jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance.
Total Surface Area of a Through-and-Through Oromandibular Defect Is Associated With Thromboembolic Events for Reconstruction With a Single Fibula Free Flap

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Reconstruction of through-and-through composite oromandibular defects (COMDs) has been a challenge to plastic surgeons for decades. When using a free osteoseptocutaneous fibular flap, the skin paddle is restricted by the orientation of the peroneal vessels and the inset of bone segment(s). Although the combination of double flaps for extensive COMDs is viable and reliable, the decision of single- or double-flap reconstruction is still debated, and the risk factors leading to complications and flap failure of single-flap reconstruction are less discussed. Aim and Objectives The aim of this study was to determine objectively predictive factors for postoperative vascular complications in through-and-through COMDs reconstructed with a single fibula flap. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study in patients who underwent single free fibular flap reconstruction for through-and-through COMDs in a tertiary medical center from 2011 to 2020. The enrolled patients' characteristics, surgical methods, thromboembolic event, flap outcomes, intensive care unit care, and total hospital length of stay were analyzed. Results A total of 43 consecutive patients were included in this study. Patients were categorized into a group without thromboembolic events (n = 35) and a group with thromboembolic events (n = 8). The 8 subjects with thromboembolic events were failed to be salvaged. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and history of radiotherapy. The length of bony defect (6.70 ± 1.95 vs 9.04 ± 2.96, P = 0.004) and the total surface area (105.99 ± 60.33 vs 169.38 ± 41.21, P = 0.004) were the 2 factors that showed a significant difference between the groups. Total surface area was the only significant factor in univariate logistic regression for thromboembolic event ( P = 0.020; odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003–1.033) and also in multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting confounding factors ( P = 0.033; odds ratio, 1.026; 95% CI, 1.002–1.051). The cutoff level of total surface area in determining thromboembolic event development was 159 cm 2 ( P = 0.005; sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 82.9%; 95% CI, 0.684–0.952). Conclusions Free fibula flap has its advantages and drawbacks on mandible restoration. Because there is a lack of indicators before, a large total surface area may be an objective reference for single-flap reconstruction of through-and-through COMDs due to an elevated risk of thromboembolic event.
New approach to MFR design with an alpha – beta filters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The probability of detection and the accuracy of a measurement are determined by the available SNR ratio and hence by the energy used for illuminating the target. Also, increasing the rate of illumination of a target allows obtaining less uncertain predictions. A high energy burst and a high illumination rate are desirable from the tracker&apos;s accuracy point of view. However they negatively affect the transmitter beam occupancy budget and therefore they are undesirable from the point of view of the radar&apos;s ability to deal with multiple targets. Hence, tracker parameters (including track illumination rate and dwell-time or burst energy) should be designed to satisfy a double objective such as minimum beam occupancy, which will give maximum efficiency in the use of radar&apos;s energy and maximum beam scheduling effectiveness (shorter pulses, reduced dwell-time)-desired tracking accuracy. In this paper we presented a new approach to optimally select both the energy of the tracking waveforms and the track sampling rates which jointly minimize occupancy and satisfy angular accuracy requirements for a MFR with an tracking filter.
Living with spinal deformities: the Indian experience

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

India has the largest number of cases of spinal deformities in the world.The major causes of such deformities are malnutrition, water impurities, post-polio complications, calcium deficiency, congenital conditions, social violence and accidents.In India, there are very few medical centers which can perform corrective surgery and even fewer capable of rehabilitation.Community based rehabilitation projects also lack the infra-structure and expertise to deal with spinal deformity cases.Individuals with spinal deformities are marginalized, stigmatized and discriminated in the society.Folklores and religious scripture reinforce the prejudices against individuals with a hunchback or crooked spine.Some charitable and religious institutions do cater to the basic needs of these individuals; however, their meaningful participation in social life and in proper employment remain distant goals.
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors Delineate Distinct Phenotypes and Functions in Human γδ T Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Human circulating γδ T cells are broadly classified into three subsets: Vδ1, Vδ2, and Vδ1/2neg populations, with the Vδ2 subset being the most abundant. In this research, I focus on the contribution and interplay of Natural Killer (NK) receptors to the γδ T cell phenotype and function, with emphasis on Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs), which are poorly studied in the field of γδ T cell biology. Because cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to shape the αβ T cell and NK cell repertoires, I studied peripheral blood (PB) γδ T cells from both CMV-seronegative (CMV-) and CMV-seropositive (CMV+) healthy adult humans, using spectral flow cytometry. I found that CMV leaves a stable imprint in the γδ T cell repertoire and phenotype. CMV+ individuals have increased proportions of Vδ1 T cells within the total γδ T cell population. Moreover, γδ T cells from these individuals display increased proportions of cells expressing KIRs, which constitute a highly polymorphic family of receptors for Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I. These KIRs delineate a dichotomy in the phenotype and function of γδ T cells. KIR+γδ T cells exhibit characteristics akin to memory like T cells, displaying heightened effector potential, whereas KIR-γδ T cells resemble naïve T cells with comparatively weaker immune responses. Leveraging the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATACseq) technology, I show that KIR+γδ T cells have more open loci associated with effector functions than KIR-γδ T cells, which is consistent with the above results. These findings underscore a critical role for KIRs in γδ T cell immunity and hold implications for both our understanding of immune responses influenced by CMV and the potential of γδ T cells in cellular immunotherapy.
Trade-Offs in German Wind Energy Expansion: Building Bridges Between Different Interests, Values and Priorities.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background: In order to achieve climate targets, a transition to low-carbon energy production is necessary. However, conflicts between different interests, values and priorities, particularly at the community level, can constrain this transition. This paper aims to analyze lines of conflict and opportunities for building bridges between conflicting interests in the expansion of wind energy in Germany at the local level, in order to achieve successful implementation of wind energy projects. Results: Our analysis of four cases of local-level wind energy projects in Germany shows that limited local options for action reinforce the need for local actors to maximize the benefits of energy transition projects. In addition to the conflict over scarce space, the lines of conflict at the local level run primarily along the dimensions of costs and benefits, winners and losers. Real or perceived procedural and distributive injustices have the potential to fuel resistance to wind energy projects in the selected cases. Wind energy projects were successfully implemented in the four selected cases despite the presence of local opposition. Conclusions: The results show that, by integrating procedural and distributive justice and offering tailored solutions, community support for expansion of renewable energy projects can be enhanced. Further, the paper advances the concept of societal sponsorship, which is the willingness of members of a community to bear, or tolerate, decisions despite conflicting opinions. This concept is presented as an alternative to the concept of acceptance, which implies a positive, supportive attitude, and that protest should be avoided or overcome instead of recognized as a contribution to the debate. Societal sponsorship can be enhanced when procedural and distributive justice are adequately addressed.
Selective Boosting of CCR7-Acting Chemokines; Short Peptides Boost Chemokines with Short Basic Tails, Longer Peptides Boost Chemokines with Long Basic Tails

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 regulate the lymph node homing of dendritic cells and naïve T-cells and the following induction of a motile DC-T cell priming state. Although CCL19 and CCL21 bind CCR7 with similar affinities, CCL21 is a weak agonist compared to CCL19. Using a chimeric chemokine, CCL19CCL21N-term|C-term, harboring the N-terminus and the C-terminus of CCL21 attached to the core domain of CCL19, we show that these parts of CCL21 act in a synergistic manner to lower ligand potency and determine the way CCL21 engages with CCR7. We have published that a naturally occurring basic C-terminal fragment of CCL21 (C21TP) boosts the signaling of both CCL19 and CCL21. Boosting occurs as a direct consequence of C21TP binding to the CCR7 N-terminus, which seems to free chemokines with basic C-termini from an unfavorable interaction with negatively charged posttranslational modifications in CCR7. Here, we confirm this using a CCL19-variant lacking the basic C-terminus. This variant displays a 22-fold higher potency at CCR7 compared to WT CCL19 and is highly unaffected by the presence of C21TP. WT CCL19 has a short basic C-terminus, CCL21 a longer one. Here, we propose a way to differentially boost CCL19 and CCL21 activity as short and long versions of C21TP boost CCL19 activity, whereas only a long C21TP version can boost chemokines with a full-length CCL21 C-terminus.
A Novel and Chemoselective Synthesis of 2‐Aryloxazolines and Bis‐oxazolines Catalyzed by Bi(III) Salts.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From the E-Learning and Blended-Learning to M-Learning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Intensive development of electronic and in particular mobile technologies are quickly becoming available to a wide range of consumers. These processes characterize the modern stage of development of the information society. There is a need to study the trends and prospects for effective use of mobile technology in various fields, including the use of mobile devices in the socio-cultural and educational spheres. The authors consider the transformation of the educational model, which becomes relevant with the development of information and computer technology and develops by means of technology of mobile learning (m-Learning). Transformation processes that occur in education determine the prospects of m-Learning, which becomes the next stage of the development of electronic and blended-Learning technologies. The development of the information society leads to the further development of open education, and the role of information culture of the person increases. Analysis of the educational systems with respect to the use of mobile technology, a comparison of the dynamics and structure of promotion and development of e-technologies in education, their improving in Russia and abroad, the peculiarities of various types of learning technologies, identifying features of different information and computer technologies and their effective use, allow to trace the evolution and transformation of the processes. In these circumstances, mobile training is a promising step in the implementation of the concept of competence approach in education. Mobile education allows combining all the advantages of e-Learning technologies, providing new opportunities to students and teachers or tutors. However, it involves some risks, and their handling must be considered during the development of new educational programs.
PEM-West trajectory climatology and photochemical model sensitivity study prepared using retrospective meteorological data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Trajectory and photochemical model calculations based on retrospective meteorological data for the operations areas of the NASA Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM)-West mission are summarized. The trajectory climatology discussed here is intended to provide guidance for flight planning and initial data interpretation during the field phase of the expedition by indicating the most probable path air parcels are likely to take to reach various points in the area. The photochemical model calculations which are discussed indicate the sensitivity of the chemical environment to various initial chemical concentrations and to conditions along the trajectory. In the post-expedition analysis these calculations will be used to provide a climatological context for the meteorological conditions which are encountered in the field.
Prevalence of asthma and management of exacerbations in general practice (GP) after computerised Spanish guideline on the management of asthma (GEMA) and collaborative care environment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Asthma overdiagnosis is related to the lack of objective tests. Great health resources in asthma: 1,726€/year/patient in Spain. 1555.70€ of an exacerbation managed in hospital vs 166.70€ of one treated in GP. AIM: To assess the impact in asthma prevalence and management of exacerbations after a collaborative care environment and the implementation of GEMA on computerised medical records in GP clinics. Methods: Multidisciplinary quasi-experimental study. The intervention started in 2010 in the inner region of Biscay, based on the implementation of the computerised GEMA in 7 GP clinics and a collaborative care environment between GP and Pulmonology department. Asthmatic patients from GP clinics are included. Results: Tab.1: Asthma prevalence in populations from the same area. It shows a probable asthma overdiagnosis. Tab.2: Sample of 400 patients: There´re more asthma exacerbations in the intervention group, according to the probable asthma overdiagnosis in healthy people. Tab.3: It shows more visits to emergency room and hospital admissions in exacerbated asthmatic patients from the control group. Conclusions: The intervention avoids asthma overdiagnosis and favours the management of asthma exacerbations in GP, decreasing visits to emergency room or hospital admissions. So it would probably save health economic resources.
Profiling the Bisecting N-Acetylglucosamine Modification in Amniotic Membrane via Mass Spectrometry

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a GlcNAc linked to the core β-mannose residue via a β1,4 linkage, is a special type of N-glycosylation that has been reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as cell adhesion and fetal development. This N-glycan structure is abundant in human trophoblasts, which is postulated to be resistant to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, enabling a mother to nourish a fetus without rejection. In this study, we hypothesized that the human amniotic membrane, which serves as the last barrier for the fetus, may also express bisected-type glycans. To test this hypothesis, glycomic analysis of the human amniotic membrane was performed, and bisected N-glycans were detected. Furthermore, our proteomic data, which have been previously employed to explore human missing proteins, were analyzed and the presence of bisecting GlcNAc-modified peptides was confirmed. A total of 41 glycoproteins with 43 glycopeptides were found to possess a bisecting GlcNAc, and 25 of these glycoproteins were reported to exhibit this type of modification for the first time. These results provide insights into the potential roles of bisecting GlcNAc modification in the human amniotic membrane, and can be beneficial to functional studies on glycoproteins with bisecting GlcNAc modifications and functional studies on immune suppression in human placenta.
Flow by Gauss Curvature to the orlicz Chord Minkowski Problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The $L_p$ chord Minkowski problem based on Chord measures and $L_p$ chord measures introduced firstly by Lutwak, Xi, Yang and Zhang [38] is a very important and meaningful geometric measure problem in the $L_p$ Brunn-Minkowski theory. Xi, Yang, Zhang and Zhao [45] using variational methods gave a measure solution when $p > 1$ and $0
Neuralink: Advancing Brain-Machine Interfaces for Enhanced Human-Machine Interaction

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Using a very modern, cutting-edge brain-machine interface technology, Neuralink could be the untold game-changer of the art of human interaction with technology, in that it should create direct communication paths between the brain and external devices. The implant is placed into the motor cortex of the brain; it can pick up and will send delta, theta, and gamma waves from the brain via a Bluetooth transmitter. This paper discusses, in detail, the technology behind the N1 device, including implantation into the brain and how data from the neural network can be transmitted. Beyond found technology, we go ahead to discuss new application examples of Neuralink with paralyzed people that will show how it could help them resume movement or the control of mechanical devices such as an exoskeleton, cars, or home appliances. Potential benefits may involve enhanced therapy, mobility, and human enhancement. The paper discusses several of the ethical and social issues that this type of technology raises, including privacy, access, and regulatory issues. As Neuralink continues and presses forward brain-machine interfaces, it has the transformative potential to change healthcare delivery, human abilities, and how we interface in our world.
Tactile Masking by Electrovibration

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Future touch screen applications will include multiple tactile stimuli displayed simultaneously or consecutively to single finger or multiple fingers. These applications should be designed by considering human tactile masking mechanism since it is known that presenting one stimulus may interfere with the perception of the other. In this study, we investigate the effect of masking on the tactile perception of electrovibration displayed on touch screens. Through conducting psychophysical experiments with nine participants, we measured the masked thresholds of sinusoidal electrovibration bursts (125 Hz) under two masking conditions: simultaneous and pedestal. The masking signals were noise bursts, applied at five different sensation levels varying from 2 to 22 dB SL, also presented by electrovibration. For each participant, the thresholds were elevated as linear functions of masking levels for both masking types. We observed that the masking effectiveness was larger with pedestal masking than simultaneous masking. Moreover, in order to investigate the effect of tactile masking on our haptic perception of edge sharpness, we compared the perceived sharpness of edges separating two textured regions displayed with and without various types of masking stimuli. Our results suggest that sharpness perception depends on the local contrast between background and foreground stimuli, which varies as a function of masking amplitude and activation levels of frequency-dependent psychophysical channels.
Convergence rate for the distributions of GI/M/1/n and M/GI/1/n as n tends to infinity

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this note, we compare the arrival and time stationary distributions of the number of customers in the GI/M/ 1 /n and GI/M/ 1 queueing systems. We show that, if the inter-arrival c.d.f. H is non-lattice with mean value λ – 1 , and if the traffic intensity ρ = λμ – 1 is strictly less than one, then the convergence rate of the stationary distributions of GI/M/ 1/ n to the corresponding stationary distributions of GI/M/ 1 is geometric. More-over, the convergence rate can be characterized by the number ω , the unique solution in (0, 1) of the equation . A similar result is established for the M/GI/ 1/ n and M/GI/ 1 queueing systems.
Reclaiming Authority: The Narrative Politics of Lost Privilege in Contemporary China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Meng Jinghui's 2002 film, Chicken Poets, is a movie about Ouyang Yunfei, a thirty-something year old poet who has lost his voice in China's consumer society. Although Ouyang has published a book of poetry, it is not widely read, and the revelation of his occupation to security officers at the beginning of the film meets with derision and laughter. Finding himself suffering from a lack of remunerative employment and estrangement from his intellectual passion, Ouyang renounces his artistic mission and joins the latest business venture of a former college friend selling black chicken eggs, declaiming the worth of the product alongside laments over his inability to write "successful" poetry. Desperate to reclaim his intellectual voice, Ouyang enlists the aid of a magical compact disc that writes poetry for him, turning the artist into a money-generating celebrity whose face graces advertising billboards and television talk shows. However, such success arrives with a price. The Faustian bargain struck by Ouyang comes in the form of a "poetry" that is merely catchy televised, advertising ditties, accompanied by disco-dancing hipsters, reaping profits for large business conglomerates. In the end, technology and consumption ambush art, and Ouyang is left wondering about the place of poetry in the modern scheme of things. Mired in an existential dilemma on the nature of value, the intellectual is trumped by market mechanisms that determine individual worth.