jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Saline and Wet Soils of Wetlands in Dry Climates

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Arid wet soils and wetlands are commonly found at groundwater discharge sites such as flood plain edges, pluvial lake playas, prairie playas, artesian spring areas, and areas associated with irrigation practices. Some of these landforms, such as flood plains, only experience a seasonal high water table for a month or less during an average year. Other areas, such as playas, may see a return interval for wet soils only a few times per decade. Many of the wet soils in dry climates have formed under high evapotranspiration rates. When coupled with low effective precipitation and poor drainage, this environment leads to concentrated salt accumulations. Therefore, the hydrogeomorphology, geological sources of the water and sediment, and evapo-concentration of salts are important factors to consider when working with wet soils of arid climates.
High-Throughput Site-Directed Mutagenesis using Oligonucleotides Synthesized on DNA Chips

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Site-directed mutagenesis has greatly helped researchers both to understand the precise role of specific residues in coding sequences and to generate variants of proteins that have acquired new characteristics. Today's demands for more complete functional cartographies of proteins and advances in selection and screening technologies require that site-directed mutagenesis be adapted for high-throughput applications. We describe here the first generation of a library of single and multiple site-directed mutants using a mixture of oligonucleotides synthesized on DNA chips. We have used the human interleukin 15 (IL15) gene as a model, of which 37 codons were simultaneously targeted for substitution by any of eight possible codons. Ninety-six clones were sequenced, exhibiting a broad spectrum of targeted substitutions over the whole gene length with no unwanted mutations. Libraries produced using such pools of oligonucleotides open new perspectives to direct the evolution of proteins in vitro, by enabling the simple, rapid, and cost-effective generation of large tailor-made genetic diversities from any gene.
Finite‐gain event‐triggered interval observers design for continuous‐time linear systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This work introduces a new approach based on an event‐triggered mechanism (ETM) to design finite‐gain interval observers for linear continuous‐time systems in the presence of unknown‐but‐bounded uncertainties with a priori known bounds on state disturbances and measurement noises. In this setting, aperiodic measurements sampling is controlled in a way to reduce online communication between the sensors and the estimation algorithm. The proposed ETM relies on a dynamic condition that depends on the width of the feasible domain of the system's uncertainties and the width of the estimated state enclosures. Moreover, the proposed approach guarantees the existence of a positive lower bound on the interevent times, which avoids the Zeno phenomenon. On the other hand, although the sensors data are used in an irregular sampling way, the ‐stability performance of the estimation error is satisfied. Finally, simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Inter subject variability analysis in normal ageing and prodromal AD

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Inter subject variability examines the individual similarity/difference in neural dynamics within a population, both during rest and cognitive tasks. The current study investigates inter subject similarity using Inter Subject Correlation (ISCcorr), Inter Subject Coherence (ISCcoh) and Inter Subject Functional Connectivity (ISFC) in prodromal AD and healthy controls. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded from 13 prodromal AD and 20 healthy subjects belonging to an ageing population. Inter subject correlation and inter subject coherence were estimated for all the EEG channels for each subject pair. Weighted phase lag index (WPLI) based functional connectivity is used for estimating ISFC. Reduction in values of ISCcorrandISCcoh was observed in all the recording conditions for the patient group with respect to the healthy controls, with statistically significant difference being observed only in the resting state. ISFC analysis showed a reduction in inter subject similarity in the prodromal AD patient group in comparison to the healthy controls in both resting and cognitive tasks. Results from the study infers the reduction ofISCcorrandISCcoh and ISFC in the patient group indicating a reduction in intersubject similarity. The reduction in intersubject similarity observed in prodromal AD group may result from the heterogeneity of brain dynamics within the population during the progression of AD. The study further highlights that the reduction in intersubject similarity is more pronounced during resting states compared to cognitive tasks. Future studies shall benefit from examining intersubject similarity within the patient group which could aid in the development of biomarkers for early detection of the disease.
The Effect of Maternal Coagulation Parameters on Fetal Acidemia in Placental Abruption

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to identify factors predicting the probability of serious fetal acidemia at delivery in placental abruption. We identified 5769 women who delivered at >22 weeks’ gestation at two institutions in a tertiary referral unit specializing in neonatal infant care between January 2007 and December 2011. Ninety-one abruption cases were identified based on clinical and histological diagnoses. Serious fetal acidemia was defined as a pH < 7.0 in the umbilical arterial blood at delivery. Using a linear discriminant function, we calculated the score to determine the probability of serious fetal acidemia. Serious fetal acidemia was observed in 34 patients (37.4%). A logistic regression model showed that abnormal fetal heart rate patterns (bradycardia and late decelerations), uterine spasm, and maternal plasma concentration of fibrinogen less than 288 ng/dL were significantly associated with the occurrence of serious fetal acidemia. We suggest that the implementation of maternal fibrinogen in patients with placental abruption is a prognostic factor for serious fetal acidemia at delivery.
Vybrané problémy základního vzdělávání v Kambodži

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The thesis examines the Cambodian basic primary education, particularly concerning the problems of financial accessibility and teacher's quality. After describing the historical context, the author analyses available evidence on the current situation of the Cambodian primary education as well as measures undertaken for its improvement. The empirical part examines twelve semi-structured interviews with informants with a diverse background (NGO workers experienced in the area, elementary and lower secondary teachers, and recent students). The research confirmed the importance of the problem of teachers' quality also related to their low education. Problem of informal payments restricting access to education for some pupils was not completely confirmed. Although these problems have remained - both according to informants and literature - the critical challenges of Cambodian education, the findings suggest that recent years have witnessed notable improvements in both these areas. Key words: basic education, teachers, Cambodia, accessibility, quality
Life-Threatening Adenovirus Infections in the Setting of the Immunocompromised Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A single institution case series of adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is presented to highlight the consideration for adenovirus infections as an etiology in patients with rapid hepatic or other sudden organ deterioration in the setting of apparent GVHD stabilization. The series also highlights that survival is limited with these infections often due in part to concomitant opportunistic infections. In addition, the pathophysiological events, such as GVHD and hepatic dysfunction, may complicate the clinical picture and delay therapy of an opportunistic infection. This is particularly true for adenoviral infections as they also have a distinct clinical picture in immunocompromised patients when compared to immune competent patients. Adenovirus infections also have the additional challenge that its treatment, cidofovir, has associated toxicities that can delay its administration. Recent developments has yielded an assay that can be used in the early detection and for serial determinations of adenovirus in patients with advanced GVHD, as well as a new therapeutic agent currently undergoing clinical trials.
Expression of the BBM gene during somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The relationship between somatic embryogenesis (SE) and the expression of the BABY BOOM (BBM) gene was studied in cultured immature zygotic embryos (IZEs) using a transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana containing a BBMPro::GUS construct. Results showed spatio-temporal differences in BBM expression in explants during culture. BBM promoter activity was observed in freshly isolated IZEs except distal parts of cotyledons. At the beginning of culture, considerable increase of GUS staining intensity was observed in all parts of explants, which maintained at high level over next few days and coincide with cell divisions. Gradual decrease of GUS distribution in explants was observed at about the 5th day of culture. BBM promoter activity became largely restricted to dividing cells, then to developing somatic embryos, shoot-like structures and callus. In parts of explants not involved in morphogenesis BBM promoter activity was absent or hardly seen. Thus the in vitro expression of BBM coincides with cell proliferation and morphogenesis.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil on Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment on “Evaluation of factors affecting modulus of rupture as an index of crusting in soils of Haryana” was carried out during 2016-17 at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. The soil samples were collected from 21 locations from farmers’ fields in from 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths from different districts of the Haryana having wide range of texture ranging from sand to silty clay loam. The effect of different physico-chemical properties of these texturally different soils was evaluated on their modulus of rupture (MOR) values. The organic carbon, aggregate size analysis, mean weight diameter and modulus of rupture of all the soils were determined using standard methods. The effect of different soil properties on modulus of rupture of soils was evaluated. The MOR of different textured soils at both the depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm) was significantly positive and lineally correlated with the soil organic carbon contents of soils with R2 value of 0.74 and 0.75 for 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths. The water stable aggregates at 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths were found significantly positive and linearly correlated with organic carbon content of soils. The water stable aggregates were highest in silty clay loam (67.42%) and lowest in sand (30.85 %) at 0-5 cm depth. Aggregate stability index as mean weight diameter (MWD) was observed to be higher in fine textured soils as compared to coarse textured soils. The silty clay loam soils were found with highest MWD of 1.61 mm and 1.54 mm at 0-5 and 5-15 cm depth amongst all the soils respectively. The MOR was found highly dependent on silt + clay and water stable aggregates.
The politics of phasing out fossil fuels: party positions and voter reactions in Norway

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To mitigate climate change, fossil fuels need to be phased out, but political parties may fear a voter backlash when implementing the required policies. We investigate whether such backlash occurred in Norway, a multi-party democracy reliant on a large petroleum sector. Specifically, we analyse whether the loss of jobs in the petroleum industry due to the 2014 crash of the international oil price has influenced political support for the petroleum sector. Using data from party manifestos, we find that party positions on the petroleum sector remained constant over time even during an industry downturn. Pro-petroleum parties capitalized on the oil price shock by increasing their vote shares. However, the reaction remained local and confined to parties whose voters are not overwhelmingly concerned with other subjects, such as immigration. The voter gains enjoyed by pro-petroleum parties did not arise at the expense of pro-fossil fuel phaseout parties; instead, it was parties with an ambiguous position on the issue that incurred losses. Hence, multi-party politics of fossil fuel phaseouts are complex and taking a pro-phaseout position may not be politically costly.Key policy insightsParty positions on the fossil fuel industry stayed relatively constant over time in Norway and do not follow the traditional left/right cleavage.Pro-petroleum parties gained local vote shares from a rapid industry decline, unless a different, populist issue overshadowed their position on the fossil fuel industry.Pro-phaseout parties did not incur the corresponding losses, rather parties without a clear issue position lost vote shares.It is likely that political costs associated with fossil fuel phaseouts are higher in countries with less sophisticated social welfare systems than Norway.
F4‐03‐03: Interpretation of delayed start trial data: Implications for researchers, clinicians, and patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The previous two presentations have considered efforts to establish disease-modifying drug effects in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease using the delayed-start trial design approach. In both the ADAGIO Parkinson's trial, and the Expedition studies of solanezumab in Alzheimer's disease, follow up of participants after placebo groups began active treatment provided evidence that delayed active therapy did not “catch-up” to early active treatment. In this final presentation, I will consider some of the methodological challenges of delayed-start trials, and will set the stage for a panel discussion by considering the implications of a disease-modification claim for a drug. A delayed-start trial must be significantly longer than a standard efficacy trial; long duration is generally associated with increased attrition, and exacerbates the confounding effect of informative drop-outs. The length of the follow-up period is therefore a critical issue, but a rational decision regarding duration requires assumptions about the possible lag before disease-modifying effects contribute to observed effects. Further assumptions are required to establish the bounds for non-inferiority analyses of the long-term data. Some investigators and clinicians have argued that the magnitude and duration of treatment effect on the primary disease manifestations fully capture the value of a therapy, while establishing disease-modification is unimportant. One argument to the contrary is that patients and clinicians need to understand the value of early versus late initiation of treatment to inform risk-benefit assessments. Further, disease-modification suggests an altered slope of decline, as opposed to an early symptomatic boost followed by a slope of decline similar to that of untreated patients; that is, disease-modification suggests that treatment effects will grow with time (so that patients may expect long-term benefits greater than those demonstrated in trials). The delayed-start design has a conceptual appeal, but there are challenges to its execution. A “disease-modifying” indication might be important, but a successful but simpler trial design that demonstrating efficacy probably makes more sense. These issues may be significant for drug marketing, and may also influence decisions by third-party payers.
Analisis Komparatif Kinerja Reksa Dana Konvensional dan Syariah pada Periode Krisis dan Non Krisis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the performance of conventional and syariah mutual funds in the crisis and non-crisis periods. To measure the performance of mutual funds, the method used is the Sharpe method. The sample in this study was selected using a purposive sampling method. The samples taken in this study is as many as 8 samples of mutual funds consisting of 4 conventional mutual funds and 4 syariah mutual funds in 2008 and 38 samples of mutual funds consisting of 19 conventional mutual funds and 19 syariah mutual funds in 2016. Techniques The analysis used was the Independent Sample T-test. Results of the analysis show that the performance of syariah and conventional mutual funds in 2008 did not differ. In 2016, the results of the Independent T-Test showed that there were differences in performance between syariah and conventional mutual funds. Keywords: Performance, mutual funds, conventional, syariah.
German as a world language

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Book synopsis: How does migration change a nation? Germany in Transit is the first sourcebook to illuminate the country's transition into a multiethnic society—from the arrival of the first guest workers in the mid-1950s to the most recent reforms in immigration and citizenship law. The book charts the highly contentious debates about migrant labor, human rights, multiculturalism, and globalization that have unfolded in Germany over the past fifty years—debates that resonate far beyond national borders. \n \nThis cultural history in documents offers a rich archive for the comparative study of modern Germany against the backdrop of European integration, transnational migration, and the fall of the Berlin Wall. \n \nDivided into eleven thematic chapters, Germany in Transit includes 200 original texts in English translation, as well as a historical introduction, chronology, glossary, bibliography, and filmography.
Long term survival, time to next treatment and CD30 expression in patients with advanced CD30+ cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma treated with Brentuximab vedotin – A monocentric retrospective analysis of twelve patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Long term survival, time to next treatment and CD30 expression in patients with advanced CD30 + cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with Brentuximab vedotin -A monocentric retrospective analysis of twelve patients Dear Editors, mycosis fungoides (MF) and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (PCALCL) are mostly incurable orphan diseases with limited treatment options in advanced stages [1, 2].The fusion toxin Brentuximab vedotin (BV, Adcetris®) offers a promising treatment option to patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with CD30-positive cells [3].However, there is still very limited data about the long-term effect of BV.Even before the actual approval for CTCL in January 2018, the first lymphoma patients were already treated off-label with BV in the Medical Center in Minden in 2013.We performed a monocentric retrospective analysis to investigate the effect of BV for adult patients with CD30 + CTCL on long-term survival (LTS) and time to next treatment (TNT), as well as the correlation of CD30 expression and LTS.All patients with MF with CD30 expression and PCAL-CL (8 male, 4 female) in whom BV therapy was initiated in the period April 2013 to November 2016 were included.We chose April 1 st , 2020, as the date for the data cut, so that a minimum follow-up period of 41 months and a maximum follow-up period of 84 months was guaranteed.The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and received a positive ethics committee vote.All patients received treatment with BV 1.8 mg/kg or 1.2 mg/kg body weight (bw), in a 3-week cycle.The 1.2 mg/ kg dose was chosen in the course of therapy due to side effects (4 patients), or initially due to comorbidity or cytostatic pretreatment (4 patients).The patient age was between 43 and 76 years at the start of therapy, the average age was 57 years.Ten patients suffered from advanced MF in stages IIB to IVB and two had PCAL-CL, ALK1 negative (T3N2M0 and T3N3M1).Among the MF patients one had large cell transformation (LCT), one suffered from granulomatous and another from follicular MF.Patients had received between one to four systemic therapies before initiation of BV.Table 1 provides an overview of the case series.
The relationship between theory of mind and executive functions in major depressive disorders: A review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) experience difficulties in multiple cognitive and affective abilities. A large body of literature has argued that MDD patients show impaired executive functions (EFs) and deficits in theory of mind (ToM), the ability to infer the mental states of others. However, the relationship between ToM and EFs has been poorly investigated. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of studies that evaluated the association between ToM and EFs in patients with MDD diagnosis. A literature review was conducted to identify all published studies in which ToM and EFs measures were administered to individuals with MDD and in which the relationship between these two domains was investigated. Eleven studies were included, and for each study, we discussed the findings related to ToM, EFs, and the nature of the link between these two aspects. Most of the studies reported that patients with MDD, compared with healthy controls, showed significant impairments in both ToM and EFs abilities. Moreover, this review indicates the presence of a significant association between these two domains in MDD patients, supporting the evidences that executive functioning is important to perform ToM tasks. Although the results that emerged are interesting, the relationship between ToM and EFs in MDD needs further investigation.
Customs among the Natives of East Africa, from Teita to Kilimegalia, with Special Reference to Their Women and Children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Their marriage is by capture. Their system of promiscuous intercourse previous to marriage rests upon a very singular basis. The maturity of the girl, at from eight to ten years of age, has certain moral disadvantages, for when she arrives at this age some young fellow of possibly seventeen, who has ceased to be a boy and has laid himself out to be an elmoran, or warrior, which he does by accepting circumcision as an evidence that he is no longer boy but man, may select one of these young girls, take her to his kraal—which is usually occupied by more than one warrior, each possessing a separate hut with a girl of his choice—and maintain her there. There is no stain attached to the girl's name any more than to the man's; she is eligible as the wife of any man in the tribe, or may be sought for by some adjacent tribe without any prejudice to her through her youthful relationship; neither is the man expected or compelled to marry this girl, nor is his partner debarred from so doing.