jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Giftedness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Those labeled intellectually gifted either as children and/or adults exist in every ethnic, socioeconomic group and culture. Gifted and talented individuals exhibit a diverse and unlimited range of advanced learning and cognitive characteristics. They also differ, however, in cognitive, personal, and affective areas including academic traits, effort, temperament, educational achievement and attainment, productivity, creativity, and risk taking. Some individuals identified as gifted have very advanced capabilities and can self-regulate and sustain the effort needed to achieve personally, academically, and in their careers. Despite their label of giftedness, however, a significant number of very intelligent individuals fail to realize a high level of accomplishment or, as Glǎveanu (Eur J Psychol 14(3):519–530, 2018) suggests, realize their possible selves. This failure of realization either in their education or chosen professions often results in the label of underachiever in school or unfortunately, in life accomplishments. The reasons for their underachievement vary, but it is clear that some highly able and talented students are either unwilling or unable to devote the time and focus necessary to develop and realize their talents. The development of giftedness requires individuals to expend extraordinary levels of effort and focus, and some very high potential individuals do not or cannot make that commitment. This entry begins with definitions of giftedness and a brief overview of its history, before summarizing recent research in this area, and ending with research-based suggestions on how to develop giftedness and the educational and personal conditions to foster and enhance it.
Attachment, information processing, and psychiatric disorder.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Attachment theory is a theory about protection from danger and the need to find a reproductive partner (1-4). As a theory of psychopathology, it is concerned with the effects of exposure to danger and the failure to find a satisfying reproductive relationship on mental and behavioral functioning. When these effects extend far beyond the threatening circumstances themselves, they can be considered psychopathological. Attachment theory is also a developmental theory. Thus, unlike other theories of psychological disorder, it traces individuals' developmental pathways from infancy to adulthood. Indeed, most of the work on attachment has been done in infancy and early childhood, thus providing a sound developmental base from which to understand later pathology. In addition, the developmental emphasis permits a focus on the interactive outcomes of maturational processes, individual differences in genetic inheritance, and individual differences in experience. The outcomes are individuals' strategies for protecting the self and progeny and for seeking a reproductive partner. These strategies, i.e., the patterns of attachment, provide both a description of interpersonal behavior and a functional system for diagnosing psychopathology. This perspective offers several advantages for the understanding of psychopathology.
Implications of ethnic nationalism: The Niger delta region of Nigeria as a case study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the implications of ethnic nationalism within the context of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. It employs the methods of analysis and evaluation in investigating the concepts of national question and nationalism, implications of the two concepts as well as advantages and disadvantages of nationalism. Its aim is to identify the factors responsible for disunity and consequently suggest means of promoting unity in diversity. Nationalism relates to the wish of a large group of human beings belonging to the same origin and language, to mention a few links, to establish an independent nation. This is also what is meant by ethnic nationalism. The paper also considers the merits and demerits as well as solutions to ethnic nationalism. The paper found out that the main cause of ethnic nationalism is injustice. This injustice is mainly expressed in exploitation or discrimination in the distribution of resources, rights and power. It was discovered that ethnic nationalism has been an attempt to redress the injustice favourably. The paper recommends that in order to attain unity in diversity and good governance, justice should be promoted (183 words). Key words: Implications, nationalism, Niger, Nigeria, region, self-determination.
Hydrophilic polymethylmethacrylate hollow fibers for capillary electrophoresis of biomolecules

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Neutral hydrophilic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) hollow fibers were used as capillary electrophoresis columns. Efficient separations of proteins and nucleotides were obtained with the untreated columns. More than 230,000 theoretical plates were obtained for lysozyme variants. The uniformity and ultraviolet adsorption properties of the PMMA capillaries were evaluated. The percent relative standard deviation (RSD) of the PMMA hollow-fiber inner diameter was 5.2%. The RSD of the PMMA hollow-fiber outer diameter was 2.4%. PMMA hollow fibers are transparent above 250 nm. The electroosmotic flow characteristics of the hydrophilic PMMA were compared to those of fused silica and hydrophobic polypropylene. The fused silica and polypropylene columns exhibit relatively high electroosmotic flow compared to PMMA. In addition, comparisons of heat dissipation abilities between fused silica and PMMA were made. Overall, PMMA hollow fibers perform in capillary electrophoresis as well as fused silica capillaries at relatively low voltage. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Micro Sep 9: 57–62, 1997
MICROWAVE SPECTRA OF NORMAL AND ISOTOPIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

$^{\dagger}$On leave from the University of Copenhagen during 1956. $^{1}$These extend the earlier results by Bird, J. Chem. Phys. 25, 1040 (1956). $^{2}$C, C. Lin, Selected Topics in Microwave Spectroscopy, Doctoral Thesis, Harvard University, 1955.
A Study on Financial Reporting Standards and Accounting Quality- Evidence from China

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

According to institutional theorists, the forms and business models of corporation are mainly shaped by factors such as politics, regulations, social norms and cultures. This paper examines how the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and institutional environment influence the accounting quality, in response to the threat of political extraction in China. We took mainland China as an example instead in our study, following the accounting quality definition of Barth et al. [2], we found that the developments of Chinese government performance audit are conspicuously different by region; to reflect such differences, we elaborated our research by dividing mainland China into 31 categories (provinces or cities). We set 2003-2010 as the time horizon for this study. After testing the Regression model, our empirical research achieved two conclusions: 1) IFRS adoption in China should significantly improve the accounting quality, and 2) IFRS and institutional environment should synthetically influence the quality of accounting as well.
Memory Dynamics in Attractor Networks

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

As can be represented by neurons and their synaptic connections, attractor networks are widely believed to underlie biological memory systems and have been used extensively in recent years to model the storage and retrieval process of memory. In this paper, we propose a new energy function, which is nonnegative and attains zero values only at the desired memory patterns. An attractor network is designed based on the proposed energy function. It is shown that the desired memory patterns are stored as the stable equilibrium points of the attractor network. To retrieve a memory pattern, an initial stimulus input is presented to the network, and its states converge to one of stable equilibrium points. Consequently, the existence of the spurious points, that is, local maxima, saddle points, or other local minima which are undesired memory patterns, can be avoided. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
‘The Wind of Change’: a rhetorical political analysis of Harold Macmillan’s 1960 ‘decolonization’ speech

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article contributes to the literature on Conservative Party politics through an exploration of the political rhetoric of former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader, Harold Macmillan in relation to decolonization and the end of empire. Macmillan’s Wind of Change speech has been analysed in the existing literature as purely a historical moment in relation to imperial decline. This article contends that Macmillan’s arguments for and defence of decolonisation in fact remain relevant for modern understandings of contemporary Conservative Party politics because residual affections for imperialism remain within some conservative audiences, as well as the ongoing processes of decolonisation. He sought to address such sentiments at the time of delivery, yet they remain today amongst similar audiences who remain committed to imperial notions. As such, simply considering the speech as a historic moment is inadequate given its value as an enduring argument relevant to contemporary conservative debates. Because of the language and justification used, I re-evaluate the speech through the process of ‘Rhetorical Political Analysis’ ( ethos, pathos, logos ). By doing so, I will demonstrate how Macmillan’s historical speech remains relevant as a living argument for scholars and practitioners of Conservative Party politics, which is a perspective presently absent in the scholarship. This methodological approach is also augmented by an analysis of archival materials helping to shed light on the embeddedness of the speech within the broader context of the tumultuous South African politics of the time, and by doing so show why a speech delivered in the 1960s remains relevant to UK domestic policy, foreign policy, and conservative studies in the 2020s.
[Preparation of multi-layer compound microcapsules and their application in self-healing of concrete cracks].

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Concrete is widely used in building construction, civil engineering, roads, bridges, etc., but concrete cracking remains a major issue in the engineering industry. To develop an effective and feasible concrete repair technology, this study combined microbial and microencapsulation technologies to prepare a multi-layer compound microcapsule using the piercing method. The formulation and drying method of microcapsules were optimized by taking their embedding rate and mechanical properties as evaluation criteria. The calcium transcrystallization process of microcapsules and the crystal form of products were characterized and compared with the calcium transcrystallization process in free cells. Finally, the effects of microcapsule incorporation on mechanical properties, impermeability, and self-healing performance of concrete specimens were then tested. The results showed that the air-dried multi-layer compound microcapsules, formulated with 1.0% wet cells of Bacillus cereus, 1.5% calcium chloride, 3.0% sodium alginate, 5.0% nutrients, 6.0% glycerol, 0.6% chitosan, and 2.0% urea, achieved an embedding rate of 95.3%, a rupture force of 60.0 N and a hardness of 150.8 N. These microcapsules can transform from a solid state to a flowing colloidal state when the microorganisms inside undergo a calcium formation reaction. Both the microcapsules and free cells produced stable calcite crystal forms of calcium carbonate through the calcium conversion reaction, with the microcapsules producing more uniform-sized particles, which are more conducive to accumulation in cracks, thereby enhancing the stability of repair. When microcapsules were incorporated into the concrete specimen at a content of 0.45%, the flexural strength of the specimen increased by 17.3%, and the compressive strength increased by 12.3%. In the water impermeability test, specimens with microcapsules demonstrated better impermeability compensation for the cement concrete than those with free cells. The self-healing effect of cracks proved that multi-layer compound microcapsules could completely repair cracks up to 0.7 mm wide, and a repair rate of 95% for 0.8 mm wide cracks. In this study, a multi-layer compound microcapsule was developed to protect microorganisms in concrete and provide nutrients required for their growth, which provided a new idea for microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation in concrete crack repair.
Bead Suspension Arrays for Identifying Fungal Pathogens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Fungal infections, on the rise for several decades, can prove deadly, particularly for immunocompromised patients. Among the most common fungal pathogens are yeasts such as Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans, and filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. In North America, Candida ranks as the fourth most common bloodstream pathogen, accounting for as many as 8–15% of such infections.
Current awareness in human psychopharmacology

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor & Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites & Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Capillary leak syndrome with immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-cancer targeted therapy agents: Not that common

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare condition typically presenting with profound hypotension, edema, and hemoconcentration. While there are some known, yet rare causes of CLS described, there is very limited data available with use of monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This study aimed to look for the reported side effect of CLS with the use of targeted monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database was searched from first quarter 2010 to fourth quarter 2021 for targeted monoclonal antibodies and ICI. Other literature search including PubMed and case reports/series were also performed. Only 22 cases of CLS with novel anti-cancer treatments were reported in FAERS. Anti-CD20 was the most common class with nine cases of CLS with Rituximab. Six cases with ICI and four cases of CLS with anti-VEGF therapy were also documented. PubMed search showed anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) as the most common class associated with CLS with five reported cases. CLS is a known complication of anticancer agents such as gemcitabine, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, platinum-based therapy, colony stimulating factors, and CAR-T therapy, however CLS is not that common with newer monoclonal antibodies and ICIs. This study demonstrates that clinicians need to be aware of this rare fatal side effect of these drugs.
Antioxidants Improve the Proliferation and Efficacy of hUC-MSCs against H2O2-Induced Senescence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are broadly applied in clinical treatment due to convenient accessibility, low immunogenicity, and the absence of any ethical issues involved. However, the microenvironment of inflammatory tissues may cause oxidative stress and induce senescence in transplanted hUC-MSCs, which will further reduce the proliferation, migration ability, and the final therapeutic effects of hUC-MSCs. Beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are famous antioxidants and longevity medicines that could reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species levels by different mechanisms. In this study, hUC-MSCs were treated in vitro with NMN and CoQ10 to determine if they could reduce oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and recover cell functions. The effects of NMN and CoQ10 on the cell proliferation, the mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10, and the differentiation and cell migration ability of hUC-MSCs before and after H2O2 treatment were investigated. The findings revealed that NMN and CoQ10 reduced H2O2-induced senescence and increased hUC-MSCs’ proliferation in the late phase as passage 12 and later. The TNFα mRNA level of hUC-MSCs induced by H2O2 was significantly decreased after antioxidant treatment. NMN and CoQ10 all reduced the adipogenic differentiation ability of hUC-MSCs. CoQ10 improved the chondrogenic differentiation ability of hUC-MSCs. Furthermore, NMN was found to significantly enhance the migration ability of hUC-MSCs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that NMN and CoQ10 both increased DNA repair ability and cyclin expression and downregulated TNF and IL-17 inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby contributing to the proliferative promotion of senecent stem cells and resistance to oxidative stress. These findings suggest that antioxidants can improve the survival and efficacy of hUC-MSCs in stem cell therapy for inflammation-related diseases.
Urological complications in obstetrics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Urinary tract injury is a rare but severe complication during abdominal delivery. Over the past quarter of the last century, the frequency of abdominal delivery in Russia has more than tripled due to the increase in the number of pregnant women at high risk for the development of maternal and perinatal complications. Intraoperative diagnosis of urinary tract injuries allows timely treatment with better postoperative outcomes. Given the high percentage of caesarean sections in many countries, the risk of the above complications remains high. Risk factors for urinary tract injury during cesarean section are an increase in womens average age and body mass index, high parity, the presence of adhesions, prior cesarean section, emergency cesarean section, and cesarean section in the second stage of labor. This article discusses several clinical cases on the development of urological complications in obstetrics and gynecology. Due to modern progress in the field of operative obstetrics, vesicouterine fistulas caused by obstetric causes may not occur as often as in the last century. Nevertheless, even despite this, one should not forget about elementary preventive measures in operative delivery, especially in such obstetric situations as placental ingrowth, bleeding, hematoma, and parametria.
A Large Scale Program in French Immersion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The school performance of pupils in Grades 1-3 of the French immersion program in operation in Ottawa public schools is evaluated in comparison with that of pupils in the regular English program. By the end of Grade I immersion program pupils taught reading in French lag behind their peers in the regular program in English language skills involving English reading, but they show some ability to transfer reading skills from French to English. By the end of Grade 2, following the introduction of English Language Arts into the curriculum for 60 minutes a day, immersion pupils still lag behind their regular program peers in most English language skills considered, although their level of performance is consistent with their grade level. By the end of Grade 3, immersion pupils match regular program pupils in all English language skills tested except spelling. At each grade level pupils in the two programs perform equivalently in mathematical skills and reveal similar IQ measures. Immersion pupils are more proficient in French than pupils of corresponding or higher grade levels receiving daily instruction in French as a second language, and do adequately in comparison with native French-speaking pupils.
The Odd One

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph: As a child, it was routine for my family to have morning devotions where my parents would not only read passages of scriptures, but also break down verse by verse what they mean. This helped shape my spiritual life. My parents made it their duty to instill the belief of Yahweh in me. However, growing up under this strict religious background was bitter-sweet.
Impact of market value on human mate choice decisions

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Mate choice strategies are a process of negotiation in which individuals make bids that are constrained by their status in the market place. Humans provide an unusual perspective on this because we can measure their explicitly expressed preferences before they are forced to make any choices. We use advertisements placed in newspaper personal columns to examine, first, the extent to which evolutionary considerations affect the level of competition (or market value) during the reproductively active period of people's lives and, second, the extent to which market value influences individual's willingness to make strong demands of prospective mates. We show that female market value is determined principally by women's fecundity (and, to a lesser extent, reproductive value), while male market value is determined by men's earning potential and the risk of future pairbond termination (the conjoint probability that the male will either die or divorce his partner during the next 20 years). We then show that these selection preferences strongly influence the levels of demands that men and women make of prospective partners (although older males tend to overestimate their market value).
Quantitative study for race times in thoroughbreds on dirt and turf tracks in Brazil

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters for race times on turf and dirt tracks of Thoroughbred race horses. Data used were recorded by the Turftotal Ltd. for 343,419 racing performance of 26,713 animals, from January 1992 to January 2003. The model used in analysis included random animal and permanent environmental effects, and age, post position at start, sex and race as fixed effects. The variance and covariance components and the breeding value were estimated using the MTGSAM software. Heritability estimates were 0.29 for time on dirt track and 0.25 for time on turf track, indicating a moderate association between the animals' breeding values and their phenotypic values. Although genetic and environmental variances were smaller in turf tracks, their repeatability was equal to that of dirt (0.56), in terms of the highest estimated phenotypic variance for the latter type of track. The genetic correlation between times on different tracks was high (0.70). Considering the mean breeding value of the progeny of 465 stallions with 10 or more offspring, Spearman's correlation was 0.80, indicating that most Thoroughbred stallions produce offspring suited to both dirt and turf racing tracks.