jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA DEFORESTATION DETECTION USING SPATIO-TEMPORAL SCAN STATISTICS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The spatio-temporal models, developed for analyses of diseases, can also be used for others fields of study, including concerns about forest and deforestation. The aim of this paper is to quantitatively check priority areas in order to combat deforestation on the Amazon forest, using the space-time scan statistic. The study area location is at the south of the Amazonas State and cover around 297.183 kilometre squares, including the municipality of Boca do Acre, Labrea, Canutama, Humaita, Manicore, Novo Aripuana e Apui County on the north region of Brazil. This area has showed a significant change for land cover, which has increased the number of deforestation's alerts. Therefore this situation becomes a concern and gets more investigation, trying to stop factors that increase the number of cases in the area. The methodology includes the location and year that deforestation’s alert occurred. These deforestation's alerts are mapped by the DETER (Detection System of Deforestation in Real Time in Amazonia), which is carry out by the Brazilian Space Agency (INPE). The software SatScanTM v7.0 was used in order to define space-time permutation scan statistic for detection of deforestation cases. The outcome of this experiment shows an efficient model to detect space-time clusters of deforestation’s alerts. The model was efficient to detect the location, the size, the order and characteristics about activities at the end of the experiments. Two clusters were considered actives and kept actives up to the end of the study. These clusters are located in Canutama and Lábrea County. This quantitative spatial modelling of deforestation warnings allowed: firstly, identifying actives clustering of deforestation, in which the environment government official are able to concentrate their actions; secondly, identifying historic clustering of deforestation, in which the environment government official are able to monitoring in order to avoid them to became actives again; and finally, verify that distances between the deforestation warning and the roads explain part of the significant clustering.
Streamlining geoscience data analysis with an LLM-driven workflow

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advancements in natural language processing and human-like response generation. However, training and fine-tuning an LLM to fit the strict requirements in the scope of academic research, such as geoscience, still requires significant computational resources and human expert alignment to ensure the quality and reliability of the generated content. The challenges highlight the need for a more flexible and reliable LLM workflow to meet domain-specific analysis needs. This study proposes an LLM-driven workflow that addresses the challenges of utilizing LLMs in geoscience data analysis. The work was built upon the open data API (application programming interface) of Mindat, one of the largest databases in mineralogy. We designed and developed an open-source LLM-driven workflow that processes natural language requests and automatically utilizes the Mindat API, mineral co-occurrence network analysis, and locality distribution heat map visualization to conduct geoscience data analysis tasks. Using prompt engineering techniques, we developed a supervisor-based agentic framework that enables LLM agents to not only interpret context information but also autonomously addressing complex geoscience analysis tasks, bridging the gap between automated workflows and human expertise. This agentic design emphasizes autonomy, allowing the workflow to adapt seamlessly to future advancements in LLM capabilities without requiring additional fine-tuning or domain-specific embedding. By providing the comprehensive context of the task in the workflow and the professional tool, we ensure the quality of LLM-generated content without the need to embed geoscience knowledge into LLMs through fine-tuning or human alignment. Our approach integrates LLMs into geoscience data analysis, addressing the need for specialized tools while reducing the learning curve through LLM-driven interactions between users and APIs. This streamlined workflow enhances the efficiency of exploratory data analysis, as demonstrated by the several use cases presented. In our future work we will explore the scalability of this workflow through the integration of additional agents and diverse geoscience data sources.
Begonia cinnabarina Hook.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1.3.Begonia cinnabarina Hook., Bot. Mag. 75: t. 4483 (1849). – Type: t. 4883 in W.J. Hooker, Bot. Mag. 75: t. 4483, designated in: Edinburgh J. Bot. 75(2): 252 (2018) by Tebbitt, M.C., Andrada, A.R., Bulacio, E., Parada, G.A. & Ayharde, H. L.B. Smith & B.G. Schubert, Revista Univ. (Cuzco) 33(87): 77 (1944); R.C. Foster, Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 137 (1958); D.C. Wasshausen et al. in P.M. JØrgensen et al. (eds), Cat. Bolivia, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 129: 384 (2013); M.C. Tebbitt et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 75(2): 153 (2020); M.C. Tebbitt, Tuberous Begonias, a Monograph of Begonia sect. Australes 78 (2020). Begonia aurantiaca hort. ex Planch. nom. rej., Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 8: 530 (1853). Begonia micranthera var. fimbriata L.B.Sm. & B.G.Schub., Darwiniana 4: 98 (1941b). – Type: Argentina, Prov. Salta, Hills back of Tartagal, [22°30′S, 63°49′W], 500 m, 23 ii 1937, J. West 8413 (holotype GH [GH00068253], isotype MO [2: MO-313008, MO-1643427], NA [NA0026189], UC [UC565008]). R.C. Foster, Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 137 (1958); M.C. Tebbitt et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 75(2): 153 (2020). Distribution. Bolivia and Argentina. Identification notes. Begonia cinnabarina is best recognised by its flowers with spreading, broadly ovate and bright cinnabar-red tepals with rounded apices. Two other tuberous Bolivian species have bright red tepals: Begonia veitchii Hook.f. and B. boliviensis. The former is best distinguished by its leaf blades, which have no distinct apex, whereas the tepals of Begonia boliviensis are lanceolate with acuminate apices and are held projecting.
Airline Responsibility to Consumers for Damage to Luggage (Case study of PT. Lion Mentari Air)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Passenger losses for damaged luggage on air transportation are the responsibility of the airline because it has a legal relationship between the airline as a business actor and passengers as consumers. Baggage damage is a common problem in the Indonesian aviation industry. This is one of the risks of flying that is related to the maintenance of the airline's ground handling. Airplanes provide many facilities, one of which is baggage for storing passenger goods. Airplane baggage is divided into two categories: checked baggage and cabin baggage. Checked baggage, where passenger goods are handed over to the airline, and become the responsibility of the airline because consumers have given trust to the airline. Cabin baggage, on the other hand, is where the passenger's belongings are checked in with the passenger, carried directly by the airline passenger and is the responsibility of the passenger themselves. The airline's responsibility for lost baggage, especially checked baggage belonging to passengers, must be based on applicable laws to determine the responsible party, things that can be accounted for, the form of liability, the amount of loss, and other matters. Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 77 of 2011 concerning the Responsibility of Air Transport Carriers is a national law that regulates the responsibility of air transport carriers to passengers.
Consuming Alcohol to Prepare for Adulthood: An Event History Analysis of the Onset of Alcohol Use Among Chinese College Students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Heavy episodic drinking among college students is a common but scarcely researched public health problem in China. Although social drinking could be regarded as an enjoyable activity across cultures, the Chinese cultural belief about alcohol use is different from that of its Western counterpart, which has been richly evidenced in the research literature. Specifically, Chinese college students may consider social drinking as a venue for practicing an important social skill and preparing for life after college. This project introduces and tests the concept of “drinking as preparation for adulthood.” An approximate longitudinal study was conducted with a purposive sample of 338 college students (65.5% as females) in Southern China. An event history analysis confirms that drinking as preparation for adulthood is a significant predictor of college drinking onset. Findings indicate that culturally unique psychological factors can provide valuable alternative explanations and expand the scientific validity of theories established in the West.
DSM-5 and RDoC: One hundred years after Jaspers’s General Psychopathology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Psychopathology, in which he summarized current psychiatric knowledge and included his ideas regarding the methodological and scientific issues then facing psychiatry. In the words of his biographer, Jaspers thought the discipline of psychiatry “was crying out for a systematic clarification of current thinking ” and that “to make real progress psychiatrists must learn to think ” but his book was not well received by more senior German psychiatrists (1). Jaspers subsequently became better known as a philosopher (1). In 1922, when writing the third edition (2), Jaspers was no longer in direct contact with psychiatry and asked for suggestions from Kurt Schneider, an excellent young psychiatrist, who then probably updated the later editions of the book. The first English translation of General Psychopathology, more than 900 pages long, was published in 1963, reflecting the 7th German edition (3). Jaspers’s book defined psychiatry as a hybrid scientific discipline that must combine the methods of the natural and the social sciences which, respectively, provide an explanation of psychiatric diseases that follows the medical model, and an understanding of psychiatric abnormalities that are variations of human living. General Psychopathology has had a continuous influence on psychiatry in the United Kingdom, including psychiatric research (4)
The KCNJ11-E23K Gene Variant Hastens Diabetes Progression by Impairing Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The ATP-sensitive potassium (K<sub>ATP</sub>) channel controls blood glucose levels by coupling glucose metabolism to insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. E23K, a common polymorphism in the pore-forming K<sub>ATP</sub> channel subunit (<i>KCNJ11)</i> gene, has been linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Understanding the risk-allele-specific pathogenesis has the potential to improve personalized diabetes treatment, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we now show that the K23 variant impairs glucose-induced insulin secretion and increases diabetes risk when combined with a high fat diet (HFD) and obesity. K<sub>ATP</sub>-channels in beta cells with two K23 risk alleles (KK) showed decreased ATP inhibition and the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from KK islets was increased. Consequently, the insulin response to glucose and glycaemic control were impaired in KK mice on a standard diet. On a HFD, the effects of the KK genotype were exacerbated, accelerating diet-induced diabetes progression and causing beta cell failure. We conclude that the K23 variant increases diabetes risk by impairing insulin secretion at threshold glucose levels, thus accelerating loss of beta cell function in the early stages of diabetes progression.
Gin Blossoms Live at RibFest on 2002-06-13

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Disc 1 01) Follow You Down 02) Mrs. Rita 03) Hands Are Tied 04) Competition Smile 05) Cajun Song 06) Idiot Summer 4:42 07) As Long As It Matters 08) Lost Horizons 09) Pieces of the Night 10) Found Out About You 11) Hold Me Down 12) Keli Richards 13) Until I Fall Away 14) Til I Hear It From You 15) Allison Road 16) Hey Jealousy 17) Dinosaur 18) I Need To Know Encore: 19) Mid-Western Folk Song
Personality According to Personality Psychology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Personality psychology is a scientific study that aims to understand individual personalities as individual beings who have unique traits with other people. The uniqueness can be seen from the behavior, thoughts, feelings, and motivations that exist within each person. Nevertheless, these differences can also show certain patterns which then have similarities with other people. Modern psychology separates God from human subjective experience. Subjective-religious experience is still seen as unscientific. In a scientific perspective, it must meet logical-rational-empirical standards. As the heir to modernism, psychology is also under the scientific method as other sciences. Therefore, the development of modern psychology is supported by three main pillars. First, psychology is universal, second, based on empirical methods, third, research as a locomotive of progress. The method in this paper is literature review. Literature review is an activity of collecting scientific data, especially in the form of theories, methods, or research that has been done before, both in the form of books, document manuscripts, journals, and others that are already in the library. We found that there are similarities in meaning between character and personality according to modern psychology
Shock-wave lithotripsy or ureterorenoscopy for renal stones?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Kidney stones are a common condition with high direct and indirect costs; to date, the optimal urological approach for some particular presentations including non-lower pole kidney stones between 10 and 20 mm of diameter is not clear. A limited number of randomized controlled trials and observational longitudinal studies suggests that ureterorenoscopy (URS) could be superior to shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) in achieving stone-free rates in this setting; however, such reports are generally weakened by a number of limitations including small sample size and scarce control for confounding. In this issue, Fankhauser et al. [1] report the results of a large observational retrospective study on the comparative efficacy and safety of URS and SWL for the treatment of previously untreated kidney stones.
Narrow‐band imaging for screening of oral premalignant or cancerous lesions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background It remains unclear whether the use of adjunctive diagnostic screening methods improves the diagnostic efficacies of oral premalignant and cancerous lesions. Objective of review We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of narrow‐band imaging used to detect oral cancer and precancerous lesions defined employing different narrow‐band imaging criteria. Type of review Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Search strategy We searched PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to May 2020. Evaluation methods Three different criteria for oral mucosal vascular changes using narrow‐band imaging were compared: class I: well‐demarcated brownish areas with thick dark spots and/or winding vessels; class II: intraepithelial papillary capillary looping of grades 2, 3 and 4; and class III: intraepithelial papillary capillary looping of grades 3 and 4. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (ver. 2) tool. We compared narrow‐band imaging to conventional white‐light imaging. Results We included 10 prospective or retrospective studies (1374 patients). To detect all dysplastic and cancerous lesions, the class I criteria afforded the optimal specificity and sensitivity; the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.918. To detect highly dysplastic and advanced cancerous lesions, the class III criteria afforded appropriate specificity and sensitivity. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.905. When using the class III criteria, narrow‐band imaging afforded better specificity (0.941 [range 0.920, 0.9572], P < .0001) compared to white‐light imaging (0.520 [range 0.409, 0.629]). However, the white‐light imaging data were inconsistent and the ranges were broad; narrow‐band imaging may be considerably more accurate than white‐light imaging when using the class III criteria. Conclusion Narrow‐band imaging diagnosed oral premalignant or cancerous lesions much more reliably than white‐light imaging.
Abstract TP161: Low Free Triiodothyronine on Admission Should Be Associated With Post-stroke Infection in Acute Stroke Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and purpose: Post-stroke infection (PSI) is a common and it is associated with a severe prognosis. Recent studies have shown that thyroid hormones play critical roles in the immune system regulation. However, association between PSI and thyroid hormone have not been fully elucidated. We therefore investigated the impact of thyroid hormone on PSI in acute stroke patients. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 520 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (326 male, 71.9 ± 13.2 years) admitted to our department between September 2014 and June 2016. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were evaluated upon admission. PSI was defined as infection occurring during hospitalization. The impact of the thyroid hormone on PSI was evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Separate analyses were conducted according to PSI and quartile serum FT3 concentration. Results: PSI was diagnosed in 107 patients (20.6 %). The most common infection was pneumonia with the prevalence of 65 patients (60.7 %), followed by urinary tract infection recorded in 19 patients (17.8 %). Age ( P < 0.001), body mass index ( P = 0.0044), pre-admission mRS ( P = 0.002), NIHSS score on admission ( P < 0.001), admission FT3 (2.63 ± 0.49 pg/mL vs. 2.24 ± 0.66 pg/mL, P < 0.001), and cardio-embolic stroke ( P < 0.001) were significantly associated with PSI, but no relationship between TSH (2.84 ± 8.12 mIU/L vs. 2.20 ± 1.45 mIU/L, P = 0.4610), FT4 (1.22 ± 0.21 ng/dL vs. 1.21 ± 0.28 ng/dL, P = 0.1478), and PSI were found. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, low FT3 (< 2.29 pg/mL; odds ratio [OR], 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61- 5.45; P = 0.0005) and high admission NIHSS score (≥ 9 points, OR, 7.65; 95% CI, 4.10-14.73; P <0.0001) were independently associated with PSI. In comparisons between PSI and FT3 quartiles (Q1 [≤ 2.25 pg/mL], Q2 [2.26-2.55 pg/mL], Q3 [2.56-2.89 pg/mL], Q4 [≥ 2.90 pg/mL]), patients with PSI were significantly more frequent in Q1 than in Q2, Q3, and Q4 after multivariate adjustment. Conclusions: Our results showed that a low FT3 at admission should be associated with PSI in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Phraseology and imagery in UK public health agency COVID-19 tweets

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This chapter examines linguistic and visual communication in UK public health agency tweets as part of a wider project looking at the effectiveness of public health information about COVID-19 for speakers of English as an additional language (EAL). In this study, we use corpus linguistics and multimodal social semiotic analysis to examine the phraseology and imagery of UK public health agency tweets to understand how linguistic and visual representations combine to shape these messages. Results show that in terms of form, four-word n-grams in this data often overlapped each other or served as part of frames for longer messages. In terms of functions, the n-grams often served to give advice or instructions while presenting this more neutrally as information. Hence the message was often conveyed via implicature rather than directly expressing the intended information and directives. Results also show that the images that were combined with these frequent n-grams tended to be photographs representing members of the public and authority figures, procedural infographics and posters with cartoon images. The text in the tweets appeared at times misaligned with the intended functions of these visual representations, thus affecting the overall effectiveness of the public health communications.
Analisis Otonomi Daerah Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper discusses in depth the regulation and implementation of Law Number 23 of 2014 on Regional Government in Indonesia, as well as its impact on regional autonomy and the relationship between central and regional governments. This law serves as an essential foundation for more effective and efficient regional government management, but it also presents various challenges in its implementation. The issues raised in this research include challenges in applying the principles of decentralization and deconcentration, as well as the authority granted to regional governments in managing natural resources, public services, and other aspects related to regional autonomy. The aim of this research is to explore and analyze the legal aspects that influence the effectiveness of regional policies, using a normative legal approach and descriptive analysis. This research method involves an in-depth literature study, including an examination of existing regulations and analysis of relevant literature. The research findings indicate that although the Regional Government Law provides rights and authorities for regions to manage their own governmental affairs, there are several obstacles in its implementation. These obstacles include regulatory ambiguities, a lack of harmonization between implementing regulations, and issues in monitoring and evaluating the performance of regional governments. Furthermore, the relationship between central and regional governments often does not function optimally, resulting in uncertainties in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of each party. The conclusions drawn from this research emphasize the need for evaluation and adjustment of existing regulations, as well as the importance of better collaboration between central and regional governments. This is necessary to ensure that the goals of equitable and fair development can be achieved. The research also recommends the need for clearer and more integrated implementing regulations, as well as enhancing human resource capacity at the regional level to support effective policy implementation.
When Glass and Metal Corrode Together, VI: Chalconatronite

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Chalconatronite, Na2[Cu(CO3)]2·3H2O, is formed as a corrosion product when copper alloys are exposed to sodium carbonate solutions in the air. This also happens when metals come into contact with corroding soda glass which forms alkaline surface films in reaction with humidity from clean air. More often, substantial amounts of formaldehyde are present indoors which react to formate via the Cannizzarro reaction and accumulate over time in the films. Twenty cases of chalconatronite (including two mentioned in the literature) are reported as occurring on heritage objects with glass in contact with copper alloys: Baroque reliquaries with set glass gems, enamel on metal (sixteenth century and a modern replica of intentionally unstable composition), Christmas tree glass baubles with wires, glass buttons with metal shanks, a glass figure with a wire support, miners' lamps, and a glass framed daguerreotype. These confirmed identifications might help conservators in investigating similar cases to shed more light on the formation conditions.