jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
After Rome; or, Why Spenser Was Not a Republican

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay raises some objections to the emerging critical consensus that Spenser’s political values were, at least in certain significant ways, aligned with Renaissance republicanism. Noting Spenser’s tendency to downplay the Roman state’s own institutional history in favor of its relations to predecessors and successors, I argue that he belongs, rather, to an Augustinian metahistorical tradition for which “the republic” features as a dubious, problematic category. Spenser responds to republican discourse primarily as raising a set of moral arguments about time, action, and the politically structured society. But whereas the Venetian theorist Gasparo Contarini exemplifies the republican tendency to maximize the definitional relations among virtue, permanence, and constitutional design, Spenser in both The Ruines of Time and his commendatory sonnet for Contarini’s English translation pointedly disassociates himself from that republican nexus. The time-bound society, I show in concluding, looks most like something fitted to Spenser’s ethical imagination the less it resembles the kind of balanced, stable ordering of parts that is the object of republican political analysis.
[Harmaline-induced tremor and cerebral activities: labeling with 14C-2-deoxyglucose in the rat].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The brain structures specifically involved in harmaline-induced tremor have been identified in the Rat by using the 14C-2-deoxyglucose marking Method. The results obtained in an animal treated with tremogenic doses of harmaline, but immobilized with Faxedil, have been compared with those of another animal, not treated, but submitted to the same experimental procedure. The most specifically marked structure was the inferior olive. Secondarily marked structures were the posterior part of the lateral reticular formation, the caudato-putamen area and the prefrontal and frontal cortex.
Investigation of the scanning performance and enhancement of an electrically large array

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An existing antenna used in satellite communications is investigated with the goal of improving low angle radiation performance and reducing manufacturing costs. To understand this antenna it is modelled, simulated and verified against existing measurements. This verified model is the basis for further investigation. The antenna is separated into two parts with are individually examined and enhancements are proposed for each. Simulations of the resulting final models show that little by way of improvement in the performance can be obtained but bring several key issues to light. The scanning impedance is of particular importance in such an investigation and a method of determining this impedance is recommended.
Cohomology as the Derived Functor of Derivations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Introduction.The investigations which produced this paper were suggested by the fact that the Hochschild cohomology H(F, M) of a free algebra E, with coefficients in any module M, is zero in dimension ^ 2. Since free algebras are projectives in the category of algebras, this suggested that H(-,M), considered as a functor of the first variable, ought to resemble a derived functor.We have in fact obtained one further resemblance: the existence, corresponding to any exact sequence of algebras split over the ground ring, of a "connecting homomorphism" in the first variable, and the exactness of the resulting infinite sequence.The prerequisite for this is the remark that, given an algebra R, H(R,M) is not only obtainable as a derived functor in the usual way [1, IX], but also, suitably renumbered, as the derived functor in the category of P-modules of Der(P,M), the derivations from R to M.The existence of the connecting homomorphism allows one to obtain a functorial proof of the correspondence between second cohomology and extensions which is entirely analogous to the proof for modules found in [1, XIV, §1], and to extend this correspondence to one of the Yoncda type for higher cohomology.Similar arguments and results obtain for supplemented algebras, Lie algebras, and groups, and we have presented these simultaneously.We conclude the paper with a proof that, in degree = 2, the cohomology of the free product of two groups is the direct sum of the cohomologies of each of them.Some of our terminology is based implicitly on Eilenberg and Moore's notion of projective and injectivc classes [2].1. Cohomology as the derived functor of derivations.Let K be a commutative ring with unit.In what follows, if will denote one of the following categories :
Cardiac changes after SCUBA diving: the evasive shape of right ventricle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We have read with interest the paper by Obad et al. (2007), ‘The effects of acute oral antioxidants on diving-induced alterations in human cardiovascular function’, recently published in The Journal of Physiology. We were somewhat puzzled by the method used to calculate right ventricular volumes. As is known, radionuclide angiography is still considered the most reliable method for evaluating right ventricular volumes and function. Previous attempts of obtaining a two-dimensional echocardiographic estimate of right heart volumes were based on multiple cardiac views and complex mathematical formulas (Starling et al. 1982) and, more recently (Pasipoularides et al. 2003), a 3-D echo approach has been successfully applied. Contrary to this, Simpson's method, already validated for the calculation of left ventricular volumes, does not seem applicable to a cavity with such a complex three-dimensional geometry like the right ventricle. The scarce reliability of the method used in the paper by Obad et al. (2007) appears evident if one considers the large difference between left and right ventricular stroke volumes evinced in Table 3 (93.1 ml for left ventricle versus about 37 ml for right ventricle, simply considering mean values of right ventricular diastolic and systolic volumes). Even if the paper contains a number of interesting new data on the physiology of diving, we think that anatomical and functional characterization of right heart requires a more reliable methodological approach.
Models to represent linguistic linked data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract As the interest of the Semantic Web and computational linguistics communities in linguistic linked data (LLD) keeps increasing and the number of contributions that dwell on LLD rapidly grows, scholars (and linguists in particular) interested in the development of LLD resources sometimes find it difficult to determine which mechanism is suitable for their needs and which challenges have already been addressed. This review seeks to present the state of the art on the models, ontologies and their extensions to represent language resources as LLD by focusing on the nature of the linguistic content they aim to encode. Four basic groups of models are distinguished in this work: models to represent the main elements of lexical resources (group 1), vocabularies developed as extensions to models in group 1 and ontologies that provide more granularity on specific levels of linguistic analysis (group 2), catalogues of linguistic data categories (group 3) and other models such as corpora models or service-oriented ones (group 4). Contributions encompassed in these four groups are described, highlighting their reuse by the community and the modelling challenges that are still to be faced.
Design of efficacious somatic cell genome editing strategies for recessive and polygenic diseases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gene correction of multiple alleles for compound heterozygous recessive or polygenic diseases is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the targeting of multiple alleles using genome editors in a single cell could lead to mixed genotypes and adverse events that amplify during tissue morphogenesis. Here we demonstrate that SpyCas9-based S1mplex genome editors can be designed and developed to correct two distinct mutant alleles within a single human cell precisely. Gene-corrected cells in a patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of Pompe disease robustly expressed the corrected transcript from both corrected alleles. The translated protein from the gene-corrected cells was properly processed after translation and was able to enzymatically cross-correct diseased cells at levels equivalent to standard-of-care, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Using a novel in silico model for the in vivo delivery of these and many other genome editors into a developing liver of a human infant, we identify progenitor cell targeting, delivery efficiencies, and suppression of imprecise editing outcomes as key design parameters controlling the potency and efficacy of in vivo somatic cell genome editing. Both single and double gene correction are efficacious for in vivo somatic cell editing strategies, while double gene correction is more effective than single-gene correction for autologous cell therapy with ex vivo gene-corrected cells. This work establishes that precise gene correction using genome editors to correct multiple distinct gene variants could be efficacious in the treatment of recessive and polygenic disorders.
NH3 Post‐Treatment Induces High Activity of Co‐Based Electrocatalysts Supported on Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cobalt oxide nanoparticles were deposited on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) through impregnation by using cobalt nitrate as a precursor and subsequent drying and calcination. Co loadings were prepared in the range from 4 to 40 wt%, and hydrogen and ammonia were applied in the thermal post‐treatment of the CoO x /NCNT samples. The Co 3 O 4 spinel structure was detected in all samples, while the thermal treatment in ammonia and hydrogen led to the formation of CoO and metallic Co in addition. Treatment in ammonia resulted in the partial reduction of Co 3 O 4 to CoO and nitrogen doping of the oxides, leading to excellent electrocatalytic activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and stability despite of the lower Co oxidation states compared with the sample calcined in air. In contrast, the sample reduced in hydrogen showed a lower activity and stability in the OER. The high activity of the ammonia‐treated sample can be assigned to improved conductivity, favorable surface properties with surface nitrogen improving the hydrophilicity of the catalysts, and the more facile transformation to the OER‐active layered cobalt oxyhydroxide phase under anodic conditions.
Liver Transplantation in the Ciclosporin Era

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During the last 5 years, liver transplantation has become a service as opposed to an experimental operation. The most important factor in making this possible has been the introduction of ciclosporin-steroid therapy. At the same time, liver transplantation has been made more practical by improvements in surgical technique, including perfection of intraoperative veno-venous bypasses and the standardization of biliary tract reconstruction. Tissue typing and matching has played no role in improving the results of liver transplantation. With the demonstration that preformed antibody states are irrelevant, even avoidance of positive cross-matches caused by cytotoxic antibodies and observance of ABO blood group barriers have become unnecessary if the recipient’s needs are great. With the exceptions of malignancy and cirrhosis, the nature of the underlying hepatic disease has not profoundly influenced the results. Retransplantation has played an important role in improving survival, although the costs of retransplantation have been extremely high. Many aspects of liver transplantation need to be improved including the development of better methods of preservation which will allow the recipient operations to be done in a more leisurely manner and at more convenient times.
Impact of Government R&D Support on the Performance of Middle Market Enterprises: Focusing on the Comparison among Large, Middle-market, and SMEs

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 기업에 대한 정부의 R&D지원이 기업의 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지를 분석한다. 이를 위해 2010-18년 사이 33,393건의 국가연구개발사업 및 5,330개 기업의 재무정보를 활용하였다. 성과지표는 R&D지출액, 매출액, 수출액, 영업이익, 종업원수, 논문성과, 사업화 성과, 기술료 수입 등 9가지를 이용하였고, 기업을 대기업, 중견기업 및 중소기업의 세 집단으로 나누어 분석하였다. 실증분석은 OLS, Huber-OLS, FGLS 등 세 가지 방법을 적용하여 정부의 R&D지원에 대한 회귀계수를 추정하였다. 분석결과, 대기업 및 중소기업과 비교할 때 중견기업에 대한 정부 R&D지원은 특허, R&D지출액, 매출액, 수출액을 증대시키는데 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 중견기업에 대한 정부R&D지원은 기술료와 사업화 성과에도 효과적이지만, 중소기업에 비해서는 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 중견기업의 정부연구비 지원 효과는 대기업 및 중소기업보다 기술적, 혁신적, 경제적 성과 등에서 전반적으로 매우 우수한 성과를 나타냈다.
Property Without Rights: Dimensions of Russian Privatisation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

IMAGINE IF YOU WILL that Adam Smith had returned to Moscow in the spring of 1992. Would he then have lectured about how 'the butcher, the brewer and the baker' by acting in their own narrow self-interest would have brought about an optimal and collectively rational outcome? Or would he perhaps have picked up his old copy of Thomas Hobbes and started reading up on the need for a strong state? These questions go to the very heart of what Russia's attempted 'systemic change' was really about. If we rephrase Smith into modern Russian reality, we may ask whether, by undertaking sweeping deregulation and a massive scaling down of the state, the Russian reformers were right in assuming that 'the banker, the gangster and the corrupt bureaucrat' by acting in their narrow self-interest would bring about an optimal and collectively rational outcome? We all know the answer to that question, at least in terms of what did follow in the wake of instant liberalisation and 'the fastest privatisation in human history'.l But perhaps it is not equally obvious in what ways an outwardly well-intended reform programme could degenerate into something so vastly destructive. Phrasing the question more specifically, what was it that made Russian privatisation turn into what some have called the 'crime of the century' and others have branded as the 'greatest robbery in world history'? Given the massive support, financial as well as political, which was offered for the programme by broad circles in the Western democracies, this transformation of good intentions into poor outcomes becomes even more puzzling. Or should it really have been at all surprising? In the following it will be argued that the transformation of a rules-based programme of privatisation into what Russians have called 'prikhvatizatsiya' (asset grabbing) represented a path dependent institutional response to the drastic change in rules that was implied by the collapse of the Soviet order. Simply put, we may say that key actors in the process were locked into pursuing individually rational but collectively disastrous strategies. Thinking in terms of multiple equilibria, this most certainly could have been avoided, but it would have required a different political agenda-and a different policy response from the West. We shall begin our statement of the case by looking at some of the arguments that were advanced in favour of setting out to privatise, and at some of the very specific Russian complications that would add to the difficulties of the privatisers. It is primarily by highlighting the latter that we can see how the entire programme for
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Postconcussive Symptom Endorsement: A Parallel Comparison Between Two Nonclinical Cohorts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction The prevalence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is commonly estimated based on indirect metrics such as emergency department visits and self-reporting tools. The study of postconcussive symptoms faces similar challenges because of their unspecific character and indistinct causality. In this article, we compare two nonclinical, epidemiological studies that addressed these two elements and were performed within a relatively narrow period in the state of Colorado. Materials and Methods De-identified datasets were obtained from a random digit-dialed survey study conducted by the Craig Hospital and a study surveying soldiers returning from deployment by Defense and Veteran Traumatic Brain Injury Center. Information pertinent to participants’ demographics, a history of mTBI, and symptom endorsement was extracted and homogenized in order to establish a parallel comparison between the populations of the two studies. Results From the 1,558 (Warrior Strong, 679; Craig Hospital, 879) records selected for analysis, 43% reported a history of at least one mTBI. The prevalence was significantly higher among individuals from the Defense and Veteran Traumatic Brain Injury Center study independent of gender or race. Repetitive injuries were reported by 15% of the total combined cohort and were more prevalent among males. Symptom endorsement was significantly higher in individuals with a positive history of mTBI, but over 80% of those with a negative history of mTBI endorsed at least one of the symptoms interrogated. Significant differences were observed between the military and the civilian populations in terms of the types and frequencies of the symptoms endorsed. Conclusions The prevalence of mTBI and associated symptoms identified in the two study populations is higher than that of previously reported. This suggests that not all individuals sustaining concussion seek medical care and highlights the limitations of using clinical reports to assess such estimates. The lack of appropriate mechanisms to determine symptom presence and causality remains a challenge. However, the differences observed in symptom reporting between cohorts raise questions about the nature of the symptoms, the impact on the quality of life for different individuals, and the effects on military health and force readiness.
A Novel Conjugated Polyfluorene: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Flow Injection Electrochemiluminescence for Detection of Bovine Serum Albumin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Driven by the urgent demand for novel electrochemiluminescence reagents, a water-soluble polyfluorene derivative, poly [(9,9-bis (3-(( N,N -dimethylamino)N-ethy-lammonium) propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-p-divinylbenzene)] dibromide (P-2), was designed and success-fully synthesized. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the formation of P-2, and the results showed that P-2 had strong fluorescence intensity. More importantly, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the prepared P-2 was also observed when the applied potential was cycled between 1.0 to 2.8 V at 100 mV·s -1 in phosphate buffered saline buffer solution (pH 8.20). Based on the stable ECL performance, an ECL system for bovine serum albumin (BSA) was constructed. Under the optimal conditions, the enhanced ECL intensity was linearly correlated to the concentration of BSA over the range of 5.0×10 -8 -1×10 -4 g·mL -1 (R=0.9996) with a detection limit of 1.26×10 -8 g·mL -1 (n=11). This work not only introduced a substitute for traditional ECL regents, but also proposed a simple ECL system for other analytes.
Inovasi Pelayanan Pembayaran Pajak Bumi Dan Bangunan Di Kabupaten Garut

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractLand and Building tax in Garut Regency faces some barriers suc as a lack of taxpayers awareness and innovation. To overcome these problems, the United Nations payment innovation was carried out to improve the quality of service. This study aims to find out about how PBB payment innovations through payment points in Garut Regency and what factors influence the success of the innovations carried out. The concept used in this study is Mulgan and Albury's theory which states that successful innovations can be seen from service product innovation, service process innovation, service method innovation, policy innovation, and system innovation. The method used in this research is descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The location of this research is the Regional Revenue Agency (BAPENDA) of Garut Regency. Data obtained by using literature studies and field studies in the form of observation, interviews and documentation studies. The results of this study indicate that the innovations carried out successfully were seen from service product innovations, process service method, policy, and system carried out by adding PPOB in the payment system, but need further development and socialization to perfect this innovation. Factors that influence this success are the existence of regulations, budget support, good human resources and the presence of digital technology. This innovation needs to be developed to increase taxpayer awareness and service quality
Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage in the Haizhou Open-Pit Mine through Coal-Gangue-Loaded SRB Experiments

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

To address the pollution problem of acid mine drainage (AMD) characterized by high concentrations of Fe2+, Mn2+, and SO42−, a combination of coal gangue (CG) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was employed. The effects of coal-gangue dosage, SRB inoculation concentration, and temperature on AMD treatment with coal-gangue-loaded SRB were determined through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) experiments. By considering the principles of adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and reduction kinetics, the removal mechanisms of SO42−, Fe2+, and Mn2+ in AMD using coal gangue-loaded SRB in the the Haizhou open-pit mine was revealed. The results showed that the overall effectiveness of the four types of coal-gangue-loaded SRB in repairing AMD was as follows: 3# CG-loaded SRB > 2# CG-loaded SRB > 1# CG-loaded SRB > 4# CG-loaded SRB, with coal-gangue-loaded SRB in the the Haizhou open-pit mine showing the best performance. According to the RSM test, the optimum conditions for repairing AMD with coal-gangue-loaded SRB in the open-pit mine were a coal-gangue dosage of 52 g, SRB inoculation concentration of 11.7%, and temperature of 33.4 °C. The order of factors affecting the removal of SO42− and Fe2+ from AMD by SRB loaded on coal gangue was SRB inoculation concentration > temperature > coal-gangue dosage. For Mn2+, the order of influence was temperature > SRB inoculation concentration > coal-gangue dosage. In the process of repairing Fe2+ with coal-gangue-loaded SRB in the the Haizhou open-pit mine, the biological activity metabolism of SRB played a leading role, while the adsorption isotherm of Mn2+ followed the Freundlich model. The adsorption kinetics of coal-gangue-loaded SRB in the the Haizhou open-pit mine for Fe2+ and Mn2+ in AMD conformed to Lagergren’s second-order kinetic model, while the reduction kinetics of SO42− conformed to a first-order reaction model.