jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of leaves of Ten Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) Lines

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The characterization of the leaf morphology and anatomy can be useful to determine the superiority of the plant. The purpose of this study was to observe and analyze the morphological and anatomical leaves characteristics of the 10 soybean lines. The experiment employed a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest scores of the leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness, petiole length, and petiole diameter could be observed in Brg/Myp-3 line. The largest leaf ratio was reported by Anj/MLGG 0511-29, and the lowest scores in the leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, petiole diameter, and leaf ratio were found in MLGG 0892 line. Grb/Lwt-17 and Grb/Myp-25 had the thinnest leaves. Grb/Lwt-12 have the highest number of trichomes, both on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, while Grb/Myp-65 had the smallest number. Anj/MLGG 0511-20 and Brg/Myp-14 had the longest trichomes, while Grb/Lwt 17 had the shortest trichomes. The highest number of stomata was recorded in Grb/Lwt-17. The results of the correlation test showed some significant relationships between the leaf characteristics: the length of the leaf and the width of the leaf and the petiole diameter; the length of the upper trichome and the length of the lower trichome, and the width of the upper trichome and the number of the lower stomata.
New intriguing implications of epidural prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PgF 2α) administration in the dairy cow: a case report.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Introduction - Prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PgF 2α) are widely used in bovine reproduction for induction of parturition, oestrus induction, luteolysis, whereas, in mice models, they have been supposed to modulate cervical ripening and uterine remodeling. Recent in vitro studies have shown that the I and II dorsal laminae of the rat spinal cord are endowed with prostaglandin F receptors which are mainly involved in the modulation of pain. The epidural route of administration of many substances has been successfully tested, in vivo, for the resolution of reproductive diseases in the dairy cow. \nAim - To describe the effects of the epidural PgF 2α administration in a dairy cow undergone caesarean section. \nMaterials and Methods: A pluriparous Brown-Swiss dairy cow underwent caesarean section on the 312th day after A.I., since, upon clinical examination, a vital calf in longitudinal anterior presentation was perceived, in absence of myometrial contraction and cervical opening. A female macrosomic calf, weighing 72 kgs was extracted; the calf died within half an hour after surgery, despite resuscitation procedures. At necropsy, teratologic traits were noted such as ram-like profile, lack of fusion of the frontal and parietal bones, microcephaly and pituitary agenesia, accounting for the inability of the alive foetus to perceive and transduce foetal stress to the mother and provoke calving. Oxytocin (10 I.U./100 kg B.W.) was administered intramuscular via to the mother, to stimulate cervical opening, lochia expulsion and milk ejection. Given the absence of oxytocin effect, 24 hour later dinoprost (25 mg) was given to the cow, with the same purposes and no results, therefore dinoprost (12.5 mg) was administered again, epidural via, 24 and 48 hrs later, in the sacro-coccygeal space. \nResults - The epidural PgF 2α administration resulted in cervical dilatation, udder development and colostrum/milk production. \nDiscussion - The results obtained through the unusual epidural administration suggest the hypothesis that dinoprost may have travelled along the nervous fibers (neurocrine process), reaching the cervix and the udder provoking ripening and local prolactin synthesis, respectively. Another interpretation relies on possibility that the bovine spinal cord might bear prostaglandin F receptors such as it has been found in the rat and that, upon activation, dinoprost may have depolarized the fibers innervating the udder and cervix, triggering cervical dilation and lactogenesis. \nConclusions - These preliminary and interesting results need testing on a wider number of cows and deepening with histological researches. In this way, the mechanism of action of epidural PgF 2α administration could be inferred. Anyway, this case report, in the present form, could widen the current knowledge about the therapeutic effects of prostaglandins, related to the unusual epidural route of administration.
Risks and Benefits of Nutritional Support During Critical Illness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

▪ Abstract Critically ill patients who depend on intensive care for more than a few days reveal profound erosion of lean body mass, which is thought to contribute to high morbidity and mortality. Despite a shortfall of evidence that supplemental feeding actually alters clinical outcome of these life-threatening disease states, this observation evoked an almost universal, albeit often inappropriate, use of nutritional support (NS) in the critically ill, administered via the parenteral or the enteral route. Lack of knowledge and overenthusiasm subsequently resulted in complications associated with both parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN), which led to the standing controversy over which should be preferred. With time, however, it became clear that EN and PN are not mutually exclusive and that critically ill patients requiring NS should be fed according to the functional status of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, tight blood glucose control with insulin is advised in fed critically ill patients because overall metabolic control appears to surpass any outcome benefit attributed to the route of feeding. Recently, various special nutritional formulas have been suggested to prevent or treat multiorgan failure in the critically ill, among other pathways via modulation of immune function. Although special nutritional formulas may be promising in a variety of clinical settings, based on currently available data, these cannot be recommended for routine use in critically ill patients.
Connectivity measures for internet topologies

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The topology of the Internet has initially been modelled as an undirected graph, where vertices correspond to so-called Autonomous Systems (ASs), and edges correspond to physical links between pairs of ASs. However, in order to capture the impact of routing policies, it has recently become apparent that one needs to classify the edges according to the existing economic relationships (customer-provider, peer-to-peer or siblings) between the ASs. This leads to a directed graph model in which traffic can be sent only along so-called valley-free paths. Four different algorithms have been proposed in the literature for inferring AS relationships using publicly available data from routing tables. We investigate the differences in the graph models produced by these algorithms, focussing on connectivity measures. To this aim, we compute the maximum number of vertex-disjoint valley-free paths between ASs as well as the size of a minimum cut separating a pair of ASs. Although these problems are solvable in polynomial time for ordinary graphs, they are N P-hard in our setting. We formulate the two problems as
Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of novel pyridinium-hydrazone derivatives

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A series of substituted phenylethylidenehydrazinylpyridinium derivatives bearing methyl, ethyl, propyl, and propylphenyl groups on the pyridinium nitrogen were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica by using the microdilution method. Among the tested compounds, 3d, 5c, 3b, and 3c were found to be the most active derivatives against the promastigotes of L. tropica (IC50 values are 6.90, 9.92, 11.69 and 12.03 µM, respectively) and to be more active than reference drug meglumine antimonaite (glucantime) (IC50 value: 20.49 µM). The derivatives investigated in this study may have the potential to be lead compound against leishmanial infection.
Exploring Predictive Ability of Fitness Test Data Relative to Fire Academy Graduation in Trainees: Practical Applications for Physical Training

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study investigated the predictive abilities of fitness tests relative to academy graduation in firefighter trainees. Archival fitness test data from 305 trainees were analyzed, including: Illinois agility test (IAT); push-ups; pull-ups; leg tucks; multistage fitness test; 4.54-kg backwards overhead medicine ball throw (BOMBT); 10-repetition maximum deadlift; and a 91.44-m farmers carry with 18-kg kettlebells. Within the department, trainees were allocated points for each test. Trainees were split into graduated (245 males, 16 females) or released (29 males, 15 females) groups. Independent samples t-tests and effect sizes calculated between-group fitness test differences (raw and scaled points). To provide a binary definition for the sensitivity/specificity analysis, trainees were defined as those scoring 60+ points for a test, and those scoring 0 points. For each test, the binary result (graduated/released) was plotted against the trainee's test performance (60+ Points/0 Points). Receiver operating curves were plotted for each fitness test, and the area under the curve (AUC) determined accuracy. Trainees who graduated performed more push-ups, pull-ups, and leg tucks than released trainees, and scored more points in all tests (p≤0.005; d=0.34-1.41). Pull-ups, BOMBT, leg tuck, and the farmer's carry had high sensitivity (>80% true positive rate); the IAT had high specificity (83.3% for the true negative rate). Metronome push-ups, BOMBT points, and total points had fair accuracy for predicting academy graduation (AUC=0.709-0.754). While the data demonstrated that trainees who graduated tended to have better total-body muscular strength, endurance, and power, fitness tests may not be appropriate as a sole predictor for academy graduation.
Solution and Fitness Evolution (SAFE): A Study of Multiobjective Problems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We have recently presented SAFE-Solution And Fitness Evolution-a commensalistic coevolutionary algorithm that maintains two coevolving populations: a population of candidate solutions and a population of candidate objective functions. We showed that SAFE was successful at evolving solutions within a robotic maze domain. Herein we present an investigation of SAFE's adaptation and application to multiobjective problems, wherein candidate objective functions explore different weightings of each objective. Though preliminary, the results suggest that SAFE, and the concept of coevolving solutions and objective functions, can identify a similar set of optimal multiobjective solutions without explicitly employing a Pareto front for fitness calculation and parent selection. These findings support our hypothesis that the SAFE algorithm concept can not only solve complex problems, but can adapt to the challenge of problems with multiple objectives.
"Importance of Conventional Radiography in the Diagnosis of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis"

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

M Geneva-Popova1*, Stanislava Popova2 and M Semova3 Author Affiliations 1Medical University - Plovdiv, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital “St. George”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2Medical University - Plovdiv, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine, Bulgaria 3Kaspela University Hospital, Plovdiv, Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Bulgaria Received: March 21, 2021 | Published: April 30, 2021 Corresponding author: M Geneva-Popova, Medical University - Plovdiv, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital “St. George”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2021.35.005705
SELF-REGULATION OF GROWTH IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Multi-cell spheroids were grown in soft agar. When each spheroid was cultured in a large volume of medium, frequently renewed, all spheroids eventually reached a dormant phase at a diameter of approximately 3–4 mm and a population of approximately 106 cells. In the dormant spheroid, newly generated cells at the periphery balanced those lost by necrosis in the center. We propose that this dormant phase is due to a gradual reduction in the ratio of surface area to volume: a size is achieved beyond which there is insufficient surface area for the spheroid to eliminate catabolites and absorb nutrients. Thus, in the face of unlimited space and of new medium, three-dimensional cell populations become self-regulating. This phenomenon contrasts with standard tissue culture in which cell populations, living on a flat plane in two dimensions, will not stop growing in the face of unlimited space and new medium because the ratio of surface area to volume remains constant. These experiments provide a mechanism for our observations in vivo: before vascularization, solid tumors live by simple diffusion as three-dimensional spheroids or ellipsoids. They become dormant at a diameter of only a few millimeters; once vascularized, they are released from this dormant phase and begin exponential growth. Thus, tumor dormancy resulting from absence of angiogenesis in vivo, may operate by the same mechanism responsible for dormancy of spheroids in vitro.
Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes M1UK in Australia and characterization of the mutation driving enhanced expression of superantigen SpeA

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A new variant of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 (designated ‘M1UK’) has been reported in the United Kingdom, linked with seasonal scarlet fever surges, marked increase in invasive infections, and exhibiting enhanced expression of the superantigen SpeA. The progenitor S. pyogenes ‘M1global’ and M1UK clones can be differentiated by 27 SNPs and 4 indels, yet the mechanism for speA upregulation is unknown. Here we investigate the previously unappreciated expansion of M1UK in Australia, now isolated from the majority of serious infections caused by serotype M1 S. pyogenes. M1UK sub-lineages circulating in Australia also contain a novel toxin repertoire associated with epidemic scarlet fever causing S. pyogenes in Asia. A single SNP in the 5’ transcriptional leader sequence of the transfer-messenger RNA gene ssrA drives enhanced SpeA superantigen expression as a result of ssrA terminator read-through in the M1UK lineage. This represents a previously unappreciated mechanism of toxin expression and urges enhanced international surveillance.
PENERAPAN HUKUM RESPONSIF MENJADIKAN KEJAKSAAN YANG PROFESIONAL DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Currently, the policy made by the government will always support the political interests of the government itself, regardless of the interests of the community. A good policy is a policy that can respond and meet the interests, aspirations and social needs of the community so that all aspects must work together. In addition, government policy is expected to prevent violations of the law, because efforts to prevent violations of the law is better than crack or Hank dropped punishment to the offender. By building a national integrity system in government institutions is very useful for the fight against corruption in various forms at various levels. Attorney as law enforcement also plays a role in combating corruption should respond actively so that the desires of society so that the level of corruption in Indonesia decreased can be realized. Criminal punishment to the perpetrators of corruption is a form of repressive law enforcement response, the law does not consider the interests of those who governed / regulated by these laws. This study uses the method of normative legal research, which aims to identify and understand more deeply about the role of the Prosecutor in preventing corruption as well as people's expectations and understanding of the policies applied to the Prosecutor to support the government in preventing corruption. Saat ini, kebijakan yang dibuat pemerintah akan selalu mendukung kepentingan politik pemerintah itu sendiri, terlepas dari kepentingan masyarakat. Kebijakan yang baik adalah kebijakan yang dapat merespon dan memenuhi kepentingan, aspirasi dan kebutuhan sosial masyarakat sehingga segala aspek harus bekerja sama secara bersinergi. Selain itu, kebijakan pemerintah diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran hukum, karena upaya pencegahan terjadinya pelanggaran hukum lebih baik dari pada menindak atau mejatuhkan hukuman bagi si pelanggar. Dengan membangun sistem integritas nasional pada lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan sangat berguna untuk upaya melawan korupsi dalam berbagai bentuk di berbagai tingkatan. Jaksa selaku penegak hukum yang juga berperan dalam memberantas tindak pidana korupsi haruslah merespon secara aktif sehingga keinginan masyarakat supaya tingkat korupsi di Indonesia menurun dapat terwujud. Penjatuhan pidana kepada pelaku-pelaku korupsi merupakan salah satu bentuk respon penegakan hukum secara represif, yaitu hukum yang tidak memperhatikan kepentingan orang-orang yang diperintah/diatur oleh hukum tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda penelitian hukum normatif, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami lebih mendalam tentang peran Kejaksaan dalam mencegah terjadinya korupsi sebagaimana harapan masyarakat dan memahami tentang kebijakan-kebijakan yang diterapkan Kejaksaan untuk mendukung pemerintah dalam mencegah korupsi.
A LOST HEBREW WORD IN ISAIAH II. 6

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A LOST HEBREW WORD IN ISAIAH II. 6 Get access D. WINTON THOMAS D. WINTON THOMAS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume XIII, Issue 2, October 1962, Pages 323–324, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/XIII.2.323 Published: 01 October 1962
Challenges for Education of Children With Disabilities in Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Considering the needs of children with diverse needs, current legislation emphasizes the allocation of a special budget to address the needs of children with disabilities in Pakistan. However, Pakistan is one of the countries that is not investing a reasonable budget to accommodate the needs of children with disabilities like many other developing and developed countries. This column reports on three current issues in relation to children with disabilities in Pakistan: (a) education for children with disabilities, (b) challenges to inclusion of children with disabilities, and (c) current education status of children with disabilities. Suggestions for future directions are also discussed.
Dataset of internal migration among researchers between states in Mexico over 1996-2018

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dataset contains one of the main outputs of a study of internal migration among researchers in Mexico inferred from the affiliation addresses of Scopus publications from 1996-2018. Scopus data is owned and maintained by Elsevier.
This dataset is provided under a CC BY-NC-SA Creative Commons v 4.0 license (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). This means that other individuals may remix, tweak, and build upon these data non-commercially, as long as they provide citations to this data repository (10.6084/m9.figshare.12619016) and the reference articles listed below, and license the new creations under the identical terms.
For more details about the study, please refer toMiranda-González, Andrea, Samin Aref, Tom Theile, and Emilio Zagheni. "Scholarly migration within Mexico: Analyzing internal migration among researchers using Scopus longitudinal bibliometric data." EPJ Data Science (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00252-9
The dataset is provided in a comma-separated values file (.csv file) and each row represents one movement of one researcher-active scholar from a state (source) to another state (target) in Mexico in a specific year (move_year).
The data can be used to produce internal migration flows for the states or possibly other migration estimates. It can also be used as an edge-list for creating a network model of migration events between states (states being the nodes of the network and each movement being represented as a directed edge from source to target).
A zip file of annual networks (directed and weighted) in gml format is also provided.
Pre-apartheid African land ownership and the implication for the current Restitution Debate in South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Swart grondbesit in die voor-apartheidsera en die implikasies daarvan vir die huidige debat rondom die herstel van grondregte
Hierdie artikel neem plase in swart besit in die eertydse Transvaal onder die loep. Die outeur ontleed hoe swart grondbesitters hulle belange teen die aanslae van hulle blanke bure en die regering beskerm het. Daarbenewens toon die outeur aan hoe die swartmense na 1913 volgehou het om toestemming te vra om grond aan te koop, en soms onwillige staatsamptenare oorgehaal het om aankope goed te keur. Derdens val die klem op die kwessie van skuld en hoe amptenare van die Department van Naturellesake gepoog het om swartmense teen die oproeping van hulle verbande by te staan. Die hoofdoel van die artikel is om die ingewikkelde verhoudinge tussen die staatsamptenare en die swart grondbesitters toe te lig in 'n poging om aan te toon dat die Mandela-regering omsigtig te werk sal moet gaan wanneer die eise van swart grondbesitters, wat moontlik voor die aanvang van die apartheidsera hulle grond verloor het, evalueer word.
This article focuses on African owned farms in the Transvaal. The author examines how African landowners defended their interests against pressures from their white neighbours or the government. In addition, the author demonstrates how Africans showed persistence in seeking permission to buy land after 1913, sometimes maneuvering reluctant government officials into approving a purchase. A third emphasis is on the topic of debt and how officials of the Native Affairs Department tried to help Africans avoid foreclosure. The ultimate aim of the article is to emphasize the complicated relationship between government officials and African landowners in an effort to suggest that the Mandela government must use caution as it evaluates claims from African owners who may have lost their land before the apartheid era.
THE STUDY OF OPTIMAL BUFFER ALLOCATION IN FMS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM AND SIMULATION

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we present a new heuristic algorithm for buffer allocation in FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System). It is conducted by using a genetic algorithm and simulation. First, we model the system by using a simulation software, Arena. Then, we apply a genetic algorithm to achieve an optimal solution. VBA blocks, which are kinds of add-in functions in Arena, are used to connect Arena with the genetic algorithm. The system being modeled has seven workstations, one loading/unloading station, and three AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicle). Also it contains three products, which each have their own machining order and processing times. We experimented with two kinds of buffer allocation problems with a proposed heuristic algorithm, and we will suggest a simple heuristic approach based on processing times and workloads to validate our proposed algorithm. The first experiment is to find a buffer profile to achieve the maximum throughput using a finite number of buffers. The second experiment is to find the minimum number of buffers to achieve the desired throughput. End of this paper, we compare the result of a proposed algorithm with the result of a simple buffer allocation heuristic based on processing times and workloads. We show that the proposed algorithm increase the throughput by 7.2%.