jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Agent-based modelling of evacuation scenarios for a landslide-generated tsunami in Milford Sound, New Zealand

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Agent-based modelling is a useful tool for evacuation planning as it can increase understanding of the factors affecting potential evacuation outcomes. In New Zealand, Milford Sound has been shown to have a high risk from landslide-generated tsunami, with an estimated 1-in-1000-year wave runup of ~17 m arriving on shore within 2-7 minutes. With an annual average of >1,500 people visiting a day, there is potential for widespread loss of life. However, the number of people present varies substantially with time of day and season, yet how this affects the ability to evacuate remains unknown. This research developed an agent-based model to understand how many people can be safely evacuated in Milford Sound and explored how the number of people initially exposed affected the evacuation outcome alongside the effect of potential changes to evacuation messaging. Assuming a 17 m wave, the results suggest that currently no one can safely evacuate before the shortest wave arrival time regardless of the number of people present. Altering evacuation messaging results in minimal gains, with only ~5% of the exposed population reaching safety in time. This work demonstrates the importance of evacuation modelling for understanding risk in isolated tourism destinations where the population exposure can fluctuate dramatically across multiple timescales. Accounting for changing population exposure is essential to understand whether evacuation is a suitable risk treatment and can provide valuable information for determining safe levels of population exposure in locations with high hazard but limited evacuation options.
Effectiveness of Border Security Governance in Preventing Crimes in Nimule Border Post South Sudan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper uses data collected for an MA Thesis on the effectiveness of Border Security Governance in Preventing Crimes in Nimule Border Post South Sudan. The study assessed the nature of existing border security models at Nimule Border Post –South Sudan; to assessed the influence of administrative structures on border security at Nimule Border Post –South Sudan, established the effect of resource allocation on the quality of border security at Nimule Border Post –South Sudan, and finally determined law enforcement officers perceptions on best practices for border security governance at Nimule Border Post –South Sudan. This study was guided by two theories; The Contingency Theory and The Governance Theory. The study use a Descriptive Research Survey Design to investigate the problem under the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 75 senior members of the police and 10 Key Informants. Key informants guide was used to collect qualitative data from the Key Informants. Data was analysed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results presented using tables, bar graphs and pie charts. According to this study the existing border security model is only composed of the local police. This is inconsistent with the new international security model that require a coordinated multipronged approach by other public agencies. This explains the runaway insecurity prevalent in south Sudan and worse in areas around Nimule border itself. This administrative structure is organized in para- military style that limit and affect decision making of street officers at the Nimule border and characteristically discouraged free hand in operational contexts thus stifled security operations at the Nimule border. The study also established allocation of very scanty resources that did not support adoption of modern state of the arts border security technology at the Nimule border. According to this study law enforcement perceptions sought for the establishment of; joint border crossing points, international cooperation, border community policing programs, establishment of border communities in border security management and coordinated cross-border patrols and multiagency operations. As a policy matter, the government should bench mark with developed countries of best border security model which requires a coordinated multipronged approach by other public agencies and conform to it if she is to cut the problem of border insecurity to the nib. Further, decentralize and demilitarize the administrative structure which are a characteristic of hierarchical leadership structures and strict command and give officers on the street a free hand in decision making at the Nimule Border.
Program Schemes For Multilevel Flash Memories

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a synthetic overview of multilevel (ML) Flash memory program methods. The problem of increasing program time with the number of bits stored in each cell is discussed and methods based on both channel hot electrons (CHE) and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling (FNT) will be discussed. In the case of CHE, the use of an increasing voltage rather than a constant one on the control gate (CG) leads to narrower threshold voltage distributions and smaller current absortion, with positive effects on degree of parallelism and program throughput. As for FNT much faster programming than those commonly used today can be done using high CG voltages without producing intolerable degradation of cell reliability.
The Effectiveness of Widow Support Systems in the Rural Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study examined the effectiveness of widow support systems in the rural areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives were to identify available support systems for rural widows in Rivers State and to determine how effective the support systems were to meet the needs of widows in the study area. The sample size for the study was 300 rural women selected using multiple sampling techniques. Data were obtained using structured questionnaire and recorded responses during Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions. Data gathered were analyzed using percentage mean and standard deviation. The findings include: availability of support systems ranging from traditional to conventional, the support systems were ineffective to meet the needs of rural widows. It was therefore, recommended that, governments (Federal, State and local) should do more to alleviate the sufferings of rural widows through the implementations of all rights obligations (International and locals) and the institution of social service programmes targeted towards widows. Also widows should form associations, an umbrella body through which they can make their voices heard by those in position to help them live meaningful lives.
The question of the Asiatic mode of production : towards a new Marxist historiography

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis represents the first book-length account in the English language of Marx's concept of the Asiatic mode of production and of its implications for historical materialism. It examines the origins of the concept, its place and functions within the work of Marx and Engels and of subsequent Marxists, and its relevance to contemporary Marxism. In doing so, it takes into account not only the intellectual history of the concept but its political history; and not only its theoretical implications for historical materialism but its political implications for the Marxist approach to the non-Westem world.
Juggling with Information Sources, Task Type, and Information Quality

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper examines how individuals judge the accuracy, adequacy, relevance, and trustworthiness of different types of impersonal and interpersonal information sources and how task type influences their evaluation process. 53 participants from diverse backgrounds recruited via Amazon»s Mechanical Turk performed four simulated information seeking tasks. This study analyzed the data collected from participants» self-reported information seeking experiences in online logbooks and follow-up semi-structured interviews with 23 participants by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings suggest that task type and information source type affect individuals» information quality judgment, and they perceive websites are more accurate than interpersonal sources, though the latter can be trustworthy. Moreover, their understanding of the type of information also affects their quality judgment. For example, they prefer factual information to opinions in some situations.
Simplifying portfolio insurance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. The virus is associated with benign warts and a broad spectrum of malignancies, including cervical cancer, considered a disease of high clinical relevance, especially in developing countries. In this study we developed the production of recombinant proteins HPV16 L1 and HPV16 L2 in human cells in suspension (293-F), which were transiently co-transfected with the pUF3/L1h and pUF3/L2h vectors. Expressions of recombinant HPV16 L1 and L2 capsid proteins was detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Both proteins were identified intracellularly in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells. The presence of these heterologous proteins and VLPs formation were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) through colloidal gold immunolabeling and negative staining. Cell extracts containing recombinant proteins were purified by affinity chromatography and immunization of Balb/c mice with the formulation HPV16 L1/L2 VLPs containing adjuvant was able to induce higher titer of anti-HPV16 L1, when compared to HPV16 L2 antibodies by indirect ELISA assay. These data indicate that transient expression in 293-F cells was efficiently established. The results are promising for obtain recombinant proteins of the HPV capsid for future studies involving human papillomavirus, as well as to contribute for the development of other vaccine strategies for prevention against HPV.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Experiences and Expectations: Evidence from a Survey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In order to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on higher education, we surveyed approximately 1500 students at one of the largest public institutions in the United States using an instrument designed to recover the causal impact of the pandemic on students' current and expected outcomes. Results show large negative effects across many dimensions. Due to COVID-19: 13% of students have delayed graduation, 40% have lost a job, internship, or job offer, and 29% expect to earn less at age 35. Moreover, these effects have been highly heterogeneous. One quarter of students increased their study time by more than 4 hours per week due to COVID-19, while another quarter decreased their study time by more than 5 hours per week. This heterogeneity often followed existing socioeconomic divides. Lower-income students are 55% more likely than their higher-income peers to have delayed graduation due to COVID-19. Finally, we show that the economic and health related shocks induced by COVID-19 vary systematically by socioeconomic factors and constitute key mediators in explaining the large (and heterogeneous) effects of the pandemic.
Chinese adolescents' positive relationships with parents: The effects of the sex of their younger sibling

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract We investigated how sibling status and sex of younger siblings influence Chinese adolescents' relationships with their fathers and mothers as a function of resource dilution and preference for sons. The sample included 1,093 adolescents from the 8th grade ( M age = 13.96 years, SD = 0.75 years; 47% girls) and the 11th grade ( M age = 17.25 years, SD = 0.74 years; 57% girls) in a longitudinal study. Consistent with expectations pertaining to the hypothesis of resource dilution and son preference in combination, girls with a younger brother reported less positive relationships with mothers than either singleton girls or girls with a younger sister. No significant difference was found between singleton boys and boys with a younger sibling. The current findings show implications that the resource‐dilution theory and son preference culture together may place girls with a younger brother in an unfavorable condition of resource allocation.
Association between red cell distribution width and acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We investigated whether red cell distribution width (RDW) was associated with mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Patients with AP were recruited in the emergency department and healthy individuals were recruited in healthcare centre in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. Participants A total of 106 patients with AP and 204 healthy individuals were enrolled. Primary and secondary outcome measures Haematology and biochemistry results of the first test after admission were collected. The significance of the differences in RDW values among healthy individuals, non-survivors of patients with AP, and survivors of patients with AP was determined using one-way analysis of variance. Patients with AP were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. All patients with AP were followed up for at least 3 months. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate RDW values to predict mortality of patients with AP. Results The RDW values were non-survivors of patients with AP>healthy individuals>survivors of patients with AP. Patients with AP with the highest RDW tertiles had the lowest levels of Ca, total protein, albumin, haemoglobin, white and red blood cell count, but the highest mortality. The area under the ROC curve of RDW was 0.846 (95% CI 0.727 to 0.964, p<0.001). With a cut-off value of 14.2 for RDW, sensitivity and specificity of RDW to predict mortality were 75.0% and 89.8%, and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an increase in probability of death with high RDW values. Conclusions There is significant association between RDW and mortality of patients with AP.
Countering Cybercrime Under Martial Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To date, it is impossible to imagine your life without all kinds of gadgets, the Internet and social networks. The active using of social networks has long been carried out by all state bodies in order to cause confidence of the population to their actions, to see feedback in the format of comments, as well as to show people all topical processes. It is also important to note that Ukraine is an advanced state in the field of electronic document circulation, and therefore almost all processes, starting from the activities of banking institutions and ending with the activity of air and railway transport are carried out by automated electronic systems. Accordingly, the coordinated and uninterrupted functioning of all of the above is due to the stability of cyberspace. In connection with Russia’s attack the information space became the second battlefield. Cyberattacks and official state sites hacking was immediately started, there were active attempts to abduct electronic data of banking institutions and private enterprises. The relevance of this article is determined by it, because a detailed analysis of the characteristic features of cybercrime, the search for methods and mechanisms of countering cybercrime in the conditions of war are the primary tasks and contribution to victory. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of countering cybercrime and varieties of cybercrime, to identify features and characteristics of cybercrime, as well as to make proposals for improving the current legislation in this area. The study used the following methods: analysis and synthesis, legal, static, systemic and formal-legal methods, method of interpretation of law. The conclusions, which we will make, can be a basis for further improvement of legislation, research and discussions between theorists and practitioners.
Examining Attitudes about and Influences on Research Participation among Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although a growing body of research has examined various types of coercive practices that may occur among psychiatric patients over the years, almost no attention has been given to coercive influences that may occur specifically in the context of recruitment into research projects. Particularly for those who are institutionalized (e.g., in‐patient insanity acquittees), there are significant concerns that their autonomous decision‐making to consent or not may be significantly impaired due to the highly restrictive and controlled environment in which they live. This exploratory study sought to examine patients’ perceptions of coercive influences by presenting them with hypothetical research vignettes regarding possible recruitment into either a biomedical or social‐behavioral research project. Among 148 multi‐ethnic male and female participants across two facilities, participants reported relatively minimal perceptions that their autonomous decision‐making would be impacted or that various potentially coercive factors (e.g., pressures from staff) would impair their free choice to participate (or not) in such research. To the extent that such perceptions of coercion did occur, they were moderately associated with patients’ more general personality traits and attitudinal variables, such as alienation and external locus of control. Limitations of this study and their implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redistribution of the gorse soft shoot moth, Agonopterix umbellana (Fabricius), for the biological control of gorse in Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The gorse soft shoot moth, <i>Agonopterix umbellana</i>, was released at Lake Tiberias near Jericho, Tasmania, in 2007 for the biological control of gorse. By December 2011, the presence of high larval densities enabled the site to be used as a nursery to collect and redistribute the agent. In Tasmania, the only suitable collection times for <i>A. umbellana</i> are in early summer (December) when 4–6th instar larvae are active and in February and March when adults are active. Two collection techniques were used, the first involved the harvesting of new gorse growth infested with larvae and a second used a bee smoker to flush sheltering, newly emerged adults from within gorse bushes into a collection tent. These two techniques maximised the limited collection opportunities imposed by the univoltine life cycle of <i>A. umbellana</i>. Preliminary surveys indicated that establishment was achievable from open releases of either 200 adults or 500 larvae during summer. However, the collection of larvae was far less labour intensive and easiest for redistribution programmes involving landholders and Landcare groups. Four agents, including <i>A. umbellana</i>, have now been released for the biological control of gorse in Australia and none are, by themselves, lethal to mature gorse plants. No additional agents are currently available. Further research will be required to determine the combined effect that the available guild of agents have on annual seed production, whether they have sub-lethal effects on plant age and whether they increase the susceptibility of gorse to fungal attack. Formulating an appropriate integrated management strategy using these agents will also require additional research.
“Coliform Diarrhoea” in Adult Hospital Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Five hundred and seventy strains of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulasenegative cocci from various sources were classified on the basis of their ability to grow anaerobically and to ferment mannitol. Five groups were distinguished. The frequency of strains classified in the five groups varied with the source. Only 26% of the strains were sensitive to all the nine antibiotics used in the tests. About half the strains from the lesions of hospital patients were resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, and about 10% of them were resistant to cloxacillin. In general the frequency of antibiotic resistance and the `width9 of the resistance spectrum were greater in strains from hospital sources than in those from outside hospital, and they were also greater among strains regarded as falling in the genus Staphylococcus than in those classed as Micrococcus.
The Signal Transduction Pathway and Function of Eph Receptors and Its Ligands

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Eph receptors are the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The Eph receptors and their membrane attached ligands,the ephrins,show diverse expression patterns during development.Functional studies have demonstrated that Eph receptors and ephrins play important roles in many developmental processes including formation of neuronal network,patterning of neural tube and paraxial mesoderm, guidance of cell migration and axon pathfinding,and vascular formation.Recent studies have also suggested that Eph receptors and ephrins may be involved in carcinogenesis.It is therefore of clinical importance to further analyze the function of these molecules,particularly their function in tumor cell growth,since manipulation of the activities of these molecules may have therapeutic applications.
The Septuagint's Rival Versions of Jeroboam's Rise To Power

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Third Book of Reigns, as is well known, contains two separate accounts of the rise of Jeroboam I to power 1). The second of these two accounts is widely different from the first and, unlike the first, has no counterpart in the MT. The debate over its merits has lasted long and still fails to produce general agreement 2). The first account, on the other hand, agrees for the most part with the MT's account. Only over one major issue does it disagree with the MT and here scholars seem to be united in the view that the TXX's
AN UNUSUAL TOILETING PROBLEM

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Warrington Community Mental Handicap Team has been functioning for 2 1/2 years, and is the only Community Team in Cheshire actually based in the community. As core members, we have close links with the Psychology Department of the local mental handicap hospital. We describe the implementation of a toileting programme with a severely mentally handicapped 17‐year‐old girl. Several attempts to solve the problem had been made previously and we were trying to eliminate a well‐established pattern of behaviour. We were especially anxious to succeed where others had failed. The whole process took 18 months of fairly intensive work.
<strong>Mannich-type reaction of tetrahydropyridine-2-thiolates with primary amines and &alpha;-substituted propanals</strong>

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Mannich-type reaction of N-methylmorpholinium 4-aryl-3-cyano-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-thiolates with 2-R-propanals (ocean propanal, isobutyraldehyde) and primary aromatic amines afforded 7-aryl-2-R-2-methyl-3-arylamino-5-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-5Н-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-8-carbonitriles in modest yields; the structure of a key compound was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.