jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inclusion Body Myositis and Neoplasia: A Narrative Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an acquired, late-onset inflammatory myopathy, with both inflammatory and degenerative pathogenesis. Although idiopathic inflammatory myopathies may be associated with malignancies, IBM is generally not considered paraneoplastic. Many studies of malignancy in inflammatory myopathies did not include IBM patients. Indeed, IBM is often diagnosed only after around 5 years from onset, while paraneoplastic myositis is generally defined as the co-occurrence of malignancy and myopathy within 1 to 3 years of each other. Nevertheless, a significant association with large granular lymphocyte leukemia has been recently described in IBM, and there are reports of cancer-associated IBM. We review the pathogenic mechanisms supposed to be involved in IBM and outline the common mechanisms in IBM and malignancy, as well as the therapeutic perspectives. The terminally differentiated, CD8+ highly cytotoxic T cells expressing NK features are central in the pathogenesis of IBM and, paradoxically, play a role in some cancers as well. Interferon gamma plays a central role, mostly during the early stages of the disease. The secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, the autophagy and cell cycle dysregulation, and the crosstalk between metabolic and mitogenic pathways could be shared by IBM and cancer. There are intermingled subcellular mechanisms in IBM and neoplasia, and probably their co-existence is underestimated. The link between IBM and cancers deserves further interest, in order to search for efficient therapies in IBM and to improve muscle function, life quality, and survival in both diseases.
Benefits and lessons from the collaboration between linguists and biologists in a language documentation project (Ixcatec, Mexico)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Ixcatec language (ISO-639 code: IXC; Popolocan, Otomanguean) is highly endangered. Although there exist several semi-speakers with limited speech production abilities (mostly isolated words and frozen expressions), there are only nine identified fluent Ixcatec speakers, almost all of whom are senior citizens in their 70s or 80s. Ixcatec is spoken only in Santa María Ixcatlán (17° 51’ 14” N, 97° 11’ 30” W), a municipality composed of a single small village of some 400 inhabitants and extensive uninhabited territory in the state of Oaxaca, located in southeastern Mexico. The municipality lies at the heart of a mountainous region known for its astonishing botanical diversity. Despite its small size (approx. 10,000 km2), this region is the semi-arid and arid zone of greatest biological diversity in North America and furthermore possesses a surprisingly high degree of floristic endemism (Dávila et al., 2002, Smith, 1965). In recognition of this great diversity, the Mexican federal government declared the region an important protected zone in 1998 (the Reserva de la Biósfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán). Since the elder Ixcatec speakers possess extensive knowledge of the flora and fauna of their municipality, the authors have organized an interdisciplinary Ixcatec language documentation project. One of the most distinctive characteristics of this project is the close collaboration between a team of linguists (4 persons) and a team of ethnobotanists (3 persons) and a zoologist over a period of a year and a half. This collaboration has resulted in a number of mutual benefits, but also lessons. In this talk the authors will discuss four methodological issues that have emerged from this collaboration: 1. how language documentation has enriched the ethnobiological data, 2. how ethnobiological data has enriched language documentation, 3. how to relate the different workflows of biological determination and linguistic analysis by designing a bridge between the two different sets of metadata, and 4. the importance of work with Spanish monolingual Ixcatecs in these processes. This last point not only challenges assumptions about correlates between language displacement and ethnobiological knowledge, but has been important as a way to involve young people of the community in the project.
Pragmatics of Eponyms in Political Discourse (On the Material of the Speeches of Politicians)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Eponyms are complicated, unique constructs named after people and places used in special-professional areas of science. One of those specific areas is politics/political discourse. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the political discourse of politicians (Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin) in the period from 2012 to 2017 to reveal the pragmatic potential and skillful use of eponyms used by the latter when they ran for presidency as a means of influence. Results show that eponyms are becoming powerful language tools of political discourse. At each stage of work, various methods were used to complete the analysis. Such methods include the diachronic method, definition analysis (descriptive method), and discourse analysis. Using different methods, especially discourse analysis, considerably facilitated the research process, enabling the identification of the pragmatic effects of eponyms. The main reasons that eponyms frequently appear in political discourse are the existence of new political eras, modern political events, and controversial political issues.
Marijuana as Medicine? The Science beyond the Controversy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Alison Mack, Janet Joy National Academy Press, £12.95, pp 199 ISBN 0 309 06531 3 Rating: ![Graphic][1]![Graphic][2], ![Graphic][3] Cannabis: the devil's weed or nectar of the gods? One needs only to look at the history of cannabis to see how it has been characterised as both a social pariah and a panacea ever since the third millennium before Christ, when the healing properties of the plant were first recognised. Despite its turbulent history, cannabis remains the most widely used psychoactive drug in … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Advances in cooperative wireless networking: Part I [Guest Editorial]

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Over the last few years, fundamental research has demonstrated the great potential of cooperative wireless networking in increasing system capacity and enlarging the coverage area as well as enhancing quality of service (QoS) by taking advantage of cooperative diversity and multiplexing. Consequently, cooperative wireless networking has become one of the widely recognized features for future wireless communication systems. While the conventional research mainly focuses on relatively simple cooperative relay topologies or cooperation schemes under the existing infrastructure networks, cooperative networking for future wireless systems has a unique spectrum of features. Specifically, the frequent user cooperation and interaction empower mobile users with a new role as mobile service providers, in contrast to their traditional role as only consumers. In this sense, mobile users' cooperation strategy and decisions are sensitive to not only the QoS requirements of the end users' applications, but also their own benefits as rewards for providing mobile services. Moreover, the cooperation provided by mobile users does not have to rely heavily on infrastructure networks.
Stability of In Situ Combustion Process to the Air Injection Stoppage

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Unlike steam injection for heavy oil recovery, in situ combustion (ISC) process requires an extra-step, namely initiation of the process, the so called ignition operation. During ignition, an ISC front is generated near the air injection well and, thereafter, this front is propagated towards production wells. Air injection interruptions can be un-intentional or intentional, including one-day-per-month scheduled interruptions for cleaning oil from air lines exiting the compressors. Regarding air injection interruptions a question arises: can the process be resumed without initiating a new ignition operation? The paper attempts to provide clear answers to this question. The paper reviews information on more than 6 cases of air injection stoppage in the field, involving well instrumented dry ISC projects, conducted either in patterns or in a line drive system. Most of the cases are from Suplacu de Barcau (Romania) project, which is the world’s biggest ISC commercial project. The duration of air injection interruptions ranged from a few hours to 36 days. Performance before and after interruptions are analyzed in terms of changes in air injectivity, effluent gas composition and oil production. To support various field observations, essential results from simulation of the dry ISC process are also included; Temperature distributions during air injection stoppage were determined analytically for a linear system and numerically, for a radial system. In both cases a specific characteristic of the temperature re-distribution was noted, namely the move/shift of the peak temperature inside the former burned out zone. Some additional conclusions regarding the stability of the process as function of elapsed time since the initiation of the process were also formulated. Stability of the process was investigated for air injection interruptions of up to 90 days. Finally, a case is presented involving a pressure cycling ISC process; stability performance of the Morgan ISC project (Alberta, Canada) during its 6-year field piloting is discussed. In this project, interruptions of air injection of up to 21 months occurred. Inherent limitations in evaluating the stability performance are reviewed given the very complicated nature of this dry ISC process in which reservoir pressure was cyclically increased and oil was allowed to flow through the burned out zones during the air injection
The Dynamics of Interstellar Laser Sails

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Beamed energy propulsion in the form of laser sails is an attractive candidate for use in-interstellar missions. Rockets, even rockets driven by fusion or antimatter, must carry the propellant required and this severely restricts the performance to speeds not much greater than their exhaust velocity. Laser sails carry no propellant and may be a better alternative, but, of course, they have their own limitations. Interstellar laser sail flights of necessity must have the laser source behind the sail and, hence, will introduce decreases in beam energy, due to Doppler shifts and intensity loses, and at relativistic speeds the decreases will become excessive. These limitations are enhanced by the large accelerations required to reach high speed in short distances and will impose severe thermal and structural loads. The sails will have to be as light as possible, to minimize the energy requirements, but reducing the mass will also reduce the structural strength and stiffness. Even a slight imbalance in the load (or illumination) on the sail will produce large deflections which will decrease the acceleration and increase the difficulties of attitude control. We develop models for these effects that may be useful in preliminary design and use these models to examine a variety of design approaches. For example, the models show that attitude stability can be enhanced by curving the sail toward the laser source. Various techniques that may help mitigate the effects of structural vibrations, including various stiffening designs to reduce deflections and the use of retroreflectors to aid in thrust direction control are presented.
A Guide to Handle Dry DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission) Motor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">These days, the usage of Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) system is increasing in the transmission systems according to Strategy Analytics [<span class="xref">1</span>]. The reason is mainly due to its quicker and smoother transition of gear shifting than conventional single clutched transmissions. Among two main types of DCTs, dry DCT is more beneficial in reducing fuel consumption than wet DCT due to the lack of hydraulic structure. However, dry DCT requires highly precise control due to its mechanical structure. Therefore, the main focus in this paper will be on dry DCT as the main idea of this paper was found during developing its particular control algorithm. Due to this reason, where DCT is mentioned later in this paper, it means “dry” type of DCT.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">When a conventional hydraulic automatic transmission with single clutch fails, the system simply locks at the third speed gear mechanically. However, the failure modes can vary numerously in DCT systems where several moving parts should be controlled simultaneously. However, in the authors’ opinion, the current criteria of failure mode detection are so broad that even a minor issue could drag the whole system down to the failure mode. This could unnecessarily cause inefficient fuel consumption and irregular gear transitions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This article is a part of Autron’s 7 speed DCT project. The microcontroller (MCU) used to control this system is Aurix TC275, Infineon 32bit Tricore.</div></div>
SYMPTOM PROFILES AND BALANCE CONTROL AFTER CONCUSSION AMONG FEMALE YOUTH ARTISTIC ATHLETES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Collision and contact sports are often the focus of concussion research; however, concussions also occur in artistic sports, including gymnastics and cheerleading. Few studies have examined how concussion presents in female youth artistic athletes. Specifically, the effects of concussion on symptom profiles and balance performance among these athletes have yet to be investigated. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of our investigation was to compare post-concussion symptom profiles and balance measures among female youth artistic athletes relative to ball sport athletes. We hypothesized that artistic athletes would have similar concussion symptom profiles to ball sport athletes, but that artistic athletes would display better balance due to the demands of their sport. Methods: Female youth athletes ages 6-18 years who sustained a concussion during gymnastics or cheerleading (i.e. “artistic athletes”) or during volleyball or basketball (i.e. “ball sport athletes”) were seen within 3 weeks of injury. We compared performance between the two groups on measures of self-reported symptom frequency using the Health and Behavior Inventory (HBI), headache severity, and balance control using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), tandem gait, and Romberg tests. We compared outcome variables between groups using univariable Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. We constructed multivariable regression models to account for potential confounding variables, defined as those that demonstrated a difference between groups of p < 0.2. Results: Twenty-seven artistic athletes and forty-nine ball sport athletes sustained a concussion during the study period of 2015-2017. The artistic athletes were slightly younger, seen later for initial evaluation after injury, had a lower proportion with prior concussion history, and a lower proportion with pre-injury history of migraine compared to ball sport athletes (Table 1). Thus, these four variables were included as covariates in subsequent regression models. After adjusting for the independent effect of these potential confounding variables, we observed that artistic athletes performed the BESS tandem stance foam condition with significantly fewer errors than ball sport athletes (Table 2). Artistic female athletes demonstrated a higher, yet not statistically significant, headache severity than ball sport female athletes. Conclusion: Female artistic athletes had similar symptom profiles to ball sport athletes. Although artistic athletes performed better on BESS tandem stance foam condition, their other measures of balance control were not significantly different from ball sport athletes. This suggests that although their sports may require higher levels of balance, artistic athletes’ performance on post-concussion balance tests may be similar to athletes of other disciplines. Tables: [Table: see text][Table: see text]
Focal Hand Dystonia: A Functional Imaging Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Writer's cramp is a focal task-specific dystonia that specifically affects the act of handwriting. Although it has been generally thought that sensation is normal, there is consistent evidence for defective perception (i.e., kinaesthesia, temporal and spatial discrimination) and abnormal sensory processing in focal hand dystonia. For instance, Tempel and Perlmutter demonstrated bilateral diminished regional blood flow response in the sensorimotor cortex in patients with unilateral dystonia after vibrotactile stimulation (Tempel and Perlmutter, Brain 1990; 113: 691–707). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 tesla to map functional brain activation associated with central processing of complex cutaneous stimuli during a “Grating Orientation Task“. The study included 12 patients with writer's cramp and 12 healthy age-matched controls. During fMRI, a hemispheric plastic dome (JVP-Domes; Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL; gap values: 0.35mm or 3.0mm) was positioned either vertically or horizontally on the tip of the right index finger. Participants were required to judge the orientation of the domes. Statistical analyses were performed using SPM2 software (Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, ION, London, UK). Significance threshold was set at P<0.05 (corrected). In patients with writer's cramp, the “Grating Orientation Task“ produced a stronger activation in the rostral dorsal premotor cortex, rostral supplementary motor area, precuneus, and occipital visual areas. Subcortically, the putamen, caudate nucleus, thalamus and cerebellum showed a relative increase in task related activity. Our results indicate that in patients with writer's cramp, complex tactile stimuli produce an abnormal increase in neuronal activity within the sensorimotor network. This may be a functional correlate of compensatory mechanisms or impaired centre-sorround inhibition during sensory processing.
Site investigation, monitoring and stability analysis of a built-up slope involved by gas pipeline explosion

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes the results of site investigations, monitoring and stability analyses of a build-up slope located near Pineto (Italy). In March 2015 the explosion of a gas pipeline in the upper portion of the slope caused extensive damage to existing buildings and lifelines. Soon after the event, a site investigation and monitoring program was planned. The site investigation included 3 boreholes (25-30 m depth) and 3 flat dilatometer tests DMT (15 to 30 m depth) carried out inside the boreholes by use of the "torpedo" system. The boreholes were instrumented for inclinometer and piezometer measurements. A detailed topographic survey was carried out to reconstruct the ground profile. Hydrological data were analysed for possible critical rainfall events. The slope is formed by OC clay, covered with an upper, 10-14 m thick clayey-sandy silt colluvial layer. The stability of the slope was analysed both in pre- and in post-explosion conditions. The pre-explosion conditions were back-analysed assuming different levels of the groundwater table (at the time of the explosion presumably close to the ground surface). The analyses, in agreement with field observations, indi-cated that the slope is unstable and possibly slope movements may have been one concurrent cause of failure of the pipeline. The profiles of the DMT horizontal stress index KD helped identify multiple slip surfaces.
Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production over Carbon Nanotubes Loaded with Platinum Nanoparticles Using Solution Processing

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers are used for hydrogen (H 2 ) production by water electrolysis. The commercial cathodic electrocatalyst for this process is typically mechanically mixed platinum on carbon (Pt/C). However, aggregation of the platinum (Pt) makes high loading of the catalyst difficult. Therefore, a method for the homogeneous combination of Pt and carbon materials is required. Herein, the first example of a highly efficient single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) cathodic H 2 ‐production electrocatalyst that is loaded with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using a newly developed suspension method is reported. Combining SWCNTs lapped with a water‐soluble, thiol‐functionalized polymer with PtNPs in water yields a PtNP‐conjugated SWCNT suspension. The electrocatalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 47 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm −2 toward H 2 evolution in 0.5 m sulfuric acid. A PEM electrolyzer fabricated using the optimally prepared electrocatalyst with the low loading of 15 µg Pt cm −2 shows a high mass activity of 27 200 A g Pt −1 , which is 80 times that of Pt/C with a loading amount of 2.8 mg Pt cm −2 (324 A g Pt −1 ). In addition, the PEM electrolyzer produces H 2 at a Faradaic efficiency of 97% and operates stably for 150 h at 100 mA cm −2 .
Accuracy of liver stiffness, spleen stiffness, and LS‐spleen diameter to platelet ratio score in detection of esophageal varices: Systemic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Aim There is increasing evidence of non‐invasive measurement using elastography such liver stiffness (LS), spleen stiffness (SS), and LS‐spleen diameter to platelet ratio score (LSPS) for detection of esophageal varices (EV); however, data regarding comparison between these three parameters are limited. Methods We performed a systemic review and meta‐analysis of studies evaluating performance of LS, SS, and LSPS for detection of EV and high risk/clinically significant EV (HREV). Pooled sensitivity, specificity, log diagnostic odd ratio (LDOR), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of LS, SS, and LSPS for detection of EV and HREV were analyzed and compared. Publication bias was assessed by Deeks' funnel plot. Results SS and LSPS were superior to LS for detection of EV with higher sensitivity (0.90 and 0.91 vs 0.85), specificity (0.73 and 0.76 vs 0.64), LDOR (3.24 and 3.35 vs 2.26), and AUC (0.899 and 0.851 vs 0.817). For HREV, SS had the highest sensitivity (0.87) followed by LS (0.85) and LSPS (0.82); however, SS had the lowest specificity (0.52), LDOR (2.09), and AUC (0.807) whereas LSPS had the highest specificity (0.77), LDOR (2.74), and AUC (0.861). Conclusion For detection of EV, we prefer using LSPS and SS over LS when available, while LS, SS, and LSPS cannot be recommended for detection of HREV due to their moderate sensitivity and specificity.
C4 Inactivating Factor in C4 Deficient Human Serum

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Our inactivating factor for the fourth component of human complement (C4 INF) was partially purified from pseudoglobulin fraction of C4 deficient human serum. Initially C4 INF was thought to specifically inactivate C4; however, after thorough comparison with highly purified active human esterase (C1s), it became clear that both substances share the following activities: 1) Both substances showed SAC4,2 generating activities on EAC4gp cells as well as on EAC4hu cells. 2) Both substances inactivated C2 as well as C4. 3) Both substances hydrolyzed TAMe. 4) Both substances were sensitive to DFP as well as PMSF. 5) SAC4,2 generating activities of both substances were neutralized by anti-C1s. 6) Both substances were not fixed on either EA or EAC4 cells. 7) Both substances showed antigenic identity against anti-C1s by Ouchterlony analysis. 8) Both substances showed the same electrophoretic mobility on acrylamide gel. 9) Both substances altered the electrophoretic mobility of native C4hu in a similar manner.