jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The tuberculosis epidemic. Scientific challenges and opportunities.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One in every three people on Earth is believed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to seven to eight million cases of active tuberculosis (TB) per year and approximately three million deaths annually. this epidemic, like those of most infectious diseases, creates scientific challenges and opportunities as it raises the demand for public health solutions. The currently available weapons for fighting TB are inadequate. The ultimate goal of biomedical TB research is to lessen the public health burden of this disease by developing improved diagnostic, therapeutic, and intervention strategies. Achieving this goal requires a base of knowledge about the biology of M. tuberculosis and related mycobacteria, their interactions with human and animal hosts, and the nature of an effective host-protective immune response. TB researchers are applying this accumulating base of knowledge to developing rapid, easy-to-use diagnostic assays appropriate for low-as well as high-income countries, improving the current complicated therapeutic regimen, identifying potential new drugs to combat multidrug-resistant TB, and creating more effective vaccines.
AN ETHERNET BASED DAQ FOR BLM OF LINAC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A beam loss monitor system for Linac has been built for HLS at NSRL. It consists of tens of monitor nodes and a control PC. Each node has 4 PIN-diode detectors installed around the vacuum pipeline and a MCU based data collector. Ethernet connection is applied among the control PC and data collectors. A tiny TCP/IP stack has been designed and optimized for the MCU which gives the data collector ability to access Ethernet. The detail of the system design is given in this article.
Data from Development of a Histopathology Informatics Pipeline for Classification and Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>Histopathology evaluation is the gold standard for diagnosing clear cell (ccRCC), papillary, and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, interrater variability has been reported, and the whole-slide histopathology images likely contain underutilized biological signals predictive of genomic profiles.</p>Experimental Design:<p>To address this knowledge gap, we obtained whole-slide histopathology images and demographic, genomic, and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium, and Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) to develop computational methods for integrating data analyses. Leveraging these large and diverse datasets, we developed fully automated convolutional neural networks to diagnose renal cancers and connect quantitative pathology patterns with patients' genomic profiles and prognoses.</p>Results:<p>Our deep convolutional neural networks successfully detected malignancy (AUC in the independent validation cohort: 0.964–0.985), diagnosed RCC histologic subtypes (independent validation AUCs of the best models: 0.953–0.993), and predicted stage I ccRCC patients' survival outcomes (log-rank test <i>P</i> = 0.02). Our machine learning approaches further identified histopathology image features indicative of copy-number alterations (AUC > 0.7 in multiple genes in patients with ccRCC) and tumor mutation burden.</p>Conclusions:<p>Our results suggest that convolutional neural networks can extract histologic signals predictive of patients' diagnoses, prognoses, and genomic variations of clinical importance. Our approaches can systematically identify previously unknown relations among diverse data modalities.</p></div>
Membrane Modification by Negatively Charged Stearyl-Polyoxyethylene Derivatives for Thermosensitive Liposomes: Reduced Liposomal Aggregation and Avoidance of Reticuloendothelial System Uptake

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In order to avoid reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake and prolong systemic circulation of cisplatin (CDDP)-encapsulating thermosensitive liposomes, stearylpolyoxyethylene (POE) derivatives [SnC, stearyl-O-(CH2CH2O)n-CH2COONa] were incorporated as membrane modifiers into lipid bilayers composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC). The incorporation of S2C, S5C, S10C or S15C [lipid/SnC = 10/2 (w/w)] greatly reduced liposomal aggregation without impairing liposomal stability. After being intravenously administered to rats, the liposomes remained longer in the systemic circulation and showed lower RES levels than the control liposomes. When incorporated into liposomes [DPPC/DSPC = 7/3 (w/w)], S10C provided the greatest increase in systemic circulation time and the RES-avoiding activity among the modifiers tested. The systemic elimination rate (the ratio of the percent of the dose systemically eliminated to the AUC of the liposome level) for this type of liposome was 0.24/hr, about one fourth the rate for the control liposomes, and the RES uptake rate (the ratio of the percent of the dose taken up by the RES to the AUC) was 0.04/hr, one seventh the rate for the control liposomes. The RES uptake rate for S10C 7/3-liposomes was similar to the rate reported for GM1 liposomes, although the systemic elimination rate was double that for the GM1 liposomes. The obtained RES avoidance activity can be attributed to decreased liposomal aggregation and increased surface hydrophilicity. This type of thermosensitive liposome should be more useful in hyperthermia-mediated targeted tumor drug delivery systems than the thermosensitive liposomes without the modifiers to avoid RES uptake.
Lutjanus Xanthopinnis, A New Species Of Snapper (Pisces: Lutjanidae) From The Indo-West Pacific, With A Redescription Of Lutjanus Madras (Valenciennes 1831)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species of snapper of the genus Lutjanus is described from the Indo-western Pacific region, and the related species with which it frequently has been confused, Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes 1831), is redescribed. Lutjanus xanthopinnis n. sp. is described from 11 specimens, 56–192 mm SL, from Kagoshima in southern Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. It differs from L. madras in meristics, color, and squamation of the preopercular flange. The new species is distinguished by several embedded scales on the preopercular flange, 4 or 5 scale rows on the cheek, and mostly uniform thin yellow to brownish stripes on the body on adults, missing the well-contrasted and much broader mid-lateral stripe characteristic of L. madras. In contrast, L. madras lacks scales on the preopercular flange, has 7 or 8 scale rows on the cheek, and has a broad (up to pupil diameter), wellcontrasted yellow to brownish stripe along the lateral midline. Comparison of the barcode mitochondrial COI genetic marker reveals a 6.4% minimum interspecific divergence (uncorrected pairwise) between the two species. We also conclude that L. madras, formerly considered to be widely distributed in the Indo-western Pacific region, is actually restricted to the Indian Ocean (Zanzibar, Seychelles, Oman, Sri Lanka, and southern India), with the two species apparently sympatric in Sri Lanka. The yellow-lined snapper complex of the Indo-Pacific is clarified, including morphological and marking differences, genetic relationships, and species distributions.
Seasonal changes in the metabolomic profile of white adipose tissue in hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Hypothesis: Hibernator white adipose tissue will exhibit season-dependent remodeling of metabolic pathways. Methods: Thirteen-lined ground squirrels were captured near Lincoln, Nebraska, and housed in University of Nebraska-Lincoln veterinary facilities. Seasonal adjustments in environmental chamber lighting and air temperature were used to induce hibernation, and tissues were taken at different timepoints throughout the seasonal activity-torpor cycle. Polar compounds were extracted from white adipose tissue (N=47 across five groups) and analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes. Spectra were aligned, and peaks detected and identified using MS2 libraries search (mzCloud, MoNA, in-house) with Compound Discoverer (Thermo). Normalized and QC corrected feature intensities were processed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for statistical analysis and pathway enrichment. Results: We identified 185 compounds and 85 compounds from positive and negative HILIC-MS, respectively, including 15 compounds identified in both ion modes. Unsupervised clustering using principal component analysis revealed discrete clusters representing the different seasonal timepoints throughout hibernation. One-way analysis of variance and feature intensity heatmaps revealed metabolites that varied in abundance between active and torpid timepoints. Pathway analysis compared against the KEGG database demonstrated enrichment of amino acid metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways among our identified compounds. Carnitine derivatives and ketones were among molecules found to be elevated during torpor-associated timepoints relative to the active state. Summary and Conclusion: We report here the polar metabolomic profile of ground squirrel white adipose tissue at different points throughout the seasonal hibernation cycle. We identified 255 compounds and showed seasonal differences in white adipose metabolites indicating a shift of hibernator metabolism associated with torpor. Our findings indicate it is possible that white adipose directly produces ketones, rather than solely relying on hepatic ketogenesis. As our results represent steady-state measurements of metabolite abundance, further work is currently underway to identify whether hibernator adipose tissue can directly synthesize these compounds and contribute to the elevated plasma ketone concentrations during torpor observed in previous work. Funding: University of Nebraska This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.
Reaction Kinetics of Desulfurization of Molten Pig Iron Using CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O Slag Systems.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Desulfurization kinetics of molten pig iron were studied using CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O quaternary slag systems at 1 350 degreesC. The concentration of Na2O in slag decreases with lime due to evaporation. The rate of desulfurization increases by increasing the Na2O content in slag, decreasing Al2O3 content, increasing the slag basicity, i.e.,the ratio of CaO to SiO2, and increasing the temperature. A mathematical model has been developed which enables the effect of decrease in Na2O content over time to be taken into consideration. The model provides a rate equation that can represent all conceivable rate controlling steps, such as interfacial chemical reaction, mass transport in the metal phase, and in the slag phase. The apparent rate coefficient-a parameter employed in the model-was dependent on temperature and slag composition, especially Na2O content. An equation is suggested which relates the coefficient to the sulfide capacity of slag. The activation energy of the apparent rate coefficient was found to be 127 kJ mol(-1). It was concluded that the desulfurization of molten pig iron using the present slag system is controlled either by the interfacial chemical reaction or slag phase mass transfer.
Inter-Row Soybean Plantation Identification in Images to Support Automatic Alignment of a Weeder Machine

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study explores a Computer Vision approach to identify inter-row planting in soybean areas. Related work already explores the same problem, but our work differs by focusing on inter-row identification to support the alignment of weeding machines (commonly used by small farmers who produce organic products). We created an experimental database with images collected with a camera attached to a weeder. The planting lines and inter-rows were manually labeled. To detect planting lines and inter-rows, we use two segmentation algorithms based on Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN and YOLACT), achieving an accuracy of up to 0.656 with the interpolation of the obtained segmentation results. The segmentation results obtained made it possible to estimate the inter-rows satisfactorily. We provide a database of collected images, with the planting lines and inter-rows noted. With these results, we intend to create a solution in future work that allows automatic alignment of the weeder. We also plan to develop similar solutions for other crops (in addition to the soybeans explored in the experiments).
Austenitic Grain Size Effect on the Phase Transformation of a 7.0% Cr Steel for Forging

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper the effect of normalizing and tempering (N&T) thermal treatment on mechanical properties of a novel 7.0% Cr steel for forged components is studied. The main innovation is in the increased hardenability following the higher Cr content with respect to the more common 5% Cr steel allowing to lower the content of other chemical elements aimed to achieve the target mechanical properties. Results show that in the case of 7.0% Cr steel, following the high intrinsic hardenability, the austenitic grain size effect on microstructure after cooling is really poor.
Institutional incentives for promotion of networking cooperation of entities

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The analysis of foreign and domestic experience in the creation of integration structures, which allows to identify the patterns of development, is carried out in the article. Identification of the causes and factors contributing to the integration of the textile and clothing industry of the Vitebsk region has allowed to carry out the analysis of the institutional environment. Methods of networking in key areas of formation of competitiveness - education, innovation and marketing - are developed and validated.
CLASS CONFLICT OF KALI BOYONG PEOPLES IN THE NOVEL KABUT DAN MIMPI BY BUDI SARDJONO: STUDY OF MARXISM

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Kabut dan Mimpi is a novel written by autodidact author named Budi Sardjono. The novel was published by Labuh in 2005. The novel interesting to be the object of research because its raising the issue of class conflict that occurs between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Forms of class conflict as to whether that appears in the novel? To determinate the class conflict that is in the novel, it will use sociology of literature approach by using a Marxist approach. Novel Kabut dan Mimpi is presenting a class struggle, but as usual, still does not happen equivalence classes as coveted proletariat. Keywords: novel, sociology of literature, Marxist
Innovations in writing, teaching, and experimentation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInnovations in writing, teaching, and experimentationLouis F. Fieser Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 9, 490Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1967Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 September 1967Published inissue 1 September 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/ed044p490RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views120Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Structural Features of Glypicans and Their Impact on Wnt Signaling in Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Glypicans (GPCs) are a family of cell surface proteoglycans involved in multiple signaling pathways that regulate cell fate and proliferation. They share a characteristic structure composed of a core protein with two or more heparan sulfate chains and a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol anchor that attaches them to the cell membrane. Aberrant expression of certain glypicans such as GPC1, GPC2, and GPC3 has been found in multiple types of cancer and causes the dysregulation of Wnt, hedgehog, and other signaling pathways, making them emerging targets for cancer immunotherapy. The molecular mechanism by which glypicans interact with signaling factors will provide insights for the development of cancer therapeutics. However, the structural complexes of human glypicans with Wnt and other key signaling factors remain unsolved. In this brief review, we analyze the current protein structural evidence for glypicans, with an emphasis on their interaction with Wnt, in an effort to provide insights to understand the molecular mechanisms by which glypicans play positive or negative roles in Wnt signaling in cancer and to discuss their translational potential.
The Hazards of Making Constitutions: Some Reflections on Comparative Constitutional Law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

After teaching comparative constitutional law in the United States, Sir Geoffrey Palmer explores the nature of constitutional law in general terms and how New Zealand could learn from others. The author compares New Zealand's uncodified constitution to, for example, the United States who has a codified written constitution. The article then discusses the entrenched nature of some constitutions, compared to New Zealand's flexible and fluid constitution that exists largely in several ordinary statutes. Because of New Zealand's fragmented constitution, it is argued that its constitution has an unclear and indeterminate status; indeed, constitutional policy hardly makes an appearance in New Zealand politics. The author briefly looks at how constitutions protect fundamental rights and constitutional design in general terms, concluding that New Zealand's discussions on constitutional themes are too infused with analytical positivism, legalism, and traditionalism for policy issues. Finally, the author discusses the role of Fiji's constitution in light of its military coups. The author concludes that constitutional reform is needed in New Zealand in the form of a written and codified constitution.
Functional recovery of the microcirculation during skeletal muscle regeneration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity to regenerate following injury, and although muscle regeneration has been studied extensively, little is known about the recovery of the skeletal muscle microcirculation during regeneration. To determine the restoration of blood flow regulation during skeletal muscle regeneration, this dissertation explored the recovery of vasomotor responses to physiological agonists and of functional vasodilation in response to muscle contraction. A novel injury model in the mouse gluteus maximus muscle was developed to study the microcirculation in vivo using intravital microscopy at welldefined time points (5, 10, 21 and 35 days) post injury compared to uninjured Control muscles. Studies encompassed feed arteries and the principal branches (1st, 2nd and 3rd order) of arteriolar networks comprising the resistance vasculature. Vasomotor responses to agonists and active force developed by muscle fibers recovered by 21d, however functional vasodilation required [about]35d to recover. This research provides novel insight into when and to what extent blood flow regulation is restored during skeletal muscle regeneration and provides novel perspective towards developing therapeutic strategies for restoring skeletal muscle function during recovery from injury.
Exploring Seismic Signal Detection and Source Identification of Atmospheric Entries: The Hayabusa2 Sample Return Capsule as a Benchmark

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This exploratory study investigates whether seismic signals can be used to infer fragmentation during a fireball event. Re-entry objects, particularly sample return capsules (SRCs) such as the one from the Hayabusa2 mission, behave similarly to slow meteors during atmospheric entry and provide valuable insights into natural fireball events. In this study, we initially analyze seismic signals from the Hayabusa2 SRC re-entry, which took place on 5 December 2020, over South Australia. The SRC’s signature was captured by a dense network of seismic stations (Eakin, 2018; O’Donnell et al., 2020), offering a unique opportunity to investigate the signals’ characteristics and verify their connection to the re-entry event. The ballistic trajectory was confirmed as the source shock mechanism for this event. We isolate this signal and use it as a reference for a ballistic shock signature and compare it to three other fireball case studies, including a suborbital re-entry and two natural meteoroids. Although factors such as local geology and atmospheric conditions were not considered in this preliminary study, our results show promise with high correlations for events with purely ballistic trajectories and lower correlations for those involving fragmentation or airbursts. This implies that seismic data may be able to disambiguate whether any particular fireball event underwent significant fragmentation or airburst, key phenomena for assessing body strengths.
The Rise of the Far Right in Debtor and Creditor European Countries: The Case of European Parliament Elections

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract While the 2014 European Parliament elections were marked by the rise of parties on the far right‐wing, the different patterns of support that we observe across Europe and across time are not directly related to the economic crisis. Indeed, economic hardship seems neither sufficient nor necessary for the rise of such parties to occur. Using the cross‐national results for the 2004, 2009 and 2014 EP elections in order to capture time and country variations, we posit that the economy affects the rise of far right‐wing parties in more complex ways. Specifically, we compare the experience of high‐debt countries (the ‘debtors’) and the others (the ‘creditors’) and explore the relationship between far right‐wing party success on the one hand, and unemployment, inequality, immigration, globalisation and the welfare state on the other. Our discussion suggests there might be a trade‐off between budgetary stability and far right‐wing party support, but the choice between Charybdis and Scylla may be avoided if policy‐makers carefully choose which policies should bear the brunt of the fiscal adjustment.
Dietary fats, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of myocardial infarction (MI) and numerous environmental and genetic factors contribute to its development. Despite advances in our understanding of atherogenesis, many uncertainties on the relationship between diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remain. Chapter 1 reviews the biologic mechanisms for the effects of dietary fats on CVD risk, including effects on serum lipids, vascular function, chronic inflammation, and thrombosis.