jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Natural Landscapes and the Psychological Impact of Environment on Architecture: Examining the Synergy Between Nature and Spatial Design

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the most important characteristics of architectural art is the quality and type of connection it establishes with nature. Nature has a historical depth spanning hundreds of millions of years, having been shaped, evolved, and grown over time. It presents a structured and regulated form, within which a profound harmony can be observed in its diverse components. This homogeneous and dynamic structure has created a coherent language, which requires an understanding and decoding of this symbolic language to establish an interactive and constructive relationship with nature. This research examines the connection between natural landscapes and the psychological impacts of the environment on architectural design. The main objective of the study is to analyze the synergy between nature and designed spaces, investigating how this interaction can affect the quality of human life. The results indicate that the presence of natural elements in living and working spaces reduces stress, increases satisfaction, and improves mental health. Additionally, sustainable design that considers environmental principles and human needs can lead to the creation of spaces that provide a sense of tranquility and pleasure for users. Despite the economic and cultural challenges in implementing these approaches, collaboration among designers, engineers, and local communities is essential. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes the importance of considering the psychological impacts of the environment and the necessity of creating spaces that promote the synergy between nature and architecture.
Using Borda and Bargaining algorithms to prioritize potential contamination of springs

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

The selection of an optimal decision-making method for water resource management is important and necessary. In this context, game theory makes a significant contribution to the advancement of decision-making for achieving optimal outcomes due to its high efficiency in solving multi-objective problems and offering diverse modeling techniques. In this study, the prioritization of potential contamination of springs in Khorramabad was considered, and by using the Borda and bargaining algorithms in game theory, the most effective parameters and the most critical resources in terms of potential contamination were identified. Various parameters, including pH, NO3 and etc., were collected and calculated for studied springs and entered into the algorithms based on their importance in creating pollution potential. The Landsat 8 satellite's OLI sensor with an imagery date of 2017 was utilized to generate a LU/LC map for the region. By employing the Borda scoring method, the CO3, K, and HCO3 parameters were the most effective, with scores of 232, 157.5 and 153.5, respectively. Implementing the bargaining algorithm, CO3, K, and pH parameters were the most effective, with scores of 254, 177 and 165, respectively. Finally, the prioritization of water resources was presented using both methods. In the Borda method, the Golestan and Qeyu, springs were ranked first. implementing the bargaining algorithm, the Qeyu and Dareh-Saki springs are ranked as top priorities. Which of these methods is more suitable for groundwater resource management, according to its guiding principles, depends on the preferences of the decision-makers and their goals for water resource management.
Personal Security vs. Civil Liberties after 9/11: Some Sobering Evidence from Sober Second Thoughts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cusick on the survey. None of these organizations or individuals is responsible for our analyses or interpretations. Public opinion surveys following the terrorist attacks on America revealed that the citizens ’ perceptions of democratic norms and civil liberties were affected in important ways. Exposed to a high level of threat and vulnerability to future terrorist attacks as well as to governmental efforts to provide safety and security, citizens became more willing to accept restrictions on civil liberties for greater personal security. Relying on a series of survey experiments embedded in a national survey, this paper explores the extent to which greater deliberation over rights leads to greater support for democratic norms. We argue that under high levels of threat, such as that experienced in the context of 9/11, citizens may find it particularly difficult to shut off their sense of threat and anxiety. Deliberating on their sense of threat and anxiety leads to greater willingness to restrict civil liberties, even in the face of attempts to moderate them. Our results show that people find it easier to accept restrictions on civil liberties than to support civil liberties. Equally important, among whites and Hispanics, when their initial willingness to concede civil liberties is challenged by counter-arguments, people accept more extreme concessions of civil
The Ballistic Response of Cross‐Stiffened Panels from a Rocket‐Propelled Grenade

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cruise ships often transit the littoral zone of developing countries where piracy thrives. The attack against Seaborne Spirit on November 5, 2005 was countered successfully by the ship's crew but the toll could have been a lot heavier that day. Nowadays, although international forces police high‐risk waters, the risk map is constantly evolving, and there have been instances where even naval vessels had to change their route in order to avoid perilous areas. In the Seaborne Spirit attack approximately 100 miles off the Somali Coast, although the crew thwarted the pirates from coming any closer to the ship, the assailants managed to launch a rocket‐propelled grenade (RPG) that miraculously failed to explode when it hit the ship's side. This paper carried out the analysis of blast and impact in a fluid–structure interaction model with LS‐DYNA solver. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the ballistic response of cross‐stiffened panels, commonly used in ship and offshore structures, from the impact with an RPG warhead. It was found that although an RPG alone cannot threaten a highly redundant structure as a ship or an offshore platform, the developed jet from the shaped charge is certainly threatening to passengers and crew.
A three‐dimensional hybrid finite element–volume tracking model for mould filling in casting processes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Metal casting is a complicated process in which flow momentum plays a crucial role in the mould filling process due to the high velocity of the liquid metal. Inertia and gravity effects may cause splashing, jetting or undesirable filling of the metal flow into the mould cavity. When considering complex parts, the accurate prediction of mould filling behaviour using empirical knowledge and intuition is nearly impossible. Therefore, numerical modelling and simulation are essential to predict such a complex physical problem and assist in part with mould design. A mould filling analysis can help the mould designer to determine the size and location of the gate as well as a proper runner system design for ensuring a complete and balanced filling of the part. Such an analysis can also be used to predict potential product defects, such as air entrapment, porosities, and help in correct positioning of overflows and venting systems. A three-dimensional finite element model combined with a volume tracking method has been developed in this work to simulate the cavity filling for casting processes. A mixed formulation based on a four node tetrahedral element with a bubble function at the centroid (P1+/P1) is employed to solve the flow equations. Such a finite element provides a small dimension of the element matrices and satisfies the Brezzi–Babuska condition to ensure a stable solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. A slip boundary condition combined with a friction model is implemented to better simulate the metal flow near the mould walls. An algebraic model is used to account for the turbulence effects during the mould filling. The flow fronts are tracked by a volume tracking method developed for the tetrahedral elements. This method can handle complicated flow front shapes and complex situations like merging and separation of flow fronts. The combination of a volume tracking technique with a FEM flow solver in three-dimensional unstructured meshes constitutes the major feature of this model. Examples of the filling simulations are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the numerical model. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized study of loratadine (Clarityne) syrup for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children aged 3 to 12 years.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Allergic rhinitis is a common disease in children, and antihistamines are the key medication. However, traditional tablets are not convenient and lead to low compliance in young children. The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, randomized study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of loratadine syrup for the treatment of children aged 3 to 12 years with allergic rhinitis. Sixty children with allergic rhinitis due to dust mites were enrolled. They were randomized into 2 parallel groups: one group received loratadine syrup 5 mg or 10 mg daily for 3 weeks, and the other group received placebo. The patients returned to special clinics for symptoms evaluation at day 7 and day 21, and the parents were requested to record disease severity daily. Both evaluations, physician's and parents', were recorded with a 4-point scale for 5 symptoms: sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal itching and ocular symptoms. Forty-six patients completed the study, 22 in the loratadine group and 24 in the placebo group. At the initial visit, the total symptom score (TSS) in both groups was not significantly different (p = 0.39). The TSS of the loratadine syrup group at day 7 and day 21 was lower than those of the placebo group (p = 0.003, p = 0.06). The daily card scores in the experimental group were also significantly lower than those of the placebo group (week 1, p = 0.014; week 2, p = 0.029; week 3, p = 0.014). No adverse reactions were recorded in both groups. This study revealed that loratadine syrup 5 mg or 10 mg once a day improved symptom scores of children with allergic rhinitis effectively and safely.
Mitochondrial DNA damage in aging and in apoptosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This chapter analyzes mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction caused by coenzyme Q deficiency. CoQ10 plays a pivotal role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, distributing the electrons between the various dehydrogenases and the cytochrome segments of the respiratory chain. Being in large excess compared to any other component of the respiratory chain (RC), it forms a kinetically compartmentalized pool. Depending on its redox and protonation status, CoQ10 can react with molecular oxygen to produce superoxides. In particular, the full reduction of b-type cytochromes and the increased formation of unstable ubisemiquinone ensures maximal superoxide production. Besides the pro-oxidant effect of CoQ10, the fully reduced species (ubiquinol) can reduce a number of radical species, including superoxides, therefore acting as an antioxidant. The chapter presents an overview of respiratory chain and ubiquinone. Cellular consequences of CoQ10 depletion along with clinical presentation of coenzyme Q10 depletion are also discussed in the chapter. The chapter elaborates the detection of CoQ10 deficiency and presents the details of supplementation therapy.
Dynamics of heuristics selection for cooperative behaviour

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Situations involving cooperative behaviour are widespread among animals and humans alike. Game theory and evolutionary dynamics have provided the theoretical and computational grounds to understand what are the mechanisms that allow for such cooperation. Studies in this area usually take into consideration different behavioural strategies and investigate how they can be fixed in the population under evolving rules. However, how those strategies emerged from basic evolutionary mechanisms continues to be not fully understood. To address this issue, here we study the emergence of cooperative strategies through a model of heuristics selection based on evolutionary algorithms. In the proposed model, agents interact with other players according to a heuristic specified by their genetic code and reproduce—at a longer time scale—proportionally to their fitness. We show that the system can evolve to cooperative regimes for low mutation rates through heuristics selection while increasing the mutation decreases the level of cooperation. Our analysis of possible strategies shows that reciprocity and punishment are the main ingredients for cooperation to emerge, and the emerging heuristics would likely cooperate in one-shot interactions. Additionally, we show that if in addition to behavioural rules, genetic relatedness is included, then kinship plays a relevant role, changing emerging strategies significantly. Our results illustrate that our evolutionary heuristics model is a generic and powerful tool to study the evolution of cooperative behaviour.
Layout Method of Machining Equipment under the Background of Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Layout method of machining equipment under the background of artificial intelligence and data mining is studied in the paper. Generally, the layout design has certain layout standards and requirements. The layout design requirements belong to the environmental constraints in the product design constraints. It includes the smallest product space volume, the largest layout density, the lowest possible center of gravity of the product, and good product assembly. The cost of the path is economical and other restrictions and descriptions in the layout design. Due to the strong plasticity of the product's shape and structure, the factors such as user's consumption psychology, product's aesthetics and amenities play a prominent role in the design, so the relevant characteristics of the demand analysis stage can not be ignored. Functional characteristics and design requirements are the driving force of design process evolution. In the optimization process, the novel data mining and AI models are considered for the global optimization. Through the testing of the performance, the performance is validated.
Restraining Police Use of Lethal Force and the Moral Problem of Militarization

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I defend the view that a significant ethical distinction can be made between justified killing in self-defense and police use of lethal force. I start by opposing the belief that police use of lethal force is morally justified on the basis of self-defense. Then I demonstrate that the state’s monopoly on the use of force within a given jurisdiction invests police officers with responsibilities that go beyond what morality requires of the average person. I argue that the police should primarily be concerned with preserving public safety. As a consequence, police have additional moral permissions to use lethal force. But this also means that the principle of restraint is inherent to the policing function and therefore police are obliged to go to greater lengths to avoid killing. I concede that the just use of police force can be made difficult in extreme situations such as a mass riot. In such cases, police should take proportionate actions necessary to protect the lives of inhabitants by restoring order, which might include calling on military support. I conclude with a cautionary note opposing militarization of the policing role.
Bütünleşik bir öğrenme mekanı olarak kampüs: kampüs açık alanlarında öğrenme

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent researches on campus learning environments present that there is a seeking for alternative learning spaces among students. Researches argue that more learning is taking place outside of class time than ever before. With an increased emphasis on collaboration and group projects, students are learning in small groups outside of the classrooms as they accomplish work related to their courses. Literature defines these experiences as ‘informal learning’. Therewithal, campus open spaces are one of the major areas where students prefer for their informal learning experiences. This thesis aims to search the influence of campus open space design on students’ learning experiences. Additionally, it argues that there is a strong relation between the learning and the space where learning action occurs. In doing this, it both covers a theoretical framework and a case study. Within the theoretical part, it discusses various learning theories with respect to the prominent principles for each theory. It reveals learning space design indicators which affects learning both in indoor and outdoor learning environments. In the case study, with the analysis of different sample areas from METU campus, the study both investigates the learning experiences actualized on campus open spaces and the triggering design indicators which enhance these experiences.
Study on Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Conditions of (-) Epicatechin Active Material from Fagopyrum Dibotrys

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To systematically and comprehensively study the optimal extraction conditions of(-) epicatechin active material from Fagopyrum dibotrys by ultrasonic-assisted method,the approximate scope of the ultrasonic power,the ethanol concentration,the ratio of solid to liquid and the extracting time and temperature were obtained by single factor experiment.Then,through Orthogonal Test experiment,the optimal process conditions were as follows: the ultrasonic power should not be over 250W,the concentration of ethanol was 45%,the solid to liquid ratio was 1∶18,the extracting temperature was 20℃ and the time 10 minutes.And the average extraction ratio of(-) epicatechin active material from Fagopyrum dibotrys reached 1.9374%.This extraction technique is quick and effective,and it can be applied to the pre-production in industrial production of(-) epicatechin monomer in Fagopyrum dibotrys.
Syntheses of methoxyestrogen glucuronide acetate-methyl esters.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In connection with the studies on the metabolism of female hormone the title compounds having the 16, 17-ketol and -glycol structures were prepared as new and potential metabolites. These compounds were satisfactorily obtained from catechol estrogen 2- and 3-methyl ethers by Koenigs-Knorr reaction with methyl acetobromoglucuronate employing cadmium carbonate as a catalyst.
SPLITTING ACCIDENT ANALYSIS OF ZHUMADIAN AND XINYANG REGIONAL POWER NETWORKS FROM HENAN PROVINCIAL POWER NETWORK

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

On Dec. 8, 2000 a splitting accident of Zhumadian and Xinyang regional power networks from Henan Provincial power network took place at 19:41. This accident possesses following features: long short circuit fault duration, high power vacancy in split networks and complicated variation process of frequency and voltage. After the correct operation of low voltage separation devices and low frequency load shedding devices the operation of two split regional power networks is sustained and the power supply for electric railroad is ensured. In this paper the frequency and voltage variation processes of small split regional power networks under high power vacancy are analyzed, the analysis results are available for reference in the settings of low frequency load shedding device and low voltage splitting devices installed in the place where network splitting often takes place.
Feeling sluggish: The extreme semislugs of Australia (Stylommatophora,Helicarionidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The extreme semislugs of the family Helicarionidae, defined as having shells of fewer than three whorls, comprise at least five independent lineages in Australia. Five genera of extreme semislugs from Queensland are treated in detail herein. We comprehensively revise the systematic classification of these genera using comparative morphology and mitochondrial phylogenetics. Parmacochlea and Thularion together comprise a single radiation, but both genera are retained based on reciprocal monophyly and the presence of distinct morphological differences, including a more developed shell, a significantly larger body size, the presence of a distinct vagina, and the absence of a penial verge in Thularion. We synonymize Parmacochlea ferrea with P. fischeri; reinstate P. smithi; give revised species descriptions for P. fischeri, P. smithi, and Thularion semoni; and describe three new species, P. balios, P. furca, and T. stanisici. The formerly monotypic genus Antiquarion is herein expanded to contain eight species. We give a revised species description for the type, A. collinsae, and introduce seven new species, A. boondah, A. chooreechillum, A. evelynensis, A. limbus, A. occultus, A. ravenshoe, and A. swausi. In addition, we describe one new genus and species, Limpidarion kukuyulangi, and give a revised species description of the monotypic genus Fenestrarion and its type species, F. brianna. We demonstrate that these four semislug groups are independent lineages, but share some morphological characters that are likely to be adaptations to shell reduction, including a unilobed ovotestis, a shortened or absent vagina, and often (but not always) a reduced flagellum and epiphallic cecum.
Pension Coverage and Informal Sector Workers: International Experiences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Pension reform around the world in recent decades has focused mainly on the formal sector. Consequently, many of those working in the informal sector have been left out of structured pension arrangements, particularly in developing countries – a serious problem given this group are often low income earners, vulnerable to economic volatility and change. However, since the turn of the millennium, efforts in a range of countries have increasingly highlighted improving pension coverage for informal sector workers. This paper provides an overview of selected country experience in this regard, and provides some suggestions for governments in developing countries considering implementing their own pension reform to ensure that informal sector workers receive the retirement income they need. La couverture des travailleurs du secteur informel par les systèmes de retraite : expériences au niveau international Les réformes des systèmes de retraite mises en oeuvre dans le monde au cours des dernières décennies étaient surtout centrées sur le secteur formel. Beaucoup de travailleurs du secteur informel sont donc restés à l'écart des régimes de retraite institutionnalisés, en particulier dans les pays en développement, ce qui constitue un problème grave étant donné que ce groupe est souvent composé de travailleurs à faibles revenus, vulnérables face à l'instabilité et au changement économiques. Cela étant, depuis le passage au nouveau millénaire, un certain nombre de pays se sont de plus en plus attachés à améliorer la couverture des travailleurs du secteur informel par les systèmes de retraite. Le présent document donne un aperçu de l'expérience de quelques pays à cet égard et formule, à l'intention des gouvernements de pays en développement qui envisagent la mise en place d'une réforme des retraites, des suggestions visant à ce que les travailleurs du secteur informel bénéficient d'un revenu suffisant au moment de la retraite.