valori e orientamenti coerenti con la missione che il servizio pubblico impone. Riscoprire la formazione quale leva che sostiene il percorso di riforma nelle amministrazioni pubbliche orientate al cambiamento strategico e culturale significa anche ripensare la dimensione etica nelle amministrazioni pubbliche quale risorsa che apre nuove opportunita per la creazione di valore pubblico sostenibile e contribuisce a ridefinire il rapporto tra amministrazione pubblica, individui e gruppi sempre piu impegnate a creare le condizioni che permettono la crescita e lo sviluppo economico e sociale nelle organizzazioni pubbliche come comunita aperte che procedono verso un percorso orientato alla sostenibilita ed al benessere. La formazione del personale nelle amministrazioni pubbliche assume un ruolo fondamentale nel sostenere ed alimentare i percorsi di cambiamento strategico, organizzativo e culturale, nel contribuire all’acquisizione di nuove conoscenze e competenze, nell’orientare lo sviluppo professionale ed individuale delle persone e contribuire alla crescita degli individui.
ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF AN ANTICANCER RUTHENIUM POLYPYRIDYL COMPLEX (RPC) AND INFLUENCE OF CHIRAL SELECTIVITY ON DNA PHOTOCLEAVAGE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes (RPCs) represent a promising therapeiutic class of drugs for transition-metal based anticancer drug development. The complex [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2] (44+) is a RPC which has shown success in both cell free and cellular assay. Unlike many other RPCs, 44+ can selectively kill malignant cells without light irradiation from external sources. This binuclear complex 44+ is a DNA intercalator containing redox-active ligand tatpp (9,11,20,22-Tetraaza tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2'3'-c:3'',2''- 1:2''',3''']-pentacene) which cleaves DNA in presence of a mild reducing agent, i.e. glutathione (GSH).1,2,3 The cellular assay (MTT assay) with different types of malignant cells has also established this as an equally potent cytotoxic agent both under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.1 According to the recent report, the cytotoxicity of 44+ can also be increased by tuning the polypyridyl ligands and making them more lipophilic (IC50 ~11 became ~2.1 in breast cancer cell line MCF7 after increasing lipophilicity).2 The enantiopurity of this RPC also has been found to influence the cytotoxicity potential (IC50 ~9.5 μM for ΔΔ-44+, ~16.7 μM for ΛΛ-44+ in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines, H358 and H226) and maximum tolerable dose in mice (100 mg/kg mouse for ΔΔ-44+, 66 mg/kg mouse for ΛΛ-44+).3 However, synthesis of enantiopure 44+ has been very challenging because of the multiple intermediate steps and over-all low yield. \nThis thesis represents a simplified synthetic approach for enantioselective 44+ with greater yield. RPCs have shown promise as photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT).26 This thesis also shows that 44+ is capable of inducing photocleavage when irradiated with blue light (470 nm) without the presence of reducing agent GSH. The stereo-selectivity also influences the rate of photocleavage reaction by inducing ~64%, ~57% and ~33% cleavage for supercoiled plasmid pUC18 DNA to produce circular plasmid DNA. Three types of radical ion scavengers including hydroxyl radical scavenger (mannitol, ethanol, sodium pyruvate), singlet oxygen scavenger (sodium azide) and metal or carbon-based radical scavenger (TEMPO) were used to indicate the radical species for photocleavage. Only TEMPO caused significant quenching in plasmid cleavage reaction which indicates that the responsible radical species is a metal or carbon-based radical. Based on the results a mechanism was proposed which says a metal based radical with highly oxidizing triplet excited state might be the cause of DNA strand secession by 44+.