jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability and genetic diversity for yield components in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Forty one wheat genotypes were planted at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar, Pakistan during the Rabi season: 2009 to 2010 and were evaluated for genetic diversity regarding different metric traits, that is, plant height, days to 50% flowering, time to reach physiological maturity (days), spikelets per spike and spike length (cm). Significant genotypic differences were observed for all measured traits, indicating a considerable amount of variation among genotypes. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were highly significant (P≤0.05) for spike length, days to 50% flowering and plant height. High heritability estimates were recorded for plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to heading, spikelets per spike and spike length. Plant height, days to physiological maturity and spikelets per spike also indicate high expected genetic advance. Based on the Euclidian dissimilarity distance, cluster analysis separated the wheat genotypes into four groups and nine different clusters.

Key words: Heritability, variability, genetic diversity, yield components.
Sensitivity of selected organ dissection to diagnose Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs from endemic areas

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm, is a neglected zoonotic parasite which is endemic in many developing countries, including Zambia. The tapeworm causes two disease conditions in humans: (1) taeniosis, which is the intestinal tapeworm infection, obtained after consumtion of raw/undercooked infected pork; and (2) cysticercosis, which is the metacestode larval stage infection, obtained after ingestion of tapeworm eggs. A human tapeworm carrier can excrete high numbers of eggs with the stool (100 000 eggs per day) and is thus an important source of environmental contamination. The transmission of cysticercosis is thus enhanced with poor sanitation and the lack of clean drinking water. After ingestion of the eggs, oncospheres hatch in the intestine and disseminate to several body tissues, including the central nervous system. Infection of the central nervous system with cysticerci is called neurocysticercosis, which is a major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide.
Comparison of Penetrating Injuries of the Right and Left Colon

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Controversy still exists whether penetrating injuries of the right colon have more favorably than those to the left. The importance of the issue rests in the operative management. This is a review of 50 cases of penetrating injuries of the right colon and 55 of the left treated at our institution from 1975 to 1980. The two patient groups were similar with respect to mechanism of injury, presence of shock at admission, degree of fecal contamination, severity of injury, and the percentage of cases with associated intra-abdominal injuries. The number of patients managed by primary repair or resection (52 vs. 45%), repair or resection with exteriorization (20 vs. 22%), and colostomy (28 vs. 33%) were also comparable in right versus left injuries. The treatment of right colon injuries resulted in 32% morbidity rate and 2% mortality rate, and that of left sided injuries 33% morbidity and rate of 4% mortality rate. These findings indicate that, despite known anatomic and physiologic differences, penetrating trauma to the right and left colon should be managed similarly.
Human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cell death (HAMLET) mediates amyloid precursor protein (APP) in inducing cell death.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

HAMLET (Human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a complex formed by the binding of partially unfolded α-lactalbumin and oleic acid in an ion exchange chromatography. It possesses tumoricidal activity by triggering tumor cell death, however, leaving the healthy differentiated cells unaffected. The effect of HAMLET was hypothesised to be dependent on the cell endogenous amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression level. Through the regulation of APP processing, the release of amyloid intracellular cytoplasmic domain (AICD) might contribute to cell death. HAMLET-treated cells were analysed using cell morphology studies, WST-1 assay (cell viability assay) and western blot. Our results show that HAMLET triggers cell death by increasing the expressions of APP, p-APP, presenilin 1(PS1) and p-JNK (c-jun N-terminal kinase). Our γ-secretase inhibitor study, as well as APP overexpression study, further confirms that HAMLET regulates APP processing, thus inducing tumor cell death. In this study, we discovered a novel pathway which could contribute greatly to clinical applications in cancer.
Advances in Research on the Methods for Content Determination of Ricinine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ricinine is one of main toxic alkaloid in castor bean(Ricinus communis L.).As a kind of pyridines alkaloids,have varying degrees of sterilization in Insecticide;pharmacological analgesia,improve the role of memory.The content determination method research progress of ricinine of domestic recent years was reviewed,so as to provide a reference for future studies of ricinine.
The Neural Basis of Free Will

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A neuroscientific perspective on the mind–body problem that focuses on how the brain actually accomplishes mental causation. The issues of mental causation, consciousness, and free will have vexed philosophers since Plato. In this book, Peter Tse examines these unresolved issues from a neuroscientific perspective. In contrast with philosophers who use logic rather than data to argue whether mental causation or consciousness can exist given unproven first assumptions, Tse proposes that we instead listen to what neurons have to say. Tse draws on exciting recent neuroscientific data concerning how informational causation is realized in physical causation at the level of NMDA receptors, synapses, dendrites, neurons, and neuronal circuits. He argues that a particular kind of strong free will and “downward” mental causation are realized in rapid synaptic plasticity. Such informational causation cannot change the physical basis of information realized in the present, but it can change the physical basis of information that may be realized in the immediate future. This gets around the standard argument against free will centered on the impossibility of self-causation. Tse explores the ways that mental causation and qualia might be realized in this kind of neuronal and associated information-processing architecture, and considers the psychological and philosophical implications of having such an architecture realized in our brains.
Phantom Eavesdropping With Whitened RF Leakage

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent studies figure out that hidden eavesdroppers can be detected through RF (radio frequency) leakage from their local oscillators. Inspired by this finding, this letter presents Phantom Eavesdropping, an emerging wireless signal eavesdropping technique which renders hidden eavesdroppers immune to the RF leakage-based detection to further conceal their presence. At its heart is a dynamic alteration process regarding the local oscillator's oscillation frequency. As a result, the RF leakage from the local oscillator is whitened in the frequency domain and thus the corresponding eavesdropper becomes footprint-less. Practical experiment shows that Phantom Eavesdropping does not affect normal Wi-Fi eavesdropping while further rendering eavesdroppers transparent to eavesdropper detectors.
A Re-Examination of Research on the Language of Black Children: The Need for a New Framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A review of the literature on the language of working-class Black children revealed that only a small subset of this research has focused on the acquisition and development of linguistic knowledge. Consequently major gaps exist in what is known about the linguistic abilities of these children. In an attempt to narrow these gaps, a team of researchers has initiated a large scale longitudinal and cross-sectional study of the acquisition of language by working-class Black children at the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington, D. C. This paper will present a detailed description of the Center study. It will also critically evaluate existing research on the linguistic abilities of working-class Black children and its impact on language acquisition studies focusing on this population. The evaluation reveals that a new framework for analyzing the language of working-class Black children should be selected. The theory and methodology of the new framework are described.
Controlling Misclassification Rates in Identification of Haploid Seeds from Induction Crosses in Maize with High‐Oil Inducers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In vivo production of double haploid (DH) lines in maize ( Zea mays L.) requires reliable identification of haploid ( H ) seeds. A new method for achieving this goal is production of induction crosses with high‐oil (HO) inducers and sorting the resulting H and diploid crossing ( C ) seeds based on their oil content (OC). Balancing the false discovery rate (FDR) and false negative rate (FNR) by choice of a suitable proportion α of selected seeds represents an unsolved problem with this method. We investigated solutions by applying mixture distribution (MD) analysis to the OC of induction crosses for estimating the means and standard deviation (μ H , μ C , and σ) of H and C seeds and the haploid induction rate κ. Moreover, we developed formulas and software for calculating the FDR and FNR from these estimates. Using several induction crosses with HO inducer UH600, parameter estimates from (i) MD analysis in different environments and (ii) gold standard classification (GSC) of plants in the field agreed well for μ H and μ C , but only moderately for σ and κ. Parameter estimates from the MD provided meaningful guidelines for calculating the expected FDR and FNR. Selecting the α = 7.5% proportion of seeds with lowest OC was optimal for most induction crosses and balanced the FDR and FNR. In conclusion, induction crosses with HO inducers hold great promise for promoting the DH technology in maize, but an automated high‐throughput platform for sorting the seeds from the MD into several distinct classes with increasing OC is recommended to take full advantage of this novel approach.
Platanetin and 7‐iodo‐acridone‐4‐carboxylic acid are not specific inhibitors of respiratory NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in potato tuber mitochondria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Progress in understanding the role of NAD(P)H oxidation in plant respiration is restricted by the lack of access to specific inhibitors of each of the unknown number of NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Platanetin (3,5,7,8‐tetrahydroxy‐6‐isoprenyl flavone) is known to be an inhibitor of extermal NADH oxidation by plant mitochondria, while 7‐iodo‐acridone‐4‐carboxylic acid (IACA) is an inhibitor of an internal, rotenone‐insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenase isolated from yeast mitochondria. Here we show that platanetin inhibits external NAD(P)H oxidation by intact potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje) tuber mitochondria, deamino‐NADH oxidation by Complex I assayed using inside‐out submitochondrial particles from these mitochondria, and rotenone‐insensitive NAD(P)H oxidation by these submitochondrial particles. IACA was found to inhibit the oxidation of external NADH and succinate by intact mitochondria with similar efficiency. However, IACA also inhibited NADPH and duroquinol oxidation by intact mitochondria as well as deamino‐NADH and NAD(P)H oxidation by inside‐out submitochondrial particles. This indicates that IACA has several sites of inhibition in the electron transport chain. The lack of specificity of both platanetin and IACA prevents these inhibitors from being used to shed more light on the identity of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in plant mitochondria.
Human Computation VGI Provenance: Semantic Web-Based Representation and Publishing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The collection of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is a user-generated content practice to engage a large number of citizens to collectively create geospatial data. Based on the advent of Web 2.0 and the recent increasing popularity of crowdsourcing approaches, VGI has gained the interest of the geoscience community, because of its ability to complement the collection of geographic information coming from traditional sensing technologies. However, the involvement of a crowd of volunteers, potentially untrained or nonexperts, implies that VGI can be of varying quality. Tracing VGI provenance enables the recording of the collection activity; the information about who gathered what, where and when can then be employed to judge the VGI quality. In this paper, we focus on the adoption of a provenance-based Human Computation approach to aggregate and consolidate VGI. We discuss the representation, inference and publication of Human Computation VGI and its provenance. As more and more of those community-based data collection efforts happen on the Web, we propose the adoption of Semantic Web technologies, through employing an ontological formulation to capture provenance and by following Linked Data principles to publish provenance data on the Web.
Characterization of Sol–Gel Multicoated Thick Pb(Zr0.52, Ti0.48)O3Films on Platinized Silicon Substrates for Microdevices Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The microstructures and electrical properties of thin and thick Pb(Zr0.52, Ti0.48)O3 (52/48 PZT) films for microdevice applications with thicknesses from 480 nm to 2.3 µm on 350 nm Pt(111)/40 nm Ti/300 nm SiO2/Si 525 µm substrates fabricated by a sol–gel multicoating process were investigated. These PZT films showed dense and homogeneous surface microstructures. The crystalline structures of 480-nm-thick PZT films showed a (111) preferred orientation over (100), (200) and (110) orientations. The intensity ratios of (100) and (200) to (111) increased at PZT film thicknesses greater than 480 nm. By Auger electron spectroscopy, small-composition-variation peaks at an interval of approximately 120 nm at interfaces produced by each PZT coating process of 480 nm PZT films were found. Dielectric constants increased from 825 to 880 at 100 kHz and PZT film thicknesses from 480 nm to 2.3 µm. The Pr and Ec of 2.3-µm-thick PZT films were about 30 µC/cm2 and 58 kV/cm, respectively. The e31,f of 1-µm- and 2-µm-thick PZT films was characterized by the fabricated e31,f measurement system before and after poling.
A Waste of a Desert: Nevada and the Cold War Chemical Legacy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Taking the lead from Don DeLillo’s epic novel Underworld (1997) – with its overarching theme of “waste” functioning as its unifying metaphor and its picture of the American deserts turned into hazardous waste dumps or missile depots – this essay provides a close reading of the empty spaces of the Nevada desert, spaces that bear the mark left by the nuclear exploitation and the hazardous waste which have plagued Nevada since the Fifties. By linking the history of Nevada to the Cold War, and to the chemical legacy of those years, with its notions of “containment” and “weather control”, Scarpino argues that they be read as interwoven threads of the same discourse.
<title>Toward detecting deception in intelligent systems</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Contemporary decision makers often must choose a course of action using knowledge from several sources. Knowledge may be provided from many diverse sources including electronic sources such as knowledge-based diagnostic or decision support systems or through data mining techniques. As the decision maker becomes more dependent on these electronic information sources, detecting deceptive information from these sources becomes vital to making a correct, or at least more informed, decision. This applies to unintentional disinformation as well as intentional misinformation. Our ongoing research focuses on employing models of deception and deception detection from the fields of psychology and cognitive science to these systems as well as implementing deception detection algorithms for probabilistic intelligent systems. The deception detection algorithms are used to detect, classify and correct attempts at deception. Algorithms for detecting unexpected information rely upon a prediction algorithm from the collaborative filtering domain to predict agent responses in a multi-agent system.
Effects of Number and Rate of Goat Manure Application on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>Alternative sources of plant nutrients have now become highly imperative especially for vegetable crop production in Nigeria. Due to the escalating costs, environmental and health problems associated with excessive use of inorganic fertilizers on continuously cropped fields, there is a need for more research on the use of organic manures and residues. A field experiment was conducted in the late growing season from September to December, 2012 in Calabar, a humid forest agroecology in south eastern Nigeria to evaluate the effects of two types of goat manure (GM) application (single and double split doses), five rates of GM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) and 400kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>NPK fertilizer (120:60:60 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) rate on soil chemical properties and agronomic performance of sweet maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L. saccharata Strut). Factorial combinations of the treatments were fitted into a randomized complete block design with three replications. The application of GM significantly (P ? 0.05) increased soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) status of the soil. Soil exchangeable acidity (EA) was reduced from 1.76 to 0.64 cmol kg<sup>-1</sup> at 20 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>GM rate. The 20 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>also recorded the highest values for soil pH, OM, P, Ca, Mg and CEC, while the values for residual N and K peaked at the NPK fertilizer treatment. The double split application of GM recorded higher values for growth and yield attributes, and increased soil properties than the single application. Growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), number and weight of grains/ear and total grain yield were significantly (P <span style="text-decoration: underline;">&lt;</span> 0.05) increased by GM and NPK fertilizer treatments. The values obtained for all growth and yield parameters except LAI at the 20 t ha<sup>-1</sup> GM rate were not significantly different from those at the NPK fertilizer treatments. The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment. The interactions between number of applications and rates showed that split applying GM at 20 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>maximized TDM, weights of whole and dehusked green ears and total grain yield compared to other GM rates, hence it is recommended.</p>
Non‐Vocal Shaping of Avian Song Development: Parallels to Human Speech Development

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Vocal development in young male cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ) is sensitive to acoustical stimulation from males, but also to social feedback from female cowbirds, even though females do not sing. Juvenile males show different vocal trajectories if housed with local or distant population females. The major goal of the present study was to identify differences in the form and timing of non‐vocal cues from females during the period in early spring when juvenile males begin to sing stereotyped song and to finalize their repertoires. We housed juvenile males with either local or distant population females and no adult males. We found significant differences between the two groups of females in the use of wing stroking and in male reactions to wing strokes and gapes. There were also differences between the groups in male song performance. To understand further the potential consequences of these differences, we correlated measures of male and female responsiveness to results reported in Smith et al. (2000) on vocal ontogeny and song potency. We found that wing stroking by females was associated with a faster rate of song development and tended to relate to differences in song potency. The non‐vocal shaping seen here may represent a general mechanism for the development of vocal communication, as similar processes influence phonological development in human infants.
MLOPS: A SIC-Based Minimum Frame Length With Optimized Power Scheduling for UANs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the large propagation delay and scarce spectrum resource of the underwater wireless acoustic channels, it is essential to design efficient and reliable multiuser scheduling scheme for underwater network communication systems. The successive interference cancellation (SIC) technology that supports multiple parallel transmissions can improve spectrum efficiency, which is vital for the underwater acoustic networks (UANs). The SIC technology has been widely studied in the underwater network communication systems. However, there is no appropriate technology solving the link scheduling problem in the SIC-based UANs. In this paper, we propose a link-scheduling model for SIC-based UANs and formulate the problem of minimizing the transmission delay and overall network power consumption by combining transmitters scheduling and power allocating. We also present a polynomial-time algorithm named UMLOPS with the complexity of O(n) for unified traffic load, and for weighted traffic load, we present a universal algorithm named WMLOPS with the complexity of O(n3), where n denotes the number of source nodes. The extensive simulation results reveal that both scheduling frame length and aggregate power consumption of MLOPS significantly outperform those of the existing time-division multiple access protocols in underwater sensor equipped aquatic swarm architecture networks.
COVID-19 Disease Mapping in Malaysia Using Poisson-gamma Model to Safeguard Community

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an extremely transmissible disease that causes tremendous human suffering worldwide, with millions of people dying within two years. In Malaysia, the COVID-19 pandemic continues with an increasing number of positive cases. In order to monitor and prevent the disease, disease mapping is proposed for quantifying and describing the disease risk. The primary objective of this research is to estimate the COVID-19 relative risk using one of the most widely employed Bayesian approaches, namely the Poisson-gamma model, and eventually display a disease map to show the COVID-19 risk level in each state. The relative risk results are divided into five different levels to classify the COVID-19 risk level in each Malaysian state. The illustration of five different shades in the disease mapping has distinguished the risk levels within each state, where the most light-coloured area indicates very low risk whilst the most dark-coloured area indicates very high risk. According to the results, the area with the lowest risk of contracting COVID-19 in 2020 is Perlis, and the area with the highest risk is Labuan, whereas in 2021, Perlis remains the lowest risk area while Selangor is the highest risk area.